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 CJQE&UGUT D£POSin 
 
3 
 
iSiational pictorial CDition, lajitl^ Supplement. 
 
 A 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
 
 EXPLANATORY, PRONOUNCING, ETYMOLOGICAL, 
 AND SYNONYMOUS, 
 
 WITH A COPIOUS APPENDIX. 
 
 MAINLY ABRIDGED FROM THE QUARTO DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 NOAH WEBSTER, LL D. 
 
 AS REVISED BY 
 
 CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, D. D. 
 
 AND 
 
 NOAH PORTER, D. D. 
 By WILLIAM A. WHEELER. 
 
 WITH SUPPLEMENT 
 
 OF NEARLY FOUR THOUSAND NEW WORDS AND MEANINGS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM & GO. 
 
 1892. 
 

 Copyright, 1884, 
 G. & C. Mekriam & Co. 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 
 
 George, Charles, and Homer Merriam, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 
 
 iX-f^O^S 
 
 The Riverside Press, Cambridge , Mass., U, S. A. 
 Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Company. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This volume is designed as in some sort a revision and enlargement of the Octavo 
 Abridgment of Webster's "American Dictionary" known as the "University edition," 
 which was prepared by the late Professor Goodrich of Yale College, and was first issued in 
 1856. But as the " American Dictionary" was itself thoroughly revised in all its departments, 
 and greatly augmented and improved, as recently as 1864, it was found that the original 
 Abridgment could only in part be taken as the basis of reconstruction. The present work 
 must therefore be considered as in the main an abstract from the last edition of the larger 
 Dictionary, while the general plan is the same as that of its predecessor. Like that, it is 
 intended to meet the wants of that large class of persons who wish to obtain in a single 
 volume of moderate size and cost as complete a presentation as possible of the meaning, 
 pronunciation, and orthography of the words which make up the main body of our modern 
 English tongue. Like that, too, it has a specific end and object, having been "framed 
 expressly for the benefit of those who are cultivating English composition on a broad scale, 
 and are desirous to gain an exact knowledge of our language, and a ready command of its 
 varied forms of expression." How far the work will answer these purposes may appear from 
 a more detailed statement of its chief features, and of the principles on which it has been 
 constructed. 
 
 1. Introduction. — Instead of the " Principles of Pronunciation " and the " Remarks 
 on Orthography " contained in the former edition, the fuller and more elaborate articles on 
 these subjects in the Quarto Dictionary have been substituted. The orthoepic notation is 
 also the remodeled and simplified notation of the Quarto, which contains a few characters 
 additional to those of the one previously employed. A " List of Words Spelled in Two or More 
 Ways" is subjoined to the "Principles of Orthography," and will be found to be an addition 
 of much practical usefulness. An explanatory list of the more common Prefixes and Suffixes, 
 with illustrative examples, forms a new feature of the work, and one which adds not a little 
 to its value. As these formative syllables enter into the composition of multitudes of words, a 
 knowledge of their signification is very important, and the preliminary information which is 
 furnished renders it unnecessary to explain them in each particular instance in the body 
 of the Dictionary. 
 
 II. Dictionary Proper. — l. The Vocabulary contains a wide and careful selection 
 of those words in regard to which miscellaneous readers may be presumed to need information. 
 It comprises, or is meant to comprise, all English words in actual use at the present day, 
 including many terms in the various departments of Science and Art, especially such as 
 pertain to those departments with which all well-educated persons are supposed to have some 
 acquaintance. O&solete words have for the most part been omitted, as their insertion would 
 increase the bulk and enhance the price of the volume to too great a degree. Rare words 
 and self-explaining compounds have been omitted for similar reasons. Important phrases, 
 however, are given, accompanied with explanations, which, though necessarily concise, will be 
 found to be clear and exact. 
 
 2. Definitions. Most Dictionaries designed for popular use are distinguished by an 
 imprecision and unsatisfactoriness of definition resulting from the fact that the meanings of the 
 words are to a great extent expressed by a mere array of other words of similar signification. 
 This fault, it is hoped, has been avoided here, an attempt having been made to fix and exhibit — 
 after the manner of the larger work — the various shades of meaning of all the more important 
 words by means of formal, discriminative definition, conveyed in brief descriptive sentences 
 or clauses. 
 
 3. To words thus defined. Synonyms are often subjoined, printed in a separate paragraph, 
 and in smaller type. The object is, after giving a clear conception of the peculiar import of 
 a word, to bring others into view which have the same general signification, thus opening a 
 wide range to a writer for selecting the most appropriate terms, and aiding him to acquire a 
 varied and expressive diction. With the same end in view, synonymous words are carefully 
 discriminated in numerous instances, the distinctive meaning of each being carefiiUy drawn 
 out, and a comparison made between them, showing the points of difference. 
 
 4. Etymology. A leading and novel feature of this Abridgment is the introduction, in a 
 reduced form, of the etymologies of the new edition of the Quarto Dictionary, which work has 
 been declared by eminent philological authorities to be " the best general etymologicon we yet 
 
 (iii) 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 possess of the English language." The value of this portion of the volume to those who desire 
 to gain a thorough knowledge of their mother-tongue does not need to be enlarged upon. 
 
 5. The Pronunciation is that of the Quarto, upon which great care was bestowed, 
 distinguished orthbepists both in England and America- having been consulted on doubtful 
 points. The system of referring from the words in the vocabularj^ to the preliminary 
 " Principles " is one which the consulter of the work will find exceedingly useful. 
 
 6. The Orthography, in disputed cases, — and these embrace only a few limited classes 
 of words, — is to a great extent given both ways, though with a clear indication of the foim 
 to be preferred on the principles of Dr. Webster. In every instance, theibrm preferred has 
 been sanctioned by distinguished English grammarians and orthoepists, as Lowth, Walker, 
 &c. Their claims to general adoption are based upon the fact that they are conformed to 
 the acknowledged analogies of the language, and are designed merely to repress irregularities 
 and remove petty exceptions. With both forms before him, every one can decide for himself 
 which to adopt. 
 
 7. The Illustrative Engravings on wood, about six hundred in number, have been selected 
 and engraved expressly for this work. They are intended, not for mere ornament, but to 
 elucidate the meaning of words which cannot be satisfactorily explained without pictorial aid. 
 " There is no knowledge of things," says Locke, " conveyed by men's words, when their ideas 
 agree not to the reality of things. . . . The shape of a horse, or cassowary, will be but rudely 
 and imperfectly imprinted on the mind by words ; the sight of the animals doth it a thousand 
 times better. . . . Such things as these, which the eye distinguishes by their shapes, would 
 be best let into the mind by draughts made of them, and more determine the signification of 
 such words than any other words set for them, or made use of to define them." 
 
 III. Appendix. — The range of the Dictionary has been much extended by the 
 addition to it of various useful vocabularies appropriate to the work as a manual of popular 
 reference, as will be seen by an inspection of the Table of Contents on the ensuing page. 
 Most of these vocabularies are abridged from those given in the larger work, but they 
 will be found sufficiently comprehensive for all the ordinary wants of the general reader. 
 The " Etymological Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names" has been very carefully 
 revised and somewhat enlarged by the aid of recent Avorks of great value, and in its present 
 state possesses increased accuracy and usefulness. The " Concise Account of the Chief 
 Deities, Heroes, etc., in the Greek and Roman Mythology " was given in the previous edition 
 of this work, but has now received numerous additions and emendations which render it more 
 worthy of the public favor. The " Vocabulary of Perfect and Allowable Rhymes " — a 
 peculiar feature of this edition — is based upon the corresponding ''Index" in Walker's 
 " Rhyming Dictionary " -, but it is more copious and far more correct. Walker calls attention 
 to the fact that *' this collection of words," besides its designed and most obvious application, 
 " is in some measure a dictionary of pronunciation, and may answer very useful purposes to 
 foreigners and px'ovincials, who, by understanding the sound of one word, may become ac- 
 quainted with the pronunciation of a whole class." The " Glossary of Scottish Words and 
 Phrases," with preliminary remarks on the peculiarities of Scottish pronunciation and orthog- 
 raphy, — which is also a new and peculiar feature of this work, — has been prepared under 
 the supervision of a native of Scotland, Mr. William Russell, who is well-known as an elocu- 
 tionist and scholar. The evident superiority of this Glossary to all others of a similar kind, 
 will doubtless cause it to be warmly welcomed by lovers of Scottish literature. 
 
 As a whole, it is hoped that this volume may fairly lay claim to the character of a 
 " National Dictionary," fully suited to meet the requirements of all who are seeking a 
 standard reference-book of this nature. 
 
 In conclusion, it is due to Mr. William G. Webster to state that the editor has had the 
 benefit of his co-operation in some portions of the work. 
 
 Dorchester, Massachusetts, August 10, 1867. 
 
 P. S. Since the publication of the edition of 1867, so many words have been introduced 
 into the language, and the signification of so many words previously in use has been modi- 
 fied or enlarged, that it has seemed desirable to complete this work by copious additions. 
 These find place in a Supplement which contains about 3,600 words with their definitions. 
 For the most part they have been taken from the latest Supplement to " Webster's Una- 
 bridged Dictionary; " but other and still more recent publications have been freely consulted. 
 There are also added full tables of the Metric System of Weights and Measures, with ex- 
 planatory illustrations. 
 
 New Haven, September, 1884. 
 
 I 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION, vi 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, vii to xx 
 
 Vowels, • ^ 
 
 vowels in monosyllables and accented syllables, vll 
 
 regular or proper diphthongs, x 
 
 vowels in unaccented syllables, xl 
 
 silent vowels, • xu 
 
 Consonants, ^^]^ 
 
 assimilation of consonants, xvu 
 
 duplication of consonants, xviu 
 
 Accent, ^^V}. 
 
 DIVIDED usage, ^^}]} 
 
 DISSYLLABLES, ^™ 
 
 TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES, XIX 
 
 Syllabication, ^^ 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY, xxitoxxxiii 
 
 OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 XXI 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS, XXlll 
 
 LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS, XXVii 
 
 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES, xxxiv to xxxviii 
 
 LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH, xxxviii 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK, xl 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ... i to 834 
 
 METRIC SYSTEM, 835, 836 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES, 839 to 856 
 
 A VOCABULARY OF PERFECT AND ALLOWABLE RHYI^IES, . . 857 to 870 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABLTLARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, . 871 to 880 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER 
 
 NAMES, • 881 to 894 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 NAMES, 895 to 910 
 
 Explanatory Index of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Formative Sylla- 
 bles, 895 
 
 A Brief Alphabetical List of Geographical Names, with their 
 
 Derivation and Signification, 902 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 911 to 942 
 
 PREFATORY RE3IARKS, 911 
 
 ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES 
 
 of continentall europe, 911 
 
 explanation of abbreviations and signs, 914 
 
 observations necessary to be borne in mind, 915 
 
 Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names, 916 
 
 Vocabulary of Modern Biographical Names, 93? 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 
 
 WITH THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, &c., 943 to 948 
 
 names of men, 943 
 
 names of women, 946 
 
 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, Etc., FROM THE 
 
 GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, . 949 to 956 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, 957 to 959 
 
 ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, .... 960 to 962 
 A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, Etc., IN 
 
 THE GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, 963 to 969 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. WEBSTER, 969 to 970 
 
 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS, . . 971 to 1000 
 
 SUPPLEMENT OF NEW WORDS 1001 to 1060 
 
KEY 
 
 TO THE PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 A, si, long, as in 
 A, a, short, &s in 
 E, e, lo}ig, as ia 
 E, e, short, as in 
 I, i, long, as in . 
 I, i, short, as in . 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. 
 
 Ale, Fate, Chamber, Oray. 
 Add, Fat, Have, Random. 
 Eve, Mete, Peace, Seizure. 
 End, M6t, dieck, Leopard, 
 ice, Fine, Mire, Thrive. 
 iU, Fin, Admit, Tribute. 
 
 O, o, long, as in . 
 d, 6, short, as in 
 ID", u, long, as in . 
 tJ, u, short, as ia 
 Y, y, long, as in . 
 X, y, short, as in 
 
 A, a, as in. . . . 
 A, si,Italian,as in . 
 A, a, as in . . . 
 A, a, broad, as in . 
 A, a, like short o,as i 
 
 ;fe, g, like a, as in . 
 E, e, like long a, as ir 
 £, e, asin . . . 
 
 i, i, like long e, as in 
 i, i, like e, as in . . 
 
 OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. 
 Air, Share, Pair, BeS-r. 6, 6, like short u, as 
 
 Arm, Father, Far, Palm. O, o, hke long oo, as 
 Ask, Grass, I>ance,Branch. O, o, like shortoo, as 
 All, Talk, Haul, Swarm. 6^ 6, like broad a, as 
 What, Wander, W^allow. OO, tTo, as in . . 
 
 OO, oo, as in . . 
 ifere, Th§re, H^ir, Whdre. 
 
 Eight, Prey, Obey. IJ,u, preceded by r,ai 
 
 Ermine , Verge , Prefer. V > V > ^^^ short o o , as 
 
 "tr, -Q., as in . . . 
 Pique, Machine, Police. 
 
 Irksome, Virgin, Thirsty, e, i, o, (Italic) mark 
 a letter as silent 
 
 Old, Note, ILoaf , Depose. 
 Odd, Not, Torrid, Resolve 
 Use, Tiibe, I.ute, Feudal. 
 ts, Tiib, But, Study. 
 Fly, Style, Sky, Edify. 
 Cyst, Nymph, L.yric, Abyss. 
 
 in Other, Done, S6n,W^6n. 
 in Prove, Do, Move, Tomb- 
 in Bosom, W^olf , W^oman. 
 in Order, Form, Stork. 
 
 . Moon, Food, Booty. 
 
 . W^o^bl, Fo^t, Go^od. 
 
 i in Rude, Rumor, Rural. 
 in Bull, Put, Push, PuU. 
 . tlrge. Burn, Furl, Conciir. 
 
 I Fallen, Token, Cousin, 
 I Mason. 
 
 REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 
 
 Oi, oi, or Oy, oy (unmarked), as in Oil, Join, Moist, Oyster, Toy. 
 
 Ou, ou, or Ow, ow^ (unmarked), as in Out, Hound, Ow^l, Voveel. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 5, p, soft, like s sharp, as ii 
 •C, €, hard, like k, as in 
 Ch, ch (unmarked), as ; 
 ^h, fh, soft, Uke 5A, as i 
 ■CJh, -eh, hard, like k, as i 
 G, g, hard, as in . . 
 G, g, soft, likey, as in 
 S, s, sharp (unmarked), a 
 §, §, soft or vocal, like z, i 
 
 ^ede, 9ite, Accept. 
 Call, Concur, Success. 
 Child, Much, Touch, 
 ^haise. Marchioness. 
 Chorus, Eeho, Disti«h. 
 Get, Tiger, Begin. 
 Gem, Engine, Elegy. 
 Same, Yes, Rest. 
 Hag, Amuge, Rogeate. 
 
 Th, th, sharp (unmarked), as in 
 Th, tb.,flat or vocal, as in . . 
 Ng, ng (unmarked), as in . . 
 N, n(See §82), as in .... 
 
 31, 5, like g-z, as in 
 
 Ph, ph, like/ (luunarked), as in 
 Qu, qu, like kiv (uniaarked), as in 
 Wh, wh, like hw (unmk'd), as in 
 Zh, zh, as in 
 
 Thing, Breath. 
 Thine, Smooth. 
 Sing, Single. 
 Liinger, ]l,ink, 
 Ejist, Auxiliary. 
 Phantom, Sylpl- . 
 Queen, Conquest. 
 Wliat, Awhile. 
 Vision (vTzh'un.) 
 
 \* When one letter of an improper diphthong, or of a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the 
 sound of the combination, and the letter or letters which are not marked are to be regarded as silent : as in aim, cleats, 
 cSil, people, route, soul, journal, tow, &c. The combined letters ce, ci, sci, se, si, or ti, occurring before a vowel in a 
 syllable immediately preceded by an accented syllable, are generally equivalent to 5/1; as in o'cean, ceta'ceous, so'cial, 
 logi'cian, suspi'cion, auspi'cious, con'scienoe, nau'seous, controver'5/al, dissen'sfon, ini'f/al, ora'tion, ficti'nous, &c. 
 Such syllables are not always respelled, as, in general, they will naturally be pronounced correctly by an English speak- 
 er. But inaU exceptional, doubtful, or difficult cases, the appropriate respelling is used. 
 *#* For an explanation of foreign sounds occurring in the Dictionary, see pp. 911-15. 
 
 RESPELLIXG FOR PRONUNCIATION. —(1.) In respelling the French an, en, on, &c., the letters 7ig are not to 
 be pronounced themselves, being designed simply to mark the vowel as nasal, that is, as pronounced through both the 
 nose and the mouth at the same time. — (2. ) The respelling of a word when a number of related words follow, applies to 
 all of them down to some other word which is respelled. 
 
 REFERENCES. — The figures which immediately follow certain words in the Vocabulary refer to corresponding 
 sections in the Principles of Pronunciation. 
 
 ACCENT. —The principal accent is denoted by a heavy mark ; the secondary, by a lighter mark : as in Su'per- 
 Intend'ent. In the division of words into syllables, these marks, besides performing their proper office, supply the 
 place of the hyphen, except in some compound and derivative words, 
 (vi) 
 
PEINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, 
 
 WITH EXPLANATIONS OF THE KEY. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 § 1. The vowel sounds in monosyllables and accented 
 ayUables are marked in the Dictionary by pointing the let- 
 ters according to the Key. Each of the Towels will now be 
 tonsidered under three heads; viz., its regular long, and 
 short, and its occasional sounds, as heard in monosyllables 
 and in accented and unaccented syllables. 
 
 I. VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED 
 SYLLABLES. 
 
 A. 
 
 § 3. Regular long sound, marked A, a, as in ale ; heard 
 
 also in pain, day, gaol, gauge, aye, break, veil, whey, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound of a is in most cases dipthongal, 
 having a slight " vanish " in c annexed to its " radical " or 
 initial sound, as in pay, where the y may be regarded as 
 representing the vanish. Writers are not agreed as to the 
 nature of the radical part, some considering it to be the 
 Bound of short e, while others assert that it is a distinct, 
 though very similar, element, being like the other long 
 Towels as compared with their true corresponding short 
 Bounds, of a slightly less open quaUty. — See § 11, and § 8, 
 Note. 
 
 §3. Regular short sound, marked A, S,, as in add; 
 heard also inpldid, bade, &c. 
 
 Note. — This is a distinct element from the long a. 
 Like the other shut or stopped vowels (e, T, o, u, db), its 
 sound is exceedingly short, and has a certain abrupt, 
 explosive character, which is hardly found in any language 
 but our own. "With respect to its position in the scale of 
 sounds, it is a palatal vowel, intermediate between a and S, 
 the tongue being raised higher than for ii, and not so high 
 as for S. 
 
 Occasional Sounds of A. 
 
 § 4. Sound of a before r, in such words as air, care, fare, 
 hear, prayer, parent, marked A, k. The letter e has the same 
 sound in a few words, such as there, where, their, heir, &c. 
 
 Two errors in opposite extremes are here to be avoided : 
 1. That of the vulgar, who pronounce where, whar ; bear, 
 bar ; care'ful, car'ful, &c. ; 2. That of some among the 
 educated classes, who pronounce pair, parent, &c., as if 
 ejelt pay'er, pay'rent, &c. 
 
 Some have considered the a in care as a distinct element ; 
 this, however is not admitted by Smart, who maintains 
 that it is our long a in fate, and owes all its pecuharity to 
 the subsequent r. Such , also , is the statement of Dr. Web- 
 ster and most English orthoepists. The sound of r in these 
 words is what Smart calls a "guttural vibration," — a 
 sound which he represents by ur, and Dr. Webster by er. 
 In care we touch lightly on the a sound {the radical alone, 
 without the vanish; see §2), and then pass fully and 
 Btrongly into the guttural vibration (ca^ur or ca'er), draw- 
 ing the two as closely as possible into the same syllable — 
 BO closely that Smart (not aiming at philosophical exact- 
 ness) speaks of the r as actually blending with the previous 
 Towel . In like manner, parent is sounded pd'ur-ent, or pa'- 
 «r-ent; and fairy has the sound of fa' er-y, as the word was 
 
 actually spelt by Spenser in his " Faery Queen." Smart 
 refers, also, with approbation, to another mode of identify- 
 ing the sound in question; viz., that of prolonging our 
 short e before r. Thus, ther (with the e as in thSn), drawn 
 out into long quantity, gives us there (thsir) ; and er (the 
 first syllable in Srror) gives us ere or e'er (air). Thvis, in the 
 view here presented, the initial sound should always be that 
 of a in fate (the radical without the vanish; see §2), 
 though the final impression upon the ear is that of an 
 open or broad sound, in consequence of the " opening 
 power" of the r. In primitive words like j^are, lair, pair, 
 and the others mentioned above, it is very important not to 
 dwell so long on the a as to make it diphthongal ; for, if 
 the close vanishing element of the vowel is retained, it is 
 impossible for the open r to blend with it in the same syl- 
 lable. But in derivative words h^efayer, layer, payer, it 
 is essential to preserve the terminational sound of the a, in 
 order to keep up a distinction between the two classes. 
 
 Some, however, especially in New England, give these 
 words a slightly different sound; viz., that of our short a 
 before the r, in air, pronounced aer, with a somewhat 
 lengthened sound of the a. So harry, with the first sylla- 
 ble protracted, gives us hairy. This sound is rather more 
 open than the one mentioned above, and is apt, in the 
 mouths of our common people, to become too broad and 
 coarse. If well executed, however, it is scarcely at all in- 
 ferior to the other in smoothness and grace. It is fre- 
 quently heard among the well-educated in England ; there 
 is a tendency in many to intermingle the two, and it often 
 requires a nice ear to determine which is used. Dr. Web- 
 ster, who adopted the former in his own practice, once 
 remarked to the writer that he regarded the difference as 
 unimportant, provided the New England sound be given 
 without coarseness or undue breadth. 
 
 § 5. Sound of the Italian a, marked A, a, as in arm, 
 father, far ; heard also in ah, hectrth, Hunt, gu'drd, are, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound occurs in monosyllables and in the 
 accented syllable of many words, before r final or r fol- 
 lowed by another consonant (as in scar, tar, tart, yard, 
 de-bar', de-part'), and in the derivatives of such words (as 
 in scarred, tarry, of, or resembling, tar, debarring). But 
 when a occurs in an accented syllable, before r followed by 
 a vowel or by another r, in a word not a derivative, it has 
 its regular short sound, as in arable, bar/ow, tarry, to 
 delay. 
 
 The Italian a is the most open of all the vowel sounds, 
 and is one of the extremes of the vowel scale, the other 
 extremes being e, and db. In its formation the mouth and 
 throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left in its nat- 
 ural position of rest. It was formerly much more common 
 in English than it is at the present day. The loss of it to 
 so great an extent has been an injury to our language, and 
 any further exclusion of it is therefore undesirable. 
 
 § 6. Sound of a in certain words (chiefly monosyllables) 
 ending \nff,ft, ss, st, sk, sp, with a few in nee, and nt. 
 marked A, a, as in staff, graft, pass, last, ask, gasp, chance, 
 chant, &c. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Down to the close of the last century, words of 
 Cvii; 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 this class were universally pronounced with the full Itahan 
 a. Some, especially among the vulgar, gave this too broad- 
 ly, or with a kind of drawl (as pa^s like paJiss, fast like 
 fahst), so that Walker, disgusted with this abuse, and 
 having a pr^udice against intermediate sounds, marked 
 all euch words in his Dictionary by the sound of short a, 
 giving the vowel in pa,st, staff, &c., the sound of that in 
 pat, Staffa (the island), &c. It -will not be surprising — 
 if we bear in mind the remark in § 3 on the extreme short- 
 ness and abruptness of this sound — that this change was 
 Btrongly condemned by the orthoepists. Jones declared it 
 to be "a mincing affectation;"' and Mitford said, "No 
 English tongue fails to express, no Enghsh ear to perceive, 
 the difference between the sound of a in passing and in 
 passive. No colloquial familiarity wiU substitute the one 
 for the other."' Still, the high character of Walker, and the 
 increasing disgust for every thing like a drawl in speaking, 
 gave currency to the change. It prevailed in London, and 
 in some of the larger cities of America, until there sprung 
 up, on both sides of the Atlantic, what Smart has called a 
 " new school " and an " old school " on this subject. The 
 extreme shortness of the a as marked by Walker, was still 
 objected to ; and Smart, in his Dictionary, first published 
 in 1836, censured AV'alker on this account, saying, " He 
 allows no compromise between the broad Italian a, with 
 which a vulgar mouth pronounces ass, and the sound nar- 
 rower (if possible) than the a in at, with which an affected 
 speaker minces the same word." He therefore spoke of a 
 "medium sound " of the a in words of this class, saying, 
 *' We are apt, even in London, to give a slight prolongation 
 to the vowel (a) which would, in other cases, be quite rus- 
 tic." This prolongation has passed into America, and is 
 now heard extensively among the followers of Walker in 
 this countrj'. It is a kind of drawl on the a in such words 
 as last, past, fast, &c. Smart states, however, in a recent 
 letter, that in England this prolongation is now wholly 
 laid aside. "Custom with us," he remarks, "is much 
 changed. It is no longer affectation to say ass; and grant, 
 graft, &c., at present indicate the pronunciation of well- 
 educated London people under sixty-five or sixty years of 
 age." In other words, Walker's extreme short sound of 
 staff, like Staffa, and pass hke passive, is now adopted by 
 many Londoners as the true and only proper sound. 
 
 The change introduced by W'alker never had any great 
 currency in this country, except in a few large cities and 
 in places immediately affected by their inflnence. Our 
 leading lexicographers, Webster and Worcester, declared 
 against it. Many who were taught it in childhood have 
 since laid it aside ; and there is an increasing disposition 
 among our teachers and Uterary men to unite on some in- 
 termediate sound between the extreme broadness, or length, 
 of the a xa. father, and the extreme narrowness, or short- 
 ness of the a in fat. That of Smart (mentioned above as now 
 disused) was intermediate in quantity; and so also is an- 
 other, which Fulton and Knight have introduced into their 
 Dictionary, viz., a shortened sound of the ItaUan a. They 
 give the word " lard " as an example of the long ItaUan 
 sound (as in father, &c.), and " last " of their short Italian 
 sound ; and mark with the latter the entire class of words 
 now under consideration, such as staff, graft, pass, last, 
 ask, gasp, and a few words in nee and nt, as dance and 
 chant. In this way they guard against that undue prolon- 
 gation of the a which offended AValker, and still retain in 
 use one of the finest sounds of our language. This is the 
 Bound recommended in this volume, and marked A, a. 
 Some might possibly prefer one a Uttle less open, verging 
 slightly more towards that of a in an ; and there is cer- 
 tainly room here for a diversity of taste and practice among 
 those who agree in the main point of rejecting the extreme 
 ehortness of Walker's sound. If it be proposed, however, 
 to give these words a sound intermediate in quality between 
 the Italian a and our short a, one thing is important to be 
 considered. Mr. Smart states, in answer to an inquiry on 
 the subject, that, although he can exemphfy such a sound, 
 he is not aware that any thing of the kind is used among 
 the educated classes in England. The only alternative 
 there seems to be between the ItaUan a and the extreme 
 fihort sound of Walker ; and it is natural and desirable 
 that those among us who reject the latter should adopt the 
 same sound with those who led the way in that rejection 
 upon the other side of the Atlantic. Any one who heard 
 the lectures of Mr. Thackeray during his visit to this coun- 
 try in 1855-6, and noticed his pronunciation with reference 
 to this subject, must have been struck with the definite 
 Bound of the Italian a which he gave to all words of this 
 class. He even gave that sound in the word answer, which, 
 though common in England, is comparatively rare in Amer- 
 ica. A gentleman who held for many years a high diplo- 
 matic station at the court of St. James, told the writer 
 tiiat, except among Londoners, he almost uniformly heard 
 
 the Italian a in such cases, especiaUy among the officers of 
 government, and the nobiUty and gentry with whom he 
 was led to associate. Such, also, is said by members of 
 Oxford and Cambridge to be the case now at those imiver' 
 sities ; and some of the most eminent preachers of the king- 
 dom, such as the Bishop of Oxford ( Wilberforce), have been 
 mentioned in confirmation of this remark. It is for such 
 reasons that the words in question are here marked with a 
 shortened or brief sound of the Italian a, in accordance 
 with the views and practice of Dr. Webster. 
 
 § 7. Sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in all, talk, hmH, 
 swarm; heard also in sauce, awe, gedrgic,fdr'k, grdat, 
 bdught, &c. 
 
 Note. — This has sometimes been caUed the German a, 
 but is a broader and more guttural sound, being formed by 
 a depression of the larynx, and a consequent retraction of 
 the tongue, which enlarges the cavity of the mouth poste- 
 riorly. 
 
 § 8. Short sound of broad a, marked A, g,, as in what, 
 wander, wallow, &c. ; heard also in knowledge. 
 
 Note. — This is the extreme short sound of broad a, and 
 coincides with the sound of o in not. It differs, however, 
 in quaUty as weU as quantity fi-om broad a, being a more 
 open sound ; that is to say, the aperture of the Ups and 
 the internal cavity of the mouth, though of the same shape 
 in both cases, are somewhat larger for the former (a) than 
 for the latter (a), whUe the position of the tongue remains 
 unaltered throughout. Nor is this difference pecuUar to a 
 and a ; it also exists between the other pairs of vowel sounds 
 that have essentiaUy the same organic formation, but differ 
 in length or duration: in each case, that which is the 
 briefer in quantity is the more open in quaUty of the two. 
 
 There is a sound of a, as heard in salt, although, Sec, 
 which is intermediate between that in awe and that in 
 what. No distinctive mark is used to indicate this inter- 
 mediate sound, but the inquirer is referred to this section 
 from all words in the vocabulary in which the sound oc- 
 curs. — See § 21, Note. 
 
 § 9. An exceptional sound of a occurs in the words any, 
 many. It is as if they were spelled en'y, men'y, being the 
 regular short sound of e. 
 
 E. 
 
 § 10. Regular long sound, marked E, e, as in e-u*, m^te, 
 &c. ; heard also in Caesar, beard, feet, leisure, people, key, 
 machine, field, oesophagus, quay, &c. 
 
 Note. — In the formation of this element, the tongue is 
 raised convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing 
 against its sides, and leaving only the smaUest possible pas- 
 sage through which a vowel sound can be uttered. E is 
 therefore the closest lingual or palatal vowel, and is one of 
 the extremes of the natural vowel scale, a and oo being 
 the other extremes. 
 
 § 11. Regular short sound, marked E, €, as in ind, met ; 
 heard also inmany, aphaeresis, said, says, fSather, hSifer, 
 leopard, friSjid, asafaetida, bury, guess. 
 
 Note. — This is not a short sound of the long e. It has 
 usuaUy been considered as the shut or extreme short sound 
 of the a in fate ; but most orthoepists at the present day, 
 while aUowing it to be a nearly related sound, regard it as^ 
 distinct, being sUghtly more open than the radical part of 
 a, and lacking the vanish : both are intermediate between 
 a and e, the tongue not being so much depressed as for the 
 former, nor raised so high toward the palate as for the 
 latter. — See § 2, and § 3, Note. 
 
 Occasional Sounds of E. 
 
 §13. Sound of e Uke ^ (as in care, fair, bear, &c.,) 
 marked :i;, 6, as in ere, thSre, heir, i^er, &c. This, as is 
 stated in § 4, is the same sound with that of a in care. — 
 See § 4. 
 
 § 13. Sound of e Uke a, marked E, e, as in eh, eight, 
 prey, vein, &c. — See § 2. 
 
 Note. — This is essentially the sound which this letter 
 generally has in the leading modem languages of Continen- 
 tal Europe. 
 
 § 14. Sound of e before r, verging toward the sound of 
 u in urge, marked £, e, as in ermine, verge, prefer; heard 
 also in Sarnest, mirth, myrtle, &c. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 IX 
 
 Note. — The case here contemplated is that of e. before r, in 
 a monosyllable or in an accented syllable in which the r is 
 not followed by a yowel or by another r, or in derivatives of 
 Buch words, when the syllable retains its accent, as in herd, 
 defer, deferring, err, erring, term, mercy, maternal. When 
 e occurs before r, followed by a vowel or by another r, in a 
 word not derived as above, it either has the short sound, as 
 m ferry , peril, perilous, heritage, ferule, or the long sound, 
 as in period, hero, material. 
 
 The vulgar universally, and many cultivated speakers 
 both in England and America, give the e in such words the 
 full sound of u in urge, as, murcy for mercy, turm for term, 
 &c. But, in the most approved style of pronunciation, the 
 organs are placed in a position intermediate between that 
 requisite for sounding ft and that for sounding e, thus 
 making (as Smart observes) "a compromise between the 
 two." In other words, this element is radically distinct 
 from both ft and e, being less guttural than the former 
 and less palatal than the latter, from which it was doubt- 
 less originally evolved. 
 
 § 15. Regular long sound, marked I, i, as in Ice ; heard 
 also in aisle, height, eying, eye, vie, guile, buy, thy, rye, 
 &c. ; ia pint, in child, mild, wild; and in monosyllables 
 ending with nd, as bind, find, kind, &c., except wind, 
 meamng air in motion, and lotnd, to scent, to cause to lose 
 or to recover wind or breath. 
 
 Note. — This sound, though represented by a single 
 character, is not a simple element, but a diphthong. It is 
 composed of d and e as extremes, with the a accented, but 
 made so very brief that the ear with difficulty recognizes 
 the precise character of the sound. 
 
 § 16. Regular short sound, marked I, i,as in ill ; heard 
 also in English, beaufn, been, sieve, loomen, busy, guinea, 
 nymph, &c. 
 
 Note. — This is not a short sound of long i. Many have 
 considered it as the shut or extreme short sound of long e ; 
 but it is really a distinct, though closely allied, element, 
 and is so regarded by the best orthoepists at the present 
 time. In its formation, the tongue is slightly relaxed from 
 the position assumed for producing e ; this is the only dif- 
 ference between the two sounds. — See § 3, Note, and § 8, 
 Note. 
 
 Occasional Sounds of I. 
 § 17. Sound of i like that of long e, marked I, 'i, as in 
 pique, machine, caprice, &c. — See § 10. 
 
 Note. — This is appropriately the sound of i in all for- 
 eign languages. Most of the English words in which this 
 sound is represented by this letter are from the French. 
 
 § IS. Sound of i before r, verging toward u in urge, 
 marked I, i, as in irksome, virgin, thirsty, &c., identical 
 with that of e in ermine. 
 
 Note. — 7 in this case is sounded by many speakers like 
 ft, as vurgin for virgin. The observations made under § 14 
 as to short e in words like ermine, verdure, &c., apply fully 
 to this sound of the i. 
 
 O. 
 
 §19. Regular long sound, marked O, o, as in old ; 
 heard also in hautboy, beau, yeoman, setv, roam, hoe, door, 
 shoulder, groiu, owe, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound of o is in most cases diphthongal, 
 having a slight " vanish " in oo annexed to the ' ' radical " 
 or initial sound, as in below, where the w may be regarded 
 as representing the vanish. The radical part of the sound 
 is a simple element, intermediate with respect to the mode 
 of its formation, between a and oo, the tongue being less 
 depressed than for a, and the labial aperture greater than 
 for 00. It is essentially the same element as that described 
 in the next section, but of a slightly less open quality. The 
 vanish of the o is omitted in unaccented syllables, as in 
 o-pin'ion, to-bac'co, &c., but ought not to be omitted else- 
 tuhere. This remark is important as bearing on a very 
 prevalent error, which wiU be mentioned in the next sec- 
 tion. 
 
 §20. It is exceedingly common, in some parts of the 
 fnited States, to shorten the long o of certain words, as 
 Mt, most, only, &c., by dropping the vanishing element 
 
 which belongs to the vowel, and giving to the radical por- 
 tion a somewhat more open quality ; but this practice ia 
 wholly opposed to English usage. The provincialism here 
 pointed out obtains, more or less widely, in respect to the 
 following words, viz. : boat, bolster, bolt, bone, both, broke, 
 broken, choke, cloak, close, a., coach, coat, coax, colt, colter, 
 comb, dolt, folks, goad, hold, holm, holster, home, homely, 
 hope, jolt, load, molten, most, molt, none, only, open, pole, 
 polka, poultice, poultry, revolt, road, rode, rogue, soap, 
 sloth, smoke, sofa, sol (the name of the note G of the musi- 
 cal scale), spoke, v., spoken, stone, story, swollen (or siooln), 
 throat, toad, upholsterer, upholstery, whole, wholly, whole- 
 some, wrote, yoke, yolk, and possibly a few others. Most 
 persons in New England sound the o in a part or aU of 
 these words without the vanish, while some among the 
 vulgar go farther, and give to a number of them almost 
 the sound of short u, as, hum for home, &c. They should 
 all, however, have the full sound of the o as heard in ac- 
 cented syllables, though not in all cases with quite the 
 same prolongation of the sound. Thus the fuU o of dome 
 should be given to home ; of hole to whole ; of slope to- 
 hope ; oi poach to coach; of moat to coat; of joke to spoke, 
 cloak, smoke, and broke ; of hone to bone and stone ; and 
 similarly in the other cases. Still the theoretic phonolo- 
 gist can not but regard the true short o described in this 
 section as an important and legitimate member of the fam- 
 ily of vowel sounds, and must look upon its absence in the 
 established orthoepy of our language as a defect and an 
 anomaly. To him, therefore, its rise and growth in the 
 popular speech are interesting facts, and its final preva- 
 lence and admittance to equal rights with the other vowels 
 is a thing he would rather desire than deprecate. 
 
 § 31. Regular short sound, marked 6, o, as in odd,, 
 not; heard also in v/ander, knoivledge, &c. — See §3, 
 Note, and § 9. 
 
 Note. — This is the shut or extreme short sound of broad. 
 a, and coincides with the sound of a in ivhat. There is a. 
 medium sound of this letter which is neither so short as in 
 not, nor so long as in naught. This medium sound is usu- 
 ally given to the short o when directly followed by ss, st, 
 and th, as in cross, cost, broth; also in gone, cough, trough, 
 off, and some other words. To give the extreme short 
 sound to such words is affectation : to give them the full 
 soviud of broad a is vtilgar. 
 
 Occasional Sounds of O. 
 
 § 23. Sound of o like short u, marked O, 6, as in other, 
 dove, &c. ; heard also in does, gun, flood, double, &c.— 
 See § 31. 
 
 § 23. Sound of o Uke oo long, marked O, o, as vol prove, 
 do, tngve, tomb, &c. — See § 26. 
 
 § 24. Sound of o like oo short, marked O, o, as in 
 bosom, wolf, woman, &c. — See § 8, Note, and § 27. 
 
 Note. — This sound coincides with that of u in bull, 
 which is also used for oo short. — See § 33. 
 
 § 25. Sound of o like a (broad a), marked 6, 6, as in 
 drder,fdrm, stdrk, &c, — See § 7. 
 
 Note. — The letter o generally has this sound when it 
 occurs before r in a monosyllable (as in for, form, lord, 
 north) or in an accented syllable when not followed by a 
 vowel or by another r, as in fur'mer, dr'chard, abhor', and 
 also in the derivatives of such words, as in formed, north' - 
 em , abhOr'ring. But when o occurs , in an accented syllable, 
 before r followed by a vowel or by another r in a word ?ioi 
 a derivative, it has its regular short sound, as in fdr'eign, 
 or'ange, tor'rid. These two sounds of o, viz., the broad, 
 like that of a in call, and the short, like that of a in what, 
 have been confounded by some orthoepists ; but there is 
 an obvious difference between them, not only in quantity, 
 but also in qualitv, the short vowel being more open than 
 the broad. — See § 8, Note . 
 
 OO. _ 
 
 § 26. Regular long or open sound, marked OO, do, as 
 in moon, food; heard also in rheum, drew, to, canoe, man- 
 ( CRUvre, group, rude, rue, recruit, &c. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 NOTE. — This soiind is the same element with the u of 
 the Grermans, Spaniards, and Italians, and coincides with 
 the French ou in route. It is the closest labial vowel ; that 
 is to say, in forming it, the lips are more nearly closed than 
 for any other vowel, the sides being brought into contact 
 with each other so as to leave only a small central aperture 
 'for the escape of the voice. 
 
 § 27. Regular short sound of oo., marked OO, ob, as 
 in xoool,fobt ; heard also in toolf, should, bull, &c. — See § 
 8, NOTE. 
 
 § 28. The following words, room, root, roof, rood, broom, 
 and 50071, have properly the long sound of oo, as in food 
 (see § 26) ; but many pronounce them with the short sound, 
 as in foot (see § 27). New Englanders especially are often 
 recognized abroad by their habit of pronouncing room, 
 robm ; root, root; roof, vdbf; r6dd,Td'od; broom, 'brdbin, 
 and 5007*. sdbn. 
 
 § 29. Regular long sound, marked tj, vL, as in mute, 
 unit, &c. ; heard also in beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ewe, 
 lieu, view, cue, suit, yew, you, yule, &c. 
 
 Note . — This is a compound sound, formed of the vowel 
 oo, with a slight sound of the consonant y or of the vowel 
 e or T before it. When the m begins a syllable, or is pre- 
 ceded by any one of the palatal or labial sounds k, g,p,b, 
 f, V, m, the sound of y is clearly perceived, as in the words 
 usage, cube, gules, puny, burin, futile, m.ule. 
 
 § 30. When the long u is preceded, in the same syllable, 
 by any one of the consonants d, t, I, n, s, and th, it is 
 peculiarly difficult to introduce the sound of y ; and hence 
 negligent speakers omit it entirely, pronouncing duty, 
 dooty ; tune, toon ; lute, loot ; nuisance, noosance ; suit, 
 soot ; thurible, thoorible, &c. The reason is, that, in form- 
 ing these consonants, the organs -are in a position to pass 
 with perfect ease to the sound of oo, while it is very difficult 
 in doing so to touch the intermediate y ; hence the y in 
 such cases is very apt to be dropped. On this point Smart 
 remarks, " To say tube (tyoob), lucid (lyoocid), with the 
 « as perfect [i. e. with a distinct sound of y prefixed to oo] 
 as in cube, cubic, mute, &c., is either northern or laboriously 
 pedantic," — a description which applies to the vulgar in 
 our Eastern States, and to those who are over-nice at the 
 South. The practice of good society is to let the y sink 
 into a very brief sound of long e or of short i, both of 
 which have a very close organic relationship to consonant 
 y. Special care must be taken not only to make this sound 
 as brief as possible, but to pronounce it in the same syllable 
 with the 00. We thus avoid the two extremes, of over- 
 doing, on the one hand, by making too much of the y, and, 
 on the other hand, of sounding only the oo after the man- 
 ner of careless speakers. 
 
 It ought to be added that wherever the sound of 5/1 or of 
 %h precedes the 7t, the y is omitted, as in sure, sounded 
 £hoor : sugar, shdbgar, azure, azh'oor, &c. 
 
 § 31. Regular short sound, marked tJ, ii, as in but; 
 heard also in sun, does, blood, touch, &c. 
 
 NOTE . — This is not the short sound of long u. It is a 
 distinct and simple element, and derives its peculiar gut- 
 tural character from the influence of the pharjnix and back 
 part of the mouth. In its organic formation, it is essen- 
 tially the same sound as ti in urge, but is shorter in quan- 
 tity, and of a rather more open quahty. — See § 3, NOTE, 
 and § 8, Note. 
 
 Occasional Sounds of u. 
 § 32. Sound of u when preceded by r in the same syl- 
 lable, marked U, u, as in rude, rumor, rural, &c. 
 
 Note. — All the English orthoepists agree that the u in 
 this case drops the y ov t which is generally an element of 
 it8 compound sound when preceded, in the same syllable, 
 by any other consonant than r, and becomes simply ol), so 
 that rue is pronounced rcJb ; rule, ro"ol ; ruby, rcToby, &c. 
 
 § 33. Sound of u like that of short 00 {do), marked U, 
 
 u, as in bull, put, push, pull, &c. — See § 8, NOTE, and 
 §27. ' * ■ ■ 
 
 § 34, Sound of u before r in such words as urge, bum, 
 furl, concur, &c., marked tl, tL ; heard also in worm,jo(ir- 
 nay, &c. 
 
 Note. — This is often called the natural voioel, because 
 it requires almost no effort to utter it, the mouth being 
 slightly opened in the easiest or most natural and uncon- 
 strained manner for the passage of voice in a nearly un- 
 modified form. But the name is scarcel3- appropriate ; for 
 the sound is altogether wanting in many languages, and — 
 with the single exception of the English — it occupies a 
 comparatively suborchnate place in the vowel systems of 
 the principal tongues in which it occurs. It has been more 
 aptly termed the neutral vowel, Avith reference to its want 
 of any strongly-marked distinctive character : and this 
 name is here adopted as, on the whole, preferable to any 
 other. The sound differs from that of short u ( with which 
 it has often been identified) in length, and in a somewhat 
 greater degree of closeness. (See § 8, NOTE.) It occurs, 
 in monosyllables, before r not followed by a vowel (as in 
 cur, fur, furl, hurt, burst, purr) : in accented syllables, be- 
 fore r final or r followed by one or more consonants different 
 from itself (as in recur' , cur'few, fur'long, disbursed') ; and 
 in derivatives from any such words (as currish, furry, pur- 
 ring, recurring). Except in the cases here specified, the 
 letter u before r has its short sound, a^ in cur'ry, hur'ry. 
 
 § 35. Regular long sound, marked Y, y, asin^y, style, 
 sky, edify, &c. 
 
 Note. — This is the same sound as long i. — See § 15. 
 
 § 36. Regular short sound, marked T, y, as in cyst, 
 nym.ph, lyric, abyss, coinciding with the sound of short i. — 
 See § 16. 
 
 Occasional Sound of T. 
 § 37. Y has only one occasional sound ; viz., in such 
 words as myrrh, myrtle, in which it has, like the e and i in' 
 similar circumstances (see § l-t and § 18), very nearly- the 
 sound of u in urge. This is indicated in the Dictionary by 
 respelhng, the words in which y has this sound being very 
 few in ntunber. 
 
 II. 
 
 REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS. 
 01 or OY. 
 
 § 38. The sound of oi or oy (immarked), as heard in oil, 
 join, oyster, &c. 
 
 Note. — The elements of this diphthong are o as in cord 
 (the same as broad a), and < as in fn (short ?), with the 
 accent on the former. Oy is always regular in English 
 words, and oi is regular also, except in the following cases ; 
 viz., avoirdupois (av-wr-du-poiz'), connoisseur (kon-i-s-soor'), 
 shamois (sha.m.'my), choir (kncire), tortoise (tor'tis), tur- 
 quois (sometimes pronounced tur-keez'). 
 
 Until near the beginning of the present century, oi was 
 extensively pronounced hke long i. a.s jine ^or join, rile for 
 roil, &c. ; but this pronunciation is now confined ex- 
 clusively to the lowest classes. 
 
 OTV. 
 
 § 39. The sound of ow (unmarked), as heard Jn oud, 
 vowel, flower, &c. 
 
 Note. — This diphthong is compotmded of the elements 
 a and 00. the former of which is accented, but made ex- 
 tremely brief. In a considerable nmnber of words, oiv 
 represents the sound of long ,• in the single word knowi- 
 edge and in its derivatives, it has the sound of short c. 
 These are accordingly distinguished by the proper maik, 
 as, blow, slow, know, knowledge, &c. 
 
 OU. 
 
 § 40. Thig diphthong has two leading sotmds. 
 
 (1.) That of ow in words derived firom the Anglo-Saxon, 
 as in out, hound, &c. 
 
 (2.) That of 00 in words derived fix)m the French, as in 
 soup, group, &c. 
 
 § 41. The diphthong ou has also, in a number of words, 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 XI 
 
 the sound of long o, as in soul ,- in a few cases, the sound 
 of the broad a, as in bought (bawt) ; sometunes that of 
 short u, as in couple ; sometimes that of u in urge, as in 
 adjoUrn (adjurn) ; and, in the three words could, would, 
 should, that of oo as in foot. These peculiarities are indi- 
 cated in this Dictionary by the appropriate mark over the 
 significant or sounded vowel, or by respelling. 
 
 ni. VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 
 
 § 43. When an unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, 
 its vowel, if single, has, in strict theory, its regular short 
 or shut sound, though uttered somewhat more faintly, or 
 with a less proportionate force, than in an accented syllable, 
 as in as-sign'', con'duct, con'flict, &c. In many worAs of 
 this class, however, the vowel is apt to suffer a change or 
 corruption oflts distinctive quality, passing over into some 
 sound of easier utterance. Thus the vowel sounds in the 
 unaccented syllables ar, er, ir, or, yr (as in altar, offer, 
 tapir, mirror, zephyr), are coincident with that of the 
 second u in sulphur. As a general rule, a and o, in unac- 
 cented syllables ending in a consonant, verge toward, or 
 faU into, the sound of short u, particularly in colloquial 
 discourse, as in bal'/arf, bar'racAr, ver'6a^, bed'Zaw, c&'p'stan, 
 ial'ap, Vi'as, h&Vlast, haVoc, vaeih'od, pis'fo^, ven'om, coin- 
 peF, flag'on, bish'o^, pi'/o^, -^xoy'ost. In such words, it 
 would ordinarily be the merest pedantry or affectation to 
 give the vowel its regular short sound. 
 
 The vowel e, in unaccented syllables ending in a con- 
 sonaint, is, in some words, liable to be sounded like short i 
 (as in barrel), and, in others, Uke short u (as in silent) ; but 
 these changes are usually avoided by good speakers. 
 
 It may here be remarked, that some of the diphthongs 
 are similarly affected by the absence of accent. Thus ai, 
 which, in an accented syllable, is usually sounded Uke long 
 a (as in corn-plain'), sinks into ? or i in an unaccented 
 syllable, as in mountain, pronounced moim'tSn or moun'- 
 tin. So er, ey, and ie become changed in pronunciation 
 into t (as in sur'feit, hon'ey, car'rted), and ou is sounded as 
 « (as in griev'ous). 
 
 It is also to be observed, that, in the unaccented sylla- 
 bles of some words from the Latin, the vowel is long, 
 though followed by a consonant in the same syllable, as in 
 cantharides ; but, in such cases, the long mark is, in the 
 Dictionary, placed over the vowel. 
 
 § 43. When the unaccented syllable does not end in a 
 consonant, two cases arise ; viz., — 
 
 (1.) The syllable may consist of, or may end in, a vowel, 
 as in the words a-bound', rfr-rect', e-vent', wo-lesf, &c. 
 
 (2.) The syllable may end in a consonant with finale 
 mute at the close of words, as in ul'ti-maie, fi'nUe, rep'- 
 tile, 8c c. 
 
 The former of these will, for the sake of brevity, be called 
 No. 1, the latter No. 2. These will now be considered un- 
 der each of the vowels. 
 
 §44. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the a has properly a 
 brief sound of the Italian a, as in Cu'ba, a-muse', A-m.eT'i- 
 ca; but, in familiar speech, it is almost always so slighted 
 and obscured as to be indistinguishable from the neutral 
 vowel, or u in urge, murmur, &c. In some words, like 
 c-e'ri-al, cAa-ot'ic, &c., the a has its regular long or name 
 sovmd, somewhat shortened by the omission of the " van- 
 ish." This is due to the influence of the subsequent vowel, 
 which, in fluent utterance, refuses to take the Italian a 
 before it without the intervention of one or more con- 
 sonants. Some speakers in this country give the same 
 brief sound of long a to this letter when it occurs in an 
 initial unaccented syllable followed by a consonant in an 
 accented syllable, as in a-bound', fa-tal^i-ty ; but this prac- 
 tice is not sanctioned by the best orthoepists. In the ter- 
 minations -a-ny and -a-ry, the a has usually the same 
 
 sound as short e xinaccented, as in mis/cel-la-ny, mo'ment- 
 a-ry, &c. 
 
 § 45. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here the a has sometimes its 
 long sound, particularly in verbs ending in ate, as, dedi- 
 cate, ed'u-cate, &c. In other parts of speech, the sound 
 of the a is more obscure, verging toward short e, as in ul'ti- 
 mate, night/in-gale, preface, &c. In some instances it is 
 apt to verge toward short i, as in vil'lage. 
 
 E. 
 
 § 46. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the e has its long sound, 
 slightly obscure or abridged, as in e-vent', e-mo'tion, so- 
 ci'e-ty, &c. Care should be taken not to sink the e int» 
 an indefinite sound of short u, as, soci'itty for society, &c, 
 
 § 47. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here, also, the e has usually 
 its long sound a Uttle shortened and slighted, as in ob'so- 
 lete. In a few instances, it verges toward short «^ as in 
 college. 
 
 I. 
 
 There is great diversity in the case of this letter. Henc* 
 it is difficult to lay down general rules ; and, as Smart 
 remarks, " The inquirer must be sent to the Dictionary to 
 learn, in each particular case, the true pronunciation." 
 
 § 48. (No. 1. See § 43.) /, when final in a syUable, 
 has more commonly its short sound, as in phi-los/o-phy, 
 di-rect', &c. But the i is usually long in the initial sylla- 
 bles i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri, as in I-de'a, bl-ol'o-gy, crl- 
 te'ri-on, pri-me'val, &c. 
 
 § 49. (No. 2. See § 43.) In these terminations, usage 
 is greatly divided. On the whole, the i is more generally 
 short, as in ac-com'pltce, in'fi-nlte, fer'ttle, mar'i-ttme, 
 ad-a-man'tlne, an'ise, pos'i-ttve, &c. ; but there are some 
 important exceptions, as, cock'a-trzce, ex'zle, gen'tJle, con'- 
 cu-blne, ar'cheve, &c. ; also all names of minerals ending 
 in lite or ite; as, chrys/o-llte, ste'a-tlte, &c. Here the Dic- 
 tionary must be consulted for the several words. Accord- 
 ing to Smart and Cull, chemical terms ending in ide (as 
 bromide, chloride, Sec.) should be pronounced with the i 
 long ; but all other orthoepists are unanimous in making 
 the vowel short ; and the propriety of the latter mode of 
 pronunciation is established by the fact that this whole 
 class of words is not unfrequently spelt without the final e, 
 thus, brom,id, chlorid. 
 
 § 50. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the o has usually its long 
 sound slightly abbreviated, and without its "vanish" 
 (see § 19), as in o-pin^on, croc'o-dile, to-bac/co, &c. Care 
 should here be taken not to sink the o into short u, as care- 
 less speakers often do, pronouncing o-pin'ion, Mp-pin''ion, 
 &c. An exception, however, is perhaps to be made in the 
 case of the terminations -o-ny and -o-ry, in which, according 
 to universal usage in England, the o is sounded like short 
 u unaccented, as in mat'ri-mo-ny, prom'is-so-ry, &c. Yet 
 most speakers in this country give the o in such words its 
 long soimd, slightly abbreviated, as in other unaccented 
 syllables. The practice — too common among us — of lay- 
 ing a secondary accent on the o is a fault which should be 
 sedulously avoided. — See § 110. 
 
 § 51. (No. 2. See §43.) The o in these terminations 
 has usually its regular long sound, as in teFe-scope, ep^ode, 
 &c. Sometimes it has the sound of short o , as in di'a-Wgue : 
 in other cases, it verges toward short «, as in pur'pose. 
 
 U. 
 
 § 52. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the u gencrallyhas its 
 long sound slightly abridged, as in ac'ct«-rate, e-mol'?^- 
 ment, man-M-mit', an'nw-al, dep'zi-tize, u-tiVi-ty. But 
 when the u is preceded hy d,t, or s, these combinatione, du, 
 tu, and su, are by the great majority of speakers changed 
 into joo, choo, and shoo or zhoo, respectively, as in ed'* 
 
Xll 
 
 principlp:s of pronunciation. 
 
 M-iratc (ej oo-kate), ha-bit-u-al (ha-blch'oo-al), sen'sw-ous 
 (sen'shoo-us), vis'u-al (vTzh'oo-ai). (See §§ GG, 77, 92, 93, 
 95, aud 107.) In the notation of words of this class in the 
 Dictionary, the regular pronunciation is generally given 
 instead of the irr^nilar, in conformity with the ^iews of Dr. 
 Webster ; but, in manj- instances, reference is made to the 
 n'uiarks contained in the present section. When the m is 
 preceded by r, it simply drops the y sound, aud is pro- 
 nounced 00, as in er-uAii'tion (er-oo-di»h'un). (See § 32.) 
 
 § 53. (No. 2. See § 43.) The « in these terminations 
 thould generally retain its regular long sound (see §§ 29, 
 30) sUghtly abridged, as in grat'i-tude, in'sti-tute, rid'i- 
 cfile, trib'wte, im-post'hwme, sub'ter-lfige, &c. There are 
 a few exceptions, as miu'i/te (min'it), n., and let'twce (let'- 
 tis). If the letter r precedes the u, the initial element of 
 the Towel is dropped, as in ce^n/se (se'roos), per'Mke (pPr'- 
 ook), &c. (See § 32.) On the other hand, when the uis 
 immediately preceded by the letter f, it should never be 
 changed into mere oo^ as grat'i-tood for grat'i-tude, in'sti- 
 toot fcr in'sti-tute — a practice which prevails among the 
 vulgar. 
 
 The terminations dure, ture, and sure, though sometimes 
 pronounced with the regular sounds of the letters, are more 
 commonly pronounced joor, dwor, and shoor or zhoor, re- 
 spectively, as in the words tem'per-a-twre (tem'per-a-choor), 
 ver^dwre (ver'joor), cy^no-SMre (si'no-shoor), ex-po'swre (eks- 
 po/zhoor). (See §§66, 77,92, 93, 95, and 107.) When these 
 terminations are immediately preceded by an accented syl- 
 lable, many speakers change them stiU further into chur, 
 jur, and shur, or zhur, as in na'twre (na'chur), ver''dure 
 (ver'jur), cen'swre (sen'shur), ex-po'swre (eks-po'zhur). The 
 Dictionary follows the practice of Dr. Webster in giving to 
 dure and ture the regular sounds of d, t, and u (pronounc- 
 ing verdure, x^Td'yoor, creature, kreet'yoor, &c.), wMle sure 
 is respelt shoor or zhoor, as in the examples given above. 
 This, it is true, is an inconsistency ; but it is one of little 
 moment, inasmuch as general usage is so fluctuating, and 
 as reference is in most cases made to the present section. 
 
 Y. 
 
 § 54. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here y has usually its short 
 sound, as in hy-poc'ri-sy, my-thoPo-gy, van'i-ty, mer'ri-1^, 
 proph'e-cy, &c. ; but verbs ending in fy have the y long, 
 as in jus'tify, mag'ni-fy, &c. also the three verbs, oc'- 
 cu-py, mul'ti-pl^, proph'e-sy. 
 
 § 55. (No. 2. See § 43.) The y in these terminations 
 (which are few in number) is generally long, as in an'o- 
 dyne, per'i-style, ne^o-phyte, pros'e-lyte, &c. 
 
 IV. SILENT VOWELS. 
 § 56. Vowels which are printed in Italics are not to be 
 Bounded, as the e in used, burden, the i in cousm, &c. 
 Some of these cases require a more particular consideration, 
 and will now be mentioned. 
 
 :EJinal. 
 § 57. The lett«r e is always mute when final, except in 
 mono-syllables containing no other vowel, in classical words, 
 and in some words from modem foreign languages ; but, in 
 a monosyllable or in an accented syllable of a word, though 
 silent, it generally serves the purpose of indicating that a 
 preceding single vowel followed by a single consonant, a con- 
 sonant digraph, or the combined letters st or ng, has its reg- 
 ular long sound, as in planf, hope, cube, inscribe, paste, 
 change. ^V^len a silent e follows c or g at the end of a word, 
 it serves also to show that the consonant is to have its soft, 
 and not its hard, sound, as in ace, nice, age, huge, oblige. 
 In a number of monosyllables (as bn/ie, come, give, were, 
 done, &c.) and in the accented syllables of a few words de- 
 rived from them {as forbtide' , become' , forgive'), the e does 
 not have its usual effect of lengthening the eound of the 
 
 preceding vowel. In unaccented syllables, it sometimes 
 keeps the vowel in its long sound, sis in geii'tlle, su'ptne^ 
 Ji'nite, ar'chtve; but in a great many instances it exercises 
 no such influence, as in jus'tice, hos'tHe, m.cu'i-time, doe'- 
 trine, an'ise, gran'ite, plain' Cive. 
 
 EN with E siknt. 
 § 58. Most words ending in en drop the e ki pronuncia- 
 tion, as, often (of'n), heaveii (heav'n), et-en (ev'n), &c. On» 
 of the most prevalent errors of the present day, especially 
 among our clergy (for the laity have fallen into it much 
 less), is that of pronouncing the words even (ev'n) evwn, 
 heaven (heav'n) heavwn or heaven, often (of'n) often, &c. 
 Wall^er remarks with great keenness on this error, declar- 
 ing it to be a " puerile and. fiilse pronunciation."' If the 
 writer is correctly informed, it is never heard, among good 
 speakers in England. The following are nearly all the 
 words in which thee should be sounded: aspe?r, chicken, 
 hyphen, kitche?i,jerken, latt^/i, lichen, marte;;, mjnchen, 
 pate?^, patte/i, p]ate7i, rowen, wicken, and yewen. The e 
 is also sounded when preceded by the Uquids I, m, n, r, as 
 in wooleri, 0777€7i, line?i, siren, &c., though fallen, stolen, 
 and swoUe^i omit the e in pronunciation. With regard to 
 Eden, bounden, heathen, mitten, suddeii, and sloven, there 
 is a diversity of usage among good speakers in this country, 
 some suppressing, and some sounding, the e. 
 
 ON with O silent. 
 § 59. Many words ending in on preceded by c, ck, s, and 
 t, omit the o in pronunciation, as in reckon (reck'n), baco7i 
 (bak'n), treason (treas'n), m,utton (mutfn), &c. 
 
 ED with E silent. 
 § 60. The termination ed is visually shortened in pro- 
 nunciation by dropping the sound of the e (as in loved 
 (lov'd), aimed (aim'd), diffused (diffus'd), &c.), unless this 
 letter is preceded by d or f (as in amended, co/itented, &c.), 
 when its omission is organically impossible. But in adverbs 
 formed by adding ly, and in nouns formed by adding ness 
 to words ending in ed, the e of this termination is uniformly 
 sounded, as in assuredly, confusedly, renewedly, amazed- 
 ness, composedness , &c. There are also some participial 
 adjectives, and some adjectives not derived from verbs, in 
 which the e is commonly sounded, as, aged, beloved, blessed, 
 crabbed, cragged, crooked, crutched, cursed, cusped, deuced, 
 dogged, hooked, jagged, learned, legged, naked, peaked, 
 picked (sharp), ragged, rugged, stubbed, wicked, wiTiged, 
 wretched. The e is also pronounced in the derivatives 
 formed from such adjectives, as, learnedly, blessedness ; but 
 is generally omitted in the compounds, as, full-aged (-ajd), 
 sheath-winged (-wingd). In poetrj", the meter often requires 
 us to pronounce ed as a distinct syllable, when it would not 
 be so pronounced in prose. In all cases where it should 
 properly be sounded, its omission is a mark of great vul- 
 garity. 
 
 Note. — In reading the Scriptures and Prayer-book, 
 some persons, chiefly among the clergy, make it a practice 
 to pronounce the participial termination -ed, in most cases 
 in which it is not preceded by a vowel (as in believed, re- 
 vealed), as a distinct syllable. Thus, " Whom he did pre- 
 destinate, them he also caU-erf ,■ and whom he cal\-ed, them 
 he also justified ; and whom he justified, them he also glo- 
 rified." This usage was formerly a very prevalent one, 
 but at the present time it is much more limited, and is 
 commonly regarded as savoring of affectation or of an old- 
 school education. 
 
 EL with E silent. 
 § 61. As a general rule, the e is sounded in these ter- 
 minations, as in graved, \e\el, -vessel, chapel, &c. To omit 
 the e in such cases^ pronouncing level lev'l, chapel chap"l, 
 &c., is generally regarded as a vulgarism. The following 
 are nearly or quite all the words of this kind in which the 
 e is properly omitted ; viz., barbel, betel, chattel, draael, 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 xiu 
 
 drivel, easel, grovel, hazel, mangel-wurzel, mantel, mis- 
 pickel, mussel, navel, ousel, ravel, rivel, scovel, shekel, 
 shovel, shrivel, snivel, swingel, swivel, teasel, toggel, towsel, 
 weasel, and, according to a few orthoepists, model. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 B. 
 
 § 6'/2. The sound represented by this letter (which is un 
 marked) is heard ia the words barn, rob, labor, table, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound is formed by the compression of 
 vocalized breath, or voice, within the mouth, while the 
 lips ar'e shut and the back nostrils are closed by covering 
 them with the soft palate. When preceded by ?n, or fol- 
 lowed by t, in the same syllable, b is generally silent, as in 
 bomb, climb, tomb, debt, doubt, subt'le, &c. Accumb, dith- 
 yramb, iamb, succumb, rhomb, rhumb, are said to be excep- 
 ti<5Bs ; j^et, in this country, the first and the fourth of these 
 words are commonly pronounced without sounding the b. 
 B is also silent in bdellium. 
 
 § 63. C marked thus, ^, 9, (soft c), has the sound of 5, 
 as in cede, trace, acid, cypress, &c. 
 
 Note. — It takes this sound whenever it occurs before e 
 (even if silent), i, or y. — See S, § 90. 
 
 When the letters ce or ci are immediately preceded by an 
 accented syllable, and are followed by a vowel in the next 
 syllable, the c combines in pronunciation with the e or i to 
 form the sound sh, as in ocean, social, saponaceous, &c. In 
 some words, c alone has this sound, or, rather, the e or i is 
 used twice, first com^bining with the c to represent the 
 sound of sh, and then, in the same syllable, taking on its 
 customary vowel sound, as in so-ci-al'i-ty. — See SH, § 95. 
 
 § 64. C marked thus, -C, -e (hard c), has the sound of Jc 
 when it comes before a, 0, u, I, or r, before k, s, or t final, 
 and when it ends a word or a syllable, as in call, cot, cut, 
 clot, crown, black, act, zinc, traffic, pic'ture,Jlac'cid, eth'ics. 
 — SeeK, §78. 
 
 § 65. Chas the sound of z in the words sacrifice, sice, 
 suffice, and discern, and in their derivatives. It is silent in 
 the words czar, victuals, indict, and their derivatives, and 
 also in the termination scle, as in muscle, corptiscle, &c. 
 
 CH. 
 
 § 66. Ch unmarked (English ch) has very nearly the 
 sound of tsh, as in child, much, richer, speechless, &c. 
 
 Note. — The compound sound signified by this digraph 
 is not precisely equivalent to that represented by tsh. The 
 ordinary sound of t is uttered with the tip of the tongue 
 pressed against the gum of the upper front teeth. The first 
 element of ch is uttered with the upper flat surface of the 
 tongue, near the tip, applied to the gum at a point higher 
 up, just where a relaxation of the contact produces the 
 <5onfiguration requisite for sounding sh, the second constit- 
 uent of the compound. The two elements are so closely 
 blended in pronunciation that, like a diphthong, or com- 
 pound vowel, they have the effect of only a single sound or 
 beat upon the ear. 
 
 AYhen the letter t comes before u {— yoo) in an unac- 
 cented syllable, and is at the same time preceded by an ac- 
 cented syllable (as in nature), or when it is preceded by s or 
 at in an accented syllable, and is immediately followed by ia 
 {== ya) or io {— yo) in an unaccented syllable (as in Chris- 
 tian, question, admixtion), both this letter «and the y vir- 
 tually following it are, by some speakers, preserved in their 
 usual and appropriate sounds ; thus, nature (nat'yoor) 
 Christian (krist'yan), question (kwest'yun), admixtion (ad- 
 mikst'yun), &c. But by others they are suffered to sink 
 into the easier and closely allied sound of ch in church ; 
 thus, nature (na-choor). Christian (kris''chan), question 
 ^wgs^'chun), admixtion (ad-miks'chun), &c. In regard to 
 the pronunciation of words ending in teous, when this ter- 
 mination is not under, but is immediately preceded by, the 
 accent (as in boun'teous), usage is far from being uniform, 
 some calling it t-yus (as bount'yus), others reducing it to 
 thus (as boun'chus), while others corrupt it into che-us (as 
 boun'cheus) ; but that mode which keeps both the t and 
 the e in their customary sounds (as boun'te-us), ia the most 
 
 common, except in the single word righteous, which is 
 properly pronounced rit'yus, or rVchus. 
 
 § 67. Ch marked thus, 9I1, fh (French ch), has the 
 sound of sh, as in chaise, m,archioness , machine, &c. — See 
 SH, § 96. Most words of this kmd are derived from the 
 French. 
 
 § 68. Ch marked thus, -eii, -eli (Latin ch), has the 
 sound oik, as in chorus, epoch, distich, &c. This is the us- 
 ual sound in words derived from the ancient languages ; but 
 cherub and charity, with their derivatives, are exceptions. 
 Ch is always hard (like k) before I and r, as in chlorine, 
 chrism. 
 
 Note.— The prefix arcA, denoting chief, is pronounced 
 ark in archangel and its derivatives, and in words from 
 foreign languages in which the other component part is not 
 separately current in English, as, arc/dtecture, arcMpelago, 
 arc/iitrave, &c. In all other cases, it is pronounced artch, 
 as in arcA-bishop, arc/j-enemy, arcA-fiend, &c. 
 
 § 69. Ch is silent in the word drachm (though not in 
 drachma, drak'ma), and also in sc/dsm, yacAt (yot), and 
 their derivatives. 
 
 D. 
 
 § 70. The sound of cf (vmmarked), as in dale, sad, rider, 
 tradesman, &c. 
 
 Note. — The sound of this letter is formed by pressing 
 the end of the tongue against the upper gums, and then 
 forcing up vocalized breath, or voice, into the mouth, the 
 soft palate being raised to prevent its escape through the 
 nose. 
 
 This is the regular and usual sound of d ; but when this 
 letter follows a whispered or non-vocal consonant in the 
 same syllable, it uniformly takes the sound of t, as in hissed 
 (hist). (See § 108.) D is silent only in the words Werfnes- 
 day and handkerchief. 
 
 § 71. The sound of /(unmarked), as in fam^e, leaf, def- 
 inite, softly, &c. 
 
 Note. — This letter, which is never silent, is uttered by 
 applying the lower lip to the upper front teeth, and emit- 
 ting the breath. F has only this one sound, except in the 
 single word of, in which it has the power of v. In the 
 compounds hereof, thereof, and tvhereof, many speakers 
 preserve the customary and regular sound of the f; but 
 good usage allows it to be sounded as in the simple word. 
 
 a. 
 
 § 73. G marked thus, Gyg(g hard), has the sound of 
 that letter in the word go ; as in get, gave, give, begun, 
 keg, sluggish, smuggle, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound is produced by a compression of in- 
 tonated breath, or voice, confined within the mouth by a 
 contact of the root of the tongue with the posterior part 
 of the palate, which is at the same time raised sufficiently 
 to cover the back nostrils, or openings from the pharynx 
 into the nose. 
 
 G is hard before a (except in the single word gaol and its 
 derivatives), 0, u, h, I, and r, as in. gate, gore, gum, ghastly, 
 glad, grain. It is sometimes, though not usually, hard 
 before e, i, and y, as in get, give, gibbous, muggy. This 
 occurs chiefly in words from the Anglo-Saxon, and in a very 
 few from the Greek. It is also, and always, hard at the 
 end of words, and in the derivatives of such words, even 
 when the g is doubled and followed by e, i, or y, as in crag, 
 drug, fog, cragged, druggist, foggy. 
 
 When d, I, or t, is preceded in the same syllable by the 
 sound of g, or of k, very many speakers, particularly in 
 England, interpose a slight sound of e, as in card, kind, 
 garden, guard, girl, guile, guise, sky. Some persons affect 
 the introduction of a full and distinct sound of long e, or 
 of consonant y, in such cases ; saying kee-ard or k-yard, 
 kee-lnd or k-yind , ske-y or sk-yl,'Scc. The practice of a 
 very large portion, if not a majority, of the best speakers 
 in the United States, and also of many educated persons in 
 England, is to join the sound of the g- or A; to that of the d 
 or I, without suffering any other sound to slip in between 
 them. 
 
 § 73. G marked thus, G, g (g soft), has the compound 
 sound of i, as in gem, rage, engine, caged, &c.— See § 77- 
 
XIV 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 Note. — The letter g gonenUly takes this sound when it r 
 coiufs lvfon> (, I, or y . but there are some exceptions. (See \ 
 the prvvtHiiug section.) G has also it^s soft sound before o j 
 in the single wonl gaol (now eonuuonly spelt jail), and in 
 itjj derivatives and compounds. 
 
 § 74. In a few wonls from the French, g rettuns the i 
 sound of rA, which it has before <• and t in that language, 
 as in rougf (roozh), mirage (ml-rdzh'), &c. 
 
 G is ailent before m and n final, and also when initial be- 
 fore n, as in phlegm, sign, gnat. 
 
 For the ofllce which g jwrfomis in such words as longer, 
 stronger, &c., see § 82. 
 
 GH. 
 
 § 75. This digraph (which is unmarked) is sounded, at 
 the Ix^nning of a word, hke g hard, as in ghastly, ghost, 
 ghfrkin, &c. It is silent after the vowel i, as in. high, sigh, 
 tr»ig-A ; and it is generally silent before t, as in. bought, 
 fraught, taught, &c. The words draught and laughter, 
 where it has the sound off, are exceptions. In other 
 cases, gh is generally pronounced like/, as in chough, cough, 
 rough, tough, trough, enough, &c. ; hut it sometimes lias 
 the soimd of k, as in hough, lough, shough. In the word 
 kif cough, it is usually pronounced like^j. 
 
 H. 
 
 § 76. This letter (which is unmarked) is a mere aspira- 
 tion or breathmg, and represents no fixed configuration of 
 the vocal organs. 
 
 Note. — It is an emission of unvocalized breath through 
 whatever position of the mouth-organs is required by the 
 succeeding element, the organs being always placed to form 
 the next following letter before the h is pronounced. Thus, 
 in he the tongue is put in a position to sound the e before 
 the h is uttered ; and similarly in hall, hard, home, &c. It 
 differs, however, from a mere whispered vowel, in being an 
 expiration of breath through the open glottis, whereas in 
 whispering a vowel the glottis is almost closed by the ap- 
 proximation of the vocal cords. 
 
 In the following words, heir, heiress, herb, herbage, honest, 
 honor, honorable, hour, with their derivatives, and also in 
 hostler (more properly spelt ostler), h is silent. It is also 
 marked as silent by mo.st orthoepLsts in hospital, humor, and 
 humble, with their derivatives. There is, however, an in- 
 creasing tendency to sound the h in these words. H is 
 silent after g initial, as in ghost, gherkin. Sec. ; after r, as in 
 rhyme, myrrh, &c. ; and also when preceded bj^ a vowel in 
 the same syllable, as in ah, eh, oh, buld, Jehovah, &c. In 
 many parts of England, the sound of this letter is almost 
 always omitted where it ought to be uttered, and uttered 
 where it ought to be omitted ; as 'ouse for house, liapple for 
 apple, &c. This very gross and vulgar error is rarely, if 
 ever, heard among natives of the United States. 
 
 J. 
 
 § 77. This letter (which is unmarked) has very nearly 
 the sound of dzh, being precisely the same as that of g 
 soft, as in jar, jeer, joke, &c. — See § 73. 
 
 Note. — The sound ofy, though almost identical with 
 that of dzh, differs from it as the sound of ch in chin dif- 
 fers from that of «sA. (See § 66, Note.) /is never silent. 
 In the word hallelujah., it has the sound of consonant y. 
 
 In words in which d precedes a letter having regularly 
 the sound oft/, and occurring in an unaccented syllable, as 
 in modulate (mod'u-late), soldier (sold'yer), the sound of ^ 
 is very often substituted for the combined sounds of the d 
 and i/(thus, m/Sj'oo-late, sol^jer) ; — just as the sound of ch 
 is substituted for the combined sounds of t and y, in wa- 
 ture, question, righteous, &c. (See § 66, Note.) Smart 
 remarks, " It is pos.sible to rjreserve the pure sound of the 
 t and d in nature and verdure ; yet nothing is more certain 
 than that they are not preserved pure by the best and most 
 careful speakers." 
 
 K. 
 
 § 78. This letter (which is unmarked) has one uniform 
 sound, as heard in keep, king, kitchen, &c., and is precisely 
 equivalent to c hard. — See § 64. 
 
 NoTZ. — The Bound represented by this letter differs from 
 that of g in go (hard g) only in being a whispered and not 
 
 a vocal utterance ; the organs are placed in the same posi- 
 tion for forming both sounds. Before »i, in the same sylla- 
 ble, k is silent, as in knack, knell, knit, know, &c. It is 
 also silent after c, as in back, barrack, &c. In regard to the 
 pronunciation sometimes given to such words as kind, sky, 
 &c., see § 72, Note. 
 
 § 79. The sound of I (unmarked), as heard in left, bell, 
 chalice, melting, &c. 
 
 Note. — This letter has only one sound, which consists 
 of an efflux of vocaUzed breath, or voice, over the sides of 
 the tongue, while its tip is pressed against the gums of the 
 upper front teeth. L is silent in many words, especially 
 before a final consonant, as in almond, malmsey, palmer, 
 alms, calm, walk, half, could, would, should, &c. 
 
 M. 
 
 § 80. The sound of m (unmarked), as heard in make, 
 aim, clamor, armed, &c. 
 
 Note. — This letter has one uniform sound, produced by 
 closing the lips, and letting the voice issue through the 
 nose. It is silent when it precedes n in the same syllable, 
 as in Tnnemonics. 
 
 N. 
 § 81. The sound of n (unmarked), as heard in nail, ten, 
 panel, entry, &c. 
 
 Note. — In the production of this sound, the tip of the 
 tongue is pressed against the upper gums, as for d; but the 
 voice, instead of being confined within the mouth, is suf- 
 fered to escape uninterruptedly through the nose, the nasal 
 passages being uncovered for that purpose. 
 
 When final after I or 7?i, n is uniformly silent, as in kiln, 
 condemn, solemn, hymn, limn, &c. ; but it is generally 
 sounded in the derivatives formed from such words by add- 
 ing to them a termination beginning with a vowel, as in 
 condemnatory, solemnize, hym?uc, limner, &c. In the 
 present participles of verbs ending in mn, as contemn, 
 hymn, &c., the n, though often unpronounced, is more 
 properly sounded, as, contemning, hymning, &c. 
 
 § 82. The sound of n as heard in linger, link, uncle, 
 &c. (marked N, n). 
 
 Note. — This is essentially the same sound as that repre- 
 sented by ng ; but its length varies greatly according as it 
 is followed bj' a whispered or a vocal consonant. When it 
 is followed in the same syllable by the sound of k, as in link, 
 it is cut so short by the instantaneous and perfect closure 
 of the organs which form this pure mute as to add almost 
 nothing to the length of the syllable. It is therefore unde- 
 sirable to respell words ending in nk by the use of ng ; and, 
 in this volume, this is not done, a diacritical mark being 
 placed below the n instead, as a sufficient indication of the 
 true quality and quantity of the sound. But when this 
 sound of n is followed by that of g- in a separate syllable, 
 as in the primitive words anger, finger, conger, hunger, it is 
 long and sonorous, and increases the duration of the syl- 
 labic utterance very perceptibly. As a general rule, the 
 change of n into n takes place only before g and k (or before 
 the equivalents of A;, namely, c, q, anda: = ks). It takes place 
 before k or its equivalents when any one of these letters fol- 
 lows n in the same syllable, as in lint, cinyue, minx, be- 
 thinyfc', adunyue', phar'yna; ; and before g or k, or an equiv- 
 alent of k, when any one of these letters begins an unac- 
 cented syllable and the n ends a preceding accented one, 
 as in con'cord, con'gress, un'cle, &c. Pe?i'gTiin and a few 
 other words are exceptions ; also words beginning with the 
 prefixes in, non, r/ui7ique , and im ; as, in'come, non'con- 
 form'ity. qum/Qfuevalve, un'compound'ed, &c. It is to be 
 observecl that, if the ?i ends an unaccented syllable, and the 
 g ov k begins an accented one, the n invariably retains its 
 regular sound; as in con-cord'ant, con-gres'sional, &c. 
 
 It is also to be observed that in most derivative words, 
 like hanger, singer, wronger (from hang, sing, and wrong), 
 the g is not sounded, but unites with the n to represent 
 the sound which in the primitives just cited is represented 
 by n alone. But in the comparative and superlative de- 
 grees of the three following words, viz., long, strong, and 
 young, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal 
 (from diphthong and triphthong), the g is always, though 
 very irregularly, pronounced, taking its hard sound, as in 
 go ; thus, lon'ger, stron'ger, &c. It ia further to be ob- 
 served that there is a small class of words in which the n 
 has its ordinary sound, as in nail, and the ^ its soft sound, 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 XT 
 
 as in gem. Of this class, the words danger, stranger, gin- 
 ger, &uOl plunger are examples. 
 
 § 83. The sound of ng (unmarked), as m sing, singer, 
 singly, &c. 
 
 Note. —This is a simple, elementary sound, and is not 
 (as might be supposed) a compound sound niade up of the 
 sound of n in conjunction with that of g. In forming ng, 
 the tongue is placed in the same position as for forming g; 
 the nostrils, however, are not completely closed, but yet so 
 much so as to produce a marked resonance (somewhat sim- 
 ilar to the sound of n), which may be continued to any 
 l«ngth, as in sing, bring, &c. — See § 82. 
 
 P. 
 
 § 84, The sound otp (unmarked), as heard in pay, ape, 
 paper, aptly, &c. 
 
 Note. — The position of the organs necessary for forming 
 this sound is the same as for b, but the sound itself differs 
 from that of 6 in being an utterance of the breath instead 
 of the voice. 
 
 P has but one sound ; it is silent when initial before n,s, 
 and «, as in pneumatics, psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan. It is 
 also silent or very indistinct when it occurs between m. and 
 t in the same syllable, as in tempt, exempt, &c. ; but when 
 preceded by m in the same syllable and followed by t or by 
 k in the next syllable^ it is more properly sounded ; as in 
 temp-ta'tion, ezemp'tion, redem,p'tion, consump'tive, sump'- 
 tuous, bump'kin, pump'kin, &c., though, in coUoquial ut- 
 terance, it is very often suppressed in words of this class. 
 It is also mute in the following words, and in their deriva- 
 tives : viz., raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, and 
 corps. 
 
 PH. 
 
 § 85. This digraph (which is unmarked) occurs chiefly 
 in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the sound 
 of/", lis in phantom, sylph , philosophy , &c. In Stephen it 
 has the sound of v ; and, according to most orthoepists, it 
 has the same sound in nephew (nev'ew), though in this 
 country it has commonly its regular sound of / in that 
 word. 
 
 Before th initial, p A is silent, as in p/ithisis ; it is also si- 
 lent in apophiAegm. In diphthong, triphthong, ophthalmy, 
 naphtha, and other allied words, together with their deriv- 
 atives, the ph is often sounded as p, or the h may be re- 
 garded as silent. 
 
 Q. 
 
 § 86. Q is followed in aU cases by u, and these two let- 
 ters, taken together, have usually the sound of 1cw,a.& in 
 queen (kween), conquest (konk'west), &c. In a few words 
 derived from the French, qu is sounded like h, as in co- 
 quette, quadrille, &c. It has the same sound in the com- 
 mon termination que, as in antique, oblique, burlesque, &c. 
 
 B. 
 
 § 87. This letter (which is unmarked) may be viewed 
 under three aspects : — 
 
 (1.) iJ as in rip, trip, carol, &c. (sometimes called. rowg-A, 
 trilled, dental, or initial r). 
 
 In forming this sound, the tongue assumes nearly the 
 game position as for d; but the voice, instead of being con- 
 fined within the mouth, is suffered to flow freely over the 
 tip of the tongue, producing a very slightly trilled and 
 peculiarly liquid sound, closely resembling that of z in the 
 mode of its formation, but not partaking of its harsh, buzz- 
 ing quality ; the difference between the two sounds, in this 
 respect, resulting fi-om the fact that the tip of the tongue 
 is approximated more closely to the upper gum for z than 
 for r. R is sometimes strongly trilled or rolled by a forcible 
 expulsion of the voice ; but in customary speech, it is very 
 gently pronounced, and any marked vibration of the tongue 
 should be carefully avoided as a pedantic affectation. The 
 sound here described is heard in English in the two follow- 
 ing cases: 1. When ris not preceded by a vowel, as inreaw, 
 dream, prompt, spring ; 2. When it stands between two 
 Towels of which the first is short, as in baron, merit, spirit. 
 
 florid. Often the r is doubled in the written word, as m 
 barren, merry, torrid; but, in these cases, only one r is 
 heard in the pronunciation, providing the preceding vowel 
 is short. — See § 109. 
 
 (2.) jR as m. far, form, terse, surge, &c. (sometimes called 
 smooth, palatal, guttural, obscure, or final r). 
 
 By most orthoepists at the present day, the letter r, when 
 it occurs before any consonant, or when final, is regarded 
 as a distinct element from the last, and as formed by a 
 slight vibration of the back part, or root, of the tongue 
 against the extremity of the soft palate. Many writers, 
 however, do not admit any such distinction in the sound 
 of r, maintaining that the value of the letter (apart from 
 the obscure vowel element described in No. 3) is uniform in 
 all situations. 
 
 (3.) R, connected with a guttural vowel sound, as heard 
 in such words as fare, mere, ire, ore, cure, poor, pure, SiC. 
 Here the character r represents two sounds : viz. , an obscure 
 vowel sound resembling that of m in urge, and a smooth or 
 palatal r, so that the above words are pronounced faur (see 
 § 4), meur, lur, &c. 
 
 § 88. In the pronunciation of accurate speakers, r is 
 never silent ; but when it occurs after a long vowel or a 
 dipththong in the same syllable, as in here, fur, murmur, 
 our, mire. Sec, it is commonly and entirely suppressed, 
 both in the United States and the south of England. In 
 the northern counties of England, and in Scotland and Ire- 
 land, with equal impropriety, it is, when so situated, always 
 triUed. 
 
 § 89. In English usage, when the letter r is preceded in 
 an accented syllable by a long vowel or a diphthong, and is 
 followed by a vowel in the next syllable, it uniformly repre- 
 sents both the palatal, or smooth, and the dental, or trilled, 
 sound of this letter, as in hero, iris, glory, lurid, pronounced 
 her'ro, Ir'ris, glor'ry, lur'rid. In the United States, this 
 double power of the letter r is chiefly, though not invari- 
 ably, restricted to the derivatives of words ending in r or 
 re preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, as in poorer 
 (poor'rer), from -poor; boring (bor'ring), from bore ; airy{kx'- 
 ry), from air ; peerage (peer'rage),from J5eer , wiry(vfix'vy), 
 from wire ; securing (secur^ring), from secure ; but, on the 
 other hand, we say he'ro, i'ris, glo'ry, lu'rid, &c., because 
 these words are not derived from any other words in the 
 language. In Scotland, however, the universal practice is 
 to join the r in all cases to the following vowel ; or, in other 
 words, to give it only its dental or triUed sound; thus,. 
 pee'rage and he^ro, wVry&nA Vris, bo'ring and glo'ry, secu'~ 
 ring and lu'rid, &c. 
 
 It is to be observed that those orthoepists who maintain 
 that r has one invariable sound, assert that the only pecu- 
 liarity in the English pronunciation of such words as hero, 
 iris, &c., and in the English and American pronunciation 
 of such words as poorer, boring, &c., consists in the inter 
 position between the r and the preceding vowel of an ob- 
 scure vowel sound like that of m in urge, which obscuro 
 sovmd is omitted by the Scotch. 
 
 § 90. S unmarked has its regular sharp or hissing 
 sound, as in same, yes, massy, resting, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sotmd is an utterance of unvocal breath 
 forced between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, 
 the tongue being placed in the proper position for sounding 
 t and d. S always has this sound at the beginning, and 
 frequently in the middle and at the end, of words. — See 
 §108. 
 
 § 91. -S", when marked thus, §, g, has the buzzhig 
 sound of z in zeal, as in has, amuse, rosy, &c. — See § 108. 
 
 Note. — There has been much diversity among orthoe- 
 pists as to the sound of s in words commencing in dis, as 
 disarm, disburse, &c. Walker laid down this rule : — "It 
 [s] ought always to be pronounced like z when unaccented 
 and followed by an accented flat mute [6, d, g hard, v], a 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 XVI 
 
 liquid [/, »M, «, r], or a vowel." Ueuce he giiTe pronuucia- 
 tiou* like the follo\ving : disbud, dizhud ; distdi/i/, diz- 
 «dif^' ; disjoin, dizy>m ; dislikt, «//;like ; dislodgf., (//clodge, 
 &f . Scarrely any subscqueut orthocpist ha^s goue so lur. 
 Webster's Dictiouiiry gives * the soimd of z in tlie following 
 words only : viz., disarm, disasUr, discern, disease, disheir, 
 dishontst' dishonor, dismal, disown, dissolve. 
 
 ThcTv are a few verbs ending in se, which are also used as 
 nouns or adjectives. To distinguish between them, the 5 is 
 Tocalized in the verb, and whispered in the noun or ac^jec- 
 tive ; as close, a., and close, v. ; house, u., and house, y. ; 
 w,v, n., and use, v. ; diffuse, a., and diffuse, v. 
 
 § 9'i. When the letter 5, having regularly its sharp or 
 hissing sound, follows a liquid or another 5, and precedes a 
 letter ha\ing the sound of consonant y, as i in reversion, 
 mansion, passion, and, in a few cases, when it precedes n 
 (=yoo), as in sure, sugar, censure, sensual, the sounds rep- 
 resented by these letters are exchanged for that of the sim- 
 ple but very similar element represented by sh. Thus the ex- 
 amples just given are actually pronounced re-ver'shun, man'- 
 ihun,pash'un , shoor, skoog'ar, cen'shoor, sen'shoo-al, though 
 the theoretical pronunciation would be re-vers'yun, mans'- 
 yun, pass'yun, s-yoor, s-yoog'ar, cens'yoor, sens' yooal. 
 
 In a few words, s alone takes the sound of sh, as in nau- 
 sea, Asiatic : or rather the e or i, in such cavses, does double 
 duty, uniting with the 5 to signify the sound of sh, and at 
 the same time retaining its usual vowel character. 
 
 § 93. AHien 5 is preceded by a vowel in an accented syl- 
 lable, and is followed by a vowel having regularly or theo- 
 retically the sound of consonant y, these two letters are 
 commonly pronounced like zh, as in adhesion, revision, ex- 
 plosion , confusion, pleasure, visual, usury, &c. (See § 107.) 
 So also in scission, abscission, rescission, though the 5 is 
 not preceded by a vowel in the accented syllable. 
 
 § 94. S is silent in the words aisle, isle, island, demesne, 
 puisne, viscount, and generally at the end of French words 
 Adopted into EngUsh, as chamois, corps, vis-a-vis, 8tc. 
 
 Sh. 
 
 § 95. This di^^raph (which is umnarked) represents the 
 •imple sound ".card in shelf, flesh, usher, &c. 
 
 Note. — This element is formed by a partial contact of 
 the upper sui-face of the tongue, near the tip, with that 
 side of the arch or dome of the palate which is just above 
 the gums of the front teeth, and by an effusion of un vocal 
 breath through the narrow aperture left for its escape. Or- 
 ganically considered, the sound is intermediate between 
 those of s and consonant y ; genetically considered, it has 
 teen evolved from the combination of the.se two sounds, 
 ■which, in rapid vitterance, do not easily maintain their dis- 
 tinct character. Thus, if we pronounce the word special 
 in three .syllables, sp'-g'i-al, and then try to reduce it to two, 
 we shall find that it is ditTicult to articulate the c (= s) and 
 the I ( =y) by one continuous effort of the organs, and that 
 the intermediate sh Is naturally substituted as an easier and 
 a closely allied sound. So with version, mission, sure, &c. 
 In motion, and other words ending in tion not preceded by 
 ,* or by X, we may 8uppo.se the t to have been originally 
 sound«l Uke s, as in words of the same class in French ; or 
 the process of development may have been, fir.st, ivc'ti-on 
 (with the t kept pure); then mdt'yun ; next ?nui's/ntn or 
 mo'chun (.see § 66) ; and finally, by sinking the t, mo's'tnn. 
 
 Sh is never silent. It i.s expressed : 1. By c, as in o-r-c- 
 an'ic, e-ma-ci-a'tion ; 2 By 5, as in nauA«e-ate, A-5i-at'ic ; 
 3. By t, a-s in ne-go-ri-a'tion ; 4. By ce, as in o'cean : 5. By 
 ci, as in so'ctal : 6. By se, as in nau'seous ; 7. By si, as in 
 t«n'.?/on : 8. By ti, as in cap'a'ous ; 9. By the si implied in 
 xi{=ksi), as in nox/ous ; 10. By the sy implied in su ( = 
 syoo). as in men-sw-ra/tion (men-^Aoo-ra'shun) : 11. By the 
 sy implied in xu (=k8yoo), as in lua:'M-ry (luk'^Aoo-ry ; 12. 
 By cA, as in cAalse, chsir'\n.-t-dn, ma-c/nne' ; 13. By chs, as in 
 fu'cAsi-a ; 14. By sc, as in con-ia-en'tious ; 15. By sch, as 
 in 5cAorl ; 16. By sci, as in con'science. — See SS 63, 92, 
 97. 104. 
 
 In some words, particularly those ending in date and 
 ttafe, some orthoepists and fiy>eaker8 pronounce the vowel 
 distinctly after the c or i sounded as xh : as, enunciate 
 (e-nun'KhT-ate), expatiate (eks-pa'shT-ate). &c. : others pro- 
 nounce it with a slight sound, as of a very brief or half- 
 suppressed «, represented in the Dictionaries of Smart and 
 
 Cooley by an apostrophe, thus, enunciate (e-nun'sh'j»«e). 
 expatiate (eks-pa'sh'ate), &c. ; others, again, as Sheridan 
 Perry, and Dr. \\'cbster, considering it an error to use the 
 vowel twice, pronounce these terminations, and others like 
 them, in one syllable ; as, enunciate (e-nQu'shate), expa- 
 tiate (eks-pa'shate), &c. In this Dictionary, however 
 these terminations are given in two syllables (-shI-ate), in 
 accordance with what is believed to be the best and most 
 general usage ; but a reference to the present section is 
 generally appended to words of this class, that the inquirer 
 may not be left in ignorance of the fact that there is a want 
 of uniformity in theu- pronunciation. 
 
 T. 
 
 § 96. The sound of t (unmarked) as heard in tone, noU. 
 noted, assets, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound differs from that of d (see § 70) only 
 in being a whispered and not a vocal utterance ; that is to 
 say, the position or configuration of the articulating organs 
 is the same in both cases, but for d the breath, confined 
 within the mouth by a close contact of the fore part of the 
 tongue with the upper gimi, is vocalized and rendered audi- 
 ble in a sort of murmur heard before the organs separate, 
 while for t it is kept pure or unvocal, and cannot therefore 
 be heard until the contact is forcibly broken. 
 
 T is silent in the terminations ten and tie after s, as in 
 fasten, listen, often, castle, gristle, throstle, &c. It is also 
 silent in the words chestnut, Christmas, hostler or ostler, 
 ■mistletoe, and mortgage. 
 
 § 97. When t precedes any one of the diphthongs ia, ic, 
 and io, and, at the same time, follows an accented syllable 
 not ending in s or x, it assumes, in some words, the sound 
 of sh, as in negotiation ; but, in most cases, the compound 
 sound resulting from the coalescence oft and i is exchanged 
 for that of sh, as in patient, station, partial, &c. Whens 
 or x precedes the t, this letter and the i following it either 
 preserve their own sounds pure, or exchange them for the 
 sound of ch in chin, as in question (kwest'yun or kwes'- 
 chun), mixtion (mikst'yun or miks'chun), &c. —See § 66, 
 Note, and § 95. 
 
 Th. 
 
 § 98. Th unmarked has its sharp or whispered sound, 
 as in thing, breath, author, athlete, &c. 
 
 Note. — This is the sound made in lisping. It is pro- 
 duced by putting the point of the tongue between the 
 teeth, or by placing it against the back of the upper front 
 teeth, and forcing out unintonated breath. 
 
 Tk has this sound generally at the beginning and at the 
 end of words ; but there are some exceptions. 
 
 § 99. Th marked thus, Tii, th, has its soft, flat, or to- 
 cal sound, as in thine, tlien, with, mother, writhed, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound differs from the foregoing only in 
 being an utterance of voice instead of simple breath. It 
 occurs chiefly between two vowels in words purely English, 
 as in leather, wither, heathen; also at the end of the verbs 
 mouth, bequeath, and smooth ; and when followed by a final 
 e mute, as in breathe, clothe, &c. 
 
 Nouns which, in the singular, end in th sharp, usually 
 preserve the same sotmd in the plural, as death, deaths ; 
 sabbath, sabbaths, &c. ; but in the plurals of the following 
 seven words the th is vocal; viz., bath, cloth, lath, mouth, 
 oath, path, and wreath, as, batlis, cloths, latbs, paths, &c. 
 Some pronounce truths, in the plural, ^vith the vocal sound 
 (truths), but this is sanctioned by no orthoepist. 
 
 Although th in with has its vocal sound, yet in the com- 
 pounds herewith, therewith, and wherewith, it is, according 
 to the orthoepists, pronounced with its sharp or whispered 
 sound. Good usage, however, allows it to retain in the 
 compound the same sound that it has in the simple word. 
 
 § 100. Th has the sound of t in phthisic (tiz^ik), thyme 
 (tim), and their derivatives ; and also in the proper names 
 Thomas (tom/as)and Thames (temz). This is also its sound 
 in all modem European languages except the Greek. In 
 asthma and isthmus, it is said by the orthoepists to have 
 the same sound : but the great majority of speakers, in the 
 United States at least, entirely suppress the th, pronoun- 
 cing the former word az'ma or as'ma, and the latter is'mus 
 or iz'mus. — See § 108. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 _ V. 
 
 § 101. The sound of v (unmarked), as in vane, leave, 
 tivil, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound differs from that off only in being 
 an utterance of the voice instead of the breath, the organs 
 assuming precisely the same position for both sounds. 
 
 7 is never silent, except in sevennight (sen'nit), which is 
 also written sennight, and, according to some orthoepists, 
 in the word twelvemonth, collocLuially pronounced twel'- 
 munth. 
 
 W. 
 
 § 103. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, as 
 wet, worse, inward, this letter (which is immarked) is a 
 consonant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel 
 do, but reqxiiring for its utterance a closer position, or 
 greater contraction, of the labial aperture ; and this com- 
 pression of the hps changes the quality of the sound, giv- 
 ing it a buzzing and articulative, instead of a smooth and 
 purely vocal, character. 
 
 Note. — Some writers, however, maintain that the sound 
 is merely that of a brief oo ; in other words, that it is no 
 consonant at all ; but a simple experiment will serve to 
 show the incorrectness of this view. If w is the same as 
 00, the word ivob must be equivalent to oo pronounced 
 twice in succession ; but db-ob' is evidently a word of two 
 syllables, and tvoo, as universally pronounced, is confess- 
 edly a monosyllable. Another consideration will help to 
 establish the consonantal nature of w. Like the other con- 
 sonants, it is capable of stopping or shutting a vowel, that 
 is, of causing it to assume its regular short soun(J, as in 
 the cockney pronunciation of very as v6'wy, of marry as 
 mS'wy, of horrid as ho-'wid, ftc. 
 
 After a vowel in the same syllable, w is generally silent, 
 as in glow, thrown, &c. ; though sometimes significant, as 
 in flow. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is 
 generally sounded like long u, as in dew, few, neiv ; but it 
 is sounded hke oo, or Uke u in rude, if the letter r stands 
 before it, as in crew, shrew, &c. It is often joined with a 
 preceding o to represent the diphthongal sound otherwise 
 expressed by on, as in broio, coiv, town. Sec. — See § 39. 
 
 \y is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in 
 wring {ring), tvrote (rot), awry {si-ry')] also in the words 
 answer (an^ser), sivord (sord), toward (toward), two (too). 
 
 It is often represented by ti occurring before another 
 vowel in the same syllable, as quail, query, languid, as- 
 suage, &c. 
 
 MTh.. 
 
 § 103. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse 
 order, viz., hw, as they were written by the Anglo-Saxons ; 
 e. g., whet is pronounced hrvet. The h is here a free emis- 
 sion of breath through the position taken by the lips in the 
 formation of iv, the vocal cords being all the while com- 
 pletely relaxed. (See §76.) Many recent phonologists, how- 
 ever, contend that the combination wh represents a simple 
 whisper of the ordinary w, to which it stands in the same 
 relation as any surd consonant does to its corresponding so- 
 nant. Those who hold this opinion not only wrongly appre- 
 hend and describe their own pronunciation, but they over- 
 look the fact, that, as a closer approximation of the lips in 
 pronouncing oo-et changes the sound to wet, so hoo-etin like 
 manner gives rise to ivhet ; and they forget that all words 
 of this class originally began with an aspiration or a gut- 
 tural, as then: etymological history clearly shows. Thus 
 what is from the A.-S. hwset, 0. Sax. huat, Icel. hvater, 
 &c. Compare also Scot, quhile and English lohile, Lat. 
 qttid and English xohat. In who, whole, whoop, whore, 
 and their derivatives, the w is silent. 
 X. 
 
 § 104. This letter has two sounds; viz., its regular 
 Bharp sound (unmarked) like hs, as in expect, tax, &c., and 
 its soft or flat sound (marked 1^, 5) like gz, as in exist, 
 example, &c. 
 
 Note. — This latter sound usually occurs when the syl- 
 lable which immediately follows the x begins with an ac- 
 cented vowel, as in auxiliary, exert, exalt, luxurious, and 
 sometimes also in the derivatives of such words, even 
 though the x is under the accent, as in exemplary, exhala- 
 tion, &c. 
 
 In anxious, noxious, luxury, and a few other words, the 
 
 XVil 
 
 s which is the second element of the x, and the following i 
 or the first element of the following u, instead of retaining 
 their usual sound of y, are generally exchanged for the 
 sound of sh ; thus, ank'slius, nok'shus, luk'shoo-ry, &c. 
 
 At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z, as in 
 xunthic (zan'-), xeOec (ze'-), xylography (zl-), &c. 
 
 Y. 
 
 § 105. The sound of y (unmarked), as in yawn, year, 
 young, beyond, &c. 
 
 Note. — This sound — which is heard in English only at 
 the beginning of a word or a syllable — is formed from the 
 vowel e by a closer approximation of the tongue to the roof 
 of the mouth, which destroys the pure vocality of the e. 
 As w is often confounded with 00 so y is often confounded 
 with c ; but it may be proved to be a distinct sound by an 
 experiment on the word ye similar to that by which w was 
 shown to be distinct from 00. — See § 102. 
 
 In the middle or at the end of a syllable, 2/ is a vowel, 
 and has precisely the sound that i would have in the same 
 situation. —See -§§ 15, 16, 35, 48, 54, &c. 
 
 Tis often represented by i, when this letter occurs in an 
 unaccented syllable before another vowel, and, at the same 
 time, follows an accented syllable, as ixi familiar, minion, 
 poniard, &c. 
 
 Z. 
 § 106. The regular and leading sound of this letter 
 (which is unmarked) is heard in zone, m.aze, hazy, frozen, 
 &c. It is the vocal or sonant form of 5. (See § 90.) In a few 
 words it takes the sound of zh, as in seizure (se'zhoor) &c. 
 (See § 107.) In rendezvous it is silent. 
 
 Zh. 
 
 § 107. This sound is the vocal correspondent oish, and 
 is uttered with the organs in precisely the same position. 
 
 Note. — It has arisen, in all English words, from an at- 
 tempt to pronounce the sound of z in -maze (see § 106) and 
 that of consonant y (see § 105) in immediate succession. 
 On account of the vicinity of the contacts represented by 
 zh and y, the effort to do this causes the tongue to assume 
 the position requisite for sounding zh, or nearly so ; and 
 hence zh was naturally substituted as being a very similar 
 sound of easier utterance. Thus, /t/sjon may be supposed 
 to have been originally pronounced fuz'yiin, and then fiU- 
 zhiin ; grazier, first graz'yer, and then grazh'er. — See § 95. 
 
 The combination zh is used in works on pronunciation to 
 indicate the sound here described, on account of the rela- 
 tionship of this sound to that commonly expressed by the 
 digraph 5^. Bitt the two letters zh never come together in 
 the proper orthogi-aphy of any English word. The sotmd 
 for which they stand is represented by zi (when the z occurs 
 in, or is immediately preceded by, an accented syllable, and 
 the i is followed by another vowel and occurs in an unac- 
 cented syllable, as in glazier) ; by the zy implied in zu ( = 
 zyoo), as in azure ; by s in symposium., &c. ; by si in cer- 
 tain situations (see § 93) ; by ti in the single word trans- 
 ition, as sometimes pronounced ; and by g in one or two 
 words adopted from the French, as rouge. 
 
 ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 § 108. When a whispered and a vocal consonant come 
 together in the same syllable, it is generally very difficult, 
 in fluent pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and 
 appropriate sound. Hence it frequently becomes necessary 
 to change the character 'of the one or of the other, in order 
 to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is 
 generally done, in English, by assimilating the sound of the 
 second consonant, whether whispered or vocal, to that of 
 the first. Thus, in chintz, the vocal consonant z assumes 
 the sound of its whispered correspondent s, in order to 
 unite with the whispered t. On the other hand, the s in 
 ivinds is vocalized, or assumes the sound of z, for the sake 
 of corresponding with the vocal d. Sometimes, though 
 rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to 
 that of the second, as in spasm (spazm). 
 
 This affinity between these two classes of consonants is 
 an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly 
 known. For there are four very common inflectional ter- 
 minations which invariably come under its influence, viz. : 
 1. Possessive forms in s, as viaid''s (maidz) ; 2. Plurals in 5, 
 
XVIU 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 as tubs(t\ibz),groi'fs (grSvz) ; 8. 5 iu the third person sin- 
 gul&T of Terbs, as loads (loadz), sj}iooths (smoothz) ; 4. Pre- 
 terites and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dashed 
 (dasht), ingidfcd (iugulft). 
 
 It is neceisary to observe, that there are a few words end- 
 ing in dlh,fis breadth, hundredth, Sec, where the aspirate 
 th is not assimilated to the vocal d ; and also that, after ng, 
 and the Uquids I, m, ii,r, — all of which are vocal conso- 
 nants, — a whispered consonant can be pronounced with- 
 out diflaculty, and actually is pronounced, as in 7}ielt, terse, 
 tempt (temt), fence, strength, &c. 
 
 DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 § 109. In many words, a consonant is doubled between 
 two vowels ; yet, in such cases, no more than one articula- 
 tion is ever used in speaking. In banner, for example, we 
 dose the organs but once between the first and second syl- 
 lables ; nor is it possible to use both of the letters n with- 
 out pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, 
 opening the organs, and closing them a second time. 
 Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written 
 twice between vowels, as in banner, robbing, madden, let- 
 ter, horrid, one of them only is represented by an articula- 
 tion of the organs ; and the only reason for repeating the 
 consonant is to indicate the fact that the preceding vowel 
 has its short so\md. 
 
 But, although only one articulation is ever used, or, in 
 fluent speech, possibly can be used, where a consonant is 
 written twice, yet in some words the articulation is dwelt 
 upon for an appreciable space of time, producing an appar- 
 ent dupUcation of the sound. This effect takes place in 
 many derived words in which the primitive ends or begins 
 with the same letter as that with which a superadded sufEix 
 or prefix of English origin respectively begins or ends, as in 
 soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatural. 
 The same effect takes place in most compound words, in 
 which the second part begins with the same soiind as that 
 with which the first part ends, as in post-town, head-dress, 
 half-fUled. — See ^127. 
 
 ACCENT. 
 
 § 110. Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice 
 upon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them 
 from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of 
 pronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in in- 
 tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last sylla- 
 ble, and secondary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first 
 syllable is distinguished by a stress greater than that laid 
 on the second and third syllables, though less than that 
 laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary 
 or subordinate accents, as in in-com'pre-hen'si-bU'i-ty. 
 
 Note. — (1.) The general tendency of accent, whether 
 primary or secondary, is to shorten all vowels but u, when 
 further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, 
 neg'essariness, an/atom'iccU,person'ifca'tion, &c. ; but we 
 say lu'bricate,aind not lub'ricate ; tru^culency, and not truc'- 
 ulency; su'perahun'dant , and not" sup'erabun'dant, &c. 
 This tendency generally faUs, if the accented syllable is fol- 
 lowed by two unaccented vowels, as in pe'ri-od, ma'ni-ac; 
 or by two vowels of which the former only is unaccented, 
 as in de'vi-a'tion, o'ri-en'tal. 
 
 (2./ The primary and secondary accents are, in certain 
 caaes, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely, 
 "making," as Walker remarks, " the secondary principal 
 and the principal secondary." He specifies violin, referee, 
 ■privateer, artisan, courtesan, charlatan, and might have 
 added ambuscade, cavalcade^ caricature, etiquette, reverie, 
 confidxinte, governante, invalid, n., parachute, and others. 
 Nearly all of these, except the first three, have now (accord- 
 ing to able orthogpists) transferred the primary accent from 
 the last to the first syllable, as in artisan, &c., under the 
 operation of a principle which is stated in § 117. 
 
 (8.) 3Iany in this country give a marked secondary accent 
 m certain words which properly have but one accent, and 
 fcat on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in ter'ri-te'ry, 
 
 diffi-cul'ty, cir'cum-stan'ces, in'ter-^st'ing, &c. Thl* 
 droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented syl- 
 lable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly 
 through the rest of the word. It is also a vulgar American 
 custom, in many words having an unaccented initial sylla- 
 ble followed by an accented one, to lay a nearly equal stress 
 of voice on both, as in itx'act'ly. gVgan'tic, l'tal'ic,p5'lit'- 
 ical, prl'cise'ly, sal'va'tion, stu'pen'dous. 
 
 DIVIDED USAGE. 
 
 § 111. In quite a large number of words, there is a di- 
 versity of practice among good speakers as to the place of 
 the primary accent. This arises mainly from a conflict be- 
 tween certain great principles which affect the seat of the 
 accent. A few of these will now be mentioned, with a view 
 to account for this diversity. It is aU that can be done in 
 a brief sketch like this. 
 
 § 112. Fmsx Principle. — Derivatives take for a time, 
 if not permanently, the accent of the original words trova. 
 which they are formed, as resolve' , from resol'vo, aspect^ 
 (Shakespeare, JNIilton), from aspectus, Hindostan'ee, from 
 Hindostan', &c. So also words derived from other English 
 words by adding one or more syllables to their beginning 
 or end, as within', from in, improp'er, from prop'er, po'tt- 
 ess, from po'et, pleas'antly, from pleas'ant, ser'viceable ^ 
 from ser'vice, re-adjust'ment, from adjust', &c. 
 
 § 113. Second Principle. — Ease of utterance has some 
 influence in deciding the place of the accent. Ac'ceptable, 
 reg'eptacle, and u'tensil, fashionable in the days of Walker, 
 have now taken the easier accentuation of accept'able, re- 
 cept'acle, and uten'sil. Dis'crepant and dis'crepancy ar« 
 marked discrep'ant and discrep'ancy by Richardson, Boag, 
 Craig, Wright, Clarke, and others. Subal'tern (instead of 
 Walker's sub'altern) is the accentuation of Richardson, 
 Knowles, Barclay, Craig, Clarke, and many more. Dys- 
 pep'sy has^ taken the place of dys'pepsy in the marking of 
 Webster, Smart, CuU, Wright, Clarke, Cooley, &c., and is 
 now the prevailing accentuation. On the same ground, 
 ances'tral is preferred to an'cestral by Jameson, Webster, 
 Boag, Clarke, and CuU, in conformity with campes'tral 
 and other similar words. Confes'sor, like profes'sor, has 
 superseded con'fessor in this coxintrj', and has the sup- 
 port of Perry, Ash, Rees, Barclay, Boag, Clarke j Cull, 
 Webster, and Worcester. Rem'ediless, from the diflaculty 
 of the sound, has been changed in this country into re- 
 med'iless, as sanctioned by Perry, Ash, Rees, Fulton and 
 Knight, and Webster. Con'sistory has given way to con- 
 sist' ory in the marking of Knowles, Barclay, Reid, Brande, 
 Craig, Boag, Clarke, Cooley, and others. In like manner, 
 ac'cessary and ac'cessory (as marked in most English Dic- 
 tionaries) are commonly pronounced in this country acces'- 
 sary and acces'sory, as recommended by Bailey and Ash. 
 These may serve as instances of the application of this 
 principle. It is an important one in its place ; and, though 
 it may give rise for a time to a diversity of pronunciation 
 (since some wiU cling to that which is older and harder), 
 changes of this kind, which promote ease of utterance, will 
 finally prevail. 
 
 Dissyllables. 
 
 § 114. Third Principle. — In words of two syllables, 
 there is a tendency (though with numerous exceptions) to 
 accent the former or penultimate syllable, as in a'gue, bar'^ 
 on, com'mon, dis'cord, &c. 
 
 Note. —(1.) This tendencv meets with a powerful coim- 
 teraction in Principle No. 1, viz., that of derivatives re- 
 taining the accent of their primitives, as in amuse', deter', 
 offend', &c. It is natural, in such formatives, to place the 
 accent on the radical part of the word ; and hence soma 
 hundreds of our dissyllables, especially verbs and adverbs, 
 have their accent on the last syllable. 
 
 (2.) Still, there is a constant struggle (especially among 
 the common people, who are unacquainted ^vith the deriva- 
 tion of words) to draw back the accent to the first syllable. 
 Here arises another conflict, which produces a diversity of 
 accent ; and the common people, being a majority, are, on 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 XIX 
 
 the -whole, slowly gaining upon those -who are tenacious of 
 Principle No. 1. Hence con'nate and in'nate (instead of 
 connate' and innate') are generally prevalent in this coun- 
 try, and are now sanctioned by Reid, Boag, Craig, and 
 others. Al'cove (for alcove') is more common among us, 
 and it is so marked by recent English orthoepists, Boag, 
 Craig, Cull, and others. Con'tents (for contents') has be- 
 come the general usage of this country, as sanctioned by 
 Cull, Clarke, Webster, and Worcester. Re'tail (for retail') 
 is now the marking of a majority of the orthoepists. De'- 
 tail (for detail') is less prevalent, but is sanctioned by 
 Smart, Clarke, Cull, Cooley, &c. Pro'lix and pre'text (for 
 prolix' and pretext') Ave widely prevalent (especially the for- 
 mer), and are authorized by some recent lexicographers. 
 Bom'bast (for bombast') is the accentuation of Walker, Bar- 
 clay, Richardson, Cull, and Webster; it is admitted by 
 Worcester, and is extensively used in this country. Bu'- 
 reau (for bureau') was admitted by Dr. Webster, and is very 
 generally applied to the article of furniture, while bureau' 
 is sometimes used in reference to a department of the gov- 
 ernment. Ac'cess (ioT access') is authorized by a number 
 of orthoepists, and especially, among the later ones, by 
 Knowles, Boag, Wright, Clarke, and Cull. 
 
 (3.) No orthoepist has given any sanction, it is believed, 
 to ro'mance and, jfi' nance (for romance' and finance'), or to 
 re'search and re' source (for research' and resource'), though 
 these pronunciations are not infrequently heard in America. 
 The two last ought especially to be discountenanced ; for 
 search and source are English words, and should therefore 
 remain (as they were from the first) the chief objects of 
 thought. 
 
 § 115. We have about eighty cases among our dissylla- 
 bles in which the same word is used for a verb on the one 
 hand, and a noun or an adjective on the other. To distin- 
 guish between them, we accent the nouns and the adjec- 
 tives on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last, as, a 
 con'vert, to convert' ; a con'tract, to contract', &c. It is 
 unnecessary to give the list in full, since the accent of nearly 
 all these words has been long settled by general usage. 
 
 Note. — There are a few cases of di-^ided use in nouns, 
 which -will sooner or later be made to conform to the gen- 
 eral rule. For example, usage will probably soon fix per- 
 manently on -per' feet for the adjective, and -perfect' for the 
 verb ; per'mit for the noun, axvdpermit' for the verb ; pro'- 
 test for the noun, and protest' for the verb ; per 'fume for 
 the noun, and perfume' for the verb ; pro'ceeds for the 
 noun, and proceed' for the verb ; de'tail for the noun, and 
 detail' for the verb ; in'crease for the noun, and increase' 
 for the verb ; re'tail for the noun, and retail' for the verb ; 
 sur'vey for the noun, and survey' for the verb. 
 
 There is a tendency among many to accent tla.e first sylla- 
 ble of the noun ally, allies ; and, although without sanc- 
 tion as yet from a single orthoepist, it would not be sur- 
 prising if this tendency should prevail on the ground stated 
 above, making the noun al'ly, al'lies, and the verb ally' . 
 The noun cement has been extensively pronounced cem'ent, 
 as distinguished from the verb to cement' ; but Smart 
 thinks this will not finally prevail ; and the tendency does 
 certainly now seem to be toward cement' for the noun as 
 well as the verb. 
 
 § 116. We have a few dissyllables which are at once 
 nouns and adjectives. These are distinguished by accent- 
 ing the nouns on the first syllable, and the adjectives on 
 the la^t. 
 
 NOUNS. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Au/gust, the month. August', noble. 
 
 Com'pact, an engagement. Compact', close. 
 
 Ex'ile, banishment. Exile', small, slender. 
 
 In'stinct, an impulse. Instinct', animated. 
 
 Min/ute, of time. Minute', very small. 
 
 Su'pine, in grammar. Supine', indolent. 
 
 The word gallant departs from the above rule. When it 
 denotes a suitor, or " attentive to ladies," it is accented 
 gallant', and is changed into gal'lant when it means high- 
 spirited or daring. 
 
 Trisyllables and Polysyllables. 
 § 117. FoxTBTH Principle. — In words of three or more 
 syllables, there is a strong tendency to accent the antepe- 
 nult, or third syllable from the end, as in el'oguent, ac'ci- 
 ilent, opportu'nity. 
 
 Note. — This tendency is counteracted by that oi deriva- 
 tion (Principle No. 1. See § 112) ; and here ari.ses another 
 " conflict," which, to some extent, arrays our scholars on 
 the one side, and the body of the people on the other. 
 Many scholars, for example, are strongly inclined to say 
 contem'plate , demon' strate , confis'cate, obdu'rate, &c. (for- 
 getting that they come from participles, contempla'tus, dem- 
 onstra'tus, &c.), because by Latin rules their second sylla- 
 ble is long ; while the mass of the people, who know noth- 
 ing of Latin, and are governed by English analogies, are 
 equally bent on saying con' template, dem'onstrate, ob'du- 
 rate, &c. The latter pronunciation is now very extensively 
 heard, and thus we have a " divided usage " in respect to 
 these and similar words. There is a class of botanical and 
 mineralogical terms ending in phyllous and phyllile (from 
 Gr. <i>vWov, a leaf), as quadriphyllous, anthophyllite , &c., 
 in which the same struggle is going on. Words ha-ring 
 these terminations are differently accented by different au- 
 thorities, and sometimes even by the same authority. 
 Knowles, Gray, and Worcester are the only authorities 
 who are self-consistent in their pronunciation of such 
 words — Knowles accenting them all on the antepenult, 
 Gray as timformly on the penult, and Worcester giving an 
 alternative in ever)' case, the penultimate accentuation 
 being his preference. There can be no doubt that that 
 mode of pronunciation which places the accent on the an- 
 tepenult is most in accordance with the genius of our lan- 
 guage ; and, in all probability, it will ultimately prevail 
 over the learning or the pedantry of those who contend for 
 the penultimate accentuation. In like manner, bal'cony 
 (for balco'ny) has now, according to Smart, become the true 
 EngUsh pronunciation, and is so marked by Knowles, Web- 
 ster, Cull, Wright, Cooley, and many more. 
 
 Ele'giac (for elegi'ac) is the general pronunciation of this 
 country (in accordance with maniac and most other words 
 in -iac), and has the sanction of Perry, Knowles, Wright, 
 Clarke, Cull, Coole)', and Webster. Quan'dary (for quan- 
 da'ry), in accordance with boundary and nearly every other 
 word of three syllables in -ary, is our prevailing pronunci- 
 ation, and is sanctioned by Maunder, Cull, Craig, Clarke, 
 Cooley, Worcester, and Webster. Many are disposed to re- 
 duce vaga'ry to the same accentuation (va'gary). 
 
 § 118. It is a just principle, laid down by Walker, that 
 " when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, 
 the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original." 
 Hence the following words ought to be accented as here 
 marked : -viz., Abdo'men, hori'zon, deco'rum, diplo'ma, 
 muse'um, sono'rous, acu'men, bitu'men, and, on like 
 grounds, farra'go, and others. Yet the strong tendency 
 of our language to accent the antepenultimate in all words 
 of three or more syllables has caused this principle to be 
 -violated in some cases, as in am'azon, cic'atrix, min'ister, 
 or'ator, pleth'ora, &c. 
 
 § 119. Words of more than two syllables having the 
 same orthography are generally distinguished by a differ- 
 ence of accent, as at'tribute, n., and attrib'ute, v., miscon'- 
 duct, n., and misconduct', v., o'verthrow, n., and over- 
 throiV , v. In such cases, the nouns have the accent fur- 
 ther from the end. 
 
 § 130. With a very few exceptions, words of more than 
 two syllables ha-ving the following terminations take the 
 accent on the antepenult, or last syllable but two : — 
 
 -cracy ; as, democ'racy, theoc'racy ; 
 
 -ferous ; as, somniferous, umbelliferous; 
 
 -fluent; as, affluent, drcum' fluent ; 
 
 -fluous ; as, mellifluous, super' fluous ; 
 
 -gonal; as, diag'onal, hexag'onal; 
 
 -gony ; as, cosmog'ony, theog'ony ; 
 
 -grapher; as, lexicog'rapher, stenog'rapher ; 
 
 -graphy; 9S, photog'raphy , typog'raphy ; 
 
 -loger ; as, philol'oger, astrol'oger ; 
 
 -logist ; as, entomol' ogist , physiol'ogist ; 
 
 -logy ; as, chronol'ogy, mythol'ogy ; 
 
 -loquy ; as, col'loquy , solil' oqity ; 
 
 -machy ; as, logom'achy, theom'achy ; 
 
 ■^mathy ; as, chrestom'athy , polym'athy ; 
 
 -meter ; as, barom'eter, hygrom'eter ; 
 
 -metry ; as, altim'etry, geom'etry ; 
 
 -nomy ; as, astroji'omy, econ'omy ; 
 
 -parous ; as, ovip'arous, vivip'arous ; 
 
XX 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 jHithy ; as, ap'athy, anti'p'athy ; 
 
 -phony; as, antiph'ony^ coloph'ony ; 
 
 scopy ; as, aeros'copy, dt lUeros'copy ; 
 
 strophe ; as. apos'trop/ie., catas't raphe ; 
 
 -tomy ; as, anat'omy, lithot'o?ny ; 
 
 -trophy; as, at'rophy, hyper' trophy ; 
 
 -vomous, &s,Jlammiv'o7}ious, igiiiv'omoits ; 
 
 -vorous, as, carniv'orous, gra?niniv'orous. 
 § 121. Words of more than two syllables, ending in 
 •tote, -ciatf, -gate, -fy, -tude, and -ty, pi-eceded by a vowel, 
 have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult ; as, 
 dep'recate, rits'ticate, recip'rocate ; an'tedate, elu'cidate, ac- 
 eom'modate ; prop'agate, del'egate, fu'migate ; rar'tfy, 
 sanc'ti/y ; qui'etude, latitude ; soci'ety, acid'ity, dep'uty. 
 § Vi'i. The penultimate syllable is to be accented in al- 
 most all wonls having the sound of sh, of zA, or of conso- 
 nant y immediately before their last vowel or diphthong, 
 except those words in which ch is sounded hke sh (as capu- 
 chin, kap-yi} -sheen') ; e. g., dona'tion, conces'sion,illu'sioti, 
 eontrover'sial, verniil'ion, opin'ion. 
 
 The Termixatioss IC axd ICS. 
 § 123. Words ending in ic and ics (derivatives from 
 words in cko? or icus, in Greek or Latin, or formed after the 
 eame analogy) have their accent on the penult ; as, epi- 
 dem'ic, scientific, &c. The following words are exceptions, 
 having the accent on the antepenult : viz., ag'aric, Ar'abic, 
 arith'metic, ar'senic, n., cath'olic, chol'eric^ ephem'eric, her'- 
 etic, lu'natic, pleth'oric, pol'itic, rhet'oric^ and turhneric. 
 Climacteric has usually the antepenultimate accent, though 
 some pronounce it dimacter'ic. In like manner, the nouns 
 empiric and schismatic, and the noun and adjective sple- 
 netic, are sometimes accented on the penult, and sometimes 
 oa the antepenult. 
 
 The TERiiixATioxs E-AL, E-AW, a>'D E-TJM. 
 § 124. A part of the words having these terminations 
 follow the English analogy, and take the antepenultimate 
 accent; as, ceru'lean, hyperho'rean, Hercu'lean, Mediterra'- 
 nean, stibterra'nean, Tarta'rean, maryno'rean; petro'leum, 
 perios'teum, succeda'neum. A part accent the penult; as, 
 adamunte'an,Atlante'an, colosse'an, empyre' an, Epicure' an, 
 Europe'an, pygyne'an; mausole'um, muse'um. Orphean, 
 being derived from Or'pheus (or'fus), is more properly ac- 
 cented Or'pkean. Most words ending in eal accent the ante- 
 penult ; as, lin'eal,ethe'real,fune'real; h\x.thymene'al2.n^ 
 ide'al take the accent upon the penult. 
 
 The Termixatiox OSE. 
 § 125. There is a considerable number of adjectives 
 ending in ose, as animos», comatose, operose, &c., in the 
 accentuation of which the dictionaries are at variance with 
 each other, and many of them inconsistent with them- 
 eelves. But all words of this cla.ss, as AValker remarks, 
 ought, from their form and derivation, to be pronounced 
 alike. AA'alker himself accents them all upon the last syl- 
 lable, and in this he is followed by Worcester and Cooley : 
 but, in trisyUables having this termination, most recent 
 authorities, following the natural tendency of the language, 
 as well as the prevaihng usage, give only a secondary ac- 
 cent to the last syllable, placing the principal accent on the 
 antepenult. (See § 110, Xote, second paragraph.) As to 
 dissyllabic adjectives ending in ose, as jocose, verbose, mo- 
 rose, &c., they take the accent on the last syllable, with a 
 few exceptions. 
 
 § 126. In i)oetry, words are frequently used with an ac- 
 centuation different from that adopted in ordinary speech, 
 ajs in the foilo^vlng examples : — 
 
 'Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier' ! 
 Forever separate, yet forever near. Pope. 
 
 Ye icefalls I ye that from the mountain's brow 
 Adown enormous rav'ines slope amain. Coleridge. 
 
 § 127. AVhen two words of similar formation and the 
 same accentuation are contrasted with each other, the ac- 
 cent is transferred to the syllable of difference^, (unless this 
 is already accented, as in em'inent, im'minent). and the 
 regularly accented syllable takes a secondary accent ; thiis, 
 undo' is pronounced un'do' when opposed to do or to out'- 
 do', and in'tervene' is pronounced intervene' when used 
 antithetically to su'pervene'. So also with am'puta'tion 
 and im'puta'tion, bi'en'nial and tri'en'nial, op'pose' and 
 sup'pose' ; ex' er'cise and ez'or'cise, al-le'ga'tion and al-li'- 
 ga'tion; proph'et' andprofit*; do' nor' und d o' nee', guar' - 
 antor' and guar'antee'. 
 
 § 128. When separately pronounced, all monosyllabic 
 words have their vowel as distinctly sounded as if \mder ac- 
 cent. But in connected discourse, certain classes of mono- 
 syllables, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunc- 
 tions, and auxiliary verbs, are usually unemphasized, and 
 their vowel is Mable to the same corruption of quaUty as 
 that in an unaccented syllable of a word. But when used 
 antithetically to other words, they are emphasized, receiv- 
 ing a full and distinct stress of voice. Thus, the possessive 
 pronoun their, when emphatic, should take the full sound 
 of c; as, " Their (ther) interests, and not yours, are to be 
 consulted.'- But when unemphatic, the sound becomes 
 more obscure, verging toward, or faUing into, that of the 
 neutral vowel (u in urge) ; as, " They.wiU not neglect their 
 (thur) interests." So, also, there, when used as an adverb 
 of place, is distincth" pronounced with the appropriate 
 sound of the vowel ; as, " I shall be there (ther)." When, 
 however, it serves merely to introduce a verb or a sentence, 
 it takes the obscurer sound ; as, ''There (thur) is no diffi- 
 culty in the case."' In like manner we say d, your, that. 
 the,fro777,/dr, &c., when we pronounce the words by them- 
 selves : but in actual u.se they become nearly or quite u , 
 j-ur, thut, thu, frum, fur, &c. The following passage from 
 the Spectator, Xo. 80, weU illustrates this tendency to a 
 corruption of the vowel sound in unemphasized monosylla- 
 bles: — "My lords, with hmnble submission that thot I 
 say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced i? 
 not that that he should have proved to your lordships." 
 
 SYLLABICATION. 
 
 § 129. Words are sometimes divided into syllables for 
 the sole purpose of showing their proper pronunciation (as, 
 a-dorn, o-void) ; and sometimes in order to exhibit their 
 etymological composition merely, without the least regard 
 to their prontmciation (as, ad-orn, ov-oid). In ordinary 
 cases — as w here a word requires to be divided at the end 
 of a line — these modes of syllabication are to a certain 
 extent combined. In the United States, the etymological 
 principle is allowed to operate only in separating prefixes, 
 suffixes, and grammatical terminations fix)m the radical 
 part of the word, where this can be done without misrepre- 
 senting the pronunciation. In Enghsh practice, however, 
 words are usually divided in such a manner as to show their 
 constituent parts independently of the pronunciation (as, 
 hypo-thesis, philosophy, belligerent, &c.), and a single 
 consonant or a consonant digraph between two vowels goes 
 to the latter (as, a-na-to^my, de-li-cate, ma-the-?}ia-tics. 
 &c.). In this Dictionary, words are uniformly divided so 
 as to represent their pronunciation in the most accurate 
 manner ; but very frequently the root of a word may be 
 exhibited to the eye without violating the orthoepical prin- 
 ciple of syllabication, and, where this is possible, it ha^ 
 generally been done, more particularly in the case of ac- 
 i cented svllablcs. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 THE English language, as being the offspring of two par- 
 ent languages very different in form and spirit, and having 
 been, in no inconsiderable degree, modified in its growth by 
 influences from various other tongues, contains, as was in- 
 evitable, very many anomalies; and in no particular are 
 these anomalies more numerous and striking than in its 
 orthography, with the single exception, perhaps, of its 
 orthoepy. Neither the Anglo-Saxon nor the Norman- 
 French could boast of any great regularity in orthography, 
 though the speUing of words in these two languages was 
 far less arbitrary than it is in the modern EngUsh. When, 
 therefore, the vocabularies of these two languages, widely 
 different both in their orthographical structure and their 
 phonological character, were combined, the result was a 
 language in which the orthography has almost reached the 
 extreme of irregularity. To such an extent, in fact, have 
 the signs representing sounds been multiplied, that many 
 of the letters are pronounced in several different ways, 
 while the letters, or combinations of letters, for a single 
 sound amount, in some cases, to scores. Indeed, it is*om- 
 puted that many words of no more than two syllables may 
 be speUed in several thousand different modes, by the use of 
 combinations actually employed in other words in the lan- 
 guage. The word scissors, for instance, may be thus writ- 
 ten, as is computed by EUis, in nearly six thousand different 
 ways. Of course, comparatively very few of these possible 
 forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of any one 
 word ; yet the causes of disorder mentioned above have 
 operated so effectually, that the words in respect to which 
 even the most careful writers are at variance are numbered 
 by thousands, while those in which an orthography con- 
 trary to analogy has been universally adopted are equally 
 numerous. 
 
 Bad, however, as is the orthography of the present day, it 
 is order itself compared with that of a few centuries ago. 
 It would, of course, be unreasonable to expect that there 
 should be any general correspondence of orthographical 
 forms in the works of different authors before the types of 
 the printer gave prominence to certain forms, which finally 
 became recognized as standards ; and manuscripts conclu- 
 sively prove that the wildest license prevailed in spelling 
 words. Even proper names, which would naturally re- 
 ceive more attention, and be written with more care than 
 any other class of words, are found recorded in great mul- 
 titudes of forms, several variations being sometimes found 
 in the same manuscript or work. DisraeU states that 
 " Leicester has subscribed his own name eight different 
 ways," and that " the name Vilkrs is spelled fourteen dif- 
 ferent ways in the deeds of that family." A still more re- 
 markable instance is stated by Lower ; namely, that the 
 family of Mainwaring has the extraordinary nujoiber of 
 one hundred and thirty-one variations of that single name, 
 all drawn from authorized documents. But there is evi- 
 dence that, in the midst of all this confusion, there were 
 some writers who were attentive to the proper forms of 
 words, and who were notable exceptions to the general rule, 
 fhe spelling of the Ormulum, which was written in the 
 thirteenth century, though strange and cumbrous, is very 
 remarkable for its regularity ; and the author strenuously 
 
 urges his copyists to follow hk orthography with the vdr 
 most exactness. So also Chaucer, more than a century 
 later, carefully revised and corrected his own works; 
 and he enjoined upon his scribe to "write more trew" 
 that which was intrusted to him, saying that he was 
 obliged "it to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape," be- 
 cause of the neghgence and haste with which it had been 
 copied. 
 
 The invention of printing began a new era, though for a 
 long time even this had little effect to fix the exterior form 
 of the language. Indeed, much of the perverse orthog- 
 raphy of books printed two or three centuries ago is to be 
 attributed to the printer, who often inserted or expunged 
 letters, as the length of the lines or convenience of spacing 
 required. It is no uncommon thing to find, in the works 
 of Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, or in books 
 printed two or three centuries ago, the same words occur- 
 ring in several different forms upon the same page. Even 
 as late as the time of Shakespeare, orthography was very 
 unsettled ; and, as Halliwell states, the name of the great 
 bard himself was written in more than thirty different ways. 
 The printers, however, were not solely, nor even chiefly, 
 responsible for this confusion ; for it is certain that their 
 arbitrary changes and deviations from uniformity would 
 not have been tolerated had they been made in defiance of 
 established usage ; and there is abundant evidence to prove 
 that writers themselves were careless in the extreme. The 
 fact must not be overlooked that in the writings of WycUffe, 
 Chaucer, and other early authors, there were still many 
 remnants of the Semi-Saxon inflection, which have since 
 utterly disappeared, and which gave to some words a va- 
 riety of form to be attributed neither to the carelessness of 
 the writer, nor to an unsettled orthography. 
 
 The irregularities found in early books, though continu- 
 ing for so long a time, were neither unnoticed nor looked 
 upon with indifference. On the contrary, not only have 
 numerous complete systems for the reformation of orthog- 
 raphy been proposed, but various scholars have advocated, 
 with more or less acuteness and learning, changes in re- 
 gard to a great number of particular points. Sir Thomas 
 Smith, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, was the first 
 who endeavored to introduce a regular system of orthog- 
 raphy ; after him, William BuUokar brought forward an- 
 other system ; a few years after this. Dr. GiU, Master of St. 
 Paul's School, in London, a teacher of considerable emi- 
 nence, proposed another scheme; and, still later, Charles 
 Butler devised a new method of spelling, and printed a book 
 in which it was employed. These writers agreed essen- 
 tially as to the manner in which they sought to attain the 
 end proposed, their plan being to reduce the spelling of 
 words to uniform principles and make it practically pho- 
 netic, by the use of new characters, by applying various 
 diacritical marks to the old letters-, and by making the 
 letters, or their combinations, represent certain definite 
 sounds. It is needless to say, that these projects were never 
 carried into practice. 
 
 In the tune of Charles I. , many changes were introduced, 
 and it was very common, even among eminent scholars, to 
 spell words according to their pronunciation, omitting such 
 (xxi) 
 
IXU 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 letters us ■were docnipd superfluous. These attempts at im- 
 provement, being made upon no settled or uniform prin- 
 ciples, had little or no (permanent effect upon the language. 
 Another elaborate plan wsi^ proposed, in the seventeenth 
 century, by Bishop Wilkins, similar in its general charac- 
 ter to those of Smith, Bullokar, Gill, and Butler, and 
 equally unsuccessful. 
 
 The celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first 
 published in 1755, ha^s contributed more than any work 
 •written either before or since, to fix the external form of 
 the language and to diminish the number of irregulari- 
 ties ; for, though nmnerous inconsistencies are to be found 
 in it, and many oversights, the learning of the author, and 
 the sound judgment and practical vrisdom which he dis- 
 pLnyed, gave it at once an authority which it has not even 
 yet entirely lost ; and the orthography of the present day, 
 though it has received some important modifications since 
 his time, is substantiaUy the same as that exhibited in his 
 dictionary. The changes in the spelling of words, intro- 
 duced by Dr. Johnson, were generally made in order to 
 restore the ancient orthography, or to remove some anom- 
 aly ; and perhaps the most important oflSce performed by 
 his work was its having settled usage definitely in favor 
 of some one of the nmnerous forms in which many words 
 were written, thus removing the cause of much confusion. 
 Among the most prominent alterations made by him were 
 the restoration of k to many words which had long been 
 written without it, as in inusick, rhetorick, and the like, 
 and the insertion of m in the termination of many words 
 which previously ended in or, as in ancestoitr, autlwur, er- 
 rour, and others. The former of these changes, a revival 
 of the " ancient practice,"' was not received with favor, nor 
 was this spelling adopted by subsequent writers : the latter, 
 as it was thought to be justified by the analogy of the cor- 
 responding termination eur in the French, through which 
 language manj\ perhaps a majority, of the words affected 
 by it were derived from the Latin, was generally followed. 
 Johnson's practice in this respect, however, was not in har- 
 mony with his theory ; for he wrote only about half the 
 words of this class with the ending our, leaving the rest in 
 or, though for no reason that would not equally apply to 
 them all. Yet this notable inconsistency was not only 
 overlooked, but was i)erpetuated, and still exists in the 
 orthography of English writers. In the United States a 
 different practice prevails, as will presently be mentioned. 
 
 The scheme of Pinker ton, who, in 1785, \mder the name 
 of Robert Heron, proposed to render the language more 
 euphonious b\' adding vowels to words ending in conso- 
 nants, and by pronouncing the silent final vowels of others, 
 in a manner perfectly arbitrary, is too ridiculous to deserve 
 further mention. About twenty years later another absurd 
 plan was published by Elphinstone, who printed a book in 
 order to introduce it, but without success. During the last 
 century, several English divines, as Lardner, Benson, and 
 others, employed in many words methods of spelling pecu- 
 liar to themselves, chiefly such as had long been abandoned, 
 as in writing ie for final y ; in adding e to woixls ending in 
 ss; and in the use of such forms as praeface, persue, procede, 
 sais (for says), and the like. So also ilitford used many 
 angular forms, such as Hand, intire, endevor, rneer (for 
 mere), tho (for tkough), spred, &c. It is proper to men- 
 tion here also the innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in the 
 present century, who, on the ground of pronunciation, 
 etjmolog}-, and analogy, employed in his works such forms 
 as atchieve, compell, enure, firy (for fiery), forein, invey 
 (for inveigh), highth, plouhman, smugler, and the like. He 
 also omitted the hjrphen in many compound words where 
 it is usually inserted, and advocated the omission of the 
 apostrophe in the possessive ca.^, and the substitution of t 
 for ed in thoM preterits in which the latter termination Ls 
 pronounced like t; as in exprest ,fixt , pichlisht , &c., for ex- 
 ■pretf^fd, fixed, published, ice. This substitution of t for ed, 
 
 however, is not peculiar to Hare, since it is merely a i«tum 
 to the usage of the early writers. This spelling of the 
 preterit is also not unfi:«quently found in modern poetry. 
 
 Besides the imperfect attempts mentioned above, many 
 plans have been devised at different times, for reducing the 
 spelling of words to absolute uniformity and the greatest 
 simplicity, by a complete reform in the method of repre- 
 senting the sounds of words by written characters, that is, 
 by employing a new alphabet in which each sign stands 
 for one and only one definite sound, and each sound is rep- 
 resented by one and only one character. Such a method 
 of spelling was invented by Dr. Franklin, in the last cen- 
 tury, though he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely 
 used it, except in a brief correspondence with a friend. 
 The most recent, and in every respect the most comprehen- 
 sive and philosophical scheme of this kind, is that of which 
 Mr. Alexander John Ellis, of Cambridge, England, has 
 been the most prominent advocate and representative, and 
 to a large extent the inventor. The alphabet in this system 
 contains about forty characters, each of which represents 
 but a single sound, so that a word written according to this 
 method could be pronounced in only one way. Although 
 this system has received great publicity, and has had many 
 earnest supporters, it has gained no ground in the public 
 favor, and has finally been abandoned by its author as a 
 means of reforming orthography. The schemes ofLepsius, 
 Mliller, and others who have endeavored to form philo- 
 sophical alphabets of universal application, are hardly to 
 be mentioned here, as they are but indirectly related to 
 English orthography. 
 
 In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the 
 English Language, and the changes in spelling advocated 
 by mm have had no inconsiderable influence upon orthog- 
 raphy, especially in the United States. These alterations 
 were proposed by him chiefly on the ground of etymology 
 and of analogy, from a desire, on the one hand, to make the 
 words correspond, as far as practicable, with their primi- 
 tive forms, so as to reveal more clearly their etymological 
 afi&nities, and on the other to reduce as much as possible 
 the number of anomalies and exceptional cases. Of the 
 words whose orthography had been changed for the former 
 reason, many were restored to their ordinary forms by Dr. 
 Webster himself in the second edition of his work published 
 in 1840, and others still were restored in subsequent edi- 
 tions. The alterations of the second class have been re- 
 ceived with favor and adopted by a large portion of the 
 writers in the United States, and by some authors also in 
 England. 
 
 It is to be observed that many of Dr. Webster's deviations 
 from the usage of his time were not innovations, but resto- 
 rations of older forms which were once very genei-ally em- 
 ployed. The most important points in which his orthography 
 differs from that of most other modern lexicographers, and 
 in reference to which there is still difference of usage among 
 scholars, are stated in the following list, in which the num- 
 bers refer to the sections of the Rules for Spelling Certain 
 Classes of Words ( see p. xxiii . ) , where the cases are mentioned 
 particularly. These are, the not doubling the final conso- 
 nant in derivatives of words like travd, worship, &c. (§8); 
 doubUng the I in installment, enrollment, &c. (§ 9); doub- 
 ling the final letter in such words as fulfill, instill, &c. 
 (§ 16) ; retaining the i in derivatives of villain (§ 27) : writ- 
 ing defense, offense, Sec, for defence, offence, &c., and 
 practice fox practise (§ 27) ; writing the termination er for 
 re in words ".ike center, meter, &c. (§ 31) ; writing mold and 
 molt without u (§ 34). 
 
 With re8i)ect to certain "cases, it seems proper to add a 
 few words. Dr. Webster wrote the chemical terms ending 
 in ide and ine, as chloride, chlorine, &c. (§ 32), without the 
 final e in most cases, deeming the letter superfluous, and 
 not demanded by usage, which was variable. This letter 
 is retained in this volume, in accordance with the almost 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 XXlll 
 
 universal practice of the present day. The word written 
 by Dr. Webster oxyd is now spelled oxide, for reasons 
 stated in section 32 and under the word itself in the Dic- 
 tionary. It may be remarked further with regard to words 
 
 often written with the termination re, but which in this 
 book are spelled with the ending er, that thLs orthography 
 is but a restoration of the older spelling ; and the same is 
 true of the substitution of the termination or for our. 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS. 
 
 FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. ^VEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 
 
 § 1, The letters/ and I, at the end of monosyllables, 
 and standing immediately after single Towels, are generally 
 doubled ; as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, kill, toll, null. 
 The words clef, if, of, and sol, are exceptions. 
 
 § 2. The letter s, at the end of a monosyllable, and 
 standing immediately after a single vowel, is generally 
 doubled, except when it is used to form the possessive case 
 ■or plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb ; 
 as in grass, press, hiss, moss, truss. The only import- 
 ant exceptions are as, gas, has, was, yes, his, is, thus, and 
 us. 
 
 § 3. Besides f, I, and s, the only consonants that are 
 ever doubled at the end of a word are b, d, g, m, n,p, r, t, 
 and z. The following Ust contains all, or nearly all, the 
 words in which these letters are doubled; namely, abb, 
 ebb; add, odd, rudd ; bigg, egg, snigg ; lamm, scomm, 
 mumm (to mask) ; inn, bunn ; wapp ; gnarr, parr, err, birr, 
 shirr, skirr, burr, hurr, murr, purr ; mitt, plitt, smitt, butt ; 
 fizz, fuzz, buzz, huzz, muzz. 
 
 Note. — The words let, net, and set are sometimes incor- 
 rectly spelled lett, nett, and sett; and some other words 
 which should have the final letter single are speUed, by 
 some writers, with it doubled. 
 
 § 4. A consonant standing at the end of a word imme- 
 diately after a diphthong or double vowel is never doubled. 
 The words ail, peat, haul, door, and m.aim, are examples. 
 The word guess is only an apparent exception, as the u 
 does not strictly form a diphthong with the e, but serves 
 merely to render the g hard. 
 
 § 5. Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with the 
 sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel, have usually 
 k added after the c; as in black, fleck, click, knock, and 
 buck. The words lac, sac, talc, zinc, ploc, roc, soc, arc, marc, 
 ore, and j'Jsc, are exceptions. 
 
 Words of more than one syllable, ending in ic or iac, 
 ■Which formerly ended in k, also words derived from the Lat- 
 in or Greek languages, or from other sources, and similar to 
 these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written 
 without the k; as, maniac, elegiac, cubic, music, public. 
 The word derrick is an exception. Words of more than 
 one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i 
 or ia, commonly end in ck ; as, arrack, barrack, hamm,ock, 
 hillock, wedlock. The words almanac, sandarac, limbec, 
 xebec, manioc, and havoc, are exceptions. Almanac, lim- 
 bec, and havoc, however, are sometimes written with k 
 after the c, especially in England. 
 
 § 6. In derivatives formed from words ending m c, by 
 Adding a termination beginning- with e,i,ory, the letter k 
 is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may not be 
 inaccurately pronounced like 5 before the following vowel : 
 as, colic, colicky; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, trafficker; 
 talc, talcky ; zinc, zincky. 
 
 § 7. In derivatives formed by adding a termination be- 
 pnning with a vowel to monosyllables and words accented 
 on the last syllable, when these words end in a single con- 
 sonant (except .r) preceded by a single vowel, that conso- 
 
 nant is doubled: as, clan, clannish; plan, planned, plan- 
 ning, planner; bag, baggage; hot, hotter, hottest; wit, 
 witty; cabal' , cabal' ler ; abet' , abet' ted, abet' ting, abeV tor ; 
 begin', begin' ning, begin' ner ; infer' , inferred', infer'ring. 
 The consonant is doubled in these words in order to pre- 
 serve the short sound of the vowel, as otherwise the latter 
 would be liable to be pronoimced long. Thus, planned, 
 hottest, and abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, 
 hotest, and abeted, if the consonant were not doubled. 
 Words of this class, in which the final consonant is pre- 
 ceded by qu, followed by a single vowel, form no exception 
 to the rule, since the u performs the office of the consonant 
 w; as, squab, squabbish, squabby ; squat, squatting, squat- 
 ter; quit, quitted, quitting; acquit', acquit' ted, acquit'ting. 
 
 The derivatives of the word gas (except gassing and 
 gassy) are written with but one s; as, gaseous, gaseity, 
 gasify. Ex'cellence, as being from the Latin excellens, re- 
 tains the double I, though one I has been dropped from the 
 termination of excel'. Besides these, the only exceptions 
 to the rule are those derivatives in which the accent of the 
 primitive is thrown back upon another syllable : as, cabal', 
 cab'alism, cab'alist ; prefer' , pref erence ; refer', reference: 
 defer', deference. It is no exception to this rule that chan- 
 cellor, and the derivatives of we^aZ and crystal, as metalloid, 
 metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written 
 with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively ffbra. 
 the Latin ca?iceZtoriw5 (through the French), and metallum, 
 and the Greek Kpva-roiWo's. So also the word tranquillity 
 retains the double I as being from the Latin tranquillitas^ 
 whUe the English derivatives of tranquil^ though often 
 written with two Vs, are more properly written with only 
 one, as tranquilize, traiiquilizer , and the like. 
 
 § 8. When a diphthong, or a digraph representing a vowel 
 sound, precedes the final consonant of a word, or the ac- 
 cent of a word ending in a single consonant falls on any 
 other syllable than the last, or when the word ends in two 
 different consonants, the final consonant is not doubled in 
 derivatives formed by the addition of a termination begin- 
 ning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, dauber ; need, needy; 
 brief, briefer, briefest; rev' el, rev'eled, rev'eling; trav'el, 
 trav'eling, trav'eler; profit, profited; act, acted, actor; 
 perform, performer ; stand, standing. 
 
 The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a few 
 words ending in g-, in order to diminish the liability to its 
 being pronounced like j, before c or i: as, humbug, hum- 
 bugged, humbugging ; peritvig, periwigged. The word 
 woolen is more generally thus written, in the United States, 
 with one I; but in England it is written woollen. 
 
 Note. — There is a large class of words ending in a single 
 consonant, and accented on some other syllable than th« 
 last, the final consonants of which are, by very many 
 writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, 
 unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. This practice ap- 
 pears to have arisen from a desire to prevent the vowel of 
 the final syllable of the primitive from being inaccuratel}' 
 pronounct^ long in the derivatives. These words are chiefly 
 those ending in I, with also a few of other terminations. The 
 
XXIV 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes 
 the most important of those in regard to which usjige 
 varies: namely, apiHirtl, barrel, btVfU bias, boicti, and its 
 coniiK)imds, cancfl, curbunt and all similar worIs ending in 
 urtt. cavil, carol, cnannd, chisel, coinpromit, counsel, cud- 
 gel, dial, dishevel, doirel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, 
 equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchet, im- 
 peril, jeirtl, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, mar- 
 shal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, parallel, parcel, 
 pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, tavel, revel, rival, 
 roictl, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, 
 tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles 
 the final letters of all these words, except parallel, in form- 
 ing derivatives by the addition of terminations beginning 
 with vowels, though he remarks, with respect to those end- 
 ing in /, that '' it better accords with the analogy of the 
 language " to spell their derivatives with but one /. Smart 
 retains the double consonant in this class of words solely 
 on the ground that usage favors it, but remarks that " the 
 double p in n-orshijiped, worshipper, &c., the second I in 
 travelling, traveller, &c., are quite unnecessary on any 
 other score than to satisfy the prejudices of the eye." 
 Cooley doubles the consonant in a majority of the deriva- 
 tives of words of this class, but ^vrites a single consonant in 
 many, as in those of apparel, barrel, bevel, channel, drivel, 
 gambol, &c. Perry wrote the derivatives of these words 
 with but one I, according to the rule, and the same prac- 
 tice was advocated by Walker. Conformity to the regular 
 nile has been advocated also by Lowth and other eminent 
 scholars. 
 
 § 9. Derivatives formed from words ending in a double 
 consonant, by adding one or more syllables, conunonly re- 
 tain both consonants: as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly; stiff, 
 stiffness : fell, fellable ; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; will, 
 iciUful, willfidness ; dull, dullness ; full, fullness. So also 
 the double I is retained in the words installment, inthrall- 
 ment, thralldom, and enrollment (from instcdl, inthrcdl, 
 thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent the false pronuncia- 
 tion they might receive if spelled with one I. Many writers 
 and lexicographers, especially in England, omit one I in 
 these words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dull, 
 and full, formed by adding the syllables ly and ness. 
 
 The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, be- 
 ing written with only one/; as, pontific, pontifical, ponti- 
 ficial, and the like. One I is also dropped in a few words 
 formed by adding the termination ly to words ending in 
 II, in order to prevent the concurrence of three Vs; as, ill, 
 ilhf; dull, dully ; full, fully. Words similarly formed by 
 adding the termination less, however, are written either 
 with the three Vs, a hyphen being inserted before the ter- 
 mination, or with two Vs, and without the hyphen ; as 
 bell-less, or belless, skill-less or skilless, smell-less or smelless. 
 
 § 10. In derivatives formed from words ending with 
 silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination 
 begins with a consonant : as, pale, pcdeness ; hate, hateful; 
 incite, incitement ; chaste, chastely, chasteness ; move, move- 
 ment. When, however, the e is immediately preceded by 
 another vowel (except e), it is often dropped from the de- 
 rivative : as, due, duly; argue, argument; true, truly; 
 awe, awful; and the derivatives and compounds of these 
 words. 
 
 The words wholly, nursling, wisdom., abridgment, ac- 
 knowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of 
 gome of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are 
 written, by many authors, abridgement, acknowledgement, 
 lodgement, judgement. 
 
 § 11. In derivatives formed from words ending with 
 silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, the e is 
 generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in the 
 next paragraph : as, bride, bridal; guide, guidance ; plume, 
 plumage; use, usage; grieve, grievance; come, coming ; 
 thape, shapiing; move, movable ; sale, salahle ; fleece, 
 feecy ; force , forcible ; true, truism. 
 
 The e is retained in the word hoeing, .shoeing, and toeing 
 (from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent a doubt as to 
 the pronunciation, that might arise in case it were omitted. 
 It is retained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springe- 
 
 ing, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, swinge, 
 tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, sprin^ng 
 swinging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, stving, ting). 
 The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit th« 
 e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled mil- 
 age. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though appar^ 
 ently exceptions, are not really such, since they are derived 
 not directly from line andj»me, but from the Latin Zinea 
 (through the French), linealis, and pifiea. The s, standing, 
 in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, 
 and immediately after c or g-, is retained in order to preserve 
 the soft sounds of these consonants; as, peace, peaceable; 
 notice, noticeable ; manage, manageable; change, change- 
 able ; advantage, advantageous; outrage, outrageous; 
 mortgage, mortgageor. The latter word is sometimes very 
 improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced mor'ga-jor. 
 
 § 13. In derivatives formed from words ending in ie, by 
 adding the termination ing, the e is dropped, and the t 
 changed to y, in order to prevent two i's from coming to- 
 gether: as, die, dying ; hie, hying; lie, lying; tie, tying; 
 vie, vying. 
 
 § 13. In derivatives of words ending in y, preceded by a 
 consonant, and formed by appending any termination ex- 
 cept one beginning with i, the y is usually changed into i: 
 as, icy, iciest, icily ; mercy, merciless; tidy, tidiness; mod. 
 ify, modifies ; foggy, fogginess ; earthy, earthiness ; pity, 
 pitiful. 
 
 The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in y, 
 preceded by a consonant, are exceptions, and usually re- 
 tain the y : as, shy, shyness ; sly, slyest ; dry, dryly ; spry, 
 spryer, spryest ; wry, wryness. But the adjectives drier, 
 and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead 
 of y. Derivatives formed by adding the termination ship, 
 as secretaryship, suretyship, ladyship, and the like, also re- 
 tain the y, though some authors write them with i, ac- 
 cording to the rule. The words babyhood and ladykin are 
 likewise exceptions. The y is also retained in the possessive 
 case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the 
 apostrophe; as, country'' s, everybody's. 
 
 § 14. Derivatives formed by affixing a termination to 
 words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally retain the 
 2/ unchanged: as, gay, gayety, gayly ; play, player, plays; 
 sway, swayed; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful; enjoy, enjoyed; 
 buy, buying ; gluey, glueyness. 
 
 The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid 
 (from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their com- 
 pounds, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes 
 written stayed. Derivatives from words ending in uy, as 
 colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as 
 u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the 
 consonant w. 
 
 § 15. Derivatives formed by appending a syllable begin- 
 ning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel sound, gen- 
 erally retain the letter or letters representing such sound : 
 as, huzza, huzzaed; agree, agreeable, agreeing ; weigh, 
 weighing; dough, doughy; echo, echoed; woo, wooes; 
 bow, bowed; beau, beauish. 
 
 Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as 
 also those formed from words ending in double e, by adding 
 a termination beginning with e, drop the final e : as, hoe. 
 hoed; sue, sued; owe, owed; free, freer, freest; agree, 
 agreed. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 arc 
 also exceptions. 
 
 § 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more sylla- 
 bles to words ending in a double consonant commonly re- 
 tain both consonants : as, tipstaff, rebuff, befall, inthraM, 
 disinthrall, foretell, undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss (from 
 staff, buff, fall, thrall, tell, sell, fill, roll, boss). 
 
 The word until is an exception , being always written with 
 one I. Those words of this class which end in II are written 
 by some authors, especially in England, with one I : as, be- 
 faX, inthral, f or etel, fulfil, enrol. Th« words distillavA instill 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 XXV 
 
 should be written with the I doubled, though they are often 
 written distil and instil, with only one I. 
 
 § 17. Compound words formed by joining two or more 
 words commonly retain all the letters of the simple words ; 
 as, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, wide-mouthed. 
 
 There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of 
 them compounds which by long use have acquired the force 
 of single words. They are the following: namely, some 
 compounds of all and well; as, almighty, almost, alone, 
 already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, there- 
 withal, tvherewithal, welcome, welfare; — compounds of 
 mass; as. Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, 
 &c. ; — words of which the second part is the adjective 
 full ; as, artful, hateful, rueful, woeful ; — also, the words 
 chilblain, fidfill, natnesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, 
 standish, and wherever. 
 
 § 18. The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, in 
 certain classes of words, in es. 
 
 When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
 that the sound of s can unite with it, and be pronounced 
 without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in form- 
 ing the plural : as, sea, seas ; tree, trees ; woe, woes ; canto, 
 cantos ; virtue, virtues ; purlieu, purlieus ; claw, claws; cab, 
 cabs; panic, panics ; bead, beads; chief, chiefs ; bag, bags; 
 path, paths ; lock, locks ; bell, bells ; gem, gems ; fan, fans ; 
 cup, cups; ear, ears ; \xct, acts. A few plurals from nouns 
 ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es ; as, echo, 
 echoes; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes; motto, mot- 
 toes ; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class gener- 
 ally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs 
 with regard to some of them. Those in which final o is 
 preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly. The 
 plural of alkali is written alkalis or alkalies ; that of rabbi, 
 either rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns end- 
 ing in i usage diSers, though they are more properly writ- 
 ten with the termination is. 
 
 When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
 (as that of ch, sh,j,s,x,orz) that the sound of 5 can not 
 unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate 
 syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless 
 the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves 
 to form a separate syllable with s ; as, church, churches'; 
 rush, rushes ; age, ages ; lace, laces ; gas, gases ; case, cases; 
 loss, losses ; box, boxes ; maze, 7nazes. 
 
 To express the plvural of a letter, figure, or any character 
 or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to its 
 meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, 
 is appended, as in the phrases, " The two Ps in all ; " " The 
 two O's in 400 ; " " Two *-s in Orion ; " " The why^s and 
 wherefore^s of the question." Sbme writers, however, omit 
 the apostrophe in such cases, joining the 5 immediately to 
 the letter, character, or word, as in the phrases " The two 
 Zs in aU ; " " Two *s in Orion ; •' " The pros and co7is.''^ 
 Others still write the names of the letters with their proper 
 plural endings, instead of the letters themselves ; as, the 
 two ees, efs, ells, esses, and the like. The plurals of letters 
 are also rarely expressed by simply doubling them, without 
 adding any plural sign ; as, the two ee in bee, the two II in 
 cdl; but this practice is not t^ be commended, as ee, II, Sec, 
 are properly read double e, double I, and the like. 
 
 § 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form 
 their plural by adding es and changing y mto i : as, mercy, 
 mercies; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, armies; pity, 
 pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u, 
 bemg pronounced like w,is strictly a consonant; as col- 
 loquy, colloquies. The plural of proper nouns ending in y 
 preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into ies, 
 according to the rule; as, "The three Maries." Many 
 writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply 
 adding s .- as, " The three Marys;'' but for this practice 
 there seems to be no good reason. 
 
 When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a 
 
 vowel (except u having the power of w), the plural Is regu- 
 larly formed by adding 5 only : as, day, days; key, keys; 
 m.oney, moneys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, 
 guys. Some plurals of the latter class are often inaccu- 
 rately written with the termination ies: as, monies, attor- 
 nies, and the like. 
 
 Note. — Nouns now ending in y formerly ended in ie, 
 and formed their plurals regularly by adding s : as, mem- 
 orie, memories : mercie, mercies. Ywas finally substituted 
 for ie in the singular, but the plural was not changed, and 
 still retains its old form. 
 
 § 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in/or /e are 
 irregularly formed by changingy" or/e into ves. The fol- 
 lowing words, with their compounds, are the principal ex- 
 amples: namely, life, lives; knife, knives; wife, wives; 
 leaf, leaves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf, loaves; beef beeves; 
 thief, thieves ; calf, calves ; half, halves ; elf, elves ; shelf, 
 shelves ; self, selves ; wolf, wolves. The plural of staff is 
 sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, ex- 
 cept when it means a corps of ofiicers, either military or 
 civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural 
 of loharf is generally written wharfs in England ; in the 
 United States it is more commonly, but improperly, written 
 wharves, as it is also by some recent English writers. The 
 plurals of Aoo/ and turf, formerly written hooves and turves, 
 are now written hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other 
 nouns ending iny, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the 
 addition of s only. 
 
 § 31. In the following nouns, the plural is distinguished 
 from the singular only by a change of the vowel or vowel 
 sound of the word : namely, man, ■)nen; woman, women; 
 goose, geese ; foot, feet ; tooth, teeth ; brother, brethren; louse, 
 lice; mouse, mice. Compounds ending with these words 
 form their plurals in the same manner: a,&,foeman, foe- 
 men; dormouse, dormice. Words which end in the sylla- 
 ble man, and are not compounds, form their plurals regu- 
 larly, by adding s only: as, cayman, caymayis ; desman, 
 desmans; firman, firmans; talisman, talismans; Ger- 
 man, Germans; Mussulman, Mussidmans. The plurals 
 of talisman and Mussidman are sometimes, by a gross 
 blunder, written talisman and Mussulman. 
 
 § 32. A few plurals end in en : namely, brother, breth- 
 ren ; child, children ; ox, oxen. To these may be added the 
 obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen (from eye, 
 coiv, shoe, hose, house), the first three of which, though 
 they have received a slightly different foi-m, end, as pro- 
 nounced, with the sound of n. 
 
 § 33. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have each. 
 two plurals of different forms and with different significa- 
 tions: as, brothers, male children of the same parent, also, 
 members of the same society, association, class, or profes- 
 sion ; brethren, members of the same religious or ecclesiasti- 
 cal body, the word in this form being rarely used except in 
 religious writings, or in scriptural language, where it also 
 has the same meaning that brother has in ordinary lan- 
 guage ; dies, implements for making impressions by stamp- 
 ing, or for making screws, also the cubical parts of pedes- 
 tals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in games of chance ; 
 peas, seeds of the pea-plant, when a definite number is 
 mentioned; pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of collect- 
 ively ; pennies, the coins, especially when a definite num- 
 ber is mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned by these 
 coins. See also these words in the Dictionary. The word 
 acquaintance is written, in the plural, either acquaintance 
 (supposed to be a corruption of acquaintants) or acquaint- 
 ances, the two forms having little or no difference of mean- 
 ing. • 
 
 § 34. A few words, mostly names of animals, have the 
 same form in the plural as in the singular ; as, deer, sheep, 
 trout, and the like. 
 
 § 35 . Manj"- words adopted from foreign languages re- 
 tain their original plurals: as, datum, data; criterion^ 
 
TXVi 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 eriitria; gtnus, gtnera; larva, larvse ; crisis, crises; tnat- 
 rix, matricts ; /oats, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. 
 
 Mauy words of this class, while ivtaiiiiug the original 
 plunUs, have also a second, formed after the analogy of 
 English words of similar termination ; as, formula, form- 
 Mix ox formulas ; heau,btaux or beaus ; index, indices, or 
 indexes; stratum, strata or stratums ; bandit, banditti or 
 bandits; cherub, cherubim or cherubs ; seraph, seraphitn or 
 seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes 
 incorrectly written cherubims and seraphims, with double 
 plural terminations, from ignorance or forgetfulness of the 
 fiict that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending. 
 
 § 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun 
 followed by an adjective or other qualifying expression, the 
 plural is commonly formed by making the same change in 
 the noun as when it stands alone : as, court-martial, courts- 
 marticd; cousin-gerinan , cousins-german ; son-in-law, sons- 
 in-law. VThea, however, the adjective is so closely joined 
 to the noun that the compound has the force of a simple 
 ■word, the plural of the compound is commonly formed hke 
 that of any other word of the same termination: as, cupful, 
 cupfuls ; handful, handfuls. 
 
 § 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned 
 in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which usage, even 
 that of the best authoi-s, is variable. The most important 
 of these words are mentioned in this and the succeeding 
 sections. 
 
 The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, vil- 
 lainy, &c., though often written villanous, villany, &c., 
 properly retain the i, according to the practice of many 
 writers, like those of other words similarly ending in ain: 
 as, mountainous, from, mountain; captaincy, from captain; 
 and the Uke. 
 
 The words connection, defection, infection, and reflec- 
 tion, follow the spelUng of the words connect, deflect, inflect, 
 and reflect, though often written, especially in England, con- 
 jiexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. See Note under 
 CoNXECTiox, in the Dictionary. 
 
 The word woe, though often written without the final e, 
 should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and 
 of similar form; as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and the 
 like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more 
 than one syllable, having a similar tei'mination, omit the 
 e ; as, do, go, no, so, canto, m.otto, potato. 
 
 The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are 
 properly written thus, though often spelled with c instead 
 of 5, for the s belongs to the words from which they are 
 derived, and is also used in all their derivatives. See Note 
 under Offexse, in the Dictionary. 
 
 The words drought and height were formerly written 
 drouth and hight, and are still very often, thus written in 
 America. 
 
 The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in 
 preference to the form practise, though the latter spell- 
 ing is u.sed by many writers, especially in England. The 
 difference in speUing between the noun and the verb is 
 proi)erly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as 
 are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. See 
 Note under Practise, in the Dictionary. 
 
 Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pro- 
 nounced hUd'ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, 
 and the like, are properly thus written with h before the e 
 of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, 
 tetraMron, octaMral, &c., without the h. 
 
 § 28. There is a class of adjectives ending either in 
 able or in ible, of which a large majority have the termina- 
 tion aUe as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, naviga- 
 ble, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words ending 
 in oMlis or ibilis ; some are from the Prench ; and not a 
 few are formed by adding the termination to English words. 
 Those from Latin words end respectively in able or ible, 
 according as they are derived from words ending in abilis or 
 
 ibilis : as, mutable (Lat. mutabilis); potable (Lat. potabilis); 
 credible (La.t. credibilis) ; vendible (h&t. vendibilis). Those 
 formed from EngUsh words generally end in a^U ; as, avoid- 
 able, eatable, fordable, laughable, liable, salable, serviceable. 
 There are a few words respecting which usage is variable : 
 as, addible or addable ; conversable or conversible ; in'fer- 
 able or infer' r ible ; re'ferable or refer'rible. 
 
 § 29. There is a class of words beginning with en or in, 
 as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or insure, 
 and the like, many of which take either form of the prefix 
 indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, 
 either directly or through the French, the prefix in belong- 
 ing to the former language, and en to the latter. In some 
 of these words, en is to be preferred ; in others, in; in 
 many of them, either may be used indifferently. See the 
 List of Words Spelled in Two or More Ways, and the differ- 
 ent words of this class in the Dictionary. 
 
 § 30. There was formerly considerable diversity of 
 usage in respect to the termmations ant and ent, both of 
 which were in certain cases used almost indifferently ; as in 
 the words confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, 
 and the like. Present usage, however, is definitely settled 
 in favor of one or the other form, in nearly or quite every 
 word of this class, though not always upon uniform princi- 
 ples. In the few words in which both these terminations 
 are retained, it is the more general practice to write the 
 adjective with ent, and the common noun with ant, while 
 the corresponding abstract noun ends in ence, as in the 
 adjectives confident and dependent, the common nouns con- 
 fidant and dependant, and the abstract nouns confidence 
 and dependence. In the case of very many words, however, 
 the adjective ends in ant, as also the common noun ; while 
 the abstract noun ends in ance, as in the adjectives attend- 
 ant and repentant ; the common nouns attendant and re- 
 pentant ; and the abstract nouns attendance and repent- 
 ance. It may be remarked that the terminations ant and 
 ance belong properly to words derived from the French or 
 from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; ent and ence to 
 words derived from Latin verbs of the other three conjuga- 
 tions. Ence and ance were also formerly confounded in 
 some words, the one or the other being used indifferently. 
 
 § 31. There is a class of words ending in er, some of 
 which are written by most authors with the termination re ; 
 as, center, meter, theater, &c., which are often written cen- 
 tre, metre, theatre, Scc.^ Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massa- 
 cre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to preserve 
 the hard sound of the c and g. 
 
 § 32. There are two classes of chemical words ending 
 respectively, as more commonly written, in ide and ine, in 
 regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them 
 were formerly written without the final e ; but it is now the 
 almost universal practice to retain it : as, bromide, chloride, 
 iodide, sulphide; chlorine, fluorine, salicine, stearine ; and 
 the hke. The word tannin is always written without the 
 final e. Oxide is now generally written with the termina- 
 tion ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, from the 
 supposition that the y of the last syllable represented the v 
 of the Greek 6^vs, from which the word is derived ; whereas 
 the last syllable is simply the same as the termination of the 
 words bromide, sulphide, and the hke. See Note under 
 Oxide, in the Dictionary. 
 
 § 33. There is a class of words ending as pronounced, 
 with the sound of long i, followed by z, some of which are 
 differently written, by different authors, with either ise or 
 ize to represent this sound: as, criticize or criticise; civil- 
 ize or civilise ; naturalize or naturalise ; patronize or pat- 
 ronise. These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly de- 
 rived from Greek words ending in i^w, or from French 
 words ending in iser or ise. There are a few from other 
 sources, but formed in analogy with those derived from 
 these languages. Those formed from Greek words have the 
 termination ize; as anathematize, characterize, dramatize, 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHr. 
 
 xxvii 
 
 tantalize. The words catechise and exorcise are exceptions. 
 Those formed in an analogous manner from English words 
 are likewise written with ize ; as, albumenize, bastardize, 
 memorize, sensitize. Those derived from the French verb 
 prendre (participle pris or prise) end in ise ; as, apprise, 
 comprise, emprise, enterprise, surprise. Of those formed 
 firom French v^ords other than prendre , or which have cor- 
 responding forms in the French, a majority end in ize, 
 though in respect to some of them usage is variable ; as, 
 civilize, formalize, organize, satirize. The following are 
 the principal English verbs ending in ise : namely, adver- 
 tise, advise, affranchise, apprise, catechise, chastise, circum- 
 cise, comprise, compromise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, 
 disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, en- 
 franchise , enterprise , exercise, exorcise, franchise, 7nanumise, 
 misprise, premise, reprise, revise, supervise, surmise, sur- 
 prise. It may be remarked that most of those in respect 
 to which usage varies are more frequently written in Eng- 
 land with the termination ise, and in the United States with 
 the termination ize. 
 § 34. The words mold and molt, and their compounds 
 
 and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with o in- 
 stead of 0)*, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt, gold, 
 &c., from which the m has been dropped. Most authors, 
 however, write these words m.ould and moult, and their de- 
 rivatives in like manner, 
 
 § 35. There is a numerous class of words almost uni- 
 versally written, in the United States, with the termination 
 or, many of which are written, in England, with the termi- 
 nation our ; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor. 
 English usage, however, is not uniform with respect to 
 these words, many of them being written with or in English 
 books. See the Observations on Orthography, prefixed to 
 these rules. 
 
 § 36. There is a small class of words ending with the 
 syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination 
 of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, 
 written pede ; as, biped, centiped, milliped, palm.iped, quad- 
 ruped, soliped, and the like. The words biped and quadru- 
 ped are universally written without the final e, and the 
 others, according to the best usage, should be written in 
 the same manner. 
 
 A LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS. 
 
 The design of the following List is, in the first place, to 
 present those words in reference to which present usage, in 
 the United States or in England, sanctions more than one 
 method of spelling the same word ; and, secondly , a consid- 
 erable number of words, which, though not differently 
 speUed by Uving reputable wi-iters, yet are to be found in 
 . the orthography of the second column in the works of 
 respectable authors of the last century, or the early part 
 of the present century, and are, therefore, often presented 
 to the eye of the modern reader. Such a list, it is thought, 
 will be found very convenient for consultation. For any 
 thing more full, a Glossary would be the appropriate resort. 
 The first column, in the following List, presents the orthog- 
 raphy recognized in the body of this Dictionary as the 
 preferable one, or that in general use ; the second column, 
 one less desirable, or the usage of former times. Those 
 forms in the second column which a good writer at the 
 present day would not probably employ, but which are 
 found only in writings of the past, have a dagger prefixed. 
 One class of words which might properly have been added, 
 
 is, from their great number, omitted. It is that of words 
 of more than one syllable ending in. ic or ick ; as, music, 
 musick, public, publick, &c. It is deemed sufficient to 
 mention the class, and to state that the termination in ick 
 is wholly disused. A similar remark is applicable to a por- 
 tion of the words terminating fonnerly in our, now in or. 
 Those of this class in the following List, in which both 
 forms are given, are still sometimes used in both forms, the 
 termination in or being that most favored in the United 
 States, while our is the form generally preferred in England. 
 Words of this class not given in the List are used only in or 
 by Uving writers. Subject to a like remark is a class of 
 words terminating in ise or ize ; as, systematise or systema- 
 tize, &c., — the latter being the mode in which such words 
 are spelled in America, and the former that adopted by 
 EngUsh printers. When in this List the word in the first 
 column is followed by or, as, " Abatis, or Abattis," it is im- 
 plied that the second form is nearly, often quite, in as good 
 use as the first. 
 
 Abatis, or 
 
 Abettor, 
 
 Abreuvoir, 
 
 Abridgment, 
 
 Accessory, 
 
 Account, -ant, &c. 
 
 Accouter, &c., or 
 
 Acetimeter, or 
 
 Ache, 
 
 Achieve, 
 
 Acknowledgment , 
 
 Addible, 
 
 Adipocere, 
 
 Admittable, 
 
 Adopter ( Chem.), 
 
 Adulterer, -ess. 
 
 Adz, or 
 
 ^dile, 
 
 iEgis, 
 
 ^olian, or 
 
 iErie, or Eyrie, 
 
 .Esthetic, -s, or 
 
 Aghast, 
 
 Agriculturist, 
 
 Aid-de-camp, or 
 
 Ajutage, or 
 
 Alcaid, 
 
 Alchemy, 
 
 Alcoran or Koran, 
 
 Alkahest, or 
 
 Allege, 
 
 
 AUeluia, or \ 
 AUehiiah, } 
 
 f Allelujah, 
 Halleluiah. 
 
 Appareled, -ing, 
 
 Apparelled, -ling. 
 
 
 Appraise, -ed,&c.,or Apprize, -ed, &c. 
 
 Abattis. 
 
 Alloy, 
 
 tAUay. 
 
 Apprise [to notify), 
 
 Apprize. 
 
 Abetter. 
 
 Alum, 
 
 AJlum. 
 
 Apricot, 
 
 tApricock. 
 
 Abbreuvoir. 
 
 Almanac, 
 
 Almanack. 
 
 Arbitrament, 
 
 fArbitrement. 
 
 Abridgement. 
 
 Ambassador, or \ 
 . Embassador, | 
 
 1 Ambassadour, 
 ( Embassadour. 
 
 Arbor, 
 
 Arbour. 
 
 Accessary. [&c 
 
 Archaeology, 
 
 Archaiology. 
 
 tAccompt, -ant. 
 
 Ambegris, 
 
 i tAmbergrease, 
 \ Ambergrise. 
 
 Ardor, 
 
 Ardour. 
 
 Accoutre, &c. 
 
 Argol, or 
 
 Argal. 
 
 Acetometer. 
 
 Ambs-ace, 
 
 1 Ambes-ace, 
 ( Ames-ace. 
 
 Armor, -er, &c., 
 
 Armour, -er, &a. 
 
 tAke. 
 
 Arquebuse, 
 
 Arquebus, fHar- 
 
 tAtchieve. [ment 
 
 . Amend, -ment, 
 
 tEmend, -ment. 
 
 Arrack, 
 
 tArack. [quebuse 
 
 Acknowledge- 
 
 Amice, 
 
 fAmess. 
 
 Artisan, 
 
 Artizan. 
 
 Addable. 
 
 Ammoniuret, 
 
 Ammoniaret. 
 
 Asafetida, ) 
 Asafoetida, j 
 
 Assafoetida. 
 
 Adipocire. 
 
 Amortize, -ment, 
 
 Amortise, -ment 
 
 Admittible. 
 
 Amphitheater, 
 
 Amphitheatre. 
 
 Asbestus, or 
 
 Asbestos. 
 
 Adapter. 
 
 Anapest, 
 
 Anapaest. 
 
 Ascendant, 
 
 Ascendent. 
 
 tAdultrer, -ess. 
 
 Ancient, -ly, 
 
 tAntient, -ly. 
 
 Ascendency, 
 
 Ascendancy. 
 
 Adze. 
 
 Andiron, 
 
 tHandiron. 
 
 Askance, 
 
 Askaunoe. 
 
 Edile. 
 
 Angiotomy, 
 
 Angeiotomy. 
 
 Askant, 
 
 Askaixnt. 
 
 S°l?- 
 
 Ankle, 
 
 Ancle. 
 
 Assuage, 
 
 tAsswage. 
 
 Eohan. 
 
 
 i Anotta, Annatto, Atheneum, or 
 
 Athenaeum. 
 
 Eyry. 
 
 Annotto, 
 
 < Anota, Annotta, 
 
 Attar, or 
 
 Otto. 
 
 Esthetic, -s. 
 
 
 ( Amotta,Arnotto 
 
 . Aught, 
 
 Ought. 
 
 tAgast. 
 
 Antechamber, 
 
 Antichamber. 
 
 Author, &c., 
 
 Authour, &c. 
 
 Agriculturalist. 
 
 Anterior, 
 
 fAnteriour. 
 
 Autocracy, 
 
 Autocrasy. 
 
 Aide-de-camp. 
 
 Anti-emetic, 
 
 Antemetic. 
 
 Autoptical, 
 
 Autopsical. 
 
 Adjutage. 
 
 Antihypnotic, 
 
 Anthypnotic. 
 
 Awkward, 
 
 fAukward. 
 
 Alcade. 
 
 Apostasy, 
 
 Apostacy. 
 
 Awm, or 
 
 Aum. 
 
 tAlchymy. ' 
 
 Aposteme, or 
 
 Imposthume. 
 
 Ax, or 
 
 Axe. 
 
 Alkoran. 
 
 Apothegm, or 
 
 Apophthegm. 
 
 Ay, or 
 
 Aye. 
 
 Alcahest. 
 
 Appall, 
 
 Appal. 
 
 
 
 tAlledge. 
 
 Appalhnent, 
 
 Appalment. 
 
 
 
xxviu 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 I 
 
 3. 
 
 Butt, or 
 
 But. 
 
 
 
 Byzantine, 
 
 Bizantine. 
 
 Backshish, 
 
 Bakshish, Buk- 
 
 
 
 Bade(t.), 
 
 tBad. [sheesh 
 
 
 c. 
 
 Baldric, 
 
 Baldrick, Baw- 
 
 
 
 Balk, 
 
 Baulk. [drick. Caboose. 
 
 Cam boose, Co- 
 
 Balister, or 
 
 BaUister. 
 
 Cacique, 
 
 Cazique. [boose. 
 
 Baluster, 
 
 Banister. 
 
 Caddice, or 
 
 Caddis. 
 
 Bsiudaua, or 
 
 Bandanna. 
 
 Caesura, 
 
 Cesura. 
 
 Bandoleer, 
 
 Biindelier. 
 
 Cag, or 
 
 Keg. 
 
 Banderole, 
 
 Bannerol, Band 
 
 Caique, or 
 
 Caic. 
 
 Banyan (A>/.), 
 
 Banian. [rol 
 
 . Caisson, or 
 
 Caissoon. 
 
 Bans, 
 
 Banns. 
 
 Calash, 
 
 Caleche. 
 
 Barbacan, 
 
 Barbican. 
 
 Caldron, 
 
 Cauldron. 
 
 Barbecue, 
 
 Barbacue. 
 
 Calendar, 
 
 tKalendar. 
 
 Barberry, 
 
 Berberry. 
 
 Calends, 
 
 tKalends. 
 
 Bark, or 
 
 Barque. 
 
 Caliber, or 
 
 Calibre. 
 
 Barouche, 
 
 Barouch. 
 
 CaUpash, 
 
 Callipash. 
 
 Barytone, 
 
 Baritone. 
 
 Calipee, 
 
 Callipee. 
 
 Basin, 
 
 Bason. 
 
 CaUpers, 
 
 Callipers, 
 
 Bass, or 
 
 Base. 
 
 Caliph, 
 
 Calif, Kalif. 
 
 Bass-viol, or 
 
 Base-viol. 
 
 Calk, or 
 
 Caulk, Caique. 
 
 Bas-relief, 
 
 Bass-relief. 
 
 Calligraphy, 
 
 Caligraphy. 
 
 Bastinade, or 
 
 Bastinado. 
 
 Caloyer, or 
 
 Kaloyer. 
 
 Baton, or Batoon, 
 
 Baston. 
 
 Caltrap, or 
 
 Caltrop. 
 
 Bateau, 
 
 Batteau. 
 
 Calyx, 
 
 Calix. [let. 
 
 Battledoor, or 
 
 Battledore. 
 
 Camlet, 
 
 Camblet, Cham- 
 
 Bauble, 
 
 Bawble. 
 
 Camomile, 
 
 ChamomUe. 
 
 Bazaar, or 
 Befall, 
 
 Bazar. 
 Befal. 
 
 Camphene, 
 
 ( Camphine, 
 ( Camphogen. 
 
 Behavior, 
 
 Behaviour. 
 
 Camphor, 
 
 Camphire. 
 
 Behoove, 
 
 Behove. 
 
 Candor, 
 
 Candour. [&c. 
 
 Beldam, or 
 
 Beldame. 
 
 Canceled, -ing, &c 
 
 , or Cancelled, -ling. 
 
 Belligerent, 
 
 Belligerant. 
 
 Cannel-coal, 
 
 Canal-coal. 
 
 Benedict, or 
 
 Benedick. 
 
 Cannoneer, or 
 
 Cannonier. 
 
 Benumb, 
 
 tBenum. 
 
 Canny, 
 
 Cannie. 
 
 Bellfounder, 
 
 tBelfounder, 
 
 Canon (5;?.), 
 
 Canyon. 
 
 and similar compounds. 
 
 Cantaloup, or 
 
 Cantaloupe, 
 
 Bequeath, 
 
 Bequeathe. 
 
 Cantalever, or 
 
 Cantilever. 
 
 Bergamot, 
 
 tBiu-gamot. 
 
 Carbine, 
 
 Carabine. 
 
 Berth (lYar.), 
 
 Birth. 
 
 Carbineer, 
 
 ( Carbinier,Carabi- 
 ( nier, Carabineer. 
 
 Betel, 
 
 Betle. 
 
 Beveled, -ing, or 
 
 Bevelled, -ling. 
 
 Carapace, 
 
 Carapax. 
 
 Bevile {Her.), 
 
 BevU, or Bevel. 
 
 Caret, 
 
 Caract, Carrat. 
 
 Bezant, 
 
 Byzant. [-ses,&c 
 
 . Caravansary, or 
 
 Caravansera. 
 
 Biasing, -ed, -es, &c. 
 
 Biassing, -sed, 
 
 Carcass, 
 
 Carcase. 
 
 Bigoted, 
 
 Bigotted. 
 
 Carnelian, 
 
 Cornelian. [&c. 
 
 BUge, 
 
 Bulge. [ards 
 
 . Caroled, -ing, &c. 
 
 , or Carolled, -ling, 
 
 Billiards, 
 
 tBalyards, Balli- 
 
 Cartography, 
 
 Chartography. 
 
 Billingsgate, 
 
 Bilingsgate. 
 
 Cask {a vessel), 
 
 Casque. 
 
 Bin, 
 
 Binn. 
 
 Casque {helmet). 
 
 Cask. 
 
 Binnacle, 
 
 tBinacle, Bittacle 
 
 . Cassava, 
 
 Cassada,Cassado. 
 
 Bister, or 
 
 Bistre. 
 
 Cassimere, or 
 
 Kerseymere. 
 
 Blende (3Im.), 
 
 Blend, Blinde. 
 
 Caster, 
 
 Castor. 
 
 Blessed {a.), or 
 
 Blest. [&c 
 
 . Catchup, or ) 
 Ketchup, j 
 
 Catsup. 
 
 Blithesome, -ly,&c. 
 
 , Blithsome, -ly. 
 
 Biomary, 
 
 Bloomary. 
 
 Catechise, -er, or 
 
 Catechize,-er,&c. 
 
 Blouse, or 
 
 Blowse. 
 
 Cauliflower, 
 
 Colliflower. 
 
 Bodice, 
 
 Boddice. 
 
 Causewaj-, 
 
 Causey. 
 
 Boil, »., 
 
 BUe. 
 
 Caviare, or 
 
 Caviar. 
 
 Bombazet, or 
 
 Bombazette. 
 
 Caviler, -ed, &c.. 
 
 or Caviller, -led, &c. 
 
 Bombazine, or 
 
 Bombasine. 
 
 Cayman, 
 
 Caiman. 
 
 Bonnyclabber, 
 
 Bonnyclapper. 
 
 CeU, -ing, -ed. 
 
 tCiel, -ing, -ed. 
 
 Bourgeois, or 
 
 Burgeois. 
 
 Center, 
 
 Centre. 
 
 Bourse, 
 
 Burse. 
 
 Centered, 
 
 Centred. 
 
 Bouse, or 
 
 Boose. 
 
 Centimeter, or 
 
 Centimetre. 
 
 Bousy, or 
 
 Boozy. [&c 
 
 . Centiped, 
 
 Centipede. 
 
 Boweled, -ing, &c., 
 
 or Bowelled, -ling, 
 
 Ceroon, or 
 
 Seroon. 
 
 Bowlder, 
 
 Boulder. 
 
 Cess-pool, or 
 
 Sess-pool. 
 
 Bowsprit, 
 
 tBoItsprit. 
 
 Chalcedony, 
 
 Calcedony. 
 
 Brahman, 1 
 Brahmin, ) 
 
 ( Brachman, 
 1 Bramin. 
 
 Chameleon, 
 
 Cameleon. [my. 
 
 Chamois, 
 
 Shamois, Sham- 
 
 Brake {Railways), 
 
 Break. 
 
 Champaign, 
 
 Champain. 
 
 Brazen, 
 
 tBrasen. 
 
 Champagne, 
 
 tChampane. [&c. 
 
 Brazier, 
 
 tBraaer. 
 
 Channeled,-ing,&c.or Channelled,-ling, 
 
 Brier, 
 
 Briar. 
 
 Chant, -er. -ed, &c., Chaunt, -er, -ed. 
 
 Brooch, 
 
 Broach, Broche 
 
 Chap, 
 
 Chop. [&c. 
 
 Brjony, 
 
 Briony. 
 
 Chase, 
 
 Chace. 
 
 Buccaneer, 
 
 Bucanjer. 
 
 Check (n.). 
 
 Cheque. 
 
 Buddhism, or 
 
 Boodhism. 
 
 Checker, -ed, &c. 
 
 Chequer, -ed, &c. 
 
 BufiFet, or 
 
 Beaufet. 
 
 Chemist, 
 
 Chymist,ChimiRt. 
 
 Buhrstone, 
 Bun, or 
 
 Burrstone. 
 Bunn. 
 
 Chemistry, 
 
 ( Chymistry, 
 Chimistry. 
 
 Buncombe, 
 
 Bunkum. 
 
 Cherif, ) 
 Scherif, j ^ 
 
 Sheriffe, 
 \ Schereef. 
 
 Bur, or 
 
 Burr. 
 
 Burden, -some, 
 
 tBurthen, -some 
 
 Chestnut, 
 
 Chesnut. 
 
 Burin, 
 
 Burine. 
 
 Chevron, or 
 
 Cheveron. 
 
 Burned {imp.), 
 
 Burnt. 
 
 Chicory, 
 
 Chiccory. 
 
 Burganet, or 
 
 Burgonet. 
 
 Chilioliter, 
 
 Kiloliter. 
 
 But-end, or 
 
 Butt-end. 
 
 Chiliometer, 
 
 Kilometer. 
 
 Chine, 
 
 Chintz, 
 
 Chiseled, -ing, or 
 
 Chock-fuU, 
 
 Choir, 
 
 Chorister, 
 
 Choke, 
 
 Choose, 
 
 Chore, 
 
 Cigar, 
 
 Cimeter, 1 
 
 Scimiter, ) 
 
 Cipher, 
 
 Clamor, -ous, &c. 
 
 Clangor, 
 
 Clarionet, or 
 
 Clew, or 
 
 Clinch, 
 
 Clinique, 
 
 Clinometer, 
 
 Cloak, 
 
 ClodpoU, 
 
 Clothe, -ed, &c., 
 
 Clough, 
 
 Clyster, 
 
 Cockswain, or 
 
 Coeliac, or 
 
 Cognizor, -zee. 
 
 Coif, 
 
 CoiflFure, 
 
 Colander, 
 
 Color, 
 
 Comb, Combe, or 
 
 Comfrey, 
 
 Complete, 
 
 Complexion, 
 
 Confectionery, 
 
 Connection, 
 
 Contemporary, or 
 
 Contra-dance, 
 
 Controller, -ship. 
 
 Control, 
 Cony, 
 Cooly, or 
 Coomb, or 
 Copaiva, or 
 Copier, 
 Copse, 
 
 Coquette, n., 
 Coranach, 
 Corbel, 
 Corselet, 
 Cosy, 
 Cot, or 
 Cot, or 
 Cotillon, or . 
 Councilor, or 
 Counselor, or 
 Count, 
 Coiu-tesan, 
 Courtesy (Law). 
 Cozen, -age, 
 Craunch, 
 Crav-fish, or 
 Creak {v.). 
 Creosote, 1 
 Creasote, j 
 Critique, 
 Croup {buttocks), 
 Cruet, 
 Crupper, 
 Cruse {bottle), 
 Cucurbit, or 
 Cudgeled, -er, 
 Cue {def. 1), 
 Cuei-po, 
 Cuneiform, or 
 Curh{def.S), 
 Cursed {imp.), 
 Curtal-ax, 
 Cutlass, or 
 Cyclopedia, or 
 Cymar, 
 Cyst, 
 Czar, -ina. 
 
 mg 
 
 Chime, Chimb. 
 
 Chints. 
 
 Chiselled, -ling. 
 
 Chuck-fuU. 
 tQuire. 
 tQuirister. 
 tChoak. 
 tChuse. 
 
 Char. 
 
 Segar. 
 
 {Scimetar. 
 Scymetar. 
 
 Cypher. [&e 
 
 Clamour, -ous, 
 
 Clangour. 
 
 Clarinet. 
 
 Clue. 
 
 Clench. 
 
 Clinic. 
 
 Klinometer. 
 tCloke. 
 
 Clodpole. 
 tCloathe, -ed, &c 
 
 Clofif. 
 
 Glyster. 
 
 Coxswain. » 
 
 Celiac. 
 
 Cognisor, -see. 
 
 Quoif. 
 tQuoiflfure. 
 
 Cullender. 
 
 Colour. 
 
 Coombe. 
 
 Comfry, Cumfrey 
 tCompleat. 
 jComplection. 
 tConfectionary, 
 
 Connexion. 
 
 Cotemporary. 
 
 Countrj'-dance. 
 
 {Comptroller, 
 -ship, [tronl, 
 tComptrol, Con- 
 Coney. 
 
 Coolie. 
 
 Comb. 
 
 Copaiba. 
 
 Copyer. 
 
 Coppice. 
 
 Coquet. 
 
 Coronach. 
 
 Corbeil. 
 
 Crosslet. 
 
 Cosey. 
 
 Cote, (a hut). 
 
 Cott, {a bed). 
 
 CotUion. 
 
 Councillor. 
 
 Counsellor. 
 fCompt. 
 
 Courtezan. 
 
 Curtesy, Curtsy. 
 
 Cosen, -age. 
 
 Cranch. 
 
 Craw-fish. 
 
 Creek. 
 ( Kreosote, 
 I Kreasote. 
 
 Critic (a criti- 
 
 Crup. [cisfji). 
 
 Crewet. 
 
 Crouper. 
 tCniise. 
 
 Cucurbite. 
 ,or Cudgelled, 
 
 Queue. 
 tQuerpo. 
 
 Cuniform. 
 tKerb, Kirb. 
 
 Curst. [lasee. 
 
 Curtle-axe, Curte- 
 
 Cutlas. 
 
 Cyclopaedia. 
 
 Chimere, Simar. 
 
 Cist. 
 
 Tzar, -ina. 
 
 -ler, 
 [-ling. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dactyl, 
 
 Dactvle. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Damasken, Damaskeen. 
 
 Damson, Damascene. 
 
 Daudruff, Dandriff. 
 
 Danegelt, or Danegeld. 
 
 Debarkation, Debarcation. [&c. 
 
 Debonair, -ly, -ness, Debonnaire, -ly, 
 
 Decrepit, Decrepid. 
 Defense, -less, &c., or Defence,-less,&c. 
 
 Detiection, Deflexion. 
 
 Embarkation, 
 
 Deflour, 
 
 Delf, 
 
 Delphin, or 
 
 Deltoid, 
 
 Demarkation 
 
 Demeanor, 
 
 Demesne (Law;), 
 
 Dentiroster, 
 
 Dependent, 
 
 Dependence, 
 
 Deposit, 
 
 Desert {«.), 
 
 Deshabille, 
 
 Dessert, 
 
 Detecter, 
 
 Detortion, 
 
 Deuce, 
 
 Develop, -ment, 
 
 Dexterous-,- 
 
 Diseresis, or 
 
 Diarrhea, or 
 
 Diarrhetic, or 
 
 Dike, 
 
 Diocese, 
 
 Disheveled,-ing, or 
 
 Disk, or 
 
 Deflower, 
 
 Delft, Delph. 
 
 Delphine. 
 tDeltoide. 
 
 Demarcation. 
 
 Demeanour. 
 
 Demain. 
 
 Dentirostre. 
 
 Dependant. 
 
 Dependance. 
 tDeposite. 
 tDesart. 
 
 Dishabille. 
 tDesert. 
 
 Detector. 
 
 De torsion. 
 
 Dense, D use. 
 
 Develope, -ment. 
 
 Dextrous. 
 
 Dieresis. 
 
 Diarrhoea. 
 
 Diarrhoetic. 
 
 Dyke. 
 
 Diocei^s. 
 
 Dishevelled,-ling. 
 
 Disc. [-ing. 
 
 Dispatch, -ed, -ing, or Despatch, -ed, 
 
 Disseize, -m, -or, 
 
 Distention, or 
 
 Distill, or 
 
 Distrainor, 
 
 Diversely, 
 
 Divest, -ed, &c., 
 
 Docket (Law), 
 
 Doctress, or 
 
 Dolor, -ous, 
 
 Domicile, 
 
 Doomsday-book, 
 
 Dory, or 
 
 Dormer-window, 
 
 Dote, 
 
 Dotage, 
 
 Doubloon, 
 
 Dowry, 
 
 Downfall, 
 
 Dram, and 
 
 Draff, 
 
 Draft, and 
 
 Dragoman, 
 
 Dribblet, or 
 
 Drier, 
 
 Driveler, -ing, or 
 
 Drought, 
 
 Dryly, 
 
 Duchy, 
 
 Duchess, 
 
 Dueler, -ing, -ist, or 
 
 Dullness, 
 
 Dungeon, 
 
 Dunghill, 
 
 Duress, 
 
 Dye, &c. [color), 
 
 Dyke. See 
 
 Disseise, -in, -or. 
 
 Distension. 
 
 Distil. 
 
 Distrainer. 
 
 Diver sly. 
 
 Devest, -ed, &c. 
 tDoquet. 
 
 Doctoress. 
 
 Dolour, -ous. 
 
 Domicil. 
 
 Domesday-book. 
 
 Doree, Dorey. 
 
 Dormar- window. 
 
 Doat. 
 fDoatage. 
 fDoublon. 
 tDowery. 
 tDownfal. 
 
 Drachm. 
 
 Draugh. 
 
 Draught. 
 
 Drogoman. 
 
 Driblet. 
 
 Dryer. [&c. 
 
 Di-iveUer, -ling, 
 
 Drouth. 
 
 Drily. 
 
 Dutchy. 
 
 Dutchess, [-list. 
 
 Dueller, -ling, 
 
 Dulness. [geon. 
 
 Donjon, fDon- 
 tDunghil. 
 tDuresse {Fr.). 
 
 Die, &c. 
 
 Dike. 
 
 Ambassador, ) 
 Embassy, 
 Embassage, 
 Embed, -ded, &c., 
 Embezzle, &c.. 
 Emblaze, 
 
 Emblazon, -ed, &c 
 Embody, -ied, &c., 
 Embolden, -ed, &c 
 Emborder, &c.. 
 Embosom, or 
 Emboss, -ed, &c., 
 
 Embowel, -ed, ) ' 
 
 Emboweler, \ 
 -ment, ) 
 Embower, -ed, &c. 
 Embrace, -ed, &c. 
 Embracer, -ment. 
 Embrasure, 
 Embrocation, 
 Embroil, -ed, &c., 
 Emerods, or 1 
 Emeroids, j 
 Emir, or 
 Empale, -ed, &c., 
 
 Empaneled, -ing, 
 &c., 
 
 Emperor, 
 
 Empoison, 
 
 Empower, -ed, &( 
 
 Emprise, 
 
 Empurple, 
 
 Emu, 
 
 Embarcation. 
 
 {Embassadour, 
 Anibassudour. 
 
 Ambassy. 
 
 Ambassage. 
 
 Imbed, -ded, &c. 
 timbezzle, &c. 
 timblaze. 
 t Imblazon ,-ed , & c . 
 
 Imbody,-ied,&c. 
 
 Imbolden , -cd, & c , 
 timborder, &c. 
 
 Imbosom. 
 timboss, -ed, &c. 
 tEmboweli, -ed, 
 
 &c., 
 timbowel, -€d,&c. 
 
 Emboweller, &c. 
 tlmboweUer, &c. 
 jlmbower, -ed,&c. 
 timbrace, -ed, &c. 
 timbracer, -ment. 
 tEmbrazure. 
 
 Imbrocation. 
 [Imbroil, -ed, &c. 
 
 Emrods. 
 
 Emeer. 
 
 Impale, -ed, &c., 
 
 Empanelled,&c., 
 timpanel , -led , & c . , 
 JEmpannel, -led. 
 &c. 
 
 Emperour. 
 
 Impoison. 
 timpower, -ed,&c. 
 
 Emprize. 
 timpurple. 
 
 Emeu. [&c. 
 
 [&c., 
 
 Enameled, -ing, &c., or Enamelled, -ling, 
 Enamour, -ed, 
 ■ing. 
 
 Enamor, -ed, -ing, 
 
 -ry, 
 
 E. 
 
 Eavesdropper, 
 Eccentric, -al, &c. 
 Economy, 
 Ecstasy, 
 Ecstatic, 
 Ecumenic, -al, 
 Edematous, or 
 EdUe, -ship, 
 Eloign, -ment, 
 Emarginate, 
 Embalm, -ed, &c., 
 Embahner, -ment, 
 Embank, -ed, &c., 
 Embargo, 
 Embark, -ed,&c.. 
 
 tEvesdropper. 
 tExcentric,-al,&c. 
 
 (Economy. 
 
 Ecstacy ,tExtasy . 
 tExtatic. 
 
 CEcumenic, -al. 
 
 GEdematous. 
 
 MAWe, -ship. 
 
 Eloin, -ment. 
 
 Imarginate. 
 timbalm, -ed, &c. 
 timbalmer, -ment , 
 
 Imbank, -ed, &c 
 flmbargo. 
 tlmbark,-ed, &c. 
 
 Encage, -ed, &c.. 
 Encamp, -ed, &c. 
 Enchant, 
 
 Enchiseled, -ing, or 
 Encloister, 
 Encounter, &c.. 
 Encroach, &c., 
 Encumber, -ed, 
 
 &c., 
 Encyclopedia, or 
 Endear, 
 
 Endeavor, -ed, &c. 
 Endow, &c., 
 Endue, or 
 Endure, -ance. 
 Enforce, -ed; &c., 
 Engage, -ed, &c.. 
 Engender, 
 Engorge, -ed, &c.. 
 Engross, 
 Enhance, 
 Enigma, 
 Enjoin, &c.. 
 Enkindle, -ed, &c.. 
 Enlarge. &c., 
 Enlist, ' 
 Enroll, 
 
 Enrollment, 
 
 Enshrine, 
 
 Enshroud, 
 
 Ensphere, 
 
 Enstamp, 
 
 Entail (Arch.), 
 
 Entangle, &c.. 
 
 Enterprise, 
 
 Incage, -ed, &c. 
 tincamp, -ed, &c. 
 jlnchant. 
 
 Enchiselled,-ling. 
 
 Incloister. 
 tincounter, &c. 
 tincroach, &c. 
 
 {tincumber, -ed, 
 &c. 
 
 Encyclopaedia, 
 tindear. [&c. 
 
 Endeavour, -ed, 
 tindow, &c. 
 jlndue. 
 tindure, -ance. 
 tinforce, -ed, &c. 
 flngage, -ed, &c. 
 
 Ingender. 
 tlngorge, -ed, &c. 
 tlngross. 
 tinhance. 
 t^nigma. 
 tinjoin, &c. 
 tInJdndle,-ed,&c. 
 tinlarge, &c. 
 tinhst. 
 
 Enrol, or InroU. 
 
 {tEnrolment, In- 
 rolment. 
 Inshrine. 
 Inshroud. 
 Insphere. 
 Instamp. 
 Entaile. 
 tintangle, &c. 
 Enterprize. [&c. 
 
 Enthrone, -ed, &c., tinthrone, -ed 
 
 Entire, -ly, &e., -r- -^ - - » 
 
 Entitle, -ed, &c., 
 
 Entrance, -ed, &c., 
 
 Entrap, -ed,&c.. 
 
 Entreat, -ed, &c., 
 
 Entreaty 
 
 Entresol, 
 
 Entwine, -ed, &c., 
 
 Envelop (v.), 
 
 Envelope (n.),or 
 
 Envelopment, 
 
 Intire, -Iv, &c. 
 tintitle, -ed, &c. 
 tlntrance,-ed,&c. 
 
 Intrap, -ped, &c. 
 
 Intreat, -ed, &c. 
 
 Intreaty. 
 
 Entersoie. 
 
 Intwine, -ed, &c. 
 
 Envelope. 
 
 Envelop. 
 
 Envelopement. 
 
 Envenom, 
 
 EoUpile, 
 
 Epaulet, or 
 
 Epauleted, -ing, 
 
 Equaled, -ing, or 
 
 Equiangular, 
 
 Equivoque, or 
 
 Era, 
 
 Error, &c., 
 
 Escalade, 
 
 Escapement, or 
 
 Escarp (Fort.), or 
 
 Eschalot, 
 
 Escheat, 
 
 Escritoire, 
 
 Escutcheon, 
 
 Estafet, or 
 Esthetics, or 
 Estoppel, 
 Estrich, 
 Etiology, or 
 Etui, or 
 Exactor, 
 Expense, 
 
 Exsiccate, -ed, -ing, 
 Exsiccation, 
 Exsuccous. 
 Exudation, 
 Exude, &c., 
 Eyrie, or \ 
 Eyry, 5 
 
 Faeces, 
 
 Eagot, -ed, -ing, 
 
 Fairy, 
 
 Fakir, or 
 
 Falchion, 
 
 Falcon, -er, 
 
 Fantasy, 
 
 Fantastic, 
 
 Farthingale, 
 
 Fattener, 
 
 Favor, -er, -ed, &c., 
 
 Fecal, 
 
 Fecula, 
 
 Feldspar, ) 
 
 Feldspath, j 
 
 FeUy, 
 
 Feoffor, or 
 
 Fervor, 
 
 Fetal, 
 
 Feticide, 
 
 Fetus, 
 
 Fetor, 
 
 Feud, -al, -atory, 
 
 Feudalize, -ism, 
 
 Fie, 
 
 Filbert, 
 
 Fflibuster. 
 
 Filigree, ) 
 
 Fillagree, j 
 
 Fillibeg, or 
 
 Finery (a forge). 
 
 Firman, 
 
 Fishgig, or 
 
 Fives, or 
 
 Flageolet, 
 
 Flavor, -ed, &c., 
 
 Flier, 
 
 Floatage (Law)., 
 
 Flotsam, or 
 
 Flour ( of grain), 
 
 Flower-de-luce, 
 
 Fluke (iVaM^.), 
 
 Fluke (ZoW.), 
 
 Fogy, 
 
 -EoTit (Typog.), 
 
 Forbade, 
 
 Foray, or 
 
 tinvenom. 
 
 iEolipile. 
 
 Epaulette I^Fr.). 
 
 Epauletted,-ting 
 
 Equalled, -ling. 
 tEquangular. 
 
 Equivoke. 
 
 Mva.. 
 
 Errour, &c. 
 tScalade. 
 
 Scapement. 
 
 Scarp. [ote. 
 
 Shallot, or Shal- 
 tExcheat. [toir. 
 
 Escritoir, Scru- 
 
 {Escocheon, 
 Scutcheon. 
 
 Estafette. 
 
 iEsthetics. [pie. 
 tEstopel, Estop- 
 
 Estndge. 
 
 .Etiology. 
 
 Etwee. 
 
 Exacter. 
 tExpence. [&c. 
 
 Exiccate,-ed,-ing, 
 
 Exiccation. 
 
 Exuccous. 
 
 Exsudation. 
 tExsude, fee- 
 Aerie. 
 
 Foundery, or 
 Franc (coin), 
 Frantic, 
 Frenzy, 
 Frieze (Arch.), 
 Frouzy, 
 
 [-ting. 
 Faggot, -ted, 
 fFaerie, Faery. 
 Faquir. 
 tFauchion. 
 tFaulcon, -er, -ry. 
 tPhantasy. 
 fPhantastic. 
 Fardingale. 
 tFatner. [&c. 
 Favour, -er, -ed. 
 Faecal. 
 Faecula. 
 J FeLspar, 
 \ Felspath. 
 FeUoe. 
 Feoffer. 
 Fervour. 
 Foetal, 
 Foeticide. 
 Foetus. 
 Foetor. 
 
 tFeod, -al, -atory. 
 JFeodalize, -ism. 
 Fy. 
 
 Filberd. [bustier. 
 FUlibuster, Fli- 
 ( Fihgrane, 
 \ Fihgrain. 
 PhiUibeg. 
 Finary. 
 Firmaun. 
 Fizgig. 
 Yives. 
 Flagelet. 
 Flavour, -ed,&c. 
 Flyer. 
 Flotage. 
 Flotson- 
 tFlower. 
 ( Fleur-de-lis, 
 I Flower-de-lis. 
 Flook. 
 
 Flowk, Flooc. 
 Fogie, Fogey- 
 Fount. 
 tForbad. 
 Forray. 
 Foss. 
 Foundry. 
 Frank. [etic. 
 Frenetic, Phren- 
 tPhrenzy. 
 Frize, Freese. 
 Frowzy. 
 
XiX 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Frumenty, 
 
 Furmenty, Fru- 
 
 Haggess, 
 
 tHaggis, Haggiss. 
 
 Imbibe, 
 
 tEmbibe. 
 
 Frustum, 
 
 Frustrum. [met^ 
 
 . Ha-ha, 
 
 Haw-haw. 
 
 Imbitter, 
 
 Embitter. 
 
 Fueled, -ing, or 
 
 Fuelled, -ling. 
 
 llaik. 
 
 Hyke. 
 
 Imbosom, 
 
 Embosom. 
 
 Fulfill, -ment, 
 
 Fulfil, -ment. 
 
 Uake, 
 
 Uaak. 
 
 Imbrue, 
 
 Embrue. 
 
 FuUuess, 
 
 Fulness. 
 
 Halberd, 
 
 Halbert. 
 
 Imbue, -ed, -ing, 
 
 Embue, -ed, -ing 
 Emarginate. [&c. 
 
 Furth»», and 
 
 Farther. 
 
 Halibut, 
 
 HoUbut. 
 
 Immarginate, or 
 
 Furtherauce, 
 
 Fartherance. 
 
 Hallelujah, 
 
 Halleluiah, -luia 
 
 ■ Impanel, -ed, -ing, 
 
 f Impannel, -led. 
 J Empannel,-led. 
 
 Furthermore, 
 
 Farthermore. 
 
 Halloo, HaUo, or 
 
 Hollo, HoUoa. 
 
 Furthest, and 
 
 Farthest, 
 
 Halidom, 
 
 HaUidome. 
 
 Imparlance, 
 
 Emparlance. [&c. 
 
 Fuse(«.), 
 
 Fuze. 
 
 Halyard, 
 
 Halliard. 
 
 Impassion, 
 
 Em passion. 
 
 Fusil ( Gi/n.), 
 
 Fusee. 
 
 Handicraft, 
 
 tHandcraft. 
 
 Impeach, 
 
 Empeach. [ling. 
 
 Fusileer, or 
 
 FusiUer. 
 
 Handiwork, 
 
 tHandwork. 
 
 Imperiled, or 
 
 Imperilled, -ing. 
 
 
 
 Handsome, 
 
 JHandsom. 
 
 Implead, 
 
 tEmplead. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 Handsel, 
 
 tHansel. 
 
 Imposthvune, 
 
 Impostume. 
 
 
 Handseled, or 
 
 HandseUed. 
 
 Impoverish, 
 
 Empoverish. 
 
 Gabardine, or 
 
 Garberdine. 
 
 Harbor, -ed, &c. 
 
 Harbour,-ed,&c 
 
 Imprint, 
 
 tEmprint. 
 
 Galiot, 
 
 Galliot. 
 
 HarebeU, 
 
 Han-bell. 
 
 Incase, 
 
 Encase. 
 
 Garish, or 
 
 Gairish. 
 
 Harebrained, 
 
 Hairbrained. 
 
 Inclasp, 
 
 Enclasp. 
 
 G&ihas, or 
 
 Galleas. 
 
 Harem, 
 
 Haram. 
 
 Inclose, -ure, &c., 
 
 Enclose,-ure,&c. 
 
 Gamboled, -ing, or Gambolled, -ling 
 
 . Haricot, 
 
 Harricot. 
 
 Increase, 
 
 tEncrease. 
 
 Gaftnut, 
 
 tGammut. 
 
 Harrier, 
 
 Harier. 
 
 Incrust, 
 
 Encrust. 
 
 G&ng (Min.), 
 
 Gangue. 
 
 Harry, 
 
 Harrow {def. 4). 
 
 Inciunbrance, 
 
 Enciunbrance. 
 
 Gantlet, or \ 
 Gantlope, j 
 
 tGauntlet. 
 
 Haslet, 
 
 Harslet. 
 
 Indefeasible, 
 
 tindefeisible. 
 
 Hasheesh, or 
 
 Hashish. 
 
 IndeHble, 
 
 tindeleble. 
 
 Gasteropod, 
 
 Gastropod. 
 
 Hatti-sherif, 
 
 Hatti-scherif. 
 
 Indict {Law.), 
 
 tEndict, Endite. 
 
 Gargoyle (^rcA.), 
 
 Gargoil, Gargle. 
 
 Haulm, Halm, 
 
 Haum, Hawm. 
 
 TvirWofmciTtf. 
 
 ( jEndictment. 
 \ tEnditement. 
 
 Gauge, 
 
 Gage. 
 
 Haul, 
 
 tHale. 
 
 jux\jux^ vmcxji V y 
 
 Gault, or 
 
 Gait. 
 
 Haunch, 
 
 Hanch. 
 
 Indite, -er. 
 
 fEndite, -er. 
 
 Gauntlet (Her.), or Gantlet. 
 
 Hautboy, 
 
 tHoboy. 
 
 IndocUe, 
 
 tindocil. 
 
 Gayety, 
 
 Gaiety. 
 
 Hawser, 
 
 Halser. 
 
 Indoctrinate, 
 
 tEndoctrinate. 
 
 Gayly, 
 
 Gaily. 
 
 Headache, 
 
 tHeadach. 
 
 Indorse, -ed, -ing, 
 
 Endorse , -ed , -ing. 
 
 Gazelle, 
 
 Gazel. 
 
 Hearse, 
 
 Herse. 
 
 Indorser, -ment, 
 
 Endorser, -ment. 
 
 Genet, or 
 
 Jennet. 
 
 HectoUter, or 
 
 Hectolitre. 
 
 Induce, -ment, 
 
 tEnduce, -ment. 
 
 Gerfalcon, 
 
 Gyrfalcon. 
 
 Hectometer, or 
 
 Hectometre. 
 
 Inferior, 
 
 Inferiour. 
 
 Germane, 
 
 Germain, Ger- 
 
 Hegira, 
 
 Hejira. 
 
 Inferable, or 
 
 Inferrible. 
 
 Germ, 
 
 Germe. [man 
 
 Height, -en, &c., or 
 
 Hight, -en, &c. 
 
 Inflection, 
 
 Inflexion. 
 
 Ghibelline, 
 
 GibeUne. 
 
 Heinous, -ly, .-ness, 
 
 tHainous ,-ly ,-ness . Infold , 
 
 Enfold. 
 
 Gibe, 
 
 tJibe. 
 
 Hematite, 
 
 Hasmatite. 
 
 Infoliate, 
 
 Enfoliate. [-ment 
 
 Gimbals, 
 
 Gimbols. 
 
 Hematology, 
 
 Haematology. 
 
 Ingraft, -er, -ment 
 
 Engraft, -er. 
 
 Gimlet, 
 
 tGimblet. 
 
 Hemistich, 
 
 tHemistick. 
 
 Ingrain, 
 
 Engrain. 
 
 Girasole, or 
 
 Girasol. 
 
 Hemorrhoids, 
 
 fEmerods. 
 
 Ingulf, 
 
 Engulf. 
 
 Girt, or 
 
 Girth. 
 
 Heretoch, or 
 
 Heretog. 
 
 Inkle, 
 
 Incle. 
 
 Glair, 
 
 Glare. 
 
 Hei-mit, -age. 
 
 tEremite, -age. 
 
 Innuendo, 
 
 Inuendo. [&c. 
 
 Glamour, 
 
 Glamer. 
 
 Herpetology, 
 
 Erpetology. 
 
 Inquire, -er,-y,&c.. 
 
 Enquire, -€r, -y. 
 
 Glare, 
 
 Glaive. 
 
 Hexahedron, 
 
 tHexaedron. 
 
 Inscribe, 
 
 tEnscribe. 
 
 Gloze, 
 
 Glose. [ed. 
 
 Hibernate, 
 
 Hybemate. 
 
 Inscroll, 
 
 Enscroll. 
 
 Gnarled, 
 
 tKnarled, Knurl- 
 
 Hiccough, 
 
 Hiccup, Hickup 
 
 Insnare, 
 
 Ensnare. 
 
 Gore, 
 
 tGoar. 
 
 Hinderance, or 
 
 Hindrance. 
 
 Install, 
 
 tinstal. 
 
 Good-by, or 
 
 Good-bye. 
 
 Hindoo, -ism, or 
 
 Hindu, -ism. 
 
 Installment, or 
 
 Instalment. 
 
 Good-humor, 
 
 Good-humour. 
 
 Hip {of dog-rose), or Hep. 
 
 Instate, 
 
 tEnstate. 
 
 Gormand, or 
 
 Gourmand. 
 
 Hipped-roof, 
 
 Hip-roof. 
 
 Instm, 
 
 Instil. 
 
 Governor, 
 
 Govemour. 
 
 Hippogriff, 
 
 Hippogryph. 
 
 Instructor, 
 
 Instructer. 
 
 Graft, -ed. 
 
 tGrafif, -ed. 
 
 Hippocras, 
 
 Hippocrass. 
 
 Insure, -ed, -ing, 
 
 Ensure, -ed, -ing. 
 
 Grandam, 
 
 Grandame. 
 
 Ho, 
 
 tHoa. 
 
 Insurer, -ance, 
 
 Ensurer, -ance. 
 
 Granddaughter, 
 
 tGrandaughter. 
 
 Hoarhound, 
 
 Horehound. 
 
 In tenable, 
 
 Intenible. 
 
 Granite. 
 
 tGranit. 
 
 Hockey, 
 
 Hookey. 
 
 Intercessor, 
 
 flntercessour. 
 
 Graveled, -ing, 
 
 Gravelled, -ling. 
 
 Hodge-podge, or 
 
 Hotch-potch. 
 
 Interior, 
 
 jlnteriour. 
 
 Gray, -ish, &c., 
 
 Grey, -ish, &c. 
 
 Hoiden, -ish. 
 
 Hoyden, -ish. 
 
 InthraU, 
 
 Inthral, Enthral. 
 
 Grenade, 
 
 Grenado, Gran- 
 
 Holiday, and 
 
 Holyday. 
 
 Intrench, 
 
 Entrench. 
 
 Grenadier, 
 
 tGranadier. [ade 
 
 HoUo, Holloa, or 
 
 HoUow. 
 
 Intrust, 
 
 Entrust. 
 
 Greyhound, or 
 
 Grayhound. 
 
 Holster, 
 
 Holds t«r. [mony 
 
 . Inure, 
 
 Enure. 
 
 GrewBome, or 
 
 Gruesome. 
 
 Hominy, 
 
 Homony, Hom- 
 
 Inurement, 
 
 Enurement. 
 
 Griffin, or 
 
 Griffon. 
 
 Homeopathy, or 
 
 Homoeopathy. 
 
 Inveigle, 
 
 tEnveigle. 
 
 Grisly, or 
 
 Grizzly. 
 
 Homonym, 
 
 Homonyme. 
 
 Inventor, 
 
 Inventer. 
 
 Groats, 
 
 Grits, Grouts. 
 
 Honeyed, 
 
 Honied. 
 
 In wheel. 
 
 tEnwheel. 
 
 Grogram, 
 
 Grogran. 
 
 Honor, -ed, &c.. 
 
 Honour, -ed, &c 
 
 In wrap. 
 
 Enwrap. 
 
 Grommet, 
 
 Gromet. 
 
 Hoop (v.), or 
 
 Whoop. 
 
 In wreathe. 
 
 Enwreathe. 
 
 Grotesque, -ly, &c 
 
 . tGrotesk, -ly, &c 
 
 Hooping-cough, or 
 
 Whooping-cough.Isocheimai, or 
 
 Isochimal, 
 
 Groundsel, or 
 
 Groundsill. 
 
 Hoopoe, or 
 
 Hoopoo. 
 
 Ixolite, or 
 
 Ixolyte. 
 
 Groveled, -er, -ing, or Grovelled, -er. 
 
 Hornblende, 
 
 Homblend. 
 
 
 
 Group, v.. 
 
 tGroupe. [-ling. 
 
 Horror, 
 
 tHorroiir. 
 
 
 J. 
 
 Guaranty, or 
 
 Guarantee. 
 
 Hosteky, 
 
 Ostehy. 
 
 
 Guelder-rose, 
 
 Gelder-rose. 
 
 Hostler, 
 
 Ostler. 
 
 Jacobin, and 
 
 Jacobine. 
 
 Guelf, or 
 
 Guelph. 
 
 Hough, 
 
 Hock. 
 
 Jaconet, 
 
 Jacconet. 
 
 Guerrilla, 
 
 Guerilla. 
 
 Housewife, 
 
 tHuswife. 
 
 Jail, -er, &c. 
 
 Gaol, -er, &c. 
 
 Guilder (coin), 
 
 Gilder. 
 
 Howdah, 
 
 Houdah. 
 
 Jalap, 
 
 Jalop. 
 
 GuiUotine, 
 
 Guillotin. 
 
 Howlet, 
 
 Houlet. [moc. 
 
 Jam {Min.), 
 
 Jamb. 
 
 Gulf, 
 
 tGulph. 
 
 Hummock, or 
 
 Hommock, Hom 
 
 ■ Janizary, 
 
 Janissar}-. 
 
 Gunwale, or 
 
 tGunnel. 
 
 Humor (def. 1), 
 
 Humour. 
 
 Jasmine, 
 
 Jasmin. 
 
 Gurnard, or \ 
 Gurnet, j 
 
 Goumet. 
 
 Hurra, or 
 
 Hurrah. 
 
 Jaunt, -y, -ily, 
 
 Jant, -y, -ily. 
 
 Hydrangea, 
 
 Hydrangia. 
 
 Jean, 
 
 Jane. [a'ting. 
 
 Gypsy,' 
 
 Gipsy, Gypsey. 
 
 Hypaethral, 
 
 Hypethral. 
 
 Jenneting, 
 
 tJuneting, June- 
 
 Gyrfelcon, 
 
 Gerfalcon. 
 
 Hyperstene, or 
 
 Hypersthene. 
 
 Jeremiad, or 
 
 Jeremiade. 
 
 Gyves, 
 
 Gives. 
 
 Hypotenuse, 
 
 Hypothenuse. 
 
 Jetsam, or Jetson, 
 
 Jettison. 
 
 
 
 Hyssop, 
 
 Hysop. 
 
 Jettee, or Jetty, 
 
 Jutty. 
 
 
 H. 
 
 
 
 Jeweled, -er, or 
 
 Jewelled, -er. 
 
 
 T 
 
 Jewelrj', 
 
 Jewellery. 
 
 Hackle, HatcheU, 
 
 or Heckle, Hetchel 
 
 J 
 
 ^' 
 
 Jointress, 
 
 Jointuress. 
 
 Hagbut, 
 
 Hackbut. 
 
 Icicle, 
 
 tisicle. 
 
 Jonquil, or 
 
 Jonquille. 
 
 Haggard, 
 
 tHagard. 
 
 Hhiess, 
 
 tllness. 
 
 Jostle, or 
 
 Justle. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Jowl, 
 
 Judgment, 
 Jupon, w 
 J\iflt, • 
 
 Jole. 
 
 Judgement. 
 Juppon. 
 Joust. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kale, 
 
 Kayle, 
 
 Keelhaul, 
 
 Keelson, 
 
 Keg, or 
 
 Kenneled, -ing, or 
 
 Khan, 
 
 Kiln (n.), 
 
 Kilogram, or 
 
 Kilohter, or 
 
 Kilometer, or 
 
 Knob, 
 
 Koran, or Alcoran, 
 
 Kyanite, 
 
 Eaf&e, or Kafir, 
 Kayle. 
 Keel, Ken. 
 Keelhale. 
 Kelson. 
 Cag. 
 
 Kennelled, -ling. 
 Kaun, Kan. 
 Kill. [Chilogram 
 Kilogramme, 
 KiloUtre. 
 Kilometre. 
 tKnap(n.,c?e/.2). 
 Alkoran. 
 Cyanite. 
 
 Mamma, 
 Mandatary (n. ), 
 Manikin, 
 Maneuver, or 
 Mantel (Arch.), 
 Mantel-piece, 
 Marc [coin.), 
 Margaron, or 
 Marquee, 
 Marque (letter of), 
 Marquess, or 
 Marshal, 
 
 Marshaled, -ing, or 
 Martin (Ornith.), 
 Martinet (Naut.), 
 Martingale, 
 
 Mama. 
 
 Mandatory. 
 
 Mannikin. 
 
 Manoeuvre. 
 
 Mantle. 
 
 Mantle-piece. 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Margarone. 
 
 Markee. 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Marquis, [eschal. 
 tMarischal, Mar- 
 Marshalled, -ling 
 
 Marten. 
 
 Martnet. 
 tMartingal. [&c. 
 
 Nombles, 
 Nonesuch, 
 Novitiate, 
 Nylghau, 
 
 XXXI 
 
 Numbles. 
 Nonsuch. 
 Noviciate, [ghaa 
 Nylgau, Neel- 
 
 o. 
 
 Labeled, -ing, or 
 
 Labor, -ed,-ing,&c 
 
 Lachrymal, 
 
 Lac (coin), 
 
 Lackey, 
 
 Lacquer (n.). 
 
 Lacquer, -ed, -ing, 
 
 Lagoon, 
 
 Lambdoidal, or 
 
 Landau, 
 
 Landscape, 
 
 Lantern, 
 
 Lanyard, 
 
 Lapsided, 
 
 Larum, or 
 
 Launch, 
 
 Leaven, 
 
 Lecher, -y, -ous, 
 
 Lectum, 
 
 Ledgement, 
 
 Ledger, 
 
 Leger-line, 
 
 Leggin, or 
 
 Lemming, 
 
 Lettuce, 
 
 Leveled, -ing, -er. 
 
 Libeled, -ing, &c 
 
 License, 
 
 Lickerish, 
 
 Licorice, 
 
 Lief, 
 
 Lilac, 
 
 Linguiform, 
 
 Linnaean, or 
 
 Linseed, 
 
 Linstock, or 
 
 Liter, or 
 
 Lithontriptic, 
 
 Llama (ZooL), 
 
 Loadstar, -stone, 
 
 Loath (a.), 
 
 Lode (Min.), 
 
 Lodgment, 
 
 Logogriph, 
 
 Longiroster, 
 
 Louver, or 
 
 Lower, 
 
 Luff, 
 
 Lunet, and 
 
 Lunge, 
 
 Lustring, or 
 
 Labelled, -ling. 
 , or Labour, -ed,-ing, 
 
 Lacrymal. [&c. 
 
 Lack. 
 
 Lacquey. 
 
 Lacker. 
 
 Lacker,-ed,-ing. 
 
 Lagune. 
 
 Lamdoidal. 
 
 Landaw. 
 ILandskip. 
 JLanthorn. 
 
 Laniard. 
 
 Lobsided. 
 
 Alarum. 
 
 Lanch. 
 tLeven. 
 tLetcher, -y, -ous. 
 
 Lectern, Lettern. 
 ( Ledgment, Lege- 
 \ ment, Lige- 
 
 Leger. [ment. 
 
 Ledger-line. 
 
 Legging. 
 
 Leming. 
 
 Lettice. [-ler. 
 or Levelled, -Ung, 
 , or Libelled, -ling. 
 
 Licence. [&c. 
 
 Lickerous. 
 
 Liquorice. 
 
 Lieve. 
 
 Lilach. 
 
 Linguaform. 
 
 Linnean. 
 fLintseed. 
 
 Lintstock. 
 
 Litre. 
 (Lithonthriptic, 
 \ Lithonthryptic. 
 
 Marveled,-ing,&c., or Marvelled, -ling 
 
 Marque (-Fr.). 
 (MesUn, Mislin, 
 ( Mastlin. 
 
 Mastich. 
 
 Matrix. [ress. 
 
 Mattrass, Mat- 
 
 Maugre. 
 
 Mall. 
 
 Maim. 
 
 Meagre, -ly, &c. 
 tMerchandize. 
 
 Metre. 
 
 Milage. 
 
 Millepede. 
 
 Milligramme (Fr. 
 
 Milhlitre. 
 
 Millimetre. 
 
 Milrei. 
 
 Misbehaviour. 
 tMiscal. 
 
 Misdemeanour. 
 tlNIisspel, t]Mispel. 
 t^lispend. 
 tMispent. 
 tJIistate. [toe. 
 
 Misseltoe, Misle- 
 
 Mtre, -d. 
 
 Mizen. 
 
 Misle, Mistle. 
 
 Moccason, Mog- 
 
 Mood. [gason. 
 
 Mocho-stone. 
 
 Modelled, -ling. 
 tModillon. 
 ( Mahomedan, Ma- 
 [ home tan. 
 
 Mohock. [ses. 
 
 Melasses, tMolos- 
 
 Mould. 
 
 Moult. 
 
 Monied. 
 tMungrel. 
 JMoresk. 
 
 Slorrice. 
 
 Mark, 
 
 Maslin, 
 
 Mastic, 
 
 Ma trice, or 
 
 Mattress, 
 
 Mauger, or 
 
 Maxd n. (mallet) Sc V. 
 
 Mayhem, and 
 
 Meager, -ly, &c., or 
 
 Merchandise, 
 
 Meter, a7id 
 
 Mileage, 
 
 Milleped, 
 
 Milligram, or 
 
 MilliUter, or 
 
 Millimeter, or 
 
 Milrea, Millrea, \ 
 
 Jlilh-eis, i 
 
 Misbehavior, 
 
 Miscall, 
 
 Misdemeanor, 
 
 Misspell, 
 
 ftlisspend, 
 
 Misspent, 
 
 Slisstate, 
 
 Mistletoe, 
 
 Miter, -ed, or 
 
 Mizzen, 
 
 Mizzle, 
 
 Moccasin, 
 
 Mode ( Gram.), 
 
 Mocha-stone, 
 
 Modeled, -ing, or 
 
 ModiUion, 
 
 Mohammedan, 
 
 Mohawk, or 
 Molasses, 
 Mold, or 
 Molt, or 
 Moneyed, 
 Mongrel, 
 Moresque, 
 Morris, 
 
 Mortgageor, or ] 
 Mortgager, J 
 Mosque, 
 
 Oaf, 
 
 Ocher, or Ochre, 
 
 Octahedron , 
 
 Octostyle, 
 
 Odalisque, 
 
 Odor, 
 
 Offense, or 
 
 Olio, 
 
 Omber, or 
 
 Omer, 
 
 Oolong, 
 
 Opaque, 
 
 Opobalsam, 
 
 Orach, or 
 
 Orang-outang, 
 
 Orchestra, 
 Oriel, 
 
 Oriflamb, or 
 Orison, 
 Osier, 
 Osprey, or 
 Otohte, or Otolith, 
 Ottar (of roses), 
 I Outrageous, 
 Oxide, 
 Oyes, 
 
 Lodestar, -stone, ^^osquito 
 Loth. 
 Load. 
 
 Lodgement. 
 Logogryph. 
 Longirostre. 
 Louvre, Loover. 
 Lour. 
 tLoof. 
 Lunette. 
 Longe. 
 Lutestring. 
 Ley. 
 
 Mustache, 
 
 Mullein, 
 
 Multiped, 
 
 Mummery, • 
 
 Murder, &c., 
 
 Murky, 
 
 Murrhine, 
 
 Muscadel, 
 
 Muscle (a shellfish), 
 
 Musket, 
 
 Mortgagor. 
 
 tMosk. 
 
 {Musketo,Musqui- 
 to, Musketoe. 
 Moustache. 
 Mullen. 
 Multipede. 
 Mommery. 
 Murther, &c. 
 Mirky. 
 Myrrhine. 
 Muscatel. 
 Mussel. 
 Musquet. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macaw, 
 Maccaboy, 
 Maggoty, 
 Maim, and 
 Mai-, 
 Mall, or 
 Malkin, 
 Hamaluke, 
 
 Ma«ao. 
 Maccoboy. 
 Maggotty. 
 Mayhem (Law.). 
 Male- (prefix). 
 Maul. 
 Maukin. 
 Mameluke. 
 
 Nankeen, 
 
 Narwal, or Narwhal, 
 
 Naught, 
 
 Negotiate, -or, &c.. 
 
 Neighbor, -ing, &c., 
 
 Net (a.), 
 
 Neb ( On.), or 
 
 Niter, or 
 
 Nobless, or 
 
 Nomads, or 
 
 Nankin. 
 
 Narwhale. 
 
 Nought. [&c. 
 
 Negociate, -or. 
 
 Neighbour, -ing, 
 
 Nett, Neat. [&c. 
 
 Nib. 
 
 Nitre. 
 
 Noblesse. 
 
 Nomades. 
 
 Packet, 
 Painim, 
 Palanquin, or 
 Palestra, 
 Palet, ) 
 Palette, ) 
 Palmiped, 
 Panada, Panade, 
 Pander, 
 Pandore, 
 Pandour, 
 Panel (Laio), 
 Paneled, -ing, or 
 
 Pantograph, 
 
 Papoose, or 
 Paralyze, 
 Parceled, -ing, or 
 Parcenary, 
 Parlor, 
 Parol (a.), or 
 Parquet, or 
 Parsnip, or 
 Parrakeet, 
 Partible, 
 Partisan, 
 Pasha, Pacha, 
 PashaUc, 
 .Pask, or 
 Patrol (n.), 
 Paver, Pavior, 
 Pawl, 
 Pean, 
 Peart, 
 Pedicel, 
 Peddler, 
 Pedobaptist, 
 Pemmican, 
 Penciled, -ing, or 
 Pennant, 
 Pentahedral, 
 Peony, 
 
 Periled, -ing, or 
 Peroxide, 
 Persimmon, 
 Persistence, 
 Pewit ( Ornith.), 
 Phantasm , 
 Phantom, 
 Phenomenon, 
 Phenix, 
 Phial, or 
 Philter, -ed, or 
 
 Auf, Ouph. 
 tOker. 
 
 Octaedron. 
 
 Octastyle. 
 
 Odalisk. 
 
 Odour. 
 
 Offence. 
 tOgUo. 
 
 Ombre. 
 
 Homer. 
 
 Oulong. 
 
 Opake. 
 
 Opobalsam um. 
 
 Orache. 
 
 {Orang-utan, 
 Ourang-outang.. 
 
 Orchestre. 
 
 Oriol. 
 
 Oriflamme. 
 tOraison. 
 
 Ozier. 
 
 Ospray. 
 
 Otolitte. 
 
 Otto, Attar. 
 tOutragious. 
 
 Oxid, Oxyd, Ox- 
 
 Oyez. [yda 
 
 tPacquet. 
 Paynim. 
 Palankeen. 
 Palaestra- 
 
 PaUet. 
 
 Palmipede. 
 
 Panado. 
 fPandar. 
 
 Bandore. 
 
 Pandoor. 
 
 Panuel. 
 
 Pannelled, -ling. 
 I Pantagraph, Pen- 
 ( tagraph. 
 
 Pappoose. 
 
 Paralyse. 
 
 Parcelled, -ling. 
 
 Parcenery. 
 
 Parlour. 
 
 Parole. 
 
 Parqtiette. 
 
 Parsnep. [quita 
 
 Paraquet, Para- 
 
 Partable. 
 fPartizan. 
 
 Pashaw, Bashaw. 
 
 Pachalic. * 
 
 Pasque. 
 
 Patrole. 
 
 Paviour, Pavier. 
 
 Paul. 
 
 Paean. 
 
 Peert. 
 
 Pedicle. 
 
 Pedler, Pedlar. 
 
 Pjedobaptist. 
 
 Pemican. 
 
 Pencilled, -ling. 
 
 Pennon. 
 
 Pentaedral. 
 
 Pjeon}-, Pionv, 
 
 Perilled, -ling. 
 
 Peroxid,-yd,-yde. 
 
 Persimon. 
 
 Persistauce. 
 
 Pewet. 
 tPantasm. 
 fFantom. 
 
 PhjenomenoB. 
 
 Phoenix. 
 
 Vial. 
 
 Philtre, -d. 
 
1 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Phtliisic, 
 
 tTisic. 
 
 Rabbi, 
 
 Rabbin. 
 
 Sciagraphy, or 
 
 Sciography. 
 
 Pia.<t<>r, or 
 
 Piastre. 
 
 Raccoon, o; Racoon, Rackoon. 
 
 Sciou, or 
 
 Cion 
 
 ricked, or 
 
 Peaked, Piked. 
 
 Haddock ( Or Hir/(.), 
 
 or Ruddock. 
 
 Scirrhosity, 
 
 Skirrosity. 
 
 IMi-kot, 
 
 Piquet. 
 
 Ri\madan, 
 
 1 Ramazan, 
 
 \ Rhiimadan. [-Ij 
 
 Scirrhus, 
 
 Skirrhus. • 
 
 IMe, 
 
 tPye. 
 
 . Scissors, 
 
 tScissars. 
 
 Piebald, 
 
 Pyebald. 
 
 Rancor, -ous, -ly, 
 
 Rancour, -ous. 
 
 Sconce, 
 
 tSkonce. 
 
 IMojHHidro. or 
 
 Piepowder. 
 
 Ransom, 
 
 tRansome. 
 
 Scot-free, 
 
 Shot-free. 
 
 I'iineuto, 
 
 Piuienta. 
 
 Rare {adj. ), 
 
 tRear. 
 
 Scow, 
 
 Skow. 
 
 rimpcniel, 
 
 Pimpinel. 
 
 Rart^V, 
 
 Rarify. 
 
 Scrawny, 
 
 Scrauny, [Scythe. 
 
 rini'hers, or 
 
 Pincers. 
 
 liaspberry. 
 
 tRasberry. 
 
 Scythe, 
 
 tSithe, Sythe, 
 
 Pistoled, -iug, or 
 
 Pistolled, -ling. 
 
 Rattan, 
 
 Ratan. 
 
 Seamstress, 
 
 tSemstress, Semp- 
 
 Placard, 
 Plaice (/f/jl/i.), 
 
 tPlacart. 
 
 Raveled, -ing, or 
 
 Ravelled, -ling. 
 
 Sear, 
 
 Sere. [stress. 
 
 Plaise. [senses. Raven (plunder), 
 
 Ravin. 
 
 Sedlitz, 
 
 Seidlitz. 
 
 Plaiu, 
 
 Plane, in some 
 
 Raze, -ed, -ing, 
 
 Rase, -ed, -ing. 
 
 Seine, 
 
 tSean. 
 
 Plane-sailiug, 
 
 Plain-sailing. 
 
 Rasure, 
 
 Razure. 
 
 Secretaryship, 
 
 Secretariship. 
 
 Plaster, 
 
 tPlaister. 
 
 Real (com), 
 
 Rial, Ryal. 
 
 Seethe, 
 
 tSeeth. 
 
 Plait (I-.), 
 
 Plat. 
 
 Rearward, 
 
 tRereward. 
 
 Seignior, 
 
 Signior, Signer. 
 
 Plat (;?.), or 
 
 Plot. 
 
 Recall, 
 
 Recal. 
 
 Seigniorage, -ory, 
 
 Seignorage, -ory. 
 
 Plethron, or 
 
 Plethrum. 
 
 Recompense, 
 
 Recompence. 
 
 Seizin. 
 
 Seitin. 
 
 Pliers, 
 
 tPlyers. 
 
 Reconnoiter, or 
 
 Reconnoitre. 
 
 Seleniuret, 
 
 Selenuret. 
 
 Plow, or 
 
 Plough. 
 
 Redoubt, 
 
 tRedout. 
 
 Sellender, 
 
 Sellander. 
 
 Plumber, 
 
 tPlummer. 
 
 Referable, or 
 
 Referrible. 
 
 Selvage, or 
 
 Selredge. 
 
 Plumiped, 
 
 Plumipede. 
 
 Reflection, 
 
 Reflexion. 
 
 Sentinel, 
 
 tCentinel. 
 
 Pluviometer, 
 
 Pluviameter. 
 
 Reglet, or 
 
 Riglet. [deei 
 
 . Sentry, 
 
 tCentry, Sentery. 
 
 Point-dexice, or 
 
 Point-devise. 
 
 Reindeer, 
 
 Raindeer, Rane- 
 
 Sepawn, or Supawn 
 
 , Sepon. 
 
 Poise, 
 
 tPoize. 
 
 Re-enforce, 
 
 Re-iuforce. 
 
 Sepulcher, or 
 
 Sepulchre. 
 
 Polacca, 
 
 Polacre. 
 
 Re-install, -ment. 
 
 Re-instal, -ment 
 
 . Sequin, 
 
 Chequin, Zechin. 
 
 Pole-ax, or 
 
 Pole-axe. 
 
 Relic, 
 
 tRelique. 
 
 Sergeant, or 
 
 Serjeant. 
 
 Poltroon, 
 
 tPoltron. 
 
 Remiped, 
 
 Remipede. 
 
 Set,(,F.), 
 
 Sett. 
 
 Polvhedron, -drous 
 
 Polyedron, -drous. Renard, or 
 
 Reynard. 
 
 Sevennight, or 
 
 Se-nnight. 
 
 Polyglot (ji.), 
 
 Polyglott. 
 
 Rencounter, or, 
 
 Rencontre. 
 
 Shad, 
 
 Chad. 
 
 Polyp, 
 
 Polype. 
 
 Rennet, or 
 
 Runnet. 
 
 Shah, 
 
 Schah. 
 
 Pommel, 
 
 Pummel. 
 
 Replier, 
 
 Replyer. 
 
 Shawm, or 
 
 Shahn. 
 
 Pommeled, -ing, 
 
 Pomelled, -ling. 
 
 Reposit, 
 
 Reposite. 
 
 Shampoo, 
 
 Champoo. 
 
 Ponton, or 
 
 Pontoon. 
 
 Resin, and 
 
 Rosin. 
 
 Shard (def. 1), 
 
 Sherd. 
 
 Ponv, 
 
 Poney. 
 
 Resistance, &c., 
 
 tResistence. [&c 
 
 . Sheathe (v.), 
 
 tSheath. [Sheikh. 
 
 Poniard, 
 
 Poignard. 
 
 Restive, -ly, -ness, 
 
 tRestiff, Resty, 
 
 Sheik, 
 
 Shaik, Scheik, 
 
 Porgee, Porgy(/cA/A.). Paugie. 
 
 Retch (to vomit), 
 
 Reach. [-ler 
 
 . Sherbet, 
 
 Scherbet, Sarbot. 
 
 Porpoise, 
 
 I Porpus, Porpess 
 \ Porpesse. 
 
 Reveled, -ing, -er, or Revelled, -ling. 
 
 Sherry, 
 
 tSherris. 
 
 Reverie, or 
 
 Revery. 
 
 Shill-I-ShaU-I, or 
 
 Shilly-shaUy. 
 
 Portray, 
 
 tPourtray. 
 
 Ribbon, 
 
 Riband, Ribband 
 
 . Shore (n.). 
 
 Shoar. 
 
 Porteress, or 
 
 Portress. 
 
 Reversible, 
 
 Reversable. 
 
 Shorl, or 
 
 Schorl. [-ling. 
 
 Possessor, 
 
 tPossessour. 
 
 Rigor, -ous, &c.. 
 
 Rigour, -ous, &c 
 
 . Shoveled, -er, -ing 
 
 or Shovelled, -ler. 
 
 Postilion, 
 
 tPostilUon. 
 
 Risk, 
 
 tRisque. 
 
 Show, 
 
 tShew. 
 
 Potato, 
 
 tPotatoe. [share 
 
 . Rivaled, -ing, or 
 
 Rivalled, -ling. 
 
 Shrillness, 
 
 tShrilness. 
 
 Potsherd, 
 
 Potshard, Pot- 
 
 Riveted, -ing, 
 
 Rivetted, -ting. 
 
 Shriveled, -ing, or 
 
 Shrivelled, -ling. 
 
 Powter {Ornith.), 
 
 Pouter. 
 
 Roc ( Ornith.), 
 
 Rock, Rukh. 
 
 Shuttlecock, 
 
 Shittlecock. 
 
 Pozzolana, or 
 
 Pozzuolana. 
 
 Rodomontade, 
 
 tRhodomontade. 
 
 Shyly, -ness, 
 
 Shilv, -ness. 
 
 Practice (f.), or 
 
 Practise. 
 
 Rondeau, 
 
 Rondo. 
 
 Sibyl, 
 
 Sybil. 
 
 Praemunire, 
 
 Premiinire. 
 
 Ron5on, 
 
 Runnion. [quelo 
 
 . Sidewise, 
 
 Sideways. 
 
 Pramomen, 
 
 Prenomen. 
 
 Roquelaure, or 
 
 Roquelaur, Ro- 
 
 Silicious, or 
 
 Siliceous. 
 
 Predial, 
 
 Praedial. 
 
 Rotunda, 
 
 Rotundo. 
 
 SiUabub, or 
 
 Syllabub. 
 
 Premise, 
 
 Premiss. 
 
 Route, 
 
 Rout. 
 
 Simoom, or 
 
 Simoon. 
 
 Pretense, or 
 
 Pretence. 
 
 Ruble (coin), or 
 
 Rouble. 
 
 Siphon, 
 
 Syphon. 
 
 Pretermit, or 
 
 Praetermit. 
 
 Ruche, or 
 
 Rouche. 
 
 Siren, 
 
 tSyren. 
 
 Pretor, 
 
 Praetor. 
 
 Rummage, 
 
 tRomage. 
 
 Sirloin, or 
 
 Surloin. 
 
 Profane, 
 
 tProphane. 
 
 Rumor, &c., 
 
 Rumour, &c. 
 
 Sirup, or Syrup, 
 
 Sirop. 
 
 Protector, 
 
 Protecter. 
 
 Rye, 
 
 tRie. 
 
 Sizar, 
 
 Sizer. 
 
 Programme, 
 
 Program, [-yde 
 
 
 
 Skein, 
 
 tSkain, Skean. 
 
 Protoxide, 
 
 Protoxid, -yd, 
 
 
 s. 
 
 Skeptic, 
 
 Sceptic. 
 
 Prunella, or 
 
 Prunello. [ion 
 
 
 Skillful, -ly, -ness. 
 
 or Skilful, -ly,-nes8 
 
 Pumpkin, 
 
 Pompion, Pump 
 
 - Sabian, 
 
 Sabean, Sabaean 
 
 Skill-less, 
 
 Skilless. 
 
 Puppet, 
 
 tPoppet. 
 
 Saber, -ed, &c., or 
 
 Sabre, -d, &c. 
 
 Skull (cranium). 
 
 tScuU. 
 
 Purblind, or 
 
 Poreblind. 
 
 Sackbut, 
 
 Sacbut. 
 
 Slabber, 
 
 Slobber. 
 
 Purr, 
 
 Pur. 
 
 Sainfoin, 
 
 Saintfoin. 
 
 Sleight, 
 
 Slight (def. 2). 
 
 Purslane, 
 
 Purslain. 
 
 Salam, 
 
 Salaam. 
 
 Slyly, -ness. 
 
 Slily, -ness. 
 
 Putrefy, 
 
 tPutrify. 
 
 Salep, Saleb, 
 
 Salop, Saloop. 
 
 Smaliness, 
 
 fSmalness. 
 
 Pygmy, 
 
 Pigmy. 
 
 Salic, 
 
 Salique. 
 
 Smolder, or 
 
 Smoulder. 
 
 Pyx, 
 
 Pix. 
 
 Salti)eter, or 
 
 Saltpetre. 
 
 Smooth, 
 
 fSmoothe. 
 
 
 
 Samester, 
 
 Samestre. 
 
 Snapped, (imp.), 
 
 Snapt. [-ling 
 
 o 
 
 Sandaled, or 
 
 Sandalled. 
 
 Sniveled, -er, -ing, 
 
 or Sni'-eUed, -er, 
 
 vf 
 
 
 Sandarac, or 
 
 Sandarach. 
 
 Socage, 
 
 Scccage. 
 
 Quadroon, 
 
 Quateron. 
 
 Sandever, or 
 
 Saudi ver. 
 
 Socle, 
 
 ::k)cle. 
 
 Quarantine, 
 
 ( Quarantain. 
 I Quarantaine. 
 
 Sanskrit, or 
 Sapajo, 
 
 Sanscrit. 
 Sapajou. [dilla 
 
 Solan-goose (n.). 
 
 ', Soland-goose, and 
 \ Solund-goose. 
 
 Quarrel, or 
 
 Carrel (an arrow 
 
 . Sapodilla, 
 
 Sapadillo, Sappo 
 
 ■ Solder, &c., or 
 
 Soder, &c. 
 
 Quarreled, -ing, or 
 
 Quarrelled, -ling. Sarcenet, or 
 
 Sarsenet, 
 
 SoUped, 
 
 Solipede. 
 
 Quartet, Quartette, 
 
 Quartett. 
 
 Sat, 
 
 Sate. 
 
 Solvable, 
 
 Solvible. 
 
 Quaierfoil, 1 
 Quaterfeuille, ) 
 
 Quatrefoil. 
 
 Satchel, 
 
 Sachel. 
 
 Somber, o' 
 
 Sombre. 
 
 Satinet, 
 
 Satinett. [krout 
 
 Somers?;ilt, ) 
 
 Summersault, 
 Summerset. 
 
 Quay, -age, 
 
 Key, -age. 
 
 Sauer-kraut, or 
 
 Sour-crout, Sour- Somerset, / 
 
 Questor, 
 
 Quaestor. 
 
 Savanna, 
 
 Savannah. 
 
 Sonneteer, 
 
 Sonnetteer. 
 
 Quinsy, 
 
 Quinzy, Quinsey. Savior, or 
 
 Saviour. 
 
 Soothe (v.). 
 
 tSooth. 
 
 Quintain, 
 
 Quintin, [tetto 
 
 Savor, 
 
 Savour. 
 
 Sorrel, and 
 
 Sorel. 
 
 Quintette, Quintet, 
 
 Quintett, Qum- 
 
 Scallop, -ed, -ing, 
 
 Scollop, -ed, -ing 
 
 Souchong, 
 
 Soochong. 
 
 Quoin, 
 
 Coin. 
 
 Scath, or 
 
 Scathe. 
 
 Spa, 
 
 tSpaw, tSpaa. 
 
 
 
 Scepter, -ed, or 
 
 Sceptre, -tred. 
 
 Spelt, 
 
 Spalt. 
 
 •p 
 
 Scherif, Cherif, 
 
 Shereef, Sherif. 
 
 Specter, or 
 
 Spectre. 
 
 Jr 
 
 K« 
 
 Schist, 
 
 Shist. 
 
 Spew, 
 
 Spue. 
 
 lisA)het;Carp.),or 
 
 Rebate, &c. 
 
 Schorl, or 
 
 Shorl. 
 
 Spinach, or 
 
 Spinagi;. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGKAPHY. 
 
 spinel, 
 
 Spinelle. 
 
 Tetrahedron , 
 
 Tetraedron. 
 
 Verderer, or 
 
 Verderor. 
 
 Spite, 
 
 tSpight. 
 
 Tetrastich, 
 
 Tetrastic. 
 
 Verdigris, 
 
 Verdegris 
 
 Splendor, 
 
 Splendour. 
 
 Theater, or 
 
 Theatre. 
 
 Vermin, 
 
 tVermine. 
 
 Sponge, 
 
 tSpunge. 
 
 Thole, 
 
 Thowl, Thowle. 
 
 Verst, 
 
 Werst. 
 
 Sprite, 
 
 Spright. 
 
 Thorp, 
 
 Thorpe. 
 
 Vertebra, Vtrteber 
 
 , Vertebre. 
 
 Spirt, or 
 
 Spurt. 
 
 Thmlldom, or 
 
 Thraldom. 
 
 Vervain, 
 
 Vervine. 
 
 Spunk, 
 
 Sponk. 
 
 Thra.sli, or 
 
 Thresh. 
 
 Vial, 
 
 Phial. 
 
 Staddle, 
 
 Stadle. 
 
 Threshold, 
 
 Threshhold. 
 
 Vicious, -ly, -nes8, 
 
 tVitious, -ly,-n««fl, 
 ( VictuaUed, -ler. 
 
 Stanch, or 
 
 Stjiunch. 
 
 Throe {«.), 
 
 Throw (def. 6.). 
 
 Victualed, -er, 
 
 Stationery, 
 
 tStationary. 
 
 Ticking (n.), 
 
 Ticken. 
 
 -ing, or 
 
 Steadfast, 
 
 tStedfast. 
 
 Tidbit, 
 
 Titbit. 
 
 Vigor, -ous, &c., 
 
 Vigour, -ous, etc. 
 
 Steelyard, 
 
 tStilyard. 
 
 Tie (n. & v.), 
 
 tTye. 
 
 Villain (c/e/.l.), 
 
 Villein. 
 
 Stillness, 
 
 tStilness. 
 
 Tier, 
 
 Tire {«., def. 1). 
 
 Villainy, -ous, or 
 
 Villany, -ous. 
 
 Stockade 
 
 Stoccade. 
 
 Tierce, 
 
 Terce. 
 
 Vise, 
 
 Vice. 
 
 Story (a floor), 
 
 Storey. 
 
 Tiger, 
 
 tTyger. 
 
 Visitor, 
 
 Visiter. 
 
 Strait («.,de/.2> 
 
 Straight. 
 
 Tincal, 
 
 Tinkal. 
 
 Tisor, 
 
 Vizor. 
 
 Strengthener, 
 
 Strengthner. 
 
 Tithe, 
 
 Tythe. 
 
 Vitiate, 
 
 Viciate. 
 
 Strew, 
 
 tStraw. 
 
 Toll (v.t.,def. 2), 
 
 Tole. 
 
 Vizier, 
 
 Visier, Vizar. 
 
 Strop,' n. 
 
 Strap. 
 
 Tollbooth, 
 
 Tolbooth. 
 
 Volcano, 
 
 tVulo^no. 
 
 Stupefy, 
 
 Stupify. 
 
 Ton, and 
 
 Tun. 
 
 
 
 Sty; 
 
 Stye. 
 
 Tonnage, and 
 
 Tunnage. 
 
 VJ 
 
 Style, 
 
 tStile. 
 
 Tormentor, 
 
 Tormenter. 
 
 
 
 Styptic, 
 Subpoena, 
 Subtile {thin). 
 
 Stiptic. 
 Subpena. 
 
 Tourmaline, 
 
 TourmaUn, Tur- 
 maline. 
 
 Wadsett, 
 Wagon, 
 
 Wadset. 
 Waggon. 
 
 Subtle. 
 
 Toweling, or 
 
 Towelling. 
 
 Waive, 
 
 Wave (V. t.). 
 
 Subtle (artful), 
 
 Subtile. 
 
 Trameled, -ing, or 
 
 Tramelled, -ling 
 
 Wale, (n., def. 2), 
 
 Weal. 
 
 Successor, 
 
 tSuccessour. 
 
 Tranquilize, or 
 
 Tranquillize. 
 
 Wah-us, 
 
 Walruss. 
 
 Succor, 
 
 Succour. 
 
 Transferable, 
 
 Transferrible. 
 
 Warranter, and 
 
 Warrantor ( Lawl 
 
 Suite, 
 
 Suit(>i.), 
 
 Transference, 
 
 Transferrence. 
 
 Warrior, 
 
 tWarriour, 
 
 Suitor, 
 
 tSuiter. 
 
 Transship, -ment, 
 
 Tranship, -ment 
 
 Warwhoop, 
 
 tWarhoop. 
 
 Sulphureted, 
 
 Sulphuretted. 
 
 Trapan (a snare), 
 
 Trepan. [-ling 
 
 . Waucht, 
 
 Waught. 
 
 Sumac, or Sumach 
 
 Shumac. 
 
 Traveler, -ed, -ing 
 
 or Traveller, -led. 
 
 Waywode, 
 
 Waiwode. 
 
 Superior, 
 
 tSuperiour. 
 
 Traverse, 
 
 Travers. 
 
 Waul (as a cat). 
 
 Wawl. 
 
 Suretyship, 
 
 Suretiship. 
 
 Travesty, 
 
 Travestie. 
 
 Wear (v., Naut.)^ 
 
 Ware, Veer. 
 
 Surname, 
 
 Sirname. 
 
 Treadle, 
 
 Treddle. 
 
 Wear, (n.), 
 
 Weir, Wier. 
 
 Surprise, &c., 
 
 Surprize, &c. 
 
 Trebuchet, or 
 
 Trebucket. 
 
 Weasand, 
 
 Wezand. 
 
 Survivor, -ship, 
 
 Surviver, -ship. 
 
 Treenail, 
 
 Trenail, Trennei 
 
 . Welsh, 
 
 Welch. 
 
 Swainmote, 
 
 i Sweinmote, 
 \ Swanimote. 
 
 Trestle, Tressel, 
 
 Trussel. 
 
 Whang, 
 
 Wang. 
 
 Trigger, 
 
 Tricker. 
 
 Whelk (M.), 
 
 Welk, Weal. 
 
 Swale (v.), or 
 
 Sweal. 
 
 Trevet, or 
 
 Trivet. 
 
 Whippletree, 
 
 Whiffletree. 
 
 Swap, 
 
 Swop. 
 
 Tricolor. 
 
 Tricolour. 
 
 Whippoorwill, 
 
 WhippowiU. 
 Whipperwill. 
 
 Swart (aii/.), or 
 
 Swarth. 
 
 Trihedral, 
 
 Triedral. 
 
 Swathe {band- ) 
 age,) or j 
 
 Swath. 
 
 Trod, 
 
 Trode. 
 
 Whisky, or 
 
 Whiskey. 
 
 Trousers, or 
 
 Trowsers. 
 
 AVhoop, 
 
 tHoop. 
 
 Swiple, 
 
 Swipel, Swipple. 
 Swab, -ber, &c. 
 
 Troweled, or 
 
 Trowelled. 
 
 Whooping-cough, 
 
 tHooping-cough. 
 
 Swob, -ber, &c.,or 
 
 Truckle-bed, 
 
 Trundle-bed. 
 
 WTiortleberry, 
 
 Huckleberry. 
 
 Swollen, 
 
 Swoln. 
 
 Tryst, 
 
 Trist. 
 
 Widgeon, 
 
 Wigeon. 
 
 Syenite, 
 
 Sienite. 
 
 Tumbrel, or 
 
 Tumbril. 
 
 WiUful, -ly, -ness, 
 
 or Wilful, -ly, -neSB. 
 Windlas, Wind- 
 
 Sylvan, 
 
 Silvan. 
 
 Tumor, 
 
 Tumour. 
 
 Windlass, 
 
 Symploce, 
 
 Sunploce. 
 
 Tunneled, -ing, or 
 
 Tunnelled, -ling 
 
 Wintery, 
 
 Wintry, [la^p. 
 
 Synonym, 
 
 Synonyme. 
 
 Turquois, 
 
 Turkois, Turcgia 
 
 . Wiry, 
 
 tWiery. 
 
 Syphilis, 
 
 SiphiUs. 
 
 Turnip, 
 
 Tumep. 
 
 Witch -elm, 
 
 Wych-ehn. 
 
 
 
 Turnsole, 
 
 Turnsol. 
 
 Witch-hazel, 
 
 Wych -hazel. 
 
 m 
 
 Tutenag, 
 
 Tutenague. 
 
 Withe, 
 
 With (n.). 
 
 
 ■^ • 
 
 Tweedle, 
 
 Twiddle. 
 
 Wivern, or 
 
 Wyvern. 
 
 Tabard, Tabert, 
 
 Taberd. 
 
 Twibil, 
 
 Twibill. 
 
 Wizard, 
 
 tWisard. 
 
 Tabbinet, 
 
 Tabinet. 
 
 Tymbal, 
 
 Timbal. 
 
 Wizen, 
 
 Wizzen, Weazen. 
 
 Tabor, &c.. 
 
 , Tabour, &c. 
 
 Tyro, 
 
 tTiro. 
 
 Woe, 
 
 Wo. 
 
 Taffeta, or 
 
 Taffety. 
 
 
 
 Woful, or 
 
 Woeful. 
 
 Taffrail, 
 
 Tafiferel. 
 
 
 u. 
 
 Wondrous, 
 
 tWonderous. 
 
 TaUage, Talliage, 
 
 Taillage, Tallage 
 
 
 Woodbine, 
 
 tWoodbind. 
 
 Talc, 
 
 Talk, Talck. 
 
 Umber, 
 
 Umbre. 
 
 Woolen, -ette, or 
 
 Woollen, -ette. 
 
 Tallness, 
 
 tTalness. 
 
 Unbiased, 
 
 Unbiassed. 
 
 Worshiper ,-ed, &c 
 
 , or Worshipper, -pod. 
 
 Tambour, 
 
 Tambor. 
 
 Unboweled, or 
 
 Unbowelled. 
 
 Wrack, 
 
 Wreck (c?e/.4j. 
 
 
 ( Tambourin , Tarn- and others of the same class. 
 
 Wye, or 
 
 Y. 
 
 Tambourine, 
 
 < borine, Tam- 
 
 Unroll, 
 
 Unrol. 
 
 
 
 
 ( barine. 
 
 Until, 
 
 Untill. 
 
 
 Y. 
 
 Tarantula,^ 
 
 Tarentula. 
 
 
 
 
 Tarpaulin, 
 
 Tarpauling, 
 Tarpawling. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 Yataghan, 
 Yaup, 
 
 Ataghan. 
 Yaulp. 
 
 Tasaeled, -ing, or 
 
 TasseUed, -Ung. 
 
 Vaivode, or 
 
 Waiwode. 
 
 Yawl(«.), 
 
 tYaul. 
 
 Tasses, Tassets, 
 
 Tasces. 
 
 Valise, 
 
 VaUise. r-ously. Yelk, or" 
 
 Yolk. 
 
 Taut(iVat>.), 
 
 Taught. 
 
 Valor, -ous, -onsly, Valoiu-, -ous. 
 
 Yttria, -um, 
 
 Ittria, -um. 
 
 Tawny, 
 
 Tawney. 
 
 Vantbrace, 
 
 Vantbrass, Vam 
 
 
 
 Tease, 
 
 Teaze. 
 
 Vapor, 
 
 Vapour, [brace. 
 
 z. 
 
 Teasel, 
 
 Teasle, Teazle. 
 
 Vat, 
 
 tFat. „ 
 
 
 Teetotal, 
 
 Teatotal. 
 
 Veil, 
 
 VaU. 
 
 Zaffer, Zaffar, 
 
 Zafflr, Zaffre. 
 
 Tenable, 
 
 Tenible. 
 
 Vedette, 
 
 Vidette. 
 
 Zinc, 
 
 Zinck. 
 
 Tenor, 
 
 Tenour. 
 
 Vender, or 
 
 Vendor. 
 
 Zinciferous, or 
 
 Zinkiferous. 
 
 Tenuirosters, 
 
 Tenuirostres. 
 
 Venomous, 
 
 tVenemous. 
 
 Zonnar, 
 
 Zonar. 
 
 Terror, 
 
 tTerrour. 
 
 Veranda, 
 
 Verandah. 
 
 Zymometer, 
 
 Zumometer. 
 
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 A. 
 
 A) a prefix to many English words, is in some cases a 
 contraction of the prepositions on, in, at, of, to, for ; as 
 in asleep for in sleep or on sleep, ablaze for in a blaze, 
 aboard for on board, afoot for on foot, aground for 07i the 
 ground, adays for on days, odo for to do, owait for wait 
 for. In other cases, it is contracted from the A.-S. in- 
 separable particle ge- (in Gothic ga-), which forms verbs 
 from verbs, substantives, adjectives, and is a sort of aug- 
 ment to the past participle. In some cases, it only in- 
 creases the force of the word, without anj essential addi- 
 tion of meaning, as in afar. — In some words of Greek 
 origin, a is privative, giving to them a negative sense ; as 
 in apathetic : before a vowel it becomes an ; as in an- 
 onymous, from ovofAtt, name. In a few words of Latin 
 origin, it is another form of the prefix oi (q. v.) ; as in 
 avert. 
 
 Ab, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latin preposi- 
 tion, as in abduct, is the same as the Greek dTro, Skr. 
 apa, Goth, af, A.-S. and Eng. of. It denotes from, sep- 
 aration, or departure. Before c and t, it is generally 
 changed into abs, as in oAjtcess, oA^cond, abstain, abs- 
 
 Ad. [Cf. W. at, to, toward, Goth., Icel., and Eng. at.] 
 A Latin preposition, signifying to, as in ac/here. — In 
 composition, the last letter is usually changed into the 
 first letter of the word to which it is prefixed. Thus for 
 arfclamare, the Romans wrote acclamare; for a^/grediere, 
 ag^grediere ; for a//firmare, a/firmare ; for arflegere, al- 
 legere ; for a^^ponere, o/?ponei'e ; for a«/ripere, ampere ; 
 for o/Zscribere, a^cribere ; for ar/tinere, aninere. 
 
 Al. 1. In Arabic, an article or inseparable prefix, an- ' 
 swering to the Italian il, and the Sp. el. Its use is to ' 
 render nouns definite, like the English the; as. J.ikoran, \ 
 the Koran, or the Book, by eminence ; a/cove, o/chemy, | 
 atembic, aZmanac, &c. 
 2. A form of the Latin prefix ad. See Ad. 
 
 Amb* [Lat. ambi, amb, am, an (as in ambidens, am- 
 6ages, amicire, arehelare), Gr. afx<|)i, A.-S. e77ib, ymb, N. I 
 H. Ger. U7n.] About; around; — a prefix used in com- 
 position in words derived from the Latin ; as in aTniient, 
 ambition, &c. 
 
 Am'phi, n. [Gr. aiJj}>C. See suftra.] A prefix in words 
 of Greek origin, signifying about, around, on both sides, 
 
 _on all sides, &c. ; as in amphihions, amphithemter. 
 
 A'na. [Gr. avd.] A prefix in words from the Greek, 
 denoting on, upo7i, upward, up to, throughout, backward, 
 bark to, again, previously, or against; as in analogy, 
 analytic, a»iatomy. 
 
 Ant-, I [Gr. avTi, against.] A prefix in many words 
 
 An'ti-. I from the Greek, meaning against, over against, 
 or opposed to ; as in antarctic, antidote, antipathy, an- 
 othesis. 
 
 Aii'te. A Latin preposition, the Gr. avri, A.-S. & Goth. 
 rind (cf. An.swer); much used in the composition of 
 English words, especially in words from the Latin and 
 Greek languages. It signifies before in place, in front ; 
 and figuratively, before in time. Examples are ante- 
 
 _chamber, antecedent, ani'^diluvian. 
 
 A'po. [Or. OLTTO. See Ab.] A Greek preposition used in 
 composition, and signifying ./toot, away from, off, or 
 asuTuJer ; as in a;>oplexy, a/>othecary, apologne. 
 
 B. 
 
 Be prefix, M in feecause, before, fteset, 6«deck, feecome, is 
 originally the same word as by; A.-S. be and bi or big, 
 Goth bi. It denotes nearness, closeness, about, on, at, 
 and generally has an intensive force, though it is some- 
 time'* apparently inaignificant. 
 
 PI. [From I^at. bis, twice, which in composition drops 
 the .?.] 1. In most branches of science, bi in composi- 
 
 tion denotes two, twice, doubly ; as, 6!dentate, twO' 
 toothed ; 6?ternate, doublyternate, &c. 
 
 'Z. (Chem.) Bi in composition denotes that the com- 
 pound contains two parts or equivalents of the first- 
 mentioned ingredient to one of the other; thus, a bi- 
 chromate of potash contains two parts of chromic acid to 
 one of potash. 
 Bis, adv. [Lat. bis, twice, for rfuis, from duo, two, like 
 bellu)7i from duellum.] Twice. See Bl. 
 
 C. 
 
 ■eat'a. [Gr. Kara.] The Latin and English form of a 
 Greek preposition used in composition to signify down, 
 doiv7iward, doiv7i upo7i, downright, co77ipletely , &c. ; as 
 in camclysm. caiacomb, catalogue, ratoract. It some- 
 times drops the final vowel, as in caioptric ; and is some- 
 times changed to cath, as in cathartic, cathoMc. 
 
 ^ir'-eum. [Accusative of circus, a circle, Gr. Kipjcos.] A 
 Latin prepo.sition, used as a prefix in many English 
 words ; as in cfVcwwiscribe, circumspect, circumvent. In 
 circuit, ciVcwitous, &c., the m is dropped. 
 
 Com- or Con-. [The same as cu7n, which is akin to Gr. 
 avv, old Attic $vv.] A Latin preposition signifying with 
 or against, used in composition as an inseparable prefix. 
 The form co77i is used before the labials b,p, and m, and 
 con before the other consonants. Before I, however, con 
 or com is changed into col, as in collect, from colligere, 
 before r into cor, as in corrupt, from corrumpere, cor- 
 ruptum ; while before a vowel or h, the n or 771 is dropped, 
 as in co-operate, coalesce, cohabit, &c. 
 
 Con'tra. A Latin preposition, signifying against, in op- 
 position, entering into the composition of some English 
 words ; as, co7itrad\ct, contravene, &c. It is properly 
 the ablative of an adjective, conterus (formed from con, 
 with), which is not in use. In old English, it took the 
 form counter ; as in counterB.ct. 
 
 €0. See Con. 
 
 ■eoun'ter. See Contra. 
 
 D. 
 
 De. A Latin prefix denoting a moving from, separation ; 
 as in cfebark, decline, decease, dedxxct, rfecamp. Hence, 
 it often expresses a negative, as in t/erange. Sometimes 
 it augments the sense, as in rfeprave, (/espoil. It coin- 
 cides nearly in sense with the French des and Latin dis. 
 
 Di. 1. [Gr. 6is, twice.] In chemistry, a prefix denotin|- 
 two equivalents of the substance indicated by the nouu 
 following that of which the prefix forms a part ; as, di- 
 chloride of mercury ; i. e., a compound formed of two 
 equivalents of mercury and one of chlorine. 
 2. See DIS. 
 
 Di'a. [Gr. 6ia, akin to Lat. dis.] A prefix denoting 
 through, right through; as in rfiameter, d/agram, dia- 
 logue. 
 
 Dis(91). A prefix or inseparable preposition, from the 
 Latin (whence Er. des), denoting separatio7i, a parting 
 fro7n, as in <//,<rtribute, r/(>connect ; hence it generally ha« 
 the force of a privative and negative, as in dis&rm, dis- 
 oblige, disagree. It sometimes passes into the forms di 
 and dif; as in divert, differ, diffuse. 
 
 Dyg-. An inseparable prefix, from the Greek Bvtr-, hard, 
 •11, and signifying ill, bad, hard, difficult, unlucky, 
 dangerous, and the like ; as in dysentory, dyspepsy. 
 
 E, 
 
 See Ex. 
 
 E. A Latin prefix ; the same as Ex. 
 
 fim. See EN. 
 
 fin. A prefix to many EngUsh words, chiefly borrowed 
 
 from the French : as in enchant, snamor, encore, &c It 
 
PREFIXES, 
 
 XXXV 
 
 eoincidee with the Latin in, Gr. ev ; and some English 
 words are written indifferently with en or in. For ease 
 of pronunciation, it is changed to em, particularly be- 
 fore a labial, as in employ, empower. 
 
 fip» I [Cfr. ewt. See OB.] A prefix, signifying on, above, 
 
 £p'i. ) toward, by, to, among, near, &c. ; as in epi- 
 logue, epithet, &c. 
 
 Eu. A prefix from the Gr. ev, well, used very frequently 
 in composition, signifying well, easy, advantageous, 
 good, and the like ; as in eulogy, ewphony, &c. 
 
 £x. A Latin preposition or prefix, Gr. e^ or e/c, signifying 
 out of, out, proceeding from Hence, iu composition, it 
 signifies sometimes out of, as in exhale, exclude ; some- 
 times off, from, or out, as in e.rscind ; sometimes beyond, 
 as in excess, exceed, excel. In some words, it inten.sifies 
 the meaning ; in others, it has little effect on the signi- 
 fication. The X regularly remains only before the vowels 
 and before c, /«. p, q, s, ^(example, exert, excel, exhaust, 
 e.rpend, exquisite, exsiccant, extort) ; it is assimilated to 
 a following/ (e/fusion), and drops away altogether before 
 the other consonants (elect, event, edition, &c.) In a few 
 words it changes into ec (eccentric). Prefixed to namesof 
 oflSce, it denotes that a person has held that ofiice, but 
 has resigned it, or been left out, or dismissed; as, ex- 
 chancellor, ex-president, and the like. 
 
 fJx'tra. [Contracted from extern ( parte), from exter, be- 
 ing on the outside, from ex, out of, from. J A Latin 
 preposition, denoting beyond or excess, often used in 
 composition as a prefix .signifying outside of, or beyond 
 the limits or jurisdiction of tha,t denoted by the word to 
 which it is joined ; as in extradition, extravagant. 
 
 For, [A.-S. /or,/ore, Goth. /aMr,/aMra, allied to laA.pro, 
 Gr. TTpo, Skr. pra-.] As a prefix to verbs, /or has usually 
 the force of a negative or privative, denoting before, that 
 is, against, or away, aside ; as in /orbid, /orsake, for- 
 8wear,/orego. la a few cases, it is merely intensive, as 
 in/orbathe. 
 
 Fore. [A.-S. /ore. See For.] An adjective much used 
 in composition, to denote advancement in place or time ; 
 as in/orebode,/orefather,/oreshorten. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hy'per. [Gr. iirep, allied to Lat. super, Skr. npare, Ger. 
 ti6er,Eng. over.] A prefix u.sed in composition to denote 
 excess, or something over or beyond ; as in /i^/perbolical, 
 /ii//;ertrophy. Sometimes it is used iu the composition 
 of chemical terms, instead of super, to denote excess, or 
 that the substance first mentioned in the name of the 
 compound enters in a greater proportion than the other ; 
 as, hyper-oxide, one containing an excess of oxygen. 
 
 Hy'po. A prefix from the Greek preposition utto [allied 
 to Lat. sub, Skr. upar], under, beneath, and frequently 
 used in composition to signify a less quantity, or a low 
 state or degree of that denoted by the word with which it 
 is joined, position under or beneath it, and the like ; as 
 in hypochondriac, hyposta.tie, hijpothesis. In chemical 
 language, prefixed to the name of a compound contain- 
 ing oxygen, it designates another compound containing 
 less oxygen ; as, hypo-n\trous acid, which contains less 
 oxygen than nitrous acid. 
 
 I. 
 
 n. A prefix, the form of t» when used before words be- 
 ginning with I. See In. 
 
 Im. A prefix from the Lat. in, n being changed to w, for 
 the sake of easy utterance, before a labial, as in imhihe, 
 immense, impartial. The same prefix is sometimes used 
 in compounds not of Latin origin, as in iVnbank, 7w?bit- 
 ter. For im, the French write em, which is used in 
 words introduced into the English from the French 
 
 ^ language. See Em. 
 
 fn. 1. [Allied to Gr. ev, Skr. ina.] A prefix from the 
 Latin w, often used in composition, and signifying «•''/«- 
 in, into, or among, as in mbred, mease, or serving to 
 render emphatic the sense of the word to which it is 
 prefixed, as in ?«close, iwcrease. — In, before I, is changed 
 into il, as in (71usion ; before r, into ir, as in irregular ; 
 before a labial, into im, as in im\>\tt/ev, /^material, im- 
 natient. 
 
 ti. [Allied to Eng. un. See UN.] A Latin particle of 
 negation ; as in mactive, incapable Before b and p, it 
 becomes im ; before I, m, r, the n assimilates itself to 
 
 these consonants. In a few words in is changed into ig,- 
 
 ^ as in iguo\i\e, /gxiorant. 
 
 in'ter. [From in, with an adverbial ending.] A Latin 
 preposition, signifying among or between; — used as a 
 prefix ; as in intercept, m^erfere, m/crrupt. 
 
 in'tro. [Lat., contr. from intero (loco)]. A prefix signi- 
 fying within, into, in, and the Uke ; as in tniroduce, in- 
 ^r omission. 
 
 M. 
 
 M6t'a. [Gr. fxerd, allied to juieVos, Lat. medius, Eng. 
 mid, middle.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signi- 
 fying in the midst of; also, beyond, over, after, behind, 
 with, between, reversely; as in metaphor, meta\>liye,ics, 
 metamorphose. 
 
 Mis. [A.-S., Icel., and Goth, wtssa-, having the same ori- 
 gin with the verb to miss.] A prefix denoting error, 
 wrong, defect, unlikeness, and the like ; as in mistake, 
 mismanage, mispronounce, mistrust. 
 
 N6n, adv. [Lat. non, 0. Lat. nanu, nenu, nanum., nen- 
 um, from ne-cenum, or ne-vnvm , not one.] Not; — used 
 in English as a prefix, generally and properly to sub- 
 stantives and verbs only, giving them a negative sense, 
 ordering and varying their meaning, as do the prefixes 
 un and in those of adjectives; as, non-residence, non- 
 performance ; also, in some cases, prefixed to adjectives ; 
 as, non-acid, non-electric. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ob. [Kindred with Gr. eni.] A Latin preposition, signi- 
 fying, primarily, in front, before, and hence against, 
 toward ; as in otjicere, to object, i. e., to throw against. 
 In composition, the letter b is often changed into the 
 first letter of the word to which it is prefixed ; as in oc- 
 casion, offer, oppose. It means reversed or back in 060- 
 vate, occiput, &c., and often on or in. 
 
 Pa.r'a. [Gr., prob. akin to Lat. prm and prseter.] A prep- 
 osition, used in composition, and signifying beside, to 
 the side of, to, amiss, wrong (like for in ybrswear, &c.), 
 beyond, contrary to. See. ; as in 7?aradox,/laragon,i;aral- 
 ysis,^arasite. It is sometimes contracted into ^ar; as 
 in parody, /paroxysm, &c. 
 
 Per. A Latin preposition often used in composition as a 
 prefix denoting through, passing, or over the whole ex- 
 tent ; as in /perambulate, 7/erfunctory, persecute. It is 
 used, in chemistry, with the signification very, fully, or 
 to the utmost extent; as in /peroxide, a substance oxidated 
 to the utmost degree. 
 
 Per'i. [Gr. irept, Skr. pari.] A prefix used in many 
 words derived from the Greek, and signifying with, 
 around, about, near, and the like ; as iu ptricaTp, period, 
 peHphrAse. 
 
 Post. A Latin preposition, much used in composition as 
 a prefix, signifying after ; as in po.ttpone, ;?o.«script. 
 
 Pre. An English form of the Latin prefix prae, before, 
 originally dat. f., answering to pro, as dat. m., of per, 
 through. It expresses priority of time, place, or rank; 
 as in 7?reclude, 7?redict, prefer, /preponderate. It some- 
 times signifies beyond, and may be rendered very, as in 
 /prepotent. 
 
 Pre'ter. A prefix, from the Lat. prseter (from prse, with 
 the adverbial termination ter), used in the conipo.sition 
 of some English words, and having the signification ot 
 past, beyond ; hence, beside, more ; dtS, preterit, prctermyt, 
 preternntnral. 
 
 Pro. [Originally neuter dative for proi, Gr. trpo.] A 
 Latin preposition, used in composition as a prefix, and 
 denoting fore, forth, forward; as in jaroduce, /project, 
 profess, /promise, protract. 
 
 Pros. [Gr. Trpos, Cf. Skr. prati.] A Greek preposition, 
 used in compo.sition, and signifying motion towards, a 
 being on, at, by, or beside, a remaining beside, and hence 
 connection and engagement with any thing ; as in /pros- 
 elyte, prosody, &c. 
 
 Pseii'do (su'do). [From Gr. ^pevSrj?, lying, false, from 
 \l/e.vSeLv, to belie.] A prefix used iu words from the Greek, 
 and signifying false, counterfeit, pretended, or spurious ; 
 as, /)seu</o- martyr, />seM«?o-philosophy, pseudonym. 
 
 i 
 
SUFFIXES. 
 
 R. 
 
 Ra. See Re. 
 
 Ke. A prefix or inseparable particle in the composition 
 of words, denoting return, repttition, ittration; as in 
 sTcur, reduce, rffraiu. It is abbi-eviated from red, which 
 the Latins reUuued in words begiuuiuj; with a Towel, as 
 in rfrfimere, rrv/ire, rfr/iutegrare. From the Latin the 
 ItaUans, Spanish, and French have also the prefix ra, 
 which is found in some English wox-ds derived from these 
 languages. 
 
 Ke'tro. [IjUt., from re and the adverbial termination 
 ter.] A prefix in words from the Latin, signifying back 
 or backward ; as in r«frocede, rttrospect. 
 
 Se* [Orig. form of 5Jne.] An inseparable preposition used 
 in some words from the Latin, and signifying without, 
 aside, by itself; as in 5pcure, seduce, seclude, &c. 
 
 Si'ne. A liatin preposition, signifying without, and used 
 in composition ; as, siiieoaie. It drops the final e in 
 «ncere, and also changes the n into m in s/;;iple. 
 
 StSp. [A.-S. steop, from steopnn, stepan, 0. H. Ger. 
 stiufan, to bereave.] A prefix used in composition be- 
 fore father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, 
 &c., to indicate that the person thus spoken of is not a 
 blood-relative, but is a relative by the marriage of a 
 parent. 
 
 Sub. [Allied to Gr. vtto.] A Latin pi-eposition, denoting 
 under or below, used in English as a prefix, to express an 
 inferior position or ititention, and also a subordinate de- 
 gree, or imperfect state of a quality. Before c, f, g, p, r, 
 and m, the b is changed into those letters, as in succeed, 
 suffer, sug'gest, suppose, surrogate, and summon. 
 
 lI@~When prefixed to the name of a chemical compound, 
 tub denotes that this, if an oxysalt, contains a less number of 
 equivalents of the acid than of tlie base, or that the base is a 
 8ub-oxide; or, if it is a haloid salt, or analogous compound, 
 that the electro- negative is in a smaller proportion than the 
 electro-positive constituent, or is combined witli it in the 
 smallest proportion possible; as in seift-bromide, s«6-iodide, &c. 
 
 Siib'ter. [From sub and the adverbial termination ter.] 
 A Latin preposition, signifying under, used as a prefix in 
 EngUsh with the same meaning as sub ; but it is less 
 general in its application ; as in sw^^erfuge. 
 
 Su'per. A Latin preposition (same as Greek vnep), used 
 as a prefix, and signifying above, over, or iii excess; as in 
 superfine, SM/>erintend, supervise. 
 
 Su'pra. [Orig. supera, from super.] A Latin preposition, 
 signifying above, over, or beyond; used in composition ; 
 as in sj/pralapsarian. 
 
 SAr. A prefix, from the French, conti-acted from the 
 Latin super, supra, and signifying over, above, beyond, 
 upon ; as in swrcharge, swrmount, swrprise. 
 
 Syn. A prefix from the Greek preposition (tvv (the Lat. 
 cum, akin to Lat. simul, Skr. sa-, sam), with, along 
 with, together ivith, at the same time ; as in synonym, 
 syntax, synthesis. Before b, m, p, ph, it changes into 
 sym (symbol, symmetry, sympathy, symphony); before 
 I into syl {syllogism) \ anil sometimes the n is dropped, 
 as in system. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tra.n§. A Latin preposition, used in English as a prefix, 
 signitying over, beyond, through, on the other side; as in 
 transsXpine, beyond the Alps. Hence, in a moral sense, 
 it denotes a complete change; as, to Jmwsform. Itsome- 
 tinies drops the two last consonants ; as in fraduce. 
 
 Tri. A prefix, signifying three, thrice, from Gr. rpi's, 
 thrice, rpeis, rpia, Lat. tres, tria, three : as in triangle, 
 trident, triemual. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ul'tra. [Lat . , orig. fem. of ulter, being beyond, from uls, 
 beyond.] A prefix from the Latin, having in composition 
 the signification beyond, on the other side, chietly when 
 joined with words expressing relations of place ; as, idtra- 
 marine, «/^ra-montane, &c. In other relations, it has 
 the sense of excessively, exceedingly, beyond what is com- 
 mon, natural, right, or proper ; as, w^tra -conservative, 
 M/ira-despotic, &c. 
 
 tJn., [A.-S. iin, and sometimes on, Goth. «n, Icel. 3, allied 
 to Gr. av, a, Skr. an, a, Lat. in.] A negative prefix at- 
 tached at will to almost any English adjective, or parti- 
 ciple used adjectively, and to less numerous classes of 
 nouns and verbs. See UN in the Dictionary. 
 
 W. 
 
 "Witli. [See in Dictionary.] An English preposition, 
 sometimes used in composition, and signifying opposition, 
 privation, separation, or departure ; as in with6i&y>-, 
 witlistAnA, ttfirAhold. 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 A-e. [Gr. -ax6?.] A suffix signifying o/ or />er<aming^ «o; 
 as in demoniac, hypochondriac. 
 
 Age. [Fr.] A termination of nouns having a collective 
 or abstract meaning; as, advantag^e, averag-e, herbage, 
 foliog^e, pillage. 
 
 AX, [Lat. -alis.] A termination of words from the Latin 
 denoting of or pertaining to ; as, annual, cordial, fina/, 
 lega/, martial. See^AL. 
 
 An. [Lat. -anus.] A termination of some nouns and ad- 
 jectives from the Latin, denoting office, profession, or 
 character, as, Christian, commedian, tragedia?i, elysian, 
 tertian. 
 
 AnQe, I [Lat. -antiu.] Terminations of nouns having 
 
 An-^y. ) an abstract signification ; as, elegance, abund- 
 ance, briUiancy, vacancy. 
 
 Ant. [Lat. -ans, -antis.] A termination of adjectives 
 from the Latin, as, vagrant ; and of nouns denoting the 
 doer of a thing ; as, assistant, commandant 
 
 Ar. [Lat. -aris. ] A termination of adjectives derived from 
 the Latin, and denoting of or pertaining to; as, angular, 
 Jocular, perpendicular, similar. 
 
 Ard, the termination of many English words, is taken 
 from the Goth, hardus, A.-S. heard, Icel. & Eng. hard, 
 and appears in proper names ; as, Renarr/, strong in 
 counsel : GoAdard, strong in, or through, God ; Bernarr/, 
 strong like a bear, &c. We find it also in appellatives. 
 
 usually with a bad signification ; as in drunkard, dotard, 
 bastarrf, niggard, braggart, &c. 
 
 A-ry. [Lat. -ar7MS.] A termination of adjectives from 
 the Latin, denoting p/" or pertaining to; as, auxiliary, 
 miUtary, &c. ; and of nouns, denoting the doer of a 
 thing ; as, adversary, mercenary, &c. 
 
 Ate. [Lat. -atus.] A termination, 1. Of verbs, as, de- 
 liberate, initiate ; 2. Of adjectives, as, moderate, ulti- 
 mate ,• 3. Of nouns, denoting (a.) off ce or dignity, as. 
 pontificate; (6.) the possessor of sitrh office or dignity^ 
 as, magistrate, delegate ,• (c.) salts containing more than 
 one degree of oxygen, as, sulphate, phosphate. 
 
 B. 
 
 Ble. [Lat. bilis.] A termination of adjectives derived 
 from the Latin, or formed on the same model, and signi- 
 fying capable of being or worthy to be ; as, flexiWe, mu- 
 ta6/e, sensible, warrantai/e. 
 
 ■€al. [Lat. -cms.] A termination of adjectives derived 
 from the Latin or following the analogy of such, and sig 
 nifying of or pertaining to ; as, anatomica/, comical, mag- 
 ical, practica/, technical. 
 
SUFFIXES. 
 
 XXXVIl 
 
 D. 
 
 Dom. A termination denoting jurisdiction^ or property 
 and jurisdiction. It was ox-iginally doom (q. v.), judg- 
 ment ; as in kingc^ow, eaxXdom. Hence it is used to de- 
 note stcae, condition^ or quality ; as in vf'indom, freedom. 
 
 E. 
 
 £-an. [Gr. -aios, or -eios, Lat. -sens, -eus.] A termina- 
 tion of adjectives derived from Greek adjectives, or formed 
 on the pattern of such, adjectives ; as, cerulean, hercule- 
 a?i, hyperborean. 
 
 Ee. A termination of nouns, denoting one on or to whom 
 something is done ; as, appellee, donee, referee, trustee. 
 
 Eer. See lER. 
 
 En. A plural termination of nouns and of verbs formerly 
 in use, as, in housen, escapen; and retained in oxe;i 
 and children. It is also still used as the termination of 
 some verbs, as in hearken, from the Saxon infinitive. It 
 is also used to form from nouns adjectives expressing the 
 material of which a thing is made ; as, leaden, wooden, 
 golden. 
 
 fin^e, I [Lat. -entia.] A termination of abstract nouns 
 
 fin-fy. .1 from the Latin, or of nouns that follow the 
 analogy of nouns so derived; as, abstinence, circumfer- 
 ence, reticence, agency, contingency. 
 
 £nt. [Lat. -ens, -entis.] A termination of nouns from 
 the Latin, denoting the doer of a thing ; as, dependent, 
 recipient, student/ or of participial adjectives ; as, ferv- 
 ent, ardent. 
 
 Er. A termination of many English words, and the 
 Teutonic form of the Latin or. It denotes an agent, and 
 was originally of the masculine gender, but is now ap- 
 plied to men or things indifferently ; as in hater, farmer, 
 heater, grater. At the end of names of places, er signi- 
 fies a man of the place ; thus, Londoner is the same as 
 
 ^ London man. 
 
 Es'^ent. [habt. -escens, -escentis.] A termination of par- 
 ticipial adjectives from the Latin, denoting progression, 
 grotving, or becoming ; a,a convalescenJ, putrescent, qui- 
 
 ^escent. 
 
 £ss. [Fr., from Lat. ix.] A termination of nouns fem- 
 inine, distinguishing them from correspondent nouns 
 masculine; as, authoress, honess, negress, shepherdess. 
 
 ."Fill. [The same as full.] A termination of adjectives 
 denoting plenitude , and generally formed from substan- 
 tives ; as, artful, beauti/wZ, peace/wZ. 
 
 Ey. [Lat./afere,j^eri, i'r.^er.] A termination of verbs, 
 denoting to make, to become ; as, ampliyi/, deify, gratify, 
 liquefy, rarefy. 
 
 H. 
 
 H<>bd. [A.-S. had, from had, state, sex, order, degree, 
 person, form, manner, Goth, haidus.] A termination 
 denoting state or fixedness, condition, quality, character, 
 totality ; as in manhood, childhood, knight/iooc/, brother- 
 hood. Sometimes it is written head ; as in maidenAeat/, 
 godhead. 
 
 I. 
 
 !«. [Gr. -iKos, Lat. -icus.] A termination of adjectives 
 denoting of or pertaining to; as, authentic, concentric, 
 
 _ magnetic, seraphic. 
 
 l€S. A termination of nouns, plural in form but singular 
 in signification, applied to certain arts or sciences; as, 
 
 ^ optics, mathematics. 
 
 Id. [Lat. -idus.] A termination of adjectives denoting 
 quality ; as, acid, liquid, rigid, sordid. 
 
 ler, ) [Fr. -ier, -iere.] A termination of nouns denoting 
 
 Eer. ) men from their occupations or employment ; as, 
 brigadier, cavalier, mountaineer, volunteer. 
 
 He. [Lat. -His.] A termination of adjectives from the 
 Latin, denoting of or pertaining to; as agile, docile, 
 fragile, versatile. 
 
 Ine. [Lat. -iwMs] A termination of adjectives from the 
 Latin, denoting of or pertaining to ; as, adamantine, fem- 
 inine, pristine. 
 
 Ion. [Lat. -io, gen. -ionis.^ A termination of abstract 
 
 nouns derived from the Latin, or formed after the same 
 anology ; as in ambition, conception, probation, eva- 
 sion, version, crucifixion. 
 
 Ish. [A.-S. isc, Goth, isk, N.H. Ger. isch.] A termination 
 of English words denoting diminution, or a small degree 
 of the quality ; as, whitisA, from white; yeWov/ish, from 
 yellow. Isk annexed to proper names forms a possessiv* 
 adjective, as in Swedis/i, Banish, English. Annexed to 
 common nouns, it forms an adjective denoting a partici- 
 pation of the qualities expressed by the noun ; as foolisA, 
 
 ^ from fool; roguish, from rogue; brutis/t, from brute. 
 
 Igm. [Gr. -icTjiJtos.] A termination of nouns from the 
 Greek, or of nouns formed on the same model as these, 
 denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of 
 being, viewed abstractly; as, atheism, catechism, hero 
 
 ^ ism, mechanise, sophism. 
 
 1st. [Gr. -to-TTjs.] A termination of nouns denoting men 
 from their occupations, pursuits, or principles ; as, bap- 
 tist, chemist, eulogist, theist. 
 
 Ite. [Lat. -itns.] A termination of nouns and adjectives; 
 as, appetite, exquisite, favorite. It is often used to form 
 collective or gentile names ; as, bedlamite, Jacobite. In 
 names of minerals it is derived from the Gr. Aido?, a 
 stone ; as, steatite. 
 
 1-ty. See Ty. - 
 
 Ive. [Lat. -ivus.] A termination, denoting a&iZtty, goit- 
 er or activity, of nouns and adjectives from the Latin ; as, 
 
 _ authoritatire, incentive, persuasive, vlndictit-e. 
 
 Ize, ) [Gr. -ifeii/.] A termination of verbs from the Greek, 
 
 Ige. j or of verbs formed on the same model, and de- 
 noting to m.ake,to cause to be, to become; as, agonize, 
 characterize, tantalize, criticise, exorcise. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kin. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, kind, offspring, race ; Goth. 
 A;Mni, Icel. kyn, allied to Lat. genus, Gr. yeVo?, yovos-] 
 A diminutive termination of English words, denoting 
 small, from the sense of child ; as in lambA;in, manniArin, 
 napkin, pipiin. 
 
 liC. A diminutive termination; as in crumbZe, bundle, 
 gird/e, joggte, fondle, dimple, throttle. 
 
 Licss. A terminating syllable of many nouns and some 
 adjectives. It is the A.-S. leas, Goth. Idus, allied to Eng. 
 loose, fr. A.-S. leosan, Goth, liusan, Eng. lose. Hence 
 it is a privative word, denoting destitution ; as, a witZess 
 man, a man destitute of wit ; childless, without children ; 
 fatherless / faithtess ; penniless / lawless. 
 
 Li^t. [French dim. termination et, as in islet, eaglet, cir- 
 clet, goblet, floweret, baronet, with I inserted, as in stream.- 
 let, branchlet, ringlet.] A termination of diminutives ; as, 
 hamZet, a little house ; rivuZet, a small stream. 
 
 Ein^. [A.-S.] A termination denoting state, condition, 
 offspring, or progeny ; as in hireling', earthling, world- 
 Zing-, foundZin^, darting-, firstZing-, underting", starting", 
 ground-ting-, gosling, sapting-. 
 
 Ey . [0. Eng. lich, being an abbreviation of A. Sax. He, like, 
 Goth, leiks, Icel. ligr, likr.] A termination of adjectives ; 
 as in lovety, manly, that is, love-tiA;e, man-like. It ia 
 also a termination of adverbs [0. Eng. liche, A.-S. lice, 
 Goth, leikd, Icel. liga]. 
 
 M. 
 
 M€nt. A termination of nouns (formed often from vefba), 
 as, engagement, management, impediment. 
 
 Mo-ny. [Lat. -monium, -monia.] A termination of 
 nouns from the Latin, signifying action or an active fac- 
 ulty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly ; as, alir 
 m.ony, matrimony/, testimony. 
 
 N. 
 
 N6ss. [A.-S. ness, niss, Goth, nassus.] A termination of 
 abstract names, denoting state or quality; as in bUndness, 
 goodness, greatness, sweetness. 
 
 O. 
 
 6ck. [A.-S. ca or -uca.] A diminutive termination of 
 nouns'; as in bulloc^-, hillock, mattoc^-, paddocA:. 
 
 Or. A termination of Latin nouns, denoting an agent; 
 as in actor, creditor. It is annexed to many words of 
 
XXXVIU 
 
 LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. 
 
 English origin ; as in lessor. In general, or is annexed 
 to words ot Latin, and tr to chose of English, origin. iSee 
 Er. 
 O-ry. [Lat- -""»«•] A termination of words from the 
 l^atiu, denoting o/", or pertaining to; as, amatory, conso- 
 latory, promissory, satisfactory. 
 Ose, ( iLat. -osiis, -«/,<.]■' A termination of English adjec- 
 OAs. I tives, many of which are derived directly from 
 the Latin ; as, dubiotA$, cousciotw, atrocious, operoie, 
 verbose. 
 
 R. 
 
 Bi€. [Goth, reiki, dominion, A.-S. rice, or ric ; from the 
 same root as l^t. revere, to rule, and region.] A termi- 
 oation signifying jurisdiction, or a district aver wliidi 
 govenwitnl w exercised; as, bishoprjc. 
 
 Ship. [A.-S. scipe, scype, from scyppan, sceppan, to 
 mold, form, shape.] A termination denoting state, office, 
 dignity, profession, or art ; &s in lordship, ftiendsUip, 
 chanceiiorA/if>, stewards/uy?, hor.semaasAj^. 
 
 Some. [A.-S. sum, Goth, sajna, like, the same.] A ter- 
 miuatiou of certain adjectives. It indicates a considera- 
 ble degree of the thing or quantity ; as. uiettleso?r?e, full 
 of mettle or spirit ; gladsome, very glad or joyous. 
 
 Ster. [.\.-S. estre, istre.] A termination, as in drugster, j 
 gamesif r, songster, spinster, denoting skill or occupation. 
 It was originally applied to denote the female agent in 
 an action. Thus, songster signitied, at tirst, a female 
 who sings ; but the ending ster having at length, in a 
 measure, lost its peculiar force, the feminine termination I 
 
 ess was appended to it ; thus, songster became songstress 
 with a double endinif. 
 
 , double ending 
 
 T. 
 
 T, ) [A.-S.] A termination of abstract nouns of Anglo- 
 Tli. ) Saxon origin ; as, depth, gvovrth, strength, weaUA, 
 
 drift, gift, theft. 
 Tion. See lON. 
 Tude. [Lat. -tudo.] A termination of abstract nouns 
 
 from the Latin, signifying action or an active faculty, 
 
 being, or a state oj being; as, &vap]itude, fortitude, grati- 
 
 tiide, sotitu/ie. 
 Ty. [Lat. -tas, -talis, Fr. tc.] A termination of words 
 
 denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of 
 
 being, viewed abstractly ; as, antiquity, difficulty, hu 
 
 mility, necessity. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ure. [Lat. -ura.] A termination of words derived from 
 the Latin (often through the Italian or French), and 
 denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of 
 being, viewed abstractly; as, creature, ft^t»rc, legis- 
 lature, nature, superstructure. 
 
 w. 
 
 Ward, or Wardg. [A-S. -weard, -weardes ; Goth, 
 vairl/is, allied to Lat. vertere, to turn, versus, toward.] 
 A suffix used in the composition of a large class of words, 
 and denoting direction, or tendency to, motion toward, 
 and the like; as, in upi:;ar(/, onit'arrf.s. 
 
 LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. 
 
 § 1. Anglo-Sazon, Teutonic; Indo-European. The 
 English language is the descendant and representative of 
 the Anglo-Saxon. It has lost very much of the inflection, 
 and very many of the words, which belonged to the parent 
 language ; and, on the other hand, it has borrowed words 
 very largely, to the extent even cf half its vocabulary, 
 from other languages, especially the French and the Latin. 
 Yet all the inflections that remain in it, and most of its 
 formative endings, the pronouns and particles, and, in gen- 
 eral, the words which are in most frequent and famiiiar 
 use, have come to it from the Anglo-Saxon. Wi*^^h all its 
 mixture of foreign elements, it is still aTeut«.ri.; language, 
 like the German, Dutch, Swedi.<h, Danish, atd others. 
 These again make one branch in that gi-eat family of lan- 
 "Tuages, which, as it extends from India westward, and cov- 
 ers nearly the entire area of Europe, is called Indo-Euro- 
 pean. Among all families of kindred tongues, the Indo- 
 European Ls pre-eminent, both for the perfection of its or- 
 ganic structure, and for the value of its literary monuments. 
 The parent of the whole family, the one primitive Indo- 
 European language, has left no such monument of itself; 
 but its forms and roots may be made out, to a great ex- 
 tent, by the scientific comparison of the languages which 
 are descended from it. The main branches of the Indo- 
 European family are the following : — 
 
 § 2. I. The INDI.4.N. The Sanskrit of the four Vedas, 
 the sacred books of the Brahman religion, is more ancient 
 than the common or cla.«.sical Sanskrit. Even the latter 
 had cea.«ed to be the language of common life as early as 
 the third century before Christ. It was succeeded by the 
 Prakrit dialects, one of which, the Pali, is the sacred lan- 
 guage of the Buddhists in Ceylon and Further India. 
 These, in their turn, were succeeded by the modem idioms 
 of Northern Hindustan, the Bengali, Marathi, Guzerathi, 
 and otiiers. The Hindustani (or Urdu), formed in the 
 camps and courts of the Mohammedan conquerors of India, 
 ii largely intermixed with Persian and Arabic. The widely- 
 Hcrattered Gypsies speak, with great diversity of dialect, a 
 language which is clearly of Indian stof>k. 
 
 § 3. II. The IRANIAN. To this branch belong, 1. The 
 Zend, which is believed to have been the language of an- 
 went Bactria, and is preserved in the Avesta. or sacred 
 writings of the Parsis. 2. The GUI Persian, which is seen 
 in the cuneiform (or arrow-headed) inscriptions of Darius 
 
 I and Xerxes. The modem Persian has lost nearly all the 
 i ancient inflection, and with the Mohammedan rel^on has 
 adopted a multitude of words from the Arabic. Other lan- 
 guages belonging to this branch are those of the Kurds, the 
 Afghans, the Ossetes (in the Caucasus), and the ancient and 
 modern Armenians. The Indian and Iranian are often 
 classed together as forming the Indo-Persian or Aryan 
 branch of our family. 
 
 I § 4. III. The Greek. Of its numerous dialects, the 
 first to receive literarj' culture was the Old Ionic or Epic, 
 followed by the JEolic, the Doric, the Neiv lonir, and finally 
 the Attic, which became at length, though with some change 
 of form, the common language of literature and .«ofiety. 
 It is represented now by the Romaic or Modern Greek. 
 The Albnnian. spoken ina large part of modern Greece, is 
 supposed to be a descendant of the ancient lUyrian. 
 
 § 5. IV. The Latin. This is often joined with the 
 preceding, as the Greco-Latin, or Classical branch. Closely 
 akin to Latin were the other Italian languages — the Os- 
 can, Umbrian, etc. — in Central Italy. The modem de- 
 scendants of the Latin are called the Romance languages. 
 They are the Italian, the Spa7iis/i. the Portuguese, the Pro- 
 vejiQol (of Southern France, used in the middle ages as a 
 literary language), and the French (originally the popular 
 dialect of Northern France). All these contain a small 
 proportion of Teutonic words, brought in by the barbarian 
 conquerors of the Western Roman Empire. But another 
 Romance language — that of the Wcdlnrhians, the descend- 
 ants of the Romanized Dacians — is largely intemiixet' 
 with borrowed words, taken chiefly from the neighboring 
 Slavonic tribes. 
 
 § 6. V. The Celtic. This branch is divided by strong- 
 ly-marked differences into two sections: 1. The Gaelic, 
 including the Irish (or native language of Ireland), the 
 Erse (or ilighland Scotch), and the Manx (the corrupt id- 
 iom of the Isle of Man ). The last two are little more than 
 dialects of the Irish. 2. The Cymric, including the Welsh 
 (or native language of Wales), the Corni»h (which was 
 spoken in Cornwall, hut went out of use in the last cent 
 ury), and the Arynorican (spoken in the French province 
 of Britanny, the ancient Armorica). The oldest manuscript 
 specimens of the Gaehc belong to the close of the eighth 
 century : for the Cymric, the oldest which are at all copi 
 ous, ar^ *hree or four centuries lat«c. 
 
LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. 
 
 §7. VI. The Slavonic. Thecarliest monument is the 
 version of the Bible, made in the ninth century, by the 
 Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius, into the Old 
 Slavonic, the idiom spoken by the Bulgarians of that time. 
 This widely-dififused class of languages divides itself into 
 two principal sections : 1. The eastern and southern Sla- 
 vonic, including the Russian, the Bulgarian, and the three 
 lllyrian idioms, Servian, Croatian, and Slovenic. 2. The 
 western Slavonic, including the Polish, the Bohemian (with 
 the Moravian and Slovack dialects), the Lusatian or Wen- 
 dish, a,nd the extiact Polabian. 
 
 § 8. VII. The Lithuanian. The language of Lithu- 
 ania has no monuments older than the middle of the six- 
 teenth century ; but it has preserved in a surprising degree 
 the ancient inflection and structure. To the same stock 
 belong the Lettish of Courland and Livonia, which is much 
 less ancient in its form, and the Old Prussian, which was 
 once spoken on the coast of the Baltic east of the Vistula, 
 but became extinct in the seventeenth century. The con- 
 nection between this and the preceding branch is such 
 that they are often classed together as the Letto-Slavic 
 languages. 
 
 §9. VIII. The Teutonic. Here again the earliest 
 monument is a version of the Bible, made by Ulfilas, an 
 Arian bishop of the fourth century, into his native Gothic 
 (or McBso- Gothic), the language spoken at that time by tbe 
 Goths on the Lower Danube. This work is preserved only 
 in fragments, but these are of considerable extent, and are 
 of inestimable value to the philologist. Among the Teu- 
 tonic languages we distinguish, — 
 
 § 10. 1. The High Germanic, in upper or Southern 
 Germany. The Old High German is seen in Otfrid's Krist. 
 Notker's Translation of the Psalms, and other monuments, 
 most of them in verse, from the eighth century to the end 
 of the eleventh. The Middle High German, from the 
 twelfth to the fifteenth century, has a rich poetical litera- 
 ture, including the Nibelungen Not with its attendant 
 epics, and the lyric poetry of the Minnesinger. The Neio 
 High German is the language of Luther's Bible-version 
 and of all German literature since the Reformation. 
 
 § 11. 2. The Loio Germanic, in Northern Germany and 
 the Netherlands. Here belong, (a.) The Friesic, which was 
 once spoken along the whole northern coast of Germany, 
 from the Elbe westward. Its early monuments consist 
 almost wholly of laws, beginning with the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. For a long time it has existed only as a popular 
 idiom, and is now confined to a few small and scattered 
 locaUties. (b.) The Anglo-Saxon (sometimes called simply 
 Saxon), which in the fifth and sixth centuries was trans- 
 planted from North-eastern Germany to Britain, and has 
 had its subsequent development and history in that island, 
 (c. ) The Old Saxon, which was spoken in Northern Germany 
 between the Rhine and the Elbe, south of the narrow sea- 
 coast region, which was occupied by the Friesic. It is known 
 almost solely from the Heliand (i. e., Savior), a metrical 
 narration of the gospel history, preserved in manuscripts of 
 the ninth century. The language of the Netherlands in 
 the same period can not have differed much from the Old 
 Saxon, which may be regarded as the common parent of 
 the two following idioms, (d.) The Dutch, or Low Dutch, 
 spoken in HoUaud, anC used la literdturo since the last 
 
 part of the thirteenth century. The Flemish, ppoken in 
 Flanders, is a dialect of the Dutch, (e.) The Low German, 
 strictly so called (or Plattdeutsch), the idiom of the com- 
 mon people in Northern Germany. In the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth centuries, it was used as a literary language ; hut 
 political circumstances, giving af^cendency to the Iligh Ger- 
 man, have reduced it to the inferior position of a popular 
 dialect. 
 
 § 12. 3. The Norse, or Scandinavian. The Old Norse 
 is also called Old Icelandic, as n.ost of its abundant litera- 
 ture (Eddas, Sagas, etc.) was con.poMd in Iceland. The 
 oldest manuscripts in which it is prei-er^ed are of tbe thir- 
 teenth century ; but many of its productions are of earlier 
 origin, going back even to the heathen times of Scandina- 
 via. The modern Icelandic has adhered with remarkable 
 fidelity to the forms of the ancient language. But the 
 modern idioms of the Scandinavian mainland, the ^uedish, 
 and, still more, the Danish (of which the Noncegian is 
 only a dialect), have undergone exten.=i\e changes. 
 
 § 13. Languages not kindred to the English. The 
 Indo-European fan.ily has no isolated domain, but comes 
 in contact with various other families of languages. It is 
 bounded along its whole northern frontier by the Tartaric 
 (or Tataric) family (called also the Turanian, or the Altaic)^ 
 which includes the numerous and widely -different languages 
 of the Manchoos, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and 
 Europe), the Magyars (in Hungary), the Finns, and a 
 multitude of other tribes. To the south-east, it touches on 
 the so-called Dravidian family, the Tamil and its sister 
 idioms in Ceylon and Southern India. In South-western 
 Asia it is m contact with a more remarkable family , — the 
 Semitic, — including the Hebrew, ^yriac, Arabic, and 
 Etiiiopic, with their ancient and important literatures. 
 Even in South-western Europe, it is doubtful ^yhether the 
 ancient Etruscan belonged to our family. It is perfectly 
 'clear that the ancient Iberian did not belong to it, which 
 was once'the prevailing language of the Spanish peninsula, 
 and which still lives, on the two sides of the Pyrenees, in 
 the strange language called Basque (Biscayan, or Euscarra). 
 Whether the Indo-European has a primitive connection 
 with any of the adjacent families, is a question which has 
 not heen, and perhaps never will be, decided by philologi- 
 cal evidence. At all events, it is certain that between 
 Welsh and Sanskrit, distant as they are in space and time, 
 there is an infinitely closer connection than between the 
 neighboring pairs of Russian and Finnish, German and 
 Hungarian, or Greek and Hebrew. It is true that some 
 languages of our family have horrowed particular words 
 from languages of other families. The English, for ex- 
 ample, has taken from the Hebrew such words as shekel, 
 cherub, seraph, jubilee, pharisee, cabala, etc. ; and from 
 some of them has formed derivatives, such as seraphic, 
 jubilant, Pharisaical, pharisoJsyn, cabalist, cabalistical, etc. 
 But this borrowing can only occur where there are histori- 
 cal conditions that favor it : even then it has its limits and 
 its distinctive marks, and must not be confounded with a 
 radical affinity between two languages. All etymologizing 
 which assumes or implies a radical affinity between English 
 ".nd Hebrew, English and Finnish, or the like, is, in tho 
 present state of philology, unscientific and illusory. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK 
 
 a. . stands for acljectiye. 
 
 abbrev abbreviated. 
 
 abl ablative. 
 
 ace accusative. 
 
 adv adverb. 
 
 Agric Agriculture. 
 
 Am.,Atner. . . .America, American. 
 
 Anat Anatomy. 
 
 Antiq Antiquities. 
 
 aor aorist. 
 
 Ar Arabic. 
 
 Arch Architecture. 
 
 Arith Arithmetic. 
 
 Ann or Armorican. 
 
 A.-S Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 Astrol Astrology. 
 
 Astron Astronomy. 
 
 aug augmentative. 
 
 Bib Biblical. 
 
 Bot Botany. 
 
 Braz Brazilian. 
 
 Carp Carpentry. 
 
 CkUal Catalan. 
 
 Celt Celtic. 
 
 Cf. Confer (compare). 
 
 Chald Chaldee. 
 
 Chem Chemistry. 
 
 Chin Chinese. 
 
 Oiron Chronology. 
 
 Civ Civil. 
 
 Colloq., coU. . .Colloquial, colloquially. 
 
 Com ; .Commerce, Common. 
 
 comp compound, compound- 
 
 compar comparative. [ed. 
 
 Conch Conchology. 
 
 conj conjunction. 
 
 eontr contracted, contraction. 
 
 Corn Cornish. 
 
 corrupt corrupted, corruption. 
 
 Copt Coptic. 
 
 Xi Dutch. 
 
 Dan Danish. 
 
 dat dative. 
 
 def. definition. 
 
 dim diminutive. 
 
 Bed Ecclesiastical. 
 
 Bed. Hist. . . .Ecclesiastical History. 
 
 e. g exempli gratia (for ex- 
 
 Bkc Electricity. [ample). 
 
 Eng England, English. 
 
 Engin Engineering. 
 
 Entom Entomology. 
 
 e<{uiv equivalent. 
 
 esp especially. 
 
 etym, etymology. 
 
 f. feminine. 
 
 Fig Figurative, figuratively. 
 
 Fort Fortification. 
 
 • fr from. 
 
 Fr French. 
 
 freq frequentative. 
 
 ^ul future. 
 
 Gael Gaelic. 
 
 GcUv Galvanism. 
 
 gen generally, genitive. 
 
 Geog Geography. - 
 
 Geol Geology. 
 
 Geom Geometry. 
 
 Ger German. 
 
 Goth Gothic. 
 
 Gr Greek. 
 
 Gram Grammar. 
 
 H. stands for High. 
 
 Heb Hebrew. 
 
 Her Heraldry. 
 
 Hist History. 
 
 Hort Horticulture. 
 
 Hung Hungarian. 
 
 hypoth hypothetical. 
 
 Ichth Ichthyology. 
 
 Icel Icelandic. 
 
 i. e id ext (that is). 
 
 imp imperfect. 
 
 inf. infinitive. 
 
 intens intensive. 
 
 inter j interjection. 
 
 Ir Irish. 
 
 It Italian. 
 
 Join Joinery. 
 
 L Low. 
 
 Lat Latin. 
 
 Lit. , lit Literally, literally. 
 
 Lit Literature. 
 
 M. Middle. 
 
 m. masculine. 
 
 Mach Machinery. 
 
 Malay Malayan. 
 
 Math Mathematics. 
 
 Medi Mechanics. 
 
 Med Medicine. 
 
 Metal Metallurgy. 
 
 Metaph Metaphysics. 
 
 Meteor Meteorology. 
 
 Mil ...Military. 
 
 Min Mineralogy. 
 
 Mus Music. 
 
 Myth Mythology. 
 
 N. New. 
 
 n noun. 
 
 Nat. Hist Natural History. 
 
 Naut Nautical. 
 
 neut neuter. 
 
 Norm. Fr. ...Norman French. 
 Numis Numismatics. 
 
 O Old. 
 
 Obs Obsolete. 
 
 Opt Optics. 
 
 orig original, originally. 
 
 Ornith Ornithology. 
 
 p participle. 
 
 p. a participial adjective. 
 
 Paint Painting. 
 
 Palfon Paleontology. 
 
 pass passive. 
 
 Pathol Pathology. 
 
 Per Persian. 
 
 perh perhaps. 
 
 pers person. 
 
 Pg Portuguese. 
 
 Philos Philosophy. 
 
 Photog Photography. 
 
 Piiren Phrenology. 
 
 Physiol Physiology. 
 
 pi plural. 
 
 Poet Poetrv, poetical. 
 
 Pol Polish. 
 
 Polit. Econ, ..Political Economy. 
 
 p.p participle past. 
 
 p.pr participle present. 
 
 Pr Provengal. 
 
 pre/. prefix. 
 
 prep preposition. 
 
 pret preterit. 
 
 prin. stands for principally. 
 
 Print Printing. 
 
 priv pi-ivative. 
 
 Prob., prob. ..probably. 
 Pron. , pron. . . I Pronunciation, pro- 
 "^ ( nounced; pronoun 
 
 prop properly . 
 
 Pros Prosody. 
 
 Prov Provincial. 
 
 q. V. 
 
 .quod vide (which sec). 
 
 Rhet Rhetoric. 
 
 Rom Roman. 
 
 Rom. Cath. . -Roman Catholic. 
 Russ Russian. 
 
 Sax Saxon. [stood). 
 
 sc scilicet (being under- 
 
 Scot Scotland, Scottish 
 
 Script Scripture, scriptural. 
 
 Sculp Sculpture. 
 
 sing singular. 
 
 Skr Sanskrit. 
 
 Slav Slavonic. 
 
 superl superlative. 
 
 Surg Surgerj'- 
 
 Surv Surveying. 
 
 Sw Swedish. 
 
 Syn Synonyms. 
 
 5^ Syriac. 
 
 term termination. 
 
 Theol Theology. 
 
 Trans Translation. 
 
 Turk Turkish. 
 
 Typog Typography. 
 
 U.S. United States. 
 
 V verb. 
 
 vb. n verbal noun. 
 
 v.i verb intransitive. 
 
 V. t verb transitive. 
 
 W. 
 
 Zo'6l Zoology. 
 
 %* In this Dictionary, words from 
 foreign languages, both ancient and 
 modem, are usually printed in ItaUcs, 
 though many of them are not ordi- 
 narily so printed in other works ; as, 
 Addendum , Alguazil, Alibi. 
 
 *^* Compound words, which in or- 
 dinary writing and printing have their 
 constituent parts separated by a hy- 
 phen , are here distinguished from those 
 which are usually and properly written 
 and printed without one, by the use 
 of a heavier hAphen than that em- 
 ployed for the mere division of words 
 into sj llables ; as, Able-bodied. Words 
 having prefixes or initial syllables which 
 are commonly separated from the other 
 syllables by a hyphen, are distinguished 
 in the same way ; as. Re-enforce, 
 Elec tro-m agnetic . 
 
 %* For the " KEY TO THE PRO- 
 NUNCIATION,'' see page vi. It is de- 
 sirable that those who use this Dic- 
 I tionary should make themselves famil- 
 ' iar with the Key, as they will then find 
 it easy to understand the notation by 
 which the pronunciation of every word 
 is expressed. 
 
DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Al. The first letter of the alphabet in most of the 
 known languages of the earth. It is naturally the 
 first letter, because it represents the first vocal sound 
 naturally formed by the organs of speech ; namely, that 
 heard in far, mast, &c. See Prin. of Pron., §§ 2-8, 44, 
 45. 3. An adjective, commonly called the indefinite 
 article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. 
 It is placed before nouns of the singular number denot- 
 ing an individual object, before collective nouns, and also 
 before plural nouns when the adjective /eiw or the phrase 
 great many is interposed. It is a contraction of the 
 Anglo-Saxon an, or ane, one, and is substituted for an, 
 for the sake of euphony, before all words begmning 
 with a consonant sound, except words beginning with 
 the sound of /i and having the accent on any other 
 syllable than the first ; as, a table, a woman, a year, a 
 unit, a eulogy, a oneness, &c. Formerly, an was used 
 before both vowel and consonant sounds. 3. {Mus.) The 
 nominal of the sixth tone in the model major scale ( that in 
 C), or of the first tone of the minor scale, which is named 
 after it the scale in A minor. A sharp (A %), the name 
 of a musical tone intermediate between A and ^.— A flat 
 (A \j), C'Q name of a tone intermediate between A and G. 
 
 Aa-ron'i«, \ a. Pertaining to Aaron or to his priestly 
 
 Aa-r6n.'i€-al, j office. 
 
 A-back', adv. { Naut. ) Backward, against the mast ; — 
 said of the sails when pressed by the wind. 
 Taken aback, taken by surprise ; unexpectedly baffled. 
 
 Ab'a-eus, n. [Lat.] (Arch. 
 1, The upper plate upon the 
 capital of a column, support- 
 ing the architrave. 3. An in- 
 strument for performing arith- 
 metical calculations by means of sliding balls or counters. 
 
 A-baft' (6), prep. (Naut.) Towards the stem from; 
 back of; farther back than. 
 
 Ab-al'ien-ate (-aVyen-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABAI.IEN- 
 ATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABALIENATING.] [Lat. abalie- 
 nare ; ab and alienus, foreign. See Alienate.] (Law.) 
 To transfer the title of from one to another. 
 
 Ab-arien-a'tion, n. (Law.) Act of abalienating. 
 
 A-bS,n'doii, v. t. [imp. & p.p. abandoned ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ABANDONING.] [Fr. abandonner, fr. Lat. ad, and 
 Low Lat. bandwn, proclamation, interdiction.] To give 
 up wholly and finally, or with a view never to resume. 
 
 Syn. — To relinquish ; forsake ; desert ; surrender ; leave ; 
 forego. — We leave what we may again resume, as an employ- 
 ment; we abandon what we give up finally, as vice; we relin- 
 quish what we have prized or sought, as a claim or hopes; we 
 desert what we ought to adhere to, as dut>j ; we surrender (usu- 
 ally under a necessity) what we have held as our own or in 
 trust, as a fortress ; we renounce a thing publicly or as a duty, 
 as alhgiaiice or the ivorld ; we forego an enjoyment ; we for- 
 sake what we have frequented, as society. 
 
 A-bS,n'doiied, p. a. Given up entirely, as to a vice. 
 
 Syn. — Forsaken; deserted; profligate; depraved; corrupt; 
 reprobate. — A reprobate is one so utterly abandoned as to 
 leave no hope of his recovery; a profligate is one who is 
 openly and shamelessly wicked; a man may be corrupt or de- 
 
 ABB 
 
 praved in heart without showing it in his outward life, and 
 hence he may not be forsaken or deserted by the virtuous. 
 
 A-ban'don-ee', n. (Law.) One to whom a thing is 
 abandoned. 
 
 A-ban'don-ei*, n. One who abandons. 
 
 A-baii'don-ment, n. Act of abandoning, or state of 
 being abandoned ; entire desertion or relinquishment. 
 
 A-base', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abased (a-bast^) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ABASING.] [Fr. abaisser, from Lat. basis, base.] 
 To bring low, as to the ground ; to cast down. 
 
 Syn.— To depress; degrade; reduce; humiliate; humble. 
 
 A-base'ment, n. Act of abasing, or bringing very low. 
 
 Syn. — Humiliation ; depression; degradation. — ^6asej>iew< 
 
 is a humbling, as of the proud ; debasement is a corrupting; as 
 
 of coin ; depressiorr\& a sinking down, as of spirits; degradation 
 
 is a bringing down from a higher rank or grade, as of a peer. 
 
 A-bash', V. t. [imp. & p. p. abashed (a-bashf) ; p.pr. 
 & f6. n. ABASHING.] [Fr. abaisser. See ABASE.] To 
 destroy the self-possession of, as by exciting suddenly a 
 consciousness of guilt, error, inferiority, or the like ; 
 to strike with sudden shame or fear. 
 
 Syn. — To confuse; confound. — We are confused when we 
 lose our self-possession; we are confounded ^fhen our faculties 
 are overwhelmed and brought to a stand. 
 
 A-basli'ment, n. Confusion from shame, fear, or the 
 
 A-bat'a-ble, a. Capable of being abated. [like. 
 
 A-bate', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ABATING.] [Fr. abattre, from Lat. ab and batuere, to 
 strike.] Literally, to beat or batter down ; hence, to 
 bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, 
 number, degree, or the like ; to diminish ; to lessen ; 
 specifically (Laiv), (a.) to cause to faU, as a writ ; (b.) 
 to destroy, as a nuisance; (c.) to enter into a freehold 
 after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir 
 or devisee takes possession. 
 
 A-bate', v. i. 1. To decrease ; to become less in strength 
 or violence. 3. To be defeated ; to fail, as a writ. 
 
 Syn.— To decline; subside; diminish. — Xessen, decrease, 
 diminish, refer to quantity or size; decline is to fall off; abate 
 supposes previous violence, as the storm abates; subside previ- 
 ous commotion, as the tumult subsides. 
 
 A-bate'meiit, n. Act of abating, or state of being 
 abated; decrease; specifically, (a.) a remitting, as of a 
 tax ; (b.) failure, as of a writ ; (c.) removal, as of a nui- 
 sance ; (d.) entry of a stranger into a freehold after the 
 death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. 
 
 Syn. — Lessening; decline; deduction; reduction; mitiga- 
 tion; diminution; discount. 
 
 Ab'a-tis, In. [Fr. See Abate.] (Fort.) A row of 
 
 Ab'at-tis, i sharpened branches of trees turned outward 
 for defense. 
 
 A-bat'or, n. One who, without right, enters into a free- 
 hold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir 
 or devisee ; one who prostrates or removes a nuisance. 
 
 Abattoir (a/b5fw6r'), n. [Fr.] A public slaughter- 
 house in a city. 
 
 Abb, n. [A.-S. ab, ob.] Among weavers, yam for the 
 warp. Hence, abb-ioool is wool for the abb. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; a, e, &c., short; c^re, far, ask, all, vi'liat ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , 
 food, fcJbt ; iLrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^haisej €all, e'clio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this 
 
 1 
 
ABBA 
 
 2 
 
 ABLE 
 
 Ab'lmi, n. A Syriac word meaning father, used to denote 
 a ivlij:ious superior. 
 
 Ab1»:»-fy, H. The condition or privileges of an abbot. 
 
 Ab-ba'tial, a. Pertaining to an abbey. 
 
 .l^/x" ^ab'bii), n. [Fr.] Ori^iitalhj, an abbot; but now 
 an ecclesiastic without charge, devoted to teaching, liter- 
 ature, &c. 
 
 Ab'bess, " . The governess of a nunnery. 
 
 Ab'bey, »i. ; pi. abbeyj. 1. A residence of monks or 
 nuns."" a. The dwelUng of an abbot. 3. A church at- 
 tached to a monastery, as AVestminster Abbey. 
 
 Syn. — Monastery; cloister; convent: nuunerj-; prior}'. — 
 The distinctions will be found under the several words. 
 
 AbTbot, n. [Lat. abba, gen. abbatis. See ABBA.] Head 
 of a societj- of monks ; superior or governor of an 
 abbey. 
 
 AbMbot-sliip, ti. The state oroflBce of an abbot. 
 
 Ab-bre'^'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abbreviated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. abbreviatincj.] [Lat. ab and breviare, to 
 shorten.] To bring within less space ; to make briefer ; 
 to reduce by contraction or omission. 
 
 Syn. — To abridge; contract; curtail; compress: condense. 
 
 Ab-bre'vi-a'tion, ;i. 1. The act of abbreviating, ti. 
 The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by con- 
 traction or omission; as Gen. for Genesis. 3. (Mus.) 
 One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, di- # 
 viding it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or ^ 
 demisemiquavers. ^ 
 
 Ab-bre'A'i-a'toi\ n . One who abbreviates or reduces to 
 a smaller compass. 
 
 Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry, a. Abbreviating ; shortening. 
 
 Ab-bre'vi-a-tiire (53), n. 1. An abbreviation. 2. An 
 abridgment or compend. 
 
 A, B. C. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for 
 
 _ the whole alphabet. 
 
 Ab'di-eaut, n. One who abdicates. 
 
 Ab'di-eate, v. t. [imp. kp.p. abdicated ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ABDICATING.] [Lat. abdicare. from ab and dicare, 
 intensive form of dicere, to say.] To give up right or 
 claim to ; to withdraw from (as an office) with or with- 
 out formal resignation. 
 
 Syn.— To relinquish; renounce; forsake; quit. 
 
 Ab'di-«ate, v. i. To relinquish an office, right, power, 
 trust, or the like, with or without resigning. 
 
 Ab'di-^a'tion, n. The abandonment of a public office 
 or of a right or trust, with or without a formal surrender. 
 
 Ab'tU-ea'tive, a. Causing, or implying, abdication. 
 
 Ab'di-to-i*y, n. [Low Lat. abditorium.] A place for 
 secreting or preserving goods. 
 
 Ab-do'meii, n. [Lat.] 1. {Anat.) The belly, or the 
 upper part of the belly. 3. (Entotn.) The most pos- 
 terior of the sections into which the body is divided. 
 [The Lat. pi. Abdom'ina is sometimes used.] 
 
 Ab-dom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to the abdomen. 
 
 Ab-dom'i-nal, n. A kind of fish, like salmon, &c., 
 with ventral fins back of the pectoral. 
 
 Ab-d.6m.'i-iious, a. Having a big belly ; pursy. 
 
 Ab-dufe', V. t. [imp. & p.p. ABDUCED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 ABDUCING.J [Lat. abducere, from ab and ducere, to 
 lead.] To draw away ; to draw to a different part. 
 
 Ab-dii-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abducted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ABDUCTING.] [Lat. obditctus, p. p. of abducere. See 
 Abduce .] To take away by stealth or by unlawful force. 
 
 Ab-diic'tioii, n. The act of abducing or abducting ; a 
 drawing or carrying away, especially of a person, by 
 firaud, or stealth, or force. 
 
 Ab-duc'tor, n. 1. A person guUty of abduction. 2. 
 (Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out or 
 from the median line of the body. 
 
 A-heam', adv. (Naut.) On the beam ; at right angles 
 to the ship's keel. 
 
 A-bear'aii^e, n. {Law.) Behavior ; demeanor. 
 
 AHbe-^e-da'ri-an, n. One who teaches or who learns 
 the a, b, c, or letters of the alphabet ; an alphabetarian. 
 
 A-b6d', adv._ In bed ; on the bed. 
 
 A-bele', or A'bel-tree, n. The white poplar. 
 
 ATbel-mosk, n. The musk-mallow, or Syrian mallow. 
 
 Ab-fir'ran^e, n. [Lat. aberrare, aberrans, from ab and 
 errare, to wander.] Deviation from rectitude. 
 
 Ab-6r'rant, a. 1. Straying from the right way. 2. 
 Exceptional ; abnormal. 
 
 Ab'er-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of wandering : deviation, es- 
 pecially finom truth or moral rectitude, or from the 
 natural state. 2. {Med.) Alienation of mind. 3. 
 {Astron.) A smaU periodical change of position in a 
 «tar or other heavenly body. 
 
 A-b6t', V. t. [imp. 8c p. p. abetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ABETTING.] [0. Fr. abeter, from the root of bait. S<>e 
 Bait.] 1. To encourage or incite by aid or counte- 
 nance; — used chiefly in a bad sense. 2. (Law.) To 
 encourage to commit a crime, or assist in a criminal act. 
 
 Syn. — To aid; support; sustain; help; assist: fevor; fur- 
 ther; succor; promote. / 
 
 A-bSt/ment, n. Act of abetting or encouraging; support. 
 A-b6t'ter, I n. One who abets, aids, or encourages ; an 
 A-bet'tor, j instigator. 
 
 Syn. — Accomplice; accessary. — An a6e«or incites to a 
 
 cnme; an accomplice takes part m it; an accessary is involved 
 
 in it by giving countenance or aid. 
 
 A-bey'ance, n. [Fr. bayer^ Old Fr. baer, beer, to gape, 
 tarry.] 1, A state of suspension or temporary extinc- 
 tion with the expectation of a revival. 2. (Laif.) E.x- 
 pectation or contemplation of law. 
 
 Ab-li6r'. V. t. [imp. Sep. p. abhorred ; p.pr. & L-b. n. 
 ABHORRING.] [Lat. ablwrrere, from ab and horrere. to 
 bristle, shiver.] 1. To regard with horror or detesta- 
 tion. 2. To dislike or hate extremely. 
 Syn.— To detest; loathe; abominate; shudder at 
 
 Ab-hor'renf e, n. Detestation : great hatred. 
 
 Ab-hLor'rent. a. 1. Abhorring, detesting ; hating ; 
 struck with abhorrence. 2. Contrary ; repugnant j in- 
 consistent ; — with to. 
 
 Ab-li6r'rer, n. One who abhors or detests. 
 
 A'bib, n. The first month of the Jewish jear. 
 
 A-bide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abode ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 ABIDING.] [See Bide.] 1. To continue in a place. 
 
 2. To continue firm or stable, as to abide by a contract. 
 
 Syn. — To sojourn; reside; dwell; stay; tarry; remain; 
 
 hold to; persist. 
 
 A-bide', v. t. 1. To stand firm under ; to endure or bear 
 without shrinking, or patiently. 2. To await firmlj-. 
 
 A-bid'er, n. One who abides, dwells, or continues. 
 
 Ab'i-gail (42), n. A lady's waiting-maid. 
 
 A-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. habilitas. from habere., to have, to 
 hold.] Quality, state, or condition of being able ; power 
 to act, whether bodilj', moral, intellectual, conventional, 
 or legal ; — in the plural., intellectual capacity. 
 
 Syn. — Force; might; potencv; capability; facultv; talent; 
 skill; dexterity; efiBciency; address. — As to mental powers, 
 ability is the generic term; capacity is the power of easily gain- 
 ing or retaining knowledge ; talent is the power of executing; 
 dexterity, skill, and address relate to ease of execution. 
 
 Ab'in-tes'tate, a. {Law.) Inheriting the estate of one 
 
 ^ dying without a will. [ity . 
 
 Ab'xr-ri-ta'tioii, n. {Med.) Want of strength ; debil- 
 
 Ab'je-et, a. [Lat. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere, to throw- 
 away, fix)m ab and jacere, to throw.] Sunk to a low 
 condition; hence, low in estimation ; despicable. 
 Syn. — Mean; worthless; base; groveling; debased. 
 
 Ab'jeet, n. One in a miserable state. 
 
 Ab-je-e'tion, n. Meanness of spirit ; baseness. 
 
 Ab'je«t-ly, adv. Meanly ; wretchedly ; basely. 
 
 Ab'je-et-ness, n. State of being abject ; baseness. 
 
 Ab-ju'di-eate, v. t. To give away in judgment 
 
 Ab-ju'da-ea'tion, n. Act of abjudicating. 
 
 Ab-Ju-ra'tion, n. The act of renoxxncing under oath, 
 or solemnly. [tion. 
 
 Ab-jCi'ra-to-ry, a. Containing, or relatin*g to, abjura- 
 
 Ab-jure', v. t. [i7np. & p. p. ABJURED ; p. pr. &. vb. n. 
 ABJURING.] [Lat. abjurare, from ab and jiirare. to 
 swear.] To renounce under oath, or with great solemnity. 
 
 Ab-jiir'ei', n. One who abjures or renounces. 
 
 Ab'la-e-ta'tion, n. [Lat. o6 and tec, milk.] 1. A wean- 
 ing of a child from the breast. 2. A method of grafting 
 by approach or inarching. [of a tree. 
 
 Ab-la'que-ate, v. t. To lay bare or expose, as the roots 
 
 Ab-la'qxie-a'tioBi, n. [Lat. ablaqueatic] The act or 
 process of laying bare the roots of trees. 
 
 Ab'la-tive, a. [Lat. ablativus, fr. ablatus, p. p. of auferrt. 
 to carr^' away, fr. ab and ferre.] Taking away or remov- 
 ing ; — applied to the sixth case of Latin novms. in which 
 case are used words when the actions of carrying away 
 or taking from are signified. 
 
 Ab'la-tive. n. The sixth case of Latin nouns. 
 
 A-blaze', adv. 1. On fire ; in a blaze. 2. In a state of 
 
 _ ardent desire ; highly excited. 
 
 ATble (a'bl), a. [comp. abler ; superl. ABLEST.] [Lat 
 habilis. See ABILITY.] Having ability or competency 
 of any or every kind ; possessing sufficient physical or 
 mental power "for the accomplishment of some object ; 
 having property, means, skill, or the like, rendering 
 competent for some end. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short; cAre, far, ask, aU, what ; fere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
ABLE-BODIED 
 
 ABSCISSA 
 
 Syn. — strong; powerful; efficient; effective; mighty; ikiU- 
 t'ul; dexterous. 
 
 A'ble-bOd'ied (-bod'id), a. Having a sound, strong 
 body ; robust. 
 
 Ab'lep-sy, «. [Gr. (i^Ael|/ta.] Want of sight ; blindnass. 
 
 Ab'lu-ent, a. Washing clean ; cleansing ; purifying. 
 
 Ab'lu-eiit, n. ( Med. ) Something reputed to have the 
 power of purifying the blood ; a detergent. 
 
 Ab-lu'tion, n. [Lat. ablutio, fr. abiuere, to wash away.] 
 1. Act of cleansing or washing, ti. Rehgious purifica- 
 
 _tion. 3. Water used in cleansing. 
 
 AHbly, adv. In an able manner ; with ability or skill. 
 
 Ab'iie-gate, v. t. [Lat. abnegare.] To deny and reject. 
 
 Ab'ne-ga'tion, n. Denial and renunciation. 
 
 Ab-norm'al, o. [Lat. ab and norma, rule.] Contrary 
 to rule, law, or system ; irregular. 
 
 Ab-norm'i-ty, n. State or quality of being abnormal 
 or irregular. [board of. 
 
 A-board.', adv. In a vessel ; on board. — prep. On 
 
 A-bode', imp. & p. p. of abide. See Abide. 
 
 A-bode', n. [From abide.] State or place of residence. 
 Syn. — Dwelling ; continuance ; habitation ; domicile. 
 
 A-bdl'isIi, V. t. [Lat. abolescere, abolere, fr. ab and oles- 
 cere, olere, to grow.] To do away with utterly ; to put 
 an end to ; hence, to armul or destroy ; to make void. 
 
 Syn.— To subvert ; overturn ; destroy ; nullify ; abrogate ; 
 annul ; repeal. — Abolish, subvert, overturn, and destroy, ex- 
 press under different images the same idea, that of doing 
 wholly away with. We abrogate and annul by an authorita- 
 tive act, as customs or a treaty, &c. ; we repeal by a legislative 
 act, as laivs ; we nullify when we set laws, &c., aside, without 
 their being repealed. 
 
 A-bol'isli-a-ble, a. Capable of being abolished. 
 
 A-bol'isU-er, n. One who abolishes. 
 
 A-bol'isb-meiit, n. Act of abohshing ; aboUtion. 
 
 Ab'o-li'tion, (-lish'un), n. Act of abolishing, or state 
 of being abolished ; a doing away with finally and for 
 ever ; — appUed particularly to slavery. 
 
 Ab'o-li'tion-igm (-lish'un-izm), n. The principles or 
 measures of an abolitionist. 
 
 Ab'o-li'tion-ist, n. One who favors abolition, especially 
 the abolition of slavery. [abohtionism. 
 
 Ab'o-li'tioix-ize, v. t. To imbue with the principles of 
 
 Ab'o-ntia'suna., ) n. [Lat.] The fourth stomach of a 
 
 Ab'o-ma'sus, ) ruminant animal. 
 
 A-bom'i-na-ble, a. Worthy of, or causing, impreca- 
 tion or abhorrence ; odious in the highest degree. 
 
 Syn.— Execrable ; detestable; loathsome; hateful; shocking. 
 
 A-bom'i-na-bly, adv. In an abominable manner ; de- 
 testably ; execrably. 
 
 A-b6in.'i-iiate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. abominated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ABOMINATING.] [Lat. abominare, abolhi- 
 nari, from ab and omen, foreboding.] To turn jfrom as 
 ominous of evil ; to hate in the highest degree, as if with 
 rehgious dread. 
 
 Syn. — To hate ; detest ; loathe ; abhor. 
 
 A-bdm^i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of abominating ; strong 
 aversion or loathing. 2. An object of hatred and dis- 
 gust. 
 
 Ab'o-rig'i-nal, a. First, original, or primitive. 
 
 Ab'o-rig'i-nal, n. A first or original inhabitant. 
 
 Ab'o-rig'i-neg, n. pi. [Lat., fi-om ab and origo, origin.] 
 The original inhabitants of a country. 
 
 A-b6r'tioii, n. [Lat. abortio, from ab and oriri, to rise, 
 to be born.] 1. The act of miscarrying ; expulsion of 
 an immature product of conception. 3. The immature 
 product of an untimely birth. 3. Ajiy thing which fails 
 to come to maturity. 
 
 A-b6r'tive, a. 1. Immature ; rudimentary ; faihng in 
 its effect. 2. Pertaining to abortion. 3. Causing or 
 procuring abortion. 
 
 A-bouud', V. i. [imp. & p. p. abounded; p.pr.'k, 
 vb. n. ABOUNDING.] [Lat. abundare, from ab and unda, 
 wave, stream, crowd.] 1. To be in great plenty ; to be 
 prevalent. 3. To be copiously suppUed; to possess in 
 abundance ; — usually with in or with. 
 
 A-bout', prep. [A.-S. abutan, from 6wton, without, com- 
 pounded of prefix be and ittan, outward.] 1. On every 
 side of; all over or around. 3. Over or upon different 
 parts of; through or over in various directions. 3. In 
 contiguity or proximitj^ to ; in connection with ; near, in 
 place, time, quantity, or the like. 4. In concern with ; 
 occupied upon ; hence, ready to ; on the point of; also, 
 relating to ; touching. 
 
 A-bout', adv. 1. On aU sides ; around. 3. In circuit ; 
 around the outside. 3. Here and there ; in one place 
 
 and another. 4. Nearly ; approximately. 5< To a re- 
 versed position i in the opposite direction. 
 
 A-bove' (a-buv'),7>rej9. [A.-S. abu/an, from 6M/an, above, 
 compounded of prefix 6e, and M/a7i.] 1. Higher in place 
 than, ti. Surpassing or superior to in any respect ; moro 
 in number, quantity, or degree than. 
 
 A-bove', adv. 1. Overhead ; in a higher place. 5J. Be- 
 fore in order of place. 3. Higher in rank or power. 
 
 A-b6ve'-b5ard, adv. Above the board or table; not 
 concealed ; without trick or deception. 
 
 Ab'ra-ea-dab'ra, n. A a b k a o a d a u k a 
 combmation of letters with- \"b W^c\°d'^a"b'' 
 out sense, formerly used as abuacada 
 a charm against fevers, and a b k a c a u 
 
 an-anged as in the margin ; a b k a c a 
 
 hence , unmeaning babble . ^ a" b^ e^ a^ 
 
 Ab-rade', v. t. [imp. & p. a b r 
 
 p. ABRADED ; p. pr. & vb. A B 
 
 n. ABRADING.] [Lat. abrad- a 
 
 ere, from ab and radere, to scrape, shave.] To rub oe 
 wear off. 
 
 Ab-ra'§ion, n. 1. A rubbing or scraping off. '2. Sub- 
 stance worn oft' by attrition. 
 
 A-breast', adv. Side by side ; on a Une. 
 
 AJbreuvoir (a^broo^vwor'), n. [Fr.] A joint between. 
 stones in a wall. 
 
 A-bridge', v.t. [imp. & p. p. ABRIDGED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ABRIDGING.] [¥v. abreger. See ABBREVIATE.] 1. 
 To bring within less space ; to make shorter, especially 
 by using fewer words. 3. To deprive ; to cut off; — with 
 of. 3. (Math.) To reduce to a more simple expression, 
 as a compound quantity or expression. 
 
 Syn. — To contract ; shorten ; condense ; compress ; cur- 
 tail ; lessen; reduce; diminish. 
 
 A-bridg'ment, n. 1. A cutting off, curtailing, or short- 
 ening ; contraction or diminution. 3. A work abridged 
 or epitomized. 
 
 Syn. — Reduction ; restriction ; restraint ; compend ; com- 
 pendium ; epitome ; summary ; abstract ; synopsis. — A com- 
 pendium or epitome is a condensed abridgment ; an abstract or 
 summary is a brief statement of a thing in its main points ; a 
 synopsis is a bird's-eye view of a subject or work in its several 
 parts. 
 
 A-broacli', adv. 1. Broached; letting out Uquor, or 
 in a condition to do so. 5J. In a state to be diftused or 
 propagated. 
 
 A-broad', adv. 1. At large ; without confinement within 
 
 narrow limits ; over a wide space. 3. Beyond or out of 
 
 a house, camp, or other inclosure. 3. Beyond the bounds 
 
 of a country ; in foreign countries. 4. Before the pubHc 
 
 _ at large; extensively. 
 
 Ab'ro-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abrogated ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. ABROGATING.] [Lat. abrogare, from ab and 
 rogare, to ask, propose.] To annul by an authoritative 
 act; to aboUsh by the authority of the maker or his 
 successor; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordi- 
 nances, the abolition of established customs, &c. 
 Syn. — To abolish; repeal; revoke; rescind; cancel; annul. 
 
 Ab^ro-ga'tion, n. The act of abrogating, annulling, or 
 setting aside. 
 
 Ab-rupt', a. [Lat. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere, to 
 break off, from ab and rumpere, to break.] 1, Broken, 
 steep, craggy, as I'ocks, precipices, and the like ; precipi- 
 tous, ti. Without notice to prepare the mind for the 
 event; sudden. 3. Having sudden transitions from one 
 subject to another ; unconnected. 
 
 Syn. — Sudden; bold; broken; unconnected; unceremo- 
 nious. 
 
 Ab-riip'tioix, n. A sudden breaking off; a violent sep- 
 aration of bodies. 
 
 Ab-rilpt'ly , adv. In an abrupt manner ; suddenly. 
 
 Ab-riipfness, n. State of being abrupt; steepness; 
 
 ^ suddenness ; great haste. 
 
 Ab'scess, n. [Lat. abscessvs, from abscedere, to depart, 
 separate.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in an 
 accidental cavity of the body. 
 
 Ab-s^ind', v. t. [Lat. abscindere, from ab and seindere, 
 to rend, cut.] To cut off. 
 
 Ab's^iss, n. ; pi. AB-s^is'SEg. See ABSCISSA. 
 
 Ab-spis'sa, n. ; pi. Lat. AB-splts's^, Eng. 
 AB-SCIS''SA§. [Lat. abscissits, p. p. of ab- 
 scindere.] ( GeoOT.) One of the elements of 
 reference by which a point, as of a curve, 
 is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal o " 
 coordinate axes. 
 
 In the diagram, OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of 
 the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, ihe intersecting lines OX and 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 £ood, f tfbt ; ^rn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«Jio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, li^k ; ttus. 
 
ABSCISSION 
 
 ABSTRUSELY 
 
 OY being the axes of al){>oissas aud ordinates respectively, and 
 the point O their origin. 
 
 A.b-s(:i§'§iou (-slEh'un), h. [Lat. abscissio. See Ab- 
 scind.] 1. Act or process of cutting otf. "Z, The 
 state of being cut off. 3. (KJiet.) A figure of speech, 
 when, having begun to say a thing, a speaker stops ab- 
 ruptly, as supposing the matter sutiiciently understood. 
 
 Ab-S'fSnd', v- i. [tmp. & pp. absconded; p. pr. & 
 vb. ;i. .\BSCONDI.\G.] [Lat. abscoinUre,iroyxi ab, abs, 
 and condere, to lay up.] To secrete one's self; — used 
 esjK'cially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal proc- 
 
 Ab-sc6iid'er, n. One who absconds. [ess. 
 
 Ab'sen^e, n. [Lat absentia, from absum, abesse, to be 
 away from.] 1. A state of being absent or withdIU^vll 
 from a place or from companionship, ti. Want ; destitu- 
 tion. 3. Inattertion to things present ; heedlessness. 
 
 Ab'sent, a. 1. Withdrawn from, or not present in, a 
 place. '2m Inattentive to what is passing ; heedless. 
 
 Ab-s6iit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. absented; p. pr. & vb. 
 »i. .\BSENTING.] To take or withdi-aw to such a dis- 
 tance as to prevent intercourse ; — used with the recipro- 
 cal pronoun. 
 
 Ab'sen-tee', n . One who absents hknself from his coun- 
 try, office, post, or duty, and the like ; especially a land- 
 holder who hves at a distance from his estate ; as, an 
 Irish absentee. 
 
 Ab'sen-tee'igtn, n. State or habit of an absentee ; the 
 practice of Uving at a distance from one"s estate. 
 
 Ab-sSnt'er, n. One who absents himself. 
 
 Ab-sintlie', n. [Fr.,from Lat. absinthium, Gt. a\j/iv- 
 61.0V, wormwood.] A cordial of brandy tinctured with 
 wormwood. 
 
 Ab-siii'tlii-aii, a. Of the nature of wormwood. 
 
 Ab-siu'tlii-ate, r. t. To impregnate with wormwood. 
 
 Ab'so-lute, a. [Lat. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere. See 
 Absolve.] 1. Freed or loosed from anj' limitation or 
 condition ; uncontrolled : unconditional. ^. Completed, 
 orregarded as complete ; finished: perfect ; total. 3. Pos- 
 itive ; clear ; certain ; authoritative ; peremptory. [Rare.] 
 4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any 
 other being ; self-existent ; self-sufiicing. In this sense 
 Grod is caUed the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also 
 appUed by the Pantheist to the universe. 5. (Philos.) 
 Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone ; 
 unconditioned ; unrelated. 6. ( Cheni.) Pure ; unmixed. 
 7. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other 
 parts of the sentence in government. 
 
 Syn. — Unlimited; arbitrar.v; despotic; tyrannical; uncondi- 
 tional; positive; peremptory; certain; unerring; infallible. 
 
 Ab'so-lute-ly, adv. In an absolute manner ; positively ; 
 arbitrarily. 
 
 Ab'so-lute-ness, n. Quality of being absolute ; com- 
 pleteness ; arbitrary power. 
 
 Ab'so-lii'tion, n. 1. (Civ. Law.) An acquittal, or 
 sentence of a judge declaring an accused person innocent. 
 2. (Rom. Calh. C/u/rc/i .) A remission of sin pronounced 
 in favor of one who makes due confession thereof. 
 
 Ab'so-lu'tigm, n. Absolute government or its princi- 
 ples. 
 
 Ab'so-lu-tist'i-e, a. Belonging to absolutism. 
 
 Ab-sol'ii-to-ry, a. Absolving ; that absolves. 
 
 Ab-s61v'a-ble, a. Capable of being absolved. 
 
 Ab-s61v'a-to-ry, a. Containing absolution, pardon, or 
 release ; having power to absolve. 
 
 Ab-|61ve', V. t. [imp. & p. p. absolved ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ABSOLVING.] [Lat. absolvere, from ab and solvere, 
 to loose.] To set fi^ or release from, as from some obU- 
 gation, debt, or responsibihty , or from that which sub- 
 jects a jjerson to a burden or penalty. 
 
 Syn. — To release; set free; exonerate; acauit. — We speak 
 of a man as absolved from something that binds conscience, as 
 ffuili or its consequences; exonerated from some load, as an 
 imputation or debt ; acquitted with reference to a trial and 
 a decision thereon. 
 
 Ab-s6Iv'er, «. One who ab.solves. 
 
 Ab-s6rb', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABSORBED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ABSORBING.] [Lat. absorbere, from ab and sorbere, 
 to suck in.] 1. To drink in ; to suck up ; to unbibe as 
 a sponge. 2. Hence, to swallow up, or overwhelm ; to 
 engross or engage wholly. 
 
 Ab-sorb^a-bil'l-ty, «. Capacity of being absorbed; 
 quaUty of being absorbable. 
 
 Ab-s6rb'a-ble, a. Capable of being absorbed. 
 
 Ab-s6rb'ent, a. Sucking up ; imbibing. 
 
 Ab-sorb'ent, n. A substance or a bodily organ which 
 ab.aorbs. 
 
 Ab-s6rp'tion (-sdrp'shun), n. 1. Act or process of be- 
 ing absorbed and made to disappear by mechanical 
 
 means, ii. Process or act of being made passively to dis- 
 appear in some other substance, through molecular or 
 other invisible means ; as, the absorption of Ught, heat 
 electricity, &c. Also, in Uving organisms, through the 
 vital processes of nutrition and growth ; specifically (a.\ 
 The imbibition by the tissues of nutritive material ; (b.) 
 the removal from them of excremeutitious substances by 
 the blood-vessels and hmphatics; (c.) the passage from 
 ^yithout into the blood-vessels or lymphatics of any 
 liquid whatever. 3. Entire engrossment or occupation 
 of mind. 
 
 Ab-s6rp'tive, a. Having power to absorb. 
 
 Ab'sorp-tiv'i-ty, n. Power or capacity of absorption. 
 
 Ab-stain', v. i. [imp. & p.p. abstained ; p.pr.&vb. n. 
 ABSTAINING.] [Lat. abstinere, from ab, abs, and te7iere, 
 to hold.] To forbear, or refrain, voluntarily, and espe- 
 cially_from an indulgence of the passions or appetites. 
 
 Ab-ste'mi-ous, a. [Lat. absti?7iius, frojnab, abs, and 
 temttuyn, strong wine.] 1. Sparing in diet ; refraining 
 from a free use of food and strong drinks ; temperate ; 
 abstinent. 2. Sparingly used, or used with temperance. 
 3. Devoted to, or spent in, abstinence. 
 
 Ab-ste'mi-oiis-ly, adv. Temperately ; sparingly. 
 
 Ab-ste'mi-oiis-iiess, n. QuaUty of being abstemious ; 
 a sparing use of food or strong drink. 
 
 Ab-sterge' (14), v. t. [Lat. abstergere, from ab, abs, and 
 tergere, to wipe. ] To make clean by wiping ; to cleanse 
 by lotions or similar appUcations. [Rare.] 
 
 Ab-ster'gent, a. Serving to cleanse ; detergent. 
 
 Ab-sterse', v. t. To cleanse by wiping. 
 
 Ab-ster'sion, n. Act of wiping clean, or a cleansing by 
 lotions or similar appUcations. 
 
 Ab-ster'sive, a. Having the quaUty of cleansing. 
 
 Ab'sti-nen^e, 71. [See Abstain.] The act or practice 
 of abstaining ; voluntary forbearance of any action, es- 
 pecially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or 
 from customary gratifications of animal propensities. 
 
 Syn. — Temperance. — Abstinence is shown in refraining, 
 temperance in a moderate and guarded use. 
 
 Ab'sti-nent, a. Refraining from indulgence, especially 
 in the use of food and drink ; temperate. 
 
 Ab-stra-et', ^^ t. [imp. Sep. p. ABSTRACTED ; p.pr. & vb. 
 71. ABSTRACTING.] [Lat. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere , 
 to draw from or separate, from ab, abs, and trcdiere, to 
 draw.] 1. To draw from or separate. 2. To draw off 
 in respect to interest or attention. 3. To separate, as 
 ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by it- 
 self; to contemplate separately. 4. To epitomize or re- 
 duce. 5. To take secretly for one"s ovm use from the 
 property of another ; to purloin. 
 
 Ab'stra-et, a. 1. Distinct from something else ; separ- 
 
 fte. 2. Withdrawn from the concrete, or from particu- 
 rs ; separate ; hence, difficult ; abstruse ; refined. 
 Abstract idea, the idea of some quality as distinct from the 
 object in which it inheres, as whiteness. — Abstract term, one 
 expressing an abstract idea, as beauty, roundness. 
 
 Ab'stra-et, 71. 1. That which comprises or concentrates 
 in itself the essential quaUties of a larger thing, or of sev- 
 eral things ; specifically, an inventory, summarj-, or epit- 
 ome. '2. A state of separation from other things ; as, 
 to consider a subject in the abstract. 
 
 Ab'stract-1 *'^^'' } '''^^'- ^^ "-^^; ^^ ^ ^^P^^*« ^^^- 
 
 Ab-stra,«t'ed-iiess, n. The state of being abstracted. 
 
 Ab-stra<;'tioii, 71. 1, Act of abstracting or separating, 
 or the state of being separated. 2. (Metapk.) Act or 
 process of leaving out of consideration one or more prop- 
 erties of a complex object, so as to attend to others ; 
 analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a 
 tree b^' itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from 
 their size or figure, the act is caUed abstraction. So, also, 
 when it considers whiteness. .'<qftjiess, virtue, existence, as 
 separate from any particular objects. 3. An idea or no- 
 tion of an abstract or theoretical nature. 4. A sepa- 
 ration from worldly objects : a recluse life. 5. Absence 
 of mind ; inattention to present objects ; heedlessness. 
 6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part 
 of the property of another. [Recent usage.] 
 
 Ab'stra-e-ti'tioiis (-tlsh'us), a. Drawn from other sub- 
 stances, particularly from vegetables, without fermenta- 
 tion. 
 
 Ab-stra<;t'ive, a. Having the power of abstracting. 
 
 Ab'stra€t-ness, n. State of being abstract. 
 
 Ab-struse' (32), a. [Lat. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere, 
 to thrust away.] Literally, thrust away ; hiddsn ; hence, 
 hard to be understood. 
 
 Ab-struse'ly, arlv. Not plainly ; darkly. 
 
 »,e, ice, long: Si, &,&c., short; c&re,far,ask,all, wbat; fire, yell, term; pique,firm; son, dr, do, \T9ll. 
 
ABSTRUSENESS 
 
 ACCEPTANCE 
 
 Ab-struse'ness, n. State or quality of being abstruse. 
 
 Ab-siird.', a. [Lat. absurdus^ proceeding fi-oni one that 
 is deaf, or from that which is dull-sounding ; hence, in- 
 congruous ; from ab and surdiis, deaf.] Opposed to 
 manifest truth ; inconsistent with reason, or the plain 
 dictates of conuuon sense ; logically contradictory. 
 
 Syji. — Foolish; irrational; preposterous; ridiculous. — ^- 
 gurd is stronger than foolisli or irrational, but not so strong as 
 preposterous, whjch supposes a total inversion of the order of 
 things. 
 
 Ab-siird'i-ty, n. 1. The quality of being absurd, or 
 inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judg- 
 ment. "2. That which is absurd. 
 
 Syn. — Folly; unreasonableness; preposterousness. 
 
 Ab-surd'ly , adv. In an absurd manner ; preposterously. 
 
 Ab-sfird'ness, n. Absurdity; inconsistency. 
 
 A-buii'dan^e , n. [Lat. abundanlia. See ABOUND.] 
 An ovei-flowing fullness ; ample sufficiency ; great plenty ; 
 — strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes 
 used of number. 
 
 Syn. — Exuberance; plenteousness; riches; wealth; afflu- 
 ence. — We have a, plenty vf hen we have enougli ; \>\it abundance 
 Ib more than enough, it is an overflowing. Exuberance is still 
 stronger, it is a bursting forth. 
 
 A-bitn'dant, a. Pully sufficient ; being in great quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Syn.— Plentiful; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; co- 
 pious; ample. 
 
 A-bun'dant-ly, adv. Plentifully ; amply. 
 
 A-buge', V. t. [imp. & p.p. abused; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 ABUSING.] [Lat. abusus, p. p. of abuti, from ab and 
 uti, to use.] 1. To make an iU or improper use of; to 
 use ill ; to misuse ; to use with bad motives, to wrong 
 purposes, or in a wrong way. 3. To treat rudely, or with 
 reproachful language ; to maltreat ; to revile. 3. To 
 deceive or impose on. 
 
 A-buse', 71. 1. Ill use; improper treatment or employ- 
 ment; application to a wrong purpose. 2. A corrupt 
 practice or custom. 3. Rude or reproachful language 
 addressed to a person ; contumely. 
 
 Syn. — Misuse; maltreatment; reproach; derision; insult. 
 
 A-bii'sive, a. 1. Practicing abuse ; offering harsh words 
 or ill treatment. tJ. Containing abuse, or being the in- 
 strument of abuse. 3. Perverted ; misapplied ; improper. 
 Syn. — Scurrilous; insulting; reproachful; opprobrious; 
 insolent; rude. 
 
 A-btL'sive-ly, adv. In an abusive manner. 
 
 A-bii'sive -ness, n. Quality of being abusive ; ill usage. 
 
 A-bu.t', V. i. [imp. & p. p. ABUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ABUTTlNGr.] [Fr. aboutir, from bout, end, extremity. 
 See But, n.] To terminata or border ; to be contiguous ; 
 to meet. 
 
 A-but'meiit, n. That on which a thing abuts, or that 
 which meets or abuts on any thing; hence, the solid 
 part of a pier or wall, &c., which receives the thrust or 
 lateral pressure of an arch, or from which it immediately 
 springs. 
 
 A-biit'tal, n. The butting or boundary of land. 
 
 A-by§'mal, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss ; 
 bottomless; unending. 
 
 A-byss',7i. [Gr. a/3uo-a-o9, bottomless, from a priv. and 
 /Sutrcro?, depth, bottom.] A bottomless depth; a gulf; 
 hence, any deep, immeasurable space, and, specifically , 
 hell, or the bottomless pit. 
 
 A-byss'al, a. Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss. 
 
 A-ea'ci-a (a-ka'shi-a), n. [Gr. aKa/cia, from atTj, point, 
 originally the name of a thorny tree, found in Egypt.] 
 1. {Bat.) A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs, usu- 
 ally -Nvith thorns and pinnate leaves, and of an airy, ele- 
 gant appearance. '2. ( Med. ) The inspissated juice of the 
 unripe fruit of the Mimosa Nilotica. 
 
 A-e'a-dem'i-e, \a. 1. Belonging to the school or 
 
 A-e'a-d6in.'i<;-al, 3 philosophy of Plato. 3. Belonging 
 to an academy or other institution of learning. 
 
 A-e'a-dem'i«, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of 
 Socrates and Plato. 'H, A student in a coUege or uni- 
 versity. 
 
 A-Ca-dem'ic-al-Iy, adv. In an academical manner. 
 
 A-e'a-de-mi'cian (-mish/an), n. A member of an acad- 
 emy, or society for promoting arts and sciences ; partic- 
 ularly, a member of the French Academy. 
 
 A-eS.d'e-in.y, M. 1. A garden or grove near Athens, be- 
 longing originally to a person named Academus, where 
 Plato and his followers held their philosophical confer- 
 ences ; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato 
 was the head. 3, A school, or seminary, holding a rank 
 
 between a university, or collie, and a common school 
 
 3. A place of education of high rank ; a college or uni- 
 versity. 4. A society of men united for the promotion 
 of arts and sciences in general, or of some particular art 
 or science ; as, the French Academy. 5. An institution 
 for the cultivation and promotion of the fine arts, or some 
 branch of science. 
 
 Ac'a-lepli, ) n.; pi. Xc^a-lephs, a€'a-le'ph-£:, 
 
 A«^a-le'pba, ( and X€'a-le'phan§. [Gr. dKaA7j</)ij, 
 
 A-e'a-le'plian, ) a nettle.] (Zobl.) A radiate animal 
 of the class Medusae, or jeUy -fishes ; — so called from the 
 stinging or nettUng power they possess and exercise. 
 
 A«'aii-tha'ceous (-tha'shus), a. Armed with prickles, 
 as a plant. 
 
 A-ean'tlius, n. ; pi. Eng. A-cXN'THUS-Eg, Lat. A-eA:vf- 
 THi. [Gr. UKav9oi, from a/ciy, point, and avOog, flower.] 
 1. {Arch.) An ornament resembUng the foliage or leaves 
 of the acanthus ; — used in the capitals of the Corinthian 
 and Composite orders. 3. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous 
 prickly plants. 
 
 A-<;at'a-16«'ti-e, n. [Gr. d/faTaA.TjKTos, not defective at 
 the end.] (Pros.) A verse which has the complete num- 
 ber of syllables without defect or superfluit}'. 
 
 A-eat'a-lec'ti*, a. (Pros.) Not defective ; complete. 
 
 A-ea.t'a-16p'ti-e, a. [Gr. dKardKrinTog , from d priv. and 
 /caraAa/xjSaveiv , to seize, comprehend.] Incapable of 
 being certainly comprehended or discovered. 
 
 A-eau'lme, ) a. [Gr. a/cauXos, from a priv. and Kav\6?j 
 
 A-eaii'loiis, j stalk.] Having no stem, but flowers rest- 
 ing on the ground. 
 
 A^-^ede', v. i. [im.p. & p. p. ACCEDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ACCEDING.] [Lat. accedere, from ad and cedere, to 
 move.] To agree or assent, as to a proposition, or to 
 terms proposed by another ; hence, to become a party, by 
 agreeing to the terms of a treaty or convention. 
 
 A-e-^el'er-ate, iJ. t. [imp. & p. p. accelerated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ACCELERATING.] ['La.t. acceler are , from. 
 ad and ceZerare, to hasten.] 1. To cause to move faster ; 
 to quicken the motion or action of. 3. To add to the 
 natural or ordinary progression of. 
 
 Sjm. To hasten; expedite; further; dispatch. 
 
 A-e-^eFer-a'tion, n. The act of accelerating, or the 
 state of being accelerated ; increase of motion or action. 
 
 A-e-^el'er-a-tive, | a. Accelerating; quickening mo- 
 
 A-e-^el'er-a-to-ry, j tion. 
 
 A-e-pel'er-a'tor', n. One who, or that which, acceler- 
 ates ; specifically , in English usage, a light van for car- 
 
 _ rying mails between the post-office and railway stations. 
 
 A-e'pent, n. [Lat. accentus, from ad and cantus, song.] 
 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon 
 some particular syllable of a word, distinguishing it from 
 the others. (See Pri?i. q/ Pro ?i. § 110.) 3. A mark used 
 in writing to regulate the pronunciation. 3. A peculiar 
 or characteristic modulation or modification of the voice. 
 
 4. Words, language, or expressions in general. 3. (Mus.) 
 A slight stress upon a tone to mark its position in the 
 measure. 6. [Math.) A mark placed at the right hand 
 of a letter or number and a little above it, to distinguish 
 magnitudes of a similar kind, but differing in value. 
 
 A■e-Qent',^•. t. [imp. & p.p. accented ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ACCENTING.] To express or note the accent of; te 
 pronounce, utter, or mark with accent. 
 
 A-e-fent'u-al, a. Relating to accent. 
 
 A-e-peiit'u-ate, v. t. To mark or pronounce with an 
 accent or accents. 
 
 A-e-fgnt'u-a'tion, n. Act of placing accents in writing, 
 or of pronouncing them in speaking. 
 
 A-e-^ept', V. t. [imp. & p. p. accepted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ACCEPTING.] [Lat. acceptare, from ad and capere, 
 to take.] 1. To take or receive with a consenting mind, 
 as an offer or present. 3. To receive or admit and agree 
 to. 3. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to 
 pay ; as, to accept a biU of exchange. 
 
 A«-9ept'a-ble, a. Capable, worthy, or sure of being ac- 
 cepted or received with pleasure ; hence, pleasing to & 
 receiver. 
 Syn. — Agreeable; welcome; gratifying. 
 
 A«-9ept'a-ble-iiess, \ n. The quality of being accept- 
 
 A-e-^gpt^a-bil'l-ty, ) able or agreeable. 
 
 A-e-^ept'a-bly, adv. In an acceptable manner. 
 
 A-e-^ept'ance, n. 1. The act of accepting ; favorable 
 reception. 3. (Com.) (a.) An assent and engagement 
 by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to 
 pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. 
 (b.) The bill itself when accepted. 3. An agreeing to 
 terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and 
 
 fdbt; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, echo; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link ; tliis- 
 
 food 
 
ACCEPTATION 
 
 ACCORDING 
 
 the parties bound ; the receipt or taking of a thing bought 
 a$ that for which it \v}u< purchased, or jvs that agreed to 
 be sent or dehvered, or as owner. 4. (Laic.) An agree- 
 ing to the act or contract of another, by some act which 
 binds the person in law. 5. Signification ; meaning ; 
 acceptation. [ Obs.] 
 
 Ac^ep-ta'tion, n. 1. Kind reception ; acceptance. 
 [ Obs.] ti. Meaning or sense. 
 
 A«-^6pt'er, n. A person who accepts ; specifically, who 
 accepts or receives a bill of exchange so as to bind him- 
 self to pay it. See Acceptance. 
 
 A«-96ss',or A^'yess, ". [hat. accessus. See Accede.] 
 1. A coming to, or near approach ; admittance ; admis- 
 sion. "Z, The means or waj- by which a thing may be 
 approached. 3. Increase by something added ; addition. 
 
 A-e-yes'sa-ry, a. 1. Additional ; accessory, 'i. (Law.) 
 Uniting in, or contributing to, a ciime. 
 
 A^-fes'sa-ry, n. (Law.) He who is not the chief actor 
 in the perpetration of an offense, nor present at its per- 
 formance, but in some waj- accedes to or becomes con- 
 cerned therein, either before or after the deed is com- 
 mitted. 
 
 A-e-^gs^si-toil'i-ty, n. Quality of being approachable. 
 
 Ac-fgs'si-ble, a. Easy of access or approach; ap- 
 proachable. 
 
 A-e-^€s'sioix(-sesh'un),n. 1. Act of acceding and be- 
 coming joined. 2. Increase by something added i that 
 which is added. 3. (Law.) A mode of acqviiring prop- 
 erty, by which the owner of a corporeal substance, which 
 receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right 
 to the part or thing added, or the improvement, provided 
 the thing is not changed into a different species. 4. 
 Act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. 5. 
 (Med.) The commencement of a disease. 
 Syn. —Addition; augmentation. 
 
 A-e-^es'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Additional. [Rare.] 
 
 A-e'^es-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to an accessory. 
 
 A^-fes'so-ri-ly, adv. In the maimer of an accessory. 
 
 A^-^es'so-ri-ness, n. State of being accessory. 
 
 A-e-^es'so-ry, a. 1. Aiding in producing some effect, or 
 acting in subordination to the principal agent ; contrib- 
 uting ; — used in a bad sense. 2. Additional ; accompa- 
 nj-ing. 
 
 A«-pes'so-ry, n. [See Accessary.] 1. (Law.) One 
 who is guilty of a felonious offense, though not present 
 at its perpetration. 2. That which belongs to some- 
 
 _ thing else as its principal ; an accompaniment. 
 
 A-e'^i-deii^e, n. A small book containing the accidents 
 or rudiments of grammar. 
 
 A^'fi-dent, n. 1, An event which proceeds from an 
 unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known 
 cause, and therefore not expected ; chance ; casualty ; 
 contingency. 2. pi. ( Gram . ) The properties and quali- 
 ties of the parts of speech, as gender, number, and case. 
 3. (Log.) A property or quality of a being which is not 
 essential to it, as whiteness in paper. 
 
 A«'5i-d6iit'al, a. 1. Happening by chance, or unex- 
 pectedly. 2. Non-essential ; not necessarily belonging. 
 
 Syn, — Casual; fortuitous; contingent; incidental. — A thing 
 is accidental when it comes without being planned or sought, 
 as a meeting ; it is incidental when it comes in as secondaiy or 
 out of the general course, as a remark ; it is casual or fortuttoijis 
 as opposed to what is constant and regular, as an occurrence ; 
 it is contingent as opposed to what is settled and fixed, as an 
 event. 
 
 A«'9i-d6iit'al, n. 1. Any thing happening accident- 
 allj' ; a casualty. 2. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, 
 occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music 
 as the signature, but before a particular note. 
 
 A^'fi-deiit'al-ly, adv. By chance ; unexpectedly. 
 
 A«-*laiiii', V. t. [Lat. acclamare., from ad and clamare., 
 to cry aloud.] 1. To honor or meet with applause. 2. 
 To declare by acclamation ; to salute. 
 
 t«-elaim% I n. A shout, expressive of assent, 
 
 «'«la-ma'tioii, ] choice, or approbation. 
 
 A«-eiam'3-to-ry, a. Expressing applause. 
 
 A«-eli'mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. acclimated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ACCLIMATING.] To habituate to a climate 
 not native. 
 
 A-e'-eli-ma'tion, n. The process of becoming, or the 
 state of being, acclimated. 
 
 A<;-«K'ma-tize, ^•. t. [imp. & p. p. acclimatized; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. acclimatizing.] To acclimate. 
 
 A«-«li'ma-tttre, n. Act of acclimating. 
 
 A-e-eliv'i-ty, n. [Lat. acclivitas, from ad and clivus, as- 
 cent.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of 
 ahUl, considered as ascen</mg' ; — opposed to declivi..^ ; 
 rising ground ; ascent. 
 
 A«-«li'voils, a. Rising with a slope, as a hill. 
 
 Ac'-eo-lade', n. [Lat. ad and coUum, neck.] A cere- 
 mony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting 
 of an embrace and a blow on both shoulders, with a fonn 
 of words. 
 
 A-e-eSm'mo-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accommo- 
 dated : p. pr. &, vb. n. accommodating.] [Lat. ac- 
 co?n7fwdare, from ad and cojmnodare, to make fit.] 1. 
 To render fiit, suitable, or correspondent; to adapt; to 
 conform. 2. To furnish with something desired, needed, 
 or convenient. 3. To bring into agreement or harmony ; 
 to reconcile. 4. To apply by way of analogy. 
 
 Syn. — To suit ; conform ; harmonize ; compose ; adjust ; 
 furnish. ^ 
 
 A-e-eom'mo-dat-ing, a. Affording, or disposed to af- 
 ford, accommodation ; kind ; helpful. 
 
 A-e-eom^mo-da'tion, n. 1. The act of fitting, or the 
 state of being fitted; — followed by to. 2. "Whatever 
 supplies a want or affords ease, refre.«liment, or conven- 
 ience ; — chiefly in the plural. 3. An adjustment of dif- 
 ferences ; reconciliation. 4. Application of a writer's 
 language, on the groimd of analogy, to something not 
 originally referred to or intended. '3. (Com.) (a.) A 
 loan of money which is often a great convenience, (b.) 
 A note or a fictitious biU drawn and accepted to raise 
 money on, not bona fide given in pa3"ment of a debt, but 
 lent merely to accommodate the borrower. 
 
 An accommodation coach, or ti-ain, one running at such 
 times, and making such stoppages, as best to accommodate 
 passengers. — An accommodation ladder, a light ladder hung 
 over the side of a ship at the gangway. — An accommodation 
 bill, or note, one to which a party has put his name without 
 consideration, for the purpose of benefiting or accommodating 
 some other person who is to provide for the bill or note when 
 due. 
 
 A«-e6in.'ino-da/tor, n. One who accommodates. 
 
 A-e-edm'pa-ni-iiieiit, n. That which accompanies: 
 something that attends as a circumstance, or which is 
 added by way of ornament to the principal thing, or for 
 the sake of symmetry; specifically (Mus.), a part per- 
 fonned bj' instruments, accompanying another part or 
 parts performed by voices ; also, the harmony of a fig- 
 ured bass. 
 
 A-e-eom'pa-nist, n. The performer in music who takes 
 the accompanying part. 
 
 A-e-eona'pa-ny (-kiim'-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. accompa- 
 nied; p. pr. Serb. n. ACCOMPANYING.] [See COM- 
 PANY.] To go with or attend as a companion or asso- 
 ciate ; to keep company with. 
 
 A-e-eom'plice, ?i. 1. A co-operator or associate in gen- 
 eral. 2. (Law.) An associate in a crime. 
 
 A-e-<;6in'plisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accomplished ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. accomplishing.] [Fr. accomplir, from 
 Lat. ad and cow^Zere , to fill up.] 1. To finish entirely 
 in time ; to complete. 2. To bring to pass ; to perform. 
 3. To furnish with whatever may serve to render a per- 
 son or thing complete, &c. 
 
 Syn.— To execute; fulfill; eflFect; realize. 
 
 A-e-eom'plislied (-kom'plisht), p. a. Complete and 
 perfected ; specifically, complete in acquirements, as the 
 resvdt usually of training. 
 
 A-e-eom'plisli-meiit, n. 1. Act of accomplishing. 
 2. That which constitutes excellence of mind, or ele- 
 gance of manners, acqiiired by education ; acquirement ; 
 attainment. 
 
 A-e-eompt'ant (-kounf-), n. See Accountant. 
 
 A-e-e6rd', n. [From Lat. cor, cordis, heart, after the an- 
 alogy of Concordia, discordia, &c.] 1. Agreement or 
 concurrence of opinion, will, or action; consent. 2. 
 Hai-mony of sounds ; concord ; chord. 3. Agreement ; 
 just correspondence of things. 4. Voluntary or sponta- 
 neous motion ; — preceded by 020?i. 5. (Laiv.) An agree- 
 ment between parties in controversy, by which satisfac- 
 tion for an injinry is stipulated, and which, when execut- 
 ed, bars a suit. 
 
 A-e-eord', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accorded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. according.] 1. To make to agree or correspond. 
 2. To bring to an agreement, as i)ersons, or to settle, ad- 
 just, harmonize, or compose, as things. 3. To grant as 
 suitable or proper ; to concede. 
 
 A«-e6rd', v. i. 1, To be in accordance; to agree. 2. 
 To agree in pitch and tone. 
 
 A-e-eord'anpe, n. Agreement ; conformity. 
 
 A«-e6rd'ant, a. Corresponding ; consonant ; agreeing ; 
 agreeable. 
 
 A-e-edrd'ant-ly, adv. In accordance or agreement. 
 
 Ac-eord'ing, p. a. In accordance or harmony with ; 
 agreeable ; suitable. 
 
 71, e, See, long; &, 6, See, short; c4re, far, ask,all,>vliat; ^re, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn, 6r , do, ivolf, 
 
ACCORDINGLY 
 
 ACEPHALOUS 
 
 B®~ Aecording to has been called a prepositional phra»e, but 
 seems rather to have the participial sense of ajreeing, followed 
 by to, as in tlie line, " Hath honored me according to his will." 
 —According ae is an adverbial phrase, of which the propriety 
 ha« been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. 
 
 Ac-edrd'ing-ly, adv. In accordance with. 
 
 A-e-eor'di-on, n. A small keyed wind-instrument, 
 whose tones are generated by the play of wind upon 
 metallic reeds. 
 
 A€-e6st' (21), v. t. [imp. & p. p. accosted : p.pr. & 
 vb. n. ACCOSTING.] [Lat. ad and costa^ rib, side.] To 
 address ; to speak first to. 
 
 A«-e6st'a-ble, a. Easy of access ; afifable. 
 
 Accoucfiement (ak'koosh'mong'), n. [Fr.] Delivery in 
 child-bed. 
 
 Accoucheur (ak'toosh/ur'), «. [Fr.] A man who as- 
 sists women in childbirth ; a man-midwife. 
 
 Ac-count', n. 1. A reckoning, enumeration, or record 
 of some reckoning. 2. A detached written or printed 
 statement of debts and credits in pecuniary transactions, 
 and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or re- 
 view. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, 
 grounds, &c., explanatory of some event. Hence, the 
 word is often used simply for reason, ground, considera- 
 tion, &c. ; as, on no account, on e\evy.accou7it, on all 
 accounts. 4. A statement of facts or transactions ; a 
 relation, narrative, or description. 5. A statement and 
 explanation or vindication of one's conduct with refer- 
 ence to judgment thereon. 6. An estimate or estima- 
 tion. 7. Importance ; value ; advantage ; profit ; that 
 is, a result worthy of estimation. 
 
 Sjm.— Narrative; narration; recital; description; detail.— In 
 giving an account of a thing, if we make it a continuous story, 
 It is a narrative or narration ; if we dwell on minute particu- 
 lars, it is a recital or detail; if we pictxire a thing out, it is a 
 description. 
 A-e-eount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accounted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. accounting.] [Lat. ac, ad, and com,putare, to 
 reckon. See Count.] 1. To reckon or compute. 
 'i. To hold in opinion ; to estimate. 
 Syn. — To consider; regard; estimate; esteem. 
 
 A<; -count', v. i. 1. To render an account or relation 
 of particulars. 3. To constitute a reason ; — with for. 
 3. To render reasons or answer for in a reckoning or 
 judgment. 
 
 Ac-eouufa-bll'i-ty, n. The state of being accounta- 
 ble, or liable to give account, and to suffer punishment 
 or pay damages for wrong or injury done. 
 
 Ac-eount'a-ljle, a. Liable to be caUed to account, and 
 to suffer punishmsnt or pay damages for wrong or injury 
 done. 
 
 Syn. — Amenable; responsible. 
 
 A€-«ount'a-ble-ness, n. AccountabiUty. 
 
 A«-«ouiit'aiit, n. One who keeps, or is skilled in, ac- 
 counts. 
 
 Ac-eoiip'le (-kiip/1), v. t. [See Couple.] To join 
 together ; to unite ; to couple. 
 
 A«-eou'ter, ) v. t. [imp. & p. p. accoutered, or 
 
 A«-«ou'tre, j accoutred ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCOU- 
 ter'ing or ACCOUTRING.] [Fr. accoutrer, from Lat. 
 ac, ad, and consuere, to sew together.] To furnish with 
 dress, equipage, or equipments, especially those of a sol- 
 dier. 
 
 Ac-eou'ter-ments, ) n. pi. Dress ; equipage ; trap- 
 
 A-e-cou'tre-ments, j pings ; specifically, military 
 dress' and arms ; equipage for miUtary service. 
 
 A«-cred'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accredited; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ACCREDITING.] [Lat. accreditus, p. p. of ac- 
 credere, to assent to, from ad and credere to beheve.] 
 1. To give trust or confidence to ; to credit. 2. To 
 receive, as an envoy, in his public character, and give 
 him credit and rank accordingly. 3. To send with cre- 
 dentials, as an envoy. 
 
 Ac-cres'^eu^e, n. Gradual growth or increase. 
 
 A-e-eres'9eiit, a. [See irifra.] Growing, increasing. 
 
 A-e-cre'tion, n. [Lat. accretio, Fr. accretion, from Lat. 
 accrescere, to increase (Eng. accrue), fi-om ad and crescere, 
 to grow.] 1. An increase by natural growth, especially 
 the increase of organic bodies' by the internal accession 
 of parts. 2. An increase by an accession of parts ex- 
 ternally. 3. A growing together of parts naturally 
 separate, as of the fingers or toes. 
 
 A-c-eroacli', v. i, [Fr. accrocher, fi-om croc, crochet, 
 hook, Eng. crook. 1 To hook, or draw to one's self as 
 mth a hook. 
 
 A-e-erue' (32), v. i. [imp. & p. p. accrued ; p.pr. &, 
 t'6. N. ACCRUING.] [Fr. accrue, increase; accrii, p.p. 
 
 of accrollre. See ACCRETION.] To increase ; to aug- 
 ment ; to arise, proceed, or spring ; to be added, as in- 
 crease, profit, or damage. 
 
 Syn. — To spring up ; follow ; arise. 
 
 A«-cru'in.ent, n. Addition ; increase ; augmentation. 
 
 Ac'cu-ba'tlon, n. A lying or recUning on a couch, as 
 practiced by the ancients at their meals, with the head 
 resting on a pillow or on the elbow, and the feet of one 
 extended behind the back of another. 
 
 A-c-ciim'beii-^y, n. State of being accumbent. 
 
 A-e-eiim'beiit, a. Leaning or rechning, as the ancients 
 did at their meals. 
 
 A<;-€u'mu-late, v. t. [im.p. & p. p. accumulated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ACCUMULATING.] [Lat. accumulatus, 
 p. p. of accumulare, firom ad and cumulare, to heap.] 
 To heap up in a mass ; to coUect or bring together. 
 Syn.— To pile up; amass; gather; collect. 
 
 A-c-eu'mu-late, v. i. To grow to a great size, number, 
 or quantity ; to increase greatly. 
 
 A-e-<!u'in.u-la'tion, n. Act of acciunulating, state of 
 being accumulated, or that which is accumulated. 
 Syn. — Pile; mass; heap. 
 
 A«-eu.'mu-la-tive, a. Causing accumulation; accu- 
 mulating ; cumulative. 
 
 A-e-<;ii'in.u-la''tor, n. One who accumulates. 
 
 A-c'-eu-ra-cy, \n. State of being accurate; pre- 
 
 A-c'cu-rate-ness, j cision which results from care; 
 exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; exact- 
 
 _ness; correctness. 
 
 A-c'«u-rate, a. [Lat. accuratus, p. p. and adj., from 
 accurare, fi-om ad and curare, to take care, fi:om cur a, 
 care.] In careful conformity to truth, or to a standard, 
 rule, or model; free from failure, error, or defect. 
 
 Syn. — Correct; precise; just; nice. — A man is accurate or 
 correct when he avoids faults; exact when he attends to all the 
 minutiae, leaving nothing neglected; precise when he does 
 any thing according to a certain rule or measure. 
 
 A-c'«u-rate-ly, adv. In an accurate manner. 
 
 A-e-eiirse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accursed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ACCURSING.] To devote to destruction ; to im- 
 precate evil or misery upon ; to curse. 
 
 A-e-curs'ed,?'.^'. or a. (part, pronounced ak-kurst', a. 
 ak-kurs/ed). 1. Doomed to destruction or misery. 
 tj. Worthy of a curse ; detestable ; execrable. 
 
 A-e'-cu-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of accusing. 3. That of 
 which one is accused- 
 
 A«-eu.'§a-tive, a. 1. Producing or containing accusa- 
 tions. 2. ( Gram,.) Applied to the fotu-th case of Greek 
 and Latin noims, being that on which the action of a 
 verb terminates or falls. 
 
 A«-eii'§a-tive, n. ( Gram.) The fourth case of Greek 
 and Latin nouns, corresponding to the objective case in 
 English. 
 
 A<;-eu'§a-tive-ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner: 
 3. In relation to the accusative case. 
 
 A-e-eu'ga-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or containing, an ac- 
 cusation. 
 
 A«-eu§e', V. t. [imp. & p.p. accused ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ACCUSING.] [Lat. accusare, fi-om ad and causa, cause, 
 lawsuit.] To charge with, or declare to have committed 
 a crime, offense, or fault ; in law, to charge with an of- 
 fense, judicially or by a public process. 
 
 Syn. — To arraign; censure; impeach. — We censure or ac- 
 cuse a man for what is wrong; we am-aign him for trial; we 
 impeach him for maladministration or impropriety. 
 
 A-e-eug'er, n. One who accuses, or brings a charge. 
 
 A-e-eiis'tom, v. t. [imp. & p.p. accustomed; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ACCUSTOMING.] To make familiar by use ; to 
 habituate or inure. 
 
 Ac-cus'tom-a-ry, a. Usual ; customary. 
 
 A^e, n. [Lat. as, \mity, unit, pound ; Gr. Doric as, ah. 
 equiv. to els, one.] 1. A single point on a card or die ; 
 or the card or die so marked. 3. Hence, a very small 
 quantity or degree ; a particle ; an atom. 
 
 A-pel'da-ma, n. [Chald. kkakel, Heb. Me^ei, field, and 
 Chald. & Heb. dam, blood.] A field said to have lain 
 south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which 
 Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called 
 the Jield of blood; — sometimes used in a figiuutiv* 
 sense. 
 
 A-^epb'a-lan, n. (Zobl.) An animal of the sub-king- 
 dom Mollusca. See MOLLUSK. 
 
 A-fepb'a-lous, a. [Gr. a./ce'(/)aA.os, from a priv. and 
 Ke(f)a\ri, head.] 1, Without a head ; headless ; as certain 
 fetuses ; — applied specifically to animals of the class or di- 
 
 food, t&bt ; ^rn, rude, pull ; jell, ^liaise, -call, e€lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; ibis- 
 
 
ACE-POINT 
 
 vision Atej^hala . 3, ( Bot. ) Having the style spring firom the 
 
 bjisH?, iastcad of the ai)ex, as is the case in certJiiu ovaries 
 
 3. Without a leader or cliief. 4. Wanting something 
 
 pn>-ejuiuently essontiiU to completeness. 5. (Pros.) De- 
 _ticient at the beginning, as a line of poetry. 
 Af e'-poiiit, n . The side of a die which has but one spot. 
 A-^erb' (M), a. [Lat. actrbu.^.] Sour with bitterness. 
 A-^-erb'i-ty, n. 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness 
 
 and astriugency, like that of unripe fruit. "2. Hence, 
 
 harshness, bitterness, or severity; — appUed to persons 
 
 or tilings. 
 A-9<?r'i€,a. [Lat. orer, a maple-tree.] Pertaining to, or 
 
 obtamed from, the maple ; as, aceric acid. 
 A-yfs'fen-oy, »». The sourness created by spontaneous 
 
 decomposition ; hence, a moderate degree of sourness, or 
 
 a tendency to sourness. 
 A-^6s'?eut, a. [Lat. acescens, p. pr. of acescere, to turn 
 
 sour.] Turning sour; reddily becoming tart or acid. 
 Af'e-tate, n. A salt formed by acetic acid united to a 
 
 ba^. 
 A-^6t'i€, or A-^e'ti«, a. [N. Lat. aceticus, from acetum, 
 
 >ineg:ir.] {Chem.) (a.) Composed, as a certain acid, of 
 
 four parts each of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, (b.) 
 
 Relating to such an acid : as, acetic ether. 
 A-^6t'i-fi-ea'tion, n. The act of making acetous or 
 
 sour : or the operation of making vinegar. 
 A-^6t'i-fy, I', t. or i. [imp. & p. p. acetified ; p.pr. 
 
 & vb. n. ACETIFYING.] [Lat. acetum, vinegar, and 
 
 facere, to make.] To turn into acid or vinegar. 
 Af'S-tim'e-ter, n. [Lat. oceiimi, vinegar, and 7ne«n<7w, 
 
 measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength 
 _ of vinegar or other acids. 
 A^'e-tim'e-try , n. The art of ascertaining the strength 
 
 of vinegar or other acids. 
 A-^e'toiis, a. 1. Sour. 2. Causing acetiQcation. 
 A-elie (ak), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ACHED ] p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 ACHING.] [A.-S. acan, Gr. axelv ; Skr. aka, pain.] To 
 
 suffer pain ; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain : 
 _to be distressed. 
 A-elie (ak), n. Continued pain, in opposition to sudden 
 
 twinges, or spasmodic pain. 
 A-chdev'a-ble, a. Capable of being achieved. 
 A-cliieve' v. t. [imp. & p. p. achiexted ■, p. pr. &, vb. 
 
 n. achieving.] [Fr. achever, from Lait. caput, Fr. 
 
 chef, head, end. See Chief.] To carry on to a final 
 
 close ; to bring out into a perfected state : to accomplish. 
 SjTi. — To complete; accomplish; fulfill; realize. 
 
 A-cliieve'ment, >i. 1. Act of achieving or perform- 
 ing : accomplishment. 2. A great or heroic deed ; some- 
 thing accomplished by valor or boldness. 3. (Her.) An 
 escutcheon or ensign armorial, granted for the perform- 
 ance of a great or honorable action. 
 Syn. — Feat; deed; completion. 
 
 A-cliiev'er, n. One who accomplishes a purpose. 
 
 A.'^h.or,n. [Lat., from Gr. dxoSp, dandruff.] A cutaneous 
 disease on the head ; scald-head. 
 
 A€li'ro-iiiAt'i-e, a. [Gr. axP'o/AaTos, from a pnv. and 
 XP^I^o-i color.] (Opt.) Free from color; not showing 
 color, from the decomposition of hght. 
 
 A-eli'ro-ma-ti^'i-ty, J n. The state of being achro- 
 
 A-eliro'raa-ti§m, ) matic. 
 
 A-yi«'u-lar, a. Slender, like a needle ; needle-shaped. 
 
 A^ic'u-llt^ed, ! "• ^ ^^^ ^°™ °^ * ^^^® 5 acicular. 
 
 Ap'id, a. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste ; tart ; hav- 
 ing the taste of \"inegar. 
 
 Ap'id, n. 1. A sour substance. 2. (Chem.) (a.) An 
 electro-n^ative substance having the properties of com- 
 bining with alkahes and alkaline oxides, and of reddening 
 most blue vegetable colors, and usually %vith a strong, 
 sharp taste, (b.) That substance which in the decompo- 
 sition of a given compound is relatively electro-negative, 
 16 borne to the positive pole, and in its compounds ex- 
 changes hydrogen for a metal. 
 
 A-^id'i-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of being acidified. 
 
 A-^id'l-fi-ea'tioii, n. The act of acidifying. 
 
 A-^id'i-fi-er, n. (Chem.) A simple or compovmd prin- 
 ciple, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as 
 oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, &c. 
 
 A ^id'l-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. acidified \ p.pr. &, vb. 
 ft. acidifying.] To make acid; specifically, to con- 
 vert into an acid, chemically so called, by combination 
 ■with any substance. 
 
 Af'-i-dim'e-ter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the 
 strength of acids. 
 
 8 
 
 ACQUIREMENT 
 
 A-fid'i-ty, ( n. Quahty of being acid or sour ; aharp- 
 
 Af'id-ness, j ness ; sourness. 
 
 A-fid'u-late, v. t. [i?7ip. & p. p. acidulated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. acidulating.] To make shghtly acid. 
 
 A-fid'u-lous, a. [Lat. actt?M/M5, dim. of acidus.] Slightly 
 sour ; sub-acid ; sourish. 
 
 A-^in'i-forni, a. [N. Lat. aciniformis, from acinus, 
 grape, grape-stone, and/or7na, shape.] Having the form 
 of a cluster of grapes or of a grape-stone ; full of small 
 
 ■ kernels. 
 
 A-e-kiiovvl'edge {-nol/ej),f. t. [imp. Sep. p. acknowl- 
 edged : p.pr.Sc vb. n. ACKNOWLEDGING.] [0. Eng. 
 aknowledge, from prefix a and knowledge.] 1. To own, 
 avow, admit, or confess a knowledge of; to recogime as a 
 fact or truth. 2. To own or recognize with particular 
 regard or in a particular character. 3. To own with 
 gi-atitude; to own as a benefit. 4. To own, avow, or 
 assent to in a legal form, to give vahdity. 
 
 Syn. — To concede; confess; aDow: recognize. — We ac- 
 hiowledge what we feel bound to make known, as a. fault or a 
 favor; we concede and allow what is claimed or asked; we 
 recognize when at first we were doubtful; we co«/ess what w 
 •wrong or may appear so. 
 
 A-e-knowFedg-ment (-nol/-), n. 1. Act of acknowl- 
 edging. 2. Something given or done in return for a 
 favor. 3. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to 
 give it legal vahdity. 
 
 A-€lia'i<;, a. [Gr. a priv. and Kkivetv, to incline] "With- 
 out inclination ; — said of the magnetic equator, or the 
 hne near the earth's equator on which the magnetic needle 
 is exactly horizontal, and has no dip. 
 
 A-e'me, n. [Gr. ok/xt}.] The height, top, or highest 
 point, of a thing ; crisis. 
 
 A<;'o-lyte, 1 n. [Gr. aKoXovdo^, from duokovOelv, to fol- 
 
 A-e'o-15"tli, ) low.] 1. A companion ; an associate. 
 2. (^siron.) An attendant or companion star. 3. (jEcd. 
 _ Hist. ) An inferior church servant. 
 
 A-e'o-nite, n. WolTs-bane, a poison. 
 
 A'-eorn, n. [A.-S. secern, from xc, oak, and corn, com, 
 grain.] The seed or fruit of an oak. 
 
 A-eot'y-le'don, n. [Gr. a priv. and KOTuArySuiv, hollow 
 knob or button.] A plant in which the seed-lobes, or 
 cotyledons, are not present. 
 
 A-«6t'y-led'o-iioils, a. Having either no seed-lobes, 
 or such as are indistinct, like the ferns, Uchens, &c. 
 
 A-eous'ti-e (-kow'stik), a. [Gr. dKovo-riKos, from a-KoveiVy 
 to hear.] Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of hearing, 
 or to the doctrine of sounds. 
 
 A-eous'ti<;s, n. sing. The science of sounds, teaching 
 their nature, phenomena, and laws. 
 
 A<;-quaiiit', v. t. [imp. & p.p. acquainted \ p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. ACQUAINTING.] [0. Fr. accointer, from L. Lat. 
 accognitare, adcognitare , to make known.] 1. To make 
 fuUy or intimately known ; to make familiaj. 2. To 
 communicate notice to. 
 Syn. — To apprise; to inform. 
 
 A-e-quaint'an^e, v.. 1. A state of being acquainted^ 
 or of having intimate or more than shght or superficial 
 knowledge ; famihar knowledge. 2. A ijerson or persons 
 well known. [In this sense the word admits a plural : ac- 
 quaintance and acquaintances are both in use.] 
 
 Syn. — Familiarity; fellowship: intimacy. —Intimacy is the 
 result of close connection, and hence is the stronger word; 
 familiarity springs from frequent intercourse. 
 
 Ae'qui-gs^e' (ak^kwi-es'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ACQUI- 
 ESCED ; p. pr. & vb. n. acquiescing.] [Lat. acqui- 
 escere, from ad and quiescere, to be quiet ; quies, rest.] 1, 
 To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest with- 
 out opposition and discontent. 2. To concur upon con- 
 viction. 
 
 Acquiesced in, in a passive sense, complied ■«'ith; submitted 
 to, without opposition. 
 Syn. — To accede; assent; consent; comply 
 
 Ac'qui-gs'^en^e, n. A sUent assent or submission, or 
 a submission with ajiparent content. 
 
 A-e'qm-es'pent, a. Submitting : disposed to submit. 
 
 A-e-quir'a-ble, a. Capable of being acquired. 
 
 A-e-quire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. acquired , p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. ACQUIRING.] [Lat. acquirere, from ad and quarere, 
 to seek for.] To gain, usually by one's own labor or ex- 
 ertions. 
 
 Syn. — To attain; obtain; procure; earn; win; secure. 
 
 A«-quire'ineiit, n. The act of acquiring, or that whick 
 is acquired. 
 
 Ss'n.- Attainment; gain; acquisition. 
 
 a,e,&c.,Zon^, &,6,&.c.,short; c4re,far, ask,all, VFliat; 6re, veil, term; pique,firm; s6ii,6r,do,iiV9lA 
 
V. t. To make crazy ; to impair ; to destroy. 
 
 ACQUISITION 
 
 Ac'qui-gi'tion, 71. 1. Act of acquiring. 2, The thing 
 
 acquired, or gained ; acquirement. 
 A-e-quig'i-tive, a. 1. Acquired. [.Rare.] 2. Disposed 
 
 to make acquisitions. 
 A-e-quig'i-tive-ly, adv. In tlie way of acquisition. 
 A-e-qui§'i-tive-ivess, n. 1. State or quality of being 
 
 acquisitive. 2. (Pliren.) The organ which is supposed 
 
 to give rise to this desire. 
 Ac-quit', V. t. (imp. & p. p. ACQUITTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. ACQUITTING.] [Fr. acquitter, from ac, for ad, and 
 
 quitter, to forsake, from Lat. quietus, quiet. See QUIT.] 
 
 1. To set free ; to release or discharge, especially from 
 an obligation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or 
 whatever lies upon a person as a charge or duty. 2. 
 Reflexively, to bear or conduct one's self. 
 
 Syn.— To clear; absolve. 
 
 A-e-quit'ment, n. Act of acquitting, or state of being 
 
 . acquitted ; acquittal. 
 
 Ac-quit'tal, n. {Law.) Deliverance from the charge 
 of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. 
 
 A-e-quit'taiife , n. 1. The act of acquitting or dis- 
 charging from a debt, or other engagement or obligation. 
 
 2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge ; a receipt 
 in full, which bars a further demand. 
 
 A-era§e', 
 
 A-eraze', 
 
 A'-ere (a'ker), n. [A.-S. acer, aecer, Lat. ager, Gr. aypos. 
 The primitive sense is an open, plowed, or sowed field.] A 
 piece of land containing 160 square rods or perches, or 
 
 _4840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. 
 
 A'-ere-age (a'ker-), n. A sum total of acres. 
 
 A-e'rid, a. Of a biting taste ; sharp ; pungent ; harsh. 
 
 A-e'rid-iiess, n. A sharp, harsh quality ; pungency. 
 
 A-e'ri-mo'ni-ous, a. 1, Abounding with acrimony. 
 2. Sarcastic. 
 
 Syn. — Sharp; severe; bitter; corrosive; caustic. 
 
 A-e'ri-mo'ni-ous-ly , adv. With sharpness or bitterness. 
 
 A-e'ri-mo-ny, n. 1. A quaUty of bodies which cor- 
 rodes, dissolves, or destroys others. 2. Sharpness or 
 severity, as of language or temper. 
 
 Syn. — Asperity; harshness; ta.Ytness.-i> Acrimony springs 
 from an embittered spirit; tartness from an irritable temper; 
 asperity and JtarsJiness from disregard for the feelings of others. 
 
 A-e'ri-ttide (53), n. [Lat. acritudo, from acer, sharp.] 
 An acrid quality ; biting heat ; acrimony. 
 
 Ac'ro-a-mat'ic , \ a. [Gr. dKpoa;aaTt/cd?, from d/cpo- 
 
 A-e/ro-a-mat'i-e-al, j do-flai, to hear.] Designed only to 
 be heard; oral; — applied to the esoteric teachings of 
 Aristotle, which were confined to his immediate hearers 
 or disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, 
 which were taught by means of books. 
 
 A-e'ro-at'i-e, a. [Gr. aKpoari/cos. Se% supra. '\ The same 
 as ACROAMATIC. 
 
 A-e'i'o-b3,t, n. [Gr. awpos, on high, and jSatVetv, to go.] 
 One who practices high vaulting, rope-dancing, &c. 
 
 A-e'ro-bat'ic, a. Belonging to an acrobat or to his ex- 
 ercises. 
 
 A-e'ro-gen, n. [Gr. a^pos, extreme, and yiyvevOai, to be 
 born.] {Bat.) A plant of the highest tribe of Crypto- 
 gams,^ including the ferns, &c. See Crypto GAM A. 
 
 A-erog'e-noiis. a. (Bot.) Increasing in growth from 
 the extremity. 
 
 A-eron'y-e-al, a. [Gr. dKp6vvKT0<;,, aKpovvKTLog, from 
 d/cpo?, extreme, and vv^, night.] (Astron. ) Rising at sun- 
 set and setting at sunrise, as a star; — opposed to cos- 
 mical. 
 
 A-«r6p'o-lis,'TC. The upper or higher part of a Grecian 
 city ; hence, the citadel or castle, and especially the cita- 
 
 ^ del of Athens. [at the end of a seed. 
 
 A-e'ro-spire, n. [Gr. djcpo? and crnelpa, spire.] A sprout 
 
 A-eross' (21), prep. From side to side of; athwart ; quite 
 over ; crosswise of, or in a dfrection opposed to the 
 length of. 
 
 A-eross', adv. From side to side ; crosswise. 
 
 A-eros'ti-e, n. [Gr. dfcpoo-Tixov, from d/cpo?, extreme, 
 and (TTi'xos, order, line, verse.] A composition, usually in 
 ve-rse, in which the first or the last letter of every hne, or 
 of every word, read collectively, forma name or sentence. 
 
 A-cros'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In the manner of an acrostic. 
 
 Act, V. i. [Lat. actus, p. p. of agere, to drive, lead, do.] 
 1. To exert power. 2. To be in action or motion ; to 
 perform an action or actions. 3. To behave or conduct, 
 as in morals, private duties, or pubhc oflSces ; to demean 
 one's self. 
 
 ACULEATE 
 
 A-et,v.t. [imp. Sc p. p. ACTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACT- 
 ING.] 1. To perform, especially upon the stage. 2. 
 Hence, to feign or counterfeit. 3. To perform the part 
 of; to assume the office or character of; to play. 
 
 A-et, n.. 1. That which is done or doing; performance; 
 deed. Hence, in specific uses, (a.) The result of pubUe 
 deliberation, or the decision of a prince, legislative body, 
 council, court of justice, or magistrate; a decree, edict ^ 
 law, judgment, resolve, award, determination, (b.) A 
 book, record, or writing, containing laws and determina- 
 tions ; any instrument in writing to verify facts, (c.) 
 One of the larger or principal divisions of a play, (d.) 
 A thesis maintained in public, in some English universi- 
 ties, (e.) The time when masters and doctors complete 
 their degrees, at the university of Oxford, Eng. 2. A 
 state of reality, or real existence, as opposed to a possi- 
 bility, or possible existence. 3, A state of preparation, 
 readiness, or incipient action. 
 
 A-e-tin'ic, a. Belonging to actinism. 
 
 A-e-tin'i-fdrm, a. [Gr. d/crt's, ray, and Lat. forma, 
 
 ^ form.] Having a radiated form. 
 
 A-e'tin-ism, n. A property in the solar rays which pro- 
 duces chemical changes, as in photography. 
 
 A-e'ti-nom'e-ter, n. [Gr. o-ktCs, ray, and iJ-erpov, meas- 
 ure.] ( Opt.) An instrument for measuring the intensity 
 
 ^ of the sun's actinic rays. 
 
 A-e'tiom, n. 1. Exertion of power or force, as when one 
 body acts on another ; or the effect of power exerted on 
 one body by another ; motion produced ; agency. 2. An 
 act or thing done ; a deed ; especially, the result of an 
 exercise of vohtion ; hence, conduct ; behavior; demean- 
 or. 3. The event or series of events, either real or im- 
 aginary, forming the subject of a play, narrative, poem, 
 or other composition. 4. {Orat.) Gestui-e or gesticula- 
 tion. 5. (Laiv.) (a.) A suit or process, by which a de- 
 mand is made of a right in a court of justice ; a claim 
 made before a tribunal, (b.) A right of action. 6. 
 ( Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock com- 
 pany, or in the pubhc funds ; in the pi., stocks. [A Gal- 
 licism.] 7. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position 
 of the several parts of the body. 8. An engagement be- 
 
 ^ tween troops in war. 
 
 A-e'tion-a-ble, a. Admitting a suit, or the bringing of 
 an action at law which wiU Ue ; as, to call a man a thief 
 
 ^is actionable. 
 
 Ac'tion-a-bly. adv. In an actionable manner. 
 
 A-e'tioii-a-fy, (. «. {Com.) A proprietor of stock in a 
 
 A-e'tion-ist, j joint-stock company ; one who owns 
 
 ^ actions or shares of stock. 
 
 A-et'ive, a. 1. Having the power or quality of acting; 
 communicating action or motion ; — opposed to passive. 
 2. Constantly engaged in action ; hence, energetic ; dili- 
 gent ; busy. 3. Requiring or implying action or exer- 
 tion ; practical ; operative ; producing real effects ; — op- 
 posed to spec wtori-e. 4. ( Gram .) Expressing the transi- 
 tion or passing of an action from an agent to an object^ 
 as certain verbs do ; transitive. 
 
 Syn. — Brisk; alert; agile; nimble; sprightly; prompt; 
 quick. — Agile and nimble relate to bodily movements, the 
 others may apply either to the body or the mind. 
 
 A-et'ive-ly, adv. In an active manner ; nimbly. 
 
 A-et'ive-iiess, ) w. Quality of being active; nimble- 
 
 A-e-tiv'i-ty, j ness ; agility. 
 
 Act'or, n. One who acts ; especially, one who plays on 
 
 ^ the stage. 
 
 A-et'ress, n. A female who acts or plays. 
 
 A-et'u-al, a. [Lat. actualis.] 1. Existing in act, and 
 truly and absolutely so ; reaUy acted or acting ; carried 
 out ; — opposed to potential, possible, virtual, or theoret- 
 
 ^ical. 2. Existing at the present time; present. 
 
 A-et'u-al'i-ty, n. The state of being actual. 
 
 A-et'u-al-i-z'a'tion, n. A making actual or really exist- 
 
 A-et'u-al-ize, i;. ?. To make actual. [ent. 
 
 A-et'u-al-ly, adv. In act or fact ; really ; verily ; truly. 
 
 A-et'xi-al-iiess, n. State or quality of being actual; 
 
 _ actuality. 
 
 A-et'u-a-ry, n. 1. A registrar or clerk. 2. The man- 
 ager of a joint-stock company, particularly of an insur- 
 
 ^ance company. 
 
 A-et'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. actuated ; p. pr. Sc 
 vb. n. ACTUATING.] To put into action ; to move or 
 incite to action. 
 
 Syn. — To move; impel; instigate; induce; rouse; animate. 
 
 A-eii'le-ate, a. {Bot.) Having prickles, or sharp points ; 
 pointed ; — used chiefly to denote prickles fixed in the 
 bark, in distinction from thorns, which grow from the 
 wood. \ 
 
 food, fo^ot ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, pliaise, call, eclio^ gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tJiis- 
 
ACUMEN 
 
 10 
 
 ADIPOCERE 
 
 A-eii'men, n. Quickness of porooption or disoorumcnt ; 
 jHrnotration of miud ; the faculty of nice iliscriuiiuation. 
 S>i». — Acutcncss; astuteness; shrewdness; i>erspicuity ; 
 discernment, 
 
 A-t'ii'iiii-iiato, t- . t. To render sharp or keen. 
 
 A-€u'iiii-iiate. v. i. To end in, or come to, a sharp 
 point. 
 
 A-tm'ini-nate, a. Having a long. t«j)ering point. 
 
 A-funii-na'tion, n. A sharpening ; termination in a 
 sharp point. 
 
 A-e'ii-puiift'ure, n. The introduction of needles into 
 the Uving tissues for remedial purposes. 
 
 A-eiite', a. 1. Sharp at the end ; ending in a sharp 
 point ; pointed ; — opposed to blunt or obtuse. 3. Hav- 
 ing nice discernment ; perceiving or using minute dis- 
 tinctions ; penetrating ; shrewd : — opposed to dull or 
 stupid. 3. Having nice or quick seusibility ; susceptible 
 of slight impressions. 4. High, or shrill, in respect to 
 some^ther sound : — opposed to grave or low. 5. (Med.) 
 Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and 
 coming speedily to a crisis ; — opposed to chronic. 
 Sym. — Penetrating; piercing; pointed; shrewd; subtle. 
 
 A-eutely, adv. Sharply : shrewdly ; keenly. 
 
 Ad'age, n. [Lat. adagium, from adigere, to adduce ; ad 
 and agtre, to lead, do.] An old saying, which has ob- 
 tained credit by long use. 
 
 Syn.— Maxim; proverb; aphorism; axiom; saw. 
 
 .A-da'gio {-30), a. [It.] (Jlliw.) Slow: moving slowly, lei- 
 sui-ely, and graeefuUy. When repeated, adagio, adagio, 
 it dii-ects the movement to be very slow. 
 
 A-<Ia'gio, n. A piece of music in adagio time. 
 
 Ad'a-mant, n. [Gr. aSa^a?, -avro?, the hardest iron, 
 steel, diamond, prop, untamable, infrangible, from a 
 priv. and Safxav, to tame, subdue.] 1. A stone imag- 
 ined by some to be of impenetrable hardness ; — a name 
 given to the diamond and other substances of extreme 
 hardness, ti. Lodestone. [Obs.] 
 
 Ad'a-man-te'an, a. Hard as adamant. 
 
 Ad'a-mant 'inCj a. IVIade of, or having the qualities of, 
 adamant. 
 Adamantine spar, a very hard variety of corundum. 
 
 Ad'am'§-ap'ple, n. 1. A species of citron. 2. The 
 projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck ; 
 — so called from a notion that it was caused by the apple 
 
 _ sticking in the throat of our first parent. 
 
 Ad'an-so'ni-a, n. The African caiabash-tree, one of 
 the largest of trees. 
 
 A-dSpt', V. t. [imp. & p.p. adapted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ADAPTING.] [Lat. adaptare, from ad and aptare, to fit.] 
 To make fit or suitable. 
 
 Syn.— To suit; accommodate; adjust; apply; attune. 
 
 A-dS,pt'a-ljil'ity, ) n. Quality of being adaptable ; 
 
 A-d5pt'a-ljle-iiess, ) suitableness. 
 
 A-dSpfa-tole, a. Capable of being adapted. 
 
 Ad'ap-ta'tion, n. The act of adapting, or fitting ; or 
 the state of being adapted or fitted ; fitness. 
 
 A-dapt'er, n. 1. One who adapts. 3. ( Chem.) A re- 
 ceiver with two necks ; an adopter. 
 
 4-dd, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ADDED ; p.pr. &, vb. n. ADD- 
 ING.] [Lat. a/idere, from ad and dare, to give.] To join 
 or unite, as one thing or sum to another, so as to increase 
 the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magni- 
 tude, or so as to form into one aggregate. 
 
 Syii. — To subjoin ; to annex. — We add numbers, &c.; we 
 sukjoin an after-thought; we annex some adjunct, as territory. 
 
 Ad'da-tole, a. See Addible. 
 
 A.d-den'dum,n.;pl. ad-ven>da. [Lat.] A thing to be 
 added ; an appendix. 
 
 Ad'der, n. [A.-S. xtter, nxdre, Goth, nadrs, Lat. natrix, 
 from 7irire. to swim.] A venomous serpent : a viper. 
 
 Ad'di-bil'i-ty, n. State or quahty of being addible. 
 
 Ad'di-ble, a. [See Add.] Capable of being added. 
 
 Ad-di«t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. addicted : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ADDICTING.] [Lat. addictus, p. p. of addicere, to 
 adjudge, devote ; from ad and dicere, to say.] To apply 
 habitually ; to devote; to accustom ; to habituate. 
 
 Syn.— To devote; to dedicate to. — ^<f^/ic< is commonly 
 usea in a bad sense, the other two in a good one; addicted to 
 vice; t/ero^er/ to literature; dedicate^i to religion. 
 
 Ad-dict'ed-ness, n. Devotedness. 
 
 Ad-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. 1. The act of adding two or 
 more things together. 2. Any thing added ; increase. 
 3. (Math.) The branch of arithmetic which treats of 
 adding numbers. 4. {Mus.) A dot at the right side of 
 a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened 
 
 one half. 5. (Law.) A title annexed to a man^ nama, 
 to show his rank, occupation, or place of residence. 
 Syn. — Increase ; accession; augmentation. 
 
 Ad-di'tion-al (-dlsh'un-), a. Added : adscititious. 
 
 Ad-di'tion-al-ly, adv. By way of addition. 
 
 Ad'dle, a. [A.-S. adl, sick, diseased ; adlian, aidlian. to 
 be sick.] Having lost the power of development, by be- 
 coming diseased, as eggs ; putrid ; corrupt ; hence, pro- 
 ducing nothing ; unfruitful or ban-en, as brains. 
 
 Ad'dle, V. t. To make addle ; to make corrupt or morbid. 
 
 Ad-dr6ss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. addressed ; p. pr. & 
 vb.n. ADDRESSING.] [Lat. direr.tus.Y). p. of dirigere , to 
 direct.] 1. To prepare or make ready. 2. To direct 
 words or discourse to ; to apply to by words, as by a 
 speech, address, petition, or the like." 3. To direct in 
 writing, as a letter ; to superscribe. 4. To court ; to 
 woo. 5. (Com.) To consign or intrust to the care of 
 another, as agent or factor. 
 
 Ad-dress', n. 1. A formal application, speech, discourse, 
 petition, or the like, either written or verbal. 2. Man- 
 ner of speaking to another. 3. Attention in the way 
 of courtship; — usually in the plural. 4. Skill; dex- 
 terity. .5. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the 
 name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed. 
 Syn. — Adroitness; tact. 
 
 Ad-diife' (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. adduced : p. pr. k, 
 vb. 91. ADDUCING.] [Lat. adducere, to lead or bring to; 
 ad and ducere, to lead.] To bring forward, present, or 
 offer ; to bring forward by way of proof. 
 
 Syn. — To allege; cite; quote; advance; introduce. 
 
 Ad-dii'^eiit, a. Bringing forward or together. 
 
 Ad-du'9i-ljle, a. Capable of being adduced. 
 
 Ad-dix-e'tion, n. Act of adducing or bringing forward. 
 
 Ad-du.-e'-tive, a. Adducive ; bringing forward. 
 
 Ad-du.<;'tor, n. (Anat.) A muscle which draves one part 
 of the body toward another. 
 
 Ad'e-ii51'o-gy, n. [Gr. ahriv, gland, and A670?, dis- 
 course.] (Anat.) The doctrine of the glands, their na- 
 ture and their uses. 
 
 A-dept', n. One well skilled in any art. 
 
 A-dept', a. [Lat. adeptus, obtained (sc. artem), he who 
 has obtained an art, p. p. of adipisci, to arrive at, to 
 obtain.] TTell skilled : skillful ; completely versed or ae- 
 
 ^ quainted. 
 
 Ad'e-qua-fy, n. The state or quality of being adequate. 
 
 Ad'e-quate, a. [Lat. adaeguatit^, p. p. of adaequare, to 
 make equal to.] Equal, proportionate, or correspondent ; 
 full}' sufficient. 
 
 Syn. — Enough; competent; requisite; commensurate. 
 
 Ad'e-quate-ly, adv. In proportion : sufficiently ; fitly. 
 
 Ad'e-quate-ness, n. Adequacy : sufficiency. 
 
 Ad-liere', v. i. [imp. & p. p. adhered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ADHERING.] [Lat. adli3erere, from ad and hssrere, to 
 stick.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a glutinous sub- 
 stance does ; to become joined or united. 2. To hold, 
 be attached, or devoted. 
 
 Syn. — To cling; hold feet; abide by. 
 
 Ad-lier'en9e 1(89), «. 1. Quahty or state of adhering. 
 
 Ad-her'en-f y j 2. State of being fixed in attach- 
 ment ; steady attachment : adhesion. 
 
 Ad-lier'ent, a. United with or to : sticking. 
 
 Ad-lier'ent, n. One who adheres ; one who cleaves to 
 or supports some person or cause. 
 Syn. — Partisan ; follower; supporter; advocate. 
 
 Ad-lier'ent-ly, adv. In an adherent manner. 
 
 Ad-lie'§ion, n. The act or state of sticking, or beii^ 
 attached ; the force with which distinot bodies adhere 
 when their surfaces are brought in contact. Gluti- 
 nous bodies unite by adhesion ; the particles of a homo- 
 geneous body by cohesion. [stances. 
 
 Ad-lie'sive, a. Sticky : tenacious, as glutinous sub- 
 
 Ad-lie'sive-ly, adv. In an adhesive manner. [ing. 
 
 Ad-lie'sive-ness, n. The quality of sticking, or adher- 
 
 Ad-li6r'ta-to-ry, a. Containing counsel or warning; 
 advisor}. 
 
 A-dieii' (a-du', 30), adv. Good-by : farewell. 
 
 A-dieu', n. A farewell ; commendation to the care of God. 
 
 Ad'i-pof'e-rate, v. t. To convert into adipocere. 
 
 Ad'i-po^'e-ra'tion, n. Act or process of being changed 
 into adipocere. 
 
 Ad'i-po-^ere', n. [Ft. adipocire, fix)m Lat. adeps, Bofl 
 fat, and cera, wax.] A soft, unctuous, waxy substance, 
 into which the fat and muscular fiber of dead animal 
 bodies are changed by long immersion in water or spirit, 
 or sometimes by burial in moist places. 
 
 a,e, Sec, long; &,S,&,c.,short; cdre,far, ask, all, -what; 6re, veil, term; pique,firni; son.dr, do,vc9lf, 
 
ADIPOSE 
 
 11 
 
 ADMIXTUUE 
 
 Ad'i-pose', a. [N. Lat. adiposus ,fiova. adeps , fat.] Per- 
 taining to, or consisting of, animal fat ; fatty. 
 
 Ad'it, n. [Lat. aditus, entrance, from adirej to go to.] 
 1, A horizontal or inclined entrance into a mine ; a drift. 
 'Z. Passage ; approach ; access. 
 
 Ad-ja'^en-^y, n. State of being adjacent or contiguous. 
 
 Ad-ja'9eiit, a. Lying near, close, or contiguous, but 
 not actually touching. 
 
 Ad'je«-ti'val, or Ad'je<;-tiv-al, a. Pertaining to an 
 adjective. 
 
 Ad'je-e-tive, n. [Lat. adjectivum, from adjixere, to add 
 to, from acZ and yacere, to throw.] (Gram.) A word used 
 with a noun or substantive, to describe, specify, limit, 
 or define it, or to denote some property of it. 
 
 Adjective color, one which requires the addition of a mor- 
 dant to give it permanency. 
 
 Ad'je€-tive-ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective. 
 
 Ad-join', V. t. To join or unite to. 
 
 Ad-join', V. i. [imp. &, p. p. adjoined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 K. ADJOINING.] To be contiguous or next ; to be in 
 contact or very near. 
 
 Syn. — Adjacent; contiguous; neighboring. — Things are 
 adjacent or neighboring when they are near to each other; 
 adjoining and contiguous when they are close by or in contact. 
 
 Ad-joiirn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. adjourned ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. adjourning.] [Fr. ajourner, from jour, day ; 
 Lat. diurnus, belonging to the day.] To put off or defer 
 to another day, or indefinitely. 
 
 Syn. — To postpone ; defer; delay ; prorogue. — A cowt, legis- 
 lature, or meeting is adjourned ; parliament is prorogued at the 
 end of a session; we delat/ or defer a thing to a future time; we 
 postpone it when we make it give way to something else. 
 
 Ad-journ', v. i. To suspend business for a time ; to 
 close the session of a pubUc body. 
 
 Ad-jonrn'ment, n. 1. The act of adjourning ; the 
 putting off to some specified day, or without day. 3. 
 The interval during which a public body defers business. 
 
 Ad-judge', V. t. [imp. & p. p. adjudged; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ADJUDGING.] [Fr. adjuger, Lat. adjudicare, from 
 ad &ndjudicare, to judge.] 1. To award or decree judi- 
 cially or by authority. 2. To sentence ; to condemn. 
 
 Ad-jii'di-<;ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. adjudicated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ADJUDICATING.] To try and determine, 
 as a court ; to adjudge. 
 
 Ad-jii'di-«a'tion, n. 1. Act of adjudicating. 3. A 
 
 ^judicial sentence, judgment, or decision. 
 
 Ad'jun-et, »i. 1. Something joined to another thing, but 
 not an essential part of it ; an appendage. 3. A colleague . 
 
 Ad'jiin-et, a. Added or united. 
 
 Ad-ju.n<;'tion, n. The act of joining ; the thing joined. 
 
 Ad-jiin-et'ive, a. Having the quaUty of joining. 
 
 Ad-jiiii-et'ive, n. One who, or that which, is joined. 
 
 Ad-jfiii-et'ly, adv. In connection with ; consequently. 
 
 Ad'ju-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of adjuring ; a solemn charg- 
 ing on oath, or under penalty of a curse. 3. The form 
 of oath. 
 
 Ad-jiire', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. adjured ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ADJURING.] [Lat. adjurare, to swear to, from ad a^ndjii- 
 rare, to swear.] To charge, bind, command, or entreat 
 solemnly and earnestly, as if under oath, or under the 
 penalty of a curse. 
 
 Ad-jiist', V. t. [imp. & p. p. adjusted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ADJUSTING.] [L. Lat. adjustare, from ad and Justus, 
 just, right.] 1. To make exact or conformable. 3. To 
 reduce to order. 3. To set right. 
 
 Syn. — To fit; adapt; suit; regulate; accommodate. 
 
 Ad-jiist'a-We , a. Capable of being adjusted. 
 
 Ad-just'ex', n. One who, or 
 that which, adjusts. 
 
 Ad-jiist'ment, n. Act of 
 adjusting ; reducing to order 
 or due conformity ; arrange- 
 ment ; disposition ; settlement. 
 
 Ad'ju-tage. See Ajutage. 
 
 Ad'ju-tan-^y, n. The ofiOice 
 of an adjutant. 
 
 Ad'ju-taiit, n. 1. An oflScer 
 who assists the superior offi- 
 cers in the execution of orders, 
 conducting correspondence, 
 placing guards, &c. 3. Avery 
 large species of stork, a native 
 of India. 
 
 Adjutant-general, an officer 
 ■who assists the general of an Adiutant. 
 
 army. •' 
 
 Ad'ju-vant, a. Helping ; assisting. 
 
 Ad-m^a§'ure (-mezh'ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. admeas- 
 ured; p. pr. & vb. n. ADMEASURING.] 1. To take 
 the dimensions, size, or capacity of. 3. To apportion. 
 
 Ad-m6a§'ure-ment, n. 1. Act or process of ascer- 
 taining the dimensions of any thing. 3. The dimensions 
 ascertained. 
 
 Ad-m6a§'ur-er, n. One who admeasures. 
 
 Ad-m6n'su-ra'tion, n. Admeasurement. 
 
 Ad-min'is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. administered ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ADMINISTERING.] 1. To manage or 
 conduct, as public affairs. 3. To supply; to dispense, 
 as justice. 3. To give or tender, as an oath. 4. {Law.) 
 To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or 
 whose will fails of an executor. 
 Syn.— To manage; conduct; minister; contribute; supply. 
 
 Ad-min'is-ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid 
 or supplies. 3. (Law.) To perform the oflfic* of admin- 
 istrator. 
 
 Ad-min^is-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining to administration, 
 or to the executive part of government. 
 
 Ad-min'is-tra-ble, a. Capable of being administered. 
 
 Ad-min'is-tra'tion, n. 1. The act of administering. 
 3. The executive part of the government. 3. Dispensa- 
 tion ; distribution. 4. The persons collectively who are 
 intrusted with the execution of laws and the superin- 
 tendence of public affairs. 5, (Law.) (a.) Management 
 and disposal, under legal authority, of the estate of an in- 
 testate, or of a testator having no competent executor. 
 (b.) Management of an estate of a deceased person by an 
 executor. 
 
 Ad-min'is-tr active, a. Administering. 
 
 Ad-min'is-tra'tor, n. 1. One who administers, or 
 who directs, manages, or dispenses laws and rites. 3. 
 ( Laio.) One to whom the right of administration has been 
 committed by competent authority. 
 
 Ad-min'is-tra'tor-sliip, n. Office of administrator. 
 
 Ad-min'is-tra'trix, n. A woman who administers, 
 especially one to whom letters of administration hav« 
 
 _been granted. 
 
 Ad'mi-ra-ble, a. Worthy of admiration. 
 
 Syn. — Wonderful; rare; excellent; surprising. 
 
 Ad'mi-ra-bly, adv. In an admirable manner. 
 
 Ad'mi-ral, n. [Ar. amlr-al-bahr, commander of the sea, 
 the terminating syllable or word having been omitted.] 
 1. A naval officer of the highest rank. 3. The ship 
 
 ^ which carries the admiral. 
 
 Ad'mi-ral-sliip, n. The office of an admiral. 
 
 Ad'mi-ral- ty (112), n. 1. The body of officers appointed 
 for the management of naval affairs. 3. The building 
 where the lords of the admiralty transact business. 
 
 Courts of admiralty, courts having cognizance of questions 
 arising out of maritime affairs, and of crimes committed on the 
 high seas. 
 
 Ad'mi-ra'tion, n. Wonder ; especially, in present usage, 
 wonder mingled with pleasing emotions, as approbation, 
 esteem, love, or veneration. 
 
 Ad-mire', v. t. [iynp. & p. p. ADMIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ADMIRING.] [Lat. admirari, from ad and tnirari, to 
 wonder.] 1. To regard with wonder or surprise, espe- 
 cially wonder mingled with approbation, esteem, rever- 
 ence, or affection. 3. To estimate or prize highly. 
 
 S@~It is an error to foUow this verb with an infinitive; as, I 
 admire to see a man consistent in his conduct. 
 
 Ad-mire', v. i. To wonder ; to marvel. 
 
 Ad-mlr'er, n. One who admires ; a lover. 
 
 Ad-mis'si-lbil'i-ty, n. The quaUty of being admissible^. 
 
 Ad-mis 'si-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being admitted^ 
 
 Ad-mis'sioii (-mish^un), n. 1. Act or practice of ad- 
 mitting. 3. Power or permission to enter ; access. 3. 
 The granting of an argument or position not fully proved. 
 
 Ad-mit', -y. t. [imp. & p. p. ADMITTED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ADMITTING.] [Lat. admittere, from ad and mittere, 
 to send.] 1. To grant entrance to, whether into a place, 
 or into the mind. 3. To give evidence of a right of en- 
 trance. 3. To receive as true. 4. To be capable of. 
 
 Syn. — To concede; grant; permit; allow. — Admit\\a.s the 
 widest sense. We grant or concede what is claimed; we allow 
 what we suffer to take place or yield ; we permit what we con- 
 sent to. 
 
 Ad-mit'tan^e, n. 1. Act of admitting. 3. Permis- 
 sion to enter. 3. (Law.) Act of giving possession of a 
 copyhold estate. 
 
 Ad-mix', v. t. To mingle with something else. 
 
 Ad-mix'tion (-mikst/yun, 97), n. [Lat. admixtio."] A 
 mingling of bodies ; a union by mixing different sub- 
 stances together. 
 
 Ad-mixt'iire, n. 1. A mixing. 3. What is mixed. 
 
 fo-od, fo^t ; firn, rude, pull ; ^eU, fliaise, <;all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, liQlc ; tills. 
 
 i' 
 
ADMONISH 
 
 12 
 
 ADVENTURE 
 
 Ad-mdn'isli, v. t. {imp. & p.p. admonished ; p.pr. 
 & fb. n. ADMONISHING.] [Lat. a.dvwnere.admonitutn, 
 firom m/ and wio/irn , to remind, warn.] 1. To reprove 
 gently . or with mildness, ri. To counsel against wrong 
 practices. 3. To instruct or direct ; to inform. 
 
 Syn. — Ton-prove; caution; rebuke; reprimand; warn; ad- 
 vise. — We advise as to future conduct; we warn of danger or 
 by way of threat; we actinonish witli a view to one's improve- 
 ment;' we reprove, reprimand, and rchtike by way of punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Ad-m6n'isli-er, n. A reprover; an adviser. 
 
 Ad'ino-iii'tion (-nish'un), n. Gentle or friendly re- 
 proof or counsel ; advice. 
 
 Ad-inon'i-tive, a. Containing admonition. 
 
 Ad-iii6n'i-tor. n. One who admonishes 
 
 Ad-mon'i-to-ry, a. Containing admonition ; admon- 
 ishing. 
 
 Ad-nfts'fent. a. [Lat. adnascens , p. pr. of adnasci, ad- 
 natus, togrow to or on.] Gi-owing to or on something else. 
 
 Ad'nate. a. [See supra.] (Bot.) Growing close to a stem. 
 
 A-do' (23). 71. [Prefix a, for to, and do.] Bustle ; trouble ; 
 labor : diflSculty. 
 
 ^±(lobe (&-d6'ha.), 11. [Sp.] An unbumt brick dried in the 
 sun. 
 
 Ad'o-lgs'^en^e, n. Youth ; the years between the 
 ages of 14 and 2o in man, and of 12 and 21 in woman. 
 
 Ad'o-les'pent, a. [Lat. adolescens, p.-pr. of ad olescere, 
 to grow up to.] Growing ; advancing from childhood to 
 manhood. 
 
 A-d6pt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ADOPTED ; p. pr. & ^•6. n. 
 ADOPTING.] [Lat. adoptare, from ad and optare, to 
 choose.] To select and take as one's own when not so 
 before. 
 
 A-dopt'er, n. 1. One who adopts. 3. (C%e»i.) A re- 
 ceiver >\ith two necks. 
 
 A-dop'tion, «. 1. The act of adopting, or state of be- 
 ing adopted. 2. The receiving as one's own what is 
 new or not natural. 
 
 A-dopt'ive, a. 1. Adopted ; as, an adoptive son. 3. 
 Adopting ; as, an adoptive father. 
 
 A-dor'a-ble, a. Worthy of adoration. 
 
 A-dor'a-ljle-ness, n. The quaUty of being adorable. 
 
 A-dor'a-bly, adv. With adoration or worship. 
 
 Ad'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Worship paid to a divine being. 
 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem. 
 
 A-dore', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADORED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ADORING.] [Lat. adorare, from ad and orare, to speak, 
 pray, from os. oris, mouth.] 1. To worship with pro- 
 found reverence. 3. To love in the highest degree. 
 
 A-dor'er, »i. A worshiper ; a lover. 
 
 A-dorn', t'. t. [inip. & p^ p. adorned; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ADORNING.] [Lat. oulornare, from ad. and ornare, to 
 famish, embellish.] To render beautiful ; to decorate. 
 
 Syn.— Todeck; embellish; setoff; beautify; ornament. — 
 We decorate and ornament for the sake of show; we embellish 
 and adorn, to heighten beauty. 
 
 A-dorn'ment, n. Ornament ; embellishment. 
 
 Ad-os'-eu-la'tion, n. 1. The impregnation of plants 
 by the falling of the farina on the pistil. 2. A species 
 of budding or ingrafting. 3. {Physiol.} An impregnj^ 
 tion by mere external contact, without intromission, as 
 in fishes. [ward. 
 
 A-do'%\Ti', prep. Down : toward the ground. — adv. dovm- 
 
 A-drift', a. or adv. [Prefix a and drift.] Floating at 
 random : at large. 
 
 A-droit', a. [Ft. d droit, to the right, from Lat. directus, 
 p. p. of dirigere, to direct.] Possessing or exercising skiU 
 or dexterity ; ready in invention or execution. 
 Syn. — Skillful; expert; clever; dexterous; insenious. 
 
 A-droitly, adv. In an adroit manner. 
 
 A-droit'ness, n. Dexterity ; readiness of body or mind. 
 
 A-dry', a. Thirsty ; in want of drink. 
 
 Ad'sf i-ti'tioiis (-tish'us), a. [From Lat. adsciscere, a-f- 
 ciscere, to take knowingly.] Taken as supplemental; 
 added ; additional. 
 
 Ad'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. adulatio, from adulari, to flat- 
 ter.] Servile flattery ; sycophancy. 
 
 Syn. — Flattery; compliment.— A man who respects himself 
 may u?e the language of compliment, and perhaps of flatter}/, 
 but never of adulation. 
 
 Ad'u-la'tor, n. A servile flatterer ; sycophant. 
 
 Ad'u-la'to-ry, a. Flattering to excess. 
 
 A-dult', a. [Lat. adultus, p. p. of adolescere. See ADO- 
 LESCENT.] Having arrived at mature years, or to fuU 
 size and strength. 
 
 A-dult', n. A person or thing grown to maturity. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ant, n. A person or thing that adulterates. 
 
 A-dill'ter-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. adulterated; 
 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. ADULTERATING.] [Lat. odulterare, 
 from adulter, adulterer, unchaste ; ad and alter, other[ 
 properly one who approaches another on account of urn 
 lawful love.] To debase or corrupt or make impure by 
 admixture of baser materials. 
 Syn. — Tocontaminatfe; corrrupt. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ate, a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 3. De- 
 based ; corrupted. 
 
 A-dixl'ter-a'tion, n. Act of adulterating, or state of 
 being adulterated. 
 
 A-diil'ter-er, n. [Lat. adulter, with an additional Eng. 
 termination.] A man who is guilty of adultery. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ine, or A-dul'ter-ine, a. Proceeding from 
 adultery. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ine, or A-dul'ter-ine, n. A child bom in 
 adultery. 
 
 A-diil'ter-ous, a. Pertaining to, or guilty of, adultery. 
 
 A-dul'ter-y, n. 1. A violation of the 'marriage-bed. 
 3. (Script.) Tiolation of one's rehgious covenant. 
 
 A-dult'ness, n. The state of being an adult. 
 
 Ad-ilm'brant, a. Giving a faint shadow. 
 
 Ad-um'brate, v. t. [LjCt. advmbrare , from ad and t/m- 
 ^ bra, shade.] To shadow faintly forth ;'to typify. 
 
 Ad'um-bra'tion, n. 1, The act of shadowing forth. 
 3. A faint resemblance. 
 
 A-dun'pi-ty, n. [Lat. adttncitas, fr. aduncus, hooked.] 
 Hookedness, or a bending in form of a hook. 
 
 A-diist', a. [Lat. adustus, p. p. of adurere.] 1. Burnt 
 or scorched ; hot and fiery. 3. Looking as if burnt or 
 scorched. 
 
 Ad-A^anfe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. advanced : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ADVANCING.] [0. Fr. advancer, from Lat. ab 
 ante, lit. from before.] 1. To bring forward. 3. To 
 raise to a higher rank. 3. To accelerate the growth or 
 progress of; to forward ; to help on. 4. To offer or pro- 
 pose. 5. To supply beforehand ; to pay for others, in 
 expectation of re-imbursement. 
 Syn. — To adduce; allege; proceed; heighten. 
 
 Ad-van^e', v. i. 1. To move or go forward. 3. To im- 
 prove. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence. 
 
 Ad-van^e' (6), n. 1, Act of advancing or moving for- 
 ward ; approach. 3. Improvement or progression, phys- 
 ically, mentally, morally, or socially. 3. (Com.) Addi- 
 tional price or profit. 4. A tender ; an offer; a gift; — 
 specifically , a furnishing of something before an equiva- 
 lent is received (as money or goods), toward a capital or 
 stock, or on loan ; hence, the money or goods thus fur- 
 nished. 
 
 In advance, in front; before ; also, beforehand; before an 
 equivalent is received. 
 
 Ad-van^e', a. Before in place, or beforehand in time ; 
 — used for advanced ; as, an ac^rawce-guard. 
 
 Ad-vanpe'ment, n. 1. Act of advancing or state of 
 being advanced ; progression ; improvement ; promotion. 
 3. That which a person has received from a parent liv- 
 ing, in anticipation of what he might receive by inherit- 
 ance. 3. PajTiient of money in advance. 
 
 Ad-van^'er, n. One who advances ; a promoter. 
 
 Ad-van'tage (6), «. [See Advance.] 1. Any state, 
 condition, circxmistance, opportunity, or means particu- 
 larly favorable to some desired end. 3. Superiority of 
 state, or that which gives it ; benefit : gain ; profit. 
 
 Ad-van'tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. advantaged ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. advantaging.] To benefit : to promote. 
 
 Ad-van'tage-ground, n. Ground that gives advan- 
 tage or superiority ; vantage-ground. 
 
 Ad'van-ta'geous (-ta'jus), a. Being of advantage; 
 furnishing advantage, convenience, or opportunity to 
 gain benefit ; gainful ; profitable : useful ; beneficial. 
 
 Ad^van-ta'geous-ly, adv. In an advantageous man- 
 ner, [advantageous ; profitableness. 
 
 Ad'van-ta'geoiis-ness, n. Quality or state of being 
 
 Ad'vent, n. 1. A coming ; approach; specifically, the 
 first or the second coming of Christ. 3. A season of 
 devotion including four Sundays before Christmas. 
 
 Ad'ven-ti'tious (-tish'us), a. 1. Added extrinsically •, 
 not essentially inherent ; accidental; casual. 3. (Bot.) 
 Out of the proper or usual place. 
 
 Ad'ven-ti'tious-ly, adv. In an adventitious manner. 
 
 Ad-v6nt'ive, a. Accidental ; adventitious. 
 
 Ad-v6nt'u-al, a. Pertaining to the season of advent. 
 
 Ad-v6nt'ure, n. [L. Lat. adventura, from Lat. adve- 
 nire, future p. adventurus, to arrive.] 1. That of which 
 one haa no direction ; hazard ; risk ; chance. 3. An en- 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c., short ; e&re, far, ask, all, virliat ; ^re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, dcj, wolf 
 
ADVENTURE 
 
 13 
 
 AERONAUTISM 
 
 terprise of hazard ; a bold undertaking. 3. A remark- 
 able occurrence ; a striking event. 4. A thing sent to 
 sea at the risk of the person sending it. 
 Syn. — Incident; occurrence; contingency. 
 
 Ad-v6nt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADVENTURED ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ADVENTURING.] 1. To put at hazard; to 
 risk ; to jeopard, .ti. To run the risk of attempting. 
 
 Ad-v6iit'u.re , v. i. To try the chances ; to dai-e. 
 
 Ad-v6nt'ur-er, it. One who adventures ; one who rehes 
 for success on his boldness or good fortune. 
 
 Ad-v6nt'iire-s6ine, a. Incurring hazard ; bold; vent- 
 uresome. 
 
 Ad-v^nt'ur-ous, a. 1. Inclined to adventure ; bold to 
 encounter danger ; daring ; courageous ; enterprising. 2. 
 Full of hazard ; attended ynth risk. 
 
 Ad-veiit'ur-ous-ly, adv. Boldly ; daringly. 
 
 Ad'verlb (14), n. [Lat. adverbium, from ad and verbum, 
 word, verb.] ( Gram.) A word used to modify the sense 
 of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and 
 usually placed near it. 
 
 Ad-verb'i-al, a. Relating to or like an adverb. 
 
 Ad-verb'i-al-ly, adv. In manner of an adverb. 
 
 Ad'ver-sa-ry, n. [Lat. adversarius, turned toward. See 
 Adverse .] One who is hostile or opposed. 
 
 Syn.— Opponent; antagonist; enemy; foe.— Unfriendly feel- 
 ings mark the enemy ; habitual hostility the adversai-y ; active 
 hostility the foe. Ojpponents are those who are pitted against 
 each other; antagonists, those who struggle in the contest with 
 all their might. 
 
 Ad'ver-sa-ry, a. Adverse ; opposed ; antagonistic. 
 
 Ad-ver'sa-tive, a. Expressing contrariety, opposition, 
 or antithesis between two connected proportions ; — ap- 
 pUed to the conjunctions but, however, yet, &c. 
 
 Ad-ver'sa-tive, n. A word denoting contrariety or op- 
 position ; an adversative word. 
 
 Ad'verse (14). a. [Lat. adversus, p. p. of advertere. See 
 Advert.] 1. Acting in a contrary direction ; conflict- 
 ing. 2. Opposing desire ; contrary to the vnshes, or to 
 supposed good ; hence, unfortunate; calamitous. 
 Syn. — Hostile; conflicting; unfortunate; calamitous. 
 
 Ad'verse-ly, adv. With opposition ; unfortunately. 
 
 Ad'verse-ness, n. Opposition ; unprosperousness. 
 
 Ad-ver'si-ty, n. Adverse circumstances; an event or 
 series of events attended with severe trials or misfortunes. 
 Syn. — Calamity ; affliction; distress; misery. 
 
 Ad-vert' (14), -y. i. [imp. & p. p. adverted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ADVERTING.] [Lat. advertere, from ad and ver~ 
 tere, to turn.] To turn the mind or attention. 
 Syn. — To attend; regard; observe. 
 
 Ad-vert'enpe, \n. Attention; notice; regard; con- 
 
 Ad-vert'en-^y, j sideration. 
 
 Ad-vei*t'eiit, a. Attentive ; heedful. 
 
 Ad'ver-tige', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. advertised ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ADVERTISING.] [From Lat. advertere. 
 See Advert.] 1. To give notice, advice, or intelligence 
 to ; to inform or apprise, ti. To make known through 
 the press. 
 
 Ad-ver'tige-ment, or Ad'ver-tige'inent, n. 1, 
 ^ Information. 2. PubMc notice through the press. 
 
 Ad'ver-tig'er, n. One who advertises. 
 
 Ad-vi^e', n. 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as 
 worthy to be followed; counsel; suggestion. 3. Infor- 
 mation as to the state of an affair or affairs ; notice ; in- 
 telligence ; — commonly in the pi. 
 
 Syn. — Information; notice; admonition, 
 
 Ad-vi^e'-lboat, n. A boat employed to convey dis- 
 patches or information. [dient. 
 
 Ad-vig'a-ble, a. Fit to be advised or to be done ; expe- 
 
 Ad-vi§'a-ble-iiess, n. Fitness to be done; meetness ; 
 propriety; expediency. 
 
 Ad-vi§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ADVISED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ADVISING.] [Low Lat. adwsare. See Advice.] 1. To 
 give advice to : to counsel. 2. To give information to ; 
 to apprise ; to inform. 
 Syn. — To apprise; acquaint; consult; consider. 
 
 Ad-vige', V. i. To deliberate ; to weigh well, or consider. 
 
 Ad-vig'ed-ly, adv. With full knowledge ; purposely. 
 
 Ad-vig'ed-iiess, n. DeUberate consideration. 
 
 Ad-vi§e'm.ent, n. 1. Counsel. 2. Consultation; de- 
 hberation ; consideration. 
 
 Ad-vig'er, n. One who gives advice ; a counselor. 
 
 Ad-vi'go-ry, a. 1. Having power to advise. 2. Con- 
 taining advice. 
 
 Ad'vo-ca-9y, n. Act of pleading for or supporting ; vin- 
 dication ; defense ; intercession. 
 
 Ad'vo-eate, n. One who pleads any cause ; hence, */je- 
 
 cifically, one who pleads the cause of another before any 
 
 tribunal or judicial court. 
 Ad'vo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. advocated ; p. pr. 
 
 8c vb. n. ADVOCATING.] [Lat. advocatu-^, p. p. of advo- 
 
 care, to call to, from ad and vocare, to call.] To plead in 
 
 favor of; to maintain by argument. 
 Syn. — To defend; support; vindicate. 
 Ad'vo-ea'tion, n. Act of advocating or pleading. 
 Ad'vow-ee', n. [Ft. advoue, avoue, fr. Lat. advocatus.] 
 
 One who has the right of presenting to a benefice. 
 Ad-vow'gon, n. (Eng. Law.) The right of presenting 
 
 or nominating to a vacant benefice or living in the 
 _ church. 
 
 A'dy-iia,m'i«, o. (Med.) Pertaining to debility of the 
 ^vital powers ; weak ; feeble. 
 Jid'y-tum, n. ; pi. ad'Y-tA. [Lat.] (Arch.) A secret 
 
 apartment, especially a secret place in ancient temples 
 
 from whence oracles were given. 
 Adz, \n. A carpenter's tool 
 Adze, j for chipping, formed 
 
 with a thin arching blade, and 
 
 its edge at right angles to the 
 
 handle. 
 .^'dile, n. [Lat. asdilis, from 
 
 cerfe.v, temple.] An officer in 
 
 ancient Rome who had the care 
 
 of the public buildings, streets, public spectacles, &c. 
 ^g'i-lops, n. [Gr. aiviAiov//, properly goat's eye, from 
 
 al^j goat, and wi//, eye.] An abscess in the comer of the 
 
 eye. 
 .i^'gis, n. [Gr. aiyi's.] A shield or defensive armor; 
 
 hence, any thing that protects. 
 -^-o'li-an, a. 1, Pertaining to Mo]i& or ^olis, in Asia 
 
 Minor. tJ. Pertaining to JEolus, the god of the winds ; 
 
 hence, pertaining to, or produced by, the wind. 
 
 jEolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a piano- 
 forte, by means of which it is converted into a wind-instru- 
 ment at the pleasure of the performer. — ^olian harp, a musi- 
 cal instrument consisting of a box, on or within which are 
 stretched strings, on whicn the wind acts to produce the notes; 
 — usually placed at an open window. 
 
 ^-61'i-e, a. Pertaining to JEolia. 
 
 A'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aerated ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
 AERATING.] [See AiR.] 1. To combine with carbonic 
 
 _acid. 3. To supply with common air. 3. ToarteriaUze. 
 
 A'ex'-a'tion, n. 1. Act of combining with carbonic 
 acid. 2. The process of respiration ; arterialization. 3. 
 Exposure of soil to the free action of the air. 
 
 A-e'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the air, or atmosphere. 
 a, Consisting of air. 3. Produced by air. 4. Inhabit- 
 ing or frequenting the air. 5. Having its place in the 
 air ; high ; lofty. 6. Growing, forming, or existing in 
 the afr. 
 
 Ae'rie (e'ry or &'rf),n. [L. Lat. a'eria., from Lat. area, an 
 open space, a fowling floor ; for birds of prey Uke to bmld 
 their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high 
 
 _ rocks.] The nest of an eagle, hawk, or other bird of prey. 
 
 A/er-i-fi-ea'tion, n. The act of aerifying. 
 
 A'er-i-f6rm, a. Having the form of air, as gas. 
 
 A'er-i-fy, v. t. [Lat. a'er, air, and /acere, to make.] To 
 change into an aeriform state. 
 
 A'er-og'ra-phy , n. [Gr. aijp, air, and ypat^eiv, to -write.] 
 A description of the air. 
 
 A'er-o-lite, n. [Gr. aijp, air, and At^os, stone.] A stone 
 
 _ falling from the air or upper regions ; a meteoric stone. 
 
 A'er-61'o-gist, n. One who is versed in aerology. 
 
 A'er-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. arip, air, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
 That science which treats of the air and its phenomena. 
 
 A'er-o-man'^y, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and p-avreCa, prophe- 
 sying.] Divination by means of the air and winds, or oi 
 
 _ substances found in the atmosphere. 
 
 A'er-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. a-qp, air, and /oieVpov, measure.] 
 An instrument for measuring the weight or density of air 
 
 _ and gases. 
 
 A'er-o-met'rie, a. Pertaining to aerometry. 
 
 A'er-om'e-try, n. The art or science of ascertaining 
 the mean bulk of gases. 
 
 A'er-o-naut', n. [Gr. arjp, air, and vav'-njs, sailor.] An 
 aerial navigator ; a balloonist. 
 
 A'er-o-naut'i-e, a. Pertaining to aeronautics. 
 
 A/er-o-iiaut'i<;s, n. sing. The science or art of sailing 
 in the air by means of a balloon. 
 
 A^er-o-naut'igm, n. The practice of ascending and 
 floating in the atmosphere in balloons. 
 
 food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, f liaise, €all, e<!lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; lisger, Unit ; tills- 
 
AEROPHYTE 
 
 14 
 
 AFFLICTIVELY 
 
 i'er-o-pliyte', n. [Gr. i^p, air, and <^vr6i', plant.] A 
 plant deriving its support from the air alone. 
 
 A'er-6s'-eo-py, n. [Gr. aepoa-Konia, from arip, air, and 
 (TKonia, a looking out, a-Kotreli', to look out. .spj-.] The 
 observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere. 
 
 Ajer-o-stAt', n. [Gr. arjp, air, and o-raTo?. standing, from 
 itrroLvat, to Stand.] A machine or ves.-el sustaining 
 weights in the air ; — a name given to air balloons. 
 
 A'er-o-stftt'i€, a. Pertaining to aerostatics, or the art 
 of aerial navigation. 
 
 A'er-o-stAt'i«s, n. sing. The science that treats of the 
 equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained 
 
 _in them ;_hence, the science of aerial navigation. 
 
 A'er-os-ta'tion, n. Aerial navigation. 
 
 ^-rii'gi-nous, a. [Lat. .rrug^inosus. from aerugo, cop- 
 per-rust.] Pertaining to, or partaking of, copper-rust. 
 
 .^s-thgt'i-e, \ a. Pertaining to aesthetics, or the percep- 
 
 Es-tli6t'i€, j tion of the beautiful. 
 
 ^s-tli6t'i€s, \ n. sing. [Gr. aLo^TjTticos, perceptive, 
 
 Es-th6t'i-es, S from aX<Td6.vecr9ai, to perceive.] The 
 theory or philosophy of taste ; the science of the beauti- 
 ful in nature and art. 
 
 .^'ti-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. atrtoXo-yia, from atrta, cause, and 
 Xoyo?. description.] That department of philosophy, or 
 of any branch of science, vehich is concerned with the 
 causes or reasons of phenomena. 
 
 A-f ar', adv. At a great distance ; remote. 
 
 Af'fa-bll'i-ty, n. The quality of being affable ; readi- 
 ness to converse ; ease of access. 
 
 Syn.— Courtesy; complaisance; urbanity; civility. 
 
 Af 'f a-We, a. [Lat. ajfabilis, from affari, to speak to : ad 
 &nd/ari, to speak.] Ready to converse ; easy of access. 
 
 Syn. — Courteous; civil; complaisant; condescending; ac- 
 cessible. 
 
 Af' f a-bly. adv. In an affable manner. 
 
 Af-fair' (4), n. [From Lat. ad and facere., to make, do. 
 See Ado.] 1. Business of any kind ; especially public 
 business. 3. (ilf(7.) An engagement of troops, usually 
 partial or of minor importance. 
 
 Af-fe-et', V. t. [imp. & p.p. affected ;p.pr. & vb. n. 
 AFFECTING.] [Lat. affectare, to strive after, fr-om ad 
 and facere, to make.] 1. To act upon ; to produce a 
 change in. 3. To influence or move, as the feelings or pas- 
 sions : to touch. 3. To dispose or incline. 4. To aim 
 at ; to desire : to covet. 5. To tend to by afiinity or dis- 
 position. 6. To attempt to imitate in a manner not 
 natural ; to put on a pretense of. 
 
 Syn.— To influence; act on; concern; melt; subdue; as- 
 sume. 
 
 Af' fe-e-ta'tion, n. Assumption of what is not natural 
 or real ; artificial appearance ; false pretense. 
 
 Af-f e«t'ed, i?. a. 1. Assuming or pretending to possess 
 what is not natural or real. 3. Assumed artificially ; 
 not natural. 
 
 Af-f ect'ed-ly, adv. In an affected manner. 
 
 Af -f e<;t'ed-ness, n. The quality of being affected ; af- 
 fectation, [fectation. 
 
 Af-f ect'er, n. One that affects ; one that practices af- 
 
 Af -f e-et'ing, p. a. Having power to excite, or move the 
 passions ; tending to move the affections ; pathetic. 
 
 Af-f 6«t'ing-Iy, adv. In an affecting manner. 
 
 Af-f6-e'tion, n. 1. An attribute, quality, or property, 
 which is inseparable from its subject. 3. A state of the 
 mind in which it is bent toward a particular object. 3. 
 A settled good- will ; love ; zealous or tender attachment. 
 4. {3Ied.) Di.?ease ; as, a pulmonary affection. 
 
 Af-f&e'tion-ate, a 1. Having great love or affection. 
 3. Proceeding from affection. 
 Syn. — Loving; tender; fond; devoted; warm-hearted. 
 
 Af-f6<;'tion-ate-ly, adv. With affection ; tenderly. 
 
 Af-f e-e'tioiied, a. Inclined ; disposed ; affected. 
 
 Af-f6-et'ive, a. Affecting, or exciting emotion. 
 
 A.f-fet-tu-o'so. [It.] In music, a direction to render 
 notes soft of affecting. 
 
 Af-fi'anfe, n. [0. Fr., from X^i. fides, trust, faith, ^rfe»- 
 tia, confidence.] 1. Plighted faith ; the marriage con- 
 tract or promise. 3. Trust ; reliance : confidence. 
 
 Af-fi'an^e, r. t. [imp. & p.p. affianced ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. affiancing.] 1. To betroth ; to pledge one's 
 faith or fidelity in marriage, or to promise marriage to. 
 3. To give confidence to ; to trust. 
 
 Af-fi'an-^er, n. One who makes a contract of marriage 
 between parties. 
 
 Af-fi'ant, n. (Law.) One who makes an affidavit. 
 
 Af 'f i-da'vit, n. [Lat., he made oath.] {Law.) A dec- 
 laration or statement in writing, signed and made upon 
 oath before an authorized magistrate. See Deposition 
 for the distinction between the two, 
 
 Af-fil'i-ate, f. t. [i?)jp. & p. p. affiliated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. AFFILIATING.] [Low Lat. affiliare, from Lat. 
 ad iindfilius, son.] 1. To adopt as a son ; hence, to re- 
 ceive into fellowship ; to ally. 3. To receive into a so- 
 ciety as a member, and initiate in its mysteries, plans, &e. 
 
 Affiliated societies, local auxiliary societies, connected with a 
 central societj-, or with each other. 
 
 Af-f il/i-a'tion, n. Adoption ; association in the same 
 family or society. 
 
 Af 'f ill-age, «. A refining of metals. 
 
 Af-fm'i-ty, n. [Lat. affnitas, from affinis.] 1. Rela- 
 tionship by marriage. 3. Close agreement : conformitv ; 
 connection. 3. (Chem.) That attraction which takes 
 place, at an inseiLsible distance, between the heterogene- 
 ous particles of bodies, and forms compounds. 4. (Nat. 
 Hist.) A relation dependent on resemblance in the whole 
 plan of structure, and making a kinship of species or group. 
 
 Syn. — Agreement; conformity; resemblance; alliance; rela- 
 tionship. 
 
 Af-firm' (18), v. t. [iynp. & p. p. affirmed : p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. AFFIRMING.] [Lat. affirmare, from ad and firmare , 
 to make firm.] 1. To confirm, establish, or ratify. 3. 
 To assert positively ; to aver ; to maintain as true. 
 
 Syn. — To aver; protest; assert. — "We affirm a thing with 
 contidence; we assert it against all denial: we ai-er its truth 
 with solemnity; vre protest it, as what ought not to be caUed in 
 question. 
 
 Af-firm', V. t. 1. To declare or assert positively. 3. 
 (Laiv.) To make a solemn promise, before an authorized 
 magistrate or tribunal, to teU the truth, under the pains 
 and penalties of perjui-y. 
 
 Af-firm'a-ljle, a. Capable of being aflBrmed. 
 
 Af-firin'aii^e, n. Confinnation ; ratification. 
 
 Af-fii'in'ant, n- One who affirms or asserts ; specifically 
 (Laiv). one who solemnly affirms instead of taking oath. 
 
 Af'fir-ma'tioii, n. 1. Act of affirming or declaring. 
 3. That which is asserted. 3. Confirmation; ratifica- 
 tion. 4. (Laio.) A solemn declaiution made under the 
 penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously de- 
 cline taking an oath. 
 
 Af-firm'a-tive, a. X. Affirming or asserting: — op- 
 posed to negative. 3. Confirmative ; ratifying. 
 
 Af-firm'a-tive, n. 1. A word expressing affirmation 
 or assent, as yes. 3. An affirmative proposition. 3. 
 That side of a question which affirms or maintains : — 
 opposed to negative. 
 
 Af-firm'a-tive-ly, adv. In an affirmative manner ; 
 positively ; — the opposite of negatively. 
 
 Af-firm'er, n. One who affirms or declares. ' 
 
 Af-fix', V. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFIXED (af-fikst'); p.pr. 
 & vb. n. AFFIXING.] [Lat. affixus, p. p. of affigere, 
 to fasten to.] 1. To add at the close or end. 3. To 
 attach, vmite, or connect. 3. To fix or festen in any 
 manner. 
 
 Sjrn.— To subjoin; connect; annex; unite. 
 
 Af 'fix, n. A syllable or letter joined to the end of a 
 word ; a suffix ; a posttfix. 
 
 Af-fix'ion, n. Act of affixing; annexation; addition. 
 
 Af -fixt'ure, n. That which is affixed or annexed. 
 
 Af-fla'tioii, n. A blowing or breathing on. 
 
 Af-fla'tus, n. [Lat. J 1. A breath or blast of wind. 3. 
 Communication of divine knowledge. 3. The inspiration 
 of a poet. 
 
 Af-flict', V. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFLICTED ; p. pr. & t^. 
 n. AFFLICTING.] [Lat. afflictare, to disquiet, trouble ; 
 afflictns, p. p. of affligere, to cast down, deject.] 1. 
 To strike down; to overthrow. 3. To give continued 
 pain ; to cause to suffer dejection, grief, or distress. 
 Syn. — To trouble; distress; harass; torment; grieve. 
 
 Af-fli-et'er, n. One who aflfticts or distresses. 
 
 Af-fli-et'ing, p. a. Causing pain ; grievous ; distressing. 
 
 Af-fli«'tion, n. 1. Cause of continued pain of body or 
 mind, as sickness, losses, &c. 3. The state of being 
 afflicted ; a state of pain, distress, or grief. 
 
 Syn. — Trouble; distress; sorrow; adversity; misfortune. — 
 Affliction is the strongest of these terms, being a state of pro- 
 longed suffering; adversity and misfortune are general states; 
 distress is particular, being the case" of one under the stress or 
 pressure of severe pain, bodily or mental; the other two word* 
 are less strong. 
 
 Af-flictlve, a. Giving pain ; causing affliction. 
 
 Af-fli^five-ly, adv. In a manner to give pain. 
 
 a,e,&c.,iong-/&,5,&c.,»Aort;c4re,far,asl£,all, wliat; ere, veil, term ; pique,firiu; son, 6r, do, virol^ 
 
AFFLUENCE 
 
 15 
 
 AGENTSHIP 
 
 Af 'ilu-en^e, n. Abundance of any thing, esp. riches. 
 Syn. — Opulence; wealth; plenty. 
 
 Af flu-ent, a. Wealthy ; plentiful ; abundant. 
 
 Af 'flu-ent, n. A stream flowing into a river or lake. 
 
 Af 'flu-ent-ly, adv. In abundance ; abundantly. 
 
 Afflux, \n. 1. The act of flowing to. 'i. That 
 
 Af-flux'ion, i which flows to. 
 
 Af-ford', V. t. [imp. Sep. p. AFFORDED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 AFFORDING.] [Orig., the Eng. p. p. of Fr. afforer, L. 
 Lat. afforarfi, aforare, to estunate, value, to make laws, 
 judge ; ad and forum, coiu:t.] 1. To yield or produce as 
 the natural result, fruit, or issue. 3. To give, grant, or 
 confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural 
 result. 3. To grant, sell, or expend, with profit or with- 
 out loss, owing to one's circumstances. 
 Syn. — To give; impart; confer; supply. 
 
 Af-f or'est, v. t. To turn into forest. 
 
 Af-fran'cliige, v. t. To make free ; to enfranchise. 
 
 Af-fray', n. 1. {Law.) The fighting of two or more per- 
 sons, in a pubhc place, to the terror of others. 2. A 
 tumultuous assault or quarrel. 
 
 Syn. — Quarrel; scuffle; encounter; brawl. 
 
 Af-freiglit' (-frat'), v. t. To hire, as a ship, for the 
 transportation of goods or freight. 
 
 Af-friglit' (-friV), v. t. [imp. & p. p. affrighted ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. AFFRIGHTING.] [A.-S. afyrhtan, 
 aforhtian, friht^n.] To impress with sudden fear. 
 Syn. — To terrify; appall; dismay; shock; alarm. 
 
 Af-friglit' (-Mf), n. Sudden and great fear ; terror. 
 
 Af -front' (-fi-unf), n. Any reproachful or contemptu- 
 ous action or conduct exciting or justifying resentment. 
 Syn. —Insult; oiFense; ill treatment. 
 
 Af-front' (-fruntO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFRONTED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. AFFRONTING.] [From Lat. ad and frons, 
 forehead, front.] To offend by some manifestation of 
 disrespect, as would be done by crossing a person's path 
 m. front, or seeking to oppose his progress. 
 Syn. — To insult; provoke; abuse; outrage. 
 
 Af-front'er, n. One who affronts or insults. 
 
 Af-front'ive, a. Giving offense ; abusive ; insulting. 
 
 Af-fu§e', V. t. To potir out ; to sprinkle. 
 
 Af-fu'gion, n. Act of pouring upon, or of sprinkling 
 with, a hquid substance, as upon a child in baptism ; 
 specifically, (Med.) the act of pouring water on the body, 
 
 ■ as a remedy in disease. 
 
 A-field', adv. To, in, or on, the field. 
 
 A-fire', a. or adv. On fire. 
 
 A.-fLosLt',adv. 1. In a floating state. 2. Moving ; pass- 
 ing from place to place. 3. Unfixed; without guide or 
 control. 
 
 A-f<Jbt', adv. 1. On foot; borne by the feet. 3. In 
 
 * action ; in a condition for action, or in a state of being 
 planned for action. 
 
 A-fore', adv. or prep. Before. 
 
 A-f ore'go-ing, a. Going before ; foregoing ; previous. 
 
 A-f ore'haiid, adv. Beforehand ; before. 
 
 A-fore 'meii-tioned, ) adv. Spoken of or named be- 
 
 A-fore'said (-sed), j fore. 
 
 A-fore'tliouglit (-thawt), a. Premeditated. 
 
 A-f ore'time, adv. In time past ; formerly ; of old. 
 
 A-f oul', a. or adv. Not free ; entangled. 
 
 A-fraid', a. [p. p. of affray, to frighten.] Struck with 
 fear or apprehension. 
 
 Syn. — Fearful; apprehensive; timid; timorous; frightened; 
 alarmed; appalled. 
 
 A-fr6sli', adv. Anew ; over again. 
 
 AL-fr6n.r (-frnnP), adv. In front. [abaft. 
 
 Alt, adv. or a. (Naut.) Astern, or toward the stem; 
 Fore and aft, from one end of the vessel to the other. 
 
 Aft'er, a. 1. Later in time ; subsequent. 3. (Naut.) 
 More aft, or toward the stem of the ship. 
 
 ffiS^In the first sense the word is often combined with the 
 following noun, as after-ages. 
 
 iKi~ Jifier is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, 
 but retaining its genuine signification. Some of the following 
 words are of this kind; but in some of them after seems rather 
 to be a separate word. 
 
 Ait'eT,prep. [A.-S. sefter. It seems to be the compara- 
 tive degree of aft.] 1. Behind in place. 3. Later in 
 time. 3. Moving toward from behind ; in search or pur- 
 suit of . 4. In imitation of. 5. According to the direc- 
 
 , tion and influence of. 6. Concerning ; in relation to. 
 
 Aft'er, adv. Subsequently in time or place. 
 
 Aft'er-birth, n. The placenta or membrane inelofllng 
 
 . the fetus, and coming away after deUvery. 
 
 A-ft'er-oiap, n. An unexpected subsequent event. 
 
 Aft'er-«r6p, n. A second or subsequent crop. 
 
 Af t'er-matli, n. A second or subsequent crop of grase 
 . in the same year ; rowen. 
 
 Aft'er-nobn.', n. Time from noon to evening. 
 
 Af t'er-pain§, n. pi. Pains attending the delivery of the 
 . after-birth. 
 
 Aft'er-piece, n. A piece performed after a play. 
 
 Aft'er-tliouglit (aft'er-thawt), n. Something thought 
 ^ of after an act ; later thought or expedient. 
 
 A-f t'er-ward, ) adv. In later or succeeding time ; sub- 
 
 Aft'er--ward§, j sequently. [officer. 
 
 uL'gd, n. [Turk, agha.] A Turkish commander or chief 
 
 A-gain' {a.-gen.'), adv. [A.-S. agen, ongen ; gen, against.] 
 1. Another time ; once more. 3. In return ; back. 
 Again and again, often; frequently; repeatedly. 
 
 A-gamst'(a-genst'),prep. [A.-S. agin.] 1. Abreast of; 
 opposite to. 3. In opposition to. 3. In provision or 
 preparation for. 
 
 Aff'a-pe, n. ; pi. AafA-P^. [Gr. ayair-ri, from ayanav, to 
 love.] A love-feast, or feast of charity, among the prim- 
 itive Christians. 
 
 A-gape', adv. [Prefix a and gape.] Gaping, as with 
 wonder or expectation ; having the mouth wide open. 
 
 Ag'a-ri*, n. [Gr. ayapiKov, from Agara, a town in Sar- 
 matia.] {Bot.) (a.) A large famUy of fungi, including 
 the common mushrooms. (6.) An excrescence growing 
 on the trunks of trees, used for tinder, and in dyeing, 
 and in medicine as a cathartic and a styptic ; touchwood. 
 Agaric mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of lime. 
 
 Ag'ate, n. [Gr. axarijs ; so called, because first found 
 near the river Achates, in Sicily.] 1. A precious stone, 
 a semi-pellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, varie- 
 gated with coloring matter. 2. (Print.) A kind of type, 
 larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil ; — in Eng- 
 land called ruby. 
 ^^ This line is printed in the type called agate. 
 
 Ag'a-tine, a. Pertaining to, or re- 
 
 ^ sembling, agate. 
 
 Ag'a-tize, V. t. [im.p. & p. p. aga- 
 tized; p. pr. & vb. n. AGATIZ- 
 ING.j To convert into agate. 
 
 Ag'a-ty , a. Of the nature of agate. 
 
 A-ga've, n. [Gr. ayavrj, f. of ayavo?, 
 illustrious , noble . ] (Bot.) A genus 
 of plants ; the American aloe, or 
 century plant. It is from ten to 
 seventy years, according to climate, 
 in attaining maturity, when it pro- 
 duces a gigantic flower-stem, forty 
 
 _feet in height, and perishes. 
 
 Age, n. [Lat. aetas, contracted from 
 levitas, from sevum, age.] 1. Whole Agave, 
 
 duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other 
 kind. 3. That part of the duration of a being which is 
 between its beginning and any given time. 3. The 
 latter part of life. 4. A certain period of human life, 
 marked by a difference of state. 5. Mature years ; pe- 
 riod when a person is enabled by law to do certain acts 
 for himself, or when he ceases to be controlled by par- 
 ents or guardians. 6. The time of life for conceiving 
 children. 7. A particular period of time in history, as 
 distinguished from others. 8. The people who hve at 
 a particular period ; hence, a generation. 9. A centxury. 
 Syn. — Epoch; date; era; maturity. 
 
 Age, V. i. To grow old ; to become aged. 
 
 A'ged(a''jed), a. 1. Advanced in age or years ; old; an- 
 
 _cient. 3. Having a certain age; having lived. 
 
 A'ged-ly, adv. Like an aged person. 
 
 A'gen-^y, n. [Low Lat. agentia, from Lat. agens. See 
 
 Agent.] 1, Quality of acting or of exerting power ; the 
 
 state of being in action ; instrumentahty. 3. Office gv 
 
 duties of an agent, or factor. 3. Bureau of an agent. 
 
 Syn. — Action; operation; efficiency. 
 
 A-gen'dum,n. ; pi. A-GEN'DA. [Lat.] Something t» 
 be done ; hence, that which reminds of this; amemoran- 
 
 _dum-book ; a ritual or liturgy. 
 
 A'gent, M. 1. A person or thing that exerts power, or 
 has the power to act ; an actor. 3. One intrusted with 
 the business of another ; a substitute ; a deputy ; a fe«- 
 
 _tor. 3. An active power or cause. 
 
 A'gent-ship, n. The office of an agent ; agency. 
 
 food, fdbt ; ttxn, riide, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, call, echo ; gezn, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; lAis. 
 
AGGLOMERATE 
 
 16 
 
 AGRESTICAL 
 
 Ag:-gl6m'er-ate,f.r. [imp. & p.;?. agglomerated; 
 /). pr. & vb. n. AGGLOMERATING.] [Lat. agglomerare, 
 from ad and glomrrare, to form into a glomus, a ball of 
 yam.] To ^vind, or collect into a ball ; hence, to gather 
 into a mass. 
 
 Ag-g:15ni'or-ate, r. «. To collect into a ball or mass. 
 
 Ag-Klftiii'or-a'tion, »i. Act of gtUliering, or state of 
 hoinir gatlu'n\l, into a ball or mass. 
 
 A^gifi'ti-iiaut, a. Uniting, as glue. 
 
 Ajt-Klii'ti-uant, «. Anj' viscous adhesive substance. 
 
 Ag-glu'ti-nate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. AGGLUTINATED; 
 ;'. jT. & 1-6. ti. AGGLUTINATING.] [Lat. agglutinare, 
 to ghie to, trom ad and gliitinare, to glue.] To unite, or 
 cause to adhere, as with gUie or other viscous substance ; 
 to unite by causing an adhesion of substances. 
 
 Ag-glii'ti-^ia'tiou, «. 1. Act of uniting, or state of 
 being united, as by glue. "2, Union of several words in 
 one compound vocable, as in the aboriginal languages of 
 America. 
 
 As-glu'ti-na'tive, a. Tending to unite. 
 
 Ag'gran-dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aggrandized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. AGGRANDIZING.] [Lat. ad and grandis, 
 large, great.] 1. To enlarge ; — applied to things. 3. 
 To make great or greater in power, rank, or honor. 
 Syn.— To augment; exalt; promote; advance; increase. 
 
 Ag-grSii'dize-iiieiit, or Ag'gTaii-d.ize'in.eiit, n. 
 The act of aggrandizing or state of being aggi-andized. 
 
 Ag'graii-diz'ex', ti. One who aggrandizes. 
 
 Ag'gi"a-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aggravated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. AGGRAVATING.] [Lat. aggravate, from ad 
 and gravis, heavy.] 1. To make worse, more severe, 
 more enormous ; to enhance, ti. To give coloring to in 
 description : to give an exaggerated representation of. 
 3. To provoke or irritate ; to tease. 
 
 G3" The last sense has been recently introduced, and though 
 not uncommon, is of questionable propriety. 
 Syn. — To heighten ; raise; increase; magnify. 
 
 Ag'gra-va'tion, «. 1. Act of aggravating, or making 
 worse. 'Z. That which aggravates. 3. Exaggerated 
 representation. 4. Provocation ; irritation. [Modern 
 and not legitimate.] 
 
 Ag'gre-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AGGREGATED ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. AGGREGATING.] [Lat. oggregare, to lead to a 
 herd or flock, from ad and grex, flock, herd.] To bring 
 together ; to collect into a sum or mass. 
 Syn. — To accumulate ; pile. 
 
 Ag'gre-gate, a. 1. Formed by a collection of particu- 
 lars into a whole mass or sum. 3. Formed into clusters. 
 3. (Law.) United in one body corporate, with a capac- 
 
 ^ity of succes.sion and perpetuity. 
 
 Ag'gre-gate, n. A sum, or assemblage of particulars. 
 Syn. — Mass; assemblage; collection; sum total; lump. 
 
 Ag/gre-ga'tion, n. Act of aggregating, or state of 
 being aggregated ; collection into a sum or mass ; a 
 collection_of particulai-s ; an aggi-egate. 
 
 Ag'gre-ga'tive, a. Causing aggregation ; collective. 
 
 Ag'gre-ga'tor, n. One who collects into a mass. 
 
 Ag-grSs'sion (-gresh'un), n. [Lat. aggressio, from ag- 
 gredi^ to go to, approach.] First attack, or act of hos- 
 tihtN' or injury ; first act leading to a war or controversy. 
 Syn.— Attack; assault; invasion; encroachment. 
 
 Ag-gres'sive, a. Tending to aggress ; making the first 
 attack or encroachment. [sive. 
 
 Ag-gr€ss'ive-ness, n. QuaUty or state of being aggres- 
 
 Ag-grr6ss'or, n. The one who first makes an aggression. 
 
 Syn. — Assaulter; invader. — An agnressorii one who begins 
 
 a quarrel or encroachment; an assaulter is one who makes a 
 
 violent onset: an invader is one who enters by force into the 
 
 pogsesfiions of another. 
 
 Ag-griev'anpe, n. Injury ; grievance. 
 
 Ag-grieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. aggrieved; p. pr. 
 & vb. n AGGRIEVING.] [Lat. ad and gravis, heavy.] 
 To give pain or sorrow to : to afflict ; hence, to oppress 
 or injure ; to vex; to harass. 
 
 Ag-group', V. t. To bring together ; to group. 
 
 A-gliast' (-gast'),a. or adv. [A contraction of agazed, 
 p. p. of agaze.] Struck with amazement ; stupefied with 
 Budden fi-ight or horror. [motion. 
 
 Agile, a. [Lat. agilis, from agere, to act.] Quick of 
 Syn. — Nimble; active; lively; brisk. 
 
 Aglle-ness, I n. QuaUty of being agUe ; power to move 
 
 A-^a'i-ty, I quickly ; quickness of motion. 
 
 A'gi-o, n.; pi. A'Gl-o§. [It. aggio, agio, same as agia, 
 ease, comfort.] 1. (Com.) Difference in value between 
 metallic and paper money, or between one sort of metal- 
 
 lic money and another. Ji. Premium ; sum ^ven abov* 
 
 _ the nominal value. 
 
 A'gi-o-tage, n. The maneuvers of speculators to raise 
 or depress the funds ; stock-jobbing. 
 
 A-gist'ment, n. [L. Lat. agistamentum, from gistum, 
 abode, lodging, from Ij&t.jacere, to-lie.] (Law.)(a.) The 
 taking and feeding of other men's cattle. (6.) Price paid 
 for such feeding. 
 
 Ag'i-tate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. agitated; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. AGITATING.] [Lat. agitare, to put in motion, 
 to drive, intens. of agere.] 1. To move with a violent 
 irregular action. 3. To disturb or excite. 3. To dis- 
 cuss with great earnestness. 4. To consider on all sides ; 
 to revolve in the mind, or view in all aspects. 
 
 Syn. — To shake; excite; rouse; perturb; revolve; debate. 
 
 Ag/i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of agitating, or state of being 
 agitated. 3. Perturbation of mind. 3. Discussion. 
 Syn. — Disturbance; excitement; debate; dehberation. 
 
 A^'i-ta'tive, a. Having power or tendencj' to agitate. 
 
 Ag'i-ta'tor, n. One Mho agitates ; a disturber. 
 
 Ag'nail, n. An inflammation round the nail ; a whitlow. 
 
 Ag'nate, a. Related on the father-s side. 
 
 Ag'nate, 7i. Any male relation by the father's side. 
 
 Ag-na'tion, n. Relation by the father's side. 
 
 A.{/-no'nieu,n. [Lat.] Among the Romans, a fourth name 
 given on account of some exploit, as Scipio Africanus. 
 
 Ag'nus-^ds'tus, n. [Gr. ayvo<;, a wiUow-Uke tree, associ- 
 ated with the notion of chastity from the similarity of its 
 name to a.yv6<;, chaste.] The chaste-tree, a kind of tree 
 ^so called from its imaginary power to preserve chastity. 
 
 Ag'uus-De't, n. [Lat., lamb of God.] (Rom. Catk. 
 Church.) A cake of wax bearing the figure of a lamb ; 
 also a prayer beginning with these words. 
 
 A-go', adv. or a. [Old Eng. agone.] Past ; gone. 
 
 A-gog', a. or adv. [Corrupted and contracted from a-go- 
 ing.] Highly excited b)^ eagerness after an object. 
 
 A-go'ing, p. pr. In motion ; going : ready to go. 
 
 Ag'o-nigm, n. Contention for a prize. 
 
 Ag'o-nist, n. [Gr. ayoiVLvrri'; . See AGONIZE.] One 
 
 _ who contends for the prize in pubhc games. 
 
 Ag'o-nist'ic, \a. Relating to prize-fighting, or to any 
 
 Ag/o-nist'i-e-al, ) violent contest bodily or mental. 
 
 Ag'o-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. agonized ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. AGONIZING.] [Gr. a-ywvc'^etr^ai, ayo)vL^et,v .] To 
 
 _ writhe with agony ; to suffer violent anguish. 
 
 Ag'o-nize, v. t. To distress with great pain ; to torture. 
 
 Ag'o-niz-img-ly, adv. With extreme anguish. 
 
 Ag'o-ny, n. [Gr. ayoivia.] Pain that causes writhing 
 or contortions of the body, like those in athletic con- 
 tests ; hence, extreme pain of body or mind. 
 
 Syn. — Anguish ; pang. — Agony and pang denote a severe 
 paroxysm of pain (agony being the greatest); anguish is pro- 
 longed suflfering; the anguish of remorse, the pangs or agonies 
 of dissolution. 
 
 A-gra'ri-an (89), a. Relating or tending to equal divis- 
 ion of lands. - [property. 
 
 A-gra'ri-an, n. One who favors an equal division of 
 
 A-gra'ri-an-igin, n. Equal division of land or proi)erty, 
 or the principles of those who favor such a division. 
 
 A-gree', v. i. [imp. & p.p. agreed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 AGREEING.] [Lat. ad and grains, pleasing, agreeable.] 
 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action. 3. 
 To yield assent. 3. To come to terms. 4. To resem- 
 ble. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects. 6. ( Gram.\ 
 To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. 
 Syn. —To accede; assent; consent. 
 
 A-gree'a-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of bemg agreeable. 
 
 A-gree'a-ble, a. 1. Agreeing or suitable ; conformable. 
 3. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance. 3. Pleas- 
 ing, either to the mind or senses. 4. Willing or ready 
 to agree or consent. 
 
 A-gree'a-lble-ness, n. The quaUty of being agreeable 
 or suitable ; conformity. 
 
 A-gree'a-bly, adv. 1. In an agreeable manner ; pleas- 
 ingly. 3. In accordance ; conformably. 
 
 A-gree'ment, n. 1. A state of agreeing, or being in 
 harmony or resemblance. 3. (Gram.) Concord or 
 correspondence of one word with another in gender, 
 number, case, or person. 3. (Law.) Union of two or 
 more minds in a thing done or to be done ; hence, a bar- 
 gain, compact, or contract. 
 Syn. — Union; concurrence; accordance; contract. 
 
 A-gres'ti<!, \a. [From Lat. agrestis ; ager, field.' 
 
 A-gr6s'ti«-al, ) Pertaining to the fields ; rural ; uji- 
 poUshed ; rustic. 
 
 a, e, &c, , long; &, 6, &c. , short; c4re, far, ask, all, wliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, -w^lt 
 
AGRICULTOR 
 
 17 
 
 ALATED 
 
 Ag'ri-cult'or, n. A farmer; a husbandman. 
 
 Ag'ri-eiilt'ur-al, a. Relating to agriculture. 
 
 Ag'ri-oult'iire, n. [Lat. agricultura, fr. ager, field, and 
 cultura, cultivation.] The art or science of cultivating 
 the ground, especially in fields or in large quantities ; till- 
 age ; husbandry ; farming. 
 
 Ag'ri-eiilt'ur-ist, n. One skilled in agriculture ; a 
 husbandman ; farmer. 
 
 Ag'ri-mo-ny, n. [Lat. agrimonia, from Gr. apyefia^ a 
 disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.] 
 A genus of plants ; liverwort. 
 
 A-gr6n'o-my, »• [Gr. ayp6<;, field, and vefieiv, to as- 
 sign.] Husbandry ; agriculture. 
 
 A-grouiid', adv. On the ground ; stranded. 
 
 A'gue, n. 1. Chilliness ; a state of shaking with cold, 
 though in ordinary health. 3. (Med.) An intermittent 
 fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. 
 
 A'gu-isli, a. Having the qualities of an ague ; chilly. 
 
 AJi, interj. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, 
 complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, exultation, &c., accord- 
 
 ,,ing to the manner of utterance. 
 
 A-lia', interj. An exclamation expressing triumph, con- 
 tempt, or simple surprise ; but the senses are distinguished 
 by very different modes of utterance. 
 
 A-li6ad', adv. Farther forward; farther in front or in 
 advance ; onward. 
 
 A-liull', adv. With the sails furled and the helm lashed. 
 
 Aid, V. t. [imp. & p. p. AIDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AIDING-.] 
 [Lat. adjutare, to help, freq. of adjuvare, to help, from ad 
 and juvare , to help.] To support, by furnishing strength 
 or means to effect a pjirpose, or to prevent or remove 
 evil. 
 
 Syn. — To assist; help; succor; support; relieve; sustain. 
 
 Aid, n. 1. Help. 3. The person or thing that aids ; a 
 helper. 3. An aid-de-camp. 
 
 Syn.— Support; succor; assistance; relief. 
 
 Aid'aii^e, n. Aid ; assistance ; help. 
 
 Aid'-de— eanap (ad'de-kong), n.; pi. aides-de-camp. 
 [Fr.] [Mil.) An officer selected by a general ofificer to 
 
 _ assist him in his miUtary duties. 
 
 Aid'less, a. Helpless; unsupported; friendless. 
 
 Ai'gret, \n. [Fr.] 1. The small white heron. 3. A 
 
 Ai'grette, | tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, &c. 
 
 Ail, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. ailing.] 
 [A.-S. eglan, to feel pain, egle, sharp, troublesome.] To 
 affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental ; 
 
 _to trouble ; to be the matter with. 
 
 Ail, V. i. To feel pain ; to be troubled. 
 
 Ail, n. Disorder ; indisposition ; pain. 
 
 Ai-ian'tus, n. [From ailanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the 
 name of the tree in the Moluccas.] A genus of beautiful 
 trees, natives of the East. One species has an offensive 
 
 _odor. [Commonly, but improperly, spelt ailanthus.] 
 
 Ail'ment, n. Morbid affection of the body ; disease. 
 
 Aim, V. i. [Lat. cBSti^nare, to estimate.] 1. To point with 
 
 _ a missive weapon . 3 . To direc t the intention or purpose . 
 
 Aim, V. t. [imp. & p. p. aimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. AIM- 
 ING-.] To direct or point, as a weapon ; to direct to a 
 
 _ particular object. 
 
 Aim, n. 1. The pointing or direction of any thing, esp. 
 a missile weapon, to a particular point or object, with 
 a view to strike or affect it, as of a spear, a blow, a dis- 
 course, or remark. 3. The point intended to be hit, or 
 object intended to be affected. 3. Purpose ; intention. 
 Syn. — Direction ; end; scope; scheme. 
 
 Aim'less, a. "Without aim or purpose ; purposeless. 
 
 Air(4),n. [Lat. ae>, Gr. ai?p, air.] 1. The fluid which 
 we breathe, and which surrounds the earth ; the atmos- 
 phere. 3. A particular state of the atmosphere, as re- 
 spects heat, cold, moisture, and the Uke, or as affecting 
 the sensations. 3. Any aeriform body ; a gas. 4. Air 
 in motion ; a Ught breeze. 5. Publicity. 6. (Mus.) A 
 musical thought expressed in a pleasing and symmetrical 
 succession of single tones ; a melody ; a tune ; an aria. 
 7. Peculiar look, appearance, manner, mien, or carriage 
 of a person. 8. pi. An artificial or affected manner ; 
 
 ^ show of pride. 
 
 Air, V. t. [imp. & p. p. aired ; p.pr. & vb. n. AIRING.] 
 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, re- 
 freshing, exhibiting, or purifying ; to ventilate. 3. To 
 
 ^exposeto heat, for the purpose of drying or warming. 
 
 Air'-batli, n. An arrangement for drying substances in 
 
 ^air of any desired temperature. 
 
 Air'-l)6d, n. A case of india-i-ubber cloth, or other ma- 
 
 A passage for air 
 
 Air-pump. 
 
 terial, made air-tight, and inflated through tubes closed 
 ^by stop-cocks. 
 
 Air'-blS.d'der, n. A peculiar organ in some kinds of 
 fishes, containing air, by which they are enabled to main- 
 ^ tain their equiUbrium in the water. 
 4-ir'-c611§, n. pi. Cells containing air. 
 .^ir'-giin, n. A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. 
 Air'-liole, n. 1. An opening to admit or discharge air. 
 ^ 3. A hole produced by a bubble of air. 
 .4ir'i-ly, adv. In an airy manner; gayly ; merrily. 
 4.ir'i-ness, n. 1. Openness to the air. 3. Levity ; gayety. 
 Air'ing, n. 1. A short excursion in the open air. iJ« 
 ^Exposure to air and warmth. 
 .^ir'-pipe, n. A pipe for drawing off foul air. 
 4.ir'-piaiit, n. A plant nourished by air only- 
 Air '-piimp, n. A machine, vari- 
 ously constructed, for exhausting 
 the air fi-om a closed vessel. 
 
 t^°- In the figure, a syringe, ABC, 
 communicates, by means of a small 
 pipe, E, with a receiver, or vessel, D, 
 from which the air is to be exhausted. 
 
 Air'- shaft, n. 
 
 ^ into a mine. 
 
 Air'-tight (-tit), a. So tight as not to admit air. 
 
 Air'-ves''sel, n. A vessel in plants or animals which con- 
 ^ tains air. 
 
 Air'y, a. 1. Having the nature or properties of air. 3. 
 Belonging to air; high in air. 3. Exposed to the air. 
 4. ResembUng air ; unsubstantial. 5. Without reality ; 
 having no solid foundation. 6. Full of vivacity and 
 levity. 7. (Paint.) Having the light and aerial tints 
 true to nature. 
 
 Aisle (II), n. (Arch.) (a.) The wing of a buUding. (b.) 
 One of the lateral divisions of a Gothic church, separated 
 from the middle of the nave by two rows of piers, (c.) 
 A passage in a church into which the pews or seats open. 
 
 A-jar', adv. Partly open^ as a door. 
 
 Aj'n-tage, )n. [Fr. a;oMtog-e,a thing added; Lat. ad 
 
 Ad'ju-tage,j and j/waj^a, near to, nigh.] A discharge- 
 tube, as of a fountain. 
 
 A-kim'bo, a. With a crook ; bent. 
 
 A-kin', a. 1. Related by blood. 3. Allied by nature ; 
 
 ^partaking of the same properties. 
 
 Al'a-bas'ter, n. (Min.) (a.) A compact variety of sul- 
 phate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and usually 
 white and semi-pellucid, (b.) A hard, compact variety 
 of carbonate of Ume. 
 
 A.-1&C1S.', interj. [Corrupted from ate.s.] An exclamation 
 expressive of sorrow. [gret or sadness. 
 
 A-lack'a-day, interj. An exclamation expressive of re- 
 
 A-la-e'ri-ty, n. [Lat. alacritas, from alacer, or alacris, 
 hvely, eager.] Cheerful readiness. 
 
 Syn. — Briskness; liveliness; glee; hilarity ; joyousness. 
 
 Al'a-mode', adv. According to the mode or fashion, 
 
 Al'a-mode', n. A thin, glossy, black silli. 
 
 A-laii'tus. See Ailantus. 
 
 A-larm', n. [It. allarme, from alP arme, to arms!] 
 1. A summons to arms. 3. Any sound or information 
 intended to give notice of approaching danger. 3 . Sud- 
 den surprise with fear or terror, excited by apprehension 
 of danger. 4 . A mechanical contrivance for awaking 
 persons from sleep, or rousing their attention. 
 
 Syn. — Fright ; terror ; consternation ; apprehension. — 
 Alarm is the dread of impending danger ; apprehension, fear 
 that it maybe approaching; terror is agitating and excessive 
 fear; constei-nation is terror which overpowers the faculties. 
 
 A-larm', v. t. [imp. &p.p. ALARMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 ALARMING.] 1. To call to arms for defense. 3. To 
 
 fill with apprehension ; to disturb. 
 A-larm'-bell, n. A beU that gives notice of danger. 
 A-larm'-el6clc, n. A clock made to ring loudly at a 
 
 particular hour. 
 A-larm'ing-ly, adv. So as to alarm. 
 A-larm'ist, n. One who intentionally excites alarm. 
 A-larm'-post, n. A place to which troops are required 
 
 to repair in case of alarm. 
 A-larm'-watcli, n. A watch that can be so set as to 
 
 strike frequently at a particular hour. 
 A-la'rum, n. Same as Alarm ; — appUed chiefly to a 
 
 contrivance attached to a clock for sounding an alarm or 
 
 calling attention. 
 A-las', interj. [From Lat. lassus, weary, languid.] An 
 
 exclamation expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, concern, or 
 
 apprehension of evil. 
 A-late', )a. [Lat. alatus, from ala, wing.] Winged; 
 A-lat'ed, J having expansions like wings. 
 
 iobd, t6^ot ; ^rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, 9liaise, -call, e«h.o 
 2 
 
 ^em, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, linlc ; tbia. 
 
ALB 
 
 18 
 
 ALIENATE 
 
 Alb, n. [Lat. atbus, white.] An ecclesiastical vestment 
 of white linen, i-eaching to tlie feet, and enveloping the 
 entire person. 
 
 Al-ba'ta. n. Oemian silver. 
 
 Ainba-tr6ss,>i. [Corrupt- 
 ed from Sp. & Pg. aJca- 
 traz.] A very large, web- 
 fiwted sea - bird, found 
 chiefly iu the Soutliern 
 Ocean. 
 
 Al-be'it, conj. or adv. 
 "Although ; be it so ; not- 
 withstauding. 
 
 Al-b6s'font, a. [Lat. 
 albfsctre, to grow white.] 
 
 _ Becoming white; whitish. 
 
 All>i-Ji-t>a'Uoii, n . [Lat. Albatross. 
 
 aibus, white, and /acere, to make.] Act of whitening, or 
 nxaking white. 
 
 Al'bi-^gii'seg, ) n.pl. {Ecd. Hist.) A party of reform- 
 
 Al'bi-geois', j ers, who separated from the church 
 of Rome in the 12th century ; — so called from Albi, in 
 Languedoc. 
 
 Ainbi-iiigm, H. The state or condition of an albino. 
 
 Al-bi'no, n . : pi. al-bI'NOS, n. [From Lat. albus, white.] 
 Any person of a preternatural whiteness of the skin and 
 hair, and a peculiar redness of the iris and pupil of the 
 eye. 
 
 Al^bu-gin'e-ous, a. [Lat. albugo ,wlnteness, from albus, 
 white.] Pertaining to the white of an egg, and hence to 
 the white of the eye. 
 
 Al'biun, n. [Lat. albus, white.] 1. {Rom. Aiitiq.) A 
 white table or register, on which any thing was inscribed. 
 d. A blank book in which to insert autographs or lit- 
 erary memorials. 3. A book at public places, in which 
 visitors enter their names. 
 
 Al-bu'men, ?i. [Lat., from albus, white.] 1. (Bot.) 
 Nourishing matter stored up between the embryo and 
 integuments of the seed in many plants. 2. (Physiol.) 
 A thick, viscous substance, which forms a constituent 
 part of both animal fluids and solids, and which exists 
 nearly pure in the white of an egg. 
 
 Al-bu'men-ize, v. t. (Photog.) To cover or impreg- 
 nate with albumen. 
 
 Al-bu'mi-noiis, a. Pertaining to albumen. 
 
 Al-bur'num, n. [Lat., fr. a?62<s, white.] The white and 
 softer part of wood next to the bark, called sap-wood. 
 
 Al'-ea-best, )n. A pretended univer-sal solvent or men- 
 
 Al'ka-liest, j struum of the ancient alchemists. 
 
 Al-eaid', n. 1. In Spain, the governor of a castle, fort, 
 or the like. 2. A jailer or warden. 
 
 Al-cai'de, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judge. 
 
 Al-eli6m'i-e-al, a. Relating to alchemy. 
 
 Al-diem'i-e-al-ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy. 
 
 Al'-elie-mist, n. One sMlled in alchemy. [to it. 
 
 Al'-elie-mist'i-e-al, a. Practicing alchemy, or relating 
 
 Al'-ebe-my, n. [Ar. al-kimid, which is taken from the 
 Gr. xvf-^'-''-) which stands for x^l^^^'^y from x'^Mo?; juice, 
 liquid, especially as extracted from plants.] Occult 
 chemistry ; an ancient science which aimed to transsmute , 
 the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or grand i 
 catholicon, the universal solvent, &c. | 
 
 Al'-eo-hol, n. [Ar. al-kohl, a powder of antimony to | 
 paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterward ap- I 
 plied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly I 
 rectified spirits.] Pure or highly rectified spirits ; more | 
 loosely applied to ardent spirits in general. i 
 
 Al'-eo-li61'i-e, a. Relating to alcohol. I 
 
 Al'«o-liol-ize, V. t. To convert into alcohol. ! 
 
 Al'-eo-bSl'me-ter, n. [Alcohol and Gr. /xeVpov.] An j 
 instrument for determining the strength of spirits. | 
 
 Al'«o-raii, w. See Koran and Alkoran. | 
 
 Al'-eove,or Al-eove'(114), n. [Ar. a^§Tf66a, arch , vault, i 
 from gabha, to arch.] A recess, or part of a room, 
 separated from the rest by a partition, and containing 
 shelves for books, a bed of state, or seats for company. 
 
 Al'der, n, [A.-S. aler, Lat. alntis.] A tree of several 
 varieties. 
 
 .^'der-man, n. ; pi. al'der-men. [A.-S. ealdorman, 
 aldorman, from ealdor, aldor, eald, aid, old, and man.] 
 A magistrate or oflBcer of a city or town corporation, 
 
 _next in rank below the mayor. 
 
 Ale, n. [A.-S. eale, from alan, to nourish, Lat. alere.] 
 1 . A liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermenta- 
 tion. 2. A festival in English country places, so called 
 from the liquor drank. [measures. 
 
 Ale'-«6ii'ner, n. An officer who inspected ale-house 
 
 A-lCc'try-o-man'^y, n. Divination by means of a 
 cock. 
 
 A-lee', adv. [Prefix a and lee, q. v.] {Naut.) On th« 
 _side opposite to the side on which the wind strikes. 
 
 Ale'-lioof, n. Ground-ivy ; — formerly used in making 
 _ale. 
 
 Ale'-lioiise, n. A house or place where ale is retailed. 
 
 A-16m'bi«, n. [Ar. al-ambiq, which 
 was introduced into Ar. from Gr. d/a/3i|, 
 cup, the cup of a stUl.] A chemical 
 vessel, usuaUy of glass or metal, used 
 in distillation. 
 
 A-lert' (14), a. [From It. alV er«a, upon || 
 one's guard ; erta, from Lat. ex, e, from, 
 out of, and regere, to lead straight.] 1. 
 Watchful ; vigilant ; active in vigilance ; 
 hence, upon the alert, upon the watch, Alembic, 
 guarding against surprise or danger. 2. Moving with 
 celerity. 
 Syn. —Brisk; prompt; lively; nimble. 
 
 Arlert'ly , adv . Quickly; nimbly; briskly. 
 
 A-lert'ness, n. Watchful activity or readiness. 
 
 _ Syn. — Briskness; watchfulness; promptitude. 
 
 Ale'\vife, n. ; pi. ALE'wIvEg. A woman wto-keeps an 
 
 _ ale-house. 
 
 Ale'%vife, n. ; pi. ALE/WJVEg. [Ind. Aloof.] An Amer- 
 
 _ ican fish resembling a herring. 
 
 Al^e^-an'driiie, n. A verse of twelve syllaTjles, or six 
 Iambic feet ; — so called from a poem written in French 
 on the life of Alexander. 
 
 A-lex'i-pliar'inl«, n. [Gr. dXefi^ap/oLOKOs, fr. aXefeZv, 
 to keep off, and <|)apju.a/cov, drug, poison.] What expels 
 or re.«ists poison. 
 
 A-lex'i-pliar'mi*, a. Expelling poison or infection. 
 
 A-lex'i-ter'io, ) a. [Gr. aAe^ir^pios ; dAe^eii/, to keep 
 
 A-lex'i-ter'i-e-al, ) off.] Resisting poison ; obviating 
 the effects of venom. 
 
 A-lex'i-ter'i-e, 71. [^ee supra.] A medicine to resist the 
 ^effects of poison, or the bite of venomous animals. 
 
 jLI'f/d,n. ; pi. Al.'eJE. [Lat.] (^oJ.) A grand division 
 of cryptogamic plants, embracing sea-weeds or water- 
 
 ^ plants. 
 
 AJ'ge-bra, n. [Ar. al-gabr, al-jabr, reduction of parts 
 to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, from gabara 
 OT jabara, to bind together, to consolidate.] {Math.) 
 That branch of analysis whose object is to investigate 
 the relations and properties of nimibers by means of let- 
 
 ^ ters and other symbols. 
 
 Al^ge-br a'i-e , la. Pertaining to , or performed by , al- 
 
 Al'^e-bra'i-e-al, ) gebra. 
 
 Al'^e-bra'i-e-al-ly, adv. By means of algebra. 
 
 Al'ge-bra'ist, n. One who is skilled in algebra. 
 
 Al'go-rigm, 1 n. [Sp. algoritmo, Old Sp. algtiarismo, 
 
 Al'go-ritlim., | taken by the Arabs from Gr. dpi0/id?, 
 number, and transformed by the Spaniards by inserting 
 the letter g between the article al and the vowel a.] 
 {Math.) The art of computing in any particular way. 
 
 Al'goiis, a. Pertaining to sea-weed. 
 
 Alf/uazil (al-ga-zeel/), n. A Spanish officer of justice. 
 
 .A'li-as, adv. [Lat.] Otherwise; otherwise called; — a 
 
 term used in legal proceedings to connect the different 
 
 names of a party who has gone by two or several, and 
 
 whose true name is for any cause doubtful ; as. Smith, 
 
 jxlias Simpson. 
 
 JL'li-as, n. [Lat.] {Law.) (a.) A second or further writ 
 issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (6.) 
 Another name ; an assumed name. 
 
 Al'i-bl, n. [Lat., elsewhere, in another place.] {Law.) 
 When a person, on trial for a crime, shows that he wa« 
 in another place at the time when the act was committed, 
 he is said to prove an alibi ; hence, the plea, allegation, 
 
 _or defense under which this proof is made. 
 
 Al'ien (al'j'en), a. [Lat. alienus, from alius, another.] 
 1 . Not belonging to the same countrj% or government, 
 or to the citizens or subjects thereof ; foreign. 2. Wholly 
 
 _ different in nature. 
 
 Al'ien, n. A foreigner ; a foreign-bom resident of a coun- 
 try, in which he does not possess the privileges of a 
 
 _ citizen. 
 
 Al'ien-a-bn'i-ty, n. The capacity of being alienated. 
 
 Al'ien-a-ble, a. Capable of being alienated. 
 
 Al'ien-age, n. The state of being an alien, or foreigner. 
 
 Al'ien-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. alienated ; p. pr. &. 
 vb. n. ALIENATING.] [Lat. alienare] 1. To convey 
 or transfer to another, as title, property, or right. 2. 
 To make indifferent or averse ; to estrange. 
 
 »j Sj SC'C.jlong; i, 6, &c.. short; c&re, far, ask, all, wbat : 6re, veil, tSrm ; piique,firin ; son, or, dft, yvaU, 
 
ALIENATE 
 
 19 
 
 ALLEVIATIVE 
 
 Al'ien-ate, a. Estranged; stranger to 
 
 Al'ien-a'tion, n. 1. (Law.) A transfer of title, or a 
 legal conveyance of property to another. 2. State of 
 being alienated or transferred. 3. Withdrawing or es- 
 trangement, as of the aifections. 4. Derangement, as 
 
 _of the mental faculties ; insanity. 
 
 Al'ien-a'tor, n. One who alienates or transfers property. 
 
 Al-iene', v. t. 1. To convey or transfer, as property. 
 
 _3. To estrange. 
 
 Al'ien-ee', n. One to whom a thing is sold. 
 
 Al'ien-igm, n. The state of being an alien. 
 
 Al'i-form, a. [Lat. ala, wing, and /onna, shape.] Hav- 
 ing the shape of a wing. 
 
 A-light' (-\it'),v. i. [imp. & p. p. alighted; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ALIGHTING.] [A.-S. allktan., gelihtan.'] 1. To 
 get down or descend, as from on horseback ; to dismount. 
 'i. To fall, or descend and settle, or lodge. 
 
 A-lign' (a-lin^), v. t. [Lat. ad and linea^ line.] To adjust 
 or form by a line, as troops. 
 
 A-lign' (a-linO, v. i. 1. To form in line, as troops. 3. 
 (Engin.) To lay out the ground-plan, as of a road. 
 
 A-lign'ment, (-lin'-), n. [Fr. alignement, Pr. aligna- 
 men.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line ; the state of 
 being so adjusted ; the line of adjustment, "i. (Engin.) 
 The ground-plan of a railway or other road. 
 
 A-lilce', a. [Prefix a and like.] Having resemblance or 
 similitude ; similar ; without difference. 
 
 A-liJke', adv. In the same manner, form, or degree. 
 
 Al'i-ment, n. [Lat. alimentum, from aiere, to feed, 
 nourish.] That which feeds or supports. 
 
 Syn. — Food; nourishment; support; nutriment. 
 
 Al''i-in.6nt'al, ) a. Pertaining to food or aliment ; sup- 
 
 Ari-jnent'a-ry, j plying food ; nutritive. 
 
 Al'i-m.en-ta'tion, n. The act or power of affording nu- 
 triment ; state of being nourished. 
 
 Al'i-meiit'ive-n.ess, n. The phrenological organ of 
 appetite for food or drink. 
 
 Al'i-mo'ni-oiis, a. Affording food ; nourishing. 
 
 Al'i-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. alimonia, alimonium, from 
 alere, to feed.] An allowance made to a wife out of her 
 husband's estate or income for her support, upon her 
 divorce or separation from him, or during a suit for the 
 same. 
 
 Al'i-ped, a. Wing-footed. 
 
 Al'i-ped, n. An animal whose toes are connected by a 
 membrane which serves as wings, as the bat. 
 
 Al'i-quJint, a. [Lat. aliquantus, some, moderate, from 
 alius, other, and quantus, how great.] Not dividing an- 
 other number without a remainder. 
 
 Al'i-quot, a. [Lat. aliquot, some, several, aliquoties, 
 several times.] Dividing exactly, or without remainder. 
 
 A-live', a. Having life ; not dead ; active ; susceptible. 
 
 Al'lta-h.est, n.. A pretended universal solvent. 
 
 Al'ka-les'pent, a. Tending to the properties of an alkali. 
 
 Al'ka-li, or Arica-li,n. ; pi. AL/KA-Li§,or AL'KA-Lig. 
 [Ar. al-qali, ashes of glasswort, from qalaj, to roast in a 
 pan, fry.] ( Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, soda, 
 potash, ammonia, and hthia, distinguished by their solu- 
 biUty in water and alcohol, their uniting with oils and 
 fats to form soap, their neutralizing and forming salts 
 with acids, and their changing reddened litmus to blue. 
 
 Al-kai'i-fy, or Al'ka-li-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AL- 
 KALIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALKALIFYING.] To form 
 or convert into an alkaU. 
 
 Al-kai'i-fy, or Al'ka-li-fy, v. i. To become changed 
 
 _into an alkaU. 
 
 Al/lca-lig'e-nous, a. Producing alkali. 
 
 Al'lta-liBti'e-ter, n. [Eng. alkali a.nA meter, Gr. /oteTpov, 
 measure.] An instrtunent for ascertaining the strength 
 or purity of alkalies. 
 
 AFka-lim'e-try , n. The art of ascertaining the strength 
 
 ^ of alkalies, or the quantity present in any mixture. 
 
 AlTca-lme (or -lln), a. Having the qualities of alkali. 
 
 AFlta-lin'i-ty, n. QuaUty which constitutes an alkali. 
 
 Arica-li-za'tion, n. The act of rendering alkaline by 
 impregnating with an alkali. 
 
 Al'lta-lize, V. t. To make alkaline ; to alkalify. 
 
 Al'ka-lold, n. {Chem,.) A salifiable base existing in 
 some vegetables as a proximate principle. 
 
 Al-ker'meg, n. [Ar. al-qirm.iz, alqermez, the coccus in- 
 sect.] A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, 
 made chiefly of kermes berries. 
 
 Al'ko-raix, n. The Mohammedan Bible. See KoRAN. 
 
 All, a. [A.-S. eaU,al.] Every one, or the whole number 
 of; the whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, qual- 
 ity, or degree of. It alw&ys precedes the article the, and 
 the definitive adjectives m.y, thy, his, our, your, their. 
 
 All, adv. Wholly ; completely ; altogether ; entirely. 
 All, n. The whole number, quantity, or amount j the 
 'aggregate ; the whole ; the total ; totality ; a.s, ail tn aU, 
 a phrase which signifies every thing desired. 
 
 At all, a phrase much used by way of enforcement or empha- 
 sis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signiftr- 
 ing in the least degree or to the least extent; in the least; urider 
 any circumstances. 
 
 US" All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, 
 or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely iiv- 
 corporated into words, and its final consonant is dropped, as in 
 almighty, already, always ; but in most instances, it is an ad- 
 verb prefixed to other words, but separated by a hyphen, an, 
 all-bountiful, all-glorious, all-important, all-surrounding, &c. 
 Such compounds usually explain themselves, and therefore 
 but few will be here given. 
 
 Al'lttJi, 11. The Arabic name of the Supreme Being. 
 
 Al'lan-to'i* , a. Pertaining to the allantois. 
 
 Al-ian'toid, or Al'lan-toid, \ n. [Gr. aAA.ai'ToetSrys, 
 
 Al-ian'tois, or Al'lan-tois, > gut-shaped; aXka, 
 gut, and elSo?, shape.] A thin membrane, situated be- 
 tween the chorion and amnios in animals. 
 
 Al-lay', V. t. [imp. &, p. p. ALLAYED ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
 ALLAYING.] [Partly from A.-S. alecgan, to lay down, 
 confine, diminish, depress ; partly from Fr. allier, to ally, 
 to mix, as metals, Lat. alligare, to bind to something.] 
 1 . To make quiet or put at rest ; to pacify or appease. 
 ii. To abate, mitigate, repress, or subdue. 
 Syn. — To check; appease; calm; soothe; pacify; assuage. 
 
 Al-lay', n. See Alloy. 
 
 Al-lay'er, n. He who, or that which, allays. 
 
 Al-lay 'ment, /I. 1. Act of allaying or state of bein 
 
 ^aUayed. '^. That which allays. 
 
 Al'le-ga'tion, «. 1. Positive assertion or declaration; 
 affirmation. 3. That which is alleged, affirmed, or as- 
 serted. 
 
 Al-lege' (al-lej/), v. t. [imp. & p.p. ALLEGED ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. ALLEGING.] [Lat. allegare, from ad and legare, 
 to send, dispatch.] 1. To bring forward with positive- 
 ness. 2. To produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse. 
 
 Syn. — To declare; afl&rm; assert; urge; adduce; advance; 
 cite; quote. 
 
 Al-lege 'a-lble, n. Capable of being alleged. 
 
 Al-le'gi-anpe, n. [L. Lat. allegiantia, from Lat. alligare, 
 to bind to, from ad and ligare, to bind.] The tie or ob- 
 hgation which a subject owes to his prince or government ; 
 _ loyalty. 
 
 Alde-gor'i-e, ) a. In the manner of allegory ; figura- 
 
 Al'le-gor'i-e-al, j tive ; describing by resemblances. 
 
 Al'le-gor'i^-al-ly, adv. In an allegorical manner. 
 
 Al'le-gor'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being allegorical. 
 
 Al'le-go-rist, n. One who teaches by allegory. 
 
 Al'le-go-rize, -y. ^. [imp. So p. p. ALLEGORIZED; jp. 
 pr. & vb. n. ALLEGORIZING.] 1. To form or tixrn into 
 _ allegory. 3. To understand in an allegorical sense. 
 
 Al'le-go-rize, V. i. To use allegory. 
 
 Al'le-go-ry (50), n. [Gr. aAArjyopia ; aAAos, other, and 
 ayopeveiv, to harangue, from ayopd, assembly.] A storj- 
 or figurative discourse, in which the direct and Ut«ral 
 meaning is not the real or principal one, but is designed 
 to image forth some important truth with greater vivid- 
 ness and force ; a figurative manner of speech or descrip- 
 tion. 
 
 Al-le-gret'to, a. [It.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, 
 but not so quick as allegro. 
 
 Al-le'gro, a. [It., merry, gay.] [Mus.) Quick, brisk, 
 hvely. — As a noun, a quick, sprightly strain or piece. 
 
 Al'le-lu'lali, n. Praise to Jehovah. See Halleluiah. 
 
 Al-le-mdnde' , n. [Fr., German (dance).] A German, 
 waltz ; formerly a German dance in ^ or ^ measure, of a 
 moderate movement. 
 
 Al-le'vl-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. alleviated; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ALLEVIATING.] [L. Lat. alleviare, from Lat- 
 levis, light.] 1. To make light or easy to be bome, in a 
 hteral sense. 3. To make hght, in a figurative sense; 
 hence, to remove in part ; to make easier to be endured. 
 
 Syn. — To lessen; diminish; mitigate; assuage; allay." 
 These words are all figurative. Alleviate supposes a load, as 
 of care, which is lightened; mitigate, something fierce, >vhifh 
 is made mild, as suffering ; assuage, something violent, which is 
 quieted, as sorrow ; allay, somet"liing excited, but now brought 
 down, as grief; fessew and cfimmts/j refer to amount or degree. 
 
 Al-le'vi-a'tioii, n. 1 . Act of alleviating, or making more 
 hght ; a lessening or mitigation. 3. That which miti- 
 gates or makes more tolerable. 
 
 Syn. — Mitigation; diminution; relief. 
 
 Al-liev'i-a-tive, n. Something mitigating. 
 
 food, f tfbt ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^cist ; linger, liijk ; tjils. 
 
ALLF.Y 
 
 20 
 
 ALLY 
 
 Al'ley, n.cpl. AL'LEVg. FFr. allce, from aUer, to go.] 
 1. A walk in a jranlou. V. A uarrow passage, as dis- 
 tiuct ftvm a public street. 
 
 Ariey. n. [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was 
 originallv made.] A choice taw or large marble. 
 
 All-foblg'-day, n. The first of April, when it is a popu- 
 
 "lar custom to play off tricks or make fools. 
 
 All-fours'. ;i.;j/." [From o// and yiM/r.] A gjuue at cards, 
 
 "which derives its name from the four chances of which it 
 consists, for each of which a point is scored. The player 
 who has all these is said to have all-fours. 
 
 To go oil all/ours, to move on four legs, or on two legs and 
 two arms or hands. 
 
 All-liail', inttrj. All health ;— a phrase of salutation, 
 
 ■"expn-ssiug a wish of perfect health, or safetj^, to the per- 
 son :iddre.<5sed. 
 
 All-liAl'lo-w, ) n. All-Saints"-day, the first day 
 
 All-liJ\l'lo«'§, I of November: a feast in honor 
 
 AU-hftl'low-mas, ) of all the saints. 
 
 XU-liSl'low-tide, n. The time near All-Saints'. 
 
 jLl'li-a'ceoiis, a. [Lat. allium, allum, garlic] Pertain- 
 ing to garlic ; having the smell or properties of garlic. 
 
 Al-ii'au^e, n. [Fr. alliance, from allier, to unite ; Lat. 
 aJligare, to bind to something.] 1. State of being aUied ; 
 a union or connection of interests, especially between 
 fiimilies by marriage, and states by compact, treaty, or 
 league. '2. The compact or treaty which is the instru- 
 ment of all> ing. 3. The persons or parties allied. 
 Syn. — League; confederacy; atfiuity; coalition. 
 
 Alli-gate, V. t. To tie together ; to tmite. 
 
 Al'li-gra'tion, n. [Lat. alligatio, fr. alligare, to bind to, 
 fr. ad and ligare, to bind.] {Arith.) A rule relating to the 
 solution of questions concerning the compounding or mix- 
 ing together of different ingredients, or ingredients of dif- 
 ferent quaUties or values. 
 
 OS^ The rule is named from the method of connecting to- 
 gether the terms by certain ligature-like signs. 
 
 JLlli-ga'tor, It. [Corrupted 
 from Sp. el lagarto, the liz- 
 ard, from Lat. lacertus, equiv. 
 to /acerfa, lizard.] (Zobl.) A 
 large carnivorous amphibi- 
 ous reptile, of the Saurian 
 femily, peculiar to America. 
 
 Al-li§'ion(-lizh'un),n. [Lat. 
 allisio, from allidere, to strike 
 or dash against, from ad and 
 
 IsBdere, to dash against, to hurt by striking.] A striking 
 against. 
 
 Al-lit'er-a'tion, n. [Lat. acf and Zuera.] The repetition 
 of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words 
 immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals. 
 
 Al-lit'er-a-tive, a. Pertaining to alliteration. 
 
 Xllo-ea'tion, n. [L. Lat. allocatio, from Lat. ad and 
 locare, to place.] Act of putting one thing to another : 
 hence, the admission of an article of account, or an al- 
 lowance made upon an account ; — a term used in the 
 English exchequer. 
 
 Avio-ea'tur, n. [Low Lat., it is allowed.] (Laic.) The 
 allowance of a thing or proceeding, by a court, judge, or 
 judicial_officer. [of the poi>e to his clergy. 
 
 AJIo-eu'tion, n. An address ; particularly an address 
 
 Al-lo'di-al, a. {Law.) Pertaining to allodium; free- 
 hold : free of rent or .service ; — opposed to feudal^ 
 
 Al-lo'di-um, n. [L. Lat., from 0. Ger. al, all, all, and 
 &d, at, A.-S. ead, posses.?ion, property. It means, there- 
 fore, all-property, or whole estate.] ( Law. ) Freehold es- 
 tate ; land which is the absolute property of the owner ; 
 — opposed to feud. 
 
 Al-16nge'(-lunj'), n. [Ft., from allonger, to lengthen, 
 strike ; Lat. longus, long.] A pass or thrust -with a 
 rapier or sword, as in fencing. 
 
 Al'lo-i>lith'i«, a. Pertaining to allopathy. 
 
 Al-lop'a-thist, n. One who pi-actices medicine accord- 
 ing to the rules of allopathy. 
 
 Al-16p'a-tliy, n. [Gr. oAAos, other, and irados, suffer- 
 ing, from Trda-xeiv, iraStlv, to suffer.] EmplojTnent of 
 medicines in order to produce effects different from those 
 resulting from disease;— a term invented to designate 
 the ordinarj' practice, as opposed to homeopathy. 
 
 Al-16t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOTTED ; p. prl & vb. n. 
 ALLOTTING.] [Old Fr. aUotir,aUoter, from /or, share, 
 Goth, hlants, A.-S. hlot.] 1. To divide or distribute, as 
 by lot. 2. To distribute in parts or portions ; hence, to 
 grant, as a i>ortion ; to give, assign, or aj^point in. general. 
 Syn. — To divide; aaaign; apportion. 
 
 Alligator. 
 
 Al-15t'meiit,«. 1. Act of aUotting. 2. Part allotted. 
 
 Al'lo-tr6p'i«, a. Pertaining to allotropism. 
 
 Al-16t'ro-pi§m, | n. [Gr. dAAos, other, and tpotto?, 
 
 Al-16t'ro-py, ' way; fr. Tpinetv, tot\un.] (Chem.) 
 The property of existing in two Or more conditions which 
 are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. 
 
 Al-lo>v', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ALLOWING.] [Lat. ad and /ocare, to place.] 1. To give, 
 afford, or yield. 2. To own or acknowledge. 3. To abate 
 or deduct. 4. To grant license to ; to permit. 
 Syn. — To grant; yield; admit; consent. 
 
 Al-lo-tv', V. i. To make abatement or deduction. 
 
 Al-lo>v'a-ble, a. Capable of beisg, or proper to be, al- 
 lowed, or permitted as lawful. 
 
 Al-low'a-toly, adv. In an allowable manner. 
 
 Al-low'ance, n. 1. Act of allowing, granting, or ad- 
 mitting, "i. Permission or license ; usually slight appro- 
 bation. 3. That which is allowed; a stated quantity, 
 as of food or drink ; hence, (Nam.) a limited quantity 
 of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. 4. Abate- 
 ment ; deduction. 5. (Com.) A deduction from the 
 gross weight of goods. 
 
 Al-low'an^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. allowanced ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ALLOWANCING.] To put upon allowance. 
 
 AJ-loy', V. t. [imp. & p. p. alloyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ALLOYING.] [Fr. aloi, loi, good aUoy, fixed standard 
 of gold and silver, from Lat. Itx, law, ad legem, accord- 
 ing to law. This word has been confounded with allay, 
 q. v., and the signification of the latter attributed to it.] 
 
 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valua- 
 ble metal. 2. To abate, impair, or corrupt. 
 
 Al-loy', n. 1. Any compound of two or more metals, 
 as of copper and zinc to form brass. 2. A baser metal 
 mixed with a finer. 3. Evil mixed with good. 
 
 Al-loy 'age, 71. 1. The act of alloying or mixing metals. 
 
 2. A mixture of different metals. 
 All-saintg'-day, n. The first day of November ; a feast 
 '"in honor of all the saints. 
 
 All-sotil§'-day, n. The second day of November; a 
 
 "Roman Catholic solemnity held to pray for the souls of 
 the faithful. 
 
 All'spice, n. The berry of the pimento, an aromatic 
 tree of 'the West Indies. It has been supposed to com- 
 bine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves ; hence 
 the name. 
 
 All-snf-fi'cieiit (-fish'ent), a. Sufficient to every thing. 
 
 Al-liide', v. i. [imp. & p. p. alluded : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ALLUDING.] [Lat. alludere, from ad and ludere, to play.] 
 To refer to something not directly mentioned ; to hint 
 bj' remote suggestions ; to have reference. 
 
 Syn.— To suggest; intimate; glance at; advert to. 
 
 Al-lii'ini-Dior, n. [Lat. illum.inator, from illuminare, 
 to illuminate, fix)m lumen, light.] One who colors or 
 paints upon paper or parchment, giving light and orna- 
 ment to letters and figures ; a limner. 
 
 Al-liii'e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. allured : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ALLURING.] [From aiiand lure, q. v.] To attempt to 
 draw to ; to tempt by the offer of some good, real or ap- 
 parent. 
 
 Syn.— To entice; decoy; seduce. — We are allured to evil 
 by some promised good: we are enticed into it through our pas- 
 sions; we are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rec- 
 titude. 
 
 Al-lure'ment, n. That which allures or entices. 
 
 Al-liir'er, n. One who allures or decoys ; a tempter. 
 
 Al-lu'sion, n. Indirect reference ; in rhetoric, a figure 
 by which something is applied to, or understood Of, an- 
 other, on account of some similitude between them. 
 
 Al-lu'sive, a. Hinting at ; referring to indirectly. 
 
 Al-lu'sive-ly, adv. In an aUusive manner. 
 
 Al-lu'sive-ness, n. Quality of being allusive. 
 
 Al-lu.'vl-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, contained in, or com- 
 posed of, alluvium. 2. Washed ashore or down a 
 stream : of fresh-water origin. 
 
 Al-lu'vi-on, n. Same as Alluvium. 
 
 Al-lu'vi-um, n. ,• pi. AL-LU'\a-A. (Geol.) Deposits of 
 earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made 
 by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not perma- 
 nently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. 
 
 All-wige', a. Possessed of infinite wisdom. 
 
 Al-ly', V. t. [imp. & p. p. allied \p.pr. & vb. n. ALLY"- 
 ING.] [Lat. alligare, frovci ad and Ugare, to bind.] 1. To 
 unite, or form a connection between, as between laniilies 
 by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, 
 league, or confederacy. 2. To connect or form a rela- 
 tion between by simihtude, resemblance, or friendship. 
 
 Al-ly' (115), n. ; pi. AL-LiEg'. 1. One who is united by 
 
 Si,e,Si.c.,lons; S, 6, &c.,*A<wt; c4re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, Avolf , 
 
ALMAGEST 
 
 21 
 
 ALTILOQUENCE 
 
 compact, marriage, &c.; a confederate. 3. One related 
 to another by any tie. 
 
 Al'ma-gest, n. [Gr. /xeyitrTos, superl. of M-e'va?, great, 
 and the Ar. article al, the ; so called by the Arabs, be- 
 cause this book of Ptolemy was considered as the great- 
 est or largest on its subject.] A book of problems in 
 astronomy and geometry, drawn up by Ptolemy. 
 
 Al'md Md'ter, n. [Lat., fostering mother.] A college 
 or seminaity where .one is educated. 
 
 Al'ma-na-e, n. [Ar. inanakh, from manaha, to give as 
 
 "a present ; manay, to define, determine ; mana, measure, 
 time.] A book or table, containing a calendar of days, 
 weeks, and months, to which astronomical data and va- 
 rious statistics are often added. 
 
 Al'man-dine, n. [Lat. alabandina, named after Ala- 
 banda, a town in Caria, where it was found.] (Min.) 
 The red variety of garnet, translucent or transparent. 
 
 Al-miglit'i-ness (-mit'-), n. A power to do all things ; 
 
 "omnipotence. 
 
 .^-might'y (-mit'-), a. All-powerful ; of unlimited 
 power ; omnipotent. 
 
 Al-miglit'y, n. God ; the Supreme Being. 
 
 Al'mond (ii'mund), n. [Low Lat. amandola, corrupted 
 from Lat. ajni/g-iio/a, Gr. dju,u7SaA,i7.] 1. The fruit of the 
 almond-tree. 'i. One of the two glands called tonsils, 
 near the base of the throat. [for another. 
 
 Al'mon-er, n. [See Alms.] One who distributes ahns 
 
 Al'mon-ry, n. A place for distributing alms, or where 
 they are stored for distribution. 
 
 Al-most', adv. Nearly ; well-nigh ; for the greatest part. 
 
 Xlmg (amz), n. pi. [A.-S. almes,celmesse, from Gr. eA-erj- 
 /u-ocrvvrj, from e\eelv, to have pity or mercy.] Any thing 
 gratuitously given to relieve the poor, as money, food, or 
 clothing; a charitable donation. 
 
 Almg'-liouse, n. A house appropriated for the use of 
 the poor ; a poor-house. 
 
 Al'mug-tree, )n. ( Script.) A tree supposed to be the 
 
 Al'gum-tree, j red sandal-wood. 
 
 Al'nage (45), n. [From 0. Fr. alne, N. Fr. aune, from 
 Lat. uina, Gr. wAei/rj, elbow.] A measuring by the ell. 
 
 Al'oe (aFo), n. ; pi. AL^OEg. [Lat. alo'^, Gr. dAdrj, Heb. 
 ahallm, pi. of ahal.] 1. (Bot.) A genvis of evergreen 
 herbaceous plants, from some of which are prepared ar- 
 ticles for medicine and the arts. 3. pi. (Med.) The in- 
 spissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purga- 
 tive. 
 American or Century aloe, the agave. See Agave. 
 
 Al'o-6t'i<J, ) a. Pertaining to, obtained from, or par- 
 
 Al'o-6t'i-e-al, ) taking of the quaUties of, aloes. 
 
 A-16ft' (21), adv. [Prefix a and loft.] 1. On high. 2. 
 {Naut.) In the top ; at the mast-head ; above the deck. 
 
 A-lone', a. [From all and one.] 1. Apart from, or ex- 
 clusive of, others ; single ; solitary ; — appUed to a per- 
 son or thing. 2. Sole; only. [Rare.] 
 
 A-16ng' (21), adv. [A.-S. andlang, ondlong, from prefix 
 and, ond, against, toward, and lang, long, long.] 1. In 
 a line with the length ; lengthwise. 2. In a line, or 
 with a progressive motion ; onward ; forward. 3, In 
 company ; together. 
 Along of, owing to, or on account of. 
 
 A-16ng' (21), prep. By the length of, as distinguished 
 from across. 
 
 A-long'side, adv. By the side of a ship. 
 
 A-loof (26), adv. [Either for all off, that is, quite off, or 
 of the same origin with aloft, q. v.] At or from a dis- 
 tance, but within view, or at a small distance ; apart. 
 
 A.-\ooV , prep. At or to a distance from ; away from. 
 
 A-loud', adv. With a loud voice, or great noise ; loudly. 
 
 Alp, n. [Of Celtic origin.] A 
 very high mountain ; — specific- 
 ally, in the plural, the elevated 
 mountain ranges of Switzerland. 
 
 Al-pa.-e'a, n. [The orig. Peruv. 
 name.] 1. (Zool.) An animal 
 of Peru, having long, fine, 
 woolly hair ; a species of the 
 Uama. 2. A thin kind of cloth 
 made of the wool of the alpaca, 
 mixed with silk or with cotton. 
 
 Al'pha, n. The first letter of 
 the Greek alphabet, used to 
 denote first. Alpaca. 
 
 Al'pha-bet, n. [Gr. dAt^ajSijTos, from a\(j)a and jSijra, 
 the first two Greek letters.] The letters of a language ar- 
 ranged in the customary order. 
 
 Al'pha-bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. alphabeted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ALPHABETING.] To arrange in the order of an 
 alphabet. [abecedarian. 
 
 Al'plia-bet-a'rl-an, n. A learner of the alphabet ; an 
 
 Al'plia-b6t'i€, 1 a. Pertaining to, furnished with, 
 
 Al'plia-bfit'l-e-al, ) expressed by, or in the order of, 
 the letters of the alphabet. 
 
 Al'pha-bSt'i-e-al-ly, adv. According to the alphabet. 
 
 Al'pine (-pin or -pin), a. Pertaining to the Alps, or to 
 any lofty mountain. 
 
 Al'read'y, adv. [All and ready.] Before this time ; now. 
 
 Al'so, adv. or conj. [From all and so.] In like manner ; 
 
 "likewise ; too ; fui-ther ; in addition to. 
 
 Alt, a. or n. [From Lat. altus, high, lit. grown great by 
 nourishing, p. p. of alere, to nourish.] (Mus.) The 
 higher part of the scale. See ALTO, 
 
 Al'tar, n. [Lat. altare, altar, 
 
 "from the same root as altus, 
 high.] 1. A table or elevated 
 place on which gifts and sacri- 
 fices are offered to some deity. 
 2. In Christian churches, the 
 communion table. 
 
 Al'tar-piece, n. 1. A paint-,- 
 
 "ing placed over the altar. 2. 
 Entire decoration of an altar. 
 
 Al'ter, V. t. [imp. & p.p. al- 
 tered ; p. pr. & vb. n. al- 
 tering-.] [Low Lat. alterare, 
 
 from Lat. alter, another.] 1. To 
 
 make some change in ; to vary in °^^ 
 
 some degree, without an entire 
 
 change. 2. To change entirely Altar. 
 
 or materially. 
 
 Al'ter, ■u.i. To become, in some respects, different; to 
 vary; to change. 
 
 Al'ter-a-ble, a. Capable of being altered. 
 
 Al'ter-a-ble-ness, \ n. Quahty of being susceptible of 
 
 Al^ter-a-ba'i-ty, j change. 
 
 Al'ter-a-bly, adv. In an alterable manner. 
 
 Al'ter-ant, a. Producing a gradual change ; alterative. 
 
 Al'ter-ant, n. A medicine which gradually corrects the 
 
 "state of the body ; an alterative. 
 
 Al'ter-a'tion, n. 1. Act of altering or state of being 
 
 "altered; change. 2. The change made. 
 
 Al'tei-a-tive, a. {Med.) Having power to restore the 
 
 "healthy ftinctions of the body without sensible evacua- 
 tions. 
 
 Al'ter-a-tive, n. A medicine which gradually induces 
 
 "a change in the habit or constitution, and restores healthy 
 ^functions vsithout sensible evacuations. 
 
 Al'ter-eate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. ALTERCATED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ALTERCATING.] [Lat. altercare, altercari, from 
 ^alter, another.] To contend in words ; to wrangle. 
 
 Al'ter-ea'tion, n. Warm contention in words ; con- 
 troversy ; dispute carried on with heat or anger. 
 
 Sym. — Wrangle; dispute. — An altercation is an angry dis- 
 pute between two parties ; a wrangle is a noisy altercation. 
 
 Al-ter'nate (14), a. [Lat. alternatus, p. p. of alternare.] 
 Being by turns ; one following the other in succession of 
 time or place ; hence, reciprocal. 
 
 Al-ter'nate (14), n. That which happens by turns ; vi- 
 cissitude ; a substitute. 
 
 Al'ter-nate, or Al-ter'nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. al- 
 ternated ; p. pr. & vb. n. alternating.] To per- 
 form by turns, or in succession ; to cause to succeed by 
 turns ; to change reciprocally. 
 
 Al'ter-nate, or Al-ter'nate, v. i. To happen op to 
 act by turns. 
 
 Al-ter'nate -ly, adv. In reciprocal succession ; by turns. 
 
 Al'ter-na'tion, n. 1. Keciprocal succession of things 
 in time or place. 2. {Math.) The different changes or 
 alterations of orders in numbers ; permutation. 
 
 Al-ter'na-tive, a. Offering a choice of two things. 
 
 Al-ter'na-tive, n. That which may be chosen or 
 omitted ; a choice of two things. 
 
 Al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. In an alternative manner. 
 
 Al-ter'na-tive-ness, n. Quality or state of being al- 
 ternative. 
 
 Al-tbe'a, n. [Gr. aAdata, from akQew, a\6aiveLV, to make 
 to grow, to heal.] {Bot.) A genus of plants including 
 the common marsh-mallow and the garden hollyhocks. 
 
 Al-tliough' (awl-fcoO, conj. [From all and ihougli, q. v.] 
 
 " Grant all this ; be it so ; aUow all ; suppose that ; admit 
 all that ; notwithstanding. 
 
 Al-til'o-quen^e, n. [Lat. altus, Iiigh, and loquentia, a 
 speaking.] Lofty speech ; pompoua language. 
 
 food,f<^t; firn,rxide, pull; pell, pliaise,-eall, e<;lio; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link;; tills. 
 
ALTIMETER 
 
 22 
 
 AMBITION 
 
 Al-tliu'e-ter, n. [Lat. cUtus,h.\f(l\,&ndmctrtim,\ne&s- 
 urv.] An in^trumont for takiug altitudes by geometrical 
 jirinoiples. 
 
 Al-tim'e-try, >i. The art of iu>oin-tjuiung altitudes by 
 means of a pmjHT in.strument. 
 
 Al-tis'o-iiaiit, ( (t- [IM. alius, high,aud so7ians, sound- 
 
 Al-tis'u-noil.s, I iug.] lligh-souuding ; lofty or pomp- 
 ous. 
 
 Al'ti-tiide {[to), u. [lAit. nltitudo: altus, high, and a 
 common teruiiuation, denoting state, condition, or man- 
 ner.] 1. Space extended upward ; height ; the perpen- 
 dicular elevsition of an object above the ground, or above 
 a given level. 'Z, (Astron.) The elevation of a star, or 
 other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by 
 the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such 
 point and the horizon. 3. Height of degree; highest 
 ptnnt. 
 
 Al'to, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the lowest female 
 voices, between the tenor and soprano. In instrumental 
 music, the tenor. 
 
 Al'to-gCtli'er, orff. [^rova. all waA. together .] 1. With 
 
 "united action; copjointly. tJ. Without exception; 
 wholly ; completely. 
 
 Al'to-re-lie'vo, n. [It. alto rilievo.} ( iSc(/Zp.) High re- 
 Uef ; the tigure standing out nearly detached from the 
 background. 
 
 Al'u-del, n. [Prob. of Arabic origin.] A chemical pot 
 open at each end, used in sublimation. 
 
 Al'uin, n. [Lat. alumen.'\ A double sulphate of alu- 
 mina and potassa. It is white, transparent, and very 
 astringent. 
 
 A-lu.'mi-na, ) «. [Min.) One of the earths, consisting 
 
 JLl'u-mine, j of two parts of aluminum and three of 
 oxygen. 
 
 A-lu'ini-iiif' er-ous, a. Producing or containing alum. 
 
 Al'u-nxiii'i-iim, ( n. [N. Lat. See Ai^UM.] The metal- 
 
 A-lu.'mi-iiiiin, ) lie base of alumina ; a very light, 
 white metal, \nth a bluish tinge, and not easily oxidized. 
 
 A-lu'ini-noiis, a. Pertaining to, or containing, alum, 
 or alumina. 
 
 Al'iim-isli, «. Having the nature of alum. 
 
 ^-Jum'mis, n. ; pi. A-Ltfm'Ni. A pupil; a graduate of 
 a college, or other seminary of learning. 
 
 Al've-a-ry, n. [Lat. alvearium, alveare, from alveus, 
 hollow vessel, bee-hive ; from alvus, belly, bee-hive.] 
 
 1. A bee-hive, or something resembling one. 3. The 
 hollow of the external ear. 
 
 Al've-o-lar, ) a. Pertaining to, or resembhng, the 
 Al've-o-la-ry, ) sockets of the teeth. 
 Al've-o-late, a. Pitted, like a honey-comb. 
 A.l-ve'o-lus, 11. ; pi. al-ve' o-lT. [Lat., a small hollow 
 
 or cavity, dim. of alf^us, a hollow, deep vessel, from aZ- 
 
 irus, belly.] 1. A cell in a honey-comb. 2. The socket 
 
 in the jaw, in which a tooth is fixed. 
 Al'vine, a. [Lat. alvus, belly.] Pertaining to the lower 
 
 belly or intestines. 
 Al'-way, )adv. [From aZZ and wa?/, pi. tways.] 1. Per- 
 Al'TPayg, ) petually ; throughout all time ; continually. 
 "2. Constantly during a certain period, or regularly at 
 
 stated intervals ; invariably. 
 t^' Alway is seldom used, except in poetry. 
 Am.- The first person singular of the verb to be, in the 
 
 indicative mode, present tense. See Be. 
 Ana'a-dou, n. [Ft., tinder, prop, lure, bait, sc. of the 
 
 fire.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from 
 
 a species of agaric which grows on old trees. 
 A-maiii', acZr. [Prefix a and Tnam, q. v.] 1. Violently 
 
 and suddenly. 'Z. {Naut.) Suddenly, or at once. 
 A-m&l'gam, n. [Lat. malagma, Gr. /u,aAa-y/Aa, any 
 
 emollient ; ixaXda-aeLv, to make soft.] 1. A compound 
 
 ©f mercury, or quicksilver, with another metal. 2. A 
 
 mixture or cojnpound of different things. 
 A-m&l'gam-ate, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. amalgamated ; 
 
 p. jrr. & vh. n. AMALGAMATING.] 1. To compound or 
 
 mix, as quicksilver, with another metal. 2. To mix, so 
 
 a.s to make a compound. 
 A-mai'gam-ate, iJ. I. 1. To unite in an amalgam. 
 
 2. To coale.sce, as a result of p^owth. 
 A-ni&l^ga-iiia'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of com- 
 pounding mercury with another metal ; especially the 
 process of separating gold and silver from their ores by 
 mixing them with mercury. 2. The mixing or blending 
 of different things or races. 
 
 A-m^n^u-gn'sis, n. ; pi. a-man/u-£n'ses. [Lat., from 
 prefix ab and manus, hand.] A person whose employ- 
 ment is to write what another dictate.?, or to copy what 
 another has written ; a copyist. 
 
 I Am'a-rantli, n. [Gr. oftapavTos, from a priv. and 
 j fjLapaiveiv, to wither, decay ; so called because its flowers, 
 I when cropped, do not soon wither.] 1. {Bot.) A genus 
 I of ornamental annual plants of many species, with green , 
 purplish, or crimson flowers in large spiked clusters, 
 
 2. An imaginary flower that never fades or perishes. 
 
 3. A color inclining to purple. 
 Am'a-raiitli'iiie, a. 1. Belonging to, consisting of, 
 
 or resembling, amaranth. 2. Not fading or decaying, 
 like the fabled amaranth of the poets. 3. Of a purplish 
 ^color. 
 
 Atn'a-rpVlis, n. [Name of a country girl in Theocritus 
 and Virgil.] (Bot.) A family of beautiful plants, in- 
 cluding the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, and others. 
 
 A-naass' (6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. amassed (a-mast') ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. AMASSING.] [L. Lat. amassare, amascere, 
 from Lat. massa, mass.] To collect into a mass or heap ; 
 to gather a great quantity of. 
 
 Syn. — To heap up; accumulate; pile up; gather. 
 
 A-mass'ment, n. A heap ; accumulation. 
 
 Ain.'a-teu.r' (am^a-tur'), n. [Fr., from Lat. amator, 
 lover.] One who cultivates any study or art from taste 
 or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. 
 
 Am'a-tive, a. Full of love; amorous ; amatory. 
 
 Am'a-tive-iiess, n. [Lat. amare, to love, as if from 
 amativus.] (Phren.) An organ supposed to influence 
 sesual desire ; propensity to love. 
 
 Ain./a-to'ri-al, ) a. Relating to, induced by, or express- 
 
 Am'a-to-ry, j ive of, love. 
 
 Jim'au-ro'sis, n. [Gr. afxavptoai';, from af^avpog, dark, 
 dim ; fj.avpo?, dark, with d intens.] (3Ied.) A loss or de- 
 cay of sight, without any visible defect in the eye, usually 
 from loss of power in the optic nerve. 
 
 A-maze', v. t. [imp. & p. p. amazed •. p. pr. &. vb. n. 
 AMAZING.] [Prefix a and maze, q. v.] To confound 
 with fear, sudden sui-prise, or wonder ; to confuse with 
 terror and astonishment ; to astonish. 
 
 A-Hiaze', n. Astonishment ; perplexity ; amazement. 
 
 A-maz'ed-ly, adv. With amazement. 
 
 A-maz'ed-ness, n. Astonishment ; great wonder. 
 
 A-maze'ineiit, n. A feeling of surprise and wonder ; 
 perplexity arising from fear, surprise, or wonder. 
 Sjm. — Astonishment; admiration; perplexity ; confusion. 
 
 A-tn.az'iiig-ly, adv. In an amazing degree. 
 
 Am'a-zon, n. [Gr. d/u.a^wi/, from a priv. and m^^o?, the 
 breast, from the fable that the Amazons cut off then- 
 right breast, so that they might more easily hurl the 
 javelin.] One of a fabulous race of female warriors, who 
 founded an empire on the coast of the Euxine ; — hence, 
 a warlike or masculine woman ; a virago. 
 
 Am'a-zo'ni-an, a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an 
 Amazon. 2. Belonging to the River Amazon, or to the 
 country through which it flows. 
 
 Am-lbas'sa-dor, n . An envoy of the highest rank sent 
 to a foreign government. See Embassador. 
 
 Am.-l»as'sa-dress, n. A female ambassador ; the wife 
 
 _of an ambassador. 
 
 Amnber, n. [From Ar. 'anbar, anbarum, a kind of per- 
 fume ; orig. a fish, from which, it was believed, the gray 
 amber, or ambergris, came ; afterward applied to the 
 yellow amber.] (Min.) A yellowish resin found as a 
 fossil. By fi-iction, it readily becomes electric. 
 
 Amnber, a. Consisting of, or resembling, amber ; of the 
 color of amber. 
 
 Am'ber-griis (-grees), n. [See AMBER.] A fragrant 
 substance used in perfumery, &c. It is a morbid secre- 
 tion of the intestines of the sperm-whale. 
 
 Am'lji-dex'ter, 7i. [Lat. ambo, both, and dexter, right, 
 deztra (sc. manus), the right hand.] One who uses both 
 hands with equal facility ; hence, a double-dealer. 
 
 Am'bi-dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. The power of usmg both 
 hands with equal ease. 2. Double-dealing. 
 
 Am'bi-dex'troiis, a. 1. Having the faculty of usmg 
 both hands with equal ease. 2. Practicing duplicity. 
 
 Am'bi-ent, a. [Lat. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire, to go 
 around.] Encompassing ; surrounding. 
 
 Am'bi-gii'i-ty , n. Quality or state of being ambiguous ; 
 doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly of signification. 
 I Am-big'u-ous, a. [Lat. ambiguvs, from ambigere, to 
 wander abo-ut with irresolute mind.] Doubtful or un- 
 certain, particularly in respect to signification. 
 
 Am-big'u-oiis-ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner. 
 
 Am-big'u-oiis-ness, n. Ambiguity. 
 
 Am'bit, n. [Lat. ambitus.} Circuit or compass. 
 
 Am-bi'-tion (-bish'un), n. [Lat. ambitio, a going aroimd, 
 especially of candidates for office to solicit votes ; hence, 
 
 5,e,&c.,Zon^; &,^,ico., short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re,vea, term; piique,firin; son, or, do, wolf, 
 
AMBITIOUS 
 
 23 
 
 AMIANTHUS 
 
 desire for office or honor; from ambire, to go around.] 
 An eager and sometimes an inordinate desire of prefer- 
 ment, honor, superiority, or power. 
 Syu.— Eagerness; avidity; aspiration; greediness. 
 
 Am-bi'tious, a. 1. Possessing, or controlled by, am- 
 bition. 3. Springing from, or indicating, ambition. 
 
 Am-bi'tioiis-ly, adv. In an ambitious manner. 
 
 Am-toi'tioixs-ness, n. The quality of being ambitious. 
 
 ArnHble, v. i. [Lat. ambulare, to walk, in L. Lat. to am- 
 ble.] 1. To move, as a horse, by lifting together the 
 two legs on one side ; to pace. "Z. In a ludicrous sense, 
 to move affectedly. 
 
 ArnHble, n. A peculiar gait of a hoi'se, in which both 
 legs on one side are moved at the same time. 
 
 ArnHbler, n. A horse which ambles ; a pacer. 
 
 Ani'bo, )n. [Gr. a/Aj3wi/, any rising, a i-aised stage, 
 
 Ani'hon, ) pulpit.] An oblong pulpit, in the early 
 Christian churches. 
 
 Am-bro'gia (-bro'zha), n. [Gr. a/x^poaiaj prop. f. of 
 a/u./3p6(rios, a/u-jSpoTos, immortal, from a priv. and /Spords, 
 mortal, because it was supposed to confer immortality on 
 those who partook of it.] 1. {Myth.) The food of the 
 gods, which conferred upon those who partook of it eter- 
 nal youth, ti. ( Bot. ) A genus of plants , including some 
 coarse and worthless weeds, called rag-weed. 
 
 Am-bro'§iaI, a. Partaking of the nature or qualities 
 of ambrosia ; delighting the taste or smell ; delicious. 
 
 Aiti-bro'§ian, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. 
 
 ArnHbro-type, n. [Gr. afx/SpoTos, immortal, and tvtto?, 
 impression.] (Pliotog.) A picture taken on a prepared 
 glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and 
 the shades are produced by a dark background visible 
 
 ^ through the unsilvered portions of the glass. 
 
 Amnbry, n. 1. An almonry. 3. A pantry. 
 
 Ambg'-ape (amz'as), n. [0. Fr. anibes, ambs, Lat. umbo, 
 
 _ both, and ace, q. v.] A double ace. 
 
 Amnbu-Ianfe, n. [From 
 Lat. ambulare, to walk.] 
 (Mil.) A flying hospital, so 
 organized as to follow an ar- 
 my in its movements , and in- 
 tended to succor the wound- 
 ed as soon as possible. 
 
 Ambulance cart, a two- 
 wheeled or four-wheeled vehi- 
 cle, designed for the conveyance 
 of the wounded from a field of 
 battle. 
 
 ArnHbu-lant, a. Walking ; moving from place to place. 
 
 Am'bUL-la'tion, n. The act of walking ; walking about. 
 
 ArnHbu-la-to-ry, a. 1. Able or accustomed to move 
 from place to place; walking, ti. (Law.) Not fixed in 
 its legal character, but capable of being altered, as a will. 
 
 ArnHbu-la-to-ry, n. Any part of a building intended 
 for walking in, as the aisles of a church ; — specifically, 
 a place inclosed by a colonnade or arcade, as a portico. 
 
 ArnHbu-ry, I n. [A.-S. ampre, a crooked swelling vein.] 
 
 AnHbu-ry, ) A soft swelling on a horse, full of blood. 
 
 Am^biis-eade', n. [It. imboscata ; imboscnr, to set in 
 bushes, to place in ambush, fi-om pref. in, wn, and bosco, 
 L. Lat. boscus, buscus, a wood ; Eng. bush.] 1. A lying 
 concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by sur- 
 prise ; 5J. A concealed place in which troops he hid, in 
 order to attack an enemy unexpectedly ; ambush. 
 
 Ain.'bu.s-eacle', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ambuscabed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. 11. AMBUSCADING.] To lie in wait ; to attack 
 from a concealed position. 
 
 ArnHbusli, «. [See Ambuscade.] 1. Act of attacking 
 an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. 2. A 
 concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to 
 attack by surprise ; an ambuscade. 3. Troops posted in 
 a concealed place, for attacking by surprise. 
 
 Am'bush, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ambushed ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n.* AMBUSHING ] To Ue in wait for ; to surprise ; to 
 place in ambush. 
 
 A-inel'io-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ameliorated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. AMELIORATING.] [Lat. ad and meliorare, 
 to make better.] To make better ; to improve. 
 
 A-mel'io-rate , v.i. To grow better ; to meliorate. 
 
 A-mel'io-ra'tion, n. Act of ameliorating, or state off 
 being ameUorated ; improvement ; mehoration. 
 
 A-mel'io-ra-tive, a. Producing amelioration or im- 
 
 _provement. 
 
 A'men.' (in singing, pron. a'men'). [Heb., from amen, 
 firm, true ; Gr. a/xijv.] An expression used at the end of 
 prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed. 
 
 Ambulance. 
 
 it is a solemn asseveration of beUef. ^Vhen it introduc^w 
 a declaration, it has the force of an adv., and is equiva- 
 lent to truly, verily. It is used also as a noun, to denote 
 Christ as being one who is true and faithful ; and an an 
 adjective, to signify made true, verified, ov fulfilled. 
 
 xZi^XZ-ilk, ! «. A ..at. of b«ug amenable. 
 
 A-me'na-ble, a. [Fr. amener, to bring, esp. to bring to 
 account, from a, for ad, and mener, to lead, from Lat. 
 minare, to drive animals (properly by threatening cries) ; 
 minari, to threaten ; minx, threats.] 1. Liable to be 
 brought to account or punishment ; answerable ; respon- 
 sible. 5i. WiUing to yield or submit ; submissive. 
 
 A-mend', ^•. ^ [imp. &, p.p. ame.'S'D'E.X); p.pr. & vb. 
 n. AMENDING.] [From Lat. emendare, from e, ex, and 
 mendum, menda, fault.] To change in any way for the 
 better, as, (a.) By simply removing what is erroneous, 
 corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the hke ; (b.) By sup- 
 plying deficiencies ; (c.) By substituting somethhig else in 
 the place of what is removed. 
 
 Syn. — To correct ; reform ; rectify. — To amend \a literall v 
 to take away blots, and hence to remove faults; to reform is tf) 
 form over again for the better; to correct is to make straight or 
 right; to rectify is to set right. AVe rectify abuses, mistakes, 
 &c.; we correct errors; we reform or amend our Uves. 
 
 A-mend', v. i. To grow better ; to improve morally. 
 A-nxend'a-ble, a. Capable of being amended. [ive. 
 
 A-mend'a-to-ry, a. Containing amendment ; correct- 
 Aniende (a'mongd'), n. [Fr.] A pecuniary fine or pun- 
 ishment; reparation; retraction. 
 
 Amende Jwnorahle, formerly in France an infamous punish- 
 ment, now a public recantation or apology for injury done. 
 
 A-mfind'er, n. One who amends ; a corrector. 
 
 A-mend'ment, n. 1. An alteration or change for the 
 better ; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of 
 life by quitting vices, ti. In pubUc bodies, any altera- 
 tion in a bfll or motion by adding, changing, or omitting. 
 3. (Law.) The correction of an error in a writ or process. 
 
 A-meiidg', n. sing. & pi. Compensation for a loss or 
 injury ; recompense ; satisfaction ; equivalent. 
 
 A-men'i-ty, n. [Lat. amanitas, from amcenus, pleas- 
 ant.] Quahty of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in 
 
 ^respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition. 
 
 Aua'ent, 71. [Lat. a7ne?ifM7n, thong or strap.] (Bot.) A 
 species of inflorescence, consisting of a scaly sort of 
 spike, as in the alder, birch, &c. ; a catkin. 
 
 A-mer?e' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. asierced ; p.pr. k 
 vb. n. AMERCING.] [L. Lat. amerciare, from Lat. mer- 
 ces, wages, penalty.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary pen- 
 altj^, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to 
 the discretion of the court. 2. To punish, in general. 
 
 A-merfe'a-ble, a. Liable to amercement. 
 
 A-raer5e'in.en.t, n. (Law.) A pecuniary penalty in- 
 flicted on an oflender at the discretion of the court. 
 
 A-mer'per, n. One who amerces or fines. 
 
 A-mer'i-ean, a. Pertaining to America ; — in a re- 
 stricted sense, pertaining to the United States. 
 
 A-taer'i-ean, n. A native of America ; — formerly ap- 
 phed to the aboriginal inhabitants ; but now to the de- 
 scendants of Europeans bom in America, especially to 
 the inhabitants of the United States. 
 
 A-mer'i-ean-igm, n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom pe- 
 cuhar to America. 2. The love which Americans ha-re 
 for their own country, or the preference of its interests. 
 
 A-mer'i-ean-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Americanized : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. A3IERICANIZING.] To render American. 
 
 Am'e-tlij'st, n. [Gr. diJ.eOva-TO';, a remedy for drunken- 
 ness, also the precious stone amethyst, supposed to have 
 this power.] A subspecies of quartz, of a bluish violet 
 color, of different degrees of intensity. 
 
 Am'e-tliyst'iiie, a. Pertaining to, composed of, or re- 
 
 _sembling, amethyst. 
 
 A/nai-a-bil'i-ty, n. Amiableness ; loveliness. 
 
 A'mi-a-ble, a. [Lat. atnicabilis , friendly , with a mixture 
 of the sense of amabilis, lovely.] "Worthy of love; d«- 
 serving of affection. 
 
 Syn.— Lovely; charming; delightful; lovable. 
 
 A'mi-a-ble-ness, n. The quahty of deserving love ; 
 
 _ loveliness ; agreeableness. 
 
 A'mi-a-bly, adv. In an amiable manner. 
 
 Am'i-ilii'tlius, n. [Gr. dp-tai/ro? \i.6os (lit. unsoiled 
 stone) : from a priv. and uLaiveiy, to stain, to defile ; so 
 called from its incombustibiUty.] (Min.) A mmeralsub- 
 stance somewhat resembhng flax. It is composed of deli- 
 cate filaments, often long, and resembling threads of silk. 
 
 food, f (>bt ; ilrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist; Unger, link ; tills. 
 
AJMICABILITY 
 
 24 
 
 AIVIPLY 
 
 II is incombustible, and has sometimes been wrought 
 
 luto cloth and jia^Hir. 
 Am i-ea-bil'I-ty , n. Quality of being amicable ; friend- 
 
 liiu\s5 ; amicableiiess. 
 ^Viu'i-ca-ble,«. [Lat. amicabilis, from amiVw.', friend, fir. 
 
 amart, t*.> love] Uarmonious in mutual intercourse. 
 
 Syn.— Friendly; peaceable; fVatemal. — -4wi"cah7c always 
 Bupposes two parties, us an amicaNe arrtingi-nieut. We cannot 
 say of a single individual tliat he was amicable, though we can 
 6«V he ycA&n'icndly. 
 
 AiM'1-ca-ble-ness, «. Quality of being amicable; 
 frioudliuoss ; kindness. 
 
 Ain'i-t'a-bly, adv. In an amicable manner. 
 
 Ani'iv*' (am'is), n. [Lat. myjicttis, from amicire, to wrap 
 about . ] 1 . A loose tiomng garment like a cloak ; formerly 
 worn hy pilgrims. Jj. [Ecd.) An oblong piece of embroid- 
 er^ni liiien, made to wear on the head, covering it like a 
 hcHxl, or to rest on the shoulders Uke a cape. 
 
 A-niid', Xprep. [Prefix a and mid, midst.] In the 
 
 A-ruidst', ) midst or middle ; surrounded or encom- 
 piissetl by ; among. [stem. 
 
 A-mid'siiips, adv. Half-way between the stem and the 
 
 A-miss', a. [Prefix a and 7niss.] Wrong; faulty; out 
 of order : improper. 
 
 A-iniss', adv. Wrongly; improperly; in a faulty manner. 
 
 Ani'i-ty, n. [Ft. amitie, from ayni, Lat. a7}iicus.] Friend- 
 ship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or 
 nations : harmony ; good xmderstanding. 
 
 Am-mo'iii-a , n. [From 50^ ammoniac, which was first 
 obtained near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning 
 camels" dung.] A volatile alkali of a pungent smell : 
 spirit of hartshorn. 
 
 Am-mo'ni-ac, la. Pertaining to ammonia, or pos- 
 
 Am'mo-ni'a-e-al, ) sessing its quaUties. 
 
 Am-mo'ni-a-e, or Gum-am-mo'ni-a-e, n. [Gr. a/u.- 
 (xuji'iajcdr, a gum, said to distill from a tree near the tem- 
 ple of Jupiter Ammon.] (Med.) The concrete juice of 
 an umbelliferous plant, brought from Persia. 
 
 Am'mu-ni'tioii, (-nish'un), n. [Low Lat. admunitio, 
 from ad and miinire, to defend, fortifj.] Mihtary stores 
 or provisions for attack or defense ; the articles which are 
 us€Ki in charging fire-arms and ordnance of all kinds ; as 
 ix)wder, balls, bombs, various kinds of shot, &c. 
 
 Am'nes-ty, n. [Gr. afjurqaTia, a forgetting, from a. priv. 
 and fj.i.iJitni<rKei.v, to remember.] A general pardon of 
 ofi^enses against government. 
 
 Am'oe-bae'an, a. [Gr. a/xoi/3aZo9, alternate, from d^ot- 
 Pv. change ; a/iet'jSetv, to change.] Alternately answering. 
 
 A-mong', \prep. [A.-S. amang, onynang, from ge- 
 
 A-mongst', j tnang, mixtiire : mengan, to mix.] 1, 
 >Ii.\ed or mingled with. 2. Conjoined, or associated 
 with, or making part of the number of. 
 
 JL-iH6n'tiI-la'do,n. [Sp.] A dry kind of sherry. 
 
 Am'o-rous, a. [Low Lat. amorosus, from Lat. amor, 
 love.] 1. Inclined to love ; having a propensity to sex- 
 ual enjoyment, tj. In love ; enamored. 3. Relating to, 
 or produced by, love. 
 
 Am'o-roiis-ly, adv. In an amorous manner ; lovingly. 
 
 Axn'o-rous-ness, n. QuaUty of being amorous. 
 
 A-mor'phigm, n. [Gr. d priv. and H-op<{>v, form.] A 
 state of being without crystallization even in the minutest 
 particles, as in glass, opal, &c. 
 
 A-mSr'plioiis, a. [Gr. a/xop<^os, from d priv. and y-op4>ri, 
 form.] 1. Having no determinate form ; of irregular 
 shape. 2. Without crystallization in the ultimate text- 
 ure of a soUd substance. 3. Of no particular kind or 
 character ; anomalous. 
 
 A-mor'ti-za'tion, \ n. 1. (Law.) Act or right of 
 
 A-mort'ize-ment, ) aUenating lands to a corpora- 
 tion, which was considered formerly as transferring them 
 to dead /uinds, or in mortmain. 2. Extinction of debt, 
 jjarticularly by means of a sinking fund. 
 
 A-mOr'tize, v. t. [L. Lat. amortisare, from Lat. mors, 
 death.] (Law.) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to 
 convey to a corporation. See Mortmai>-. 
 
 A-mount',?;. i. [imp. & p.p. amounted ; p.pr. & vh.] 
 n. AMOLNTI.NG.] [L. I.a.t. admontare, from Lat. ad and 
 mons, mountain.] 1. To rise or reach by an accimiu- 
 lation of particular sums or quantities ; to come in the 
 aggregate or whole. 2. To rise, rcich, or extend in effect, 
 substance, or influence ; to be equivalent. 
 A-mount', n. 1. The sum total. 2. The effect, sub- 
 stance, or result. 
 A-inour',n. [Fr., from Lat. amor, love.] A love intrigue. 
 A.ni-jfhlb'i-d, n.pl. [Gr. d/i^i/3to?, living a double life, 
 
 from OM^i'j on both sides, and /St'os, life.] (Zobl.) The 
 class of reptiles which includes the saurians, crocodiles, 
 lizards, serpents, frogs, turtles, and salamanders. 
 
 Am-pliib'i-an, n. An amphibious animal. 
 
 Am-pliib'i-oiis, a. 1. Having the power of Uving in 
 air and water. 2. Adapted for Uving on land or water 
 3. Of a mixed nature ; partaking of two natures. 
 
 Am-plxib'i-ous-ness, n. Quality of being amphibi- 
 ous ; abihty to hve in two elements. 
 
 Am-pliib'o-16g'i€-al, a. Of doubtful meaning ; am- 
 biguous. 
 
 Ani'plii-bSl'o-gy, n. [Gr. a.ix<f)iPo\oyia, from d/i(f)i'- 
 /3oAo9, ambiguous, and Xoyos, speech.] A phrase, proposi- 
 tion, or discoxxrse susceptible of two interpretations. 
 
 Am'plii-bra-eli, «. [Gr. d/u,(^i'/3paxvs. short at both ends, 
 fi-om oLixijiL, on both sides, and ^paxvs, short.] {A71C. 
 Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the 
 first and last short ; as, habere. 
 
 Arn.-plii«'ty-6ii'i-e, a. Pertaining to the council of the 
 Amphictyons in Greece. 
 
 Am-plii-e'tj'-ong, n. pi. [Gr. 'AfjujuK-rvovt^. Prob. the 
 word was orig. d/utc/nKTtoi'e?, dwellers around, neighbors.] 
 ( Gr. Hist.) An assembly or council of deputies from the 
 different states of Greece. 
 
 Am-plii-e'ty-o-iiy, ?i. [See supra.] ( Gr. ifist.) An as- 
 sociation of several neighboring states for the promotion 
 of common interests. 
 
 Am-pbim'a-per, n. [Gr. d/x</)tMajcpos, long on both 
 sides, from dja</)t, on both sides, and naKpoi, long.] (Atic. 
 Pros.) A foot of thi-ee syllables, the middle one short and 
 the others long, as in castttas. 
 
 Am-phip'ro-style, "• [Or. d/oi(|)ijrp6a-TvAog, from aju.<|)i', 
 on both sides, and TrpocrTvAc?, ■«ith piUars in front.] 
 [Arch.) A double prostyle, or an edifice with columns in 
 front and behind, but not on the sides. 
 
 A.ni-ph'is'ci-T (-tis\i'\-l), 'in. pi. [Gr. d/a4)i'o-Kios, 
 
 Ain.-pliis'ci-aii§ (-flsh'^i-anz), j throwing a shadow 
 both ways, from d/u.(^i', on both sides, and o-Ktd, shadow.] 
 (Geog.) The inhabitants between the tropics, whose 
 shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, 
 and in the other to the south, according as the sun is 
 south or north of their zenith. 
 
 Am'plii-tlie'a-ter, I «. [Gr. d/x^t^eaTpoi', from a.y.^i, 
 
 Aiii''phi-tlie'a-tre, J about, and eia-rpov, theater, from 
 BeaaOai, to see.] An oval or circular edifice having rows 
 of seats one above another, around an open space, called 
 the arena, and used for combats of gladiators and of wild 
 beasts, and other public sports. 
 
 Axa'plii-tlie-at'ri-e-al, a. Pertaining to, or exhibited 
 
 _ in, an amphitheater. 
 
 Ain'ple, a. [Lat. a7nplus.] 1. Of large dimensions; 
 great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk. 2. Fully suf- 
 ficient. 3. Not contracted or brief ; extended; diffiisive. 
 
 Syn. — Spacious; capacious; extensive; abundant; plente- 
 ous. — When we mean by ample large in extent, we say spa- 
 cious or extensir-e ; large "in size, capacious ; large in quanUty, 
 abundant or plenteous. 
 
 Axn.-pl6x'i-eaul, a. [N. Lat. amplexicaulis, fr. amplex- 
 are, amplixdri, intens. of aviplecti, to encircle.] {Bot.\ 
 Nearly surrounding the stem, as the base of a leaf. 
 
 Am'pli-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of amplifving : enlarge- 
 ment. 2. Exaggerated description or diffuse narration. 
 
 Am'pli-fi-ea'tive, ) a. Serving or tending to amplify 
 
 Ajxi'pIi-fi-€a''to-rv, J or enlarge. 
 
 Am'pll-fi^er, n. One who amplifies. 
 
 Am'pli-fy, ^■. t. [imp. & p. p. amplified , p.pr.k, vb. 
 n. A>LPLIFYI>'G.] [Lat. amplijicare, from amplus, am- 
 ple, and /acere, to make.] 1. To render larger, more ex- 
 tended, or more intense, and the like. 2. (Rhel.) To 
 treat copiously. 
 
 Am'pli-fy, V. i. 1. To grow or become large. 2. To 
 be diffuse ; to dilate. 
 
 Am'pli-tude (53), n. 1. State of bemg ample ; large- 
 ness of dimensions. 2. Lai^eness, in a figurative sense, 
 (a.) Extent of capacity or intellectual powers, (h.) Ex- 
 tent of means or resources. 3. (Astron.) An arc of the 
 horizon intercepted between the true east or west point 
 and the center of the sim or a star at its rising or set- 
 ting. 4. ( Gun.) The horizontal line subtending the 
 path of a body thrown: the range. 5. (Magnetism.) 
 The arc of the horizon between the sim or a star, at its 
 rising or setting, and the east or west point of the hori- 
 zon, by the compass. 
 
 Am'ply, adv. Largely ; Uberally ; fully. 
 
 »,e,&c.,iong^,- &,6,&c.,«A<»t; c4re,far, ask, all, what; Sre, veil, tgrm ; piiqae,firm; s6n,dr,do, wolf, 
 
AMPUTATE 
 
 25 
 
 ANALYST 
 
 Axu'pu-tSte, V. t. [imp. & p. p. amputated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. AMPUTATING.] [Lat. amputare, from amb, 
 about, undputare, to prune.] To cut off, a.s a limb. 
 
 Am'pu-ta'tlon, n. Act or operation of cutting off a 
 limb or other part. 
 
 A-muck', n. [Malay.] Act of killing ; slaughter. 
 
 To I'un amuck, to rush out franticaUy, attacking all that come 
 in the way, as is done by fanatics in the East. 
 
 Am'u-let, n. [Ar. hamalat, himalat, any thing worn, 
 from hamala, to bear, to wear.] Something worn to pre- 
 vent evil ; a kind of charm inscribed with mystic forms 
 or characters. 
 
 A-miige', v. t. [imp. & p.p. AMUSED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 AMUSING.] [Fr. amuser, from 0. H. Ger. mozon, muo- 
 zon, to be at leisure.] 1. To occupy or engage wholly. 
 [Obs.] 3. To entertain agreeably ; to occupy in a pleas- 
 ant manner. 3. To keep in expectation ; to delude. 
 
 Syn. — To divert ; entertain. — We are amused by that 
 which occupies us lightly and pleasantly ; entertained by that 
 which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as 
 conversation or nbook; diverted by that which draws off our 
 thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sport- 
 ive nature, as a humorous story or a laughable incident. 
 
 A-muge'ment, «. 1. Deep thought; muse. [Obs.] 3. 
 That which amuses. 
 
 Syn. — Diversion ; pastime ; entertainment ; sport. 
 A-m.Ti§'er,n. One who amuses. 
 
 A-mii'si ve , a. Capable of amusing; entertaining; di- 
 verting ; pleasing. 
 
 A-myg'da-late, a. Made of almonds. 
 
 A-myg'da-late, n. [From Gr. afjivySaXov, almond.] An 
 emulsion made of ahnonds. 
 
 A-myg'da-line, a. Pertaining to almonds. 
 
 A-mys'da-line, n. A crystalline principle obtained from 
 bitter almonds. 
 
 A-myg'da-loid, n. [Gr. dfjivySakov, almond, and elSos, 
 form.] A variety of trap-rock, with embedded almond- 
 shaped minerals. 
 
 A-myg'da-loid'al, a. Resembling amygdaloid. 
 
 Am'y-la'ceoiis, a. [Gr. a/AuA.oj', starch.] Pertaining 
 
 ^ to starch. 
 
 An, a. [A.-S. a?i, ane, Goth, ains^ Lat. unus.] This word 
 is properly an adjective, but is commonly called the in- 
 definite article. It is used before nouns of the singular 
 number only, and signifies one, or any, but somewhat 
 less emphatically. In such expressions as "' twice an 
 hour," " a shilling an ounce," it has a distributive force, 
 and is equivalent to each, every. 
 
 C@~ An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; 
 as, an enemy, an hour. It is also used before h sounded, when 
 the accent of the word falls on any syllable except the first ; 
 as, an historian, an horticulturist, an humanitarian. It was 
 anciently used before aU consonants. 
 
 All, conj. [Imperative of A.-S. unnan,Toot ann, to grant, 
 _to give.] If; — a word used by old English authors. 
 
 A.'nd, n. [Gr.] {Med.) An equal quantity of each. 
 
 A'na. [The term, in the neut. pi. of Lat. nouns in -anus.] 
 A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a 
 collection of memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligerana is 
 a book containing the sayings of Scaliger. The termina- 
 tion is sometimes used alone, as a noun. 
 
 An^a-b^p'tist, n. [Gr. ava^a-mi^^iv, to baptize again, 
 from dva, again, and ^aiTTi^etv, to baptize.] (Eccl. Hist.) 
 One who denies the validity of infant baptism, and there- 
 fore maintains that those who have been baptized in 
 their infancy ought to be baptized again. 
 
 Au-a-eh'o-ret, n. A hermit. See Anchoret. 
 
 Aji-S.€h.'ro-ni§iii, n. [Gr. avaxpovio-ju,ds, from dvd, up, 
 against, and xpovog, time.] An error in chronology, by 
 which events are misplaced in regard to each other. 
 
 An-Jlcli'i'o-mst'i-e, a. Involving an anachronism. 
 
 An^a-eias'ti^s, n. sing. That part of optics which 
 treats of the refraction of light ; — commonly called di- 
 optrics. 
 
 An^a-eSii'da, n. ( Herp.) A large snake of the Boa fiun- 
 ily, which lives in South America. 
 
 A-iiS,<;'re-6ii'ti<; , a. Pertaining to, or after the manner 
 of, the Greek poet Anacreon ; amatory ; convivial. 
 
 A-na-e-'re-on'ti-e, n. A poem in the style of Anacreon ; 
 a httle poem in praise of love and wine. 
 
 An'a-dem., n. [Gr. dva8i7M.a, from dvaSeiv, to tie up, to 
 wreathe.] A garland or fillet ; a chaplet or wreath. 
 
 JLn'a-di-plo'sis, n. [Gr. dvaStTrXwcri?, from dva, again, 
 and 5t7rA.ouv, to double.] [Rhet.) A repetition of the last 
 
 word or words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning 
 of the next, with an adjunct idea. 
 
 An'ass-the'sis, n. [Gr. dv priv. and a'io-0Tjcris, feeling.] 
 (Med.) A state of insensibihty produced by the iuhaJ^- 
 tion of chloroform and other agents. 
 
 An'0es-th6t'i€, a. [Med.) (a.) Capable of rendering 
 insensible by being inhaled. (6.) Characterized by in- 
 sensibility. 
 
 An'aes-tligt'ie, n. {Med.) That which produces insen- 
 sibility, as chloroform, &c. 
 
 An'a-glyph, n. [Gr. dvaykv^ov., from dva., up, and 
 ykv^eiv, to engrave.] An embossed or chased ornament, 
 
 _ usually of metal and worked in relief, as a cameo. 
 
 An./a-glypli'i-e, I a. Pertaining to the art of chasing 
 
 An'a-glypli'i-e-al, ) or embossing in relief. 
 
 An'a-glyp'ti<;, a. [Gr. dvaykumo?. See ANAGLYPH.] 
 Relating to the art of carving, engraving, enchasing, or 
 embossing plate. 
 
 An/a-gog'i-e-al, a. [From Gr. dvayoiyq, from ctj/a, up, 
 and dymyri^ a leading, from aYei*-, to lead.] Mysterious ; 
 mystical ; spiritual. 
 
 Aii'a-gog'i-es, n. pi. Mystical interpretations, espe- 
 cially of the Scriptures. 
 
 An'a-gram, n. [Gr. dvaypafifjia, from avd, back, again, 
 and vpa/iA/u.a, letter.] A transposition of the letters of a 
 name, by which a new word is formed. Thus, astrono- 
 mers may be turned into moon-starers . 
 
 An/a-gram-mat'ie, a. Pertaining to, or making, an 
 
 Aii''a-gram'in.a-ti§m, n. Act or practice of making 
 
 An/a-grarn'ma-tist, n. A maker of anagrams. 
 
 An^a-grain'ma-tize, v. t. To transpose, as the letters 
 of a word, so as to foi-m an anagram. 
 
 An/a-granfi'iiaa-tize, v.i. To make anagrams. 
 
 A'nal, a. Belonging to or near the anus or opening at 
 the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. 
 
 Aja'a-l^-e'ti^;, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of 
 selections. 
 
 Aii'a-le<;ts, ) n. pi- [Gr. dvaXe/cTa, from dvd, up, and Ae- 
 
 An'a-le^'td, J yetv, to gather.] A collection of literary 
 fragments. 
 
 jLn'a-lem'md, n. [Gr. dvaXrj/oijaa, a support, or thing 
 supported, from dvaXaixpdvetv, to take up.] 1. ( Geom..) 
 A projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, 
 orthographicaUy made by straight lines, circles, and 
 ellipses, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, 
 and in the east or west point of the horizon, jj. An in- 
 strument of wood or brass, on which this projection of 
 the sphere is made, and having a horizon fitted to it. 3. 
 A tabular mark, usually in the shape of the figure 8, de- 
 picted across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial 
 globe, to notify the sun's declination on any day in the 
 year. 
 
 Aii'a-16p'ti<J, a. [Gr. dvaATjTrTt/cds, from dvakafjipivew, 
 to take up.] Corroborating ; invigorating ; giving 
 strength after disease. 
 
 An'a-lep'ti-e, n. Restorative medicine. 
 
 An'a-lo^'i-e-al, a. According to, or founded on, analogy. 
 
 An'a-lo^'i-e-al-ly, adv. By way of analogy. 
 
 An/a-16g'i-e-al-niess, n. Quality of being analogical. 
 
 A-nai'o-gigm, n. 1. An argument from cause to efl^ect 
 S. Investigation by analogy. 
 
 A-nai'o-gize, v. t. To explain or consider by analogy, 
 
 A-mai'o-gous, a. Having analogy ; correspondent. 
 
 An'a-logue, n. A thing analogous to some other thing. 
 
 A-nai'o-gy, n. 1. An agreement or likeness between 
 things in some circumstances or effects, when the things 
 are otherwise entirely different. 2. ( Geom..) Equality, 
 proportion, or similarity of ratios. 
 
 A-nai'y-sis, n. ; pi. a-nXl/Y-sE£. [Gr. dvoAvo-is, from 
 dvoAuetv, to unloose, from dva, again, and kveiu, to 
 loose.] 1, A resolution of any thing, whether an object 
 of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or 
 original elements ; — opposed to synthesis. 3. Hence ,(a.) 
 A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a continued 
 discourse, disposed in their natural order, {b.) A brief, 
 methodical illustration of the principles of a science, (c.)- 
 {Chem.) Separation of a compound by chemical proc- 
 esses into its constituents, {d.) {Logic.) The tracing 
 of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge 
 into its original principles, (e.) {Math.) The resolving 
 of problems by reducing them to equations. 
 
 An'a-lyst, n. One who analyzes any thing. 
 
 food, f dbt ; iiru, rude, puOl , ^ell, ^liaise, <;all, e«lio; ^em, get; ag; e^ist; linger, linli: ; tlils. 
 
ANALYTIC 
 
 26 
 
 ANDROIDES 
 
 a. Pertaining to 
 
 analysis ; resolr- 1 
 
 ■• HI 
 
 i 1. 
 
 Anamorphosis, 
 iewcd from a certain point, or by reflection from 
 
 An a-15-t'ic. 
 An'a-lyt'i*'-al 
 
 ing into component i.»iirt.s or first prin 
 ciplos : fond of analysis. 
 Aua-15-t'if-al-ly, adv. By way of 
 
 anal.y.^is : in an a'ualytical manner. 
 Aii'a-lyt'ifs, «. pi'. The science of 
 anah.*is. 
 
 An'a-lyz'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
 analyzed. 
 
 An'a-lyze, r. f. [imp. & p. p. ana- 
 lyzed: />.pr.&r6.n. ANALYZING 
 [See Analysis.] To separate into the 
 component part^ ; to resolve into first 
 principles or elements. 
 
 An'a-lyz'er, 7i. One who, or that 
 whioh* analyzes. 
 
 An'a-indr'jtho-sis, or An'a-tnor- 
 ptto'sts, n. [Gt. <iyo.tJ^6p4>(ocn?, from. 
 di'afiop4>ovi', to form anew.] 1, ( Persp.) 
 A (iistorted representation of an im- 
 age on a plane or curved surface, 
 which 
 
 a plane or curved mirror, appears regular and in pro- 
 portion. '2. (.Bor.) A morbid or monstrous development, 
 or change of form, or degeneration. 
 
 A-»a'uas,n. [^l&l&y. ndna^, ananaa.] The pine-apple, 
 
 Aii'a-pjest, 71. [Gr. dj-aTraicTTos, struck back, an ana- 
 p;est, i. e., a dactyl reversed, or as it were struck back ; 
 from dvairaieiv ., to strike back.] (Pros.) In Greek 
 and Latin versification, a foot consisting of three sylla- 
 bles, the first two short, the last long : as, de-t-tas. In' 
 English versification, a foot containing two unaccented j 
 syllables, followed by an accented one ; as, in-ter-vene' ; 
 — the reverse of the dactyl. \ 
 
 Aji'a-psest'i«, I a. Pertaining to an anapaest ; con- ] 
 
 Aii'a-psest'i<:-al, ) sisting of anapaests. i 
 
 J.-naph'o-rd, n. [Gr. dva.<^opa., fr. dva<f)epei.v, to carry up ' 
 or back.] ( RJiet. ) Repetition of a word or of words at the j 
 beginning of two or more successive clauses of a sentence. | 
 
 An'arcli, n. [Gr. ovapxos, without head or chief, from | 
 du priv. and «PX'?5 beginning.] The author of anarchy. } 
 
 A-nar-eli'ic, 1 a. Being without government ; law- 1 
 
 A-nar-eli'i€-al, ) less ; confused. \ 
 
 Aji'ar-eli-ist, 71. One who promotes disorder; an an- i 
 arch. ' 
 
 An'areh-y, n. 1. Want of govemment in society ; law- 
 lessness. ''2. Confusion. I 
 
 .Ati'a-sdr'.ed, n. [Gr. dvd, throughout, and trap^, gen. 
 o-op/cos, flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the cellular tissue. 
 
 An'a-sar-e'ouLS, a. Dropsical. 
 
 A-nSs'to-moge, ^•. i. [imp. & p. p. ANASTOMOSED ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ANASTOMOSING.] (Anat. & Bot.) To in- 
 o.sculate : to communicate with each other, as the arte- 
 ries and veins ; to unite as by anastomosis. 
 
 -i4.-nds'to-mo'.sis,n. ; pi. A-'SAS.'TO-yib'sf.^. [Gr. dva- 
 o-To/icixns, from dvatrro/jLOvv , to furnish with a mouth or 
 opening.] (Anat. & Bot.) Ino.sculation of vessels, or the 
 opening of one vessel into another, as an artery into 
 another artery*, or a vein into a vein. 
 
 A-ndfs'tro-plte , n. [Gr. dva<TTpoi^ri^ from dpatrrpe^cLv, 
 to turn back.] (Rhet.) An inversion of the natural or- 
 der of words ; as, echoed the hills, for the hills echoed. \ 
 
 A-natli'e-ma, n. ; pi. a-nath'e-mas. [Gr. dvdeefi.a, \ 
 any thing devoted, esp. to evil, di/a0Tj/Aa, a votive offering I 
 set up in temples, from uvaTiBevai, to dedicate, from dvd, ! 
 up, and TLdefai, to set.] 1. (Antiq.) An offering or! 
 present made to some deity, and hung up in a temple. I 
 "2. A ban or curse pronounced vnth religious solemnity 
 by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excom"- ' 
 munication. 3. Any person or thing anathematized. 
 
 A-n&th'e-in.a-ti-za'tion, n. Act of anathematizing. 
 
 Anath'e-ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anathema- 
 tized; p. pr. & vb. n. ANATHEMATIZING.] To de- 
 nounce with curses. 
 
 An'a-tSm'i-e, ) a. Belonging to anatomy or dissec- 
 
 An'a-t6m'i«-al, I tion. 
 
 Aii/a-t6m'i€-al-ly, adv. By means of dissection. 
 
 A-nat'o-mist, n. One who dissects bodies, or is skilled i 
 in anatomy. ; 
 
 A -nj%t'o-iiii-za'tion, n. The act of anatomizing. 
 
 A-nat'o-mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anatomized; p. > 
 TT. & vb. n. anatomizing.] 1. To dissect. 2. To i 
 lay open the interior etructure of; to analyze. 
 
 A-nat'o-my, n. [Gr. dvaro/u-jj, dissection, from dvd^ up, 
 and Te/aveii/, to cut.] 1. Art of dissection, ti. Science 
 of the structure of animal bodies. 3. Act of dividing 
 any thing, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpo.se of 
 examining its parts. 4. Any thing dissected, or hav- 
 ing the appearance of being so ; hence, a skeleton. 
 
 An'^es-tor, n. One from whom a person is descended 
 at any distance of time. 
 
 Syn. — Forefather; progenitor. 
 
 An-96s'tral, a. Relating to, or 
 descending from, ancestors. 
 
 An'fes-try, n. 1 . A series of an- 
 cestors or progenitors ; lineage. 
 3. Hence, birth or honorable de- 
 _ scent. 
 
 Ajicli'or, n. 1. An iron instru- Anchor, 
 
 ment for holding a vessel at rest °"'-,^*?'=^' *; ^,^"°*^' ''*' 
 in water ; any firm support. 2. ^''^''^' '^''' *""*' 
 Hence, any contrivance or instrument designed to hold 
 fast, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast. 
 ^3. (Fig.) That which gives stability or security. 
 
 Ajn-eli'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anchored : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. anchoring.] 1. (Kara.) To place at anchor. 3. 
 ^(Fig.) To fasten ; to fix in a stable condition. 
 
 A:n<;li'or, v. i. 1. To cast anchor ; to come to anchor. 
 J2. (Fig.) To stop ; to fix or rest. 
 
 Aii<;li'or-age, n. 1. A place where a ship can anchor. 
 
 '2. The anchor and aU necessary tackle for anchoring. 
 
 _3. A duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a harbor. 
 
 Aii<;li'oi'-ess, n. A female hermit. 
 
 Aij<;li'or-et, ) n. [Gr. dva^wpij-r^?. from dvaxi^p^iv, to 
 
 Ajucli'or-ite, ' retire, from dfa, up, back, and X'«'P€ii', 
 
 ^ to retire ; X'^po?) place.] A hermit : a recluse ; a monk. 
 
 An-eh'or-i^e, n. Ice fomied at the bottom of running 
 streams, and thus anchored to the ground; ground-ice. 
 
 An-clio'vy, n. [A word of Iberian origin, lit. a dried 
 or pickled fish, from Bisc. antzua, anchua, anchuva, dry.] 
 A small sea -fish of the herring familj'. 
 
 An'-ehy-lose, v. t. [Gr. dyKvAoo-ts, crookedness, dyicvKovv^ 
 to crook, stiffen.] [itnp. &p.p. ANCHYLOSED; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. anchylosing.] To unite or fix immovably ; 
 
 _to stiffen ; to make fast. 
 
 Axi'dent (an'shent), a. [L. Lat. antiamts, anteanus, from 
 l&t. antea, ante, hefoxe.] 1. Old; that happened or ex- 
 isted in former times, usually at a gieat distance of time. 
 2. Of great age ; advanced in years. 
 
 Syn.— Primitive; pristine; antiquated; obsolete.— A thing 
 is ancient when it is old; it is antiquated, antique, and obsolete, 
 when it is gone out of use or fashion. 
 
 An'cient, n. X. pi. Those who lived in former ages, as 
 opposed to the moderns. 2. pi. Tery old men ; hence, 
 governors. 3. The bearer of a flag; — now called an 
 
 _ensign. 
 
 An'cient-ly, adv. In old times ; formerly. 
 
 An'cient-ry, n. The honor of ancient lineage. 
 
 An'pil-la-ry, a. [Lat. ancillaris, from ancilla, a female 
 servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid. 
 
 An-pip'i-tal, a. [Lat. anceps, gen. ojic?)?/?;.^, two-headed, 
 double, from am., for amb, on both sides, and caput, 
 head.] (Bot.) Compressed, and forming two opposite 
 angles, as a stem of blue-grass. 
 
 An'-eo-ny, n. [Prob. from Gr. d-yjcwv, from its resem- 
 blance to the arm.] (Iron Works.) A piece of half- 
 wrought iron, in the shape of a bar in the middle, but 
 rude and unwrought at the ends. 
 
 And, conj. [A.-S.] A particle which expresses the relation 
 of addition. It may connect words merely, as, three and 
 four are seven ; or full sentences, as, the sixn shines, and 
 the air is mild. 
 
 An-dan'te, a. [It. p. pr. of andare, to go.] (Mus.) 
 Rather slow; less slow than largo, more slow than alle- 
 gretto, [tima 
 
 An~ddn'te, n. (Mus.) A movement or piece in andante 
 
 Andl-ron (-i-um), n. [A comipt. of brand-iron, or of 
 hand-iron, or of end-iron.] A utensU for supporting 
 wood in a fire-place ; a fire-dog. 
 
 An-drog'y-nal, ) a- rLat. androgyiius, Gr. avbpoyv- 
 
 Aji-drog'y-nous, ' »'o?i fr- <i>^Pj a.vBp6<;, man, and yvvr), 
 woman.] 1. Having both sexes ; hermaphroditical. 
 2. Hence, having the mental characteristics of both 
 sexes. 
 
 An'droid, ) n. [Gr. dviyp, ctvSpds, man, and et5o?, 
 
 A.n-droi'dei, f form.] A machine in the human form, 
 
 &,G,&ic.,lrjng; &,6,8ic.,short; c^re, far, ask, aU, what; 6re, veU.term; pique, firm: sdii,dr,d«,W9l£ 
 
ANECDOTAL 
 
 27 
 
 ANGULARLY 
 
 which, by certain contrivances, performs some of the 
 natural motions of a living man. 
 
 An'e^-do'tal, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. 
 
 An'ec-dote, «. [Gr. di/e/c6oTos, not published, from dv 
 priv. and e/cSoros, given out, from e/cSiSoi/ai, to give out, 
 to publish.] A particular or detached incident or fact 
 of an interesting nature ; a biographical incident. 
 Syn. — Story ; tale ; memoir. 
 
 An'e-e-dot'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. 
 
 An'e-mog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. aveixos, wind, and vP««/>^, 
 description.] A description of the winds. 
 
 An'e-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr ave/u.os, wind, A-o-yos, discourse.] 
 The doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the subject. 
 
 An'e-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. ave/Ao?, wind, and ^eVpov, 
 measure.] An instrument or machine for measuring the 
 force and velocity of the wind. 
 
 An'e-monn'e-try, n. Measurement of the force and 
 velocity of wind, by means of an anemometer. 
 
 A-nem'o-ne, n. [Gr. dvefjLdJvrf^ from ave/ios, wind, — 
 because easily stripped of its leaves by the wind.] (Bot.) 
 A genus of plants of the crowfoot family ; wind-flower. 
 
 A-nein.'o-s«ope, n. [Gr. ai/e/itos, wind, and aiconelv, 
 to view.] A weather-cock ; — usually applied to con- 
 trivances for bringing down the indications of a wind- 
 vane to a dial below, for accuracy and ease of inspection. 
 
 An'e-roid, a. [Gr. d priv., vijpos, wet, moist, and elSos, 
 form.] Dispensing with the use of quicksilver, as a 
 kind of portable barometer, shaped like a watch. 
 
 An'e-roid, n. A portable barometer, shaped like a 
 watch, which dispenses with the use of quicksilver. 
 
 An'eii-rigm, n. [Gr. dvcvpya-fj-a^ a widening, an open- 
 ing, from (iveupuveiv, to widen.] [Anat.) A soft, pul- 
 sating tumor, arising from the preternatural dilatation 
 or rupture of the coats of an artery. 
 
 A-new' (a-nu^), adv. Newly ; over again ; afresh. 
 
 An.-fra,€t'ii-6s'i-ty, n. State of being anfractuous, or 
 full of windings and turnings. 
 
 An-fra-et'ii-oiis, a. [Lat. anfractus,& turning, a wind- 
 ing, from an, for amb, a,ndfrangere, to break, p. -p./rac- 
 
 _tus, broken.] Winding ; full of windings and turnings. 
 
 Aii'gel, n. [Gr. ayyeXo?^ messenger, from dyyeWeiv, 
 to bear a message.] 1. A messenger. [Rare.] 2. A 
 spirit, or a spiritual being, employed by God to commu- 
 nicate his mil to man ; a ministering spirit. 3. An evil 
 spirit. 4. 1 An ancient gold coin of England, worth about 
 
 _ten shilhngs, and bearing the figure of an angel. 
 
 An'gel, a. Resembling, or belonging to, angels, or par- 
 
 _ taking of their nature or dignity. 
 
 An'gel-et, n. A small gold coin formerly current in 
 
 _ England; a half-angel. 
 
 An'gel-fisli, n. A species of 
 shark, taking its name from 
 its pectoral fins, which are 
 very large, and extend hori- 
 zontally, hke wings when, 
 spread. 
 
 Aii-^el'i*, I a. Belonging 
 
 Aii-gel'i«-al, j to, orresem- Angel-fish, 
 
 bling, angels. 
 
 Aii-^el'i«-al-ly, adv. Like an angel. 
 
 Au-gel'i<;-al-iiess, n. QuaUty of being angelic. 
 
 An'gel-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ayyeAp? and A.670S, discourse.] 
 A discourse on angels, or the doctrine of angeUc beings. 
 
 An'ger (82), n. [From Lat. awg-or, strangling.] 1. Pain 
 of a sore or sweUing. [Obs.] 3. A strong passion or 
 emotion of the mind excited by a real or supposed injury 
 to, or intent to injure, one's self or others. 
 
 Syn. — Indignation ; resentment; wrath; fury; rage. — ^»i- 
 tfer IS a stronger term than resentment, but not so strong as in- 
 dignation, which is awakened by what is flagitious in character 
 or conduct; nor as wrath,. fury, rage, in which anger is wrought 
 up to a still higher point in the order of these words. 
 
 Aii'ger (ang/ger), v. t. [imp. & p. p. angered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. ANGERING.] 1. To cause to smart. [Obs.] 
 2. To excite to anger ; to rouse to resentment. 
 Syn. — To provoke ; vex; displease; fret. 
 An-gl'nd, n. [Lat.] Inflammation of the throat. 
 Angina pectoris, a distressing aflFection of the chest. 
 
 Aii'gi-5g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and ypaif>Vi 
 description.] {Med.) A description of the vessels in the 
 human body. , 
 
 An/gi-61'o-^y, n. [Gr. dy-yetot', vessel, and Aoyos, dis- 
 
 course-l (Med.) A treatise or discourse on the vessels of 
 the human body. 
 
 An'gi-dt'o-iny, n. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and to/u,^ cut- 
 ting.] (Anat.) A dissection of the vessels of the body. 
 
 Aii'gle(ang/gl),»i. [Lat. ang-M- 
 lus, from Gr. dyKvkog.^ bent, 
 crooked, angular ; ayKos, a 
 bend or hollow.] 1. A corner. 
 
 2. (Geom.) The difference of ^ 
 direction of two Unes in the ^""^ 
 same plane that meet in a point, 
 or that would meet if sufficiently c a E, right angle ; C AD, 
 extended ; or the difference of acute angle ; B A E, ob- 
 direction of two planes intersect- tuse angle. 
 
 ing, or tending to intersect, each other. 3. Fishing 
 tackle ; a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod. 
 
 Angle of incidence {Opt.), the angle which a ray of liglit 
 makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any 
 medium on which it tsAU. — Angle of refraction, the angle 
 which a ray of light refracted makes with a perpendicular to 
 that point of the surface of the refracting medium on which it 
 falls. — A right angle, one formed by a right line falling on 
 another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90°, making the quar- 
 ter of a circle. — An obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, 
 or more than 90°. — An acute angle, one less than a right an- 
 gle, or less than -90°. — A rectilineal or right-lined angle, one 
 formed by two right lines. — A curvilinear angle, one formed 
 by two curved lines. — A mixed angle, one formed by a right 
 Une with a curved line. — Adjacent or contiguous angles, such 
 as have one leg common to both angles, and are together equal 
 to two right angles. — External angles, angles of any right-lined 
 figure without it, when the sides are produced or lengthened. 
 — Internal angles, those which are within any right-lined fig- 
 ure. — Oblique angles, angles that are either acute or obtuse, 
 in opposition to right angles. — A solid angle, the angle pro- 
 duced by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one 
 point. — A spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two 
 arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the 
 surface of the globe or sphere. -*- Visual angle, the angle formed 
 by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the ex- 
 treme points of an object to the center of the eye. 
 
 An'gle (ang/gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ANGLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ANGLING.] 1. To fish with Une and hook. 3. 
 Hence, to use some bait or artifice ; to intrigue. 
 
 A:a'gle-bar, \n. A rolled bar of iron of an angular 
 
 An'gle--i-ronL, j shape, for the edges of iron safes, &c. ; 
 
 ^ or to connect the side-plates of iron boUers, &c. 
 
 An'gler, n. 1. One who fishes with a hook. 3. (Ichth.) 
 A kind of fish ; — called also Jishing-frog. 
 
 An'gli-ean, a. [From Lat. Angli, the Angles, a Ger- 
 manic tribe in Lower Germany.] English ; pertaining to 
 
 ^ England or the English nation. 
 
 An'gli-ean, n. A member of the church of England. 
 
 An'gli-ean-igin, n. 1. Attachment to England or 
 
 EngUsh institutions ; especially, strong partiahty to the 
 
 principles and rites of the EngUsh church. 3. The prin- 
 
 _ciples of the estabUshed church in England. [ner. 
 
 A.n'ffli-g^, adv. [Lat.] In EngUsh ; in the English man- 
 
 An'gli-figm, n. An English idiom or expression. 
 
 An'gli-fize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anglicized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ANGLICIZING.] To render conformable to the 
 
 _ English idiom, or to EngUsh analogies. 
 
 An'glo-. [From N. Lat. Anglus, EngUsh.] A prefix 
 meaning the same as English ; — used in composition. 
 
 Anglo-American, a descendant from EngUsli ancestors, horn 
 in America, or the United States, or pertaining to the descend- 
 ants of Englishmen in America. — Anglo-mania, an excessive 
 or undue attachment to, or reverence for, England or English 
 institutions. — Anglo-Norman, pertaining to the English Nor- 
 mans, or an English '^orvafm.— Anglo-Saxon, pertaining to 
 the Saxons who settled in England; also, an EngUsh Saxon, 
 or the language of the English Saxons. 
 
 An'gor, n. Intense bodily pain. 
 
 Aii'gri-ly, adv. In an angry manner. 
 
 An'gry, a. [See Anger.] 1. Inflamed, as a sore. 3. 
 Touched with anger. 3. Showing anger. 4. Stimu- 
 lated ; roused; vigorous. 
 
 Syn. — Passionate; resentful; irritated; indignant; pro- 
 voked; hot; raging; furious; tumultuous; wrathful; choleric, 
 inflamed; infuriated. 
 
 An-guil'li-fdrm,, a. [Lat. anguilla, eel, and forj7ia, 
 
 _form.] In the form of an eel ; resembUng an eel. 
 
 An'guisli, n. [Lat. angustia, from angustus, narrow, 
 difficult, from a7igere, to press together.] Extreme pain, 
 either of body or mind. 
 Syn. — Agony; torture; torment; grief; pang; throe. 
 
 An'gu-lar, a. 1. Having an angle or angles; pointed. 
 
 3. Consisting of an angle ; forming an angle. 3. (Fig.\ 
 Sharp and stiff in character. 
 
 An'gii-iar'i-ty, n. The quaUtv of being angular. 
 Aii'gii-lar-ly, adv. With angl«3 ; in the direction of 
 the angles. 
 
 food, fobt ; Urn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; liijger, link; ; tiii* 
 
ANGULARNESS 
 
 28 
 
 ANNUITY 
 
 Aij'Bii-lar-ness, n. Quality of being angular. 
 
 An'su-lal-ed ikng'gu-), a. Formed with angles. 
 
 All iit>-la'tion, >i. [Lat. anJulatio, from aiihelare, to 
 breathe with groat difficulty.] Shortness of breath ; dif- 
 ficult respiration. 
 
 Au-liy'droiis, a. [Gr. avvSpos, wanting water, from dv 
 priv. and v&uip, water.] Destitute of wat<»r. 
 
 AjA'il, n. [At. an-nil, for al-nil, the indigo-plant, from 
 Skr. ntla, dark-blue, indigo, iiili, indigo-plant.] {Bot.) 
 A shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made. 
 
 Aii'De, a. [Lat. anilis, from anus, old woman.] Old- 
 womanish ; imbecile. 
 
 A-nil'i-ty, \n. State of bemg an old woman ; old age 
 
 Anile-iiess, J of a woman ; dotage. 
 
 Aii'i-mad-ver'sion, n. Remarks by way of criticism, 
 censure, or ix'proof. 
 SjTi.— Strictures; comment; blame. 
 
 An'i-mad-ver'sive, a. Having the power of perceiving. 
 
 An'i-mad-vert' (14), v. i. [wip. & p. p. animad- 
 verted ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. ANIMADVERTING.] [Lat. 
 anitnadvertere, from animus, mind, and advertere, to 
 turn to, from ad, to, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn 
 the mind with intent to notice. 2. To consider or re- 
 mark by way of criticism or censure. 
 Syn. — To remark; comment. 
 
 An/i-mad-vert'er, n. One who animadverts. 
 
 An'i-mal, n. [Lat., fr. a^iima, breath, soul, animus, 
 soul, mind ; Gr. ave/xos, wind, Skr. an, to breathe, live.] 
 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and 
 the power of voluntary motion. 3. An irrational being, 
 as distinguished from man. 
 
 An'i-mal, a. 1. Of, or relatmg to, animals. 3. Pertaining 
 to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished 
 from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part. 3. 
 Consisting of the flesh of animals. 
 
 iS/l-mlrJSlJll^e, } - ^-*^^S *« animalcules. 
 
 An'l-mai'-eiile, n. [Dim. of animal, q. v.] A little 
 animal, especially one that is invisible, or nearly so, to 
 the naked eye. [animalcules. 
 
 An'i-iiiai'-eu-list, n. One versed in the knowledge of 
 
 JLn'i-mdV-eu-lum, n. ; pi. an'i-mal'gu-la. [See AN- 
 IMALCULE.] An animalcule. 
 
 G^ Animalcidse, as if from a Lat. singular animalcula, is a 
 gross barbarism. 
 
 An'i-mal-flow'er, n. A name applied to several species 
 of zoophytes . [ness . 
 
 An'i-inal-igin, n. The state of mere animals ; brutish- 
 
 An-i-raai'i-ty, n. The state of animal existence. 
 
 An'i-mal-i-za'tion, n. The act of giving animal life, 
 or of converting into animal matter. 
 
 An'i-raal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. animalized ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ANIMALIZIN&.] 1. To give animal life or 
 properties to. 2. To convert into animal matter by the 
 processes of assimilation. 3. To render or regard as 
 merely _animal or sentient. 
 
 Au'l-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. animated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ANIMATING.] [Lat. animare, from anim.a, breath, 
 soul.] 1. To give natural life to. 3. To give powers to, 
 or to heighten the powers or effect of. 3. To give spirit 
 or vigor to. 
 
 Syn. — To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; 
 instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken ; glad- 
 den. 
 
 An.'i-mate, a. Alive ; possessing animal life. 
 
 Aii'i-in.at-ed,7?. a. 1. Endowed with animal life. 3. 
 Full of^ife ; enlivened ; spirited ; lively. [animated. 
 
 Au^i-ma'tiou, n. Act of animating, or state of being 
 Syn. — Vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; sprightliness ; liveli- 
 ness; promptness. 
 
 An'i-mSs'i-ty, n. [Lat. anim,ositas.] Violent hatred 
 
 leading to active opposition ; active enmity. 
 
 S3m. — Rancor; malevolence; malignity; rage; wrath. 
 An'-irtnus^n. [Lat., mind.] Intention; purpose; spirit; 
 
 temper. 
 An'ise, n. [Gr. aviaov, avrjBov, At. anistin,janisun.] A 
 
 plant bearing aromatic seeds. 
 Ank'er (82), n. [D.] A Dutch liquid measure, formerly 
 
 used in England, and containing ten wine gallons. 
 Anltle, n. [A.-S. ancleow, dim. of anke, bent, neck.] 
 
 The joint which connects the foot with the leg. 
 An'la^e (45), n. [Either from Lat. anellus, annulus, ring 
 
 (as hanging from one attached to the hilt), or from 0. 
 
 H. Ger. laz, Lat. latus, side.] A short dagger worn in 
 An'iial-ist, n. A writer of annals. [the 14th century. 
 
 An'nalg, n. pi. [Lat. annalis (sc. liber), from annus, 
 year.] 1. A history of events in chronological order, 
 each event being recorded under the year in which it 
 happened ; also the title of such a history. 3. A series 
 of historical events. 3. An annual pubUcation, contain- 
 ing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, &c. 
 
 Axi'imts, n. pi. [From Lat. awnws, year.] {Eng. Eccl. 
 Law.) The first year's whole profits of a spiritual pre- 
 ferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope, but in 
 the reign of Henry VIII. transfen-ed to the crown ; first- 
 fruits. 
 
 An-neal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. annealed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ANNEALING.] [A.-S. anselan, onaslan, to kindle, to 
 inflame, from the prefix an, on, aiid selan, to kindle.] 1. 
 To heat nearly to fluidity, and then cool slowly, for the 
 purpose of rendering less brittle. 3. To heat, as glass or 
 tiles, in order to fix colors. 
 
 An-ngx', V. t. [imp. & p. p. annexed (an-neksf); 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ANNEXING.] [Lat. annectere, annexutn, 
 to tie or bind to, from ad, to, and nectere, to tie, to 
 fasten together.] 1. To unite at the end; to subjoin; 
 to affix. 3. To add, as a smaller thing to a greater. 3. 
 
 ^ To connect, especially as a consequence. 
 
 An'nex-a'tion, I n. 1. Act of annexing, uniting, or 
 
 An-nex'ion, j connecting; addition, union. 3. 
 (Law.) Union of property with a freehold so as to be- 
 come a fixture. 
 
 An-nex'ment, n. 1. The act of annexing, or the state 
 of being annexed. 3. The thing annexed. 
 
 An-ni'lii-la-lble, a. Capable of being annihilated. 
 
 An-ni'hi-Iate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. annihilated ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ANNIHILATING.] [Lat. annihilare, from 
 ad andnihilum., nihil, nothing.] 1. To reduce to noth- 
 ing ; to cause to cease to be. 3. To destroy the form or 
 peculiar distinctive properties of. 
 
 An-ni'lii-Ia'tioii, n. Act of reducing to nothing, or 
 state of being reduced to nothing ; destruction. 
 
 An'iii-ver'sa-ry (14), a. Returning with the year, at a 
 
 _ stated time. [each year. 
 
 An^'ni-ver'sa-ry, n. A day celebrated as it returns 
 
 Aii-ii6m''i-iia'tioii, n. [Lat. annominatio, from ad 
 and nomen, a name.] 1, A pun ; a paronomasia. 3. 
 Alliteration. 
 
 A.n-n6'nd, n. [Lat., from annus, year.] A years pro- 
 
 _ duction or increase ; hence, provisions for a year's use. 
 
 An'no-tate , v. i. [Lat. annotare, from ad and notare, 
 to mark, from tiota, mark.] To make annotations, com- 
 
 ^ments, or remarks. 
 
 An'no-ta'tion, n. A remark, note, or commentary on 
 some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its mean- 
 ing ; — generally used in the plural. 
 
 An'no-ta'tor, n. A writer of notes ; a commentator. 
 
 An-not'to, n. A species of red or yellowish-red dyeing 
 material, prepared from the seeds of a tropical tree. 
 
 An-noun^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. announced ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ANNOUNCING.] [Lat. annunciare, from, ad and 
 nunciare, to report, from nuncius, messenger.] To give 
 public notice, or first notice of; to make known. 
 
 Syn. — To proclaim; publish; advertise. — To i^tifcZwA is to 
 make publicly known; to announce is to make known for 
 the first time; to proclaim (Uteralhj, to cry aloud) is to give the 
 widest publicity ; to advertise is to make known through the 
 public prints. 
 
 An-noun^e'ment, n. Act of announcing or giving 
 pubUc notice ; proclamation ; declaration. 
 
 An-nounf 'er, n. One who, or that which, announces. 
 
 An-noy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNOYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ANNOYING.] [Fr. ennuyer, 0. Fr. anoier, from Lat. in 
 odio, in hatred.] To injure or disturb by continued or 
 repeated acts. 
 
 Syn.— To incommode; vex; distiub; pester; molest; teas*; 
 bore; bother; plague. 
 
 An-noy', n. Annoyance. [Poetical.'] 
 
 An-noy 'an^e, n. 1. Act of annoying, or the state of 
 being annoyed. 3. That which annoys. 
 Syn. — Vexation ; disturbance ; injury ; bore. 
 
 An-noy'er, n. One who annoys or disturbs. 
 
 An'nu-al (an'yij-al), a. 1. Returning or happening 
 every year ; yearly. 3. Performed in a year ; reckoned 
 by the year. 3 . Lasting or continuing only one year or 
 
 An'nu-al , n. 1 . A thing happening or returning yearly ; 
 
 — especially, a literary work published once a year. 3. 
 
 A thing, especially a plant, that lasts or lives but one 
 
 year or season. 
 An'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by year. 
 An-nu'i-tant, n. A person who has an annuity. 
 An-nii'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. ann«t«a5, from annus, year.] A 
 
 a, e,&c., ioTig-; a, fi, &c., short; c4re, far, ask, all, wliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wglf, 
 
ANNUL 
 
 29 
 
 ANTECEDENCY 
 
 sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given 
 number of yeays, for life, or forever. 
 
 An-nul', V. t. [imp. & p. p. annulled ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ANNULLING.] [Low Lat. annullare, from Lat. ad, to, 
 and nullum, nothing.] To make void or of no effect ; — 
 used appropi'iately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of 
 courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, &c. 
 Syn. — To repeal; nullify; abolish; abrogate; revoke; can- 
 cel; set aside. 
 
 An'nu-lar, la. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form 
 
 An'nii-la-ry, ) of, a ring. '-J. Banded or marked with 
 ^circles, dots, &c. 
 
 JLn'nu-lat'ed, a. Having rings or belts. 
 
 An'nu-let, n. [From Lat. annulus, ring, with a dim. 
 termination.] 1. A little ring. 3, (Arch.) A small, 
 flat fillet, encircling a column, &c. 3. (Her.) A little 
 circle borne as a charge in coats of arms. 
 
 Aii-nu.l'meiit, n. The act of annulling. 
 
 Aii'nu-lose'', a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings. 
 
 Aii-nu'mer-ate (30), v. t. [Lat. annumerare, from ad 
 and num.erare, to number, from num,erus, number.] To 
 add to a number. 
 
 Aii-nu'mer-a'tion, n. Addition to a former number. 
 
 An-nun'ci-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. annun- 
 ciated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANNUNCIATING.] [Lat. an- 
 nunciare. See Announce.] To announce. 
 
 An-nun^ci-a'tioni (-shi-a'shun), n. 1, Act of an- 
 nouncing. 2. Name of a festival celebrated by the 
 church ( March 25th , ) in memory of the angel's announce- 
 ment, on that day, to the Virgin Mary, that she should 
 bear the Messiah. 
 
 An-nun'ci-a'tor (-shl-a'tur), n. One who, or that 
 which, announces ; specifically., a machine, connected by 
 wires with the rooms in a hotel , to ring a bell, and desig- 
 nate the number of the room from which it was rung. 
 
 An'o-dyne, n. Any medicine which allays pain, as an 
 opiate or narcotic. 
 
 An'o-dyne, a. [Gr. di/coSuvos, from Av priv. and oSui'tj, 
 pain.] Serving to assuage pain. 
 
 A-noiiit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ANOINTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ANOINTING.] [Lat. inungere, to anoint, from in 
 and Mng-i<ere, to smear.] 1. To pour oil upon ; to smear 
 or rub over with oil or unctuous substances ; also to 
 spread over, as oil. 2. To consecrate, by unction, or 
 the use of oil. 3. To smear or daub. 
 
 A-noint'ed, n. The Messiah. 
 
 A-noint'er, n. One who anoints. [being anointed. 
 
 A-noint'meiit, n. The act of anointing ; the state of 
 
 A-nom'a-ligm, n. A deviation from rule ; anomaly. 
 
 A-nom'a-list'ie, ) a. 1. Irregular ; departing from 
 
 A-nom^a-list'i-e-al, ) common or established rules. 
 2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the angular distance of a 
 planet from its periheUon. 
 
 A-nora'a-loiis, a. [Gr. dvw^taXo?, from av priv. and 
 6/xaA.6s, even, fi-om o^ds, same.] Deviating from a gen- 
 eral rule, method, or analogy ; abnormal ; irregular. 
 
 A-nom'a-loiis-ly, adv. Irregularly ; unequally. 
 
 A-n6m'a-ly, n. 1. Deviation from the common rule or 
 analogy; irregularity. 2. (Astron.) (a.) Angular dis- 
 tance of a planet fr-om its perihelion, as seen from the 
 sun. (b.) Angle measuring apparent irregularities in 
 the motion of a planet. 
 
 A-non', adv. [0. Eug. anoon, anon, onane, lit., in one 
 (moment).] 1. Quickly; unmediately. 2. At another 
 time ; again. 
 Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often. 
 
 A-iion'y-moiis, a. [Gr. dj/wvv|u.os, from dv priv. and 
 ovvfAtt, for ovofj-a, name.] Wanting a name ; without 
 the real name of the author ; nameless. 
 
 A-non'y-moiis-ly, adv. Without a name. 
 
 Aii-6tli'er, a. [From an, a. one, and other, q. v.] 1. 
 Not the same ; different. 2. One more, in addition to a 
 former number. 3. Any other ; any different person, 
 indefinitely ; any one else. 
 
 C@~This word is often used without a noun, becoming a 
 substitute for tlie name of a person or thing. It is also much 
 used in opposition to one. It is frequently used with one, in a 
 reciprocal sense; as, "love one another," that is, let one love 
 another. 
 
 A-not'ta, n. See Annotto. [ing a handle. 
 
 An'sat-ed, a. [Lat. ansafws, from ansa, a handle.] Hav- 
 
 An'ser-ine, a. [Lat. anserinus, from anser, a goose.] 
 
 ^Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or its skin. 
 
 An'swer (an'ser), v. t. [imp. & p. p. answered; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. ANSWERING.] [A.-S. andswarjan, from and, 
 
 against, and sivarjan, to affirm.] 1. To speak or write 
 
 in return to, as in retiirn to a call or question, or to a 
 
 speech, declaration, argument j &c. 2. In an intensive 
 use, to respond to satisfactorily ; to refute. 3. To be 
 or act in return to. Hence, (a.) To be or act in compli: 
 ance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, 
 obligation, demand, &c. (b.) To be or act in opposition 
 to. (c.) To be opposite to ; to face, (d.) To be or act in 
 accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to. 
 
 An'sAver (an'ser), v. i. 1. To make response. 2. To 
 make a satisfactory response ; hence, to be accountable, 
 liable, or responsible. 3. To be or act in return. Hence, 
 (a.) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, re- 
 ciprocation, or satisfaction, (b.) To be opposite, or to 
 act in opposition, (c.) To be or act as an equivalent, or 
 as adequate or sufficient, (d.) To be or act in conform- 
 ity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, rela- 
 
 ^ tion, or proportion ; to conform ; to suit. 
 
 An'swer (an'ser), n. 1, Something said or written in 
 return to a call, a questiori, an argument, an allegation, 
 an address, or the like. 2. Something done in return 
 for, or in consequence of, something else. 3. A solution, 
 the result of a mathematical operation. 
 
 An'swer-a-ble (an'ser-a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
 answered ; — usually implying that the answer may be 
 satisfactory. 2. Obliged to answer ; Uable to pay, in- 
 demnify, or make good ; amenable ; responsible. 3. 
 Correspondent ; conformable ; hence, comparable. 4, 
 Suitable ; suited ; proportionate. 5. Equal ; correspond- 
 
 ^ ent ; equivalent. [swerable. 
 
 An'swer-a-ble-ness (an'ser-), n. Quality of being an- 
 
 An'swer-a-bly (an'ser-), adv. Suitably ; agreeably. 
 
 An'swer-er (an'ser-), ip. One who answers or replies. 
 
 An't. A colloquial contraction of am not or are not ; as 
 in the phrases I anH, we anH, you a/vt, &c. He anH 
 either follows the analogy of the others, or is a corrup- 
 
 . tion of he is not. 
 
 Ant, n. [Standing for amt, and a contraction of Eng. 
 emmet.] An emmet ; a pismire. 
 
 Ant-a^'id, n. (Med.) A remedy for acidity of the stom- 
 ach, as an alkali or absorbent. 
 
 An-ta,g'o-ni§m, n. [From Gr. dvTayujvC^ea-Oai., to strug- 
 gle against, from dvri, against, and dyoSv, contest.] Op- 
 position of action ; counteraction or contrariety of thinga 
 or principles. 
 
 An-tag'o-nist, n. One who contends with another, es- 
 pecially in combat. 
 
 Syn. — Enemy; adversary; opponent; foe. 
 
 An-tag/o-msfi*, a. Opposing; acting in opposition. 
 
 An-tag'o-nize, v. i. To act in opposition ; to contend. 
 
 An-tai'gi«, a. [Gr. di'Tt, against, and aA-yos, pain.] Al. 
 leviating pain. 
 
 An-tan'a-ela'sis, n. [Gr. avTava/cAacri?, from avTi, 
 against, and dva/cAao-is, a bending back and breaking.] 
 (Rhet.) (a.) A play upon words ; as, whilst we live, let 
 us live, (b.) A repetition of words, beginning a sentence, 
 after a parenthesis. 
 
 Ant'apli-ro-di§'i-a<J, a. [From Gr. d-vri, against, and 
 d(/)poSio-iaKd?, belonging to venery, from 'A<|)po6tT>j, the 
 goddess of love, Yenus.] (Med.) Having the quality of 
 
 ^ extinguishing or lessening venereal desire ; antivenereal. 
 
 Ant'apli-ro-di§'i-a<;, n. A medicine that lessens or 
 ^extinguishes the venereal appetite. 
 
 Ant'aph-i'O-dit'i-e, a. Abating the venereal appetite, 
 ^ or efficacious against the venereal disease ; antivenereal. 
 
 Ant'aph-ro-dit'i-e , n. A medicine which abates the 
 venereal appetite, or is good against the venereal disease, 
 
 Ant-ar-e'ti-e, a. [Gr. avrapKri/cd?, from dvTt, against^ 
 opposite, and apKTo<;, bear.] Opposite to the northern or 
 arctic pole ; relating to the southern pole or to the region 
 near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from 
 the pole 23° 28'. 
 
 Ant' ar-tlirit'i-e , a . 
 [Gr. dvTi, against, and 
 dp9pLTt<; (sc. v6(ros), 
 gout.] Coimteracting 
 
 _ the gout. 
 
 Ant'ar-tlirit'i« , n . 
 A remedy against the 
 . gout. 
 
 Ant'-be^r, 1 n. An 
 
 Ant'-eat-er, j ani- 
 mal that feeds upon 
 
 _ants. 
 
 An/te-ped'en9e, ) 
 
 An'te-fed'en-^y, ) 
 
 n. Act or state of preceding in 
 time ; precedence. 
 
 iood, fdbt ; -QxTO., rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem., get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tills- 
 
 L 
 
ANTECEDENT 
 
 30 
 
 ANTICONTAGIOUS 
 
 Antelope. 
 
 An'tf^cd'ent, n. [Lat. attireedenf, p. pT. c^nnUefdrre, 
 ft-, •in/r. U»fi.w\«, and crderr, to fio.l Goiuj: before in time. 
 
 »J\n. " •■ '--:-- cv'ww^. — AntecftUiit 
 
 •it ; I'oirgoing, ;>rf- 
 
 11;; opjiosed to siilisi'- 
 
 > >iioc it thew is coni- 
 
 IHtllU'll. :l>. :l i ■ : - i l;iim. 
 
 Anto-^ed'«»nt, H. 1. That which goes before in time. 
 *-t. ;J. The twrlier events of one's life. 3. { Gram.) The 
 noun to which a i\>latiw retei-s. 4. (Loiric.) {a.) The 
 first of two pro^H)sitious in an enthyuieuic. (b.) The firet 
 and conditional jwrt of a conditioual or hypothetical 
 prviHVJition. 5. (Math.) The tirst of two tenns of a 
 ratio, or that which is compared with the other. 
 
 An tt'-vod'ent-ly, adv. Before in time; previously. 
 
 An t»»-vt^s'sor, n. 1. One who goes before; a leader. 
 'i. (hu- who posst'ssed land before the present possessor. 
 
 An'te-cliani'ber, n. A chamber leading to the chief 
 ajwrtuu-nt. 
 
 An'to-cliftp'cl, n. The part of the chapel through 
 wliich i< the {^vuisage to the choir or the body of it. 
 
 Au'te-«'ftr'sor, >i. A forerunner. 
 
 An't«'-date, »i. A date before the true time. 
 
 Au't«'-<late. V. I. [imp. and p. p. ANTEDATED ; p. pr. 
 Si vb. n. ANTEDATING.] [From a?j«p, before, and date.] 
 1. To dato liefore the true time. SJ. To anticipate ; to 
 take before the true time. 
 
 An'te-di-lii'vl-an, a. Before the deluge ; pertaining to 
 the times before the flood. 
 
 An'te-di-lu'\-i-an, 71. One who 
 lived before the flood. 
 
 An'te-lope, n. [Gr. a»'5aAoi^.] 
 One of a group of ruminant 
 quadrupetls , intermediate between 
 the deer and goat. 
 
 An'te-lu't-an, a. [Lat. antelu- 
 canus, from ow^f, before, and lux, 
 light.] Being before light; — a 
 word appUed to assemblies of 
 Christians, in ancient times of 
 persecution, held before light in 
 the morning. 
 
 An'te-me-rid^i-an, a. Being before noon. 
 
 An'te-mun'dane, a. Being before the creation of the 
 world. 
 
 An-ten'nd n. ; pi. an-ten'nje. 
 [Lat. antenna, sail-jard.] (Zool.) 
 A movable, articulated organ of sen- 
 sation, attached to the heads of in- 
 sect* and cru.xtacea. 
 
 An'te-nup'tial(-nup'shal), a. Be- 
 ing before marriage. a a, Antennae. 
 
 An'te-pfts'*;lial (-p^'kal), a. Being before Easter. 
 
 An'te-past, n. [Lat. ante, before, and pastus, pasture, 
 food , from ^a.'icere , pactum , to pasture , feed . ] A foretaste . 
 
 An'te-pe-nult', ) n. [Lat. antepasnultimus , from 
 
 An'te-jte-nxiJt'i-md, ] ante, before, jiasne, almost, and 
 nltimua, last.] ( Pros. ) The last syUable but two of a word. 
 
 An'te-pe-nult'i-mate, a. Of 'the last syllable but two. 
 
 An'te-pe-nult'i-mate, n. The third syllable from the 
 end of a word ; the antepenult. 
 
 An-te'ri-or, a. [Lat., compar. of ante, before.] 1. Be- 
 fore in time ; prior ; antecedent. 2. Before in place. 
 
 8yn.— Antt'cedent; previous; precedent; preceding; for- 
 mer; foreiroing. — Anterior is opposed to, and implies posterior ; 
 the other words are opposed to gufj.serjuent. 
 
 An-te'rl-5r'!-ty, n. State of being anterior ; precedence. 
 
 An'te-room, n. A room forming the passage to another. 
 
 Aja'thel-niin'ti<;, a. [Gr. afxi, against, and eKfjuvg, 
 -ii-eos, worm.] {Med.) Destroying or expelling worms. 
 [Written also antlitlminthic .] 
 
 An'thel-nxin'ti«, n. A medicine which destroys or ex- 
 pels worms ; a vermifuge. 
 
 An'thc'Di, n. [Gr. di/TL<p<ovaL, antiphon,or anthem, from 
 atn-i, against, and <^a>i/J7, sound, voice.] Formerly, a 
 hymn sung inalt<;mate parts, but, in present usage, any 
 church music adapted to passages from the Scriptures ; a 
 motet. 
 
 An'tlier, n. [Gr. a»'flrjp6s, -a, flowery, from 
 'tyBtlv^ U, bkK)m, ar^os, flower.] (Bot.) That 
 j<art of the stamen containing the pollen, or 
 f<frtiUzing dust, which, when mature, is emitted 
 for the impregnation of the ovary. 
 
 Aji'th4fr-al,a. Pertaining to anthers. 
 
 AjQ'th«;r-if' er-ou8,a. [From anther, and I^t. 
 
 /■f)'^, to bear.] Producing anthers. a Anther 
 
 An'tho-16g'i«-al, a. Consisting of beautiful extracts 
 from different authors, especially the poets. 
 
 An-tliftl'o-gy, n. [Gr. dveoXoyLa, from a.v6o<:, flower, 
 and Aeyen', to gather.] 1. A discourse on flowers. 2. 
 A collection of flowers ; a garland. 3. A collection of 
 beautiful passages from authors. 
 
 Aii'tlio-ny'g Fire (Sn'to-niz), n. The erysipelas. 
 
 An'tlxra-?ite, n. [Gr. dvepaKiTTjs, from av9pa^^ coal or 
 charcoal.] A hard, compact variety of mineral coal. 
 
 An'tlira-fit'i«, a. Pertaining to anthracite. 
 
 An'tliro-pSg'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. avOpuinot, man, and 
 ypai^-n, description.] That branch of physical geography 
 which treats of the actual distribution of the human race, 
 as distinguished by physical character, language, institu- 
 tions, and customs. 
 
 An'tliro-poid, a. [Gr. avepoivo?, man, and elSos, ap- 
 pearance.] Resembling man. 
 
 An'tliro-po-log'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to anthropolog) ; 
 according to human manner of speaking. 
 
 An'tliro-pol'o-gy, 7i. [Gr. av0pw7ros, man, and Aoyo?, 
 discourse.] 1. The natural histor}"^ of the human species. 
 "2, The science of man, considered in his entire nature. 
 
 An'tliro-po-mdr'plii-e, a. Pertaining to anthropo- 
 morphism. 
 
 An'tliro-po-m6r'plii§m, n. [Gr. dvOpoiiroftop^o^, of 
 hrunan form, fr. avOptairo? man, and tJ^op<\>ri, form.] Rep- 
 resentation of the Deity as having a human form, or at- 
 tributes. 
 
 An^tliro-po-m6r-pliite , n. One who believes that the 
 Supreme Being exists in a human form. 
 
 An'£hro-po-m6r'plious, a. Having the figure of, or 
 resemblance to, a man. 
 
 An'tliro-po-pa.tli'i-e-al. a. Subject to hinnan passion.s. 
 
 Ali'tliro-pop'a-tlligm, l n. [Gr. avOpfa-irondOeia, from 
 
 Aoi'tliX'O-pop'a-tliy, ' afOpmno?, man, and 7ra0o?, 
 affection, passion.] Ascription of human passions to the 
 Supreme Being. 
 
 A.fi'thro-p6ph'a-gt, n. pi. [Gr. dvOpmiro^ayo^, eating 
 men, from apOputnog, man, and <i>ayelv, to eat.] Man- 
 
 ^ eaters ; cannibals. 
 
 An'tliro-popli'a-gy, n. The eating of human fleeh, 
 or the practice of eating it ; cannibalism. 
 
 An'ti-ap'id. See Antacid. 
 
 An'ti-e, a. [Derived from antique, in allusion to the gro- 
 tesque figui-es of antiques.] Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic ; lu- 
 
 ^ dicrously wild. 
 
 An'ti*, n. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew. 3. Odd ap 
 
 ^ pearance or device. 
 
 An'ti-ehrist, n. A great adversary of Christ ; the man 
 
 ^ of sin, described 1 John ii. 18. [tianitv. 
 
 Axi'ti-elxris'tian (-krist'yan), n. An opposer of Chris- 
 
 An/ti-ehris'tian, a. Opposing Christianity. 
 
 An-tif'i-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anticipated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ANTICIPATING.] [Lat. anticipare, from 
 ante, before, and caper e, to take.] 1. To take or do 
 before another, so as to prevent him. 2. To take up 
 beforehand, or before the proper time. 3. To foretaste 
 or foresee. 
 
 Syn. — Expect.— Expect is stronger than anticipate. "We 
 may anticipate difficulties when we do not really expect them. 
 
 An-ti9'i-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of anticipating. 3. Pre- 
 vious view or impression of what is to happen afterward. 
 3. Preconceived opinion, produced in the mind before 
 the truth is known. 4. ( P/i?7. ) A conception generalized 
 from experience and used to suggest the future. 5. 
 (Mus.) The beginning of one or more tones of a chord 
 with or during the chord preceding, forming a momen- 
 tary discord. 
 
 Syn. — Preoccupation ; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation; 
 
 antenast; pregustation; preconception; expectation; foresight; 
 
 forethought. 
 
 An-tif 'i-pa'tive, a. Anticipating ; or containing antici- 
 pation. 
 
 Aii-ti^'i-pa'tor, n. One vrho anticipates. 
 
 An-tif'i-pa-to-ry (50), a. Taking before time. 
 
 An'ti-eli'max, n. A sentence or expression in which 
 the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at 
 the close ; — the opposite of climax. 
 
 An'ti-cli'nal, a. [Gr. avrt, against, opposite, and KA.tVen', 
 to incline.] Marking inchnation in opposite directions. 
 
 An'ti-eirnal, n. The crest-line from which strata dip 
 in opposite directions, often called the anticlinal axis- 
 
 An'ti-e-ly, adv. In an antic manner. 
 
 An/ti-«on-ta'gioiis, a. Opposing contagion. 
 
 a, e, &c., Ions; 4, 6, &c., short , cftre, far, aali, all, what ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dft, vv^^li, 
 
ANTICOSMETIC 
 
 31 
 
 ANY 
 
 An'ti-cog-mgt'i-e, a. Injurious to beauty. 
 
 An'ti-do'tal, a. EfBcacious against poison or other 
 evil. 
 
 An'ti-dote, n. [Gr. avriBoTov (sc. 4)apfjidKov), from av- 
 TtSoTos, given against, from dvTi, against, and fitSoi^at, to 
 give.] That which tends to counteract poison or other 
 evil. 
 
 An-ti-felj'rile, or An'ti-fenbrile, a. That has the 
 quaUty of abating fever. 
 
 An-ti-f eb'rile , or Aii'ti-f elbrile ,n. A medicine hav- 
 ing a tendency to cure fever. 
 
 An'ti-ma'soBi, n. One opposed to freemasonry. 
 
 An'ti-ma'son-ry, n. Opposition to freemasonry. 
 
 Aii'ti-iiao-iiar-eh.'i<!-al, a. Opposed to monarchy. 
 
 Aii'ti-mo'iii-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, antimony. 
 
 Aii'ti-mo'iii-alyi. A preparation of antimony. 
 
 An'ti-mo-ny, «• [Prob. corrupted from Ar. al-ithmi- 
 dun, or al-uthmiidun, antimony.] 1. A whitish, brittle 
 metal used iu medicine and the arts. 2, An ore of an- 
 timony, consisting of sulphur and antimony. 
 
 An'ti-no'mi-an, n. [Lat. Antinomi, pi. See ANTI- 
 NOMY.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect (origiaating about 
 1538) who were charged with maintaining, that, under 
 the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or 
 
 _ obUgation. 
 
 An'ti-no'mi-an, a. Pertaining to the Antinomians. 
 
 An'ti-iio'mi-an-igm, n. The tenets of Antinomians. 
 
 An'ti-no-nay, or Aii-tin'o-my, n. [Gr. avrivoy-ia^ 
 from ai/Ti, against, and vofxo^^ law.] 1. Opposition of 
 one law or rule to another. 2. A law or other thing op- 
 posite or contrary. 3. (Metaph.) According to Kant, 
 that natural contradiction which results from the law of 
 reason, when, passing the limits of experience, we seek 
 to know the absolute. 
 
 An'ti-pa'pal, a. Opposing popery ; antipapistic. 
 
 An'ti-pa-pisfi-e, ) a. Opposing the papacy or pop- 
 
 An'ti-pa-pist'i-e-al, j ery ; antipapal. 
 
 An'ti-par'a-lyt'i-e, a. Opposing, or good against, 
 palsy. 
 
 An'ti-pa-tliet'i* , \ a. Having a natural contrariety 
 
 Aii''ti-pa-tliet'i-e-al, j or aversion. 
 
 An-tip'a-tUy, n. [Gr. avrinaOtia^ from avrt, against, 
 and Traflos, suffering, passion, affection, from iraBelv^ 
 Trao-xeiv, to suffer.] 1. An aversion felt at the presence, 
 real or ideal, of a particular object. 3. {Nat. Phil.) A 
 contrariety ia the properties or affections of matter. 
 Syn. — Dislike; contrariety; repugnance; disgust; distaste. 
 
 An'tx-pes^ti-len'tial, a. Counteracting infection. 
 
 An'ti-plilo-gis'ti-e, a. 1. ( Chem.) Opposed to the doc- 
 trine of phlogiston. !2. {Med.) Counteracting inflamma- 
 tion. 
 
 An'^ti-plilo-gis'ti^; , n. Any medicuie or diet which 
 ^ tends to check inflammation. 
 
 An'ti-plioii, 11. An antiphony See Antiphony. 
 
 AS/ti-wli6i??i' \ "• Pertaining to antiphonies, or 
 
 An.-tipli'o-iial, n. A book of antiphons or anthems. 
 
 An-tiph'o-ny, n. [From Gr. di'Tt^uvos, returning a 
 sound, fr. avri., against, and </)a>i'7j, sound, voice.] ( Mus. ) 
 An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or con- 
 gregation divided into two parts ; a response. 
 
 A.n-fiph'ra-sts , n. [Gr. d.vTi.<^p6.<yL<;, from dvTi, against, 
 and (^pa^etv, to speak.] {Rhet.) Use of words in a sense 
 opposite to their proper meaning. 
 
 Aji'ti-pliras'ti-e, ) a. Involving or relating to an- 
 
 An'ti-plxras'ti-e-al, ) tiphrasis. 
 
 An-tip'o-dal, a. Pertaining to the antipodes ; diamet- 
 
 ^ rically opposed. 
 
 An'ti-pode, n. ; pi. Xn'ti-pode§, or ^i\r-r/p/o-D£^. 
 [Gr. dvTtTTou?, with the feet opposite, pi. oi dcTt7ro6es, 
 from avri^ against, opposite, and ttous, tto^os, foot.] One 
 of those who live on opposite sides of the glob«, and 
 whose feet are, of coui-se, directly opposite. 
 
 An'ti-pope, n. One who usurps the popedom. 
 
 An'ti-pre-lat'i^-al, a. Adverse to prelacy. 
 
 An'ti-qua'ri-an, a. Pertaining to antiquity. 
 
 An'ti-qua'ri-an, n. An antiquary. 
 
 An.''ti-qua'ri-aii-i§in., n. Love of antiquity. 
 
 An'ti-qua-ry (M), n. One versed in antiquities. 
 
 An'ti-quate, v. t. [Lat. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, 
 from antiquus, old.] To make obsolete, old, or void. 
 
 An'ti-quat-ed, i?. a. Grown old, or out of fashion ; ob- 
 solete ; out of use. 
 
 An-tique' a. [Lat. antiquus, equiv. to anticu»j from 
 ante, before.] 1. Old ; ancient ; of genuine antiquity. 
 
 2, Of old fashion. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity. 
 Aii-tique', n. In general, any thing very old ; in a 
 
 more limited sense, a remnant of antiquity ; rehc. 
 
 Am-tique'ness, n. Quality or appearance of being an- 
 tique. 
 
 Aii-tiq'ui-ty(-tlk/wi-) n. [See Antique.] 1. Ancient 
 times ; former ages. 2. The people of ancient times. 
 
 3. Great age ; quaUty of being ancient. 4. Any or aJl 
 of the remains of ancient times. 
 
 An-tis'ci-ang (an-tish^i-anz), ) n. pi. [Gr. dvri, against, 
 
 A.n-tis'ci-1 (an-tish/i-i), j opposite, and crKta, 
 
 shadow.] ( Geog.) The inhabitants of the earth Uving 
 on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon 
 
 ^are cast iu contrary directions. 
 
 Aii'ti-s<;or-bu.'ti<;, )a. {Med.) Counteracting the 
 
 An'ti-s-eor-bu'ti^-al, J scurvy. 
 
 An'ti-s-eript'vir-al, a. Not accordant with Scripture. 
 
 An^ti-sep'ti*, a. Opposing putrefaction. 
 
 An'ti-sep'ti^;, n. 1. A substance which resists or cor- 
 rects putrefaction. 3. {Med.) A remedy which coun- 
 
 ^teracts a putrescent tendency in the system. 
 
 An/ti-slav'er-y, n. Opposition to slavery. 
 
 An'ti-so'cial, a. Averse to society or hostile to its e«- 
 
 ^ istence. 
 
 An'ti-spag-niod'i-e, a. Opposing spasm. 
 
 Aii'ti-spS,s'ti-e , a. [Gr. avrtorTrao-Ti/co?, fr. di/ricrTi-ao-t?, a 
 drawing back.] {Med.) (a.) Causing a revulsion of fluids 
 or humors. (6.) Counteracting spasm; antispasmodic. 
 
 Aii''ti-sple-net'i-e, a. Counteracting diseases of the 
 
 A.n-tis'tro-phe , n. [Gr. dvTicrTpo0>j, from (xvtl, against, 
 and <rTpd<|)6ti', to turn; arpotfyrj, a turning.] 1. {Rhet.) 
 {a.) Kepetition of words iu an inverse order, {b.) The 
 turning of an adversary's plea against him. 2. {Anc. 
 Lyric Poetry.) That part of a song or dance, around the 
 altar, which was performed by turning ft-om the left to 
 the right, in opposition to the strophe, which was per- 
 
 ^ formed by turning from the right to the left. 
 
 An'ti-stropli'i-e , a. Pertaining to the antistrophe 
 
 A.n-tith'e-sis, n. ; pi. an-tith'e-se^. [Gr. dvTt^eo-i?, 
 from dvTt, against, and ^ecri?, a setting, from rtdeVat, to 
 set.] 1. {Rhet.) An opposition of words or sentiments 
 occurring in the same sentence ; contrast. 3. Hence, 
 
 ^ any thing directly opposed to another. 
 
 An'ti-thet'i*; , \a. Pertaining to, or containing, an- 
 
 An'ti-tliet'i-e^al, j tithesis. 
 
 An-'ti-triii'i-ta'ri-an, a. Opposing the doctrine of the 
 
 _^ Trinity. 
 
 An'ti-tria'i-ta'ri-an-igm, n. Opposition to the doc- 
 trine of the Trinity. 
 
 Aai'ti-type, n. That which is prefigured by the type ; 
 thus the paschal lamb was a type of which Christ is the 
 
 ^ antitype. 
 
 An'ti-typ'i^-al, a. Kelating to an antitype ; explain- 
 ing a type. 
 
 Ant'ler, n. [0. Fr. antoillier,andoiller,endouiller, -prob. 
 from Lat. ante, before.] A start or branch of a horn of 
 a cervine animal, as of the stag or moose. 
 
 jLn'to^no-ind's_i-d, n. [Gr. dvTovo/Aacrta, fr. dyrt, in- 
 stead, and ovofjidCeLv , to name.] Use of a proper name 
 for an appellative, as " a Cicero" for a great orator; 
 or conversely, the use of a name denoting rank, ofiice, &c., 
 for him who holds it, as " his majesty " for the king. 
 
 An'vil, n. [A.-S. anfilt, mnfilt, onjilt.] An iron block, 
 usually with a steel face, upon which metals are ham. 
 mered and shaped. 
 
 An-xi'e-ty (ang-zi/e-ty), n. [Lat. anxietas,tcom. anxius, 
 anxious.] SoUcitude about some future or uncertain 
 _ event. 
 
 Anx'ioiis (ank'shus, 82), a. [Lat. anxius, from angere, 
 to cause pain, to torture.] 1. Greatly concerned or 
 solicitous, especially respecting something future or un- 
 kno^^^l. 3. Accompanied with anxiety. 
 Syn. — Disturbed; distressed; disquieted; uneasy. 
 
 Anx'ious-ly, adv. With anxiety or sohcitude. 
 
 Anx'ioiis-iiess, w. Great sohcitude ; anxiety. 
 
 A'ny (en'ny), a. [A.-S. anig, amig, from aji, ein, one, 
 and the termination ig, ic] 1. One out of many, in- 
 definitely. 2. Some ; an indefinite nmnber or quantity. 
 E©~ This word was originally pronounced d'ny, which differs 
 butlittlefrom the present pronunciation. (See §§2, II.) It is 
 often used as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood. 
 
 A'ny, adv. To any" extent ; at all. 
 
 food, f ^t ; Ixrn, rude, pull ; pell, pliaise, -eall, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; l^his- 
 
AONIAN 
 
 32 
 
 APOPLECTICAL 
 
 A-o'nl-an, a. rcrtainiug to tho Muses, or to Aonia in i Aph'o-rist'i-e-al-ly, adv. In the form of aphorisms. 
 
 UaH>ti«. I Apli'thong (3Lf thong or Xp'thong, 85), n. A letter or 
 
 A'o-rist, n. [tir. <iop4<rTo?, from <i priv. ami opos, bound- I combination of letters having no sound. 
 
 »ry. limit.] (Gntm.) .V tonso in the (iret>k language, ' Apli'yl-loiis, or A-pli5'l'lous, (117), a. [Qr. o(/)vAAqj, 
 
 which oxprosstM! an action a*: oomplotcxl in pa.>«t time, but 
 Imvm it, iu other rrsixvts, \vholl.v indotcrminati?. 
 
 A'o-rlst'l<\ (I. IVrtaining to an aorist, or indefinite 
 tonso; indcfiuito. 
 
 A-^p'ta. M. [dr. rtopTJJ, from aeipeir, to lift, heave.] The 
 gn\»t artery frum tlio ht\art. 
 
 A-ort'al, \ ^ Pertaining to the aorta or great artery. 
 
 A-pav«'', tiiv. Quicklv ; hastily ; speedily ; fiist. 
 
 J.p a-go'ift', n. [Ur. iijravu>Y>?, a leading away, from 
 
 <t»rav«ii', to load a\vav.] (Losic) An indirect argument 
 
 which provt^ a thing by showing the impossibiUty or ab- 
 
 ,,.-.:,, . 'he contrary thing. — It con"esponds to the 
 
 ^unlum. 
 
 A _ -:»l,a. Proving indirectly by showing the 
 
 ... vi the contnirj'. 
 t . adv. [Either from prefix a and part, or from Fr. 
 ] 1. Soparat«?ly, in regard to space or company ; 
 ..... . 5j. In a state of separation, exclusion, or of dis- 
 tinction, as to puri-wse, use, or character, or as a matter 
 of thought. 3. In two or more parts ; asunder. 
 
 A-part'inent, ». [From Lat. ab, or n, from, and pars, 
 }Mjrtis, part.] A room in a building or house. 
 
 Ap'a-tliCt'it", ". Void of feeling : insensible ; indifferent. 
 
 Ap'a-tlilst, M. One destitute of feeling. 
 
 Ap'a-thy, n. [Gr. dirdBeLa, from d priv. and Traflo?, 
 suffering.] Want, or a low degree, of feeling ; privation 
 of passion, or in.«ensibility to pain ; — appUed either to 
 the body or the mind. 
 Syn. — Insensibilitj-; indifference; unconcern. 
 
 Ape, n. [A.-S. apa, Skr. kapi 
 Gr. <t^7ro9, (cetTro?.] 1, (Zool. 
 A quadrumanous mammal, 
 having teeth of the same nuni' 
 ber and form as in man, and 
 possessing neither a tail nor' 
 cheek pouches. 2. One who] 
 imitates servilely, in allusion^ 
 to the manners of the ape. 
 
 Ape, r. t. [imp. & p. p. APED ; 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. APING.] To 
 imitate servilely ; to mimic. 
 
 A-peak', adv. On the point ; in a posture to pierce. 
 
 A-p6p'sy, n. [Gr. an-ei/(ta, from uiTeTrro(;, uncooked, un- 
 digested.] {Med.) Defective digestion; indigestion. 
 
 A-pe'ri-ent (89), a. [Lat. aperiens,' p. pr. of aperire, to 
 open.] {Med.) Having the quaUty of opening; laxative. 
 
 A-pe'ri-ent, 7i. {Med.) A laxative medicine. 
 
 A-p6r'i-tive, a. Deobstruent ; aperient. 
 
 Ap'er-ture f.53), 7?. [Lat. apertura. See APERIENT.] 
 
 _An opening through some solid substance ; a hole. 
 
 Ap'er-y, n. The practice of aping. 
 
 A-p€t'al-oiis, a. [Gr. aTre'raAo?, aTre'-njA.os, from a. priv. 
 and TreToAoi/, leaf.] {Bot.) Having no petals. 
 
 A'pex, n. ; j,l. a'pex-es ; Lat. pi. aP'i-ce^. The top, 
 tip, or summit of any thing. 
 
 A-phter'e-sis I n. [Gr. df^atpeo-i?, from a^aipflv, to take 
 
 A-phCr'e-sls ) away, from (xtto, from, and dtpeZi', to 
 tiikc] ( Gram. ) The talking of a letter or syllable from 
 the Ixyinning of a word. 
 
 A-phel'ion (-fel'yun), n.; pi. a-PHE-LI-a. [Gr. un6, 
 frfjm , and ijAio?, sun. ] {A.<itron.) That point of a planet's 
 or comet s orbit which is most distant from the sun, the 
 _opposit« point Ix'ing called the perihelion. 
 
 A'rjhiM, n.; pi. APH'l-DKfi. [N. Lat.] (Entom.) The 
 vme-fretter, or plant-louae ; a genus of hemipterous in- 
 sects. 
 
 Aph'o-ny, n. [Gr. 'i<f,u}via, from oi^wvo?, voiceless, from 
 d priv. and 'ixomij, voice.] {Med.) A loss of voice. 
 
 Aph'o-ri^in, n. [Gr. df^opto-Mo?, from d</>opt'^etf , to de- 
 fine.] A pn.-ccpt or principle expressfid in a few words; 
 a /short sentence containing some important truth. 
 
 Syn. — Axiom; maxim ; adage. — An axiom is a self-evident 
 proportion of high importance; a maxim exprebses some great 
 Drartical truth; an adage is a saying which has gained credit 
 
 Ape. 
 
 lonir 1 
 
 n. A writer of aphorisms. 
 I*:, )a. Having the form of an apho- 
 (<;-al, j ri»m. 
 
 _froni a priv. and cjbvAAoi' , leaf ] ( Bot.) Destitute of leaves. 
 
 A'pi-a-rist, n. One who keeps an apiary. 
 
 A'pi-a-ry, n. [Lat. apiarium, from apis, a hee.] A place 
 _where bees are kept ; a bee-house. 
 
 Ap'i-i'e^, »■ pi- See Apex. 
 
 A-pieye', adv. 1. To each ; to the share of each. 2. 
 
 _l!;ach by itself. 
 
 Ap'ish, a. [See Ape.] Having the qualities of an ape; 
 inchncd to unitate in a servile manner; hence, fooUsh : 
 
 _ foppish ; silly ; affected ; trifling ; insignificant. 
 
 Ap'isli-uess, n. Mmiicry ; foolery ; foppery. 
 
 A-po-e'a-lj'PSe, n. [Gr. d7roKdAin|/ts,&om aTroKoAvTrTeiv, 
 to disclose.] Revelation ; discovery ; disclosure ; — specif- 
 ically applied as the name of the last book in the Bible. 
 
 A-po^'a-lyp'ti*, ) a. Containing or pertaining to 
 
 A-p6-e'a-lyp'ti<;-al, j revelation, or, specifically, to 
 the Revelation of St. John. 
 
 Apocalyptic vwnber, the niimDer 666, mentioned in Eev. xiii, 
 18. It has been variously interpreted. 
 
 A-p6«'o-pate, v. t. [imp, & p. p. apocopated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. APOCOPATING.] [Gram.) To cut oflf or 
 drop the last letter or syllable of. 
 
 A-pd-e'o-jie, n. [Gr. dTi-oKOTrrj, from otto, from, and 
 KOTTTetv, to cut.] The cutting oflf or omission of the last 
 letter or syllable of a word ; as, yond for yonder. 
 
 A-po-e'ry-plia, n. pi. [Gr. a7r6*cpv(Ao?, hidden, spurious, 
 from dno. from , and (cpvirreiv, to hide.] Books whose au- 
 thenticity , as inspired writings , is not admitted , and which 
 are therefore not con-sidered a part of the sacred canon of 
 the Scripture. 
 
 A-p6<!'ry-plial, a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. 
 3. Not canonical ; of uncertain authority or credit; 
 false ; fictitious ; spurious. 
 
 Ap'ode, n. [Gr. ottov^, anoSog, from d priv. and ttov?, 
 7ro5d?, foot.] An animal that has no feet. 
 
 Ap/o-dei«'ti-e, ) a. Demonstrative ; evident beyond 
 
 Ap/o-dei-e'ti-e-al, j contradiction. 
 
 tSS" This spelling is better than apodictic. 
 
 Ap'o-d.i<;'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. dTrofieiKTtKos, from ciTrd, from, 
 
 Ap'o-di€'ti«-al, J and htiKvvvai, to show.] Evident 
 beyond contradiction. 
 
 A-pod'o-sis, n. [Gr. dn6Soat<;, from dird, frc«n, hack 
 again, and fiiSdrai, to give.] {Gram.) The consequent 
 clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing 
 the result. 
 
 Ap'o-gee, n. [Gr. dirdvatos, from the earth, from aTrd 
 from, and ya-la, yy], earth.] (Astron.) That point in the 
 orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from 
 the earth. 
 
 A-poFo-gefi-e, \a. [Gr. d7roAoyi7TtKd?, from otto, 
 
 A-poFo-get'i-e-al, j from, and Adyo?, speech.] Ex- 
 cusatory or defensive. 
 
 A-pol'o-get'i-es, n. sing. That branch of theology 
 which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evi- 
 dence of their divine authority. 
 
 A-p61'o-gist, n. One who makes an apology. 
 
 A-p61'o-gize, V. i. [imp. & p. p. apologized ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. APOLOGIZING.] To make an apology. 
 
 Ap'o-logue (-log), n. [Gr. dTroAoyo?. See tn/ra.J A 
 moral fable. 
 
 A-pol-o-gy, n. [Gr. inoXoyia, from aTrd, from, and 
 Adyo?, speech.] 1. Something said or written in defense 
 or justification of what appears to others wrong or un- 
 justifiable, or of what may be liable to disapprobation. 
 2. An acknowledgment intended as an extenuation of 
 some improper or injurious remark or act. 
 
 Sjrn. — Excuse. — We make an apology for something rude, 
 unbecoming, or the like ; we offer an excuse for some fauiure or 
 neglect of duty. 
 
 Ap'o-plileg-ina,t'i<j, a. [Gr. aTrd, from, and <})\eyiJ.aT- 
 iKos full of phlegm; (^Ae'-y/ota, flame, phlegm.] {Med.) 
 Having the quality of exciting discharges of phlegm or 
 mucus from the mouth or nostrils. 
 
 Ap'opli-tliegin. J (ap/o-them),?i. A short, sententious, 
 
 Ap'o-thegm \ instructive remark. 
 
 Ap'o-pie<;'ti€, )a. [Gr. d7ro7rAT7/<:TiKds, from ctjrd, 
 
 Ap'o-pl6<;'ti«-al, ) from, away, and TrAijo-ereii', to 
 
 »,e,kc.,lon^; &,6,&c.,5Aorr; cftre, far, ask, aU, what; 6re, veil, term; pique,firm; s6n,6r, do,W9U 
 
APOPLEXY 
 
 33 
 
 APPELLEE 
 
 strike.] 1. Pertaining to, or consisting in, apoplexj-. '^. 
 Predisposed to apoplexy. 
 
 Ap'o-plex'y, ?7. [Gr. anoTrXiq^ia. See supra.] A dis- 
 ease characterized by sudden loss of sense and Toluntary 
 motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain. 
 
 A-p6s'ta-sy, n- [Gr. dnoaTaa-ia ^ from awo, from, and 
 arrival, to stand.] An abandonment of what one has 
 voluntarily professed ; a total desertion or departure from 
 one's faith, principles, or party. 
 
 A-p6s'tate, n. One who has forsaken the faith, princi- 
 ples, or party, to which he before adhered. 
 
 A-p6s'tate, a. Falling from the faith ; false ; renegade. 
 
 A-pos'ta-tize, ^'. i- [imp. & p. p. apostatized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. APOSTATIZING.] To abandon one-s faith, 
 party, church, or profession. [with pus. 
 
 A-p6s'te-mate, v. i. To form into an abscess, and fill 
 
 Ap'os-tem'a-toiis, a- Pertaining to, or partaking of 
 the nature of, an aposteme. 
 
 Ap'os-teme, n. [Gr. aTroo-xTj/xa, fr. aTroo-r^/aai, to Stand 
 off] An abscess ; a sore filled with purulent matter. 
 
 A-p6s'tle (-pos'sl), n. [Gr. airoa-roAo?, sent forth or 
 away, from aTroo-reAAeiv, to send off or away.] 1. A 
 person sent forth or deputed to execute some important 
 business ; specifically^ one of the twelve disciples of Christ 
 sent forth to preach the gospel. 3. ( Civ. arid Admiralty 
 Laiv.) A brief letter dismissorj^ sent by a court appealed 
 from to the superior court, stating the case, &c. ; a paper 
 sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. 
 
 A-p6s'tle-sliip (-pos^sl-), n. The oflSce of an apostle. 
 
 A-p6s'to-late, n. Mission; apostleship. 
 
 Ap/os-t61'i«, ) a. 1. Pertaining or relating to an 
 
 Ap'os-t61'i€-al, I apostle, or to the apostles, their 
 times, or their pecuUar spirit. 2. According to the doc- 
 
 ^trines of the apostles. 
 
 Ap'os-tol'i-^igm., ) n. State or quality of being apos- 
 
 A-pos'to-li^'i-ty, ) toUcal. 
 
 A-pos'tro-phe, n. [Gr. ano(TTpo<f)-q , from an-6, from, and 
 cTTpo(}>ri^ a tiUTiing.] 1. {Rliet.) A turning away from 
 the real auditory , and addressing an absent or imaginary 
 one. 3. {Gram.) (a.) The contraction of a word by the 
 omission of a letter or letters, which omission is noted 
 by a mark Uke a comma placed above the hue ; as, call'd 
 for called. (6.) The mark used to denote that a word is 
 contracted. 
 
 Ap'o-stropli'i-e, a. Pertaining to an apostrophe. 
 
 A-p6s'tro-pliize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. apostro- 
 phized; j?. /»r. & vb. n. APOSTROPHIZING.] 1. To 
 address by apostrophe. 2. To- contract by omitting a 
 letter or letters. 
 
 A-poth.'e-ea-ry, n. [From Gr. aTro^rjKi?, repository, 
 from ctTTo, from, and rt^ei^at, to put ; flviKT), box, chest.] 
 One who prepares and sells drugs for medicinal purposes. 
 In England, apothecaries also prescribe for diseases, act- 
 ing as sub-physicians. 
 
 Ap'o-tliegm } (ap'o-them), n. [Gr. d7r600t-yju,a, from 
 
 Ap'opli-tliegm j diro, from, and <^0ev/xa, saying, 
 word.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying ; a senten- 
 tious precept or maxim. {Apothegm is now the preva- 
 _lent spelling.] 
 
 Ap'o-tlieg-inat'i«, ) a. In the manner of an 
 
 Ap'o-tlieg-iiiat'i-e-al, j apothegm. [thegms. 
 
 Ap'o-tlieg'ma-tist, n. A collector or maker of apo- 
 
 Ap'o-th.e'o-sis, n. [Gr. aTro^ewcrts, from dno, from, and 
 0e6?, god.] Act of elevating a mortal to the rank, and 
 placing him among the number, of the gods ; deification. 
 
 Ap'o-tlie'o-size, v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a 
 deity ; to deify. 
 
 Ap'o-zem, n. [Gr. ano^efxa, from aTro^etf, to extract by 
 boiling.] (Med.) A decoction. 
 
 Ap-pall', V. t. [imp. & p. p. APPALLED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 APPALLING.] [Fr. appaiir, from ad and palir^ to grow 
 or make pale.] To depress or discourage with fear. 
 Syn. — To dismay ; daunt ; terrify ; scare ; intiraldate. 
 
 Ap-pall', V. i. To occasion fear or dismay. 
 
 Ap'pan-age, n. [Low Lat. appanagium, from apanare, 
 to furnish with bread, from Lat. ad and panis, bread.] 
 1, The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince 
 for the subsistence of his younger sons. 3. Means of 
 nourishing ; sustenance. 
 
 Ap'pa-ra'tus, n. ; pi. ap'pa-ra'tus or Xp'pa-ra'tus- 
 Eg. [Lat., fr. apparare, to prepare, fr. ad and parare, to 
 make ready.] Things provided as means to some end ; 
 especially, a full collection or set of implements, or uten- 
 ails, for performing scientific experiments or operations. 
 
 Ap-pJlr'el, n. [Fr. appareil, from pareil, like, equal, 
 match, from Low Lat. pariculus, dim. of Lat. par, equal, 
 a pair.] Covering for the body. 
 
 Syn. — Clothing ; clothes; dress; raiment; vesture; vest- 
 ment. —The first three words are those familiarly used; ap' 
 parel and the rest are more formal. 
 
 Ap-pSr'el, V. t. [irnp. & p. p. APPARELED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. APPARELING.] 1. To dress or clothe ; to attire. 
 3. To cover with something ornamental ; to cover, as 
 with garments ; to adorn ; to embeUish. 
 
 Ap-p4r'eiit (4), a. [Lat. apparens, p. pr. of apparere, to 
 appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen. 2. 
 Beyond question or doubt. 3. Appearing to the eye, 
 but not true or real. 
 
 Syn. — Visible ; distinct ; plain ; obvious ; clear ; certain ; 
 evident; manifest ; indubitable ; notorious. What is obvious 
 (literally, lying in our way) is certain beyond doubt or dispute; 
 what is jjZain, clear, or evident, has ample proof or illustration. 
 Apparent is sometimes used for clear, and sometimes for seeni' 
 ing, as, the difficulty was more apparent than real. 
 
 Ap-par'ent-ly, arft". Visibly; evidently; in appearance 
 only. 
 
 Ap/pa-ri'tion (-rlsh'un), n. [See APPEAR.] 1. Ap- 
 pearance ; visibihty. 2. The thing appearing ; a visible 
 object ; specifically , a preternatural appearance ; a ghost ; 
 a specter. 
 
 Ap-par'i-toi', n. [See Appear.] 1. An officer who 
 attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. 
 
 2. { Laiv. ) A messenger or officer who serves the process 
 of a spiritual court. 
 
 Ap-peal', n. [See «i/ra.] 1. {Law.) (a.) Removal of 
 a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or 
 court for re-examination or review, {b.) The mode of 
 proceeding by which such removal is effected, (c.) The 
 right of appeal. 3. A summons to answer to a charge. 
 
 3. A call upon a person for proof or decision, or to grant 
 a favor. 4. Resort ; recourse. 
 
 Ap-peaF, v. i. [Lat. appellar^.frora. ad and pellere, to 
 drive.] 1. {Laiv.) To remove a cause from an inferior 
 to a superior judge or court for the pm-pose of re-exam- 
 ination or for decision. 3. To refer to another for the 
 decision of a question controverted, or the counteraction 
 of testimony or facts ; hence, to call on for aid. 
 
 Ap-peal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appealed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. APPEALING.] {Law.) (a.) To remove, as a cause, 
 from an inferior to a superior judge or court, {b.) To 
 charge with a crime ; to accuse. 
 
 Ap-peal'a-ble, a. Capable of being appealed, or called 
 to answer by appeal. 
 
 Ap-pear', v. i. [imp. & p. p. APPEARED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. APPEARING.] [Lat. apparere, to appear, from ad and 
 parere, to come forth.] 1. To come or be in sight. 3. 
 To stand in presence of some superior. 3. To be- 
 come visible to the apprehension of the mind ; to be ob- 
 vious or manifest. 4. To seem, in opposition to reality. 
 
 Ap-pear'an^e , n. 1. Act of coming into sight. 3. A 
 thing seen ; a phenomenon. 3. Semblance, or apparent 
 likeness. 4. Personal presence ; exhibition of the person. 
 5. Introduction of a person to the public in a particular 
 character. 6. ( Laiv. ) The act or proceeding by which a 
 party proceeded against places himself before the court, 
 and submits to its jurisdiction. 
 
 Syn. — Coming ; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; 
 air; look; manner; mien ; figure; aspect. 
 
 Ap-pear'er, n. One who appears. 
 
 Ap-peag'a-tole, a. Capable of being appeased or quieted. 
 
 Ap-peag'a-lile-ness, n. Quality of being appeasable. 
 
 Ap-pea§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appeased ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. APPEASING.] [Fr. appaiser, from Lat. ad andjjox, 
 peace.] To make quiet. 
 
 Syn. — To pacify; allay; assuage; compose; calm. 
 
 Ap-pea§e'ment, n. Act of appeasing, or state of being 
 appeased. 
 
 Ap-pea§'er, n. One who appeases or pacifies. 
 
 Ap-pea'sive, a. Having the power to appease. 
 
 Ap-pel'lant, n. A persOh who makes an appeal. 
 
 Ap-pel'late, n. Belonging to, or having cognizance of, 
 
 ^appeals. 
 
 Ap/pel-la'tion, n. The name by which a person or 
 thing is called ; title ; address. 
 
 Ap-pel'la-tive, a. [Lat. appellativics , from appellare, to 
 name, to call.] Pertaining to a common name. 
 
 Ap-pel'la-tive, n. A common, as distinguished from a 
 proper name. 
 
 Ap-pel'la-to-ry, a. Containing an appeal. 
 
 Ap/pel-lee' , n . { Law . ) { a . ) The defendant in an appeal 
 (6.) The person who is appealed, or prosecuted, by a 
 private man for a crime. 
 
 food, fo^bt ; urn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, li^ik ; tliis. 
 
APPELLOR 
 
 34 
 
 APPRENTICE 
 
 Ap pel-lftr', w. ( Law. ) The person who institutes an 
 npixvil, or prcisecntt^ anotht^r f<»r a oriine. 
 
 Ap-pt^nd', r. /. 1 ^ vppended ; ;'. ;>r. & ti. 
 
 w. APPENDINU] ■'■f, to hang to, from ad 
 
 (ind ptHiifTf, to \N. _ ; 1 . To haag or attixch, 
 
 a.< hv a strine. so tiuu xiw imiij; is sus^Hmdoii. 'J. To 
 aild. 115 :m ;uHv.s.-.ory to the princiivil thiuji : to annex. 
 
 Ap-pi^nd'a^f. n.' Simiething added as subordinate or 
 itu-idontal. 
 
 Ap-pi^iid'unt, M. Any thing appended to or connected 
 with :uu>tluT as incidental. 
 
 Ap-pj'nd'ant, <»• 1. Hanginp: annexetl. 2. (Lair.) 
 ApiHMidtHl by prescription : — sjiid of a thing of inherit- 
 ance Wlonjriug to another iuheritance wliich is superior 
 or n»on.» worthv. 
 
 Ap-pi^ud'ix. M. ; pi. AP-PfiXD'lx-ES ; Lat. pi. AP-p£y' 
 T>i-rf:s. 1. Sonietliing appended ; an adjunct, or con- 
 comit.iut. '2, Spfcificalh/, any Hteniry matter added to 
 :i I .H>k. but not nivessarilV osfscntial to its completeness. 
 
 Ap inT-fdp'tion, «. [From ad and perception.] 
 {"^'.-■ijih.) Torcepiion that reflects upon itsetf; self-con- 
 >^ ■.. n~ness. 
 
 Ai. iKT-tain', f. I. [imp. & p. p. APPERTAINED ; p. pr. 
 ii. i ;. fi. APPERT.UNING.] {IjiX. appertinfrt^fKim. ad 
 and p<rtinere, to pertain.] To belong, whether by nature, 
 rieht, apjKnntmeut, or custom ; to relate. 
 
 Av'nt^-tein'e, \n. 1. Strong natural desire; sensual 
 V J M« -ten-fy, ) appetite. !j. Tendency to seek or 
 
 Ai>'iu-tent, a. Desiring ; very desirous. [Rare.} 
 
 Ap'pe-tite, n. [Lat. nppctitus, from appetere,to seek.] 
 1. Desire of gratification, either of the body or of the 
 mind. H. Specijieally, a desire of food or drink. 
 
 Ap'pe-tize, r. i. To create, or whet, an appetite. 
 
 Ap'pe-tiz'er, n. Something which creates, increases, 
 or whet?, an appetite. 
 
 Ap-plaud', f. t. or i. .{imp. Sep. p. APPLAUDED ; p.pr. 
 & rft.H. APPL.A.UDIXG.] [Lat. applaudere, from ad and 
 plaudere, to clap the hands.] 1. To praise by clapping 
 the hands, acclamation, or other si^iificant sign. 3. 
 To praise by words ; to commend. 
 Syn. — To extol; cry up; magnify. 
 
 Ap-plaud'er, n. One who applauds. 
 
 Ap-plau§e', 11. [Lat. applaudere, p. p. applausus.] Act 
 of applauding ; approbation and praise publicly ex- 
 pressed by clapping the hands, beating with the feet, 
 acclamation, huzzas, or othe^ means ; commendation. 
 
 Ap-plau'sive, a. Applauding; containing applause. 
 
 Ap'ple (.07),7i. [A.-S. a^pel,cepl.] 1. A well-known tree 
 and its fruit. 2. The pupil of the eye. 
 
 Ap-pli'a-ble, a. Capable of being appUed; appUcable. 
 
 Ap-pli'an^e, n. Act of applying, or thing applied ; in- 
 strument or means. 
 
 Ap'pli-ea-bil'i-ty, ) n. QuaUty of being applicable 
 
 Ap'pli-ea-ble-ness, ) or suitable. 
 
 Ap'pli-ea-ble, a. Capable of being, or fit to be, ap- 
 I'li'-d : suitable; fit; adapted. 
 
 Ap'pli-eant, n. One who appUes ; a petitioner. 
 
 Ap'i>li-eate, n. [Lat. applicata (sc. linea), frx)m appli- 
 eare, to apply.] (Math.) A right hne drawn across a 
 curve, go as to be bisected by the diameter ; an ordinate. 
 
 Ap'pli-cate, a. AppUed or put to some use 
 
 point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness ; to establish. 
 '2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resoive, decision, 
 or mutual agreement ; to constitute ; to ordain ; to pre- 
 scribe. 3. To allot, assign, designate, or set apart. 4, 
 To provide with every necessary ; to equip. 
 
 Ap-point', V. i. To determine ; to ordain. 
 
 Ap-point'a-ble, a. Capable of being appointed. 
 
 Ap'poiiit-ee', n. A person appointed. 
 
 Ap-point'er, n. One who appoints. 
 
 Ap-point'meiit, n. 1. Act of appointing or state of 
 being appointed. 2. Stipulation ; arrangement. 3. 
 Decree ; established order or constitution. 4. ^Vhatever 
 is appointed for use and management ; — used in the 
 plural. 
 
 Ap-por'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. apportioned ; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. APPORTIONING.] [L. Lat. apportionare , from 
 Lat. ad and portio, portion.] To divide and assign in 
 just proportion ; to divide or part out ; to assign in due 
 proportion. 
 
 Ap-por'tion-er, n. One who apportions. 
 
 Ap-por'tion-ment, n. Act of apportioning ; a divid- 
 ing into just proportions or shares. 
 
 Ap-po§'er,»i. An examiner ; an officer in the English 
 Court of Exchequer. 
 
 Ap'po-§ite, a. [Lat. appositus, p. p. of apponere, to set 
 or put to, from ad and ponere, to put, place.] Yery 
 
 _ applicable ; well adapted ; suitable or fit ; relevant ; pat. 
 
 Ap'po-§ite-ly, adv. Properly- ; fitly ; suitably. 
 
 Ap'po-§ite-ness, n. Fitness ; suitableness. 
 
 Ap^po-gi'tion (-zish/iin), n. 1. Act of adding ; accre- 
 tion. 2. { Gram.) The state of two nouns (one of which 
 explains the other) put in the same case, without a con- 
 necting word between them. [ment. 
 
 Ap-prai§'al, n. A valuation by authority ; anappraise- 
 
 Ap-prai§e', v. t. [imp. & p.p. appraised \ p. pr. k, 
 vh. n. APPRAISING.] [Lat. appretiare, from ad and 
 pretiare, to prize, from, pretium, value, price.] To set a 
 value on ; to estimate the worth of, particularly by per- 
 sons appointed for the purpose. 
 
 rSS=- In America, this word is often pronounced, and 6ome- 
 times written, apprize. 
 
 Ap-praige'ment, n. Act of appraising ; valuation. 
 
 Ap-prai§'er, n. One who appraises ; specifically, one 
 appointed and sworn to fix the value of goods and estates. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a-ble (-pre'shi-), a. Capable of being esti- 
 mated or appreciated. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-ate (ap-pre'shi-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 APPRECIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPRECIATING.] [Lat. 
 appretiare. See APPRAISE.] 1. To set a price or value 
 on ; to estimate justly or truly. 2. To raise the value 
 of. [An Americanism.] 
 
 Syn. — To esteem; estimate; value. — We estimate thingg 
 when we learn bj- calculation their real amount, as isro^te, &c.; 
 we aijpi-eciate when we prize them according to their true value 
 or worth, as a man's services; we esteem when we regard them 
 with moral approbation. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-ate, v. i. To rise in value. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a'tioji (-pre-shl-), n. 1. A just valuation 
 or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration. 
 2. Increase of worth or value. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a-tive (-shi-a-tiv), ) a. Having or implying a 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-a-), f just appreciation. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a-tive-ly, adv. TTith just appreciation. 
 
 Ap^pli-ea'tion, n. [See Apply.] 1. Act of applying I Ap'pre-lieiid', v. t. [imp. & p. p. apprehended 
 or laying on, in a hteral sense. 2. The thing applied, i P- pr. & vb. n. APPREHEN 
 
 3. Act of making request or sohciting. 4. Employment 
 of means. 5. Act of fixing the mind ; intenseness of 
 thought. 6. Act of directing or referring something to 
 a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or 
 '^N'liTcement, fitness, or correspondence. 
 
 A i)'j)ll-€a-tive, a. Applying: appUcatory. 
 
 A 1. l>li-«a-to-ry (50), a. Inclu(hng the act of ajiplying. 
 
 Ai*'i>li-ea-to-rv, n. That which applies. 
 
 Ap-ply', V. t. {imp. & p. p. APPLIED ; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 APPLYING.] [Lat. applicare, from ad and plicare, to 
 fold.] 1. To lay or pkice ; to jiut, bring, or carry. 2. 
 To UK or employ for a particular purpose, or in a par- 
 ticalar ca«f. 3. To make use of, dwlare, or pronounce, 
 M BuiUble, fitting, or relative. 4. To engage and employ 
 diligently, or with attention. [course. 
 
 Ap-pl 
 
 NDING.] [Lat. apprehendere, 
 from ad andpre/iendere, to lay hold of, to seize, from^eP, 
 before, and root hend.] 1. To seize or lay hold of. 2. 
 To understand. 3. To entertain suspicion or fear of. 
 
 Syn. — To catch; arrest; conceive; imagine; believe; fear; 
 dread. 
 
 Ap'pre-liend', v. i. To he of opinion ; to believe. 
 
 Ap'pre-liend'er, n One who apprehends. 
 
 Ap'pre-lieix'si-ble, a. Capable of being apprehended. 
 
 Ap'pre-lien'sion, «. 1. Act of seizing or taking hold of. 
 2. Act of taking by legal process. 3. The mere contem- 
 plation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing 
 any judgment. 4. Opinion ; conception ; sentiment ; 
 idea. 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived. 
 6. Distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. 
 
 Ap'pre-liiSn'sive, a. Fearful; suspicious; perceptive. 
 
 In an apprehensive man- 
 The quahty of being appre- 
 
 ». 1. To suit or to agree. 2. To have re- ' Ap'pre-ii6n'sive-ly, adv. 
 - -tu'ra (-pSd'ja-), n. [It., from appos^are, i ner : fearfuUv. 
 
 ^^?.\ ^ "^*-' ^'^^"'i 1 ^""^'"5 *^"^' preceding an I Ap/pre-hgn'sive-ness, n. 
 
 ewiential tone or an accented part of a measure, —gen- hensive • fearfulness 
 
 CTally indicated by a note of i-maller size. 1 Ap-pr6n'tice, n. [L. Lat. apprenticivs , from Lat. ap- 
 
 Ap-poJnt', V. t. [imp 8c p.p. appointed : p.pr.k vh. prendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to comprehend.] On* 
 
 n. APPOINTING.] [L. I^t. ar^TJunctare, to bring back ; bound to another to learn a trade or art. 
 _»o_the po mt, reetore, from Lat. a4 and punctum, a ' Ap- pr6n'tiye, v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPRENTICED (ar 
 
 i,8,4c.,/an^; &, 6, tec, short; c&re, far, aak.aU, what; 6re, veU, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
APPRENTICESHIP 
 
 35 
 
 ARANEOUS 
 
 pren'tist); p. pr. & vb. n. apprenticing.] To bind 
 out as an apprentice. 
 
 Ap-prgn'ti^e-sliip, n. Tlie condition of an appren- 
 tice ; the time for wtiich he serves. 
 
 Ap-pri§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. apprised ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. APPRISING.] [Fr. apprise^ ordinance by which the 
 sentence of a superior judge is declared to an inferior, 
 from apprendre, to learn, to teach. See APPREHEND.] 
 To inform ; to give notice, verbal or written. 
 Syn. — To acquaint; make known; communicate. 
 
 Ap-prize', v. t. To seta value on. See Appraise. 
 
 Ap-prize'ment, n. Same as Appraisement. 
 
 Ap-priz'er, ii. An appraiser. See Appraiser. 
 
 Ap-proach', v. i. [imp. & p. p. approached ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. APPROACHING.] [Lat. ad and propiare, to 
 draw near, from j)ropJMS, comp. of />rope, near.] 1, To 
 come or go near, in place or time. 'Z, To draw near, in 
 a figurative sense ; to approximate. 
 
 Ap-proacli', v. t. 1, To cause to draw near. [Rare.] 
 '2. To come near to ; to approximate. 
 
 Ap-proacli', n. 1, Act of drawing near. 3. Access, 
 or opportunity of drawing near. 3. A passage or avenue 
 by which buildings are approached. 4. pi. (Fort.) The 
 works thrown up by besiegers, to protect them in their 
 advances toward a fortress. 
 
 Ap-proacli'a-ble, a. Capable of being approached ; ac- 
 cessible, [able. 
 
 Ap-pr oacli'a-ble-ness , n. Quality of being approach- 
 
 Ap'pro-bate, v. t. [See Approve.] To express or 
 
 ^manifest approbation of. [Rare.] 
 
 Ap'pro-toa'tion, n. The act of approving ; consent to 
 a thing on the ground of its propriety ; approval. 
 
 Syn. — License; liking; attestation. 
 
 Ap'pro-lba''to-ry, ) a. Approving ; containing appro- 
 
 Ap'pro-ba'tive, j bation. 
 
 Ap-pro'pri-a-ble, a. Capable of being appropriated. 
 
 Ap-pr o'pri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. appropriated ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. appropriating.] [Lat. appropriare, 
 appropriatwm, from ad and proprius, one's own.] 1, 
 To set apart for a particular purpose, or for one's self, 
 to assign. 3, (Law.) To alienate, as an ecclesiastical 
 benefice, and annex it to a spiritual corporation, sole or 
 aggregate, being the patron of the Uving. 
 
 Ap-pr o'pri-ate (45), a. Set apart for a particular use 
 or person ; hence, belonging pecuUariy. 
 
 Syn. — Fit ; suitable ; proper ; adapted ; pertinent ; well- 
 timed ; peculiar. 
 
 Ap-pro'pri-at«-ly, adv. In an appropriate manner. 
 
 Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, n. Suitableness ; fitness. 
 
 Ap-pro'pri-a'tion, n. 1. Act of appropriating or set- 
 ting apart for a purpose. 3. Any thing, especially 
 money, thus set apart. 3. (Law.) (a.) The sequester- 
 ing of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual cor- 
 poration, sole_or aggregate, being the patron of the Uving. 
 
 Ap-pro'pri-a'tor, n. 1. One who appropriates. 3, 
 (Law.) One who is possessed of an appropriated benefice. 
 
 Ap-prov'a-ble, a. Worthy of approbation. 
 
 Ap-prov'al, n. Act of approving ; approbation. 
 
 Ap-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. approated ; p. pr, & 
 vb. «. 'approving.] [Lat. approbare, from ad and _pro- 
 6are, to approve, from jorodws, good.] 1. To be pleased 
 with; to think well of. 3. To prove. 3. To make or 
 show to be worthy of approbation ; to commend. 4. 
 (Law.) To improve by increasing the value or profits of. 
 5. To sanction ofllcially. 
 
 Ap-prov'er, «.. 1. One who approves. ^. (Law.) One 
 who confesses a crime and brings out his accomplices. 
 
 Ap-pr6x'i-in.ate (45), a. 1. Near to. 3. ( Chem. & 
 Math.) Nearly approaching correctness. 
 
 Ap-pr ox'i -mate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. approximated ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. approximating.] [Lat. approxiTnare , 
 from ad &n.di proximare , to come near.] To carry or ad- 
 vance near ; to cause to approach. 
 
 Ap-prox'i-nfiate, v. i. To come near ; to approach. 
 
 Ap-prox/i-ma'tion, n. An approach ; a coming near. 
 
 Ap-pr ox'i- ma- tive, a. Approximating ; approaching. 
 
 Ap'pulse, or Ap-ptilse', n. [Lat. appulsus, from ad 
 and pellere, pulsum, to drive.] 1. Act of striking 
 against. 3. A touching, or very near approach. 
 
 Ap-piil'sioxi, n. A striking against by a moving body. 
 
 Ap-pftr'te-nan$e, n. That which appertains to some- 
 thing else ; an adjunct ; an appendage. 
 
 Ap-p^r'te-nant, a. Belonging to by right. 
 
 A'pri-eot, n. [From Lat. prsecoguus or prxcox, early 
 ripe, through the Ar. al-birq^q and Sp. albarcoque.] A 
 fine fruit, allied to the plum. 
 
 A'prll, n. [Lat. Aprilis, from aperire, to open, as the 
 month in which the earth opens for new fruit.] The 
 
 _ fourth month of the year. 
 
 A'pril-fool, n. One sportively imposed upon on the 
 first day of April. 
 
 A'pron (a'purn or a'prun), n. 1. A cloth, or piece of 
 leather, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the 
 clothes clean, or defend them from injury. 3. A piece 
 of leather, or other thing, to be spread before a person 
 riding in a carriage, to defend him from the rain, snow, 
 or dust ; a boot. 
 
 Ap'ro-pos' (ap'ro-po'), adv. [Fr.] 1. Opportunely ; 
 seasonably. 3. By the way ; to the purpose. 
 
 Ap'sis, n.; pL. AP'si-DES- [Gr.] 1. 
 (Astron. ) One of the two points in an 
 elliptical orbit which are at the greatest 4—^ 
 and least distance from the central^ 
 body. 3. (Arch.) The domed part of a 
 church, where the altar is placed. Apsl«. 
 
 Apt, a. [Lat. aptus, from apere, to fasten, fit ; Gr. an- 
 Tetv.] 1. Fit ; suitable. 3. Having a tendency ; liable. 
 3. Disposed customarily. 4. Ready ; quick ; prompt. 
 
 Syn. — Appropriate; suitable; qualified; inclined; disposed; 
 dexterous; fitted. — One who is disposed or inclined to any 
 thing is apt to do it. He who is apt at any employment is 
 qualified or dexterous. An apt quotation is one which is appro- 
 priate, suitable, ov fitted to the case. 
 
 Ap'ter-al, a. [Gr. aTrrepo?, from a priv. and mepov, 
 wing.] 1, Destitute of wings. 3. Having no columns 
 
 ^ along the sides, but only in front. 
 
 Ap'ter-ous, a. (Entom.) Destitute of wings ; apteral. 
 
 Apt'i-tude (63), n. 1. Natural or acquired disposition 
 
 _ or tendency. 3. Readiness in learning ; docility ; aptness. 
 
 Apt'ly, adv. Properly ; fitly ; readily ; wittily. 
 
 Apt'ness, n. QuaUty of being apt ; fitness ; readiness. 
 
 Ap'tote, n. [Gr. aTTTwro?, from a. priv. and tttojto?, 
 fallen, dechned, from TriTrreiv, to fall.] (Gram.) An 
 _indecluiable noun. 
 
 A/qtid,n. [Lat., akin to Skr. ap, water.] Water; — a 
 word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in 
 various significations, determined by the word or words 
 annexed. 
 
 Aqua fortis (Chem.), same as nitric acid. — Aquor-marine, or 
 aquaymarina, a fine variety of beryl; — formerly so called by 
 jewelers on account of its color, resembling the green of sea- 
 water.— ^g«a regia (Chem.), the same as nitro-chloro-hydric 
 acid. 
 
 A.-qua'ri-u'm,,n. ; pi. a-Q.ua' RI-A. [Lat.] 1. An arti- 
 ficial pond for rearing aquatic plants. 3. A globe or 
 tank of glass for keeping alive aquatic animals. 
 
 A-quat'i-e, | a. Pertaining to, inhabiting, or frequent- 
 
 A-qxiat'i-e-al, J ing, water. 
 
 A'qvia-tint, \ n. [It. acqua tinta, dyed water.] A 
 
 A'qua-tint'a, j method of etching on copper by means 
 
 ^ of aqua fortis. 
 
 Aq'ue-du<;t (ak^we-dukt), n. [Lat. aquxductus, from 
 aqua, water, and ductus, a leading, from ducere, to lead.] 
 
 _An artificial conduit for water. 
 
 A'que-oiis (a%we-us), a. 1. Partaking of the nature of 
 water, or abounding with it ; watery. 3. Made by means 
 of water. 
 
 Aqueotis humor, a transparent fluid, forming part of the eye. 
 
 A'qui-f6rm, a. [Lat. aqua, water, a,n6. forma, form.] 
 ^ In the form of water. 
 
 Aq'ui-line (-lin or -lin), a. [Lat. aquilinus, from aquila, 
 eagle.] 1. Belonging to the eagle. 3. Curving ; hooked ; 
 ^prominent, like the beak of an eagle. 
 
 Ar'ab, n. A native of Arabia. 
 
 Ar'a-besque (ar'a-besk), n. A species of or- 
 namentation after the Arabian manner, often 
 intricate and fantastic from the intermingling 
 of foliage, fruits, &c., with other objects, 
 real or imaginary. 
 
 Ar'a-besque, a. In the manner of the 
 Arabians ; relating to the style of ornament 
 called arabesque. 
 
 A-ra'bi-an, ) a. Pertaining to Arabia, or to 
 
 Ar'a-bi«, 1 its inhabitants. 
 
 Ar'a-bi-e, n. The language of the Arabians. 
 
 Ar'a-bist, n. One versed in Arabic literature. 
 
 Ar'a-ble, a. [L»,t.' arabilis, from arare, to 
 'plow.] Fit for tillage or plowing ; plowed. Arabesque. 
 
 A-ra'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. araneosus, from ara- 
 wm, spider, spider's web.] 1. Resembling a cobweb. 3. 
 Extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb. 
 
 food, frfbt ; tLm, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e<jho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, li^k ; this. 
 
ARBALEST 
 
 36 
 
 ARCHLY 
 
 Ar1»:»l-«>st, ( M. [Abbrov. of arrttbaiist, q. v.] A cross- 
 Ar'l»al-ist, \ bow. 
 
 Arbiter. »i. lUt.) (/.««<•.) 1. A pt'rsou uppomted or 
 
 -., bv jvirtios in con tro vers v , to lUn-idc their differ- 
 
 [lu uuHiern nsHjre, arbitrtilor \f the technical 
 
 >v.;,i , 'i. Any v>»'r!sou who hiu» the power of judging 
 
 and dotennining, without control. 
 Ar'l»i-tra-bl»'. ci. 1. Arbitrary. '2. Determiuablo. 
 Ar-bil'ra-iin'nt,«. [I- U\t. nrbitranifnluin.] 1. Will; 
 
 dofenuination ; docu>;ion. 'i. Awani of arbitrators. 
 Ar^il-tra-rl-lv, miv. Hv will only ; absolutely. 
 \r'l»l-tra-rv,*«. lLrf»t. arbitrarius, from arbitran, to 
 
 Ivar. divide, from arbiltr, q. v.] 1. De^Kuidiug on will 
 
 or .liMn'tion. 'i. Founded not on the uatuix^ of things, 
 
 but I'll niere will or choice. 3. IX'.-*potic ; absolute m 
 
 power ; Iwund by no law. 
 
 Svn. -l\ninnifal; imperious; unliuiited; capricious.— 
 
 When a ruU'r has absolute, unliuiited, or arbitrary power, he is 
 
 apt to bo capricious, if not iinjKriowi, tyrannical, and des- 
 
 IKitic. 
 
 Ar'bi-trate, v. I. 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators. 
 
 *2. To divide, or determine generally. 
 Ar'bi-trSte, i-. /. [imp- & P- P- arbitrated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. .\KB1TRATING.] 1. To decide; to determine. 
 2. To judge or act as arbitrator. 
 ArTbi-tra'tion, ti. The hearing and determination of a 
 cause between parties in controversy, by a person or per- 
 sons chosen by the parties. 
 Ar'bi-tra'tor, ;i. 1. A person chosen by parties who 
 have a controversy, to determine their differences. 
 "i. The jvrson chosen as umpire, by two arbitrators, 
 when the parties do not agree. 3. One who has the 
 power of deciding or prescribing without control. 
 ArTbi-tra'trix, n. A female who arbitrates or judges. 
 ArTbi-tress, n. A female arbiter ; an arbitratrix. 
 ArTjor, n. [Lat., a tree.] 1. A bower ; a seat shaded by 
 
 trees, 'i, A spindle or axis. 
 Ar-bo're-ous, t a. Belonging to, growing on, or having 
 ArTbor-al. ) the nature of, trees. 
 ArTbo-rCs'? en^e, n. The resemblance of a tree. 
 ArTbo-res'^ent, a. [Lat. arborescens, p. p. of arbores- 
 ctrf, to become a tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming 
 tree-hke. 
 ArTbo-ret, n. A small tree; a shrub. 
 Ar'bor-i-eult'ure (-kult'yHr), »i. [Lat. arbor, tree, and 
 citllura, culture. See CULTURE.] The art of cultivating 
 trees and shrubs. 
 ArTbor-ist^?!. One who makes trees his study. 
 Ar'bor-i-za'tion, n. A tree-like appearance, especially 
 
 in minerals. 
 ArTbor-ize, v. t. To form tree-like appearances in. 
 ArTbor-oils, a. Formed by trees. 
 ArTbus-^'le Ur'bus-sl), n. [Lat. arbuscula, dim. of arbor, 
 
 tree.] A dNrarf tree. 
 ArTjute, I n. [Lat. arbutus, akin to arbor, tree.] The 
 Jir-tfii'tus, i strawberry-tree, a genus of evergreen 
 Fhrubs, of the heath family, which has a berry resem- 
 bling the strawberry. 
 
 Arc, w. [I^at. arru5, bow, arch.] Part ^_^--^ ^---^^ 
 
 of the circumference of a circle or ' ^^ 
 
 cune. Arc. 
 
 Ar-eade', n. [L. Lat. areata, from Lat. arcus, bow, 
 arch.] 1. A series of arches. 2. A walk arched above ; 
 a raiit^' of shops along an arched passage. 
 Ar-4a'nuni, n.; pi. ar-€A'na. [Lat.] A secret. 
 Arch, a. [Properly chiif, eminent, viz., in art and 
 n/^uery ; firom the following.] Cunning or sly ; mis- 
 chievous in sport ; roguish. 
 Arch (G8), a. [From Or. prefix apx<--, from the same root 
 lis "^pxtif , to be first, to be{pn.] Chief; of the first class ; 
 principal ; — much used as a prefix in many compounded 
 word.", most of which are self-explaining ; as, arch-apos- 
 ^JU, arrh-buildfr, arrh-conspirator, &c. 
 Arch, n. 1. A curve line or ,.„ ~r~ 
 
 jjart of a circle. 2. Any . ■ -'/!-" 
 
 work in that form, or cov- 
 ercl by an arch. 
 Arch, V. t. or t. [imp. k p. 
 p. ARCHED (arrht, 108); p. 
 jrr. & vb. n. ARCHl.NG.] To 
 form an arch. 
 Ar'«hae-o-16g'I«-al, a. Re- 
 lating U) archaeology. 
 Ar'ehsK-iil'o-glst, n. One 
 
 _ versed in archaeology. 
 Ar'<,-hae-61'o-^, n. [Or. 
 
 apx^^o^oyia, fr. apxaloi, ancient, and Xoyo?, discourse.] 
 
 The science of antiquities ; a treatise on antiquiti«s or 
 ancient usages, customs, &c. 
 
 Ar-eha'i«, 1 a. Characterized by antiquity or obso- 
 
 Ar-elia'i-e-al, J leteuess ; ancient : antiquated. 
 
 Ar'<!ha-i§m, Ji. [From Gr. apxaios, ancient, ap^Jj, be- 
 ginning.] 1. An ancient or obsolete word, expression, 
 or idioui. 2. Antiquity of style or use. 
 
 Ar€h-au'gel, n. An angel of the highest order. 
 
 Arch'aii-g61'i-e, a. Belonging to archangels. 
 
 Arch-bish'op, n. A chief bishop ; a metropolitan. 
 
 Arch-bish'op-ri-e, n. The jurisdiction, place, or dio- 
 cese of an archbishop. 
 
 Arch-dea'-eon (-de'kn), n. An ecclesiastical dignitary 
 next in rank below a bishop. 
 
 Arch-dea'-eoii-ry, In. The office and jurisdiction of 
 
 Arch-dea'-eon-ship, ) an archdeacon. 
 
 Arch-dvi'-eal, a. Pertaining to an archduke. 
 
 Arch-duch'ess, n. A princess of the house of Austria. 
 
 Arch-diich'y, n. The territory or jurisdiction of an 
 archduke or archduchess. 
 
 J? rch-diilie', n. A grand duke; a chief prince; now, 
 strictly, a son of an Emperor of Austria. 
 
 Arch-diike'dom, n. The jurisdiction of an archduke 
 or archduchess. 
 
 Arch'er, n. One who shoots with a bow ; a bowman. 
 
 Arch'er-y, n. Art of shooting with a bow and arrow. 
 
 Arch'eg-court, n. An English ecclesiastical court of 
 appeal. _ 
 
 jir'-ehe-typ-'al, a. Constituting, or pertaining to, a model 
 or pattern ; original. 
 
 Ar'-ehe-type, n. [Gr. apxervnov^ from dpxri, beginning, 
 and TUTTos, stamp, figure, pattern.] The original pattern 
 or model of a work ; the model from which a thing is 
 made. 
 
 Arch-fiend', n. The chief of fiends. 
 
 Arch^i-di-a«'o-iial, a. Pertaining to an archdeacon. 
 
 Ar^h'i-e-pis'-eo-pa-^y, n. Estate of an archbishop. 
 
 Ar€h'i-e-pis'-eo-pal, a. Belonging to an archbishop. 
 
 Ar'-ehil, n. [Fr. orcheil, roccelle, N. Lat. (lichen) roccdZa, 
 from Fr. roc, m., roche, f., Sp. roca. It. rocca, roccia, 
 rock ; because it grows on rocks.] A violet dye obtained 
 _,from several species of hchen. 
 
 Ar-china'e-de'an, a. Per- 
 taining to Archimedes. 
 
 Archimedean screw, or Ar- 
 cJiimedes' screw, an instru- 
 ment for raising water, formed 
 b}' winding a flexible tube 
 round a cylinder iu the form 
 of a screw. 
 
 Ar'chi-pel'a-gO, n. [Gr. Archunedes' Screw, 
 
 prefix dpxi-, eqniv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and ireXayog, sea.] 
 Any body of water interspersed with many isles, or a 
 group of isles. 
 
 Axch'i-te-et, n. [Gr. apxi-TeKToiv , from prefix apxt--, 
 equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and TexTtov, workman.] 1. 
 One who plans and superintends the construction of a 
 
 _ building. 2. One who contrives or builds up. 
 
 Ar'-ehi-te-et'ive, a. Adapted to use in architecture. 
 
 Ar'-ehi-te-e-ton'i-e, ) a. [Gr. apxiTe/cToi/iKo?.] Per- 
 
 Ar/<;hi-te-e-t6ii'i<:-al, ) taining to, or skilled in, ar- 
 
 _chitecture ; evincing skUl in designing or construction. 
 
 Ar'-ehi-te«t'ress, n. A female architect. 
 
 Ar'-ehi-tecfur-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, architecture. 
 
 Ar'<;hi-te<;t'u.re , n. 1. The art or science of building ; 
 especially, the art of constructing houses, bridges, and 
 _ other buildings. 2. Frame or structure ; workmanship. 
 
 Ar'-ehi-trave, n. [From Gr. and Lat. prefix archi-, 
 equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and It. trave, Lat. trabs, 
 beam.] (Arch.) (a.) The lower division of an entabla- 
 ture, or that part which rests immediately on the column. 
 (b.) The ornamental molding running round the exterior 
 curve of an arch, (c.) A molding above a door, or win- 
 dow, and the Uke. 
 
 Ar'-eluve,n./ pi. ar/€H]VE2 (-kivz). [Lat. archivum, 
 
 archium, Gr. dpxeiov, government-house, from npx'J, the 
 
 first place, government. See ARCH.] 1. Place in which 
 
 public records are kept. 2. Public records and papers 
 
 ..which are preserved as evidence of facts. 
 
 Ar'chi-vist, n. The keeper of archives. 
 
 Ar'-ehi-v6lt, n. [It. archivolto, from Gr. & Lat. prefix 
 
 arc/;?-, equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and It. volto, vault, 
 
 arch.] (Arch.) The inner contour of an arch, or a band 
 
 adorned with moldings running over the faces of the 
 
 ..arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. 
 
 Archly, adv. With sly humor ; shrewdly. 
 
 a,8,&c.,ton^; jk, 6, See., short; e4re, far, ask, all, what ; fire, veil, term: pique, firm; sou, or, dQ, wolf, 
 
ARCHNESS 
 
 37 
 
 ARISTOCRATICAL 
 
 Arch'ness, n. Sly humor ; shrewdness; cunning, 
 
 Ar'-elioii, ". [Gr. <Vx'^'', from apx^ii', to rule.] A chief 
 magistrate in ancient Athens. 
 
 Arch'vray, n. A passage under an arch. 
 
 Ar<!'o-grapli, n. [Lat. arcus, equiv. to Eng. arc, q. v., 
 and Gr. ypdnjteiv^ to write.] An instrument for drawing 
 arcs of circles without the use of a central point 
 
 Ar<;'ti-e, a. [Gr. dpKTiKos, from apKTo^^ a bear, and the 
 constellation so called.] Pertaining to, or situated under, 
 the northern constellation called the Bear ; northern ; 
 lying far north. 
 Arctic circle, a lesser circle 232° from the north pole. 
 
 Arc'u-ate, ) a. [Lafc. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare, to 
 
 Ar-e'u-a'ted, ) make in form of a bow, from arcus, 
 bow] Bent like a bow. 
 
 Ar<;'u.-a'tion, n. A bending ; convexity ; incurvation. 
 
 Ar'-eu-ba-list, n. [Lat. arcuballista, from arcus, bow, 
 and ballista, balista, a military engine for projectiles, 
 from Gr. /SdiAAetv, to throw.] A cross-bow, of different 
 
 ..kinds, sometimes used for discharging stones or bullets. 
 
 Ar'-eu-bai'ist-er, or Ar''«u-ba-list'er, n. A cross- 
 
 Ar'deii-^y, n. Ardor ; eagerness ; zeal ; heat, [bowman. 
 
 Ar'dent, a. [Lat. ardens, p. pr. of ardere, to biim.] 1. 
 Hot or bvmiing. 2. Having the appearance or quality 
 of fire. 3. Much engaged ; passionate; affectionate. 
 
 Syn. — Fiery; intense ; fierce ; vehement; eager; zealous; 
 keen; fervid; fervent; passiSnate; affectionate. 
 
 Ar'dent-ly, adv. With ardor ; zealously; affectionately. 
 
 Ar'dor, n. [Lat., from ardere, to burn.] 1. Heat, in a 
 literal sense. 2. Warmth, or heat of passion or affec- 
 tion ; eagerness. 
 
 Axd'u-oiis (29, 52), a. [Lat. arduus, akin to Ir. ard, 
 high, height.] 1. High or lofty, in a literal sense. 2. 
 Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivi- 
 ties ; diflicult. 
 
 Syn. — Difficult ; hard. — Arduous is stronger than liard, 
 and hard stronger than difficult. 
 
 Ard'u-ous-iiess, n. Great difficulty ; laboriousness. 
 
 Axe (ar). Present indie, pi. of the substantive verb ; but 
 
 _etymologically adififerent word from be, am, or was. 
 
 A're-a, n.; pi. A'RE-Ag. [Lat., a broad piece of level 
 ground.] 1. Any plane surface, as the floor of a room, 
 of a church or other building, or of the ground. 3. 
 The inclosed space or site on which a building stands ; a 
 sunkan space around the basement of a building. 3. 
 ( Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure. 
 
 Ar'e-fS,€'tioii, n. [Lat. arefacere, to make dry, from 
 arere, to be dry, and/izcere, to make.] The act of dry- 
 ing ; dryness. 
 
 A-re'na, n.; pi. a-re''na§ ; Lat. pi. a-re'n^. [Lat., 
 sand, a sandy place.] 1. ( Rom. Antiq.) The area in the 
 central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators 
 fought and other shows were exhibited ; — so called be- 
 cause it was covered with sand. Hence, '-J, {Fig.) Any 
 place of pubUc contest or exertion. 
 
 Ar'e-na'ceous, a. [Lat. arenaceus, from arena, sand.] 
 Having the properties of sand ; easily disintegrating into 
 sand; friable. 
 
 A.-^e'o-ld, n. ; pi. a-re'o-lje. [Lat., dim. of area, q. 
 v.] 1. An interstice or small space. 3. The colored 
 ring around the nipple, and also around certain vesicles. 
 
 A-re'o-lar, a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola ; filled 
 with interstices or areolae. 
 
 Areolar tis.fue (Anat), a loose mixture of the white, fibrous, 
 and yellow elastic tissues, as the loose texture which connects 
 the skin with subjacent parts;— so called from its interspaces. 
 
 A're-6in.'e-ter (110), n. [Gr. dpalo^^ thin, rare, and 
 fierpou, a measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
 
 _ specific gravity of fluids. 
 
 A're-om'e-try , n. Act of measuring the specific gravity 
 
 ^ of fluids. 
 
 Ar'e-op'a-gite, n. A member of the Areopagus. 
 
 Ar'e-6p'a-gus, n. [Gr "Apeton-ayos, hill of Ares; irayo?, 
 rocky hill.] A sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for 
 the justice and unpartiaUty of its decisions ; — so called 
 from having been originally held on a hill named in honor 
 
 _,of Ares, or Mars. 
 
 Ar'gal, n. [See Argol.] Unrefined or crude tartar. 
 
 Ar'gand L<d.mp. A lamp invented by Aime Argand, 
 in which a hollow wick is surrounded by a glass chimney, 
 thus producing a strong and clear light. 
 
 Argand burner, a gas burner in the form of a ring or hollow 
 cylinder, admitting a current of air through the center to fa- 
 cilitate combustion. 
 
 Ar'gent, a. [Lat. argentum, silver, fr. Gr. apyd?, white-I 
 
 Silvery ; bright like silver. 
 Ar'gent, n. The white color on a coat of arms, designed 
 
 to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity. 
 Ar-^fgiifal, I a. Pertaining to, consisting of, res«m- 
 Ar-g6nt'i<; , j bling, or containing, silver. 
 Ar'gen-tif'er-oiis, a. Containing silver. 
 Ar 'gen-tine, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver, or 
 
 sounding like it ; sUveiy . 
 Ar'gen-tine, n. [From Lat. argentum, silver.] 1. 
 
 {Mm.) A siUcious variety of carbonate of lime, having a 
 
 silvery -white luster, 2. White metal coated with sUver. 
 Ar'gil, n. [Gr. apyiXAos or apyiAos, from apy>??, dpytA^?, 
 
 white.] (Min.) Clay or potter's earth; sometimes pure 
 ..clay, or alumina. See Clay. 
 
 Ar'gil -la'eeous, a. Partaking of the properties of clay. 
 Ar'gil -lif'er-ous, a. [Lat. argilla, white clay, and 
 
 ferre, to bear.] Producing clay. 
 Ar-i^il'lous, a. Clayey. 
 Ar'give (ar/jiv), a. Pertaining to Argos, the capital of 
 
 Argolis in Greece, or to its inhabitants. 
 
 1^=- The Argive tribe, during the Trojan war, was the mast 
 powerful of any in Greece; and hence Argive is often used aa 
 a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek. 
 
 Ar'gol, n. [Cf. Argil.] Crude tartar. 
 
 Ar'go-naut, n. [Gr. 'Apyovavri)?, from 'ApyoS and 
 vauTTj?, sailor, from vav<;^ ship.] 1. One of the persons 
 who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of 
 . the golden fleece. 3. (Zool.) The nautilus. 
 
 Ar'go-naiit'i-e , a. Pertaining to the Argonauts, or to 
 .their voyage to Colchis. 
 
 Ar'go-sy, n. [So called from .4rg-o. See ARGONAUT.] A 
 
 ..large ship, either for merchandise or war. 
 
 Ar'gue, V. i. [imp. & p. p. ARGUED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ARGUING.] [Lat. arguere.] 1. To use argvunents ; tjo 
 
 ..reason. 3. To contend in argument ; to dispute. 
 
 Ar'giie, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss. 3. To prove or 
 evince. 3. To persuade by reasons. 
 
 Syn.— To discuss ; debate ; dispute ; prove. — To discuss, 
 debate, or dispute, is the act of parties interchanging arguments 
 between themselves. To i^ro ye is the strongest term, imply- 
 ing decisive evidence ; to evince is next in strength, implying 
 evidence sufficient to remove doubt; to ai-gue is the weakest. 
 
 Ar'gu-er, n. A disputer ; reasoner. 
 
 Ar'gu-ment, n. [Lat. argmnejitum.] 1. A proof or 
 means of proving ; a reason offered in proof, to induce 
 beUef , or convince the mind. 3. A process of reasoning 
 or a controversy made up of such proofs. 3. The sub- 
 ject-matter, or an abstract of the subject-matter, of a 
 discourse, writing, picture, or the hke. 
 
 Ar-'gu-men-ta'tion, n. Process or act of reasoning. 
 
 Ar^gix-men'ta-tive, a. 1. Containing argiiment. 2. 
 Addicted to argument. 
 
 ^'ri-d, n. [It. from Lat. acr, the air.] {Mus.) An air er 
 
 _song ; a tune. 
 
 A'ri-an, a. Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church 
 
 _of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to his doctrines- 
 
 A'ri-an, n. One who adheres to the doctrines of Arius, 
 
 _who held Christ to be only a superangeUc being. 
 
 A'ri-an-igm, n. The doctrine of the Arians. 
 
 Ar'id, a. [Lat. aridus, from arere, to be dry.] Bry; 
 parched up with heat. 
 
 X "^?j ^ "^' \n. Absence of moisture ; dryness. 
 Ar'id-ness,) ' •' 
 
 Ar'i-et'td, )«. [It. ar/e«a, dim. of ana, q. v.] {Mus.) 
 
 Ar'i-ette', j A little ar/«, or air. 
 
 A-right' (a-rTf), adv. In due order; rightly; duly; 
 
 ^without mistake. 
 
 Ar'i-ose', a. [It. arioso, from aria, q. v.] Characteriaed 
 by melody, as distinguished from harmony. 
 
 A-ri§e', v. i. [imp. arose ; p. pr. & vb. n. ARISIKG; 
 p.p. ARISEN.] [A.-S. ama». See RISE.] 1. To come 
 or get up from a lower to a higher position ; to mount ; 
 to ascend ; to rise. 3. To come into action, being, or 
 notice. 3. To proceed ; to issue ; to spring. 
 
 Ar'is-to-e'ra-^y, n. [Gr. apto-To/cparia, from a.pi<rr<K, 
 best, and Kpar^lv, to rule.] 1. A form of government, 
 in which the supreme power is vested in the principal 
 persons of a state, or in a privileged order, 3. Th^ no- 
 bility or chief persons in a state. 
 
 A-ris'to-<;rat, or Ar'is-to-<;rat, n, 1. One who 
 favors an aristocracy in principle or practice. 3. A 
 proud or haughty person. 
 
 Ar'is-to-erat'i-e, ) a. Pertaming to, consistmg m, 
 
 Ar'is-to-«rat'l-e-al, I or partaking of, aristocracy. 
 
 food, fc»bt : firn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e<;lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tbis. 
 
ARISTOTELIAN 
 
 38 
 
 ARRANGE 
 
 Ar'ls-to-te'll-an, n. Portaining to Aristotle, a cele- 
 bnttod tJnvk phiUviophor. 
 
 Ar U-to-te'11-nu, »■ A follower of Aristotle, who 
 f>uiule^l tho Mx-t of IVriivitotios. SiX' I'EKlPATETIC. 
 
 Ar'lUi-iu&n'r.v, or A-ritli'man-^j , ". [Or. ipiO^o?, 
 ir iUr, and M«"T<ia, divinatiou.J The foretelling of 
 • ■. . !>• ereut*. by the u«« or observatjou of nuiubers. 
 
 j^ . ., I, ,,,.,-t«" - The scieuce of umubers ; the art of 
 ;n». 
 
 A 1. According to arithmetic, [metic. 
 
 At til. ...' .- i 4.4 11 (-tlsh'an), n. One skilled in arith- 
 
 Ark, «. ll-it. arm, iroui arctn , to inclose, A.-S. ark, eark, 
 trk. tJoth. nrka.] 1. A small, close chest, such as that 
 which wntaiiuHl the tables of the covenant among the 
 Jews. 'i. Tho vcsst^l iu which Noah aud his familj- were 
 I>n»s«Tvi-d durini: the deluge. 3. A large boat used on 
 An»rrican rivci> to tran?iK>rt produce to market 
 
 KnApotens, powerful, p. pr. of posse, to be able.] Pow- 
 .erful in arms ; mighty in battle. 
 
 Ar'Miis-ti^e, n. [Lat. antta, arms, and stare, stattim, to 
 stand still.] A temporary cessation of arms ; a truce. 
 
 Arm'let, n. 1. A small arm, as of the sea. 2. A kind 
 _of bracelet. 
 
 Arni'or, m. [0. Eng. armure, from Lat. armatura.] 1. 
 Defensive arms for the body ; any clothing or coTcring 
 worn to protect one's person in battle. 2. The steel or 
 iron covering of ships of war. 
 
 Arm'or-belr/er, n. One who carries the armor or 
 arms of another ; an esquire. 
 
 Ar'mor-er, n. 1. A maker of armor or arms. 2. One 
 who has care of the arms of another, and who dresses 
 _him in armor. 
 
 Ar-mo'ri-al, a. Belonging to armor, or to the escutch- 
 eon of a femily. 
 
 Aries « iV [ \ -N. earUs, ytarUs, Scotch airles.] Money , Ar'mo-ry, n. 1. A place where arms and instrument 
 
 les 
 
 paid* to bind a bargain ; an earnest. 
 
 Arm, n. [A.-S. nr»/i, eam^, Lat. annus, Gr. ap/xo?, shoul- 
 der, from the root ap, to join, to fit together. Cf. Slav. 
 raffiD, shoulder, Lat. ramus, branch.] 1. The limb of 
 the human body which extends from the shoulder to the 
 hand. 2. Any thing resembling an arm ; as, (a.) The 
 branch of a tree, (b.) A slender part of an instrument 
 or machine, projecting from a tnmk, or axis, or fulcrum, 
 (r.) (yaut.) The end of a yard; also, the part of an 
 anchor which ends in the fluke, (d.) An inlet of water 
 fr«om the sea. 3. (Fig.) Power; might. 4. (Mil.) (a.) 
 A branch of the mihtary service. (6.) An instrument 
 of warfare : — commonly in the pi. See Arms. 
 
 Arm, f. t. [itnp. & p. p. armed : p. pr & vb. n. ARM- 
 ING.] 1. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense 
 or defen.se. 2. To cover or furnish with whatever will 
 add strength, force, security, or efficiency ; — hence, 
 spfriJUally, to fit with an armature, as a loadstone. 3. 
 .(F/g-.) To furnish with means of defense. 
 
 Arm, r. i. To be provided with arms, weapons, or means 
 of attack or resistance : to take arms. 
 
 Ar-ma'da. h. [Sp., from Lat. armatus, p. p. of armare, 
 to arm.] A fleet of armed ships ; specifically, the Span- 
 
 _ish fleet intended to act against England, A. D. 1588. 
 
 Ar'ma^dillo, n.; pi. ar-MA- 
 DlL'LOg. [.Sp. dim. of arrna- 
 do, armed.] (Zo'dl.) An an- 
 imal peculiar to South Amer- 
 ica, and having the body en- 
 cased in an armor composed of 
 
 _, small bony plates. 
 
 Ar'ma-men.t, n. [Lat. arma- Armadillo. 
 
 menta.] 1. A body of land or naval forces equipped 
 for war. 2. (31/7.) AH arrangements made for the de- 
 fense of a fortification with musketry and artillery. 3. 
 ( ^aut. ) The guns and other munitions of war with which 
 
 ^ji. ship is armed. 
 
 Ar'rna-ture (-53), n. [Lat. armatura. from armare, to 
 arm.] 1. Armor. 2. (3Ia^netism.) A piece of iron 
 naed to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro- 
 magnet, in order to complete the circuit, and receive the 
 matmetic force. [elbows. 
 
 Arm '-chair, n. A chafr with arms to support the 
 
 Arm'f ul, n. ; pi. ARM'FVLg. As much as the arms can 
 
 _ hold. 
 
 Arm'hole, n. 1. The cavity under the shoulder ; arm- 
 pit. 2. A hole for the arm in a garment. 
 
 Ar'mii-la-r^', a. [L. Lat. armilla- 
 rivs. from Lat. armilla, bracelet, 
 from armus, arm.] Pertaining to, 
 or resembling, a bracelet or ring ; 
 consisting of rings or circles. 
 
 ''' " ' ■ iment con- 
 
 . all circles 
 
 ' to repre- 
 
 ' ngs to the 
 
 iir.j.' rtu!, ! ' ,." 1.-. of th': <;t!.:stial sphere. 
 
 Ar'mil-late, J a. [Lat. armilla- 
 Ar'iriil-Iit''t«^d, ( tus, p. p. of 
 "re, frf>ra armilla, bracelet.] 
 •>ie<l with bracelets. 
 ^ r n 1 1 ii'I-an, n. A follower of Ar- 
 .'liiiiius, who denied predestination and the kindred doc- 
 trin*^. 
 X f jfiin'ian f-yan), a. Pertaming to Arminius, or desig- 
 ririciples. 
 
 ■) 15m, n. The tenetfl of the Arminians, 
 ■^ ' < nt, a. [Lat. arrnipolens, from arma, arms, 
 
 -\nnillary sphere. 
 
 of war are deposited for safe-keeping. 2. Armor; de- 
 fensive and offensive arms. 3. That branch of heraldr)- 
 which treats of coat-armor. 4. A place or building in 
 .which arms are manufactured. [^TTJencaw.] 
 
 Arm'pit, n. The hollow tinder the shoulder. 
 
 Arm§, «. 7)^. [Lat. arma. See Arm.] 1. Instruments 
 or weapons of offense or defense ; instruments for fight- 
 ing, whether offensive or defensive. 2. The deeds or ex- 
 ploits of war. 3. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family. 
 
 Syii. — Originally arms were for attack, weapons for defense. 
 — Hence we say jfre-arr/i,*, not fire-weapons, because fire is not 
 used for defense. At present the word ueax/on is applied to in- 
 struments of attack as well as defense. 
 
 Arm'strong Gitn. (Mil.) A breech -loading, wronght- 
 iron, rifled cannon, named from its inventor. 
 
 Ar'my, n. [From Lat. armatus, f. armata, p. p. of ar- 
 mare, to arm.] 1. A collection or body of men armed 
 for war, and organized in companies, battahons, regi- 
 ments, biigades, and divisions, under proper officers. 
 2. A great number : a host. 
 
 Ar'my-"w6rm (-wurm), n. A voracious caterpillar (the 
 larva of a moth) appearing in large hosts. 
 
 Ar'ni-ea, w. [Prob. a corruption of ^jfarwiica.] (Bat.) 
 A plant used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. 
 
 Ar-not'to, n. See Axnotto. 
 
 jl-ro'md.n. [Gr.] The fragrant quality in plants. 
 
 At 'o-mat'i-e , I a. Pertaining to, or containing, aro- 
 
 Ar'o-mat'i-e-al, j ma ; fragrant ; spicy. 
 
 Ar'o-mat'i-e , n. A plant, drug, or medicine, having a 
 fragrant smell, and usually a warm, pungent taste. 
 
 A-ro'ma-tize, or Ar'o-ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 AROMATIZED : p. pr. & vb. n. AROMATIZING.] To 
 impregnate with aroma. 
 
 A-ro'ma-toiis, a. Containing aroma. 
 
 A-ro§e'. The past or preterit tense of the verb arise, q. v. 
 
 A-roTUi€l',7>re7>. [Prefix a and row?irf, q. v.] 1. On all 
 sides of; about. 2. Prom one part to another of. 
 
 A-round', adv. 1. In a circle: on every side. 2. At 
 random ; here and there. See Eound. 
 
 A-rou§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. AROUSED \ p. pr. & vb. 
 n. AROUSIXG.] [Prefix a and rause, a secondary form of 
 raise.] To awaken suddenly. 
 Syn. — To excite; animate; roiise. 
 
 A-roynt', adv. [Cf. A.-S. ryman.j). rym.de, to make room 
 or way.] Begone: away. [Obs.] 
 
 JlV-2>e*/'*/io (ar-ped'jo), ??. [It. from orpo, harp.] (Mus.) 
 The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succes- 
 
 _sion, and not simultaneously. 
 
 Ar'que-lju.se (ar/kwe-biis), n. [From D. haak-hus, Ger. 
 hakenbi'ichse , a gun with a hook , the hook heing the forked 
 rest on which it is supported.] A sort of hand-gun, sup- 
 sported upon a forked rest when in use. fbuse. 
 
 Ar'qne-ljiis-ier', n. A soldier armed with an arque- 
 
 Ar-racfe.', n. [Ar. araq, from araqa, to sweat.] A kind 
 of spirit obtained in the East Indies from rice or the 
 cocoa-nut-tree, &c. 
 
 Ar-raigm' (ar-ran'), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. ARRAIGNED: 
 p.pr. & vb. n. arraign:ed.] [From Lat. ad and ratio, 
 reason, reasoning, L. Lat. cause, judgment.] 1. [Law.) 
 To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court, to an- 
 swer to the matter charged in an indictment or com- 
 plaint. 2. To call in question, or accuse, before the bar 
 of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. 
 Syn. — To accuse; impeach; charge; censure. 
 
 Ar-raign'ment (-ran'-), n. The act of arraigning. 
 
 Ar-range', v. t. [imp. & p. p. arranged; p. pr. & 
 vb. 71. ARRANGING.] [Fr. arranger, from ad and ranger, 
 from rang, Eng. rank, from 0. H. Ger. kring, ring, cir- 
 
 a,5,&c.,i<m^; h,6,kc., short; c^re,far,a«]<:,aU,wliat; 6re,veil, tgrm; pique, firm: son, dr, do, wolt 
 
ARRANGEMENT 
 
 39 
 
 ARTFUL 
 
 cle, circular row.] 1. To put, place, or dispoae, in proper 
 order. 3. To adjust or settle. 
 
 Ar-range'meiit, M. 1. Act of arranging or putting in 
 proper order ; the state of being arranged. 5i. Result of 
 arranging; regular and systematic classification. 3. 
 Preparatory measure ; preparation. 4. Settlement ; 
 adjustment by agreement. 5. {Mus.) (a.) The adapta- 
 tion of a composition to voices or instruments for which 
 it was not originally written, (b.) A piece so adapted. 
 
 Ar'rant, a. [from Eng. errant, wandering, which was 
 first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant 
 thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and 
 ^ worse sense.] Very bad ; notorious. 
 
 Ar'ras, n. Tapestry ; hangings of tapestry, made first 
 at Arras in the French Netherlands. 
 
 Ar-ray', n. [0. Fr., arrai, from ad and 0. Fr. rai, order, 
 arrangement, fi-om Goth, raidjan, to arrange, prepare.] 
 1. Order ; disposition in regular lines ; hence, a posture 
 for fighting. ^. An orderly collection. 3. Dress ; rai- 
 ment. 4. (Law.) (a.) A ranking or setting forth in 
 order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a 
 cause. (&.)The panel itself, (c.) The whole body of 
 jurors summoned to attend the court. 
 
 Ai'-ray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. arrayed ; p. pr. Ss. vb. n. 
 ARRAYING.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops 
 for battle. '2. To deck or dress ; to adorn with dress. 
 3. (Latv.) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a 
 cause ; that is, to call them man by man. 
 Syn. — To dispose ; draw out; arrange; envelop. 
 
 Ar-rear', n. sing. ) That which is behind in payment, or 
 
 Ar-rear§', n. pi. ) remains unpaid, though due. 
 
 Ar-rear'age, n. The part of a debt unpaid. 
 
 Ar-re-et', I a. [Lat. arrectus, p.p. of arrigere, to raise, 
 
 Ar-rect'ed, ) erect.] Lifted up ; raised ; erect. 
 
 Ar-rest', v. t. [imp. & p. p. arrested ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ARRESTING.] [From Lat. arf aijd res^are, to remain. 
 See Rest.] 1. To check or hinder the motion or action 
 of. 3. {Law.) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority 
 of law. 3. To seize on and fix ; to engage. 
 
 Syn.— To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; 
 apprehend; seize; lay hold of. — To arrest, like seize, denotes 
 a forcible and usually a sudden act, by which we check, stop, 
 or detain. When we arrest a criminal, we seize and detain 
 him ; when we apprehend, we lay hold of, for the same pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Ar-rest', n. 1. Hindrance, or restraint. [Obs.] 3, 
 (Laiv.) The taking or apprehending of a person by 
 authority of law. 3 . Any seizure , or taking by power, 
 physical or moral. 4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back 
 
 _ part of the hind leg of a horse. 
 
 Ar'res-ta'tiou, n. Act of arresting ; arrest or seizure. 
 
 ^*'-j"e*' (ar -ret' or ar-ra./), n. [See ARREST.] (Fr. Law.) 
 (a.) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or of par- 
 liament, (b.) An edict of a sovereign prince, (c.) An 
 arrest or seizure of persons, or a seizure of goods. 
 
 Ar-rier e'-ban, n. [Ft., from . H . Ger . hariban , heriban , 
 the calling together of an army, from heri, an army, and 
 ban, a public call or order. The French have misunder- 
 stood their old word, and have corrupted it into arriere- 
 ban.] 1. A proclamation of the French kings, calling 
 not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of 
 these feudatories, to take the field for war. 3. The as- 
 sembly of such vassals . 
 
 Ai*'ris, n. [Lat. arista, beard of an ear of grain, bone of 
 a fish.] (Arch.) The edge formed by two surfaces meet- 
 ing each other, whether plane or curved. 
 
 Ar-ri'val, n. [From arrive , q^. y .] 1. Act of arriving; 
 act of reaching a place, from a distance, whether by 
 water (as in its original sense) or by land. 3. Attain- 
 ment or gaining of any object, by effort, agreement, prac- 
 tice, or study. 3. The person or thing arriving. 
 
 Ar-rive', v. i. [imp. & p. p. arrived ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ARRIVING.] [Low Lat. arrivare, arripare, adripare, to 
 come to shore, from Lat. ad and ripa, the shore or slop- 
 ing bank of a river.] 1. Lit., to come to the shore, or 
 bank; but, in present usage, to come in progress by 
 wat«r, or by traveling on land. 3. To gain or compass 
 an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, 
 or experiment. 
 
 Ar'ro-gan^e, n. [Lat. arrogantia, from arrogans, p. pr. 
 of arrogare, to claim as one's own, from ad and rogare, 
 to ask, request.] Undue assumption of importance. 
 
 Syn. — Haughtiness ; lordliness. — Arrogance disgusts by its 
 assumption, haughtiness and lordliness by their contemptuous 
 clauns to superiority. 
 
 Ar'ro-gant, a. 1. Assmning undue importance. 3. 
 Containing, or characterized by, such assumption. 
 
 Syn.— Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overb«aring; 
 presumptuous; haughty. 
 
 Ar'ro-sant-ly, adv. Haughtily ; very proudly. 
 
 Ar'ro-gate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. arrogated ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ARROGATING.] To Claim unduly ; to assume. 
 
 Ar'ro-ga'tion, n. The act of arrogating. 
 
 Ar'ro-ga'tive, a. Making undue pretension ; arrogant. 
 
 Ar'row, n. [0. Eng. arwe, A.-S. arewe, arewa, of Celt, ori- 
 gin, fr. Welsh ara, arf, weapon. Arm. & Gael, arm., equiv. 
 to Lat. arma.] A pointed weapon to be shot from a bow. 
 
 Ar'row-li6ad.'ecl, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow. 
 Arrow-headed characters, characters the elements of wliich 
 consist of strokes resembling arrow-heads, nail-heads, or wedges; 
 — hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or 
 cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the 
 country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in 
 Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nme- 
 veh, and Babylon. 
 
 Ar'rovF-rdbt, n. A tropical plant, and the starch which' 
 it yields, being highly nutritious ; so called because the 
 Indians are said to use the roots to extract the poison of 
 ^arrows. 
 
 Ar'row-y, a. 1. Consisting of arrows. 3. Formed like, 
 
 __or in any respect resembUng, an arrow. 
 
 Ar'se-nal, n. [Ar. darcinah, house of industry or fabri- 
 cation, from dar, house, and ginaat, ginaah,airt, industry.] 
 A public establishment for the storage, or for the man- 
 Tifacture and storage, of arms and all mihtary equipments, 
 whether for land or naval service. 
 
 Ar'se-iii-e (123), n. [Gr. dpa-evLKov^ appevcKov, from 
 dppevLKo^, masculine, appr)v, male, on account of its 
 strength.] 1. (Min.) A metal of a steel gray color, and 
 brilliant luster, though usually duU from tarnish. 3. 
 (Com.) Arsenious acid; — a virulent poison, called also 
 oxide of arsenic, white arsenic, and ratsbane. 
 
 Ar-seiiL'i«, ) a. Belonging to, composed of, or contain- 
 
 Ar-sen.'i<;-al, ) ing, arsenic. 
 
 Ar-se'nl-otis, a. Composed of or containing arsenic. 
 
 jir'sis, n. [Gr. apcrt?, from atpetv, to raise. Its ordinary 
 use is the result of an early misapprehension ; orig. and 
 prop, it denotes the lifting of the hand in beating time, 
 and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] (Pros.) 
 That part of a foot which is distinguished fi-om the 
 
 ,,rest of the foot by a greater stress of voice. 
 
 Ar'son, n. [From Lat. ardere, arsum, to bum.] (Law.) 
 
 _ Malicious and voluntary burning of buildings and ships. 
 
 Art. Second person, indie, mode, pres. tense, of the sub- 
 stantive verb to be ; but fi'om were, Sw. vara, Dan. vsere. 
 
 Art, n. [Lat. ars, artis, from Gr. apetv, to join, to fit to- 
 gether.] 1. Employment of means to accomplish some 
 desired end ; application of knowledge or power to prac- 
 tical purposes. 3. A system of rules serving to facilitate 
 the performance of certain actions ; — opposed to science. 
 3. Power of performing certain actions , acquired by ex- 
 perience, study, or observation. 4. Cunning; artifice. 
 
 I5S~ Arts are divided into useful, mechanic, or industrial, and 
 liberal, polite, or fine. The mechanic arts are those in which 
 the hands and body are more concerned than the mind, as in 
 making clothes and utensils. The liberal or poMte arts are 
 those in which the mind or ima^nation is chiefly concerned, 
 as poetry, music, and painting. Formerly the term liberal arts 
 was used to denote the sciences and philosophy ; hence, de- 
 grees in the arts. 
 
 Syn. — Science; Hterature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dex- 
 terity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; 
 caUing; cunning; artifice; deceit; dupUcity. 
 
 Ar-te'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to an artery, or the arter 
 
 _ ies. 3. Contained in an artery. 
 
 Ar-te'ri-al-i-za'tion, n. The process of arterializing. 
 
 Ar-te'ri-al-ize, f. t. [imp. k p. p. arterialized; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. arterializing.] To communicate the 
 quahties of arterial blood to. 
 
 Ar-te'ri-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. dp-njpiOTOiMCa, from dprqpia 
 and To/u.^, a cutting.] (Anat.) (a.) The opening of an 
 artery by a lancet, or other instrument, for the purpose 
 of letting blood, (b.) That part of anatomy which treat* 
 of the dissection of the arteries. 
 
 Ar'ter-y, n. [Gr. dp-nripia, from aipeiv, to raise, to lift. 
 Cf. Aorta.] 1. One of the vessels which convey the 
 blood from the heart to all parts of the body. 3. 
 Hence, any continuous or ramified channel of communi- 
 cation. 
 
 Ar-te'gian, a. Pertaining to Artois (anciently called 
 Artesium), in France. 
 
 Artesian wells, wells made bv boring into the earth till the 
 instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows 
 spontaneously like a fountain. 
 
 Art'fiU, a. 1. Made, performed with, or characteriaed 
 
 food, f&bt ; ^rn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -eall, e-eho . gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
ARTFULLY 
 
 40 
 
 ASCIANS 
 
 affecting 
 
 ■by, art or skill. 2. I'sinj: or exhibiting art or skill. 3. 
 I'Taoticing art or stratAginn. [Tho most usual sense.] 
 
 Syn. — Cunning; cr*lty: doxtorous. 
 Art'ful-ly. ii'iv. With art : cunningly ; dexterously. 
 Art'f\il-iif*s, n. Art; cunning; dexterity. 
 Ar-tlirit'it\ ) a. Pertaiuiug to the joints 
 Ar-tlirit'it'-al, ) the joints. 
 Ar~thrT'tijt, n. [Gr. <«p(^piris, from apepov, a joint.] 
 
 (.Ale./.) Anv intlauimation of the joints, esp. the gout. 
 Ar'U -choke, «. [Ar. anii sc/iauAi, i. o., earth-thorn.] 
 
 ( Bvi. ) An cisculent plant somewhat resembUng a thistle. 
 
 JcrvMilcm nrticholr, n species of sunflower, bearing a tuber 
 like that of the ixitato. The term Jerusalem is a corruptiou of 
 the it. i/v-asote, sunflower. 
 
 JLr'tl-ele (ar'tl-kl), n. [Lat. articulus, dun. of artus, a, 
 joint.] 1. A distinct portion of any vrriting, consisting 
 of two or more particulars, or ti-eating of various topics ; 
 henre, a clause in a contract, account, treaty, or theUke ; 
 a concise statement. "2. A ilistinct part. 3. A partic- 
 ular commodity or substance. 4. ( Gram) One of the 
 three words, a', an, the, used before nouns to limit or 
 define their application. 
 
 Ar'tl-<'le, f. t. [ittip. & p. p. ARTICLED; p.pr. & vb. 
 »i. ARTICLING.] 1. To set forth in distinct articles or 
 particulars, '-i. To accuse by an exhibition of articles. 
 
 ..3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation. 
 
 AT'ti-«le, V. i. To agree by articles ; to stipulate. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-lar , a. Of or belonging to joints. 
 
 Xr-tic'u-late, a. 1. (Nat. Hist.) Formed with joints. 
 '2. Distinctly uttered ; clear ; especially, formed, charac- 
 terized, or modified, by a jointing or articulation of the 
 
 ,, organs of speech, with proper inflection and accent. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-late, ii. (Zool.) An animal of the second sub- 
 kingdom, which includes invertebrates, having the body 
 
 ,,and members jointed. 
 
 Ar-ti-e'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. articulated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ARTICULATING.] 1. To joint ; to unite by 
 means of a joint. 3. To form into elementary sounds : 
 
 _,to form into distinct syllables or words. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-late, v. i. [Lat. articulare, articulatvm, from 
 artiis, a joint.] To utter articulate sounds ; to utter the 
 elementary sounds of a language ; to enunciate. 
 
 Ar-ti-e'u-late-ly, adv. Distinctly ; clearly. 
 
 Ar-ti-e'u-la'tion, n. 1. (Anat.) Junction of the bones 
 of a skeleton, ti. -(Bot.) (a.) Connection of the parts 
 of a plant by joints, as in pods, (b.) One of the joints, as 
 in cane and maize, (c.) One of the parts intercepted be- 
 tween the joints. 3. Utterance of the elementary sounds 
 of a language by means of closing and opening the or- 
 gans. 4. A consonant ; a letter representing a sound 
 requiring a jointing or closing of the organs for its utter- 
 
 ..ance. 
 
 Ar'ti-fife, n. [Lat. artifidum, from artifex, artificer, 
 firom ars, artis, art, and /acere, to make.] Artful or skill- 
 ful contrivance ; device. 
 Syn.— Stratagem 
 
 Ar-tif'i-^er 
 _One who constructs and contrives. 
 
 Ar'ti-fi'cial (-flsh'al), a. 1. Made or contrived by 
 art ; factitious. 2. Hence, feigned ; fictitious. 3. Cul- 
 
 ^tivat/;d; not indigenous. 
 
 iVr'ti-f i'cial-ly , adv. By art ; not naturally. 
 
 Ar'ti-fi'cial-ness, ) n. The quality of bemg artificial 
 
 Ar'ti-fi'ci-ai'i-ty, ) or factitious. 
 
 Art'less-ness, n. The quality of being artless. 
 
 Art'-un''ioii, n. An association for encouraging artist* 
 by the purchase of their works, which ar« usually dis- 
 tributed by lot to the members. 
 
 A-ruii'di-na'ceoiis, a. [Lat. arundinaceus , from arun- 
 do, i-eed.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a reed or cane. 
 
 Ar'nn-diu'e-oiis, a. Abounding in i-eeds. 
 
 A-rus'pife, n. [Lat aruspex, prob. from haruga, harviga, 
 harvix or arvix, a ram for offering, and spicere, specere^ 
 to look.] A priest, in ancient Rome, whose business it 
 was to inspect the entrails of victims killed in sacrifice, 
 and by them to foretell future events or interpret the will 
 
 _of the gods. [Written also hariispice.] 
 
 A-riis'pi-^y , n. Prognostication or divination by inspec- 
 tion of the entrails of beasts slain in sacrifice. 
 
 A§ (az), adv. [A.-S. use, 0. Eng. ah, 0. H. Ger. alsd, from 
 at, all, and 56, so.] 1. Like ; similar to ; of the sam« 
 kind with ; in the manner in which. "2. While; during, 
 or at the same time that. 3. In the idea, character, 
 nature, or condition of, — the adverb limiting the view- 
 to certain attributes or relations, often to the relation of 
 identity, in which case it is nearly equivalent to the cop- 
 ula to be. 4. For instance ; by way of example ; thus ; 
 — used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or 
 citations. 
 
 As if, or as though, of the same kind, or in the same manner, 
 that it would be if. — As for, ox. as to, in regard to, with respect 
 to. — ^s it were, a quaUfying phrase used to apologize for or to 
 relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappro- 
 priate or incongruous, — As ivell, also; too; besides; — a phrase 
 which has of late years come much into use. — As yet, until 
 now ; up to the present time. 
 
 As'a-fet'i-da, \n. [N. Lat. a5a, of oriental origin (C'f. 
 
 As'a-f oet'i-da, j Per. aza, mastic, Ar. asa, healing, isd, 
 remedy) and 'L&t.fcetidns, fetid.] A fetid inspissated sap 
 from the East Indies, much used in medicine. 
 
 As-l>es'ti-f drm, a. Having the structure of asbestus. 
 
 As-Tbes'tine, a. Pertaining to asbestus. 
 
 As-bes'tus, I n. [Lat. asbestus, Gr. dtr/Seo-Tos, from a 
 
 As-bes'tos, S priv. and cr/Sei'i'uvat, to extinguish.] 
 {Min.) A fibrous variety' of hornblende and pyroxene. 
 The finer kinds are sometimes wrought into cloth, which 
 is incombustible. 
 
 As-^end', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ascended ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ASCENDING.] [Lat. ascendere, from ad and scandere, 
 to climb, mount.] 1. To move upward ; to mount; to 
 go up ; to rise. 5J. To rise, in a figurative sense. 
 
 As-^end', v. t. To go or move upward upon; to climb. 
 
 As-^end'a-ble, a. Capable of being ascended. 
 
 As-^gnd'ant, a. 1. Above the horizon. 3. Superior ; 
 predominant ; surpassing. 
 
 As-pend'ant, n. 1. Superior or commanding influence. 
 5J. An ancestor. 3. {Astral.) The horoscope, or that de- 
 gree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the 
 time of one's birth ; supposed to have a commanding in- 
 fluence on a person's life and fortune. Hence the phrases 
 to be in the ascendant, and lord of the ascendant. 
 
 As-^eiid'eii-cy, n. Superior or controlling influence. 
 Syn. — Authority; sway; control. 
 
 As-cen'sion, n. The act of ascending or rising ; spe- 
 cifically, the visible elevation of our Savior to heaven. 
 
 Right ascension (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, 
 counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, 
 or other celestial body, in aright sphere; or the arc of the equa/- 
 tor intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point 
 of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star. 
 
 -j— -^ , ) ui- laoiiuou.s. 
 
 Ar-taaer-ist, n. One skilled in gunnery. As-fen'sion-al^ a. Relatmg to ascension ; ascensive. 
 
 Ar-taier-y, n. [Imw L3.t. artmaria,artilleria, from lat As-^en'sion-day, «. The day on which our Saviors 
 ars, artis, -jLTt.] 1. Offensive weapons of war. 3. Can- ascension is commemorated. 
 
 n'.u: great gum?: ordnance, inclufhng guns mortar* As-^ent', n. 1. The act of rising ; a mounting upward. 
 howitzers, &c., with their furniture of carriages balls' ''*• "^^^ '"'^^ ^>' "*^ldch one ascends. 3. An eminence, 
 boijjha, and shot of all kinds, and also rockets and hill, or high place. 4. The angle which an object makes 
 grenades. 3. The men who manage cannon and mor- „ "^^itli a horizontal line ; inclination. 
 , tars. 4. The science of artillery and gunnery. As'f er-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASCERTAINED ; p. 
 
 Art'i-jan, n. A jjerson skilled in any mechanical art -a T""- & ■'-'&• n. ASCERTAINING.] [Lat. ad and certiim, 
 hanfhcraft«nan. ' sure. See CERTAIN.] 1. To make certain ; to establish 
 
 Art'ist, n. One who professes and practices one of the ^^^^^ certainty or precision. 3. To find out or learn fox 
 hl>enil art«, in which science and taste preside over the x^ certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment, 
 manual exe^jution. As'^er-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being ascertained. 
 
 A.7^igte(iiT-U^ifif),n. [Fr.] One who is peculiarly dex- -^s'per-tain'ment, ». A making or gaining certainty. 
 terrjuB and tasteful in almost any art, as an opera dancer -A-s-^et'l*, n. One who practices undue rigor or self-denial 
 ,.and even a hair-dresser or a cfX)k. ' in religious things. 
 
 Ar-ti»t'i«, la. Pertaining to, or characterized by, art ; As-^gfi-e, a. [Gr. «<7k:tjti/c6s, from ao-xreZi', to exercisel 
 Ar-ti»t'l«;-al, ) made in the manner of an artist. Unduly rigid or self-denying in rehgious things. 
 
 ArtTftss, a. 1. Free from art, craft, or stratagem ; in- As-^gfi-^igm, n. The practice of ascetics. 
 ..gf-nuoii". 2. Contrived without .skill or art ; inartificial. A s' ci^ (^ha-l), \n. pi. [Lat. ascii, pi. of ascitis, 
 
 Artqesa-ly , a,iv. Without art ; naturally. j As^cian-g (gish/ yanz), j Gr. ao-/cto?, without shadow, 
 
 a,g,&c.,iong^/ &,6,kc.,short; c4re,far,ask,aU, wliat ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,d<», wolf. 
 
 finesse; deception; cheat; fraud. 
 1. A skillful workman in some art. 
 
 5i. 
 
ASCITIC 
 
 41 
 
 ASSAULT 
 
 Inhabitants of 
 a vertical sun, 
 
 from d priv. and aKia, shadow.] ( Geog 
 the torrid aone, who have, twice a jea 
 and hence no shadow at noon. 
 
 As-^it'i-e, 1 a. [Gr. da-Ki.Tri<; (so. voeros, disease), from 
 
 As-9it'i-e-al ) d(r/c6?, belly.] Tending to dropsy of the 
 abdomen. 
 
 As-erib'a-lble, a. Capable of being ascribed. 
 
 As-eribe', v. t. [imp. &p.p. ascribed ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. ASCRIBING.] [Lat. ascribere, to ascribe, from ad and 
 scribere, to write.] To attribute to, as a cause or quality ; 
 to impute ; to assign. [thing ascribed. 
 
 As-erip'tlon, n. 1. The act of ascribing. 3. The 
 
 Asli, n. [A.-S. sesc] 1. A genus of forest trees. 3. The 
 wood of the ash- tree. 
 
 A-slxained.', a. [A p. of the obs. v. ashame.] Affected 
 by shame ; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction 
 ^ or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety . 
 
 Asli'en, a. 1. Made or formed of ash-wood. '^. Of the 
 color of ashes ; ashy. 
 
 Asli'ev-y, n. 1. A place for putting ashes. 3. A place 
 where potash is made. [Amer.] 
 
 Ash.'e^,n.pl. [A. -S. a5ca, Goth, azg-o.] 1. The earthy 
 or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining 
 after combustion, as of wood or coal ; — among chemists, 
 and in composition, used in the singular, as, bone-ash, 
 pearlash. iJ. The remains of what is burnt ; the remains 
 
 _^of a dead body. 
 
 Asli'lar, \n. 1. Free-stones as they come from the quar- 
 
 Asli'ler, j ry. 3. Hewn stones for the facing of walls. 
 
 Asli'ler-ing, n. 1, The setting of ashlar facing. 
 'i. Partition timbers in. garrets reaching from floor to 
 rafters. 
 
 A-sliore', adv. On or to shore ; on the land. 
 
 Ash-Wedneg'day (-wenz'dy), n. The first day of Lent, 
 so called from a custom in the Roman CathoUc church 
 of sprinkling ashes, that day, on the heads of penitents, 
 
 _ then admitted to penance. 
 
 Asli'y, a. Ash-colored ; like ashes. 
 
 A-side', adv. On, or to, one side ; out of the way ; apart. 
 
 As'i-nine, a. [Lat. asininus, from asinus, ass.] Belong- 
 ing to, or having the qualities of, an ass, as stupidity and 
 . obstinacy. 
 
 Ask (6), V. t. [imp. & p. p. ASKED (askt, 108) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ASKING.] [0. Eng. asche, axe, A.-S. ascian,acsi- 
 an; Skr. isk, to desire.] To request ; to seek to obtain 
 . by words ; to petition. 
 
 Ask, f.i. 1. To request or petition. 3. To inquire, or 
 seek by request. 
 
 Syn.— To request; solicit; petition; beg; entreat; claim; 
 demand; require; interrogate. 
 
 As-kan^e', ) adv. [D. schuin, schuins, sidewise, from 
 
 As-kant', j schuiven, to shove, schicinte, slope.] Ob- 
 . Uquely ; sideways ; toward one corner of the eye. 
 
 Ask'er, n. 1. An inquirer. 2. Water-newt; eft. 
 
 A-skew' (a-sku''), arff. [Pve&x a amd skew .] Sideways; 
 askant ; with a wry or a contemptuous look. 
 
 A-slant', adv. In a slanting manner ; obliquely. 
 
 A-sleep', adv. 1. In a state of sleep ; at rest. Hence, 
 3. In the sleep of the grave ; dead. 
 
 A-slope', adv. With a slope or descent. 
 
 A-so'nia -toils, a. [Gr. daw/ixaTo?, fronq; a priv. and 
 
 a-iaixa, body.] Without a material body : 
 _ incorporeal. 
 
 Asp, n. [Catal. aspit, Sp. & Pg. aspid 
 It. aspide., Lat. aspis, Gr. acrTrt?.] A 
 smaU, hooded, and poisonous serpent 
 of Egypt and Libya, whose bite is fatal. 
 
 As-p^r'a-gUS, n. [Gr. a(nrdpayo<;, 
 from a (equiv. to av for ai/a, up), and 
 anapyav, to swell with sap.] A culi- 
 nary plant cultivated in gardens. 
 
 As'pe<;t, n. [Lat. aspectus, from as- * 
 
 picere, aspectum, to look at, from ad ^' 
 
 and spicere, specere, to look ] 1. Act of seeing; vision. 
 [Rare.] 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face ; 
 countenance : mien ; air. 3. Appearance to the eye or 
 the mind. 4. Position or situation with regard to see- 
 ing ; in a more general sense, position in relation to the 
 points of the compass. 5. (Astrol.) The situation of 
 ^ one planet or star with respect to another. 
 
 As'pen, n. [A.-S. sespe, eesp, 0. H. Ger. aspa.] (Bot.) 
 One of several species of poplar bearing this name, espe- 
 ^ciaUy a species ^vith trembling leaves. 
 
 As'pen, a. Pertaining to the aspen. 
 
 As-p6r'i-ty, n. [Lat. asperitas, from asper, rough.] .1. 
 
 3. Harshn«8s 
 
 sourness; tart- 
 
 priv. and 
 
 Roughness of surface, taste, or sound, 
 of spirit and language. 
 
 Syn. — Acrimony ; bitterness ; roughness 
 ness; crabbedness; moroseness. 
 
 A-sper'nioiis, a. [Gr. do-Trep/Ao?, from 
 
 a-Trepf/.a, seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds. 
 As-perse' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. aspersed; p.pr. 
 
 & vb. n. aspersing.] [Lat. aspergere, aspersiim,, from 
 
 ad and spargere, to strow, scatter.] To bespatter with 
 
 foul reports or false and injurious charges. 
 
 Syn. — To calumniate; slander; defame. — To slander and 
 
 calumniate are to charge with a crime falsely and knowingly; 
 
 to asperse is to cast blots upon the character of some one; to 
 
 defame is to assail reputation by falsehood. 
 
 As-per'sion (as-per'shun), n. 1. A sprinkling, as of 
 water or dust, in a literal sense. 3. The spreading of 
 calumnious reports or charges ; calumny ; censure. 
 
 As-phait', )n. [Gr. ao-0aATos, of Phenician origin.] 
 
 As-plial'tum, j Mineral pitch, Jew's pitch, or com- 
 pact native bitumen. 
 
 As-pliait'i*, a. Pertaining to, or containing, asphalt. 
 
 As'pho-del, n. [Gr. aa-066eAo?. Cf. Skr. sphut, to 
 open, as flowers.] (Bot.) A perennial plant cultivated for 
 the beauty of its flowers. 
 
 As-pliyx'i-a, ) n. [Gr. ao-(f)v|ia, from a priv. and (r4>v^L^y 
 
 As-pkyx'y, j throbbing pulse.] (Med.) Apparent 
 
 ^ death, or suspended animation. 
 
 Asp'i-e,w. [See Asp.] The asp. 
 
 As-pir'ant, a. Aspiring ; ardently desirous of rising. 
 
 As-pir'ant, n. One who aspkes or seeks eagerly. 
 
 As'pi-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aspirated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ASPIRATING.] [Lat. aspirare, from ad and spirare, 
 to breathe, to blow.] To pronounce with a breathing or 
 full emission of breath. 
 
 As'pi-rate (45), /i. 1. A letter marked with a note of 
 breathing. 3. A mark of aspiration («) used in Greek; 
 the rough breathing. 3. An elementary sound produced 
 by the breath alone, without the voice ; a whispered, un- 
 
 ^ intonated, surd, or non-vocal consonant. 
 
 As'pi-rate, a. Pronounced with a rough breathing. 
 
 As'pi-ra'tion, n. [Lat. aspiratio, from aspirare.] 1. 
 The pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emis- 
 sion of breath. 3. Act of aspiring or ardently desiring; 
 strong wish or desire. 
 
 As-pire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. aspired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ASPIRING.] [See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with 
 eagerness ; to pant ; to long. 3. To rise ; to ascend. 
 
 As-pir'er, n. One who aspires or seeks earnestly. 
 
 A-squint', adv. [Prefix a and squint, q. v. Cf. AsKANT.] 
 
 To the corner of the eye ; obliquely ; not in the straight 
 
 ^ line of vision. 
 
 Ass, n. [A.-S. assa, Lat. 
 asimis.] 1. (ZooZ.) A quad- 
 ruped of the horse family, 
 having a peculiarly harshi 
 bray, and long, slouching 
 ears. The domestic ass is pa- 
 tient to stupidity, and slow, 
 but sure-footed. Hence, 3. 
 A dull, heavy, stupid fel- 
 low ; a dolt. 
 
 As'sa-f oet'i-da, n. See As- 
 afcetida. 
 
 As-sail', V. t. [imp. & p. p. . 
 
 ASSAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 assailing.] [Lat. ad and salire, to leap, spring; assil- 
 ire, to leap or spring upon.] 1. To attack with vio- 
 lence, or in a hostile manner. 3. To attack morally, or 
 with a view to produce changes in the feelings, conduct, 
 existing usages, &c. 
 
 Syn.— To assault; beset; fall upon. 
 
 As-sail'a-ble, a. Capable of being assailed. 
 
 As-sail'ant, n. One who attacks or assaults. 
 
 As-sail'ant, a. Assaulting ; attacking ; assailing. 
 
 As-sail'er, n. One who assails or attacks. 
 
 As-sas'sin, n. [Ar. '■liashishin, one who has drunk of ths 
 hashish, q. v.] One who kiUs or attempts to kUl by 
 treachery or secret assault. 
 
 As-sas'sin- ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assassinated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. assassinating.] To murder by secret 
 assault or by sudden violence. 
 
 As-sa,s'sin-a'tion, n. The act of assassinating. 
 
 As-sas'sin-a'tor, n. An assassin. 
 
 As-sault', n [From Lat. ad and saltiis, a leaping. See- 
 Ass AIL.] 1. A violent attack with physical means, as 
 &c. 3. A violent attack with moral 
 
 iood, fo^ot ; iirn, rnde, pxill ; fell, ^liaise, <jall, e<!lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tills. 
 
ASSAULT 
 
 42 
 
 ASSOCIATE 
 
 nM«ns, as words, arj^mnonts, appeals, ami the like. 3. 
 iLcnr.) An attoiupt or otter to Iwit another, accom- 
 pankxl bv a ti.vt»"*' t^f violonee, but without touching his 
 lvR»*>n. 'if the blow ainu\l takes etTivt, it is a battery. 
 
 Syn. — Attnck : invasion: incursion; dc:Mcnt; onset; on- 
 ftl«a):ht: charg*; storm. 
 A*-sauIt', r. t. [imp- & P- P- ASS AV l. TTlD ; p. pr. & 
 i-h. Vi. assailtim;.] 1. To attack with great physical 
 Tiolenct>. '2. To attack with moral uiejius, or with a 
 view of pnxiuciuj; uionil effects. 
 
 Syn.— .I.«s>im/' is the stTonjrt'st torni, iH'ing: literally to leap 
 taoM.- to iiffurA is to conuiienio anonsot; to tnr<w/c is to enter 
 mfOH forcibly or by arms : to assail is nearly the same as assault. 
 
 As-saiilt'rt-ble, a. Capable of being assaulted. 
 As-sHiilt'or, n. One who as)«ault.< or storms. 
 As-say', « [Lat. exa^^uvi, a weighiug, a balance, from 
 »j- and a^t-rr, to put" in motion, to lead, to drive. Cf. 
 tJr. tfa-yior, weighing, i^ayidieu; to examine.] 1. Trial: 
 attempt. [Obs.] '2. (Out/i.) Determination of the quan- 
 tity of any particular metal, especially gold or silyer, in an 
 ore, or other metallic compound alloy . 3. The substance 
 to be assayed. 4. A trial of weights and measures. 
 As-say', v- t. [imp. & p. p. assayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 assayiMt.] [See supra.] To subject, as an ore or alloy, 
 to chemical examination, in order to determine the amount 
 of a i>articvdar metal contained in it. 
 As-say', v- '■ To attempt, try, or endeaTor. 
 As-say 'er, ». One who tries" or examines metals. 
 As-sfim'blaee, n. 1. Act of assembling, or state of 
 iH-ing assembled. "2, A collection of indiTiduals, or of 
 p:\rticular things. 
 As-s6m'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assembled ] p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. .ASSEMBLING.] [Low Lat. assimulare, from Lat. 
 a/i and simvl, together.] To bring or call together; 
 to convene ; to congregate. 
 As-sdni'ble, v. i. To meet or come together ; to convene. 
 As-s^m'bly, «. A company of persons collected to- 
 gether m one place, and nsually for some common purpose. 
 S5-n. — Assemblage; company; meeting; collection; group. 
 As-sSnt', n. [See infra.] The act of assenting, admit- 
 ting, or agreeing to any thing. 
 
 Syn. — Consent. — As.<ient is an act of the understanding, 
 consent of the will or feelings. We assent to a statement or a 
 proposition; we consent to a proposal. Assent, however, may 
 apply to a case involving but little interest or feeling; a lady 
 may'ass^7i< to a gentleman's opening the window, but she must 
 consent to marry him. 
 As-sfint', V. i. [imp. & p. p. ASSENTED j p.pr. & vb. n. 
 ASSENTING.] [Lat. assentire, asseiitin, from ad and 
 sentire, to feel, think.] To admit a thing as true ; to 
 express an agreement, concurrence, or concession. 
 As'sen-ta'tion, n. Assent by way of flattery or dis- 
 simulation ; adulation. 
 As'sen-ta'tor, n. A flatterer or dissembler. 
 As-sSnt'er, 71. One who assents. 
 
 Aji-sert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSERTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ASSERTING.] [Lat. asserere, asserticm, to join to 
 one's self, to maintain, fr. ad and serere, to join together.] 
 1. To affirm poatively ; to declare with assurance, ti. 
 To maintain or defend by words or measures ; to vindi- 
 cate. 
 
 .Syn. — To maintain; aver; affirm.— We assert against de- 
 
 nialTos a riyht or claim; we maintain against opposition, as the 
 
 ground we have taken; we "#n;i with a great confidence or 
 
 firmnees; we aver in a peremptory manner. 
 
 A.s-sgr'tion, n. 1. Tlie act of asserting; affirmation. 
 
 a. Maintenance ; vindication. 
 AH-sCrt'ive, a. Positive: affirming confidently. 
 As-sSrt'or, n. An affirmer : a maintainor. 
 Ag-sert'o-ry (50), a. Affirming : maintaining. 
 As-sCss', V. I. [imp. k p. p. assessed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ASSESSING.] [Low Lat. n.ssessare, from Lat. assi- 
 dere, to sit by, in I>ow Lat. to assess, to tax. Cf. AS- 
 SIZE.] 1. To charge a certain sum to, as a tax. 2. 
 To fix the value or profits of, for the purpose of taxa- 
 tion. 3. To determine, fix, or ascertain; to estimate. 
 A«-s6»s'a-ble, a. Liable to be assessed or taxed. 
 A»-«esH'ment, n. 1. Act of assessing. 2. A valuation 
 of property or profits of business, for the purpose of tax- 
 ation. 3. The specific sum charged. 
 As-.s€«.s'or, n. 1. One who sits by another, as next in 
 dijrnity , or tm an assistant and adviser. 2. One appointed 
 to aj«eftfl_ persons or proy^rty for the purpose of taxation. 
 As'8«-s-8o'ri-al, a. Pertaining to assessors. 
 Ais'sets, n. pi. [From Lat. ad and sat or satis, enough.] 
 Property in possession or money due, as opposed to lia- 
 bilities. 
 
 A3-«6v'er-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. asseverated ip.jor. 
 & vb. n. ASSEVERATING.] [Lat. osseverare, to assert 
 seriously or earnestly, from ad and severus, severe, seri- 
 ous.] To aflann with solemnity ; to aver. [ment. 
 As-s6v'er-a'tion, n. Positive aflimiation ; solemn aver- 
 As'si-du'i-ty, n. Constant or close application or at- 
 tention, particularly to some business or enterprise. 
 As-sid'u-oiis, a. [Lat. assiditits, from ad and sedere, to 
 sit.] 1. Constant in appUcation or attention. 3, Per- 
 formed with constant diligence or attention. 
 Syn. — Unwearied; sedulous; persevering; Inde&tigable. 
 
 As-sid'CL-oiis-ly, adv. Diligently ; closely ; attentively. 
 As-sid'u-ous-iiess, M. Quality of being assiduous. 
 
 A-S'si-eii'to, n. [Sp. assiento, asiento, from asentar., to 
 make an agreement.] A contract or convention betwe«n 
 the king of Spain and other powers for furnishing slavea 
 for the Spanish dominions in America. 
 
 As-sign' (-sin'), v. t. [i7Jip. & p. p. assigned \ p. pr. So 
 vb. n. ASSIGNING.] [Lat. assigimre., from ac? and sig- 
 nare., to mark, from signum, mark.] 1. To appoint ; to 
 allot; to apportion. 3. To fix, specify, select, designate, 
 or point out. 3. (Law.) (a.) To transfer, or make over 
 to another, (b. ) To transfer to, and vest in, certain per- 
 sons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. 
 
 As-sign' (-sin'), n. {Law.) A person to whom property or 
 an interest is ti-ansferred. 
 
 As-sigii'a-l)le ( -sin'a-bl ), a. Capable of being assigned. 
 
 A-S'sig-nat' (as'in/ya', or as'ig-nat'), n. [Fr., from Lat. 
 assignntits, p. p. of assignore.] Paper currency, is- 
 sued by the revolutionary government of France, based 
 
 ^on the secunty of the lands of the state. 
 
 As'sig-na'tioii, n. 1, Act of assigning or allotting. 
 3. An appointment of time and place for meeting ; — 
 
 _ used chiefly of love meetings. [assigned. 
 
 As'sign-ee' (as'si-ne'), ??. One to whom something is 
 
 As-sign'er, (as-sln'er), n. One who assigns. 
 
 As-sign'ment ( -sln'ment ),n. 1. An allotting to a par- 
 ticular person or use. 3. (Law.) (a.) A transfer of 
 title or interest by writing, as of a lease, bond, note, or 
 bill of exchange, (b.) The writing by which an interest 
 is transferred, (c.) The transfer of the property of a 
 bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it 
 is vested for the benefit of creditors. 
 
 As-sign-6r' (-si-noi-'), n. (Laio.) A person who assigns 
 or transfers an interest. 
 
 As-sim'i-la-tole, a. Capable of being assimilated. 
 
 As-sim'i-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assimilated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. assimilating.] [Lat. assi7nilare, frMn 
 ad and similare, to make like; similis, like.] 1. To 
 cause to resemble. 2. To convert into a like substance. 
 
 As-sim'i-late, v. i. To become similar ; to be converted 
 into the substance of the body. 
 
 As-sim'i-la'tion, n. 1. Act of assimilating or bring- 
 ing to a resemblance, or identity : or a state of resem- 
 blance or identity. 2. Conversion of nutriment into the 
 substance of the "body, whether in plants or animals. 
 
 As-sim'i-la-tive, a. Having power of assimilating. 
 
 As-sist', V. t. [i7np. & p. p. assisted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 assisting.] [Lat. assistere, from ad and sistere, to 
 cause to stand, to stand.] To give support to in some 
 undertaking or effort, or in time of distress ; to succor. 
 
 As-sist', V. i. 1. To lend aid ; to help. 2. To be pres- 
 ent : to attend. 
 
 As-sist'anfe, n. Help ; aid : furtherance ; succor ; relief. 
 
 As-sist'ant, a. Helping ; lending aid or support ; aux- 
 iliary. 
 
 As-sist'ant, n. One who assists or aids : an auxUiaiy. 
 
 As-slze', n. [From Lat. assidere, to sit by, from ad and 
 sedere, to sit.] 1. Lit., a sitting. 2. An order or regu- 
 lation, particularly about the weight of bread, &c. 3. 
 (Law.) (a.) The periodical sessions of the judges of the 
 superior courts in the counties of England ; — usually in 
 the pi. (b.) Time or place of holding the court of assize ; 
 — generally in the pi. 
 
 As-size', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSIZED : p pr. & vb. n. 
 ASSIZING.] To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by 
 an ordinance or regulation of authority . 
 
 As-siz'er, n. One who assizes, or fixes weights, rates, 
 &c., bv authority. 
 
 As-so'cia-toil'i-ty (-sha-), ) n. The quality of being 
 
 As-so'cia-tole-ness (-sha-), | capable of association. 
 
 As-so'cia-ble (-sha-), a. 1. Capable of being associated 
 or joined. 2. Sociable ; companionable. 3. Liable to b« 
 affected by sympathy. 
 
 As-so'ci-ate (as-s5'shi-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSO- 
 CIATED ; p.pr. Sc vb. n. ASSOCIATING.] [Lat. associare, 
 from ad and sociare, to join or unite ; socius, companion.] 
 
 *,g,&c.,:o»ig^; }k, a, tec, short; cftre,far, ask, all, -what; 6re,veil,tgrin; pique, firm; son, 6r df>, 'vrolf, 
 
ASSOCIATE 
 
 43 
 
 ASYLUM 
 
 1. To join in company as a friend, companion, partner, 
 or confederate, '-i. To unite in the same mass. 
 
 As-so'ci-ate (-shl-at), v. i. To unite in company. 
 
 As-so'ci-ate (-shl-), a. 1. Closely connected or joined 
 with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or 
 office. 2. (Med.) Connected by habit or sympathy. 
 
 As-so'ci-ate, n. 1. A companion; a mate; a fellow. 
 
 2. A partner in interest, as in business. 3. Any thing 
 closely connected with another. 
 
 As-so'ci-a'tion (-shi-a'shun), n. 1. Act of associating, 
 or state of being associated ; union ; connection. t4. 
 Union of persons in a company or society for some partic- 
 ular purpose. [ation. 
 
 As-so'ci-a'tion-al (-shi-), a. Pertaining to an associ- 
 
 As-so'ci-a-tive (-shi-), a. Tending or pertaining to 
 _ association. [kind of imperfect rhyme. 
 
 As'so-nan^e, n. 1. Resemblance of sounds. *i, A 
 
 As'so-iiant, a. [Lat. assonans, p. pr. of assonare, to 
 correspond to in sound, from ad and sonare, to sound.] 
 1. Having a resemblance of sounds. 2. {Pros.) Per- 
 taining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance ; 
 not consonant. 
 
 As-s6rt', V. t. [imp. & p.p. assorted; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ASSORTING.] [Lat. ad and sortiri, to cast or draw 
 lots, from, .■iors, sort-is, lot.] 1. To separate and distrib- 
 ute into classes. 3. To furnish with all sorts. 
 
 As-sdrt'inent, n. 1, Act of selecting and arranging 
 things. 3. A niunber or quantity of things assorted. 
 
 3. A variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, 
 demands, or purposes. 
 
 As-suage' (-swaj/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. assuaged; p. 
 pr. 8c vb. «. ASSUAGING.] [From Lat. a^f and suavis, 
 sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense ; to allay or les- 
 sen, as pain or grief; to appease, as passion or tumult. 
 
 Syn. — To relieve; soothe; mitigate; alleviate; pacify. 
 
 As-sua^e'ment (-swaj'-), n. Abatement ; mitigation. 
 
 As-suag'er, n. He who, or that which, assuages. 
 
 As-sua'sive (-swa'siv), a. Mtigating ; softening ; easing. 
 
 As-su.me', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assuimed; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ASSUMING.] [Lat. assumere, from ad and sujnere, to 
 take.] 1. To take, or take upon one's self. 3. To take 
 for granted, or without proof. 3. To pretend to possess. 
 
 As-sume', v. i. To be arrogant ; to claim unduly. 
 
 As-sum'ei*, «. An assuming or arrogant person. 
 
 A.s-sutnp'sit (as-siimp/sit), n. [Pret. of Lat. assumere. 
 See Assume.] (Laiv.) {a.) A promise or undertaking, 
 founded on a consideration, (b.) An action to recover 
 damages for a breach or non-performance of a contract 
 or promise. 
 
 As-suxap'tion (84), n. 1. Act of taking to or upon 
 one's self. 2. Act of taking for granted ; supposition. 
 3. The thing supposed ; a postulate, or proposition as- 
 sumed. 4. (Logic.) The minor proposition in a categor- 
 ical syllogism. 5. The taking a person up into heaven. 
 Hence (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches), a festival in 
 honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. 
 
 As-sump'tive , a. That is or may be assumed. 
 
 As-sur'an?e (-shijr'-), n. 1. Act of assuring; a dec- 
 laration or pledge tending to inspire credit. 3. The state 
 of being assured; fr-eedom from doubt. 3. Firmness of 
 mind ; intrepidity. 4. Excess of boldness ; impudence. 
 5. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on 
 occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. 6. (Law.) 
 Legal evidence of the conveyance of property. 
 
 As-sure' (a-shjjr/, 30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. assured ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ASSURING.] [L. Lat. a^securare, from Lat. 
 ad and securus, secure, sure.] 1. To make sure or cer- 
 tain ; to render confident. 3. To confirm. 3. (Law.) 
 To covenant to indemnify for loss. 
 
 Syn. — To assert; declare; avouch; protest; insure. 
 
 As-siir'ed-ly (-shifr'-), adv. Certainly ; without doubt. 
 
 As-sur'ed-iiess, n. State of being assured ; certainty. 
 
 As-siir'er, n. One who assures. 
 
 As-siir'geiit, a. [Lat. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere, to 
 rise up.] (Bot.) Rising upward obliquely. 
 
 A-stat'i-e, a. [Gr. d priv. and icrrdvai, to stand.] (Elec- 
 tro-Magnetism.) Having little or no tendency to take a 
 fixed or definite position or direction. 
 
 As'ter, n. [Gr. dorrijp, star.] (Bot.) A genus of plants 
 vrith radiated compound flowers. 
 
 As'ter-isk, n. [Gr. ao-repicr/cos, dim. of daTrjp^ star.] The 
 mark [*] in printing and writing. 
 
 A»'ter-i§ni, n. [Gr. do-Tepto-jad?, from dar-qp, st&T.\ 1. 
 (^5«ron.) (a.) A constellation. [Obs.] (b.) A small clus- 
 ter of stars, whether included in a constellation or not. 
 
 3. (Printing.) Three asterisks placed in this manner 
 
 [***] to direct attention to a particular passage. 
 A-stern', adv. 1. In, at, or toward, the hinder part of 
 
 a ship. 3. Behind a ship, at any indefinite distance. 
 As'ter-oid, n. [Gr. do-repotS^s, star-like, from dtrriqp^ 
 
 star, and elSos, form.] (Astron.) One of the small planets 
 
 revolving between Mars and J upiter. 
 As'ter-oid'al, a. Pertaining to the asteroids. 
 As-tli6n'i«, a. [Gr. da-OeviKo?, from d pnv. and o-fleVos, 
 
 strength.] Characterized by debility. 
 Astli'ma (ast'ma, as'ma, or az^ma, 100), n. [Gr. fr. aeuv, 
 
 to blow.] A disorder of respiration, commonly attended 
 
 with cough and difficulty of breathing. 
 Astli-mat'i-e, 1 (ast-, as-, or az-), a. Pertaining to, or 
 Astli-iii9,t'ie-al, j affected by, asthma. 
 As-ton'ish., v. t. [0. Eng. astone, astony, Latin att»- 
 
 nare, from ad and tonare, to thunder. Cf. A.-S. stunian, 
 
 Eng. stun.] To strike wiumb with sudden fear, terror, 
 
 surprise, or wonder ; to amaze. 
 As-ton'isli-mg, a. Of a nature to excite astonishment. 
 
 Syn.— Amazing; surprising; wonderful; admirable; mar- 
 velous. 
 
 As-ton'isli-ineiit, n. Confusion of mind from fear or 
 surprise, at an extraordinary or unexpected event. 
 Syn. — Amazement; wonder; surprise; admiration. 
 
 As-toimd', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ASTOUNDED ; p. pr. &i 
 vb. n. ASTOUNDING.] [From 0. Eng. astouned, astound, 
 astoned, p. p. of astone, to astonish.] To astonish; to 
 strike dumb with amazement. 
 
 A-str3,d'dle, adv. With the legs across a thing, or on 
 different sides of it. 
 
 As'tra-gal, n. [Gr. do-TpdyoAos.] A little round mold- 
 ing which surrounds the top or bottom of a column or 
 a cannon. 
 
 As'tral, a. Belonging to the stars ; starry. 
 
 As'tral Li^mp, n. An Argand lamp having the oil in 
 a flattened ring surmounted by a ground glass shade. 
 
 A-stray', adv. Out of, or fi-om the right way ; wrong. 
 
 As-tri-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. astricted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. ASTRICTING.] To constrict ; to contract. 
 
 A-stride', adv. With one leg on each side; with the 
 legs apart. 
 
 As-tringe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASTRINGED; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. ASTRINGING.] [Lat. astringere, from ad and 
 stringere, to draw tight, to strain. See Strain.] To 
 bind fast ; to constrict ; to contract. 
 
 As-trin'gen-py, n. Quality of being astringent. 
 
 As-trin'geiit, a. Binding; contracting; strengthening; 
 
 ^ — opposed to laxative. 
 
 As-trin'geiit, n. A medicine that has the property of 
 causing vital contraction in the organic textures. 
 
 As'tro-lalbe, n. [Gr. do-TpoA«i3os, 
 fi-om aarpov, star, and Aa/a/Sdi/etv, 
 \a.^€Lv, to take.] An instrument 
 formerly used for taking the alti- 
 tude of the sun or stars at sea. 
 
 As-trol'o-ger, n. [Gr. d(TTpo\6yo<;, 
 from dcrrpov, star, and Adyos, dis- 
 course.] One who pretends to fore- 
 teU events by the aspects of the 
 
 ^ stars. 
 
 As'tro-16g'i€, ) a. Pertaining 
 
 As'tro-log'i-e-al, j to astrology. 
 
 As-trol'o-gy, n. The science of predicting events by 
 the aspects or situation of the stars. 
 
 IS3=" Judicial astrologij pretended to foretell the fate and acts 
 of nations and individuals; natural astrology predicted evente 
 of inanimate nature, such as changes of the weather, &c. 
 
 As-tron'o-mei", n. [Gr. darpoi'd/xo? , from do-rpov, star, 
 and 6i/o^os, law or rule.] One versed in astronomy. 
 
 is;tro:S§m'iJ'-al, } «' ^'^^^ *° astronomy. 
 
 As'tro-ii6ni'i<;-al-ly, adv. In the manner of astron- 
 omy. 
 
 As-tron'o-my, n. The science that teaches the knowl- 
 edge of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 As-tu.te' (29), a. [Lat. astutus, astus, shrewd; astu^ 
 craft, cunning.] Critically examining or discerning. 
 Syn.— Shrewd; discerning; subtle; cunning; sagacious. 
 
 As-tute'ness, n. Shrewdness ; cunning. 
 A-sun'der, a6?u. Apart; separately; into two parts. 
 A-sy'lum, n.; pi. Eng. A-SY'LUM^, Lat. A-SY'LA. [Gr. 
 
 Astrolabe. 
 
 food, fobt ; ftrn, rude, pull j fell, ^liaise, -call, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, linls: j tills. 
 
ASYMMETRY 
 
 44 
 
 ATTACK 
 
 (i<rvAor, flrom oavAo?, inviolable, fnmi 'i priv. and crCAoi', 
 spinl 1 I. A plnco oliviutn', wliore criminals and debtors 
 foiui I " >;ul fWmi wUich they could not be taken 
 
 wttl "i. Anv place of n'tiwit and security. 
 
 3. > ,ii institution lor the pivtcctiou or relief 
 
 of thi' uiiiortun.iio, as the deaf and diunb, or the insane. 
 
 A-sym'me-try, n. [(.Jr. iio-vntitrpia, from d priv. and 
 ol■^l^ltTpia, s\uunetry, q. v.] The want of proportion 
 betvvixni the part;* of a thing. 
 
 As'ymi>-tote (as'iiu-t6t, sofrutimrs pron. &-sym't6t, 84) 
 n. [Or. (i(nM'""">TO?, from <« priv., o-vi', with, and jtitt- 
 T«i»', to fiill, n-TUTos-, tJiUing.] (Math.) A line which ap- 
 proaehes nearer and nearer to some ciu've, but, though 
 infinitely extended, would never meet it. 
 
 As'jiuiJ^tdt'i*', la- rertiiining to, or partaking of 
 
 As > iup-t6t'i€-al, J the natui-e of, an asymptote. 
 
 A'Hijtn'tiv-ton. n. [Gr., from « priv. and o-vvfieros, bound 
 tt^'ther.] (Khet.) A figure which omits the connective, 
 ajj, tf rti, f»</i, I'tci (1 came, saw, conquered). 
 
 At, l>rip- [A.S. ifi, Goth, at, Lat. ad.] Primarily, this 
 word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in 
 place or time, or direction toivard. From this origi- 
 nal import are derived all the various uses of at, which 
 denotes, — 1. The relation of an external or outward 
 situation, or of attendant circumstances or appendages. 
 !i. The relation of some state or condition. 3. The re- 
 lation of some employment or action. 4. A relation of 
 degree. 5. The relations of occasion, reason, conse- 
 quence, or effect. [tabor. 
 
 At'a-bal, 'I. [Ar. ^at-Habl, drum.] A kettle-dram; a 
 
 At'a-glian (-gan), »j. A long Turkish dagger. See Yat- 
 
 Ate, prtt._oi Y.\t:. See Eat. [aghan. 
 
 Atli'a-na'siaii (-zhan), a. Pertaining to Athanasius, 
 _ bishop of Alexandria, or his doctrines. 
 
 A'tlie-i§m, n. A disbelief in the being of a God. 
 
 A'tJie-ist, n. [From Gr. adeos, without god, fi'om d priv. 
 and fleo?, god.] One who denies or disbelieves the exist- 
 
 _ence of a Supreme Being. 
 
 A'tlie-ist'ic, la. Pertaining to atheism; denying a 
 
 A'the-ist'i-e-al, j God; impious. 
 
 A'tlie-ist'i-e-al-ly, adv. In an atheisticalmanner. 
 
 Ath'e-ne'um. 1 "• / I>1- Eng. ath'e-xe'ums, Lat. 
 
 Atli'e-iine'uin. J iTW e-NJB:'a. [Gr. 'Adrjvalov, a 
 temple of 'A6i7}va, or ilinerva, at Athens.] 1. In ancient 
 Athens, a place where philosophers and poets declaimed 
 and repeated their compositions. 'Z, An association of 
 persons of Uterary or scientific tastes, for the jjurpose of 
 mutual improvement. 3, A building where a library, 
 X>eriodicals, and newspapers are kept for public use. 
 
 A-the'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Athens, in Greece. 
 
 A-tlier'ma-nous, a. [Gr. d priv. and OepixaiveLv , to 
 heat, from 9epixa, heat.] ( Chem.) Not transmitting heat. 
 
 A-tliirst' (18), a. 1. Thirsty. 2. Having a keen desire. 
 
 Athlete, n. [Gr. deKr)Tii<;, from dOKelv, to contend for a 
 prise, a.e\os, a.0Ao»/, prize.] A contender for victory in 
 wrestling or other games. 
 
 Atli-iet'i*, a. 1. Belonging to wrestling, boxing, and 
 other manly exercises, which were practiced by the an- 
 cients. Hence, 2. Strong ; lusty ; robust ; vigorous. 
 
 A-thwart', prep. Across ; from side to side of. 
 
 A-thwartSa^/i'. 1. Sidewise; obUquely. 3. In a man 
 ner to cross and perplex. 
 
 A-tUV, adv. 1. In the position, or with the action of a 
 man making a thrust. 2. In the manner of a 'cask 
 tilted, or with one end raised. 
 
 At'lan-te'an, a. Pertaining to or resembling Atlas, who 
 vsui represented a« bearing the world on his shoulders 
 
 At-l&n'te^, n. pi. [See Atlantean.] Figures or half- 
 figures ol men, used instead of columns to support an 
 entablature. 
 
 At-Un'ti*;, a. 1. {Geog.) Pertaining to that division of 
 the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the 
 esi«t and America on the west. 2. Pertaining to the isle 
 of Atlantic. 3. Descended from Atlas. 
 
 Ataas, n. ; pi. XT^r.A.s-Eg. 1. A collection of maps in a 
 volume:— HupriOfted to be so called from a picture of 
 Atlajj supporting the heavens, prefixed to some collec- 
 tions. 2. A volume of plates illustrating any subject. 
 -^ A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular 
 
 3. 
 
 form. 4. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of 
 Duipfl. 5. A kind of silk-satin. 6, A kind of large draw- 
 ing pai>er. 7. (Anul.) The first vertebra of the neck. 
 At'mos-phere. n. [Gr. drixo^^ vapor, and acj^alpa, 
 FplK:re.] 1. ( Physics.) (a.) The whole mass of aeriform 
 fluid r.urrounding the earth. (6.) Any gaseous envelope 
 
 or medium. 2. (Elect.) A supposed medium around an 
 electrical body. 3. Pressure of the air on a unit of sur- 
 face. 
 
 At'xnos-pligr'ic, I a. Relating to, existing in, or dc- 
 
 At'nios-ph6r'i-e-al, j - pendent on, the atmosphere. 
 
 A-toll', n. [Malay. ; ator, order, rank.] A coral island, 
 consisting of a ring of coral reef surrounding a lagoon. 
 
 At'om, «. 1. (Physics.) (a.) An ultimate indivisible 
 particle of matter, (b.) An ultimate particle of matter 
 not necessarily indivisible; a molecule, (c.) A constit- 
 uent particle of matter. 2. Ajiy thing extremely small. 
 
 A-t6m'i«-al } "" ^®l^*i°g *«, or consisting of, atoms. 
 
 At'om-i§m, n. The doctrine of atoms. [losophy. 
 
 At'om-ist, n. One who holds to the atomical phi- 
 
 At'om-ize, v. t. To reduce to atoms. 
 
 A-tone', V. i. [imp. & p. p. atoned ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 ATONING.] [F'rom at one, i. e.. to be, or cause to be. at 
 one.] 1. To agree ; to accord. [Obs.] 2. To stand as an 
 equivalent ; to make reparation, compensation, amends, 
 or satisfaction for an offense or a crime ; to expiate. 
 
 A-tone', t". t. 1. To reconcile. 2. To expiate; to an- 
 swer or make satisfaction for. 
 
 A'toiie'ment, n. 1. ReconciUation after enmity or con- 
 troversy. 2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving 
 an equivalent for an injury ; specifically , in theology, the 
 expiation of sin made by the obedience and personal 
 sufferings of Christ. 
 
 A-ton'er, n. One who makes an atonement. 
 
 A-ton'i-e, a. 1. (Med.) Characterized by atony. 2. 
 (Gram.) Unaccented. 3. Destitute of vocality ; surd. 
 
 A-ton'i-e, w. 1. (Gram.) A word that has no accent. 
 2, An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, 
 or produced by the breath alone ; a whispered, surd, or 
 voiceless consonant ; a breathing. 3. (ilierf.) A remedy 
 for ojjganic excitement or irritation. 
 
 At'o-ny, n. [Gr. drovia, from a priv. and rovo^, tone, 
 strength.] (Med.) Want of ton:" ; weakness of every 
 organ, particularly such as are contractile. 
 
 A-top', adv. At or on the top ; above. 
 
 At'ra-toi-la'ri-an, 1 a. [Lat. atra bilis, black bile.] 
 
 At'ra-bi-la'ri-oils, J Affected with melancholy. 
 
 At'ra-toil'ioiis, a. Atrabilarious. {Rare.] 
 
 At''ra-inen'tal, | a. [Lat. atramentum, ink, fr. ater, 
 
 At^ra-men'toiis, J black.] Black, like ink ; inky. 
 
 A-tro'cious, a. [Lat. atrox, cruel, fierce.] 1. Ex- 
 tremely heinous ; fuU of enormous wickedness. 2. 
 Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity. 
 
 Syn.— Flagitious; Aagrant. — Flagitiovs points to an act as 
 gTOS&ly ^vickea 01 Yile; Jlagrant Oittrally,^amir\g) marks the 
 vivid impression made upon us by some great crime; at7-ociovs 
 represents it as springing from a violent and cruel spirit. If 
 Lord Chatham, instead of saying, " The atrocious crime of 
 being a young man," had used either of the other two words, 
 his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply 
 to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson. 
 
 A-tro'cious-ly, adv. OutrageouSy ; enormously. 
 
 A-tro'ciou.s-n.ess, ) n. Extreme heinousness ; enor- 
 
 A-trop'i-ty, J mity, as of guilt. 
 
 At'ro-phy, n. [Gr. dTpo4>ia, fr. d priv. and Tpe(|)eiv, to 
 nourisfe-.] A wasting awaj^ from lack of nourishment. 
 
 At-tacli', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTACHED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 31. ATTACHING.] [Fr. attacher ; Eng. tack', a small nail, 
 -^|»^to tack, to fasten.] 1. To bind, fasten, or tie. 2. To 
 take by legal authority. 3. To take, seize, and lay hold 
 on, by force ; hence, figuratively, to fasten or bind by 
 moral influence. 4. To connect, in a figurative sense. 
 Syn. — To fasten ; affix; gain over; win. 
 
 At-tach'a-Tble, c. Capable of being attached. 
 
 A.ttac1i4 (at'ta'sha'), n. [Fr.] One attached to the suite 
 of an embassador. 
 
 At-t^di'ment, n. 1. Act of attaching, or state of 
 being attached ; especially, any passion or affection that 
 binds a person. 2. That by which one thing is attached 
 to another. 3. Some adjunct attached to an instru- 
 ment, machine, or other object. 4. (Civ. Laic.) (a.) 
 A seizure or taking by virtue of a legal process, (b.) 
 The writ or precept commanding such seizure or taking. 
 
 At-tack', V. t. [imp. 8c p. p. attacked ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ATTACKING.] [See Attach.] 1. To fall upon 
 with force ; to assail ; to assault. 2. To fell upon with 
 unfriendly words or writing ; to begin a controversy 
 with. 3. (Chem.) To begin to dissolve, or decompose, 
 by chemical agents. 
 
 5,e,&c.,/or^r,- a,6,&c,,*Awr; c&re,far, ask, all, what ; 6re, 
 
 SyTi. — To attack is to commence the contest: to assail 
 (<i<era;/.v, spring at) is to attack suddenly; to assault {literally, 
 leap upon) is to attack violently; to invade is to enter by force 
 on what belongs to another. 
 
 veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, do, wolf, 
 
ATTACK 
 
 45 
 
 ATTRACTIVE 
 
 At-tS/Ck.', n. A falling on with force or violence, or with 
 calxrmny, satire, or criticism. 
 Syn. — Assault; onset; inroad; charge. 
 
 At-tain', v. i. [According to its form, from Lat. attinere, 
 to hold to, from ad and tenere, to hold, but \vith the 
 sense of ¥i. atteincire, La,t. attingere, from ad and tan- 
 gar e, to touch, reach.] 1, To come or arrive, by motion, 
 bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place or object; to 
 reach. 2. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind. 
 
 At-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTAINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ATTAINING.] 1. To achieve or accompUsh, that is, to 
 reach by efforts ; to gain ; to compass. 'Z. To reach in 
 excellence or degree ; to equal. 
 
 Syn. — Obtain; ac(juire. — To obtain is generic, viz., to get 
 possession of; to attain, is to airive at or reach something 
 aimed at and thus obtained, as knowledge, or one's dlyect; to 
 acquire is to make one's own by progressive advances, a.i prop- 
 erty or a language. 
 
 At-taiii'a-ble, a. Capable of being attained. 
 
 i6@~ From an inattention to the true sense of this word, as 
 explained under Attaih^, authors have very improperly used 
 this word for obtainable, procurable. 
 
 At-tain'der, n. [Fr. atteindre, to reach or come to; 
 Lat. attingere. See Attain.] 1. (Com. Law.) The 
 stain, forfeiture, and corruption of blood which followed 
 on being condemned for certain crimes. 3. The act of 
 attainting. 
 
 At-taiii'ment, n. 1. Act of attaining, arriving at, or 
 reaching; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts, i}. 
 That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion. 
 
 At-taint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. attainted ; p.pr. k, vb. 
 n. attainting.] [See Attainder.] 1. To stain ; 
 hence, to disgrace. 3. [Law.) (a.) To taint or corrupt, 
 as blood. (6.) To taint, as the credit of jurors convicted 
 of giving a false verdict. 
 
 At-taint', n. 1. A stain, spot, or taint. 2. (Law.) A 
 writ which Hes after judgment, to inquire whether a jury 
 has given a false verdict in any court of record. 3 . ( Far. ) 
 A wound on the leg of a horse, made by over-reaching. 
 
 At-taint'ment, n. State of being attainted. 
 
 At-tem'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. attempered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. attempering.] [Lat. attemperare,froxa. ad a.ud 
 temperare, to soften, temper.] 1. To reduce, modify, or 
 moderate, by mixture. 3. To soften, mollify, or mod- 
 erate. 3. To mix in just proportion. 4. To accommo- 
 date ; to make suitable ; to adapt. 
 
 At-t6mpt'(-temt/,84:),'y.«. [imp. k,p.p. ATTEMPTED; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ATTEMPTING.] [Lat. attentare, to at- 
 tempt, from ad and tentare, temptare, to try, intens. form 
 of tendere, to stretch.] 1. To make trial or experiment 
 of. 3. To make an attack upon. 
 
 At-tfimpt', V. i. To make an effort, or an attack. 
 
 At-tempt', n. An essay, trial, or endeavor; an effort to 
 gain a point. 
 
 Syn. — Trial is the generic term; attempt is specific, being 
 directed to some definite object; an endeavor~\s a continued or 
 repeated attempt; an effort axiA exertion is a straining of the 
 faculties, the latter being the stronger terra. 
 
 At-tempfa-ble, a. Capable of being attempted. 
 
 At-tend', v. t. [imp. & p.p. attended; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ATTENDING.] [Lat. attendere, to stretch (sc. animum, 
 to apply the mind to), from ad and tendere, to stretch.] 
 1. To go or stay with, as a companion, minister, or ser- 
 vant ; to wait on ; to serve. 3. To be present with ; to 
 accompany ; to be united or consequent to. 
 
 At-tend', v.i. 1. To pay attention, with a view to per- 
 ceive, understand, or comply ; to heed. 3. To wait or 
 be in waiting. 
 
 Syn. — To listen ; hearken. — We attend with a view to hear 
 or learn ; -we listen with a view to hear correctly or to consider. 
 Hearken is to hear with interest, and with reference to obeying. 
 
 At-tend'an^e, n. 1. Act of attending or being in 
 waiting. 3. The persons attending ; a train ; a retinue. 
 
 At-tend'ant, a. 1. Being present, or in the train. 3. 
 Accompanying, connected with, or immediately following, 
 as consequential. 3. (Law.) Depending on, or owing 
 duty or service to. 
 
 At-tend'ant, n. One who, or that which, attends or 
 accompanies in any character whatever, as a friend, com- 
 panion, servant, agent, or suitor. 
 
 At-tent', a. [Lat. attentus. See Attend.] Attentive. 
 
 At-ten'tion, n. 1. Act of attending or heeding. 3, 
 Act of civility. 
 
 Syn.— Care; heed; consideration; respect; regard; notice. 
 
 At-tent'ive, a. Full of attention ; regarding with care. 
 Syn.— Heedful; intent; regardful; mindful; civil; polite. 
 
 At-t6nt'ive-ly, adv. Cheerfully ; heedfully ; diligently. 
 
 At-t6nt'ive-ness, n. The state of being attentive ; at- 
 tention ; carefulness. 
 
 At-t6n'u.-ant, a. Making less viscid ; thinning. 
 
 At-t6n'u-ant, n. (Med.) A medicine that thins or 6i- 
 lutes the fluids ; a diluent. 
 
 At-ten'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. attenuated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ATTENUATING.] [Lat. attenuatus, p. p. of 
 attenuare, from ad and temiare, to make thin, tenuis, 
 thin.] 1, To make thin, or less viscid ; specifically , to 
 subtilize, as the humors of the body. 3. To break or 
 wear into finer or very minute parts ; to comminute. 3. 
 To make slender. 4. To draw out or extend in length. 
 
 At-t6n'u-ate (45), v. i. To become thin, slender, or 
 fine ; to grow less ; to lessen. 
 
 At-t6n'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of attenuating, or making 
 thin, as fluids. 3. Act of making fine ; pulverization. 
 3. Act or process of making slender. 
 
 At-t^st', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ATTESTING.] [Lat. attestari, from ad and testari, to 
 bear vritness, from testis, witness.] 1. To bear witness 
 to ; to affirm to be true or genuine. 3. To give proof of. 
 
 ^3. To call to witness ; to invoke as conscious. 
 
 At'test-a'tion, n. Testimony ; esp., official testimony. 
 
 At-test'or, n. One who attests. 
 
 At'ti-e, a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Attica, in 
 Greece, or to its principal city, Athens. Thus, Attic wit, 
 Attic salt, a poignant, dehcate wit ; an Attic style, a style 
 pure, classical, and elegant ; Attic faith, inviolable faith ; 
 
 ^ Attic purity, special puritj* of language. 
 
 At'ti-e, n. [From Attica. See supra.] (Arch.) (a.) A 
 story in the upper part of a house ; also, frequently 
 apphed to the garret. 
 
 At'ti-pigm, n. PecuUar style or idiom of the Greek lan- 
 guage used by the Athenians ; elegant Greek. 
 
 At-tire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. attired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ATTIRING.] [0. Fr. attirer. See Tire.] To dress ; to 
 array; to adorn, especially with elegant or splendid 
 garments. 
 
 At-tIre', n. 1. Clothes ; apparel ; dress, especially oma- 
 ^ mental dress. 3. Horns of a buck. 
 
 At-ti-tude (53), n. [For aptitude. L. Lat. aptitudo, 
 from Lat. aptus, suited, fitted.] 1. Postiire or position 
 of a person. 3. Posture or position of things, in a cor- 
 responding relation. 
 
 Syn. — Posture. — An attitude, like a gesttire, is suited, and 
 usually designed to express, some mental state, as an attitude 
 of wonder, &c. ; aposture is either not expressive, as a reclining 
 posture, or is less dignified and artistic. 
 
 At'ti-tii'di-nize, v. i, [imp. & p. p. ATTITUDINIZED ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ATTITUDINIZING.] To assume affected 
 attitudes. 
 
 At-tol'lent, a. [Lat. attoUens, p. pr. of attollere, from 
 ad and tollere, to lift.] Lifting up ; raising. 
 
 At-tor'ney (-tur'ny) n./ pi. at-tor'ney§. [0. Fr. 
 attome, atorne, atourne, p. p. of attorner, atomer, L. 
 Lat. attornare, atturnare, to commit business to another, 
 from ad and tornare, to turn. See Turn.] (Law.) 
 One who is legally appointed by another to transact any 
 business for him. 
 
 Power of attorney, a letter or document by which a person 
 authorizes another to transact business for him. 
 
 At-tor'ney-sliip (at-tiir-ny-), n. Office of an attorney. 
 
 At-torn'ment ( -turn''-), n. ( Law). Act of a feudatory, 
 vassal, or tenant, by which he consents, upon the aliena- 
 tion of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and 
 transfers to him his homage and service ; the agreement 
 of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate 
 as his landlord. 
 
 At-tra-et', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTRACTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ATTRACTING.] [L. Lat. attractare, fi'om Lat. at- 
 trahere, from ad and trahere, to draw.] To draw or cause 
 to tend toward ; to draw to, or cause to adhere or com- 
 biae. 
 
 Syn.— To allure; to invite; to engage. 
 
 At-tra^t'a-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being attractable. 
 
 At-tract'a-ble , a. Capable of being attracted. 
 
 At-tra^tlle, a. Having power to attract. 
 
 At-tra<;'tion, n. 1. (Physics.) An invisible power in 
 a body by which it draws any thing to itself ; the power 
 in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate 
 particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce 
 their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting 
 separation. 3. Act of attracting. 3. Power or act of 
 alluring, in-viting, or engaging. 
 
 At-tra,<;t'ive, a. 1. Ha-ving the power of attracting. 
 3. Drawing by moral influences. 
 
 food, f o^bt ; ilrn, rude, pull ; pell, fhalse, «aU, echo; grem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link ; tiiis. 
 
ArrRACTlVE 
 
 46 
 
 AUROCHS 
 
 Syn.— AUurinft; enticing: inviting. 
 
 At-trftcnv*', «. That whirh attmcts or incites. 
 
 At-tra*"t'ivi'-ly, oilv. W'itix tlio power of attracting. 
 
 At-trftvtlve-iiess. n. The quality of being attractivt. 
 
 At-trftft'or, fi. One who attracts ; one who draws. 
 
 At'trn-hoiit, n- That which attnietfs. 
 
 At-trtb'u-ta-blo, a. CajwMe of being attributed. 
 
 At-tTlb'ute, V. I. [imp. & /.. ;>. attkibcted; p. pr. 
 k vh. n. ATTRIBUTING.] [Lilt, attribinre, attnbutum, 
 frv>m <ui and tribiKff, to bestow.] To consider as belong- 
 ing to ; to ascribe to, as an effect to a cause. 
 Syn.— To impute; refer; charge. 
 
 Attri-biite(119),M. 1. A thing that may he attributed ; 
 inherent quaUty ; characteristic ilisposition ; essential or 
 necessary property. 'Z. ( Gram.) I'articular quality or 
 ftate of a noun as modified by an adjective or a phrase. 
 
 At'tri-bu'tlon, /I. 1. The act of attributing. 3. The 
 quality attributed. [hute ; attributing. 
 
 At'trib'u-tive, a. Relating to, or expressing, an attri- 
 
 At-trib'ii-tive, n. A word which denotes an attribute 
 or quality. 
 
 At-trite',a. [Lat. attritus, p. p. of atterere, from ad and 
 ttrrrf, to rub.] Worn by rubbing or friction. 
 
 At-tpite'ness, n. State of being worn. 
 
 At-tri'tlon ( -trlsh'un), «. 1. Act of >yearing by friction ; 
 abrasion. "Z, State oJF being worn. 
 
 At-tCLne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ATTUNED ; p.pr. 8c vb. n. 
 ATTUNING.] [From ad and tune, q. v.] 1. To tune or 
 put in tune. 2. To arrange fitly ; to make accordant. 
 
 Au'btirn, a. [Equiv. to alburn, from Low Lat. albur- 
 
 " nus.] Reddish brown . 
 
 Aii«'tion, n. [Lat. audio, from Lat. augere, auctum, to 
 
 "increase.] A public sale of property to the highest bid- 
 der, and regularly', by a person licensed and authorized 
 for the purpose ; a vendue. 
 
 IS" The English say, to sell by auction (aitctione, by an in- 
 crease of bids]). In America, the more prevalent expression is, 
 to sell at auction. 
 
 Au«'tiou-a-ry, a. Belonging to an auction. 
 
 Aut'tion-eer', n. The person who seUs by auction. 
 
 Au-t-'tion-eer', v. t. To seU by auction. 
 
 .^u-da'cious, a. [Lat. audax, from audere, to dare.] 
 
 1. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or deco- 
 rum ; bold in vrickedness. 3. Committed with, or pro- 
 ceeding from, daring effrontery or contempt of law. 
 
 Au-da'cioiis-ly, adv. Boldly ; impudently. 
 Au-da'cious-ness, J n. 1. Daring spirit, resolution, 
 Au-dJtf'i-ty, ) or confidence ; venturesomeness. 
 
 2. Presumptuous impudence ; implying a contempt of 
 law or moral restraint. 
 
 Syn« — Hardihood; boldness; impudence. Hardihood ^.^A 
 boldness may be used either in a good or bad sense, the former 
 indicating a disrerard of consequences, the latter more of spirit 
 and enterprise. Effrontery is stronger than impudence, and 
 audacity than either, when used in al)ad sense. 
 
 Au'di-ble, n. [Low Lat. audibilis, from audire, to hear.] 
 Capable of being heard. 
 
 Au'di-ble-ness, n. The quality of being audible. 
 
 Au'di-bly, adv. In a manner to be heard. 
 
 Au'di-en^e, n. 1. The act of hearing. 2. Admittance 
 to a hearing. 3. An auditory, or assembly of hearers. 
 
 Au'dit, n. [Lat., from awe? (>e, to hear.] An examination 
 in general : but specifically, an examination of an ac- 
 count or of accounts, mth the hearing of the parties con- 
 cerned, by pro^xir officers. 
 
 Au'dlt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. AUDITED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 AUDITING.] To examine and adjust, as accounts 
 
 .^u'dit-<>r, n. 1. A hearer or listener. 3. A person 
 authorized to examine and adjust accounts. 
 
 Au'dit-or-»hip, n. The office of auditor. 
 
 ^u'dit-o-ry, a. Pertaining to the sense of hearing. 
 
 Au'dit-o-ry, n An assembly of hearers ; an audience. 
 
 Au'dit-r«ss, n. A female hearer. 
 
 Au-ge'an, a. Belonging to Augeas or his stable, which 
 contamed .WKJ oxen, and was not cleaned for thirty 
 years ; hence filthy ; dirty. 
 
 ^n'^^tr, n. [A.-S. nafegar, from ruifa, nafu, the nave of 
 a wheel, and 4'ar,adart or javelin, prop, and orig. a nave- 
 borer.] 1 . A carpenter's t^^ol to bore holes with. 3. An 
 instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks. 
 
 ^ught (awt), n. [A.-.S. auht awiht, owiht, wi/U, Goth 
 
 fatA/«, a thing. ^' '" - ^" 
 
 thing ; any part, 
 
 Aus-mSnt', v. t. [ittjp. & p. p. augmented ; p. pr. & 
 
 " vb. n. AUGMENTING.] [Lat. augmentare , from augere, to 
 increase, kindred with Gr. aii^eip, Eng. wax.} To enlarge 
 or increase in size or extent, amount, degree, or ma^pii- 
 tude ; to swell ; to make bigger. 
 
 Atig-in6iit', V. i. To inci-ease ; to grow larger. 
 
 Aug'ment, n. 1. Enlargement by addition ; increase. 
 
 "2. {Gr. Gram.) A sign of past time: it is either a 
 syllable prefixed to a word, or an increase of the quantity 
 of the initial vowel, called, in the former case, the syl- 
 labic augment, and in the latter, the temporal augment. 
 
 Axig-mgnt'a-ble, a. Capable of augmentation. 
 
 Aiig'men-ta'tioii, n. 1. Act of augmenting, or the state 
 
 ■"of being augmented. 2. The thing added by way of en- 
 largement. 3. {Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a 
 repetition of the subject in tones of twice their original 
 length. [ing. 
 
 Aug-mgnt'a-tive, a. Having the quality of augment- 
 
 Au'gur, n. [Lat. ; most prob. a Tuscan word. The first 
 part is equiv. to Lat. avis,, bird ; the last syllable, gur, 
 to the Celt. gUr, man.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who 
 pretended to foreteU ftiture events by the singing, flight, 
 and feeding of birds, or by other signs. 2. One who pre- 
 tends to foreteU future events by omens ; a soothsaj'er. 
 
 Au'gur, V. i. [imp. & p. p. augured ; p.pr. Si, vb. n. 
 
 " AUGURING.] To conjecture by signs or omens ; to prog- 
 nosticate ; to guess. 
 
 Au'gur, V. t. To predict or foretell ; to betoken. 
 
 Au'gu-ral, a. Pertaining to augurs or augury. 
 
 Au'gu-ra'tion, n. Act or pi-actice of augury. 
 
 Au-gu'ri-al, a. Of or relating to augury. 
 
 Au'gu-ry, n. 1. Art or practice of foretelling events by 
 
 "observing the actions of birds, or other phenomena. 2. 
 An omen ; prediction ; prognostication. 
 
 Au-giist', a. [Lat. augiistiis, from augere, to increase ; 
 
 "to honor by offerings.] Creating extraordinary respect, 
 mingled with the veneration inspired by grand and sub- 
 lime objects. 
 Syn. — Grand; imposing; majestic. 
 
 Au'gust, n. [Lat. Augustus. Cf. the preceding word.] 
 The eighth month of the year. 
 
 Au-gus'tan, a. Pertaining to Augustus or to his times. 
 i^~ The Aumstan age of any national literature is the sup- 
 posed period of its highest state of purity and refinement. 
 
 Att-gust'ine, )n.pl. [Eccl. Hist.) One of an order 
 Au'gus-tia'i-an, j of monks, so called from St. Au- 
 "gustine ; — popularly called Austin friars, and also White 
 
 friars. 
 AWgus-tln'i-aii, n. One of a class of divines, who, fol- 
 " lowing St. Augustine, maintain that grace is effectual 
 from its nature, absolutely and morally, not relatively 
 and gradually. 
 Au-giist'ness, M. Dignity; majesty; grandeur. 
 Au-let'i<!, a. [Gr. auATjTtKos, from avAos, flute.] Per- 
 " taining to pipes, or to a pipe. [Rare.] 
 Au'Ii«, a. [Gr. auAiKos, from avA^, hall, court.] Per- 
 " taining to a royal court. 
 
 A*i'li<!) ^- I^ some European universities, the ceremony 
 "observed in concferring the degree of doctor of divinity. 
 Aunt (ant), n. [0. Fr. ante, Lat. amita.] A father's 
 
 or mother's sister. 
 JLu'rd, n. ; pi. A V'RJE. [Lat. , air.] Any subtile, invisible 
 " fluid, supposed to flow from a body. [to an aura. 
 
 Au'ral, a. [From aura, q. v.] Pertaining to the air, or 
 Au'ral, a. [From Lat. auris, ear.] Belonging to the 
 Au'ra-ted, a. [Lat. auratus.] Resembling gold. [ear. 
 Au^e'o-ld, \ n. [Lat. aureolus, of gold, a dim. of aureus, 
 Au're-ole, I golden.] The circle of rays, with which 
 "painters surround the body of Christ, saints, and others 
 
 held in special reverence. 
 Au'ri-ele, n. [Lat. auricida, dim. of auris, ear.] 
 "1. (Anat.) (a.) The external ear. (6.) One of two mus- 
 cular sacs situated at the base of the heart; — so called 
 from their resemblance to the external ear of some quad- 
 rupeds. 2. A kind of ear-trtunpet. 
 Au-ri-e'u-lar, a. [See Auricle.] 1. Pertaimng to the 
 "ear, or to the sense of hearing. 2. Told in the ear. 3. 
 Recognized by the ear. 4. Received or traditional. 5. 
 ( Med. ) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. 
 
 re wrr.„™, \.".7J'"' """"'-^ ""'") ""i-"- i Au-ri«'u-late, a. Shaped hke an ear. 
 Cf. WIGHT. \\ HIT. and OUGHT.] Any Au-rif' er-oiis, a. [Lat aurifer, from aurum, gold, an* 
 ^^ ' ' - . / ' ' /erre, to bear.] Yielding or producing gold. 
 
 - ., . iw- ^vy'-TT??, from avyri, brightness.] A ; Au'ri-fdrm, a. [Lat. auris, ear, and forma, form.] 
 p^^m.'-h mineral (called by Ilaiiy pyroxene), consisting "Ear-shaped. 
 chiefly of Kihca, magnesia, and lime, and occurring as a ; Au'rist, n. One skilled in disorders of the ear. 
 constituent of lavas, trap, basalt, and many other rocks. ; Au'ro«lis, n. [Ger. aurochs, from ftr, Cire, Lat. urus, Gr. 
 
 a, e, &c., Ions:; i, 6, &c., short ; cftre, far, sisk, aU, wbat ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, tt^M, 
 
AURORA 
 
 47 
 
 AVAILABLE 
 
 oupo?, a wild ox, and ochs, ox.] {Zo'dl.) The Bos urus, or 
 bison, of Poland. 
 
 Axi-ro'va,, n. ; pi. au-r6'ra§. [Lat., from aurea hora, 
 golden hour, or Gr. avpios wpa, morning hour, or from 
 Skr. ushasa, aurdra.] 1. The dawn of day ; the redness 
 of the sky just before the sun rises. 3. A species of 
 crowfoot. 
 
 Auro'ra horea'lis, (i. e., northern daybreak), a luminous 
 meteoric plienoraenon, witnessed only at night, and supposed 
 to be of electrical origin ; popularly called northern lights. 
 
 Au-ro'ral, a. Belonging to, or resembling, the aiirora, 
 "or northern Ughts. 
 
 Aus'^ul-ta'tion, n. [Lat. auscultatto, from ausicula, 
 
 "for auricula, dim. of auris, ear.] 1. Act of Mstening, 
 
 2. {Med.) A method of distinguishing diseases, particu- 
 larly in the thorax, by observing the sounds in the part, 
 generally by means of a stethoscope. 
 
 Au'spi-eate, v. t. [Lat. auspicare, auspicari, from aus- 
 "pez, a bird seer, a contraction of avispex, from avis, bird, 
 and specere, spicere, to view.] To give a favorable turn 
 to in commencing. 
 i^u'spi^e, n. / pi. AU'spi-^Eg. [Lat. auspicium, from 
 auspex. See supra.] 1. The omens of an undertaking, 
 drawn from birds ; augury. 3. Protection extended ; 
 favor shown ; patronage ; — generally in the pi. 
 Au-spi'cial (-splsh^al), a. Pertaining to auspices. [Rare.] 
 Au-spi'cious (-splsh/us), a. [See Auspice.] 1. Hav- 
 "ing omens of success or favorable appearances. 3. 
 Prosperous ; fortunate ; lucky. 3. Favorable ; propitious. 
 Au-spi'cioiis-ly ( -spish'us-), adv. With favorable to- 
 "kens; prosperously; happily. 
 
 Au-stere', a. [Gr. auo-njpos.] 1. Sour with astrin- 
 'gency; having acerbity. 2. Severe in modes of judg- 
 ing, or living, or acting. 
 
 Syn. — Severe; rigid; harsh; rough; stem. 
 Au-stere'ly, adv. Severely ; rigidly ; stemlj'. 
 Au-stere'ness, ) n. Severity of manners or living ; 
 Au-ster'i-ty, j strictness ; roughness. 
 Au'stral, a. [From Lat. auster, the south wind.] Of or 
 "tending to the south ; southern ; being in the south. 
 A«--tlien'ti-e, \a. [Gr. av0evTt*c6?, from a.vQivrq<;, 
 Au-tlien'ti-e-al, ) contr. for avTodeV-njs, suicide, real 
 author of any act, from avros, self, and fleiVeiv, O^velv, 
 to kiU.] 1. Of approved authority ; to be relied on. 2. 
 (Mus.) Having an immediate relation to the tonic, in 
 distinction from plagal, having a coiTespondent relation 
 to the dominant below the tonic. 
 
 Syn. — True; certain; faithful; credible; reUable; genuine. 
 Authentic and genuine were once used as convertible terms, 
 but a distinction is now made between them, the former being 
 opposed to false, and the latter to spurious, as an authentic his- 
 tory, a gehuine manuscript. 
 
 Au.-tli6n'ti«-al-ly, adv. With marks of credibility. 
 
 Au-tlien'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. authenti- 
 
 " gated; p. pr. & vb. n. AUTHENTICATIN&.] To es- 
 tabhsh by proof; to render authentic ; to prove to be 
 genuine. 
 
 Au-tlien'ti-ea'tiou, n. Act of authenticating. 
 
 Au'then-tip'i-ty, ti. Quality of being authentic ; re- 
 
 " liability; genuineness. 
 
 Au'tlior, n. [Lat. awc^or, (sometimes erroneously, ewior 
 
 "or author,) fr. augere, to increase, to produce.] 1. The 
 beginner, former, or first mover of any thing ; hence, 
 the efficient cause of a thing ; creator ; originator. 2. 
 Specifically, one who composes or writes a book. 
 
 Au'tlior-ess, n. A female author or writer. 
 
 Au-thor'i-ta-tive, a. 1. Having authority. 2. Hav- 
 ing an air of authority ; positive. 
 
 Au-tli6r'i-ta-tive-ly,arff. With authority ; positively. 
 
 JV.u.-th.6r'i-ty, n. 1. Legal or rightful power ; right to 
 command or to act ; dominion. 2. The persons or the 
 body exercising power or command, — chiefly in the pi. 
 
 3. Influence of character, office, or station, or mental or 
 moral superiority , and the like. 4. Testimony ; witness ; 
 or the person who testifies. 5, A precedent, a decision 
 of a court, an ofiicial declaration, or an opinion, saying, 
 or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent ; also, a 
 book that contains them, or the name of its author. 
 
 Syn. — Force; rule; sway,* command; domiaion; control; 
 influence; warrant. 
 
 Au'tlior-i-za'tion, n. Establishment by authority. 
 
 Au'thor-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. authorized ; p. pr. 
 
 " k vb. n. AUTHORIZING.] 1. To clothe with authority, 
 warrant, or legal power ; to empower. 2. To legalize. 
 3. To estabhsh by authority, as by usage or pubhc 
 opinion. 4. To give authority, credit, or support to. 
 
 A.u'tlior-slilp, n. The state of being an author. 
 Au'to-bi-6g'ra-plier, n. One who writes a lilb of 
 himself. [ing, autobiography. 
 
 Au''to-bi''o-grapli'i<;-al, a. Pertaining to, or contain- 
 Au'to-bi-6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. aurd?, self, and Eng. biog' 
 " raphy, q. v.] A memoir or biography of a person writ- 
 ten by himself. 
 Au-t6-eh.'th.on n. [Gr. avTox^wv, from the land itself, 
 from avTo?, self, and x^iitv, gen. x^°''o?» earth, land.] 
 
 1. One who is supposed to spring from the same ground 
 or soil he inhabits ; hence, an aboriginal or native. 2. 
 That which is original to a particular country. 
 
 Au'to-eli-thon'i-e, \a. Indigenous; aboriginal ; na- 
 
 Au-t6«li'tlio-nou.s, J tive. 
 
 Au-t6«'ra-9y, n. 1. Independent or self-derived power ; 
 
 "autonomy. 2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited au- 
 thority, or right of governing in a single person, as of 
 an autocrat. 3. Sole right of self-government in a state. 
 
 Au'to-erat, n. [Gr. auTO/cparij?, aiTO/cparcup, from o.yn6^^ 
 self, and /cparo?, strength.] 1. An absolute prince or 
 sovereign ; — a title assumed by the emperors of Russia. 
 
 2. A person invested with absolute, independent power, 
 by which he is rendered unaccountable for his actions. 
 
 iSlJnrlvlJ-al, } «• ^^^«^^*« ; independent m power. 
 
 JLti'to-dd-fe' (au-to-da-fa./), «■; P^- AU'Td$~DA-FE'. 
 
 "[Pg., act of faith.] 1. The punishment of a heretic 
 by burning, in conformity with a judgment of the In- 
 quisition. 2. The sentence then read. 
 
 Au'to-gra.pli, n. [Gr. a.vT6ypa4)0<;, fi-om avTo?, self, and 
 vpa^etv, to write.] A person's own handwriting; an 
 original manuscript^. 
 
 Au'to-grapIi'i€!, * ) a. 1. Pertaining to an autograph, 
 
 Aii'to-graph'i<J-al, ) or one's own handwriting. 2. 
 
 "Pertaining to, or used in, autography. 
 
 Au-tog'ra-pliy, n. 1. A person's own writing. 2. 
 
 "Science of autographs. 3. A process in Uthography for 
 transferring writing. 
 
 Aii''to-mS,t'i« , \a. 1. Pertaining to, or performed 
 
 Au'to-mat'l-e-al, j by , an automaton ; self-acting ; — 
 
 "especially applied to machinery, in which certain move- 
 ments commonly made by hand are made by the ma- 
 chine itself. 2. Not depending on the will ; — apphed 
 to animal motions. 3. Belonging to an automaton; 
 self-moving ; acting involuntarily. 
 
 Au-tom'a-ton, n.; ;?;. AU-TOM^A-TONg ; Lat. pi. At\ 
 TOM'A-TA. [Gr. auTOju.aroi', from o.vto';, self, and ju.aeti', 
 to strive after, to move.] A machine moved by interior 
 machinery which imitates the actions of men or animals ; 
 any self-moving machine. 
 
 Au-toin'o-lite, n. [Gr. auTOjitoAo?, a deserter, from 
 avTo?, self, and ixoKelv, to go ; so called from the large 
 portion of oxide of zinc it contains, though it has nc 
 resemblance to an ore.] {Min.) A kind of spinel. 
 
 Au-ton'o-my, n. [Gr. avrovonCa, fr. avros, self, and 
 
 "v6/xos, law.] 1. Power or right of self-government. 2. 
 Man's power, as possessed of reason , to give law to himself. 
 
 Axi'top-sy, n. [Gr. avro^Ca, from avrds, self, and ottto?, 
 
 "seen; 6\j/l^, sight.] 1. Personal observation or exami- 
 nation. 2. (Aled.) Post-mortem examination. 
 
 Au'tuxun (aw'tum), n. [Lat. auctumnus, autumnus, 
 
 "from auctus, p. p. of augere, to increase, to furnish abun- 
 dantly.] The third season of the year; the season be- 
 tween summer and winter ; fall. 
 
 Au-tiira'nal, a. Of or belonging to autumn. 
 
 Auj-il'iar, ) a. [Lat. awxiliaris, -rius, from auxilium, 
 
 Auj-il'ia-ry, j help, from augere, to increase.] Help- 
 
 "ing; assisting; aiding; subsidiary. 
 
 Au5-il'ia-ry,». 1. Ahelper; an assistant ; specj/JcoZZy, 
 
 "iai the pi., foreign troops in the service of a nation at 
 war. 2. ( Gram. ) A verb helping to form the moods and 
 tenses of otherverbs ; as, have, be, can, &c. 3. {Math.) 
 A quantity introduced for the purpose of simplifying or 
 facihtating some operation. 
 
 A-vail', V. t. [imp., p.p., & p. a. availed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. AVAILING.] [Lat. ad and valere, to be strong, to bo 
 worth.] To turn to the advantage of ; to profit; to as- 
 sist ; to promote. [purpose. 
 
 A-vail, V. i. To be of use or advantage ; to answer the 
 
 A-vail', n. Advantage ; use ; benefit ; — pi. , profits or 
 proceeds. 
 
 A-vail'a-bll'i-ty, ) n. State of being available ; power 
 
 A-vail'a-ble-ness, j of promoting the end in view. 
 
 A-vail'a-ble , a. 1 . Capable of being availed of, or used 
 
 food, fo"bt ; <irn, rude, puU ; yell, ^liaise, -call, e«Iio ; seui, get ; ag ; e$ist ; liager, link ; ttiis. 
 
AVAILABLY 
 
 48 
 
 AWARD 
 
 to ."»aranta^^l ; pivfltablo ; able to offiH-t the object. 2. 
 Having: sufii.-ifnt ^niwor or efflracy for thoobjwt ; valid. 
 A-vi»i!'a-l»iy. <i'/f. With snciivxs or olTit-t. 
 Av'»-liVnvli«", 11. (Fr , from Lat. ml, to, and i-allis, 
 THlley.] A suow-shp; vast body of juiow, ico, or earth 
 8li«ling dowu :k uiouutalu. 
 Arant^rourivr (a-vout:'k(Tl)'rtH<r), »• [Fr. See infra, 
 and t'oiKlKK.] A }H>rt:oii dispatohed before another 
 l»erson or company, to give notice of his or their ap- 
 prwich. 
 A-vaut'-xuiird, n. [FV. avant, before (Lat. ab, from, 
 nnd «iw/f , lH^fore),and Kng. guard.] The van oradvauced 
 body of an army ; vanpnard. 
 Av'H-rice, n. (Lat. araritin, fit)m avert, to covet.] Ex- 
 ct's.'iive love of nuuiey or gain. 
 Syn.— Cupidity; grifdincss; covetousness. 
 Ava-ri'doCls ( -rish'us), a. Actuated by avarice ; greedy 
 after wwilth or gain. 
 
 Syn. — Covetous; parsimouious; penixrious; miserly; nig- 
 jrardlv.— The covetotui eaperly desire wealth, even at the ex- 
 pense' of others ; the armiciotis hoard it; the penurious, patsi- 
 tnonunis, ni\d miocrh/ s&\c it by disgraceful self-denial; and the 
 nif/f/iirilh/, by meanness in their dealings. 
 
 Ava-ri'cioils-ly (-rish'us), a<h: Covetously ; greedily. 
 Av'a-ri'cioil9-i»ess, »■ Undue love of money. 
 A-vast', interj. [Corrupted from D. haudfust, hold fast.] 
 
 ( yaut. ) , Cease ; hold ; stop. 
 Av'a-tar', n. [Skr. avatara, descent.] An incarnation 
 
 or metamorphosis of a deit^ among the Hindoos. 
 A-vauiit', interj. [See AVANT-GUARU.] Begone. 
 A've-Ma'ry, «. A prayer to the Virgin Mary, beginning 
 
 Ave iV«rja'[lIail, Mary]. 
 Av'e-na'ceous, o. [Lat. afe«a, oats.] Relating to oats. 
 A-vSnge', f. t. [0. Fr. ai-engier, from Lat. vindicare, to 
 
 revenge, to avenge.] [imp., p. p., & p. a. AVENGED ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. AVENGING.] To vindicate by inflicting 
 
 pain or oil on the wrong-doer. 
 
 Syn. — Revenjre. —It may be right to avenge injuries, hut 
 never to indulge revenge, which is a spirit of mahcious resent- 
 ment. 
 
 A-vfing'er, n. One who avenges, or takes vengeance. 
 
 Av'e-nue, «. [Fr., from Lat. arf^-e/i/re, to come to.] 1. 
 An entrance to any place ; way : passage. 2. An alley 
 or walk in a path or garden, usually planted on each side 
 with trees. 3. A wide street. [An Americanism.] 
 
 A-ver' (14), v. t. [itrip. & p. p. a\TERRED : p.pr. & vb. n. 
 A\TERRING.] [Low Lat. averare, from Lat. ad, to, and 
 vents, true.] To declare positively ; to assert with confi- 
 dence ; to as.severate. 
 Syn. — To affirm; protest; avouch. — See Affikm, Assekx. 
 
 Av'er-age (45), a. 1. Medial ; containing a mean pro- 
 portion. 3. According to the laws of average. 
 
 Av'er-age, n. [0. Fr. See Aver.] 1. A contribution 
 to a general loss. 3. A mean proportion ; medial sum 
 or quantity. 3. A medial estimate or general statement 
 derived from a comparison of diverse specific cases. 4. 
 A Bmall duty payable to shipmasters on goods. 
 
 Av'er-age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AVERAGED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. A^-ZRAGING.] To reduce to a mean : to proportion. 
 
 Av'er-age, v. i. To be or form a medial sum or quantity. 
 
 A-vSr'ment, «. 1. Act of averring ; aflfirmation ; posi- 
 tive a«.serrion. 2. Terification : estabUsbment by evi- 
 dence. 3. (Imw.) Offer of either party to justify or 
 prove what he alleges. 
 
 A-v5r.se' (14), a. [See Avert.] 1. Turned away. 2. 
 Having a repugnance or opposition of mind. 
 
 Syn.— Disinclined : backward: reluctant.— ylt-erse is strong- 
 er than (lumrAimd and backward, but not so strong as relw- 
 tant (struggling against). ^ 
 
 A-vgrseay, adv. 1 . Backwardly. 2. Unwillinglv. 
 
 A-v?r.se'ness, n. Quality or state of being averse'. 
 
 A-v6r'.sion, n. 1. Opposition or repugnance of mind • 
 dishke : moderate hatred. 2. Opposition or contrariety 
 of nature. 3. The cause of repugnance. 
 
 Syn. — Di'initt : rf l.ictance ; repugnance ; antipathy. — 
 n/ ' ■ ':^'y?/''2^ll.''''' smuggling against) ; 
 
 ^"J, ";« au., fiithtmg against). Disgust is 
 
 f„V- ' ta*t?: (intiriathji is properly a consti- 
 
 luii ,:._. .. ,„ ., „^„ „ometmics an acquired one. 
 
 A-vgrt', V. t. [imp. p. p., & p. a. averted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. AVERTING.] [Lat. avertere, from ah, a, from, and ver- 
 
 tere, to turn.] To turn or cause to turn off, aside, or 
 
 away. 
 A-vSrt', V. i. To turn away. 
 A -vSrt'er, n. One who avertH or turns away. 
 A'vi-a-ry , n. [Lat. aviarium, from avi$, a bird.] A house 
 
 or inolosure for keeping birds confined. 
 
 I A-vid'i-ty, n. [Lat. aviditas, fr. avidus, eager, avere, 
 I to long.] An intense desire ; strong appetite. 
 I Syn.— Greediness; hankering; longing; eagerness. 
 
 Av'o-«a'tloii, n. [Lat. avocatio, from ab, a, from and 
 vocare, to call.] 1. Act of caUing aside, or diverting 
 fi-oni some employment. 2. The business that calls off. 
 «&S~ Sometimes improperly used for vocation. 
 Av'o-f6t, n. (Ornith.) An aquatic bird. 
 A-void', f. t. [imp., p. p., & i?. a. avoided; ».w. & f6. 
 71. AVOIDING.] [Prefix a and void.] 1. To keep at a 
 distance from. 2. To make void ; to annul or vacate. 
 3. (Pleading.) To defeat or evade, as a plea. 
 
 Stol.— Tq shun.- Avoid is negative ; it is simply to keep 
 
 away from. Shun is positive ; it is to turn from. Prudence 
 
 may induce us to avoid, fear or dislike lead us to shun. "We 
 
 avoul bad habits ; we ought to shun vices. 
 
 A-void', V. i. {Law.) To become void, vacant, or empty, 
 
 as a benefice. 
 A-void'a-lble, a. Capable of bemg avoided. 
 A-void'an?e, n. 1. The act of avoidmg or shunning. 
 2. The act of annulling. 3. The act of becommg va- 
 cant, or the state of being vacant, as a benefice. 
 A-void'er, »?. 1. One who avoids : one who shuns. 2, 
 One who caiTies any thing away, or a vessel in which 
 things are canied awaj . [hie. 
 
 A-void'less, a. Incapable of being avoided ; unavoida- 
 Av'oir-du-pois' (av/er-du-poiz'), n. or a. [Fr. avoir du 
 poids, to have (a fixed) weight, from Fr. avoir (Lat 
 habere), to have, and poids (0. Fr. poix, pais), portion 
 weighed, from L&t. pensvm , portion weighed] A weight 
 for ordinarj- commodities, in which a pound contams 16 
 ounces, or 7C00 Troy gTains. 
 A-voucli', V. t. [imp. ,p.p., &, p. a. aa^ouched : p. pr 
 & vb. n. AVOUCHING.] [Lat. advocare, to call to, from 
 ad and vocare, to call.] To declare positively ; to main- 
 tain. 
 Syn. — To vouch ; to affirm ; to assert ; to support. 
 A-voucli'a-lble, a. Capable of being avouched. 
 A-vouch'er, n. One who avouches or afiirms. 
 A-vow', V. t. [imp. Sep. p. avowed: p.pr. & vb. n. 
 AVOWING.] [Ei.avover; a for ad ,&ndvouer (La.t. vovere), 
 to voiv.] 1. To declare openly ; to own : to acknowledge ; 
 to confess. 2. (Laio.) To acknowledge and justify, as 
 an act done. 
 Syn. — See Confess. 
 A-vow'a-ble, a. Capable of being avowed or confessed. 
 A-vow'al, n. An open or fi^nk declaration. 
 A-vow'ed-ly, adv. In an avowed manner ; openly. 
 A-vo%v-ee', n. See Advow^ee. 
 A-vovr'er, n. One who avows. 
 
 A-vow'ry, n. [Law.) Act of a distrainer of goods, who, 
 in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking 
 in his o^vn right. 
 A-vu-l'sion, n. [Lat. avidsio, from avellere, avidsus, to 
 tear off, from a for ab, from off, and vellere, to pluck.] 
 X. A tearing asunder. 2. A fragment torn off. 3. 
 {Laiv.) Sudden removal of land from the estate of one 
 man to that of another by an invmdation, current, or 
 the like. 
 A-vun'-eu-lar, a. [From Lat. arancM^ws, uncle.] Of or 
 
 pertaining to an uncle. 
 A-wait', V. t. [imp. & p. p. awaited ; p. pr. k. vb. n. 
 AWAITING.] 1. To wait or look out for; to expect. 
 2. To be in store for ; to be ready for. 
 A-'vrake', v. t. [imp. awoke, awaked ; p. p. 
 awaked; p. pr. & vb. n. AWAKING.] 1. To rouse 
 from sleep. 2. To arouse from a state resembling sleep, 
 as frova. death, stupidity, or inaction. 
 A-vyake', v. i. To cease to sleep ; to come out of a state 
 of natural sleep ; and, figuratively , out of a state re- 
 sembling sleep. 
 A-yvake', a. Not sleeping ; in a state of wakefulness. 
 A-vyalt'en (a-wak'n), v. t. & ?. [imp. & p. p. awak- 
 ened ;;p. /jr. & vb. n. awakening.] [Aivake,-mth. 
 its A.-S. infinitive.] To rouse from sleep or torpor. 
 
 Syn. — To arouse ; excite ; stir up ; call forth ; awake ; 
 wake. 
 A-vyak'en-er, n. He who, or that which, awakens. 
 A-ward', v. t. [imp. & p. p. awarded ; p.pr.k vb. n. 
 AWARDING.] [0. Fr. awarder, from a, equiv. to Lat. 
 ad, and warder, garder, guarder, to observe, keep. See 
 Guard.] To give by judicial determination; to assign 
 by sentence ; to adjudge. 
 A -vizard', v. i. To determine ; to make an award. 
 A-ward', n. 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decis- 
 ion';' specifically, the decision of arbitrators in a case 
 submitted. 2. The paper containing such decision. 
 
 a, e, k.<,..long; &,«, kc.,akon; c4re. far, a8l£,all,vrhat; 6re,veU, tgrm; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
j^AVARDER 
 
 49 
 
 BABEL 
 
 A-ward'er, «. One who awards ; a judge 
 A-ware', a. Watchful ; Tigilant ; hence, apprised ; cog- 
 nizant. 
 
 A- way', adv. Absent ; at a distance. 
 
 0®- Awau with has sometimes a peculiar signification in the 
 phraBe, " 1 can not away with it." (Isa. i. 13), i. e. " I can not 
 bear or endure it." — I'o make away with, to kill or destroy. 
 
 Awe,«. [A.-S. oga, ege, aige, fr. Goth, agan, ogan, to 
 
 "fear.] Profound fear mingled with admiration or rev- 
 erence. 
 
 Syn. — Dread; veneration.— /fererencc is a strong sentiment 
 of respect and esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with fear. 
 i)read is strong personal fear; as, dreacZ of punishment. _Ven- 
 eration is reverence in its strongest manifestation; it is the 
 highest emotion we can exercise toward human bemgs. 
 
 Awe, V. t. [imp. &p.p. awed ; p.pr. & vb. n. AWING.] 
 
 "To strike with fear and reverence. 
 
 A-w6atii'er, adv. {Naut.) On the weather side, or 
 toward the wind ; opposed to alee. 
 
 A-weigh.' (-^a'), adv. (Naut.) Just drawn out of the 
 ground, and hanging perpendicularly ; atrip ; — said of 
 the anchor. [miration. 
 
 Aw'f U.1, a. Striking with awe ; filling with fear and ad- 
 
 Aw'ful-ly, adv. In an awful manner. 
 
 ^w^'f ul-ness, n. The quality of striking with awe. 
 
 A-w^hile', adv. A space of time ; for some time ; for a 
 short time. * 
 
 Aw^fw^ard, a. [From 0. Eng. awk^ left (Fr. gauche), 
 
 "and ward, q. v.] 1. Wanting dexterity ; without skill; 
 bungling. 3. Ungraceful in manner. 
 
 Syn.— Clumsy ; uncouth. — One who is Clvm»y (from 
 clump) is heavy, and, of course, ungraceful in everything ; 
 one who is aivkward wants grace of movement; one who is 
 uncouth is so for want of training. 
 
 A"wlt'ward-ly, adv. In an awkward manner. 
 
 Awk'w^ard-iiess, n. The quality of being awkward. 
 
 Aw^l, n. [A.-S. sel, al.] A pointed instrument for mak- 
 
 " ing smaU holes. 
 
 Awn, n. [Goth, ahana, Gr. axM-] The bristle or beard 
 
 "of barley, oats, grasses, &c. 
 
 Avra'iiig, ". [Cf. A.-S. helan, helian, to cover.] 1, A 
 
 "cover of canvas, to shelter from the sun"s rays. 3. 
 That part of the poop-deck which is continued forward 
 beyond the bulk-head of the cabin. 
 
 Awnless, a. Without awn or beard. 
 
 A-wolte', imp. &,p.p. oiawake. See AWAKE. 
 
 A- wry' (a-rl'), a. or adv. 1. Turned or twisted toward 
 one side ; asquint. 2. Aside from the line of truth, or 
 right reason. 
 
 Ax, I n. [A.-S. eax, iex, acas, Gr. a^t'vTj, Lat. ascia.] 
 
 Axe, ) An instrument, usually of iron, with a steel edge 
 or blade, for hewing timber, choppLag wood, &c. [axis. 
 
 Ax'i-al, a. Pertaining, or having resemblance, to an 
 
 Ax-if'er-oiis, a. [Lat. axis and ferre, to bear.] (Bot.) 
 Consisting of an axis, without leaves or other appendages. 
 
 Ax'il, \n. [Lat.] 1. The armpit. 3. (5o«.) The angle 
 
 A-Qc-iVld, ] between the upper side of a branch or leaf, 
 and a stem or branch. 
 
 Ax'il-lar, \a. [See Axil.] 1. Pertaining to the 
 
 Ax'il-la-ry, ) armpit. 3. {Bot.) Situated in, or rising 
 from, the axilla. 
 
 Ax'i-om, n. [Gr. d^iw/u,a, from a^iovv, to think worthy, 
 
 a^ios, worthy.] 1. A self-evident and necessary truth 
 or proposition. 3. An established principle in some art 
 or science. 
 
 Syn. — Maxim ; aphorism ; adage. — Axioms are the founda- 
 tions of science ; maxims are guiding principles in our prac- 
 tical concerns. An aphorism is a detached sentence express- 
 ing a weighty sentiment ; an adage is a saying of long-estab- 
 lished authority. 
 
 Ax'i-o-m&t'i€, ) a. Pertaining to an axiom ; having 
 
 Ax'i-o-mat'i-e-al, j the nature of an axiom. 
 
 Ax'is, n.; J3^. Ax'Eg. [Lat.] 1. The straight line, real 
 or imaginary, on which a body revolves, or may be sup- 
 posed to revolve. 2. {Anat.) (a.) The second vertebra 
 of the neck ; {b.) A tooth-like process, on its upper sur- 
 face, serving as a pivot on which the second vertebra 
 turns. 3. {Bot.) The central part or column of a plant, 
 around which the other parts are disposed. 4. A c«J.- 
 tral or medial Une between corresponding parts. 
 
 Ax'le (aks'l), n. [A.-S. sex, eax. 
 Cf. Axis.] 1. A transverse bar 
 connecting the naves of the op- 
 posite wheels of a carriage. 3* 
 An axis. 
 
 Ax'le- tree, n. An axle. 
 
 Ay, ) (ai), adv. Yes ; yea ; — aword 
 
 Aye, I expressing assent, or an 
 afllrmative answer to a question. 
 
 Aye ( ai ) , ?i . 1 . An affirmative vote. 
 ii. A voter in the afiBLrmative. 
 
 Aye (a), adv. [A.-S. a, aa, awa, 
 Gr. atet, dei'.] Always ; ever ; con- 
 tinuaUy ; for an indefinite time. ^' ■^^^®- 
 
 Aye'-aye, n. {Zo'dl.) A singular nocttunal quadruped 
 found in Madagascar ; so called from its cry. 
 
 A-xa'le-k, n. ; pi. a-za/le-a§. [Gr. d^aAeo?, dry, so 
 called because growing best in dry ground] A genus of 
 flowering plants. 
 
 Az'i-iniitli, n. [Ar. as-sajnt, pi. as-siimUt, a way or 
 path.] An arc of the horizon intercepted between the 
 meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through 
 the center of any object. 
 
 Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner's 
 compass, but with a more accurate graduation of the card, and 
 vertical sights.— 31agnetical azimuth, an arc of the horizon, in- 
 tercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object 
 and the magnetic meridian. 
 
 Az'i-mLiitli-al, a. Pertaining to the azimuth. 
 
 A-zo'i-e, a. [Gr. d priv. and ^larj, life.] Destitute of any 
 vestige of animal life. 
 
 A-zote', n. [Gr. d prfv. and ^wtj, life.] ( Chem.) A kind 
 of gas unfit for respiration ; nitrogen. 
 
 A-z6t'i«, a. Pertaining to ; formed or consisting of azote. 
 
 Az'o-tize, V. t. [imp. & p. p. AZOTIZED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. AZOTiziNG.] To impregnate with azote, or nitro- 
 gen ; to nitrogenize. 
 
 A-zo'toiis, a. Nitrous ; as, azotous acid. 
 
 Az'iire (azh/ur or a'zhur), a. [Per. lajaward or lajuward, 
 a blue color, lajawardl, lajmvardi, azure, the initial I 
 having been dropped.] Of a sky-blue; cerulean. 
 
 Az'ure (azh/ur or a^zhur), n. 1. The fine blue color of 
 the sky. 3. The blue vault above. 3. (Her.) A blue 
 color, represented in engraving by horizontal lin«s. 
 
 B. 
 
 B(be), is the second letter, and the first consonant, in the 
 English alphabet. (See Pmi. o/Pron., § 62.) It is 
 etymologically convertible with m,p,f, v, and w, letters 
 representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its 
 own. In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in 
 the model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the 
 second tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor.) 
 B^ stands for B flat, the tone or half-step, or semitone 
 lower than B. 
 
 Baa, n. The cry or bleating of sheep. 
 
 Baa, V. i. To cry or bleat as sheep. 
 
 BabTbitt-mefal, n. A soft alloy of copper, zinc, and 
 tin, named from the inventor. 
 
 Bib'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BABBLED ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 BABBLING.] [D. babbelen, H. Ger. bappeln, bappern, Fr. 
 babiller, It. babbolare.] 1. To utter words imperffectly 
 
 or unintelligibly. 3. To prate ; to chatter. 3, To make 
 
 a constant miirmuring noise, as a small stream running 
 
 over rocks. 
 Bablble, v. t. To prate ; to utter. 
 
 Bab'ble, \n. Idle talk; senseless prate; un- 
 
 Bab'Tbie-meiit, ) meaning words. 
 Babiller, n. 1. An idle talker ; a tell-tale. 2. One of 
 
 a group of long-tailed, thrush-like birds, remarkable for 
 
 their singular chattering notes. 
 Babe, n. [W. baban, maban.] An infant ; a young child 
 
 of either sex ; a baby. 
 Ba'bel, n. [Heb. Babel, capital of Shinar, or Babylonia ; 
 
 confusion, fr. balal, to confound, according to Scripture, 
 
 but more prob. a contr. from beth-bel, house of Belufl, 
 
 or Baal. See Gen. xi.] A confused combination of 
 
 sounds : confusion ; disorder. 
 
 food, f<Jbt ; ftrn, rude, puU ; fell, pliaise, -eall, e«]io ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tliift. 
 
BABOON 
 
 50 BADGE^ 
 
 Hnl>-«ron', 11. [0. Eng. babion,bab- 
 l r\'h. akin to Uibr.] A kiuJ of 
 
 1. ; . iM\ , having a long faco, a bnvid, 
 hiiTh nuuale, obtx-k pouohot!, dog- 
 like tusks, or canine twth, and 
 nakt\l calltvsitii^ on the buttocks. 
 
 Ba'by, «. [Shv Babe.] 1. Anin- 
 faut"; a baW. *i. A doll. 
 
 BaHby, <i. IVrtiiiuing to, or resem- 
 bling, an iulant. 
 
 Ba'by, t>. t. [imp. & /'. p. babied ; 
 ;>. /'r. & vb. 11. BABYING.] To treat 
 like a young child. [baby. 
 
 Ba'by-hobci, «• State of being a 
 
 BSTby-lioxise, w. A place for chil- 
 dreiis dolls and babies. 
 
 BaHby-isli. <i. Like a baby ; childish. 
 
 BaTby-jiiuiper, «• A suspensory Baboon. 
 
 supjKirt for a child, attached to the ceiling of a room by 
 a strap of vulcanized india-rubber, and used for exercise. 
 
 Bftb'y-lo'nl-aii, I a. Pertaining to Babylon, or the an- 
 
 Bftby-lo'iiisli, j cient kingdom of Babylonia. 
 
 Bftb'v-lo'ni-aii, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia. 
 "2, *An astrologer; — so called because the Chaldeans 
 were remarkable for the study of astrology. 
 
 Bft€, \n. [Fr. 6af, a ferry-boat. Arm. 6ag-, 6afc, a bark. 
 
 Back. I D.bak, tray, bowl.] 1. (Brewing & Distil- 
 ling.) A large tub or vessel into which the wort, &c., is 
 drawn for the purpose of cooling, sti-aiaing, mixing, &c. 
 It h;is difTerent names, according to its position and use. 
 
 2. A broad, flat boat, for carrying carriages, cattle, &c., 
 over ferries, by means of a rope stretched across. 
 
 B&c'ca-lau're-ate, n. [N. Lat. baccalaureatus , from 
 baccaUiiireus, a bachelor of arts, from Lat. hacca lauri, 
 bay berry, from the practice of the bachelor's wearing a 
 garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] The degree 
 of bachelor of arts. 
 
 Ba«'«a-lau're-ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. 
 
 Baccalaureate sermon, in Bome American colleges, a farewell 
 discourse delivered to a graduating class. 
 
 BJl-e'-eate, n. [Lat. baccatus, fr. bacca, berry.] {Bot.) 
 
 Having a pulpy nature, like a berry. 
 B&-e'-ea-ted, a. Having many berries. 
 BJi-e'«lia-nal, ) n. [See iyifra.] A devotee of Bac- 
 
 Ba-e'<;lia-na'li-an, j chus ; one who indulges in 
 
 drunken revels. 
 Ba-e'-elxa-nal, )a. ReveUng, or pertaining to revel- 
 
 Ba-e'<;lia-iia'li-an. ) ing, in intemperate drinking. 
 BS-e'-eha-nalg, ) n. pi. [Lat. Bacchanal, a place de- 
 JBd-e'-eJia-nd'li-d, j voted to Bacchus, Bacchanalia, a 
 
 feast of Bacchus, the god of wine.] (Myth.) Feasts in 
 
 honor of Bacchus ; hence, drunken feasts or revels. 
 Ba-e-elxant',n. ; Lat.p/. BA€-eHAVTE§. [Lat. baccans, 
 
 p. pr. of bacchari, to celebrate the feast of Bacchus.] 1. 
 
 A priest of Bacchus. 2. A bacchanal ; a reveler. 
 Bac-cbante', n. 1. A priestess of Bacchus. 2. A 
 
 female bacchanal. 
 Ba-e'-fchi€, ) a. Relating to Bacchus ; hence, jovial 
 Ba€'«bi-e-al, ) with intoxication ; drimken. 
 Ba«-9if'er-ous, a. [Lat. baccifer, from bacca, berry, 
 
 and/erre, to bear.] Producing berries. 
 Ba-e-^iv'o-rous, a. [Lat. bacca, berry, and vorare, to 
 
 devour.] Subsisting on berries. 
 Bach'e-lor, n. [L. Lat. baccalarius, afterward changed 
 
 to baccalaureus. See BACCALAUREATE. The orig. 
 
 Bense of the word is little, small, young, from W. bach. 
 
 It. beag, beg.] 1. A man of any age who has not been 
 
 married. 2. One who has taken the first degree in the 
 
 liberal arts, at a college or university. 3. A young 
 
 knight. 
 Bach'e-lor's-but'ton, n. An herbaceous perennial 
 
 plant, the flower of which was formerlv carried by coun- 
 
 try fellows in their pockets to know whether they should 
 
 succeed with their sweethearts. 
 B&cb'e-lor-ship, n. State of being a bachelor. 
 B&ck, n. [A.-S. biec, bac. Cf. Sw. backe, hill.] 1. The 
 
 upper or hinder part of an animal, from the neck to the 
 
 lokis. 2. The j>art ofiposed to the front ; the rear. 3. 
 
 The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the 
 
 inner or lower part. 4. The part opposite to or most 
 
 remote from that which fronts the speaker or actor, or 
 
 the part out of Bight. 
 B6ck, adv. 1. To the place from which one came. 2. 
 
 To or toward a former state, condition, station, or time. 
 
 3. Away from the front. 4. In a state of restraint or 
 
 hindRinjce. 5. Again ; in return- 
 
 t. [imp. & p. p. BACKED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BACKING.] 1. To get upon the back of. 2. To sup- 
 port, second or strengthen by aid. 3. To drive or force 
 backward. 4. To furnish ^vith a back. 
 
 To back an anchor {Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead 
 of a large one, to which it is fastened.— To back astern, in row- 
 ing, to manage the oars In a direction contrary to the usual 
 method. — To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. — 
 To back the sails, to arrange them so as to take out the wind, 
 and thus to cause the ship to move astern. — To back up, to sup- 
 port or sustain. 
 
 Back, V. i. To move or go back. 
 
 7b back out, or back down, to withdraw from an engage- 
 ment or pledge. 
 
 Back, a. In the rear ; remote. 
 
 BackHbite, v. t. To speak evil of, in the absence of the 
 
 person traduced. 
 Back'bite, v. i. To censure or revile the absent. 
 BackHhit'er, n. A secret calumniator or detractor. 
 BackHbone, n. 1. The spine. 2. Firmness ; moral 
 
 principle. 
 BSck'er, n. One who, or that which, backs or supports 
 
 another. 
 Back-garn'moii, n. [W. bach, little, and cam,m.awn, 
 
 cammon, combat.] A game played by two p«rsons, upon 
 
 a table, with box and dice. 
 Back'ground., n. 1. Grotind in the rear or behind. 
 
 2. A place of obscurity or shade. 
 Back'hand'ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward. 
 
 2. Indirect ; oblique. 3. Inclining to the left. 
 Back'h.and'ed, adv. With the hand directed back- 
 ward. 
 Back'house, n. A buUding behind the main or front 
 
 building ; specifically, a privy or necessary. 
 
 B^^^k'l^l"!^' \ ^' ^ P^^*^^ of armor for covering the back. 
 
 Hdck'sh'isJi, )n. [Pers. bakhshish, from, bakhshidan, 
 
 JSdeJc'sheesh, j to give.] In India, a present or gra- 
 tuity of money. 
 
 Ba.ck'side, n. Back or hinder part of anything; the 
 rear. 
 
 Back'sight (-sit), n. The first reading of the leveling 
 stafi', taken from any position of the leveling instrument. 
 
 Back-sUde', v. i. [imp. backslid ; p. p. backslid- 
 den, BACKSLID ; p. pr. & vb. n. BACKSLIDING.] To 
 fall back or off ; to apostatize. 
 
 Back-slid'er, n. One who backsUdes ; a renegade. 
 
 Back'staflf, n. [So called from its being used with the 
 observer-s hack toward the sun.] An instrument for- 
 merly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 Back'-stayg, n. pi. (Naut. ) Long ropes extending from 
 the top-mast heads to both sides of a ship, to assist the 
 shrouds in supporting the mast. 
 
 Back's'wrord (-s5rd), n. A sword with one sharp edge. 
 
 Back'wai'd, ) adv. [bach and ward. See Ward.] 1, 
 
 Back'wardg, j With the back in advance. 2. To- 
 ward the badi. 3. On the back, or with the back down- 
 ward. 4, Toward or in past time. 5. By way of re- 
 flection. 6. From a better to a worse state. 7. In a 
 contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction ; contrarily. 
 
 Back'ward, a. 1. Unwilling ; averse : reluctant. 2. 
 Dull ; not quick of apprehension. 3. Late or behind- 
 hand in time. 4, Already past or gone. [ner. 
 
 Back'ward-ly, adv. In a reluctant or unwilling man- 
 
 Back'ward-ness, n. State or quality of being back- 
 ward ; aversion ; reluctance. 
 
 Back'wa-ter, n. 1. Water held back, as ui a stream, 
 by some"obstruction, as a dam. 2. Water thrown back 
 by the turning of a water-wheel. 
 
 Back -wo^dg 'man, n. An inhabitant of the forest in 
 new settlements, especially on the western frontier of the 
 United States. 
 
 Ba'-eon (ba^kn), n. [0. H. Ger. bacho, back, 0. D. baec, 
 ham. Cf. Ger. bache,a wild sow, and bacher, a wild boar.] 
 Hog's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. 
 To save one's bacon, to preserve one's self from harm. 
 
 Ba-eo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his 
 system of philosophy. 
 
 Bad, a. [camp. WORSE ; superl. worst.] [Cf. Per. bad, 
 Ger. base, 0. H. Ger. bdsi,p6si, bad, Goth, bauths, deaf, 
 dumb, dull.] Wanting good qualities, whether physical 
 or moral ; evil ; HI ; vicious. 
 
 Bade }(l'^<i>57). The past tense of 6id. See BID. 
 
 Bad^e, n. [A.-S. beag, beah, bracelet, collar, crown, 
 from beogan, bugan, to bow, bend.] 1. A distinctive 
 mark, token, or sign worn on the person. 2* Some- 
 thing that gives prominence or distinctiveness. 
 
 »^e,&c.,Umg; &, 6, ice, short; o&re,far,ask,aIl,TrlLat; ^re,veU term; pique, firmi; son, dr,d$,w9lf, 
 
BADGER 
 
 51 
 
 BALIZE 
 
 Ba,d'ger, n. [Corrupted o 
 
 from L. Lat. bladarius, vm ^ \i>' x^vi^!^ 
 
 bladenus, from bladum. ^^^%^^^^^ 
 
 bladus, blada, corn, of 
 
 Celtic origin ; the badger 
 
 was so called because tie 
 
 carried away his store of 
 
 com from the fields of 
 
 the peasants.] 1. A 
 
 burrowing quadruped re- 
 lated to the bear. It is a Indian Badger. 
 
 clumsy animal, with short, thick legs, and long claws on 
 
 the fore feet. 'Z. (Eng. Law.) A person licensed to buy 
 
 corn in one place and sell it in another, 
 BUd'ger, v. t. [imp. & p.p. badgered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. BADGERING.] To foUow up with great eagerness, as 
 
 the badger is hunted ; to pester or worry. 
 Ba-dig'eon (ba-dlj'un), n. [Fr.] 1. A mixture of 
 
 plaster and freestone, used to fill small holes in statues. 
 
 '2. A mixture of saw-dust and glue, used by joiners to 
 
 fill up defects in their work. 
 JBadinage (bad^e-nazh'), n. [Fr., from badiner, to joke.] 
 
 Light or playful discourse. 
 Bad'ly, adv. In a bad manner ; not well. 
 Bad'ness, a. State of being bad ; want of good qualities, 
 
 natural or moral. 
 Baffle, V. t. [imp. Sep. p. BAFFLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BAFFLING.] [From Prov. Ger. baffen, bdffen, to bark, 
 
 chide.] 1. To treat with insult or mockery. 5i. To 
 
 check by shifts and turns. 3. To check by perplexing. 
 
 Syn. — To balk; frustrate; disappoint; confound; defeat; 
 elude; foil. 
 
 Baffler, n. One who baffles. 
 
 Bag, n. [Low Lat. baga, A.-S. baelg^ baslig, bag, budget, 
 beUy, Goth, balgs, pouch, Ger. balg, case, skin.] A sack 
 or pouch, used to hold, preserve, or convey any thing. 
 
 Bag, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAG- 
 GING.] 1. To put into a bag. 2. To seize or intrap. 
 
 Bag, V. i. 1. To swell like a fuU bag. 
 
 bagatelle (bag^a-tel'), n. [From 0. Fr. bague, bundle. 
 Cf. Bag.] 1. A trifle ; a thing of no importance. 3. A 
 game played with balls and a rod on a board having holes 
 at one end. 
 
 Bag'gage, n. [See Bag.] 1. The tents, clothing, uten- 
 sils, and other necessaries of an army. 2. Trunks, car- 
 pet-bags, &c., containing the clothing, &c., which one 
 carries with him on a journey ; luggage. 
 
 Bag'gage, n. [Cf. Fr. bagasse, Sp. bagasa,'It. bagascin, 
 prostitute, from baga, bagua, bundle.] 1. A strumpet. 
 iJ. A playful, saucy young woman. 
 
 Bag'ging, n. The cloth or materials for bags. 
 
 Bagii'io (ban'yo), Ji. [It., from Lat. balneum., bath.] 1. 
 A bath-house. 3. A brothel. 
 
 Bag'pipe, n. A musical instru- 
 ment, used in Scotland. 
 
 G@°" It consists of a leathern bag, 
 which receives the air by a tube, 
 which is stopped by a valve ; and of 
 pipes, into which the air is pressed 
 by the performer. 
 
 Bag'pip'er, n. One who plays 
 on a bagpipe. 
 
 Ball, inter j. An exclamation 
 expressive of disgust or con- 
 tempt; pah. Bagpipe. 
 
 Bail, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAIL- 
 ING.] [Lat. bajulare, to bear a burden, bajulus, he who 
 bears burdens.] 1. {Law.) (a.) To set free from arrest, 
 or custody, and deliver to the keeping of other persons, 
 on their undertaking to be responsible for the appearance 
 at a certain day and place of the person bailed, (b.) To 
 deliver, for some special object or purpose, upon a con- 
 tract, expressed or impUed, that the trust shaU be faith- 
 fully executed. 3. To free from water. 
 
 Bail, n. 1. (Law.) (a.) The person or persons who pro- 
 cure the release of a prisoner, by becoming surety for his 
 appearance in court, (b.) The security given. 3. The 
 handle of a kettle or similar vessel. 
 
 Bail'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being admitted to bail. 3. 
 Admitting of baU. 
 
 Bail'-bond, n. [Laio.) (a.) A bond or obligation given 
 by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner's ap- 
 pearance in court, at the return of the writ. (&.) Special 
 bail in court to abide the judgment. [mitted in trust. 
 
 Bail-ee', n. (Law.) The person to whom goods are com- 
 
 Bail'er, ) (126), n. (Law.) One who delivers goods to 
 
 Bail'or, j another in trust, for some particular purpose. 
 
 Bail'iff, n. [See BAIL, v. t.] A sheriff's deputy, ap- 
 pointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, &c. 
 
 Bail'i-wiclc, n. [0. Fr. 6«j7//e, jurisdiction of a bailiff, 
 and A.-S. wic, a termination signifying station, residence.] 
 (Law.) The precincts in which a bailiff has juri-sdiction. 
 
 Bail'ment, n. (Law.) A delivery of goods in trust. 
 
 Bait, n. [See infra.] 1. Any substance used to catch, 
 fish, &c ; a lure. 3. Any thing serving to allure ; entice- 
 ment; temptation. 3. Refi-eshment taken on a journey. 
 
 Bait, V. t. [imp. Sc p p. baited ; p.pr. & vb. n. BAIT- 
 ING.] [A.-S. batan, from bitaii, to bite.] 1. To put on c: 
 in, as on a hook or in an inclosure, to allure fish, fowls, 
 &c. 3. To give food and drink to, upon the road. 
 
 Bait, V. i. To stop to take refreshment on a journey. 
 
 Bait, V. t. [See supra.] To provoke and harass. 
 
 Baize, n. [Perhaps from Eng. base, of little comparative 
 value.] A coarse woolen stuff, with a long nap. 
 
 Bake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. baked (bakt, 108) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BAKING.] [A.-S. bacan, Ukr. pats/i.] 1. To heat, 
 dry, and harden, by natural or artificial means ; specifi- 
 cally, to prepare for food, in a close place heated, [baked. 
 
 Balte, f. i. 1. To do the work of baking. 3. To be 
 
 Bake'liouse, n. A house or building for baking. 
 
 Bak.'er, n. 1. One whose occupation is to bake bread, 
 biscuit, &c. 3. A small portable tin oven. [Amer.] 
 Baker's dozen, thirteen in number. 
 
 Bak'er-y, n. 1. The trade of a baker. 3. A place used 
 for baking ; a bakehouse. 
 
 Bak'ing, n. The quantity baked at once. 
 
 BdWshish, n. See Backshish. 
 
 Bai'ange, n. [Lat. bilanx, bilancis, having two scales, 
 from bis, twice, and lanx, plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus 
 for weighing bodies. 3. That which is necessary to 
 make two quantities or sums equal. 3. Act of com- 
 paring or weighing ; estimate. 4. An equipoise or just 
 proportion. 5. A wheel in a watch serving to regulate 
 the motion of the other wheels. 6. (Astron.) A sign in 
 the zodiac, called Libra. 
 
 Bai'aiipe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. balanced ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BALANCING.] 1. To bring to an equipoise, or 
 equilibrium ; to weigh in a balance. 3. To render equal 
 in importance, force, proportion, &c. 3. To compare 
 in relative force, importance, value, &c. ; to estimate. 
 4. To settle and adjust, as an account. 5. (Dancing.) 
 To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally. 
 
 Bai'an^e, v. i. 1. To be in equipoise. 3. To hesitate. 
 3. (Dancing.) To move toward a person opposite, and 
 then back. 
 
 Bai'an-per, n. One who balances, or uses a balance. 
 
 Baranpe-sheet, n. (Book-keeping.) A paper giving a 
 summation and balance of accounts. 
 
 Bai'-eo-ny, n. [From 0. H. Ger. balcho ,palcho , 'Eng. balk, 
 beam.] A kind of gallery on the outside of a building. 
 
 Bald, a. [Perhaps the p. p. of to ball, to reduce to the 
 roundness or smoothness of a baU, by clearing away the 
 hair. But cf. also Sp. baldo, baldio, bare; W. moel, 
 Gael. & Ir. maol, bald.] 1. Destitute of the natural or 
 common covering, as of hair, feathers, foliage, &c. 3. 
 Destitute of suitable ornament ; unadorned. 
 
 Bai'da-ehin (bal'da-kin), n. [From Baldach, for Bag- 
 dad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia whence came 
 rich silks such as were used in canopies.] (Arch.) (a.) 
 A structure in form of a canopy, (b.) A canopy or orna- 
 ment over doors, thrones, &c. 
 
 Bal'der-dasli, n. [Prob. in its primary sense, the froth 
 or foam made by barbers in dashing their balls backward 
 and forward in hot water. But cf. W. baldorduss, a prat- 
 thng.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially bad mixed 
 liquor. 3. A senseless jargon of words ; ribaldry. 
 
 Bald'uess, n. State of being bald. 
 
 Bald'pate, n. A pate without hair ; a bald person. 
 
 Bal'dri-e, n. [0. H. Ger. balderich, A.-S. belt, Lat. baltem, 
 girdle.] A girdle, or belt, worn pendent from one shoulder 
 across the breast, and under the opposite arm. 
 
 Bale, n. [0. H. Ger. balla, Icel. bollr, baU, round pack.] 
 A bundle of goods corded for transportation. 
 
 Bale, V. t. [imp. & p. p. baled ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAL- 
 ING.] To make up in a bale. 
 
 Bale, n. [A.-S. beal, balo, Goth, balos.] Misery; calam- 
 ity ; misfortvme ; sorrow. 
 
 Bale'- f ire, «. A signal -fire ; an alarm -fire. 
 
 Bale'ful, a. 1. Full of bale or misery ; calamitous. ^ 
 Full of grief or sorrow ; woful ; sad. 
 
 S«J',i?'*f^' \n. [Lsit. balista, balHsta.] A cross-bow. 
 Bai'lis-ter, \ ^ ' , , T X 
 
 Ba-lxze' (-leez'), n. [Fr., from pal, stake, pale, Lat. pa.. 
 lus.] A pole raised on a bank. 
 
 food, fcTot ; ^rn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e<!lio; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiii«. 
 
BALK 
 
 5-2 
 
 BANDORE 
 
 i:;ilU ' .-\ . •! [A.-S. Ihile, Gor. bnik-en, beam.] 1, An 
 i, , i n Ur > ;■ strip, 'i. A Rnvit iK'am, or rafter, or 
 
 ; ' V . 1 ;{ . [ W: ) Ouo of the Iniauis connecting tJie suc- 
 .t.-M\o »uiiik»rt.> v>t H tnvitJo-briilge or butoau-bridge. 4. 
 A hindrance or du«piH>intment. 
 
 Balk (bawk), r. /. [hup. & ;.. ;>. BALKED(bawkt) ; p. pr. 
 i vb. H. balki.no.] [Fnrni balk-, beam; orig. to put a 
 l«eRm in one's way, iu onier to stop or hinder.] 1. To 
 ItMive untouched in plowing. 'Z. To disj\ppoint ; to frus- 
 trate. 
 
 llixlU. (l^wk). f. »'. To stop abruptly in one s course. 
 
 Balk'tT iK-iwk'er), n. One who balks. 
 
 Itiilk'v (l»»wk't), <J. Apt to turn aside or stop abruptly. 
 
 Ball. 'I. [0. il.Ovr. bulla, paUa. Cf. Bale.] 1. Any 
 n>uud IkkIv, or one nearly so. 2. Any part of the body 
 that is roiind or protubemnt. 3. (B-mt.) A cushion 
 formerly used to put ink on the types in the forms. 4. 
 A well-known and fimiihar giuue. 
 
 BnU itml socket iohtt, a joint in wliich a ball moves within a 
 6^H.ket, so as to adiiiit of motiou iu every direction. 
 
 Ball, w. [Fr. bal, Gcr. ball, a dancing ; firom Gr. ^aAAeti/, 
 to tot* or throw, or TraAAeir, rraWeaOat, to leap, bound.] 
 A siK-ial assembly for the purpose of dancing. 
 
 Ball, V. I. [itfip. & p.p. B.\LLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BALL- 
 i'.MT.] To form, as snow, into balls, as on horses' hoofs, 
 or on the feet. 
 
 B&l'lad, n. [It. ballata, a dancing song, from ballare, to 
 dance. See Ball.] A popular song, narrative or senti- 
 mental, in simple, homely verses. 
 
 B&l'last, n. [Either from A.-S. bat, boat, and hlaist, load ; 
 or of Celt, origin, lit. sand-load, the first syllable having 
 been taken from Ir. beat, sand. Cf. W. 6a/a5ar«, ballast.] 
 
 1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, &c., placed in the hold 
 of a vessel, to steady it. jj. Gravel, broken stone, &c., 
 laid on the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. 
 
 B&llast, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ballasted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BALLASTING.] To load or furnish vrith ballast. 
 
 Ball'-c5ck, n. A contrivance which allows -water to 
 enter a cistern, but shuts of itself by means of a float- 
 ing ball, when the cistern is full. 
 
 Bai'let, H. [Fr.,from6a^ See Ball, dancing-party]. A 
 theatrical exhibition with music, dancing, decorations, &c. 
 
 Bal-Us'td,n. \pl. BAL-LIS'tje. [Lat. from Gr. (SaAAeij/, 
 to throw.] A machine or engine, in the form of a cross- 
 bow, used by the ancients in war for thro\ving stones. 
 
 Bai'lis-ter, or Bal-lis'ter, n. [Lat. ballista.] A cross- 
 bow. 
 
 Bal-lis'tic, a. [See st(pra.] Pertaining to the baUista. 
 
 Bal-lis'tics, n. sing. The science of projectiles. 
 
 Bal-ioon', n. [Augra. of Fr. 
 balle, Sp. bala, It. balla. See 
 Bale and Ball.] 1. Abag, 
 made of silk or other light ma- 
 terial, and filled with hydrogen 
 gas or heated air, so as to rise 
 and float in the atmosphere. 
 
 2. {Arck.) A ball or globe on 
 the top of a pillar. 3. ( Chem. ) 
 A Fpherical glass receiver. 
 
 Bal-ldbn'ist, n. An aeronaut. 
 B&riot, n. [Fr. ballote, Sp. 6a- 
 
 lota, a little ball. See BALL.] 
 
 1. Originally, a ball used in 
 
 TOting ; hence, a written or 
 
 printed vote. 2. Act of voting 
 
 by balla or tickets. 3. A^Tiole Balloon. 
 
 amount of votes cast. 
 Bftl'Iot, V. i. [imp. & p. -p. BALLOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BALLOTING.] To Vote or decide by ballot. 
 Bariot-b6x, n. A box for receiving ballots. 
 Ball'-vaivft, n. {Much.) A ball, placed in a circular cup 
 
 with a hole in its bottom, and operating as a valve 
 Bair-vein (-van), n. {MIniue:.) A sort of iron ore 
 
 found in lf>ose masses of a circular form. ' 
 
 Balm, (bim) n. [Lat. haJsamum, Gr. fia.\<Taixov balsam 
 
 q. v.] 1. A kind of aromatic plant. 2. The 'resinous 
 
 and fxloriferous sap or juice of certain tree.s. 3. Any 
 
 fragrant or valuable ointment. 4. Any thing which 
 
 heals, or wluch soothes or mitigates imin. 
 
 TSalm of Oileofi, a plant of the terebinthine family, and the 
 
 baUarn obtained from it. ^ ' 
 
 Balm, V. t. 1. To anoint with balm. 2. To assuage. 
 IJalm'y fVim'y), a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; 
 
 o'Joriferous ; aromatic ; soothing. 2. Producing balm. 
 Bal'sam, n. [liat. balsamum, Gr. ^aAo-ajLto;/.] 1. An 
 
 volatile oil. 3. (Bot.) (a.) A species of tree. (6.) A pop- 
 ular annual garden plant; balsamine. 3. (Med.) A 
 mixture composed of natural balsams and other articles. 
 
 BJil-sam'i-e, 1 a. Having the qualities of balsam ; con- 
 
 Bill-Si\iu'i«-al, j taining, or resembling, balsam. 
 
 Bsll-sftm'ic, n. That which has the properties of a bal- 
 sam. 
 
 Bai'sa-mifer-ous, a. [h&t. balsamum and /erre, to 
 bear.] Producing balsam. 
 
 Bal'sa-mine, n. [Gr. /3aAo-a/u.cvo9, of balsam, q. v.] 
 I'Bot.) The touch-me-not, or garden -balsam. 
 
 Bal'sa-moiis, a. Having the quality of balssun. 
 
 Bai'vis-ter, «. [From Lat. balav.nivm, Gr. /BoiAavo-Tioi', 
 flower of the wild pomegranate, on account of the simi- 
 larity of form.] (Arch.) (a.) A small column or pilaster, 
 used as a support to the rail of a staircase, &c. (b.) The 
 lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. 
 
 Bai'us-trade, n. [See Baluster.] A row of balus- 
 ters, joined by a raU. 
 
 Bai'za-rine', n. [Fr.] A light mixed material of worsted 
 and cotton, for ladies' dresses. 
 
 B^m, n. [Probably a contraction of bamboozle.] An im- 
 position ; a cheat. [ Vulgar.] 
 
 BSm, r.J. To cheat ; to wheedle. [Vulgar.] 
 
 Bam-boo', «. [Malay.] (£o«.) A plant of the family of 
 gi-asses ,jgrowing in tropical countries. 
 
 Bam-boo'zle, v. t. [Said to be of Gypsy origin.] To 
 play tricks upon. [Low.] 
 
 B^u, n. [Fr. 6a7i, L. Lat. bannus, bannum,bandum,0. 
 H. Ger. ban. Cf. Abandon.] 1. A public proclamation 
 or edict. 2. (pi. ) Pubhc notice of a marriage proposed, 
 or of a matrimonial contract. 3. Interdiction : prohi- 
 bition. 4. A curse. 5. A pecuniary penalty for offend- 
 ing against a ban, or for the commission of some crime 
 
 B^u, n. [Serb. ba7i, Russ. & Pol. pan, a master, lord.] 
 A title given to the viceroy of Ci-oatia. 
 
 Ban, V. t. [See Ban, n.] To curse; to 
 execrate. 
 
 Ba-na'iia, n. [Sp. banana, banana, 
 bananas, ¥t. banane.] (Bot.) A spe- 
 cies of the plantain -tree, and its fruit. 
 
 B^nd, n. [A.-S. banda, from bind an, 
 to bind. See Bind.] 1. Any liga- 
 ment or belt with which a thing is 
 bound, tied, or fastened, or by which 
 a nmnber of things are confined to- 
 gether. 2. (Arch.) (a.) Any broad, 
 flat, low molding. (6. ) Any continuous 
 tablet or series of ornaments, &c., on 
 a building, (c). In Gothic architec- 
 ture, the molding which encircles pU- 
 lars and small shafts. 3. Means of union or connection 
 between persons. 4. A linen ornament worn about the 
 neck by clergymen. 5. A company of persons united in 
 any common design, especially a body of armed men. 
 
 B^nd, V. t. [imp. & p. p. banded : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BANDING.] 1. To bmd, tie, or mark with a band. 2. To 
 imite in a troop, company, or confederacy. 
 
 B^nd, V. i. To confederate for some common purpose. 
 
 BSiid'age, n. [See Band.] 1. A fiUet, roUer, or swathe, 
 used in dressing and binding up wounds, &c. 2. Some- 
 thing resembling such a fillet. 
 
 BSnd'age, v. t. [imp. &,p.p. bandaged ;i5.i7r. Scvb.n. 
 BANDAGING.] To bind with a bandage. 
 
 Ban-dSn'a, I n. [Sp. bandana, from bandana, a neck- 
 
 Ban-daii'na, j erchief made of bast.] A species of silk 
 or cotton handkerchief. 
 
 BSnd'box, n. A slight paper box for bands, caps, bon- 
 nets, or other hght articles. 
 
 Bandeau (bau'do), n. ; pi. bandeaux (ban/doz). [Fr.] 
 A narrow band or fillet ; a head-dress. 
 
 Ban'de-role, «. [Fr., from 6anc?ic/-e, banner.] A small 
 flag, carried on the masts of vessels, or on military 
 weapons. 
 
 Ban'dit, n. ; pi. BAN'DITS or ban-dit't?. [It. bandito, 
 p. p. of bandire, to proclaim, to banish. See Abandon.] 
 A lawless or desperate fellow ; a robber ; a brigand. 
 
 BJlnd-let, )n. [See Band.] (^rcA.) Any httle band 
 
 Band'e-let, j or flat molding. 
 
 Ban'dSg, n. [band and dag, i. e., bound dog.] A large, 
 fierce kind of dog, kept chained. 
 
 BJin'do-leer', n. [Fr. bandauliere, from bande, band.] 
 1. A large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, 
 and hanging under the left arm, worn by ancient mus- 
 keteers for sustaining their fire-arms. 2. A small leath- 
 er case for powder. 
 
 Banana. 
 
 aromatic re mnous aubxta nc e, conta ining a n essential or Bftn^dore, or B aii-dore>, n. [Gr. TravSovpa, a must- 
 S,e,&c.,Zon-, ft,6,&c.,sAor(, c4re, far, ask;, aU, what; 6re,veU,tgrm; p-ique,firm; sou, 6r, d(>, W9lf, 
 
BANDROL 
 
 53 
 
 BAR 
 
 cal instrument, invented by Pan.] A musical stringed 
 instrument, very similar in form to a guitar. 
 
 Band'rol^ in. See Banderole. 
 Baii'ner-ol, j 
 
 Ban'dy, n. [Fr. bandd, p. p, of bander, to bind, to bandy, 
 from bande. See Band.] 1. A club bent at the lower 
 part for striking a baU. 2. The play with such a club. 
 
 Ban'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bandied ; jj. pr. & vb. n. 
 BANDYING.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in play- 
 ing at bandy, 'i. To give and receive reciprocally ; to 
 exchange. 3. To toss about ; to agitate. 
 
 Ba.ii'dy-16g, n. [bandy a.xi.^ leg.] A crooked leg. 
 
 Ban'dy-lggged (-legd), a. Having crooked legs. 
 
 Bane, n. [A.-S. bana, Goth, banga, stroke, wound, Gr. 
 <|)eVeiv, to slay.] 1. A deadly poison ; hence, any fatal 
 cause of injury or destruction. Ji. Ruin ; destruction. 
 
 Bane'f 111, a. Having poisonous qualities ; noxious. 
 
 Bane'f iil-ly, adv. In a baneful manner. 
 
 Bane'f ul-ness, n. Quality of being baneful. 
 
 BS^ug, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BANCrED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 BANGING.] [Icel. banga, to beat, Goth, banja, stroke.] 
 To beat, as with a club or cudgel ; to handle roughly. 
 
 B^ng, n. A blow, as with a club ; a heavy blow. 
 
 Ban'ian {or ban-yan'), n. [Skr. pan, to sell, panya, 
 salable, banik, merchant. Cf. punya.. boly, the banian- 
 tree being held sacred.] 1. A Hindoo merchant. 5i. A 
 morning gown. 3. The Indian fig-tree. See BANYAN. 
 Banian days (Naut.), days in which sailors have no flesh meat. 
 
 B^n'isli, V. t. [imp. & p.p. BANISHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BANISHING.] [Low Lat. bannire, bannisare, bannizare. 
 See Ban.] 1. To condemn to exile ; to compel to leave 
 one's country. 3. To drive away ; to compel to depart. 
 
 Syn. — To exile, expel. — A man is banished when forced to 
 depart; exiled when sent from his own into a foreign country; 
 expelled when forcibly ejected, usually with disgrace. 
 
 Ban'isli-er, n. One who banishes. [banished. 
 
 Ban'ish-ment, n. Act of banishing, or state of being 
 
 Banls-ter, n. [A corrupt, of baluster.] A baluster. 
 
 Ban'jo, n. [Corrupt, of bandore.] A stringed musical in- 
 striunent, resembling both the guitar and tamborine. 
 
 B^nk (82), n. [A.-S. banc. See Bench.] 1. A ridge 
 of earth. 3, Any steep accHvity. 3. An elevation in 
 the sea : a flat ; a shoal. 4. A bench, or a bench of 
 rowers, in a galley. 5. {Com.) A collection of money 
 deposited by a number of persons for a particular use. 
 
 6. Place where such a collection of money is deposited. 
 
 7. A company of persons concerned in a bank, whether 
 a private association or an incorporated company. 
 
 B^nk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. banked (bankt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. banking.] To raise a mound or dike about ; to 
 inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank. [banking. 
 
 B^nk, V. i. To deposit money in a bank; to carry on 
 
 Ba,nk'a-ble, a. Receivable at a bank, as bills;' or dis- 
 countable, as notes. 
 
 Bank'-bill, n. 1. In America, a promissory note of a 
 bank payable to the bearer on demand, and forming 
 part of the currency ; a bank-note. 3. In England, a 
 note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, 
 and usually at some future specified time. Such bills 
 are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, 
 no part of the currency. 
 
 Bank'-bobk, n. A book in which a person's bank ac- 
 counts are entered. 
 
 Bank'er, n. One who keeps a bank ; one who receives 
 and remits money, negotiates bills of exchange, &c. 
 
 B^nk'jng, n. The business of a banker. 
 
 B^nk'-note, n. A promissory note issued by a bank 
 or banking company, payable to bearer on demand, and 
 intended to circulate as money. 
 
 l^~ Such notes, in America, are popularly termed bank-bills. 
 
 B&nk'rupt, n. [Fr. banqueroute. It. banco rotto, bank- 
 ruptcy, from Fr. banque. It. banco, bank, and Norm. Fr. 
 roupt, It. rotto, Lat. ruptus, broken, p. p. of rumpere, to 
 break.] 1. A trader who breaks or fails, or becomes 
 unable to pay his debts ; an insolvent trader. 3, Any 
 individual unable to pay his debts. , 
 
 Bank'rupt, a. Unable to pay debts ; insolvent. 
 
 Bank'rupt, v. t. [imp. So p. p. BANKRUPTED; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. bankrupting.] To break in trade ; to make 
 insolvent. 
 
 B5,nk'rupt-5y, "• !• State of being bankrupt ; insol- 
 vency. 3. Act of becoming a bankrupt; failure in trade. 
 
 B^nk'-stock, n. A share or shares in the capital stock 
 of a bank. 
 
 Ban'ner, n. [Fr. banniire, bandiire, from bande^ band. 
 
 Cf. Goth, bandva, bandvo,& sign.] A mihtary «nfflgn •, 
 principal standard of a prince or state ; a pennon ; a 
 streamer. 
 
 B3,n'ner-et, n. [From Low Lat. banneretus. See BAN- 
 NER.] Orig. a military rank conferred only on such as 
 were able to bring a certain number of vassals into the 
 field ; hence, a rank corresponding to this. 
 
 B£in'nock, n. [Gael, bonnach.] A cake made of oat, 
 rye, pease, or barley meal. 
 
 Ban'quet (bank'wet), n. [Fr. banquet, feast, banquette, 
 a httle seat. Banquet is originally a sitting, and henc« 
 a feast.] A feast ; a rich entertainment. 
 
 BStn'quet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BANQUETED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BANQUETING.] To treat with a feast or rich 
 entertainment. 
 
 BS/ii'quet, v. i. To regale one's self with good eating 
 and drinking ; to feast. 
 
 Ba,n'quet-er (bank/wet-er), n. One who banquets. 
 
 Banquette (ban-kgt''), n. [Fr.,from banc, bench, seat. 
 See Bank.] {Fort.) A httle raised way, running along 
 the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to 
 fire upon the enemy in the ditch or in front of it. 
 
 B&n'slie_e, I n. [Gael, bean-shith, fairy, from Gael. & 
 
 Ben'skie, j Ir. bean, woman, and sith, fairy.] An 
 Irish fairy that warns of impending death. 
 
 Ban'tam, n. A very smaU variety of fowl, with feath- 
 ered legs, brought, probably, from Bantam, in Java. 
 
 Ban'ter, v. t. [imp. &op.p. bantered; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BANTERING.] [Prob. corrupted from the Fr. badi- 
 ner, to joke.] To play upon in words and in good humor. 
 
 Syn.— To rally; joke; jest; sport; ridicule; deride. — We 
 banter in good humor, turning the laugh upon a person for 
 something he has done or neglected to do. We rally when we 
 attack a person with ridicule, raillery, or sarcasm. This is 
 always more pungent, and often ill-natured. 
 
 BS,n'ter, n . Humorous raillery ; pleasantry. 
 
 B&n'ter-er, n. One who banters 
 or rallies. 
 
 Bant 'ling, n. [Corrupt, from the 
 Ger. boLnkling, bastard, from bank, 
 bench, prop, a child begotten on 
 a bench, and not in the marriage- 
 bed. Cf. Bastard.] A young or 
 small child ; an infant. 
 
 Ban'yan, or Ban-yS,n', n. A 
 kind of fig-tree, whose branches 
 drop shoots to the ground, which Banyan Tree, 
 
 take root and form new stocks, till they cover a space 
 of many hundred feet in circumference. 
 
 Ba'o-lbab, n. [Ethiopic] The 
 largest knoAvn tree in the world, 
 a native of tropical Aft-ica. 
 The trunk is from 20 to 30 
 feet in thickness, while the 
 branches are often 70 feet long, 
 and form a hemispherical head , 
 of 150 feet in diameter. 
 
 Bap'tigm, n. [Gr. (idnTi.a-iJ.a, 
 from fiaiTTi^eiv, to baptize, PdnreLv, to dip in water.] Act 
 of baptizing ; the apphcation of water to a person, as a re- 
 ligious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible 
 church of Christ. 
 
 Bap-ti§'mal, a. Pertaining to baptism. 
 
 B^p'tist, n. 1. One who administers baptism, specifi- 
 cally applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. 2, As 
 a contraction of Anabaptist, one who rejects infant bap- 
 tism, and holds to immersion as the only proper mode 
 of administering this rite. [tered. 
 
 Ba,p'tis-ter-y, n. A place where baptism is adminis- 
 
 Ban-tist'i«-al I *' I'^''**"^g *o baptism ; baptismal. 
 
 Bap-tize', v. t. [imp. & p. p. baptized; p. pr. So 
 vb. n. BAPTIZING.] [See Baptism.] To administer 
 the sacrament of baptism to ; to christen. 
 
 Bap-tiz'er, n. One who baptizes. 
 
 Bar, n. [Fr. barre. It. & Sp. barra, from W. bar, branch 
 of a tree, bar, bolt.] 1. A long piece of wood, metal, or 
 other soUd matter, used for various purposes, but espe- 
 cially for a hindrance or obstruction. 3. Any obstacle 
 which obstructs, hinders, or defends; a barrier. 3. A 
 bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, at the mouth of 
 a river or harbor. 4. {Laiv.) (a.) The railing that in- 
 closes the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. 
 {b.) The place in court where prisoners are stationed, (c.) 
 The legal profession, {d.) A special plea constituting a 
 sufGLcient answer to the plain tifi^'s action. 5. Any tribu- 
 nal. 6. The inclosed place of a tavern, where liquors 
 
 si^Ki 
 
 Baobab. 
 
 food, ftfbt ; lirn, rude, pull ; pell, phaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, lifik ; tkis. 
 
r>AR 
 
 64 
 
 Measure. Measure. 
 
 are kept for sale. ? . [U".) 
 A horinnital mark atnxss tlio . — 
 e*cutchcou. S. \3fM5.) A liiu' h — 
 dmwH }x>rpeudi(.-ularl> across L _ 
 the staff. •- - 
 
 Bar, V. I. [imp. & p. p. Bar. 
 
 BARKED : ;.. pr. & vb. n BARRING-] 1 
 
 with K l*ar. 4. To hiudor ; to obstruct ; to prcveut. J. 
 
 To exrt'pt. -1. To criK-v* with oue or more stripes or lines. 
 
 Biirb, N. [lAt. burlMi, boAnl.] 1. Bojii-d, or that which 
 ivj^mbk-j* it. 'Z. The ptiiut that stauds backward iu an 
 am>vv. ftsh-htK)k, &c. 3. Defeusive armor anciently 
 worn bv horse.-*, made of leather, set with iron spikes, 
 4. A hor« of the BurUiry stock, noted for speed. 5. 
 A pigrou of a black or dun color, fi-om Barbary. 
 
 Bark, v. t. 1, To furnish with barbs, as an aiTOW, fish- 
 hook, or the like. 'i. To clothe, as a horse, with armor. 
 
 Biir'ba-<"au, ( w. [t'r., of Arabic origin. Ar. barbakkun, 
 
 Bar1)i-t"au, 1 aqueduct, sewer.] 1. (Fort.) An ad- 
 vanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city. 
 2. An opening iu the wall of a fortress for guns. 
 
 Bar-ba'ri-an (S9), h. [Gr. ^dp/iapos.] 1. A foreigner. 
 [06-t.] 'i. A man in his rude, uncivilized state. 3. A 
 cruel, savage, brutal man. 
 
 Bar-ba'ri-an, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, savages ; 
 rude ; uncivilized ; cruel : iahvmian. 
 
 Bar-bftr'i«, a. 1. Foreign, "i. Pertaining to, or re- 
 !^»uiblinp, an uncivilized person or i>eople ; barbarous. 
 
 BarTia-rigiu, «. 1. An uncivilized state or condition. 
 '2, Any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a 
 particular language. 
 
 Syn.— A .'.olecixm is a violation of syntax, or of the neces- 
 sary laws (if thought 
 
 Bar-bSr'i-ty, n. Manners of a barbarian; savageness ; 
 cruelty : inhumanity. 
 
 Bar'ba-rize, r. ». 1. To become barbarous. 3, To 
 use or adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. 
 
 BarTba-rize, v. t. To make barbarous. 
 
 BkrTba-rous, a. 1. Uncivilized or sarage. 2. Cruel ; 
 ferocious. 3. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language. 
 
 BarTja-rous-ly, adv. In a barbaroiis manner. 
 
 BarTja-rous-iiess, n. Quality or state of being barba- 
 rous : barbarity ; barbarism. 
 
 BarTiate, a. [Lat. barbat us, from barba, hea-vd.] {Bot.) 
 Bearing hues, spots, or tufts of hair : bearded. 
 
 BarHba-ted, a. Having barbed points. 
 
 BarTije-eue, n. [Supposed by some to be corrupted from 
 the Fr. barbe-d-queiie, i. e., from snout to tail. Cf. Cap- 
 A-PIE.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted 
 whole. 2. A large social entertainment, in the open air, 
 at which animals are roasted whole. 
 
 BarHbe-eue, t- . t. [imp. & p. p. barbecued \ p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. BARBECUING.] To dress and roast whole. 
 
 BarTbel, n. [Dim. of Lat. barbies, from barba, beard.] 
 
 1. A small process appended to the mouth of certain 
 fishes, 'i, (Iclith.) A large fresh-water fish, fotind in 
 many European rivers. 3. Superfluous flesh growing in 
 a hon^s mouth. 
 
 Bar'ber, n. [Lat. barba, beard.] One who shaves the 
 
 beard, and cuts and dres.ses the hair, of others. 
 Bar'ber, v. t. To shave and dress the hair of. 
 Bar'ber-ry, n. [Ar. barbaris,'S. Ijdit. berberis.'\ [Bot.) 
 
 A shrubby plant, common in hedges. Its berries are 
 
 a«od for preserves. 
 Bar 'bet, n. [Fr.,from barbe, beard, long hair.] 1. A 
 
 variety of dog having long curly hair. 2. ( Ornilh.) A 
 
 kind of bird having five bunches of stiff bristles at the 
 
 baK- of the beak. 3. A si^ecies of worm. 
 Bttr-hrtte' , n. [Fr.] (Fort.) A mound of earth on which 
 
 guns are mounted to fire over the top of the parapet. 
 oy Guns are en harhetle when they are elevated so as to fire 
 
 •Ter the t/jp of a fjarapet, and not through embrasures. 
 Bar'bl-can, n. See Barbacan. 
 Bard, n. [SV. bardtl.] A minstrel among the ancient 
 
 ^'ftlt" ; hence, in modem usage, a poet. 
 Bard'ie, a. Pertaining to bards, or their poetry. 
 B4re, a. [A.-S. </«r, 6;*r.] 1. Without covering ; naked. 
 
 2. With the head uncovered. 3. Destitute; empty; 
 unfurnished. 4. Mere ; simple. 
 
 Under hare poles (Xavt.), havinj? no sail set. 
 B&re, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BARED : p. pr. 8c vb. n. BAR- 
 
 INfi.] To strip off the covering of; to make naked. 
 BAre. The old preterit of bear ; now hore. See Bear. 
 Bftre'fa^fd (-fast^), a. 1. With the face uncovered. 2. 
 
 Without concealment; hence, shameletf* ; impudent. 
 B&re'f r^jf-d-ly (fast-), adv. Without disguise or reserve ; 
 
 iinpufiently. 
 
 BARNACLE 
 
 Quality of being barafiwed ; ef- 
 
 BAre'fa^ed-ness, » 
 
 froutery ; assurance. 
 Bftre'f dot, a. & adv. With the feet bare. 
 Bdre'fdbt-ed, a. Having the feet bare. 
 liaf(^(/c (ha-VAJ'}, 71. [Fr., from Bareges, a town in the 
 Bar. Double bar. | Pyrennees.] A thin stuff for ladies' dresses, vails, &c. 
 
 To fiisteu I Bftre'-liCad-ed, a. Having the head uncovered, either 
 from respect or other cause. 
 
 Bare'-legged, o. Having the legs bare. 
 
 B&re'ly, adv. Only ; merely ; nakedly. 
 
 Bftre'iiess, n. The state of being bare ; nakedness. 
 
 Bar'gain (42), n. [Low Lat. bargania, barcaniare, from 
 barca, a boat for merchandise; hence, to traffic to and 
 fro. See Bark, 71.] 1. An agreement between parties 
 concerning the sale of property. 2. An agreement or 
 stipulation of any kind. 3. A gainful or satisfactory 
 transaction. 
 
 To strike a bargain, to ratify an agreement, originally by 
 
 striking or shaking hands. 
 Syn. — Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement. 
 Bar'gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bargained \ p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. BARGAINING.] To transfer for a consideration. 
 Bar'gain, v. i. To make a contract ; to agree. 
 Bar''gain-ee', n. [Law.) The party in a contract who 
 
 agrees to receive the property sold. 
 Bar'gain-er, n. The party in a contract who stipulates 
 
 to sell and convey property to another. 
 Bar'gain-6r' ( 126), «. ( Law. ) One who makes a bargain, 
 
 or contracts with another. 
 Barge, n. [L. Lat. barga, bargia. See Bark.] 1. An 
 
 elegant pleasure-boat. 2. A large boat for the convey- 
 ance of passengers or goods. 
 Barge'-board, H. [A corruption of ferg-e-6oarc?.] (Arch.) 
 
 A board placed at the gable of a building to hide the hor- 
 izontal timbers of the roof. 
 Barge'-man, n. ; pi. BARGE'-MEN. The man who man- 
 ages a barge. 
 Barge'-mas'ter, n. The proprietor of a barge. 
 Ba-ril'la, «. [$i^. barrilla.] 1. (£o?.) A sea -shore plant 
 
 fi-om which soda is made. 2. (Com.) (a.) The alkali 
 
 produced from the plant, (b.) Impure soda obtained 
 
 fi-om the ashes of any sea-shore plant. 
 Bar'i-tone, a. & n. See Barytone. [of baryta. 
 
 Ba'ri-um, n. [Gr. Papv<; , heavy.] The metallic basis 
 Bark, n. [Icel. b'drkr, L. & H. Ger. borke.] The exterior 
 
 covering of a tree : the rind. 
 Bark, v. t. [imp. &, p. p. barked (barkt, 108) ; p.pr. 
 
 & vb. n. barking.] 1. To strip the bark fi-om; to 
 
 peel. 2. To cover or inclose with bark. 
 Bark, n. The noise made by a dog. 
 Bark, v. i. [A.-S beorcan. Cf. Icel. barlci, throat.] 1. 
 
 To make the noise of dogs. 2. To clamor. 
 Bark, ) n. [Ger. barke, 
 Barque, ) L. Lat. barca, 
 
 Icel. barkr, skiff, barki, 
 
 prow, Lat. baris, Gr. /3apts, 
 
 a small and flat Egyptian 
 
 row-boat.] 1. (Naiit.) A 
 
 three-masted vessel, having 
 
 her fore and main masts 
 
 rigged as a ship, and her 
 
 mizzen as a schooner. 2. 
 
 Any small vessel. 
 Barit'-bound, a. Having the bark too firm or close. 
 Bark'er, n. 1. One who barks or clamors. 2, One 
 
 who strips trees of their bark. 
 Bark'y, a. Consisting of, or containing, bark. 
 Bar'ley, n. [A.-S. bere, Goth, baris, ^y. barlys.'] (Bot.) 
 
 A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, used chiefly 
 
 for making malt. 
 Bar 'ley- brake, ) n. An ancient game, commonly played 
 I Bar'ley- break, ) round stacks of barley , or other grain 
 I Bar'ley-eorn, n. [See Corn.] A grain of barley, 
 I about the third part of an inch in length. 
 I Bar'ley-siig'ar (-shobg'ar), n. Sugar boiled till brittle 
 I (formerly with a decoction of barley), and candied. 
 Bar 'ley- waiter, n. A decoction of barley. 
 j Barni,'n. fA.-S. beorma, from beoran, beran,to bear.] 
 
 The foam rising upon beer, or other malt hquors, when 
 
 fermenting, and used as leaven in bread to make it swell. 
 I Barm'y, a. Containing barm or yeast. 
 Barn, n. [A.-S. berern, bern, froni bere, barley, and em, 
 
 sern, a secret or close place.] A building for storing 
 
 grain, hay, &c. ; also for stabUng cattle and horses. 
 Bar'na-ele (bir'na-kl), n. [Low Lat. bemacvla, bemi- 
 
 cla, probably for lepas or anas hibernica, or hibernicula, 
 
 because they were found in Hibemia, or Ireland.] 1. 
 
 Bark. 
 
 a,e,&c.,io»^;a,6,&c.,5^rf;care,far,ask, all.what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; sdn, or, dQ, wol^ 
 
BAROMETER 
 
 55 
 
 BASE 
 
 (Coneh.) A shell-fish, common along sea-shores, where 
 they are found adhering to rocks, timber, vessels, &c. 2. 
 ( Ornith.) A species of goose found in the northern seas ; 
 — formerly thought to grow out of the barnacles at- 
 tached to wood in the sea. 3. [pi.) (Far.) An instru- 
 ment to put upon a horse's nose, to confine him. 4. 
 {pL. ) A pair of spectacles ; — so called from their re- 
 semblance to farriers' barnacles. [Cant. Eng.] 
 
 Ba-rSm'e-ter, n. [From Gr. /3apo?, weight, and fierpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for determining the weight or 
 pressure of the atmosphere, and hence the changes of 
 weather, or height of any ascent. 
 
 Ba.r'o-in.6t'ri-e, ) a. Pertaining to the barometer; 
 
 Bar'o-m6t'ri€-al, ) made by a barometer. 
 
 Bar'on, n. [Prob. of Ger. origin, from Goth, vair, A.-S. 
 ver, Lat. vir, man.] 1. In Eng. the lowest title of nobil- 
 ity ; one who holds rank between a viscoxint and bar- 
 onet. iJ, {Law.) A husband. 
 Baron of heef, two surloins not cut asunder. 
 
 BS,r'on-a^e, n. 1. The whole body of barons or peers. 
 ^. The dignity of a baron. 3. The land which gives 
 title to a baron. 
 
 B^r'on-ess, n. A baron's wife or lady. 
 
 Bar'on-et, n. [Dim. of baron.] A dignity or degree of 
 honor next below a baron and above a knight. 
 
 Ba,r'on-et-age, n. 1. The collective body of baronets. 
 3. The state of a baron. 
 
 Bar'on-et-^y, n. The rank of a baronet. 
 
 Ba-ro'ni-al, a. Pertaining to a baron. 
 
 Ba,r'o-ny, n. The lordship, honor, or fee of a baron. 
 
 B3,r'o-s-eope, n. [Gr. /Sapo?, weight, and cr/coTreiv, to 
 view.] Any instrument showing the changes in the 
 weight of the atmosphere. 
 
 Ba,r'o-s-e6p-i«, ) a. Pertaining to, or determined 
 
 Ba,r'o-s«6p-i«-al, I by, the baroscope. 
 
 Ba-rouflie' (ba-rcTosh'), n. [From Lat. birotus, two- 
 wheeled, from bis, twice, and rota, wheel.] A four- 
 wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the out- 
 side for the driver, and two seats on the inside. 
 
 B5,r'ra-«aii, n. [Ar. barrakan, barkan, a kind of black 
 gown. Cf. Per. barak, a garment made of camel's hair, 
 Ar. bark, a troop of camels, barik, camel.] A thick, 
 strong stufif, somewhat hke camlet. 
 
 Bar'rack, n. [Sp. barraca, from barra, bar.] (Mil.) 
 A hut or house for soldiers, especially in garrison. 
 
 Bar'ra-oobn/, n. [From barrack, q. v.] A slave ware- 
 house, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered. 
 
 Ba,r'ra-tor, n. [L. Lat. baratare, most prob. from Gr. 
 jrpaTTetv, to do, to use practices or tricks.] 1. An en- 
 courager of litigation. 3. The master of a ship who 
 commits any fraud in the management of it. 
 
 Bar'ra-troiis, a. (Law.) Tainted with barratry. 
 
 Ba.r'ra-try, n. 1. (Law.) Practice of encouraging law- 
 suits. 3. ( Com.) A fraudulent breach of duty on the 
 part of a master of a ship, or of the mariners. 
 
 Bar'rel, n. [Gael, baraill, from barra, bar. Cf. Fr. bar- 
 rique, cask ; Sp. barrica.] 1. A round, bulgy vessel or 
 cask. 3. The quantity which such a vessel contains, 
 varying from 31^ to 36 gallons. 3. Any hollow cylin- 
 der or tube. 
 
 Ba,r'rel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. barreled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BARRELING-.] To put or pack in a barrel. 
 
 Ba,r'rel-6r'gan, n. The common hand-organ. 
 
 Blir'ren, a. [Norm. Fr. barein, 0. Fr. baraigne ; Arm. 
 brekhan, mar khan.] 1. Incapableof producing offspring, 
 whether animal or vegetable. 3. Producing nothing. 
 
 Ssm. — Unfruitful ; sterile ; scanty ; unproductive ; dull, 
 uninventive ; empty. 
 
 Ba.r'ren, n. ; pi. bXr/ren§. Elevated lands or plains 
 on which grow small trees, but not timber. [Amer.] 
 
 B5,r'ren-ly, adv. Unfrxiitfully. 
 
 Bar'ren^ess(109), n. Qualify of being barren ; sterility. 
 
 Bar'ri-eade', n. [Orig. a barring up with casks, from 
 Fr. barrique, Sp. & Pg. barrica, cask.] 1. (Mil.) A de- 
 fensive fortification, made in haste, of any thing that 
 win obstruct the progress of an enemy. 2, Any bar 
 obstruction, or means of defense. ' 
 
 Bar'iri-eade', v. t. [imp. & p.p. barricaded; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. barricading.] To fortify with any sUght 
 work that prevents the approach of an enemy. 
 
 Ba,r'ri-er, n. [Fr. barriere, from barre, bar, q. v.] 1. 
 (Fort.) A kind of fence made to stop an enemy, 3. A 
 fortress or fortified town on the frontier of a country, 
 3. Any obstruction. 4. Any limit or boundary. 
 
 Bar'ring-out, n. Act of fastening the doors of a school- 
 room against a schoolmaster. 
 
 BS,r'rls-ter, n. [From bar.] A counselor learned in 
 
 the laws, quahfied and admitted to plead at the bar. 
 BS,r'row, n. [A.-S. berewe, bier, from beran, beoran, to 
 
 bear.] A Ught, small carriage, borne by hand. 
 Bftr-ro-w, n. [A.-S. bearg, Skr. baraha, waralia, hog.] 
 
 A hog, especially a male hog castrated. 
 B^r'row, n. [A.-S. beorg, beorli, hiU, mound, from be- 
 
 organ, to project, shelter]. A hillock or mound of earth, 
 
 intended as a repository of the dead. 
 Bar'-sliot, n. Shot, consisting 
 
 of a bar, with a half baU or round 
 
 head at each end. 
 Bar'ter, v. i. [0. Fr. baratp-,, 
 
 bareter, to exchange. See iJAR- 
 
 rator.] To traffic by exchanging one conmiodity for 
 
 another. 
 Bar'ter, v. t. [ir/cp. & p.p. bartered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 BARTERING!.] To exchange, or give in exchange. 
 Bar'ter, n. 1. Act or practice of exchanging commodi- 
 ties. 3. The thing given in exchange. 
 Syn. — Exchange; dealing; traffic; truck; interchange. 
 
 Bar'ter-er, n. One who barters. 
 
 Bar'ti-zan'', n. A small overhanging turret, projecting 
 from the angles of towers or the parapet and other parts 
 of the building. 
 
 Bar'tram, n. [Corrupted from Gr. irvp^dpov, a spicy 
 plant, from irvp, fire, from its acrid quaUty.] A plant ; 
 pellitory. 
 
 Ba-ry'ta, n. [Gr. (Sapu?, heavy.] (Min.) The heaviest 
 of the earths ; an oxide, the basis of which is a metal- 
 lic substance called barium or barytum.. 
 
 Ba-ry'te§, n. (Min.) Sulphate of baryta, generally 
 called heavy-spar. [containing, it. 
 
 Ba-ryt'i-e, a. Pertaining to baryta, or formed of, or 
 
 B^r'y-tone, a. [Gr. 0apvTovos, from Papv?, heavy, and 
 TOvos, tone.] [Sometimes written 6anYoMe.] 1. (Mus.) 
 Grave, and deep, as a kind of male voice. 3. ( Greek 
 Chram.) Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, 
 the grave accent being understood. 
 
 BS.r'y-tone , n. 1. (Mus.) A male voice, the compass 
 of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor. 
 3. ( Greek Gram. ) A word which has no accent marked 
 on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. 
 
 Ba-ry'tum, n. (Min.) A metal, the base of baryta. 
 
 Ba'sal, a. Pertaining to, or constituting, the base. 
 
 Ba-salt' (ba-sawlt^) n. [Lat. basaltes, a dark and very 
 hard species of marble in Ethiopia, an African wood.] 
 1. (Min.) A rock of igneous origin, consisting chiefly of 
 augite and feldspar. It is usually of a greenish-black 
 color. 3. A kind of black porcelain. 
 
 Ba-salt 'i« (-sawlt'ik), a. Pertaining to basalt, or formed 
 of, or containing, basalt. 
 
 Bas-bleti (ba/blu' or ba-blot)/), n. [Fr. bas, abridged 
 from bas-de-chausse , stocking, and bleu, blue.] A lite- 
 rary lady ; a blue-stocking. 
 
 Bas'«ule Bridge. A kind of drawbridge, with a 
 counterpoise, swinging up and down. 
 
 Base, a. [Fr. bas, L. Latin bassus, thick, fat, short, 
 humble. Cf. W. &as, shallow.] 1. Of humble birth and 
 low degree. 3. Illegitimate by birth. 3. Low in value 
 or estimation. 4. Morally low ; hence, unworthy ; 
 mean. 5. Not classical or refined. 6. Deep or grave 
 in sound. [In this sense, written also bass.] 7, (Law.) 
 Not held by honorable service. 
 
 Syn. — Vile, mean. — JBa^e is a stronger term than vile, 
 and vile than mean. The two first denote what is wicked aa 
 well as low, the latter what is disgraceful or dishonorable. 
 
 Base, n. [Gr. /^ao-i?, step, base, pedestal, from ffaiveiv, 
 to step.] 1. The bottom ; the part of a thing on which 
 it stands or rests. 3. (Arch.) (a.) The part of a col- 
 umn between the top of the pedestal and bottom of the 
 shaft, (b.) The lower projecting part of the wall of a 
 room. 3. That extremity of any thing, as a leaf, fruit, 
 &c., by which it is attached to its support, or to some 
 more important part. 4. (Chem.) The principal ele- 
 ment of a compound, usually electro -positive in quality. 
 See Radical. 5. (Dyemg.) A substance used as a 
 mordant. 6. [Fr. basse, hma, base, f. of bas, low. See 
 supra.] ( Mus.) The lowest part ; the gravest male voice. 
 [Also written bass.] 7. ( Mil. ) A tract of country protected 
 by fortifications, or by natural advantages, fi-om which 
 the operations of an army proceed. 8. (Surv.) A line 
 which serves as the origin fi'om which to compute the 
 distances and positions of any points or objects con- 
 nected with it by a system of triangles. 
 
 food, f dot; iirn, rude, puU ; 9ell, ^liaise, «all, e^lio ; gem, get ; ag ; exist; linger, liijk ; tiiis. 
 
BASE 
 
 JG 
 
 BATCH 
 
 BAse, f . t. [imp. tc p. p. BA8ET) (bast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BASING.] To put ou A l>ase or basis ; to found. 
 
 Kiuv'-ball, «. A piuu" of bjill. so culled frt^m the bases 
 or Ih>ui»11* (usually four in mirulH>r) which designate 
 the circuit iMtch pkyer must make after striking the ball. 
 
 Kas»"'-b6rii, <i. Horn of low j«reuti»ge. 
 
 Kas«>'lt>sii, <i. Ilavin); no foundation or support. 
 
 liase'-lmt', n. 1. A main line taken as a base of oper- 
 ations. *2. A Une round a cannon at rear of the vent. 
 
 Biise'ly. iii/c. 1. In a l>ji.<e manner, ti. Illegitimately. 
 
 Biiso'iut'ut, M. (See Base.] (Arch.) The lower story 
 i>f a I'uiKiing, whether above or below the ground. 
 
 Base-iicss. n- The quahty of iK'ing base. 
 
 Base'-plate, «. The foundation-plate of heavy ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 Baso'-i-ingr, ". (MiV.) A projecting band of metal ad- 
 joining the base of a breech engine. 
 
 Ba-sliaiv', »». A title of honor in the Turkish domin- 
 ions. "iNow usually written j»rt,s/(a.] 
 
 BAijh'f lU, a. [See ABASH.] Having a down-cast look ; 
 hence, very modest. 
 
 Bftsh-fiil-iy, o(ii\ In a bashfvil manner. 
 
 B&sli'ful-uess, n. The quahty of being bashful. 
 
 Syn. — Modesty, diffidence. — J/brfe."!??/ arises from a 
 low estimate of ourselves; bas\r'uhiess is an abashment or agi- 
 tation of the spirits at cominK into contact with others; diffi- 
 dcMce is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust. 
 
 Ba'sl«, a. (Chem.) 1. Relating to, or performing the 
 office of, a base. 2. Having the base in excess. 
 
 Ba'si-fy, v. t. [Lat. basis, base, and facere, to make.] 
 ( Chem.) To convert into a sahfiable base. 
 
 Bft§'il, n. [From base, q. v.] The angle to which the cut- 
 ting edge of a tool is ground. 
 
 Ba§'il, r. t. [unp. & p. p. basiled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BASILING.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. 
 
 Bftg'O, n. [From Gr. jSao-iAiKos, royal, from /SatriAevs, 
 king.] A fragrant aromatic plant, one species of which 
 is much used in cookery. 
 
 Bftg'il, »i. [Corrupt, from Low Lat. basanium, bazan.] 
 The skin of a sheep tanned. 
 
 BSs'i-lar, ) a. [See Base, n.] Eclating to, or situated 
 
 Bft§'i-la-ry, j at, the base. 
 
 Ba-§il'i€, ) n. [Gr. /SacrtAtKJj (sc. otKi'a, or o~roa), fr. 
 
 Ba-s\Vi-^d, \ ^ao-tAi(c6s, royal, from ^ao-tAev'?, king.] 
 1. Orig. the palace of a king ; afterward, and hence, any 
 large hall or court of justice. 2. A church, chapel, or 
 cathedral. ' 
 
 Ba-§0'i«, 1 a. 1. In the manner of a public edifice 
 
 Ba-§a'i€-al, j or cathedral. '2. (Anat.) Pertaming 
 to the middle vein of the right arm. 
 
 Ba-s7l'i-^6n,n. [See supra.] ( i»/e<Z. ) An ointment com- 
 posed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive-oil. 
 
 Bag'i-lisic, n. [Gr. l3aa-i\ia-Ko<;, dim. of /?ao-iAeu's, a king ; 
 so named from some prominences on the head resembling 
 a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, called a cockatrice 
 and said to be produced from a cocks egg brooded by a 
 serpent. Its breath, and even its look, were thought to 
 •hiatal. 2. (Nat. Hist.) A genus of Uzards. 3. (Mil.) 
 A large piece of ordnance. ' 
 
 Ba'sin (bi'sn), n. [L. Lat. bacchinus, from bacca, a water 
 vessel. Cf. D. bak, trough, bowl, and Ger. bach, brook 
 ong. a cavity where the water flows, 0. Eng. beck 1 l' 
 A hoUow vessel, to hold water for washing, and for vari- 
 ouB other uses. 2. Any hoUow place contammg water. 
 3. A hoUow vessel of dififerent kinds used in the arts or 
 manufactures. 4. ( Geol. ) A formation, where the strata 
 dip mward on all sidfis, toward the center. 5. (Physical 
 ^og.)(a.) A circuLir or oval vaUey. (b.) The entire 
 tract of country drained by a river. 
 
 Ba'sls, n.; pi. ba'sks. [Gr. pdat?. See Base.] 1. 
 That on which a thing rests. 2. Groundwork or first 
 principle. 
 
 Bask ((}), V. i. [imp. & p. p. basked (baskt) : p.nr & 
 1-4 n BA.SKING.] [Cf. D. bakeren, Ger. bach^m, Eng. 
 bak^.] To he m warmth ; to be exposed to genial heat. 
 
 Bask, V. t. To warm with genial heat. 
 
 Bas'^ket, n. [W. basgawd, basged, bascod, basg plait- 
 in^.'.] 1. A ves«;l made of twigs, rushes, or otiier flexible 
 thingf, interwoven. 2. The contents of a basket. 
 
 BsisTtet-fish, 71. A kind of star-fish. [basket-work. 
 
 f JasTtet-hilt, n. A hilt having a covering wrought hke 
 
 lia'^on 'K;V'.n), n. See BASIN. 
 
 ^ ^),n. [Prob. BO called because this fashion 
 
 r,i(i from the Basques.] A part of a lady's 
 bling a jacket with a short skirt. 
 
 Ba*-re-lie£' (bi-re-leef ), n. See Bass-relief. 
 
 Bass, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. bears, baers, Lat. perca, Qt. 
 ■nepKT).] A fish of several species, much esteemed for food. 
 
 Bass, n. [A corruption or modification of bast, q. v.' 
 The tiel-tree, or its bark, which is used for mats, &c. 
 
 Bass,«. (Mus.) The lowest part in a musical composi- 
 tion. [Written also base.] 
 
 Bfts'set, or Bas-s€t', n. [See Base, «.] A game at 
 cards, resembling the modem faro. [outcrop. 
 
 Bfts'set, n. ( Geol. ) Emergence of strata at the surface ; 
 
 Bfts'set, V. i. [Cf. 0. Fr. basset, somewhat low, dim. of 
 6a5, low, and fcasj"/.] (Geol.) To crop out. 
 
 Bfts'set, a. Inclined upward. 
 
 Bfts 'set-tug, n. Upward dnection of a vein or stratum. 
 
 Jias'so,n. [It. See Base, a.] (3Ius.) (a.) The base or 
 lowest part, (b.) One who sings this part. 
 
 Bds'so^r'i'l'i-e'vo. [It.] See Bass-relief. 
 
 Bas-soou', n. [It. bassone, augm. of basso, low. Sea 
 Base, a.] (BIus.) A wind instrument with eleven holes, 
 which are stopped by the fingers, as in flutes. 
 
 Bas-sobn'ist, n. A performer on the bassoon. 
 
 Bftss'-re-lief (bas're-leef ), n. [Fr., from bas, low, and 
 relief, raised work. See Relief.] Sculpture, whose 
 figures do not stand out far from the ground on which 
 they are formed. 
 
 Bass'- "vi'ol, n. (BIics.) A stringed instrument used for 
 playing the bass or gravest part ; the violoncello. 
 
 Bftst, n. [A.-S. btvst, 0. H. Ger. bast, 2Mst.] Inner bark 
 of the lime-tree, and hence matting, cordage, &c., made 
 of the bark. 
 
 Bfts'tard, n. [From 0. Fr. bast, N. Fr. bat, a pack-saddle 
 used as beds by the muleteers, and the term, ard, art. 
 0. Vr.Jils de bast, son of the pack-saddle.] 1. Anillegit- 
 imate or spurious child. 2. (a.) An inferior quality of 
 soft brown sugar, (b.) A large size of mold, in which 
 sugar is drained. 
 
 Bfts'tard, a. 1. Illegitimate. 2. Lacking in genuine- 
 ness ; sptirious ; adulterate. 
 
 Bfts'tard-ize, r. t. [imp. & p. p. bastardized; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BASTARDIZING.] To make or prove to be 
 a bastard. 
 
 Bfts'tar-dy, n. State of being a bastard ; illegitimacy. 
 
 Baste, V. t. [Cf. Icel. beysta, to strike, powder.] 1. To 
 beat ; to cudgel. 2. To sprinkle flour and salt and drip 
 butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. 
 
 Baste, V. t. [imp. & p. p. basted;^. jw. & vb. n. 
 basting.] [From 0. H. Ger. bestan, to sew.] To sew 
 slightly, or with long stitches. 
 
 Bas-fxle' (bas-teel' or bas'teel), n. [0. Fr. bastille, for- 
 tress, from bastir, to build.] Orig., a temporary wooden 
 tower used in warfare ; hence, any tower or fortification. 
 
 C@°- The name has been specifically applied to an old fortifi- 
 cation in Paris, long used as a state prison, but demolished in 
 1789. 
 
 Bfts'ti-nade', 1 n. [From 0. Fr. baston, now b&ton, a 
 Bfts'ti-na'do, ) stick or staff. Cf. Baste.] A sound 
 
 beating or cudgeling ; specifically, a punishment among 
 
 the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an 
 
 offender on the soles of his feet. 
 Bas'ti-nade', ) v. t. To beat with a cudgel, especially 
 Bfts'ti-na'do, j on the soles of ths feet. 
 Bfts'tion (bast'yun), n. [From 
 
 0. Fr. & Sp. bastir. It. bastire, to 
 
 buUd.] (Fort.) A part of the 
 
 main inclosure which projects to- 
 ward the exterior, consisting of 
 
 the^aces and the flanks. 
 Bfts'yle, n. [Gr. /3ao-is, base, and ' A, Bastion. 
 
 vAt), wood, a base.] ( Chem.) An electro-positive ingredient 
 
 of a compound. 
 Bftt, n. [A.-S. bat, allied to btatan, to beat.] 1. A heavy 
 
 club, used in playing ball. 2. A sheet of cotton prepared. 
 
 for filling quilts or comfortables. 3. A piece of a brick. 
 Bftt, V. i. To manage a bat, or play with one. 
 Bftt, n. [Corrupt, from 0. 
 
 Eng. back, backe, Scot. back. 
 
 backie, bfrd.] (Nat. Hist.] 
 
 One of a class of mammals 
 
 having a body resembling that 
 
 of a mouse, and a kind of 
 
 wings made bj' a membranous 
 
 expansion stretching from the 
 
 fore extremities to the tail. Bat. 
 
 Bfttch, n. [From bake, A.-S. bacan.] 1 . The quantity 
 
 of bread baked at one tune. 2. Any business dispatched 
 
 at once, or any quantity of things so united as to hav* 
 
 like qualities. 
 
 1, 5, &,o.,long; a, 6, &c., short; cAre, far, ask, aU, what ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
BATE 
 
 57 
 
 BAY 
 
 Bate, V . t. [imp. & p. p. bated ; p. pr. & vb. n. bat- 
 ing.) [Abbreviated from abate, q. v.] 1. To lessen ; to 
 abate. 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. 
 Bateau (bat-o^), n. ; pi. bateaux (bat-oz'). [Fr.] A 
 light boat, long in proportion to its breadth, and wider 
 in the middle than at the ends. 
 Bateau-bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux. 
 B&t'-f o-*vl'iiig, n. A mode of catching birds at night, 
 
 by torch -Ught. 
 Bath, 11.; pi. BATHg. [A.-S. baeth, Skr. bad, vad, to 
 bathe.] 1. A place to bathe in. 2. Act of exposing the 
 bodv, for purposes of cleanliness, health, &c., to water or 
 Tapor. 3. ( Ckem.) A medium, as heated sand, through 
 which heat is applied to a body. 4. A Hebrew measure 
 containing 7 gallons and 4 pints, as a measure for liquids ; 
 and 3 pecks and 3 pints, as a dry measure. 
 
 Order of the Bath, a bigh order of British, knighthood. 
 Batli'-bri-elc, n. A brick made of calcareous earth for 
 
 cleaning knives. 
 Batiie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BATHING.] 1. To wash by immersion . H. To moisten 
 with a Uquid. 
 Batiie, t". ^■. 1. To be, or he, ui a bath. ii. To immerse, 
 
 as in a bath. 
 Batiie, n. The immersion of the body in water ; bath. 
 Batii'er, n. One who bathes. 
 Batii'lng-tub, n. A vessel for bathing. 
 Ba'tlios, n. [Gr. /Sados, from ^aOvs^ deep.] (Rhet.) A 
 
 ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean. 
 Bat'ing, P^^P-, or, more properly, a participle. "With the 
 
 exception of: excepting. 
 Bat'let, n. [From bat.] A small bat for beating linen 
 
 when taken out of the buck. 
 JBdtoti (ba-tong'), \n. [Fr. baton.] A staff or trun- 
 Ba-tobn' (ba-tcTon/), j cheon, used for various pur- 
 poses. 
 Ba-tra'-elii-an, a. (Zo'dl.) Pertaining to animals of the 
 order Batrachia, which includes the frog and related 
 animals. 
 Ba-tra'<;lii-an, n. {Zo'dl.) An animal of the order Ba- 
 trachia. 
 Ba,t"s'-wxiig, 71. A gas-burner, the flame from which is 
 
 shaped like a bat^s wing. 
 Bat-tal'ia (bat-taFya), n. [Lat., battle, combat. See 
 Battle.] Disposition or arrangement of troops, brig- 
 ades, regiments, battalions, &c., as for action. 
 Bat-tal'ion (-tal/j-un), n. [Fr. bataillon. See Bat- 
 talia.] ( Mil. ) A body of infantry ; in the British army 
 about eight hundred men, under the command of a 
 heutenant-colonel. In the United States service, an ag- 
 gregation of from two to ten or twelve companies. 
 Bat'tel (bat'tl), n. [See Battle.] (Law.) A species 
 of trial in which a person accused of felony was allowed 
 to fight with his accuser, and make proof thereby of his 
 guilt or innocence. 
 Bat'tel, V. i. 1. To stand indebted, at the buttery, at 
 Oxford, Eng., for provisions and drink. 3. To reside at 
 the university. 
 Bat'tel, n. [From 0. Eng. bat, increase, and A.-S. dsel, 
 deal.] Provisions taken by Oxford students from the 
 buttery, and also the charges thereon. 
 Bat'tel-er, ) n. [See Battel, n.] 1. A student at 
 Bat'tler, j Oxford who stands indebted at the buttery 
 for provisions and drink. 3. One who resides at the 
 university. 
 BS.t'ten, V. t. [imp. & p.p. BATTENED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BATTENING] [See Battel.] 1. To fatten. 3, 
 To fertilize, as land. 
 Bat'ten, v. i. To grow fat ; to live in luxury. 
 Bat'ten, n. [From Fr. baton, stick.] 1. A narrow piece 
 
 of board, or scantling. 3. The movable bar of a loom. 
 Bat'ten, 1'. ^ To form or fasten with battens. [to. 
 
 Bat'ten-ing, n. Battens fixed to walls for nailing laths 
 Bat'ter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BATTERED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BATTERING.] [Lat. batuere, to strike, beat.] 1, 
 To beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, 
 shake, or demolish ; specifically, to attack with artillery. 
 3. To wear or impair with beating or by use. 
 Bat'ter, V. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward. 
 Bat'ter, n. (Arch.) A backward slope in the face of a 
 
 wall. 
 Bat'ter, n. [From batter, v. t.] A mixture of several in- 
 gredients, beaten up with some liquid, used in cookery. 
 
 Bats*ter I "• ^^® ^^° ^°^'^ *^® ^^* ™ cricket. 
 Bat'ter-er, n. One who batters or beats. 
 
 Bat'ter-ing-ram, n. 1. 
 
 (Mil.) An engine used to beat 
 down the walls of besieged 
 places. 3. A blacksmith's 
 hammer, suspended, and 
 worked horizontally. 
 
 Bat'ter-y, n. [Fr. batterie, 
 from battre. See Batter.] 
 1. Act of battering. 3. (Mil.)' 
 (a.) Any place where cannon Battering-ram. 
 
 are mounted, for battering a fortification or attacking an 
 enemy, (b.) A body of cannon taken collectively. 3. 
 (Elec.) A number of coated jars, so connected that they 
 may be charged and discharged simultaneously. 4. 
 (Gcdv.) An apparatus for generating galvanic electric- 
 ity. 5. (Law.) The unlawful beating of another. 
 
 Bat'ting, n. Cotton or wool in sheets ; bat. 
 
 Bat'tle, n. [Lat. battalia, battualia, fighting and fenc- 
 ing exercises, from batuere, to strike, to beat.] A fight 
 or encounter between enemies or opposing forces. 
 
 A dravm battle, one in which neither party gains the victorr. 
 — A pitched battle, one in which the armies are previouBly 
 drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. 
 
 Syn.— Combat; fight; engagement. — Combat is a close en- 
 counter, and may be (like fiaht) between single individuals; a 
 bcMle is more general and prolonged; engagement suppose* 
 large numbers on each side engaged or intermingled in the 
 conflict. 
 
 Bat'tle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. BATTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BATTLING. ]_ To contend in fight. 
 Bat'tle- ar-r ay', n. Order of "battle. 
 Bat'tle-ax, \n. (Mil.) A kmd of ax for- 
 Bat'tle-axe, ) merly used as an ofiensive 
 
 ^ 
 
 Battlement. 
 
 Bat'tle-door (bat/tl-dor),«. [Corrupted from 
 Sp. battallador, a great combatant, from batal- 
 lar, to combat.] An instrmnent of play, with 
 a handle and a flat board, used to strike a 
 shuttlecock. 
 
 Bat'tle -ment, n. [Either from battle, or 
 fr. Low Lat. bastilla, 6a5^i7Z«5, tower, fortifica- 
 tion.] (Arch.) An indented parapet, originally 
 used only on fortifications. 
 
 Sat'tue, 11. [Fr., from battre, to beat.] 1 
 of beating woods, &c., for game. 3 
 game itself. 
 
 Bau'ble, n. [Fr. babiole. It. 
 babbola, a child's plaything; \ 
 Lat. babulus, foolish.] A trifling 
 piece of finery ; a gew-gaw. 
 [Written also baicble.'] 
 
 G@=" A fool's bauble was a short 
 stick with a head ornamented with 
 ass's ears fantastically carved on it. 
 
 BaTvd, n. [From Goth, balths, 
 
 Eng. bold.} A person who keeps a brothel, and con- 
 ducts criminal intrigues ; — usually apphed to females. 
 
 Ba"wd, V. i. To procure women for lewd purposes. 
 
 BaTvd'i-ly, adv. Obscenely ; lewdly. 
 
 Bawd'i-mess, n. Obscenity ; lewdness. 
 
 Bawd'ry, n. 1. Practice of procuring women for the 
 gratification of lust. 3. Obscenity. 3. Illicit intercourse- 
 
 Bawd'y, a. Obscene ; filthy ; imchaste. 
 
 BaAvd'y-liouse, n. A house of prostitution. 
 
 Batvl, V. i. [imp. & p. p. bawled ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 BAWLING.] [Icel. baula, to low, A.-S. bellan, Ger. 
 bellen, to bark : Lat. balare, to bleat.] To cry with ve- 
 hemence, as in calling or exultation, or as a child from 
 pain or vexation. 
 
 Bawl, V. t. To proclaim by outcry ; to cry. 
 
 Ba^tvl, n. A loud, prolonged cry. 
 
 Bawl'er, n. One who bawls. 
 
 Bay, a. [Lat. badius.] Red or reddish, inclining to a 
 chestnut color ; — applied to the color of horses. 
 
 Bay, n. [Low Lat. baia, Ir. & Gael, badh or ba^h.] 1. 
 Ajq. inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of 
 the same general character. 3. (Arch.) A principal 
 compartment or division in the architectural arrange- 
 ment of a building. 3. A low inclosed place in a bam 
 for depositing hay. 
 
 Bay, n. [Lat. baca, bacca, berry.] The laurel-tree ; hence, 
 in the pi. , an honorary garland or crown, anciently made 
 of branches of the laurel. 
 
 Bay, n. [See infra.] A state of being obliged to lace an 
 antagonist when escape has become impossible. 
 
 Bay, V. i. [0. Fr. abayer, fr. Lat. ad and bauban 
 bark moderately.] To bark, as a dog at his game. 
 
 Bay, V. t. To bark at. 
 
 to 
 
 food, fo"bt; ftrn, rude, pull ,• ^ell, pliaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; esist; linger, link; tiiis. 
 
BAYADERE 
 
 58 
 
 BEARING 
 
 Ba'yAKl@ro', II. [Pg. hnilodfira, firoin bailor, to dance.] | part or shank of an anchor. 6. A collection of parallel 
 
 A tVmslo danwr in the Kast ludio.-?. ! rays from any luminous body. 
 
 Bii.v'urd, h. IFnnu bav, and the tormiuatiou arci. See Beam, v. t. To send forth; to emit. 
 
 
 Sword bayonet. 6. Common 
 bayonet. 
 
 Bay. <i.] Properly a bay horse, but often any horse. 
 B«y'bt»r-ry. n. (Hot.) (a.) The fruit of the bay -tree. 
 
 (b.) The fruit of the wax myrtle, and the plant itself. 
 Bay 'o-n»»t , n . [So cjUleti, 
 
 it* is said, Ixx^ause first 
 
 xuade at lini/ontif. 
 
 {Mil.) A short, iHiinted 
 
 instnmu'ut of iron, titled 
 
 to a gun. 
 Bay'o-uet, r. t. [itnp. 
 
 & />. p. BAVONETEU ; 
 />. }>r. Si. vb. n. BAYONETING.] 1. To Stab with a 
 bavonet. 'i. To drive by the bayonet. 
 Bay'ou, (bT'i~o), n. [Fr., from Lat. botellus, a small sau- 
 srts:*' . 1 The outlet of a lake ; a channel for water. [ South- 
 (rn Stall f.] 
 Bay'-rum, n. A fragrant liquor obtained by distilling 
 
 tlie loaves of the bay-tree. 
 Bay '-salt, «. Siilt obtained from sea-water, by evapora- 
 tion by the heat of the sun. 
 Bay'-tree, n. A species of laurel. 
 
 BJiy'-'%vm'clo'»v, ii. (Arch.) A projecting window form- 
 ing a bay or recess in a room. 
 Ba-zaar', il n. [Per. bazar, market.] 1. In the East, a 
 Ba-zjir', ) market-place, or assemblage of shops, for 
 the sale of goods. '2. A spacious hall or suite of roomis 
 for the sjime puriwse. 
 BddU'iiun (d<^l'yum), n. [Gr. |86eAA.toi',Heb. bhlolakh.] 
 
 A gummy, resinous exudation from an Oriental tree. 
 Be, I', i. and auxHiary. [imp WAS ; p. p. BEEN ; p. pr. 
 & vb. «. BEING.] [A.-S. beon, beonne, Skr. Wift, to be, 
 Lat. /(//, I have been. This verb is defectiTe, and its 
 defects are supphed by verbs from other roots, is, was, 
 which have no radical connection with be.] 1. To exist 
 logically, or in thought. 3. To exist actually, or in the 
 world of fact. 3. To exist in some particular state, or 
 in some relation., 4. To pass from one state or relation 
 to another ; to become. 
 Let he, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. 
 Beacli, n. [Cf. Dan. & Sw. bakke, hill, margin.] A sandy 
 
 or i>ebbly shore ; strand. 
 Beach, r. t. To run upon a beach. 
 Bea'-eon, ». [A.-S. beacen, becen.] 1. A signal-fire to 
 notify the approach of an enemy. 2, (Naut.) A signal 
 or conspicuous mark on an eminence near the shore, or 
 in shoal water, as a guide to mariners. 3. That which 
 gives notice of danger. 
 Bea'-eon, i-. t. [imp. & p. p. beaconed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. BEACONING.] To give light to, as a beacon. 
 Bea'eon-age, n. Money paid to maintain a beacon. 
 Bead, n. [A.-S. bead, prayer, from biddan, to pray.] 1, 
 A Uttle perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and 
 worn for ornament ; or used to count prayei-s, as by Ro- 
 man Catholics. 3. Any small globular body. 
 Bead, v. t. To ornament or distinguish with beads. 
 Bead'iiiB, "• (Arch. ) A molding in imitation of beads. 
 Bea'dle (bC'dl), n. [A.-S. bydd, bsedel, from beodan, to 
 command, bid.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court. 3. 
 An officer in a university, who precedes pubUc proces- 
 sion-. 3. (Church o/Eng.) An inferior parish officer 
 having a variety of duties. 
 Bea'dle-sliip, n. The office of a beadle. 
 Bead'-roU, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A catalogue of 
 deceased person-s, for whom prayers are to be counted off 
 on the b<«i'Lj of a chaplet ; hence, a catalogue in general. 
 Beadjj'-man, n. ,• pi. BEADg'-MfiN. A man employed in 
 
 praying, who drop.s a bead at each prajer. 
 Bea'gle, n. [Prob. of Celtic origin, and so named from 
 Uttlencss ; Ir. & Gael, hea^, small, little, "W. bach.] A 
 Bmall hound, formerly used in hunting hares. 
 Beak, n. [Ir. & Gael, bee, W. pig; J), bek,^t. becco, Sp. 
 pfo.] 1. (Nat. Hist.) The bill or nib of a bird, tur- 
 tle, &c. ti. Any thing ending in a point, or projecting 
 Ukfc a beak. 
 Beakf^d (beekt), a. Having a beak; ending in a point, 
 
 or having a procesfl, like a beak. 
 Beak'er, n. [Lat. bacar, bacrio, wine-glass.] A large 
 
 drinking-cup or vessel. 
 Beam, n. [A.-S. beam, beam, pout, tree, ray of light, 
 Goth, bagms, X. H. Ger. baum, tree.] 1. Any large 
 piece of timber, long in profx^rtion to its thickness. 2. 
 A main timber of a building, ship, loom, plow, or other 
 structure. 3. The part of a balance, from which the 
 •calfcs hang. 4. The pole of a carriage. 5. The straight 
 
 Beam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BEAMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BEAMING.] To emit rays of light ; to shine. 
 
 Beam'-6n'gine, n. A steam-engine having a working- 
 beam to transmit power. 
 
 Beam'y, a. 1. Emitting rays of light; radiant. 2, 
 Kesembhng a beam in size and weight ; massy. 
 
 Bean, /I. [A.-S. 6eaw. Cf. Gr. 7rvavos,"W.^aen.] A well- 
 known leguminous plant, and its seed, of many varieties. 
 
 Bean'-fly, n. A beautiful fly, of a pale purple color, 
 found on bean flowers. 
 
 Beaii'-gobse, n. A species of goose, probably so called 
 from its fondness for beans. 
 
 Bear, v. t. [imp. bore (formerly bare) ; p. p. BORN, 
 BORNE ; p.pr. & vb. n. BEARING.] [A.-S. beran, beo- 
 ran, geberan, Goth, bairan, gabairan, Lat. ferre, Gr. 
 4>ipiLv, Skr. bhri.] 1. To support or sustain. 2. To 
 support and remove ; to convey. 3. To possess and use, 
 as power. 4. To possess or carrj', as a mark of authority 
 or distinction ; to wear. 5. To possess mentally ; to en- 
 tertain. 6. To endure; to tolerate; to suffer. 7. T» 
 sustain, or be answerable for. 8. To show or exhibit ; 
 to relate. 9. To carry on, or maintain. 10. To admit 
 or be capable of. 11. To behave ; to act. 12. To af- 
 ford; to supply with. 13. To bring forth; to give birth 
 to. 
 
 C@^ In the passive form of this verb, usage restricts the p. p . 
 
 horn to the sense oi brought forth, while borne is used in the 
 
 other senses of the word. In the active form, home alone ifl 
 
 used as the past participle. 
 
 To bear a hand (Xaut.), to assist ; to make haste, be q.uick. 
 
 — To bear date, to be dated. — To bear the bell. See Bell. — 
 To bear down, to overthrow or crush by force.— To hear out, 
 to maintain and support to the end. 
 
 Bear, v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit ; to be fruitful. 
 2. To press. 3. To take effect ; to succeed. 4. To be 
 situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to 
 something else. 5. To relate or refer to. 
 
 To bear away, or vp (Naut.,) to change the course of a ship, 
 and make her run before the wind. — To hear back, to retreat. 
 
 — To bear down upon (Naut.), to drive or tend to. — To bear off 
 (Naut.), to steer away from land or from another vessel. — To 
 hear up, to be supported; to stand firm. — To bear upon, to act 
 upon or be in position to act upon. — To hear with, to endue; 
 to be indulgent to. 
 
 Bear, n. [A.-S. bera.] 1. 
 
 ( Zo'dl. ) A wild quadruped of , 
 .the genus Ursus. 
 
 1^" Among the species are the 
 brown bear of Europe, the white 
 polar bear, the grisly bear of the 
 Rocky Mountains, the black 
 bear of North America. 
 
 2. (Astron.) One of two con- 
 stellations in the northern Black Bear, 
 hemisphere, called respectively the Greater and Lesser 
 Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. 
 
 Bears and hulls, in cant language, gamblers in stoeks. A 
 bear is one who contracts to dehver, at a specified future time, 
 stocks which he does not own; a bull is one who contracts to 
 take them. 
 
 Be&r'a-ble, a. Capable of being borne ; tolerable. 
 
 Beard, n. [A.-S. beard, Ger. bart, Lat. barba,^. barf.] 
 
 1. The hair that grows on the chin, hps, and adjacent 
 parts of the face. 2. Any thing that resembles the 
 beard of the human face ; particularly, the long stiff 
 hairs on a plant ; the awn. 
 
 Beard,- a', t. [imp. & p. p. BEARDED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 BEARDING.] 1. To Seize, pluck, or puU the beard of. 
 
 2. To set at defiance. 
 Beard'ed, a. Having a beard. 
 Beard'less, a. Without a beard ; youthful. 
 Be^r'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustaims, 
 
 or carries. 2. Specifically, one who assists in carrying 
 a body to the grave. 3. ( Com.) One who holds a check, 
 note, draft, or other order for the payment of a sum of 
 money. 
 
 Bea,r'-gar/den, n. 1. A place where bears are kept for 
 sport. 2. A rude, turbulent assembly. 
 
 Be&r'ing, n. 1. The manner in which a person bears 
 himself. 2. The situation of an object, with respect to 
 another object ; hence, relation. 3. Act of producing 
 or giving birth. 4. (Arch.) Span of a beam, rafter, or 
 other piece of timber. 5. (Her.) Any single emblem or 
 charge in an escutcheon. 6. (Mach.) (a.) The part in 
 contact with which a journal moves, (b.) That part of 
 a shaft or axle which is in contact with the supports. 
 
 jn. — To bear with, to endue; 
 
 A,e, tec, long; &,6, Sec, short; c&re,far,ask,all,wliat; dre,veU, tSrm; pique, firm; s6u,dr,d{}, W9lf, 
 
BEARISH 
 
 59 
 
 BED 
 
 Syn. — Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; direction; 
 relafion; tendency; influence. 
 
 Be^r'isli, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear. 
 
 Bear'g'-fobt, n. (Bot.) A species of hellebore. 
 
 Bear'-sltiii, n- 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, 
 shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats. 
 
 BeS,r'-ward, n. A keeper of bears. 
 
 Beast, n." [0. Fr. beste, beeste, now bete, Lat. bestia, H. 
 Ger. bestie.] Any four-footed animal, which may be used 
 for labor, food, or sport; as opposed to man, any irra- 
 tional animal. 
 
 Syn. — Brute. — They are called beasts, as mere animals 
 governed by animal appetite, and brutes, as destitute of reason 
 and moral feeling. Hence we say, figuratively, a drunkard 
 makes liimself a beast, and then treats his family like a brute. 
 
 Beast'li-ness, n. The state or quality of being beastly ; 
 
 brutality ; filthiness. 
 Beast'ly, a. Pertaining to, having the form and nature 
 
 of, or resembling, a beast ; brutal ; filthy. 
 Beat, V. t. [imp. beat ; p. p. beat, beaten ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. beating.] [A.-S. beatan, Lat. batuere.] 1. 
 
 To strike repeatedly, ii. To break, bruise, or pulverize 
 
 by beating. 3. To form by beating. 4. To scour or 
 
 range over. 5. To overcome in contest. 6. To indicate 
 
 by the signal of beating a drum. 
 
 To be beat out, to be extremely fatigued. — To beat time, to 
 measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand 
 or foot. — To beat up, to attack suddenly. 
 
 Syn. — To strike ; pound ; bang ; buflFet ; maul ; drub ; 
 thump; baste; thwack; tlurash; pommel; break; bruise; bray; 
 conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome. 
 
 Beat, V. i. 1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To throb ; to 
 pulsate. 3. To come or act with violence. 4. To be 
 in agitation or doubt. 5. (Naut.) To make progress 
 against the direction of the wind, by sailing in a zigzag 
 line or traverse. 
 
 To beat about, to try to find. — Tb beat up for, to go about to 
 enlist men for the army. 
 
 Beat, n. 1. A stroke, or the manner of giving one ; a 
 blow. 2. A recurring stroke; a pulsation. 3. (Mas.) 
 (a.) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, in regulating 
 the divisions of time. (6.) A transient grace -tone, 
 struck immediately before the one it is intended to orna- 
 ment. 4. A round or course, which is frequently gone 
 over. 5. A place of habitual or frequent resort. 
 
 Beat, a. Weary ; tired ; fatigued. 
 
 Beat'en, p. a. Made smooth by beating or worn by use. 
 
 Beat'er, n. 1. One who beats, or strikes. 2. An in- 
 strument for pounding. 
 
 Be'a-tif'i-e, )a. [See Beatify.] Imparting or com- 
 
 Be'a-tif' i«-al, ) pleting blissful enjoyment. 
 
 Be'a-tif 'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a beatific manner. 
 
 Be-at'i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of beatifying. 2. (Rom. 
 Catli. Church.) An act of the pope declaring a person 
 beatified after death ; the first step toward canonization. 
 
 Be-at'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beatified ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. beatifying.] [Lat. beatificare, from beatus, 
 happy, and facere, to make.] 1. To pronounce or re- 
 gard as happy, or as conferring happiness. 3. To bless 
 with the completion of celestial enjoyment. 3. [Rom. 
 Cath. Church.) To declare, by a decree or public act, that 
 a person is received into heaven. 
 
 Beat'ing, n. 1. Act of giving blows ; punishment by 
 blows, 'i. Pulsation; throbbing. 3. (Naut.) Process 
 of sailing against the wind by tacks in a zigzag direction. 
 
 Be-a,t'i-tiid.e (53), n. [Lat. beatitude, from beatus, 
 happy.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind. 3. The dec- 
 laration of blessedness made by our Savior in regard to 
 particular virtues. 3. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Beatifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Peau (bo), n. ; pi. Fr. beaux, Eng. beaus (boz). [Fr., 
 from Latin bellus, pretty, fine.] A man of dress ; a fine, 
 gay man ; a lady's attendant or suitor. 
 
 JBeau I-de'nl (bo i-de'al). [Fr., beautiful ideal.] A 
 conception of perfect or consummate beauty. 
 
 Beau'ish. (boyish), a. Like a beau ; foppish ; fine. 
 
 JBeau Monde (bo mond). [Fr., fine world.] The fashion- 
 able world. 
 
 Beau.'te-ous (bu'te-us), a. [From deawfy, q. v.] Very 
 fair, or very handsome ; beautiful. 
 
 Beaii'te-ous-ly (bu'te-us-ly), adv. In a beauteous 
 manner. 
 
 Beau.'te-oiis-ness (bu'te-us-nes), n. State or quality 
 of being beauteous ; beauty. 
 
 Beau'ti-fl-er, n. One who, or that which, beautifies. 
 
 Beati'ti-ful (bu'ti-ful), a. Having the qualities which 
 constitute* beauty. 
 
 Syn. — Handsome; pretty. — Pre«<y applies to things com- 
 paratively small, which please by their delicacy and grace, att 
 a pretty girl, flower, cottage. Handsome is more striking and 
 the pleasure greater, as a, handsome woman, tree, villa; it im- 
 plies suitableness, and hence we speak of a handsome fortune 
 or offer. Beautiful implies all the higher qualities which de- 
 light the taste and imagination. 
 
 Beau'ti-ful-ly (bu'ti-ful-ly), adv. In a beautiful manner. 
 
 Beau'ti-f ul-ness (bu'ti-fyl-nes), n. The quality of be- 
 ing beauti'ful ; beauty. 
 
 Beau'ti-fy (bu^i-fy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. beautified; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. BEAUTIFYING.] [Eng. beauty and Lat. 
 facere, to make.] To make or render beautiful. 
 
 Syn. — To adorn; grace; ornament; embellish ; deck. 
 
 Beaii'ti-fy (bu'ti-fy), v. i. To become beautiful. 
 Beaii'ty (bu'ty,) 71. [^T.beaute,fvova.beau. See Beau.] 
 
 1. An assemblage of graces or of properties which 
 pleases the sight or any of the other senses, or the mind. 
 
 2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence. 
 
 3. A beautiful person, especially a beautiful woman. 
 Beau'ty-spot, n. A patch or spot placed on the fece 
 
 to heighten beauty. 
 
 Bea'ver (be'ver), n. [A.-S. 
 beofer, befer, Lat. fiber. 'I 1, 
 (Zo'dl.) An amphibious, ro- 
 dent quadruped. 2. The fur 
 of the beaver. 3. A hat made 
 of the fur. 4. A cloth, some- 
 times felted, used for making 
 overcoats, hats, &c. 
 
 Bea'ver, n. [Fr. bavicre, It. 
 
 baviera, firom Fr. have, It. ba- Beaver. 
 
 va, slaver; hence, Ut., that part of the helmet which 
 
 catches the drops or dribbUngs.] Part of a helmet in 
 
 fi.-ont, so constructed that the wearer 
 
 could raise or lower it to eat and drink. 
 
 Be-e/a-fi'-eo (-fe'ko), n. ; pi. BEC'CA- 
 Fl'/COEg. [It. beccafico, from beccare, 
 to peck, and Jico, a fig.] ( Ornith.) A 
 small bird which feeds on figs, grapes, 
 &c., and is highly prized for the deh- 
 cacy of its flesh. 
 
 Be-ealm' (be-kam'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 becalmed; J>.J)r. & f^.W. BECALM- 
 ING.] 1. To render calm ; to appease, 
 motion by want of wind. 
 
 Be-«ame', imp. of become. See Become. 
 
 Be-eau§e', conj. [0. Eng. bycause, from by and cause, 
 q. v!'] By or for the cause that ; on this account that ; 
 for the reason that. 
 
 Be-clianpe', v.t. To befall ; to happen to ; to occur to. 
 
 Be-charm', v. t. To charm ; to captivate ; to enchant. 
 
 Beclc, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen, sign, beacnian, becnian, 
 to beckon. Perhaps beck is only a contr. of becko7i.] A 
 significant nod, or motion of the head or hand. 
 
 Beclc, V. i. To nod, or make a sign with the haad or 
 hand. 
 
 Beck, V. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of 
 the head or hand ; to intimate a command to. 
 
 Becli'on (bek'n), v. i. [See Beck.] To make a sign t« 
 another, by nodding, or with hand or finger, &c. 
 
 Becli'oii(bek''n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. beckoned ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. BECKONING.] To make a significant sign to ; 
 hence, to summon. 
 
 Be-cloud.', V. t. [imp. & p. p. BECLOUDED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BECLOUDING.] To cause obscurity or dimness 
 to ; to make dark or gloomy ; to overshadow. 
 
 Be-«6in.e' (-kiimO, v. i. [imp. became ; p. p. be- 
 come ; p. pr. & vb. n. BECOMING.] [Prefix be and 
 co7ne, q. v.; A.-S. becuman, to come to, to happen; 
 Goth, begviman.} To pass from one state or condition 
 to another ; to enter into some new state. 
 To become of, to be the fate of; to be the end of. 
 
 Be-eome' (-kiam/), v. t. To suit or be suitable to ; to be 
 congruous with ; to befit. 
 
 Be-eom'ing, a. Appropriate or fit ; congruous ; suit- 
 able ; graceful ; befitting. 
 
 Be-eom'ing-ly, adv. After a becoming manner. 
 
 Be-eom'mg-ness, n. State or quality of being be- 
 coming ; suitableness. 
 
 Bed, n. [A.-S. bed, bedd, Goth, badi.] 1. An article 
 of furniture to sleep or take rest on. 3. Matrimonial 
 connection ; marriage. 3. A plat of ground in a gar- 
 den, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. 
 
 4. Bottom of a stream, or of any body of water. _5. 
 (Geol.) A layer, seam, or stratum. 6. Place on which, 
 any thing rests. 
 
 Beaver. 
 To keep from 
 
 food, foot ; Urn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; Unger, Uxtk ; tliis. 
 
BED 
 
 60 
 
 BEFRIEND 
 
 Ikd qfjtuitie* {Fr. Wus/.l, r visit of the Vine to n refractory 
 p&rlumicut for the i>iir|H>so nf caiisinj: liis docrtis to be regis- 
 
 ' - ' \iua luMii hi- o.-. iipvinc tl\o throne (called lif, 
 
 '•m/ht to Ixtl, to be dclivert>d 
 
 |)u"t it in on\cr. — Ftv7n bcti 
 
 . A to a sotJiiration by partial 
 
 li... ....v. .. .i^, .. ....v'ut dissolving the bands of 
 
 trn> 
 bcti 
 Cfn 
 rtJi.i 
 
 diVui.v > . 
 
 niatriiuouy. 
 BC-d, r. t. [imp. k ;>. p. BEnoED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BED- 
 DING.] 1. To place iu a bod. li. To phmt and inclose 
 
 or cover. 3. To lay or put in place of rest and security, 
 
 surroundixl or iucK>sod. 
 B?d, f. 1. To go to l^ ; to cohabit. 
 Be-tlftb'ble. r. ^ [ittip. & ;>. p. BEDABBLED ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. M. BEI>ABBLIMJ.] To sprinkle OF wet with moisture. 
 Be-dftK'gle, v. t. To soil with mud or dirty water. 
 Be-dftsh', f. /. [imp. & p. p. bedashed; p. pr. & 
 
 r*. n. BEDASHING.] To wet by dashing or throwing 
 
 water or other Uquor upon. 
 Be-daub', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEDAUBED ; p. pr. 8c 
 
 vb. ii. BEDAUBING.] To besmear or soil with any thing 
 
 thick and dirty ; to daub over. 
 Be-dftz'zle. v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEDAZZLED; p. pr. 
 
 & 1-6. »i. BEDAZZLING.] To dazzle or make dim by too 
 
 stroui; a light. 
 Iii'€l'-V>uj;. ». An offensive bug which infests beds. 
 BOd'-cliain ber, »i. A chamber for a bed. 
 BetlVlotiieg, 7i.pl. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, &c.,for 
 
 a Wd. 
 B^d'dlng, »i. 1. Materials of a bed, whether for man or 
 
 beast. 5i. ( Gfo/.) State or position of beds and layers. 
 Be-d6ck.', f . t. [imp. & p. p. BEDECKED ; p.pr. & vb. 71. 
 
 BEDECKING.] To deck, ornament, or adorn. 
 Be-d6v'il, (-deVl), v. t. To throw into utter confu- 
 sion, as if by the agency of evil spirits. 
 Be-dew' (-du'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedewed ; p. pr. & 
 
 ^•6. «. BEDEWING.] To moisten with dew, or as with 
 
 dew. _ [bed. 
 
 B^d'f €l-lo^v, w. One who lies with another in the same 
 Be-tUght' (be-dltO, v. t. [be and diglit.] To deck with 
 
 ornaments ; to set ofiF. [Rare.] 
 Be-dim', v. t. {iynp. & p. p. BEDIM3IED ; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. BEDIMMIXG.] To make dim ; to obscure or darken. 
 Be-di'zt'H, or Be-diz'en, v. t. [be and dizen.'] To 
 
 dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. 
 B£d'lam, n. [Corrupted from Bethlehem., a religious 
 
 person 
 
 Bed'lam-ite, n. An inhabitant of a mad-house ; a 
 madman. 
 
 B6d'ou-m (bed'oo-een), n. [Ar. bed&tvi, rural, living 
 in the desert, from badw, desert, from bada, to live in the 
 desert.] One of a tribe of nomadic Arabs living in tents, 
 and scattered over Arabia, and parts of Ajfrica.' 
 
 Bdd'-pie^e, 1 >i. (Mach.) The foundation framing or 
 
 Bed'-i>late, ) piece, by which the other parts are held 
 in place ; — called also base-plate and sole-plate. 
 
 Be-drag'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedraggled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BEDRAGGLING.] To Soil, by dragging in 
 dirt, mud, &c. : to bedaggle. 
 
 Be-dr6ncli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEDRENCHED 
 & vb. ji. BEDRENCHING.] To drench ; to soak 
 through ; to saturate. 
 
 Bgd'rid, » a. [bed tiuiXride,^.^. rid, ridden.] Con- 
 
 BCd'rid-den, J fined to the bed by age or infirmity. 
 
 Bed'room, n. An apartment for a bed. 
 
 JJe-drop', V. t. To sprinkle, or cover as with drops. 
 
 liC-dSide, 71. The f«ide of the bed. 
 
 IJed'.,t6ad, n. A frame for supporting a bed. 
 
 B£d'-tick, n. A case of cloth, for inclosing the mate- 
 rials of a bed. 
 
 Bf-d'-time, 7i. Usual hour of going to bed. 
 
 B«;-duck', V. t. To duck ; to immerse in water. 
 
 Be-«liLng', v. t. To cover with dung. 
 
 Ii«'-dust', V. t. To f-prinkle, soil, or cover with dust. 
 
 li»-dwarf', V. t. To make a dwarf of; to stunt. 
 
 Be-dye', v. t. To dye or stain. 
 
 Bee, n. [A.-S. beo.] 1. {Entom.) A well-known four- 
 winded irisect of many genera and species. 3. An as- 
 semblage of persons who mw;t to labor for the benefit of 
 an mfjividual or family. [Am^^r.] .i. pi. {Naut.) Pieces 
 of plank bolted to the outer end of the bowsprit. 
 
 Bee'-brSad, n. A brown, bitter substance, the pollen 
 of flowers, collected by bees, as food for their young. 
 
 Beech, n. [A.-S. 6«e, boc, Latin fanux, Gr. (^nyd?, 
 W. ffawydd. ] { Bot. ) A tree of the genua Fagus. 
 
 Beech'^Ti (bSch'n), a. Consistuig of, or pertaining to, 
 the vw^l or bark of the beech. 
 
 Bee'-eat'er, n. { Ornitk.) A bh-d that feeds on bees. 
 
 house in London, afterward a hospital for lunatics.] 
 A mad-house. 2. An insane person. 
 
 p. pr. 
 to wet 
 
 Beef, n. [Fr. 
 
 bauf, ox, beef 
 
 (fiesh), fr. Lat. 
 
 bos, bovis, ox, 
 
 Gr. /Sous, gen. 
 
 jSoos ; Pr. bou, 
 
 I.bue,Sp. buey, 
 
 Pg. boy, boi.] 
 
 1. An animal 
 
 of the genus 
 
 Bos, including 
 
 the buU, cow, 
 
 and ox, in their 
 
 fuU-grown state- 1. neck ; 2, shakinr-pieee ; 3, chine ; 4, 
 
 [In this, which T^*' 6, clod ; 6, brisket ; 7, flank; 8, 
 
 IS tbp Arimnal ^<"°' sirlom ; 9, rump; 10, round; 11, 
 
 IS the origma i^g. jg, foot; 1^, udder; 14, shin; 15 
 
 sense, the word cheek. 
 
 has a pi., beeves.] 2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, 
 
 or of bovine animals generally, when killed. [In thie 
 
 sense, the word has no plural.] 
 Beef, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of the flesh of, the 
 
 ox, or bovine animals. 
 Beef'-eat'er, 11. [beef and eater. Corrupted, in its 
 
 second meaning, from biiffetier, a keeper of the buffet.} 
 
 1. One who eats beef: hence, a large, well-fed person. 
 
 2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. 
 ( Ornith.) A South African bird, that feeds on the mag- 
 gots hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, &c. 
 
 Beef steak, n. A slice of beef broiled, or for broiling. 
 Bee'-glue, n. A soft, unctuous matter, with which bees 
 cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells ; — 
 called also propolis. 
 Bee'-hive, n. A case or box used as a habitation for 
 
 bees. 
 Bee'- line, n. The shortest line from one place to an- 
 other, like that of a bee through the air. 
 Bee'-motli, n. (Entom.) A moth whose eggs produce 
 
 larves which occasion great mischief in bee-hives. 
 Been (bin). The past participle of be. See Be. 
 Beer, n. [A.-S. beor, bear, Icel. bior, D. & Ger. bier.] 1, 
 A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, with. 
 hops and other bitter flavoring matters. 2. A fermented 
 extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, 
 as spruce, ginger, sassafras, &c. 
 Beer'y, a. Of, or resembling, beer ; afiected by beer. 
 Beeg'-Avax, n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which 
 
 thefr cells are constructed. 
 Beet, n. [A.-S. beta, bete, Lat. beta.] (Bot.) A plant, 
 having a succulent root much used for food, and also for 
 making sugar. 
 Bee'tle (be'tl), n. [A.-S. bytl, bitl, biotvl, mallet ; beatan, 
 to beat; bitel, the insect beetle, from bitan, to bite.] 
 1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer. 2. (Zob7.)Any 
 coleopterous insect characterized by having four wings, 
 the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others 
 when they are folded up. 3. A machine used to pro- 
 duce figured fabrics by pressure from corrugated rollers. 
 Bee'tle (be'tl), v. t. To produce oi-namental figures on, 
 
 by the use of the instrument called a beetle. 
 Bee'tle (be'tl), v. i. [Cf. A.-S. beotan, beotjan, to 
 
 threaten.] To hang or extend out ; to jut. 
 Bee'tle-browed (-broud), a. Having prominent brows. 
 Bee'tle-liead'ed, a. Having a head like a beetle; 
 
 dull, stupid. 
 Beeve, n. [See BEEF.] A bull, ox, or cow. 
 
 t^~ Rarely used in the singular. See Beef, n.. No. I. 
 Be-fall', V. t. {imp. befell ; p. p. befallen ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. BEFALLING.] To happen to ; to occur to. 
 Be'fall', V. i. To come to pass ; to happen. 
 Be-fit', V. t. To be suitable to ; to suit : to become. 
 Be-fogg^d' (-fogdO, a- Involved in a fog. 
 Be-fobl'j_t". t. [imp. & p.p. BEFOOLED; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. BEFOOLING.] To fool ; to infatuate; to deceive. 
 Be-fore', pre;?, [be and /ore. A.-S. beforan.] 1. In front 
 of; preceding in space. 2. Preceding in time. 3. Pre- 
 ceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth. 4. In 
 presence or sight of ; facing. D. In the power of. 
 Be-fore', adv. 1. On the fore part ; in front. 2. In 
 
 time preceding ; already. 
 Be-fore'hand, adv. 1. In a state of anticipation or 
 pre-occupation. 2. By way of preparation or prelimi- 
 nary. 
 Be-fore1iand, a. In comfortable circumstances aa 
 
 regards property ; forehanded. 
 Be-fore'time, adv. Of old tune ; formerly. 
 Be-foul', V. t. To make foul ; to soil ; to dirty. 
 Be-frl6nd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEFRIENDED ; p. pr. k 
 
 a,e,&c., lon^; &,6,kc.,short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr,dQ, wolf 
 
BEFRINGE 
 
 61 
 
 BELIE 
 
 vb. n. BErRlENDlN&.] To act as a friend to ; to faTor ; 
 to aid, benefit, or countenance. 
 
 Be-fringe', v. t. To furnish with a fringe. 
 
 B6gr (or ba), n. [Turk, beg^ which is pron. bay.] The 
 governor of a town, city, or district in Turkey and some 
 other parts of the East ; a bey. 
 
 BSg, V. t. [imp. k, p.p. BEGGED; p.pr. & vb. n. BEG- 
 GING.] [Cf. A.-S. biddan., 0. S. biddian, Goth, bidjan, 
 the letter d having perhaps been dropped, and i or j 
 changed into g. But it is much more probable that beg 
 is only a modification of to bag, since mendicants carry 
 with them bags, into which they put the provisions given 
 to them.] 1. To ask earnestly, with humility or in char- 
 ity. 2. To take for granted. 
 
 Syn. — To entreat; solicit; implore; beseech; supplicate. 
 
 BSg, V. i. To ask alms or charity ; to practice begging. 
 
 'BG-^kn.',pret. of begin. See Begin. 
 
 Be-g6t', t'. t. [imp. BEGOT, begat ; J). p. BEGOT, 
 BEGOTTEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEGETTING.] [be and 
 get] To procreate, as a father or sire ; to generate; to 
 get ; to produce. 
 
 Be-get'ter, n. One who begets. 
 
 Beg'gar, n. [0. Eng. more prop, begger, from beg.] 
 One who begs or entreats earnestly, or with humility ; 
 specifically , one who lives by begging ; a mendicant. 
 
 Beg'gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beggared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BEGGARING.] 1. To reduce to beggary ; to impoverish. 
 2. To make destitute ; to exhaust. 
 
 Beg'gar-li-ness, n. State of being beggarly. 
 
 Beg'gar-ly, a. In, or partaking of, or resembling, the 
 condition of a beggar ; extremely indigent ; mean ; poor. 
 
 Beg'gar-y, n. A state of extreme poverty or indigence. 
 
 Be-gild.', V. t. To cover or overlay with gold. 
 
 Be-gJn', V. i. [imp. began ; p. p. begun ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. BEGINNING.] [A.-S. beginnan, ginnan, Goth, du- 
 ginnan. The orig. sense of ginnan is to cut, spht.] 1. 
 To have an original or first existence ; to take rise ; to 
 commence. 5J. To do the first act ; to take the first step. 
 
 Be-gin.', v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence. 3. To 
 trace from as the first ground. 
 
 Be-giii'ner, n. One who begins ; specifically., a young 
 or inexperienced practitioner ; a tyro. 
 
 Be-gin'ning, n. 1. The first cause ; origin ; source. 2. 
 That which is first; first state; commencement. 3. 
 The rudiments, first ground, or materials. 
 
 Be-gird.', I'. ^. [imp. begirt, be girded ; j9. p. be- 
 girt ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEGIRDING.] 1. To bmd with a 
 band or girdle ; to gird. 3. To surround, as with a 
 band ; to encompass or inclose. 
 
 Be-gnaAv' (be-naw'), v. t. To bite or gnaw. 
 
 Be-goiie' (21), interj. Go away ; depart. 
 
 Bt'Kvten, V- P- °f ^'S''- See Beget. 
 
 Be-grea§e', or Be-grease', v. t. To daub with grease. 
 
 Be-grime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. begrimed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BEGRIMING.] To soil with grime or dirt. 
 
 Be-grudge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. begrudged ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. BEGRUDGING.] To envy the possession of. 
 
 Be-guile' (-gll'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. beguiled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BEGUILING.] 1. To delude by artifice; to hn- 
 pose on. 3. To evade by craft. 3. To cause to pass 
 without notice. 
 Syn. — To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; amuse. 
 
 Be-gxiile'rnent, n. Act of beguiling or deceiving. 
 
 Be-giiil'er, n. One who, or that which, beguiles. 
 
 Be-giiii', p. p. of begin. See Begin. 
 
 Be-half (-hELf), n. [Perh. fi-om pref. be and half, in- 
 terpreted/or my half, that is, for my part; but more 
 prob. a corrup. of the A.-S. behefe, profit, benefit, con- 
 venience. See Behoof.] Advantage; convenience; 
 benefit ; interest ; profit ; support ; defense. 
 
 Be-have', v. t. [imp. & p. p. behaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BEHAVING.] [Prefix be and have ; A.-S. behabban, to 
 restrain, to detain.] To carry ; to conduct ; to manage ; 
 to bear ; — used reflexively. 
 
 Be-liave', v. i. To act ; to bear or carry one's self. 
 
 Be-liav'ior, (-hav'yur), n. [See Behave.] Manner of 
 behaving, whether good or bad ; conduct ; deportment. 
 
 Syxi. — Conduct, deportment. — i5e^auior is the mode in 
 which we have or hear ourselves toward others ; conduct is the 
 mode of our conducting or leading ourselves forward, and in- 
 volves the general tenor of our actions. The former, Uke de- 
 portment, is shaped chiefly by circumstances; the latter is a 
 development of the man. Behavior in society; conduct of life. 
 
 Be-head', v. t. [imp. & p.p. beheaded ; p. pr. & -ub. 
 n. BEHEADING.] To sever the head from ; to take off 
 the head of ; to decapitate. 
 
 Be-li61d', imp. & p. p. of behold. See Behold. 
 
 Be'Iie-motli, n. [Heb. behemoth, beasts, animals, par- 
 ticularly of the larger kind, pi. of b^iStnah, beast. Cf. 
 Egypt, p-ehe-mdout, i. e., water-bull.] An animal de- 
 scribed in the book of Job, xl. 15-24, and variously sup- 
 posed to be the ox, the elephant, the crocodile, the mas- 
 todon, and the hippopotamus. 
 
 Be-Ii6st', n. [be and'/iest ; A.-S. behsss.] That which is 
 willed or ordered ; command ; mandate ; injunction. 
 
 'Be-liintl',prep. [be&ndhina; A.-S. behindan.] 1. On 
 the side opposite the front or nearest part ; at the back 
 of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a 
 hill or rock. 3. Left after the departure of another. 3. 
 Left at a distance by, in progress of improvement ; hence, 
 inferior to. 
 
 Be-hiad', adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. 3. 
 Toward the back part or rear ; backward. 3. Not yet 
 brought forward or exhibited to view ; remaining. 4> 
 Backward in time or order of succession ; past. 
 
 Be-Iiiiid'lia,nd, a. 1. In arrear ; in a state where ex- 
 penditures have preceded the receipt of funds, or are in- 
 adequate to the supply of wants. 3. In a state of back- 
 wardness, in seasonableness or appropriateness. 
 
 Be-hold', V. t. [imp. & p. p. BEHELD (p. p. formerly 
 beholden, now used only as a p. a.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 beholding.] [A.-S. behealdan, to behold, to hold in 
 sight, from pref. be and bealdan, gehealdan, to hold, 
 keep.] To fix the eyes upon ;- to look at ; to see with at- 
 tention. 
 
 Be-liold', V. i. To direct the eyes to an object ; to look. 
 
 Be-liold'en {he-hoWn),p. a. [The p. p. of behold, used 
 in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obhged ; 
 bound in gratitude ; indebted. 
 
 Be-hold'er, n. One who beholds ; a spectator. 
 
 Be-Iiold'ing, a. ObMged ; under obligation. [Improp- 
 erly used for beholden.] 
 
 Be-hdof , n. [See Behoove.] That which is advan- 
 tageous ; advantage ; profit ; benefit. 
 
 Be-liobve', v. t. [A.-S. behofian, from 0. Sax. biheffian, 
 
 0. H. Ger. biheffan, to take, contain.] To be necessary 
 for ; to be fit or meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, 
 or convenience. 
 
 Be-liove', and its derivatives. See Behoove. 
 
 Be'iiig, p. pr. of be. See Be . 
 
 Be'ing, n. 1. Existence in fact or in thought. 3. 
 That which exists in any way. 
 
 Be-la'bor, v. t. 1. To work diligently upon. 3. To 
 beat soundly ; to cudgel. 
 
 Be-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 belating.] To retard or make too late. 
 
 Be-lay', v. t. [itnp. & p. p. BELAYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BELAYING.] (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking 
 several turns with it round a pin or cleat. 
 
 Be-lay'ing-pin, n. (Naut.) A strong pin round which 
 ropes are wound when they are belayed. 
 
 Belch. (66), -u. t. [imp. & p. p. BELCHED (belcht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BELCHING.] [A.-S. bealcjan. Cf. belcan, 
 to inflate.] 1. To throw up fi-om the stomach with vio- 
 lence ; to eruct. 3. To eject violently from within. 
 
 Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach. 3. 
 To issue with violence. 
 
 Belch, n. Act of belching ; eructation. 
 
 Bel'dam, ) n. [Fr. belle-dame, fine or handsome lady; 
 
 Bel'dame,) — a term of respectful address, therefore 
 used to elderly people ; hence the meaning was corrupted.] 
 
 1. Grandmother. 3. An old woman in general, espe- 
 cially an ugly old woman ; a hag. 
 
 Be-lea'guer (-ledger), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELEA- 
 GUERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BELEAGUERING.] [be and 
 leaguer, n. ; Ger. belagern, fr. pref. be, and lagern, to en- 
 camp.] To surround with an army so as to preclude 
 escape ; to besiege ; to blockade. 
 
 Syn. — To block up; besiege; environ; invest; encompass. 
 
 Be-lem'nite, n. [Gr. /JeAe/u.i/i'njs, from jSeAe^u/ov, dart, 
 from jSaAAetf, to throw.] (Paleon.) A small calcareous 
 fossU, cylindrical and hollow, tapering to a point ; the 
 thunderstone. 
 
 Bel-esprit (bel/es-pree'), n.; pi. SEAUX-E SPRITS 
 (boz'es-pree'). [Fr.] A fine genius, or man of wit. 
 
 Bgl'fry, n. [M. H. Ger. bervrit, bercvrit, N. H. Ger. 
 bergfriede, burgfriede, from Ger. berg, mountain, or burg, 
 castle, citadel, and /rierfe, peace, security.] 1. A mova- 
 ble tower, erected by besiegers for attack and defense. 
 3. A bell-tower. 3. A cupola or turret, or a room in a 
 tower, in which a beU is hung. 
 
 Be-lie', v. t. [imp. & p. p. belied ; p. pr. So vb. n- 
 BELYING./ 1. To give the lie to ; to show to be fiJse. 
 
 food* fo^t ; lirn, r^ide, puU; feU, ^haise, «aU, eeho; gem, get ; ag; e$ist ; linger, Halt ; ti&is 
 
BELIEF 
 
 62 
 
 BENEATH 
 
 2. To give a fiilso ivpn\>*ntation or ncooiint of. 3. To 
 tell Ijos oonceniing : to shimler. 4. To oountorfeit. 
 
 Be-Uef. n. [From hrlirvt, q. v.] 1. An !ij;«.>nt of mind 
 to the tnith of a doclanition, pwposition, or alloged fact, 
 on tho ground of ovidonoc, of iuteriuil iuipivssions, or 
 of argiinunit^ and nvisons furuisliod by our own minds. 
 *i. The thing WUevwi ; a tenet, or body of tenets. 
 Syn.— Credence; trust; fiiith; credit; confidence. 
 
 Be-liev'a-ble, a. Capjible or worthy of being believed. 
 
 Be-llevf', »•. t. [imp. & />. p. believed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BELIEVING.] [Ihvfix be and A.-S. Ic/a7i, lt(f'aii, to al- 
 low, iKTuiit.] To be persuaded of the truth of; to regard 
 as tnie ; to place confidence in ; to creilit. 
 
 Be-lieve', r. i. 1. To have a fimi persuasion, ^vhich 
 often approaches to certainty, 'i. To think ; to suppose. 
 
 Be-liPvVr, n. One who bcheves or credits; f5;?.,one 
 who l>elieves in the Scriptures as a revelation from God. 
 
 Be-like', adv. Jt is likely ; probably ; perhaps. 
 
 Be-lit'tle, v. t. To make little or less in a moral sense ; 
 to lower in character. [American. Rare-I 
 
 Bdll, «. [A.-S. btile, bellaii, to bellow, to make a loud 
 uoisc.] 1. A hollow- metallic vessel which gives forth a 
 clear, ringing sound on being struck. 2. Any thing in 
 the form of a bell, as the cup or calyx of a flower. 
 
 7b bear airau the bell, to win the prize at a race where the 
 prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. — To bear 
 tJie bell, to be the first or leader, in allusion to the bell-wether 
 of a flock, or the leading hwhe of a team or drove that wears 
 bells on his collar. — Jo bell the cat, to encounter and cripple 
 one of a greatly superior force:— a phrase derived from the 
 finble of the mice resolving to put a bell on the cat, to guard 
 
 , them against his attack. 
 
 B61'la-cl6ii'iia, n. [It., prop, fine lady.] Deadly night- 
 shade, formerly employed as a cosmetic. 
 
 B611e, «. [Fr., from Lat. 6(=/?»s.] A young lady of supe- 
 rior beaut}- and much admired. 
 
 HeUeS' left res (bel-let'ter), n.pl. [Ft.] Polite or ele- 
 gant literature ; the humanities. 
 
 Bill'-flo"%v-er, n. A genus of plants ; — so named from 
 the shape of the flower, which resembles a little bell. 
 
 Bdll'-found'er, n. One who founds or casts bells. 
 
 Bdll'-f otind''er-y , ) 7i. A place where bells are foiznded 
 
 B^ll'-f ound'ry, } or cast. 
 
 B€l'li-eose', a. [Lat. bellicosus.] Disposed to conten- 
 tion ; pugnacious. 
 
 Bel-lig'er-ent, a. [Lat. bellian, war, and gerens, p. pr. 
 of gerere, to wage.] 1. Waging war. 2. Tending to, 
 or diiiposed for, war. [on war. 
 
 Bel-lig'er-ent, n. A nation, power, or state, carrying 
 
 Bel-lip'o-tent, a. [Lat. bellipotens, from bellum, war, 
 &nd.poten$, powerful, p. pr. of posse, to be able.] Pow- 
 erfiil or mighty in war. 
 
 BSll'man, n. ; pi. BELL'lvrEN. A man who rings a beU, 
 especially to give notice of any thing in the streets ; — 
 formerly a watchman. 
 
 Beil'-m6t'al (-met^l or -mef al), n. An aUoy of copper 
 and tin ; — used for making bells, &c. 
 
 Beriow, V. i. [A.-S. bellan.] 1. To make a hollow, 
 loud noise, as a bull. 2. To bawl ; to vociferate ; to 
 clamor ; to roar. 
 
 Benow, n. A loud outcrj' : roar ; vociferation. 
 
 Bellows (bellus), n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. bselg, bag, belly, 
 bellows, blast-belg, a blast-bag, bellows ; Goth, balgs, a 
 leather bag or bottle. It is allied to Lat. foUis. The 
 root Is contained in 0. H. Ger. and A.-S. df^g-an, to swell.] 
 An in-strument for propelling air through a tube, for vari- 
 ous purposes. 
 
 B^llows-fisli, n. ( Ickth. ) A kind of fish distinguished 
 by a long, tubular snout, Uke the pipe of a bellows ; — 
 called also trumptt-Jish. 
 
 BCU'-rLng/er, n. One whose business is to ring a beU. 
 
 Bfil'lu-ine, a. [Lat. belluimis, from bellua, beast.] Per- 
 taining to, or like, a beast : brutal. 
 
 B611'-w6tii'er, n. A wether or sheep which leads the 
 flock, with a bell on his neck. 
 
 B6iay, n. [A.-S. bap.lg, birlig. See Bellows.] 1. 
 That part of the body which contains the bowels, or 
 Intestines: the abdomen. 2. The part of any thing 
 which resembles the beUy in protuberance or cavity. 
 
 B^lly, V. i. To swell and become protuberant. 
 
 BeiTty-band, n. A band that encompasses the belly of 
 a horse ; a girth. 
 
 Be-16ng' (21), v. i. [imp. & p. p. belonged ; p. pr. 
 k. vb. n. BELONGIJIG.] [Prefix be and 0. Eng. long, 
 y. i., to belong.] 1. To be the property of; to be the 
 wjncem or proper bu-siness of; to appertain. 2. To 
 be a part of, or connected with. 3. To be native to, or 
 to have a legal residence. 
 
 Be-15ng'in8;, n. That which pertains to one, as a qual- 
 ity or endowment. 
 
 Be-16v<'d' (be-luvd' as a p., be-liiv/ed as an a., 60), p. p. 
 or a. Greatly loved ; dear to the heart. 
 
 Be-lo>v', prep, [be and low.] 1, Under in place; be- 
 neath ; not so high. 2. Inferior to in rank, excellence^ 
 or dignity. 3. Unworthy of ; unbefittinf. 
 
 Be-lo-w', adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any 
 object ; beneath. 2. On the earth, as opposed to the 
 heavens. 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. 4. In 
 a court of inferior jurisdiction. 
 
 Syn. — Beneath.— 5e?oic is opposed to on high; beneath 
 is opposed to above. A person who is belo^v us at table is not 
 beneath us. Beloiv has not, therefore, like beneath, the sense of 
 unbecoming or unworthy of. We say, beneath (not below) the 
 character of a gentleman, beneath contempt, &c. This dis- 
 tinction should not be overlooked. 
 
 B61t, n. [A.-S. belt, Lat. balteus.] 1. That which en- 
 girdles a person or thing ; a band or girdle. 2. That 
 which restrains or confines like a girdle, or which resem- 
 bles a girdle. 
 
 Belt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. belted ; p. pr. & vb. n. BELT- 
 ING.] To encircle as with a belt ; to encompass. 
 
 Belt'ing, n. 1. The material of which belts are made. 
 2. Belts taken collectively. 
 
 Be-lu.'ga, n. [Kuss. bieluga, prop, signifying white fish, 
 from bielyi, white.] (Ickth.) A fish of the cetaceous 
 order and dolphin family, from 12 to 18 feet in length. 
 
 BeFve-dere', «. [It., lit. a beautiful sight, from bello, 
 bel, beautiful, and vedere, to see.] 1. ( It. Arch.) A small 
 structiire on the top of an edifice, open to the air on one 
 or more of its sides. 2. A summer-house on an eminence 
 in a park or garden. 
 
 Be-maze', v. t. To bewilder ; to confuse. 
 
 Be-mire' v. t. To drag, encumber, or soil, in the mire. 
 
 Be-moan',!', t. [i.mp.&, p. p. bemoaned: p. pr. & 
 vb.n. BEMOANING.] To express deep grief for by moan- 
 ing ; to lament ; to bewail. 
 
 Be-mock', v. t. To treat with mockery ; to ridicule. 
 
 Ben, or Ben'-nu.t. [Per. & Ar. bahmen, behman, an 
 herb with leaves like ears of com ; a medicine of two-fold 
 nature; Per. & Ar. baihan, the flower rosa canina.] 
 (Bot.) The seed or fruit of a species of Moringa, from 
 which a valuable oU is extracted. 
 
 Bencli (66), n. [A.-S. bene, Icel. bechr, W. hank.] 1. 
 A long seat. 2. A long table at which mechanics and 
 others work. 3. The seat where judges sit in court. 4. 
 The persons who sit as judges ; the court. 
 
 Bencli'er, »i. 1. One of the senior members of a society 
 who have the government of one of the inns of court. 
 2. An alderman of a corporation. 
 
 Bench '-mark, n. (Leveling.) One of a number of 
 marks along a line of survey indicating a series of levels 
 at different elevations. 
 
 Bencli'- war'rant, n. (Law.) A process issued by a 
 court against a person guilty of some contempt, or in- 
 dicted for some crime. 
 
 Bend, r. t. [imp. &,p.p. BENDED or BENT; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BENDING.] [A.-S. bendan, a modification of 
 bindan, to \)hid..] 1. To crook by straining; to curve. 
 
 2. To turn out of the direct course to some certain point. 
 
 3. Hence, to incline or exercise closely or with interest; 
 to exert ; to apply. 4. To render submissive ; to sub- 
 due. 5. (Naut.) To fasten, as one rope to another ; or 
 as a sail to its yard. 
 
 To bend the brow, to knit the brow; to scowl; to frown. 
 
 Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a straight 
 line ; to bow. 2. To be inclined with interest, or closely ; 
 to be directed. 3. To bow in prayer, or in submission. 
 
 Bend, n. 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or 
 direction; a curve ; an incurvation. 2. (Naut.) A knot 
 by which one rope is listened to another or to an anchor. 
 3. (Her.) One of the honorable ordinaries, made by two 
 lines drawn across from the dexter chief to the sinister 
 base point. 4. (Leather-Business.) Ahvitt. 
 
 Bend'a-ble, a. Capable of being bent. 
 
 Bend'er, n. One who, or that which, bends. 
 
 Be-neatii', or Be-neatli', prep. [A.-S. beneodh, bene- 
 odhan, from prefix be and neodhan, downward.] 1. Lower 
 in place, with something directly over or on ; under. 2. 
 (Fig.) Under, as from the effect of pressure. 3. Lower 
 in rank, dignity, or excellence than ; hence, unworthy 
 of: unbecoming. 
 
 Be-neatii', or Be-neatli', adv. 1. In a lower place. 2. 
 Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region. 
 
 Syn. — Below. — jBcTicatA is opposed to above; belo« to 
 higher in place or state, as beneath (not below) notice. See 
 Below. 
 
 a,e,ke.,lone,- &,i,Sio., short; c&re,far,a«k,aU,wliat; 6re, veU.tSrm; p![qae,firm; s6]i,6r,dQ, w^Ii^ 
 
BENEDICT 
 
 63 
 
 BERNARDINE 
 
 B6n'e-di€t, ) n. [From Benedick, one of the characters 
 DCn'e-diclc, j in Shakespeare's play of " Much Ado 
 About Nothing."] A married man, or a man newly- 
 married, [of St. Benedict. 
 Ben'e-dict'ine, a. Pertaining to the order of monks 
 B6n'e-di«t'iiie; n. {Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of 
 monks, known from the color of their dress as Black 
 Friars, estabhshed by St. Benedict in the 6th century. 
 B^n'e-di-e'tioii, n. [Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, 
 benedictus, to speak well of, to bless, from bene, well, and 
 dicere, to speak.] 1. Act of blessing. 2. Blessing, 
 prayer, or kind wishes uttered in favor of any person or 
 thing ; specifically , the short prayer which closes pubUc 
 worship. 
 Bgii/e-fa-e'tion, n. [Lat. bene/actio, from benefacerc, 
 to do good to one, from bene, well, and facere, to do.] 
 
 1. Act of conferring a benefit. 3. A benefit conferred, 
 especially a charitable donation. 
 
 B6n'e-fS.«'tor, n. One who confers a benefit. 
 
 Bgn'e-fS^'tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit. 
 
 B^n'e-fi^e, n. [Lat. beneficium, from beneficus, benefi- 
 cent, from 6e«e, well, and /acere, to do.] 1. Lit.,Si 
 benefit, advantage, or kindness. 2. {Church of Eng.) 
 An ecclesiastical Uving; — usually confined to parson- 
 ages, vicarages, and donatives. [preferment. 
 
 Bgii'e-fi^ed. (-Kst), a. Possessed of a benefice or church 
 
 Be-nef i-fen^e,^^. The practice of doing good; active 
 goodness, kindness, or charity. 
 
 Syn. — Benevolence. — Benevolence is literally well- willing, 
 beneficence is literally well-doing. The former may exist with- 
 out the latter, Xtuiheneficence always supposes benevolence. 
 
 Be-nef i-gent, a. Doing good ; performing acts of kind- 
 ness and charity ; characterized by beneficence. 
 Syn. — Bountiful; liberal; generous; munificent. 
 
 Be-nef i-cent-ly, adv. In a beneficent manner. 
 
 B^n^e-fi'cial (-Ksh'al), «. 1. Conferring benefits ; use- 
 ful; profitable, ii. {Law.) Receiving, or entitled to re- 
 ceive, advantage, use, or benefit. 
 
 Ben''e-fi'cial-ly (-flsh/al-), adv. In a beneficial or ad- 
 vantageous manner. 
 
 Ben'e-fi'ci-a-ry (-fish'i-),a. \h^t.beneficiarius.] Hold- 
 ing some ofiice or valuable possession, in subordination 
 to another. 
 
 B6n'e-f i'ci-a-ry ( -fishl-), n. 1 . A feudatory or vassal ; 
 hence, one who holds a benefice, and uses its proceeds. 
 
 2. One who receives any thing as a gift, or is maintained 
 by charity. 
 
 Ben'e-fit, n. [Lat. benefactum, from benefacere; See 
 Benefaction.] 1. An act of kindness ; a favor 
 conferred. 3. Whatever contributes to promote pros- 
 perity and personal happiness, or adds value to property. 
 
 3. A performance at a theater or elsewhere, the proceeds 
 of which are given to a particvdar person or object. 4. 
 [ Law . ) Benefit of clergy. See Clergy. 
 
 Syn. — Advantage ; profit; service; use; avail. 
 
 Ben'e-fit, v. t. [imp. Si, p.p. benefited ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. BENEFITING-.] To do good to ; to advantage ; to ad- 
 vance in health or prosperity ; to be useful to. 
 
 Ben'e-f itj v. i. To gain advantage. 
 
 He'ne-pla^'i-to. [It., pleasure.] (M«<5.) At pleasure. 
 
 Be-nev'o-len^e, n. [Lat. benevolentia.] 1, Disposition 
 to do good ; good will ; charitableness. 3. An act of 
 kindness. - 3. A species of contribution or tax, illegally 
 exacted by arbitrary kings of England. 
 
 Syn. — Kindness ; benignity ; tenderness. — Kindness and 
 tenderness lean to the side of natural feeling; benevolence is 
 considerate kindness, and often overrules mere impulse; be- 
 nignity is condescending kindness, as the benignity of God. 
 
 Be -lie v'o -lent, a. [Lat. benevolens, from bene, well, 
 and volens, p. pr. of volo, I will, I wish.] Having a dis- 
 position to do good ; possessing love to mankind, and a 
 desire to promote their prosperity and happiness. 
 
 Syn. — Beneficent ; munificent. — Originally, benevolent 
 meant well-wishing, and beneficent well-doing ; but now (with 
 a slight tinge of the original sense) they differ in their outward 
 exercise cliiefly in degree; a beneficent act being one on a 
 larger scale than a benevolent one, while a munificent act is 
 greater and more imposing than either. 
 
 Be-nev'o-lent-ly, adv. In a benevolent manner. 
 
 Ben-gal'-liight (-llt),n. A kind of firework, producing 
 a steady and vivid blue-colored fire. [gal. 
 
 Ben-gal'ee, n. The language or dialect spoken in Ben- 
 
 Be-night' (-nit^, v. t. 1. To involve in night or dark- 
 ness. 3, To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance. 
 
 Be-nign' (be-nin'), a. [Lat. benignus, contr. from benig- 
 enus, from bonus, good, and genus, kind.] 1. Of a kind 
 
 or gentle disposition. 3. Exhibiting or manifeflting 
 kindness, gentleness, favor, &c. 3. Having salutary 
 ^uahties. 
 
 Syn. — Kind ; propitious ; favorable ; salutary ; gracious ; 
 wholesome; liberal; generous. 
 
 Be-nig'nant, a. Kind, gracious ; favorable. 
 
 Be-nig'nant-ly, adv. Vfith. benignity ; graciously. 
 
 Be-nig'ni-ty, n. [h&t. benignitas^ 1. QuaUty of being 
 benign ; condescending kindness ; graciousness. 3. Sa- 
 lubrity ; wholesome quaUty. 
 
 Be-nign'ly (-nln'-), adv. Favorably; graciously. 
 
 B6n'i-§on (ben'i-zn), n. Blessing ; benediction. 
 
 Ben'sliee, n. See Banshee. 
 
 Bent, imp. & p. p. of bend. See Bend. 
 
 Bent, n. 1. State of being inclined from a straight line ; 
 flexure ; curvity. 3. Leaning or bias ; propensity ; in- 
 cUnation ; disposition. 3. Particular du-ection or ten- 
 dency. 
 
 Bent, )n. [A. -S. 6eone«, Ger. dinse.] X, {Bat.) 
 
 Bent'-grass, j A grass of the genus Agrostis. 3. A 
 stalk of coarse, withered grass. 
 
 Be-numb' (-num'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. benumbed; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BENUMBING.] [Pref. be and numb, q. v. ; 
 A.-S. ben3em.an, p. benum.en, to take away, to stupefy.] 
 To deprive of sensation or sensibility. 
 
 Bfin'zine, ». Same as Benzole. 
 
 Ben-zo'i-e, a. [See Benzoin.] Pertaining to, or ob- 
 tained from, benzoin. 
 
 Ben-zoin', n. [Cf. Per. banast, binasat, banasab, bana- 
 sib, terebinth resui, from ban, wan, terebinth grain, and 
 isab, an excrescence on the body.] A fragrant resinous 
 substance, obtained from a tree of Sumatra, Java, &c. 
 
 B6n'zole,n. [Eng. ienzoin and Lat. oleum, oil.] ( Chem.) 
 An oily substance obtained from bituminous coal, and 
 possessing great solvent powers. 
 
 Ben'zo-lxne, n. Same as Benzole. 
 
 Ben'zoyl, ) n. [N. Lat. and Ger. benzo'd, and Gr. vkr], 
 
 Ben'zule, j wood, matter.] {Chem..) A compound rad- 
 ical, consisting of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen ; the 
 base of benzoic acid. 
 
 Be-plas'ter, v. t. To plaster over ; to bedaub. 
 
 Be-poAv'der, v. t. To sprinkle or cover with powder. 
 
 Be-prai§e', v. t. To praise greatly or extravagantly. 
 
 Be-queath.', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. BEQUEATHED ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. BEQUEATHING.] [A.-S. becvedhan, from pref. 
 be and cvedhan, to say, to speak ; Goth, qvithan, Eng. 
 quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will ; — said of personal 
 property. 3. To hand down ; to transmit. 
 
 Syn. — To devise. — Devise is properly used to denote a 
 gift by will of real property. Bequeath is properly applied to 
 agiftby will of a legacy; i.e., of personal property. In popular 
 usage, bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise ; 
 and it is sometimes so construed by courts. 
 
 Be-queatii'er, n. One who bequeaths. 
 
 Be-qu.est', «. [From iegweafA.] {Law.) Something left 
 by will, appropriately personal property ; a legacy. 
 
 Be-rate', v. t. To rate, or chide, vehemently ; to scold. 
 
 Be-reave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bereaved, bereft ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. BEREAVING.] [be and reave, q.v. ; A.-S. 
 bereafian.] 1. To make destitute ; to deprive. 3. To 
 take away from. [tion. 
 
 Be-reave'ment, n. State of being bereaved ; depriva- 
 
 Be-reav'er, n. One who bereaves. 
 
 Be-reft',i?. p. of bereave. See Bereave. 
 
 Berg, n. [See Burgh and Borough.] A large mass 
 or mountain of ice. 
 
 Ber'ga-mot, n. [From the town of Bergamo, in Italy.] 
 1. {Bot.) A species of orange-tree, having a fruit of fin* 
 taste and odor, from the rind of which an essential oil of 
 delicious odor is extracted. 3. The essence or perfume 
 itself. 3. A delicious variety of pear. 4. A variety of 
 snuff perfumed with bergamot. 5. A coarse tapestry. 
 
 Ber'gan-der, n. [From berg, for burrotu, and gander, 
 a male goose.] {Ornith.) A species of duck said to bur- 
 row and breed in holes under cliffs ; shell-drake. 
 
 Berg'mas-ter, n. [A.-S. beorg, hill, and Eng. master.'^ 
 The chief oSicer among the Derbyshire miners. 
 
 Berg'nxeal, n. [Ger. berg, mountain, and tyiehl, meal.] 
 {Win.) An earthy substance resembling fine flour ; it is 
 composed of the shells of infusoria. 
 
 Be-rhyme' (-rimO, v. t. To mention in rhyme or verse ; 
 — used in contempt. 
 
 Ber'lin, or Ber-lin'. A four-wheeled carriage, like a 
 chariot, invented at Berhn, Prussia. 
 
 Ber'nar-dine, a. Pertaining to St. Bernard, and th« 
 monks of the order. 
 
 Ber'nar-dine, n. {Eccl.) One of an order of monks 
 named after St. Bernard. 
 
 food, f<^t ; ftrn, ri^de, puU ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lu> ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; liijger, Unit ; tWs. 
 
BERRY 
 
 G4 
 
 B#P^T, "• [A.-S. bfriti, btrie, Goth, bnsi.] 1. (Bol.) A 
 Buiall pulpv iVuit containing setnls scattomi throughout 
 it, Jis the strawborry, currant, &c. "Z. One of the eggs 
 ot* a tish. 
 
 Bdr'ry, v. i. To War or produce berries. 
 
 BCr'rV, r- 1. To iiupregnato with eggs or spawn. 
 
 Bdrtli (U), n. [Fnmi the root of btur like birth, naUv- 
 itj". Stv UlRTH.] 1. (y<iut.) The place where a ship 
 lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf, i. A place 
 in a ship to sleep in. 3. Official situation, position, or 
 iNUiplcouient. 
 
 Ok^ To give the land or any object a wide berth, is to keep at 
 a dititancc tVoiu it. 
 
 BSrtli V. t. 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to 
 lie at.' '2. To allot or furnish berths to. [plant. 
 
 Bdr'train, m. [See Bartkam.] Bastard pellitory, a 
 
 Bf r'vl, «. [<.'r. /STjpvAAos, Ar. ballawr, or bilawr, beryl, 
 crystal, Per. biiHflr, biildr, crystal.] (Min.) A green or 
 bluish-green mineral of great hardness. It is identical 
 with th^e emerald, except in color. 
 
 Bdr'jl-line, a. Like a beryl. 
 
 Be-si-rib'ble, v. t. To scribble over. 
 
 Be-seecli', f. t. [imp. & p. p. BESOUGHT; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BESEECHING.] [Pref. be and seek, q. v.] 1. To 
 ask or entreat with urgency. 3. To ask earnestly for. 
 
 Syn. — To entreat; solicit; implore; supplicate. — ^eo sup- 
 poses siniplv a state of want; to beseech, entreat, and solicit, a 
 state of urgent necessity; to implore and supplicate, a state of 
 overwhelming distress. 
 
 Be-seecli'er, »i. One who beseeches. 
 
 Be-seech'ing-ly, adv. In a beseeching manner. 
 
 Be-seein', v. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to become ; 
 to befit. 
 
 Be-s6t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. beset ; p.pr. & vb. n. BE- 
 SETTING.] [be andsef; X.-^. besettan.] 1. To put or 
 place, on, in, or ai*ound. ti. To stop up, as a road ; to 
 waylay ; to blockade. 3. To hem in or press on alleides, 
 so that escaiie is difficult. 
 
 Syn.— To surround; inclose; environ; besiege; encircle; 
 encompass; embarrass; urge; press. 
 
 Be-set'ment, n. The state of being beset, as in ice. 
 
 Be-s€t'ting, p. a. Habitually attending, or pressing. 
 
 Be-slire"*v' (-shrj}'), v. t. To wish a curse to ; to exe- 
 crate. 
 
 Be-9ide', prep, [be and side, by the side.] 1. At the 
 side of. 2. Aside from ; out of the regular course or 
 order; out of. 3. Over and above ; distinct from. [In 
 tbJB use besides is now more common.] 
 
 To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses. 
 
 Be-side§', ) arfi'. More than that; over and above! 
 
 Be-side', j moreover ; in addition. 
 
 tiS" It is now considered an error to use beside as an adverb 
 for besides. 
 
 Be-side§', prep. Over and above ; separate or distinct 
 from ; in addition to. See Beside, prt;?. 
 
 lSg~ This word, though radically the same as beside, and a 
 corruption of it, ought not to be confounded with it; for it is 
 rarely used in the senses explained under beside, except in the 
 third sense. 
 
 Be-siege', v. t. [imp. & p. p. besieged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BESIEGING.] To beset or surround with armed forces, 
 for the purpose of compelling to surrender. 
 
 Syn.— To beleaguer; beset; environ; hem in; invest; block 
 up) encompass. 
 
 Be-sieg'er, n. One who, or the party that, besieges. 
 Be-slftb'ber {coUog. be-slob'ber), v. t. To beslaver. 
 Be-sl^T'er, v. t. To defile with slaver ; to beslabber. 
 Be-9l6bnber, ) v. t. To soil or smear with spittle run- 
 Be-slfibTjer, J ning from the mouth. [ Vulgar.} 
 Be-smear', v. t. [imp. & p. p. besmeared ; p. pr. Sc 
 
 vb. n. BESMEARING.] To smear with any \iscous, glu- 
 
 tinou.s matter. 
 Be-smok<;' (20), v. t. 1. To foul with smoke. 3. To 
 
 harden or dry in smoke. [soot. 
 
 Be-smiit', v. t. To blacken with smut; to foul with 
 Bc'gom, n. [A.-S. besma, 0. II. Ger. pesamo.] A brush 
 
 of twigs for sweeping ; a broom. 
 Be-sdrt', v. t. To sort out or arrange in different classes 
 
 or kimlB ; hence, to suit, fit, or become. 
 Be'sdt', V. t. To make sottish by drink ; hence, to make 
 
 dull or stupid. 
 Be-s6t'ted-ly, adv. In a besotted manner. [tion. 
 
 Be-K5t'ted-nes.s, n. State of being besotted; infatua- 
 Be-s6uglit' (be-sawf), p.p. of beseech. See Beseech. 
 Be-span'gle (-Hj/ing/gl), v. t. To adorn with spangles, or 
 
 with brilliant particles. 
 
 BETAKE 
 
 Be-sp&t'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bespattered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BESPATTERING.] 1. To Soil by spattering ; 
 to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. 3. To 
 asperse with calumny or reproach. 
 Be-speak', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; p. p. bespoke, be- 
 spoken; p. pr. & vb. ti. BESPEAKING.] 1. To speak 
 for, order, or engage, beforehand. 3. To indicate or 
 show beforehand. 3. To speak to ; to address. [Poet.] 
 4. To betokeii_; to show. 
 
 Be-spe\v' (-spu'), v. t. To soil or daub with spew. 
 
 Be-spit', ^•. t. [imp. bespit; p. p. bespit, BESPIT- 
 TEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BESPITTING.] To daub or soil 
 ■vtith spittle. 
 
 Be-spoke', imp. & p. p. of bespeak. See BESPEAK. 
 
 Be-sp6t', V. t. To mark with spots. 
 
 Be-spr6ad', r. t. [imp. & p. p. bespread; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. bespreading.] To spread or cover over. 
 
 Be-sprink'le, I', t. [imp. Sep. p. besprinkled; 2>- 
 pr. & vb. n. besprinkling.] To sprinkle over; U 
 scatter over. 
 
 Best, a. superl. [A.-S. besta, best, contracted from betest, 
 betst, Goth, batista. This word has no connection in 
 origin with good. See Better.] 1. Having good qual- 
 ities in the highest degree; most good. 3. Most ad- 
 vanced ; most correct or complete. 
 
 Best, n. Utmost ; highest endeavor. 
 
 At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the 
 case. — 7b make the best of, to permit the least possible in- 
 convenience. 
 
 B6st, adv. 1. In the highest degree ; beyond all other. 
 3. To the most advantage ; with the most success, profit, 
 ease, benefit, or propriety. 3. Most intimately or par- 
 ticularly ; most correctlj-. 
 
 Be-stain', v. t. To mark with stains ; to discolor. 
 
 Be-st6ad', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestead.] To be in 
 the stead or place of; hence, to place, dispose, or cir- 
 cumstance, as to condition, convenience, benefit, and the 
 like ; to assist ; to serve. 
 
 Bes'tial (bSsVyal), a. [Lat. bestialis, from bestia, beast.] 
 1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. 3. 
 Having the qualities of a beast ; below the dignity of 
 reason or humanity. 
 
 Syn. — Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low;depraved; 
 sensual. 
 
 Bes-tiai'i-ty (best-ySl/-), n. 1. The quality of a beast ; 
 brutism. 3, Unnatural connection with a beast. 
 
 Bes'tial-ize, v. t. To make bestial, or like a beast. 
 
 Bes'tial-ly, adv. In a bestial manner. 
 
 Be-stick', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BESTUCK ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. BESTICKING.J To stick over, as with sharp points. 
 
 Be-stir', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestirred ; p. pr. & vb. tu 
 bestirring.] To put into brisk or vigorous action. 
 
 Be-sto'w', V. t. [imp. & p. p. bestowed .p.pr. & vb. 
 n. bestowing.] [be and stow, a place. See Stow.'j 
 1, To lay up in store ; to deposit for safe keeping. 3. 
 To make use of ; to apply. 3. To give, confer, or impart. 
 
 Be-stow'al, «. Act of bestowing ; disposal. 
 
 Be-stow'er. «. One who bestows. 
 
 Be-sto-w'ment, w. 1. The act of bestowing ; bestowal. 
 3. That which is bestowed ; donation. 
 
 Be-strad'dle, v. t. To bestride. 
 
 Be-strauglit' (-strawtO, a. [Prefix be and stravght 
 prop. p. p. of stretch; but stravght is used here for dis 
 traught, distracted, so that bestraught is equiv. to bedis 
 truught, bedistr acted.] Out of one's senses ; distracted 
 mad ; crazy ; demented. 
 
 Be-streTF' {-strH^ or -stro'), v. t. [imp. BESTREWED 
 p. p. BESTREWTED, BESTROWN -. p. pr. & vb. n. BE 
 STREWING.] To scatter over ; to besprinkle ; to strow 
 
 Be-stride', v. t. [imp. BESTRID or BESTRODE ; p.p. 
 BESTRID, BESTRIDDEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BESTRID- 
 ING.] To stride over; to stand or sit with anything 
 between the legs, or with the legs extended across. 
 
 Be-strode', imp. of bestride. See Bestride. 
 
 Be-strown', p. pr. of bestretv. See Bestrew. 
 
 Be-stiick', imp. & p. p. of bestick. See Bestick. 
 
 Be-stud', V. t. To set or adorn with studs. 
 
 B6t, n. [A.-S. bad, pledge, stake, badian, to pledge, 
 pawn, wed, pledge, weddian, to promise ; Goth, vidan, 
 to bind.] That which is staked, or pledged, in a contest, 
 to be won either by the victorious party himself or by 
 another person in consequence of his victory ; a wager. 
 
 B6t, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BETTED ; p pr. k, vb. n. BET- 
 TING.] To stake or pledge upon the event of a contest; 
 to wager. 
 
 Be-take', v, t. [imp. betook; p. p. betaken (be- 
 taken) ; p.pr. &, vb. n. BETAKING.] To have recourse 
 to ; to apply ; to resort. 
 
 a, 9, kc.ylong; &, g, Sm., short; oAr6, far, ask. %11, wli^t ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, dr, dft, W9lf 
 
BETEEM 
 
 65 
 
 BIAS 
 
 Be-teem', v. i. To allow, to permit ; to sufTer. [Obs.] 
 
 Be'tel (be'tl), n. [Malabar, beetla-codi, Skr. & Malay, 
 patra, Malabar leaf, from its growing in Malabar.] 
 {Bot.) A species of pepper, the leaves of which, are 
 chewed by the inhabitants of the East Indies. 
 
 Be'tel-niit (be'tl-), n. The nut of the areca palm, 
 chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) 
 and hme. 
 
 BCth'el, n. [Heb. beth-el, house of God.] 1. A chapel 
 for dissenters. [Eng.] i£. A house of worship for sea- 
 men. [Afner.] 
 
 Be-tMnk', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bethought ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BETHINKING.] To call to mind ; to recall. 
 Syn. — To recollect; remember; reflect. 
 
 Be-tli6u.glit' (-thawf), imp. & p. p. of bethink, q. v. 
 
 Be-tide', v. t. [itnp. BETID or betided ; p. p. BETID ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. BETIDING.] [be, and tide; A.-S. tida7i, 
 to happen.] To happen to ; to befall ; to come to. 
 
 Be-tide', v. i. To come to pass ; to happen. 
 
 Be-time', ) adv. [be and ti7ne ; that is, by the proper 
 
 Be-time§', j time.] 1. In good season or time ; sea- 
 sonably. ^. In a short time ; soon. 
 
 Be-to'lten (-to'kn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BETOKENED ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. BETOKENING.] 1» To signify by some 
 visible object. 2. To foreshow by present signs. 
 Syn* — To presage ; portend; indicate; mark; note. 
 
 BSt'o-ny, n. [Lat. betonica, vettonica.] A plant used to 
 dye wool of a fine dark-yellow color. 
 
 Be-tc»<>l£', imp. of betake. See Betake. 
 
 Be-tray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. betrayed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BETRAYING.] [From be and 0. Fr. trair, trahir, 
 from Lat. tradere, to give up, from trans, over, and dare, 
 to give.] 1. To give up treacherously or faithlessly. 3. 
 To violate the confidence of; to deceive by treachery. 
 3. To disclose or discover, as something intended to be 
 kept secret, or which prudence would conceal. 4. To 
 mislead, or expose to inconvenience not foreseen. 5. 
 To show or to indicate. 6. To fail in respect to reUance 
 placed in or upon. 
 
 Be-tray'al (be-tra'al), n. Act of betraying. 
 
 Be-tray'er, n. One who betrays ; a traitor. 
 
 Be-troth', v. t. [be and troth, i. e., truth, q. v.] 1. To 
 contract to any one, in order to a future marriage ; to af- 
 fiance. 3. To contract with for a future spouse ; to es- 
 pouse. 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to conse- 
 cration. 
 
 Be-troth'al, n. Act of betrothing ; betrothment. 
 
 Be-trStli'ment, n. A mutual engagement between two 
 parties for a future marriage between the persons t)e- 
 trothed ; espousals ; betrothal. 
 
 Bgt'ter, a.; compar. of good. [A.-S., bett, bet, betera, 
 betre ; Goth, batiza, from bats, good, akin to Skr. bhadra, 
 glad. ] 1 . Having good qualities in a greater degree than 
 another. 3. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, 
 fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. 
 3. Improved in health. 
 
 To he better off, to be in a better condition. 
 
 B6t'ter, n. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory. 3. 
 Improvement ; greater excellence. 3. One who has a 
 claim to precedence ; a superior ; — usuaUj^ in the pi. 
 
 'Ret'ter, adv.; compar. of loell. 1. In a superior or more 
 excellent manner. 3. More correctly. 3. In a higher 
 or greater degree ; more. 
 
 Bgt'ter, V. t. [imp. Sc p.p. bettered ; p.pr. Scvb. n. 
 BETTERING.] To increase the good quahties of. 
 
 Syn.— To improve; meliorate; mend; amend; correct; 
 emend; reform; rectify; advance; promote. 
 
 Bet'ter, n. One who bets ; a bettor. 
 
 Bet'ter-ment, n. 1, A making better ; improvement. 
 3. (Laiv.) An improvement of an estate which renders 
 it better than mere repairing ; — generally in the pi. 
 
 Bet'tor, n. One who bets. 
 
 Bet'ty, n. [Probably a cant word, from Betty, for Eliza- 
 beth.] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. 
 
 Be-tween', prep. [From pref. be, equiv. to Eng. by, and 
 twain, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of, without 
 regard to distance; betwixt. 3. From one to another 
 of. 3. Belonging in common, or in partnership to two 
 of; shared by two or both of. 4. With relation to two, 
 as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the 
 agent or subject. 5. In intermediate relation to, in re- 
 spect to time, quantity, or degree. 
 
 Syn. — Axaong. — Between applies properly to only two 
 parties; as, a quarrel between two men, two nations. Among 
 always supposes more than two. It is, therefore, a gross blunder 
 to speak of dividing a thing among two persons. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Be-tween'-d6clcs, n. (Naui.) The open space between 
 
 two decks of a ship. 
 'Be-twixt', prep. [From pref. be and tivyg, twy, tweo, 
 
 twe, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of; between. 
 
 3. From one to another of. 
 Bev'el, 71. [Fr. beveau, Sp. baivel.] 1. 
 
 A slant of a surface at an angle greater 
 
 or less than a right angle. 3. An instru- 
 ment for adjusting the surfaces of work 
 
 to the same incUnation. r^ '^uiT'i 
 
 Bev'el, a. Havuig the form of a bevel -,< '"J 
 
 slanting. iievel. 
 
 A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 45° or 90°. 
 
 Bev'el, V. t. [imp. & p. p. beveled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BEVELING.] To cut to a bevel angle. 
 B6v'el, V. i. To slant or incline off to a bevel angle, or 
 
 from a direct line. 
 B6v'er-age, n. [From Lat. bibere, to drink, Low Lat. 
 
 beveragium. See BEAVER.] Liquor for drinking. 
 Bev'y, n. [Prob. from Arm. beva, life, to Uve, to be alive, 
 
 6f f,* living, W. bijtmjd, hfe, byrju, to live, alive, so that 
 
 the orig. meaning is life, a life, living, lively beings.] 
 
 1. A Sock of birds, especially quails. 3. A company ; 
 
 an assembly or collection of persons, especially ladies. 
 Be-VFail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewailed; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. BEWAILING.] To express deep sorrow for, as by 
 
 wailing ; to grieve for ; to mourn ; to lament. 
 Be-%vail', v. i. To express grief or sorrow. 
 Be--»vare', v. i. [be and ware. See Ware, Wary.] 
 
 To restrain or guard one's self; hence, to be cautious; 
 
 to take care ; to take heed. 
 
 a@~ This word is now never used except in the imperative 
 mode. 
 
 Be-wil'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewildered ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. 11. BEWILDERING.] [be and wild.] To lead into 
 
 perplexity or confusion ; to confound for want of a plain 
 
 road. 
 
 Syn. — To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; leadastrajr. 
 
 Be-vi^il'der-ment, n. State of being bewildered. 
 
 Be-witch.', y. t. [imp. & p. p. bewitched (108); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. bewitching.] 1. To gain an ascendency 
 over by charms or incantation ; to affect by witchcraft or 
 sorcery. 3. To charm or fascinate ; to please to such a 
 degree as to take away the power of resistance. 
 
 Be-vt'itcli'er-y , n. The resistless power of any thing that 
 pleases ; charm ; fascination. 
 
 Be-witcli'ing-ly, adv. In a manner to bewitch. 
 
 Be-'witcli'ing-iiess, n. Quality of being bewitching. 
 
 Be-witch'raent, n. Power of charming ; fascination. 
 
 Be-vn-ay' (-ra^), v. t. [imp. & p.p. bewrayed ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. bewraying.] [Pref. be and A.-S. wregean^ wre- 
 gan, to accuse, to betray.] To disclose perfidiously ; to 
 betray. 
 
 Bey (ba), n. A governor of a town or particular district 
 of country in the Turkish dominions; also, in some 
 places, a prince ; — the same as beg. See Beg. 
 
 Be-yond', prep. [A.-S. begeond, from pref. be andg-e- 
 ond, yond, yonder, Goth, jaind.] 1. On the further 
 side of. 3. Before, in place, or time. 3. Out of reach 
 of ; further than ; past. 4. In a degree exceeding or 
 surpassing; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality 
 of any kind. 
 
 Be-yond', adv. At a distance; yonder. 
 
 Be-zant'ler, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. antler. I 
 The second antler of a stag. 
 
 Bez'el, n. [Cf. Chald. bezal, limits, confines.] The part 
 of a ring which encompasses and fastens the stone. 
 
 Be'zoar, n. [Per. bad-zahr, from bad, wind, and zahr 
 poison; i.e., that which, like the wind, drives away 
 poison.] A calculous concretion found in the stomach, 
 of certain ruminant animals. 
 Bezoar mineral, an oxide of antimony. 
 
 Bi'as, n. [Fr. biais, N. Catalan, biax, slope. Cf. Arm. 
 bihais, bihays, beskel, oblique line, bias.] 1, A weight 
 on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight 
 line. 3. A leaning of the mind ; propensity toward an 
 object. 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of 
 a garment to diminish its circ\imference. 
 
 Syn.— Bent; prejudice: prepossession; inclination. 
 
 Bi'as, adv. In a slanting manner ; crosswise ; athwart ; 
 diagonally. 
 
 Bi'as, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BIASED (bl/ast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BIASING.] To inchne to one side ; to give a particu- 
 lar direction to ; to prejudice ; to prepossess. 
 
 food. f<^t 
 
 ftrn, rude, pijU ; ^eU, ^liaise, €aU, e«lio ; sem, get 
 
 5 
 
 a§; e^st; linger, link -, tibJUi 
 
BIAXAL 
 
 66 
 
 BIG 
 
 BI-&x'al, \a. [From Lat. 6ts, twice, and nxw.] (Opt.)i Bi-eru'ral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. crural a. v 
 BI-^kx'1-al, ) Having two axes. Having two legs. ' 
 
 Bib, M. IF'rom Lat. bibtn, to tlrink, because it receives | Bi-ciis'pid, \ a. [Lat. bis, twice, and cuspis point, 
 
 tlu« ilriuk tliat the child slavers from the mouth. J A 
 small piiH-e of cloth worn by children over the breast. 
 
 Bi-bii'ciuil.*«. «. [Lat. bibcur, from bibere, to drink.] 
 AddicUnl to drinking. 
 
 Bl-ba'sU', a. [C/iem.) Capable of combining with two 
 (larts or eiiuivalents of a base ; or containing two equiv- 
 alents of a ba«? to one equivalent of acid. 
 
 Bib'ber, »i. A man given to drinking ; a tippler. 
 
 Binble, n. [Lat. biblia, Gr. /3i/iAia, pi. of 0i0\iov, 
 dimin. of /Jt^^Ao?, book.] The Book, by way of emi- 
 nence ; the volimie that contains the Scriptures of the 
 Old and New Testjuuentis. [writings. 
 
 Bib'U-eal, a. Pertainiug to the Bible, or to the sacred 
 
 Bib'li-dg'ra-pher, «. [Gr. /?t/?Ato7pa^o5, fi*. 0i.lS\iop, 
 book, .and ypa' eii-, to write.] One who is versed in bib- 
 liography, or literary history. 
 
 Bib'll-o-gTftpli'i*^ I''- Pertaining to bibliography, 
 
 Bib'll-o-grrftph'i€-al, ) or the history of boolcs. 
 
 Bib^li-o-grftpli'ic-al-ly, adv. In a bibliographical 
 manner. 
 
 Bib'll-Sg'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. /?i/?Xio-ypa(f)ia.] A history 
 or description of oooks and manuscripts. 
 
 Bib11-61'a-try, n. [Gr. iSijSxiov and \aTpeCa, service, 
 worship.] Homage paid to books, especially to the 
 Bible ; or a belief in the verbal inspiration of the Biblfe. 
 
 Bib'll-o-man'fy, n. [Gr. /?i,5Ai'ov and i^avreia, divin- 
 ation.] Divination performed by selecting passages of 
 Scripture at haiard. 
 
 Bib'li-o-ma'nl-a , n. [Gr. /?i/?Aiov and fxavla, mad- 
 ness.] A rage for possessing rare and curious books. 
 
 Bib'll-o-ma'iii-ac, n. One who has a rage for books. 
 
 Bib'll-o-ma-ni'a-e-al, a. Pertaining to a passion for 
 books, especially such as are curious and rare. 
 
 Bib'li-o-phile, n. [From Gr. (iiiikiov and (pikelv, to 
 love.] One who loves books. 
 
 Bib'li-o-phoHbi-a, n. [From Gr. /3i/?Ai'o;/ and 4)oPei- 
 trdai, to fear.] A dread of books. 
 
 Bnyii-6p'o-list, 1 n. [Gr. /Ji/iAioTrciATj?, from /?i/?Xioi/ 
 
 Bib'11-o-pole', j and TrwAeti/, to sell.] A bookseller. 
 
 Bib'll-o-tlie'-eal, a. [Lat. bibliothecalis,fr.GT.0i.P><io- 
 &riKT], library, from [ii(iKiov, book, and ^jj/ci?, case, box.] 
 Belonging to a Ubrarj-. 
 
 Bib'llst, n. [See Bible.] 1. One who makes the 
 Scriptures the sole rule of faith. 3. A biblical scholar. 
 
 Bib'u-loiis, a. [Lat. bibulits, from bibere, to drink.] 
 Having the quahty of imbibing fluids or moisture; 
 spongy ; porous. 
 
 Bi-eap'su-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. capsular, 
 q. v.] (Bot.) Having two capsules, containing seeds, to 
 each flower. 
 
 Bi-ear'bo-nate, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. carbo- 
 nate, q. v.] ( Ckem.) A carbonate containing two eqxiiva- 
 lents of carbonic acid to one of base. 
 
 Bife, ) n. [Fr. & Pr. bis, It. bigio, light-gray, tawny.] 
 
 Bise, j (Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared from the 
 native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. 
 
 Bi-9€ph'a-Iofi8, a. [Lat, bis, twice, and Gr. kcc^oAtj 
 head.] Having two h^uls. 
 
 Bi-ehro'mate, a. [See Chromate .] {Ckem.) Hav- 
 ing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other in- 
 gredients. 
 
 Bi-^ip'i-tal, ) a. [L&t. bieer-i bicipitis; bis, twice, amd 
 
 Bi-^ip'i-tofis, j caput, heaa.J 1. Having two heads ; 
 double-headed. 2. (Anat.) Having two heads or ori- 
 gins, as a muscle. 3. (Bot.) Dividing into two parts. 
 
 Bick'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. bickered ; p. pr. &, ab. 
 n. BICKERING.] [W. bicra; bicre, conflict, skirmish.] 
 1. To Ekirmwh. [Obs.] 2. Especially, to contend in 
 words or petulant altercation. 3. To move quickly ; to 
 be tremulous, like flame or water. 
 
 Syn. — To quarrel; Bcold; wrangle; contend; quiver. 
 Bick'er-er, n. One who bickers. 
 
 Bi-t;61'or, la. [Lat. bicolor ; bis, twice, and color 
 Bi-€61'ored, j color.] Of two colors. ' 
 
 Bi'«dm, i a. [Lat. bicornis, from bis, twice, and 
 
 cuspidatus, pointed.] Having two 
 
 Bi-eAs'pid-ate, 
 
 points. 
 
 Bid, V. t. [imp, bid or bXde ; p. p. bid, bidden • 
 p. pr. & vb. n. BIDDING.] [A.-S. biddan, Ger. bitten, 
 to pray, ask, request; A.-S. beodan, to offer, to com- 
 mand, Goth, biudan, Ger. bieten, to command, bid.] 1. 
 To offer ; specifically, to offer to pay, as for a' thing put 
 up at auction. 2. To declare, as a wish, a greeting, 
 a threat, or defiance, and the Uke. 3. To order; to di- 
 rect ; to command. 4. To invite ; to request to come. 
 To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise. 
 
 Bid, n. An offer of a price, especially at auctions. 
 
 Bid'der, n. One who bids or offers a price. 
 
 Bid'der-y-ware, n. A kind of metallic ware made at 
 Bidder]/ in Hindostan, composed of copper, lead, tin, and 
 spelter. 
 
 Bid'dy, Ji. 1. A domestic fowl; a chicken. [CoUoq.] 
 2. [A diminutive form of Bridget.] A domestic, or ser- 
 vant-girl. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Bide, V. i. [A.-S. bidan, Goth, beidan.] To dwell per- 
 manently ; to inhaljit. 
 
 Bide, V. t. 1. To endure ; to suffer. 3. To wait fcr. 
 
 Bi-den'tal, a. Having two teeth. 
 
 Bi-den'tate, a. Having two teeth or tooth -like processes. 
 
 Bi-det' (bi-det' or bi-da'), n. [Cf. Gael, bideach, very 
 Uttle, diminutive, bidein, a diminutive animal, W. bidan^ 
 a weakly or sorry wretch.] 1. A small horse. 3. An 
 article of bedroom furniture, used in washing the body. 
 
 Bi-en'ni-al, a. [Lat. biennalis and biennis ; biennium^ 
 a space of two years ; bis, twice, and annus, year.] 1, 
 Happening, or taking place, once in two years. 3. (Bot.} 
 Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as certain 
 plants. 
 
 Bi-en'ni-al, n. (Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, 
 and then perishes. 
 
 Bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. Once in two years ; at the return 
 of two years. 
 
 Bier, n. [From the same root as to bear.] A frame of 
 wood for conveying the dead to the grave. 
 
 Biest'ingg, n. pi. [A.-S. beast, byst, or bysting.] The 
 first milk given by a cow after calving. [Written also 
 beestings.] 
 
 Bi-fa'cial, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and fades, face.] Hav- 
 ing the opposite surfeces alike. 
 
 Bi-f a'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. bifarius, from bis, twice, and^ari, 
 to speak or say.] 1. Twofold ; in two rows. 3. (Bot.) 
 Pointing two ways. 
 
 Bi-fa'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a bifarious manner. 
 
 Bif' er-ous, a. [Lat. bifer, from bis, twice, and ferre Uy 
 bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year. 
 
 Bif' fin, n. 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. 
 [Sometimes called beaufin; but properly beefin (it is 
 •aid), from its resemblance to raw beef.] 3. A baked 
 apple crushed down into a flat, round cake. 
 
 Bi'fid, \a. [Lat. 6(/?c?us, fr. iuv, twice, and _/fn(f«-«, 
 
 Bif 'id-ate, j perf. ten&efidi, to cleave or split.] (Bot.) 
 Two-cleft ; opening with a cleft. 
 
 Bif'i-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, amdfilum, thread.] Two- 
 threaded ; involving the use of two threads. 
 
 Bi-flo'rate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and ^os, flower, ^o- 
 
 Bi-flo'rous, j rere, to bloom.] (Bot.) Bearing two 
 flowers. 
 
 Bi-fo'li-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. foliate.} 
 (Bot.) Having two leaves. 
 
 Bi-f o'li-o-late, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and folium, leaf.] 
 (Bot.) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves. 
 
 Bi-fo'rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and /oraftw, p. p. of fo~ 
 rare, to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Having two perforations. 
 
 Bi'f 6rm, ) a. [Lat. biformis, from bis, twice, and 
 
 Bi'f drmcd, ) forma, shape.] Having two forms, bod- 
 ies, or shapes. 
 
 Bi-f orm'i-ty, n. A double form. 
 
 Bi-front'ed (-frunt'ed), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. 
 fronted.] Having two fronts. 
 
 Bi-fiir'eate, \ a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. furcate, 
 
 Bi-f tir'ca-ted, j furcated.] Forked ; divided into two 
 branches. [branches. 
 
 Bi-fiir-ea'tion, n. A forking, or division into two 
 
 _„, - ^ , ^ ' ' : Bi'fiir'-eolis, a. [Lat. bifurcus, from bis, twice, and 
 
 BI'«ornf;d, J cornu, horn.] Having two horns or j furca, fork.] (.Fof.) Two-forked. 
 Bi-f;or'noti8, ) antlers ; creacent-like. | Big, a. [Contr. from W. beichiog, beichiawg, burdened, 
 
 Bi-eor'po-ral, a. Having two bodies. | with child, from te?cA, burden.] 1. Having largeness of 
 
 Bi-<i6r'po-rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and corpus, body.] ; size, bulk, or magnitude. 3. Great with young; nres- 
 (Htr.) Double-bodied. . ' - => 
 
 I nant; hence, figuratively, pregnant as with something 
 i,e,kc.,hng; ft,6,&c.,fAor«; c4re, far, ask, aU, what; £re, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,dc>,wol^ 
 
BIGAMIST 
 
 67 
 
 BILLOW 
 
 portentous ; ready to produce. 3. Having greatness, 
 fullness, importance, inflation, distension, &c., whethar 
 in a good or bad sense. 
 Syn. — Bulky; large; great; proud; arrogant. 
 
 Big'a-mist, n. One who has committed bigamy, or has 
 two wives or husbands at once. 
 
 Big'a-my, n. (Laiv.) The crime of having two wives 
 .or husbands at once. 
 
 Bi-gem'i-nate , a. [Lat. bis, twice, and geminatus, p. 
 p. of geminare, to double.] {Bot.) Having a forked 
 petiole, with several leaflets at the end of each division ; 
 — said of a decompound leaf. 
 
 Big'gin, n. 1. [Fr. bcguin, probably from the cap 
 worn by the nuns called Beguines.] A child's cap or 
 hood, or something worn about the head. ti. [0. Eng. 
 bigging, from big, to build.] A building. [Obs.] 3. 
 [^e PIGGIN.] A small wooden vessel. 4. A contriv- 
 ance for holding coffee-grounds (being a small bag or 
 a metallic vessel minutely perforated at the bottom) 
 through which boiling water is poured. 
 
 Biglit (bit), n. [From Goth, biugan, to bend, A.-S. bugan, 
 Cf. A-S. byge, bige, a bending, comer, bay.] 1. ( Geog.) 
 A bend in the sea-coast forming an open bay. iJ. 
 ( Naut. ) The double part of a rope when folded ; a round, 
 bend, or coil any where except at the ends. 
 
 Big'aess, n. Quality of being big, esp. in the literal sense. 
 
 Sig'ot, n. [Fr. bigot, a bigot or hypocrite, a name origi- 
 nally given to the Nojnnans in France. From the ex- 
 clamation, " Ne se. Bigot " (Not so, by God) made 
 use of by the Norman Duke RoUo, on a certain oc- 
 casion. Cf. Sp. bigote, a whisker ; hombre de bigote, a 
 man of spirit and vigor ; It. s-bigottire, to terrify, appaU. 
 AV^edgwood suggests that bigot is from Begliard, or Be- 
 guard, one of a class of monks, noted for the strictness 
 of their principles.] One obstinately and unreasonably 
 wedded to a particular religious creed, opinion, practice, 
 or ritual. 
 
 Big'ot-ed, a. Obstinately and unreasonably devoted to 
 a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of 
 others. [ciously. 
 
 Big'ot-ed-ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot ; pertina- 
 
 Big'ot-ry, n. 1, Perverse or blind attachment to a 
 particular creed, or to certain tenets ; excessive preju- 
 dice, ii. The practice or tenet of a bigot. 
 
 Big'-vtntg, n. A person of consequence. [ Cant.^^ 
 
 Sijou (be'zho"o'), n. ; pi. Bijovx (be'zhob'.) [Fr., prob- 
 ably firom Arm. bizou, ring, from biz, finger.] A trinket, 
 or a Uttle box ; a jewel. 
 
 Bi-jou'try (be-zho'o'trjr)^ n. [Fr. bijouterie.] Small 
 articles of vertu, such as jewelry, trinkets, &c. 
 
 Bi-ju.'gate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and jugatus, p. p. of ju- 
 gare, to join.] (Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets. 
 
 B\j'u-gou.s, or Bi-ju'goiis, a. (Bot.) Bijugate. 
 
 Bi-laHbi-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. labiate, q. v.] 
 (Bot.) Having two lips, as the corols of flowers. 
 
 Bi-ia,m.'el-late, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. 
 
 Bi-ianx'el-la'ted, j lamellate, q. v.] (Bot.) Formed 
 of two platesL. 
 
 Bi-ia,t'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. lateral.] 
 Having two sides ; pertaining to the two sides of a central 
 organ or axis. 
 
 Bi-iat'er-ai'i-ty, n. State or quality of being bUateral. 
 
 Bnnber-ry, n. [Corrupted from WMeSerry.] (Bot.) (a.) 
 A shrub of the whortleberry family. (6.) The fruit or 
 berry, which has a blueeolor. 
 
 BUnijo, n. ; pi. BlL/BOEg. [From Bilboa, in Spain, 
 where they were fabricated.] 1, A long bar or bolt of iron 
 with a shackle sliding on it, and a lock at the end ; used 
 to confine the feet of prisoners. 3. A rapier. 
 
 Bile, n. [Lat. bilis.] A yellow, greenish, bitter, viscid, 
 nauseous fluid secreted by the liver. 
 
 Bll^e, n. [A different orthography of bulge, q. v.] 1. 
 The protuberant part of a cask. 3. (Naut.) The 
 broadest and flattest part of a ship's bottom. 
 
 Bilge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bilged ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 BILGING.] (Naut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge ; 
 to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. 
 
 Bnge'- waiter, n. (Naut.) Water which enters a ship, 
 and lies upon her bUge or bottom. 
 
 Bilg'y, a. Having the smeU, &c., of bilge-water. 
 
 Bil'ia-ry (bil/ya-ry), a. (Med.) Pertaining to the bile : 
 conveying the bUe. 
 
 Bi-lin'gual, ) a. [Lat. bilinguis, from bis, twice, and 
 
 Bi-lin'guar, j Kng-wa, tongue, language.] Containing 
 two languages. [languages. 
 
 Bi-lin'guoiis, a. Having two tongues, or speaking two 
 
 Bil'ious (bil'yus), a. [Lat. biliosus, from bilis, the bile.] 
 
 Pertaining to the bile ; disordered in r«8pect to the bil« 
 dependent on an excess of bile. 
 
 Bi-lit'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and litem, letter.} 
 Consisting of two letters. 
 
 Bilk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BILKED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BILK- 
 ING.] [Cf. Goth, bilaikan, to mock or deride ; pref. bi, 
 equiv. to be, q. v., and laikan, to leap or exult. Bilk iq 
 0. Eng. signifies nothing.] To disappoint, deceive, or 
 defraud, by non-fulfillment of engagement. 
 
 Bill, n. [A.-S. bile, beak, proboscis, Ir. & Gael, bil, bile, 
 mouth, lip, bird's bill.] 1. The beak of a fowl. ti. The 
 note of a bird. 
 
 Bill, n. [A.-S. bill, bil; Skr. bhil, to split, 0. H. Ger. 
 billon.] 1. A hook-shaped cutting instrument, fitted 
 with a handle, like a hatchet. 3. An ancient kind 
 of battle-ax, consisting of a broad, hook-shaped blade, 
 having a short pike at the beak and another at the 
 summit, and attached to the end of a long staff. 3. A 
 pickax, or mattock. 4. (Naut.) The point of the fluke 
 of an anchor. 
 
 Bill, n. [Lat. bulla, any thing rounded, L. Lat., seal, 
 stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1. (Law) (a.) A written 
 declaration of some wrong suffered, or of some fault 
 committed by another against a law. (6.) In England 
 an obligation given for money under the hand, and 
 sometimes the seal, of the debtor, without a condition or 
 forfeiture for non-payment. 
 
 r^°- In the United States, it is usually called a note, a note 
 of hand, or a, promissory note. 
 
 (c.) A proposed or projected law. 3. An advertisement 
 posted in some pubUc place. 3. An account of goods 
 sold or delivered, or services rendered, with the price an- 
 nexed to each article. 4. Any paper, containing a 
 statement of particulars. 
 
 Bill of credit, (a.) within the constitution of the United 
 States, a paper issued by a state, on the mere faith and credit 
 of the state, and designed to circulate as money. (6.) Among 
 merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a mer- 
 chant, desLrina: him to give credit to the bearer for goods or 
 money. — £ill of entry, a written account of goods entered at 
 the custom-house. - £iZZ of exchange {Com.'), a written order or 
 request from one person to another, desiring the latter to pa^ 
 to some person designated a specified sum of money. It is 
 frequently called a draft. — Bill of health, a certificate from 
 the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship's 
 company, at the time of her leaving port. — Bill of lading, 
 a written account of goods shipped, signed by the master 
 of the vessel. — Bills oj pains and penalties, a legislative act 
 inflicting a punishment less than death on persons supposed 
 to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction 
 in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. — Bill of 
 sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of 
 goods and chattels. —Bill of night, a form of entry at the cus- 
 tom-house, by which goods may be provisionally landed for 
 examination. 
 
 Bill, V. i. [From bill, a beak.] To join bills, as doves ; to 
 caress in fondness. 
 
 Bill'-bdblc, n. A book in which a person keeps an 
 account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, and the 
 Uke. _ [bills. 
 
 Bill'-toro-'ker, n. One who negotiates ttie discount of 
 
 BU'let, n. [Fr. biUet, dim. of Fr. & Norm. Fr. bille. 
 See Bill, a writing.] 1, A small paper or note in 
 writing, or a short letter. 3. A ticket from a public 
 oflBicer directing soldiers at what house to lodge. 
 
 Bil'let, n. [Fr. billot, block, from bille, log, a ball 
 made of bone. Cf. Bill, a writing.] 1. A small stick 
 of wood. 3. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, re- 
 sembling a billet of wood. 
 
 Bil'let, V. t. [imp. 8c p. p. BILLETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BILLETING.] [Viom billet ,& ticket.] (Mil.) To direct, 
 by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence, to quarter, 
 as soldiers in private houses. 
 
 JBillef'douac (bil/le-do"o'), n. [Fr. billet, note, and doux, 
 sweet.] A love-note or letter. 
 
 Bill'-licfblc, n. A small hatchet with curved edge. 
 
 Bill'iard (-yard), a. Pertaining to the game of billiards. 
 
 Bill'iardg, n. pi. [Fr. billard, from bille, ball.] A game 
 played with ivory balls, on a rectangular table. 
 
 Bil'lingg-gate, n. [From a fish -market of this name in 
 London, celebrated for foul language.] Foul or profane 
 language ; ribaldry. 
 
 Bill'ion (biVyun), n. [From Lat. bis, twice, and L. Lat. 
 millis, Fr. million, a million.] According to the French 
 method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,- 
 000,000 ; according to the English method, a million of 
 millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration. 
 
 Bill'man, n. ; pi. bIll'MEN. One who uses a bill or 
 hooked ax. 
 
 Bil'low, n. [Ger. bulge, from the root belgen, to swell.] 
 
 food, fdbt; iirn, rude, puU ; $ell, 9liaiso, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag; exist ; linger , link ; tiiis. 
 
BILLOWY 
 
 68 
 
 BIRTH 
 
 A pn«t w»T» or surg* of the sea, ooc««ionpd usually by 
 
 Tiolont vriud. 
 BO'lSw-y, a. Swelling, or swelled into large waves. 
 Itnr-stirk rr, »i- One who posts up bills, or placards, 
 
 in imblic plaees. * 
 Biriv. M. A watchman's elub. [Trt/ir] 
 Bi'lolx'd, I «. [loit. his, t\\'m\ti.ud 'Eug. lobed,lobate, 
 Bi-lo'bato, I q. v.] (BiU.) Divided into two lobes. 
 lSi-15v'ii-lar, n [Lat. bis, twice, and loculus, a little 
 
 plaif. iliui. of locus, place.] (Bot.) Divided into, or 
 
 containing, two cells. 
 Bi-ma'uoas. a. [Ux\. bis, twice, and vianus, hand.] 
 
 {/.ttol.) llavinp two hands. 
 Bi-ine'di-al, n- [LjU. bis, twice, and Eng. medial, q. 
 
 v.) (deoni.) When two lines commensurable only in 
 
 power (as the side and diagonal of a square) are added 
 
 together, and the sum is incommensurable in respect to 
 
 either, the sum is called by Euclid a bimedial line. 
 Bi-nu^u'sal, | ^^ ^j^j ^,-,^ ^^j^g^ j^^^j Eng. metrscd, 
 Ki-invs «"-:»»• . q. y.i Occurring once in two mouths. 
 
 Bill, n. [A.-.S. biiui, manger, crib, W. benn, men, wain, 
 cart] A box or inclosed place, used as a repository of 
 any commodity. 
 Bi'iia-ry, a. [Lat. binarius, from bini, two by two, two 
 and two.] Compounded of two ; double. 
 
 Binary arithmetic, that in which two figures only, and 1, 
 are nsed, in lieu often. — BUiary compowid (Chem.), a com- 
 pound of two elements. 
 Bi'nate, a. [S. I^at. binatiis, from Lat. bini, two and 
 two.] {Bot.) Being double or in couples; growing in 
 pairs. 
 Bind, f. t. [imp. BOUND ; p. p. bound, formerly 
 BOUNDEN; p. pr. & vb. n. BINDING.] \A.-S. bi?idan, 
 Goth, bindan, i^kr. bnndli.] 1. To tie together, or con- 
 fine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, &c. ti. In a 
 inore general sense, to confine, restrain, or hold by 
 physical force or influence of any kind. 3. To prevent 
 or restrain from customary or natural action. 4. To 
 protect or strengthen by a band or border. 5. To sew 
 or fiisten togetlier, and inclose in a cover. 6. To place 
 under legal obligation to serve. 
 
 To bind ox'er, to oblige by bond to appear at a court. — To 
 
 bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with. 
 
 Bliid, V. i. 1. To contract ; to grow hard or stiff. 3. 
 
 To be restrained from motion, or from customary or 
 
 natural action. 3. To be obhgatory. 
 
 Bind, n. A stalk of hops, so called from its winding 
 
 round a pole or tree, or being bound to it. 
 Bind'er, n. 1. A person who binds; one whose trade 
 is to bind, as books. 5i. Any thing that binds; abandage. 
 Bind'er-y, n. A place where books or other articles are 
 
 bound. [An Americanism'] 
 Bind'ing, a. Having power to bind or 
 
 oblige ; obligatory. 
 Bind'ing, n. 1. Act of fastening with 
 a band. 3. Any thing that binds, as a 
 bandage, the cover of a book, or something 
 used to secure the edge of cloth from rav- 
 eling. 
 Bind'-weed, «. (Bot.) A plant of differ- 
 ent specie.', of the genus Convolvulus. 
 Bin'na-»;Ie, n. [For 6/<facZe, corrupt, from 
 Fr. hahitacle, habitation; Lat. habitacu- 
 lum, from habitare, to dwell.] (Naut.) A 
 box containing the compass of a ship, and 
 a hght to show it at night. Binnacle. 
 
 Bin'o-ele (bln'o-kl), n. [Lat. bini, two and two, and 
 oculu.%,eye.] (Opt.) A telescope, fitted with two tubes 
 joining. 
 BI-n6«;'u-lar, a. 1. Having two eyes. 2. With, or per- 
 taining to, both eyes. 3. Adapted to the use of both eyes. 
 Bi-n6c-'u-late, a. Having two eyes. 
 Bi-no'mi-al, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and nomen, name.] 
 (Alg.) An fcxpres-sion consisting of two terms connected 
 by the f-ign plus or minus ; as, a -^ b. or 7 — 3. 
 Bi-no'mi-al, a. Consisting of two terms ; — pertaining 
 
 to binomials. 
 Bi-^g'ra-pher, n. [See Biography.] One who writes 
 the life of a particular person. *^ 
 
 Bi'o-crrS.ph'i€, 1 a. Pertaining to, or containing 
 Bi'o-gr4ph'i€-al, ) biography. [raphy. 
 
 Bi'o-gril>li'i«-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a biog- 
 Bi-Sg'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. /^I'o?, life, and ypd<i>€i.u, to write.] 
 1 . The history of the life and character of a particular 
 P'jrson. 2. Biographical writings in general. 
 BI'«>-15g'i<;-al, a. Pertaining to biology. 
 
 Bi-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. /5t'os, life, and Koyog, discourse.] The 
 science of life ; — often applied to a theory based on the 
 assumption that there is a life-force, which obeys laws 
 analogous to those of magnetism , and through which one 
 individual may, under certain conditions, control the 
 mental states and actions of another. 
 
 Bi-pa'roiis, or Bip'a-roiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
 parcre, to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth. 
 
 Bi-par'ti-ble, I a. [Lat. bis, t%vice, and partibilis, par- 
 
 Bi-par'tile, ) tilis, divisible.] Capable of being di- 
 vided into two parts. 
 
 Bi-par'tite, or Bip'ar-tite, a. [Lat. bipartitus, p. p. 
 of bipartire, from bis, twice, and partire, to divide.] 1, 
 Having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract, one 
 for each party. 2. Divided into two parts, as a leaf. 
 
 BFpar-ti'tion (-tlsh'un), n. Act of dividing into two 
 parts. 
 
 Bi'ped, n. [Lat. bipes,ftoTix &/s, twice, and pes, pedis, 
 foot.] An animal having two feet, as man. 
 
 Bi-pe'dal, ) a. Having two feet,' or the length of two 
 
 Bi'ped, j feet. 
 
 Bi-p6n'nate, 1 a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pen- 
 
 Bi-pen'na-ted, j nate, q. v.] Having two wings. 
 
 Bi-p6t'al-ou.s, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. petalous, 
 q. v.] (Bot.) Having two flower-leaves or petals. 
 
 Bi-pin'nate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinnate, 
 
 Bi-pin'na-ted, ) pinnated.] (Bot.) Twice pinnate. 
 
 BFpin-n5,t'i-fid, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinnat- 
 ifid.] (.Boi.) Doubly pinnatifid. 
 
 Bi-pli'«ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and plicare, to fold.] 
 Twice folded together. 
 
 Bi'pont, ) a. Relating to books printed at Deux- 
 
 Bi-p6nt'ine, ) .ponts, or Bipontium, in Holland. 
 
 Bi-quad'rate, 1 n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. quadrate, 
 
 Bi'quad-rat'i-e, j q- v.] (Math.) The fourth power, 
 arising from the multiplication of a square number or 
 quantity by itself. 
 
 Bi'quad-rat'i-e, a. Pertaining to the biquadratic, or 
 fourth power. 
 
 Bi-ra'di-ate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. radiate, 
 
 Bi-ra'di-a'ted, ) radiated, q. v.] Having two rays. 
 
 Birch (18), n. [A.-S. birce, Icel. bidrk ; 0. H. Ger.pm- 
 cha ; Buss, bereza.] A tree of several species. The smaller 
 branches of the common European birch, being tough 
 and slender, were formerly much used for rods, especially 
 in schools. 
 
 Bircli, ] a. Made of birch ; consisting of birch ; per- 
 
 Bircli'en, j taining to birch. 
 
 Bird (18), n. [A.-S. bird, or brid, young of any animal, 
 brood. Cf. Eng. breed and brood.] Properly, a chicken ; 
 the young of a fowl ; and hence, in modem use, a two- 
 legged, feathered, flying animal, oviparous and verte- 
 brated. 
 
 Bird, V. i. To catch or shoot birds. 
 
 Bird'-<;age, n. A cage for keeping birds confined. 
 
 Bird'— call, n. 1. A little stick cleft at one end, in 
 which is' put a leaf of some plant, for imitating the cry 
 of birds. 2. A very short metal cyMnder, having a cir- 
 cular plate with a small aperture in the center fastened 
 to each end ; — used to decoy birds. 
 
 Bird'-fan'fi-er, n. One who rears or collects rare or 
 curious birds, or keeps them for sale. 
 
 Bird'-lime, n. A viscous substance used to catch birds. 
 
 Bird-of-par'a-dise, n. A 
 perching bird of several spe-.- 
 cies, found in New Guinea. 
 
 Bird's'- eye, "• ^^° from 
 above, as if by a flying bird ; 
 hence, general ; not entering 
 into details. 
 
 Bird'g'-eye Ma'ple. "Wood 
 of the sugar-maple, full of 
 little knotty spots somewhat 
 resembling birds' eyes. 
 
 Bird'§'n6st, n. The nest in 
 which a bird lays eggs. 
 
 Bi'reme, n. [Lat. biremis; 
 bis, twice, and rem.us, oar.] A 
 vessel with two tiers of oars. 
 
 Birth (18), n. [A.-S. beordh, 
 
 byrd, from beran, beoran, to Bird-of-paradise. 
 
 bear, bring forth ; Goth, gabaurths.] 1. Act of com- 
 ing into life, or of being bom. 3. Lineage ; extrac- 
 tion ; sometunes noble extraction. 3. Natural state or 
 position. 4. Act of bringing forth. 5. That which is 
 bom, or produced, whether animal or vegetable. 6. 
 Origin; beginning. 
 
 a,,<i, Sec, long,- &,6,8co.,short; clLre,far,a8k,^ll,what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r, dft,vs'9l^ 
 
BIRTHDAY 
 
 69 
 
 BITUMINIZE 
 
 yew birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a 
 religious life. 
 
 Birtli'day, n. 1. The day in which any person is bom. 
 '^, The anniversary of one's birth. 
 
 Birtli'-mark;, n. Some peculiar mark or blemish on 
 the body at birth. [of origin. 
 
 Birtli'pla^e, n. The place where a person is born ; place 
 
 Pirtli'riglit (-rlt), n. Any right or privilege to which a 
 person is entitled by birth. 
 
 Bis'cuit (bis^kit), n. [Lat. bis, twice, and cactus, p. p. of 
 coquere, to cook, bake.] 1. A kind of unferuiented bread 
 bakeil hard. 3. A kind of small, baked cake, usually 
 fermented, made of flour, milk, &c. 3. Earthen ware 
 or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, be- 
 fore it is subjected to the process of glazing. 
 
 Meat biscuit, matters extracted from meat bj' boiling, com- 
 bined with flour. 
 
 Bi-s6-et', V. t. [imp. & p. p. bisected ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. BISECTING.] [Lat. bis, twice, and secure, sectum, 
 to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. ( Geom.) 
 To divide into two equal parts. 
 
 Bl-s^-e'tion, n. Act of bisecting. 
 
 Bi-seg'ment, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. segment, 
 q. v.] One of the parts of a line, or other magnitude, 
 diArided into two equal parts. 
 
 Bi-sex'ii-al (-sek'shvi-al), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. 
 sexual", q^. v.] (Bot.) Being of both sexes. 
 
 Bisll'op, n. [A.-S. bisceop, biscop, Goth, aipiskaupus, fr. 
 Gr. en-icr/coTro?, eirt, over, and o-kotto?, inspector, from 
 cTKOTTelv, (TKeiTTea-Oai, to view.] 1, An overseer ; a spir- 
 itual superintendent, or director. 3. In Episcopal usage, 
 the highest of the three orders of th« Christian ministry. 
 
 Bislx'op, n- 1. A mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar. 
 3. An article of a lady's dress ; a bustle ; a toumure. 
 
 Bisli'op, t'. t. To confirm ; to admit solemnly into the 
 church ; hence, to receive formally to favor. 
 
 Bisli'op-ri€, n. [bishop a.nd ric ; A.-S. bisceoprice.] 1, 
 A diocese ; the district over which the jurisdiction of a 
 bishop extends. 2. Ofilce of bishop. 
 
 Big'imitli, n. [Ger. bismuth, ivisjnuth,0. Ger. wesem.ot.] 
 A metal of a reddish-white color, crsstalli2dng in rhom- 
 bohedrons, which look nearly like cubes. It is somewhat 
 harder than lead, and rather brittle. Specific gravity, 8. 
 
 Big'in.u.tli-al, a. Consisting of bismuth, or containing it. 
 
 Big-miitli'i-e, a. Pertaining to bismuth. 
 
 Bi'soii( or bi'sn), n. [Gr. 
 /?io-uji', 0. H.Ger. ivisunt, 
 A.-S. ivesend, Icel. vis- 
 undr.'\ (ZoUl.) A quadru- 
 ped inhabiting the inte- 
 rior of North America, es- 
 pecially about tjie Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 tlS"" It is popularly called 
 the buffalo; but the true 
 buffalo belongs to the east- 
 ern continent, and to a dif- 
 ferent subdivision of the American Bison, 
 same genus. 
 
 Bis-sex'tHe (-seks'til), n. [Lat. bisseztilis, fr. bissextics 
 (bis and sextiis), the sixth of the calends of March, or 
 twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned 
 twice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.] 
 Leap year ; every fourth year, in which a day is added to 
 the month of Eebruary. 
 
 Bis-s6x'tne, a. Pertaining to leap year. 
 
 Bis'tei', ) n. [Fr. bistre, perhaps fr. bis, brown, swarthy. 
 
 Bis'tre, j Cf., however, L. Ger. biester, frowning, dark, 
 ugly. See also Boisterous.] (Pain^) A dark -brown 
 pigment extracted from the soot of wood. 
 
 Bis'tort, n. [Fr. bistorte, It. & N. Lat. bistorta; Lat. 
 bis, twice, and tortus, p. p. of torquere, to twist.] [Bot.) 
 A plant, in popular language called snake-ioeed. 
 
 Bis'tou-ry (bis'tij-ry), n. [From Pistoria, now Fistoja, 
 in Tuscany, where it was first manufactured.] A surgi- 
 cal instrument for making incisions. 
 
 Bi-sul'<;ate, a. [From Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. sulcate, 
 q. v.] 1. Two-ftirrowed. 3. (Zoo7.) Cloven-footed. 
 
 Bi-siil'-eous, a. [Lat. bisidcus, fr. bis, twice, and .^idcits, 
 furrow.] Cloven -footed, as swine or oxen ; bisulcate. 
 
 Bi-siil'pliate (45), n. [Lat. bis and Eng. sulphate.] 
 (Chem.) A sulphate having two equivalents of sulphuric 
 acid to one of the base. 
 
 Bi-siil'pliu-ret, n. [From Lat. bis, tvrice, and Eng. 
 stdphuret, q. v.] {Chem.) A sulphured with two atoms 
 of sulphur, as the electro-negative ingredient. 
 
 Bit, n. [A.-S. ba'te, from bitan, to bite.] The iron month- 
 piece of a bridle, to which the reins are fastened. 
 
 Bit, t'. t. [imp. &p. p. bitted; p. pr. & vb. n. BIT- 
 TING.] To put a bit in the mouth of. 
 
 Bit, imp. & p. p. of bite. See BiTE. 
 
 Bit, «. [A.-S. bit, bite, from bltan, to Hte.] 1. A mouth- 
 ful ; a morsel ; a bite ; hence, a small piece of any thing ; 
 a little ; a mite. 3. A small coin of the West Indies, 
 worth about ten cents ; also applied in the Southern 
 States to a silver coin, the eighth of a doUar. 3. A small 
 instrument, of various forms and sizes, for boring. 
 
 Bitcli, n. [A.-S. bicce.] 1. The female of the canin« 
 kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 3. A name of re- 
 proach for a woman. 
 
 Bite,i>. ^ [imp. Sep. p.bit,bitti:n;p. pr. &,vb.n bit- 
 ing.] [A.-S. bitan, Goth, beitan.] 1. To cut, crush, 
 or seize with the teeth. 3. To cause sharp pain, or 
 smarting to, in a literal or a figurative sense. 3. To 
 cheat ; to trick. 4. To take hold of; to adhere to 
 
 To bite in (Etching), to eat into metallic plates hy means of 
 an acid. — 2o bite the dust, or the ground, to fall in the agonies 
 of death. 
 
 Bite, r. i. 1. To seize or wound with the teeth or mouth. 
 3. To cause hurt, pain, or injury of any sort. 
 
 Bite, n. 1. Act of seizing with the teeth or mouth. 3. 
 The wound made by the teeth, or by something analo- 
 gous. 3. A morsel ; a mouthful. 4. The hold or pur- 
 chase of a tool. 5. A cheat, a trick. 6. A sharper; 
 one who cheats. 
 
 Bit'er, n. One who, or that which, bites. 
 
 Bit'ing, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; caiistic. 
 
 Bit'ing-in, n. (Etching.) The process of corroding me- 
 tallic plates, by means of an acid. 
 
 Bitt, V. t. (Naut.) To put round the bitts. 
 
 Bit'ta-ele (bit/ta-kl), n. [See Binnacle.] The box 
 for the compass on board a ship. 
 
 Bit'ter, a. [A.-S. biter, Goth, baitrs ; froviibite,Y.t.] 1. 
 Having a pecviliar, acrid, biting taste, like wormwood. 
 
 3. Causing pain or smart to the sense of feeling. 3. 
 Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind. 
 
 4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty. 5. 
 Mournful; distressing; pitiable. 
 
 Syn.— Sharp; severe; cruel; calamitous; poignant; re- 
 proachful. 
 
 Bit'ter, n. [See BiTTS.] (Naut.) A turn of the cable 
 
 which is round the bitts. 
 Bit'ter-isli, a. Somewhat bitter. 
 
 Bit'ter-ish-ness, n. Quality of being moderately bitter. 
 Bit'ter-ly, adv. In a bitter manner. 
 Bit'tern, n. [Eng. bittor, bittour, 
 
 L. Lat. butio, butor, butorius, for 
 
 N. Lat. botaurus ,bostaurus , Lat. 
 
 taurus.] (Orniih.) A wading- 
 
 bird of Europe, related to the 
 
 herons. It makes a singular 
 
 noise, which has been thought 
 
 to resemble the lowing of a bull. 
 Bit'tern, n. [From bitter.] 1. 
 
 The brine which remains in salt 
 
 works after the salt is concreted. 
 
 3. A very bitter compound of 
 
 quassia, cocculus indicus, &c. 
 Bit'ter-ness, n. 1. State orqual- 
 
 ity of being bitter, either in a Ut- Bittern. 
 
 eral or figurative sense. 3. A state of extreme impiety. 
 Bit'terg, n. pi. A liquor, generally spirituous, in which 
 
 bitter herbs or roots are steeped. 
 Bit'ter- spar, n. A sparry mineral, consisting of car- 
 bonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 G@~ It is itself tasteless ; and is called 6!«er-spar because & 
 contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. 
 
 Bit'ter- sweet, n. (Bot.) A slender, climbing plant, 
 
 whose root, when chewed, produces first a bitter, then a 
 
 sweet taste. 
 Bitts, n. pi. [From the same root as bite. Cf. Bit, n.] 
 
 ( Naut. ) A frame of two strong pieces of timber on which 
 
 to fasten the cables. 
 Bi-tu-'men, n. [Lat. bitwnen.] Mineral pitch, a sub, 
 
 stance having a pitch-like odor, and burning readily 
 
 with a bright flame, without any residue. 
 Bi-tu'mi-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bitusdnated ; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. BITUMINATING.] To impregnate with bitur 
 
 men. 
 Bi-tii'mi-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BITUMINIZED ; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. BITUMINIZING.] To form into or impwg- 
 
 nat« with bitumen. 
 
 food, f dot ; ftrn, rude. pull; ^ellj ^liaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get; ag ; ejist; linger, lii|lt i this. 
 
BITUMINOUS 
 
 70 
 
 BLAMELESS 
 
 BI-til'nil-noAs. <i. Having the qualities of bitumen; 
 fHunpouudtHl with bituuieu ; contrtiniug bitumen. 
 
 lti'viUv«, fi. ll^Ht. bis, twiee, and vaha, valve.] 1. 
 (Zoiil.) A molluscous auiuial, haviug a shell consisting 
 of two iwrt.s or valves ; or a shell consisting of two parts, 
 which o^K^u and shut. 'i. (BtU.) A jiericarp in which 
 the s»x>d-cAse o^kmis or sphts into two jiarts or valves. 
 
 FI'vftlve. 1 «. Ila>ing two valves which open and 
 
 «l'vftlv»€l, I shut, as the oyster, or which open at 
 
 Bi-vftlv'oils, [ maturity, as the seed-vessels of cer- 
 
 Bi-vj\lv'»i-lar, J taiu plants. 
 
 Bi'vCu tr:»l, <i. [Lj»t. bis, twice, and Eug. ventral, q. v.] 
 Having two lH?llies. 
 
 Biv'i-oils, or Bi'vi-oiis, a. [Lat. bivius; bis, twice, 
 and f»«, way.] Having, or leading, two ways. 
 
 Kir'oud-e (biv'wak), n. [Fr., from H. Ger. beiwache ; 
 bfi, bv, near, and wache, watch, guard.] (Mil.) (a.) 
 The guard or watch of a whole army. (6.) An encamp- 
 ment without tents or covering. 
 
 Blr'oiia<- (-wik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BlvOUACitED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BIVOUACKING.] To watch or be on guard, 
 as a whole army ; to encamp without tents or covering. 
 
 Bi'--»veel£'l3", a. Occurring once in every two weeks. 
 
 Jiizarre (be-ziuy), a. [Fr., of Basque-Iberian origin.] 
 Odd in manner or appearance ; fantastical ; whimsical. 
 
 Bl&b, r. t. [imp. & p. p. blabbed; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 BLABBING.] [Ger. blappeii, blappern , plappern , 0. Eng. 
 blabber, to talk idly.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or 
 indiscreetly. [to tattle. 
 
 Bl&b, V. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion ; 
 
 Bl&b, n. One who blabs ; a babbler ; a telltale. 
 
 Bl&bTber, n. A tattler ; a telltale. 
 
 Bl&ck, a. [A.-S. Usee, blac, black. This word ought not 
 to be confounded with A.-S. blac, Eng. bleak. See BLEAK.] 
 1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it ; of the 
 color of soot or coal. 2. In a less hteral sense, very 
 dark or gloomy. 3. (Fig.) Dismal, gloomy, or forbid- 
 ding, like darkness ; destitute of moral light or goodness. 
 
 Bl^k, 71. 1. The darkest color, or rather a destitution 
 of all color. 2. A negro ; a person whose skin is black. 
 3. A black dress, or mourning. 
 Ih black and white, in WTiting or print. 
 
 Blilck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. blacked (blakt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BLACKING.] To make black ; to blacken. 
 
 Bl&ck'-art, n. Coiyiu^tion ; magic. 
 
 tSS" This name was given in the middle ages to necromancy, 
 under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger, 
 black, instead of vtKpos, a dead person, and /xavreia, divina- 
 tion. 
 
 Biack'a-mobr,n. [WacA: and wow.] A negro ; a black. 
 Bl&cknball, n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, 
 
 boots, &"c. 2. A ball of black color, used as a negative 
 
 in voting. 
 Bl^kHball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blackballed ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. BLACKBALLING] To reject by putting black- 
 balls into a baUot-box. 
 Biackljer-ry, n. The berry of the bramble ; a popular 
 
 name applied to different species of the genus Rubus, and 
 
 their fruit. 
 Bl&ckTbird, n. (Ornith.) In 
 
 England, a sjiecies of thrush, a 
 
 ringing -bird with a fine note, but 
 
 Tery loud. In America, this 
 
 name u given to different birds, 
 
 as to the Quisculus versicolor, or 
 
 crow bkckbird, and to the Arge- 
 
 laiua plictniceus, or red-winged 
 
 blackbird. 
 Bllick'board, n. A board used 
 
 to write or draw on with chalk. 
 Bl&ck'-book (27), n. 1. One of peveral books of a po- 
 litical cliaracter, pubhshed at different tunes and for 
 
 different purposes ; — so called either from the color of 
 
 the binding, or from the character of the contents. 2. 
 
 A bfxjk kept at a university for the purpose of re^tering 
 
 crimes and niLsdemeanore. 3. Any book which treats 
 
 of necromancy. 
 BlAck'-^at'tie, n. Cattle of the bovine genus reared 
 
 for ulauphter, whatever their color may be. [Eng.] 
 BUU;k'«5ck,n. (Ornitk.) A large bird, called also 6Zac/fc- 
 
 grouse and blar.k-game. 
 Blftck'-«fir'rant, n. (Bol.) A garden fniit, used for 
 
 jellies, jams, &c., of a black color. 
 IJiack'en, V. t. [imp. & p. p. blackened; ppr. & 
 
 «*-. n. BLACKENING.] [See BLACK, ■»;. «.] 1. To make 
 
 or render bhick. 2. To make dark; to darken. 3. To 
 
 sully, an reputation ; to make in&mous. 
 
 Blackbird. 
 
 B12ick'c>ii, V. i. To grow black or dark. 
 
 Bliick'fisb, n. 1. A fish caught on the rocky shores of 
 New England ; the tautog. 2. A small kind of whale. 
 
 Biack'-fliix, n. A mixture of carbonate of potash and 
 charcoal. [der. 
 
 BlUck'-fri'ar, n. {Eccl.) A fiiar of the Dominican or- 
 
 BlJick'- grass, n. A kind of coarse grass. 
 
 Bldck'guard (blag'gai-d), n. [Orig. the guard of the 
 devil ; thence, a fit attendant on the devil, and then a 
 dirty fellow of the meanest kind.] 1. The scullions and 
 lower menials of a court. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a person 
 of low character, accustomed to use scurrilous language. 
 
 Bl^ck'guard (blag'gard), v. t. [imp. & p. p. black- 
 guarded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLACKGUARDING.] To re- 
 vile in scurrilous language. [guard. 
 
 Bl&ck'guard-i§iii, n. Conduct or language of a black- 
 
 Biack'ing, n. A preparation used for blacking shoes, 
 boots, &c., variously made. [dark. 
 
 Biack'ish, a. Somewhat black; moderately black or 
 
 Biack'-jack, n. 1. A mineral ore, called also false 
 galena. It is the sulphuret of zinc, or zinc-blende. 2. 
 A species of oak, called also barren oak. 
 
 Biack-lead', n. [From its color, and from making 
 a mark on paper like lead.] A mineral composed of car- 
 bon ; plumbago ; graphite. 
 
 Biack'leg, n. A notorious gambler and cheat. 
 
 B15,ck'-Iet'ter, n. The old English or modem Gothic 
 letter, in which early manuscripts were written, and the 
 first books were printed. 
 
 Biack'-Iet'ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black-let- 
 ter. 2. Studious of books in black-letter ; that is, of 
 old books. 
 
 Black'ly, adv. Darkly ; gloomily ; atrociously. 
 
 Black'- mail, n. 1. A certain rate of money, cattle, ©r 
 other thing, anciently paid to certain lawless men, for 
 protection from pillage. 2. Extortion of money from a 
 person by threats. [Amer.] 
 
 Biack'-mar'tixi, n. A bird belonging to a sub-family 
 of the swallows. 
 
 Biack'ness, n. The quality of being black, in a literal 
 or a figurative sense. [suet, &c. 
 
 Bia,ck'-pud'diiig, n. A kind of sausage made of blood, 
 
 Black'-rod, n. The usher belonging to the order of the 
 Garter ; so called from the black rod he carries. [Etig.] 
 
 Black'riist, n. A disease of wheat. 
 
 Biack'smitli, n. A smith who works in iron, and makes 
 iron utensils ; an iron-smith. 
 
 Black'- snake, n. A serpent of a black color; two 
 species are found in America. [molasses. 
 
 Black'- strap, n. A mixture of spurituous liquor and 
 
 Biack'tail, n. A kind of perch. 
 
 Biack'tli6rti, n. (Bot.\ A spiny plant bearing a small 
 black fruit. It is much used for hedges. 
 
 Black'- v6in.''it, n. A vomiting of dark-colored matter ; 
 or the substance so discharged ; one of the most fatal 
 symptoms in yellow fever. 
 
 Black Wal'nut. A well-known American tree, the 
 wood of wliich is of a dfirk color. 
 
 Biad'der, n. [A.-S. blxdre, bldddre. The root is A.-S. 
 blawan, to blow, flare.] [Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, 
 which serves as the receptacle of some secreted fluid. 
 
 Blade, n. [A.-S. blsid, that which springs forth, as a 
 shoot, branch, leaf, firuit.] 1. Properly, the leaf, or flat 
 part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous 
 plants. 2. The cutting part of an instnunent. 3. The 
 broad part of an oar. 4. (Anat.) The scapula, or scap- 
 ular bone. 5. A bright, sharp-witted, dashing fellow; 
 a rake. [shoulder. 
 
 Blade'-bone, n. The scapula, or upx)er bone in the 
 
 Blad'ed, p. p. 1. Having a blade or blades. 2. (Min.) 
 Composed of long, narrow plates. 
 
 Blain, n. [A.-S. blegen, from blawan, to blow, flare.] An 
 inflammatory swelling or sore ; a pustule ; a blister. 
 
 Blam'a-ble, a. Deserving of censure ; faulty ; culpable- 
 reprehensible ; blameworthy. 
 
 Blam'a-ble-ness, n. State of being blamable. 
 
 Blann'a-bly, adv. In a manner deserving of censure. 
 
 Blame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blamed ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 BLAMING.] [Fr. hlamer, from Gr. Pkacr<\)r)ixelv, to speak 
 ill. See Blaspheme.] To censure; to express disap- 
 probation of; to find fault with. 
 
 Blame, n. 1. Expression of disapprobation. 2. That 
 which is deserving of censure or disapprobation. 
 
 Syn.— Censure -, reprehension ; condemnation; reproach; 
 fault; sin; crime; wrong-doing. 
 
 Blame'f ul, a. Meriting blame ; reprehensible. 
 Blame'less, a. Without fault ; not meriting censure. 
 
 u.,^,kc.,long,- h,i,kc.,short; c4re,far,ask,all, wbat; fire, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, woli. 
 
BLAMELESSLY 
 
 71 
 
 BLEAR-EYEDNESS. 
 
 Syn. — Spotless; faultless ; Btainlesa ; irreproachable; inno- 
 cent; guiltlesg. 
 
 61ame'less-ly, adv. Innocently; without fault. 
 
 Blame'less-ness, n. Freedom from fault or blame. 
 
 Blam'er, n. One who blames, or censures. [censure. 
 
 Blame'wor''tiii-ness, (-war-), n. Quality of deserving 
 
 Blame'^wor-tiiy (-war-), a. Deserving blame ; censur- 
 able ; culpable ; reprehensible. 
 
 Blanch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. blanched (blancht); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BLANCHING.] [Fr. blanchir, from blanc, 
 white. Cf. Blank.] 1. To take out the color, and 
 make white ; to whiten. 2. To make white by stripping 
 ofif the peel. li. {Fig.) To give a favorable appearance. 
 
 Blancli, V. i. To grow or become white. 
 
 Blaiicli'er, n. 1. One who blanches or whitens. 2. 
 One who anneals and cleanses money. 
 
 Jilanc-mange ) (blo-monj/), «. [Fr., Ut. white food, 
 
 Slanc-vnanger ) from blanc, white, and manger, to 
 eat.] A preparation of dissolved isinglass, or sea-moss, 
 milk, sugar, cinnamon, &c., boiled till thick. 
 
 Bl&nd, a. [Lat. blandus.] Producing a pleasing impres- 
 sion by soft or soothing qualities. 
 Syn. — Mild; soft; gentle; courteous. 
 
 BIan-d.Il'o-queii9e, n. [Lat. blandiloquentia ; blandus, 
 mild, and loqui, to speak.] Fair, mild, flattering speech. 
 
 Bland'isli, v- t. [imp. & p. p. blandished ; p. pr. & 
 vb.n. BLANDiSHlNa.] [0. Eng. blandise,La.t. blandiri, 
 from blandus, mild, flattering.] To flatter by kind words 
 or affectionate actions ; to soften ; to caress, [ressingly. 
 
 Bland'isli, V. i. To act or speak affectionately, or ca- 
 
 Bia.nd'isli-er, n. One who flatters with soft words. 
 
 Bland'isli -ment, n. Words or actions expressive of 
 affection or kindness ; artful caresses. 
 
 Bia,nd'ness, n. State or quality of being bland. 
 
 Bl^nk, a. [Ger. blank, shining, brig'at, white, Icel. 
 blankr, allied to Ger. blinken, to shine, glitter.] 1, Of a 
 white or pale color. 3. Hence, pale from fear or terror ; 
 dispirited ; dejected. 3. Lacking something ; void ; 
 empty. 4. Without mixture with any thing else ; pure. 
 Blank cartridge, a cartridge filled with powder, but without 
 ball. — Blank indorsement (Law), one which omits the name 
 of the person in whose favor it is made. — Blank verse, verse or 
 poetry without rhyme; particularly the heroic verse of five feet 
 without rhyme. 
 
 Bl^nk, n. 1. Any void space; a void space in any 
 written or printed instrument. 3. A ticket in a lottery 
 on which no prize is indicated. 3. A paper unwritten ; 
 a blank ballot. 4. A paper containing the substance of 
 a legal instrument, with vacant spaces left to be filled 
 , with names, date, &c. 5. The point of a target at which 
 aim is taken, marked with a white spot. 6. (Mech.) A 
 piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a 
 further operation, as a coin, a woodscrew, nut?, &c. 
 
 Blank'et, n. [Fr. blancket, from blanc, white. See 
 Blank.] 1. A coarse, loosely woven cover, to protect 
 from cold. 3. {Print.) Woolen cloth, or white baize, to 
 lay between the tympans. 3. A kind of pear. 
 
 Blank'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blanketed ; p.pr. & 
 i;6. n. BLANKETING.] 1. To cover with a blanket. 3. 
 To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. 
 
 Biank'et-ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. The pun- 
 ishment of tossing in a blanket. 
 
 B13,iik:'ly, adv. In a blank manner ; with paleness. 
 
 Biank'ness, n. State of being blank ; confusion. 
 
 BlS,re, ^'. i. [Ger. blarren, bldrren, D. blaren, to bleat, to 
 cry, weep.] To sound loudly ; to roar. 
 
 Blare, n. Noise ; loud sound. 
 
 Blar'ney, n. [Cf. Ir. bladar, hladaireacht , flattery.] 
 Smooth, deceitful talk ; flattery. [Irish.] 
 
 Blar'ney, v. t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. 
 
 Blas-pheme' v. t. [imp. & p. p. blasphemed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BLASPHEMING.] [6r. l3\a<T(Pr}iJielp. The first 
 syllable, /?Aacr, stands for OxdipL, from /JAai//is, damage, 
 injury, from /JAaTrreti/, to damage ; the last syllable is 
 the Gr. 0r)M.t, I say, I speak.] 1. To speak reproachfully 
 or unpiously of, as of God, Christ, or the Holy Spirit. 
 3. To utter abuse or calumny against. 
 
 Blas-plieme', v. i. To utter blasphemy. 
 
 Blas-pliem'er, n. One who blasphemes. 
 
 Blas'plie-mous, a. Containing blasphemy ; impiously 
 irreverent or reproachful toward God. 
 
 Bia,s'plie-mou.s-ly, adv. In a blasphemous manner. 
 
 Bias'phe-my, n. [Gr. 0\aa-'brifji{.a.] An indignity of- 
 fered to God by reproachful, contemptuous, or irreverent 
 wprds or writing. 
 
 Blast, n. [A.-S. bliest, a puff, from blaesan, to blow.] 1. 
 
 A destructive or pernicious wind. 2. A forcible stream 
 of air from an orifice ; hence, the blowing necessary ta 
 melt the supply of ore in a furnace. 3. Kxhaust steam 
 from an engine, used to create an intense draught through 
 the fire ; also, any draught produced by the blast. 4. 
 The sound made by blowing a wind instrument. 5. The 
 rending of rocks, &c., by the explosion of gunpowder, or 
 the charge used for this purpose. 6. A sudden, perni- 
 cious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals 
 and plants ; a blight. 7. A flatulent disease of sheep. 
 
 Blast, V. t. [imp. & p. p. blasted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BLASTING.] 1. To injure, as by a noxious wind ; to 
 wither ; to bUght. 3. Hence, to affect with some sudden 
 violence, or destructive influence. 3. To confound, or 
 strike \vith force, by a loud blast or din. 4. To spUt, as 
 by an explosion of gunpowder. 
 
 Blast'ed, a. Confounded ; accursed ; detestable ; — a vul- 
 gar term of imprecation. 
 
 Blast'er, n. One who blasts or destroys. 
 
 Blast'- fur^na^e, n. (Mech.) A furnace for smelting, in 
 which the supply of air is f.-jriished by a powerful bel- 
 lows, or other pneumatic apparatus. 
 
 Blast'- pipe, n. The exhaust pipe of a steam-engine. 
 
 Bla'tant, a. [Prov. Eng. Mate, to bellow.] Bellowing, 
 as a calf ; noisy ; bawling ; brawUng. 
 
 Blat'ter, v. i. [Ger. blattern, Lat. blaterare, to babble.] 
 To patter ; hence, to make a senseless noise, to raU. 
 
 Blaze, n. [A.-S. blsese, from blsesan, to blow, flare.] 1. 
 The stream of Mght and heat from any body when burn- 
 ing ; flame. 3. Light, as from flame. 3. A white spot 
 on the forehead or face of a horse. 4. A spot made on 
 trees by chipping off a piece of the bark. [Am.er.] 5. 
 Wide and sudden diffusion and display. 
 
 Syn. — Flame. — A blaze and a flame are both produced by 
 burning gas, but the former gives light and thelatter heat,— the 
 one shines and the other burns. 
 
 Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blazed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BLAZING.] 1. To shine with flame. 3. To send forth 
 ajbright and expanded Ught. 3. To be conspicuous. 
 
 Blaze, V. t. 1. To make pubUc far and wide. 3. To 
 mark, as a tree, by chipping off a piece of the bark. 3. 
 To designate by blazing. 
 
 Blaz'er, n. One who publishes and spreads reports. 
 
 Blaz'ing-star, n. A comet. 
 
 Bla'zon (bla/zn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLAZONED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BLAZONING. [See ?7?/ra. 1. To display; to 
 exhibit conspicuously. 3. To deck; to embellish; to 
 adorn. 3. To explain in proper t.erms, as the figures on 
 armorial ensigns. 
 
 Bla'zon, n. [Fr. & Sp. blason, from. A.-S. blsese, Eng. 
 blaze, toveh, i. e., splendor. See Blaze.] 1. Art of 
 drawing, describing, or explaining coats of arms. 3. The 
 representation on coats of arms. 3. Ostentatious dis- 
 play ; publication ; show. 
 
 Bla'zon-er, n. One who blazons. 
 
 Bla'zon-ry, n. 1. Art of describing or explaining coats 
 of arms in proper terms. 3. Exhibition of coats of arms. 
 
 Blea'ber-ry, n. [Corrupted from blueberry, hke bilberry, 
 q. v.] {Bot.) A plant and its fruit, having small leaves 
 hke those of box, and httle purple berries. 
 
 Bleach, y.^ [emp. & p. j?. bleached (108); p.pr. So vb. 
 n. bleaching.] [A.-S. blsecan, blsecean, from blican, 
 to shine, gUtter. See Bleak.] To make white, orwhiter, 
 by removing the original color ; to blanch ; to whiten. 
 
 Bleacli, V. i. To grow white in any manner. 
 
 Bleacli'er, n. One who bleaches. 
 
 Bleacli'er-y, n. A place or establishment for bleaching. 
 
 Bleacli'ing, n. Act or art of whitening, especiaUy of 
 whitening fabrics by chemical agents, &c. 
 
 Bleak, a. [A.-S. blac, blaec, pale, wan, from blican, to 
 shine. See Bleach.] 1. Without color; pale. [Obs.] 
 3. Desolate and exposed. 3. Cold ; cheerless. 
 
 Bleak, n. [See Blay.] (Ichth.) A small river fish, so 
 named from its whiteness. 
 
 Bleak'ly, adv. Openly as to cold and wind ; desolately. 
 
 Bleak'ness, n. Quality of being bleak. 
 
 Blear, a. [See infra.] 1. Dim or sore with rheum; — 
 apphed to the eyes. 3. Causing dimness of sight. 
 
 Blear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bleared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 blearing.] [Cf. Sw. 6//m, ;9ZiVa, to twinkle. It may, 
 however, be the same as blare, so that the orig. sense 
 would be, having the eyes dimmed with blaring, or cry- 
 ing.] 1. To affect vrith soreness of eyes, or a watery hu- 
 mor. Hence, 3. To make dim, as the sight. 
 
 Blear'-eye, )n. (Med.) A chronic tnflammatiou 
 
 Blear'-eyed-ness, j of the margins of the eyelids, with 
 a gummy secretion of the sebaceous himior. 
 
 food, f<Jbt ; iirn, rude^ pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; 4em, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, UqIc ; tWs. 
 
BLEAR-EYED 
 
 BLOCKADER 
 
 1 . ; r r-ey«*cl (-iiH, a. Ilnying «in> eyes ; dim sighted. 
 
 I :.*i. [A.S.Nntaii.] To crj" as a sheep. I 
 
 i 1 n. The cry or noise of a sheep. I 
 
 r.iort, I"!;'. & p- p. of bUtii. See Bleed. I 
 
 Uleed. r. i. [imp. & p. p. BLED : p. pr. & vb. n. BLEED- ] 
 iMi.j [K.-^. blidan. See BLOOD.) 1. To lose blood, ■ 
 by whatever means, i. To die a violent death, or by ' 
 slaughter. 3. To drop, as blood, from an incision; to lose 
 sap, pum, or juice. 4, To pay or lose money. [CoUoq.] 
 Thf fitart bUf<ls, a phrase denoting great sympathy or pity. 
 Bleed, r. t. 1, To take blood from by opening a vein. ; 
 ;J. To lose, as blood ; to let drop, as juice, sap, or gum. 
 li. To draw money from one. [CoUoq.] [rhage. ; 
 
 Bleed'ing, n. A running or u^uing of blood ; a hemor- 
 Bl£iu'ish, r. t. [imp. & p. p. BLEMISHED (108) ; p.pr. 
 & 1-6. ji. BLE>USH1NG.] [0. Fr. blemir, blesmir ; bleme, 
 bUsmf, pale, wan, fit)m Icel. blhmi, a bluish color, frovo. 
 bia, Hue, so that 0. Fr. blemir properly signifies to beat 
 one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty.] 1. 
 To mark with deformity ; to mar, or make defective, either 
 the body or mind. '2» To tarnish, as reputation or char- 
 acter : to defiame. [or moral, i 
 Bl£in.'ifi]i, n. Any mark of deformity, whether physical , 
 Svn. — Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; gtain: defect; fault; ; 
 taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; turpitude; disgrace. 
 
 Blgncli, f. I. [i})ip. & p. p. BLENCHED (108) : p. pr. & 
 f6. «. BLENCHING.] [See BLANCH.] To .shrink ; to start 
 back , from lack of courage or resolution : to flinch. 
 Bl^ncb, v.t. To baffle Tto disconcert : to break. 
 Blend, r. /. [ittip. &, p. p. blended: p.pr. & 1-6. n. 
 BLENDING.] [A.-S. Wa/irfan and blendmi, to blend, blin- 
 dan, bltndjan,to blind, Goth, blandan, to mix, Ger. blen- 
 de n, to blind.] To mix together : hence, to confound, so ' 
 that the separate things mixed can not be distinguished, j 
 Bl^nd, V. I. To be mixed; to be united. 
 Blende, n. [Ger. , because it dazzles, from blenden, to j 
 blind, dazzle. See sitpra.'\ [Min.) An ore of zinc, consist- { 
 ing of zinc and sulphur. I 
 
 BlSnd'er, n. One who blends. j 
 
 Bien'ny, n. [Gr. JAei'io?, (Se\evvoi, from /?Xewa, slime.] 
 (Ichth.) A fish of different species, usually of small size, 
 — so called from the shining mucus covering their skin, j 
 'Bl&Txt, p. p. of blend. See Blend. ! 
 
 Ble»», V. t. [imp. & p. p. blessed or blest : p.pr. k,^ 
 vb. n. BLESSING.] [A.-S. bletsjan,blessjan: blidhs^hli&s, 
 joy, from WirfAf, blithe.] 1. To make happy, blithesome, 
 or joyous. 2. To invoke a blessing upon. 3. {Bib.} 
 To praise, or glorify, for benefits. 
 B16s.s'ed(6l)),a. 1. Enjoying happiness or bliss ; favored 
 with blessings : happy. 2. Imparting happiness or bUss. 
 3. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness. 4. 
 Hallowed by associations ; heavenly. 
 Biess'ed-ness,?!. State of being blessed ; heavenly joys. ' 
 Single blessedness, the unmarried state. 
 
 Syn. — Happiness ; beatitude; felicity; bliEs; joy. i 
 
 BlCss'er, n. One who blesses. i 
 
 Biecg'ingr, n. 1. A means of happiness : that which | 
 promotes prosperity and welfare. 2. A wish of happiness 
 pronounced ; a benediction. 
 Blest, a. 1. »Iade happy. 2. Making happv : cheering. 
 Biet, n. [Fr. blette.] A decayed spot on frnit. 
 Ble'ton-igm, n. The supposed faculty of perceiving and 
 indicating subterraneous springs and currents by sensa- I 
 tion ; — so called fix)m one Bleton . 
 Biet'ting, n. The spotted appearance of over-ripe fruit 
 
 from incipient decomposition. 
 
 Blew (bin), imp. of fc/oto. See Blow. 
 
 BUght (but), n. [See infra.] 1. MUdew ; decav : — appUed 
 
 *B a general name to various injuries or dbeases of plants, 
 
 causing the whole or a part to wither. 2. (Fig.) That 
 
 which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes. 3. 
 
 A species of plant-louse, destructive to fruit-trees. 
 
 Blight, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLIGHTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BLIGHTING.] [Prob. contr. from a hvpoth. A.-S. be- 
 
 lihtan, to alight, fell upon, blast, fr. A.-S". liktan, alihtan 
 
 to alight, descend. Cf. Eng. to light upon, to fell on' 
 
 rtrike.] To affect with blight : to blast ; to frustrate. ' 
 
 Blind, a. [A.-S. blind, Goth, blinds; allied to bl^^nd, to 
 
 mix, because ob.^urity arises from mixture. See Blex'd.] 
 
 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing. 2. Not ha^^ng the 
 
 fecalty of discernment : unable to understand or judge. 
 
 3. Morally depraved. 4. Having such a condition as a 
 
 thing would have to a blind person : indiscernible ; out 
 
 of public view : private, hidden: un.seen. 5. Undiscem- 
 
 ing: undiscrimin&tiDg : inconsiderate. 
 
 Blind, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLINDED \ p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BLINDING.] 1. To deprive of sight or discernment. 2. 
 To obscure to the eye or understanding ; to deceive. 
 
 Blind, 71. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out 
 light; a screen. 2. Something to mislead the eye or 
 the tinderstanding. 
 
 Blind'er,n. 1. One who blinds. 2. One of the broad 
 pieces of leather on a bridle near the eyes of a horte, to 
 hinder him from seeing on the side. 
 
 Bllnd'f old, a. Having the eyes covered ; blinded ; hav- 
 ing the mental eye darkened. 
 
 Bllnd'f old, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLINDFOLDED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BLINDFOLDING.] To cover the eyes of: to 
 hinder from seeing. 
 
 Blind'ly, adv. 1. Without sight or understanding. 2. 
 Witliout discernment or examination. 
 
 Blind'-m<in"§-lju.fiP, n. A play in which one person is 
 blindfolded, and hunts out the rest of the company. 
 
 BUnd'ness, n. State or quaUty of being blind. 
 
 Blind'- side, n. Side on which one is most easily assailed. 
 
 Blind'- worm (wiirm), n. A small reptile without feet, 
 like a snake; — called also sloic-worrn. Its eyes being 
 very minute, it has often been supposed to be blind. 
 
 Blint, r.t. [Ger. blink£n,blicken, to ^\&xiqq-, A.S.blican, 
 to shine.] 1. To wink ; to see with the eyes half shut, 
 or with frequent winking. 2, To glimmer, as a lamp. 
 
 Blink, V. t. [imp. & p. p. blinked (blinkt); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BLINKING.] To shut out of sight : to avoid, or 
 purposely evade. 
 
 Blink, n. 1, A glimpse or glance. 2. (Naut.) The 
 dazzling whiteness about the horizon occasioned by the 
 reflection of light from fields of ice at sea. 
 
 Blinlc'ard, n. [From blink and termination ard.] 1. 
 One who blinks. 2. That which twinkles, as a dim star. 
 
 Blinl£'er,H. 1. One who blinks. 2. A blind for horses ; 
 hence, whatever checks or obstructs sight or discernment. 
 
 Bliss, n. [See BLESS.] The highest degree of happiness. 
 Syn. — Blessedness: felicity: beatitude: happiness; joy. 
 
 Bliss'f ul, a. Full of joy and felicity ; supremely happy. 
 
 Bliss'fnl-ly, adv. In a blissful manner. 
 
 Bliss'f ul'ness, 7!. Exalted happiness : bliss. 
 
 Blis'ter, n. [A corruption and modification of plaister, 
 plaster, q. v.] 1. A thin, watery bladder on the skin. 
 2. Any tumor made by the separation of the film or 
 skin, as on plants : or by the swelling of the substance 
 at the surface, as on steel. 3. A vesicatory ; a plaster 
 applied to raise a blister. 
 
 Blis'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blistered :p.pr. & vb. n. 
 BLISTERING.] 1. To raise blisters upon. 2. To giv« 
 pain to, as if by a blister. 
 
 Blis'ter, v. i. To rise in blisters. 
 
 Blitiie, a. [A.-S. blidhe, Goth, bleitks.] Gay; merry, 
 joyous ; sprightly ; mirthful. 
 
 Blitiie'ly, adv. In a blithe, or gay, joyful maimer. 
 
 Blitiie'ness, n. Quality of being "blithe. 
 
 Blitlie'some , a. Gay ; merry ; cheerfiil ; blithe. 
 
 Blitlie'some-ness, n. Quality of being blithesome. 
 
 Bloat, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bloated : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BLOATING.] [Perh. from p. p. of blow, to swell : Uoued, 
 bloivt, bloat.] 1. To cause to swell or become tur^d, 
 as with water, air, &c. 2. To puff up ; to make vain. 
 
 Bloat, V. i. To grow turgid, as by effusion of liquid in 
 the cellular membrane ; to puff out ; to swell. 
 
 Blobnber-lip, n. A thick lip. 
 
 Bldck, n. [Ger. block, Icel. bWkkr, Fr. bloc] 1. A soUd 
 mass of wood, stone, &c. 2. The mass of wood on 
 which criminals are beheaded. 3. The wooden mold on 
 which hats, bonnets, &c., are shaped. 4. A connected 
 mass or row of buildings. [Amer.] 5. A square, or 
 portion of a city inclosed by streets. [Amer.] 
 6. A system of one or more pulleys or 
 sheaves, arranged in a frame. 7. Any 
 obstruction, or cause of obstruction. 
 
 Block, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOCKED 
 (bl6kt): p.pr. & vb. n. blocking.] 1. 
 To hinder egress or passage from or into : h ^|gj 
 to stop ; to obstruct. 2. To secure or ~ 
 support by means of blocks. 
 
 To block out, to begin to reduce to shape. 
 
 Block-ade', n. [It. bloccata. See BLOCK.] 
 The shutting up of a place by troops or **'°*=^ ^''-'• 
 ships, with a view to compel a surrender from hunger 
 and want, without regular attacks. 
 
 Block-ade', v. t. [iiTtp. & p. p. BLOCKADED; p. pr. 
 & vb n. BLOCKADING.] To shut up, as a town or for- 
 tress, by troops or ships, so as to compel a surrender from 
 hunger and want ; to confine. 
 
 Block-ad'er, n. One who blockades. 
 
 », e, &c., long; a, e, &c., short ; c4re, far, ask, aU, wliat ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, W9I4 
 
BLOCKHEAD 
 
 73 
 
 BLOWER 
 
 Block-house. 
 
 Bidclc'hgad, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt 
 
 Block'- liouse, n. ( Mil. ) A kind 
 of edifice of heavy timber or logs 
 for military defense, having its 
 sides loop-holed for musketry. 
 
 Block'isli, a. Like a block; de- 
 ficient in understanding ; stupid ; 
 dull. [manner. 
 
 B16clc'isli-ly, adv. In a stupid 
 
 Bldck'ish-ness, n. Stupidity. 
 
 Block'-tin, n. Tin in blocks or 
 ingots. 
 
 Blom'a-ry (biobm'-), n. [See Bloom, a mass of iron.] 
 {Alatiuf.) The first forge through which iron passes after 
 it is melted from the ore. 
 
 Blonde, n. [Fr. blond, blonde. Cf. A.-S. blonden-feax, 
 fair-haired, prop, blended-haired. See Blend.] A per- 
 son with fair complexion, light hair, and light blue eyes. 
 
 Bldnde, _ )n. [Fr. blonde, from its color. See supra.] 
 
 Blond'-la^e, ) A fine kind of lace made of silk. 
 
 Bldnde, a. Of a fair color or complexion ; fair. 
 
 Blood (blud), n, [A.-S. bldd, Goth. Moth, Icel. blddh. 
 Cf. Lat. flutare, for fluitare, to flow.] 1. The fluid 
 which circulates through the arteries and veins of men 
 and animals. 2. Hence, relation by natural descent ; 
 kindred; consanguinity. 3. Descent ; lineage ; especial- 
 ly, honorable birth. 4. The shedding'of blood ; murder ; 
 destruction. 5. Temper of mind ; disposition; state of 
 the passions. 6. Excited feeling ; passion. 
 
 G@=» Often, in this sense, accompanied with cold or warm, or 
 other qualifying word. Cold blood denotes deliberation, or 
 an absence of sudden passion. Warm blood denotes a temper 
 inflamed or irritated. 
 
 7, A man of fire or spirit ; a rake. 8. The juice of any 
 thing, especially if red. 
 
 Blood (blQd), V. t. {imp. &, p. p. blooded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BLOODING.] 1. To let blood from; to bleed. 
 3. To stain with blood. 3. To inure to blood, as a 
 hound. [blood. 
 
 Blood'- guilt'i-ness, n. The guilt or crime of shedding 
 
 Blood'- guilt/y (bltid^gilt/y), a. Guilty of murder. 
 
 Blood'-heat, n. Heat equal to the temperature of blood, 
 or about 98° Fahr. 
 
 Blood'-liorse, n. A horse whose blood is derived from 
 the purest stock. [perature. 
 
 Blood'-hot, a. As warm as blood in its natural tem- 
 
 Bldod'-liound, n. A fero- 
 cious, bloodthirsty variety of 
 dog, remarkable for the acute- 
 ness of its smell , and employed 
 to pursue men or animals by 
 tracing them by the scent of 
 their tracks. [manner. 
 
 B16od'i-ly , adv. In a bloody 
 
 Blood'i-ness, n. 1. State of _ 
 being bloody. 2. Disposition'^ 
 to shed blood ; blood- thirsti ' _ 
 ness. Blood-hound. 
 
 Bloodless, a. 1. Without blood; dead. 2. Without 
 shedding of blood. 3. Without spirit or activity. 
 
 B16od'less-ly, adv. Without bloodshed. 
 
 B16od'-let''ter, n. One who lets blood, as in diseases ; 
 a phlebotomist. 
 
 Blood'-let'ting, n. (Med.) Act of letting blood by 
 opening a vein ; venesection ; phlebotomy. [descent. 
 
 Blood'-re-la'tion, n. One connected by blood or 
 
 Blood'root, n. A plant so named from the color of 
 its root. 
 
 B16od'sli6d, n. The shedding or spilling of blood; 
 slaughter ; waste of life. [derer. 
 
 Blood'shed^der, n. One who sheds blood ; a mur- 
 
 Blood'slied'ding, n. The crime of shedding blood. 
 
 Blood'-sliot, \a. Red and inflamed by a turgid state 
 
 Blood'- sliot'ten, ) of the blood-vessels, as in diseases 
 of the eye. 
 
 Bl ood'- spav'in ,n. ( Far. ) A dilatation of the vein that 
 runs along the inside of the hock of a horse, forming a 
 soft swelling. 
 
 Bldoil'- stone, n. (Min.) (a.) A green silicious stone 
 sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood ; hence the 
 name. (6.) Hematite; a brown ore of iron. 
 
 Bldod'-suclc'er, n. Any animal that sucks blood ; 
 specifically applied to the leech. 
 
 Blood'- thirst'i-ness, n. Thirst for shedding blood ; 
 a murderous disposition. 
 
 Blood'-thirst'y, a. Desirous to shed blood ; miu-derous. 
 
 B16od'-v6s'sel, n. Any vessel in which blood circulates 
 in an animal body ; an artery or a vein. 
 
 BI6od'-warm, a. Warm as blood ; lukewarm. 
 Bldod'y (bilid/-), a. 1. Stained with or containing blood. 
 
 2. Given to the shedding of blood ; murderous. 3. At- 
 tended with bloodshed. 
 
 Bldod'y, V. t. To stain with blood ; to make bloody. 
 
 Blood'y-fltix, n. The dysentery. [position. 
 
 Blood'y-mind'ed, a. Having a cruel, ferocious dis- 
 
 Blobm, n. [Goth. bl5ma. The root is A.-S. blovan, to 
 blow, blossom. Cf. BLOSSOM.] 1, A blossom ; the 
 flower of a plant. 2. The opening of flowers in general. 
 
 3. An opening to higher perfection, analogous to that 
 of buds into blossoms. 4. The delicate, powdery coat^ 
 ing upon certain newly -gathered fruits. 5. [X.-'&.'bloma, 
 a mass or lump, isenes bloma, a lump or wedge of iron.] 
 A mass of crude iron undergoing the first hammering. 
 
 Bloom, V. i. {imp. & p. p. bloomed ; p. pr. & vb. ti. 
 BLOOJilNtt.] 1. To produce blossoms; to flower. 2. 
 To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor ; 
 to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers. 
 
 Bloom'er, n. [So called from the introducer, Mrs. 
 Bloomer.] 1. A costume for ladies, consisting of a very 
 short dress, with long, loose drawers gathered round the 
 ankle, and a broad-bi-immed hat. 2. A woman who 
 wears such a costume. [beauty, and vigor- 
 
 Bldbm'ing, a. 1. Flowering. 2. Thriving in health, 
 
 Blobnx'ing, n. 1. (Manuf.) The process of making 
 blooms, as of iron. 2. A clouded appearance which var- 
 nish sometimes assumes upon the surface of a picture. 
 
 Blobm'y, a. Full of bloom ; flowery ; flourishing with 
 the vigor of youth. 
 
 Blos'som, n. [A.-S. bldsma and blostma. Cf. BLOOM.] 
 The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of repro- 
 duction, with their appendages. 
 
 Blos'som, V. i. limp. & p. p. blossomed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. blossoming.] 1. To put forth blossoms; to 
 bloom ; to blow ; to flower. 2. To flourish and prosper. 
 
 Blot, V. t. {imp. & p. p. blotted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BLOTTING.] [Icel. bletta.] 1. To spot, stain, or be- 
 spatter. 2. To stain with infamy ; to disgrace ; to dis- 
 figure. 3. To obliterate so as to render invisible ; to 
 obscure. 4. To cause to be unseen or forgotten. 
 
 SjTi.— To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface ; destroy ; can- 
 cel; tarnish; disgrace. 
 
 Blot, n. 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper ; blur. 
 2. An obliteration of something written or printed. 3. 
 A spot in reputation ; disgrace; reproach; blemish. 
 
 Blotcli, n. [Cf. Blot and Bloat.] A pustule or 
 eruption upon the skin. 
 
 Blot'ter, n. 1. One who, or that which, blots. 2. ( Com. ) 
 A waste-book, in which are registered all accounts or 
 transactions in the order in which they take place. 
 
 Blot'ting-pa'per, n. A kind of unsized paper, serving 
 to imbibe wet ink. 
 
 Blouge 1 (blouz), n. [Fr. blonse ; — of Oriental origin: 
 
 BloAvge j Pers. baljad, a garment, or simple cloth.] 
 A light, loose over-garment. / 
 
 Blow, n. [0. H. Ger. pluohi.] 1. A blossom ; a flower. 
 
 2. A mass, or bed of flowers. 
 
 Blow, n. [Goth, bliggvan.] 1. Act of striking; more 
 generally, the stroke. 2. A sudden or severe calamity. 
 
 3. An egg deposited by a fly in flesh, or the act of de- 
 positing it. 4. (Naut.) A violent wind ; a gale. 
 
 A blow or blow-out, a drunken frolic. —At a bloiv, suddenlyj 
 at one effort. — To come to blows, to engage in combat. 
 Blow, V. i. [A.-S. bldvan, to blossom, 0. H. Ger. pluohan.] 
 
 1. To flower ; to blossom ; to bloom. 2. To sustain, 
 produce, or cause to blossom. 
 
 Blovr, V. i. {imp. BLEW ; p. p. BLOWN ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BLOWING.] [A.-S. bldvan.] 1. To produce a current 
 of air with the mouth; hence, to move, as air. 2. To 
 breathe hard or quick ; to pant; to puff. 3. To sound 
 on being blown into. 4. To brag. {Amer. Low.] 
 
 To blow over, to pass away without effect. — To blow up, to 
 be broken and scattered by tlie explosion of gunpowder. 
 
 Blow, V. t. 1. To throw or drive a current of air upon. 
 
 2. To drive by a current of air. 3. To sound, as a wind 
 instrument. 4. To spread by report ; to publish. 5. 
 To deposit, as eggs by flies. 6. To form by inflation; 
 to sweU by injecting afr. 7. To put out of breath. 
 
 To blow hot and cold, to favor a thing at one time and treat it 
 
 coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and oppose.— 
 blow off, to suffer to escape. — To blow up, (a.) To fill with 
 (b.) To puff up. (c.) To kindle, (d.) To burst, or scatter, Dj 
 the explosion of gunpowder, (e.) To abuse or scold violently, 
 
 [Colloq.] — To blow upon, to bring into disfavor or discredit. 
 
 Blow'er, n. 1. One who blows; a smelter. 2. (Mech.) 
 
 A contrivance for driving a current of air into something. 
 
 3, A steam -jet to exhaust partially a chimney and create 
 
 food, fo^ot ; firn, rijde, pnll ; ^eU, ^liaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. 
 
BLOW-PIPE 
 
 BOARD 
 
 A TV. 
 lUuJ. 1.. 
 
 B bUfiUdnuight. 4. A plat«> of metal used to increase 
 the current of Jiir in n, ohimney or throuj;h a fire, by 
 closing the upper ] ' " -^ropljice. 
 
 Blow'- pipe, n. nt by which a current of 
 
 ."lir is driven throu- vf a janip, so as to direct 
 
 iho tlanio and coiuiim.i.- c...- Iteat on some object. 
 
 Blotv^f ^hloux). fi. See BLOISE. 
 
 lllow'v, (1 (From Woir.] Windy. 
 
 •. [From the same root as 6/j«A, q. T.] 
 
 i woman. 
 . . a. Ruddy-faced ; blowzy. [ruddy. 
 .lu . , ,. a. Coarse and ruddy -feced : fet and 
 ■?. tbce Bleb.] The fat of whales and other 
 . _ - ..:iimals, from which oil is obtained. 
 
 Blub'bt-r. i-. I. [imp. & p. p. BLUBBERED; p. pr. & 
 rb. n. BLIBBERING.] To weep noisily, or so as to dis- 
 fijrure the face. f'Dg. 
 
 Biab1>er. v. t. To swell or disfigure the face with weep- 
 
 Biad'^con. n. [Cf. Blow, n.] A short stick, with 
 one end loaded, or thicker and heavier than the other. 
 
 Blue, n. [A.-S. Ueoh, bled, Icel. bUir, D. blaauw, 0. H. 
 Ger. bldo, pldo.] 1. The color of the clear sky ; one of 
 the seven primary colors. 2. {pi.} [Contracted from 
 blue devils.] Low spirits ; melancholy. [Colloq.] 
 
 Blue, a. 1, Of the color called i/M<=. 2. Low in spirits ; 
 melancholy. 3. Severe or over-strict in morals. 
 
 Blue. V. t. [imp. & p.p. BLUED: p.pr. & vb. BLUING.] 
 To make blue ; to dye of a blue color. [flowers. 
 
 Bliie'beil, n. A plant which bears blue beU-shaped 
 
 BlueTber-ry, n. (Bot.) A kind of whortleberry com- 
 mon in America. 
 
 BlueTbird, n. ( Omith.) A small bird, very common in 
 the United States. The upper part of the body is blue. 
 
 Blue'-bobk, n. 1. A parliamentary publication, so 
 called from its blue paper covers, — such being commonly 
 used ; also a book containing a list of fashionable ad- 
 dresses. [En^.] 2. A book containing the names of 
 all the persons in the employment of the government, 
 with the amount of their pay. [Amer.] 
 
 Blue'-bot'tle, n. 1. (Bot.) A plant which grows among 
 com. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped 
 flowers. 2. A fly, with a large blue belly. 
 
 Blue'- breast, n. A small species of European bird. 
 
 Blue'-dev'fls (-dev'lz), n. pi. Lowness of spirits; hy- 
 pochondria. '[Colloq.] 
 
 Blue'-fish, n. 1. (Ickth.)A fish, often called dolphin, 
 found in the Atlantic. 2. A fish allied to the mackerel, 
 but larger, common off the Atlantic States ; — called also 
 horse-mackerel. 
 
 Blue'-llght (-lit), n. A composition, burning with a 
 blue flame, used as a night signal in ships, &c. 
 
 Bluely, adv. With a blue color. 
 
 Blue'ne.ss, n. Quality of being blue. 
 
 Blue'-pe'ter, n. [A corruption of blue repeater, one of 
 the British signal flags.] {Bntish Marine.) A blue flag 
 with a white square in the center, used as a signal. 
 
 Blue'-pill, n. {Med.) A pill of prepared mercury, used 
 as an aperient, &c. 
 
 Blue'-stSck'tng, n. A literary lady ; a female pedant. 
 Oy This term is derived from the name given to a certain 
 literary association in Dr. Johnson's time, consistin? of ladies 
 u well as gentlomen. One of the leading members was a Mr. 
 
 Stillinirfett, who always wore blue stockings. 
 
 meetings were ? '--«- - .i j 
 
 ladies who attenc 
 
 Hence these 
 
 meetings were sportively called hhte-stocking clubs, and the 
 ided them, blm-stockings. 
 
 Blue'-vit'ri-ol, n. ( Ckem.) Sulphate of copper. 
 Bluff, a. [Cf O. Eng. bloughty, sweUed, puffed.] 1. 
 
 Rude or coarse in manner or appearance : blustering. 2. 
 
 Roughly frank ; outspoken. 3. Steep ; bold : like a bluff. 
 Bluff, n. 1, A high bank pre.«*nting a steep or precipi- 
 tous front. 2. A game of cards. 
 Bluff, r. t. To frighten or deter from accomplishing one's 
 
 ends. [Amer. Lov:.] 
 Bluff 'ness, n. Qtiality of being bluff. [land. 
 
 Blfiff'y, a. Having bluffs, or bold, projecting points of 
 Blu'in^, n. 1. Act of rendering blue. 2. Something to 
 
 give a bluish tint, as indigo. 
 Blu'i^h, a. Blue in a email degree. 
 Blfin'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blu'XDERED ; p. pr. & 
 
 t;6. n. BLUNDERING ] [Allied to W^nr/, q. v.] To mis- 
 take grossly ; to err through want of care or deliberation. 
 BlJLa'der, n. A gross mistake. 
 
 8yn.— Error: mistake; bull. —An ttrrnr is a xcanderina from 
 
 the right: a mistfike is the miK-taking of one thing for another, 
 
 throu;.'h ha.'t'-, i.c.; a b/touler is something more eros? a. f^rj* *x> ««^,^«o„+;^« 
 
 Wer.' '.n of things throtjehcarelelsnefg.ignoranct food, for compensation. 
 
 or '' ' rror may be corrected; a mistake may be pensation. 
 
 ^'^' i-i always blamed or laughed at. A f/vU is -Board, v. i. To obtain food or diet statedly for compoi- 
 
 *'*'-■ ontaining a laughable incongruity of ideas. I sation. 
 
 »,e,kt.,Umg; &,6,&c.,3Aorf, c4re,far,aslc,aU,wliat; 6re, veU, term; pitqae,firm; son, 6r,dft, w^lit 
 
 Bliin'der-biiss, n. [Probably corrupted firom D. do»v- 
 derbus, Ger. donnerbilchse , thunder-tube or box, gno, 
 musket.] 1. A short gun, with a large bore, capable of 
 holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution 
 without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. 
 
 Bliin'der-er, n. One who is apt to blunder. [dera. 
 
 Bliui'der-li6ad, n. A stupid fellow ; one who blun- 
 
 BliLut, a. [Cf. Prov. Ger. bludde, a dull knife, Sw. & 
 Icel. blunda, to sleep.] 1. Having a thick edge or point ; 
 dull. 2. DiiU in understanding. 3. Abrupt in address ; 
 unceremonious . 
 
 Blunt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. blunted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BLUNTING.] 1. To dull the edge or point of. 2. To 
 repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of 
 the mind. 
 
 Bluntly, adv. In a blunt manner ; unceremoniously. 
 
 Blunt'ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullnesa, 
 
 2. Abruptness or coarseness of address. 
 
 Blur, n. 1, That which obscures without effacing; a 
 stain ; a blot. 2. A dim, confused appearance or vision. 
 
 3. A blot, stain, or injvuy, as to character, &c. 
 Blur. V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLURRED .p.pr.Sc vb. n. BLUR- 
 RING.] [Probably contracted from Scot, bludder, bluther, 
 to blot, disfigure : Sw. pluttra, plottra, to scrawl, scrib- 
 ble.] 1. To obscure without quite effacing. 2. To 
 cause imi>erfection of vision in ; to dim. 3. To blemish. 
 
 Syn. — To spot; blot; disfigure; disgrace; stain; snUy. 
 
 Blurt. V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLURTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BLURTING.] [Scot, bluiier, to make a rumbling noise, 
 to blurt.] To utter suddenly or unadvisedly ; to dirulge 
 inconsiderately. 
 
 Bliisli, V. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSHED (blusht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BLUSHING.] [A.-S. ablisian, to blush, blysa, torch, 
 Wi/5?^€, little torch.] 1. To have a red or rosy color. 2. 
 To redden in the cheeks or face, as from a sense of shame, 
 confusion, or modesty. 
 
 Blusli, n. 1. A red or rosy tint. 2. A red color suffus- 
 ing the cheeks or the face. 3. Sudden appearance ; 
 glance ; view. 
 
 Bliis'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSTERED ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. BLUSTERING.] [Allied to blast, q. v.] 1. To 
 blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind. 2. To 
 talk with noisy violence ; to swagger. 
 
 Blus'ter, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm. 
 2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk. 
 
 Syn. — Noise; boisterousness: tumtdt; turbulence; confo- 
 sion; boasting; swaggering; bullying. 
 
 Bliis'ter-er, n. A swaggerer ; a bully. 
 
 Bo'a, n. [Lat. boa, bora, a kind of water-serpent, which 
 was supposed to suck cows, from 5a';, 6or/.5,ox, cow ; but 
 probably so called from its size.] 1. (Zo'Ol.) A genus of 
 serpents. It includes the largest species of serpent, the 
 Boa-constrictor. 2. A round far tippet ; — so called 
 from its resemblance to the boa-constrictor. 
 
 Bo'a— eon-stri-e'tor, n. [>". Lat. 
 constrictor, from Lat. constrin- 
 gere, to draw or bind together.] 
 ( Z^ol. ) A large and powerful ser- 
 pent, sometimes thirty or forty 
 feet long, found in the tropical ; 
 parts of America, which crushes 
 its prey to death in its coils. I 
 
 Boar, n. [A.-S. bar.] The male 
 of swine not castrated ; specifi- 
 cally, the wild hog. Boa-constrictor. 
 
 Board, n. [A.-S. bord, Goth, baurd. Cf. A.-S. hrtd, 
 board, plank, table, from the root of brad, broad.] 1. 
 A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length 
 and breadth compared with the thickness. 2. A table 
 to put food upon. 3. Hence, food ; entertainment ; — us- 
 ually as furnished for pay. 4. A council, or any author- 
 ized assembly or meeting. 5. {ISaut.) (a.) The deck of 
 a vessel. (6.) The interior of a vessel, (c.) The side of a 
 ship, {d.) The line over which a ship runs between tack 
 and tack. 6. A table or fi^me for a game. 7. Paper 
 made thick and stiff like a board. 8. {pi-) The stage in 
 a theater. 
 
 Board and board (Xaut.X side by side. — By the board, over 
 the side. Hence (.Fig.), to go fcy the board, to suffer compkte 
 destruction. 
 
 Board, r. t. [imp. & p.p. boarded: p.pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BOARDING.] 1. To lay, spread, or cover with boards. 
 
 '" To go on board of, or enter. 3. To fiimish with 
 
 4. To place at board, for com- 
 
BOARDER 
 
 75 
 
 BOISTEROUS 
 
 Board'er, n. 1. Oae who takes his meals at another's 
 table for pay. '2. {Naut.) One who boards a ship. 
 
 lioard'ing-liouse, n. A house for boarders. 
 
 jBoard'ing-s-eliobl (-skcTol), n. A school in which the 
 scholars receive board and lodging as well as instruction. 
 
 Board'- wa-'geg, n. pi. Wages allowed to servants to 
 keep themselves in victuals. 
 
 Boar'ishi, a. [From boar.] Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. 
 
 Boast, V. i. [imp. & p. p. BOASTED ; p. pr. & vib. n. 
 BOASTING.] [0. Eng. host. Cf. Ger. bausen, bauschen, 
 bausten, to swell.] To vaunt one's self; to exalt, or ex- 
 travagantly praise one's self. 
 
 Syn. — To brag; vaunt; vapor; glory. 
 
 Boast, V. t. 1. To speak of with pride, vanity, or exul- 
 tation. 3, Reflexively ., to magnify or exalt one's self. 
 
 Boast, n. 1. Expression of ostentation, pride, or vanity. 
 'i. The cause or occasion of boasting. 
 
 Boast'er, n. One who boasts ; a braggart ; braggadocio. 
 
 Boast'f ul, a. Given to boasting. 
 
 Boast'f ul-ly, adv. In a boastful manner. 
 
 Boast'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being boastful. 
 
 Boat (20), n. [A.-S. bat, Icel. batr.] 1. A small open 
 vessel, usually moved by oars, or rowing, but often by a 
 sail. 3. Hence, any vessel ; usually with some epithet 
 descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion. 
 
 Boat, V. t. [imp. & p. p. boated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOATING.] To transport in a boat. 
 
 Boat, V. i. To go in a boat. 
 
 Boat'a-l)le, a. Navigable for boats, or small craft. 
 
 Boat'-bill, n. A species of wading bird, a native of the 
 tropical parts of South America. It has a bill four inches 
 long, not unhke a boat with the keel uppermost. 
 
 Boat'-hoblc, n. (Naut.) An iron hook \vith a point on 
 the back, fixed to a long pole, to puU or push a boat. 
 
 B5ats^^^ I ^' "^ ™*^ ^^° manages a boat. 
 
 Boat'swain (colloquially, bo'sn), n. [A.-S. b&tswan ; 
 bat, boat, and swan, swain, servant.] (Naut.) An ofiftcer 
 who has charge of a ship's boats, sails, rigging, colors, 
 &c., and who also performs various other duties. 
 
 Bob, n. [An onomatopoetic word.] 1, Any thing that 
 plays loosely, or with a short, abrupt motion, as at the 
 end of a string. 3. Bait used in angling, as for eels. 
 
 3. The baU or weight at the end of a pendulum or a 
 plumb-line. 4. A short, jerking action. 
 
 Bob, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BOBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOB- 
 BING.] 1. To move in a short, jerking manner. 3. To 
 strike with a quick, light blow. 3. To gain by fraud. 
 
 4. To delude. 5. To have the hair cut short. 
 
 Bob, V. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion. 3. To 
 angle with a bob, or with a jerking motion of the bait. 
 
 Bob'biii, n. [Lat. boynbus, a humming, because it makes 
 a humming noise.] A small cylindrical piece of wood, 
 with a border at one or both ends, on which thread is 
 wound ; a kind of spool. 
 
 Bob'bin-et', or Bob'bin-et' 
 of lace wrought by machines. 
 
 Bob-Iin'-eoln(-kun), ) n.(Or- 
 
 Bob'o-linlc, ) nitk.) 
 
 The rice-bird, rice-bunting, or 
 reed-bird ; an American sing- ^ 
 ing-bird. 
 
 B6b'stay§, n. pi. (Naut.) 
 Ropes or chains to confine the 
 bowsprit of a ship downward 
 to the stem or cutwater. 
 
 Bob'tail, n. 1. A short tail, 
 or a taU cut short. 3. The 
 rabble ; used in contempt. 
 
 Bock'ing, n. A kind of baize or drugget ; — so called 
 from the town of Backing, Eng. 
 
 Bode, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BODED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOD- 
 ING.] [A.-S. bodian, bod, command. See Bid, v. t.] 
 To indicate by signs, as future events ; to portend ; to 
 presage ; to foreshow. 
 
 Bode, V. i. To foreshow ; to presage. 
 
 Bod'i^e, )n. [Properly the plural of ftorfy.] Stays ; a 
 
 Bod'diye, ) corset. 
 
 B6d'ied (bod'id), a. Having a body ; — usually in com- 
 position, [poreal. 
 
 Bod'i-less, a. Having no body or material form ; incor- 
 
 Bod'i-ly, a. 1, Having or containing a body ; corpo- 
 real. 3, Pertaining to the body. [pletely. 
 
 B6d'i-ly, adv. 1, Corporeally. 3. Entirely ; com- 
 
 Bod'tLin, n. [W. bidogyn, a dim. of bidog, bidawg, 
 hanger, short sword.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.] 3. A 
 pointed instrument for making holes, &c. 3. An in- 
 
 [See supra.] A kind 
 
 Bobolink. 
 
 strument with an eye, for drawing tape or ribbon through 
 a loop. 
 
 B6d'y,n. [A.-S. bodig.] 1, The material substance of 
 an animal, whether Uving or dead. 3. The principal 
 part, as of an animal, tree, army, country, &c., in dia- 
 tinction from parts subordinate or less important. 3. A 
 person ; a human bemg. 4. A collective mass of indi- 
 viduals ; a corporation. 5. A number of things or par- 
 ticulars taken together ; a system. 6. Any mass or por- 
 tion of matter. 7. (Paint.) Consistency ; thickness. 
 8. Strength, or characteristic quality. 
 
 Bod'y, V. ^ [imp. & p. p. bodied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BODYING.] To produce in definite shape ; to embody, 
 
 B6d'y-€lotiie§, n. pi. Clothing or covering for the 
 body, as for a horse. 
 
 Bod'y— eoat, n. A gentleman's dress-coat. 
 
 Bod'y— eoFor, w. (Paint.) Color that has body, or con- 
 sistence, in distinction from a tint or wash. 
 
 Bod'y-guard, n. A guard to protect or defend the per- 
 son ; a life-guard. 
 
 Bod'y- snatcli'er, n. One who robs graves of dead 
 bodies for the purposes of dissection. 
 
 Boe-o'tian, a. ( Geog. ) Pertaining to Boeotia, which was 
 noted for its moist, thick atmosphere ; or to its inhabi- 
 tants, who were noted for dullness and stupidity. 
 
 Bog, n. [Ir. & Gael, bog, soft, moist.] A quagmire cov- 
 ered with grass or other plants ; a marsh ; a morass. 
 
 Bog, V. t. To whehn or plunge, as in mud and mire. 
 
 Bo-'gey, "I n. [See Bug.] A hobgoblin ; a bugbear; a 
 
 Bo'gy, 1 specter ; a frightful apparition ; a nursery 
 
 Bo'gle, r ghost or demon, whose name was formerly 
 
 Bog'gle, J used to frighten children. 
 
 Bog'gle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. BOGGLED ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 BOGGLING.] [See Bogle, n.] To exhibit hesitancy. 
 Syn. — To doubt; hesitate; waver; vacillate; shrink. 
 
 BSg'gler, n. One who boggles. 
 
 Bog'gy, a. Containing bogs ; full of bogs ; swampy. 
 
 B6g'-ore, n. (Min.) (a.) An ore of iron found in boggy 
 or swampy land, (b.) Bog manganese. 
 
 Bog'-spdv'in, n. (Far.) An encysted tumor on the in- 
 side of the hough. 
 
 Bog'-trot'ter , n. One who lives in a boggy country ; — 
 formerly applied in derision to Irish robbers. 
 
 Bo'gus, a. [A corruption of Borghese, the name of a 
 noted swindler.] Spurious; — a cant term originally 
 applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting any 
 thing counterfeit. [Am,er.] 
 
 Bo-liea', n. [From Wu-i, pronounced by the Chinese 
 bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is 
 grown.] An inferior kind of black or green tea, especially 
 the former. 
 G@=" The name is sometimes applied to black tea in general. 
 
 Bo-Iie'mi-aii, a. 1. Pertaining to Bohemia or its in- 
 habitants. 3. Pertaining to the gypsies. 3. Pertaining 
 to, or characteristic of, hack-writers for the press. 
 
 Bo-be'mi-an., n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Bohe- 
 mia. 3. A gypsy. 3. A needy writer for the press ; a 
 hack-author ; — sometimes applied to politicians, artists, 
 dancers, &c., who lead a sort of nomadic life, like the 
 gypsies, and Uve by their wits. 
 
 Boil, V. i. [Lat. bullire, allied to A.-S. weallan, Goth, bu- 
 lan, to ferment, boil.] 1, To be agitated by the action 
 of heat; — used of liquids. 3. To be similarly agitated 
 by any other cause ; to bubble ; to effervesce. 3. To be 
 hot or fervid ; to be moved or excited. 4. To suffer boil- 
 ing in water or other liquid. 
 
 To hoil away, to evaporate by boiling. — Boiling point, the 
 temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the 
 phenomena of ebullition. 
 
 Boil, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BOILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOIL- 
 ING.] 1. To cause to bubble or be agitated by the appli- 
 cation of heat. 3. To form by boiling. 3. To subject 
 to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. 
 
 Boil, n. [A.-S. byle, bile, sore.] A hard, painful, inflamed 
 tumor, which commonly suppurates. 
 
 i^- Formerly written bile, which conforms to the Anglo- 
 Saxon orthography. 
 
 Boil'er, n. 1. One who boils. 3. A vessel in which 
 any thing is boiled. 3. (ilfecA.) A strong metallic ves- 
 sel, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or 
 other purposes. 
 
 Boil'er-y. n. A place and apparatus for boiling, as salt. 
 
 Boil'ing, n. Actor state of agitation by heat ; ebullition; 
 act of subjecting to the action of heat, as a liquid. 
 
 Bois'ter-oiis, a. [0. Eng. boistous, Icel. bistr, stormy, 
 furious, Scot, boist and boast, to threaten. Cf. W. bwyst, 
 
 food, tot>t; -Qxn, r^de, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, eclio ; ^em, §^et; a§; e^ist; linger, link ,* ibis. 
 
BOISTEROUSLY 
 
 BONFIRE 
 
 wild, savage. See Boast and BlSTKR] 1. Exhibiting 
 tumultuous violence. "Z. Involving, threatening, indi- 
 cating, or powessing might. [Obs.] ;J. Noisy; turbu- 
 lent. 
 
 Sy«. — Loud: roaring; violent; stormy; ftirious; tumultu- 
 ous: impetuous; vehemeut. 
 Bois'ter-oils-lv, a//r. In a boisterous manner, [tcrous 
 Bois'tfr~oft«i-iiess, »i. State or quality of being bois- 
 Bold V - !>nJ(i, bold, Goth. baJths.] 1. Forward 
 to ' 'i. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and 
 ci.n u:er. 3. In a bad sense, too forward: 
 ovti->vnLiii.._ t.r confident ; lacking proper modesty or 
 restraint; rude. 4. Taking liberties in composition or 
 expression. 5. Markedly conspicuous. 
 ~ . -. . ,. ■ to use freedom. 
 ^ , .. ve: intrepid: fearless; daunt- 
 
 je<, >tout-hearted; high-spirited; 
 
 atlv, ,,.,. i ..u;; forward; impudent. 
 
 Bold'ly. adv. In a bold manner. 
 
 Bold'uess, n. The quality of being bold. 
 
 Syn. — Courage; bravery; intrepidity; daxmtlessness; hard- 
 iho»xl; assurance. 
 
 Bole. n. [Svc. bal. Dan. bid. Cf. L. Ger. boll, round.] 1. 
 The body or stem of a tree. 'i. A measure. See BOLL. 
 
 Bole, fl. [Gr. /3<iXos, clod.] A kind of fine, compact, or 
 earth V clav. 
 
 Boll, n. [Cf. Bo\VL, n.] 1. The pod or capsule of a 
 plant, as of flax; a pericarp, ii. A Scotch measure, for- 
 merly in use, containing two, four, or six bushels. 
 
 Boll,"r. i To form into a pericarp or seed-vessel. 
 
 Bo-log:n'a Sau'sage (bo-lon'ya). [From Bologna, in 
 ifaly.] A lai^ sausage made of bacon, veal, and pork- 
 suet, chopped fine. 
 
 Bol'ster (20), »7. [A.S. bolster. Cf. ftoWa, a round ves- 
 sel.] 1. A long cushion ; — generally laid under the pD- 
 lows. "i. A pad u.«ed as a support, or to hinder pressure, 
 or the like ; a compress. 3. Any cushion, pad, bag, or 
 support. 
 
 Bol'ster, v. t. [unp. & p. p. bolstered : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BOLSTERr>"G.] 1. To Support with a' bolster. 2. 
 To hold up : to maintain. 
 
 Bolt (20), H. [\.-?:.bolt,lce\.bolti.'] 1. An arrow; a dart. 
 'i. A strong pin, used to fasten or hold something in 
 place. 3. A thunder-bolt. 4. A shackle. 5. Twenty- 
 eight ells of canvas. 
 
 Bolt, V. t. 1. To festen or secure with a bolt. 2. To 
 fasten ; to restrain. 3. To blurt out : to utter or throw j 
 out 4. To swallow without chewing. 
 
 Bolt, r. t. [imp. & p. p. BOLTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOLTING.] [0. Fr. bulter, L. Lat. bid^tare, M. H. Ger. I 
 biuteln.] 1. To sifl; to separate, assort, or purify by 
 other means. 2. To examine as by sifting. ; 
 
 Bolt, v.i. 1. To start forth like a bolt ; hence, to move 
 abruptly. 2. To spring suddenly aside. 3. To desert, 
 as a party or organization. [Amer.] 
 
 Bolt. adv. With sudden meeting or collision. 
 
 Bolt'er, n. One who, or that which, bolts. 
 
 Bolt'-hgad, n. ( Chern.) A long glass vessel for distiUa- 
 tions : — called also a malra.'is or receiver. 
 
 Bolt'-rope, n. (NaiU.) A rope to which the edges of 
 sails are sewed to strengthen them. 
 
 Bolt'jsprit, n. [A corruption of bowsprit.] {NaiU.) 
 See Bowsprit. 
 
 Bolus, n. [Lat., bit, morsel.] (Afed.) A rounded mass of 
 any thing ; a large pUl. 
 
 B6nib (bum), n. [Gr. /?d/x/'?o?, a humming or buzzing 
 noise, a hollow, deep sound.] (Mil.) A hoUow ball or 
 shell of cast iron filled with explosive materials, to be i 
 discharge^! fix)m a mortar. 
 
 BAm-biird' (bum-bard'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bom- 
 barded: p. pr. & vb. n. BOMBAEDlNe.] To attack 1 
 with bombs. ! 
 
 B6m'bar-dier', n. {Mil.) A person employed in throw- 
 ing bomlfS : an artillery -man. 
 
 Bdm-bard'ment, n. An attack with bombs. 
 
 Bom'bast (bumlast. 114). n. [L. Lat. bomhax. cotton. 
 bomboMurn. a doublet of cotton.] 1. Cotton.' or anv 
 60ft, fibrous material, used as a padding. [Obs.] 2'. 
 {Fig.} An inflated style : fustian. 
 
 BAmnoaKt. a. Iligh-sounding; inflated; turgid. 
 
 B6in-b&st'ie, a. Characterized by bombast; high- 
 sounding : inflated. 
 
 Bdm ba<»t'i«-al-ly, adv. Wifh inflation of style. 
 
 BiimOja-zfit', in. [Cf. Bombazine.] A sort of thin 
 
 Bom'ba-zStte', { woolen cloth. 
 
 B6m'T>a-zme' » (bumOja-zeen'), 7i. [Lat. bomhydnum. a 
 
 B6in'ba-§ine' | Bilk or cotton texture, firom bombyoc. 
 
 Gr. fioixfiv^, silk, cotton.] A twilled fabric, with a silk 
 warp, and a worsted weft. [Sometiuies spelt bombasin.] 
 
 B5in'bi<', a. [Lat. 6o7?7?>yT, silk-worm.] Pertaining to, 
 or obtained from, the silk-worm. 
 
 B6inb'-]v£tcli l(bum'-), »i. (Nam.) A strong vessel, 
 
 Bomb'-ves'sel j carrying mortars to be used in bom- 
 bardments at sea. [bombs. 
 
 Bomb'-prdbf (bum'-), a. Secure against the force of 
 
 Bdmb'-slieil (bum'-), n. A bomb, or hollow globe of 
 iron, filled with powder. See Bomb. 
 
 Boni-b5'9'i-nou.s, a. [Lat. bo7nbycinus, from bombyx, 
 silk.] Being of the color of the silk -worm ; transparent 
 with a jellow tint. 
 
 Bo'na-part'e-an, a. Pertaining to Bonaparte. 
 
 Bo'na-part'i§m, n. The policy or manners of Bona- 
 parte, [parte. 
 
 Bo'na-part'ist, n. One attached to the policy of Bona- 
 
 Bdn'b6n(or bong'bong), n. [Fr., fix>m bon, good.] Sugar 
 
 Fig. 1. {Arch.) 
 
 Flemish Bond. 
 
 confectionery ; a sugar-plum. 
 
 I Bond, n. [A.-S. bond, bound, for. 
 bunden, p. p. ofbindan, to bind.] 
 1. That which binds, fastens, or 
 confines, as a cord, chain, &c. ; a 
 band ; a Mgament. 2. (pi.) State 
 of being bound. 3. A binding 
 force or influence. 4. An obliga- 
 tion imposing a moral duty. 5. 
 (Law.) A writing under seal by 
 which a person binds himself, his 
 heirs, executors, and administra- 
 tors, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day 
 appointed. 6. (Arch.) Union or tie of the several stones 
 or bricks forming a wall. 
 
 S3T1. — Chains ; fetters ; captivity ; imprisonment. 
 Bond, a. [See supra.] In a state of servitude or captivity. 
 Bond, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bonded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BONDING.] To secure payment of, by giving a bond. 
 
 Bonded goods, goods left in charge of the officers of customs, 
 for the duties on which bonds are given at the custom-house. 
 
 j Bond' age, n. 1. State of being bound, or under re- 
 straint. 2. Binding power or influence ; obligation. 3. 
 ( Old Eng. Law.) TiUenage. 
 
 Syn. — Thralldom : captivity ; bond-eervice ; slavery ; 
 servitude; imprisonment. 
 
 Bond'ed-ware'liOTise, 7i. A warehouse in which 
 bonded goods are stored. 
 
 Bdnd'maid, 72. A female slave. 
 
 Bond'man, n. , •;?.'. BOND'MEN. 1. A man slave. 2. 
 ( Old Eng. Law.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. 
 
 Bond'-serv'ant, H. A slave : a bondman. [slavery. 
 
 Bond'-serv'ice, n. Condition of a bond-servant; 
 
 Bond'- slave ,'n. Aperson in a state of slavery. 
 
 Bonds'man, n. ; pi. BONDS'^EEN. 1. A slave : a bond- 
 man." [Obs.] 2. (Law.) A surety; one who is bound, 
 or who gives seciirity for another. 
 
 Bond'- stone, n. (Masonry.) A stone running through 
 a wall from one face to another, to bind it together. 
 
 Bonds'vrom'an, ) n. [bond and wo17^an.] A woman 
 
 Bond'wom'an, j slave. 
 
 Bond'-tiin'ber, n. Timber worked into a wall to tie or 
 strengthen it longitudinallv. See Bond. 
 
 Bone (20), n. [A.-S. ban',(^th. bain.] 1. (Anat.) A 
 firm, hard, whitish substance, composing the skeleton in 
 the higher orders of animals. 2. An integral portion of 
 the skeleton. 3. Any thing made of bone, as castanets. 
 A hone of contention, subject of dispute. — A hone to pick, or 
 gnaw, something to occupy or divert — To make no bones, to 
 make no scruple. [Low.] 
 
 Bone, V. t. [imp. & p. p. boned ^p.pr. & vb. n. BON- 
 ING.] 1. To take out bones from. 2. To put whale- 
 bone into. 
 
 Bone'-blAclc, n. (Chem.) A black, carbonaceous sub- 
 stance into which bones are converted by calcination in 
 close vessels. [fertilizer. 
 
 Bone'-diist, n. Ground or pulverized bones, used as a 
 
 Bone'-eartb, Ji. (Chem.) The earthy residuum after 
 the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate 
 of lime. 
 
 Bone'set, n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant; thoroughwort. 
 
 Bone'-s€t'ter, w. One who sets broken and dislocated 
 bones. 
 
 Bone'-spav'in, n. (Far.) A bony excrescence, on the 
 inside of the hock of a horse's leg. 
 
 BSn'fire, n. [0. Eng. bonejire, either from Fr. hort.., 
 good, and j^re, or related to Dan. bnun, beacon.] A fir© 
 made to express pubUc joy and exultation, or for amuse- 
 ment. 
 
 a,e,&c.,^<m^,i,«,&c.,5Aort; cftre, far, aslt, aU, what : gre,veU,term; pique, firm; son, or, dQ, wolf, 
 
BONITO 
 
 77 
 
 BORAX 
 
 Bo-ni'to, n. [Sp., from Ar. bainlt and bain'itk.] (Ichlh.) 
 A fish of the Tunny kind, growing to the length of 3 feet. 
 
 Hon-tnot (bong/mo'), ?i. [Er. bon, good, and mot, yford] 
 A witty repartee ; a jest. 
 
 Bon'net, n. \¥r. bonnet, Sp. & Vg. bonete. Originally 
 the name of a stuff.] 1. A cap or covering for the head, 
 in common use before the introduction of hats, and still 
 
 . used by the Scotch, ij. A covering for the head, worn 
 by women. 3. {Fort.) A part of a parapet considerably 
 elevated to screen the other part and its terre-pleine, 
 usually from enfilade fire. 4. (Naut.) An addition to a 
 sail. 5. A plate or a dome-shaped casing, ti. A frame 
 of wire netting over a locomotive chimney. 
 
 B6ii'iiet-ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. 2. (Fort.) 
 Protected by a bonnet. [plumply. 
 
 B6u'iii-ly, adv. [See BONNY.] Gayly ; handsomely ; 
 
 Bon'ny, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good. Of., however, Gael. & 
 Ir. barn, baine, white, fair.] 1. Handsome ; beautiful. 
 5i. Gay; merry; blithe. 3. Plump; well-formed. 
 
 Bon'iiy— el&b'ber, n. [From Ir. bainne, baine, milk, 
 and clabar, mud, mire.] 1. Sour buttermilk. [Irisk.\ 
 ti. The thick part of milk that has become sour. 
 
 Son Ton (bong tong). [Fr., good tone, manner.] The 
 height of the fashion ; fashionable society. 
 
 Bo'nus, n. [Lat.,good.] 1. [Law.) A premium given 
 for a loan, charter, or other privilege, 'i. An extra 
 dividend paid out of accumulated profits. 3. A sum of 
 money paid to an agent, in addition to a share in profits, 
 or to stated compensation. 
 
 JBon-vivant (bong've-vong'), n. [Fr. bon, good, and 
 vivant, p. pr. of vivre, to live.] A good fellow; a jovial 
 companion. 
 
 Bon'y, a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones ; full of 
 bones ; pertaining to bones. H, Having large or prom- 
 inent bones. 
 
 BSn'ze (bon'ze), n. [Corrupted from Japan, busso, a 
 pious man.] A priest of many different Oriental sects. 
 
 Boo'by, n. [Fr. boubie ; Sp. bobo, Russ. bdba. Several 
 birds of this species are looked upon as A^ery stupid.] 
 1. [Ornit/i.) (a.) A water-fowl allied to the pelican. 
 It is found among the Bahama Isles, and on various 
 coasts of the Atlantic, {b.) The brown gannet. 2. A 
 dunce ; a stupid fellow. 
 
 Bdb'by-hiit, n. A kind of sleigh, with, a covered top. 
 [Local, ATuer.] 
 
 Boonby-hiitcli, n. A clumsy, covered carriage. 
 
 Bobdli'lgm, n. See Buddhism. 
 
 Book: (27), n. [A.-S. bOc, from boce, beoce, beech, Ger. 
 buche, because the ancient Saxons and Germans in gen- 
 eral wrote on beechen boards.] 1. A collection of sheets 
 of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, 
 bound together. 3. A literary composition, written or 
 printed. 3 . A subdivision of a literary work. 4. (iWer.) 
 A volume in which accounts are kept. 
 
 Without book, (a.) By memory; without notes, (b.) With- 
 out authority. 
 
 Boole, V. t. [imp. & p.p. BOOKED (b(5bkt) ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. BOOKING.] To enter, write, or register in a book. 
 
 Bobk'-biiid'er, n. One who binds books. 
 
 Bobk'-bind'er-y, n. A place for binding books. 
 
 Bobk'-biiid'iiig, n. Art or practice of binding books. 
 
 Book'— ease, n. A case with shelves for holding books. 
 
 Bobk'ish, a. Given to reading ; fond of study. 
 
 Bobk'ish-ness, n. Addictedness to books. 
 
 B<>bk'-keep'er (109), n. One who keeps accounts. 
 
 Bobk'-keep/ing, n. The art of recording mercantile 
 transactions in a regular and systematic manner ; the 
 art of keeping accounts. 
 
 Bobk'land, I n. ( Old Eng. Laivs. ) Charter land held 
 
 Bock'land, j by deed under certain rents and free 
 services. 
 
 Bo"bk'-learned (60), a. Versed in books ; ignorant of 
 men, or of the common concerns of life. 
 
 Bot>k'-learri'ing, n. Learning acquired by reading ; 
 usually as_distinguished from practical knowledge. 
 
 B6ok'-na.ak''er, n. One who writes and publishes 
 books ; particularly a compiler. 
 
 Bo^k'-mak/ing, n. The practice of vrriting and pub- 
 lishing books ; compilation. 
 
 Bc>bk'-mark, n. Something placed in a book to assist 
 in finding a particular page or place. 
 
 Bobk'-sell'er, n. One whose occupation is to sell books. 
 
 Bojjk'-shelf , n. A shelf to hold books. 
 
 Bdok'-shop, n. A shop where books are sold. 
 
 Bc>bk'-staH, n. A stand or stall, for retailing books 
 
 Bo^bk'stahd, n. 1. A stand or place for the sale of 
 books in the streets ; a book-stall. 5J. A stand or sup- 
 port to hold books. 
 
 BobK'stSre, «. [Amer.] A shop where books are kept 
 for Sale. 
 
 Bdbk'worm. (-wurm), n. 1. A worm or mite that eats 
 holes in books, ii. A student addicted to books. 
 
 Boom, n. [See BEAM.] 1. (Naut.) A long pole or spar 
 used for extending the bottom of sails, ti. A chain 
 cable, or connected Une of spars extended across a river 
 or other water. 3. A pole set up in shallow water, to 
 mark out the channel. 4. A hollow roar, as of waves or 
 cannon ; the hollow cry of the bittern. 5. (pi.) That 
 space on the upper deck of a ship, where the boats, spar« 
 spars, &c., are stowed. 
 
 Boom, V. i. [imp. & p. p. BOOMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOOMING.] 1. [From the n.] To rush with violence, 
 as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To make a hollow 
 sound or roar, as of waves or cannon. 3. [W. bwmp, 
 a hollow sound. Cf. D. bommen, to drum, to sound as 
 an empty barrel, A.-S. bymian, to blow or sound a 
 trumpet.] To cry with a hoUow note, as the bittern. 
 
 Bobm'er-ang, n. A missile 
 weapon used by the natives of 
 Australia. When thrown for- 
 ward from the hand with a quick 
 rotatory motion, it describes very 
 remarkable curves, and finally Boomerang, 
 
 takes a retrograde direction, so as to fall near or in the 
 rear of the one who threw it. 
 
 Boon, n. 1. [Lat. bonus, good.] Gift; benefaction; 
 grant ; present. 2. [A.-S. ben, Icel. bon, baen.^ A 
 prayer or petition. 
 
 Boon, a. [Fr. bon. See supra.} 1. Gay ; merry ; jovial- 
 ii. Kind ; bountiful. 
 
 Boor, w. [A.-S. gebUr, D. boer, N. H. Ger. bauer ; from 
 A.-S. bUan, to inhabit, cultivate ; Skr. bhu, pres. bhavami, 
 to be, Gr. <j>voi, Lat. /u/.] A countryman; a peasant ; a 
 clown ; hence, a rude and illiterate person. [illiterate. 
 
 Boor'isli, a. Like a boor ; clownish ; rustic ; awkward ; 
 
 Boor'ish-ly, adv. In a boorish or clownish manner. 
 
 Boor'isli-ness, n. Clownishness ; rusticity. 
 
 Booge, ) V. i. [From D. buis, Ger. bilchse, box, cup, jar.] 
 
 Bdbze, ) To drink excessively. [ Vulgar.} 
 
 Bdbg'er, n. One who drinks to excess ; a tippler. 
 
 Boost, V. t. [Cf. BOAST, V. i.} To lift or push from 
 behind ; to push up. [Low.} 
 
 Bdb'gy, \a. [See BoosE, v. i.} A little intoxicated; 
 
 Bob'zy, j fuddled. [Colloq.} 
 
 Boot, t'. i. [imp. & p. p. booted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOOTING.] [A.-S. but, compensation, 6emn, to improve, 
 amend, Goth. bSta, advantage, profit, bOtan, botjan, to 
 profit. See Better.] To profit ; to advantage. 
 
 Boot, n. That which is given to make an exchange equal ; 
 profit ; gain ; advantage. 
 
 Boot, n. [Fr. botte, Ger. botte, butte, butte, tub, cask, 
 A.-S. butte, bytte, byden, Eng. butt, Gr. ^ovtl?, /Svtis, 
 ^uTivrJ, flask.] 1. A covering for the foot and leg. 3. 
 A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used to torture 
 criminals. 3. A receptacle covered with leather at either 
 end of a coach. 4. An apron or cover for a gig or other 
 carriage, to defend from rain and mud. 5. (pi.) A ser- 
 vant at hotels who blacks the boots. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Boot, V. t. [imp. & p. p. booted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOOTING.] To put boots on. 
 
 Bdbt'-«rimp, n. A frame or last used by boot-makers 
 for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. 
 
 Bdbt-ee', n. • A half or short boot. 
 
 Booth., n. [Icel. bMh, Pol. buda, W. bwth.] A tem- 
 porary shelter of boards, boughs of trees, or other sUght 
 materials. 
 
 Bobt'-jack, n. An instrument for drawing off boots. 
 
 Bobt'less, a. [From boot, advantage.] Unavailing ; un- 
 profitable ; useless. 
 
 Boot'- tree, ) n. An instrument to stretch and widen 
 
 Bobt'-last, ) the leg of a boot. 
 
 Bobt'y, n. [Icel. bijti, Ger. beute, Fr. butin, from Icel. 
 byta, to distribute, exchange, Ger. beuten, to barter, cap- 
 ture.] Spoil taken in war, or by violence ; plunder. 
 
 Bo-peep', n. A play to amuse children, by peeping from 
 behind any object, and crying out bo ! 
 
 Bo-ra,5'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or produced from, borax. 
 
 Bo'ra-eoiis, a. ( Chem.) Relating to, or obtained from, 
 borax. 
 
 Bor'age (biir/rej), n. [Low Lat. borago, fi-om borra, hair 
 of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] A 
 plant, formerly esteemed as a cordial. 
 
 Bo'rate, n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by the combination 
 of boracic acid with a base. 
 
 Bo'rax, n. [Ar. biiraq, niter, saltpeter, from baraqa, to 
 
 food, fo^ot ; ^rn, rude, puU ; ^ell, ^haise, «aU, ©€ho •, gem, get ; as i e^^ist ; liQser, linlK ; tiiis- 
 
BORDER 
 
 •8 
 
 BOUGIE 
 
 Bhlnc] ( Cfum.) Biborate of scxla ; ft salt formed by a 
 cuuibinatioa of bonicic acid with soda. 
 
 Bdr'der, n. [A.-8. bar,/, Fr. boni. See BOARD.] The 
 ontor i^rt or edge of any thing. 
 Syn. — Edgo; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary. 
 
 Bor'der, i'. i. 1. To touch at the edge ; to be contigu- 
 ous or adjacent. "2. To come near to. 
 
 Bor'der, v. t. [ivip. & p. p. bordered; P- pr. & vb. 
 n. BORDERING.] 1. To make a border for ; to adorn 
 with a border, 'i. To touch at the edge or boundary. 
 
 Bor'der-er, n. One who dwells on a border. 
 
 Bore, f. t. [hnp. & p. p. bored ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. 
 BORING.] [A.-S. 6ona»i, aUied to L&t. forare.] 1. To 
 perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning an 
 auger, gimlet, or other instrument. Hence, to form a 
 roimd hole in. •^. To weary by tedious iteration or by 
 dullness ; to trouble ; to vex. 
 
 Bore, V. t. 1. To pierce or enter by boring. 2. To be 
 pierced or penetrated by an instrument that turns. 3. 
 To carry the nose to the ground ; — said of a horse. 
 
 Bore, n. 1. The hole made by boring ; hence the cavity 
 or hoUow of any fire-arm ; the caUber. 3. One who, or 
 that which, wearies by ceaseless repetition or dullness. 
 
 Bore, n. [Ger. bar, 0. H. Ger. por, height, top, from 0. 
 H. Ger. burjati, purjan. poran, to erect, ascend. Cf. Icel. 
 byrja, to begin, A.-S. oyrjan, to touch; alUed to A.-S. 
 beran,beoran, Eag. to bear.] (Physical Geog.) (a.) A 
 tidal hood of great height and force formed at the mouths 
 of some rivers, (b.) Avery high and rapid tidal flow, 
 when not so abrupt. 
 
 Bore, imp. of bear. See Bear. 
 
 Bo're-al, a. [Lat. borealis, from Boreas, the north wind.] 
 Northern ; pertaining to the north, or the north wind. 
 
 Bor'er, ;i. 1. One who bores ; an instrvunent for boring. 
 2. (Zodl.) (a.) A genus of sea-worms that pierce wood, {b.) 
 One of several species of worms, or the insects producing 
 them, which penetrate trees. 
 
 Bdrn and Borne, p. p. of bear. See Bear. 
 
 Bo'ron, n. [See Borax.] (C/iew.) An elementary sub- 
 stance, nearly related to carbon. 
 
 Bor'o'ugh. (bOr'ro), n. [A.-S. buruh, burh, burg, Icel. borg, 
 Ger. burg, Lat. burgus, Gr. Trvpyo?, Goth, baurgs, from 
 bairgan, A.-S. beorgan, to hide, save, defend, to be prom- 
 inent.] An incorporated town that is not a city ; in 
 England, a town or village that sends members to par- 
 liament ; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the 
 inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, 
 with a certain jurisdiction ; in America, an incorporated 
 town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. 
 
 Bdr'ough-En'glish (btir'r6-]ng''glish), n. {Eng. Law.) 
 A ciastomary descent of estates to the youngest son, in- 
 stead of the eldest ; or, if the owner leaves no son, to the 
 yoimgest brother. 
 
 BSr'row (bSr'ro), v, t. [imp. & p. p. borrowed ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. borrowing.] [A.-S. borgian, fr. borg, 
 borh, pledge ; from the same root as Borough.] 1. 
 To take from another on trust, with the intention of 
 returning or giving an equivalent for. 3. To take from 
 another for one's own use ; to appropriate. 
 
 BSr'ro-w-er, n. One who borrows. 
 
 Bort, n. Minute fragments of diamonds used to make 
 powder for lapidary work. 
 
 Bfise'aee, n. [From Ger. busch, bosch, 0. Eng. busk, 
 Eng. bush.] 1. Wood; underwood; a thicket. 3. 
 (PairU.) A landscape representing thickets of wood. 
 
 B5sh, n. [Prov. Eng. bosh, dash, show. Cf. Ger. basse, 
 joke, trifle.] Mere show : hence, empty talk ; nonsense : 
 folly. [CoUoq.] 
 
 Bdsk, n. [See Boscage.] A thicket or small forest. 
 
 B6sk'y, a. Woody ; bushy; covered with boscage. 
 
 Bog'om,n. [A.-S. bosum, bOsem.] 1. The breast of a 
 human being. 2. The breast, as the seat of the pas- 
 sions, affections, and operations of the mind. 3. Em- 
 brace; affectionate inclosure. 4. Any inclosed place; 
 the interior. 5. The part of the dress worn upon the 
 breaat. 
 
 I19~ln composition, intimate; confidential; fkmiliar; dear; 
 aa, boiom-fntnd, boaom-lovcr, boaow-secret, &c. 
 
 bgi'onx, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bosomed ; p. jrr. Sc vb. n. 
 BOSOMING.] 1. To inclose in the bosom ; to keep with 
 care. 2. To hide from view ; to embosom. i 
 
 B6«8, n. [From Ger. butz, butzen, something cloddy or I 
 Btumpy, point, tip ; boszfn, to beat.] 1. A protuber- I 
 ant ornament on any work ; a stud, a knob. 2. Any ■ 
 protuberant part. 3. (Mech.) (a.) The enlarged part' 
 of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, ■. 
 where it is coupled to another. (6.) A swage or die used 1 
 for shaping metals. ' 
 
 B6ss, n. [D. baas, master.] A master workman or su- 
 perintendent. [Amer.] 
 
 Bds!$, V. t. 1. To cover or ornament vrtth bosses ; to stud- 
 2. To direct or superintend. [Low.] 
 
 BiSss'y, a. Containing, or ornamented with bosses ; stud- 
 ded, [called. 
 
 BSss'y, n. [Cf. Lat. bos, cow.] A calf; — famiUarly so 
 
 Bo-taiil-e, \ a. Pertaining to botany ; relating to, or 
 
 Bo-t9.ii'ie-al, j containing, plants. 
 
 Bo-tJlii'ie-al-ly, adv. In a botanical manner. 
 
 B6t'aii-ist, n. One skilled in botany. 
 
 B6t'a-iiize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. botanized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BOTANIZING.] To seek for plants for the pur- 
 pose of botanical investigation. 
 
 B6t'a-ny, n. [Gr. ^ordyr), herb, plant, fi«m Poaicetp, to 
 feed, graze.] The science which treats of the structure 
 of plants, their classification, &c. 
 
 Bdtcli, n. [Cf. Ft. bosse. It. bozza, a swelling. Cf. Boss 
 and Patch.] 1, A large ulcerous affection. 2. A 
 patch of a garment. 3. Work done in a bungling man- 
 ner ; a clumsy performance. 
 
 B6tcli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BOTCHED (bCtcht); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BOTCHING.] 1. To mend or patch in a clumj-y 
 manner. 2. To express or perform in a bungUng man- 
 ner. 3. To mark with botches. 
 
 Botcli'er, n. A clumsy workman at mending ; a bungler. 
 
 B6t'-fly, n. (Entom.) An insect of many different 
 species, some of which are particularly troublesome to 
 domestic animals, on which they deposit their eggs. 
 
 Botli (20), a. & pron. [A.-S. ba; bfltH, bdtvU, for batv&^ 
 both the two.] The one and the other ; the two. 
 
 I®" It is generally used adjectively with nouns; but with 
 pronouns, and often with nouns, it is treated substantively, 
 and followed by of. It frequently stands as a pronoun. 
 
 Botli, conj. It precedes the first of two co-ordinate words 
 or phrases, and is followed by and before the other. 
 
 Botii'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOTHERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOTHERING.] To tease or perplex. See POTHER. 
 
 Botii'er, n. One who, or that which, bothers : state of 
 perplexity or annoyance. [ Colloq.] [bothered. [Loiv.] 
 
 B6tii'er-a'tion, n. Act of bothering, or state of being 
 
 Bot'ry-oid, ) a. [Gr. /Borpo?, a cluster of grapes, and 
 
 Bot'ry-oid'al, ) elSos, form.] Having the form of a 
 bunch of grapes. 
 
 Bots, ) n. pi. [Prob. from bite, because they bite and 
 
 Botts, ) gnaw the intestines of horses.] {Entom.) Small 
 worms, larves of the bot-fly, found in the intestines 
 of horses. 
 
 Bot'tle, n. [Fr. bouteiUe, Low Lat. buticula, puticla, 
 botilia, fit)m Fr. botte, cask. See BOOT, n., a covering 
 for the leg.] 1. A hollow vessel with a narrow mouth, 
 for holding liquors. 2. The contents of a bottle. 
 
 Bot'tle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BOTTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOTTLING.] To inclose in bottles. 
 
 Bot'tle-green, n. A dark shade of green, like that of 
 a green glass-bottle. 
 
 Bot'tle-liold'er, n. One who aids a boxer, by giving 
 him refreshment and attention between the rounds. 
 
 Bot'tom, n. [A.-S. botm, Ger. boden, D. bodem, Icel. 
 botn. Cf. Gr. nv0ij.-qv, bottom, aUied to 0a9v^, deep.] 1. 
 The lowest part of any thing. 2. That upon which any 
 thing rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense ; 
 foundation ; base. 3. Low land formed by alluvial de- 
 posits along a river ; a dale; a valley. 4. (Naut.) The 
 keel of a vessel, and hence, the vessel itself. 5. Power 
 of endurance; stamina. 6. Dregs or grounds. 
 
 BSt'tom, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bottomed : p. pr. Sa 
 vb. n. BOTTOMING.] 1. To found or buUd. 2. To fur- 
 nish with a seat or bottom. 
 
 Bot'tom, V. i. To be based. 
 
 BSt'tom- glade, n. A low glade ; a valley ; a dale. 
 
 Bot'tom-iand, n. See BOTTOM, No. 3. 
 
 Bot'tom-less, a. Without a bottom ; hence, fethomless. 
 
 B6t'tom-ry, n. [From bottom.] {31ar. Law.) A con- 
 tract by which a ship is hypothecated and bound as se- 
 curity for the repayment of money advanced or lent for 
 the use of the ship. 
 
 Soudoir (bdb'dwor), n. [Fr., from bouder, to pout, to 
 be sulky.] A lady's private room. 
 
 Bougli (bou), n. [A.-S. boga, from beogan, bUgan, to bow, 
 bend. Cf. Bow.] An arm or large branch of a tree. 
 
 Bdught (bawt), imp. & p. p. of buy. See Buy. 
 
 JBoiigie (boD-zhe'), n. [Fr., wax-candle, bougie, fipom 
 Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles 
 were first imported into Europe.] ( Surg.) A long, flexi- 
 ble instrument, that is introduced into the urethra, esoph- 
 agus, &c., to remove obstructions, or for other purposes. 
 
 S,e,&c.,fcn£r; &,6,&c.,«Aort; c&r«,far,a8k,aU,wliakt; gre,veU, term; pique, firm; son, dr,da,W9l4 
 
BOUILLON 
 
 71) 
 
 BOWSPRIT 
 
 fiouillon (b(rol/yong), n. [Fr., from bouillir, to boil. 
 See Boil.] Broth ; soup. 
 
 Boul'der, n. See Bowlder. 
 
 JBaulevar'd (bcro'le-vSr'), n. [Fr., ftom Ger. bollwerk, 
 Eng. bulwark, q. v.] Originally, a btdwark ; now applied 
 to the public walks or streets occupying the site of de- 
 molished fortifications. 
 
 Bounce, v. i. [imp. & p.p. BOUNCED (bounst); p. pr. 
 & r6. n. BOUNCING.] [D. bonzen, bons, blow, bounce, 
 Low Lat. bombizare, to crackle, from Lat. bombus, Gr. 
 j3ofi|3o?, a hollow, deep sound. See Bo>IB.] 1. To leap 
 or spring suddenlj-. 'i. To beat or thump. [violently. 
 
 Bovui^e, 1'. t. To drive against any thing suddenly and 
 
 Bounce, n. 1. A sudden leap or bound. 3. A heavy, 
 sudden blow or thump. 3. A bold lie. 
 
 Bouii'^er, n. 1. One who bounces. 3. A bold lie. 
 3. A liar. 4. Something big. 
 
 Boun'^ing, a. Stout ; plump and healthy ; lusty. 
 
 Bound, n. [Prob. of Celtic origin. Cf. Arm. bonn, 
 boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of 
 trees, w'. bdii, stem, stock.] External or limiting line of 
 an}- object or space ; limit ; confine ; extent ; boundary. 
 
 Bound, n. A leap; a spring; a jump. 
 
 Bound, I', t. [irnp. & p. p. bounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BOUNDING.] 1. To limit ; to terminate ; to fix the 
 furthest point of extension of; to restrain ; to confine ; 
 to circumscribe. 3. To mention the boundaries of. 
 
 Bound, V. i. [Fr. bondir, from Lat. bombitare, to buzz, 
 hum, firom Lat. bombus, Gr. j36ju.j8o5, a hoUow, deep 
 sound.] 1. To move forward by leaps ; to leap ; to 
 jump : to spring. 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball. 
 
 Bound, imp. & p. p. of bind. Made fast ; confined ; 
 restrained; — often used in composition. [go, &c. 
 
 Bound, a. Destined; tending; going, or intending to 
 
 Bound'a-ry, n. [See Bounder and Bound.] That 
 which indicates or fixes a limit ; especialhj, a visible mark. 
 
 Bound'en(bound'n),a. [From 6i;i^.] Made obligatory ; 
 imposed as a duty ; obligatory ; binding. 
 
 Bound'less, a. Without bounds or confines ; infinite. 
 
 Syn. — Unlimited; \mconfined; immeasurable ; illimitable. 
 
 Boun'te-ous (66), a. [See Bounty.] Disposed to give 
 freely ; generous ; munificent. 
 
 Boun'te-oiis-ly, adv. Liberally ; generously. 
 
 Boun'te-oiis-ness, n. Liberality ; munificence. 
 
 Boun'ti-ful, a. Free in giving ; munificent; generous. 
 
 Boun'ti-f ul-ly, adv. In a bountiful manner. 
 
 Boun'ti-ful -ness, n. Quality of being bountLful. 
 
 Boun'ty, h. [Fr. bonte, Lat. bonitas, from bonus, good.] 
 1. Goodness. [Obs.] 3. Liberality; generosity; mu- 
 nificence. 3. That which is given liberally. 4. A pre- 
 mium offered or given to encourage some object. 
 
 Bgu-quet' (boti'ka' or bcTCka), n. [Fr. for bousquet ; 
 bosquet, thicket.] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers, 
 ti. An agreeable perfume or aromatic odor. 
 
 Boiir-geois' (bur-jois'), 71. [Prob. from a type-founder 
 of that name, who invented this type.] (Print.) A small 
 kind of type, in size between long primer and brevier. 
 
 1^* This line is printed in bourgeois type. 
 
 Bourgeois (bo"or-zhwaW), n. [Fr. See Borough.] 
 A man of middle rank in society ; a citizen. [France.] 
 
 bourgeoisie {b(5"or'zhwaw''zee'), 71. [Fr.] The middle 
 classes of a country, particularly those concerned in trade. 
 
 Bo-£tr'geon (bur'jun), v. i. [Fr. bourgeonntr, of Celtic 
 origin.] To put forth buds ; to shoot forth, as a branch. 
 
 Bourn, ) n. [Fr. borne. See Bound, n. In the sense 
 
 Bourne, j of stream, A.-S. buma, brunna, fi*. beornan, 
 byman , brinnan , to bum, because the source of a stream 
 seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth.] 
 1. A bound ; a limit ; hence, goal. 3. A stream or riv- 
 ulet; a burn. 
 
 Bourse (bo"orss), n. [Fr., firom Gr. 0vpaa, skin, because a 
 purse was made of skin or leather.] A French exchange. 
 
 Bout, n. [Same as 0. Eng bought, bend, of which it is 
 only a different spelling and application. See BiGHT.] 
 1. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial. 2. As much 
 of an action as is performed at one time ; a ttim. 
 
 BoutS'ritn^ {hoo're'vaa.'), n. pi. [Fr. bout, end, and 
 rime, rhymed.] Words that rhyme, given to be formed 
 into verse. 
 
 Bo'vine, a. [Low Lat. bovinits, from Lat. 605, bovis, ox, 
 cow.] Pertaining to cattle of the ox kind. 
 
 Bow, (bou), V. t. [imp. & p. p. BO"mED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BOWING.] [A.-S. bflgan, beogan, Goth, biugan, Skr. 
 bhudj, to be bent.] 1. To bend; to inflect; to make 
 crooked or curred. 2. To cause to deviate from a natu- 
 
 ral condition ; to turn ; to incline. 3. To bend, »ff the 
 
 head or body, in respect, homage, or condescension. 4. 
 
 To cause to bend down ; to depress ; to subdue. 
 Bow (bou), V. i. To bend, in token of reverence, respect, 
 
 or civility. 
 Bow (bou), n. 1 . An inclination of the head, or the body, 
 
 in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission. 
 
 2. {Naut.) The rounded part of a sliip forward; th« 
 
 stem or prow. 
 Bow (bo), 71. [See supra, and cf BoUGH. Se« Bow, 
 
 to bend.] 1. Any thing bent, or in form of a curve. 
 
 2. A weapon, by means of which an arrow is propelled. 
 
 3. One of several different kinds of instrvunenta or things 
 having a curved form, as a fiddle-stick. 
 
 Bow'-«6m'pass-e§, n. pi. 1. A pair of compasses, 
 with an arched plate of metal riveted to one of the legs, 
 upon which the other leg slides. 2. A smaU pair of 
 compasses furnished with a bow-pen. 
 
 Bow-drni, n. A drill worked by a bow and string. 
 
 Bo^^v'el (bou'el), n. [Lat. botellus, a small sausage, dim. 
 of 6o«if7i/5, sausage, orig. intestine.] 1. One of the intes- 
 tines of an animal ; an entrail ; a gut ; — chiefly in the pi. 
 2. Hence, ^^., the interior part of any thing. 3. The 
 seat of pity; hence, tenderness, compassion. 
 
 Bow'el, f. t. To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate. 
 
 BoAv'er (bou'er), n. [From bow.] 1. One who bows or 
 bends. 2. [Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a 
 ship. 3. [Ger. bauer, a peasant, from the figure some- 
 times used for the knave in cards.] One of the two 
 highest cards in the game of euchre. 
 
 Rinht bower, the knave of the tnirap suit, the highest card 
 in the game. — Z^rt bower, the knave of the other suit of the 
 same color aa the trump, being thenext to the highest in value.. 
 
 Bow'er, n. [A.-S. bUr, from Goth, bauan, to dwell, A.-S. ^ 
 
 b^an. See Boor.] 1. Anciently, a chamber. 2. A 
 
 country-seat; a cottage. 3. A shelter or covered place 
 
 in a garden ; an arbor. 
 Bow'er-y, a. Covering, as a bower ; containing bowers. 
 Bow'-hand, n. 1. (Archery.) The hand that holds the 
 
 bow; the left hand. 2. (JIm5.) The hand that draws 
 
 the bow, i. e., the right hand. 
 Bow'ie-lsnif e (-nlf), ;;. A peculiar kind of knife, worn 
 
 as a weapon ; — named from its inventor. Col. Botcie. 
 BoAv'-l£n6t (bo'not), ?i. A knot in which a portion of 
 
 the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, 
 
 so as to be readily untied. 
 BoAvl, 71. [A.-S. bolla, any round vessel. Cf. W. bol, belly, 
 
 bivl, rotundity.] 1. A concave vessel to hold liquors. 2. 
 
 The hoUow part of any thing. 
 Bo^vl, 71. [From Lat. bidla, any thing rounded by art. 
 
 Cf. L. Ger. boll, round.] A ball used for rolling on a level 
 
 surface in play ; a ball. 
 Bowl, f. t. [imp. & p. p. BOWLED ] p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 BOWLING.] 1. To roll, as a bowl. 2. To pelt with 
 
 any thing rolled. 
 
 To bowl out, in cricket, to knock down one's wicket by bowl- 
 ing. 
 
 Bow^l, V. i. 1, To play with bowls. 2, To roU the baU on 
 a level plane. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a 
 ball. 
 
 Bowl'der (boPder), n. [See Bowl, ball.] 1. A large 
 pebble. 2. ( GeoZ.) Amass of any rock, whether roimded 
 or not, that has been transported by natural agencies 
 from its native bed. [Written also boulder.] 
 
 Bow'-legged (bo'legd), a. Having crooked legs. 
 
 Bowl'er (boF-), 71. One who plays at bowls. 
 
 Bow'line, 71. [Prop, the line of the bow or bend, a slant- 
 ing sail to receive a side wind.] (Naut.) A rope used to 
 keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when tho 
 ship is close-hatiled. [bowk. 
 
 Bowl'mg-Mley, n. A. covered place for playing at 
 
 Bowl'ing- green, n. A level piece of ground kept 
 smooth for bowling. 
 
 Bow'man (bowman), n.; pi. b6w/>ien. A man who 
 uses a bow ; an archer. [crawfish. 
 
 BoAv'-ngt, n. A contrivance for catching lobsters and 
 
 Bow^'-oar (bou/-), 71. 1. The oar used by the bowman 
 in a boat. 2. One who rows at the bow of a boat. 
 
 Bow'-p6n, 71. A metallic ruling-pen, having the part 
 which holds the ink bowed out toward the middle. 
 
 Bow'- saw, 71. A saw with a narrow blade set in a strong 
 frame, and used for cutting curved forms from wood. 
 
 Bow'-sli6t, 71. The space which an arrow may pass 
 when shot from a bow. 
 
 Bo-w'sprit (bowsprit or bou'sprit), n. {boio (of a ship) 
 and sprit, q. v.] (Naut.) A large spar, which projects 
 over the stem of a vessel , to carry sail forward. 
 
 food, f<»bt ; iLrn, rude, pull ; 9ell, 9lialse, -eall, eelio ] gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; -Qii^ 
 
BOWSTRING 
 
 80 
 
 BRAKE 
 
 Bow'strlng:, ri. 1. Tho strinc of a bow. *2. A string 
 ust\l by the Turks for stnxnjiliuj; offondons. 
 
 Bo^v'strlng, f. l- To stranulo with ii bowstring. 
 
 Bdx, n. [A.-S. 6()j-,fn>m L. Lt\t. bu.ris, LaX. j'uxis, pyxis, 
 (Ir. «ri>ft«, a box, c.<v». of bo.\-\votxl.] I. A cii^ or recep- 
 t&cle of anv are. 'i. Tho quantity that a box contains. 
 3. An inriosed space witJi soats in a place of public 
 juuust'uient. 4. A nione\ -chest. !i. A sniail house. 
 6. (-Uj-^.) {a.) A cvlindrieal, hollow iron, used in 
 Tfhcel.<, in which the a.xle-troe runs. (6.) A hollow tuln? 
 
 p. p. BRACKETED ; p. pr. &. 
 To place •within brackets ; to 
 
 Brftck'et, v. t. [imp. i 
 
 vb. n. BRACKETING.] 
 
 connwt by brackets. 
 Brack'et-ing, ?i. (Arch.) A series of ribs, or brackets 
 
 for supporting cornices, &c. [wall 
 
 Brilck'f t-liglit, 71. A gas-light projecting from a side 
 Brack'isli, «. ID. & L. Ger. brak, brackish. Cf. Ger. 
 
 brack, refuse, trash.] Saltish, or salt in a moderate de 
 
 gree, as water. 
 BrSck'isli-uess, n. Quality of being brackish 
 
 in a pump, clostxl with a valve 
 
 pump. 7. The driver's sojit on a carriage 
 
 Ilk a box, in an embarrassing p^wition; in difficulty. 
 B5x. n. [A.-S. ftoj-, Lat. bvrns, Gr. Trifo?.] A tree or 
 
 a shrub tiourishing in diflFereut parts of the globe. The 
 
 dwarf box is much used for borders in gardens. 
 Bdx, n. [Cf. Gr. -v^, with clinched fist.] A blow on the 
 
 head or car with the hand. 
 B6x, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BOXED (bokst) ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 BOXING.] 1. To inclose in a box. '2. To furnish with 
 
 boxes. 3. To strike with the hand or fist. 
 
 To box tht compass, to name the points of the compass in 
 
 their order. 
 
 Bftx. V. I. To fight with the fist. 
 
 Bdx'er, n. One who fights with his fist. 
 
 BSx'haiil, V. t. [iinp. & p. p. boxhauled; p. pr. & 
 vb. ti.'BOXHAULlNG.] (Naiit.) To wear, as a ship, in a 
 jiarticular manner, when close-hauled, short round on to 
 the other tack : — so called from the circmnstance of 
 bracing the headyards aback. 
 
 B6x'-tree, n. The tree variety of the plant called box. 
 
 B6x'-'»vobd, n. The wood of the box-tree, very hard 
 and smooth, and much used by engravers, turners, &c. 
 
 Boy, «• [Prov. Ger. bua, bue, N. H. Ger. bube, D. boef. 
 Cf. Lat. pupus, Dan. pog, Sw. pojke, Arm. bugel, bugul, 
 child, boy, girl, Per batch, child, boy, servant; A.-S. & 
 Dan. p^ge, Sw. piga, Icel. plka, a little girl.] A male 
 child, from birth to the. age of puberty; a lad. Some- 
 times it is used in contempt or familiarity for a man. 
 
 Boy1i<>bd (27). n. State of a boy, or of immature age. 
 
 Boy'isli, a. Resembling a boy in manners or opinions ; 
 ciiildish : puerile. 
 
 Boy'isli-ly, adv. In a boyish manner. 
 
 Boy'isli-ness, «. Manners or behavior of a boy. 
 
 Brac'-eate, a. [Lat. braccatus, wearing breeches, from 
 bracop, breeches, q. v.] ( Oniith.) Furnished with feath- 
 ers which conceal the feet. 
 
 Bra^e, n. [From Lat. brachia, the arms (stretched out), 
 pi. of brachium, arm.] 1. A prop or support; espe- 
 cially ( Carp.), a piece of timber extending across a cor- 
 ner from one piece of timber to another, ti. That which 
 holds any thing tightly or firmly. 3. (Print.) A verti- 
 cal curved line connecting two or more words or lines, 
 boll, [ 4. A pair ; a couple. 5. A thick strap, 
 boirl. ) which supports a carriage on wheels. 6. 
 (Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end of a 
 yard, by which it is turned about. 7. (pi.) Straps that 
 eustain pantaloons, &c. : suspenders ; gallowses. 8. 
 A bit-stock. 9. State of being braced or tight. 
 
 Bra^-e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. braced (brast); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BR.^CING.] 1. To furnish ^\^th braces; to sup- 
 port ; to prop. 2. To tighten ; to put in a state of ten- 
 sion. 3. To place in a position for bracing. 4. (Naut.) 
 To move around by means of braces. 
 
 Bracelet, n. [Fr., from Lat. brachium, arm. Cf. 
 Brace.] 1. An ornament for the wrist. 3. Apiece 
 of defensive armor for the arm. 
 
 Bra'f f r, n. That which braces ; a band or bandage. 
 
 BrScli'i-al, or Bra'chi-al, a. [Lat. brachialis ; bra- 
 chium, arm.] 1. Belonging to the arm. 3. Of the 
 nature of an arm ; rf>.sembling an arm. 
 
 Bra«;h'y-€at'a-16€'ti€, n. [Gr. ^paxvKa.raXr)KriK6<; ; 
 ^paxvs, short, and KaToArjicTiKo?, incomplete, from /cara- 
 A^eij/, to leave ofT.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse want- ' 
 ing two syllables at its termination. 
 
 Bra-«hy-g'ra-i>hy. n. [Or. /^pa^v's, short, and ypa4>eiv, 
 to write.] Art or practice of writing in short hand ; ste- 
 nography. 
 
 Brack'fn,n. Fern. See Brake. 
 
 Brack'et, n. [0. Fr. braqun, dim. of brache, Lat. 6m- 
 eA/«m,ann.l !• (Arch. & Engin.) A small projecting 
 Fupport, fastened to a wall or other surface. 2. (pi.) 
 (.Vai/t.) Short, crooked timbers, resembHng knees. 3. 
 ( Mil. ) Cheek of a mortar carriage, made of strong plank. 
 4. (Print.) One of two hooks [ ], used to inclose a refer- 
 ence, explanation, note, &c. ; —called also crotchets. 
 
 tiic bucket of a lifting Bra<;t,7i. [Lat. bractea, a thin plate.] (Bot.) A small 
 8. A present. I l^'-^f or scale, fit)m the axil of wLuch a flower proceeds. 
 
 BraJ'te-ate } °- (-So^) Furnished with bracts; bracted. 
 
 Bract'ed, a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracts. 
 
 Brad, 71. [Cf. Dan. braad, prick, sting, Icel. broddr, any 
 pointed piece of iron or steel, brydda, to prick.] A kind 
 of nail, with a sUght projection at the top on one side in- 
 stead of a head. [of brads. 
 
 Brad'-a-w'l, n. An awl to make holes for the insertion 
 
 Brag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BRAGGED: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRAGGING.] [Cf. Icel. bragga, to adom, Ger. j^rac/i en, 
 to make a show, boast, prarht, bracht, breaking, show, 
 splendor, Fr. braguer, flaunt, boast, W. bragiaw, to swell 
 out.] To praise one's self, or what belongs to one's self, 
 in an ostentatious manner. 
 
 Syn. — To swagger; boast; vapor; 
 
 bluster; vaunt; flourish. 
 2. The thing boasted 
 
 thus. 
 
 Brag, 71. 1. A boast or boasting, 
 of. 3. A game at cards. 
 
 Brag'ga-do'ci-o (-do'shl-o), ti. [From Braggadocchio, 
 a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.] 1. A 
 braggart ; a boaster. 2. Empty boasting ; mere brag. 
 
 Brag'gart, 7?. [0. Fr. bragard, flaunting, vain, brag- 
 ging. See supra\ A boaster ; a vain fellow. 
 
 Brag'gart, a. Boastful : vainly ostentatious. 
 
 Brag'ger, n. One who brags ; a boaster. 
 
 Brak'ma, n. [See infra. '\ (Myth.) The first person in 
 the trinity of the Hindoos ; the creator. 
 
 Brali'man, ) n. [Skr. Brahman, Bramin, and the first 
 
 Brali'min, ) deity of the Hindoo triad, Brah?nd.] A 
 person of the upper or sacerdotal caste among the Hin- 
 doos. [Written also Brachynan, Bramin. '\ 
 
 Brali-maii'i«, ^ „ Pertaining to the Brahmans, or 
 
 Brali-maii;i€-al, 'j, ^^^^ doctrines and worship ; re- 
 
 irsS:SS'Stai, j ^^^ *« ^^^ -"^- «^«-^- 
 
 Brali'man-iim, \ n. The religion or system of doc- 
 
 Brali'tniu-igm, ) trines of the Brahmans. 
 
 Braid, v. t. [i7?2p. & p. p. braided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRAIDING.] [A.-S. bredan.] 1. To weave or entwine 
 together ; to plat. , 2. To mingle by rubbing in some 
 fluid or soft substance. 
 
 Braid, n. A string, cord, or other texture, formed by 
 weaving together different strands. 
 
 Brail, 7i. [From Lat. braca, bracse, breeches, a Gallic 
 word. See Breeches.] 1. (Falconry.) A piece of 
 leather to bind up a hawk's wing. 2. (pi.) (Naut.) 
 Ropes employed to haul up, or truss up, sails, for th« 
 more ready furling of them. 
 
 Brail, v. t. [i7np. & p. p. BRAILED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 BRAILING.] (Naut.)To haul up into the brails, or to 
 truss up with the brails. 
 
 Brain, n. [A.-S. bragen. Cf. Gr. /Spe-y^a, upper part of 
 the head.] 1. (Anat.) (a.) The whitish, soft mass which 
 occupies the upper cavity of the skull, and is considered 
 to be the center of sensation and perception, (b.) The 
 anterior or cephaUc ganglion in insects and other inverte- 
 brates. 2. The understanding. 
 US' In the latter sense, often used in the plural. 
 
 Brain, v. t. To dash out the brains of; to destroy. 
 
 Brain'-f e'ver, n. An inflammation of the brain. 
 
 Bratn'less, a. AVithout understanding : witless. 
 
 Brain'-pan, n. The bones which inclose the brain; 
 the skull ; the cranivun. 
 
 Bratn'-sick, a. Disordered in the understanding. 
 
 Brake, n. [L. Ger. brake, brushwood, Dan. br'dgm, 
 bregne, fern, W. bru-g, wood, brake.] 1. (Bot.) A fern of 
 different genera. 2. A place overgrown with brakes. 3. 
 A thicket ; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles. 
 
 Brake, 71. [From the root of fcrea/t.] 1 . An instrmnent 
 to break flax or hemp. 2. The handle by which a pump 
 or fire-engine is worked. 3. A contrivance for confining 
 refractory horses while the smith is shoeing them : also, 
 an inclosvuBto restrain cattle, horses, &c. 4, (Mil.) (a.) 
 That part of the carnage of a movable battery, or engine, 
 „u:„i vi„„ :^ *„ ,. (J ) ^j^ ancient engine of war 
 
 which enables it to turn. 
 
 l<mg; a, €, See, short; c4re, far, ask, aU, wbat ; gre, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dq, wolf, 
 
BRAKEMAN 
 
 81 
 
 BRAZEN 
 
 analogous to the cross-bow. 5. (Agric.) A large, heayy 
 harrow for breaking clods after plowing. 6. A piece of 
 mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by means of 
 firiction, as of a railway carriage. 7. A cart or carriage 
 without a body, used in breakLig horses. 
 
 Brake'inan, n. ; jil. brake'»ien. One whose business 
 is to manage a brake. 
 
 Brak'y, a. Full of brakes or brambles ; rough ; thorny. 
 
 Biram'ble, n. [A.-S. brembel, brember.] (Bot.) One of 
 several different species of the genus Rubus, includ- 
 ing the raspberry and blackberry ; hence, any rough, 
 prickly shrub. 
 
 Bram'bly, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or full of 
 brambles. 
 
 Bra'min, n. See Brahman. 
 
 Bran, 71. [Fr. 6ran , excrement, dirt, 0. Fr. & 0. Sp. 
 bten, bran, W. bran, brann, Ir. & Gael, bran.] The 
 proper coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other farina- 
 ceous grain, separated from the flour by bolting ; — often 
 applied to all refuse sifted out of flour or meal. 
 
 Branch, n. [Fr. branche, Ger. branke, claw, Ir. & Gael. 
 brae, W. braich, arm.] 1. A limb; a bough growing 
 from a stem, or from another branch or bough. ^. Any 
 arm or part shooting or extended from the main body of 
 a thing, as a smaller stream running into a larger one ; a 
 ramification. 3. Any member or part of a body or sys- 
 tem ; a section or subdivision ; a department. 4. A line 
 of family descent, in distinction from some other line or 
 Unes from the same stock ; any descendant in such a line. 
 5. {Laiv.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot. 
 
 Brancli, v. i- [imp. & p. p. BRANCHED (brancht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BRANCHING.] 1. To shoot or spread in 
 branches ; to ramify. 3. To divide into separate parts 
 or subdivisions. 
 
 To branch out, to speak diffusively, or with many words. 
 
 BrancIi, v. t. To divide as into branches. 
 
 Bra,ii'«lii-al, a. [From Gr. Ppdyxtov^ gill.] Pertaining 
 to, or performed by means of, gills, as of fishes. 
 
 Brancli'i-iiess, n. Fullness of branches. 
 
 Bran'-elii-o-podg, n. pi. [Gr. 0pa.yxi-ov, gill, and jtoS?, 
 7ro66?, foot.] {Zodl.) An order of Crustacea, generally 
 very small or minute ; — so named from their feet having 
 been supposed to perform the function of gills. 
 
 Brancli'let, n. A little branch ; a twig. 
 
 Branchi'y, a. Full of branches. 
 
 Brand, n. [A.-S. brand, brand, brand, sword, from brin- 
 nan, byrnan, beornan, to burn.] 1. A burning or partly 
 burnt stick or piece of wood. 3. A sword, so called 
 from its glittering brightness. [Poet.] 3. An iron used 
 for burning a mark on something, as a cask, or a crimi- 
 nal. 4. A distinctive mark made by burning with a hot 
 iron ; hence, figuratively, quaMty ; kind ; also, any mark 
 of infamy ; a stigma. 
 
 Brand, v. t. [wjp. & p. p. branded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRANDING.] 1, To bum or impress a mark with a hot 
 iron. 3. To stigmatize as infamous. 
 
 Brand'- goose, n. [See Brant.] (Ornith.) A species 
 of wild goose, usually called, in America, brant. 
 
 Bran'di«'d,a. Mingled, flavored, or treated with brandy. 
 
 Brand'ing-i'ron (-I'um), ) n. An iron used to brand 
 
 Brand'-i^ron (-i'um), ] with. 
 
 Brau'disli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brandished (108) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. BRANDISHING.] [From brand, a sword, q. 
 v.] To wave, as a weapon ; to shake or flourish. 
 
 Bran'disli, n. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, &c. 
 
 Bran'disli-er, n. One who brandishes. 
 
 Brand'ling, n. [So called from its color. See Brand.] 
 { Zool.) A small red worm, used as bait for small fish. 
 
 Brand'-new, a. [See Brand.] Quite new, as if fresh 
 from the fire. 
 
 Bran'dy, n. [Contracted from 0. Eng. hrandivine, Ger. 
 brantwein, brantewein, i. e., burned wine.] An ardent 
 spirit distilled from wine or other liquors. 
 
 Bran'gle, n. [Scot, brangle, to shake, menace ; prob. a 
 modification of wrangle, q. v.] A wrangle ; a squabble. 
 
 Braii'gle, v.i. To wrangle; to dispute; to squabble. 
 
 Brank, n. [Probably of Celtic origin.] 1. Buckwheat. 
 [Eng.] 2. [Cf. Branch.] A bridle for scolds. 
 
 Bran'lin, n. [From brand, q. v., probably on account 
 of the dark-colored marks on the sides of this fish, re- 
 sembUng those burned by a brand-iron.] (Ichth.) A 
 species of fish of the salmon kind. 
 
 Bran'- new (109), a. See Brand-neW. 
 
 Bran'ny, a. Consisting of, or resembling bran. 
 
 Brant, n. [It. branta, brenta, D. & Ger. brentgans. Prob. 
 It. branta is for branca, branch, so that it signifies a 
 branch goose, same as 0. & Prov. Eng. tree-goose, Ger. 
 
 baumgans.] ( Omith.) A species of wild goose ; — ( 
 also brent and brand-goose. See Brand-goose. 
 
 Brasli, a. [Cf. Ger. barsch, harsh, sharp, tart, impetu- 
 ous.] 1. Hasty in temper, ti. [Arm. bresk, brusk, frag- 
 ile.] Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Local, Amer.] 
 
 Brasli, n. [See Brash, a., 2.] 1. A rash or eruption. 
 3. Refuse boughs of trees ; truck. 3. (Geol.) Broken 
 and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial de- 
 posits. 4. Broken fragments of ice. 
 
 Bra'gier (bra'zher), n. [From brass.] 1. An artificer 
 who works in brass. "2, [Fr. brasier, braisier, from 
 braise, embers, live coals.] A pan for holding coals. 
 
 Brass, n. [A.-S. brds.W. pres. Cf. Icel. bras, cement, 
 solder, Lith. waras, brass.] 1. A yellow aUoy of cop- 
 per and zinc. 2. Impudence ; a brazen face. [Colloq.] 3* 
 pi. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles made of brass. 
 
 Brass'-band, n. A company of musicians who per- 
 form on instruments of brass. 
 
 Brasse, n. [A.-S. bears, baers. Cf. L. Ger. brasse.] The 
 pale, spotted perch. 
 
 Brass'i-ness, n. Quality or appearance of brass. 
 
 Brass'-leaf , n. Brass made into very thin sheets. 
 
 Brass'y, a. 1. Pertaining to brass ; hard as brass ; the 
 color of brass. 2. Impudent ; impudently bold. [CoUoq.] 
 
 Brat, n. [A.-S. bratt, cloak, rag, W. brat, bratt, clout, 
 rag, Ir. & Gael, brat, cloak, veil, apron, rag.] A child, 
 so called in contempt. 
 
 Bra-va'do, n, [?)T^.bravada,bravata. See BRAVE.] 1, 
 An arrogant menace ; a boast or brag ; boastful or 
 threatening behavior. 2, A boasting fellow. 
 
 Brave, a. [Fr. brave, Sp., Pg., and It. bravo, courageous. 
 This word seems to be of Celtic origin.] 1. Of noble or 
 admirable courage ; uniting boldness with generosity and 
 dignity. 2. Excellent ; beautiful. 
 
 Syn. — Courageous ; gallant ; daring ; valiant ; valorous ; 
 bold; heroic ; intrepid ; feai-less ; dauntless ; high-spirited. 
 
 Brave, n. 1. A brave person ; specifically, an Indian 
 warrior. 2. A hector ; a bully. 
 
 Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. braved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRAVING.] To encounter with courage and fortitude; 
 to set at defiance ; to defy ; to challenge ; to dare. 
 
 Brave'ly, adv. In a brave manner. 
 
 Brav'er-y, n. 1, Quality of being brave ; fearlessness 
 of danger ; undaunted spirit. 2, Showy appearance ; 
 ostentation. 
 
 Syn. — Courage ; heroism ; intrepidity ; gallantry ; valor; 
 fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manfulness.— Cowrai/e 
 (from cor, heart) is that firmness of spirit which meets danger 
 without fear; hravertj defies or braves it, and shows itselr in 
 outwaid acts; audacity is bravery running out into rashness. 
 
 Bra'vo, n. ; pi. bra'v6e§. [It. See Brave.] A daring 
 villain ; a bandit ; an assassin or murderer. 
 
 Bra'vo, interj. Well done ! expressive of applause. 
 
 Brawl, V. i. [Fr. brailler, AV. bragal, to vociferate, brag ; 
 broliaio, to brag, boast, brawl, boast. Cf. Broil.] 1. 
 To quarrel noisily and indecently. 2. To complain 
 loudly; to scold. 3. To roar ; as water. 
 Syn. — To wrangle ; squabble; contend. 
 
 BravFl, n, A noisy quarrel ; loud, angry contention. 
 Syn. — Noise; quarrel; scurrility; uproar. 
 
 Bravtrl'er, n. A noisy fellow ; a wrangler. 
 
 Brawn, n. [From 0. H. Ger. brdto, ace. bratun, braton, 
 fatness.] 1. The flesh of a boar. 2. Full, strong mus- 
 cles ; muscular strength ; hence, the arm. 
 
 Bravrn'i-ness, n. QuaUty of being bra^nly. 
 
 BravFn'y, a. Having large, strong muscles. 
 
 Syn. — Musculous; muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky. 
 
 Bray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bray- 
 ING.] 1. [0. Fr. brayer; Icel. braka, to break, 6m/fca, 
 to crack, A.-S. bracan, to rub.] To pound, beat, or 
 grind small. 2. [See Bray, v. i.] To make or utter 
 with a harsh , grating sound. 
 
 Bray, v. i. [Fr. braire, to bray. Cf. BRAG.] 1. To ut- 
 ter a harsh cry, as an ass. 2, To make a harsh, grating 
 noise. [sound. 
 
 Bray, n. The harsh sound of an ass ; any harsh, grating 
 
 Bray'er, n. One who brays like an ass. 
 
 Bray'er, n. [From bray, to grind. See BRAY, v. 1. 1.] 
 (Print.) An instrument for mixing or spreading ink. 
 
 Bi*aze, V. t. [From brass, q. v.] 1. To solder with an al- 
 loy of brass and zinc. 2. To cover or ornament ^Yitl^ 
 brass. 3. To harden to impudence. 
 
 Bra'zen (bra'zn), a. 1. Pertaioing to, proceeding from, 
 or made of, brass. 2. Impudent. 
 
 Brazen age (Mt/th-), the age which succeeded the silver age, 
 when men had degenerated from primitive purity. — ^azen 
 sea (JeivisJi Antiq.), a large vessel of brass, cast on the plain of 
 Jordan, and placed in Solomon's temple. 
 
 food, fo^t; aru, ri}de,pull; $eU, jhaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get, a§; e$ist; linger, lij}k; ttiis. 
 
 6 
 
BRAZEN 
 
 82 
 
 BREATHE 
 
 Bra'zen (bra'an,) i'. i. To be impudent ; to bully. 
 
 Bra'zen-f aped, (bra'zn-fast), a. Impudent ; bold to ex- 
 cess ; shameless. 
 
 Bra'zen-ly, adv. In a bold, impudent manner. 
 
 Bra'zier (bra/zher), n. [See Brasier.] 1. An artificer 
 ■who works in brass. 3. A pan to hold coals. 
 
 Bra-zil'-"»vobdl, n. [Pg. braza, a live coal, or glowing 
 fire. This name was given to the wood from its color.] 
 A very heavy wood, of a red color, growing in other I 
 tropical countries, and used for dyeing red. 
 
 Breacli, n- [A.-S. brice, bryce, Fr. breche, Ger. brecke. 
 See Break.] 1. Act of breaking, or state of being 
 broken. *Z. The gap or opening made by breaking. 3. 
 A breaking or infraction, as of a law, or any obligation 
 or tie. 4. A breaking up of amicable relations. 
 
 Syn. — Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; disruption; fracture; aper- 
 ture; gap; break; infraction; infringement; violation; quar- 
 rel; dispute; contention; difference ;' misunderstanding. 
 
 Breacli, v. t. (Mil.) To make a breach or opening in the 
 walls of, by means of artillery. [cattle. 
 
 Breacli'y, a. Apt to break fences ; — applied to unruly 
 
 Bread, rt. [A.-S. bread, bread. The root is either A.-S. 
 breovan, imp. bredv, to brew, bake, or, better, A.-S. 
 breotan, imp bredt, to break, for an older breodan, imp. 
 bread.] 1, Food made of flour or meal. 2. Provisions 
 in general. 
 
 Bread'-corn, n. Com or grain of which bread is made, 
 as wheat, rye, &c. 
 
 Bread'-fruit (32), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree^ found 
 in the isle's' of the Pacific. ^Then baked, it somewhat 
 resembles bread, and is eaten as food. The name is also 
 applied to the tree. "" 
 
 Bread'stiiff , n. Bread-corn ; meal ; flour. [Amer.] 
 
 Br^adtli (108), n. [A.-S. brddo, braed, from brad., broad. 
 See Broad.] 1. Distance from side to side ; width. 
 3. {Paint.) Quality of having colors and shadows broad 
 and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to 
 produce an impression of largeness and simple grandeur. 
 
 Break, ^•. t. [imp. broke (brake, obs.) ; p. p. BROKE 
 or BROKEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BREAKING.] [A.-S. & Goth. 
 brikan, Icel. braka, allied to Lat. frangere, for fragere, 
 Skr. bhandj, in which the letter r has been dropped, Gr. 
 pijyvuvai, where the initial consonant has been omitted.] 
 1, (a.) To strain apart ; to part by. Hence, to lay open 
 by breaking. And (Fig.) to lay open, as a purpose ; to 
 disclose or divulge. (6.) To infringe or violate, (c.) To 
 interrupt ; to terminate, (rf.) To destroy the completeness 
 of. 3. To dash or shatter to pieces. 3. Hence, (a.) To 
 shatter or crush, Asithout separation of parts ; to bruise. 
 (b.) To weaken, impair, or subdue, (c.) To diminish the 
 force of. And (Fig.) to impart cautiously. (d.)To tame ; 
 to make tractable, (e.) To make bankrupt. (/.) To de- 
 stroy the ofiicial character of ; to cashier. 
 With prepositions or adverbs : — 
 
 To break down, to crush; to overwhelm. — To break in, to 
 force in; also, to train; to discipline. — To break of. to cause 
 to reform, or abandon. — To break off, to separate by breaking; 
 to interrupt ; to put an end to. — To break open, to open by 
 breaking. — To break out, to take or force out by breaking. — 
 To breaJc over, to transgress; to disregard. — 2o &?'ea^ Mi>, to 
 separate into parts; to put an end to. 
 
 With an object : — 
 
 To break the back, neck, &c., to dislocate the same. — To 
 break bulk, to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as 
 from boats to cars. — To break cover, to burst forth from a pro- 
 tecting concealment. — To breakfast, to partake of food after 
 abstinence, especially in the morning. — To break ground, to 
 open the earth as for planting ; to commence excavation. 
 Hence (Fig.), to begin to execute any plan; (Xaut.), to release 
 the anchor from the bottom.— To break the heart, to crush or 
 overwhelm with grief — To break a house, {Law), to remove 
 any part of the house or of its fastenings, with violence and 
 a felonious intent. — To break the ice, to overcome obstacles 
 and make a beginning.— 7*0 6rea* jaiZ, to escape from con- 
 finement in jail. — To break a jest, to utter a jest. — To break 
 joints, to lay bricks, shingles, &c., so that the joints in one 
 course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. — 
 To break a path, road, or the like ; to open a way through 
 obstacles by force. — To break upon a wheel, to execute or pun- 
 ish, as a criminal, by stretching him out upon a cart-wheel 
 or frame, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar. 
 
 Syn.— To dispart; rend; tear; crash; shatter ; batter ; vio- 
 late; infringe; demolish; destroy. 
 
 Break, v. i. 1. To come to pieces ; to burst asunder. 
 3. To open spontaneously, or by force from within. 3. 
 To come to view ; to appear ; to dawn. 4. To burst 
 forth violently. 5. To become weakened ; to lose health 
 or strength. 6. To fail in business. 7. To change the 
 gait. 8. To exceed the natural compass or power, as the 
 Toice. 9. To fall out ; to terminate friendship. 
 With prepositions or adverbs : — 
 
 To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; also, to be- 
 come dissipated, as the clouds. — To break down, to comedown 
 by breaking ; to fail in any undertaking. — Jo break forth, 
 to issue suddenly, as sound, light, &c. ; — with in or vnto ; to 
 give vent to. — To break in, or in upon, to enter violentlv or 
 unexpectedly. —7b break loo.<<e, to extricate one's self forcibly. 
 
 — To break off, to become separated with suddenness and vio- 
 lence; to desist. — To break out, to burst forth ; to appear sud- 
 denly;— also, to show itself in cutaneous eruptions,— said of 
 certain diseases; to become covered with cutaneous eruptions, 
 
 — said of a patient.— To break up, to become separated into 
 parts or fragments. Hence, to be dissolved; to disperse.- T9 
 break with, to fall out; to part friendship. 
 
 Break, n. [A.-S. brsec. See supra.] 1, An oi)ening 
 made by fracture or disruption. 2. An Interruption ; 
 a pause. 3. In writing or printing, a dash, or a blank 
 or unfinished line. 4. The first appearing of light in the 
 morning; the dawn. 5, An interruption of continuity. 
 6. A kind of large, four-wheel carriage. 
 
 Break'a-tole, a. Capable of being broken. 
 
 Break'age (45), n. 1. A breaking. 3. An allowance 
 for things broken in transportation. 
 
 Break'down, n. 1. Act of breaking down, as of a car- 
 riage. 2. A riotous dance, tei-minating a ball. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Break'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. 3. 
 (Naut.) A small, flat water-cask, used in boats for bal- 
 last and for emergencies. 3. pi. Waves breaking into 
 foam against the shore, a sand-bank, or a sunken rock. 
 
 Break'fast (brek/fast), n. The first meal in the day. 
 
 Break'fa.st, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BREAKFASTING.] To break one's fast in the 
 morning. [morning. 
 
 Break'fast, v. t. To furnish with the first meal in the 
 
 Break'-neck, n. A steep place, endangering the neck. 
 
 Break'-neck, a. Producing danger of a broken neck. 
 
 Break'wa-ter, n. Any structure or contrivance, to 
 break the"'force of waves. 
 
 Bream, n. [Fr. breme, bram.e, from 0. H. Ger. brahsema, 
 bralisina, brachse.] (Ichth.) A certain fish inhabiting 
 lakes and deep water, extremely insipid, and little valued. 
 
 Bream, v. t. [Cf. Broom, and Ger. ein Bc\nS.brennen.^ 
 (Naut.) To bum filth, as grass, seaweed, &c.. off from. 
 
 Breast, n. [A.-S. breost, Icel. briost, Goth, brusts, Ger, 
 brust. The root is 0. H. Ger. brestan, A.-S. berstan, Eng. 
 burst, so that the word properly signifies a thing bursting 
 beyond the adjacent surface.] 1. The fore part of the 
 body, between the neck and the belly. 3. The pro- 
 tuberant glands, in females, in which milk is secreted. 
 3. The seat of consciousness, and of the affections and 
 passions ; the heart. 
 
 To make a clean breast, to make full confession. 
 
 Breast, v. t. To meet with the breast, or manfuUy. 
 
 Breast'-bone, n. The bone of the breast to which most 
 of the ribs are attached ; the sternum. 
 
 Breast'-hobk, n. (Ncnit.) A piece of timber in the form 
 of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship. 
 
 Breast'ing, n. (Engin.) The curved channel in which 
 a breast- wheel turns. [breast. 
 
 Breasfknot (-not), n. A knot of ribbons worn on the 
 
 Breast'pin, n. A pin worn for a fastening, or for orna- 
 ment, on the breast ; a brooch. 
 
 Breast'plate, n. 1. Defensive armor worn upon the 
 breast. 3. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. 
 
 3. (Jewish Antiq.) A part of the vestment of the high 
 priest, consisting of a folded piece of rich, embroidered 
 stuS set with twelve precious stones, on which were en- 
 graved the names of the twelve tribes. 
 
 Breast'-ploAV, I n. A kind of plow, driven by the 
 
 Breast'-plough, ) breast, used to cut or pare turf. 
 
 Breast'rail, n. The upper raU of a balcony or of the 
 breastwork on a quarter-deck. 
 
 Breast'-Teheel, n. A water-wheel, which receives th© 
 stream of water at about half its height. 
 
 Breast'work (-wurk), »i. 1, (Fort.) A defensive earth- 
 work breast-high. 3. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter- 
 deck and forecastle. 
 
 Breath, 71. [A.-S. brsedh.] 1. Air respired. 3. Act or 
 power of breathing naturally or freely. 3. Power of 
 respiration; hence, life. 4. Time to breathe; respite; 
 pause. 5. A single respiration, or the time of making 
 it ; a single act ; an instant. 6. A very sUght breeze. 
 
 Breatb'a-ble , a . Capable of bemg breathed. 
 
 Breathe, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breathed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BREATHING.] [From breath, q. v.] 1. To re- 
 spire ; hence, to live. 3. To take breath ; to rest. 3. 
 To pass, as air ; to exhale ; to emanate. 
 
 Breathe, v. t. 1. To respire. 3. To inject or infusa 
 by breathing. 3. To emit by the breath ; to utter softly. 
 
 4. To exhale ; to emit, as breath. 5. To cause to sound 
 
 a;e, &c.,iow^,a,6,&c.,sAort;care,far,ask,all,-what; 6re, veil, term; pique,firm; s6n,6r,do,w9lf, 
 
BREATHER 
 
 83 
 
 BRIDE-CAKE 
 
 by breathing. 6. To promote free respiration in; to 
 exercise. 7. To suffer to take breath, or recover the 
 natural breathing. S. To put out of breath. 9. [W. 
 brathu, to pierce.] To give air or vent to ; to open. 
 
 Breatii'er, n. One who breathes. 
 
 Breatli'inir, n. 1. Respuution. 3. Air in gentle mo- 
 tion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation. 4. Aspira- 
 tion; secret prayer. 5. Exercise. 6. Utterance. 7, 
 Breathing-place; vent. 8. (a.) (Gram.) Aspuration ; ' 
 the sound expressed by the letter h. (b.) ( Gr. Gram.) j 
 A mark placed over the initial vowel of a word to indicate i 
 aspiration. — Rough, breatking [s^mtus asper), a mark ['], j 
 signifying that the letter over which it Ls placed is to be j 
 pronounced as if preceded by A, as teVai (hI-«-nai). 
 Smooth breathing (nYimtns. lenU)^ a mark [], indicating i 
 the absence of the sound of /i, as leVai (I-e-nai). 
 
 Brfiath'less, a. 1. Out of breath. iJ. Dead; expired. 
 
 Br6atli'les8-ness, n. State of being breathless, or ex- i 
 hausted with exercise. 
 
 Breccia (bret'cha), n. [li. See Breach.] (Geol.) Ai 
 rock composed of angular fragments, united by a cement, ; 
 and pre^nting a variety of colors. 
 
 Brec'ci-a'ted (brek'shl-), a. Consisting of angular 
 fragments cemented together. 
 
 Breecli, n. [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of 
 the body behind, 'i. The hinder part of any thing, esp. . 
 the part of a fire-arm, behind the bottom of the bore. i 
 
 Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. breeched : ;;. pr. & vb. ; 
 n. BREECHING.] 1. To put into bn-eches. 'i. To fit ! 
 or furnish with a breech. 3. To fasten with breeching. ' 
 
 Breech'es (brlch'ez), »i. p/. [A.-S. broc,^\. brer, brac,\ 
 Ir. brog, D. broek, Lat. brara, brarae, brarcu-.] A garment ! 
 worn by men, covering the hips and thighs ; — sometimes, i 
 but less properly, used in the sense of pantaloons. I 
 
 curved mark [— ] used to indicate the short quantity 
 of a vowel, or some particular quality of its sound. 
 
 Bre-v6t', n. [Fr., from Lat. 6r(fL-?.!t, short. See Brief.] 
 1. A royal or imperial warrant, granting a favor, privi- 
 lege, title, or dignity. 2. (Mil.) A commission in the 
 arm}' at lai^e, in distinction from a commission in a 
 particular regiment or corps. [brevet. 
 
 Bre-v6t', i\ t. (Mil.) To confer rank or title upon by 
 
 Bre-v6t', a. (Mil.) Taking rank by brevet. 
 
 Bre'-vi-a-ry, «. [Lat. breviarium, from brevis, short.] 
 1 . An abridgment ; a compend ; an epitome ; a brief 
 account or summary. 2. A book containing the daily 
 service of the Roman Catholic or Greek church. 
 
 Bre-vier', n. [Probably so called from being originally 
 used in printing a frrfivary.] (Print.) A small kind of 
 printing type, in size between bourgeois and minion, 
 i^^ This line is printed in brevier type. 
 
 Br6v'i-ped, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and pes, pedis, foot J 
 (Ornitli.) Uaving short legs, as certain birds. 
 
 Br6v'i-p6n'nate, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and penna- 
 tus, winged, feathered, from penna, feather, wing.] ( Or- 
 nith.) Short-winged; — applied to a division of birds, 
 including the ostricli, cassowary, swan, &c. 
 
 BrCv'i-ty, n. [Lat. brevitas, from brevis, short.] 1. 
 Shortness of duration. 2. Contraction into few words; 
 shortness ; conciseness. 
 
 Bre^v (brjj), f. t. [imp. & p. p. BREWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 H. BREWING.] [A.-S. brtovan, Icel. brugga, allied to 
 Lat. frige re , Gr. <{>pvy«iy, to roast, fry, broil.] 1. To 
 boil or seethe. '2. To prepare, as a liquor, from malt 
 and hups, or other materials, by steeping, boiling, and 
 fermentation. 3. To prepare by boiUug, mingUng, &c. 
 4. To contrive ; to plot. 
 
 To wear the breechef, to usurp the authority of the husband j 1 Brew (br» ), v. i. 1. To perform the business of brew 
 — said of a wife. [Cutloi].] < ing. "i. To be in a state of preparation ; to be forming 
 
 Breedi'lng (brlch'ing), n. 1. That part of a harness ! B!J.tv'Ill''!.Tbru/-^ n Malt liauor • drink breweti 
 which comes round the breech of a h.,rse. 2. (Naut.) tt ^^^ ,^n,!}Kr I i^lttu Z.\JZ '"*^*^*- 
 
 A strong ror« fastened to a cannon, to prevent it from «rew er (br},'er , «. One who brews 
 «^miin^ f J. mn,.h in h«tM^ ' . Brew'er-y, (brjj'-) 
 
 recoiUng too much in battle. 
 
 ^ Brew'- house, i carried on 
 
 A house where brewing is 
 
 Breech'.load'lnK.^a, (Mil ) Receiving the charge at SJ:.^,i;;nbr.i'iug); r l7The act or process of pre- 
 
 the breech instead of the mmule. 
 
 Breed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRED; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 BREEDING] [\.S. br§(iftn. Cf. W. ftrtprf, hot, warm, 
 brydiaw, to <ieat. See BROOD.] 1. To procreate; to 
 generate ; to beget ; to hatch. 2. To bring up ; to nun»e 
 and foster. 3. To instruct; to form by ^ucation. 4. 
 To occasion ; to produce. 5. To give birth to. 
 
 Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young. 2. To be 
 generated, or to grow, as young before birth. 3* To 
 have birth ; to be produced. 4. To raise a breed. 
 
 To breed in and in, to breed from animalH of the same stock 
 that are closely relaud. 
 
 Breed, n. 1. A race or progeny trom the same parents 
 or stock. 2. A race of men or other animals, which 
 have an alliance by nativity, or some distinctive qualities 
 in common. 3. Progeny; ofEspriug ; — applied toother 
 things than animals. 
 
 Breed'er, n. One who, or that which, breeds. 
 
 Breed'lng, n. 1. Formation of manners. 2. Deport- 
 ment or behavior ; manners. 
 
 Syn. — Education ; instraction; nurture; training. 
 
 Breeze, In. [\.-S. briosa,brimse. C f. Ger. braiisen, 
 
 Breeze'-fly, ) Icel. brilsa, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to 
 hum, buzz, murmur.] (Entotn.) A kind of fly of vari- 
 ous species, noted for buzzing about animals, an(i tor- 
 menting them by sucking their blood. The name is also 
 given to dilTerent species of bot-flies. [Written also 
 breese and brize.] 
 
 Breeze, n. [Ft. brise. It. brezza, Sp. briza, brisa^ a 
 breeze fi:x)m north-east. Cf. Fr. bine, 0. H. Ger. bisa, 
 north wind ] 1. A light wind ; a gentle gale. 2. (Fig.) 
 An excited state of feeling; a quarrel. (Colloq.) 
 
 Breeze, v. i. To blow gently. 
 
 Breez'y, a. Fanned with gentle winds or breezes. 
 
 Br6nt, n. A brant, or brand-goose.* See Brant. 
 
 Brga.st'-sum'mer, n. (Arch.) A summer or beam 
 placed breast-wise to support a superincumbent wall. 
 
 BrCth'ren, n. ,• pi. of brother. It is u.«ed almost exclu- 
 sively, in solemn and scriptural language, in the place of 
 brothers. See BROTHER. 
 
 BrStt, n. A long, four-wheel pleasure-carriage, with a 
 calash top, and seats for four, be-sides a driver's seat. 
 
 Breve, n. [Lat. fereviVs, short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.f A 
 note, equivalent to two semibreves, or four minims, i ^ l 
 2. (Law.) A brief. See Brief. ^. (Print.) A^ ' 
 
 paring liquors from malt and hops, &c. 2. The quantity 
 brewed at once. 
 
 Brew'ls (brij'is), n. [A.-S. bri%o, es, broth, frumenty, 
 frora breovan,V.nf:,. breir.] 1. Broth ; pottage. [Obs.'\ "Z, 
 Bread soaked in gravy, or prepjired in water and butter. 
 
 Bri-a're-an, a. Pertaining to, or re.>ienibling, Briareus, 
 a giant with a hundred hands ; hence, hundred-handed. 
 
 Bribe, n. [Fr. bribe, a hunch of bread, scrap, leavings 
 of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), 0. Fr. 
 briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg ; Cf. \V. briw^ 
 fragment, bara briw, broken bread.] 1. A gift bestowed 
 or promised with a view to jjervert the judgment or cor- 
 rupt the conduct, ti. That which seduces ; allurement. 
 
 Bribe, i'. t. [imp. & ;:;. p. BRIBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRIBING.] 1. To influence or corrupt by gifts. 5J. To 
 gain by a bribe. 
 
 Bribe, v. i. To give a bribe to a person. 
 
 Brib'er, n. One who, or that which, bribes. 
 
 Brib'er-y, n. Act or practice of bribing. 
 
 Brick, n. [Either from A.-S. brice,a. breaking, ftugment, 
 or, better, from Armor, pr(>^-, clayey, ;jr?,clay.] 1. Clay 
 and sand, tempered with water, molded into regular 
 forms, dried in the sun, and usually burnt. 2. Bricks 
 collectively. 3. A good fellow ; a merry person. [Low] 
 A brick in Ms hat, used of a person intoxicated. 
 
 Brick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bricked (brTkt) ; p. pr. tn 
 vb. n. bricking.] To lay or pave with bricks. 
 
 BricknbA.t, n. A piece or frugment of a brick. See 
 Bat, No. 4. [baked or bumt- 
 
 Brick'-kilii (-kil), n. A kiln, in which bricks are 
 
 Brick'-lay'er, n. One who builds with bricks. 
 
 Brick'-lay'ingr, n. The art of building with bricks. 
 
 Brick'-nog'ging, n. Brick-work carried up and filled 
 in between timber framing. 
 
 Brick'-tea, n. Fresh tea-leaves saturated with fat, or 
 with an alkaline solution, and pressed into large cakes. 
 
 Brick'- work (-wurk), 71. A structure of bricks. 
 
 Brid'al, a. [From bride, q. v.] Belonging to a bride, o» 
 to a wedding ; nuptial ; connubial. 
 
 Brid'al, n. The nuptial festival ; marriage. 
 
 Bride, n. [A.-S. bryd, Goth, br ut hs, lce\. brUdhr, W. 
 priaiod, a married person, Skr. praud/iA, bride. Cf. Skr. 
 pri, to love.] 1. A woman recently married. 2. A 
 woman espoused, or contracted to be married. [ding. 
 
 Bride'-eake, n. Cake made for the guests at a wed- 
 
 food, f<>bt; firu, rude, pull; fell, (haise, «all, e«ho; gexu, get; a§; ejist; linger, link^ ^his- 
 
BRIDE-CHAMBER 
 
 84 
 
 BRISKNESS 
 
 1?riflc'-chain1>er, M. The nuptial apartment. 
 
 Briile'lirrtroin. »». [Orip. ami pmp- hndfgoom, fipom 
 A.-S. f>ry,ti:iirm, IViim hri/d, bride, ami puma, man.] A 
 man newlv m.irrieil, or alH>ut to W married. 
 
 Brldo'-mald. ( n- A woman who attends on a bride 
 
 Brid«*§'-in!»id, ) at her wiHiding. 
 
 Bride'-inun, «• .• pi- bkIde'-men. 1 A man who at- 
 
 Bride§'-iuau. «.;;'/. BKiDE§'-MEN. ) tends upon a 
 hridegnxnu and bride at their marriage. 
 
 Bride 'm-o 11. ". A house of correction ; — so called tcom 
 a ha-spital near Sr. Bridf's or Bruigcfs tvell, in London, 
 which was pubsequentlv turned into a work-house. 
 
 Bridge, n. (A.-S. bri/ck, bryc, brig, Icel. bryggja.] 1. 
 A Plructurc erected to make a continuous roadway over 
 a watercourse, ravine, railroad, or the like. 2. Some- 
 thing analogous to a bridge, as a support for the strings 
 of a violin, the upper, bony part of the nose, &c. 
 
 Bridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRIDGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 B K I DO I >• G . ] To build a bridge or bridges over. 
 
 Brid^t^'-board, n. {Arch.) A board on which the ends 
 of the stops of wooden stairs are fastened. 
 
 Brid£;'iiis:-joi$t, n. (Arch.) (a.) A joist sustained by 
 transverse beams below; — called also a binding-joist, 
 (b.) A joist nailed or fixed to the flooring boards. 
 
 Bri'dle, n. [A.-S. bridel.] 1. An instrument %rith which 
 a horse is governed and restrained. 2. A restraint ; a 
 curb; a check. 3. (Gun.) Part of a gun-lock. 4. 
 (Naut.) A short piece of cable, intended to enable a ship, 
 when moored, to veer with the wind and tide. 
 
 Bri'dle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. bridled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRIDLING.] 1. To put a bridle upon. '2. To i-estrain, 
 guide, or govern ; to check, curb, or control. 
 
 Bri'dle, r. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, 
 as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. 
 
 Bri'dle-patli, )n. A path or way for travelers on 
 
 Bri'dle-'»vay, ) horse-back. 
 
 Bri'dler, n. One who bridles. 
 
 Bri-ddbn', n. [Ft. bridon, from bride. See BRIDLE.] 
 (31/7.) The snaffle and rein of a mUitary bridle, which 
 acts independently of the bit. 
 
 Brief, a. [Fr. brief. bref\ Lat. brevis, short.] 1. Short 
 in duration. 2. Short in expression ; using few words. 
 SvTi. — Short; limited; concise; succinct; summary; com- 
 penolous; lacoiiic. 
 
 Brief. ?i. 1. An epitome ; a short or concise writing] a 
 statement in few words. 2. (Lnw.) (a.) An abridg- 
 ment of a client's case, (b.) A wiit summoning a man 
 to answer to any action. 
 Apostolical bri^f, a letter of the pope relating to public affairs. 
 
 Briefless, a. Having no brief; without clients. 
 
 Briefly, adv. Concisely ; in few words. [writing. 
 
 Briefness, n. Shortness; conciseness in discourse or 
 
 Bri'er, n. [A.-S. brwr, brer, Ir. briar, Gael, preas, W. 
 prys, prysg.]. [Written also briar.'] 1. A prickly plant 
 or shrub. 2. (Bot.) The sweet-brier and the wUd- 
 brier, species of the rose. 
 
 Bri'er-y, a. Full of briers ; rough; thorny. 
 
 Brig, n. [Abbreviation of brig- 
 antine, q. v.] A vessel with 
 two ma.sts, square-rigged. 
 
 Hitrmaphrodite brig^ a two 
 masted \essel, pquare-ngged for- 
 ward and schooner-rigged aft. 
 
 Bri-gade', n. [Fr. brigade, 
 8p. brigada, It. brigata, troop, 
 crew, brigade, prop, and orig. 
 
 a contending troop, from 0.^ 
 
 Fr. hrigue. It. briga, trouble, "s^__ _ 
 quarrel.] (Mil.) A division of "^^j^ 
 
 troops, commanded by a gen- ^* 
 
 etal officer, or brigadier, and consisting of an indeter- 
 minate number of regiments, squadrons, or battalions. 
 nrionde niajfrr, an officer who may be attached to a brigade 
 Vt aMut the bngadier in his duties. 
 
 Bri-gade', r. t. [imp. & p. p. brigaded : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BRIGADING.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or into i 
 brigades, i 
 
 Brig'a-dier'-^fin'er-al, n. [Fr. , from brigade.] ( Mil. ) i 
 The p?neral officer who commands a brigade, in rank I 
 next below a major-general. I 
 
 Brig'and, n. [L. Lat. brigans, a light-armed .«oldier, 'W. ' 
 brignnt. summit, highlander, plunderer, brigantiud, high- 
 lander, depredator, from brig, top, summit, hill.] A law- 
 less fellow who Uves by plunder : a robber ; a freebooter. 
 
 Brig'and-agC) "• Theft ; robber}- ; plunder. 
 
 Brig'aii-tine, n. [Fr. brigantin, originally a piratical ' 
 vtowl. See Brigand.] a kind of small brig. 
 
 Bright (brlt), a. [A.-S. beorht,byrht, briht, Goth, bairhts, 
 Icel. biartr ; Skr. bhr&dsh, to shine, Groth. bairhtjan, ga- 
 bairhtjan.] 1. Shedding much light. 2. Transmitting 
 light. 3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or 
 attractive, or that afifect the mind as light does the eye. 
 
 4. Having a clear, quick intellect ; sparkling with \nt. 
 
 5. Manifest to the mind, as light to the eyes. 
 
 Syn.— Shining ; splendid ; luminous ; brilliant ; resplen- 
 dent ; eff"ulgent ; refulgent; radiant; sparkling; glittenng ; 
 lucid ; beamy ; clear : transparent ; translucent ; hmpid. 
 
 Bright'en (brlt'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. brightened : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. BRIGHTENING.] 1. To make bright or 
 brighter ; to increase the luster of. 2. To make illustri- 
 ous, or more distinguished. 3. To shed light upon ; to 
 make cheerful. 4. To make acute or witty. 
 
 Briglit'Pii (brlt'n), v. i. To grow bright, or more bright. 
 
 Briglit'ly (brlt'-), adv. Splendidly : with luster. 
 
 Briglit'iiess (brit'-), n. 1. The quality of being bright. 
 2. Acuteness, applied to the faculties. 
 
 Syn. — Splendor ; luster ; radiance ; resplendence ; bril- 
 liancy ; effulgence ; glory ; clearness ; transparency. 
 
 Bright's' Di§-ea§e'. ( Med. ) A granular disease of the 
 cortical part of the kidneys ; • — so called from being first 
 described by Dr. Bright, of London. 
 
 Brill'ianpe, ) n. Great brightness, whether in a literal 
 
 Brill'ian-fy, ) or tropical sense ; splendor. 
 
 Brill'iant fbrll'yant), a. [Fr. brillant, p. pr. of briller, 
 to shine or sparkle, from Lat. beryllus, a precious stone. 
 See Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster: glittering. 2. 
 Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; 
 splendid ; shining. 
 
 Brill'iant, n. A diamond of the finest cut, formed so as 
 to reflect and refract the light. 
 
 Brill'iant-ly, adv. In a brilliant manner ; splendidly. 
 
 Brim, n. [A.-S. brymme, bremme.] Rim, or border, of 
 any thing ; the edge or margin. 
 
 Brim, v. i. To be foil to the brim. 
 
 Brim'ful, a. Full to the top ; completely ftdl. 
 
 Brim'mer, n. A bowl full to the top. 
 
 Brim'ming, a. Full to the top or brim ; brimful. 
 
 Brim'stone, n. [From A.-S. bryne, a burning, fire, and 
 stone.] A hard, brittle, infiammalaie substance, of a 
 lemon-yellow color : sulphur. 
 
 Brin'ded, a. [Equiv. to branded. Cf. brand and A.-S. 
 brinnan, byrnan, beornan, to bum.] Having different 
 colors ; variegated : streaked. 
 
 Brin'dle, n. [A diminutive form of brind, the root of 
 brinded.] The state of being brinded ; spottedness. 
 
 Brin'dled (brin'^dld), a. Spotted ; variegated ; brinded. 
 
 Brine, n. [A.-S. bryne, a burning, salt liquor, from brin- 
 nan, byrnan, to bum.] 1. Water impregnated with salt. 
 2. The ocean or sea. 3. Tears, so called from their salt- 
 ness. [evaporation. 
 
 Brine'-pSn, n. A pit of salt water, for forming salt by 
 
 Bring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brought ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRINGING.] [A.-S. bringan, Goth, briggan, bringgan.] 
 1. To convey to a person or thing ; to fetch. 2. To 
 make to come ; to procure ; to draw in. 3. To induce ; 
 to prevail on ; to influence. 4. To convey ; to carry. 
 
 To brinq about, to effect ; to accomplish.— To bring back, to 
 recall. — To bring dozen, to humble or abase. — To bring forth, 
 to produce ; to make manifest. — To bring in, to introduce ; to 
 produce, as income ; to induce to join. — To bring off, to bear 
 or convey away ; to procure to be acquitted. — To bring on, to 
 cause to" begin : to cause to exist. — To bring out, to expose ; 
 to detect. — To bring over, to bear across. Also, to convert ; to 
 draw to a new party; to cause to change fsides, or an opinion.— 
 To bring to, to resuscitate. — To bring under, to subdue: to re- 
 press. —To bring vp, to nurse; to educate.— 7b bring to {Xaut.), 
 to cheek the course of, as a ship, by arranging the sails in a 
 certain manner. — To bring by the lee, to inclme rapidly to lee- 
 ward of the course. 
 
 Bring'er, n. One who brings or conveys. 
 
 Brin'isli, a. Like brine; salt; somewhat salt; saltish. 
 
 Brin'isli-ness, n. Saltness ; the qualitv of being saltish. 
 
 Brink (82), n. [Dan. & Sw. brink, d^Uvity, hiU, Icel. 
 bri?igr, hillock, W. bryn, hill, bryncyn, hillock. ] Edge, 
 margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice ; verge. 
 
 Brin'y, a. Pertaining to brine, or to the sea ; salt. 
 
 Brisk, a. [W. brysg, from brys, haste, quick, hasty.] 
 1. Full of liveliness and activity. 2. Full of spurit or 
 life; effervescing, as hquors. 
 
 Syn. — Active ; lively ; agile ; alert ; nimble ; qtiick ; 
 sprightly; prompt; vivacious ; gay. 
 
 Brtsk'et, n. [W. brysced. Armor, brush, bruched; Fr. 
 brichel,brechet,\>Te3iSt'hone.] The breast of an ar ' 
 or that part of the breast that lies next to the ribs. 
 
 Brisk'ly, adv. In a brisk manner. 
 
 Brisk'ness, n. Quality of being brisk. 
 
 a,e,&c.,/ong^/a,6,&c.,5Aw<;care^far,a8k,all,wliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm: son, or, dft, wolf. 
 
BRISTLE 
 
 85 
 
 BRONCHOCELE 
 
 Bris'tle (bris'l), n, [A.-S. bristl and byrst.] 1. A short 
 stiff, coarse hair, as of s^vine. 2. {Bot.) A species of 
 pubescence on plants, in form of a stiff, roundish hair. 
 
 Bris'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRISTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BRISTLING.] 1. To erect the bristles of. "2. To fix a 
 bristle to. 
 
 Bris'tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. 2« 
 'JCo have standing thick and erect, Uke bristles. 
 To bristle up, to show anger or defiance. 
 
 Bris'tly (brisly), a. Thick set with bristles, or with 
 hairs resembling bristles ; rough. 
 
 Bris'tol-board, n. A kind of fine pasteboard, made 
 with a smooth and sometimes glazed surface. 
 
 Bris'tol-briclt, n. A sort of brick used for cleaning 
 steel ; — so called because originally manufactured at 
 Bristol, England. 
 
 Bris'tol-di^a-mond, ) n. {Min.) Rock crystal, or crys- 
 
 Bris'tol-stone, ) tals of quartz, found in a rock 
 
 near the city of Bristol, England. 
 
 Bri-tan'iii-a, n. A metallic compound or alloy, consist- 
 ing of 100 parts of block-tin, with 8 of antimony, 2 of bis- 
 muth, and 2 of copper. 
 
 Brit'lsh, a. Pertaining to Great Britain or its inhabi- 
 tants ; — sometimes restricted to the original inhabitants. 
 
 Brit'isli-gum, n. A substance of a brownish color, and 
 very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch 
 at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. 
 
 Brit'tle (brit'tl), a. [From A.-S. bryttan, breotan, to 
 break.] Easily broken ; apt to break ; fragile. 
 
 Brit'tle-ness, n. Aptness to break ; fragility. 
 
 Britz'ska (bris'ka), n. [Russ. bntshka, Pol. bryczka, 
 dim. of bryka, freight-wagon.] A kind of long carriage, 
 with a calash top. 
 
 Broacli, n. [Fr. broche, spit, Sp. broca. It. & L. Lat. 
 brocca. It. brocco. Cf. Lat. brochus,brocchus,a. projecting 
 tooth, and W. proc, thrust, stab.] 1. {Mech.) A tool of 
 steel, generally tapering, for smoothing or enlarging holes 
 in metal. 5i. A brooch. See Brooch. 
 
 Broacli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. broached; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. BROACHING.] 1. To pierce, as with a spit. 3. To 
 tap ; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor ; 
 hence, to let out. 3. To open for the first time, as stores. 
 4. To make public ; to give out ; to put forth. 
 
 Broa-eh'er, n. 1. A spit; a broach. 2. One who 
 
 Broad (brawd), a. [compar. broader ; superl. broad- 
 est.] [A.-S. brad, Icel. breid/ir, Goth, braids.] 1. 
 Wide ; extended in breadth, or from side to side. 2. 
 Extended, in the sense of diffused. 3. (Fig.) Having a 
 large measure of any thing or quality ; — applied to any 
 subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, 
 the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive. 
 As broad as long, the same one way as another. 
 
 Syn. — "Wide; large ; ample; extensive; vast; comprehen- 
 sive; vulgar; coarse; gross; obscene. 
 
 Broad'- ax, ) n. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing 
 
 Broad'-axe,j timber. 
 
 Broad'-brim, n. 1. A kind of hat like those worn by 
 the'Friends or Quakers. 2. A Quaker. [CoUoq.] 
 
 Broad'-east, n. {Agric.) A casting or throwing seed 
 froih the hand for dispersion in sowing. 
 
 Broad'<;ast, adv. By scattering or throwing at large 
 from the hand. 
 
 Broad'-east, a. 1. Dispersed upon the ground with the 
 hand, as seed in sowing. 2. Widely spread or diffused. 
 
 Broad Cliixrcli. {Eccl.) A body of men holding liberal 
 or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellow- 
 ship ; — applied esp. to a portion of the church of Eng. 
 
 Broad'-elotli, n. A fine kind of woolen cloth for men's 
 garments, exceeding 29 inches in width. 
 
 Broad'en, v. i. To grow broad. [prehensive. 
 
 Broad'enj^i). a. To make broad ; to render more com- 
 
 Broad'- gauge, n. A wide distance (usually 6 or 7 feet) 
 between the rails on a railway, in contradistinction from 
 the narrow gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. 
 
 Broad'ish, a. Rather broad ; moderately broad. 
 
 Broad'ly, adv. In a broad manner. 
 
 Broad'ness, n. Quality of being broad ; breadth. 
 
 Broad'-pen-'nant, n. (Naut.) A square piece of bunt- 
 ing carried_at the mast-head of a commodore's vessel. 
 
 Broad'-pie^e, n. A piece of gold coin broader than a 
 guinea ; applied, in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. 
 to a 205. piece. 
 
 Broad'-seal, n. The public seal of a country or state. 
 
 Broad'side, n. 1. A discharge of all the guns on one 
 side of a ship at the same tune. 3. {Naut.) The side of 
 
 [See Broke, Broker.] Brokerage. 
 
 a ship above the water, frem the bow to the quart«r. 
 3. (Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, 
 or printed on one side only. 
 
 Broad'sword (brawd'sord), n. A sword with a broad 
 blade and a cutting edge. 
 
 Bro-eade', n. [From It. broccare, L. Lat. brocare, ¥r. 
 brocher, to prick, to figure, to stitch. See Broach.] 
 Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or enriched 
 with flowers, &c. ; — also applied to other stufi^ wrought 
 and enriched in like manner. 
 
 Bro-ead'ed, a. 1. Woven or worked, as brocade. 2. 
 Dressed in brocade. 
 
 Bro'«age, 
 
 Bro'kage, 
 
 Br6<:'ard, n. [Perhaps from Brocardica, a collection of 
 ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, 
 called by the Italians and French Brocard.] An elemen- 
 tary principle or maxim ; a canon. 
 
 Sro'^a-tel', I n. [Sp. brocatel, Fr. brocatelle, It. bro- 
 
 JSro' ^a-t&l'lo , ] catello.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, 
 commonly made of silk and cotton, used chiefly for tapes- 
 try, linings for carriages, &c. ». A marble, clouded 
 and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red colors. 
 
 Bro-e'-eo-li, n. [It., pi. of broccolo, sprout, cabbage 
 sprout, dim. of ftrocco, spUnter. See Broach.] A vari- 
 ety of the common cabbage, resembUng the cauliflower. 
 
 Srochure (bro-shijr/), n. [Fr., from brocher, to stitch.] 
 A printed and stitched work containing only a few leaves ; 
 a pamphlet. 
 
 Brock, n. [A.-S. broc,W., Corn., & Armor, brock, Ir. broc, 
 brochd, brech, Gael, broc] A badger. See Badger. 
 
 Bro'gan, or Bro-gan', n. A stout, coarse shoe. 
 
 Brogue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog, shoe, hoof. Cf. 
 Breeche§.] 1. A stout, coarse shoe. 3. A corrupt 
 dialect or manner of pronunciation. 
 
 Broi'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. broidered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BROIDERING.] [Fr. broder, W. brodiaw, to em- 
 broider.] To embroider. [ Obs.] 
 
 Broil, n. [Of Celtic origin : W. brwg, covering, growth, 
 brake, wood, brog, a swelling out, Armor, brtig, brfik, 
 brake, heath, heather. Cf. Brake.] A noisy quarrel, 
 either between individuals or in the state. 
 
 Syn. — Feud; contention; fray; affiray; tumult; alterca- 
 tion; dissension; discord. 
 
 Broil, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BROILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BROILING.] [See supra.] To dress or cook over coals 
 or on a gridiron. [greatly heated. 
 
 Broil, v. i. To be subjected to the action of heat ; to be 
 
 Broil'er, n. 1. One who excites broils. 3. A gridiron. 
 
 Bro'kage, n. The same as Brocage ; brokerage. 
 
 Broke', v. i. [See Broker.] 1. To transact business 
 for another. [Rare.] 3. To act as go-between in love 
 matters. 
 
 Broke (20), imp. & p. p. of break. See BREAK. 
 
 Brok'en (broken, 20), p. a. [From break.] 1. Parted 
 by violence. 3. Made weak; infirm. 3. Subdued; 
 humbled; contrite. 
 
 Brok'en-lieart'ed, a. Crushed by grief or despair. 
 
 Brok'en-ly, adv. In a broken, interrupted manner. 
 
 Brok'en-wimd'ed, a. Having short breath or disor- 
 dered respiration, as a horse. 
 
 Bro'ker, n. [0. Eng. brocour, Norm. Fr. broggour, Fr. 
 brocanteur. Probably derived from brock in the same 
 manner as badger, which means brock and broker.] One 
 who transacts business for another ; an agent employed 
 to effect bargains and contracts between other persons, 
 for a certain compensation. 
 
 Bro'ker-age, n. 1. The business or employment of a 
 broker ; brocage. 3. The fee or commission given or 
 charged for transacting business as a broker ; brocage. 
 
 Bro'ma, n. [Gr. jSpoj/xa, food, from Pi0p(aa-KeLv, to eat.] 
 1. Aliment. 3, A chocolate preparation from the seeds 
 or beans of the cocoa. [gen. 
 
 Bro'mic, a. (Chem.) Compounded of bromine land oxy- 
 
 Bro'mide (49), n. (Chem.) A compound of bromine 
 with a metallic or combustible base. 
 
 Bro'mine, n. [From Gr. ^pwjaog, bad smell, stink, so 
 called from its odor.] (Chem.) One of the elements, 
 related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. 
 
 Srdn'-ehi, ) n. pi. [Gr. /Bpo-yxtaj Ppoyx°^i windpipe.] 
 
 JSr8ty^hi-d, i (Anat.) The ramifications of the wind- 
 
 JBr6n'^hi-£e, ) pipe in the lungs. 
 
 Br6ii'<;lii-al H82), a. (Anat.) Belon^ng to the bron- 
 
 Bron'-elii-e, ) chise, or ramifications of the windpipe. 
 
 jBr6n-^hVtis,n. [See Bronchi.] (Med.) An inflam- 
 mation of any part of the bronchial membrane. 
 
 BrSn'-elio-fele, n. [Gr. (ip6yxo<s, windpipe, and kjjAtj, 
 
 food, f<»bt ; firn, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, <;all, e«Iio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st •, linger, link ; tbis. 
 
lUU)XCHOTOMY 
 
 86 
 
 BRUTE 
 
 tamor] [MhI.) A niorbUl enlargement of the thyroid 
 gland ; — called also goitrr. 
 
 BroQ-ehSt'o-my, n 
 
 a rutting.] (5wrs^.) 
 larynx : — callwi nlsri 
 Bron:'. '— ■ - ' - • 
 1. 
 
 ipipe or 
 '/. 
 . /.. 1^1 .>.■.■. 11. .1. '■• . brown.] 
 . ith tin, to which other metals are 
 •ially zinc. t2. A statue, medal, 
 r-t in bronze. 3. A brown color : 
 
 or 
 th. 
 
 Broil- '. r. t. [imp. & p. p. BRONZED; 
 
 p. i . .>. '. -. i.nv- w'.iNG.] 1. To give the appearance 
 of brouw ; to make brown , or of the color of bronze. 
 '2. To make hard or imfeeling ; to brazen. 
 
 Brooch. M. (See Broach.] 1. An ornament, in various 
 forms, with a pin or loop, for attaching it to a garment ; 
 usually worn on the breast; a bosom-pin. ti. (Paint.) 
 A p.'iiutiug all of one color. 
 
 Brood. '•■ •- [itnp. & P- P- BROODED: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BROODING.] [A.S.brOd. See BREED.] 1. To git on 
 and cover eggs or young, as a fowl ; hence, to sit quietly. 
 *2. To remain a long time in anxious thought ; to muse. 
 
 Brood, V. t. To sit over, cover, and cherish. 
 
 Brood, n. 1. Offspring; progeny. 2. That which is 
 bred or produced. 
 
 Brook (27), n. [A.-S. hrdc. The root is A.-S. bracan or 
 brfcan, Eng. to break, so that it signifies water breaking 
 through the earth.] A small natural stream of water. 
 
 BroTok, r. t. [A.-S. briuan, to eat. epjoy, use, bear, Goth. 
 brukjan, allied to A.-S. brecan, Eng. to break, q. v.] To 
 bear ; to endure ; to be contented with. 
 
 Brobk'let. n. A small brook. 
 
 Broom (28), n. [A.-S. bro?n. Cf. BRAMBLE.] 1. A 
 genus of legimiinous plants, "i. A besom, or brush with 
 a long handle, for sweeping floors, &c. ; — so called from 
 being oririnally made of the broom plant. 
 
 Brobm'-corii, n. (Bot.) A species'of Sorghum, or 
 Guinea-corn, bearing a head of which brooms are made. 
 
 Brdbin'stick, n. The handle of a broom. 
 
 Broom'y, a. Full of broom ; consisting of broom. 
 
 Brdth (21), n. [A.-S. brodh, firom breovan, to brew.] 
 Liquor in which flesh or any thing else is boiled. 
 
 Brotii'el, n. [A form of bordel, orig. a little hut, from 
 Goth, baicrd, Icel. bord, Eng- board.] A house of ill-fame. 
 
 Br6tii'er(bruth''er),w.,- pi. BROTH'ERgorBRETii'REN. 
 [A.-S. brodhor, br&dhur, Goth, brothar, brOdhir, Lat. Jra- 
 ter. It. brathair, W. brawd, pi. broder, brodyr. Slav. & 
 Buss, brat', Pol. & Serb, brat, Bohem. bratr, Skr. bkra- 
 tar, bkratri, 0. Pers. brata, Gr. </)paTT7p, <j>pd-iup, a clans- 
 man. The common plural is brothers: in the solemn 
 style, brethren is used.] 1. He who is bom of the same 
 father and mother wth another, or of one of them only. 
 2. One closely united to another by some common tie or 
 interest. 3. One who resemble another in manners or 
 trait£ of character. 
 
 0^" In Scripture, the term brother Is applied to a kinsman by 
 )>iood more rtmote than a son of the same parents. 
 
 Brdtii'er-ho^od (27), t?. 1. State of being a brother. 
 2. An association for any purpose ; a fraternity. 3. A 
 class of individuals of the same profession or occupation. 
 
 Brotb'er-in-la^v, f^. The brother of a husband or 
 wife : also, a sister s husband. 
 
 Brotii'er-li-ness, n. State of being brotherly. 
 
 Brotii'er-ly (bruth'er-ly), a. Pertaining to'brothers ; 
 becoming brothers ; kind : affectionate. 
 
 Brougham (br<3<5/am or br(7om),M. A kind of two- 
 whe*?led or four-wheeled carriage. 
 
 Brow, n. [A.-S. brdv, brUva, Goth, brahv. Gr. cxipu?, 
 Skr. bhrii.] 1. The ridge over the eye, with the hair that 
 covers it. 2. The forehead. 3. General air of the 
 •ountenance. 4. The edge of a steep place. 
 
 To knit the brows, to frown ; to ecowL 
 
 Brow'beat, v. t. [imp. browbeat: p. p. brow- 
 beaten; p. pr. & vb. n. BROWBEATING.] To bear 
 down with haughty, stem looks or arrogant assertions. 
 
 Brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow, re- 
 sulting from the mixture of red, black, and yellow. 
 
 Brow^. a. [compear. BROWNER : superl. BROWTte.sT.] 
 [A.-S . Min, Icel. briinn, 0. H. Ger. />r&n , Fr. & Pr. brim, 
 It., Sp., & Pg. bruno. The root is A.-S. beornan, byman, 
 Eng. burn.] Of a dark or dusky color, of various shades, 
 inclining to red or yellow. 
 
 Brown, v. t. [imp. tc p. p. BROWxed : p. pr. & vh. n. 
 BROWNING.] To make brown ; to give a broivn color to. 
 
 Brown'-br£ad, n. 1. A coarce wheaten bread made of 
 
 unbolted meal. 2. A dark-colored bread made of wheat 
 
 or rye, mixed with IncUan meal. [Anur.] 
 I BroV^Tti'-coal, 7i. Wood coal, or lignite. 
 ' Browii'ie, n. [So called from his supposed tawny or 
 I swarthy color.] A good-natured spirit, supposed to per- 
 form important domestic services by night. [iScot.] 
 
 Brown'ish, a. Somewhat brown ; inchned to brown. 
 
 Brown'ness (109), n. QuaUty of being brown. 
 
 Brown'- stout, n. A superior kind of porter. 
 
 Browii'- study, n. Mental abstraction : serious reverie. 
 
 BroAvge, v. t. [See infra.] To eat or nibble off, as th« 
 ends of branches of trees, shrubs, &c. 
 
 Bro-*v§e, v. i. [imp. & p. p. browsed : p. pr. k vb. n. 
 BROWSING.] To feed on the tender branches or shoots 
 of shrubs or trees. 
 
 Bro-wse (browss), n. [0. Fr. brost. broust, 0. H. Ger. 
 broz, prozzen, to sprout. Armor, brous, broiis, sprout, bud, 
 broust. brousta, to eat, graze.] The tender branches or 
 twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and 
 other animals. 
 
 Bro>T§'er, 7i. An animal that browses. 
 
 Bru'in, n. [D. bruin, brown, fixjm his color.] A bear. 
 
 Briiige (bnjz, 32), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bruised : p. pr. 
 8c"vb. n. BRUISING.] [0. Fr. bruiser, bruser. to break, 
 shiver, A.-S. brysan , to bruise ; Jr. & Gael, fcm, to break.] 
 
 1. To injure or crush, as by collision of, or against, a 
 solid bod)^ : as used of animals or vegetables, to injure a 
 part of, as by a blow, without laceration : to contuse ; as 
 appUed to minerals, drugs, &c., to crush, or reduce to 
 fragments. 2. To fight with the fists : to box. 
 
 Brui§e, n. An injury to the flesh of animals, to plants, 
 
 or'other bodies : a contusion. 
 Bruig'er (bruz'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
 
 bruises. 2. A boxer. [Loic] 
 Bruit (brjjt), n. [Fr. bruit, It. bruito. Low Lat. bru^tus, 
 
 W". brud, brwth, Fr. & It. hruire, L. Lat. &n<g-i>f, to rustle, 
 
 roar, rattle.] Report ; rumor : feme. 
 Bruit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bruited : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 bruiting.] To report ; to noise abroad. 
 Bru'mal (^), a. [Lat. brumalis, from bruma, winter.] 
 
 Belonging to the winter. 
 Bru-nette', n. [Fr., brownish, dim. of brun, brune, 
 
 brown, q. v.] A girl or woman with a brown or darit 
 
 complexion. 
 Brunt, n. [A.-S. bront, boUing, foaming, raging. Cf. 
 
 Burn.] 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset. 
 
 2. The force of a blow ; shock. 3. A sudden effort, con- 
 tact, or engagement. 
 
 Brusli, H. [0. Fr. brosse, brace, broche, Sp. broza, bruza, 
 It. brusca, 0. H. Ger. brusta. bursta, burst, borst, bristle, 
 from 0. H. Ger. bursta, bristle.] \, An insfarament of 
 bristles, &c., used for various purposes, as removing 
 dust, laying on colors, &c. 2. Branches of trees lopped 
 off; brushwood. 3. A thicket of shrubs or small trees. 
 4, A skirmish ; a slight encounter. 5. Any thing re- 
 sembling a brush. 
 
 Brush, V. t. [imp. & p. p. brushed (briisht) -.p.pr. & 
 vb. n. brushing.] 1. To apply a brush to, according 
 to its particular use. 2. To pass lightly" over, as a brush. 
 
 3. To remove or gather by brushing, or some like act. 
 To brush up, to make clean or bright with a brush: to cleanse. 
 
 Brush, V. i. 1. To move nimbly in haste. 2. To mov« 
 
 or skim over with a slight contact. 
 
 Brush'er, n. One who, or that which, brushes, [i 
 
 Brush'i-ness. n. Quality of resembling a brush ; \ ' 
 
 Brush'- •tvheel, n. A wheel without teeth, sometimes 
 
 used in light machinery to turn another wheel, by means 
 
 of bristles, or something brush-like, or soft, as cloth or 
 
 buff-leather, attached to the cireumference ; — aLs» used 
 
 for polishing metals, &c. 
 
 Brush'- ^To"bd, n. 1. A thicket or coppice of small trees 
 
 and shrubs. 2. Small branches cut from trees. 
 Brush 'y, a. Resembling a brush ; rough : shaggy. 
 i Brus'tle (brtisa). v. i. [imp. & p. p. brustled'; p. pr. 
 i & vb. n. BRUSTLING.] [A.-S. brastlian, fr. brastl,a.cT2uck- 
 ! ing, breaking, fr. berstan, to burst.] To make a small, 
 I crackling noL** : to rustle ; to vapor, as a bully. [ Obs.] 
 Bru'tal (32), a. [See Brute.] 1. Pertaining to a brut*. 
 2*.' Like a brute ; savage : cruel : inhuman. 
 \ Bru-tai'i-ty,Vi. Quality of being brutal ; inhumanity . 
 .savageness^ cruelty. 
 Bru'tal-ize, f. t. [imp. & p. p. BRUTALIZED ; p. pr. 
 
 Si'vb. n. BRUTALIZING.] To make bratal. 
 Bru'tal-ly, adv. In a brutal manner : cruelly. 
 Briite (32), a. [Lat. brutus.] 1. Not having sensation : 
 i eenseless ; unconscious. 2. Not possessing reason : irra- 
 tional. 3. Not connected with intelligence ; nnintelli- 
 
 E,e,lt*.,loHg; a, 6, ttc.^ahort; c4re. far, ask,all,wliat; dre,veil, term: p'ique.firm; s6n,6r,do,W9lf, 
 
BRUTE 
 
 87 
 
 BUFFALO 
 
 gent; animal. 4. Characteristic of beasts ; bestial. 5. 
 
 Destitute of sentiment and sensibility ; rough. 
 Brute, n. [See supra.] 1. A beast ; any animal destitute 
 
 ofreason. 'Z. A low-bred, unfeeling person. 
 Br^j'ti-fy, v- t. [Lat. bruttts, brute, and/acere, to make.] 
 
 [imp. & p.p. BRUTIFIED; p. pr. & vh. n. BRUTIFY- 
 
 ING.] To make a brute of ; to brutalize. 
 Bru'tish, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute ; hav- 
 ■ ing some of the qualities or characteristics of brutes. 
 
 Syn. — Ig:norant; untaught; insensible; stupid; unfeeling; 
 savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; 
 carnal; sensual; bestial. 
 
 Br\i'tisli-ly, adv. In the manner of a brute. 
 
 Br|i'tisli-n.ess, n. Quality of being brutish ; stupidity ; 
 insensibiUty ; brutality. [actions of a brute. 
 
 Bru'tigm, n. The nature or characteristic qualities or 
 
 Bry'o-ny, n. [Gr. ppvtovLa, 0pv(iovri, fr. Ppveiv, to swell.] 
 (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants of different species. 
 
 Biib, n. A brother. [CoUoq. or low.] See BuBBY. 
 
 Btlblble, n. [D. bobbel. Cf. Lat. bulla.] 1. A small 
 Tesicle of water or other fluid inflated with air. 2. Any 
 thing that wants firmness or sohdity ; a delusive scheme ; 
 a dishonest speculation. 
 
 BubHble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BUBBLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BUBBLING.] 1. To rise in bubbles. 3. To run with a 
 gurgling noise. 3. To make a bubbUng or gurgling 
 sound. [Rare.] 
 
 Biibljle, v. t. To cheat ; to deceivje, or impose on. 
 
 Biib'bler, n. 1. One who cheats. 3. A kind of fish so 
 called from the singular grunting noise which it makes. 
 
 Bub^bly, a. Abounding in bubbles ; bubbling. 
 
 BubTby, ». [Cf. Prov. Ger. biibi. It. poppa, 0. Ft. poupe, 
 a woman's breast, teat.] A woman's breast. [Low.] 
 
 Bu.b'by, n. [A corruption of brother.] Brother; — a 
 word applied to small boys. [ Colloq.] 
 
 BuHbo, n.; pi. bu/b5e§. [Gr. /?o!',(?u)v,thegroin,a swell- 
 ing in the groin.] 1. {Anat.) The groin. 2. (Med.) 
 An inflammation, with enlargement, of a lymphatic gland, 
 particularly in the groin. 
 
 Bu-bon'o-^ele, «. [Gr. /?ov,5uji', groin, and ktjXt;, tumor.] 
 (Med.) A tumor in the groin ; inguinal rupture, [cheek. 
 
 Bu.«'-eal, a. [Lat. bucca, cheek.] Pertaining to the 
 
 Bu-e'-ea-neer', ) n. [Fr. boucanier, from boucaner, to 
 
 Bii-e'a-nier', J smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt 
 wild beasts for their skins, boucan, a smoking-place for 
 meat or fish, gridiron for smoking ; a word of Ainer. ori- 
 gin.] A pirate ; a freebooter ; — applied esp. to the pirat- 
 ical adventurers who formerly infested the West Indies. 
 
 tSS"" The name was first given to the French settlers in Haj^ti or 
 Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine. 
 
 Bu«-9i'iial, a. [Lat. buccina^ a crooked horn or trmn- 
 pet.] Trumpet-shaped. 
 
 Bu-^en'taur, n. [Gr. /?ov5, ox, and Kevravpo? centaur, 
 q. v.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half ox and half 
 man. 2. [Itai. bucentoro.] The state barge of Venice, 
 used in going to the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. 
 
 Bu-'cliu, n. ( Bot. ) A plant tised for diseases of the bladder. 
 
 Buck, n. [L. Ger. biike, probably from boke, book, beech, 
 because formerly lye was usually made of the ashes of 
 this tree.] 1. Lye in which cloth is soaked in the oper- 
 ation of bleaching ; also the liquor in which clothes are 
 washed. 3. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. 
 
 Buck, V. t. [See supra.] 1. To soak or steep in lye ; to 
 wash or steep in lye or suds. 3. (Mining.) To break up 
 or pulverize, as ores. 
 
 Buck,«. [A.-S. 6Mcca, 6t«c, Gter. 
 bock, Fr. boiic, W. bwch. The 
 root is perh. contained in Ger. 
 boclien, to beat.] 1. The male 
 of the fallow deer, of the goat, 
 the sheep, the rabbit, and hare. 
 3. A gay, dashing young fellow. 
 
 Biick'-bas'ket, n. A basket 
 in which clothes are carried to 
 the wash. 
 
 Biick'board, \n. A. rude four-wheeled vehicle, con- 
 
 Buck'wa,g'on, ) sisting of a long board resting on the 
 two axletrees, and carrying a seat or seats placed trans- 
 versely upon it. 
 
 Biick'et, n. [A.-S. buc. Cf. Fr. baquet, tub, bucket, 
 from bac, bak. See Bac, n.] 1, A vessel for drawing 
 or carrying water or other liquids, 3. (Mach.) One of 
 the cavities on the rim of a water-wheel, inte which the 
 water rushes, causing it to revolve. 3. The float of a 
 paddle-wheel. [States. 
 
 Biick'eye, n. (Bot.) A tree, indigenous in the Western 
 
 Buck. 
 
 Biick'lsh, a. Pertaining to a buck, or to gay young fel- 
 lows ; foppish. 
 
 Buck'le (bQk'l), n. [Lat. buccida, a little cheek or mouth, 
 dim. of bucca, cheek.] 1. An instrument attached to a 
 belt or strap, and used for fastening things together. 3. 
 A curl, or a state of being curled or crisped, as hair. 
 
 Buck'le (bOk-'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. buckled ; p. pr. 
 & ^•6. n. BUCKLING.] 1. To fasten with a buckle. 3. 
 To prepare for action ; to set stoutly at work. 
 
 Buck'le (btik/1), v. i. 1. To bend; to bow. 3. To 
 struggle ; to contend. 
 
 To buckle to, to bend to; to apply with vigor to. 
 
 Biick'ler, n. [See BUCKLE.] A kind of shield, anciently 
 used in war. 
 
 Buck'- mast, n. [For beech-mast, q. v., from Scot, buck, 
 beech, and mast.] The mast or fruit of the beech-tree. 
 
 Buck'ra, n. [In the language of the Calabar coast, 
 buckra means " demon, a powerful and superior being."] 
 A white man ; — a term used by the blacks of the Afri- 
 can coast, the West Indies, and the Southern States. 
 
 Biick'ra, a. [See supra.] White ; as, buckra yam. 
 
 Biick'ram, n. [Fr. bougran, 0. Fr. boucaran, from Fr. 
 bouracan, barracan, &c., by transposing the letter r. See 
 Barracan.] A coarse Unen cloth, stifl'ened with glue. 
 
 Buck'ram, a. 1. Made of buckram. 3. Stiff; precise. 
 
 Biick'skin, n. 1. The skin or leather of a buck ; a 
 kind of leather. 3. pi. Breeches made of buckskin. 
 
 Buck'stall, n. A toil or net to take deer. [species. 
 
 Bixck'tliorn, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, of many 
 
 Buck'wlieat, n. [From Scot, buck, beech, and wheat.] 
 ( Bot.) A plant, the seed of which is used as a grain. 
 
 Bu-eol'i-e, l a. [Gr. PovkoXikos, from ^ovK6Ao?, cow- 
 
 Bu-eol'ie-al, ) herd, herdsman.] Relating to the life 
 and occupation of a shepherd ; pastoral ; rustic. 
 
 Bu-e 61'i-e , n . A pastoral poem , representing rural affairs , 
 and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds. 
 
 JSu-era'ni-d,n. pi. [Lat.] (Arch.) Sculptured orna- 
 ments, representing ox-skuUs adorned with wreaths, &g. 
 
 Biid, n. [D. bot, H. Ger. butze, biitz, core of a fruit, bud.] 
 1. An undeveloped branch or flower. 3. A prominence 
 on certain animals of inferior grades, which grows into an 
 animal, precisely as a bud in a plant grows into a flower. 
 
 Biid, V. i. [imp. & p. p. budded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BUD- 
 DING.] 1. To put forth buds. 3. To begin to grow, 
 or tt) issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn. 
 
 3. To be in bloom, or growing like a young plant. 
 Biid, V. t. To insert, as the bud of a plant, under the 
 
 bark of another tree, for the purpose of raising, on any 
 stock, a species of fruit different from that of the stock. 
 
 Bud'dbigm. (bdbd'izm), n. The doctrine originally 
 teught by the Hindu sage, surnamed Buddha, in the 6th 
 century B. C, and adopted as a religion by the greater 
 part of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. 
 
 Biid'dhist (b(Jbd'ist), n. A votary of Buddhism. 
 
 Biid'dliist, ) a. Relating to, or connected with, Bud-» 
 
 Bud-dliist'i«, ) dhism, or its founder. 
 
 Bude'- light (-lit), n. [From Bude, the residence of the in- 
 ventor.] An intense white light, produced by burning a 
 purified coal-gas in a compound Argand lamp of a pecu- 
 liar construction. 
 
 Biidge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUDGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BUDGING.] [Fr. bouger, to stir, move ; It. bulicare, to 
 boil, bubble, from bulire, bollire, to boil, bubble up.] To 
 move off; to stir ; to wag. 
 
 Budge, n. [From Lat. bulga, a leathern bag or knap- 
 sack, a Gallic word.] Lamb-skin fur, used formerly as 
 an edging and ornament, especially of scholastic habits. 
 
 Biidge, a. [From budge, n.] 1. Lined with budge : 
 hence, scholastic. 3. Austere or stiff. 3. [From budge, 
 to move or stir.] Brisk; stirring. [Obs.] 
 
 Biidg'er, n. One who budges. 
 
 Biidg'et, n. [See Budge, n.] 1. A bag or sack, with 
 its contents ; hence, a stock or store. 3. The annual 
 financial statement made in the House of Commons. 
 
 Bud'let, n. A httle bud or shoot. 
 
 Biiff , n. [Fr. bauf, beef, 0. Eng. bvff, buffe, buffalo\ 
 1, A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buf- 
 falo, and also of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed 
 in oil. 3. A military coat, made of buff-skin or similar 
 leather. 3. A color between light pink and light j-ellow. 
 
 4. (Med.) A grayish, viscid coat or crust observed on 
 blood. 5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, 
 and used in polishing. 6. The bare skin. 
 
 Biiff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. 3. Of the color of 
 buff leather ; between light pink and light yellow. 
 
 Biif'fa-lo, n. ; pi. buf/fal6e§. [Lat. bubalus, Gr. 
 0ovPa\o';, a kind of African stag ; also, a wild ox.] 1, 
 
 food, f<^t ; tLrn, rude, pull ; pell, (liaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st ; linger, liijk ; tbis. 
 
BUFFALO-ROBE 
 
 88 
 
 BULL-HEAD 
 
 (Zo67.) A kind of wild ox found In most of the warmer 
 couutriee of the eastern con- 
 tinent. *Z» A buffalo-robe. 
 
 ft^ The naino is cnx^neously 
 mpplied to the bison of Korth 
 America. See Bisox. 
 
 Bilf'fa-lo-robe, n. The 
 skin of the hisou, or so-f-aUini 
 buJf'aJo, of North America, 
 pn>panxl >nth the hair on. 
 
 BOl'fer, H. (.liVfyi.) Acush- Buf&lo 
 
 iou, or apparatus to deaden 
 
 the concussiou between a moving body and one on which 
 it strikes, as at the ends of a railway carriage. 
 
 Bilf'fet, n. [Fr. bujTtt, It. bnfetto, L. Lat. bufetum. 
 Of. :*p. bufia,& leather bag to carry wine, wineskin. Prob. 
 biijftt, buftte, orig. meant a wineskin, and then a board 
 or table where wine in skins was placed and sold.] A cup- 
 board, sideboard, or closet, at one side of a room, for the 
 display of plate, china, and other like articles. 
 
 Buf'fet, »i. [0. Fr., from btiffe, blow, It. buffetto, fiUip ; 
 0. Fr. bufeter. to beat.] 1. A blow with the hand ; a cuff. 
 t2. Violent force or resistance, as of winds and waves. 
 
 Bilf'fet, V. t. [imp. & p. p. buffeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BUFFETING.] 1. To box ; to beat; to cuff; to slap. 
 2. To contend against. [way by buffeting. 
 
 Buf'fet, V. I. 1. To play at boxing. 2. To make one's 
 
 Biif 'f et-er, n . One who buffets ; a boxer. 
 
 Hupfo^n. [It. See ?«/m.] The comic actor in an opera. 
 
 Buf-foon', n. [Fr. boujfon, Sp. bufone, It. buffone, 
 buffo, either from Fr. bouffer, to puff out, to blow, to 
 puff, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the 
 amusement of the spectators ; or from buff, to strike, be- 
 cause they amused them by buflBng or cuffing each other ; 
 or fix)m it. buffa, Sp. bufa, joke, trifle, nonsense.] A 
 man who amuses others by low tricks, antic gestures, 
 jokes, and other vulgar pleasantries ; a droll ; a mimic ; 
 a harlequin ; a mountebank ; a clown. 
 
 Buf-fobn'er-y, 7i. The arts and practices of a buffoon ; 
 low je£ts ; ridiculous pranks ; vulgar tricks and postures. 
 
 Buf-foon'ish, a. Like a buffoon. 
 
 Buff'y, a. Resembhng buff: having the appearance of 
 the blood kno\m as the buff. 
 
 Biig, n . [Perhaps fi-om W. 'bwg, hobgoblin, scare-crow ; or 
 allied to Armor, pouch, dirty, ugly. See infra.] An in- 
 sect of many species : esp., an hemipterous insect of the ge- 
 nus, or fiimily , Cirnex, having a beaked or sucking mouth. 
 
 Bug, ) n. [\V. bwg, bwgan, from bw, a terrifving 
 
 BugTbear, [ object.] Something frightful, as a spec- 
 
 Bug'a-boo, ) ter ; any thing imaginary that frightens. 
 
 Bug'gi-ness, n. State of being infested with bugs. 
 
 Bug'g:^-. a. Abounding vrith bugs. 
 
 Biig'gy, n. 1. A light one-horse chaise. [Eng.] 3. 
 A light one-horse, four-wheel vehicle, usually with one 
 seat, and with or without a calash top. [Amer.'] 
 
 Bu'gle, 1 71. [From bugle, 
 
 Bu'gle-li6rii, ) (Lat. huculus, a 
 young bullock, steer, dim. of bos, 
 ox,) a sort of wild ox, buffalo.] A 
 musical wind instrument used in 
 hunting or for militarj' music. 
 
 Bu'gle (bQ/gl), n. [L. Lat. bugulus, 
 a female ornament, Ger. bit gel, a 
 bent piece of metal or wood.] An Bugle-horn, 
 
 elongated glass bead. 
 
 Bu'gle, n. [Fr. bugle, It. bugola, Lat. bugillo.] {Bot.) 
 A deciduous, herbaceous plant, a native of Europe. It is 
 used in medicine. 
 
 Bu'gler, n. One who plays on a bugle. 
 
 Bu'glftss, n. [Gr. jSoiryAojcra-o?, ox-tongue, ^ovs, ox, 
 and y\£i(T<ra, tongue ; — from its long, rough leaves.] 
 IBot.} A plant used in dyeing and coloring ; ox-tongue. 
 
 Bulil (bul), n. [So caUed from A. Ch. Boule (1642-1732), 
 a French carver in wood.] A light and complicated fig- 
 ure of bra.ss, unburnished gold, &c., set into surfaces of 
 ebony or other dark wood, or of tortoise-shell. 
 
 BiLhr'-stone (bfir'ston), n. [0. Eng. bur, a whetstone 
 for scythes.] (Min.) A variety of flinty quartz, valuable 
 for miU-fitones. [Often ynrittjcn burr-stone .] 
 
 BuHd, V. t. [imp. & p. p. built ; p. pr. & vh. n. build- 
 ing. The regular twp. &;^./>.,builded, is antiquated.] 
 [A.-S. byldan, to build, from bold, house, hall.] 1. To 
 frame, construct, and rai.se, as an edifice or fabric of any 
 kind ; to fabricate ; to construct. 2. To raise on any 
 supfjort or foundation. 3. To increase and strengthen. 
 
 Build, tJ. t. 1, To practice building. JJ. To conBtnict, 
 rest, or depend, as on a foundation. 
 
 Build, n. Form or mode of construction. 
 
 BuUd'er, n. One who builds. 
 
 Build'ing, n. 1. Act of constructing, erecting, or eetab* 
 lishing. 'i. Art of constructing edifices ; practice of civil 
 architecture. 3. A thing built, as a house, church, &c. 
 
 Bulb, n. [Lat. bulbus, Gr. ^ok^So^.] 1. (Bot.) A bud 
 or cluster of partially developed leaves, growing from a 
 plant (usually below the ground), and producing a stem 
 above, and roots below, as in the onion. 2. {Anat.) A 
 part resembling in shape certain bulbous roots. 3. An 
 expansion or protuberance on a stem, as the bulb of a 
 thermometer. 
 
 Bulb-if'er-oiis, a. [Lat. bulbus, and ferre, to bear.] 
 ( Bot. ) Producing bulbs. 
 
 Biilb'ous, a. (Bot.) Having or containing bulbs, or a 
 bulb ; growing from bulbs ; bulb-like in shape. 
 
 Bulge, n. [Cf A.-S. bdlg, balig, Eng. belly, W. bwlg, a 
 bulky roxind body.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask ; 
 protuberance. 2. (A'o«f.) The bUge of a vessel. 
 
 Bulge, V. i. 1. To swell or jut out ; to be protuberant. 
 2. To bilge, as a ship. 
 
 Bulk, n. [Icel. bulka, to swell, W. bivlg, bulk, bwl, a 
 round, hollow body, rotundity.] 1. Magnitude of mate- 
 rial substance ; dimensions ; size ; mass. 2. The ma- 
 jority ; the largest or principal portion. 3. (Naut.) The 
 whole cargo of a ship when stowed. 
 
 In bulk, in a mass, or solid state. — Laden, or stowed in bulk, 
 having the cargo loose in the h.o\A.— Sale by bulk, a sale of 
 goods as they are, without weight or measure. — To break bulk 
 iSaut.), to begin to unload. 
 
 Biilk'er, n. (Naut.) A person employed to ascertain the 
 capacity of goods, so as to fix the amount of freight or 
 shore-dues to which they are liable. 
 
 Bullc'-liead, n. (Naut.) A partition in a ship, made 
 with boards, &c., to form separate apartments. 
 
 Biilk'i-ness, «. Greatness in bulk, size, or stature. 
 
 Biillt'y, a. Of great bulk or dimensions ; large. 
 
 Bull, n. [The root is in A.-S. fee^ten, to bellow, roar.] 1. 
 The male of any bovine quadruped ; hence, the male of 
 any large quadruped, as the elephant. 2. (Astron.) Tau- 
 rus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. 3. (Stock 
 Exchange.) One who nominally buys stock on time, 
 agreeing with the seller (called a bear) to take a certain 
 amount at a future day at a stated price, paying or re- 
 ceiving the difference in case of an alteration of price in 
 the intervening time. See BEAR. 
 
 Bull, n. [Lat. bulla, any thing rounded by art, L. Lat. a 
 seal or stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1, The seal appended 
 to the edicts and briefs of the pope. See Bill. 2. An 
 edict, or rescript of the pope, containing some decree, 
 order, or decision. 3. An apparent congruity, but real 
 incongruity, of ideas, suddenly discovered ; — so called, 
 perhaps, from the striking contrast between the humble 
 professions of the pope, as, for example, his styling him- 
 self a " servant of servants," and the absolute and des- 
 potic nature of the commands, or bulls, issued by him. 
 
 Bull'-bait'ing, ?!- The prac- 
 tice of baiting or exciting bulls : 
 with dogs. 
 
 Bull'-ealf (-kaf), n. A male 
 calf; a stupid fellow. 
 
 Bull'- dog, n. A variety of 
 dog, of remarkable ferocity and 
 courage ; — so named, prob- 
 ably, from being employed in 
 baiting bulls, or from the size Bull-dog. 
 
 of the head. 
 
 Bul'let, n. [Ft. boulet, dim. of boule, ball.] A small 
 iDall ; esp. one of lead, to be discharged from small-arms. 
 
 Bul'le-tim, n. [Fr. bulletin. It. bulletino, boUetino, dim. 
 of bulletta, bolletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict of the 
 pope. See Bull.] 1. A brief statement of fects re- 
 specting some passing event, issued by authority for the 
 information of the public. 2. Any public notice or an- 
 nouncement, especially of news recently received. 
 
 Bul'le-tin-board, n. A board on which announce- 
 ments of news are put up. 
 
 Bull'-figlit (-fit), n. A combat with a bull. 
 
 Bull'-fimcli (66), n. (Ornith.) A 
 s'inging-bird alUed to the grosbeak, 
 having the breast, cheeks, and throat 
 of a crimson color. 
 
 BixU'-frog, n. (Zool.) A large ^ 
 s'pecies of frog, found in North* 
 America. It makes a loud, croaking 
 noise, whence, probably, its name. Bullfinch. 
 
 Bull'-li6ad, 
 
 1. (Ichth.) (a.) A fish of the genus 
 
 a,e,&c.,icmg';a,g,&c.,aAor</care,far,aslc, all, what; 6re,vea,tSrxu; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
BULLION 
 
 89 
 
 BUOYANCY 
 
 Cottus. (b.) In America, a kind of fish, called also cat- 
 Jish and horned-pout. )i, A stupid fellow ; a lubber. 
 
 Bull'ion (byl'yun), n. [Lat. bulla, any object swelling 
 up and thus becoming round, any thing rounded by art.] 
 Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. 
 
 C@~ The word is often used to denote gold and silver, both 
 coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, 
 . including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin. 
 
 Bull'ock, n. [A.-S. bulluca, a young bull. See Bull..] 
 1. A young bull, or aiiy male of the ox kind. S. An 
 ox, or castrated bull. 
 
 Bull'§'-eye, »> 1. {Naut.) An oval wooden block with- 
 out sheaves, having a groove around it, and a hole 
 through it. 2. A thick piece of glass inserted in a deck, 
 roof, &c., to let in light. 3. Any circular opening for 
 air or light. 4. A policeman's lantern, with a thick 
 glass reflector on one side. 5. The center of a target. 
 
 6. A thick knob or protuberance left on a sheet of plate- 
 glass by the end of the pipe through which it was blown. 
 
 7. A small and thick old-fashioned watch. [Amer.] 
 Bull'- trout, n. ( Iclitk. ) A large species of trout, stouter 
 
 than the common kind, and, like the salmon, ascending 
 rivers periodically to spawn. 
 
 Bull'y, n. [Perb. fr. bull, the pope's letter, in which he 
 threatened and blustered, or corrupted fr. burly, boister- 
 ous. Cf. 0. Eng. 6wZ^y, to boil.] A noisy, blustering fel- 
 low, more insolent than courageous ; a quarrelsome person. 
 
 Bul'ly, a. Jovial ; merry. [Low.'] 
 
 Bull'y, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bullied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 BULLYING.] To insult with noise and blustering 
 menaces ; to treat with insolence. 
 
 Bull'y, V. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome. 
 
 Syn.— To bluster; swagger; vapor; crow; domineer. 
 
 Bul'rush, n. [From bull, in the sense of large, and rush.] 
 (Bat.) A large kind of rush, growing in wet land or water. 
 
 Bul'warlc, n. [Either from Ger. bohle, plank, or bolen, 
 ]&. H. Ger. bobi, 0. H. Ger. polOn, to roll, hurl, and Ger. 
 werk, work, defense.] 1, (Fort.) An outwork for de- 
 fense ; a bastion. 3. Any means of defense ; a screen or 
 shelter. 3. pi. (Naui.) The sides of a ship above the 
 upper deck. 
 
 Bul'-wark, v. t. To fortify with a rampart ; to protect. 
 
 Bfim, n. [Contracted from bottoin, which has the same 
 signification.] The buttocks. [Low.] 
 
 Bum/bail'iff , n. [A corruption of bound-bailiff.] An 
 under bailiff. [Eng. Low.] 
 
 Bum'ble-bee, n. [0. Eng. bumble, to make a hiun- 
 ming noise, and bee.] A large bee, sometimes called 
 humble-bee ; so named from its sound. 
 
 Buixi.1)oat, n. [From bum, the buttocks, on account of 
 its cliunsy form.] {Naut.) A clumsy boat, used for con- 
 veying provisions, fruit, &c., for sale, to vessels lying in 
 port or off shore. 
 
 Buiu'kui, n. [From boom, and the dim. term, kin.] 
 {Naut.) (a.) Piecesof timber projecting from each bow of 
 a vessel, to haul the foretack to ; also, from each quarter, 
 for the standing part of the main brace. (&. ) A small out- 
 rigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. 
 
 Buin'mer, n. 1. A houseless vagrant. 3. A forager; a 
 soldier who wanders about in search of food and plunder. 
 
 Bump, n. [From bmnp, to strike, thump ; it signifies a 
 swelling or tumor, as the effect of a stroke or fall. Cf. 
 W.pwmp, a round vhslss, pwtnpiaw, to form a round 
 mass, to thump, to bang.] 1. A thump ; a heavy blow. 
 3. A swelling or protuberance. 
 
 Bump, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bumped (bumt, 84) ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. BUMPING.] [An onomatopoeia. Cf. L. Ger. 
 bumsen, bamsen, to strike or fall on with a hollow noise.] 
 To strike, as with or against any thing large or solid . 
 
 Biimp, V. i. [See BooM, v. i., 3.] To make a loud, 
 heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern. 
 
 Bum'per, n. [A corruption of bumbard, bombard, a 
 large drinking vessel.] A cup or glass filled to the brim. 
 
 Bump'kin (bam'kin, 84), ». [Either from bump, a swell- 
 ing, W. pwmp, a round mass, or the same word as bum.- 
 kin. Cf. W. pwmp o ddyn, a large, heavy man.] An 
 awkward, heavy rustic ; a clown, or country lout. 
 
 Bun, \n. [Scot, bun, bunn. Cf. 0. Fr. bune, bugne, 
 
 Bunn, ) buigne, beugne, tiunor, boss, N. Fr. beignet, 
 Sp. bunuelo, bunn, a sort of sweet-bread. Cf. 0. H. Ger. 
 bungo, bulb, M. H. Ger. bunge, Icel. biinga, tumor.] A 
 small sweet-cake. 
 
 Bitncli, n. [0. Sw. & Dan. bunke, heap, Icel. bUnki, 
 heap, pUe, biinga, tmnor, W. pwng, cluster.] 1. A 
 protuberance; a hunch ; a knob or lump. 3. A collec- 
 tion, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the same kind, 
 growing or fastened together. 
 
 Banch, V. i. To swell out, as into a bunch or protubor- 
 
 ance. 
 
 Bunch, V. t. To form or tie in a bunch or bunches. 
 
 Buncli'i-ness, n. (Quality of being bunchy. 
 
 Biincli'y, a. 1. Swelhng out in bunches or protuber- 
 ances. 3. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch. 
 
 Biin'-eombe 1 (bunk'um), n. [Buncombe, a county of 
 
 Biin'kum ) North Carolina, represented in the 16th 
 Congress by an old mountaineer, who near the close of 
 the debate on the " Missouri Question,'" when the house 
 were impatient to come to a vote, insisted on making a 
 speech because the people of his district expected it.] J . 
 A body of constituents. 3. Speech-making for mere 
 show, or for the gratification of constituents. [Am.er.] 
 
 Bun'dle, n. [A.-S. byndel, from the root of bind, A.-S. 
 bindan. See Bind.] A number of things bound together, 
 especially into a package convenient for handling or con- 
 veyance ; a parcel ; a roll. 
 
 Bun'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUNDLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BUNDLING.] To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. 
 To bundle off, to send off in a hurry, or pet. 
 
 Bun'dle, t'. i. Xo set off in a hurry. 
 
 Bun'dle-pil'lar, n. A column or pier, with others oT 
 small dimensions attached to it. 
 
 Biing, n. [Cf. W. bwng, Ger. spund, 0. Eng. bung, 
 pocket, purse, A.-S. pung, Icel. pungr, Sw. & Dan. pung, 
 
 0. II. Ger. phung, Goth, pugg.] 1. The stopper of the 
 orifice in the bilge of a cask. 3. The orifice itself 
 
 Bung, V. t. To stop, as the orifice in the bilge of a cask, 
 with a bung. 
 
 Bun'ga-low, w. [Bengalee bangla.] A house or cottage, 
 of a single floor. [Lidia.] [which it is fiUed. 
 
 Bung'-hole, n. The hole in the bilge of a cask through 
 
 Bun'gle (bung/gl), v. i. [i?np. & p. p. bungled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. bungling.] [Bungle may be a diminutive 
 form of Prov. Ger. bungen, to beat, bang.] To act or 
 work in a clumsy, awkward manner. 
 
 Bun'gle, V. t. To make or mend clumsily ; to botch. 
 
 Biin'gler, n. A clumsy, awkward workman. 
 
 Biin'gling, a. 1, Unskillful; awkward; clumsy. 3. 
 Clumsily or unskillfully done. 
 
 Bun'gling-ly, adv. Clumsily ; awkwardly. 
 
 Bun'ion (bun'yun), n. (Med.) An enlargement and in- 
 flammation of the joint of the great toe. See BUNYON. 
 
 Bunk, n. [Sw. bunke, a wooden vessel, tub, coop, 0. 
 Eng. bung, pocket, purse, A.-S. bune, a sort of cup. See 
 Bung.] A wooden case or box, which serves for a seat 
 in the day-time and for a bed at night ; one of a series 
 of berths or bed-places arranged in vertical tiers. [Amer.] 
 
 Bunk, V. i. To retire to bed in a bunk. [Amer.] 
 
 Biin'yon, 1 n. [Scot, bunyan, 0. Eng. bunny, a small 
 
 Bun'ion, j swelling. Cf. BuN.] (Med.) An enlarge- 
 ment and inflammation of the small membranous sac at 
 the inside of the ball of the great toe. 
 
 Bunt, n. [Either from Sw. bunt, bundle, Dan. bundt, Ger. 
 btmd, because it is formed into a sort of bag, that it may 
 receive the more wind, or from 0. Eng. bunt, the puff- 
 ball.] (Naut.) The middle part or belly of a saU. 
 
 Biint, t-. •?. [See supra.] 1. (Naut.) To swell out. 3. 
 To push with the horns ; to butt. See POINT. 
 
 Bunt'ing, n. [Perh. fr. Ger. Smif, variegated, motley, as 
 it is covered with a great many small black spots.] ( Or- 
 nith.) A bfrd of different species, of the genus Emberiza. 
 
 Bunt'ing, In. [Probably from Ger. bunt, variegated, 
 
 Bunt'ine, j streaked.] A thin woolen stuff, of which 
 the colors or flags and signals of ships are made. 
 
 Biint'line, n. (Naut.) One of the ropes fastened to 
 cringles in the foot-rope of a saU, used to haul up tha 
 body of the sail when taking it in. 
 
 Buoy (bwoy or bwoy), n. [D. boey, 
 6oet,buoy, fetter; L. Gev. boie,boje ; 
 M. H. Ger. boije ; 0. Fr. boye, N. Fr. 
 bouee, a buoy ; Sp. boya; 0. Fr. buie, 
 a fetter, Lat. boja.] A float ; especially ' 
 a floating mark to point out the posi- 
 tion of objects beneath the water. 
 
 Buoy (bwoy or bwoy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. buoyed ; p. 
 pr. & vb". n. buoying.] 1. To keep afloat. 3. To 
 keep from sinking into ruin or despondency. 3. To fix 
 buoys to ; to mark by buoys. [lightness. 
 
 Buoy (bwoy- or hvrof), v. i. To float ; to rise by specific 
 
 Buoy'age (bwoj^/- or bwo^'-), n. Buoys taken collec- 
 tively ; the providing of buoys. 
 
 Buoy'an-yy (bwoy/- or bwoy'-), n. [From buoyant.^ 
 
 1. The quality "of floating; specific lightness. 3. 
 (Physics.) The weight just sufficient to submerge a float- 
 ing body by. 3. Cheerfulness ; vivacity. 
 
 Buoy. 
 
 food, fc»4>t ; tLrxi, rude, pull ; ^ell, pliaise, -eall, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 
 
BUOYANT 
 
 90 
 
 BURNISH 
 
 Buoy'Aiit (bucjy- or bw6^'-), a. [From huoy, v. i.] 1. 
 llrtvitig tho quality of rising or Hojiting in a fluid. t2. 
 Ikviring up, as a fluid. 3. Vivacious; cheerful. 
 
 llMov'ant-ly, aiiv. In a buoyant manner. 
 
 Kilr," IM. ID. feMTTc, 0. Sw. 6()/T(j, burdock, thistle, Ger. 
 
 Btlrr. I bujTf, cud-weod, hair, feathei-s, straw, Fr. 
 lH>iirre, hair, wool, stuff.] 1. Any prickly envelope of 
 the se»^is of plants. '2. The rough edge left by a tool in 
 cutting or dressing metal. 3. A guttural mispronuncia- 
 tion of the letter r. 
 
 BftrTlJOt. n. [Fr. barbote, from barbe, beard.] (IclUh.) 
 A fish shajHxl Uke an eel, but shorter and thicker, \nth a 
 flat heivd, having on the nose two small beards, and an- 
 other on the chin. 
 
 JBAr'df'U (bur'du), »i. [Written also burthe?!.] [A.-S. 
 byni/KU, Ooth. baitrthei, from the root of bear, A.-S. 
 6<rf7H,Uoth. bairan.] 1. That which is borne or car- 
 ried. *i. Hence, that which is grievous, wearisome, or 
 oppressive. 3. The contents or capacity of a ship. 
 
 Btxift or'burdcn, an anhual employed in carrying burdens.— 
 BuTilrn or' proof' [Lat. onn.< probamli] (Law), the necessity or 
 duty I'f proving a fact or facts in dispute on an issue raised be- 
 tween the parties in a cause. 
 
 SjTi. — Load; encumbrance; oppression. — .Bwrrfew is ge- 
 neric; a loaii is something laid upon us, as a load of care. The 
 other words exphiiu themselves. 
 
 Bdr'den, »i. [Fr. bourdon, great bell, drone, humble- 
 bee, Sp. bordon. It. bordone, L. Lat. burdo, drone, Fr. 
 bourdonner, to hum, buzz, drone.] The verse repeated 
 in a song ; the chorus ; refrain. Hence, that which is 
 often repeated ; the main topic. 
 
 BAr'den (bur'dn), v. t. [imp. &, p. p. burdened; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. BURDENING.] 1. To lay a heavy load 
 U1H1U. "2. To oppress with any thing grievous or trying. 
 
 Bur'den-ous, a. Heavy to be borne ; burdensome. 
 
 IJiir'dfn-.sonie, a. Grievous to be borne ; oppressive. 
 
 Bur'dcn-.some-ly, adv. In a burdensome manner. 
 
 Biir'den-soine-iiess, n. Quality of being burden- 
 some, [bristly fruit. 
 
 Bfir'dock, n. (Bat.) A genus of plants having a rough, 
 
 Uu'reau (bu'ro, 114), n. ; pi. bu'keaux (bu^rSz) or BU'- 
 REAUg (bu'roz). [Fr. bureau., a writing table, desk, of- 
 fice, 0. Fr. equivalent to bure, drugget, with which orig. 
 a ^vriting table was covered.] X. Orig. , a desk or writing 
 table, with drawers for papers. 2. The place where a 
 bureau is used, or the oflSce where business is transacted. 
 
 3. A department for the transaction of business by a 
 pubUc functionary ; the body of subordinate officers in a 
 department who labor under the direction of a chief. 
 
 4. A chest of drawers for clothes, &c. [Amer.] 
 Bu-reau'-era-fy (bu-ro'kra-sy), n. [Fr. bureaucratie , 
 
 from bureau and Gr. KpaTelv, to govern.] A system in 
 which the business of government is carried on in depart- 
 ments, each under the control of a chief. [Recent.] 
 Bu'reau-erat'ic, a. Relating to, or having the form 
 of, a bureaucracy. 
 
 Bftrg, n. [A.-S. form of borough, q. v.] 1. A fortified 
 town. [Obs.] 2. A borough. See Borough. 
 
 Bfxrg'age, n. [From burg, L. Lat. burgagium.] (Eng. 
 Law.) A tenure by which houses or lands are held of the 
 king or other lord of a borough or city, at a certain yearly 
 rent, or by services relating to trade or handicraft. 
 
 1> " -'ga-mot', n. 1. A variety of pear. 2. A kind of 
 pci. jie. See Bergamot. 
 
 Bur-^eoi.s' (bur-jois'), n. See Bourgeois. 
 
 Bfir'j^eon, V. n. To bud. See Bourgeon. 
 
 Biir'gess, n. [Fr. bourgeois, from bourg, borough. See 
 Bourgeois.] 1. An inhabitant, citizen, or fireeman of 
 a borough. 2. A representative of a borough. 3. A 
 magistrate ©f a borough. 
 
 Bfirg'grave, n. [Ger. burggraf, from burg, fortress, 
 and graf, count.] ( Germany.) OriginaUy, one appointed 
 to the command of a burg; but the title afterward be- 
 came hereditary, >vith a domain attached. 
 
 Bfirgli (bilrg), n. See Burg and Borough. 
 
 Bfirgh'al (bQrg'al), a. Belonging to a burgh. 
 
 Bfirgh'er (bfirg'er), n. [From burgh.] An inhabitant 
 or freeman of a burgh or borough. 
 
 Bfkrglar, n. [Written also burglarer or burglerer, and 
 fntrglaye-r , from i^r^/j, borough, town, and 0. Fr. laire, 
 thief, from I.at. latro.] (Lavj.) One who breaks and en- 
 ters a mansion or dwelling-house, in the night-time, with 
 intent to commit a felony. 
 
 Bur-gla'ri-ofts, a. Pertaining to burglary ; constitut- 
 ing the crime of burglary. 
 
 Bur-gla'ri-oiis-ly, adv. With an intent to commit 
 burglar}- ; in the manner of a burglar. 
 
 Bfirg'la-ry, n. (Law.) The breaking and entering the 
 
 dwelling-house of another, in the night-time, with intent 
 to commit a felony therein. 
 
 Ii®~ln American law, the crime includes oflFenses committed 
 by (/(If/ as well as bj' night, and in other buildings than dwell- 
 i>'ig-hou.tes. 
 
 Biirg'o-Jtias'ter, n. [From Lat. burgus (equiv. to biirg, 
 burgh) and Eng. master, D. burgemeester ] 1. A chief 
 magistrate of a municipal town in HoUand, Flanders, and 
 Germany. 2. (Ornith.) An aquatic bird; the glaucoua 
 gull, common in arctic regions. 
 
 Bftr'grave,n. [¥t. burgrave.] See Burggrave. 
 
 B<ir'gun-dy, «. A superior kind of wine ; — so called 
 fi-om Burgundy, in France, where it is made. 
 
 Bur'gun-dy-pitcli, n. Turpentine from which the 
 essential oil has been distilled off ; — so called from Bur- 
 gundy, in France, where it was first prepared. 
 
 Bu'ri-al (ber^I-al), n. [From burg.] Act of burying; 
 funeral solemnity ; sepulture ; interment. 
 
 Bu'rin, n. [Prob. from 0. H. Ger. bora, borer, horbn, 
 borjan, to hove.] 1. An engraver's tool, made to produce 
 a sharp cutting point ; a graver. 2. Mannar or style of 
 execution of an engraver. 
 
 Bilrke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burked (burkt); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BURKING.] [From the name of an Irishman 
 who first committed the crime in 1829.] 1. To murder, 
 so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose 
 of obtaining a body for dissection. [Rare.] 2. To dis- 
 pose of quietly or indirectly. 
 
 Biirl, V. t. [Cf. Fr. bourlet, bourrelet, pad, dim. of bourre; 
 Sp. borla, tassel, bunch of silk, gold, or silver. See BUR, 
 n.] 1. (ilfaww/:) To dress, as cloth, by fulling. 2. To 
 pick knots, loose threads, &c.,from, as in finishing cloth. 
 
 Burl, n. A knot or Imnp in thread or cloth. 
 
 Biir'lap, 7i. A kind of coarse linen fabric. 
 
 Biirl'er, n. A dresser of cloth. 
 
 Bur-lesque' (-lesk'), a. [Fr. ; It. burlesco, from burlare, 
 to ridicule, sneer, mock, bu)la, sneer, mockery.] Tending 
 to excite laughter by ludicrous images ; jocular, ironical. 
 
 Bur-lesque' (-lesk/), n. 1. Ludicrous representation; 
 exaggerated parody ; satire. 2. An ironical or satirical 
 composition intended to excite laughter, or to ridicule 
 any thing. 3. A ludicrous imitation ; a caricature. 
 
 Bur-lesque', v. t. [imp. & p. p. burlesqued (bur- 
 leskt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. BURLESQUING.] To turn into 
 ridicule ; to make ludicrous. 
 
 JBur-let'td , n. [It., diminutive of burla, mockery. See 
 Burlesque.] (BIus.) A comic opera ; a musical farce. 
 
 Bur'li-ness, n. State or quality of being burly. 
 
 Bur'ly, a. [0. Eng. also boorely, equivalent to boorlike, 
 clownish.] 1. Of great bulk, especially with the idea of 
 strength and coarseness of appearance ; stout ; lusty. 
 2. Coarse and rough ; tumid. 
 
 Burn, V. t. [imp. & p. p. burned or BURNT ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BURNING.] [A.-S. beornan, byrnan, Goth. 
 brinnan, Icel. brenna.] 1. To consume with fire. 2. To 
 injure by fire or heat ; to change some property or prop- 
 erties of, by exposure to fire or heat. 3. To affect by, 
 or submit to the action of, fire or heat for some useful 
 or economic purpose. 4. To produce a sensation or effect 
 akin to that of heat or fire. 5. ( Surg.) To cauterize. 6. 
 ( Chem.) To combine with oxygen. 
 
 To bum one's fingers, to get into unexpected trouble, as by in- 
 terfering in the concerns of others. — To be burnt out of house 
 and home, to drive out, as from a dwelling, by burning it. 
 
 Burn, V. i. 1. To be on fire. 2. To be injured by an 
 excess of heat. 3. To have the appearance of flame or 
 fire. 4. To be hot or in a passion. 5. To act with de- 
 structive violence. 6. To be affected with a sensation of 
 heat. 7. To be akin to fire in the effect produced. 
 To hum out, to bum till the fuel is gone and the fire ceasea. 
 
 Biirn, n. 1. A hurt or injury of any thing caused by 
 the action of fire. 2. The operation of burning or baking. 
 
 Biirn'er, n. 1. One who burns or sets on fire. 2. An 
 appendage to a lamp or gas-fixture designed to promot© 
 combustion. 
 
 Bftr'nett-ize, v. t. (Manuf.) To preserve, as timber, 
 by a solution of chloride of zinc. 
 
 BUrn'ing-glass, n. A convex lens used for producing 
 an intense heat by converging the sun's rays to a focus. 
 
 Bfir'nisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burnished ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. BURNISHING.] [Fr. brunir. It. brunire, D. bruin- 
 eren, to make brown, bright, or glossy, to pohsh, firom 
 Fr. brun. It. bruno, D. bruin. See BROWN.] 1. To polish 
 by rubbing with something hard and smooth. 2. To 
 render bright or resplendent. [and glossy. 
 
 BUr'nisli, v. i. To grow or become smooth, or smooth 
 
 .Bftr'nisli, n. The effect of burnishing ; gloss ; luster. 
 
 a.,e,ti,c.,long; ik,^, tec. short; c&re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, tgrm; pique, firm; son, dr, dc}, 'vr9lf , 
 
BURNISHER 
 
 91 
 
 BUSTLER 
 
 Bfir'nlsh-er, «. 1. One who burnishes. 2. A tool used 
 
 in burnishing books. 
 
 Biirnt'-off'er-ing, n. Something ofifered and burnt 
 on an altar, as an atonement for sin. 
 
 Bftrr, n. See BUR. 
 
 Bfirr, V. t. To pronounce with a bur; to talk or whis- 
 per hoarsely. See BUR. 
 
 Bur'rel-sliot, n. [Prob. from annoying the enemy 
 Uke a burrel-Jly, or gad-bee.] ( Gun.) Small shot, nails, 
 stones, pieces of old iron, &c., put into cases to be dis- 
 charged among enemies. [Rare.] 
 
 Bur-'row, n. [A.-S. beorg, beorh, hill, defense, burrow, 
 barrow, from beorgan, to be prominent, to protect. Cf. 
 Barrow and Bury.] 1. A hole in the ground made 
 by certain animals, as rabbits, &c., for shelter and hab- 
 itation. "2* (Mining.) A heap or heaps of rubbish. 
 
 Bilr'row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. burrowed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge 
 in, as in the earth ; to lodge in a hole excavated in the 
 earth, as conies or rabbits. 2. To take refuge in any 
 deep or concealed place : to hide. 
 
 Bur'ry {34), a. Abounding in burs, or resembling burs. 
 
 Biir'sar, n. [L. Lat. bursarius, from bursa, byrsa. See 
 Burse.] 1. A treasurer, or cash-keeper; a purser. 
 2. A student to whom a stipend is paid out of a burse 
 or fund appropriated for that pui-pose. 
 
 Bur'sa-ry, n. 1. The treasury of a college or monas- 
 tery. 2. A charitable foundation in a university. 
 
 Burse, n. [L. Lat. bursa, Fr. bourse, Ger. b'drse, D. bears, 
 purse, an exchange. See Bourse.] 1. A purse. ( 0^5.) 
 
 2. A fund for the maintenance of poor scholars. [France.] 
 
 3 . ( Middle Ages . ) A little college , or a hall in a university . 
 
 4. A public edifice in the cities of continental Europe, 
 for the meeting of merchants to consult on matters of 
 trade and money ; an exchange. [Also written bourse.] 
 
 Biirst, V. i. [imp. & p. p. burst ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 bursting.] [A.-S. berstan, 0. H. Ger. brestan, Sax. 
 brestan, Icel. bresta.] 1. To fly or break open with 
 force, or with sudden violence ; — often used figura- 
 tively. 2. To make any sudden change from restraint, 
 invisibility, inaction, absence, or the like, to an opposite 
 or different state ; to issue or e.'^cape by a sudden or violent 
 removal of obstacles ; — usually with some qualifying 
 adverb or preposition. 
 
 Syn.— To crack; break; split; rend; sever. 
 
 Biirst, V. t. To break or rend by violence; to open 
 suddenly. 
 
 Burst, n. A sudden breaking forth ; a disruption ; a 
 violent rending ; a sudden explo.sion. 
 
 Burst'er, n. One that bursts or opens suddenly. 
 
 Burt, n. A flat fish of the turbot kind. 
 
 Bur'tiieii, n. & v. See Burden. 
 
 Bur'y (ber'y), n. [A.-S. buruh, buhr.] A borough; a 
 manor; as, the Bury of St. Edmond's ; — often used as 
 a termination of names of places ; as, Canterbury. 
 
 Bur'y (ber'y), v. t. [imp. & p. p. buried ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. BURYING.] [A.-S. byrigan, allied to beorgan, Goth. 
 bairgan, Icel. biarga, Ger. bergen, to keep, cover, hide. 
 Cf. Burrow.] 1. To conceal by covering. 2. Specifi- 
 cally, to cover out of sight, as in a grave, a tomb, or the 
 ocean. 3. To hide in obUvion. 
 
 To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war; a 
 phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the Ameri- 
 can Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a 
 peace. 
 
 Syn. — To entomb ; inter; inhume; cover; conceal; over- 
 whelm; repress; keep down. 
 
 Bur 'y-ing- ground ) (ber'^-), n. A grave-yard; a 
 
 Bur'y-ing-plape ) church-yard. 
 
 Bu.s,Vi. [Abbrev. fr. om,nibus.] An omnibus. [Low.] 
 
 Biig'by, n. [Mil.) A mihtary cap of bear-skin. 
 
 BusJi, n. [D. bosch, bos, 0. H. Ger. busc, N. H. Ger. busch, 
 feel. biLskr, btiski, Fr. bois, 0. Fr. bos. Cf. BOSCAGE.] 1. 
 A thicket, or a place abounding in trees or shrubs. 2. 
 A shrub ; particularly a thick shrub ; also, a cluster of 
 shrubs. 3. A branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus) 
 hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign ; hence, 
 a tavern sign, or the tavern itself. 4. [Much.) A ring, 
 or Uning of metal, let into an orifice. 
 
 Busli, V. i. To grow thick or bushy. 
 
 Bush., V. t. 1. To set bushes for. 2. To use a bush- 
 liarrow on, or for covering. 3. To furnish with a bush, 
 or to Une, as a hole, with metal. 
 
 Busli'-bean, n. The common, low garden-bean, called 
 in England kidney-bean and French bean. 
 
 Bush'el, n. [Norm. Fr. bussel, 0. Fr. boissel, Low Lat. 
 Soissel, boissellus, from Low Lat. bustia, buxida, buxis, 
 equiv. to Lat. puxis, pyxis, Gr. irv^is, box. Cf. Box.] 
 
 1. A dry measure, containing four pcck.s, eight gallons, 
 or thirty-two quarts. 2. A vessel of the capacity of a 
 bushel, used in measuring. 3. The circle of iron in the 
 nave of a wheel. [Eng.] 
 
 Busli'el-age, n. A duty payable on commodities by th« 
 
 l^ushel. [Eng.] 
 Bush'el-er, ) n. A tailor's assistant for repairs. 
 Busli'el-ma.n, ) [Local, Amer.] 
 Bush'-liar'row, n. (Agric.) A sort of harrow made of 
 
 ijushes, for harrowing grass lands or covering seeds. 
 Busli'l-uess, n. Quahty of being bushy. 
 Busli'ing, n. 1. {Mech.) A ring, tube, or lining placed 
 
 in a hole, and sometimes acting as a journal-box. 2, 
 
 A thimble ; — sometimes called a bush. 
 Buslx'-man, n. ; pi. bush'JIEN. [D. bosch-man, bosch- 
 
 jes-man. See BUSH.] 1. A settler in the backwoods of 
 
 AustraUa. 2. {Geog.) One of a tribe of savages near 
 
 the Cape of Good Hope ; — so named by the Dutch. 
 Busli'-wliaclt''er, n. 1. One accustomed to beat 
 
 about, or travel through, bushes ; a raw countryman. 
 
 2. A stout scythe or other instrument for cutting 
 brush or bushes. 3. One who is engaged in predatory 
 excursions against an enemy. [Amer.] 
 
 Busli'- wliadCing ,n. 1 . Traveling , or working a way , 
 through bushes ; puUing by the bushes, as in hauhng a 
 boat along the bushy margin of a stream. 2. The carry- 
 ing on of an irregular or predatory warfare. [Amer.] 
 
 Bush'y, a. [From tos/i.] 1. FuU of bushes ; overgrown 
 with shrubs. 2. Thick and spreading, like a bush. 
 
 Bu§'i-ly (hlzl-lf), adv. In a busy manner. 
 
 Bu§'i-uess (blz'nes), n. 1. That which busies one ; 
 employment; occupation. 2. Any particular occupa- 
 tion or employment for a liveUhood or gain. 3. Traffic 
 in general. 4. Concern ; right or occasion of making 
 one's self busy. 5. Affair; transaction; — used in an 
 indefinite sense, and modified by the cormected words. 
 
 Syn. — Affairs; concern; matter; engagement; employ- 
 ment; calling; occupation; trade; profession; office; duty. 
 
 Busk, n. [Fr. busc, busque, from bois, bos, wood, be- 
 cause first made of wood. See Bush.] A long, thin 
 piece of metal, whalebone, or wood, worn in the front 
 of women's corsets. 
 
 Busk, V. t. or V. i. [0. Fr. busquer, Sp. buscar, to seek, 
 search. It. buscare, to catch, capture, from L. Lat. bus- 
 cus, boscus ; originally to go through a bush ; hence, to 
 hunt, trace, track. See Bush.] I.Togo. [Obs.] 2, 
 To prepare, make ready, array. 
 
 Bus'kiu, n. [Contr. from 0. Fr. brossequin, or D. brnse- 
 kin; prob. from Gr. /Svpcra, skin, hide.] 1. A covering 
 for the foot and leg, formerly worn by hunters, and also 
 by actors in tragedy. 2. Tragedy, or the tragic drama, 
 as distinguished from comedy. 
 
 Bus'kiued, a. 1. Dressed in buskins. 2. Of, or per- 
 taining to, tragedy ; tragic. 
 
 Biisk'y, a. Bushy; wooded; shaded or overgrown with 
 trees or shrubs. [Generally written bosky.] 
 
 Buss, n. 1. [Ger. bus (Luther), allied to Lat. basium.^ 
 kiss, basiare, to kiss.] A kiss ; more strictly, a rude, or 
 playful kiss. 2. [0. Fr. busse, L. Lat. bussa, busa, Ger. 
 bilse, D. buis.] (Naut.) A small two-masted vessel, used 
 in the herring fishery. 
 
 Buss, V. t. [imp. & p.p. BUSSED (108); p.pr. & vb. n. 
 bussing.] To kiss. 
 
 Bust, n. [From Ger. brust, breast, Goth, trusts, by drop- 
 ping the r.] 1. A piece of statuary representing the 
 upper part of the human figure, including the head, 
 shoulders, and breast. 2. The portion of the human 
 figure included between the head and waist ; the trunk 
 of the body. 
 
 Bils'tard, n. [0. Fr. bistarde, 
 bostarde, boustarde, N. Fr. ou- 
 tarde, Sp. avutarda, It. ottar- 
 da, from Lat. avis tarda.] ( Or- 
 nith.) A bird of the Ostrich 
 family. 
 
 «^~ The great bustard is the"; 
 largest land bird in Europe. It in- 
 habits the temperate regions of Eu- 
 rope and parts of Asia and Africa. Great Bustard. 
 
 Biis'tle (biisa), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BUSTLED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. BUSTLING.] [0. Eng. buskle, most probably 
 from A.-S. bysig, \>usj, bysg-ian, to busy, and the verbal 
 termination le.] To stir quickly ; to be very active. 
 
 Bus'tle, n. Great stir ; hurried activity ; tumult frova. 
 stirring or excitement. 
 
 Bus'tle, n. A kind of cushion worn by ladies for the 
 purpose of expanding the skirts behind ; a bishop. 
 
 Biis'tler (bustler), n. An active, stirring person. 
 
 food, fcM»t ; firn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -call, e«]io ; gem., get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tills- 
 
BUSY 
 
 i)2 
 
 BUZZ 
 
 Bof'y lt>\i'J), n- (A.-S. bt/sig, biseg. Of. Icel. bisa, to 
 ■work witli great effort ; Ooth.\i«rt-6Msn,^, precept, order, 
 commission.] 1. KupagiM iu business; occupied with 
 emplovment. '2. Constantly active or in motion ; rcst- 
 le«(i. 3. Active in what does not concern one ; officious; 
 pragmatical. 
 
 Buf'y (blE'if), V. t. [imp. & p.p. busied ; p.jfr. & vb. 
 n. Bi'SYiNG.] To make or keep busy ; to employ ; to 
 occupy. 
 
 Bu§'y-"b5d'y, n. One who officiously concerns himself 
 with the affairs of others ; a meddling person. 
 
 BAt, prep, k conj. [A.-S. butan, buton> from prefix be 
 smd uian, uion, outward, withoutj from Ut, tite, out, 
 witliout, abroad. Of. ABOUT.] 1. Except ; besides ; 
 unless; save. "2, Save that ; were it not that; — ellip- 
 tical, for but that, which is now more usual. 3. Other- 
 wise than that ; that not ; — having, properly, after a 
 Txes&tive,that. 4. Only; solely; merely. 
 
 e^- This use of but is a modem innovation, but one too 
 finulv established to be coTrected. In all such phrases, a nega- 
 tive IS omitted. " Our light affliction, which is but for a mo- 
 ment; " that is, which is not, except for a moment. 
 
 5. On the contrary ; on the other hand ; yet ; still ; 
 however ; nevertheless ; — as connective of sentences or 
 clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive 
 or adversative. 
 
 But, n. See Butt. 
 
 Butch'er, n. [Fr. boucher, properly and originally, killer 
 of buck-goats, from rr.6o!«:,, a buck-goat.] 1. One who 
 slaughters animals for food. 2. One who lulls in a 
 bloody manner ; one given to slaughter. 
 
 Butcli'er, v. t. [wip. &, p. p. butchered ; p. pr. & 
 i-b. n. BUTCHERING.] 1. T^o kill or slaughter, as ani- 
 mals, for food, or for market. 3. To murder, especially 
 in a bloody or barbarous manner. 
 
 Butcli'er-bird. (18), n. A bird of different species. 
 
 Butcli'er-ly, a. Grossly cruel and barbarous ; bloody ; 
 murderous. 
 
 Butcli'er-y, n. 1. The business of a butcher. 2. Great 
 s'laughter ; carnage ; massacre. 
 
 Bfitt'- "^d I "' '^^^ largest or blunt end of a thing. 
 
 Biit'ler, n. [Ft. bouteillier, boutillie.r, a bottle-bearer. 
 See Bottle.] A servant whose principal business is to 
 take charge of the liquors, &c. 
 
 But'ler-age, n. ( Old Eng. Law.) A duty on wine im- 
 ported by foreigners or merchant strangers ; — so called 
 because originally paid to the kings butler for the king. 
 
 Biit'ler-ship, n. The office of a butler. 
 
 Bufment, n. [Abbreviation of abutment, q. v.] {Arch.) 
 A buttress of an arch. See ABUXaiENT. 
 
 Butt, ) n. [Fr. but, butt, aim, butte, knoU, bout, 0. Fr. 
 
 But, ) bot, end, extremity. Of. Gael, buta, butt, mark, 
 bot, mound, W. bot, any round body, pwt, any short 
 thing.] 1. The larger end of a thing, as of a piece of 
 timber ; an end ; a limit ; a bound. ». A mark to be 
 shot at ; an object of aim. 3. One at whom ridicule, 
 je.sts, or contempt is directed. 4. A push or thrust given 
 in fencing or by the head of an animal, 5. [See Boot, 
 n.] A large cask or vessel, also called a pipe. 6. The 
 thickest and stoutest part of tanned ox-hides. 7, ( Ca7p.) 
 A. kind of hinge ; — used in hanging doors, &c., and so 
 named because screwed to the edge of the door, or the 
 part which butts against the casing, and not, like other 
 hinges, on the face of it. 8. A short piece of land left 
 unplowed at the end of a field. 9. The metal ring at 
 the ends of the ho.se of a fire-engine. 
 
 B^tt, J V. i. [Fr. bouter to push, butt. See BOUTADE.] 
 
 Biit, ) 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extrem- 
 ity ; to be bounded ; to abut. 2. To thrust the head 
 forward. [ram. 
 
 Biitt, V. t. To strike by thrusting the head against, as a 
 
 Butte (but or bit), n. [Fr.] An isolated peak or abrupt 
 elevation of land. 
 
 But'ter, n. [A.-S. buter, Lat. butyrum, Gr. Povrvpov, 
 from ^oOs, ox, cow, and rupo?, cheese.] 1. An oily, 
 unctuous substance obtained from cream by churning. 
 2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consist- 
 ence, or other qualities. 
 
 Btit'ter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. buttered \ p. pr. & vb. 
 n. buttering.] To cover or spread with butter. 
 
 Biit'ter-efip, n. {Bot.) A plant of the genus Ranun- 
 culus, or crowfoot, having bright yellow flowers. 
 
 Btlt'ter-fly, n. [So named from the color of a yellow 
 species.] (Entom.) A lepidopterous insect of different 
 specie'!, efljieclally one of the family Papilio. 
 
 Bttt'ter-fly-vaive. n. (Mech.) A species of valve, con- 
 
 sisting of two Bemicircular clappers or wings hinged to a 
 cross rib. 
 
 Biit'ter-is, n. [Same &8 buttress, in a different application. { 
 (Far.) An instriunent used for paring the hoof of a horse. 
 
 Biit'ter-milk, n. The milk that remains after the but- 
 ter is .sepanted from it. 
 
 Bilt'ter-nut, n. 1. (Bot.) An American tree and its 
 fruit, so called from the oil contained in the latter. 2. 
 The nut of a tree found in South America ; — called also 
 the Saviiari nut. 
 
 But'ter- tree, n. (Bot.) A tropical tree, the seeds of 
 which yield a substance very closely resembling butter. 
 
 Btit'ter-y, a. Having the qualities, consistence, or ap- 
 peai-ance, of butter. 
 
 But'ter-y, «. 1. An apartment where butter, mUk, pro- 
 visions , & c . , are kept. 2. A room in some colleges where 
 liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the 
 students. 3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. 
 
 Biltt'-hinge, n. See Butt. 
 
 Butt'-joint, )n. (Carp.) A joint between two 
 
 But'ting-joint, J pieces of timber or wood, at the end 
 of one or both. 
 
 But'tock;, n. [From butt, end, q. v.] 1. The rump, or 
 protuberant part of the body behind. 2. (Naut.) Th« 
 convexity of a ship behind, under the stem. 
 
 Btit'toBL (but'n), n. ['ET.bouto7i, from bout, end, extrem- 
 ity.] 1. A smaU ball; a knob. 2. A catch, used to 
 fasten together the different parts of dress. 3. A bud ; a 
 germ of a plant. 4. A piece of wood or metal turning 
 on a nail or screw, to fasten doors, &c. 5. (A!:saying.) A 
 round mass of metal remaining in the cupel after fusion. 
 To hold bu the button, to detain in conversation to weariness ; 
 to bore ; to button-hole. 
 
 But'ton (but'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUTTONED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. BUTTONING.] To fasten with a 
 button or buttons. [oj^buttons. 
 
 Biit'ton, v.i. To be fastened by a button 
 
 Biit 'ton- hole, n. The hole in which a 
 button is caught. 
 
 But'ton-liole,'!). t. To hold by the but- 
 ton or button-hole ; to detain m conver- 
 sation to weariness ; to bore. 
 
 But'ton-mold, i 7i. A disk of bone, 
 
 Biit 'ton- mould , j wood , or other ma- 
 terial, which is made into a button by cov- 
 ering it with cloth of some kind. 
 
 Biit'ton- wood (27), n. (Bot.) The west- 
 em plane-tree, a large tree growing in. 
 North America, producing rough balls," 
 from which it is named. 
 
 Biit'tress, n. [From Fr. bouter, to push, Buttress, 
 butt, put. See Butt.] (Arch.) A projecting support to 
 the exterior of a wall ; a prop ; a support. 
 
 Biit'tress, v. t. To support by a buttress ; to prop. 
 
 Biitt'- weld, «.. (Mech.) A weld formed by forcing to- 
 gether the flattened ends of two pieces of iron or steel, 
 at a welding heat. 
 
 Bii'ty-ra'ceoiis, ) a. [From Lat. butyrum. See BUT- 
 
 BH'ty-roiis. j ter.] Having the qualities of but- 
 
 ter ; resembling butter. [butter. 
 
 Bu-tyr'i«, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, 
 
 Biix'om, a. [A.-S. bocsum, from bedgan, bUgan, to bow, 
 bend, and the adj. term, sum, equiv. to Eng. some.] 1. 
 Yielding; pliable. [Obs.] 2. Brisk; jolly; frolicsome. 
 
 Biix'om-ly, adv. In a buxom manner ; briskly. 
 
 Biix'om-ness, n. Quality of being buxom ; jollity. 
 
 Buy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. bought (bawt) ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 BUYING.] [A.-S. bycgan,bygan, to buy, Goth. bvgjan,to 
 buy, to sell.] 1. To purchase ; to acquire by paying a 
 price for. 2. To procure by a consideration given, or 
 by something deemed worth the thing bought. 
 
 To buy off, (a.) To influence to compliance. (6.) To detach 
 by a consideration given. — To buy out, to purchase the in- 
 terest of in a stock or partnership, by which the seller is sepa- 
 rated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place. 
 — To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise to make payment 
 at a future day. — To buy the refusal, to give money for the right 
 of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time. 
 
 Buy, V. i. To negotiate or treat about a purchase. 
 
 Buy'er, n. One who buys ; a purchaser. 
 
 Biizz, V. i. [imp. & p. p. buzzed; p. pr. & vb. n 
 BUZZING.] [An onomatopoeia.] To make a low, con- 
 tinuous, humming sound, as bees ; hence, to speak with 
 a low, humming voice. 
 
 Btizz, V. t. 1. To make known by buzzing. 2. To 
 spread, as report, by whispers. 
 
 Biizz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees. 
 2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiotisly. 
 
 a,e,&c.,/&nfi:; 4,6,&c.,*Aort; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; Sre, veil,tgrm; pique, firm; sen, dr, do, wolf, 
 
BUZZARD 
 
 'J3 
 
 CACHEXY 
 
 Biiz'zard. n. [From. Lat. buteo, a kind of falcon or 
 hawk.] 1. ( Ornit/i.) A bird of prey, of the Falcon fam- 
 ily. ^. A blockhead ; a dunce. 
 
 Buzz'er, n. One who buzzes ; a whisperer. 
 
 By (35), prep. [A.-S. be, bi, big, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. bi, 
 N. H. Ger. bei. Cf. Be, a prefix.] 1, In the neighbor- 
 hood of; near or next to ; close to. 2. Near to in taotion, 
 .without contiiet or without stopping ; hence, from one to 
 the other side of; past. 3. With, as in.'^trument, means, 
 way, and the like; through means of; with aid of; through. 
 
 C@~ To the meaning of by, as denoting means or instrument, 
 belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the 
 word: (a.) It points out the author or producer. (6.) In an 
 oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to. 
 (c.) According to; by direction, authority, or example of. (rf.) 
 At the rate o^ (e.) In comparison, it denotes the measure of 
 excess or inferiority ; in change, the measure of increase or 
 diminution, &c. (/.) It expresses continuance or duration. 
 (g.) As soon as; not later than. 
 
 B}/ and by, (a.) Imraeiiately; at once. tObs.'] (6.) Present- 
 ly; pretty .soon; before long. — 5// one's self, alone; solitary.— 
 One bj/ one, da>/ by day, piece by piece, &c., each one, day, piece, 
 &c., by itself singly or separately. — To come by, to get posses- 
 sion of; to obtain. — To do by, to treat, to behave toward. — To 
 set by, to value, to esteem.— To stand by, to aid, to support.— 
 By the head (A'aut.), having the bows lower than the stern. — 
 By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has 
 fkUen off so much as to bring the wind round her stem, and to 
 take her sails aback on the other side. — By the run, all together. 
 
 By, adv. 1. Near ; in the neighborhood ; present. 2. 
 
 Bye, 
 
 A thing not directly aimed at ; an object by 
 the way, and the like. 
 
 assmg near ; gomg or gone past. 
 
 By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to Om 
 matter in hand. , 
 
 By, a. Out of the common path ; aside ; — used in coim- 
 position, giving the meaning of something aside or inci- 
 dental, a collateral matter, a thing private. 
 
 Bye, n. [A.-S. by, bye, dwelling, from by an, bdan, to 
 dwell.] 1. A dwelling. 2. In certain games, the station 
 of an individual player. 
 
 B2;'-6nd., ?i. Private end or interest ; secret purpose. 
 
 By'- gone (21), a. Past; gone by. 
 
 Bj'-gone, n. Something gone by or past ; a past event. 
 
 By'-law, n. [A.-S. b'dage, a private law, from bi, by, and 
 lagu",la.\f.] A local or subordinate law ; a private law or 
 
 Bj^'-iiame, n. A nickname ; a sobriquet. [regulation. 
 
 By '-path, n. A private path ; an obscure way. 
 
 By'-play , 7i. A scene which is carried on aside, and com- 
 monly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds, 
 with a view, ordinarily, to enhance the sport. 
 
 By'-stand'er, n. [by and slander, equivalent to slander- 
 by.] A looker-on ; a spectator. 
 
 By'- word (bi'wurd), n. A common saying ; a proverb. 
 
 Byz'ant, )n. [From La,t. Byzanlius, Byzantinus, • 
 
 Byz'an-tine, j from Byzanlium.] (Numis.) A gold 
 coin of the value of fifteen pounds sterling, go called frx>m 
 being coined at Byzantium. 
 
 By-zan'tine, or Byz'an-tine, a. Of or i»ertaimng to 
 Byzantium. 
 
 c. 
 
 C(ce), the third letter in the English alphabet, and the 
 second consonant, has two sounds, one close, like K ; 
 the other a sibilant, precisely like S. The digraph ch has 
 three sounds, the first equivalent to tsh, as in church; 
 the second equivalent to sh, as in chaise ; the third equiv- 
 alent to k, as in chorus. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 63-69. 
 {Mus.) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in 
 which each measure is a semibreve, corresponding to ^. 
 C is also the name of a note in the scale ; the key note 
 major, and the third minor, of the natural scale. 
 
 -Ca,b, n. [An abbreviation of cabriolet, q. v.] A kind of 
 covered carriage, drawn by one horse. 
 
 ■ea.b, n. [Heb. gcd), from gabab, to hoUow.] A Hebrew 
 dry measure, containing two and five sixths pints. 
 
 -Ca-bai', n. [Heb. gabbalah, reception, tradition, myste- 
 rious doctrine, fi-om gabal, to take or receive.] 1. A 
 number of persons united to promote their private views 
 in church or state by intrigue ; a junto. 2. Secret arti- 
 fices of such a junto ; intrigue. 
 
 Syn. — Party ; faction. — (Ddbal and faction differ from 
 party, being always used in a bad sense. A cabal intrigues se- 
 cretly to gain power; a faction labors more or less openly to 
 change or break down the existing order of things. 
 
 -€a-bai', ) n. [See supra.] 1. Secret tradition, or a 
 
 ■€ab'a-la, j mysterious kind of science among Jewish 
 rabbins. 2. Secret science in general ; mjstery. 
 
 -Ca-bai', V. i. [imp. & p. p. cabai.LED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CABALLING.] To unite in secret artifices. 
 Syn. — To plot; intrigue; conspire. 
 
 -eab'a-ligm, n. Secret science of the cabalists. [cabala. 
 
 -eab'a-list, n. A Jewish doctor conversant with the 
 
 -€ab'a-Iist'i<;, \a. Pertaining to the cabala; con- 
 
 ■eab''a-list'i«-al, J taining an occult meaning. [lists. 
 
 ■€ab'a-list'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of the caba- 
 
 -Ca-bal'Ier, n. One who cabals. 
 
 Cab'al-line, a. [Lat. caballinus, from cabaUus, nag, Gr. 
 /ca^a^\T)s.] Pertaining to a horse. 
 
 -€ab'bage, n. [0. Eng. cabbish, from Lat. capitatus, hav- 
 ing a head, from caput, capitis, head.] 1. A genus of 
 plants of different varieties, common as a garden vegeta- 
 ble. 2. Cloth purloined by one who cuts out garments. 
 
 -e^b'bage, v. i. To form a head in growing. 
 
 -€ab'bage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cabbaged ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. cabbaging.] [From the noun; prop, and orig., to 
 cut off the heads of cabbages, and occasionally also such 
 as are not our own, but belong to others.] To purloin, 
 as pieces of cloth, after cutting out a garment. 
 
 ■Cab'bage-roge, n. A species of rose having a thick, 
 compacted form, like a cabbage. 
 
 -Cab'in, n. [W. caban, dim. of cab, cot, tent.] 1. A 
 
 small room. 2. A cottage ; a hut or small house. 3. 
 An apartment in a ship for oflficers and passengers. 
 
 -eab'in, V. i. [imp. &,p. p. cabined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CABINING.] To live in a cabin ; to lodge. 
 
 eab'in, V. t. To confine in a cabin. 
 
 -eab'in-boy, n. A boy whose duty is to wait on the 
 ofiicers and passengers in a ship. 
 
 ■eab'in-et, n. [Dim. of cabin. See Cabin.] 1. A small 
 room ; a closet. 2. A private room in which consulta- 
 tions are held. 3. The select or secret council of a 
 prince or executive government. 4. A piece of furni- 
 ture, consisting of a chest or box, with drawers and 
 doors. 5, A safe place for valuables. 
 
 -€ab'in-et-<;oun'9il, n. Confidential council of a 
 prince or executive magistrate. 
 
 -Ca'ble (ka^bl), n. [L. Lat. capulmn, caplum, a rope, from 
 capere, to take, D., Dan., Sw., & Ger. kabel.] A large, 
 strong rope or chain , used to retain a vessel at anchor, 
 and for other purposes. 
 
 ■Ca'ble, V. t. To fasten with a cable. 
 
 Ca-bob', n. [Per. cobbob, meat roasted.] 1. A small 
 piece of meat roasted on a skewer. 2. A leg of mutton 
 stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. 
 
 ■€a-bobse', n. [The first part seems to be alhed to W. 
 cab, cabin, booth, and the second part to Eng. booth, or 
 Ger. bi'ise, a kind of ship, or Ger. biic/ise, Eng. box ; or it 
 may be a mere termination.] [Written also camboose.] 
 (Naut.) (a.) A house on deck, where the cooking is 
 done ; commonly called the galley. (6.) A box that cot- 
 ers the chimney in a ship. 
 
 •€ab'ri-o-let' (kab^ri o-la') n. [Ft. cabriolet, dim. of cab- 
 riole, a goat-leap, caper, from Lat. capreolus, wild goat. 
 It is so called from its skipping lightness.] A one-horse 
 pleasure-carriage with two seats, having a calash top, 
 and a covering for the legs and lap. 
 
 Ca-ea'o (or ka'ko),n. [Mexican cacauatl.] The choco- 
 late tree, foimd in South America and the West Indies. 
 
 •Ca^li'a-lot, 11. [Ger. kaschalot, Greenland kigutilik.] 
 (Zool.) The sperm whale. 
 
 Cac/ie (kash), 71. [Fr., from cacA«-, to hide.] A hiding- 
 place for conceaUng and preserving provisions which it is 
 inconvenient to carry. 
 
 €!a-eli6«'tie, ) a. Having, or pertaining to, a bad 
 
 ■Ca-eliee'ti-e-al, ) state of body. 
 
 Cac7ie« (kash^a), »j. [Ft., from cache, cacher. See CACHE.] 
 A seal, as of a letter. 
 
 Lettre de cachet, & sealed letter, formerly much used asan 
 instrument of imprisoning those who gave offense to the king 
 of France or his chief ministers. 
 
 ■Ca-eliex'y, n. [Gr. Kaxe$ia, from Kaxos, bad, ill, and 
 e^is. State.] A depraved condition of the system 
 
 -^dbd, foot ; iirri rude, pull ■ cell, ^liaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tills- 
 
CACIIINNATION 
 
 94 
 
 CALAMITOUS 
 
 €ft<'hln-natlon it. [Lat. rachintintio, from cachinnare, 
 U-> laugh siloud.) Loud or immoderate laughter. 
 
 €'a-<fiqtif',n. Soo Oazique. 
 
 t Jick'Ie (kkk'l), f. ». [imp. & p. p. cackled ; p. pr. 
 & i7) n. CACKLING.] [L. GtrA■akfln,D.ga^elen,gag- 
 t:fUtl, H. Iter. gaci:eln,garkrm.] 1. To make a noise 
 "like a pixieo or hon. 'i. To laugh with a broken noise, 
 like the cackling of a goose ; to giggle. 3. To talk in a 
 sillv manner ; to prattle. 
 
 Cftck'le (kak 1), II. 1. The broken noise of a goose or 
 hen. 'Z. Idle talk ; siUy prattle. 
 
 CftcU'ler, n. 1. A fowl that cackles. 3. A tattler. 
 
 Cft<''c>-<*li>iii'y, n. [Or. Koxoxv/J-io., from icoicos, bad, 
 and \v^koi, juice.] (Mfd.) A vitiated state of the humors 
 of the body , especially of the blood. 
 
 Cftc'o-de'mou, n. [Gr. KOKoSaiixoii', from kokos, bad, 
 and 5ai/i.<u»-, demon.] 1. An evil spuit. [Obs.] "Z. (Med.) 
 The nightmare. 
 
 ■C'a^'o-P'the^, n. [Lat., from Gr. to icoucorj^e^, from kokos, 
 bad, and ^9o<;, custom, habit.] 1. A bad custom or 
 habit ; a bad disposition, 'i. (Med.) An incurable ulcer. 
 
 Ca-eSg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. icaxo?, bad, and ypaiftTj, writ- 
 ing.] Bad spelling or Avriting. 
 
 •Ca-e6pli'o-no^s, a. Harsh sounding. 
 
 Ca-cSpli'o-ny, n. [Gr. KOJcoi^iovCa, from kokos, bad, and 
 <^i'^. sound.]' 1. {Rh(t.) A disagreeable sound of words. 
 '.i. (Mtd.) A bad voice; an altered state of the voice. 
 3. (Mm.?.) a combination of discordant sounds. 
 
 Ca-t'tuSj n. ,• pt. cXc'TUS-Eg, or 
 €A€'TI. [Gr. KflucTos, a prickly 
 plant.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical 
 American plants, remarkable for 
 having thick, fleshy stems, gener- 
 ally without leaves, and often armed 
 with spines. 
 
 CS.d, n. [Abbrev. of cadet^ q. v.] 
 1. One who stands at the door of 
 an omnibus to open and shut it, 
 to receive the fares of passengers, 
 &c. [Eng.'\ "i. An errand-boy. 
 
 Ca-d&v'er-oiis, a. [Lat. cadaver- 
 
 osus., from cadaver, a corpse.] Hav- ^.acius. 
 
 ing the appearance or color of, or otherwise resembling, 
 
 a corpse : pale ; wan ; ghastly. 
 
 •ead'di^e, I n. [Allied to Ger. Iciider, bait.] (Entom.) 
 
 ■f-id'd.i.s, ) The larva of the caddice-fly. It is a favor- 
 ite bait with anglers. 
 
 ■Cad'dife-fly, n. (Eiitom.) A species of insect, fre- 
 quenting mar.shy places. 
 
 Cad'dis, n. [Ir. & Gael, codas, cadan, cotton, fustian, 
 W. cadas, a kind of stuff or cloth.] A kind of worsted 
 lace or ribbon. 
 
 Cad'do-w, n. [Gael, cadhag, cathag.] A chough ; a 
 jackdaw. 
 
 Cad'dy, n. [Dim. of cade, cask.] A small box for keep- 
 ing tea. 
 
 Cade, n. [Gr. icaSos, jar.] A barrel or cask. 
 
 Ca'den^e, n. [L. Lat. cadentia, from Lat. cadere, to fall.] 
 1. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking. 3. A reg- 
 ular fall or modulation of sound. 3. (Mil.) A uniform 
 time and pace in marching. 4. (Mas.) (a.) A pause at 
 the end of an air. (b.) A. closing embellishment. 
 
 Ca'den^e, v. t. To regulate by musical measure. 
 
 Ca'den-f y, n. The same as Cadence. 
 
 Ca'dent, a. [Lat. cadens, cadentis, p. pr. of cadere, to 
 £iU.] Falling. 
 
 •Ca-d6t', n. [Ft. cadet, the younger or youngest son or 
 brother, 0. Fr. capdet, as if from a N. Lat. capitettum, 
 dim. of caput, head, top, extremity.] (Mil.) (a.) A gen- 
 tleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a private, to 
 acquire militari' skill, and obtain a conmiission. [Eng.] 
 (h.) A young man in a military school. 
 
 C»-dew' (ka-dQ/), 1 a^n^ ^^,c 
 
 Cade'- worm ( -wurm) } "' ^ee Caddis. 
 
 Ca«lge, V. t. [Scot. cctcAc, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, 0. 
 Eng. catch, to drive.] To live on another meanly. 
 
 Cad'cer (kij/er), n. 1. One who brings butter, eggs, 
 poultry, and the like, to market from the country; a 
 huckster; a packman. [Prov. Eng.] 2. One who gets 
 ha living out of others by trickery or by begging. 
 
 Cad'gy (kSLj'y), a. Cheerful or mirthful, as after good 
 eating or drinking. [ Vulgar.] 
 
 ■ea'dl, n.; pi. c A' alii. [Turk. See Alcalde.] The 
 judge of a town or village among the Turks. 
 
 Cad-me'an, ) a. Relating t<^> Cadmus, a reputed prince 
 
 Cad'mi-an, ) of Thebes, who is said to have introduced 
 into Greece sixteen letters of the alphabet. 
 
 Cad'mJ-a, n. [Gr. KoLy-la., Koiijueca., (so. y»j), calamine.] 
 
 (b.) Formerly, the or« at 
 
 It is 
 
 (Min.) (a.) An oxide of zinc, 
 zinc called ealaminf. 
 
 Cad'mi-um, «. { Chem.) A metal related to zinc, 
 white, and both ductile and malleable. 
 
 ■Ca-(tii'(^e-us, n. [Lat.] (Myth.) Mercury's 
 rod: a wand entwined by two serpents, and 
 surmounted by two wings. 
 
 Ca-du'?i-ty , n. [L. Lat. caducitas, fr. Lat. ca- 
 ducus.] Tendency to fall ; feebleness of old age. 
 
 Ca-du'coiis, a. [Lat. caducus, from cadere, 
 to fall.] (Bot.) Falling off quickly, as com- 
 pared with other parts. 
 
 ^se-§u'ra, or ^ae-su'ra, n.; Eng. pi. qx.- 
 SU'-RA§; Lat. pi. pjE-^iJiR^. [Lat., from 
 caedere, csesum, to cut off.] (Pros.) A pause 
 or division in a verse ; a separation, by the 
 ending of a word, or by a pau.se in the sense, 
 of syllables rhythmically connected. 
 
 9ae-§u.'ral, or ^ae-su'ral, a. Pertaining to Caduceus. 
 the caesura. 
 
 ■Cafe (kaf'a), n. [Fr. cafe. See Coffee.] A coffee- 
 house. 
 
 Caf-f e'i<;, a. [See Coffee.] { Chem.) Pertaining to, or 
 obtained from, coffee. 
 
 Caf-fe'ine, n. (Chem.) A white, bitter, crystaUizable 
 substance, obtained from coffee. 
 
 -Cdptan, or -€af-tdn' , n. [Turk, qaftan.] A Persian or 
 Turkish garment. [or barrel : a keg. 
 
 Cag, n. [Dan. & Sw. kagge, Tcel. kaggi.] A small cask. 
 
 Cage, n. [From Lat. cavea, cavity, from cavus, hollow.] 
 1. A box or incloisure, for confining birds or other ani- 
 mals. 2. A place of confinement for criminals. 
 
 Cage, V. t. [iinp. & p.p. caged; p. pr. & vb. n. cag- 
 ing.] To confine in a cage. 
 
 Cai'man, J!. See Cayman. 
 
 Ca'iique, or Ca-ique', n. [Txu-k. qaiq, boat.] A Turk- 
 ish skiff or light boat. 
 
 cairn, n. [Ir., Gael., & W. earn, heap.] A roTinded or 
 conical pile of stones. 
 
 Cais'son, n. [Fr., from caisse. case, chest. See Case.] 
 1. (Mil.) (a.) A chest containing ammunition; also the 
 wagon or tumbril in which military stores are conveyed. 
 (b.) A chest filled with explosive materials to be laid in 
 the way of an enemy. 2. (Arch.) (a.) A. wooden box or 
 frame used for laying the foundations of a bridge, (b.) A 
 panel sunk below the surface. 
 
 Cai'tiff, n. [Lat. capafM5, captive, from capere, to take.] 
 1. A captive. [Obs.] 2. A mean, despicable person. 
 
 Cai'tiff, a. Belonging to a caitiff; base; vile. 
 
 Caj'e-piit, n. [Of Malaj-an origin, from kayU, tree, and 
 pUtih, white.] An essential oil from the East Indies. 
 
 Ca-jole', V. t. [imp. & p. p. cajoled : p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 CAJOLING.] [Fr. cajoler, to flatter, originally to allure 
 
 one into a cage like a bird, from 0. Fr. gaole, jaiole, N. 
 
 Ft. geole, dim. of cage.] To deceive or delude by flattery. 
 
 Syn. — To flatter; wheedle; deceive; delude; coax; entrap. 
 
 Ca-jol'er, n. A flatterer ; a wheedler. 
 
 Ca-jol'er-y,n. A wheedling ; coaxing language ; flattery. 
 
 Cake, n. [From Lat. cogwere, to cook, bake.] 1. A com- 
 position of flour, butter, sugar, &c., baked in a small 
 mass. 2. A mass of matter concreted in a form rather 
 flat than high. 
 
 Cake, V. t. To form into a cake, or mass. 
 
 Cake, V. i. [imp. & p. p. caked (kakt) ; p. pr. gc vb. n. 
 CAKING.] To concrete or form into a hard mass. 
 
 Cai'a-l>asli, n. [From Ar. garah , f. , a kind of gourd, and 
 aibas,{. aibasah, dry, i. e., a dry gourd, scooped out.] 
 
 1. The fruit of the calabash-tree. 2. A vessel made 
 from the gourd, or the gourd itself. 
 
 Cai'a-ljasli-tree, n. (Bot.) A tree of tropical America, 
 producing a large melon -like fruit, with a hard shell. 
 
 Cara-bobse', n. [A corruption of Sp. calabozo, dun- 
 geon, prob. from Ar. gal'ah, castle, and bks, hidden.] A 
 prison ; a jail. [Amer.] 
 
 Cai'a-man'-eo (82), n. [L. Lat. calamancus, calamau- 
 cus, camelaucus, N. Gr. KofteA-avKiov, a head covering 
 made of camel's hair, whence the name.] A woolen 
 stuff, of a fine gloss, and either ribbed or plain. 
 
 Cara-mif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. calaw.us, reed, and /«rre, to 
 bear.] Producing reeds : reedy. 
 
 Cai'a-tnine, n. [From Lat. cadmia, d having been, as 
 it often is, changed into I. See Cadmia.] (Min.) The 
 sihcate of zinc ; — formerly the carbonate of zinc. 
 
 Ca-iam'i-toiis, a. 1. Suffering calamity ; miserable. 
 
 2. Producing calamity ; making wretehed. 
 
 Syn.— Deplorable ; distressful ; afflictive; wretched ; sadf 
 grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe. 
 
 »,e,&€.,iofi^; &,6,8f.,short; «4re,far,a8l£, aU, what ; 6re, veil, termjpiique, firm; son, dr, dQ, woU^ 
 
CALAMITOUSLY 
 
 95 
 
 CALK 
 
 •€ap-lS,m'i-tou.s-ly, adv. In a calamitous manner. 
 
 •ea-iam'i-toiis-ness, n. Quality of producing misery ; 
 wretchedness ; distress. 
 
 ■€a-lS.in'i-ty, n. [Lat. calamitas^ orig. injury of crops, 
 from calamifs, reed, straw of gram, stalk, blade.] Any 
 great misfortune or cause of misery. 
 
 Syn. — Disaster ; misfortune; mishap; mischance. — Ca- 
 lamity is either private or public, and ia a somewhat continuous 
 state ; disaster (lit., ill-starred) is a sudden and distressing 
 ' event or stroke, as if from some hostile planet. Misfortune, 
 mishap, mischance, are words which diminish in force accord- 
 ing to the order in which they stand. 
 
 ■€dl'a-nius, n.,-pL cAl'a-mi. [Lat. calamus., reed, Gr. 
 KaAa^os.] 1.' {Bot.) The Indian cane, a plant of the 
 palm family. 2. [Bot.) A plant, commonly called sweet 
 flag. 3. Any thing made of the stalk of reeds or reed- 
 like plants. 
 
 •€a-iasli', n. [Fr. caliche, of Slavonic origin ; most prob. 
 from Serbian kolitsa, n. pi., dim. of kola, n. pi., carriage, 
 prop. pi. of kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low 
 wheels, having a top that can be raised or lowered, seats 
 for four Inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a 
 movable front, so that it can be used either as an open or 
 close carriage. 2. A hood or top of a carriage which can 
 be thrown back at pleasure. 3. A covering for the head, 
 in the form of a hood or carriage-top, worn by ladies. 
 
 ■CJil'-ear, n. [Lat. calcaria, lime-kiln, from calx, lime.] 
 1. ( Glass Manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory fur- 
 nace. 2. (Bot.) A hollow tube into which a petal is 
 lengthened at the base ; a spur. 
 
 Cal-ea're-oiis , a. Partaking of the nature of lime-stone , 
 consisting of, or containing, carbonate of lime. 
 
 Cal'^e-a'ted, a. [Lat. calceatus, p. p. of calceare, to shoe, 
 fr. calceus, shoe.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes ; shod. 
 
 •Cal-^if 'er-ous, a. [Lat. calx, gen. colds, lime, and/erre, 
 to bear.] Containing carbonate of lime. 
 
 -eai'^i-form, a. [Lat. calx, calcis, lime, and forma, 
 form.] In the form of chalk or lime. 
 
 ■eS.l'-ei-fy, V. i. [From Lat. calx, lime, and facere, to 
 make.] To change into a stony condition, in which lime 
 is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth. 
 
 ■Cal-^in'a-ble , a. Capable of being calcined. 
 
 ■eai'^i-nate, ■!;. «. To calcine. See Calcine. 
 
 ■CJil'pi-iia'tioii, n. The operation of calcining. 
 
 -Cal-pin'a-to-ry, ti. A vessel used in calcination. 
 
 Cal-fine', or ■€ai'9ine, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. CALCINED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CALCINING.] [From Lat. calx, lime.] 
 1. To reduce to a powder, or to a fi-iable state, by the 
 action of heat. 3, To oxidize, as a metal. 
 
 Cal-pine', or -Cal'^me, v. i. To be converted into a 
 powder or friable substance. 
 
 •Cal-^in'er, n. One who, or that which, calcines. 
 
 -e3,l'§ite, n. [Lat. calx, lime.] (Min.) Carbonate of lime. 
 
 •CaF^i-um, n. [From Lat. calx, lime.] (Chem.) The 
 metallic basis of lime. 
 
 •CS-l-e'-sin'tei', n. [From 6er. kalk, lime, and sinter.] A 
 loose and porous variety of calcite. 
 
 ■€al'«u-Ia-ble, a. Capable of being calculated, or ascer- 
 tained by calculation. 
 
 ■Cal'-eu-Iate, v. t. [imp. k, p. p. calculated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CALCULATING.] [Lat. calculatus, p. p. of 
 calculare, fr. calculus, pebble, counter.] 1. To ascertain 
 or determine by arithmetical or mathematical processes. 
 3. To ascertain by reckoning the peculiarities or attend- 
 ant circumstances of. 3. To fit or prepare by tlie adap- 
 tation of the means to the end. 
 
 Syn.— To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate.— CaZ- 
 culate is generic, referring to the operation as a whole ; compute 
 relates to the obtaining of a gross sum or amount; reckon and 
 co%mt to the details in so doing. — In calculating an eclipse, we 
 go through many computations which require us to reckon and 
 count. 
 
 •€a,l'-eu-late, v. i. To make a calculation. 
 
 r^~ In the U. S., calculate is often improperly used for intend 
 01 purpose; as, a man calculates to go a journey. 
 
 ■€S.l'-eu.-la'tioii, n. The art, act, or result of calculating ; 
 computation ; reckoning. 
 
 -Cal'-eu-la'tive, a. Pertaining to calculation. 
 
 -eaF-eu-Ia''tor, n. One who computes or reckons. 
 
 ■eai'-eu-Ioiis, a. [Lat. calculosus ."l 1. Idlte stone ; hard ; 
 gritty. 2. Affected with the gravel or stone. 
 
 -eai'-eu-lus, n. ; pi. -eAL'ev-iJ. [Lat. See Calculate.] 
 1. (Med.) Any hard, solid concretion, formed in any 
 part of the body, usually in the organs that act as reser- 
 voirs, and in the excretory canals. 3. (Math.) A method 
 of computation ; one of the branches of' mathematics. 
 
 ■Cal'dron (kawl/drun), n. [Lat. caldariujn, a vessel of 
 warm water for bathing, from caldus, calidus, warm, hot.] 
 A large kettle or boiler, of copper or other metal. 
 
 CJlFe-fa'fient, a. [Lat. calefaciens, p. pr. of calefacere^ 
 to make warm or hot.] Making warm ; heating. 
 
 ■eaFe-fa'cient, n. (Med.) A substance that excites 
 warmth in the parts to which it is applied. 
 
 ■eaFe-fa^'tion, n. 1. Act of warming or heating, ti. 
 State of being heated. 
 
 care-fa-e'tive, a. Same as Calefactory. 
 
 -eaFe-fa-e'tor, n. A small kind of stove. 
 
 ■eJlFe-f Jt«'to-ry, a. Making warm or hot. 
 
 -eai'e-fy, V. i. [Lat. calefieri, from calefacere.\ To grow 
 hot or warm. 
 
 ■e5,l'e-f y, V. t. To make warm or hot. 
 
 -€a.l'en-dar, n. [Lat. calendarium, an interest or ac- 
 count book. See Calends.] 1, An orderly arrange- 
 ment of the divisions of time, as days, weeks, months, 
 &c., forming part of an almanac, tj. An almanac. 3. 
 An enumeration of persons or things. 
 
 Calendar month, a solar month, as it stands in almanacs. 
 
 •€Jil'eii-dar, v. t. To enter or write in a calendar. 
 
 ■eai'eii-der, n. [A modification of cylinder, q. v.] 1, 
 A machine or hot press, used to make cloths, paper, &c., 
 smooth, even, and glossy, or to give them a wavy ap- 
 pearance. 3. One who pursues the business of calender- 
 ing. 3. One of a sect of dervises in the East, so named 
 from the founder of the order. 
 
 ■€M'en.-der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calendered; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. CALENDERING.] To press between rollers for 
 the purpose of making smooth, glossy, and wavy. 
 
 ■C5.1'eiid§, n. pi. [Lat. calendse, from calare, to call, pro- 
 claim ; Gr. (caAetv, Eng. to call, q. v.] The first day of 
 each month among the Romans. 
 
 -eai'en-ture (53), n. [Sp. calentura, heat, fever, from 
 calentar, to heat, caliente, hot, from Lat. calere, to be 
 warm.] (Med.) A furious delirium caused by the heat 
 of the tropical sun at sea. 
 
 -Ca-les'^enfe , n. [Lat. calescens, p. pr. of calescere, to 
 grow warm.] Growing warmth ; increasing heat. 
 
 ■Calf (kiif), n. ; pi. ^ALVEg (kavz). [A.-S. cealf, Icel. kalfr, 
 Goth, kalbd, f., heifer, Ir. colpa, colpach, heifer, bullock.] 
 1. The young of the cow. 3. An ignorant, stupid per- 
 son. 3. The thick, fleshy part of the leg behind, below 
 the knee. 
 
 Cai'i-lber, ) n. [From Lat. qua libra, _ of what pound, of 
 
 -eal'i-tore, ) what weight.] 1. Weight of a bullet, or 
 other projectile. [06s.] 3. Diameter of a round body, 
 as of a bullet or column. 3. Diameter of the bore, as 
 of a cannon, or of any tube. 4« (Fig.) Mental capacity. 
 
 -eai'i^e, n. See Chalice^ 
 
 ■€ai'i-«o, n.; pi. eAL'i-coEg. [So called because first 
 imported from Calicut, in the East Indies.] 1. Plain 
 white cloth made from cotton. [Eng.] 3. Printed cotton 
 cloth, coarser than muslin. [Amer.] 
 
 -eai'i-dii-et, n. [Lat. calor, heat, and ductus, from cfu- 
 cere, to lead.] A pipe used to convey heat. 
 
 -ea'lif , 11. See Caliph. 
 
 ■ea-lig'i-nous, a. [Lat. caliginosus, from caligo, mist, 
 darkness.] Affected with darkness or dimness ; dark. 
 
 Ca-lig'ra-phy, n. See Calligraphy. 
 
 •€aFi-paslx', n. [Fr. carapace. Cf. Sp. galapago, fresh- 
 water tortoise.] That part of a turtle which belongs to 
 the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance of a 
 dull greenish tinge. 
 
 -eai'i-pee', n. [See CALIPASH.] That part of a turtle 
 which belongs to the lower shell, containing a gelatinous 
 substance of a light yellowish color. 
 
 -eai'i-perg (kal'I-perz), \n.pl. Compasses, 
 
 ■CaFiper— eom'pass-eg, ) with curved legs, 
 for measuring the caliber, or diameter, of 
 round bodies. 
 
 -ea'lipli, n. [Ar. khallfah, from khalafa, to 
 succeed.] Successor or vicar ; — a title given | 
 to the acknowledged successors of Moham- 
 med. [Written also calif.] 
 
 -eaFipli-ate, ) n. Officeordignityof a caliph ; 
 
 ■€aFif-ate, j government of a caliph. 
 
 •€aFis-tlien'i-e, a. Pertaining to calisthenics. 
 
 -eaFis-tlien'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. xaAds, beautiful, and 
 crOivo<;, strength.] Art, science, or practice of healthful 
 exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and 
 graceful movement. 
 
 -Ca'lix, n. A cup. See Calyx. 
 
 ■eallt (kawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. calked ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CALKING.] 1. [Prob. corrupted from Fr. calfater, 
 calfeutrer, Sp. calafetear, from Ar. galafa, to fill up crev- 
 ices with the fibers of pahn-trees , or with moss .] To drive 
 oakum into the seams of, as of a ship, or other vessel, to 
 prevent their leaking. 3. [See infra.] To furnish the 
 
 Calipers. 
 
 food, f cJbt ; Urn, rude, pull ; fell, ^ liaise, «all, e«Iio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; liuger, lialt ; liiis- 
 
CALK 
 
 06 
 
 CAM 
 
 (thor« of with sbiirp points of iron, to prevent their slip- 
 ping on ice ; — pnitl of a horse or ox. 
 
 CalU (kavrk), n. [Cf. A.-S. raJr, shoe, hoof, Lat. fair, 
 Tiecl, caUar, spur.] 1. A sharp-ptnntoii piive of iron on 
 a shoe for a honv or an ox. used to prv^vent the aninial 
 from sHppiug. '2. An instrument with sharp points, 
 worn on the sole of tlie sIkh* or boot to prevent slipping 
 on the ioe. [Amcr.] [Written also calker, calkin, cork.] 
 
 Calk'or (kuwk'or), H. One who calks. See Calk. 
 
 Calk'in (kMkin or kawk'in), ;i. See Calk. 
 
 -ralk'in^r-iron (kawk'-ing-I/uni), «. An instrument 
 Vike a chisel, usi>d in calking ships. 
 
 Call, t-. /. [imp. & p. p. CALLED; 7>. pr. & vb. n. 
 CALLING.] [Icel. kaUa, lAt. caiare, Gr. KoXelv, KeKetrOai., 
 D. kallcn, to talk, prate.] 1. To imite or command to 
 come or be present. "2. To give a name to ; to name. 
 3. To name or designate, as for an ofi&ce, duty, or em- 
 ployment. 4. To utter in a loud voice. 
 
 Svn.— To convoke; to summon; to bid.— Co// is generic; 
 snjiiuioii and convoke imply some right or authority, as to sum- 
 tmm a witness or cotiioke an assembly ; to bid supposes superior- 
 ity, as to call a servant and bid him do something. 
 
 Call, r. I. 1. To speak in a loud voice; to cry out. 2. 
 *fo make a brief stay or visit. 
 
 Call, "• 1. A vocal address, of stunmons or invitation. 
 '2. A public claim or demand; a requisition. 3. A 
 divine summons that is, or seems, supernatural. 4. A 
 short visit. 5. {Hunting.) A note blown on a horn. 
 6. (Anwf.) A whistle or pipe, used to summon the sailors 
 to their duty. 7. (Foioling.) A noise or cry in imitation 
 of a bird, or a pipe to call birds by imitating their voice. 
 
 Call of the ?ioxtse (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the 
 names of the members, to discover who is absent. 
 
 Call'er, n. One who calls. 
 
 CJil'lid, a. [Lat. callidus, from callere, to be thick- 
 skinned, from cdllum, callus, hardened, thick skin, trop. 
 hardness, callousness.] Crafty ; cunning. [Rare.] 
 
 C&iai-grapli'i«, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, callig- 
 
 Caiai-grapli'i€-al, ) raphy. 
 
 Cal-lis'ra-pliist, n. An elegant penman. 
 
 Cal-lig'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. KoXXiypw^ia, fr. /coAos, beauti- 
 ful, and ypa^eiv, to write.] Fair or elegant penmanship. 
 
 Call'ing;, n. 1. A summons, or invitation. 3. Usual 
 occupation, or emplo\"ment ; vocation ; business. 
 
 Cal-li'o-pe, n. 1. (Myth.) The muse that presides over 
 eloquence and heroic poetry. 3. A kind of steam -organ, 
 in which the tones are produced by steam instead of wind. 
 
 clrii-pe?'' I "• ^^ Calipash, Calipee. 
 cai'li-pers, n. pi. See Calipers. 
 Cai'lis-tli6n'i-es, n. See Calisthenics. 
 Cal-16.s'i-ty, n. A homj^ hardness of skin. 
 Cai'lous, a. [Lat. callosus, callous, from callum, callus.] 
 1. Hardened ; indurated. 2. Hardened in mind. 
 
 Syn.— Obdurate ; hard; hardened; indurated; insensible; 
 tmfeehng; unsusceptible. See Obdueate. 
 
 CSlloiis-ly, adv. In a callous or hardened manner. 
 
 Canous-nes.*, n. State or quality of being callous. 
 
 callow, a. [A.-S. calo, calu, allied to Lat. calvus, bald.] 
 Destitute of feathers ; naked; unfledged. 
 
 ■edl'lus, n. [Lat.] {Med.) {a.) Any preternatural hard- 
 nes.s m the body, particularly of the skin, (b.) The new 
 growth of osseous matter between the extremities of frac- 
 tured bones, serving to unite them. 
 
 Calm(kim), a. [compar. cai^m-er; superl. CALMEST.] 
 1. Not stormy. 2. Undisturbed by passion ; not excited. 
 Syn.— Still; quiet; undisturbed: tranquil; peaceful; serene; 
 corapoBcd; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid. 
 
 Calm (kam), n. [Prob. from Gr. Ka^a, burning heat, from 
 Kouiv, to bum ; either because during a great heat there 
 IS generally abso a calm, or because the hot time of the 
 day obUges us to seek for shade and quiet.] Freedom 
 from motion, agitation, or disturbance. 
 Syn. — TranquiUity; stUhiess; quiet ; serenity; placidity. 
 
 Calm (kam), v t. [imp. & p. p. calmed -.p.pr.k vb. n. 
 CALMING.] 1. To render still or quiet, as the elements. 
 Z. To deliver from agitation or excitement. 
 Syn. -To appease; allay; tranquUhze; compose; assuage. 
 
 Calmly (kam'-), adv. In a calm or quiet manner. 
 
 Calm'ness (kam'-), n. State or quality of being cahn. 
 
 Cai'o-m61, 7J. [Gr. »toA6?, beautiful, and /ae'Aa?, black, in 
 allusion to its propertied and color. Cf. Ethiops Min- 
 eral. The last syllable was afterward interpreted as 
 bemg derived from Gr. ^e'At, Lat. mel, honey.] ( Chem.) 
 A mild chloride of mercurj-, much used as a medicine. | 
 
 Ca-16r'i€, n. [From Lat. color, heat.] {Physics.) The I 
 
 - 1 
 
 A ^r^^ -' 
 
 Caltrop. 
 A kind of pipe, 
 
 principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena 
 of heat and combustion are ascribed. 
 
 Caro-rif'i€, a. [Lat. caiorijicus, from color, heat, and 
 facere, to make.] Possessing the quality of producing 
 heat ; causing heat ; heatine. 
 
 Calorific rays, the invisible heating rays which emanate ftom 
 the sun, and from burning and heated bodies. 
 
 Ca-l6r'i-fi-ea'tioii, n. The production of heat, espe- 
 cially animal heat. 
 
 Cai'o-rim'e-ter, n. [Lat. c«Zor, heat, and Gr. ixirpov. 
 measure.] An apparatus for measuring the amount ol 
 heat contained in bodies. 
 
 Caro-rim'e-try, n. (Chem.) The measurement of 
 quantities of heat contained in bodies. 
 
 Ca-lor/i-mo'tor, n. [Lat. color, heat, and motor, a 
 mover, from movere, to move.] A kind of galvanic bat- 
 terj , producing powerful effects. 
 
 ■€a-l6tt€', I n. [Fr. calotte, dim. of 0. Fr. cole, a flat cap, 
 
 Ca-lote', j prob. from Lat. ^a/ea, helmet.] 1. A skull- 
 cap. 2. The cap of a sword-hilt. 
 
 Cai'o-t^-pe, n. [Gr. /caAos, beautiful, and tvVo?, stamp, 
 type.] { Photog. ) A method of taking photographic pict- 
 ures on prepared paper. 
 
 Ca-loy'er, w. [Gr. koAos, beautiful, good, and yepiav, an 
 old man.] One of a sect of monks of the Greek church. 
 
 Cai'trap, ) n. [A.-S. coltrgpppe ; It 
 
 Cai'trop, j calcatreppo. calcatrep 
 polo, star-thistle, from calcare, to 
 tread, and tribolo, star-thistle 
 trap, fi-om Lat. tribulvs, caltrop 
 a kind of thorn or thistle.] 1. 
 genus of plants, having a prickly 
 fruit composed of five nuts united in 
 a whorl. 2. (Mil.) An instrument 
 with four iron points, so arranged 
 that, three of them being on the 
 ground, the other projects upward. 
 
 Cai'u.-met, n. [Lat. calamus, reed.] 
 used by the American Indians for smoking tobacco, and 
 also as a symbol or instrument of peace and war. 
 
 Ca-luxn'm-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calumniated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. calumniating.] [Lat. codumniari.] 
 To accuse falsely and knowingly. 
 
 Syn. — To asperse ; slander; defame; vilify; traduce ; behe; 
 bespatter ; blacken ; backbite ; Ubel; lampoon. 
 
 Cal-um'ni-a'tioii, n. False accusation of a crime or 
 offense ; slander. [slanders. 
 
 Ca-liiin'iii-a'tor, n. [Lat.] One who calumniates, or 
 
 Ca-liim'iii-ous, a. Containing or implying calumny ; 
 slanderous ; defamatory. 
 
 Ca-lixju'iii-oiis-ly, adv. Slanderously. 
 
 Cal'um-ny, n. ['Lai. calvmnia.] False accusation of a 
 crime or offense, knowingly or maUciously made or re- 
 ported; defamation. 
 
 Syn.— Slander; defamation; \\he\.—Cahirnny properly de- 
 notes the originating or first uttering of such a charge: the re- 
 maining words apply to this, and alio to the circulation of th« 
 charge when origmated by others. 
 
 Ca.l'va-ry, n. [Lat. calvarium, calraria, skull, from eai- 
 vus, bald.] 1. A place of skulls : particularly the place 
 of Christ's crucifixion. 2. {Rom. Cath. Countries.) A 
 kind of chapel, often on a hill, wherein are represented 
 the mysteries of Christ's passion and death. 
 
 Calve (k.av), v. i. [From calf.] To biing forth a calf. 
 
 Cai'vin-igm, n. The tenets or doctrines of Calvin and 
 his followers. 
 
 Cai'vln-ist, n. 
 trines of Calvin 
 
 Cai'vin-ist'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to Calvin, or to his 
 
 Carvin-ist'i-e-al, ) opinions in theology. 
 
 Caix, n. ; Eng. pi. CALX^Eg ; Lat. pi. caL'- 
 pE^. [Lat. calx, limestone, A.-S. calc, 
 cecdc, alhed to Gr. x«^'l^5 -itos, small stone, 
 gravel. See Chalk.] ( CA«??i.) The earthy 
 residuum which remains after the calci- 
 nation of a metal or mineral. 
 
 Cai'y-ele (kal/l-kl), n. [Lat. caly cuius, dim. 
 of calyx .] (Bot.) (a.) A row of small leaf- 
 lets, at the base of the calyx, (b.) The 
 outer covering or crown of a seed. 
 
 Ca'lyx, n.; Eng. pi. CA'LYX-ES ; Lat.p^ 
 cXl'y-PE^. [Lat. calyx, Gr. koXv^, from 
 KoXuTTTeLV, to cover.] (Bot.) The outer 
 covering, or leaf-like envelope of a flower. 
 
 cam, 72. [W. earn, crooked, bent.] (ilfocA.) A projecting 
 part of a wheel or other moving piece, so shaped as to 
 give an alternating or variable motion to another piece 
 pressing against it. 
 
 One who embraces the theological doc- 
 
 Calyx. 
 
 a,e,&c.,ton^,- a,«,&c.,«A<»n; cftre,far, ask, all, what; Sre,veU,term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,do,w9li^ 
 
CAMAIEU 
 
 97 
 
 CANDELABRUM 
 
 Ca-ma'ieii (ka-ina'y(7o), n. A stone engrav«d in relief. 
 See Cameo. 
 
 Cftm1>er, n. [Lat. camera, vault, arch. See CHAMBER.] 
 {Arch.) An arch or convexity on the top of a beam, or of 
 an aperture. 
 
 Camnbist, n. [Lat. cambire, to exchange.] A banker ; 
 one who deals in exchange, or is skilled in the science. 
 
 CJtmHbist-ry, n. The science of exchange, weights, 
 
 .Cam'tolet, n. See CA3ILET. [measures, &c. 
 
 Cam-boge', n. See Gamboge. 
 
 -Cam-boose', n. {Naut.) A ship's cook-room or kitchen. 
 See Caboose. 
 
 ■eam'brel, n.. See GaMBREL. 
 
 ■CamTbri*, n. [From Cambray, in Flanders, where it 
 was first made.] 1. A fine, thin, and white fabric of 
 flax or linen, ti. A fabric, made of cotton, of various 
 colors, in imitation of hnen cambric. 
 
 Came, imp. of come. See COME. 
 
 -Cam'el, n. [Lat. camelus, Gr. 
 Koix-rfKos, Hebrew gamal, Ar. 
 gam.al,jamal,jem,el.] 1. (Zool.) 
 A large ruminant quadruped, 
 used in Asia and Africa for car- 
 rying burdens and for riding. 
 3. (Naut.) A contrivance for^ 
 lifting ships over shoals or bars. 
 
 ■Cct'ineVli-d, n. [From the 
 
 Jesuit Camelli, who is said to Carnal. ~" 
 
 have brought it from the East.] 
 
 {Bot.) A genus of beautiful plants, of which the species 
 Japonica is most cultivated for ornamental purposes. 
 
 ■Ca-m^l'o-pard., or -€a,m'el-o-pard, n. [Lat. camel- 
 opardalics, cam.elopardalis, Gr. KafXTjkoirdpSaKi?, from 
 Kdft.r]Ko<;, a camel, and irapSoAi?, pard, leopard ; so named 
 because he has a neck and head like a camel, and is spot- 
 ted like a pard.] ( Zool.) A ruminant quadruped, inhab- 
 iting the deserts of Africa ; remarkable for its long neck ; 
 the giraffe. It is the tallest of animals, its head being 
 often eighteen feet above the ground. 
 
 ■Ca,m'e-o, n. ; pi. €AM'e-6§. [It. cameo, cam.m,eo., from 
 Lat. gemma., gem, jewel.] A precious stone, or a shell 
 carved in reMef. 
 
 ■€am'e-ra, n. [Lat.] 1. {Arch.) An arched or vaulted 
 roof, covering, or ceiling. 3. The form of the cam.era 
 obscura used by photographers. 
 
 ■€a,m'e-ra-lis'ti«s, n. sing. [Lat. camera, vault, arch, 
 Low Lat. chamber, conclave, treasury.] The science of 
 finance or public revenue. 
 
 ■€dm'e-rd Lu'gi-dd. [Lit., lucid chamber, from Lat. 
 camera, chamber, and lucidus, lucid, light.] ( Opt.) An 
 instrument which gives by reflection a picture that may 
 be thrown down on paper or canvas so as to be conven- 
 iently traced. 
 
 ■€dm'e^rd Oh-s-eU'rd. [Lat., literally dark chamber.'] 
 { Optics.) An apparatus in which the images of external 
 objects, received through a double convex glass, are 
 thrown upon a white surface placed on the focus of the 
 glass within a darkened chamber or box. 
 
 •cEm'i-sade' \n. [Fr. cam.isade, from 0. Vr. camise, 
 
 •€a,m'i-sa'do, ) shfrt.] [Obs.] (Mi7.) (a.) A shirt worn 
 by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to 
 recognize one another in a night attack, {b.) An attack 
 by surprise at night. 
 
 Cam'let, n. [From Lat. camelus, Eng. cam,el ; Gr. 
 KOfirfKciTrj (sc. Sopd), a camel's skin, or garment made of 
 it.] A stuff originally made of camel's hair, now fre- 
 quently of hair and silk, or of wool and thread. 
 
 Cam'o-imle, n. [From Gr. xa1iAat-iu.T7A.ov, strictly earth- 
 apple, so called from the smell of its flower.] (Bot.) A 
 bitter plant of different species, used in medicine. 
 
 C^mp, n. [Lat. campus.] 1. Ground on which tents, 
 huts, &c., are erected for shelter, ti. Arrangement of 
 tents, huts, &c., for shelter. 3. Whole company or body 
 of persons encamped in the same spot. 
 
 €&mp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. camped ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 CAMPING.] To afford rest or lodging for, as an army, or 
 travelers. [cSmp. 
 
 €amp,jv. i. To rest or lodge ; to pitch tents, &c. ; to en- 
 
 €am-paigii' (kam-panO, n. [From Lat. Campania, the 
 country about Naples, so called from its being plane and 
 level {campestris).] 1. A large, open plain ; an extensive 
 tract of ground without considerable hills. 2. {Mil.) 
 The time that an army keeps the field. 
 
 ■Cam-paign' (kam-pan'), v. i. To serve in a campaign. 
 
 ■Cam-paign'er (-pan''-), n. One who has served in an 
 army several campaigns •, an old soldier ; a veteran. 
 
 ■€am-pa,ii'i-f orm, a. [Low Lat. campana, bell, and Lat. 
 forma, form.] {Bot.) In the shape of a beU. 
 
 Cam'pa-ndl'o-gy, n. [T^w Lat. campana, bell, and 
 Gr. \6yo<;, discourse.] Art of ringing bells, or a treatise 
 on the art. 
 
 •€am-pan'u-late (45), a. [From Low Lat. campanula^ 
 dim . of campana , bell . ] {Bot.) Bell-shaped . 
 
 ■€S,mp'-b6d' stead, n. A bedstead made to fold up with- 
 in a narrow space, as used in war. 
 
 ■€am-p6s'tral, \a. [FromLait. campester,cam.pestris, 
 
 €!am-p6s'tri-an, j from campus, ^eld.] Pertaining to, 
 or growing in, a field, or open ground. 
 
 •Cam-pliene',n. [A contraction of campAog'en.] {Chem.) 
 Pure oil of turpentine. [Sometimes ^vritten camphine.] 
 
 ■eam'pliire, n. An old mode of speUing camphor. 
 
 Cam'pbor, n. [Gr. Koxjiovpd, icdpuLov, from Ar. & Per. 
 ka/rii, Hind, kapura, Malay, kapUr, Skr. karpilra.] The 
 solidified sap of different species of an East Indian tree. 
 
 ■€a.m'plior-ate, v. t. To impregnate with camphor. 
 
 ■€am-pli6r'i<!, a. Pertaining to camphor, or partaking 
 of its qualities. 
 
 -€Jlm'pi-on, n. [Probably from Lat. cam.pus, field.] 
 {Bot.) A plant bearing poisonous berries. 
 Rose-campion, a handsome garden flower. 
 
 ■CS.mp'-meet'ing, n. A reUgious meeting, held chiefly 
 by Methodists, in some retired spot, where they encamp 
 for continuous devotion during some days. 
 
 camp'- stool, n. A stool with cross-legs to fold up. 
 
 Cam'-Tvlieel,n. {Mach.) A wheel, or a part of awheel, 
 of irregular outline, employed to produce a variable or 
 alternating motion in machinery. 
 
 Cam'-"vi^<>bd (27), n. [Perh. an abbrev. of Campeachy 
 wood.] A hard red dye-wood, from Sierra Leone. 
 
 can, n. [A.-S. canne, from Lat. canna, reed, a small ves- 
 sel, Gr. Kavva, or /cawrj.] A cup or vessel for Uquors, in 
 modern times made of metal. 
 
 can, V. i. [imp. COULD.] [A.-S. cunnan, Goth, kunnan, 
 Icel. kunna, 0. H. Ger. kunnan, N. H. Ger. konnen. Cf. 
 Cunning.] To be able ; to have power, either physical 
 or moral. It is an auxihary verb which modifies the 
 meaning of another. 
 
 Syn. — Can but ; can not but. — " lean but perish if T try," 
 means it is the utmost that can befall me; "7 can not hut 
 think," &c., means, "I can not (morally) but do it" — that is, 
 can not help it. This latter idea of comtraint is a very com- 
 mon one, and should always be expressed by the words can not 
 but. Can but is properly used (as above) only where we refer 
 to the worst that can happen. American writers sometimes 
 overlook this distinction. 
 
 Canaille (ka-nal' or ka'na'y'), n. [Fr., properly and 
 originally a pack of dogs, from Lat. canis, dog.] The 
 lowest class of people ; the rabble ; the vulgar. 
 
 Ca-nai', n. [Lat. cancdis, originally adj. from canna, reed, 
 pipe.] 1. An artificial water-course, particularly one con- 
 structed for the passage of boats or vessels, ii. {Anat.) 
 A duct for the passage of liquids or soUds. 
 
 Can'al-«oal, n. See Canne l-coal. 
 
 Canard (ka-n^r^ or ka-nard'), n. [Fr.] An extravagant 
 and ridiculous fabrication. 
 
 Ca-na'ry , n. Wine made in the Canary Isles. 
 
 Ca-na'ry-bird (18), n. { Omith.) A small, singing-bird 
 of the Finch family, a native in the Canary Islands. 
 
 Can'^el, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CANCELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CANCELING.] [Lat. cancellare, to make like a lattice, 
 to cross out, from cancelli, dim. of cancer, lattice.] 1. 
 To cross and deface the lines of; to blot out. 3. To 
 annul, or destroy. 3. {Print.) To suppress and reprint, 
 for the sake of substituting other matter. 
 
 SjTa. — To obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; abol- 
 ish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; do away; set aside. 
 
 Can'fel, n. {Print.) (a.) The suppression and reprintinf 
 of a page or more of a work, {b.) The part thus altered. 
 
 Can'^el-la'ted, a. Marked with cross Unes. 
 
 Can'^el-la'tion, n. 1. Act of canceling or defacing by 
 cross Unes. 3. {Math.) The operation of striking out 
 common factors, as in both the dividend and divisor. 
 
 Can'5er,n. [Lat.] 1. The crab. [See CRAB.] 3. {Astron.) 
 A sign in the zodiac, somewhat resembling a crab in form, 
 and denoting the northern limit of the sun's course in 
 summer. 3. {Med.) A livid, scirrhous tiunor, usually 
 terminating in an ulcer, and very rarely cured. 
 
 Can'^er-ate, v. i. To grow into a cancer. [cancer. 
 
 Can'^er-a'tion, n. A growing cancerous, or into a 
 
 Can'^er-oiis, a. Like, or consisting of, a cancer; af- 
 fected with cancer. 
 
 Can'-eri-form (82), a. [Lat. cancer and /onna, form.] 
 1. Having the Ibrm of a crab. 2. Like a cancer ; can- 
 cerous, [ties of a crab. 
 
 Can'-erine, a. [From cancer, q. v.] Having the quali- 
 
 Can'de-laHbriim, n. ; 'Ls.t.pl. cly' joe-la' bra; Eng. 
 
 food, f<^t 
 
 iirn, rude, pnll ; 
 
 7 
 
 ?ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; Uager, Unk ; tiiis. 
 
CANDENT 
 
 98 
 
 CANON-LAW 
 
 fit. cXx'DE-LA'BRrMj. [Lat. from candda, candle.] 
 1. (Aittiii.) (a.) A tall camllestick. (6.) A stand by 
 which i,iim>> wirx' Mui'orttHi -. A branched, highly 
 on; . r. 
 
 ClUiM v. pr. of candfre, to 
 
 lie I ^, ^ i to whiteness ; glow- 
 
 ing uicli heat. 
 
 CAn'dld, a. [Lat. candidtts, from candere, to be of a 
 glowing white, j 1. ^^'hite. [O65.] "i. Free from undue 
 bi*f! ; chanu>teriaed by an mipartial spirit. 
 
 less: unb 
 
 iiu; 
 to : 
 
 ■Fair: open: iiurtnuous: impartial: just; frank; art- 
 
 ;i...i : . .luiMMf.'— V man is. ;"(!!> when he puts things 
 
 le is candid when he looks 
 
 iect, doing justice especially 
 
 ..a opponent; he is open anH 
 
 ., .>^ ,it>.,.>.v^ ,i,.- .-w,;uuents without resen-e; he is 
 
 when he tLLtto Uiio (rom a noble regard for truth. 
 
 CSLn'di-da-f y, n. The position of a candidate. 
 
 Cftn'di-date*, n. [Lat. candidatus, clothed in white, a 
 candidate, fr. candidus, white, because those who sought 
 offices in Rome were clothed in a white toga.] One who 
 seeks, or who is selected for some office or preferment. 
 
 C&n'did-ly, adv. ^^■ithout trick or disguise ; ingenu- 
 ously : openly ; frankly. 
 
 Cftn'dld-ness, n. Opennessof mind; frankness. 
 
 C&u'dle, n. [A. -8. candel, fr. Lat. candela, fr. ca>idere, 
 to be white.] A cyUnder of tallow, wax, spermaceti, 
 paraffine, or other combuiJtible substance, inclosing a 
 wick, and used to furnish hght. 
 
 Cftn'dle-^-oal, n. See Canxel-COAI.. 
 
 C&n'dle-Uglit (-lit), n. The hght of a candle. 
 
 C&n'file-uias, n . [ Candle and 77iass, A.-S. caiidehnsesse.] 
 A festival on the second day of February, in honor of the 
 purification of the Virgin Mary ; — so called from the 
 great number of Ughts used on that occasion. 
 
 C&n'dle-stick, n. A utensil to hold a candle ; original- 
 ly it was a stick or piece of wood. 
 
 Cftn'dor, n. [Lat., from candere, to be whit«.] Openness 
 of heart ; freedom from prejudice or disguise. 
 Sj*!!* — Faimes*; impartiality; ingenuousness; sincerity. 
 
 Cin'dy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. candied ; p. pr. & v. b. n. 
 CANDYIXG.] 1. To con.«!erTe or boil in sugar. 2. To 
 form into congelations or crystals, as sugar. 
 
 C&n'dy, f. i- 1. To change into sugar, or become im- 
 pregnated or covered with sugar. 3. To be formed into 
 congelations or crystals. 
 
 C&n'dy, n. [Ax. & Per. gand, sugar, sugar-candy, frcmi 
 Skr. hhanda, a piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, sugar- 
 cane, treacle, from khand, khad, to break.] A prepara- 
 tion of sugar or sirup : a conserve, or confection of sugar. 
 
 ■C&n'dy-tuft, n. [From being first discovered in Candia.] 
 (Bot.) An annual plant, ciiltivated in gardens. 
 
 ■€ane, n. [Lat. canna. See Can, n.] 1. (Bot.) A plant 
 of several species belonging to different genera. Among 
 these are the reeds, as the hamhoo, rattan, &c. ; also the 
 sugar-cane. 2. A reed, or light, slender piece of wood 
 or other material, used as a walking-stick ; a staff. 3. 
 A lance or dart made of cane. 
 
 Cane. v. t. [imp. & p. p. caned : p. pr. & vb. n. can- 
 ing.] 1. To beat with a cane. 2. To make or furnish 
 with cane or rattan. 
 
 Cane Torake ,71. A thicket of canes. 
 
 Ca-n\^'u-ld, \ n. [Lat. canicula, a little dog, dim. of 
 
 C&n'i-<;uJe, ) canis, dog.] (Astron.) A star in the con- 
 stellation of Canis Major ; the Dog-star, or Sirius. 
 
 Ca-nie'u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or measxired by, the 
 rising of the Dog-star. 
 
 Ca-nine*, a. [I^t. caninus, from canis, dog.] Pertain- 
 ing to dogs ; having the properties or quahties of a dog. 
 
 Opune t«etA, the tsharp, pointed teeth, on each side, between 
 Oie mcMors and gmiders; — bo named from their resemblance 
 to a dog's teeth. 
 
 •Caii'l»-ter, n. [Lat. canistrurp, Gr. Kavowjrpov, from 
 
 jctuTj, Kdirva, reed.] 1. A small basket of rushes, reeds 
 
 or willow twigs, &c. 2. A smaU box or case for holding i Ca-non'ie-ate 
 tea, coffee, &c. Can'on-if'i-ty 
 
 CJlnlcer, v. 1. 1. To be or become venomous or majig. 
 nant. 2. To waste away or grow rusty. 
 
 Can'ltered, o. Having a crabbed, unkind, venomous, 
 or malignant temper. 
 
 Cftn'Uer-ous, a. Corroding like a canker. 
 
 CAn'ker-rasli, n. (Med.) A variety of the Rcarlet 
 fever, in which the throat becomes ulcerated. 
 
 cam 'ker- worm (-wurm), n. A worm or iarve deetruc- 
 tive to certain trees and plants ; — called also span- 
 tcor77i, green looper, &c. 
 
 Can'nel-coal, n. [A corruption of candle-coal.] (Min.) 
 A kind of hard black coal. It bums readily , with a clear, 
 yellow flame, and on this account has been used as s 
 substitute for candles. 
 
 Can'm-bal, n. [A corruption of Sp. CariiaJes (equiv. to 
 Eng. Caribbees), which was afterward changed into N. 
 Lat. Canihales, in order to express their canine or rabid 
 appetite for human flesh.] A human being that eats 
 human flesh ; a man-eater. 
 
 Can'm-bal-igin, n. Act or practice of eating human 
 flesh by manMnd ; hence, murderous cruelty ; barbarity. 
 
 Can'non, 11. [From Lat. can- 
 na, reed, pipe, tube.] 1. A 
 large hollow metal cylinder 
 closed at one end, and va- 
 riously mounted, used for 
 throwing balls by the force Cannon, 
 
 of gunpowder. 2. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piec* 
 through which a revolving shaft passes. 
 
 Can'non-ade'. n. The act of discharging cannon and 
 throwing balls, by way of hostile attack^ 
 
 Can/non-ade'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. cannonaded ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CAJVNONADING.] To attack with heavy 
 
 Can/non-ade', v. i. To discharge cannon. [artillery. 
 
 Can'non-ball, n. A ball, xisuaUy made of cast iron, to 
 be thrown from cannon. 
 
 Caii'noii-eer', \n. A man who manages cannon; an. 
 
 Can/non-ier', j artillery-man. 
 
 Can'non-ry, >i. Cannon collectively ; artillery. 
 
 Can'non-sliot, n. 1. A ball for cannon. 2. The dis- 
 tance a cannon will throw balls. 
 
 Can'not. [can and not.] To be unable. 
 
 i^=" These words are usually united in writing and printing, 
 because they are commonly pronounced as a smgle word, th<B 
 two n's not being sounded separately, or dwelt upon by the 
 articulating oi^aus. See Prin. ofPron., § 109. 
 
 Can'jiu-lar (kan'u-lar), a. [From Lat. cannula, dim. 
 of canna, reed, tube.] Having the form of a tube; 
 tubular. 
 
 Ca-noe' (ka-n(5"o'), n. [From canaoa, in the language of 
 the "Caribbees.] A boat formed of the trunk of a tree, 
 excavated, or of bark or skins. 
 
 Can'oii, n. [Lat. canon, a measuring line, rule, model, 
 Ust, roll, Gr. kclviLv.] 1. A law or rule, especially aa 
 ecclesiastical law, or rule of doctrine or discipline. 2. 
 The genuine books of the Scriptures. 3. A catalogue of 
 saints. 4. (Mus.) A continued fugue ; around. 5. A 
 person who possesses a prebend or revenue allotted for 
 the performance of divine ser- 
 vice in a cathedral or coUegiate 
 church. 6. (Print.) The lar- 
 gest size of type having a specific 
 name ; — so called frova. having 
 been used for printing the can- . 
 oni of the church. Canon Type. 
 
 ■Caiion, ) (kan'yun), «. [Sp. canon, a tube or hollow.] 
 
 Can^yon., J A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, worn by 
 water-courses. [Local, Anier.] 
 
 Can'on-ess, n. A woman who enjoys a prebend. 
 
 Ca-ii6n'i«, ) a. Pertaining to a canon ; according to 
 
 Ca-n6n'i«-al, • the canon or rule. 
 
 Ca-n6n'i«-al-ly, adv. In a canonical manner. 
 
 Ca-non'i^-al-ness, n. The qnaUty of being canon- 
 ical: canonicity. 
 
 Ca-n6n'i-e-al§, n.pl. The fuU official dress of the clergy. 
 
 ~ n. The office of a canon ; canonry. 
 
 [ or revenue allotted for 
 
 Aa 
 
 ^x « * m.«L^ , „r-, -• *v ' -.' 5 - ^tat« f>f belonging to the CMion, or 
 
 •t/an is-ter-sliot, n. (Mil.) A number of small iron genuine books of Scripture ; canonicalness. 
 
 balls m layers mcloaed in a case fitting a gun. Can'on-ist. n. A professor of canon law. 
 
 CapTter (82), n. [Lat. cancer, which was orig. pron. Can'on-isfie. a. Of, or relating to, a canonist. 
 
 hke the Eng. canker.] 1. An ulcer or a coUection of i Can^on-i-za'tion, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 1. Cere- 
 2. Any thing which corrodes, 1 mony or act of placing the name of a deceased person 
 
 ulcers in the mouth 
 
 corrupts, or deetroyg. 3. (Hort.) A disease incident to 
 trees. 4. (Far.) A diseaae of the horse's foot. 5. A 
 kind of wild, worthlees rose ; dog-rose. 6. A caterpillar. 
 C&n'ker, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cankered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CANKERING.] 1. To eat; corrode; corrupt: 
 consume. 2. To infect cr pollute. 
 
 in the catalogue of saints. 2. The state of being canon- 
 ized or sainted. 
 
 Can'on-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CANONIZED \ p.pr. k. 
 vb. n. CANONIZING.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) To place 
 upon the catalogue of saints. [church of Rome. 
 
 Can'on-law, n. (Ecd.) The law sanctioned by the 
 
 a, e, kcylong; &, g, ttc.ySkort; eAre, fjkr, ask, all, wbat ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wol^ 
 
CANONRY 
 
 99 
 
 CAP-A-PIE 
 
 Ciii'on-ry, \n. An ecclesiastical benefice, in a cathe- 
 
 C&n'on-sliip, ) dral or collegiate church, which has 
 a prebend annexed to it. 
 
 ■C&n'o-py, n. [Gr. Koji/wTretoi', a net over 
 a bed to keep off gnats, fr. iuov<a\f/, gnat.] 
 1. A covering over a throne, or over a 
 bed ; more generally, a covering over the 
 head. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental pro- 
 jection, in the Gothic style, over doors, 
 \vindows, arches, niches, and the like. 
 
 Can'o-py, V. t. [imp. & p. p- cano- 
 pied ; p. pr. & vb. n. CANOPYING.] To 
 cover with a cahopy. 
 
 cant, V. t. 1. To incline, or place upon 
 the edge, as a cask. 3. To give a sud- Cauopy 
 den turn or impulse to, as to any thing 
 resting upon its edge. 3. To cut off an angle from. 
 
 cant, n. [Ger. kante, Icel. ka7itr, It. & Sp. canto, edge, 
 angle, W. cant, circle, Lat. cantlms, kon ring round a 
 carriage-wheel, a wheel, Gr. Kavd6<;, corner of the eye, 
 felly of a wheel.] 1. An angle ; edge. [ Obs.] 2. An 
 inclination from a horizontal Une. 3. A thrust, push, 
 or other impulse, with a sudden jerk. 
 
 cant, V. i. {imp. & p. p. CANTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CANTIN&.] 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an 
 affected, sin^g tone. S. To make whining pretensions 
 to goodness. 
 
 ■eant, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. cantus, chant.] 1. An affected, 
 sing-song mode of speaking. 3. A word or phrase 
 hackneyed, corrupt, or peculiar to some profession ; re- 
 ligious phraseology. 3. The secret language spoken by 
 gypsies, thieves, tramps, and beggars. [language. 
 
 cant, a. Affected, inelegant, or vulgar ; — appUed to 
 
 Can't. A colloquial contraction for can not. 
 
 Can'ta-leiip, ) n. [So called from the castle of Canta- 
 
 Can'ta-loiipe, j lupo, in Italj^, where they are said to 
 have been imported from Armenia.] A small, roiind, 
 ribbed variety of muskmelon, of a very deUcate flavor. 
 
 Can'ta-lev'er, ) n. [From canf, an ex- 
 
 Can'ti-lSv'er, ) ternal angle, and 
 lever, a supporter of the roof-timber 
 of a house.] (Arch.) A bracket for 
 supporting a balcony, the eaves of a 
 house, &c. 
 
 Can-tan'ker-oiis, a. Very vile or 
 maUcious ; contentious. {Colloq.'] 
 
 ■Can-td'td, or -€aH-td'td, n. [It., from cantore, to sing, 
 equiv. to Lat. cantare, intens. form of canere, to sing.] 
 (Mus.) A poem set to music. 
 
 Can-teen', n. [Sp. cantina, cellar, bottle-case, either fr. 
 contr. It. canovettina, dim. of canofia, cellar, or fr. canto, 
 comer.] A vessel used by soldiers for carrying Uquor for 
 drink. [Written also eantine.] 
 
 Can'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cantered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CANTERING.] To move, as a horse, in a moder- 
 ate gallop, raising the two fore feet nearly at the same 
 time, with a leap or spring. 
 
 can'ter, v. t. To ride upon a canter. 
 
 can'ter, n. [An abbrev. of Canterbury-gcdlop , said to be 
 derived from pilgrims riding to Canterbury at this pace.] 
 A moderate gaUop. 
 
 Cant'er, n. 1. One who cants or whines ; a beggar. 
 3. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness. 
 
 Can'ter-bur'y (-ber'ry), «. A receptacle for music, 
 portfolios, &c., being a stand with divisions in it. 
 
 Can'ter-tonr'y-tale, n. A fabulous story ; — so called 
 from the tales of Chaucer. 
 
 ■€dn'tha-ris,n.; pi. can-THAR' l-DES^. [Lat. & Gr.] 
 (Entom.) A coleopterous insect or beetle, used for blis- 
 tering; Spanish-fly. 
 
 Cant'-licfblc (27), n. A wooden lever with an iron hook at 
 the end, for canting or turning over heavy logs. [ATner.] 
 
 Can'ti~ele (kan'ti-kl), n.; pi. ^AN'TI-CLEg. [Lat. can- 
 ticulum, dim. of canticum, song, from canere, to sing.] 
 1. A Uttle song. 3. pi. The Song of Songs, or Song 
 of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. 
 
 Can'ti-leVer, n. See Cantalever. 
 
 Can'til-late, v. t. [Lat. cantillare, dim. of cantare, 
 intens. form of canere, to sing.] To chant. 
 
 Can''til-la'tion, n. A chanting ; recitation with musi- 
 cal modulations. 
 
 Can-tine', n. See Canteen. 
 
 Can'tle (kan'tl), n. [Dim. of cant, n.] 1. A fragment, 
 comer, or edge of any thing. 3, The hind-bow, or pro- 
 tuberance of a saddle. 
 
 Cant'let, n. [Dim. of canfZe, q. v.] Apiece. 
 Can'to, n. ; pi. ^AN'TOg. [It. canto, from Lat. cantus, 
 singing, song, from canere, to sing.] 1. One of the chief 
 
 Cantalever. 
 bitter; perverse 
 
 to 
 
 divisions of a poem of some length ; a book. 3. {Mus.\ 
 The soprano, or highest part. 
 
 Can'ton, n. [Fr., from L. Lat. cantonus, corner, corner- 
 stone, district, aug. of 0. Fr. cant, It. & Sp. canto, edge, 
 comer. See CANT, n.] 1. A small portion or district 
 of territory, constituting a distinct state ot govern- 
 ment ; as, the cantons of Switzerland. 3. A distinct 
 part, or division. 
 
 can'ton, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cantoned ; p.pr.k vb. n. 
 CANTONING.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts, 
 as territory ; to divide into distinct portions. 3. To allot 
 separate quarters to, as to troops. [tons. 
 
 Can'ton-al, a. Pertaining to a canton ; divided into can- 
 
 Can'ton-ize, v. t. To divide into cantons. 
 
 Can'ton-ment, n. A part or division of a town or vil- 
 lage, assigned to a particular regiment of troops. 
 
 Can-too n', n. A kind of strong stuff or fustian. 
 
 Can'vas, n. [From Lat. cannabis, cannabus, Gr. Kavva- 
 /3is, (cdvvajSos, hemp.] 1. A coarse cloth made of hemp 
 or flax, used for tents, sails of ships, painting, &c. 3. 
 The sails of a vessel. 
 
 Can'vas-lbacls:, «. (Ornith.) A spe- 
 cies of sea-duck, highly esteemed for 
 the delicacy of its flesh. It derives 
 its name from the color of the plu- 
 mage on its back. 
 
 Can'vass, v./. [imp. & p. p. can- 
 vassed (kau'vast); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CANVASSING.] [From canvas, sig- ^ 
 nifying in 0. Eng. a sieve, a strain- ""canvas-back. 
 ing cloth.] 1. To sift; to strain; to 
 examine thoroughly. 3. To take up for discussion . 
 debate. 3. To go through in the way of sohcitation. 
 
 can'vass, v. i. To solicit votes or interest. 
 
 can'vass, n. 1. Close inspection to know the state of. 
 3. Examination in the way of discussion. 3. A seek- 
 ing, sohcitation, or effort to obtain some thing. 
 
 Can'vass-er, n. 1. One who solicits votes, or subscrip- 
 tions. 3. One who examines the returns of votes. 
 
 Can'y, a. [See Cane.] Consisting of cane, or abound- 
 ing with canes. 
 
 Can'yon, n. See Canon. 
 
 ■€an-zo'ne, n. [It., a song, from Lat. canere, to sing.] 
 (Mus.) A song or air in two or three parts, with passages 
 of fugue and imitation. [Rare.] 
 
 Can'zo-net', n- [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone, q. v.] 
 (Mus.) A little or short song, in one, two, or three parts. 
 
 Caout'cliou-e (ko'o'cho'ok), n. [A South American 
 word.] An elastic substance, obtained from the milky 
 juice of several tropical plants ; — also called India rubber 
 and gi^m elastic. 
 
 cap, n. [A.-S. cappe.] 1. A covering for the head. 3. 
 Any thing resembling a cap in form, position, or use. 
 
 To set one's cap for, to take measures to gain the affections or 
 favor of a man with a view to being married to Mm. 
 
 cap, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CAPPED (kapt) ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 CAPPING.] 1. To cover the top or end of. 3. To render 
 complete; to consummate. 3. To provide with a cap. 
 
 To cap verses, to name alternately verses beginning with a 
 particular letter. 
 
 Ca'pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quahty of being capable ; capacity. 
 
 Ca'pa-ble, a. [L. Lat. capabilis, fr. Lat. capere, to take.] 
 1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibihty ; 
 having capacity. 3. Possessing intellectual power. 
 
 Syn. — Adapted; suited; able; competent; qualified; fitted; 
 efficient; effective; skillful. 
 
 Ca'pa-Tble-ness, n. State or quality of being capable ; 
 capacity ; capabflity. 
 
 Ca-pa'cioiis, a. [Lat. capax.] 1. Having capacity ; able 
 to contain. 3. Having abiUty or qualification to take 
 large views of things. 
 
 Syn. — Large; roomy; spacious; extended; broad ; compre- 
 hensive; liberal. 
 
 Ca-pa'cious-ly, adv. In a capacious manner or degree. 
 
 Ca-pa'cious-ness, n. Quahty of being capacious. 
 
 Ca-pa^'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. capacitated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CAPACITATING.] To render capable; to 
 qualify. 
 
 Ca-pa^'i-ty, n. [Lat. capacitas, from, capax.] 1. Power 
 of receiving or containing ; extent of room or space. 3. 
 Power of the mind to receive ideas, knowledge, &c. 3. 
 Ability ; element of power. 4. Outward condition or 
 circimistainces ; character. 5. (Law.) Aptitude or qual- 
 ification, as of age, residence, &c., necessary for certain 
 purposes. 6. ( Geom.) The sohd contents of a body. 
 Syn. — Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency. 
 
 Cap-ampie (kap'a-pee'). [0. Fr.] From head to foot. 
 
 food, f<^t; urn, rude, pull; fell, f liaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get; a§; e^cist; LLQger, link; tbis 
 
CAPARISON 
 
 100 
 
 CAPSULE 
 
 '<i»-p3(r't-son, «. [Sp. ra}Htraton, cover for a saddle, 
 «wch, &c., tnnn rtifiti, clouk, cover, ami ivzon, the bows 
 of B saddle, or tVom L. bat. raparo, Fr. c/iupiron , hood, and 
 the Sp. tvnu. oton.] 1. A covering laid over the saddle 
 or harness of a horsi* ; trappings. 'Z. Ua.v or rich clothing. 
 
 €a-pftr'i-$on, r. r. [nnp. & p. p. caparisoned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n.CAPAKi.so.MNG.) 1. To coverwith a oaparison 
 or di<oorateii cloth, as a horse. 'Z, To adorn with rich 
 dress ; to dr*\ss. 
 
 Cape, H. 1. (I-At. caput, head, top, extremity.] A neck 
 of land extending into the sea ; a headland, '-i. [Fr. cape.] 
 l»art of a garment hanging from the neck behind and over 
 the shoulders. 
 
 •Cftp'el-let, n. [Fr. cnpdet.] (Far.) A weu-Uke swelling 
 on the point of the elbow of a liorse. 
 
 Ca'per, v. i. [From Lat. caper, a he-goat.] To leap or 
 jump about in a sprightly manner ; to spring ; to dance. 
 
 Ca'per. n. A frolicsome leap or spring ; a skip ; a jump. 
 
 Ca'per, w. [Lat. capparis, cappari, Gr. <arr7rapts, KannapL, 
 Ar. & Ter. al-kahar. The ^^kr. kaphdri is dried ginger, 
 from kapha, phlegm, and ari, enemy, a remedy against 
 phlegm.] (Bot.) The tlower -bud or unexpanded flower 
 of the caper-bush, much used for pickling. 
 
 Ca'per-busli, ) "• {Bot.) A genus of low shrubs, some of 
 
 Ca'per-tr'ee, ) of which produce berries, and others pods. 
 
 •€d'pi-as, n . [Lat. , thou mayst take, fi-om captre, to take.] 
 (Law.) A writ or process commanding the officer to arrest 
 the person named in it ; — also called writ of capias. 
 
 Cap'il-la'ceous, a. [Lat. capillaceus, hairy, from capil- 
 lus, hair.] Having long filaments; resembling a hair. 
 
 ■€a-pil'la-nieiit, n. [Lat. capillamentum , from capillus, 
 hair.] A filament or fine hair-like thread or fiber. 
 
 €ftp'il-lftr'i-ty, "■ State or condition of being capillary. 
 
 €&p'il-la-ry,oi Ca-pD'la-ry, e. [Lat. capillaris , from, 
 capiilii^, hair.] 1. Resembling a hair; long and very 
 slender. 'Z. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels. 
 
 CapiUnrij attraction and repvl'^ion, the cause which deter- 
 mines the ascent or descent of a fluid in a capillary tube above 
 or below the level of the surrounding fluid, when the tube is 
 dipped in that fluid. 
 
 ■€&p'il-la-ry (44), «. A fine vessel or canal; especially, 
 one of the minute vessels connecting the arteries and 
 vein^i. 
 
 Cap'i-tal, a. [Lat. capitalis, from caput, head.] 1. Per- 
 taining to the head. 3. Pertaining to, or involving, the 
 forfeiture of the head or life. 3. First in importance. 
 
 Capital letter (Print.), a letter usually distinguished by its 
 fomi and greater size from those in which the body of a page 
 Is printed ;— so called be- 
 cause used at the head of i Tr» /^-r\ l o i . i 
 awordorsentenee.-Ca/j- AJ^UJJJiir ABCDEF 
 ital stock, the fund of a „ ., , „ „ ^ . , 
 
 trading company or cor- Capitals. Small Capitals, 
 
 poration. 
 Syn. — Chief; principal; leading; controlling; prominent. 
 
 ■CJip'i-tal, n. [Lat. capitellum and capitvlmn, dim. of 
 caput, he&d.] 1. (Arch.) The head or uppermost part of a 
 column, pilaster, &c. "Z. The chief city or town in a 
 country ; a metropolis. 3. A stock employed in trade, 
 manufactures, &c. 4. Means of increasing one's power; 
 influence. 5. (Print.) A letter distinguished by its form 
 or greater size from those ordinarily used in the body of 
 the page. 6. (Fort.) The line which bisects the salient 
 angle of a ravehn. See Ravelin. 
 
 Cap'i-tal-ist, n. [Fr. capitaliste.] A man of large prop- 
 erty, which is or may be employed in business. 
 
 C&p'i-tal-i-za'tion.M. 1. Act of converting money or 
 «tock into capital. 'Z. U.se of capital letters. 
 
 Cftp'i-tal-ize, v. t. 1, To convert into capital, as money 
 or stock. Z. To print in capital letters. 
 
 Cap'i-tal-ly, adv. In a capital manner. 
 
 Cap'I-ta'tion, n. [LB.t. capitatio, from caput, hesid.] 1. 
 A numbering of persons. Z, A tax upon each head ; a 
 IK>ll-tax ; — usually called capitation-tax. 
 
 ■€dp'i-te, n. [Lat. capite, ablative case of caput, head.] 
 ( O. En{(. Law.) A tenure of land. 
 
 Cap'i-tol, n. [Lat. capitolium, from caput, head.] 1. 
 The temple of Jupiter, in Rome, on the Mons Capitolinus. 
 Z. The edifice occupied by a national or state legisla- 
 ture ; a government-house. 
 
 Ca-pit-u-lar, a. 1. Belonging to a chapter ; capitulary. 
 Z, (Bot.) Growing in small heads ; as the dandelion . 
 
 Car-pit'u-lar, I n. [From Lat. capitulum, dim. of caput. 
 
 Ca-plt'u-la-ry, I head, chapter.] 1. An act passed in 
 a chapter of knights, canons, or other fraternity. Z, A 
 collection of laws or statutes ; — so called as being in 
 chaptr-rs or sectionfl. 3. The member of a chapter. 
 
 ■ea-i»it'u-la-ry (44), a. Relating to the chapter of a ca.- 
 thwlral. 
 
 , €a-pWu-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. capitulated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CAPITULATING.] To surrender on stipulated 
 terms, as an army or garrison. 
 
 Ca-pit'u-la'tioii, n. 1. A reducing to heads or arti- 
 cles. Z. Act of surrendering to an enemy upon stipu- 
 lated terms. 3. The instrument containing the terms 
 I of an agreement or surrender. 
 ! -€a-pit'u-la'tor, n. One who capitulates. 
 I Ca-pii'vi (-pe've), n. [See COPAIBA.] A balsam of the 
 I Spanish West Indies. 
 
 I Cap'iio-man'^y, n. [Or. Kaitvo^, smoke, and fiavreia, 
 : power of divination.] Divination by means of the ascent 
 I or motion of smoke. 
 
 Ca-pocli' (ka-p(5btsh/), n. [L. Lat. cajmcium, caputium, 
 from capa, cappa, cape, cloak.] A monk's hood ; also, the 
 hood of a cloak. [wink or blind. 
 
 Ca-pocli',_t'. t. To cover with a hood; hence, to hood- 
 
 Ca'pon (ka'pn or ka'pun), n. [Lat. capo, Gr. Kanuiv, 
 A.-S. capvn.] A cock gelded for the purpose of improv- 
 ing his flesh for the table. 
 
 •Cap'o-niere', n. [Fr. caponniere, prob. allied to capon- 
 ner, to dissimulate in order to succeed, capon, a cun- 
 ning player.] (Fort.) A work placed in a ditch for its 
 defense by fire-arms. It often serves as a covered pas- 
 sage-way across the ditch. 
 
 -Ca-pot', n. [Either abbrev. fr. caput mortimm, q. v., or 
 contr. fr. Heb. kappdreth, expiatory sacrifice, a sort of 
 curse ; afterward applied in a more general way.] A vrin' 
 ning of all the tricks of cards at the game of piquet. 
 
 •Ca-pote', n. [Fr. See Cap.] 1. A long cloak worn by 
 women. Z. A coat with a hood, worn by soldiers, sail' 
 ors, and others. 
 
 ■ea-poucli', n. Same as Capoch. 
 
 Cap'-'pa'per, n. 1. A coarse brovm paper, used to 
 make caps to hold commodities. Z. A kind of writing- 
 paper in large sheets, usually called /oo^scap. 
 
 Cap're-o-late, a. [From Lat. capreolus, wild goat, ten- 
 dril, from capra, she-goat, caper, he-goat.] (Bot.) Hav- 
 ing tendrils, or spiral claspers. 
 
 Capriccio (ka-prefcho), n. [It., freak, caprice, q. v.] 
 (Mus.) A loose, Irregiilar species of composition. 
 
 Ca-prii^e' (ka-prees'), n. [Fr., from Lat. caper, capra, 
 goat ; orig. a fantastical goat-leap.] Sudden or unrea- 
 sonable change of mind or humor ; fickleness. 
 Syn. — Freak; whim; fancy; vagary; humor; whimsey. 
 
 Ca-pri'cioiis (ka-prish'us), a. Governed by caprice. 
 Syn. — Arbitrary; freakish; whimsical; unsteady; captious. 
 
 Ca-pri'cioiis-ly, arf^■. In a capricious manner [cious. 
 
 •€a-pri'ciou.s-iiess, n. State or quality of being capri- 
 
 -ea,p'ri-e6rii (25), n. [Lat. capricornvs, from caper, goat, 
 and cornu, horn. ] (Astron. ) The tenth sign of the zodiac, 
 into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about 
 the 21st of December. 
 
 Cap'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. [Lat. caprijicatio, from caprificare, 
 to ripen figs by the stinging of the gall-insect, from capri- 
 ficus, the wild fig, from caper, capra, goat, and Jicus, 
 fig.] A process of accelerating the ripening of fruit, 
 practiced in the Levant, particularly with the fig. 
 
 ■eap'ri-fdrm, a. [From Lat. caper, capra, goat, and 
 forma, form.] Having the form of a goat. 
 
 •ea-prig'e-nous, a. [Lat. caprigenus, fr. caper, capra, 
 goat, and genere , gignere , to produce.] Produced by a goat. 
 
 ■eap'ri-ole, n. [From Lat. caper, capra, goat. Cf. Ca- 
 per, V. ?.] 1. (Man.) A leap that a horse makes in the 
 same place without advancing. Z. A leap or caper, as 
 in dancing. 3. A kind of head-dress worn by ladies. 
 
 ■eap'-slieaf , n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain. 
 
 ■eap'si-^ine, «. [Vvom capsicvm.] ( Ciew.) The active 
 principle found in the capsules of Cayenne pepper. 
 
 -eap'si-eirm, n. [N. Lat. capsicum, fr. capsa, box, be- 
 cause it is contained in pods.] (Bot.) A gen\is of plants 
 producing the red or Cayenne pepper of domestic use. 
 
 Cap-size', v. t. [imp. & p. p. capsized; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. CAPSIZING.] [Probably from cap, top, head, and 
 seize, because it is properly to move a hogshead or other 
 vessel forward by turning it alternately on the heads.] 
 To upset or overturn, as a vessel or other body. 
 
 -eap'size, n. An upset or overturn. 
 
 Cap'stan, n. [From Lat. capistrum, halter.] (Naut.) A 
 machine used for weighing anchors, or drawing up any 
 great weight, operating with a cable wound round it, in 
 the manner of a wheel and axle. 
 
 ■eap'-su-lar, la. HoUow, like a capsule ; pertamingto 
 
 Cap'su-la-ry, ) a capsule. 
 
 Cap'su-late, ) a. Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a 
 
 Cap'su-la'ted, ) chest or box. 
 
 ■eap'sule, n. [Lat. capsula, a little box, fir. capsa, chest. 
 
 »,c,&c.,;ong';a,8,&c.,»Aor<;c&re,far,a8lc,all,whh:*; Sre,veil,terniL; pique, firm; s6n,6r, do,'vr9lf. 
 
CAPTAIN 
 
 101 
 
 CARD 
 
 case, fr. capere, to take, contain.] 1. (Bot.) A seed- 
 pod or pericarp, opening, when mature, by the separation 
 of its valves. 2. (Chem.) (a.) A .small saucer of clay 
 for roasting or melting samples of ores, &c. (6.) A small, 
 shallow, evaporating dish, usually of porcelain. 3. 
 (Physiol.) A small membranous sac. 4. A metaUic seal 
 or cover for closing a bottle. 5. A percussion cap. 
 Cap'tain (42), n. [From Lat. caput, the head.] 1. The 
 military officer who commands a company or troop ; — ■ 
 also the commander of a ship , the foreman of a body of 
 workmen, and the like. 2. A miUtary leader ; a warrior. 
 
 Captain-general (ML), a commander-in-chief. — Captain- 
 lieutenant, an officer, who, with the rank of a captain, and pay 
 of lieutenant, commands a company or troop. 
 
 €S.p'taiii-^y, n. Rank, post, or commission of a captain. 
 Cap'tain-ry, n. Chieftainship ; captainship. 
 ■eap'taiii-siiip, n. 1. Condition, rank, post, or author- 
 ity of a captain. 3. Skill in military affairs. 
 ■€S,p'tion, n. [Lat. captio, from capere, to take, seize.] 
 
 1. {Laio.) That part of a legal instrument, as a com- 
 mission, indictment, &c., which shows where, when, and 
 by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. 2. 
 The heading of a chapter, section, or page. 
 
 tSS" In the latter sense, the word is an Americanism; but it 
 is not used by our best writers. 
 ■eap'tioiis, a. [Lat. captiosits. See supra.] 1. Apt to 
 find faiilt or to cavil. 3. Fitted to catch, or perplex. 
 
 Syii.— Caviling; petulant; fretful. — One who is captious 
 is ready to catch at the slightest faults; one who is caviling 
 does it on trivial or imaginary grounds; orie who is petulant 
 is apt, from irritability, to make hasty but slight attacks; fret- 
 fulness is complaining impatience. 
 
 ■CS,p'tioiis-ly, adv. In a captious manner. 
 
 ■Cap'tious-ness, n. Disposition to find fault. 
 
 -eap'ti-vate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. captivated; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. CAPTIVATING.] [Lat. captivare, from captivus, 
 captive, from capere, to take.] 1. To capture. [Rare.\ 
 
 2. To overpower with excellence or beauty. 
 
 Syn. — To enslave; subdue; charm; enchant; fascinate. 
 
 Cap'ti-va'tion, n. Act of taking a prisoner. 
 
 ■Cap'tive, n. [Lat. captivus, fi'om capere, to take.] 1. 
 A prisoner taken in war, by an enemy. 3. One charmed 
 or subdued by beauty, excellence, or affection. 
 
 cap'tive, a. 1. Made prisoner, especially in war; kept 
 in bondage or confinement. 3. Serving to confine ; re- 
 lating to bondage or confinement. 
 
 -€ap-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. State of being a prisoner. 3. A state 
 of being under control. 
 
 Syn. — Imprisonment; confinement; bondage; subjection. 
 
 ■Cap'tor, n. [Lat., from capere, to take.] One who takes, 
 as a prisoner or a prize. 
 
 ■eapt'iire (kXpt'yijr, 53), n. [Lat. captura, from capere, 
 to take.] 1. Act of taking or seizing by force ; seizure. 
 
 3. The thing taken. [stratagem. 
 Capt'ure, V. t. To take or seize by force, surprise, or 
 ■eap'ti-^liiii', n. [Fr. capucin, fi*om capuce, capuchon, 
 
 hood, cowl. See Capoch.] 1. (JSccZ.) One of the monks 
 of the order of St. Francis ; — so called from the hood 
 or cowl which they wear. 3. A garment for women, 
 consisting of a cloak and hood. 3. A pigeon whose head 
 is covered with feathers. 
 
 Cd'p^it Mor'tu-ti^n. [Lat. , dead head.] Residuum or re- 
 mainder of distillation or sublimation ; worthless residue. 
 
 Car, n. [Lat. carrus, a four-wheeled wagon, a Celtic 
 word in Lat., W. car, allied to Ger. karre, karren.] 1. A 
 small vehicle moved on wheels. 3. A carriage for running 
 on the rails of a railway. [Amer.] 3. A chariot of war. 
 
 Car'a-bine, n. See Carbine. 
 
 Car'ack, rt. [Low Lat. caraca, from carrus, wagon, be- 
 cause it carries much, as if it were a carrus marinus.'] 
 (Naut.) A large ship of burden, such as the Portuguese 
 formerly used in trading to the East Indies. 
 
 Car'a-eole, «. [Prob. of Iberian origin; Bisc. baracul- 
 loa, bare curacillua, snail, barea, slug, and culloa, contr. 
 fr. curacillua, a winding hole.] 1. A half turn, which 
 a horseman makes, either to the right or left. 3. (Arch.) 
 A staircase in a spu-al form. 
 
 •Car'a-<;oIe, v. i. To move in a caracole ; to wheel. 
 
 ■ear'a-gheen, n. See Carrageen. 
 
 Car'a-mel, n. [From Lat. carina, reed, and mel, mellis, 
 honey.] (Chem.) Burnt sugar; a black, porous sub- 
 stance obtained by heating sugar to about 400°. 
 
 •Car'a-pa^e, ) n. [Of uncertain derivation.] A thick 
 
 Car'a-pax, j shell or shield, which covers the back of 
 the tortoise or turtle : the upper shell of the crab, or 
 other crustaceous animal. 
 
 •ear'at, n. [Ar. qirrat, quat, a bean or pea shell, a weight 
 
 of four grains, carat, which word the Arabians borrowed 
 from Gr. Kepa.Ti.ov, a little horn, fruit of the carob-tree, a 
 weight, carat.] 1. The weight of four grains, used by 
 jewelers in weighing precious stones and pearls. 3. A 
 twenty -fourth part; — a denomination used in deter- 
 mining the proportionate fineness of gold, which is sup- 
 posed to be divided into twenty-four equal parts. 
 
 car 'a -van', or Car'a-van', n. [Ar. qairawan, from 
 Per. karwan, qiriuan, caravan, ^tVtiian, traveling through 
 many regions.] 1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or 
 merchants, traveUng together for greater security. 3. 
 A large, close carriage on springs, or a train of such car- 
 riages, for conveying wild beasts, &c., for exhibition. 
 
 Car'a-van'sa-ry, T n. [Per. karwan-sarai, fr. karwan, 
 
 Car'a-van'se-rai, ) caravan, and sarai, palace, large 
 house, inn.] A kind of inn, in the East, where caravans 
 rest at night, being a large, square building, with a spa- 
 cious court in the middle. 
 
 Car'a-vel, n. [From Lat. carabus, Gr. Kapa/3os, a kind 
 of light shiip.] [Written also carreZ.] (A'awi.) (a.) A kind 
 of hght, round, old-fashioned ship, (b.) A small boat 
 used for the herring-fishery, on the coast of France. 
 
 Car'a-way, n. [Ar. karwiya, karaiviya, from Gr. Kapov, 
 Kapos, Lat. c(f.reu7n.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial aromatic plant 
 of the parsley family, and its seed. 3. A kind of sweet- 
 meat containing caraway seeds. 
 
 Car'bine, n. [From L. Lat. carabaga, chadabula, cabulus, 
 for cadabulus, engine of war, cadabulum, prostration to 
 the ground, from Gr. Kara^ok-j, a tbrowmg down, ica.Ta- 
 pdWei.v, to throw do^-n.] (Blil.) A fire-arm intermediate 
 between the pistol and musket in length and weight, 
 used by mounted troops. 
 
 Car'bi-neer', n. (Mil.) A soldier armed with a carbine. 
 
 Cai*'bon, n. [Lat. carbo, coal.] ( Chem.) An elementary 
 substance, forming the base of charcoal, and entering 
 largely into mineral coals and graphite or black-lead. In 
 its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond. 
 
 CarHbo-na'ceous, a. Pertaining, relating to, contain- 
 ing, or composed of, carbon. 
 
 Cdf'ho-nd'r'i,n.pl. [It. carfeonaro, a coal-man.] Mem- 
 bers of a secret political association in Italy, formed in 
 the early part of the nineteenth century. 
 
 CarHbon-ate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union 
 of carbonic acid with a base. [bonic acid. 
 
 Car'bon-a'ted, a. Combined or impregnated with car- 
 
 Car-bon'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, carbon. 
 
 Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid composed of one part of car- 
 bon and two parts of oxygen. In its ordinary condition it is a 
 heavy gas, and is totally unfit for respiration. 
 
 Car'bon-if er-ou.s, a. [From carbon, Lat. carbo, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Producing, or containing, carbon or coal- 
 
 Carnbon-i-za'tioii , n. The act or process of carbonizing. 
 
 Car'bon-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carbonized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CARBONIZING.] To convert into carbon. 
 
 CarTboy, n. [Cf. Gael, carb, basket.] A large, globular 
 glass bottle, inclosed in basket-work for protection. 
 
 Car'btm.-ele (kar'bunk-l, 82), n. [Lat. carbunculits, 
 dim. of carbo, coal.] 1. (Min.) A beautiful gem, of a 
 deep red color, with a mixture of scarlet, found in the 
 East Indies. 3. (ilferf.) A malignant boil, differing from 
 a common boil in having no central core, and being of 
 longer continuance. 
 
 Cai-'bun-eled, a. 1. Set with the stone called carbun- 
 cle. 3. Having a malignant boil called carbuncle; 
 hence, having red or inflamed spots. 
 
 Car-bitn'-eii-lar, a. Belonging to a carbuncle ; resem- 
 bling a carbuncle ; red ; inflamed. 
 
 CarHbu-ret, n. ( Chem.) A combination of carbon with 
 some other substance, the resulting compound not being 
 an acid or base. [ner of a carburet. 
 
 CarTt>u.-ret-ed, a. Combined with carbon in the man- 
 
 Car'-ea-net, n. [Armor, kerchen, bosom, neck, kelchen, 
 collar, cravat, fr. kelch, circle, round, allied to Icel. qverk, 
 0. H. Ger. querca, throat.] A chain or collar of jewels. 
 
 Car'-eass, n. [From Lat. caro, flesh, and capsa, chest, 
 box, case.] [Written also carcase.] 1. The dead body 
 of an animal ; a corpse. 3. The body, in contempt or 
 ridicule. 3. The decaying remains of a thing, as of a 
 ship. 4. The frame or main parts of a thing, unfinished 
 or without ornament. 5. ( iUt7. ) A hollow, oval vessel, 
 fiUed with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar. 
 
 Car'^el L,ainp. A lamp in which the oil is raiaea 
 through tubes by clock-work. 
 
 Card, n. [Lat. charta, Gr. x^ipTT??, a leaf of paper.] _ lo 
 A piece of pasteboard or thick paper, prepared for various 
 uses. 3. A published note, containing a brief statement, 
 explanation, request, &c. 3. A paper on which the 
 points of the compass are marked. 
 
 f ood, f<>bt ; Arn, ru.de, pull ; fell, fliaise, -eall, e«lio; gem, g-et; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, liijlc ; tiiis. 
 
CARD 
 
 102 
 
 CARNIVORA 
 
 €»r<l. r. i. [imp. * ;>. ;>. CARDED; p. pr. & vb. n, 
 CARDING.] To play ut cnnis ; to panic. 
 
 Vard, «. [Kroiu Lsit. ranJuu.'i, cardtts, tlxistle, carere, to 
 canl.) An instrument ti>r combing wool or flax, or for 
 cli\-iuiug and 6miK>thiujr the luiir of animals. 
 
 -fiird, V. t. To comb \\ith a caixl. 
 
 -t^Ar'da-miue, n. [U\t. cardamina, Gr. KopfiofiiJ/Tj.] 
 [,Bot.) A genus of plants, containing the lady's-smock, 
 cuckoo-flower, meadow-cress, &c. 
 
 Car'du-itioiu, n. [Gr. KopSdfioifiov, from ofiw/otoc, an 
 lndi.iu spioe-plant, and KopS, for aKapS, from Skr. tshhard, 
 to vomit; is/uuudikxtripii, cardamom, literally enemy to 
 Tomitiug.] (Bi)t.) A leguminous plant, indigenous to the 
 Bast Indies. Its ssihhIs have a warm, aromatic flavor, 
 and are used in medicine. 
 
 •Tard'-board, n. A stiflf paper or pasteboard for making 
 cards, &c. 
 
 Cjird'-*'ase, n. A case for visiting cards. 
 
 Cjird'er, n- One who cards wool. 
 
 Car'fli-a*', i a. [Gr. KopSicucos, from KopSCa, heart.] 
 
 Car-di'ac-al, I 1. (Anat.) (a.) Pertaining to or re- 
 eembliug the heart; as, the cardiac arteries. (6.) Per- 
 taining to the upper orifice of the stomach. 3. Exciting 
 action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach. 
 
 Car'di-ac, n. (Med.) A medicine which excites action 
 in the stomach , and animates the spirits ; a cordial. 
 
 Car'di-ai'gy, n. [Gr. KopSioXyCa, from KapSCa, heart, 
 and oA-yo?, pain.] { Med. ) Heartburn. 
 
 •Car'dl-nal, a. [Lat. cardinalis, from cardo, the hinge 
 of a door, that about which a thing revolves, or on which 
 it depends.] Of fundamental importance ; pre-eminent ; 
 superior; chief; principal. 
 
 Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, &c., in dis- 
 tinction trom _first, second, third, &c., which are called ordinal 
 numbers. —Cardinal jioints (Geog.), north and south, east and 
 west. — Cou-rfi/iaZ virtues ^Antiq.), prudence, justice, temper- 
 ance, and fortitude. 
 
 Car'di-nal, n. 1. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of the 
 seventy ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope's 
 council. ^Z,_ A woman's short cloak. 
 
 ■€ar'di-iial-ate, ) n. The ofiSce, rank, or dignity of a 
 
 Car'dl-iial-sliip, ) cardinal. 
 
 Car'di-nal-bird, n. (Oriiith.) A bird having a fine 
 scarlet plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. 
 
 Car'di-nal-flo-vv'er, n. (Bat.) An herbaceous plant, 
 bearing brUliant red flowers of much beauty. 
 
 ■Card'ing-en'gine, ) n. A machine for combing, 
 
 Card'ing-ma-^liiLue', j breaking, and cleansing wool 
 or cotton, and forming it into a roll. 
 
 ■€ar'di-oid, n. [From Gr. /capSto-etSijs, heart-shaped, 
 from KOLpSCa, heart, and elSos, shape.] (Math.) An alge- 
 braic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart. 
 
 Car'di-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. KapSia, heart, and \6yos, speech.] 
 (Anat.J A discourse or treatise on the heart. 
 
 -ear-doon', n. [From Lat. carduus, cardus, thistle.] 
 (Bot.) A plant, resembling the artichoke, used as salad. 
 
 Card'-taOjle, n. A table having a leaf which folds over 
 upon the other, used for playing cards on. 
 
 care (4), n. [A.-S. caru, cearu, Goth, kara, Ir. & Gael. 
 car, ^V. cur, allied to Lat. cura, care.] 1. Charge or over- 
 right, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity. 
 
 3. Attention or heed ; caution ; regard ; heedfulness ; 
 •watchfulness. 3. A burdensome sense of responsibility. 
 
 4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety. 
 
 Syn. — Anxiety; solicitude: concern ; trouble.— Care be- 
 longs pnmanly to the intellect, and becomes painful from 
 overburdenmg thought; anxiety is a state of painful uneasi- 
 ness from the dread of evil; solicitude and concern express the 
 »ame feeling in diminished degrees. 
 
 ■eare, V. i. [imp. & p. p. CARED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAR- 
 ING.] 1. To be anxious or soMcitous ; to be concerned. 
 Z. To be inclined or di.sposed. 
 
 €!ar.reen', v. t. [imp. & p. p. careened ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CAREEXrvG.] [0. Eng. carine, from Lat. carina, the 
 keel.] (Xaut.) To heave on one side, as a ship, for the 
 puq>ose of calking, repairing, cleansing, &c. 
 
 Ca-r<*fcn', r. i. To incline to one side, as a ship. 
 
 <;a-re«fr', n. [From Lat. carrus, wagon. See Car.] 1. 
 A race-course. 2. Rapidity of motion ; a race ; a course. 
 3. General course of proceefling ; procedure. 
 
 Ca-r«?fcr', v. i. [imp. & p. p. careered ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. CAREERING.] To move or run rapidly. 
 
 ■eare'ful (4), a. 1. Attentive to support and protect. 
 2. Giving good heed. 3. Full of care or solicitude. 
 
 Syn. — Anxions ; solicitous ; provident : thoughtful ; cau- 
 Uoua; circunifcpect; heedful; watchful; vigilant. 
 
 C^re'f ul-ly, adv. With care, anxiety, or solicitude. 
 <'are^f^Ll-nes8^. The quality or state of being careful. 
 
 CAre'less, a. [From care and the termination less.] 1. 
 Having no care ; inattentive ; unmindful. 3. Free from 
 care or anxiety. 3. Done, or said without care. 
 
 Syn. — NegUgent; heedless; thoughtless; unthinking; in- 
 cautious; remiss; forgetful; regardless; inconsiderate; listless. 
 
 Cfi.re'less-ly, adv. In a careless manner. 
 
 eare'less-ness, n. QuaUty or state of being careless. 
 
 ■ea-r6ss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. caressed (ka-resf) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CARESSING.] [From L. Lat. caritia, ca- 
 ress, fr. Lat. earns, dear.] To treat with fondness, affec- 
 tion, or kindness ; to fondle. 
 
 Ca-r6ss', n. An act of endearment. 
 
 ■€a'ret, n. [Lat., there is wanting, from carere, to want.] 
 (Print.) A mark [A J which shows that something omitted 
 in the Une is interlined above, or inserted in the margin. 
 
 Car'-go, n. ; pi. -eAR/GOEg. [Sp. cargo and carga, bur- 
 den, load, from cargar, to load, charge, q. v.] The 
 lading or freight of a ship. 
 
 -ear'i-bou, «. [A Canadian name.] (Zool.) A quadru- 
 ped of the reindeer kind. [Written also carribou.] 
 
 ■ear'i-ea-ture' (53), n. [Fr.; It. caricatma, from caricare, 
 to charge, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.] 1. The ex- 
 aggeration, in a representation, pictorial or otherwise, of 
 that which is characteristic. 3. A figure or description 
 in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so ex- 
 aggerated as to appear ridiculous. 
 
 ■ehr'i-ea-tvire',v. t. [imp. &,p.p. caricatured ;;7.p»-. 
 & vb. n. CARICATURING.] To make a caricature of. 
 
 ■ear'i-ea-tiir'ist, n. One who makes caricatures. 
 
 -Ca'^i-es, n. [Lat. , rottenness, allied to Skr. fri, to break.] 
 ( Med"!) An ulceration of bone. 
 
 -ea,r'i-nate, ) a. [Lat. carinatvs, from carina, keel.] 
 
 -ear'i-na'ted, j (Bot.) Shaped like the keel of a ship. 
 
 -ear'i-ole, n. [It. carrinola, dim. of car, carro, Lat. car- 
 rus. See Car.] A smaU, open carriage, somewhat re- 
 sembling a calash. See Carry-all,. 
 
 ■ea'ri-os'i-ty, n. Ulceration of a bone ; caries. 
 
 ■ea'ri-oiis, a. Affected with caries. 
 
 Carl, n. [A.-S. carl, Icel. karl, man, Ger. kerl, fellow.] 
 1. A rude, rustic, rough man. 2. A kind of hemp. 
 
 ■ear'line, \ n. [Fr. carlingve, escarlingue, Sp.,Pg., & It. 
 
 ■ear'ling, ) carlinga.] (Nant.) A timber, ranging fore 
 and aft, from one deck beam to another, directly over the 
 keel, serving as a foundation for the body of the ship. 
 
 Car 'man, n. ; pi. car^men. A man who drives a cart. 
 
 Car'mel-ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of an order estab- 
 lished on Mount Carmel, in Sjria, in the twelfth century. 
 
 Car-min'a-tive, a. [N. Lat. carminatii^us (anno 1622), 
 from carminare, to card, hence to cleanse.] Expelling 
 wind from the body ; warming. 
 
 Car-min'a-tive, n. (Med.) A medicine which tends to 
 expel wind, or to remedy colic and flatulencies. 
 
 Car'mine, n. [Contr. from L. Lat. carmesinus, purple 
 color, Eng. crimson, q. v.] A beautiful pigment, of a 
 rich red or crimson color, prepared from cochineal. 
 
 Car'nage (45), n. [From Lat. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. 
 The flesh of slain animals. 3. Slaughter ; massacre ; 
 murder : havoc. 
 
 Carnal, a. [Lat. camalis, from caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. 
 Pertaining to flesh ; fleshly : sensual. 3. Given to sen- 
 sual indulgence ; lustful ; lecherous ; libidinous. 
 
 Car'nal-ist, n. One given to sensuality. 
 
 Car-nal'i-ty, n. State of being carnal ; sensuality. 
 
 Car'nal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. carnalized ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. CARNALIZING.] To make camal. 
 
 Car'nal-ly, adv. According to the flesh. 
 
 Car'nal-mind'ed, a. Worldly-minded. 
 
 Car-na'tion, n. [Lat. carnatio, fleshiness, from caro, 
 carnis, aesh.] 1. Flesh-color. 3. (Paint.) That part 
 of a picture which represents the flesh without drapery. 
 3. (Bot.) A species of clove- pink. 
 
 Car-nel'ian (-yan), n. [N. Lat. carneolus, fr. cameus, 
 fleshy; — from its flesh-red color.] (3I/«.) A variety of 
 chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, or a reddish -white color. 
 
 Car'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. cameus, from caro, carnis, ilesh.] 
 Consisting of, or like, flesh. 
 
 Car'ney, n. [From Lat. cameus, fleshy.] (Far.) A dis- 
 ease of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that they 
 can not eat. 
 
 Car'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. A turning to flesh. 
 
 Car'ni-fy, v. i. [L. Lat. carnificare, from caro, carnis, 
 flesh, and facere, to make.] To form flesh. 
 
 Car'ni-vai, n. [It. carnevale, farewell to meat, from Lat. 
 caro, carnis, flesh, and vale, farewell.] A festival cele- 
 brated with merriment and revelry in Roman Catholic ^ 
 countries for a number of days before Lent. 
 
 ■€ar-nlv'o-rd, n. pi. [Lat. (sc. animalia), nent. pi. of coj*- 
 nivorus, from caro, carnis, flesh, and vorare, to devour.] 
 
 S, e, &c., long,- a, 6, &c,, short; c4re, far, ask, all, -what ; 6re , veil, term ; piique, firm ; son, 6r, do, w^lf. 
 
CARNIVOROUS 
 
 103 
 
 CARVING 
 
 ( Nat. Hist.) An order of animals which subsist on flesh, 
 as the hyena. 
 
 ■Car-niv'o-roiis, a. [See supra.] Feeding on flesh. 
 
 Car-nSs'i-ty, rt. 1. A fleshy excrescence, i. Fleshiness. 
 
 ■Car'ob, «. [Ar. Morrfti.] {Bot.) A leguminous evergreen 
 tree, a native of Spain, Italy, and the Levant. 
 
 ■ear'ol, n. [L. Lat. carola, dim. of Lat. chorus, a choral 
 
 . dance, Gr. xopo^] !• A song of joy and exultation, or 
 of mirth ; a lay. 3. A devotional song. 
 
 Car'ol, V. t. [imp. & p. p. caroled \ p. pr. !c vb. n. 
 CAROLING.] To praise or celebrate in song. 
 
 •ear'ol, V. i. To sing in joy or festivity ; to warble. 
 
 Ca-r6t'id, n. [Gr. pi. /capwrtSes, from Kapos, heavy sleep, 
 Kapa, head.] {Anat.) A large artery conveying the blood 
 from the neck to the head. There are two, one on each 
 side. The ancients supposed drowsiness to be caused by 
 an increased flow of blood through them. 
 
 ■ea-rot'id, ) a. Pertaining to the two great arteries 
 
 Ca-rot'id-al, ) of the neck that carry blood to the head. 
 
 •Ca-roug'al, n. A jovial feast or festival ; merrymaking. 
 Syn. — Feast; banquet. — jFeasi is generic; a banquet is a 
 Bumptuous feast; a carousal is unrestrained indulgence in 
 frolic and wine. 
 
 •€a-rou§e', v. i. [imp. & p. p. caroused; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. carousing.] [From Gfer. garaus, end, entire 
 emptying of the cup in drinking one's health.] To drink 
 abundantly ; to drink in a jovial manner. 
 
 ■Ca-rouge' v. t. To drink freely or jovially. 
 
 ■Ca-rouge', n. A drinking match or season of carousal. 
 
 ■€a-rou§'er, n. One who carouses. 
 
 Carp, V. i. [Lat. carpere., to seize.] To censure, cavil, or 
 find fault, particularly without reason, or petulantly. 
 
 ■Carp, n. [L. Lat. carpio, carpo, 
 carpa, prob. from carper e, to 
 seize.] ( Ichth. ) A famUy of soft- 
 finned, fresh -water fishes. 
 
 Car'pal, a. [From N. Lat. car- 
 pus.^ vsrrist.] i^Anat.) Pertaining 
 to the carpus, or wrist. Carp. 
 
 Car'pel, n. [N. Lat., dim. from Gr. »cap7ro?, fruit.] {Bot.) 
 A simple pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. 
 
 ■Car'pen-ter, n. [L. Lat. carpentarius, from Lat. carpen- 
 tum,, wagon, carriage.] An artificer who works in tim- 
 ber ; a framer and builder of houses and of ships. 
 
 Car'pen-try, n. 1. Art of cutting, framing, and join- 
 ing timber, in the construction of buildings. 2. Pieces 
 of timber connected by being framed together, &c. 
 
 •Carp'er, n. One who carps ; a caviler. 
 
 ■Car'pet, n. [Low Lat. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, 
 from Lat. carper e, to pluck.] A heavy fabric, used as a 
 covering for floors. 
 
 Carpet knight, a knight who has not known the hardships of 
 the field. — To be on the carpet, under consideration ; to be the 
 subject of deliberation. 
 
 Car'pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carpeted ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. CARPETING.] To cover with a carpet or carpets. 
 
 Car'pet-ba,g, n. A traveling -bag ; — so called because 
 originally made of carpet. [in general. 
 
 Car'pet-ing, n. Cloth or materials for carpets ; carpets 
 
 Car-pli6l'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kdp(f)o?, a small dry body, and 
 Aeyeiv, to pluck.] {Med.) Same as Floccillation. 
 
 Car'po-lite, n. [Gr. Kapnos, fruit, and Ai0os, stone.] A 
 petrified fruit. 
 
 Car-p61'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kapno?, fruit, and Xoyos, dis- 
 course.] That branch of botany which relates to the 
 structure of seeds and fruit. 
 
 Car'rack, n. See Carack. 
 
 Car'ra-geen', )n. A kind of sea-weed, the Irish moss 
 
 Car'ri-geen', j of the shops, used for jellies, &c. 
 
 Car'riage (kar'ry), n. [See Carry.] 1. Act of carry- 
 ing ; conveyance. 2. That which carries ; a vehicle, 
 especially for pleasure or for passengers. 3. Manner 
 of carrying one's self; personal manners. 
 
 Syn. — Conveyance ; demeanor ; behavior ; conduct. 
 
 Car'riage-a-ble, a. Passable by carriages. 
 
 Car'ri-er, n. One who, or that which, carries. 
 
 Car'ri-on, n. [Low Lat. caronia, from Lat. caro, flesh.] 
 The dead and putrefying body or flesh of animals. 
 
 Car'ri-oii, a. Relatmg to dead and putrefying carcasses ; 
 feeding on carrion. 
 
 Car'rom, n. ( Billiards. ) The act of hitting two balls at 
 once with the ball struck by the cue. 
 
 Car-'ron-ade', n. [From Carron, in Scotland, where it 
 was first made.] {Mil.) A kind of short cannon, for- 
 merly in use. 
 
 Car'rot, n. [Lat. carota.] {Bat.) A plant having an 
 esculent root, usually of a reddish-yellow color. 
 
 Car'rot-y, a. Like a carrot in color ; reddish-yellow. 
 
 Ca,r'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CARRYING.] [Fr. charrier, to cart, from car, char, car, 
 q. v.] 1. To convey or transport ; to bear. 2. To 
 cause to move forward ; to urge ; to impel. 3. To 
 transfer, as from one column, page, or book to another, 
 or from one country to another. 4. To effect or accom- 
 pUsh. 5. To obtain possession of by force. 6. To bear 
 the aspect of; to exhibit ; to imply. 7. To behave, to 
 conduct or demean ; — with the reflexive pronoun. 
 
 To caiTij coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where 
 
 they already abound ; to lose one's labor. — To carry off, to kill. 
 
 —To carry on, (a.) To promote, advance, or help forward, (b.) 
 
 To manage, or prosecute. —To carry out, to put into execution ; 
 
 to bring to a successful issue. 
 C3,r'ry, v. i. To convey or propel ; to bear. 
 
 To carry on, to behave in a wUd, rude manner. [Colloq.^ — 
 
 Carrying trade, freighting. 
 C3,r'ry-all,n. [Corrupt, fr. camZe.] A light four-wheeled) 
 
 one horse vehicle, to carry a number of persons. 
 Cart, n. [L. Lat. carreta, carretta, fr. Lat. carrus, car, q. 
 
 v.] A two-wheeled carriage, for heavy commodities. 
 Cart, V. t. [imp. & p. p. carted; p. pr. 8c vb. u. 
 
 carting.] To carry or convey on a cart. 
 Cart'age, n. 1. Act of carrying in a cart. 2. Th« 
 
 price paid for carting. 
 Carte-blanche (kart'blonsh'), n. [Fr.] 1. A blank 
 
 paper, signed at the bottom with a person's name, to be 
 
 filled up as another pleases. Hence, 2. Unconditional 
 
 terms ; unlimited authority. 
 Carte-de-visite (kart'du-ve/zeet'), n. [Fr.] A small 
 
 photographic picture fastened upon a card; — so called 
 
 from its original use as a visiting card. 
 Car-tel', or Car'tel, n. [Fr. & Sp.,from Lat. charta, 
 
 dim. c/mrtula.] (Mt7.) A writing or agreement, between 
 
 states at war, as for the exchange of prisoners. 
 
 Cartel, or cartel-ship, a ship employed in the exchange of 
 prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy. 
 
 Cart'er, n. The man who drives a cart ; a teamster. 
 Car-te'gian, a. Pertaining to the French philosopher 
 
 Des Cartes, or to his philosophy. [Cartes. 
 
 Car-te'gian, n. One who adopts the philosophy of Des 
 Car-tliU-'gian, n. One of a religious order named from 
 
 Chartreux, the place of their institution, in France. 
 Car-tliii'|iaii, a. Pertaining to the Carthusian monks. 
 Car'ti-lage, n. [Lat. cartilago.] {Anat.) A smooth, 
 
 whitish, elastic substance ; gristle. [gristly. 
 
 Car'ti-l^g'i-noiis, a. Pertaining to, or like a cartilage ; 
 Car-tog'ra-phy , n. [Gr. x«P''~»?> ^ l^af of paper, and ypd~ 
 
 (f)etv, to write.] Art or practice of forming charts or maps, 
 Car'ton, ». [Fr. See Cartoon.] 1. Pasteboard; 
 
 cardboard. 2. A pasteboard box. 
 Car-tdbn', n. [Fr. carton, from Lat. charta, paper.] 
 
 1. {Paint.) A design drawn on strong paper, to be 
 
 painted in fresco. 2. A design colored for working in 
 
 mosaic, tapestry, &c. 
 Car-touch' (kar-to'otch''), n. [Fr., from carte, paper.] 
 
 1. {Arch.) A tablet in the form of a roll or scroll; a 
 modillion. 2. \Mil.) {a.) A case of paper, &c., holding 
 a charge for a fii-e-arm. {b.) The box containing the 
 charge, (c.) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot 
 from a cannon, {d.) A ticket of leave or dismission 
 given to a soldier. 
 
 Car'tridge, n. [Formerly cartrage, as if fr. N. Lat. chctr- 
 taragium, from Lat. charta, paper.] ( Mil. ) A case of pa- 
 per, pasteboard, &c., containing a charge for a fire-arm- 
 Blank cartridge, a cartridge without a ball. 
 
 Car'tridge-box, n. {Mil.) A case for cartridges. 
 
 Cart'-WTight (-rit), n. A maker of carts. 
 
 Car'un-ele (kar'unk-l, 82), n. [Lat. caruncida, a little 
 piece of flesh, dim. of caro, flesh.] 1. {Anat.) A small, 
 fleshy excrescence. 2. {Bot.) An excrescence or append- 
 age at the hilum or scar of a seed. 3. {Zo'dl.) A naked, 
 fleshy excrescence on the head of a bird. 
 
 Ca-riin'-etL-lar, ) a. Pertaining to, or having the form 
 
 Ca-rixn'-eii-late, J of, a caruncle. 
 
 Carve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carved; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CARVING.] [A.-S. ceorfan.] 1. To cut, as wood, stone, 
 or other material, in an artistic or decorative manner. 
 
 2. To make or shape by cutting. 3. To cut into small 
 pieces or slices. 4. To distribute or apportion to. 
 
 Carve, v. i. 1. To exercise the trade of a carver. 2. 
 
 To cut up meat. [AVEL. 
 
 Car'vel, n. [Contr. fr. caravel.] A small ship. See Cab- 
 Carv'er, n. One who carves. 
 Carv'iiig, n. 1. Act or art of cutting wood, stone, &c. 
 
 2. Device or figure carved. 3. Act or art of cutting 
 
 up meat at table. 
 
 food, fo^ot; ftrn, rude, pull ; geU, ^haise, «aU, «€lio; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, Unk ; this. 
 
CARYATES 
 
 104 
 
 CASTE 
 
 Of, or pertaining to, a caryatid. 
 
 r,! ru-n'te^, \ n. ;>/. [Lat.; Or. KapvanS«, tlie pnest- 
 
 < ,1 I ,/-,'it'i-<tt», ) esses of Oirv.r sorvini; in the temple 
 
 I P;;in:».] (Arrfi.) Figures of women, serving to support 
 
 .•■;-, I'bitures. 
 
 t .1 IN •^t'^*\ \ 
 
 i. 1 I \ iXt'ld, ) 
 
 t I i> -itt'id, n. (Arch.) A feanale figure sup- 
 .":nc :in entablature. 
 
 < A>.'« a-bdl, u. [Vnmi Lat. scnbiUuin, sca- 
 bi .','!/;/i, au instrumeut of the nature of the 
 castivuet.] That part of a cannon in rear 
 of the base- ring. 
 
 •Cs»s-<'aidt'', «. (From Lat. casare, to be 
 ready to fall, from cailcrc, to fall.] A water- 
 faU lesi than a cataract. 
 
 Cfts'ca-ril'la, »«• [Sp., dim. of cdscnm, peel, 
 bark. See supra.] (£ot.) A plant — a na- 
 tive of Jamaica — which furnishes a bark 
 used in medicine as a tonic. 
 
 •CSse, n. [Lsit. capsa.] 1. A covering, box, 
 or sheath ; that which incloses or contains. 
 2, A box and its contents ; the quantity 
 contained iu a box. 3. (Print.) A frame 
 containing boxes for holding type. 
 
 Case, I', t. [i7np. & p. p. cased (kast); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CASING-.] To cover with or put Caryatid, 
 in a case. 
 
 ■€ase, n. [Lat. casus, fr. cadere, to fail, to happen.] 1. 
 That which falls, comes, or happens ; an event ; a cir- 
 cumstance. 2. An individual occurrence or particular 
 instance. 3. A state of facts involving a question for 
 discussion or decision ; especially a cause or suit in court. 
 4. (Gram.) The form of nouns, by which their relations 
 to the other parts of the sentence are indicated. 
 Syn. — Situation ; condition; state; plight; predicament. 
 
 CaseliardVn (-har'dn), v. t. To harden, as iron, by 
 
 converting the surface into steel. 
 Ca'se-ine, n. [From Lat. caseus, cheese.] ( Giem.) The 
 
 curd or coagulable part of milk ; the basis of cheese. 
 -€ase'-lcnife (-nrf), n. A large table knife; — so called 
 
 because formerly kept in a case. 
 ■Case'mate, n. [It. casamatta, 
 
 from rasa, house, and matto, 
 
 matta, mad, weak, feeble, 
 
 dim. fr. Per. mat, conquered.] 
 
 (Fort.) A bomb-proof cham- 
 ber, in which cannon may be 
 
 placed, to be fired throughi 
 
 embrasures ; — also capable of 
 
 being used as a magazine, or a B, Casemate 
 
 for quartering troops. 
 ■ease'ma'ted, a. Furnished 
 
 with, or built like, a casemate. 
 Case'ment, n. [Formed from 
 
 case, frame.] A glazed frame 
 
 or sash, opening on hinges. 
 
 A gun at B 
 would fire through the em- 
 brasure in the wall; a gun 
 at C would fire en barbette, 
 or over the parapet. D, a 
 parapet; E, scarp-wall, the 
 outer face of which is the 
 scai-p ; a b, terre-plein. 
 which are affixed to the upright sides of the frame into 
 which it is fitted. 
 <^a'se-ous, a. [Lat. caseus, cheese.] Pertaining to, or 
 
 like, cheese. 
 Ca'gern, 71. [Lat. casa, shed, house.] A lodging for 
 soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart: 
 barracks. 
 Case'-KhSt, n. (JSIil.) A collection of small projectiles, 
 
 inclosed in a case or envelope. 
 €ase'-worm (-wQrm), n. A worm or grub that makes 
 
 itself a case. See Caddis. 
 
 €asJi,M. [Fr. came, It. cassa. See OASE,abox.] (Com.) 
 
 Coin or specie ; — sometimes also applied to bank-notes, 
 
 drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money! 
 
 C&Kh, 77. A Chinese copper coin, perforated and strung 
 
 on a thread, worth about one tenth of a cent. 
 cash, V. t. [imp. 8c p. p. CASHED (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 CASHING.] To turn into cash ; to exchange for money. 
 Cftsli'-boblc (27), n. A book in which is kept a register 
 
 or account of money received or paid. 
 ■C'a-«lie-w' (ka-shcTo/), n. [A corruption of acajou, the 
 Fr. orthography of the native Brazilian name, acajaiba.] 
 (Bot.) A tTCM of the West Indies and South America, of 
 the same family with the sumac. 
 Casfi-ler' (kash-eer'), n. [See Cash.] One who has 
 
 charge of money in a bank, &c. ; a cash -keeper. 
 Cash-ier', v. t. [imp. & p. p. cashiered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CASHlERlNft.] [Lat. ca.ysare, equiv. to cassimi red- 
 dere, to annul.] 1. To dismiss from an office or place of 
 trust, by annulling the commission of. 2. To dismiss 
 or discard from service or from society. 
 
 CJisli'mere, n. 1. A rich and costly kind of shawl ; — 
 named from the country where first made. i2. A fine 
 woolen stuff imitating the true cashmere. 
 
 Ca-.*lioo', n. Same as Catechu. 
 
 Cas'ing, n. 1. Act of covering any body with another 
 thin substance. 2. An outside covering. 
 
 Casino (ka-se'no), n. [It., dim. of casa, house.] 1. A 
 small country house. 2. A kind of club-house. 
 
 Cask, n. [Sp. casco, skull, helmet, cask, Fr. casque, It. 
 casco, helmet.] 1. A close vessel for containing liquors, 
 made of staves, headings, and hoops. 3. The quantity 
 contained in a cask. 
 
 Caslt'et, n. [Dim. of cask.] A small chest or box, for 
 jewels or other small articles. 
 
 Casque, ) n. [See Cask, ti. , supra.] A piece of defensive 
 
 Cask, j armor, for the head and neck ; a helmet. 
 
 Cas'sa-da, n. Same as Cassava. 
 
 Cas-sa'tion, n. [L. Lat. cassatio, fr. cassare, to annul, 
 fr. cassus, hollow.] The act of annulling. 
 
 Court of cassation, the highest com-t of appeal in France. 
 
 Ca.s'sa-va,n. [From Hay tian A;a5a6i.] (Bo<.) A specie* 
 of the manihot, from which tapioca is obtained. 
 
 Cas'se-pa'per, n. [Fr. papier casse.] Broken paper ; 
 the two outside quires of a ream. 
 
 Cas'sia (kiish/a), n. [Heb. qesiah, from g&sa\ to cut off, 
 to peel off, Ar. gathaa.] 1. (Bot.) (a.) A genus of legu- 
 minous plants of many species, including the senna, (b.) 
 A species of laurel. 2. (Com.) The cheaper kinds of 
 cinnamon. 
 
 Cas'-si-do-ny , 71. [From Chalcedon, a town in Bithynia.] 
 (Bot.) (a.) A species of cottonweed, cudweed, or goldy- 
 locks. (b.) A species of French lavender. 
 
 Cas'si-mere, w. [Perh. of the same origin as cashmere, q. 
 v.] A thin , twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garment*. 
 
 Cas-si'no, n. [See Casino, a small house.] A game at 
 cards, generally played by four persons. 
 
 Cas'si-us (k3sh/-i-us), n. [From the name of the discov- 
 erer.] A beautiful purple pigment, obtained from the 
 chloride of gold. 
 
 Cas'sock, n. [From Fr. casaque, from Lat. ca^a, cot- 
 tage.] (Eccl.) A close garment, resembling a long frock 
 coat, worn by clergymen of the Roman Catholic and 
 Episcopal churches, under the surplice or gown. 
 
 Cas'so-wa-ry, n. [From 
 Hindost. kassuwaris.] ( Or- 
 nith.) A large bird, resem- 
 bling the ostrich, and, next 
 to it, the largest living bird. 
 
 Cast (6), V. t. [imp. & p. 
 p. cast ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CASTING.] [Dan. kaste, 
 Icel. & Sw. kasta.] 1. To 
 send or drive from by force ; 
 to throw ; to fling ; to hurl ; 
 to impel. 2. To direct, or ' 
 turn, as the sight. 3. To 
 throw on the ground, as in Cassowary, 
 
 wrestling ; to overcome. 4. To throw off, or shed. 5. To 
 compute ; to reckon. 6. To make to preponderate. 7. 
 To form, by pouring liquid metal into a mold ; to found. 
 8. To distribute, as the parts of a play among actors. 
 
 To cast down, to deject or depress. — To cast off (Kaut.), to 
 loose, or untie. — 2'o cast one''s self on, to resign or yield one's 
 self to the disposal of, without reserve. — To cast young, to 
 miscarry. — To cast in the teeth, to upbraid; to charge; to twit. 
 
 Cast,i^. t. 1. To turn or revolve in the mind. 2. To re- 
 ceive form or shape. 3. To warp. 4. (iYawZ.) Tofalloff, 
 or incline, so as to bring the side of a ship to the wind. 
 
 Cast, n. 1. The act of casting; a throw. 2. The thing 
 throvni. 3. The distance through which any thing is 
 thrown. 4, A chance or venture. 5. Act of casting in 
 a mold. 6. Form or shape into which any thing is cast 
 or molded. 7, Whatever is cast in a mold. 8. Manner 
 or quality of appearance. 9. An unexpected opportu- 
 nity. 10. Assignment of parts in a play to the actors. 
 11. The company of actors to whom the parts in a play 
 are assigned. 12. A motion or turn, as of the eye ; di- 
 rection ; look ; glance ; squint. 
 
 Cas-ta'ne-a, n. [Lat., from Gr. Kda-ravov, a chestnut.] 
 A genus of trees, including the common chestnut-tree. 
 
 Cas'ta-n6t', n. [From Lat. castanea, a chestnut; so named 
 from the resemblance to two chestnuts.] An instrument 
 composed of small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, 
 shaped like spoons, placed together, fe-stened to th« 
 thumb, and beat with the middle finger. 
 
 Cast'a--way, n. An abandoned person ; a reprobate. 
 
 Caste (6), n. [Fr. caste, Sp. & Pg. casta, race, lineage, 
 
 i,B,ttc.,long; &,&,kc., short; care,far,a8k,all, wliat; 6re,veil, term; piique,firm; s6u,dr,do,wo]i^ 
 
CASTELLAN 
 
 105 
 
 CATAMENIAL 
 
 from Lat. castus, pure, chaste.] 1. One of the several 
 hereditary classes iato which society in India is divided. 
 '2, A separate and fixed order or class of society. 
 
 ■C&s'tel-lan, n. [Lat. caslellanus, an occupant of a cas- 
 tle, Ij. Lat., a governor of a castle, from castellum, castle, 
 q. v.] A governor or constable of a castle. 
 
 Cas'tel-la-ny (44), h. The lordship belonging to a castle. 
 
 •ea^s'tel-la'ted, a. [See CASTLE.] Adorned with turrets 
 and battlements, like a castle. 
 
 Cast'er, n. 1. One who casts. 3. A phial or cruet, 
 used to contain condiments at the table. 3. A stand to 
 contain a number of such phials or cruets. 4>. A small 
 wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is rolled. 
 
 •€3-s'ti-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. castigated \p.pr. & 
 vb. n. CASTICrATlNG.] [Lat. castigare, from castus, 
 pure, chaste, and agere, to move, drive.] To punish by 
 stripes ; to correct ; to chastise. 
 
 •€a,s'ti-ga'tioii, n. Punishment by whipping ; chastise- 
 ment. 
 
 •€a.s'ti-ga'tor, n. One who castigates or corrects. 
 
 Cas'ti-ga-to-ry (50), a. Tending to correction; cor- 
 rective ; punitive. 
 
 Cas'file Soap. [From Castile, a province, in Spain, 
 from which it originally came.] A kind of fine, hard, 
 white, or mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda. ■ 
 
 ■east'iiig, n. 1. The act of one who casts. 3. That 
 which is cast in a mold. 3. The warping of a board. 
 
 ■east'ing-net, n. A net which is cast and drawn, in 
 distinction from a net that is set and left. 
 
 Cast'ing-voice, { n. Vote of a presiding ofiicer, which 
 
 •Cast'ing-vote, I decides a question, when the votes 
 of the assembly or house are equally divided. 
 
 Cas'tle :kasa), 
 [Latin castel- 
 lum, dim. of 
 castrum,afor- 
 tified place.] 
 1. A fortified 
 residence, es- 
 pecially that 
 of a prince or 
 nobleman ; a 
 fortress. 3. A 
 piece, made to 
 to represent a 
 castle, used in 
 the game of 
 chess. 
 
 Castle in the 
 air, a vision- 
 
 no solid foun- 
 dation ; — some- 
 times called a 
 castle in Spain, 
 Spain being a 
 region of romance 
 
 Ancient Castle. 
 1, moat; 2, draw-bridge; 3, wicket; 4, sally- 
 port; 5, portcullis; 6, outer walls; 7, para- 
 pet; 8, rampai-t; 9, loopholes; 10, escutch- 
 eon; 11, bulwark; 12, sentinel; 1.3, maga- 
 zine; 14, a cell; 15, donjon or keep; 16, 
 barracks; 17, barbacan; 18, watchman; 
 19, turret; 20, chapel; 21, belfry; 22, state 
 court; 23, merlons; 24, embrasures. 
 
 ■Cas'tle (kas^l), v. t. In chess, to cover with a castle ; — 
 said of the king, when neither piece has been previously 
 moved, and the king has not been in check. 
 
 ■eas'tle, V. I. In chess, to cover the king with a castle. 
 
 ■eas'tle-biiild'er (kas'l-bild'er), n. One who builds 
 castles in the air ; a visionary. 
 
 Cas'tle- guard (72), n. 1. The guard which defends a 
 castle. 3. A tax on a dwelling within a certain distance 
 of a castle. 3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to 
 perform service within the realm, -^vithout limitation of 
 
 -€a.s'tle-ward, n. Same as Castle-guard. [time. 
 
 ■€ast'-6ff , a. Laid aside ; as, cast-off clothes. 
 
 Cas'tor, n. [Lat. castor, Gr. (cacrrcop, akin to Skr. kastUri, 
 kasticrika, musk.] 1. A genus of animals, in which the 
 beaver is included. 3. A peculiar substance of a strong, 
 penetrating smell and bitter taste, found in the inguinal 
 sacs, one in each groin of the beaver. 3. A hat, espe- 
 cially one made of the fur of the beaver. [ Colloq.'] 4. 
 A heavy quality of broadcloth. 
 
 ■€ast'or, n. A small wheel and swivel for supporting fur- 
 niture. See Caster. 
 
 ■€as'tor and Pol'lux. {Meteor.) An electrical phenom- 
 •non, thought to portend a cessation of a storm. See 
 Corposant. 
 
 €as'tor-oiI, n. [A corruption of Castus-o\\, the plant 
 producing it having formerly been called Agnus castus.'\ 
 The oil of a kind of plant found in the West Indies. It 
 is a mild cathartic. 
 
 Cas'tra-me-ta'tion, n. [From Lat. castra metari, to 
 measure or survey a camp.] (Mil.) Art or act of en- 
 camping ; the marking or laying out of a camp. 
 
 Cas'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. castrated; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. castrating,] [Lat. castrare.] To deprive of th» 
 testicles ; to emasculate ; to geld. 
 
 Cas-tra'tion, n. Act of depriving of the testicles. 
 
 -eas'trel, n. (Ornitk.) A kind of hawk resembling the 
 sparrow-hawk. See Kestrel. 
 
 ■€as-tr6n'sian, a. [Lat. castrensis, from castra, camp.] 
 Belonging to a camp. 
 
 ■€a§'u-al (kazh'ij-al,) a. [Lat. casualis, from casus, fall, 
 accident, from cadere, to fall.] 1. Happening or coming 
 to pass without design, and without being foreseen or 
 expected. 3. Coming without regularity. 
 
 Syn. — Accidental ; fortuitous ; incidental ; occasional. — 
 Casual an&fortuitous are substantially the same; a thin^ is ac- 
 cidental when not planned or sought, as a meeting; incidental 
 when it falls in as secondary, or out of the regular course of 
 things, as a remark ; occasional when it occurs only now and 
 then. 
 
 •Ca§'u-al-ly (kazh'ij-al-ly), adv. By chance ; accident- 
 ally ; fortuitou.sly ; occasionally. 
 
 -ea§'u-al-ty (kazh'ij-al-ty), n. 1, That which comes 
 without design, or without being foreseen ; an accident. 
 2. An accidental injury ; hence, death, misfortune. 
 
 ■€a§'u-ist (kazh'ij-ist), n. [From Lat. casus, fall, case.] 
 One who studies and resolves cases of conscience. 
 
 Ca§'u-ist'i« , \a. Relating to cases of conscience, 
 
 -Gag'u-ist'i-e-al, ) or to cases of doubtful propriety. 
 
 -€a§'u.-ist-ry (kazh'ij-), n. Science of determining the 
 right or wrong of acts and opinions of doubtful propriety- 
 
 ■eat, n. [A.-S. cat, Icel. kottr, Fr. chat, Sp. gato. It. gatto, 
 W. cath. Late Lat. catus, Bisc. catiia, N. Gr. ydra, ydTO?, 
 Russ. & Pol. kot, Turk, kedi, Ar. qitt.] 1. (Zool.) A 
 well-known domestic animal. 3. (Naut.) (a.) A ship 
 having a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and a deep 
 waist. (6.) A strong tackle to draw an anchor up to the 
 cat-head. 3. A double tripod. 4. An old game at ball. 
 5. A kind of whip. [anchor. 
 
 cat, V. t. (Naut.) To bring up to the cat-head, as an 
 
 ■eafa-eaus'ti*, n. [Gr. Ka.Td, against, and /cavoTi/cos, 
 burning, from KaUiv, to burn.] A caustic curve formed 
 by reflection of light. 
 
 Cat'a-elire'sis, n. [Gr. /caTaxpTjtris, misuse, from Kara- 
 XP'^a-Qai, to misuse.] (R/iet.) An abuse of a trope ; a 
 harsh or far-fetched metaphor. 
 
 ■eat'a-€lires'ti-e, la. Belonging to a catachresis ; 
 
 ■€at'a-ehres'ti-e-al, ) forced ; far-fetched. 
 
 •€at'a-ehres'ti-e-al-ly , arfi'. In a catachrestical manner. 
 
 -eat'a-elygm, n. [Gr. KaraKAvo-jad?, from KaroKKv^eiv, 
 to inundate.] An extensive overflow ; a deluge. 
 
 ■eat'a-^omb (-k5m), n. [Gr. Kara, downward, and /cvft/3i7, 
 cavity.] A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place anciently 
 used for the burial of the dead. 
 
 ■eat'a-eous'ti-es, n. sitig. [From Gr. Kara, against, and 
 Eng. acoustics, q. v.] That part of acoustics which treats 
 of reflected sounds or echoes. 
 
 Cafa-di-op'tri-e , ) a. [From Gr. Kara., against, and 
 
 Cat'a-di-op'tri-e-al, j StoTrrpiKos, belonging to the use 
 of the Stonrpa, a geometrical instrument, from Sid, 
 through, and OTrretv, to see, to look.] Pertaining to, or 
 involving, both the reflection and refraction of light. 
 
 ■€dt'a-fal'-eo, ) n. [From Pr. & 0. Sp. catar, to see, to 
 
 -eat'a-faique', ) view, and It. falco, for pa^co, scaffold, 
 stage.] A temporary structure of carpentry, used in 
 funeral solemnities. 
 
 ■eat'a-le<;'ti<;, a. [Gr. KaraXTjACTiicos, from /caTaAijyeiv, 
 to leave off.] (Pros. ) Wanting a syllable at the end. 
 
 ■eat'a-Iep'sy, n. [Gr. KardK-qij/is, a grasping, from Kara- 
 Aa/A/Sai/eiv, to seize upon.] (Med.) A sudden suspension, 
 of the action of the senses and of voUtion, the body and 
 limbs preserving the position given them. [lepsy. 
 
 €!at''a-lep'ti<; , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, cata- 
 
 ■eat'a-logue (-log), n. [Gr. KardKoyo?, from Kara, down, 
 completely, and Aeyetv, to say.] A list or enumeration 
 of names, titles, or articles arranged methodically. 
 
 Catalogne raisonne (ra/zo-na') (Bihliocrraphy), a catalogue of 
 books classed according to their subjects. 
 
 ■€at'a-logu.e, v. t. To make a list of. 
 
 Ca-tai'pa, n. [Indian.] (Bot.) A large tree of North 
 
 America, having large leaves and white, showy flowers. 
 ■eafa-ma-ran', n. [From cdthd-mdrdn, floating trees, 
 
 the native name in Ceylon.] A kind of raft consisting 
 
 of three pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by 
 
 means of a large sail, 
 ■€dt'a-me'ni-d,n. [Gr.] ( M«rf. ) The monthly courses 
 
 of females ; menstrual discharges ; menses. 
 -eafa-me'ni-al, a. [Gr. KaTaju^Vtos, monthly, from 
 
 Kaid, down, back, again, and /aijv, month.] Pertaining 
 
 to menstrual discharges. 
 
 food, fiTot; iirn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, «all, e<!lio; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, liftlc ; tMs- 
 
CATAMOUNT 
 
 106 
 
 CATHOLIC 
 
 Cftt'a*inoant, n. [cat and mount, cat of the mountain.] 
 The North American tiger ; the cougar, or piima. 
 
 ■TJlt'ai-pf'lt'lc, a. Pertaining to the catapult. 
 
 *'ftt'a-ph6n'l*'S. n. sini:. [Ur. jtaToL, down, against, and 
 ^1-^. souml.) The doctrine of retlecteii sounds. 
 
 CM'a-phrft-t't, »i. [Ur. KaTa</)pcucTT7?. from Kara, down, 
 quite, and <.p<i<r<m»'. to inclo.«o.J {Mil. Antiq.) A piece 
 of heavy, defensive anuor, usimI by horsemen. 
 
 Cftt'a-plft$in, >i. [tir. KaTdnkacrna, from Kara, down, 
 quite, and rr\a(r(rfiv. to form, mold.] (Med.) A poultice. 
 
 ■Cftt'a-pillt, ri. [Lat. nitn/ntlta, Gr. KaTaird^rrr;, prob. 
 from Kara, down, and waAAeu', to shake, hurl.] {Mil. 
 Antiq.) An engine used by the ancient Greeks and 
 Romans for throwing stones, arrows, &c. 
 
 -Cftt'a-rftt't, M. [Gr. *caTop(xKr>j?, JtaToppoucTTj?, fixjm Kara, 
 down, and oTfyvvvcu, to break.] 1. A great cascade or 
 waterfall. V. (Surg.) An opacity of the crystaUine lens, 
 or of its capsule. 
 
 Ca-tarrli' (ka-tar^), n. [Gr. leaTappoos, Karappou?, from 
 KaroL, down, and petv, to flow.] (Med.) Inflammation of 
 the mucous membrane of the air passages, attended with 
 a discharge of a watery or glairy fluid. 
 
 Ca-tarrli'al, \ a. Pertaining to, produced by, attend- 
 
 •€a-tarrli'oiis, j ing, or resembling catarrh. 
 
 Ca-t&s'tro-plie, n. [Gr. KaToa-rpotpri, from jcara, down, 
 and (rTpe(j)et.v, to turn.] 1. A final event, usually of a 
 calamitous or disastrous nature. tJ. The unfolding and 
 winding up of the plot of a play ; denouement. 
 
 -Cat'-bird, n. ( Ornith.) An American bird of the thrush 
 femily, whose cry at times resembles the mewing of a cat. 
 
 ■Cat'-call. n. A squeaking instrument, used in play- 
 houses' to condemn plays. 
 
 -€&tcli, I", t. [imp. & p. p. CAUGHT or CATCHED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CATCHING. Catclied is very rarely used.] 
 [0. Eng. cacchf, perhaps akin to A.-S. ceac, fetter, or from 
 Lat. captiare, for captare, intens. form of capere, to take.] 
 1. To seize, especially with the hand. 3. To take cap- 
 tive, as in a snare or net ; to entangle. 3. To communi- 
 cate to ; to fasten upon. 4. To engage and attach to ; 
 to charm. 3. To take or receive, especially to take by 
 sympathy, contagion, or infection. 6. To come upon 
 imexpectedly ; to find. 7. To overtake. 
 
 catch, 1-. i. 1. To be held or impeded by entanglement 
 or slight obstruction. 2. To spread b3^ infecting. 
 
 ■Catcli, M. 1. Act of seizing ; seizure. *-2. That by which 
 any thing is caught. 3. Posture of seizing. 4. That 
 which is caught or taken ; gain. 5. A passing opportu- 
 nity improved. 6. (Mus.) A humorous round, so con- 
 trived that the singers catch up each other's sentences. 
 
 Catcli, } n. Catechu, so called in commerce. See 
 
 Ciitcli, ) Catechu. 
 
 Catch'a-ble, a. Capable of being caught. 
 
 Catch'er, ?i. One who catches ; that which catches. 
 
 catch 'pen-ny, n. Something worthless, esp. a worth- 
 less book or pamphlet, intended to gain money in market. 
 
 Catch'pen-ny, a. Made to gain money ; worthless. 
 
 Catch'poll, 71. [Trom catch and poll, the head.] A 
 bailiff's assistant. 
 
 Catch'up, ) n. [Chin, kitjap.] A sauce made from 
 
 Cat'sup, ) m\ishrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, &c. 
 
 catch'- word (-wurd), n. 1. The last word of an actor, 
 which reminds one who follows that he is to speak next ; 
 cue. 2. (Print.) The first word of every page of a book 
 aiter the first, inserted at the right-hand bottom comer 
 of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. 
 3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect. 
 
 Cat'e-chfit'i-e, ) a. [From Gr. KaTr^xnrn^, an in- 
 
 Cat'e-chet'i-e-al, ) structor.] Relating to, or consist- 
 ing in, asking questions and receiving answers. 
 
 Cat'e-eh€t'i«-al-ly, adv. By question and answer. 
 
 Cat'e-chige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. catechised : p. pr. 
 & vh. n. catechising.] [Gr. Ka-njxi^etv, from Kara, 
 down, against, and rixelv, to sound.] 1. To instruct by 
 afiking questions, rec-eiving answers, and offering ex- 
 planations and corrections, — particularly in regard to 
 points of religious faith. 2. To question or interrogate. 
 
 Cat'e-chi§'er, n. One who catechises. 
 
 Cat'e-ehigm , n. 1 . A form of instruction by means of 
 questions and answers. 2. An elementary book con- 
 taining a summary of principles, especially of religious 
 doctrine, reduced to the fonn of questions and answers. 
 
 Cat'e-<;hist, n. One who catechises ; a catechlser. 
 
 Cat'e-ehlst'i«, ) a. Pertaining to a catechist or to 
 
 Cat'e-ehist'ic-al, S catechism. 
 
 Cat'e-«hu(k4t/e-ku),n. [Crx!hin-Chin. cat/rair.] {Oiem.) 
 A brown, afltringent, vegetable extract, obtained in India. 
 
 Cat'e-ehu'men, n. [Gr. «:aT7j;(ov/i€vo?, instructed, from 
 Karrixelv, to instruct. See Catechise.] (Eccl.) One' 
 
 who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrin** 
 of Christianity ; a neophyte. 
 Cat'e-g5r'i-e-ai, a. 1. Pertaining to a cat^ory. 2. 
 Admitting no conditions or exceptions ; absolute ; pos- 
 itive ; express. [pressly. 
 Cat'e-gor'i-e-al-ly, adv. Absolutely ; directly ; ex- 
 Cat'e-go-ry (50), Vi. [Gr. Karrryopia, ftxjm Kara, down, 
 against, and ayopeuetv, to harangue, as.«ert.] 1. (Logic.) 
 One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowl- 
 edge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can 
 be arranged in a system. 2. State, condition. 
 
 C©~ Aristotle made ten categories, viz., substance, quantity, 
 quality, relation, action, passion, time, place, situation, and 
 habit. 
 
 Syn. — Predicament. — Cateffonj and predicament are both 
 popularly used to express the idea of condition or situation, but 
 with this difference, that predicament supposes it to be a bad 
 or unfortunate one. Hence to say, " I am in the same category 
 with you," is not of necessity to say, " I am in the same pre- 
 dicament." 
 
 Cat'e-na'ri-aii, \a. [Lait. catenarivs ; catena, chain.] 
 
 Cat'e-na-ry (44), ) Relating to, or resembUng a chain. 
 
 Cat'e-na-ry, «. (Geom.) A curve formed by a cord 
 hanging freely between two points not in the same ver- 
 tical line. 
 
 Cat'e-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. catenated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CATENATING.] [Lat. cntenare, from catena., 
 chain.] To connect, in a series of links. 
 
 Cat'e-iia'tion, n. IJnion of parts, as in a chain. 
 
 Ca'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. catered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CATERING.] [From Lat. captare, to strive, to lay hold 
 of, intens. form of cupere, to take.] To provide food ; to 
 buy or procure provisions ; to purvey. 
 
 Ca'ter-er, n. One who caters : a provider. 
 
 Ca'ter-ess, n. A woman who caters. 
 
 Cat'er-pillar, n. [0. Eng. cater-piller, prob. frora cate, 
 cates, food, and 0. Eng. piller, plunderer, robber, be- 
 cause it eats up leaves and firuits.] The larve or larval 
 state of a butterfly or any lepidopterous insect ; some- 
 times, but less commonly, the larval state of other insects, 
 where the larves have legs for crawUng. 
 
 Cat'er-waul, v. i. [From cat and waul, vcawl, to cry 
 as a cat.]" To cry as cats in rutting time. 
 
 Cates, n.yZ. [From O.Fr.aca f, buying, purchase.] Food, 
 especially luxurious food ; delicacies ; dainties. 
 
 Cat'-fish, n. (Ichth.) (a.) A large and voracious fish, 
 found in the arctic seas, often from six to seven feet In 
 length, having a mouth armed with formidable teeth, (b.) 
 A North American fresh-water fish of different species. 
 
 Cat'giit, n. 1. A kind of cord made from the intestines 
 of animals, especially of sheep. 2. A sort of linen or 
 canvas, with wide interstices. 
 
 Cath'a-rine-Tt'heel, n. [So called from St. Catharine 
 of Alexandria, who is represented with a icheel, in allusion 
 to her martyrdom.] 1. (Goth. Arch.) An ornamented 
 window, or compartment of a window, of a circular form, 
 vrith rosettes or radiating divisions or spokes. 2. (Pyro- 
 techny.) A revolving wheel. 
 
 Cath'a-rist, n. [Gr. »ca^ap6s, clean, pure.] One who 
 pretends to more purity than others possess. 
 
 Cat'-harp-in, in. (Naut.) A rope or iron leg serving 
 
 cat'- harp -ing, i to brace in the shrouds of the lower 
 masts behind their respective yards. 
 
 Ca-thar'ti«, \a. [Gr. Ka0apTiK6s, from Ko^apo?, pure.] 
 
 Ca-thar'ti-e-al, ) Cleansing the bowels ; purgative. 
 
 Ca-thar'ti«, n. (Med.) A medicine that promotes alvine 
 discharges ; a purgative. 
 
 Cat'-head, n. (Naut.) A timber projecting from the 
 bow of a ship, through which the ropes pass by which 
 the anchor is raised. 
 
 ■€dth'e-drd, or ^a-the'drd, n. [Lat. cathedra, Gr. 
 KoJBeSpa, seat, from icaro, down, and eSpa, seat, chair.] 
 A chair : appropriately, the seat of a person in authority. 
 
 Ca-the'dral, n. The principal church in a diocese, so 
 called because in it the bishop has his official chair. 
 
 Ca-the'dral, a. 1. Pertaining to the head church of a 
 diocese. 2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a 
 pope or bishop ; official ; authoritative. 
 
 Cath'e-ter, n. [Gr. KaOernp, a thing put in, fix)m icara, 
 down, and vivai, to send.] ( Surg. ) A tubular instrument 
 to be introduced into the bladder to draw off the urine. 
 
 Cat'-hole, n. (Naut.) One of two small holes astern, 
 through which hawsers mav be passed. 
 
 Cath'o-Ii-e (123), a. [Gr. KaJdokmo^, from icadoXos, whole, 
 from Kara, down, throughout, and oAo?, whole.] 1. 
 Universal or general. 2. Not narrow-minded, partial, 
 or bigoted ; liberal. 3. Pertaining to, or affecting, th« 
 Roman Catholics. 
 
 Cath'o-lic , n. A member of the Roman Catholic church- 
 
 *, S,8cc..;onff,a,6,&c.,aAort;c^re,far,ask,all,what; 6re, veU, term ; piiqae.firm; son, dr,dQ, wolf, 
 
CATHOLICISM 
 
 107 
 
 CAVALIER 
 
 Ca-tli61'i-9i§m, n. 1. Quality of being catholic or 
 universal. 5*. The faith of the whole Christian church. 
 3. Adherence to the Roman Catholic church ; the 
 Roman Catholic faith. 4. LiberaUty of sentiment. 
 
 ■€ath.''o-li9'i-ty, n. 1, The system of doctrine held by 
 all parts of the orthodox Christian church. 2. The 
 doctrines of the church of Rome. 3. LiberaUty of senti- 
 ments ; Catholicism. [Catholic. 
 
 ■ea-tliol'i-^ize, v. i. To become catholic or a Roman 
 
 Ca-tli61'i-«on, n. [Gr. KadoKiKov, sc. to/na, remedy, 
 medicine.] [Med.) A remedy for all diseases 
 
 Cat'lciii, n. [Dim. oicat, from its re- 
 semblance to a cat's taU.] (Bot.) An 
 ament ; a kind of inflorescence, con- 
 sisting of overlapping scales. 
 
 ■eat'ling, n. 1. A Uttle cat. 2. 
 ( Surg. ) A double - edged, sharp- 
 pointed dismembering knife. 3. Moss 
 growing about some trees, resembling 
 the hair of a cat. 4. Catgut. 
 
 ■eat'mint, ) «. (Bot.) A weU-known Catkin. 
 
 cat 'nip , J plant , having a strong scent , and sometimes 
 iised in medicine ; — so called because cats have a pecu- 
 har fondness for it, 
 
 -€a,t'-o'-uiiie'-tail§, n. A whip with nine lashes. 
 
 •Ca-t6p'tri<; , I a. [Gr. KaTouTpLKos, from Karonrpov, 
 
 ■ea-t6p'tri«-al, | mirror.] Relating to catoptrics, or 
 vision by reflection. 
 
 ■Ca-t6p'tri<;s, n. sing. That part of optics which ex- 
 plains the properties and phenomena of retiec#d Ught. 
 
 ■Cat'- pipe, n. A cat-call. See Cat-call. 
 
 ■eat's'-era'dle, n. A familiar game played by children 
 with a string twisted on the fingers. See Cratch. 
 
 ■Cat's'-eye, n. [Min.) A variety of quartz or chalce- 
 dony, exhibiting yellowish opalescent reflections from 
 vrithin, somewhat like the ej-e of a cat. 
 
 ■€at's'-paw, n. 1, (Naut.) (a.) A light air, perceived 
 in a calm by a rippling of the surface of the water, (b.) 
 A particular turn in the bight of a rope, made to hook a 
 tackle on. 2. A dupe ; the tool of another ; — so called 
 in aUusion to the fable of the monkey who used the paws 
 of the cat to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the tire. 
 
 Cat's'-tail, n. {Bot.) (a.) A taU weed or flag, with long, 
 flat leaves, (b.) A kind of grass, often caUed timothy 
 and hercfs-grass. (c.) A catkin. See Catkin. [cat. 
 
 Cat'-stick, n. A club used in the game of ball called 
 
 ■Cat'sup, n. Same as catchup, q. v., or ketchup. 
 
 •Cat'tle (kat'tl), n. pi. [From Lat. capitalis, relating to 
 the head, chief, because in early ages beasts constituted 
 the chief part of a man's property.] Domestic quadru- 
 peds collectively, especially those of the bovine genus. 
 
 Cat'tle- guard, ?i. A trench or hollow place on the line 
 of a railway where it crosses a public highway, to prevent 
 cattle from getting upon the track. 
 
 ■Cat'tle-sliow^, n. An exhibition of domestic animals 
 for prizes, or the encouragement of agriculture. 
 
 ■eau-ea'sian, n. Any one belonging to the Indo-Euro- 
 pean race, and the races originating near Mt. Caucasus. 
 
 •Cau.'<;us, n. [A corruption of calkers, alluding to a polit- 
 ical association of calkers in Boston, Massachusetts, in 
 the time of the American Revolution.] A preparatory 
 meeting for electioneering or political purposes. [Amer.] 
 
 -Cau'dal, a. [Lat. cauda, tail.] Pertaining to, or of the 
 nature of, a tail. 
 
 ■eau'date, \a. [L. Lat. caudatus; Lat. cauda, taU.] 
 
 Cau'da-ted, ) Having a tail, or tail-like appendage. 
 
 ■Cau'dle (kaWdl), n. [0. Fr. chaudel, from Lat. calidus, 
 warm.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a 
 mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. 
 
 Cau'dle, v. t. To make into caudle. 
 
 ■Cauf , n. [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, Lat. cavus, 
 hollow, or to Lat. cophinus, Gr. k6<^lvo<;, basket.] 1. A 
 chest with holes for keeping fish aUve in water. 3. A 
 vessel for raising coal from the mine to the surface. 
 
 ■Cau'fle, n. A gang or drove of captured negroes ; a coffle. 
 
 -€auglit (kawt), imp. & p. p. oi catch. See Catch. 
 
 ■eavil, n. [Prob. a modification of cowl, q. v.] 1. A net 
 or covering for the head. 2. [Anat.) A membrane cov- 
 ering the greater part of the lower intestines ; the omen- 
 t\mi. 3. A part of the membrane enveloping the fetus. 
 
 Cau-les'pent, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, stem.] {Bot.) Hav- 
 ing a true or perfect stem. 
 
 -Cftu-lifer-oiis, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, and /erre, to 
 tear.] {Bot.) Caulescent. 
 
 ■Cau'li-f low'er, n. [From Lat. caulis, colis, stalk, stem, 
 cabbage-stalk, cabbage, a,nd.Jlower.] {Bot.) A variety of 
 cabbage, having edible flower-buds. 
 
 Caug'a-lble, a. Capable of being caused. 
 
 Caug'al, a. [Lat. causalis. See Cause.] Relating to, 
 unplying, or containing, a cause or causes. 
 
 -eau-§ai'i-ty, n. 1. The agency of a cause. 2. (Phren.) 
 The supposed faculty of tracing effects to their causes, 
 
 Cau-§a'tioii, n. Act of causing or producing ; agency 
 by which an effect is produced. 
 
 Cau§'a-tive, a. [Lat. causativus, pertaining to a law- 
 suit {causa), but in the Eng. sense fi:. L. Lat. causare, to 
 cause.] 1. Expressing a cause or reason ; causal. 2* Ef- 
 fecting, as a cause or agent ; causing. 
 
 ■€au§'a-tive-ly, adv. In a causative manner. 
 
 Cauge (kawz), n. [Lat. causa.] 1. That which pro- 
 duces or effects a result. 2. That which is the occasion 
 of an action. 3. {Law.) A suit or action in court ; any 
 legal process ; case. 4. The side of a question or con- 
 troversy which is espoused and advocated by one. 
 Final cause, the end or object for which any thing is done. 
 Syn.— Agency; reason; motive; inducement; incitement. 
 
 •€au§e, -u. t. [imp. & p. p. caused; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CAUSING.] To effect by agency, power, or influence ; to 
 produce ; to be the occasion of. 
 
 Cauge'less, a. 1, Uncaused or uncreated ; original in 
 itself. 2. Without just cause, reason, or motive. 
 
 ■Caug'er, n. One who causes. 
 
 -Cauge'way, ) n. [0. Eng. calsey, L. Lat. caleeata, ccUci- 
 
 -Cau'gey, ) ata, via calciata, fr. Lat. calceare, calci- 
 are, to pave with limestone, fr. caZx, limestone. The 
 speUing causeway, which is now the common form of the 
 word, owes its origin to an erroneous notion of its ety- 
 mology.] A raised way over wet or marshy ground. 
 
 Caus'ti«, ) a. [Gr. Kaucm/cos, from KaCeiv, to bum.] 
 
 ■€aus'ti«-al, j 1. Destructive to the texture of any 
 "thing ; burning ; corrosive. 3. Severe ; satirical ; sharp. 
 Caustic curve iGeom.), a curve to which the rays of light, 
 reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents. 
 SyTi. — Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching. 
 
 ■Caus'ti-e, n. 1. Any substance which, applied to ani- 
 mal substances, burns, or destroys the texture. 3. ( Opt.) 
 A caustic curve. 
 
 ■€aus'ti«-al-ly, adv. In a caustic or severe manner. 
 
 -Caus-ti^'i-ty, n. 1. The quality or property which 
 characterizes caustic bodies ; corrosiveness. '2, Severity 
 of language ; sarcasm. 
 
 ■€avi'ter, 7i. [Gr. Kavn/jpiov, a branding-iron, from KaCeiv, 
 to burn.] A hot, searing iron. 
 
 ■€avi'ter-i§m, n. Use or application of caustics ; cautery. 
 
 Cau'ter-i-za'tion, n. { Surg. ) Act of burning or sear- 
 ing some morbid part by the apphcation of fire. 
 
 ■Can'ter-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cauterized ; p. pr. 
 '& i'6.»i. cauterizing.] To burn or sear with fire or 
 a hot iron, as morbid flesh. 
 
 -Cau'ter-y, n. [See Cauter.] {Surg.) A burning, as 
 of morbid flesh, by a hot iron, or by caustic medicines. 
 
 i^~ The burning by a hot iron is called actual cautery; that 
 by caustic medicines, potential cautery. 
 
 ■Cavi'tion, n. [Lat. cautio, for cavitio, from cavere, to 
 take care.] 1. Prudence in regard to danger; provi- 
 dent care ; wariness. 2. Exhortation to wariness. 
 
 Syn. — Care ; forethought ; forecast ; heed ; prudence ; 
 watchfulness ; vigilance ; circumspection ; anxiety ; provi- 
 dence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition. 
 
 -Cau'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cautioned ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. CAUTIONING.] To give notice of danger to ; to warn. 
 -eau'tion-a-ry (44),ffl. 1. Containing caution, or warn- 
 
 irig. 2. Given as a pledge. 
 ■€au'tioii-er, n. One who cautions. 
 ■€au'tious (kaWshus), a. [Lat. cautiis, from cavere. See 
 
 Caution.] Attentive to examine probable effects and 
 
 consequences of measures, vrith a view to avoid danger or 
 
 misfortiine; prudent; watchful. 
 
 SjTH. — Wary; circumspect. — A man is cautiotis chiefly as 
 the result of timidity; one maybe wary, i. e., watchful in a 
 high degree against danger, and yet bold and active; a circum- 
 spect man looks around him to weigh and deUberate. 
 
 ■€au.'tious-ly, adv. With caution ; warily. 
 
 Cau'tious-ness, n- The quality of being cautious; 
 watchfulness ; provident care. 
 
 ■€av'al-eade', n. [L. Lat. caballicare, to go on hoiec- 
 back, Lat. caballus, Gr. KajSaXAij?, an inferior horse.] A 
 procession of persons on horseback. 
 
 -eaVa-lier', n. [L. Lat. caballarius, from Lat. caballus. 
 See supra.} 1. A horseman ; a knight. 2. One of the 
 leaders of the court party in the tune of King Charles I. ; 
 — so called in distinction from the austerity of the adher- 
 ents of Parliament, or Roundheads. 
 
 Ca,v'a-lier', a. 1. Gay; sprightly ; generous. 2. Brave; 
 warlike. 3. Supercilious ; haughty ; disdainful. 
 
 food, ftfbt ; arm, rifde, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e€lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st ; liiiger, link ; titiis. 
 
CAVALIERLY 
 
 108 
 
 CEMENTATION 
 
 CftT a-UerlyjOf/r. In r supercilious or haughty manner. 
 
 Cftv'al-ry, h. ISw Oavaj.IER.] (Mil.) Troops that 
 serve on horseback, as ilrattoons, light-horst', &c. 
 
 •Cdr'a-ti'nn, n. [it.] (JiuvV.) An lur of ouc movement, 
 witii little reix'titiou of tlic words, and frequently pre- 
 ceded by a recitative. 
 
 •Cave, fi. [From Uit. caviis, hollow, whence cavea, cav- 
 il v.] A hollow place in tbe oarth ; a den. 
 
 Cave, V. I. [nup. k ;>. p. CAVED ; p.pr. & vb. n. CAV- 
 ING.] To make hollow. 
 
 Cave, r. I. To dwell in a cave. 
 
 To ciUY in, (a.) To fail in and leave a hollow, as earth on the 
 side of a well or pit. (b.) To break down; to yield. [C0//05.] 
 
 €'d'vt'-<it, n. (Lat.,let him bewai-e.J 1. (jLaic.) A notice 
 given by an interested party to some officer not to do a 
 certain act until the party is heard in opposition. '2, 
 ( V. S. Patent Laws.) A description of some invention, 
 lodged in the office before the patent right is taken out, 
 ojHjrating as a bar to other applications respecting the 
 same invention. 3. Intimation of caution ; warning. 
 
 Cftv'en-disli, n. Tobacco softened and pressed. 
 
 Cftv'erri, n. [Lat. cavcnta, fi-om cavus, hollow.] A deep, 
 hollow place in the earth ; a cave. 
 
 Cav'ern-ous, a. Full of caverns ; hollow. 
 
 Ca-viiare' (ka-veer'), I n. [From Turk, haviar.] The roes 
 
 Cav'i-ar (kav/e-ar), j of certain large fish, prepared 
 and salted ; — used as a relish, especially in Russia. 
 
 Cav'il, r. i. [imp. & p. p. caviled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CAVILING.] [Lat. cavitlari, from cavilla, bantering 
 jests, sophistry, frova cavu.s, hollow, vain.] To raise cap- 
 tious and frivolous objections. 
 
 Cav'il, n. A felse or frivolous objection. 
 
 Cav'il-er, n. One who cavils ; a captious disputant. 
 
 CSv'i-ty, n. [Lat. cai-itas, from cavuj, hollow.] 1. A 
 hollow place ; any inclosed space. 'Z. Hollowness. 
 
 Caw, V. i. [imp. & p. p. ca\ved ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAW- 
 ING.] [From the sound.] To cry hke a crow, or raven. 
 
 Caw, n. The noise made by the crow, rook, or raven. 
 
 C^ivk'er, n. Same as Calker. 
 
 Cay-enne' P«p'per. [From Cayenne, in South Amer- 
 ica.] A very pungent pepper, the product of several spe- 
 cies of Capsicum. 
 
 Cay'man, n. ; pi. €Ay/MA]V§. [From the language ot 
 Guiana.] (Zool.) A genus of American reptiles of the 
 crocodile family : the alligator. 
 
 Ca-zique' (ka-zeek' ), n. [Sp. cacique, fr. the language of 
 Hayti.] A chief among some tribes of American Indians. 
 
 Vease, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ceased (s5st) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CEASING.] [Lat. cessare, intens. form of cedere, to with- 
 draw.] 1. To come to an end. 2. To be wanting. 
 Syn.— To desist; forbear; fail: discontinue; stop. 
 
 ^]ease, v. t. To put a stop to ; to bring to an end. 
 
 ^'easeless, a. Without cessation or end ; incessant. 
 
 Vease1ess-ly, adv. Without intermission ; continually 
 
 ^e'dar, n. [Lat. cedrus, Gr. 
 KeSfXK.] {Bot.) An evergreen 
 jtree of different species. 
 
 ^e'darn, a. Pertaining to, or 
 made of, the cedar. 
 
 ^ede, V. t. [imp. kp.p. ceded; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CEDING.] [Lat. 
 cedere.] To yield or surrender; 
 to give up. 
 
 ^e-dil'la, w. [It. zedigUa, dim. 
 of zeta, the Gr. name of the let- 
 ter z, because this letter was form- p.^ ._ 
 erly written after the c, and then «^eaar. 
 below it, to give it the pronunciation of 5.] A mark 
 placed under the letter c [thus, f ], to show that it is to 
 be sounded like 5; as in fai^ade. 
 
 9e'drine (se'drln), a. [Lat. cedrinus, from cedrus. See 
 CEDAR.] Belonging to cedar. 
 
 ^eil, f. t. [imp. & p. p. CEILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ceil- 
 ing.] [L. Lat. celar", to cover, arch, caelum, arched 
 roof, Lat. caelum, heaven, vault, arch, covering.] To over- 
 lay or cover the inner roof of. 
 
 ^eil'ing, n. 1. [Arch.) The upper, interior surface of 
 an apartment, opposite the floor. 2. {Naut.) The inside 
 planks of a ship. 
 
 96I'an-dine, n. [Gr. YeXtSoi/iov, from xeXiSwio?, from 
 XeAiitij/, the swallow.] (Bot.) A genus of plants belong- 
 ing to the poppy family ; —called also sw allow -v:ort, be- 
 cause it was formerly supposed to flower when the swal- 
 lows appear, and to perish when they depart. 
 
 9€I'e-brant, n. One who performs a public religious rite. 
 
 961'e-brate, v. t. [imp. & //. p. celebrated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. celebrating.] [Lat. celebratus, p. p. of cel- 
 
 tbrare, from celeber, fkmous.] 1. To mention with praiee 
 or commendation. 2. To houor by solemn rites, or by 
 ceremonies of joy and respect ; to solemnize. 
 
 Syn.— To praise; extol; commemorate. — ^xtoHs stronger 
 than ^rai^e ,• we commemorate events which we desire to cher- 
 ish in affectionate remembrance by appropriate rite.*, as the 
 death of our Savior; we celebrate by demonstrations of public 
 joy, proccs.sions, &c., as the birth-day of our independence. 
 
 961'e-bra'ted, a. Having celebrity ; well known. 
 Syn.— Distinguished; famous; reno^vned; illustrioue. 
 
 ^el'e-bra'tion, n. 1. Honor or distinction bestowed ; 
 commemoration ; praise- 2. Commemoration or observ- 
 ance with appropriate ceremonies. 3. Solemnization. 
 
 ^el'e-bra'tor, n. One who celebrates. 
 
 9e-Ieb'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of being celebrated. 2. 
 A person of distinction ; usually in the plural. 
 Syn. — Eenown ; honor; repute. 
 
 9e-ler'i-ty, n. [Lat. celeritas, from celer, swift.] Rapid- 
 ity of motion ; swiftness; speed: velocity: quickness. 
 
 9el'er-y, n. [Gr. aiXivov, parsley, celery.] (Bot.) A 
 plant of the parsley femily, cultivated for use as a salad. 
 
 9e-les'tial ( -lest^yal), a. [Lat. ccelestis, Ccclestis, fr. calum, 
 c^/uw, heaven.] 1. Belonging or relating to the spiritual 
 heaven ; heavenly. 2. Belonging to the visible heavens. 
 
 9e-les'tial (-16sfyal), n. An inhabitant of heaven. 
 
 9e-Ies'tiaI-ly (-ISst'yal-), adv. In a celestial manner. 
 
 ^el'es-tine, «. (3Iiii.) Native sulphate of strontian, so 
 named from its occasional deUcate blue color. 
 
 9el'es-tiue, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious order 
 in the Roman Catholic Church, founded by Celestine V. 
 in the thirteenth century. 
 
 9e'li-a-e, a. [Gr. KoiA.tax6s, from Koi\ia, belly, fix>m koIAo?, 
 hollow.] Pertaining to the belly. 
 
 9^-Hb'a-ey, or 9el'-i-ba-cy, n. [Lat. cselibatus, from 
 "ciclebs, unmarried.] The state of an vmmarried man ; 
 bachelorship. 
 
 Cel'i-bate, n. 1. Condition or life of an unmarried man ; 
 celibacy. 2. An unmarried man, especially a bachelor. 
 
 Cell, n. [Lat. cellu, akin to celare, to conceal.] 1. Avery 
 small and close apartment, as in a prison or a monastery. 
 2. Any small, closed cavitj'. 3. (Organic Structures.) 
 A minute sac, filled with fluid, fat, &c., forming, by 
 their development and reproduction, the cellular tissue 
 composing many parts of animals and plants. 
 
 Cel'lar, n. [Lat. cellarium, a pantrv', from cella, store- 
 
 * room.] A room under a house or other building. 
 
 9el'lar-age (45), n. 1. The excavation for a cellar; a 
 ceUar, or a series of cellars connected. 2, Charge for 
 storage in a cellar. 
 
 9el'lar-er, \n. (Eccl.) An officer who has the care of 
 
 9el'lar-ist, ) the cellar, or the charge of procuring, 
 keeping, and distributing the provisions. 
 
 9ell'u-lar (sel'yij-lar), a. [From Lat. cellula, a little 
 
 ' cell.] Consisting of cells, or containing cells. 
 
 9ell'u-la'ted, a. Formed with cells. 
 
 9ell'iile, n. [Lat. cellula, dim. of cella, cell.] A small cell. 
 
 9ell/u-lif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. cellula and /erre, to bear.] 
 Producing little cells. 
 
 9ell'u-lose', a. Containing cells. 
 
 9ell'u-lose', n. (Bot.) One of the substances constitut- 
 ing the cellular tissue of plants. 
 
 9elt, n. [Lat. Celti, Gr. Kekroi, KeXrai, pi., W. Celtiad, 
 Celt, from celt, covert, shelter, celu, to hide, akin to Lat. 
 celare.] 1. One of an ancient race of people, who for- 
 merly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Eu- 
 rope, and from whom are descended the Irish, Welsh, and 
 Gael. 2. An implement of stone or of metal, found in 
 the barrows of the early Celtic nations. 
 
 9elt'i«, a. Pertaining to the Celts, or to their language. 
 
 9elt'i€, n. The language of the Celts. 
 
 G@~ The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the 
 Gaelic, the Erse or Irish, the iManks, and the Welsh and iu 
 cognate dialects, Cornish and Armorican or Breton. 
 
 Celt'i-figm, n. A Celtic custom. 
 
 Cem'ent, or 9e-meiit' (115), n. [Lat. csementum, chip* 
 of marble, from which mortar was made, contr. fr. Cccdi- 
 mentum, from cxdere, to cut.] 1. Any substance used 
 for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, 
 &c. 2. Bond of union. 
 
 9e-ment', v. t. [ivip. & p. p. cemented; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. CEMENTING.] 1. To unite by the use of cement. 
 2. To unite firmly and closely. 
 
 9e-meiit', v. i. To unite and cohere. 
 
 96in.'en-ta'tioii, n. 1. Act of cementing. 2. (Chem.) 
 Process of surrounding a solid body with the powder of 
 other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not 
 sufficient to cause fusion, the properties of the body being 
 
 a.,e, Sec, long; &,6,kc.,sfuyrt; c4re, far, ask, aU, what; £re, veU, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do,w9li, 
 
CEMETERY 
 
 109 
 
 CEPHALIC 
 
 changed by chemical combination with the powder ; thus 
 iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal. 
 
 ^Sm'e-ter'y, n. [Gr. Koi/xTjnjptoi/, from jcoi/otaf, to sleep.] 
 A grave-yard; a church-yard ; a necropolis. ' 
 
 96n'a-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. canatoriiis, from cczna, dinner, 
 supper.] Pertaining, or relating, to supper. 
 
 ^fin'o-bite, /I. [Lat. c£Eno6i7a, from Gr. koivo?, common, 
 and /3ios, life.] One of a religious order, dweUing in a 
 convent, or a community, in opposition to a hermit. 
 
 ^en'o-bit'ic, la. Living in community, as monks; 
 
 96n'o-bit'i«-al, ) conventual ; mouastie. 
 
 ^6n'o-tapli, n. [Gr. KevoTd(l)i.ov, from k€v6<;, empty, and 
 rdifxK, burial, tdmb.] A monument erected to one who 
 is buried elsewhere. 
 
 ^6nse, V. t. [imp. & p. p. censed (108) \ p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 CENSIN&.] [Abbrev. fromt«cfrt5e,q. v.] To perftune with 
 odors from burning substances. 
 
 ^gns'er, n. A vase or pan in which incense is burned. 
 
 ^6n'sor, n. [Lat. from censfre, to value, to tax.] 1. (An- 
 tiq.) A Roman officer whose Ijusiiiess \Yas to register the 
 efifects of the citizens, to impose taxes upon them equitably, 
 and to inspect their manners, 'i. One empowered to ex- 
 amine manuscripts and books, before publication, and 
 to see that they contain nothing which is forbidden. 3. 
 One who censures or blames : a harsh critic. 
 
 ^en-so'ri-al ) (89), a. Belonging to a censor, or to the 
 
 ^en-so'ri-an ) correction of public morals. 
 
 ^en-so'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Addicted to censure; apt to 
 
 blame or condemn. 3. Implying or expressing censure. 
 
 Syn. — Fault-finding; carping; caviling ; captious ; severe. 
 
 ^en-so'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a censorious manner. 
 
 9eii-so'ri-ou.s-iie.<»s, n. Quality of being censorious. 
 
 ^^n'sor-sliip, n. Office or dignity of a censor. 
 
 9€n'sur-a-ble (sen-'shur-a-bl), a. Worthy of censure ; 
 blamable ; culpable ; reprehensible. 
 
 ^6n'sur-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being censurable ; 
 fitness to be censured ; blamableness. 
 
 ^en'sur-a-bly, adv. In a censurable manner. 
 
 ^en'siire (sen'shijr), n. [Lat. censura.l Act of blaming 
 or finding fault and condemning as wrong. 
 
 SyTi. — Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; dis- 
 approval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; rep- 
 rimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse. 
 
 ^en'sure (sen'shyr), v. t. [hnp. & p. p. censured ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CENSURING.] To find fault with and 
 condemn as wrong ; to express disapprobation of. 
 Syn.— To blame; reprove; condemn; reprehend; reprimand. 
 
 96n'sus, n. [Lat. census, from censere. See CENSOR.] 
 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A numbering of the people, and valu- 
 ation of their estates, usually once in five years. 2. An 
 official enumeration of the people, and registration of the 
 value of their estates, and of other statistics of a country. 
 
 ^ent, n. [Lat. centum.] 1, A hundred ; as, 10 per cent. 
 3. A coin made of copper, or of copper and iiickel,worth 
 the 100th part of a dollar. [Amer.] 
 
 ^ent'age, n. Rate by the cent, or hundred ; percentage. 
 
 ^^en'taur, n. [Gr. KeVraupos, orig. a herdsman, afterward 
 a herdsman who fought on horseback ; from Kevrelv, to 
 goad, and raOpo?, bull.] (Myth.) A fabulous being, sup- 
 posed to be half man and half horse. 
 
 Cen'tau-ry, n. [Gr. Kevravpiov, because the Centaur 
 
 ' Chiron discovered first its medicinal power.] (Bot.) A 
 plant of several species, some of which are common weeds. 
 
 9en'te-na'ri-aii, ?i. [From Lat. centenarius, from cen- 
 tum., a hundred.] A person a hundred years old. [rears. 
 
 96n'te-iia'ri-aii, a. Of, or pertaining to, a hundred 
 
 ^en'te-na-ry (44), n. Aggregate of a hundred single 
 things ; specifically, a century ; a hundred years. 
 
 ^en'te-na-ry, a. 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a 
 hundred, ti, [Perhapsfor ceretenwary, from Lat. ce?ii?</n, 
 a hundred, and annus, a year.] Occurring once in every 
 hundred years. 
 
 ^en-ten'ni-al, a. [L. Lat. centennis ; Lat. cen^wwi, hun- 
 dred, and annus, year.] 1. Belonging to the hundredth 
 anniversary, ti. Happening once in a hundred years. 
 
 ^gn'ter, ) n. [Lat. centrum, from Gr. Kevrpov, from ksv- 
 
 ^gn'tre, ) retv, to prick.] 1. The exact middle point 
 or place of any thing. 2. The middle portion of any 
 thing : the midst. 3. A point of concentration ; nu- 
 cleus. 4. ( Arch.) A temporary filming on which vaulted 
 work is constructed. 
 
 9en'ter, ) v. i. [imp. Sep. p. CENTERED or centred ; 
 
 ^gn'tre, ) P-pr. & vb. n. centering or centring.] 
 1, To be placed in a center ; to be central. 3, To be 
 collected to a point ; to be concentrated. 
 
 9Sn'ter, ) v. t. 1. To place on a center or central point. 
 
 9611'tre, ) 2. To collect to a point ; to concentrate. 
 
 C6n'ter-bit, J n. An instrument turning on a project- 
 
 C6n'tre-bit, ) ing central point, for boring holes. 
 
 yfin'ter-ing, n. (Arch.) The temporary framing on 
 which any vaulted work is constructed. 
 
 9eii-t6s'i-mal, a. [Lat. centesimus, from centwn, hun- 
 dred.] Hundredth ; by the hundred. 
 
 9en-tes'i-nial, n. A hundredth part. 
 
 9en-t6s'i-ma'tion, n. (MU.) A punLshment whew 
 one person in a hundred is selected to receive the penalty. 
 
 96n'ti-fo'li-ou.s, a. [Lat. centifolius, from centutn, 
 hundred, and folium, leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. 
 
 9611'ti-grade, a. [Lat. centum, hundred, and g-/-ary«s, 
 degree.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated 
 into a hundred equal parts. 
 
 Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 
 at the freezing point, and the distance between that and the 
 boiling point of water divided into one hundred degrees. 
 
 ^en'ti-ffrdtnme, n. [Fr., from Lat. centu7n, hundred, 
 and gramma.] A measure of weight, being the hun- 
 dredth part of a gramme, equal to .16924 of a grain 
 avoirdupois. See Gramme. 
 
 ^en-til'i-ter, or ^en'ti-li'ter, ) n. [Tr., from Lat. cen- 
 
 Centilitre (s5ng^te'le'tr), ) tum, hundred, and 
 
 Fr. litre, a French measure.] A measure of capacity, be- 
 ing the hundredth part of a litre, or a httle more than 
 six-tenths of a cubic inch. 
 
 Centime (song'teem'), n. [Fr., from Lat. centesimus, 
 hundredth.] (Fr. Coinage.) The 100th part of a franc. 
 
 9eii-tim'e-ter, or ^en'ti-me'ter, I w. [Fr., from cen- 
 
 Centimetre (song'te'ma'tr), j tum, hundred, 
 
 and metrum, measure.] A measure of length, being the 
 hundredth part of a meter, or rather more than thirty- 
 nine one-hundred ths of an inch English measure. 
 
 9eii'ti-nel, n. See Sentinel. 
 
 9eii'ti-ped, n. [Lat. centipeda, from centum., hundred, 
 &ud pes, pedis, foot.] (Zo'ol.) A species of land articu- 
 lates. Thej' are many -jointed, wingless, somewhat ver- 
 miform, and have a great number of feet. [Written also 
 centipede (-peed).] 
 
 9en'to, n.; pi. cen'tos. [Lat.; Gr. KeWptov.] 1. A 
 composition formed by vei-ses or passages from difi'erent 
 authors disposed in a new order. '2. (3Ius.) A medley 
 on a large scale. 
 
 ^en'tral, a. [Lat. centralis, from centrum, center.] Re- 
 lating to the center ; placed in, or containing, the center ; 
 pertaining to the parts near the center. 
 
 9en-trai'i-ty, n. The state of being central. 
 
 ^en'tral-i-za'tion, n. Act of centralizing. 
 
 9en'tral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. centralized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. centralizing.] To draw to a central 
 point ; to bring to a center. 
 
 Cen'tral-ly, adv. In a central mtinncr. 
 
 9en'tre (sen'ter), n. See Center. 
 
 Cen'tri-e, ) a. Placed in the center or middle; cen- 
 
 9en'tri-e-al, j tral. 
 
 9eii'tri«-al-ly, adv. In a central position. 
 
 ^en-tri^'i-ty (-tris'-), n. The state of being centric. 
 
 9en-trif'u-gal, a. [Lat. centruTU, center, and fitgere, 
 to flee.] Tending to recede from the center. 
 
 9eii-trip'e-tal, a. [Lat. centrum., center, and petere, to 
 move toward.] Tending toward the center. 
 
 9eii'try,n. See Sentry. 
 
 ^eti^tiitn'vh', n. ; pi. pEN-TUM'ri-Ri. [Lat., from 
 centum, hundred, and vir, man.] (Rom. Antiq.) A 
 judge appointed by the pretor to decide common causes 
 among the people. 
 
 ^en-tuin'vi-ral, a. Pertaining to the centumviri, or 
 to a centumvir. [centumviri. 
 
 9en-tu.m'vi-rate, n. Office of a centumvir, or of the 
 
 ^en'tu-ple, a. [Lat. centuplex, from centum, hundred, 
 a-udplicare, to fold.] Hundred -fold. 
 
 ^en'tu-ple, v. i. [imp. 8c p. p. centupled ',p.pr. & vb. 
 n. CENTUPLING.] To increase a hundred-fold. 
 
 ^en-tii'pli-eate, V. f. [See Centuple, a.] To mak« 
 a hundred-fold. [years. 
 
 9en-tu'ri-al, a. Relating to a century, or a hundred 
 
 9en-tu'ri-oii, n. [Lat. centurio, from centuria. Se» 
 Century.] (Rom. Antiq.) A military officer who com- 
 manded a company of infantry comprising a hundred men. 
 
 9eiit'u-ry, n. [Lat. centuria, from centum, hundred.] 
 1. A hundred. 2. A period of a hundred years. 
 
 Century plant (Bot.\ the American aloe, or Agave Ameri- 
 cana, formerly supposed to flower but once in a century. 
 
 96pli'a-lal/gy, n. [Gr. Ke<^aXaXyCa., from ice(f)a\TJ, head, 
 and oXyo?, pain.] Pain in the head ; headache. 
 
 9e-plia.l'i«,a. [Gr. #ce4>aA.i»cds, from Ke^oA^, head.] Per- 
 taining to the head. 
 
 food, f<M>t ; &rii, rude, pull ; fell, fliaise, call, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; liQser, UiQiL ; tills- 
 
CEPHALIC 
 
 110 
 
 CHAFF 
 
 ^e-phlU'l<*, n. A medicine for headache, or other disor- 
 der in the head. 
 
 ^Cph'u-ldgr'rn-phy, n. [Or. Ke<^aA7j, hcfld, and ypac^eii', 
 to describe.] (Anal.) A description of the head. 
 
 V*ph'»-lo-pftcl', or ^V>-pli5U'o-pod, ". [Gr. Kct^oA^, 
 head, and ttois-. iro5o?, foot.] (Zool.) A molluscous ani- 
 mal, characteri«\i h\ a distinct head, surrounded by a 
 circle of long arms or tentacles. See Mollusk. 
 
 ^e-ra'ceoils, <i. t^'i^m 1^'- cfm, wax.] Partaking of 
 the nature of wax. 
 
 ^e-rftin'iv, a. [Gr. Kepofii/co?, from Kepa/ao;, earthen- 
 wanv] IVrtainiug to pottery. 
 
 ^"e'rato, n. [Lat. r^mfuwj, from f (?ra, wax.] (Med.) A 
 tliick kind of ointment, composed of wax, oil, &c. 
 
 ^e'ra-tcd, a. [Lat. ceratus, p. p. of cerare, from cera, 
 wax.] Covered with wax. 
 
 ^ere, »i. [From Lat. cera, wax.] The naked wax-like 
 skin that covers the base of the bill in some birds. 
 
 Vere, c. t. [iwp. & p. p. cered ; p. pr. & vb. n. CER- 
 ING.] To wax, or cover with wax. 
 
 ^"c're-al (89), a. [Lat. Cerealis, pertaining to Ceres, to 
 grain.] Pertaining to edible grain, as wheat, rye, &c. 
 
 Ce're-al, «. Any edible grain. [lum. 
 
 ^'fr'e-bCl, »i. The lower part of the brain ; the cerebel- 
 
 ^dr'e-bf I'lar, J a. Pertaining to the cerebellum, or 
 
 ^er/e-bei'loiis, J its parts. 
 
 (;^r'e-beVlinn, n. ; pi. pKR'E-BEL'LA. [Lat., dim. of 
 cerebrum, brain.] (Anat.) Thg hinder and lower diyision 
 of the brain. 
 
 ^fif'e-bral, a. Pertaining to the cerebrum, or brain. 
 
 ^rr'e-bHiin,n. [Lat.] (Anat.) The superior and larger 
 division of the brain. 
 
 9ere'-el6th, n. [Lat. cera, wax, and Eng. cloth.] A 
 cloth smeared with melted wax. 
 
 ^ere'meiit, 71. [0. Fr., from cere, Lat.- cera, wax.] A 
 cloth dipped in melted wax, used for embalming. 
 
 96r'e-mo'm-al, a. Relating to ceremony, or external 
 rite ; ritual, 
 
 ^fir'e-mo'iii-al, n. An established system of rules and 
 ceremonies. [monies. 
 
 ^fir'e-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. According to rites and cere- 
 
 4J6r'e-mo'ni-ou.s, a. 1. Consisting of outward forms 
 and rites ; ceremonial, ti. According to prescribed or 
 customary rules and forms. 3. Particular in observing 
 forms ; precise ; formal. 
 
 ^€r'e-mo'ni-ou.s-ly, adv. In a ceremonious manner. 
 
 ^gr'e-mo-iiy (50), n. [Lat. cxrimonia, from Caere, an 
 old city of Etruria, which stood in a very ancient relig- 
 ious cormection with Rome, or from Ceres.] 1. Outward 
 rite ; external form in religion. 3. Forms of civility. 
 
 P'JSlElSS'Jt'al, } «• ^-^^S to cero^phy. 
 
 ^e-r6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. #ojp6?, wax, and ypa^etv, to 
 write.] 1. A writing on wax. *Z, The art of engraving 
 on wax, spread on a sheet of copper, from which a stereo- 
 type plate is taken. 
 
 ^e-rdbn', n. [Sp. seron, augmentative of sera, a large 
 pannier or basket.] A bale or package made of skins. 
 
 ^er'tain, (ser'tin, 14, 42), a. [Lat. certus, orig. p. p. of 
 cemere, to perceive, decide.] 1. Assured in mind ; hav- 
 ing no doubts, ti. Not to be doubted or denied. 3. 
 Fixed or stated ; determinate. 4. Indeterminate, or not 
 specifically named ; one or some ; — sometimes used in- 
 dependently as a noun. 
 
 ^yn. — Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; 
 undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontroverti- 
 ble; competent; unhesitating; undoubting; regular; constant. 
 
 ^gr'tain-ly, adv. Without doubt or question ; in truth 
 and fact ; without failure. 
 
 ^gr'tatn-ness (109), n. Certainty ; infallibility. 
 
 9er'tatn-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of being cer- 
 tain ; exemption from doubt or failure. 3. A fact or 
 truth unquestionably established. 
 
 ^er-ti£'i-eate,n. [tiee infra.] 1. A written testimony 
 to the truth of any fact. 2. A written declaration le- 
 gally authenticated. 
 
 9er-tif'i-eate, v. t. [imp. gcp.p. certificated ; p. jw. 
 & vb. n. CERTIFICATING.] [L. Lat. certijicatus, p. p. 
 certijkare, from Lat. certus, certain, and facere, to 
 make.] 1. To verify by certificate. SJ. To furnish 
 with a certificate. 
 
 ^gr'ti-f 1-ea'tion, n. The act of certifying. 
 
 ^'Sr'ti-fi'er^ n. One who certifies, or assures. 
 
 ^5r'ti-fy (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. certified; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CERTIFYING.] [See Certificate, v. t.] 1. 
 To testify to in writing ; to make known or establish as I 
 a feet. 2. To give certaui information of or to. I 
 
 ^gr'ti-o-ra'ri (sST'shT-o-ra'ri), n. [From L. Lat. certi- 
 orare, to certify, from Lat. certior, compar. of certus, 
 certain.] (Law.) A writ issuing out of chancery, or a 
 superior court, to caU up the records of an inferior 
 court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that 
 the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that 
 errors and irregularities may be corrected. 
 
 9er'ti-tude (53), n. [L. Lat. certitudo, from Lat. certus, 
 certain.] Freedom from doubt ; assurance ; certainty. 
 
 9e-rii'le-an (124), a. [Lat. cserMleus.] Sky-blue. 
 
 ^e-i'^n'men, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. cera, wax.] The wax 
 or yellow matter secreted by the ear. 
 
 9e'ruse (52), n. [Lat. cerussa.] 1. White lead. 2. 
 The'native carbonate of lead. [white lead. 
 
 ^e'rused (se'rijst), a. Washed vrith a preparation of 
 
 9er'vi-e-al, a. [From Lat. cervix, neck.] (Anat.) Be- 
 longing to the neck. ' [taining to the deer. 
 
 ^er'vine, a. [Lat. cervinus, from cervus, deer.] Per- 
 
 9e-§a're-an, a. Pertaining to Caesar. 
 
 Cesarean section (5ur«r.), an incision made through the pari- 
 ctes of the abdomen and uterus in order to extract the fetus; — 
 said to have been done at the birth of Julius Csesar. 
 
 9es'pi-tose'' (125), a. [From Lat. cxspes, turf.] , (Bot.) 
 Growing in tufts ; turf-like ; cespitous. 
 
 9es'pi-tous, a. [See supra.] Pertaining to, or con- 
 sisting of, turf; turfy. 
 
 9es-sa'tioJi, n. [Lat. cessatio, from cessare.] Act of 
 ceasing ; discontinuance of motion or action of any kind. 
 Syn. — Stop; rest; pause; intermission.— 5top is generic; 
 cessation is a ceasing from action, either temporary or final; 
 pause, temporary stopping; rest, stopping for the sake of relief 
 or repose; intermission, stopping at intervals to recommence. 
 
 -Ces-sd'vit, n. [Lat., he has ceased.] ( O. Eng. Law.) 
 A vn-it to recover lands when the tenant has ceased for 
 two years to perform the service which constitutes the 
 condition of his tenure. 
 
 96s'sion (sesh'un), n. [Lat. cessio, from cessum, cedere, 
 to give way.] A yielding, or surrender, as of property 
 or rights, to another person ; the act of ceding. 
 
 9ess'-pobl (26), n. [See Sess-pool.] A cavity sunk in 
 the earth, to receive and retain the sediment of water 
 conveyed in drains. [Written also sess-pool.] 
 
 ^es'tus, n. [Greek keo-tos, girdle, literally 
 stitched, embroidered.] (Antiq.) (a.) A girdle : 
 partictdarly the girdle of Venus, on which was 
 represented every thing that could awaken 
 love, (b.) A loaded leather covering for the 
 hands of boxers. 
 
 9e-§ii'ra, n. See CSSURA. 
 
 ^e-td'ce-d, n. pi. [From Lat. cetus, Gr. ktjtos, 
 whale.] (Zool.) An order of vertebrated mam- 
 miferoxis marine animals, including the whale _ . 
 kind. ^*'*"'- 
 
 ^e-ta'cean (-shan), n. (Zool.) An animal of the whale 
 kind. 
 
 9e-ta'ceoiis, a. Pertaining to the whale kind. 
 
 9e-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. /dJTo?, and Xoyos, discourse.] The 
 natural history of cetaceous animals. 
 
 Cbafe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAFED ; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 CHAFING.] [Lat. calefacere, to make warm, from cali- 
 dus, caldus, hot, and facere, to make.] 1. To excite 
 physical heat or irritation in by means of friction. 2. 
 To excite heat or passion in the mind of; to irritate. 3. 
 To fret and wear by rubbing. 
 Syn. — To rub; fret; gaU; vex; provoke; inflame. 
 
 Chafe, V. i. 1. To be excited or heated; to rage; to 
 fret. 2. To be fretted and worn by rubbing. 
 
 Cliafe, n. 1. Heat or irritation excited by friction. 
 2^ Violent agitation of the mind. 
 
 Cliaf 'er, n. One who chafes. 
 
 Cbaf 'er , n. [A.-S. ceafor.] An insect ; — also called cock- 
 chafer or May-bug. 
 
 Cbaf'er-y, n. (Iron Works.) A forge in which the metal 
 is subjected to a welding heat. 
 
 Chafe'-wax, n. An assistant to the Lord Chancellor, 
 who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. [Eng.] 
 
 Chaff (6), n. [A.-S. ceaf, Ger. kaff, from 0. H. Ger. 
 cheva, pod, husk.] 1. The gltunes, husk, or light, dry 
 covering of grains and grasses. 2. (Bot.) Scales or 
 bracts on the receptacle which subtend each flower in 
 the heads of many composite plants. 3, Worthless 
 matter ; refuse. 
 
 Chaff, n. Light, idle talk, by way of making fun or 
 turning into ridicule. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Chaff, V. i. [imp. & p. p. CHAFFED (108); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CHAFFING.] To use light, idle language by way 
 of fun or ridicule. [ Colloq.] 
 
 A,e,&c.,long; &,&,&c., short; c4re, far, ask, aU, what ; ^re, veU, term ; piiqae,firm; sdn, dr, d9, wolf, 
 
CHAFF 
 
 111 
 
 CHAMFER 
 
 Cli&ff, V. t. To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by 
 addressing in frivolous or ironical language. 
 
 Ch&f'fer, v.i. [imp. & p. p. chaffered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CHAFFERING.] [0. Eng. chaffare, chepefare, 
 firom A.-S. ceapan, ceapian, to buy, to attempt to buy, 
 and Eng. fare, to go ; hence, orig. to go to buy, to go to 
 market.] 1. To treat about a purchase ; to bargain ; to 
 haggle. 2. To talk much or idly. [change. 
 
 CJiSffer, V. t. 1. To buy ; to purchase. 3. To ex- 
 
 Clxftf f er-er, n. One who chafifers. 
 
 Chaffinch, n. (Ornitk.) A bird of the finch family, 
 said to delight in chaff, and having a very sweet note. 
 
 Chaffy, a. 1. Containing, resembling, or consisting 
 of, chaff. 3. Light or worthless as chaff. 
 
 Chafing-dish, n. A dish or vessel to hold coals for 
 heating any thing set on it ; a portable grate for coals. 
 
 ^ha-green', n. See Sha&reen. 
 
 ^ha-grin' (sha-grln'), n. [Pr., from chagrin, or chagrain, 
 shagreen ; also a rough fish-skin used for graters and files, 
 hence, fig. for a gnawing, corroding grief. See Sha- 
 green.] Ill-humor; vexation ; peevishness; fi-etfulness. 
 
 Syn.— "Vexation; mortification. — Vexation springs from 
 a sense of loss, disappointment, &c.; mortification from 
 wounded pride; chagrin may spring firom either, and is not 
 usually so keen nor lasting. 
 
 ^ha-grin' (sha-grln^), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAGRINED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CHAGRINING.] To excite iU-hiimor in ; 
 to vex ; to mortify. 
 
 Chain (66), n. [Lat. catena.] 1. A series of links or 
 rings, connected together, used for various purposes. 
 5i. That which confines, fetters, or secures; a bond. 3. 
 A series of things connected and following each other in 
 succession. 4. {Surv.) An instrument used in meas- 
 uring land, consisting of 100 links, making up the total 
 length of four rods , or sixty-six feet . 5 . ( Naut . ) A strong 
 plate of iron bolted at the lower end through the side to 
 the ship's timbers. 
 
 Chain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chained; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHAINING.] 1. To fasten or connect with a chain, or 
 with any thing else in the manner of a chain, ii. To en- 
 slave. 3. To unite closely and strongly. 
 
 Chain'-bridge, n. A bridge suspended on chains; a 
 suspension bridge. 
 
 Chain'- g^ng, n. A gang or number of convicts chained 
 together. 
 
 Chain'less, a. Having no chain ; not restrained. 
 
 Chain'-mail, n. A kind of armor made of interlaced 
 rings, both flexible and strong. 
 
 Chain'- pump, n. A pump consisting of an endless 
 chain, carrying disks or buckets, passing upward through 
 a wooden tube, and moving on two wheels, one above, 
 the other below. 
 
 Chain'-sh6t, n. {Mil.) Two balls, 
 &c., connected by a chain, and used 
 to cut down masts, &c. Chain-shot 
 
 Chain'- stitch, n. A kind of stitch 
 in sewing, made by interlocking threads, so as to leave 
 open spaces, like the links of a chain. 
 
 Chain'- waleg, n. pi. {Naut.) Pieces of plank bolted 
 to the sides of a ship to spread the lower rigging. See 
 Channels. 
 
 Chd<ir (4), n. [Contracted from Lat. cathedra, Gr. itaBi- 
 Spa.] 1. A movable seat with a back, for one person. 
 ». An official seat, as of a judge ; hence, the office itself. 
 3. The presiding officer of an assembly. 4. A vehicle 
 fbr one person ; either a sedan or a gig. 5. An iron 
 block used on railways to support and secure the rails. 
 
 ChMr, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAIRED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHAIRING.] To carry publicly in a chair in triumph ; 
 — appUed to a candidate for office who has gained his 
 election. [Ung.] 
 
 Ch4ir'man, n.; pi. chAir^mEN. 1. {Legislative Bod- 
 ies.) The presiding officer of an assembly, association, 
 or committee, ti. One who carries a chair or sedan. 
 
 Ch&ir'man-ship, n. The office of a chairman. 
 
 9haige (67), n. [Fr. chaise, for chaire, according to a 
 peculiar Parisian pron. See CHAIR.] A two-wheeled, 
 one-horse carriage for two persons, with a calash top. 
 
 ■Chal-^ed'o-ny, or -ehai'9e-do-ny, n. [From Chalce- 
 don, a town in Asia Minor.] (Min.) An uncrystaUized, 
 translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish 
 color, and a luster nearly like wax. 
 
 €hal-<!6g'ra-pher, I n. An engraver on copper and 
 
 Chal-eog'ra-phist, ) brass. 
 
 Chal-eog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x^^osj copper, brass, and 
 
 £id<f>eLv, to write.] Art of engraving on copper or brass. 
 al-da'i«, a. Pertaining to Chaldea. 
 Chal-da'i« , n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans. 
 
 Chai'dee, or Chal-dee', a. Pertaining to Chaldea; 
 Chaldaic. [Chaldean*. 
 
 Chai'dee, or Chal-dee', n. Language or dialect of th« 
 
 Chai'dron, n. [The same as caldron, q. v.] A dry 
 measure for coals, containing at London thirty-six bush- 
 els. It varies, hov.ever, in usage, as at Newcastle, at 
 Pictou, and in the United States. 
 
 Chai'i^e (chai'is), n. [Lat. calix, Gr. kvKl^.] A cup or 
 bowl ; especially a conununion-cup. 
 
 Chalk (chawk),n. [A.-S. cea^c, from Lat. cate, limestone, 
 cHalk-stone.] {Min.) A soft, earthy substance, consist- 
 ing of carbonate of lime. 
 
 French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineraL 
 — Bed chalk, an indurated clayey ocher. 
 
 Chalk (chawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chalked (108) ; p. 
 pr'. & vb. n. chalking.] To rub or mark with chalk. 
 To chalk out, to lay out, draw out, or describe. 
 
 Chalk'i-ness (chawk'), n. State of being chalky. 
 
 Chalk'-stone (20), n. ( Med. ) A concretion in the handa 
 and feet of persons violently affected by the gout. 
 
 Chalk'y (chawk''5^), a. Consisting of, impregnated with^ 
 or 'resembling chalk. 
 
 Chai'lenge, n. [From Lat. calumnia, false accusation.] 
 1. An invitation to a contest of any kind. ^. Act of a 
 sentry in demanding the countersign from those who ap- 
 pear at his post. 3. A summons to engage in single 
 combat. 4. A claim or demand made of a right. 5. 
 An exception to a juror or a voter. 
 
 Chal'lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. challenged ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. challenging.] 1. To call to a contest of 
 any kind ; to call to answer ; to defy. 3. To invite, or 
 smnmon to answer for an offense by personal combat. 
 3. To claim as due ; to demand as a right. 4. To make 
 exception or objection to, as to jurors. 5. {Elections.) 
 To object to as not qualified to vote. [Am.er.] 
 
 Chai'lenge-a-tole, a. Capable of being challenged. 
 
 Chai'len-ger, n. One who challenges. 
 
 9hai'lis (shSPlJ^), n. [Fr. chaly, a stuff made of goat's 
 hair.] An elegant, twilled, fine woolen fabric, used foe 
 ladies' dresses. [Written also chally.] 
 
 -Cha-lyb'e-ate, a. [N. Lat. chalybeatus, from chalybo, 
 Gr. xaA.ui|/, stUl.] Impregnated with some salt of iron. 
 
 Cha-lyb'e-ate, n. Any water, liquor, or medicine, into 
 which iron enters. 
 
 -Cham (kam), n. The sovereign prince of Tartary; — 
 usually written khan. 
 
 Chamade (sha/mad'), n. [Fr., from Lat. clamare, to 
 caU.] ( Mil. ) Beat of a drum, or sound of a trumpet, in- 
 viting an enemy to a parley. 
 
 Cham'ber, n. [From Lat. camara, cam.era, vault, 
 arched roof, Gr. Ka/otapa.] 1, A retired room, especially 
 an upper room, used for lodging, privacy, or study. 3. 
 A compartment or hollow, closed space. 3. A place 
 where an assembly meets, and the assembly itself. 4, 
 {Law.) A private place where a judge sits to hear and 
 determine cases, and do such judicial business as may 
 be done out of court. 
 
 Cham'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chambered ; p.pr. &, 
 vb. H. chambering.] 1. To reside in or occupy as a 
 chamber. 3. To be wanton. [Obs.] 
 
 Cham'ber, v. t. To shut up, as in a chamber. 
 
 Cham'ber-eoiin'sel, )n. A coTinselor who gives 
 
 Cham'ber— eoun'sel-or, ) his opinion in private, or 
 at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. 
 
 Cham'ber-er, n. One who iutrigues, or indulges in 
 wantonness. [Obs.'\ 
 
 Cham'ber-lain (-lin, 42), n. [From Ger. kammer, Fr. 
 cham.br e, Lat. camera and the Ger. termination ling.] 1. 
 An attendant who has charge of the chambers, as in a 
 large house or hotel. 3. An officer having charge of 
 the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch ; hence, 
 in Europe, one of the high officers of a court. 3. A treas- 
 urer or receiver of public money. 
 
 ChamTber-lain-ship, n. Office of a chamberlain. 
 
 Cham'ber-maid, n. A woman who has the care of 
 chambers, or who dresses and 
 waits upon a lady. 
 
 Chamnbrel, n. The gambrel. 
 See Gambrel. 
 
 Cha-me'le-on,n. \hdX.chamx- 
 leon, Gr. xaM-«'^etov, lit. ground 
 lion, fi-om xa/^at, on the ground, 
 and Ae'cdv, lion.] {Zo'dl!) A liz- 
 ard-like reptile, whose color 
 changes more or less with the 
 color of the objects about it, or 
 with its temper when disturbed. 
 
 Cham'f er, v."!. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 Chameleon. 
 chamfered ] p. pr. k 
 
 food, f <M>t ; fkxm, rude, pull ; pell, pbaise, «aU, ©eho ; gem . get ; a§ ; e^t ; IxQsei^i lifllt ; ttus. 
 
chamfp:r 
 
 112 
 
 CHAPARRAL 
 
 Chamois. 
 
 t*. n. CHAMFERING.] 1. ( fWr/). ) To c«t a groove or 
 
 rhaunel in ; to Huto. '2. To cut or grind in a sloping 
 
 manner ; to bevel. 
 CliiUn'fer, ( «. [From Celt, cattnti, oixHiked, and Lat. 
 Cliftiu'fretJ fronts, trout, or /ninu/i, bridle, bit.] 1. 
 
 ( ntrft.) A small" gutter in wood, or other hard material; 
 
 a groove. 'Z. A tslo^H? or Iwvcl. 
 ^hftin'ols (shiim'my or sha-moiO, 
 
 «. [From Sp. cdiniizu, ganniza, 
 
 flriMu O.tler. i.'(j//);.] 1. (ZoUL) A 
 
 speeie.s of antelope living on the 
 
 loftiest mouutwiu ridges of KurojK\ 
 
 '2. A kind of .<oft leather, fii-st prc- 
 
 iwred fivm the skin of this animal. 
 -Chlim'o-inuLle, «• See Camo- 
 
 .MILE. 
 
 Cliftmp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cham- 
 ped (chilmpt) ; jj. pr. & vb. n. CHAMPING.] [From Lat. 
 ratupiis, field.] 1. To bite with repeated action of the 
 teeth. '2. To bite into small pieces ; to crush. 
 
 Clii^uip, r. »'. To bite frequently. 
 
 ^'liani-pagne' (shaui-pau'), n. A kind of brisk, spark- 
 ling wine, from Champagne, in France. 
 
 ^liain-paign' (sham-pan'), 7i. [See CAMPAIGN.] A 
 flat, open country. _ [try ; level. 
 
 rham-paigii' (sham-pan'), a. Flat or open, as a coun- 
 
 CliSinp'er, n. One who champs, or bites. 
 
 •^'hSni'per-tor, »i. [See infra.] (Lait;.) One who pur- 
 chaf^es a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at 
 his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain. 
 
 ^Uam'per-ty, n. [0. Fr. champart, field-rent, Lat. 
 campi pars, from champ, Lat. campus, field, and part, 
 Lat. pars, share.] Maintenance of a lawsuit, with the 
 addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit, in 
 case of success. 
 
 Cliain'pi-oii, n. [Low Lat. campio, from Lat. campus, 
 field.] 1. One who engages in any contest; especially 
 one who contend.s in behalf of another in single combat. 
 2. One ready to fight all who offer against him. 
 
 €b^in'pi-oii, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAMPIONED ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. CHAMPIONING.] To furnish with a champion; 
 to attend as champion. 
 
 CliJliii'pi-on-sliip, n. State of being a champion. 
 
 Change, n. [Fr., from c/ieoiV, Lat. cadere, to fall, with 
 reference to the falling of the dice.] 1. Absence of any 
 defined or recognized cause ; fortuity; casualty. 3. An 
 event which happens without any assigned cause. 3. 
 The possibility of an occurrence. 
 Syn.— Luck; accident; hazard; fortune; opportunity. 
 
 Change, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chanced (chanst) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CHANCING.] To happen, come, or arrive, with- 
 out design or expectation. 
 
 Change, a. Happening by chance ; casual ; fortuitous. 
 
 Clian'^;el, n. [From Lat. cancelli, lattices, cross-bars, 
 inclosing the place, dim. of cancer, lattice.] That part 
 of a church where the altar or communion table is 
 placed ; formerly inclosed with lattices. 
 
 Olian'^el-lor, n. A judicial ofiBcer of high rank ; the 
 president, or chief judge, of a court of chancery. 
 
 Cliancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet 
 upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and ex- 
 penditure as the highest finance minister of the government. 
 — Lorrl hirjh chancellor of England, the presiding iudge in the 
 court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown. 
 
 €lian'9el-lor-ship, n. The office of a chancellor. 
 
 Clianf,e'-m6d'ley, n. [See Chance and Medley.] 
 {Law.) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sud- 
 den and unpremeditated encounter. 
 
 Clian'^er-y, n. [Low Lat. cancellaria, from Lat. cancel- 
 larius. See CHANCELLOR.] A high court of equity ; 
 equity ; proceedings in equity. 
 
 ^an'-ere (sh5nk/er, 67), n. [Fr. See Canker and 
 Cancer.] An ulcer, especially a venereal sore. 
 
 ^'han'croiis (shSQk'ruB), a. Having the qualities of a 
 chancrrs ; ulcerous. 
 
 ^'han'de-lier' (shan'-), n. [From Lat. candela, candle, 
 q. v.] A frame with branches to hold a number of lights 
 for the purpose of illumination. 
 
 Oliandler, n. [Fr. chandelier, candlestick, tallow- 
 chandler. In ship-chandler, corn-chandler, it is perh. de- 
 rived from Ger. handler, dealer, trader, assimilated to 
 the Eng. chandler in tallow-chandler.] 1, A manufac- 
 turer of, or dealer in, candles. 5i. A dealer in other 
 commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed. 
 
 Cl»and1er-y, n. The commodities sold by a chandler. 
 
 Cliaiige,v. t. [imp. & p. p. changed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 CHANGING.] [From Lat. camhire, Low Jj&t. cambiare.] 
 1. To alter or make different ; to cause to pass from one 
 
 state to another. 2. To substitute another thing or 
 other things for, whether of the same or a different kind; 
 to exchange. 3. To give another land of money, of the 
 same aggregate value, for. 4. To become acid or tainted. 
 ^yn. — To vary ; innovate ; diversify ; shift ; veer ; turn. 
 
 Cliaii^e, V. i. 1. To be altered ; to undergo variation. 
 '2, To pass from one phase to another. 
 
 Cliange, n. 1. Any variation or alteration ; a passing 
 from one state or form to another. 5J. Substitution of 
 one thing in the place of another. 3. A passing from, 
 one phase to another. 4. Alteration in the order of a 
 series ; permutation. 5. That which makes a variety. 
 6. Small pieces of money, which may be given for larger 
 pieces or for bank-notes ; and hence, the balance of 
 money paid beyond the price of goods purchased.- 7. A 
 building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [ Col- 
 log, for exchayige.] 
 
 Syn. — Variety ; mutation; transition; vicissitude; inno-ro- 
 tion; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse. 
 
 Cliaii^e/a-bil'i-ty, n. Changeableness. 
 
 Cliange'a-ble, a. 1, Capable of change. 2. Appear- 
 ing different, as in color, under difference of circum- 
 stances, as of light. 
 
 Syn. — Mutable ; variable ; fickle ; inconstant ; unstable ; 
 unsteady; unsettled; versatile; wavering; erratic; volatUe. 
 
 Cliange'a-lble-ness, n. Quality of being changeable ; 
 fickleness ; inconstancy ; mutability. 
 
 Clian^e'a-bly, adv. In a changeable manner. 
 
 Clian^e'ful, a. FuU of change; inconstant ; mutable. 
 
 Change'f ul-ly, adv. In a changeful manner. 
 
 Cliange'f ul-ness, n. Quality of being changeful. 
 
 Change'less, a. Not admitting alteration ; constant. 
 
 Cliange'liiig, n. [From change and the dim. termina- 
 tion ling.] 1. A child left or taken in the place of 
 another, as by fairies, ti. One apt to change ; a waverer. 
 
 Cliaiige'ling, a. Taken or left in place of another. 
 
 Clxang'er, n. One who changes. 
 
 Cliau'xiel, n. [A different spelling, or a modification, of 
 canal, q. v.] 1. The bed of a stream of water; esp. the 
 deeper part of a river or bay, where the main current 
 flows. 3. (Geog.) A strait or narrow sea between two 
 portions of land. 3. That through which any thing 
 passes, or is conveyed. 4. (Arch.) A gutter or furrow- 
 in, as in a coliimn. 5. pi- (Naut.) Broad pieces of 
 plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, and used 
 for spreading the lower rigging. 
 
 Cliaii'nel, V. t. [imp. & p. p. channeled ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. CHANNELING.] To form a channel or channels 
 in ; to groove. 
 
 Chant, V. t. [imp. & p. p. chanted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHANTING.] [From Lat. cantare, v. intens. of canere, to 
 sing.] 1. To utter with a melodious voice ; to sing ; to 
 warble. 2. To celebrate in song. 3. (Mus.) To sing 
 after the manner of a chant. 
 
 Chant, V. i. 1. To make melody with the voice ; to sing. 
 3. (Mus.) To sing after the manner of a chant. 
 
 Chant, n. 1. Song; melody. 3. {Mus.) Words recited 
 to musical tones without musical measure. 
 
 Chant'er, n. 1. One who chants. 2. The pipe which, 
 sounds the tenor or treble in a bagpipe. 
 
 Chant'i-eleer, n. [From chant and clear.] A cock, so 
 called from the clearness of his voice in crowing. 
 
 Chant'ress, n. A female chanter or singer. 
 
 Chant'ry, n. An endowed chapel where masses for the 
 souls of the donors are celebrated. 
 
 ■Cha'os (ka'os), n. [Lat. chaos, Gr. xa.o<;, from -xaiveiVf 
 root xa, to gape, to open widely.] 1. An empty, infinite 
 space. 2. Unorganized condition of matter before the 
 creation of the universe. 3. A confused or disordered 
 mass or state of things ; confusion ; disorder. 
 
 ■€ha-6t'i-e (44), a. ResembUng chaos ; confused. 
 
 Chap, or Chap, v. t. [imp; & p. p. chapped (chapt); 
 p. pr. & vb' n. CHAPPING.] [D. happen, Dan. kappe^ 
 Sw. kappa, to cut, cut off.] To cleave or open longitu- 
 dinally ; to spUt ; to crack. 
 
 Chap, or Chap, v. i. To crack or open in long slits. 
 
 Chap, or Ch'ap, n. [From chap, v. t. & i. See supra.'l 
 A longitudinal cleft, gap, or chink in the flesh. 
 
 Chap (chop), n. [From chap, to open longitudinally.] 
 Tfie jaw; — used with reference to beasts, and vulgarly 
 to men ; generally in the plural. 
 
 Chap, n. [An abbrev. of chapman, but used In a more 
 general sense.] A man or boy ; a youth. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Chap' ar-rdV , n. [Sp., of Iberian origin ; an abbrev. of 
 Basque achaparra, from acha, atza, for aitza, rock, stone, 
 and abarra, an evergreen oak.] 1. A thicket of low 
 evergreen oaks. 2. Thick bramble-bushes entangled 
 with thorny shrubs in cliunps. 
 
 a,e,&c., Zong^; &,6,&c., short; c&re, far, ask, aU, what; 6re, veU,term; pique, firm; s6ii,dr,d{>, W9lf, 
 
CHAP-BOOK 
 
 113 
 
 CHARITABLE 
 
 Cliap'-b<Jbl£ (27), n. [A.-S. eeapan, to buy, and book.] 
 A small book, esp. one carried about for sale by hawkers. 
 
 I^bape, n. [Fr., a cope, cover, chape. See Cape and 
 Cap.] 1. The catch of any thing, as of a buckle. 2. 
 A plate of metal at the end of a scabbard. 
 
 Chapeau (shap'o), n. ; pi. CHAPEAUS (ship'oz). [Fr.] 
 A hat. 
 
 Chapeau Sras (shap^o bra). A military hat which 
 can be flattened and put under the arm. 
 
 CliJlp'el, n. [L. Lat. capella, orig. a short cloak, hood^ or 
 cowl ; hence, chapel, orig., the tent in which St. Martin's 
 hat or cowl was preserved.] 1. A place of worship con- 
 nected with a chorch or with some establishment, public 
 or private. t2. A place of worship not connected with a 
 church. 3. A place of worship used by dissenters from 
 tlie established church in England ; a meeting-house. 
 4. A choir of singers, or an orchestra, attached to the 
 court of a prince or nobleman. 5. (Print.) (a.) A print- 
 ing-oflOice, so called because printing was first carried on 
 in England, in a chapel near Westminster Abbey. (6.) 
 An association of workmen in a printing-office. 
 
 Chap'el-la-ny (44), n. [See Chaplain.] A chapel and 
 jurisdiction within the precincts of a church, and sub- 
 ordinate to it. 
 
 ChSp'el-let, n. (Far.) A pair of stirrup leathers, with 
 vStirrups. [Written also chaplet.] 
 
 Chap'el-ry, n. The bounds or jurisdiction of a chapel. 
 
 ^hap'er-on (shap/er-6n), n. [Fr. See Cape and Cap.] 
 1. A hood or cap. 2. A device on the foreheads of 
 horses in pompous funerals. 3. A hood or cap, worn by 
 knights of the Garter. 4. One who attends a lady in 
 pubUc places as a guide and protector. 
 
 ^hap'er-on (shap^er-on), v. t. [mj;?. & p. p. CHAPER- 
 OPTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAPERONING.] To attend in 
 public places as a guide and protector. I 
 
 Chap'-f all^'n (chop'fawln), a. Having the lower chap 
 de'pressed; dejected; dispirited. 
 
 Chap'i-ter, n. [Late Lat. capitellum, capitulum, dim. 
 of caput, head. Cf. Capital and Chapter.] (Law.) 
 A summary in writing of such matters as are to be in- 
 quired of or presented before justices in ej-re, or justices 
 of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions, called more 
 commonly articles, and delivered orally or in writing by 
 the justice to the inquest. 
 
 Chaplain (-lln, 42), n. [See Chapel.] 1. An eccle- 
 siastic who performs service in a chapel. 2. A clergy- 
 man officially attached to a ship of war, to an army, to 
 some public institution, or to a family. 
 
 Cliap'lam-9y, n. The office or station of a chaplain. 
 
 Cliap'laln.-siiip, n. Office, business, or revenue of a 
 chaplain ; chaplaincy. 
 
 Chap 'let, n. [Yv.chapelet, dim. of 0. Fr. chapel, gar- 
 land.] i. A garland or wreath for the head. 2. A 
 string of beads used by Roman Catholics in counting 
 their prayers. 3. (Arch.) A little molding, carved into 
 round beads, pearls, oUves, or the like. 4. A chapellet. 
 [See Chapellet.] 5. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's 
 head. 6. A smaU chapel or shrine. 
 
 Ch^p'niaii, n. ; pi. CH.Xp/aiEN. [A.-S. ceapman, from 
 ceapan, ceapian, to buy.] One who buys or sells; a 
 purchaser ; a merchant. 
 
 Chaps, n. pi. The mouth or jaws. See Chap. 
 
 Ch4p'ter. n. [From Lat. capitulum, dim. of caput, head.] 
 1. A division of a book or treatise. 2. (Eccl.) A cor- 
 poration composed of the prebends and other clergymen 
 belonging to a cathedral or collegiate church, and pre- 
 sided over by the dean. 3. An organized branch of 
 some society or fraternity. 4. The meeting of certain 
 organized societies. 5. A place where delinquents re- 
 ceive discipline and correction. 6. A decretal epistle. 
 
 Chap'trel, Jt, [From chapiter.] (Arch.) The 
 capital of a pier or pilaster which receives an 
 arch ; an impost. 
 
 Char, )n. [A,-S. cerr, cyrr, turn, time, oc- 
 
 Chare, j casion business, from cerran, cirran, 
 ctjrran, to turn.] Work done by the day ; a 
 single job, or task. See Chore. {Eng'.] 
 
 Char, V. t. [imp. & p. p. charred; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. charring.] [Cf. Ir. caor, brand, 
 flame, spark of fire, gor, heat, goraim, I heat, ^ijinj 
 warm.] 1, To reduce to charcoal by expelling 
 aU volatile matter : to bum slightly or par- Chaptrel. 
 tially. 2. To work or hew, as stone. 
 
 ChSr'a-e-ter, n. [Lat. character, Gr. x«P<«t7)P. ^om 
 Xopacro-eii', to make sharp, to engrave.] 1. A distinctive 
 mark ; a letter, figure, or sign. 2. Manner of writing 
 or printing. 3. Sum of qualities which distinguish one 
 person or thing from another. 4. Good qualities, or 
 
 the reputation of possessing them. 5. The qualities 
 considered as belonging to an office or institution. 6. 
 The estimate put upon a person or thing ; reputation. 
 7. Force of will; energy. 8. The posse.ssor of a cer- 
 tain character ; a person. 9. Account: description. 
 
 €har'a«-ter, v. t. 1. To engrave ; to inscribe. 2. To 
 distinguish by particular marks ; to characterize. 
 
 Chftr'a-c-ter-is'ti-e, I a. Serving to constitute the 
 
 Char'a-e-ter-is'tic-al, I character; pecuUar. 
 
 Char'a«-ter-is'ti€, n. 1. That which constitutes a 
 character; that which distinguishes a person or thing 
 from another. 2. (Math.) The index or exponent of a 
 logarithm. [guish character. 
 
 ■Chlir'a-e-ter-is'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In a manner to distin- 
 
 Chftr'a-e-ter-i-za'tion, n. Act of characterizing. 
 
 ■€har'a<;-ter-ize', f. t. [imp. & p. p. CH.A.R.A.CTER- 
 IZED; p. pr. & 1-6. n. CHAR.ACTERIZING.] 1. To 
 mark with a peculiar stamp or figure. 2. To give a 
 character or an account of the personal quaUties of. 3. 
 To distinguish, mark, or express the character of. 
 Syn.— To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; entitle. 
 
 Char'a-e-ter-le.ss, a. Having no peculiar character. 
 
 9ha-rade' (sha-rad'), ?j. [Fr.] A composition in which 
 are described enigmatically the objects expressed by each 
 syllable of a word, separately, and then by the word as 
 a whole. [wood. 
 
 Char'<;oal, n. [See Char, v. t.] Coal made bychaning 
 
 Chard, n. [Lat. carduus, the thistle.] 1. A variety of 
 the white beet. 2. The blanched leaves of the arti- 
 choke and some other vegetables. 
 
 Charge, n. [Fr. charge, Pr. & Sp. carga. It. carica, Pg. 
 carga, carrega, Fr. & Pr. cart, Pg. cargo, It. carico.] X. 
 The person or thing committed or intrusted to the care, 
 custody, or management of another. 2. Exercise of 
 custody or care ; office; commission. 3. An earnest or 
 impressive command, direction, exhortation, or instruc- 
 tion. 4. Whatever constitutes a burden on property ; 
 costs; expense; — usually in the pi. 5. The account 
 of that which is due from one party to another. 6. Im- 
 putation ; accusation. 7. That quantity, as of ammu- 
 nition, electricity, &c., which any apparatus, as a gun, 
 battery, machine, &c., is intended to receive and fitted 
 to hold. S. Onset ; attack ; hence the signal for attack. 
 9. Position of a weapon fitted for attack. 10. (Her.) 
 A bearing or emblem on a field. 11. An \incertain 
 weight of lead, supposed to be 36 pigs, or 2520 pounds. 
 
 Syn. — Care ; custody; trust; management; price; «x- 
 pense; assault; injuuetion; order; manda"te. 
 
 Charge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. charged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CH.UlGING.] [Fr. charger, from L. Lat. carricare, from 
 Lat. carrus, wagon.] 1. To impose, as a load or burden. 
 
 2. To impose, as a task, duty, or trust. 3. To com- 
 mand, request, or exhort in an earnest or authoritative 
 manner ; to give instructions to, as a judge, a jury. 4. 
 To impose as a tax. 5 . To place to the account of, as a 
 debt. 6. To accuse of, having as a direct object the 
 person or thing. 7. To place within or upon any piece 
 of apparatus or machinery the quantity it is intended 
 and fitted to contain ; to load. 8. To bear down upon ; 
 to rush upon ; to faU on. 
 
 Syn.— To accuse; impeach; arraign; attack. 
 
 Charge, v. t. To make an onset. 
 
 Charge'a-Tble, a. 1. Capable of being charged, im- 
 posed, or imputed. 2. Subject to be charged or accused. 
 
 3. Serving to create expense ; costly; burdensome. 
 Charge'a-hle-ness, n. Quality of being expensive. 
 Charge'a-bly, adv. At great cost ; expensively. 
 Chav(je d'affaires (shar'zha' daf'far'). [From charge, 
 
 p. p. of charger, to load, to charge, and affaire, afiE^, 
 q. v.] An inferior diplomatic representative, at a foreign 
 court, to whose care are confided the affairs of his nation ; 
 a minister of the fourth grade. 
 
 Char'ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, charges. 2. 
 A large dish. [065.] 3. A horse used in battle. 
 
 Charqeship (sh5r'zha'ship), n. The office of & chargi 
 d'affaires. 
 
 Cliar'i-ly, adv. In a careftil, wary manner. 
 
 Char'i-ness, n. Quality of being chary, or cautious. 
 
 Char'i-ot, n. [Fr. chariot, fix)m char, car, q. v.] 1. 
 (Antiq.) A war car or vehicle. 2. A four-wheeled 
 pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. 
 
 Char'i-ot, v. t. To convey in a chariot. 
 
 Char'i-ot-ee', n. A four-wheeled pleasure carriage vrith 
 two seats. [chariot 
 
 Char'i-ot-eer', n. One who drives or conducts a 
 
 Char'i-ta-ble, a. [See Charity.] 1. Full of love and 
 
 lood, fobt ; ^rn, rude, pull; fell, ^haise, «allj eeho; gem, get : a§; ejist ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
 8 
 
ClIAKITABLENESS 
 
 114 
 
 CHATOYANT 
 
 good >Till. 2. Liberal to the poor. li. Pertjiining to, 
 or sprinjni»g firom, charity. 4. Diotati'd by kindness. 
 
 Syn. — Kind ; iH-novolont ; liberiil ; f«voriil>lo ; indulgent ; 
 srinoiMvu; iHuetioent. 
 
 Chftr'i-ta-blt'-n*'ss, «. Qxiality of being charitable. 
 
 Chftr'i-ta-bl> , mh: In a charitable manner. 
 
 diftr'1-ty (88), ». [Fr. charite, from Lat. caritas, from 
 cams, dear, civstlv, lored.] 1. Disposition to think fa- 
 vorably of othei-s, and to do them good. 2. Liberality 
 to the "poor- 3« >Vhatcver is given to the poor for their 
 relief; alms. -1. Lil>eniUty in judging of men and their 
 actions. 5. Any act of kindness or benevolence, tt. A 
 charitable institution, or agifl to create and support such 
 au institution. 
 
 SisUrs of' ("hat-itij (Bom. Catfi. Church), communities of 
 nuns of various orders enguged in works of mercy ; — a popular 
 designation. 
 
 Syn. — Love ! benevolence ; erood will ; affection ; tender- 
 Bc** ; libci-ality ; iudulgeuee ; alms-giving. 
 
 Charivari (sha-re'vd-ree'), ". [Fr. ; of uncertain deriva- 
 tion.] A mock serenade of discordant music. 
 
 Clijir'la-taii, n. [Fixjm Sp. charlar, It. ciarlare, to chat- 
 ter, pnite, akin to Sp. chirlar, to prattle, It. zirlarc, to whis- 
 tle like a thrush.] A quack; an empiric ; a mountebank. 
 
 ^liir'la-tan-igm, ) n. Undue pretensions to skill ; 
 
 ^liiir'la-taii-ry, i quackery ; empiricism. 
 
 €harle§"§ Wain (charlz'ez wan). [A.-S. carles-ween, ov 
 ctorles-H-:vu, the churl's or farmer's wain.] (Astron.) 
 The cluster of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, 
 in the constellation Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. 
 
 ^har'lotte-Jtusse, n. [Fr. cliarlotte, a dish made of 
 apple marmalade, covered with crumbs of toasted bread, 
 and Russe, Russian.] (Cookery.) A dish composed of 
 custard or whipped syllabub , inclosed in a kind of cake. 
 
 Charm, n. [From Lat. carmen, song, verse, incantation, 
 for casmen, Skr. gasman, a laudatory song, from gans, to 
 praise.] 1. Something possessing, or imagined to pos- 
 sess, occult power or influence. 2. That which pleases 
 and attracts irresistibly ; fascination. 
 
 Cliarm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. charmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHARMING.] 1. To subdue, control, or summon by in- 
 cantation or occult influence. 2. To atti-act irresistibly ; 
 to delight exceedingly. 3. To fortify with charms or 
 supernatural influences. 
 
 Syn. — To fascinate ; enchant ; enrapture ; captivate ; be- 
 witcu; allure; subdue; delight. 
 
 Charm, v. i. To act as a charm ; to please greatly. 
 Charm'er, n. One who charms ; a magician. 
 Charm'f ul, a. Abounding with charms. 
 Charm'ing, p. a. Pleasing in the highest degree. 
 
 Syn. — Enchantinj? ; bewitching ; captivating ; enraptur- 
 ing ; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable. 
 
 Charm'ing-ly, adv. In a charming manner. 
 
 Char'nel, a. [Lat. carnalis, from caro, carnis, flesh.] 
 Containing the remains of dead men or animals. 
 
 Char'nel-house, n. A place under or near a church, 
 where the bones of the dead are deposited. 
 
 Char'ry, a. [See Char.] Pertaining to charcoal ; like 
 charcoal, or partaking of its qualities. 
 
 Chart, n. [Lat. charta, Gr. xapi-^s, a leaf of paper. Cf. 
 Card.] 1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, 
 containing information arranged methodically, or in tab- 
 ular form. 2. A map on which is represented a portion 
 of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it 
 is surrounded. 
 
 Chart, i». t. To lay down in a chart ; to map. 
 
 Char-ta'ceous, a. Ke.sembUng paper or parchment. 
 
 Char'ter, n. [From Lat. chartarius, pertaining to paper, 
 from charta paper.] 1.(0. Eng. Law.) A deed, or con- 
 veyance. 2. An instrument in writing, bestowing rights 
 and privileges ; an act of incorporation. 3. A special 
 privilege or immunity. 4. (Naut.) The letting or hiring 
 a vessel by special contract. 
 
 Char'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chartered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CHARTERlNr^.] 1. To establish by charter. 2. 
 To hire or let by charter, aa a ship. See infra. 
 
 Char-ter-par'ty, n. [Fr. chartre parlie, or cliarte par- 
 tie, a divided charter, from the practice of cutting the 
 instrument in two, and giving one part to each of the con- 
 tractorfi. ] ( Com. ) A conditional agreement respecting the 
 hh* of a vessel, between the owner or master and the per- 
 son who hires or freights it. 
 
 Chart'l^m, n. [From Fr. charte, charter. Cf. Chart ] 
 The pnnciple of a political party in England who desire 
 universal suffrage, and other radical reforms, as set forth 
 in a document called the PeopWs Charter. 
 llAAri'ii^* « A supporter or partisan of chartism. [S»^.] 
 
 Chart'iKt. 
 
 ■€har-t6g'ra-phy, n. See Cartography. 
 
 Cliftr'y, a. [A.-S. c.earig, from cear, cearu, care.] Not 
 inclined to be free or liberal ; close ; cautious. 
 
 Chase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chased; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHASING.] [From Lat. captiare, for capture, to strive to 
 seize, to make chase for, intens. form of capere, to take.]' 
 1. To pursue, as an enemy, or game; to hunt. 2. To 
 urge onward ; to drive ; to persecute. 
 
 Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase, q. v.] To en- 
 grave, as plate, with decorative figures. 
 
 Chase, n. [Fr. chasse, 0. Fr. chace, Pr. cassa, Sp. & Pg. 
 caza. It. caccia. See supra.] 1. Hunting, as of an enemy, 
 or game, or some object greatly desired. 2. That which is 
 pursued or hunted. 3. An open hunting-ground to 
 which game resorts, and which is private property. 4. 
 [From Lat. capsa, box, case, q. v.] (Print.) An iron 
 frame used by printers to confine type, when arranged 
 in columns or pages. 5, A wide groove. 
 
 Chase of a gun, the forward part, from the trunnions to the 
 swell of the mouth. 
 
 Chas'er, n. 1. One who chases ; a pursuer. 2. (Naut.) 
 A gun at the head or stem of a vessel for firing when in 
 
 Cha§'i-Tble, n. See Chasuble. [chase. 
 
 Chagm (kazm ), n. [Lat. chasma, Gr. xao-/u.a, fr. xatVetv, to 
 gape, to open wide.] 1. A deep opening made by disrup- 
 ture; a cleft; a fissure. 2. A void space; a gap or break. 
 
 Chagm'y, a. Abounding with chasms. 
 
 ^has'seiir (shas'sur), n. [Fr.,a huntsman, from chasser, 
 to hunt.] 1. (Mil. ) One of a body of cavalry, Ught and 
 active, trained for rapid movements. 2. An attendant 
 upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and 
 sword in the military style. 
 
 Chaste, a. [Lat. castiis.] 1. Pure from unlawful sex- 
 ual intercourse ; virtuous. 2. Pure from obscenity, 
 from barbarous words or phrases, or quaint, affected, ex- 
 travagant expressions. 
 
 Chaste'ly, adv. In a chaste manner ; with purity. 
 
 Chas'ten (chas-'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chastened ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. chastening.] [From Lat. castigare, to 
 punish, from castus, pure, and agere, to lead, drive.] 1. 
 To correct by punishment ; to inflict pain upon for the 
 purpose of reclaiming ; to chastise. 2. To purify from 
 errors or faults. 
 
 Chas'teii-er (chas/n-er), n. One who chastens. 
 
 Chaste'iiess, n. State or quality of being chaste. 
 
 Chaste'-tree, n. Same as Agnus Castus, q. v. 
 
 Chas-tig'a-lble, a. Deserving of chastisement. 
 
 Chas-tige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. chastised ; p. pr. & 
 -yd. w. chastising.] [From Lat. cas<?g-are. See Chas- 
 ten.] 1, To inflict pain upon, in any manner, for the 
 purpose of punishment or reformation. 2. To correct or 
 purify; to free from faults or excesses. 
 
 Syn. — To punish ; chasten. — Punish and chastise differ in 
 the obiect aimed at. The former is designed to uphold law by 
 the inhiction of penalty ; the latter to prevent the repetition of 
 faults and reclaim the offender. In a rarer and somewhat 
 irregular sense, chastise denotes to disgrace pubUcly by stripes. 
 
 Chas'tige-ment, n. [From chastise.] Pain inflicted for 
 punishment and correction. 
 
 Chas-tig'er, n. One who chastises ; a punisher. 
 
 Cha,s'ti-ty, n. 1. Purity or freedom from all unlawful 
 sexual intercourse. 2. Freedom from obscene, corrupt, 
 or extravagant thought or expression. 
 
 Chag'u.-ble, n. [L. Lat. casula, casubula, a hooded gar- 
 ment, covering the person like a little house ; from Lat. 
 casa, house.] (Eccl.) A vestment worn by the priest in 
 saying mass, having a large embroidered cross on the 
 back, and a pillar in front. 
 
 Chat, V. i. [imp. & p. p. chatted ; p. pr. k, vb. n. 
 chatting.] [Cf. A.-S. cwxdan, Goth, gvithan, to 
 speak ; and Fr. caqueter, to cackle, prate. See CHATTER.] 
 To talk in a light and familiar manner. 
 
 Chat, n. Light, famiUar talk ; idle talk ; prate. 
 
 Chateau (sha-to^), n. ; pi. chateaux (sha-toz')- [Fr.] 
 1, A castle. [France.] 2. A country-seat. 
 
 Chateaux en Espagne, castles in Spain, Spain being the 
 region of romance; castles in the air. 
 
 9hat'e-16t (shaV-), n. [Fr. chcttelet, dim. of cimteau, 
 chastel. See CASTLE.] A httle castle. 
 
 9hat'el-la-ny, n. [See Castellany.] The lordship 
 or jurisdiction of a castellan, or governor of a castle. 
 
 ^ha-toy'ant, a. [Fr. , p. pr. of chatoyer, from chat, cat.] 
 (Min.) Having a changeable, undulatmg luster, or color^ 
 like that of a cat's eye in the dark. 
 
 9ha-toy'aiit, n. (Min.) A hard stone, as the species of 
 chalcedony called caVs eye, which, when cut and pol- 
 ished, presents on its surface, and in the interior, an un- 
 dulating or wavy light. 
 
 »,3,&c.,/cwfi', &,&, See, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; £re, veUjterui; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
CHATTEL 
 
 115 
 
 CHEMICAL 
 
 Cliltt'tcl(cMt/tl), n. [O-Yr. cliatal,chaptal,chaptel. See 
 Cattle.] (Law.) Any kind of property except the 
 freehold, or the things which are parcel of it ; — a more 
 extensive term than goods or effect. 
 
 Chat'ter, V. i. [imp. & p. p. CHATTERED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CHATTERING.] [Of. D. koeteren, to jabber, and 
 kwetteren, to chatter.] 1. To utter sounds which some- 
 what resemble language, but are inarticulate and indis- 
 tinct. 3. To talk idly, carelessly, or witn undue rapidity; 
 to jabber ; to prate. 3. To make a noise by collision. 
 
 Cliat'ter, n. Sounds like those of a magpie ; idle talk. 
 
 Chat-ter-a'tion, n. 1. Act of chattering. 2. Loquac- 
 ity. [Colloq.] ■ 
 
 CliJit'ter-b6x, n. One who talks incessantly. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Clia,t'ter-er, n. 1. A prater. 3. (Ornitli.) A bird, so 
 called from its loud and monotonous note. 
 
 Cliftt'ty, a. Given to free conversation ; talkative. 
 
 ^Iiaud'-med'ley (sh5d'med'ly), «. [Vv. chaude mSlld, 
 from chaiid, hot, and mesler., meler, to mingle.] (Law.) 
 The killing of a person in an affray, while under the in- 
 fluence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley, 
 killing in self-defense, or in a casual affray. 
 
 Chaul'droii, n. See Chawdron. 
 
 Cli^unt, n. & V. See Chant. 
 
 Cliaw, V. t. [imp. & p. p. chawed ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 CHAWING.] [A.-S. cfioimn. See Chew.] 1. To mas- 
 ticate, as food ; to ruminate, or to chew, as the cud. 3. 
 To revolve and consider. 
 B@" A word once in good use, but now regarded as vulgar. 
 
 ©haw, n. [See supra.] 1. The jaw. [Oh.T.] 2. As 
 much as is put in the mouth at once ; a chew. [Low.] 
 
 Cheap, a. [An abbrev. of good cheap, a good purchase or 
 bargain ; A.-S. ceap, bargain, sale, price.] 1. Bearing a 
 low price ; of small cost. 3. Being of small value. 
 
 Cheap'en (che'pn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. cheapened ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CHEAPENING.] [A.-S. ceapan, ceapian, 
 to buy, sell, Goth, kaupdn, Icel. kaupa.] 1. To attempt 
 to buy ; t-o chaffer for. 2. To beat down the price of. 
 
 Cheap'en-er, n. One who cheapens or bargains. 
 
 Cheap'ly, adv. At a small price ; at a low rate. 
 
 Clieap'iiess, n. Lowness in price, considering the usual 
 price, or real value. 
 
 Cheat, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cheated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHEATING.] To deceive and defraud in any way. 
 
 Syn. — To trick ; cozen ; gull ; chouse ; fool ; outwit ; cir- 
 cumvent; beguile; impose on; deceive; bamboozle. 
 
 Cheat, n. [Prob. an abbrev. of escheat, q. v., because 
 many fraudulent measures were taken by the lords of 
 manors in procuring escheats. But cf. also A.-S. ceat, 
 circumvention, cheat.] 1. An act of deception ; a fraud ; 
 a trick ; imposition ; imposture. 2. A person who cheats. 
 Syn. — Deception ; imposture ; fraud ; delusion ; artifice ; 
 trick; deceit; imposition; guile; finesse; stratagem. 
 
 Cheat, n. [Prob. from Norm. Pr. chete, Fr. achete, pur- 
 chased, bought.] 1. ^Yheat, or bread made from it. 
 2. Chess, or false wheat. 
 
 Cheat'er, n. One who cheats. 
 
 Check, n. [Fr. echec, check, in the sense of No. 7, infra. 
 See Checkmate and Chess.] 1. A sudden or con- 
 tinued restraint, physical or moral ; a stop ; a hindrance ; 
 an obstruction. 2. [From the Exchequer Chamber, 
 where the king's accounts were settled on a check- 
 ered cloth.] A mark put against items, as names, &c., 
 in going over a list. 3. A token given to identify a thing 
 or person. 4. ( Conr.) An order for money, drawn on a 
 banker or on the cashier of a bank payable on sight. 
 5. Any counter-register used as security, as the corres- 
 pondent cipher of a bank-note. 6. A kind of checkered 
 cloth, as plaids, &c. 7. ( Chess.) Exposure of the king 
 to the attack of an adversary's piece. 
 
 Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checked (chekt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CHECKING.] [From the n. See supra.] 1. To 
 put a sudden or continued restraint upon ; to hinder ; to 
 repress ; to curb. 2. To rebuke, chide, or reprove. 3. 
 To make a mark against, as against names, &c., in going 
 over a list. 4. To compare with a counterpart or author- 
 ity, in order to ascertain correctness or authenticity. 
 
 Check, v.i. 1, To make a stop ; to pause, 2. To clash 
 or interfere. 
 
 Check'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHECKERED; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. CHECKERING.] [See Check and Chess.] 1. 
 To variegate Avith cross -lines ; to form into little squares. 
 2. To diversify with different qualities, scenes, or events. 
 
 Check'er, n. 1. One who checks. 2. A piece in the 
 game of draughts or checkers. 
 
 Check'er, or Check'er- vi^ork (-wfxrk), n. "Work va- 
 ried alternately as to its colors or materials. 
 
 Chgck'er-bfir'ry, n. (Bot.) (a.) The partridge-berry. 
 (6.) The wintergreen. [cfraughts. 
 
 Ch6ck'er-board, n. A board for playing checkers, or 
 
 Ch6ck'er§, n. pi. A common game, called also draughts.^ 
 played on a board of sixty-four squares of alternate 
 colors, usually white and black. 
 
 Ch6ck'mate, n. [Fr. echec et mat, Ger. schactmatt, from 
 Per. shah mctt, checkmate, literally the king is conquered 
 or dead, from Ar. mata, he died, is dead ; because, when 
 the king is made prisoner, the game is finished. S<« 
 Chess.] 1. The movement in chess which stops all fur- 
 ther moving, and ends the game. 2. A complete check, 
 defeat, or overthrow. 
 
 Check'mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checkmated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CHECKMATING.] 1. (Chess.) To put in 
 check, as the king of an adversary, «o that he can neither 
 move it, nor interpose any piece between it and the at- 
 tacking piece, nor capture the latter. 2. To arrest or 
 defeat completely ; to terminate. 
 
 Check'-roll, n. A list of servants in a household. 
 
 Cheek, n. [A.-S. ceac, m., or ceace, f., from ceowan, to 
 chew.] 1. The side of the face below the eyes on either 
 side. 2. pi. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine which 
 form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in 
 pairs. 3. pi. (Founding.) The middle part of a flask 
 composed of more than two parts. 
 
 Cheek by jowl, in familiar proximity; close. 
 
 Cheep, V. i. [A modification of chirp, q. v.] To chirp. 
 
 Cheer, n. [Gr. /capa, head, face, L. Lat. cara.] 1. The 
 countenance and its expression. 2. A state of feeling 
 or spirits. 3. A state of gayety, mirth, or good spirits. 
 4. Provisions prepared for a feast ; entertairmient. 5. 
 Outward expression of good spirits or gayety, by shout- 
 ing or acclamation, &c. ; applause; encouragement. 
 
 Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cheered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHEERING.] [From the n.] 1. To cause to rejoice ; to 
 render cheerful. 2. To infuse life, courage, animation, 
 or hope, &c., into. 3. To urge or salute by cheers. 
 
 Syn. — To gladden ; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; 
 enliven; refresli; exhilarate; animate; solace. 
 Cheer, v. i. To grow cheerful ; to become gladsome. 
 Cheer 'er, n. One who, or that which, cheers. 
 Cheer'ful, a. 1. Having good spirits; calmly joyful. 
 2. Pronioting good spirits or happiness. 3. Expressing 
 good spirits or joy. 
 
 Syn. — Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleefiU; 
 
 blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly. 
 
 Cheer'ful-ly, adv. In a cheerful manner. [ety. 
 
 Cheer'ful-ness, n. Good spirits ; moderate joy or gay- 
 
 Syn. — Gayety ; mirth ; merriment. — Clieerftdness is a habit 
 
 of mind; gayety is an occasional excitement of animal spiritsi; 
 
 mirth or merriment are noisy gayety. 
 
 Cheer'i-ly, adv. With cheerfulness ; with spirit. 
 Cheer'i-ness, n. Cheerfulness ; good spirits. 
 Cheer 'ing-ly, adv. In a cheerfiil manner. 
 Cheer'less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort ; 
 
 gloomy ; comfortless ; dreary. 
 Cheer'less-ness, n. State of being cheerless. 
 Cheer'ly, a. Gay ; cheerful ; not gloomy. 
 Cheer'ly, adv. In a cheerfnl manner ; heartily. 
 Cheer'y, a. 1. In good spirits; cheerful; lively. 2. 
 
 Promoting, or tending to promote, cheerfulness. 
 Cheege, n. [A.-S. cese, or cyse, from Lat. caseus.] 1. 
 
 Curd of milk, separated from the whey, and pressed. 2. 
 
 A mass of ground apples pressed together. 
 Chee§e'— eake, n. A cake made of soft curds, sugar, 
 
 and butter. 
 Cheege'-mite, n. (Entom.) A minute wingless insect 
 
 with eight legs, found in cheese. , [cheese. 
 
 Cheege'-in.6ii'g:er' (miing'ger, 82), n. One who deals ia 
 Cheese'-press, n. A press for expelling whey fi-om curd 
 
 in the making of cheese. [ of cheese. 
 
 Cheeg'y, a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, or form 
 Cheet, V. i. To chatter or chirrup. 
 Chef-d'oeuvre (sha''dG'ovr'), n.; pi. CHEFS-S'' (ExrvRE. 
 
 [Fr.] A master-piece ; a capital work in art, literature, 
 
 &c. 
 Cheg're, 
 Cheg'oe, 
 Chel'i-fdrm, a. [Gr. xnH, da""", ^^^ L&t. forma, forni.] 
 
 Having a movable joint closing against a preceding joint 
 
 or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be used 
 
 for grasping, as in the hand or claw of a crab. 
 -Che-lo'iii-an, a. Pertaining to, or designating, animals 
 
 of the tortoise kind. 
 -Chem'i-e, \a. [See Chemistry.] 1, Pertaining to 
 Chem'i-e-al, ) chemistry. 2. Resulting fi-om the op- 
 
 See Chigoe. 
 
 food, fdt>t ; firn, rude, pull ; pell, yhaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. 
 
CHEMICALLY 
 
 116 
 
 CHIEF 
 
 rntioB of the forc*s on which compoation and decompo- 
 
 rition, and rsl»t«l phem>nien*, dejwud. 
 Cli^ni'''- "tl •'' -^ir. Artxmiing to chemicad principles; 
 
 bA ^< or oiH.-rarion. [»cal effects. 
 
 dt"i.iK '. Substaiu-^j: us*\i for producing chem- 
 
 Cbe-iiii:.* . .ivz ). n. :Fr.. from Ar. kamis, shirt, 
 
 linen under-piruunt. fr. Skr. I.vAaMWja, flaxMi, linen] 
 
 1. A shift, or undfr-gsrutut. worn by females. 2. A 
 
 wall th.-^t lini-s the f:icv cf :r.iy work of earth. j 
 
 Vh^m i-sf'tte' -h.:m i-.'tt' . ». [Fr., dim. of chemise.] : 
 
 Au undrr-jnmuat wcni ovi-r the chemise. 
 Clii'm 'i <t , .1 - A : » r< n \ t rsed in chemi5try . 1 
 
 Chfni'i«i-trv k- r. i-rrv), n. [From cMmist : Ai. al- 
 
 k-i>'iij. . Stv A L ci 1 E V \ j That branch of science which 
 
 treats of ilie conit^^ition of substances, and of the 
 
 cfaaiqpw which they oudergo. 
 Miraadr dtemixtri, that which treats of mot^ganic or^min- 
 
 -Oryamie ehemutry, that which treats erf the 
 
 Mib^tances which form the structure of ornuuzed beings, and 
 thtir prodacts, whether animal or vegetable. 
 
 g*- This word and its derivatives were formerly written i^th 
 f. aad ramelimes with i, inEtnd^c^mJhe^fim Byllabh% cAfm- 
 
 erali 
 
 and the pio- 
 
 '. was confbnned to tiie b rtfaogr^hj. At the inesent 
 
 day, moat cmaken proooonce theee words as they are now ' 
 cpett, cham/tg-tTTf, dtemuitt, cketm/ie-al, ftc 
 
 f1ie4i5Ile'(she-ned),ii. [Fr.,acaterpillaT.] Tufted cord, j 
 
 of silk or worsted, used in ladies' dresses. I 
 
 Cheque (chek),fi. See CIIXCK. • 
 
 Cheq'uer (chek'er), «. & c. See Chzckek. i 
 
 Cher'isb. r. t. [imp. & p. p. cherished : p. pr. & i 
 
 t*. n. CHEBISHIXG.] [Fr. cJterir, from cAer, dear, I^. I 
 
 eartLs. Cf. Caress.] 1. To treat with tenderness andj 
 
 affection. '2. To hold dear : to indulge. j 
 
 Syn. — To nourish ; foster ; nurse ; entertain ; enconrage ; 
 eomfort: support. j 
 
 Cli#r'isli-er, n. One who cherishes ; an encourager. ! 
 Che-robt' (che-r<3ut'), »- A kind of cigar, highly prized ' 
 for the delicacy of its flavor. j 
 
 Clier'ry. n. [Lat. ctrasus, Gr. icepouTO?, Kepaxrea, xcpouruL, 
 so named, it is said, from Cerasus. a city in Pontns, 
 whence the tree was imported into Italy.] 1. (Bot.) (a.) 
 The fruit of a tree of which there are many varieties. 
 (6.) The tree which bears the fruit. H. A cordial com- 
 posed of cherry -juice and Fpirit, sweetened and dilu^d- 
 Chf r'ry . a. Like a red cherry in color : red; mddy. 
 Clier'so-nese, n. [Gr. xefxroiTjcros, from ^^xnK, land. 
 
 and iTJ<70s, an isle.] A peninsula. 
 Cliert, n. [Ir. ctirthf, stone. W. rtUt. flintstone.] (JIi».) 
 An impure, masdve, flint-like quartz or homstone. j 
 
 Cfa^r'nb iM). n. ; pi. cherTBS : but the Hebrew plural 1 
 CHER'i-BiM is also used. CHER'r-BlM§, though of 
 frequent oecurrence in the Bible, is a barlMirism. [Heb. ' 
 ktrbb. from barab, to grasp, prob. akin to Gr. ypnhif, Ger. 
 gr*^^' Vt^ . --,vs,, -j J, (Script.) One of an order of an- 
 gtl irded as distinguished by their knowl- 
 
 ed- -iphs, who are supposed to be anient 
 
 in .. . „. ..ish Jnti'y.) A eymbolieal figure, used 
 as jiart of the embellishments of the tabernacle and tern- j 
 pie. 3. A beautiful child ; — so called becau.«e modem 
 art:--- - h'.ve represented cheruba as beantifiil children. I 
 Chf-rii'bic \ a. Of, or pertaining to, cherubs ; an- 
 dit-riilji^-al, f gelic. 
 
 Ch^r'ii-i)Lm, h. The Hebrew plural of ckerub. 
 Cht' r'np . ■-. t. [Probably from tJtirp.} To make a short, 
 .-Lr:; nd; to chirp [shrill sound. 
 
 Chf r'up. V. t. T^ f-\r-'<^ r.- Tirae on bv making a short, 
 Cbfr'up. n. A jse, as of a cricket. 
 
 Cljfj'i-bl*-. n. - E. 
 
 Chess. «. fr . -lag, as bang the prindpal 
 
 %"re] ^ - • ed by two persons, on a board 
 
 eontainiii. - luares, with two difEerently ctdoied 
 
 aet? of pj.-i . -. ; r 
 
 C3i^«< . ii - ' : Pt-r. Lhas, bad, evil, weed. Oiistle, thorn.] 
 
 {Bot \ A Vini of graRS which grows among wheat, and 
 
 is often errrrieoualy regarded, aa degetkerate or changed 
 
 whtat. [Atn-r.] 
 
 Chf *-'-l>oard, «. The board nwd in the game of chess. 
 
 CTi£»i>'-m&ii. II. ; pi. CHtss'MEX. A pieec used in the 
 
 fpnne of <^eas. 
 Che*it. n. [A.-S. cist, dst, from Lat. cwta. Gr. «umj.] 1. 
 A Ujx of wood, or other material, in which articles are 
 2. The part of the body inclosed bv the ribs 
 the thorax. 3. { Com.) A caee in 
 which tea, 0|riiim. &e. are transported : heikoe the quan- 
 tity Puch a case eootains. 
 Cf.'^ of drtacen, a case ot mormble born called drttwert. 
 Clifcst'nttt (chia'nut), n. [From Lat. castomea, Gr. roo-- 
 
 revor, frolh KaaraytL, a city of Pontus, whence chc^rnnt- 
 treea were introduced into Europe.] (Bot.) (a.) Tht 
 fruit, seed, or nut of a tree belonging to the genus Casta^ 
 nta. inclosed in a prickly pericarp or bur. (6. ) The to» 
 itself, or its timber. 
 
 Clie>t'iiut (ches/nut), a. Being of the color of a chest- 
 nut : of a reddish brown color. 
 
 Che'tah, n. See Cheetah. 
 
 Cheral-de'f>ise (shvald'-freez'), 
 n.; pi. CHErAVX-DE-FRISR 
 (shev'o-de-freei ; Fr. pron. shvod'- 
 freez'). [Fr., from cAeccU, horse, 
 and Fnsf, Friesland] (^^i.) A Cheval-de-fiise. . 
 A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, pointed 
 with iron, used for defense. 
 
 Cliev'a-lier' (sheVa-leer'). n. [Pr.. from cheral, horse. 
 Cf Cawu-LER.] 1. A horseman ; hence, a kn%fat ; a 
 gallant young man. 2. A member of certain orden cf 
 knighthood. 
 
 ClieT'er-il, n. [0. Fr. ckerrtl, cJierral, kid, dim. of 
 chevn. goat, Lat. copra.] 1. Soft leather made of kid- 
 skin. 2. A yielding dispontion. 
 
 Chev'er-il. a. Having pliability, as that of kid-skin. 
 
 ClieT'i-SJui9« (sheVe-zans), h. [O. Fr..from ehecir, to 
 come to an end, to perform, frxnn cA^/", head, end, Lat. 
 ctqyiu.] {Law. ) (a.) A making of contracts ; a bargain. 
 (b. ) An imlawfiil agreement or contract. 
 
 Clie-r'roii, n. [Fr., rafter, cAerroH^ equir. to Lat. eapri- 
 
 ' clus. a support of timber, from caper ^ goat.] 1. (Her.) 
 An honorable ordinary, representing two rafters of a 
 house meeting at the top. 2. (3fi/.) The distinguishing 
 marks on the sleeves of non-commisfioned officers" coate. 
 3. (Arch.) An ornament in the form of zigzag work. 
 
 Cliev'y, f. /. CProb. same with the old word ch*-cer (con- 
 nected with shiver), as used by Digby and othexs.] To 
 shake or force with a shivering motion. 
 
 ClieTV (chob ). r. t. [imp. & p. p. CHEWED: p. pr. k. 
 tb. n. CHE\nx&.] [A.-S. ceotcan.] 1. To bite and 
 grind with the teeth; to masticate. 2. To ruminate 
 mentally : to meditate. 
 
 Cb.eTr. r. t. To perform the action of biting and grind- 
 ing with the teeth ; to ruminate : to meditate. 
 
 Chei^, n. That which is chewed : that which is h^ in 
 the mouth at once : a cud. [Low.] 
 
 Ch'i-i>otique''i(che-h6iik'), n. [Tnikish.] A Turkish 
 
 Chi-lxoiilc' } tobacco-pipe. 
 
 ^lii-eane' (shl-kan^), n. [Fr., orig. a crumb, 
 part ; hence, fineiMSs, eubtilty, either from La 
 trifle, or frmn Basque chiL-i-a. chik-er-ra, little, analLj 
 An artful subterfuge, deagned to lead away from the 
 merits of a case : — specifically applied to k^ proceed- 
 ings : shift : cavil : sophistry. 
 
 Clii-eaiie'. r. t. To use shifts, cavils, or artificee. 
 
 Clii-ean'er, «. One who uses evasions, or undue arti- 
 
 ' fices. in litigation or disputes ; a caviler ; an un£ur dis- 
 putant. 
 
 Clii-e an'er-y ( ?he-kan'er-y ),n. Mean or nn&ir artifice 
 
 * to perplex a c^pse and obsctne the truth ; ducane. 
 Syn. — Trick; eophlstrr; quibble; fetch: &ti atigeni. 
 
 Clii-e'o-ry, «. [Lat. cichorium. Gr. nxidptor.] [Bot.) 
 A plant extenarely, cnlrivated and used for adulterat- 
 ing coffee ; suCwoy : endive. 
 
 Chicli, n. [Lat. deer.] A dwarf pea : the chick-pea. 
 
 Chiok, \n. [A.-?>. dcen.Ji.kieken.lniikeK.] 1. The 
 
 Cliielv'en, I yoifiig of fowls, particuiariy of the domes- 
 tic hen. 2. A voung person. 
 
 diick'a-dee', n. (Omilh.) A bird.*the bla<*-c^ ti»- 
 mou.se. of North America : — named firom its note. 
 
 Cliiclc'a-ree^. n. The American red sqniird- 
 
 Cliick'eii-heart'ed, a. Timid; fearful: cowardly. 
 
 Cliiek:'eii-pox, n. (Mfd.) A mild, contagious, eruptire 
 disease, generally attacking children onlv. 
 
 Cliiclc'-pea. n. [See Chich.] A speAs of pea, C«lti- 
 ■rated in the south of Europe, and used as lentils are. 
 
 Cliick'-weed. «. (Bot.) AspeaesofinE^nifieant weeds 
 of different genera. 
 
 Clilde, ts. t. [imp. CHTD (CHODE. obs.) : p. p. chid, 
 CHTBDEJ?: p. pr. & r*. n. CHTDIXG.] [A.-S. ddoM^ 
 chidan.] To rebuke ; to reproach : to blame. 
 
 Sym. — To reprove-. Bcold: censure; reprehend; rep rimand . 
 
 Clilde, r. t. 1. To find feult. 2. To make a roi^, 
 claiiorous, roaring noise. 
 
 Cbid'er. h. One who chides. 
 
 Chief, a. [0. Fr. chief, chef, from Lat. eapmt, head.] 1. 
 Highest in office or rank ; headmost. 2. Princijal or 
 
 «,e,&c., loMg: Si, €,itc., short; c4r«, far, ask, all, what: ere, veU, term : plque,finn: son- or. do.\*«olf, 
 
CHIEF 
 
 117 
 
 CHINK 
 
 most eminent in any quality or action ; haying most in- 
 fluence ; taking the lead ; most important. 
 
 Syn.— Principal ; leading; main; first; paramount; su- 
 preme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master. 
 Chief, n. 1. Head or leader of any baud or community. 
 2. Principal or most important person or thing. 3. 
 ( Her.) The upper part of the escutcheon. 
 . In chief, (a.) At the head. (6.) (.Eng. Law.) From the king. 
 Syn. — Chieftain ; commander ; leader.- A chief has the 
 pre-eminence or rule in civil matters, as the chief of pohce or 
 of a tribe ; a chiejlain and commander occupy high mihtary 
 stations; a leader takes the direction of enterprises. 
 Chief '-Ihar'on, n. (Eng. Law.) The presiding judge of 
 
 the court of exchequer- 
 Chief '-jiis'tife, n. The presiding justice, or principal 
 
 judge, of a court. 
 Chiefly, adv. 1. In the first place ; principally ; em- 
 inently ; above all. 3. For the most part ; mostly. 
 Chieftain (42), n. [L. Lat. capitaneus, ft. Lat. caput, 
 head. Of. Captain.] The head of a troop, army, or clan. 
 
 Syn. — Chief; commander; leader; head. 
 Chief tain-^y, I n. Rank, oflBce, or quality of a 
 Chief tain- ship, ) chieftain. 
 
 Chiffonier ( shif-fon-eer' ; Fr. pron. she'fo/ne-a'), n. 
 [Fr., from chiffon, rag, and this from chiffe, weak and bad 
 stuff.] 1. A receptacle for rags or shreds. 3. A mova- 
 ble closet. 3. A rag-picker. 
 Chig'oe, )«. [Perh. fr. Catalan chic, Sp. cAfco, small; 
 Chig're, ) or of Peruvian origin.] (Entom.) A small 
 
 insect of the flea family, common in tropical America. 
 Chiinblain, n. A blain or sore on the hand or foot, pro- 
 duced by cold. 
 Cliiinblain, v. t. To produce chilblains upon. 
 Child, n. ; pi. CHIL'DREN. [A.-S. cild, pi. cildru, cildra. 
 Cf. Goth, kilthei, Yfomh, in-kilthd, with child.] 1, A son 
 or a daughter ; the immediate progeny of human parents. 
 tj. A young person of either sex ; hence, one who ex- 
 hibits the character of a very young person. 3. pi. 
 Descendants, however remote. 4. One who, by charac- 
 ter or practice, shows signs of relationship to another. 
 To be with child, to be pregnant. 
 Child'-bear'iiig, n. Act of producing children. 
 ChildTbSd, n. The state of a woman bringing forth a 
 child, or being in labor ; parturition. [labor. 
 
 Child'birth, n. Act of bringing forth a child ; travail ; 
 Cliilde (child, in Amer. ; child or child, in Eng.), n. A 
 title formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, 
 until he succeeded to the titles of his ancestors, or gained 
 new honors by his_own prowess. 
 Chil'der-mas-day, n. [From child, mass, and day.] 
 (Eccl.) An anniversary of the church of England, held 
 on the 28th of December, in commemoration of the chil- 
 dren of Bethlehem slain by Herod ; Innocents' Day. 
 Child'hrfbd (27), n. The state of a child, or the time in 
 
 which persons are children. 
 Child'ish, a. Of, or pertaining to, a child ; puerile. 
 Child'ish-ly, cidv. In the manner of a child. 
 Child'ish-ness, n. State or qualities of a child ; sim- 
 plicity ; weakness of intellect. 
 Cliild'less, a. Destitute of children or offspring. 
 Child'less-ness, n. State of being without children. 
 Child'-lilce, a. Like or becoming a child ; submissive ; 
 
 dutiful; docile. 
 Chil'dren, n. ; pi. of child. See Child. 
 -ehU'i-ad (kil'i-ad), n. [Gr. x'^i-^s^ fro™^ x^^'-°^y thou^ 
 
 sand.] A thousamd ; especially, a thousand years. 
 -ehil'i-ar«h, n. [Gr. xiAtapxTjs, from xt^'O'', thousand, 
 and apxos, leader, from apxetv, to lead.] The commander 
 or chief of a thousand men. 
 Chil'i-a-§m, n. [Gr. xtA^tacr/u.6s, from x'^tas, a thousand.] 
 The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ on earth 
 during the millennium. 
 ■€hil'i-a<st,«. [Gr. xtA.ia.(n-)js. See supra.] Amillenarian. 
 Chill, a. [A.-S. cyle, cele, from celan, calan, to be cold. 
 Cf. Cool.] 1. Moderately cold ; tending to cause shiv- 
 ering ; cool. 3. Affected by cold. 3. Characterized by 
 coolness of manner, feeling, &c. ; formal ; distant. 4. 
 Discouraged ; depressed ; dispirited. 
 Chill, n. 1, A disagreeable sensation of coolness, accom- 
 panied with shivering. 3, A check to enthusiasm or 
 warmth of feeling ; discouragement. 
 Chill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. chilled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHILLING.] 1. To strike with a chill ; to make chilly ; 
 to affect with cold. 3. To check enthusiasm or warmth 
 of feeling of; to depress ; to discourage. 3. (Metal.) To 
 produce, by sudden cooUng, a change of crystallization 
 
 at or near the surftice of, so as to increase the hardnesH ; — 
 said of cast iron. [moderate degree of coldness. 
 
 ChiU'i-ness, n. 1. A sensation of coolness. 3. A 
 
 Chill'ness, n. Coolness ; coldness ; a shivering. 
 
 Chill'y, a. Moderately cold, so as to cause shivering. 
 
 Chimb (chim), n. [L. Ger. kim7n, D. kirn.] The edge 
 of a cask, &c. See Chine , 3. [Written also chime.] 
 
 Chime, n. [L. Lat. & It. campana, bell, whence It. 
 scampanare, to chime.] 1. Harmonious sound of bells, 
 or other musical instruments. 3. A set of bells musi- 
 cally tuned to one another. 3. Pleasing correspondenc* 
 of proportion, relation, or sound. 
 
 Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CHIMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHIMING.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as belLs. 
 3. To be in harmony ; to harmonize ; to correspond. 
 3. To jingle, as in rhyming. 
 
 Chime, v. t. To move, strike, or cause to sound in har- 
 mony, as a set of beUs arranged as a chime. 
 
 Chime, n. [See Chimb.] The edge or brim of a cask or 
 tub, formed by the ends of the staves. 
 
 Chim'er, n. One who chimes. 
 
 ■ehi-me'ra, n. [Lat. chimxra, Gr. xiM'*'^P«) * sbe-goat; 
 a fire-spouting monster.] 1. (Myth.) A monster repre- 
 sented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a 
 Hon, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. 3. A 
 vain or foolish fancy. 
 
 Chi-mer'i-e-al, a. Merely imaginary ; having, or capable 
 of having, no existence except in thought. 
 
 Syn. — Fanciful ; fantastic ; wild ; deceitful; delusive. 
 
 ■ehi-m6r'i«-al-ly, adv. Wildly ; vainly ; fancifiiUy. 
 
 Chim'ney, n.; pi. CHIM'NEYS. [Fr. cheminee, from 
 Lat. caminus, furnace, fire-place, Gr. Kafttvos, furnace, 
 oven.] 1. The passage through which the smoke is car- 
 ried off. 3. A tube, usually of glass, placed above a 
 flame, to create a draught and promote combustion. 
 
 Chim'ney-pot, n. A cylinder of earthen ware, resem- 
 bUng in appearance a stone pot, placed at the top of 
 chimneys to prevent smoking. 
 
 Chim'ney- swal'low, n. (Ornith.) A kind of swallow 
 which hves in chimneys. 
 
 Chim'ney- sweep, \n. One who sweeps and scrapes 
 
 Chim'ney- sweep'er, J chunneys. 
 
 Chim-pan'zee, n. (Zool.) The 
 African orang-outang, a species 
 of monkey which approaches j 
 most nearly to man. It is a na- 
 tive of Africa, and when full grown 
 is from three to four feet high. 1 
 
 Chin, n. [A.-S. cinne, cin, Icel. 
 kinn, Goth, kinnus, cheek, akin to 
 Lat. ge7ia, Gr. yeWs, Skr. ganda. I 
 The root is the Goth, keian, kei- 
 nan, to germinate, A.-S. cinan, to 
 split, cennan, to bring forth.] The 
 lower extremity of the face, below 
 the mouth. 
 Chi'na, n. A species of earthen ware made in China, or 
 
 in imitation of that made there ; porcelain. 
 Chi'na-as'ter, n. (Bot.) A species of the Aster family, 
 
 having large flowers. 
 Chin«'a-pin, n. ( Bot.) The dwarf chestnut, a tree that 
 rises eight or ten feet, with a branching, shrubby stem, 
 producing a nut. 
 Chinch, n. [Sp. chinche, bug, from Lat. cimex.] 1. (En- 
 tom.) The bed-bug. 3. An insect or bug, resembling 
 the bed-bug in its disgusting odor, which is very destruc- 
 tive to wheat and other grains. 
 Chin-chil'la, n. [Sp., ac- 
 cording to its form a dim. of 
 chinche. See supra.] (Zool.) 
 A small rodent animal, of the 
 size of a large squirrel, chief- _ 
 ly remarkable for its fine fur, r^^^^^ 
 which is very soft and of a^ 
 pearly -gray color. 
 Chin'-eough (-kof, 21), n. Chinchilla. 
 
 [Cf. Scot, kink, a violent fit of coughing.] (Med.) Hoop- 
 ing-cough. 
 Chine, n. [From 0. H. Ger. skina, needle, prickle. Cf. 
 Lat. spina, thorn, prickle, back-bone.] 1. The baxsk- 
 bone or spine of an animal. 3. A piece of the back- 
 bone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for 
 cooking. 3. The chimb or chime of a cask. 
 Chine, v. t. To cut through the back-bone of. 
 Chink, n. [A.-S. cine, fissure, chink, from cinan, to 
 gape.] A small cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length 
 than breadth ; a gap or crack. 
 
 Chimpanzee. 
 
 food, fobt; tkrix, rude, pull ; fell, ^haise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist j linger, link ; this. 
 
CHINK 
 
 118 
 
 CHOKE 
 
 Chink. *•• '■ To crack ; to open. 
 
 Chink. I-. t. 1. To open or part and form a fissure in. 
 •i. To fill up the chinks of. 
 
 Chink, n. [Perhaps from the sound of jingling metnl. 
 StH~.IlNui,v:.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal 
 struck with httle violence. '2. Money; cash. [Cont.] 
 
 Cllilik. r. t. [imp. & p. p. CHINKED (chiukt); p. pr. 
 &. ft>. n. CHINKING.] To cause to sound, as an>emall, 
 sonorous bodies, bv bringing them into collision with 
 cacli other. [collision of little pieces of money. 
 
 Chink, r. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by the 
 
 Chiiik'v. o. Full of chinks or fissures ; gaping. 
 
 Chin'qn:»-plii. «• See Chincapin. 
 
 Ciiiiise. !•. /. {.YrtM/.) To thrust oakum into the seams 
 or chinks of, with a chisel or the point of a knife, as a 
 temporary expedient for calking. 
 
 Chintz (chints, lOS), ii. [llind. chhint, spotted cotton 
 cloth, f////»H/a, spot, chhhitna, to sprinkle.] Cotton cloth, 
 lirinted with tlowers and other devices, in a number of 
 iliffereut colors. 
 
 Chip. I-. t. [imp. & p. p. CHIPPED (chipt); p. pr. & vb. 
 n. chipping.] [il. Ger. ^■/i;/^en, to clip, pare.] To cut 
 into small pieces. 
 
 Chip, f. i- To break or fly off in small pieces. 
 
 Chip, n. [From the verb. See supra.] 1. A piece of 
 wood, stone, or other substance, separated by an ax, 
 chisel, or any cutting instrument. 5J. A fragment or 
 piece broken off. 
 
 Cliip'-bSn'net, \ n. A bonnet or hat made of wood 
 
 Cliip'-liat, j spUt into thin filaments. 
 
 diip'niunk, n. (Zo'dl.) A squirrel-like animal, some- 
 times called the striped squirrel. [Written also chip- 
 vwiik, chip))iuck, and cliipmuk.] 
 
 Chip'ping-bird (18), n. ( Ornith.) A kind of sparrow, 
 of small .«ize, very common in the United States. 
 
 Chi'ro-grSph, n. [Gr. xeip6ypa^o<;, written with the 
 hand; xeip, hand, and ypac/jetv, to write.] [Old Laiv.) 
 («.) A writing requiring a counterpart It answered to 
 what is now called a charter-party, (b.) The last part of 
 a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. 
 
 Chi-r6g'ra-pher, n. One who exercises or professes 
 the art or business of writing. 
 
 cSrrSSpS'ltal,} - Pertaining to chh-ography. 
 
 ■ehi-rog'rH-phist, n. 1. A chirographer. 3. One 
 who tells fortunes by examining the hand. 
 
 Chi-rog'ra-phy, n. 1. The art of writing. 3. A 
 ^vriting done with one's own hand ; handwriting. 
 
 Chi-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xe'p, hand, and A.6-yos, speech.] 
 Art or practice of communicating thoughts by signs 
 made by the hands and fingers ; dactylology. 
 
 ■Chi'ro-man'fer, n. [See Chiromancy.] One who 
 attempts to foretell future events, or to teU the fortunes 
 and dispositions of persons, by inspecting the hands. 
 
 ■€hi'ro-inan'9y, n. [Gr. ^eip, hand, and f^-avreia, divi- 
 nation.] Divinationby inspection of the hand; palmistry. 
 
 Chi-rSn'o-mj (kl-), n. [Gr. x'^'-povofj.ia, from x^'P? 
 hand, and vo/aos, law, rule.] Gesture. 
 
 ■ehi-rSp'o-dist, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, and irov?, ttoSos, 
 foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet ; 
 esp. one who removes corns and bunions from the feet. 
 
 Chirp (18), V. i. [imp. & p. -p. chirped (cherpt); p. 
 pr. & vh. n. CHIRPING.] [Ger. zirpeji, tschirpen, schir- 
 pon. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, and Cheep.] To make a 
 short, sharp sound, as is done by fowls, birds, or crickets. 
 
 Chirp, V. t. To make cheerful ; to enliven. 
 
 Chirp, n. A short, sharp note. 
 
 Chirp'er, n. One who chirps, or is cheerful. 
 
 Chir'rup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chirruped (chir/rupt) ; 
 p. r/r. & f6. 7!. chirruping.] [See Chirp.] To quicken 
 or animate by chirping ; to cherup. 
 
 Chir'rup, v. i. To chirp. 
 
 Chir'rup, n. The act of chirping ; chirp. 
 
 Chi-rar'gpon (kT-rur'jun, 34), n. [Fr. chirurglen, from 
 Gr. xetpovpyo?, or>erating with the hand, from xet'p, hand, 
 and (fr/fiv, to work, whence ipyov, work.] A surgeon. 
 
 Chi-rfir'ger-y, n. Surgery. 
 
 Chi^'el, rt [0. Fr. cisel^ Vr. ciseau, fr. Lat. sicillcula, 
 a small ."ickle, dim. of sicilis, sickle, and this from sica 
 dagger, from .'iecare, to cut.] An instrument sharpened 
 to a cutting edge at the end, ased in carpentry, joinery 
 sculpture, &c., either for paring, hewing, or gouging. ' 
 
 Chig'el, V. t. [imp. & p.p. chiseled; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 CHI.SELING.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with 
 a chisel. 2. To cut close, as in a bargain, &c. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Chisjtey, a. [A.-S. ceoaeL, gravel or sand.] Having a 
 \ii.T'j:ii admixture of small pebbles or gravel; — said of a 
 rij\{ between sand and clay. 
 
 . Chit, n. [A.-S. cidh, shoot, sprig, fr. the root dan, to 
 I germinate, Goth, keian. See Child.] 1. The first 
 shooting or germination of a plant; a shoot; a sprout. 
 I "2. A child or babe. 
 
 Chit'chJit, n. [From chat., by way of reduplication.] 
 Familiar or trifling talk ; prattle. 
 
 ■Chi'tine, 71. [Gr. xiruJi^, corselet.] ( CAerw .) A peculiar 
 principle, containing nitrogen, characteristic of the skin, 
 of insects, and found also in the shell of crustaceans. 
 
 ■ehi'tin-oiis, a. Having the nature of chitine. 
 
 Chit'ter-lingg, n. pi. [Cf. A.-S. cwidh and cwidha, 
 Goth, qvithus. qvithrs, belly, womb, stomach.] ( Cook- 
 ery.) The smaller intestines of swine, &c., fried for food. 
 
 Chit'ty, a. Full of chits or sprouts. 
 
 9hiv'al-ri-e (shiv/al-rik), a. [Cf.'Ev.chevaleresque. See 
 Chivalry.] Same as Chivalrous. 
 
 ^hiv'al-rous (shiv^al-rus), a. [See CHIVALRY.] Per- 
 taining to chivalry or knight-errantry; gallant. 
 
 9hiv'al-rous-ly, adv. In a chivalrous manner ; boldly. 
 
 9hiv'al-ry (shiv'al-ry, 67), n. [Fr. chevalerie, from 
 chevalier, knight.] 1. A body or order of cavaliers or 
 knights serving on horseback ; cavalry. 3. The dignity 
 or system of knighthood; the practice of knight- 
 errantry. 3. Qualifications or character of knights, 
 as valor, dexterity in arms, &c. 4. (Eng. Law.) A ten- 
 ure of lands by knight's service ; that is, by the condition 
 of a knight's performing service on horseback, or of per- 
 forming some noble or military service to his lord. 
 
 Court of Cfiivalry, a court formerly held before the lord high 
 constable and earl marshal of England, having cognizance of 
 contracts and other matters relatmg to deeds of arms and war. 
 
 Chiveg, n.;?;. [See CiVEs.] 1. (^o^) Slender threads 
 or filaments in the blossoms of plants. [See STAMEN.] 
 2. {Agric.) A small species of onion growing in tufts. 
 
 -eiilo'rate, n. [See Chlorint:.] ( Chem.) A salt formed 
 by the union of chloric acid with a base. 
 
 ■ehlo'ri-e, a. Pertaining to chlorine, or obtained from it. 
 
 Chlo'ride (49), n. [See Chlorine.] {Chem.) A com- 
 pound of chlorine with another element. 
 
 ■ehlo-rid'i« , a. Pertaining to a chloride. 
 
 -ehlo'rid-ize, v. t. See Chloridate. 
 
 -ehlo'rine, n. [From Gr. x^wpds, pale-green, greenish 
 yellow, so named from its color.] ( Chem.) K heavy gas of 
 greenish color , which forms a constituent of common salt. 
 
 Chlo'ro-fdrm (25), n. [From chlorine and formyl, it 
 being a terchloride of formyl.] (Chem.) An oily, Tola- 
 tUe liquid, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. 
 It is an important anaesthetic agent. 
 
 Chlo'ro-f6rm, v. t. To treat with chloroform, or to 
 place under its influence. 
 
 ■€hlo'ro-phyl, n. [Gr. x^^pos. light-green, and ^vA.- 
 kov, leaf.] (Bot.) The green coloring matter of the 
 leaves and other parts of plants. 
 
 ■ehlo'rous, a. [See Chlorine.] (Chem. Physics.) 
 Electro-negative. [block, &c. 
 
 Cliock, V. t. To stop or fasten as with a wedge, or 
 
 Chock, V. i. 1. To fill up, as a cavity. 2. To encoun- 
 ter. See Shock. 
 
 Chock, n. 1. Something to confine a cask or other 
 body, by fitting into the space around or beneath it. 
 2. An encounter. See Shock. 
 
 Chock'-full, a. Completely full. 
 
 Cho-e'o-late, n. [Mexican cacuatl, cacao.] 1. A paste 
 composed of the roasted kernel of the Theobroma cacao 
 ground and mixed with other ingredients. 2. The bever- 
 age made by dissolving chocolate-paste in boiling water. 
 
 Choice (66), n. [From 0. Fr. chois, cois, N. Fr. choix, fr. 
 choisir, to choose, fr. Goth, kansjan, to examine, kiusan, 
 to choose, to examine.] 1. Act of choosing; election. 
 2. The power of choosing ; option ; preference. 3. 
 Care in selecting ; discrimination. 4. The thing chosen. 
 5. The best part of any thing ; that which is preferable. 
 
 Choice, a. [compar. CHOICER ; sttperl. CHOICEST.] 
 1. Worthy of being chosen or preferred. 2. Preserv- 
 ing or using with care, as Taluable. 3. Selected with 
 care ; deUberately chosen. 
 
 Syn. — Select ; precious ; costly ; exquisite ; imcommon ; 
 rare; sparing; frugal; chary; careful. 
 
 Choi^e'Iy, adv. 1. With care in choosing. 2. In a 
 preferable or excellent manner ; excellently. 
 
 Choi^e'ness, n. Quality of being choice. 
 
 Choir (kwlr) (38), n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. xop°^; -^-"S- 
 chor. See Chorus.] 1. An organized company of 
 singers. [Written also gitfVe.] 2. (Arch.) (a.) That part 
 of a church appropriated to the singers, (b.) The chan- 
 cel. 3. The corporate body of a cathedral. 
 
 Choke (20), v. t. [imp. & p. p. choked (chokt) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. choking.] [A.-S. acedcjan, to suffocate, 
 
 a, 5, itc, Ions ! 3,, 6, &c., short ; cAro, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sou, 6r, do Mr9lf, 
 
CHOKE 
 
 119 
 
 CHRISTIAN 
 
 cedejan, to ruminate, ceace, ceac, jaw, cheek.] 1. To 
 
 rencier unable to breathe ; to stifle ; to suffocate ; to 
 
 strangle. *-i. To obstruct by filling up or clogging. 3. 
 
 To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, &c. 
 Choke, V- i- !• To have the wndpipe stopped, ti. To 
 
 be checked, as if by choking. 
 Cliok;e'-cliei"'ry, n. (Bot.) A species of ^v^ld cherry, 
 
 and its fruit, remarkable for its astringent quaUties. 
 Clioke'-damp, n. Carbonic acid gas acciunulated in 
 
 wells, mines, &c. ; — so called because often destructive 
 
 of life by preventing the respiration of air. 
 Clioke'-full, a. Full as possible; quite full; full to 
 
 choking. 'See CHOCK-FULL. 
 Clioke'-pear, n. 1. A kind of pear that has a rough, 
 
 astringent taste. 3. A sarcasm by which a person 
 
 is put to silence. (Lojv.) 
 Cliok'er, n. 1. He who, or that which, chokes or puts 
 
 to silence. 3. That which can not be answered. 3. 
 
 A neck-cloth or collar. [ Vulgar.] 
 Cliolt'y, a. Tending to choke ; having power to choke. 
 Cliol'er (koPer), n. [Lat. cholera, Gr. xo^epa, from 
 
 XoA-os, xo^'?) bile.] 1. The bile; — formerly supposed 
 
 to be the seat and cause of irascibUity. ti. Irritation 
 
 of the passions ; anger ; wrath. 
 Cli61'er-a, n. [See supra.] (Med.) A disease character- 
 ized" by vomiting and purging, and also by griping and 
 
 epasms in the legs and arms. 
 
 Cholera morbus, a milder and more common form of the disease. 
 Cli61'er-i« (123), a. 1. Abounding with choler, or bile. 
 
 2. Easily irritated; irascible. 3. Angry; indicating 
 anger ; excited by anger. 
 
 ■eiiol'er-ic-ly, adv. In a choleric manner ; angrily. 
 Chol'er-iae, n. (Med.) (a.) The precursory symptoms 
 
 of cholera, (b.) The first stage of epidemic cholera. 
 Ch.o-les'ter-i€, or Clio'les-ter'i-e, a. [Fr. cholester- 
 
 ique.] Pertaining to cholesterine, or obtained from it. 
 -eiio'iner, n. A Hebrew measure. See Hosier. 
 Clidb§e(66), t'.f. [imp. chose ; ^. p. chosen, chose ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. choosing.] [A.-S. ceosan. Icel. kiosa, 
 
 kiora, Goth, kiusan. Cf. Choice.] To make choice of. 
 Syn. — Prefer; elect. — Choose is generic; to prefer is to 
 
 choose one thing as more desirable than another; to elect is to 
 
 choose or take for some purpose, office, &c., usually by suffrage, 
 
 as to elect a president. 
 
 Cliobfe, V. i. 1. To make a selection ; to prefer. 2. To 
 have the power of choice. 
 
 Chc)b§'er,/i. One who chooses ; an elector. 
 
 Cliop (66), V. t. [imp. & p. p. chopped (chopt) ; p. pr. 
 Scvb.n. chopping.] [From Lat. colaphus, Gr. /coXac^o?, 
 buffet. Cf. Chap and Chip.] 1. To cut into pieces: to 
 mince. 2. To sever or separate by one or more blows. 
 
 3. To seize or devour greedUy. 
 
 Clidp, V. i. 1. To come upon or seize suddenly, as if at 
 
 a stroke or blow. 3. (Naut.) To vary or shift suddenly. 
 Cll6p,r. t. [A.-S. ceapan, Goth, kaupdn, to buv, to sell. 
 
 Cf. Chap, t- . i., and Cheapen, v. t.] 1. To barter : to 
 
 exchange. 3. To give back and forth ; to bandy. 
 Cliop, V. t. To wrangle ; to altercate ; to dispute. 
 Chop, V. t. & i. See Chap. 
 Ch6p, n. 1. Act of chopping; a stroke. 2. A piece 
 
 chopped off; a sUce or small piece, especially of meat. 
 
 3. See Chap. [clearance. 
 
 Ch6p, n. [Chin.] 1. QuaUty ; brand. 2. A permit or 
 Chop'-house, n. A house where chops, &c., are sold ; 
 
 an eating-house of a lower class. • 
 
 Chop'in, n. [From Ger. schoppen, a liquid measure, 
 
 orig. a scoop, from scfwpfen, to scoop.] A high patten 
 
 formerly worn by ladies. 
 ChSp'per, n. One who, or that which, chops. 
 Chop'ping, a. [Cf. Chubby.] 1. Stout or plump. 
 
 2. Shifting suddenly ; coming from different directions. 
 Chop'stick, n. One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, 
 
 &c., held by the Chinese between the thumb and fingers, 
 and used to convey food to the mouth. 
 
 ■Cho-rag'i«, a. [Gr. xopo^V'^oSj from xopayo?, a cho- 
 ragus.] Pertaining to, or in honor of, a choragus, or 
 Siiperintendent of a musical or theatrical entertainment. 
 
 -Ch.o'ra.1, a. [Lat. choralis, from chorus, Gr. xopos-J Be- 
 longing to a choir ; sung in chorus. c 
 
 Cho'ral, n. (illi^s.) A hjmn-tune. 
 
 -€ho'ral-ly, oc^v. In the manner of a^^^^^^^^ Xb 
 
 chorus. 
 
 Chord (k6rd),n. [Lat. chorda, Gr. xop^V, 
 Btring.] 1. String of a musical instru- 
 ment. 2. (ilfit5.) An harmonious combi- 
 nation of tones simultaneously performed. 
 
 3. (Geom.) A right Une, uniting the Chord^(3 
 — :*^„„ ^^ ^-u ^- _._.,. ACAB.'dhords. 
 
 extremities of the arc of a circle. 
 
 €h6rd, V. t. [imp. & p. p. chorded ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 CHORDING.] To provide with musical chords or strings. 
 
 Chore, n. [Eng. char.] A small job, either within or 
 without doors ; — commonly used in the pi. [Amer.] 
 
 ■€hd're-d, n. [Gr. xopeia, dance.] (Mtd.) St. Vitus "s 
 dance ; a disease attended with constant twitchings and 
 irregular movements of the voluntary mu.scles. 
 
 ^iio-ree', n. [Lat. c/ioreus, Gr. xopeio?, belonging to a 
 chorus, q. v. (sc. ttou?, foot).] (Anc. Pros.) (a.) A foot 
 of two .syllables, the first long and the second short ; the 
 trochee, (b.) A tribrach, or foot of three short syllables. 
 
 Cho'ri-amb, n. [Lat. choriambus, Gr. xopt<iM/3os, from 
 Xopeio?, trochee, and lafjipo^, iambus, q. v.] (Anc. Pros.) 
 A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and 
 last are long, and the others short ; that is, a choree or 
 trochee and an iambus united. 
 
 ■Cho'ri-am'bie, n. A choriamb. 
 
 ■eho^ri-amTbie , a. Pertaining to a choriamb. 
 
 •Cho'rist, H. A singer in a choir. 
 
 ■Chor'is-ter, n. 1. One of a choir; a singer in a con- 
 cert. 2. A leader of a choir. 
 
 -Cho-rog'ra-pher, n. One who describes, or makes a 
 map of, a particular country. 
 
 Cho'ro-graph'i<;-al, a. Pertaining to chorography. 
 
 -€ho-r6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xwpoypa(|)ia, from x^^po?* 
 place, and ypd<f>eLv, to describe.] Art or practice of mak- 
 ing a map or description of a particular region or country- 
 
 ■eho'roid, n. [Gr. xopoeiS^s, from xop'O", skin, ande!5o9, 
 form.] (Anat.) The second coat of the eye. 
 
 Cho'rus, n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. xop°5-] !• i-^nti'}-) A 
 band of singers and dancers. 2. ( Gr. Drama.) A com- 
 pany of persons who are supposed to behold what passes 
 in the acts of a tragedy, and who sing their sentiments 
 in couplets or verses between the acts. 3. A company 
 of singers singing in concert. 4. ^Tiat is spoken or 
 sung by the chorus in a tragedy ; the part of a song in 
 which the company join the singer. 
 
 ^hose (sh.dz),n. [Fr., from Lat. caw^a, cause.] (Law.) 
 A thing ; personal property. 
 
 Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or 
 actual enjoyment, but only a right to it. 
 
 Choge, imp. & p. p. of choose. See Choose. 
 
 Chog'en (choz'n), p. p. of choose. See Choose . 
 
 Chough (chuf), n. [A.-S. ceo, Fr. choucas. Cf. M. H. 
 Ger. chouh, owl, D. kauw, crow, and W. caiuci, jackdaw.] 
 (Zool.) A bird of the crow femily. 
 
 Chouse, V- t. [imp. & p. p. choused (choust) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. chousing.] [From the Turk. chiaous,a mes- 
 senger of the Turkish emperor, one of whom, in 1609, 
 committed a gross fraud upon the Turkish merchants 
 resident in England, by cheating them out of £4,000.] 
 To cheat, trick, defi:aud. [Low.] 
 
 Choii.se, n. 1. One who is easily cheated ; a tool ; a sim- 
 pleton; a gull. 2. A trick; sham; imposition. 
 
 Chow'choAV, a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds 
 mingled together ; mixed. 
 
 ChoTv'cho'w, n. A kind of mixed pickle.?. 
 
 Cho'iv'der, n. (Cookery.) A dish made of fresh fish, 
 pork, biscuit, onions, &c., stewed together. 
 
 Chow'der, v. t. To make ^ chowder of. 
 
 ■€hres-t6in.'a-thy., n. [Gr. xP^<'~ro/aa9eta, from XPW- 
 Tos, useful, and fjutGelv, to learn.] A selection of passages, 
 with notes, &c., to be used in acquiring a language. 
 
 -ehrigm., n. [Gr. xptcrju.a, from xP^^'-'^> *o anoint.] (Gr. 
 & Rom. Cath. Churches.) Oil consecrated by the bishop, 
 formerly used in the administration of baptism, confir- 
 mation, ordination, and extreme unction. 
 
 •ehrig'mal, a. Pertaining to chrism. 
 
 Chrig-raa'tion, n. Act of applying consecrated oil. 
 
 Clirig'ma-to-r'y (50), n. A vessel to hold the chrism. 
 
 Christ, n. [Lat. Christus, Gr. xpto~rd?, anointed, from 
 Xpt'eiv, to anoint.] THE ANOINTED; — an appellation 
 given to the Savior of the world, and synonymous with 
 the Hebrew Messiah. 
 
 Christ'-eross-row'' (krls'kros-ro'), n. The alphabef-, 
 — formerly so called, either from the cross usually .'c. 
 before it, or from a superstitious custom of writing it in 
 the form of a cross, by way of a charm. 
 
 Chris'ten (krls^n), v. t. [w^;?. & jo. jo. christeved ; 
 p.pr. Si vb. n. christening.] [A.-S. cristjiian, fi«m 
 cri.<iten, cristena, a Christian, q. v.] 1. To baptize. 2. 
 To give a name ; to denominate. 
 
 ■Chris'ten-dom (krls'n-dum), n. [A.-S. cristendom, 
 from cristen,ai, Christian, and the termination dom.] 1. 
 That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, 
 in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. 2. 
 The whole bodv of Christians. 
 
 ■ehris'tian (krist/yan, 66), n. [Lat. christtanus, Gr. 
 
 food, fdbt i iiru, rude, pull ; ^eU, ^haise, €all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, lii^k ; this- 
 
CllKISTIAN 
 
 120 
 
 CHURL 
 
 Xptcrrcnroc. See CHRIST.] 1. One who believes, or is 
 Hi*umed to bcJieve, iu the religiou of Christ, '-i. One 
 born in a Ohristiau country, or of Ohristiau parents. 
 
 ■Cliris'tJan (krist yau. l>i>),'rt. 1. Pertaining to Christ or 
 hLs religion, 'i, I'n^fei^siug Christianity. 3. Pertain- 
 ing to the church ; wclesitistical. 
 
 CTiristioH mtme, tlie naiue jiivcn iu baptism, as distinct ttqm 
 the fkinily name, or suruaine. 
 
 €Hris-tiftn'i-ty (krkt-ykn'i-tj^), n. The religion of 
 Christians ; the system of doctrmes and precepts taught 
 by Clirist. [to Christianity. 
 
 €hrIs'tlan-i-za'tion, n. Act or process of converting 
 
 Cliris'tlan-ize, f. t. [imp. & p. p. christianized; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. CHRISTIANIZING.] 1. To make Chris- 
 tian; to convert to Christianity. "2, To imbue with 
 Christian principles. 
 
 Cliris'tian-ly, aJc. In a Christian manner. 
 
 Clirist'less, a. llaving no faith in Christ. 
 
 i'lirist'mas (kris'mas), «. [Christ and mass, q. v.] 1. 
 The lestnal of Christ's nativity, observed annually on 
 the 25th day of December. '^. Christmas-day. 
 
 €lirist'nias-b6x (krls'mas-), n. A box in which pres- 
 ents are put at Christmas. 
 
 i'hris-tdl'o-gy, n. [Gr. Xpioros, Christ, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] A discourse or treatise concerning Christ ; doc- 
 trine of the Scriptures respecting Christ. 
 
 Cliro'inate, n. [See Chrome.] ( Cheni.) A salt formed 
 by the union of chromic acid with a base. 
 
 Chro-mftt'ic. a. [Lat. chromaticus, from Gr. xpw/oiaTi- 
 #c6s, suited for color, from xpw/u.a, color.] 1. Relating to 
 color, or to colors. '2. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller 
 intervals (half -steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of 
 the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. 
 
 Chromatic s^ale (Sfus.), the scale consisting of thirteen 
 tones, including the eight scale-tones and the five intermediate 
 tones; —so called because the intermediate tones were formerly 
 written an ^ )rinted in colors. 
 
 Cliro-mlit i«s, n. siitg. The science of colors. 
 
 Cliromc, .i. Same as Chromium, q. v. 
 
 ■Cliro'ir. €, a. Pwtaining to chrome, or obtained from it. 
 
 Cliro'it -um, n. [Gr. XP*^/^"^? color, from the many 
 beauti"ul colors of its compounds.] {Metal.) A hard, 
 brittle metal of a grayish-white color, very difficult of 
 fusion, and related to iron in many of its properties. 
 
 Cliro'ino-li-th6g'ra-phy, n. Lithography adapted 
 to printing in oil colors. 
 
 -Chron'i-e, ) a. [Lat. chronicus, Gr. xpo^ifosj from 
 
 ■t'lir6n'i<;-al, j XP^""?. time.] 1. Relating to time ; 
 according to time. "i. Continuing for a long time. 
 
 •C'hron'i-ele (kron'I-kl), n. [See Chronic] 1. A reg- 
 ister of events in the order of time. 3. A history ; a 
 record. 3. pi. Two canonical books of the Old Testament. 
 
 Chron'i-ele, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chronicled ; p. pr. & 
 yb.n. chronicling.] To record in history ; to register. 
 
 Chron'i-eler, n. A writer of a chronicle ; an historian. 
 
 -tlxron'o-gram, ) n. [Gr. XP0''05> time, and -ypajajota, 
 
 ■t:iir6ii'o-gra.pli, ) writing, character, ypa.(^ei.v, to 
 write.] An inscription in which a certain date is ex- 
 pressed by numeral letters, as in the motto of a medal 
 etruck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 : — 
 
 ChrlstVs DVX; ergo trlVMpliVs; 
 In which the capitals, considered as numerals, give, when 
 added, the sum 1632. 
 
 Cliro-iiog'ra-pher, n. A chronologer. 
 
 Chro-nol'o-^er, » n. One skilled in chronology; a 
 
 Cliro-n61'o-gist, ) chronologer. 
 
 ChrSn'o-lS^'ic, ) a. Relating to chronology; ac- 
 
 •Chron'o-16^'ie-al, ) cording to the order of time. 
 
 €lir6n'o-16g'if;-al-ly, a/iv. In a chronological manner. 
 
 ■€liro-n61'o-gy, n. [Gr. xpovoKoyCa, from xpwos. time, 
 and koyo^, diKjourse.] The science which treats of meas- 
 uring or computing time by regular divisions or periods, 
 and which assigns to events their proper dates. 
 
 Sliro-n6m'e-ter. n. [B'rom Gr. xpo'^o'^y time, and ju,e- 
 rpov, measure ] 1. A time-keeper ; especially a portable 
 time-keeper of superior construction and accuracy. 3. 
 (Mus.) An instrument used to measure or indicate the 
 time of a musical movement. 
 
 ■C'hr5n'o-iTi6t'ri€, I a. Pertaining to, or measured 
 
 Chron'o-mCt'rie-al, J by, a chronometer. 
 
 €h.ro-n6in'e-try, n. The art of measuring time by 
 jx;riodfl or divisions. 
 
 £rhryf/a-lid, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a chrysalis. 
 
 ■Chrys'a-lid, n. Same as Chrysalis. 
 
 ■Chrys'a-lis (krts'^), n. ; pi. CHRY-sXL/i-DEg. [Gr. 
 Xpnt<TaX\i<;, the gold-colored sheath of butterflies, from 
 XPvcr(K, gold.] (Nat. Hist.) A form into which the cat- 
 erpillar or larve of butterflies, moths, and some other 
 
 Chub, 
 plump, short, and thick. 
 
 insects, passes, and flrom which the perfect insect, aft*r a 
 while, emei^s. 
 
 ■eiir y s-Jtn'tlie -mtim ^n. [ Lat . , fi-om Gr. xfivvavetfiov., 
 from xpveros, gold, and avfle/xov, flower.] (Bot.) Agenusof 
 composite plants, including the sun-flower, marigold, &c. 
 
 Clirys'o-bgr'yl, n. [Lat. ckrysoberyllus, from Gr. xpwo-os, 
 gold, and /S^pwAAos, beryl.] (Min.) A yellowish-green 
 gem, consisting of alumina and glucina. 
 
 ■Ghrys'o-Kte, n. [Lat. chrysolithus, Gr. xp^aoAiflos, from 
 Xpuo-os, gold, and Aiflos, stone.] (Min.) A greenish min- 
 eral, composed of sihca, magnesia, and iron. 
 
 Chrys'o-prage, n. [Gr. xpwcron-paa-o?, from xP^aoi, gold, 
 and irpd<Tov, leek.] (Mm.) A kind of massive quartz, of 
 a grayish or leek -green color. 
 
 Cliub, n. [Cf. A.-S. copp, 
 head, Fr. chabot, a chub, Lat. 
 capita, a fish with a large 
 head, cap^it, head, Sw. kubb,^ 
 a short and thick piece of 
 wood.] (Ichlh.) A fresh- 
 water fish of the carp family. 
 
 Cliucls;, t>. «. [Formed in imitation of the sound.] 1. To 
 make a noise hke that of a hen calhng her chickens ; to 
 cluck. 3. To laugh in a broken, convulsive mJlnner, 
 by way of mockery or insult. 
 
 Chiiclc, V. t. To call, as a hen her chickens. 
 
 Cliuclc, V. t. [imp. & p. p. chucked (chukt) ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. CHUCKING.] [Perh. to strike under the chin, so as 
 to make a noise from the collision of the teeth, like that 
 of the hen when she calls her chickens ; or a modification 
 of chock, shock, q. v.] 1. To strike gently ; to give a 
 gentle blow to. 3. To throw, with quick motion, a short 
 distance; to pitch. [Vulgar.] 3. (Mech.) To place in 
 a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning. 
 
 Cliiick, n. 1. The voice or call of a hen. 3. A sud- 
 den, small noise. 3. A word of endearment ; — corrupted 
 from chick. 
 
 Cliu.clt,/i. 1. A slight blow under the chin. 3. (Mach.) 
 A contrivance fixed to the mandrel of a turning-lathe for 
 holding the material to be operated upon. 
 
 Cliu.clt'-far'tiiiiig, n. A play in which a farthing is 
 pitched into a hole. 
 
 Chuclt'le (chuk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHUCKLED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CHUCKLING.] [From chuck, q. v.] 1. To 
 call, as a hen her chickens ; to cluck. 3. To fondle; to 
 cocker. [derision. 
 
 Cliuclc'le, n. A short, suppressed laugh of exultation or 
 
 Cliu.cl£'le, V. i. [From chuck, q. v.] To laugh in a sup- 
 pressed or broken manner, as expressing inward exulta- 
 tion or derision. 
 
 Cliiiclc'le-liead., n. A numskull ; a dunce. [Low.'\ 
 
 Chuff, n. [Perh. a modification of chub. Cf. W. cyff, 
 stock, stump.] A coar.se, dull, or surly fellow ; a clown. 
 
 Cliuff'i-ly, o-dv. In a rough, surly manner. 
 
 Cliiiff'y, «• 1. Fat or swelled out, especially in the 
 cheeks. 3. Surly ; ill-tempered ; rude ; clownish. 
 
 Chum., n. [Prob. a contr. from comrade. Cf. also A.-S. 
 cuma, a comer, guest.] A chamber-fellow, especially in a 
 college or university. [another. [Amer.1 
 
 Chum., V. i. [From the n.] To occupy a chamber with 
 
 Chunk, n. A short, thick piece of any thing. [ Collo'i. 
 in Amer. and Prov. in Eng.] 
 
 Chuiik'y,»a. Short and thick. [Amer.] 
 
 Church (66), n. [A.-S. aire, Scot, kirk, Icel. kyrkia,GeT. 
 kirche , from. Gr. Kvpiaicri, Kvpicucov, the Lord's house, from 
 Kv'pios, lord.] 1. A building set apart for Christian wor- 
 ship. 3. A formally organized body of Christian behevers 
 worshiping together. 3. A body of Christian believers, 
 observing the same rites and acknowledging the same ec- 
 clesiastical authority. 4. The collective body of Chris- 
 tians. 5. Ecclesiastical influence, authority, &c. 
 
 Church, f.t. [imp. Sep. p. churched (churcht); p. ;w. 
 & vb. n. churching.] To unite with in pubUcly return- 
 ing thanks in church, as after childbirth. 
 
 Chiirch'man, n.;pl. chOrch'men. 1. An ecclesiastic 
 or clergyman. 3. An EpiscopaUan, as distinguished from 
 a Presbyterian or Congregationalist, &c. 
 
 Chftrch'man-ship, n. State of bemg a churchman. 
 
 Church'- ward' en, n. An officer whose duties respect 
 the temporai'or pecuniary interests of a church or parish. 
 
 Chiirch'-yard, n. The ground adjoming to a church, 
 in which the dead are buried ; a cemetery. 
 
 Chtlrl (66), n. [A.-S. ceorl, a freeman of the lowest rank, 
 man, husband.] 1. A rustic ; a countryman or laborer. 
 3. A rough, surly, ill-bred man. 3. One who is ilhberal 
 or miserly ; a niggard. 
 
 A, e, ice, long; a,6,&c.,«A<w«;care,far,ask,all,what;6re,vea,term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,wol<, 
 
CHURLISH 
 
 121 
 
 CIRCLE 
 
 Cliftrl'isli, a. 1. Like a churl ; illiberal. 54. Wanting 
 pliancy or Boftness ; unmanageable ; unyielding. 
 Syn. — Narrow-minded; surly; rude; niggardly. 
 
 ChOtrl'Isli-ly, adv. In a churlish manner ; rudely. 
 
 Cliftrl'isli-ness, n. Rudeness of manners or temper ; 
 indisposition to kindness or courtesy. 
 
 Cliu.rn (66), n. [A.-S. ceren, an earthen vessel, churn. 
 See infra.] A vessel in which cream is shaken or beaten 
 in order to separate the butter from the other parts. 
 
 CKurn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. churned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CHURNING.] [A--S. cernan, Icel. kirna, fr. kiarni, mar- 
 row, cream.] 1, To stir or agitate, as cream, in order 
 to make butter. 2. To shake or agitate with violence. 
 
 Chvirii, v.i. To agitate cream or milk for the purpose of 
 separating the butter. [operation. 
 
 Cliurii'ing, n. The quantity of butter made at one 
 
 ^hifte (shtTot), n. [Fr. cliute, from Lat. cadere, to fall.] 
 ll' A rapid descent in a river. '2, An opening in a river- 
 dam for the descent of logs, &c. 
 
 Chyle (kil), n. [Gr. x"^o?> jiiice, from X'^^'-^i ^ pour.] 
 (P/iysiol.) A milky fluid, derived from chyme, and con- 
 veyed into the circulation by the lacteal vessels. 
 
 Cliyl'i f a,«'tioii, n. [Gr. xvA.6s, and Lat./acere, to make.] 
 (Physiol.) The act or process by which chyle is formed.] 
 
 ■€liyri-f^<!'^ive, a. Forming or changing into chyle. 
 
 Cliyl'i-fi-€a'tion, n. Formation of chyle by the digest- 
 ive processes. 
 
 -eii^l'i-£i-«a/to-ry, a. Chylifactive. [of it. 
 
 ■eiiyl'ous (kil/us), a. Consisting of chyle, or partaking 
 
 Chyme (kim), n. [Lat. cfiymus, Gr. x"l^°^' juice, like 
 XwAos, from xeetv, to pour.] {Physiol.) The pulp formed 
 by the food after it has been for some time in the stom- 
 ach, mixed with the gastric secretions. 
 
 -ehym-'is-try, &c. See Chemistry, &c. 
 
 ■ehyiri'i-f i-€a'tion, n. [Lat. cliymus, chyme, and facere^ 
 to make.]_ The process of becoming or of forming chyme. 
 
 -ehym'i-fy, v. t. [Lat. cliymus, chyme, and facere, to 
 make.] To form into chyme. 
 
 -ehym'otis (kim'us), a. Pertaining to chyme. 
 
 gt-^a'dd, n.; pi. p'i-el'D^. [Lat.] (Entom.) An 
 hemipterous insect, the male of which makes a shrill, 
 grating sound ; —called also locust. 
 
 9i<;'a-tri9e, n. A scar, seam, or elevation remaining 
 after a wound is healed. [cicatrice. 
 
 gi-ea'tri3c,_n.; pi. pic'A-TRppE§. [Lat.] A scar ; a 
 
 ^i-e'a-tri-za'tion, n. Process of forming a cicatrice. 
 
 9i<5'a-trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cicatrized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. cicatrizing.] To heal and induce the formation 
 of a cicatrice in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. 
 
 9i-e'a-trize, v. i. To heal or be healed. 
 
 Cicerone (che-che-ro'ne or sis'e-ro'ne), n. [It. Cicerone, 
 equiv. to Lat. Cicero, the Roman orator ; so called from 
 the talkativeness of such a guide.] One who shows stran- 
 gers the curiosities of a place. 
 
 ^ip'e-ro'ni-an, a. Resembling Cicero in style or action. 
 
 ^if'e-ro'ni-an-igm, n. Imitation or resemblance of the 
 style or action of Cicero ; a Ciceronian expression. 
 
 9i-0s'be-i§m, n. The state or conduct of a cicisbeo. 
 
 Cicisbeo (che'chis-ba'o or se-sls'be-o), n. [It.] The 
 professed gaUant of a married woman. 
 
 9i'der, n. [Fr. cidre, Lat. sicera, Gr. a-Uepa, of Oriental 
 origin. Cf. Heb. 5/idiar, to be intoxicated ; c was changed 
 into d, as in Fr. ladre, from Lazarus.] A drink made 
 from the juice of apples. 
 
 ^i'der-lciii, n. A liquor made by adding water to the 
 crushed mass of apples remaining after the juice is pressed 
 out in the manufacture of cider. 
 
 Ci-devant (sed/vong'), a. [Fr.] Former ; previous. 
 
 95-gar', n. [Sp. cigarro ; orig. a kind of tobacco in Cuba.] 
 A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. 
 
 9ig'ar-ette', n. A Uttle cigar ; a little fine tobacco rolled 
 in paper for smoking. 
 
 9il'ia-ry, a. Belonging to the eyelashes ; pertaining to 
 hairs or hair-hke appendages in animals or vegetables. 
 
 9il'i-ate, )a. 1. (Bot.) Furnished or surrounded 
 
 9il'i-a/ted, J with filaments resembling the eyelashes. 
 3. (Anat.) Covered with fine filaments, which, during 
 life, are endowed with a vibratory motion. 
 
 9i-li'ciou.s (si-lish/us), a. [Lat. cilicium, a covering, 
 orig. made of Cihcian goat's hair, from Cilicia, a province 
 of Asia Minor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. 
 
 9i'ma, n. (^rcA.) A kind of molding. See Cyma. 
 
 ^im'e-ter, n. [From Biscay an cimetarra, with a sharp 
 edge ; or corrupted from Per. schimschir.] A short sword 
 with a recurvated point, used by the Persians and Turks. 
 [Written also scimetar, scymetar, and scimiter.] 
 
 9toi-in.e'ri-an (89), a. 1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii 
 
 fabulous people, 
 irkness. "Z. 
 
 said to have dwelt in caves, in utter 
 Without any light ; intensely dark. 
 
 ^In-cho'na, n. [So named from the Countess Cinchon, 
 in the 17th cent., who by its use was freed from an inter- 
 mittent fever.] (Bot.) 1. A genus of trees growing ex- 
 clusively on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, 
 producing a medicinal bark of great value, known as Peru- 
 vian bark, Jesuifs bark, Sec. 'Z. The bark itself. 
 
 9m<;t'ure (slnkfyur, 53), n. [Lat. cinctura, from cin- 
 gere, to gird.] 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn 
 round the body. ij. That which encompasses ; inclosure. 
 
 3. (Arch.) A ring or list at the top and bottom of a col- 
 umn, separating the shaft, at one end, from the base, at 
 the other, from the capital. 
 
 ^in'der, n. [A.-S. sinder, from syndrian, to separate ; 
 not fi'om Fr. cendre, Lat. cinis, ashes.] 1. A small par- 
 ticle of matter remaining after combustion, in which fire 
 is extinct. iJ. A small coal, or particle of fire, \nth ashes ; 
 an ember. 3. A scale thrown off in forging metal. 
 
 9iii'e-m.3,t'i<5S, n. sing. [Gr. Kiveoi, to move.] The sci- 
 ence which treats of motions considered in themselves, 
 or apart from their causes. 
 
 ^in'er-a-ry, a. [Lat. cinerarius, from cinis, ashes.] 
 Pertaining to ashes ; containing ashes. 
 
 ^iu'er-a'tion, n. [From Lat. cinis, ashes.] The reduc- 
 ing of any thing to ashes by combustion. 
 
 ^in'er-i'tious (-ish/us), a. [Lat^cineritius, from dnis, 
 ashes.] Having the color or consistence of ashes. 
 
 ^in'na-Tbar, n. [Lat. cinnabaris, Gr. >civi/a/3dpts, Kiwa- 
 /3api, Per. qinbar. Hind, shangarf; Fr. cinabre.] Red sul- 
 phuret of mercury or quicksilver ; vermiUon. 
 
 ^in'na-inoii, >i. [Gr. Kiwafj-ov, 
 ictvva.fJMii.ov, Lat. cinnamomum, 
 cinnamum, from a Phen. word 
 equiv. to Heb. kinnamon.] The 
 inner bark of a tree growing in 
 Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a 
 moderately pungent taste. 
 
 ^inque (sink, 82), n. [From 
 Lat. quinque, five.] The num- 
 ber five upon dice or in cards. 
 
 9inque'-foU (sink'-), n. [Fr. 
 cinque, five, and foil, equiv. to _,. 
 
 ¥r. feuille, leaf.] 1. (Bot.) A Cmnamon. 
 
 plant of different species, so called because of the resem- 
 blance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand. 3. (Arch. ) 
 An ornamental foliation having five points or cusps, used 
 in windows, panels, &c. 
 
 ^i'on, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. sectio, a cutting, from secure, 
 to cut.] A young shoot, twig, or sprout of a tree or 
 plant. [Written also scion.] 
 
 9i'pher , n. [Ar. sifrun, sq/rwn, empty, cipher, zero, from 
 safira, to be empty.] 1. (Arith.) A character [0] which^ 
 standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed 
 at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value 
 tenfold. iJ. A person of no worth or character. 3. A 
 combination of letters, as the initials of a name ; an enig- 
 matical character. 4. A private alphabet or system of 
 characters contrived for the safe transmission of secrets. 
 
 ^i'pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CIPHERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ciphering.] To practice arithmetic. 
 
 ^i'pher, v. t. 1. To write in occult characters. iJ. To 
 designate by characters ; to represent. 
 
 9ir-9e'an, a. Pertaining to Circe, a fabled enchantress ; 
 magical ; noxious. 
 
 ^ir-^gn'sial, ) a. Pertaining to the Circus, in Rome,, 
 
 ^ir-fgn'sian, ) where were practised games of various 
 kinds, as running, wrestling, combats, &c. 
 
 9ir'-ele (sTr'kl, 18), n. [Lat. circulus, dim. of ^ n. 
 circus, circle, Gr. xip/cos, circle, ring.] 1. A / \ 
 
 plane figure, bounded by a single curve line I / 
 
 called its circurriference, every part of which is \,__^ 
 equally distant from a point within it called the Circle. 
 center. 3, The line that bounds such a figure ; a circum- 
 ference. 3. (Astron.) An instrument of observation, 
 the graduated Umb of which consists of an entire circle. 
 
 4. A round body ; a sphere ; an orb. 5. Compass ; cir- 
 cuit. 6. A company assembled, or conceived to assem- 
 ble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a 
 common tie. 7. A series ending where it begins. 8. A 
 form of argument in which two or more unproved state- 
 ments are used to prove each other. 9. A province or 
 principality. 
 
 Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the bound- 
 ary of that space around the elevated pole, withm which the 
 stars never set. — ftVcZe of perpetual occultation, at any given 
 place, the boundary of that space around the depressed pole, 
 within which the stars never rise. 
 
 tooa, ftfbt; Arn, rude, pull ; ^ell, phaise, «all, echo; gem, get; as; ejist; linger, link; this 
 
CIRCLE 
 
 122 
 
 CIRCUMSTANCE 
 
 Synt — Rinj:: circlet; incisure; assembly; coterie; set 
 ^r'tle isTi^kl), v. I. [hup. & p. p. CIRCLED ; p. pr. & 
 
 «•'. H. CIRCLING. 1 1. To move or revolve around. 2. 
 
 To enoompa5S, as by a circle ; to surround ; to inclose. 
 ClrVle, f. I. To uiove cinnilarly. 
 Vir't'let, /I. 1. A little circle, as of gold, jewels, &c. 
 
 *2. A round biyiv ; an orb. 
 ^ir'cuit (Sir kit," IS), n. [Lat. ctrcuitus, from circum, 
 
 around, and »>r, to go.] 1. The act of moving or re- 9ir'€iim.-fl6x, v. t 
 
 Tolving an.>und. 'i, A r^ular or appointed jourue\iDg ^^^'^''i'^'^lii't'nt 
 
 from plaiv to place in the exercise of one's calling, as of 
 a judgi'. &c. 3. The region or country passed over in 
 8uch a journey, esixtially that over which the jurisdic- 
 tion, as of a judgi', &c.. extends. 4. That which encir- 
 cles any thing, ^as a ring or crown. 5. The distance 
 around any space. C The space inclosed within a circle, 
 or within certain limits. 
 
 ["Ir'**!!!!, V. t. To move or make to go round. 
 
 i'lr-eu'l-tous, a. Going round in a circuit ; indirect. 
 
 i"ir-fU'i-toiis-ly, ode. In a circuit. 
 
 ^ir'*ru-la-ble. a. Capable of being circulated. 
 
 Ilr'^-u-lar (ISj, a. [Lat. circularis.] 1. Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, a circle ; in the form of a circle ; round. 2. 
 Rejiea ting itself ; hence, illogical: inconclusive. 3. Ad- 
 hering to a fixed circle of l^ends : cjclic ; hence, mean, 
 inferior. 4. Addressed to a number of persons having, 
 or supposed to hav^ a common interest. 
 
 Circular numbers (,Arith.). those whose powers terminate in 
 the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose 
 squares are 2o and 3t>.— Circular sailing {Saui.), the method 
 of sailing by the arc of a great circle. 
 
 •^tr'-cu-lar. n. A circular letter, or paper, often printed, 
 
 copies of which are addressed to various persons. 
 CIr'*.'u-iar'i-ty. ». State of being circular. 
 %lr'cu-lar-ly, adv. In a circular manner. 
 ^:lr'€u-late,'r. i. [i>yip. & p. p. circulated ; p. pr. 
 
 Si vb. 71. CIRCULATING.] [Lat. circulare, circulari.] 1. 
 
 To move in a circle or circuitouslv ; to move or pass 
 
 round. 2. To pass from place to place, from person to 
 
 person, or from hand to hand. 
 9ir'cu-late, v. t. To cause to pass from place to place, 
 
 or fix)m ]t>erson to person. 
 
 SjTi.— To spread; difPase; propagate; disseminate. 
 
 ^^'•eu-la'tion, n. 1. The act of circulating; act of 
 
 moving in a ci£x;le. 2. Currency ; circulating coin, or 
 
 . notes, bUls, &c., current for coin. 3. The extent to j cir'cum-ro-tk'tion 
 
 which any thing circulates or is circulated. * ' ■ 
 
 ^^'«u-la'tor. >:. One who, or that which, circulates. 
 9ir'€U-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Circular. 2. Circulating, 
 
 or going round. 
 -^iT'€uxn-kJU.'hi-eixt, a. [Lat. circum, around, and 
 
 ambire, to go round.] Surrounding ; inclosing or being 
 
 on aU sides : encompassing. 
 ^^ir'-eum-amTbu-late, v. i. [Lat. circumambitlare , 
 
 fit)m circum, around, and ambtiUire, to walk.] To walk 
 
 round about. 
 ^:^/«um-ani'bu-la'tion, n. Act of walking around. 
 ^ir'-emii-bend.'i-bus, n. A circuitous movement or I 
 
 route. [Vulgar.] 
 fir'eum-^ige (18), v. t. [itnp. k. p^p. circumcised : 
 pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMCISING.] [Lat. circumcidere, 
 
 9Ir'-euiii-fl6x, >i. [Lat. ci>cM77j/?ea:iM, a bending round, 
 p. p. of circumjiectere, from circum, around, ».nd.flectere 
 to bend ] 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a ris« 
 and fall orf the same syllable. 2. A character, or ac- 
 cent, denoting in Greek a rise and fall of the voice on the 
 same long syllable, marked thus [" or '^] ; and in Lrtin 
 and some other languages, denoting a long and con- 
 tracted syllable, marked [']. [cumflex. 
 To mark or pronounce with a cir- 
 r. [Lat. circumfuens, p. pr. of 
 
 9ir-*^-um'flu-ous, / circumfuere , from fjVcMw, around, 
 a.nilJiuere,Xo flow.] Flowing around ; surrounding in the 
 manner of a fluid. 
 
 ^ir'-eum-fo-ra'ne-an, \a. [Lat. circumforaneus , 
 
 9ir'«um-fo-ra'ne-ous, J fi^m circum, around, and 
 forum, a market-place.] Going about or abroad ; walk- 
 ing or wandering from hotise to house. 
 
 ^ir^^um-fuge', v. t. [Lat. circumfundere, -fusum, fi<:m 
 circu?7i, around, aind/undere, to pour.] To pour round; 
 to spread round. 
 
 ^ir^-eum-fu'gion, n. Act of pouring or spreading 
 around ; state of being poured around. 
 
 9ir'<;um-gy-ra'tioni, n. [Lat. circmn, around, and 
 gyrare, to turn around.] The act of turning, rolling, or 
 whirling round. 
 
 ^ir'cum-ja'fent, a. [Lat. circumjacens^ p. pr. of cir- 
 cumjaccre, from circum, around, and jacere, to lie.] 
 Lying around : bordering on ever} side. 
 
 9ir'-€Uin.-lo-eu'tioii, n. [Lat. circuinlocutio, from cir- 
 cwnloqui, fr. circum, around, and loqui, to speak, locutio, 
 a speaking.] A circuit of words : a periphrase. 
 
 ^ir'-euxn-l&e'u-to-ry, a. Pertaining to a circumlocu- 
 tion ; periphrastic. [around. 
 
 ^ir'-eum-nav'i-ga-ble, a. Capable of being sailed 
 
 9ir'-etitn-nav'i-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. circum- 
 navigated : p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMNAAIGATING.] 
 [Lat. circumnavigare , from circum , around, and navigare, 
 to navigate. ] To sail around ; to pass round by water. 
 
 ^ir'-eum-nJiVi-ga'tion, «. Act of circumnavigating. 
 
 9rr'<;uin-iiav'i-ga'tor, n. One who sails around. 
 
 9ir'-eum-po'lar, a. [Lat. circum, around, and Eng. 
 polar, q. v.] About the pole ; situated near the pole. 
 
 9ii*'-cuiBi-po-§i'tioii, n. [Lat. circumpositio, from cir- 
 cum, around, and ponere, to set, put, or place.] Act of 
 placing in a circle, or state of being so placed. [round. 
 
 ^ST'-euin-ro'ta-ry, a. Turning, rolling, or whirling 
 
 [Lat. circumrotare , from ctr- 
 
 CK777 , around, and rotare, to turn round like a wheel, 
 
 from rota, wheel.] Act of rolling or revolving round, as 
 
 a wheel ; state of being whirled round. 
 
 Cir'^um-ro'ta-to-ry (50), a. Turning, rolling, or whirl- 
 ing round. [scribed. 
 
 9u"'-eum-s<;rjb'a-ble, a. Capable of being circum- 
 
 Cir'-eum-scribe', r. t. [imp. & p.p. circumscribed ; 
 
 ' p.pr. & vb. n. circumscribing.] [Lat. circumscribere^ 
 fix)m circum, around, and scribere, to write, to draw.] 
 To inclose within a certain limit ; to hem in. 
 
 circumcisum, from circum, around, and csedere, to cut.] 
 1. To cut off the foreskin of, in the case of males, or 
 the internal labia of, in the case of females. 2. ( Script. ) 
 To render spiritual or hoi}'. 
 
 ^ur'cuni-fig'er, n. One who performs circimicision. 
 
 9*ir'-euin-9i§'ion (-slzh'un), n. 1. Act of cutting off 
 
 Syn.— To bound; limit; restrict; confine; abridge; re- 
 strain; surromid. 
 
 One who, or that which, cir- 
 
 9ir'-euiii-s-erib'er, 
 
 cumscribes. 
 9ir'-euia-s«rip'ti-ble, a. Capable of being circum- 
 scribed or limited by bounds. 
 9ir'-eui*i-s«rip'tion, n. 1. The exterior line which 
 determines the form or magnitude of a body. 2. Limi- 
 tation by conditions, restraints, &c. ; botind; confins- 
 
 _ ment ; limit. 
 
 the' prepuce" or foiWkin of males ,^0^ 'the "intemkT!abil ! 9p'«u™-s«rfP't5ve, a. Defining the external form, 
 of females. 2. {Script.) (a.) Rejei:tion of the sins of the ' 9"''«»m-spect, a. [Lat. circumspectvs,Tp.-p.of circum- 
 flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Chris- spicere, from circvyn, around, and spicere, specere, to 
 tian faith, (t.) The Jews, distinguished as a circumcised ^?«^] Attentive to aU the circumstances of a case j cau- 
 
 ' — it^ . . . ° 1 tious ; prudent: watchful; wary: vigilant. 
 
 9ir'«um-spe«'tion, n. Attention to aH the &ct8 and 
 circumstances of a case. 
 
 Syn. — Caution ; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtful- 
 ness; wariness; forecast 
 
 race from the uncircumcLsed 
 9ir'€um-<;lu'gion, n. [From Lat. circum. around, and 
 
 daudere^ to f>hut.] Act of inclosing on all sides. 
 ^^'€um-du«;t', V. t. [Lat. circurmiucere, from circum, 
 
 around, and 'yMc«re^ to lead.] 1. To lead about ; to lead 
 
 astray. [Rar^.] 2. (Law.) To contravene; to nullifv. I 9ir/€uin-spe€t'ive, o. Looking round every way ; cau- 
 9Ir'€um-du<.-'tion, n. 1. A leading about. 2. An! tious: careful of consequences : wary. 
 
 annulhng [Rare.] i 9ir'<;vim-spe«tay, arfr. With circumspection. 
 
 Vir-eam fer-ein;e. n. [Lat. ctrcum/erentia, from cir- '< 9ir'-eum-sp6€t'ness, n. Caution ; circiunspection. 
 
 cum, around, and ftrre, to bear.] 1. The line that goes ; Cir'€um-stance (113), n. [Lat. circumstantia, from cir 
 
 round or encompa.sses a circular figure ; a periphery, 
 
 2. The space included in a circle: any thing circular. 
 
 3. External surface of a sphere, or any orbicular body. 
 91r-«uin'f er-6n'tial, a. Pertaining to a circumference 
 ^'ir-feum'fer-gn'tor, n. An instrument used by sur^ 
 
 veyors for taking horizontal angles and bearings. 
 
 cumstans, p. pr. of circum&tare , from circum, around, and 
 stare, to stand.] 1. The condition of things surround- 
 ing or attending an event. 2. Something attending on 
 or relative to a fact, though not essential thereto ; a par- 
 ticular incident or adjunct. 3. pi. Condition in re- 
 gard to worldly estate ; state of property. 
 
 S,e,&c.,i97i^, a,6,&c.,5Aort; c4re, far, aslc, aU, what; dre.veU, tSrm; pique.firm; sdn,6r,d9, W9lt 
 
CIRCUMSTANCE 
 
 123 
 
 CIVILITY 
 
 Sjm.— Fact; event: incident. — A/act is a thing done; an 
 event i? thin;? which turns up or occurs; an incident something 
 that/alls in to some jienerul course of events. A circumstance 
 (literally, a. thins standin"; about or near) is some ai^unct 
 to an event which more or less affects it. 
 
 Cir'€uin-stan?e, f. i. [imp. 8c, p. p. circumstanced 
 (108): p.pr.& r6. rt. CIRCUMSTANCING.] To place rela- 
 .tively, or in a particular situation. 
 
 ^ir'-eum-stan'tial, a. 1. Consisting in, or pertaining 
 to, circumstances, or particular incidents, ii. Abound- 
 ing with circumstances, or exhibiting all the circum- 
 stances ; minute : particular. 
 
 Circimtstantial evidence {Law), any evidence not direct and 
 positive. 
 
 ^r^<^um.-stan'tial. n. Something incidental to the main 
 subjei^'t, but of less importance ; — generally in the pi. 
 
 ^^'•eiun-stan'ti-ai'i-ty(-stan'shi-al1-t\-),n. 1. The 
 state of any thing as modified by ch-cumstances. 2. 
 Particularity in exhibiting circumstances ; minuteness. 
 
 9Ir^«iim-stan'ti-al-ly, adc. 1. According to circum- 
 stances, 'i, lu eyery circumstance or particular. 
 
 ^:ir'€uin-staii'ti-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [imp & p.p. CIR- 
 
 CUMSTAXTIATED; p. pr. & 1-6. n. CIRCUMSTANTIAT- 
 ING.] [See Circumstance.] 1. To place in particu- 
 lar circumstances, 'i. To enter into details concerning. 
 
 ^iT'cinn-vJil'late, f. t. [Lat. circumvallare, firom cir- 
 cum, around, and vallare, to waU, from vallum, ram- 
 part.] To surround with a rampart. 
 
 ^ir'€iim-val-la'tioii, n. (3Iil.) (a.) Act of surround- 
 ing with a wall or rampart, (b.) A line of field works 
 surrounding the camp of a besieging army. 
 
 ^Jir'€iim-veiit', i-. t. [imp. & p. p. circumv:ented : 
 p.pr. & 1-6. n. CIRCUMVENTING.] [Lat. circumvenire, 
 from circum, around, and venire, to come.] To gain ad- 
 vantage over, by arts, stratagem, or deception ; to de- 
 ceive : to delude. 
 
 ^Ir'-eiiin-veii'tion. n. [Lat. circumventio. See s^qrra.] 
 Deception ; fiuud : imposture ; delusion. 
 
 ^ir^^um-vent'ive, a. Deceiving by artifices ; deluding. 
 
 Cir^-evmi-irest', v. t. [Lat. circumvestire, firom circum, 
 
 ' around, and cestire, to clothe, fix)m vestis, garment.] 
 To cover round, as with a garment. 
 
 Cir^ciim-vo-lvi'tioii, n. 1. Act of rolling round, or 
 
 ' state of being rolled. '2, A thing roUed round another. 
 
 ^ir'cuiii-volve', v. t. [imp. &, p. p. CIRCUMVOLVED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMVOLVING.] [Lat. circumvok-ere , 
 firom eircum, around, and volvere, to roU.] To roU 
 roxmd : to cause to revolve. 
 
 ^ir'^iuBi-volve' v. i. To roU round ; to revolve. 
 
 Cir'«vis, n. ; pi. ^IR'CUS-Eg. [Lat. circles, Gr. KipKcy;, 
 
 ' circle, ring, circus.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) An open or 
 inclosed space, or the edifice inclosing it, in which games 
 and shows were exhibited, "i, A circular inclosure for 
 the exhibition of feats of horsemanship. 3. The com- 
 pany of p>ertbrmers in a circus, with their equipage. 
 
 "pirqiie (sirk), n. A circus. 
 
 ^ir-rif'er-ous, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl, and ferre, to 
 bear.] Producing tendrils or claspers, as a plant. 
 
 ^ir'ri-ped, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock of hair, and pes, pedis, 
 foot.] ( Zool.) A crustaceous animal having a bivalvular 
 shell, fi-om the opening of which it throws out a group 
 of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl. 
 
 ^ir'ro-<;ii'iiiii-liis, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock, and cum,ulus, 
 q. v.] ( Meteor.) A cloud composed of the cumulus broken 
 up into small masses, and presenting a fleecy appearance. 
 
 ^ir'rose, a. Same as CIRROUS. 
 
 ^^''ro-stra'tvis, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock, and stratus, q. v.] 
 (Meteor.) A cloud having the characters of the stratus in 
 its main body, but of the cirrus on its mai^n. 
 
 ^ir'rou:*, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl.] (Bot.) Having, 
 or terminating in. a curl or tendril. 
 
 ^Ir'riis, n. : pi. fiR'Ri. [Lat., a tuft of hair, curl.] 1. 
 (Bot.) A tendril. 2. (Mtteor.) A form of cloud com- 
 posed of thin filaments , the union of which resembles 
 sometimes a brush, sometimes masses of wooUy hair. 3. 
 (Zo'dl.) A slender, firinge-Uke appendage. 
 
 ^is-arpine, a. [Lat. Cisalpinus, firom cis, on this side, 
 and Alpinus, Alpine, fi-om Alpes, the Alps.] On the 
 hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, 
 on the south side of the Alps. 
 
 ^is'at-iaii'ti«, a. [Lat. cis, on this side, and Atlanticus, 
 Atlantic, q. v.] Being on this side of the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 ^is-mSn'tane, a. On this side of the mountains. 
 
 9is'pa-dane^ a. [Lat. cis, on this side, and Padantts, 
 from Padus, the River Po.] On the hither side of the 
 Po with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side. 
 
 ^is'soid, n. [Gr. #fi<r(roei6Tjs, like ivy, firom Kto-tw, ivy, 
 and €160;, form.] (Geam.) A curve invented by Diocles, 
 
 for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems ; Tfa^ 
 to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical 
 means between two given straight Unea. 
 
 9ist, n. [Lat. cista, Gr. iciott), box, chesc] 1. (Arch.) 
 A chest or basket, ij. (Antiq.) A tomb of the Celtic 
 period, consisting of a stone chest covered with stone slabs 
 
 ^is-ter'cian (-shan, 63), n. (Eccl.) One of an order of 
 Benedictine monks established at Citeaux, in France, by 
 Robert, abbot of Moleme. 
 
 ^is'tern, n. [Lat. cisterna; cista, chest.] A reservoir 
 or receptacle for holding water, beer, or other liquids. 
 
 ^it, n. [Contracted fi-om citizen.] A citizen ; an inhabi- 
 tant of a city ; a pert townsman ; — used contemptuously. 
 
 9it'a-del, n. [It. cittadella, dim. of cittd, city.] A for- 
 tress or castle in or near a fortified city, intended as a 
 final point of defense. 
 
 ^it'al, n. [From cite.] 1, Summons to appear. 2. Cita- 
 tion; quotation. 
 
 ^i-ta'tion, n. [Low Lat. citatio, from citare, to cite.] 
 
 1. An official call or notice given to a person to appear, 
 and the paper containing such notice or call. 2. The 
 act of citing a passage fi-om a book, or fix>m another per- 
 son, in his own words ; also, the passage or wxjrds quoted. 
 3. Enumeration ; mention. 
 
 Cl'ta-to-ry, a. Having the power or form of citation. 
 
 9ite, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cited : p. pr. & i-6. n. CITING.] 
 [Lat. citare, intens. form of cire, ciere, to put in motion, 
 to excite, akin to Goth, haitan, A.-S. hatan, to call, 
 to command.] 1. To call upon officially or authorita- 
 tively ; to summon. 2. To quote, name, or repeat, as a 
 passage, or the words of another. 3. To call or nam^ 
 in support, proof, or confirmation of. 
 
 9it'er, n. One who cites, summons, or quotes. 
 
 Cith'ern, n. A musical instrument, like the guitar. 
 
 Cit'i-zen (sit^-zn), n. [From citi/, q. v. 0. Fr. citeain, 
 
 ' citaain.] 1. A freeman of a city, as distinguished from 
 one not entitled to its firancluses. 2. An inhabitant in 
 any city, town or place. 3. Any native born or natural- 
 ized inhabitant of a country. [Amer.] 
 
 ^it'i-zen-sliip, n. State of being a citizen. 
 
 ^it'rate, n. [From Lat. citreum, citron, lemon.] ( Chem.) 
 A salt formed by the union of citric acid and a base. 
 
 Cit'ri«, a. ( Chem.) Of, or pertaining to, au acid which 
 
 ' exists in the juice of the lemon and some allied firuits. 
 
 ^it'riae, a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color. 
 
 ^it'rine, n. (Min.) A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. 
 
 Cit'ron, n. [Gr. KtVpov, Lat. citreum (sc. malum), a cit- 
 
 * ron or lemon ; citrus, the citron-tree.] The firuit of the 
 citron- tree, resembling a lemon. 
 
 Cit'rul, n. [X. Lat. citreolus, firom citreum, citron, q. v.] 
 
 * (Bot.) The watermelon. 
 
 9xt'y, 11. [Lat. civitas, firom civis, citizen.] 1. A large 
 town. 2. A corporate town ; — in the U. S., one governed 
 by a mayor and aldermen ; in Eng. , one which is or has 
 been the seat of a bishop. 3. The inhabitants of a city. 
 
 9i"ve§ (slvz), n. pi. [Lat. cepa, cstpa, aepe, onion.] (Bot.) 
 A species of garUc , growing in tufts. [Written also chives.] 
 
 ^iv'et, n. [L. Gr. ^ajre'Tcov, fr. 
 Per. zabad, civet, Ar. zubad, 
 zabbad, the firoth of milk or wa- ' 
 ter, civet.] 1, A substance of 
 a strong, musky odor, used as a 
 perfmne. 2. (Zool.) The ani- 
 mal that produces civet ; a car- 
 nivorous animal, ranking be- 
 tween the weasel and fox. It is a native of North Africa. 
 
 Civ'i-e, a. [Lat. civicus, from civis, citizen.] Relating to, 
 or derived fiT>m, a city or citizen. 
 
 9iVil, a. [Lat. civilis, from civis, citizen.] 1. Pertain* 
 ing to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his 
 fellow-citizens or to the state : lawful or political, as op- 
 posed to military. 2. Pertaining to an organized com- 
 munity ; civilized. 3. Having the manners^ of one dwel- 
 ling in a city ; courteous ; complaisant. 
 
 0't-i7 death (Law), that which cuts off a man from civil so- 
 ciety, or its rights and benefits. — Cii-il engineering, the science 
 or art of constructing public works, as canals, railroads, docks, 
 &c. — Civil law, in a general sense, the law of a state, city, or 
 country; specifically, the municipal law of the Roman empire, 
 comprised in the Institutes, Code, and Digest of Justinian and 
 the Novel Constitutions. — Civil war, a war between citizens 
 of the same country. — Civil year, the legal year, or that whick 
 a government appoints to be used in its own dominions. 
 
 Ci-vil'ian, n. 1. One who is skilled in the civil law. 
 
 2. A student of the civil law. 3. One whose pursuits 
 are those of civil life, not military or clerical. 
 
 Ci-vll'i-ty, n. 1. Courtesy of behavior; politeness; 
 good-breeding. 2. pi. Acts of politeness ; courtesies. 
 
 Civet 
 
 food, foot: tiru,r\ide,pull; 9ell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get: as: exist; linger, link *, tiiin. 
 
CIVILIZABLE 
 
 124 
 
 CLASH 
 
 Civ'll-iz'a-ble, a. 0«paljle of being civilized. 
 
 9lv il-I-za'tioii, n. Act of civilizing, or state of being 
 
 civilized ; refinement ; culture. 
 Civ'il-ize, r. t. [imji. & p- P- CIVILIZED ; p. pr. Sc vb. 
 
 n. CIVILIZING.] To reclaim from a savage state; to 
 
 educate ; to refine. 
 ^Iv'il-iz<'d , (1- Reclaimed from savage life and manners ; 
 
 refined ; cultivated. 
 ^iv'il-iz'er, n. One who, or that vrhich, civilizes. 
 Civ'il-ly, nth-. 1. In a civil manner, in reference to civil 
 
 society*, '-i. In a courteous manner ; politely. [ship. 
 Civ'igm, «• [From Lat. civis, citizen.] State of citizen- 
 Clftb'ber, n. [See BONNY-CLABBER.] Milk turned 
 
 jio as to become thick or inspissated. 
 Click, V. I. [imp. & p. p. CLACKED (klSLkt) ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. CLACKING.] [See infra.] 1. To make a sudden, 
 
 sharp noise, as b}' striking or cracking ; to clink ; to cUck. 
 
 2. To talk rapidly and continually. 
 Click, V. t. 1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise ; 
 , to clink. 2. To utter rapidly and inconsiderately. 
 Click, fi. [Fr. claque, a slap or smack, M. H. Ger. Mac, 
 
 crack, W. dec, crack, gossip.] 1. A sharp, abrupt sound 
 
 made by striking an object. 3. Any thing that causes 
 
 a clacking noise. 3. Continual talk ; prattle ; prating. 
 Click'er, n. One who clacks ; that which clacks. 
 Ciack'-vilve, n. (Mack.) A valve with a single flap, 
 
 which, when raised, falls with a clacking sound. 
 -Claim, V. t. [imp. & p. p. claimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 CLAIMING.] [Lat. clamare, to cry out, call.] To caU 
 
 for ; to challenge as a right ; to demand as due. 
 Claim, V. i. To be entitled to any thing as a right. 
 Claim, n. 1. A demand of a right or supposed right. 2. 
 
 A right to claim or demand ; a title to any thing in pos- 
 session of another. 3. The thing claimed or demanded ; 
 
 that to which any one has a right. 
 Claim'a-ble, a. Capable of being claimed. 
 Claim'ant, n. One who claims ; a claimer. 
 Clair-voy'an^e, n. A power, attributed to mesmerized 
 
 persons, of discerning objects not present to the senses. 
 Cl&ir-voy'ant, a. [Fr., from clair, clear, (Lat. clarus) 
 
 and voyant, p. pr. of voir, to see, Lat. videre.] Pertain- 
 
 taining to clairvoyance ; discerning objects which are not 
 
 present. [to the senses. 
 
 Cl^ir-voy'ant, n. One who discerns objects not present 
 Clim, n. [Anpther form of clamp, q. v.] 1. ( Conch.) A 
 
 bivalve shell-fish of dififerent genera. 3. pi. (Ship 
 
 Carp.) Strong pincers for drawing nails. 3. pi. (Mech.) 
 
 A kind of vise, usually made of wood. 
 Clim, V. t. [irnp. & p. p. clamsied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 CLAMMING.] [A.-S. clxTTiian. Icel. kleima.] To clog, as 
 
 with glutinous or viscous matter. 
 Clim, V. i. To be moist or sticky. [Rare.] 
 Cla'inant, a. [See Claimant.] Crying earnestly; 
 
 clamorously beseeching. 
 ClSm'ber, v. i. [imp. & p.p. clambered; p. pr. & 
 
 •6. n. clambering.] [L. Ger. klempern, 0. H. Ger. 
 
 chlimban, cidimpan, N. H. Ger. klimmen.] To climb with 
 
 difficulty, or with hands and feet. 
 Clini'mi-ness, n. State of being clammy or viscous. 
 Ciam'my, a. [camp, clammier ; superl. CLAMMIEST.] 
 
 [See Clam, v. t.] Soft and sticky ; glutinous. 
 Clim'or, n. [Lat., from cZawa^e, to cry out.] 1. Loud 
 
 and continued shouting or exclamation. 3. Any loud 
 
 and continued noise. 
 
 Syn.— Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar; vociferatiop. 
 
 Clftin'or, V. t. [imp. & p. p. clamored ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. clamoring.] 1. To approach or salute with noise. 
 
 2. To stun with noii?e. [mands. 
 Cliin'or, V. i. To vociferate; to make importunate de- 
 Clim'or-ou!«, a. Noisy ; vociferous ; loud ; turbulent. 
 Clftm'or-o<ift-ly, adv. With loud noise or words. 
 Clim'or-<>u<«-nes8, n. State or quality of being noisy. 
 -Cl&mp, n. [D.klampjJiSiXi.Mampe.ftom. 
 
 D. Ate wpcTi, to fasten. Cf. Cramp,. 3.] 1. 
 
 A piece of timber or iron, used to fasten 
 
 work together. 2. A mass of bricks heaped 
 
 up to be burned ; or of ore to be smelted ; 
 
 or of coal to be converted to coke. 3, 
 
 (Skip-buUding.) A thick plank on the 
 
 inner part of a ship's side, used to sustain ^ 
 
 the ends of the beams. 4. One of a pair Clamp. 
 
 of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material, to cover 
 
 the jaws of a vise — used to hold objects that would be 
 
 injured by the vise itself. 5. A heavy footstep. 
 Clamp naiU, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships. 
 Cl&mp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAMPED (84, 108) ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. CLAMPING.] To unite, secure, or render firm 
 by means of a clamp. 
 
 Climp, V. i. To tread heavily or clumsily ; to clump. 
 
 Clin, n. [Of Celtic oiigin.] 1. A tribe or collection of 
 families, united under a chieftain, and bearing the same 
 surname. 2. A clique ; a sect, society, or body of per- 
 sons closely united by some common interest or piirsuit. 
 
 Clan-dCs'tine, a. [Lat. clandestinus, from «/aOT, se- 
 cretly, for calajn, from celare, to hide.] Withdrawn from 
 public notice for an evil purpose ; kept secret. 
 
 Syn. — Hidden ; secret ; private ; concealed ; underhand ; 
 sly; fraudulent. 
 
 Clan-d6s'tine-ly, adv. In a secret manner. 
 Clan-d6s'tiiie-n6ss, n. A state of concealment. 
 Cling, V. t. [imp. & p. p. clanged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 CLANGING.] [Lat. clangere, Ger. klingen, Gr. jcXdfetv, 
 
 p. KiKkayya.] To strike together with a ringing metallic 
 Cling, V. i. To produce a sharp, shrill sound, [sound. 
 Cling, n. A sharp, ringing sound, like that made by 
 
 metallic substances when struck together. 
 Clin'gor (klan'gor, 82), n. [Lat., from clangere, to 
 
 clang.] A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. 
 Clin'gor-oiis, a. Making a clangor. 
 Clink (82), 7t. [See Clang.] The loud, ringing sound 
 
 made by a coUision of sonorous bodies.' 
 Clink, V. t. [imp. & p. p. clanked ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 CLANKING.] To cause to make a sharp, ringing sound. 
 Clink, V. i. To make a sharp, ringing noise, as of pieces 
 
 of metal struck together ; to clang. [unite. 
 
 Clin'nish, a. Closely united, like a clan ; disposed to 
 Clin'nisli-ly, adv. In a clannish manner. 
 Clin'nisk-uess, n: Close adherence or disposition to 
 
 unite, as a clan. 
 Clin'skip, n. A state of union, as in a family or clan. 
 Clip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAPPED (klapt) \ p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. clapping.] [A.-S. clappan.] 1. To strike with a 
 
 quick motion, so as to make a noise by the collision. 2. 
 
 To thrust, drive, or put, in a hasty or abrupt manner. 
 
 3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands to- 
 gether. 4. To intect with a venereal poison. 
 Clip, V. i. 1. To come together suddenly with noise. 2. 
 
 To strike the hands together in applause. 3. To enter 
 
 with alacrity and briskness. 
 Clip, n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden coUision. 2. A 
 
 stroke ; a thrust. 3. A sudden explosion. 4. A strik- 
 ing of hands to express approbation. 5. [Fr. clapoir ; 
 
 D. klapoor.] A venereal infection ; gonorrhea. 
 ClipTboard (klab'burd), n. 1. A strip of board thicker 
 
 at one clge than at the other; — used for covering the 
 
 outside of houses. [Amer.] 2. A stave. [Eng.] 
 Clip'board, v. t. To cover with clapboards. [Amer.] 
 Clip'per, n. 1. A person who claps. 2. That which 
 
 strikes, as the tongue of a bell. 
 Clip'per-elaw, v. t. [From clap and claw.] 1. To 
 
 fight and scratch. 2. To revile ; to scold. 
 Clip'-trip, n. A trick or device to gain applause. 
 Clir'en^e, n. A close four-wheeled carriage, with one 
 
 seat inside, and a driver's seat. 
 Clir'en-ceiix ) (klar/en-shij), n. (Her.) The second 
 Clir'en-cie'iix J king at arms ; — so called, probably, 
 
 from the duke of Clarence. [Eng.] 
 Clare'-ob-s-eure', n. [Lat. clarus, clear, and obscurus, 
 
 obscure.] 1. Light and shade in pauiting. 2. A design 
 
 of two colors. 
 Clir'et, n. [Fr. clairet, properly dim. of clair, clear.] 1. 
 
 An inferior French pale wine. 2. A dark-red wine from 
 
 Bordeaux and the Garonne. 
 Clir'i-elidrd, n. [Lat. clarus, clear, and chorda, string. 
 
 See Chord.] A musical instrument, formerly in use, in 
 
 form of a spinet. 
 Clir^i-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of clearing or fining. 
 Clir'i-fi'er, n. 1. That which clarifies or purifies. 2. 
 
 A vessel in which clarification is conducted. 
 Clir'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clarified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. CLARIFYING.] [Lat. clarijicare, from clarus, clear, 
 
 and/acere, to make.] 1. To make clear ; to purify from 
 
 feculent matter ; to defecate ; to fine. 2. To brighten 
 
 or illuminate. [Rare.] 
 Clir'i-fy, v. i. 1. To become pure, as liquors. 2. To 
 
 grow clear or bright. 
 Clir'i-on, n. [L. Lat. clario, claro, fr. Lat. clarus, clear.] 
 
 A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. 
 Clir'i-o-n6t', ) n. [From Lat. clarus. See supra.] (Mus.) 
 Clir'i-n6t', j A wind instrument, of the reed kind, 
 
 the leading instrument in a military band. 
 ^Id'ro-ob-s^u'ro, n. See Cl ARE-OBSCURE. 
 Clish, V. i. [imp. & p. p. CLASHED (klasht) ; p.pr. h 
 
 vb. n. CLASHING.] [Ger. klatschen, klitschen, D. kltt- 
 
 S, «, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short ; care, far, aak, »11, -wliat ; er*» veil, term ; piique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wqli. 
 
CLASH 
 
 125 
 
 CLEAR-STARCH 
 
 sen, Pol. klaskdc] 1. To dash noisily together, ii. To 
 come in collision ; to interfere. 
 
 -Cl&sli, V. t. To strike noisily against. 
 
 Cl^sli, n. 1. A meeting of bodies with violence ; collis- 
 ion of bodies, ti. Contradiction, as between differing or 
 contending interests, views, purposes, &c. 
 
 •Clasp (6), n. [See infia.] 1. A catch, for holding to- 
 gether the parts of any thing. 3, A close embrace. 
 
 -eiasp, V. t. [imp. & p.p. clasped ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLASPING.] [0. Eng. elapse, Ger. klappsen, to tap, 
 clack, slap, klappen, to clap, flap.] 1. To shut or fasten 
 together with a clasp, ti. To embrace ; to grasp, [dril. 
 
 -eiasp'er, n. One who, or that which, clasps, as a ten- 
 
 -eiasp'- knife (-nlf), n. A large knife, the blade of which 
 folds or shuts into the handle. 
 
 -Class (6), n. [Lat. classis, from Gr. K\a<n?, KA.^crts, the 
 people as assembled or called together, from KaAeiv, to 
 call.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as pos- 
 sessing common characteristics. ■ ii. A number of stu- 
 dents , of the same standing , or pursuing the same studies . 
 3. An order or division of animate or inanimate objects. 
 
 Class, V. t. [imp. & p. p. classed (klast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CLASSING.] [Fr. da.sser. See supra.] To form into 
 a class ; to arrange in classes ; to rank together. 
 
 ■Class, V. i. To be grouped or classed. 
 
 Cias'si-e, ) a. [Lat. classicus^ relating to the classes of 
 
 ClS,s'si-e-al, j the Roman people, and esp. to the first 
 class, from classis, class.] 1. Of the first class or rank, 
 esp. in literature or art ; orig. and chiefly used of the best 
 Greek and Roman writers, but also applied to the best 
 modern authors. iJ. Pertaining to the Greeks and Lat- 
 ins. 3. Chaste; pure; refined. 4. (Ecd.) Pertaining 
 to a classis. 
 
 Cia,s'si«, n. 1. A work of acknowledged excellence and 
 authority. 3. One learned in the classics. 
 
 ClS.s'si«-al-i§m, n. A classical idionx, style, or expres- 
 sion ; a classicism. 
 
 clls'St'al-nSs, ! "• The quality of being classical. 
 
 Clas'sic-al-ly, adv. 1. In a classical manner. 3. Ac- 
 cording to a regular order of classes. 
 
 ClS.s'si-^i§m, n. A classic idiom or expression. 
 
 Cias'si-fist, n. One skilled in classical learning. 
 
 Clas-sif i-e, a. Constituting a class or classes, [classes. 
 
 C13,S''si-fi;<;a'tioii, n. Act of forming into a class or 
 
 Cias'si-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CLASSIFIED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CLASSIFYING.] [Lat. classis., class, andfacere, to 
 make.] To distribute into classes. 
 Syn. — To arrange; distribute; classify; rank; systematize. 
 
 Class'mate, n. One who is in the same class. 
 
 ClJlt'ter, V. i, [imp. & p. p. clattered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CLATTERING.] [D. klateren, kletteren, A.-S. clatrung, 
 cleadur, drum, rattle,] 1. To make rattUng sounds. 2. 
 To rattle with the tongue ; to prate. 
 
 C15,t'ter, V. t. To strike and make a rattling noise. 
 
 Ciat'ter, n. A repeated ratthng noise. 
 
 Ciat'ter-er, n. One who clatters ; a babbler. 
 
 Clauge, n. [L. Lat. clausa, for clausula, from Lat. clau- 
 d'ere, to shut, to end.] 1. A separate portion of a writ- 
 ten paper, paragraph, or sentence. 2. (Gram.) A por- 
 tion of a sentence containing a finite verb and its adjunct. 
 
 Claus'tral, a. [L. Lat. claustralis, from. Lat. claustrum., 
 lock, bar, inclosure, from claudere, to shut.] Relating 
 to a cloister, or religious house. 
 
 Cla'vate, ) a. [From Lat. clava, club.] {Bot. & 
 
 Cla'va-ted, ) ZoUl.) Club-shaped ; growing gradually 
 thicker toward the top. 
 
 Clav'i-cliord, n. [Lat. clavis., key, and chorda, string.] 
 (Mus.) A keyed, stringed instrument, now superseded by 
 the piano-forte. 
 
 Ciav'i-cle (klav/i-kl), n. [Lat. clavicula, dim. of clavis, 
 k^y.] (Anat.) The collar-bone. 
 
 Cla'vi-er (kla'vi-er or kia've-a'), n. [Fr., from Lat. 
 clavis, key.] (Mus.) The key-board of an organ, piano- 
 forte, or harmonium. 
 
 Claw, n. [A.-S. clavn, da.] 1. A sharp, hooked nail, 
 as of a beast or bird. 2. Any thing resembling the claw 
 of an animal. 
 
 Claw, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAWED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLAWING.] 1. To pull, tear, or scratch with Ciaws or 
 nails. 2. To get off or escape. 
 
 Clay, n. [A.-S. claeg, W. clai.] 1. A soft earth, con- 
 sisting of alumina and silica, with water. 2. [Poetry & 
 Script.) Earth in general, as representing the element- 
 ary particles of the human body ; hence, the human 
 b^dy as formed out of such particles. 
 
 Clay, V. t. [imp. & p. p. clayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 CLAYING.] 1. To manure with clay. 2. To purifv 
 and whiten with clay, as sugar. 
 
 Clay'-- eold, a. Cold as clay ; lifeless. 
 
 Clay'ey, a. Consisting of clay ; abounding with clay ; 
 partaking of clay ; Uke clay. 
 
 Clay'-marl, n. A whitish, smooth, chalky clay. 
 
 Clay'more, n. [Contr. from Gael. claidheamh-m.dr, a 
 broadsword, from Gael, claidkeamh, sword, and mor, 
 great, large.] A large two-handed sword used formerly 
 by the Scottish Highlanders. 
 
 Clean, a. [compar. CLEANER ; superl. CLEANEST.] 
 [A.-S. dsene, of Celtic origin.] 1. Free from dirt or 
 filth. 2. Free from that which is injurious; without 
 defects. 3. Free from awkwardness ; adroit ; dexterous. 
 4. Free from restraint or Umitation ; complete. 5. Free 
 from moral defilement ; sinless ; pure. 6. ( Script.) Free 
 from ceremonial defilement. 
 
 Clean, ad^'. 1, Without Umitation or remainder ; quite ; 
 perfectly ; wholly ; entirely. 2. Dexterously ; adroitly. 
 
 Clean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cleaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLEANING.] To free from dirt ; to purify ; to cleanae. 
 
 C16an'li-ly (klSn/U-ly), adv. In a cleanly manner. 
 
 Clean'li-ness (klen/h-nes), n. 1. Freedom from dirt 
 2. Neatness of person or dress ; purity. 
 
 Clean'ly (kleu'ly), a. [compar. CLEANLIER; superl. 
 CLEANLIEST.] [From clean.] 1. Habitually clean ; 
 carefully avoiding defilement. 2, Innocent ; pure. 3. 
 Rendering clean ; cleansing. 4. Free from awkward- 
 ness ; adroit ; artful. 
 
 Clean'ly (kleu'ly), adv. In a clean manner; neatly. 
 
 Clean'ness (109), n. State or quality of being clean. 
 
 Cleang'a-tole, a. Capable of being cleansed. 
 
 Cleange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cleansed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 H. CLEANSING.] [A.-S. clxnsjan, dsensnjan, from clxne, 
 clean.] To render clean. 
 
 Cleang'er , n. One who, or that which, cleanses ; a deter- 
 gent, [limits. 
 
 Clear, n. ( Carp.) Full extent ; distance between extreme 
 
 Clear, a. [compar. CLEARER ; superl. CLEAREST.] 
 [Lat. clarus, clear, bright.] 1, Free from opaqueness, 
 uncertainty, passion, blemish, guilt, obstacle, and the 
 like. 2. Able to perceive clearly ; acute ; discriminating ; 
 unbiased. 3. Easily or distinctly heard ; audible. 
 
 Syn. — Manifest ; pure ; unmixed ; pellucid ; transparent; 
 luminous ; obvious ; visible ; plain ; evident ; apparent ; dis- 
 tinct; perspicuous. See Manifest. 
 
 Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner ; plainly. 2. WhoUy ; 
 quite ; entirely. 
 
 Clear, -u. t. [imp. & p. p. cleared; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLEARING.] 1. To free from obscurity, perplexity, im. 
 pediment, and the Mke. 2. To leap or pass by, or over, 
 without touching or failure. 3. To remove so as to leave 
 something unobstructed. 
 
 To clear a ship, to procure a permission to sail, and such 
 papers as the law requires. — To clear the land {Naut.), to gain 
 such a distance from shore as to have open sea room. 
 
 Clear, v. i. 1. To become free from clouds or fog. 2. 
 To become free or disengaged. 3. {Banking.) To make 
 exchanges and settle balances by a method adopted 
 among bankers. 
 
 To clear out, to depart. IColloq.'] 
 
 Clear'age, n. Act of removing any thing ; clearance. 
 
 Clear 'an^e, w. 1. The act of clearing. 2. A certificate 
 that a .ship or vessel has been cleared at the custom- 
 house. 3. Clear or net profit. 
 
 Clear'er, n. One who, or that which, clears. 
 
 Clear'ing, n. 1. Act or process of malung clear. 2. A 
 place or tract of land cleared of wood for cultivation. 
 [Amer.] 3. {Banking.) A method adopted by banks 
 and bankers for making exchanges and setthng balances. 
 
 Clear'ing-liouse, n. {Banking.) The place where tht 
 business of clearing is carried on. 
 
 Clear'ly, adv. In a clear manner; without obscurity, 
 obstruction, or the like. 
 
 Clear'ness, n. The state of being clear ; free from what- 
 ever obscures, obstructs, injures, defiles, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Perspicuity ; transparency. — Oearness is either 
 piiysical or mental. In the latter case it is a quality of thought, 
 as perspicuity is of language. Clear ideas; a clear arrange- 
 ment ; perspicuous phraseology. Transparency is both physi- 
 cal and moral. The transparency of the heavens; transparent 
 integrity ; a transparent style. 
 
 Clear 'sigh fed (-slfed), a. Having acuteness of sight 
 Clear'-siglifed-ness (-sit'-), n. Acute discernment. 
 Clear'- starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clear-starched ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. CLEAR-STARCHING.] To stiffen with 
 starch, and then clear by clapping with the hands. 
 
 food, f<J<>t ; ttcix, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, eall, eelio gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
CLEAR-STORY 
 
 126 
 
 CLINCHER 
 
 Clenr'-sto'ry, n. (.4»-r.^.) Au upi>er story, or row of 
 
 windims iu *a chun-h. tower, or other civctioa, rising 
 
 clear alnivo the a<jy»^*>">«g parts of the buikling. 
 <71o«r'-sttlff , M. Bivinls, &c., free from kuot^. 
 Cleat, n. (^>v>m Pmv. Eug. cUad, to clothe, 
 
 (.ler. khuitn.] 1. (Corp.) A narrow strip of 
 
 wood nailed to sonicthini: for the purpose of 
 
 strengthening or fiisteniuir it. 'i. (Naut.) A 
 
 piece of wotni. having dilfereut forms according 
 
 TO it.< jvirticular use." 3. A piece of iron fas- 
 tened to slioi's, to render them more durable. 
 Cleat, r. /. To strengthen ^v^th a ileat. 
 Cleav'a-ble, a. Capable of cleanng or being Cleat (2.) 
 
 divided. 
 Clcav'age, n. 1. Act of clearing. 2. {Crystallog.) 
 
 Quality of splitting or dividing naturally. 
 ■Cleave, v. i. [itiip. cleaved (claste, obs.);p. p. 
 
 CVflwIiV : p. pr. & ft. n. CLE.WING.] [A.S. difan, 
 
 difjan.] 1. To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast. 
 
 "Z, To be united closely in interest or affection. 3. To 
 
 be shaped or adapted ; "to suit ; to agree. 
 Cleave, v.t. [imp. CLEFT (clave, obs., CLOVX, ob- 
 solescent), p. p. CLEFT or cleaved •.p.pr.k, vb. n. 
 
 CLEAVING.] [A.S. cltofan, clxifan.] 1, To part or 
 
 divide by force ; to split or rive. "i. To part or open 
 
 naturally ; to divide. 
 Cleave, v. i. To part ; to open ; to crack. 
 Cleav'er, n. One who cleaves, or that which cleaves, 
 
 especially a butcher's instrument for cutting up meat. 
 C16f, n. "[iYom Lat. c/ar(;«, key, Gr. . , r\ 
 
 icAois.] (-Ilwjf.) A character used in p^ -n i^ '- -jd— 
 
 musical notation to determine the ^~^-^ "z^ ^T) 
 
 position and pitch of the scale as S-IZ 
 
 represented on the staff. 
 Cleft, nnp. & p. p. from cleave. See C Clef. FClef. GClef. 
 
 Cleave. 
 C16ft, «. [From c^a i-f, to split.] 1. An opening made 
 
 by sphtting. 'i, A piece made by splitting. 3. (Far.) 
 
 A crack on the bend of the pastern. 
 
 Syn. — Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny. 
 Clem'a-tis, n. [Gr. KXrjftaTis, from KXruxa, twig, shoot, ! Cliff, ?J 
 
 fi^m kAoj', to break off.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing cleave, 
 
 plants, of many species. 
 Clem'en-f y, n. [Lat. dementia, from demens, mild, 
 
 calm.] 1/ Disposition to treat with favor and kindness, 
 
 or to forgive and spare, as offenders. 2. Mildness or 
 
 softness in respect to the elements. 
 
 SsTi. — Mildness ; tenderness ; indulgence; lenity; mercy; 
 genUeness; compassion; kindness. 
 CIgm'ent, a. Mild in temper and disposition. 
 
 merciful ; kind; tender; compas- 
 
 Clevis. 
 
 Syn.— Gentle ; lenient ; 
 ftnate; indulgent. 
 
 ClSrk'sliip, n. Condition, office, or business of a clerk. 
 
 Clfiv'er, a. [A.-S. gleatc, skillful, wise, gleau'ferhdh, 
 sagacious, Goth, glaggvus.] 1. Possessing skill, dex- 
 terity, talent, or adroitness. 2. Showing skill or adroit- 
 ness iu the doer or former. 3. Having fitness, propriety, 
 or suitableness. 4. Well-shaped; handsome. 5. Good- 
 natured; kind-hearted. [A7}ier.] 
 
 SjTi.— Expert ; dexterous; skillftjl; adroit; talented. 
 
 C16v'er-ly, adv. In a clever manner ; skillfully. 
 
 C16v'er-n6ss, n. Quality of being clever. 
 
 Clev'is, I n. [Akin to 0. Eng. d^we, Eng. 
 
 C16v'y, i deave, to fasten.] The U-shaped 
 draft -iron on the end of a cart-tongue or 
 plow -beam. 
 
 Clew (klu), n. [A.-S. deoic : akin to Lat. 
 globus and glotJius.] 1. A ball of thread. 2. 
 The thread used to guide a i)erson in a lab- 
 yrinth. 3. That which guides one iu any thing of ak 
 doubtful or intricate nature. 4. (Naut') The lower 
 corner of a square-sail, and the aftmost comer of a fore- 
 and-aft sail. [Also written due.] 
 
 Clew (klii), v. t. {imp. & p. p. clewed (klud) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CLEAA'ING.] 1. (Naut.) To draw up to th« 
 yard, as a saiL 2, To direct, as by a thread. 
 
 Ciick, V. i. [i}7ip. & p. p. CLICKED (klTkt): p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CLICKING.] [An onomatopoetic word.] To make 
 a small, sharp noise, as by a gentle striking : to tick. 
 
 elicit, ". 1. A small, sharp sound. 2. A peculiar kind 
 of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa. 
 
 Click, n. A small piece of iron, falling into a notched 
 wheel ; a detent ; a pawl. 
 
 Cli'ent, 71. [Lat. diens, for dueyis, from 0. Lat. duere, 
 Gr. kKvclv, to hear.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen who 
 put himself under the protection of a patron. 2. A de- 
 pendent. 3. One who applies to a lawyer or counselor 
 for advice, direction, &c., iu a question of law. 
 
 Cn-6nt'al, a. 1. Dependent. [iJare.J 2. Of, or per- 
 taining to, a client. 
 
 Cli'ent-sMp, n. The state or condition of a chent. 
 
 [A.-S. dif, diof, deaf, from de of an, dif an, to 
 plit.] A high, steep rock ; a precipice. 
 
 Cliffy, a. Having cliffs : broken : craggy. 
 
 Cli-ma-e'ter-ic, or Clim'a-e-ter'i-e, a. [Lat. dimac- 
 tericus, Gr. /cAc/xoxTTjptKos, from kXI/jlol^, a ladder.] Relat- 
 ing to a critical period of human life. 
 
 Cli-ma-e'ter-ic, or Clim^a^-ter'ic (123), n. 1. A 
 critical period in hiunan life, or a period in which some 
 great change is supposed to take place in the humaj^bon- 
 stitution. 2. Any critical period. 
 Grand or great climacteric, the 63d year. 
 
 i Clim'a«-ter'i€-al, a. & n. Same as Climacteric. 
 C16m'ent-iiie, a. Pertaining to St. Clement, or to his i -eii'mate, n. [Lat. dima, Gr. icAi>a, gen. »cA.i^tos, a 
 
 compilations ; or to the constitutions of Clement V 
 
 C16in'ent-ly, adv. With mildness of temper. 
 
 Clench, V. t. See Clinch. 
 
 Clgp'sy-dra, or Clep-sy'dra, n. [Lat. depsydra.^ Gr 
 
 icXei^fipcL, from xXe'-Teiv, to steal, conceal, and vBoip, 
 
 water.] A contrivance used anciently for measuiing time Cli-mSt'l-e, 
 by the gradual discharge of water from small apertures, -eii-mat'i-e-al 
 as if by stealth. 
 
 Cler'gy; (14), n. [L. lat. dericia, from Lat. cUricus, Gr. 
 
 kAjjpikos, priest, from Lat. ckrus, Gr. jcATJpos, the clergy.] Cli'ma-tize 
 1. The body of ecclesiastics, in distinction from the laity ; : Cli'ma-tol'o-gy 
 in England, usually the ministers of the established ^ r....- =?- 
 
 church. 2. The priTiiege or benefit of clergy. 
 
 region or zone of the earth, from kKLvclv, to slope, incline.] 
 1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty regions or zones of the 
 earth, parallel to the equator. 2. Condition of a place 
 in relation to the various phenomena of the atmosphere, 
 as temi)erature, moisture, &c. 
 
 Pertaining to a climate or climates ; 
 limited by a cUmate. 
 Cli'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. climatized; p. pr. 
 &vb. n. CLIMATIZING.] To acclimate. 
 
 BeneJU of clergy {Eng. Law), the exemption of clergymen 
 from ennunal ^iroccbs before a secular judge — a privilege ex- 
 tended at one time to all who could read, but now abolished. 
 
 C15r'gy-a-ble, a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit 
 of clergy. 
 
 ClSr'gy-man, n. ; pi. €l£b'gy-5EEN. An ordained 
 minister ; one of the clergy. 
 
 Clgr'ic, n. [See Clergy*.] A clerk, or clergyman. 
 
 C16r'i«. \a. 1. Pertaining to the clergy. 2. Per- 
 
 Cl6r'i€-al, ) taining to a clerk or copyist. 
 
 ClSrk (14), 71. [From Lat. dericu$; A.-S. derc, cleric, 
 deroc. clerk, priest. See Clergy.] 1. An educated 
 person; a scholar. [Obs.] 2. [£/iy.] A parish officer, 
 being a laj-man who leads in reading the responses of the 
 Episcoffal church service, and otherwise ai?sists in it. 3 
 
 Clerkly, a. Scholar-like. 
 
 To become acclimated. 
 _ [From Gr. KXiy.a and A.ayo5, die- 
 
 course.] The science of climates, or a treatise on climatet . 
 Cli'mSx, 7J. [Lat., from Gr. KXlfxa^, ladder, from K\iveLy, 
 to bend, to lean.] 1. (PJiet.) A figure or arrangement 
 in which a sentence rises as it were step by step in im- 
 portance, force, or dignity. 2. The highest point ; the 
 { greatest degree : acme. [Illegitimate.] 
 \ Climb (klim), v. i. or t. [iyjip. & p.p. CLIMBED (CLOMB 
 j (klom), obs. or vulgar) : p. pr. & vb. n. CLI>IBING.] 
 I [A.-S. dimban.] To ascend by means of the hands and 
 i feet : to mount laboriously or slowl}^ 
 ; Climb'a-tole (klim'-), a. Capable of being climbed. 
 ! Climb'er (kllm/er), n. One who, or that which, climbs. 
 : Clime, n. [See CLIMATE.] A climate; a region. 
 Clincb (66,) v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLINCHED (klincht) : 
 ' jj.;?^. & fb. 71. CLINCHING.] [Also written c/f 71 cA.] 1. 
 To make, or hold, fast ; to grasp ; to gripe. 2. To render 
 firm ; to confirm ; to establish. 
 A ficritje ; a penman : an accountant. 4. An assistant in ; Clinch, n. 1. Act or process of holding fast, or that 
 a shop or store, who sellfl goods, keeps accounts &c j which serves to hold fast. 2. A word used In a double 
 
 ' gun to ring-bolts. 
 Clinch'er, n. One who, or that which, cUnches. 
 
 »,e, &e., long; ft, «, kc, short ; c4re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, dp, W9lf . 
 
CLING 
 
 127 
 
 CLOUD 
 
 Cling, V. i. [imp. & p.p. clung; p.pr. & vh. n. CLING- 
 ING.] [A.-S. clingan.] 1, To adhere closely ; to hold 
 fast, especially by winding round or embracing. 2. To 
 adhere closely and firmly in interest or affection. 
 
 Oling, V. t. To cause to adhere to, especially by winding 
 round or embracing. [heres closely to the stone. 
 
 Cling'stone (20), /(. A variety of peach, whose pulp ad- 
 
 -Cling'y, a. Apt to cling ; adhering closely ; adhesive. 
 
 Clin'ic, \a. [Or. kAii/iko?, from Kkivy], couch, bed.] 
 
 €!liii'i€-al, ) Pertaining to a bed ; confined to a bed by 
 illness ; bed-ridden. 
 
 ■Clin'i-e, n. One confined to the bed by sickness. 
 
 Cliijlc, V. t. [imp.- & p. p. CLINKED (klinkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CLINKING.] [0. H. Ger. klinkan, cklingan, allied 
 to Lat. clangere.] To make a small, sharp, ringing sound. 
 
 ■eiinlc, n. A sharp, ringing sound. 
 
 ■€liiilc'er,«. [From elink, v. t., because it makes a sharp 
 and sonorous sound.] 1. Several bricks united together 
 by the action of heat, ti. Scoria, or refuse of a furnace ; 
 vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano. 
 
 Clink' stone, n. [dink and stone, from its sonorous- 
 ness.] ( Min. ) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition 
 like porphyry, but lamellar, of a grayish or bluish color. 
 
 Clip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CLIPPED (kllpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CLIPPING.] [A.-S.dyppan.] 1. To embrace ; hence, 
 to encompass. [Obs,] JJ. To cut off, as with a single 
 stroke of scissors. 3. To curtail ; to cut short. 
 
 Clip, V. i. To move swiftly ; — usually with it. 
 
 Clip, n. 1, An embrace. 3. A cutting ; a shearing. 3. 
 Product of a single shearing. 4, A blow or stroke with 
 the hand. [Colloq., Amer.] 
 
 Clip'per, n. 1. One who clips ; especially, one who cuts 
 off the edges of coin. 3. (iVaw^.) A kind of vessel huilt 
 for fast sailing, having the bow sharp and long. 
 
 Clip'ping, n. 1. Act of embracing. 3. Act of cutting 
 off, or curtailing. 3. That which is clipped off. 
 
 Clique (kleek), n. [Fr. Cf. D. gelijk, 0. H. Ger. gilihho, 
 like, equal.] A narrow circle of persons ; a party. 
 
 Cloalc (20), n. [L. Lat. doca, 0. Fr. doche ; Gael, deoc] 
 1. A loose, outer garment. 3. A disguise or pretext. 
 
 Cloak, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cloaked (klokt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CLOAKING.] To cover with a cloak ; hence, to 
 hide or conceal. [are carried ; a portmanteau. 
 
 Cloak'-bag, n. A bag in which a cloak or other clothes 
 
 Clock, n. [A.-S. ducge, 0. H. Ger. glogga,glocca, docca., 
 from doccOn, to strike, beat.] An instrument or machine 
 for measuring time. 
 
 Clock'-work (-wurk), n. Machinery and movements 
 of a clock, or resembling those of a clock. 
 
 C16d, n. [A.-S. dud, rock, stone, dot, log.] 1. A lump 
 or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. 3. The 
 ground ; the earth. 3. The body of man as compared 
 with his soul. 4. A dull, stupid fellow ; a dolt. 
 
 Clod, V. i. To collect into concretions ; to clot. 
 
 Clod, V. t. To pelt with clods. 
 
 Clod'dy, a. 1. Full of clods. 3. Earthy ; mean ; gross. 
 
 Clod'-liop'per, n. A rude, rustic fellow ; a clown ; a 
 dolt ; a bumpkin ; a plowman. 
 
 ClSd'pate, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt ; a blockhead. 
 
 Clod'pafed, a. Stupid ; dull ; doltish. 
 
 ClSd'poll, n. A dolt ; a blockhead ; a clodpate. 
 
 Cloff , n. See Clough. 
 
 Clog, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLOGGING.] [Scot, dag ; Icel. kleggi, a compact mass, 
 W. deg, a sonorous mass.] 1. To encumber, or load; 
 especially with something that sticks fast. 3. To ob- 
 struct so as to hinder motion in or through ; to choke 
 up. 3. To hinder ; to embarrass. 
 
 Syn. — Impede ; hamper ; confuse ; burden ; restrain ; restrict. 
 
 Clog, V. i. 1. To become loaded or encumbered, as with 
 extraneous matter. 3. To coalesce or adhere. 
 
 C16g, n. 1. That which hinders motion ; an embarrass- 
 ment. 3. A heavy shoe, having the upper part of thick 
 leather, and the sole of wood ; — hence, a wooden shoe. 
 Syn. — Load; weight; hindrance; impediment. 
 
 Clog'gi-ness, n. The state of being clogged. 
 
 Clog'gy, a. Haining power to clog ; adhesive. 
 
 ■Clois'ter, n. [Lat. dauatrum, pi. daustra, from daudere, 
 dausum, to close, to shut.] 1. A covered arcade. 3. 
 A monastic establishment. 
 
 Syn.— Monastery; nunnery; convent; abbey; priory.— 
 Cloister is generic, being a place of seclusion from the world; 
 a monastery is usually for men called monks; a nunnery is 
 for women; a convent is a community of recluses; an abbey and 
 apriory are named from their heads, an abbot or prior. 
 
 Clois'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cloistered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. cloistering.] To confine in a cloister. 
 
 Clois'tral, a. Pertaining to, or confined to, a cloister. 
 Cloke, n. See Cloak. 
 
 Cloge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. closed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLOSING.] [See infra.] 1. To bring together the part« 
 of; to stop ; to shut. 3. To bring to an end; to con- 
 clude. 3. To inclose ; to encompass ; to confine. 
 
 Cloge, t>. i. 1. To come together; to unite or coalesce. 
 
 3. To end ; to terminate. 
 
 To close with, (a.) To accede; to consent or agree. (6.) To 
 grapple with ; — said of wrestlers. 
 
 Cloge, n. 1. Union of parts-, junction. 3. Conclusion; 
 termination; end. 3. A grapple in wrestling. 
 
 4. (Mus.) End of a strain of music ; cadence. "jTrl 
 Cloge, n. [See infra.] 1. An inclosed place; -Hi 
 
 especially a small inclosed field or piece of land. -J-* 
 3. A narrow passage leading from a street to a Close 
 court, and the houses within. [Eng.] 
 Close (klos, 20), a. [compar. CLOSER; superl. CLOS- 
 EST.] [From Lat. dausus, p. p. of daudere, to shut.] 
 1. Shut fast ; closed ; tight. 3. Pent up ; confined 
 secret; retired, 3, Stagnant; opppressive ; without mo 
 tion or ventilation. 4. Secretive ; reticent ; taciturn 
 
 5. Parsimonious ; niggardly ; penurious. 6. Dense 
 solid ; compact. 7, Adjoining ; near. 8. Intimate : 
 famihar ; confidential. 9. Adhering to a rule or stand 
 ard ; strict. 10. Accurate ; careful ; precise. 11, 
 Evenly balanced ; doubtful. 
 
 Close communion, with Baptists, communion in the Lord's 
 supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by im- 
 mersion. — Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills 
 its own vacancies, and is not open to the public. — Close vowel 
 (Proji.), one which is pronounced with a diminished aperture 
 of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. 
 
 Close, adv. In a close manner or state. 
 
 Close'-bod'ied, a. Fitting the body exactly. 
 
 Close'-fist'ed, a. Covetous; niggardly. 
 
 Close'-lia,uled (-hawld), a. (Naut.) Kept as near as 
 possible to the point from which the wind blows. 
 
 Close'ly, adv. In a close manner, 
 
 Close'ness, n. The state of being close. 
 
 Clog'er, n. One who, or that which, closes ; a finisher. 
 
 Close'-stobl, n. A stool or box, in which a chamber 
 vessel is placed, for the sick. 
 
 Clog'et, n. [0. Fr. doset, dim. of dos, an inclosure.] 1, 
 A small room for retirement or privacy. 3. A small^ 
 close apartment, in the side of a room, for utensils, arti- 
 cles of furniture, &c. 
 
 Clog'et, V. i. [imp. & p. p. CLOSETED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLOSETING.] 1. To Shut up in a closet. 3. To take 
 into a private room for consultation. 
 
 Clog'ure (klo'zhijr), Ji. [lja,t. dausura,tcovQ. daudere, to 
 shut.] 1. Act of shutting ; a closing. 3. That which 
 closes or shuts. 3. That which incloses or confines ; an 
 inclosure. 4. End; conclusion. 
 
 Clot, n. [See Clod.] A concretion, especially of a soft, 
 slimy character ; a coagulation. 
 
 Clot, t'. i. [imp. & p. p. clotted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLOTTING.] 1. To concrete or coagulate, as soft or 
 fluid matter. 3. To be formed into clots or clods. 3; 
 To become gross. 
 
 Cloth (21), n. [A.-S. d&dh. The pi. is regular, doths; 
 but when it signifies garments , it is written dothes.] 1, 
 A stuff of some fibrous material, formed by weaving. 3. 
 A piece of such a fabric appropriated to some particular 
 use. 3, A profession, or the members of it, especially 
 the clerical profession. 
 
 Clotiie, V. t. [imp. & p. p. clothed or clad ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CLOTHING.] [A.-S. dadhjan, D. kleeden, Icel. 
 kldedha, Dan. klaede, Sw. klaeda, Ger. kleiden. See 
 supra.] 1. To put garments upon. 3. To furnish with 
 raiment. 3. To cover or invest, as with a garment. 
 
 Clotiie, v.i. To wear clothes. 
 
 Clotiieg (klothz, colloq. kloz), n. ; pi. of doth. 1. Cover- 
 ing for the human body. 3. Covering of a bed. 
 
 Syn. — Garments ; dress ; apparel ; attire ; vesture ; rai- 
 ment ; garb. 
 
 Clotiieg'-^wring/er (-ring/er), n. A machine for wring- 
 ing or pressing water from clothes after they have been 
 washed. 
 
 Clotii'ier (kloth^yer), n, 1. One who makes cloths. 
 [Eng.] 3. One who sells cloth. 3. One who dresses or 
 fulls cloth. [Amer.] 
 
 Clotii'ing, n. Garments in general ; clothes ; di-ess ; 
 raiment ; covering. 
 
 Clot'ty, a. Full of clots, or small, hard masses. 
 
 Cloud, n. [Prob. from A.-S. dM, a rock or hillock, as 
 clouds frequently resemble rocks or hillocks.] 1. A col- 
 lection of visible vapor suspended in the atmosphere. 
 
 tovd, fdbt •, iirn, ri^de, pull ; ^ell, 9liaise, -call, e<:lio ; ifevn, get ; ag ; ejist ; liijger, link ; tbis. 
 
CLOUD 
 
 128 
 
 COADVENTURER 
 
 2. A ma&o or toIxudp of smoke, or flying dust, re-sem- 
 hlin^r vnpor. 3. A dark voin or spot, as iu marble. 
 4. That which ha.<! a dark, lowering, or threatening as- 
 pect. 5. A great crowd or multitude. 
 
 -Cloud, r. I. [imp. & ;). ;>. clouded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLOUDING.] 1. To overspread with clouds. 2. To 
 render dark or ob.<cure. '.i. To variegate with colors. 
 
 Cloud, V. i. To grow cloudv or obiscure. [clouds. 
 
 Cloud'-eftpt, o. Capped with clouds; touching the 
 
 Cloud'-^-om-pCl'lIng, «• Collecting or driving clouds. 
 
 Cloud'i-ly.rtf/»'. With clouds: darkly; obscurely. 
 
 Cloud 'i -lies.*, n. The state of being cloudy. 
 
 Cloud'less, n. Being without a cloud ; unclouded. 
 
 Cloud'v, (t. [rpmpar. CLOUDIER; superl. CLOUDIEST.] 
 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds ; clouded. 3. Con- 
 sistinir of a cloud or clouds. 3. Lacking clearness, 
 brisilitnejis, or luster. 4-. Not easily understood. 5. 
 Having the appearance of gloom; not open or cheerful. 
 6. .Marked with veins or spots, as marble. 
 
 Clou^li (kluf ), n. [A.-S., from deofnn, clufan, &c. See 
 Cle.we, c. /.] A narrow valley between two hills. 
 
 ClSugh (klof ), TL 1. An allowance of two pounds in 
 every hundred weight, after tare and tret have been de- 
 ducted. 'Z. A kind of sluice for letting off water. 
 
 Clout, n. [A.-S. diit.] 1. A piece of cloth, leather, 
 &c , used for a patch, ti. The center of the butt at 
 which archers shoot. 3. An iron plate on an axletree. 
 4. [0. Fr. clouet, dim. of clou, from Lat. claims, nail] 
 A small nail. 5. A blow with the hand. [Lmv.] 
 
 Clout, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOUTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLOUTING.] [A.-S. cMtjnn, from clUt.] 1. To cover 
 with cloth or other material ; to patch •, to mend. St. 
 To join in a clumsy manner. 3. To guard with an iron 
 plate. 4. To strike. [Low.] 
 
 Clout'-nail, n. 1. A nail used for securing small 
 patches of iron, &c. 3. A naU with a large head for the 
 soles of shoes. . 
 
 -Clove, n. [From Lat. clavus, nail, fr. its likeness to a 
 nail.] 1. A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpand- 
 ed flower -bud of the clove-tree. 2. [A.-S. clufe, from 
 cleo/an , rlUfan , to cleave, split.] ( Bot. ) One of the small 
 bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. 
 
 Clove'-gO'ly-flotv-er, n. {Bot.) A species of pink, 
 bearing a beautiful flower; — called also carnation-pink 
 and clove -pink. 
 
 Clove'-liitcli, n. (Naut.) A hitch formed with a rope, 
 iKiving the ends to reach out in contrary directions. 
 
 Clo'ven (klo'vn), p. p. from cleave. See Cleave. 
 
 Clo'v^n-f o^t'ed ) (27, 108), a. Having the foot or hoof 
 
 Clo'ven-lioof ed I divided into two parts, as the ox. 
 
 Clove'-piilk, n. The clove-gillyflower or carnation pink. 
 
 Clo'ver, n. [A.-S. clsefer.] (Bot.) A plant of different 
 species. 
 To live in clover, to live luxuriously, or m abundance. 
 
 Cloivii, 71. [Contracted from Lat. colonus, husbandman, 
 from rolere, to till.] 1. A husbandman : a rustic. 3. One 
 who has the manners of a rustic ; an iU-bred man. 3. 
 The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, &c. 
 
 t.'lown, V. i. To act as a clown. 
 
 Clown'isli, a. Of, or relating to, a clown ; like a clown. 
 Syn. — Coarse; rou^h; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; 
 uncivil; ill-bred; boorish; rustic. 
 
 Clo\vu'isli-ly, adv. In a clownish manner. 
 Clown'isli-ngss, n. Manners of a clown : rusticity ; 
 
 incivility : awkwardness. 
 "Cloy, f. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 CLOYING.] [0. Fr. cloer^ Fr. clouer, to nail up, fr. Lat. 
 etotnw, nail.] To glut, or satisfy ; to satiate ; to sutfeit. 
 
 Clfib, n. 1, [From 0. H. Ger. chlojon, cMophon, to 
 knock.] A heavy staff or piece of wood, to be wielded 
 with the hand. 3. One of the four suits of cards, hav- 
 ing a figure somewhat like that of the trefoil or clover- 
 l^f; — generally in the pL 3. [Either akin to Ger. 
 klump, lump, ma«s, crowd, or fixim A.-S. cleofan, to 
 epht, divide, because each one contributes his share to 
 defray expen.ses.] An association of persons for the pro- 
 motion of some common olyect. 4. The share of ex- 
 pense in such an asHx;iation. 
 
 Cliib, V. i. 1. To combine for the promotion of some 
 common object. 2. To pay an equal proportion of a 
 common expense. 
 
 Clfib, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CLUBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CLUBBI.VG.] 1. To unite for the accomplishment of a 
 common end. 2. To raise by a proportional 
 
 To chih a musket (Mil.), to turn the breech uppermoBt, bo i 
 to use it u a club. 
 
 ClfibTt»ist, n. One who belongs to a club. [Rare.] 
 
 CliibTbish, a. Disposed to associate together. 
 
 Cliib'-fo^ot (27), n. A short, deformed foot. 
 
 Cliib'-f dot'ed, a. Having deformed or crooked feet. 
 
 Club'-liouse, n. A house occupied by a club. 
 
 Cliib'-law, n. Government by clubs,'or violence. 
 
 Club'-room, n. Apartment in which a club meets. 
 
 Cluck, V. i. [imp. & p. p. clucked; p. pr. & vb. tu 
 CLUCKING.] [A.-S. cloccan, W. clocian, clwcian, Lat 
 glocire, Gr. icAw^eiv.] To make the noise of a brooding hen. 
 
 Clfick, v. t. To call as a hen does her chickens. 
 
 Clfiek, n. [Pron.) A peculiar kind of articulation used 
 by the natives of South Africa ; a click. 
 
 Clue, n. [See Clew.] 1. A ball of thread. 2. Thread 
 unwound from a ball, used to guide a person in a laby- 
 rinth. 3. Any thing serving to guide or direct. 4. 
 (Naut.) One of the two lower comers of a square-sail. 
 
 Clump, n. [Ger. klnmp, Icel. khmipr, from the root 
 kli7npa, preserved in M. H. Ger. kliwpfen, to press to- 
 gether. Cf. Cli'B.] 1. A shapeless mass of wood ot 
 other substance. 2. A cluster of trees or shrubs. 3, 
 The compressed clay of coal strata. 
 
 Clum'§i-ly , adv. In a clumsy manner ; awkwardly. 
 
 Clum'gi-ness, n. Quality of being clumsy. 
 
 Clum'gy, n. [co?n/>ar. clumsier ; 5M;>erZ. CLUMSIEST.] 
 [From clump, q v.] 1, Without grace of shape, man- 
 ners, &c. ; unhandy. 2. Ill-made ; badly constructed. 
 Syu. — Awkward; uncouth. See Awkward. 
 
 Clung, imp. 8c p. p. of cling. See Cling. 
 
 Clu'ni-a-e, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a reformed order of 
 Benedictine monks ; — so called from Clugni, or Cluny, 
 in France. 
 
 Cliis'ter, n. [A.-S. cluster, clyster. Cf. Sw. & Dan. 
 klase, a cluster of grapes, and D. klissen, to be entan- 
 gled] 1. A number of things of the same kind grow- 
 ing, joined, or collected together. 2. A number of sim- 
 ilar things collected together, or lying contiguous. 3. 
 A crowd. 
 
 Clus'ter, V. i. [ijnp. & p.p. clustered: p.pr. & vb. 
 n. CLUSTERING.] To grow in clusters ; to gather or 
 unite in a bunch or mass. 
 
 Clus'ter, V. t. To collect into a bunch or close body. 
 
 Clus'ter-y,a. 1. Growing in clusters. 2. Full of clusters. 
 
 Clutcli, t". t. [imp. & p. p. CLUTCHED (klutcht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CLUTCHING.] [Akin to Ger. kluppe, O. H. Ger. 
 chluppa, claw, tongs.] 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with 
 the hand. 2. To close tightly ; to clinch. 
 
 Cliitcli, V. i. To catch ; to snatch. 
 
 Cliitcli, n. 1. Agnpe; seizure; grasp. 2. (Mach.)(a.) 
 A projecting piece of machinery, for connecting shafts, 
 so as to be disengaged at pleasure, (b.) The cross-head of 
 a piston-rod. 3. pi. The hands; hence, power; ra- 
 pacity; cruelty. 
 
 Clut'ter, n. [Cf. 0. Sw. kluttra, to quarrel, W. cluder, 
 heap, pile, from cludaw, to heap.] A confused collection ; 
 hence, confusion ; disorder. 
 
 Clut'ter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cluttered; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. CLUTTERING.] To crowd together in disorder; io 
 fill with things in confusion. 
 
 Clut'ter, V. i. To make a bustle, or fill with confusion. 
 
 Clyp'e-ate, a. [Lat. clypeatus, p. p. of clypeare, to arm 
 with a shield, from clyjjeus, clipeus, shield.] (Bot.) 
 Shaped like a round shield ; scutate. 
 
 Clys'ter, n. [Lat. clyster and clyster ixim, Gr. KXvtrriip 
 and KKvcrrfipiov, dim. of kAvot^, fi'om kKv^clv, to wash 
 out.] (Med.) A liquid substance injected into the lower 
 intestines by means of a syringe. 
 
 Coach (20), n. [From Lat. conchula, dim. of concha, 
 muscle-shell, vessel, Gr. Kcrfxy], muscle, cockle, Sfcr. 
 gankha.] A large, close, four-wheeled carriage, for pur- 
 poses of state, for pleasure, and for traveling. 
 
 Coacli, V. t. To convey in a coach. 
 
 Coach'- box, n. Seat or which the driver of a coach sits. 
 
 Coach'ee, 71. A coacnman. [Stong'.] 
 
 Coacli'man, n. The person who drives a coach. 
 
 Co-Se'tion, n. [Lat. coactio, from coactere, to force, 
 intens. form of cogere, from con and agere, to drive.J 
 Force ; compulsion. 
 
 Co-Set'ive, a. 1. Serving to compel or constrain. 2. 
 Acting in concurrence. [ing or operating. 
 
 Co-ad'ju-tant, or Co'ad-ju'tant, a. Mutually asast- 
 
 Co'ad-ju'tor, n. 1. One who aids another. 2. One 
 who is empowered or appointed to perform the duties of 
 another. 
 
 Syn. — Assistant; ally; fellow-helper; associate; partner; 
 colleague; collaborator; co-worker. 
 
 Co'ad-ju'trix, n. A female assistant. 
 Co'ad-v6nt'ur-er, n. A fellow -adventurer. 
 
 ,&c. 
 
 Umg ; a, fi, kc, short; cftre, far, ask, aU, what ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, W9lJ^ 
 
COAGENT 
 
 129 
 
 COCK 
 
 ■Co-a'gent, n. An assistant or associate ; co-worker. 
 
 ■€o-ag'u-la-ble, a. Capable of being coagulated. 
 
 Co-a.g'u-late, V. t. [imp. & p. p. coagulated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. COAGULATING.] [Lat. coagulare, from 
 cogere, coactum, to drive together.] To cause to change 
 into a curd-like state ; — said of liquids. 
 
 ■Co-as'u-late, v. i. To undergo coagulation. 
 . Syn. — To thicken ; concrete; curdle. 
 
 -€o-as'u-la'tion, n. Act of curdling, or changing from 
 a liquid to a thickened, semi-solid state. [lation. 
 
 €o-ag'u-la-tive, a. Having the power to cause coagu- 
 
 Co-Jig'u-la'tor, n. That which causes coagulation. 
 
 ^'odf/'u-lum, n. [Lat., from cogere, coactum. See CO- 
 AGULATE.] A coagulated mass, as curd. 
 
 Coal, n. [A.-S. col or coU, 0. H. Ger. chol, cholo, akin to 
 Lat. calere, to be hot, to glow.] 1. Wood charred, or 
 partially burnt; charcoal. 3. {Min.) A black, soUd, 
 combustible substance, consisting mainly of carbon, 
 found embedded in the earth, and used for fuel. 
 
 To cam/ coals, to submit to degradation or insult. — To carry 
 coals to I^ewcastle, to do something superfluous or unneces- 
 sary ; to lose one's labor. — To haul over the coals, to scold or 
 call to account. 
 
 -€oal, V. t. [imp. & p. p. coaled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COALING.] 1. To burn to coal; to char. 3. To 
 mark with charcoal. 3. To supply with coal. 
 
 Coal, V. i. To take in coal ; — said of steam-vessels. 
 
 Coal'er-y, n. A place where coal is dug. 
 
 Co'a-lfispe' (ko'a-les'), v- i- [imp. & p. p. COALESCED 
 (ko'a-lesf) ; p- pr. & vb. n. coalescing.] [Lat. coa- 
 lescere, from co, for con, and alescere, to grow up, inchoa- 
 tive form of alere, to nourish, akin to olescere, olere , to 
 grow.] 1. To grow together ; to unite into one body or 
 mass. 2. To unite in society, in a more general sense. 
 
 Co'a-lSs'^en^e, n. Act of coalescing ; union. 
 
 -Co'a-les'fent, a. Growing together ; uniting. 
 
 -CoaF-f ield, n. A region where coal abounds. 
 
 Coal'-lieav'er, n. One who is employed in discharging 
 coal from ships. 
 
 ■eo'a-li'tion (-llsh/un), n. [L. Lat. coalitio. See COA- 
 LESCE.] 1. Union in a body or mass. 3. A temporary 
 combination of persons, parties, or states having differ- 
 ent interests. 
 
 Syn. — Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; com- 
 bination; conjunction; conspiracy. 
 
 Coal'-mSag'ure (-mezh'jjr), n. 1. The measure used in 
 ascertaining the quantity of coal. ^, pi. {Geol.) Strata 
 of coal with the attendant rocks. 
 
 -Coal'-me'ter, n. One appointed to measure coals. 
 
 -Coal'-pit, n. 1. A pit where coal is dug. 2. A place 
 where charcoal is made. [Amer.] 
 
 Coal'- s«u.t' tie, n. A utensil for holding coal. 
 
 Coal'-tar, n. A thick, viscid substance, obtained by 
 the distillation of bituminous coal. 
 
 Coal'-w^hip'per, n. One who raises coal out of the 
 hold of a ship. [Eng.] 
 
 Coal'y, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or containing coal. 
 
 Coam'ingg, n. pi. (Naut.) The raised borders or 
 edges of the hatches. [Written also combings.] 
 
 Co'ap-ta'tion, n. [Lat. coaptatio, from co, for con, and 
 aptare, to adapt.] Adaptation of parts to each other. 
 
 Coarse, a. [compar. coarser; superl. coarsest.] 
 [As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it 
 may be an abb rev. of of course, in the common man- 
 ner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made 
 for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross.] 1. 
 Large in bulk, or composed of large parts. 3. Not re- 
 fined or nice. 
 
 Syn.— Gross; rude; rough; tfnpolished; indelicate. 
 
 Coarse'ly, adv. Without fineness or refinement. 
 
 Coarse'iiess, n. Quality or state of being coarse. 
 
 Coast, n. [From Lat. co5to, rib, side.] 1. The exterior 
 line, or border of a country. [Obs.] ti. Edge or margin 
 of the land next to the sea ; sea-shore . 
 
 Coast, ^'. i. [imp. & p. p. coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 coasting.] 1. To approach. [06j.] 3. To sail by or 
 near a coast. 3. To sail from port to port in the same 
 country. 4. To slide down a hill on a sled, upon snow 
 or ice. [Amer.] 
 
 Coasting trade, trade carried on between the different ports 
 of the same country, as distinguished from foreign trade. 
 
 Coast'er, n. A person or vessel that sails along a coast 
 trading from port to port. 
 
 Coast'-line, n. The outline of a coast ; shore-line. 
 
 Coast'TTige, adv. By way of, or along, the coast. 
 
 Coat (20), n. [0. Fr. cote., Sp. cota, It. cotta, fr. L. Lat. 
 cota, cotta, cottus, tunic, mattress.] 1. An outer gar- 
 
 ment worn by men over the waistcoat. 2. The habit 
 or vesture of an order of men. 3. An external coTer» 
 ing, Uke a garment, as the fur or hair of a beast. 4, 
 A layer of any substance covering another ; a tegument. 
 
 5, That on which ensigns armorial are portrayed. 
 
 Coat of Arms, {Her.) (a.) A habit formerly worn by knight* 
 over their armor. (6.) An armorial device. — Coat of mail, a 
 piece of armor covering the upper portion of the body, con- 
 sisting of a net-work of iron rings. 
 
 Coat, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COATED; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 COATING.] To cover with a coat. 
 
 Coat'-ar'mor, n. Coats of arms ; armorial ensigns. 
 
 Coat'-«ard, n. A card bearing a coated figure ; viz., 
 the kiug, queen, or knave. 
 
 Coat-ee', n. A coat with short flaps. 
 
 Coat'ing, n. 1. Any substance employed as a cover or 
 pi-otection. 2. Cloth for coats. 
 
 Coax (20), V. t. [imp. & p. p. coaxed (kSkst); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. COAXING.] [Cf. 0. Eng. cokes, fool, W. 
 coeg, empty, foolish ; Lat. cocio, broker, haggler, coquus, 
 cook and thief (Plautus), hence L. Lat. coquinus, Fr. co- 
 quin, knave, rogue.] To persuade by a gentle, insin- 
 uating courtesy, flattering, or fondling. 
 
 Syn. — To wheedle; flatter; soothe; fawn. 
 
 Coax'er, n. A wheedler ; a flatterer. 
 
 Cob, n. [A.-S. cop or copp, Gr. Kv^rj, W. cob, cop.] 1, 
 The top or head; hence, that which is large, round, &c. 
 2. A person in someway at the top, or distinguished; a 
 rich, covetous person. 3. A lump or piece of any thing, 
 as of coal or stone. 4. A spider. 5. A short-legged 
 andstout variety of horse. [Eng.] 6. The spike on which 
 the grains of maize grow. [Amer.] 
 
 CoHbalt, n. [From M. H. Ger. kobolt, goblin, L. Lat. 
 cobdlus, from Gr. kojSoAos, knave; so called because a 
 poisonous metal and troublesome to miners.] (Metal.) 
 A metal of a reddish-gray color, brittle, and difficult of 
 fusion. Its oxides are used in the manufacture of 
 glass, to produce the blue varieties called smalt. 
 
 Co-l3alt'i«, a. Pertaining to cobalt. 
 
 Cotolijle, n. A kind of fishing-boat. See COBLE. 
 
 Cobnble _ 1(20), n. [From cob, 3. Also called 
 
 Cob'ble-stone ) cobstone.] A rounded fragment, as 
 of stone, coal, &c. ; a cob. 
 
 Cob'ble, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COBBLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COBBLING.] [From Lat. copulare, to couple, join.] 
 
 1. To make or mend coarsely, as shoes. 2. To make 
 or do bunglingly. * 
 
 CobHbler, n. 1. A mender of shoes. 2. A clumsy 
 workman. 3. A beverage composed of vdne, sugar, 
 lemon, and ice finely broken up. 
 
 Cob'le {^ob'\),n. [A.-S. cuople. Cf. Ger. kobel, Jciibel, 
 coop, tub.] A boat used in the herring fishery. 
 
 Cob'niit, n. 1. A large nut. 2. (a.) A child's game 
 played with nuts, (i.) The winning nut in the game. 
 
 ■€o'brd de -ea-pel'lo. [Pg., serpent of the hood.] {Zoiil.) 
 The hooded snake, a highly venomous reptile inhabit- 
 ing the East Indies. 
 
 Cob'stone, «. Same as Cobble. 
 
 Cob'-web, n. [From cod, 4, and web, q. v.] 1. A spider's 
 web or net. 2. Any snare or device intended to entrap. 
 
 Co-e-agne' (kok-an'), n. [From It. cucca, dainties, sweet- 
 meats, Prov. Fr. couque, Catal. coca, cake, from Lat. 
 coquere, to cook; because it was imagined that the 
 houses in this country were covered with cakes.] 1. 
 An imaginary country of idleness, luxury, and delight. 
 
 2. The land of cockneys ; — a term applied to London 
 and its suburbs. 
 
 Co-e-^if' er-ous, a. [Lat. coccum,, Gr. kokkos, a berry, 
 
 and Lat. /en-e, to bear.] Bearing or producing berries. 
 
 C6ch.'i-neal, n. [Dim. of Lat. coccum, Gr. kokkos, 
 
 berry, esp. the kermes-berry, used to dye scarlet.] A 
 
 dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of insects, natiTO 
 
 in Mexico, and found on several species of cactus. 
 
 C6«li'le-a-ry, ) a. [Lat. cochlearium, snail-shell, coeh- 
 
 C6<;li'le-ate, > lea, snail, screw, Gr. kox^Co-?, from 
 
 Coclile-a'ted, ) koxAos, a shell-fish with a spiral 
 
 shell; Lat. cochleatus, spiral.] {Nat. Hist.) Having the 
 
 form of a snail-shell ; spiral ; turbinated. 
 
 Cock;, n. [A.-S. coc, or cocc, Fr. coq.] 1. The male of 
 
 birds, particularly of domestic fowls. 2. A vane in the 
 
 shape of a cock; a weathercock. 3. A chief man; a 
 
 leader. [Hu7norou,s.] 4. An instrument to let out 
 
 Uquor from a cask, &c. ; a spout. 5. Act of turning 
 
 or of setting up ; also the form produced by such an act. 
 
 6. That part of the lock of a fire-arm which holds the 
 flint in a flint-lock, or is the hammer of a percussion- 
 lock. 7. Style of a dial. 8. A small conical pile of hay. 
 
 food, f<jt>t; 
 
 Urn, rude, pull ; 
 
 '9 
 
 9eU, ^liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, g^t; a§; e^cist; linger, link; tUs. 
 
COCK 
 
 130 
 
 COEVAL 
 
 (boixi-*oop. or eoch-on-fhe-hoop, [Fr. huvpc, a crest on the 
 hc«d of birds.] triumphant; oxulUiig.- Cock imil Ml, a tedi- 
 ous, trifling, or cxagu^rated story. 
 
 C&ck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COCKED {k^kt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COCKING.] 1. To set erect; to turnup, 'i. To turn 
 up the brim of, as of a hat. 3. To place upon the head 
 in a manner indicating jauntiness or pertness. 4. To 
 wt up in small oouioal piles, as hay. 5. To draw back 
 the cock, in order to tire. 
 
 Cock-ade'. >i. [Vr. cocnnie, fix)m cog, cock, from its re- 
 eemblauce to the crest of a cock.] A knot of ribbons, or 
 somethmg similar, worn on the hat, as a badge or symbol. 
 
 C6ck'a-tob', «. [From Malayan ka/catiia.] (Ornit/i.) 
 A bird of the pjirrot kind, having the head ornamented 
 with a tuft of feathers, or crest, which can be raised or 
 depressed at pleasure. 
 
 CAck-'a-triye, n. [0. Fr. cocatrice, crocodile, from coq, 
 cock ; L. Lat. cocatrij-, basilisk.] The basilisk ; a fab- 
 ulous seriH?nt, produced from a cock's egg brooded by a 
 serpent. Its breath, and even it« look, was fatal. 
 
 CdckHbUl, »i. (iVowr.) Position of the anchor, when 
 suspended perpendicularly from the cat-head, ready to 
 be let go in a moment. 
 
 €^ck.'-boat, n. A smaU boat of a ship. 
 
 €6ck.'-cliaf er, n. (Entom.) An insect called also 
 jnay-bug, or dor-beetle. 
 
 CSck'-cro^v, 1 n. The time at which cocks crow ; 
 
 €6ck'— ero'w'iug, j early morning. 
 
 •eSct'er, V. t. [imp. Sep. p. cockered ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 COCKERING.] [Prov. Eng.,to crow like a cock, to boast ; 
 hence, to be wanton and to make wanton.] To treat with 
 tenderness ; to fondle ; to indulge ; to pamper. 
 
 CSck'er, n. 1. One who follows cock-fighting. 3, A 
 kind of rustic half-boot. 3. A dog of the spaniel kind, 
 used for starting up woodcocks and other game. 
 
 Cocl£.'er-el,n. A young cock. 
 
 C6clt'et, n. 1. (Etig. Law.) A custom-house certifi- 
 cate that goods have been duly entered and have paid 
 duty. 2. An office in a custom-house, where goods in- 
 tended for export are entered. 
 
 B^ The name is thought to be a corruption of quo quietus, 
 words which occur in the Latin form of the certificate. 
 
 €6cl£'-figlit(-fit), ) n. A match or contest of game- 
 
 €6ck'-f ight'tng, ) cocks. 
 
 Cock'- horse, n. A child's rocking-horse. 
 
 CSck'le (k6k'l),n. [A.S. coccel,cocel,oT code, It. & Gael. 
 cogal, cagal.] 1. (Bot.) (a). A plant or weed that grows 
 among com ; the corn-rose. (6.) The darnel. H, [Erom 
 Latin conchylimyi, Gr. KoyxvA^tov, a muscle or cockle, from 
 Kcrfxykri, Koyxri, a muscle or cockle.] ( Conch.) A kind of 
 bivalve shell fish having a corrugated shell. 
 
 CSck'le, V. t. To contract into wrinkles resembling the 
 ridges of the cockle-shell. 
 
 CSck'le, V. i. To take the form of wrinkles or ridges. 
 
 -Gock'ler, n. One who takes and sells cockles. 
 
 ■Cock'le-sligll, n. The shell or covering of a cockle. 
 
 Cock'le-stairg (4), n. pi. Winding or spiral stairs. 
 
 -€6ck'-16f t (21), n. The top-loft ; the upper room. 
 
 Cock'-matck, n. A match of cocks ; a cock-fight. 
 
 ■eSck'ney, n. ; pi. cocK'NEYg. [0. Eng. cokenay, from, 
 cockeney, cokaygne. Cf. COCAGXE.] 1. An effem- 
 inate person. 2. A resident of the city of London. 
 
 •€5ck'ney, a. Related to, or like, cockneys. 
 
 C5ck'ney-i§m, n. The condition, qualities, manners, 
 or dialect of a cockney. 
 
 Cdck'pit, n. 1. An area, where game-cocks fight. 2. 
 {Naut.) A room near the after hatchway, under the 
 lower gun-deck. 
 
 Cdck'roacli, n. (Entom.) An insect of several species, 
 haying a long, flattish body, with large, thin wing-cases. 
 It is veiy troublesome, infesting houses and ships. 
 
 Ciickg'-eomb (-k6m),w. 1. The caruncle 
 or comb of a cock. 2. (Bot.) A plant of 
 different genera. 3. A fop, or vain, silly 
 fellow. See Coxcomb. 
 
 C5ck'.sp&r, n. 1. The spur on the leg 
 of a cock. 2. (Bot.) A variety of haw- 
 thorn. 
 
 C6ck'Rivain (coUoq. kok'sn), n. [See 
 Swain.] (Naut.) The person who steers 
 or pulls the after oar in a boat. 
 
 Co'«oa (ko/ko), n. [Sp. and Pg. coco, It. 
 cocco. Cf. Gr. KovKi, cocoa-palm and its 
 ftTiit, Koi^, koZko^, an Egyptian kind of 
 pahn, and<c6(c»to?, kernel, berry. ] 1. (Bot.) 
 A pahn-tree producing the cocoa-nut. It Cocoa-tree, 
 grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height 
 of sixty or eighty feet. 2. [Corrupted from cacao.] A 
 
 beverage made from the crushed kernels of the checolate 
 tree._ See Cacao. 
 
 ■Co-coon', »i. [Fr. cocon, dim. of coque, shell of eggs 
 and insects, frt)m Lat. concha, muscle-shell.] 1. An ob- 
 long case in which the silkworm Ues in its chrysalis state. 
 2. The case constructed by any insect to contain its 
 larve. [and forming cocoons. 
 
 Co-coon'er-y, n. A place for silk-worms, when feeding 
 
 Cd-e'tUe, a. [Lat. coctilis, from coquere, to cook, bake.] 
 Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick. 
 
 C6-e'tioii,»i. [Lat. cocno. See s;/jwa.] 1. Act of boiling. 
 2. (Med.) The alteration experienced by morbific matter 
 before elimination. 
 
 C6d, n. [A.-S. codd, small bag, W. cod, cwd, bag, shell.] 
 
 1. Any husk or envelope containing seeds : a pod. 2. 
 The scrotiun. 
 
 C6d, n. [GeT.gadde.](Ichth.) 
 A species of fish inhabiting 
 the northern seas, and especi- 
 ally the Banks of Newfound- 
 land, in immense quantities. 
 
 Cod'dle, t'. t. [imp. Sep. p. *^°°- 
 
 coddled; p. pr. & vb. n. CODDLING.] [Probably 
 from Lat. co^were, coctMW, to cook.] 1. To'parboil. 2. 
 To treat with tenderness. 
 
 Code, n. [From Lat. codex, or caxidex, the stock of a tree, 
 a tablet of wood for writing on, hence book, writing.] An 
 orderly collection, system, or digest of laws. 
 
 ■€o'dex,n. ; pi. cbD'i-pE^. [Lat. See CODE.] A man- 
 uscript ; a book ; a code. 
 
 Cod'ger, n. [Either from A.-S. codd, scrip, bag ; hence, 
 one who labors to fill his purse ; or a corruption of cot- 
 tager.] 1. A covetous or mean person ; a curmudgeon. 
 
 2. A singular or odd old person. 
 
 Cod'i-^il, n. {h&t. codiciUus, dim., ot codex. See Code.] 
 A supplement to a will. 
 
 Co^'di-fi-ea'tion, n. [See Codify.] Act or process of 
 reducing laws to a code or system. 
 
 Co'di-fy, V. t. [imp. & p.p. codified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 codifying.] [Lat. codex, code, and. facer e, to make.] 
 To reduce to a code or digest, as laws. 
 
 Cod'lin, \ n. An immature apple ; a kind of cooking 
 
 Cod'ling, j apple. 
 
 Co'-ef-fi'cien-^y, n. Co-operation ; joint efficiency. 
 
 Co'-ef-fi'cient (-tlsh-'ent, 63), a. Co-operating ; acting 
 in union to the same end 
 
 Co'-ef-fi'cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with 
 something else to produce the same effect. 2. (Math.) 
 A number or known quantity put before letters or quan- 
 tities, known or unknown, to show how many times they 
 are to be taken. 
 
 CoeliSrn, n. (Mil.) A small bronze mortar, so named 
 from its inventor, Baron Coehorn. 
 
 poe'li^-e, I a. [Lat. ccdiacits, Gr. kolKlokos, from KoiXta, 
 
 ^e'li-a-e, j the belly, from koiAos, hoUow.] Pertaining 
 to the belly, or to the intestinal canal. 
 
 Co-emp'tion (82), n. [Lat. coemptio, from co, for eon, 
 and emere, to buy.] Act of purchasing the whole quan- 
 tity of any commodity. 
 
 Co-e'qual, a. Equal with another person or thing ; of 
 the same rank, dignity, or power. 
 
 Co-e'qual, n. One who is equal to another. 
 
 Co'-e-qual'i-ty, n. State of beiag co-equal ; equality in 
 rank, dignity, or power. 
 
 Co-erpe' (14), v. t. [imp. & p.p. coerced; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COERCING.] [Lat. coercere, from co, for con, and 
 arcere, to shut up.] To restrain by force ; to constrain ; 
 to repress. 
 
 Syn. — To compel. — Coerce had at first only the negattve 
 sense of checking or restraining by force, as, to coerce subjects 
 •within the bounds of law; it has now also gained a positive 
 sense, that of driving forward or compelling, as, to coerce the 
 performance of a contract. 
 
 Co-er'fi-ble, a. Capable of beuag, or deserving to be, 
 
 coerced. 
 Co-er'cion (14, 63), n. Act or process of compelling or 
 restraioing; restraint. [compulsory. 
 
 Co-er'9ive, a. Compelling, or having power to compel; 
 Co'-es-sen'tial, a. Partaking of the sanie essence. 
 Co/-es-s6n'ti-ai'i-ty (-shl-al'-), n. Participation of the 
 
 same essence. 
 Co'e-ta'ne-ous, a. [Lat. coxtaneus, fcora. co, for con, 
 and Betas, age.] Of the same age ; beg innin g to exist at 
 the same time. 
 , Co'-e-ter'nal (14), a. Equally eternal. 
 I Co'-e-ter'ni-ty, n. Equal eternity with another. 
 I Co-e'val, a. [Lat. cosevus, from co, for con, and asvt/m,. 
 i lifetime, age, Gr. aXwv ] Of the same age ; of equal age. 
 
 *,5,&c.,i«-jic;a,e,&c.,aAorr;cAre,far,a8k,aU,wliat; 6re, veU,ter]u; pique, firm; s6n,6r,dc,woIi^ 
 
COEVAL 
 
 131 
 
 COIGNE 
 
 CoflFee. 
 
 ■Co-e'val, n. One of the same age. 
 
 Co'-e$-ist', V. i. [imp. & p.p. co-EXISTED ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. CO-EXISTING.] To exist at the same time. 
 
 CS'-ej-ist'enfe, n. Existence at the same time with 
 another. [other. 
 
 Co'-ej-ist'ent, a. Existing at the same time with an- 
 
 €o/-ex-t6nd', v. t. [imp. & p.p. co-extended ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CO-EXTENDING.] To extend tiiTOugh the same 
 space with another. 
 
 Co'-ex-tSn'sion, n. Equal extension. [extent. 
 
 Co'-ex-t6ii'sive, a. Equally extensive; having equal 
 
 Coffee, n. [From Ar. qahuah, 
 or qahoeh, which the Turks pro- 
 nounce qahveh, wine, cofifee, a 
 coffee-house.] 1. The berries of 
 a tree growing in Arabia, Persia, 
 and the warm cUmates of Asia 
 and America. Each berry con- 
 tains two kernels of coffee. 3. 
 A drink made from the roasted 
 berry of the coffee-tree, by decoc- 
 tion. 
 
 Cof'fee-Iiouse, n. A house of 
 entertainment, where guests are 
 supplied with coffee and other refreshments. 
 
 C6f' fee-mill, n. A small mill for grinding coffee. 
 
 C6f 'fee-pot, n. A covered pot in which coffee is boiled, 
 or in which it is brought upon the table for drinking. 
 
 Coffer, n. [From Lat. cophinus, Gr. ic6<{)lvo?, basket.] 1. 
 A chest ; especially, one for money. 3. (Arch.) A sunken 
 panel. 3. (Fort.) A hollow work across a dry moat, serv- 
 ing as a parapet with embrasures. 4. A lock for re- 
 ceiving a barge. 
 
 Coffer, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COFFERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COFFERING.] To place in a coffer. 
 
 Coffer-dam, n. (Engin.) An inclostire or box of tim- 
 ber placed in the bed of a river, or some like position, for 
 the purpose of excluding the water during the construc- 
 tion of piers and similar works ; the water is pumped 
 out of the box, leaving the bottom dry. 
 
 Coffin, n. [From Lat. cophinus. See Coffer.] 1. 
 The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for 
 burial, "i, (Far.) The hoUow part of a horse's hoof. 
 3. (Print.) A wooden frame inclosing the stone on which 
 forms are imposed. 
 
 C6f fin, V. t. [imp. & p.p. coffined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 coffining.] To put into, or inclose in, a coflftn. 
 
 Coffin-bone, n. (Far.) The foot-bone of a horse, which 
 is inclosed within the hoof. 
 
 Coffle (k5ffl), n. [Ar. kafala, caravan.] A gang of 
 slaves going to market. 
 
 Cog, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COGGED \ p. pr. &, vb. n. COG- 
 GING.] [Cf. Co.AJc.] 1. To wheedle; to deceive. 3. To 
 thrust in, by deception. 
 
 Cog, V. i. To deceive ; to cheat ; to wheedle. 
 
 C6g, n. [Sw. kugg, kugge. Cf. W. cog, pi. cocos, a short 
 piece of wood, the cog of a wheel.] A tooth or pro- 
 jection on a wheel, by which it receives or imparts 
 motion. 4 
 
 C6g, V. t. To fix a cog upon ; to furnish with cogs. 
 
 Cog, ) n. [Icel. koggr, koggi, W. ctoch.] A boat ; a 
 
 C6g'gle,J fishing-boat. [gency ; force. 
 
 Co'^en-fy, n. Power of constraining or impelling ; ur- 
 
 Co'gent, a. [Lat. cogens, p. pr. of cogere, to force.] 1, 
 Having great force. [Rare.] 3. Pressing on the mind ; 
 not easily resisted. 
 
 Syn. — Forcible ; powerful ; urgent ; convincing ; conclu- 
 sive; irresistible ; resistless. 
 
 Co'gent-ly, adv. With xirgent force ; forcibly. 
 
 C6g'i-ta-ble, a. Capable of being made the subject of 
 thought or meditation. 
 
 Cog'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. COGITATED ; p. pr. Sc 
 vb. n. COGITATING.] [Lat. cogitare, to think, from co, 
 for con, and agitare, to agitate, q. v.] To engage in con- 
 tinuous thought ; to reflect. [tion ; contemplation. 
 
 Co^'i-ta'tion, n. Act of thinking ; thought ; medita- 
 
 Cdg'i-ta'tive, a. 1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the 
 power of thinking or meditation. 3. Given to thought ; 
 contemplative. 
 
 Cog'na-e (kon/yak), n. A kind of French brandy, so called 
 from a town of that name. [Written also, but improper- 
 ly, Cogniac] 
 
 Cttg'nate, a. [Lat. cognatus, from co, for con, and 
 gnatus, for natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be 
 bom.] 1. Allied by blood or birth. 3. Kindred in 
 origin, formation, &c. 
 
 C5g'nate, n. 1. (Laic.) (a.) One connected with an- 
 other by ties of kindred, (b.) One related to another on 
 
 the female side. 3. One of a number of things which 
 are allied in origin . 
 
 Cog-na'tion, n. 1. Relation by descent from the same 
 original ; kindred. 3. Participation of the same nature. 
 3. (Law.) Relationship existing between persons de- 
 scended from the same father and mother. 
 
 C6g'ni-§6r', 1 ^ g^^ Cognizor, Cognizee. 
 
 Cog'ni-gee', ) ' 
 
 Cog-ni'tion(-n!sh'un), n. [Lsit. cognitio. See COGNIZE.] 
 1. Act of knowing, by any means. 3. An object known. 
 
 Cog'ni-tive, a. Knowing, or apprehending by the xm- 
 derstanding. 
 
 C6g'ni-za-ble (kSg/nl-za-bl or kOn'i-za-bl), a. 1. Ca- 
 pable of being known, or apprehended. 3. Fitted to be 
 a subject of judicial investigation. 
 
 Cog'ni-zan^e (kOg'ni-zans or k5n'i-zans), n. 1. Knowl- 
 edge or notice ; perception ; observation ; recognition. 
 3. Judicial knowledge or jurisdiction. 3. (Law.) An 
 acknowledgment or confession. 4. A badge worn by* 
 retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to 
 which he belongs. [cognizance or knowledge of. 
 
 Cog'ni-zant (k5g^ni-zant or kOn'i-zant), a. Having 
 
 Cog'nize, v. t. [Lat. cognoscere, to know, from co, for 
 con, and noscere, anciently gnoscere, to get a knowledge 
 of.] To recognize ; to perceive. 
 
 C6g^ni-zee' (k6g'ni-ze' or k5n'i-ze'), n. (Law.) One to 
 whom a fine of land is acknowledged. 
 
 C6g'ni-z6r' (k5g/ni-zor' or kOu'i-zor'), n. (Law.) On© 
 who acknowledges the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in 
 a fine ; the defendant. 
 
 ■€og-no'nien, n. [Lat., from co, for con, and nomen, 
 name, anciently gnomen, from gnoscere, noscere.] A sur- 
 name ; the last of the three names of an individual 
 among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or &mily. 
 
 Cog-nom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to a surname. 
 
 Cog-nom'i-na'tion, n. [Lat. cognominatio.] A sur- 
 name ; a name given from any accident or quaUty. 
 
 Sdg'nos-gen'te, n. ; pi. cQc^^NOS-fEN'Tl. [0. It. 
 See Cognition.] One who knows; a connoisseur; — 
 usually in the pi. 
 
 Cog-nos'^i-bfl'i-ty, n. Quality of being cognoscible. 
 
 Cog-nos'^i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being faiown. 3. 
 Liable to judicial cognizance. 
 
 -€og-no'vit, n. [Lat., he acknowledges, 3 pers. perf., ind. 
 act. of cognoscere .] (Lata.) An acknowledgment by a de- 
 fendant of the justice of a plaintiffs claim. 
 
 Cog'-wbeel, n. A wheel with cogs or teeth. 
 
 Co-hab'it, V. i. [imp. & p. p. cohabited; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COHABITING.] [Lat. cohabitare, from co, for con, 
 and habitare, to dwell.] 1. To dwell with; to inhabit 
 or reside in the same place or country. [Obs.] 3. To 
 live together as husband and wife. [the same place. 
 
 Co-liab'it-ant, n. One who dweUs with another, or in 
 
 Co-bab'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act or state of dwelling to- 
 gether. 3. The state of living together as man and wife. 
 
 Co-beir' (ko-ar^, 13), n. A joint-heir. 
 
 Co-beir'ess (ko-ar'es), n. A jouit heiress. 
 
 Co-here', v. i. [imp. & p. p. cohered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COHERING.] [Lat. cohserere, from. CO, foT con, And haerere, 
 to stick, adhere.] 1. To stick together. 3. To be well 
 connected ; to foUow regularly in the natural order. 
 
 Syn. — To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit. 
 
 Co-lier'en^e, \n. 1. A sticking or cleaving together. 
 
 Co-her'en-^y , j 3. Suitable connection or dependence ; 
 consistency. 
 
 Co-ber'ent, a. 1. Sticking together. 3. Connected by 
 some relation or agreement of form, order, &c. ; eon- 
 sistent. 
 
 Co-her'ent-Iy, adv. In a coherent manner. 
 
 Co-be'§ion, n. [See Cohere.] 1. Act of sticking to- 
 gether ; the attraction by which the particles of homo- 
 geneous bodies unite together. 3. A state of connection 
 or dependence. 
 
 Co-be'sive, a. Having the power of sticking or cohering. 
 
 Co-be'sive-ness, n. Quality of being cohesive. 
 
 Co'horn, n. See Coehorn. 
 
 Colidrt, n. [Lat. cohors. See COURT.] 1. (Rom. 
 Antig.) A body of about five or six hundred soldiers. 3. 
 Any band or body of warriors. 
 
 Coif, n. [From 0. H. Ger. kuppa, kuppha, kuphja, miter, 
 akin to Lat. cuppa, cupa, tub.] A kind of covering for 
 the head ; a cap. 
 
 Coifed, (koift), a. Wearing a coif. 
 
 Coiffure, n. [Fr. See CoiF.] A head-dress. 
 
 Coigne (koin), n. [SeeQuoiN.] 1. A corner or external 
 angle ; a comer-stone. 3. A wedge. [Written also coin 
 and quoin.] 
 
 food, fobt ; tan., rude, pull ; $ell, ^baise, -call, e-ebo ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st ; lisger, link ; fbkar 
 
COIL 
 
 132 
 
 COLLECTOR 
 
 OaU, r. t. [tv^. &p.j>- coiled; p. pr. k t*. «- COIL- 
 IJi«.j [Prom Lftt. coiit^rrr, ftom eon and ^ff«re, to 
 gatbcr, ooUwt.] To wind in rings. »s ^ r.iv. 
 €k»U, ■. 1. The rinf. or series of ^ hich a i 
 
 rope or o(b«r like thiu^ is wound. ~ imnlt. | 
 
 . [L«t. rin«»»t,-. wtd«:v.; 1. V xternal 
 
 [See Coui ve .; 'i. A wedgt for raising, lowoing, 
 or leveling kuv thing, as a cannon or a fnin- 
 ler's fbnn . 3 . A pttx« of metal on vhkh certain chaiac- | 
 tns are stamps making it legalljr current as moner- > 
 4. That whkii .«erfe8 for payment or recompense. 
 
 RmMic CMM. lUrn'Otiut^XiS fr^xn * vail. ^ '^«^ buildings to 
 bejoiacdtoi. | 
 
 Coin, r. t- [n»«p- * P- P- COIXED ; p.pr. ft t*. n. COIX- 1 
 me.] 1. To stamp and convert into mooer, as a {aece ; 
 «f metal : to mint. *2. To make or fid>iieate. 
 
 ^Mift'ase. N. 1. Act or art <tf coining. 2. Mtmey 
 
 I cMned. ^. Kqieose of coining. 4. Act or process of 
 fcnning: Ibnnation; inTention; &brication. 
 
 C& in-f Ide', r. i. [hup. ft p. p. COIXCIDED : p. pr. k 
 T^. m. COIXCIDI^tb.] [L. Lat. coimeidere, firom Lat. co, 
 tv ODD, and ineidere, frnn in and eadere, to &11.] 1. 
 To fldl together: to i^ree in position. H. To corres- 
 pond; to be identical. 
 
 Co-In'fi-deiife, m. 1. Act or condition of ftJIii^ to- 
 gether: agreement in position. '2. Agreement w con- 
 cnnence, especially the cimeiirraice of eTmts at the 
 
 Co-in'ci-dent, a- Having 
 
 C&'Ln-^id'er. n. One who, or that which, coincides. 
 
 CoLn'er. n. 1. One who makes c<Hn ; aminfc». H, An | 
 mTentor or maker, »8 of woids. 
 
 Co-i'tion (ko-£h^im ), ■. [Lat. eoitio, team com, to come 
 OfOk CO, for com, and ire, to go.] Semal inter- 
 copnlation. 
 
 Coke, ■■ [Akin to eottk and cake ; L. Ger. koie^ Caiaim | 
 eves.] Mineral eoal charred, or deprired bj fire of ex- | 
 tn neonB cr volatile matter. | 
 
 •€5ke, r. I. To e uutml into eoke. 
 
 €dl'aa-4er, i>.~ [Lat. eotem, a stzainer.] A vessd with I 
 a boctran perfi»ated with little hotes for straining Hqnois. | 
 
 Cdl'^o-tlutr, H. [K. ImI. caleotkar^ a word intzodooed 
 bj Paracelsus, perfa. of Ar. migin.] ( Chem.) The brown- | 
 red oxide of iron remaining after ttie cakiiMtticm of the i 
 sulphate of iron ; — used tur ptdishii^ ^ass, &c. 
 
 Cold, a. [compar. COLDER : supert. COLDEST.] [A.-S. 
 caU^ ceald, ItsA. laudr, Goth, kalds^ frun Icel. kola, to 
 blow cold, akin to LaL gei*'-, cold, firost, gdta^, to fieesK.] 
 Destitute of^ w deficient in waimtii, -fbymBal or moiaL 
 
 Cold, n. 1. Absence of warmth. 3. Hie aensation 
 
 produced bv the escape of heat : chiltineas or dullness. 
 
 3. (If^-J.) A morbid state of the 
 
 dncel bv cold ; a catarrh. 
 Cold'-biood'ed (-USd^-), a. 1. ^ving cold Mood. 2. 
 
 VTiihoot Eeasibilitj or ieding ; hard-hearted. 
 Cold'-dtlf'el, n. A kind of ehkd of peoiliar atiei^tfa 
 
 acl hardness, for catting cold metaL 
 Coldlj, adr! In a e<M manner ; wiOioat warm&. 
 Cold'ness, a. Qnafifcj of being cold, in a phjsieal or 
 
 a mocai sense. 
 Cold'-slidrt, a. Bntfle when cold. i 
 
 C^ole. n. [From lAt. cobs, camlis, Gt. ckkAk, stalk of a I 
 
 p^nt. especJallT a cabbage-stalk, cabbage.} {Bot.) A 
 
 ;»!ant of the caUwge fitrnflj ; eepeeiaUj the species called | 
 
 aifo rope, which does not bead like the cabbage. 
 Cor le-^ter-al, I «. [Gr. niAe»rrepos. sheath-wii^ed, 
 Co'1e-5p'ter'o&8. ) firomn)Acos,or a»Xeor.8heaai,and 
 
 *T«P«'» *ing, firom wrrof^M^ -rria^ai, to fly.] Having ! 
 
 wings comned with a ease or dieath, as the beetles. 
 Ci&le-Spter-Lst, a. One Tecsed in the study <rf^ eolec^ 
 
 ter oos insects. 
 COe'-ivort (-wort), n. A cabbage cut yoong, « befiite ; 
 
 the head beeomes firm. 
 one, ». (Gr. mmXuc^ (ae. iimBtmn, state, iDneas), eolie, 1 
 
 from its being seated in the eok>o and parts a^iMent. ' 
 
 See COLOH.] (Med.) An acute pain in the abdomen ot 
 
 bowel5. growing move wiug at intervals. 
 C&llck-j, a. Pextainii^ to c<4ie. 
 €61 i-«e'iui&, a. (N. Lat., from 1 
 
 from eafasms. Or. CTAa ggws, a ggantie statue.]' The am- 
 
 phitheafireof TospaaiBn at Borne, the largest in the workL 
 
 \ ^Vhtten ako ealonemmJ] 
 
 i.r- it 
 
 ml 
 
 Col-lftly'o-r&'tor, n. [From Lat. coUahorart, from foit 
 and laboran, to labor.] .\n associate in labor, eapeciallj 
 literary or scientific ; a co-worker ; an assistant. 
 
 Col-Ukpse', r. ». [imp. & />. p. collapsed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COLLAPSING.) [Lat. coUahi, coUapsum, from, con 
 and labi, to fiOl, slide.] To fall together suddenJv, as the 
 two sides of a hollow vessel : to shrink up. 
 
 Col-I&pse', n. 1. A falling tocether suddenly, as of the 
 sides of a hoUow ressel. '2. [Sled.) .i sudden fiuUng of 
 the vital powers. [ing up. 
 
 Col-lftp'sion, n. A state of &lling tc^ther, or shrink- 
 
 Cdl'iar, n. [From Lat. collum. neck.] 1. Something 
 worn round the neck. 2. (Areh.) A ring or cincture; 
 the astragal of a column. 3. (Mech.) A ring-like p«irt of 
 a machine, used commonly for holding something to itJ 
 place. 4. (Naut.) An eye' formed in the bight or bend 
 of a shroud, to go over the mast head. 
 
 Collar, c. /. {imp. & p. p. coll.\KED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 COLLABI.VG] 1. To Seize by the collar. 2. To pat a 
 collar on. 
 
 Collar-beam, n. (Arch.) A horizontal piece of timber 
 connecting and bracing two opposite rafters. 
 
 Collar-bone, n. (Anat.) The clavicle; a bone shape«l 
 like the mark ^, joined at one end to the breast-bone, 
 and at the other to the shoulder-blade. 
 
 Col-late', r. t. [imp. kp.p. collated ; p.pr. k vb. 
 n. COLLATING.] [Lat. eonferre, coUalum, fit)m con and 
 Jare, kumn, to bear.] 1. To compare critically. 2. To 
 gather and place in order, as the sheers of a' book for 
 binding. 3. {Ecel.) To present and institute in a bene- 
 fice. 4. To bestow or confer. [bishop. 
 
 Col-late', t-. t. {Ercl.) To place in a benefice, as by a 
 
 Col-iat'er-al, a. [L. Lat. collateraiis, from con and lat- 
 erali-f, lateral, from latu^^, side.] 1. On the side of; 
 subordinately connected: indirect. 2. (Gemahg^i/.) 
 Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not ona 
 from the other. 
 
 OoUatena tecmritu, seciuity for the performance of covenants, 
 or the payment of money, besides the principel security. 
 
 Col-lat'er-al, n. 1. A collateral relation. 2. Security 
 given in ad-lidon to a principal promise or bond. 
 
 Col-lat'er-al-ly, tide. In coUateral manner or relation. 
 
 Col-la'tion. n.' 1. Act of bringing together and com- 
 paring. 2. Act of conferring or bestowing. 3. (Ecd. 
 Due.) Presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a 
 bishop. 4. An unceremonious repast or Innch. 
 
 Col-la 'tive, a. Passing or held by collation. 
 
 Col-la 'tor, u. 1. One who collates or compares manu- 
 scxipts or copies of boc^ra. 2. [Ecd. Lave.) One who 
 col^tes to a ben^ce. 
 
 Colleague, n. [Lat. eoBtga, one chosen at the same 
 time with another, firom cttRigere, to collect, from con and 
 Ugert'y to gather.] One who is united with another in the 
 discharge of some duty ; a partner or associate. 
 
 Col-leagrue', v. t. at i. To tmlte with in the same office. 
 
 Col-leet', V. t. [imp. & p. p. collected ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. COLLECTING.] [Lat. coUigere, coUectum. See COL- 
 l^AGtTB.] 1, To gather into one body or place ; to 
 bring together. !3. To infer as a consequence. 
 
 Jb eoBeet oae'ssel^ to recover finomsinrprise, oradiaconeerted 
 ■late; to regnn one's eomposuie ( 
 
 S71L.— To ga&ia- : assemble ; 
 
 Col-leet'. V. I. 1. To be assonbled together ; to accu- 
 mulate. 2. To infer ; to conclude. 
 
 Colle-et, n. A short, comprehensive prayer. 
 
 ■€6l'Ie-e-t(i'ne-d, n. pi. [Lat., things collected, from cd- 
 ligere, to collect. See supra.] Passages selected from 
 various authors : anthology : chrestomathy. 
 
 Collee-ta'ne-otbs- a. Gathered; collected. 
 
 Col-leet'ed. ^. >"ot disconcerted ; self-possessed ; cocv 
 firm : comt'osed. [of the mini 
 
 Col-leet'ed-ness, n. A coDeeted or setfiweeessed state 
 
 Col-leet l-ble. a. Capable of beii^ eoUeeted, gathered. 
 or inferred. 
 
 Col-lee'ttom, M. 1. Act of collecting or gathering. 2. 
 That whidi is gathered. 3. A contribution. 
 
 Sym.— An MsemMy; aaaembkge; gnmp; crowd; meeting: 
 mmM: heap; compilatioin; aeketion. 
 
 Col-le«t^ve, a. 1. Formed by gathenn^ ; gathered in- 
 to a mass, stim, or body. 2. Dedncing consequences . 
 3. ( Cham.) Eziweaang a collection or aggregate of indi- 
 Tidnals. 4. Tendii^ to cfdleet. 
 
 Col-l*«t^rve-ly, adv. In a mass, or body ; unitedly. 
 
 Col-16et'or, n. 1. One who collects or gathers. 2. 
 ( Cym.) An officer appointed to collect and receive cus- 
 toms, duties, taxes, or toll. 
 
 ./o«g: *,«,ft«.,a4«r»; cAre,iar,a8k,all. wkat: Sre. veU. term: pique, firm ; son, dr,do, W9II 
 
COLLECTORSHIP 
 
 133 
 
 COLOSSUS 
 
 Col-lfict'or-ship, ) n. Office or jurisdiction of a col- 
 
 Col-16-et'or-ate, ) lector of customs or taxes. 
 
 t'ol'lege (47), n. [Lat. collegium^ from coUigere, to col- 
 lect.] 1. .A. collection or society of men. ti. A society 
 of scholars incorporated for purposes of study or instruc- 
 tion. 3. An establishment for the use of students who 
 are acquiring the languages and sciences. 
 
 Col-le'gi-al, a. Relating or belonging to a college. 
 
 €ol-le'gi-an, n. A member of a college. [lege. 
 
 Col-le'gi-ate, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a col- 
 
 €ol-le'gi-ate, «. A member of a college. 
 
 Col'let, n. [From Lat. collum, neck.] The part of a ring 
 in which the stone is set. 
 
 Col-lide', V. i. [Lat. collidere, from con and Isedere, to 
 strike.] To strike or dash against each other ; to strike 
 or dash. 
 
 €611'ier (koPyer), n. [From coal.] 1. A digger of 
 coal. 'i. A coal merchant, or dealer in coal. 3. A yes- 
 sel employed in the coal trade. 
 
 €611'ier-y (koPyer-y), n. 1. Place where coal is dug. 3. 
 The coal trade. 
 
 Col'li-ma'ting, a. ( Opt.) Pertaining to coUimation. 
 
 Col'li-ma'tioii, n. [From Lat. collimare, to aim, for 
 which the lexicons and editions now write collineare, to 
 aim, from con and lineare, from linea, hne. See COL- 
 LINEATION.] Act of aiming at a mark ; act of leveling 
 or of directing the sight to a fixed object. 
 
 Line of coUimation, the axial line of the telescope of an a.s- 
 tronomical or geodetic instrument. 
 
 €6ni-iiia'tor, n. A telescope arranged and used to de- 
 termine errors of coUimation. 
 
 Col-lln'gual (-llng'gwal, 82), a. [From con and lingual, 
 q. v.] Having, or pertaining to, the same language. 
 
 Col-liq'iie-fa-e'tion, n. [From Lat. colliquefacere , to 
 melt, from con and liqucre, to be liquid, and ^acere, to 
 make.] A melting together or reduction of different 
 bodies into one mass by fusion. 
 
 Col-li§'ioii (kol-lizh^un), 71. [La,t. coUisio. See COLLIDE.] 
 1. Act of striking together ; a striking together, as of 
 two hard bodies, 'i. A state of opposition ; interference. 
 Syn.— Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition. 
 
 Collo-eate, !•. t. [imp. & p. p. collocated; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. COLLOCATI^'G.] [Lat. collocare, from con and 
 locate, to place, locus, place.] To set or place ; to station. 
 
 Corio-ea'tion, n. 1. The act of placing ; disposition in 
 place. 2. The state of being placed, or placed with some- 
 thing else. 
 
 Col-lo'di-on, M. [From Gr. KoAAa, glue.] (Chem.) A 
 strongly adhesive solution of gun-cotton in ether, used 
 to close up wounds. 
 
 Col'lop, n. [From Lat. colaphiis, Gr. »c6A.a<f)os, buffet, 
 cuff.] [Written also colp.] 1. A small slice of meat. 3. 
 A part or piece of any thing. [mon conversation. 
 
 Col-lo'qiu-al, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, com- 
 
 Col-lo'qui-al-igm, ti. A colloquial form of expression. 
 
 ■Col-lo'qui-al-ly, adv. By mutual conversation. 
 
 -Col'lo-qulst, n. A speaker in a dialogue. 
 
 ■eol'lo-qiiy, n. [Lat. colloquium , from coUoqui, to con- 
 verse, from con and loqici, to speak.] The mutual dis- 
 course of two or more ; conference ; dialogue. 
 Syn.— Conference; conversation; dialogue. 
 
 Col-lude', V. i. [imp. & p. p. colluded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. COLLUDING.] [Lat. colludere, from con and ludere, 
 to play.] To conspire in a fraud ; to act in concert. 
 
 Col-lUd'er, n. One who conspires in a fraud. 
 
 Col-lii'§ion, n. A secret agreement and co-operation for 
 a fraudulent purpose ; deceit ; fraud. 
 
 Syn. — Connivance. — In connivance, one overlooks and 
 thus sanctions what he was bound to prevent; in coUiision, he 
 unites with others {playing into their hands) for fraudulent 
 purposes. The connivance of public men at what is wrong is 
 often the result of the basest collusion. 
 
 Col-lu'sive, a. Fraudulently concerted ; deceitful. 
 Col-lu'sive-ly, adv. By means of collusion. 
 Col-lu-'sive-iiess, n. The quality of being collusive. 
 -€ol-lu'so-ry, a. Characterized by collusion ; collusive. 
 ■€ol-lu'vi-e.s, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., from coUuere, from 
 
 con and luere, to wash.] A mixed mass of refuse matter ; 
 
 filth. 
 Col'ly, n. [From coal.'^ The black grime or soot of coal 
 
 or burnt wood. 
 •Col'ly, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COLLIED ', p. pr. k, vb. n. 
 
 COLLYING.] To render black, as if with coal smut. 
 Col'o-pynfh, n. [Lat. colocynthis, Gr. koXokvvQLs.I 
 
 (Med.) The coloquintida, or bitter apple of the shops ; 
 
 the spongy part or pith of the fruit of a species of cu- 
 cumber. It is a strong cathartic. 
 
 Co-logne' (ko-lonO, "• A perfumed liquid, composed of 
 alcohol and certain aromatic oils, used in the toilet ; — 
 originally made in Cologne. 
 
 Co'lon, n. [Ijat. colon, colum, Or. KoiKov.] 1. (AncU.) 
 The largest of the large intestines. 3. ( Gram.) A point 
 or character formed thus [:], marking a pause greater 
 than a semicolon, and less than a period. 
 
 Colonel (kur'nel), n. [Fr. colonel, Sp. & Pg.coronel, from 
 Lat. columna, column.] (Mil.) The chief commander 
 of a regiment of troops. 
 
 -Colonelcy 1 (kur'nel-), n. (Mil. ) Office, rank, or com- 
 
 ■€olonel-sliip 1 mission of a colonel. 
 
 Co-lo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to a colony. 
 
 CSl'o-nist^ n. A member or inhabitant of a colony. 
 
 Col'o-m-za'tion, n. The act of colonizing, or the state 
 of being colonized. 
 
 ■C6ro-ni-za'tion-ist, n. A friend to colonization, par- 
 ticularly to the colonization of Africa by emigrants frcin 
 the blacks of the United States. 
 
 ■Col'o-nize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. colonized ; p.pr. in 
 vb. n. COLONIZING.] To plant or estabUsh a colonj 
 in ; to people by colonies. [try. 
 
 Col'o-nize, v.i. To remove and settle in a distant coun- 
 
 Col'on-nade', n. [From It. colonna, Lat. columna, col- 
 umn.] (Arc/i.) A series or range of columns placed at 
 regular intervals. 
 
 ■€61'o-ny, n. [Lat colonia, from colonus, farmer, from 
 colere, to cultivate.] 1. A company of people trans- 
 planted to a remote countrj^, and remaining subject to 
 the parent state. 3. The country planted or colonized- 
 
 Col'o-phon, n. [Lat. colophon, Gr. Koko^mv, summit, 
 top, the finishing stroke.] An inscription on the last 
 page of a book, used before title-pages were introduced, 
 containing the place or year of its pubUcation, the print- 
 er's name, &c. 
 
 Col'o-plio'ny, or Co-lopli'o-ny, n. [Gr. 17 KoXo^tavia. 
 (sc. pririve, resin, gum), from KoA.o<|)wvios, Colophonian, 
 of or from Colophon.] The dark-colored resin obtained 
 by the distillation of turpentine. 
 
 Coro-qiiin'ti-da, n. [See COLOCYNTH.] (Med.) The 
 pith of the fruit of a species of cucumber. 
 
 Col'or (kuFur), n. [Lat.] 1. A property depending on 
 the relations of light to the eje, by which the mind dis- 
 tinguishes differences in the appearance of objects appre- 
 hended in vision. 2. Any hue or tint as distinguished 
 fi-om white. 3. That which is used to give color ; paint; 
 pigments. 4. False show; pretense; disguise. 5. pL 
 A flag, ensign, or standard. 
 
 Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each. 
 other that when blended together they produce white light. — 
 Primary colors, those developed from the solar beam by the 
 prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, 
 which are reduced by some authors to three — red, yellow, and 
 blue. 
 
 Col'or (kiil/ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COLORED ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. COLORING.] 1. To change the hue or tint of; 
 to give color to ; to dye ; to tinge ; to paint ; to stain. 2. 
 To give a specious appearance to ; to palliate ; to excuse. 
 
 Col'or, V. i. To turn red ; to blush. 
 
 Col'or-a-ble, a. [From color, q. v.] Designed to covw 
 or conceal ; specious ; plausible. 
 
 -Col'or-a-ble-ness, n. Speciousness ; plausibleness. 
 
 Col'or-a-bly, adv. With a fair external appearance ^ 
 speciously; plausibly. [of being colored- 
 
 -eol'or-a'tion, n. Act or practice of coloring, or state 
 
 ■€61'or-a-ture (53), n. [L. Lat. coZoraiwra.] (Mus.) A 
 variation or shading of notes for the sake of harmony. 
 
 Col'or-blind'ness, n. An imperfect sensation or ap- 
 preciation of colors ; Daltonism. 
 
 Col'ored (kul/urd), a. 1. Having color. 2. Havii^ a 
 specious or plausible appearance. 
 
 Colored people, black people, Africans or their descendaate, 
 mixed or unmixed. 
 
 -€6For-if'i-e (kul/ur-), a. [Lat. color, and facere, to 
 
 make.] Communicating or producing color. 
 C61'or-ist, n. A painter who excels in giving color to his 
 ■Cdl'or-less, a. Destitute of color. [designi*. 
 
 -Col'or-ser'geant (-sar'jent or -ser'jent), n. (Mil.) A 
 
 non-commissioned miUtary officer, who is the color-bearer 
 
 of a regiment. [Amer.] 
 -Col-os'sal, \a. [See Colossus.] Ofenormom 
 
 ■eol'os-se'an (124), J size ; on a large scale ; gigantic. 
 Col'os-se'iini, n. [See Coliseum.] The amphitheat» 
 
 of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliscufn.] 
 Co-16s'sus, n. ; Lat. ^Z. co'Lbs'si; 'Eng.pl. -eo-Loa/- 
 
 SUS-E§. [Lat. colossus, Gr. icokocra-og.] A gigantk 
 
 statue ; especially that at Rhodes, which stood at the «sik- 
 
 trance of the harbor. 
 
 food, f<»bt ; tixjx, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, «all, e«liio •, gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiii*. 
 
COLPORTAGE 
 
 134 
 
 COMFORT 
 
 ) 
 
 €dl'p5rt-a4e, n. [See infra.] Distribution of rellgioiis 
 books, trHoU>!, &o., by ooliwrt^urs. 
 
 <'61'port-eur, ( >i. [Fr. colporteur, flrom colporter, to 
 
 C^l'lJort-er, I carry on oue's ueck, from col, Lat. 
 coUum, ne<^k, and port',r, Lat. portarc, to carry.] One 
 who iHHldles religious tract*! and books. 
 
 -C51'stiiff (6), n. [Fr. rol (Lat. collum), the neck, and 
 Eug. fiajf'.] A staff for carrying burdens by two persons 
 on their shoulders. 
 
 Colt (2l)). n. I A. -8. prob. akin to collen, swelling, auda- 
 cious, fnmi the root cellan, to sweU.] 1. The young of 
 the horst» kind. '2. A young, foolish fellow. 
 
 Col'ter \ (2l>), «. [A.-S. ciilter, fr. Lat. culter 
 
 Coul'ter I fr. colen, to cultivate.] The sharp 
 forv in>n of a plow, to cut the sod. 
 
 Colt'isli. a. like a colt; wanton ; frisky ; gay 
 
 Colfs'-fobt (27), «. {Bat.) A plant whose leaves 
 wen.> once much employed in medicine. 
 
 Cdl'u-brine, a. [Lat. colubrinus, from coluber 
 serpent or adder.] Relating to serpents ; c\m- Colter, 
 niug ; crafty ; sly ; artful. 
 
 ■€ftl'iuu-ba-ry, n. [Lat. columbarium, from columba, 
 dove.] A dove-cot ; a pigeon-house. 
 
 Co-ltttaTbi-ad, n. [From Colwnbia, or the United 
 States.] (Mil.) A species of heavy cannon. 
 
 ■Cdl'um-bine, n. [From Lat. colmnbinus, dove-like, 
 from columba, dove ; — from the beak-like spurs of its 
 flowers.] {Bot.) A genus of plants of several species. 
 
 ■CSl'u-mCl'la, n. [Lat., dim. of columen, columna, col-, 
 umn, q. v.] (Bot.) (a.) An axis to which a carpel of a 
 compound pistil may be attached, (b.) The stem in 
 mosses, which is the axis of the capsule. 
 
 ■CSl'umn (koPum), n. [Lat. columna, colmnen, from 
 ceUere, Gr. Ke'AAeiv, to urge, to extend upward.] 1. 
 (Arch.) A cylindrical support for a roof, ceiling, &c., 
 composed of base, shaft, and capital ; a pillar. 'J. Any 
 upright, cylindrical body, resembhng in form or position 
 a column in architecture. 3. (Mil.) A body of troops 
 drawn up in files with a narrow front. 4. (Naut.) A 
 body of ships arranged in a line so as to foUow in suc- 
 cession. 5. (Print.) A perpendicular set of lines. 
 
 Co-lum'nar, a. Formed in colvunns ; having the form 
 of colmnns, like the shaft of a column. 
 
 Co-lure', n. ; pi. co-LUREg'. [Lat. coluri, pi., Gr. 
 jtoAovpos, dock-tailed, al /coAoupot, (sc. ypafxixaC, lines), 
 the colures, from koAo?, docked, and oupa, tail ; so named 
 because a part is always beneath the horizon.] (Astron. 
 & Geog.) One of two great circles intersecting at right 
 angles in the poles of the equator. 
 
 C61'za, n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage whose 
 seeds afford an oil used in lamps. 
 
 ■Co'md, n. [Gr. KWju.a, lethargy, from KOL/xav, to put to 
 sleep; to faU asleep.] (Med.) A morbid propensity to 
 sleep ; lethargy. 
 
 Co'mate, a. [Lat. comatus, from comare, to clothe 
 with hair, from coma, hair.] Encompassed with a bushy 
 appearance, like hair ; hairy. 
 
 Co'ma-to.se/, )a. [From coma, lethargy, q. v.] (Med.) 
 
 ■eo'ma-toiis, ) Relating to coma ; drowsy; lethargic. 
 
 Comb (kom), n. [Probably from A.-S. comb, a vaUey or/ 
 hollow.] The structure of hexagonal ceUs of wax, in 
 which bees store their honey. 
 
 Comb (kom, 20), n. [A.-S. camb, 0. H. Ger. camp, Icel. 
 ha.mbr. Cf. A.-S. cimbing, joint.] 1. An instrument 
 •with teeth, for separating, cleansing, and adjusting hair, 
 •wool, &c. 2. The crest, or red, fleshy tuft, growing on 
 a cock's head. 3. The top, or crest, of a wave. 
 
 Comb(kom), v. t. [imp. &,p.p. combed (k5md) ; jo.pr. 
 & vb. n. COMBING.] To separate, disentangle, cleanse, 
 and adjust, or lay smooth and straight. 
 
 Comb (kom ),v.i. [From comb, n. , in the sense of a sharp 
 ridge, top.] (Naut.) To roll over, as the top of a wave, 
 or to break with a white foam. 
 
 CiSm'bat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. COMBATED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COMBATING.] [Fr. combattre, from com and 
 hattre, Lat. batuere, to strike, beat. Cf. BEAT.] To 
 struggle or contend, as with an opposing force. 
 
 C5m1»at, V. t. To fight with ; to oppose by force; to 
 contend against. 
 
 Syn. — To fight; contend; contest; resist; oppose. 
 
 C5mnh>at (22), n. 1. A struggle to resist or conquer, fj. 
 (Mil.) An engagement of no great magnitude. 
 Single corrAat, a combat with one on either side; a duel. 
 
 Syn. — A battle; engaKement; conflict; contest; encoun- 
 ter; rencounter; fight; etrife. 
 
 CSmTjat-ant, a. Contending ; disposed to contend. 
 
 Cfim'bat-ant, «. One who engages in combat ; a 
 fighter ; a champion. 
 
 CftrnHhat-er, n. One who combats or contends. 
 
 C6jn'bat-ive, a. Disposed to combat. 
 
 -eSmnbat-ive-ness, n. (Fhren.) Disposition to contend. 
 
 Comb'er (kom'er), n. 1 . One who combs. 2. A long, 
 curling wave. 
 
 Conx-bin'a-ble, a. Capable of combining. 
 
 CSm'bi-na'tion, n. 1. Close union or connection; 
 intimate association. 2. Alliance. 3. (Math.) Varia- 
 tions of any number of quantities, in all possible ways. 
 
 Syn. — Cabal; alliance; union; confederacy; coalition; 
 conspiracy. See Cabal. 
 
 Com-bine', v. t. [imp. & p.p. combined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 OT. COMBINING.] [Jj.lj&t. combinare , fr. cotn, for con, and 
 binus, pi. bini, two and two, double.] To unite or join. 
 
 Com-bine', v. i. 1. To form a union ; to confeder- 
 ate. 2. To unite by affinity or natural attraction. 
 
 Com-bin'er, n. One who, or that which, combines. 
 
 Com-btis'ti-ble, a. [From Lat. comburere, combustus, 
 from com, for con, and burere, equiv. to urere, to burn.] 
 
 1. Capable of taking fire and burning ; inflammable. 3. 
 Easily excited ; quick ; irascible. [burn. 
 
 Com-biis'ti-ble, n. A substance that wiU take fire and 
 Com-biis'ti-ble-mess, ) n. Quality of being combus- 
 Com-biis'ti-bil'i-ty, j tible, or of burning. 
 Com-bils'tion (kom-bust'yun), n. A taking fire and 
 
 burning ; conflagration. 
 Come (kiim, 57), v. i. [imp. came ; p. p. COME ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COMING.] [A.-S. cuman, for cviman, 
 Goth, qviman, Icel. koma, allied to Skr. gam,, to go, to 
 march.] 1. To move hitherward ; to draw near; to 
 approach. 3. To arrive at some state or condition ; to 
 occur; to happen. 3. To become manifest or evident; 
 to appear. 
 
 To come about, (a.) To come to pass; to arrive. (6.) To 
 change. — To come by, to obtain, gain, acquire. — To come 
 down with, to pay over; to deposit by way of payment. — To 
 come home, (a.) To come close; to press closely; to touch the 
 feelings, interest, or reason. (6.) {Naut.) To be loosened from 
 the ground ; — said of an anchor. — To come in for, to appear 
 and claim a share of. — To come into, to join or comply with. — 
 To come off, (a.) To depart from ; to escape. (6.) To take place. 
 — To come out, (a.) To become public; 'to be published, (b.) 
 To end.— To come short, to be wanting; to fail.— To come to, 
 (a.) To consent or yield. (Jb.) To amount to. (c.) To recover, as 
 from a swoon. — To come up with, to overtake. — To come upon, 
 to fall on ; to attack or invade. 
 
 Co-me'di-an, n. 1. An actor or player in comedy. 
 
 2. A -writer of comedy. 
 
 C6m'e-dy, n. [Lat. comadia, Gr. KWfxcoSta, from ku/xo?, 
 a festal procession, an ode sung at this procession, and 
 aeibeiv, to sing.] A dramatic composition of a light and 
 amusing character. 
 
 Come'li-ness (kum'li-), n. Quahty of being comely; 
 suitableness ; gracefulness. 
 
 Come'ly (kum'ly), a. [compar. COMELIER; superl. 
 COME lie ST.] [From come, in the sense of become, to 
 suit or be suitable ; A.-S. cymlic, suitable, fit.] Hand- 
 some ; graceful ; well-proportioned. [manner. 
 
 Come'ly (kum'ly), adv. In a becoming or graceful 
 
 Come-out'er, n. One who withdraws from a regular 
 church, or other organization, under the pretense of its 
 being corrupt. [Amer.] 
 
 Com'er, n. One who comes, or who has come. 
 
 Co-m6s'ti-ble§,n.pi. [FromLat. comedere ,comesum,oc 
 com.estum., fr. com., for con, and edere, to eat.] Eatables. 
 
 Com'et, n. [Lat. cometes, cometa, Gr. kojiaijtt}?, long- 
 haired (sc. do-TT7p, star), a comet, from KOfiav, to wear 
 long hair, from kojiatj, hair, Lat. coma.] (Astron.) A 
 member of the solar system, usually moving in a very 
 eccentric orbit, and generally consisting of a nucleus, an 
 envelope, and a tail. 
 
 Com'et-a-ry, ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
 
 Co-m6t'i-e, ) comet. 
 
 C6m'et-6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. Ko/txijrrjs, comet, and ypd- 
 4>eiv , to write. ] A description of, or a treatise concerning, 
 comets. 
 
 Com'f it, ) n. [From Lat. conficere, to prepare, 
 
 Com'fit-ure (53), ) from con and facer e , to make.] A 
 dry sweetmeat ; a confect or confection. 
 
 Com'fort (kiim'furt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMFORTED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COMFORTING.] [Lat. confortare, from 
 con andfortis, strong.] To reUeve or cheer under afllic- 
 tion or depression. 
 
 Syn. — To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; en- 
 liven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; re- 
 fresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. 
 
 Cdm'fort (ktlm/furt), n. 1. Strength and reUef received 
 
 a.,e,8c.<i.,long; St, 6, Sec, short; c^re, far, ask, all, -what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,do,vt'flf, 
 
COMFORTABLE 
 
 135 
 
 COMMINATION 
 
 under affliction ; support. 2. A state of quiet enjoy- 
 ment ; also, whatever contributes to such eiyoyment. 
 3. A wadded quilt; a comfortable or comforter. [Amer.] 
 Syn.— Consolation; solsice. — Cottsolat ion is usually from 
 without, and supposes some definite and pretty severe afflic- 
 tion, as a friend consoles under bereavement; com/art may 
 come from within, and may refer to ligiiter evils or continuous 
 trials, as the comfort of love, the con\forts of old age. Solace is 
 •a thing which we make or find for ourselves, as the solace of 
 books, society, &c. 
 
 ■€6ra'fort-a-ble (kum'furt-a-bl), a. 1. Affording, im- 
 parting, or enjoying comfort. 2. Free from positive 
 pain or distress. [Amer.] 
 
 ■Com'fort-a-ble, n. A heavy, quilted coverlet for a 
 bed ; a comforter. [Amer.] 
 
 Com'f ort-a-ble-ness, n. State of being comfortable. 
 
 Com'f ort-a-bly, adv. In a manner to give comfort. 
 
 ■€6m'fort-er, n. 1. One who comforts. 3, {Script.) 
 The Holy Spirit. 3. A knit woolen tippet. 4. A wadded 
 quilt ; a comfort. [Amer.] 
 
 Com'f ort-less, a. Without comfort ; miserable. 
 Syn. — Forlorn ; desolate; inconsolable; wretched. 
 
 Com'frey, n. [Lat. conferva., from confervere, to boil 
 together, to heal; so called on account of its healing 
 power.] [Bat.) A genus of plants used in medicine. 
 
 €oin'i€, a. [See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy. 
 'i. Raising mirth ; fitted to excite merriment. 
 
 C6in.'i€-al, a. 1. Relating to comedy. 3. Exciting 
 mirth; laughable. 
 Syn. — Droll; diverting; sportive; ludicrous; ridiculous. 
 
 CSm'ic-Sl'i-ty, n. That which is comical. 
 
 Cdm'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a comical manner ; ludicrously. 
 
 C6iii'i€-al-ness, n. The quaUty of being comical. 
 
 ■Com'ing-ia, n. Entrance ; arrival. 
 
 Co-»il'<i-a (ko-mlsh'i-a), n.pl. [Lat., from comire, for 
 coire, to come together, from com, or co, for con, and ire, 
 to go.] (Rom. Antiq.) The assemblies of the people for 
 electing officers and passing laws. 
 
 €o-ini'tial (ko-mlsh'al), a. 1. Relating to the comitia, 
 or popular assemblies of the Romans. 3. Pertaining to 
 assembhes of the people. 
 
 €6ra'i-ty, n. [Lat. comitas, from comis, affable, kind.] 
 Courtesy of intercourse ; civility ; good breeding. 
 
 Coni'ma, n. [Lat. comma, Gr. *c6^/xa, segment, clause, 
 from KOTTTeiv, to cut off.] (Punct.) A character [,] mark- 
 ing the smallest granunatical division of a sentence, and 
 usually the shortest pause in reading. 
 
 Com-mand' (6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. commanded; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COMMANDING.] [From Lat. com., for con, 
 and mandare, to commit to, to command.] 1. To order 
 with authority, 'i. To exercise supreme authority over. 
 3. To have within a sphere of influence, control, or 
 vision. 4. To exact or enforce by moral influences. 
 
 Syn. — To bid; order; direct; charge; govern; lead; over- 
 look; challenge; claim. 
 
 Com-mand', v. i. To have or to exercise supreme au- 
 thority : to possess the chief power ; to govern. 
 
 Com-mand', n. 1. An authoritative order. 3. Appli- 
 cation or exercise of authority. 3. Right or possession 
 of authority. 4. Ability to overlook, control, or wateh. 
 5. A body of troops under a particular officer. 
 
 Syn.— Control; sway: power; authority; mandate; order; 
 injunction; charge; direction; behest. 
 
 Com'man-dant', n. [Fr., orig. p. pr. of commander, 
 to command.] A commanding officer. 
 
 Com-mand'er, n. 1. A leader ; the chief officer of an 
 army, or of any division of it. '2. (Navy.) An officer 
 next above a heutenant. 3. A heavy wooden maUet. 
 
 Com-mand'er-y, ) n. [Low Lat. commanderia. See 
 
 Com-mand'ry, ) Command, v. t.] A manor with 
 lands and tenements belonging to an order of knights, 
 and controlled by a commander ; a preceptory. 
 
 -Com-mand'ing, a. Fitted to impress or control. 
 Syn. — Authoritative; imperative; imperious. 
 
 Com-mand'ment, n. 1. An order or injunction given 
 by authority ; charge ; precept. 2. ( Script. ) One of the 
 ten laws given by God to the IsraeUtes at Mount Sinai. 
 
 •€!om-m6as'ur-a-bIe (-m6zh/ur-), a. [Lat. com, for I 
 con, and Eng. measurable, q. v.] Reducible to the same I 
 measure ; commensurate. * 
 
 ■Com-mem'o-ra-ble, a. Worthy to be commemorated. I 
 
 Com-mem'o-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. commemo- 
 RATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. commemorating.] [Lat. 
 commemoratus , p. p. of commemorare, to remember, 
 from co^m, for con, and memorare, to mention, from 
 Tnemor, mindful.] To call to remembrance by a solemn 
 act ; to celebrate with honor and solemnity. 
 
 Com-mem^o-ra'tion, n. Act of calling to remem- 
 brance by some solemnity ; a pubUc celebration. 
 
 Com-m6m'o-ra-tive, ) a. [Lat. commemoratorim.] 
 
 Com-m6m'o-ra-to-ry, j Serving to commemorate ; 
 tending to preserve in remembrance. 
 
 Com-mgnpe', i". i. [imp. & p. p. commenced ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COMMENCING.] [From Lat. com, for con, 
 and initiare, to begin, from initium, beginning, from 
 in and ire, to go.] 1. To begin ; to originate. 2. To 
 take the first degree in a university or college. 
 
 OS" In the usage of good writers, commence is never followed 
 by the infinitive, but by a participle or participial noun instead. 
 
 Com-mgn^e', v. t. 1, To enter upon; to b^n; to 
 originate. 2. To b^in to be or to appear. 
 
 Com-men^e'ment, n. 1. First existence of any thing ; 
 rise ; origin ; beginning. 2. The day when degrees are 
 conferred by colleges and universities. 
 
 Com-mend', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. commended; p.pt. 
 & vb. n. COMMENDING.] [Lat. commendare, from ctwn, 
 for con, and mandare, to commit to.] 1. To commit or 
 intrust for care or preservation. 2. To present as worthy 
 of confidence or regard. 3. To praise. 4. To recom- 
 mend to the remembrance or kind reception of. 
 
 Com-mend'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being com- 
 mended ; laudable ; praiseworthy. [bl«. 
 
 Com-mend'a-ble-ness, n. State of being commenda- 
 
 Com-mend'a-bly, adv. In a commendable manner. 
 
 Com-men'dam, n. [Lat., abbrev. fr. in commendam, 
 from commendare.] (Eccl. Law.) 1, A vacant benefice 
 committed to the care of the holder until a proper pastor 
 is supplied. 2. The holding of such a benefice. 
 
 Com-mend'a-ta-ry, n. One who holds a living in com- 
 mendam. 
 
 Com^men-da'tion, n. 1, Act of commending ; dec- 
 laration of esteem. 2. A message of affection or le- 
 spect ; compliments. 
 Syn. —Praise; approbation; applause; laudation. 
 
 Com-mend'a-to-ry (50), a. 1. Serving to commend. 
 2. Holding a benefice in commendam. 
 
 Com-mend'er, n. One who commends or praises. 
 
 Com-men'su-ra-bil'i-ty (-men''shi}-), n. Capacity of 
 having a common measure. 
 
 Com-men'su-ra-ble {-men'shi}-), a. [From Lat. com, 
 for con, and mensurare, to measure, from mensura, meas- 
 ure.] Having a common measure. 
 
 Com-men'six-ra-ble-ness, n. Commensurability. 
 
 ■€om-m6n'su.-ra-bIy, adv. In a commensurable man- 
 ner. 
 
 Com-men'su-rate (-mgn'shi}-), a. 1. Having a com- 
 mon measure ; commensurable. 2. Equal in measure 
 or extent ; proportional. 
 
 Com-men'sii-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. combiensu- 
 
 RATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMMENSURATING.] [Lat. 
 com, for con, and mensuratiis, p. p. of 7nensurare, to 
 measure.] To reduce to a common measure. 
 
 Com-men.'su-rate-ly, adv. 1. In a commensurate 
 manner. 2. With equal measure or extent. [surate. 
 
 Com-men'su-ra'tion, n. The state of being commen- 
 
 C6m'ment, v. i. [imp. & p. p. commented ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COMIVIENTING.] [Lat. commentari, to medi- 
 tate upon, to explain, intens. form of comminisci, com.- 
 mentus, to reflect upon, to invent, from corn, for con, and 
 m.inisci, to call to mind, from the root men, whence werw, 
 mind.] To explain by means of remarks, observations, 
 or criticisms ; to write annotations. 
 
 Com'ment, n. An explanatory or illustrative remark, 
 observation, or criticism ; annotation ; observation ; stric- 
 ture ; explanation. 
 
 C6m'men-ta-ry, n. 1. A series, collection, or book 
 of comments, annotations, or explanations. 2. A me- 
 moir of particular transactions. [tator. 
 
 Com'men-ta^tor, n. One who comments; an anno- 
 
 C6m'ment-er, «. One who comments. 
 
 Com'mer^e, n. [Lat. commercium ,froxQ. com and merx, 
 mercis, merchandise.] 1. Exchange of merchandise on 
 a large scale between different places or communities; 
 extended trade or traffic. 2. Social or personal iater- 
 course; familiarity. 
 
 Syn. — Trade; traffic; dealing; intercourse; interchang*; 
 communion; communication. 
 
 Comi-mer^e' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. COMMERCED ; 
 
 p.pr. & vb. n. COMMERCING.] To hold intercourse with. 
 Com-mer'cial (14, 63^, a. Pertaining to, or engaged 
 
 in commerce ; mercantile. 
 Com-mer'cial-Iy, adv. In a commercial manner. 
 C6m'ml-na'tion, n. [Lat. comminatio, fr. comminari, 
 
 tood, fot>t; iirn, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, <:all, eclio ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger , link *, tliis. 
 
COMMINATORY 
 
 136 
 
 COMMONWEALTH 
 
 fr. fom, for con, luul muinri, to thrcaton.} A threat or 
 thrwitcMUiij! ; tiomuuwtiou of puuishuioiit or vens!t?ance. 
 
 Com-mlu'a-to-ry, <«. Thn'atouiug or deiiouuciug pun- 
 ishiuout or diviueVoneeauio. 
 
 €om-min'icle l-mluR gl, 82), v. t. [imp. & p. p. com- 
 mingled; ;>. pr. & vb. n. COMMINGLING.] [Lat. 
 com, for con, and Eng. t?iin^le.] To uiiuglo together iu 
 one n»:K-v-s, or intimately : to bleud. [come blended. 
 
 Coiu-iuin'Rlo, V. I. To mi.K or unite together; to be- 
 
 C6m'mi-MUt*>, v. t. [imp. & p.p. comminuted ; p.pr. 
 & vh. »i. co.MMINUTING.j [Lat. comininuere, commmu- 
 tum. fh>m f();/i, for con, and 7ninuere, to lessen, from 
 minor, minus, compar. of pan-us, small.] To reduce to 
 niiuute ivvrtioies ; to pulverize ; to triturat« ; to grind. 
 
 Cdm'mi-uii'tiou, n. 1. Act of reducing to smaU par- 
 tJok\< : pulvorizjition. 1i. Attenuation by the removal 
 of small jwrticlos. 
 
 Com-mis'er-a-ble, a. Deserving of pity. [Rare.] 
 
 Coui-mii'er-ate, v. t. [imp. kp. p. COMMISERATED; 
 p. p/-. &'i-6. n. COMMISERATING.] [Lat. commiserari, 
 commiseratus, from com, for con, and miserari, to pity, 
 fix)m miser, wretched.] To feel sorrow, pam, or regret 
 for ; to be sorry for. 
 Syn.— Topity; compassionate; feel for; lament; condole. 
 
 ■eom-mig'er-a'tion, n. Act of commiserating. 
 Syn. — Pity; sympathy; compassion; condolence. 
 
 Comi-in.i§'er-a-tive,rt. Feeling or expressing commis- 
 
 Coiu-mi§'er-a'tor, n. One who pities. [eration. 
 
 -eom'iiiis-sa'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a commissary. 
 
 -e6m'mi.s-sa'ri-at, 71. [See t«/ra.] (Mi^.) («•) That de- 
 partment of the service which is charged with the supply 
 of provisions for the soldiers. (6.) The body of oflacers 
 in that department, (c.) Office of a commissary. 
 
 ■Com'mis-sa-ry, n. [L. Lat. commissarius, from com- 
 miitere, commissus, to commit, from com, for con, and 
 mittere, to send.] 1. A deputy; a commissioner. 3. 
 {Mil.) An officer having charge of a special department, 
 especially that of subsistence. 
 
 -e6in.'mi^-.«!a-ry-geii'er-al,.n. The head of the com- 
 missary department, or department for supplying an ar- 
 my with provisions, &c. [commissary. 
 
 C6m'niis-sa-ry-ship, n. Office or employment of a 
 
 -eom-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat commissio. See 
 supra.] 1. Act of committing, doing, or performing; 
 act of perpetrating. 2. A formal act or warrant of com- 
 mitting some charge or trust to a person. 3. A company 
 of persons joined in the exercise of some duty. 4. ( Com.) 
 (a.) The acting under authority of, or on account of, an- 
 other, (b.) The thing to be done as agent for another, 
 (c.) Brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent. 
 
 To put a ship into commission (Naut.), to send it forth on pub- 
 lic service after it has been laid up. — 7b put the great seal into 
 commuision, to place it in the hands of commissioners, during 
 the period that intervenes between the going out of one lord 
 keeper and the accession of another. lEng.] 
 Syn. — Charge; warrant; authority; mandate; office. 
 
 -Com-mis'sion (kom-mish'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COM- 
 MISSIONED; p.pr. & vb. n. COMMISSIONING.] To give 
 a commission to. 
 
 Syn.— To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate. 
 
 ■€om-Jiiis'sioii-er, n. 1, One who has a commission 
 to execute some business for the one who employs him. 
 2. An officer having charge of some department or bu- 
 reau of the public service. 
 
 eom-mis'sion-mer'diant. n. A merchant who 
 transacts business on commission, as the agent of others, 
 receiving a rate per cent, as his reward. 
 
 €om-mis'sure (-mlsh'ur, 95), n. 1. (Arch.) Applica- 
 tion of the surface of one stone to that of another. 
 2. A joint, seam, or closure; line of junction; point of 
 union ; an interstice between parts. 
 
 Com-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. committed ; p. pr. -& 
 vb. n. committing.] [Lat. committere, to send to, to 
 connect, to commit, from com, for con, and mittere, to 
 gend.] 1. To give in trust. 3. To do ; to perform; to 
 effect or perpetrate. 3. To place beyond one's control ; 
 to pledge or bind ; — used reflexively. 
 Syn. — To commit; intrust; consign. See Consign. 
 
 Com-mit'ment, n. Act of committing ; particularly, 
 act of committing to prison. [actual or implied- 
 
 Coin-mit'tal,n. 1. Act of committing. 2. A pledge, 
 
 Com-mit'tee, n. [Vrom commit.] A select number of 
 
 persfiDS appointed to attend to any business, either by a 
 
 legislative body , or by a court, or by any collective body 
 
 of men acting together. 
 
 Com-nnlt'tee-sliip, n. Office of a committee, [trates. 
 
 Com-mit'ter, n. One who commits ; one who perpe- 
 
 S e.&c 
 
 Com-mit 'ti-ble, a. Capable of being committed. 
 
 ■eom-mix', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. commixed (koui- 
 mikst'); p.pr. Sa vb. n. COMMIXING.] [Lat. commi.t- 
 cere, co?nmixtmn, from cow, for con, and miscere, to mix, 
 q. v.] To mix or mingle ; to blend. 
 
 -Com-mixt'ion (-mlkst'yun), n. Mixture. 
 
 ■€om-mixt'ure (-mlkst'yHr), ii. 1. Act of mixing, or 
 stiite of being mixed. 'Z. The mass formed by mingling 
 ditferent things ; compound. 
 
 Com -mode', «. [Lat. commodus, from com, for con, 
 and modus, measure, mode.] 1. A kind of head-dress 
 formerly worn by ladies. 3. A chest of drawers, often 
 with shelves added, and other conveniences. 
 
 ■eom-mo'di-oiis, a. [\j. Ij&i. commodiosus. See supra.] 
 Affording ease and convenience. 
 
 Syn. — Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; comfortable. 
 
 ■€om-mo'di-ous-ly, adv. In a commodious manner. 
 
 Com-mo'di-oiis-ness, n. Adaptation or suitableness 
 for its purpose ; convenience ; fitness. 
 
 •€om-m6d'i-ty, n. [Lsii. commoditas. SeeCoMMODE.] 
 That which affords convenience or advantage, esp. in 
 commerce ; hence, goods, wares, merchandise, &c. 
 
 Com'mo-doi'e', n. [Prob. a contr. or corrupt, of It. 
 comandatore, commander, L. Lat. commendator. Cf. 
 Commend and Command.] 1. The commander of a 
 squadron. 3. {Eng. Marine.) A naval officer having 
 the temporary rank of rear admiral. 3. The senior cap- 
 tain, when two or more ships of war are cruising in com- 
 pany. 4. The leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 
 
 Com'mon, a. [compar. commoner; superl. com- 
 monest.] [Lat. communis, from com, for cow, and mu- 
 nis, ready to be of service, fi-om munus, service, work.] 
 
 1. Belonging equally to more than one, or to many in- 
 definitely ; serving for the use of aU. 2. Often met 
 with. 3. Not distinguished by rank or character. 
 
 Common carrier, one who undertakes, for hire, to transport 
 goods from one place to another. — Common chord (MnsT), a 
 chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and 
 fifth. — Common council, a representative council for the gov- 
 ernment of a city. — Common gender (Gram.), one which is 
 either masculine or feminine. — Common law, the unwritten 
 law; the law that receives its binding force from immemorial 
 usage and universal reception, in distinction from the written 
 or statute law. — Common novn (Gram.), the name of any one 
 of a class of objects, as distinguished from a proper noun, the 
 name of a i)articular person or thing. — Common Fleas, a court 
 for trying civil actions. In the United States, it sometimes has 
 criminal jurisdiction. — Common prnxjer, the Uturgy of the 
 Protestant Episcopal church. — Common serj.se, sound, practical 
 judgment; the instantaneous decision of unperverted reason. 
 — Common time (J/ws.), that variety of time in which the meas- 
 ure consists of two or of four equal portions.— Common verb, 
 one which is both active and passive. — 7n common, equally 
 with another, or with others. 
 
 Syn,— General; public; popular; national; universal; fre- 
 quent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar; habitual; vul- 
 gar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. 
 
 CSm'mon, n. 1. An uninclosed tract of ground, he- 
 longing to the public, or to a number of persons. 2. 
 (Law.) The right of taking a profit in the land of an- 
 other, in common either with the owner or with others. 
 
 Com'mon, v. i. 1. To have a joint right with others 
 in common ground. 2. To board together ; to eat at a 
 table in common. [to pasture on common land. 
 
 -e6m.'moii-a-ble, a. 1. Held in common. 2. Allowed 
 
 C6m'mon.-age> «• Bight of pasturing on a common ; 
 joint right of using any thing in common with others. 
 
 ■€6m'moii-al-ty, n. The common people ; the body of 
 common citizens ; the commons. 
 
 -€6m'mon-er, n. 1. One under the degree of nobility. 
 
 2. A member of the House of. Commons. 3. One who 
 has a joint right in common ground. 4. A student of 
 the second rank in the university of Oxford, England. 
 
 -eom'mon-ly, adv. Usually ; generally ; ordinarily ; 
 frequently ; for the most part. 
 
 ■€6m'moii-ness (109), n. Frequent occurrence ; a state 
 of being common or usual. 
 
 Com'mon-plafe, a. Common; trite; hackneyed. 
 
 ■€6m'mon-pla?e, ». 1. (BJiet.) A general idea appli- 
 cable to different subjects. 2. A trite remark. 
 
 -eSm'mon-pla^e, v. t. To enter in a commonplace- 
 book, or to reduce to general heads. 
 
 ■€6m'mon-pla9e/-bo"blc (27), n. A book m which 
 things to be remembered are recorded. 
 
 ■eom'mon§, n. pi. 1. The mass of the people; the 
 commonalty. 2. The lower house of parliament. [Bng.] 
 
 3. Provisions; food; fare; — from the practice of eat- 
 ing at a common table. 4. A club where all eat at a 
 common table. 
 
 -eSm/mon-weal', \n. [See Weal and Wealth. 1 
 CSm/mon-wgalth.', J 1. Properly, a free state; 
 
 ,Zong^;a,e,&c,,«A(W«/c4re,far,a8k,all,-wliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do,iT9l* 
 
COMMOTION 
 
 137 
 
 COMPASS 
 
 popular government ; realm ; republic 2. The whole 
 body of people ia a etate. 
 
 Com-mo'tion, n. [Lat. commotio. See COMMOVE.] 
 1. Violent motion ; agitation. 2. A popular tmnult. 
 3. Perturbation or disorder of mind. 
 Syu. — Excitement ; disturbance ; tumult ; violence. 
 
 ■eom-move', v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMMOVED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COMMOVING.] [Lat. commovere, from com, 
 for con, and niovtre, to move.] To disturb ; to agitate. 
 
 ■€om-uivin'al, a. Pertaining to a commune. 
 
 Com-mune', f. i. [imp. & p. p. communed ; p. pr. 
 & 1-6. n. COMMUNING.] [From Lat. communicare, to 
 communicate, q. v.] 1. To converse together familiarly ; 
 to confer. 2. To receive the communion ; to partake of 
 the Lord's supper. 
 
 ■edm'mune, n. [Fr. See COMMON.] A small territo- 
 rial district in France. 
 
 Com-rau'iii-ea-liil'i-ty, n. Quality of being commu- 
 nicable, [ted. 
 
 Com-mu'iii-ea-ljle, a. Capable of being communica- 
 
 ■€oiia-in.u'ni-ea-ble-iiess, n. The state or quality of 
 being conununicable. 
 
 Com-mu'ni-eant , ii. One who partakes of the Lord's 
 supper ; a church-member. 
 
 ■€om-inu'Mi-eate, v. t. {imp. & p. p. communi- 
 cated; p. pt. & vb. n. communicating.] [Lat. 
 commu meatus, p. p. of communicare , fi-om communis, 
 conunon.] 1. To impart for joint or comjnon possession ; 
 to bestow; to confer. 5J. To impart, reveal, or give, as 
 information. 
 
 Syn. — To impart ; reveal. — To communicate is generic ; 
 it is allowing others to enjoy in common with us. linpart is 
 more specitic; it is giv-ing to otiiers apart of what we had held 
 as our own, or making them our partners, as, to impart our 
 feelings, of our property, &c. Hence there is something more 
 intunate in impa/'ifViO' "intelligence than in communicating it. 
 To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed, as a 
 secret. 
 
 €om-mii'iii-€ate, r. t. 1. To share or participate. 3. 
 To have intercourse or the means of intercourse. 
 
 Com-mvi'iii-ea't^oii, n. 1. The act of communi- 
 cating ; intercourse by words, letters, or messages, 'i. 
 The means of passing from place to place. 3. That which 
 is communicated or imparted. 
 
 Syn. — Commerce ; correspondence ; conference ; inter- 
 course ; intelligence ; news. 
 
 Com-mvi'iii-ea-tive, a. Inclined to communicate; 
 ready to impart to others. 
 
 ■€oin.-mvi'ni-ea-tive-ness, n. Quality of being com- 
 mumcative ; freedom from reserve. 
 
 Com-naa'DLi-ea'tor, n. One who communicates. 
 
 Com-m.u.'iii-ea-to-i"y, a. Imparting knowledge. 
 
 Com-mvin'ionL, n. 1, Intercourse between two per- 
 sons or more. 3. Union in religious faith ; fellowship. 
 3. A body of Christians having one common faith and 
 discipline. 4. The celebration of the Lord's supper. 
 
 Syn. — Fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; 
 agreement. 
 
 €6m'mu-iii§m, n. [Fr. communisme, from commun, 
 common, q. v.] The doctrine of a community of prop- 
 erty among all the citizens of a state or society ; social- 
 ism, [tice of commimism. 
 Corn'mu-nist, n. An advocate for the theory or prac- 
 €om-niUL'ni-ty, n. [Lat. communitas.] 1. Common 
 possession or enjoyment. 3. A society of people having 
 common rights, privileges, or interests. 3. Society at 
 large ; the pubUc, or people in general. 
 
 C@~ In this sense, the term should not be used absolutely, 
 like the word societn ; as, the interests of community require 
 this ; but the interests of the communitj', &c. 
 
 Com-mu'ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being commutable. 
 
 Com-mii'ta-ble, a. Capable of being exchanged or 
 given for another. 
 
 Com^mii-ta'tion, n. 1. Change. 2. Barter ; ex- 
 change. 3. (iajy.) Substitution of one penalty or pun- 
 ishment for another. 4. Purchase of a right to go upon 
 a certain route during a specified period, for a less amount 
 than would be paid in the aggregate for separate trips. 
 5. Any outright sum given as an equivalent for a pro 
 rata payment. 
 
 •Com-mu'ta-tive, a. Relative to exchange i^mutually 
 passing from one to another ; interchangeable. 
 
 Com-mute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. commuted ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. COMMUTING.] [Lat. commutare, from com, for 
 con, and mutare, to change.] 1. To put one for the other ; 
 to exchange ; to substitute, as a greater penalty or pun- 
 ishment for a less. 2. To pay less for in the gross than 
 would be paid for the separate trips. 
 
 Com-mute', v. i. 1. To obtain or bargain foe exemp- 
 tion. 2. To make an an-angement to pay in gross. 
 
 Com-mut'u-al, a. Mutual ; reciprocal. [Rare.] 
 
 •Com-pa.€t', a. [Lat. compactus, p. p. of compingere, 
 from com, for con, &ud pangere, pactum, to fasten, fix.] 
 1. Closely and firmly united. 2. Brief; succinct; not 
 diffuse or verbose. 
 
 Syn. — Firm ; close ; aohd ; dense ; brief ; pithy ; 8ent«n- 
 tious. 
 
 ■C6m'pa-et, n. An agreement between parties ; a cove- 
 nant or contract ; — either of individuals or of nations. 
 
 ■€om-p5,«t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. compacted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. compacting.] 1. To thrust, drive, or pre.-* 
 closely together ; to consolidate. 2. To unite or connect 
 firmly, as in a system. 
 
 •€om-pa€t'ed.-ly, adv. In a compact manner. 
 
 ■€om-pa,«t'ly, adv. With close union of parts ; closely ; 
 densely. 
 
 Com-pa«t'ness, n. Close union of parts ; density. 
 
 Com-panL'ion, n. [From L. Lat. companium, fellow- 
 ship, a mess, from com, for con, and panis, bread.] One 
 who accompanies, or is associated with, another. 
 
 Companion hatch {yaiit.), a wooden porch over tHe entrance 
 or stiurcase of the cabin. — Companion ladder, that one by 
 which otiicers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter-deck. — 
 Companion icay {2taut.), a staircase leading to the cabin. 
 
 Syn. — Associate ; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally? 
 contederate; coadjutor; accomplice. 
 
 ■eom-pan'ion-a-ble, a. Agreeable as a companion ; fit 
 for good fellowship ; sociable. 
 
 Com-pan'ion-a-bie-iiess, n. Quality of being com- 
 panionable ; sociableness. 
 
 ■eona-pan'lon-a-bly , adv. In a companionable manner- 
 
 Com-paii'ion-sliip, ". Fellowship ; association. 
 
 ■€6in.'pa-ny (kOm/pa-ny), «. [See supra ] 1. State of 
 being a companion ; the act of accompanying. 2. An as- 
 semblage or association of persons. 3. Guests, in dis- 
 tinction from the members of a family. 4. A corporation; 
 a firm. 5. Partners in a firm whose names are not men- 
 tioned in the style or title of the firm. 6. (3Iil.) A sub- 
 division of a regiment of infantry or artillery. 7, (Naut.) 
 The crew of a ship, including the officei-s. 
 
 To keep company, (a.) To accompany; to attend. (6.) T» 
 associate frequently or habitually, esp. as a lover or admirer. 
 
 Syn. — Assemblage ; assembly ; society ; group ; circle ; 
 crowd ; troop ; crew ; gang ; corporation ; association. 
 
 ■Com'pa-ny, v. i. To associate. 
 
 C6m'pa-ra-ble, a Capable of being compared ; worthy 
 of comparison. [pared. 
 
 ■Com'pa-ra-bly, adv. In a manner worthy to be com- 
 
 ■Cona-par'a-tive, a. 1, Estimated by comparison ; pro- 
 ceeding from comparison. 2. Having the power of com- 
 paring. 3. ( Gram.) Expressing a greater or less d^ree 
 of a quantity, or quality, than the positive. 
 
 -Com-par'a-tive-ly, adv. In a comparative manner, or 
 by comparison ; relatively. 
 
 -Corn-pare' (4), i-. t. [imp. & p. p. compared ; p. pr. 
 & vb. ?!. comparing.] [La-t. comparare, from, compar, 
 like or equal to another, fr. coot, for con, and par, equal.] 
 1. To examine the mutual relations of. 2. To represent 
 as similar, for the purpose of illustration ; to liken. 3. 
 ( Gram.) To inflect according to degrees of comparison. 
 
 ■€om-pare', v. i. To hold comparison ; to be like or 
 equal ; to admit of comparison. 
 
 Syn. — Compare to ; compare icith.— A thing is compared 
 with another to learn their relative value or excellence ; to 
 another, with a view to show their similarity. We compare 
 two orators ivith each other, and the eloquence of one to a 
 thunderbolt, and of the other to a conflagration. 
 
 -eom-par'er, «. One who compares. 
 
 eom-pjtr'i-son (-sun or -sn), n. 1. Act df compar- 
 ing or considering the relations between persons or things; 
 a comparative estimate. 2. (Gram.) The infiectTon of 
 an adjective or adverb in its several degrees of significa- 
 tion. 3. (Rhet.) A simile or similitude. 
 
 ■eom-part', v. t. [imp. & p. p. comparted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COMPARTING.] [Lat. compnrtiri. from row, fcr 
 con, and partiri, partire, to share, from pars, partis,T^rt, 
 share.] To divide ; to mark out into several parts. 
 
 Com'par-ti'tioii (-tTsh/un)j ??. 1. Act of dividing into 
 parts. 2. Part cUvided ; a separate part. 
 
 Com-part'inent, n. One of the separate parts into 
 which any thing is divided. 
 
 ■CoMi'pass (kum/-), n. [L. Lat. compassus, circle, prop, a 
 stepping together, fr. Lat. cor/7, for cum, and ;7fl5Si/5, pace, 
 step.] 1. A circuit ; circumference. 2. An inclosing 
 Umit ; boundary. 3. An inclosed space ; an area ; extent ; 
 capacity. 4. \Mus.) Range of notes comprehended by 
 
 food, ftjbt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «aU, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, linls ; tlii*. 
 
COMPASS 
 
 138 
 
 Tokc or instrvunent. 5. A magnetic instrument, 
 I to detcrnnnc tho north and other C4irdinal points. 
 
 Metric. 
 needle p. 
 ■o thnt 1 
 if •'-- 
 
 r 
 
 li has its 
 1 a card. 
 The card 
 
 parts, or 
 
 Miipass, to go 
 
 Cdui i!..~ ii>\s), V. t. [imp. & 
 
 jp. >.. COMPASSED (kum'past); p. 
 pr. k vb. H. COMPASSING.] 1. To 
 go about or around, 'i. To inclose 
 on all ridei!. 3. To besiege or in- 
 Test. 4. To get within reach, or 
 Trithin one's power. 5. To purpose 
 agine; to plot. 
 
 Sjm.— To surronnd ; environ; inclose 
 t«un.' ; obtain ; consoizunate. 
 
 Mariner's Compass, 
 to intend : to im- 
 
 contrive ; gain 
 
 COMPLETE 
 
 Serving for compensation ; mak- 
 
 C6in'pas*-a-ble, a. Capable of being compassed. 
 
 Cdni'pas!i-e§, n. pi. An instriunent for describing 
 cirfle<. mejisuring figures, &c. 
 
 Com-piis'sion (-pash'un), n. [Lat. compassio, fr. Lat. 
 compati, compassits, from cam Bind pati, passus, to bear, 
 suffer.] A suffering with another ; sorrow excited by the 
 distress or misfortunes of another. : 
 
 Syn. — Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling. j 
 
 Com-pas'sion-ate (-pash'un-, 45), o. Full of com- | 
 passion ; inclined to pity. ' 
 
 Syn. — Sympathizing ; tender ; merciful ; melting; soft ; 
 Indulgent ; kind. 
 
 ■€k>m-pas'sion-ate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. compassion- 
 ated : p. pr. & vb. n. COMPASSIONATING.] To hare 
 compassion for ; to pity : to commiserate. 
 
 ■Coni-pJi5.'sioii-ate-ly, adv. In a compassionate man- 
 ner; mercifully. [sionate. 
 
 Com-pfts'sion-ate-ness, n. Quality of being compas- 
 
 ■€oin-pat i-ba'i-ty, n. Quality of being compatible. 
 
 Com-pat'i-ble, a. [L.Lat. compatibilis, fr. Lat. compati. 
 See Co.^klP ASSIGN.] Capable of existing in harmony. 
 
 Syn. — Consistent ; suitable ; agreeable ; accordant ; con- 
 gruous. 
 
 ■€oin-pat'i-ble-ness, n. Compatibility; consistency; 
 fitness; agreement. 
 
 -€k>in-pat'i-bly, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; consistently. 
 
 -€om-pa'tri-ot, n. A feUow-patriot of the same country. 
 
 Corn-peer', n. [Lat. compar^ from com, for con, and 
 par, equal.] One who is an equal ; a companion ; a peer. 
 
 ■€om-pel', V. t. [imp. & p. p. compelled ; p.pr. k, 
 vb. n. COMPELLING.] [Lat. compellere, from com, for 
 eon, and peliere, to drire.] 1. To drive or urge irresisti- 
 bly ; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force. 
 2. To take by force or Tiolence. 
 
 Syn. — To force; constrain; oblige ; necessitate; coerce. 
 See CoEECE. « 
 
 ■€om.-pel1a-ble, a. Capable of being compelled. 
 
 Cftm'pel-la'tion, n. [Lat. cornpeUntio, from compeUare, 
 to accost.] Manner of address or salutation ; appellation. 
 
 Com-pel'la-tive. n. ( Gram.) The name by which a 
 person is addressed. 
 
 Com-p611er, n. One who compels or constrains. 
 
 -Cdm'pend, n. [Lat. compendium, from compendere, 
 from com, for con, a.nd pendere, to weigh.] A brief com- 
 pilation ; an abridgment ; an epitome ; a summary. 
 
 Com-pgnd'i-oiis, a. Summed up within narrow limits. 
 
 ■€om-p6nd'i-ou.s-ly. adv. Summarily ; in brief. 
 
 -Com-pfind'i-ous-ness, n. Comprehension in a narrow 
 compas? ; shortness ; brerity. 
 
 •€om-p6n'di-mn, ?J. ; p/.€"oM-PEN/Dl-UM§. [See COM- 
 PEND.] An abridgment or epitome. 
 
 ■€6m 'pen-sate, or Com-pen'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 compensated; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPENSATING.] 
 [Lat. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, intens. form of 
 compendere, to weigh. See COMPEND.] 1. To make 
 equal return to; to give an equivalent to. 2. To be 
 equivalent to in value or effect. [See Contemplate .] 
 
 Com-pgn'sa-to-ry, 
 
 ing amends. 
 
 Com-pete', v. i. [i7np. & p.p. competed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COMPETING.] [Lat. competere, from com, for 
 con , &nd pet ere, to seek.] To contend, as rivals for a prize ; 
 to strive emulously. 
 
 CSm'pe-teiife, f«. [l^t. competentia.] 1, State of 
 
 C6m'pe-ten-9y, ) being competent ; fitness ; power ; 
 abihty ; adequacy. 2. Sufficiency, especially of property 
 or means of subsistence. 3. (Laiv.) (a.) Legal capacity 
 or qualifications, (b.) Right or authority. 
 
 C6m'pe-tent, a. 1. Answering to all requirements. 
 2. Having adequate power or right. 
 
 Syn. — Sufficient; fitted; suitable; qualified; adequate. 
 
 -eSm'pe-tent-ly, adv. In a competent manner ; ade- 
 quately ; suitably. 
 
 Com'pe-ti'tion (kom'pe-tlsh'un), n. Common strife 
 for the same object ; strife for superiority. 
 
 Syn. — Emulation ; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; 
 contention; opposition; jealousy. 
 
 ■eom-pet'i-tive, a. Producing or pertaining to compe- 
 tition ; rival ; emulous. [claims ; a rival. 
 Com-pet'i-tor, n. [Lat.] One who claims what another 
 Com'pi-la'tion, n. 1. Act or process of compiling. 
 
 2. That which is compiled ; especially a book. 
 Com-pile', V. t. [imp. Sep. p. COMPILED ; p. pr.k vb. 
 
 71. COMPILING.] [Lat. compilare^ to scrape together and 
 carry off, from cow, for con , and pdare , to deprive of hair, 
 to plunder, from pilus, a hair.] To put together or com- 
 pose out of materials from other books or documents. 
 
 Com-pn'er, 7i. One who makes a compilation. 
 
 ■Com-pla'^en^e, )n. 1. A feeUng of quiet pleasure. 
 
 Com-pla'pen-f y, 5 2. The cause of pleastire or joy. 
 
 3. Manifestation of pleasure ; kindness of manners. 
 Syn. — Pleasure; gratification; satisfaction; civility. 
 
 Com-pla'pent, a. [Lat. complacens, p. pr. of compla- 
 cere, from com, for con, and placere, to please.] Accom- 
 panied with pleasure ; gratified : displaying satisfaction. 
 
 ■Com-pla'^ent-ly, adv. In a complacent manner. 
 
 ■€om-plaiii', v.i. [imp. & p. p. complained ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. COMPLAINING.] [L. Lat. complangere, from 
 com, for con, and plangere, to strike, beat the breast, 
 bewaU.] 1. To express distress, pain, or censure. 2. 
 To bring an accusation ; to make a charge. 
 Syn.— To murmur; accuse; lament; regret; repine. 
 
 Com-plain'aiit, n. 1. One who makes a complaint. 
 2. (Laiv.) A plaintiff. 
 
 Com-plain'er, n. One who complains or laments. 
 
 ■€om.-plaiiit', n. 1. Expression of grief, pain, censure, 
 
 or resentment. 2. Cause or subject of complaining. 3. 
 
 A malady; a disease ; a disorder. 4. (La!'.'.) Allegation 
 
 that some person has been guilty of a designated offense. 
 
 Syn. — Lamentation; miumuring; sorrow; grief; Ulness. 
 
 Com'plai-gan^e-' (kom'pla-zanss'), n. [Fr. See Com- 
 placent.] Obliging compliance with the wishes of 
 others. 
 
 Syn. — Civility ; courtesy ; urbanity ; suavity ; afi&bility ; 
 good-breeding. 
 
 Com'plai-sant' (-pla-zant/), a. [Fr. complaisant. See 
 
 supra.] Disirous to please ; kindly attentive ; affable. 
 
 Syn. — Obliging; courteous; civil; polite; well-bred. 
 
 Com'plai-sSnt'ly (kom'pla-^nfly), adv. In a com- 
 plaisant manner : with civility. 
 
 -€6m'pla-nate, v. t. [Lat. complanare, from com, for 
 con, and planare, to level, from. planus, level, plain, q. v.] 
 To make level or even. 
 
 Com'ple-ment, n. [Lat. compUmentum,. See COM- 
 PLETE.] 1. That which completes or supplies a de- 
 ficiency ; quantity or number required to make a thing 
 complete. 2, (Astron.) Distance of a star from the ze- 
 nith, as compared with its altitude. ^. (Trigon.) Dif- 
 ference between an arc or angle and 90°. 4. (Arith.) 
 Difference between a ntunber and 10, 100, 1000, &c. 5. 
 (Mus.) The interval wanting to complete the octave. 
 
 Syn. -To recompense; remunerate; reward; requite; coun- I -eom/ple-m^nt'al, a. Supplying, or tending to supply, 
 
 tertwlance. 
 
 Cdm'pen-Kate, or Coin-p6n'<sate 
 
 amends ; to_supply an equivalent. 
 Cdm'pen-sa'tion, ». 1. .\ct or principle of compen- 
 sating. 2. That which con.stitutes, or is regarded as 
 an equivalent. 3. (Law.) Payment of a debt by a 
 credit of equal amount. 
 
 Syn. 
 
 amon'Je: 
 
 - Recompense ; reward 
 satisfaction: set-off. 
 
 remuneration ; requital 
 
 Com-pgn'sa-tive, a. Affording compensation. 
 
 a deficiencv : fullv completing. 
 
 Tf^ moVn I -f^om'ple-mgnt'a-ry, a. Serving to complete. 
 
 xo maKe j ^^om.pigte', a. 1. Free from deficiency ; perfect ; con- 
 summate. 2. Finished : ended : concluded. 
 
 Syn. —Whole; entire; total.— TT^o?* has reference to par»a 
 as, a whole week ; total to parts taken coUectively, as, the totti 
 amount; entire sets aside parts, and regards a thing as an inte- 
 ger, i. e., continuous or unbroken, as, an entire year; compItU 
 supposes progress, t. c, a filling out to some end or object, ••» 
 a complete victory. 
 
 Coin-plete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMPLETED ; p. pr. 
 
 ^,e,lic.,long; &,6,kc.,short; cAre, far, ask, aU, what; Sre,veU, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,dQ,W9U 
 
COMPLETELY 
 
 139 
 
 COMPREHEND 
 
 & vb. n. COMPLETING.] [Lat. complere, eompletum, 
 firom com, for con, ami plere, to fill.] 1. To bring to a 
 state in which there is no deficiency. 2. To fulfill ; to 
 bring to pass. 
 
 Syn. — To perform ; terminate ; conclude ; finish ; end ; 
 achieve: realize; etfect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate. 
 
 ■Com-pleteTly, adv. In a complete manner ; fully. 
 
 Com-plete'ness, «- State of being complete. 
 
 Com-ple'tlon, n. 1. Act or process of completing, or 
 state of being complete. '2, Fulfillment ; accomplish- 
 ment ; realization. 
 
 Com-ple'tive, a. Making complete or entire. 
 
 Cdm'plex, a. [Lat. complexus, p. p. of complect i, to com- 
 prise, from cam, for con,&ndplectere, to twist.] X. Com- 
 poced of two or more parts. '2, InTolving many parts. 
 Syn.— Composite; compounded; complicated; intricate. 
 
 Com'plex, n. Assemblage ; collection. [plex. 
 
 Com-plex'ecl-ness, n. State or quality of being com- 
 
 Com-plex'ion (-pleb'shun), n. [Lat. cornplexio.] 1, 
 State of being complex ; connection of parts ; fiame or 
 texture. H, Color or hue of the sMn, particularly of the 
 fece. 3. General appearance or aspect. 
 
 ■€om-plex'ion-al, a. Pertaining to the complexion. 
 
 -CJoin-plex'ioii-a-ry, a. Pertaining to the complexion, 
 or to the care of it. 
 
 ■eom-plex'i-ty, n. State of being complex; intricacy. 
 
 Coin'plex-ly, adv. In a complex manner. 
 
 Coin'plex-ness, n. State of being complex ; complexity. 
 
 ■eom-plex'iire, «. InTolution or complication of one 
 thing with others. [pliant. 
 
 ■€oin-pli'a-ble, a. Inclined to comply or yield ; com- 
 
 -eom-pli'an^e, «. [See Cosiply.] 1. Act of comply- 
 ing ; a jieldingj as to a request, wish, desire, demand, or 
 proposal. '2. A disposition to yield to others. 
 
 Syn. — Concession ; submission; consent; obedience; per- 
 formance; execution. 
 
 Com-pli'ant, a. 1. Bending: pliant. 3. Inclined to 
 comply : yielding to request or desire. 
 
 Com-pli'ant -ly, adv. In a yielding manner. 
 
 ■€6m'pli-ea-?y. n. [See Coiviplicate.] State of being 
 complex or intricate ; complexity. 
 
 ■eom'pli-eate, v. t. {imp. Scp.p. coiplicated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. cOMPLICATIJfG.] [Lat. complicatus, p. p. of 
 complicare, from com, for can, and plicare, to fold, to 
 twist.] 1. To fold or twist together ; to interweaye. 3. 
 To render complex ; to involTe. 
 
 Com'pli-eate (45), a. Composed of two or more parts 
 united: complex; complicated. 
 
 •€6m'pli-eate-Iy, adv. In a complex manner. 
 
 Cona'pli-eate-iiess, n. State of being complicate. 
 
 Com'pli-ea'tion, n. Intricate or confused blending of 
 parts : entanglement ; complexity. 
 
 Com'pli-ca'tive, a- Tending or adapted to inyolye. 
 
 ■eom-pli^^i-ty, n. Condition of being' an accompUce. 
 
 Com-pli'er, n. One who complies, yields, or obeys. 
 
 •€6in'pli-ineiit, n. [From Lat. complere, to fill up. See 
 Complete.] Manifestation, by word or act, of appro- 
 bation, regard, or admiration ; dehcate flattery. 
 Syn. — See AnVLAXioy. 
 
 ■eom'pli-ment, v. t. To flatter, or gratify with praises. 
 
 Com'pli-ment, v. i. To use or pass compliments. 
 
 Com^pli-ineiit'al, a. Expressive of, or implying, com- 
 pliments ; complimentary. 
 
 Com pli-ment'a-ry (-t4), a. Expressive of civility, 
 regard, or praise ; civil. 
 Syn. — Gratulatory; congratulatory; flattering. 
 
 CSm'pline, ( «. [From L. Lat. complenda, or completa, 
 
 Com'plin, ) a religious exercise which completes and 
 closes the service of the day.] (Eccl.) The closing prayer 
 of the Roman Catholic breviary, to be recited after sunset. 
 
 Cdm'plot, n. [From Lat. complicitttm, equiv. to compli- 
 eatio, complication.] A confederacy in some evil design ; 
 a conspiracy : a cabal. 
 
 Com-plot', V. t. & 8. [imp. & p. p. COMPLOTTED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. COMPLOTTING.] To plot together; to 
 conspire ; to join in a secret design. 
 
 Com'pln-ten'sian, a. Pertaining to the polyglot edition 
 of the Bible published by Canlinal Ximenes at Complu- 
 tum, or Alcala, in Spain, in 1522. 
 
 Com-ply', V. i. [imp. & p. p. complied \ p.pr.k, vb. 
 n. COMPLTI?f&.] [Lat. complicare, to fold up or to- 
 gether, to bend : or firom complete, to fill up, to fialfill.] 
 To yield assent ; to accord, agree, or acquiesce. 
 
 Com-po'nent, a. [Lat. ccnnponens, p. pr. of componere. 
 See Compose.] Serving or helping to form ; composing : 
 constituting. 
 
 Com-po'nent, n. A constituent part ; am ingredient. 
 
 Com-port', V. i. [imp. & p. p. comported; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COMPORTING.] [Lat. eamportare , from com, 
 for con, and portare.] To agree ; to accord ; to suit. 
 
 Com-port', V. t. To behave ; to conduct ; — with a re- 
 flexive pronoun. 
 
 Com-port'a-ble, a. Suitable; consistent. 
 
 Com-po§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. COMPOSED; p.pr, & 
 vb. n. COMPOSING.] [Lat. componere, compositum, to 
 put together, firom cotti, for con, and ponere, to put.] 1. 
 To form by uniting two or more things, parts, or indi- 
 viduals ; to put together. i5. To constitute. 3. To 
 originate ; to become the author of. 4. To place in 
 proper form ; to reduce to order. 5. To free from agita- 
 tion or disturbance ; to set at rest. 6. (Print.) To place 
 in proper order for printing, as type. 
 
 Sym. — To construct ; adjust; settle; regulate; tranquilij*; 
 quiet; soothe; calm; appease; allay. 
 
 Com-po§ed', p. a. Free from agitation ; calm ; sedate ; 
 quiet ; tranquil. 
 
 Com-po§'ed-ly, adv. In a composed maimer. [lity. 
 
 Com-pos'ed-ness, n. Calmness ; sedateness ; tranquil- 
 
 Com-po|'er, n. One who composes : an author ; espe- 
 cially, an author of a piece of mi-Ls: 
 
 Com-pog'ing-sticls, n. ( Print. ) 
 An Lnstnunent of adjustable 
 width, in which types are ar- 
 ranged into words and lines. 
 
 Com-p6§'ite, a [Lat. cornpos- 
 itus, p. p. of componere. See 
 Compose.] 1. Made up of 
 distinct parts or elements ; com- 
 pounded. 2. [Arch.) Belonging 
 to an order of architecture made 
 up of the Ionic grafted upon the 
 Corinthian . 
 
 Composite number {Math.'), one 
 which can be measured exactly by 
 a number exceeding unity. 
 
 Com''po-§i'tlon (-zish'un), n. 
 
 1. Act of composing. In specific 
 uses, (a.) Invention or com- 
 bination of the parts of any 
 hterary work, (b.) (Fine Arts.) 
 That combination of the several Composite Order, 
 parts in which each is presented in its due proportion. 
 (c.) Arrangement of type for use in printing. 2. State 
 of being composed. 3. That which is formed by com- 
 posing. 4. (Law.) Adjustment of a debt, or avoidance 
 of an obligation, by some form of compensation mutually 
 agreed on. 
 
 Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force 
 which shall be equal to two or more given forces when acting 
 in given directions. 
 
 Syn. — "Work; production; mixture; agreement; combina- 
 tion; conjunction; adjustment. 
 
 Coin-p6§'i-tive, a. Compounded, or having the power 
 
 of compouncUng. 
 
 Com-p6s'i-tor, n. 1. One who composes or sets in 
 order. _ 5. (Print.) One who sets type. 
 
 CSm'post, n. [Lat. compositum. See COiVIPOSE.] (Ag- 
 ric.) A mixture for fertilizing land. 
 
 Com'post, V. t. To manure with compost. 
 
 Com-pog'iire (kom-po/zhijr), n. [Contr. fix)m Lat. com- 
 positura. See COMPOSE.] 1. Act of composing, or 
 that which is composed ; a composition. 2. A settled 
 state ; sedateness ; calmness ; tranquillity. 
 
 Com-poxind', v. t. [imp. & p.p. COMPOUNDED ;p. pr- 
 & vb. n. COBCPOUNDING.] [hat. companere, from. com. 
 for con, Siud. ponere , to put, set.] 1, To put together, ».< 
 elements, or parts to form a whole ; to combine or unite - 
 
 2. To settle amicably ; to adjust by agreement. 
 
 To compound a felony, to accept of a consideration for for- 
 bearing to prosecute. 
 
 Com-poiind', v. i. To come to terms of agreement; to 
 
 settle by compromise. 
 
 Cdm'pound, a. [0. Eng. compowned , p. p. of com- 
 pawne, compone, from Lat. componere. \ Composed of 
 elements, ingredients, or parts. 
 
 Compoimd motion, that which is the result of two or mor« 
 forces acting in different but not in opposite directions. — Com- 
 pound number, one constructed according to a varying scale of 
 denomination; as, 3 cwt. 1 qr., 5 lb. 
 
 Com'pound, n. That which is compounded: mixtnw 
 of elements, ingredients, or parts. 
 
 Com-ponnd'er, n. One who compounds. 
 
 C6m'pre-h6nd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. comprehended ; 
 
 food, fo^t : ^m, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; Unger, link ; tiiis 
 
COMPREIIENSIBILITY 
 
 140 
 
 CONCEDE 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COMPREHENDING.] [Lat. comprehen- 
 (Ure, fhjm com, for con, and prehenderr, to grasp, seize, 
 ftom ;»rjr, before, aud the root /ir;ir/rrf, akin to Gr. xa»'5a- 
 »*tv, to hold, aud A.-S. htntan, Goth. Iiintimn, to catch, 
 seiae.] 1. To iucUide by constructiou or implicatiou. 'Z» 
 To take into the mind ; to apprehend the meaning of. 
 
 Sy n. — To nppn-hcnd ; contain ; incUide ; embrace ; com- 
 prise': imply; concoivc; understand. 
 
 t'ftmpro-hi'n'si-bU'i-ty, n. State of being compre- 
 hensible. 
 
 €6111 pro-Ill' ii'si-ble, a. Capable of being comprehend- 
 ed, includeii, or understood. 
 
 €6in'pre-li^ii'si-ble-iiess, n. Quality of being com- 
 prehensible : capability of being understood. 
 
 Cfini'pre-lidn'siou, n. 1. Act of comprehending. 3. 
 That which is comprehended or inclosed within narrow 
 limitji ; a summary ; an epitome ; a compend. 3. Ca- 
 pacity of the mind to perceive and understand ; percep- 
 tion, [limits. 
 
 Cfim'pre-ligii'sive, a. Including much within narrow 
 SsTi.— Extensive; wide; large; full. 
 
 C6i»'pre-h6u'sive-ly, adi-. In a comprehensive man- 
 ner: with great extent* of embrace. [prehensive. 
 
 CSm'pre-hgn'sive-iiess, n. Quality of being com- 
 
 Com-pr6ss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. compressed (kom- 
 prest'); JO. pr. & vb. n. COMPRESSING.] [Lat. com- 
 primere, conpressum, from com, for co7i, and premere, 
 pres5H77J, to press.] To press together; to bring within 
 narrower limits or space. 
 Syn. — To<yowd; press; squeeze; condense. 
 
 •CSm'press, n. (Surg.) A folded piece of linen, so con- 
 trived as, by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure 
 on any part. [pressible. 
 
 Com-prgss'i-bU'i-ty, n. The quality of being com- 
 
 Com-press'i-ble, a. Capable of being pressed together 
 or forced into a narrower compass. 
 
 Com-press'i-ble-ness, n. Quality of being compress- 
 ible; compressibility. 
 
 -€om-pr6s'sion (-pr5sh/un), n. The act of compressing, 
 or the state of being compressed. 
 
 Com-prgss'ive, a. Having power to compress. 
 
 Com-press'or, n. Any thing which serves to compress. 
 
 Com -press 'ure (-presh'ijr), n. The act or force of one 
 body pressing against another ; pressure. 
 
 Com-pri§'al, »i. Act of comprising or comprehending. 
 
 Com-pri§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. comprised ; p. pr & 
 vb. n. COMPRISING.] [Fr. compris, comprise, p. p. of 
 comprendre, from Lat. comprehendere. See COMPRE- 
 HEND.] To comprehend ; to include. 
 
 Syn. — To embrace ; contain ; encircle ; inclose ; involve ; 
 imply. 
 
 C6m'pro-im§e, n. [Lat. compromissum., from com.- 
 pr emitter e, to promise mutually to abide by the decision 
 of an arbiter, from com, for con, and promitttre, to 
 promise.] 1. A mutual promise to refer matters in dis- 
 pute to the decision of arbitrators. 3. Adjustment of 
 differences by mutual concessions. 
 
 CSm'pro-mige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. compromised ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COMPROMISING.] 1. To adjust by 
 mutual concessions ; to compound. 3. To conunit ; to 
 put to hazard ; to compromit. 
 
 Cftm'pro-mi.g/er, n. One who compromises. 
 
 Cdni'pro-niit', v. t. [imp. & p.p. COMPROMITTED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COMPROMITTING.] [Lat. compromittere. 
 See COMPROMISE.] 1. To pledge or engage by some 
 act or declaration ; to promise. 3. To put to hazard, 
 by gome previous act or measure, which can not be re- 
 called ; to bring into danger ; to compromise. 
 
 Comp-trol'ler (kon-trol'ler), n. A controller ; — a title 
 given to certain public officers whose duties are to examine 
 and certify accounts. 
 
 -eom-piil'sa-tive, a. [From Lat. compulsare, intens. 
 form of compellere, compulsum, to comx)el, q. v.] Com- 
 pulsatory ; constraining. [Rare.] 
 
 €om-pul'sa-to-ry, a. Operating by force : compelling. 
 
 -Com-pul'sion, n. [Lat. compulsio. See Compel.] 1. 
 Act of compelling ; application of a force that is irresisti- 
 ble. 3. State of being com j)elled. 
 
 Syn. — Constraint ; restraint. — Restraint is a holding back 
 from gome act; ccmetraint is a drivini: one into it by an ur- 
 gency which overrules the will; comptdsion is the use of over- 
 powering force. 
 
 •€om-piU'sive, a. Having power to compel ; forcing ; 
 
 con.straining ; compulsatory. 
 Com-pul'sive-ly, adv. By compulsion ; by force. 
 Com-pul'sive-ness, n. The quality of compulsion. 
 Com-pul'so-ri-ly, adv. In a compulsory manner. 
 
 Com-pill'so-ry, a. Compelling; constraining. 
 Com-punc'tion, n. [From Lat. compungere, from com, 
 
 for con, n,nd pun gere, to prick, sting.] Poignant grief or 
 
 remorse ; the sting of conscience. 
 Syn. — Remorse. — Remorse (lit. gnawing) is anguish of 
 
 souf under a sense of guilt ; compunction is pain from a 
 
 wounded and awakened conscience. Neither of them imply 
 
 true repentance. 
 
 Com-pun-e'tious, a. Attended with compunction. 
 
 CSm'pur-ga'tion, n. [Lat. compurgare, to purify 
 wholly, from com, for con, and purgare, contr. from pu- 
 rumagtre, to make pure.] (Laio.) Act or practice of jna- 
 tifying a man's veracity by the oath of others. 
 
 Cftm'pur-ga'tor, n. One who bears testimony to the 
 veracity or innocence of another. 
 
 ■eom-put'a-ble, a. Capable of being computed. 
 
 COm'pu-ta'tion, n. Act or process of computing. 
 Syn. —Reckoning; calculation; estimate; account. 
 
 Com-pute', V. t. [imp. & p. p. computed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COMPUTING.] [Lat. computare, from co/n, for con, 
 and putare, to clean ; figuratively, to clear up, set in 
 order, reckon.] To determine by calculation ; to cast up. 
 Syn.— To calculate; number; count; reckon} estimate; 
 enumerate; rate. See Calculate. 
 
 -eom-piit'er, n. One who computes ; a reckoner. 
 
 •Com'pu-tist, or -eom-piit'ist, n. A computer. 
 
 Corn'rade (22), n. [0. Eng. camarade, camerade, from 
 Lat. camara, camera, chamber.] A mate, companion, or 
 associate. 
 
 -€6n. An abbreviation of the Lat. contra, against. In 
 the phrase pro and con, for and against, it denotes the 
 negative or contrary side of a question ; used as a sub- 
 stantive, it denotes a person who is in the negative. 
 
 Con, V. t. [imp. & p. p. conned ; p. pr. & vb. n. con- 
 ning.] [A.-S. cunnan, to know, to be able, allied to cen- 
 nan, to beget.] 1. To know. [ Obs.] 3. To study over : 
 to endeavor to fix in the mind ; to peruse. 
 
 Co-na'tion, n. {Phil.) The faculty of voluntary agency. 
 
 ■Co'na-tiTe, a. [Lat. conari, conatus, to attempt.] Per- 
 taining to an attempt ; endeavoring ; attempting. 
 
 Con-eSm'er-ate, v. t. [Lat. concamerare, concamera- 
 tum, from con and earner are, to arch, from camera, Taiilt, 
 arch.] To arch over ; to vault. 
 
 -eoii-«am''er-a'tioii, n. An arch or vault. 
 
 •Con-eat'e-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concatenated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. concatenating.] [Lat. concatenate, 
 concatenatum, from con and catenare, to chain, from 
 catena, chain.] To link together ; to unite in a succes- 
 sive series, as things depending on each other. 
 
 Con-eat'e-na'tion, n. A series of links united ; a suc- 
 cessive series of things depending on each other. 
 
 Con'-ea-va'tion, n. The act of making concave. 
 
 Con'-eave (82), a. [Lat. concavus, from con and cavus, 
 hollow.] Hollow and curved or rounded ; — said of the 
 interior of any thing hemispherical or dome-shaped. 
 
 C6n'<;ave, n. A hollow ; an arched vault. 
 
 -Con'^ave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concaved; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. CONCAVING.] To make hollow. 
 
 ■Con'^ave-ness, n. HoUowness. 
 
 -€oii-eS.v'i-ty, n. The internal surface of a hollow, 
 rounded body ; or the space vrithin such body. 
 
 ■eon-ea-'vo-eon'eave, a. Concave or hoUow on both 
 surfaces. 
 
 ■Con-<;a''vo-<;6n'vex, a. Concave on one side and con- 
 vex on the other. 
 
 •€on-ea'vous, a. Concave ; hollow. 
 
 Con-peal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. concealed; p-pr. & 
 vb. n. CONCEALING.] [Lat. concelare, from con and 
 celare, to hide, allied to A.-S. helan, to conceal.] 1. To 
 hide or withdraw from observation. 3. To withhold 
 from utterance or declaration. 
 
 Syn. — To hide; disguise; dissemble; secrete. — To ^trfc is 
 generic; to conceal is simply not to make known what we wish 
 to keep secret; disguise or dissemble is to conceal by as.suming 
 some false appearance; to secrete is to hide in some place of 
 secrecy. A man may conceal facts, disguise his sentiment*, 
 dissenible his feelings, or secrete stolen goods. 
 
 -eon-peal'a-ble, a. Capable of being concealed. 
 
 Con-ceal'er. n. One who conceals. 
 
 Con-peal'meiit, n. 1. Act of conceaUng, or state of 
 being concealed. 3. Place of hiding ; a secret place. 
 3. (Law.) Suppression of the truth. 
 
 ■€on-pede', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONCEDED; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. CONCEDING.] [Lat. concedere, from con and ce- 
 
 dere, to give way, yield.] 1. To yield or suffer to pa.«.s. 
 
 3. To admit to be true. 
 
 Syn.— To grant; allow; admit; yield: give up; 8urrende» 
 
 Con-pede', v. i. To yield or make concession. 
 
 m,e,kc.,loHg; a,e, &c.,5Aorf ; cftre,far,ask,all,wliat ; 6re, veil, t§rin;piqne, firm; son, dr, d^, 'vr9l^ 
 
CONCEIT 
 
 141 
 
 CONCOCT 
 
 Con-^eit', n. [Lat. ronceptus. See CONCEIVE.] 1. 
 That which is conceived, or formed, in the mind; idea; 
 thought ; image ; couception. ii. A quaint fancy ; an 
 unnatural or affected conception. 3. Opinion ; estima- 
 tion ; especially, over-estimation of one's self; vanity. 
 
 Con-^eit' v. t. To conceive ; to imagine. 
 
 Con-^elt', V. i. To form an idea ; to think. ; to judge. 
 
 •Coji-^eit'ed, a. Entertaining a flattering opinion of 
 one's self. 
 
 Syn. — Vain; proud; opinionated; egotistical. 
 
 -€on-eeit'ed-ly, adv. In a conceited manner. 
 
 -eon-feit'ed-ness, n. The state of being conceited. 
 
 Coii-^eiv'a-ble, a. Capable of being conceived, imag- 
 ined, or understood ; imaginable. 
 
 Con-^-eiv'a-ljle-iiess, n. Quality of being conceivable. 
 
 Con-feiv'a-bly, adv. In a conceivable manner. 
 
 Cou-^eive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conceived ; p. pr. 
 & i^h. n. CONCEIVING.] [From Lat. concipere, from con 
 and capere, to seize or take.] 1. To receive into the 
 womb and breed. 3. To form in the mind, as a purpose 
 or plan. 3. To picture to the imagination. 
 
 Syn. — To apprehend ; imagine ; suppose ; understand ; 
 comprehend; believe; think. 
 
 ■€on-5eive', I', i- 1. To become pregnant. 2. To have a 
 conception, idea, or opinion ; to think. 
 
 -€oii-^eiv'er, n. One who conceives. 
 
 •eon-^ent', n. [Lat. concentiis, from con and canere, can- 
 turn, to sing.] Concert of voices ; harmony. 
 
 ■€k>n-9en'ter, ) v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONCENTERED or 
 
 Con-^en'tre, j concentred ; p. pr. & vb. n. con- 
 centering or CONCENTRING.] [Lat. con and cen- 
 trare, centratum, to center, from centrum, center, q. v.] 
 To come to a point, or to meet in a common center. 
 
 Coii-^en'ter, \v. t. To draw or direct to a common cen- 
 
 Con'^en'tre, ) ter ; to bring to a point. 
 
 ■eSn'-een-trate, or -eon-fen'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. 
 p. concentrated; p. pr. & vb. n. concentrat- 
 ing.] [See Concenter.] To bring to a common cen- 
 ter, or to unite more closely ; to combine, [See Note 
 under Contemplate.] 
 
 CSn'^en-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of concentrating. 3. 
 { Cliem.) The volatilization of part of a liquid, in order 
 to increase the strength of the remainder. 
 
 Con-fen'tra-tive, a. Serving to concentrate. 
 
 ■€on-pen'tra-tive-ness, n. (Pkren.) The power of 
 concentrating the intellectual force. 
 
 •Con-fen'tri-e , a. Having a common center. 
 
 -eon-9eii'tri<;-al-ly, adv. In a concentric manner. 
 
 Con'^en-trif 'i-ty, n. State of being concentric. 
 
 -eSn'^ept, n. [Lat. conceptum, neut. p. p. of concipere, 
 to conceive, q. v.] An abstract general conception. 
 
 ■Con-^ep'tion, n. 1. Act of conceiving. 2. The state 
 of being conceived. 3. The formation in the mind of 
 an image, idea, or notion ; apprehension. 4, The im- 
 age, idea, or notion formed in the mind ; a notion ; a 
 universal ; a rational belief or judgment. 3. Power or 
 faculty of forming an idea in the mind. 
 
 -Con-cep'tion-al-ist, n. A conceptualist. 
 
 Con-fep'tive, a. Capable of conceiving. [Rare.] 
 
 ■eon-^ept'u-al, a. Pertaining to conception. 
 
 Con-pSpt'u-al-igm., n. [Metaphys.) A theory that the 
 mind has the power of forming for itself general concep- 
 tions of individual or single objects. 
 
 ■€oii-96pt'u.-al-ist, ». [Metaphys.) One who maintains 
 the theory of conceptuallsm. 
 
 -Ck>ii-5ern'(14), L-. t. [imp. Sc p.p. concerned ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. CONCERNING.] [L. Lat. concernere, to mix to- 
 gether, as in a sieve, from con and cernere, to separate, 
 to sift, to distinguish, to perceive.] 1. To relate or be- 
 long to ; to be of importance to. 2. To take an interest 
 in. 3. To disturb ; to make uneasy. 
 
 Con-cern', 7i. 1, That which relates or belongs to one. 
 2. That which affects the welfare or happiness. 3. In- 
 terest in, or care for, any person or thing. 4. ( Com.) 
 Persons connected in business ; a firm and its business. 
 
 Syn. — Care ; anxiety; solicitude ; interest ; moment ; re- 
 gard; business; affair. 
 
 ■€oii-9ern'ed-ly, adv. In a concerned manner. 
 
 ■Con-^erxL'ins, prep. Pertaining to ; regarding; having 
 relation to ; with respect to. 
 
 Con-^ern'ment, n. 1. A thing in which one is con- 
 cerned ; affair ; business ; interest. 2. A particular ; im- 
 portance ; moment. 3. Interposition ; meddling. 4. 
 Solicitude ; anxiety. 
 
 ■€on.-9ert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. concerted ; p pr. & 
 vb. n. CONCERTING.] [From Lat. concertare, to con- 
 
 tend, from con and certare, to strive.] 1. To plan to- 
 gether. 2. To plan ; to devise. 
 
 Con-«ert', v. i. To act in harmony ; to form combined 
 plans ; to take counsel. 
 
 Cdn'^ert, n. 1. Agreement in a design or plan; har- 
 mony. 2. Musical accordance or harmony. 3. A pub- 
 lic musical entertainment. 
 
 ■€6n't!er-tii'na, n. [It. concerto, a concert.] A small 
 musical instrimient of the accordion species. 
 
 CSn'^ert-pitcli, n. { Mus. ) The pitch generally adopted 
 for a given tone, and by which the other tones are gov- 
 erned. 
 
 ■Con-^gs'sioii (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. concessio, from conce- 
 dere. See CONCEDE.] 1. Act of granting or yielding 
 to a demand, claim, or request. 2. The thing yielded ; 
 a grant ; a boon. 3. A privilege or right granted, by 
 government to do certain things. 
 
 ■Con-f 6s'sion-ist, n. One who favors concession. 
 
 -eon-^es'sive, a. Implying concession. 
 
 ■CSncli (konk, 82), n. [Lat. concha, Gr. noyxi), Skr. ^ai%k- 
 ha.] 1. A marine shell, especially one of the genus 
 Strotnbiis. 2. (Arch.) The domed semicircular or polyg- 
 onal termination of the choir or aisle of a church ; apsis. 
 See Apsis. 
 
 Con-eli'oid (konk'oid), n. [From Gr. KoyxoetSrj^, from 
 Koyx^. shell, and elfios, form.] ( Geom.) A curve of tha 
 fourth order. 
 
 ■€on-€lioid'al, a. [Min.) Having elevations or depres- 
 sions in form hke the valve of a bivalve shell. 
 
 •€6n'-elio-16g'i€-al, a. Pertaining to conchology. 
 
 ■€on-eli6I'o-gist, n. One versed in the natural history 
 of shells ; a student of conchology. 
 
 ■€oii-«li6I'o-gy, n. [Gr. Koyxn^ shell, and Xo^os, dis- 
 course, from Keyeiv, to speak.] Doctrine or science of 
 shells and the animals that inhabit them ; malacology. 
 
 Con-^il'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conciliated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CONCILIATING.] [Lat. conciliatus, p. p. of 
 conciliare, to bring together, from concilium, council, 
 q. v.] To win over ; to gain from a state of indifference 
 or hostility. 
 
 Con-^il'i-a'tion, n. Act of conciliating ; reconciliation. 
 
 -eon-^il'i-a^tor, n. One who conciliates or reconciles. 
 
 ■Con-9il'i-a-to-ry(50), a. Tending to conciliate ; pacific. 
 
 Coii-^in'iii-ty, n. [Lat. concitinitas, from concinnus, 
 skillfully put together, beautiful.] Mutual adaptation of 
 parts. [Rare.] 
 
 -Con-^in'noiis, a. Harmonious ; fit ; neat. [Rare.] 
 
 Con-fise', a. [Lat. co7ici3us, cut off, short, fr. concidere, 
 to cut to pieces, fr. con and csedere, to cut.] Expressing 
 much in a few words. 
 
 Syn. — Laconic ; terse ; brief; short ; compendious ; com- 
 prehensive; summary; succinct. 
 
 -€on-9ise'ly, adv. In few words ; comprehensively. 
 
 Con-^ise'ness, n. Brevity in speaking or writing. 
 
 -eon-^ig'ion. (kon-sizh'un), n. [Lat. concisio. See su- 
 pra.] 1. A cutting off; hence, a division ; a faction. 2. 
 Circumcision. [Rare.] 
 
 Con'-elave, n. [Lat. conclave, from con and clavis, key.] 
 1. A private apartment, particularly that in which the 
 cardinals meet for the election of a pope. 2. Assembly 
 of the cardinals, shut up for the election of a pope ; hence, 
 the body of cardinals. 3. A private meeting. 
 
 ■Con-eliide', v. t. [imp. &. p. p. concluded ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CONCLUDING.] [Lat. concludere, from con and 
 cinder e, claudere, to shut.] 1. To close, as an argvunent, 
 by inferring. 2. To bring to an end. 3. To make a 
 final judgment or determination of. 
 
 Syn.— To infer; decide; determine; close; finish; termi- 
 nate; end. 
 
 ■Con -elude', v. i. 1. To come to an end; to close; t© 
 end ; to terminate. 2. To form a final judgment, 
 
 Con-elud'er, n. One who concludes. 
 
 Con-elvi'gion, n. 1. Last part of any thing. 2. Final 
 decision; determination. 3. Consequence or deduction 
 drawn from premises. 4. An experiment. 5. (Law.) (a.\ 
 End or close of a pleading, (b.) An estoppel or bar by 
 which one is held to a position which he has taken. 
 
 Syn. — Inference ; deduction ; end ; termination ; clote ; 
 decision; determination. 
 
 ■eon-elii'sive, a. Belonging to a close or termination; 
 putting an end to debate or question. 
 SjTi. — Final; ultimate; decisive; definitive. 
 
 ■€on-eIu.'sive-ly, adv. In the way of conclusion; de- 
 cisively ; definitively. 
 
 ■€on-«lu.'sive-ness, n. Quality of being conclusiv*. 
 
 Con-eoet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. concocted ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. CONCOCTING.] [Lat. concoquere, concoctum, from 
 
 food, foot : Uku, rude, pi^ ; ^ell, (liikise, «all, e«ko ; gexn., get ; as i e^st ; lixisen liQk ; 
 
CONCOCTER 
 
 142 
 
 CONDITION 
 
 (01% and eogurre, to cook, to digest.] 1. To digest. 3. 
 To mature or perfect ; to rij>en. 3. To dovise ; to con- 
 trive ; to phiu ; to plot. 
 
 Con-efict'or, n. One who concoct*. 
 
 Con-<'54''tlon, M. 1. Digestion. '2. Act of bringing to 
 perfiyction or maturity. 3. Act of devising or forming, 
 asawhenie; contrivance. [ripening; digestive. 
 
 ■€on-«6ct'ive, a. llaving the power of digesting or 
 
 Con-edin'i-taiife, \ n. State of accompanying ; ac- 
 
 Co«-c6iu'i-taii-fy, I companiment. 
 
 Con-c6ni'i-taut, a. [From Lat. coii and comitan, to 
 accomjvHny. from comes, companion, from co}?i, for con, 
 and eo, ir},' t« go.] Accompanying, or conjoined ; con- 
 current; attending. 
 
 Con-e6iii'i-t:iiit, n. One who, or that which, accom- 
 panies, or is collatenilly connected with another ; a com- 
 panion ; an accompaniment. 
 
 Con-c6ni'i-taiit-ly, adv. In company with others. 
 
 ■€6n'-c6rd (S2), n.* [Lat. concordia, from con and cor, 
 cordis, heart.] 1. A state of agreement; harmony; 
 union. ^Z. (Grayn.) Agreement of words with one an- 
 other, in gender, number, person, or case. 3. (Mus.) A 
 consonant chord ; consonance ; harmony. 
 
 Con-cSrd'aiife (82), n. 1. Agreement; accordance. 
 2. A minute verbal index to a work, in which all the 
 passages that contain the same word are arranged alpha- 
 betically, with reference to the places in which they occur. 
 
 Con-cord'ant, a. [Lat. concordans, p. pr. of concor- 
 dare. See CONCORD.] Agreeing; correspondent; har- 
 monious ; consonant. 
 
 Con-eord'ant-ly, adv. In a concordant manner. 
 
 Con-eor'dat, n. [See Concord.] A compact, cov- 
 enant, or agreement ; specifically, an agreement made be- 
 tween the pope and a sovereign or government for the 
 regulation of ecclesiastical matters. 
 
 Con-eord'ist, n. The compiler of a concordance. 
 
 Con-c6r'po-rate, v. i. To unite in one mass or body. 
 
 Con-eor'po-rate, a. United in one body. 
 
 Con'-eourse (82), n. [Lat. concursus, from concurrere, to 
 run together. See Concur.] X. A moving, flowing, or 
 running together. 2. An assembly ; a meeting ; a crowd. 
 
 C6n'-ere-ate', v. t. [Lat. con and creare, to create.] To 
 create at the same time. 
 
 C6n'-ere-ment, n. [Lat. concrementum, fr. concrescere. 
 See Concrete.] The collection ormass formed by con- 
 cretion, or natural union. 
 
 Con-erg s'penfe, n. Act of growing or increasing by 
 spontaneous union, or by coalescence. [uniting. 
 
 Con-er6s'9ive, a. Growing together, or into union; 
 
 C6n'-erete, a. [Lat. concretus, p. p. of concrescere, to 
 grow together, from con and crescere, to grow, inchoative 
 form of creare, to create.] 1. United in growth ; hence, 
 formed by coalition of separate particles into one body ; 
 united in a soUd form. 3. {Logic.) Existing in a sub- 
 ject ; not abstract. 
 
 CSn'-erete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by con- 
 cretion. 2. {Arch.) A mass of stone chippings, peb- 
 bles, &c., cemented by mortar. 3. {Logic.) A term 
 designating both a quality and the subject in which it 
 exists ; a concrete term. 
 
 •Con-erete', v. i. [imp. & p. p. concreted ; v. pr. & 
 vb. n. concreting.] To unite or coalesce, as separate 
 particles into a mass or solid body. 
 
 Con-erete', v. t. To form into a mass. 
 
 Con-erete'ly, a/iv. In a concrete manner. 
 
 Con-€rete'ness, n. State of being concrete. 
 
 Con-ere'tion, n. 1, Act of concreting. 3. The mass 
 or solid matter formed by congelation, condensation, co- 
 agulation, or other like natural process. 3. ( Geol.) A 
 rounded mass, or nodule, produced by an aggregation of 
 the material around a center. 
 
 Con-ere'tion-al, a. Pertaining to concretion. 
 
 Con-ere'tive, a. Promoting concretion. 
 
 Con-eu'bi-nage, n. The cohateiting of a man and 
 a vrotaan not legally married ; state of being a concubine, 
 
 Con-euTii-nal, ) a. Pertaining to a concubine or to 
 
 C6n-«u'l>i-na-ry, ) concubinage. 
 
 Cdn'eu-bine (konk'yy-bin, 82), n. [Lat. conctibina, 
 from concubare, to lie together, from con and cubare, to 
 lie down.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man with- 
 out being his wife. 2. A wife of inferior condition. 
 
 Con-«u.'pis-tenpe, n. Unlawful or irregular desire, 
 especially of carnal pleasure ; lust. 
 
 Con-«u'piK-9ent, a. [Lat. concupiscens, p. pr. of con- 
 cupiscere, to long for, from con and cupere, to deeir*.] 
 Desirous of unlawful pleasure. 
 
 Syn.— Libidinoaa; lastfal; lecherona; lalaciooi. 
 
 Con-«<lr', V. i. [imp. & p. p. concurred; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. concurring.] [Lat. concurrere, to run together, 
 to agree, from con and currere, to run.] 1. To meet in 
 the same point. 2. To act jointly. 3. To unite in 
 opinion ; to assent. 
 
 SjTi. To agree ; unite ; join ; combine ; conspire ; coin- 
 cide; approve. 
 
 Con-eur'renpe, n. 1. A meeting or comuag together; 
 
 union ; conjunction. 2. Agreement in opinion ; union in 
 
 design. 3. Joint rights, implying equaUty in different 
 
 persons or bodies. 
 Con-exir'rent, a. 1. Acting in conjunction ; agreeing 
 
 in the same act; co-operating. 2. Conjoined ; associate ; 
 
 concomitant. 3. Joint and equal in authority. 
 
 Syn. — Meeting ; uniting ; accompanying ; coincident; 
 united. 
 
 Con-eiir'rent, n. Joint or contributory cause. 
 
 Con-eiir'rent-ly, orft'. AVith concurrence ; unitedly. 
 
 Con-<;u.s'sion (kon-kiish'un), «. [Lat. concussio , fyom. 
 concutere, concussum, to shake violently, from con and 
 cuatere, cuassum, to shake.] 1. Act of shaking or agi- 
 tating, especially by the stroke or impulse of another 
 body. 2. The state of being shaken ; agitation; shock. 
 
 Con-eiis'sive, a. Having the power or quality of 
 shaking or agitating. 
 
 Con-demn' (kon-dem'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. con- 
 demned ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONDEMNING (kon-dem'- 
 ning).] [Lat. condemnare, from con and damnare, to 
 condemn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong. 2. To pro- 
 nounce a judicial sentence against. 3. To pronounce 
 unfit for service. 
 
 Syn.— To blame ; censure ; reprove ; reproach; upbraid; 
 reprobate; doom; sentence; adjudge. 
 
 Con-dem'na-tole, a. Worthy of condemnation ; blam- 
 
 able ; blameworthy ; culpable. 
 Con'dem-na'tion, n. 1. Act of condemning. 2. 
 
 State of being condemned. 3. Cause or reason of a 
 
 sentence of condemnation. 
 Syn. — Sentence; judgment; reprobation; blame. 
 Con-denx'na-to-ry, a. Bearing condemnation or cen- 
 
 sui-e ; condemning. 
 Con-dem'ner, n. One who condemns or censures. 
 Con-den'sa-ble, a. Capable of being condensed. 
 Con-den'sate, r. ^. [imp. & p. p. condensated; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. condensating.] [Lat. condensare, 
 
 condensatum. See Condense, v. t.] To condense. 
 Con-d6n'sate, v. i. To become more dense, close, or 
 
 hard ; to condense ; to consolidate. 
 Con'den-sa'tion, n. Act of maMng more dense or 
 
 compact; consolidation. 
 Con-den'sa-tive, a. Having a power or tendsncy to 
 
 condense. 
 Con-d6nse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. condensed (kon- 
 
 denst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. condensing.] [Lat. con- 
 
 densare, from con and densare, to make thick or dense, 
 
 from densus, thick, dense.] To make more close, com- 
 pact, or dense. 
 Syn. — To compress; consolidate; contract; crowd; thicken. 
 Con-dense', v. i. To become close or more compact ; to 
 
 grow thick or dense. 
 Con-dens'er, n. One who, or that which, condenses. 
 Con'de-s^end', v. i. [imp. & p.p. condescended ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONDESCENDING.] [L. Lat. condescen- 
 
 dere, from Lat. con and descendere.] 1. To let one's 
 
 self down ; to relinquish rank, or dignity of character. 
 
 2. To recede from one's rights, in order to do some act 
 
 which strict justice does not require. 
 Syn. — To yield; submit; stoop; descend; deign; Touck- 
 
 gafe. 
 CSn'de-sfgnd'ing-ly, adv. By way of condescension. 
 Con'de-sfen'sion (-sen'shun), n. Voluntary descent 
 
 from rank, dignity, or just claims to equality with 
 
 another. 
 
 Syn. — Complaisance ; courtesy; affability. 
 Con-dign' (-din'), a. [Lat. condignus, very worthy, fr. 
 
 con and dignus, worthy.] Deserved; merited ; suitable. 
 Con-dign'ly (-dln'ly), adv. According to merit. 
 Con-dign'ness (-dln'nes, 109), n. Quality of being 
 
 condign ; agreeableness to deserts ; suitableness. 
 Con'di-ment, n. [Lat. condimentum, from condire, 
 
 to preserve, pickle, season.] Something used to give 
 
 relish to food ; seasoning. 
 C6n'di.s-5i'ple, n. [Lat. condisdpulus , from con and 
 
 discipulus, disciple.] A fellow-disciple ; a school-fellow; 
 
 a learner in the same school. 
 Con-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. conditio, from con- 
 
 a,e,ftc,i<mt, a,6,&c.,«Aor<;cftro,li»r,»»lc,aU,wliat; dre, t§U, term ; p'iqu«,flntt; s6n,dr,dQ,w9U, 
 
CONDITION 
 
 143 
 
 CONFESSEDLY 
 
 dere, to put or join together, to establish, from con and 
 dare, to give, put.] 1. State or situation as regards ex- 
 ternal circumstances, ii. Quality ; property ; attribute. 
 3. That which must exist as the occasion or concom- 
 itant of something else. 
 
 Syn. —Circumstances; station; case; plight; predicament; 
 •tipulation; article; terms; provision; arrangement. 
 
 ■€on-di'tion (-dish'un), v. i. [imp. & p. p. condi- 
 tioned ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONDITIONING.] To make 
 terms ; to stipulate. 
 
 €on-di'tion (-dlsh/un), v. t. 1. To contract; to stipu- 
 late. 2. To impose conditions on. 
 
 Con-di'tioJi-al (-dish''un-), a. 1. Containing, imply- 
 ing, or depending on, a condition or conditions ; not ab- 
 solute, ii. ( Gram. & Logic.) Expressing a condition 
 or supposition. 
 
 €on-di'tion-a,l'i-ty (-dish/un-), n. The quality of being 
 conditional, or limited ; limitation by certain terms. 
 
 Con-di'tion-al-ly (-dish'un-), adv. With certain lim- 
 itations ; on particular terms ; not absolutely. 
 
 C6n'dl-to-ry, n. [Lat. conditorium, from condere., tO' 
 put together, to hide.] A repository for holding things. 
 
 ■€on-d51e', v. i. [imp. & p. p. condoled; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONDOLING.] [Lat. condolere, from con and 
 dolere, to feel pain, to grieve.] To express sorrow, or 
 sympathy at the pain or misfortune of another. 
 
 Con-dole'ment, 1 n. Expression of grief or sympathy 
 
 -eon-do'lenpe, ) for the sorrow of another. 
 
 ■Con-dol'er, n. One who condoles. 
 
 ■eoii'do-na'tion, n. [Lat. condonatio, from condonare, 
 to give, especially a debt, to pardon, from con and 
 donare, to present, from donum, gift.] 1. Act of par- 
 doning. 2. (Eccl. Law.) Forgiveness by a husband of 
 his wife, or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of 
 marital duty. 
 
 €oii-done', v. t. [imp. & p. p. condoned; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. condoning.] [Lat. condonare, to forgive. See 
 supra.] (Eccl. Law.) To pardon ; to forgive for a viola- 
 tion of the marriage- vow. 
 
 Con'dor, n. [From Peruv. curv- 
 tur.] ( Ornith.) A large bird 
 of the vulture family, found in 
 the most elevated parts of the 
 Andes. 
 
 Con-du^e', v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 conduced (108); p. pr. & vb. 
 n. conducing.] [Lat. con- 
 ducere, from con and ducere, to 
 lead.] To promote, answer, or 
 farther an end ; to tend. 
 
 Syn. - To contribute; forward; 
 advance; promote. 
 
 Con-dii'fi-bil'i-ty, n. Capa- 
 bility of being conduced. Condor. 
 
 Con-dii'^i-ble, a. Having a tendency to promote or 
 forward; conducive. 
 
 Con-du'^i-ble-ness, n. Quality of being conducible, 
 
 Con-dii'^ive, a. Having a tendency to conduce. 
 
 ■€oii-du'9ive-ness, n. The quality of conducing. 
 
 €6ii'du«t, /I. [See Conduce.] 1. Act or method of 
 leading, guiding, managing, or commanding. 2. SkiU- 
 fiil guidance ; generalship. 3. That which leads, 
 guides, escorts, or brings safely. 4. Manner of guiding 
 or carrying one's self. 
 
 Syn. — Behavior; carriage; deportment; demeanor; man- 
 agement; convoy; guard; guidance; warrant. See Behavior. 
 
 €!on-du«t', V. t. [imp. & p.p. conducted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONDUCTING.] 1. To lead, or guide ; to escort ; 
 to attend. 3. To lead as a commander ; to direct ; to 
 control. 3. To manage ; to regulate ; to carry. 
 
 €!on-du.«t', V. i. To behave ; to act. 
 
 OS" This word is in common use in some parts of the United 
 States, but in England it is not considered to be authorized 
 by good usage. 
 
 ■eon-dii«t'i-toil'i-ty, n. Capability of being conducted. 
 
 Con-du-et'i-ble, a. Capable of being conducted. 
 
 ■€on-du<;'tioii, n. (Physics.) Transmission through, 
 or by means of, a conductor. [ducting. 
 
 Con-dii-et'ive, a. Having the quality or power of con- 
 
 Con'due-tiv'i-ty, n. Th% quality or power of con- 
 ducting or giving passage to some molecular action. 
 
 ■Con-dilct'or, n. 1. One who conducts ; a leader ; a 
 guide ; a manager ; a director. 2. The person who has 
 charge of a railroad car or train. [Amer.] 3. (Physics.) 
 A substance, especially a metallic rod, capable of forming 
 a medium for the transmission of some other substance 
 or fluid, particularly of heat or electricity. 
 
 Con-diict'ress, n. A woman who conducts or leads. 
 
 COn'duit (kon'dit or kun/dit), n. [0. Fr. conduict, L. 
 Lat. & Lat. conductus, from conducere, conductum, Se»^ 
 supra.] That which conducts or conveys; especially, 
 a pipe, canal, or the like. 
 
 ■Con-du'pll-eate, a. [Lat. conduplicatus, from condv- 
 plicare, to double, from con and duplicare, to doubk.] 
 (Bot.) Doubled or folded over or together. 
 
 Cone, n. [Lat. conns, Gr. kwi/os, from 
 Sk. po, to bring to a point.] 1. A 
 solid body, tapering regularly to a 
 point from a circular base, generated 
 by the revolution of a triangle about 
 one of its sides. 2. (Bot.) The conical 
 fruit of several evergreen trees, as of 
 the pine, fir, cedar, &c. 
 
 ■Cdn'fS-b, n. [A contraction of confab- 
 ulation.] Familiar talk or conversa- 
 tion. (Colloq.) 
 
 Coii-fS,lb'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 confabulated; 27. ;7r.& vb.n. coN' 
 FABULATING.] [Lat. confabulatus, p. Cone, 
 
 p. of con/aftwZari, from con &nd /abulari, to speak, from 
 fabula, narration.] To talk famiUarly together ; to chat ; 
 to prattle. [monious conversation. 
 
 •€on-fato^u-la'tion, n. Familiar talk; easy, uncere- 
 
 ■€on'fe-et,n. [From Lat. conjicere , confectum, to prepare.] 
 A sweetmeat ; a comfit ; a confection. 
 
 ■Con-fe-e'tion, n. A preparation of fruit, &c., with 
 sugar; a comfit. 
 
 -Con-f e-e'tion-er, n. One whose occupation is to make 
 or sell confections, candies, &c. 
 
 Con-f e-e'tion-er-y , n. 1. Sweetmeats in general ; con- 
 fections ; candies. 2. A place where candies, sweet- 
 meats, &c., are made or sold. 
 
 "Con-fed'er-a-fy, n. [From confederate, a., q. v., N. 
 Lat. confaderatia. Cf. aristocracy with aristocrat and 
 Lat. aristocratia.] 1, A league or covenant ; union be- 
 tween two or more persons, bodies of men, or states. 
 
 2. The persons, bodies, or states, tmited by a league. 
 
 3. (Law.) An unlawful combination ; a conspiracy. 
 Syn. — League ; covenant ; compact ; alliance ; combina- 
 tion; coalition; confederation. 
 
 -Con-fed'er-ate, a. [Lat. confoederatiis, p. p. of con- 
 fcederare, to join by a league, from con and foRderare, 
 to establish by treaty, from fcedus , fcRderis , league, com- 
 pact.] United in a league ; engaged in a confederacy. 
 
 ■Con-fed'er-ate (45), n. A person or nation engaged in 
 a confederacy ; an ally. 
 
 -€on-f ed'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. confederated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONFEDERATING.] To unite in a 
 league ; to ally. 
 
 ■€on-f ed'er-ate, v. i. To unite in a league ; to be allied. 
 
 Con-f ed'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of confederating ; a 
 league ; an alUance ; a compact for mutual support. 2. 
 Parties to a league. 
 
 -Con-f ed'er-a'tive, a. Pertaining to a confederation. 
 
 -Con-f er', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conferred ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. conferring.] To grant a permanent possession ; 
 to bestow ; to award. 
 
 Con-f er' (14), v. i. [Lat. conferre, confero, from con and 
 ferre, to bear, carry, bring.] To discourse or converse in 
 a serious manner ; to compare views. 
 Syn. — To counsel; advise; discourse; converse. 
 
 CSn'fer-en^e, n. 1. Act of conversing seriously ; Itt- 
 terchange of views. 2. A meeting for consultation, dis- 
 cussion, or instruction ; an interview. 
 
 •€on-fer'ra-ble, a. Capable of being conferred. 
 
 -€on-f er'rer, «. One who confers. 
 
 ■€on-f6ss', V. t. [imp. & p. p. confessed (-fSsf, 108),- 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONFESSING.] [From Lat. confiteri, 
 confessum., from con and fateri, to confess.] 1. To ac- 
 knowledge or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. 2. To 
 own or recognize. 3. To admit as true; to assent to. 
 
 4. (Eccl.) (a.) To make known or acknowledge, as one's 
 sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution, (b.) To 
 hear or receive such confession. 5. To disclose or re- 
 veal, as an effect its cause. 
 
 Syn. — Admit ; grant ; concede ; avow ; own ; assent ; rec- 
 ognize ; prove ; exhibit ; attest. — We acknowledge what w« 
 feel must or ought to be made known, as a fault or a favor } 
 we avow with solemnity, as against opposition or obloquy, 
 as our principles; we confess what we feel to have been wrong, 
 as our sins or errors. When we say, " This, I covfess, is my 
 opinion," we imply that others may think ua in the wrong, 
 and hence the word confess. 
 
 ■Gon-f 6ss', V. i. To make confession. 
 
 •€on-f6ss'ed-ly, adv. By confession or acknowledg- 
 ment ; avowedly ; undeniably. 
 
 food, f dbt ; ^n, rude, pi^ ; (tell, fibaise, «all, e«]io ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st ; liaser, UqIe ; Hile* 
 
CONFESSER 
 
 144 
 
 CONFUSE 
 
 ^'on-fCss'er, n. One who confi>sscs. 
 
 Cou-ft^s'sion (kon-tVsli'uu). h. 1. Acknowledgmeut ; 
 avowal; (uiuiis<iiou of ii dobt, obligation, or crime, ii. 
 (Ecrl.) Act of ilisclosini: sins or fault,-* to a priest. 3. A 
 formulary in which articles of faith aiv comprised. 
 
 •Con-f 6s'slon-al, ». The sciit wheiv a priest or confessor 
 sitii to hcivr confessions. 
 
 Coii-fCiS'siou-a-ry, a. Pertaining to auricular con- 
 foivsion. 
 
 Con-f fss'or (113), »;. 1. One who confesses ; one who ac- 
 knowledgi^s his sins or obligations. "2. (Eccl.) One who 
 makes a pn>fession of his faith in the Christian i-eligion. 
 ;{. A priest who hears the confessions of others. 
 
 €6n'£i-dJ\nt'. ". ni. \ [0. Fr. ; N. Fr. confident, confi- 
 
 Coii'fi-dJinte', n.f. ) dente.] A confidential friend. 
 
 •€ou-fido', f. i. [hnp. & p. p. confided ; p. pr. & vb. 
 ri . c O N F I D 1 N G . ] [ Lat . CO ujidere , from con and Jidere , to 
 trust.] To put faith ; to beheve. 
 
 Con-fide', v.t. To intrust ; to gire in charge. 
 
 CSn'fi-denfe, n. 1. Act of confiding; belief in the 
 reality of a fact or the integrity' and veracity of another. 
 5J. That in which faith is put. 3. FeeUng of security ; 
 eelf-reliance, whether well founded or in excess. 
 
 Syn. — Trust; affiance; assurance; expectation ; hope ; bold- 
 nc6s; courage. 
 
 Con'fi-dent, a. [Lat. co?!j^tfe«s, p. pr. of con^rfere.] 1, 
 Uaving confidence ; secure ; trustful. ^. Exercising self- 
 reliance. 3. Having an excess of assurance. 4. Giving 
 occasion for confidence. 
 
 €6n'fi-d6n'tial, a. 1. Enjoying, or treated with, con- 
 fidence: trustworthy, ii. Communicated in confidence. 
 
 ■eSii'f i-deii'tial-ly, adv. In confidence. 
 
 C6n'fi-deiit-ly, adv. With confidence ; positively. 
 
 Con-fid'er, 7^. One who confides. 
 
 ■€on-f ig'u-ra'tion, n. [Lat. configuratio,fs, configurare, 
 to form, from con andjigura, figure, form.] 1. External 
 form or figure, as depending on the relative disposition 
 of the parts of a thing, ti. [Astrol.) Relative position 
 or aspect of the planets. 
 
 Con-fig'iire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONFIGURED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CONFIGURING.] To arrange or dispose in a 
 certain form, figure, or shape. 
 
 -€oii-fin'a-ble, a. Capable of being confined. 
 
 ■Con'fine, n. [Lat. confinium, from conjinis, bordering, 
 from C071 and Jinis, end, border.] Common boundary ; 
 border ; limit ; used chiefly in the plural. 
 
 -Con-fine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. confined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. confining.] To restrain within Umits. 
 To he confined, to be in child-bed. 
 Syn. — To bound; limit; immure; circumscribe; restrict. 
 
 CSn'fine, or Con-fine', v. i. To have a common bound- 
 ary ; to border. 
 
 Con-fine'ment, n. 1. Restraint within limits ; im- 
 prisonment. 5J. Detention within doors by sickness, 
 especially that caused by child-birth. 
 
 Con-fin'er, n. One who, or that which, confines. 
 
 C6n'fin-er, n. One who hves on confines ; a borderer. 
 
 Con-firm' (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. confirmed ; p. pr. 
 tc vb. n. confirming.] [Lat. conjirmare, from con and 
 Jirmare, to make firm, from Jirmus, firm.] 1. To make 
 firm ; to give strength to ; to render fixed or certain. 3. 
 To render vaUd by formal assent. 3. {Eccl.) To adminis- 
 ter the rite of confirmation to. 
 
 Syn.— To strengthen 
 ▼enly; assure; ratify. 
 
 Con-firm'a-ble, o. Capable of being confirmed. 
 
 C6n/fir-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of confirming, or estab- 
 Ushing. 2. That which confirms ; convincing testimony. 
 3. Ratification. 4. (Eccl.) A rite in Episcopal churches 
 by which a baptized person is admitted to the full 
 privileges of the church. 
 
 Con-firrn'a-tive, a. Having the power of confirming. 
 
 Con-firm'a-to-ry (50), a. 1. Serving to confirm ; cor- 
 roborative. 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. 
 
 Con-f irm'er, n. One who, or that which, confirms. 
 
 €on-f iK'<ia-1jle, a. Capable of being confiscated : liable 
 to forfeiture. 
 
 Cdn'fis-eate, or Con-fie'«ate (117), v. t. [imp. & ». 
 p. confiscated; p. pr. & vb. n. confiscating.] 
 [Lat. confiscatus, p. p. of conjiscare, from con and Jiscus, 
 basket, money-bag, state treasury.] To appropriate, as 
 a penalty, to the public use. [See note under Contem- 
 plate.] 
 
 C6n'f is-«ate, or Con-fis'-eate, a. Appropriated, as a 
 penalty, to the public use. 
 
 C6n'f iw-ea'tion. n. The act of appropriating, as a pen- 
 alty, to the public uBe. 
 
 corroborate ; establish ; fix ; settle; 
 
 C6n'fis-ca'tor, n. One who confiscates. [fiscation. 
 
 Con-fis'-ea-to-ry, a. Consigning to or promoting con- 
 Con-fla'grant, a. [Lat. conflagrans, p. pr. of conJla~ 
 
 grare, from con andjiagrare, to blaze.] Burning together 
 
 in a common flame. [Rare.] 
 C6n'f la-gra'tion, /;. A fire on a great scale. 
 C5n'fii-et, n. 1, Violent collision. 2. A striving to 
 
 oppose or overcome. 3. The last struggle of life. 
 
 Syn. — Contest ; collision ; struggle ; combat ; strife ; con- 
 tention; battle; fight; pang; agony. See Contest. 
 
 Con-fii-et', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conflicted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. conflicting.] [Lat. co7ifligere, conflictum, from 
 con and Jligere, to strike.] 1. To strike or dash together ; 
 to meet in violent collision. 2. To engage in strife. 
 
 Syn. — To fight ; contend; contest ; resist ; 
 bat; strive; battle. 
 
 struggle ; com- 
 
 Con-flict'ive; a. Tending to conflict. 
 
 Con'fiu-en^e, n. 1. The meeting or junction of two or 
 more streams ; the place of meeting. 2. The running 
 together of people. 
 
 Syn. — A crowd; a concourse; an assemblage; a multitude. 
 
 C6n'fiu-ent, a. [Lat. confluens, p. pr. of confluere, from 
 con and fluere, fluxum, to flow.] 1. Flowing together; 
 running one into another ; meeting in a common current 
 or basin. 2. {Bot.) United at the base. 
 
 Con'f lu-ent, n. 1. A small stream which flows into a 
 large one. 2. Place of meeting of streams, &c. 
 
 C6n'flux, n. [See Confluence.] 1. A flowing to- 
 gether; a meeting of currents. 2. A large assemblage ; 
 a crowd ; a concourse. 
 
 Con-f 6rm', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONFORMED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. w. conforming.] [Lat. conformare, from, con and 
 /ormare, to form, from forma, form.] To shape in ac- 
 cordance with ; to make like ; to bring into harmony or 
 agreement with. 
 
 Con-f drm', v. i. 1. To conduct in accordance ; to com- 
 ply ; to yield ; to render obedience. 2. {Eng. Eccl. Hist.) 
 To be a conformist. 
 
 Con-fSrm'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. The state of being con- 
 formable. 2. ( Geol. ) Parallelism of two sets of strata 
 which are in contact. 
 
 Con-f 6rm'a-ble, a. 1. Corresponding in form, shape, 
 character, opinions, &c. ; similar ; like. 2. In proper 
 or appropriate form. 3. Disposed to compliance or 
 obedience ; submissive. 4. ( Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so. 
 
 Con-f 6rm'a-ble-ness, n. Conformability. 
 
 Con-f 6rm'a-bly, adv. With, or in, conformity; suit- 
 ably; agreeably; consistently. 
 
 Con-f drm'ate, a. Having the same form. 
 
 Con'for-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of conforming, or state 
 of being conformed ; agreement ; harmony. 2. The 
 structure of a body ; form ; make. 
 
 Con-f orm'er, n. One who conforms. 
 
 Con-f drm'ist, n. One who complies with the worship 
 of the church of England. 
 
 Con-f 6rm'i-ty,»i. 1. Correspondence in character or 
 manner ; resemblance ; agreement ; congruity. 2. (Eng. 
 Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the estab- 
 lished church. 
 
 Con-f ound', V. t. [imp. & p. p. confounded; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CONFOUNDING.] [Lat. confundere, to pour- 
 together, from con and fund ere, to pour.] 1. To min- 
 gle and blend, so as to be indistinguishable. 2. To throw 
 into confusion or disorder. 
 
 Syn. —To abash ; confuse ; baffle ; dismay ; astonish ; de- 
 feat; discomfit; ruin; overthrow; terrify; mix ; blend; inter- 
 mingle. See Abasu. 
 
 Con-f ound'ed, p- a. 1. Conftised; perplexed. 2. 
 Very great; enormous; abominable. [Colloq.] 
 
 Con-f ound'ed-ly, adv. Enormously ; greatly. 
 
 Con-f ound'er, n. One who confounds. 
 
 Con'fra-ter'ni-ty, n. [L. Lat. confraternitas, from I*t. 
 con and fraternitas.] A brotherhood. 
 
 Con'fri-ca'tion, n. [Lat. confricatio, from confricare, 
 to rub vigorously, from con and fricare, to rub.] Act of 
 rubbing against or together ; friction. 
 
 Con-front' (kon-fruintO, v- t. [imp. & p. p. CON- 
 FRONTED ; p. pr. & vb. n CONFRONTING.] [From 
 Lat. con and frons, the forehead or front.] 1. To stand 
 facing, or in front of; to #,ce. 2. To stand in direct op- 
 position to ; to oppose. 3. To bring or set together for 
 comparison ; to compare. 
 
 Con'fron-ta'tion, n. Act of confronting. 
 
 Con-front'er, n. One who confronts or faces. 
 
 Con-fuge', V. t. [imp. & p. p. CONFUSED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONFUSING.] [Lat. confundere, confusum. Sea 
 Confound.] 1. To jumble together ; to render indis- 
 
 a, e, k.e.,long; a, «, lkc.,short; cftre, far, ask, aU, what ; 6re, veU, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, W9I4 
 
CONFUSEDLY 
 
 145 
 
 CONGRESS 
 
 tinct or obscure. '2. To throw into disorder ; to cause to 
 lose self-possession. 
 
 Syn.— To abash; disorder; disconcert; perplex; confound; 
 obscure; distract. See Abash. 
 
 -eon-fug'ed-ly, adv. In a confused manner. 
 
 Con-f ug'ed-iiess, n. A state of confusion. 
 
 -eon-fu'gion, n. 1. State of being mixed or blended so 
 as to produce indistinctness or error. 3. Loss of self- 
 possession. 3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin. 
 
 Syn. — Disorder; tumult; indistinctness; abashment; per- 
 turbation; shame. 
 
 ■€on-fut'a-ble, a. Capable of being confuted, [do so. 
 
 •€oii-fiit'ant, n. One who confutes or undertakes to 
 
 OSn^fu-ta'tion, n. Act of confuting or disproving. 
 
 Con-fute', V. t. [imp. & p. p. confuted ; p. pr. & 
 vb.n. CONFUTING.] [Lat. confutare, from con and /m- 
 tare, to argue.] 1. To put to silence. 2. To prove to 
 be false or defective ; to disprove. 
 
 Syn.— To disprove; overthrow; set aside; refute; oppugn. - 
 We refute an argument, slander, &c., when we set it aside; we 
 confute when we utterly disprove it and brinfj evidence to the 
 contrary. In refuting, we prove an assertion to be untrue; in 
 confuting, we prove it to be positively false, absurd, &c. 
 
 ■eon-fut'er, n. One who confutes or disproves. 
 
 ■€6n'ge (kSn-jee), n. [Fr. conge., from Lat. commeatus , 
 leave of absence, from commeare^ to go and come, from 
 com, for con, and meare, to go.] 1. Act of taking leave ; 
 parting ceremony ; farewell. 2. A bow or a courtesy. 
 
 ■€6n'ge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. con&eed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CONGEING.] To take leave with the customary civil- 
 ities ; to bow or courtesy. [round, or a cavetto. 
 
 €6n'ge, n. {Arch.) A molding in form of a quarter 
 
 Con-geal', v. t. [imp. & p.p. congealed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONGEALING.] [Lat. congelare, from con and 
 gelare, to freeze, from g-e^w, frost.] 1. To freeze ; to stiffen 
 with cold. 3. To stiffen, as from the effect of terror. 
 
 Con-eeal', v. i. To grow hard or stiff from cold. 
 
 •€oii-eeal'a-ble, a. Capable of being congealed. 
 
 €3oii-geal'*n.eiit, n. 1. Act or process of congeahng; 
 congelation. H, That which is formed by congelation ; 
 a mass congealed ; concretion. 
 
 Cong4 d'Mire (kon'ja-da-leer' ; Fr. pron. kong/zhad'- 
 leer'). [Fr., leave to choose.] (SccZ.) The king's license 
 or permission to a dean and chapter to choose a bishop. 
 
 Con'ge-la'tion, n. 1. The process or act of congeahng ; 
 or the state of being congealed ; conglaciation. 2. The 
 thing congealed ; congealment. 
 
 ■€6n'ge-iier, n. [Lat., from con and gener, birth, kind, 
 race.] A thing of the same genus ; a thing alhed in kind 
 or nature to something else. 
 
 •eoii-ge'iii-al,orCon-gen.'ial(-yal), a. [From Lat. con 
 and genialis, genial, q. v.] 1, Partaking of the same 
 nature or feeling ; kindred; sympathetic. 2. Naturally 
 adapted or suited. 
 
 ■eon-ge'ni-ai'i-ty, n. Participation of the same genus, 
 nature, or disposition ; natural affinity ; suitableness. 
 
 Con-ge'iii-al-iiess, n. Congeniality. 
 
 Con-ggii'i-tal, ) a. [Lat. congenitus, from con and 
 
 ■Con-geii'ite, j genitus, born, p. p. of genere, gig- 
 nere, to beget, gigni, to be born.] 1. Of the same birth ; 
 begotten together. 3. Dating from birth. 
 
 ■eon'ger ) (kong'gur, 82), n. [Lat. conger, congrus, 
 
 Con'ger-eel ) Gr. -yoyypos.] (Ichtli.) A large species 
 of eel, which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet, 
 and weighs_a hundred pounds.' 
 
 Cbn-ge'ri-eg, «. sing. 8c pi. [Lat., from congerere, to 
 bring together, from con and gerere, to bear, carry.] A 
 collection of particles or bodies into one mass ; a heap ; 
 a combination. 
 
 Con-gest', V. t. [Lat. congerere^ congestum. See supra.] 
 To collect into a mass or aggregate. 
 
 Con-ges'tioii (-jest'yun), 71. [Med.) An unnatural ac- 
 cumulation of blood in any part of the body. 
 
 -eon-ggst'ive, a. {Med.) Indicating, or attended by, an 
 accumuIatio_n of blood in some part of the body. 
 
 ■€on-gla'ci-a'tioii (-gla'shi-), n. [From Lat. conglaciare, 
 to freeze, from con aud glades, ice.] The act of chang- 
 ing into ice ; congelation. 
 
 ■Con-glo'bate, a. [Lat. congiobatus, p. p. of conglobare , 
 to gather into a ball, from con and globare, to make into 
 a ball, from globus, a ball, globe, q. v.] Formed or gath- 
 ered into a ball. 
 
 ■Con-glo'bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conglobated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. conglobating.] To collect or form into 
 a ball, or hard, round substance. 
 •Con-glo'bate-ly, adv. In a round or roundish form 
 
 C6n'glo-ba'tion, n. Act of forming into a ball ; a 
 round body. 
 
 •€on-globe', !>. t. [imp. & p.p. conglobed; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CONGLOBING,] To gather into a ball. 
 
 €on-gl6b'u-late, v.i. To gather into a little round 
 mass or globule. 
 
 ■€on-gl6m'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. conglomeratus, p. p. of 
 congtomerare , to roll together, from con and glomerare, 
 to wind into a ball, from glomus, a-hall, allied with globus, 
 ball.] 1. Gathered together in a mass ; collected, ii. 
 {Bot.) Closely crowded or clustered together. 3. ( Geol.) 
 Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, ce- 
 mented together. 
 
 ■eon-glom'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conglomer- 
 ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONGLOMERATING.] To gather 
 into a ball or round body. 
 
 ■eon-glom'er-ate, «. 1. Collection; accumulation. 3. 
 ( Geol.) A rock, composed of pebbles, cemented together 
 by another mineral substance. 
 
 Con-glom'er-a'tioii, n. A gathering into a mass ; col- 
 lection ; accumulation. 
 
 -Con-glii'ti-iiaiit, a. [Lat. conglutinans, p. pr. of con- 
 glutinare.] Serving to unite closely ; healing. 
 
 ■eon-glu'ti-nant, n. {Med.) \ medicine that promotes 
 the heaUng of wounds by closing them up. 
 
 -Con-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. congluti- 
 
 NATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONGLUTINATING.] [Lat. 
 conglutinatus , p. p. of conglutinare , to glue together, 
 from con and gluten, glutinum, glue.] To glue together ; 
 to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance. 
 
 ■eon-glu'ti-nate, v. i. To coalesce. 
 
 ■Con-glii'ti-iiate (45), a. Glued together in one mass. 
 
 ■€on-glu.'ti-iia'tioii, n. The act of gluing together*, 
 junction; union. 
 
 Coii-glu'ti-na-tive, a. Having the power of uniting by 
 glue or other like substance. 
 
 Con'go, ) n. [Chin. Icung-foo, labor.] A species of 
 
 Con'gou, ) black tea, a superior quality of Bohea. 
 
 ■€on-grat'u-laiit, a. Rejoicing in participation. 
 
 Con-grat'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. congratu- 
 lated ; p.pr. & vb. n. CONGRATULATING.] [Lat. con- 
 gratulari, congratulatus, from con and gratulari, to wish 
 joy, from gratus, pleasing.] To wish joy to on account 
 of some happy event affecting the person addressed. 
 
 Syn. — To felicitate. — We may felicitate a friend on hia 
 marriage, meaning that we wish him all joy; but to congratu- 
 late, means to unite our ioy with his. A man whose mistress 
 has married his rival nmy felicitate, but can hardly congratu- 
 late that rival on such an event. 
 
 -eon-grat'u-la'tion, n. Act of congratulating or ex- 
 
 pressing sympathetic pleasure. 
 
 Con-grat'u-la'tor, n. One who offers congratulation. 
 
 £!oii-grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Expressive of sympathetic 
 joy at the good fortune of smother. 
 
 -Con'gre-gate (kong'gre-gat, 82), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 CONGREGATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONGREGATING.] 
 [Lat. congregare, congregatum, from co?i &n6.gregare, to 
 collect into a flock, from grex, flock, herd.] To collect 
 into an assembly or assemblage. [meefc 
 
 ■Con'gre-gate, v. i. To come together ; to assemble ; to 
 
 ■eon'gre-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of congregating, bringmg 
 together, or assembling. '2. A collection or assemblage 
 of separate things. 3. An assembly of persons, espe- 
 cially a reUgious assembly. 
 
 Con'gre-ga'tion-al (82), a. 1. Pertaining to a con- 
 gregation. 3. Belonging to the system of Congregation- 
 alism ; Independent. 
 
 €6ji^gre-ga'tion-al-i§m, n. A system of chui-ch gov- 
 ernment which vests all ecclesiastical power m the as- 
 sembled brotherhood of each local church, as an inde- 
 pendent body ; Independency. 
 
 ■€6n'gre-ga'tion-al-ist, n. One who belongs to a Con- 
 gregational church or society ; an Independent. 
 
 ■eSn'gress (kong'gres, 82), n. [Lat. congressus, from 
 congredi, to go or come together, from con and gradt, to 
 go or step, gradus, step.] 1. A meeting of two or more 
 individuals ; particularly a meeting of two persons of op- 
 posite sexes for sexual intercourse. 3. A formal assem- 
 bly, as of deputies, representatives, envoys, or coinmis- 
 sioners. 3. The assembly of senators and representatives 
 of the people of a nation, especially of a republic. 
 
 ij@-Inthe Congress of the United States, as the members of 
 the House of Kepresentatives are chosen for two /ears only, 
 the united body of senators and representatives for me two 
 years during which the representatives hold their seats, is caHed 
 one Congress. 
 
 Syn. — Assembly ; meeting ; convention ; convocation ; 
 synod: council; diet. 
 
 food, f<>bt; Urn, rude, pu.ll -, ?ell, ^liaise, -eall, e<;lio ; gem, get; a§ ; e^ist; linger, link; tliis> 
 
*^ -^^"^^ 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL 
 
 146 
 
 CONNOTATIVE 
 
 -Cou-BT^fi'sion-al (-gr^shun-). a. Pertaining to a con- 
 gn'ss, especially to the Ooiigress of th* I'niteil States. 
 
 Coii-s:r<^s'siv»', n. Eiuouuteriug, orconiiug together. 
 
 •€6ii'Kr«'s»-iuan. n. . ; /. f ON'GRESS-MEN. Ameniber 
 of the liiitod States C\iiij;n.>ss. 
 
 ■Cdn'sru-t'nve, n. [IaX. congrunitia, from congruere, to 
 Rgiw.] * Suitahleness of one thing to another; agree- 
 ment ; cousistencv. 
 
 C6tt'grr|i-ent (S2), rt. Possessing tougruity; suitable; 
 agnviiii; ; corresponding ; consistent. 
 
 ■ron-|rr{|'i-t.v, «. Quality of l>oing congruent 
 hannon\ : correspondence ; consistency. 
 
 Cftn'sr^i-ous (koiig j?r}}-us, 82), a. Having congruity ; 
 being suitable or jvrtiuent. 
 
 Syn. — Accordant ; fit ; oppropriate ; harmonious ; corre- 
 •p<iudent ; concordant ; consistent. 
 
 C6i|'g:ru-ous-ly, ndv. In a congruous manner ; suit- 
 ablv ; ti'tly : accordantly : pertinently ; consistently. 
 
 C6n'l-e, \a. [Gr. #cwvik6s. See Cone.] 1. Haying 
 
 ■Cin'I'e-al, 1 the form of, or resembling, a cone. SJ. 
 Pertaining to a cone. 
 
 Conic section {Geom.), a curve line formed by the intersec- 
 tion of a cone and plane. The conic sections are the parabola, 
 hyperbola, and ellipse. 
 
 C6n'i€-al-ly, adi\ In the form of a cone. 
 
 CSn'ic-al-iiess, n. State or quality of being conical. 
 
 C6ii'i«s, n. 1. sing. That part of geometry which 
 treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its 
 sections. *>J. pi. The curves formed by the intersection 
 of a plane and a cone. 
 
 Co-nif 'er-oiis, a. [From Lat. conus, cone, and /frre, to 
 bear.] Bearing cones, as the pine, fir, cypress, &c. 
 
 Co'ni-form, a. [Lat. conus, cone, and /or?wa, shape.] 
 In form of a cone ; conical. 
 
 ■eoii-ject'ur-a-bie, a. Capable of being conjectured. 
 
 Coii-jg£-t'ux-al, a. Depending on conjecture. 
 
 Con-ject'ur-al-ly, tuff. In a conjectural manner; by 
 way of conjecture. 
 
 ■Con-ject'iire (53), n. [See infra.] Formation of an 
 opinion on defective or presumptive evidence : surmise. 
 
 €on-j6€t'ure (53), v. t. [it}ip. & p. p. con^jectured ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONJECTURING.] [L. Lat. conjecturare, 
 conjecturari, from Lat. conjicere,conjectum, from co?i and 
 jacere, to throw.] To infer on slight evidence ; to sur- 
 mise ; to guess ; to suspect. 
 
 Con-j6<;t'ure, v. i. To surmise ; to guess. 
 
 Coii-je<;t'ur-er, n. One who conjectures or guesses. 
 
 ■eon-join', f. t. [imp. & p. p. conjoined; p. pr. & 
 vb. 71. conjoining.] [Lat. coujungere, from co7i and 
 jungere, to join, q. v.] 1. To join together. 2. To as- 
 sociate or connect. 
 
 ■€k>n-join', v. i. To unite ; to join ; to league. 
 
 •€on-joint', a. [Fr. conjoint, p. p. of conjoindre, Lat. 
 conjungere.] United ; connected ; associated. 
 
 ■eon-joint'ly, ode. In a conjoint manner. 
 
 •CSn'ju-gal, a. [Lat. conjugalis, from conjux, husband, 
 wife, from conjungere, to unite in marriage.] Belonging, 
 suitable, or appropriate, to the marriage state ; matrimo- 
 nial ; connubial ; nuptial. 
 
 ■CJSn'ju-gal-ly, adv. Connubially ; matrimonially. 
 
 •€6n'ju-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conjugated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. CONJUGATING.] [Lat. conjugatus, p. p. of 
 ccmjugare, from con and jugare, to yoke, join, from 
 jugum , yoke, from jungere, to join.] ( Gram.) To inflect, 
 aa verbs. 
 
 CSn'ju-gate, n. A word agreeing in derivation with 
 ajiother word, and therefore generally resembling it in 
 Eignification ; one of two or more words of the same 
 stock. 
 
 €fin'ju-gate, a. 1. United in pairs; yoked together. 
 2. ( Gram.) Agreeing in derivation with other words. 
 
 Conjufiatfi. riinmeter (Geom.). a diameter parallel to a tangent 
 at the verttx of the primitive diameter. 
 
 Cfin'ju-ga'tion, n. (Gram.) (a.) Act of inflecting, as 
 » verb. (6.) A scheme in which are arranged all the 
 parts of a verb. (c. ) A class of verbs inflected in th« same 
 manner through their various forms. 
 
 Con-ju'gl-al, a. [Lat. conjugialis, equiv. to conjugalis. 
 See CO.NJUGAL.] Conjugal. [Rare.] 
 
 Con-junet', a. [Lat conjunctus, p. p. of conjungere.] 
 United: conjoined; concurrent. [Rare.] 
 
 ■€Jon-jAn«'tion, n. 1. Act of conjoining, or state of 
 being conjoined, united, or asssociated. 2. [A^tron.) 
 Meeting of two or more sters or planets in the same de- 
 gree of the zodiac. 3. ( Gram.) A connective or con- 
 necting word. 
 
 Con-jiin€'tive a. 1. Closely united. 2. Serving to 
 
 unite. 3. (Gram.) Following or introduced by a «»n- 
 
 junction ; contingent. 
 Coii-jiiij-e'tive-ly, adv. In coiyunction, or union. 
 Con-jilii-et'lj-, adv. In union ; conjointly ; unitedly. 
 Con-juix€t'ure (53), »i. 1. The act of joining, or the 
 
 state of being joined ; union ; connection ; combination. 
 
 2. An occasion or crisis as the efifect of the combination 
 
 or concurrence of circumstances. 
 Cdn'ju-ra'tion, n. 1. An earnest or solemn entreaty. 
 
 2, Practice of arts to accomplish supernatural acts ; in- 
 cantation ; magic spell. 
 
 Con-jore', v. t. [iynp. & p. p. conjured: p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONJURING.] [Lat. conjurare, to swear together, 
 to conspire, from con and jurare, to swear, from jus, 
 juris, right, law.] To call on or summon by a sacred 
 name or in a solemn manner ; to adjure. 
 
 Con'jure (kun'jur), v. t. To affect, produce, excite, or 
 alter as if by magic, or by the aid of supernatural pow- 
 ers ; to enchant ;, to charm : to bewitch. 
 
 Con'jure (kun'jur), v. i. To practice magical acts. 
 
 Con-jur'er, n. One who conjures, or entreats. 
 
 ■€6n'jur-er (kun/jur-er), n. One who conjures, or prac- 
 tices magic or legerdemain. 
 
 Con-nas'9enpe, ) n. [Lat con and nascentia, bfrth, 
 
 Con-nSs'^en-fy, J from nascens. p. pr. of nasei, to be 
 born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the- 
 same time. 2. A being bom or produced with another. 
 
 3. Act of growing together, or at the same time. 
 ■€on-nas'cent, a. Produced at the same time. 
 Con'nate, or Con-nate' (114), a. [Lat. connatus, from 
 
 C071 and iiatus, born, p. p. of nasci.] 1. Bom with 
 another: existing from birth. 2. (Bot.) United in ori- 
 gin ; united into one body. 
 -Con-nafu-ral, a. [Lat. con andEng. natural, q. v.] 
 
 1. Connocted by nature ; inborn ; inherent ; natural. 
 
 2. Participating of the same nature. 
 ■€on-nat'u-i*Sl'i-ty, n. Participation of the same na- 
 ture ; natural union. 
 
 ■€on-ne-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. connected ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. CONNECTING.] [ikt. connectere,connexum,fTora. 
 con and nectere, nexum, to bind.] To knit or fasten to- 
 gether : hence, to establish a bond or association between. 
 
 Con-ne-et', v. i. To become joined, united or coherent ; 
 to have a close relation. 
 
 Con-ne«t'ed-ly, adv. By connection ; unitedly. 
 
 -€on-n6«'tion, n. [Lat. coiinexio. See Connect.] 1. 
 The act of uniting, or the state of being united. 2. (a.) 
 The persons or things connected together, {b.) One who 
 is connected by family ties. 
 
 In. this connection, in connection with this subject; — a 
 phrase much used in the United States, hut not often employed 
 by the best ^Titers in England. 
 
 t®- This word was formerly spelt with x, connexion, as were 
 the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the 
 general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, 
 reflection, &e. ; and this agrees more truly with their etymolo- 
 gies, from Lat. connectere, irflectere, reflectere, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Union; coherence; continuity; junction; associa- 
 tion ; dependence ; intercourse ; coramewe ; communication ; 
 affinity; alliance; relationship; correspondence. 
 
 Con-neefive, a. Having the power of connecting. 
 
 ■Con-ne^tlve, n. ( Gram.) A word that connects other 
 words, or that connects sentences : a conjunction. 
 
 Con-ne-efive-ly, adv. In union or conjunction. 
 
 -€on-ne-et'or, n. One who, or that which, connects; 
 specifically , a flexible tube for connecting the ends of 
 glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. 
 
 Con-nex'ion (-nek'shun), n. Same as CONNECTION. 
 
 ■Con-nex'ive , a. Having the power to connect. [Rare.] 
 
 Con-niv'an^e, n. Intentional failure or forbearance 
 to see a fault ; voluntary oversight. 
 Syn. — See Collvsiox. 
 
 Con-nive', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONNIVED : p. pr. k v^ 
 n. CONNIVING.] [Lat. connivere, to shut the eyes, from, 
 eon and nivere, to close, akin to nicare and nictare, to 
 wink.] To clo.=e the eyes upon ; to wink at ; to fail or 
 forbear, by intention, 1:o see. 
 
 -Con-niv'ent, a. 1. Forbearing to see; designedly in- 
 attentive. 2. {Nat. Hist.) Brought close together. 
 
 Con-niv'er, n. One who connives. 
 
 ■€6n'nois-seur' (kon^nis-SHr' or kon'nis-sur', 38), »i. 
 [Fr.,from connoitre,to know, from Lat. cognoscere, to 
 become acquainted with, from co, for co«,and noscere, 
 gnoscere, to leam to know.] A critical judge or master of 
 any art, particularly of painting, music, and sculpture. 
 
 C6n-nois-seur'sliip (-sur'- or -sur'-), n. Skill of* 
 connoisseur. 
 
 ■eon-not'a-tive, a. 1. Implying something additional ; 
 
 &,e,&c.,Zon^; ^,6, ice, short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,do,-vroU[r 
 
CONNOTE 
 
 147 
 
 CONSERVATION 
 
 Conoid. 
 
 illative. 2. {Log.) Implying an attribute ; attributive. 
 See Connote. 
 
 Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies 
 an attribute. 
 
 Con-note', v. t. [imp. & p. p. connoted; p. pr, & 
 vh. n. CONNOTING.] [Lat. con and nolare, to mark, 
 from nota, mark, note.] To make known together with ; 
 to imply ; to denote or designate ; to include. 
 
 Con-nu'bi-al, a. [Lat. conmcbialis, from connubium, 
 marriage, fi-om con and nubere, to veil, to marry.] Per- 
 taining to marriage, or to the marriage state ; conjugal ; 
 nuptial. 
 
 ■Con-nu'mer-a'tion, n. [Lat connumerare , to number 
 with, from numerare, to number, from numerus, num- 
 ber.] A reckoning together. 
 
 Co'noid, n. [Gr. K(avoei6Tq<;, from kojvos, cone, 
 and elSos, form.] 1. Any thing that has the 
 form of a cone. tJ. (Geom.) A solid which is 
 formed by the revolution of a conic section 
 about its axis. 
 
 ■Co'noid, ) a. Nearly, but not exactly, 
 
 Co-noid'al, j conical. 
 
 Co-noid'i«, ) a. Pertaining to a conoid ; having the 
 
 Co-noid'i<;-al, j form of a conoid. 
 
 Cdn'quer (konk'er, 82 ; formerly pron. kbnk''w0r.) v. t. 
 limp. & p.p. conquered; p. pr. & vb. n. CONQUER- 
 ING.] [From Lat. conquirere, to seek for, to bring to- 
 gether, from con and quserere, to seek.] 1. To gain or 
 acquire by force. 2. To subdue or overcome by mental 
 or moral power. 
 
 Syn. — To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; over- 
 throw; defeat ; rout ; discomfit ; subjugate ; reduce; liumble; 
 crush ; surmount ; subject ; master. — Co7iquer is generic ; to 
 vanquish is to conquer by fighting, as a foe ; to subdue is to 
 bring completely under, as one's enemies ; to subjugate is to 
 bring under the yoke of bondage. 
 
 Con'quer (konk^er), v. i. To gain the victory ; to over- 
 come ; to prevaU. 
 
 CSn'quer-a-ljle, a. Capable of being conquered. 
 
 C6n'quer-or (konk'er-iir), n. One who conquers. 
 
 Con'quest (konk'west, 82), n. [From Lat. conquisitum., 
 conquisita. See CONQUER.] 1. Act of conquering, or 
 overcoming opposition by force, whether physical or 
 moral. 3. That which is conquered. 3. {Feudal Law.) 
 Acquisition of property by other means than by inherit- 
 ance. 4. Act of gaining or regaining by success. 
 
 Syn. — Victory ; subjugation ; subjection ; triumph ; mas- 
 tery; reduction. 
 
 Con'san-guin'e-oiis, a. [Lat. consanptineus , from 
 con and sanguineus, of blood, fi'om sanguis, blood.] Of 
 the same blood ; related by birth. [blood or birth. 
 
 C6n'san-guin'i-ty, n. The relation of persons by 
 
 Con'scien^e (kon'shens), Ji. [Lat. conscientia, from 
 consciens, p. pr. of conscire, to know, from con and scire, 
 to know.] 1. Consciousness. [Obs.] 3. The faculty 
 which decides on the lawfulness or unlawfulness of our 
 actions and affections ; the moral faculty ; the moral 
 sense. 3. The estimate or determination of conscience ; 
 real sentiment ; truth ; justice ; honesty. 4. Reason or 
 reasonableness. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Con'scien^e-less, a. Having no conscience. 
 
 CSn'sci-en'tioiis (kQn/shi-), a. 1. Governed by a 
 strict regard to the dictates of conscience. 3, Charac- 
 terized or regulated by a regard to conscience. 
 Syn. — Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright. 
 
 Con'sci-en'tioiis-ly, adv. In accordance with the 
 directions of conscience. 
 
 Con'sci-en'tious-ness, n. A scrupulous regard to the 
 decisions of conscience. 
 
 Con' scion- a-ble (kSn'shun-a-bl), a. [Irregularly formed 
 from conscience, q. v.] Governed by conscience ; accord- 
 ing to conscience; reasonable ; just. 
 
 Con'scious (k5n'shus, 63), a. [Lat. conscius, from con 
 and scire, to know. Cf. Conscience.] 1. Possessing 
 the faculty or power of knowing one's own thoughts or 
 mental operations. 3. Possessing knowledge. 3. Made 
 the object of consciousness. 
 Syn. — Aware; apprised; sensible. 
 
 CSn'scioiis-ly, adv. With knowledge of one's own 
 mental operations or actions. 
 
 Con'sciotis-ness, n. 1. The knowledge of what passes 
 in one's own mind. 3. Immediate knowledge of any 
 object whatever. 
 
 CSn's-eript, a. [Lat. conscriptus, p. p. of conscribere, to 
 enroU, from con and scribere, to write.] Enrolled ; writ- 
 ten; registered. 
 
 Conscript fathers {Rom Antiq.), the senators of Rome, the 
 
 name liaving been applied first to certain new scnatori enrolled 
 with the original body, and afterward to all of them. 
 
 CSn'script, n. One taken by lot, and compelled to serve 
 as a soldier or sailor. 
 
 C6n-s-erip'tion, n. 1. An enrolling or registering, 3. 
 A compulsory enrollment of individuals hable to b« 
 drafted for military or naval service. 
 
 C6n'se-erate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. consecrated; 
 p. pr. & vb.n. CONSECRATING.] [Lat. consecratus, p.p. 
 of consecrare , from con and sacrnre, to consecrate, from 
 sacer, sacred, q. v.] 1. To make, or declare to be sa- 
 cred ; to appropriate to sacred uses. 3. To enroll among 
 the gods or saints ; to apotheosize ; to canonize. 3. To 
 render venerable ; to dignify. 
 
 Con'se-erate (45), a. Consecrated ; devoted ; sacred. 
 
 Con'se-era'tion, n. 1. The act or ceremony of con- 
 secrating ; dedication. 3. Act of publicly enrolling among 
 the gods or saints ; canonization ; apotheosis. 3. Act of 
 rendering venerable or dignified. 
 
 C6n'se-«ra''tor, n. One who consecrates. 
 
 Con'se-eii'tion, n. [Lat. consecutiOj from consequi,con- 
 secutus, to follow, from con and sequi, to follow.] 1. A 
 sequel ; train of consequences. 3. A series of things 
 that follow one another. 
 
 Con-se<j'u-tive, a. 1. Following in a train ; unint«r- 
 rupted in course or succession ; successive. 3. Follow- 
 ing as a consequence or result ; consequential ; succeed- 
 ing. 3. (Mus.) Following in the same order. 
 
 Con-se-e'u-tive-ly, adv. By way of consequence, or 
 succession ; successively. 
 
 Con-sent', n. 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment. 
 3. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations. 3. 
 Voluntary accordance with what is done, or proposed to 
 be done, by another. 
 "Syn. — Accord; assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agree- 
 ment; harmony; coherence; free-wUl. See Assent. 
 
 Con- sent', tJ. i [imp. Sc p. p. consented; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONSENTING.] [Lat. consentire, from con and 
 sentire, to feel, perceive, think.] 1. To agree in opinion 
 or sentiment. 3. To yield to guidance, persuasion, or 
 necessity ; to give assent. 
 
 Syn. — To accede; j'ield; assent; comply; agree; allow; 
 concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce. 
 
 Con'sen-ta'ne-ous, a. [Lat. consentaneus. See supra.^ 
 Consistent ; agreeable or accordant ; suitable. 
 
 Con'sen-ta'ne-oiis-ly, adv. Agreeably ; consistently. 
 
 Con'sen-ta'ne-oiis-ness, n. The quaUty of being con- 
 sistent ; mutual agreement. 
 
 Con-sent'er, n. One who consents. 
 
 Con-s6n'tient (-s6n'shent), a. [Lat. consentiens, p. pr. 
 of consentire. See CONSENT.] Agreeing in mind; ac- 
 cordant in opinion. 
 
 Con'se-qnen^e, n. 1. That which flows out of, and 
 follows, something on which it depends. 3. {Log.) A 
 conclusion which results from reason or argument ; inr 
 ference ; deduction. 3. Connection of cause and effect. 
 In consequence, hence; for this cause. — In consequence of, by 
 reason of; as the effect of. — Of consequence, possessed of im- 
 portance, value, or influence. 
 
 Syn.— Effect; result. — An effect is the most immediate, 
 springing directly from some cause ; a consequence is more re- 
 mote, not being strictly cause nor yet a mere sequence, but 
 flowing out of and following something on which it truly de- 
 pends; a result (lit., hounding back) is still more remote and 
 variable, Mke the rebound ot an elastic body which falls in 
 very different directions. We may foresee the effects of a meas- 
 ure, may conjecture its consequences, but can rarely discover 
 its final 7-esults. 
 
 Con'se-quent, a. [Lat. consequens, p. pr. of consequi. 
 See Consecution.] 1. Following as a result or in- 
 ference. 3. {Log.) Following by necessary Inference, 
 or rational deduction. 
 
 Con'se-qnent, n. 1. That which follows, or results 
 from, a cause. 3. {Log.) A conclusion or inference. 3. 
 {Math.) The second term of a ratio. 
 
 Con'se-quen'tial, a. 1. Following as a consequGHce 
 or result ; consequent. 3. Assuming, or exhibiting, aja 
 air of consequence ; pompous. 
 
 C6n'se-qixen'tial-ly, adv. 1. With just deduction of 
 consequences; logically. 3. By consequence. 3. In 
 a regular series. 4. With assumed importance. 
 
 Con'se-quent -ly, adv. By consequence ; by natiural or 
 logical sequence or connection. 
 
 Con-serv'a-ble, a. Capable of being kept or preserved- 
 
 Con-serv'an-py (14), n. Act of preserving ; preservation- 
 
 Con-serv'ant, a. Having the power or quality of pre- 
 serving from decay or destruction. 
 
 Con'ser-va'tion, n. Act of preserving, guarding, or 
 protecting ; preservation. 
 
 food, foot; iirn, rude, pnll ; ^ell, chaise, <!all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; ttii». 
 
CONSERVATISM 
 
 148 
 
 CONSORT 
 
 H. 1. Condition of Standing together, 
 Con-sist'en-^y, i or being fixed in union. 3, A d^ree 
 of firmness or density. 3. A combination. 4. Firm- 
 ness of constitution or character; substantiaUty. 5. 
 Agreement or harmony ; congruity ; correspondence. 
 Con-sist'ent, a. 1, Possessing firmness or fixedness. 
 2. Having agreement N^ith itself at different times, or 
 harmony among its parts. 
 
 harmonious; congruous; compatible; 
 
 Con-$idrT'a-tI$in, «. [For ronserfnticistn, from conser- 1 -Con-sist'en^e 
 
 XHitivf.] Dispitsitiou and tendoucy to preserve what is ""-" -^—.•-- - 
 
 established ; opposition to eh:in^. 
 •€ou-sdrv'a-tive, a. 1. Preservative, 'i. Disposed to 
 
 maiutaiu existing institutions. 
 
 Con-sCrv'a-tiv«», »i. 1. One who, or that which, pre- 
 serves from ruin, iiyury, or radical change. 2. One 
 who desin^s to maintain existing institutions and customs. 
 
 C6ii'sor-va'tor, or C6n'ser-va^tor, n. One who pre- j Syn. — Accordant 
 8*>rves fi-om iiyury, violation, or innovation. | uniform. 
 
 Con-sdrv'a-to-ry (50), a. Having the quality of pre- i -eon-sist'ent-ly, adv. In a consistent manner, 
 serving from loss, decay, or injury. j -e6n'sis-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a consistory. 
 
 €k>u-serv'a-to-ry, /». 1. A place for preserving things, ' €on-sis'to-ry (113), n. [Lat. conshtorium, from con- 
 ospeciallv, a greenhouse for exotic or tender plants, ti. • sistere. See Consist.] 1. Any solemn assembly or 
 That which preserves from injury. 3. A public place council. 3. (Eng. Church.) The spiritual court of a 
 ofinstructiou, designed to preserve and perfect the knowl- I diocesan bishop, 'i, (Rom. Cath. Church.) The coUeg* 
 edge of some branch of learning or the fine arts. i of cardinals at Rome. 4. A church tribunal. 
 
 Con-serve' (14), r. /. [/wjo. & p.;?. conserved ;7).j9r. i -Con-so'ci-ate (-so'shl-, 63), t-. f. {imp. k p. p. CON- 
 & f6. n. CONSERVING.] [L&t. conservare, tcom con &nd \ SOCIATEU j p. pr. & vb. «. CONSOCIATING.] [Lat. 
 ftri-arr, to keep, guard.] 1, To save; to preserve; to j consociare, co7isociatum, from con Sind sociare, to joia or 
 protect, 'i. To prepare with sugar, &c., for the pur •.« .,_ .._ 
 
 pose of preservation, as fruits, &c 
 Cfin'serve, n. Any thing which is conserved ; especially, 
 
 a sweetmeat, made of fruit, &c., prepared with sugar. 
 ■Con-serv'er, »i. One who conserves. 
 Con-sid'er, v. t. [imp. & ;;. p. CONSIDERED; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. CONSIDERING.] [Lat considerare, either from 
 
 the root sid, akin to Gr. ei5, IS, to see, or from a hypoth. 
 
 Lat. co7isiffere, to sit by, from con and sidere, to sit.] 
 
 1. To think on with care ; to fix the mind on. 5i, To 
 have regard to ; to take into view or account. 3. To esti- 
 mate ; to think ; to view. 
 
 SjTi. — To ponder; weigh; revolve; study; reflect or medi- 
 tate on; contemplate; examine. 
 
 •Con-sid'er, v. i. To think seriously, maturely, or care- 
 fully ; to reflect ; to deliberate. 
 
 Con-sid'er-a-ble, a. 1. Possessing consequence or im- 
 portance ; of some distinction ; noteworthj' ; respectable. 
 
 2. Of importance or value ; moderately large. 
 Con-sid'er-a-ble-ness, n. Some degree of importance, 
 
 moment, or dignitj". 
 ■€oii-.sid'er-a-bly . adv. In a considerable degree. 
 Con-sid'er-ate (45), a. Given to consideration or to 
 
 sober reflection ; especially mindful of the rights, claims, 
 
 and feeUngs of others. 
 Syn.— Thoughtful; reflective; careful; discreet; prudent; 
 
 dehberate; serious. 
 
 Con-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. In a considerate manner. 
 
 ■Con-sid'er-ate-ness, n. The quahty of exercising con- 
 sideration ; prudence. 
 
 ■€on-sid'er-a'tion, n. 1. The act of considering ; con- 
 tinuous and careful thought ; contemplation ; delibera- 
 tion. 2. Appreciative regard. 3. Claim to notice or 
 regard ; regard ; some degree of importance or conse- 
 quence. 4, Ground of opinion or action ; motive ; rea- 
 son; influence. 5. {Law.) The material cause of a con- 
 tract ; compensation ; equivalent. 
 
 ■Con-sid'er-er, n. One who considers. 
 
 ■Con-sign' (kon-sln'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. CONSIGNED; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. CONSIGNING.] [Lat. consignare. to seal 
 or sign, from con and signare, from signum, mark, sign.] 
 1. To give, transfer, or deUver, in a formal manner. 2. 
 To commit; to intrust. 3. [Com.) To give into tie 
 hands of an agent for superintendence, sale, &c. 4. 
 To aR.sign ; to appropriate. 
 
 , Syn. — To commit; deliver; intrust; resign.— To commit 
 u generic: to intrust is to commit as a trust or deposit; to con- 
 sign {lit. sign away) 18 to deliver over in a formal manner. A 
 man may commit a lawsuit to liis attorney, may intrust a child 
 A ,u- ^^''^v' v"*-^ con-SiV/n goods to an agent, or his soul at 
 death into the hands of his Creator. ">" »i 
 
 •€5n/8ign-ee' (kfrn'si-nee'), n. [Fr. consigne, p. p. of 
 con-vuner.] One to whom goods are delivered in trust, 
 for Hal<- or suixirintendence ; a factor. 
 
 Con-Kigii'tT (-sjn'er), n. One who consigns. 
 
 •Con-sig'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. [Lat. con and Eng. signifi- 
 cation, q.^.] Joint Hignificatioa. o o ./ 
 
 €on-Kign'ment (-sin'-), n. 1. The act of consigning. 
 J*. {Com.) The thing consigned; the goods sent or de- 
 hvered to a factor for sale. 
 
 Con-sign'or f-sTn^-), n. One who consigns; especially 
 one who consigns goods to another for sale 
 
 tendence ; one who makes a consignment. 
 Con-sist', V. i. [imp. & p. p. consisted ; p. pr. & vb 
 n. consisting.] [Lat. consi.$tere, from con and sistere 
 to stand.] 1. To be in a fixed or permanent state; tobe- 
 to exist ; to subsist. 2. To be consistent or harmonious! 
 ToconMflin, to be conistituted by. — To consist of, to be com- 
 postd or made up of. 
 
 unite^frorasociwi, companion.] To associate. [Rare.] 
 
 Con-so'ci-ate, v. i. To form an association. 
 
 Con-so'ci-a'tion (-so'shl-), n. 1. Intimate union ; 
 alliance ; association. 2. A confederacy or union of 
 neighboring churches. [New England.] 
 
 ■€on-sol'a-ble, a. Capable of receiving consolation. 
 
 Con'so-la'tion, n. 1. Act of comforting or the state 
 of being comforted; alleviation of misery. 2. That 
 which comforts ; the cause of comfort. 
 Syn.— Comfort; solace; alleviation. See COMroKT. 
 
 •Con-sol'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to give consolation oi 
 comfort ; pertaining to consolation. 
 
 Con-sole', V. t. [imp. & p. p. consoled ■. p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CONSOLING.] [Lat. consolari, from co7i and solari, 
 to console, comfort.] To cheer in distress or depression. 
 Syn. — To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encour- 
 age; support. See Comfokt. 
 
 C6n'sole,n. [Fr., either from con andFr. sole, Lat. solea, 
 sole, sandal, or contracted from Lat. consolida, from 
 consolidus, very firm, from con and solidus, firm, soUd.] 
 {Arch.) A bracket; or a projecting ornament on the 
 kejstone of an arch. 
 
 Con-sol'er2_n. One who gives consolation. 
 
 Con'sole-ta'ble, n. A table whose leaf or slab is sup- 
 ported by consoles or brackets at the two ends. 
 
 Con-sol'i-dant, a. Sei-ving to unite or consolidate. 
 
 ■€on-s61'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p.p. consolidated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. consolidating.] [Lat. consolidare, 
 consolidatum, from co7i and solidare, to make firm, from 
 solidiis, firm, soUd.] 1. To make solid ; to tmite or press 
 together into a compact mass. 2. To unite, as various 
 particulars, into one mass or body. 
 
 Syn. — To unite; combine; harden; compact; condense; 
 compress. 
 
 ■€on-,s61'i-date, v. i. To grow firm and hard ; to unite 
 and become solid. [solidated. 
 
 -€6n-s61'i-date (45), a. Formed into a soUd mass ; con- 
 
 -Con-sol'l-da'tion, n. 1, Act of consolidating. 2. 
 (Lavj.) Combination of several actions into one. 
 
 -eon-sol'l-da'tive, a. Tending to consolidate ; healing. 
 
 -Con-solg', or Con'sols, n. pi. The leading English 
 funded government secufitj', formed by the consolidation 
 of different annuities, and on which three per cent, is 
 now paid. 
 
 ■Con'.so-nanpe, )n. 1. {Mus.) A pleasing accord or 
 
 Con'.so-nan^y , ) agreement of sounds produced simul- 
 taneously. 2. A state of agreement or congruity. 
 
 Syn.— Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; 
 congruity; suitableness; agreeableness. 
 
 Con'so-nant, a. [Lat. consonans, p. pr. of consonare, 
 to sound at the same time, from co7i and so7iare, to 
 sound.] 1. Having agreement ; congruous ; consistent. 
 2. (Mus.) Harmonizing together; accordant. 
 
 ■Con'so-nant, n. An articulate sound which in utter- 
 ance is usually combined and sounded with a more open 
 sound called a vowel ; also, a letter or character repre- 
 senting such a sound. 
 
 Con'so-nant'al, a. Pertaining to consonants. 
 
 ■Con'so-nant ly, adv. In a consonant, consistent, or 
 congruous manner. 
 
 CSn'so-noiis, a. Agreeing in sound ; S3-mphonious. 
 
 Con'sort, n. [Lat. consors, from co7i and sors, sortis, lot, 
 fate, share.] A companion or partner ; especially, a wife 
 or husband ; a spouse. 
 
 Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a 
 queen regnant, who rules alone, and from a queen dowager, the 
 widow of a king. 
 
 »,e,8i,c.,lo7ig; a, 6, &c., «Aort ,• cAre, far, ask, aU, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r, do, w^l^ 
 
CONSORT 
 
 149 
 
 CONSTRUCTIONIST 
 
 Con-sdrt' (25), v. i. [imp. & p. p. consorted ; //. pr. 
 & vb. n. CONSORTING.] To unite or to keep company ; 
 to associate. [mony, company, &c. 
 
 ■€oii-s6rt', V. t. To unite or join, as in affection^ har- 
 
 ■Con-sji&^'tus, n. [Lat.] A general sketch or outbne of 
 a subject ; a synopsis ; an epitome. 
 
 •Co^i-spi«'u-ou.s, a. [Lat. conspicuus, from conspkere, 
 to behold attentively, from con and spicere, to behold.] 
 1. Obvious to the eye ; easy to be seen ; manifest. 5i. 
 Obvious to the mental eye ; clearly or extensively known, 
 perceived, noted. 
 
 Syn.— Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prom- 
 inent; celebrated. See Distinguished. 
 
 ■eoii-spic'u-ous-ly, adv. In a conspicuous manner. 
 
 ■€on-spi<;'u-ous-iiess, n. State or quality of being 
 conspicuous. 
 
 Con-spir'a-^y, n. [See Conspiration.] 1. A com- 
 bination of two or more persons for an evil purpose. 2. 
 A concurrence or general tendency, as of causes or 
 circumstances, to one event. 
 Syn.— Combination; plot; cabal. 
 
 Con'spi-ra'tion, n. [Lat. conspiratio, Fr. conspiration, 
 It. conspirazione.] Agreement or concurrence, as of per- 
 sons to commit a crime, or of circumstances, causes, &c., 
 to some result. [Rare.] 
 
 Con-spir'a-tor, n. One who conspires ; a plotter. 
 
 Con-spire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conspired ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONSPIRING.] [Lat. conspirare, from con and 
 spirare, to breathe, blow.] 1. To unite or covenant to- 
 gether for an evil purpose ; to plot together. iJ. To con- 
 cur to one end ; to agree. 
 
 Syn.— To unite; concur; combine; complot; confederate; 
 league. 
 
 Con-spire', v. t. To plot ; to combine for ; to concur in. 
 
 Con-spir'er, n. One who conspires or plots. 
 
 Con'sta-ble (kun'sta-bl), n. [L. Lat. constabulus, &c., 
 comestabulus, comes stabuli, originally count of the sta- 
 ble, master of the horse, from Lat. comes, companion, 
 L. Lat. count, and stabulum., stable.] 1. A high officer 
 in the monarchical estabUshments of the middle ages. 
 3. (Law.) An officer of the peace having power as a 
 conservator of the pubUc peace, and bound to execute 
 the warrants of judicial officers. 
 
 Con'sta-Tble-sliip, n. The office of a constable. 
 
 Con-stS.b'u-la-ry, a. Pertaining to constables ; con- 
 sisting of constables. 
 
 C6n'stan-9y, n. 1, Quality of being constant or stead- 
 fast; freedom from change. 2, Fixedness or firmness of 
 mind, especially under sufferings, in attachments, or in 
 enterprise ; steady, unshaken determination. 
 
 Syn. — Fixedness; stability; firmness; steadiness; perma- 
 nence; steadfastness; resolution. See Fixedness. 
 
 CSn'stant, a. [Lat. constans, p. pr. of constare, to 
 stand firm, from con and stare, to stand.] 1. Not liable, 
 or given, to change. 3. {Math. & Physics.) Remaining 
 unchanged or invariable. 
 
 Syn. — Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unal- 
 terable; immutable; invariable; perpetual; continual; reso- 
 lute; firm; unshaken; determined. 
 
 Con'stant, n. 1. That which is not subject to change. 
 3. (Math.) A quantity whose valua always remains the 
 same in the same expression. 
 
 C6n'stant-ly, adv. With constancy ; firmly ; steadily ; 
 continually ; perseveringly. 
 
 Con'stel-Ia'tion, n. [Lat. constellatio, from con, and 
 stellare, to set or cover with stars, from Stella, a star.] 1, 
 A cluster or group of fixed stars. 3. An assemblage of 
 splendors or exceUencies. 
 
 Con'ster-na'tion, n. [Lat. eonsternatio , from conster- 
 nare, to overcome, perplex, an accessory form of conster- 
 nere, to prostrate, from con and sternere, to throw down.] 
 Amazement or terror that confounds the faculties, and 
 incapacitates for consideration. 
 
 Syn. — Alarm; horror; amazement; astonishment; sur- 
 prise; wonder; perturbation. See Alarm. 
 
 C6n' sti-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. constipated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. constipating.] [Lat. constipatus, p. p. 
 of eonstipare, from con and stipare, to crowd together.] 
 1. To stop, as a passage, by filling it, and preventing 
 motion through it. 3. To render costive. 
 
 CSn'sti-pa'tion, n. 1, Act of crowding anything into 
 a less compass, oj^the state of being crowded ; condensa- 
 tion. 3. Costiveness. 
 
 Con-stit'u-en-^y, n. A body of constituents. 
 
 Con-stit'u-ent, a. 1. Serving to form, compose, or 
 make up ; component ; elemental. 3, Having the power 
 of electing or appelating. 
 
 Con-stit'u-ent, w. 1. The person or thing which •»- 
 tablishes, determines, or constructs. 3. A component 
 part : an element. 3. One who assists to appoint or 
 elect a representative to an office or employment. 
 
 C6n'sti-tute (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. constituted ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTITUTING.] [Lat. constituere, 
 constitutum, from con and statuere, to place, set.] 1. To 
 cause to stand ; to establish ; to enact. 3. To give for- 
 mal existence to ; to compose ; to form. 3. To appoint, 
 depute, or elect to an office or employment. 
 
 Con'sti-tu'ter, n. One who constitutes or appoints. 
 
 Con'sti-tu'tion, n. 1. Act of constituting ; formation. 
 3, The state of being ; natural condition ; conformation. 
 3. The principles or fundamental laws which govern a 
 state or other organized body of men. 4. An authori- 
 tative ordinance, regulation, or enactment. 
 
 Con'sti-tu'tion-al, a. 1. Belonging to, or inherent 
 in, the constitution. 3. In accordance with, or author- 
 ized by, the constitution of a government or a society. 
 3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitu- 
 tion. 4. Relating to a constitution. 5. For the benefit 
 of the constitution. 
 
 C6n'sti-tu.'tion-al, n. A walk or other exercise taken 
 for the benefit of health or the constitution. 
 
 C6n'sti-tu'tion-ai'i-ty, n. 1. State of being consti- 
 tutional, or inherent in the natural frame. 3. State of 
 being agreeable to the constitution or frame of govern- 
 ment, or of being authorized by its provisions. 
 
 Con'sti-tu'tion-al-ly, adv. In accordance with the 
 constitution. 
 
 Con'sti-tu'tive , a. 1. Tending or assisting to consti- 
 tute. 3. Having power to constitute or enact. 
 
 Con-strain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constrained ; p. 
 pr. & vb.n. constraining.] [i'rom Lat. constringere , 
 from con and stringere, to draw tight, to strain.] 1. To 
 secure by bonds. 3. To bring into a narrow compass. 
 3. To hold back by force. 4. To urge with irresistible 
 power ; to necessitate. 
 
 Syn. — To chain ; confine; compress; constrict; restrain; 
 repress; compel; force; drive; impel; urge ; press. 
 
 Con-strain'a-lble, a. Capable of being constrained, 
 forced, or repressed ; liable to constraint. 
 
 Con-straln'ed-ly , adv. By constraint ; by compulsion. 
 
 Con-strain'er, n. One who constrains. 
 
 Con-straint', n. 1. Act of constraining, or the state 
 of being constrained. 3. That which constrains. 
 Syn. — Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. 
 
 Con-stri-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constricted ; p. pr. 
 & t"6. n. constricting.] [Lat. constringere, constric- 
 tum. See Constrain.] To draw together into a nar- 
 row compass ; to contract or cause to shrink. 
 
 Con-striet'ed, p. a. 1. Drawn together; contracted; 
 cramped. 3. [Bot.) Compressed so as to be smaller in 
 certain places or parts than in others. 
 
 Con-stri-e'tlon, n. The act of constricting, or the state 
 of being constricted. 
 
 Con-stri-et'ive , a. Serving to bind or constringe. 
 
 Con-stri<5t'or, n. That which constricts, draws together, 
 or contracts ; specifically, a serpent which secures its 
 prey by surrounding it with its folds and crushing it. 
 
 Con-stringe',-u. t. [imp. & p. p. constringed; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CONSTRINGING.] [Lat. constringere. See 
 Constrain.] To draw together ; to contract. 
 
 Con-strin'gent, a. Having the quality of contracting. 
 
 Con-stru.<;t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constructed; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CONSTRUCTING.] [Lat. construere, con- 
 structum., from con and struere, to pile up, to set in or- 
 der.] 1, To put together the constituent parts of. 3. 
 To devise and put in an orderly arrangement. 
 
 Syn.— To build ; erect ; form ; make ; originate ; hivent ; 
 fabricate; arrange. 
 
 Con'struet, a. Formed by, or relating to, construction, 
 interpretation, or inference. 
 
 Con-strii-et'er, n. One who constructs or frames. 
 
 Con-stru«'tion, n. 1. Act of constructing ; act of 
 building, or of devising and forming ; fabrication ; com- 
 position. 3. Manner of putting together properly the 
 parts of any thing ; structure ; conformation. 3. ( Gram.) 
 Syntactical arrangement. 4. The method of construing 
 or explaining a declaration or fact ; understanding ; in- 
 terpretation ; sense. 
 
 Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such 
 lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantitiea 
 in the equation, and their relations to each other. 
 
 Con-strue'tion-al, a. Pertaining to construction. 
 Con-strtic'tion-ist, n. One who construes a writing or 
 pubhc instrument. 
 
 <o«d, f o^bt ; iirn, rude, puill ; ^ell, $ haise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejlst ; lisser, link j tills. 
 
CONSTRUCTIVE 
 
 150 
 
 CONTEMPLATIVE 
 
 Con-stril«t'lvt», a. 1. llaring ability to construct or 
 form. 'i. lVrivt>d by interpretation. 
 
 Con-strilct'ive-lyi'arff. In a coustructiTe manner; 
 bv wav of ooiistnu'tion or interpretation. 
 
 Cou-.>»trA-t*t'ive-ness. n. 1. Tendency to construct. 
 •2. ( Phrtii.) The laeulty which leads to the formation of 
 parts into a whole. 
 
 •Cfin'str^ie ( f'ormrrly pronounctd kSn'stur), r. t. [imp. & 
 p. p. CONSTRUED ;";). pr. & vb. n. CONSTRUING.] [Lat. 
 construfre. S«»e CONSTRl'CT.] To exhibit or explain the 
 construction of, as of a sentence or clause ; to interpret ; 
 to translate. 
 
 Cin'stu-prate, v. t. [i/iip. & p. p. CONSTUPRATED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTUPRATING.] [Lat. cojistupratus, 
 p. p. of constuprare , fixtm con and stuprare, to ravish, 
 5n/;/r 1/ >;i, ra|>e. J To violate the person of : to ravish. 
 
 €«n stu-prJi'tlon, w . The act of ravishing. 
 
 Cfiu sub-stftn'tial, a. [Lat. consubstantialis , from con 
 juad sitbstaiitialis.] Having the same substance or es- 
 sence, [stantiation. 
 
 C6ii sub-.stan'tial-ist, n. One who believes in consub- 
 
 Cdn sub-!*t!\n ti-ai'i-ty (-shi-an-ty), 7J. Co-existence 
 in the same substance. 
 
 C6n'sub-stan'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [imp. & p.p. CON- 
 SUBSTANTIATED; p.pr. & vb. n. CONSUBSTANTIAT- 
 ISG.] [Lilt, con and substantia, substance, q. v.] To 
 luiite in one common substance or nature. 
 
 •edn' sub-Stan' ti-a'tioii (-shi-a/ shun), «. 1. Identity 
 or union of substance. '2, (Theol.) The actual, substan- 
 tial presence of the bodj- of Christ with the bread and 
 wine of the Lord's supper. 
 
 CSn'sul, n. [Lat., from con sitlere, to deliberate, consult, 
 q. v.] 1. (Rotn. Antiq.) One of the two chief magistrates 
 of the republic, after the expulsion of the kings. 2. 
 (Ft. Hist.) One of the three supreme magistrates of 
 France from 1799 to 1804. 3. An ofificer appointed by a 
 government to protect the commercial and other inter- 
 ests of its citizens in some foreign country. 
 
 Cft '*u-la^' - 1 "■ Pertaining to a consul or to consuls. 
 
 Coii'su-late, ?i. Ofi&ce, jurisdiction, or residence, of a 
 consul ; consulship. 
 
 C6n'.sul-sliip, n. 1, The ofSce of a consul ; consulate. 
 '2. The term of office of a consul. 
 
 ■eon-siilt', V. i. [imp. &, p. p. CONSULTED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COXSULTIXG.] [Lat. consulere, consultuTn.] To 
 seek opinion or advice ; to take counsel ; to deliberate. 
 
 ■€on-siilt', v. t. [Lat. considtare, intens. form of consu- 
 lere.] 1. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of. 3, 
 To decide or to act in favor of. 3. To deliberate upom 
 
 CSn'sul-ta'tioii, n. 1. Act of consulting or deliberat- 
 ing. 2. A meeting of persons, especially of lawyers or of 
 doctors, to consult together. 
 
 Con-sult'er, n. One who consults. 
 
 ■eon-sum'a-ble, a. Capable of being consumed. 
 
 Con-sume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. consumed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONSUMING.] [Lat. consiimere, to take, from 
 con and sicmere, to take.] To destroy, as by decomposi- 
 tion, dissipation, waste, or fire. 
 
 Stu. — To destroy; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; ex- 
 pend; squander; lavish; dissipate. 
 
 Con-sume', v. i. To waste away slowly. 
 
 Con-siim'er^n. One who, or that which, constunes. 
 
 Con'sum-mate, or -eon-sunn'mate, v. t. [Lat. con- 
 summare, consummalam, from con and summa, sum, q. 
 v.] To bring to completion ; to raise to the highest 
 point or degree ; to perfect ; to achieve. 
 
 ■Gou-surn'mate (4.5), a. Carried to the utmost extent or 
 dfgrr^; complete : perfect. [complelfely. 
 
 Con-Kum'mate-ly, adv. In a consummate manner ; 
 
 Cdn'svun-ma'tion, n. Act of carrying to the utmost 
 extent or degree ; completion ; termination ; close ; per- 
 fection. 
 
 Con-sump'tion (84), ti. [Lat. consumptio. See Con- 
 sume.] 1. Act of consuming. 2. State of being 
 consumed, wasted or diminished. 3. {Med.) A gradual 
 decay or diminution of the body ; esp. a disease seated 
 in the lungs, attended with a hectic fever, cough, &c. 
 Syn. — Decline ; waste ; destruction ; diminution ; loss. 
 
 ■Con-sfimp'tive, a. 1. Having the quaUty of consum- 
 ing or dissipating ; destructive ; wasting. 2. Affected 
 with, or inclined to, consumption. [sumption. 
 
 •Con-siiinp'tive-ly, adv. In a way tending to con- 
 
 Con-sump'tive-ness, n. A state of being consump- 
 tive, or a tendency to a consumption. 
 
 Cdn'ta*;t, n. [Lat. contactus, from contingere, contac- 
 tum, to touch on all sides, from con and tangere, to 
 
 touch, originally tago.] A close union or junction of 
 bodies ; a touching or meeting. 
 
 Con-ta'gion, n. [Lat. contagio. See Contact.] 1. 
 ( Med. ) Act or process of transmitting a disease from one 
 person to another, by direct or indirect contact. 2. That 
 which serves as a medium or agency to transmit dis- 
 ease ; pestilential influence. 3. Act or means of prop- 
 agating influence or effect. 
 
 Con-ta'gioiis, a. 1. (Med.) Communicable by con- 
 tact or approach ; catching. 2. Containing or generating 
 contagion ; pestilential. 3. Spreading or communicable 
 from one to another. 
 
 Syia. — Contagious ; infectious. — These words have been 
 used in very diverse senses ; but, in general, a contagious dis- 
 ease is one which is caught from another by contact, by the 
 breath, by bodily effluvia, &c., while an infectious one supposes 
 some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, 
 Uke the miasma of prison-ships, of marehes, &c., infecting the 
 system with disease. See Infection. 
 
 -eon-ta'gioiis-ly, adv. By contagion. 
 
 -eoii-ta'gious-ness, n. Quality of being contagious. 
 
 -eon-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contained ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. CONTAINING.] [Lat. continere, from con and 
 tenere, to hold.] 1. To holdvrithin fixed limits ; to com- 
 prehend ; to comprise. 2. To be able to hold ; to inclose. 
 
 ■eon-tain', v. i. To live in continence or chastity. 
 
 ■eon-tain'a-bl*^ , a. Capable of being contained. 
 
 -eon-tain'er, n. One who, or that which, contains. 
 
 -eon-tam'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being contaminated. 
 
 •eon-tam'i-nate, v.t. [imp. Sep. p. contaminated; 
 p.pr. & vb.n. contaminating.] [Lat. C07iia7nma?u5, 
 p. p. of contaminare, fr. co?i and ancient taminare, to 
 violate.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by defiling contact. 
 Syn. — To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish. 
 
 ■eon-tam'i-nate, a. Having contamination or defile- 
 ment ; polluted ; corrupt ; tainted. 
 
 ■eon-tani''i-na'tion, n. Act of contaminating or pol- 
 luting ; pollution ; defilement ; taint. 
 
 -eon-temn' (-tem^, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTEMNED ; 
 (kon-temd'); P- pr. & vb. n. CONTEMNING (kon-tem'- 
 i^g)-] [Lat. contemnere, from co7i and temnere, to 
 slight, despise, perhaps aUied with temere., and so to treat 
 in a careless manner.] To consider and treat as unworthy 
 of regard ; to reject with disdain. 
 
 Syn. — Despise; scorn; disdain. — Contemn is generic; to 
 despise (lit., to look down upon) is to regard or treat as mean, 
 unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a 
 quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting 
 either a jrenerous abhorrence .of what is base, or unwarrantable 
 pride and haughtiness. 
 
 -eon-tem'ner, n. One who contemns ; a despiser. 
 
 ■eon-tem'per, v. t. Lat. contemperare , from con and 
 teviperare, to temper, q. v.] To temper ; to moderate. 
 
 ■eon-tem'per-a-ment, n. The condition of beiog con- 
 tempered ; temperament. 
 
 ■eon-tem'per-a'tion, n. 1. The act of contemper- 
 ing or moderating ; moderation. 2. Proportionate 
 mixture or combination. 
 
 ■eon'tem-plate, or -eon-tem'plate (117), v. t. [imp. 
 
 & p. p. contemplated; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTEM- 
 PLATING.] [Lat. contemplatus, p. p. of contemplari, 
 to look around carefully, to consider, from con and 
 tejnplujn, a space for observation marked out by the 
 augur -with his staff, contracted from tempulum, as a 
 dim. of tempus, a piece or portion cut off.] 1. To look 
 at on all sides ; to regard with deliberate care ; to medi- 
 tate on ; to study. 2. To have in view, as contingent 
 or probable ; to look forward to. 
 
 In the pronunciation of this word and others of similar 
 
 formation (as altei-nate, compensate, concentrate, confiscate, 
 extirpate, &c.) usage is somewhat divided; yet in this country, 
 there is a large and increasing number of cultivated speakers 
 
 who give them the antepenultimate accentuation; and the 
 
 practice of most English scholars of the present day is the 
 
 same. See §117. 
 Syn. — To study; ponder; muse; meditate on ; dwell on ; 
 
 consider ; intend ; design ; plan ; purpose. — We meditate a 
 I design when we are looking out or waiting for the means of 
 ■ its accomplishment; we contemplate it when the means are 
 
 at hand, and our decision is nearly or quite made; to intend 
 
 Ls stronger— we have decided to act when an opportunity 
 
 may offer. 
 
 Con'tem-plate, or «on-tgm'plate, v. i. To think 
 
 studiously ; to ponder ; to muse ; to meditate. [tation. 
 
 ■eon'tem-pla'tion, 7i. Act of contemplating; medi- 
 
 To have in contemplation, to intend or purpose, or to hav* 
 
 under consideration. 
 Con-tgm'pla^tive, a. 1. Pertaining to, or addicted 
 
 to, contemplation; studious; thoughtful. 2. Having 
 
 the power of thought or meditation. 
 
 a, e, &e., lon^; &, 6, &c., short; cftre, far, ask, aU, -wliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique,firm ; son, or, do, vr^U. 
 
CONTEMPLATIVELY 
 
 151 
 
 CONTINUANCE 
 
 ■eon-t6m'pla-tive-ly, adv. With contemplation. 
 
 Con-tSm'pla-tive-ness, n. The state of being con- 
 templative ; though tfulness. 
 
 CSn'tem-pla'tor, n. One who contemplates. 
 
 Con-tem'po-ra'iie-oiis, a. [Lat. contemporaneus, from 
 con and tempus, time.] Living, acting, or transpiring 
 at the same time ; contemporary. 
 
 €on-tem'po-ra'ne-ous-ly, adv. At the same time 
 with some other event. 
 
 €on-t6m'po-ra'ne-oiis-ness, n. The state or quality 
 of being contemporaneous. [time. 
 
 ■eon-tem'po-ra-ri-ness, n. Existence at the same 
 
 Con-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [From Lat. co7i and tempora- 
 rius, of or belonging to time, from tempus, temporis, 
 time.] Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time ; 
 contemporaneous. [with another. 
 
 -eon-tem'po-ra-ry, n. One who lives at the same time 
 
 -eon-tempt' (84), n. [Lat. contemptus, from contemner e. 
 See Contemn.] 1. Act of contemning or despising. 
 2. The state of being despised. 3. {Law.) Disobe- 
 dience of the rules and orders of a court of justice, or 
 of a legislative body. 
 
 Syn. — Disdain ; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; 
 neglect; disregard; slight. 
 
 •€on-teinpt'i-lble, a. Worthy of contempt, 
 
 Syn. — Contemptuous ; despicable ; abject ; vile ; mean; 
 base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful ; scurril. — Z)espicrt6Ze is 
 stronger than contemptible, and. pitiful than paltry. A man is 
 despicable for what is base or wicked; contemptible for what 
 is weak, foolish, &c. A thing is pitiful when it indicates mean- 
 ness and timidity, paltry when low and worthless. 
 
 -€on-t6inpt'i-ble-ness, n. State of being contempti- 
 ble, or of being despised. 
 
 Con-tempt'i-bly, adv. In a contemptible manner. 
 
 Con-tempt'u-oiis, a. Manifesting or expressing con- 
 tempt or disdain. 
 
 Syn. — Scornful ; insolent; haughty; disdainful; cavalier; 
 supercilious; insulting; contumelious; aflfrontive;. abusive; 
 fastidious. 
 
 -€on-teinpt'u-ous-ly, adv. In a contemptuous man- 
 ner; disdainfully. 
 
 Con-tend', v. i. [imp. & p. p. contended ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONTENDING.] [Lat. contendere, from con and 
 tendere, to stretch, alUed to Gr. reCveLv, to stretch.] 1. 
 To strive in opposition. 3, To strive in debate ; to en- 
 gage in discussion. 
 
 Sjm. — To struggle ; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; 
 litigate; dispute; debate. 
 
 ■€on-tend'er, n. One who contends ; a combatant. 
 
 ■Con-t6nt', a. [Lat. contentus, p. p. of continere, to hold 
 together, from con and tenere, to hold.] Having the de- 
 sires limited by present enjoyment ; satisfied ; at rest. 
 
 -Con-tent', v. t. 1. To satisfy the mind of; to appease. 
 
 2. To please or gratify. 
 
 Syn. — To satiate ; satisfy ; deUght. 
 Con-tent', n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one's 
 present condition ; satisfaction ; moderate happiness. 
 
 3. That which contents. 
 
 -€6n'tent,or Con-tent', n. 1. That which is contained; 
 — usually in the pi. 2. Power of containing ; capacity. 
 
 Table of contents, or the contents, a summary or index of the 
 matter treated in a book. 
 
 ■Con-tgnt'ed, a. Content; easy in mind; satisfied. 
 
 Con-t6nt'ed-ly, adv. In a contented manner. 
 
 Con-t6nt'ed-ness, n. Quiet satisfaction of mind. 
 
 Con-t6n'tion, n^ [Lat. contentio. See Contend.] 1, 
 A violent effort to obtain something, or to resist a per- 
 son, claim, or injury. 5J, Strife in debate. 
 
 Syn. — Struggle; strife; contest; litigation; controversy; 
 quarrel; conflict; feud; dissension; variance; disagreement; 
 debate; competition; emulation; discord. 
 
 Con-t6n'tious, a. 1. Apt to contend; given to angry 
 debate. 2. Relating to, or involving, contention. 
 
 Syn. — Quarrelsome ; pugnacious; dissensious; wrangling; 
 litigious; perverse; peevish. 
 
 Con-tfin'tioiis-ly, adv. In a contentious manner. 
 Con-t6n'tioiis-ness, n. A disposition to contend. 
 Con-tfint'ment, n. 1. Satisfaction of mind, without 
 
 disquiet; acquiescence; content. 3. That which affords 
 
 satisfaction ; gratification. [tent, n. 
 
 CSn'tents, or Con-tents' (114), n. pi. See CoN- 
 Con-ter'mi-na-lble (14), a. Capable of being regarded 
 
 as having the same bounds. 
 Con-t5r'mi-nate, a. [Lat. conterminatus , p. of conter- 
 
 minare, to border upon, from conterm.inus.] Having 
 
 the same bounds ; conterminous. 
 Con-t5r'nii-nou.s, a. [Lat. conterminus, from con and 
 
 terminus, border.] Having the same bounds, or boun- 
 daries ; bordering ; contiguous. 
 
 Con-t6st', v.t. [imp. & p. p. contested; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CONTESTING.] [From Lat. contestari, to call 
 to witness, from Lat. con and testari, to be a witness, 
 from ie.s^ts, witness.] 1. To make a subject of dispute. 
 3. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain, 3. {Law.) 
 To resist, as a claim, by course of law, 
 
 Syn.— To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; 
 argue; contend. 
 
 Con-t6st', V. i. To engage in dispute, strife, or emula- 
 tion ; to contend ; to vie ; to emulate. 
 
 CSn'test, n. 1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument. 
 3. Earnest struggle for superiority, defense, or the like ; 
 strife in arms. 
 
 Syn. — Conflict; combat; battle: encounter; shock; strug- 
 gle; dispute; altercation; debate; controversy; difference; 
 disagreement; strife. — Strife is generic; an encounter is a sud- 
 den and hostile meeting; a conflict is a violent meeting of 
 the parties; a combat is a deadly conflict of two or more. 
 
 Con-t6st'a-ble, a. Capable of being contested. 
 
 Con-test'ant, n. One who contests ; an opponent. . 
 
 CSn'tes-ta'tion, n. Act of contesting ; strife; dispute. 
 
 Con'text, n. [Lat. contextus, from contezere, to knit 
 together] The parts of a discourse which precede or fol- 
 low a sentence quoted. 
 
 Con-text'iir-al, a. Pertairdng to contexture. 
 
 Con-text'ure (53), n. Composition of parts ; system ; 
 constitution ; texture. 
 
 Con'tig-na'tion, n. [Lat. contignatio, fr. contignare, to 
 join with beams.] 1. Act of framing together, or unit- 
 ing beams in a fabric. 3. A frame of beams ; a story. 
 
 C6n'ti-gii'i-ty, n. State of being contiguous. 
 
 Con-tig'u-oiis, a. [Lat. contiguus, from contingere, to 
 touch, as it were, on all sides, from con and tangere, to 
 touch.] In actual or close contact ; touching ; near. 
 
 Syn.— Adjoining; adjacent. — Things are adjacent when 
 they lie near to each other without touching, as, adjacent 
 fields; adjoining when they meet or join at some point, as, 
 adjoining farms ; contiguous when they are brought more con^ 
 tinuously in contact, as, contiguous buildings. 
 
 Con-tig'u.-ous-ly, adv. In a manner to touch, 
 
 Con-tig'u-ous-ness, n. State of contact ; close union. 
 
 Con'ti-nenpe, ) n. Voluntary restraint put on one's 
 
 Con-ti-nen-^y, j desires and passions ; self-command; 
 specifically, restraint of the passion for sexual enjoy- 
 ment; chastity. 
 
 Con'ti-nent, a. [Lat. continens, from continere, to hold 
 together, from con and tenere, to hold.] Exercising re- 
 straint as to the indulgence of desires or passions, espe- 
 cially as to sexual intercourse ; temperate ; chaste. 
 
 Con'ti-nent, «. 1. {Geog.) One of the larger bodies of 
 land on the globe. 3. The main land of Europe, as 
 distinguished from the islands, especially from England. 
 
 C5n''ti-nent'al, a. 1, Pertaining to a continent, 3. 
 Pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction 
 from the adjacent islands , especially England . 3 . ( Amer. 
 Hist.) Pertaining to the confederated colonies in the time 
 of the Revolutionary war. 
 
 C6n'ti-nent-ly, adv. In a continent manner, 
 
 Con-tin'^en^e, ) n. 1. Quality of being contingent 
 
 Con-tin'gen-9y, j or casuaL 3. An event which 
 may occur ; possibility. 
 Syn.— Casualty; accident; chance. 
 
 Con-tin'gent, a. [Lat. contingens,^. pr. of contingere, 
 to touch on all sides, to happen.] 1, Possible, or liable, 
 but not certain, to occur. 3. Dependent on what is un- 
 determined or unknown. 3. {Law.) Dependent for ef- 
 fect on something that may or may not occur. 
 Syn. — Accidental; incidental; casxial; fortuitous. 
 
 Con-tin'gent, «. 1. A contingency. 3. That which 
 falls to one in a division or apportionment; a quota; 
 proportion. [accidentally. 
 
 Con-tin'gent-Iy, adv. Without design or foresight; 
 
 Con-tin'u.-a-ble, a. Capable of being continued. 
 
 Con-tin'n-al, a. 1. Proceeding without interruption or 
 cessation. 3. Very frequent ; often repeated ; of fre- 
 quent recurrence. 
 
 Syn. — Constant ; continuous ; perpetual ; incessant ; un- 
 ceasing ; uninterrupted; unintermitted. — A thing is contiii- 
 uous wnich flows on without interruption through its whole 
 course, as, a continuous discourse or train of thought; it is con- 
 tinual when, with perhaps brief interruptions, it steadily re- 
 curs again, as. continual sliowers. Perpetual is sometimes used 
 for continual in a stronger sense, as, perpetual applications ; 
 sometimes for continuous and lasting, as, jjerpetual motion. 
 
 Con-tin'u-al-ly, adv. 1. Without cessation; unceas- 
 ingly. 3. Very often ; in repeated succession. 
 
 Con-tin'u-an^e, n. 1. Permanence, as of condition, 
 
 food, f<>bt ; tLrn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, -call, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejcist ; linger, link: ; tiiia. 
 
a)JSITJLNUATE 
 
 152 
 
 CONTRAVENE 
 
 habits, abode, &c. ; poi-st'Toninr*'. -2. Uuinterrupted 
 
 succt'ssiou ; coutimiatiou ; coustsiut reuowal ; propagation. 
 
 «^ou-tlu'u-nte, «•. /. [hnp. & p. p. continuated ; 
 
 ;>. ;>r. & vb. H. CONTINI'ATINO. See CONTINUE.] 
 To join clost'ly togvther. [AVir*-.] 
 
 fon-tln'u-ate. n. 1. Intimately connected. 2. Un- 
 intorruptod. [Korr.] 
 
 Con-tiu u-il'tlon, n. 1. Act of continuing, or the state 
 of being continued ; uninterrupted extension or succes- 
 sion ; proloiig-atiou ; protraction. 5i. That which ex- 
 tend.-:, increa^t*;:, or supjileuiont.*:, &c. 
 
 Con-tiu'u-a-tive, «. 1. (tVui.) A statement express- 
 ing ^HTmauonce or duration. '2. ( Gram.) A connective ; 
 a conjunction. 
 
 Con-tin'u-ator, n. One who continues : a continuer. 
 
 Con-tiu'uo, V. t. [hnp. & ;>. p. continued ; p. pr. & 
 vb. II. CONTINUING.] [Lat. contimiare, to connect, con- 
 tinue, from continuus.] 1. To remain in a given place or 
 conilition. "2, To be permanent or durable. 3. To be 
 steadfast or constant ; to endure ; to last. 
 Syn. — To persevere ; persist; abide; stay. 
 
 Con -tin 'lie, v. t. To prolong ; to protract ; to persist in. 
 
 Continued n-action {Math.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, 
 and whose "denominator is a whole number plus a fraction 
 whose mimcrator is I and whose denominator is a whole num- 
 ber plus a fraction, and so on. — Continued proportion (Arith. & 
 Aln\ a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in 
 wliich the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with 
 the antecedent of the following one; as, 4:8::8:1()::16:32. 
 
 ■€on-tin'u-er, n. One who continues ; a continuator. 
 
 C6n'ti-iiu'i-ty, «. State of being continuous ; uninter- 
 rupted connection ; close union of parts ; cohesion. 
 
 ■C on-tin 'u-ous, a. [Lat. continuus, from coniinere, to 
 hold together.] Without break, cessation, or interrup- 
 tion ; constantly prolonged ; protracted ; extended. 
 
 Con-tin'u-oiis-ly, adv. In a continuous manner. 
 
 Con-t.6rt', v. t. [Lat. contorquere, contortum, from con 
 and torquere, to twist.] To twist together ; to writhe. 
 
 Con-tor'tion, n. A twisting ; a writhing ; a twist ; wry 
 motion ; partial dislocation of a limb. 
 
 ■Con-tor'tiA'e, a. Expressing contortion. 
 
 Con-tour' (kon-ttTorO, n. [Ft., from con and tour, Lat. 
 tornus, Gr. Topvo?, lathe.] 1. Bounding Une ; outUne ; 
 periphery. '2, {MIL) Horizontal outline of ground or 
 works of fortification. [bidden. 
 
 Cftn'tra-bSnd, a. Prohibited by law or treaty ; for- 
 
 CSn'tra-bSnd, Ji. [L. Lat. contrfxbannum, properly, con- 
 trary to public proclamation. See BAN.] 1. Prohibited 
 merchandise or traffic. '2. A negro slave. [Amer.] 
 
 CSn'tra-band'ist, n. A smuggler in time of war. 
 
 Con-tra«t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. contracted ; p . pr. 
 & vb. n. CONTRACTING.] [Lat. contrahere, contractum, 
 from con and trahere, to draw.] 1. To draw together or 
 nearer ; to reduce to a less compass. 2. To bring on ; 
 to be liable to. 3. To make a bargain or covenant for. 
 4. To betroth; to affiance. 5. {Gram.) To unite into 
 one long vowel or diphthong ; — said of concurrent vowels. 
 Syn. — To shorten ; abridge ; epitomize ; narrow ; lessen; 
 eondeuse; reduce; confine; incur; assume. 
 
 Con-tri^t', v.i. 1. To be drawn together or reduced in 
 compass. 2. To make an agreement ; to agree ; to cov- 
 enant; to bargain. 
 
 C6n'tra<;t, n. 1. An agreement or covenant between 
 two or more parties, imposing certain obligations and 
 conferring certain rights upon each. 2. A formal writ- 
 ing containing such agreement. 3. ( Gram.) A word in 
 whiich concurrent vowels are contracted. 
 
 Syn. — Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation ; bar- 
 gain ; arrangement; obhgation.— A covenant is a mutual agree- 
 ment; a contract i» such an agreement reduced to writing; a 
 ttipulation 18 one of the articles or parts of a contract; a com- 
 pact IB a more Bolemn and binding contract. 
 
 Con-tra€t'ed, p. a. Drawn together ; narrow. 
 
 Con-tr4€t'ed-ly, adv. In a contracted manner. 
 
 Con-tra«t'ed-ness, n. The state of being contracted. 
 
 Con-tratt'i-bil'i-ty, n. Capability of being contracted. 
 
 Con-tra«t'i-ble, a. Capable of contraction. 
 
 Con-tri%€t'i-ble-ness, n. The quality of being con- 
 tractible ; contractibility. 
 
 Con-trft^tlle, a. Tending to contract. 
 
 C6n'tra-e-til'i-ty, n. The inherent quality or force by 
 which IXKlies shrink or contract. 
 
 €on-trft<;'tion, n. 1. Act of contracting, or state of 
 being contracted. 2. (Math.) Process of shortening 
 any operation. 3. Any thing in a state of abbreviation 
 or contraction. 4, (Gram.) The shortening of a word, 
 by the uniting of two concurrent vowel.s, or, less pre- 
 cisely, by the omission of a vowel or syllable. 
 
 Con-trft€t'ive, a. Tending or serving to contra* t. 
 Con-trft'Ct'or, n. [Lat.] One who contracts ; specifically, 
 
 one who contracts to perform any work or service for the 
 
 public, at a certain price or rate. 
 Con'tra-dan^e, n. [contra and dance, q. v.] A dance 
 
 in which the partners are arranged in opposite lines. 
 
 [Written also, but corruptly, country-dance.] 
 C6n'tra-di-et', t'. t. [i^np. & p. j?. contradicted; 
 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. CONTRADICTING.] [Lat. contradicere, 
 
 contradictum, from contra and dicere, to say, speak.] 1. 
 
 To assert the contrary of; to gainsay ; to deny. 2. To 
 
 be directly contrary to ; to oppose. 
 Con'tra-di-et'er, n. One who contradicts. 
 Con'tra-di-e'tion, n. 1. An assertion of the contrary 
 
 to what has been said or affirmed ; a gainsaying ; denial. 
 
 2. Direct opposition or repugnancy ; inconsistency ; in- 
 congruity ; contrariety. 
 
 C6n'tra-di-e'tiou.s, a. 1. Filled with contradictions; 
 inconsistent. 2. Inclined to contradict. 
 
 C6n'tra-di«t'ive, a. Containing- contradiction; op- 
 posed; contradictory. 
 
 Con'tra-di-et'o-ri-Iy, adv. In a contradictory manner. 
 
 C6n^tra-di-et'o-ri-ness, n. The quality of being con- 
 tradictory ; opposition. 
 
 Con'tra-di-et'o-ry, a. 1. Affirming the contrary ; im- 
 plying a denial. 2. Inconsistent ; contrary ; repugnant. 
 
 3. (Logic.) Opposed in every possible respect. 
 Con'tra-di-et'o-ry, n. A proposition or thing which 
 
 denies or opposes another in all its terms ; contrariety ; 
 inconsistency. 
 
 Con'tra-dis-tin-e'tion, n. Distinction by contrast. 
 
 C6n'tra-dJs-tiii<;t'ive, a. Distinguishing by contrast. 
 
 eoM'tra-dis-tin'guisli (-ting/-), v. t. [imp. &, p. p. 
 CONTRADISTINGUISHED; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTRA- 
 DISTINGUISHING.] To distinguish by contrast. 
 
 Con'tra-in'dl-ea'tion, n. {Med.) A symptom or indi- 
 cation that forbids the method of treatment which the 
 nature of the disease might seem to render necessary. 
 
 Con-trai'to, n. [It., from contra, against, and alto. 
 See Alto.] {Mus.) (a.) The part sung by the highest 
 male or lowest female voices ; the alto or counter-tenor. 
 (b.) The voice or singer performing this part. 
 
 Con-trai'to, a. {Mus.) Belonging or relating to a con- 
 tralto, or to the part so called. 
 
 C6n'tra-po-§i'tlon (-zlsh'un), n. A placing over 
 against ; opposite position. 
 
 C6n'tra-rie§, n. pi. {Logic.) Propositions opposed in 
 quality only, but of which the falsehood of one does not 
 establish the truth of the other. 
 
 Con'tra-ri'e-ty, n. 1. State or quahty of being con- 
 trary. 2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsist- 
 ent with, something else. 
 
 Syn. — Inconsistency ; discrepancy ; repugnance ; opposi- 
 tion; disagreement. 
 
 C6n'tra-ri-Iy, adv. In a contrary manner ; in opposi- 
 tion ; on the other side ; in opposite ways. 
 
 Con'tra-ri-ness, n. The quality of being contrary. 
 
 Con-tra'ri-ous (89), a. Showing contrariety; repug- 
 nant. [Rare.] 
 
 Con-tra'ri-oiis-ly, adv. Contrarily ; oppositely. 
 
 C6n'tra-ri-wl§e, adv. 1. On the contrary; on the- 
 other hand. 2. In a contrary order ; conversely. 
 
 C6n'tra-ry, a. [Lat. contrarius, from contra.] 1. Op- 
 posite ; opposing ; dififerent ; contradictory. 2. Given 
 to opposition. 3. {Logic.) Opposed in quality only. 
 
 Syn. — Adverse ; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; 
 inconsistent; perverse; froward; wayward. 
 C6n'tra-ry, n. 1. A thing of contrary or opposite qual- 
 ities. 2. A proposition contrary to another. 3. {Logic.) 
 See Contraries. 
 
 On the contrary, in opposition; on the other side.— To the 
 
 contrary, to an opposite purpose or fact. 
 Con-trast', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTRASTED ; p.pr. &, 
 
 vb. n. CONTRASTING.] To set in opposition, with . 
 
 view to show the superiority of one thing over another, 
 
 or to make the one set off the other. 
 Con-trast', v. i. [From Lat. contra, against, and stare, 
 
 to stand.] To be or stand in contrast or opposition ; to 
 
 exhibit contrast. 
 Con'trast, n. Opposition of things or qualities ; com- 
 parison by contrariety of qualities. 
 C6n'tra-t6n'or, n. (Mus.) A middle part between the 
 
 tenor and treble ; counter-tenor ; contralto. 
 Con'tra-val-la'tion, n. (Fort.) A trench guarded with 
 
 a parapet, formed by the besiegers between their camp 
 
 and the place besieged. 
 C6n'tra-vene', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contraveked; 
 
 a e, kc.long ; Si,&,&.c., sfutrt ; cSire, far, ii,fiyi,sin,wtia,t] 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,d<>, 1^911, 
 
CONTRAVENER 
 
 153 
 
 CONVENIENCY 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONTRAVENING.] [L. Lat. contra- 
 venire, from Lat. contra and venire, to come.] To meet 
 in the way of opposition ; to come in conflict with. 
 
 Syn. — To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; ob- 
 struct ; oppose. 
 
 €6n'tra-ven'er, n. One who contravenes or opposes. 
 
 €6ii'tra-v6n'tion, n. Act of contravening ; opposition ; 
 obstruction. [antistrophe. 
 
 Cdn'tra-ver'sion, n. A turning to the opposite side ; 
 
 Contretemps {kon'tr-tong'), n. [Fr., from contre, Lat. 
 contra^ against, and temps, Lat. tempus, time.] An un- 
 expected accident; which throws every thing into con- 
 fusion ; an awkward mishap or accident. 
 
 ■eon-trib'u-ta-ble, a. Capable of being contributed. 
 
 ■Coii-trib'u-ta-ry, a. Paying tribute to the same sov- 
 ereign ; contributing aid. 
 
 €on-trib'ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. contributed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CONTRIBUTING.] [Lat. conlribuere, con- 
 tributum, from con and tribuere, to grant, impart.] To 
 give to a common stock or for a common purpose. 
 
 -Con-trib'ute, v. i. To give a part ; to furnish a por- 
 tion ; to lend assistance or aid. 
 
 -CSn' tr i-bii'tion, %. 1. Act of contributing, or of lend- 
 ing aid. '2. That which is contributed, either by an 
 individual or by all collectively. 3. (Mil.) Imposition 
 levied on the people of a conquered place. 4. (Law.) 
 Payment, by several jointly hable, of their shares of a 
 loss suffered by one of the number, or payment by him 
 for the benefit of them all, with reference to their com- 
 mon liability. [utory. 
 
 ■eon-trib'u-tive, a. Tending to contribute ; contrib- 
 
 Con-trib'u-tor, n. One who contributes. 
 
 ■eom-trib'u-to-ry, a. Contributing to the same stock 
 or purpose ; promoting the'same end. 
 
 Con'trite, a. [Lat. contritus, p. p. of conterere, to 
 grind, to bruise, from con and terere, to rub, to grind.] 
 Broken down with grief or penitence. 
 Syn. — Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful. 
 
 ■eon'trite-ly, adv. In a contrite manner ; penitently. 
 
 •Con'trite-ness, n. Contrition ; penitence ; sorrow. 
 
 •€oii-tri'tion.(-trish'un), «. [Lat. contritio.] The state 
 of being contrite ; deep sorrow for sin. 
 
 Syn. — Repentance ; penitence; humiliation; compunction; 
 self-reproach ; remorse. — Contrition {lit. bruising) is a con- 
 tinuous state of grief and self-condemnation ; repentance is an 
 act in which, with sorrow for our sins, we renounce them. 
 Contrition has all the pain of repentance, without the relief it 
 affords. 
 
 Con-triv'a-ble, a. Capable of being contrived. 
 
 ■Con-triv'an^e, n. 1. Act of contriving. 3. The thing 
 contrived ; an act of cunning. 
 
 Syn. — Device; plan ; scheme ; invention; project; design; 
 machination; artifice ; shift. 
 
 ■€on-trive', v. t. [imp. & p.p. contrived ; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. CONTRIVING.] [0. Fr. contreuver, N. Fr. controuver^ 
 
 from con and treuver, trouver, to find, from 0. H. Ger. 
 
 trefan.] To form by an exercise of ingenuity ; to devise. 
 
 Syn. — To invent; discover; plan; concert; project; plot. 
 
 ■Con-trive', v. i. To make devices ; to plan. 
 
 ■Con-triv'er, n. One who contrives ; a schemer. 
 
 ■€oii-trol', n. [Fr. con^rS^e, a counter register, contr. from 
 contre-rdle, from contre, against, and rdle, roll, catalogue, 
 from Lat. rotulus, equiv. to rotula, Utile wheel, L. Lat. 
 roll, dim', of rota, wheel.] 1. A register kept to correct 
 or check another register. [ Obs.] 3. That which serves 
 to check, restrain, or hinder. 3. Power or authority to 
 check ; restraining influence. 
 
 Syn. — Direction ; command ; check ; restraint ; superin- 
 tendence. 
 
 ■Con-trol', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTROLLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONTROLLING.] [Formerly written comptrol and 
 controuL] To exercise a restraining influence over. 
 
 Syn. — To restrain ; rule ; govern ; direct ; check ; curb ; 
 overpower; counteract. 
 
 Con-trol'la-ble, a. Capable of being controlled. 
 
 Con-trol'ler, n. 1. An ofiBcer appointed to keep a 
 counter register of accounts, or to oversee, control, or 
 verify the accounts of other officers. [More commonly 
 ■vm.tt^r)_comptroller.] 2. One who controls or restrains. 
 
 ■€on-trol'ler-ship, n. The office of a controller. 
 
 •Con-trol'ment, n. Power or act of controlling; the 
 state of being controlled. 
 
 CSn'tro-ver'sial , a. Relating to disputes or controver- 
 sy ; disputatious ; polemical. 
 
 CSn'tro-ver'sial-ist, n. One who carries on a con- 
 troversy ; a disputant ; a polemic. 
 
 Cftn'tro-ver'sial-ly, adv. In a controversial manner. 
 
 Cftn'tro-vgr'sy, n. [Lat. controversia. See infra.] Ex- 
 pression or maintenance of feehngs, opinion, or course 
 of action contrary to, or discordant with, those of others. 
 Syn.— Dispute ; contest ; debate ; discussion; contentioi); 
 disputation ; wrangle ; strife ; quarrel ; hostility. 
 
 C6n'tro-vgrt, ^•. «■ [imp. & p. p. controverted; 
 
 /'. pr. & vb. n. CONTROVERTING.] [Lat. contra, against, 
 and vert ere, to turn.] To make matter of controversy ; 
 to contend against in words or writings ; to contest ; to 
 debate ; to deny. 
 
 CSn'tro-verfer, n. One who controverts ; a contro- 
 versial writer ; a controversiahst. [disputable. 
 
 £!6n'tro-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being controverted ;. 
 
 CSn'tro-verfi-bly, adv. In a controvertible manner. 
 
 ■C6n'ti*o-vert''ist, n. One who controverts. 
 
 Con'tu-ma'cious, a. [See Contumacy.] 1. Exhibit- 
 ing contumacy; contemning authority. 3. (Law.) Will- 
 fully disobedient to the summons or orders of a court. 
 
 Syn. — Stubborn ; obstinate; perverse; unyielding; inflex- 
 ible ; proud; haughty; headstrong. 
 
 Con'tu-ma'cious-ly , adv. In a contumacious manner. 
 
 ■€6ii'tu-ma'cious-ness, n. State of being contuma- 
 cious ; obstinacy ; stubbornness. 
 
 -e<in'tu-ma-yy, n. [Lat. contumacia, from contumax, 
 insolent, either from con and tumere, to swell, or from 
 contemnere, to despise.] 1. Persistent obstinacy ; stub- 
 born perverseness. 3. (Law.) A willful contempt of, 
 and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules 
 and orders of court. 
 
 Syn. — Stubbornness ; perverseness ; obstinacy ; pride ? 
 haughtiness. 
 
 Con'tu-me'li-ous, a. Exhibiting contumely ; over- 
 bearingly contemptuous ; insolent ; :»'eproachful. 
 
 Con'tu-me'li-oiis-ly, adv. In a contumelious man- 
 ner ; reproachfully ; rudely ; insolently. 
 
 ■eon/tu-me'Ii-oiis-ness, n. State of being contumeli- 
 ous ; insolence ; reproach. 
 
 ■eon'tn-me-ly , n. [Lat. contumelia, either from con and 
 tum,ere, to swell, or from contemnere, to despise.] Rude- 
 ness or reproach compounded of haughtiness and con- 
 tempt ; contemptuousness. 
 
 Con-tuge', V. t. [imp. & p. p. contused ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CONTUSING.] [Lat. contundere, contusum, from con 
 and tundere, to beat, Skr. tud.} 1. To beat, pound, or 
 bray together. 2. To bruise or injure by beating. 
 
 ■eon-tu'gion, n. 1. Act of beating and bruising, 'i. 
 State of being bruised. 
 
 ■eo-nun'druin, n. ; pi. €0-NtJN'DRUM§. [Cf. 0. Eng. 
 conne, cunne, to know, cunning, kno-v^ledge, skill, con- 
 ning, knowledge.] A sort of riddle in which some odd 
 resemblance between things quite unlike is proposed for 
 discovery ; a puzzling question, of which the answer is 
 or involves a pun. 
 
 CSn'u-saii^e, n. Cognizance ; knowledge ; notice. 
 
 Coii'u.-sant, a. Having or taking notice ; cognizant. 
 
 -e6n''va-les§e' (-16sO, v. i. [imp. & p. p. conva- 
 lesced ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVALESCING.] [Lat. con- 
 valescere, from con and valescere, to grow strong, in- 
 choative form of valere, to be strong.] To recover health 
 and strength after sickness. 
 
 ■Gon/va-lgs'^en^e, ) n. Recovery of health and strength 
 
 Con'va-les'^en-py, i after disease ; the state of a body 
 renewing its vigor after sickness. 
 
 ■€6n'va-I6s'5ent, a. Recovering health and strength 
 
 Con'va-les'^ent, n. One recovering from sickness. 
 
 CSn^va-lfis'^ent-ly, adv. In the manner of a con- 
 valescent ; with increasing strength or vigor. 
 
 •Con-v^-e'tion, n. [Lat. convectio, from convehere, to 
 bring together, from con and vehere, to carry.] 1. Act 
 or process of conveying or transmitting, ti, (Physics.) 
 A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or elec- 
 tricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases. 
 
 Con-ven'a-ble , a. Capable of being convened. 
 
 ■€on-vene', v. ?'• limp. & p.p. convened; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONVENING.] [Lat. convenire, from con and 
 venire, to come.] To. come together; to meet in the 
 same place. 
 Syn. — To meet; to assemble; to join; to unite. 
 
 ■Con-vene', v. t. 1, To cause to assemble ; to call to- 
 gether ; to convoke. 54. To summon judicially to meet 
 or appear. 
 
 ■€on-ven'er , n. One who convenes or meets with others . 
 
 ■eon-ven'ieiife, \n. 1. State of being convenient; 
 
 Con-ven'ien-^y, j fitness or suitableness, as of place, 
 time, &c. ; adaptedness. H, Freedom fi'om discomfort, 
 difficulty, or trouble. 3. That which is convenient ; au 
 accommodation. 
 
 food, fdbt ; lirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, UqIc ; tbitt. 
 
CONVENIENT 
 
 154 
 
 CONVINCE 
 
 Con-ven'lent (-.rent), n. [Lat. convfniens, p. pr. of 
 
 coni^enire. See OoNVENE. v. ».] 1. Fit or adapted to 
 
 an end ; lieooming. 'J. Promotive of comfort or ad- 
 
 Tantage ; affording convenience. 
 
 Syii. — Fit; suitable; adapted; fitted; suited; commodious. 
 
 ■€on-von'ieut-ly, adv. In a convenient manner. 
 
 •Cttn'veiit. »i. [iMt. ronreiitits. Set> CONVENE.] 1. A 
 community of rxH-luses devoted to a religious life ; a body 
 of monks or nuns. '2. A house occupied by such a com- 
 munity ; an ablH\\ ; a monast<;ry ; a nunnery. 
 Syn. — See Cloistek. 
 
 •Con-v^iit'i-ele (-viuta-kl), w. [Lat. conventiculum, 
 diminutive of f()Hr./i/ir<. See Convene, h.] An assem- 
 bly or patheriug : especially for religious worship ; and 
 op'probriously. such an assembly held by dissenters from 
 the established church of England. [conventicles. 
 
 Cou-v^Mt'i-eler, n. One who supports or frequents 
 
 -Con-vdn'tion, n. [Lat. conventio. See Convene.] 
 1. Act of comiug together, or assembUng. 2. Arbitrary 
 custom ; usage ; couventionality ; conventionalism. 3. 
 A formal assembly of delegates or representatives for 
 some dehberative purpose. 4. [Eng. Hist.) An extra- 
 ordinary assembly of the estates of the realm, held with- 
 out the king's writ. 5. An informal or preliminary 
 compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to 
 suspension of hostUities, or between states. 
 
 -Con-Teii'tion-al, a. 1. Formed by agreement or com- 
 pact ; stipulated. "2, Growing out of, or depending on, 
 custom or tacit agreement ; sanctioned by usage. 
 
 -eon-v6ii'tioii-al-i§iii, n. That which is received or 
 established by convention or informal agreement. 
 
 -€on-v6Ji'tiou-al-ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a con- 
 vention or treaty, ti. One who is governed by conven- 
 tiooalism. 
 
 -Con-ven''tioii-ai'i-ty, n. State of being conventional. 
 
 Con-ven'tioii-al-ly, adv. In a conventional manner. 
 
 -eoJi-ven'tioii-a-ry, a. Pertaining to a convention ; 
 acting under contract ; conventional. 
 
 Con-vent'u-al, a. Belonging to a convent ; monastic. 
 
 -Con-verge', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conv:erged; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. converging.] [N. Lat. convergere, from con 
 and verger e J to turn, incline.] To tend to one point ; to 
 incline and approach nearer together. 
 
 Con-ver'gen^e, \n. Quality of converging ; tendency 
 
 -€on-ver'^eii-9y, j to one point. 
 
 ■€on-ver'geiit,'a. Tending to one point ; converging. 
 
 -€on-ver'.sa-l>le , a. Qualified for conversation ; sociable. 
 
 -€on-ver'sa-ble-ness, n. Quality of being conversable. 
 
 ■Con-ver'sa-lbly, adv. In a conversable manner. 
 
 -€6n'ver-sant, a. 1. Having frequent or customary 
 intercourse. '2. Famihar or acquainted by use or study ; 
 versed. 3. Having concern or relation. 
 
 Con'ver-sa'tion, n. 1. Greneral conduct ; behavior ; 
 deportment. [Obs.] 3. Familiar intercourse ; close ac- 
 quaintance. 3. Famihar discoiirse ; unrestrained and 
 informal talk ; converse. 
 
 Syn. — Intercourse ; communion; commerce; familiarity; 
 discourse; dialogue; colloquy; talk; chat; conference. — TaZA; 
 is broken, familiar, and versatile; chat is still more so; conver- 
 sation is more continuous and sustained; a cow/erence is held 
 for the discussion of some important topic. 
 
 -€on'ver-sa'tion-al, a. Pertaining to conversation, or 
 familiar and informal talk ; colloquial. 
 
 -€6n'ver-sa'tion-al-ist, n. One who excels in conver- 
 sation ; a conversationist. 
 
 CSn'ver-sa'tion-ist, n. One who is an adept in con- 
 versation ; a conversationaUst. [men ; social. 
 
 Con-ver'sa-tive, a. Relating to an intercourse with 
 
 C'ont?er«a2:io>ie (kon'vfcr-siit''se-o'na), n.; pi. CONVER- 
 SAZIONI (kon'ver-siit-se-o/ne). [It. See Conversa- 
 tion.] A meeting of company for conversation, partic- 
 ularly on Uterary subjects. 
 
 -eon-ver.se', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conversed (kon- 
 verst') : p. pr. & vb. n. CONVERSING.] [Lat. conversari, 
 from con and versari, to be turned, to live, remain, from 
 versare, to turn often, intens. form ofvertere, versum, to 
 turn.] 1. To keep company, or have famiharity ; to 
 commune. 2. To talk familiarly, or in a free, informal 
 manner ; to chat. 
 
 Syn. — To associate; commune; discourse; talk; speak. 
 
 -e6n'verse, n. 1. Famiharity; acquaintance. 3. Fa- 
 miliar discourse or talk; conversation. 3. (Logic.) A 
 proposition which arises from interchanging the terms 
 of another. 4. {Math.) A jiroposition in which, after a 
 conclusion, from something supposed, has been drawn, 
 the order is inverted. [tion ; reciprocal. 
 
 ■C6n'verfi»e , a. Turned about ; reversed in order or rela- 
 
 -C6n'verse-ly , adv. In a converse manner ; reciprocally. 
 
 •Con-vSrs'er, n. One who engages in conyersation. 
 
 Con-ver'sion, n. [Lat. conversio. See CONVERT.] 
 1. Act of turning or changing from one state or condi- 
 tion to another ; transmutation. '2, A change from one 
 side, party, or form of rehgion to another. 3. (Law.) 
 An appropriation of pi'operty. 4:. (Logic.) The act of 
 interchanging the terms of a proposition. 5. (Math.) 
 A change or reduction of the form or value of a propo- 
 sition. 6. (Mil.) A change of front. 7. (Theol.) A 
 radical change of heart or moral character. 
 
 Con-vert', v. t. [imp. & p.p. CONVERTED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CONVERTING.] [Lat. convertere, conversum, 
 from C071 and verte/e, to tiurn.] To change from one 
 form, substance, rehgion, party, intended use, or the 
 Uke, to another. 
 
 SyTi.— To change; turn; transmute; appropriate. 
 
 Con -vert', v. i. To be turned or changed ; to undergo a 
 change ; to be transmuted. 
 
 Con'vert, n. A person who is converted from one opin- 
 ion or practice to another ; especially one who turns from 
 the controlling power of sin to that of holiness. 
 
 Syn. — Proselyte; neophyte; pervert — Convert is generic, 
 and refers to a change of mind or feelings; a proselyte is one 
 who, leaving his former sect or system, becomes the adherent 
 of another; & pervert is one who is drawn off or perverted from 
 the true faith. 
 
 Con-vert'er, n. One who converts. 
 Con-vert'i-bil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being 
 
 convertible ; convertibleness. 
 
 Con-vert'i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being converted; 
 susceptible of change ; transmutable ; transformable. 3. 
 Capable of being exchanged or interchanged : reciprocal. 
 
 Con-vert'i-ble-ness, n. The state of being converti- 
 ble ; convertibility. 
 
 Con-vert'i-bly, adv. In a convertible manner. 
 
 Con'vex, a. [Lat. convexus, from convehere, to bring 
 together. See Convey.] Rising or swelling into a spher- 
 ical or rovmded form. 
 
 Con'vex, n. A convex body. 
 
 Con-vex'ed-ness, ) n. State of being convex ; exterior 
 
 Con-vex'i-ty, j surface of a convex body. 
 
 Con'vex-Iy, adv. In a convex form. 
 
 Con'vex-ness, n. The state of being convex ; convexity. 
 
 Con-vex'o-e6n'«ave, a. Convex on one side, and 
 concave on the other. 
 
 Con-vex'o-eon'vex, a. Convex on both sides. 
 
 Con-vex'o-plane, a. Convex on one side, and plane 
 on the other. 
 
 Con-vey', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONVEYED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n~ CONVEYING.] [0. Fr. conveier, conveer, con- 
 voyer, from Lat. con and via, way.] 1. To carry from 
 one place to another. 3. To transfer or deliver to 
 another ; to make over. 3. To impart or communicate. 
 Syn. — To carry; transport; bear; transmit; transfer. 
 
 Con-vey 'a-ble, a. Capable of being conveyed or trans- 
 ferred? 
 
 Con-vey 'anfe, n. 1. Act of conveying ; transmission; 
 transference. 3. Instnunent or means of convejing. 
 3. (Law.) An instriunent in writing by which property, 
 or the title to property, is conveyed or transmitted frt)m 
 one person to another. 
 
 Con-vey 'an-^er, n. (Law.) One who employs himself 
 in draiwing up conveyances of property. 
 
 Con-vey'an-fing, n. (Law.) The act or practice of 
 drawing up conveyances of property. 
 
 Con-vey'er, n. One who conveys. 
 
 Con-vi-et', V. t. [imp. & p. p- convicted; p.pr. & 
 vb.n. convicting.] {La.t. convincere, convictum, from 
 con and vincere, to conquer. See CONVINCE.] 1. To 
 prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged ; to 
 pronounce guilty, as by legal decision. 3. To shovr by 
 proof or evidence. 
 Syn. — To confute; detect; convince; confound. 
 
 C6n'vi«t, n. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged 
 against him ; one legally convicted of crime. 
 Syn. — Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal. 
 
 Con-vi-e'tion, n. 1. Act of convictmg or proving, find- 
 ing, or adjudging guilty of an offense. 3. Act of con- 
 vincing of error; confiitation. 3. State of being con- 
 vinced or convicted; especially, the state of being con- 
 victed of sin, or by one's conscience. 
 
 Con-vi-et'ive, a. Fitted to convince or convict. [Rare.] 
 
 Con-vin^e', v. t. [ijnp. & p. p. CONVINCED (kon- 
 vinstO; p. pr- & ■'-"^- "• CONVINCING.] [Lat. convincere, 
 from con and vincere, to conquer.] To overcome by ar- 
 gument ; to satisfy by proof. 
 
 a.,e,kc.,long; &,6,&c.,short; c4re,far,ai$k,all,vFliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm,- sdn,dr,dQ, 'vr9lf, 
 
CONVINCER 
 
 155 
 
 COOT 
 
 Sym. — To persuade; satisfy; convict. —To convince is an 
 act of the understandinj;; to persudde, of the will or feelings. 
 The one is effected bv argument, the other by motives. When 
 we say, " I am pcrsuadcdit is so," " I can not pcrsundf. myself 
 of the fact." there is a degree of feeling mingled with the con- 
 viction which gives rise to the expression. 
 
 ■Con-vin'^er, n. One who, or that which, convinces. 
 
 -€on-viii'?i-ble, a. Capable of being convinced. 
 
 ■€on-vin'^ins-ly, adv. In a convincing manner. 
 
 •€on-viv'i-al, a. Relating to a feast or entertainment. 
 Syn. — Festive; festal; jovial; social; gay. 
 
 -€oii-viv'i-ai'i-ty, n. The good humor or mirth in- 
 dulged in upon fe(stive occasions. 
 
 -eon-viv'i-al-ly, adv. In a convivial manner. 
 
 Cdn'vo-cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. convocated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CONVOCATING.] [Lat. convocatus, p. p. 
 of convocare, from con and vocare, to call.] To con- 
 voke. [Rare.] 
 
 -€6n'vo-ea'tioii, n. 1. Act of calling or assembling by 
 summons. 'Z, An assembly or meeting. 3. ( Church 
 of Eng.) A general assembly of the clergy, by their rep- 
 resentatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. 
 
 Syn. — Meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; 
 convention; synod; council. 
 
 -Con-voke', v. t. [imp & p. p. convoked (kon-vokf) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONVOKING.] [Lat. convocare. See 
 CONVOCATE.] To call together. 
 
 Syn. — To call; summon; assemble; convene. 
 
 -C6n'vo-lute , a. [Lat. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere. 
 See Convolve.] i^Bot.) Rolled together, or one part 
 on another. 
 
 Con'vo-lu'ted, a. Curved or rolled together. 
 
 ■Con'vo-lii'tion, n. 1. Act of rolling or winding to- 
 gether, or one thing on another. 3, State of being 
 rolled or wound together. 
 
 Con-volve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. convolved ; p. pr. &> 
 vb. n. convolving.] [Lat. convolvere, convolutmn , fr. 
 con and volvere, to roU.] To roll or wind together ; to twist. 
 
 -Con-vorvu-lus, n. ; pi. eoN-roL'ru-Li. [Lat., from 
 convolvere.] (Bot.) A genus of plants comprising many 
 species, some of which are prized for their beauty ; — 
 called also bind-iveed. 
 
 ■Con-voy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. convoyed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. convoying.] [Fr. convoyer, L. Lat. conviare, to 
 accompany. See Convey.] To accompany for protec- 
 tion, either by sea or land. 
 
 Coii'voy, n. 1. Act of attending for protection. 3. A 
 protecting force accompanying ships or property on their 
 way from place to place. 3. The ship or fleet conducted 
 and protected ; that which is convoyed. 
 
 •Con-vu.lse',t'. t. [imp &,p.p. convulsed (kon-vulst') ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CONVULSING.] [Lat. convellere, convul- 
 sum, from con &n6.vellere, to pluck, pull.] To draw or 
 contract violently and irregularly, as the muscular parts 
 of an animal body. 
 
 Syn. — To agitate ; disturb; shake; tear; rend. 
 
 •Con-vul'sion, n. 1. (Med.) An unnatural, violent, 
 
 and involuntary contraction of the muscular parts of an 
 
 animal body. 3. Any violent and irregular motion or 
 
 agitation. 
 
 Syn. —Agitation; commotion; tumult; disturbance; spasm, 
 
 -€on-viil'sive, a. Producing, or attended with, convul- 
 sion or spasms ; convulsionary. 
 
 ■€oii-vu.l'sive-ly, adv. In a convulsive manner. 
 
 -€o'iiy, or Coii'y, n. [From Lat. cuniculus, a rabbit, 
 cony, an Hispanic word.] A rabbit. 
 
 C@- The cony of Scripture is thought to be a small animal, 
 found in Syria, Arabia, and Abyssmia, which lives in the 
 mouths of caves or the clefts of rocks. It is gregarious, feeble, 
 timid, and easily tamed. 
 
 •Cob, V. i. [imp. & p. p. COOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COO- 
 ING.] [Formed from the sound.] To make a low cry or 
 sound, as pigeons or doves. 
 
 -Coblt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COOKED (kcJbkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COOKING.] [A.-S. geococnian, from Lat. coquere.] 
 1. To prepare, as food for the table, by boiling, roasting, 
 baking, broiling, &c. 3. To concoct ; hence, to tamper 
 with or alter. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Coble, v.i. To prepare food for the table. 
 
 -Cbbk, n. One whose occupation is to prepare food for 
 the table. [table. 
 
 Coj>k:'er-y, n. Art or practice of preparing food for the 
 
 Cbbk'y, n. [D. ioeA;, cake, q. v., dim. A:oe/fc;e.] A small, 
 flat, hard, sweetened cake. 
 
 Cool, a. [row;?ar. cooler; swperZ. COOLEST.] [A.-S. 
 col, D. koel, 0. H. Crer. chuoli. See CoLD and Chill.] 
 1. Moderately cold ; somewhat cold. 2. Producing or 
 promoting coolness. 3. Cahn, or free from excitement 
 
 by passion. 4, Manifesting coldness or dislike ; chilling. 
 5. Negligent of propriety in matters of minor import- 
 ance, either ignorantly or willfully. 
 
 Syn.— Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; re- 
 pulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent. 
 
 Cobl, n. A moderate state of cold. 
 
 Cool, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cooled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COOLING.] 1. To make cool or cold. 2. To moderate 
 the excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind ; to 
 calm ; to abate ; to moderate. 
 
 Cdbl, V. i. 1. To become less hot ; to lose heat. 3. To 
 become less ardent ; to become more moderate. 
 
 Cobl'er, n. 1. That which cools or abates heat or ex- 
 citement. 3. A vessel in which Uquors or other things 
 are cooled. [free from passion. 
 
 Cobl'-ligad'ed, a. Having a temper not easily excited 
 
 Coo'lie, n. A Cooly. See COOLY. 
 
 Cool'isli, a. Somewhat cool. 
 
 Cbbl'ly (109), adv. In a cool manner ; with coolness. 
 
 Cobl'ness, n. 1. State of being cool ; a moderate degree 
 of cold. 3. Want of ardor, zeal, passion, or afTection; 
 calmness ; indifference. 
 
 Coo'ly, ) n. [Hind, kiili, a laborer, porter. Cf. Turk. 
 
 Coo'lie, ) kM, ki/Uleh, slave.] An East Indian porter 
 or carrier ; especially a laborer transported from the East, 
 for service in some other country. 
 
 Cobm, n. [Cf. Ger. kah?n,'D. kaam, mold gathered on 
 Uquids, Fr. cambouis, cart-grease.] Dirtj', refuse matter, 
 as that in the boxes of carriage-wheels, or at the mouth 
 of an oven. 
 
 Cdbmb (kcTom), n. [A.-S. cumb, a liquid measure, Gr. 
 KvjjL^o?, cup, basin, Skr. kujnbha, water-jar, Lat. cumba, 
 cymba, Gr. KVfx.^r\, boat, skiff.] A dry measure of four 
 bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also com.b.] 
 
 C«>bmb ) (kobm), n. [See supra.] A valley on the 
 
 Coombe j dechvity of a hill, in the shape of an amphi- 
 theater. [Prov. Eng.] 
 
 Coop, n. [D. kuip, Icel. kupa, 0. H. Ger. chu6fa, Lat. 
 cupa, cuppa. Cf. Cup.] 1. A barrel or cask, 3. A 
 grated box or inclosure for keeping small animals, espe- 
 cially poultry. 
 
 Cobp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COOPED (koopt, 108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COOPING.] To confine in a coop; hence, to 
 confine in a narrow compass. 
 Syn. — To crowd; confine; imprison, 
 
 Cbbp'er, n. One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, 
 tubs, and the like. 
 
 Cbbp'er, v. t. To do the work of a cooper upon. 
 
 Cbbp'er-age, n. 1. Price paid for cooper's work. 3, 
 A place where cooper's work is done. 3. The work or 
 business of a cooper. 
 
 Co-6p'er-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CO-OPERATED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CO-OPERATING.] [Lat. co, for con, and 
 operatus, p. p. of operari, to work, from opus, operis, 
 work.] To act or operate jointly with another or others. 
 
 Co-6p'er-a'tion, n. Act of co-operating; concurrent 
 effort or labor ; joint operation. 
 
 Co-6p'er-a-tive, a. Operating jointly to the same end. 
 
 Co-6p'er-a'tor, n. One who labors jointly with others 
 to promote the same end. 
 
 Cdbp'er-y, n. The occupation or trade of a cooper. 
 
 Co-or'di-nate (45), a. [From Lat. co, for con, and ordi- 
 natus, p. p. of ordinare, to regulate.] Equal in rank or 
 order ; not subordinate. [rank ; to harmonize. 
 
 Co-6r'di'nate, v. t. To make co-ordinate, or equal in 
 
 Co-6r'di-nate, n. 1. A person or thing of the same 
 rank vrith another. 2. pi. {Math.) Lines, or other 
 elements of reference, by means of which the position of 
 any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to cer- 
 tain fixed lines, or planes, called co-ordinate axes and eo- 
 ordinate planes. 
 
 Co-6r'di-nate-ly, adv. In the same order or rank. 
 
 Co-6r'di-iia'tion, n. 1. State of being co-ordinate, er 
 of equal value. 2. Act of bringing different parts or 
 objects into similarity of con- 
 dition or harmony of action, 
 
 Co-6r'di-na-tive,a. ( G-ram.) • 
 Expressing or indicating co-or- 
 dination. 
 
 Coot (26), n. [D. koet, W. 
 cwtiar, from cwta, short, bob- 
 tailed, cwt, rump, tail.] 1. (Or- 
 nith.) A certain water-fowl," 
 which frequents lakes and other Coot, 
 
 still waters. 
 
 ea- The common coot has a bald forehead, a black body, aad 
 lobated toes, and is about fifteen inches in length. 
 2. A stupid fellow ; a simpleton. 
 
 iood, f<Jbt i <ixii, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist j linger, li^k ; tbU. 
 
COP 
 
 156 
 
 CORALLINE 
 
 €5p, n. (A.-S. rop or copp. See COB.] Th« conical ball 
 of thread which is formed on the spindle of a wheel or 
 jpinning-fnune. 
 
 <"o-pal'ba, \ n. [Sp. & Pr.. from Brazil, cupauba.] 
 
 Co-pSi'va, ) (Med.) A Uqiiid, resinous jiuce, of a yel- 
 lowish color, anil a bittorij^h, pungent taste, flowing 
 firom a tree provvins: in Spanij^h Amorica. 
 
 fS'pal, n. [Mexican cojHiHi,^. generic name of resins.] 
 A resinous substance flowing firom two trees found in the 
 East Indies, and in Central or Southern America — used 
 chieHv in the manufacture of varnishes. 
 
 ■Co-par'ce-na-ry, n. [From co, for con, &u6. parcenary, 
 q. v.] (Z^ir.) Partnership in inheritance ; joint heirship. 
 
 Co-par'^'e-ner, «. (Law.) A joint heir. 
 
 Co-par'^-e-ny, n. (Late.) An equal share of an inherit- 
 ance. 
 
 Co-part'ner, n. [From co, for con, and partner, q. v.] 
 A joint partner ; an associate ; a partaker. 
 
 Co-part 'ner-sliip,". 1. Joint interest or concern in any 
 matter, 'i. An unincorporated association of two or 
 more persona for the purpose of carrying on business. 
 8tv Paetxership. 
 
 Cope, ft. [W. cob, A.-S. cappe. See CAP.] 1, A cover- 
 ing for the head. H. Any thing regarded as extended 
 over the head, as the vault of the sky. 3. A sacerdotal 
 cloak worn diunng divine service by the clergy. 4. 
 (Founding.) The top part of a flask. 
 
 Cope, V. ». [imp. & p. p. COPED (kopt, 108) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COPING.] [0. Eng. coupe, prob. ft-. 0. Fr. cop, 
 coup, colp, a blow, fr. Lat. colaphus, a blow with the fist, 
 Gr. »c6A.a0os, so that it orig. meant to interchange blows ; 
 or perh. fr. D. koopen, A.-S. ceapan,ceapian, to cheapen, 
 trade.] 1. To strive ; to contend ; especially on equal 
 terms or with success ; to match ; to equal. 3. To ex- 
 change or barter. [ Obs.] 
 
 Cope, V. t. To match one's self against. 
 
 Co-per'ni-can, a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian 
 by birth, who taught the world the solar system now 
 received, called the Copernican system. 
 
 Cope'stone, n. (Arch.) Head or top stone, as of a wall ; 
 coping ; — called also coping-stone. 
 
 C6p'i-er, n. One who copies ; a transcriber ; an imitator. 
 
 Cop'ing, n. [See Cope, w.] (Arch.) The highest course 
 of masonry in a wall, usually wider than the wall itself, 
 and often with sloping edges to carry off water. 
 
 Co'pi-otls, a. [Lat. copiosus, from copia, abundance, 
 from CO, for con, and ops, opis, power, property.] Large 
 in quantity or amount. 
 
 Syn. — Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; 
 exuberant; overflowing. 
 
 *'o'pi-oiis-ly, adv. In a copious or abundant manner ; 
 
 plentifully ; largely ; amply ; exuberantly. 
 Co'pi-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being copious. 
 
 Syn. — Abundance; plenty; lichness; exuberance; diffti- 
 Bon; amplitude; fullness. 
 
 €6p'per, 71 [Late Lat. cuprum, lAi. Cyprium, Cyprnim 
 ass, Gr. xoAko? KvTrpios, i. e., Cyprian brass, from Cyprus, 
 an island on the coast of Asia Minor, renowned for its 
 rich copper mines.] 1. A fiimihar metal of a reddish 
 color, ductUe, malleable, and tenacious. 2. A coin made 
 of copper. [CoUoq.] 3. A vessel, especially a large 
 boiler, made of copper. 
 
 C6p'per, V. t. [iynp. & p. p. COPPERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. COPPERING.] To cover with copper ; to sheathe with 
 eheete of copper. 
 
 C5p'per-a8, n. [L. Lat. cuprosa, cuperosa, coporosa, 0. 
 Ger. koper-rouse, from Lat. cuprirosa, equivalent to Gr. 
 XoA<cav0os, t. e., copper-flower.] Sulphate of iron, or 
 green vitriol ; a salt of a green color, and of a styptic, as- 
 tringent taste. 
 
 aO' The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vtt- 
 rto/, and included the frreen, blue, and white vltrioli, or the 
 sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc. 
 
 CJh;>'per-head, n. [From its color.] 1. A poisonous 
 American serpent, which, unlike the rattlesnake, gives 
 no warning of its attack, and is therefore the type of a 
 concealed foe. 2. A Northern sympathizer wth the 
 Southern rebelUon of 1861-65. [Amer.] 
 Cdp'per-ing, n. 1. Act of covering with copper. *. 
 An envelope or covering of copper. [or partaking of it. 
 Cdp'per-isli_, a. Containing copper ; resembling copper, 
 C6p'per-plate, n. 1. An engraved plate of highly pol- 
 ished copper. 3. A print or impression taken from such 
 a plate. [n\s. 
 
 Cftp^per-smitli, n. One who manufectures copper uten- 
 Cdp'per-vj'orm (-wGrm), n. 1. A small worm, which 
 penetrates the bottoms of Bhipg. 2. The ring-worm 
 
 C5p'per-y, a. Mixed with copper ; containing copper, 
 or made of copper ; like copper. 
 
 CSp'piye, n. [0. Fr. copeiz, coupiz, from coper, eonper, 
 to cut. See CoPE, v. ?".] A wood of small growth, or 
 consisting of underwood or brushwood. 
 
 C6pse, n. A wood of small growth. See COPPICE. 
 
 Cftpse, V. t. To trim or cut, as brushwood. 
 
 C6pt, n. [See i?i/"m.] A descendant of an ancient Egypt- 
 tian race, belonging to the Jacobite or Monophysite sect. 
 
 Cfip'tic, a. [An abbreviation of Lat. JEgyptius, Gr. Aiyvir- 
 Tios, an Egyptian, Ar. kibti, pi. kibt.] Belonging or re- 
 lating to the Copts. 
 
 C6p'ti-e, n. The language of the Copts. 
 
 C6p'u-la, n. [Lat., from co, for con, and apere, to take, 
 seize upon.] (Logic.) The word which unites the sub- 
 ject and_predicate of a proposition. 
 
 Cop'u-late, V. t. [Lat. copulare. copulatum, to couple, 
 to join.] [imp. & p.p. copulated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COPULATING.] To unite in sexual embrace. 
 
 Cop'u-la'tion, n. Act of coupling; embrace of the 
 sexes in the act of generation ; coition. 
 
 Cop'u-la-tive, a. 1. Serving to couple, unite, or con- 
 nect. 2. ( Gram.) Uniting the sense as well as the words. 
 
 C6p'ii-la-tive, n. ( Gram.) A copulative conjunction. 
 
 C6p'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Pertaining to copulation ; tend- 
 ing or serving to unite ; copulative. 
 
 Cop'y, n. [Lat. copia, abundance, number, L. Lat., a 
 pattern for writing, transcript.] 1. A writing like an- 
 other writing ; a traiiscript ; or a book printed according 
 to the original. 2. One of a series of imitations or repe- 
 titions of an original work. 3. (Print.) The manuscript, 
 &c., placed in the compositor's hands. 4. Anything to 
 be imitated ; a model ; pattern. 
 
 Syn. —Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit 
 
 Cop'y, V. t. [imp.k p. p. copied ip.pr.k vb n. COP- 
 YING.] To write, print, or engrave after an original ; 
 to imitate ; to transcribe ; to model after. 
 
 Cop'y, V. i. To do a thing in imitation of something else. 
 
 Cop'y-bobk;, n. A book in which copies are written or 
 printed for learners to imitate. 
 
 Cop'y -er, n. One who copies or transcribes. 
 
 Cop'y-hold, n. (Eng. Laic.) (a.) A tenure of estate by 
 copy of court roll, (b.) Land held in copy-hold. 
 
 Cop'y-lioldL'er, n. One who is possessed of land in 
 copy-hold. 
 
 Cop'y-ing-press, n. A machine for taking, by pressure, 
 an exact copy of any manuscript recently written. 
 
 Cop'y-ist, n. A copier ; a transcriber; a plagiarist. 
 
 Cop'y -riglit (-rlt), n. The exclusive right which, by 
 law, an author has to print, publi.'sh, and vend his own 
 literary works, for his own benefit, during a certain peri- 
 od of time. 
 
 Cop'y-riglit, v. t. To secure by copyright, as a book. 
 
 Co-quet' (ko-kef ), t'. ^ [imp. & p.p. COQUETTED; 
 I p. pr. 8c vb. n. COQUETTING.] [See Coquette.] To 
 attempt to attract notice, admiration, or love, with a 
 I a view to deceive and disappoint. 
 
 Co-quet', V. i. To trifle in love ; to treat a person with 
 an appearance of fevor, but with a design to deceive and 
 I disappoint him. 
 
 ' Co-quet'ry, n. Affectation of amorous advances ; tri- 
 ! fling in love. 
 
 < Co-quette' (ko-kef), n. [Fr. coquet, coquette., a., coquet- 
 i tish, originally cock-Uke, strutting hke a cock, from coq, 
 a cock.] A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to at- 
 tract admiration, and gain matrimonial offers, with the 
 intention to reject her suitor. 
 
 Co-quet'tish (ko-ket'tish), a. Practicing or exhibiting 
 coquetry ; befitting a coquette. 
 
 Co-qu6t'tisli-ly, adv. In a coquettish manner. 
 
 C6r'a-€le, n. [W. corivgL ctvru-gl, from coru-g, cicrwg, 
 any rotmd body or vessel.] A boat used, in Wales, by 
 fishermen, made by covering a wicker frame with leather 
 or oil-cloth. 
 
 C6r'a-eoid,r!. [Seeinjra.] (Anat.) A small, sharp pro- 
 cess of the blade-bone, shaped hke a crow's beak. 
 
 C6r'a-€oid, a. [Gr. KopoucoeiS^s, from Kopa^, crow, and 
 eiSos, form.] Shaped like a crow's beak. 
 
 CSr'al, n. [Lat. corallum, coralium, Gr. KopaXXiov.] 1. 
 The solid secretion of zoophytes, produced within the 
 tissues of the polyps. It consists almost purely of car- 
 bonate of lime. 2. A piece of coral, used by children a-s 
 a plaything. 
 
 CSr'al-liiie, a. Consisting of coral ; like coral ; contain 
 ing coral. 
 
 Cor'al-line, n. 1. (Bot.) A submarine, calcareous 
 plant, consisting of many jointed branches, resembling 
 
 a, e, &c , loTig; a, 6, &c., short ; c&xe, far, ask., all, -«vhat ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 
 
CORALLOID 
 
 157 
 
 cornerwisp: 
 
 Corbel, (c.) 
 
 some species of moss. 2. A piece of certain minute 
 corals, growing in mo-ss-like form. 
 
 Cor'al-loid, ( a. [B>om Gr. KopdXktov, and etio^, 
 
 ■€6r'al-loid'al j form.] Having the form of coral ; 
 branching Uke coral. 
 
 •€6rb, n. [Lat. corbis, basket.] 1. A basket used in coal- 
 eries. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in a building; corbel. 
 3 . . [Abbreviated from corban . ] An alms-basket . 
 
 ■edrnban, n. [Heb. korban, Ar. kiirban, offering, sacrifice.] 
 1, An alms-basket, ti. (Jetcisk Antiq.) An offering or 
 sacrifice devoted to God ; a vow by which a person bound 
 himself not to give to another, or to receive from him, 
 some particular object. 
 
 1S3°- " The thing thus interdicted was considered as corban, 
 
 and the form of interdiction was virtually to this effect: 'I 
 
 forbid myself to touch, or be concerned in any way with, the 
 
 ~- thing forbidden, as if it were devoted by law; ' ;. e.. Met it be 
 
 corban.' " Dr. Wm. Smith, 
 
 CorHbgil, n. [Fr. corbeille, from Lat. corbir.ula, dim. of 
 corftu";, basket.] (Arch.) A carved basket with sculptured 
 flowers and fruit. 
 
 -edrnbel, n. [See supra.] (Arch.) (a.) 
 The representation of a basket, some- 
 times set on the heads of caryatides. 
 (b.) The vase or tambor of the Corin- 
 thian column, (c.) A short piece of 
 timber, iron, &c., in a wall, jutting 
 out in the manner of a shoulder-piece. 
 (d.) A niche. 
 
 ■edr'bel, v. t. To furnish with corbels. 
 
 Cord, n. [Lat. chorda, Gr. xopS]?] !• A string, or small 
 rope. 2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet ; 
 a pile eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad ; 
 — so called because a cord or hne was formerly used in 
 measuring by this standard. 
 
 Cord, V. t. '[imp. & p. p. CORDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CORDING.] 1. To bind with a cord or rope. 2. To 
 pile up, as wood, for measurement and sale by the cord. 
 
 ■€6rd'age, n. Ropes or cords ; — used collectively. 
 
 ■€6r'date, \a. (Bot.) Having the form of a heart; 
 
 ■Cor'da-ted, j heart-shaped. 
 
 C6r'date-ly, adv. In a cordate form. 
 
 ■€6r'de-lier', n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. cordel, N. Fr. cordeaic, 
 from corde, string, rope, or girdle worn by that order. 
 See Cord.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious order 
 founded by St. Francis ; a Gray friar. 
 
 tiS" The Cordeliers wear a thick gray cloth cloak, with a 
 girdle of rope or cord, tied with three knots. 
 
 C6r'di-al, or Cord'ial, a. [L. Lat. cordialis, from Lat. 
 cor, heart.] 1. Proceeding from the heart. 2. Tending 
 to revive, cheer, or invigorate. 
 
 SjTa. — Hearty ; sincere ; heartfelt ; warm ; affectionate ; 
 cheering ; invigorating. 
 
 ■€6r'di-al, or Cord'ial, n. 1. Any thing that com- 
 forts, gladdens, and exhilarates. 2. (M^d.) That which 
 cheers or invigorates, especially a medicine which does 
 so. 3. (Com.) Aromatized and sweetened spirit, em- 
 ployed as a beverage. 
 
 C6r'di-a,l'i-ty, or -eord-iai'i-ty, n. Sincere affection 
 and kindness ; warmth of regard ; heartiness. 
 
 -€6r'di-al-ly, or C6rd'ial-ly, adv. With real affection ; 
 heartily ; sincerely. [will ; cordiaUty. 
 
 €6r'di-ai-ness, or Cdrd'ial-ness, n. Hearty good 
 
 Cor'don (or kor'dong), n. [Fr. cordon, from corde. See 
 Cord.] 1. A ribbon borne as a badge of honor. 2. 
 (Arch.) The edge of a stone on the outside of a building. 
 3. (Fort.) The projecting coping of the scarp-wall. 4. 
 (Mil.) A line or series of military posts. 
 
 C6r'do-van, n. [Si^.,fTomCordova, or Cordoba.] Spanish 
 
 leather, or goat-skin tanned and dressed ; cordwain. 
 -e6r''du-roy', or Cor'du-roy', n. [Probably for Fr. 
 corde du roi, king's cord.] A tiiick cotton stuff, corded 
 or ribbed on the surface. 
 
 Corchiroji road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by side 
 across it, as in marshy places: — so called from its rough or 
 ribbed surface. [_Amer.] 
 
 ■Cord'waiii-er, n. [From 0. Eng. cordwain, a corrup- 
 tion of Cordovan.] A worker in cordovan leather ; a 
 shoemaker. 
 
 -€ore,«. [Norm. Fr., from Lat. cor, heart.] 1. The heart 
 orinner part of a thing, especially of fruit. 2. (Found- 
 ing.) The internal mold which forms a hollow in casting, 
 as in a tube or pipe. 
 
 Core, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CORED-, p. pr. & vb. n. COE- 
 ING.] To take oiit the core or inward parts of. 
 
 ■Cor'er, n. One who, or that which, cores. 
 
 Co'ri-a'ceoiis, a. [Lat. corium, leather.] Consisting of 
 leather, or resembling leather ; leathery. 
 
 ■€o'ri-a,n'der, n. [Lat. coriandrum, Gr. Kopiavvov, >c6ptor, 
 from Kopis, bug, on account of the bug-like smell of it« 
 leaves.] (Bot.) A plant, the seeds of which have a 
 strong smell, and, in medicine, are considered as stom- 
 achic and carminative. ^ — 
 
 ■eo-rin'tlii-an, a. 1. Pertaining 
 to Corinth. 2. (Arch.) Pertaining 
 to the Corinthian order of architec- 
 ture, characterized by a profusion 
 of ornamentation. ^^-^ 
 
 ■€6rk, n. [From Lat. cortex, cor-\ 
 ticis.] 1. The outer bark of the 
 cork - tree, of which stoppers are 
 made. 2. A stopper for a bottle 
 or cask, cut out of cork. 
 
 ■eSrk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CORKED 
 (korkt, 108) ; p.pr. & vb. n. CORK- 
 ING.] 1. To stop with corks. 2. 
 
 To furnish with cork. 
 
 Corinthian Order. 
 
 Cormorant. 
 
 ■eork'ing-pin, n. A pin of a large 
 
 size, formerly used in attaching a woman's head-dress ta 
 
 a cork mold. [Obs.] 
 Cdrk-'-jJlck'et, n. A jacket having thin pieces of cork 
 
 inclosed within canvas, and used to aid in swimming. 
 C6rk.'s<!re-w (-skry ), n. A kind of screw used for draw- 
 ing corks from bottles. 
 €6rk.'y, a. Consisting of, or 
 
 pertaining to, cork. 
 Cor'mo-rant, n. [Fr. cormo- 
 
 ran, from Arm. & W. mdr- 
 
 vran, a sea-raven, from mdr, 
 
 sea, and 6m Ji, raven, with corb, 
 
 equiv. to Lat. corvus, raven, ,^ 
 
 pleonastically prefixed.] 1.^" 
 
 (Ornith.) A genus of web- 
 footed sea-birds, of the pelican 
 
 family, characterized by great 
 
 voracity. 2. A glutton, or 
 
 gluttonous servant. 
 ■edrii, n. [A.-S. corn, 0. S. curni, D. koorn, Ger. & Icel. 
 
 korn, Goth, kaurn, allied with Lat. granum . See GRAIN.) 
 
 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, 
 
 and maize ; a grain. [In this sense it has a plural.] 2. 
 
 Th« various cereal or farinaceous grains which grow in. 
 
 ears, and are used for food, as wheat, oats, rye, barley, 
 
 maize ; — used collectively. 
 
 ffi^^In Scotland the term is generally restricted to oate, in 
 the United States to maize, or Indian com. 
 
 3. The plants which produce com. 4. A small, hard 
 particle ; a grain. 
 
 Corn, 11. [Lat. cornu, horn.] A hard, horn-like indura- 
 tion of the skin on the toes or other part of the feet. 
 
 Corn, V. t. [imp. & p. p. corned : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CORNING.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in 
 grains ; to cure by salting. 2. To form into small 
 grains; to gi-anulate. 3. To feed with grain. 4. To 
 render intoxicated. [common in corn-fields. 
 
 Cdrn'-eocli-'le, n. ( Bot.) A weed having bright flowers, 
 
 Corn'-crake, 71. [See Crake.] ( OrntV/i.) Abkdwhich 
 frequents corn-fields ; the crake or land-rail. 
 
 C6r'ne-a," n.; pi. COR'NE-Ag. [Lat. corneus, -a, -um, 
 homy, fi-om cor/i2<, a horn.] (Anat.) The strong, homy, 
 transparent membrane which forms the front part of the 
 ball of the eye. 
 
 Cdr'nel, n. [L. Lat. cornolium, from Lat. cornus, a cor- 
 nel cherry-tree, from cornu, horn, or its root, from the 
 hardness of the wood.] (Bot.) A shrub and its fruit; 
 the dog-wood. [raphy. 
 
 Cor-nel'ian, n. See Carnelian, the proper orthog- 
 
 C6r'ne-ous, a. [Lat. corneus, from cornu, horn.] Horn- 
 like ; consisting of a horny substance. 
 
 Cor'ner, n. [L. Lat. cornerium , coriieri a, from Lat. cornu, 
 horn, end, angle.] 1. The point where two converging 
 lines meet ; an angle. 2. The space between two con- 
 verging lines or walls which meet in a point. 3. An in- 
 closed, secret, or retired place. 4. Any part ; a part. 5. 
 An embarrassed position. 
 
 Cor'ner, v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. cornered; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. CORNERING.] 1. To diive into a corner. 2. To 
 drive into a position of great diflaculty or necessary sur- 
 render. 3 . To get control of ; — said of stocks. [A mer.] 
 
 Cor'ner-stone, n. The stone which lies at the corner 
 of two walls, and unites them ; especially, the stone 
 which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice; 
 hence, that which is of great importance or indispensable. 
 
 Cor'ner-^vige, adv. Diagonally; with the corner in 
 front ; from corner to corner. 
 
 food, f<>bt; iirn, rude, pull; 9ell, ^liaise, -call, e«]io- g^em, get; ag ; e$ist; linger, lisk; tlii»- 
 
CORNET 
 
 158 
 
 CORRECTION 
 
 OAr'net, n. [Fr. romet, conirlte, dim. of corne. Lat. 
 comu, horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a.) A wind iustrumeut blown 
 with the mouth. (6.) A PiH>cies of trumpet, (c.) A cer- 
 tAin organ stop or register. '2. A little cap of paper 
 twisted at the end, used by grocers. 3. (Mil.) The 
 officer who carries the standard in a cavalry troop or 
 company. 
 
 fdr'nt-t'a'pWton, n. [Fr.] {Mus.) A brass wind- 
 instrument, hke the French horn or the trumpet, fur- 
 nishcil with valves moved by small pistons or shding 
 rods. 
 
 COr'net-^y, n. The commission or rank of a cornet. 
 
 Cdr'nife, »i. IL. Lat. coronix, comix, from Lat. coronis, 
 Or. KopttJi-is, a curved hue.] [Arch.) Any molded pro- 
 jection whidi crowns or finishes the part to which it is 
 affixed. 
 
 Corn'ish, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Cornwall, Eng. 
 
 Corn'ish, n. The dialect or the people of Cornwall. 
 
 €6r'nii-€o'pi-a, n. ; pi. COR'NU- 
 CO'PI-^. [Lat. comu, a horn, and 
 copin, plenty.] The horn of plenty, 
 from which fruits and tiowers are rep- 
 resented as proceeding ; — an emblem, 
 of abundance. 
 
 Cor'nuf e, I a. Grafted ^vith horns ; 
 
 ■Cor'nxit-ed, ) horned ; horn-shaped. 
 
 Corn'y, a. [From Lat. comu, horn.] 
 Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn ; re- 
 sembhng horn. 
 
 Corn'y, a. 1. Producing corn or 
 grain. 3. Containing corn; tasting 
 well of malt. 
 
 •CSr'ol. I n. [Lat. corolla, dim. of Cornucopia. 
 
 €o-r61'la, I corona, crown.] (.BoZ.) The in- 
 ner part of a flower, which surrounds the 
 organs of fructification, and is composed of 
 one or more leaves, cailed petals. 
 
 C6r'ol-la-ry (44), n. [Lat. corollarium, cor- 
 onet, firom corolla, q. v. " Finis coronat 
 opus . • ■ ] That which follows over and above a 
 proposition demonstrated ; an inference ; a 
 deduction ; a consequence. 
 
 Cor'ol-late, 1 a. Like a corolla ; having 
 
 C6r'ol-la'ted, j corollas. 
 
 ■€o-ro'nd, ?i.; pi. co-ro'nm. [Lat. corona, 
 crown, Gr. Kopiovr), any thing curved.] 1. 
 {Arch.) A large, flat member of a cornice. Corolla, 
 usually of considerable projection. 3. (Anat.) a, many-pet- 
 The upper surface, as of a tooth. 3. (Astron.) ^}^*' K 4"" 
 A pecuUar luminous appearance surround- ^ Pe a e . 
 ing the dark body of the moon during a total eclipse of 
 the sun. 4. (Bot.) (a.) A crown-hke margin of the top 
 of a flower, (b.) An appendage at the top of some petals 
 or seeds. 5. (Meteorol.) (a.) Acircle, around a luminous 
 body,as thesun or moon. (6.) A peculiar phase of the 
 aurora borealis, formed by the convergence of luminous 
 beams around a point in the heavens. 
 
 ■Cor'o-nal, a. 1. Pertaining to the kingly crown, or to 
 coronation. 3. Belonging to the crown or top of the 
 head. 
 
 -C6r'o-nal, n. 1. A crown; wreath; garland. 3. The 
 frontal bone ; — said to be so called because on it partly 
 rests the crown of kings. 
 
 ■CSr'o-na-ry, a. Relating to, or resembling a crown. 
 
 -€6r'o-iia-ry, n. A small bone 
 
 in the foot of a horse. 
 €6r'o-na'tion, n. Act, cere- 
 mony, or solemnity, of crowning 
 a sovereign. 
 €6r'o-ner, n. [L. Lat. corona^ 
 rius, from Lat. corona, crown.] 
 An officer of the law whose duty 
 is to inquire into the manner of 
 a violent death. 
 €6r'o-net, n. [From Lat. cor- 
 ona, crown.] 1. An inferior 
 crown worn by noblemen. 3. 
 An ornamental head-dress. 3. 
 {Far.) The upper part of a 
 horse'i hoof. 
 €ftr'po-ral. n. [Corrupted from 
 Fr. caporal, from Lat. caput.] 
 1. {Mil.) The lowest officer of a 
 company of infantry, next below 
 a sergeant. 2. (Naut.) Anoffi- Coronets, 
 
 cer under the master at arms. }■ Of the Prince of Wales; 
 €dr'po-ral,a [U.t.corporalis, U?lA^T.i.e.?l'. ITjf; 
 from corpus, body.] 1. Belong- viscount; 6. Of a baron. 
 
 ing Or relating to the body. 3. Having a body or sub- 
 stance ; not spiritual. 
 
 Syn. — Corporeal; material; bodily. 
 
 ■€6r'po-ral, n. [L. Lat. corporate. See supra.] {Eccl.\ 
 A fine linen cloth, used to cover or contain the sac»ed 
 elements in the eucharist. 
 
 ■edr'po-rai'i-ty, n. State of being a body or embodied : 
 corporeahty ; materiaUty. 
 
 €!6r'po-ral-ly, adv. In or with the body ; bodily. 
 
 ■€6r'po-rate, a. [Lat. corporatus, p. p. of corporate, to 
 shape into a body, from corpus, bodj'.] 1. United in an 
 association, and endowed by law with the rights and 
 Uabihties of an individual ; incorporated. 3. Belonging 
 to a corporation. 
 
 C6r'po-rate-ly, adv. In a corporate capacity. 
 
 ■eor'po-ra'tion, n. A body poUtic or corporate, formed 
 and authorized by law to act as a single person, and en- 
 dowed wijth the capacity of perpetual succession. 
 
 CSr'po-ra'tor, n. A member of a corporation. 
 
 ■€or-po're-al (89), a. [Lat. corporeus, from corpus, body.] 
 Having a body ; consisting of a material body or sub- 
 stance; materiaJ. 
 
 Syn. - Corporal ; ho&Wy . — Bodily is opposed to inental; 
 as, bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the interior animal 
 structure; as, corijoreal substance or frame. Corporal, as now 
 used, refers more to the exterior: as, corporal punishment. To 
 speak of corporeal punishment is now a gross error. 
 
 Cor-po're-al-ist, n. One who denies the reality of spir- 
 itual existences ; a materialist. 
 
 Cor-po're-ai'i-ty, n. The state of being corporeal. 
 
 ■€or-po're-al-ly, adv. In a bodily form or manner. 
 
 -€6r''po-re'i-ty, n. Materiality. 
 
 ■€6r'po-§ant, n. [It. corpo santo, holy body.] A lumi- 
 nous appearance, flame-Uke in shape, sometimes seen in 
 dark, tempestuous nights, at the mast-head and the yard- 
 arms of ships. 
 
 -€orps (kor, pi. korz), n. sing. & pi. [Fr., from Lat. 
 corpus, body.] A bod}" of men ; especially, a body of 
 troops, an organized part or division of an army. 
 
 Corps-d'armee (kor'dar'ma'), n. [Fr., body of the 
 army.] A portion of a grand army possessed of all the 
 constituents of a separate or an independent army. 
 
 Cdrpse, n. [Lat. corpus, body, Fr. corps.] The dead 
 body of a himian being. 
 
 ■€6r'pu-len?e, \n. Excessive fatness ; fleshiness; obe- 
 
 -€6r'pu-len-9y, j sity. 
 
 ■eor'pn-lent, a. [Lat. corpulentus, from corpus, body.] 
 Having an excessive quantity of flesh, in proportion to 
 the frame of the body. 
 
 Syn.— Stout; fleshy; robust; large; fat; lusty; pursy; obew. 
 
 -eSr'pu-lent-ly, adv. In a corpulent manner. 
 
 ^or'pus ^hris'n. [Lat., body of Christ.] (Eccl.) A 
 festival of the church of Rome, kept on the next Thurs- 
 day after Trinity Sunday, in honor of the eucharist. 
 
 Cdr'pus-^le (kor'pus-l, 65), n. [Lat. corpusculum, dim. 
 of corpus, body.] 1. A minute particle, or physical atom. 
 3. [Anat.) An animal cell. 
 
 Cor-piis'-eu-lar, a. Pertaining to, or composed of, cor- 
 puscles, or small particles. 
 
 •€or-pu.s'-€U-la'ri-an, a. Corpuscular, 
 
 Cor-pu..s'-eule, n. A particle of matter ; a corpuscle. 
 
 -€or-ra'd.i-ate, v. t. [Lat. con and radiatus, p. p. of 
 radiare, to radiate, q. v.] To concentrate to one point, 
 as light or rays. 
 
 •€or-ra'di-a'tion, n. Conjunction of rays in one point. 
 
 ■€or-re€t', a. [Lat. correctus, p. p. of corrigere. See fn- 
 fra.] Conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or 
 to a just standard ; free from error. 
 
 Syn.— Accurate; right; exact; precise; regular; faultlew. 
 See Accurate. 
 
 Cor-re-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. corrected; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CORRECTING.] [Lat corrigere, correctvm, from 
 con and regere, rectum, to lead straight.] 1. To make or 
 set right ; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or 
 propriety. 3. To reprove or punish for faults or devia- 
 tions from moral rectitude. 3. To obviate or remove; 
 to counteract or change. 
 
 Syn.— To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chas- 
 tise; punish; discipline; chasten. 
 
 Cor-rg-e'tion, n. 1. Act of correcting ; emendation of 
 faults or erroi-s ; change for the better ; amendment. 3. 
 Punishment: discipline; chastisement. 3. That which 
 is substituted in the place of what is wrong. 4. Coun- 
 teraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its ef- 
 fects. 
 
 Hou»e. of correction, a house where disorderly persons are 
 confined; a bridewell. 
 
 a, e,&c., long; &,6,Stc.,short; c&re,far,asl£,all,wliat; dre, veil, term; pique,firm-, fi6n,dr, d.Q,y^qU, 
 
CORRECTIONAL 
 
 159 
 
 CORUSCATE 
 
 €or-r6«'tion-al, a. Tending to, or intended for, cor- 
 rection ; corrective. 
 
 €or-rg«t'ive, a. Having the power to correct ; tending 
 to rectify. [recting. 
 
 ■€or-r6«t'ive, n. That which has the power of cor- 
 
 f)or-reeVly, adv. In a correct manner ; exactly. 
 
 ■€or-r6«t'ness, n. State of being correct ; exactness. 
 Syn.— Accuracy ; regularity ; precision ; propriety. 
 
 •€or-r6€t'or, n. One who, or that which, corrects. 
 
 •CSr^re-late', v. i. [hnp. & p. p. correlated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CORRELATING.] To have reciprocal or mutual 
 relations ; to be mutually related. 
 
 •Cdr're-la'tion, n. [Low Lat. correlatio, from Lat. con 
 and relatio.] Reciprocal or mutual relation ; correspond- 
 ing similarity or relation. 
 
 Cor-r61'a-tive, a. Having or indicating a reciprocal 
 relation ; reciprocal. 
 
 Cor-rel'a-tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, stands 
 in a reciprocal relation to some other person or thing. 
 3. (Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun. 
 
 ■Cor-r61'a-tive-ly, adv. In a correlative relation. 
 
 -eSr^re-spond', f . i. [imp. & p. p. corresponded; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CORRESPONDING.] [L. Lat. correspon- 
 dere, from con and respondere, to answer, from re and 
 tpondere, to promise solemnly.] 1. To be adapted ; to 
 be congruous. 2. To have intercourse or communica- 
 tion, especially by sending and receiving letters. 
 
 Syn. — To agree; fit; answer; suit; write; address. — Cor- 
 reepond wit?i; con-espond *o. — We correspond with afriend 
 by letters; one thing corresponds to another, i. e. answers to it. 
 
 Cor^re-spond'en^e, ) n. 1. Mutual adaptation of 
 
 •Cor're-spond'eii-fy, ) one thing to another ; con- 
 gruity ; fitness ; relation. 2. Friendly intercourse ; 
 especially, by means of letters. 3. The letters which 
 pass between correspondents. 
 
 CSr're-spond'ent, a. Having or indicating correspond- 
 ence, adaptation, congruity, or fitness; suitable; con- 
 gruous ; conformable ; answerable. 
 
 ■€5r're-sp6iid'eiit, n. One who corresponds ; one with 
 whom an intercourse is carried on by letters. 
 
 ■Cor're-spond'ent-ly, ) adv. In a corresponding man- 
 
 Cor're-spond'ing-ly, ) ner ; conformably ; answer- 
 ably ; suitably. 
 
 CSr're-spon'sive, a. Answerable; adapted. 
 
 ■C6r'ri-dor', n. [Fr., from Lat. currere, to run.] (Arch.) 
 A gallery or passage-way leading to apartments inde- 
 pendent of each other. 
 
 ■Cdr'i'i-gen'duni, n. ; pi. c6R'Rl-eEN'vA. [Lat.] 
 A word or thing to be corrected. 
 
 ■C6i''ri-gi-l>le, a. [L. Lat. corrigibilis , from Lat. cor- 
 rigere, to correct.] 1. Capable of being set right, 
 amended, or reformed. 3. Worthy of being chastised ; 
 punishable. 
 
 -Cor'ri-gi-ble-ness, n. Quality of being corrigible. 
 
 -Cor-ri'val, n. A fellow-rival ; a competitor ; a co-rival. 
 
 ■€or-ri'val, a. Having contending claims ; emulous. 
 
 ■€or-r6b'o-raiit, a. Having the power or quaUty of 
 giving strength ; confirming. 
 
 Cor-rob'o-rant, n. (Med.) A medicine that strength- 
 ens the body when weak. 
 
 •Cor-rolb'o-rate, v. t. [imp. Sap. p. CORROBORATED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CORROBORATING.] [Lat. corroboratus, 
 p. p. of corroborare , from con and roborare, to strengthen, 
 fr. robur^ strength.] To make more certain ; to confirm. 
 
 ■Cor-rob'o-x'a'tion, n. 1. The act of corroborating or 
 confirming ; the state of being corroborated ; confirma- 
 tion. 3. That which corroborates. 
 
 •€or-r6b'o-ra-tive, a. Corroborating, or tending to 
 corroborate ; confirmatory. f 
 
 Cor-rob'o-ra-tive, n. A medicine that strengthens ; a 
 corroborant. 
 
 •Cor-rob'o-ra-to-ry, a. Tending to strengthen ; cor- 
 roborative. 
 
 ■€or-rode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CORRODED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CORRODING.] [Lz.t. corrodere, from con and rorfere, 
 to gnaw.] To eat away or consume by degrees. 
 Syn. — To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away. 
 
 ■eor-rod'ent, n. Any substance or medicine that cor- 
 rodes. 
 
 ■Cor-rod'i-ble, ) a. Capable of being corroded or eaten 
 
 •€or-ro'si-ble, j away. 
 
 Cor-ro'gion, n. [Low Lat. corroszo. See Corrode.] 
 Action of eating or wearing away by slow degrees, as by 
 the action of acids on metals. 
 
 ■€or-ro'slve , a. 1. Eating away ; having the power 
 of gradually wearing, consuming, or impairing ; acri- 
 monious. 3. Having the quaUty of fretting or vexing. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate, the bi-chloride of mercury; an acrid 
 poison of great virulence. 
 
 ■€or-ro'sive, n. 1. That which has the quahty of cor- 
 roding. 3. That which has the power of fretting, irri- 
 tating, or exciting displeasure. [manner. 
 
 Cor-ro'sive-ly, adv. Like a corrosive; in a corrosive 
 
 -€or-ro'sive-ness, n. The quaUty of corroding, eating 
 away, or wearing; acrimony. 
 
 C6r'ru-gant, a. Having the power of corrugating, or 
 contracting into wrinkles. 
 
 -eftr'ru-gate, v. t. [imp & p. p. corrugated ; p. pr. 
 & vb'. n. CORRUGATING.] [Lat. corrugatus, p. p. of 
 corrugare, from con and rugare, to wrinkle, from ruga, 
 wrinkle.] To form or shape into wrinkles or folds. 
 
 -€6r'ru.-gate (45), a. Shaped into wrinkles or folds ; 
 wrinkled ; furrowed ; contracted. 
 
 Cor'ru-ga'tion, n. A contraction into wrinkles. 
 
 Cor-rflpt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. CORRUPTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CORRUPTING.] [Lat. corrumpere, corruptum, 
 from C071 and rumpere, to break.] 1. To change from 
 a sound to a putrid or putrescent state ; to make pu- 
 trid ; to putrefy. 3. To change from good to bad. 
 Sjm. — To vitiate ; deprave ; debase; defile; entice; bribe. 
 
 ■Cor-rupt', -u. t. 1. To become putrid or tainted; to 
 putrefy ; to rot. 3. To become vitiated ; to lose purity. 
 
 -Cor-rupt', a. 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid 
 state; spoiled; tainted. 3. Changed from a state of 
 uprightness, correctness, truth, or the Mke, to a worse 
 state ; vitiated ; depraved ; debased ; perverted. 
 
 Cor-rupt'er, n. One who corrupts or vitiates. 
 
 ■€or-riipt'i-bll'i-ty, n. Possibility of being cor- 
 rupted or vitiated. 
 
 -Cor-rupt'l-ble, a. Capable of being corrupted. 
 
 ■€or-rupt'i-ble, n. That which may decay and perish; 
 hence, the human body. [corruptibility. 
 
 Cor-rupt'l-ble-ness, n. Susceptibihty of corruption ; 
 
 ■Cor-riipt'i-bly, adv. So as to be corrupted. 
 
 ■Cor-riip'tioii, n. 1. Act of corrupting, or state of being 
 corrupt or putrid. 3. Product of corruption ; putrid 
 matter. 3. Perversion or deterioration of moral princi- 
 ples. 4. (Law.) Taint or impurity of blood, by which a 
 person is disabled from inheriting any estate, or from 
 transmitting it to others. 
 
 Syn. — Putrescence ; putrefaction ; pollution ; defilement ; 
 contamination ; depravation; debasement ; perversion; adul- 
 teration; depravity; wickedness; taint. 
 
 Cor-riipt'ive, a. Having the quaUty of corrupting. 
 -Cor-riipt'Iy, adv. In a corrupt manner. 
 -€or-rupt'iiess, n. The state of being corrupt. 
 Cdr'sage (45), n. [Fr. See Corset.] The waist or 
 
 bodice of a lady's dress. 
 Cdr'sair, n. [Fr. corsaire, L. Lat. corsarius, from Lat. 
 
 currere, cursum, to run, cursus, a running, course. See 
 
 Cruise.] 1. A pirate. 3. A piratical vessel. 
 -Cdrse, or -eorse, n. [See CORPSE.] A corpse; the 
 
 dead body of a human being. 
 ■€6rse'let,». [Fr.,dim. of 0. Fr. cors, Lat. corpus, body.] 
 
 1. A kind of Ught breastplate worn by pikemen. 3. 
 
 (Entom.) That part of a winged insect which answers to 
 
 the breast of other animals. 
 ■edr'set, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cors, Lat. corpus, body.] 
 
 An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist, worn 
 
 by women to support or correct the figure ; stays. 
 -edr'set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. corseted ; p.pr. So vb. 
 
 n. corseting. To inclose in corsets. 
 Cortege (kor'tazh'), n. [Fr., from It. corteggio, train, 
 
 from corte, court, q. v.] A train of attendants. 
 Cortes (kor'tes), n.pl. [Sp. & Pg. corte, court.] The 
 
 states or legislative assembUes of the kingdoms of Spain 
 
 and Portugal, composed of nobUity, clergy, and repre' 
 
 sentatives of cities. 
 C6r'ti-eal, a. [From Lat. cortex, bark.] Belonging to, 
 
 consisting of, or resembling, bark or rind; external. 
 -€6r'ti-eate, \a. [Lat. corticatus.] Having or re- 
 -eOr'ti-ea^ted, j sembling the bark or rind of a tree. 
 -eor-tic'i-fdrm, a. [Lat. cortex, bark,and/orwza, form.\ 
 
 Resem'bling, or having the form of, bark. 
 ■Cor'ti-eose', ) a. [L&t. corticosus.] ResembUng bark; 
 •€6r'ti-eou.s, j made of bark. 
 Co-riin'dum, n. [From Hind, kuratul, corundum 
 
 stone.] (Min.) The earth alumina, as found native in a 
 
 crystalline state. 
 ■€o-ru.s'<;ant, a. Guttering by flashes ; flashing. 
 ■€6r'iis-eate, or -Co-riis'-eate, v. i. [Lat. coruscatus, 
 
 p. p. of coruscctre, to flash.] To throw off vivid flashes 
 
 of Ught. [See Note under Contemplate.] 
 Syn.— To flash; lighten; glitter; glisten; gleam; sparkle. 
 
 food, fdbt; lirn, r^ide, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio,- geiu, get ; as; ejist; linger, liQlt ; this. 
 
CORUSCATION 
 
 160 
 
 COTTER 
 
 A BC 
 
 Co-sine. 
 
 €dr'us-<'»'tion, n. 1. A sudden flash or play of light. 
 '2. A flash of intellectual briUiancy. 
 
 Syn. — Flash; glitter; blaze: gleam; sparkle; radiation. 
 
 rdr'vet, \ n. [Kwm I.At. corbita, a slow sailing ship 
 
 i•or-T^tte^ I of burden, fr. rorbis, basket.] {Naitt.) 
 A sloop of war, ranking next below a frigate, and car- 
 T>inp not mon» than twenty guns. 
 
 €6r^-iiie, n. [Uxt. corvinus, from corvtis, crow.] Per- 
 tiiiniug to the crow or raven. 
 
 C6r'y-bftnt, >i..- pi- cor'y-bXnts; but the Lat. pi. 
 e<>Ii'y-Ji:iy'TKii, is more in use. [Gr. »copv^as, KOpv- 
 fioiTO?.] A priest of Cybele. 
 
 C6r'y-ban'ti€, n. Madly agitated or excited, like the 
 priests of Oybele, when celebrating her rites. 
 
 Cftr'ymb, >i. [l>at. cort/mbxs, Gr. Kopu/x/Sos.] (Bot.) 
 A s'}HH-ies of inflorescence, in which the lesser flower- 
 stalks are produced along the common stalk on both 
 sides, and rise to the same height, so as to form an 
 even surf;ice. 
 
 ■€'o-r.vuiTbose, or ■edr'yin-bose', a. {Bot.) Consist- 
 in;z"of corymbs, or resembhng them in form. 
 
 C6r y-plie'iis. n. [Lat. conjplis'us, Gr. Kopv<^aios, stand- 
 ing at the head, firom Kopv<t>-n, head.] ( Gr. Antiq.) The 
 conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus ; 
 hence, any chief or leader. 
 
 Co-se'cant, n. [For co. secans, an 
 abbrev. of Lat. complementi secans. 
 See Secant.] (Geom.) The secant 
 of the complement of an arc or angle. 
 — In the figure, AD, which is the se- 
 cant of the arc CE, is the co-secant of 
 the complement of that arc, or BE. 
 
 ■€o'§ey (ko'zy), a- See CozY. 
 
 -eo'gi-ly, adv. See CoziLY. 
 
 ■€o'-siiie, 71. [For co. simis,&n abbrev. 
 of Lat. complementi sinus. See SINE.] 
 ( Geom.) The sine of the complement of 
 an arc or angle. — In the figure, BF, 
 which is the sine of the arc CF, is the co- 
 sine of EF, the complement of that arc. 
 
 ■€o§-met'ic, I a. [Gr. Koo-jaTjTiKos, from Koaix-ot;, or- 
 
 ■€o§-m6t'i«-al, j der, ornament.] Improving the 
 beauty of the complexion. 
 
 -€o§-met'i«, «. Any external apphcation that helps to 
 improve the complexion. 
 
 -€6§'im€, \a. [Gr. >co(r(xi>c6s, from Koo-fxos. See 
 
 ■€6§'mi«-al, ) Cosmos.] 1. Pertaining to the uni- 
 verse, and having special reference to universal law or 
 order, "i. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole. 3. 
 (Astron.) Rising or setting with the sun; not acrony- 
 cal. 
 
 C6§'ini<!-al-ly, adv. With the sun at rising or setting. 
 
 Cog-mog'o-iiiSt, yi. One who is versed in cosmogony. 
 
 Co§-m6g'o-ny, n. [Gr. Kotry-oyovia, from Koerjao?, the 
 world, and ^yeVeiv, yeivetrOaL, yiyvecyOat, to beget, hring 
 forth.] The doctrine or science of the formation of the 
 world or universe. [raphy. 
 
 ■€os-in6g'ra-plier, n. One who is versed hi cosmog- 
 
 Hi'w-KSlS^lJlal, ! "• P'"»--K tocosmography. 
 
 ■eog-mSg'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. Koa-fioypa<f)Ca, from k6o-ju.os, 
 the world, and ypai^eLv, to write.] A description of the 
 world or universe, including the figure, disposition, and 
 relation of all its parts, and the manner of representing 
 them on a plane. 
 
 Cog-mol'o-^ist, n. One who is versed in cosmology. 
 
 Cog-mSl'o-gy, n. [Gr. Koo-fios, the world, and Aoyo?, 
 fbscour.se.] The science of the world or universe ; or a 
 treatise relating to its structure and various parts. 
 
 ■€5g'mo-pia.s'ti-e, a. [Gr. k6o-/oio?, the world, and ttXoo- 
 TiKo?, TrAacro-etv, to form.j Pertaining to the formation 
 of the world. 
 
 -e6§'nno-p8l'i-tan, ) n. [Gr. KoapLOTroXCrn-;, from k6(tijlo<;, 
 
 Cog-mop'o-lite, ) the world, and TroXtTrj?, citizen, 
 from TToAt?, city.] A person who has no fixed residence, 
 but is at home in every place ; a citizen of the world. 
 
 Cog-in6p'o-li-ti8m, n. Condition, qualities, or charac- 
 ter of a cosmopohte. 
 
 Cdg'mo-ra'ma, or ■e5g'mo-ra'ma, n. [Gr. Kovfios, 
 the world, and opa/xa, a sight, from opav, to see.] An 
 exhibition , through a lens or lenses, of a number of draw- 
 ings or paintings of different parts of the world. 
 
 -€6g'ino-ram'i-e, a. Pertaining to a cosmorama. 
 
 ■€fi^'moH, n. [Gr. koct/xo?, order, harmony.] 1, The 
 universe, — bo called from its perfect arrangement. 'Z. 
 The system of law, harmony, and truth combined within 
 the universe. 
 
 Cdg'mo-tllfit'i-e, a. [Gr. koct/xos, universe, and TifieVai, 
 to place, or arrange.] (Metapli.) Assuming the actual ex- 
 istence or reality of the physical or external world. 
 C6s'set, n. [Cf. Ger. kossat, kossat, kothsassc, a cottager, 
 from kot, koth, Eng. cof, hut, and Eng. co(,a cade lamb.] 
 1, A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. fi, A 
 pet in general. 
 ■eSs'set, V. t. To fondle ; to treat as a pet. 
 -€dst (21), n. [See the verb.] 1. Amount paid, or en- 
 gaged to be paid, for any thing bought ; charge ; expense ; 
 hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suifering, &c.,i9 
 requisite to secure benefit. 2. Loss of any kind ; detri- 
 ment; pain; suffering. 3. pi. {Law.) Expenses in- 
 curred in Utigation. 
 
 ■€6st, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COST; p. pr. & vb. n. COST- 
 ING.] [From Lat. constare, to stand at, to cost, firom 
 con and stare, to stand.] 1. To require to be given, ex- 
 pended, or laid out for. 3. To require to be home ; to 
 cause to be suffered. 
 
 Cos'tal, a. [From Lat. costa, rib.] Pertaining to the 
 side of the body or the ribs. 
 
 -Cos'tard, n. [A modification of custard, custard-apple.] 
 1. A large apple. 2. The head; — used contemptu- 
 ously. 
 
 ■eos'tard-noioij'ger ) (-mung'ger), n. An apple-seller ; 
 
 Cos'ter-mon'ger j — also peddlers who sell any 
 kind of fruit. 
 
 ■Cos'tean-mg, w. [Cornish cothas and stean, dropped 
 tin.] The process by which miners seek to discover me- 
 tallic lodes. 
 
 -Cos'tive, a. [Contracted from It. costipativo, from Lat. 
 constipare, to press closely together, from co7iand stipare, 
 to press together, cram.] Retaining fecal matter in the 
 bowels ; constipated. 
 
 ■Cos'tive-ness, n. An unnatural detention of fecal mat- 
 ter in the bowels ; constipation. 
 
 ■eost/li-ness, n. Great cost or expense. 
 
 Cost'ly, a. Of great cost ; of a high price ; dear ; sump- 
 tuous ; expensive. 
 
 ■Cos-tume', or Cos'tume, n. [Fr., from Lat. consuetu- 
 men, for consuetude, custom.] 1. An estabUshed man- 
 ner, mode, or style, especially of dress. 3. Adaptation 
 of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or the like, 
 to the time, place, or other circiunstances represented or 
 described. 
 
 Co'gy, a. See CozY. 
 
 ■€ot, \n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, Icel. kot, W. cwt.] 1. A 
 
 Cote,) small house; a cottage or hut; also, a shed or 
 inclosure for beasts. 2. A cover for a sore finger. 
 
 -Cot, ) n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, cottage, bed, couch. Cf. Gr. 
 
 ■€6tt, ) KoiTTj, bed.] A sleeping place of hmited size o« 
 elevation ; a little bed ; a cradle ; a bedstead which can 
 be folded together. 
 
 ■Co-tan'gent, n. [For co. tangens, an 
 abbreviation of Lat. comphmenti tan- 
 gens. See Tangent.] (Geom.) The 
 tangent of the complement of an arc 
 or angle. — In the figure, DL, which is 
 the tangent of the arc DB, is the co-/ 
 tangent of BA, the complement of that 
 arc. 
 
 -Cote, n. See Cot. 
 
 Co-tem'po-ra'ne-otis, a. [See Contemporaneous.] 
 Living or being at the same time. 
 
 ■eo-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [See Contemporary.] Living 
 or being at the same time. [with another. 
 
 ■€o-tem'po-ra-ry, n. One who lives at the same time 
 
 Co'te-rie', n. [Fr., from cote, share, portion, from Lat. 
 quota (sc. pars) , from quotus, -a, -um, which or what in 
 nufcber?] A set or circle of persons who meet famil- 
 iarly : a club. 
 
 Co-tid'al, a. [From co, for con, and tidal, q. v.] Marking 
 or indicating an equality in the tides. ^ 
 
 ^o-tU'lon I (ko-tn^yun), n. [Fr. cotillon, from 0. Fr. 
 
 Co-till'ion ) cote, L. Lat. cotta, cottus, tunic] 1. A 
 brisk dance of eight persons ; a quadrille. 2. A tune 
 which regulates the dance. 
 
 ■eot'quean, n. [From cot, a small house, and quecm, 
 q. v.] A man who busies himself with the affafrs which 
 properly belong to women. 
 
 -eSts'wold, n. [From cot, hut, and wold, q. v.] Sheep- 
 cotes in an open country. 
 
 Cot'tage (45), n. [From cot.] A smaU dwellmg ; a cot ; 
 formerly, a hut. 
 
 ■Cot'ta-ger, n. One who Uves in a hut or cottage. 
 
 Cot'ter, n. A cottager. _ 
 
 Cot'ter. n. A wedge-shaped piece of wood, iron, or other 
 material, for fastening the parts of a structure ; a key. 
 
 Co-tangent 
 
 ii, e, &c., ;on^,- &,£,&c., 5Aort;cd,re,far,ask, ^11, 'wliat;3re, veil, term; piiqtie,flrm; son, dr,dft,^r9lf, 
 
COTTON 
 
 161 
 
 COUNTER-CHECK 
 
 ■€6t'ton (kOt'tn), n. [From Ar. qoton, alqoton, cotton.] 
 
 1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, growing 
 in the capsules or pods of the cotton-plant. '», Cloth 
 made of cotton. 
 
 Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both 
 of cotton, and the pile is of silk. 
 
 ■€5t'ton, v.i. 1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. 
 
 2. To unite together ; to agree ; to adhere. [ Colloq.] 
 ■€6t 'ton- gill, ^t. A machine used to separate the seeds 
 
 from cotton. 
 
 ■€6t'ton-piant, n. {Bot.) A planfc 
 of several species, all growing in 
 warm climates, and bearing the cot- 
 ton of commerce. 
 
 ■€6t'ton-wcK>d, n. {Bot.) A tree of 
 the poplar kind found in the United 
 States, especially in the south-west. 
 
 C6t'toii-^v<]K>F, n. Cotton in its 
 raw or woolly state. 
 
 ■€6t'ton-y, a. 1. Covered with hairs 
 or pubescence, like cotton ; downy. 
 2. Soft, Uke cotton. 
 
 •CSt'y-le'doii, n. [Or. kotuA.t)Swv, 
 from KOTvkri.] (Bot) One of the seed- Cotton-plant. 
 lobes of a plant, which involves and 
 nourishes the embryo plant, and then perishes. 
 
 Cofy-lSd'o-nal, a. Having the form of a cotyledon. 
 
 ■Cot'y-16d'o-nou.s, a. Pertaining to cotyledons ; hav- 
 ing a seed-lobe. 
 
 -Coucli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COUCHED (koucht, 108); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COUCHING.] [Fr. coucher, to lay down, 
 to he down, fr. Lat. collocare, to lay, put, place.] 1. To 
 lay down or deposit upon or in a bed, or other resting- 
 place. 3. To compose to rest. 3. To put in language ; 
 to express ; to phrase ; to state. 
 
 To couch a cataract (Surg.), to depress it by means of a 
 needle in order to its removal. — To couch a spear, or lance, to 
 place the butt in the projection on the side of armpr called the 
 rest, so bringing it into the position for attack or defense. 
 
 -Coucli, V. i. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed; to 
 repose. 2. To lie down for concealment ; to hide. 3. 
 To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, &c. 
 
 -Coucli, n. 1. A place for rest or sleep ; any place for 
 repose, as the lair of a beast, &c. 3. A layer or stratum 
 of barley prepared for malting. 3. {Painting, Gilding, 
 &c.) A preliminary layer, as of color, size, &c. 
 
 -€oucli'an.t, a, 1. Lying down; squatting. 3. (ITer.) 
 Lying down with the head raised ; — said of a lion or 
 other beast. 
 
 -Goucli'er, n. One who couches. 
 
 -Couch.'- grass, n. {Bot.) A species of grass -which ex- 
 tends rapidly its creeping roots, and is very troublesome 
 in fields, gardens, &c. 
 
 -Cou'gar (kcTo/gar), n. [In South American dialects 
 cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] { Zo'dl. ) A carnivorous quad- 
 ruped of the American continent ; — called also puma 
 and panther. 
 
 «6ugli (kawf, 21), n. [D. kuch, from M. H. Ger. kitchen, 
 to breathe, kichen, to gasp, to pant.] A violent effort of 
 the lungs, usually attended with a harsh sound, to throw 
 off irritating matter. 
 
 Cdugli (kawf), V. i. [imp. & p. p. COUGHED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COUGHING.] To make a violent effort, at- 
 tended with a harsh sound, to throw off obstructing or 
 irritatmg matter from the throat or lungs. 
 
 Cdugli, V. t. To expel from the lungs by a cough ; to 
 eject by a cough ; to expectorate. 
 
 -Cdugh'er (kawf er), n. One who coughs. 
 
 -Could (kood), imp. of can. Was able, capable, or sus- 
 ceptible. See Can. 
 
 Coul'ter, n. Same as Colter. 
 
 -Coun'^il, n. [Lat. concilium, fr. concire, conciere, to as- 
 semble together, from co7i and cire, ciere, to move, or call 
 to.] An assembly summoned for consultation or advice. 
 Syn. — Meeting; congress; diet; convention; convocation. 
 
 -Coun'^il-man, n.,-j)L coun'^il-men. A member of 
 
 a council, especially of the common council of a city. 
 Couu'fil-or, n. A member of a council. 
 
 i^f" The distinction between councilor, a member of a coun- 
 cil, and counselor, one who gives counsel, was not formerly 
 made, but is now very generally recognized and observed. 
 
 ■Coun'sel, n. [Lat. consilium, from therootof consM^e/-e, 
 to consult.] 1. Mutual advisement, instruction, or in- 
 terchange of opinions. 3. Exercise of deUberate judg- 
 ment. 3. Result of consultation or deliberation. 4. 
 Deliberate purpose. 5. One who gives advice, especially 
 
 in legal matters ; also, collectively, the le^al advocate!! 
 united in the management of a case. 
 
 To keep counsel, to hold a purpose, &c., as a secret. 
 
 Syn.— Advice; consideration; consultation; design; intent; 
 scheme; plan; opinion; instruction. 
 
 -Coun'sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counseled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. counseling.] 1. To advise, admonish, or in- 
 struct, a. To recommend. 
 
 Coun'sel-or, n. 1. One who counsels; an adviser. 
 'i. One of the members of a council. [See Note under 
 Councilor.] 3. One who is consulted and gives ad- 
 vice in relation to a question of law ; a barrister. 
 
 -Coun'sel-or-sliip, n. The office of a counselor. 
 
 -Count, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COUNTING.] [Fr. confer, compter, from Lat. computare, 
 to reckon, to compute, q. v.] 1. To number ; to enu- 
 merate. '2. To consider or esteem as belonging to one. 
 Syn. — To calculate ; reckon; compute; esteem; ascribe. 
 
 -Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted ; hence, to 
 swell the number ; to add strength or influence. 3. To 
 depend; to rely. 3. {Law.) To plead orally. 
 
 ■Count, n. 1. Act of numbering, or the amount ascer- 
 tained by numbering; reckoning, 3, {Law.) (a.) A 
 statement of a plaintiff's case in court. (6.) ( Crim. Law.) 
 One of several charges in an indictment. 
 
 Count, n. [Fr. comte, from Lat. comes, eowj^is, com- 
 panion, one of the imperial court, from con and ire, to 
 go] A nobleman on the continent of £urope, equal in 
 rank to an EngUsh earl. 
 
 Count-palatine, (a.) See County Palatine. (6.) Originally, 
 the judge and highest officer of the German kings, afterward or 
 the German emperors and archdukes; later still, an officer del- 
 egated by the German . emperors to exercise certain imperial 
 privileges. 
 
 -Coun'te-nan^e, n. [Fr. contenance, from contenant,]p. 
 pr. of contenir, from Lat. continere, to hold together, 
 from con and tenere, to hold.] 1. Appearance or ex- 
 pression of the face ; look ; aspect ; mien, ti. The face ; 
 the features. 3, Approving or encouraging aspect ; 
 hence, favor ; aid ; encouragement. 
 
 Out of countenance, with the countenance cast down; not 
 bold or assured ; confounded ; abashed. — To keep the counte- 
 nance, to preserve a composed or natural look. 
 
 -Coun'te-nan^e, v. t. [imp. & p.p. countenanced 
 
 (koun'te-nanst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTENANCING.] 
 To encourage by a favoring aspect. 
 Syn. — To sanction; favor; approve; aid; support. 
 
 -Coun'te-nan-^er, n. One who countenances. 
 
 ■Coun'ter, n. 1. One who counts, or keeps an account ; 
 that which indicates a number. 3. A piece of metal, 
 wood, &c., in the form of a coin, used in reckoning. 3. 
 A table or board on which money is counted, and on 
 which goods are laid for examination by purchasers. 4. 
 (JVaM^) An arched space in the stern of a vessel. 5. 
 {Mus.) Counter-tenor. 6. {Far.) That part of a horse 
 between the shoulders and under the neck. "T", The 
 back-leather or heel part of a boot ; also, the heel stiffen- 
 ing of a boot or shoe. 
 
 ■Coun'ter, a. Contrary ; opposite. 
 
 -Coun'ter, adv. [See Contra.] Contrary; in opposi- 
 
 « tion ; in an opposite direction. 
 
 i§@°-This word is prefixed to many others, chiefly verbs and 
 nouns, expressing opposition. 
 
 -Coun'ter-a^t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counteracted ; 
 p.pr. Scvb.n. COUNTERACTING.] To act in opposi- 
 tion to ; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate. 
 
 -Coun'ter-S,-e'tion, n. Action in oppositicHi ; contrary 
 agency or action ; hindrance ; resistance. 
 
 €!oun''ter-a,«t'ive, a. Tending to counteract. 
 
 -Coun'ter-liai'an^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COUNTER- 
 BALANCED; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERBALANCING.] 
 To oppose with an equal weight; to act against with 
 equal power or effect ; to countervail. 
 
 -Coun'ter-baFan^e, n. Equal opposing weight ; power 
 or agency acting in opposition to any thing ; equivalent. 
 
 Coun'ter-bra^e, n. {Naut.) The brace of the fore- 
 topsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 
 
 -Coun'ter-cliange', v. t. To exchange ; to reciprocate. 
 
 -Coun'ter-cliange', n. Exchange ; reciprocation. 
 
 ■Coun'ter-cliarin', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
 
 CHARMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. OOUNTERCHARMING.] TO 
 
 destroy the effect of a charm upon. 
 Coun'ter-cliarni', n. That which has the power of 
 
 dissolving or opposing the effect of a charm. 
 ■Coun'ter-cligck:', v. t. To oppose ; to check. 
 ■Coun'ter-digck', n. Check ; stop ; rebuke. 
 
 food, fo^t ; Urn, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link: ; tiiis. 
 
COUNTER-CURRENT 
 
 162 
 
 COUNTRY 
 
 Conn'ter-cilr'ront, M. A curnuit running in an '"p- 
 jK^sito dinvtimi frvun that of tho main currout. 
 
 Couii'ter-dt'fd, n. (Law.) A swret writing which de- 
 stnns, invalidates, or alters a public deed. 
 
 Coiui'ter-draw'. v. t. [imp. counterdrew ; j:;. />. 
 COVNTEKDKAWN ; /). pr. & vb. n. COUNTERDRAW- 
 ING.] To copy, as a design or painting, by means of 
 some transiuirent substiiuce, through which the strokes 
 appear, and on which they are traced with a pencil. 
 
 Cotm'ter-ev'i-den^e, ». Opposite evidence. 
 
 Coim'terfeit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counterfeited ; 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. COUNTERFEITING.] [Fr. contrefaire,^. 
 p. contnfait, from contre, against, Lat. contra, and /aire, 
 to make, Lat. Jacere.] 1, To put on a semblance of, 
 •specially for a bad purpose. 2. To copy or imitate 
 without authority or right, and with a view to deceive or 
 defniud ; to forge. 
 
 Cotiii'ter-feit, v. i. To dissemble : to feign. 
 
 ?ouJi'ter-£eit, a. 1. Having a resemblance to. 2. 
 Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to 
 defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original. 
 3. False ; spurious ; hypocritical. 
 
 Coun'ter-feit, n. 1. That which is made in imitation 
 of something, %vith a view to deceive, by passing the false 
 for the true. 2. A likeness ; a counterpart. 3. One 
 who personates another ; an impostor ; a cheat. 
 
 Coxui'ter-feit-er, n. One who counterfeits ; especially, 
 one who forges bank-notes or coin ; a forger. 
 
 Cou»*ter-f eit-ly, adv. By forgery ; falsely. 
 
 Coim'ter-gage, n. ( Carp.) A method used to measure 
 joints, by transferring. 
 
 Coun'ter- guard, n. (Fort.) A low work raised before 
 the salient point of a bastion, to preserve the bastion. 
 
 Coun'ter-ir'ri-tant, n. (Bled.) That which is used to 
 produce an irritation in some part of the body, in order 
 to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. 
 
 Coiui'ter-ir'ri-tate, v. t. (Med.) To produce counter- 
 irritation in. 
 
 Couii'ter-ir''ri-ta'tioii, n. (Med.) Irritation excited 
 in one part of the body with the view of relieving irrita- 
 tion in another part 
 
 Coun'ter-jump'er, n. A salesman in a shop ; a shop- 
 man ; — used contemptuously. 
 
 Coun'ter-mand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
 manded; p.pr. & vh. n. COUNTERMANDING.] [Fr. 
 contremander , from contre, against, and mander, to com- 
 mand, Lat. mawlare.] To revoke, as a former command. 
 
 Coim'ter-niand', n. Revocation of a former command. 
 
 Coun'ter-marcli', v. i. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
 marched (koun'ter-marchf, 108); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 countermarching.] (M;.) To march back, or to 
 march in a reversed order. 
 
 Coim'ter-marcli', n. 1. A marching back. ''Z. {Mil.) 
 A change of the wings or face of a battalion. 
 
 Coun'ter-marli', n. 1. An additional mark on goods 
 in order to afford security or proof. 2. (Far.) An artifi- 
 cial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have out- 
 grown their natural mark, to disguise their age. 
 
 Coun'ter-marlc', v. t. To apply a counter-mark to, as 
 to the teeth of a horse. 
 
 Coun'ter-mine', n. 1. (Mil.) A gallery under ground 
 to facilitate the formation of mines, so that those of the 
 enemy may be reached and destroyed. 2. Means of op- 
 position or counteraction. 
 
 -eoun'ter-mine', v. t. [imp. & p.p. countermined ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. COUNTERMINING.] 1. (Mil) To oppose 
 by means of a counter-ndne. 3. To frustrate by secret 
 and opposing measures. [counter-plot. 
 
 -Coun'ter-mme', v. i. To make a counter-mine or 
 
 ■Coixn'ter-mo'tion, n. An opposing motion. 
 
 Coun'ter-inove''ment, n. A movement made in op- 
 position to another. 
 
 Coun'ter-pane, n. 1. A coverlet for a bed. [See 
 Counterpoint.] 2. (O. Law.) A counterpart. 
 
 Coun'ter-part, n. 1. A part corresponding to another 
 part ; a copy ; a duphcate. 2. A thing that may be ap- 
 plied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to 
 its impression ; hence, a person or thing having qualities 
 lacking in another ; an opposite. 3. (Mus. ) The part to 
 be arranged or used in connection with another. 
 
 Coun'ter-plea, n. (Law.) A replication to a plea or 
 request. [plotting. 
 
 Coun'ter-pl5t', v. t. To oppose, as another plot, by 
 
 €oun'ter-pl6t^ n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. 
 
 Coun'ter-point, n. 1. An opposite point. [Obs.] 2. 
 A cover for a bed, stitched or woven in s^^uares ; — now 
 corrupted into counterparu, from the idea of panes or 
 square openings. 3. [Point against point.] (Mus.) The 
 
 art of composing music in parts ; — often used as synon- 
 ymous with harmony. 
 
 -Coun^ter-poise', v. t. [imp. kp.p. counterpoised; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERPOISING.] 1. To act against 
 with equal weight ; to counterbalance. 2. To act 
 against with equal power or effect. 
 
 Coiin'ter-poise', n. 1. A weight suflScient to balance 
 another. 2. Equal power or force acting in opposition. 
 3. The relation of two such weights or forces ; equihb- 
 rium ; equiponderance. [the effect of another. 
 
 ■€oun'ter-por§oii (-poi'zn), n. A poison that destroys 
 
 Cotui'ter-proof, »i. (Engraving.) A print taken off 
 from another just printed, and therefore a reverse of it. 
 
 Covm'ter-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
 proved; p'.'pr. & vb. n. COUNTERPROVING.] To 
 take a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly 
 from the face of an original print. 
 
 Coun'ter-rgv'o-lu.'tion, a. A revolution opposed to 
 a former one, and restoring a former state of things. 
 
 -eoun'ter-s-earp, n. (Fort.) (a.) The exterior slope of 
 the ditch. (6'.) The whole covered way, with its parapet 
 and glacis. 
 
 ■eoun'ter-sigii(-sln), v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- 
 signed ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERSIGNING.] To sign 
 in addition and opposite to the signature of a principal or 
 superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing. 
 
 ■epun'ter-sign, n. 1. The signature of a secretaqjr or 
 other subordinate ofl&cer to a writing signed by the prin- 
 cipal or superior, to attest its authenticity. 2. (Mil.) 
 A private signal, word, or phras«, which must be given 
 in order to pass a sentry. 
 
 ■eoun'ter-sig'nal, n. A corresponding signal. 
 
 Coun'ter-sink;, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COUNTERSUKK ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERSINKING.] 1. To form, as a 
 depression, for the reception of the head of a screw or 
 bolt below the surface. 2. To cause to sink, as a screw 
 or bolt so as to be even with or below the surface, by 
 making an excavation for the head. 
 
 -€ouii'ter-siiil«;, n. 1. A cavity or depression for receiv- 
 ing the head of a screw or bolt. 2. A tool for forming 
 such a depression. 
 
 Coun'ter- slope , n. An overhanging slope. 
 
 ■eoiui'ter-step, n. Contrary method of procedure. 
 
 ■€oiiii'ter-tai'ly, n. A tally corresponding to another. 
 
 Coun'ter-ten'or, n. (Mus.) One of the middle parts, 
 between the tenor and the treble. 
 
 Coun'ter-tim'ber, n. (Naut.) One of a number of 
 short timbers placed in the stem of a vessel in order ta 
 strengthen the counter. [sistance ; opposition. 
 
 -€ouii'ter-time, n. 1. Resistance of a horse. 2. Re- 
 
 ■€oun/ter-vail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. countervailed j 
 p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERVAILING.] [counter and Lat. 
 valere, to be strong, to avail.] To act against with equal 
 force, power, or effect ; to thwart or overcome by such 
 action ; to balance ; to compensate. 
 
 Coun'ter-vail', n. Equal weight, strength, or value; 
 compensation ; requital. 
 
 Coun'ter-val-la'tion, 71. (Fort.) (a.) A chain of re- 
 doubts around a fortress, for the purpose of preventing 
 sorties by the garrison, (b.) The operation of construct- 
 ing such a chain of works. 
 
 ■€oTUi'ter-vie\v (-vu), n. 1. An opposite or opposing 
 view ; opposition. 2. Contrast. 
 
 ■eoun'ter-work' (-wurk'), v. t. [See Work.] To work 
 in opposition to ; to counteract. 
 
 ■Count'ess, n. [Fr. comtesse. See COUNT.] The con- 
 sort of an earl or count. 
 
 -eount'ing-liouse, ) n. [See COUNT, v.] The house 
 
 ■eoimt'mg-room, j or room appropriated to the 
 keeping of books, letters, pai)ers, and accounts. 
 
 ■€ouiit'less, a. Incapable of being counted ; innumera- 
 ble ; numberless ; multitudinous. 
 
 Count'tri-fied, a. [From Eng. country, and li&t.facere, 
 to make.] Having the appearance and manners of the 
 country ; rustic ; rude. 
 
 ■€oxin'try (kun'try ), n. [Fr. contree, from Lat. contra, 
 over against, on'the opposite side.] 1. A region; — 
 as distinguished from any other region, and with a per- 
 sonal pronoun, the region of one's birth, permanent res- 
 idence, or citizenship. 2. Rural regions, as opposed tc 
 a city or town. 3. The inhabitants of a region. 4. 
 (Law.) (a.) A jury, as representing the citizens of a 
 country. (6.) One's constituents, or the public. [Eng.] 
 
 TopiU one's self upon the country, to appeal to one's constitu- 
 ents ; to refer an issue to the jury. 
 
 ■Couja'try, a. 1. Pertaining to the territory at a distance 
 from a city ; rural ; rustic. 2. Destitute of refinanxent ; 
 rude ; ignorant. 
 
 a,i,&c.,long; &,6,&c.,sfiort; cftre, far, ask, ^, what; gre,TeU,term; pique, £Lrm; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
COUNTRY-DANCE 
 
 163 
 
 COUSIN-GERMAN 
 
 Cottn'try-dan^e, »i. [Corrupted from contra-dance , 
 from Fr. centre danse.] A dance in which the partners 
 are arranged opposite to each other in lines. 
 
 Coun'try-man, n.; pi. coOn'try-men. 1. An in- 
 habitant or native of a region. 3. A fellow-inhabitant 
 of a country. 3. One who dwells in the country, as op- 
 posed to the city ; a rustic. 
 
 Couii'try-seat, n. A dwelling in the country, used as 
 a place of retirement from the city. 
 
 Coun'try-wom'an, n. ; pi. coun'try-wom'en 
 (-wim'en). A* woman born, or who dwells, in the coun- 
 try or the same country. 
 
 ■eoun'ty, n. [Fr. tomte, L. Lat. comitatus. See COUNT.] 
 1. An earldom. [Obs.] 2. A portion of a state or king- 
 dom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain 
 purposes in the administration of justice ; a shire. 
 
 County corporate, a county invested with particular privi- 
 leges by charter or royal grant.— County court, a court whose 
 jurisdiction is Mmited to a county. — County palatine, a county 
 distinguished by particular privileges ; — so called a palatio, 
 from the palace, because the owner had originally royal pow- 
 ers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the 
 king had in his palace. [Eng.] — County town, a town where 
 the county business is transacted; a shire town. 
 
 Coup'le (kiip/l), n. [From Lat. copula. See COPULA.] 
 
 1, Two things of the same kind connected together or 
 taken together. 2. A betrothed or married pair. 
 
 Syn. — Pair ; brace. 
 ■Cotip'le, V. t. [imp. & p. p. coupled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 COUPLING.] 1. To link or connect together; to join. 
 
 2. To unite as male and female ; to marry. 
 Coiip'le, V. i. To come together as male and female ; to 
 
 form a sexual union ; to embrace. 
 Coup'ler, n. One who, or that which, couples. 
 ■eoiip'let, »i. [Ft., ddm. of couple. See COUPLE, n.] Two 
 
 lines of verse that rhyme with each other. 
 Coiip'ling, n. 1. Act of bringing or coming together ; 
 
 connection; sexual union. 5J. (Much.) That which 
 
 serves to couple or connect one thing with another, as a 
 
 hook, chain, or other contrivance. 
 Cou'pon (or kcTo/pong), n. [Fr., from couper, to cut.] 
 
 '(Com.) An interest certificate attached to a transferable 
 
 bond, designed to be cut off and presented for payment 
 
 when the interest is due. 
 Cour'age (kur'ej, 45), n. [Fr. , from Lat. cof, heart,] That 
 
 quality of mind which enables one to encounter danger 
 
 and diESculties without fear or shrinking. 
 
 SyTi. — Heroism ; bravery ; intrepidity ; valor ; boldness ; 
 
 gallantry ; daring ; firmness ; hardihood ; resolution. See 
 
 Beavbey. 
 
 •Cou-ra'geoiis (ku-ra'jus), a. Possessing, or character- 
 ized by, courage. 
 
 Syn. — Gallant ; brave ; bold ; daring ; valiant ; valorous ; 
 heroic ; intrepid ; fearless ; hardy ; stout ; adventurous ; en- 
 terprising. 
 
 Cou-ra'geou.s-ly, adv. In a courageous manner. 
 
 ■€ou-ra'geou.s-ness, n. The quality of courage. 
 
 -Con-rant', ) n. [Fr. coura7it, p. pr. of courir, to run, 
 
 •Cou-ran'to, ) Lat. currere.] 1. A piece of music in 
 triple time. 3. A lively kind of dance. 3. A newspaper. 
 
 ■Cou'ri-er (ko"o/ri-er), n. [Fr. courier, courrier, from 
 courre, courir, to run, Lat. currere.] X, A messenger 
 sent in haste with letters or dispatches, usually on public 
 business ; an express. 2. An attendant on travelers, who 
 makes all necessary arrangements for them at hotels and 
 on the way. 
 
 ■Course, n. [Fr. cours, course, Lat. cursu^, from currere, 
 cur sum, to run.] 1, Act of moving from one point to 
 another. 3, The ground or path traversed. 3. Mo- 
 tion considered with reference to its direction ; line of 
 progress. 4. Progress from point to point without 
 change of direction ; also, one of a succession of motions 
 in different directions considered as one act. 5. Orderly 
 progress ; usual, stated, or methodical action. 6. Man- 
 ner or way of conducting ; conduct ; behavior. 7. A 
 succession of acts or practices connectedly followed. 
 8. That part of a meal served at one time. 9. (Arch.) 
 A continued level range of brick or stones of the same 
 height throughout the face or faces of a building. 10. 
 pi. The menstrual flux. 
 
 In course, in regular succession. — Of course, by conse- 
 quence; in regular or natural order. 
 
 Syn. — Progress; advance; way; road; track; route; pas- 
 Bage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode. 
 
 Course, V. t. [imp. & p. p. coursed (korst, 108); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. COURSING.] 1. To rim, hunt, or chase 
 after; to pursue. 3. To run through or over. 3. To 
 cause to run. 
 
 Course, i». i. To run as if in a race, or in hunting. 
 
 -Cours'er, n. 1. One who courses or hunts. 2. A swift 
 or spirited horse ; a racer. 
 
 Court, n. [0. Fr., from L. chors,chortis, and cohort, cohor- 
 tis, an inclosure, thing inclosed, crowd, throng, Gr. vop- 
 To?.] 1. An inclosed space; a yard or area. 2, The 
 residence of a sovereign, nobleman, or other dignitary ; a 
 palace. 3. Persons composing the retinue of a sovereign 
 or person high in authority. 4. The appointed assem- 
 bling of the retinue of a sovereign. 5. Attention direct- 
 ed to a person in power ; conduct designed to gain favor ; 
 politeness; civility. 6. (Law.) (a.) A legal tribunal, 
 including the judges, jury, lawyers, sheriffs, &c. (6.) 
 The judge or judges in any case, as distinguished from 
 the counsel. 7. The session of a judicial assembly. 8. 
 Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. 9. pi- 
 (Script.) Places where worship is offered. 
 
 General Court, the legislature of a State; — so called as hav- 
 ing, or having had, judicial power. 
 
 Court, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COURTED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 COURTING.] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of; to 
 strive to please ; to pay court to. ti. To seek in marriage ; 
 to solicit the hand of; to woo. 3. To attempt to gain by 
 address ; to solicit. 
 
 Court'-- card, n. [Corrupted from coat-card.] See 
 COAT-CAJiD. [ister justice. 
 
 Court'-day, n. A day in which a court sits to admin- 
 
 Court'-dress, n. A dress suitable to wear at court. 
 
 Court'e-oiis (kurt'e-us), a. [From court.] Of court- 
 like or elegant and condescending manners ; pertaining 
 to, or expressive of, courtesy. 
 
 Syn. — Civil; obliging; well-bred; polite; complaisant. 
 
 Court'e-ous-ly, adv. In a courteous manner. 
 
 Coiirt'e-ous-ness, n. Quality of being courteous ; civil- 
 ity of manners ; obliging condescension ; complaisance 
 
 Court'er, n. One who courts. 
 
 Court'e-gftn (kurt'e-zan), n. [Fr. courtisane, from court- 
 isan, courtier, from court, cour. See COURT.] A prosti- 
 tute ; a harlot ; a strumpet. 
 
 Coiirt'e-sy, n. [See Courteous.] 1. Elegance and 
 politeness of manners. 3. An act of civility or respect. 
 3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right. 
 
 Syn. — Politeness ; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affa- 
 bili^ ; courteousness ; elegance ; good-breeding. 
 
 Courte'sy (kurt'sy), n. A gesture or expression of re- 
 spect or civility by women, — now little used, — consist- 
 ing in a slight bending of the knees and inclination of 
 the body. 
 
 CoHrte'sy (kurt/sy^), v. i. [imp. & p. p. courtesied ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. 'courtesying.] To bow the body 
 slightly, with bending of the knees, as an expression of 
 civility or respect. 
 
 Court'-liand, n. The hand, or manner of writing, used 
 in records and judicial proceedings. 
 
 Court'-liouse, n. A house in which established courts 
 are held. [Amer.] 
 
 Court'ier (kort^yer), n. [From court.] 1. One who fire- 
 quents the courts of princes. 3. One who courts or so- 
 licits favor. 
 
 Court'-leel, n. (Eng. Law.) A court of record held 
 once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, 
 before the steward of the leet. 
 
 Court'li-ness, n. Quality of being courtly or high-bred ; 
 elegance of maimers. 
 
 Court'ly, a. 1. Relating to a cotirt ; court-like; high- 
 bred ; dignified and elegant. 3. Disposed to fevor the 
 great ; fawning ; obsequious ; sycophantic. 
 
 Court'-mar'tial, n. ; pi. £;6urt§/-mar'tial. A court 
 consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of 
 offenses against military or naval laws. 
 
 Court'-plas'ter, n. Sticking-plaster made of silk. 
 
 Court'sliip, n. 1, Act of soliciting favor by complais- 
 ance or flattery. 3. Act of wooing in love. 
 
 Court'-yard, n. A court or inclosure round a house. 
 
 Coug'in (kuz'n), n. [Low Lat. cosimcs, contracted from 
 Lat. consobrinus, child of a mother's sister ; sobrinus, a 
 cousin by the mother's side, contracted for sororinus, 
 from soror, sister.] 1. One collaterally related more re- 
 motely than a brother or sister. 
 
 C@~ The children of brothers and sisters are usually denomi- 
 nated cousins, or cottsins-g emian. In the second generation, 
 they are called second-cousins. 
 
 3. A title given by a king to a nobleman, particularly 
 to those of the coimicU. 
 Coiig'm-ger'man, n. ; pi. €otJ§/lN§-6£R/M:AN. [See 
 Cousin and German.] A first cousin ; a cousin in the 
 first generation. 
 
 food, f dot; ftrn, rvjde, pull ; pell, ^liaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get; ag; e^ist; linger, linlc; tliis. 
 
COVE 
 
 164 
 
 COWSLIP 
 
 •eSve, n. [ A.-S. rofa, rore, cave, room, 0. 11. Ger. rhiiofa, 
 a larye jar, Lat. cupa, den, BL^t'. cobn, cobia, pit, Lat. 
 rtiriiwi, ca\itv, from aiviis, -a, -i/>/j, hollow, Ar. al-hitbba, 
 %-auU.] 1. a" small iulot, ciwk, or bay ; a recess in the 
 sea-shore. "2. A strip of pnurie oxtoudiiig into wood- 
 land ; also, a nvess m the side of a mountain. [A77ier.] 
 3. A lH>y or man of any Jige or station. [Sin/ig'.] 
 
 Cow. r. /. (Arch.) To arch over. 
 
 Cdv'o-naut, «. [0. Fr. covmant, conve7iant, ]?. pr. of 
 eonvmir, to agree, hat. convenire. See CONVENE.] 1. 
 A mutual agr\>ement iu writing and uuder seal ; a con- 
 tract ; stipulation. M. A writing containing the teftns 
 of agnvmeut l>etween parties. 3. (TJieol.) The prom - 
 i»es of God as ix'vealed in the Scriptures, conditioned 
 on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repent- 
 ance, laith, &c. 4. (Laiv.) A form of action for the 
 Tiolation of a promise or contract uuder seal. 
 
 Sj'n. — Agreonient ; contract ; compact ; bargain; arrange- 
 ment; stipulation. See Costkacx. 
 
 Cdv'e-iiaiit, f. I. [i'np- & P- P- covenanted ; p. pr. & 
 
 t^. II. covenanting.] To ent€r into a formU agree- 
 ment ; to bind one's self by contract. 
 Syn. — To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate. 
 
 Cdv'e-nant, v. t. To grant or promise by covenant. 
 
 CoT'e-iiant-er, n. One who makes or who subscribes a 
 covenant. [nant. 
 
 C6v'e-nant-or, n. (Law.) The party who makes a cove- 
 
 Cov'er (kiiT'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COVERED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COVERING.] [From Lat. cooperire., from co, for 
 con, and operire. to cover.] 1. To overspread or euvelop 
 the surface or the whole body of. H. To brood or sit on. 
 
 3. To hide from sight ; to conceal. 4. To place under 
 shelter; to protect; to defend. 5. To extend over; to 
 be sufficient for ; to comprehend or include ; to account 
 for or solve ; to counterbalance. 6. To put the usual 
 head-dress on. 7. To copulate with ; — said of the male. 
 
 Syn. — To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread. 
 
 Cov'er, 71. 1. Any thing which is laid, set, or spread 
 
 upon, abotit, or over another; an envelope ; a lid. 3. 
 
 Aiy thing which veUs or conceals ; a screen ; disguise ; a 
 
 cloak. 3. Condition of concealment, shelter, or defense. 
 
 4. (Hunting.) The woods, underbrush, &c., which 
 shelter and conceal game. 5. [Fr. couverte.] A table- 
 cloth, and the other table furniture ; especially, the table 
 furniture for the use of one person at a meal. 
 
 •Cov'ered (kuv'erd), p. a. Designed or used for conceal- 
 ment, shelter, &c. 
 
 Covered way (Fort.), a secure road of communication all 
 round a fort, outside the ditch, having a banquette from which 
 a grazing fire of musketry can be broughtupon the glacis. 
 
 ■Cov'er-er, n. One who, or that which, covers. 
 
 -€6v'er-let, n. [0. Fr. covrelict, equiv. to couvre-lit, from 
 Fr. couvrir, to cover, and lit, Lat. lectum, bed.] The up- 
 permost cover of a bed. 
 
 C6v'ert (kiiVert), a. [0. Fr. covert, p. p. of covrir. See 
 COVER, V. t.] 1. Covered over; hid. 3. Sheltered; 
 not open or exposed. 3. (Law.) Under CQver, authority, 
 or protection , as a married woman. 
 
 Syn. — Hid; secret; private; covered; disguised. 
 
 ■Cov'ert, n. 1. A place which covers and protects ; a 
 shelter ; a defense. 3. Feathers covering the bases of 
 the quills of the wing or tail of birds. 
 
 ■Cov'ert-bar'on, a. ( Law. ) Under the protection of a 
 husband; married. 
 
 C6v'ert-ly, CK/r. Secretly; closely; in private. 
 
 €6v'ert-ure (53), n. [See Cover, v. t.] 1. Cover- 
 ing : shelter ; defense. 2. ( Law. ) Condition of a woman 
 during marriage, because she is considered under the 
 cover, or power and protection of her husband. 
 
 *6v'ert-way (kiiv'ert-), n. (Fort.) The same as COV- 
 ERED Way. See Covered. 
 
 Cdv'et (kuv'et), v. t. [i7np. & p. p. coveted ; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. coveting.] [0. Fr. covoiter, coveiter, now 
 convoiter, from covoitous, coveitos, now convoiteux, from 
 Lat. cupidus, eager, from cupere, to desire.] 1. To 
 wish for with eagerness. 3. To wish for inordinately, un- 
 reasonably, or unlawfully 
 
 Sym.— To long for; desire; hanker after; lust after. 
 
 Cdv'et-a-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being coveted. 
 
 €6v'et-er, n. One who covets. 
 
 ■€6v'et-ive-ness, n. (Phren.) Excessive desire of accu- 
 mulating property ; acquisitiveness. 
 
 ■€6v'et-oui» {kuv^et-us), a. 1. Very desirous. 3. In- 
 ordinately desirous ; excessively eager. 
 
 Syn. — Avaricious ; parsimonious; penurious; miserly; 
 niggardly. 
 
 C6v'et-otts-ly, adv. AVith a strong or inordinate desiw) 
 to obtain and possess ; eagerly ; avariciously. 
 
 Cov'et-otts-ness, n. Strong or inordinate desire of ob- 
 tiiining and possessing some supposed good. 
 Syn. — Avarice ; cupidity; greed; eagerness. 
 
 Cov'ey (kiiv'j^), w. [Fr. couvee, from couve, p. p. of couver, 
 to sit or brood on, from Lat. cubare, to lie down, i7icu- 
 bare, to brood.] 1. An old bird with her brood of 
 young ; hence, a small flock or number of birds together. 
 3. A company ; a set. 
 
 Cov'in (kQv'in), 7i. [0. Fr. covi7ie, covaiTie, from convenir, 
 to agree, Lat. convenire. See COVENANT.] (Law.) A 
 collusive or deceitful agreement between two or more 
 persons to prejudice a third. 
 
 Cov'ing, «. [See Cove.] (ilrcA.) (a.) The projection of 
 the upper stories of a house over those beneath, (b.) 
 The jambs of a fire-place. 
 
 ■€6v'iii-ous, a. (Law.) Deceitful; collusive ; fraudu- 
 lent; dishonest. 
 
 Cow (kou), 71. ; pi. €OW§ ; old pi. KINE. [A.-S. eft, Icel. 
 kit, 0. H. Ger. chuo, Lat. ceva, Skr. gd, nom. gaus.] The 
 female of the bovine genus of animals. 
 
 CoAV, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. COWED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. COW- 
 ING.] [Icel. kuga, to depress ; or perhaps an abbre- 
 A-iation of to cotvard.] To depress with fear ; to sink the 
 spirits or courage. 
 
 Co-w^'ard, n. [0. Fr. couard, coard, coart, orig. short- 
 tailed, as an epithet of the hare, from 0. Fr. coe, coue, N. 
 Fr. queue, It. coda, Lat. cauda, tail, and the termination 
 ard.] One who lacks courage to meet danger ; a timid 
 or pusillanimous man. 
 
 Syn. — Craven; poltroon; dastard.— Coward denotes liter- 
 ally one who slinks back like a terrified beast with the tail be- 
 tween the legs; a craven is literally one who begs off, or shrinks 
 at the approach of danger; a. poltroon is a mean-spirited cow- 
 ard ; dastard is one of the strongest terms of reproach in oxu" 
 language. 
 
 Cow'ard, rt. 1. Destitute of courage; timid ; base. 3. 
 Belonging to a coward ; proceeding from, or expressive 
 of, cowardice. [idity ; pusillanimity. 
 
 CoAv'ard-i?e, Ji. Want of courage to face danger ; tim- 
 
 Co\v'ard-li-ness, 7i. Want of courage ; cowardice. 
 
 Cow'ard-ly, a. 1. Wanting courage to face danger. 3. 
 Proceeding from fear of danger ; befitting a coward. 
 
 Syn. —Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; 
 recreant ; craven; faint-hearted ; chicken-hearted; white- Uv- 
 ered; mean; base. 
 
 CoAv'ard-ly, adv. In the manner of a coward. 
 
 Cow'-catcli'er, n. A strong wooden or iron frame in 
 front of a locomotive-engine for catching or throwing off 
 obstructions on a railway, such as cows, &c. 
 
 Cotv'er, V. i. [imp. & p. p. cowered ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 COWERING.] [Cf. Ger. kauchen, kauerTi; and W. cwrian, 
 to cower, from civr, corner.] To sink by bending the 
 knees ; to crouch, especially through fear. 
 
 Cow'liage, n. [Hind, kawdnch, koanch.] (Bot.) A 
 leguminous plant, having crooked pods covered with 
 sharp hairs, which, penetrating the flesh, cause irrita- 
 tion and itching. [Written also couhage and cowitck.] 
 
 Cow'lierd, n. [See HERD.] One whose occupation it is 
 to tend cows. 
 
 Covr'liide, ». 1. The hide of a cow. 3. Leather made 
 of the hide of a cow. 3. A scourge or coarse riding- 
 whip made of cow's hide. 
 
 Cow'Mde, V. t. [imp. & p. p. COWHIDED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. COWHIDING.] To beat or whip with a cowhide. 
 
 Cowl, n. [A.-S. cuhle, cugle, L Lat. cuculla, cucullio, 
 cucullus, from Lat. cucullus, cap, hood.] 1. A monk's 
 hood or habit. 3. A cowl-shaped cap for the top of 
 chimneys. 3. A vessel carried on a pole betwixt two 
 persons for the conveyance of water. 
 
 Cowled (kowld), a. 1. Wearing a cowl; hooded. 3. 
 (Bot.) Shaped Uke a cowl. 
 
 Cow'liclc, n. A tuft of hair turned up, — usually over 
 the forehead, — as if hcked by a cow. 
 
 Cowl'-staff , n. See Cowl, No. 3. 
 
 Co'--worfc:'er (-wurk'er), n. [From co, for cori, and 
 worker, q. v.] One who works with another ; a co- 
 operator ; a fellow-laborer ; a collaborator. 
 
 Cow'-pox, n. (Med.) A pustular eruption of the cow. 
 which, when communicated to the human system, as by 
 inoculation, preserves from the small pox ; the vaccine 
 disease; — called also kine-pox. 
 
 Cow^'ry {kou'ry),n. [Hind, kauri.] A small shell, used 
 for money in Africa and the East Indies. 
 
 Cow'slip, In. [Perhaps for coi^'s-Zeei.] (Bof.) A spe- 
 
 Cow'§'-lip, ) cies of primrose, a plant appearing early 
 in the spring in moist places. 
 
 si,e,8cc.,long; a,g,&c.,»Aort/ c&re,far,a9k, all,w^hat; 6re, veil, term; p'ique,firiu; s6n,5r,d{>,'W9lf, 
 
COW-TREE 
 
 165 
 
 CRANE 
 
 Cow'- tree, n. {Bot.) A tree of South America, which 
 produces a nourishing fluid, resembling milk. 
 
 Cdx'-eomb (-kom), K. [A corruption of coc^■'5 co?n6.] 1. 
 (a.) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, 
 which Ucensed fools formerly wore in their caps, (b.) 
 The cap itself, 'i. A vain superficial pi-etender to knowl- 
 edge or accomplishments ; a fop. 3. (Bot.) A plant of 
 Several species, which produces red flowers resembUng the 
 comb of a cock. 
 
 •eox-€6mb'i«-al (-kOm'-), a. Befitting or mdicating a 
 coxcomb; foppish; conceited; fanciful. 
 
 €ox-€6mb'i€-al-ly (-kSm'-), adv. in the manner of a 
 coxcomb ; vainly ; faneifully ; foppishly. 
 
 ■€^x'«oinb-ry (-kom-), n. The manners of a coxcomb. 
 
 €ox-<!6m'ic-al, a. See Coxcombical. 
 
 Coy. a. [0. Fr. coy, coi, coit, fr. Lat. quietus, quiet, fir. 
 q'uies, rest.] Shrinking from approach or familiarity. 
 
 Syn. — Shy; shrinking; reserved; modest; bashful; back- 
 ward; distant. 
 
 ■eoy'isli, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. 
 
 Coy'ly, ndv. In a coy manner ; with reserve ; slyly. 
 
 Coy'ness, n. Unwillingness to become familiar. 
 
 Syn. — Reserved; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; mod- 
 esty; bashfulness. 
 
 •€6z (kuz), n. A contraction of cousin. See COUSIN. 
 
 Coz'en (kuz'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. cozened; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. COZENING.] [Either fi-om cousin, to deceive 
 through pretext of relationship, or from Ger. kosen, lieb^ 
 kosen, to wheedle, flatter. See Cozy.] To cheat ; to de- 
 fraud; to beguile; to deceive. [artifice; trick; fraud. 
 
 -€6z'en-age (kuz'n-), n. The art or practice of cozening ; 
 
 Coz'en-er, n. One who cheats or defruuds. 
 
 ■Co'zl-ly, adv. Snugly ; comfortably. 
 
 Co'zy, a. [compar. cozier; superl. COZIEST.] [Fr. 
 causer, to talk, chat, from Ger. kosen, 0. H. Ger. chosdn.] 
 [Written also cosey.] Snug ; comfortable ; easy. 
 
 CrS.b, n. 1. [A.-S. crabba, fi-om 
 Lat. carabics, Gr. Kapa/Sos.] 
 (Zo'dl.) A crustaceous animal, 
 having the body covered by a 
 crust-like shell called the carar- 
 pox. It has ten legs, the fr-ont 
 pair of which terminate in 
 claws. 3. [Akin to Gael. & Ir. 
 garbh. Armor. & W. garv , garw , Grab, 
 
 rough, harsh, Lat. acerbus, sour, harsh.] (Bot.) A wild 
 apple, or the tree producing it; — so named from its 
 harsh taste. 3. (Mech.) (a.) A form of crane used for 
 raising or moving heavy weights, (b.) A contrivance for 
 launching ships or raising them into a dock. 
 
 ■era,b'-ap'ple, n. A small, sour kind of apple. 
 
 Cr&bnbed. (60), a. [From crab.] Harsh ; rough, or 
 austere, hke a crab-apple. 
 
 Syn. — Peevish ; sour ; cross ; unpleasing; morose; difficult; 
 perplexing; trying. 
 
 CrabHbed-ly, adv. In a crabbed manner. 
 
 Crab'bed-ness, n. State of being crabbed. [body. 
 
 ■er^b'-louse, n. A species of louse infesting the himian 
 
 ■Crab'-tree, n. The tree that bears crab-apples. 
 
 •Oracle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cracked (krakt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. cracking.] [Fr. craquer, D. kraken, Dan. krak- 
 ke, Ger. krachen, Gael. & Ir. crac] 1. To break without 
 entire separation of the parts ; to fissure, 'i. To rend 
 with grief or pain ; to distress ; hence, to disorder ; to de- 
 range. 3. To cause to sound abruptly and sharply, with 
 noise hke that of rending ; to snap. 4. To utter smartly 
 and sententiously. 5. To cry up; to extol. [Low.] 
 
 Crack, V. i. 1. To be fractured without quite separating 
 into parts. 3. To go to pieces; to be ruined or im- 
 paired. 3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. 
 
 Craclc, n. 1. A partial separation of the parts of a sub- 
 stance, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink 
 or fissure ; a crevice. 3. A sound as of any thing sud- 
 denly rent. 3. Craziness of intellect ; insaiiity ; limacy. 
 
 -Crack;, a. _0f superior excellence. [Colloq.] 
 
 Crack'-brained., a. Having an impaired intellect. 
 
 Crack'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks. 2. 
 A small firework, exploding with a sharp noise. 3. A 
 kind of hard biscuit. 
 
 Crack'le (krak^l), v. i. [Dun. of crack.] To make shght 
 cracks ; to make small, abrupt, snapping noises, rapidly 
 or frequently repeated. 
 
 Cra<!k'liiig, n. 1. Small, abrupt cracks or reports, fre- 
 quently repeated. 5J. The rind of roasted pork. 
 
 Cra'dle (kra'dl), n. [A.-S. cradel, cradol. Cf. W. cryd,B. 
 shaking or rocking, a cradle, crydit, crydian, crydiaw, to 
 shake.] 1. A kind of movable bed for infants, so con- 
 structed as to rock ; hence, the place in which any thing 
 
 is nurtureU or protected in the earUer period of its niM- 
 tence. ti. Infancy, or very early hfe. 3. (Agric.) A 
 light framework added to a scythe, for receiving the grain 
 as cut, and laying it evenly in swaths. 4, (Engrccving.) 
 An instrument used especially in preparing plates for 
 mezzotints. 5. (Ship-building.) A framework of tim- 
 bers used to support a vessel about to be launched, or 
 drawn up an inclined plane, or across a narrow strip of 
 land. C ( iSurg.) A case for a broken bone. 
 
 Cra'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cradled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 cradling.] 1. To lay in a cradle; to rock in a cra^ 
 die. 2. To nurse in infancy. 3. To cut and. lay with 
 a cradle, as grain. 
 
 Cra'dle, v. i. To he or lodge, as in a cradle. 
 
 Craft (6), n. [A.-S. craft, Ger. kraft, Icel. kraptr. Cf. W. 
 cref, cryf, strong.] 1. Desterity in particular manual 
 employment; hence, the employment itself; a trade. 
 5i, Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense ; artifice ; guile. 
 3. (Naut.) Vessels of any kind. 
 
 Craf t'i-ly, adv. With craft, cunning, or guile. 
 
 Craft'i-ness,». Cunning ; artifice ; stratagem ; wiliness. 
 
 Crafts'man, «.; pi. €RAFTS'men. One skilled in a 
 manual occupation ; an artificer ; a mechanic. 
 
 Craft'y, a. S killf ul at deceiving others. 
 
 Syn.— Cunning; artfiil; wily; sly; fraudulent; deceitftil; 
 subtle; shrewd. 
 
 Crag, n. [W. craig, Gael. & Ir. creag.] 1. A steep, 
 rugged rock ; a rough, broken rock. 2. ( Geol.) A par- 
 tially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the 
 tertiary age. 
 
 Crag'ged (60), a. FuU of crags or br<*:en rocks. 
 
 Crag'ged-ness, n. State or quahty of bemg cragged. 
 
 Crag'gi-ness, n. The state of being craggy. 
 
 Crag'gy, a. FuU of crags ; abounding with broken 
 rocks ; rugged with projecting points of rocks. 
 
 Crake, n. [Icel. kraka, crow, and krakr, raven. Cf. 
 Crow.] ( Omith.) A species of rail found among grass, 
 corn, broom, or furze ; — so called from its singular cry. 
 
 Cram, -y. t. [imp. Sep. p. crammed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CRAMMING.] [A.-S. cram,mian, Ger. kram.men, krim- 
 men, to seize or grasp with the claws.] 1. To stuff; to 
 crowd ; to fill to superfluity. 2. To fill with food be- 
 yond satiety. 3. To qualify for pubhc examuiation by 
 special preparation. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Cram, V. i. 1. To eat greedily or beyond satiety; to 
 stuff. 2. To make preparation for an examination by a 
 hasty review of studies. 
 
 Cram'bo,n. [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A play in 
 which one person gives a word, to which another finds a 
 rhyme. 2. A rhyme. 
 
 Cramp, n. 1. [D. & Sw. krajnp, Dan. krampe, Ger. 
 krampf.] A restriction or restraint. 2. [From 0. H. Ger. 
 chramph, crooked, from chrimphan, to crook, bend. Cf. 
 CLAMt>.] An iron instrument serving to hold together 
 pieces of timber, stones, &c. 3. A piece of wood on 
 which the upper leather of a boot is stretched. 4. (Med.) 
 A spasmodic and painful contraction of a muscle or 
 muscles of the body. 
 
 Cramp, -u. t. [imp. & p. p. CRAMPED (krampt, 108) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CRAMPING.] 1. To hold tightly pressed 
 together ; to restrain from free action. 2. To form on a 
 cramp, as boot legs. 3. To afflict with cramp. 
 
 Cramp'-fisli, n. (Ichth.) The torpedo, or electric ray, 
 the touch of which affects a person with a shght shock 
 of electricity. [No. 2. 
 
 Cramp'-rron (-i/urn), n. A cramp. See Cramp, «., 
 
 Cramp'it, n. [See supra.] 1. A piece of metal at the 
 tip of a sword-sheath ; a chape. 2. A cramp-fron. 
 
 Cram-pdbng', n. pi. [Fr. crampon, from 0. H. G«. 
 chramph, crooked. See Cramp, n.] 1. Hooked pieces of 
 iron, for raising stones, boxes, lumber, and other heavy 
 materials. 2. ( Mil. ) Iron instruments with sharp points 
 worn on the shoes to assist hi gaining or keepuig a foot- 
 hold, as in climbing ramparts. 
 
 Cramp'y, a. 1. Diseased with 
 cramp. 2. Productive of cr3,mps. 
 
 Cran'age, n. [From crane.] 1. 
 The hberty of using a crane at a 
 wharf. 2. Money or price paid for 
 theuseof acrane. 
 
 Cran'bgr-ry, n. [From crane, be- 
 cause its slender stalk has been com- 
 pared to the long legs and neck of a^, 
 crane.] (Bot.) A red, sour berry, ^jf/j 
 much used for making sauce, &c. ^* 
 
 Crancli, v. t. See Craunch. 
 
 Crane, n. [A.-S. cran, H. Ger. 
 
 kranich, allied with Gr. yepavos. Crane, (1.) 
 
 food, fo^t; lirii, r^de, pull; pell, (liaise, <;all, e<;lio ; gem., get; a§fe$isti linger, link ; tills. 
 
Cl^VNE 
 
 166 
 
 CREASE 
 
 Craiie, (2, a). 
 
 Lat. ^T«jt, W. k Arm. snnin.] 1, {Omith.) A wading 
 bird, having a long, stniight bill, and long legs and neck. 
 '2. ('».) A ma^'hiuo for niising, 
 lowering, and moving heavy 
 weights ; — so oalltHi fn^ui a 
 fancied siniihirity Wtweeu its 
 arm and the mn-k of a i-rane. 
 lb.) A similar arm turning on 
 a Tertical axis or support, in a 
 fireplace, for supportiug ket- 
 tles, &c., over a tire. 3. A 
 siphon, or bent pipe, for draw- 
 ing liquors out of a cask. 4. 
 (iSVj»/r.) A piece of wood or iron formed with two arms, 
 used, in J>airs, to stow spare spars in. 
 
 Criiiie, r. t. To cause to rise ; to raise, as if by a crane. 
 
 •t"rSiie'§'-bill, ». 1. {Bot.) The plant Geranium, of 
 many sjHH"ies ; — so named from an appendage of the seed- 
 vessel, which resembles the beak of a crane or stork. 2. 
 A pair of long-beaked pincers used by surgeons. 
 
 Cra'ui-al, «• Belonging to the cranium. 
 
 Cra'iii-o-16g'i€-al, a. Pertaining to craniology. 
 
 Cra'ni-61'o-gist, «. One who is versed in craniology; 
 a phrenologist. 
 
 Cra'iil-dl'o-gy, n. [Gr. KpavCov, skull, and A.6yos, dis- 
 course, Aryeiv, to speak.] The science which investigates 
 the structure of the skull, and its i-elation to the feculties 
 of the mind ; phrenology. 
 
 ■€ra'iii-6ni'e-ter, n. [Gr. Kpaviov, skull, and fierpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for measuring skulls. 
 
 ■Cra'ni-om'e-try , n . Art of measuring the skulls of an- 
 imals, for discovering their specific differences. 
 
 Cra'ni-Ss'-eo-py, ?i. [Gr. KpavCov, skull, and a-Konelv, 
 to view.] The examination of the skull with a view to 
 discover the parts of the brain which are supposed to be 
 the organs of particular passions or faculties. 
 
 ■C^ra'tii-iim, n.; pi. cra'jvi-A. [N. Lat., from Gr. 
 Kpaviov.] (A?iat.) The skull of an animal ; brain-pan. 
 
 Crank, «. [Cf. D. kring, L. Ger. Icrink, Icel. kringr, 
 circle.] 1. (Mach.) A bend in, or a bent portion of, an 
 axis, serving as a handle for commimicating circular 
 motion, or to change circular into reciprocating motion, 
 or the reverse. 2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a 
 passage. 3. A conceit consisting in a change of the 
 form or meaning of a word. 
 
 Crank, a. [A.-S. crane, weak, Icel. krankr, D. & Ger. 
 krank, sick, weak.] 1. {Naut.) Liable to careen or be 
 overset, as a ship. 3. FiaU of spirit ; brisk; hvely. 
 
 ■Crankle, v.i. [See Crank, n., and Crinkle.] To 
 run in a winding course ; to bend, wind, and turn. 
 
 Crink'le (krank'!), v. t. To break into bends, turns, or 
 angles ; to crinkle. 
 
 Crank'le, n. A bend or turn ; a crinkle. 
 
 Cran'nied, a. [See Cranny.] Pull of crannies ; hav- 
 ing rents, chinks, or fissures. 
 
 ■Cran'ny, n. [Fr. cran, Lat. crena, notch.] 1. A small, 
 narrow opening ; a fissure, crevice, or chink. 3, A 
 secret, retired place : a hole. 
 
 Cran'ny, v. i- 1. To make crannies. 2. To haunt or 
 enter by crannies. 
 
 Crape, n. [Fr. crepe, from Lat. crispus, curled, crisped.] 
 A thin, transparent stuff, made of raw silk gummed and 
 twisted, much used for mourning garments. 
 
 CrS,p'u-lent, ) a. [La.t.crapule7itus,crapiilosus,from.Lat. 
 
 Crap'u-lous, f crapula, Gr. KpaindK-q.] Sick from in- 
 temperance. [Rare.] 
 Syn. — Drunken; intoxicated; inebriated. 
 
 Crap'y, a. Resembhng crape. 
 
 Crash, V. t. [imp. & p. p. crashed (krasht) ; p. pr. &> 
 vb. n. CRASHING.] [From Goth, kriustan, to gnash, 
 craah, grate. Cf. Crush.] To break to pieces violently. 
 
 Crash, V. i. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of 
 many things falling and breaking at once. 
 
 Crash, n. 1. The loud, mingled sound of many things 
 falling and breaking at once. 2. [Lat. crassus.] A kind 
 of coarse linen cloth. 
 
 Crass'a-ment, n. [Lat. cras-tamentum , from crassus, 
 thick.] The thick part of any fluid, especially of the 
 blood ; a clot. 
 
 Crass'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. crassitudo. See supra.] 
 Grofisness ; coarseness ; thickness. 
 
 Cratch, n. [From 0. II. Ger. krippa, krippea.] A man- 
 ger or open frame for hay ; a crib. 
 
 Cratch-cradle, , a representation of the figure of the cratch, 
 made upon the fingers with a string; a child's game; — called 
 ahso fcratch-crofJle and cafs-cradle. 
 
 Crate, n. [Lat. crates.] A hamper of wicker-work, for 
 the transportation of crockery. 
 
 Cra'ter, n. [Lat. crater, cratera, from Gr. Kpa-rqp, a mix- 
 ing vessel, crater, from Kepavvvvai, to mix.] The apsrturo 
 or mouth of a volcano. 
 
 Cra-tgr'l-fdrm, a. [Lat. cratera, a bowl, and. forma 
 form.] Having the form of a goblet. ' 
 
 Crauiich (kranch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. craunched 
 (krSncht, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. craunching.] [Cf. D. 
 schransen, to eat greedily.] To crush vnth the teeth : to 
 chew noisily ; to crunch. 
 
 Cra-vat', n. [Fr. cravate, from Cravate, a Croat, an in- 
 habitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, 
 from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted In 
 France.] A neck-cloth. 
 
 Crave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. craved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 craving.] [A..-?>. crafian, leal, krefia.] 1. To ask with 
 earnestness or importunity, and humility. 3. To long 
 for ; to require or demand. 
 
 Syn.— To seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit. 
 Cra'ven, n. [Probably from crave, one who craves or 
 begs for his life when vanquished.] One who, being van- 
 quished in trial by battle, has craved or begged his life 
 of his antagonist ; a weak-hearted, spiritless feUow. 
 
 Syn. — Coward; poltroon; dastard. See Cowaed. 
 
 Cowardly with meanness ; spiritless. 
 One who craves or begs. 
 
 Cra'ven, a. 
 Crav'er, n. 
 
 Cra-\v, n. [D. kraag, Ger. krage, kragen, throat, crop.] 
 
 The crop or first stomach of fowls. 
 Cr3,-»v'-fish, ) 71. [Corrupted either from 0. H. Ger. 
 Cray '-fish, j krebiz, or from Fr. ecrevisse, which is 
 
 itself derived from 0. H. Ger. krebiz.] (Zool.) A crusta- 
 
 ceous animal, resembling the lobster, but smaller, found 
 
 in fresh -water streams. 
 Crawl, V. i. [imp. & p. p. crawled ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 
 crawling.] [Icel. krafla, D. krabbelen, grabbelen, dim. 
 
 of krabben, grappen.] 1. To move slowly, as a worm ; 
 
 or on the hands and knees, as a human being ; to creep. 
 
 2. To move or advance in a slow and feeble manner. 
 
 3. To have a sensation resembling that of insects creep- 
 ing about the body. 
 
 Crawl, n. The act or motion of crawling. 
 
 Cra^vl'er, n. One who, or that which, crawls. 
 
 Cray'fish, n. The river lobster. See Craw-fish. 
 
 Cray'on, n. [Fr., from crate, Lat. creta, chalk, properly 
 Cretan earth, from CVeta, the island Crete.] 1. Apiece 
 of chalk, or other soft, earthy substance, in the form of a 
 cylinder, for use in drawing. 2. A drawing made with 
 a pencil or crayon. 
 
 Cray'on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crayonted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. crayoning.] To sketch, as with a crayon. 
 
 Craze, ^•. t. [imp. & p. p. crazed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 crazing.] [From Icel. krassa, to grind, Sw. krasa, to 
 crush, break to pieces.] 1. To break into pieces ; to 
 crush. [065.] 2. To confuse ; to impair. 3. To derange 
 the intellect of; to render insane. 
 
 Craze, w. 1. State of craziness ; insanity. 2. A strong 
 habitual desire or passion. 
 
 Cra'zi-ly, adv. In a crazy manner. 
 
 Cra'zi-ness, M. The state of being crazy ; derangement. 
 
 Cra'zy, a. [From craze, q. v.] 1. Characterized by 
 weakiiess or feebleness ; decrepit ; broken. 2. Disordered 
 in intellect ; deranged ; weakened ; shattered. 
 
 Creak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. creaked (kreekt) ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. creaking.] [A modification of crack, q. v.] To 
 make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, as by the friction 
 of hard substances. 
 
 Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with. 
 
 Creak, n. The sound produced when any thing creaks. 
 
 Cream, n. [From Lat. cremor, thick juice or broth; 
 allied to A.-S. ream., Ger. rahm, Icel. riomi.] 1. The 
 oily, unctuous substance, which forms a scmn on the 
 surfkce of milk. 2. The best part of a thing. 
 
 Cream of tartar, purified tartar or argal, being the bi-tartrate 
 of potassa; — so called because it rises, like cream, to the sur- 
 face of the liquor in which it is purified. 
 
 Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. creajied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 creaming.] 1. To skim or take off by skimming, as 
 
 cream. 2. To take off the best part of. 
 Cream, v. i. To become covered with cream ; to become 
 
 thick like cream ; to assume the appearance of cream. 
 Cream'-cake, n. ( Cookery.) A kind of cake filled with 
 
 cui3tard made of cream, eggs, &c. [cream. 
 
 Cream'-chee|e, n. Cheese formed of milk mixed with 
 Cream'y, a. 1. Full of cream. 2. ResembUng cream 
 
 in nature, appearance, or taste ; unctuous. 
 Crease, n. [Cf. L. Ger. kriis, H. Ger. krause, crispness, 
 
 krausen, krdusen, to crisp, curl.] A mark made by fold- 
 
 i e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short ; care,far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sou, 6r, do, Mv^Ut 
 
CREASE 
 
 167 
 
 CREST 
 
 ing any pliable substance ; hence, a similar mark, how- 
 ever produced. 
 
 Crease, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. creased (kreest, 108); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CREASING.] To make a crease or mark in, 
 as by folding or doubling. 
 
 Cre'a-sote, n. See Creosote. 
 
 Cre-ate' v. t. [imp. & p. p. created ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CREATING.] [Lat. create, creatum, to create.] 1. To 
 bring into being ; to cause to exist ; to originate. 2. To 
 be the occasion of; to produce. 3. To constitute ; to ap- 
 point : to make. 
 
 Cre-a'tion, n. 1. Act of creating ; especially, the act 
 of bringing the universe or this world into existence, ii. 
 Constitution ; appointment ; formation. 3. That which 
 is created, as the world or the universe. 
 
 ■€re-a'tive, a. Having the power to create, or exerting 
 the act of creation. 
 
 Cre-a'tive-ness, n. State of being creative. [Being. 
 
 Cre-a'tor, Ji. One who creates ; specifically, the Supreme 
 
 ■ereat'iire (kret^yur, 53), n. [Lat. creatura. See 
 Create.] 1. Any thing created ; especially, any being 
 created with hfe ; an animal ; a man. 3. A human 
 being, in contempt or endearment. 3. One who owes 
 his rise and fortune to another ; a servile dependent. 
 
 ■ere'denpe, n. [L. Lat. credentia, from Lat. credens, p. 
 pr. of credere, to trust, believe.] 1. Reliance of the mind 
 on evidence of facts derived from other sources than 
 personal knowledge ; belief ; credit. 2. That which gives 
 a claim to credit or confidence. 
 
 ■Cre'dent, a. [Lat. credens, p. pr. of credere, to trust, 
 beUeve.] BeUcving ; giving credit. 
 
 ■ere-den'tial, a. Giving a title to credit. 
 
 Cre-d6ii'tial, n. 1. That which gives credit or a title 
 to confidence. 2. pi. Testimonials or certificates show- 
 ing that a person is entitled to credit, or has authority or 
 official powers. [credible ; credibleness. 
 
 ■C)r6d''i-bil'i-ty, n. The quality or the state of being 
 
 ■C3r6d'i-ble, a. [Lat. credibilis, from credere.] Capable 
 of being believed ; worthy of belief. 
 
 ■CrSd'i-ble-ness, n. Worthiness of belief; credibility. 
 
 Cred'i-bly, adv. In a manner that deserves belief. 
 
 ■Cred'it, n. [Lat. creditum, loan, &c., from credere, 
 creditum, to trust, to loan.] 1. Reliance on the truth 
 of something said or done ; tjelief; faith. 2. Reputation 
 derived from the confidence of others ; esteem ; honor ; 
 reputation ; estimation. 3. Authority derived from char- 
 acter or reputation. 4. Influence derived from the good 
 opinion, confidence, or favor of others ; interest. 5. 
 (Com.) Trust given or received; expectation of future 
 payment for property transferred or promises given ; mer- 
 cantile reputation. 6. (Book-keeping.) (a.) The side of 
 an account on which are entered all items reckoned as 
 values received, (b.) The items entered on such side of 
 an account. 
 
 Cred'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CREDITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 crediting.] 1. To confide in the truth of; to put 
 trust in ; to believe. 2. To enter upon the credit side 
 of an account. 3. To set to the credit of. 
 
 Cred'it-a-ble, a. Deserving or possessing reputation or 
 esteem ; reputable ; estimable. 
 
 Cred'it-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being creditable. 
 
 Cr6d'it-a-bly, adv. Reputably ; with credit. 
 
 Cr6d'it-or, n. One who gives credit in business matters ; 
 and hence, one to whom money is due. [dence. 
 
 Cre-dH'Ii-ty, n. A disposition to believe on slight evi- 
 
 Cr^d'u-lous, a. [Lat. credulus, from credere, to believe.] 
 Apt to believe on slight or insufficient evidence ; easily 
 convin«ed or imposed upon ; unsuspecting. 
 
 Cr6d'u-lou.s-ly, adv. With creduUty. 
 
 Cred'u-lous-ness, n. Readiness to believe without suf- 
 ficient evidence ; credulity. 
 
 Creed, n. [From Lat. credo, I beUeve, at the beginning 
 of the Apostles' Creed.] A definite summary of what is 
 believed ; especially, a summary of Christian belief. 
 
 Creek, n. [A.-S. crecca, L. Lat. erica, creca, crecca, W. 
 cn'g, crack, crigyll, ravine, creek.] 1. A small inlet, bay, 
 or cove ; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. 
 2. A small river or brook. 3. Any turn or winding. 
 
 Creel, H. [Gael, craidhleag, basket, creel; only used in 
 Scotland.] An osier basket, such as anglers use. 
 
 Creep, v. i. [imp. crept ; p. p. CREPT ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. creeping.] [A.-S. creopan, Icel. kriupa, 0. H. Grer. 
 kriuchan, kriochan, ckriohhan.] 1. To move along, as a 
 worm or reptile does ; to move on hands and knees ; to 
 crawl. 2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously. 3. 
 To move in a stealthy or unobserved manner ; to steal 
 in ; to insinuate one's self. 4. To fawn. 5. To grow, 
 as a vine, clinging to the ground or other support. 6. 
 
 To have a sensation resembling that of insects creeping 
 on the skin of the body ; to crawl. 
 Creep'er, n. 1. One who creeps ; any creeping thing. 
 2. A creeping or cUnging plant, as a vine. 3. ( Ornitk.) 
 A small bird, allied to the wrens. 4. A fixture with 
 iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping. 
 
 5, pi. An instrument with iron hooks or claws for 
 dragging the bottom of a well, or other body of water. 
 
 Creep'ing-ly, adv. By creeping ; slowly. 
 
 Cre-ma'tion, n. [Lat. crematio, from cremare, to bum. j 
 A burning ; particularly, the burning of the dead. 
 
 Cre-mo'na, n. A superior kind of viohn, made at Cre- 
 mona, in Italy. 
 
 Cre'nate, I a. [From Lat. arena, notch. Cf. Cran- 
 
 Cre'na-ted, ) NY.] (Bot.) Having the edge cut or 
 notched in the form of a scallop-shell. 
 
 Cre'ole, n. [Sp. criolln, prop, created, nursed, grown up, 
 contracted from criadillo, dim. of criado, p. p. of criar, to 
 create, nurse, educate.] 1. One born in America, or the 
 West Indies, of European ancestors. 2. One born in 
 tropical America, or the adjacent islands, of any color. 
 [This is the usual sense.] 
 
 C@~ " The term Creole negro is employed in the English 
 West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the 
 Africans imported during the time of the slave-trade. The 
 application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea, 
 common in some parts of the United States, though wholly 
 unfounded, that it imphes an admixture greater or less or 
 African blood." In the United States Creole is applied especially 
 to the descendants of the French in Louisiana ; in Spanish 
 America and the West Indies, it includes all natives, whether 
 white or black, except full-blooded Indians. 
 
 Cre'o-sote, n. [Gr. Kpeas, generally (cpe'ws, flesh, and 
 (TtofetV, to preserve.] (Chem..) An oily, colorless liquid, 
 having the smell of smoke, and strong antiseptic proper- 
 ties, obtained from the distillation of wood. 
 
 Crep'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. crepitated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. crepitating.] [Lat. crepitare, crepitatum, to 
 crackle, intensive form of crepare.] To burst with a sharp, 
 abrupt sound, rapidly repeated ; to crackle ; to snap. 
 
 Crgp'i-ta'tion, n. [See supra.] The act of crepitatmg ; 
 a snappmg or crac klin g. 
 
 Crept, i7np. & p. p. of creep. See CREEP. 
 
 Cre-piis'-eu-lar, \ a. [See supra.] Pertaining to twi- 
 
 Cre-pu.s'«u-loiis, ) light ; glimmering ; hence, imper- 
 fectly clear or luminous. — 
 
 ■€res-cen'do, a. [It., from It. & Lat. — — 
 
 crescere, to increase.] (Mits.) With a Crescendo, 
 constantly increasing volume of voice ; — a direction for 
 the performance of music , indicated as in the margin. 
 
 ■€res-0n'do, n. (Mus.) (a.) A gradual increase in the 
 strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is per- 
 formed, (b.) A passage to be performed with constantly 
 increasing volume of tone. 
 
 Cres'pent, a. [Lat. crescens, p. pr. of crescere, to in- 
 crease.] Increasing ; growing. 
 
 Cres'fent, n. 1. The increasing moon ; the moon in 
 her first quarter. 2. (a.) The figure or likeness of the 
 new moon, borne in the Turkish flag, (b.) The flag 
 itself, (c.) The Turkish power. 
 
 Cres'five, a. [From Lat. crescere, to increase.] Increas- 
 ing ; augmenting ; growing. 
 
 Crfiss, n. [A.-S. cresse, 0. H. G«r. cressa, cresso, chresse, 
 Ger. kresan, to creep.] (Bot.) A plant of various species. 
 The leaves of the true kinds have a moderately pungent 
 taste, and are used as a salad. 
 
 Cres'set, n. [Fr. croisette, dim. of croix, cross, because 
 beacons formerly had crosses on their tops.] An open 
 lamp, filled with combustible material, placed on a bea- 
 con, lighthouse, &c., or carried on a pole. 
 
 Crest, n. [A.-S. crasta, Lat. crista, allied in stem to Lat. 
 crescere, to grow.] 1, A tuft, or other natural ornament, 
 growing on an animal's head, as the comb of a cock. 2. 
 The plume or feathers, or other decoration, worn on a 
 helmet; hence, the helmet itself. 3. The hehnet or 
 head, as typical of a high spirit ; spirited bearing ; pride;; 
 courage. 4. (Her.) An appendage 
 to the shield, placed over it, and 
 usually borne upon a wreath. 5, 
 The rising part of a horse's neck. 
 
 6. The foamy, feather -like top of a 
 wave. 7. (-Fort.) The top line of a 
 slope. 
 
 Interior crest {Fort.), the highest line 
 of the parapet. 
 
 Crest, v. t. [im.p. 8c p. p. CREST- 
 
 Crest (4). 
 
 ED ; p. pr. & jvb. n. CRESTING.] 
 
 To furnish or adorn with a crest ; to serve as a cres* Ibar. 
 
 food, fdbt ; firn, rude, pull ; fell, ^ baise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; egcist ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
CRESTED 
 
 1G8 
 
 CRISP 
 
 Crfist'ed, p. a. 1. Hiivinp a cn?*t. 2. (Bot.) Bearing 
 
 any elevated appoiulajre like a crest. 
 Cr<>st'-fftll«'n (-fjiwln), a. With lowered frout or hang- 
 ing hwui"; honco, dispirited : dejected : cowed. 
 
 Cre-ta'ceoAs, u. [hat. crdaceus, from crcta, chalk 
 (prop. CretAu earth, from Cnta, Oirte).] Having the 
 qualities of chalk ; abouudiug with chalk. See CHALK. 
 
 Cre-ta'ceoils-ly, adv. In a uiauuer Uke that of chalk ; 
 as chalk. 
 
 Cre'tl*\ M. [Lat. Creticus (sc. pes), foot, prop, a Cretan 
 (metrical) foot.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A poetic foot, com- 
 pi^sed of one short syllable between two long syllables. 
 
 •Cre'tin. «. [Fr. cretin, for crestin, from Lat. castrare, to 
 geld, emasculate, and thus originally a mutilated, stunted 
 man.] ( Med. ) An idiot of a certain kind, frequent in the 
 low valleys of the Alps, generally afflicted also with 
 goiter. See GOITER. 
 
 Cre'tiii-igiii. ". The condition or the disease of a cretin ; 
 a species of idiocy ; goiter. 
 
 •Civ-vatisv', II. [Fr. crevasse, as if fr. a Lat. word crepacea, 
 from cnpax, rrf/jom, cracking, bursting, from crepare, to 
 crack, to burst.] 1. A deep crevice or spht, as in a 
 glacier. 2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a 
 river. [Amer.] 
 
 ■erev'i?-e, n. [0. Eng. & Fr. crevasse. See supra.] A 
 narrow opening resulting fvova. a split or crack ; a cleft ; 
 a fissure ; a rent. 
 
 •Crew (krij), n. [0. Eng. crue, from Fr. crue, increase, 
 accession, from crii, crde, p. p. of croitre, to gi'ow, in- 
 crease.] 1. A company of people associated together ; a 
 throng ; an assemblage, 'i. A ship's company ; the 
 seamen belonging to a vessel. 
 
 Cre-*v (krjj ), imp. of crow. See CROW. 
 
 -Cre'w'el (krij/el), n. [For cleivel, dim. of clew, a ball of 
 thread.] "Worsted yarn slackly twisted. 
 
 Crew'et (krij'et), n. See Cruet. 
 
 Crib,/!. [A.-S. cr2/66, 0. H. Ger. crippa.] 1. The man- 
 ger or rack of a stall. 3. A stall for cattle. 3. A small 
 inclosed bedstead for a child. 4. A box or bin for stor- 
 ing grain, salt, &c, 5. A literal translation of a classic 
 author. [Collog.] 
 
 Crib, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CRIBBED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 CRIBBING.] 1. To shut or confine in a narrow habita- 
 tion. 2. To pilfer or purloin. 
 
 Crib, v.i. To crowd together ; to be confined, as in a crib . 
 
 Cribnbage, n. [From crib, v. t., 2.] A game at cards, in 
 which the dealer makes up a third hand for himself, 
 partly out of the hand of his opponent. 
 
 Cribnbage-board , n. A board with holes, used by 
 cribbage-pla)'ers, to score their geime with pegs. 
 
 Cribnble, n. [L. Lat. criblus, from Lat. cribrum, sieve, 
 from cernere, to sift.] A coarse sieve or screen. 
 
 CribTble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cribbled ; p. pr. h vb. 
 n. CRIBBLING.] [See supra.] To cause to pass through 
 a sieve or riddle ; to sift. 
 
 Crick, n. [Cf. A.-S. eric, cricc, a crooked stafiF.] A spas- 
 modic and acutely painful affection of some part of the 
 body, as of the neck or back. 
 
 Crick'et, n. [W. criciad, cricell, 
 cricket, and cricellu, to chirp, to 
 chatter, D. krekel, Ger. grille', 0. 
 H. Ger. grillo, crillo, Lat. gryl- 
 Itts.] An orthopterous insect, 
 characterized by a chirping note. 
 
 Crick'et, n. [From A.-S. cricc, 
 crooked staff crutch.] 1. A game with a bat, ball, and 
 wicket, the players being arranged in two contesting par- 
 ties. 2. A sort of low stool. 
 
 Crick'et, v. i. To play at cricket. 
 
 Ci"ick'et-er, n. One who plays at cricket. 
 
 Cri'coid, a. [Gr. »cpi»cos, ring, and etSog, form.] (Anat.) 
 Re.semblmg a ring. 
 
 Cried (krid), imp. & p. p. of cry. See CRY. 
 
 Cri'er, n. [See Cry.] One who cries ; one who makes 
 proclamation; especially, an officer who proclauns the 
 orders or commands of a court, or ^v•ho gives pubUc no- 
 tice by loud proclamation. 
 
 Crime, n. [Lat. crimen, criminis, judicial decision, fault, 
 crime, from cernere, to decide judicially.] Any violation 
 of law, either divine or human ; especially, a gross offense, 
 or violation of law ; any outrage or great wrong. 
 Capital crime, a crime punishable with death. 
 Syn. — Sin ; vice. — Sin k generic, embracing wickedness 
 of every kind. Crime in a violation of law, and springs from 
 ourpMsions; vice from the inordinate indulgence of natural 
 appetites, which in themselves are innocent. Intemperance is 
 a vice, sometimes leading to the crirne of murder. 
 
 Crim'i-nal, a. [Lat. criminalis, from crimen.] 1. Guilty 
 
 2. Involving a crime. 3. Kelating to 
 
 Cricket. 
 
 of crime, 
 crime. 
 
 Vriminal conversation (Law.), unlawful intercourse with a 
 married woman; adultery ;— usually abbreviated crim. con. 
 Crim't-nal, «. A person who has committed a crime, or 
 
 an offense against law. 
 Crim'i-nai'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. criminalitas, from Lat- 
 crimi?iali.'!. See supra.] Quality or state of bemg crim- 
 inal ; guiltiness. 
 Crim't-nal-ly, adv. In violation of law ; wickedly. 
 Crim'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. criminated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. CRIMINATING.] [Lat. criminare, criminatum, 
 and criminari, criminatus, fi-om crimen. See CRIME.] 
 To accuse or charge with a crune ; to convict of crime or 
 . guilt ; tojmpeach. [crime; accusation. 
 
 Crim'i-na'tion, n. Act of accusing ; conviction of 
 Crim't-na-to-ry, a. Relating to, or involving, erimimk, 
 
 tion ; accusing ; censorious. 
 Crimp, a. [A.-S. ge-crympt, crimped, curled, D. krimpen, 
 to contract, wrinkle, crisp.] Ea&^ily crumbled. [Rare.] 
 Crimp, r. t. [imp. & p. p. crimped (84, 109) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CRIMPING.] [See supra, and cf. Ger. krimmen, 
 to seize or grasp with the claws or the beak.] 1. To form 
 into ridges, waves, or plaits. 2. To pinch and hold ; to 
 seize. 3. To decoy into the power of a recruiting officer, 
 or of a press-gang. 4. ( Cookery. ) To cause to contract, 
 or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing 
 it, when Uving, with a knife. 
 Crimp, n. One who decoys into the power of a recruit- 
 ing officer, or a press-gang. 
 Crimip'le (krimp'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRIMPLED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CRIMPLING.] [Dim. of crimp, v. t., q. v.] 
 To cause to shrink or draw together ; to contract ; to 
 curl ; to corrugate. 
 Crim'gon (krlm/zn), n. [0. Eng. crimosyn, from Ar. 
 qarmaz, qermez, cochineal insect and a hquid expressed 
 from it, a., garmazi, from Skr. krimija, produced by a 
 worm, from krimi, worm or insect, and ja, generated, 
 from jan, to generate. Cf. CARMINE.] A deep-red 
 color tinged with blue ; red. 
 Crim'gon, a. Of a deep red color. 
 
 Crim'gon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRIMSONED (krim'znd) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CRIMSONING.] To dye with ciimson, or 
 deep bluish red. [to blush. 
 
 Crim'gon, v. i. To become crimson or deep red in color ; 
 Cri'na-to-ry, a. Of, or relating to, the hah. 
 Cringe, v. t. [Cf. Icel. kringi, to make round, kringr, 
 circle.] To cause to shrink or wrinkle ; to contract ; to 
 draw together. [Rare.] 
 Cringe, v. i. [imp. 8c p. p. CRINGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CRINGING.] To draw one's self together as in fear or 
 timid servility ; to bow obsequiously : hence, to fawn. 
 Cringe (krinj), n. Servile civility ; a mean bow. 
 Crin'ger, n. One who cringes, or bows meanly. 
 Crin'gle (kring/gl), n. [Icel. kringla, orb, round cake, 
 from kringr, circle. Cf. CRINKLE and CRINGE.] 1, 
 A withe for fastening a gate. 2. (Nattt.) (a.) An iron 
 ring strapped to the bolt-rope of a sail for various pur- 
 poses. (6.) A rope, having its end formed into a ring for 
 securing it to a sail. 
 Cri'nite, a. [Lat. crinitus, p. p. of crinire, to provide or 
 cover with hair, from crinis, hair.] Having the appear- 
 ance of a tuft of hair. 
 Crink'Ie (krlnk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRINKLED; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CRINKLING.] [D. krinkenel, to vrind or 
 twist, krinkel, twisting, turn, from kring^ circle. Cf. 
 Cringle .] To form with short turns or wrinkles. 
 Crink'Ie, v. i. To run in and out in little or short bends 
 
 or turns ; to run in flexures. 
 Crin'o-Iine, n. [Fr., from crin, Lat. criiiis, hair.] A 
 lady's skirt expanded by means of hoops, or by being 
 made of hair-cloth materials stiffened in various ways. 
 Cri-nose', a. [L. Lat. cri7iosus, and criniosus, froTa Lat 
 
 crinis, hair.] Hairy. [Rare.] 
 Crip'ple (krip'l), n. [Properly one that can not walk, 
 but must creep, from A.-S. creopan, to creep.] One who 
 creeps, halts, or limps. 
 Crip'ple, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CRIPPLED ; p.pr. 8c vb. 
 n. CRIPPLING.] 1. To dep;ive of th^use of the limbs, 
 particularly of the legs and feet ; to lame. 2. To de- 
 prive of strength, activity, or capability for servicfe or 
 use ; to disable. 
 Cri'sis, n. ; pi. CRl'SEg. [Lat. crisis, Gr. KpCa-ts, fit)m 
 KpCvecv, to separate, to determine, to decide.] 1, The 
 decisive moment; the turning-point. 2. (Med.) The 
 change of a disease which indicates recovery or death. 
 Crisp, a. [Lat. crispus, Pr. crisp, cresp, Sp., Pg., & It. 
 crespo.] 1. Formed into stiff curls or ringlets. 2. Char- 
 
 »,e, Sec, long; &,6,8cc.,short; c^re,far,ask,aU, vi^liat; 6re, veil, term; p'ique,.firm; s6n, dr, do, wol^ 
 
CRISP 
 
 169 
 
 CROP 
 
 acterized by "windings or indentations. 3. Brittle ; fri- 
 able ; breaking short, but with a slight resistance. 4. 
 ■ Efifervescing ; sparkling ; — said of liquors. 
 -Crisp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CRISPED (krispt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CRISPING.] 1. To curl, as the hair; to wreathe 
 or interweave, as the branches of trees, ti. To wrinkle 
 or curl into little undulations on the surface or edges. 
 
 Crisp, V. i. To form little curls or undulations on the 
 surface or edges. 
 
 Crisp'er, n. One who, or that which, crisps. 
 
 -Crisp'ing-i'ron (-I'urn), n. A curling-iron. 
 
 Crisp'ly, adv. With crispness ; in a crisp manner. 
 
 Crisp'ness, n. State of being crisp, curled, or brittle. 
 
 Crisp'y, a. 1. Formed into short, close ringlets ; frizzled ; 
 crisp. 1i. Prepared so as to break short ; brittle. 
 
 Criss'-cross, n. [A corruption of Chrisl-cross.] 1. A 
 mark formed by two lines crossing ea<:li other, usually at 
 right angles, ti, A child's game played on paper or on 
 a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a 
 cross. [opposition or hindrance. 
 
 Criss'-€r6ss, adv. 1. In opposite directions, ti. With 
 
 Criss'-<;r6ss-row, n. _See_CHRisT-CROSS-ROW._ 
 
 ■€ri-te'ri-on, n.; /?/. €Ri-TE'Ri-A, sometimes cri-te'- 
 RI-ON§. [Gr. KpinqpLov, a means for judging, from fcpir^s, 
 decider, judge, from KpCveiu, to sepai-ate, distinguish, de- 
 cide, judge.] A standard of judging; any approved or 
 established rule, principle, or test, by comparison with 
 which an estimate or judgment is formed. 
 
 ■Crit'i€, n. [See infra.] 1. One skilled in judging of the 
 merits of literary works or productions of art, especially 
 in the fine arts ; a connoisseur. 2. A harsh examiner or 
 judge ; a caviler ; a carper. 3. The art of criticism ; a 
 critique. [In this sense, Rare.] 
 
 •CJrit'i-e, a. [Lat. criticus, Gr. KpiriKos, from Kptnjs, de- 
 cider, judge, from KpCveLV, to separate, distinguish, de- 
 cide, judge.] Relating to criticism. See CRITIC AL. 
 
 ■C!rit'i<!-al, a. 1. Having the skUl or power to judge 
 with accuracy of literary or artistic matters and merits. 
 2. Inclined to make nice distinctions ; exact ; nicely 
 judicious. 3. Inclined to find fault ; captious. 4. Re- 
 lating to criticism ; belonging to the art of a critic. 5. 
 Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to princi- 
 ples, as becomes a critic. 6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining 
 to, or indicating, a crisis or turning-point ; decisive ; 
 hence, of doubtful issue ; attended with risk. 
 
 •€rit'i«-al-ly, adv. 1, In a critical manner ; with nice 
 discernment ; exactly. 2, At a crisis ; in a condition of 
 doubtful issue. 
 
 ■Crit'i-e-al-ness, n. 1. State of being critical. 3. Ac- 
 curacy in examination or decision. 
 
 -€rit'i-^i§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. criticised ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. criticising.] [See Critic] To examine and 
 judge as a critic ; to animadvert on. [Written also, but 
 ^ less commonly, criticize.] 
 
 •Crit'i-fige, v. i. To act as a critic; to pass literary or 
 artistic judgment ; to animadvert. 
 
 •Crit'i-^if'er, n. One who criticises, 
 
 -Crit'i-^igrti, n. 1. Art of judging of the beauties and 
 faults of a literary performance, or of a production in 
 the fine arts. 2. A critical judgment passed or ex- 
 pressed ; a detailed examination and review. 
 
 ■€ri-tique' (krl-teek'), n. [Fr. critique, f. ; Gr. jcptTifcij 
 (sc. Te'xvTj), the critical art, from /cptn/co?. See Critic, 
 a.] 1. The art of criticism. [Rare.] 3. A critical ex- 
 amination or estimate of a work of literature or art ; a 
 careful and thorough analysis of any subject. 
 
 Croalc, V. i. [imp. & p. p. croaked (krokt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CROAKING.] [A.-S. cracetan, to croak as a raven, 
 0. H. Ger. croccizan, chrockezan, Goth, hrukjan, to crow, 
 Lat. crocire, crocitare, to croak as a raven, Gr. Kpdo^eip. 
 KpoL^etv.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, 
 as a frog, a raven, or crow ; hence, to make any low, mut- 
 tering sound, ii. To forebode evil ; to grumble. 
 
 ■Croalc, V. t. To utter or say in a low, hoarse voice. 
 
 ■Croak, n. The low, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a 
 raven, or a like sound. 
 
 ■Croafer, n. One who croaks, murmurs, or complains 
 unreasonably ; one who habitually forebodes evil. 
 
 •Cro-cliet' (kro-sha./), n. ['Fr., small hook, from Icel. 
 krdkr, W. crog, hook.] A kind of netting made by means 
 of a small hook. [caUed crochet. 
 
 Cro-fliet' (kro-shaO, v.t. To perform the kind of netting 
 
 Cr8cl£, n. [A.-S. crdc, crocca,. Cf. W. crwc, bucket, pail, 
 Gael, crog, crogan, earthen vessel, jar.] An earthen ves- 
 sel ; a pot or pitcher ; a cup. [ Obs.] 
 
 Crock, n. [Cf. W. croeg, cover.] Fine black matter col- 
 lected from combustion, as on pots and kettles ; soot ; 
 smut; lamp-black. 
 
 ■CrSck, V. t. [imp. & p.p. crocked (krBkt, 108), p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. CROCKING.] To blacken with soot, or with 
 
 the coloring matter of cloth, 
 ■Crdck, V. i. To give off crock or 
 
 smut ; to blacken. 
 ■Cr6clc'er-y, n. [From crock, earthen 
 
 vessel, q. v.] Earthen-ware ; vessels 
 
 formed of clay, glazed and baked; 
 
 pottery. 
 ■Crock'et, n. [From 0. & Prov. Eng. 
 
 crock, a crooked timber, a large roll 
 
 of hair. Cf. Crook, curve, (.drc/i.) 
 
 An ornament formed in imitation of 
 
 curved and bent foUage. 
 ■Cro«'o-dile, n. [Lat. crocodilus 
 
 (Zool.) A large reptile, grow- 
 ing to the length of sixteen 
 
 or eighteen feet. It inhabits 
 
 the large rivers in Africa and 
 
 Asia, and lays its eggs, re- 
 sembling those of a goose, in :::; 
 
 the sand, to be hatched by 
 
 the heat of the sun. 
 
 Crocodile tears, false or af- 
 fected tears ; hypocritical sor- 
 row;— derived from the fiction 
 of old travelers, that crocodiles 
 Bhed tears over their prey. 
 
 Crocket. 
 Gr. /cpoKoSetAos.] 
 
 Crocodile. 
 
 Cro^'o-dil'i-an, a. Pertaming to the crocodile. 
 ■Cro'-eus, n. [Lat. crocus, Gr. Kpdxo?, Heb. karkdm., Ar. 
 
 kurkum, Skr. kunkuma.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants 
 valued for their early flowering, and the brilliancy of 
 the blossoms. 3. A mineral powder of a deep yellow or 
 red color. 
 
 Croft, n. [A.-S. croft, cruft, 0. H. Ger. cruft, Lat. cry^tUy 
 Gr. KpvnTY), from Kpynrog, concealed, KpvTTTetv, to con- 
 ceal.] A small close, or inclosed field, used for pasture, 
 tillage, or other purposes. 
 
 ■Crom'le^li (krSm'lek), n. [W., from crom, bending or 
 bent, concave, an5 llech, a flat stone.] A structure of 
 large stones, a part set upright, and others of a flat 
 shape resting on them , found in countries formerly occu- 
 pied by the Celts, and supposed to be the remains of 
 druidical altars. 
 
 ■Cro-mor'na, n. [From Ger. krummhorn, crooked hom.J 
 (Mits.) A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of 
 tone resembling that of the oboe. 
 
 -Crone, n. [A.-S. crone, an old ewe ; Ir. & Gael, erion^ 
 dry, withered, criona, old.] An old woman; — usually 
 in contempt ; more rarely an aged man. 
 
 -Cro'ny, n. [See Crone.] An intimate companion ; an. 
 associate ; a familiar friend. [ Colloq.] 
 
 ■Croblc (27), «. [lce\. krokr.] 1. A bend, turn, or curve; 
 curvature ; flexure. 2. A device used as a subterfuge; 
 an indirect method; a trick or artifice. 3. An instru- 
 ment bent at the end; especially, a shepherd's or & 
 bishop's staff. 
 
 -Crdt>l£, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CROOKED (krdbkt, 108) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CROOKING.] 1. To turn fi-om a straight 
 line ; to make crooked ; to bend ; to curve. 3. To Jum 
 from rectitude ; to pervert. 
 
 -Cro^bk, V. i. To be bent or curved. [shoulders. 
 
 Ortfok'-bftck, n. One who has a crooked back or rotmd 
 
 ■Crcfbk'ed (60), p. a. 1. Characterized by a crook or 
 curve ; bent ; not straight. 2. Not straight-forward ; 
 deviating from rectitude ; de^vious ; perverse. 
 
 Cro<>k-ed-ly, adv. In a crooked manner. 
 
 -Crc»bk'ed-ness, n. Condition or quaUty of being 
 crooked ; curvity ; inflexion ; deformity. 
 
 ■Croon, w. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur. 3. 
 A simple piece of music ; a plain, artless melody. 
 
 ■Croon, V. t. [imp. & p. p. crooned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CROONING.] 1. To sing in a low tone; to hum. 3. 
 To soothe by singing softly. 
 
 -Crdbn, v. i. [Scot.] 1. To make a continuous noise in 
 a low, hollow tone, as cattle do when in pain ; to moan. 
 3. To hum or sing in a low tone ; to murmur softly. 
 
 Crop, n. [A.-S. crop, cropp, D. krop, W. cropa, croppa.] 
 1. The protuberant upper receptacle of food of a bird, 
 situated in the throat ; the craw. 3. The top or high- 
 est part of any thing, especially of a plant. 3. That 
 which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single field, or 
 of a single kind of grain, root, or fruit, or in a single sea- 
 son ; fruit ; harvest. 4. Any thing cut off or gathered. 
 
 Crop, ■«. t. [imp. & p. p. cropped (kropt); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CROPPING.] To cut off the ends of; to bite or 
 pull off; to pluck. 
 
 Cr6p, V. i. 1, ( Geol.) To appear above the surfece, as 
 
 food, fot>t : iirn, r\ide, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -call, e<:lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis- 
 
CROP-EARED. 
 
 170 
 
 CROWDER 
 
 a Mam or bed of coal ; — with out. 2. To come to light 
 to bo manii^st ; — with out. 
 
 Crttp'-ear«'€l, a. Having the end of the ears cut off. 
 
 OSp'ptT, ». A variety of pigeon having a large crop. 
 
 Cro'gier (kKi^zlier), «. [L. Lat. 
 crunariutu, from cnt.r, cross; 
 Fr. cross f, as if from a I^t. word 
 crucfa, from cru.r, cross.] The 
 official staff of an archbishop, 
 terminating at the top in a 
 cross ; also, the pastoral staff of 
 a bishop, which terminates in 
 an ornamented curve. 
 
 Cr6ss (21), «. [Lat. cnur, cntcis, lu 
 a cross.] 1. A kind of gibbet,'" _ . 
 
 consisting of two pieces of tmiber crosiers, 
 
 placed transversely upon one another, in various fbrms,as 
 a T or i". or X- 2« The theological and religious im- 
 port of the death of Christ ; the Christian doctrine ; the 
 gospel. 3. The symbol of Christ's death, and hence, 
 of Christianity and Christendom. 4. Affliction regarded 
 as a test of patience or virtue ; trial ; vexation ; disap- 
 pointment; opposition. 5. (Arch.) An ornament or 
 monument in the form of a cross. 6. The cross-like 
 mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those who 
 are unable to write. 7. A mixing of breeds or stock, 
 especially in cattle-breeding ; or the product of such in- 
 termixture. 8. (Surveying.) An instrument for laying 
 off offsets from the main course, and perpendicular to it. 
 
 •Crftss, a. 1, Lying or falling athwart; transverse; in- 
 tersecting. 3. Adveise ; contrary ; perverse ; unfortu- 
 nate. 3. Characterized by peevishness or fretfulness. 
 4. Mutually inverse ; interchanged. - 
 Syn. — Fretful ; peevish ; ill-humored ; captious. 
 
 Cross (21), V. t. [imp. & p. p. crossed (krost, 108), 
 p. pr. & vb. n. CROSSING.] 1, To put across or athwart. 
 ti. To lay or draw something, as a line, across. 3. To 
 pass from one side to the other of. 4. To run counter 
 to ; to thwart ; to clash or interfere with. 5. To debar. 
 6. To make the sign of the cross upon. 7. To cancel 
 by marking crosses on or over; to erase. 8. To mix 
 the breed of. 
 
 ■Cross, V. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or 
 pass from one side toward the other, or from place to 
 place. 3. To interbreed, as races. 
 
 Cross'-bar, n. A transverse bar. 
 
 Cross'-beam, n. (Arck.) A large beam running from 
 v,a]l to waU of a house. [or equity suit. 
 
 Cross'-bill, n. (Law.) A defendant's biU in a chancery 
 
 Cross'-bfll, M. ( Ornith.) A bird or a genus of birds, the 
 mandibles of whose bill curve in opposite directions, and 
 cross each other. 
 
 Cross'-bow, n. (Archery.) A weapon used in discharg- 
 ing arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock. 
 
 Cr6ss'-breed, n. A breed produced from parents of 
 different breeds. 
 
 Cross'-bun, n. A bun or cake marked with a cross. 
 
 Cross'-eiit, n. A short cut across. 
 
 Cr6.ss'«ut-saAV, n. A saw managed by two men, one 
 at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise. 
 
 Cr6ss'-days, n. pi. (Eccl.) The three days preceding 
 the Feast oithe Ascension. 
 
 CrSss'-e^c-am'i-na'tion, n. (Law.) The examination 
 of a mtne.s.s, called by one party, by the opposite party 
 or his counsel. 
 
 Cr6.ss'-e5-ain'ine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cross-exam- 
 IXED; p. pr. & vb. n. CROSS-EXAMINING.] (Law.) 
 To examine for the purpose of eliciting facts which were 
 not brought out in a direct examination or which will 
 controvert the direct testimony. 
 
 Cr5ss'-eyed (-id), a. Having the eyes turned toward 
 the nose, so that they look in directions which intersect 
 or cross one another. 
 
 Cr6.ss'-fire, n. (Mil.) The crossing of Unes of fire from 
 two or more points or places. 
 
 CrSss'- grained, a. 1. Having the grain or fibres 
 crossed or irregular. 2. Ha\'ing a perverse and untracta- 
 ble nature : contrary ; vexatious. [the mizzen-mast. 
 
 Cr68s'-jftck ( or kro/jSk). n. ( Naut.) The lower yard of 
 
 Cr68«'-16gged (-ICgd), a. Having the legs crossed. 
 
 Crosslet, n. [Dim. of cross.] 1. A small cross. 3. 
 (Her.) A cross whose arms are terminated with small 
 crosses, or again crossed near the end. 
 
 Cr6ss1y, adv. In a cross way, or in a manner charac- 
 terized by crossness. 
 
 CrSss'ness, n. QuaUty or state of being cross. 
 
 CrSss'-patcli, n. An ill-natured person. [Low.] 
 
 CrSss'-plS^e, n. A piece of any etructuxe which b 
 fitted or firamed crosswise. 
 
 Cr6ss'-piir'pose, n. 1, A counter or opposing pur- 
 pose; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory ; 
 inconsistency. 2, pi. A game in which questions and an- 
 swers are made so to concur as to involve ludicrous 
 combinations of ideas. 
 
 To be at cross-pwposes, to act counter to one another without 
 intending it; — said of persons. 
 
 Cr6ss'-qu6s'tion, v. t. To cross-examine. 
 
 Cr6ss'-road, n. A road that crosses another ; cross-way. 
 
 Cr6ss'-sea, n. (Naut.) A sea or swell in which the waves 
 run in contrary directions. [road. 
 
 Cross'-tie, n. A sleeper connecting the rails of a rail- 
 
 Cr6ss'-tree, n. (Naut.) One of certain pieces of timber, 
 at the upper ends of the lower masts, and on the top- 
 
 'mm 
 
 Cross'- way, n. A way that crosses another ; cross-road. 
 
 Cross'wige, adv. In the form of a cross ; across. 
 
 Crotch, n. [Cf. Crutch.] 1. Place of division, as of a 
 trunk into branches ; fork. ti. A forked piece of wood, 
 metal, or other substance 
 
 Crotcli'et, «. [¥y. crochet. See Q ;,, — j 
 
 Crochet.] 1. A forked piece 
 of wood; a crotch. 3. (Mus.) 
 The third principal note, equal in «^ r< f i, ♦ 
 duration to half a minun , marked Crotchet, 
 
 with a hook, the stem of which may turn up or down 
 according to its situation. 3. (Print.) A bracket. [See 
 Bracket.] 4. A crooked or perverse fancy; a capri- 
 cious opinion ; a whim ; a conceit. 
 
 Cr6tch.'et-y, a. Given to crotchets ; distinguished by 
 crotchets ; whimsical. 
 
 Cro'ton-oil, n. (Med.) A vegetable oil of a brownish- 
 yellow color, and hot, biting taste. It is a most power- 
 ful drastic cathartic. 
 
 Croucli, V. i. [imp. & p. p. crouched (kroucht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. CROUCHING.] [0. & Prov. Eng. crooch, 
 from crook, to bend.] 1. To bend down; to stoop or 
 lie low. 3. To bend servilely or obsequiously ; to stoop 
 meanly ; to fawn ; to cringe. 
 Crouched friar. See Ceutched. 
 
 Croup (krcTop), n. [Fr. croupe, Sp. grupa, It. groppa. 
 Cf. Crop, and Icel. hryppa, hunch, hump, bending, 
 Gael, crup, to bend, contract.] The buttocks of certain 
 quadrupeds, especially of a horse ; hence, the place be- 
 hind the saddle. 
 
 Croup (kroop), n. [Cf. Crop, and also Scot, crottp, 
 criipe, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse 
 voice.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx 
 or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse ringing cough and 
 difficult respiration. 
 
 Crou'pi-er (krcTo'pi-er), n. [Fr., from groupe, group.] 
 1'.' One who watches the cards and collects the money at 
 a gaming-table. 2. An assistant chairman at a public 
 dinner party. 
 
 Crow (kro), n. [A.-S. crawe, so 
 named from its cry.] 1. (Ornith.) 
 A large bird, usually black, having a 
 conical and somewhat curved beak, 
 with projecting pliunes at its base, 
 and uttering a harsh, croaking note. 
 3. An iron lever with a claw shaped; 
 like the beak of a crow. 3. The" 
 voice of the cock. Crow, 
 
 Cro-w, V. i. [imp. CREW or CROWED ; p. p. CROWED 
 (crown, obs.)\ p. pr. & vb. n. CROM'-ING.] [See supra. 
 Cf. Crake.] 1. To make the shrill sound characteris- 
 tic of a cock. 3. To shout in exultation or defiance ; 
 to brag. 3. To utter a sound expressive of joy or great 
 pleasure, as an infant. 
 
 Crow^'-bar, n. A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and 
 used as a lever. See Crow, 2. 
 
 Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. crowded ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CROWDING.] 1. To press or drive together. 
 3. To fill by pressing or driving together ; hence, to en- 
 cumber by excess of numbers or quantity. 3. To press 
 by solicitation ; to dun ; hence, to treat discourteously. 
 To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary force of saU. 
 
 Crow^d, V. i. 1. To press together in numbers ; to 
 swarm or be numerous. 3. To urge or press forward. 
 
 Cro-wd, n. [A.-S. croda, cread, crudh.] 1. A number 
 of things closely pressed together, or lying or being adja- 
 cent. 3. A number of persons congregated and pressed 
 together. 3. The lower orders of people. 
 Syn.— Throng; multitude; populace; vulgar; rabble. 
 
 Crow^d'er, n. One who crowds. 
 
 », a, ice, long; ik,6,8tc.,short; care,far,asl£, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,&r,dQ,-yivgU, 
 
CROW-FOOT 
 
 171 
 
 CRUPPER 
 
 Crow'-fdbt, n- 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of many 
 species, some of which are common weeds, while others 
 are flowering plants, 'i. (iVai<<.) A contrivance consist- 
 ing of a number of small cords rove through a long 
 block, and used to suspend an awning by. 3. (Mil.) A 
 caltrop. [crow. 
 
 Crow'-keep'er, n. A stuffed figure set up as a scare- 
 
 Crow^n, n. [0. Eng. corone, 
 coroM/i, fr. Lat. corona, Qr. ko- 
 pwvtj.] 1. A wreath or garland, 
 or any ornament encircUng the 
 head, especially as a badge of 
 dignity or power, ti. Any ob- 
 ject sought for as a prize or 
 consummation ; any thing im- 
 parting beauty, dignity, or dis- 
 tinction. 3. One entitled to 
 wear a regal or imperial cro^vn ; Crown, 
 
 the sovereign. 4. Regal or imperial power ; sovereignty ! 
 royalty. 5. A piece of money bearing the image of a 
 crown ; hence, a certain denomination of coin. 6. Chief 
 or topmost part of any thing ; as (a.) The part of a hat 
 above the brim ; also, the flat circular part at the top of 
 a hat. (6.) (Arch.) The highest member of a cornice; 
 also, the suumiit of any part of a building, (c.) (Bot.) 
 An appendage at the top of the claw of some petals, (d.) 
 (Naut.) That part of an anchor where the arms are 
 joined to the shank ; also, the bights formed by the sev- 
 eral turns of a cable. 
 
 ■CroTVH, V. t. {imp. & p. p. CROWNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CROWNlNft.] 1. To invest with a crown, or with royal 
 dignity, 'i. To bestow upon as a mark of honor, dignity, 
 or recompense ; to adorn; to dignify. 3. To form the 
 topmost part of ; to complete ; to consummate ; to per- 
 fect. 4. (Mil.) To effect a lodgment upon (as upon the 
 covered way, in a siege) by sapping upon a glacis near 
 the crest. 
 
 Ci-own'er, n. One who, or that which, crowns. 
 
 Crown'- glass, n. The finest sort of window-glass, 
 formed in large circular plates or disks. 
 
 ■Cro"wn'-iin-pe'ri-al, n. (Bot.) A plant of the lily 
 family, having drooping flowers of a showy appearance. 
 
 Crown'-law, n. That part of the common law which 
 applies to'criminal matters. [Eiig.l 
 
 Crown'-law'yer, n. One who acts for the crown ; one 
 who pleads in criminal cases. [Eng.'\ 
 
 •Crown'- office, n. (Eng. Law.) A department be- 
 longing to the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, com- 
 monly called the crown side of the court, which takes 
 cognizance of all criminal cases. 
 
 Ci'own'-pa'per, n. Paper of a particular size, which 
 formerly had the water-mark of a crown. 
 
 Crown'-post, n. (Arck.) See KiNG-PosT. 
 
 Crown'-prin9e, n. The prince royal who inherits and 
 succeeds to the crown. 
 
 •Crown'-saw, n. ( Mech. ) A species of tubular saw ; — a 
 hollow cylinder with teeth on the edge. 
 
 ■€rowTi'-side, n. See Crown-office. 
 
 ■Crown'- wheel, n. (Blach.) A wheel with cogs or 
 teeth at right angles to its plane. 
 
 Cr'own'-worlc (-wflrk), n. (Fort.) An outwork run- 
 ning into the field, consisting of two demi-bastions at the 
 extremes, and a bastion in the middle, with curtains. 
 
 Crow'§'-fobt, n. 1. pi. Wrinkles under and around 
 the outer corners of the eyes. 2. (Mil.) A caltrop. See 
 Caltrop. 
 
 CroMf'g'-nest, n. (Naut.) A look-out place prepared 
 near the top of a mast, as by securing a cask to the 
 cross-trees. 
 
 Crow'-toe, n. (Bot.) A species of purple hyacinth. 
 
 Crii'cial (32), a. [From Lat. crux, crucis, cross, torture.] 
 1*.' Having the form of a cross ; appertaining to a cross. 
 2. Trying or searching, as if bringing to the ci-oss. 
 
 Crn'ci-ate (krij/shi-, 45, 95), a. [Lat. cruciatus, p.p. of 
 cruciare, to torture, from crux, crwci's, cross.] (Bot.) Hav- 
 ing the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cx-oss ; 
 cruciform. 
 
 Cru-'fi-ble, n. [Prob. from L. 
 Ger. kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, 
 D. kroes, cup, ci-ucible, Eng. 
 cruse, q. v. According to some 
 etymologists, it is derived from 
 Lat. crux, ^ross, because these 
 pots were marked with a cross, to 
 prevent the devil from marring 
 the chemical operation.] A chem- Crucible, 
 
 ical vessel or melting-pot, capable 
 of enduring great heat without injury. 
 
 Cru-^if'er-oiis, a. [L. Lat. cruci/erus, Lat. cruci/er, 
 
 from crux, cross, and/erre, to bear.] 1. Bearing a cross. 
 
 5i. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the cruciform 
 
 family of plants ; cruciate. 
 Cru'^i-fi'er, n. [See Crucify.] One who crucifies. 
 Crii'f i-f ix, n. [L. Lat. crucifixum, from Lat. crux, cross, 
 
 SiUdJigere, fixum, to fix.] A cross, with the figure of 
 
 Christ crucified upon it. 
 Cru'^i-fix'ion (-tlk'shun), ». [See swjwa.] 1. Act of 
 
 fa'stening a person to a cross. 3. Death upon a cross. 
 
 3. Intense suffering or afiliction. 
 
 Crii'fi-form, a. [From Lat. crux, cross, and forma. \ 
 iV Cross-shaped. 2. (Bot.) Consisting of four equal 
 petals, disposed in the form of a cross. 
 
 Crii'9i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crucified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 «!'CRUCIFYING.] [L. Lat. crucifigere, from Lat. crux, 
 cross, Si^ndijigere, to fix.] 1. To fasten to a cross. 2. To 
 destroy the power of; to subdue completely. 
 
 Cru-pig'er-ous, a. [Lat. crux, cross, and gerere, to bear.] 
 Bearing the cross ; marked with the figure of a cross. 
 
 Crude (32), a. [compar. CRUDER ; superl. CRUDEST.] 
 [Lat. crudus, prop, bloody , contracted from cruidus,from. 
 cruor, blood which flows from a wound.] 1. In its nat- 
 ural state ; not cooked, or prepared for use ; raw. 2. 
 Unripe ; immature. 3. Not reduced to order or form. 
 
 4. Undagested. 5. Hasty and ill-considered. 6. Hav- 
 - ing, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge. 
 
 7. (Paint.) Roughly or coarsely done; not accvirately 
 shaded or colored. 
 
 Criide'ly, adv. In a crude or hasty manner. 
 
 Criide'ness, n. A crude, undigested, or unprepared 
 state ; rawness ; unripeness ; immaturity. 
 
 Cru'di-ty, n. 1. The condition of being crude; raw- 
 ness. 3. That which is in a crude or undigested state. 
 
 Crii'el, a. [Lat. crudelis, from crudus. See Crude.] 
 1*.* Disposed or pleased to give pain to others. 2. Caus- 
 ing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. 
 
 Syn.— Savage; barbaious; hard-hearted; inhuman ; pitiless. 
 
 Cru'el-ly, adv. In a cruel manner ; with cruelty. 
 
 Crxi'el-ty, n. 1. The attribute or character of being 
 cruel ; inhumanity ; barbarity. 2. A cruel and barbar- 
 ous deed ; inhuman treatment. 
 
 Crii'et, n. [Contracted from Fr. cruchette, dim. of cruche, 
 jug, jar. See Crock.] A small glass bottle for vinegar, 
 oil, or the like ; a caster. 
 
 Cruise, >i. A small bottle. See Cruse. 
 
 Criiige (krijz, 32), v. i. [im.p. & p. p. CRUISED ; p.pr. 
 Sc'vb. n. CRUISING.] [D. kruisen, to move crosswise or 
 in a zigzag, to cruise, from cruis, a cross. See CROSS. 7 
 1. To go back and forth on the ocean ; to sail in search 
 of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure. 3. To wan- 
 der hither and thither on land. [Rare.] 
 
 Cruige, n. A voyage nxade without settled course. 
 
 Criiig'er, n. One who, or a ship that, cruises. 
 
 Crul'ler, n. A kind of crisp sweet-cake boiled in fat. 
 
 Crum'b(kr3m), n. [A.-S. crume, from crmnan,acruman, 
 to break or crumble into small pieces.] [Written also 
 crum.'] 1. A small fragment or piece, especially of bread 
 or other food. 2. The soft part of bread. 
 
 Cru.ml»(krum), v. t. To break into crumbs or small pieces. 
 
 Crumb'-eloth. (krum'-), n. A cloth to be laid under a 
 table to receive falling fragments. 
 
 Criini'ble, n. A very small fragment ; a small crumb. 
 
 Crum'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crumbled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CRUMBLING.] [Dim. of crumb, v. t.] To break inta 
 small pieces ; to divide into minute parts. 
 
 Crum'ble, iJ. t. To fall or break into small pieces; 
 hence, to fall to decay ; to perish. 
 
 Crum'my, a. 1. Full of crumbs. 3. Soft ; not crusty. 
 
 Criiin'pet, n. [Cf. Crumb, Crum, «.] A kind of soft 
 bread-cake, not sweetened. 
 
 CriiHi'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRUMPLED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CRUMPLING.] [Cf. Crimp and Cramp.] To presc 
 into wrinkles or folds ; to rumple. 
 
 Criim'ple, v. i. To shrink irregularly ; to wrinkle. 
 
 Cruni'pling, n. A small withered apple. 
 
 Crunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. crunched (kruncht, 108); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. crunching.] 1. To chew with violence 
 and noise ; to craunch. 3. To grind or press with vio- 
 lence and noise. 
 
 ■Cru'or, n. [Lat., probably connected with Gr. /cpuos, 
 frost.] Gore; coagulated blood. 
 
 Crup'per (krcJbp'perin J.wer. ; krup'perin JEw^.),n. [Fr. 
 croupiere, from croupe. See CROUP, buttocks.] 1. The 
 rump of a horse. 3. A strap of leather buckled to a 
 saddle, and passing under a horse's tail to prevent th« 
 eaddle from slipping forward. [Written also crouptr.] 
 
 food, f o"bt ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, fhaise, «all, e<;lio; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link j tMs. 
 
CRUPPER 
 
 172 
 
 CUBICALNESS 
 
 Cmp'per (fcrdbp/pcr or krflp'per), v. t. [See xtqna.] To 
 fit with a crupper ; to place a crupj>er upon. 
 
 Cr^l'raU (32), a. (Uit. crumih, from cms, cruris, leg.] 
 1. Belouyiog to the leg. '2. Sha^nid like a leg or root. 
 
 Cru-sade', ». [Vt. croismli , Sp. cnizada, from Lat. crux, 
 cross.] 1. A mediivval military expedition for the recov- 
 ery of the Holy Uxnd from the Mohimmiedans. 2. Any 
 expedition undertjiken from religious motives ; any hot- 
 headtnl or f.mtiticHl enterprise. 
 
 •Cru-satl'er, n. A person eugjiged in a crusade. 
 
 Cru-sa'do, n. [Tg. cruzaJo, from cniz, Lat. crux, a cross.] 
 A Portuguese coin, so called from having a cross stamped 
 on one side. 
 
 •Cnise (32), n. [L. Ger. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. 
 kr'ots. See Crucible.] A small cup or bottle. 
 
 •Crxi'set, n. [Vt. creuset. See CRUCIBLE.] A goldsmith's 
 crucible or melting pot. 
 
 Criisli, r. t. [h?ip. Sc p.p. crushed (krusht, 10S)^p.pr. 
 & 1-6. «. crushing.] [Icel. krassa, to grind, L. Lat. 
 cruscire, to break with a crash. Cf. Crash and CRAZE.] 
 1. To press and bruise between two hard bodies. 3. To 
 overwhelm by pressure. 3. To overcome completely ; 
 to subdue ; to conquer ; to ruin. 
 
 Crush, V. i. To be pressed into a smaller compass by ex- 
 ternal weight or force ; to be condensed. 
 
 ■Criisli, n. A violent collision or compression. 
 
 •Criisli'er, n. One who, or that whi<:h, crushes. 
 
 Criist, n. [Lat. crusta, W. crest, from cresu, to harden, by 
 heat, to parch or scorch.] The hard, external coat or 
 covering of any thing; hence, any concretion. 
 
 Criist, V. t. [imp. & p.p. crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 crusting.] To cover with a hard case, or crust ; to 
 incrust ; to envelop. 
 
 Crust, V. i. To gather or contract into a hard crust ; to 
 concrete or freeze at the surface. 
 
 Crtis-td'ce-d (krus-ta'she-a), n. pi. [N. Lat., from Lat. 
 crusta, crust, rind, shell.] One of the classes of the artic- 
 ulated animals, including lobsters, shrimps, and crabs; 
 60 called from the crust-like shell with which the body 
 and legs are covered. 
 
 Crus-ta'ce-an (-she-an), n. An animal belonging to the 
 cla.ss Crustacea. [ceous. 
 
 Crus-ta'ce-an, a. Pertaining to the Crustacea ; crusta- 
 
 Crus-ta'ce-61'o-gy (-ta'she-), n. [From Crustacea, Siiid. 
 Gr. Aoyos, discourse, description.] The science which 
 treats of the Crustacea ; malacostracology. 
 
 Crus-ta'ceouis, a. [See Crust.] 1, Pertaining to, or 
 having, a crust-like shell, ij. Belonging to the Crusta- 
 cea ; crustacean. 
 
 Crust'i-ly, adv. In a crusty manner : morosely. 
 
 Criisfi-ness, n. The quality of being crusty. 
 
 Crust'y, a. 1, HaAring the nature of crust ; hard. 3. 
 Having a harsh exterior, or a short, rough manner; 
 peevish ; surly ; morose. 
 
 Crutch, n. [L. Lat. croccia, crueta, as if from a Lat. word 
 crucea, from crux, crucis, cross ; A.-S. crycc, cricc] 1. A 
 Btafif vrith a cross-piece at the head, placed under the 
 arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walk- 
 ing. 3. Any fixture or adjustment with a head or top 
 like that of a crutch, as in a lady's saddle. 
 
 Criitched (60), p. a. 1. Supported on crutches. 2. 
 Marked with the sign of the cross. 
 
 Crutched friar (Each), one of a religious order; bo called be- 
 cause the members of it bore the sign of the cross; —called also 
 crossed friar and crouched friar. 
 
 ■Crux, n.; pi. CRV'pE^. [Lat., cross, torture, trouble.] 
 A cross ; a great difficulty ; any thing that puzzles, 
 vexes, or tries, in the highest degree. 
 
 Cry, V. i. [imp. & p. p. cried ; p. pr. & vh. n. CRY- 
 ING.] [Fr. crier, from Lat. quiritare, freq. form of queri, 
 to complain. Cf. also A. S. grsedan. to crv, gnetan, to 
 weep, cry out, Goth, gretan, Icel. grata.] 1. To speak, 
 call, or exclaim loudly ; to vociferate ; to proclaim. 2. 
 To weep and sob ; to bawl, as a child. 3. To utter inar- 
 ti£ulate sounds, as animals. 
 
 Cry, V. t. 1. To utter loudly or vehemently ; to utter. 
 3. To advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, 
 goods to be sold, &c. 
 
 To cry up, to extol publicly. — To cry down, to decry ; to de- 
 preciate; to dispraise; to condemn. 
 
 Cry, n. [See .Jwpra.] 1. A loud utterance; especially, 
 the inarticulate sound made by an animal. 2. Outcry ; 
 clamor. 3. Loud expression of triumph or wonder, of 
 pain or distress, &c. 4. Public advertisement by out- 
 er}'. 5. A pack of hounds. 
 
 Cry'tng, a. Calling for notice ; compelling attention and 
 regard ; notorious ; heinous. 
 
 Crypt, n. [Lat. crypta, Gr. Kpvnrr), from Kpynreiv, to 
 
 hide.] 1. A subterranean cell or cave; especially a 
 vault under a church, used for burial purposes. 2. 
 (Arch.) The space under a building; a subterranean 
 chapel or oratory ; hence, a hiding-place. 
 
 Cryp'ti€-al, } "' ^^'^^^ ! concealed ; secret ; occult. 
 
 Crj-p'to-gam, «. [From Gr. KpujrTos, hidden, secret, 
 from KprjuTfiv, and ydfios, marriage.] [Bat.) A tiowerless 
 plant, or one which does not fructify by the means usual 
 to others. 
 
 CrjrP'to-ga'mi-an, ^ a. Pertaining to cryptogams, or 
 
 Crj'p^to-gam'ic, | to cry ptogamy ; having the fruo- 
 
 Cryp-tog'a-inoiis, ) tification concealed. 
 
 Crj'p-tog'a-my, n. (Bot.) A concealed fructification. 
 
 Cryp-tog'ra-pliy, 71. [From Gr. KpvTrros, secret, fr. Kpvir- 
 reiv, to hide, and •ypat^eiv, to write.] 1. Act or art of writ- 
 ing in secret characters. 2. Secret characters or cipher. 
 
 CrjTp-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kpvmros, secret, from KpviTTfiv, 
 to hide, and Xoyos, discourse, from Aeyey/, to speakj 
 Secret or enigmatical language. 
 
 Crj's'tal, n. [Lat. crystcUlum, Gr. KpvcrTaAAo5, ice, crys- 
 tal, from Kpvos, icy cold, frost.] 1. (Chewi. & Min.) 
 The regular form which a substance tends to assume in 
 solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive at- 
 traction. 2. A fine kind of glass. 3. The glass of a 
 watch case. 4. Any thing resembling crystal, as clear 
 water, ice, or the like. 
 
 Crj^s'tal, a. Consisting of, or like, crystal ; clear ; trans- 
 parent ; lucid ; pellucid ; crystalline. 
 
 Crys'tal-line, a. [Lat. crystallinus, Gr. Acpvo-raAAtvos- 
 See Crystal.] 1. Consisting of crystal. 2. Having 
 a texture produced by crystallization. 3. Imperfectly 
 crystallized. 4. Resembling crystal ; pure ; clear ; trans- 
 parent ; peUucid. 
 
 Crystalliyie humor, or crystalline lens, a white, transparent, 
 firm substance, in the form of a convex lens, situated in a de- 
 pression in the anterior part of the vitreous humor of the eye. 
 
 Crys'tal-li-za'tion, n. 1. (Chem. & Min.) Act or- 
 process by which a substance in solidifying becomes crys- 
 tallized. 2. The body formed by the process of crystal- 
 lizing. 
 
 Crys'tal-lize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. CRYSTAXLIZED ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. CRYSTALLIZING.] [Gr. Kpva-raXXi^etv. 
 See Crystal.] To cause to form crystals, or to assume 
 the crystalline form. 
 
 Crys'tal-lize, v. i. To be converted into crystals. 
 
 Crys'tal-log'ra-pliy, n. [From Gr. KpvcrraAAos, and 
 yp6.<\)eLv, to write. See CRYSTAL.] 1. Doctrine or 
 science of crystallization. 2. A (uscourse or treatise on 
 crystallization. 
 
 Ciib, n. [Prob. from Lat. cubare, to lie dovm, because it 
 Mes {cubat) in its den or hole, and does not go out for 
 prey, as older animals do ; or from cubare, iox incvbare, to 
 lie upon, brood, hatch.] A young animal, especially the 
 young of the bear. 
 
 Ciilj, V. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. CUBBED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 CUBBING.] To bring forth ; — said of animals. 
 
 Culba-ture (53), n. [From Lat. cubus. See infra.] 
 The process of measuring or determining the sohd or cu- 
 bic contents of a body. 
 
 Cube, n. [Lat. cubu^, Gr. kv^o<;. 
 acube,acubicaldie.] 1. ( Geom,.) 
 A regular solid body, with six 
 equal square sides. 2. (Arith.) 
 The product of a number multi- 
 plied twice into itself ; as, 4x4 
 =16, and 16x4=64, the cube off 
 
 Cube root CArith.), The number or quantitv which, multi- 
 plied into itself, and then into the product, produces a certain 
 cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3=9, and 3x9=27. 
 
 Cube, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cubed ; p. pr. &, vb. n. CUB- 
 ING.] To raise to the third power, by multiplying a 
 munber into itself twice. 
 
 Cu'beb, n. [From Ar. kabahat. Per. kabhbah. Hind, kaba- 
 ba.] (Bot.) The small, spicy berry of a tropical plant. It 
 is stimulant and purgative. 
 
 Cu'bi«, \a. Having the form or properties of a 
 
 Cu'bi€-al, J cube ; contained, or capable of being con- 
 tained, in a cube. 
 
 Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power ct 
 the unknown quantity is a cube. — Cubic foot, a sohd foot, 
 equivalent to a cubical solid, which measures a foot in each of 
 its dimensions. — Cubic number, a number produced by mvlh- 
 plying a number into itself, and that product by the same 
 number. — See Cube. 
 
 CuHbic-al-ly, adv. 
 I Cu'bi-e-al-ness, n, 
 
 In a cubical method. 
 
 State or quality of being cubical. 
 
 H. e. kc.,long; Si,6, &,c., short ; c4re, far, ask, 3,11,-^119,1; fere, veil, term; p'ique, firm; sou, or, do, \roH 
 
CUBIFORM 
 
 173 
 
 CULTIVATION 
 
 CuHbi-fdrin, a. [Lat. cubus, cube, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form of a cube. ' 
 
 Cu'bit, n. [Lat. cubitum, cubitus, elbow, ell, cubit, from 
 cubare, to recline, because the elbow serves for leaning 
 upon.] 1. (Anat.) The fore-arm. "Z. A measure of 
 length, being the distance from the elbow to the extrem- 
 ity of the middle finger. 
 
 ■€u'bit-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the cubit or ulna. 3. 
 Of the length or measure of a cubit. 
 
 ■€u.'bo--eube, n. (Math.) The sixth power. 
 
 ■€u''bo-«u'bo-eube, n. (Math.) The ninth power. 
 
 €u.'boid, ) a. [Gr. /cu^oeiSrjs, from ku/3os, cube, and 
 
 ■€u.-boid'al, ) elSo?, form.] Having nearly the form of 
 a cube ; relating to, or resembling, a cube. 
 
 ■€u.clc'iiig- stool, n. [Perhaps only a corruption of duck- 
 mg-stoot, q. v.] A ducking-stool ; an instrument for pun- 
 ishing scolds, and others by fastening them to it and then 
 plunging them into the water. 
 
 Ciiclc'old, n. [From Lat. cuculus, cuckoo, in allusion 
 to the habit of the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs in 
 the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.] A man 
 whose wife is false to his bed. 
 
 ■eticlc'old, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CUCKOLDED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CUCKOLDING.] To make a cuckold of. 
 
 -Cuclc'db (kook/cTo), n. 
 ^Lat. cuculus, Gr. kokkv^, 
 Skr. kokila.] (Ornith.) 
 A well-known bird, de- 
 riving its name from its 
 note. 
 
 -€uclc'oo-spit, I n. 
 
 ■Cuclc'oo- spit' tie, j An 
 exudation or spume 
 found on some plants, 
 especially about the 
 joints of lavender and 
 rosemary. 
 
 -eu'«ul-late, or ^ ' 
 ■Cu-eul^ate (45), f American Cuckoo, 
 
 -Cu'-eul-la'ted, or I a. [L. Lat. cucullatus, from Lat. 
 ■€u-<5u.l'la-ted, ) cucullus, a cap, hood, cowL] 1. 
 Covered, as with a hood or cowl. 3. Having the shape 
 or resemblance of a hood. 
 
 Cu'-eum-ber, n. [Lat. cucumis, gen. cucum.eris.] (Bot.) 
 A well-known plant and its fruit. 
 
 IS@~ Formerly pronounced kow/kum-ber, and still so called 
 by some among the vulgar. 
 
 €u-ciir'bit, ) n. [Lat. cucurbita, a gourd.] A chem- 
 
 Cu-^urHbite, J ical vessel used in distillation, originally 
 made in the shape of a gourd. 
 
 -Cu-eiir'bi-ta'ceou.s, a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or re- 
 sembUng, the family of plants which includes the melon 
 and the cucumber. 
 
 Cud, n. [A.-S. cud, cud, what is chewed, from ceowan, to 
 chew.] 1. A portion of food brought up into the mouth 
 by ruminating animals from their first stomach, and 
 chewed a second time, ti, A piece of chewing tobacco ; 
 a quid. [Low.] 
 
 Cud'dle (kiid'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. CUDDLED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CUDDLING.] [Cf. W. cuddiaw, to hide, con- 
 ceal, cuddxawl, hiding.] To he close or snug ; to squat ; 
 to crouch ; to snuggle. 
 
 Cud'dy, n. [Prob. a contr. from D. kajuit, Fr. cahute, 
 cabin, hut. Cf. W. caued, inclosed, from cau, to shut 
 up.] 1, (Naut.) A small cabin in the fore part of a 
 lighter or boat. 3. A very small apartment. 
 
 -€ud'gel, n. [W. cogel, from cog, mass or lump, a short 
 piece of wood.] A short, thick stick ; a club. 
 
 Ciid'gel, V. t. [imp. &p.p. cudgeled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CUDGELING.] To beat with a cudgel. 
 
 ■€iu.d'gel-er, n. One who beats with a cudgel. 
 
 -€Jue (ku), n. [0. Fr. cone :oe, now queue. It. coda, from 
 Lat. cauda, tail.] 1. J}, tail ; especially, a tail-like 
 twist of hair worn at the back of the head. 3. Last 
 words of an actor's speojjh, regarded as a hint for the next 
 succeeding player to speak. 3. Any hint or intunation ; 
 also the part one is to perform. 4. The straight rod 
 used in playing biUiards. 
 
 Ciiff, n. [See infra.] A blow with the open hand; a 
 stroke ; a box ; a buffet. 
 
 Cliff, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CUFFED (kuft) ; p.pr.k, vb. n. 
 CUFFING.] [Sw. kuffa, to knock, to push. Cf. Icel. 
 hippr, stick, or cudgeL Sw. knuffa, Ger. knuffen, to cuff, 
 beat soundly.] To strike with the palm or flat of the 
 hand, as a man ; or with talons or wings, as a fowl. 
 
 Ciiff , n. [f>erh. from Fr. coiffe, coeffe, head-dress, hood, 
 or coif] The fold at the end of a sleeve. 
 
 Cui-rass' (kwe-rSLs' or kwe^'ras), n. [L. 
 Lat. coratia, coratium, curacia, curatia, 
 orig. a breastplate of leather, as if fr. a 
 Lat. word coriacea, fr. coriaceus, -a, -ujn, 
 of leather, fr. corium, leather, Fr. c^lir.] 
 A piece of defensive armor, covering the 
 body from the neck to the girdle. 
 
 ■Cui'ras-sier' (kwe'ras-ser'), n. A sol- 
 dier armed with a cuirass, or breast-i 
 plate. 
 
 Cuisli (kwls), n. [Fr. cuisse, thigh or leg, 
 from Lat. coxa, hip.] Defensive armor Cuirass. 
 for the thighs. 
 
 Cuisine (kwe-zen'' ),n. [Fr. , from Lat. coquina , for culina, 
 from cof/were, to cook.] 1. The kitchen. 3. Manner or 
 style of cooking ; cookery. 
 
 ■Cul-dee', n. [From Lat. Cultores Dei, worshipers of 
 God.] One of a certain monkish fraternity who formerly 
 inhabited Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. 
 
 ■€ul-de-sac (kobld/sak'), n. [Fr.] 1. A street closed at 
 one end; hence, a trap. 2. (Blil.) A position in which 
 an army finds itself, with no way of exit but to the 
 front. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Any bag-shaped cavity, or or- 
 gan, open only at one end. 
 
 ■€ii'li-na-ry, a. [Lat. culinarius, from culina, kitchen.] 
 Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery. 
 
 Ciill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. culled \ p. pr. &, vb. n. CULL- 
 ING.] [From Lat. colligere, to collect.] To separate, 
 select, or pick out. 
 
 •CuFlen-der, n. A strainer. See Colander. 
 
 ■Cull'er, n. One who picks or chooses ; especially, an in- 
 spector who selects wares suitable for market. 
 
 -eiil'lis, n. 1. [Fr. coulis, from couler, to strain, to flow, 
 from Lat. colare, to filter, to strain.] A very fine and 
 strong broth ; also, a savory jelly. 3. [Fr. coulisse, 
 groove.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof; a channel. 
 
 Cfil'ly, n. [From Lat. coleus, culeus, a leather bag, the 
 scrotum, 0. F. couillon, coillon, a vile fellow.] A person 
 easily deceived ; a mean dupe. 
 
 -Cul'ly, V. t. To trick, cheat, or impose on ; to deceive. 
 
 •€iilm, n. 1. [Lat. culmus, stalk, stem.] (Bot.) The 
 stalk or stem of corn and grasses. 3. [W. cwhn, knot 
 or tie.] (Min.) Anthracite coal, especially when found 
 in small masses or knots ; glance-coal. 
 
 ■eul-mif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. culmus, stalk or stem, an(? 
 ferre, to bear.] 1. Bearing culms, or producing straw. 
 3. (Min.)_ Containing culm or glance-coal. 
 
 -eiil'ini-nate. v. i. [imp. & p. p. culminated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. CULMINATING.] [From Lat. culmen, top or 
 ridge.] 1, To reach the highest point of altitude. 3. 
 To reach the highest point, as of rank, size, numbers, 
 and like qualities. 
 
 -Cul'mi-nate (45), a. Growing upward, as distinguished 
 from a lateral growth. 
 
 CiU'mi-na'tion ,n. 1 . Attainment of the highest point 
 of altitude ; passage across the meridian ; transit. 3. 
 Attaiimient or arrival at the highest pitch of glory, power, 
 and the hke. 
 
 Cul'pa-ba'i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being cul- 
 pable ; culpableness ; blameworthiness. 
 
 Ciil'pa-ble, a. [Lat. culpabilis, from culpare, to blani£, 
 
 from culpa, fault.] Deserving censure ; worthy of blame. 
 
 Syn. — Wrong; faulty; blamable; blameworthy; censurable- 
 
 Cul'pa-ble-iiess, n. QuaUty of deserving blame. 
 
 Ciil'pa-bly, adv. In a culpable manner ; blamably. 
 
 Cul'prit, n. [Prob. for culpit, with r inserted, as ofl;en 
 between consonants. Culpit is the ancient form of cul- 
 ped, accused, from a supposed 0. Eng. verb to culpe, Lat. 
 culpare, to charge with, from 0. Eng. culpe, coulpe, Lat. 
 culpa, fault.] 1. One accused of a crime, as before a 
 judge. 3. One convicted of crime ; a criminal. 
 
 CtQt, n. [Lat. cultus, care, reverence, from colere, to ciil- 
 tivate.] 1. Homage; worship. 3. A system of religious 
 belief, worship, or rites. [Rare.] 
 
 Ciil'ter, n. [Lat.] A colter. See COLTER. 
 
 ■etil'ti-va-ble, a. Capable of being cultivated or tilled. 
 
 -eiil'ti-vate, -u. t. [imp. & p. p. cultivated; p. pr. 
 &, vb. n. CULTIVATING.] [L. ti&t. cultivare,cultivatii7>i, 
 from Lat. colere, cultum., to till, to cultivate.] 1. To till ; 
 to fertilize. 3. To direct special attention to ; to foster ; 
 to cherish. 3. To improve by labor, care, or study ; to 
 civihze ;_to refine. 4. To raise or produce by tillage. 
 
 ■Cul'ti-va'tion, n. 1. Art or practice of cultivating ; 
 tillage ; production by tillage. 3. Fostering care ; civili- 
 zation. 3. State of being cultivated; advancement or 
 improvement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition ; 
 refinement ; culture. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; ^rn, ruide, puU ; pell, (liaise, «aU, e«lio , gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, Unit ; tMs. 
 
CULTIVATOR 
 
 174 
 
 CURDLE 
 
 CAl'tl-va'tor. «. 1. One who cultivates ; one who tills 
 
 'i. An agricultural implemeut used 
 in the tillage of provriug crops, de- 
 signed to loosen the surface of the 
 earth. 
 
 Cttl'trate \ a. [Lat. cultratus, 
 
 CWtra-ted. ) kuife-fomied, from Cultivfttor. 
 
 cuittr, knife.] (Eot. & Onuth.) 
 Sharp-edged and poiuted,like a pruning knife. 
 
 Cait'ure (kait'vHr, 53), »i. [Lat. cultura, from Lat. 
 cplfff, cuitKw, to till, to cultivate.] 1. The act or prac- 
 tice of cultivating ; cultivation, ti. The state of being 
 cultivatc\l ; reisult of cultivation ; physical improvement ; 
 refinement of mind or manners. 
 
 •emt'iire, r. t. [imp. & p. p. CULTURED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. CULTURIN&.J To cultivate. 
 
 Cill'ver-in, n. [From Lat. coluber, colubra, a serpent, 
 coiubrin us, like a serpent.] A piece of ordnance, formerly 
 in use ; — so called because long and slender. 
 
 Cul'vert, »t. [Probably corrupted from the Fr. convert, 
 covered, p. p. of couvrir, to cover. See COVER.] An 
 arched drain for the passage of water under a road or 
 canal, &c. 
 
 ■CiU'ver-tailed (-tiild), a. United or festened, as pieces 
 of timber, by a dove-tailed joint. 
 
 CumTber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cuimbered ', p.pr. So vb. 
 n. CUMBERING.] [Low Lat. combrus, cnmbrus, a heap of 
 earth, fr. Lat. cumulus, heap.] To hang or rest on as a 
 troublesome weight ; to be burdensome or oppressive to. 
 
 Syn. — To clog ; burden ; obstruct ; overload ; encumber ; 
 perplex ; embarrass ; trouble ; impede. 
 
 •Ciim'ber-some, a. 1. Burdensome or hindering, as a 
 
 weight or drag. 2. Not easily managed or administered. 
 
 Syn. — Oppressive; embarrassing; vexatious; cumbrous. 
 
 CfimTber-some-ly, adv. In a manner to encumber. 
 
 CitmTber-some-ness, n. Quality of being ciunber- 
 some ; cumbrousness. [rassment. 
 
 ■Cum'braiife, n. Encumbrance ; hindrance ; embar- 
 
 Cilmnbrous, a. 1. Rendering action or motion difficult 
 or toilsome. 2. Giving trouble. 
 Syn. — Burdensome; clogging; vexatious ; embarrasiing. 
 
 CumTbrous-ly, adv. In a cumbrous manner. 
 
 ■Ciim'broii.s-iiess, n. State of being cumbrous. 
 
 Cum'frey, n. (.Bor.) See Cojifrey. 
 
 Cuni'ln, n. [Lat. cuminum, Gr. Kvfxivov, Ar. kammUn, 
 Heb. ka7nm(m.'\ (Bat.) A dwarf umbelliferous plant, 
 somewhat resembling fennel, cultivated in the south of 
 Europe, and in Asiatic Turkey, for its aromatic seeds. 
 
 Cii'mu-late, v. t. [imp. & j9.>. cumulated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. CUMULATING.] [Lat. cumulare, cumulatum, 
 from cumulus, aheap.] To heap together ; to amass. 
 
 Cu'mu-la'tion, n. The act of heaping together ; a heap. 
 
 Cu'mu-la-tive, a. [See Cumulate.] 1. Forming a 
 mass; aggregated. 2. Augmenting; gaining or giving 
 force by successive additions. 3. (Law.) Given by the 
 same testator to the same legatee ; — said of a legacy. 
 
 Cii'ne-ai, a. [From Lat. cwnews, a wedge.] Having the 
 form or shape of a wedge ; cuneiform. 
 
 Cii'ne-a-ted. > "" t^*- cuneatus, from cuneus, a 
 Cu'ne-5.t'i€ ' } ^edge.] Wedge-shaped ; cuneiform. 
 Cu-ne'i-f orin, ) a. [From Lat. cnneus, a wedge, and 
 Cu'ni-form, j /or77ia,form. See Arrow-headed.] 
 1. Having the shape or form of a wedge. 2. Pertaining 
 to, or versed in, the wedge-shaped characters found in 
 ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. 
 Ciin'ntng, a. [From A.-S. cunnan, to know, to be able, 
 (ioth.kunnan.'] 1. Well-instructed; knowing; skillful; 
 experienced. 2. Given to underhand maneuvering ; art- 
 fully deceitful. 3. Wrought with, or exhibiting, skill 
 or craft: ingenious; curious. 4. Characterized by at- 
 ractiveness, ingenuity, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Artful; dy; wily; crafty. — CunniTigr is usually low. 
 as &tnck; artfvl more ingenious and inventive, as a device; 
 $ly implieu a turn for what is double or concealed, as, sh/ humor, 
 a tly evasion ; crafty, a talent for dexterously deceiving, as, a 
 crafty manager; unly, a talent for the use of stratageme, as, a 
 wily politician. 
 
 Ciin'ning, n. The facultj' or act of xising stratagem to 
 accomplish a purpose ; deceit; art; craft. 
 
 Cun'ning-ly, adv. In a cunning manner : artfully. 
 
 Cfin'ning-nems, n. Quality of being cunning; craft. 
 
 Clip, n. [A.-S. cupp, cuppa, from Lat. cupa, cuppa, tub, 
 ca.ek, &c. Cf. Coop.] 1. A small vessel used to drink 
 from. 2. The contents of such a vessel ; a cupful. 3. 
 pl. Repeated potationa ; excessiye drinking ; revelry ; 
 drunkenness. 4. That which is to be received or en- 
 
 dured ; portion ; lot. 5. Any thing formed like a cup 
 6. ( Surg. ) A cupping-glass. 
 
 Clip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CUPPED (kupt, 108) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CUPPING.] 1. To supply with cups. 2. (Surg.) 
 To bleed by means of scarification and a cupping-gla«e. 
 
 Ctlp'-be&r'er, n. One who fills and hands the cups at 
 an entertainment. [for cups, plates, &c. 
 
 CupHboard (kub/urd), n. A small closet with shelves 
 
 Cu'pel, n. [Lat. cupella, small cask, dim. of cupa. See 
 Cup.] a small cup or vessel used in refining precious 
 metals ; a shallow crucible. 
 
 Cu-p61', V. t. To separate by means of a cupel ; to refine. 
 
 Cu'pel-la'tion, n. [See Cupel.] The analyzing or 
 refining of gold, silver, and other metals, in a cupel. 
 
 Cu-pid'i-ty, n. [Lat. cupiditas, from cupidus, longing, 
 desiring, from cupere, to long for.] Eager desire to pos- 
 sess something, especially wealth ; covetousness ; lust. 
 
 Cu'po-la, n. ; pl. cu/po-LAg. [Late 
 & L. Lat. cupida, cuppula, from Lat. 
 cupa, cuppa, a tub, cask, L. Lat., a 
 cup.] 1. (Arch.) A spherical vault 
 on the top of an edMce. 2. The 
 round top of a furnace, or the fur- 
 nace itself. 
 
 Ciip'ping, n . ( Surg. ) Operation of ,^ j 
 drawing blood with a cupping-glass. 
 
 Cup'ping- glass, n. A glass vessel 
 like a cup, to be applied to the skin, 
 with or without scarification, to draw 
 blood by exhausting the air. Cupola. 
 
 Cu'pre-oiis, a. [Lat. cupreus., from cuprum, copper.] 
 Consisting of copper, or resembling copper ; coppery. 
 
 Cu-prif'er-oiis, a. [From Lat. cuprum, copper, and 
 ftrre, to bear.] Containing or affording copper. 
 
 Cfi'pule, n. [Lat. cupula. See Cupola.] 1. (Bat.) 
 A little cup, as of the acorn. 2. (Nat, Hist.) A fleshy, 
 concave disk, used bj' the cuttle-fish and some other ani- 
 mals for clinging or grasping. 
 
 Cfix, n. [Contracted from L. Ger. kiiter, kother, a common 
 dog, peasant's dog, originally dog of a cot, from Ger. 
 koth, Eng. cot, q. v.] 1. A worthless or degenerate dog. 
 2. A worthless, snarling fellow. 
 
 Cur'a-ble, a. Capable of being cured. 
 
 Cu.r'a-ble-ness, n. Possibility of being cured. 
 
 Cii'ra-^oa' (kH'ra-so'), n. A cordial, flavored with 
 orange-peel, cinnamon, and mace ; so called from the 
 island of Curagoa, where it was first made. 
 
 Cu'ra-py, n. [See Cure and Curate.] The office or 
 employment of a curate. 
 
 Cu-ras'so-vv, n. ( Ornith.) A kind of bird having a short, 
 compressed bill, much arched from the base, and the 
 orbits and the cheeks more or less naked. 
 
 Cii'rate, n. [L. Lat. curatus, properly one who is charged 
 with the care (Lat. cura) of souls.] One who has the 
 cure of souls ; originally, anj' clergyman, but now the 
 minister employed as an assistant to the rector or vicar. 
 
 Cu.'ra-txve, a. Relating to the cure of diseases ; tending 
 to ctire disease. 
 
 Cu-ra'tor, n. [Lat., from curare, to take care of, from 
 cura, care.] 1. A superintendent, as of a museum or 
 collection. 2. A trustee ; a guardian. 
 
 Cfirb, n. [Seetn/ra.] 1. A check or hindrance; espe^ 
 dally, a chain or strap attached to the upper part of the 
 branches of the bit of a bridle, and capable of being 
 drawn tightly against the lower jaw of the horse. 2. A 
 waU or fence designed to hold back a mass of earth in ita 
 place. 3. A wall set within a well or round the mouth 
 of it. 4. A curb-stone. 
 
 Cftrb, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CURBED ; p. pr. h vh. n. 
 CURBING.] [Fr. comber, to bend, curve, Lat. curvare, 
 from cwr fM5, bent, curved.] 1. To bend to one's will ; to 
 restrain ; to confine. 2. To furnish with a curb, as a 
 well ; also, to restrain by a curb, as a bank of earth. 
 
 Cftrb'-rdbf , n. A roof having a double slope ; a gam- 
 brel roof ; a mansard -roof. 
 
 Cftrb'- stone, n. A stone placed edgewise against earth 
 or stonework to prevent its giving way. 
 
 I Cftrd, n. [Scot, crud, Gael, gruth, Ir. gruth, cruth, curd, 
 crutkaim, I mUk.] 1. The coagulated or thickened part 
 of milk, eaten as food. 2. The coagulated or thicker 
 
 I part of any liquid. 
 
 : Card,r. t. [imp. &,p.p. curded ; p.pr. & vb. n. CURD- 
 ING.] To curdle ; to congeal. 
 
 CArd, v.i. To become coagulated or thickened ; to sep- 
 arate into curds and whey. 
 
 Ciir'dle (kur'dl), v. i. [From curd, q. v.] 1. To change 
 into curd ; to coagulate or concrete. 2. To thicken : to 
 congeal. 
 
 a,e,&c.,io7^r; &,&,&c., short; c4re,far,aBk,all,viriiat; 6re,veU,terxi(i; pique, firm; son, dr,Ao, -wolf, 
 
CURDLE 
 
 17^ 
 
 CURVE 
 
 Cilr'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. curdled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 CURDLING.] 1. To change into curd ; to be coagulated 
 or concreted, ti. To congeal or thicken. 
 
 ■C^d'y, a. Like curd ; full of curd ; coagulated. 
 
 £!1lre, n. [From Lat. cura, care.] 1. Spiritual charge ; 
 care of souls ; the office of a curate ; hence, a curacy. 
 SS. Medical care; remedial treatment of disease. 3. Suc- 
 cessful remedial treatment ; restoration to health. 4. 
 Reinedy ; restorative. 
 
 Cure, v. ^. [imp. Scp.p. CVR^J) -jp.pr. Scvb.n. curing.] 
 1. To heal; to restore to health, soundness, or sanity. 
 i4. To remedy ; to remove. 3. To prepare for preserva- 
 tion by drying, salting, &c. 
 
 Cure, V. i. 1. To effect a cure. 3. To be healed. 
 
 Cui'^ (ku-T3t'),n. [Fr.] A curate ; a parson. 
 
 Cfire'less, a. Incapable of cure ; incurable. 
 
 Ciir'er, n. One who cures ; a healer ; a physician. 
 
 ■CvLr'tew (kur-'fu), n. [0. Fr. couvre-feu, from couvrir, to 
 cover, and feu, fire.] The ringing of a bell at nightfall, 
 originally a signal to the inhabitants to cover fires, ex- 
 tinguish lights, and retire to rest. 
 
 Cii'ri-os'i-ty, n. [Lat. curiositas, from ciiriosiis. See 
 Curious.] 1. State or quality of being curious ; accu- 
 racy ; scrupulousness. 2. Disposition to inquire, investi- 
 gate, or seek after knowledge ; inquisitiveness. 3. That 
 which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. 
 
 •Cu'ri-ous, a. [Lat. curiosus, careful, inquisitive, from 
 cura^ care.] 1. SoUcitous to be correct ; careful ; scru- 
 pulous, ii. Exhibiting care or nicety ; artfully con- 
 structed. 3. Eager to learn; habitually inquisitive. 
 4. Inviting and rewarding inquisitiveness ; singular. 
 
 Cu'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a curious manner. 
 
 Cii'ri-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being curious. 
 
 Cftrl, V. t. [imp. & p. p. CURLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 curling.] [D. krullen, Icel. krulla, to curl, to crisp.] 
 1. To twist or form into ringlets. 3. To twist or make 
 into coils, as a serpent. 3. To deck as with curls. 4. 
 To raise in waves or undulations ; to ripple. 
 
 Ctlrl, V. i. 1. To bend into curls or ringlets, as hair. 
 3. To move in curves, spirals, or undulations. 
 
 Cwlrl, n. 1. A ringlet, especially of hair, or any thing 
 of a like form. 2. An undulating or curving line in 
 any substance; flexure; sinuosity. 3. A disease in 
 potatoes, in which the leaves, at their first appearance, 
 seem curled and shrunk up. 
 
 CftrFer, n. One who curls. 
 
 ■€-a.r'lew (kur'lu), n. [Fr. courlieu, 
 corlieucourlis, It. chiurlo, chiurli.] 
 {Ornith.) An acquatic, wading 
 bird, with a long bill ; its color 
 is diversified with ash and black. 
 Its cry is weU expressed in the 
 name. [curly. 
 
 -earl'i-ness, n. State of being 
 
 -€i4rl'ing-rron.§(-I'urn2), 1 n. pi. 
 
 ■€<irl'ing-t6iig§, ) curling the hair. 
 
 ■Cftrl'y, a. Having curls ; tending to curl. 
 
 ■eur-mud'geon (kur-mttd-'jun), n. [0. Eng. com- 
 mudgin, a corruption of corn-merchant, — this class 
 being accused of seeking their own gain by withhold- 
 ing bread from others.] An avaricious, churUsh fellow ; 
 a miser ; a niggard ; a churl. 
 
 €ur-iiiu.d.'geon-ly, a. In the manner of a curmud- 
 geon ; niggardly ; churlish. 
 
 Ctir'raiit, n. [From Corinth, in Greece, whence, proba- 
 bly, the small dried grape was first introduced into 
 England.] 1. A small kind of dried grape, imported 
 from the Levant ; — used in cookery, ti. The fruit of a 
 well-known shrub. 
 
 Cur'ren-^y, n. 1. State or quaUty of being current ; 
 general acceptance ; circulation. 3. Current value ; 
 general estimation. 3. That which is in circulation, 
 or is given and taken as having or representing wealth 
 or property ; money. 
 
 Cur'rent, a. [Lat. ciirrens, p. pr. of currere, to run.] 1. 
 Running or moving rapidly. 3. Now passing or pres- 
 ent, in its progress. 3. Circulating through the com- 
 munity ; generally received ; comcmon. 
 
 Ciir'rent, n. 1. A stream, especially of a fluid. 3. 
 General course ; ordinary procedure ; progressive and 
 connected movement. 
 
 Cur'rent-ly, adv. In a current manner ; commonly. 
 
 Citr'rent-ness, n. Quality or condition of being cur- 
 rent ; general reception ; currency. 
 
 Ciir'ri-ele (ktlr'ri-kl), n. [Lat. curriculum, from ctr- 
 rere, to run.] A chaise drawn by two horses abreast. 
 
 ■Gxir-ri-e'u-lum, n. [Lat. See supra.] 1. A race- 
 course. 3. A specified course of study, as in a university. 
 
 Curlew. 
 An instrument for 
 
 Ctlr'rl-er, n. [From curry, q. v.] One who curriai, 
 
 dresses, and colors leather, after it is tanned. 
 
 Cftr'risli, a. [See CUR.] Having the qusrtities, or ex- 
 exhibiting the characteristics, of a cur ; snarling ; 
 quarrelsome; brutal; churlish. 
 
 ■€<ir'risli-Iy, adv. Like a cur ; in a brutal manner. 
 
 €!fir'risli-n.e88, n. Moroseness ; churlishness. 
 
 ■Ciir'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. curried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 currying.] [Fr. corroyer, from Lat. cerium, leather.] 
 1. To dress by a process of scraping, cleansing, beat- 
 ing, smoothing, and coloring ; — said of leather. 3. 
 To comb, rub. or cleanse the skin of; — said of a horse. 
 3. To cook with curry, as rice, &c. 
 
 To currij favor, to seek to gain favor by flattery, or officicrus 
 civilities. 
 
 Cur'ry, n. [From the Per. JchHrdt, broth, juicy meats, 
 from khUrdan, to eat, to drink.] 1. A kind of sauce 
 much used in India, containing red pepper and other 
 strong spices. 3. A stew of fowl, fish, &c., cooked 
 with curry sauce. 
 
 Ciir'ry-^omb (-kom), n. An instnunent for combing 
 and cleaning horses. 
 
 Curse, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cursed (kurst) or CURST ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. CURSING.] [A.-S. cursian, corsian, prob. 
 at first to imprecate evil in the name of the cross.] 1. To 
 utter a wish of evil against ; to execrate. 3. To bring 
 great evil upon ; to vex, harrass, or torment ; to injure- 
 
 ■Curse, V. i. To use profane language ; to swear. 
 
 Ciirse, n. 1. Imprecation of evil upon another 3. 
 Evil pronounced or invoked on another. 3. That 
 which brings evil or severe affliction ; torment. 
 
 Syn. — Malediction; malison; imprecation; execration. 
 
 Curs'ed(60),«. 1. Blasted by a curse. 3. Deserving a curse. 
 Syn. — Execrable ; hateful; detestable; abominable. 
 
 Ciirs'ed.-ly, adv. In a cursed manner ; miserably ; 
 enormously. [Low.] 
 
 Ciirs'er, n. One who curses or utters a curse. 
 
 C-ftr'siye, a. [Low Lat. cursivus, from cursare, to run 
 hither and thither, from currere, to run.] Running ; 
 rapid ; flowing. 
 
 Ciir'so-ri-ly, arf^^ In a cursory manner. [tion 
 
 Cftr'so-ri-iiess, n. Hasty or superficial view or atten- . 
 
 Cur'so-ry, a. [Lat. cursorius, from cursor, a runner, 
 from currere, cursum, to run.] Characterized by haste ; 
 hastily or superficially performed ; superficial ; careless. 
 
 Curst, imp. & p. p. of curse. See CuRSE. 
 
 Curt, a. [From Lat. curtus.] Characterized by brevity ; 
 short ; concise ; abrupt ; crusty. 
 
 Cur-tail', f. t. [imp. & p.p. CURTAILED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 CURTAILING.] [From 0. Fr. curt, short, and tailler, to 
 cut.] To cut short ; to shorten ; to abridge ; to diminish. 
 
 Ciir'tain (kur'tin, 42), n. [From Lat. cortina, kettle, 
 circle, circle of a theater, in L. Lat. equivalent to aulasum, 
 the curtain of a theater, aUied to Lat. cors, cortis, a 
 place inclosed around, a court.] 1. A movable cloth 
 screen or covering intended to darken or conceal. 3. 
 (Fort.) That part of the rampart and parapet which i.i 
 between the flanks of two bastions. 
 
 Cftr'tain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. curtained ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. CURTAINING.] To inclose as with curtains ; to 
 furnish with curtains. 
 
 Ciir'taiu-le-efure, n. A reproof given by a wife to her 
 husband within the bed-curtains, or in bed. 
 
 Ciir'ti-lage (45), n. [L. Lat. curtilagium, from cortile, 
 curtile, court, court-yard, from Lat. cors, cortis, court.] 
 (Law.) A yard, court-yard, or piece of ground pertain- 
 ing to a dwelling-house. 
 
 Cftrt'ly, adv. Briefly ; shortly ; abruptly ; crustily. 
 
 Cftrt'ness, n. Shortness ; crustiness. 
 
 Cu'rule , a. [Lat. curulis, from curncs, a chariot, from cur- 
 rere '"to run.] (Rom. Antiq.) Belonging to a chariot ; — 
 apphed to a kind of chair appropriated to certain magis- 
 trates, and borne in a chariot when they went to council. 
 
 C-ftr'vate, ) a. [Lat. curvatus, p. p. of curvare, to 
 
 Cftr'va-ted, j bend, to curve, from curvus. See 
 Curve.] Bent in a regular form ; curved. 
 
 Cur-va'tion, n. Act of bending or crooking. 
 
 Ciir'va-ture (53), n. The continual flexure or bending 
 of a line or surface from a rectilinear direction. 
 
 CHrve, a. [Lat. curvus, allied to Gr. Kvprog, curved, 
 arched.] Bent without angles ; crooked ; curved. 
 
 CHrve, n. 1. A bending without an-,-— ~~.^ 
 
 gles ; that which is bent ; a flexure. 3. Curve 
 
 ( Geom.) A line of which no three con- 
 secutive points are in the same direction or straight line. 
 
 Cftrve, V. t. [imp. & p. p. curved: p pr. & vb. n. 
 CURVING.] To bend; to crook; to inflect. 
 
 food, fdbt ; tLrn, rude, pull ; 9ell, pliaise, «all, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, ItQk ; this. 
 
CURVE 
 
 176 
 
 CUTTLE-FISH 
 
 Cftrve, r. i. To beud or turn gradually from a given 
 direction. \ 
 
 Cftrv'ed-ness, n. The state of being curved. 
 
 CAr'vet.n. [Fr. courbette, It. corvttta. l^'e CURVE.] 
 1. A particular leap of a horse, when h« raises both his 
 fore lci;> at once, e^iualiv advanced, and, as his fore legs 
 an? fHlling, raises his hiiid legs, so that all his legs are in '• 
 the air at once. "2. A prank ; a frolic. 
 
 •CAr'vet. V. I. [itup. & p. p. cukveted ; p. pr. & vb. i 
 fi. CIKVETING.] 1. To make a curvet. 2. To leap j 
 
 Cftr'vot. V. t. To cause to frisk or leap. [and frisk. 
 
 ■Ciir vl-liu'o-al, \a. [From N. Lat. curva and Lat. I 
 
 Ciir'vi-liii'e-ar, ) lin(a, hue.] Consistmg of curve 
 hues : bounded by curve lines. 
 
 •Ciir'vi-ty. »i. The state of being curved ; a bending in 
 a n'guhir form, or without angles. 
 
 ■Cusli'at (ko\>sh'at), n. [A.-S. cusceote.] The ring-dove 
 or wiHxl -pigeon. 
 
 Cusli'ion (kiTbsh'un), n. [Fr. coussin, Ger. krissen, as if 
 ft-om a Lat. word culcitinum , dim. of culcita, cushion, mat- 
 tress, pillow.] 1. A stuffed case or bag used to sit or re- 
 cline upon. "2, Hence, any stuffed or padded surface. 
 
 Cusli'ion (ki5bsh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. cushioned ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. CUSHIONING^. ] 1. To seat on a cushion. 
 "2, To furnish with cushions. 
 
 Cusp, «. [Lat. cuspis, point, pointed end.] 1. (Arch.) 
 (a.) A projecting point in the ornamentation of arches, 
 panels, &c. (b.) A pendant of a pointed arch. 3. 
 (Astrol.) First entrance of any house in the calculations 
 of nativities, &c. 3. (Astron.) The point or horn of i 
 the crescent. 4. {Math.) The point at which two 
 curves, or two branches of the same curve, meet. ■ 
 
 Cilsp'i-dal, a. [See Cusp.] Ending in a point. 
 
 Cusp'i-date, ) a. [Lat. cuspidatiis, from cuspis. See 
 
 -Cusp'i-da'ted, ) Cusp.] (Bot.) Having a sharp end, i 
 like the point of a spear. I 
 
 Cus'tard, n. [0. Fr. Cf. ArmoT. caus, kaouz,W. caws, \ 
 cheese, curd.] A dish composed of milk and eggs, : 
 sweetened, and baked or boiled. ! 
 
 Cus'tard-ap'ple, n. (Bot.) A plant growing in the | 
 West Indies, whose fruit contains a yeUowish eatable 
 pulp^of the consistence of custard. 1 
 
 Cus-to'di-al, a. Relating to custody or guardianship, j 
 
 Cus-to'di-an, n. [From Lat. custos, a guard.] One i 
 who has care or custody, as of some public building, 
 and the like ; a keeper or superintendent. , 
 
 Cus'to-dy, n. [Lat. custodia, from custos, guard.] 1. | 
 A keeping or guarding ; especially, judicial or penal safe- 
 keeping. 2. Restraint of liberty ; confinement ; im- 
 prisonment, i 
 
 Cus'tom, n. [L. Lat. costuma, cosduma, cosduna, &c., 
 frova. Lat. consuetudo, gen. consuetudinis, but properly 
 from a later secondarj' form consuetumen, custom, habit.] 
 1. Way of acting ; habitual practice, ii. Habitual buy- 
 ing of goods; business support ; patronage. 3. (Low.) 
 Long established practice, or usage, considered as unwrit- 
 ten law, and resting for authority on long consent. 
 Syn. — Habit; usage; practice; fashion. See Habit. 
 
 Cus'tom, n. 1. The customary toll, tax, or tribute. 2. 
 pi. Duties imposed on commodities on their being im- 
 ported into or exported from the country. 
 
 Cus'tom-a-ble, a. 1. Common ; habitual. 2. Sub- 
 ject to the payment of duties called customs. 
 
 Cus'toin-a-bl*y, adv. According to custom ; in a cus- 
 tomary manner. [itually. 
 
 CiLs'tom-a-ri-ly, adv. In a customary- manner ; hab- 
 
 Cus'tom-a-ry, a. 1. According to custom ; established 
 by common usage; conventional. 2. (Law.) Holding 
 or held by custom. 
 
 Cus'tom-er, n. One who frequents any place for buying 
 what he wants ; a purchaser ; a buyer. 
 Ugly cvstomer, one who is difficult to manage. 
 
 Cus'tom-house, n. The building where customs and 
 duties are paid, and where vessels are entered or cleared. 
 
 Ciit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. cut ; p. pr. & vb. n. cutting.] 
 [0. Eng. kit, Norm. Fr. cotu, cut. Cf. W. cwtau, to cur- 
 tail, cateia, to cut, cat, a piece, 0. Sw. kotta, to sever.] 1. 
 To separate the prts of with a sharp instrument; to 
 make an incision in ; to divide ; to sever. 2. To hew, as 
 wood; or mow and reap, as grain or com. 3. To sever 
 and remove by cutting ; to dock. 4. To form or shape 
 by cutting; to carve: to hew out. 5. To wound or 
 hurt deeply the sensibilities of. 6. To intersect ; to 
 cross. 7. To castrate or geld. 
 
 Cut and drierl, prepared beforehand; not spontaneous. — Cut 
 gloM, ;flass having the surface shaped or ornamented by grind- 
 ing and polishing. — To cut a dash, or afif/ure, to make a dis- 
 play. — To cut capers, to play pranks; to frolic. — To cut down. 
 
 (a.) To fell. (6). To abash; to shame, (c.) To lessen; to dimin- 
 ish.— To cut out, (a.) To remove from the midst; hence, to 
 shape or form by cutting; to fasluou. (6.) To take the place of; 
 to supersede. — 7'o cut short, to arrest or check abruptly; to 
 abridge.— To cut under, to undersell. — Jo cut up, to cut to 
 pieces; hence, to damage or destroy. — To cut the acqxiaintance 
 Q/", or to cut ai^ersoii, to drop intercourse with; to avoid recog- 
 nizing. — I'o cut the cards, to divide a pack into two portions 
 for the purpose of determining the dealing or trump. — To cut 
 the teeth, to put forth teeth. 
 
 Ciit, V. i. 1. To serve in dividing or gashing. 2. To ad- 
 mit of incision or severance. 3. To perform the opera- 
 tion of dividing, severing, intersecting, and the like. 4. 
 To run rapidly. [Low.] 5. To divide a pack of cards 
 into two portions to decide the deal or trump. 
 
 To cut cicross, to pass over or through in the most direct way. 
 — To cut in, to divide, or turn a card, for determining who ar« 
 to play. — To cut in or into, to interrupt. 
 
 Cut, n. 1, An opening made with a sharp instrument; 
 a cleft ; a gash ; a wound. 2. A stroke or blow with an 
 edged instrument, or the like ; hence, an injurj- or wound. 
 
 3. That which wounds the feelings, as a harsh remark, 
 or avoidance of one's acquaintance. 4. A notch, pas- 
 sage, or channel made by cutting. 5. The sxuface left 
 by a cut. 6. A portion severed or cut off. 7, An en- 
 graved block ; and hence, the impression from such an 
 engraving. 8. (a.) The act of dividing a pack of cards. 
 (b.) The right to divide. 9. Manner in which a thing is 
 cut or formed ; shape ; style : fashion. 
 
 A short cut, a cross route or path which shortens the way. 
 
 Cu-ta'ne-oiis, a. [From Lat. cutis, skin.] Belonging 
 to the skin ; existing on, or affecting, the skin. 
 
 Cute, a. [An abbreviation of acute, q. v.] Clever; 
 keen; sharp. [Colloq.] 
 
 Cu'ti-ele (ku'ti-kl), n. [Lat. cuticula, dim. of cutis, 
 skin.] 1. The outer skin : the scarf-skin; epidermis. 2. 
 (Bot.) The thin, external covering of the bark of a plant. 
 
 Cu-ti-e'u-lar, a. Pertaining to the cuticle, or external 
 coat of the skin. 
 
 ^u'tis, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) A dense resisting membrane, 
 next below the cuticle ; — often called the true skin. 
 
 Ciit'lass, n- [L. Lat. culteUacius, culteUaceus, augm. of 
 Lat. cultellus, dim. of cutter, knife.] A broad, curving 
 sword, with but one cutting edge. 
 
 Cutler, 71. [L. Lat. cultellarius, cultellerius, from Lat. 
 cultellus, dim. of cutter, knife.] One who makes or who 
 deals in cutlery. 
 
 Cut'ler-y, n. 1. The business of a cutler. 2. Edged 
 or cutting instruments in general, or in the mass. 
 
 Ciit'let, n. [Fr. cotelette, little rib, dim. of cdte, rib, 
 from Lat. casta, a rib.] A piece of meat, especially of 
 veal or mutton, cut for broiling ; generally a part of the 
 rib with the meat belonging to it. 
 
 Ciit'- off , n. 1. That which cuts off or shortens, as a 
 nearer passage. 2. (Mach.) A contrivance in the steam- 
 engine for cutting off the passage of steam from the 
 steam-chest to the cylinder. 
 
 Cut'piirse, n. One who cuts purses for the sake of steal- 
 ing their contents ; — an act common when men wore 
 purses at their girdles ; hence, a thief; a robber ; a pick- 
 pocket. 
 
 Ciit'ter, n. 1. One who cuts 
 or hews. 2. An instrument 
 used for cutting. 3. A front 
 tooth, that cuts ; an incisor. 
 
 4. (Naut.) (a.) A small boat 
 used by ships of war. (b.) A 
 vessel rigged nearly like a sloop, 
 with one mast and a straight 
 running bowsprit, which may 
 be run in upon deck. 5. A 
 small one-horse sleigh. [Amer.] 
 
 Ciit'-throat, n. One who cuts 
 
 throats ; a murderer ; an assassin ; 
 Ciit'-tliroat, a. Murderous; cruel; barbarous. 
 Cut'ting, n. 1. Act or operation of one who cuts. 
 
 Something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a 
 
 twig cut from a stock for grafting ; an 
 
 excavation cut through a hiU. 
 Ciit'tle, ) n. [A.-S. & 0. L. Ger. 
 
 Cut 'tie-fish, i cudele, Ger. kuttel- 
 
 Jisch : from Ger. kottel, kotel, D. keutel, 
 
 dirt from the guts. See Gut.] (Zo'ol.) 
 
 A molluscous animal, having ten arms 
 
 furnished with cupules or sucking cups, 
 
 by means of which it attaches itself te- 
 naciously to other bodies. When pur- 
 sued, it throws out a blackish Hquor 
 
 that darkens the water, enabling it to 
 
 escape observation. 
 
 %,^,&,c.,long ; &,6, Sec, short; c4re,fiir,ask,aU, wliat; £re, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; son, dr, do, w9lJ^ 
 
CUT-WATER 
 
 177 
 
 DABBLE 
 
 Ciit'-'iva''ter, n. 1. {Naut.) Fore part of* ship's prow, 
 which cuts the water. tJ, Lower portion of the pier of 
 a bridge, formed with an angle or edge directed up 
 stream. 
 
 •Cut'-worm (-warm), n. Any larve or caterpillar which 
 eats or cuts away young plants. 
 
 ^y'a-nate, n. A salt in which the acid is cyanic acid. 
 
 ^y-an'ic, a. [From Gr. Kvavog, a dark blue substance.] 
 Pertaining to, or containing, cyanogen. 
 
 ^y'a-nide, n. ( Ckem.) A basic compound of cyanogen 
 with some other element or compound. 
 
 ^y-a.n'o-gen, n. [From Gr. Kvavo<;, dark blue, and the 
 root of y^yya^Lv, to beget.] ( Chem. ) A compound radical, 
 being a gas composed of one equiralent of nitrogen and 
 two of carbon. It is an essential ingredient in prussian blue. 
 
 ^y'a-ndm'e-ter, n. [From Gr. Kvavo^, dark blue, and 
 nerpov, measure.] An instrument for estimating or 
 measuring degrees of blueness, as of the sky. 
 
 ^y'«le (si'kl), n. [L. Lat. cyclus, Gr. kvkAos, ring or cir- 
 xCle ] 1. An imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens. 
 "3. An interval of time in which a certain succession of 
 events or phenomena is completed, and then returns 
 again and again in the same order. 3. (Bot.) One entire 
 round in a spire or circle. 
 
 CvWl'^-al 1 "■ Pertaining to a cycle ; moving in cycles. 
 
 Cyclic poets, certain epic poets who followed Homer, and 
 wrote merely on the Trojan war; — so called because keeping 
 within the circle of a single subject. 
 
 9y'«loid, n. [From Gr. kvkAos, circle, and elSo?, form.] 
 ( Geom.) A curve generated by a point in the plane of a 
 circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keep- 
 ing always in the same plane. 
 
 ^y-eloid'al, a. Pertaining or relating to a cycloid. 
 
 ^y-elom'e-try, n. [From Gr. /cvk\os, circle, and nerpov, 
 measure.] The art of measuring circles. 
 
 9y'<;lone, n. [Gr. kvk\o<;, circle.] A rotatory storm or 
 whirlwind of extended circuit. 
 
 ^y^lo-pe'an, a. Pertaining to the Cyclops ; huge ; 
 gigantic ]_ vast and rough ; massive. 
 
 ^j^'-elo-pe'di-a, ) n. [From Gr. /cvkAos, circle, and 
 
 (jy'-elo-pse'di-a, ) iraiSeCa, the bringing up of a child, 
 education, erudition, from TratSeveiv, to bring up a child, 
 from Trais, child.] The circle or compass of the arts and 
 sciences, or of human knowledge. Hence, a dictionary 
 of arts and sciences, or of some ojae of them. See Ency- 
 clopedia. 
 
 9y'-elo-ped'i«, a. Belonging to the circle of 
 the sciences, or to a cyclopedia ; encyclopedic. 
 
 ^ys'net, n. [Dim. of Fr. cygne, firom Lat. 
 cycnus, cygniis, Gr. kvkvos, swan.] (Ornith.) 
 A young swan. 
 
 ^yl'in-der, n. [Lat. cylindrus, Gr. KvAivSpos, 
 from KvKCvSeiv, KvXteiv, to roll.] (Geom.) A 
 soUd body which may be generated by the _ 
 rotation of a parallelogram round one of its Cy 
 sides ; or a body of roller-like form, of which the longitu- 
 dinal section is oblong, and the cross section is circular. 
 
 '^y-lin'di'i*, ) a. Having the form of a cylinder, or 
 
 ^y-lin'dri-e-al, j partaking of its properties. 
 
 ^y-liii'dri-f 6rm, a. [Lat. cylindrus Sind forma.] Hav- 
 ing the form of a cylinder. 
 
 ^yl'in-droid, n. [Gr. KvAivSpos and^ elSos, form.] A 
 solid body resembling a right cyUnder, but having the 
 bases or ends eUiptical. 
 
 ^y'md,n. [Gr. Ku/aa, a wave.] 1. (Arch.) A member 
 or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wave- 
 like in form. 2. (^o«.) A cyme. See Cyme. 
 
 ^y-mar', n. [See Simar.] A slight covering : a scarf. 
 
 ^J^mnbal, n. [Lat. cymbalum, Gr. Kvfx^akov, from kvi^jSos, 
 any thing hoUow, hollow vessel.] 1. A musical instru- 
 
 ment used by the ancients. 2. A 
 musical instrument of brass, of a cir- 
 cular form, like a dish, held in the 
 hand, and producing, when two are 
 struck together, a sharp, ringing sound. 
 3. A triangular steel wire, on which 
 are five rings, which are touched and Cymbals, 
 shifted along the triangle with an iron rod held in the 
 left hand, while it is supported in the right by a ring, to 
 jive it free motion. 
 
 9ym©, n- [Lat. cyma, Gr. KVfia, the young sprout of a 
 cabbage. See Cyma.] (Bot.) A flat-topped or convex 
 flower-cluster, like a corymb, except that the inflores- 
 cence commences with the terminal buds. 
 
 ^y'mose, ) a. [Lat. cymosus, from cyma.] Containing 
 
 ^y'lnoiis, ) a cyme ; in the form of a cyme. 
 
 9yn'i-e, ) a. [Gr. kwikos, dog-like, fr. Kvoiv, dog.] 1. 
 
 9yn'i<J-al, ) Having the qualities of a surly dog ; snarl- 
 ing ; captious; surly ; currish ; austere. 2. Pertaining 
 to the dog-star. 3. Belonging to the sect of philosophers 
 called cynics ; resembling the doctrines of the cynics. 
 
 ^yn'i-e, n. 1. One of the sect or school of ancient phi- 
 losophers, so named from their morose and contemptuous 
 views and tenets. 5J. One who holds views resembling 
 those of the cynics ; a snarler ; a misanthrope. 
 
 Cyii'i«-al-ly, adv. In a cynical or morose manner- 
 
 ^yn'l-e-al-ness, n. Moroseness ; misanthropy. 
 
 Cyn'i-^ignij n. Practice or principles of a cynic. 
 
 9yii'o-s^re (sin'o-shur or si''no-sh9r), n. [Lat. cynosura, 
 Gr. Kvvoa-ovpd, dog's tail, the cynosure, from kviov, geni- 
 tive Kwos, dog, and ovpd, tail.] 1. The constellation of 
 the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, 
 the eyes of mariners and travelers are often directed. 2. 
 Any thing to which attention is strongly turned ; a center 
 of attraction. 
 
 Cy'plier, n. See Cipher. 
 
 ^y'press, n. [Lat. ciipressus, Gr. /cvTrapto-cros, Fr. cypres, 
 Cf. Gr. KVTrpos, a tree growing in Cyprus, Heb. kopher, 
 Gen. vi. 14.] (Bot.) A coniferous tree, generally ever- 
 green, and having wood remarkable for its durability. 
 
 iSS°- As having anciently been used at funerals, and to adorn 
 tombs, it is an emblem of mourning and sadness. 
 
 ^yp'ri-an, n. 1, A native or inhabitant of Cyprus, es- 
 pecially of ancient Cyprus. 3. A lewd woman ; a harlot. 
 
 9yp'ri-aii, a. 1. Belonging to the island of Cyprus, 
 renowned for the worship of Venus. 3. Of,'or pertain- 
 ing to, lewdness, or those who practice it. 
 
 ^yr'i-o-log'i-e, a. [Gr. KvpLoKoycKo?, from tcvpio?, chief, 
 and Adyos, discourse.] Pertaining to capital letters. 
 
 ^yst, n. [Gr. KucrTts, bladder, bag, pouch, from Kveiv, to 
 hold, contain, swell.] (Physiol.) A pouch or sac, with- 
 out opening, accidentally developed, and containing mor- 
 bid matter. 
 
 ^yst'i-e, a. 1. Having the form of, or living in, a cyst. 
 3. Containing cysts. 3. Pertaining to, or contained in, 
 a cyst. 
 
 ^ys'to-^ele, n. [From Gr. Kucrrt?, bag, and /ojAij, tumor. 
 See Cyst.] (Med.) Hernia of the urinary bladder. 
 
 ^yst'ose, a. Containing, or resembling, a cyst ; cystic. 
 
 ^ys-tot'o-my, n. [Gr. kvotl?, bladder, and refx-veiv, to 
 cut.] Act or practice of opening cysts ; particularly, the 
 operation of cutting into the bladder for the extraction 
 of a stone or other extraneous matter. 
 
 Czar (zar), n. [0. Pol. czar, czarz, Russ. tsarj, from Lat. 
 Cwsar.] A king ; a chief ; a title of the emperor of Rus- 
 sia. [Written also tzar.] 
 
 Cza-ri'na (za-re^na), n. [Russ. tsaritsa, Pol. tsarowa.] 
 A title of the empress of Russia. 
 
 CzS,r'o-\vitz (zar''o-wits),7i. [Russ. tsarewitch, tsesar- 
 ewitch.] The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia- 
 
 D. 
 
 D(de), in the English alphabet, is the fourth letter, and 
 the third consonant or articulation. See Principles 
 of Pronunciation, § 70. 
 I>£ib, V. t. [imp. & p.p. DABBED ; p.pr. & vb. n. DAB- 
 BING.] [Cf. Eng. dap, dip, tap, tip.] To strike gently, 
 as with the hand or with a soft or moist substance. 
 D^b, n. [See supra. Possibly from adept, q. v.] 1. A 
 gentle blow with the hand or some soft substance ; hence. 
 
 a sudden blow or hit. 3. A small lump or mass of any 
 thing soft, with which something is dabbed. 3. One who 
 can dab skillfully; a dabster; an expert. 4. A small, 
 flat fish, allied to the flounder, of a dark-brown color. 
 
 DabTjle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. dabbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DABBLING.] [Bmimutive of cfad.] To wet by little dips 
 or strokes ; to moisten. 
 
 DabOjle, V. i. 1. To play in water, as with the hands. 
 
 iood^Kfdbt ; firn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all. 
 
 e«lio i geiu, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tbis- 
 
DABBLER 
 
 178 
 
 DAMASK 
 
 *2. To work in a slight or superficial maimer ; to touch 
 here and there ; to tamper; to mwldle. [meddler. 
 
 Dftb'bler, n. 1. One who dabbles. 2. A superficial 
 
 Dftb'cliick, n. [From dab, equiv. to dip, and chick.] 
 1. (Ontith.) A certain water-fowl allied to the grebe,— 
 cAlled also difKhick, didapper, and dobchick. 2. A baby- 
 ish person. 
 
 D&b'ster, n. [Cf. DAB, n., 3, and DAPPER.] One who 
 is skilled ; a master of his business. [ CoUoq.] 
 
 Da catto (du-kii/po). [It., firom da, firom, and capo, head, 
 beginning.] {Mus.) A direction to return to, and end 
 with, the first strain ; — indicated by the letters D. C. 
 
 Da^re, M. [>V. darsen.] (IcJith.) A small river fish, of a 
 bright silver)- color. 
 
 Dft€'tvl, n- [Lat. dactijlus, Gr. ScuctvAo?, properly a 
 finger.] (I^os.) A poetical foot of three syllables, one 
 lou^g, followed by two short, or one accented followed by 
 two unaccented ; — so called fix)m its resemblance to the 
 joints of a finger ; as, tcgtn'inc, mer'cifid. 
 
 Dft«'tvl-ar, a. Pertaining to a dactyl ; dactylic. 
 
 Da-e-tyl'ic (123), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 dactvb. [tyk. 
 
 Da€-tyl'i-e, "■ A line consisting chiefly or wholly of dac- 
 
 Da-c-tyri-Sg'ra-pliy , n . [Gr. SoktvAios, finger-ring, and 
 y/>a</>eir, to write.] The science or art of gem-engraving. 
 
 Dft-e'tyl-ist, «. One who >vrites dactylic verse. 
 
 DaCtj'l-ol'o-gy, «. [Gr. Sojcrvkog, finger, and Xoyos, 
 discourse.] A method of communication in which cer- 
 tain positions and motions of the hand and fingers answer 
 to the common written alphabet. 
 
 D&d, I "• [Ir. daid, W. & Arm. tad, 0. Lat. tata, Gr. 
 
 Dad'dy, ) TttTtt, Sp. taita, Finn, taata, Esthonian taat, 
 Skr. tata. Hind, fd/, Gypsy dad, dada.} Father ; — a word 
 used l\y little children. 
 
 B&d'dle, V. i. [Cf. Eng. dandle.] To walk unsteadily, 
 like a child or an old man ; hence, to do any thing slowly. 
 
 Dad'dy-16iig''-leg§, n. (Entom.) An insect having a 
 long body, and very long, slender legs ; the crane-fly. 
 
 Da'do, >i. [It. & Sp. dado, from Lat. dare, to give, to 
 throw; rfa^w/n, something thrown on a table, die.] (Arch.) 
 (a.) The die or square part in the middle of the pedestal 
 of a column. (6.) That part of an apartment between 
 the plinth and the impost molding. 
 
 Dse'dal, ) a. [From Dsedalus, Gr. AatSoAos, a my- 
 
 Dae-da'li-an. 3 thic craftsman.] Formed with axt ; in- 
 genious ; .intricate. 
 
 Daed'a-loiis (ded'a-lus), a. {Bat.) Having a margin 
 with various -windings and turnings ; — said of leaves. 
 
 DM'fo-dil, n. [Ft. d'asphodele, Lat. asphodelus, Gr. 
 a<nl>6SeX.os. See ASPHODEL.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
 Narcissus. It has a bulbous root, and beautiful flowers, 
 usually of a yellow hue. 
 
 Daft (6), a. Delirious; insane; hence, stupid ; foolish. 
 
 Dhg, n. [D. dagge, a da^er, 0. Fr. dagge, a small gun, 
 Gael, dag, a pistol, "W. dager, dagr, Ir. daigear, a dag- 
 ger.] 1, A dagger or poniard, zi, A kind of pistol 
 formerly used. 
 
 D^g, n. [A.-S. dag, daag, any thing that is loose.] 1. 
 A loose end, as of locks of wool. 2. A leathern latchet. 
 
 Dag'ger, n. [See Dag, n., a dagger. The Ger. & D. 
 degen, a sword, is derived from Fr. dague, It. daga, &c.] 
 1. A short sword; a poinard. 3. (Print.) A mark of 
 reference in the form of a dagger ; thus [t] ; — called also 
 obelisk. 
 
 To look daggers, to look fiercely, reproachfully, or angrily. 
 
 DSg'ger, V. t. To pierce with a dagger ; to stab. 
 
 Dag'gle (dig'gl), V. t. [imp. & p. p. daggled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. DAGGLING.] [Dun. of dag, v. t.] To trail so 
 as to wet or befoul ; to wet ; to dirty. 
 
 D&g'gle, V. i. To be drawn or trailed through water and 
 mud ; to draggle. 
 
 Dag'gle-tail, n. A filthy person ; a slattern ; a slut. 
 
 D&g'-15cl£, n. [0. Eng. dag, dew, and lock.] A dirty, 
 soiled lock of wool on a sheep. 
 
 Da-gu€r're-an, ) (da-ger'T-an), a. Pertaining to Da- 
 
 I>a-gti6rre'i-aii, J guerre, or to his invention of the 
 daguerreotyj^. 
 
 Da-gu6rre'o-type (da-gf-r'o-tlp), n. [From Daguerre, 
 the discoverer.] 1. A method of taking pictures by 
 photography, on plates of silvered copper, and on other 
 materials suitably prepared. 2. The picture produced 
 by the above process. 
 
 I>a-gu6rre'o-type (da-ggr^o-tTp), v. t. 1. To repre- 
 sent by the photographic art, a* a picture. 2, To im- 
 press with great distinctnees. 
 
 Da-gti6rre'o-t;^p'er, ) n. One who takes daguerreo- 
 
 Da-gufirre'o-typ'ist, ) types. 
 
 Da-gmSrre'o-typ'l€, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, the 
 
 Da-guerre'o-t^-p'ic-al, ) daguerreotype. 
 
 Da-gufirre'o-tj'p'y, n. Art of producing daguerrso- 
 tyj>es or photographic pictures. 
 
 Dalil'ia fdil'ya or dal'ya), n. [From Andrew Dahl, a 
 Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of plants native to 
 Mexico. It produces a large and beautiful flower, and 
 has many varieties. [day ; diurnal ; quotidian. 
 
 Dai'ly, a. Happening or belonging to each successive 
 
 Dai'ly, adv. Every day ; day by day. 
 
 Dain'ti-ly, adv. Fastidiously ; nicely. 
 
 Daiu'ti-ness, n. State or condition of being dainty. 
 
 Dain'ty, o. [Prob. from Lat. dignvs, worthy, sxiitable. 
 But cf. also W. dain, fine, nice, deintiaidd, dainty, de- 
 licious, dcintiaeUu a dainty ; dant, pi. daint, a tooth.] 
 1. DeUcious to the taste ; toothsome. 2. Elegant in 
 form, manner, or breeding. 3. Requiring dainties; 
 hence, over-nice ; hard to please ; fastidious ; scrupulous ; 
 ceremonious. 
 
 Dain'ty, n. That which is delicious, delicate, or nice. 
 
 Syn. — Delicacy. — A delicacy is a nice article of any kind; 
 a dainty is an exquisite article of cookery. 
 
 Dai'ry (da'ry, 89), n. [From a supposed . Eng. day or dey, 
 milk, preserved in Prov. Eng. day-house, milk-house, 
 dairy, day-woman, a dairy-maid.] 1. The place where 
 milk is kept, and converted into butter or cheese. 2. The 
 business of making butter and cheese. 
 
 Da'is (da'is), n. [From Lat. discus, Gr. SiVkos, a quoit, 
 It. desco, Ger. tisch, a table.] 1. A raised floor at the 
 upper end of the dining-hall. 2. The upper table of a 
 dming-hall. 3. A seat with a high wainscot back, and 
 sometimes having a canopy over it, for the use of those 
 who sat at the high table. 4. The canopy itself. 
 
 Dai'sy, n. [A.-S. dseges-eage, day's eye, daisy.] (Bot.) 
 A well-known plant of several varieties. 
 
 Dale, n. [0. Sax. & Goth, dal, Icel. dalr, daia, W. d6/.] 
 A low place between hills ; a vale or valley. 
 
 Daleg'man, n. ; pi. dale§'Men. One living in a dale. 
 
 Dal'li-an^e, n . [From dally, q. v.] Act of dallying, tri- 
 fling, or fondling; interchange of caresses ; wantonness. 
 
 Dsil'11-er, ?i. One who fondles : a tiifler. 
 
 Dai'ly, V. i. [imp. & p. p. DALLIED ((^I'lid) : p. pr. b 
 vb. n. DALLYING.] [Ger. dallen, dalen, dahUn, Icel. 
 thylia, to talk, 0. Sw. tvle, a droll or funny man, A.-S. 
 dol, foolish.] 1. To waste time in effeminate or voluptu- 
 ous pleasures, or in idleness and trifles : to linger ; to de- 
 lay. 2. To interchange caresses, especially with one of 
 the opposite sex ; to use fondling or wantonness ; to sport. 
 
 Dal-mat'i-e-a, »i. 1. (Eccl.) A long white gown with 
 sleeves, worn over the alb and stole, by deacons in the 
 Roman Cathohc church, and imitated from a dress orig- 
 inally worn in Dahnatia. 2. A similar robe worn by 
 kings in the middle ages on solemn occasions. 
 
 Dal Segno (d31 san^yo). [It., from the sign.] CC 
 (Mus.) A direction to "go back to the sign, and re- * 
 peat from thence to the close. 
 
 Dal'ton-igm, n- Inability to perceive or distinguish cer- 
 1;ain colors ; color-blindness ; — so named from the chem- 
 ist Dalton, who had this infirmity. 
 
 Dam, n. [See Dame.] 1. A female parent; — used of 
 beasts. 2. A hmnan mother ; — in contempt. 
 
 Dam, n. [D. & Dan. dam, Ger. and Sw. damm, Icel. 
 dammr.] A mole, bank of earth, or any wall, or a frame 
 of wood, to obstruct the flow of water. 
 
 Dam, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DAM5IED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DAMMING.] 1. To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by 
 a dam. 2. To shut up ; to confine. 
 
 Dam'age, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. dainnum, damage.] 1. 
 Any permanent injury or harm to person, property, or 
 reputation. 2. pi. (Laiv.) A compensation or indem- 
 mty to one party , for a wrong or injury actually done 
 to him by another. 
 Syn. — Hurt ; loss ; mischief; injury ; harm ; detriment 
 
 Dam'age, v. t. [ijnp. & p. p. damaged : p. j>r. & vb. 
 n. DAMAGING.] To inflict injury upon; to hurt: to 
 injure ; to impair. [paired. 
 
 Dam'age-a-ble, a. Capable of being damaged or im- 
 
 Dam'as-?ene,»J. [Lat. Da77?a5c«wK5, of Damascus, from 
 Damascus, a city celebrated for its pltrnis.] A particular 
 kind of plum ; — usually called damson. 
 
 Dam'ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or originating at, the 
 city of Damascus ; resembling the products or manufec- 
 tures of Damascus. 2. Having the color of the damaskr 
 rose. 
 
 Damask color, a color like that of the Damask rose. — Dam- 
 ask rose (Bot.), a variety of rose native to Damascus, and 
 brought from thence. — Damask silk, a kind of heavy, ncn. 
 
 a, e,&c.,;<mir;a,£,&c.,3Aor(/c&re,far,ask,all,wliat; 6re,Teil,terni; piLque,firm; son, dr, dg, wolfi 
 
DAMASK 
 
 179 
 
 DARKEN 
 
 figured Bilk ; — usually called simply damask. — Damask steel, 
 aflne quality of steel originally made at Damascus, and form- 
 erly much valued for sword-blades, from its great flexibility 
 and tenacity. 
 
 D&m'ask, n. 1. A kind of stuff with raised figures, 
 woven in the loom ; — originally made at Damascus, and 
 composed of rich silk ; now made of sUk intermingled 
 with flax, cotton, or wool. 3. Linen woven in imitation 
 of" the figures in damask silk. 
 
 D&m'ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. damasked (108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DAMASKING.] To decorate with ornamental 
 figures, as silk or other stuff with raised flowers, &c., or 
 steel with etchings, or inlaid devices ; hence, to embel- 
 lish ; to variegate. 
 
 DJiin'aslt-eii, I v. t. [From Lat. damascenus. See 
 
 Dam'aslc-een/, ) Damascene.] To damask. 
 
 I>3,nx'aslc-in, n. A certain kind of saber ; — so called 
 from the manufacture of Damascus. 
 
 Dame, n. [From Lat. domina, mistress, lady, f. of dom- 
 inies, master of the house, from domus, house, Gr. 56|aos.] 
 1. A lady in rank or culture. 3. The mistress of a 
 family in common life, or the mistress of a common 
 school ; a matron. 
 
 I>3,nui (dSm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DAMNED (dSmd); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DAMNING (damping or dam'ning, 81).] [Lat. 
 damnare, from damnum, damage, fine, penalty.] 1. To 
 condemn ; to adjudge to punishment or death ; to cen- 
 sure; to sentence. 3. (Tlieol.) To condemn to punish- 
 ment in the future world. 3. To condemn as bad, or 
 displeasing, by hissing, &c. 
 
 Dam'na-ble, a. 1. Worthy of, or liable to, damna- 
 tion. 3. Odious ; detestable. [Low.] 
 
 I>a,in'na-lhly, adv. So as to incur or deserve damna- 
 tion ; detestably ; odiously ; abominably. 
 
 Dam-na'tion, n. {Theol.) Condemnation to everlast- 
 ing punishment in the future state. [demnatory. 
 
 Dam'na-to-ry, a. Condemning to damnation ; con- 
 
 I>3<injiecl (damd; in serious discourse, dam'ned), p. a. 
 1. Sentenced to pimishment in a future state. 3. 
 Hateful ; detestable ; abominable. 
 
 I>3;iiip, a. [compar. DAMPER; superl. DAMPEST.] Mod- 
 erately wet ; moist ; humid. 
 
 I>3,mp, n. [Icel. dampi, Ger. dam.pf, steam, vapor, fog, 
 smoke, from M. H. Ger. dimpfen, to smoke, imp. damp/.] 
 1. Moisture ; humidity ; fog. 3. Dejection ; depres- 
 sion; discouragement. 3. pi. {Milling.) Gaseous pro- 
 ducts, that are eliminated in coal-mines, wells, &c. 
 
 D&iiip, V. t. [imp. & p.p. DAMPED (85) ]p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DAMPING.] 1. To moisten ; to make humid. 3. To 
 render chilly ; to depress or deject. 3. To discourage. 
 
 I>a.mp'<?ii (damp/n), v. t. or i. [imp. & p.p. DAMPENED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DAMPENING.] To make or become 
 damp or moist. 
 
 D&mp'er, n. That which damps or checks; as, (a.) a 
 valve in the flue of a stove, to regulate the draught of 
 air; (6.) a contrivance, as in some pieces of mechan- 
 ism, to check some action at a particular time. 
 
 D^mp'ness, n. Moderate humidity ; moisture. 
 
 D3,m'§el, n. [L. Lat. domicalla, dominicella, from Lat. 
 domina. See DAME.] A young unmarried woman. 
 
 I>S,iia.'§oii (dam'zn), n. [Contracted from damascene, 
 q. v.] A small black plum. 
 
 Da'na-ide (44), n. [In allusion to the daughters of 
 Danaus, who were doomed to fill with water a tub 
 pierced with holes.] (Mach.) A kind of conical wheel or 
 machine. The water enters in at the top of the cone, 
 and escapes at the bottom, imparting motion to the wheel 
 by its momentum. 
 
 Dan^e, v. i. [intp. & p. p. DANCED (danst) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DANCING.] [Fr. danser, Sp. danzar, It. _danzare, 
 from 0. H. Ger. dansdn, to draw, from dinsan, to draw, 
 Goth, thinsan.] 1. To move with measured steps, or to 
 a musical accompaniment. 3. To move nimbly or mer- 
 rily ; to caper ; to frisk. 
 
 Dan^e, v. t. To cause to dance ; to dandle. 
 
 To dance attendance, to stand and wait obsequiously. 
 
 Dan^e, n. 1. A lively, brisk amusement, in which the 
 movements of the persons are regulated by art, in figures 
 and by the sound of instruments. 3. (Mus.) A tune 
 by which dancing is regulated. 
 
 Paii'fer, n. One who dances or practices dancing. 
 
 P^n'de-li'on, n. [From ^v. dent de Zion, lion's tooth, 
 on account of the size and form of its leaves.] (Bot.) A 
 weU-known plant, with large yeUow compound flowers. 
 
 i)S,n'der, n. [Corrupted from dandruff.] 1, Dandruff 
 or scurf. 3. Anger or vexation. [Low.] 
 
 To get up one's dander, or to have one's dander raised, to get 
 into a passion. 
 
 Dftn'di-pr&t, n. [From dandy, and brat, child, q. t.] 
 1. A little fellow; a dwarf; a child ; — in sport or con- 
 tempt. 3. A small coin. 
 
 D3,n'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dandled -fP.pr. & vb. n. 
 DANDLING.] [Ger. t'dndeln, from land, trifle, prattle.] 
 1. To move up and down in affectionate play, as an in- 
 fant ; to caress ; to fondle. 3. To treat as a ghild ; to 
 toy with ; to pet. 
 
 I>an'dler, n. One who dandles or fondles children. 
 
 Dan'driff , n. See Dandruff. 
 
 Dan'druff , n. [Cf. A.-S. tan, a tetter, a spreading 
 eruption, and drof, drafify, dirty.] A scurf which forma 
 on the head, and comes off in smaU scales or particles. 
 
 Dan'dy, n. [Allied to dandle, q. v.] One who affects 
 special finery in dress ; a fop ; a coxcomb. 
 
 Dan'dy-igm, n. The manners and character of a dandy ; 
 foppishness ; coxcombry. 
 
 Dan'ger, n. [L. Lat. dangerium, as if from a Laftn 
 word damnarium, from damnum, damage.] Exposure 
 to injiiry, loss, pain, or other evil. 
 
 Syn.— Peril; hazard; risk; jeopardy. — Z>anger is generie; 
 peril is instant or impending danger, as, in peril of one'9 liffe. 
 Hazard arises from something fortuitous or beyond our con- 
 trol, as, the hazard of the seas. Jtisk is doubtful or uncertain 
 danger, often incurred voluntarily, as, to risk an engagement. 
 Jeopardy is extreme danger. 
 
 Dan'ger-ous, a. [Fr. dangereux. See DANGER.] 1. 
 Attended with danger ; full of risk ; perilous ; hazardous ; 
 unsafe. 3. Causing danger ; threatening harm. 3* 
 Threatened with death. [Colloq.] 
 
 Dan'ger-ous-ly, adv. In a dangerous manner. 
 
 Dan'ger-oiis-iiess, n. State of being exposed to evil. 
 
 Dan'gle (dang/gl), v. i. [Dan. dingle, Sw. & Icel. dingla.l 
 To hang loosely, or with a waving, swinging, or jerking 
 motion. 
 
 To dangle about, or after, to hang upon importunately; to 
 beset; to follow obsequiously. 
 
 Dan'gle (dang''gl), v. t. To cause to dangle ; to swing. 
 
 Daii'gler (dang/gler), n. One who hangs about or fol- 
 lows others, especially women. 
 
 Dank, a. [Allied to damp, or a modification of it.] 
 Damp ; moist ; humid ; wet. 
 
 Dank'ish, a. Somewhat dank or damp. 
 
 Daplx'ne (dafne), jj. [Gr. 5a<|)V7j, the laurel-tree.] (Bot.) 
 The laurel, a genus of diminutive shrubs, of great beauty 
 and fragrance in the flower. 
 
 Dap'per, a. [D. dapher, brave, valiant, Ger. tapfer ; 0. 
 H. Ger. tappar, heavy, weighty, taphari, weight.] Little 
 and active ; nimble ; Uvely ; neat in dress or appearance ; 
 spruce ; smart. 
 
 Dap'ple, a. [Perh. fr. apple ; but cf. also L. Ger. dippeln^ 
 H. Ger. tupfeln, to make points, to spot.] Marked with 
 spots of different shades of color ; spotted ; variegated. 
 
 Dap'ple, n. One of the spots on a dapple animal. 
 
 Dap'ple, V. t. [imp. & p.p. DAPPLED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 DAPPLING.] To variegate with spots ; to spot. 
 
 Dare, v. i. [imp. 8c p.p. durst; p. pr. & vb. n. dar- 
 ing.] [A.-S. dearr, inf. dyrran, Goth, dars, daursun, 
 daursta, inf. daursan, allied to Gr. Qaftcrelv, Oappelv.] To 
 have suflScient courage; to be bold or venturesome 
 enough ; to venture. 
 
 Dare, V. t. [imp. k, p.p. dared; p. pr. & vb. n. DAR- 
 ING.] 1, To have courage for; to venture to do. 3. 
 To profess courage to meet; to challenge; to provoke; 
 to defy ; to brave. 
 
 Dare'-dev'il, n. A rash, venturesome fellow. 
 
 Dar'er, n. One who dares or defies. 
 
 Dar'i-e, n. [Gr. Aapet/cos, from Aapeto?, Darius, from Per. 
 rfard, a king.] 1. (.4/i^ig.) A gold coin of ancient Persia, 
 weighing usually a little more than 128 grains. 3. Any 
 very pure gold coin. 
 
 Dark, a. [compar. DARKER ; superl. DARKEST.] [A.-S. 
 dearc, deorc. Cf. Gael. & Ir. dorch, dorclia; perh. allied 
 to Per. tarik, dark, cloudy, darkness.] 1, Destitute of 
 hght ; not reflecting or radiating light ; obscure. 3. 
 Not easily seen through ; obscure ; mysterious ; con- 
 cealed ; hidden. 3. Destituteof knowledge and culture; 
 unrefined; ignorant. 4. Evincing black or foul traits 
 of character ; vile ; wicked. 5. Foreboding evil ; gloomy ; 
 jealous ; suspicious. 
 
 Dark, n. 1. Absence of light; darkness ; obscurity. 3. 
 Condition of ignorance ; secrecy. 
 
 Dark'en (dark'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DARKENED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DARKENING.] 1. To make dark or black; 
 to obscure. 3. To render dim ; to deprive of vision. 3. 
 To render ignorant or stupid. 4. To render less clear or 
 intelligible. 5. To cast a gloom upon. 6. To mak« 
 foul ; to sully. 
 
 Dark'en (darken), v. i. To grow dark or darker. 
 
 ^od, fdbt; ^rn, rude,pi^; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, eelio; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, llfik ; tliis. 
 
DARKENER 
 
 180 
 
 DAVY-LAMP 
 
 DiirUVn-er, »i. One who, or that which, darkens. 
 
 l>»rk'lsli, rt. Somewhat dark ; dusky ; dini. 
 
 Dark'Hug. a. [The p. pr. of a supposed verb darkle, 
 dim. frv>m dark, a.] lu the dark, or without light. 
 
 VJirk'l.v . iUlv. \Vith mii>erfwt light , cloaruess, or knowl- 
 edg« ; obscurely ; diuilv : hUudly ; uucertainly. 
 
 Dark'uess, N.' 1. Absence oflight ; obscurity ; gloom ; 
 bUokness. *2. A state of privacy ; secrecy. 3. A state 
 of ignorance or error, es^xvially on moral or religious 
 pubjerti! ; hence, wickedness ; impurity. 4. Want of 
 clearness or perspicuity . 5. A state of distress or trouble ; 
 calamity ; perplexity. 
 Ltmd of darkness, the grave. 
 
 Syn. — Dimness; obscurity; gloom. — ZJarAtie^s arises from 
 a total, luid <lijHiusg from a partial want of light. A thing is 
 obt>cin-i when eo overclouded or covered as not to be easily per- 
 ceived. As the shade or obscurity increases, it deepens into 
 (/^)<»>^. "When taken figuratively, these words have a like use, 
 as. the ./.jrAm.'Wof ienorance ; (rimne^ss of discernment ; obscu- 
 ritij iitrviiscming ; gloom of superstition. 
 
 Djirk'souie (-sum), a. Dark ; gloomy ; obscure. 
 
 Diirk'v, n. A negro ; a black man. [Low.^ 
 
 Uar'liiig, n. [A.-S. deorling, from deore, dear.] One 
 dearly beloved ; a favorite. 
 
 DaT'ling, a. Dearly beloved ; regarded with especial 
 kindness and tenderness ; favorite. 
 
 Daru, I', t. [imp. & p. p. darned ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 DARMNG.] [0. Eng. derne. Cf. A.-S. dearnan, dyr- 
 nan, to hide, from dearne, dyrne, for dearcni, hidden, 
 dark, so that it properly signifies to conceal by imita- 
 ting the texture. But cf. also Ir. dame, W. & Arm. 
 dam, a piece or patch.] To mend, as a rent or hole, by 
 imitating the texture of the cloth or stuff with yam or 
 thread and a needle. 
 
 Darn, n. 1. A place mended by darning. 3, A substi- 
 tute for the profane word damn. 
 
 Dar'uel, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. drank, drauck, and W. 
 dreicg.] (Bot.) The red darnel, or rye-grass. 
 
 Darn'er, n. One who mends by darning. 
 
 Sir'Si?,' } "• ^*"® ^^ DORNIC, q. V. 
 
 I>ar'reiu, a. [0. Fr. darrein, derrain, Lat. as if deretra- 
 nus, from de and retro, back, backward.] (Law.) Last. 
 
 Dart, «. [From A.-S. daradh, darodh, Icel. darradhr, 0. 
 H. Ger. tart, javelin, dart, Sw. dart, dagger, Icel. dorr, 
 spear.] A pointed, missile weapon, intended to be thrown 
 by the hand ; hence, any missile weapon ; any thing that 
 pierces and wounds. 
 
 Dart, V. t. [imp. &.p.p. darted \p.pr. & vb. n. dart- 
 ing.] 1. To throw with a sudden effort or thrust, as a 
 dart ; to hurl or launch. 2. To throw suddenly or rap- 
 idly ; to send ; to emit ; to shoot. 
 
 Dart, V. i. 1. To be let fly or launched, as a dart. 3. 
 To start and run with velocity ; to shoot rapidly along. 
 
 Dart, «. A fish ; the dace. See Dace. 
 
 Dart'er, n. 1. One who darts or who throws a dart. 
 2. (Ornith.) The snake-bird, a bird of the peUcan fam- 
 ily; — so called from the manner in which it darts out 
 its long, snake-like neck at its prey. 
 
 D&sh, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DASHED (d3sht) : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DASHING.] [Dan. daske, Sw. & Icel. daska, to beat, 
 strike, Dan. & Sw. dask, blow.] 1. To throw with vio- 
 lence or haste. 2. To break, as by throwing or by col- 
 lision. 3. To put to shame; to confound; to abash. 
 4. To throw in or on in a rapid, careless manner; to 
 overspread partially ; to touch here and there. 5. To 
 form or sketch rapidly or carelessly. 6. To erase by a 
 stroke ; to strike out ; to blot out or obliterate. 
 
 D&.sb, V. i. To rush with violence; to strike violently; 
 to come in collision. 
 
 D&.sli, n. 1. Violent striking of two bodies; collision; 
 crajih. 2. A sudden check; abashment; frustration; 
 ruin. 3. An admixture, infusion, or adulteration ; a 
 partial overspreading. 4. A rapid movement ; a quick 
 stroke or blow ; a Fudden onset. 5. Capacity or readi- 
 ness for quick, bold movements against an enemy. 6. 
 A vain show or blufitering parade; a flourish. [Low.] 
 7. (Punctuation.) A mark or line, thus [— ], in writing 
 er printing, denoting a sudden break, stop, or transition 
 in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a 
 long or significant pause, or an unexr>ected or epigram- 
 matic turn of sentiment. 8. (Mus.) (a.) A small mark 
 [*] denoting that the note over which it is placed is to be 
 performed in a short, distinct manner, (b.) The line drawn 
 through a figure in the thorough-bass, as a direction to 
 raise that figure half a tone higher. 
 
 D&sh'-board, n. A board on the fore part of a carriage, 
 sleigh, or other vehicle, to intercept water, mud, or snow 
 thrown up by the heels of the horses ; a dasher. 
 
 2. To have a date. 
 
 DJlsli'er, n. 1. That which dashes or agitates. 3, A 
 
 dash-board. 
 D&s'tard, n. [From dastriged, p. p. of A.-S. dastrigan, 
 to frighten.] One who meanly shrinks from danger ; an 
 arrant coward ; a poltroon. 
 Diis'tard, a. Meanly shrinking from danger ; cowardly. 
 DS,s'tard-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dastardized ; p. pr. 
 j & vb. n. DASTARDIZING.] To make a dastard of. 
 I Das'tard-ly, o. Meanly timid ; base ; sneaking. 
 I JDa'td, n. pi. [Lat., neut. pi. of datus, -a, -um, given, p. 
 I p. of rfare, to give.] See Datum. 
 
 ! Date, n. [Lat. datus, -a, -um, given, p. p. of dare, to 
 I give.] 1. Specification of the tune when a writing, in- 
 scription, coin, &c., was given or execute*!. 2. Precise 
 period or time of; epoch. 3. End; conclusion. [Rare.] 
 4. Duration ; continuance. 
 
 Bearing date, having the date named on the face of it ) — said 
 of a writing. 
 
 Date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dated \ p. pr. &. vb. n. dat- 
 ing.] [See supra.] 1. To note the time of writing or 
 executing. 2. To note or fix the time of. 3. To refer 
 to as a starting point or origin. 
 
 Date, V. i. 1. To have beginning. 
 
 Date, n. [From Lat. dactylus, 
 Gr. SaKTuAos, a finger, a date, 
 from the fancied resemblance of 
 this fruit to the finger.] (Bot. 
 The fruit of the date-pakn. 
 
 Date'less, a. Without date; 
 having no fixed term. 
 
 Date'-palm (-pam), 1 n. (Bot.) 
 
 Date'-tree, j The ge- 
 
 nus of palms which bear dates. 
 
 Da'tive, n. [Lat. rfattfus, from 
 c?are, to give.] 1. (Law.) That 
 which may be given or disposed 
 of at pleasure. 2. ( Gram.) The case of a noun which 
 expresses the remoter object, and is generally indicated 
 in English by to or for with the objective. 
 
 Da'tive, a. 1. (Law.) (a.) Capable of being disposed 
 of at will and pleasure, as an office. (6.) Removable, as 
 distinguished from perpetual; — said of an officer, (c.) 
 Given by a magistrate, as distinguished from being cast 
 upon a party by the^aw. 2. Pertaining to the dative. 
 
 Da'tiim, n. ; pi. da'ta. [Lat.] Something given or 
 admitted ; a ground of inference or deduction ; — used 
 chiefly in the plural. 
 
 Daub, V. t. [imp. & p. p. daubed ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 daubing.] [W. dwbiaw, Ir. dob.] 1. To smear with 
 soft, adhesive matter ; to plaster. 2. To paint in a coarse 
 or unskillful manner. 3. To disguise; to conceal. 
 
 Daub, n. 1. A viscous, sticky application. 2. (PairU.) 
 A picture coarsely executed. 
 
 Daub'er, n. One who daubs ; a coarse painter. 
 
 Dauto'er-y, n. A daubing ; any thing artful ; imposition. 
 
 Daughi'ter (daw'ter, 75), [A.-S. dohtor, dohter, Icel. 
 dottir, Dan. dotter, datier, Goth, dauhtar, N. H. Ger. toch- 
 ter, Gr. Ovyarrip, Per. dokhtaraJi, Skr. duhitri, Lith. duktS, 
 Russ. dotshj, Ir. dear.] 1. A female child or offspring. 
 2. A female descendant. 
 
 Daugli'ter-ia-laTT (daw^-), n. The wife of one's son. 
 
 Daugh'ter-ly (daW-), a. Becoming a daughter ; filial. 
 
 Daunt, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. DAUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DAUNTING] [Lat. domitare, intens. form of domare, 
 to tame.] To repress or subdue the courage of. 
 Syn. — To dismay; appall; intimidate. 
 
 Daunt'less, a. Incapable of being daunted ; bold ; fear- 
 less ; intrepid. 
 
 Dau'pliin, n. [Fr. dauphin, a dolphin, — a name orig. 
 given for some reason unexplained, to Guigo, count of 
 Vienne, in the twelfth century.] The eldest son of the 
 king of France, and heir of the crown. 
 
 Dau'phin-ess, n. The wife of the dauphin. 
 
 Dav'it, or Da'vit, 72. [Perh. from 
 Lat. Davus, a name given to Ro- 
 man slaves.] (Naut.) (a.) A spar 
 used on board of ships, as a crane 
 to hoist the flukes of the anchor to 
 the top of the bow, without injur- 
 ing the sides of the ship, (b.) pi. 
 Pieces of timber or iron, projecting^ 
 over a ship's side or stern, having 
 tackle to raise a boat by. 
 
 Da'vy-iamp, n. A lantern in 
 
 which the Ught is inclosed within Davits (b). 
 
 I fine wire gause, for use in coal-mines, where the gases 
 I are often explosive. It was invented by Sir Htunphry 
 
 ' Davy. See SAFETY-LAMP. 
 
 ■A,e,Sc,c.,long; a, fi, &c., sAort; c^re, far, ask, all, whgit; gre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, W9lt 
 
DAW 
 
 181 
 
 DEAR 
 
 Datv, n. (Ornith.) A bird of a certain species of th« 
 crow family ; a jackdaw. 
 
 Da'w'dle, v. i. [imp. & p.p. dawdled ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 DAWDLING.] [Allied to daddle, dandle., q. v.] To 
 waste time in trifling employment ; to trifle. 
 
 Daw'dle, v. t. To waste by trifling. 
 
 Daw'dler, n. One who wastes time in trifling employ- 
 ments ; an idler. 
 
 Dawn, V. i. [imp. & p. p. dawned; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 DAWNING.] [A.-S. f/og'WM, fr. c^^i-, day.] 1. To begin 
 to grow light in the morning. iJ. To begin to open and 
 give promise, as the understanding or character. 
 
 Dawn, n. 1. The break of day ; first appearance of 
 light in the morning. 3, First opening or expansion ; 
 beginning ; rise. 
 
 Day, n. [A.-S. dseg, Icel. dagr., Goth, dags., W. dydd., 
 dyw, Lat. dies, Skr. dyu, from dyu, div, to shine.] 1, 
 The period from sunrise to sunset. 2. The period of 
 the earth's revolution on its axis, — divided into twenty- 
 four hours. 3. A specified tirue or period. 4. Day of 
 battle ; hence, successful combat or contest ; victory. 
 
 Civil day, the day used in the ordinary reckoning of time, 
 and among most modern nations beginning at midnight. — 
 Day by day, daily; every day; continually. — Z)a?/s in batik 
 (Eng. Law), certain stated days for the return of writs and 
 the appearance of parties; — so called because originally pecu- 
 liar to the Coiut of Common Bench, or Bench (pank) as it was 
 formerly termed. — l)a?/so/^race. (a.) {O. Eng. Law.) Three 
 days beyond the return day in the writ for the party sum 
 
 moned to make his appearance. (6.) (^Mercantile Law.) Days 
 allowed by law or custom, usually three, for the payment of a 
 note or bill of exchange, after the specified day of payment. — 
 
 Day's work (Xaut.), the account or reckoning of a ship's course 
 for twenty-four hours, from noon to noon. — One day, or one 
 of these days, at an indefinite time in the future. 
 
 Day '-book, n. A book in which are recorded the ac- 
 counts of the day, in their order. 
 
 Day '-break, n. The first appearance of light in the 
 morning ; dawn of day. 
 
 Day'-dream, n. A vain fancy or speculation ; a rev- 
 erie ; a castle in the air ; unfounded hope. 
 
 Day'-la'bor, n. Labor hired or done by the day. 
 
 Day'light (-lit), n. The light of day, or of the sun. 
 
 Dayg'man, n. ; pi. day^'men. [Prop., he who fixes the 
 day, who is present as judge or umpire on the day ap- 
 pointed.] An umpire or arbiter ; a mediator. 
 
 Day'spring, n. The beginning of the day ; the dawn. 
 
 Day'-star, n. 1. The morning star. 3, The sun as 
 the orb of day . [Rare.] 
 
 Day '-time, n. Time between sunrise and sunsetting. 
 
 Daze, V. t. [0. D. daesen, to be foolish, insane, daes, 
 dwaes, now dwaas, foolish, insane, A.-S. dwass, dwsesig, 
 dysig, stupid, fooUsh.] To overpower with Ught ; to 
 dazzle ; hence, to confuse ; to bewilder. 
 
 DS.z'zle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. dazzled ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 DAZZLING.] [Diminutive of rfaze, q. v.] 1. To over- 
 power with light ; to daze. 3. To strike or surprise with 
 brilliancy, or display of any kind. 
 
 DSz'zle, V. i. 1. To be overpoweringly or intensely 
 bright. 3. To be rendered bliiid or dim by excess of 
 brightness. 
 
 Dea'«on (de'kn), n. [Lat. diaconus, from Gr. Steucovo?, a 
 servant, a minister or servant of the church.] (Eccl.) An 
 officer in Christian churches appointed to perform certain 
 subordinate duties, varying in different communions. 
 
 To deacon out, to read line by line, as a hymn, for others 
 to sing, as was formerly done by deacons. 
 
 Deft'-eon-ess (de'kn-es), n. A female deacon in the 
 primitive church. 
 
 Dea'<;on-ry, ) n. The office or ministry of a deacon 
 
 Dea'-eon-ship, ) or deaconess. 
 
 DSad, a. [A.-S. dead, Goth, dauths. Icel. daudhr. See 
 Die.] 1. Deprived or destitute of life ; put to death ; 
 iuanimate ; lifeless. 3. Resembling death iu appearance 
 or quality ; without show of life. 3. Without motion ; 
 inactive. 4. Unproductive ; unprofitable. 5. Lacking 
 spirit ; duU. 6. Monotonous, or imvaried. 7. Pro- 
 ducing death ; sure as death ; fixed. 8. Wanting in 
 religious spirit and vitaUty. 9. ( Laio.) Cut off from the 
 rights of a citizen, or property holder. 10. {Engin.) 
 Not imparting motion or power. 
 
 Dead ahead (N^aut.), directly ahead •, — said of the wind. — 
 Dead drunk, so drunk as to be completely helpless. — Dead 
 language, a langnage no longer spoken or in common use. — 
 Dead letter, (a!) A letter which, after lying for a certain fixed 
 time uncalled for at a post-office, is then sent to the general 
 post-office to be opened, (b.) That which has fallen into dis- 
 use or become obsolete. — Dead lock, an interlocking or coun- 
 teraction of things, which produces an entire stoppage. 
 
 Dgad, adv. To a degree resembling death ; to the last 
 degree; completely; whoUy ; exactly. [CoUoq.] 
 
 D£ad, rt. 1. The most quiet or death -like time ; the 
 period of profoundest repose, inertness, or gloom. 3. 
 pi. Those who are dead ; the deceased ; the departed. 
 
 Dfiad'-^en'ter, 1 n. (Mack.) Either of the two oppo- 
 
 D^ad'-point, j site points in the orbit of a crank, 
 at which the crank and the connecting-rod lie in the 
 same straight line. 
 
 D6ad'-e6ror-ing (-kiil/ur-), n. {Paint.) The fin* 
 layer of colors, usually some shade of gray. 
 
 Dgad'en (ded'n), *. t. [imp. & p. p. DEADENED", 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DEADENING.] 1. To impair in vigor, 
 force, or sensibility. 3. To lessen the velocity or mo- 
 mentum of; to retard. 3. To make vapid or spiritless. 
 4. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy. 
 
 D6ad'-eye, n. [dead-man's eye.] (Naut.) A round, 
 flattish, wooden block, pierced with three holes, to receive 
 the lanyard, used to extend the shrouds, stays, &c. 
 
 D6ad'-li6ad, n. One who receives free tickets for 
 theaters, public conveyances, &c. [Amer.] 
 
 Dead'-Iif t, n. The lifting of a thing at the utmost dis- 
 advantage, as of a dead body ; a lift made with main 
 strength; hence, an extreme exigency. 
 
 Dead'-liglit (-lit), n. {Naut.) A 
 strong shutter, for a cabin window, 
 to prevent water from entering. 
 
 Dead'li-ness, n. QuaUty of being 
 deadly ; destructiveness. 
 
 Dead'ly, a. 1. Capable of causing 
 death ; mortal ; fatal ; destructive. 
 3. Wilhng to destroy ; implacable ; 
 desperately hostile. 
 
 Dgad'ly, adv. 1. So as to resemble ' — ► 
 
 death. 3. So as to occasion death ; Dead-Ught. 
 
 mortally. 3. In an implacable manner ; destructively. 
 
 Dead'-mareli, 7i. A piece of solemn music at a fiineraL 
 
 Dead'ness, n. The state of being dead ; dullness ; inert- 
 ness ; languor ; coldness : vapidness ; indifference. 
 
 Dead'-reck'on-ing, n. {Naut.) Method of determin- 
 ing the place of a ship without the aid of celestial 
 observations. 
 
 Dead'-wa'ter, n. {Naut.) The eddy water that 
 closes behind a ship as she passes on. [burden. 
 
 Dead'- weight (ded'wat), n. A heavy or oppressive 
 
 Deaf (def or def ), a. [A.-S. deaf, Icel. daufr, Goth. 
 daubs, Ger. taub.] 1, Wanting the sense of hearing 
 either whoUy or in part. 3. Unwilling to hear or listen ; 
 not to be persuaded. 
 
 Deaf and dumb. See Deaf-mute. 
 
 Deafen (defn or de'fa), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DEAF- 
 ENED ; p. pr. & vh. n. DEAFENING.] 1. To make 
 deaf; to stun. 3. {Arch.) To render impervious to 
 sound, as a floor, by filling the space beneath it with 
 mortar and other substances. 
 
 Deaf -mute (deFmut or def mut), n. A person who is 
 deaf and dumb. 
 
 Deafness (defines or defnes), n. 1. Want of the 
 sense of hearing. 3. Unwillingness to hear or notice. 
 
 Deal, V. t. [imp. & p. p. dealt (delt); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DEALING.] [A.-S. daglan, Goth, dailjan.] 1. To di- 
 vide ; to dLstribute. 3. To throw out or bestow suc- 
 cessively or indiscriminately. 
 
 Deal, V. i. 1. To make distribution. 3. To traffic ; to 
 trade ; to carry on business. 3. To act ; to have tran- 
 sactions of any kind with ; to manage ; to treat. 
 
 Deal, n. [A.-S. dsel, 0. Sax. del, D. & Dan. deel, Sw. 
 del, Goth, dails, 0. H. Ger. tail, teil, N. H. Ger. theil. 
 See the verb.] 1. A part or portion ; hence, an indefi- 
 nite quantity, degree, or extent. 3. Division or distri- 
 bution of cards ; also, the portion distributed. 3. Divis- 
 ion of a piece of timber made by sawing ; a pine or fitr 
 board or plank, particularly, one above seven inches in 
 width, and exceeding six feet in length. 4. Wood of 
 the pine or fir. 
 
 Deal'er, n. One who deals ; a trader. 
 
 Dean, n. [From Lat. decanus, the chief of ten, from 
 decern, ten, Gr. Sexa.] 1. An ecclesiastical dignitary, 
 subordinate to a bishop. 3. An officer in the universi- 
 ties of Oxford and Cambridge, England, appointed to 
 superintend the religious services, and to enforce the 
 attendance of the students. 3. The head of the faculty 
 in some English universities. 4. A secretary of the 
 faculty in a department of a college. [Amer.] 
 
 Dean'er-y, n. Office, revenue, residence, or jurisdiction, 
 of a dean. 
 
 Dean'ship, n. The office of a dean. 
 
 Dear, a. [cow/iar. DEARER; sj/per/. DEAREST.] [A.-S. 
 deore, deor, dior.] 1. Bearing a high price; costly; 
 
 food, f<>bt; lirn, rude, pull ; $ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; egcist; linger, link j this. 
 
DEAR 
 
 182 
 
 DECALITER 
 
 expensive, ti, Marktxi by scarcity, and exorbitance of 
 prii"*. 3. Highly valued ; much esteemed; greatly be- 
 loved ; precious. " 
 
 I>ear, adv. IVvirly : at a hijrh rat*. 
 
 l>ear, n. A d«ir one ; one dearly beloved ; a darling. 
 
 l>ear1»orn (-burn), n. A light four-wheeled carriage. 
 
 l>ear'ly. otiv. In a dear manner ; or at a dear rate. 
 
 .Dear'iiess, n. State or condition of being dear. 
 
 Deartli (drrth, 14), n. [See Dear.] 1. Scarcity which 
 renders di>ar. "2. Want ; need ; famine. 3. Barrenness ; 
 jH^vortv ; sterility. 
 
 D^ath,' »i. [A.-S. deadh, Goth, dauthus. See Dead and 
 Die .) 1. Cessation or extinction of bodily life ; decease ; 
 demise: departure: dissolution; exit. 3. Total priva- 
 tion or loss. 3. Mode or manner of dying. 4. Cause, 
 a^nt, or instrument of loss of life. 5. A skeleton, as 
 the symbol of death. 6. Danger of death. 
 
 ( " St ^larationofa man from civil society, or from 
 
 tht > vil rights, as by outlawry, banishment, abiu- 
 
 r«r. 1, entering into a monasterv, &.C.— Death' s- 
 
 do . iich to death; the gates of death. — Spiritual 
 
 death I >■' <; f.\ tlie corruption and perversion of the soul by 
 sin, with the loss of the favor of God. 
 SjTi. — Decease ; demise ; departure ; release. — Death ap- 
 
 elies to every form of existence; the other words only to the 
 uman race. Decease is the term used in law for the removal 
 of a human being out of life ; demise was formerly confined to 
 the decease of princes, but is now sometimes used of distin- 
 guished men, as, the demise of Mr. Pitt; departure and release 
 are peculiarly terms of Christian affection and hope. 
 
 DCatli'-bed, n . The bed on which a person dies ; hence, 
 the closing hours of life. [tinction. 
 
 Dfiatli'less, a. Not subject to death, destruction, or ex- 
 
 D6atli'ly. a. 1. Resembling death or a dead body. 2. 
 D^dly ;' fatal ; destructive. [person. 
 
 D6atli'-rat'tle, «. A rattling in the throat of a d3lng 
 
 D6atli*s'-liead, h. An image or figure representing the 
 head of a human skeleton. 
 
 D^atll■^«'marl, n. ; pi. death's^mSn. An executioner ; 
 a hangman. 
 
 D6atli'->var'rant, n. (Law.) An order from the 
 proper authority for the execution of a criminal. 
 
 DCatli'-'vvatcli, n. (Entom.) A small kind of beetle, 
 whose ticking noise, which is really the call of the male 
 for its mate, has been superstitiously thought to prog- 
 nosticate death. 
 
 De-ba'-ele (de-ba'kl), n. [Fr., from bader, to bar up, 
 from Lat. baculum, baculus, a stick.] 1. A violent rush 
 of waters, having great transporting power. 3. A con- 
 fttsed rout. 
 
 De-bar', v. t. [imp. & p. p. debarred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DEBARRING.] [From de and bar, q. v.] To cut off 
 from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier ; to shut out or 
 exclude ; to deny or refuse. 
 
 De-bark', r. ?. [Ft. debar quer, from bar que. See BARK.] 
 To land from a ship or boat ; to disembark. 
 
 De-bark', f. i. [imp. & p. p. debarked (de-barkf ); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. debarking.] To leave a ship or boat 
 and pass to the land. 
 
 De'bar-ka'tion, n. The act of disembarking. _ 
 
 De-bajie', v. t. [imp. & p. p. debased (de-basV); p. 
 jw. & f6. «. DEBASING.] [From cfe and 6a,<e, q. T. Of. 
 Abase.] To reduce from a higher to a lower state of 
 worth, dignity, purity, station, and the like. 
 SsTi.— To abase; degrade; lower. 
 
 De-base'ment, n. The act of debasing, or the state of 
 being debased : degradation. 
 
 De-bas'er, n. One who debases or degrades. [putable. 
 
 De-bat'a-ble, a. [See infra.] Liable to be debated : dis- 
 
 De-bate', n. Contention in words or arguments ; dis- 
 pute : controversy. 
 
 I>e-bate', v.t. [imp. & p. p. debated \ p. pr. k, vb. 
 n. debating.] [Fr. debattre. See Beat and Abate.] 
 1. To fight or strive for. 3. To contend for in words 
 •r argiunents. 
 
 Syn. — To contest ; argue ; discuBS ; dispute. 
 
 De-bate', v. i. To engage in strife or combat ; to con- 
 tend : to struggle ; to dispute ; to deliberate. 
 
 Dfijating wciety, a society for the purpose of debate and im- 
 provement in extemporaneous speaking. 
 
 De-bat'er, n. One who debates ; a disputant. 
 
 De-bauch', v. t. [imp. & p. p. debauched (de- 
 bawchf , 108) ; p. pr. &. vb. n. DEBAUCHING.] [Fr. di- 
 6aucA/r, originally to entice away from the workshop, from 
 O. Fr. bauctu^ bauge, workshop.] To corrupt in charac- 
 ter or principles ; to vitiate ; to pollute ; to lead astray ; 
 to ("educe. 
 
 De-baacb', n. 1. Excess in eating or drinking; in- 
 
 temperance; drunkenness; gluttony; lewdness. J8. An 
 act or occasion of debauchery. 
 
 D6b'aii-?liee' (deb'o-she'), n. A sensual or dissipated 
 person : a rake ; a Ubertine. 
 
 De-bauch 'er, «. One who debauches. 
 
 De-b{iucli'er-y, n. 1. Corruption of fidelity. 2. Ex- 
 cessive indulgence of the appetites ; intemperance ; sen- 
 suality : lewdness. 
 
 De-baucli'ment, n. Act of debauching. 
 
 De-b6nt'ure (53), n. [Fr^i'Lat. debentur, 3d pers. pi. 
 pres. pass, of debere, to owe, because these receipts began 
 with the words Debentur mihi, &c.] 1. A writing ac- 
 knowledging a debt. 2. A custom-house certificate entitl- 
 ing an exporter of imported goods to a drawback. 3. 
 ( Com.) Bonds and securities for money loans. 
 
 De-bil'i-tate,f. t. [imp. & p.p. debilitated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. debilitating.] [Lat. debilitare, debilitatuTn, 
 from debilis, feeble.] To make feeble, faint, or languid. 
 Syn. — To weaken ; enfeeble ; enervate ; relax. 
 
 De-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being feeble or weak ; want 
 of strength; languor. 
 
 Syn. — Infirmity ; imbecility. — An infirmiti/ belongs, fi»r 
 the most part, to individual members, and is often temporary, 
 as of the eyes, &c. ; debility is more general, and prevents, 
 while it lasts, the ordinary functions of nature; imbecility at- 
 taches to the whole frame, and renders it more or less power- 
 less. These words, in their figurative uses, have the same dis- 
 tinctions ; we speak of infirmity of wUl, debility of intellect, 
 and an imbecility which affects the whole man. 
 
 Deb'it, n. [Lat. debitu?n, debt, from debere, to owe.] A 
 j recorded item of debt ; the debtor side of an account ; debt. 
 I Deb'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. debited : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 I debiting.] 1. To charge with debt. 2. To enter on 
 I the debtor side of a book. 
 
 DSb'o-nair', a. [Fr. debonnaire, from de, of, ban, good, 
 I and air, air, look, manner.] Characterized by courteous- 
 I ness, affability, or gentleness ; complaisant. 
 I Deb'o-iiair'ly, adv. Courteously ; affably, 
 i Deb'o-iiair'ness, n. Affableness ; complaisance. 
 ! De-bou^b' (Ae-bcTosh''), v. i. [Fr. deboucher, fr. de and 
 I boucher, to stop up,fr. bouche, mouth, from Lat. bucca, 
 i the cheek.] To issue or march out of a confined place, 
 i or from defiles. 
 
 I Debouchure (da'boo'shvjr'), n. [Fr.] The outward 
 I opening, as of a valley, river, and the like. 
 j Z>^W« (da'bree'), n. [Fr., from briser, to break, to shat- 
 I ter, from Gael, bris, to break.] 1. (Geol.) Fragments, 
 j taken collectively ; especially, fragments detached from 
 I a rock or mountain, and pUed up at the base. 2. Rub- 
 1 bish ; remains ; ruins. 
 
 D6bt (det), n. [0. Fr. dehte, now dette, from debita, pL 
 of debitum. See Debit.] 1. That which is due firom 
 j one person to another, whether money, goods, or servi- 
 j ces ; due ; obligation ; liability. 2. A duty neglected 
 1 or violated ; a feult ; a crime ; a trespass. 
 Debt'or (defor),/?. [Lat. debitor, from debere, to owe.] 
 I The person who owes another either money, goods, or 
 j services ; one who is indebted. 
 
 ' Debut {dSi-hvL' or da-bttO, "■ [^r. , prop, first cast or throw 
 '< at play, from but, aim, mark. See But, n.] A begin- 
 ning or first attempt ; hence, a first appearance, as of 
 an actor or public speaker, &c. 
 D&>utant (da'bu-tong'), n. [Fr.] A person who makes 
 
 his first appearance before the public. 
 J)^ufa«fe (da'bu-tongt'),7i. [Fr.] A woman who makes 
 ] her first appearance before the public. 
 ' D^c'a-ebord, ) n. [From Gr. 5e<caxop^o«. ^n- 
 D6-e'a-eli6r'doii, ) stringed, fr. 6e»ca, ten, and xopSrJ, 
 a string, Lat. chorda.} 1. An ancient musical instru- 
 ' ment, of ten strings. 2. Any thing having ten parts. 
 D^e'ade, n. [L. Lat. decada, decas, from Gr. Seitas, 
 
 from 5e>ca, ten.] The sum or number of ten. 
 De-ea'den^e, I n. [L. Lat. decadentia, from Lat. de and 
 De-ea'den-$y, I cadere, to fsM. See Decay.] Decay; 
 
 fall ; deterioration. 
 D6e'a-g6ii, n. [Gr. fieVa, ten, and yotvia, comer, angle." 
 
 ( Geom.) A plane figure of ten sides and ten angles. 
 D6€'a-gram, «. [Fr. decagramme , from Gr. Se'xa, ten, 
 and Fr. gramme. See GRAM.] A French weight of 10 
 grams, or 154.38 grains Troy. 
 Dee'a-he'dral, a. Having ten sides. 
 D6«'a-lie'dron, n. ; pi. deCa-BE'DRa. [Gr. SeVa, 
 ten, and Ihpa, a seat, a base, fr. I^eo^at, to sit.] ( Geom.) 
 A solid figure or body having ten sides. 
 De-cai'i-ter, or Dge'a-K'ter, n. [Fr., from Gr. Sexo, 
 ten, and Fr. ^Ure. See Liter.] A French measure of ca- 
 pacity, containing 10 liters, or 610.28 cubic inches, equal 
 I to 2 gsillons and 64.44231 cubic inches. 
 
 »,e,&c.,iong; a,6,&c.,sAorf; cftre, far,a8k,all, vt^liat; 6rc, veil, term;' pique, firm; son, dr, do, Tr9lf , 
 
DECALOGIST 
 
 183 
 
 DECIMAL 
 
 De-€a.l'o-gist, n. One who explains the decalogue. 
 
 D6€'a-16gue (-log),n. [Gr. fieKoAoyos, from 6e«a, ten, 
 and Aoyo?, speech.] The ten commandments. 
 
 I>e-eS,m'e-ron, n. [It. decam&rone , from Gr. 8eKa, ten, 
 and /(Aepos, part ; though quite generally supposed to be 
 deriTed from -^/aepa, day.] A work comprised in ten 
 books ; especially^ a collection of tales in ten books, written 
 in the fourteenth century, by Boccaccio. 
 
 De-eam'e-ter, or I>6«'a-ine'ter, n. [Fr. decametre, 
 from Gr. 5e»ca, ten, and Fr. metre. See Meter.] A 
 French measure of length, consisting of ten meters, and 
 equal to 393.71 EngUsh inches. 
 
 De-eamp', v. i. [imp. & p. p. decamped (de-kSmf ); 
 p. pr. & vh. n. DECAMPING.] [Fr. decamper, from camp, 
 campo, a camp. See CAMP.] To move away from a 
 camping ground ; hence, to depart suddenly. 
 
 De-camp'ment, m. Departure from a camp ; a break- 
 ing camp ; a marching off. 
 
 l>6€'a-nal, a. [From Lat. decanus. See Dean.] Per- 
 taining to a deanery. 
 
 De-eS.n'd.rous, a. [Gr. Se/ca, ten, and avfjp, avSpos, a 
 male.] (Bot.) Having ten stamens. 
 
 De-«S,nt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. decanted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DECANTING.] [Fr. decanter, prop, to poUr off from 
 the edge of a vessel, from de and 0. Fr. cant, edge. See 
 Cant.] To pour off gently, as liquor from its sediment ; 
 or to pour from one vessel into another. 
 
 De'-ean-ta'tion, n. Act of pouring off a fluid gently 
 from its lees, or from one vessel into another. 
 
 De-ea.nt'er, n. 1. A vessel used to decant liquors, or 
 for receiving decanted liquors. ii. One who decants 
 Uquors. 
 
 De-€ap'i-tate, v. t. [hnp. & p. p. decapitated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. decapitating.] [L. Lat. decapitare, de- 
 capilatum, fr. Lat. de and caput, capitis, head.] To cut 
 off the head of; to behead. 
 
 De-eap'i-ta'tion, n. The act of beheading. 
 
 De€'a-p6d, n. [Gr. Seica, ten, and ttovs, ttoSos, foot.] 
 (Zo'ol.) A crustacean with ten feet or legs, as the crab, 
 lobster, &c. See CRUSTACEAN. 
 
 De-€ar'boii-i-za'tion, n. The action or process of 
 depriving a substance of carbon. 
 
 De-ear'bon-ize, v. t. [im,p. & p. p. decarbonized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DECARBONIZING.] [From de and car- 
 bonize , (i. t .] To deprive of carbon. 
 
 De«'a-sti«li(-stik), n. [Gr. fie/ca, ten, and orixos, a row, 
 a verse.] A poem consisting of ten lines. 
 
 D6«'a-style, n. [Gr. fie/cao-rvA-os, from Se/ca, ten, and 
 (rTvA.os, a column.] {Arch.) A building having a portico 
 with ten columns in front. 
 
 D6«'a-syl-ia,lb'i«, a. [Gr. 8e<a, ten, and (rvAAa/S^, a 
 syllable, q. v.] Consisting of ten syllables. 
 
 De-eay', v. i. [imp. & p. p. decayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DECAYING.] [From Lat. de and cadere, to fall.] To 
 pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or perfect state, 
 to one of imperfection, weakness, or dissolution ; to fail. 
 
 De-eay', v. t. To impair; to bring to a worse state. 
 
 De-eay', n. Gradual failure of health, strength, sound- 
 ness, prosperity, or any kind of excellence or perfection. 
 
 Syii. — Decline. — Z)ecay is stronger than decline. What 
 is declining leans toward a fall; what is decaying is on the way 
 to destruction. 
 
 De-^ease', n. [Lat. decessus, fr. decedere, to depart, die, 
 from de and cedere, to withdraw.] Departure, especially 
 departure from this life. 
 
 Syn. — Death; departure; demise; release. See Death. 
 
 De-^ease', v. i. [imp. & p. p. deceased (108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb_. n. deceasing.] To depart from this Ufe ; to die. 
 
 De-?eit', n. [0. Eng. deceipt, from Lat. deceptus, decep- 
 tion, from /^fictp^re. See Deceive.] An attempt or dis- 
 position to deceive or lead into error. 
 
 Syn. — Deception ; fraud; imposition. See DECEPTioif. 
 
 De-^eit'ful, a. FuU of deceit ; trickish ; fraudulent. 
 
 De-peit'ful-ly, adv. In a deceitful manner. 
 
 De-^eit'ful-ness, n. 1. Disposition or tendency to de- 
 ceive. 2l QuaUty of being fraudulent. 
 
 De-^eiv'a-ble, a. Subject to deceit or imposition ; lia- 
 ble to be misled, or entrapped. 
 
 De-^eive', v. t. [imp. & p.p. deceived; p pr. h vb. 
 n. deceiving.] [Lat. decipere, from de and capere, to 
 take, catch.] To lead into error ; to impose upon. 
 Syn.— To delude ; insnare; entrap; disappoint. 
 
 De-f eiv'er, n. One who deceives ; a cheat. 
 
 Syn. — Impostor. — A deceiver operates by stealth and in 
 private; an impostor practices his arts on the community at 
 large. The one succeeds by artful falbchood; the other, by bold 
 assumption. 
 
 De-ffirnHber, n. [Lat. from decern, ten; this being the 
 tenth month among the early Komans, who began the 
 year in March.] The last month in the year. 
 
 De-ffini'virj n. ; Eng. pi. DE-^fiM^viRg ; Lat. x^l- x>x- 
 pEM'vi-Rl. [Lat , from decern, ten, and t-iV, a man.] 
 {Rom.. Antiq.) One of ten magistrates, who had absolute 
 authority in ancient Rome from 449 to 447 B. C. 
 
 De-c6m'vi-ral, a. Pertaining to the decemvirs. 
 
 De-fgm'vi-rate (45), n. 1. Office or term of office of 
 the decemvirs, in ancient Rome. i2. A body of ten men 
 in authority. 
 
 De'^en-^y, n. [Lat. decentia. See Decent.] 1. State 
 or quality of being decent ; propriety of form in social 
 intercourse, in actions, or discourse; proper formality; 
 modesty, ti. That which is decent or becoming. 
 
 De-fgn'na-ry, n. [L. Lat. decennarium, decennarius, 
 fr. decennium, a period of ten years, fr. Lat. decern., ten, 
 and annus, a year.] 1, A period of ten years, ii. {Law.\ \ 
 A tithing consisting of ten neighboring families. 
 
 De-fSn'nl-al, a. Consisting of ten years, or happening 
 every ten years. 
 
 De'^ent, a. [Lat. decens, p. pr. of decet, decere, to be 
 fitting or becoming.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, 
 dress, and ceremony. 3. Free from immodesty or ob- 
 scenity ; modest. 3. Graceful; well-formed. [06s.] 4. 
 Moderate, but competent ; sufficient ; hence, respectable. 
 Syn. — Becoming; fit; decorous; proper; comely; seemly. 
 
 De'^ent-ly, adv. In a decent or becoming manner. 
 
 De'^eixt-ness, «. State of being decent. [Rare.'] 
 
 De-^ep'tion, n. [Lat. deceptio, from decipere, deceptum.. 
 See Deceive.] 1. Act of deceiving or misleading. 
 3. State of being deceived or misled. 3. That which 
 deceives ; artifice ; cheat. 
 
 Syn.— Deceit; fraud; imposition.— iJeceptton usually refers 
 to the act, and deceit to the habit of the mind; hence we speak 
 of a person as skilled in deception and addicted to deceit. An 
 imposition is an actof deception practiced upon some one to 
 his annoyance or injury ; a. fraud implies the use of stratagem, 
 with a view to some unlawful gain or advantage. 
 
 De-^6p'tive, a. Tending to deceive; having power to 
 mislead ; deceitful ; misleading. 
 
 De-^ep'to-ry, a. Tending to deceive. 
 
 De-cliarin.', v. t. [Fr. decharmer. See CHARM.] To 
 free from the power of a charm ; to disenchant. 
 
 De-cliris'tian-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dechristian- 
 IZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DECHRISTIANIZING.] To turn 
 from Christianity. 
 
 De-^id'a-tole, a. Capable of being decided. 
 
 De-?ide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DECIDING.] [Lat. decldere, from de and csedere, to cut, 
 cut off.] To determine the result of; to settle ; to end; 
 to terminate ; to conclude. 
 
 De-^ide', v. i. To determine ; to form a definite opinion ; 
 to come to a conclusion ; to give decision. 
 
 De-^id'ed, a. 1. Free from ambiguity; unequivocal; 
 unmistakable ; unquestionable, 'i. Free from doubt or 
 wavering; determined; of fixed purpose; positive. 3. 
 Free from uncertainty ; undeniable ; clear. 
 
 De-fid'ed-Iy , adv. In a decided manner ; clearly. 
 
 De-pid'er, n. One who decides or determines. 
 
 De-fid'u-oiis, a. [Lat. deciduus, from decidere, to fall 
 off, from de and cadere, to faU.] Having but a tempora- 
 ry existence ; not perennial or permanent. 
 
 De-fid'u-oixs-ness, n. Quality of being deciduoiis. 
 
 De9'i-grS.m, n. [Fr. decigramme, from Lat. decimus, 
 tenth, and Fr. gramme. See GRAM.] A French meas- 
 ure of weight equal to one tenth of a gramm.e. 
 
 De-^il'i-ter, or De^'i-li'ter, n. [Fr. decilitre, from 
 Lat. decimus, tenth, and Fr. litre. See LITER.] A 
 French measure of capacity; the tenth of a. litre. 
 
 De-^ill'ion, n. [From Lat. decem, ten.] According to 
 the English notation, a million involved to the tenth 
 power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed ; according 
 to the French notation, a thousand involved to the 
 eleventh power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers an- 
 nexed. [See Note under Numeration.] 
 
 De-^ill'iontli, a. Pertaining to a decillion; preceded 
 by a decillion less one. 
 
 De-?ni'ioiitli, n. 1. The quotient of unity divided by 
 a decillion. 5J. One of a decillion equal parts. 
 
 De^'i-mal, a. [From Lat. decimus, tenth, from decem, 
 ten.] Pertaining to decimals ; numbered or proceeding 
 by tens. 
 
 Decimal fractions, fractions in which the denominator is some 
 power of 10, as ^, -j^, and is not usually expressed, but is 
 sigHifted by a point placed at the left hand of the numerator, 
 as. .2, .25. 
 
 lood, ftfbt ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, call, e^lio ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, lialt ; tliis. 
 
DECUSIAL 
 
 184 
 
 DECOMPOSE 
 
 I>5^'i-mal, ti. A number expressed in the scaIo of tens ; 
 a dei'imHl number ; fspfcially, a decimal fraction. 
 
 i'it'cuhitiuQ or cii-culatort/ decimal, a decimal fraction in 
 which tl\c sajue flKiirt?, or sot of tigun's, is constantly repeated; 
 a^, O.JiMCvMoM ; called also rfcuniwy dtcimal. 
 
 I>6v'i-Aiato, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decimated ; p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. DECIMATING.] [Lat. lifcimare, liccimatum, from 
 drdtnus, tontli, fwm decern, ten.] 1. To take the tenth 
 part of; to tithe. '2. To select by lot and punish with 
 death every tenth man of. 3. To destroy a certain por- 
 tion of ; to deva:*tate. 
 
 Ddf i-ii»a'tion, it- A selection of every tenth by lot, as 
 for pmuslmient, &c. 
 
 D«^f'l-nia'tor, n. One who decimates, or selects every 
 tenth man for punishment. 
 
 De-fiiu'e-ter, or DC^'i-me'ter, n. [Fr. decimetre, 
 tri>m Lat. dcci?niu<:, tenth, and Fr. metre. See METER.] 
 A French measure of length equal to the tenth part of a 
 meter, or nearly four inches. 
 
 De-^i'ylier, r.'t. [imp. & p. p. DECIPHERED; p.pr. 
 & vb. «. DECIPHERING.] [From de and cipher. See 
 Cipher.] 1. To translate from a cipher into inteUi- 
 gible terms. '2. To find out, so as to be able to make 
 known the meaning of; to reveiil. 
 
 De-^i'plier-a-ble, a. Capable of being deciphered. 
 
 De-yi'plier-er, n. One who deciphers. 
 
 De-fi§'ioii (de-slzh/im), »^. [liat. decisio. See Decide.] 
 
 1. Act of settUng or terminating, as a controversy ; de- 
 termination ; settlement ; conclusion. 2. An account 
 or report of a conclusion, especially of a legal adjudi- 
 cation. 3. The quahty of being decided; prompt and 
 fixed determination. 
 
 De-^i'sive, a. 1. Having the power or quality of decid- 
 ing a question or controversy, &c. 3. Marked by 
 promptness and decision. 
 Syn. — Final ; conclusive ; decided ; positive. 
 
 De-fi'sive-ly, adv. In a manner to end deliberation, 
 controvers}-, doubt, or contest. 
 
 De-^^i'sive-ness, n. Quality of ending doubt, contro- 
 versy, &c. ; conclusiveness. 
 
 De-^i'so-ry, a. Able to decide or determine. 
 
 Dgck, V. t. [ii7ip. & p. p. decked (d6kt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DECKING.] [A.-S. decan,gedecan,theccan,0. H. Ger. 
 decchan, dakjan, dekjan, thekan, Icel. thekja, allied to 
 Lat. tegere, to cover, Gr. re-yos, o-reyos, a roof, <niyeiv, to 
 cover.] 1. To cover ; to overspread. 2. To dress ; to 
 clothe ; especially, to clothe with more than ordinary ele- 
 gance. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. 
 Syn. — To array ; adorn ; embellish. 
 
 D€ck, n. 1. The floor-like covering or division of a 
 ship. 2. A pack or set of cards piled regularly on each 
 other. 
 
 D 6 ck'er ,n. 1 . One who , or that which , decks or adorns . 
 
 2. A vessel which has a deck or decks ; — used especially 
 in composition. 
 
 De-elaim', v. i. [imp. & p. p. DECLAiaiED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DECLAIMING.] [Lat. declamare, from de and 
 clamare, to cry out. See Claim.] 1. To speak rhetori- 
 cally ; to make a formal speech or oration ; to speak in 
 pubUc as a rhetorical exercise ; to harangue. 2. To 
 speak or talk pompously and elaborately, vrithout sincer- 
 ity ; to rant. 
 
 De-elaim', v. t. To utter in public ; to deliver in a rhe- 
 torical or set manner. 
 
 De-elaimOer, n. One who declaims. 
 
 De-e'la-ma'tion, n. [\ja.t. declamatio. See Declaim.] 
 
 1. Actor art of declaiming; rhetorical delivery. Si. A 
 set speech or harangue. 3. Pretentious rhetorical dis- 
 play, with more sound than sense. 
 
 De-eiana'a-to-rj', a. 1. Pertaining to declamation. 
 
 2. Characterized by rhetorical display; without sohd 
 eense or argument. 
 
 I>6«'la-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of declaring : expUcit asser- 
 tion. 2. That which is declared or proclaimed; an- 
 nouncement; dLstmct statement. 3. The document by 
 which an ag.sertion or announcement is •authoritatively 
 verified. 4. (Law.) That part of the process or plead 
 ings ia which the plaintiff sets forth in order and at large 
 his cause of complaint ; the narration, count, or counts. 
 
 De-elAr'a-tive, a. Making declaration, proclamation, 
 or publication ; explanatory ; assertive. 
 
 De-eiar'a-to-ry, a. Making declaration, explanation, 
 or exhibition ; expressive ; affirmative. 
 
 De-cia.re', v. t. [imp. & p. p. declared ; ;?. pr. & vb. 
 n. declaring.] [Lat. declarare, from de and clarare, 
 to make clear, from clarus, clear, bright.] 1. To make 
 known publicly ; to publish ; to proclaim. 2. To assert ; 
 
 to affirm. 3. ( Com.) To make ftill statement of, as goods, 
 &c., for the purpose of paying taxes, duties, &c. 
 To declare one's self, to avow one's opinion. 
 
 De-€lS,re', v. i. 1, To make a declaration ; to proclaim 
 one's self. 2, (Laiv.) To state the plaintiff's cause of 
 action at law in a legal form. 
 
 De-el&r'ed-ly, adv. Avowedly ; explicitly. 
 
 I>e-el6n'sion, n. [See Decline.] 1. Declination-, 
 descent ; slope. 2. A iftUing off from excellence or per- 
 fection ; deterioration ; decay. 3. Act of courteously 
 refusing or declining ; a declinature. 4. ( Gram.) {a.[ 
 Inflection of a word, according to its grammatical forms. 
 (b.) The form of the inflection of a word dechned by 
 cases. . 
 
 De-elin'a-ble, a. Admitting of declension or inflectioa ; 
 capable of being declined. 
 
 D6«'li-iiate (45), a. (Bot.) Bending downward, in u 
 curve ; curved downward ; dechned. 
 
 Dg-e'li-na'tion, n. 1. Act or state of bending down 
 ward ; incUnation. 2. Act or state of falUng off or de- 
 chning from excellence or perfection ; deterioration ; de- 
 cay ; dechne. 3. Act of deviating or turning aside ; ob- 
 liquity; withdrawal. 4. (Astron.) Angular distance of 
 any object from the celestial equator. 5. {Dialing.) The 
 arc of the horizon, contained between the vertical plane 
 and the prime vertical circle, or between the meridian and 
 the plane. 6. ( Gram. ) Act of inflecting a word through 
 its various terminations. 
 
 Declination of the compass, or needle, the variation of the 
 needle from the true maridian of a place. 
 
 De^'li-na'tor, n. An instrument for taking the decli- 
 nation of a reclining plane. [tion or refiisaL 
 
 De-elin'a-to-ry, a. Containing or involving a declina- 
 
 De-elin'a-ture (53), n. Act of putting away or refusing. 
 
 De-eline', v. i. [imp. & p. p. declined; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DECLINING.] [Lat. declinare, from de and a sup- 
 posed clinare, to lean, inchne, Gr. /cAiVeiv.] 1. To bend 
 over or hang down, as from weakness, weariness, despon- 
 dency, &c. 2. To tend or draw towards a close, decay, or 
 extinction ; to fail ; to sink ; to decay. 3. To turn or lead 
 aside ; to deviate ; to stray. 4. To refuse. 
 
 De-eline', v. t. 1. To bend downward ; to depress. 2. 
 To turn off or away from ; to refuse to undertake or com- 
 ply with ; to i*eject courteously : to shun ; to avoid. 3. 
 (Gram.) To inflect or rehearse in order in the changes 
 of grammatical form. 
 
 De-eline', n. 1. A faUing off ; tendency to a worse state : 
 diminution; deterioration. 2. (Med.) (a.) That period 
 of a disorder when the symptoms begin to abate in vio- 
 lence, (b.) A gradual sinking and wasting away of the 
 physical faculties. 
 
 Syn. — Decay; consumption. — The first stage of the down- 
 ward progress is decline; decay follows, tending to ultimate 
 destruction; consumption is steady decay from an mward wast- 
 ing of strength. 
 
 De-elin'er, n. One who declines. 
 
 De-eliv'i-ty, n. [Lat. declivitas, from declivis, sloping, 
 down hill, from de and clivus, a slope, hill. Cf. CLIFF.] 
 
 1. Deviation from a horizontal line ; descent of surface; 
 inclination downward ; slope. 2. A descending or in- 
 clining surface ; a slope. 
 
 De-eli'vou.s, ) a. Gradually declining or descending ; 
 
 De-eliv'i-tous, ] slopmg. 
 
 De-eo-et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. decocted; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. decocting.] [Lat. decoguere, decoctum, from dt 
 
 and coquere, to cook, to boU.] 1. To prepare by bofling ; 
 
 to make an infusion of. 2. To prepare for assimilation 
 
 by the heat of the stomach ; to digest. 
 De-eo-et'i-ble, a. Capable of being boiled oy digested. 
 De-eoc'tion, n. 1. Act of preparing for use by boiling. 
 
 2. An extract prepared by boiling something in water. 
 De-e61'late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decollated; p.pr. 
 
 & vb. n. decollating.] [Lat. decollare, decoUatum, 
 from collwm, the neck.] To sever the neck of; to be- 
 head ; to decapitate. 
 
 De'-eol-la'tioii, n. The act of beheading ; decapitation. 
 
 De-col'or (-ktlFur), v. t. [From de and color, q. v.] To 
 deprive of color ; to bleach. 
 
 De-e6ror-a'tion, n. The removal or absence of color. 
 
 De'-eom-pog'a-ble, a. Capable of bemg decomposed. 
 
 De'-eom-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decomposed : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DECOMPOSING.] [From de and compose, 
 q. v.] To separate the constituent parts of; to set fire*^ 
 from previously existing forms of chemical combination ; 
 to resolve into original elements. 
 
 De'-eom-poge', v. i. To become resolved or retvumed 
 ' from existing combinations ; to undergo dissolution. 
 
 a, e, &c., lo7^g; a, 6, &c., short ; c^re, far, ask., all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
DECOMPOSITE 
 
 185 
 
 DEDICATE 
 
 De'-eoH^pSg'ite, a. [From de and composite, q. v.] 
 Compounded more than once. 
 
 I>e-e6in'po-§i'tion, n. [From de and composition, q. 
 v.] 1. Act of separating the constituent parts of a com- 
 pound body or substance ; analysis. "Z, State of being 
 separated ; release from previous combinations. 
 
 De^com-pound', f. t. [imp. Sep. p. DECoaiPOUNDED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DECOMPOUNDING.] [From de and com- 
 pound, V. t.] 1. To compound or mix with that which 
 is already compound, ii. To reduce to constituent parts ; 
 to decompose. 
 
 De'-eom-pound', a. 1. Compound of what is already 
 compounded. 3. {Bot.) Several times compounded or 
 divided, as a leaf or stem. [pounded. 
 
 De'-eom-pound'a-ble, a. Capable of being decom- 
 
 D6<;'o-rate, t;. t. [imp. & p. p. DECORATED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DECORATING.] [Lat. decorare, decoratum, 
 from decus, decoris, ornament, decor, decoris, beauty, 
 from decet, decere, to be becoming.] To deck with that 
 which is becoming, ornamental, or honorary. 
 
 Syn. — To adorn ; embellish ; ornament ; beautify. See 
 Adoen. 
 
 Dgc'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of decorating or adorning. 
 'Z, That which adorns, enriches, or beautifies; ornament. 
 
 D6€'o-ra-tive, a. Suited to embellish ; adorning. 
 
 De-e'o-ra'tor, n. One who decorates. 
 
 De-eo'roiis, or De«'o-roiis (118), a. [Lat. decorosus, 
 from decus, and decorus, from decor.] Suitable to a 
 character, or to the time, place, and occasion ; becoming ; 
 proper ; seemly. [or becoming manner. 
 
 De-eo'roiis-ly , or Dg-e'o-roiis-ly , adv. In a decorous 
 
 De-<;o'rou.s-n.ess, or I>6€'o-rotis-iiess, n. Decency 
 or propriety of behavior. 
 
 De-eor'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. decorticated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DECORTICATING.] [Lat. decorticare, 
 decorticatum, from de and cortex, bark.] To take off the 
 exterior coating or bark of; to husk ; to peel. 
 
 De-e6r'ti-«a'tioii, n. The act of peeUng or stripping 
 off the bark or husk. 
 
 De-eo'riun (118), w. [Lat. See Decorous.] Propriety 
 of speech, manner, or conduct ; seemhness ; decency. 
 
 Syn. — Dignity. —Decorum is that which is becoming in 
 outward act or appearance ; dignity springs from an inward 
 elevation of soul producing a correspondent effect on the man- 
 ners.— The decorum of a public assembly; the dignity of the 
 men who compose it. 
 
 De-eoy', v. t. {imp. & p. p. decoyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DECOYING.] [From de and coy, q. v. ; originally, to 
 soothe, caress, entice.] To lead or entice into a snare ; to 
 lead into danger by artifice. 
 
 Syn.— To deceive; entrap; insnare. 
 
 De-eoy', n. 1. Any thing intended to lead into a snare ; 
 especially, a lure used by sportsmen to entice birds into a 
 net or within shot. 3. A place into which wild fowls 
 are enticed in order to take them. 
 
 JDe-eoy'-diick:, n. A duck, or an imitation of a duck, 
 employed to draw others into a net or situation to be 
 taken ; — often used figuratively. 
 
 ©e-erease', v. i. [imp. & p. p. decreased (-kresf); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DECREASING.] [Lat. decrescere, from de 
 and crescere, to grow.] To become less ; to be diminished 
 gradually, in any respect. 
 
 De-erease', v. t. To cause to lessen ; to make less ; to 
 diminish gradually. 
 
 Syn. — To diminish.— Things usually decrease or fall off by 
 degrees, and from within, or through some cause which is im- 
 perceptible ; as, the flood decreases ; the cold decreases ; their 
 aflfection has decreased. Things commonly diminish or are 
 diminished by an action from without, or one which is ap- 
 parent; as, the army was dzmi>its/ied by disease; his property is 
 diminishing thioupx extravagance; their affection has dimin- 
 ished since their separation. The turn of thought, however, is 
 often such that these words may be interchanged. 
 
 De-erease', n. A becoming less; gradual diminution; 
 decay ; wane, as of the moon. 
 
 De-eree', n. [Lat. decretum,, from decernere, to decide.] 
 An order or decision made by a court, emperor, or other 
 competent authority. 
 
 Syn. — Law ; statute ; regulation ; ordinance ; edict. 
 
 De-eree', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decreed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DECREEING.] To determine judicially by authority, or 
 by decree ; to order ; to appoint. 
 
 De-eree', v. i. To decide or appoint authoritatively ; to 
 determine decisively. 
 
 Dfi-e're-raent, n. [Lat. decrementum, from decrescere. 
 See Decrease .] 1. State of becoming gradually less ; 
 decrease ; waste ; loss. 3. Quantity lost by gradual 
 diminution or waste. 
 
 De-erep'it, a. [Lat. decrepitus, orig. uoised out, noisfe- 
 
 tess, as old people, who creep about quietly, from de and 
 crepare, crepitare, to make a noise, to rattle.] Wasted or 
 worn by the infirmities of old age. 
 i®~ Sometimes incorrectly written decrepid. 
 
 De-cr6p'i-tate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. decrepitated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DECREPITATING.] [From de and crep- 
 itate, q. v.] To roast or calcine, so as to cause a con- 
 tinual explosion or crackhng of the substance. 
 
 De-cr6p'i-tate, v. i. To cx-ackle, as salts when roasting. 
 
 »e-er6p'i-ta'tion, n. Act of decrepitating. 
 
 De-€r6p'it-ness, I n. The broken state produced by 
 
 De-er6p'i-tude, ) decay and the infirmities of age. 
 
 De'^res-Qen'dLo, a. [It.] (Mus.) With 
 decreasing volume of sound ; — a direction "" —= — 
 
 to performers, either written upon the Decrescendo 
 staff or indicated thus : — 
 
 De-eres'^ent, a. [See DECREASE.] Becoming less by 
 gradual diminution ; decreasing. 
 
 De-ere'tal, a. [Lat. decretalis, from decretum. See 
 Decree.] Containing, or appertaining to, a decree. 
 
 De-ere'tal, n. 1. An authoritative order or decree ; espe- 
 cially, a letter of the pope, determining some point or 
 question in ecclesiastical law. 3. A collection of th» 
 pope's decrees. [edge of the decretals. 
 
 De-cre'tist, n. One who studies or professes the knowl- 
 
 De-ere'tive, a. Having the force of a decree ; of th» 
 nature of a decree ; determining. 
 
 De«'re-to-ri-ly, adv. In a decretory manner. 
 
 De-e're-to-ry (50), a. 1. Established by a decree ; defin- 
 itive ; settled. 3. Serving to determine ; critical. 
 
 De-eri'al, n. [See Decry.] A crying down ; a clam- 
 orous censure ; condemnation by censure. ^ 
 
 De-eri'er, n. One who decries. 
 
 De-ery', v. t. [imp. & p. p. decried ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 decrying.] [Fr. decrier, It. sgridare. See CRY.] To 
 cry down ; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless. 
 
 Syn. — To depreciate ; detract ; disparage. — Decry and 
 depreciate refer to the estimation in Avhich a thing is held, the 
 former seeking to cry it down, and the latter to run it down in 
 the opinion of others. Detract and disparage refer to merit or 
 value, which the former assails with caviling, &c., while the 
 latter willfully underrates and seeks to degrade it. Men decry 
 their rivals and depreciate their measures. The envious de- 
 tract from the merit of a good action, and disparage the mo- 
 tives of him who performs it. 
 
 De-eiim'beii^e, ) n. Act, posture, or state of lying 
 
 De-eiiin'beii-§y, j down. 
 
 De-eiiin'berit, a. [Lat. decumbens, p. pr. of decumbere^ 
 from de and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] 1. Bend- 
 ing or lying down; prostrate; recmnbent. 3. (Bot.) 
 Reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand, and 
 tending to rise at the smnmit. 
 
 De-eu.m.1bent-ly, adv. In a decumbent posture. 
 
 De-eumlbi-tiire (53), n. [See supra.] Act or time of 
 confinement from sickness. 
 
 De«'u-ple, a. [Gr. SsKanKovs, from SeKo., ten.] Ten- 
 fold ; multiplied by ten. 
 
 De-e'u-ple, n. A number ten times repeated. 
 
 De-e'u-ple, v. t. To make tenfold; to multiply by ten. 
 
 De-eii'ri-on, n. [Lat. decurio, from decuria, a division 
 often.] [Rom. Antiq.) An officer in the Roman army 
 who commanded ten soldiers. 
 
 De-eur'rent, a. [Lat. decurrens, p. pr. of decurrere, to 
 run down, from de and currere, to run.] (Bot.) Extend- 
 ing dovmward, as the base of a leaf. 
 
 De-eiir'sive, a. Running down ; decurrent. 
 
 De-eus'sate, v. t. [imp. Sc p.p. decussated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DECUSSATING.] [Lat. decussare, decussatum, 
 fr. decussis, (orig. equiv. to decern asses), the number ten,, 
 which the Romans represented by X.] To cross at an 
 acute angle ; to intersect or lie upon in the form of an X. 
 
 De-eus'sate, ) a. 1. Crossed ; intersected. 3. (Bot.) 
 
 De-eus'sa-ted, ) Growing in pairs, each of which is at 
 right angles to the next pair above or below. 3. (Rhet. ) 
 Consisting of two rising and two falling clauses, placed in 
 alternate opposition to each other. 
 
 De'-eus-sa'tion, n. Act of crossing at an acute angle ; 
 the state of being thus crossed ; an intersection in the 
 form of an X. 
 
 De-dS-e'o-roiis, a- [Lat. dedecorosus and dedecorus. See 
 Decorous.] Disgracefiil ; rmbecoming. 
 
 De'den-ti'tioii (-tish'un), n. [From de a-nd dentition, 
 q. v.] The shedding of teeth. 
 
 Ded'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dedicated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. dedicating.] [Lat. dedicare, dedicatum, from 
 de and dicare, to declare, to dedicate.] 1. To set apart 
 and consecrate, as to a divinity, or for a sacred purpose. 
 3. To devote, set apart, or give wholly or earnestly up 
 to. 3. To inscribe or address, as to a patron. 
 
 food, f<M>t ; ftrn, rude, pnll ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«]io ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tills. 
 
DEDICATE 
 
 186 
 
 DEFECT 
 
 Dfd'i-fllte (45), <j. S<-t apart : devoted ; consecrated ; 
 addictiHi : dedicated. 
 
 D^d i-ca-tec', »i. Cue to whom a thiug is dedicate. 
 
 IX^d l-ta'tioM, n. 1. Act of .netting apart or conse- 
 crating to a divine Being, or to a siicnxl use ; solemn ap- 
 pwpriation. "2. Act of devoting or appropriating. 3. 
 An addn>ss to a patn^n or friend, prefixed to a book, 
 testifying rvsiH>ct, and nH'ommeudiug the work to his 
 pnUection and favor. 
 
 rx^d'i-tS'tor, n. One who dedicates ; one who inscribes 
 a lKH>k to the favor of a patron or friend. 
 
 l><>d i-ca-to'ri-al, \ a. Composing a dedication ; serr- 
 
 l>Cd'i-«'a-to-rv (i)0), ) ing as a dedication. 
 
 De-dfivf'. «•• '' I"";'- & ;'• P- DEDUCED (de-dQsf); p. 
 pr. & vb. ». DEDUCING.] [Lat. deducere, fi:om de and 
 ducrrf,to lead, draw, alhed to A.-S. ttohan, contracted 
 tedn, Gotli. titthan,0. II. Ger. c/o/ja;i, Eng. tug and tow.] 
 To derive by logical process ; to obtain or arrive at as the 
 result of reasoning ; to infer. 
 
 3e-du<'e'nieut , /( . The act or process of deducing ; that 
 w bich is deduced : inference. 
 
 De-du'fi-ble, a. Capable of being deduced or inferred. 
 
 l)e-du'^ive, a. Perfonning the act of deduction. 
 
 De-dii^t', r. t. [imp. & p.p. DEDUCTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 II. DEDUCTING.] [Lat. deducere, deductum. See DE- 
 DUCE.] To take away, in calculating : to subtract. 
 
 De-du€'tioii, >i. 1. Act or method of deducing, infer- 
 ring, or concluding, 'i. Act of deducting or taking 
 away. 3. That which is deduced : an inference ; a con- 
 clusion. 4. That which is deducted; the part taken 
 away : abatement. 
 
 De-du-etlve, a. Of, or pertaining to, deduction ; capa- 
 ble oT being deduced from premises ; deducible. ^ 
 
 De-du€t'ive-ly, adv. By way of deduction. 
 
 Deed, »i. [A.-S'. dxd, from don, to do.] 1. That which 
 is done, acted, or effected ; an act. 2. Illustrious act ; 
 achievement ; exploit. 3. Power of action ; agency ; 
 efficiency. 4. (Lau-.) A sealed instrument in writing, 
 on pai>er or parchment, duly executed and delivered, 
 containing some transfer, bargain, or contract, especially 
 in regard to real estate. 
 In deed, or indeed, in fact; in truth; verily. 
 
 Deed, v. t. To convey or transfer by deed. [ Colloq. Amer.] 
 
 Deem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DEEMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DEEMING.] [A.-S. demau, domian, Goth, domjan, Icel. 
 ddma, perhaps allied to Lat. damnare, to condemn.] To 
 conclude on consideration ; to think ; to judge ; to be of 
 opinion ; to regard. 
 
 Deem, v. »'. To be of opinion ; to think ; to estimate. 
 
 Deep, a. [cow?;?ar. deeper; sw/jer/. deepest.] [A.-S. 
 deop, diop. Goth, diups, fr. A.-S. dyppan, to dip, im- 
 merse, deopan, to be immersed, Goth, diupan, to be 
 deep.] 1. Extending far below the surface; of great 
 perpendicular dimension, conceived of as measured down- 
 Avard. tj. Extending far back from the front. 3. Low 
 in situation: lying far below the general surface. 4. 
 llard to penetrate or comprehend ; intricate ; mysterious ; 
 profound; secret: unfathomable. 5. Of penetrating or 
 far-reaching intellect ; thoroughly versed ; profoundly 
 learned. 6. Profoundly moving or affecting ; penetrat- 
 ing; thorough. 7. Profoundly quiet or dark; com- 
 plete and overmastering ; unmixed. 8. Sunk low ; de- 
 pressed : abject. 9. Strongly colored ; dark ; intense. 
 10. Of low tone ; not high or sharp ; grave ; heavy. 
 
 Deep, adv. To a great depth ; with depth ; far down ; 
 I>rofoundly; deeply. 
 
 Deep, n. 1. That which is deep, especially, deep water ; 
 the sea or ocean. 2. That which is profound or not 
 easily fathomed. 3. The most quiet or profound part; 
 the midst : the depth. 
 
 Deep'en (dep'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deepened; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. deepening.] 1. To make deep or increase 
 the depth of. 2. To make darker or more intense. 3. 
 To make more poignant or affect- 
 ing. 4. To make more grave or 
 low in tone. [deep. 
 
 DeepV-n, v. i. To become more 
 
 Deep'ly, adv. 1. At or to a 
 great depth. 2. Profoundly : 
 thoroughly. 3. With profound 
 feeUng; with great Borrow. 4. 
 To a great degree. 5. Gravely : 
 ■vrith low or deep tone. 6. With 
 profound ekill ; with art or in- 
 tricacy. 
 
 Deep'ness, n. State or quality 
 of lx;ing deep; depth. ^ 
 
 Deer, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. dear, Deer. 
 
 an animal, esp. a wild animal, 0. Sax. dier, Icel. dyr, 0. 
 U. Ger. rior, Goth, dius, Gr. ^p, Lat. fera, Slav, zvjtr, 
 Pol. zwierz, Lith. zxceris, Lett, swehrs.] (Zo'dl.) A ru- 
 minant quadruped of several species, the males of which 
 have branched horns. 
 
 Deer'-stallt'ing (-stawk'ing), n. The hunting of deer 
 on foot, by stealing upon them unawares. 
 
 De-fafe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defaced ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 defacing.] [From ^at. de and facies, face.] 1. To 
 destroy or mar the face or external appearance of; to dis- 
 figure. 2. To destroy, spoil, or mar, by effacing or ob- 
 literating important features or portions" of. 
 
 De-fa^e'ment, 71. 1. Act of defacing, or the condition 
 of being defaced ; iiyury to the external appearance. 2. 
 Tha^ which defaces. 
 
 De-fa'^er, n. One who, or that which, defaces. 
 
 De-fai'cate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. defalcated ;\p. pr. 
 & vb. n. defalcating.] [Low Lat. defalcare, defalca- 
 tum, to deduct, orig. to cut off with a sickle, from Lat. de 
 and /a/a:, folds, a sickle.] To cut off: to take away or 
 deduct ajjart of; — used chiefly of money, accounts, &c. 
 
 De'f al-ca'tion, 71. 1. A cutting off; a diminution, de- 
 ficit, or withdrawment. 2. That which is cut off. 3. 
 An abstraction of money, &c., by an officer having it in 
 charge ; an embezzlement. 
 
 Def''a-ma'tion, 7i. [See Defame.] The malicious ut- 
 tering of falsehoods, or circulation of reports, tending to 
 destroy the good name of another ; slander ; detraction ; 
 calumny ; aspersion. 
 
 De-f Sm'a-to-ry, a. Containing defamation ; injurious 
 to reputation ; calumnious; slanderous. 
 
 De-fame', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defamed; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. defaming.] [Lat. & L. Lat. defamare, from Lat. de 
 smd/dma, fame.] To harm or destroy the good fame or 
 reputation of, by slanderous reports ; to speak evil of. 
 Syn. — To asperse ; slander; calumniate. See Aspekse. 
 
 De-fam'er, 7i. One who defames ; a slanderer. 
 
 De-fault', 71. [L. Lat. defalta, from de and a supposed 
 Latl'/aWimre, from /a//erf, to deceive. See FAULT.] 1. 
 Omission of that which ought to be done. 2. Fault ; 
 offense. [Rare.] 3. Defect ; want ; failure ; lack ; destitu- 
 tion. 4. ( Law.) A neglect of, or failure to take, some step 
 necessary to secure the benefit of law. 
 
 To suffer a default, to permit an action to be called without 
 appearing to answer. 
 
 De-fault', r. 1. [imp. & p. p. defaulted: p.pr. & 
 vb. n. DEFAULTING.] To fail to appear in court ; to let 
 a case go bj' default. 
 
 De-fault', V. t. 1. To fail to perform. 2. (Law.) To 
 call", as a defendant or other party whose duty it is to be 
 present in court, and make an entry of his defeult, if he 
 fails to appear. 
 
 De-fault'er, 71. 1. One who makes default or fails to 
 appear in court when called. 2. One who fails to ac- 
 count for public money intrusted to his care ; a delin- 
 quent ; a peculator. 
 
 De-fea'ganpe, n. [Norm. Fr. defesance, from Fr. 
 dcfesant, defaisant, p. pr. of defaire, to undo. See DE- 
 FEAT.] 1. A rendering null or void. 2. (Laiv.) A 
 condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, the 
 deed is defeated or rendered void ; or a collateral deed, 
 made at the same time with a feoffment, or other convey- 
 ance, containing conditions, on the performance of which 
 the estate then created may be defeated. 
 
 De-fea'§i-ble, a. [SeesM^a.] Capable of being defeated, 
 annulled, or made void. 
 
 De-feat', n. [Fr. defaite, from defaire, to undo, from di, 
 for des, equiv. to Lat. dis, and faire, lAt.facere, to make 
 or do.] 1, An overthrow, as of an attack, an army, &c. ; 
 rout. 2. Frustration. 
 
 De-feat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defeated : p. pr. & vb. n, 
 DEFEATING.] 1. To render null and void. 2. To over- 
 come or vanqiiish, as an army. 3. To resist with success. 
 
 Syn. — To overthrow : ruin ; overpower ; subdue ; rout ; 
 foil ; discomfit ; baffle ; disappoint ; frustrate. 
 
 Def'e-cate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. defecated; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. DEFECATING.] [Lat. defsecare, defaecatum, from 
 de a.ndfsex,fiecis, dregs, lees.] 1. To clear from impuri- 
 ties, as lees, dregs, &c. ; to clarify; to purify. 2. To 
 free from extraneous or polluting matter. 
 
 Def'e-eate, v. i. (Med.) To void excrement. 
 
 Def 'e-eate, a. Freed from any thing that can pollute, as 
 dregs, lees, &c. ; refined; purified. 
 
 D6f'e-<;a'tioii, n. 1. Act of separating from impurities, 
 as lees or dregs. 2. (Med.) Act of voiding excrement 
 from the body. 
 
 De-f get', n. [Lat. defectus, from deficere, to desert, fidl. 
 
 , e, kc.,long ; &,e, &c. , short ; c&re, far, a<-k, all, >\ liat ; 6rc, veil, term ; pique, firm : ton, or, do, Wflf , 
 
DEFECTION 
 
 187 
 
 DEFLOUR 
 
 be wanting, from de. &ndfacere, to make or do.] 1, Want 
 or absence of something necessary for completeness or 
 perfection, ti. Imperfection, whether physical or moral ; 
 failing; blemish; deformity. 
 
 Syn. — Fault. — Defect is negative, denoting the absence of 
 that which is necessary to a thing's completeness or perfection; 
 faxjit is positive, denoting something improper or wrong. The 
 faults of a friend arc too often palliated into mere d^'ects. 
 
 De-f 6«'tion, n. [Lsit. defectio. See Defect.] Act of 
 abandoning a person or cause to which one is bound, or 
 has attached himself; apostasy; backsUding. 
 
 I>e-f fict'ive, a. 1. Wanting in substance, quantity, or 
 quality ; incomplete ; deficient ; imperfect ; faulty. tJ, 
 ( Gram.) Lacking some of the usual forms of declension 
 or conjugation. 
 
 De-f6«t'ive-ly,arf^•. In a defective manner ; imperfectly. 
 
 De-f 6-et'ive-ness, n. State of being imperfect. 
 
 De-feiif e', n. See Defense. 
 
 De-fend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defended ; p. pr. & vb. 
 11. DEFENDING.] [Lat. defendere, from de and obs. 
 fendere.] 1. To repel danger or harm from ; to guard 
 from injury. 3. {Law.) To deny, as the claim of a 
 plaintiff ; to contest, as a suit. 
 
 Syn. — To protect. — To defend is literally to ivard off; to 
 protect is to cover over. We d^end those who are attacked; we 
 protect those who are liable to injury or invasion. A fortress 
 18 defended by its guns, and protected by its walls. See also 
 Vindicate. 
 
 I>e-feiid'ant, n. 1. One who makes defense against 
 evil; defender. 3. [Law.) The party that opposes a 
 complaint, demand, or charge, at law or in equity. 
 
 De-feiid'er, n. One who defends ; a vindicator. 
 
 De-f6n'sa-tive, n. [See Defend.] That which serves 
 to guard or defend, as a plaster for a wound. 
 
 De-feiise', I n. [Fr. defense, Lat. defensa, from defen- 
 
 De-fgn^e', j dere. See Defend.] 1. Act of defend- 
 ing, or state of being defended ; prohibition. $J. That 
 which defends or protects. 3. (Law.) The defendant's 
 answer or plea. 
 
 Syn. — Protection ; guaid; fortification; vindication; apol- 
 ogy; justification. 
 
 De-f ense'less, ) a. Destitute of defense or protection ; 
 
 De-fen^e'less, j unprotected. 
 
 De-feii'si-tole, a. Capable of being defended. 
 
 De-fen'sive, a. 1. Serving to defend ; proper for de- 
 fense. 3. Carried on by resisting attack or aggression. 
 3. In a state or posture to defend. 
 
 De-f en' si ve, n. That which defends ; a safeguard. 
 
 To he on the defensive, or to stand on the defensive, to be or 
 stand in a state or posture of defense or resistance. 
 
 De-f en'sive-ly, adv. In a defensive manner. 
 
 De-fer' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deferred ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DEFERRING-.] [Lat. deferre, to bear away, to 
 deliver, report ; differre, to bear apart, to put off, delay, 
 from de, or dis, and ferre, to bear.] 1, To put off; to 
 postpone to a future time. 3. To lay before ; to submit 
 in a respectful manner. 
 
 Syn. — To delay ; postpone ; adjourn ; protract ; refer. 
 
 De-fer', v. i. 1. To put off; to delay; to wait. 3, To 
 yield from respect to the wishes of another. 
 
 Def'er-en^e, n. A yielding of judgment or preference 
 from respect to the wishes or opinion of another ; regard ; 
 
 Syn. — Respect. — X>^/erewce usually, but not always, im- 
 plies respect. We may d^fer on some one point to a man who 
 knows better than we do, while we have no general respect for 
 his character. 
 
 Def 'er-ent, a. Serving to carry or convey. [Rare.] 
 
 D6f'er-ent, n. 1. That which carries or conveys. 3. 
 (Ptolemaic Astron.) An imaginary circle surrounding the 
 earth, in whose periphery the center of a planetary epi- 
 cycle was supposed to move round. 
 
 Def 'er-6n'tial, a. [See Deference.] Expressing def- 
 erence ; accustomed to defer. 
 
 De-fer'rer, n. One who defers or puts off. 
 
 De-fi'ance, n. [0. Fr. defiance, L. Lat. diffidantia. See 
 Defy.] 1. Act of defying ; a challenge; a provocation ; 
 a summons to combat. 3. A state of opposition ; wil- 
 lingness to fight. 
 
 De-fi'ant, a. FuH of defiance ; bold ; insolent. 
 
 De-fi'cien^e, ) n. State of being deficient ; inadequa- 
 
 De-f i'cien-^y, j cy ; want ; failure ; imperfection. 
 
 De-fi'cient (-lish/ent), a. [Lat. deficiens, p. pr. of de- 
 ficere, to be wanting. See Defect.] 1. Wanting to 
 make up completeness ; not sufficient. 3. Lacking a fuU 
 or adequate supply. 
 
 Syn. — Inadequate ; defective ; imperfect ; short. 
 
 De-fi'cient-ly (-fish'ent-), adv. In a deficient manner. 
 
 D6f 'l-fit, n. [Literally, it is wanting, 3d person pres. of 
 Lat. deficere ] Deficiency in amount or quality ; lack. 
 
 De-fi'er, n. One who defies or challenges to combat. 
 
 De-file', or De'file, n. [Fr. defile, from defiler.] A 
 narrow passage or way, in which troops can march only 
 in a file, or with a narrow front ; a long, narrow pass, as 
 between hills, &c. 
 
 De-file', v. t. [imp. & p.p. DEFILED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DEFILING.] [0. Eng. defyle, defoil, defoul, defowle, 
 A.-S. fylan, afylan, gefylan, to pollute, from fill, foul. 
 See Foul, and Defoul.] 1. To make unclean ; to ren- 
 der foul or dirty ; to pollute ; to corrupt. 3. To make 
 impure or turbid. 3. To soil or sully ; to tarnish, as 
 reputation, &c. 4. To vitiate; to corrupt. 5. To de- 
 bauch ; to violate. 6. To make ceremonially unclean. 
 
 De-file', v. i. [Fr. defiler, from de, for des, Lat. dis, and 
 file, a row or line, from hat filum, a thread, pl.^to.] To 
 march off file by file ; to file off. 
 
 De-file'm.ent, n. Act of defiling, or state of being de- 
 filed, whether physically or morally ; foulness ; dirtiness ; 
 uncleanness ; pollution. 
 
 De-fil'er, n. One who defiles or pollutes. 
 
 De-fin'a-ble, a. Capable of being defined, limited, or 
 explained ; determinable. 
 
 De-fine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defined \ p.pr.k, vb. n. 
 DEFINING.] [Lat. definire, from de andfinire, to limit, 
 to end, frova finis, a boundary, Umit, end.] 1. To bring 
 to a termination; to end. 3. To determine or clearly 
 exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of. 3. To 
 determine with precision ; to mark out with distinctness ; 
 to ascertain or exhibit clearly. 4. To fix the precise 
 meaning of ; to explain ; to expound or interpret. 
 
 De-fin'er, «. One who defines or determines. 
 
 D6f'i-nite, a. 1. Having certain limits ; determinate in 
 extent or greatness. 3. Having certain limits in signi- 
 fication ; precise. 3. Fixed ; exact. 4. Serving to de- 
 fine or restrict. • 
 
 Def 'i-nite-ly , adv. In a definite manner ; exactly. 
 
 Def'i-nite-ness, n. The state of being definite. 
 
 Defi-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. [See Define.] 1. Act 
 of defining, determining, distinguishing, explaining, or 
 establishing the signification of. 3. A description of a 
 thing by its properties ; au explanation of the meaning 
 of a word or term. 3. (Log.) An exact enunciation of 
 the constituents which make up the logical essence. 
 
 Syn. — Explanation ; description. — A definition (lit., trac- 
 ing of limits) is designed to settle a thing in its compass and 
 extent; an explanation {lit., making plain) is intended to re- 
 move some obscurity or misunderstanding, and is therefore 
 more extended and minute ; a description enters into striking 
 particulars with a view to interest or impress by graphic effect. 
 
 De-fin'i-tive, a. 1. Determinate; positive; final; con- 
 clusive ; unconditional ; express. 3. Limiting ; deter- 
 mining. 
 
 De-fin'i-tive, n. ( Chram.) A word used to define or 
 limit the extent of the signification of a common noim, 
 such as the article, and some pronouns. 
 
 De-f in'i-tive-ly, adv. In a definitive manner ; finally ; 
 conclusively ; positively. 
 
 De-fin'i-tive-ness,w. Determinateness ; conclusiveness. 
 
 De-fla'gra-ble, or Def'la-gra-tole, a. [See infra.\ 
 (Chem.) Having the quality of burning with a sudden 
 and sparkling combustion, as niter. 
 
 DSf'la-grate, v. i. [imp. Sc p. p. deflagrated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. deflagrating.] [Lat. deflagrare, defla- 
 gratum, from de and fiagrare, to flame.] (Chem.) To 
 bum with a sudden and sparkling combustion. 
 
 Dgf 'la-grate, v. t. ( Chem.) To cause to burn with sud- 
 den and sparkling combustion. 
 
 Def'la-gra'tion, n. (Chem.) A sudden and sparkling 
 combustion, but without explosion. 
 
 Def'la-gra'tor, n. ( Chem.) A form of the voltaic bat- 
 tery used for producing rapid and powerful combustion, 
 particularly of metallic substances. 
 
 De-fle«t', V. i. [imp. & p. p. deflected ; p.pr.Sc vb. 
 n. deflecting.] [Lat. defiectere, from deandfiectere, 
 to bend or turn.] To turn aside ; to deviate fi"om a right 
 line, proper position, course, or direction ; to swerve. 
 
 De-fle«t', V. t. To cause to turn aside. 
 
 De-fle-e'tion, n. 1. Act of turning aside from a right 
 line or proper course ; deviation. 3. (Naut.) Departure 
 of a ship from its true course. 3. (Opt.) Deviation of 
 the rays of light toward the surface of au opaque body. 
 
 De-fl6x'iire, n. [From Lat. defiectere, Jeflexum. Sec 
 Deflect.] A bending or turning aside*; deflection. 
 
 Dgf'lo-ra'tion, n. [L. Lat. defioratio. See infra.\ Act 
 of deflouring or ravishing. 
 
 De-flour', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defloured ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. deflouring.] [L. Lat. defiorare, from de and fiorare, 
 
 food, f CMjt ; ttrn, rude, puU ; fell, ^liaise, €all, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejlst ; linger, liijk ; tiiis. 
 
•■•■'s?^^w!w^BM»^>; 
 
 DEFLOURER 
 
 188 
 
 DEIPNOSOPHIST 
 
 to flower, from L&t. Jios,/ioris:, Eng.JJoiver.] 1, To de- 
 prive of flowers. '2. To rob of the choicest ornament. 
 3. To deprive of virginity ; to ravish ; also, to seduce. 
 
 De-floiir'er, n. One who deliours. 
 
 De-fliix'ioii (de-fluk'shun), tt. [Lat. defluxio, from 
 (hjiuere, dtjiexvm, to flow down, from de andjiuere, to 
 flow.] (Med.) A discharge or flowing off of htmiors. 
 
 De-fo'li-a'tion, n. [From Low Lat. defoliare, to shed 
 leaves, from Lat. de Sin6.foliii7?i, leaf.] 1. The fall of the 
 leaf, or shedding of leaves, 'i. The time or season of 
 shedding leaves in autvmin. 
 
 De-foroe'. f. t. [imp. & p. p. deforced (de-forsf); 
 p. pr. & I'b. 11. DEFORCING.] [0. Fr. deforcer, deforcier, 
 from de &nd forcer, /order. See FORCE, v. t.] (Law.) 
 To keep from the lawful possession of the owner. 
 
 De-forfe'ment, »i. (Law.) A wrongfiil -withholding, as 
 of lauds or tenements , to which another has a right. 
 
 De-for'ciant, n. (Eng. Law.) One who keeps out of 
 possession the rightful owner of an estate. 
 
 De-for'ci-a'tlon (-shi-a'-), n. {Laiv.) A withholding 
 by force or fraud from rightful possession ; deforcement. 
 
 De-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deformed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. deforming.] [Lat. deformare , from, de and /or- 
 mare, to form, shape, from, forma.} 1. To mar or alter 
 in form ; to disfigure. 2. To render displeasing or ugly. 
 
 Dgf^or-ma'tion, n. Act of disfiguring or defacing. 
 
 De-f 6rm'ed-ly, adv. In an ugly manner. 
 
 De-f orm'er, n. One who deforms. 
 
 De-f drm'i-ty, n. 1. State of being deformed ; want of 
 uniformity or symmetry ; irregularity of shape or feat- 
 ures. 2. Any thing that destroys beauty, grace, or pro- 
 priety ; gross deviation from order or the established 
 laws of propriety. 
 
 Syn.— Distortion; ugliness; defect; irregularity; absurdity. 
 
 De-fraud', v. t. [tynp. & p. p. defrauded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DEFRAUDING.] [Lat. defraudare, from de and 
 fratcdare, to cheat, from, fraus, fraudis , fraud.] To de- 
 prive of right by fraud, deception, or artifice; to with- 
 hold wrongfully ; to inJTire by embezzlement. 
 Syn.— To cheat; cozen; deceive; frustrate. 
 
 De-fraud'er, n. One who defrauds ; a cheat. 
 
 De-fray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. defrayed (de-frad') ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DEFRAYING.] [Fr. defrayer, from de and 
 frais, expense, from L. Lat. fredum, fredus, fridus, fine 
 by which an offender ob tains jaeace, or atones for an offense 
 against the public peace, from 0. H. Ger. fridu, frido. 
 frida, N. H. Gex.friede, peace.] To meet the cost of; to 
 bear or pay the expense of. 
 
 De-f ray'al, n. The act of defraying ; payment. 
 
 De-fray'er, n. One who pays or discharges expenses. 
 
 De-fray'ment, n. Payment of charges. 
 
 D6ft, a. [A.-S. daft, from dafan, gedafan, to be fit or 
 apt ; Goth, daban, gadaban, to be fit.] Apt ; fit ; dex- 
 terous ; neat. 
 
 Deft'ly, adv. Aptly ; fitly ; dexterously ; neatly. 
 
 De-funct', a. [Lat. defunctus, p. p. of defungi, to dis- 
 charge, perform, to depart, die, from de an.6. fungi, to 
 perform, discharge.] Having finished the course of life ; 
 dead ; deceased. 
 
 De-funct', 71. A dead person; one deceased. 
 
 De-fy', V. t. [imp. & p. p. defied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DEFYING.] [Fr. defter. Low Lat. diffidare, -pro-gevly to 
 commit a breach of faith, from Lat. dis, a,nd fdes, faith.] 
 1. To renounce faith or obligation with ; to reject, re- 
 fuse, or renounce. [ Obs.] 2. To provoke to combat or 
 strife ; to act in hostility to ; to call out to combat ; to 
 challenge ; to dare ; to brave. 
 
 De-gar'nisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. degarnished (de- 
 gar'nisht); p. pr. & vb. n. DEGARNISHING.] [Fr. degar- 
 nir, from de and garnir, to furnish. See GARNISH.] 1. 
 To strip or deprive of entirely, as of furniture; to disgar- 
 nish. [Rare.] 2. To deprive of a garrison, or troops 
 necessary for defense. [Rare.] 
 
 De-g^n'er-a-fy, n. 1. Act of becoming degenerate or 
 inferior in kind ; a growing worse. 2. State of having 
 become degenerate. 
 
 Syn. — Decay; deterioration; meanness; poorness. 
 
 De-gfin'er-ate, -0. T. [imp. &, p. p. degenerated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DEGENERATING.] [Lat. degenerare, 
 degeneratum, from degener, degenerate, from de and 
 genus, generis, birth, race.] To be or grow worse than 
 one's khid ; hence, to be inferior ; to be degraded ; to 
 deteriorate. 
 
 De-g6ii'er-ate (45), a. Ha^ng become worse than one's 
 kind ; having decUned in worth ; deteriorated ; degraded ; 
 mean ; base ; low. 
 De-ggn'er-ate-ly, adv. In a degenerate manner. 
 
 De-^6n'er-ate-ness, n. State of being degenerate. 
 De-g6ii'er-a'tion, n. Act of growing worse, or the 
 state of having become worse. 
 
 Syn. — Decline ; degradation ; debasement ; degeneracy ; 
 deterioration. 
 
 De-g&a'er-a-tive, a. Tending to degenerate. 
 De-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. deglutinated ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DEGLUTINATING.] [Lat. deglutinare, 
 deglutinatum, from de and glutinare, to glue, from glu- 
 ten, glue, from gliiere, to draw together.] To loosen or 
 separate by dissolving the glue which unites ; to unglue. 
 
 Deg'lu-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. [From Lat. deglutire, to 
 swallow do^vn, from de and ghitire, to swallow.] 1. Act 
 of swallowing. 2. Power of swallowing. 
 
 Deg'ra-da'tion, n. [L. Lat. degradatio, from degradare. 
 See Degrade.] 1. Act of reducing in rank, character, 
 or reputation, or of abasing. 2. State of being reduced 
 in rank, character, or reputation. 3. Diminution or re- 
 duction of strength, efficacy, or value. 4. (Geol.) A 
 gradual wearing do^vn or wasting, as of rocks, banks, and 
 the like, by the action of water, frost, &c. 5. (Nat. 
 Hist.) Condition of a type which exhibits degraded 
 forms, species, or groups. 
 
 Syn. — Deposition ; diminution ; abasement; debasement; 
 reduction ; decline ; baseness ; degeneracy ; disgrace. See 
 
 Abasement, 
 
 De-grade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. degraded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DEGRADING.] 1. To reduce from a higher to a 
 lower rank or degree ; to deprive of any office or dignity. 
 
 2. To reduce in estimation, character, or reputation. 
 
 3. ( Geol.) To wear down, as hills and movmtains. 
 Syn. — To abase ; demean ; lower ; reduce. 
 
 De-grad'ed, p. a. 1. Reduced in rank, character, or 
 reputation; sunken; low; base. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Pre- 
 senting the typical characters in a partially developed or 
 imperfect condition. 
 
 De-grad'ing-Iy, adv. In a degrading manner. 
 
 De-gree', n. [Fr. degre, from Lat. de and gradus, step, 
 degree. See Degrade.] 1. One step upward or down- 
 ward, in quality, rank, acqufrement, and the like ; grade ; 
 gradation. 2. Point or step of progression to which a 
 person has arrived ; position ; station ; rank ; quality ; 
 measure of advancement ; extent. 3, Grade or rank to 
 which scholars are admitted in recognition of their at- 
 tainments by a coUege or university. 4. (Genealogy.) 
 A certain distance or remove in the line of descent, 
 determining the proximity of blood. 5. (Geom.) A 
 360th part of the circumference of a cfrcle. 6. (Algebra. ) 
 State as indicated by sum of exponents. 7, A division, 
 space, or interval, marked on a mathematical or other 
 instrument, as on a thermometer or barometer. 8. 
 (Mus.) Difference in position or elevation between two 
 notes. 
 
 By degrees, step by step; by little and little.— To a degree^ 
 to an extreme; exceedingly. 
 
 De-liis'9eii9e, n. [Lat. dehiscens, p. pr. of dehiscere, to 
 gape, from de and hiscere.] 1, Act of gaping. 2. (Bat.) 
 The opening of pods and of the cells of anthers at ma- 
 turity, as to emit seeds, pollen, &c. [plant. 
 
 De-Ms'cent, a. (Bot.) Opening, as the capsule of a 
 
 De-li6rt', v. t. [Lat. dehortari, from de and hortari, to 
 urge, exhort.] To urge to abstain from ; dissuade. 
 
 De'lior-ta'tion, n. Act of dissuading; dissuasion. [Obs.] 
 
 De-li6rt'a-to-ry, a. Fitted or designed to dehort or 
 dissuade. 
 
 De'i-pide, n. [Lat. deus, god, and cssdere, to cut, kill.] 
 
 ' 1. Act of putting to death a being possessing a divine 
 nature ; particularly, that of putting Jesus Christ to 
 death. 2. One concerned in putting Christ to death. 
 
 De-if'i-e, I a. [Lat. deifcus, from deus, a god, and 
 
 De-if 'i<;-al, j facere, to make.] Making divine; pro- 
 ducing resemblance to God. 
 
 De/i-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of deifying ; apotheosis. 
 
 De'i-fi'er, n. One who deifies. 
 
 De'i-f drill, a. [L. Lat. deifcrmis, from Lat. deus, a god, 
 and /orwa.] Like a god ; of a godlike form. 
 
 De'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DEIFYING.] [LaX. deificare, from deificus. SeeDEIFIC] 
 1. To make a god of ; to apotheosize. 2. To treat as an 
 object of supreme regard. 3. To render godlike. 
 
 Deign (dan), v. i. [imp. & p. p. DEIGNED (dand); 
 p. pr. & vb. h. DEIGNING.] [Fr. daigner,^om Lat. dig- 
 nari, to deem worthy, to deign, from digni^, worthy.] 
 To think worthy ; to vouchsafe ; to condescend. 
 
 Deign (dan), v. t. To condescend to give or bestow ; to 
 vouchsafe. 
 
 Deip-nos'o-pliist, n. [Gr. 6ei7rvocro</)i<7T^5, from beinvov 
 
 , e, &c.,long; a, 6, kc, short; c&re, far, ask, all, vt^lii^t ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, vrolf, 
 
DEISM 
 
 189 
 
 DELIGHT 
 
 a meal, the chief meal, and eroi^tor^?, a wise man. See 
 Sophist.] One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who 
 were famous for their learned conversation at meals. 
 
 De'igm., n. [From Lat. deus, god.] The doctrine or 
 creed of a deist. 
 
 De'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a God, 
 but denies revealed religion ; one who professes no form 
 of religion, but follows the light of nature and reason, as 
 his only guides in doctrine and practice ; a freethinker. 
 
 De-ist'i€, 1 a. Pertaining to deism or to deists ; em- 
 
 De-ist'i«-al, j bracing or containing deism. 
 
 De-ist'i-e-al-ly, adv. After the manner of deists. 
 
 De'i-ty, n. [Lat. deltas, from, deus, god.] 1. The col- 
 lection of attributes which make up the nature of a god ; 
 divinity ; godhead. 3. A god or goddess ; a divine 
 being. 
 
 The Deity, God, the Supreme Being. 
 
 De-j6«t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. DEJECTED ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
 DEJECTING.] [Lat. dejicere, dejectum, from de and 
 yacer«, to throw.] 1. To cast down. [Obs.] 3. To cast 
 down the spirits of. 
 
 Syn. — To dispirit; discourage; dishearten; depress. 
 
 De-ject'ed-ly, adv. In a dejected manner ; sadly. 
 
 De-j6-et'ed-ness, n. State of being dejected or cast 
 down; discouragement ;»depression. 
 
 I>e-j6<;t'er, n. One who casts down, or dejects. 
 
 De-je<;'tion, n. 1. Lowness of spirits occasioned by 
 grief or misfortune ; melancholy ; disheartenment. 2. 
 A low condition ; weakness. 3. (Med.) (a.) Act of void- 
 ing the excrements. (6.) The matter voided ; excrement. 
 
 De-jg-et'iire (53), n. That which is voided ; excrement. 
 
 Dejeuner ((dri'zhQ'na.'), n. [Fr., to breakfast, from a 
 
 Dejeime ^ supposed Lat. disjejunare, to discontinue 
 fasting, from dis and jejunare, to fast, from, jejunus, fast- 
 ing, hungry.] A breakfast ; — sometimes, also, a lunch. 
 
 De jU're. [Lat.] By right; of right ; by law; — often 
 opposed to de facto. 
 
 De-iap.se', V. i. [unp. & p. p. delapsed (de-lapst-'), 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DELAPSING.] [Lat. delahi, delapsiis, to 
 faU down, from de and labi, to fall or slide.] 1. To fall 
 or sUde down. 3. To pass down by inheritance. 
 
 I>e-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. delayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DELAYING.] [See ?n/>a, and cf. DILATE.] 1. To put 
 ofif ; to defer. 2. To stop, detain, or hinder, for a time ; 
 to retard the motion of. 
 Syn. — To procrastinate ; prolong ; protract. 
 
 De-lay', v. i. To move slowly ; to linger ; to tarry. 
 
 De-lay', n. [Fr. delai, from Lat. dilatnm, from differre, 
 to carry apart, to defer.] 1. A putting off or deferring ; 
 procrastination. 2. A Ungering ; stay ; stop ; detention ; 
 hindrance. 
 
 De-lay'er, n. One who delays ; one who lingers. 
 
 l>e'le,v. t. [Lat. imper. sing, of delere, deletum, to de- 
 stroy, to blot out.] (Print.) Erase ; remove ; — a direction 
 ^ to cancel something which has been put in type ; — ^ 
 usually expressed thus : O" 
 
 D61'e-ble, a. [Lat. delebilis. See supra.] Capable of 
 being blotted out. 
 
 De-16e'ta-l»le, a. [Lat. delectabilis, from delectare, to 
 deUght. See Delight.] Highly pleasing; affording 
 great joy or pleasure ; delightful. 
 
 De-iee'ta-ble-ness, n. Condition of being delectable. 
 
 De-le<j'ta-bly, adv. In a delectable maimer. 
 
 De'le<;-ta'tioii, «. Great pleasure ; delight. 
 
 D61'e-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. delegated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. delegating.] [Lat. delegare, delegatum, from 
 de and legare, to send with a commission, to send as em- 
 bassador, to depute. See Legate.] 1. To send as 
 one's representative ; to commission ; to depute. 2. To 
 intrust to the care or management of another ; to as- 
 sign ; to commit. 
 
 D61'e-gate (45), n. [See infra.] 1. One deputed to rep- 
 resent another. 3. A i)erson elected by the people of a 
 territory to represent them in Congress, where he has 
 the right of debating, but not of voting. [Amer.] 
 
 Syn. — A deputy; a representative; a commissioner; a vicar; 
 an attorney. 
 
 D61'e-gate, a. Sent to act for or represent another; 
 deputed : delegated. 
 
 Dere-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of delegating ; the appointment 
 of a delegate. 2. One or moi-e persons deputed to rep- 
 resent others, as in a convention, in Congress, &c. 3. 
 (Law.) A kind of substitution by which a deljtor gives 
 his creditor a third person, who becomes obliged in his 
 stead to the creditor. 
 
 De-len'dd, n. pi. [Lat. delere, delendus, to blot out.7 
 Things to be erased or blotted out. 
 
 De-lete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deleted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 deleting.] [Lat. delere, deletum. See DELE.] To 
 blot out ; to erase ; to destroy. 
 
 Del'e-te'ri-ou.s (89), a. [See Dele .] Having the ciual- 
 ity of destroying, or extinguishing, life. 
 Syn. — Destructive ; poisonous; pernicious. 
 
 De-le'tion, n. Act of deleting, blotting out, or erasing. 
 
 Delf, n. Earthen ware, covered with white glazing; — 
 usually called Delft-ware. 
 
 De-llb'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deliberated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DELIBERATING.] [Lat. deliberare, deliber- 
 atum, from de and librare, to weigh, from libra, a bal- 
 ance. See LiBRATE.] To weigh in the mind; to con- 
 sider maturely ; to reflect upon ; to ponder. 
 
 De-lib'er-ate , v. i. To take counsel with one's self; to 
 weigh the arguments for and against a proposed course 
 of action; to reflect ; to consider. 
 
 De-llb'er-ate, a. 1, Weighing facts and arguments 
 with a view to a choice or decision ; carefully consider- 
 ing the probable consequences of a step ; circumspect. 
 3. Formed with deliberation ; well advised or considered. 
 3. Not hasty or sudden ; slow. 
 
 De-lib'er-ate -ly, adv. With careful consideration or 
 deUberation ; circumspectly ; slowly. 
 
 De-lib'er-ate-ness, n. Quality of being deliberate. 
 
 De-lib'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of deliberating; careful 
 consideration ; mature reflection. 3. Careful discus- 
 .sion and examination of the reasons for and against a 
 measure. 
 
 Syn. — Thoughtfulness ; circumspection ; wariness ; cau- 
 tion; consultation. 
 
 De-lib'er-a-tive, a. Pertaining to deliberation; pro- 
 ceeding or acting by deliberation. 
 
 De-lib'er-a-tive-ly, adv. In the way of deliberation. 
 
 D^l'i-ea-^y, n. [From delicate, a., q. v. Cf. Fr. deli- 
 catesse.] 1. State or condition of being delicate ; agree- 
 ableness to the senses; delightfulness. 3. Nicety or 
 fineness of form, texture, or constitution; hence, frailty 
 or weakness. 3. Extreme propriety, exactness, or nicety 
 of manners or conduct ; susceptibility or tenderness of 
 feeling ; and hence, effeminacy. 4. Addiction to pleas- 
 ure ; luxury; self-indulgence. 5. Nice and refined per- 
 ception and discrimination ; critical niceness. 6. That 
 which is pleasRig, dehcate, or refined ; a luxury or pleas- 
 ure. 7. Something pleasant to the senses, especially 
 to the sense of taste ; a dainty. 
 
 Syn. — Softness; elegance; smootliness; tenderness; fastid- 
 iousness; daintiness. 
 
 D61'i-€ate, a. [Lat. delicatus, pleasing the senses, vol- 
 uptuous, soft and tender, from delicias, dehght. See 
 Delight.] 1. Full of pleasure ; delightful. 3. Pleas- 
 ing to the senses ; hence, adapted to please a nice or cul- 
 tivated taste. 3. Light or softly tinted; — said of a 
 color. 4. Fine or slender ; — said of a thi-ead. 5. SUght 
 or smooth ; light and yielding ; — said of texture. 6. Soft 
 and fair; — said of the skin or a surface. 7. Refined; 
 scrupulous not to trespass or offend ; — said of manners, 
 conduct, or feelings. 8. Tender; not able to endure 
 hardship; — said of constitution, health, &c. 9. Re- 
 quiring nice handling. 10. Addicted to pleasure ; dainty. 
 11. Nicely discriminating or perceptive. 
 
 Syn. — Nice ; fine ; elegant ; gentle ; considerate ; feeble ; 
 frail; effeminate; critical; luxurious. 
 
 D61'i-eate-ly, adv. In a delicate manner. 
 
 Del'i-eate-iiess, n. State of being delicate. 
 
 De-li'cioiis (-lish/us), a. [Lat. deliciosus,froTa delicix, 
 delight. Cf. Delicate .] Affording exquisite pleasure ; 
 most sweet or grateful to the senses, especially to the taste. 
 
 Syn. — Delightful. — Delicious refers to ttie pleasure derived 
 from certain of the senses, as, delicious food, a delicious fra- 
 grance ; delightful may also refer to most of the senses, but has 
 a higher application to matters of taste, feeling, and sentiment, 
 as, a delightful abode, conversation, prospect, &c. 
 
 De-li'cious-ly (-ITsh'us-), adv. In a delicious manner ; 
 pleasantly ; delightfully ; luxuriously. 
 
 De-li'ciou.s-ness, n. Quality of being delicious. 
 
 Dgl'i-ga'tion, n. [Lat. deligatio, from deligare, to bind 
 up, from de and ligare, to bind.] (Surg.) A binding up ; 
 a bandaging. 
 
 De-liglit'(de-litO, M. [From Lat. delectare. See infra.] 
 1. A high degree of gratification of mind ; lively pleas- 
 ure or happiness ; joy. 3. That which affords delight. 
 
 De-light' (de-lItO, v. t. [imp. & p. P- delighted; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DELIGHTING.] [0. Eng. dehte, deliten, 
 0. Fr. deliter, now delecter. It. dilettare, fr. Lat. delectare, 
 intens. form of ddicere, from de and lacere, to 
 allure.] To give great pleasure to ; to please highly. 
 
 ftfbd, f <rot ; tkxra, rude, puU ; ^eU, 9l]iai8e, «aU, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, liaJt ; «iis. 
 
DELIGHT 
 
 190 
 
 DEMARCATION 
 
 De-llglit' (de-lTf), r. i. To have or take great delight. 
 
 I>e-liKlit'ed (ile-lit'ed), p. a. Full of ilolight or pleasure. 
 Syn. — Glad ; pleased ; gratified ; charmed. 
 
 De-Ificlit'f ul (de-lit'fyl). <i. Affording great pleasure and 
 satis&ction : very agn><?able. 
 
 Sj-n.— Delicious; charming. See Delicious. 
 
 De-liKht'f\il-ly (de-lTt'-), adv. In a manner to delight ; 
 chaninngl\ . [fal. 
 
 De-liglit'ful-ness (-lit''-), n. Quality of being delight- 
 
 De-light'siSme (-lit'-), a. Delightful. 
 
 De-liii'o-a-nieiit, n. [Lat. as if ddinf amentum, from 
 dtUntare. See infra.] Representation by delineation. 
 
 I>e-lm'e-ate, v. t. [imp. Sip. p. delineated : p. pr. 
 & fb. n. DELI>'E.\TING.] [Lat. delineare, delineatum, 
 firom df and lineare. to draw a line, from linea, a line.] 
 1. To represent by sketch, design, or diagram. H. To 
 portray to the mind or imdei-standing. 
 
 Syn. — To depict; sketch; paint; draw; picture; portray; 
 describe. 
 
 De-liii'e-a'tion, M. [Lat. delineatio.] 1. Act of repre- 
 senting, portraying, or describing, as by lines, diagrains, 
 sketches, &c. "2. Description. > 
 
 Syn. — Sketch; portrait; outline; draught, 
 
 De-lin'e-a'tor, n. One who delineates. 
 
 De-lm'qiien-^y (-link'wen-). n. Failure or omission of 
 duty : fault ; misdeed ; offense ; crime. 
 
 De-lin'quent (de-Hnk/went), a. Failing in duty ; offend- 
 ing by neglect of duty. 
 
 De-lin'quent, n. [Lat. delinquens. p. pr. of delinquere, 
 to be wanting in one's duty, from de and linquere, to 
 leave.] One who fails to perform his duty; an offender 
 or transgressor : one who commits a fault or crime. 
 
 Dfel'i-qugs^e' (deVi-kwfs'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. deli- 
 quesced (del'i-kwesf); p. pr. & vb. n. DELIQUES- 
 CING.] [Lat. deligiiescere, from de and Hquescere, to be- 
 come fluid, to melt, from liquere, to be fluid.] To dis- 
 solve gradually and become liquid by absorbing moisture 
 from the air. [being deliquescent. 
 
 Dei'i-ques'^en^e (dell-kwes'sens), n. Act or state of 
 
 D^ri-que^'^ent, a. 1. Liquifying in the air. 2. {Bot.) 
 Branching so that the stem is lost in the branches. 
 
 De-liq'ui-ate (de-llk/wl-at), v. i. [From Lat. deliquia, 
 a flowing or running off.] To deliquesce. 
 
 De-Itq'tii-uni(-Tik'\^i-),n. [Lat. See supra.] (Chem.) 
 A melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist place. 
 
 De-lir'i-ous, a. [Lat. delirus, from delirium, q. v.] 
 Having a delirium ; wandering in mind ; hghtheaded ; 
 insane; demented. 
 
 De-lir'i-ous-iiess,w. State of being delirious : delirimn. 
 
 De-Hr'i-tun, n. [Lat., from delirare, orig. to go out of 
 the furrow, hence, to wander in mind, from de and lira, 
 a furrow.] 1. {Med.) A state in which the ideas of a 
 person are wild, irregular, and unconnected ; mental ab- 
 erration. 2. Strong excitement ; wild enthusiasm. 
 
 Delirium tremens (Jfed.), A violent delirium induced by the 
 excessive and prolonged use of intoxicaring liquors. 
 Syn.— Insanity; frenzy; madness; derangement. See Ix- 
 
 EAilTY. 
 
 D61'i-t6s'9en9e, ) n. [From Lat. delitescetis. p. pr. of 
 Del'i-tes'^en-^y , j delitescere, from de and latescere, to 
 hide ones self, from latere, to lie hid.] State of being 
 concealed; retirement. 
 De-liv'er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. delivered : p.pr. & vb. 
 n. delivering.] [Fr. delivrer. L. Lat. deliberare, to Ub- 
 erate, to give over, from Lat. de and liberate . to set free. 
 See Liberate.] 1. To free fi^m restraint: to set at 
 liberty ; to rescue or save from evil, actual or feared, a. 
 To give or transfer ; to part \dth to : to make over. 3. 
 To communicate ; to impart. 4. To give forth in action ; 
 to discharge. 5. To reUeve of a child in child-birth. 
 
 SsTi.— To release: discharee: liberate: surrender: resign; 
 pronounce; utter. — One who delivers a package oives it forth ; 
 one who dehv^rs a cargo discharges it: one who delivers a cap- 
 tive liberates him; one who df.livers a messase or a discourse 
 utters OT pronounces it; when a platoon of soldiers deliver their 
 fire, they set ttjree or give it forth. 
 
 De-liv'er-an^e, n. [Fr. delivrance, from delivrer. See 
 Deliver, v. t.] 1. Act of delivering or freeing from 
 restraint, captivity, peril, and the like. 2. State of being 
 dehvered: freedom. 
 
 De-liv'er-er, n. One who delivers ; a preserver. 
 
 I>e-liv'er-y, n. 1. Act of deUvering from restraint; res- 
 cue ; release. 2. Act of delivering up or over ; surren- 
 der. 3. Act or style of utterance. 4. Act of giving 
 birth ; parturition. 5. State of being delivered : free- 
 dom ; preservation. 
 
 D611, n. [See Dale ; and cf. W. dell, a slit or cleft, Prov. 
 
 j Ger. dtUe, telU, a Uttle hollow.] A small retired dak or 
 
 valley ; a ravine ; a dingle. 
 I D6I'phi-an, I a. [Lat. Delphieus, from Delphi^ a town 
 D61'plii€, ) of Phocis. in Greece, now Kastn.] ( Gr. 
 I Antiq.) Relating to Delphi, and to the oracle of thai 
 I place ; orncular. 
 
 I>ei'pliin, ( a. [Cf. Dauphin.] Pertainmg to the dau- 
 i DSl'phuie, i phin of France or to an edition of the 
 
 classics, prepared for his use. 
 DSl'plune, a. [Fr<Jm Lat. delphinus, a dolphin, Gr. 
 fieA^i's, 6eA<^iV.] Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of 
 
 Dei'ta, n.;/)/. d£l/ta§. 1. The Greek letter A. 2. A 
 tract of land of a similar figure ; especially, the space be- 
 tween two mouths of a river. 
 
 D61'toid, a. [Gr. fieXToeifiijs, delta -shaped, from Bekra, 
 the Greek letter A, and etSos, form.] Resembling the 
 Greek A (delta) ; triangular. 
 
 De-lud'a-ble, a. Capable of being deluded or deceived. 
 
 De-lude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deluded: p.pr. & vh. 
 n. DELUDING.] [lAt. deludere, from de and ludere, to 
 play, to make sport of, to mock.] 1. To lead from truth 
 or into error ; to mislead the mind or judgment of. 2» 
 To frustrate or disappoint. 
 SjTi.— To mislead; deceive; beguile; cheat. 
 
 De-lud'er, n. One who deludes, or deceives. 
 
 Del'uge, 77. [Fr. deluge, 0. Fr. deluve, from Lat. diluvium, 
 from diluere, to wash away, from di, for dis. and luere^ 
 equiv. to lavare, to wash.] 1. An overflowing of the 
 land by water ; an inundation ; a flood ; especially, the 
 great flood in' the days of Noah. 2. Anything which 
 overwhelms, as a great calamitj". 
 
 Del'iige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DELUGED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DELUGING.] 1. To overflow, as with water; to inun- 
 date ; to drown. 2. To overwhelm, or cause to sink under 
 a general or spreading calamity. 
 
 I>e-lu'§ioii, n. [Lat. delusio, from deludere. See De- 
 lude.] 1. The act of deluding ; deception; a mislead-, 
 ing of the mind. 2. The state of being deluded. 3. 
 False belief; error. 
 
 Syn. — Illusion ; fallacy. —An illvsion is a false show, a mere 
 cheat on the fancy or senses; a delusion is a false judgment, 
 usually affectingthe real concerns of life: a/a??oc!/ is something 
 (like an argument, &c.) having a specious appearance, but des- 
 titute of reality and truth. The illusions of youth ; the delu- 
 sions of stock-jobbing : a fallacy in reasoning. 
 
 I>e-lu'sive, a. Fitted to delude : tending to mislead the 
 
 mind; deceptive; beguiling ;., delusory. 
 De-lu'so-ry, a. Apt to delude : delusive ; fallacious. 
 Delve, V. t. [imp. & p. p. delved ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 DELVING.] [A.-S. del/an.] 1. To dig; to open with a 
 spade. 2. To fethom ; to penetrate ; to trace out. 
 Delve, V. i. To labor with the spade. 
 Delv'er, n. One who digs, as with a spade. 
 De-ma g'net-ize, v. t. [I'rom de and magnetize, q. v.] 
 1. To deprive of magnetic polarity. 2. To restore from 
 a sleep-waking state. 
 Dem'a-gog'igin, n. The practices of a demagogue. 
 Dem'a-gogixe (-gog), ti. [Gr. STj/xaywyo?, from 6rJM05> the 
 common people, and ayojyos, leading, from ayeiv, to 
 lead.] One who controls the multitude by specious or 
 deceitful arts : an artful political orator. 
 De-main', n. See Demesnt:. 
 
 De-mand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. demanded -.p.pr.Sc vb. 
 n. DEMANDING.] [Lat. demandare, to intrust, from de 
 and mandare, to commit to one's charge, to order, com- 
 mand.] 1. To ask or call for, as one who has a claim, 
 right, or power, to enforce the claim : to make reqiusition 
 of. 2. To enquire earnestly or authoritatively : to ask ; 
 i to question. 3 . To require as necessary or useful ; to 
 I be in urgent need of. 4. {Law.) To call into court; to 
 I summon. 
 
 De-mand', v. i. To make a demand ; to ask ; to inquire. 
 De-mand', n. 1. Act of demanding; requisition; ex- 
 action. 2. Earnest inqiiiry ; question ; query. 3. DC- 
 I igent search ; manifested want ; request. 4. That which 
 j one demands or has a right to demand ; thing claimed ; 
 I claim. 
 
 ; Li demand, in request; in a state of being much sought after. 
 
 — On demand, on presentation and request of payment. 
 
 De-mand'a-ble, a. Capable of bemg demanded. 
 De-mand'ant, n. One who demands ; the plaintiff In a 
 
 real action ; any plaintiff. 
 De-mand'er, n. One who demands. 
 De'mar-ea'tion. n. [Fr. demarcation, from d&marquer. 
 i to take a mark off from. See Mark.] 1. Act of mark- 
 ing, or of ascertaining and setting a limit , division ; sep- 
 ' aration. 2. A limit or bound ascertained and fixed. 
 
 »,e.ic.,ionff; a,6, tc, jAcwt/ c4re,far,ask,aU,wkat ; £re, veil, term; pique, 
 
 son, or, dQi^v^U, 
 
DEMARKATION 
 
 191 
 
 DEMONSTRATION 
 
 De'mar-lta'tion, n. See Demarcation. 
 
 De-mean', v. t. [imp. & p. p. demeaned; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. demeaning.] [0. Fr. demener, demesner, from 
 de and mener, to lead, drive, carry on, conduct, fr. Lat. 
 minare, to drive animals by threatening cries, from mi- 
 nari, to threaten.] To manage ; to conduct ; to treat. 
 
 De-mean', ^•. «. 1. [See supra.] To carry or conduct ; 
 to behave. 3. [From de and mean, q. v.] To debase ; 
 to lower. 
 
 Syn. — To degrade. — Among our early writers, demean 
 was taken to be connected with mie7i and demeanor, and not 
 with mean. This is still the approved use of the word; yet it 
 ia not unusual, even at the present day, to speak of a man's 
 demeaning [\. e. degrading] himself by improper conduct. 
 
 De-mean'or, n. Manner of behaving ; conduct. 
 
 Syn. — Behavior; deportment; carriage; bearing; mien. 
 
 De'men-^y, n. [Lat. de7nentia, from demens, out of 
 one's mind, mad, from de, from, out of, and mens, the 
 mind.] Dementia ; insanity. 
 
 De-men'tate (45), a. Deprived of reason ; insane. 
 
 De-men'tate, v. t. [hnp. & p. p. dementated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DEMENTATING.] [Lat. dementatus, 
 p. p. of dem.entare.] To deprive of reason. 
 
 De'men-ta'tion, n. Act of depriving of reason, or 
 state of being so deprived. 
 
 De-men'ti-d (-shi'a), n. [Lat.] 1. Insanity. [See In- 
 sanity.] 5i. A total loss of thought and reason ; loss 
 of intellect ; idiocy. 
 
 De-m6pli'i-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. demephi- 
 TIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DEMEPHITIZING.] [From 
 de and Fr. mephitiser, to infect with mephitis, q. v.] To 
 purify from foul, unwholesome air. 
 
 De-m6r'it, n. [Fr. dcmerite, from de and m.erite, 
 merit, Lat. m.eritum, from merere, to deserve. See 
 Merit.] 1. That which deserves blame; that which 
 detracts from merit; fault; crime; vice. 3. State of 
 one who deserves ill ; ill-desert. 
 
 De-mer'sion, n. 1. Act of plunging into a fluid ; a 
 drowning ; immersion. 3. State of being overwhelmed 
 in water or earth. 
 
 De-m6§'mer-ize, v. t. [From de and mesmerize, q. v.] 
 To relieve from mesmeric influence. 
 
 De-mesne' (-meen'), n. [0. Eng. dem-ayne, dem.eine, de- 
 m,eyn, 0. Fr. demaine, demesne, demenie, demoine, now 
 domaine, from Lat. dominium, -groT^erly right of owner- 
 ship, from dom.inus, master of the house, proprietor, 
 owner, from domus, house.] {Law.) The chief manor- 
 place, with that part of the lands belonging thereto which 
 has not been granted out in tenancy. 
 
 D6m'i-ea'clen9e, n. (Mus.) An imperfect cadence, or 
 one that falls on any other than the key-note. 
 
 D6m'i-g6d., n. A fabulous hero, half divine, produced 
 by the cohabitation of a deity with a mortal. 
 
 D6m'i-j61in (-jon), n. [Fr. dame-jeanne, i. e., Lady 
 Jane ; said to be a corruption of Damaghan, a town in 
 Khorassan, once famous for its glass-works.] A glass 
 vessel or bottle with a large body and small neck, in- 
 closed in wicker-work. 
 
 D6m'i-liine, n. (Fort.) A work constructed beyond 
 the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain 
 between two bastions, intended to defend the curtain; 
 araveUn. See Ravelin. 
 
 Dem'i-rep, n. [A contraction of demi-reputation.] A 
 woman of suspicious chastity. 
 
 Dem'i-r'i'l'i-e'vo, n. [It.] {Sculp.) Half-relief, or the 
 standing out of a figure from the background by half its 
 thickness. [demised or leased. 
 
 De-mi§'a-ble, a. [See Demise.] Capable of being 
 
 De-mi§e' (-mlz'), n. [From Fr. demettre, p. p. dcmis, 
 demise, to put away, lay down, from de, for des, equiv. 
 to Lat. dis, and mettre, to put, place, lay, from Lat. 
 mittere, to send.] 1. Transmission by formal act or 
 conveyance to an heir or successor ; transference. 3. 
 Decease of a royal or princely person ; hence, also, the 
 death of any distinguished individual. 3. {Law.) The 
 conveyance or transfer of an estate, either in fee for life 
 or for years, most commonly the latter. 
 Syn. — Death; decease; departm-e; release. See Death. 
 
 De-mi§e', v. t. [iinp. & p. p. demised; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. demising.] To transfer or transmit by succes- 
 sion or inheritance ; to bequeath . 
 
 DSm'i-sem'i-qua'ver, n. -Q -« a-a-r 
 
 {Mus.) A short note, equal jjcr~~{N — n — ^-f' t 
 
 in time to the half of a semi- ^g— ^— i^ STP-F 
 
 quaver, or the thirty-second TT" * ^ '■" 
 part ofa whole note. Demisemiquavers. 
 
 De-mis'sion (-mLsh/un), n. [Lat. demissio. See DE- 
 
 MIT.] Act of demitting, or state of being demitred, 
 degradation ; humiliation . 
 
 De-mit', v. i. [Lat. demittere, to send or bring down, 
 to lower, from de and mittere, to send.] 1. To let fjall; 
 to depress ; hence, to lay down formally, as an office. 
 ti. To yield or submit. 
 
 D6m'i-tlnt', n. {Paint.) A gradation of color between 
 positive hght and positive shade. 
 
 Dfim'i-O^rge, n. [Gr. Siji^iiowp-yos, working for the peo- 
 ple, a workman, esp. the maker of the world ; from 
 5>jju.tos, belonging to the people, from Stj/uios, the people, 
 and ep-yov, a work.] 1, God as the creator and former 
 of the world. 2. An aeon, or exalted and mysterious 
 agent, employed in the creation of the world and of man 
 from matter; — so called by the Gnostics, and regarded 
 by them as the original source of every thing evil. 
 
 Dgm'i-fir'gi*, a. Pertaining to a demiurge; forma- 
 tive ; creative. 
 
 D6m'i-v61t, n. An artificial motion of a horse, in 
 wljich he raises his fore- legs in a peculiar manner. 
 
 De-m6e'ra-fy, n. [Gr. SrjfxoKparCa, from Stj/ao?, the 
 people, and Kparelv, to be strong, to rule, from Kparos, 
 strength.] 1. A form of government in which the su- 
 preme power is in the hands of the people, and directly 
 exercised by them ; hence, a form of government in 
 which the power resides ultimately in the whole people, 
 who conduct it by a system of representation and dele- 
 gation of powers. 3. The principles held by one of the 
 two chief parties into which the people have long been 
 divided. [A7ner.] 
 
 Dem'o-erat, n. 1. One who is an adherent or pro- 
 moter of democracy. 3. A member of the Democratic 
 party. [Amer.] 
 
 Dem'o-era,t'i<;, J a. 1. Pertaining to, or favoring 
 
 Dem''o-<;ra.t'ie-al, j deniocracy ; constructed upon 
 the principle of popular government. 3. Favoring 
 popular rights ; — said of one of the political parties in 
 the United States. 
 
 Dem'o-«rat'i«-al-ly, adv. In a democratical manner. 
 
 De-mol'isli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. demolished (de- 
 moFisht, 108); p. pr. & vb. n. demolishing.] [From 
 Lat. demoliri, from de and moliri, to set in motion, to 
 construct, from m,oles, a huge mass or structure.] To 
 throw or puU down ; to pull to pieces ; to ruin. 
 
 Syn. — To overturn ; overthrow ; destroy ; dismantle; 
 raze. — That is overturned or overthrown which had stood 
 upright; that is destroyed whose component parts are scat- 
 tered; that is demolished which had formed a mass or struc- 
 ture ; that is dismantled which is stripped of its covering, as a 
 vessel of its sails, or a fortress of its bastions, &c. ; that is razed 
 which is brought down smooth and level to the ground. 
 
 De-mol'ish-er, n. One who demoHshes. 
 
 Dem''o-li'tion (-lish'un), n. [Lat. demolitio, from de- 
 moliri. See supra.] Act of overthrowing, pulling down, 
 or destroying a pile or structure ; ruin ; destruction. 
 
 De'mon, n. [Lat. dsemon, a spirit, an evil spirit, from 
 Gr. 5atju,wv,a divinity.] 1. ( Gr. Antiq.) A spfrit holding 
 a middle place between men and the gods ; — hence, 
 also, a departed soul. 3. An evil spirit ; a devU. 
 
 De-mo'ni-a«, ) a. \l&t.dsem.oniacus,fvom.dxm.on.'\ 
 
 Dem'o-ni'a«-al, ) 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
 demons. 3. Influenced or produced by demons or evil 
 spirits ; devilish. 
 
 De-mo'ni-a«, n. A human being possessed by a demon 
 or evil spirit. 
 
 De-mo'ni-an, a. Having the nature ofa demon. 
 
 De'mon-igm, n. The belief in demons or false gods. 
 
 De'mon-ist, n. One who beheves in demons. 
 
 De'mon-61'a-try, n. [Gr. Sat>wv, demon, and Aa- 
 Tpei'a, worship.] Worship of demons or of evil spirits. 
 
 De'mon-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. SaifjiOiv, demon, and Xoyos, 
 discourse.] A treatise on demons, or evil spirits, and 
 their agency. 
 
 De'mon-sliip, n. The state of being a demon. 
 
 De-mon'stra-bil'i-ty, n. The quaUty of being demon- 
 strable ; demonstrableness. 
 
 De-mon'stra-lble, a. Capable of being demonstrated; 
 admitting of decisive proof. 
 
 De-mon'stra-ble-ness, n. The quality of being de- 
 monstrable ; demonstrability. 
 
 De-mon'stra-bly, ndv. In a manner to demonstrate. 
 
 D6m'on-strate, or De-mon'strate (117), v. t. [Lat. 
 dem.onstratus, demonstrare, from de and monstrare, to 
 show.] [See Note under Contemplate.] 1. To point 
 out; to indicate; to exhibit. 2. To show, prove, or 
 estabUsh so as to exclude possibility of doubt or denial. 
 3. {Anat.) To exhibit and describe the parts of, when 
 dissected ; — said ofa dead body. 
 
 Dgm'on-stra'tion, n. 1. Act of demonstrating, 
 
 food, fdbt -, ^rn, ri|de, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, eebo ; gem, get; ag; e^ist; liaser, llnlc ; fills. 
 
1 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE 
 
 192 
 
 DENOUNCE 
 
 showing, or making clear; proof; especially, proof be- 
 yond the possibility of doubt. '2. An expit>ssiou of the 
 Seelings bv out war\l signs; a manifestation. 3. (Anat.) 
 Exliibilion and description of the parts of a subject that 
 ha.s been preivireil bv the ilissector. 4. (Lo^ic.) The act 
 of proving by the syllogistic process. 5. (Math.) A course 
 of reasoning' showing that a certain result is a necessary 
 consequence of assuuuHl premi.«es. ti. (Mil.) A decisive 
 exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an inten- 
 tion. 
 
 I>e-iu6n'stra-tive, a. 1. Tending to demonstrate; 
 
 having the jHwer of demonstration. 3. Expressing, or 
 
 incliiuHl to express, feeling, thoughts, &c. ; frank ; open. 
 
 fk mo lift to tire pronoun (Gram.), one distinctly designating 
 
 that to which it refers. 
 
 De-nidn'stra-tXve-ly, ndv. In a manner fitted to de- 
 monstrate ; certainly : clea,rly : openly. 
 
 DCm'on-stra'tor, n. 1. One who demonstrates or 
 proves any thing with certainty, or with indubitable 
 e>-idence. 'J. (AnaJ.) One who exhibits and describes the 
 p;irts when dissected. [monstrative. 
 
 De-ni6n'stra-to-ry, a. Tending to demonstrate ; de- 
 
 De-mdr'al-i-za'tion, n. [Ft. d&)7ioraiisation, from 
 dcirwraUser. See infra.] 1. The act of subverting or cor- 
 rupting morals ; especially, the act of corrupting discip- 
 line, courage, &c. 2. The state resulting from loss of 
 discipUne, coxirage, &c. 
 
 De-mSr'al-ize, v.t. [imp. 8c p. p. demoralized; 
 p. pr. & 1-6. «. DEMORALIZING.] [Fr. demoraliser, 
 from de and maraliser. See MORALIZE.] To destroy or 
 undermine the morals of ; to render corrupt in morals, 
 in discipUne, in courage, &c. 
 
 I>e-m6t'i«, a. [Gr. 6-»}jaoTiJc6s, from SrjfjLos, the people.] 
 Pertaining to the people ; popular ; common. 
 
 Demotic alphabet or character, a form of writing used in 
 Egjpt since six or seven centuries before Christ, for books, 
 deedf;, &c.: a simplified form of the hieratic character; — 
 called also enchorial character. 
 
 De-miil'peiit, a. [Lat. demulcens, p. pr. of demulcere.] 
 Softening, mollifying, lenient. 
 
 De-mul'^ent, n. (Med.) A substance of a bland, mu- 
 cilaginous nature, supposed to be capable of protecting 
 the tissues from the action of irritant or acrid hvunors . 
 
 De-miir', v. i. [iinp. & p. p. demurred : p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. DEMURRING.] [0. Tr. demurer, demorer, now de- 
 meurer, Lat. demorari, from de and morari, to delay, 
 tarry, stay, from mora, delay.] 1. To delay; to pause; 
 to suspend proceedings in view of a doubt or difficulty. 
 2. (Law.) To raise an objection at any point in the 
 pleadings, and rest or abide upon it for a decision by the 
 coTirt. 
 
 De-mu.r', n. Stop ; pause ; hesitation as to proceeding ; 
 suspense of decision or action. 
 
 De-miire', a. [From 0. Fr. de murs, i. e. de boniies 
 murs, of [good] maimers; 0. Fr. murs, uovtmaurs, f., 
 from Lat. wores, manners, morals.] 1. Of sober or seri- 
 ous mien ; of modest appearance ; grave. 3. Modest 
 in outward seeming only ; making a show of gravity. 
 
 De-mure'ly, adv. In a demure manner. 
 
 De-miire'ness, n. State or quality of being demure. 
 
 De-mur'rage, n. [See Demur.] (Com.) (a.) Deten- 
 tion of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed 
 by her charter-party, (h.) Payment made for such de- 
 tention. 
 
 es* The term is also appUed to land carriage, by wagons, 
 railways, &c. 
 
 De-m-ur'rer, n. 1. One who demurs. 2. (Law.) A 
 stop in an action upon a point of difficulty which must be 
 determined by the court before any further proceedings 
 can be had. 
 
 De-my', n. [See DEMI.] A size of paper next smaller 
 than medium. 
 
 De-my', a. Pertaining to, or made of, the size of paper 
 called demy. 
 
 D^n, n. [A.-S. den , denn, dene, denu, a valley, a secluded 
 place, a den.] 1. A cave or hollow place in the earth, 
 u«ed for concealment, shelter, protection, or security. 
 2. A customary place of resort : a haunt ; a retreat. 
 
 D£ii, V. i. To dwell as in a den. 
 
 De-nu'ri^is, n. ; pi. DE-na'ri-i. [Lat., prop, contain- 
 ing ten, fr. deni, ten each, fr. decern, ten.] An old Roman 
 coin of the value of about 16 or 17 cents ; — so called from 
 being worth originally ten of the pieces called as. 
 
 I>6n'a-ry, a. [Lat. denarius. See supra.] Containing 
 ten : tenfold. 
 
 I>€n'a-ry, n. The number ten. 
 
 De-nk'tion-al-ize (-nSLsh'un-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. de- 
 nationalized; ppr. & vb.n. DENATIONALIZING.] 
 
 [From de and nationalize, q. v.] To direst of national 
 character or rights, by transference to the service of 
 another nation. 
 
 De-n&t'u-ral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. denatural- 
 ized ; p.pr. & vb. n. DENATURALIZING.] [From dg 
 and naturalize, q. v.] 1. To render imnatural ; to alien- 
 ate from nature. 2. To denationalize. 
 
 D6n'dri-f orm, a. [Gr. SevSpoy, a taree, and l&t. forma.] 
 Having the appearance of a tree. 
 
 Dfin'drite, n. [Gr. *i/5ptTT}s, fr. Sei/Splns, of a tree, fr. 
 SeVSpov, a tree.] (Min.) A stone or mineral, on or in 
 which are branching figures i-esembhng shrubs or trees. 
 
 Den-drit'i-e, ( a. Containing delineations whidi 
 
 Den-drit'i-e-al, j branch like shrubs or trees. 
 
 Den'droid. a. [Gr. 6ev6poei6^s, tree-like, from SevSpov, 
 tree, and eiSo?, form.] Resembling a shrub or tree in 
 form ; dendriti£. 
 
 Den-drol'o-gist, n. One who is acquainted with the 
 natural history of trees. 
 
 Den-drol'o-gy, n. [Gr. SdvSpov, a tree, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] A discourse or treatise on trees ; the natural 
 history of trees. 
 
 Den-drom'e-ter, n. [Gr. SevSpov, a tree, and y-erpov, 
 measure.] An instrument to measure the height and 
 diameter of trees. 
 
 De-ni'a-ble, a. Capable of being denied. 
 
 De-ni'al, M. 1. Act of denying. 2. An assertion of the 
 untruth of a thing stated or maintained; a contradiction. 
 3. A refusal to grant ; rejection of a request. 4. A re- 
 fusal to acknowledge ; disclaimer of connection with ; 
 disavoT^'al. 
 Denial of one^s self, restraint of one's appetites or propensities. 
 
 De-ni'er, n. One who denies, contradicts, or reftises. 
 
 Den'im, n. A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, &c. 
 
 Den'l-za'tion, «. {L-'Lat. denizatio. S^ee infra.] Act 
 of making one a denizen or adopted citizen. 
 
 Den'i-zen (den'i-zn), n. [Norm. Fr. deinszein, from Lat. 
 donatio, donation, because he was made a subject ex 
 donatione regis, by the king's letters patent.] 1. An 
 adopted or naturalized citizen. 2. Hence, a stranger 
 admitted to residence in a foreign country. 3 . A dweller ; 
 an inhabitant. 
 
 Den'i-zen, v. t. 1. To make a denizen ; to enfranchise. 
 2. To provide -with denizens. 
 
 Den'net, n. A kind of light, open, two-wheeled carriage, 
 like a gig. [named. 
 
 De-nom'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being denominated or 
 
 De-nom'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. denominated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DENOMINATING.] [Lat. denominare, 
 denorninatum, from de and nomen, a name.] To give a 
 name or epithet to ; to characterize by an epithet ; to 
 entitle : to name ; to designate. 
 
 De-nom'i-nate, a. Having a specific name or denom- 
 ination ; specified in the concrete as opposed to abstract. 
 
 De-nom'i-na'tion, n. [Lat. denominaiio.] 1. Act of 
 naming or designating. 2. That by which any thing is 
 denominated or styled ; a name, especially, a general 
 name belonging to and indicating a class of like individ- 
 uals. 3. A class, or collection of individuals, called by 
 the same name ; a sect. 
 
 Syn. — Name ; appellation ; designation ; title ; category. 
 
 De-nom'i-na'tion-al, a. Relating to a denomination. 
 
 De-nom'i-na-tive, a. 1. Conferring a denomination 
 or title. 2. Possessing a distinct denomination or desig- 
 nation. 3. Derived from a substantive or adjective. 
 
 I>e-n6m'i-na-tive, n. (Gram.) A verb formed from a 
 noun either substantive or adjective. 
 
 De-nom'i-na'tor, n. 1. One who. or that which, gives 
 a name. 2. (Arith. ) That number placed below the line 
 in vulgar fractions, which shows into how many parts 
 the integer is divided. 3. (Alg.) That part of any ex- 
 pression which is situated below the horizontal line signi- 
 fying division. 
 
 I>e-not'a-tole, a. Capable of being denoted. 
 
 Den'o-ta'tion, ?i. The act of denoting. 
 
 De-note', v. t. [imp. & p. p. denoted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DENOTING.] [Lat. denotare, from de and notare, to 
 mark, from nota, a mark, sign, note.] 1. To indicate; 
 to point out ; to mark. 2. To be the gign of; to signify ; 
 to mean ; to intend. 
 
 Denouement (d"n<ro/mong'), n. [Fr., from denouer^ 
 to untie ; de and nouer, to tie.] 1. The catastrophe, es- 
 pecially of a drama, romance, and the like. 2. The 
 solution of a mystery ; issue ; event. 
 
 De-noimce', f. t. ' [imp. & p. p. denounced (de- 
 nounst/) ; p. pr. & vb. n. DENOUNCING.] [Lat. d^- 
 nunciare, denuntiare, from de and nunciare, nuntiare, %• 
 
 Si,e,Stc.,long; &,e,&c.,jAor2; c4re, far.ask, all, wliat; Sre, veil, term ; piqiie,firm; s6n,dr,do,^r9lf, 
 
DENOUNCEMENT 
 
 193 
 
 DEPHLEGMATE 
 
 announce, report, from nuncius, nuntius, a messenger, 
 measage.] 1. To give formal or oflScial notice of ; to 
 announce or declare. 2. To threaten by some outward 
 sign or expression. 3. To point out as deserving of 
 reprehension or punishment, &c. ; to inform against ; to 
 stigmatize. 
 
 De-noimpe'inent, n. Notification or announcament, 
 especially of a threat, a calamity, &c. ; denunciation. 
 
 De-noun'^er, n. One who denounces. 
 
 I>6use, a. [Lat. densus, allied to Gr. SouttJs, thick with 
 hair or leaves.] Having the constituent parts closely 
 united ; close : compact. 
 
 Dgnse'ly, adv. In a dense, compact manner. 
 
 D6n'si-ty, n. 1. Quality of being dense, close, or thick; 
 compactness. 3. {Physics.) The proportion of mass, or 
 quantity of matter, to bulk or volume. 
 
 D^nt, n. [A modification of dint, q. v. Cf. also Fr. dent, 
 and Lat. dens, gen. dentis, a tooth.] The mark made by 
 a blow ; indentation. 
 
 D6ut, I", t. [imp. & p. p. DENTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DENTING.] To make a dent or the mark of a blow upon ; 
 to indent. 
 
 DSn'tal, a. [From Lat. deiis, dentis, a tooth.] 1. Per- 
 taining to the teeth. 2. ( Gram.) Formed by the aid of 
 the teeth or of the gimi investing them. 
 
 I>6n.'tal, n. An articulation or letter formed by the aid 
 of the teeth or the gum of the teeth. 
 
 Den'tate, ( a. [Lat. dentatus, from dens, a tooth.] 
 
 D^n'ta-ted, S Toothed ; sharply notched ; serrate. 
 
 Den-ta'tion, n. The form or formation of teeth. 
 
 I>6iit'ecl, a. Indented ; impressed with little hollows. 
 
 Dgn'ti-ele (d6n''ti-kl), n. [Lat. denticulus, dim. of dens, 
 a tooth.] A small tooth or projecting point. 
 
 I>en-ti€'u-late, ) a. [Lat. denticulatus , from denticu- 
 
 I>eii-ti«'u-la'tedJ Zm5, a little tooth.] (Bot.) Notched 
 into little tooth-hke projections ; finely dentate. 
 
 Den-ti-e^u-la'tion, n. The state of being set with small 
 notches or teeth. 
 
 Dfin'ti-f orin, a. [Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth, and /orwa.] 
 Having the form of a tooth or of teeth. 
 
 Dfin'ti-fripe, n. [Lat. dentifricium, from dens, a tooth, 
 and /r/care, to rub.] A powder or other substance to be 
 used in cleaning the teeth. 
 
 I>en'til, n. [Lat. denticulus.] {Arch.) An ornamental 
 square block or projection in cornices bearing some re- 
 semblance to teeth. 
 
 Dfiii'tist, n. [From Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth.] One who 
 cleans, extracts, repairs or fills natural teeth, and inserts 
 artificial ones. 
 
 I>6n.'tist-ry, n. The art or profession of a dentist. 
 
 Den-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. [Lat. dentitio, from dentire, 
 to cut teeth, from dens, a tooth.] 1. The process of 
 cutting the teeth. 2. {Zo'dl.) The system of teeth pecu- 
 liar to an animal. 
 
 Den'toid, a. [Lat. dens, dentis, tooth, and Gr. etSo?, 
 form.] Shaped like a tooth. 
 
 t)6n.'u.-da'tion, n. 1. Act of stripping off covering; a 
 making bare. ii. ( Geol.) The laying bare or wearing 
 away of rocks, as by running water. 
 
 t>e-iiu.de', V. t. [Lat. denudare, from de and nudare, to 
 make naked or bare, from nudus, naked, bare.] To di- 
 vest of all covering ; to make bare or naked ; to strip. 
 
 I>e-iiiiii'ci-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [Lat. denunciare, denun- 
 ciatum. See DENOUNCE^] To denounce. [Rare.] 
 
 De-nu.n'ci-a'tion ( -shi-a'shun), n. [See Denounce.] 
 1. Act of denouncing. 2. That by which any thing is 
 denounced ; public menace or accusation. 
 
 De-iiu.ii.'ci-a''tor (-shi-), n. [Lat. denunciator.] One 
 who denounces, threatens, or accuses. 
 
 De-nun'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-), a. Containing a denunci- 
 ation ; minatory ; accusing. 
 
 De-ny', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DENIED (de-nld') ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DENYING.] [0. Eng. denay, q. v. ; Fr. denier, 
 from Lat. denegare, from de and negare, to say no, to 
 deny, from ne, no, not, and aio, I say yes.] 1. To con- 
 tradict ; to gainsay ; to declare not to be true. 3. To 
 refuse; to reject. 3. To refuse to grant; to withhold. 
 4. To disclaim connection with, responsibility for, and 
 the like ; to disown ; to abjure. 
 
 To deny one's self, to decline the gratification of appetites or 
 desires ; to practice self-denial. 
 
 I>e-6b'stru.-eiit, a. [From de and obstruent, q. v.] 
 
 {Med.) Removing obstructions; aperient. 
 I>e-5b'struL-eiit, n. {Med.) A medicine which removes 
 
 obstructions and opens the natural passages of the fluids 
 . of the body; an aperient. 
 De'o-d^iid', n. [From Lat. Beo dandum, to be given to 
 
 God.] {Eng. Law.) A personal chattel which was the 
 immediate occasion of the death of a rational creature, 
 and for that reason given to God, that is, forfeited to the 
 crown, to be apphed to pious uses. 
 
 De-o'dor-ize, v. t. To deprive of odor, especially of bad 
 odor resulting from impurities. 
 
 De-o'dor-iz'er, n. He who, or that which, deodorizes. 
 
 De'on-t61'o-gist, n. One versed in deontology. 
 
 De'on-tdl'o-gy, n. [From Gr. 8eov, gen. Seoi'Tos, neccs' 
 sary, an obligation, p. n. of 6ei, it is necessary, andAoyos, 
 discourse.] The science of that which is morally binding 
 or obligatory. 
 
 De-6x'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deoxidated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DEOXIDATING.] [From de and oxidate, q. v.] 
 ( Ciiem. ) To deprive of oxygen, or reduce from the state 
 of an oxide. [Written also deoxydate.] 
 
 De-bx'i-da'tion, n. { Chem.) Act or process of reducing 
 from the state of an oxide. 
 
 I>e-6x'i-dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DEOXIDIZED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DEOXIDIZING.] [From de and oxidize, q. v.] 
 ( Chem.) To deoxidate. [Written also deoxydize.] 
 
 De-part', v. i. [imp. & p. p. departed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. departing.] [From Lat. de a.nd partire,partiri, to 
 part, divide, distribute, from^ars, a part; Fr. departir, 
 to divide, distribute, se departir, to separate one's self; 
 depart.] 1. To go forth or away ; to quit, leave, or sep- 
 arate from a place or person. 2. To quit this world ; to 
 decease ; to die. 
 
 To depart from, to forsake ; to abandon ; to give up. 
 
 De-part', v. t. To leaVe ; to quit ; to retire from. 
 
 De-part'ment, n. [Fr. dcpartement, from departir. See 
 Depart.] 1. A part or portion. 3. A distinct course 
 of life, action, study, or the like. 3. Subdivision of 
 business or of&cial duty ; especially one of the principal 
 divisions of executive government. 4. Territorial divi- 
 sion ; especially, one for governmental purposes. 5. A 
 military subdivision of a country. 
 
 Syn. — Subdivision ; sphere ; province ; district. 
 
 De-part-menfal, a. Pertaining to a department. 
 
 De-part'iire (53), n. 1. Act of departing ; separation 
 or removal from a place. 2. Death ; decease. 3. De- 
 viation or abandonment, as of a rule of duty, of an ac- 
 tion, or of a plan or purpose. 4. {Navigation & Surv.) 
 The distance east or west, as of a ship or the end of a 
 course, from the particular meridian from which the ves- 
 sel or course departs. 5. {Law.) Desertion by a party 
 to any pleading of the ground taken by him in his last 
 antecedent pleading, and the adoption of another. 
 Syn. - See Death. 
 
 De-pend', v. i. [imp. & p.p. DEPENDED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DEPENDING.] [Lat. dependere, from de and pendere, 
 to hang.] 1. To hang; to be sustained by something 
 above. 2. To be in suspense ; to remain undetermined. 
 3. To rely for support ; to stand related to any thing, as 
 to an efficient or determining cause, or necessary condi- 
 tion, &c. 4. To rest with confidence ; to trust ; to con- 
 fide ; to rely. 5. To be in a condition of service. 
 
 De-p6nd'ant, n. See Dependent. 
 
 De-pend'en^e, n. [L. Lat. dependentia. See supra.] 
 
 1. The act or the state of depending or of being de- 
 pendent ; the act of hanging down ; suspension from a 
 support. 2. Subjection to the action of its cause or 
 law. 3. Mutual connection and support; concatena- 
 ation ; systematic inter-relation. 4. Subjection to the 
 direction or disposal of another ; inability to help or pro- 
 vide for one's self. 5. A resting with confidence; re- 
 liance ; trust. 6. That which depends ; a thing de- 
 pendent. 
 
 De-p6iid'en-<py, n. 1. State of being dependent. 2. 
 A thing hanging down or depending. 3. That which is 
 attached to something else as its consequence, subordi- 
 nate, satellite, or the like. 4. A territory remote from 
 the kingdom or state to which it belongs, but subject to 
 its dominion; a colony. 
 
 De-pgnd'ent, a. [See Depend.] 1. Hanging down. 
 
 2. Relying on, or subject to, something else for support; 
 contingent or conditioned ; subordinate. 
 
 De-pend'ent, n. 1. One who depends ; one who is sus- 
 tained by, or who relies on another; a retainer. 2. 
 That which depends ; corollary ; consequence. 
 
 De-p6nd'ent-ly, adv. In a dependent manner. 
 
 De-pgnd'er, n. One who depends ; a dependent. 
 
 De-plil6g'mate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. dephlegmated ; 
 p.pr.&,vb. n. DEPHLEGMATING.] [N. Lat. dephleg- 
 mare, dephlegmntum,fTom.de3ind Lat. phlegma, phlegHi, 
 Gr. <^Aey/u.a.] To deprive of superabundant water, as by 
 evaporation or distillation ; to rectify. 
 
 food, f<ibt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, <;all, 
 
 13 
 
 e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tMs. 
 
DEPHLEGMATION 
 
 194 
 
 DEPRECATOR 
 
 I>^ph''le8;-ina'tion, n. The operation of separating 
 wHtor fn>m spirits ami acids, by evaporation or repeated 
 distillation ; oonc>«ntratiou. 
 
 D^pli'lo-«;Is'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dephlo- 
 
 GISTICATEU: p. pr. & vb. n. DEPHLOGISTICATING.] 
 [From f/< and p/iiogisticate, q. v.] (O. Chem.) To de- 
 prive of phlogiston, or the supposed principle of inflam- 
 mability . 
 
 ]>ephU>gisticate<i air, oxygen gas; — so called by Dr. Priest- 
 Icy and otliers of his time. 
 
 De-pl^-t', r. /. [imp. & p. p. DEPICTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DEPICTING.] ILat. dtpingere, depictum ; from de 
 and pingfre, to paint.] 1. To form a painting or picture 
 of; to portray. 5J. To represent in words ; to describe. 
 
 De-pict'iire"(53), v. t. [imp. k p. p. depictured; 
 /'. pr. & vb. n. depicturing.] [From Lat. de and^Jic- 
 tura, jvainting.] To make a picture or painting of; to 
 paint ; to picture. 
 
 De-pil'a-to-ry, a. [From Lat. depilare, depilatum, to 
 strip of hair, fr. de and j:^(7k.s, hair.] Ilaving the quality 
 or power to remove the hair and make bald or bare. 
 
 De^plan-ta'tioii, n. [From Lat. deplantare, to take off 
 a twig, N. Lat., to take out a plant, from de and planta, 
 plant.] Act of taking up plants from beds. 
 
 I>e-plete', r. t. [iinp. & p. p. depleted ; p. pr. & 
 rb. M. DEPLETING.] [Lat. deplere, depletuyn, to empty 
 out, fix)m de andplere, to fill.] 1. (Med.) To empty, as 
 the vessels of the human system, by venesection. 3. 
 To exhaust the strength, vital powers, or resources of. 
 
 I>e-ple'tion, n. 1. Act of depleting or emptying. 3. 
 ( Med. ) Venesection ; blood-letting. 
 
 De-ple'to-ry, a. Calculated to deplete. 
 
 De-plor'a-ble, a. Worthy of being deplored or la- 
 mented ; pitiable ; sad ; calamitous ; grievous ; wretched. 
 Syn.— Lamentable. — Zt<era%, the word lamentable de- 
 notes mouruing aloud, and deplorable, mourning with tears. 
 The last is, therefore, the strongest. 
 
 De-plor'a-ble-ness, n. State of being deplorable. 
 
 De-plor'a-bly, adv. In a manner to be deplored; la- 
 mentably; miserably. 
 
 De-plore', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deplored ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DEPLORING.] [Lat. deplorare, from de a,nd plorare, 
 to cry out, wail, lament.] 1. To feel or express deep 
 and poignant grief for. 3. To weep ; to convey as 
 tokens of grief. 
 
 Syn. — Mourn ; lament; bewail ; bemoan. —Jfourn is gen- 
 eric ; to lantent denotes an earnest and strong expression of 
 grief; to deplore marks a deeper and more prolonged emotion; 
 to bewail and bemoan are appropriate only to cases of poignant 
 distress. A man laments his errors, and depZores the ruin they 
 have brought on his family ; mothers bewail or bemoan the loss 
 of their cluldren. 
 
 De-plor'er, n. One who deplores or laments. 
 
 De-ploy', V. t. {imp. & p. p. deployed \ p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. DEPLOYING.] [Fr. deploijer, from de, for des, equiv. 
 to Lat. dis, and. player, equiv. to plier, to fold, from Lat. 
 plicare, to fold.] {Mil.) To open ; to extend ; to display. 
 
 De-ploy', V. i. (Mil.) To open ; to extend in line. 
 
 Dep^lTi-ma'tion, n. [See infra.] 1. The stripping or 
 falling off of plumes or feathers. 2. (Med.) A disease 
 of the eyelids, attended with loss of the eyelashes. 
 
 De-plume', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. deplumed; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. DEPLUMING.] [From Lat. de and plumare, to 
 coverwithfeathers,from;?ZMWja, feather, down, deplumis, 
 featherless.] 1. To deprive of plumes or plumage. 3. 
 To lay bare ; to expose. 
 
 De-polar-ize, v. t. [From de and. polarize , q. v. See 
 POL_ARiTY.] ( Opt.) To deprive of polarity. 
 
 De-pone', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deponed ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 DEPONING.] [Lat. cZcponere, from c/e and ^onere, to put.] 
 To assert under oath ; to make deposition of; to depose. 
 
 De-pone', v. i. 1. To testify under oath ; to depose. 3. 
 To make an assertion ; to give testimony. 
 
 De-po'nent, a. [Lat. deponens, laying down (its proper 
 passive meaning), p. pr. of deponere. See supra.] ( Gram.) 
 Having a passive form with an active meaning ; —said of 
 certain verbs. 
 
 De-po'nent, n. [Lat. deponens, laying down (evidence).] 
 1. {Laiv.) One who deposes or gives a deposition under 
 oath. 3. (Gram.) A deponent verb. 
 
 De-p6p'u-late, ^•. «. [imp. & p. p. depopulated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DEPOPULATING.] [Fr. dcpeupler, 0. 
 Fr. depopvler. The Lat. depopmlari and populari mean 
 to ravage, originally to fill with (hostile) people, from pjop- 
 ulus, a people.] To deprive of inhabitants, whether by 
 death or by emulsion ; to dispeople. 
 
 ay It rarely expressei an entire loss of inhabitants, but often 
 a very great diminution of their numbers. 
 De-pSp'u-late, v. i. To become dispeopled. 
 
 De-pftp'u-la'tion, n. Act of depopulating, or the con- 
 dition of being depopulated. 
 
 De-p5p'u-la'tor, n. One who depopulates. 
 
 De-port', V. t. [imp. & p.p. deported ; p.pr. & vb. n 
 DEPORTING.] [From Lat. deportare, to carry away to 
 transport, from de and portare, to carry.] 1. To traiia- 
 port ; to carry away ; to exile. 3. To demean ; to con- 
 duct ; to behave. 
 
 De'por-ta'tion, n. Act of deporting or state of being 
 deported ; banishment ; exile ; transportation. 
 
 De-port'ment, n. [See Deport.] Manner of deport- 
 ing or demeaning ones self; especially, with respect to 
 the courtesies and duties of life. 
 Syn. — Carriage ; behavior; demeanor; conduct 
 
 De-po§'a-ble, a. Capable of being deposed. 
 
 De-po§'al, n. Act of deposing, or divesting of ofiBce. 
 
 De-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deposed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DEPOSING.] [Ft. dcposer, from Lat. depo7iere, deposi- 
 tum, from de and ponere, to put, place.] 1. To reduce 
 from a throne or other high station ; to degrade ; to di- 
 vest of office. 3. To bear written testimony to ; to aver 
 upon oath. 
 
 De-po§e', t'. i. To bear witness ; to testifj' by deposition . 
 
 De-po§'er, n. One who deposes. 
 
 De-po§'it, r. t. [imp. & p. p. DEPOSITED; p. pr. & 
 vb. ii. DEPOSITING.] {From Lat. deponere, depositum. 
 See supra.] 1. To lay down ; to place ; to put. 3. To 
 lay up or away for safe keeping ; to store. 3. To com- 
 mit to the custody of another ; especially, to place in a 
 bank, as a sum of money, to be drawn at will. 
 
 De-p6§'it, n. 1. That which is deposed, or laid or 
 thrown down ; especially, matter precipitated from solu- 
 tion in water or any other liquid. 3. That which is in- 
 trusted to the care of another ; especially/, a sum of 
 money left with a bank or banker, subject to order. 
 
 In deposit, or on deposit, in trust or safe keeping as a de- 
 posit; in a state of pledge. 
 
 De-p6§'i-ta-ry, n. [Lat. depo.sitarius, from deponere^ 
 depositum.. See Depose.] 1. A person with whom 
 any thing is left or lodged in trust ; a trustee ; a guar- 
 dian. 3. (Law.) One to whom goods are bailed, to be 
 kept for the bailor without a recompense. 
 
 Dep'o-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. [See Depose.] 1. Act 
 of deposing or depositing ; precipitation. 3. Act of set- 
 ting aside a public officer ; displacement ; removal. 3. 
 That which is deposited ; matter laid or thrown down^ 
 sediment. 4. (Laiv.) Testimony laid or taken down in 
 writing, under oath or affirmation, before some compe- 
 tent officer, and in reply to interrogatories and crosg-in- 
 terrogatories. 
 
 Syn. — Affidavit. —An affidavit is simply a declaration un- 
 der oath; a deposition is the testimony of a witness who is un- 
 able to attend on a trial. It must so be taken before a magis- 
 trate that both parties have an opportunity to ask questions. 
 
 De-po§'i-tor, n. One who makes a deposit. 
 
 De-p6§'i-to-ry , n. A place where any thing is deposited 
 for sale or keeping. 
 
 De-pot' (de-p6' or de^po), n. [Ft. depot. See Deposit, 
 n.] 1. A place of deposit ; a warehouse ; a storehouse. 
 3. (Mil.) (a.) A mihtary station where stores and pro- 
 visions are kept, or where recruits are assembled and 
 drilled, (b.) The headquarters of a regiment. [Eng. 
 & France.] 3. A railway station. 
 
 Dep'ra-va'tion, 71. [See infra.] 1. Act of depraving, 
 degrading, or corrupting. 3. State of being depraved 
 or degenerated ; corruption; profligacy. 
 
 De-prave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. depraved ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DEPRAVING.] [Lat. depravare, from de and 
 pravus, crooked, wicked.] To make bad or worse. 
 Syn. — To corrupt; vitiate; contaminate; pollute; impair. 
 
 De-praVi-ty, n. [From Lat. de and pravitas, crooked- 
 ness, perverseness, from pravus. See supra.] The state 
 of being depraved or corrupted ; extreme wickedness. 
 
 Syn. — Depravation; corruption. —Depravrt?/ is a disposi- 
 tion or settled tendency to evil; depravatwti is the act or pro- 
 cess of watingr depraved, as, the depravation of morals. Cor- 
 ruption applies to any thing which is greatly vitiated, a«,a cor- 
 ruption of morals, of taste, of language, &c. 
 
 D6p're-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deprecated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. deprecating.] [Lat. deprecari, deprecatum, 
 from de and precari, to pray.] To seek to avert by prayer : 
 to pray for deliverance from ; to regret deeply. 
 
 Dgp're-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of deprecating ; prayer that 
 an evU may be removed or prevented. 3. Entreaty for 
 pardon. [deprecatory. 
 
 Dfip're-ea'tive, a. Having the form of a prayer; 
 
 Dfip're-ea'tor, n. One who deprecates. 
 
 a,e,&c.,^on^;&,£,&c.,<Aor{/c&re,far,a6liL,all,vrliat; 6re, veil, term; piique,firiu; son, dr,dQ,iv9U 
 
DEPRECATORY 
 
 195 
 
 DERIVE 
 
 Dfip're-ca-to-ry (50), a. Serving to deprecate ; tending 
 to remove or avert evil by prayer. 
 
 De-pre'cl-ate (-shl-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. depre- 
 ciated; p.pr. & vh. n. DEPRECIATING.] [La.t. depre- 
 tiare, depretiatmn , from de and pretiare, to prize, frota 
 pretium, Thrice.] To lessen in price or estimated value ; 
 to represent as of little value or claim to esteem. 
 
 Syn. — To decry ; dispoiage ; traduce ; lower ; detract ; un- 
 deVrate. See Deoey. 
 
 De-pre'ci-ate (-pre'shi-), v. i. To fall in value ; to be- 
 come of less worth ; to sink in estimation. 
 
 De-pre'ci-a'tion (-pre'shj-), n. 1. Act of lessening, or 
 seeking to lessen, reputation, price, or value. 2. Fall- 
 ing of value ; reduction of worth. 3. State of being de- 
 preciated, [tending to depreciate. 
 
 I>e-pre'ci-a'tive (-pre'shl-), a. Inclined to underrate ; 
 
 De-pre'ci-a'tor (-pre'shl-), n. One who depreciates. 
 
 I>e-pre'ci;a-to-ry (-pre'shl-), a. Tending to depreciate. 
 
 Dfip're-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. depredated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. depredating.] [Lat. deprsedari, depneda- 
 tuTH, from de and pnedari, to plunder, from prseda, 
 phmder, prey.] 1, To subject to plunder and pillage ; 
 to despoil ; to lay waste, 'i. To destroy by eating ; to 
 devour. 
 
 Dgp're-da'tion, n. Act of depredating, or state of 
 being depredated ; act of despoiling or making inroads. 
 
 D6p're-da'tor, n. One who commits depredations. 
 
 De-pr6ss', v. t. [imp. & p, p. depressed (de-presf, 
 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. depressing.] [Lat. deprimere, 
 depressum, from de and premiere, pressum., to press.] 1. 
 To press down ; to cause to sink ; to let fall. ii. To bring 
 down or humble. 3. To cast a gloom upon. 4. To 
 embarrass, as trade, commerce, &c. 5. To lessen the 
 price of; to cheapen. 
 
 To depress the pole (Naut.), to cause it to appear lower or 
 nearer the horizon, as by sailing toward the equator. 
 
 Syn.— To sink; lower; abase ; cast down ; deject; hum- 
 ble; degrade; dispirit; sadden; discourage. 
 
 l>e-pr6s'sioii (de-presh/un), n. [Lat. depressio.] 1. 
 Act of depressing. H. State of being depressed. 3. A 
 falling in of the surface ; a cavity or hollow. 4. Humili- 
 ation ; abasement, as of pride. 5. Dejection; despond- 
 ency. 6. Embarrassment or hindrance, as of trade, &c. 
 7, (Astron.) Angular distance of a celestial object below 
 the horizon. 8. (Alg.) The operation of reducing to a 
 lower degree ; — said of equations. 9. ( Surg. ) A method 
 of operating for cataract ; couching. 
 
 Syn. — Reduction; sinking; fall; dejection; melancholy. 
 
 I>e-pr6ss'ive, a. Abl^, or tending to depress. 
 
 De-pr6ss'or, n. One who, or that which, depresses. 
 
 De-priv'a-ble, a. Liable to be deprived or to lose posi- 
 tion ; liable to be dispossessed or deposed. 
 
 l>6p'ri-va'tioii, n. 1. The act of depriving, dispossess- 
 ing, or bereaving. 3. The state of being deprived ; loss ; 
 want; bereavement. 3. (Eccl. Law.) The taking away 
 from a clergyman his benefice, or other spiritual pro- 
 motion or dignity. 
 
 I>e-prTve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deprived ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. depriving.] [Lat. de and privare, to bereave, de- 
 prive, from privus, single, one's own, private.] 1. To 
 take away ; to remove ; to put an end to. 2. To dispos- 
 sess ; to divest. 3. To divest of office ; to depose ; to dis- 
 possess of dignity, especially ecclesiastical. 
 
 SyTi.- To strip; bereave; rob; despoU; debar; abridge. 
 
 I>e-priv'er, n. One who, or that which, deprives. 
 
 Dgptli, n. [From deep, a. v. ; Goth, diupitha.] 1. 
 quality of being deep ; deepness. 2. Profundity ; 
 scurity ; poignancy ; completeness ; darkness ; lowness. 
 3. That which is deep ; a deep, or the deepest, part or 
 place ; the middle part, as usually the deepest. 
 
 De-piil'so-ry", a. [Lat. depuhoriics, from depellere.] 
 Driving or thrusting away ; averting. [Rare.] 
 
 Dep'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. depurated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. depurating.] [L. Lat. depurare, depuratum, 
 from Lat. de and purare, to purify, from purus, pure.] 
 To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or fecu- 
 lence ; to purify. 
 
 D^p'u-ra'tion, n. Act or process of depurating. 
 
 Dep-'u-ta'tion, ». 1. Act of deputing, or of appointing 
 a substitute or representative. 3. The person or per- 
 sons deputed or commissioned by another party to act on 
 his behalf. 
 
 De-pute', V. t. [imp. & p. p. deputed ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 DEPUTING.] [From Lat. t/epwiare, to esteem, consider, 
 in late Lat. to destine, allot, from de and putare, to clean, 
 clear up, set in order, reckon, think.] To appoint as 
 substitute or agent ; to delegate. 
 
 The 
 ob- 
 
 De-pttte', n. A person deputed ; a deputy. 
 D6p'u-tize, f. «. To depute. [Rare. Amer.] 
 I>6p'u-ty , n. One appointed as the substitute of another, 
 and empowered to act for him. 
 
 0©" Deputy is used in composition with the names of various 
 executive omcers, to denote an aBsistant empowered to act in 
 their name. 
 
 Syn. — Substitute ; representative ; lieutenant ; legate ; del- 
 egate; envoy; agent; factor; vicar. 
 
 De-r&f '1-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. deracinated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DERACINATING.] [Fr. dcraciner, from ra- 
 cine, root, from Lat. radix, radicis, root.] To pluck up 
 by the roots ; to extirpate. 
 
 De-range', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deranged ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DERANGING.] [Fr. deranger, from d^, for des, 
 equiv. to Lat. dif, and ranger, to range, arrange, from 
 rang, row, range, rank] 1. To put out of place, order, 
 or rank ; to throw into confusion, embarrassment, or di.-- 
 order. 2. To distvurb in the action or function. 3. To 
 render insane. 
 
 Syn. — To disorder; embarrass; disarrange; displace; un- 
 settle; disturb; confuse; discompose; ruffle; disconcert. 
 
 De-range'ment, n. Act of deranging, or state of being 
 deranged ; disorder ; especially, mental disorder. 
 
 Syn. — Insanity ; disarrangement ; confusion ; embarrass^ 
 ment; irregularity; disturbance; lunacy; madness; delirium; 
 mania. See Insanity. 
 
 D6r'e-li€t, a. [Lat. derelictus, p. p. of derelinquere, to 
 forsake wholly, to abandon, from de and relinguere, to 
 leave.] 1. Forsaken by the natural owner or guardian ; 
 abandoned. 3. Abandoning responsibility ; unfaithful. 
 
 D6r'e-li-et, n. (Law.) (a.) A thing voluntarily aban- 
 doned by its proper owner, (b.) A tract of land left dry 
 by the sea, and fit for cultivation or use. 
 
 I>er'e-li<;'tion, n. 1. Act of leaving with an intention 
 not to reclaim ; abandonment. 2. State of being aban- 
 doned. 3. {Law.) The gaining of land from the sea, in 
 consequence of its shrinking back below the usual water- 
 mark. 
 
 De-ride', v. t. [imp. Sap. p. derided; p.pr. Scvb.n. 
 DERIDING.] [Lat. deridere, derisum, from de and ridere^ 
 to laugh.] To laugh at with contempt; to turn to ridi- 
 cule or make sport of. 
 
 Syn. — To ridicule ; mock ; taunt. — A man may ridicule 
 without unkindness of feeling; his object may be to correct. 
 He who derides is actuated by a severe and contemptuous 
 spirit; to mock is stronger, denoting open and scoffing derision ; 
 to taunt is to reproach with bitter msult. 
 
 De-rid'er, n. One who derides ; a mocker ; a scoffer. 
 
 De-rid'ing-ly, adv. By way of derision or mockery. 
 
 De-rig'ion (-rizh/un), n. [Lat. derisio. See Deride.] 
 1. Act of deriding, or state of being derided ; scornful or 
 contemptuous treatment. 2. An object of contempt ; a 
 laughing-stock. 
 
 Syn.— Scorn; mockery; insult; ridicule. 
 
 De-ri'sive, a. Expressing, or characterized by, derision. 
 
 De-ri'sive-ly, adv. In a derisive manner. 
 
 De-ri'so-ry, a. [Lat. derisorius, from derisor., mocker.] 
 Mocking ; ridiculing ; derisive. 
 
 De-riv'a-ble, a. Capable of being derived ; transmissi- 
 ble; communicable ; inferrible. 
 
 Der'i-va'tion, n. 1, Act of procuring an effect from a 
 cause, means, or condition, as profits from capital, truth 
 from testimony, conclusions or opinions from evidence. 
 3. Act of tracing origin or descent, as in grammar or 
 genealogy. 3. State or method of being derived. 4. 
 That which is derived ; a derivative ; a deduction. 5. 
 (Math.) The operation of deducing one function from an- 
 other according to some fixed law. 6. {Med.) A drawinj; 
 of humors from one part of the body to another. 
 
 De-riv'a-tive, a. Obtained by derivation ; derived; 
 secondary. 
 
 De-riv'a-tive, n. 1. That which is derived ; any thiug 
 obtained, or deduced from, another; as (a.) ( Gram.) A 
 word formed from another word, by a prefix or suffix, 
 an internal modification, or some other change. {I) 
 {Mus.) A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from 
 another by inversion. 3. {Med.) That which is adapted 
 to produce a derivation. 3. {Math.) A function express- 
 ing the relation between two consecutive states of a vary- 
 ing function. [means of derivation. 
 
 De-riv'a-tive-ly, adv. In a derivative manner; by 
 
 De-rive', v. t. [hnp. & p. p. derived ; p. pr. & vb. n.- 
 DERIVING.] [Lat. derivare, from de and rivus, stream, 
 brook.] 1. To receive, as from a source; to obtain by 
 transmission. 3. To trace the origin, descent, or deriva- 
 tion of ; to recognize transmission of. 
 Syn. — To trace ; deduce; infer; draw. 
 
 food, f o^t ; tirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, (liaise^ «all, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, li^Ic ; tills. 
 
DERIVE 
 
 196 
 
 DESICCATE 
 
 I>c-rlvp'. r. i. To flow ; to prooeod ; to he dodiiood. 
 
 De-riv'er, n. One who derives, tniiissmit*, or deduces. 
 
 l>^rni (14), H. [Or. Sepfj.a, gen. Sepnaros, skin, from 
 {(ptiv, to skin, flay.] The natural tegument or covering 
 of an animal ; the' skin. 
 
 Perineal, «. Pertaining to the exterior covering or skin 
 of animal.^. 
 
 I>er'ina-l61'o-gy , n. [From Or. SepfLa, skin, and Aoyo?, 
 discourik% XeyeiF' to speak.] The branch of physiology 
 which treats of the structure of the skin, and its diseases. 
 
 I}er'ni-er, a. [Fr.,fi-om Lat. de rftro,¥T. derricre, be- 
 hind, from Lat. retro, backward, back, behind.] Last ; 
 final; ultimat«. 
 Jiemier txssort. [Fr.] Last resort. 
 
 l>6r'o-gate, v. t. [irtip. & p. p. derogated ; p. pr. & 
 t<6. «. DEROGATING.] [Lat. (fero^are, derogatum, from 
 df and rogare, to a«k, to ask the people abouta law.] 1, 
 To annuliu part; to repeal partly ; to restrict. 2. To 
 detract from ; to disparage ; to depreciate. 
 
 I>f r'o-gate, v. i. To take away; to detract. 
 
 D6r'o-gate (45), a. Diminished in value ; damaged. 
 
 I>6r'o-ga'tioii, n. The act of derogating, partly repeal- 
 ing, or lessening in value ; disparagement ; detraction ; 
 depreciation. 
 
 De-r6g'a-to-ri-ly, adv. In a derogatory manner. 
 
 De-r6g'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to dero- 
 gate or lessen in value ; detracting ; inju- 
 rious. 
 
 I>€r'riclt, n. [Orig. an abbrev. of Tlieo-- 
 d»ric, A.-S. Theodric, 0. Sax. Detrich, 
 N. H. Ger. Dietrich ; the name of a cele- 
 brated executioner at Tyburn in the sev- 
 enteenth century ; hence it became a gen- 
 eral term for a hangman. Of. Ger. die- 
 trich, a pick-lock, orig. equiv. to Derrick, 
 Theodoric] A mast or spar supported at 
 the top by stays or guys, with suitable Derrick Crane, 
 tackle for raising heavy weights. 
 
 Derrick crane, a kind of crane, the boom or derrick of which 
 can be raised or lowered to different angles with the upright. 
 
 Der'vis, ) n. [From Per. derwesck, poor, from 0. Per. 
 
 Der'vlse, [ derew, to beg, to ask alms.] A Turkish or 
 
 Der'visli, ) Persian monk ; especially, one who professes 
 extreme poverty, and leads an austere life. 
 
 Des'cant, n. [0. Fr. deschant, L. Lat. discantus, from 
 Lat. dis and cantus, singing, melody.] 1. A variation 
 of an air. ti, A discourse formed on its theme, like va- 
 riations on a musical air ; a comment or comments. 3. 
 (Mus.) (a.) The highest part in a score ; the soprano, {b.) 
 A composition in parts, or the art of composing in parts. 
 
 Des-eS.nt', v. i. [imp. & p. p. descanted ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. DESCANTING.] 1. To sing a variation or accom- 
 paniment. 2. To comment ; to discourse with f ulln ess 
 and particularity. 
 
 Des-«ant'er, n. One who descants. 
 
 We-Sfgnd' (-send'), v- i- [imp. & p. p. descended ; 
 p. pr. &. vb. n. descending.] [Lat. descendere, from 
 de amd scandere, to climb, mount, ascend.] 1. To pass 
 from a higher to a lower place ; to come or go down in 
 any way, &c. ; to plunge ; to fall. 2. To make an at- 
 tack, or incursion, as if from a vantage-ground. 3. To 
 lower or abase one's self ; to condescend. 4. To pass 
 from the more general or important to the particular or 
 more trivial. 5. To be derived; to proceed by genera- 
 tion or by transmission. 6. (Astron.) To move toward 
 the south, or to the southward. 7. (Mus.) To fall in 
 tone ; to pass from a higher to a lower tone. 
 
 De-sfCnd', v. t. To go down upon or along; to pass 
 from the top to the bottom of. 
 
 I>e-s?6ncl'ant, n. One who descends, as offspring, how- 
 ever remotely. [cestor or source. 
 
 De-sffind'ent, a. Descending ; proceeding from an an- 
 
 De-s^^nd'er, n. One who descends. 
 
 De-Sfgnd'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being descendible. 
 
 I>e-.sf6nd'i-ble, a. 1. Admitting descent. 3. Capa- 
 ble of descending or being transmitted bv inheritance. 
 
 Be-H^£n'sion (-sen'shun). n. Act of going downward ; 
 descent; falling or sinking ; degradation. 
 
 l>e-896n'sion-al, a. Pertaining to descension or descent. 
 
 I>e-896n'sive, a. Descending ; tending downward ; hav- 
 ing power to descend. 
 
 De-s^gnt', n. [Fr. descente, from descendre, as vente 
 fromvendre. See De.sce\d.] 1 . Act of descending or 
 coming down. 2. Incursion ; sudden attack. 3. Prog- 
 ress downward, as in station, virtue, or the like, from the 
 more to the less important, from the better to the worse 
 from a higher to a lower tone, &c. 4. Derivation, as 
 from an ancestor ; lineage ; birth ; extraction. 5. Trans- 
 
 mission by succession or inheritance. 6. Inclined ov^ 
 sloping surface. 7. That which is derived or descended ; 
 descendants ; issue. 8. A step in the process of deriva- 
 tion ; a generation. 
 Syn. — Declivity; elope; degradation; assault; invasion. 
 
 De-s«rib'a-ble, a. Capable of being described. 
 
 De-scribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. described ; p. pr. St 
 vh. n. describing.] [Lat. describere, from de and scrib- 
 ere,to write. See SCRIBE.] 1. To form or represent 
 by lines, real or imaginary ; to trace out. 2. To sketch 
 in writing ; to give an account of. 3. To have or tasc 
 the power of describing. 
 
 Syn. — To set forth; represent; delineate; relate; recount; 
 narrate; express; explain; depict; portray. 
 
 I>e-s-erib'er, n. One who describes. 
 De-s«ri'er, n. [See Descry.] One who descries.* 
 I>e-s«rip'tioii, n. 1. Act of describing. 2. A sketck 
 or account of any thing in words. 3. The class to which 
 a certain representation applies ; the qualities which dia- 
 tinguish such a class. 
 
 Syn. — Account; definition; recital; relation ; detail; nar- 
 rative ; narration ; explanation ; delineation ; representation ; 
 cast; turn; sort. 
 
 De-s-erip'tive, a. Tending to describe ; having th» 
 quality of representing ; containing description. 
 
 De-s-erip'tive-ly, adv. In a descriptive manner; by 
 means_of description. 
 
 De-s<!ry', ^'. t. [imp. & p.p. DESCRIED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 DESCRYING.] [Norm. Fr. descrier, discriver, discever, 
 to discover, perceive, O. Fr. descrier, to describe, also to 
 cry down, N. Fr. decrier, to cry down.] To discover by 
 the eye, as objects at a distance that can be faintly seen. 
 Syn.— To see; behold; espy; detect; recognize; discover; 
 discern; reveal. 
 
 Des'e-erate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. desecrated ;p. pr. & 
 vb. n. desecrating.] [Lat. desecrare, desecratum., des- 
 acrare, desacratum, from de and sacrare, to declare as sa- 
 cred, to consecrate, from sacer, sacred.] To divest of a 
 sacred character or office ; to treat in a sacrilegious man- 
 ner, [sacrilegiously. 
 
 D^s/e-era'tion, n. Act of desecrating ; act of treating 
 
 I>e-§ert' (14:)^^ t. [imp. Sep. p. DESERTED; p. pr. & 
 f6. 71. deserting.] [Lat. deserere, desertum, from, de 
 and serere, to join or bind together.] 1. To part from ; 
 to end a connection with. 3. [Mil.) To leave without 
 permission ; to forsake in violation of duty. 
 
 Syn.- To abandon; forsake; leave; quit; ^ve up; reUn- 
 quisli. See Abandon. 
 
 De-§ert', v. i. To quit a service without permission ; to 
 run awa\-. 
 
 De'gert, a. Forsaken ; without life or cultivation. 
 
 Syn.— Untilled; unproductive; waste; barren; desolate. 
 
 Deg'ert, n. A deserted or forsaken tract of land ; an un- 
 productive region ; a wilderness ; a solitude. 
 
 De-§ert', n. [0. Fr. deserte, desserte, merit, recompense, 
 from deservir, desservir, to merit. See Deserve.] That 
 which is deserved ; the reward or punishment to which 
 one is entitled ; — usually in a good sense. 
 Syn. — Merit; worth; excellence; due. 
 
 De-gert'er, n. One who forsakes his duty, his post, or 
 his party or friend ; especially, a soldier or seaman who 
 quits the service without permission. 
 
 De-§er'tion, «. 1. Act of deserting: especially, the 
 abandonment of a service, a party, or a post. 2. State 
 of being deserted, or forsaken. 
 
 De-gerve' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deserved; p.pr. 
 Scvb.n. deserving.] [Lat. deservire, to serve zeal- 
 ously, be devoted to, from de and servire, to serve.] To 
 earn by service ; to merit ; to be entitled to. 
 
 De-gerve', v. i. To be worthy of recompense. 
 
 De-gerv'ed-ly, adv. According to desert, whether good 
 or evU ; justly. 
 
 De-gerv'er, n. One who deserves or merits. 
 
 De-gerv'ing-ly. adv. In a deserving manner. 
 
 Deshabille (des/a-bil'), n. [Fr. deshabille, from desha- 
 biller, to undress, from des, equiv. to Lat. dis, and habil- 
 ler, to dress, as if from a Lat. word, habitulare, from hab- 
 itus, dress, attire.] An undress ; a careless toilet. 
 
 De-si-e'eant, a. [See infra.] Drying. 
 
 De-8i-e'«aiit, n. (Med.) A medicine or apphcation that 
 dries a sore ; a desiccative. 
 
 I>6s'i€-eate, or De-si-e'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. des- 
 iccated; p.pr. & vb. n. desiccating.] [Lat. desic- 
 care, desiccaium, from de and siccare, to dry, from siccus 
 dry.] To exhaust of moisture ; to dry. 
 
 D68'i«-«ate, or De-si-e'-eate, v. i. To become dry. 
 
 », e, kc.,long; iSi,&, ice, short; care,£ar, ask, all, wlxat ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; s6n, or, do, W9lf. 
 
DESICCATION 
 
 197 
 
 DESPITEFULLY 
 
 ngs'ic-ea'tion, n. The act of desiccating, or the state 
 of being desiccated. 
 
 De-si-e'-ea-tive, a. Drying ; tending to dry. 
 
 De-si-e'-ea-tive, n. An application which tends to dry 
 up secretions ; a desiccant. 
 
 De-sid'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & ^.2>. desiderated ; />. 
 pr. & vb. n. DESIDERATING.] [Lat. desiderare, desider- 
 atum, to desire, to miss.] To be sensible of the lack of; 
 to lack ; to want ; to miss ; to desire. 
 
 De-sid'er-a-tXve, a. Expressing or denoting desire. 
 
 De-sid'er-a-tive, n. 1, An object of desire ; a desider- 
 atum. 2. (G-ram.) A verb formed from another verb 
 by a particular change of termination, and expressing 
 the desire of doing that which is indicated by the primi- 
 tive verb. 
 
 De-sld'e-ra'tum, n. ; pi. de-sid'e-ra'tA. [Lat., 
 from desideratus, p. p. of desiderare.] That of which the 
 lack is felt ; a want generally felt and acknowledged. 
 
 I>e-sigii' (-sin' or -zln'), v. t. [Imp. & p. p. DESIGNED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DESIGNING.] [Lat. designare, from de 
 and signare, to mark, mark out, from signum, mark, 
 sign.] 1. To draw the preliminary outUne or main fea- 
 tures of; to sketch for a pattern or model. 3. To mark 
 out and exhibit ; to appoint ; to designate. 3. To form 
 a plan of; to contrive. 4. To intend or purpose. 
 
 Syn, — To sketch; delineate; draw; plan; propose; project; 
 mean. 
 
 De-sign' (-sin' or -zan'), v. i. To have a purpose ; to in- 
 tend. 
 
 De-sign' (-sin' or zin'), n. 1. A preliminary sketch or 
 representation ; a delineation ; a plan. 3. A prelimi- 
 nary conception ; idea intended to be worked out or ex- 
 pressed ; scheme; plot. 3. Contrivance ; adaptation of 
 means to a preconceived end. 4. Object for which one 
 plans ; aim ; intent ; — often in a bad sense. 5. Emblem- 
 atic or decorative figures, as of a medal, embroidery, &c. 
 
 Sym.— Intention ; purpose. — Design has reference to some- 
 thing aimed at; intention (lit., straining after) to the feelings or 
 desires with which it is sought; 2? wiJose to a settled choice or 
 determination for its attainment. " I had no design to injure 
 you " means, it was no part of my aim or object. " I had no 
 intention to injure you " means, I had no wish or desire of that 
 kind. "MyjjMrpose was directly the reverse" makes the case 
 still stronger. 
 
 De-sign'a-ble (-sin'- or -zin'-), a. Capable of being 
 
 designated or distinctly marked out. 
 Des'ig-nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. designated ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. designating.] [Lat. designare, designatum. 
 
 See Design, -u. t.] 1. To mark out and make known; 
 
 to indicate ; to call by a distinctive title. 2. To point 
 
 out by distinguishing from others. 3. To set apart for a 
 
 purpose or duty. 
 
 Syxi. — Toname; denominate; style; entitle; characterize; 
 describe. 
 
 D^s'ig-na'tion, «. 1. Act of designating or pointing 
 out ; indication ; denomination. '^. Selection and ap- 
 pointment for a purpose. 3. That which designates; 
 distinctive title ; appellation. 4. Use or appUcation ; 
 signification. 
 
 Des'ig-na'tive, a. Serving to designate or indicate. 
 
 Des'ig-na'tor, n. One who designates. 
 
 De-sign'ed-ly (-sin'- or -zin'-), adv. By design ; pur- 
 posely ; intentionally. 
 
 De-sign'er (-sin'- or -zIn'-), n. 1. One who designs, or 
 furnishes designs, as for prints. 3. A plotter ; a schemer ; 
 — used in a bad sense. 
 
 I>e-sip'i-ent, a. [Lat. desipiens, p. pr. of desipere, to be 
 foolish, from de and sapere, to be wise.] Trifling ; fool- 
 ish ; playful ; sportive. 
 
 De-§ir'a-ble (89), a. Worthy of desire or longing ; fit- 
 ted to excite a wish to p^ossess. 
 
 De-§ir'a-tole-ness, n. Quality of being desirable. 
 
 De-§ir'a-bly, adv. In a desirable manner. 
 
 De-§ire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DESIRED \ p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 DESIRING.] [Fr. desirer, Lat. desiderare. See DESID- 
 ERATE.] 1. To long for the eiyoyment or possession 
 of ; to wish for. 2. To express a wish for ; to entreat ; 
 to request. 
 
 Syn.— To request. — To desire is to feel a wish or want ; to 
 request is to ask for its gratification. A man desires food, and 
 reqtiests to have it prepared. Desire may be used for request 
 when the relations of the parties are such that the expression 
 of a wish is all that is felt to be necessary. A man desires his 
 friend to write often ; a merchant desires his clerk to be more 
 careful in future. In this latter case, desire is stronger than re- 
 quest; it impUes a command or injunction. 
 
 l>e-§ire', n. 1. Natural eagerness to obtain any good. 
 2. An expressed wish ; a request ; petition. 3. Any 
 good which, is desired ; object of longing. 
 
 Syn.— Wish; appetency; craving; inclination; eageraeMi 
 aspiration; longing. 
 
 De-§ir'er, n. One who desires, asks, or wishes. 
 
 De-gir'ou.8 (89), a. [Fr. disireux. See Desire.] De- 
 siring ; feeling desire ; soUcitous ; covetous ; eager. 
 
 De-gir'oiis-ly, adv. With deshe ; eagerly. 
 
 De-gir'ous-ness, n. State or affection of being desiroBS. 
 
 I>e-sist', V. i. [im,p. & p.p. desisted ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 DESISTING.] [Lat. desistere, from de and sistere, to 
 stand, set, stop.] To stand aside ; to cease to proceed or 
 act ; to forbear. 
 
 De-sist'anfe, n. Act or state of desisting. 
 
 Dgsk, n. [A.-S., 0. Sax., & Icel. disc, 0. H. Ger. disc, 
 tisc, table, plate, N. H. Ger. iisch, table, allied to Lat. dis- 
 cus, Gr. 8iaKog, a round plate, quoit, dish.] 1. A tabic 
 with a sloping top ; a frame or case of a similar kind. 
 2. Pulpit. 3. {Fig.) The clerical profession. 
 
 Des'm.axi,n.; pi. DES'MAN^. (Zool.) An amphibiouG 
 animal ; the musk-rat of Enghsh naturaUsts. 
 
 Des'mine, n. [From Gr. Secr/xT?, 5eo-ju.6s, bundle, from 
 Selv, to bind.] {Min.) A mineral that crystallizes i* 
 Uttle silken tufts ; stilbite. 
 
 Des-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Seo-joids, ligament, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] That branch of physiology which treats of the 
 hgaments. 
 
 D6s'o-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. desolated ; p.pr. k, 
 vb. n. DESOLATING.] [Lat. desolare, desolatum,, from 
 de and solare, to make lonely, to lay waste, from soliis, 
 alone, lonely.] 1. To deprive of inhabitants ; to make 
 desert. 2. To lay waste ; to ruin ; to ravage. 
 
 Des'o-late (45), a. 1. Destitute or deprived of inhab- 
 itants. 2. Laid waste; in a ruinous condition. 3. Left 
 alone ; without a companion ; afflicted. • 
 
 Syn. — Desert; uninhabited; lonely; waste; solitary. 
 
 I>6s'o-late-ly, adv. In a desolate manner. 
 
 Des'o-la'ter, n. One who, or that which, desolates. 
 
 Des'o-la'tion, n. 1. Act of desolating or laying waste. 
 2. State of being desolated, laid waste, or ravaged. 3. 
 A desolate place or country. 
 
 Syn.— Waste; ruin; destruction; havoc; devastation; rav- 
 age; sadness; destitution; melancholy; gloom; gloominess. 
 
 De-sp4ir', v. i. [imp. & p. p. despaired ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DESPAIRING.] [O. Fr. desperer, despoirer, now 
 desesperer, to despair, Lat. desperare, fi'om de and sperare, 
 to hope.] To be without hope ; to give up aU hope or 
 expectation ; to despond. 
 
 De-spMr' (4), n. 1. Loss of hope ; the giving up of 
 expectation. 2. That which is despaired of. 
 Syn. — Desperation ; despondency; hopelessness. 
 
 De-spair'er, n. One who despairs or desponds. 
 
 De-spS,ir'ing-ly, adv. In a despairing manner. 
 
 De-spatcli', n. See Dispatch. 
 
 Des'per-a'do, n. [0. Sp., p. p. of desperar .1 A desperate 
 feUow ; a person urged by furious passions ; a madman. 
 
 I>es'per-ate'(45), a. [See Despair.] 1. Beyond hope; 
 despaired of; past cure. 2. Proceeding from despair; 
 without regard to danger or safety. 
 
 Syn. — Hopeless ; despairing; desponding; rash; headlong; 
 precipitate; irretrievable; irrecoverable; forlorn; mad; furioua; 
 frantic. 
 
 D6s'per-ate-ly, adv. In a desperate manner, 
 
 Des'per-ate-ness, n. The state of being desperate. 
 
 Des'per-a'tion, n. 1. Act of despairing; a giving up 
 if hope. 2. State of despair, or hopelessness ; abandon- 
 ment of hope. 
 
 Des'pi-ea-ble, a. [Lat. despicabilis, from despicari, to 
 despise, deponent form of despicere. See Despise.] Fit 
 or deserving to be despised. 
 
 Syn.— Contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; pitiful; paltry; 
 sordid; low; base; degrading. See Contemptible. 
 
 D6s'pi-ea-ble-ness, n. QuaUty or state of being des- 
 picable ; meanness ; worthlessness. 
 
 Des'pi-ea-bly, adv. In a despicable or mean manner. , 
 
 De-spige', v. t. {imp. Sn p. p. despised ; p. pr. & vk. 
 n. despising.] [0. Fr. despiz, p. p. of despire, Lat. des- 
 picere, to despise, fr. de and spicere, specere, to look.] Te 
 look down upon with contempt ; to have a low opinion of 
 
 Syn. — To contemn; scorn; disdain; slight; undervalue. 
 
 De-spig'er, n. One who despises ; a contemner. 
 
 De-spite', n. [0. Fr. despite, despit, N. Fr. depit ,ftoml&t. 
 despectus, contempt, from despicere. See Despise.] !• 
 Extreme malice ; malignity ; angry hatred. 2. An a«* 
 prompted by malice or hatred. 
 
 De-spite', pre/i. In spite of; notwithstanding. 
 
 De-spite'f ul, a. Full of despite ; malicious; malignant. 
 
 De-spite'ful-ly, adv. In a despiteful manner. 
 
 food, fo^t ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«bo ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link: ; 1*i«. 
 
DESPITE FULNESS 
 
 198 
 
 DETAILER 
 
 ne-splte'f \U-ne88, n. The state of being despiteful. 
 
 Despoil', «•. t. [unp. & p. ;>. despoiled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 N. DESPOILING.] [lAt. despoliare,frovQ. dt&n^spoliare, 
 to strip of coveriug or clothing; to rob. See SPOIL.] 
 To strip or divest, as of clothuig. 
 Sym. — Toetrip; deprive; rob; bereave; rifle. 
 
 I>e-spoll'er, n. One who despoils or strips by force. 
 
 l>e-epo'li-a'tion, n. The act of despoiling, or the state 
 of being de.^^wiled. 
 
 ]>e-spdiul', V. i. [ifup. & p. p. desponded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DESPONDING.] [Lat. (iespond^re, to promise 
 away, to promise in nuvrriage, to lose courage, from de 
 aud spoudCre, to promise solemnly.] To give up; to 
 abandon hope ; to become dispirited or depressed. 
 
 De-spdud'enye, {n. State of desponding ; abandon- 
 
 De-sp6iicl'eu-f y, ) ment of hope ; discouragement ; 
 permanent depression or d^ection. 
 
 De-sp6nd'ent, a. [Lat. despondens, p. pr. of despon- 
 dert. See supra.] Marked by, or given to, despondence. 
 
 De-sp6nd'ent-ly, adv. In a despondent manner. 
 
 I>e-sp6nd'er, n. One destitute of hope. 
 
 De-sp6iid'iiig-ly, adv. In a desponding manner. 
 
 I>6s'pot, ;i. [Gr. fieoTrdrrj?, master, lord, allied to 0. Slav. 
 gospodjf gospodarj, gospodin, master, lord.] 1. One 
 who possesses absolute power over another ; especially, a 
 sovereign invested with absolute power. t2. One who 
 rules regardless of a constitution or laws ; a tyrant. 
 
 I>es-p6t'i<;, \a. Having the character of, or pertain- 
 
 I>es-p6t'i€-al, I ing to, a despot ; absolute in power ; 
 tyrannical ; arbitrary. 
 
 I>es-p6t'i«-al-ly, adv. In a despotic manner. 
 
 I>6s'pot-i§iii, »i* 1. The power, spirit, or principles of 
 a despot ; tyranny. 3. A government directed by a des- 
 pot ; absolutism ; autocracy. 
 
 I>6s'pu-inate, or De-spu'mate (117), v. i. [iynp. & 
 p.p. DESPUMATED; p. pr. & vb. n. DESPUMATING.] 
 [Lat. despumare, despumatum, from de and spumare, to 
 foam, froth, from spiiyjm, froth, scum.] To throw off 
 impurities ; to form scum ; to foam. 
 
 Dfis'pu-ma'tioii, n. Separation of the scum on the 
 surface of liquor ; clarification. 
 
 I>6s'qu.a-ma'tioii, n. [From Lat. desquamare, to scale 
 off,fromde and s</Ma?na, scale.] (Med.) Separation of the 
 cuticle or epidermis in the form of flakes or scales ; ex- 
 foliation. 
 
 I>e§-§ert' (dez-zert', 14), n. [Fr. dessert., from desservir, 
 to clear the table, from de and servir, to serve, to serve 
 at table.] A service of pastry, fruits, or sweetmeats, at 
 the close of an entertainment. 
 
 I>es-t€in'per, ) n. [Fr. detrempe,ftom. cfe,forrfe5,equiv. 
 
 Dis-t^m'per, ) to Lat. dis and tremper., to dip, soak, 
 for temprer, from Lat. temperare, to temper.] (Paint.) 
 A peculiar sort of painting with opaque colors, gi'ound 
 and diluted with water, glue, &c. 
 
 D6s'ti-na-bly, adv. In a destinable manner. 
 
 iDSs'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of destining or appointing. 
 
 2. That to which any thing is destined or appointed ; 
 predetermined end, object, or use. 3. Place or point 
 &imed at. 
 
 . Syn. — Appointment; design; purpose; intention; destiny; 
 lot; fate; end. 
 
 l>6s'tine, v. t. {imp. & p. p. destined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DE.STINING.] [Lat. destinare^fvova. de and the root 
 stan-o, allied to Gr. la-Tav-w, literally to set, to.make f-^ ... 
 or firm.] 1. To determine the future condition or appli- 
 cation of; to set apart by design or intention, ti. To fix, 
 as by an authoritative decree ; to establish irrevocably. 
 
 Syn. — To desi^; mark out; intend; devote; consecrate; 
 doom; decree; ordain; allot; bind. — We may speak of goods 
 M destined to a certain port, and of a ship as bound thither. 
 We may also speak of a city as destined to become a great 
 commercial emporium; but to say it is bound to become so, 
 or that a man is b<jund to succeed in life, is a gross abuse of 
 language. Bound always implies some obligation or engage- 
 ment; and yet the above use of the word is common in some 
 parts of our country, and is finding its way into our news- 
 papers. 
 
 D6s'tl-nist, «. A believer in destiny ; a fatalist. 
 
 D6s'ti-ny, n. 1. That to which any y^erson or thing is 
 destined : foreordained condition ; fate ; doom. 5i. The 
 fi.xed order of things ; fate ; hence, the power conceived 
 of afl determining the future. 
 
 I>6s'ti-tute (30), a. [Lat. destitutus,-p. p. of destituere, 
 to set away, to leave alone, to forsake, from de and stat- 
 uere, to set.] 1. In want ; devoid ; deficient ; lacking. 
 
 3. Not possessing the necessaries of life ; needy ; poor, 
 indigent. 
 
 DCs'ti-tii'tlon, n. State or condition of being destitute, 
 
 needy, or without resources; depriTation ; deficieney: 
 lack ; poverty. 
 De-stroy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. destroyed \ p. pr. it, 
 vb. n. DESTROYING.] [O.Eng. distruye^ 0. Fr. destruire, 
 Lat. destruere, destruction, ftt)m de and stntere, to pile up) 
 build.] 1. To pull down ; to break up the structure and 
 organic existence of. 3. To bring to naught ; to put an 
 end to. 3. To put an end to the life, prosperity, or 
 beauty of. * 
 
 Syn.— To demolish; lay waste; consume; raze; dismiatle; 
 ruin; throw down; overthrow; subvert; desolate; devastate; 
 deface; extirpate; extinguish; annihilate; kill; slay. 
 
 De-stroy'er, n. One who destroys or ruins. 
 
 De-stru-e'ti-bil'l-ty, n. The quality of bemg capable 
 of destruction. [being destroyed. 
 
 De-stru.«'ti-tole, a. Liable to destruction ; capable of 
 
 De-strii-e'tion, 71. [See Destroy.] 1. Act of destroy- 
 ing or demoUshing, or the like. 3. State of being de- 
 stroyed, demolished, ruined, slain, or devastated. 3. 
 Destroying agency ; cause of ruin or devastation. 
 
 Syn.— Demolition; subversion; overthrow; desolation; ex- 
 tirpation; extinction; devastation; downfall; extermination; 
 havoc; ruin. 
 
 De-stru.«'tioii-ist, «. 1. One who delights in destroy- 
 ing that which is valuable; a destructive. 3. (Theol.) 
 One who believes in the final destruction of the wicked. 
 
 De-strii-e'tive, a. [Lat. destructivus. See Destroy.] 
 Causing destruction ; tending to bring about ruin, death, 
 or devastation. 
 Destructive distillation. See Distillatioit. 
 Syn. —Mortal; deadly; poisonous; fatal; ruinous; malig- 
 nant; baleful; pernicious; mischievous. 
 
 De-strii-e'tive, «. One who destroys ; a radical reformer ; 
 a destructionist. 
 
 De-strii-e'tive-ly, adv. In a destructive manner or de- 
 gree ; ruinously : mischievously. 
 
 De-strii-e'tive-iiess, n. 1. The quality of destroying. 
 3. (Phren.) The faculty which impels to the conamission 
 of acts of destruction. 
 
 Des'u-da'tion, n. [Lat. desudatio, from de and sudare, 
 to sweat.] (Med.) A copious sweating ; a profuse or mor- 
 bid perspiration. 
 
 Des'ue-tu.de (des'we-tud, 53), n. [Lat. desuetudo, from 
 desuescere, to become unaccustomed, from de and suescere, 
 to become accustomed.] Cessation of use; discontinu- 
 ance of practice, custom, or fashion ; disuse. 
 
 De-siil'pliu-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DESULPHU- 
 RATED ; p.pr. & vb. n. DESULPHURATING.] [Lat. de 
 and sul/vrare, sulfuratum, to sulphurate, q. v.] To de- 
 prire of sulphur. 
 
 Des'ul-to-ri-Iy, adv. In a desultory manner ; loosely. 
 
 Des'ul-to'ri-ness, n. Quality or state of being desul- 
 tory ; absence of order and method. 
 
 Des'ul-to-ry, a. [Lat. desidtorivs, from desultor, a 
 leaper, from desilire, desultum, to leap down, from de and 
 salire, to leap.] Leaping from one thing or subject to 
 another, without order or rational connection ; without 
 logical sequence ; disconnected. 
 
 Syn. — Rambling; roving; immethodical; discursive; in- 
 constant; unsettled; cursory; slight; hasty; loose. 
 
 De-tacli', V. t. [imp. & p.p. detached (de-tSLchtO; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. detaching.] [Fr. detacher, from, de, 
 des, dis, equiv. to Lat. dis, and the root of Eng. tack, to 
 fasten, from Celt, tac, tarli,SL naU. Cf. ATTACH.] 1. To 
 part ; to separate or disunite. 3. To separate for a special 
 object or use ; — used especially in military language. 
 Syn.— To disengage; sever; disjoin; withdraw; draw off. 
 
 De-tadi'ment, n. 1. Act of detaching or separating. 
 3. State of being detached. 3A That which is detached ; 
 as, especially, a body of troops or part of a fleet detailed 
 for special service. 
 
 De-tail', v. t. [imp & p. p. detailed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 DETAILING.] [Fr. detailler, to cut up in pieces, from de, 
 equiv. to des, Lat. dis, and tailler, to cut, from taille, a 
 cut, from Lat. talea, a rod set for planting, a cutting, L. 
 Lat. taleare, talare, to prime, cut.] 1. To relate in par- 
 ticulars ; to particularize. 3. (Mil.) To appoint for a 
 particular service, as an officer, a troop, or a squadron. 
 
 De'tail, or De-tail' (114), n. 1. A minute portion ; a 
 particular ; — used chiefly in the plural. 3. A narrative 
 which relates minute points. 3. (Mil.) The selection for 
 a particular service of a person or company ; hence, the 
 person or company so selected. 
 
 Syn. — Account; relation; narrative; recital; explanation; 
 narration. 
 
 De-tail'er, n. One who details. 
 
 »,e, fid., long; &, 6, Sec, short; care, far, ask, alli-wliat ; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,do,w9L^ 
 
DETAIN 
 
 199 
 
 DETRIMENTAL 
 
 De-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. detained ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 
 DBTAINING.] [Lat. detinere, from de and tenere, to hold.] 
 1. To keep back or from. ti. To restrain from proceeding. 
 3. To hold in custody. 
 
 Syn. — To withhold; retain; stop; Btay; arrest; check; re- 
 tard; delay; hinder. 
 
 De-tain'der, w. (Law.) A writ. See Detinue. 
 
 De'-tain'er, n. 1. One who detains, ti. (Law.) (a.) 
 Detention of what is another's, even though the original 
 taking may have been lawful, (b.) (En^. Law.) A writ 
 authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a 
 person in custody. 
 
 De-tain'ment, n. The act of detaining ; detention. 
 
 De-te-et', V. t. [imp. & p. p. detected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DETECTING.] [Lat. detegere, detectum, from de and 
 tegere, to cover.] To uncover; to find out; to bring to 
 light ; to discover ; to expose. 
 
 De-tect'er, n. One who detects or brings to light. 
 
 I>e-t6«'tion, n. Act of detecting ; the laying open what 
 was concealed or hidden ; discovery. 
 
 De-te€t'ive, a. Fitted for, or skilled in, detecting ; em- 
 ployed in detecting. 
 
 I>e-t6<;t'ive, n. A policeman whose business is to detect 
 rogues by adroitly investigating their haunts and habits. 
 
 De-t6€t'or, n. One who, or that which, detects. 
 
 De-t6iit', n. [Fr. detente, from Lat. detinere, detentum. 
 See Detain.] (Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a 
 movement, as the wheel work in the striking part of a clock. 
 
 De-ten'tioii, n. 1. Act of detaining or keeping back ; 
 a withholding. 3. State of being detained; confine- 
 ment; restraint; delay. 
 
 De-ter' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. deterred (-tSrd^ ; P- 
 pr. & vb. n. DETERRING.] [Lat. deterrere, from de and 
 terrere, to frighten, terrify.] To prevent by fear ; hence, 
 to hinder, or prevent by opposing motives from doing 
 that to which one is impelled. 
 
 De-terge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. deterged ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DETERGING.] [Lat. detergere, from de and tergere, 
 to rub or wipe off.] To cleanse ; to purge away. 
 
 De-ter'gent, a. Cleansing ; purging. 
 
 De-ter'gent, n. (Med.) A medicine that cleanses the 
 vessels or the skin from offending matter. 
 
 De-te'ri-o-rate (%%),v.i. [imp. &p.p. deteriora- 
 ted; p.pr. & vb. n. deteriorating.] [Lat. deteri- 
 orare, deterioratum., fi'om deterior, worse.] To make 
 worse ; to make inferior in quality. 
 
 De-te'ri-o-rate (89), v. i. To grow worse ; to be impaired 
 in quality ; to degenerate. 
 
 De-te'ri-o-ra'tion, n. State of growing worse, or of 
 having grown worse. [deters. 
 
 De-ter'meiit, n. 1. Act of deterring. 3. That which 
 
 De-ter'mi-na-ljle, a. Capable of being determined. 
 
 De-ter'mi-naiit, n. 1. That which serves to deter- 
 mine. 3. (Math.) The svun of a series of products of 
 several numbers, these products being formed according 
 to certain specified laws. 
 
 De-ter'mi-nate (45), a. [Lat. determinatus,-p. p. of de- 
 terminate. See infra.] 1, Having defined hmits ; fixed; 
 established. 2. Conclusive ; decisive ; positive. 
 
 De-ter'mi-nate-ly, adv. In a determinate manner; 
 definitely ; distinctly. 
 
 De-tei*''ini-na'tion, n. 1. Act of determining, or state 
 of being determined. 3. Bringing to an end ; termina- 
 tion. 3. Direction or tendency to a certain end. 4. A 
 judicial decision, or ending of controversy. 5. That 
 which is determined upon; result of deliberation. 6. 
 Resoluteness; decision of mind. 7. (Chem.) The ascer- 
 taining the amount of any ingredient in a substance. 8. 
 (Logic.) (a.) Act of limiting a concept or notion by giv- 
 ing its essential constituents, (b.) Addition of a differ- 
 entia to a concept or notion, thus dividing its extent. 9. 
 {Nat. Hist.) The referring of minerals, plants, &c., to the 
 species to which they belong. 
 
 Syn. — Decision ; resolution.— Z)ecmon is a cutting short, 
 and supposes eaergy and promptitude; determination (bring- 
 ing to a terminus or end) is the settling of a thing with a fixed 
 purpose to adhere; resolution is a spint to face danger or suffer- 
 ing in carrying out one's determinations. Luther was dis- 
 tinguished for his prompt decision, steadfast determination, and 
 inflexible resolution. 
 
 De-teif'ini-na-tive, a. Having power to determine ; 
 
 limiting ; shaping ; directing ; conclusive. 
 De-ter'mi-na'tor, n. One who determines. [Rare.] 
 De-ter'mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. determined ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DETERMINING.] [Lat. determinare, from de 
 and terminare, to limit, from terminus, limit, Gr. Te'p/u,a, 
 T«p|u.wv.] 1. To fix the boundaries of ; to mark off and 
 separate. 2. To set bounds to ; to bring to an end. 3. 
 To fix the form or character of; to bring about, as a 
 
 cause, an effect. 4, To fix the course of; to impel and 
 direct. 5. To ascertain definitely ; to assign to its tru« 
 place in a system. 6. To settle by authoritative or 
 judicial sentence. 7. To resolve on ; also, to cause t« 
 come to a conclusion or resolve. 8. (Logic.) To define 
 or hmit by adding a differentia. 9. (Physical Sciences.) 
 To ascertain the quantity or amount of. 
 
 De-ter'mine, v. i. To come to a decision ; to resolve. 
 Syn. — To limit; bound; finish; conclude ; settle ; regulates 
 shape; decide. 
 
 De-ter'min-er, n. One who determines or decides. 
 
 De-tfir'rent, n. [IasX. deterrens, -p. -px. of deterrere. See 
 Deter.] That which deters or prevents. [Rare.] 
 
 De-ter'sion, n. [See Deterge.] The act of deterging 
 or cleansing, as a sore. 
 
 De-ter'sive, a. [See Deterge.] Having power to free 
 from offending matter ; cleansing ; detergent. 
 
 De-ter'sive-ly, adv. In a detersive manner. 
 
 De-t6st', V. ^ [imp. &/>. p. detested ; p.pr. & r&.n. 
 DETESTING.] [Lat. detestari, to curse while calling a 
 deity to witness, to execrate, detest, from de and testari, 
 to be a witness, to testify.] To hate or dislike extremely. 
 Syn. — Hate; abhor; abominate; execrate; loathe. — iyate 
 is generic. Wc a6/io?- what is repugnant to our sensibilities or 
 feelings ; we detest what contradicts our moral principles. What 
 we abominate does equal violence to our religious and moral 
 sentiments; what we loathe is offensive to our nature, and ex- 
 cites unmingled disgust. 
 
 De-test 'a-ble, a. Worthy of being detested ; deserving 
 abhorrence. 
 
 Syn. — Abominable ; odious; execrable; abhorred. 
 
 De-t6st'a-l>ly, adv. Very hatefully ; abominably. 
 
 Det'es-ta'tion, or De'tes-ta'tion, n. Act of detesting ; 
 extreme hatred or dislike ; abhorrence ; loathing. 
 
 De-test'er, n. One who detests or abhors. 
 
 De-throne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dethroned; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DETHRONING.] [Fr. detrdner, from de and 
 trdne, Lat. thronus, a throne.] To remove or drive from 
 a throne ; to depose. [osition. 
 
 De-tlxrone'meiit, n. Removal from a throne; dep- 
 
 De-tlxron'er, n. One who dethrones. [detained. 
 
 Det'i-ntie, n. [0. Fr. See Detain.] A person or thing 
 
 Det'o-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. detonated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. detonating.] [Lat. detonare, detonatum,, to 
 thunder down or away, from de and tonare, to thunder.] 
 ( Chem..)_To explode with a sudden report. 
 
 Det'o-nate, v. t. ( Chem.) To cause to explode. 
 
 Det''o-na'tion, n. (Chem..) An explosion made by the 
 inflammation of certain combustible bodies. 
 
 Det'o-nize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. detonized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DETONiziNG.] ( Chem.) To cause to explode ; to 
 burn with an explosion ; to calcine with detonation. 
 
 Det'o-nize, -y. i. ( Chein.) To explode ; to detonate. 
 
 De-t6r'sion, ri. See Detortion. 
 
 De-tort', -u. t. [imp. Sep. p. DETORTED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DETORTING.] [Lat. detorquere, detortum, from de 
 and torquere, to turn about, twist.] To turn from the 
 original or plain meaniag ; to pervert ; to wrest. 
 
 De-tor'tion, n. The act of detorting, or the state of 
 being detorted. 
 
 X)^<OMr (da'toDr'), n. [Fr., from de, for des, equivalent 
 to Lat. dis, and tour. See Tour.] A turning; a cirr 
 cuitous route. 
 
 De-tr3,-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DETRACTED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DETRACTING.] [Lat. detrahere, detractum, from 
 de and trahere, to draw.] 1. To take away. 3. To tak« 
 credit or reputation from. 
 
 Syn.— To decry ; disparage ; depreciate ; asperse ; calum- 
 niate; abuse; vilify; defame; slander; traduce. 
 
 De-tra«t', V. i. To remove a part; to take away repu- 
 tation ; to depreciate worth. 
 
 De-tra«'tion, n. Act of taking away from the reputa- 
 tion or worth of another ; act of depreciating another, 
 from envy or malice. 
 
 Syn. — Depreciation ; disparagement; derogation; slander; 
 calumny; aspersion; censure. 
 
 De-tr^-et'or, n. One who detracts or disparages. 
 Syn. — Slanderer; calumniator; defamer; vilifier. 
 
 De-tra,-et'o-ry, a. Defamatory ; derogatory. 
 
 De-tra,-et'ress, n. A female detractor. 
 
 Det'ri-ment, n. [I,at. detrimentum, from deterere, de- 
 tritum, to rub or wear awa}-^, from de and terere, to rub.] 
 That which injures or causes damage ; diminution. 
 
 Syn. — Injury; loss; damage; disadvantage; prejudice; hwt; 
 mischief; harm. 
 
 D6l'ri-jnent'al, a. Causing detriment. 
 
 Syn. — Injurious ; hurtful; prejudicial; digadvantagootM ; 
 mischievous; pernicious. 
 
 lood, t&bt ; tirn., rude, pull ; ^ell, gliaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^dst ; linger, ItQlc; tiiis> 
 
DETRITION 
 
 200 
 
 DEVOLVEMENT 
 
 De-trl'Uon(-trlsh'un). »i. [h.lAt. detntio. See Detri- 
 ment.] A wearinjt off or away. 
 
 I>e-tn'tus,H, [L&t.,p. p. of (Uterrrr. See DETRIMENT.] 
 ( Gfoi.) A mass of substances worn off from solid bodies 
 bv attrition, and reduced to small portions. 
 
 I>e-tr^jde', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DETRUDED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DETRUDING.] [Lat. dctrudcrf, from de and tru- 
 dere, to thrust, push, shove.] To thrust down ; to push 
 down with force. 
 
 De-triln'fate, t- . t. [imp. & p. p. DETRUNCATED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DETRUNCATING.] [Lat. detruncare, de- 
 tnincntum, from de and truncare, to maim or shorten, by 
 cutting off, from tnnicus, manned, cut short.] To shorten 
 by cutting ; to cut off; to lop. 
 
 De'trun-ea'tioii, " • Act of cutting off. 
 
 De-tr^i'§ion. «. [Lat. detrusio. See Detrude.] 1. 
 Act of thrusting or driving down. "i. The slipping of 
 one ^wrtion of a substance over another. 
 
 Deuye (dus), »i. [Fr. rffuz, two, Lat. duo.] (Gaining.) 
 T^vo ; a card or a die with two spots. 
 
 Deu?e, «. [Late Lat. du.sius, Armor, diis, teiiz, phantom, 
 specter: Gael, taibhs, taibhse, apparition, ghost.] An 
 evil spirit : a demon ; the devil. 
 
 Deu'f ed (60), a. Devilish ; extravagant ; excessive ; enor- 
 mous. [Low.] [time. 
 
 Deu'ter-6g'a-imst, n. One who marries the second 
 
 Deu'ter-Sg'a-my, n. [Gr. SevrepoyaixCa, from Sevrepo?, 
 the second, and ya/xos, wedding, marriage.] A second 
 marriage, after the death of the first husband or wife. 
 
 Deu'ter-on'o-my, n. [Gr. AevrepovoiMLOv, from Sev- 
 Tepo?, the second, and vo/aos, law.] {Bibl.) The fifth book 
 of the Pentateuch, containing the second giving of the 
 law by Moses. 
 
 Deu'ter-6p'a-tliy, n. [Gr. Sevrepos, the second, and 
 7rd0os, suffering, from naa-xei-v, naOelv, to suffer.] (3Ied. ) 
 A sympathetic affection of anj- part of the body, as head- 
 ache from an overloaded stomach. 
 
 Deii'ter-Ss'-eo-py, n. [Gr. Bevrepos, the second, and 
 o-KOTTta, a looking out.] 1. Second sight. 2. The mean- 
 ing beyond the Uteral sense ; the second intention. 
 
 Deu-tox'ide, n. [From deut, contr. fr. Gr. Sevrepo?, the 
 second, and oxide, q. v.] (Chem.) A compound of two 
 equivalents of oxj-gen with one of a base. 
 
 I>6v'as-tate, or De-vas'tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. de- 
 vastated; p.pr. & vb. n. DEVASTATING.] [Lat. de- 
 vastare, devastatum, from de and vastare, to lay waste, 
 from vastus, waste.] To lay waste ; to desolate. 
 Syn.— To waste; ravage; destroy; demolish; plunder; pillage. 
 
 I>6v'as-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of devastating, or state of 
 being devastated. 3. (Law.) Waste of the goods of the 
 deceased by an executor or administrator. 
 
 Syn. — Desolation ; ravage ; waste ; havoc ; destruction ; ruin ; 
 overthrow. 
 
 De-v61'op, V. t. [imp. & p. p. developed ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. DEVELOPING.] [Fr. developper, from de and 0. 
 Fr. voluper, voleper, from 'La.t..^volup, volupe, agreeably, 
 delightfully; hence, voluper, &c., originally to make 
 agreeable or comfortable by enveloping, to keep snug.] 
 
 1. To free from a cover or envelope ; to disclose or make 
 known ; hence, to unfold gradually ; to lay open to view 
 by degrees. 5i. (Math.) To change the form of, as of an 
 algebraic expression, by executing certain indicated op- 
 erations without changing the value. 
 
 Syn. — To uncover ; unfold ; lay open ; disclose ; exhibit ; 
 nnravel; disentangle; detect. 
 
 De-v61'op, V. i. 1. To go through a process of natural 
 evolution or outgrowth, by successive changes from a 
 less perfect to a more perfect or a finished state. 2, To 
 become -visible gradually. 
 
 I>e-v61'op-ment, n. 1. Act of developing or disclosing 
 that which is unknown ; a series of progressive changes. 
 
 2. (Math.) (a.) Act or process of changing or expan(£ng 
 an expression into another of equivalent value or mean- 
 ing, (b.) The equivalent expression into which another 
 ha£ been developed. 
 
 Development theory (Nat. Higt.'), the doctrine that all exist- 
 ing forms of matter and spirit were developed by uniform laws 
 from simpler forms, and those from simpler, without creative 
 act. 
 
 Syn. — Unfolding; disclosure; unraveling; detection ; dis- 
 entanglement. 
 
 De-v6st', V. t. [imp. & p. p. devested ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. DEVESTING.] [Lat. devestire, to undress, from de 
 and vestire, to dress, from vestis, vest, garment, cloth- 
 ing.] 1. To divest. [See DlVEST.] 2. (Law.) To alien- 
 ate, as title or right ; to deprive of. 
 
 BS~ This word is generally written divest, except in the 
 legal sense. 
 
 De-v6st', V. i. (Law.) To be lost or alienated, as a title 
 or an estate. 
 
 De'vi-ate, V. i. [imp. Sep. p. deviated; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DEVIATING.] [Lat. deviate, deviatum, from de and 
 viare, to go, travel, from via, way.] To go out of one's 
 way ; to turn aside from a course or direction. 
 
 5 fro: 
 i ; str 
 
 Syn. — To swerve; stray; wander; rove; digress; depart; de- 
 flect; err. 
 
 De'vi-a'tlon, n. 1. Act of deviating; a wandering 
 from one's course. 2. State of having deviated ; error. 
 
 De-vipe', n. [From Lat. divisus, p. p. of dividere, to 
 separate, distinguish.] 1. That which is devised, or 
 formed by design ; a contrivance ; an invention ; a strat- 
 agem. 2. An heraldic or family motto, usually con- 
 nected with an emblematic picture. 3. Power of devis- 
 ing; invention; genius. 
 
 Syn. — Contrivance. —A device implies more of invention; 
 a contrivance more of skill in manipulation. The former word 
 is often used in a bad sense; the latter almost always in a 
 good one, as a crafty device, a useful contrivance. 
 
 D6v'il (dev'l), ti. [A.-S. deofl, dioful, diabul, Goth, dia- 
 bula, diabidus, Lat. diabolus, Gr. 5ia/3oA.os, the devil, the 
 slanderer, from fiia/SdAXetv, to slander.] 1. The evil one, 
 Satan, represented in the Scriptures as the traducer, 
 father of lies, tempter, &c. 2. An evil spirit ; a false 
 god. 3. An expletive indicating surprise or expressing 
 emphasis. [Low.] 4. (ilfaww/.) A machine containing 
 a revolving cylinder armed with spikes or knives, for 
 tearing, cutting, or opening raw materials, as cotton, 
 wool, rags, &c. 5. A very wicked person. 
 
 Printer's devil, an errand boy in a printing office. — To play 
 the devil with, to interfere with, or molest extremely ; to ruin. 
 
 Dev'tl, V. t. 1. To make like a devil ; to invest with the 
 character of a devil. 2. To cut up cloth or rags in an 
 instrument called a devil. 
 
 Dev'il-isli (dev'l-Tsh), a. Resembling, or pertaining to, 
 the devil ; wicked in the extreme. 
 
 Syn. — Diabolical ; infernal ; hellish ; satanic ; fiendish ; 
 wicked; malicious ; detestable ; destructive. 
 
 Dev'il-isli-ly, adv. In a devilish manner. 
 
 Dev'il-lcin (d6v/l-kin), n. A little devil. 
 
 Dev'il'g-darn'iiig-iiee'dle, n. A kind of dragon- 
 fly, having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a needle. 
 
 Dev'il-sliip, n. The character or person of a devil. 
 
 Dev-il-try, n. Diabolism • malignant mischief. 
 
 De'vi-oiis, a. [Lat. devius; rfe and t'/a, waj^] 1. Out 
 of a straight line ; varying fi'om directness. 2. Going 
 out of the right or common course of conduct ; erring. 
 Syn.— Wandering; roving; rambling; excursive; vagrant. 
 
 De'vi-oiis-ly, adv. In a devious manner. 
 
 De-vi§'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being devised, invented, 
 or contrived. 2. Capable of being bequeathed. 
 
 De-vi§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. devised ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 DEVISING.] [See Device.] 1. To form in the mind 
 by new combinations of ideas, new applications of prin- 
 ciples, or new arrangement of parts; to strike out by 
 thought. 2. To plan or scheme for ; to purpose to ob- 
 tain. 3. (Law.) To give by will ; — used of real estate. 
 Syn.— To beciueath; invent; discover; contrive; find out; 
 excogitate; imagine; plan; scheme; project; strikeout. 
 
 De-vige', v. i. To form a scheme ; to lay a plan ; to 
 contrive. 
 
 De-vige', n. 1. Act of giving or disposing of real estate 
 by a will. 2. A will or testament, properly of real es- 
 tate. 3. Property devised or given by will. 
 
 Dev'i-gee', n. (Laio. ) One to whom a devise is nmde or 
 real estate bequeathed. • 
 
 De-vig'er, n. One who devises ; an inventor. 
 
 De-vig'or (127), n. (Law.) One who devises or gives real 
 estate by will ; a testator. 
 
 I>e-void', a. Destitute ; not in possession. 
 
 Devoir (dev-wor'), n. [Fr., from Lat. debere, to owe, be 
 under obhgation.] Duty ; service owed; hence, due act 
 of civility ; due respect ; compUment. 
 
 D6v'o-l-u'tioii, n. [L. Lat. devolutio. See infra.] 1. 
 Act of rolUng down. 2. Removal from one person t* 
 another ; a passing or falling upon a successor. 
 
 De-v61ve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. devolved ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DEVOLVING.] [Lat. devolvere, from de and vol- 
 vere, to roll.] 1. To roll onward or downward ; to over- 
 throw. 2. To transfer from one person to another ; t» 
 deliver over ; to hand do\\"n. 
 
 De-v61ve', v. i. To pass by transmission or sncoeseion; 
 to be handed over or down. 
 
 I>e-v61ve'meiit, n. The act of devolving. 
 
 S, e, &c. , long ; ^, 6, &c. , short ; c4re, far, ask, all, vrliat ; gre, veil, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, 5r, do, wolf. 
 
DEVOTE 
 
 201 
 
 DIALECT 
 
 De-vote', V. t. [imp. & p. p. devoted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. DEVOTING.] [Lat. devovere, devotum, from de and 
 ifouere, to vow, to promise solemnly.] 1. To appropriate 
 by vow ; to set apart by a solemn act ; — also, in a bad 
 sense, to consign over ; to execrate ; to doom to evU. 2. 
 To give up wholly ; to direct the attention of wholly or 
 chiefly ; to attach. 
 
 ' Syn. — To addict ; apply ; dedicate ; consecrate ; resign ; 
 destine; doom; consign. 
 
 The state of being devoted or given 
 One wholly devoted, especially to re- 
 
 De-vot'ed-ness, 
 
 up ; addictedness 
 D&tr'o-tee', n 
 
 ligion ; one who is superstitiously given to religious du- 
 ties and ceremonies ; a bigot. 
 
 De-vot'er, n. One who devotes. 
 
 De-vo'tion, n. 1. Act of devoting. 2. State of being 
 devoted ; affection ; especially, feelings toward God appro- 
 priate to the consecration implied in acts of worship. 3. 
 Act of devotedness or devoutness. 4. A thing conse- 
 crated ; an object of affection. 
 
 Syn.— Consecration; devoutness; religiousness; piety; at- 
 tachment; devotedness; ardor; earnestness. 
 
 De-vo'tion-al, a. Pertaining to, used in, or suited to, 
 devotion. 
 
 De-vour', v. t. [imp. ic p.p. devoured; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DEVOURING.] [Lat. devorare, from de and vorare, to 
 eat greedily, to swallow up.] 1. To eat up with greedi- 
 ness ; to consume ravenously. 2. To seize on and de- 
 stroy or appropriate greedily, selfishly, or wantonly. 3. 
 To enjoy with avidity. 
 
 Syn. — To consume ; waste; destroy; annihilate. 
 
 De-vour'er, n. One who, or that which, devours. 
 
 De-vout', a. [Lat. devotus, p. p. of devovere. See DE- 
 VOTE.] 1. Absorbed in religious feelings and exercises ; 
 pious ; reverent. 3. Expressing devotion or piety. 3. 
 Warmly devoted ; hearty ; earnest. 
 
 Syn, —Holy; pure; religious; prayerful; earnest; solemn; 
 sincere. 
 
 De-vou.t'ly, ae?t). 1. In a devout manner. 3. With de- 
 vout emotions. 3. Sincerely ; solemnly ; earnestly. 
 
 De-vout'ness, n. Quality or state of being devout. 
 
 Dew (du, 30), n. [A.-S. deaiv, Icel. d'dgg, O.H. Ger. tau, 
 ton.] Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool 
 bodies upon their surfaces, particularly at night. 
 
 I>e"w, V. t. [imp. & p. p. dewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. DEW- 
 ING.] To wet with dew ; to bedew. 
 
 Dew'-drop, n. A drop of dew. 
 
 Devt^'i-ness, n. State of being dewy. 
 
 Dew'l&p, n. [From dew and lap, to lick.] 1. The flesh 
 hanging from the throats of oxen, which laps or licks the 
 dew in grazing. 3. The flesh on the human throat, 
 especially when flaccid with age. [Burlesque.] 
 
 Dew'-point, n. (Meteor.) The temperature or point of 
 the thermometer at which dew begins to form. 
 
 I>e"w'y (dii'y), a. 1. Covered, or appearing as if covered, 
 with dew. 3. Accompanied by depositions of dew. 3. 
 Pertaining to dew. 4. Resembling dew-drops ; falling 
 gently, like the dew. 
 
 I>6x'ter, a. [Lat., from Gr. 5e|^tTep6s, equiv. to 5e|i6s.] 
 Pertaining to, or situated on, the right hand ; right, as 
 opposed to left. 
 
 Dex-ter'ity, n. [Lat. dexteritas, from dexter, q. v.] 1. 
 Readiness and grace in physical activity. 2. Activity 
 and expertness of the mind ; quickness and skill in man- 
 aging any complicated or difficult affair. 
 
 Syn. — Skill; adroitness; activity; expertness; art; ability; 
 address; tact; cleverness; facility; aptness; aptitude; faculty. 
 
 Dex'ter-ou.s, a. [Lat. dexter, q. v.] [Written also dex- 
 trous.] 1. Pleady and expert in the use of the body and 
 limbs. 3. S killf ul in contrivance ; quick at inventing 
 expedients. 3. Done with dexterity. 
 
 Syn. — Adroit; active; expert; skillful; clever; able; ready; 
 apt; handy; versed. 
 
 Dex'ter-oiis-ly, adv. In a dexterous manner. 
 
 Dex'ter-ous-ness, n. Dexterity ; adroitness. [left. 
 
 DSx'tral, a. [From dexter, q. v.] Right, as opposed to 
 
 Dex-tror'sal, 1 a. [Lat. dextrorsum, contracted from 
 
 I>6x'trorse, J dextrovorsum, dextroversum , toward 
 the right side, from dexter, right, and versus, vorsus, p. 
 p. of vertere^ vortere, to turn.] Rising from right to left, 
 85 a spiral line or a climbing plant. 
 
 Dex'troiis, a. The same as DEXTEROUS. 
 
 Dey (da), n. [Turk, dai, orig. a maternal uncle, then 
 a friendly title formerly given to middle-aged or old peo- 
 ple ; hence, in Algiers, consecrated at length to the com- 
 manding officer of the Janizaries, who frequently became 
 afterward pasha or regent of that province.] The gov- 
 
 ernor of Algiers, so called by Europeans before the 
 French conquest. 
 
 Dl'a-be'te^, n. sing. Scpl. [Gr. 6ca/3^Tiis, from Sta^aCveiv, 
 to pass through.] (Med.) A disease attended with a per- 
 sistent, excessive discharge of urine. 
 
 Di'a-bet'ic, la. Pertaining to diabetes; afflicted 
 
 I>i''a-b6t'i«-al, j with diabetes. 
 
 Uiabh'rie (de-ab'lu-re'), I n. [Fr., from diable. See 
 
 Di-ab'ler-y (de-ab'ler-y), j Devil,.] Deviltry ; sorcery ; 
 diabolical deed ; mischief. 
 
 Di'a-bSl'i-e, la- [Gr. fiia^oAiAco?, Lat. diabolicus. 
 
 Di'a-b61'i<;-al, j See Devil.] Pertaining to the d«vil ; 
 resembling, or appropriate to, the devil. 
 
 Syn. — Devilish; infernal; impious ; atrocious ; nefarious ; 
 demoniac. 
 
 Dra-bdl'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a diabolical manner. 
 
 Di'a-b61'i€-al-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
 devilish ; the character of a devil. 
 
 I>i'a-«aus'ti«, a. [Gr. SicucaCeiv, to bum through ; 8ia, 
 through, and KaUiv, to burn.] Belonging to a specie.s 
 of caustic curves formed by refraction. See Caustics. 
 
 Di'a-eaus'ti*!, n. 1. (Med.) That which is caustic by 
 refraction, as the sun's rays concentrated by a convex 
 lens, sometimes used as a cautery. 3. (Math.) A curve 
 formed by the consecutive intersections of rays of light 
 refracted through a lens. [taining to a deacon. 
 
 I>i-S,-e'o-nal, a. [L. Lat. rftaconato. See Deacon.] Per- 
 
 I>i-a,«'o-nate (45), n. [Lat. diaconatus. See DEACON.] 
 The office of a deacon ; deaconship. 
 
 Di'a-eovis'ti-e, a. [Gr. SiaKovetv, to hear through, from 
 8i.d, through, and d/couetv, to hear.] Pertaining to the 
 science or doctrine of refracted sounds. 
 
 Di'a-eoiis'ti-es, n. si7ig. That branch of natural phi- 
 losophy which treats of the properties of soimd relracted 
 by passing through different mediums. . 
 
 Di'a-erit'i« , \a. [Gr. 5ta(cptTi»c6s, from SiaKpCveiv, 
 
 Di'a-erit'i-e-al, J to separate, distinguish, from 8ta, 
 through, and Kpivetv, to separate.] Separating ; indicat- 
 ing something to be distinguished. 
 
 Di'a-dem, n. [Gr. SiaSrjfia, from SiaSelv, to bind round, 
 fr. fita, through, across, and Selv, to bind ; Lat. diadema.] 
 1. An ornamental fillet, worn as a badge of royalty ; 
 hence, also, a crown. 3. Royalty ; sovereignty ; dignity. 
 3. (Her.) An arch rising from the rim of a crown, and 
 uniting with others over its center. 
 
 Di-ser'e-sis, I n. / pi. Di-iER/E-SE§ or Dl-i:R'E-sf §. 
 
 Di-er'e-sis, ) [Gr. Stacpeo-is, from Staipetv, to divide, 
 from Sid, through, asunder, and alpelv, to take, to seize ; 
 Lat. diaeresis.] ( Gram.) (a.) The separation of one sylla- 
 ble into two. (b. ) A mark [ " ] placed over the second of 
 two adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to be pro- 
 nounced as distinct letters ; as, aerial. 
 
 DVag-no'sis, n. [Gr. Stayj/wcns, from Siayiyi'wo-Keii', to 
 distinguish, from 6ta, through, asunder, and ytyvwo-- 
 Keiv, to know.] 1. (Med.) The determination of a dis- 
 ease by means of distinctive marks or characteristics. 3. 
 Scientific determination of any kind. 
 
 Di'ag-nos'ti*, a. Pertaining to, or furnishing, a diag- 
 nosis ; indicating the nature of a disease. 
 
 Di'ag-nos'tic, n. The mark or sj'mptom by whicli a 
 disease is known or distinguished from ot hers. 
 
 Di-^g'o-nal, a. [Lat. diagonalis, from 
 Gr. fiia-yoivtos, from angle to angle, from 
 Sid, through, and ywi/ia, an angle.] 
 (Geom.) Joining two not adjacent an- 
 gles of a quadrilateral or multilateral Diagonal, 
 figure, and dividing it into two parts ; hence, crossing at 
 an angle with one of the sides. 
 
 Di-^g'o-nal, n. A right line drawn from one angle to 
 another not adjacent, of a figure of fom- or more sides. 
 
 Di-ag'o-nal-ly, adv. In a diagonal direction. 
 
 Di'a-gram, n. [Gr. Sidypa/xixa, fi-om Siaypd(l>eiv, to mark 
 out by lines, from Sid, through, and ypa<|)etv, to draw, 
 write.] 1 . ( Geom.) A figure or drawing made to illustrate 
 a statement, or facilitate a demonstration. 3. Any illus- 
 trative outline, figure, or drawing. 
 
 Di'a-grJipli, n. [From Gr. Siaypd^ieiv. See Diagram.} 
 An instrument used in perspective. 
 
 Di'al, n. [L. Lat. dialis, daily, from Lat. dies, day.] 1. 
 An instrument for showing the time of day from the 
 shadow of a style on a graduated surface. 3. The grad- 
 uated face of a time-piece on which the time of day is 
 shown by pointers. 
 
 Di'a-lect, w. [Gr. SidkeicTog, from Sia\eyeiv, Sia\eye<TBcu, 
 to converse, discourse, from Sid, through, and Aeyetv, to 
 speak.] 1. Means or mode of expressing thoughts ; lan- 
 guage ; tongue. 3. Local form of a language ; patois. 
 Syn. —Language; idiom; tongue; speech; pliraseology. 
 
 food, fdbt; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, call, e<;lio; gem, get; a§; e^cist; linger, link ; tiiig- 
 
DIALECTIC 
 
 202 
 
 DICHOTOMOUS 
 
 1*1 a-lf^^-'tlc, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a dialect or dia- 
 
 l>i-:i-I(!!«'tl«-al, I lects. 2. Pertaining to dialectics ; 
 logical. [alogiciiin; a reasoner. 
 
 l>i s»-le«-ti'clim (-tish'an), n. One ferstni in dialectics ; 
 
 IHa-lCf'ti**, »i. sing. [Lat. diakctica (sc. ars) Gr. 6ia- 
 AeicTunj (sc. Tex'T?)] That branch of logic which teaches 
 the rules of reasoning ; apphcation of logical principles to 
 discnrsive reasoning. 
 
 Di'al-iu^, »i. The science which unfolds the principles 
 of nicjisuriug time by dials ; art of constructing dials. 
 
 Di'al-ist. >•• A constructor of dials. 
 
 Di'ul-lage (45), n. [Gr. SioAAay^, change, alluding to 
 the change and inequality of luster between its natural 
 joints.] (Min.) A dark -green or bronze-colored laminate 
 niiueral. considered as a variety of hornblende or augite. 
 
 Di-51'o-gist, "• 1. A speaker in a dialogue. 2. A 
 writer of diiilogues. 
 
 Di-fil o-i;ist'i*", \ a. Relating to, or having the form 
 
 Di-jMo-sist'ic-al, j of, a dialogue. 
 
 l>i-:ll'o-«ize,- r. /. To discourse in dialogue. 
 
 Di'a-lSgue (dl'a-log), n. [Gr. StdAoyos, fixim fitoAeyecr- 
 0ai, to converse. See Dialect.] 1. A conversation 
 between two or more ; particularly, a formal conversation 
 in theatrical performances, or in scholastic exercises. 3. 
 A composition in which- two or more persons are repre- 
 sented as conversing on some topic. 
 
 Di'ftl-plate, «. The graduated plate of a dial. 
 
 Dl-fil'l/sls, n. : pi. Df-AL'Y-SE§. [Gr. 6iaA.ua-ts, fr. 5ta- 
 A.veti'' to part asunder, to dissolve, fi-. 6ta, through, one 
 from another, and Avetv, to loose.] 1. A diaeresis. See 
 DiiERESis. 2. (TJAei.) Same as Asyndeton, q.v. 3. 
 (Med.) (a.) Debility, (b.) A solution of continuity. 
 
 Di'a-lyt'i«, «• Having the quality of unloosing. 
 
 Di'a-mag-net'i-e, a. [Gr. 6td, through or across, and 
 M.ay>^TTjs, magnet.] Pertaining to, or exhibiting the phe- 
 nomena of, diamagnetism. 
 
 Di'a-mag-iigt'i-e, n. Any substance, which in a field 
 of magnetic force is differently affected from the ordina- 
 ry magnetic bodies. 
 
 Dra-mag-nefic-al-ly, adv. In the manner of, or 
 according to, diamagnetism. 
 
 Di'a-mag'iiet-i§m, »?. 1. The science which treats of 
 diamagnetic phenomena, and of the properties of diamag- 
 netic bodies. 2. That form or condition of magnetic 
 action which characterizes diamagnetics. 
 
 Dra-man'tine, a. Same as Adamantine. [ 0&5.] 
 
 I>i-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. Sia/xerpos, from Sea, 
 through, and /xe'rpov, measure.] 1. (Geom.) A 
 right hue through the center of a figure or' 
 
 body, as a circle, sphere, cube, &c., and ter- ^^_ ^ 
 
 minated by the opposite boundaries. t£. Length j)iameter. 
 of a straight line through the center of an ob- 
 ject from side to side ; width ; thickness. 3. (Arch.) The 
 distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column, 
 ui?ed as a unit for measuring all the parts of an order. 
 
 Di-am'e-tral, a. Pertaining to a diameter ; diametrically. 
 
 Di'a-in.6t'ri-e. ) a. 1. Belonging or relating to a di- 
 
 Di'a-met'ri«-al, ) ameter. '-i. Directly adverse. 
 
 Dra-met'ri€-al-ly, adv. In a diametrical direction ; 
 directly. 
 
 Di'a-mond (dl/a-mund or dl/mund), n. [Cor- . 
 rupted from Lat. adarnas, adamantis, Gr. afio/utas, /\ 
 a£iixavTO<;, the hardest iron, steel, diamond, prob. / \ 
 under the influence of Gr. 6ta(|)av^s, transparent. ( / 
 See Adamant.] 1. A mineral and gem re- \ / 
 markable for its hardness, as it scratches aU V 
 other minerals ; crystallized carbon. 2. A ge- Dia- 
 ometrical figure otherwise called a rhombus or mond 
 lozenge. 3. One of a suit of playing cards, ^^^' 
 stamped with the figure of a diamond. 4. (Print.) The 
 smallest kind of type. 
 
 g^- Thii line u printed in the tjpe called Diauosd. 
 
 Di'a-pa'.son, n. [Gr. SiaTrcuroiv, i. e., rj Sta Trao-toi' ^op- 
 Jcji/ (TVfJi^x^via, the concord of the fir.st and last notes, the 
 octave, from 6ia, through, and navCiv, gen. pi. of 7ra?, 
 all.] 1. (Gr. Mus.) The octave or interval which in- 
 cludes all the tones. 2. Concord, as of notes an octave 
 apart; harmony. 3. The entire compass of tones. 4. 
 A scale or pit«h for giving a standard pitch. 5. One of 
 certain stops in the organ, so called because they extend 
 through the scale of the instrument. 
 
 Di'a-per, n. [Fr. diaper, diaspre,jaspe, marbled, varie- 
 gated, 0. Fr. diaspre, L. Lat. diasprns, diaspra, a kind 
 of costly stuff, from h-dLt.jaspis, a green-colored precious 
 p.tone. See Jasper.] 1, Figured hnen cloth much used 
 for towels, napkins, &c. 2. A towel or napkin ; an in- 
 fant's broech-cloth. 3. (Arch.) Paneling filled up with 
 
 arabesque gilding and painting, or with earring or other 
 wrought work in low reUef. 
 
 Di'a-per, v. t. 1. To variegate or diversify with fijfures. 
 as cloth. 2, To put a diaper on, as a child. 
 
 Di'a-per, v.i. To draw flowers or figures, as upon cloth. 
 
 Di'a-plia-ne'i-ty, n. [See Diaphanous.] Qsality of 
 being diaphanous. 
 
 Di-aph'a-nous, a. "{Gr. Siow^av^s, from Stcu^aiVetv, to 
 show or shine through, fr. Std, through, and <^aiVetv, to 
 show, in the passive, to shine.] Having power to transmit 
 rays of light, as glass ; pellucid ; transparent ; clear. 
 
 Di'a-pli6n'i-es, n. siiig. [Gr. Sti, through, and <^»ioj, 
 a sound, tone.] The doctrine of refracted sound. 
 
 DWa-pho-^'e'sis, n. [Gr. 6ta(|)6pT}crt?, from fiiac^opeiv, to 
 carry through, from £id, through, and i^opelv, <}>epei.v, to 
 bear, carry.] (Med.) Augmentation of the insensible 
 perspiration. 
 
 Di/a-plio-r6t'i«, ) a. Having the power to increase 
 
 DFa-plio-r6t'i€-al, j the insensible perspiration. 
 
 DFa-pho-ret'i-e, w. (Med.) A medicine which pro- 
 motes insensible perspiration. 
 
 Di'a-plxragm (-jfram), x. [Gr. Sid^pay/xa, fr. Sicuj)fMyrv- 
 vai, to fence by a partition wall, fr. Sid, through, and 
 <f>payvvvai., <f>pd(T(reiv , to fence, inclose.] 1. A dividing 
 membrane or thin partition, commonly with an opening 
 through it. 2. (Anat.) The muscle separating the chest 
 or thorax from the abdomen : the midriff. 
 
 Di'a-rist^Ti. One who keeps a diarj-. 
 
 Di'ar-rlie'a l(-re/a), n. [Gr. 6idppoia, from fiiappeiv, 
 
 Di'ar-rhoe'a ) from Std, through, and peZv, to flow.] 
 (Med.) A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines. 
 
 Di'ar-rliet'i«, \a. (Med.) Producing diarrhea, or a 
 
 Di'ar-rlicBt'i-e , i purging. 
 
 Di'a-ry, «. [Lat. dianur?!, from, dies, day.] A raster 
 of daily occurrences ; a journal ; a blank-book dated for 
 the record of daily memoranda. 
 
 Di'as-tase, n. [Gr. St-darTaats, from SiacnTJvai, Stitrrdvai, 
 to stand apart, divide, from Si, for Sid, through, asunder, 
 and (rrrjvax, laTdvai, to stand, set.] ( Clitm.) A substance 
 containing nitrogen, generated during the germination of 
 grain for the brewerj". and tending to accelerate the for- 
 mation of sugar during fermentation. 
 
 Dv-ds'to-le, n. [Gr. Siaa-rokri. from SiatrreWeiv, to sep- 
 arate, from Sid, through, and <rre\keiv. to set, place.] 
 
 1. (3Ied.) A dilatation of the heart. 2. (Gram.) A 
 figure by which a syllable naturally short is mad6 long. 
 
 Di'a-style, n. [Gr. fitdo-TvAos, from Sid, through, asun- 
 der, and o-rvAos, pillar, column.] (Arch.) An edifice in 
 which three diameters of the columns are allowed for 
 each intercolumniatioK. 
 
 Di' a-tes' sa-^'on , n. [Gr. gtareo-adptov, (sc. a-yp.^via), 
 from 5id, through, and recradpwv, gen. of rea-crape^, foiir 
 (sc. x<jpSiov).] 1. (Anc. 3hts.) The interval of a fourth. 
 
 2. ( Theol.) A harmony of the four Gospels. 
 DT-fith'e-sis, n. [Gr. SidOecri?, from SiariGevax, to place 
 
 separately , to arrange, from Sid, through , asunder, and 
 7i0evai, to place, put.] (Med.) Bodily condition or con- 
 stitution, especially that which predisposes to a particu- 
 lar disease. 
 Di'a-ton'i*, a. [Gr. Siarovt/cos ; StaretVeiv, to stretch out, 
 to extend ; Sid, through, and reiveiv, to stretch, tovos, 
 a stretching, a tone.] (Mus.) Pertaining to the scale of 
 eight tones, the eighth of which is the octave of the 
 first. 
 
 Diatonic scale (Mus.), a scale consisting of eight sounds with 
 seven intervals, of which two are semitones and five are 
 whole tones. 
 Di'a-tribe, n. [Gr. Siarpip-q, fr. Siarpi^eiv, to rub away, 
 spend time, fromStd, through, and rpt/Setv, to rub.] A 
 continued discourse or disputation ; an invective har- 
 angue ; a strain of reviling or reproach. 
 Dib'ber, ) n. [See infra.] A pointed hand instrument, 
 Dib'ble, i used to make holes for planting seeds, &c. 
 Dib'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIBBLED \ p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 DIBBLING.] 1. To plant \vith a dibble ; to make holes 
 in with a dibble for planting seeds, &c. 2. To make 
 holes in, as if with a dibble. 
 Dib'ble, V. i. [h. dim. of Prov. Eng. dib^ for dip, to 
 thrust in, and allied to tip, a little sharp pomt.] To dip, 
 i as in angling. 
 
 ' Dlfe, n. ;j)l. of die. A game. See DIE, No. 1. 
 I Dif,e, V- i. To play with dice. 
 Dif'er, n. A player at dice ; one who dicee. 
 j Di-diot'o-mize, v. t. [See infra.] 1. To cut tnto 
 I two parts ; to halve ; to bisect. 2. (Astron.) To exhibit 
 I as a half-disk or semicircle. 
 
 ! Di-<;h6t'o-niize, v. i. To divide into two parts or pair*. 
 i Di-€li6t'o-<noiis, a. [Gr. SixoTop-oq, from SLxa., in two, 
 
 5i, &c..;ong-,-a, 6,&c.,iAorf/c4re,fa,r,asl£,all,what; ere, vgil, term; pXque, firm; son, dr,do,-w9l<i 
 
DICHOTOMY 
 
 203 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL 
 
 Munder, and Tefj-veiv, to cut.] ( Bot.) Regularly dividiug 
 by pairs, from top to bottom. 
 
 Di-ehdt'o-my, n. [Gr. Sixmonia, fr. Sixorofio?.] 1. A 
 cutting in two. (Obs.) !i. Division or distribution of gen- 
 era into two species. 3 . ( Astron.) That phase of the moon 
 in which it shows only half its disk. 4. (Bot.) Succes- 
 siye division and subdivision of a stem or vein into two 
 parts. 5. {Logic.) The division of a class into two sub- 
 classes opposed to each other by contradiction. 
 
 I>i'-ehro-i§m, n. [Gr. Si'xpoo?, two-colored, from &C, for 
 6is, twice, and xpo**. color.] (Opt.) The property of 
 presenting different colors by transmitted light, when 
 viewed in two different directions. 
 
 Dr<;h.ro-ina.t'i-e, a. [Gr. Sixpwju.os, two-colored, from 
 SC, for Sts, twice, and XP«1^*> color.] Having or pro- 
 ducing two colors. 
 
 Diclt'eng, n. The devil ; — used as a vulgar interjection. 
 
 Dick'er, n. [From Lat. decuria, a division consisting of 
 ten, from decern, ten.] 1. The number or quantity of 
 ten, particularly, ten hides or skins, "i, A chaffering 
 barter or exchange of small wares. [Amer.] 
 
 Dick'er, v. i. To negotiate a dicker; to barter. [Amer.] 
 
 Diclc'ey, ) n. 1. A seat behind a carriage, for servants, 
 
 JDick'y, ) &c. 3. A bosom to tie over the front of a 
 shirt. 3. A gentleman's shirt-collar. [New Eng.] 
 
 I>i'<!ot-y-le'd.oii, n. [Gr. St, for 5i?, twice, double, and 
 icoTuA.T)5t6v. See COTYLEDON.] (Bot.) A plant whose 
 seeds divide into two lobes in germinating. 
 
 I>i«'tate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. dictated; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DICTATING.] [Lat. dictare, dictatum, freq. form of 
 dicere, to say.] 1. To deliver, state, or utter, for another 
 person to reduce to writing. 2. To communicate with 
 authority ; to deUver to a subordinate, as a command. 
 
 Syn. — To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; point out; urge; ad- 
 monish. 
 
 Di€'tate, v. i. To deliver or communicate commands. 
 
 Di«'tate, n. A statement delivered with authority ; an 
 authoritative rule or principle. 
 
 Syn. — Command; order; direction; prescription; injunc- 
 tion; suggestion; impulse; admonition. 
 
 I>i€-ta'tioii, n. Act of dictating or prescribing. 
 
 Di-e-ta'tor, n. 1, One who dictates, 'i. One invested 
 with absolute authority, especially in times of exigence 
 and distress. 
 
 I>i«'ta-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining or suited to a dicta- 
 tor. 3. Characteristic of a dictator. 
 
 Syn. — Absolute; unlimited; imperious ; dogmatical; over- 
 bearing. 
 
 Di€'ta-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a dictator. 
 
 I>i«-ta'tor-sliip, n. The office of a dictator; the term 
 of a dictator's office. 
 
 Di<;-ta'tress, ) n. [Lat., f. of dictator, q. v.] A female 
 
 Di€-ta'trJLx, ) who dictates or conmiands. 
 
 Di-e-ta'tuxe (53), n. Office of a dictator ; dictatorship. 
 
 Di-e'tion, n. [Lat. dictio, from dicere, to say.] Choice 
 of words ; selection of terms ; manner of expression. 
 
 Syn.— Style; phraseology. —6X'/?e relates both to language 
 and thought; diction, to language only; phraseology, to the 
 mechanical structure of sentences, or the mode in which they 
 are phrased. The style of Burke was enriched with all the 
 higher graces of composition ; his diction was varied and copi- 
 ous; his phraseology, at times, was careless and cumbersome; 
 
 I>i«'tion-a-ry, n. [N. Lat. dictionarium , from dictio. 
 See supra.] 1. A book in which words are alphabeti- 
 cally arranged and explained ; a lexicon ; a vocabulary ; 
 a word-book. 'i. Hence, a work containing information 
 in any department of knowledge, arranged alphabet- 
 ically, under different heads. 
 
 J>l-e'tum, n.; pi. nic'TA. \haA,.,fioxa. dicere, to say.] 
 1. An authoritative saying oi: assertion. 3. (Law.) 
 A judicial opinion expressed by judges on points that do 
 not necessarily arise in the case, and are not involved in it. 
 
 Did, imp. of do. See Do. 
 
 I>i-da«'ti-e, \a. [Gr. StSa/criKo?, from StSao-Kciv, to 
 
 Di-da-e'ti«-al, ) teach.] Fitted or inclined to teach ; 
 arranged in a form suitable for instruction ; preceptive. 
 
 Di-da<;'ti«-al-ly, adv. In a didactic Inanner. 
 
 Di-d9,«'ti«s, n. sing. The art or science of teaching. 
 
 Di-da«'tyl, n. An animal having two toes. 
 
 I>i-da«'tyl, ) a. [Gr. 5iSd(CTuA.os, from St, for Sts, 
 
 Di-da«'tyl-ou.s, J twice, double, and ba.KTvX.os, a fin- 
 ger, a toe.] Having two toes. 
 
 Did'3,p-per, n. [For dibdapper, dibdabber^ dipdapper, 
 from dib, dip, and dab, dap, q. v.] ( Ornith.) A certain 
 bird that dives into the water ; the little or black-chin 
 grebe; dab-chick. 
 
 Did'dle, v. i. [Cf. Daddle.] To totter, as a child in 
 walking. 
 
 . Di'do, n. ; pi. DI'DOg. A trick ; an antic ; a caper. 
 
 To cut a dido, to play a trick; — so called from the trick of 
 Dido, who having Sought so much land aH a hide would cover, 
 cut it into a long string to inclose more than was intended. 
 
 Didst. Second person imperfect of do . See Do. 
 
 Di-du-e'tion, n. [Lat. diductio, from diducere, to draw 
 apart, to separate.] Act of drawing apart ; separation. 
 
 Die, V. i. [imp. & p. p. died ; p. pr. & vb. n. dying.] 
 [Icel. deya, deyja, 0. Sax. doan, dojan, 0. H. Ger. tow- 
 an, towjan, Goth, divan.] 1. To cease to hve ; to be- 
 come dead. 'Z. To become lost or extinct. 3. To sink; 
 to faint; to languish, with weakness, discouragement, 
 love, &c. 4. To become indifferent. 5. To recede and 
 grow fainter ; to become imperceptible. 6. To become 
 vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. 
 Sj'Ti.- To expire; decease; perish; depart; vanish. 
 
 Die, n. [Fr. de, from Lat. datum, from dare, to give, to 
 throw.] 1. A small cube, marked on its faces with spots 
 from one to six, used in gaming, by being thrown from a 
 box. 2. Any small cubical body. 3. (Arch.) The cubi- 
 cal part of the pedestal , between its base and cornice. 4. 
 The piece of metal on which is cut a device to be im- 
 pressed by stamping, as on a coin, medal, &c. 5. One 
 of two pieces of hardened steel foi-ming together a female 
 screw for cutting the threads of screws. 
 
 I®" In the first and second senses, the plural is Dice; in th« 
 last three senses, the plural is Diss. See Frinciples of Or- 
 thography, % 23. 
 
 Di-er'e-sis, n. The same as DliERESIS. 
 
 Die^- sinking, n. The process of engraving dies. 
 
 Di'esnon. [LaX. dies nonjuridicus.] (Xaw.)Adayon 
 whioh courts are not held, as the Sabbath, &c. 
 
 Di'et, n. [Lat. diseta, Gr. Staira, manner of living, 
 especially as to board and lodging.] 1. Habitual food ; 
 what is eaten and drunk ; victuals. 3. Course of food 
 selected with reference to a particular state of health. 
 
 Di'et, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DIETED ; p. pr.Sc vb. n. diet- 
 ing.] To feed ; to nourish ; especially, to cause to eat 
 and drink sparingly, or by prescribed rules. 
 
 Di'et, v.i. To eat ; to feed ; especially, to eat sparingly, 
 or according to prescribed rules. 
 
 Di'et, n. [L. Lat. dieta, diseta, an assembly, a day's 
 journey, from Lat. dies, day.] A legislative or admin- 
 istrative assembly in some countries of Europe. 
 
 Di'et-a-ry, a. Pertaining to diet, or the rules of diet. 
 
 Di'et-a-ry, n. Rule of diet ; allowance of food ; espe- 
 cially that prescribed in almshouses, prisons, &c. 
 
 Di'et-er, n. One who diets. 
 
 DFe-tet'i*, )a. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules 
 
 Di'e-tet'i-e-al, 1 for regulating the kind and quantity 
 of food to be eaten. 
 
 Dre-tet'i<;s, n. sing. That part of the medical or hygi- 
 enic art which relates to diet or food. 
 
 Di'et-ist,«. One skilled in diet. [Rare.] 
 
 Differ, v. i. [imp. & p.p. differed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 differing.] [Lat. differre, from dis and ferre, to 
 bear, carry.] 1. To be or stand apart ; to disagree ; to 
 be unlike or discordant, 'i. To disagree in sentiment. 
 3. To have a difference or quarrel. 
 
 Syn.— Differ with; differ /row. —Differ with is used in 
 reference to opinions, as, " I differ with my friend on that 
 point." In all other cases, expressing simple unlikeness, dif- 
 fer/ ■ ■ 
 
 Per /rom is used, as, " These two persons or things differ en 
 tirely from each other." This distinction is fully established 
 in England, and, to a great extent, in America. 
 
 Differ, v. t. To cause to be different or unlike. 
 
 Dif fer-en^e, n. 1. Act of differing ; state of being 
 different, discordant, or unlike. 3. Disagreement in 
 opinion; dissension; hence, cause of dissension; occa- 
 sion of quarrel. 3. That by which one thing differs 
 from another ; characteristic quality. 4. (Logic.) Quality 
 or attribute added to those of the genus to constitute a 
 species; differentia. 5. (Math.) The quantity by which 
 one quantity differs from another. 
 
 Syn. — Distinction; dissimilarity; di»6imilitude ; variation; 
 diversify ; variety ; contrariety: disagreement : discordance; 
 variance; contest; contention; dispute; controversy; debate; 
 quarrel; wrangle; strife. 
 
 Dif fer-en^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. differenced (dif- 
 fer-enst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. DIFFERENCING.] To cause 
 to differ ; to make different : to distinguish. 
 
 Dif 'f er-ent, a. 1. Distinct ; separate ; not the same. 
 3. Of various or contrary nature, form, or quaUty ; un- 
 hke ; dissimilar. 
 
 Dxffer-en'ti-d, n. [Lat.] (Logic.) The distinguishing 
 part of the essence of a species ; specific difference. 
 
 Dif fer-en'tial, a. 1. Creating a difference ; discrim- 
 inating ; special. 3. (Math.) Pertaining to a differential. 
 
 fottd, foot ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, <:all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^dst ; lisser, link ; tbis. 
 
DIFFERENTIAL 
 
 204 
 
 DIGNIFY 
 
 S. (M<c)i.) (a.) Differiug in Amount or in the pitxiucing 
 force ; — said of uiotious or effects, (b.) Intended to pro- 
 duce or indicate difference of motion or effect ; — said of 
 machinery, &c. 
 
 DUf'rrtntial ci^cuhis, one of the higher branches of mathe- 
 matics. See CALCVLVS. — Difffrentidl co-€Jficient, limit of the 
 mtio of tlvo incromont of a l\iuctiou of a variable to the incre- 
 ment of tho variablo itsell', when those increments are in- 
 dctinitclj- small. —i>i/^<Fr»j^u«/ coiiplmg, a slip-coupling nsed 
 in light machinery to regulate tlie velocity of tlie connected 
 shat^. — Dijler{ntii.tl tjcar, a combination of wheel-work by 
 whiili a motion is produced eciualtothe difference between 
 two other motions. — I)({f'erential motion, an adjustment by 
 which a single combination is made to produce such a velocity- 
 ratio as would by ordinary arrangements require a considerable 
 train of mechanism. — 2)i/^i're«<ia/ screiv, a compound screw 
 by which a motion is produced equal to the difference of the 
 motions ot the component screvrs. — Differential thermometer, 
 a thermometer for measuring very small differences of tem- 
 jicrature. 
 
 Differ-^n'tial, n. (Math.) An increment, usually an 
 indefinitely small one, given to a variable quantity. 
 
 I>if'fer-6ii'ti-ate (-shT-at), v. t. (Math.) To obtain the 
 differential, or differential co-efiicient, of. 
 
 I>if'fer-6ii'ti-a'tioii (-shi-a'shun), n. 1. (Log-jc.) Act 
 of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its dif- 
 ferentia, or specific difference. 3. ( Math . ) Act or process 
 of differentiating. 3. (Physiol.) Production of a diver- 
 sity of parts by a process of evolution or development. 
 
 Dif 'f er-ent-ly, adv. In a different manner ; variously. 
 
 l>if'fi-eult, a. [Lat. difficilis, difficuL] 1. Hard to 
 make, do, or perform. 3. Hard to deal with ; beset with 
 difficulty. 3. Not easily wrought upon; not compliant 
 or complaisant. 
 
 Syn. — Arduous ; painful; crabbed; perplexed; laborious; 
 unaccommodating; austere; rigid. 
 
 ©if' fi-eiilt-ly, adv. With difficulty ; laboriously. 
 
 I>if'fi-eul-ty (110), n. 1. State of being difficult, or 
 hard to accomplish, or to deal with. 2. Something diffi- 
 cult ; a thing hard to accomplish or to deal with. 3. A 
 controversy ; a variance or disagreement. 
 
 Syri.— Hardness; arduousness; impediment; obstacle; ob- 
 struction ; embarrassment ; perplexity ; exigency ; distress ; 
 trouble ; trial ; objection ; cavil. See Isipedime>'T. 
 
 Dif'fi-den^e, n. State of being diffident ; want of con- 
 fidence, especially, in one's self; lack of self-rehance. 
 
 Syn. — Humility ; bashfulness ; modesty; distrust; doubt; 
 fear; timidity; apprehension; hesitation. 
 
 Dif'fi-dent, a. [Lat. diffidtns., p. pr. of diffidere, to dis- 
 trust, fix)m dis, unA fid ere, to txnst.] 1. Wanting con- 
 fidence in others. 3. Wanting confidence in one's self; 
 not self-reliant. 
 
 Syn. — Distrustful; suspicious; hesitating; doubtful; timid; 
 modest; bashful; reserved. 
 
 Dif f i-dent-ly, adv. In a diffident manner. 
 
 Dif 'form, a. [From Lat. dis and forma, shape, form. 
 Cf. Deform.] Irregular in form ; iiot uniform ; anom- 
 alous : hence, unlike ; dissimilar. 
 
 Dif-fra-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. diffracted : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DIFFRACTING.] [Lat. diffringere, diffractum, to 
 break in pieces, from dis amd frangere , to break.] To 
 break or separate into parts. 
 
 Dif-frac'tion, n. (Opt.) The deflection and decomposi- 
 tion of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or 
 through narrow slits, causing the appearance of parallel 
 bands or fringes of prismatic colors. 
 
 Dif-fran'cliige, I v. 8c n. See Disfranchise 
 
 Dif-fran'chige-ment, j Disfranchisement. 
 
 »if-fu§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. DIFFUSED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DIFFUSING.] [Lat. diffimdere, diffusum, from dis 
 and fuTuiere, to pour, to spread.] To pour out and spread, 
 as a fluid ; to send out, or extend, in aU directions. 
 
 Syn. — To expand; spread; circulate; disseminate; spend; 
 waBte; extend; scatter; disperse; publish; proclaim. 
 
 I)if-fiise'(dif-fus'), a. Poured out; widely spread ; not 
 restrained, especially as to style ; copious ; verbose ; 
 prolix : amplified. 
 
 Dif-f us'ed-ly, adv. In a diffused manner ; dispersedly. 
 
 Dif-fug'ed-neKS, n. State of being diffused. 
 
 Dif-fuse'ly, adv. In a diffu.«e manner ; verbosely. 
 
 Dif-fuse'nesH, n. Quality of being diffuse ; especially, 
 in writing, the use of a great number of words to express 
 the meaning ; lack of conciseness ; verbosity. 
 
 Dif-fug'er, n. One who diffuses. 
 
 Dif-fu'gi-bil'i-ty, n. Qualify of being diffusible. 
 
 Dif-fu'gi-ble, a. [See Diffuse, ^•.] Capable of being 
 diffused ; diffusive. 
 
 Dif-fil'gioii, n. The act of diffusing, or the state of 
 being diffused ; dissemination. 
 
 Syn. — Extension ; spread ; propagation ; circulation ; ex- 
 pajision; dispersion. j 
 
 Dlf-fii'sive, a. Having the quality of diffusing ; capable 
 of spreading by flowing ; hence, extending. 
 
 Dif-fu'sive-ly, adv. In a diffusive manner. 
 
 Dif -fu'sive-ness, «. Quahty or state of being diffusiv» 
 or diffuse ; — said especially of style. 
 
 Dig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DUG or digged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. digging. — Digged is obs. or obsolescent.] [A.-S. 
 dician, 0. D. diken, io dike, ditch, trench, Goth, digan, 
 deigan, to form.] 1. To turn and throw up, as the 
 earth ; to loosen or remove with a spade, or other instru- 
 ment ; to delve. '3. To hoUow out, as a well ; to form, 
 as a ditch, by removing earth ; to excavate. 
 
 Dig, V. i. To work with a spade or other Uke instrument ; 
 to do servile work ; to delve. 
 
 Di-gam'ma, n. [Gr. SCyafjifia, from 6i, for Sis, twice, 
 double, and yafj.iJ.a, the letter r ; — so called because it 
 resembled two gammas placed one above the other.] 
 ( Gr. Gram.) A letter (F ) of the Greek alphabet, wliich 
 early fell into disuse. It was pronounced, probabh, 
 much Uke the EngUsh w. 
 
 Di-gas'tri-e, a. [From Gr. BC, for 5ts, twice, double, and 
 voo-njp, belly.] (-4na«.) (a.) Having a double belly, (b.) 
 Pertaining to a certain muscle situated between tke lower 
 jaw and the mastoid process. 
 
 Di-g6st', V. t. [imp. & p. p. digested ; />. pr. & vb. 
 n. DIGESTING.] [Lat. digerere, digestujn, to separate, 
 distribute, arrange, dissolve, from di, for dis, and gerere, 
 to bear, carry, wear.] 1. To arrange methodically ; to 
 work over and classify. 3. To prepare in the stomach 
 for conversion • into blood ; to turn into chyme ; — said 
 of the food. 3. To think o-^r; to reflect upon. 4. To 
 bear with patience or submission. 5. (Chem.) To soften 
 by heat and moisture. 6. (Med.) To suppurate. 
 Syn.— To arrange ; distribute ; dispose ; concoct. 
 
 Di-gest', v.i. 1. To undergo digestion. 3. To be pre- 
 pared by heat. 3. To suppiirate. 
 
 Di'gcst, n. [Lat. digestum, pi. digesta, from digestvs, 
 put in order, p. p. of digerere.] 1. That which is di- 
 gested ; especially, that which is worked over, classified, 
 and arranged. 3. A collection of Roman laws, arranged 
 under proper titles by order of the emperor Justinian. 
 Syn. — Compendium ; summary ; abridgment ; pandect. 
 
 Di-gest'er, n. 1. One who digests. 3. Something that 
 aids digestion. 3. A strong, closed vessel, in which 
 bones or other substances may be gradually dissolved by 
 being subjected to a temperature above that of boiling. 
 
 Di-gest'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being digestible. 
 
 Di-gest'i-tole, a. Capable of being digested. 
 
 Di-gest'i-ble-ness, n. The quahty of being digestible ; 
 digestibility. 
 
 Di-ges'tion (di-j6st/yun, 66), n. [Lat. digestic] 1. Act 
 of digesting; classification. 3. Conversion of food into 
 chyme. 3. Preparation by heat and moisture ; gradual 
 solution. 4. Production of pus. 
 
 Di-gest'ive, a. Causing to digest ; producing digestion ; 
 used for digesting ; pertaining to digestion. 
 
 Dig'ger,n. One who digs ; a delver. 
 
 Dig'gtng, «. 1. Act or place of digging. 3. pi. Places 
 where ore, especially gold, is dug. 3. pi. Regions ; local- 
 ities. [Low.] 
 
 Dight (dit), V. t. [imp. & p. p. DIGHT, or DIGHTED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DIGHTING.] [A.-S. dihtan, to dictate, 
 command, dispoi?e, arrange, from Lat. dictare, to say 
 often, dictate, order, freq., form of dicere, to say.] To put 
 in order ; hence, to dress ; to array ; to adorn. [Rare.] 
 
 Dig'it, n. [Lat. digitus, a finger, an iach, the 16th part 
 of a Roman foot, akin to Gr. SeLKvvvaL, to show, point.] 
 1. A finger. 3. A finger's breadth, or three fourths of 
 an inch. 3. (Arith.) One of the ten figures, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 
 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which all numbers are expressed. 4. 
 (Astron.) A 12th part of the diameter of the sun or moon. 
 
 Dig'i-tal, a. Pertaining to the fingers, or to digits. 
 
 Dig'i-tate, ) a. [Lat. digitatus, having fingers. See 
 
 Dig'i-ta''ted, I supra.] (Bot.) Having several leaflets 
 arranged, like the fingers of the hand, at the extremity 
 of a stem, or petiole. 
 
 Dig'i-ta'tion, n. A division into finger-like processes. 
 
 Dig'i-ti-form/, a. [Lat. digitus, a finger, and /c/n«a 
 shape.] (.BoJ.) Formed Uke fingers. 
 
 Dig'i-ti-grade', a. [From Lat. digitus, finger, toe, and 
 gradi, to step, walk.] (Zool.) WaUdng on the toes. 
 
 Dig'i-ti-grade', n. (Zool.) An animal that walks or 
 steps on its toes, as the Uon, wolf, &c. 
 
 Dig'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIGNIFIED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DIGNIFYING.] [L. Lat. dignificare, from Lat. 
 dignus, worthy, and facere, to make.] To invest with 
 dignity or honor ; to give distinction to. 
 
 », e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short; c^e, far, ask, all, wliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, Ac^y-WQllt 
 
DIGNITARY 
 
 205 
 
 DIMETER 
 
 Syn. — To exalt; elevate; prefer; advan«e; honor; illustrate; 
 adorn; ennoble. 
 
 Dig'nl-ta-ry, n. One who possesses exalted rank, es- 
 pecially ecclesiastical rank. 
 
 Dig'ni-ty, n. [Lat. dignitas, from dignus, worthy.] 1. 
 State of being worthy or honorable ; elevation of mind or 
 character. 'J. Elevation of rank ; honorable station. 3. 
 QijaUty suited to inspire respect or reverence ; loftiness 
 and elegance. 4. One holding high rank ; a dignitary. 
 Syii»— See Decoeum. 
 
 Di'srapli, n. [Gr. SC, for 5i?, twice, double, and yptuf>V, 
 a \vriting, from ypac^en/, to write.] A combination of two 
 written characters to express a single articulated sound. 
 
 DI-gr6ss', V. i. [imp. & p. p. digressed (-gresf); P- 
 pr. & vb. n. DIGRESSING.] [Lat. digredi, digressus, from 
 di, for dis, and gradi, to step, walk.] 1. To turn aside ; 
 especially, in writing or speaking, to turn aside from the 
 main or proper subject of attention, or course of argu- 
 ment. 2. To turn aside from the right path. 
 
 Syn.— To deviate; wander; expatiate; amplify; transgress; 
 offend. 
 
 Di-Sr6s'sion (-grgsh/un), n. 1. Act of digressing, es- 
 pecially in writing and speaking ; hence, a part of a dis- 
 course deviating from its main design. 3. A turning 
 aside from the right path ; transgression ; offense. 
 
 Di-grgs'sion-al (-gresh'un-), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
 sisting in, digression. 
 
 Di-grr6ss'ive, a. Departing from the main subject. 
 
 I>i-grr6ss'ive-ly, adv. By way of digression. 
 
 Dike, n. [A.-S. die, J), dijk ; Fr. digue, Sp. dique. It. 
 diga. See DIG.] 1. A ditch ; a channel for water made 
 by digging. 3. A mound thrown up to prevent low 
 lands from being inundated by the sea or a river. 3. 
 ( Geol.) A wall-Uke mass of mineral matter, filUng up 
 fissures in the original strata. 
 
 Dike, V. t. [imp. & p. p. diked (dikt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DIKING.] 1. To surround or protect with a dike or 
 bank. H, To drain by a dike or dikes. 
 
 Dt-ia.p'er-ate, v, t. [imp. & p. p. dilacerated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DILACERATING.] [Lat. dilacerare, dilace- 
 ratum,, from di, for dis, and lacerare, to tear.] To rend 
 asunder ; to tear in two. 
 
 D i-iap'er-a'tion, n. Act of rending asunder. 
 
 Di-iap'i-date, t^. t. [imp. & p. p. dilapidated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. dilapidating.] [Lat. dilapidare, dilapi- 
 datum, to scatter hke stones, from rfi, for dis, and lapi- 
 dare, to throw stones, from lapis, a stoue.] 1. To suffer 
 to fall into a condition of decay or partial ruin. ^. To 
 diminish by waste and abuse ; to squander. 
 
 Dl-l&p'i-date, V. i. To get out of repair; to become 
 decayed ; to go to ruin. 
 
 Di-13,p'i-da'tion., n. 1. Act of dilapidating, or state 
 of being dilapidated, ti. Ecclesiastical waste. 
 
 DT-l^p't-da'tor, n. One who causes dilapidation. 
 
 Di-lat'a-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being dilatable. 
 
 Di-lat'a-ble, a. Capable of expansion or extension ; ad- 
 mitting dilatation. 
 
 Dil'a-ta'tioii, n. [Lat. dilatatio, from dilatare, to en- 
 large, dilate, intensive form of differre, dilatus.] Act of 
 dilating ; expansion ; a spreading or extending in all di- 
 rections ; the state of being expanded ; dilation. 
 
 Di-late', or Di-late', v. t. [imp. & p.p. dilated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DILATING.] [Lat. dilatare, from di, for dis, 
 and latus, wide.] To enlarge or extend in all directions. 
 
 Syn. — To expand ; swell ; distend ; enlarge ; spread out ; 
 amplify; expatiate. 
 
 Di-late', or Di-late', v. i. 1. To expand ; to swell or 
 extend in all directions. 3. To speak largely and copi- 
 ously ; to expatiate ; to descant. 
 
 Di-lat'er, or Di-lat'er, n. One who dilates. 
 
 Di-la'tion, or Di-la'tion, n. [An Eng. formative from 
 dilate, the more common word being dilalation, fromLat. 
 dilatatio. See Dilatation.] Act of dilating, or state 
 of being dilated ; expansion ; dilatation. [Modern.] 
 
 Di-la'tive, or Di-la'tive, a. Causing dilatation. 
 
 Di-lat'or, or Di-lat'or, n. That which widens or ex- 
 pands ; a muscle that dilates any part. 
 
 Dil'a-to-ri-ly, adv. With delay ; tardily. 
 
 Dil'a-to-ri-ness, n. The quality of being dilatory. 
 
 Dil'a-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. dilatorius, from dilator, a de- 
 layer, from differre, dilatum, to defer, to delay.] 1. In- 
 clined to put off what ought to be done at once ; given 
 to procrastination. 3, Marked with procrastination or 
 delay. 3. Intended to make delay, or to gain time and 
 defer decision or action. • 
 
 Syn.— Slow; delaying; sluggi* ; inactive ; loitering ; be- 
 hindhand; backward; procrastinating; tardy. 
 
 Dl-l£m'ma, or Di-16m'ma, n. [Gr. 8i\yiiJ.fj.a, from Ss 
 for 6is, twice, double, and kci4ipdvei.v, to take, Ai^^|uia, any 
 thing received, an assumption.] 1. {Logic.) An argu- 
 ment which presents an antagonist vdth two or more al- 
 ternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, which- 
 ever alternative he chooses, ii. A perplexing state or 
 alternative ; a difficult or doubtful choice. 
 
 Dil'et-tant', \n.;pl. dIl'et-tAn'ti. [It., prop. p. 
 
 Itil'et-tdn'te, ) pr. of dilettare, to take dehght in, from 
 Lat. delectare, to delight.] An admirer of the fine arts; 
 an amateur ; especially, one who follows an art, or a 
 branch of knowledge, desultorily, without serious pur- 
 pose, or for amusement only. 
 
 Diret-tan'te-igm, n. Quality of being a dilettante. 
 
 Dil'i-gen^e, n. QuaUty of being diligent; interested 
 and persevering appUcation ; sedulousness ; assiduity. 
 Syn. — Industry. — Indxtsiry has the wider sense of the two, 
 plying an habitual devotion to labor for some valuable end. 
 
 inlying i 
 knowle( 
 
 as knowledge, property, &c.; diligence denotes earnest applica- 
 tion to some specihc object or pursuit. A man may be diligent 
 for a time, or in seeking some favorite end, without meriting 
 the title of industrious. Such was the case with Fox, while 
 Burke was eminent not only for diligence, but industry ; he 
 was always at work, and always looking out for some new field 
 of mental effort. 
 
 Diligence (de'le'zhSngss'), n. [Fr.] A four-wheeled 
 pubUc stage-coach, used in France. 
 
 Dil'i-gent, a. [Lat. diligens, p. pr. of diligere, to es- 
 teem highly, to f)refer, from di, or dis, and legere, to 
 choose, select.] 1. Interestedly and perseveringly at- 
 tentive ; steady in application to business. 3. Prose- 
 cuted with care and constant effort. 
 
 Syn. — Active ; assiduous : sedulous ; laborious ; persever- 
 ing; attentive; industrious; careful. 
 
 Dil'i-gent-ly, adv. In a diligent manner ; with indus- 
 try or assiduity ; not carelessly ; not negligently. 
 
 Dill, n. [A.-S. dil, dile.] (Bat.) A plant, the seeds of 
 which are pungent and aromatic. [coach. 
 
 Dill'y, n. [Contracted from di7/g'ence.] A kind of ' stage- 
 
 Dil'ly-dai'ly, v. i. To loiter or trifle. 
 
 Dil'u-ent, a. [Lat. diluens, p. pr. of diluere. See infra.] 
 Diluting ; making thinner or weaker by admixture, es- 
 pecially of water. 
 
 Dil'ii-ent, n. That which dilutes, thins, or weakens 
 any thing (especially the blood) by mixture with it. 
 
 Di-liite', tJ. t. [imp. &, p. p. diluted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DILUTING.] [Lat. diluere, dilutum, from di, for dis, and 
 lucre, equivalent to lavare, to wash, lave.] 1. To make 
 thinner or more liquid by admixture with something. 
 2. To diminish, by mixing, the strength, flavor, color, 
 &c., of ; to reduce, especially by the addition of water. 
 
 Di-liite', v. i. To become attenuated or thin. 
 
 Di-lu.te', a. Thin ; attenuated ; reduced in strength, as 
 spirit or color. 
 
 Di-liit'er, n. One who, or that which, dilutes. 
 
 Di-lu'tion, n. Act of diluting, or state of being diluted. 
 
 Di-lii'vi-al, a. [Lat. diluvialis, from diluvium, q. v.] 
 Pertaining to, or produced by, a deluge, more especially 
 the deluge in Noah's days. [an deluge. 
 
 Di-lii'vi-an, a. Pertaining to a deluge, or to the Noachi- 
 
 Ul-lu'vi-on, \n. [Lat. See Deluge.] (GeoZ.)Ade- 
 
 Di-lU'vi-um, ) posit of superficial loam, sand, gravel, 
 pebbles, &c., caused by former action of the sea. 
 
 Dim, a. [compar. DIMMER ; superl. DIMMEST.] [A.-S. 
 dim, Icel. dimmr, 0. Sax. tliimm, alhed to Skr. tamas, 
 Lith. tamsa, darkness, tamsus, dark, Russ. temnyi, Ir. 
 teim,; Icel. dimma, to grow dark.] 1. Not bright or 
 distinct; of obscure luster or sound, ti. Of obscure 
 vision ; hence, dull of apprehension. 
 
 Syn. — Obscure ; dusky ; dark ; darkish ; mysterious ; im- 
 perfect; dull; obtuse; sullied; tarnished. 
 
 Dim, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DIMMED ; p.pr. &, vb. n. DIM- 
 MING.] 1. To render dim, obscure, or dark ; to darken ; 
 to dull. 3. To deprive of distinct vision ; to darken the 
 senses or understanding of. 
 
 Dime, n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. disme, from Lat. decimus, the 
 tenth, from decern, ten.] A silver coin of the United 
 States, of the value of ten cents ; the tenth of a dollar. 
 
 Di-men'sion, n. [Lat. dimensio, from dimetiri, dimen- 
 sus, to measure out, from di, for dis, and vietiri, to 
 measure.] 1. Measurement in a single direction, as 
 length, breadth, height, or thickness ;— usually in the pi., 
 measurement in length, breadth, and thickness | extent ; 
 size. 3. Reach ; application ; importance. 3. [Alg.) 
 A literal factor, as numbered in characterizing a term. 
 
 Di-m6n'sive, a. Marking the dimensions or limits. ^ 
 
 Dim'e-ter, a. [Gr. SiVerpo?, from U, for Sis, twice, 
 double, two-fold, and jaeVpov, measure.] Having two 
 poetical measures. 
 
 food, fobt; tLin, rude, pull ; $ell, 9liaise, -eall, e«lio; g«m, get; agi e^lst; lisser, link; tills. 
 
DIMETER 
 
 206 
 
 DIPLOMA 
 
 DIm'e-ter, n. ( Pros.) A A-en* of two measures. 
 
 Di-niid'l-ate, v. t. {imp. & /'./>. dimidiated: p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DIMIDIATIMJ.J [Lat. ilivudiare, dimidiatttm , 
 from dimidius, half.] To liivide into two equal parts. 
 
 I>i-uiid'i-ate. a. 1. Dividixi iuto two equal parts. 'Z. 
 (A((' >v .■ I, ) Consistiug of but one half of what the 
 uor requires .""appt-ariug as if halved. (6.), 
 
 Ua\ >*^'t off agaiu.st the other iu functions. 
 
 Di-uiiJ. I .. liou. >i. Act of dimidiating or halving. | 
 
 Di-miu'iisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. di.mimshed (di-min'- 
 isht. k'S) ; /'. pr. & vb. n. DIMINISHING.] [Lat. dimin- 
 uirr, from di, for dis, and minuere, to lessen, fix)m minor, ., 
 minus, less, comparative of parvus, Uttle.] 1. To make 
 smaller in anv manner. '2, To lessen the authoritj- or i 
 dignity of. 3. {-Vu.<.) To make smaller by a semitone. 
 4. To' take away ; to subtract. ! 
 
 Syn. — To decrease ; lessen; abate; liquidate; reduce: im- I 
 pair: degrade; abase. See Dkckeask. I 
 
 Di-min'lsli.f- 1. To become or appear less or smaller: \ 
 to lessen. 
 
 Di-min'isli-a-ble, a. Capable of being diminished. 
 
 Di-min'isli-er, n. One who, or that which, diminishes. 
 
 I>\-mlrn'u-en'do, adv. [It., p. pr. of di- 
 //ifnwBY, to diminish.] (JiM^.) In a grad- 
 ually diminishing manner ; — a direction , Dmiinuendo. 
 written on the staff or indicated as in the margin. 
 
 Dini'i-nu'tiori, n. [Lat. diminutio. See DIMINISH.] 
 1. Act of diminishing, or state of being diminished : re- 
 duction in size, quantity, or degree. '2. Act of lessening 
 dignity or consideration, or the state of being deprived 
 of dignity. 3. (Law.) Omission, inaccuracy, or defect 
 in a record. 
 
 Syn. — Decrease ; decay ? abatement ; deduction ; decre- 
 ment; degradation; abasement. I 
 
 Di-min'u-tiTe, a. Of small size; minute; little. j 
 
 Di-min'u-tive, n. 1. Something of very small size or ' 
 value ; an insignificant thing. '2. ( G-ram.) A derivative ] 
 fixim a noun, denoting a small or a young object of the j 
 game kind with that denoted by the primitive. j 
 
 I>i-raiii'u.-tive-ly. adv. In a diminutive manner. i 
 
 Di-min'u-tive-ness, n. QuaUty of being diminutive ; 
 smallness : littleness : minuteness. 
 
 Dim'is-so-ry (50), a. [Lat. di)7iissoriu^, firom dimittere, 
 to send away, from di, for dis, and viittere, to send.] 1. 
 Sending aw^ay ; dismissing to another jurisdiction. '2. 
 Granting leave to depart. 
 
 Dim'i-ty, n. [Gr. SiiJUTO^, of double thread, dimity, from 
 &C, for Sig, twice, double, and /aitos, a thread of the warp.] 
 A kind of stout, white, cotton cloth, ribbed or figured. 
 
 Dim'ly. adv. In a dim or obscure manner. 
 
 Dirn'migli, a. Somewhat dim ; indistinct ; rather ob- 
 scure, or of weak sight. 
 
 Uiia'ness, n. State or quality of being dim. 
 
 SjfTj. — Darkness ; indistinctnesB ; obscuiity : gloom. See 
 Daek>'ess. 
 
 I>i-m6r'plii§in, n. [Gr. SC, for fit's, twice, twofold, and 
 fitop6ij, form.] The property of being dimorphous. 
 
 Di-iiidr'plioug, a. 1. Occurring under two distinct 
 forms. '2, ( CrystaUog. ) Crystalli^ng xuider two forms 
 fundamentally different. 
 
 Dim'ple, n. [Cf. Ger. dilmpel, a pool, and Eng. dirigk, 
 a narrow dell.] 1. A slight natural depression qn the 
 surface of the body, especiaUy on the cheek or chin. 3. | 
 A slight indentation on any surfece. | 
 
 Dim'ple, v. i. [ijyjp. & p.' p. dimpled ; p. pr. & vb. n. \ 
 DIMPLING.] To form dimples ; to sink into depressions j 
 or Uttle inequaUties. ' i 
 
 Dim'ple, v. t. To mark with dimples. 
 
 Din, n. [A.-S. dyry, Icel. dyn, thunder, din, noise.] 
 Ixjud, stunning noise; racket: clamor. 
 
 Din, f. t. [imp. & p.p. dinned; p. pr. & vh. n. DIN- 
 ?fIN-G.] To strike with continued or confused sound : to ' 
 ftun with noise. 
 
 Dine, v. i. [imp. & p. n. dined : p. pr. & vb. n. DIN- 
 ING.] [Fr. diner, 0. Fr. disner, L. Lat. disnare, contr. 
 from Lat. dii, &nd jejunare, to fast, jfjun us, fasting, hun- 
 gry.] To partake of the noon meal, or of the principal 
 regular meal of the day : to take dinner. 
 
 Dine,f. f. To give a dinner to or at. 
 
 Ding, V. i. [Scot, ding, to drive, to beat, A.-S. dingan, 
 dencgan, to ]uiock, Icel. dengia, to beat.] 1. To talk 
 with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration : to bluster. 
 [Low.] 2. To sound, as a bell ; to ring or tinkle. 
 
 Ding, n. A thtunp or stroke, especially of a bell. 
 
 Ding'-d5ng, n. The sound of bells ; hence, a similar 
 repeated and monotonous sound. 
 
 Din'ghy, ) n. [Bengalee.] 1. A kind of boat used ia 
 
 Din'gey, ) the East Indies. 2. A ship's smallest boat, 
 rowed by two men. 
 
 Din'gi-ne8S, n. State or quality of being dingy. 
 
 Din'gle (ding'gl), »i. [Cf. Den.] A narrow dale or val- 
 ley between hills. 
 
 Din'gy, a. [compar. DINGIER ; superl. DINGIEST.] [Al- 
 lied to dim and dun, q. v.] Soiled ; sullied ; of a dark 
 or dusky color ; dun./ 
 
 Din'ner, n. [See Dine.] 1. The principal meal of the 
 day, eaten between breakfast and supper. 2. An enter- 
 tainment ; a feast. 
 
 Dint, r. t. [imp. & p. p. dinted ; p. pr. &. vb. n. dint- 
 ing.] To make a mark or small cavity on, by a blow 
 or by pressure. 
 
 Di-05'e-san, or Di'o-^e'san, a. [See Diocese.] Per- 
 taining to a diocese. [relation to his diocese. 
 
 Di-69'e-san, or Di'o-^e'san, ;i. A bishop, viewed in 
 
 Di'o-fese, ». [Gr. fiiouojo-ts, housekeeping, administra- 
 tion, province, jurisdiction, fr. StoiKelf, to keep hou?e, 
 manage, fr. SC, for fiid, through, and otKctv, to manage a 
 household, firom oIkos, a house. This word is often spelt 
 diocess : but this orthography is opposed to the deriva- 
 tion, and is not sanctioned by the best English author- 
 ity.] The district in which a bishop exercises his eccle- 
 siastical authority. 
 
 Di-6p'tri€, )a. [Gr fitoTrrptico?, belonging to the u.<e 
 
 Di-6p'tri€-al, ) of the SCoTnpa, a geometrical instru- 
 ment, from Si, for SiA, through, and OTrreiv, to see.] 1. 
 Assisting vision by means of the refraction of Ught. 2. 
 Relating to dioptrics. 
 
 Di-op'tri-es, n . sing. That part of optics which treats 
 of the laws of the refraction of light in passing from one 
 meditim into another, or through different media, and 
 especially through different lenses. 
 
 Di'o-ra'ma, or Di''o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. Siopav, to see 
 through, from 5i, for fiia, through, and opav, to see, 
 opojxa, that which is seen, a sight.] 1. A mode of scenic 
 representation, in which a painting is seen from a dis- 
 tance through a large opening. 2. A building for such 
 an exhibition. 
 
 Di'o-ram'i-e, a. Pertaining to a diorama. 
 
 Dip, t'. t. [imp. kp.p. DIPPED (less properly DIPT): 
 p.pr. & vb. n. DIPPING.] [A.-S. dippan, dyppan,A]hed 
 to depan, dypan. to dip. baptize, Goth, daupjan. Cf. 
 Deep.] 1. To plunge or immerse in a fluid and with- 
 draw again. 2. To plunge, as into difficulty ; to engage. 
 3. To take out, by immersing and removing again some 
 receptacle, as a dipper, ladle, pail, &c. 
 
 Dipped candle, a candle made by repeatedly dipping a wick 
 in melted tallow. 
 
 Dip, V. i. 1. To immerse one's self. 2. To remove or 
 take out something, by immersing and withdrawing a 
 receptacle: — hence, to thrust in and partake. 3. To 
 enter shghtly or cursorily. 4. To incline downward. 
 
 Dip, n. 1. Action of dipping, or of plunging for a mo- 
 ment into a liquid. 2. Inclination downward ; dope ; 
 pitch. 3. Gravy or sauce intended to be dipped out with 
 a spoon. 4. A dipped candle. 
 
 Dip of the horizon {Astron.), apparent angular depressioB of 
 the visible horizon below the true or natural horizon. — Dip 0/ 
 tfie needk, or magnetic dip, the angle formed by a freely gni=- 
 pended magnetic needle, or the line of magnetic force, with a 
 horizontal fine. 
 
 Di-pet'al-oiis, a. [Gr. Si, for Si's, double, and s-eroAov, 
 a leaf, fTX)m TreToAos, outspread.] {Bot.) Havmg two 
 flower-leaves or i)etal3 ; two-petaled. 
 
 Diph-tlie'ri-a (dip'- or dif-), n. [Gr. SuftOipoL, a mem- 
 brane.] (3Ied.) An epidemic disuse in which the air 
 passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a 
 felse membrane. 
 
 Dipli 'thong: (dif thong or dip'thong). n. [Gr. SUfyQoy- 
 yo?, from Si, for Si's, twice, double, and <^6yyos. voice, 
 sound.] {Orthoepy.) (a.) A union of two vowel soxinde 
 pronounced in one syllable ; as, ou in out, oi in noist ; 
 — caUed a proper diphthong, (b.) K union of two vowels 
 in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded ; 
 as, ai in rain, eo in people ; — called an improper diph- 
 thong. 
 
 Diph-thon'gal (dif- or dip-, 82), o. Belonging to a 
 diphthong : consisting of two vowel sounds, pronounced 
 in one syllable. 
 
 Diph'yl-lous, or Di-phyllons (117), a. [Gr. 6i4>vX- 
 A.OS, from Si, for Si's, twice, twofbld, and 4)vk\ov, leaf] 
 {Bot.) Having two leaves, as a calyx, &c. 
 
 Di-plo'ma, n. ; pi. dI-pl5-ma§. [Gr. SijrXwfxo, frrm 
 5t.ir\ovv, to double, froxa SurXoos, twofold, double.] A 
 
 I 
 
 ai,e, tec, long; h,6,8f,c., short; cAre,far,a8k,all,wliat: 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,dQ,^Fr9ll 
 
DIPLOMACY 
 
 207 
 
 DIRUPTION 
 
 ■writing conferring some authority, priTilege or honor ; 
 especially, a document bearing record of a literary degree. 
 
 Di-plo'm.a-9y, n. 1. Science or art of conducting ne- 
 gotiations between nations, particularly in securing treat- 
 ies. 2. Dexterity or skill in securing advantages. 3. 
 The body of ministers or envoys resident at a court. 
 
 Dip'lo-mate, n. One who is skilled in diplomacy ; a 
 diplomatist. 
 
 Diljr'lo-niat'i*, fa. 1. Pertaining to, or furnished 
 
 Dip'Io-mat'ic-al , ) with, a diploma, 'i. Pertaining 
 to, or exhibiting, diplomacy ; consisting of diplomatists 
 3. Pertaining to diplomatics. 
 
 l>ip'lo-m.a,t'ic, n; A diplomatist. 
 
 l>ip'lo-mJtt'i«s, n. sing. The science of diplomas, or 
 the art of reading ancient writings, literary and public 
 documents, &c. ; paleography. 
 
 Di-plo'ma-tigm, n. Diplomacy. [a diplomate. 
 
 Di-plo'ma-tist, n. One who is sfeilkd in diplomacy ; 
 
 Dip'per, n. 1. One who, or that which, dips. 4. A 
 vessel used to dip water or other liquors. 3. (Ornith.) 
 A small bu:d resembling the blackbird, and seeking its 
 food by diving. 
 
 The Dipper (Astron.), the seven principal stars in the con- 
 stellation of the Great Bear;— popularly so called from their 
 arrangement in the form of a dipper. 
 
 Dip'ping-nee'dle, n. A magnetic needle suspended 
 so as to move freely in a vertical plane, and indicating 
 on a graduated circle the magnetic dip. 
 
 Dip'ter-al, a. [From Gr. fitVrepos, with two wings, from 
 Sl, for 5ts, double, and Trrepoi', feather, wing, from irero- 
 ^ai, nTe<r9ai, to fly.] 1. (Entom.) Having two wings 
 only ; dipterous. 2. (Anc. Arch.) Having a double row of 
 columns on each of the flanks, as well as in front and rear. 
 
 Dip'ter-oiis, a. (Entom.) Having two wings, as among 
 insects, or wing-like processes, as in some plants. 
 
 Dip'tote, n. [Gr. StVTWTo?, from 5i, for 5i?, twice, two- 
 fold, and m-toTos, failing, from TrtTrretv, to fall.] ( Gr. & 
 Lat. Gram.) A noun which has only two cases. 
 
 Pip'tych, n. [Gr. SiVtvxos, folded, doubled, from 6i, 
 for 6t?, twice, double, and Tn-uo-o-etv, to fold, double up.] 
 1. A folded writing tablet among the ancients, consist- 
 ing_of two leaves. \i, A catalogue of bishops and saints. 
 
 Pl-ra'di-a'tioii, n. [N. Lat. diradiatio, from di, for 
 dis, and radiatio, radiation.] Emission and diffusion of 
 rays of light. 
 
 Dire, a. [compar. direr ; superl. direst.] [Lat. dirus.] 
 Evil in a great degree ; dreadful ; horrible ; terrible. 
 
 Di-r6-et',a. {haut. directus,-g.T^.ofdirigere.] 1. Straight: 
 not crooked, oblique, or circuitous ; leading immediately 
 to a point or end. "i. Straightforward; not swerving 
 from truth and openness; sincere; outspoken. 3« Im- 
 mediate ; unambiguous ; confessed ; absolute. 4. In 
 the line of descent; not collateral. 5. (Astron.) In the 
 direction of the general planetary motion, or from west 
 to east. 
 
 Direct chord (Mus.), one in which the fundamental tone is 
 the lowest. — Direct fire (3/t7.), one the direction of which is 
 perpendicular to the line of troops or to the parapet aimed at. 
 Direct tax, a tax assessed directly on possessions, distinguished 
 from taxes on articles of consumption, or customs. 
 
 ^i'r6«t', V. t. [imp. &>p. p. directed; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 DIRECTING.] [Lat. dirigere, directum, from di, for dis, 
 andregere, to keep or lead straight.] 1. To give direc- 
 tion or bearing to. 3. To determine the direction or 
 course of. 3. To point out the proper course to ; to 
 put upon the right track. 4. To instruct as a superior. 
 5. To put a direction or address upon ; to superscribe. 
 
 Syn. — To aim; point; guide; lead; conduct; dispose; man- 
 age; regulate; order; instruct; command; address. 
 
 Di-r6«t', V. i. To give direction ; to act as guide. 
 
 Di-reet', rt. (Mus.) A character, thus [/VV], placed at 
 the end of a staff on the line or space of the first note of 
 the next staff, to apprise the performer of its situation. 
 
 Di-rect'er, n. One who directs ; a director. 
 
 Di-reo'tion, n. 1. Act of directing, or of aiming, regu- 
 lating, guiding, or ordering, "i. That which is imposed 
 by direction ; guiding or authoritative instruction ; pre- 
 scription. 3. Name and residence of a person to whom 
 any thing is sent, written upon the thing sent ; super- 
 scription ; address. 4. Line or course upon which any 
 thing is moving or aimed to move ; line or point of ten- 
 dency. 5. The body of persons charged with the man- 
 agement of a matter. 
 
 Syn. — Administration ; guidance; management; superin- 
 tendence; oversight; government; order; guide; clew. — Con- 
 trol; command. -These words, as here compared, have reference 
 to the exercise of power over the actions of others. Control is 
 negjative, denoting power to restrain ; command is positive, im- 
 plying a right to enforce obedience; directions are uommandB 
 
 containing instructions how to act. A shipmaster has the eom- 
 mand of his vessel; he gives directions to the seamen as to thr 
 mode of sailing it; and exercises a due control over the con- 
 duct of the passengers. 
 j Di-r6«t'ive, a. Having power to direct ; tending to di- 
 rect, guide, or govern ; directing. 
 j Di-r6<;t'ly, adv. 1. In a direct manner, tj. Without 
 j interposition or interruption ; in an immediate, express, 
 I or absolute manner. 3. Straightway ; immediately. 4. 
 Immediately after ; as soon as ; when. 
 
 i^- This use of the word, although very common in Eng- 
 land and gaining ground in the United States, is not sanc- 
 tioned by the authority of careful writers, and must be regarded 
 aa a gross solecism. 
 
 Syn. — Immediately ; instantly; instantaneously. — " I will 
 do it directly," means, " I will go straightway about it."— " I 
 will do it twmediateiy," means, "I will do it as the very next 
 thing." — " I will do it instantly or instantaneously," allows not 
 a particle of delay. 
 
 Di-r6«t'iie8S, n. State or quality of being direct. 
 
 Di-r6-et'or, n. 1. One who, or that which, directs, 
 guides, or orders ; especially, one of a body of persons ap- 
 pointed to manage the affairs of a company or corporation. 
 5i. A part of a machine or instrument which directs its 
 motion or action. [director. 
 
 Di-rg-et'o-rate, n. A body of directors, or the office of 
 
 Di-re-erto'ri-al, a. 1. Having the quality of a director ; 
 directive, ii. Pertaining to a director or a directory. 
 
 DI-r6-et'or-.sliip, n. Office of a director ; directorate. 
 
 Di-rS<;t'o-ry, a. Containing directions ; directorial. 
 
 Di-rg-et'o-ry, n. 1. A collection of directions, rules, or 
 ordinances ; especially, a book of directions for the con- 
 duct of worship. 5i. A book containing the names and 
 residences of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes 
 of them. 3. A body of directors ; especially, a com- 
 mittee which held executive power in France under the 
 first republic. 
 
 Di-r6«t'ress, n. A female who directs or manages. 
 
 Di-r6-et'rix, n. 1. A woman who governs or directs. 
 2. ( Geom.) (a.) A line along which a point in another 
 line moves,, and which governs its motion and determines 
 the position of the curve generated by it, or along which 
 the generatrix moves in generating a warped or single 
 curved surface. (6. ) A straight Une so situated with re- 
 spect to a conic section that the distance of any point of 
 the curve from it has a constant ratio to the distance of 
 the same point from the focus. 
 
 Dire'ful, a. [See Dire.] Dire; dreadful; terrible; 
 calamitous ; horrible. 
 
 jyire'tul-ly, adv. Dreadfully; terribly; wofully. 
 
 Dire'f ul-ness, I n. Calamitousness ; terribleness ; dread- 
 
 Dire'ness, ) fulness ; horror. 
 
 Di-r6p'tion, n. [Lat. direptio, from diripere, to tear 
 asunder, plunder, from di, for dis, and rapere, to seize 
 and carry off.] Act of plundering or despoiling. 
 
 Dirge (18). n. [Contr. from the first word of a hymn be- 
 ginning, '' Dirige gressus meos,''' formerly sung at fune- 
 rals.] A piece of music of a mournfiil character, in- 
 tended to accompany funeral rites. 
 
 Dir'i-gent, a. [See infra.] Directing. 
 
 Dir'i-gent, n. [Lat. dirigens, p. pr. of dirigere, to di- 
 rect.] ( Geow.) A directrix. See Directrix. 
 
 Dirlc (18), n. [Scot, durk, from Ir. & Gael, duirc, or 
 dure, a dagger.] A kind of dagger or poniard. 
 
 Dirlc, V. t. To stab with a dirk or dagger ; to poniard. 
 
 Dirt (18), n. [Icel. drit, excrement, drita, to dung, 0. D. 
 drijt, dung, drijten, to dung, A.-S. dritan, gedritan, id.] 
 Any foul or filthy substance, as excrement, earth, mud, 
 dust, and the like. 
 
 Dirt, v.t. To make foul or filthy ; to soil ; to dirty. 
 
 Dirt'-eat'ing, n. 1, (Med.) A disease of the nutritive 
 functions among negroes, in which there is an irresisti- 
 ble desire to eat dirt. 3. Use of certain kinds of clay for 
 food, existing among the poor whites of the South and 
 certain savage tribes. 
 
 Dirt'i-ly, adv. In a dirty manner ; foully ; nastily ; fil- 
 thily ; sordidly. 
 
 Dirt'i-ness, n. State of being dirty ; filthiness ; foul- 
 ness ; nastiness ; baseness ; sordidness. 
 
 Dirt'y, a. [compar. dirtier ; superl. dirtiest.] 1. 
 Defiled with dirt ; not clean or pure ; serving to defile. tJ, 
 Sordid ; base ; groveling. 
 Syn. —Nasty; filthy; foul. 
 
 Dirt'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIRTIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 niRTYlNG.] 1. To foul ; to make filthy ; to soil. 2, 
 To tarnish ; to sully : to scandalize. 
 
 Di-rup'tion, n. [Lat. diruptio, from dirumpere, to brealt 
 asunder, to burst, from di, for dis, and rumpcre, to break, j 
 A bursting or reri^ng asunder. 
 
 iood, f<jbt; iirn, rifde, pull ; (ell, fhaise, «all, e«bo; gem, get; af, e^ist; liQeer, ligk i tills. 
 
DISABILITY 
 
 208 
 
 DISBOWEL 
 
 DIs'a-bll'l-ty, M. [Vrom disabU.] 1. State of beiug 
 disubled ; w-kiit of coiuiH>tont physical or iutellectual 
 iK)wer, meaus, opjwrtuuity. ami the Uko; incapacity; 
 incoiupett>ncy. 'Z. Want ot legal qualification. 
 
 Syn. — Inftbilitv. — InabiUty is want of power in itself con- 
 sidered; disabHity'ani^t^ from some depmvation or \o&s oi the 
 needed competcncv. One who becomes deranged is under a 
 ciisa6i7ify of hoUiiiijt his estate; and one who is made a judge, 
 of deciding in liis own case. 
 
 ©Is-aTble, f. /. [imp. & p. p. disabled : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DISABLING.] 1. To render unable or incapable ; to de- 
 prive of competent physical or iutellectual power ; to 
 uiake unlit for service' "Z. (Law.) To deprive of legal 
 right or qujilificatiou. 3. To undervalue. 
 Sj-n.— To weaken; unfit; disqualify; incapacitate. 
 
 Dis'a-biise', v. t. [imp. Sc p.p. disabused ; p. pr. & 
 rb.n. diSabI'sing.] To free from mistake; to unde- 
 ceive ; to set right. _ 
 
 Dis'af-<-6iii'iiio-date, v. t. To incommode. 
 
 I3is a<?-c6ni'mo-da'tion, n. A state of being tmaccom- 
 modated or unsuited. 
 
 Disac-eils'tom, v. t. To render unaccustomed. 
 
 Dis'a«?-liii6^vl'edge (-nol'ej), v. t. To refuse to ac- 
 knowledge ; to deny ; to disown. 
 
 I>is'ad-vaii'ta^e,»i. 1. Deprivation of advantage ; un- 
 favorable or prejudicial quality, condition, circumstance, 
 or the Uke. Z. Prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit, 
 or other good. 
 Syn. — Detriment ; injury; hurt ; loss ; damage. 
 
 Dis-ad'vaii-ta'geoiis, a. Attended with disadvantage ; 
 unfavorable to success or prosperity ; inconvenient ; pre- 
 judicial ; detrimental. 
 
 Dis-ild'van-ta'geoiis-ly, adv. In a disadvantageous 
 manner ; with loss or inconvenience. 
 
 Dis-ad'van-ta'geoiis-ness, n. Unfavorableness to 
 success ; inconvenience ; loss. 
 
 I>is'af-f6«t', V. t. [i7np. & p.p. disaffected ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. DISAFFECTING.] 1. To alienate or diminish 
 the affection of; to fill with discontent and unfriendli- 
 ness, "i. To disturb the functions of ; to disorder. 
 
 Dis'af-f6«'tioii, n. State of being disaffected, or made 
 unfriendly ; want of good-wiU. 
 
 Syn. — Dislike; disgust; unfriendliness; ill-will; alienation; 
 disloyalty ; hostility. 
 
 Dis'af-firin' (18),t>.«. 1. To affirm the contrary of; to 
 contradict; to deny. ti. (Law.) To refuse to confirm; 
 to annul, as a judicial decision. 
 
 Dis'af-firm'aiife, n. 1. The act of disaffirming ; ge- 
 nial ; negation. 2. (X^t^;.) Overthrow or annulment by 
 the decision of a superior tribunal. [refutation. 
 
 Dis-af fir-ma'tion, n. Act of disaffirming ; negation ; 
 
 Dis'a-gree', v. i. [imp. & p. p. disagreed ; p. pr. & 
 1-6.71. DISAGREEING.] 1. To fail to accord or agree; 
 to lack harmony; to be at variance. 2. To differ in 
 opinion ; to hold discordant views. 3. To be unsuited ; 
 to have imfitness. 
 Syn. — To differ ; vary ; dissent. 
 
 Dis'a-gree'a-ble, a. 1. Not agreeable, conformable, or 
 congruous. 2. Exciting repugnance. 
 
 SyTi. — Contrary ; unsuitable ; unpleasant ; offensive; dis- 
 pleasing. 
 
 I>is'a-gree'a-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of be- 
 ing disagreeable ; unpleasantness. 
 
 Dis'a-gree'a-bly, adv. In a di.sagreeable manner. 
 
 Dis'a-gree'ment, n. 1. Act of disagreeing, or state of 
 being disagreed. 2. Difference of opinion. 3. Unsuit- 
 ableness. 4. A falling out or controversy. 
 
 SsTi. — Difference ; diversity; di.ssimilitude ; unlikeness : 
 discrepancy; variance; dissent; misunderstanding; dissension; 
 division; dispute; jar; wrangle; discord. 
 
 I>i.s'al-low', V. t. [imp. & p. p. disallowed; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISALLOWING.] To refuse, to allow, permit, 
 authorize, or sanction ; to disown and reject. 
 SjTi. — To disapprove; prohibit; censure; condemn. 
 
 I)i!s'al-lo-*v', V. i. To refu-se permission ; not to grant. 
 
 I>i«/al-low'a-ble, a. Not allowable ; not to be suffered. 
 
 I>i?»'al-low'anfe. n. Act of disallowing ; refusal to ad- 
 mit or permit. 
 
 Syn. — Disapprobation ; prohibition ; condemnation ; cen- 
 sure; rejection. 
 
 Dis-^n'l-mate, v. t. To deprive of spirit or courage ; 
 
 to discourage ; to dishearten ; to deject. 
 Pi.s^an-ngx', v. t. To disunite ; to separate ; to sunder. 
 Dis/an-nfil', v. t. To annul ; to render void ; to nullify. 
 
 J33f~ The prefix in this word is intensive and not negative. 
 Di-s'ap-par'el, v. t. To disrobe ; to strip of raiment. 
 
 j Dis'ap-peair', v. i. [imp. & p. p. disappeared ; p. pr. 
 
 I & vb. 71. DISAPPEARING.] 1. To vanish from the sight; 
 to become invisible ; to cease to appear or to be perceived. 
 2, To cease to be or exist ; to become merged or con- 
 cealed in something else. 
 
 Dis'ap-pear'an^ie, « . Act of disappearing ; vanishing 
 
 Dis'ap-point', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disappointed; 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. disappointing.] [Prefix dis and ap- 
 point, q. v., properly, to unfix or unsettle.] 1. To de- 
 feat of expectation or hope. 2. To hinder of result. 
 
 Syn. — To tantalize ; fail ; frustrate ; balk ; baffle ; delude ; 
 foil ; defeat. 
 
 Dis'ap-point'ment, v. 1. Act of disappointing, or state 
 of being disappointed ; defeat or failure of expectation or 
 hope. 2. That which disappoints. 
 Syn. — Miscarriage ; frustration ; balk. 
 
 Dis-Jlp'pro-ba'tion, n. Act of di.sapproving ; mental 
 condemnation of what is judged wrong, unsuitable, or 
 inexpedient. 
 
 Dis-ap'pro-ba-to-ry (50), a. Containing disapproba- 
 tion ; tending to disapprove. 
 
 Dis'ap-prov'al, 71. Disapprobation; dislike. 
 
 Dis'ap-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disapproved ; 
 J), pr. & viV 71. disapproving.] 1. To pass unfavorable 
 judgment upon ; to regard as wrong or inexpedient ; to 
 censure. 2. To refuse official approbation ; to decline to 
 sanction ; to disallow. 
 
 Dis'ap-prov'ing-ly, adv. In a disapproving manner. 
 
 Di§-arm' (91), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disarmed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. disarming.] 1. To deprive of aims or of the 
 means of attack or defense. 2. To deprive of the means 
 or the disposition to harm. 
 
 Dig-arm'a-ment, n. The act of disarming. 
 
 Dig-arna/er, n. One who disarms. 
 
 Dis'ar-range', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disarranged ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. disarranging.] To unsettle or disturb 
 the order or due arrangement of. 
 
 Dis'ar-range'inent, n. Act of disarranging, or state 
 of being disarranged ; confusion ; disorder. 
 
 Dis'ar-ray', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disarrayed ] p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. disarraying.] 1. To throw into disorder; to 
 break the array of. 2. To undress ; to unrobe. 
 
 Dis'ar-ray', n. 1. Want of array or regular order ; dis- 
 order ; confusion. 2. State of being imperfectly attired ; 
 undress ; dishabille. 
 
 Dig-as'ter (91), n. [Fr. dcsastre, from Lat. dis and as- 
 trum, Gr. aoTpov, aerr^p, star ; a word of astrological ori- 
 gin.] 1. A baleful aspect of a planet or star. [ Obs.] 2. 
 An unfortunate event ; especially, a sudden misfortune. 
 
 Syn. — Calamity ; misfortune ; mishap ; mischance ; un- 
 happiness; grief. 
 
 Dig-as'troiis, a. 1. FuU of unpropitious stellar influ- 
 ences. [Obs.] 2. Attended with suffering or disaster; 
 unfortunate ; calamitous. 
 
 Dig-as'troiis-ly, adv. In a disastrous manner. 
 
 Dig-as'troiis-ness, n. Unfortunateness ; calamitousness. 
 
 Dis'a- vouch.', v. t. To disavow. [Rare.] 
 
 Dis'a-vo-iv', V. t. [imp. & p. p. disavowed \ p.pr. k 
 vb. n. DISAVOWING.] 1. To refuse to own or acknowl- 
 edge ; to deny responsibility for, approbation of, and the 
 like. 2. To disprove. 
 
 Syn. — To disclaim ; disown ; disallow. 
 
 Dis'a-vow'al, n. Act of disavowing ; disclaimer. 
 
 Dis'a-vow'er, n. One who disavows. 
 
 Dis-band', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disbanded; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. disbanding.] To loose the bands or banded 
 existence of ; to disperse ; especially, to break up the 
 imlitary organization of. 
 
 Dis-band', v. i. To become separated, broken up, or 
 scattered ; especially, to quit military service by breaking 
 up organization. 
 
 Dis-band'ment, 71. The act of disbanding. [bark. 
 
 Dis-bark', v. t. To put on shore ; to disembark ; to de- 
 
 Dis'be-lief ', 71. 1. Act of disbelieving ; refusal of cred- 
 it ; denial of belief 2. System of error. 
 Syn. — Unbelief. —Unbelief is a mere failure to admit ; disbe- 
 ^lie/ii a positive rejection. One may be an unbeliever in Chris- 
 tianity from ignorance or want of inquiry ; a disbeliever has 
 the proofs before him, and incurs the guilt of setting tkem 
 aiide. 
 
 Dis'be-Iieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disbelieved ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. disbelieving.] Not to believe ; to hold not 
 to be true or actual ; to refuse credit to. 
 
 Dis'be-liev'er, n. One who disbelieves. 
 
 Dis-bow'el, v. t. i'mp. & p. p. DISBOWELED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. disboweling.] To take out the intestines 
 of ; to disembowel ; to eviscerate. 
 
 ^-«c, &c.,long; a, g, kc, short; c^re, far, ask, aU, w?iat ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dft, W9lf • 
 
DISBURDEiy 
 
 209 
 
 DISCOMMODE 
 
 Dis-biir'deii (-bur'dn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disbur- 
 dened ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISBURDENING.] 1. To rid of 
 a burden. "Z. To lay oif as something oppressive ; to 
 become relieved of. 
 
 Syn.— To unload ; unburden ; discharge ; disencumber ; 
 free; relieve. 
 
 Dis-bfir'deii, v. i. To ease the mind. 
 
 Dis-biirse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disbursed (dis-burstO ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISBURSING.] [Prefix dis and burse, q.. 
 v.] To pay out ; to expend. 
 
 Dis-bftrse'ment, n. 1. Act of disbursing or paying 
 out. 3. That which is disbursed or paid out. 
 
 Dis-bfirs'er, n. One who disburses money. 
 
 Dis-bfir'tlien, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disburthened ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DISBURTHENING.] To disburden. 
 
 Dis€, n. A flat circular plate or surface. See Disk. 
 
 I>is-eard', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discarded ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DISCARDING.] 1. To throw out of the hand as use- 
 less ; — said of cards. 2. To cast ofif or dismiss as use- 
 less or as no longer of service. 3. To put or thrust 
 away ; to refuse to entertain. 
 
 Syn. — To dismiss ; displace; discharge; cashier; reject. 
 
 Dis-ease', v. t. To take off a covering from ; to strip. 
 
 Di§-cern' (diz-zern', 14, 64), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIS- 
 CERNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISCERNING.] [Lat. dis- 
 cernere, from dis and cernere, to separate, to distinguish 
 by the senses, especially by the eyes, to perceive.] 1. To 
 behold as separate ; to note the distinctive character of. 
 3. To make out and distinguish by the eye ; to perceive 
 and recognize. 3. To perceive with the mind ; to appre- 
 hend with distinctness. 
 
 SjTB.. — To perceive ; distinguish; discover; penetrate; dis- 
 criminate; espy; descry. 
 
 Di§-cern' (diz-z5rn0, v. i. To see or understand tlie dif- 
 ference ; to make distinction. 
 
 Dig-cern'er (-z5rn'), ri. One who, or that which, discerns. 
 
 Dig-cern'i-ble (diz-z5rn''i-bl), a. Capable of being dis- 
 cerned. 
 
 Syn.— Perceptible ; discoverable : apprehensible ; distinguish- 
 able ; apparent; visible; evident; manifest. 
 
 I>ig-cern'i-ble-n.ess, n. Quality of being discernible. 
 
 I>i§-cern'i-bly, adv. In a manner to be discerned. 
 
 Dig-cern'ment (diz-zSrn'-), n. 1. Act of discerning. 
 3. Power or faculty of the mind by which it distin- 
 guishes one thing from another. 
 
 Syn.— Judgment; acuteness ; discrimination ; penetration; 
 sagacity. — Discernment is accuracy and keenness of mental 
 vision ; penetration is the power of seeing deeply into a subject 
 in spite of every thing that intercepts the view ; discrimination 
 is a capacity of tracing out minute distinctions and the nicest 
 shades of thought. A discerning man is not easily misled ; one 
 of at, penetrating mind sees a multitude of things which escape 
 others ; a discriminating judgment detects the sUghtest differ- 
 ences. 
 
 Dis-perp'tion, n. [From Lat. discerpere, to rend, from 
 dis and ca7-pere, to pluck.] Act of puUing to pieces, or 
 of separating the parts. 
 
 Dis-cbarge', v. t. [imp. &: p.p. discharged; p.pr. 
 . & vb. n. discharging.] 1. To relieve of a charge, 
 load, or burden ; to unload. 3. To let go the charge of, 
 as a gun ; — also, to relieve from a state of tension, as a 
 Ley den jar. 3. To relieve of something weighing upon 
 or impending over one, as a debt, claim, obligation, accu- 
 sation, &c. 4. To relieve of an ofllce or employment. 
 5. To take out or remove, as a charge, burden, or that 
 with which anything is loaded or filled. 6. To let fly, as 
 a missile ; to shoot. 7. To relieve one's self of, by ful- 
 filling conditions, performing duty, and the like ; hence, 
 to perform or execute, as an office, or part. 8. To give 
 forth ; to emit or send out ; to give vent to ; to utter. 
 
 I>is-charge', v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, charge, 
 or burden. 
 
 Dis-cbarge', n. 1. Act of discharging. 3, State of 
 being discharged. 3. That which discharges or releases 
 from an obligation. 4. That which is discharged. 
 
 Dis-cbar'ger, n. One who, or that which, discharges ; 
 specifically., in electricity, an instrument for discharging a 
 Leyden jar or an electrical battery. 
 
 Dis-ei'ple, n. [Lat. discipulus, for discibulus, from dis- 
 cere, to learn.] 1. One who receives instruction from 
 another. 3. One who accepts the instructions or doc- 
 trines of another. 
 
 Syn. — Learner ; scholar ; pupil ; follower ; adherent ; par- 
 tisan ; supporter. 
 
 I>is-ci'ple-ship, n. The state of being a disciple. 
 
 I>is'pi-plin-a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being disciplined. 
 3. Liable or deserving to be disciw'i led. 
 
 I>is'5i-plm-a-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 disciplinable. 
 
 Dis'fi-plin-ant, n. [Lat. discipUnans, p. pr. oi discipli- 
 nare. See Discipline, v.] (Eccl.) One of a certain re- 
 ligious order, so called from their practice of scourging 
 themselves, or imposing other rigid disciphne. 
 
 Dis'^i-plin-a'ri-an, a. Pertaining to discipline. 
 
 Dis'f i-plln-a'ri-an, n. One who disciplines j one who 
 enforces rigid disciphne. 
 
 Dis'9i-plin-a-ry, a. Pertaining to discipline ; intended 
 for disciphne or government. 
 
 Dis'^i-pline, n. [Lat. disciplina, contr. fr. discipulina, 
 from discipulus. See DlsciPLE.] 1. The treatm«nt 
 suited to a disciple or learner ; development of the facul- 
 ties by instruction and exercise. 3. Training to act in 
 accordance with established rules. 3. Subjection to rule. 
 4. Severe training, corrective of faults. 5. Punishment 
 inflicted by way of correction and training. 6. {Eccl.) 
 Reformatory or penal action toward a church, member. 
 7, Subject matter of instruction. 
 
 Syn. — Education ; instruction ; training; culture; eorreo- 
 tion; chastisement. 
 Dis'^i-pline, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISCIPLINED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISCIPLINING.] 1. To educate; to develop by 
 instruction and exercise. 3. To accustom to regular and 
 systematic action ; to bring under control ; to drill. 3. 
 To improve by corrective and penal methods. 4. To in- 
 flict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. 
 
 Syn. — To train ; form ; bring up ; regulate ; correct ; 
 chasten; chastise; punish. 
 
 Dis'^i-plin-er, n. One who disciplines or teaches. 
 
 Dis-elaim.', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disclaimed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISCLAIMING.] 1. To reject all claim to ; to 
 deny ownership of, or responsibility for. 3. To refuse to 
 acknowledge. 3. (Law.) To decline accepting, as an 
 estate, interest, or ofi&ce. 
 Syn. — To disown; disavow; deny; renounce; reject. 
 
 Dis-«laiin.'er, n. 1. One who disclauns, disowns, or 
 renounces. 3. [Law. ) A denial, disavowal, or renuncia- 
 tion, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust. 3. A 
 public disavowal, as of pretensions, opinions, and the Uke. 
 
 Dis-eloge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disclosed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DISCLOSING.] 1. To unclose ; to open. 3. To re- 
 move a cover or envelope from ; to lay open. 3. To 
 bring to light ; to lay open to the view. 4. To make 
 known, as that which has been kept secret. 
 
 Syn. — To uncover ; unveil ; discover ; reveal ; divulge ; 
 tell; utter. 
 
 Dis-eloge', v. i. 1. To burst open; to gape. 3. To 
 make a disclosure or revelation. 
 
 Dis-elog'er, n. One who discloses or reveals. 
 
 Dis-<;lo§'ure, n. 1. Act of disclosuig. 3. That which 
 is disclosed or revealed. [a discus or disk. 
 
 Dis'«oid, n. [See hifra.} Any thing having the form of 
 
 Dis'<!oid, ) a. [Or. fiitr/coeiSTj?, from SCctko?, a round 
 
 Dis-eoid'al, ) plate, quoit, and elSos, form, shape.] 
 Having the form of a disk. 
 
 Discoid flowers {Bot.), compound flowers, consisting of 
 tubular florets only, as the tansy. 
 
 Dis-eol'or (dis-kiil/ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISCOL- 
 ORED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOLORING.] 1. To alter 
 the hue or color of; to stain ; to tinge. 3. To alter the 
 true complexion or appearance of. 
 
 Dis-«61'or-a'tioii, «. 1. Act of discoloring or state of 
 being discolored. 3. Discolored spot ; stain. 
 
 Dis-«6m'fit (dis-kiim/fit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISCOM- 
 FITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOMFITING.] [Lat. dis and 
 conficere, to prepare, to bring about. Cf. COMFIT.] 1. 
 To scatter in fight. 3. To break up and frustrate the 
 plans of ; to throw into perplexity and dejection. 
 Syn. — To disconcert ; defeat ; rout ; overthrow. 
 
 Dis-eom'fit, n. Rout ; overthrow ; discomfiture. 
 
 Dis-eom'fit-iire (-kfim'fit-yijr, 53), n. Act of discom- 
 fiting or state of being discomfited ; rout ; defeat ; over, 
 throw ; frustration. 
 
 Dis-«6in'fort (-kiim/furt), n. Want of comfort ; uneasi- 
 ness; disturbance of peace ; inquietude. 
 
 I»is-«6m'f ort, 1). t. [imp. & p. p. discomforted; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. discomforting.] To destroy or dis- 
 turb the comfort, peace, or happiness of. 
 
 Dis'-eom-mend', v. t. 1. To mention with disappro- 
 bation ; to blame ; to censure. 3. To expose to censure 
 or ill favor. 
 
 Dis'-eom-mend'a-ble, a. Deserving disapprobation ; 
 blamable ; blameworthy ; censurable. 
 
 Dis-eonti'men-da'tion, n. Blame ; censure. [Rare.^ 
 
 Dis'-eom-mode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discommoded ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. discommoding.] [From Lat. dts and 
 
 food, t6ht : 
 
 tLrn., rude, pull ; pell, ^baise, eall, e«ho ; gem, get ; 
 
 14 
 
 ag ; e$ist ; linger, liijlc ; thia. 
 
DISCOMMODIOUS 
 
 210 
 
 DISCREDIT 
 
 ecmmodarf , to make fit or suitable, from co?nmodus, fit, 
 commodious.] To put to incouveuioiu'o. 
 
 Syn.— To incomiuodo; annoy; molost; Uouble ; inconven- 
 ience. 
 
 Dis'^eom-iuo'tli-oAs, a. Incommodious. [Rare.] 
 
 l>i8'coin-iuo'tli-oiks-uess, «. luconvenience. 
 
 l>is-e5iu'uiou, r. /. 1. To deprive of the right of 
 common. %J. To depriye of the privileges of a place. 
 
 Dis ■tH>m-po§e', v- t. [imp. & p. p. discomposed; 
 p. pr. & CO. n. DISCOMPOSING.] 1. To disari-ange ; to 
 iuterfoi\» with ; to break up. '2. To throw into disorder ; 
 to destroy the composure or equanimity of. 3. To put 
 out of place or service. 
 
 SjTi.— To disorder; derange; unsettle ; disturb ; disconcert; 
 ■gitote; ruffle; fret; vex; discharge; displace. 
 
 Dis'com-pog'iire, n. 1. State of being discomposed ; 
 disorder ; agitation ; perturbation. 3. Discordance ; in- 
 consisteucv. 
 
 Dis'-eon-f erf (14), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. DISCONCERTED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISCONCERTING.] 1. To break up the 
 hanuonious progress of ; to throw into disorder, tj. To 
 throw into confusion ; to disturb the composure of. 
 
 Syn. — To discompose ; abash ; derange ; ruffle ; confuse ; 
 disturb; defeat; frustrate. 
 
 DJs'-eon-fer'tioii, n. Act of disconcerting, or state of 
 being disconcerted ; confusion ; discomposure. 
 
 Dis'-eon-forin'a-ble, a. Not conformable. 
 
 Dis'-eoii-forni'i-ty, n. Want of conformity. 
 
 I>is'€on-grii'i-ty, n. Want of congruity ; incongruity; 
 disagreement. 
 
 Dis'con-ne-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disconnected ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. disconnecting.] To dissolve the union 
 or connection of; to separate ; to sever. 
 
 Dis'-eou-nec'tion, n. Act of separating, or state of 
 being separated ; separation ; want of union. 
 
 Dis-e6n'se-erate, v. t. To desecrate. [Rare.] 
 
 Dis-eon'so-late (45), a. [Prefix dis and Lat. consolatus, 
 p. p. of consolari, to console.] 1. Destitute of comfort or 
 consolation ; deeply dejected ; melancholy. 3. Inspiring 
 dejection ; saddening ; cheerless. 
 
 I>is-«6ii'so-late-Iy, adv. In a disconsolate manner. 
 
 I>is-e6n'so-late-ness, n. State of being disconsolate. 
 
 Dis'«oii-tent', n. Want of content ; uneasiness and in- 
 quietude of mind ; dissatisfaction. 
 
 Dis'-eon-tent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discontented ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DISCONTENTING.] To deprive of content ; 
 to make uneasy ; to dissatisfy. [mood. 
 
 Dis'-eon-tent'ed-ly, adv. In a discontented manner or 
 
 Dis'-eon-tent'ed-ness, n. Uneasiness of mind. 
 
 Dis'-eon-tent'inent, n. The state of being discon- 
 tented ; uneasiness ; inquietude. 
 
 Dis'-eon-tin'u-ance, n. [See Discontinue.] 1. Act 
 of discontinuing, or the state of being discontinued; want 
 of continued connection or continuity of parts. 3. 
 (Law.) (a.) A breaking off or interruption of an estate. 
 (6.) Termination of an action in practice by the volun- 
 tary act of the plaintiff ; an entry on the record that the 
 plaintiff discontinues his action, (c.) That technical in- 
 terruption of the proceedings in pleading in an action, 
 ■which follows where a defendant does not answer the 
 whole of the plaintifiTs declaration, and the plaintiff 
 omits to take judgment for the part unanswered. 
 
 Syn. — Cessation; intermission; interruption; discontinua- 
 tion; separation; disunion; disjunction; disruption. 
 
 ©is'-eon-tin'u-a'tioii, n. Breach or interruption of 
 continuity ; discontinuance ; intermission ; disruption. 
 
 Dis'«oii-tin'iie, ^". t. [imp. & p.p. discontinued; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. discontinuing.] 1. To interrupt the 
 continuance of; to intermit, as a practice or habit; to 
 put an end to. 3. To cease attention to, or entertain- 
 ment or reception of. 3. To break the continuity of; to 
 disunite. 
 
 Dis'^on-tin'iie, v.i. 1. To lose continuity or cohesion 
 of parts. 2. To be separated or severed; to part. 
 
 Dis'-eon-tin'u-er, n. One who discontinues. 
 
 I>i8-e6ii'ti-mi'i-ty, n. Want of continuity or cohesion ; 
 disunion of parts. 
 
 I>is'«on-tiii'u-otis, a. Not continuous ; interrupted ; 
 broken up ; disrupted. 
 
 Dis'eord, n. [Lat. discordia, from discors, discordant, 
 &om dis and cor^ cordis, heart.] 1. Want of concord or 
 agreement; variance leading to contention and strife. 
 2. (Mus.) Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear 
 disagreeably, owing to the incommensurabihty of the 
 Tibrations which they produce. 
 
 Syn. — Variance; difference; opposition; dissension; con- 
 tention; strife; clashing; dissonance. 
 
 Dis-cdrd'an^e, ) n. State or quality of being discord- 
 Dis-cord'an-fy, ) ant; disagreement; inconsistency. 
 I>is-<;drd'ant, a. 1, Being at variance ; clashing ; op- 
 posing. 3. (Mus.) Not in harmony or musical concord. 
 
 Syn. — Disagreeing ; incongruous; contradictory; repug- 
 nant; opposite; contrary; contrarious; dissonant; harsh; iaj- 
 ring. •* 
 
 Dis-eord'ant-ly. arfv. In a discordant manner. 
 Dis-eord'ant-iieSss, n. State of being discordant. 
 Dis'count, n. [Prefix dis and count, n., q. v.] 1. An 
 
 allowance made for any reason upon an account, debt, 
 demand, price asked, and the hke. 3. A deduction made 
 for interest, in advancing money upon a bill or note not 
 due. 3. Act of discounting. 
 
 Dis'-eount, or Dis-eount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dis- 
 counted ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOUNTING.] [Prefix dis 
 and count, q. v.] 1. To deduct from an account, debt, 
 charge, and the Uke. 2. To loan money upon, deducting 
 the discount or allowance for interest. 3. To leave out 
 of account. [Rare.] 
 
 Dis'-eount, or Dis-eount', v. i. To lend, or make a 
 practice of lending, money, abating the discount. 
 
 Dis-«ou,nt'a-ble, a. Capable of being, or suitable to be, 
 discounted. 
 
 Dis-eoun'te-naiife, v. t. [imp. & p. p. discounte- 
 nanced (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. discountenancing.] 
 
 1. To put out of countenance ; to put to shame ; to 
 abash. 3. To refuse to countenance, or give the support 
 of one's approval to ; to discourage. 
 
 I>is-<;oun'te-naii9e, n. UnfiiTorable aspect ; trnfriendly 
 regard ; cold treatment ; disapprobation. 
 
 I>is-«oun'te-iiaii-9er, n. One who discountenances or 
 
 Dis'-eouiit-er, n. One who discounts. [discourages. 
 
 Dis-«ou.r'age (-kiir/ej), v. t. [imp. & p. p. discour- 
 aged ; p.jn. &,vb.n. discouraging.] 1. To extin- 
 guish the courage of ; to deprive of confidence. 2. To 
 deter one from ; to dishearten one with respect to. 
 
 Syn.— To dishearten; dispirit; depress; deject ; dissuade ; 
 disfavor; discountenance. 
 
 Dis-eoiir'a|je-a-ljle, a. Capable of being discouraged. 
 
 Dis-eour'age-ment (-kur/ej-), n. 1. Act of discour- 
 aging, or state of being discouraged; dejection. 3. That 
 which discourages. 
 
 Dis-eoiir'a-ger (-kur/ej-er), n. One who discourages. 
 
 Dis-eourse', n. [Lat. discursus, from discurrere, discur- 
 sum, to run to and fro, to discourse, fr. dis and currere, 
 to run.] 1. The power to run over in order to compare 
 and judge ; an exercise or act of this power. [ Obs.] 2. 
 Oral treatment or exposition of a subject ; talk ; conver- 
 sation. 3. A formal dissertation or treatise ; a sermon. 
 
 Dis-eourse', v. i. [imp. & p.p. discoursed (108,); 
 p.pr. & vb7n. discoursing.] 1. To exercise reason. 
 
 2. To talk in a continuous or formal manner. 3. To 
 treat of in writing and in a formal manner. 
 
 Dis-eourse', v. t. To utter or give forth. 
 
 Dis-eours'er, n. One who discourses. 
 
 Dis-eours'ive, a. 1. Reasoning; discursive. 2. Con- 
 taining dialogue or conversation. 
 
 Dis-eour'te-oiis (-kur'te-us), a. Uncivil ; rude. 
 
 Dis'-eour'te-oiis-ly, adv. In a discourteous manner. 
 
 Dis-«our'te-sy, n. Want of courtesy ; rudeness of be- 
 havior or language ; incivility. 
 
 Dis«'ous, a. [From. Lat. discus, disk. See DISK.] Disk- 
 like ; circular, wide, and flat ; discoid. 
 
 Dis-eov'er (-kuv'-), v. t. [imp. 8c p.p. discovered; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISCOVERING.] 1, To remove the cov- 
 ering or envelope from ; to expose to view. 2. To make 
 known. 3. To obtain for the first time sight or knowl- 
 edge of, as of a thing existing already, but not perceived 
 or knovm ; to find out. 
 
 Syn. — To disclose ; bring out ; exhibit ; show ; manifest ; 
 reveal; communicate; impart ; tell ; espy ; detect; invent. — 
 We discover what existed before but remained unknown ; we 
 invent by forming combinations which are either entirely new 
 or which attain their end by means unknown before. Colum- 
 bus discovered America ; Whitney invented the cotton-gin. 
 
 Dis-«6v'er-a-ble, a. Capable of being discovered. 
 
 Dis-eov'er-er, n. One who discovers ; one who first 
 finds out an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, 
 or fact ; an explorer. 
 
 Dis-eov'er-y ( -kuv'-), n. 1. Action of discovering ; dis- 
 closure. 2. A making known ; revelation. 3. Finding 
 out, or bringing for the first time to the sight or th« 
 knowledge. 4. That which is discovered. 
 
 Dis-er6d'it, n. 1. Want of credit ; some degree of dis- 
 honor or disesteem. 2. The act of discrediting, or the 
 state of being discredited. 
 
 S, e, &o.,long; a, 6, &c., short; c&re, far, ask, ^U, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr , dft, ivqU, 
 
DISCREDIT 
 
 211 
 
 DISENTANGLE 
 
 Syn. — Disestcem; disrepute; dishonor; scandal; disbelief; 
 
 distrust; reproach. 
 Dl8-er6d.'lt, V. f. [imp. Sc p p discredited ;/?. /?r. 
 
 & vb. n. DISCREDITING.] 1. To refuse to credit; to 
 
 disbelieve. ^. To deprive of credibility. 3. To deprive 
 
 of credit or good repute ; to bring reproach upou. 
 Dis-€r6d.'it-a-ble, a. Tending to injure credit ; ipju- 
 
 rious to reputation ; disgraceful ; disreputable. 
 Di's-ereet', a. [Lat. tliscretus, p. p. of discernere. See 
 
 Discern.] Possessed of discernment or discretion ; wise 
 
 in avoiding error or evil, and in the adaptation of means 
 
 to ends. 
 
 Syn. — Prudent; sagacious; circumspect; cautious; wary. 
 Dis-ereet'ly, adv. In a discreet manner ; prudently. 
 Dis-crgp'an^e ) (113), a. State or quality of being 
 I>is-<;rep'an-9y ) discrepant ; disagreement ; variance ; 
 
 discordance ; inconsistency. 
 I>is-€r6p'ant (113), a. [Lat. discrepans, p. pr. of discre- 
 
 pare, to sound discordantly , from dis and crepare, to rattle, 
 
 creak.] Discordant ; at variance ; disagreeing ; different. 
 Dis-erete', a. [Lat. discretus, p. p. of discernere. See 
 
 Discreet.] 1, Separate; distinct. "Z. Disjunctive; 
 
 containing a disjunctive or discretive clause. 
 
 Discrete movement of the voice, a leap from one pitch to an- 
 other. — Discrete proportion, proportion where the ratio of the 
 tneans is different from that of either couplet. 
 
 Dis-er6'tion (-kresh'un), n. [Lat. discretio, separation, 
 difference, from discernere, discretmn. See DISCREET.] 
 1. Separation. [Obs.] 3. Quality of being discreet; 
 sagacity ; prudence. 3. Freedom to act according to 
 one's own judgment. 
 At discretion, without conditions or stipulations. 
 
 l>is-ere'tion-al ) (-kresh'un-), n. Left to discretion ; 
 
 I>is-ere'tioii-a-ry ) unrestrained except by discretion 
 or judgment. 
 
 Dis-erg-tion-al-ly, ) adv. At discretion ; according 
 
 Dis-erfi'tion-a-ri-ly, j to discretion. 
 
 r>is-ere'tive,_a. Disjunctive ; separating. 
 
 Dis-erim'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. discriminated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. discriminating.] [Lat. discriminare, 
 discriminatum , fr . discrimen, division, distinction, contr. 
 from discerimen, from discernere. See DISCERN.] 1. 
 To separate ; to distinguish. 'Z. To mark as different ; 
 to distinguish by a peculiar note or sign. 
 
 Dis-erim'i-nate, v. i. To make a difference or distinc- 
 tion ; to distinguish accurately. [ference marked. 
 
 Dis-erim'i-nate (45), a. Distinguished ; having the dif- 
 
 Dis-erim'i-nate-ly, adv. Distinctly. 
 
 Dis-erim'i-nate-ness, n. Distinctness. 
 
 Dis-erim'i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of discriminating. 3. 
 State of being discriminated. 3. Quality of being dis- 
 criminating ; faculty of nicely distinguishing. 4. That 
 which discriminates ; mark of distinction. 
 
 Syn. — Discernment ; penetration ; clearness; acuteness; 
 judgment; distinction. See Disceknmenx. 
 
 Dis-erim'i-na-tive, a. 1. Marking a difference ; dis- 
 tinguishing; distinctive; characteristic. 3. Observing 
 distinctions ; making differences ; discriminating. 
 
 Dis-erown', v. t. [imp. & p. p. discrowned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISCROWNING.] To deprive of a crown. 
 
 Dis-eiim'ben-py, n. [Lat. discumbens, p. pr. of dis- 
 cumbere, to lie down, recline, from dis and cumbere., for 
 cubare, to he down.] Act of leaning at meat, according 
 to the mamner of the ancients. 
 
 Dis-eiim'ber, v. t. To free from that which cumbers or 
 impedes ; to disencumber. 
 
 Dis-efir'slon, n. [See DISCOURSE.] 1. Expatiation ; 
 desultory talk. 3. Act of discoursing or reasoning. 
 
 Dis-eiir'sive, a. 1. Rational ; discoursive. 3. Passing 
 from one thing to another ; roving ; rambling ; digressive. 
 
 Dis-eiir'sive-ly, adv. In a discursive manner. 
 
 Dis-eur'so-ry, a. Argumentative ; discursive. 
 
 Dis'-eus, n. ; Eng. pi. Dls/€US-Eg ; Lat. pi. DJs'pT. 
 1. A quoit. 3. A disk. See Disk. 
 
 Dis-«fiss', V. t. [imp. & p. p. discussed (108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISCUSSING.] [Lat. discutere, discussum, from 
 prefix dis and quatere, to shake, strike.] 1. To break 
 up ; to disperse. 3. To examine or consider by disputa- 
 tion. 3. (Law.) To exhaust a remedy against, as against 
 a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety. 
 
 .Syn. — To debate.— To discuss a subject is to pull it to 
 pieces; to debate a point is to battle it out. 
 
 Dls-euss'er, n. One who discusses. 
 
 Dis-eiis'sion (-kiish/un), n. Act or process of discuss- 
 ing ; examination by argument ; debate ; disputation. 
 
 Dis-eiiss'ive, a. Able or tending to discuss. 
 
 Dis-eu'tient, a. [I.At. discutiens, p. pr. of discutert. 
 
 See Discuss.] Serving to disperse morbid matter. 
 
 Di8-eu'tient, n. {Med.) A medicine to disperse a tumor 
 or any coagulated fluid in the body. 
 
 Di§-dain', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. disdained ; p. pr. & cA. 
 71. DISDAINING.] [0. F. desdaigner, It. disdegnare,from 
 Latin prefix dis and dignari, to deem worthy.] To r^ect 
 as not deserving one's notice ; to look with scorn upon. 
 
 Syn. — To contemn; despise; scorn. See Contemx. 
 
 Dig-dain', v. i. To be filled with contemptuous anger. 
 Di§-dain', n. A feeling of contempt and aversion. 
 
 Syn. — Haughtiness ; scorn ; contempt ; arrogance; prid«. 
 See Uaugutiness. 
 
 Dig-dain'f 111, a. Full of disdain ; expressing disdain ; 
 scornful ; contemptuous ; haughty. 
 
 Dig-dain'f iil-ly, adv. In a disdainful manner. 
 
 Dig-dain'fiil-ness, n. State of being disdainful. 
 
 Di§-ea§e', n. [Prefix dis and ease, q. v.] 1. Lack of 
 ease ; uneasiness. [ Obs.] 3. A morbid or unhealthy 
 condition of body ; sickness ; — apphed figuratively t« 
 the mind, to the moral character and habits, to institu 
 tions, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Disorder; distemper; malady. — Disease is the lead- 
 ing medical term. Disorder means the same, though perhapa 
 with some slight reference to an irrcgularn.ty of the system. 
 Distemper (Jit., bad temperament) is now used by physicians 
 only of the diseases of animals. Slalady {lit., a bad condiition) 
 is not a medical term, and is less used than formerly in litera- 
 ture. 
 
 Di§-ea§e' (91), v. t. [imp. & p. p. diseased ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. diseasing.] 1. To cause uneasiness to; t* 
 afflict. [ 065.] 3. To afflict with a malady or sickness ; 
 — used almost exclusively in the p. p. diseased. 
 
 Dis'em-barlc', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISEMBARKED 
 (-birkf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. disembarking.] To put on 
 shore ; to land ; to debark. 
 
 Dis'em-barlt', v. i. To go on land ; to debark. 
 
 Dis-em'bar-lca'tion, n. Act of disembarking. ^ 
 
 Dis'em-bar'rass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disejibar- 
 RASSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISEMBARRASSING.] To fise 
 from embarrassment or perplexity ; to clear. 
 
 Dis'em-bar'rass-ment, n. Act of disembarrassing. 
 
 Dis''em-bel'Iisli, v. t. To deprive of embellishment. 
 
 Dis'em-bit'ter, v. t. To free from bitterness. 
 
 Dis'em-bod'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disembodied ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DISEMBODYING.] 1. To dive.st of the 
 body ; to free from the flesh. 3. To discharge from mil- 
 itary organization. 
 
 Dis'em-bogue' (-bog/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disem- 
 bogued ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISEMBOGUING.] To dis- 
 charge at the mouth, as a stream ; to vent. 
 
 Dis'em-bog'om, v. t. To separate from the bosom. 
 
 Dis'em-bo-w'el, v. t. To take out the bowels or en- 
 trails of; to eviscerate ; to gut. 
 
 Dis'em-broil', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disembroiled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. disembroiling.] To free from perplexity 
 or confusion ; to disentangle. 
 
 Dis^en-a'ble, v. t. To deprive of power, natural or 
 moral ; to disable ; to disqualify. 
 
 Dis'en-cliant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disenchanted; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. disenchanting.] To free from en- 
 chantment or spells. [chants. 
 
 Dis'en-cbant'er, n. One who, or that which, disen- 
 
 Dis'en-elxant'ment, n. Act of disenchantmg, or state 
 of being disenchanted. 
 
 Dis'en-eum'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disencum- 
 bered ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISENCUMBERING.] To fi«e 
 from encumbrance, clogs or impediments. 
 
 Dis^en-eum^bran^e, n. Dehverance from encum- 
 brance, or any thing burdensome or troublesome. 
 
 Dis'en-gage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disengaged ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISENGAGING.] To release from some previoo* 
 connection or engagement, as the mind from business,^ 
 the affections from the world, a lady from one to whcwa 
 she had promised marriage. 
 
 Syn. — To liberate; free; loose; extricate; clear; disentan- 
 gle; detach; withdraw; wean. 
 
 Dis^en-gage', v. i. To release one's self; to set one's 
 self free ; to become detached. 
 
 Dis'en-ga'ged-ness, n. State of being disengaged. _ 
 
 Dis'en-gaee'ment, n. 1. Act of disengaging ; extri- 
 cation. 3. State of being disengaged. 3. Freedom 
 from engrossing occupation ; leisure. 
 
 Dis'en-no'ble, v. t. To deprive of that which enno- 
 bles ; to lower ; to degrade. 
 
 Dis'en-roU', v. i. To erase from a roll or list. 
 
 Dis'en-tan'gle, v. t. [imp. &p.p. disentanglBD;f- 
 
 food, fc>bt ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, <5all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tk^B. 
 
DISENTANGLEMENT 
 
 212 
 
 DISINTEGRATE 
 
 pr. k rfc. n. DISENTANGLING.] To froc firom entan- 
 glement ; to extricate? from complication and perplexity. 
 
 Syn. — Tominivcl; unfold: untwist; loose; extricate; dis- 
 emb«iT«8$; disonibniil; clear; evolve; disengage; separate. 
 
 I>is'en-tJiu'Kle-ment, ». Act of disentangUng. 
 
 I>is'en-tlirair. v. t. St>e Disinthrall. [throne. 
 
 Dls'en-tlirtiut*', r. t. To deprive of a throne; to de- 
 
 Dls'en-ti'tle. i-. t. To depriye of title or claim. 
 
 I>is'«»ii-tqnib' (-tm>mO. '•• '• To take out from a tomb. 
 
 I>is'en-tra«v«'', '•• '• To awaken from a trance. 
 
 I>is'es-tt*ein'.-M. Want of esteem, low regard, inclining 
 to di.<like ; disfavor. 
 
 rWs'es-teeiii', v. t. [itnp. & p. p. disesteemed; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. DISESTEEMING.] To feel an absence of 
 esteem for ; to regard with disapproval ; to slight. 
 
 Dis-<^s'ti-nia'tion, n. Disesteem ; disfsivor. 
 
 Dis-fa'vor, n. 1. Want of favor ; disesteem ; disre- 
 gard. '2, State of not being in favor. 3. An unkind- 
 ness : a disobliging act. 
 
 Dis-fa'vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disfavored; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISFAVORING.] To withhold or withdraw 
 favor from ; to regard with disesteem. 
 
 I>is-f a'vor-er, n. One who disfeivors or disesteems. 
 
 I>is-fig'u-ra'tion, n. Act of disfiguring, or state of 
 being disfigured ; defacement; disfigurement. 
 
 Dis-fig'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disfigured ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISFIGURING.] To mar the figure or appear- 
 ance of; to render less complete or beautiful. 
 Syn. — To deface ; deform; mar; injure. 
 
 Dis-fig'ure-ment, n. 1. Act of disfiguring, or state 
 of being disfigured ; deformity. 3. That which disfig- 
 ures ; a defacement. 
 
 Dis-frSn'cliise (-fran/chiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dis- 
 franchised*; p. pr. & vb. n. disfranchising.] To 
 deprive of a franchise or chartered right ; to dispossess 
 of the rights of a citizen, or of a particular right, as of 
 voting, holding office, &c. 
 
 I>is-ira,n'clii§e-ineiit (-fiSn/chiz-), n. Act of dis- 
 franchising, or state of being disfranchised. 
 
 Dis-fixr'iiish, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. DISFURNISHED (108) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISFURNISHING.] To deprive of furni- 
 ture ; to strip ; to disgamish. 
 
 I>is-sar'nisli, v. t. To divest of garniture, ornaments, 
 or furniture : to dismantle. 
 
 Dis-gorge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disgorged ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISGORGING.] 1. To eject from the stomach, 
 throat, or mouth ; to vomit. 3. To pour forth or throw 
 out with violence, as if from a mouth. 3. To give up ; 
 to make restitution of. 
 
 Dis-gorge', v. i. To vomit forth what any thing con- 
 tains ; to make restitution. [disgorged. 
 
 Dis-g6rge'3aient, n. Act of disgorging ; that which is 
 
 Dis-gra^e', n. 1. Lack or loss of favor, support, or 
 countenance. 3. Ignominy ; infamy. 3. That which 
 brings dishonor ; cause of shame. 
 
 Syn. — Disfavor; disesteem; opprobrium; reproach; dis- 
 credit; disparagement; dishonor; shame; disrepute. 
 
 Dis-gra^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISGRACED; (dis- 
 grast') ; p. yrr. & vb. n. DISGRACING.] 1. To deprive 
 of fiivor ; to dismiss with dishonor. 3. To bring re- 
 proach or shame upon ; to dishonor. 
 
 Syn. — To degrade; abase; disparage; defame; debase. 
 
 Di8-grafe'fiil,a. Bringing disgrace or dishonor : caus- 
 ing shame : shameful ; infamous ; ignominious. 
 
 Dis-gra^e'ful-ly, adv. In a disgraceful jnanner. 
 
 Dls^gra?e'ful-ness, n. Condition of being disgraceful. 
 
 Dis-gra'9er, n. One who disgraces. 
 
 Dis-gra'cious, a. Ungracious : unpleasing. 
 
 Dis-guige' (72), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disguised ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISGUISING.] 1. To change the guise or ap- 
 pearance of; especially, to conceal bv an unusual dress ; 
 to hide by a counterfeit appearance. 3. To afifect or 
 change by Uquor ; to intoxicate. 
 
 Syn. — To conceal; hide; dissemble; secrete; mask. 
 
 Dis-guige', n. 1. A dress or exterior put on to con- 
 ceal or deceive. 3. Artificial language or manner 
 assumed for deception. 3. Change of manner by drink ; 
 slight intoxication. 
 
 Dis-guig'ed-ly, a/lv. In disguise. 
 
 Di»-gui8'er, n. One who disguises or conceals. 
 
 Dis-gfi«t', n. [From Lat. prefix dis and gustus, tasting, 
 taste. ] Repugnance to what b offensive : — said primarily 
 of the sickening opposition felt for any thing which of- 
 fends the organ of taste ; hence, applied to the analogous 
 repugnance excited by any thing extremely unpleasant 
 to the higher sensibilities of the soul. 
 
 Syn. — Aversion ; dietaste; disrelish; dislike. See Avsb- 
 
 SION. 
 
 Dis-giist', V. t. [imp. & p. p. DISGUSTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DISGUSTING.] To provoke disgust in ; to offend the 
 taste of; to displease. 
 
 Dis-giist'ful, a. Provoking disgust; offenslvo to th« 
 taste ; exciting aversion ; nauseous. 
 
 Dis-gust'ing-ly, fdv. In a manner to disgust. 
 
 Dish, n. [A.-S. disc, dix. See Desk and Disk.] 1. A 
 vessel used for serving up food at the table. 3. Hence, 
 any particular kind of food. 3. State of being concave 
 or hke a dish. 
 
 Disli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DISHED (disht) \ p. pr.Sc vb. 
 n. dishing.] 1. To put in a dish, ready for serving at 
 table. 3. To make like a dish. 3. To frustrate or dis- 
 appoint. [Low.] 
 
 Dis'lia-bille' (dTs'a-bll'), n. [See DESHABILLE.] An 
 undress ; deshabille. 
 
 Disli'cloth, )n. A cloth used for wiping dishes after 
 
 Disli'«lout, } they have been washed. 
 
 Dis-lieart'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disheartened; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. disheartening.] To deprive of heart, 
 courage, or hope. 
 Syn. — To dispirit ; discourage ; depress ; deject ; deter. 
 
 Di-sliev'el (di-shev/l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dishev- 
 eled ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISHEVELING.] [Fr. deche- 
 veler, L. Lat. discapillare, fr. prefix dis, and Lat. capiUus, 
 the hair of the head.] To sufi^er to hang in a loose or 
 negligent manner, as the hair ; — used chiefly in the 
 past participle. 
 
 Disli-f ul, n. ; pi. DisH/FULg. As much as a dish holds 
 or can 'hold. 
 
 Dig-lion'est (diz-5n'est,91), a. 1. Wanting in honesty ; 
 fraudulent; disposed to deceive or cheat. 3. Charac- 
 terized by fraud. 
 
 Di§-li6n'est-ly (-on^est-), adv. In a dishonest manner. 
 
 Dig-Jion'es-ty {-hn'e&-tf),n. 1. Wantof honesty, prob- 
 ity, or integrity. 3. Violation of trust or of justice. 
 3. Dishonor ; unchastit3' : incontinence. 
 
 Dig-bon'or (diz-on'ur, 91), n. Want of honor. 
 
 Syn. — Disgrace; ignominy; shame; censure; reproach; 
 opprobrium. 
 
 Dig-lion'or (-on'ur), v. t. [imp. &> p.p. DISHONORED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISHONORING.] 1. To deprive of honor ; 
 to bring reproach or shame on. 3. To violate the chas- 
 tity of. 3. To refuse to accept or pay; — said of a 
 draft or acceptance which is due and is presented. 
 
 Syn. — To disgrace ; shame ; debase ; degrade ; debauch ; 
 ravish; pollute; vilify. 
 
 Dif -hon'or-a-lble (-5n'ur-), a. 1. Bringing or deserving 
 dishonor; shameful; base. 3. Wanting in honor ; dis- 
 graced, [dishonorable. 
 
 Dig-lion'or-a-lble-iiess (-6n/ur-), m. Quality of being 
 
 Di§-li6n'or-a-toly (6n/), adv. In a dishonorable manner. 
 
 Dig-lion'or-er (-6n'-),n. One who dishonors or disgraces. 
 
 Dis-hii'mor, n. Peevishness : ill humor. 
 
 Dis'ln-car'^er-ate, v. t. To liberate from prison. 
 
 Dis-in'-eli-na'tion, n. State of being disinclined ; 
 want of propensity, desire, or affection. 
 
 Syn. —Unwillingness ; disaffection ; alienation ; dislike ; 
 aversion ; repugnance. 
 
 Dis'iii-<;lrne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disinclined : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. disinclining.] To excite the dislike or aver- 
 sion of; to make averse. 
 
 Dis'ln-f ect', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disinfected ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. disinfecting.] To cleanse from infection. 
 
 Dis'in-fe-et'aiit, n. That which disinfects. 
 
 Dis'tn-fee'tion, n. Act of disinfecting. 
 
 Dis'in-gSii'u-ou.s, a. 1. Not noble or high-toned; 
 mean ; unworthy. 3. Not ingenuous ; wanting in can- 
 dor or frankness. 
 
 Dis'iii-geii'u.-ous-ly, adv. In a disingenuous man- 
 ner : unfairly ; not openly and candidly. 
 
 Dis'in-ggn'u-oils-ness, n. The state or quaUty of being 
 disingenuous ; want of candor. 
 
 Dis'in-lier'i-goii, ?!. The act of disinheriting, or the 
 state of being disinherited. 
 
 Dis'in-her'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disinherited : p. 
 pr. & vh. n. DISINHERITING.] To cut off from hered- 
 itary right ; to deprive of an inheritance. 
 
 Dis'in-her'it-aiife, n. Act of disinheriting, or con- 
 dition of being disinherited ; disinherison. 
 
 Dis-in'te-gra-ble, a. Capable of being disintegrated; 
 liable to separation into part"?. 
 
 Dis-in'te-grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISINTEGRATED; 
 p.pr- & ■^"6. n. DISINTEGRATING.] [Lat. prefix rfw and 
 
 si, e, &c., long; i, 6, See, short ; c4re, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, do, -wqU, 
 
DISINTEGRATION 
 
 213 
 
 DISOWN 
 
 integrare, integratum, to renew, repair, from integer y en- 
 tire, whole.] _ To separate into integrant parts. 
 
 Dis-in'te-gra'tiou, n. Act of disintegrating, or state 
 of being disintegrated ; reduction to integrant parts. 
 
 Dis'in-ter', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DisiNTJiRRED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISINTERRING.] 1, To take out of the grave 
 or tomb. ti. To bring out, as from a hiding-place. 
 
 Dis-in'ter-est-ed, a. Not influenced by regard to per- 
 sonal advantage ; free from self-interest. 
 
 Syn. — Unbiased; impartial; uninterested; indifferent. 
 
 Dis-in'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. In a disinterested manner. 
 
 I>is-iii'ter-est-ed-ness, n. State or quality of being 
 disinterested ; impartiality, 
 
 I>i.s'in-ter'inen.t, n. Act of disinterring. 
 
 Dis'in-tlirall', vl t. To release from thralldom or bond- 
 age, physical or mental; to emancipate. 
 
 Dis'in-tlirall'ment, n. Emancipation. 
 
 Di.s-joiii', i'*. t. [imp. & p. p. disjoined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 «. DISJOINING.] To part ; to disunite ; to separate. 
 
 I>is-jo)ln', V. i. To become separated ; to part. 
 
 Dis-joint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disjointed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISJOINTING.] 1. To put out of joint; to dis- 
 locate. 5i. To separate at junctures ; to break in pieces. 
 3. To break the natural order and relations of. 
 
 I>i.s-joint', V. i. To fall or break in pieces. 
 
 I>is-jomt'ly, adv. In a disjointed state. 
 
 Dis-jun<5t'', a. [Lat. disjunctus, p. p. of disjungere, to 
 disjoin, from prefix dis and jungere, to yoke, to join.] 
 Disjoined ; separated. 
 
 I>is-jiin«'tion, n. 1. Act of disjoining ; disunion ; sep- 
 aration. '2. A disjunctive proposition. [joining. 
 
 I>is-juii«t'ive, a. Tending to disjoin ; separating; dis- 
 
 Disjunctive conjunction (Gram.)^ one connecting grammati- 
 cally?- two words or clauses expressing at the same time an op- 
 position or separation inherent in the notions or thoughts. — 
 Disjunctive proposition, one in which the parts are connected 
 by disjunctive conjunctions. — Disjunctive si/llogism (.Logic), 
 one in which the major proposition is disjunctive. 
 
 r>is-ju.n<!t'ive, n. ( Gram.) (a.) A disjunctive conjunc- 
 tion, (b.) A disjunctive proposition. 
 
 I>is-ju.ii<jt'ive-ly, adv. In a disjunctive manner. 
 
 Disk, n. [Gr. Sictkos, Lat. discus. See Desk and Dish.] 
 [Often written disc] 1, A flat, circular plate, ti. A 
 discus; a quoit. 3. (Astron.) The face of a celestial 
 body. 4. {Bot.) (a.) The whole surface of a leaf, (b.) 
 The central part of a radiate compound flower, (c.) A 
 part of the receptacle enlarged or expanded under or 
 around the pistil. 
 
 Dis-like', n. Positive and usually permanent aversion. 
 Syn. — Disapprobation ; disinclination ; displeasure ; dis- 
 relish; distaste; aversion; antipathy; repugnance; disgust. 
 
 Dis-like', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISLIKED (108) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISLIKING.] To have an aversion to. 
 
 Dis'lo-eate (45), a. Dislocated. 
 
 Dis'lo-<!ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dislocated; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. DISLOCATING.] [L. Lat. dislocare, dislocatum, 
 from prefix dis and locare, to place, from locus, a place.] 
 To displace ; to disjoint ; to put out of joint. 
 
 Dis'lo-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of displacing, or state of 
 being placed. "2. ( Geol. ) Displacement of parts of rocks 
 or portions of strata from their original position. 3. 
 (Surg.) A disjointing ; luxation. 
 
 Dis-lodge' (dis-loj/), v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. DISLODGED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISLODGING.] 1. To drive from a lodge 
 or place of rest or repose. 2. To drive out from a place 
 of hiding or defense. 
 
 Dis-16d|re', v. i. To go from a place of rest. 
 
 Dis-lddg'ment, n. The act or process of dislodging or 
 the state of being dislodged. 
 
 Dis-loy'al, a. Not loyal ; false to allegiance ; false in love. 
 
 Sym. — Disobedient; faithless; treacherou»; perfidious; dis- 
 honest; inconstant. 
 
 Dis-loy'al-ly, adv. In a disloyal manner ; treacherously. 
 
 Dis-loy'al-ty, n. Want of loyalty ; lack of fidelity ; vio- 
 lation of allegiance ; unfaithfulness in love. 
 
 I>i§'inal (diz'mal, 91), a. [Originally a noun ; e. g. " I 
 trow it was in the dismail,'''' Chaucer ; from Lat. dies 'ma- 
 ins, evil day.] Gloomy to the eye or ear ; sorrowful and 
 depressing to the feehngs. 
 
 Syn. — Dreary; lonesome; gloomy; dark; doleful; horrid; 
 dire; direful; frightful; horrible; lamentable; dolorous; calam- 
 itous; sorrowful; sad; melancholy; unfortunate; unhappy. 
 
 Di§'mal-ly, adv. In a dismal manner. 
 
 I>is-ma,ii'tle, V. t. [imp. &p.p. DISMANTLED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISMANTLING.] 1. To deprive of dress; to 
 strip. 3. To deprive of apparatus, furniture, equip- 
 ments, defenses, or fortifications. 
 
 Di8-mask', v. t. To strip a mask from ; to unmask. 
 
 Dis-va.a,iit',v. t. [imp. & p. p. dismasted; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. dismasting.] To deprive of a mast or masts. 
 
 Dis-may', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dismayed ; p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. dismaying.] [Sp. desmayar,0. b"r. esmaier,esmoyer, 
 to dismay, to frighten, from des, es, equiv. to Lat, dis, 
 ex, and Goth, magan, to be strong or able.] To disabl« 
 with alarm or apprehension ; to fill with distressing fear. 
 
 Syn. — Daunt; appall. — Dismay denotes a continuous state 
 of gloomy apprehension; to daunt supposes something more 
 sudden and startling; to appall (lit., make pale) is the strong- 
 est term, implying a sense of terror which overwhelms the fac- 
 ulties. 
 
 Dis-may', n. Loss of firmness and energy through fear. 
 
 Syn. — Dejection; discouragement; depression; fear; fright; 
 terror; alarm; horror; consternation. 
 Dis-ntigm'ber, v. t. [imp. & p.p. DISMEMBERED; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DISMEMBERING.] 1. To divide limb from 
 limb. 3. To strip of its essential parts. 
 Syn.— To disjoint; dislocate; dilacerate; mutilate; sever. 
 
 Dis-mem'ber-ment, n. Act of dismembering, or state 
 of being dismembered ; mutilation. 
 
 Dis-naiss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dismissed (dis-misf); 
 p.pr. & vb. n. dismissing.] [Lat. dimittere, for dis- 
 mittere, dismissum, from prefix dis and mitt ere, to send.] 
 1, To send away ; to cause or permit to go. 3. To re- 
 move from office, service, or employment. 3. To lay 
 aside or reject, as a petition or motion in court. 
 
 Dis-miss'al, n. Dismission ; discharge. 
 
 Dis-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. 1. Act of dismissing ; leave 
 to depart. 3. Removal from office or employment ; dis- 
 charge. 3. A setting aside as trivial or invalid. 
 
 Dis-miss'ive, a. Giving dismission, or leave to depart. 
 
 Dis-mount', ^'. i. [imp. &/>. ^. dismounted; /7./>r. 
 & vb. n. dismounting.] 1. To come down; to de- 
 scend. 3. To aUght from a horse. 
 
 Dis-movutit', V. t. 1. To throw or bring down from an 
 elevation, place of honor and authority, or the like. 3. 
 To throw or remove from a horse. 3. To throw or re- 
 move from their carriages ; to break the carriages or 
 wheels of; — said of pieces of artillery. 
 
 Dis-iiS.t'u-ral-ize, v. t. To make alien. 
 
 I>is''o-be'di-en9e , n. Neglect or refusal to obey. 
 
 Dis'o-lbe'di-ent, a. Neglecting or refusing to obey. 
 
 Dis'o-be'di-ent-ly, adv. In a disobedient manner. 
 
 Dis'o-bey', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disobeyed; p.pr. tc 
 vb. n. disobeying.] To neglect or refuse to obey; to 
 break or transgress the commands of. 
 
 I>is'o-bey' (-ba'), v. i. To refuse obedience. 
 
 Dis-ob'li-ga'tion, n. The act of disobliging. 
 
 Dis-6b'li-ga-to-ry (50), a. Releasing obhgation. 
 
 Dis'o-blige', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disobliged; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. disobliging.] To offend by an act of unkind- 
 ness or incivility ; to be tmaccommodating to. 
 
 Dis'o-bli'eer, n. One who disobliges. 
 
 Dis^o-bli'ging-ly, adv. In a disobUging manner. 
 
 Dis-6rbed', a. Thrown out of the proper orbit. 
 
 Dis-6r'der, n. 1. Want of order. 3. Neglect of order 
 or system. 3. Breach of public order ; disturbance of 
 the peace of society. 4. Disturbance of the functions 
 of the animal economy or of the mind. 
 
 Syn. — Disease ; irregularity; disarrangement; confusion; 
 tumult; bustle; disturbance; illness; indisposition; sickness; 
 malady; distemper. See Disease. 
 
 Dis-6r'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISORDERED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISORDERING.] 1. To disturb the order of ; 
 to throw into confusion. 3. To make sick. 3. To di»- 
 turb the regular operations of. 
 
 Syn. — To disarrange; derange; confuse; discompose. 
 
 Dis-6r'der-li-ness, a. State of being disorderly. 
 
 Dis-6r'der-ly, a. 1. Not in order ; marked by disorder. 
 3. Not acting in an orderly way, as the functions of the 
 body. 3. Not complying with the restraints of order 
 and law. 4. Not regulated by the restraints of morality. 
 Syn.— Irregular; immethodical ; confused; tumultuous; in- 
 ordinate; intemperate; unruly; lawless; vicious; loose. 
 
 Dis-or/gan-i-za'tion, n. 1. The act of disorganizing. 
 3. The state of being disorganized. 
 
 Dis-Sr'gan-ize, tJ. t. [imp. Scp.p. disorganized; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. DISORGANIZING.] To break or destroy 
 the organic structure or connected system of; to throw 
 into utter disorder. 
 
 Dis-6r'gaii-iz''er, n. One who disorganizes. 
 
 I>i§-own' (diz-6n', 91), v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISOWNED ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. DISOWNING.] To refuse to own or ac- 
 knowledge. 
 
 Syn.— To disavow; disclaim; deny; renounce; disallow. 
 
 food, f o"bt ; ftrn, rude, puU ; ^ell, pliaise, <!all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; fjist ; linger, linlc ; tJiis. 
 
DISPARAGE 
 
 214 
 
 DISPOSAL 
 
 I>ls-pfti^a4e, c. t. [imp. &. p. p. disparaged ;;).i>r 
 & vb. n. UISPARAGIN©.] [L. L»t. iii.''j)ar(i^are,difpara- 
 giarf, from pn>tix din aiid piirasnoti, panUicum, parity 
 of couditiou or birth, from par, oquiU.] To dishonor by 
 a couiparisou with what is inferior ; to injure by depre 
 ai&ting comparisous. 
 
 Syn.— To decry; depreciate; undervalue; vilify; reproach 
 detract t>«)ii>: dcrv^jjate fix)m; degrade. See Decky. 
 
 Dls-pftr'age-iuf Mt, n. Injurious comparison with an 
 inferior ; uiyust depreciation. 
 
 Syn. — Indignity ; derogation; detraction; reproach; dis- 
 honor; debasement; degradation; disgrace. 
 
 Dls-pftr'a-ger, n. One who disparages. 
 
 Dis'pji-rate, a. [Lat. diapurattu^, p. p. of disparare, to 
 i>op;irate, from preti.\ dis and parare, to prepare.] 1. 
 luiH|ual; unlike; dissimilar, 'i. {Logic.) Pertaining 
 to two co-ordinate species or divisions. 
 
 Dis'pa-rates, «. p/- Things so unequal or unlike that 
 they can not be compared \nth each other. 
 
 Dis-pftr'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. disparitas, from Lat. dispar, 
 unlike, unequal, from prefix dis and par, equal.] Differ- 
 ence in age, rank, condition, or excellence. 
 
 Syn. — Inequality ; unUkeness ; dissimilitude ; dispropor- 
 tion. 
 
 Dis-park', v. t. 1. To throw open, as a park. 3. To 
 set at large ; to release. 
 
 Dis-part', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disparted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DISPARTING.] To part asunder ; to divide ; to separate. 
 
 I>i!«-part', V. i. To separate ; to open ; to cleave. 
 
 Dis-part', n. {Gun.) (a.) The difference between the 
 thickness of the metal at the mouth and at the breech of 
 a piece of ordnance. (6. ) A piece of metal cast on the 
 muzzle of a piece of ordnance to make the line of sight 
 parallel to the axis of the bore. 
 
 Dis-part', v. t. { Grim.) (a.) To make allowance for the 
 dispart in, when taking aim. {b.) To do away with the 
 dispart of, by making the diameter of the base-ring and 
 swell of the muzzle equal. 
 
 Dis-pSs'sion (-^jash'un), n. Freedom from passion. 
 
 Dis-pJis'sion-ate (45), a. 1. Free from passion ; un- 
 moved by feelings, ti. Not dictated by passion. 
 
 Syn. — Calm; cool; composed; serene; temperate; moderate; 
 impartial; unruflled. 
 
 Dis-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. Without passion ; calmly. 
 
 Dis-patcli', V. t. [imp. & p. p. dispatched ; p. pt. & 
 vb. n. DISPATCHING.] [From Lat. pref. dis and pan- 
 gere, pactum, to fasten, fix, settle.] 1. To send off on a 
 special errand, usually in haste. 2. To get rid of by 
 sending off ; to put out of the way ; especially, to put to 
 death ; to kiU. 3. To dispose of, as biisiness. 
 
 Syn. — To expedite ; hasten ; speed ; accelerate ; perform ; 
 conclude; finish; slay; kill. 
 
 Di.s-patcli', V. i. To make haste. 
 
 Dis-pa.tcli', n. 1, The sending of a messenger in haste. 
 2. Any sending away. 3. Rapid performance, as of 
 business. 4. A message dispatched or sent off ; especially, 
 an important letter sent from one public officer to another. 
 Syn. — Dismissal ; riddance ; haste ; hurry ; promptness; 
 celerity; speed. See Haste. 
 
 Dis-patcli'er, n. One who dispatches. 
 
 Dis-patcli'f U.1, a. Bent on haste ; indicating haste. 
 
 Dis-pau'per, v. t. {Law.) To deprive of the claim of a 
 pauper to public support, or of the capacity of suing in 
 forma pauperis. 
 
 Di8-p61', V. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPELLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DISPELLING.] [Lat. dispellere, from prefix dis and 
 pellere, to push, drive.] To drive away ; to banish ; 
 to cauw to disappear ; to dissipate. 
 
 Dis-p6n'sa-l>le, a. 1. Capable of being dispensed or 
 administered, ti. Capable of being dispensed with. 
 
 Dls-pgn'sa-ry, n. 1. A shop or place in which medi- 
 cines and medical advice are given gratis to the poor. 
 2. The shop or place in which medicines are prepared. 
 
 Dis'pen-sa'tion, n. 1. Act of dispensing or dealing 
 out ; — often used of the dealing of God with his crea- 
 tures. 2. That which is dispensed or dealt out ; es- 
 pecially (Theol.), a system of principles, promises, and 
 rules ordained and administered. 3. The granting of a 
 license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden. 
 
 Dl8-p6n'sa-tive, a. Granting dispensation. 
 
 Dis-p6n'sa-tive-ly, adv. By dispensation. 
 
 Dis'pen-sa'tor, n. A distributor ; a dispenser. 
 
 Di8-p6n'sa-to-ry (50), a. Granting, or authorized to 
 {jrant, dispensations. 
 
 Dis-p6n'sa-to-ry, n. A book of directions for com- 
 pfjunding medicines ; a pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Dis-p6nse', *. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPENSED (difl-p6nst/) ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISPENSING.] [Lat. dispensare, intens. 
 form of dispendere, from dis and pendere, to weigh.] 1. 
 To deal or divide out in parts or portions. 2. To apply, 
 as laws to particular cases. 
 
 Syn. — To distribute; administer; execute; carry out. 
 
 DJs-p6nse', i". i. To permit neglect or omission ; to sus- 
 pend operation ; —^'followed by with. 
 
 Dis-p6ns'er, n. One who dispenses. 
 
 Dis-peo'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dispeopled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISPEOPLING.] To depopulate. 
 
 Di-sperm'oiis, a. [Gr. fit, for 6is, twice, twofold, and 
 oTrep/aa, seed.] {Bat.) Containing two seeds only. 
 
 Dis-perse' (53), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dispersed (dis- 
 pSrst'); p.pr. & vb.n. DISPERSING.] [From lAt. di.$- 
 pergere, from pref. di for dis, and spargere, to strew, scat- 
 ter.] 1. To scatter here and there ; to spread, as knowl- 
 edge, light, &c. 2. To cause to vanish or separate. 
 
 Dispersed harmony (3fus.), harmony of such a nature that 
 the tones composing the chord are widely separated, as by an 
 octave or more. 
 
 Syn. — To scatter; dissipate; dispel; spread; diffuse; dis- 
 tribute; deal out; disseminate. 
 
 Dis-perse', v. i. To separate ; to vanish ; to be dispelled. 
 
 Dis-pers'er, n. One who disperses. 
 
 Dis-per'siom, n. 1. Act of scattei-ing or dissipating. 2. 
 
 State of being scattered. 3. (Opt.) Separation of light 
 
 into its different colored rays. 
 Dis-pir'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPIRITED ; p. pr. &. 
 
 vb. n. DISPIRITING.] To depress the spirits of. 
 
 Syn.— To dishearten ; discourage ; deject ; damp ; depress; 
 cast down; intimidate; daunt; affright; frighten. 
 
 Dis-pla^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. displaced (dis-plasf. 
 108); p.pr. & vb. n. DISPLACING.] 1. To change the 
 place of; to remove ; to put out of place. 2. To dis- 
 charge ; to depose. 
 Syn.— To disarrange; derange; dismiss; discard. 
 
 Dis-plape'a-lble, a. Capable of being displaced. 
 
 Dis-plape'ment, n. 1. Act of displacing, or state of 
 being displaced ; removal ; discharge. 2. Quantity of 
 water displaced by a floating body, as by a ship. 3. 
 {Medical Chem.) A process by which soluble substances 
 are extracted from organic matter. 
 
 Dis-plant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPLANTED ; p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. displanting.] To remove from the place where 
 any thing has been planted or fixed ; to displace. 
 
 Dis'plan-ta'tion, n. The act of displanting ; removal ; 
 displacement. 
 
 Dis-play', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPLAYED ; p. pr. 8c 
 vb. n. DISPLAYING.] [0. Fr. desployer, fr. des, equiv. to 
 Lat. dis, arid ployer, to unfold, fr. Lat. plicare, to fold.] 
 1. To unfold ; to spread wide. 2. To exhibit to the 
 eyes, or to the mind. 3. To set in view ostentatiously. 
 Syn.— To exhibit; show; spread out; parade; expand. 
 
 Dis-play', n. 1. An unfolding; exhibition; manifesta- 
 tion. 2. Ostentatious show ; parade. 
 
 Dis-play'er, n. One who, or that which, displays. 
 
 Dis-plea§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. displeased ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. displeasing.] Not to please ; to excite a feeling 
 of disapprobation or dislike in ; to make angry. 
 
 SyTi. — To offend ; dissatisfy; disgust ; vex ; chafe ; anger : 
 provoke ; affront. 
 
 Dis-pleag'itre (-pISzh'ur), n. 1. The feeling of one 
 who is displeased ; sUght anger or irritation. 2, That 
 which displeases. 
 
 Syn. — Dissatisfaction ; disapprobation ; distaste ; dislike ; 
 anger; indignation; offense. 
 
 Dis-plode', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. DISPLODED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISPLODING.] [Lat. displodere, from prefix dis 
 and plodere, plaudere, to clap, strike, beat.] To dis- 
 charge ; to explode ; to burst. 
 
 Dis-plo'gion, n. An explosion ; a discharge. 
 
 Dis-plo'sive, a. Tending to displode or explode. 
 I Dis-pliime', v. t. To strip of plumes or plumage. 
 I Dis-port', n. Play ; sport ; pastime ; diversion. 
 ' Dis-port', V. i. [imp. & p. p. disported ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. DISPORTING.] [0. Fr. desporter, deporter, as if from 
 a Lat. word disportare, to carry to and fro, and deportare, 
 to carry away, from portare, to carry.] To play; to 
 wanton ; to sport. 
 
 Dis-port', V. t. To divert or amuse. 
 
 Dis-pog'a-tole, a. Subject to disposal ; liable to be dis- 
 posed of or made use of. 
 
 Dis-po§'al, n. 1. Act of disposing, or disposing of ; or- 
 derly distribution. 2. Regulation of the fate, condition, 
 application, &c., of any thing. 3. Power or authority 
 to use or dispose of. 
 
 a, e. &c., long; a, 6, &c., short . c&re, far, ask, all, wliat ; ^re, veil, tgrm ; p'ique, firm ; »6n, 6r, dttf-wqU, 
 
DISPOSE 
 
 215 
 
 DISSECTION 
 
 Syn. — Disposition ; dispensation ; management ; conduct; 
 government; distribution; arrangement; regulation; control. 
 Dis-poge', V. t. [imp. & p-p. DISPOSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DISPOSING.] [Lat. disponere, dispositum , from prefix dis 
 Sbndponere, to lay, put, set.] 1. To distribute and put 
 ia place; to set in ordei-. S. To regulate. 3. To a.s- 
 sign to a service or use ; to bestow for an object or pur- 
 pose. 4. To give a tendency or inclination ; especially, 
 to incline the mind of. 
 
 To dispose of, (a.) To determine the fate of; to exercise the 
 power of control over. (6.) To pass over into the control of 
 some one else; to part with; to get rid of. 
 
 Sy»»— To set ; arrange ; order ; fix; determine; settle; ap- 
 
 Cly; employ; distribute; adjust; regulate; adapt; fit; incline; 
 estow; give. 
 
 "Dis-poged', p. a. Inclined ; minded. 
 
 I>is-po§'er, n. One who, or that which, disposes. 
 
 Dis'po-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. The act of disposing ; 
 disposal, ii. The state or the manner of being disposed ; 
 distribution: arrangement; order. 3. Tendency to any 
 action or state resulting from natural constitution. 4. 
 Natural aptitude of mind resulting from constitution. 
 5. Acquired aptitude of temper or character ; moral 
 character. 
 
 Syn. — Inclination ; tendency. — A man's disposition is the 
 prevailing spirit or governing purpose of his mind; his in- 
 clinations are excited states of desire or appetency ; tendency 
 is a strong determination or proclivity toward some particular 
 mode of action. A man's inclinations are variable; his natural 
 tendencies are apt ultimately to prevail ; but a disposition formed 
 and sustained on the side of virtue will give him the control of 
 both. ^ 
 
 Dis'pos-sfiss' (-pos-ses' or -poz-zes'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 DISPOSSESSED; p. pr. & 0)6. n. DISPOSSESSING.] To 
 put out of possession ; to eject. 
 
 Dis'pos-sSs'sion (-sesh'un or -zesh'un), w. 1, Act of 
 putting out of possession ; the state of being dispossessed. 
 3, {Law.) An injury to real property which consists of a 
 deprivation of possession. [disposal ; direction. 
 
 Dis-pog'iire, n. Act of disposing; power to dispose of; 
 
 JDis-praige', n. Detraction from praise ; blame ; censure ; 
 reproach ; dishonor ; disparagement. 
 
 Dis-praige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dispraised ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISPRAISING.] To withdraw praise from ; to cen- 
 sure ; to blame. 
 
 Dis-praig'er, n. One who blames or dispraises. 
 
 Dis-pread', v. t. To spread abroad ; to expand widely. 
 
 Dis-pread', v. i. To expand ; to be spread. 
 
 Dis-proof ', n. A proving to be false or erroneous ; con- 
 viction of error ; confutation ; refutation. 
 
 Dis'pro-por'tion, n. 1. Want of proportion or of 
 symmetry. !ij. Want of smtableness or adequacy. 
 
 Dis'pro-por'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISPROPOR- 
 TIONED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISPROPORTIONING.] To 
 make unsuitable ; to mismatch. 
 
 Dis'pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. Disproportional ; unsuit- 
 able; inadequate. 
 
 I>is'pro-por'tioii-a-l>ly, adv. With want of propor- 
 tion or symmetry ; unsuitably. 
 
 Dis'pro-por'tion-al, a. Not having due proportion ; 
 unsuitable in form or quantity. 
 
 Dis^pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. Unsuitably with respect 
 to form, quantity, or value. 
 
 Dis'pro-por'tion-ate (45), a. Not proportioned ; unsuit- 
 able to something else in bulk, form, or value. 
 
 I>is''pro-por'tion-ate-ly, adv. In a disproportionate 
 degree ; unsuitably ; inadequately. 
 
 Dis-prov'a-ble, a. Oapable of being disproved. 
 
 Dis-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disproved ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISPROVING.] To prove to be false or erroneous ; 
 to confute ; to refute. 
 
 Dis-prgv'er, n. One who disproves or confutes. 
 
 Dis'pu-ta-ble, a. Capable of being disputed; liable to 
 be called in question ; controvertible. 
 
 Dis'pu-ta-tole-ness, n. The state of being disputable. 
 
 Dis'pu-tant, n. One who disputes. 
 
 DIs'pu-ta'tion, n. Act of disputing; controversy in 
 words ; argumentation. 
 
 Dis'pu-ta'tioiis, ) a. Inclined to dispute ; apt to cavil 
 
 Dis-pu'ta-tive, | or controvert. 
 
 Dis-pute', V. i. [imp. & p. p. DISPUTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DISPUTING.] [Lat. disputare, from prefix dis and 
 putare, to clean, clear up, set in order, reckon, think.] 
 
 1. To contend in argument ; to argue a question for and 
 against ; to discuss ; to debate. 3. To strive in opposi- 
 tion to a competitor. 
 
 Dis-pute', V. t. 1. To argue for and against ; to discTiss. 
 
 2. To struggle for the possession of 3. To oppose by 
 argument ; to call in question. 
 
 Syn. — To controvert ; contest ; doubt ; question ; argue ; 
 debate ; impugn. 
 Dis-pute', n. 1, Verbal controversy ; controversial dis- 
 cussion ; debate. 3. Contest ; struggle. 
 
 Syn. — Altercation; controversy; argumentation; quarrel; 
 disagreement; diflFerence. 
 
 Dis-piit'er, n. One who disputes ; a controvertist. 
 
 Dis-qual'i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of disquaUfying, or 
 state o*f being disquaUfied ; disability ; especially, legal 
 disability ; deprivation of legal right or capacity, ii. 
 AVant of qualification. 3. That which disqualifies or in- 
 capacitates. _ 
 
 Dis-qual'i-f y, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. disqualified;/!. 
 pr. & vb.n. DISQUALIFYING.] 1. To render unfit; to 
 incapacitate. 3. To divest or deprive of legal capacity, 
 power, or right. 
 
 Dis-qui'et, n. Want of quiet or tranquillity ; uneasiness; 
 restlessness ; disturbance ; anxiety. 
 
 Dis-qui'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISQUIETED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISQUIETING.] To render unquiet; to make 
 uneasy or restless ; to disturb. 
 
 Dis-qui'et-er, n. One who, or that which, disquiets. 
 
 Dis-qui'et-iiess, n. Restlessness ; uneasiness. 
 
 Dis-qui'e-tude (30), n. Want of peace or tranquillity ; 
 uneasiness; disturbance; agitation; anxiety. 
 
 Dis^qui-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. [Lat. disquisitio, from 
 disguirere, to investigate, from dis and guserere, to seek.] 
 A formal or systematic inquiry into, or discussion of, any 
 subject ; elaborate argumentative essay ; dissertation ; an 
 immethodical discussion. 
 
 Dis're-gard', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disregarded ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DISREGARDING.] Not to regard; to pay 
 no heed to ; to neglect ; to slight. 
 
 Dis''re-gard', n. The act of disregarding, or the state of 
 being disregarded ; omission to notice. 
 
 Dis're-gard'er, n. One who disregards. 
 
 Dis-rel'isli, n. 1. Want of relish; distaste; dislike; 
 aversion ; antipathy. 3. Bad taste ; nauseousness. 
 
 Dis-rel'isli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disrelished (108) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. disrelishing.] 1. Not to relish ; to feel 
 a degree of flisgust at. 3. To make nauseous. 
 
 Dis-rep'u-ta-ble, a. Not reputable ; tending to bring 
 into disesteem or discredit. 
 
 Syn. — Dishonorable ; discreditable ; low; mean; disgrace- 
 ful; shameful. 
 
 Dis-rep'u-ta-bly, adv. In a disreputable manner. 
 
 Dis-rep'ii-ta'tion, ) n. Loss or want of reputation or 
 
 Dis're-piite', j credit. 
 
 Syn. — Disesteem ; discredit; dishonor; disgrace. 
 
 Dis're-sp6<;t', n. Want of respect or reverence ; dises- 
 teem ; incivility ; irreverence. 
 
 Dis''re-sp6-et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. disrespected ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DISRESPECTING.] To show disrespect to. 
 
 Dis're-spe-et'ful, a. Wanting in respect ; uncivil. 
 
 Dis're-spe«t'f ul-ly, adv. In a disrespectful manner. 
 
 Dis-robe', v. t. * [imp. &, p. p. disrobed ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. disrobing.] To divest of a robe, or of that which. 
 clothes, dresses, or decorates. 
 
 Dis-rob'er, n. One who strips of robes or clothing. 
 
 Dis-root', V. t. [imp. & p. p. disrooted ; p.pr^&i vb. 
 n. DISROOTING.] To tear up the roots of, or by the 
 roots ; to extirpate. 
 
 Dis-rtipt', a. [Lat. disruptus, p. p. of disrumpere, to 
 break asunder, from dis and rumpere, to break, burst.] 
 Rent asunder ; broken. 
 
 Dis-rup'tion, n. The act of rending asunder, or the state 
 of being rent asunder ; disrupture. [tion. 
 
 Dis-riipt'rve, a. Causing, or accompanied by, disrup- 
 
 Dis-rupt'ure (53), n. A rending asunder ; disruption. 
 
 Dis-sat'is-f 3,«'tion, n. State or condition of being dis- 
 satisfied, unsatisfied, or discontented. 
 
 Syn. — Discontent; discontentment; displeasure; disappro- 
 bation; distaste; dislike. 
 
 Dis-sa,t'is-f a-e'to-ry, a. Causing dissatisfection ; giving 
 discontent ;_displeasing. 
 
 Dis-s5,t'is-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissatisfied ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISSATISFYING.] To render unsatisfied or dis- 
 contented ; to displease. 
 
 Dis-se-et', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. dissected; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DISSECTING.] [Lat. dissecare, dissectum, from dis 
 and secure, to cut.] 1. To cut in pieces, as an animal or 
 vegetable, for the purpose of examining the structtire and 
 use of its several parts; to anatomize. 3. To analyze 
 into its constituent parts, for the purposes of science or 
 criticism. 
 
 Dis-s6«t'i-ble, a. Capable of being dissected. 
 
 Dis-sg-e'tion, n. 1. Act of dissecting; anatomy. 3. 
 
 food, foot ; tLTtt, rude, pull ; ^ell, 9liaise, «all, eclio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist •, linger, li:||lc ; tiiis. 
 
DISSECTOR 
 
 216 
 
 DISTAFF 
 
 Act of Mpiirating into constituent j\irts for the purpose 
 
 of cjritical examination. 
 Dis-s^^-t'or, H. One who dissects : an anatomist. 
 Dls-selze', r. t. [n/i;-. & i>- /'• disseized ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. DISSEIZING.] {Laic.) To deprive of actual seizin or 
 
 possession ; to dispossess wrongfully. 
 I>Is'sel-zee', n- {Laic.) One disseia-d, or put out of 
 
 possession of an estaU' unlawfully. 
 Dis-sei'zln. «• (Laic.) An unlawful dispossessmg of a 
 
 ivrsou aotuallv seized of the freehold. 
 Dis-sei'zor, »i." (Loir.) One who disseizes. 
 Dis-s^m'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissembled ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. DISSEMBLING.] [0. Fr. dissembler, Lat. dis- 
 
 iirwu/or?, frcHU(/i-«aud simulare, to make like another, 
 
 from siinilis, like.] 1. To hide under a false semblance ; 
 
 to put an untrue appearance upon : to disguise ; to mask. 
 
 2. To make pretense of ; to feign. 
 
 S'^Ti.— To conceal ; disguise ; dissimulate ; mask ; cloak ; 
 cover. 
 
 -Dis-s^mTble, v. i. To conceal the real fact, motives, 
 iuteution. or sentiments, under some pretense. 
 
 Dis-sCmnbler, n. One who dissembles. 
 
 Syn. — Hypocrite.— A dissembler conceals what he is. A 
 hypocrite Mgns to be what he i^ not. "When Andre passed 
 within the American lines in a citizen's dress, he was a dis- 
 sembler: Arnold, whom he went to visit, had long been a 
 hypocrite. 
 
 I>is-s6m'i-iiate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. disseminated; 
 p.pr. & r6. n. DISSEMINATING.] [Lat. disseminare, dis- 
 seminatum , fr. dis and stminare, to sow, fr. semen, seed.] 
 1. To sow, as seed ; to scatter for growth and propaga- 
 tion, like seed. 'i. To spread or extend by dispersion. 
 Syn. — To spread; difiiise; propagate; circulate; disperse. 
 
 Dis-sem'i-na'tiou, n. Act of disseminating, or state 
 of being disseminated ; diffusion : dispersion. 
 
 Dis-s^in'i-iia-tive, a. Tending to scatter, or to become 
 scattered, abroad, or disseminated. 
 
 Dis-s^in'i-na'tor, n. One who disseminates. 
 
 Dis-sSn'sion, n. [Lat. dissensio, from dissentire. See 
 Dissent.] Violent disagreement in opinion ; breach of 
 friendship and union ; strife ; quarrel. 
 
 I>is-sent', v. i. [imp. & p. p. dissented •. p. pr. k, vb. 
 n. DISSENTING.] [Lat. dissentire, from dis and sentire, 
 to feel, think, judge.] 1. To differ in opinion; to dis- 
 agree, a, (Eccl.) To differ from the established church. 
 
 3. To be of a contrary nature. 
 
 Dis-sgnt', n. 1. Act of dissenting : difference of opinion ; 
 disagreement. 2. {Eccl.) Separation from an established 
 chtirch, especially that of England. 
 
 Dis'seii-ta'ne-ou.s, a. [Lat. dissentayieus, from dissen- 
 tire. See supra.] Disagreeing ; contrary. [Rare.] 
 
 Dis-sent'er, n. One who dissents ; especially, one, not a 
 Eoman Catholic, who dissents or separates from the 
 church of England : a dissident. 
 
 Dis-s6ii'tient, a. Disagreeing : declaring dissent. 
 
 Dis-sen'tient, n. One who disagrees, or dissents. 
 
 Dis'ser-ta'tion, n. [Lat. dissertatio, from dissertare, to 
 discuss, in tens, form of disserere.] A formal or elaborate 
 discourse ; a disquisition ; an essay. 
 
 Dis-serve' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. disserved ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DISSERVING.] To injure ; to hurt; to harm. 
 
 Di-S-servl^e, n. Injury : harm ; mischief. 
 
 Dis-serv'i^e-a-ble, a. Unserviceable: mischievous; 
 harmful ; injurious. 
 
 I>is-s€v'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissevered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DIS.SEVERING.] [In this word, dis, as in dis- 
 part, augments the signification.] To part in two ; to 
 divide asunder ; to disunite ; to sever. 
 
 Dift-s^v'er-an^e, n. Act of dissevering ; separation. 
 
 Dis'si-den?e. M. Disagreement ; dissent. 
 
 Dis'fti-dent, a. [Lat. dissidens, p. pr. of dissidere, to 
 sit apart, to disagree, fixim dis and sedere, to sit.] Not 
 agreeing ; dissenting. 
 
 I>Ls'>»i-dent, n. (Eccl.) One who dissents or separates 
 from the established religion : a dissenter. 
 
 I>ii»-8a'i-enfe (or dis-sU'yens), n. Act of leaping or 
 starting asunder. 
 
 Bis-Kil'l-ent {or dis-sil'yent), a. [Lat. dissiliens, p. pr. 
 of dvisUire, to leap or burst asunder, from dis and satire, 
 to leap.] Bursting and opening with an elastic force. 
 
 Dig-sim'i-lar, a. Unlike; heterogeneous. 
 
 Dis-8im'l-iar'i-ty, n. Want of resemblance; unlike- 
 ness : dissimilitude. 
 
 Dis-sim'i-lar-ly, adv. In a dissimilar manner. 
 
 Dis'Ki-mil'i-tude (30), n. 1. Want of simiUtude or re- 
 semblance ; unlikeness; dissimilarity. 2. {Rhet.) A com- 
 parison by contrast. 
 
 Dis-sim'u-late, v. i. To dissemble ; to feign. 
 
 Dis-sim'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. dissimvlatio. See Dis. 
 SE.MBLE.] Act of dissembling or feigning; £b4s« pre- 
 tension ; hypocrisy. 
 DisSi-pa-ble, a. Liable to be dissipated. [Rare.] 
 I>is'i»i-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISSIPATED ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. DISSIPATING.] [Lat. dissipare, dissipatum, from 
 prefix rfji and an obs. 5i>3arf, supare, to throw.] 1. To 
 drive asunder. 3.""'To destroy by wastefid extravagance. 
 
 Syn. — To disperse: scatter; dispel; spend; expend; squan- 
 der; waste; consume; lavish. 
 
 Dis'si-pate, v. i. 1. To separate and disappear; to 
 waste away ; to vanish. 2. To be extravagant, waste- 
 ful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure. 
 
 Dis'si-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of dissipating or dispersing ; 
 a state of dispersion or separation. 2. A dissolute course 
 of life; profilseness in vicious indulgences. 3. A trifle 
 which distracts attention. 4. A state of distracted at- 
 tention. 
 
 Dis-so'cia-ble , a. 1. Not well associated or assorted; 
 incongruous. tJ. Unsuitable to society. 
 
 Dis-so'cial, a. Unfriendly to society. 
 
 Dis-so'ci-ate (-shT-at), i-. t. [imp. & p. p. DISSOCI- 
 ATED;/), pr. & vb.n. DISSOCIATING.] [lAt. dissoci- 
 are, dissociatum, from dis and sociare, to unite, from 
 socius, a companion.] To separate ; to disunite. 
 
 Dis-so'ci-a'tion (-shi-a'shun), n. Act of dissociating; 
 a state of separation ; disunion. 
 
 Dis'so-lu-l>Ie, a. [Lat. dissolubihs. See DISSOLVE.] 
 
 1. Capable of being dissolved, or liquefied. 2. Capable 
 of being disunited. \ 
 
 Dis'so-lute (30), c. [Lat. dissolutus, p. p. of dissolvere. 
 See DISSOLVE.] Abandoned to vicious pleasures. 
 
 Ssm. —Uncurbed ; disorderly ; wild ; wanton ; luxurious ; 
 vicious; lax; Mcentious; lewd; rakish; debauched. 
 
 Dis'so-lute-Iy, adv. In a loose or dissolute manner. 
 
 Dis'so-lute-iiess, «. State or quality of being disso- 
 lute ; debauchery ; dissipation. 
 
 Dis'so-lu'tion, *n. 1. Act of dissolving, sundering, or 
 separating into component parts. 2. Change from a 
 solid to a fluid state. 3. Change of form by chemical 
 agency. 4. Dispersion of an assembly by terminating 
 its sessions ; the breaking up of a partnership. 5. Ex- 
 tinction of human life; death. 6. State of being dis- 
 solved. 7. Destruction; rvdn. [solved. 
 
 Dig-golv'a-ble (diz-zolVa^bl), a. Capable of being dis- 
 
 Di§-§61ve' (diz-z61v/), v. t. [imp. & p.p. DISSOLVED; 
 p.pr. & vb. 71. DISSOLVING.] [Lat. dissoh-ere,fronnpTef. 
 dis and solvere, to loose, free.] 1. To separate into com- 
 ponent parts. 2. To break the continuity of: to dis- 
 connect. 3. To convert into a liquid ; to melt : to hque- 
 fy. 4. To destroy the power of. 5. To terminate ; to 
 cause to disappear. 6. (Law.) To annul : to rescind. 
 Dissolved blood (Med.), that which does not readily coagulate. 
 
 Dis-§61ve' (diz-zolv/, 91), v. i. 1. To waste away : to be 
 dissipated. 2. To become fluid ; to be melted. 3. To 
 fade away : to vanish. 
 
 Dig-golv'ent, a. Having power to melt or dissolve. 
 
 Dig-golv'ent, n. That which has tiie power of dissolr- 
 ing ; a menstruum ; a solvent. 
 
 Di§-§61v'er, n. One who, or that which, dissolves. 
 
 Dis'so-naiife, n. 1. A mingling of discordant sounds ; 
 discord : jargon. 2. VTant of agreement ; disagreement; 
 incongruity : inconsistency. 
 
 Dis'so-nan-^y, M- Discord ; dissonance. 
 
 Dis'so-nant, a. [Lat. dissonans, p. pr. of dissonare,td 
 be discordant, from dis and sonare, to sound.] 1. Dis- 
 cordant; unharm onions. 2. Disagreeing; incongruous. 
 
 Dis-suade' (dis-swad'). v. t. [imp. & p. p. dissuaded ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. DISSUADING.] [Lat. dissvuidere , from dis 
 and suadere, to persuade.] To advise or exhort against. 
 
 Dis-snad'er, n. One who dissuades. 
 
 Dis-sua'gion (-swa'zhun), n. 1. Act of 
 dissuading; exhortation against a thing. 
 
 2. A dissuasive. 
 Dis-sua'sive (-swa'siv), a. Tending to dis- 
 
 Dis-sua'sive, n. An argument, or counsel, 
 
 employed to deter one from a measure. 
 Dis'syi-iab'i-e, a. Consistmg of two ayl- 
 
 lables only. 
 Dis-svl'la-ble, or Dis'syl-la-ble, n. 
 
 [Gr.'Sic7-crvAAa)3o«r, from 5is, twice, double, 
 
 and (rv\kafiri, syllable.] A word consist-^ 
 
 ing of two syllables only. 
 Dis'taff, «.; pi. dis'taffs. [A.-S. dis- 
 
 t3ef.] 1. The staff for holding the flax, 
 
 tow or wool, frova which the thread is drawn in spin- 
 
 Distaff. 
 
 a, e,&c., lon^; &,6,&c.,sftort; c4re, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; piique, firm ; s&ii,6r, dg,'W9lf, 
 
DISTAIN 
 
 217 
 
 DISTRIBUTE 
 
 ning by hand. 2. The holder of a distaff; hence, a 
 woman, or the female sex. 
 
 Dis-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. distaINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DISTAINING.] [0. Ft. destaindre , dtsttindre, to take 
 away the color, from dis and teindre, Lat. ti/ig-ere, todye, 
 tinge.] To stain ; to discolor. 
 
 Dis'tanye, «. [See DISTANT.] 1. A space between two 
 objects. 'Z. Remot«ness of place ; a remote place. 3. 
 Interval of time. 4. Reserve ; respect ; ceremonious- 
 ness. 
 
 Angular distance, the angle of separation between the direc- 
 tions in which two bodies are seen ; apparent distance. 
 
 Dis'taii^e, i-. t. [imp. & p. p. distanced (lOS) ; p.pr. 
 & I'b. n. DISTANCING.] 1. To place at a distance. H, 
 To cause to appear as if at a distance. 3. To leave be- 
 hind in a race ; to surpass or excel. 
 
 Dis'tant, a. [Lat. distans, p. pr. of distare, to stand 
 apart, to be separate or distant, from dis and stare, to 
 stand.] 1. Separate. 2. Far separated; remote; — in 
 place, time, consanguinity, or connection. 3. Reserved 
 in manners ; cold ; not familiar. 4. Indistinct ; faint ; 
 obscure ; — as from distance. 
 
 Dis'tant-ly, adv. At a distance ; remotely ; with reserve. 
 
 Dis-taste', n. 1. Aversion of the taste ; dislike of food 
 or drink. 2. Alienation of affection. 
 
 Syn. — Disrelish; disincUnation ; dislike; displeasure; dis- 
 satisfaction; disgust. 
 
 Dis-taste', v. t. [imp. & p. p. distasted; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISTASTING ] Not to have relish for; to dislike 
 the taste of ; to disrelish ; to loathe. 
 
 Dis-taste'ful, a. 1. Unpleasant or disgusting to the 
 taste. 2. Displeasing to the feelings. 3. Manifesting 
 distaste or disUke. 
 
 Syn. — Xauseous ; offensive; displeasing; dissatisfactory; 
 disgusting; repulsive. 
 
 Dis-taste'f ul-ly, adv. In a displeasing manner. 
 
 Dis-tem'per, n. 1. A morbid state of the animal sys- 
 tem : — at present often restricted to the diseases of brutes. 
 
 2. Ill humor, or bad temper. 3. (Paint.) A preparation 
 of opaque or body colors, with size instead of oil. 
 
 Syn. — Disease; disorder; sickness; Ulness; malady; indis- 
 position. 
 
 Dis-tem'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. distempered ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DISTEMPERING.] 1. To derange the 
 functions of, whether bodily or mental ; to bring disease 
 Upon. 2. To disturb : to ruflle ; to make ill-humored. 
 
 3. {Vaint.) To make into distemper. 
 I>is-t6iii'per-a-tu.re (53), ;;. 1. Commixture of con- 
 trarieties ; confusion ; disorder. 2. Tiolent disturbance. 
 3. SUght illness ; distemper. 4. Mental uneasiness. 
 
 I>is-t6nd.', V. t. [imp. & p. p. distended ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DISTENDING.] [Lat. distendere, from prefix dis and 
 tendere, to stretch, stretch out.] 1. To lengthen out. 
 2. To stretch or spread in all directions. 
 Syn. — To dUate ; expand ; enlarge ; swell. 
 
 I>is-tend', v. i. To become expanded or inflated. 
 
 Dis-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being distended. 
 
 Dis-teu'tion, n. 1. Act of distending : state of being 
 distended. 2. Space occupied by the thing distended. 
 
 I>is'ti<;li (dis'tik), n. [Gr. SioTtxo?, Stcrnxoi', with two 
 rows, of two verses, from bi, for Si's, twice, twofold, and 
 oTi'xos, row, verse.] (Pros.) (a.) A couple of verses mak- 
 ing complete sense, (b.) A couplet of two lines, of differ- 
 ent kinds of verse, wtuch are repeated in the same order. 
 
 Dis'ti-ehi, ) a. Having two rows, or disposed in two 
 
 jr>is'ti€li-ou.s, ) rows ; two-ranked. 
 
 l>is-till', V. i. [imp. & p. p. distilled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 f, n. DISTILLING.] [Lat. destillare, from de and stillare, 
 
 I to drop, stiUa, a drop.] 1. To fall in drops. 2. To flow 
 
 / gentlv. 3. To use a still : to practice distillation. 
 
 /Dis-tni', V. t. 1. To let fall in drops. 2. To subject to, 
 
 / or obtain by, the process of distUlation ; to rectify ; to 
 / pvuify. 
 
 Dis-till'a-ble, a. Capahle of being distilled. 
 
 Dis'til-la'tion, n. 1. Act of falling in drops. 2. The 
 operation of extracting spirit from a substance by evapo- 
 ration and condensation ; rectification. 3. The sub- 
 stance extracted by distilling. 
 
 Destructive distillation ( Chem.), distillation of substances at 
 very high temperatures. 
 
 Bis-tni'er, n. One who distiUs. 
 
 Dis-till'er-y, n. The building and works where distill- 
 ing is carried on. 
 
 r>is-tin<;t'. a. [Ij3it. distinctus,]^. j>. of distingiure. See 
 DISTINGUISH.] 1. Having the difference marked : dis- 
 tinguished. 2. Spotted : variegated. 3. Separate in 
 place; not united by growth or otherwise. 4. Different; 
 
 individual. 5. So separated aA not to be confoimdfBd 
 with any other thing ; not confused. 
 
 Syn. — Separate ; definite ; clear ; plain ; obviouA. 
 Dls-tin-e'tion, n. 1. Marking off by visible signs ; dlviB- 
 ion. 2. Exercise of discernment ; discrimination. 3. 
 Distinguishing quality. 4. Estimation of difference ; re- 
 gard to distinguishing circumstances. 5. Conspicuous 
 station ; honorable estimation. 
 
 Syn. — Discrimination ; preference ; superiority ; rank ; 
 note ; eminence. 
 
 Dis-tin<;t'ive, a. Marking or expressing distinction. 
 
 Dis-tinct'ive-ly, axiv. With distinction ; plainly. 
 
 Dis-tin-et'ly, adv. With distinctness ; clearly ; plainly. 
 
 Dis-tin-et'ness, n. The quaUty or state of being distinct. 
 
 Dis-tin'guish (-tlng'gwish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. dis- 
 tinguished ; p. pr. & vb. n. DISTINGUISHING.] [Lat. 
 distinguere, distinctum, from di, for dis, a.nd stinguere, 
 to quench, extinguish.] 1. To separate or recognize by 
 visible marks. 2. To separate by definition of terms or 
 logical division of a subject. 3. To recognize by charac- 
 teristic quaUties. 4. To make to differ. 5. To make 
 eminent or known. 
 
 discriminate ; discern ; perceive ; signal- 
 
 Syn. — To mark ; 
 ize ; honor. 
 
 To make distinctions ; 
 
 Dis-tin'guisli, (-tlng'gwish), v 
 to exercise discrimination. 
 
 Dis-tin'guisli-a-ble , a. Capable of being distinguished. 
 
 Dis-tin'guislied (-ting/gwisht), p. a. Having distinc- 
 tion ; made eminent or known ; noted. 
 
 Syn. — Eminent: conspicuous; celebrated; illnstrions. — A 
 man is eminent when he stands high as compared with those 
 
 around him ; conspicuous when he is so elevated as to be gen- 
 erally seen and observed; distinguished when he has something 
 whicn makes him stand apart from others in tlie public view ; 
 celebrated when he is widely spoken of with honor and respect; 
 illiuttrioHS when a splendor is thrown around him which confers 
 the highest dignity. 
 
 Dis-tin'giiisli-er, n. One vfho, or that which, dis- 
 tinguishes. 
 
 Dis-tia'guisli-iiig, p. a. Constituting difference, or 
 distinction from every thing else ; i)ecuiiar ; character- 
 istic ; distinctive. 
 
 Dis-tort', V. t. [imp. &p. p. DISTORTED; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DISTORTING.] [Lat. distorguere , distortitm, from dis 
 and torquere, to twist.] 1. To twist out of natural or 
 regular shape. 2. To force out of the true posture or 
 direction. 3. To wrest from the true meaning. 
 Syn.— To twist; wrest; deform; pervert; bend. 
 
 Dis-tor'tion, n. 1. The act of distorting or twisting out 
 of shape. 2. The state of being twisted out of shape ,- 
 visible deformity. 
 
 I>is-t6rt'ive, a. Causing or having distortions. 
 
 Dis-tra-et', v. t. [i?np. & p. p. distracted ; p.pr. !c 
 vb. n. DISTRACTING.] [Lat. distrahere, distractinn, fr. 
 dis and trahere, to draw.] 1, To perplex; to confuse. 
 2. To agitate by conflicting passions. 3. To render in- 
 sane ; to craze ; — used in the past participle. 
 
 I>is-tra,<:'tion,n. [Lait.distractio,froia distrahere. See 
 supra.] 1. Confusion of attention. 2. Confusion of af- 
 fairs. 3. Perturbation of mind. 4. A state of disordered 
 reason. 
 
 Syn. — Perplexity; disturbance; disorder; dissension; tu- 
 mult; derangement; madness; raving; franticness. 
 
 Dis-tract'ive, a. Causing perplexity ; distracting. 
 
 Dis-train', v. t. [imp. & p.p. distrained; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. distraining.] [0. Fr. distraindre, from Lat. 
 distringere, to draw asunder, hinder, molest, L. Lat. to 
 punish severely, from di, for dis, and stringere, to draw 
 tight, to press'together.] (Law.) To seize for debt, with- 
 out legal process. 
 
 Dis-train' or, n. One who distrains. 
 
 Dis-traught' (-trawf ), a. Distracted; perplexed. 
 
 Dis-trgss', n. [From Lat. districtus, p. p. of dist ringer e. 
 See Distrain.] 1. Extreme pain or suffering, of 
 body or mind. 2. That which occasions suffering. 3. 
 A state of danger or necessity. 4. (Law.) (a.) The act 
 of distraining, (b.) The thing taken by distraining. 
 
 Syn. — Affliction; suffering: pain: agony: misery; calam- 
 i^; misfortune; adversity. See Afflictiox. 
 
 Dis-tress', v. t. [imp. & p. p. distressed (dis-tr?9t^) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DISTRESSING.] 1. To cause pain or an- 
 guish to. 2. ( Law.) To seize for debt ; to distrain. 
 Syn. — To pain; grieve: harass; trouble; perplex. 
 
 Dis-tress'fiil, a. Inflicting, indicatmg, or proceeding 
 from, distre'ss. 
 
 Dis-trXb'u-ta-ble, a . Capable of being distributed. 
 
 Dis-trib'ute, i-. t. [imp. & p. p. distributed ; p. pr^ 
 
 food., fc»bt ; urn, riide, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; Hiis. 
 
DISTRIBUTE 
 
 218 
 
 DIVERSION 
 
 & lb. n. DISTRIBUTING.] [Lat. distribune, distribu- 
 tMiij ftvm dij: ttud tribuere, to assign, bestow.] 1. To 
 divide among sevenil. '2. To dispi-use ; to udmiiuster. 
 3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, &e. 
 Syn. — TodisiHJUse; deal; apportion; allot; eliarc; assign. 
 
 I>is-trib'ute, v. i. To make distribution. 
 
 Dis-trib'u-ter, »i. Cue who distributes or dispenses. 
 
 Wis'tri-bu'tiou, n. 1. Act of distributing or dispens- 
 ing. ;i. Alm.-^giviug. 3. Separation into parts or classes ; 
 arrangement of topics in a discourse. 4. (Frint.) The 
 separating of the tvpe, and placing each letter ia its 
 proper cell iu the ctises. 
 
 Syn.— Apportionment; allotment; dispensation; disposal; 
 cliissification. 
 
 l>is-trib'u-tivc, a. 1. Tending to distribute; dealing 
 to each his proper share. H. {Lo^ic.) Assigning the va- 
 rious species of a general term- 3. ( Gram.) Expressing 
 separation or division. 
 
 Dis-trib'u-tXve-ly, adv. By distribution ; singly. 
 
 Dis'trict, n. [L. Lat. districtus, district, from Lat. dis- 
 tiictu^, p. p. of distringere, to draw asunder. See DIS- 
 TRAIN.] 1. A defined portion of a state or city for legis- 
 lative, elective, or other purposes, 'i. Any portion of 
 territory of undefined extent. 
 Syn. —Division; quarter; province; tract; region; country. 
 
 Di<'tri€t, V. t. [imp. & p. p. districteb ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. districting.] To divide into districts. 
 
 District court (U. S.), a subordinate tribunal having jurisdic- 
 tion over certain cases within a judicial district. 
 
 Dis-triist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. DISTRUSTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DISTRUSTING.] Not to confide in or rely upon; 
 to mistrust ; to disbelieve. 
 
 Dis-triist', n. 1. Doubt of reality or sincerity. 3. 
 Suspicion of evil designs. 
 
 Dis-trust'ful, a. 1. Apt to distrust ; suspicious. 3. 
 Not confident ; diflBdent ; modest. 
 
 Dis-trust'fu.l-ly, adv. In a distrustful manner. 
 
 Dis-turb', V. t. [imp. & p. p. disturbed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. disturbing.] [Lat. disturbare, from dis and tur- 
 6«we, to disturb, trouble, from tM/-?>a, disorder, crowd.] 1. 
 To throw into confusion or disorder. 3. To interfere 
 with ; to terminate abruptly. 3. To agitate the mind 
 of; to render uneasy. 
 
 Syn. — To disorder; disquiet; agitate; discompose; molest; 
 perplex; trouble; incommode; hinder; ruffle; stir; move. 
 
 Dis-tiirb'an^e, n. 1. Derangement of the regular 
 course of things. 2. Confusion of the mind. 3. Pub- 
 Uc commotion. 4. {Law.) Interruption of a right. 
 
 Syn. — Tumult; brawl; disorder; derangement; agitation; 
 contusion; commotion; peiiurbation. 
 
 Dis-tiirb'er, n. One who disturbs or disquiets. 
 Di.s-iin'ion, n. 1. Termination of union. 3. A 
 
 breach of concord and its effect. 3. The severance by 
 
 any State of its connection with, the federal govern- 
 ment. [Amer.] 
 Dis-um'ion-ist, n. An advocate of disunion. 
 Dis'u-nite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. disunited ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. disuniting.] 1. To destroy the continuity 
 
 or imion of. 2. To break the concord of. 
 
 Syn.— To divide; part; sever; disjoin; sunder; separate. 
 I>is'u-nite', V. i. To part ; to become separate. 
 Dis-u'ni-ty, n. A state of severance or separation. 
 Dis-u'gage, n. Gradual cessation of use or custom; 
 
 neglect of use, exercise, or practice. 
 I>is-uHe', n. 1. Cessation of use, practice, or exercise. 
 
 2. Ce.s.sation of custom ; desuetude. 
 Dis-uge', V. t. [imp. & p. p. disused ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 disusing.] 1. To cease to use or practice; to desist from 
 
 employing^ 2. To disaccustom. 
 Dis-vaVu.-a'tion, n. Di-sesteem ; disreputation. 
 Dis-vil'ue, v. t. To undervalue ; to disestenm. 
 Ditch, n. [A.-S. die. See DIKE and Dig.] A trench 
 
 in the earth, particularly one for draining wet land, for 
 
 guarding or fencing inclosures, &c. 
 Ditcli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DITCHED (dicht); p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. DITCHING.] To dig a ditch or ditches in. 
 Ditcli, V. i. To dig or make a ditch or ditches. 
 Ditcli'er, n. One who digs ditches. 
 Di'tlie-igm, n. [Gr. 6i, for St?, twice, double, and 
 
 theism.] The doctrine of the existence of two gods, a 
 
 good one and an evil one ; dualism. 
 Di'the-ist'ie, ) a. Pertaining to ditheism ; dual- 
 I>i'the-ist'i<;-al, j istic. 
 
 DitJi'y-ramb, ) n. [Gr. hi6vpati.^o<: , a kind of lyric 
 Ditli'y-r&inntius, J poetry in honor of Bacchus, and 
 
 said to be named from his double birth.] An ancient 
 Greek hymn in honor of Bacchus. 
 
 Ditli'y-rftm'bi-c, a. Pertaining tOj or resembling, a 
 dithyramb ; wild, impetuous, and boisterous. 
 
 Ditli'y-ram'bic, n. 1. A dithyramb. 2. A poem 
 written in wild, enthusiastic strains. 
 
 Di'toiie, n. [Gr. S\tow)s, of two tones, from hi, for 5i?, 
 twice, double, and tovos, a tone, q. v.] {Mtis.) An inter- 
 val comprehending two whole tones. 
 
 Dit'ta-ny, n. [Gr. Siktohvov, dCKTaixvo<s, a plant growing 
 on Moimt Dicte in Crete.] (Bot.) A kind of aromatic 
 perennial plant, the lesives of which in smell resemble 
 lemon-thyme, and yield an essential oil. 
 
 Dit'to, n. [It. detto, from Lat. dictum, said; — con- 
 tracted into do, in books of account.] That which has 
 been said ; the aforesaid thing ; the same thing. 
 
 Dit'to, adv. As before ; in the same manner; also. 
 
 Dit'ty, n. [A.-S. diht, said, dictated, Lat. dictum, some- 
 thing said, a saying, from dicer e, to say.] A song ; espt.. 
 dally, a little poem to be sung. 
 
 DT'ti-i^e'sis, n. [Gr. Si, for 8id, through, and ovpof, 
 urine.] {3Ied.) Excretion of urine. 
 
 Di/u-r6t'i«, a. {Med.) Exciting the secretion and dis- 
 charge of urine. [erties. 
 
 Di'u.-ret'i«, »i. {Med.) A medicine with diuretic prop- 
 
 Di-ur'nal, a. [Lat. diumalis, fr. dies, day.] 1. Relat- 
 ing to the daytime. 2. Daily ; recurring every day ; per- 
 formed in a day. 3. Constituting the measure of a day. 
 4. {Bot.) Opening during the day, and closing at night. 
 
 Di-iir'nal-ly, adv. Daily ; every day. 
 
 DFu-tfir'nal, a. [Lat diuturnus, fr. diu, a long time, 
 an old ablative form of dies, day.] Of long continu- 
 ance ; lasting. 
 
 Di-van', n. [Per. diwan, Ar. daiwcm.] 1. A book ; a 
 collection of poems ; an account-book. 2. A council ; 
 the Turkish council of state ; the royal court ; the court 
 of justice; office for customs. 3. The council chamber ; 
 an audience chamber or saloon for company. 4. A kind 
 of cushioned seat. 
 
 Dx-va,r'i-eate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. DIVARICATED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DIVARICATING.] [Lat. divaricare, divari- 
 catum, from di, for dis, and varicare, to straddle, from 
 varus, bent, stretched outward.] To part into two 
 branches ; to open ; to fork. 
 
 Di-var'i-eate, v. t. To divide into two branches. 
 
 Di-vSr'i-cate (45), a. (Bot.) Widely divergent. 
 
 Di-var^i-ea'tion, n. 1. A parting ; a forking. 2. A 
 wide divergence. 3. Equivocation. 4. {Nat. Hist.) 
 Intersection of fibers at different angles. 
 
 Dive', v.i. [iTnp. & p. p. DIVED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DIVING.] [A.-^.dyfan,d1ifan. Cf. DIP.] 1. To descend 
 or plunge into water head first. 2. To plunge into any 
 business or condition, so as to be thoroughly engaged in 
 it. 3. To sink ; to penetrate. 
 
 Dive'da.p'per, n. A small bird ; a didapper. 
 
 Div'er, n. 1, One who dives. 2. One who goes deeply 
 into a study or business. 3. ( Ornitli.) A bird of certain 
 genera, remarkable for their habit of diving. 
 
 Di-verge' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. DIVERGED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DIVERGING.] [From Lat. prefix di, for dis, 
 and vergere, to bend, incline, verge.] 1. To deviate 
 gradually from a given course or line. 2. To vary from 
 a type, or a normal state, or from the truth. 
 
 Di-verge'ment, n. Act of diverging ; divergence. 
 
 Di-ver'gen^e, in. A receding from each other in ra- 
 
 Di-ver'gen-^y, j diating hues. 
 
 Di-ver'gent, a. Deviating gradually from a given point 
 or direction ; separating from each other. 
 
 Di'verg (di'verz), a. [Lat. diversus, turned in different 
 directions, different, p.p. of divertere .] Several; sundry; 
 more than one, but not a great number. 
 
 Di'verse, a. [Lat. diversus. See DIVERS.] Different 
 in kind ; unlike ; dissimilar. 
 
 Di'verse, adv. In different directions. 
 
 Di'verse-ly, adv. 1. In different ways; differently; 
 variously. 2. In different directions. 
 
 Di-ver/si-fi-«a'tioii, n. Act of diversifying or state of 
 being diversified. 
 
 Di-ver'si-fied, p. a. Distinguished by various forms, 
 or by a variety of aspects. 
 
 Di-ver 'si-form, a. [Lat. diversus and forma, form.] 
 Of a different form ; of varied forms. 
 
 Di-ver'si-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DIVERSIFIED; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. DIVERSIFYING.] [L. Lat. diversijicare, fix)m 
 Lat. diversus and facere, to make.] To make diverse or 
 various in form or qualities. 
 
 Di-vgr'sion (14), n. 1. Act of turning aside from 
 any course, occupation, or object. 2. That which di- 
 
 5, e, &c., long; a, 6, &c.,short; ckre, far, ask. all, what ; 6re, veU, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, dr.dg, Mr9lf, 
 
DIVERSITY 
 
 219 
 
 DOCK 
 
 Terts ftom care or study, and thus relaxes and amuses. 
 3. (Mil.) Act of drawing tbe attention and force of an 
 enemy from the point where the principal attack is to 
 be made ; the attack, alarm, or feint which diverts. 
 
 Syn. — Amusement; entertainment; pastime; solace; recre- 
 ation; sport; game; play. 
 
 l>i-ygr'si-ty, n. 1. A state of difference ; unlikeneas. 
 
 2. Multiplicity of difference ; variety. 
 
 Di-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. diverted ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 DIVERTING.] [Lat. divertere, from prefix di, for dis, 
 and. vertere^ to turn.] 1, To turn off from any course, 
 direction, or intended application. 2. To turn from 
 business or study. 
 
 Syn. — To please; gratify; amuse; entertain; exhilarate; 
 delignt; recreate. 
 
 Di-vert'er, n. One who, or that which, diverts. 
 
 I>i-vert'i§e-in.ent, n. 1. Diversion. [Rare.] 3. {pron. 
 de'vur'tiz^mong'. ) [Fr.] A short ballet, or other enter- 
 tainment, between the acts of longer pieces. 
 
 Di-vert'ive, a. Tending to divert ; amusing. 
 
 Di-vest', V. t. [imp. & p. p. divested ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DIVESTING.] [It. divestire. See DEVEST.] 1. To 
 strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage, ij. To deprive. 
 
 Di-vest'i-ture (53), n. The act of divesting or the state 
 of being divested. 
 
 Di-vide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. divided ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DIVIDING.] [Lat. dividere, from di., for dis., and the 
 root vid^ to part, allied to vidua, widow, and to videre, to 
 see.] 1. To sever into parts or pieces. 3. To cause to 
 be separate. 3. To make partition of among a number ; 
 to apportion. 4. To make discordant or hostile. 5. To 
 separate into two parts, for ascertaining opinions for and 
 against a measure. 6. (Xog-tc.) To separate into specie?. 
 
 Syn. — To sever ; sunder; cleave; deal out; distribute; 
 share; allot; apportion. 
 
 Di-vide', v. i. 1. To be separated ; to part ; to open. 3, 
 To vote by separating a legislative house into two parts. 
 
 I>iv'i-dend, n. [Lat. dividendus, -a, -urn., from divi- 
 der e, to divide, ^ee supra.] 1. The share of the 'jaterest 
 or profit of stock in trade, or other employment, which 
 belongs to each proprietor. 3. (Arith.) A number or 
 quantity which is to be divided. 
 
 Di-vid'er, n. One who, or that which, divides; spe- 
 cifically, pi., &n instrument, usually with two legs, for 
 dividing lines, describing circles, &c. ; compasses. 
 
 Div't-na'tion, n. [See Divine.] Act of divining ; act 
 or art of foretelling future events ; augury ; omen ; con- 
 jectural presage. 
 
 Di-vine', a. [compar. DiviNER ; superl. DIVINEST.] 
 [Lat. divinus, divine, divinely inspired, from divus, dius, 
 belonging to a deity, Gr. 6tos.] 1. Belonging to God. 
 
 3. Proceeding from God. 3. Appropriated to God, or 
 celebrating his praise. 4. Apparently above what is 
 human. 5. Relating to divinity or theology. 
 
 Syn. — Supernatural ; superhuman ; godlike ; heavenly ; 
 holy; sacred. 
 
 Di-vine', n. 1. A priest; a clergyman. 3. A man 
 skilled in divinity ; a theologian. 
 
 Di-vine', v. t. [im.p. Sep. p. DIVINED ;^.;9r. & vb. n. DI- 
 VINING.] [liSit. divinare. See supra.] To foresee or fore- 
 know. 
 
 Syn. — To foretell; predict; presage; prognosticate; guess; 
 conjecture. 
 
 Di-vine', v. i. 1. To practice divination. 3. To impart 
 presages of the future. 3. To have presages or fore- 
 bodings. 4. To guess or conjecture. 
 
 Dx-vine'ly, adv. 1. In a divine or godlike manner. 
 3. By the agency or influence of God. 
 
 Di-vin'er, n. One who divines. 
 
 Div'ing-bell, n. A hollow vessel, sometimes bell- 
 shaped, in which a person may descend into deep water. 
 
 Di-vin'ing-rod, n. A rod, commonly of hazel, with 
 forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover 
 water or metals under ground. 
 
 Di-vin'i-ty, n. 1. State of being divine ; deity ; god- 
 head. 3. The Deity ; God. 3. A false god. 4. A celes- 
 tial being, inferior to God, but superior to man. 5. Su- 
 pernatural power or virtue. 6. Awe-inspiring character ; 
 supreme dignity. 7, Science of divine things ; theology. 
 
 Di-vi§'i-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being divisible. 
 
 Di-vi§'i-ble, a. Capable of being divided. 
 
 Di-vi§'ion (-vizh'un), n. [Lat. divisio, from dividere, 
 divismn. See DIVIDE.] 1. Act of dividing. 3. State 
 of being divided. 3. That which divides. 4. The por- 
 tion separated by the dividing of a mass. 5. Difference 
 in opinion or feeling. 6. Difference of condition. 7. 
 Separation of the members of a deliberative body to as- 
 
 certain the TOte. 8. (Arith.) (a.) Process of finding how 
 many times one number or quantity is contained in an- 
 other, (b.) The rule by which the operation is perfonued. 
 9. (Mil.) A section of an army or tleet, compl«te in it- 
 self, and commanded by a general oflBcer. 
 
 Syn.— Compartment; section; share; separation ; partition ; 
 difference; variance; discord; disunion. 
 
 Dl-vig'ion-al, a. 1. Marking, expressing, or making 
 division. 3. Belonging to a division or district. 
 
 Di-vi'sive, a. 1. Forming division or distribution. 3. 
 Creating division or discord. 
 
 Di-vi'gor, n. [Lat. See Divide.] (Arith.) The num- 
 ber by which the dividend is divided. 
 
 Coriimon divisor, any number capable of dividing two or 
 more numbers without a remainder. 
 
 Di-vor^e', 7i. [Lat. divortium, from divortere, divertere, 
 to separate, from di, for dis, and vortere, vertere, to turn.] 
 1. (Law.) (a.) A legal dissolution of the marriage con- 
 tract, (b.) The separation of a married woman from the 
 bed and board of her husband. 3. Separation of things 
 closely united. 3. The sentence or writing by which 
 marriage is dissolved. 
 
 Di-vor^e', V. t. [imp. Sc. p.p. divorced (di-v6rsf ) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DIVORCING.] 1. To separate by divorce. 
 3. To disunite ; to sunder. 
 
 Di-vorpe'a-ble, a. Capable of being divorced. 
 
 Di-vor^e'ment, n. Divorce. 
 
 Di-vor'^er, n. The person or cause that produces di- 
 vorce. 
 
 Di-vor'five, a. Having power to divorce. 
 
 Di-vulge', V. t. [imp. ik, p. p. divulged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DIVULGING.] [Lat. divulgare, from di, for dis, and 
 vulgar e, to make public, from vulgus, the common peo- 
 ple.] To make public ; to reveal ; to disclose. 
 Syn.— To publish; discover; communicate; impart. 
 
 Di-vul'ger, n. One who divulges or reveals. 
 
 Di-viil'sion, n. [Lat. divulsio, from divellere.] Act of 
 pulling or plucking away ; a rending asunder. 
 
 Di-vul'sive, a. Tending to pull asunder or rend. 
 
 Diz'en (diz'n or di'zn), r. t. [imp. & p. p. dizened; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DIZENING.] [Perhaps originally to dress 
 in a foolish manner, and allied to dizzy, q. v. ; but. cf. 
 also 0. Eng. dize, dise, to put tow or flax ona distaff, i. e., 
 to dress it.] To dress gaudily ; to deck gayly ; to rig out ; 
 to overdress ; to bedizen. 
 
 Diz'zi-ness, n. Giddiness ; vertigo. 
 
 Diz'zy, a. [compar. dizzier; superl. DIZZIEST.] 
 [A.-S. dysig, gedysig, foolish, insipid, 0. H. Ger. tv-sig, 
 tusic, tisic, D. duizelig, dizzy, dijzig, nusty, hazy. Dan. 
 ddsig, drowsy, sleepy.] 1. Having a sensation of ver- 
 tigo ; giddy ; hence, confused ; indistinct. 3. Causing 
 giddiness. 3. Unreflecting; heedless. 
 
 Diz'zy, V. t. To make giddy ; to confuse. 
 
 Do, n. (Mus.) A syllable attached to the first tone of 
 the major diatonic scale for the purpose of solmization. 
 
 Do (do"o), V. t. or auxiliary, [imp. did ; p. p. DONE 
 ('dun) ', p. pr. & vb. n. doing.] [A.-S. don, Goth, tau- 
 gan.] 1. To perform ; to execute ; to make. 3. To 
 produce, as an effect or result ; to effect. 3. To perform 
 completely ; to finish ; to accomplish. 4. To cook com- 
 pletely. 5. To translate or transform into, as a written 
 text. 6. To deceive ; to play a trick upon ; to hoax ; to 
 humbug. [ Colloq.] 
 
 To do over, to make over; to perform a second time.— To do 
 up, to pack together. — To do unth, to dispose of ; to make use 
 of. — To have to do with, to have concern, business, or inter- 
 course with; to deal with. 
 
 Do, V. i. 1. To act or behave. 3. To fare; to be in a 
 state with regard to sickness or health. 3. To manage ; 
 to accomplish a purpose ; to answer an end. 
 
 To do for, to put an end to ; to ruin; to disappoint, &c.— To 
 do without, to get along without. — To have done, to have made 
 an end or conclusion.- To have done unth,to have completed: 
 to be through with. 
 
 Doat, V. i. See Dote. 
 
 D69'i-bil'i-ty, \n. Condition or quality of being doci- 
 
 Do^'i-ble-ness, ) ble ; teachableness. 
 
 Dof'i-ble, a. [Lat. docibilis, from docere, to teach.] 
 Easily taught or managed ; teachable ; docile. 
 
 Do^'ile, a. [Lat. docilis, from docere^ to teach.] Teach- 
 able ; easily instructed ; ready to learn ; tractable. 
 
 Do-?il'i-ty, n. Teachableness ; readiness to learn. _ 
 
 Dop'i-ma-5y, n. [Gr. SoKifiaa-ta, an essay, exammation, 
 from SoKifxa^eiv, to assay or examine metals.] The art or 
 practice of applying tests to ascertain the nature, quahty, 
 &c., of ojects. 
 
 DS^'i-Kias'tic, a. Proving by experiments. 
 
 Dock, n. [A.-S. docce, perhaps allied to Gr. Savico^, fiav- 
 
 lood, tdht ; fLrn, r^de, pull ; f eU, ^liaise, €all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, U&k ; tills- 
 
DOCK 
 
 230 
 
 DOGMATICAL 
 
 KOf,&kiDd of parsnip or carrot, used in medicine.] (Bot.) 
 A plant some sptvies of which are well-known wwds, 
 having a long tap-rvxH,andare diflicidt of extermination. 
 
 INk-k, r. t. [imp. & j:j>. docked (dokt) ; j). pr. & vb. 
 H. DOCKING.] [J^ee intra. Of. W. ^'r/«ic, and ftrr/aif, 
 to dock, cUp.] 1. To cut off, as the end of a thing ; to 
 curtail ; to cUp. 2. To deduct from. 3. To destroy or 
 defe;\t ; to bar. 
 
 I>5ck, V. :. To bring, draw, or place in a dock. 
 
 l>5ck, n. [Icel. lioc/cr, a short tail, Ger. docke, bundle, 
 ekcin, a short and thick column.] 1. The stump of a 
 tail, or the ptu-t left at^er cutting or cUppiug. *Z. A case 
 to cover the chpi.>ed or cut tail of a horse. 
 
 r>5ck, ;i. [Lat. lioga, sort of vessel, Gr. Soxn, Soxelov, 
 receptiicle, from Se\e(rdai., to receive.] 1, An artificial 
 iuclosure for the reception of vessels. 3. The space be- 
 tween two piers for ships ; — sometimes including the 
 piers themselves. 3. The place where a criminal or ac- 
 cused person stands in court. 
 
 Drt/ dock, a dock from which the water may be shut or 
 pumped out;— called also a graving dock. — Floating dock, a 
 water-tight structure for receiving vessels and raising them out 
 of water by its buoyancy ;— called also sectional dock. — Wet 
 dock, a dock where the water is shut in, and kept at a given 
 level, to faciUtate the loading and unloading of ships. 
 
 I>5ck'age, n. A charge for the use of a dock. 
 
 DSck'et, It. [From dock, to cut off a part.] 1. A sum- 
 mary or digest, "i. A bill or label tied to goods. [See 
 Ticket.] 3. (Laiv.) (a.) An abridged entry of a judg- 
 ment or proceeding in an action, or a Ust of such entries. 
 {b.) (A77ier.) A list of causes ready for hearing- or trial. 
 4. A list or calendar of business matters to be acted on 
 in any assembly. 
 
 DSck'et, V. t. [imp. & p.p. docketed; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DOCKETING.] 1, To make an abstract of the heads 
 of. 2. To enter in a docket ; to mark the contents of on 
 the back, as of papers. 
 
 Dock'-yard, n. A yard or magazine near a harbor, for 
 all kinds of naval stores and timber. 
 
 Do-e'tor, «. [Lat., from «/ocere, to teach.] 1. One qual- 
 ified to teach ; a learned man. 3. One who has received 
 the highest degree in a faculty. 3. One licensed to prac- 
 tice medicine ; a physician. 4. Any mechanical contriv- 
 ance intended to remedy a difficiilty or serve some pur- 
 pose in an exigency. 
 
 Doctors' Commons, the college of civilians in London where 
 formerly wills were proved and administration was taken out. 
 
 I>5«'tor, V. t. [imp. k, p.p. doctored ; p. pr. & vb- 
 71. DOCTORING.] 1. To attend or treat as a physician. 
 [ Colloq.] 2. To make a doctor. 
 
 I>6<;'tor-al, a. Relating to the degree or practice of a 
 doctor. 
 
 Do-e'tor, ^•. 1. To practice physic. [Colloq.] 
 
 Doe'tor-ate (45), n. The degree of a doctor. 
 
 Doc'tor-ess, ) n. A female doctor ; a woman who is a 
 
 Doe'tress, | physician. 
 
 D6<;'tor-sliip, n. Degree of a doctor ; doctorate. 
 
 UoctHnaire (d6k/tre-nar'),n. [Fr. ; L. Lat. doctrinarius, 
 from doctrinare, to teach, from Lat. doctrina. See DOC- 
 TRINE.] One who rigidly appUes to political or other 
 practical concerns the abstract doctrines or principles of 
 his own philosophical system. 
 
 D6«'tri-iial, a. Pertaining to, or containing, a doctrine. 
 
 Doe'tri-nal-ly, axlv. In a doctrinal manner or form. 
 
 D6e'trin.e, n. [Lat. doctrina, from doctor.] 1. Act of 
 teaching ; instruction. 3. That which is taught ; a prin- 
 ciple, or the body of principles, in any branch of knowl- 
 edge ; dogma ; tenet. 
 
 Syn. — Precept. — A doctrine is something to be heUeved; a 
 precejjt something to be obeyed. 
 
 Dfre'ii-ment, n. [Lat documentum, from docere, to 
 
 teach.] An original or official paper, reUed upon as the 
 
 basis, proof, or support of any thing else. 
 D6<;'u-inent, v. t. To furnish with documents. 
 D6«'u-m6nt'al, a. Pertaining to documents ; consiBt- 
 
 ing in, or derived from, documents. 
 D6<;'u-m6iit'a-ry, a. Pertaining to written evidence 
 
 consisting in dociunents. 
 DSd'der, n. [Dan. dodder, Sw. dodra, Ger. dotter.] {Bot.) 
 
 A parasitical vine, which fixes itself to some other plant, 
 
 and, decaying at the root; is nourished by the plant that 
 
 supports it. 
 Do-d6«'a-g6n, n. [Gr. 5cMe»ta, twelve, and yuvia, angle.] 
 
 ( Geom.) A regular figure or polygon, bounded by twelve 
 
 equal sides, and containing twelve equal angl". 
 Do-dg-e'a-Iie'dral, a. Pertaining to a dodecahedron 
 
 consisting of twelve equal sides. 
 
 Dodecahedrons. 
 
 Do-d6«'a-he'droii, n. [From 
 Gr. SuSeKa, twelve, and eSpa, 
 seat, bottom, base.] {Geom.) 
 A regular sohd contained under ^ 
 twelve equal and regular penta- ' 
 gons ; a soUd having twelve 
 equal faces. 
 
 D5dge, V. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 DODGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DODGING.] [Prob. a modifica- 
 tion of dog, V. t., q. v.] 1. To start suddenly aade 
 3. To play tricks ; to be evasive ; to quibble. 
 
 Dodge, V. t^_ To evade by a sudden shift of place; to 
 escape by starting aside. 
 
 Dodge, n. Act of evading by some skillful movement,' 
 hence, a dexterous device or trick. 
 
 DSdg'er, n. One who dodges or evades ; one who usei 
 tricky devices. 
 
 Do'do, n. ; pi. DO'DOE§. [Pg. 
 doudo.] {Ornith.) A bird of 
 large size, once inhabiting the 
 Island of Mauritius in the Indi- 
 an Ocean, but now extinct. 
 
 Doe (do), 71. [A.-S. da.] {Zool.) 
 A she-deer ; specifically , the fe- 
 male of the fallow-deer. 
 
 Doe'skin, n. 1. The skin of] 
 the doe. 3. A compact, twilled 
 woolen cloth. Dodo. 
 
 Do'er (dcro'er), n. One who does or performs ; an actor j 
 an agent. 
 
 D6e§ (duz). Third person present indicative of do. 
 
 Doff, V. t. [imp. & p.p. DOFFED (doft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DOFFING.] [From do and ojf.] 1. To put off, as dress. 
 2. To rid one's self of; to defer. 
 
 Dog, n. [Icel. doggr.] 1. {Zool.) A quadruped of the 
 genus Cam'5. There are upwards of thirty varieties. 3, 
 A mean, worthless fellow. 3. A fellow; — used hiunor- 
 ously. 4. {Astron.) One of the two constellations in the 
 southern hemisphere. 5. An andiron. 6. {Mech.) (a.) 
 A grappling iron, {b.) An iron with fangs for securing a 
 log that is to be sawed, (c.) A kind of catch or clutch; 
 especially, {d.) the carrier of a lathe, and, (e.) an adjust- 
 able stop to change the motion of a machine tool. 
 
 To give or thi-ow to the dogs, to throw away, as useless. — To 
 go to the dogs, to be rumed. 
 
 Dog, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOG- 
 GING.] To follow insidiously or indefatigably ; to worry 
 with impunity ; to hunt. 
 
 Do'gate (45), n. The office or dignity of a doge. 
 
 Dog'ber'ry, n. The berry of the dogwood. 
 
 Dog'-bri'er, «. {Bot.) The dog-rose. See DOG-ROSE. 
 
 Dog'— eart, Ji. A one-horse vehicle for sportsmen ; — so 
 called from being used to carry dogs, for hunting, in an 
 open space behind. 
 
 Dog'-clieap, a. Cheap as dog's meat or ofi'al ; very cheap. 
 
 Dog'-day, n. One of the days when Sirius, or the Dog- 
 star, rises and sets with the sun. They commence the 
 latter part of July, and end the beginning of September. 
 
 Doge, n. [It., from Lat. dux, a leader.] The chief mag- 
 istrate in the repubUcs of Venice and Genoa. 
 
 Dog'-eared, a. Having the comers of the leaves turned 
 down by careless usage ; — said of a book. 
 
 Dog'fish, n. {Ichth.) A species of shark. 
 
 Dog'ged (60), a. [From dog.] Surlily obstinate. 
 
 Dog'ged-ly, adv. In a dogged manner ; sullenly. 
 
 Dog'ged-ness, n. SuUenness ; moroseness. 
 
 Dog'ger, «. [D., from dogger, cod-fish, originally nsed 
 in the catching of cod-fish.] ( Naut. ) A two-mafited fish- 
 ing vessel, used especially by the Dutch. 
 
 Dog'ger-el, a. [Fom dog. Cf. DoG-LATIN.] Low in 
 style, and irregular in measure ; — said of poetry. 
 
 D6g'ger-el, n. Mean, undignified, and irregular verse. 
 
 Dog'gisli, a. Like a dog ; churlish ; snappish. 
 
 D6g'-L.at'iii, n. Barbarous Latin. 
 
 Dog'ma, n. ; Eng. pi. DOG^MAS; Lat. ^L b^g^MA-ta. 
 [Lat. dogma, Gr. fioy/ixa, from SoKeiv, to think.] 1. That 
 which is held as an opinion. 2. An established tenet ; 
 a peremptory opinion. 3. A principle of doctrine assert- 
 ed or taught without sufficient evidence. 
 
 Syn. — Tenet. — A tenet is an article of faith, which is firm- 
 ly held. Dogma has now a somewhat odious sense, from it« 
 carrying with it the idea of authority or imdue assumption, as 
 in its derivative dogmatism. 
 Dog-mat'i*, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a dogma. 2. As- 
 Dog-mat'le-al, j serting or disposed to assert author- 
 itatively ; magisterial. 3. Positive j asserted with au- 
 thority ; authoritative. 
 
 a,e,&c.,/on|r; Si,&,&c., short; c&re, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sdii,dr,do, W9lf 
 
DOGMATICALLY 
 
 221 
 
 DOMINICAL 
 
 Doe-in.a.t'i€-al-ly, ac/zj. Arrogantly; positively. 
 
 I>og-ma,t'i«s, n. sing. The science which treats of Chris- 
 tian doctrines ; doctrinal theology. 
 
 Dog'ma-tigm, n. Arrogance or positiveness in opinion. 
 
 D6g'ma-tist, n. One who dogmatizes. 
 
 I>6g'ma-tize, 1'. i. [imp. & p. p. dogmatized; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DOGMATIZING.] To assert positively; to 
 teach with bold and undue confidence. 
 
 D6g'm.a-tiz''er, n. One who dogmatizes. 
 
 Dbg'roge ,n. ( Bot. ) A species of rose which bears the hip. 
 
 I>6g'§'-ear, n. The corner of a leaf, in a book, turned 
 down like the ear of a dog. 
 
 DSg'star, n. Sinus, a star of the first magnitude, in the 
 constellation Cdnis Major, whose rising and setting with 
 the sun originally gave name to the dog-days. 
 
 Dftg'-tobth, n. ; /)/. DoG'-TEETH. 1. A sharp-pointed 
 human tooth, growing between the Incisors and grind- 
 ers, and resembling a dog's tooth ; — called also eye-tooth 
 and canine tooth. 3. (Arch.) An ornament consisting of 
 pointed projections resembling teeth. 
 
 Dog'- trot, n. A gentle trot like that of a dog. 
 
 Dog'- watch, n. (Naut.) One of two watches of two 
 hours each, the first being from 4 to 6 o'clock, P. M., the 
 second from 6 to 8 o'clock, P. M. 
 
 DSg'vrobd, n. (Bat.) A genus of large shrubs or small 
 trees, the wood of which is exceedingly hard, and service- 
 able for many purposes. 
 
 Doi'ly, n. [Said to be so called from the first maker ; but 
 of. Towel.] A small napkin, generally colored, used 
 with fruit and wine. 
 
 Doit, n. [D. duit, duyt, L. Ger. deut, perh. fr. Fr. dViuit, 
 de huit, of eight, as it is the eighth part of a stiver or 
 penny.] 1, A small Dutch coin, worth about half a far- 
 thing ; hence, any small piece of money. 2. Any trifle. 
 
 Do-lab'ri-f6rm, a. [Lat. dolabra, pickax, and forma, 
 form.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of an ax or hatchet. 
 
 Dolce (dQFcha), ) adv. [It., from Lat. dul- 
 
 Dolcemente (dol/cha-men'ta), j cis, sweet, soft.] (Mus.) 
 Softly ; sweetly ; — a direction to the performer. 
 
 DoI'drumg, n. pi. A part of the ocean near the eqiiator, 
 abounding in calms, squalls, and light baffling winds. 
 
 To be in the doldrums, to be in a state of listlessness or en- 
 nui; to be bored. 
 
 Dole, n. [A.-S. dal, dilan, dselan, to divide. Of. DEAL.] 
 1, Act of dividing and distributing, ij. That which is 
 dealt or distributed. 3 . Alms ; charity ; gratuity. 
 Syn. —Dealing ; apportionment ; part ; share ; portion. 
 
 Dole, V. t. [imp. & p. p. doled; p. pr. & vb. n. dol- 
 ing.] To deal out in small portions ; to distribute. 
 
 Dole'ful, a. Full of dole or grief. 
 
 Syn. — Piteous ; rueful; sorrowful ; woful ; melancholy; 
 sad ; gloomy ; dismal. 
 
 Dole'f ril-ly, adv. In a doleful manner ; sadly. 
 
 Dole's6me (-sum), a. Doleful ; dismal ; sorrowful. 
 
 Doll, n. [A contraction of Dorothy; less probably an 
 abbreviation of idol.] A puppet or baby for a child. 
 
 Dol'lai*, n. [An abbrev. of Joachims-thaler , i. e. , a piece 
 of money first coined, about the year 1518, in the valley 
 of St. Joachim, in Bohemia.] 1. A silver coin of the 
 United States, equal to 100 cents, 10 dimes, or one tenth 
 of an eagle. 2. A coin of the same general weight and 
 value, current in Mexico, parts of South America, Spain, 
 &c. 3. The value of a dollar. 
 
 Dol'men, n. [Celt.] A table of stones, or a large stone 
 resembling a table, found among the relics of the Druids ; 
 a cromlech. 
 
 D61'o-mite,n. ( Geol. & Min.) Amagnesian carbonate of 
 lime. It is so called from the French geologist, Dolomieu. 
 
 Do'lor, n. [Lat., from dolere, to feel pain, to grieve.] 
 Pain ; grief; distress ; anguish. 
 
 D6For-if'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. dolor, pain, and ferre, to 
 bear.] Producing pain or distress. 
 
 D6ror-if' i«, ) a. [L. Lat. dolorificus, from dolor, and 
 
 DoFor-if' i<;-al , ) facere, to make.] Causing pain or 
 grief; dolorous. 
 
 J)dl'o-ro'so,n. [It.] (Mus.) In a pathetic manner. 
 
 JDol'or-oiis, a. 1. Full of dolor or grief. 2. Occasion- 
 
 ' ing pain or grief; impressing sorrow. 
 
 Syn.— Doleful; dismal; sorrowful; painful; distressing. 
 
 D61'or-ous-ly, cuiv. In a dolorous manner. 
 
 DSl'phin, n. [Lat. delphin, 
 delphinus. Or. Bekjtiv.] 1. 
 (Ichth.) (a.) A cetaceous mam- 
 mal ; the true dolphin, (b.) 
 A fish of about five feet in 
 length, celebrated for its sur- Dolphin. 
 
 prising changes of color when dying. 3. (Naut.) (a.) A 
 rope or strap wound round a mast to support the pudden» 
 ing when the lower yards rest in the sUngs. (b.) A spar or 
 buoy secured to an anchor and furnished with a ring to 
 which cables may be bent, (c.) A mooring-post. 
 Dolt (20), n. [A.-S. dol, dvol, dval, erring, fooUsh, from 
 dv'clan, to err, to be torpid or stupid, Goth, dvals, dull, 
 stupid. Cf. Dull.] A heavy, stupid fellow. 
 
 Syn. — A blockhead ; numskull ; ignoramus; dunce; duU 
 lard; ass; simpleton. 
 
 Dolt'isli, a. Dolt-like ; dull in intellect ; stupid. 
 
 Do-in.aiii', n. [Lat. dominium,, property, right of owhot- 
 ship, fr. dominus, master, owner, fi-om domus, a house.] 
 1. Dominion; authority, ii. Territory over which do- 
 minion is exerted. 3. Landed property ; estate ; espe- 
 cially, the land about the mansion-house of a lord, and 
 in his immediate occupancy. 4. (Law.) Ownership of 
 land ; an estate or patrimony which one has in his own 
 right. 
 
 Eminent domain, the inherent sovereign power of a state, 
 which gives to the legislature the control of private property 
 for public uses. [AmerJ\ 
 
 Dome, n. [Lat. dom.us, a house, domus Dei, or Dom- 
 ini, house of the Lord, house of God.] 1. A building; 
 a house. 2. (Arch.) A structure raised above the roof 
 of an edifice, usually hemispherical in form ; a cupola. 
 3. Any erection resembling the dome or cupola of a 
 building. _ 
 
 Domeg'day (d(romz/da), n. See Doomsday. 
 
 Do-mes'ti-e, a. [Lat. domesticus, from domus, house.] 
 1. Belonging to the house or home ; pertaining to one's 
 place of residence, and to the family. 'Z. Pertaining to 
 a nation considered as a family, or home, or to one's own 
 country; intestine. 3. Remaining much at home; de- 
 voted to home duties or pleasures. 4. Living in or near 
 the habitations of man ; tame. 5. Made in one's own 
 house, nation, or country. 
 
 Do-iries'ti«, %. 1. One who lives in the family of an- 
 other, as hired assistant. 2. pi. Articles of home man- 
 ufacture, especially cotton goods. [Am,er.] 
 
 Do-mes'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. domesticated ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. domesticating.] [L. Lat. domesticare, 
 domesticatum, ft-, domus, house.] 1. To make domes- 
 tic. 2. To conduct as if at one's own home. 3. To 
 accustom to live near the habitations of man ; to tame. 
 
 Do-mes'ti-ca'tion, n. The act of domesticating. 
 
 Do'mes-ti^'i-ty, n. The state of being domestic ; a 
 household act or Ufe. 
 
 Dom'i-^ae, n. [Lat. domicilium., from domus, a house.] 
 
 1. An abode or mansion ; place of permanent residence. 
 
 2. (Latv.) A residence at a particular place accompanied 
 with positive or presumptive proof of an intention to re- 
 main there for an unlimited time. 
 
 Dom'i-file, v. t. [imp. & p. p. domiciled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. domiciling.] To establish in a fixed residence, 
 to domiciliate. 
 
 Dom'i-^a'i-a-ry (or dom/i-sil'ya-ry), a. Pertaining to 
 domicile, or the residence of a person or family. 
 
 Domiciliaiij visit {Law), a visit to a private dwelling, particu- 
 larly for the purpose of searching it, under authority. 
 
 Dom/i-pil'i-ate, v. t. [imp. &p.p. domiciliated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. domiciliating.] To establish in a 
 permanent residence ; to domicile. 
 
 Dom'i-pil'i-a'tion, n. Permanent residence. 
 
 Dom'i-iiaiipe, \n. Predominance; ascendency; au- 
 
 Dom'i-nan-^y, ) thority. 
 
 Dom'i-nant, a. [Lat. dominans, p. pr. of dominari. 
 See infra.] Ruling ; prevailing ; predominant. 
 
 Dominant chord (Mus.), the chord based upon the dominant 
 — Dominant estate or tenement (Law), the estate to which a ser- 
 vitude or easement is due from another estate. 
 
 Dom'i-nant, n. (Mus.) The fifth tone of the scale. 
 
 D6m.'i-iiate, v. t. {imp. & p.p. dominated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DOMINATING.] [Lat. dominari, dominatus, 
 from dominus, master, lord, fi-om domus, house.] To 
 predominate over ; to rule ; to govern. 
 
 Dom'i-nate, v.i. To predominate. [Rare.] 
 
 Dom/i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of dominating ; exercise of 
 power in ruling ; dominion ; government ; authority. 2. 
 The fourth of the supposed orders of angeUcal beings. 
 
 D6m'i-na-tive, a. RuUng ; imperious. 
 
 Dom'i-na'tor, n. [See Dominate, v.] A ruler or 
 ruling power ; predominant influence. 
 
 Dom'i-neer', v. i. [imp. & p. p. domineered ; j>. 
 pr. & vb. n. DOMINEERING.] [Fr. dominer. See DOM- 
 INATE, v.] To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway. 
 
 Do-min'i-e-al, a. [L. Lat. dominicalis, from dominus^ 
 
 food, f<^t, Hjrn, rude, pull ; (ell, ^liaise, «all, e«bo ; gem, get ; ag; ejist; linger, lialtj tiiis. 
 
DOMINICAN' 
 
 222 
 
 DORMITORY 
 
 kttd, dommica or (ioviimcus f/i>.v, the Lord's day.] 1. 
 IndicatiDg the Lord's da^', or Sunday. '2. Kelating to, 
 or given by, our Lonl. 
 
 Domuticul Utter, one of tiie first seven letters of the alpha- 
 bet, used iit almauacs to deuoto the Sabbath, or Lord's day. 
 
 Do-niin'i 'Caii, <i. Belonging or relating to the Domini- 
 cans, or to St. Dominic. 
 
 I>o-niiii'i-<>an, n. (EccL Hist.) One of an order of 
 monks founded by Dominic de Guzman; — called also 
 }>r(diettnts, }>rniching-friars, Jacobins, and black-friars. 
 
 I>6ui'i-uie, [Ljtt. dominus, master, from domus, house.] 
 1. A schoolmaster. [.Scot.] 2. A parson. [Scot.] 
 
 Do-miu'iou (-min'yun), n. [From Lat. dominium. 
 See Do.MAlN.] 1. Sovereign or supreme authority. 3, 
 Superior prominence ; predominance. 3. Territory over 
 which authority is exercised. 4. A governing power of 
 very high rank. 
 
 Syn. — Sovereignty; control; rule; authority; government; 
 aecendency; preponderance; territory; coimtry; region. 
 
 DSm'i-no, n. ; pi. DoM'l-NOg, or d6m/i-n6e§. [It. & 
 Sp., from Lat. dominus, master; or from It. dome, du- 
 oino, cathedral, being a hood worn by the canons of a 
 cathedral.] 1. A cape with a hood, formerly worn by- 
 priests, to protect the head and face. jj. A kind of hood 
 worn by the canons of a cathedral church. '3. A mourn- 
 ing veil formerly worn by women. 4. A half-mask for- 
 merly worn by ladies. 5. A long, loose cloak, with a hood 
 removable at pleasure, tised as a disguise. 6. A person 
 wearing a domino. 7, pi. A game played by two or 
 more persons, with twenty -eight pieces of ivory, &c., in- 
 dented on the face with spots from a one to double-sLx. 
 S. One of the pieces with which the game is played. 
 
 I>dii, n. [Sp. ; Pg. do7n, It. donno, from Lat. dominus, 
 master.] 1. Sir ; Mr. : Signior ; — a title of courtesy in 
 Spain, given to all classes. 2. A grand personage, or 
 one making pretension to consequence. 
 
 J>dii: V. t. [imp. & p. p. DONNED ; p.pr. & vb. n. DON- 
 NING.] [To do on.] To put on ; to invest one's self 
 ■with ; — opposed to doff. 
 
 Po'nate, v. t. [ijnp. Sep. p. donated ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 DONATING.] [Lat. donare, donatum, from donum, gift, 
 from dare, to give.] To give, generally for a specific ob- 
 ject. [Recent.] 
 
 I>o-na'tioii, n. [See Donate.] 1. Act of giving or 
 bestowing. 2. That which is given or bestowed ; a gift ; 
 a grant. 3. (Law.) Act or contract by which a person 
 voluntarily transfers to another the title to a thing of 
 which he is the owner, without any consideration. 
 
 Donation-party, a party assembled at the house of some one, 
 as a clergyman, each one bringing some present. [Amer.'] 
 
 Syn.— Gift ; present.— Gift is generic ; a present is a gift 
 intended as a compliment or expression of kindness; a. dona- 
 tion is a word of more dignitj', denoting a gift to some public 
 object, and usually large Ln amount. 
 
 D6n'a-ti§m, 71. (Eccl. Hist.) The principles embraced 
 by African schismatics of the 4th century, who were 
 caUed Donatists, from Donatus, their leader. 
 
 I>6n'a-tist, n. An adherent of the schism of Donatus. 
 
 non'a-tive, n. [Lat. donativum, from donare. See 
 Donate.] 1. A gift; a gratuity; a present. 2. 
 {Eccl. Laiv.) A benefice conferred on a person by the 
 founder or patron, without either presentation, institu- 
 tion, or induction by the ordinary. 
 
 I>6ii'a-tive, a. Tested or vesting by donation. 
 
 I>o-na'tor, n. (Law.) A donor ; a giver. 
 
 Done (dun. .57), p. p. from do. 1. Performed ; executed ; 
 finished. 2. [From Fr. donne, corrupted, as used in 
 law, to done, or done, from donner, to give, to issue, 
 from Lat. donare, to give.] Given out : issued : made 
 public ; — used in the clause expressing the date of a 
 proclamation or other official public document. 
 
 Do-nee', n. [Fr. donne, p, p. of donner, from Lat. do- 
 nare. See Donate.] 1. One to whom a gift or dona- 
 tion is made. 2. ( Law. ) The party executing a power, 
 otherwise called appointor. 
 
 D6n'jon (dun'jun), n. [See DUNGEON.] A massive 
 tower in ancient castles, regarded as the strongest part 
 of the fortificatioas, and usually in the center of the 
 whole ; — also called the keep. [See lllust. of Castle.] 
 
 Ddnlcey, n.; pi. DON'KEYg. [Perhaps from dun, in 
 allusion to the color of the animal, and the diminutive 
 termination key.] 1. \An ass, or mule. 2. A stupid or 
 obstinate and wrong -heided fellow. 
 
 DftnTiey-gn'gine, n. A small assistant engine in 
 steam-vessels, deriving its steam from the boUer. 
 
 Ddn'na, n. [It. donna, Sp. dona, duena, Pg. dona, from 
 Lat. domina, mistress. See Don.] A lady ; madam; 
 mistress ; — the title given a lady in Italy. 
 
 j Do'nor, n. [Fr. donneur, fttim donner, Lat. ddnare, to 
 I give.] 1. One who give.'' or bestows gratuitously ; a ben- 
 efactor. 2. (Law.) One who confers a power. 
 I Doo'dle (dob'dl), n. [Perhaps contracted and corrupted 
 1 from do little.] A trilier ; a simple fellow. 
 Doom, 1'. t. [imp. & p. p. doomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 I DOOMING.] [See iti/ra.] 1. To pronounce sentence or 
 j judgment on; to condemn. 2. To ordain as penalty; 
 I hence, to mulctlor fine. 3. To assess a tax upon, by 
 estimate or at discretion. [New England.] 4. To des- 
 tine ; to fate. 
 I Doom, 71. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. dom, Icel. domr, Goth. 
 I dotns. See Deem.] 1. Judicial sentence ; penal de- 
 I cree. 2. That to which one is doomed or sentenced ; 
 I penalty ; unhappy fate. [New England.] 
 ■ Doom§'day, n. 1. A day of doom, sentence, or con- 
 I denmation. 2. The day of the final judgment. 
 I Doomg'day-bobk, ?i. [See supra.] A book compiled 
 I by order of William the Conqueror, containing a survey 
 I of all the lands in England, their ownership, &c., with* 
 
 view to their being doomed, or adjudged for taxation. 
 
 I Door, n. [A.-S. duru, dora, Icel. dyr, Goth, daur, 0. H. 
 
 j Ger. turi, Ir. dor, doras, dorus ; W. dbr, drws, Ru.ss. 
 
 i dvtrj, Gr. Bvpa., Lat. fores, Skr. dvctr, dvara.] 1. An 
 
 I opening in the outer or inner wall of a house for going in 
 
 and out at. 2. The frame of boards, or other material, 
 
 j by which such an opening into, or in, a house is closed. 
 
 3. Means of approach or access. 4. An entrance-way, 
 
 and the apartment or house to which it leads. 
 
 In doors, or within doors, within the house: under cover.— 
 Next door to, near to; bordering on. — Out ofdoorx, or withcnU 
 doors, and, colloq., out doors, out of the house, in open air, 
 abroad. — To lie at one's door, to be imputable or chargeable to. 
 
 Door^-keep'er, n. One who guards the entrance of a 
 j house or_apartment ; a porter ; a janitor. 
 
 Door'-nail, n. The naU or knob on which the knocker 
 I of a door strikes ; hence the phrase, dead as a door-7vaU. 
 : D3or'-way, n. The passage of a door. 
 1 Dor, n. [A.-S. dora, drone, locust, Lat. taurus, a kind of 
 beetle.] (Entom.) The black-beetle, or the hedge-chafer. 
 
 Do-ra'do, n. [Sp. rforac^o, gilt, from rforar, to gUd.] 1. 
 j A southern constellation, containing six stars. 2. (Ich 
 I A large fish, a species of dolphin. 
 
 j Do-ree', or Do'ree, n. (Ichth.) An acanthopterygioTis 
 I fish. 
 I 1^°- The popular name in England is John-doree, or dory, a 
 
 corruption of jaune-doree, i. e.. 
 I golden-yellow. See Doey. 
 
 chth.) 
 
 Do'ri-an, )a. 1. Pertain- 
 D6r'i«, j ing to Doris, or 
 the Dorian race, in ancient 
 Greece. 2. (Arch.) Belong- 
 ing to, or resembling, the 
 second order of columns, be- 
 tween the Tuscan and Ionic. 
 3. (Mus.) Of, or relating to, 
 one of the ancient musical 
 modes or keys. Its charac- 
 ter was severity tempered 
 with gravity and joy. 
 Dor'i-^ifm, n. A phrase of 
 
 the Doric dialect. 
 Dor'man-^y, n. State of be- 
 ing dormant. 
 Ddr'mant, a. [Fr., p. pr. 
 of dormir, to sleep.] 1. 
 Sleeping ; hence, not in ac- 
 tion ; quiescent ; not disclosed, 
 asserted, or insisted on. 2, 
 (Her.) In a sleeping posture. 
 
 Do^-mant partner {Com.), a partner who takes no share in th« 
 
 ! active business of a com pan v or partnership, but shares in the 
 
 j profit or loss; — called alio sleeping or silent partner. 
 
 j Ddr'mant, n. [L. Lat. dormitor, a large beam or sleeper.] 
 
 I (Arch. ) The large beam lying across a room ; a joist. 
 Ddr'mer, ) n. [Lit., 
 
 DSr'mer-Tintn'dove, J the win- 
 dow of a sleeping apartment. Fr. 
 
 I dorm.ir, Lat. dormire, to sleep.] 
 
 I (Arch.) A window placed verti- 
 
 ! cally on the inclined plane of the 
 
 } roof of a house. 
 
 I D6r'mi-tive, n. [From Lat. dor- 
 mire, to sleep.] (Med.) A medi- 
 
 I cine to promote sleep ; an opiate ; 
 a narcotic ; a soporific. 
 
 1 D6r'mi-tive, o. Causing sleep. 
 
 i D6r'mi-to-ry (50), n. [Lat. dormitorium, from dormire. 
 
 ^3 
 
 Doric Order. 
 
 Dermer- Window. 
 
 Si,e,8tc.,long; &,6,Sic.,short; c4re,faur,ask,all,wliat; ere, t§U, term; pique, firm; Bon,dr,d9,W9lf, 
 
DORMOUSE 
 
 223 
 
 DOUBT 
 
 Dormouse. 
 
 to sleep.] A room, suite of rooms, or building, used to 
 sleep in ; a bed-room. 
 
 Ddr'mouse, n. ; pi. DOR'MI^E 
 [Lat. dormire, Prov. Eng. dorm. 
 to doze, and mouse, q. v.] (Zo'6l.)\ 
 A small rodent mammal which 
 lives on trees like the squirrel , and ^ 
 feeds on acorns, nuts, &c. ; — so 
 called because it is usually torpid 
 . during the winter. 
 
 D6r'ni-e, n. Coarse damask and table-linen, made at Dor- 
 nick or Tournay. 
 
 Dorr, n. See DOR. 
 
 Dor'sal, a. [L, Lat. dorsalis, Lat. dorsualis, from dor- 
 sum, thehsick.] Pertaining to the back. 
 
 Dor-sif 'er-ous, 1 a. [Lat. dorsum,, the back, and ferre, 
 
 Dor-sip'a-roiis, ) to bear, produce, par ere, to bring 
 forth, bear.] (Bat.) Bearing or producing seeds on the 
 back of the leaves, as the ferns. 
 
 Do'ry, n. [Corrupted from jaune-doree, golden-yellow. 
 See DOREE .] ( Ichtk. ) A fish — called also John-dory — 
 much esteemed by epicures. 
 
 Do'ry, n. A canoe or small boat. 
 
 Dose, n. [Gr. fioat?, a giving, that which is given, dose, 
 from fiiSovai, to give.] 1. Quantity of medicine given at 
 one time. 1i. As much as one can take, or as falls to 
 one to receive. 3. Any thing nauseous that one is 
 obhged to take. 
 
 Dose, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DOSED (dost, 108) ', p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. DOSING.] 1. To form into suitable doses. 3. To give 
 in doses ; to give medicine or physic to ; to give potions 
 to constantly and without need. 3. To give any thing 
 nauseous to. 
 
 D6s'el, n. [See Dorsal.] (Arch.) A rich tapestry 
 hanging at the back of an altar, &c. 
 
 DSs'sil, n. [0. Eng. dosil, doselle, faucet, dossel, wisp of 
 hay to stop up an aperture in a barn ; L. tat. duciculus, 
 ducillus, from Lat. rfwcere, to lead, draw.] (Su^g.) A 
 pledget or portion of lint made into a cyUnihrical foim, or 
 the shape of a date. 
 
 Dost (diist). Second person present of do. 
 
 Dot, n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jot, q. v., or alUed to A.-S. 
 dyttan, to close or shut up. Cf. also Tittle.] 1. A 
 small point or spot, made with a pen or other pointed 
 instrument. 2. [Fr. dot, from Lat. dos, dotis, dowry.] 
 (Laio.) A marriage portion ; dowry. [Louisiana.] 
 
 Ddt, V. t. [im.p. & p.p. DOTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n, DOT- 
 TING.] 1. To mark with dots or specks. 3. To diver- 
 sify with small detached objects. 
 
 Ddt, V. i. To make dots or specks. 
 
 Do'tage, n. [From dote, q. v.] 1. Childishness ; imbe- 
 ciUty of mind, particularly in old age ; seniUty. 2. Ex- 
 cessive fondness ; weak and foolish affection. 
 
 Do'tal, a. [Lat. dotalis, from dos, dotis, marriage por- 
 tion, dowry.] Pertaining to, or constituting, dower, or 
 comprised in it. [is impaired by age. 
 
 Do'tard, n. [From dote, q. v.] A man whose intellect 
 
 Do-ta'tion, n. [L. Lat. dotatio, from Lat. dotare, to en- 
 dow, from dos, dotis, dower.] 1, Act of endowing, or 
 bestowing a marriage portion on , a woman. 2. Endow- 
 ment ; establishment of funds for support, as of a hos- 
 pital or eleemosynary corporation. 
 
 Dote, V. i. [imp. &,.p.p. DOTED ] p. pr. Sc vb. n. DOT- 
 ING.] [0. D. doten,W. dotio, dotiaw ; Fr. radoter, to 
 dote, rave, talk idly or senselessly.] 1. To have the in- 
 tellect unpaired, especially by age, so that the mind wan- 
 ders or wavers. 2. To be excessively or foolishly fond. 
 
 Dot'er, n. One who dotes. 
 
 Dotli (duth). Third person present of do . See Do. 
 
 Dot'tard, n. [For dotard, from dote, to decay, impair.] 
 A decayed tree. 
 
 Dot'ted, p. a. Marked with dots or small spots ; diversi- 
 fied with small, detached objects. 
 
 Dotted note {Mus.}, a note followed by a dot to indicate an 
 increase of length equal to one half of its simple value. — Dot- 
 ted rest, a rest lengthened by a dot in like manner. 
 
 B@~ Notes and rests are sometimes followed by two dots, to 
 indicate an increase of length equal to three quarters of their 
 •imple value. 
 
 Dotted Notes and Kests. 
 
 Dttt'ter-el, ) n. [From dote, q. v.] 1. {Omith.) A wad- 
 
 Dfit'trel, j ing bird, a congener of the plovers. It 
 
 is said to imitate the action of the fowler , and to be easily 
 
 taken by stratagem. 2. A sUly fellow ; a dupe ; a gull. 
 
 Doiib'le (dubl,) a. [Lat. duplus, from duplex, twofold, 
 double, from duo, two, and plicare, to fold.] 1. Two- 
 fold ; multiplied by two ; increased by its equivalent. 2. 
 In pairs ; presenting two of a set together; coupled. 3. 
 Divided into two ; vacillating ; hence, deceitful. 4. (Bat.) 
 Having several rows of petals formed by cultivation from 
 stamens and carpels. 
 
 Double counterjjoint (ifits.), that species of counterpoint in 
 which two of the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them 
 an octave higher or lower. — Doiihlenote (3ius.), a note of double 
 the length of the semibreve or minim ; a breve. 
 
 Doub'le (dub'l), adv. Twice ; twofold. 
 
 n^" Double is often used in composition, denoting two ways, 
 or twice the number or quantity. 
 
 Doub'Ie (diib'^l), v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. DOUBLED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DOUBLING.] 1. To multiply by two ; to makv 
 twice as great ; to duphcate. 2. To fold one part upon 
 another part of. 3. To contain or be worth twice as 
 much as. 4. To pass around or by. 5. (Mil.) To 
 unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one. 
 
 Doulb'le, V. i. 1. To increase orgrow to twice as much. 
 2. To return upon one's track. 3. (Print.) To set up a 
 word or phrase a second time by mistake. 
 
 To double upon {Mil.), to inclose between two fires. 
 
 Doiib'le, n. 1. Twice as much. 2. That which ia 
 doubled over or together ; a plait ; a fold. 3. A turn in 
 running to escape pursuers ; hence, a trick ; a shift ; an 
 artifice. 4. A counterpart. 5. A roofing slate of the 
 smallest size used. 
 
 Doiib'le-base, 1 n. {Mus.) The largest and lowest- 
 
 Doiib'le-bass, j toned instrument in the violin form. 
 
 Doiib'le-breast'ed, a. Lapping over on the breast, 
 with a row of buttons and buttonholes on each side. 
 
 Doiib'le-dearer, n. One who acts two different parts ; 
 a deceitful, trickish person. 
 
 Doiib'le-deariiis, n. Artifice; duphcity. 
 
 Double-entendre (do"o/bl-ong-tong'dj), n. [Fr. double, 
 double, and entendre, to mean ; — a barbarous compound 
 of French words. The true French equivalent is double 
 entente.] A word or expression admitting of a double in- 
 terpretation, one of which is often obscure or indehcate. 
 
 Doub'le-en'try, n. A mode of book-keeping in which 
 two entries are made of every transaction, so that the 
 one may check the other. 
 
 Doiib'le-flow/er, n. (Bot.) A flower having several 
 rows of petals, as the result of cultivation. 
 
 Doub'le-raiiid''ed, a. Having different minds at dif- 
 ferent times ; unsettled ; wavering ; unstable. 
 
 Doiib'le-iiess, n. State of being double or doubled. 
 
 Dou-b'le-quick:, n. (Mil.) The fastest time or step, in 
 marching, next to the run, requiring 165 steps, each 33 
 inches in length, to be taken in one minute. 
 
 Dotib'le-quLick;, a. (Mil.) Performed in the tune called 
 double-quick. 
 
 Doub'le-quiclc, v. t. & i. (Mil.) To move, or cause to 
 move, in double-quick time. 
 
 Doxib'ler, n. One who, or that which, doubles. 
 
 Doiib'le- salt, n. ( Chem.) A compound salt consisting of 
 two salts in chemical combination. 
 
 Doiib'le- star, n. (Astro7i.) Two stars so near to each 
 other as to be seen separate by means of a telescope only. 
 
 Doiib'let (dub/let), n. [0. Fr. doublet, dim. of double.} 
 1. Two of the same kind ; a pair ; a couple. 2. (Print.} 
 A word or phrase unintentionally doubled, or set up the 
 second time. 3. The inner garment of a man ; a waist- 
 coat. 4. (Lapidary Work.) A counterfeit stone, com- 
 posed of two pieces of crystal, with a color between them. 
 5 . ( Opt. ) An arrangement of two lenses for a microscope, 
 designed to correct spherical abberration and chromatie 
 dispersion. 
 
 Doiib'le-tdngued (dttb'l-ttlngd), a. Speaking dififer 
 ently about a thing at different times ; deceitful. 
 
 Doiib'lets,.». pi. Two dice, which, having been thrown, 
 have each the same number of spots on the face lying 
 uppermost. 
 
 Doiib-ldbn', n. [Fr. doublon, Sp. doblon. See Double, 
 a.] A Spanish and Portuguese coin, of the value of from 
 fifteen to nearly sixteen dollars. 
 
 Doiib'ly, adv. In twice the quantity. 
 
 Doubt (dout), V. i. [imp. & p. p. doubted ; p. pr- & 
 vb. n. DOUBTING.] [0. Fr. doubter, Lat. dubitare, in- 
 tensive form of a primitive dubare, from duo, two.]_ 1. 
 To be in suspense or uncertainty respecting any thing ; 
 to be undetermined. 2. To fear ; to be apprehensive. 
 
 Syn. — To waver; fluctuxte; hesitate; demur; scruple; ques- 
 tion; suspect. 
 
 Doubt (dout), V. t. 1, To question or hold questionable ; 
 
 f<K>d, fobt ; tLrn, r^de, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, -call, e«lio ; gem, get ; a; ; ejist ; liose') Unit ; tibds. 
 
DOUBT 
 
 224 
 
 DOXOLOGICAL 
 
 to he«iUte to liclk-ve. 2. To fear: to apprehend; to 
 (iu»(xx-t ; to believe. 
 
 I>oubt (ilout). M. 1. Vnccrtaintyofmind; foispenpe. 2. 
 I ucertaiutv of condition. .'1. Suspicion; fear; appre- 
 hension ; dread. 4. Difficulty expressed or urged for 
 (K>lution ; objection. 
 
 Svn. -Ilositation. — JJotifrf belongs to the understanding, 
 and h<fitntioH to the will. ■NVhUe tliere are serious doubts in the 
 miad. there must be a painful hesiuition as to the course to be 
 pursued. 
 
 I>oubt'a-ble (dout'a-bl), a. Capable of being doubted ; 
 questionable. 
 
 Doubt'er (dout'-), n. One who doubts ; one who scruples. 
 
 I>oubt'fia (dout'-). a. 1. Not settled in opinion. 2. Ad- 
 mitting of doubt ; not clear or certain ; not easy to be de- 
 fined, classed, or named. 3. Characterized by ambiguity. 
 4. Of uncertam issue. 5. Affected by fear. 
 
 Syn, — "Wavering; hesitating; undetermined; distrustful; 
 dubious; uncertain; equivocal; obscure: ambiguous; problem- 
 atical; questionable; precarious; hazardous. 
 
 DoHbt'f ul-lj- (dout''-), adv. In a doubtful manner. 
 
 Doiibl'f ul-iiess {dout'-), n. A state of being doubtful ; 
 dubiousness. 
 
 Doubt'less (dout'-), adv. Tnthout doubt or question ; 
 unquestionably. 
 
 Doitceur (dc7o'sur'), «• [Ft., from doux, sweet.] A 
 present or gift ; a bribe. 
 
 I>ouche (dcTosh), »i. [Fr.,as if from a Lat. word ditctiare, 
 from ductum, ditcere, to lead, conduct (water).] A jet or 
 current of water or Tapor directed upon some diseased 
 part of the body, to benefit it medicinally. 
 
 T>ougli (do), 71. [A.-S. dah, dag, Icel. deig, Goth, daigs, 
 from daigan, to form, mold.] A mass of flour or meal 
 moistened and knead&i, but not yet baked. 
 
 Pougli'-f a^e (do'fas), n. One who is flexible, and easily 
 molded. [Amer.'] 
 
 Dough'uut (dS'nut), n. A small, roundish cake, made 
 of flour, eggs, and sugar, moistened with milk or with 
 water, and fried in lard. 
 
 Dough'ti-ly (dou'ti-ly), adv. In a doughty manner. 
 
 Uougli'ti-ness (dou'ti-nes), n. ThequaUty of being 
 doughty ; valor : bravery. 
 
 Dough'ty (dou'ty), a. [A.-S. dohtig, dyhtig, brave, 
 raUant, fit, useful, from A.-S. & Goth, dugan, to be able 
 or strong, to be good.] Characterized by bravery ; vaUant : 
 redoubtable. [sure! 
 
 Dougli'y (do/y), a. Like dough; soft; yielding to pres- 
 
 Douse, V. t. [imp. & p. p. doused (doust); p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DOUSING.] [Cf. 0. D. donsen, to strike with the fist 
 on the back, Sw. dinisa, to fall down violently and noisily, 
 and Gr. Sveiv, fut. Svaoi, to plunge into.] 1. To thrust 
 or plunge into water: to dip. 2. (Naut.) To strike or 
 lower in haste; to slacken suddenly. 3. [Corrupted 
 from an obsolete dout, i. e. do out.] To extinguish. 
 
 Dove, n. [A.-S. duva, diife, from d^fan, to dive.] 1. 
 (Ornith.) A bird of the pigeon family, some species of 
 which are domesticated, and all of gentle and inoffensive 
 character ; a pigeon ; especially, a tame pigeon. 
 
 i^~ The dove is often employed as the emblem of innocence, 
 gentleness, and afFection ; also in art and in the Scriptures as the 
 typical emblem or symbol of the Holy Ghost. 
 2. A word of endearment. [doves. 
 
 Dove'-cot (duv'kSt), n. A small building or box for 
 
 I>o'ver"§ Pow'der. So called from Dover, its inventor, 
 an English physician.] (Med.) A compound of ipecacu- 
 anha, opium, and sulphate of potash, designed as a seda- 
 tive and sudorific. 
 
 I>6ve'taa, n. ( Carp. ) A joint or tenon 
 made by letting one piece, in the form 
 of a dove's taU spread, into a corre- 
 sponding cavity in another, so that it 
 can not be drawn out. 
 
 Dove'tail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dove- 
 tailed; p.pr. & vb. n. DOVETAIL- 
 iwe.] 1. To unite by a tenon in form 
 of a dove's tail spread, let into a board """fCZ^TT 
 or timber. 2^ To fit ingeniously. i>ovetaiis. 
 
 Dove'tail-mold'ing, n. {Arch.) An ornament used in 
 horman architecture, consisting of a rounded molding 
 arranged so as to form a series of figures in the form of a 
 doves tail. 
 
 Bow'a-ble (doa'a-bl),\a. [From dow, for endow, q. v. 
 Cf. Dote, and Dowes.] Capable of being endowed; 
 entitled to dower. 
 
 Dow'a-ger, n. [See Dower, and cf. Fr. douairiere, 
 from douaire, dower.] 1. (Eng. Law.) A widow en- 
 dowed, or having a jointure. 2. A title given in Eng- 
 lasid to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her 
 
 husband's heir bearing the same name ; — chiefly applied 
 to the widows of personages of rank. 
 Queen dowager, the widow of a king. 
 
 Do'w'dy, a. [Scot, datcdie, slovenly, daw, da, sluggard, 
 drab, Prov. Eng. dowd, flat, dead, spiritless. Goth, dauths. 
 Cf Dead.] Awkward ; ill-dressed ; vulgar-looking. 
 
 Dovp'dy, n. An *wkward, ill-dressed, inel^ant woman, 
 
 Do-w'dy-isli, a. Like a dowdy. 
 
 Dow'el, V. t. [i7}ip. & p. p. dowteled ; p.pr. 8c vb. n. 
 DOWELING.] To fasten together by dowels. 
 
 Do-^v'el, M. 1. A dowel-pin. 2. A piece of wood driven 
 into a wall, so that other pieces may be nailed to it. 
 
 Do^vv'el-pin, n. A pin of wood or metal used for joining 
 two pieces, as of wood, stones, &c. 
 
 Do'w'er, n. [Fr. douaire, L. Lat. doarium, dolarium, 
 frova. Lat. dotar", to endow, to portion.] 1. Endowment; 
 gift. 2. The property with which a woman is endowed; 
 especially, (a.) That which a woman brings to a hus- 
 band in marriage, (b.) That portion of the real estate 
 of a man which his widow enjoys during her Ufe, or to 
 which a woman is entitled after the death of her husband. 
 
 Do"»v'ered, a. Furnished with dower, or a portion. 
 
 Do%v'er-less, a. Destitute of dower ; portionless. 
 
 DoAv'la.s, n. [Probably from Dovlhns, in France, for- 
 merly celebrated for this manufacture.] A kindof coars* 
 linen cloth. 
 
 Do-tvii, n. [Icel. rfftn, 0. H. Ger. diini, down, D. dons.] 
 Fine, soft, hairj- outgrowth from the skin or surfiace of 
 animals or plants , not matted and fleecy like wool. 
 
 Do"*vn, n. [A.-S. d'un, Ger. dime, Fr. dune, from Ir. d^n, 
 hill, fortified hiU, W. din.] 1. A bank or rounded hillock 
 of sand thrown up by the wind near the shore. 2. A 
 tract of sandy, level, and barren land. [Eng.] 3. pi. 
 A road for shipping in the English Channel, near Deal. 
 4. [From the adverb .] A state of depression : abasement ; 
 feilure; as, ups and douns. [Collog.] 
 
 Down, prep. [A.-S. adUn, aditne, dfine,fr. d(in,inoim- 
 
 tain, MU. See supra.] 1. In a descending direction 
 
 along. 2. Toward the mouth of a river, or toward the 
 
 place where water is discharged into the ocean or a lake- 
 
 Doum the country, doim the sound, toward the sea. 
 
 Down, adv. 1. In a descending direction : tending from 
 a higher to a lower place. 2. From a higher to a lower 
 condition. 3. From a remoter or higher antiquity. 4. 
 From a greater to a less bulk. 5. In a low position or 
 condition ; on the ground. 6. In humility, dejection, 
 misery, and the like. 
 
 Doum in the mo uf A, low-spirited; dejected. [CoJloqA — Down 
 with, take down, throw down, put down.— Up and aoum, with 
 rising and falling motion; back and forth; hither and thither. 
 
 Down, a. 1. Downcast : dejected. 2. Downright: plain : 
 flat : absolute : positive. 3. Downward : proceeding from 
 the chief terminus. 
 
 DoTvn'-east, a. Cast downward : directed to the ground. 
 
 Down 'fall, n. 1. A falling downward. 2. A sudden 
 descent "from rank, reputation, happiness, or the like: 
 destruction ; ruin. 
 
 Do-vrn'f alien (-fawLn), a. Fallen : ruined. 
 
 Do-wn'-iiaul, n. '{Naut.) A rope made fest to the upper 
 comer of a sail, to haul it down. 
 
 Do^wTi'lieart-ed. a. Dejected in spirits. 
 
 Do-»vn'lim, Ji. Dechvity ; descent : slope. 
 
 Down'hilll, a. Dechvous; descending: sloping. 
 
 Down'rlglit (-rlt), adv. 1. Straight down; perpen- 
 dicularly. 2. In plain terms : absolutely. 
 
 Do-wn'riglit (-rit), o. 1. Plain ; artless : unceremonious : 
 blunt ; — said of persons. 2. Plain ; undisguised ; ab- 
 solute ; unmixed : — said of things. 
 
 DoTiTi'- sifting, n . Act of sitting down : repose. 
 
 Do"»vn'-stair§, a. Below : upon a lower floor. 
 
 DoAvn'- stairs, adv. Down the stairs : to a lower floor. 
 
 Do-\vn'tr6d, ~ \a. Trodden down ; trampled under 
 
 Do-wn'trod'den, ) foot. 
 
 Do-wn'-»vard. ) adv. [From down and ward, q. t.] 1. 
 
 Do'%'»Ti'-ward§, 3 From a higher place to a lower: in a 
 descending course. 2. From a higher to a lower con- 
 dition. 3. From a remote time. 
 
 Do-wn'ward, a. 1. Moving or extending from a higher 
 to a lower place : tending toward the earth or its center. 
 2. Descending firom a head, origin, or source. 3. Tend- 
 ing to a lower condition or state. 
 
 Down'y, a. 1. Covered with down. 2. Made of. or re- 
 sembUng, down : hence, soft : calm : soothing : qxiiet 
 
 Dow'ry, 7J. [See DOWER.] 1. A gift. 2. The estate 
 which a woman brings to her husband in marriage ; the 
 portion given with a wife ; dower. See DO'WEK. 
 
 Do-wse, V. t. See DOUSE. [praise to God. 
 
 D6x'o-16g'i€-al, a. Pertaining to doxology ; giving 
 
 &,e, See, long; &,6,kc.,skort; c4re,far,ask,^,Tirliat; ^re,-r$il, term; p'ique, firm; s6n,dr,d.g,'W9lf, 
 
DOXOLOGY 
 
 225 
 
 DRAJVI 
 
 I>ox-61'o-^y, n. [Gr. 5o|oAoyto, from fi6|fl^ opinion, 
 glory, praise, from SoKely, to think, and Aeyeif, to speak.] 
 A short hymn expressing praise and honor to God. 
 
 D6x'y, n. [Cf. Ger. docke, Sw. docka, Dan. dukke, doll, 
 baby, or plaything.] 1. A sweetheart, mistress, or para- 
 mour. 2. A prostitute. 
 
 I>oze, V. i. [imp. & p. p. DOZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DOZ- 
 ING.] [Dan. dose, to make duUordi-owsy, dds, dullness, 
 drowsiness, diisig, drowsy, A.-S. dwxs, dwxsig, dysig, 
 
 . dull, stupid, foolish ; Icel. das, weariness, dasaz, to be 
 weary. Cf. D.\ZE.] To slumber; to sleep lightly ; to be 
 drowsy or half asleep. 
 
 Doze, f. t. To pass or spend in drowsinesss. 
 
 Doze. n. A light sleep ; a drowse ; a slumber. 
 
 Doz'en (duz'n), n.; pi. DOZ'Ey (before another noun), 
 or DOZ'Jexg. [Fr. douzaine, from douze, twelve, from 
 Lat. duodecim.] 1. A collection of twelve individuals ; a 
 set of twelve. 2. An indefinite number. 
 
 Doz'i-ness, n. State of being dozy ; drowsiness. 
 
 Doz'y, a. [See Doze.] Drowsy; heavy; inclined to 
 sleep ; sleepy ; sluggish. 
 
 Drab, n. [A.-S. drabbe, dregs, lees. Cf. Draff.] A 
 woman of vile character ; a strulnpet ; a prostitute. 
 
 Drib, n. [Fr. drap, cloth ; L. Lat. drappus, orig. a firm, 
 soli(i, stufT, allied to Ger. derb, compact, firm, solid.] 1. 
 A kind of thick, woolen cloth of a dun, or duU brown- 
 ish-yellow or gray color, ii. A dull brownish-yeUow or 
 gray color. 
 
 Drab, a. Of a dun color, like the cloth so called. 
 
 Drab'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. drabbled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DRABBLING.] [Cf. A.-S. drabbe, dregs, lees. See 
 supra.] To draggle ; to wet and befoul. [rod. 
 
 DribTble, v. i. To fish for barbels with a long line and 
 
 Draclina (dram), n. See DRAM and Drach3IA. 
 
 DrScIi'ma {drak'nia), 7i. ; Eog. pi. DR.lCHOlAg, Lat. 
 pi. DRA€H'MJi:. [Lat.; Gr. lpaxM.17, strictly, a hand- 
 ful, from Spda-a-ea^cu, to grasp with the hand.] ' 1. A | 
 silver coin among the Greeks, of various value. 2. A I 
 weight among the Greeks of about 2 dwt. 7 gr. Troy. 
 
 Draff, n. [A.-S. drof, draflfy, dirty, filthy, allied to drabbe, 
 dregs, lees.] Refuse ; lees ; dregs ; wash given to swine, 
 or grains to cows. I 
 
 Draff 'y, a. Draggy ; waste ; worthless. 
 
 Draft, n. [Originally a corrupt spelling of draught, q. 
 v., but authorized by respectable use.] 1, Act of draw- 
 ing, esp. of loads by beasts of burden. 3. {Mil.) A se- 
 lection of men from a military band ; also from any com- 
 pany or collection of persons, or from the people at j 
 large. 3. An order from one man to another, directing | 
 the payment of money ; a bill of exchange. 4. A deduc- 
 tion made from the gross weight of goods. 5. A figure 
 described on paper ; sketch ; outline. [See Draught.] 
 6. Depth of water necessary to float a ship. [See 
 Draught.] 7. A current of air. See Draught. 
 
 Draft, V. t. [imp. & p. p. drafted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DRAFTING.] 1. To draw the outline of; to delineate. 
 2. To compose and write. 3. To draw from a military 
 band or post, or from any company, collection, or so- 
 ciety ; to detach. 
 
 Draf t'-horse, n. A horse employed in drawing, partic- 
 ularly in drawing heavy loads. 
 
 Drafts'man, n. The same as DRAUGHTSMAN. 
 
 DrSg, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DRAGGED ; p. pr. &. vb n. 
 DRAGGING.] [A.-S. dragan, Icel. draga, Goth, dragan, 
 allied to Lat. trahere. Cf. Draw.] 1. To draw along by 
 main force ; to pull ; to haul. 2. To break, as land, by 
 drawing a drag or harrow over it ; to pass through with 
 a drag, as a stream or harbor-bed. 3. To draw along, 
 slowly or laboriously, as something burdensome ; hence, 
 to pass in pain or with difficulty. 
 
 Syn. — See Draw. 
 
 Drag, V. i. 1. To be drawn along, as a rope or dress, 
 on the ground. 2. To move heavily, laboriously, or 
 slowly onward. 3. To fish with a drag. 
 
 Drag, n. 1. A net, to be drawn along the bottom under 
 water, for the purpose of bringing sunken bodies to the 
 surface. 2. A kind of sledge for conveying heavy 
 bodies. 3. A carriage or coach. [Eng.] 4. A heavy 
 harrow, for breaking up ground. 5. Something to re- 
 tard the progress of a moving body; a clog. 6. A 
 heavy motion, as if dragged along. 7. {Founding.) 
 The bottom part of a flask. 
 
 Drag'-bar, n. A link or coupling used on railroads. 
 
 Drag'gle (drag/gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. draggled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. DRAGGLING.] [Dim. of drag.] To wet 
 and dirty by drawing on the ground or mud, or on wet 
 crass ; to drabble. 
 
 Dr&g'ffle, V. t. To become wet or dirty by being drawn 
 on the mud or wet grass. 
 
 Dr&g'-net, n. A net to be drawn along the bottom of 
 a river or pond for taking fi.sh. 
 
 Drag'o-mau, n. ; pi. DRAG'o-MANg. [L. Lat. dragu- 
 manus, drogamundus, fr. Ar. tardjuman, turdjumdn, fr. 
 tardjama, formerly targama, to interpret, Chald. targei/i, 
 to explain, tar^iOT, explanation.] An interpreter; — .<o 
 called in the Levant and other parts of the East. 
 
 Drag'on, n. [Lat. draco, Gr. Spdjcwv, probably from 
 SepKeaOai, Spojce'iv, to look, so called from ita terrible 
 eyes.] 1. {Myth.) A monstrous 
 winged serpent or lizard, with a 
 crested head and enormous claws, 
 regarded as very powerful and fe- 
 rocious. 2. A fierce, violent per- 
 son. 3. {Astron.) A northern 
 constellation figured as a dragon. 
 4. A luminoas exhalation from '. 
 marshy grounds, moving like a 
 winged serpent. 5. A short mus- 
 ket hooked to a swivel attached to Dragon (1.) 
 a soldler-s belt ; — so called from a representation of a 
 dragon's head at the muzzle. 6. {Zool.) A genus of 
 reptiles in the East Indies, which, in consequence of an 
 extension of the ribs, covered with a fringe-like arrange- 
 ment of the skin, is enabled to glide through the air for 
 short distances. 
 
 r^'In Scripture the term dragon is used respecting large 
 marine fishes or serpents, and also venomous land serpents. It 
 is also applied to Satan. 
 
 Drag'on-et, n. 1. A little dragon. 2. {Ichth.) A 
 genus of fishes belonging to the goby family. 
 
 Drag'on-f ish., n. The dragonet. 
 
 Drag'on-fly, 7i. {Entom.) A genus of swift and pow- 
 erful insects, having large and strongly reticulated wings, 
 a large head with enormous eyes, and a long body. 
 
 Drag'on-nade', n. [Fr., from rfrog-on, dragoon.] The 
 severe persecution of French Protestants under Louis 
 XIV., by an armed force, usually of dragoons ; hence, a 
 rapid and devastating incursion. 
 
 Drag'on'g-blood (-blud), n. A resinous substance 
 brought from tropical countries, obtained fitjm several 
 trees. Its color is red, or dark brownish red. 
 
 Drag'on'g-head, n. 1. {Bot.) A plant of several spe- 
 cies. 2. {Astron.) The ascending node of a planet, in- 
 dicated, chiefly in almanacs, by the symbol Q. 
 
 Drag'on"§-tail, n. {Astron.) The descending node of a 
 planet, indicated by the symbol Ij. 
 
 Dra-gdbn', n. [From Lat. c?ra«;o, dragon ; draeonarius, 
 standard-bearer, bearing a banner on which was the fig- 
 ure of a dragon.] {Mil.) A soldier taught and armed to 
 serve on horseback or on foot, as occasion may require. 
 
 Dra-gdbn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. dragooned ; p.pr. k. 
 vb. n. DRAGOONING.] 1. To enslave, reduce to sub- 
 jection, or persecute, by soldiers. 2. To harass ; to force ; 
 to persecute. 
 
 Drag-'oon-ade', n. Same as Dragonnade. 
 
 Dra-goon'-bxrd, n. (Ornith.) A Brazilian bird, hav- 
 ing a large, umbreUa-like crest of feathers above the bUl. 
 
 Drag'-sbeet, n. {Naut.) A contrivance for lessening 
 the drift of vessels in heavy gales of wind. 
 
 Drain, v. t. [imp. & p.p. drained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DRAINING.] [A.-S. drehnigean, from drsehen, dren, 
 drop, tear.] 1. To draw off by degrees ; hence, to 
 empty or exhaust of. 2. To make gradually dry or 
 empty ; hence, to exhaust ; to empty of wealth, re- 
 sources, or the like. 3. To filter. 
 
 Drain, v. i. 1. To flow off gradually. 2. To be emptied 
 of liquor by flowing or dropping. 
 
 Drain, n. 1. Act of draining, or of drawing off, or of 
 emptying by drawing off. 2. That by means of which 
 any thing is drained ; a channel ; a trench ; a water- 
 course ; a sewer. 
 
 Drain'a-ble, a. Capable of being drained. 
 
 Drain'age (45), n. 1. A draining. 2. Mode in which 
 the waters of a country pass off by its streams and riv- 
 ers. 3. {Engin.) System of drains and their operation, 
 by which water is removed from towns, railway beds, &c. 
 
 Drain'er, n. One who, or that which, drains. 
 
 Drake, n. [L. Ger. drake, 0. H. Ger. antrache, N. H. 
 Grer. enterich, entrich, Icel. andriki, lTX)m 0. H. Ger. anit, 
 duck, A.-S. ened, enid, N. H. Ger. ente, Lat. aruis, ana- 
 tis, and 0. H. Ger. -riA, Goth, reiks, ruler, chief.] 1. 
 The male of the duck kind. 2. The drake-fly. 3. [Lat. 
 draco, dragon.] A small piece of artillery. 
 
 Dram, n. [Contr. from drachma, q. v.] 1. {Apotheca- 
 ries^ Weight.) A weight of the eighth part of an ounce, 
 
 lood, f«ibt : ftrn, rude, puU ; fell, ^liaise, €all, eelio ; gem, get 
 
 15 
 
 a§ ; e^st ; linger, link ; tMs. 
 
DRAMA 
 
 226 
 
 DREADNAUGHT 
 
 w elxtr prain? *t.{Aroirxfiipois Wnerkt) The axteenth 
 part ' 3. A minute qiuuiutr ; a mite. 4. 
 
 As 1 as liquor as is drank at once •, hence, 
 
 habr. . lUce. 
 
 Dra'ina. ^ r l>r:t'uia, n. [l-ar : Or. fpa^La, from 6p^, 
 to do. Ut act.] 1. A com^xviition. desjgued to l^e acted 
 on the stag^, rvprc^ntin^r rariou* jhai^s of human life, 
 graTe or humoivus. '2. A real seritss of events inrested 
 with a dramatic luuty and interest. 
 
 Dra-mftt'lc, ( a. Pertaining, appropriate to. or re- 
 
 I>ra-mftt'l<>-al. ) eembling, a drama. 
 
 I>ra-inftt'ic-al-lT, adv. By representation ; in the 
 manner of the drama. 
 
 I>rfini'a-tis rerso'ttte. [Lat.] The characters repre- 
 M :;:txi in a play ; the interlocutors in a drama. 
 
 Dr:\iu'a-tisit . « . The author of a dramatic composition ; 
 Ji v.-riter of plays. 
 
 Drftm'a-tize, r. t. [imp. & p. p. DRAMATIZED ; p. 
 jr. & vb. n. DRAMATIZING.] To compose in the form 
 of the drama : to represent in a drama. 
 
 Drftm'a-tfij' gy, n. [Gr. SpofuiTovpyia., from Spofta, 
 drama, and the* obsolete epyeir. for epBew, to work.] Art 
 of dramatic poetrv and representation. 
 
 Dr:\nJ£:. imp. & p'.p. of drink. See DRrvK. [cloth. 
 
 Drape, r. t. [Fr. draper, from drap, cloth.] To make 
 
 Draped r. t. To corer or adorn with drapery. 
 
 I>ra'per, n. One who sells cloths ; a dealer in cloths. 
 
 Dra'per-T. n. 1. Occupation of a draper. 2. Cloth. 
 or woolen srufis in general. 3. The garments with 
 which any thing is draped ; hangings of any kind, es- 
 pfciaUtf, the clothing of the human figure in sculpture 
 and painting. 
 
 DrSs'ti-e, a. [Gr. Spowrrucos, from Spav, to do. act.] 
 {Mfd.) Acting with strength or Tiolence : powerful. 
 
 I>raaglit (draft), n. [A.-S. drdkt, a drawing, course, 
 frtMn (/ro^an, to draw.] 1. Act of drawing or pulling ; as, 
 (a.) Act of moving loads by drawing, {b.) Act of draw- 
 ing a net. (c.) Act of drinking, (d.) (Mil.) Act of 
 drawing men from a military band, or from any com- 
 pany or society: detachment, (e.) Act of drawing or 
 delineating : representation. 2. That which is drawn ; 
 as, (a.) That which is taken by sweeping with a net. 
 (6.) Quantity drawn in at once in drinking : a potion or 
 potation, (c.) {Mil.) Forces drawn ; a detechment. {d.) 
 A sketch, outline, or representation, whether written, 
 designed, or drawn, (f.) ( Coni.) An order for the pay- 
 ment of money: a bUl of exchange: draft. (/.) A 
 current of air. 3. That which draws ; as, (a.) A sink or 
 drain. {?>.) j//. (Jletf.) A mild vesicatory, a sinapism. 4. 
 Capacity of being drawn. 5. {Naut.) Depth of water 
 iwcessary to float a ship , or the depth a ship sinks in 
 mter, esp>ecially when laden. 6. ( Co7Ji. ) A small allow- 
 &nce on weighable goods, to insure full weight. [IC)ig.] 
 7. pi. A certain game played on a checkered board : 
 checkers. S. The bevel given to the pattern for a cast- 
 ing, that it may be drawn fix)m the sand without in- 
 jury to the mold. 
 
 Draught (draft), a. 1, Used for drawing. 52. Drawn 
 directly from the barrel, or other receptacle. 
 
 Draugtit (draft), v. t. To draw out : to call forth. See 
 Deaft. 
 
 Draught'-board (diaft^-), n. A board on which 
 draughts are played. 
 
 I>rauglits'maii" (drafts'-), n. ; pi. DRAt:GHTS''MEA\ 
 One who draws writings or deagns. 
 
 I>raw, r. t. [imp. drew ; p. p. DRAWN ; p. pr. & 
 ri. n. DRAWING.] [A.-S. & 0. S. dragan. See DRAG.] 
 1. To cause to move toward or after one by the ex- 
 ertion of force : to pull along ; to haul : to drag- 2. 
 To attract : hence, to entice ; to allure ; to engage. 
 3. To bring forth; as, (a.) To pull from a sheath or 
 inclosure, as a weapon. (6.) To bring out from some re- 
 oeptacte. (c.) To extract : to force out : to force forth. 
 (d.) To deduce frr.m premises; to derive, (e.) To take 
 firtm a place of deposit. (/.) To receive fix>m a lottoy ; 
 hence, to obtain by gocd fortune ; to win : to gain. 4. 
 To remove the contents of: as. (a.) To drain by empty- 
 ing, ih.) To extract the bowels of. 5. To inhale: to 
 inspire ; hence, also, to utter or produce by an inhaia- 
 lation. 6. To extend in length : to lengthen out ; to 
 etz«tch. 7. To extend, or produce, as a line on any sur- 
 feee ; to protract ; hei^, also, to form by marking ; to 
 produce, ae a sketch, fl^rore, or picttire. S. To form a 
 sketch, figure, or picture of; to delineate : hence, to de- 
 ecribe ; to depict. 9. To write in due form ; to prepare 
 a draught of. 10. To require a depth of, as water, for 
 floating : — said of a vessel ; to ^nk in water. 
 Drmtrn btOUr, bntter melted and prepared for use as grary, 
 
 by pouring it on food. — Dram pome, or battle one in which 
 neither party wine: one«>"a]lv (■(.Ilt.f^tt-^i. — 7<. ,l'?■.^.r n r-t^- 
 taiti,Xo cauBe a curtain tc - ' 
 
 unclosing. — To draw ?«j , ■ 
 for exportation.— 7o d:\. . 
 
 collect. (6.^ To entice; ;. . — .^... - ^. .,,^.. ,,.,t.x. lu 
 produce or eain interest. — iU tsrau- op, to withdraw : to ab- 
 stract. — To araw on, to bring on ; to occasion : to cause. — To 
 drav vp, (a-) To compose; to draught ; to form in writing. 
 (b.) To arrange in order, a* troops; to array. 
 
 Dra'ir, f. i. 1. To pull : to exert strength in drawing: 
 to"have force to drag along. 2. To exert an attractive 
 force. 3. (Med.) To act as a onapism ; — said of a blis- 
 ter, poultice, &c. 4. To furnish transmission to smoke, 
 gases, &c. 5. To unsheathe, as a weapon. 6. To per- 
 form the act or practice the art of delineation ; to sketch. 
 7. To become contracted : to shrink. S. To move ; to 
 come or go ; literally , to draw one"s self : — with prepo- 
 sitions and adverbs. 9. To make a written demand for 
 payment of money deposited or due. 10. To admit tl»c 
 action of pulling or dragging. 
 DraTT, n. 1. Act of drawing: draught. 2. A lot or 
 chance drawn. 3. That part of a bridge which is raised 
 j up, swtmg round, or drawn aside. [A?Ji(r.] 
 \ DraTTTljaclc, «. 1. A discouragement or hindrance. 
 ! 2V ( Com . ) Money i)aid back : espfciaUy, a certain amount 
 I of duties or customs paid back by the government, on 
 I the exjvortation of the commodities on which they were 
 I levied. 
 
 Dra'tv'-brid.ge, n. A bridge of which eithCT the whc^ 
 
 of a part is made to be raised up. let down, or drawn, 
 
 or turned aside, to admit or hinder communication aX 
 
 pleasure. 
 
 DraTT-ee', n. The person to whom an order or bill of 
 
 exchange is addressed, or on whom it is drawn. 
 Dra"»T'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, draws; as, 
 (a.) One who draws liquor for guests. (6.) One who 
 delineates ; a daraughtsman. (c.) One who draws a bill 
 of exchange or order for payment. 2. That which is 
 drawn; as, (o.) A sliding box or receptacle in a case. 
 (i.) pi. A close under-garment for the lower limbs. 
 1 DraTT'-liead., n. (Railway Mach.) A buffer to which a 
 I coupling is attached. 
 
 DraTT'lng, »!. 1. Act of pulling, hauling, or attracting. 
 2V A representation on a plain surface, by means of lines 
 j and shades, of the appearance of oljects. 3. Distribu- 
 tion of prizes and blanks in a lottery. 
 ! Draw'ing-robm (28). n. [Abbreviated from, witkdraw- 
 ! in'g rootn.] 1, A room for the reception of company; 
 [ a room to which company withdraws iram the dining- 
 room. 2. The company assembled in such a room; 
 I also, a reception of company in it. 
 
 Dra^v'-knif e. 1 (-nif ), n. A joiner's tool, with a long 
 Dratv'ing-fciiife, J blade and two handles, used to 
 
 shave off surfeces, by drawing it toward one. 
 Dravi'l. r. t. [ijnp. & p.p. DRAWT^ed; p.pr. & vb. ». 
 DRAWLING.] [0. D. droflen, to linger, tarry.] To ut- 
 ter in a slow, lengthened tone. [ance. 
 Dra^vl, r. i. To speak with slow and lingering utter- 
 Drawl, n. A lengthened utterance of the voire. 
 Dray, n. [A.-S. drsrge, frora. dra-san. See DRAW and. 
 Drag.] 1. A low cart on wheels, drawn by a horse, 
 and used for heavy burdens. 2. A drag. 3. A sqtiir- 
 rel's nest. 
 Dray'age(45). »i. 1. Use of a dray. 2. Charge, or smn 
 i paid, for the use of a dray. (dray. 
 Dray 'man, n.; pi. dray'MEN. A man who attends a 
 Dread, «■ 1. Overwhelming apprehension of danger. 
 I 2. Reverential or resjtectful fear. 3. An object of ter- 
 I rified apprehension, or of reverential fear. 
 I Sym. — Awe; fear; afl&ight; terror; horror; dismay; aOTW- 
 ] hension. See Awe. 
 
 ! Dread, a. 1. Exciting great fe.ar or apprehension : ter- 
 rible ; frightful. 2. Tenerable in the highest degree. 
 Drfiad, t\t. [ifjip. & p. p. dreaded: /'• r'-'- & **'f- «• 
 DREADING.] To fear in a great degree: to regard or 
 look forward to with terrific apprehension. 
 I Dread, v. i. To be in great fear. 
 
 ! Dread'ful, a. 1. Inspiring dread ; feaxfal ; terrible 
 2. Inspiring awe or reverence. 
 
 I Svn. — Terrible : shocking. — Terrible is Etrong^r and mow 
 
 I vivid than drtadtvl ; ghocking {lit., shaking or agitating) strikes 
 
 i with all its force on the moral feelings. A dreadrtU acadeat; 
 
 i a terrHule catastrophe; a shocking exhibition of wickedness. 
 
 Drgad'fnl-ly, adv. In a dreadful manner : awfully. 
 
 Dread'fnl-ness, n. The quality of being dreadful. 
 
 Dread'naixglit (-nawt), n. 1. A fearless person. 2. 
 A garment made of very thick cloth, that can d^-n^ 
 aeainst storm and cold. 3. The cloth itself. 
 
 a,t,kc.,long; h,6,kc., short; c4re,far,asli,all,-wliat; dre, veil, term; pique, firm: ^on.or.do.-vroli* 
 
DREAM 
 
 227 
 
 DRINK 
 
 Dream, n. [0. Sax. drOm, Icel. draumr, 0. H. Ger. drown, 
 traum. N. H. Ger. traum. Cf. A.-S. dream, joy, glad- 
 ness, Russ. drematj, to slumber, Lat. dormire, to sleep.] 
 1. A thought, or series of thoughts, of a person in 
 sleep ; a sleeping vision. 2. An idle fancy or suspicion ; 
 a revery ; a vagary. 
 
 Dream, r. t. [imp. & p. p. dreamed, or dreamt 
 (dremt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. DREAMING.] 1. To have 
 ideas or images in the mind, in the state of sliunber. 'i. 
 To let the mind run on in idle revery or vagary ; also, 
 to anticipate as a coming reahty ; to imagine. 
 
 Dream, v.t. To imagine, think of, or believe in a dream, 
 or in an analogous state. 
 
 To dream away, out, through, Sec, to pass La revery or inac- 
 tion; to spend in idle vagaries. 
 
 Dream'er, n. One who dreams or indulges in revery. 
 
 Dream'y, a. [compar. dreamier; siiperl. DREAMI- 
 EST.] Full of dreams ; appropriate to dreams. [tude. 
 
 Drear, a. [See Dreary.] Dismal; gloomy with soli- 
 
 Drear'i-ly, adv. Gloomily ; dismally. 
 
 Drear'i-ness, n. DismaLaess ; gloomy solitude. 
 
 Drear'y (89), a. [compar. drearier ; superl. drear- 
 iest.] [A.-S. dreorig, bloody, sorrowful, from dreor, 
 blood, Icel. dreiri. Of. Ger. traiirig, sad, sorrowful.] 
 Exciting cheerless sensations, feelings, or associations; 
 comfortless ; dismal ; gloomy. 
 
 Dredge, n. [A.-S. drsege.] Any instrument to gather 
 or take by dragging ; especially., a machine for taking 
 up mud, &c., from the bed of a stream or harbor. 
 
 Dredge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. dredged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DREDGING.] 1. To catch, gather, or deepen with a 
 dredge. 3, [Cf. Dregs.] To sprinkle flour on, as on 
 roast meat. 
 
 Dredg'er, n. 1. One who fishes with a dredge, ti, A 
 utensil for dredging meat. 3. A dredging-machine. 
 
 Drgdg'ing-ma-^liiiie', n. An engine to take up mud 
 from the bottom of rivers, docks, &c. 
 
 Dreg§, n. pi. [Icel. dregg, Ger. dreck, dirt, mud, trash, 
 aUied to Gr. rpv^, rpuyos, lees, dregs.] Corrupt or de- 
 filing matter contained in a Uquid, or precipitated from 
 it ; feculence ; lees ; grounds ; sediment ; hence, the 
 vilest_and most worthless part of any thing. 
 
 Dreg'gi-ness, n. Fullness of dregs or lees ; foulness ; 
 feculence. 
 
 Dreg'gisli, a. FuU of, or foul with, lees ; feculent. 
 
 Drgg'gy, a. Containing dregs or lees ; consisting of 
 dregs ; foul ; feculent. 
 
 Drgnch (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. drenched (108) ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. DRENCHING.] [A.-S. drencean, dren- 
 can, to give to drink, to drench, from drincan, to drink.] 
 
 1. To cause to drink ; especially, to put a potion down 
 the throat of, as of a horse ; hence, to purge violently. 
 
 2. To wet thoroughly ; to soak ; to saturate with water 
 or other Uquid. 
 
 Drench., n. A drink; a draught; specifically , a, potion 
 of medicine poured or forced down the throat ; also one 
 that causes purging. [drench. 
 
 Drenclx'er, n. One who drenches or administers a 
 Dress, v. t. [imp. & p.p. dressed (drest) or drest ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DRESSING.] [Fr. dresser, to make 
 straight, to raise, prepare, as if from a Latin word direc- 
 tiare, from directus, p. p. of dirigere, to direct.] 1. To 
 make straight ; hence (Mil.), to arrange as soldiers in a 
 straight line ; to align. 3. To adjust ; to put in good 
 order ; to arrange ; specifically, (a.) To treat with reme- 
 dies, as a sore, (b.) To prepare for use ; to get ready, 
 (c.) (Mack.) To cut to proper dimensions; also, to 
 smooth or finish work, (d.) To put clothes upon, (e.) 
 To break and train for use, as a horse. 
 
 To dress up, or out, to dress elaborately, artrficially, or pomp- 
 ously. — To dress a ship (JVaui.), to deck or ornament her 
 with colors. 
 
 Syn. — To attire; apparel; clothe; accouter; array; robe; 
 rig; trim; deck; adorn; embellish. 
 
 Dr6ss, V. i. 1. i,Mil.) To arrange one's self in due posi- 
 tion in a line of soldiers. 3. To clothe one's self ; to put 
 on one's garments. 
 
 Dr6ss, n. 1. Clothes ; garments ; habit ; apparel. 3. 
 A lady's gown. 3. Attention to apparel, or skill in ad- 
 justing it. 
 
 Dr6ss'-€oat (20), n. A coat with narrow or pointed 
 skirts, as distinguished from a frock-coat. 
 
 Drgss'er, n. 1. One who dresses. 2. [Ex. dressoir.'] (a.) 
 A table on which meat and other things are prepared for 
 use. (5.) A cupboard or set of shelves for dishes and 
 cooking utensils. 
 
 DrSss'ing, n. 1. Dress ; attire ; raiment. 3. An appli- 
 cation to a sore or wound. 3. Manure spread over land. 
 
 4. (Cookery.) StufSng ; forcemeat. 5. Gum, sUrch, 
 &c., used in stiffening or preparing silk, linen, and other 
 fabrics. 6. (Arch.) An ornamental molding around 
 doors, windows, &c. 
 
 Drfiss-ing'-gown, n A light gown, such as is used by 
 a person while dressing ; a study gown. 
 
 Drgss'mg-rdbm, n. An apartment appropriated for 
 dressing the person. 
 
 Dr6ss'-mak.'er, n. A maker of gowns, or similar gar- 
 ments ; a mantua-maker. 
 
 Drfiss'y, a. Showy in dress ; attentive to dress. 
 
 Drib, V. i. To shoot at a mark, at short paces. 
 
 DribTble, v. i. [imp. 8o p.p. DRIBBLED; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. DRIBBLING. [For dripple, dim. of drip, q. v.] 1, To 
 fall in drops, or in a quick succession of drops, ti. To 
 slaver, as a child or an idiot. 
 
 Drib'ble, v. t. To throw down in drops. 
 
 DrifeHblet, 1 n. [From dribble.] A small piece or par'/ 
 
 Drib'let, j a small sum. 
 
 Dri'er, n. [From dry.] One who, or that which, dries. 
 
 Drift, n. [From drive.] 1. That which is driven, forced, 
 or urged along; as, (a.) A mass of matter which has 
 been forced onward together into its present position. (6.) 
 A drove or flock, as of cattle, birds, &c. 3. Act or motion 
 of drifting ; the force which impels or drives. 3. Cours« 
 or direction along which any thing is driven. 4. Ten- 
 dency of an act, argument, course of conduct, or the 
 like ; object aimed at or intended ; hence, also, import 
 of words. 5. (Arch.) The horizontal force which an arch 
 exerts. 6> ( Geol.) A collection of loose earth and rocks, 
 or bowlders, distributed over large portions of the earth's 
 surface. 7. (Mech.) A conical hand-tool of steel for en- 
 larging or shaping a hole in metal, by being driven into 
 or through it. 8. (Mil.) A tool used in driving down 
 compactly the composition contained in a firework. 9. 
 (Mining.) A passage made for a road under ground. 
 10. (Naut.) (a.) Direction of a current, (b.) The dis- 
 tance to which a vessel is drawn off from her desired 
 course by currents or other causes, (c.) A piece in the 
 sheer -draught, where the rail is cut off, and usually ter- 
 minated with a scroU. 
 
 Drift, V. i. [imp. & p. p. drifted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DRIFTING.] 1. To float or be driven along by a current 
 of water. 3. To be driven into heaps. 3. (Mining.) 
 To follow a vein ; to prospect. [Amer.] 
 
 Drift, V. t. To djive into heaps. 
 
 Drift'- sail, n. (Naut.) A sail used under water in a 
 storm, and serving to keep the head of a vessel right up- 
 on the sea, and prevent her driving too fast in a current. 
 
 Drift'-Avay, n. 1. A common way for driving cattle in. 
 3. (Mining & Naut.) The same as DRIFT. 
 
 Drift'wood, n. Wood drifted or floated by wat«r. 
 
 Drift'y, a. Full of drifts ; tending to form drifts. 
 
 Drill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. drilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DRILLING.] [D. & Ger. drillen, A.-S. thyrlian, from 
 thyrl, thy r el, bored or pierced through, a hole, from A.-S. 
 thurh, through.] 1. To pierce or bore with a drill. 3, 
 To sow, as seeds, in rows, drills, or channels. 3. To 
 train in the military art ; hence, to instruct in the rudi- 
 ments and methods of any art or branch of knowledge. 
 
 Drill, V. i. 1. To sow or plant seed in drills. 3. To 
 muster for military or other exercise. 
 
 Drill, n. 1. A kind of pointed instrument, used for 
 boring holes, particularly in metals and other hard sub- 
 stances ; also a drill-press. 3. (Agr.) (a.) An implement 
 for making holes for sowing seed, (b.) A. light furrow or 
 channel made to put seed into, in sowing. 3. Act or ex- 
 ercise of training soldiers in the military art ; hence, dili- 
 gent and strict instruction and exercise in the rudiments 
 and methods of any business. 
 
 Drill'ing, n. 1. Act of piercing with a drill, or of using 
 a driU va. sowing seeds. 3. [Ger. drillich, L. Lat. trilex, 
 drilex, from Ger. drei, Lat. tres, and licium, a thread of 
 the warp. Cf. Twill.] A coarse linen or cotton cloth, 
 used for trowsers. &c. 
 
 Drill'-plow, in. A sort of plow used for sowing 
 
 Drill'-plougli, j grain in drills. 
 
 Drill'-press, n. A machine-tool, embodying one or more 
 drills for making holes in metal. 
 
 Drill'- ser/geant (-srir'jent or sSr'jent), n. (Mil.) A 
 non-commissioned officer, who instructs soldiers as to 
 their duties, and trains them to military evolutions. 
 
 Drink, v. i. [imp. drank (formerly DRUNK) ; p. p. 
 DRUNK or DRANK (formerly DRUNKEN) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DRINKING. Drank, though analogically not so proper 
 a form of the p. p. as drunk, is generallj- used instead of 
 it, as a sort of euphemism, to render its connection with 
 drunk, adj., less obvious.] [A.-S. drincan, Icel. drecka, 
 
 food, f dt>t ; &rn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -eall, eelio , gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; ItQger, UqIc ; tlil»^ 
 
DRIiSK 
 
 228 
 
 DROP-SCENE 
 
 Goth, drigkan.] 1. To swallow any thiug liquid. "2. 
 
 To partake of enliveuing or intoxicating liquors, in mer- 
 
 rimout, fpastiug, or the like; hence, to take spirituous 
 
 iiquoni to eAct'.-^s. 
 
 Fo lirini- to, to salut*, or wish well to, in drinking. 
 Prigk, V. t. 1. To swallow as liquids; to imbibe, ii. 
 
 To take in, us liquids, in am manner; to absorb. 3. 
 
 To take in through the senses"; to hear ; to see. 
 
 To dritd: the health, or to the health, of, to drink while ex- 
 
 pri'ssing gixni wishes lor the health or welfare of; to pledge. 
 I>rink, n. Liquor of any kind to be swallowed. 
 I>rink'a-ble, «. Capable of being drunk ; fit or suitalSle 
 
 for drink ; potable. 
 Drink'er, n. One who drinks, particularly one who uses 
 
 spirituous liquors to excess. 
 Drip, «•. J. [imp. & p. p. DKlPPED (drlpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. DRIPPING.] [A.-S. dripan, Icel. dreypa, Sw. drypa, 
 
 0. U. Ger. triufan. Cf. DROP.] 1. To faU in drops. 3. 
 To let fill! drops of moisture or liquid. 
 
 Drip, V. t. To let fall in drops. 
 
 Drip, «. 1. A felling in drops ; that which drips or falls 
 
 in drops. 5j. {Arch.) The edge of a roof; the eaves or 
 
 cornice. [meat in roasting. 
 
 Drip'piiis, n. That which fells in drops, as fat from 
 Drip'piug-pJUi, n. A pan for receiring the fat wtiieh 
 
 drops from meat in roasting. 
 Drip'-stone, n. (Arch.) A projecting tablet over the 
 
 head of door-ways or windows, &c., to throw off luin. 
 Drive, v. c [imp. drove :p.p. DRIVEN; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. DRIVING.] [A.-S. drifan, Goth, dreiban, Icel. drifa.] 
 
 1. To push forward ; to compel to move on. 2. To 
 chase; to hunt. 3. To urge on and direct the motions 
 of, as the beasts which draw a vehicle, or the vehicle 
 borne by them ; hence, to take in a carriage. 4. (Min- 
 ing.) To dig horizontally. 5. To urge, impel, hurry 
 forward ; to force ; to constrain. 6. To carry on ; to pros- 
 ecute. 
 
 Drive, r. i. 1. To rush and press with violence. 3. To 
 be forced along ; to be impelled. 3. To proceed by 
 urging on a vehicle or the animals that draw it. 4. To 
 aim or tend to a point. 
 
 To let drive, to aim a blow; to strike with force. 
 
 Drive, n. 1, An excursion in a carriage; — distin- 
 guished from a ride, which is taken on horseback. 3. 
 A road prepared for driving. 
 Syn. — See Ride. 
 
 Driv'el (driv'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. driveled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DRIVELING.] [From the root of drip, as a 
 modification of dribble.'^ 1. To let spittle flow from the 
 mouth, like a chUd, idiot, or dotard. 3. To be weak or 
 fooUsh ; to dote. 
 
 Driv'el (drivel), n. 1, Slaver; saUva flowing from the 
 tDouth. 2. Inarticulate or unmeaning utterance ; non- 
 sense. 3. A fool ; an idiot ; a driveler. 
 
 Driv'el-er (drlVl-er), n. A slaverer; a slabberer; an 
 idiot ; a fool. 
 
 Driv'er, n. 1. One who drives. 3. One who drives 
 beasts or a carriage : hence, also, one who runs a loco- 
 motive. 3. An overseer of slaves. [Avier.} 4. A sub- 
 stance interposed between the driving instrument and the 
 thing driven. 5. (Madi.) That which communicates 
 motion to something else. 6. (Naut.) The after-sail in a 
 ship or bark : a spanker. 
 
 Driv'ing--*viieel, n. (Mach.) A wheel that communi- 
 cates motion ; the wheel of a locomotive, -which, adhering 
 to the track, communicates the power of the steam-engine 
 to the vehicle. 
 
 Driz'zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. drizzled; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DRIZZLING ] [Prov. Ger. drieseln, for rieseln. Cf. 
 A.-S. dreosan, Goth, driusan, to fall.] To rain gently ; to 
 fall in very small, slow drops. 
 
 Driz'zle, v. t. To shed in minute drops or particles. 
 
 Driz'zle, n. Fine rain or mist ; mizzle. 
 
 Driz'zly, a. Shedding small rain ; drizzling. 
 
 Droit, n. [Fr., from Lat. directus, directum, p. p. of diri- 
 gere. See DIRECT.] Right ; title ; fee ; a writ of right ; 
 duty ; custom. 
 
 DrSll, a. [compar. DROLLER; superl. DROLLEST.] 
 [Fr. drdle, Ger. & D. droUig, 0. Ger. trollicht ; D. drol, a 
 thick and short perstji, a droll, Sw. troll, a magical ap- 
 pearance, demon.] Fi I ted, to provoke laughter; queer; 
 amusing ; funny ; capable of amusing actions or sayings. 
 Syn. — Laughable; comicvA.— Laughable is generic, denot- 
 ing any thing calculated to excite laughter; comical denotes 
 something humorous of the kind exhibited in comedies; droll 
 Btands lower on the scale, being derived from the French drdle, 
 a buffoon or antic, who awakened laughter by queer tricks, &c! 
 
 Dromedary. 
 0. H. Ger. dreno. 
 
 Droll, Ji. 1. One who raises mirth by odd tricks ; jester- 
 butfoon ; antic. 3. Something exhibited to raise mirtlj 
 or^ sport ; a farce. 
 
 Droll'er-y, n. Quahty of being droU ; sportive tricks. 
 Syn. — Archness; buffoonery; fun; comicality. 
 
 Droll'isli, a. Somewhat droll. 
 
 Drom'e-da-ry (drum''e-der-y)j 
 n . [Late Lat. dromedarius, Lat. 
 dramas (sc. camelus), from Gr. 
 fipo/xa9, running, from 5pa/uiet»/, 
 TpexeLv, to run.] (Zoiil.) A 
 species of camel having onei 
 bunch or protuberance on the 
 back, in distinction from the 
 Bactrian Camel, which has two 
 bunches. 
 
 Drone, n. [A.-S. dran, drwn. 
 
 N. H. Ger. droiu, Lith. trannt, Rus. truten.] 1. The 
 male of the honey-bee. It makes no honey, but after 
 living a few weeks, is kUled or driven from the hive. 3. 
 A lazy, idle fellow ; a sluggard. 3. A humming or low 
 sound. 4, That which gives out a grave or monotonous 
 tone or sound ; as, the largest tube of the bagpipe. 
 
 Drone, v. i. [imp. & p. p. droned; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 DRONING.] 1. To Uve in idleness. 3. To give a low, 
 heavy, duU sound. 
 
 Drone'-bee, n. The male of the bee-kind ; drone. 
 
 Drone'-fly, n. A two-winged insect resembling tbo 
 drone-bee. 
 
 Drone'-pipe, n. The largest tube of a bagpipe, or any 
 thing resembling such a tube. 
 
 Dron'isli, a. Like a drone ; idle ; sluggish ; lazy. 
 
 Drool, t". r. [Contr. fr. rfmeZ.] To drivel, or drop sali-ra^ 
 [Prov. in Eng., and a familiar nursery word in Anier.] 
 
 Droop, V. i. [imp. & p. p. DROOPED (drdbpt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DROOPING.] [Icel. driiipa, driiipi, to lower the 
 head, aUied to drop, q. v.] 1. To sink or hang down, as 
 an animal, plant, &c., from -weakness. 3. To grow 
 weak or faint ; to be dispirited or depressed. 
 Syn. — To bend ; flag ; languish ; decline. 
 
 Dr5p, n. [A.-S. dropa, drypa, Icel. dropi, 0. H. Ger. 
 trofo, N. H. Ger. tropfen.] 1. The quantity of fluid 
 which fells in one small spherical mass ; a globule 
 about to fall ; hence, also, the smallest easily measured 
 portion of a fluid. 3. That which resembles, or that 
 which hangs like, a liquid drop. 3. Whatever is ar- 
 ranged to drop, hang, or fall from an elevated position ; 
 as, (a.) A door or platform opening downward; a trap- 
 door, (b.) A machine for lowering heavy weights to a 
 ship's deck, (c.) A contrivance for temporarily lowering 
 a gas jet. (d. ) A curtain which drops in front of the 
 stage of a theater, &c. (e.) A dixjp-press. (/.) (Mach.) 
 The distance of a shaft below the base of a hanger. 4. 
 pi. Any medicine the dose of which is measured by drops. 
 5. (Naut.) Depth of a sail, from head to foot, amidships. 
 
 l>rop serene. [N. Lat. gutta serena.'] (Med.) An affection of 
 the retina, causing blindness ; — probably so called because, 
 unlike the cataract, it produces no visible change in the organ- 
 ization of the eye, or its transparency. 
 
 Drop, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DROPPED (drCpt) ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. DROPPING.] 1. To pour or let fall in drops ; to 
 distiU. 3. To cause to descend suddenly hke a drop ; to 
 let fall. 3. To let go ; to dismiss ; to set aside. 4. To 
 bestow or communicate in an indirect, cautious, or gentle 
 manner. 5. To lower, as a curtain or the muzzle of a 
 gun, and the like. 6. To send by dropping into the 
 post-office box, as a letter. 7. To cover with drops ; to 
 speckle ; to bedrop. 
 
 Drop, V. i. 1. To distiU ; to fall in globules, or drops. 
 3. To let drops fall. 3. To descend suddenly, abrupt- 
 ly, or spontaneously. 4. To die, or to die suddenly. 
 5. To come to an end ; to cease. 6. To come unexpect- 
 edly. 7. To fall or be depressed ; to lower, ii. (Naut.) 
 To be deep in extent 
 
 To drop astern (Naut.), to pass or move toward the stem ; 
 to slacken the velocity of a vessel, in order to let another pass 
 beyond her. — To drop down (Naut.), to sail, row, or move 
 down a river, or toward the sea. 
 
 Droplet, n. A httle drop. 
 
 Dr6p'-16t'ter, n. A letter dropped into a post-office 
 box, for delivery in the same town. 
 
 Drop'per, n. One who, or that which drops. 
 
 Dr6p'-pr6ss (109), n. A machine for embossing, punch- 
 ing, &c., consisting of a weight guided vertically, and 
 made to drop on an anvil. 
 
 DrSp'-Sfene, n. A curtam suspended by pulleys, which 
 drops in front of the stage, in a theater. 
 
 A,e,kc.,long; jSi,6, Sec, short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what; fire, veil, term; pique, firm; s5n, dr, dQ, wol^ 
 
DROPSICAL 
 
 229 
 
 DRY 
 
 I>r6p'si<5-al, a. 1. Diseased with dropsy. 2. Resem- 
 bling, inclined, or pertaining to, the dropsy. 
 
 I>r6p'si«-al-ness, n. The state of being dropsical. 
 
 DrSp'sy, n. [Abbreviated from hydropsy, from Gr. vSpu)\ft, 
 dropsy, from vS<ap, water, and wv//, face, from root on, to 
 see.] 1. (Med.) An unnatural collection of serous fluid 
 in any part of the body, ti, (Bot.) A disease of plants, 
 occasioned by an excess of water. 
 
 I>r6p'-wort (-wftrt), n. (Bot.) A species of Spirxa. 
 The genus affords some ornamental shrubs. 
 
 Drft.si'Jcy, n. [Russ. drozhki, diminutive oi drogi, a kind 
 of carnage, properly pi. of droga, shaft or pole of a car- 
 riage.] A peculiar kind of low four-wheeled carriage, 
 without a top, consisting of a kind of long, narrow bench, 
 on which the passengers ride as on a saddle, with their 
 feet reaching nearly to the gi-ound. It is u.sed in Rus- 
 sia and Prussia. [Written also droitzschka and droschke.] 
 
 I>ro-s6m'e-ter, n. [From Gr. 6p6o-os,dew, and fj-irpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for measuring the quantity 
 of dew on the surface of a body in the open air. 
 
 DrSss, n. [A.-S. dros, from dreosaniito fall, Goth, driu- 
 san.] 1. The scum or extraneous matter of metals, 
 thrown off in the process of melting, li. Rust ; crust 
 of metals. 3. W;iste ; impure matter ; refuse. 
 
 I>r6ss'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being drossy. 
 
 Dross'y, a. Composed of, resembling, or pertaining to 
 dross ; impure ; worthless. 
 
 Drouglit (drout), n. [A.-S. dmg&dh, drugddh, from 
 dryge, Eng. dry, q. v.] Dryness of the weather, affect- 
 ing the earth, and preventing the growth of plants. 
 
 Drouglit'i-ness (drout'-), 7t. A state of dryness of the 
 weather ; want of rain. 
 
 Drouglit'y (drout'-), a. 1. Characterized by drought ; 
 wanting rain ; dry ; arid ; adust. H. Thirsty. 
 
 Drouth, n. Same as Drought. See Drought. 
 
 Drove, iinp. of drive. See Drive. 
 
 Drove, n. [A.-S. draf, from drifan, Eng. drive, q. v.] 
 
 1. A collection of cattle, driven or designed for driving. 
 
 2. Any collection of irrational animals, moving or driv- 
 ing forward. 3. A crowd of people in motion. 4. (Agr.) 
 A narrow drain or channel used in the irrigation of land. 
 
 Drov'er, n. One who drives cattle or sheep to market. 
 
 Drown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. drowned ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. DROWNING.] [A.-S. drimcnian, to immerse, drown, 
 to drown the mind in drink, from drincan, to drink. Cf. 
 Drench.] 1. To overwhelm in water ; to submerge ; to 
 deluge ; to inundate. 2. To deprive of life by immer- 
 sion in water or other liquid ; to sink under water tUl 
 dead. 3. To overpower ; to overcome. 
 
 Drown, v. i. To be suffocated in water or other fluid. 
 
 Drowge (drouz), v. i. [imp. & p.p. drowsed ; ;9.;cir. 
 & vb. n. DROWSING.] [A.-S. dreosan, driusan, to fall, 
 to droop, Goth, driusan.] To sleep imperfectly or un- 
 soundly ; to slumber ; to dose. 
 
 Drowge, v. t. To make heavy with sleepiness. 
 
 DroAvge, n. A slight or imperfect sleep ; a doze. 
 
 Drovy'§i-ly, adv. In a drowsy manner ; sleepUy. 
 
 Drow'gi-ness, n. State of being drowsy ; sleepiness. 
 
 Drow'gy, a. [compar. drowsier; superl. DROWSI- 
 EST.] 1. Inclined to drowse or doze ; heavj' with 
 sleepiness. 3. Disposing to sleep. 3. Dull; stupid. 
 Syn.— Sleepy; lethargic; comatose; heavy; dozy; soporific. 
 
 Drub,!;, t. [imp. & p.p. drubbed; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 DRUBBING.] [Icel. drabba, to beat, Ger. & D. treffen, 
 to hit, touch, Sw. tr'dffa, to hit.] To beat with a stick. 
 Syn.— To thrash ; cudgel ; beat; pommel; thump. 
 
 Driib, n. A blow with a stick or cudgel ; a thump. 
 
 Driib'ber, n. One who drubs. 
 
 Drudge (druj), v. i. [imp. Sep. p. DRUDGED; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. DRUDGING.] [Prov. Eng. drugge, to drag ; prob. 
 a dialectic form of drag.] To work hard : to labor in 
 mean or unpleasant offices with toil and fatigue. 
 
 Drudge, n. One who drudges ; one who works hard, or 
 labors with toil and fatigue. 
 
 Drud^'er, n. One who drudges ; a drudge. 
 
 Driidg'er-y, n. Act of drudging ; hard labor ; toilsome 
 work ; ignoble toil. 
 
 Drug, n. [Fr. drogue-, from D. droog, A.-S. dryge, drige, 
 Eng. dry, orig. dry substance, herbs, plants, or wares.] 
 1. Any substance used in the composition of medicine ; 
 any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. 2. 
 Any commodity that lies on hand, or is not salable. 
 
 Drug, V. i. [imp. & p. p. drugged; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 DRUGGING.] To prescribe or administer drugs. 
 
 Drug, V. t. 1. To affect or season with drugs. 3. To 
 tincture with something offensive or injurious. 3. To 
 do9e to excess. 
 
 Driig'get, n. [Fr. droguet, dim. of drogue, drug, tra«h, 
 stuff.] A coarse, woolen cloth, stamped on one side with 
 figures, and generally used over carpets. 
 
 Drilg'gist, n. One who deals in drugs ; especially, one 
 who merely buys and sells drugs without compounding 
 or preparation. 
 
 Dr\i'id, n. [W. derwydd, pi. derwyddon, fr. dar, pi. derw, 
 oak, and gwydd, ymowledge.] A priest or minister of 
 reUgion, among the ancient Celtic nations in Gaul, Brit- 
 ain, and Germany. 
 
 Dru'id-ess, n. A female Druid ; an enchantress. 
 
 Drii-id'ic, I a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the 
 
 Dru-id'i«-al, j Druids or their rehgion. 
 
 Dru'id-igm, n. The system of reUgion, philosophy, and 
 instruction received and taught by the Druids. 
 
 Drum, n. [Icel. trumba, 0. H. Ger. trumba, a trumpet; 
 0. Sax. drom, noise ; A.-S. dryme, dream, joy, gladnes?, 
 song, music, instrument of music ; Goth, drunjus, a 
 sound.] 1. (Mus.) An instrument of music, consist- 
 ing of a hollow cyUnder or hemisphere, upon which a 
 piece of vellum is stretched, to be beaten with a stick. 
 "Z, ( Mil. ) A drummer. 3. Any th|>ig resembling a drum 
 inform; as, (a.) A sheet-iron radiator, which receives 
 heat from a stove-pipe, (b.) A small cylindrical box in 
 which figs, &c., are packed, (c.) (Anat.) The tympa- 
 num or barrel of the ear. (d.) (Arch.) The upright part 
 of a cupola, either above or below a dome ; also the bell- 
 formed part of the Corinthian and composite capitals. 
 (e.) (3Iech.) A short cylinder revolving on an axis, for 
 turning wheels by means of straps around it. 4. (Ichth.) 
 A genus of fishes which have the power to make a pecu- 
 liar drumming or grunting sound under water. 
 
 Drum, V. i. [imp. & p. p. drummed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DRUMMING.] 1. To beat or play a tune on a drum, 
 3. To beat with the fingers, as with drum-sticks. 3, To 
 beat, as the heart ; to throb. 4. To go about to gather 
 recruits, secure partizans, customers, &c. 
 
 Drum, V. t. Tb execute on a drum, as a tune ; with out, 
 to expel with beat of drum; — with up, to assemble by 
 beat of drum ; to gather; — hence, also, without up, to 
 solicit the custom of by personal application to sellers or 
 
 Drum'-f isli, n. See DRUM. [buyers. 
 
 Drum'-head, n. 1. The upper part of a drum. 2. 
 The top of a capstan, which is pierced with holes for 
 levers used in turning it. 
 
 Drum-head court-martial (Mil.), a court-martial called sud- 
 denly or on the field. 
 
 Drum'-ma'jor, n. The chief drummer of a regiment. 
 
 Driim'mer, n. One who beats a drvmi. 
 
 Drum'mond-Uglit (-lit), n. [From Captain Drum- 
 mond.] A very intense Ught, produced by turning two 
 streams of gas, one oxygen and the other hydrogen, in a 
 state of ignition, upon a ball of Ume, or a stream of oxy- 
 gen gas through a flame of alcohol. 
 
 Drum' stick;, n. 1. A stick vdth which a drum is beat- 
 en. 2. Any thing resembling a drumstick in form, as 
 the upper joint of the leg of a fowl. 
 
 Drunk, a. [From drunken. See Drink.] 1. Overcome 
 by driuking ; intoxicated ; inebriated. 2. Drenched or 
 saturated with moisture or Uquor. 
 
 Driink'ard, n. One who habitually drinks to excess ; a 
 sot ; a toper ; an inebriate. 
 
 Driink'en (drunk'n), a. 1. Given to excessive drink- 
 ing ; intoxicated ; inebriated. 2. Drenched. 3. Per- 
 taining to, or proceeding from, intoxication. 
 
 Driink'en-ness (109), n. 1. State of being drunken; 
 intoxication ; inebriety. 2. Disorder of the faculties, 
 resembling intoxication by Uquors. 
 
 Syn. — Intoxication ; inebriation ; inebriety. — Drunkenruss 
 refers more to the habit of excessive drinking ; intoxication 
 and inebriation, to specific acts. The fij:st two words are ex- 
 teneively used in a figurative sense. 
 
 Dru-pa'ceous, a. (Bot.) Producing, or pertaining to, 
 drupes ; resembling a drupe. 
 
 Drupe, n. [Lat. drupa, an over-ripe, wrinkled olive, Gr. 
 SpvTTTra, from fipuTrer/js, ripened on the tree, over-ripe, 
 properly ready to fall ft-om the tree, from 6pvs, oak, tree, 
 and TrtTrTeii/, to fall.] (Bot.) A pulpy, coriaceous or 
 fibrous pericarp or fruit, without valves, containing a 
 nut or stone with a kernel. 
 
 Druse, n. [Ger. druse, bonny, crystallized piece of ore, 
 Bohem. druza, Cf. Dross.] (Mining.) A cavity in a 
 rock, having its interior surface studded with crystals or 
 filled with water. 
 
 Dry, a. [compar. DRIER ; superl. DRIEST.] [A.-S. dryg, 
 dryge, drige, drege.] 1. Free from moisture of any kind; 
 arid ; — said especially, (a.) Of the weather, free from rain 
 OI mist, (b.) Of vegetable matter, free from juices or sap; 
 
 food, fobt y urn, riide, pull •, ^ell, phaise, -call, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link: ; tiii»> 
 
JDKY 
 
 230 
 
 DULCET 
 
 not green, (c.) Of animals, not giving milk, (rf.) Of 
 parsons, thirstv ; mvding drink, (r.) Of the eyes, not 
 shedding tears." '2. IVstitute of that which interests or 
 amuses; uneuibelllshed ; plain. 3. Characterized by keen- 
 ness, shrewdness, or sjux-asm ; shrewd; sharp. 4. (Fine 
 Arts.) Exhibiting a shiu-p, frigid preciseuess of execution. 
 
 Ih-v-cuppino (JJcd.\ the application of a cupping-glass with- 
 out scarittcation of the skin. — Dr;/ goods {Com.), cloths, laces, 
 ribbons, &c.. in distinction tVom groceries. — JJn/ measure, a 
 measure of volume for drv or coarse articles. — Dry wine, that 
 m which the s^iccharine matter and the fermentation are so 
 exactly- balanced, that they have mutually decomposed each 
 other, ami uo sweetness is perceptible. 
 
 Dry. V. t. [imp. & p. p. dried ; p. pr. & vb. n. dry- 
 ing.] To five from water, or from moisture of any kind, 
 and by any meuns. 
 
 To dry up, (a.) To scorch or parch with thirst. (6.) iColloq.l 
 To stop'taJxing. 
 
 Dry, I'. ). 1. To grow dry ; to lose moisture. JJ. To 
 evaporate wholly ; to be exhaled. 
 
 Dry'ad, n. [Lat. dryas, pi. dryades, Gr. Spvas, pi. Spvd- 
 Ses, from Spvs, oah| tree.] {Myth.) A female deity or 
 nymph of the woods. 
 
 Drv'er, n. One who dries. See DRIER. 
 
 Dry'iiig, a. 1. Adapted to exhaust moisture. 3. Hav- 
 ing the quality of x-apidly becoming dry and hard. 
 
 Dry'ly, adv. In a dry manner. 
 
 Drv'ness, «. The state of being dry. [by hand. 
 
 Drv'-nftrse, n. A nurse who attends and feeds a child 
 
 Dry'-point, n. A sharp needle used in copper-plate en- 
 graving to draw fine hues, and to make fine dots in stip- 
 pUng and shading. 
 
 I>ry'-r6t, n. A rapid decay of timber, by which its sub- 
 stance is converted into a dry powder. 
 
 Dry'-riib, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. DRY-RUBBED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DRY-RUBBING.] To rub and cleanse without wetting. 
 
 Dry'-aalt'er, n. 1. A dealer in salted or dry meats, 
 pickles', sauces, &c. i2. A dealer in dru^fs, dye-stuffs, and 
 chemicals generally. 
 
 Dry'- salt' er-y, n. The articles kept by a dry-salter ; 
 the business of a dry-salter. [two; duaUty. 
 
 Du'ad, n. [Gr. 6vas, Sudfio?, from hvo, two.] Union of 
 
 Du'al, a. [Lat. dualis, from duo, two.] Expressing, or 
 consisting of, the number two ; belonging to two. 
 
 Du.'al-ism, n. The dividing into two ; anything divided 
 into two ; a twofold division ; a system which assumes, 
 or is founded on a double principle. 
 
 Du'al-ist, n. One who beUeves in dualism. 
 
 Du'al-ist'i€, a. Consisting of two ; pertaining to dual- 
 ism or duaUty. 
 
 Du-ai'i-ty, n. 1. That which expresses two in number. 
 3. Division; separation. 3. The state or quality of 
 being two. 
 
 Du'ar-chy, n. [Gr. Suo, two, and apxni government.] 
 Government by two persons. 
 
 Dub, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DUBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DUBBING.] [A.-S. dubban, Icel. dubba, to strike, beat.] 
 
 1. To strike with a sword and make a knight. 3. To 
 invest with any dignity ; to entitle. 
 
 DiibTber, n. One who, or that which, dubs. 
 Du'bi-ous, a. [Lat. dubius, fr. dubare, equiv. to dubi- 
 tare, to doubt.] 1. Not settled, or doubtful, in opinion. 
 
 2. Occasioning doubt. 3. Of uncertain event or issue. 
 Syn. — Doubting ; unsettled ; undetermined ; doubtful ; 
 
 ambiguous ; equivocal ; questionable ; uncertain ; precarious. 
 
 DuTi>i-ous-ly, adv. In a dubious manner ; doubtfully ; 
 uncertainly. 
 
 Du'bi-ous-ness, n. The state or condition of being 
 dubious ; doubtfulness ; uncertainty. 
 
 Du'bi-ta-tive, a. Tending to doubt. [Rare.l 
 
 Dfl'cal (30), a. [Lat. ducalis, from dux, leader or com- 
 mander.) Pertaining to a duke. 
 
 Du'<;al-ly , adv. In the manner of or becoming a duke. 
 
 Du«'at, n. [Fr. ducat, L. Lat. ducatus, from dux, leader 
 or commander.] A coin, either of sUver or gold, of several 
 rountries in Europe, struck in the dominions of a duke. 
 
 Du.<;'a-tdbn', n. [Fr. & Sp. ducaton, from ducat.] A 
 silver coin of several countries of Europe. 
 
 Diich'ess, n. [Fr. duckesse, from due, duke.] The con- 
 sort or widow of a duke ; also, a lady who has the sov- 
 ereignty of a duchy in i'er own right. 
 
 Dii'eli'y, n. Territory or dominions of a duke ; dukedom. 
 
 Diick, n. [0. Sax. dok, Icel. dukr, N. H. Ger. tuch, cloth.] 
 A species of coarse cloth or Ught canvas, used for small 
 sails, sacking of beds, &c. 
 
 Diick, n. [From the verb to duck, q. v.] 1. (Ornith.) A 
 well-known water-fowl. 3. An inclination of the head, 
 resembUng the motion of a duck in water. 
 
 To make ducks and drakes, to throw a flat stone, or the like, 
 obUquely, 60 as to make it rebound repeatedly from the surface 
 of the water. — Lame duck. See Lame. 
 
 Diick, n. [Dan. dukke, Ger. docke, doll, baby, or puppet, 
 See DOXY.] A pet : a darhng. 
 
 Diick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ducked (diikt) : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. DUCKING.] [0. H. Ger. tixh/ian, D. dxdken to stoop, 
 dive, plunge, Prov. Eng. douk.] 1. To plunge into water 
 and suddenly withdraw ; to immerse. 3. To plunge the 
 head of in water, immediately withdrawing it. 3. To 
 bow, stoop, or nod. 
 
 Diick, v.i. 1, To plunge the head in water or other 
 hquid. 3. To drop the head or person suddenly. 
 
 Diick'-bill, n. (Zo67.) A mammiferous animal of Aus- 
 tralia and Van Diemen's Land, having a biU resembling 
 that of a duck, with the head of a quadruped. 
 
 Diick'er, n. 1. One who ducks ; a plunger ; a diver. 
 3. A cringing, servile person ; a fawner. 
 
 Duckling- stool, n. [Cf. Cucking-stool.] A stool 
 or chair in which common scolds were formerly tied, and 
 plunged into water, as a punishment ; a cucking-stooL 
 
 Diick'ling, n. A young or little duck. 
 
 Dii-et, n. [Lat- ductus, a leading conduit, from ducere, to 
 lead.] Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other sub- 
 stance is conducted or conveyed to its destination. 
 
 Dii-e'tile, a. [Lat. ductilis, from ducere, to lead.] 1. 
 Easily led or drawn out ; tractable ; flexible ; pliable ; 
 compliant ; obsequiotis. 3. Capable of being drawn out 
 into wire or threads. 
 
 Dii-e'tile-ness, 1 n. Quality of being ductile ; tractable- 
 
 Du«-til'i-ty, i ness ; flexibility ; pliableness. 
 
 Dixd'geon (diid/jun), n. [Cf. Ger. degen, sword, M. Ger. 
 dagger.] A small dagger ; also, the hilt of a dagger. 
 
 Dixd'geon (dQd'jun), n. [W. dygen, anger, grudg«.] 
 Anger ; resentment ; maUce ; ill-will ; discord. 
 
 Diidg, n. ; pi. [Scot, dud, rag, D. todde.] Old clothes ; 
 tattered garments ; colloquially, effects in general. 
 
 Diie, «. [Fr. d&, p. p. of devoir, to owe, Lat. debere.] 1. 
 Owed; proper to be paid or done to another. 3. Re- 
 quired by the circumstances ; proper ; suitable ; hence, 
 enforced by conscience ; becoming ; appropriate ; fit. 3. 
 Appointed ; exact. 4. Liable to come at any moment. 
 5. Owing ; occasioned. 
 
 Diie, adv. Directly ; exactly ; duly. 
 
 Due, n. 1. That which is owed; that which custom, 
 station, or law reqmres to be paid ; a fee ; an emolument. 
 3. Right ; just title or claim. 
 
 Due'-bOl, n. ( Com.) A brief written acknowledgment of a 
 debt, not payable to order or transferable by indorsement. 
 
 DU'el, n. [Lat. duellum,, originally , a contest between two, 
 which passed into the common form, bellum, war.] A com- 
 bat between two persons ; especially, a premeditated fight 
 between two persons to decide some private difference. 
 
 Dii'el, V. i. To fight in single combat ; to fight a duel. 
 
 Dti'el, V. t. To attack or fight singly. 
 
 Du'el-ist, n. One who fights in single combat. 
 
 Du-el'lo, n. [It.] 1. A duel. 3. Practice of dueling, 
 or the code of laws which regulates it. 
 
 Duena ( doo-an'y a ),n. See Dona. 
 
 Du-en'na, n.; pi. DU-EN'NAg. [Sp. duenna, duena, f. 
 of dueno, don, from Lat. domina, dominus. See Don.] 
 1. The chief lady in waiting on the queen of Spain. 3. 
 An elderly lady appointed to have charge over the young 
 ladies in a Spanish or Portuguese family. 3. Any old 
 woman kept to guard a younger one ; a governess. 
 
 Du-et', «. [From Lat. rfito, two.] (ikfMs.) A composition 
 for two performers. 
 
 Diif fel, n. [Written also duffle.] [L. Ger. & D. duffel, 
 perhaps from Duffel, in the Netherlands.] A kind of 
 coarse woolen cloth, having a thick nap. 
 
 Diig, n. [Sw. ddgga, Dan. ddgge, to suckle (a child), 
 probably allied to Goth, daddjan, Gr. SrjAa^eH/.] A teat, 
 or nipple, especially of a cow or other beast. 
 
 Diig, imp. & p. p. of dig. See DIG. 
 
 Du-gong', n. [Malayan dUydng, Javan. duyung.] ( Zo'dl. ) 
 A swimming mammal of the East Indian seas, having the 
 aquatic habits of the whales, but herbivorous, and re- 
 ferred to a separate group. 
 
 Diike(30), n. [Fr. duo, from Lat. dux, duds, leader, com- 
 mander, from ducere, to lead, allied to A.-S. tedhan, tedn, 
 Goth, tiuhan, Eng. tug and tow.] 1. A leader ; a chief. 
 [ 065.] 3. One of the highest order of nobility next below 
 the Prince of Wales. [Eng.] 3. A sovereign prince, in 
 some European countries, without the title of king. 
 
 Diike'dom, n. 1. Seigniory or possessions of a duke. 
 3. Title or quality of a duke. 
 
 Diil'^et, a. [0. Fr. dulcet, dolcet, doucet, dim. of dots, 
 dous, now doux, Lat. dulcis, sweet.] 1. Sweet to the 
 
 a,e,&c., ^ong; &,6, Sec, short; c4re,far,ask,all,'wliat; 6re,veil, term ; pique, firm; son, dr, do, 'W9l^ 
 
DULCIFICATION 
 
 231 
 
 DUPLICATE 
 
 taste ; luscious. 2. Sweet to the ear ; melodious ; har- 
 monious. 3. Pleasing to any of the senses or to the mind. 
 
 Dill'fi-fi-ca'tioii, n. Act of dulcifying or sweetening. 
 
 Dul'^i-fy. V. t. [imp. & p. p. DULCIFIED ; p. pr. & f*. 
 n. DULCIFYIXG.] [Lat. dulcis, sweet, and facere, to 
 make.] To make sweet ; to sweeten. 
 
 Diil'fi-mer, n. [Fr. dxdchner, It. 
 dolcemele, from dolce, Lat. dulcis, 
 •sweet, and Gr. /u.e'A.os, melody, mu- 
 sic] (iUM5.) A stringed instrument, 
 played on with little sticks or me- 
 tallic rods. 
 
 Dull, a. [compar. DULLER ; siiperl. 
 DULLEST.] [A.-S. dol, dvol, dval, 
 erring, foolkh, from dv'clan, to be Dulcinur. 
 
 dull, dwolian, to wander, rave, Icel. dull, foolishness, 
 Goth. rfL'a/5, foohsh, stupid.] 1. Slow of understanding. 
 2. Slow in action, motion, perception, comprehension, 
 sensibility, and the like qualities. 3. Lacking sharp- 
 ness ; blunt. 4. Not bright or clear to the eye. 5. 
 Heavy ; gross ; cloggy ; insensible. 6. Furnishing little 
 delight, spirit, or variety. 
 
 Syn.— Lifeless; inanimate; dead; stupid; doltish; sluggish; 
 sleepy; drowsy; cheerless; cloudy; tarnished; obtuse. 
 
 Dull, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DULLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 DULLING.] 1. To make duU, stupid, or sluggish; to 
 stupefy. 2. To make blunt. 3. To render ton or ob- 
 scure. 4. To deprive of liveliness or activity. 
 
 Dfl.ll, V. i. To become dull or blunt ; to become stupid. 
 
 Dull'ard, n. A stupid person ; a dolt ; a dunce. 
 
 Dull'ness, «. State of being dull ; slowness; stupidity; 
 heaviness ; drowsiness ; bluntness ; obtuseness ; dimnesss. 
 
 Diil'ly (109), adv. In a dull manner. 
 
 Dulse, n. (Bot.) A sea-weed of a reddish-brown color, 
 which adheres to the rocks, and is sometimes eaten. 
 
 Du'ly, adv. [From due.] In a due, fit, or becoming 
 manner; properly; regularly; at the proper time. 
 
 Dumb (dum), a. [A.-S. dumb, Goth, dumbs, Icel. dumbi; 
 Gael, dubh, black, dark.] 1. Destitute of the power of 
 speech. 2. Not wilUng to speak ; mute ; sUent ; speechless. 
 
 Duiub'-bell§ (dQm/-), n. Two 
 spheres of iron or other heavy ma- 
 terial, connected b\- a short bar for a 
 handle ; — used as a weight for swing- 
 ing in the hands. 
 
 Dftmb'ly (dum'lj'), adv. In silence ; 
 mutely. 
 
 Duiiib'ness(diim'nes), n. ThequaUty Dumb-beUs 
 or state of being dtunb ; muteness ; silence. 
 
 Dumb'-sliow (dum^sho), n. Gesture without words; 
 pantomime.' 
 
 Dumb'-"»vait'er (dQm-), n. A movable frame by which 
 dishes, &c., are passed from one story to another. 
 
 Duxu'found, ) v. t. To strike dumb ; to confuse. 
 
 Dum'found-er, J [CoUoq. Low.] 
 
 Dum'my, n. 1. One who is dvunb. 2. A dumb-waiter. 
 [CoUoq.] 3. A sham package in a shop. 4. A figure 
 on which clothing is exhibited, as in shop windows. 5. 
 A locomotive with condensing engines, and, hence, with- 
 out the noise of escaping steam. 6. The fourth or ex- 
 posed haxid when three persons play at cards. 
 
 Dum-'my, a. 1, Silent ; mute. 2. Fictitious or sham. 
 
 Dump, n. [D. domp, damp, Ger. dampf, vapor, smoke; 
 Ger. dumpf, damp, dull, gloomy. Cf. DAllp.] A duU, 
 gloomy state of the mind : sadness : melancholy ; sorrow ; 
 despondency ; — ueually in the plural. 
 
 Dump, V. t. To unload from a cart by tilting it up. 
 
 Dump'isli, a. Dvdl ; stupid ; sad ; moping ; melancholy. 
 
 Dump'isb-ly, adv. In a dumpish manner. 
 
 Dilmp'isli-iiess, n. A state of being dumpish. 
 
 Dump'liug, n. [Cf Eng. dumpy, short and thick, D. 
 dompelen, to plunge, dip, duck.] A kind of pudding or 
 mass of paste, in cookery. 
 
 Dump'y, a. [Cf. dumpling and Icel. ddmp, a stout or 
 thick servant-maid ; dempa, to check.] Short and thick. 
 
 Dun, a. [A.-S. dunn, W. dwn.] 1. Of a dark color ; 
 partaking of a brown and black ; swarthy. 2. Dark ; 
 gloomy ; obscure. 
 
 Dun, V. t. To ctire, as cod-fish, in such a manner as to give 
 them a dun color. [Amer.] 
 
 Dun, V. t. [imp. & p. p. dunxed (dund) ; p.pr. k, vb. 
 n. DUNNING.] [A.-S. dynian, Icel. dynia, to make a 
 din, to clamor.] To beset, or ask with importunity, as a 
 debtor, for payment. 
 
 Dun, n. 1. One who duns. 2. An urgent request or 
 demand of payment. 
 
 Dun^e, n. [Grer. duns, from Johannes Duns Scotus, 
 caUed the subtle doctor, who died in 1308. See Note in- 
 
 fra,.] A person of weak intellect; a dullard; a dolt ; a 
 thickskull ; a simpleton. 
 
 03" The term Duns, from Scotus, " so famous for his subtUl 
 quiddities," says Stanihurst, " Is so trivial and common in all 
 schools, that whoso surpasseth others either in cavilling sophis- 
 trie, or subtill philoeophie, is forthwith nicknamed a lAms." 
 This, he tells us in the margin, is the reason " why schoolmen 
 are called Bunses." The word easily passed into a term of 
 scorn. 
 
 Dun'der-li^ad, ) n. [Prov. Eng. dunder, same as thun- 
 
 Dun'der-pate, ) der. In German compounds, rfonn«-, 
 thunder, increases the bad sense of a word.] A dunce. 
 
 Dune, n. [See Down, a bank of sand.] A low hill of 
 sand accumulated on a sea-coast. 
 
 Diln'-fisli, n. Cod-fish cured or prepared in suchaman- 
 ner as to give it a dun or brown color. 
 
 Dung, n. [A.-S. dung, excrement, dyngan, to dang.] 
 The excrement of an animal. 
 
 Diing, V. t. 1. To manure with dung. 2. ( Calico 
 Print. ) To immerse in a bath of cow-dung diffused in 
 hot water. 
 
 Dung, V. i. To void excrement. 
 
 Duu'geon (dtln''jun), n. [Either from Ir. daingean. 
 stronghold, fortification, or Armor, doun, deep, or Ir. 
 dUn, fortified hill, or Lat. domus (fortis), a (strong) 
 house.] 1. Donjon. [See DoNJON.] 2. A secure pris- 
 on ; especially a dark, subterranean place of confinement. 
 
 Dixng'-forlc, n. A fork with several tines, used to re- 
 move or spread dung. 
 
 Dung'hUl, n. 1. A heap of dung. 2. Any mean 
 situation or condition ; a vile abode. 
 
 Diing'y, a. Full of dung ; filthy ; nasty ; vile. 
 
 Dunk'er, n. The same as Tunker. See Tunker. 
 
 Dun'lin, n. [Probably of Celtic origin. Cf. Gael, dun, 
 hiU, Eng. dwie, low sand hill, and Gael, linne, Ir. linn, 
 pool, pond, lake.] (Ornith.) A species of sandpiper. 
 
 Dun'nage, H. [Cf. dun, mound, and du7ie.] (Naut.) (a.) 
 Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, laid on 
 the bottom of a ship to raise heavy goods above the 
 bottom to prevent injury by water in the hold. (6.) 
 Loose articles of merchandise wedged between parts of 
 the cargo, to prevent rubbing and to hold them steady. 
 
 Diin'ner, n. [From dun.] One employed in soliciting 
 the payment of debts. 
 
 Dun'nish., a. Inclined to a dun color. 
 
 Du'o, n. [Lat. two.] (Mus.) A duet. 
 
 Du'o-de^'i-mal, a. [From Lat. duodecim, twelve.] 
 Proceeding in computation by twelves. 
 
 Du^o-de^'i-malg, «. i?^. {Arith.) A kind of multiplica- 
 tion in which the denominations proceed by twelves, as 
 of feet and inches. 
 
 Du'o-dep'i-mo, a. [Lat. m duodecimo, from duodeci- 
 mus, twelfth, from duodecim, twelve.] Formed of sheets 
 folded so as to make twelve leaves. 
 
 Du/o-dep'i-mo, n. ; pi. DtJ/o-DE^'l-Mog. 1. A book 
 in which a sheet is folded into twelve leaves. 2. The 
 size of a book thus composed ; — usually indicated thus : 
 12mo. or 12°. 
 
 Du'o-den'a-ry, a. [Lat. duodenarius, from duodeni, 
 twelve, by twelve.] Kelating to the number twelve; 
 twelvefold ; increasing by twelves. 
 
 Du'o-de'num, n. [N. Lat., from duodeni, twelve each ," 
 because its length is about 12 fingers' breadth.] {Anat.) 
 The first of the smaU intestines. 
 
 Dupe, n. [Fr. , from Prov. Fr. dupe, duppe, equiv. to duppe, 
 hoopoe, a kind, foolish bird, which is easily caught.] One 
 who is duped or misled ; a gull. 
 
 Dupe (30), V. t. [imp. & p. p. DUPED (dSpt, 108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DUPING.] To deceive ; to trick ; to mislead by 
 imposing on one's credulity. 
 
 Du'ple (dii/pl), a. [Lat. dupltis.] Double. 
 
 Duple ratio (Math.), that in which the antecedent term is 
 double the consequent. — Sub-duple ratio, the reverse of dttfile 
 ratio. 
 
 Da'plex, a. [Lat., from duo, two, and plicare, to foM.J 
 Double ; twofold. 
 
 Duplexratio (Jfath.), the product of a ratio. — Z)w»fea; esccyje- 
 ment, a peculiar kind of watch escapement, in which, the scape 
 wheel having two sets of teeth, a double action takes place at 
 each vibration of the balance. 
 Dti'pli-eate, a. [Lat. duplicatus, p. p. of duplicare, to 
 double, from duplex, double, twofold.] Double ; twofold. 
 
 Duplicate proportion, or ratio (Math.}, the proportion or ratio 
 of squares. 
 Du'pli-eate, n. 1. That which exactly resembles some- 
 thing else : hence, a copy : a transcript ; a counterpart, 
 2. That which is of the same kind as some other thinr, 
 but not necessarily resembling it in other respects. 3. 
 
 food, f c»bt ; ttrn, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, «all, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, link ; tills. 
 
DUPLICATE 
 
 232 
 
 DYNAMICS 
 
 {Lav.) A document which is the ssanie as another in all 
 ossontiiu particulars, ami differing from a more copy in 
 having all the validity of an original. 
 
 Dii'pU-eate, v. t. [tmp. & p.p. duplicated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DIPLICATING.J 1. To double; to make a 
 copy or transcript of. "2. (Physiol.) To divide into two 
 bv uatunil crvuvth or spontaneous action. 
 
 Da'pll-ca'tiou, n. 1. The act of duplicating or doub- 
 ling. *2. ( i'/i i/.s/i)/. ) Act or process of dividing by natural 
 growth or spontaneous action. 
 
 I>u'pli-*>a-tive, a. Having the quality of duplicating 
 or doubling. [membrane or vessel. 
 
 I>u'pli-4'a-ture (53), n. A doubling; a fold, as of a 
 
 Du-plif 'i-ty, ". ILat. duplicitas, from dupiex, double.] 
 
 1. Doubieuess of heart, speech ordeaUng ; dissimulation. 
 'Z. (Ltnv.) The use of two or more distinct allegations or 
 answers, where one is sufficient. 
 
 Sjii.— Double-dealing; deceit; guile; deception. 
 
 Dii'ra-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being durable. 
 Du'ra-ble (89), «• [Lat. durabilb, from durare, to last.] 
 
 Able to endure or continue in a particular condition ; not 
 
 perishable or changeable. 
 
 Syn. — Lasting; abiding; permanent; firm; stable; contin- 
 uing; constant. 
 
 Dii'ra-ble-ness, n. Power of lasting ; durability. 
 
 I>u'ra-bly, adv. In a durable or lasting mariner. 
 
 Du'rd-ind'ter, n. [Lat., lit., hard mother; — called 
 mater, because it was formerly thought to give rise to 
 every membrane of the body.] {Anat.) The outer mem- 
 brane of the brain. 
 
 Dur'aiife, n. [Lat. durans, p. pr. of durare, to endure, 
 last.] 1. Continuance; duration; endurance. 2. Im- 
 prisonment ; duress. 
 
 Du-ra'tion, n. 1. QuaUty of during or enduring ; du- 
 rability. !i. Continuance in time ; prolonged existence ; 
 portion of time during which any thing exists. 
 
 Du'ress, or Du-ress', n. [Lat. duritia, durities, from 
 durus, hard.] 1. Hardship ; constraint ; imprisonment. 
 
 3. ( Laiv. ) The state of compulsion or necessity in which 
 a person is indviced, by the restraint of his hberty or 
 menace of bodily harm, to do some legal act, or to com- 
 mit a misdemeanor. 
 
 # Dur'ing. [Originally the p. pr. of dure (obs.), to last, 
 
 now used as aprep.] In the time of; as long as the ac- 
 tion or existence of. 
 
 Durst, imp. of dare. See DARE. 
 
 Diisk, a. [Cf. L. Ger. duster, N. H. Ger. duster, D. duis- 
 ter, A.-S. tliystre, theostre, Russ. tush, tarnish.] Tend- 
 ing to darkness or blackness ; darkish. 
 
 Diisk, n. 1. Imperfect obscurity ; twilight. 3. A color 
 partially black or dark. 
 
 Dusk'i-ly, adv. In a dusky manner; darkly ; dimly. 
 
 Diisk'i-ness, w. The state of being dusky ; dimness. 
 
 Diisk'isli, a. Moderately dusky ; partially obscure. 
 
 Diisk'y, a. 1. Partially dark or obscure ; dusk. 2. 
 Tending to blackness in color ; dark-colored. 3. Gloomy ; 
 gad ; melancholy. 4. Intellectually clouded. 
 
 Dust, n. [A.-S., Icel., & L. Ger. dust, aUied to Ger. 
 dunst, vapor.] 1. Very fine, dry particles of earth, or 
 other matter ; powder ; fine sand. 3. The earth as the 
 resting-place of the dead; the grave. 3. A low condition. 
 
 4. Gold dust ; hence, money ; cash ; specie. 
 
 To raise, or kiclc up, the dust, to make a commotion. 
 
 Diist, V. t. [imp. & p. p. DUSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. DUST- 
 ING.] 1. To free from dust. 3. To sprinkle with dust. 
 3. To reduce to a fine powder. 
 
 Diist'-brusli, n. A brush for removing dust, as from 
 articles of furniture. 
 
 Dust'er, n. 1. One who dusts; a utensil for dusting. 
 
 2. A light over-garment, worn to protect the clothing 
 from dust in traveling. 
 
 Dfist'i-ness, n. The state of being dusty. 
 
 Dfist'-mftn, «.; pi. dDst'-men. One whose employ- 
 ment is to carry away dirt and filth. 
 
 Dilst'y, a. [com/>ar. dustier; .wperL dustiest.] 1. 
 Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust. 2. Like dust; 
 of the color of dust. 
 
 Dtitcli, a. [N. D. duitsch, German, orig. popular, na- 
 tional, from 0. H. Ger. diot, thiot, diota, thiota, Goth. 
 thiuda, A.-S. thedd, the ^leople. The English have ap- 
 plied the name especially to the Germanic people living 
 nearest them, the Hollanders.] (Geog.) Pertaining to 
 Holland, to its inhabitants, or their language. 
 
 Dutch cheese, a small, round, hard checHe, made from skim 
 milk.— Ihxtch clinker, a kind of lon(;, hard brick made in Hol- 
 land. — DvichfoU, Dutch leaf, or Dutch gold, an alloy of cop- 
 
 ier and zinc, rolled or beaten into thin sheets. — Dutch ovtn, a 
 tin screen for baking before a lire; also, in the United States, a 
 shallow iron kettle lor baking, with a cover to hold bumiiig 
 coals. — Dutch piiik, chalk or whiting dyed yellow, and used in 
 distemper, and for paper-staining, &.c.— Dutch tile, a glazed 
 and painted ornamental tile, formerly muck used in the jambs 
 of chunneys. 
 
 IS®- Dxitch was formerly used by good writers for Oermati, 
 and is even now sometimes so used, ni certain portions of the 
 United States, either ignorantly or in contempt. 
 
 Diltcli, 0. t. To render clear and hard by dipping into 
 hot oil, sand, &c., as goose-quills. 
 
 Du'te-ous, a. [From duty.] Performing that which is 
 due, or that which law, justice, or propriety requires. 
 
 Du'te-oiis-ly, adv. In a duteous manner. 
 
 Du'te-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being duteous. 
 
 Du'ti-a-ble, a. [See DUTY.] Subject to the payment 
 of a duty. [Am.er.] 
 
 Du'ti-ful, a. 1. Performing the duties or obligations 
 required by law, justice, or propriety ; submissive to nat- 
 ural or legal superiors. H. Controlled by, or proceeding 
 from, a sense of duty. 
 
 Syn. — Duteous; obedient; reverent; reverential; submis- 
 sive; respectful. 
 
 Du'ti-ful-ly , adv. In a dutiful manner ; obediently. 
 
 Du'ti-ful -ness, n. State of being dutiful ; obedience. 
 
 Du'ty,«. [From rfwe.] 1. That which is due from one per- 
 son to another ; especially, that which a person is bound, 
 by any obligation, to do, or refrain from doing, ij. Ser- 
 vice rendered ; respectful obedience ; — said especially of 
 military service. 3 . Respect ; reverence ; regard. 4. 
 ( Com.) Tax, toll, impost, or customs ; excise. 
 
 Du-um'vir, n.; pi. du-um'vi-ri. [Lat., from duo, 
 two, and vir, man.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of two Roman 
 officers or magistrates united in the same public func- 
 tions. 
 
 Du-iiiri'vi-rate (45), n. Union of two men in the same 
 office ; or the ofiice, dignity, or government of two men 
 thus associated. 
 
 Dwarf, n. [L. Ger. dwarf, A.-S. dveorg, Icel. dvergr, 
 N. H. Ger. zwerg.] An animal or plant much below the 
 ordinary size of the species ; especially, a diminutive man. 
 
 Dwarf, V. t. {imp. & p. p. dwarfed (dwarft) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. DWARFING.] To hinder from growing to the 
 natural size ; to stunt. 
 
 Dwarfish, a. Like a dwarf; below the common stat- 
 ure or size; very small ; low; petty; despicable. 
 
 Dw^arf'ish-ness, n. Smallness of stature. 
 
 Dwarf '-wall, n. (Arch.) A low waU, not as high as the 
 story of a building. 
 
 Dw611, V. i. [imp. & p. p. dwelled, usually DWELT ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. DWELLING.] [Icel. dvelia, to linger, 
 delay, dvali, dream, delay, allied to A.-S. dvelan, to be 
 stupid. Cf. Dull.] To abide as a permanent resident, 
 or to inhabit for a time ; to be domiciled. 
 
 To dwell on, or upon, (a.) To continue on; to occupy a long 
 
 time with. (6.) To hang on with attention; to be absorbed with. 
 
 Syn. — To reside; sojourn; continue; stay; rest; remain. 
 
 Dwell'er, n. An inhabitant ; a resident. 
 
 Dwell'ing, n. Habitation; abode; domicile. 
 
 Dwell'iug-liouse, n. A house intended for residence, 
 in distinction from a store, ofiice, &c. 
 
 Dw^ell'ing-plape, n. Place of residence ; abode. 
 
 DTvin'dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. dwindled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. DWINDLING.] [0. Eng. dwine, A.-S. dvinan, to 
 pine, fade, vanish.] To diminish ; to waste away. 
 
 Dw^iu'dle, v. t. 1. To make less; to bring low. 3. 
 To break ; to disperse. 
 
 Dwiu'dle, w. Process of dwindling ; decline. 
 
 Dye, V. t. [imp. & p. p. dyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. dyeing.] 
 [A.-S. deagarij deagian, from deag, color, allied to Lat. 
 tingere, for tiger e.] To stain ; to color; to give a new 
 and permanent color to. [ried on. 
 
 Dye'-house, n. A building in which dyeing is car- 
 
 Dy'er, n. One whose occupation is to dye cloth, &c. 
 
 Dy'ing, a. 1. Destined to death ; mortal. 3. Support- 
 ing a dying person. 3. Pertaining to death ; manifested 
 in the hour of death. 
 
 Dyke, «. See Dike. 
 
 Dy-nam'e-ter, n. [From Gr. Svvafii?, power, and^eTpoy, 
 measure.] (Opt.) An instrument for determining the 
 magnifying power of telescopes. 
 
 Dyn^a-mgt'ri-e-al, a. Pertaining to a dynameter. 
 
 Dy-nam'i-e, \a. [Gr. Swa/aiKos, from avi/a^ts, power, 
 
 Dy-nam'i-e-al, ) from SvvaOai, to be able.] Pertain- 
 ing to strength or power, or to dynamics. 
 
 Dy-narm'i-es, n. sing. 1. The science of moving forcfs; 
 — opposed to statics. 3. The moving moral, as well aa 
 physical, forces of any kind, or the laws which relate to 
 
 a,e,&c.,io»g-,- &,6,&c.,sAor// cd<re, far, ask, all, what; 6re,Teil,tSrin; pique, firm; son, dr, dfi. wolf, 
 
DYNAMOMETER 
 
 233 
 
 EARTH 
 
 them. 3. (Mus.) That department of musical science 
 which relates to the force of musical sounds. 
 
 Dyn'a-mbm'e-ter, n. [See Dynameter.] An in- 
 strument for measuring force or power, especially that 
 of animals, men, or machines. 
 
 Dyn'a-in.o-in6t'ri«, ) a. Relating to a dynamom- 
 
 Dj^i'a-mo-ingt'ri^-al, ) eter, or the measure of force. 
 
 Dy-iiast'i€, a. Relating to a dynasty or line of kings. 
 
 I>y'iia.s-ty, n. [Gr. SwaoTeCa, from SwaareveLV, to hold 
 power or lordship, from Svfao-TTjs.] Sovereignty ; espe- 
 cially, a race of kings, of the same line or family, who 
 govern a particular country. 
 
 Dys'<;ra-sy, n. [Gr. Sva-Kpaa-Ca, fr. &v<r-, inseparable pref. 
 with the notion of ill, bad, difficult, and Kpa<ri?, mix- 
 ture.] (Mefl.) An ill habit or state of the constitution. 
 
 Dys'en-ter'i*, la. 1. Pertaining to, accompanied 
 
 Dys'eii-t6r'i«-al. ) with, or proceeding from, dys- 
 entery, ti. Afflicted with dysentery. 
 
 Dys'en-tgr'y, n. [Gr. SvcrevrepCa, fi'om Sva-, ill, and 
 evrepov, pi. evrepa, intestines, from evros, within.] (Med. ) 
 Inflammation of the rectum or colon, attended with 
 
 griping pains, constant desire to evacuate the bowels, 
 and discharges of mucus and blood. 
 
 Dys-p6p'si-a, 1 n. [Gr. Sva-n-exlfCa, from fiver-, ill, and 
 
 Dys-p6p'sy, ) neaa-eiv, ■ninTeiv, to cook, digest.] 
 {Med.) A state of the stomach in which its functions 
 are disturbed ; chronic difficulty of digestion. 
 
 Dys-pCp'tic, la. Afflicted with, pertaining to, or 
 
 I>ys-p6p'ti«-al, 1 consisting in, dyspepsia. 
 
 IJys-p6p'ti€, n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia. 
 
 Dys'plio-ny, n. [Gr. bw^mvLa, from iva--., ill,and<^a)i^, 
 sound, voice.] ( Med). A difficulty of speaking, occasioned 
 by an ill disposition of the organs of speech. 
 
 Dysp-nm'd (disp-ne'a), n. [Gr. ^vcnrvoLa, from hvairvoo^, 
 short of breath, from Sua-, ill, and ttvojj, ttvoitj, breath- 
 ing, Trveii/, to blow, breathe.] (Med.) A difficulty of 
 breathing. 
 
 Dys-U'ric, a. Pertaining to, or afflicted with, dysury. 
 
 Dys'u-ry, n. [Gr. Suo-oupta, from bva-, ill, and oSpoi/, 
 urine.] (Med.) Difficulty in discharging the urine, at- 
 tended with pain and a sensation of heat. 
 
 E. 
 
 E(e). The second vowel and the fifth letter of the Eng- 
 lish alphabet. At the end of words it is usually silent, 
 but serves to indicate that the preceding vowel has its 
 long sound, where otherwise it would be short, as in 
 mane., cane, mete, which without the final e would be 
 pronounced man, can, met. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 10- 
 14, 46, and 47. — (Mus.) E is the third tone of the model 
 diatonic scale. E[j (E flat) is a tone intermediate be- 
 
 _tween D andE. 
 
 £acli, a. [A.-S. die, elc, equiv. to Sl-Uc, from a, aa, ever, 
 orig. accus. sing, for av, 0. Eng. aye, from A.-S. av, 
 Goth, aivs, Lat. eeviim, Gr. altov, and A.-S. lie, Eng. like.] 
 This word is a distributive adjective pronoun, used either 
 with or without a following noun, and denoting every 
 one of the two or more individuals composing a whole, 
 considered separately from the rest. 
 
 I®"" To each corresponds othe>: Each other is used elliptic- 
 ally for each the other. 
 
 Ea'ger, a. [From Lat. acer, sharp.] 1. Sharp; sour. 
 [065.] 3. Keen. {Rare.'] 3. Excited by desire in the 
 pursuit of any object ; ardent to pursue, perform, or ob- 
 tain. 
 
 Syn. — Earnest. — ^ager (lit., sharp, keen-set) marks an 
 excited state of desire or passion ; earnest, denotes a permanent 
 state of moral sentiment or feeling. A child is eayer for a play- 
 thing; a hungry man is eager for food; a covetous man is eager 
 for gain. A preacher is earyiest in his appeals to the conscience; 
 an agent is earnest in his solicitations. 
 
 Ea'ger-ly, adv. With great ardor of desire ; earnestly. 
 Ea'ger-ness, n. Quality or state of being eager. 
 
 Syn. — Ardor; vehemence ; earnestness; impetuosity ; heart' 
 
 iness; fervor; avidity; greediness. 
 lEa'gle (e^gl), n. [Lat. aqiiila.] 
 
 1. A rapacious bird of the fal- 
 con family, remarkable for its 
 
 strength, size, graceful figure, 
 
 and extraordinary flight. Its 
 
 figure is commonly used as an 
 
 heraldic emblem, and also for 
 
 standards and emblematic de- Eagle. 
 
 vices. 3. A gold com of the United States, of the value 
 _of ten dollars. 
 
 Ea'gle-eyed, a. Sharp-sighted, as an eagle. 
 Ea'gless, n. A female or hen eagle. 
 Ea'glet, n._. A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle. 
 Ea'gre (e'ger), n. [A.-S. edgor, egor, ear, water, sea.] 
 
 The whole of a flood tide moving up an estuary or river 
 _with great height and violence. ' 
 
 Ean, V. t. or i. [See Yean.] To bring forth, as young ; 
 
 to yean. 
 Ear, n. [A.-S. eare, Icel. eyra, Goth, auso, Lat. auris, 
 
 Gr. ou?.] 1. The organ of hearing. 3. The sense of 
 
 hearing. 3. Willingness to listen; attention; regard; 
 
 heed. 4. A part of any inanimate thing resembling in 
 
 shape or position the ear of an animal. 5. [A.-S. ear, 
 
 Goth, ahs.] The spike of a plant of Indian corn or other 
 
 grain, containing the kernels. 
 
 About the ears, in close proximity. — Sy the ears, in close 
 personal contest. — Dp to the ears, deeply absorbed. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 Ear, t'. t . To form ears, as corn. 
 
 Ear'ing, n. (Naut.) A rope attached to the cringle of a 
 
 ^ sail, by which it is bent or reefed. 
 
 Earl (erl, 14), n. [A.-S. eorl, man, noble, Icel. & Sw. 
 
 jarl, nobleman, count.] A nobleman of England rank- 
 _ing below a marquis, and above a viscount. 
 Ear'Iap, n. The tip of the ear. [earl. 
 
 Earl'ddm, n. Seigniory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an 
 Ear'Iess, a. Without ears ; deaf; unwilling to hear. 
 Earl'-mar'slial, n. An officer of state in England who 
 
 marshals and orders aU great ceremonials ; he is the head 
 _ of the herald's office. 
 
 Ear 'lock, n. A curl of hair near the ear ; a love-lock. 
 fiar'ly (er'lj', 14), a. [A.-S. drlice, from dr, before. See 
 
 Ere .] In advance of the usual or appointed time. 
 Syn.— Forward; timely; not late. 
 fiar'Iy, adv. Soon ; in good season ; betimes. 
 Ear'-marlc, n. 1. A mark on the ear by which a sheep 
 
 is known. 3. Any distinguishing mark by which the 
 _ ownership or relation of a thing is known. 
 Ear'-marlc, v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. ear-marked (108); 
 
 p. pr. & vh. n. EAR-MARKING.] To mark, as sheep, by 
 _ cropping or slitting the ear. 
 Earii(ern), v. t. [imp & p. p. earned; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. EARNING.] [A.-S. earnian, gearnian, to earn, 0. H. 
 
 Ger. arnon, to measure, amen, to earn, to merit, aUied to 
 
 aran, to plow.] 1. To merit or deserve by labor. "2. To 
 ^ acquire by labor, service, or performance. 
 ilar'nest (er^nest), a. [A.-S. eornost. Cf. Goth, arneis., 
 
 certain, sure.] 1. Ardent in the pursuit of an object ; 
 
 eager to obtain. 3. Intent ; fixed. 
 
 Syn.— Eager; warm; zealous; ardent; animated ; importu- 
 nate; fervent; hearty. See Eagek. 
 
 fiar'nest, n. 1. Seriousness ; reahty. 2. [Probably 
 corrupted, Uke 0. Eng. arles, earles, from Fr. arrhes, ear- 
 nest-money, from Lat- arrha.] A pledge given as au 
 assurance of earnest or serious intention ; a token of 
 what is to come. 
 
 Syn. — Pledge. — An earnest, Wkd first-fruits, gives assurance 
 that more is coming of the same kind; ap/cdge, like money de- 
 posited, aflEbrds security and ground of reliance. Washington 
 gave earnest of his talent as a commander by saving his troops 
 after Braddock's defeat; his fortitude and that of his soldiers 
 during the winter at VaUey Forge were a pledge of tlieir ulti- 
 mate triumph. 
 
 Ear'nest-ly, adv. In an earnest manner ; warmly : 
 
 eagerly ; also, with fixed attention. 
 fiar'nest-mon'ey, n. Money paid as earnest, to bind 
 
 a bargain or to ratify and prove a sale. 
 fiar'nest-ness, n. State of being earnest ; zeal. 
 fiarn'ing (ern'ing), n. That which is earned ; wages ; 
 _ stipend; reward. 
 
 Ear'- ring, n. An ornament suspended from the ear, by 
 _ means of a ring passing through the lobe. 
 Ear'-sliot, n. Reach of the ear, or sense of hearing ; dis» 
 
 tance at which words may be heard. 
 Earth (erth, 14), n. [A.-S. eordhe, earth, eard, region, 
 
 country, Goth, airtha, allied to Gr. epa, earth, Skr. ira.] 1. 
 
 The globe we inhabit ; the world. 3. The solid materials 
 
 food, fcM)!; &rn, rude, pull; ^ell, (liaise, «all, e«lio , gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; liijser, liulc ; tliis. 
 
EARTH 
 
 234 
 
 EBULLITION 
 
 whi l*e ; the dry land. 3. Soil of all 
 
 kir. ;, clay, loaan. See. ; the ground. 
 
 4. 5". The people on the globe. 
 
 6. .lud inodorous, uncolored, 
 
 «ar- \ (b.) A similar oxide, hav- 
 
 ^inj: a - _ 
 
 Kartli irrtlii. ■. .'. J^^7 . Jc p.p. EARTHED (ertht) ; p. 
 pr. k vb. n. EARTHING.] 1. To hide, or caiise to hide, 
 in the earth. VJ. To coyer with earth or mold. 
 
 £art]i, f. ». To retire underground : to burrow. 
 
 £arth'-board, n. (Agric) The board of a plow, that 
 turn-*: over the earth ; mold-board. 
 
 £artJhiVn (trth'n), a. Made of earth ; made of burnt or 
 biikeii clay, or other like substance*. 
 
 £axtli'i-iiess, n. Quality of being earthy ; grossness. 
 
 ilartli'li-iiesis, n. 1. Quality of being earthly ; grossness. 
 '2. Exoi'*.*iTe attachment to earthly objects ; worldliness. 
 
 £artli'liug;, n. An inhabitant of the earth ; a mortal. 
 
 fiartli'ly, a. 1. Pertaining to earth; not heavenly or 
 spiritual. "2. Of all things on earth ; possible. 
 Syn. — Sordid; carnal; mean; base; rile; groveling. 
 
 £artli'-niit, n. {Bot.) (a.) The root of an lunbelliferous 
 plant, which is ferinaceous, sweet, and considered to be 
 nourishing. (6.) The seed-vessel and seed of a l^u- 
 minous plant, called &lso pea-nut. 
 
 jfeartli'quake, m. A shaking, trembling, or concussion 
 of the earth, due to subterranean catises. 
 
 £artli'ward, adv. Toward the earth. 
 
 £artli'-^vorl£ (erth'wflrk), n. 1. {Engin.) The remov- 
 al of large masses of earth, in the construction of public 
 works, as canals, railways, and the like. 3. (Mil.) Any 
 fortification made b^' throwing up embankments of earth. 
 
 £artli'--*voriii (erthwQrm), n. 1. (Zodl.) The com- 
 mon worm found in the soil, without legs or appendages. 
 2. A mean, sordid person. 
 
 fiartli'y, a. 1. Consisting of, or belonging or relating to, 
 
 _ earth: terrestrial. 2. Gross: unrefined. i 
 
 JEar'-trumi>^et, n. An instrument to aid in hearing. 
 
 Ear'-wix, w. The cerumen : a thick, viscous substance, 
 
 _ secreted by the glands of the ear. 
 
 Ear'\rig, n. [A.-S. ear-icigga, ear-vcicga, &om ear. for 
 eare, ear. and icicga, beetle, worm.] [Entoyn.) An insect | 
 with very short wing-cases, which eats firuit and flower 
 leaves, and is so called because it has been erroneou-sly 
 suppiosed to creep into the human brain through the ear. 
 
 £a§e, n. [Fr. aise, A.-S. eadh, ready, easy, Goth, azets, 
 easy, azeti, ease, root azi.] Freedom from pain, disturb- 
 ance, trouble, toU, constraint, stiffness, or the like. 
 
 Syn. — Rest: quiet; repose; tranquillity; facEity; readiness. 
 
 !Ea§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eased; p. pr. & vh. n. eas- 
 ing.] 1. To free from any thing that pains, disquiets. 
 or oppresses. 2. To render less painful, disgusting, or 
 oppressive. 3. To release from pressure or restraint ; to 
 shift a little. 
 
 To eofe off. or ease away (Xaut.), to slacken gradually.— To 
 ease a skip iXavt.), to put the helm hard-a-lee, or regulate the 
 sail, to prevent her pitching when close-hauled. 
 Syn. — To relieve; quiet; calm: tranquilize; assuage; alle- 
 
 _Tiat<:: allay: mitigate; appease; paci^'. 
 
 Ea'gel, n. [Ger. isel, ass, donkev, and 
 hence, easel.] A wooden frame' with 
 movable pegs, or a sliding rack, on 
 which pictures are placed while being 
 
 _ painted. 
 
 XIase'ment, n. 1. That which gives 
 ease: convenience; accommodation. 2. 
 (Laic.) A liberty,' privilege, or advan- 
 tage without profit, which one proprie- 
 tor has in the estate of another, distinct 
 from the ownership of the soil, as a way, 
 
 _ water-course, &c. 
 
 Eag'i-ly, adv. With ease : without dif- 
 ficulty : readily : gently. 
 
 £a§'i-ne<»s, n. 1. State or condition of being easy : fi«e- 
 
 _dom from distress : ease. 2. Act of moving as if with ease. 
 
 East, 71. [A.-S. east, Icel. austur. Cf. Lith. amzta it i 
 grows Ught. auszra, aurora.] 1. The point in the heav- 
 ens where the .sun is seen to rise at the equinox : the point 
 directly opposite the west. 2. The eastern part of a ' 
 country ; the region^or countrie.? which lie east of any j 
 r^on or country: ^peciaUy, the southern parts of ' 
 Asia, which he east of Europe and the Mediterranean. 
 
 East, a. Toward the rising sun. 
 
 East, f. t. To move toward the east: to orientate. j 
 
 _ East-north-east, east-south-east, &c. See Dlust of Compass. 
 
 East'er, I n. [A.-S. easier, tdstran, paschal feast, i 
 
 East'er-day, ) Easter, from Eastre, a goddess of light ! 
 
 or spring, in honor of whom a festival was celebrated in 
 April.] A festival commemorating Christ's resurrection, 
 occurring on Sunday, the second day after Good Friday. 
 
 _It corresponds to the passover of the Jews. 
 
 East'er-ly. a. 1, Coming fix)m the eastward. 2. Sit- 
 
 _uated, directed, or moving toward the east. 
 
 East'er-ly, adv. On, or in the direction of, east- 
 
 East'em, a. 1. Situated or dwelling in the east : orien- 
 
 _tal. 2. Going toward the east, or in the direction of east. 
 
 East'ing:, n. (Navigation & Surv.) Distance eastward 
 
 _from a given meridian. 
 
 East'vFard, adv. Toward the east. 
 
 Eag'y (ez'y), a. [co»?;?ar. easier : 5i//>er/. EASIEST.) 1. 
 At ease ; firee from pain, care, disgust, or constraint. 2. 
 Not causing or attended with pain, exertion, or disquiet; 
 affording rest. 3. Not difficult; not requiring labor. 4. 
 Causing ease ; furnishing comfort. 5. Not making re- 
 sistance. 6. { Com.) Not straitened as to money matters. 
 
 Syn. — Quiet; tranquil; secure; calm; fiwdle; yielding; com- 
 phant; ready. 
 
 Eag'y-cliair, n. An arm-chair for ease or repose. 
 
 Eat, V. t. [imp. EAT, or ATE : p. p. eat, or EATEK ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EATING.] [A.-S. elan, Goth, itan, Lat. 
 ederf. Gr. eSeiv, Skr. ad, Gael, ith, W. ysu.] 1. To swal- 
 low or partake of as food. 2. To corrode, as metal, by 
 rust: to consume gradually, as a cancer, the flesh; to 
 waste or wear a^nay. 
 To eat one's vcords, to take back what one has said; to retract 
 Syn. — To consume; devour; gnaw; corrode. 
 
 Eat, V. i. 1. To take food ; to feed. 2. To taste or relish. 
 To eat, or to eat in or into, to corrode; to gnaw; to consume. 
 
 Eat'a-ble, a. Capable of being eaten ; fit to be eaten ; 
 
 _ proper for food : esculent : edible. 
 
 Eat'a-ble, n. Any thing that may be eaten. 
 
 Eat'er, n. One who, or that which, eats or corrodes. 
 
 Eat'ing-liouse. n. A house where provisions are sold 
 and eaten ready cooked ; a restaurant. 
 
 JSaU'de- Cologne (o'de-ko-lon'), n. [Fr. eau, water, fr. 
 Lat. aqua, de. of. and Cologne.] A perfumed spirit, orig- 
 
 _inaUy prepared at Colc^ne. 
 
 Eaves, n. pi. [A.-S. efese. The 5 of eaves is in English 
 regarded as a plural ending, though not so in A.-S.] 
 (Arch . ) The lower edges of the roof of a building, which 
 
 _ overhang the walls. 
 
 Eaves'drop, v. i. To stand under the eaves or near the 
 windows of a house, to listen and learn what is said with- 
 in doors : hence, to watch for opportunities of hearing 
 
 _the private conversation of others. 
 
 Eaves'drop-per, n. One who watches for an oppor- 
 
 _ tunity of hearing the private conversation of others. 
 
 Ebb, n. [A.-S. ebba, ebbe. prob. allied to Ger. eben, Eng. 
 even.] 1. The reflux of the tide : the return of tide- 
 water towaird the sea. 2. A falling from a better to a 
 
 _ worse state; decline; decay. 
 
 Ebb, V. i. [imp. & p. p. EBBED: p. pr. & vb. n. EBB- 
 ING.] 1. To flow back ; to return, as the water of a 
 tide toward the ocean. 2. To fell from a better to a 
 worse state ; to decline. 
 Syn. — To recede; retire; decay; decrease; sink. 
 
 Ebb'- tide. n. Reflux of tide- water : the retiring tide. 
 
 E1>i-o-nite, n. [Heb. ebjonim. i. e. the poor, at first a 
 Jewish name for Christians in general.] (Ecd. Hist.\ 
 One of a sect of Jewish Christians, in the first ages of 
 the church, who combined Judaism ^ith Christianity, 
 rejected much of the New Testament, and were account- 
 ed heretics by the Christian fathers. [as ebony. 
 
 fib'on. a. 1. Consisting of ebony : like ebony. 2. Black 
 
 Eb'on-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ebonized ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EBONTZING.] To make black like ebony. 
 
 £b'o-ny, n. [Gr. e^evos, e/5enj, from Heb. hobnim, pi. of 
 hobni,^foT obn%, of stone, from oben. eben, stone.] A spe- 
 cies of hard, heaw, and durable wood, which admits of 
 a fine polish or glo^. The most usual color is black. 
 
 E-bri'e-ty, «. [Lat. tbrietas, from ehrius, intoxicated.] 
 
 _ Intoxication : drunkenness : inebriety. 
 
 E^bri-os'i-ty. n. [Lat. ebriositits. from ebriosus, given to 
 drinking, from ebrim. See EBBIETY.] Partial intoxica- 
 tion : habitual drinking to excess. 
 
 E-bunien^e (e-bul'yens), ) n. [See infra.] A boil- 
 
 E-bul'lien-9v (e-bul'yen-sy). j ing over. 
 
 E-biil'lient fe-bQl'yent), a. [Lat. ehulliens, p. pr. of 
 ebuUire. to boil up, to bubble up, from huila. bubbk.] 
 Boiling over, as a liquor : hence, manifesting exhilaration 
 or excitement, as of feeling. 
 
 fib'ul-li'tion (-lish'un), n. 1. The operation of tfoSi- 
 
 S^e,&c.,^on^,-&,e,&c.,jA<;7t,-c4re,far,ask,all,wlLat; gre, veil, term; pique.firin; son, dr, do, 1^91^ 
 
EBURNEAN 
 
 235 
 
 ECUMENICAL 
 
 ing. 2. Effervescence. 3. An exhilaration or outward 
 display of feeling. [of ivory. 
 
 E-b^r'ne-an, a. [Lat. e6wrneM.f, from efewr, ivory.] Made 
 E€-bit'i-e, a. [Gr. , as if e(c/3aTt/c6s, from eK^alvetv, to go 
 or step out.] ( Gram.) Denoting a mere result or con- 
 sequence, as distinguished from teliCy which denotes in- 
 _tention or purpose. 
 
 E^'^e-ho'tno, n. [Lat., behold the man.] A picture 
 which represents the Savior given up to the people by 
 Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns. 
 E€-96n'tri«, ) a. [^. La,t. eccentricus, Gr.eKKevrpos, 
 E€-?6n'tri«-al, j out of the center, eccentric, from «, 
 out of, and Kevrpov, Lat. centrum, center.] 1. Deviating 
 from the center or from the line of a circle, ti. Pertain- 
 ing to eccentricity or to an eccentric. 3. Not having the 
 same center ; — opposed to concentric. 4. Deviating from 
 the usual course. 
 
 Syn. — Irregular ; anomalous ; singular ; odd ; particular ; 
 strange ; whimsical. 
 Ec-fgn'tri*, n. 1, A circle not having the same center 
 as another contained in some measure within the first. 
 
 2. One who, or that which, deviates from regularity. 
 
 3. (Astron.) The supposed circular orbit of a planet 
 about the earth, but with the earth not in its center, in 
 the Ptolemaic system. 4. (Mech.) A wheel or disk, hav- 
 ing its axis of revolution out of its center of figure, used 
 for obtaining a reciprocating or alternate motion from a 
 circular one. 
 
 E«-96n'tri<;-al-ly, adv. In an eccentric manner. 
 
 E«'f en-tri^'i-ty, n. 1. State of being eccentric ; oddi- 
 ity, whimsicalness. !2. (Astron.) Distance of the center 
 of the orbit of a heavenly body from the center of the 
 body around which it revolves. 
 
 Ec-cle'gi-arch. (ek-kle'zi-ark), n. [Gr. €KKkr}(rCa, church, 
 and apxos, leader.] A ruler of the church. 
 
 E€-ele'§i-as'ti«, ) a. [Gr. eKK\rj(ria<m.K6^, from e/c- 
 
 E-e-ele'§i-a.s'ti«-al, j icXricrCa, an assembly of citizens 
 called out by the crier ; the church.] Pertaining to the 
 church or to its organization or government, [a priest. 
 
 E-e-ele'gi-as'ti-e, n. A person in orders ; a clergyman ; 
 
 E€-ele'§i-as'ti«-al-ly, adv. In an ecclesiastical man- 
 ner ; according to ecclesiastical rules. 
 
 Ec-eie-'gi-as'ti-yigm, n. Strong attachment to ecclesi- 
 astical observances, privileges, &c. 
 
 E-e-ele'gi-as'ti-eus, n. A book of the Apocrypha. 
 
 E«-ele'gi-o-16g'i«-al, a. Belonging to ecclesiology. 
 
 E-e-ele'gi-61'o-eist, n. One versed in ecclesiology. 
 
 E«-ele'gi-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. iKKKjicrCa, church, and A.6yos, 
 discourse.] The science or theory of church building and 
 decoration. 
 
 ilpli'e-loii (esh'e-lon), n. [Fr. , from echelle, ladder, scale, 
 Lat. scala.] {3Iil.) The position of an army or other 
 military body in the form of steps, or with one division 
 more advanced than another. 
 
 fi-eli'l-nate, ) a. [Lat. echinatus, from echinus, q. v.] 
 
 E<!h.'i-iia'ted, ) ( Nat. Hist. ) Prickly like a hedge-hog ; 
 ^ having sharp points. 
 
 £€li'i-nite, 71. A fossil echinus. 
 
 X]-€hi'ttns (e-ki/nus), n. ; pi. E-eBi'Ni. [Lat., from Gr. 
 exiJ'os, hedgehog.] 1. A hedgehog. 3. (Zool.) A sea- 
 urchin; sea-hedgehog. 3. ( .Boi. ) A prickly head or top 
 of a plant. 4. (Arch.) A form of molding carved with 
 eggs and anchors. 
 
 £-eh.'o (ek^o), n. ; pi. ficH'OEg. [Lat., from Gr. iixia, same 
 a^s -rixOi ^X05) sound, noise.] A sound reflected or rever- 
 
 _ berated to the ear. 
 
 E-eh.'o (Sk^o), v. t. [imp. & p. p. echoed ; p. jot-. & 
 vb. n. ECHOING.] 1, To reverberate or send back ; to 
 return. 3. To repeat with assent ; to adopt. 
 
 £-eli'o (ek'o), V. i. To be echoed or reverberated; to 
 cause an echo ; to be attended with an echo. 
 
 E-ehom'e-ter, n. [Gr. i^xto, ^x°^i sound, and joieVoov, 
 measure.] (Mus.) A kind of graduated scale for meas- 
 uring the duration of sounds, and determining their dif- 
 ferent powers. 
 
 E-eliom'e-try, n. 1. The art or act of measuring the 
 duration of sounds. 3. The art of constructing vaults 
 so as to produce echoes. 
 
 E-eiair'9i§e, v. t. [Fr. eclaircir, from clair, Lat. clarus, 
 clear, C[. v.] To make clear ; to explain. 
 
 E-<;ia,ir'9isse-meiit (or e-klar/siz-mong'), n. The clear- 
 ing up of any thing obscure or not easily understood. 
 
 pclaf (e-klii/), n. [Fr.,from eclater, to splinter, burst, 
 explode, shine brilliantly, from 0. H. Ger. sleizan, for 
 skleizan.] 1. Brilliancy of success or effort. 3. Demon- 
 stration of admiration ; applause. 
 
 E-e-le-e'ti-e, a. [Gr. eKAe/cTt»f6g, from cKXeyetv, to pick 
 out, choose.] Selecting; choosing at wiU, 
 
 Ec-lg^j'tt'C, n. One who follows an eclectic method \a 
 philosophy, science, reUgion, and the like. 
 
 E-e-16€'ti<;-al-ly, adv. In an ecclectic manner. 
 
 E-e-lg-e'ti-figm, n. The act, doctrine, or practice of an 
 eclectic ; an eclectic system, as of philosophy. 
 
 E-elipse', n. [Gr. e<cAen/<is, 
 prop, a forsaking, falling, fr. 
 eK\eCnfi.u , to leave out, for- 
 sake.] 1. (Astro7i.) An inter- 
 ception or obscuration of the 
 light of the sun or moon, by 
 the intervention of some oth- 
 er body, either between it and ^^bpses. S, sun ; E, earth ; 
 the eye, or between the lumin- ' °°^' 
 
 ous body and that illuminated by it. 2. Temporary or 
 partial loss of brilliancy, luster, honor and the like ; 
 obscuration. 
 
 E-€lipse', V. t. [imp. & p. p. eclipsed (e-klipsf); 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ECLIPSING.] 1. To darken or hide ; — 
 said of a heavenly body. 3. To obscure, darken, or ex- 
 tinguish the beauty, luster, or honor, &c., of; to throw 
 into the shade. 
 
 E-elipse', v. i. To suffer an eclipse ; to become eclipsed. 
 
 E-elip'ti-e, n. [See infra.] 1. (^5?ron.) An imaginary 
 great circle of the sphere, which is the apparent path of 
 the sun, or the real path of the earth as seen from the 
 sun. 3. ( Geog.) A great circle on the terrestrial globe, 
 answering to the celestial ecUptic. 
 
 E-elip'ti<!, a. [Gr. eKA.ei7rTi/c6s, belonging to an ecUpse. 
 See Eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to, or described by, the 
 ecliptic. 3. Pertaining to an eclipse or to ecUpses. 
 
 fi-e'Iogue (ek-log), n. [Lat. ecloga, from Gr. eK\oyrj, a 
 picking out, selection, collection, especially of passages in 
 authors, from eicKeyeLv. See ECLECTIC] (Poet.) A 
 pastoral composition, in which shepherds are introduced 
 
 _ conversing with each other ; a bucolic ; an idyl. 
 
 E'-eo-nom'i«, )a. 1. Pertaining to the household; 
 
 E'-eo-mom'i^j-al, ) domestic. 3. Relating to econo- 
 my or to the management of household or pecuniary 
 affairs, private or public ; saving of waste and unneces- 
 sary expense. 3. Prudent in expenditure. 4. Managed 
 with frugality. 5. Relating to the means of hving, or to 
 
 _ the resources and wealth of a country. 
 
 E'-eo-nom'i-e-al-ly, adv. With economy ; frugally. 
 
 E'-eo-n6iii'i«s, n. sing. [Gr. to. ol/coi/o/at/ca, equivalent 
 to ri otKoi/OjiAta.] 1. The science of domestic and inter- 
 nal management. 3. PoUtical economy. 
 
 E-con'o-mist, n. 1. One who economizes, or manages 
 domestic or other concerns with frugality. 3. One who 
 is conversant with political economy. 
 
 E-eon'o-mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. economized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ECONOMIZING.] To use with prudence ; to 
 expend with frugality. 
 
 E-eon'o-mize, v. i. To manage pecTiniary concerns 
 with frugaUty ; to make a prudent use of money. 
 
 E-eon'o-my, n. [Lat. acono7nia, Gr. otKovo/uita, from 
 oT/cos, house, and vo/aos, usage, law, rule, from vefieLv, to 
 distribute, manage.] 1. The management of domestic 
 affairs, especially as they concern expense or disburse- 
 ment. 3. The internal, and especially the pecuniary, 
 management of any undertaking, corporation, state or 
 the like. 3. The system of rules and regulations by 
 which any thing is managed. 4. Thrifty and frugal 
 housekeeping. 
 
 Syn. — Frugality ; parsimony. — Economy avoids all waste 
 and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage : 
 fipigality cuts oflF aU indiUgencee, and proceeds on^a system of 
 rigid and habitual saving ; parsimony is, frugality earned to an 
 extreme, involving meanness of spirit and a sordid mode of 
 living, ^conomj/ IS a virtue, and parsiwon?/ a vice. Frugality 
 may lean to the one or the other according to the motives from 
 which it springs. 
 
 E-e'sta-sy, n. [Lat. ecstasis, Gr. €KOTa<ns, from e^iard- 
 vai, to put out of place, derange.] 1. A state in which 
 the mind is carried away beyond the reach of ordinary 
 impressions ; frenzy. 3. Excessive and overmasterin^^^ 
 joy ; rapture. 3. Insanity ; madness. 
 
 E-e-stat'ic, ) a. 1. Rendering one beside one's self. 
 
 E-e-stat'i€-al, j 3. DeUghtful beyond measure ; rap- 
 
 ^turous. 
 
 E-e'ty-pal, a. [Gr. e/crvTros, worked in high relief, from 
 €K, out, and tuttos, stamp, figure, type.] Taken from the 
 original ; imitated. 
 
 £-e'type, n. [See 5u^a.] A copy from an original ; a 
 type of something that has previously existed. 
 
 fi-e'u-men'i-e, )a. [Lat. oecumenicus, Gr. oiKov/j-evt- 
 
 E-e'u-men'i-e-al, ) <cos, universal, general, from oIkov- 
 fjiivr), (sc. yi^,) the inhabited world, from oiKelv, to inhabit, 
 from, oiKos, house, dwelling.] General ; universal. 
 
 food, fo^ot; ^m, rude, pull; $ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio; geux, get; a§; ejist; linger, lialt ; tills. 
 
EDACIOUS 
 
 23G 
 
 EFFECTOR 
 
 £-da'rloils, a. (L«t. ftlajc, from tderr, to eat.] Giyen to 
 oatiu); ; grwdy ; voracious ; devouring. 
 
 K-dJ*V'4"*y) *•• UretHliiiess ; vonieitA . 
 
 £ii'€idy «.' [Ir^l-j Ut- ^r(U-grun(i»iut/itr (i. e., of Scandi- 
 Daviau poetry ).] One of two religious or uiythological 
 iHXtks of the old iSoaudin.^vian tribes of German origin, 
 containing .two collections of Sagas of the old northern 
 goiis and herws. 
 
 id'cly, n. [X compound of A.-S. eci, again, backward, 
 aud'Mj, running witer.] 1. A current of air or water 
 running back, or in a direction contrary to the main 
 curnmt. *>J. A current of water or air moving in a cir- 
 cular direction ; a whirlpool. 
 
 Ed'dy, r. i. [imp. & p. p. eddied ; p.pr. & vb. n. ED- 
 i) Y 1 N Ct . ] To move as an eddy . 
 
 fid'dy, V. t. To collect as into an eddy. 
 
 lC-dt«m'a-toils, | a. [Gr. ol5Tj|u.a, a swelling, tumor, from 
 
 E-dC'iu':i-tose', ) oiSeii', to swell, otSos, a swelUng.] 
 
 _Pertiuning to, or affected with, a serous humor. 
 
 E'den, n. [Ileb. eden, delight; a place of pleasure ; the 
 garden of paradise.] The garden where Adam and Eve 
 first dwelt ; hence a delightful region or residence. 
 
 ^"jx"!l^J' - { a- The same as EDENTATE. 
 
 E-den'tate, n. [Lat. edentatus, p. p. of edentare, to 
 render toothless, from e, ex, out of, from, and dens, den- 
 tis, a tooth.] ( Zool.) An animal of the sloth and arma- 
 dillo tribes, wanting fore teeth and canines. 
 
 E-d6ii'tate, ) a. [See supra.] Destitute of teeth ; 
 
 E-den'ta-ted, j toothless ; also, belonging to the sloth 
 
 ^ and armadillo tribes. 
 
 Edge (ej), n. [A.-S. ecg-, allied to Lat. acies, acumen, acus, 
 Gr. aKTJ, axis, ax/aij, Skr. agri, edge of sword, W. awch, 
 edge.] 1. The thin cutting side of the blade of an in- 
 strument ; hence, that which cuts as an edge does. ii. 
 Any sharp terminating border. 3. Readiness or fitness to 
 cut ; and hence, acrimony ; severity. 4. The border or part 
 adjacent to the line of division ; eai'ly part ; beginning. 
 
 To set the teeth on edge, to cause a disagreeable tingling sen- 
 sation in tlie teeth, as by bringing acids into contact with 
 tliem, or by any grating noise. 
 
 Syn. — Rim ; verge; skirt; margin; brink; keenness; 
 sharpness. 
 
 Edge (ej), V. t. [imp. & p.p. EDGED ; p.pr. & vh. n. 
 EDGING.] 1. To furnish with an edge ; to sharpen. 
 "if. To furnish with a fringe or border. 3. To make 
 sharp or keen ; hence, to provoke to action ; to urge or 
 
 _ egg on. 4. To move by little and little. 
 
 £dge (ej), t-. t. 1. To move sideways ; to move gradu- 
 
 ^ally. 5J. To sail close to the wind. 
 
 lEdge'-bone (20), n. A bone of the rump, which, in 
 
 ^ dressed beef, presents itself edgewise to vievr. 
 
 Ed|fe'-tool, n. An instrument having a sharp edge. 
 
 Ed^e'wige, adv. In the direction of the edge. 
 
 Edg'ing, n. That which forms an edge or border. 
 
 £d'i-ble, a. [From Lat. edere, to eat.] Fit to be eaten 
 
 ^ as food; esculent; eatable. 
 
 Ed'i-ble-nes.s, n. State of being edible. 
 
 E'di-et, n. [Lat. edictum, from edicere, edictum, to de- 
 clare, proclaim, from e, ex, out, and dicere^ to say.] That 
 which is uttered or proclaimed by authority, as a rule of 
 action ; a special proclamation of command or prohibition. 
 Syn. — Law ; statute ; regulation ; decree ; ordinance ; 
 manifesto. 
 
 ]fed'i-f i-<;a'tion, n. The act of edifying or the state of 
 being edified ; a building up, especially in a moral and 
 religious sense. [ing to edification. 
 
 fid'i-fi-ea-to-ry, or E-dif i-ea-to-ry (50), a. Tend- 
 
 Ed'i-fi^e, n. [Lat. SRdificium, from xdificare, to build.] 
 A building ; a structure ; a fabric ; — chiefly appUed to 
 elegant houses, and other large structures. 
 
 £d'i-fi'cial (-lish'al), a. Pertaining to an edifice. 
 
 fid'i-fi'er, n. 1. One who builds. 3. One who im- 
 prove^ another by moral or reUgious instruction. 
 
 :fed'i-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. edified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EDIFYING.] [Lat. se.d.ificare, from xdes, a building, 
 house, and /ac«re, to make.] To instruct and un prove 
 in knowledge generally, particularly in moral and relig- 
 
 _ious knowledge. 
 
 E'dile, ». [Lat. «c/i!7i5, from «t/es, a building.] {Rom. 
 Antiq. ) A Roman ma;ji8trate, who had the care of build- 
 
 _ing8, highways, public<places, &c. 
 
 E'dile-sliip, n. The office of edile. 
 
 fid'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. EDITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EDITING.] [Lat. edere, editum, to give out, put forth, 
 publish, from e, ex, out, and dare, to give.] To super- 
 intend the publication of; to prepare for publication. 
 
 E-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. editio, from edere, to pub- 
 
 Ush.] 1. The publication of any literary work. 2. The 
 whole number of copies of a work published at once. 
 Ed'lt-or, n. One who edits; especially, a person who 
 prepares, superintends, revises, and corrects a book 
 ^ newspaper, or the like, for publication. ' 
 
 Ed'it-o'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to an editor. 
 £d'it-o'ri-al, n. An article by the editor of a news- 
 ^ paper_or other work. [an editor. 
 
 Ed'it-o'ri-al-ly, adv. In the manner or character of 
 Ed'it-or-sMp, n. Business or office of an editor. 
 £d'u-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. educated ; p. pr. &;■ 
 vb. n. EDUCATING.] [Lat. educare, educatum, from 
 educere, to lead forth, bring up, from e, out, and ducere, 
 to lead.] To bring up, as a child ; to cultivate and dis- 
 cipline the various powers of the mind. 
 
 Syn.— To instruct; teach; inform; breed; train; mature; 
 rear; discipline; indoctrinate. 
 
 £d^u-<;a'tioii, n. Act or process of educating ; the 
 drawing forth and cultivation of the human faculties, 
 especially among the young ; tuition ; nurture. 
 
 Syn. —Instruction ; teaching; breeding. — ^cZ?^ea<ton in- 
 cludes the whole course of training, moral, intellectual, and 
 physical. Instruction and teaching apply to the communica- 
 tion of knowledge, the latter term being the more familiar 
 of the two. Breeding relates to the manners and outward 
 conduct. 
 
 Ed'u-ea'tion-al, a. Pertaining to education. 
 Ed'u-ea'tion-ist, n. One who is versed in, or who ad- 
 
 ^ vocates and promotes, education. 
 
 Ed'ii-<;a'tor, n. One who educates or instructs. 
 
 E-du-^e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. educed (e-dusf); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EDUCING.] [Lat. educere, from e, out, and 
 ducere, to lead.] To draw forth, as if from concealment. 
 Syn. — To elicit ; extract. 
 
 E'du-et, n. [Lat. eductum., from educere.] That which 
 is educed ; that which is brought to light by separation, 
 analysis, or decomposition. 
 
 E-du.<;'tion, n. Act of drawing out or bringing into view. 
 
 E-du.«t'or, n. One who, or that which, brings forth. 
 
 E-duF-eo-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. edulcorated ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. edulcorating.] [Lat. e, out, and dul- 
 corare, dulcoratum, to sweeten, from dulcis, sweet.] 1. 
 To render sweet ; to sweeten. 3. ( C/iewi.) To purify. 
 
 E-diil'-eo-ra'tion, n. The act of edulcorating. 
 
 Eel, n. [A.-S. til, 0. H. Ger. &l, Icel. all.] (Ichth.) A 
 species of soft-finned, snake-like fishes. 
 
 Eel'-grass, n. ( Bat . ) A kind of grass-like marine plant. 
 
 Eel'pot, n. A kind of basket used for catching eels. 
 
 E'en. A contraction for even. See Even. 
 
 E'er(ar.) A contraction for e^•er. See Ever. 
 
 Ef'fa-ble, a. [Lat. effabilis, firom effari, to utter, from 
 ex, out, and fari, to speak.] Capable of being uttered 
 or explained ; explicable. 
 
 Ef-fa^e', V. t. [imp. Scp.p. EFFACED (ef-fast', 108) ; 75. 
 pr. Scvb.n, EFFACING.] [Fr. effacer, properly to destroy 
 the face or form, from Fr. face, Lat. fades, face, form.] 
 1. To erase or scratch out ; to rub off; to render illeg- 
 ible. S. To remove from the mind. 
 
 Syn. — To blot out ; expunge ; erase ; obliterate ; cancel ; 
 destroy. 
 
 Ef-f a^e'inent, n. The act of effacing or expunging. 
 
 Ef-fe-et',n. [Lat. «#ectos, from ej;^"cere, to produce.] 1, 
 That which is produced by an agent or cause ; result of 
 agency or causation. 3. Impression produced. 3. Power 
 to produce consequences or results ; efficiency. 4. Con- 
 sequence intended ; general intent. 5. pi. Goods ; mov- 
 ables ; personal estate. 
 For effect, for an exaggerated impression or excitement. 
 Syn. — Consequence ; result. 
 
 Ef-f e-et', V. t. [imp. & p. p. effected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EFFECTING.] [Lat. efficere, effectum,, from ex, out, 
 and /acere, to make.] 1. To produce, as a cause, or 
 agent ; to cause to be. 2. To bring to pass. 
 
 Syn. — To accompUsh; fulfill; reaU^fg; achieve; complete; 
 execute; effectuate. 
 
 Ef-f e<;t'i-ble, a. Capable of being done or achieved ; 
 practicable ; feasible. 
 
 Ef-f ec'tion, n. 1. Creation or production. 3. ( Geom.) 
 The construction of a proposition. 
 
 Ef-fgct'ive, a. Suited or tending to produce effects ; 
 in a condition to act efficiently. 
 
 Syn. — Efficient; efficacious; effectual; operative; forcible; 
 active; powerful; energetic. 
 
 Ef-f 6-et'ive-ly, adv. With effect ; powerfully. 
 
 Ef-f e<;t'ive-ness, n. The quality of being effective. 
 
 Ef-f6-et'or, n. [Lat.] One who effects ; one who pro- 
 duces or causes ; a maker or creator. 
 
 ».,e,8ce.,long; &,6, See, short; c&re,far,ask,all,'wli^t; £re, veil, term; pique,firiii; sou, dr, do, wolf, 
 
EFFECTUAL 
 
 237 
 
 EGREGIOUS 
 
 Ef-f6«t'u-al, a. Producing, or having power to pro- 
 duce, an intended effect ; adequate ; efficient. 
 
 Ef-f fict'u-al-ly, adv. With effect ; efficaciously. 
 
 E£-f6-et'u-al-iiess, n. The quality of being effectual. 
 
 Ef-f6«t'u-ate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. effectuated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EFFECTUATING.] To bring to pass ; to 
 achieve ; to acconaplish ; to fulfill. 
 
 Ef-fgm'i-na-^y, n. [From effeminate.] Unmanly deli- 
 .cacy ; womanly softness, or weakness. 
 
 Ef -f 6m'i-nate (45), a. [Lat. effeminatus, p. p. of effemi- 
 nare, to make womanish, from ex, out, and /ewina, a 
 woman.] Soft or delicate to an unmanly degree. 
 
 Syn. — Womanish ; feminine ; weak ; tender ; unmanly ; 
 voluptuous ; delicate ; cowardly. 
 
 Ef-fem'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. effeminated; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EFFEMINATING.] To make womanish ; 
 to unman ; to weaken. 
 
 Ef-f em'i-nate-ly , adv. In a womanish manner ; weak- 
 ly ; softly ; delicately. 
 
 Ef-fgm'i-nate-iiess, n. Unmanly softness. 
 
 Ef-feti'dl, n. [Turk., from Modern Gr. ac^eVnjs (pro- 
 nounced awfen'tis), from Gr. a.v6evTr}<;, an absolute mas- 
 ter, commander.] Master; sir; — a title of a Turkish 
 state official and man of learning, especially, one learned 
 in the law. 
 
 ifif'fer-ent, a. [Lat. efferens, p. pr. of efferere, to bear 
 out, from e, out, and ferre, to bear.] Conveying out- 
 
 ^ward, or discharging. 
 
 Ef'fer-ves^e' (ef'fer-vCs'), v. i. [imp. 8c p. p. effer- 
 vesced (-vest'); p. jsr. & t'6. n. EFFERVESCING.] [Lat. 
 effervescere, from ex, out of, and fervescere, to begin 
 boiling, inchoative form of fervere, to be boiling hot, to 
 boil.] 1. To be in a state of natural ebullition ; to 
 bubble and hiss. 3. To exhibit feelings that cannot be 
 
 ^ repressed or concealed. 
 
 Ef-fer-ves'^enpe, \n. A kind of natural ebullition ; 
 
 Ef'f er-ves'^en-^y, j act of effervescing. 
 
 Ef'fer-ves'^ent, a. Gently boiling or bubbling, by 
 
 ^ means of the disengagement of gas. 
 
 Ef fer-ves'fi-lble, a. Having the quality of effervescing ; 
 capable of producing effervescence. 
 
 Ef-fete', a. [Lat. effetus, effa.tus, from ex, out, and 
 fetus, fatus, a., pregnant, productive.] 1. No longer 
 capable of producing young ; hence, of worn-out, ex- 
 hausted energy; barren, ii. Worn out with age or 
 
 ^ excessive indulgence. 
 
 Ef'fi-ea'cioiis, a. [Lat. efficax, from efficere, to pro- 
 duce.] Productive of effects ; producing the effect in- 
 _ tended ; effectual ; powerful. 
 
 Effi-«a'ciou.s-ly, adv. Effectually. 
 
 Ef'fi-«a'cious-ness, n. QuaUty of being efficacious. 
 
 Ef fi-«a-5y, n. Quality of being efficacious ; power to 
 produce effects ; production of the effect intended. 
 Syn. — Virtue ; force ; energy. 
 
 Ef-f X'cienpe (ef-fish'enss), ) n. 1. Quality of being 
 
 Ef-fi'cien-^y (ef-ilsh'en-sj'), ) efficient or producing 
 effects. ^. Power of producing the effect intended. 
 
 Ef-fi'cient (ef-fTsh'ent), a. [Lat. efficiens, p. pr. of effi- 
 cere. See Effect, v. t.] Causing effects; producing 
 results ; actively operative. 
 
 Syn. — Effective ; effectual ; competent ; able ; capable. 
 
 Ef-fi'cient, n. The agent or cause which produces. 
 
 Ef-fi'cient-ly, adv. With effect ; effectively. 
 
 Ef-fig'i-e§, n. [See infra.] The same as Effigy. 
 
 Ef'fi-gy, n. [Lat. effigies, from effingere, to form, fash- 
 ion, from ex, out, and fingere, to form, shape.] 1. Im- 
 age, or representation of any person or thing ; a hkeness 
 in sculpture, painting, bass-relief, or drawing. 3. The 
 impression on a coin representing the head of the prince 
 by whom it was issued. 
 
 To hum or hang in effigy, to burn or hang an image or pic- 
 ture of the person intended to be executed or disgraced. 
 
 Ef'flo-r6s9e' (-res'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. efflo- 
 resced (-rCsf); p. pr. & vb. n. efflorescing.] 
 [Lat. efflorescere, fr. ex, out, and florescere, to begin to 
 blossom, firom florere, to blossom, from flos, a flower.] 
 1. ( Chem.) To change over the surface, or throughout, 
 to a whitish, mealy, or crystalline powder. 3. To be- 
 come covered with a whitish crust or hght crystallization. 
 
 ifefflo-rgs'^en^e, ) n. 1. (Bot.) Time of flowering. 
 
 fif'flo-res'^en-^y, ) 3. (Med.) Eruption, as in rash, 
 measles, small pox, &c. 3. (Chem.) (a.) The forma- 
 tion of the whitish loose powder on the surface of efflo- 
 rescing bodies, as salts, &c. (b.) The powder or crust 
 itself thus formed. 
 
 £f'flo-r6s'9ent, a. 1. Liable to effloresce on exposure. 
 3. Covered with an efflorescence. 
 
 fifflu-en^e, )»■ 1. A flowing out. ti. That which 
 
 !fif 'f lu-en-f y, ) issues from any body or substance. 
 Syn. — Effluvium ; issue ; efflux ; emanation. 
 
 £f'flu-ent, a. [Lat. effluens, p. pr. of effluere, to flow 
 out, from ex, a.nd.fluere, to flow.] Flowing out. 
 
 Ef-fiu'vi-iiin, n.; p/. ef-flu'vi-a. [Lat., from efflu- 
 ere, to flow out.] Subtile or invisible emanation or ex- 
 halation ; especially, noxious exhalation. 
 
 fif'flux, n. [Lat. effluere, effluxum; It. efflusso.] 1. 
 Act or state of flowing out, or issuing forth. 2. That 
 which flows out ; emanation; effluence. 
 
 Ef-f lux'ion, n. 1. Act of flowing out ; effusion. 3. 
 
 ^ That which flows out ; effluvium ; emanation. 
 
 Effort (£f furt), n. [From hat. fortis, strong.] An ex- 
 ertion of strengith or power, whether physical or mental. 
 Syn. — Endeavor ; exertion ; struggle ; strain ; straining ; 
 attempt; trial; essay. See Endeavok. 
 
 Ef-front'er-y, (-frunt'er-y), n. [From Lat. effrons, 
 shameless , from ex, out, forth, &n(i.frons,frontis, the fore- 
 head.] Excessive assurance ; sauciness ; shamelessness. 
 
 Ef-fiil'geii^e, n. The state of being effulgent; ex- 
 treme brilUancy ; great luster or brightness. 
 
 Ef-fu.l'gen.t, a. [Lat. effulgens, p. pr. of effiidgere, 
 to flash forth.] Diffusing a flood of light; shining; 
 bright ; splendid. 
 
 Ef-f ul'gent-ly, adv. In an effulgent manner. 
 
 Ef-fii|e', V. t. {imp. & p. p. effused; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EFFUSING.] [Lat. effundere, effusum^ to pourout.] 
 To pour out, as a fluid ; to spill ; to shed. 
 
 Ef-fii§e', V. i. To emanate ; to issue. [side. 
 
 Ef-fuse', a. (Bot.) Spreading loosely, especially on one 
 
 Ef -fii'gion, n. [Lat. effusio, from effundere, to pour out.] 
 1, The act of pouring out. 3. That which is poured 
 out. 3. (Pathol.) (a.) The escape of a fluid out of its 
 natural vessel into another part. (b. ) The secretion of 
 fluids from the vessels, as of lymph or serum, on different 
 surfaces. 
 
 Ef-fii'sive, a. Pouring out ; pouring forth largely. 
 
 Ef-fU'sive-ly, adv. In an effusive manner. 
 
 Ef-fu.'sive-ness, n. State of being poured forth. 
 
 Eft, n. [A.-S. efete, allied to Gr. 6</)is, a serpent, snake.] 
 (Zo'dl.) A salamander or nevft, especially, the common 
 smooth newt. 
 
 E-gad', inter j. [Probably a euphemistic corruption of the 
 oath "• by God." See § 35.] An exclamation expressing 
 exultation or surprise. 
 
 Egg, n. [A.-S. ag, feel, egg, 0. H. Ger. agi, ei, GaeL 
 
 ubh, Lat. ovum, Gr. w6v.] 1. A spheroidal body formed 
 
 in the ovary of a female oviparous animal, containing the 
 
 germ of a new individual of the species, within a shell 
 
 ^ or firm membrane. 3. Any thing like an egg in form. 
 
 Egg, V. t. [imp. 8c p. p. EGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. EGG- 
 _ ING.] [See Edge, v. t.] To urge on; to instigate. 
 
 Egg-nog', n. A drink consisting of eggs beaten up with 
 ^ sugar, milk, and wine or spirits. 
 
 Egg'-pl^nt, n. (Bot.) A plant allied to the tomato, and 
 bearing a large smooth fruit, shaped somewhat Uke an 
 ^ egg, used in cookery. 
 
 Eg'lan-tine (-tin or -tin), n. [Fr. eglantine, for aig- 
 lantine, from 0. Fr. aiglent, brier, hip-tree, from aiguille, 
 needle, with suffix -ent; Lat. as if aculentus, prickly, 
 from acMs, a needle or pin.] (Bot.) A species of rose; 
 
 _ the sweet-brier. 
 
 E'go-igm, n. [From Lat. ego, I.] 1, (Philos.) Subjec- 
 
 _tive idealism. 3. An excessive love of self ; egotism. 
 
 E'go-ist, n. A follower of Descartes or Fichte ; a believer 
 
 _in the doctrine of subjective idealism; one given to egotism. 
 
 E'go-tigm, n. [See EGOISM.] The practice of too fre- 
 quently using the word// hence, self-praise ; self-com- 
 mendation. 
 
 Syn. — Self-conceit; vanity. — Self-conceit is an overween- 
 ing opinion of one's self; egotism is the expression of self-con- 
 ceit in words or actions; vanity is inflation of mind arising 
 from the idea of being thought highly of by others. A man 
 may be vain or self-conceited, and yet have sense enough to 
 avoid egotism. 
 
 E'go-tist, n. One who repeats the word Jvery frequently 
 
 _in conversation or writing. 
 
 E/go-tist'ic, ) a. Addicted to, or manifesting, ego- 
 
 E'go-tist'i-e-al, ) tism ; pertaining to egotism. 
 Syn.— Conceited; vain; self-important; opinionated. 
 
 Ergre'gious, a. [Lat. egregius, lit., separated or chosen 
 ifrom the herd, i. e., distinguished, excellent, from e, out 
 of, and grex, gregis, herd.] Distinguished from common 
 men or actions ; — generaUy in a bad sense. 
 
 Syn. — Extraordinary; remarkable; monstrous; cnormoua; 
 precious. 
 
 food, foot ; &rn, rude, piill ; ^ell, chaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; liiiger, UijJk; tills. 
 
EGREGIOUSLY 
 
 238 
 
 ELDER 
 
 E-8T?'^oils-ly, adv. GreatJy ; rpmarkably ; enormous- 
 
 _ 1 V ; shjunefully'. 
 
 K'gress, n. [Lat. egrtssus, ftvm (^(di, to go or come 
 out, from f, out, and srradi, to step, walk, go.] Act of 
 going out or leaviug, or the power to leave ; departure. 
 
 E-ST*s'slou (c-crv.*h un), n. [Lat. (grissio, from egredi. 
 
 _ Sw supra .] The act of going out : egress. 
 
 E'gret,*!. [SeeAlGRET.] 1. (Or«i M.) The lesser white 
 hen>n, — an el^:ant fowl, with a white body, and a crest 
 on the hmd. '2. A herons feather. 3. (Bot.) The 
 flving, fi^then-, or hairy crown of seeds, »s the down of 
 the thistle. 4. (Zoiil.) A kind of ape. 
 
 E-gri'tte', n. A tuft of feathers, diamonds, &c. ; an 
 ornament of ribbons. See AIGRETTE. 
 
 E-gS-p'tian, a. ( Gfog.) Pertaining to Egypt, in Africa. 
 
 E-g^-p'tian, n. 1. (Geog.) A native of Egypt. 2. A 
 gj,psy ; — sometimes so called because supposed to have 
 
 _oridiiated in Esypt. [Egypt. 
 
 K eypt-61'o-ari*t, n. One skilled in the antiquities of 
 
 K gj-pt-<il'o-gy, n- [Egypt and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] 
 1.* The science of Egyptian antiquities. 3, A treatise 
 on Eg} ptian antiquities. [prise. 
 
 Ell (a), int(rj. An expression of inquiry or slight sur- 
 
 Ei'der (I'der), \n. [Sw. fjder, 
 
 Ei'der-duck. j Dan. ederfugl, 
 (dderfugl, Icel. ddur, adarfugl., 
 Ger. eidergans.'\ ( Ornith.) A spe- 
 cies of sea-duck, which breeds in 
 remote northern regions, and pro- 
 duces an uncommonly fine down, 
 which is an article of commerce. Eider-duck. 
 
 Ei'der-do^vii, n. Down of the eider-duck. 
 
 Ei'do-grapli, «. [Gr. etSos, form, and ■ypa(|)6iv, to de- 
 scribe.] An instrument for copying drawings on the 
 same or a different scale. 
 
 Eigbt (at), a. [A.-S. eahta, dhta, ehta, Goth. oAtau, Icel. 
 aita, Lat. octo, Gr. oktw, Skr. aschtan, aschtau, Ir. & 
 Gael, achd.] Twice four in number. 
 
 Eight (at), 71. 1. The number greater by a unit than 
 seven ; the sum of four and four. ti. A symbol repre- 
 senting eight units, as 8 or viii. 
 
 Eiglit'een (at'een), a. Twice nine in number. 
 
 Eiglit'een (at'een). 71. 1. The number greater by a unit 
 than seventeen : sum of ten and eight. 2. A symbol 
 representing eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. 
 
 Eight'eentli (at^eenth), a. 1. Next in order after the 
 seventeenth, "i. Consisting of one of eighteen equal 
 parts into which any thing is divided. 
 
 Eight'eentli (at^eenth), n. 1. One of eighteen equal 
 parts. 2. The eighth after the tenth. 
 
 Eighth (atth), a. 1. Next in order after the seventh. 
 tj. Consisting of one of eight equal parts into which any 
 thing is divided. 
 
 Eighth (atth), n. 1. One of eight equal ^ (t ly P 
 parts; an eighth part. 3. {3Ius.) The J !j J^ ^ 
 interval of an octave. 0^0^ 
 
 Eighth note (iTus.), the eighth part of a 
 Ae 
 
 Eighth Notes. 
 
 whole note, or semibreve; a quaver. 
 Ei ghthay ( atth^iy- ),adv. In the eighth place 
 Eight'i-eth (at^i-eth), a. 1. The next in order after the 
 
 E-je«t', f. t. [imp. & p. p. EJECTED : p. pr. & vb. H. 
 EJECTING.] [Lat. ejicere, ejtctum, from e, out, and 
 jacere, to throw.] 1. To throw out ; to cast forth. 2. 
 To drive away ; to expel violently , or with shame or dis- 
 grace. 3. To dispossess of ownership or occupancy, a« 
 of land, dwellings, and the like. 
 
 E-jgc'tion, n. 1. Act effecting ; discharge ; expulsion. 
 2. State of being ejected or cast out. 
 
 E-j6-et'ment, n. 1. Expulsion : ejection. 2. {Lau-.\ 
 A species of mixed action, which lies for the recovery of 
 possession of real property, and damages and costs for the 
 unlawful detention of it. 
 
 E-j6ct'or, n. (Law.) One who qects, or dispossesses 
 I _ another of his land. 
 
 j Eke, V. t. [hnp. & p. p. EKED (eekt) ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 EKIXG.] [A.-S. tacan, Goth, aukan, Icel. auka, Lat. 
 migere,GT. av^eiv.] 1. To increase; to enlarge ; to ex- 
 tend. 2. To add or supply what is deficient or scanty, 
 
 _to prolong ; — generally with out. 
 
 Eke, ad I". [Derived from the preceding yerb.] In addi- 
 tion ; also ; l&ewise. 
 
 E-iah'o-raite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elaborated : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ELABORATI^^G.] [Lat. elaborate, elabora- 
 tum, from e, out, and laborare, to labor.] 1, To produce 
 with labor. 2. To perfect with painstaking. 
 
 E-iah'o-rate (45). a. Wrought with labor ; highly fin- 
 ished ; labored with great care. 
 
 SyTi. — L«abored ; prepared ; studied ; peiffected ; high- 
 wrought. 
 
 E-lSb'o-rate-ly, adv. "With great labor or study. 
 
 E-lkb'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act or process of producing 
 with labor ; state of being so produced. 2. [Physiol.) 
 The natural process of formation or assimilation, per- 
 formed by the living organs in animals and ve^tables, 
 by which something is produced. 
 
 E-lSb'o-ra-tive, a. Serving or tending to elaborate. 
 
 E-iab'o-ra'tor, n. One who elaborates. 
 
 E-la'ine, n. [From Gr. eXolVos, of the olive-tree, firom 
 eKaxa., olive-tree, eAoiov, olive-oil.] The Uquid principle 
 of oilsandfets. 
 
 E-lapse', V. i. [imp. & p. p. elapsed (e-lSpst^) : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ELAPSING.] [Lat. el.ahi, el-apsu-s, firom e, 
 out, and labi, to fell, slide.] To slide, slip, or glide by ; 
 to pass away silently, as time. 
 
 E-ias'ti-e, a. [N. Lat. elasticus, firom Gr. eXaweiv, t« 
 drive.] 1. Springing back ; having the inherent prop- 
 erty of recovering its former figure ; springy. 2. Read- 
 ily returning to a previous state or condition, after being 
 
 _ depressed or overtaxed. 
 
 Elas-ti^'i-ty, n. 1, Quality of being elastic : springi- 
 ness ; rebound. 2. Power of resistance to, or recovery 
 from, depression or overwork. 
 
 E-late', a. [See infra.} 1. Lifted up ; raised ; elevated. 
 2. Having the spirits raised by success, or hope of suc- 
 cess ; flushed or exalted with confidence. 
 
 Syn. —Puffed up ; proud ; lofty ; haughty ; swelling. 
 
 E-late', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ELATED \ p. pr. k. vb. n. 
 ELATING.] [Lat. ^erre, datum, to bring or carry out, 
 to raise, from e, for ex, out, and ferre, latum, to bear.] 
 To exalt the spirit of ; to elevate or flush with success. 
 
 seventy -ninth. 2. Consisting of one of eighty equal E-la'tion, «. Inflation or elevation of mind; self-esteem^ 
 
 parts into which any thing is divided, 
 
 Eight'i-eth (at/i-eth), n. One of eighty equal parts, 
 
 Eight'y (at'J), a. Eight times ten ; fourscore. 
 
 Eight'y (at^-j, 71. 1. The simi of eight times ten. 2. 
 
 _ A s>-mbol representing eighty units, as 80 or Ixxx. 
 
 Ei'ther (e'ther or T'ttier. The former is the pronoun- 
 ciation given in nearly all the English dictionaries, and is 
 Btill the prevailing one in the United States : the latter 
 has of late become somewhat common in England. Anal- 
 ogy, however, as weU as the best and most general usage, 
 '- decidedly in favor of e'ther), a. or pron. [A.-S. agdher. 
 
 I vanity, or pride, resulting from success. 
 El'bo'w, 71. [A.-S. elboga, elnboga, fix)m eln, an ell, orig. 
 like Lat. ulna, fore-arm, and boga, bow.] 1. The joint 
 connecting the arm and fore-arm. 2. Any flexure or 
 angle, especially if obtuse, as of a wall, building, and the 
 _ like ; also an angtilar or jointed part of any structure. 
 EITjow, v. t. [i7np. & p. p. elbowed \ p. pr. & t?i. 
 71. ELBOWING.] To push with the elbow, as when one 
 passes another, or pushes by him. 
 El'bow, V. i. 1. To jut into an angle : to project. 2. 
 . , . , ^ , To push rudely along ; to jostie. 
 
 cM/rd</Aer,afdAcr, from d,av, ever, and Arad/i^r, whether.] ElTbo-w-ch&ir, 7i. A chair with arms to support the 
 1. One or the other ; — properly of two things, but some- elbows ; an arm-chair. 
 
 times of more. 2._Each of two ; the one and the other. Eintjow-rdbm, n. Room to extend the elbows on each 
 Ei'ther (e'tber or I'ther), conj. Either is alwavs used ■, side ; hence, room for motion or action. 
 as correlative to or, and precedes it, indicating the first ; Eld, n. [A.-S., old age, fix)m aid, eald, old. See Old.] 
 ofcertain things, any oneof which is true, is to be done, I 1. Old age. 2. Old people. 3. Old times: former 
 chosen, or the like. clavs ; antiquity. [Rare.] 
 
 E-j&e'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ejaculated ; p. pr. \ Eld'er, a. [A.-S. ildra, the comparative of aid. eald, old. 
 
 & vb. n. EJACULATlsiG.] [Lat. ejaculari, ejacvdatum, 
 fi^me,out, and jacuZaci, to throw the javelin, fromjocu- 
 iwm, javelin, dart.] To throw out, as an exclamation. 
 
 E-jae'u-late, v. i. To utter ejaculations. 
 
 E-jae'u-la'tion, n. Uttering of a short, sudden exchi- 
 mation or prajer, or the exclamation or prayer uttered. 
 
 E-jae'u-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Casting or throwing out. 
 2. Suddenly darted out ; uttered in short sentences. 
 
 See Old.] Older ; more advanced in age ; senior ; prior, 
 as in origin. 
 
 fild'er, 71. 1. One who is older: a senior. 2. An an- 
 cestor ; a predecessor. 3. A person who, on account of 
 his age, occupies the office of ruler or judge ; hence, a 
 person occupying any ofiBce appropriate to such a£ have 
 the experience and dignity which age confers. 
 
 £ld'er, 71. [A.-S. tllarn, 0. H. Ger. holder, hoUaUar. 
 
 a, e, &o., long; a, 6, &c., short; c4rc. far, ask, aU, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, or, d*, wolf , 
 
ELDERLY 
 
 239 
 
 ELEGANCY 
 
 firom 0. H. Ger. hoi, hollow, and tar, equiv. toEng. tree.'] 
 (Bot.) A genus of plants having broad umbels of white 
 flowers and dark-red berries. 
 
 £ld'er-ly, a- Somewhat old ; bordering on old age. 
 
 Eld'er-ship, n. 1. State of being older ; seniority. 2. 
 
 ^ OfiBce of an elder. 
 
 Eld'est, a. [A.-S. ildest, yldest, superlative of aid, eald, 
 old.] Oldest ; most advanced in age. 
 
 £l Do-ra'do, or £l Do-ra'do. [Sp., i. e., the golden 
 region, from el, the, and dorado, gilt^ p. p. of dorare, to 
 gild.] A fabulous region in the interior of South Amer- 
 ica, supposed to be immensely rich, especially in gold, 
 gems, &c. ; hence, any country abounding in gold, or 
 
 _ other precious products of nature. 
 
 E'le-a,t'i-e, a. Belonging to a certain sect of philoso- 
 
 _phers, so called from Elea, or Velia, a town in Italy. 
 
 E'le-at'i-e, n. One holding to the Eleatic philosophy. 
 
 fiFe-^am-pane', n. [Fr. enule-campane , from Lat. 
 inula helenium, Gr. kkiviov, and L. Lat. & It. campana, 
 a bell. According to Pliny, this plant was called hele- 
 nium, as having sprung from the tears of Helen.] 1, 
 (Bot.) A plant whose root has a pungent taste, and was 
 formerly of much repute as a stomachic. t2. A sweet- 
 meat from the root of the plant. 
 
 E-16-et', V. t. [imp. & p. p. elected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ELECTING-.] [Lat. eligere, electum, from e, out, and 
 legere, to gather, to choose.] 1. To pick out ; to make 
 choice of. 3. To select or take for an office or employ- 
 ment; to select by vote. 3. (Theol.) To designate, 
 choose, or select, as an object of mercy or favor. 
 
 Syn. — To choose; prefer; select; appoint. See Choose. 
 
 E-16«t', a. 1. Chosen ; taken by preference from among 
 two or more. 3. (Theol.) Set apart to eternal life. 3. 
 Chosen, but not invested with office. 
 
 E-16€t', n. 1. One chosen or set apart, 'i. pi. (Theol.) 
 Those who are chosen or separated for salvation. 
 
 E-16«t'i-5i§m, n. Eclecticism. 
 
 E-le-e'tion, n. [Lat. electio, from eligere, to choose.] 1. 
 Act of choosing ; choice. 3. The act of choosing a per- 
 son to fill an office or employment, by any manifestation 
 of preference. 3. Power of choosing or selecting ; free 
 will. 4. Discriminating choice ; discernment. 5 » (Theol.) 
 Predetermination of individuals as objects of mercy and 
 salvation. 6. Those who are elected. 
 
 E-16-e'tion-eer', v. i. [imp. & p. p. electioneered ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ELECTIONEERING.] To use arts for 
 securing the election of a candidate. 
 
 E-16€t'ive, a. 1. Exerting the power of choice : mak- 
 ing selection. 3. Pertaining to, or consisting in, choice. 
 
 3. Dependent on choice ; bestowed by election. 
 Elective affinity, or attraction (Chem.), a tendency to unite 
 
 with certain things rather than with others. 
 
 E-16ct'ive-ly, adv. By choice or preference. 
 
 E-16<;t'or, n. 1, One who elects, or has the right of 
 choice ; one who is entitled to give his vote in favor of a 
 candidate for office. 3. Hence, specifically, a person, 
 legally qualified to vote. 3. One of the princes of Ger- 
 many formerly entitled to choose the emperor, or king. 
 
 4. One of the persons chosen, by vote of the people in 
 the United States, to elect a president and vice-president. 
 
 E-l.e«t'or-al, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, electors. 
 E-16«t'or-ate (45), n. 1. The dignity of an elector; 
 
 electorship, ti. The territory of an elector. 
 E-le«t'ress, n. The wife or widow of an elector in the 
 
 German empire. 
 E-le-e'tri«, ) a. 1. Pertaining to electricity. 2. Oc- 
 E-le«'tri<;-aI, j casioned by, or derived from, electric- 
 ity. 3. Containing electricity. 4. Capable of occasion- 
 ing electrical phenomena. 
 E-le<;'tri-e, n. A non-conductor of electricity 
 E-16<!'tri«-al-ly, adv. In the manner of electricity, or 
 _by means of it. [of electricity. 
 
 E'le«-tri'cian (-trlsh/an), n. One versed in the science 
 E'le-e-tri$'i-ty, n. [From Lat. electrum, Gr. T?A.e/cTpov, 
 amber ; ^ so named as being produced by the friction of 
 amber.] 1. A subtle agent or power in nature, evolved 
 in any disturbance of molecular equilibrium, whether 
 from a chemical, physical, or mechanical cause, and ex- 
 hibiting itself in a variety of ways. 3. The science which 
 unfolds the phenomena and laws of the electric fluid. 
 E-16«'tri-fI''a-ble, a. Capable of receiving electricity, 
 
 or of being charged with it. 
 E-16<!'tri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ELECTRIFIED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ELECTRIFYING.] [From Lat. electrum and 
 facere, to make.] 1. To charge with electricity. 3, To 
 give an electric shock to. 3. To excite suddenly ; to 
 surprise, especially by means of something pleasing or 
 inspjjriting. 
 
 E-ie«'trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. electrized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ELECTRIZING.] To electrify. 
 
 E-16€'tro-bi-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. i^Ae/crpof, amber (for 
 electricity), and Eng. biology, q. v.] 1, That phase of 
 mesmerism in which the actions, feelings, &c., of a mes- 
 merized person are controlled, or supposed to be con- 
 trolled, by the will of the operator. 5i, The science 
 which treats of the electrical currents developed in living 
 organisms. 
 
 E-16-e'tro-€li6in'is-try, n. That science which treats 
 of the agency of electricity in effecting chemical changes. 
 
 E-16-e'trode, n. [Gr. TjAe/crpoi', amber (for electricity), 
 and 66os, a way, path.] Either of the so-called poles of 
 the voltaic circle. 
 
 E-16€'tro-gild''lng, n. The process of gilding copper, 
 
 _ &c., by means of voltaic electricity. 
 
 E'16€-tr61'o-gy, n. [Gr. •^A.eKTpov, amber (for electric- 
 ity), and Aoyos, discourse.] That branch of physical sci- 
 ence which treats of the phenomena of electricity and its 
 
 _ properties. 
 
 E'le-e-tr61'y-sis, n. [Lat. electrum., Gr. y\keKT(>ov, amber 
 (for electricity), and Avais, a loosing, dissolving, from 
 Avetv, to loose, dissolve.] The act or process of chemical 
 decomposition, by the action of electricity, or galvanism. 
 
 E-16-e'tro-lyte, n. [Gr. rjAe/cTpoi/, and Autos, dissoluble.] 
 A compound decomposable, or subjected to decomposi- 
 tion, byan^lectric current. 
 
 E-16<;'tro-Iyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. electrolyzed ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ELECTROLYZING.] [Gr. TJAeKTpoi/, am- 
 ber, and Aueiv, to loose, dissolve.] To decompose by the 
 direct action of electricity or galvanism. 
 
 E-16-e'tro-ina.g'net, n. A mass of soft iron, rendered 
 temporarily magnetic by being placed within a coil of 
 wire through which a current of electricity is passing. 
 
 E-le<j'tro-inag-iiet'i<!, a. Designating what pertains to 
 magnetism, as connected with electricity, or affected by it. 
 
 E-le^'tro-ma-g'net-igm, n. That science which treats 
 of the development of magnetism by means of voltaic 
 
 _ electricity, and of the currents evolved. 
 
 E'le-CTtrSm'e-ter, n. [Gr. TjAe/crpov, amber (for electric- 
 ity), and fierpov, measure.] 1. An instrument for meas- 
 uring the quantity or intensity of electricity. 3. An in- 
 strument which indicates the presence of electricity. 
 
 E-lge'tro-mo'tor, n. A piece of apparatus for gener- 
 ating a current of electricity. 
 
 E-le^'tro-nfig'a-tive, a. Having the property of being 
 attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to 
 pass to the positive pole in electrolysis. 
 
 E-le-e'tro-neg'a-tive, n. A body which passes to the 
 positive pole in electrolysis. 
 
 E-le«'tro-p6g'i-tive, a. Of such a nature relatively 
 to some other associated body or bodies, as to tend to the 
 negative pole of a voltaic battery, while the associated 
 body tends to the positive pole. 
 
 E-16c'tro-s-eope, ». [Gr. ■^AeKTpov, amber (for electric- 
 ity), and a-KOTTos, spying, from a-KenTea-Oat, to look care- 
 fully.] An instrument for detecting changes in the elec- 
 tric state of_bodies, or the species of electricity present. 
 
 E-le€'tro-type, n. [Gr. ■^Ae/crpov, amber (for electric- 
 ity), and TVTTOs, an impression, from tutttch', to strike.] 
 A copy or stereotype taken by electrotypy, or the process 
 by which this is effected. 
 
 E-16«'tro-type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. electrotyped 
 (108) ; p.pr. & vb. n. electrotyping.] To stereotype 
 or take copies of by electrotypy. 
 
 E-16-e'tro-typ'er, n. One who practices electrotypy. 
 
 E-16-e'tro-typ'y, n. The process of copying medals, en- 
 gravings, &c.,and of making stereotype plates, by means 
 of electric deposition. 
 
 E-16€t'u-a-ry, n. [Late Lat. electuarium, electarium, 
 from Gr. €kA6ikt6j', exAetyjoia, Lat. ecligma, a medicine 
 that is licked away, i. e., melts in the mouth, from Gr. 
 eKkeCxeiv, to lick up.] (Med.) A medicine composed of 
 powders^made up into a confection. 
 
 fil'ee-mos'j^-na-ry, a. [Gr. €Ae>jju.o<rui/7j, pity, mercy, 
 alms, from eAe^ftwi/, compassionate, from eAeeiv, to pity, 
 eAeos, pity.] 1. Eelating to charity ; intended for the 
 distribution of charity. 'Z. Given in charity or alms; 
 founded by charity. 3. Supported by charity. 
 
 £l'ee-in.6s'y-ii.a-ry, n. One who subsists on charity. 
 
 El'e-gan^e, | «. 1. State or quaUty of being elegant ; 
 
 El'e-gan-^y, i beauty resulting from the complete ab- 
 sence of that which deforms or impresses unpleasantly, 
 3. That which is elegant. 
 
 Syn. — Grace. — Elegance implies something which is pro- 
 duced by training and art, as, elegance of manners, composi- 
 tion, handwriting, &c.; elegant, furniture, an elegant house, an 
 elegant mansion, &c. Grace is a lower order of beauty. It 
 may be a natural gift ; the manner of a peasant-girl may be 
 
 food, ftfbt; arn, rude, pull ; 9ell, (baise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; ejist; liQger, lii^k ; tliis. 
 
ELEGANT 
 
 240 
 
 EI.L 
 
 fracdU. but would be hardly called clrganl. Grace is opposed 
 to awkwardness. 
 
 £l'e-Kaut, a. [Lat. tUgans, for ^Z/irf/kS from eligere, to 
 pick out, choose, select.] 1. Plea^^iug by acquired or mi- 
 iwrteti graiv and lK«uty. 'i, Exonbing a nice choice ; 
 K'usJble w> U'auty. 
 
 Syn. - Beautiful : i>oUshed : graceful ; refiued ; handsome. 
 
 tl'e-Krtiit-ly , adv. In an elegant manner ; so a* to plea^ : 
 with elcvKiuce. ,^ », , -. 
 
 E-le'si-ftc. or fil'e^i'ac (117), a [&ec i-LEGY.] 1. 
 IVknii^itig to ele:;\ , or written in elegiacs. Z. Used in 
 
 K-le'si-ft*>, or £i'"e-gi'a-t\ n. Elegiac verse, [elegies. 
 
 £1 e-gi'av-al, a. Pertaining to elegy ; elegiac. 
 
 fil'e-gisit, u. A writer of elegies. 
 
 £re-Ky, 'I. [Lat. degia, Gr. iKeyeia, and cAeycta, pi. of 
 t-Aeyetof, properlv ueut. of eAeyeios, elegiac, from cAeyos, ' 
 a lament, fi-om I'e Aryeu', to cry woe I woe I] A mournful 
 or plaintive poem ; a funei"eal song. j 
 
 i:i'e-nient,«. 1. [L&t. e It ment urn.] One of the simplest > 
 or essential parts or principles of which any thing consists. , 
 'Z. One of the ultuuate, undecomposable constituents of 
 nuy kind of matter. 3. Also, a simple portion of that 
 which is complex. 4. One of the essential ingredients of 
 any mixture. 5. (a.) One out of several parts combined 1 
 in a system or aggregation. (b.) [Anat.) One of the' 
 smallest natural divisions of the organism. 6. (Math.) 
 An infinitesimal part of any thing of the same nature as 
 tae entire magnitude considered. 7. One of the necessa- 
 r . data or values upon which a system of calculations de- 
 l>ends. S. One of the fundamental sources of activity, 
 in nature or life. 9. pi- The simplest or fundamental 
 principles of any system in philosophy, science, or art ; 
 rudiments. 10. pi- Any outline or sketch, as containing 
 the fundamental features wf the thing in question. 11. 
 That which ancient philosophy supposed to be simple 
 and undecomposable ; as, the four so called eleinents, air, 
 earth, water, and fire ; hence, the state natural to any 
 thing, or suited for its existence. VZ, pi. (Eccl.) The 
 bread and wine used in the eucharist. 
 
 fire-menfal, a. 1. Pertaining to the elements, first 
 principles, and primary ingredients, or to the four sup- ' 
 ix>sed elements of the material world. 2. Pertaining to ' 
 lirst principles : rudimentary ; elementary. 
 
 fil'e-ment'al-ly, adv. According to elements ; hteraUy. [ 
 
 El'e-meiit'a-ry (44), a. [Lat. elementariiLS, fi-om ele- 
 mentum.] 1. 'Having only one principle or constituent 
 part. 'i. Pertaining to the elements, rudiments, or first ! 
 principles of any thing. 3. Treating of elements or first 
 principles of a science or art. i 
 
 Syn.— Simple; uneombined; uncompounded; iniUal; ru- I 
 dimentary; introductorj'. 
 
 E-lgn-eh' (e-15nkO, n. [Lat. elenchics, Gr. eAeyxos, fiwm 
 cAeyxfi") to convict, confute, prove.] (Logic.) (a.) That 
 part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends. 
 ( 6. ) A vicious and fallacious argument adapted to deceive ; 
 a sophism. 
 
 E-lgn<;li'i«-al, a. Pertaining 
 _ to an elench. 
 
 fil'e-pliant, n. [Lat. elephan- 
 tw.s, elephas, Gr. £Ae'<^as, either 
 from Skr. ibhas, with the Sem- 
 itic article al, el, prefixed, or 
 from Semitic Aleph kindi, In- 
 dian bull.] (Zoci/.) A quadru- 
 ped of the tribe of pachyderms, 
 of two li\-ing s])ecies, character- 
 ized by a proboscis, and two Elephant, 
 laxge ivory tusks. They are the largest quadrupeds now 
 existing. 
 
 EUtphant paper, drawing paper, of the largest size, being 
 twenty -eight inches by twenty-three. ^^ 
 
 £l'e-phan-ti'a-sis, n. [Lat. & Gr., from €Ae'4>a?, ele- 
 phant, so called from its Ukeness to the elephant's hide.] 
 (Med.) Any one of several distinct diseases of the skin, 
 all of which are attended with either destruction or de- 
 formit}- of the part affected. 
 
 fil'e-phan'tiiie, a. Pertaining to, or resembling the 
 elephant ; huge ; immense. 
 
 fil'eu-sin'i-an, a. Pertaining to Eleusis, in Greece, or 
 to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated. 
 
 fil'e-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elevated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ELEVATING.] [lilt, elevare, elevatum, from e, out, 
 and levare, to Ufl up, raise, from levis, fight in weight.] 
 1. To Uft to a higher placie: to raise; to exalt, ti. To 
 raise to a higher station. 3. To raise or animate ; to 
 cheer 4. To exalt ; to ennoble ; to dignifv. 5. To 
 raise to a higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness ; 
 
 — said of sounds. 6. To intoxicate in a slight degree 
 7. To Ugh ten ; to lessen by detraction ; to diminish. 
 
 Syn.— To exalt; erect; Uft up; elate; cheer; flush; excite; 
 animate. 
 
 £l'e-vate (45), a. Elevated; raised aloft. 
 
 fil'e-va'tioii, ;i. 1. Act of raising from a lower place to 
 a higher. 'Z, Condition of being Ufted or elevated ; ex- 
 altiition. 3. An elevated place or station. 4. (A^tron.) 
 Altitude. 5. (Gunnery.) The angle which the Unc of 
 direction of a cannon or mortar makes with the plane of 
 the horizon. C (Arch.) Front view of a machine, build 
 
 _ iug, or other object, drawn without regard to perspective. 
 
 El'e-va'tor, n. One who, or that which, elevates; as, 
 (a.) A me(;hanical contrivance for lifting grain, &c., to 
 an upper floor; also, a building containing one or more 
 elevators. (6.) (Anat.) A muscle which serves to raise a 
 part of the body, (c.) { Surg.) An instrmnent for raising 
 a depressed portion of a bone. 
 
 E-lev'en (e-lev'n), a. [A.-S. endleofon, dative of endleof, 
 Goth, ahiiif, from ains, ain, one, and lif, equivalent to 
 ten.] Ten and one added. 
 
 E-lgv'en, H. 1. Thesmnoften and one. i2. A symbol 
 representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. 
 
 E-levVnthi, a. 1. Next in order after the tenth. 2. 
 Constituting one of eleven parts into which a thing is 
 
 E-lev'entli, »i. One of eleven equal parts. [divided. 
 
 Elf, «. ; pi. £lve§. [A.-S. elf, alf: el/en, f., tairy ; 0. 
 H. Ger. alp, originally probably a spirit or demon of the 
 mountains, from Celtic alp, ailp, mountain.] A diminu- 
 tive spirit, supposed to inhabit vUd and desert places, 
 and to deUght in mischievous tricks. 
 
 Elf, V. t. To entangle in an intricate manner. 
 
 Elf'-ar'roAV, n. A flint in the shape of an arrow-head, 
 _ vulgarly supposed to be shot by fairies. [feiiries. 
 
 £lf'-16clt, n. Hair twisted into knots, as if the work of 
 
 Elf 'in, a. Relating or pertaining to elves. 
 
 Elf 'in, n. A Uttle elf or urchin. [elves. 
 
 Elf 'isli, a. Elf-like ; mischievous, as though caused by 
 
 E-lip'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ELICITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ELICITING.] [Lat. elicere, elicitum, from e, out, and 
 lacere, to entice, allure. ] To draw out : to bring to Ught. 
 
 E-lide', V. t. [imp. & p. p. elided: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ELIDING.] [Lat. elidere, from e, out, and Isedere, to 
 strike or dash with force against.] ( Gravi.) To cut off 
 or suppress, as a syUable. 
 
 El'i-gi-bil'i-ty, n. 1. CapabUity of being elected ; l^al 
 quaUfication. 2. Worthiness or fitness to be chosen. 
 
 El'i-gi-ble, a. 1. Legally quaUfied. 2. Worthy to be 
 chosen or selected ; desirable ; preferable. 
 
 El'i-gi-ble-ness, n. Fitness to be chosen in preference 
 _ to another ; suitableness : desirableness. 
 
 El'i-gi-bly, adv. In an eUgible manner : suitably. 
 
 E-lim'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eliminated; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. eliminating.] [Lat. eliminare, eliminatu??i, 
 from e, out and limen, threshold.] 1. (Alg.) To cause 
 to disappear from an equation. 2. To set aside as unim- 
 portant in a process of inductive inquiry ; to leave out of 
 consideration. 3. To obtain by separating, as from for- 
 eign matters ; to deduce ; to infer. 
 
 E-lim/i-na'tion, M. 1. The act of expeUing or throw- 
 ing off. 2. (Alg.) The causing a quantity to disappear 
 fix)m an equation. 3. Act of obtaining by separation, 
 or as the result of eliminating : deduction. 
 
 E-lis'ion (e-lizh'un), 7i. [Lat. elisio, from elidere. See 
 Elide.] ( Gram.) The cutting off, for the sake of meter 
 or euphony, of a vowel or syllable, especiaUy a vowel at 
 the end of a word standing before another vowel in the 
 ^following Une. 
 
 Elite (a'leef), n. [Fr., from Lat. electa, electus, p. p. oi 
 eligere, to choose. See Elect.] A choice or select body. 
 
 E-lix'ir, n. [From Ar. el-ihsir, the phUosopher-s stone, 
 the Ufe-prolonging tincture of gold, fr. kasara, to break, 
 destroy.] 1. (Med.) A compound tincture or medicine. 
 2. (Alchemy.) A Uquor for transmuting metals into 
 gold. 3. The refined spirit, or quintessence. 4. Any 
 cordial or substance which in- 
 vigorates. 
 
 E-liz'a-betb'an, a. Pertain- 
 ing to Queen Elizabeth or her 
 times, and to a style of archi- 
 tecture then prevalent. 
 
 £ll£, n. [A.-S. elch, Icel. elgr, 
 Lat. alces.] (Zool.) A quad- 
 ruped of the stag kind, with ; 
 verj- large, spreading, branch- 
 ed or palmate horns. 
 
 fill, n. [A.-S. eln, Goth, alei- 
 
 na, Icel. alin, Lsit. vina, Gt. Elk. 
 
 sL,e,&.c.,long; &,£,&c.,3Aor:;cd.re,far,ask,aU,wliat;6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, dg, wolf, 
 
ELLIPSE 
 
 24' 
 
 EMBALM 
 
 Ellipse. 
 from €f, in, and 
 
 (iIiAevT). Cf. Elbow.] A measure, of different lengths 
 in different countries, used chiefly for measuring cloth. 
 The English ell is 45 inches; the Flemish ell, 27; the 
 Scotch, 37.2 ; the French, 54. 
 
 El-lipse', n. [Lat. ellipsis, Gr. eAXen/»is, prop, defect, 
 the inclination of the ellipse to the 
 base of the cone being in defect when 
 compared with that of the side to the 
 base. See infra.] ( Geom.) An oval 
 or oblong figure, bounded by a regu- 
 lar curve. 
 
 El-lip'sis, n. ; pi. EL-LtP'SEg. [Lat. 
 ellipsis, Gr. lAAeii^i?, a defect, from 
 eAAciTreii', to leave in, to fall short 
 
 AeiVeii', to leave.] ( Gram.) Omission : a figure of syntax, I 
 bv which one or more words are omitted. 
 
 El-lip'soid, n. [Gr. lAAeti/^i?, and elSos, form.] ( Geom.) 
 k solid or figure, all plane sections of which are ellipses 
 or circles. 
 
 Eriip-soid'al, a. Pertaining to an ellipsoid; having, 
 or approximating to, the form of an ellipsoid. 
 
 El-lip'ti€, \ a. [Gr. eAXenrriKo^. See ELLIPSIS.] 1. 
 
 El-lip'tic-al, ) Pertaining to, or having the form of, 
 an ellipse, 'i. Having a part omitted ; defective. 
 
 El-lip'ti€-al-ly, adv. 1. According to the form of an 
 ellipse, 'i. ( Gram.) With a part omitted. [sphere. 
 
 fil lip-tif'i-ty, n. Deviation firom the form of a circle or 
 
 £1111, n. [A.-S. elm, ellm, Lat. 
 ulmus, Russ. ilim, Hem.] (Bot.) A 
 tree of several species, much em- 
 ployed as a shade tree, particularly 
 
 ^ in America. 
 
 El'mo'§-fire, n. A luminous me- 
 teor sometimes appearing in the 
 atmosphere ; occasionally also seen 
 about the masts and rigging of ves- 
 
 ^sels. 
 
 El'o-eu'tion, n. [Lat. elocutio, 
 fi:x)m eloqui, to speak out, express, 
 declare, from e, out, and loqui, to Elm. 
 
 speak.] Mode of utterance or delivery, accompanied with 
 gesture, of any thing spoken, especially of a public or 1 
 elaborate discourse or argument. 
 
 Ero-<;u.'tion.-a-ry, a. Pertaining to elocution. 
 
 fil'o-eii'tion-ist, n. One who is versed in elocution ; a 
 teacher of elocution. I 
 
 £loge (a'lozh'), n. [Fr., from Lat. elogitim, a short say- \ 
 ing, an inscription on a tomb-stone, from Gr. A.670?, \ 
 ^speech.] A funeral oration; a panegyric on the dead. 
 
 El'o-liist'i«, a. [Heb. elohim,, one of the names of God ] 
 Relating to Elohim ; — said of those passages in the books 
 in the Old Testament, characterized by the use of Elohim , 
 instead of Jehovah, as the name of the Supreme Being. 
 
 E-16n.'gate, a. Drawn out at length ; elongated. 
 
 E-16n'gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elongated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ELONGATIJfG.] [L. Lat. elongare, elongatum, 
 from Lat. longus, long.] To lengthen; to extend; to 
 stretch out. 
 
 E-loD-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of lengthening out, or the 
 state of being lengthened out ; protraction ; extension. 
 a. That which lengthens out, or makes longer. 3. Re- 
 moval to a distance ; departure ; intervening space. 4. 
 {Astron.) Angular distance of a planet from the sun. 5. 
 ( Surg.) Lengthening of a limb from disease or injury, or 
 in reducing a fractured bone, &c. 
 
 E-lope', V. i. [im,p. & p. p. eloped (e-lopf); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ELOPING.] [Goth. hlaupanpA.-S. hledpan, to run, 
 jump, l«ap.] To run away, or escape privately; — said 
 especially of a woman, who runs away with a lover. 
 
 E-lope 'ment, n. Private or unlicensed departure. 
 
 El'o-quence, n. 1. Expression of strong emotion, in 
 a manner adapted to excite correspondent emotions in 
 others. '-2. That which, is eloquently uttered or written. 
 
 Syn. — Oratory ; rhetoric. 
 
 El'o-quent, a. [Lat. eloquens, p. pr. of eloqui, to speak 
 
 out, to declaim, from e, out, and loqui, to speak.] 1. 
 
 Having the power of expressing strong emotions in an 
 
 elevated, impassioned, and eEFective manner. 3. Adapted 
 
 _ to express strong emotion with fluency and power. 
 
 fil'o-qiient-ly, adv. In an eloquent manner. 
 
 Else, a. & pron. [A.-S. elles, same as eljes, otherwise, 
 gen. sing. neut. of e^, ele, Goth, alis, eqxuv. to Lat. alius, 
 Gr. oAAo?.] Other; one or something beside. 
 
 Else, adv. & conj. 1. Beside; except that mentioned. 
 3. Otherwise ; if the facts were different. , 
 
 Else'wli6re, adv. 1. In any other place. 2. In other 
 places indefinitely. 
 
 £-lu'(;i-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. elucidated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ELUCIDATING.] [L. Lat. elucidate, eluci- 
 datum, fitjm lucidus, Ught, clear.] To make clear or 
 manifest ; to explain ; to illustrate. 
 
 E-lu^fi-da'tion, n. 1. Act of elucidating any obscure 
 subject. '2. That wiiich elucidates ; explanation ; exposi- 
 tion : illustration. [clear. 
 
 E-lu'yi-da'tive, a. Making clear, or tending to make 
 
 Elii'^i-da'tor, n. One who explains ; an expositor. 
 
 E-lude', V. t. [imp. & p. p. eluded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ELUDING.] [Lat. eludere, from e, out, and ludere, to 
 play.] 1. To avoid by artifice, stratagem, or dexterity. 
 'Z. To remain unexplained or undiscovered by. 
 Syn.— To evade; avoid; escape; shun; flee; mock. 
 
 E-liid'i-ble, a. Capable of being eluded. 
 
 E-lu'§ion, n. [L. Lat. elusio. See ELUDE.] An e«c»pe 
 by artifice or deception ; evasion. 
 
 E-lu.'sive, a. Tending to elude ; eluding. 
 
 E-lfi'so-ri-ness, n. The state of being elusory. 
 
 E-Iu'so-ry, a. Tending to elude or deceive. 
 
 Syn. — Evasive ; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful. 
 
 E-lu'tri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ELUTRIATED; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ELUTRIATING.] [Lat. elutriate, eluttiatum, 
 either from eluere, or allied to N. H. Grer. lautet, pure.] 
 To purify by washing. 
 
 Elve, n. The same as Elf. 
 
 Elv'isli, a. Pertaining to elves. See Elfish. 
 
 E-lyg'i-an (e-llzh/l-an), a. Pertaining to Elysium, or the 
 abode of the blessed after death ; blissful. 
 
 JE-l^^'i-iitn (-iizha-), n. ; Eng. pi. JE-i Y^' I- UMSi-Uzhl-) ; 
 Lat. pi. E-ZYS'I-A (-lizh'i-). [Lat. Elysium, Gr. 'HXv- 
 <riov.] (Myth.) A dwelling place assigned to happy souls 
 after death ; hence, any deUghtful place. 
 
 El'y-tron, \ n. ; pi. £l'y-tra. [Gr. iKvrpov, from 
 
 El'y-triiiii, ) eAvetv, to roU round.] (Entom.) One of 
 the wing-sheaths or outer wings in the tribe of beetles. 
 
 'Em. An obsolete or colloquial contraction of them. 
 
 Em, It. (Print.) The portion of a line formerly occupied 
 by the letter m, then a square type, used as a unit by 
 which to measure the amount of any printed matter. 
 
 E-ma'ci-ate (-ma'shl-, 95), v. i. [imp. & p. p. EMA- 
 CIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. EMACIATING.] [Lat. emaciate, 
 emaciatum, from e, out, macies, leanness, macer, lean.] 
 To lose flesh gradually ; to waste away in flesh. 
 
 E-ma'ci-ate, v. t. To cause to lose flesh gradually. 
 
 E-ma'ci-ate (-shi-at), a. Emaciated. 
 
 E-ma'ci-a'tion { -shi-ii''shun), n . Condition of becoming 
 
 _ lean ; the state of being emaciated. 
 
 Em'a-naiit, a. [Lat. emanans, p. pr. of emanare. See 
 infra.] Emanating ; passing forth into an act, or mak- 
 ing itself apparent by an effect. 
 
 Em'a-nate, r. i. [fmp. & p. p. emanated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EMANATING.] [Lat. emanare, emanatum, from 
 e, out, and manure, to flow.] 1. To issue forth from a 
 soiarce. "3. To proceed, as a fountain ; to take origin. 
 Syn.— To flow; arise; proceed; issue; spring. 
 
 Em^a-na'tion, n. 1. Act of flowing forth. 2. That 
 which issues, flows, or proceeds from any source, sub- 
 stance, or body ; effluvium ; eflBlux. 
 
 E-man'^i-pate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. EMANCIPATED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EMANCIPATING.] [Lat. emancipore, 
 emandpatum, from e, out, and mancipare, to transfer 
 ownership in, mancipium, a formal purchase, in which 
 the buyer laid his hand on the thing bought, hence, 
 property, slave, from manus, hand, and capere, to take.] 
 
 1. To set free from servitude or slavery by voluntary act ; 
 to liberate. 2. To free from any thing which exerts un- 
 due or evil influence. 
 
 E-ma,n'ci-pate, a. Set at liberty. 
 
 E-man'ci-pa'tioii, n. Act of setting free from slavery 
 or subjection ; the state of being thus set free. 
 Syn. — Deliverance; liberation; release; freedom. 
 
 E-man'ci-pa'tor, n. One who emancipates ; one who 
 liberates from bondage. 
 
 E-mas'eii-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMASCULATED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EMASCULATING.] [Lat. emasculate, 
 emasculatum, from e, out, and masculus, male, mascu- 
 line, diminutive of mas, male.] 1. To castrate ; to geld. 
 
 2. To render effeminate. 
 
 E-mas'eu-late (45), a. Deprived of virility or vigor; 
 
 castrated ; unmanned. 
 E-mas'-eii-la'tion, n. Act of emasciUating or the 
 
 state of being emasculated ; castration. 
 Em-balm' (em-bamO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMBALMED ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EMBALMING.] [Fr. embaumer, from 
 
 food, f c»bt ; van., rude, pull : cell, cbaise, «all, e«lio ; 4^>i^> S®* ! *§ ! e$lst ; linger, link ■ 
 
 16 
 
EMBALMER 
 
 242 
 
 EMBRACEMENT 
 
 bamnt, balm, q. v.] 1. To prvst'ire from decay by 
 means of biUm or other aromatic oils or spices. 2. To 
 periH^tuato iu pr»teful n'membrauoo. 
 
 Em-biiliu'f r ^-bAm'-). m. On^ who embalms. 
 
 Km-b&nlK', V. t. [itniK & p. ]>. EMBANKED (-b&Qkt): 
 p. trr.&t-b. It. EMBANKING.] [Prefix em, for fn, and 
 6a*iA-, q. ▼.] To inclose with a bank : to bank up. 
 
 £in-bftnli.'ineiit. n. 1. Act of surrounding or defend- 
 ing witli a bank. 2. A mound or bank raised for any 
 purpoM. 
 
 £iii-biu-'c:o. n. [Sp., from ernbargar, to arrest, restrain, 
 from barra, bar, q. v.] A prohibition by public authority, 
 and for a limited time, of departure fivm a port ; hence, 
 anv hindrance or restraint. 
 
 Cm-biir'so, v. t. [iinp. & p. p. EMBARGOED; p. pr. 
 & I*), n. EMBARGOING.] [See si/pra.] 1. To hinder or 
 preyent frwm sailing out of port, by some law or edict, 
 for a limited time, "i. To hinder ftx>m going forward, 
 by an embargo. 
 
 £m-bark'. t-. t. [imp. & p. p. embarked (em-barkt-') ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EMBARKING.] [Prefix ejn, for en, and 
 barqui , bark.] 1. To put or cause to go on board a ves- 
 sel or boat. i. To engage, enlist, or inxest in any afEair. 
 
 £m-bark', f. i. 1. To go on board of a ship, boat, or 
 Tessel. "i. To engage in any business ; to enlist. 
 
 fim'Tiar-ka'tion, n. 1. Act of putting or going on 
 board of a vessel. 2. That which is embarked. 
 
 Em-bar'rass, v. t. [i}?7p. & p. p. embarrassed (em- 
 bar'rast): p. pr. & vb. ?t. EMBARRASSING.] [Fr. e7}ibar- 
 rasser, from Pr. barras, bar, from L. Lat. barra, a bar of 
 metal or wood. SeeB.ui.] 1. To hinder through per- 
 plexity; to render intricate; to confound. 2. {Co?}i.) 
 To incumber with debt ; to make incapable of paying. 
 
 Syn. — To hinder: perplex; entangle; confuse; puzzle: dis- 
 concert: abash; distress. We are jnizzled when our faculties 
 are confused by something we do notunderstand. We are per- 
 plexed ■when our feelings, as well as judgment, are so affected 
 that we know not how to decide or act. We are embarrassed 
 when there is some bar or hindrance upon us which impedes 
 our powers of thought, speech, or motion. A school-l oy ispm- 
 zUaby a difficult sum; a reasoner is perplexed by the sub- 
 tleties of his opponent; a youth is sometimes so embarrassed 
 before strangers as to lose lus presence of mind. 
 
 Em-bar'rass-ment, n. 1. A state of perplexity, en- 
 tanglement, or confusion. 3, Perplexity arising from in- 
 solvency, or from temporary inability to discharge debts. 
 
 Km-bSs'sa-dor, I n. [Fr. €??iba.<tsadeur, ojnbassadeur, 
 
 Am-bSs'sa-dor, I L. Lat. ainbassiator., ambasciator , 
 Groth. andbahts, servant, messenger. See infra, and cf. 
 Ambassador.] A minister of the highest rank sent bj- 
 one government to another, as the personal representative 
 of the appointing power, and intrusted with the manage- 
 ment of public matters between the two governments. 
 
 Em-bas'sa-do'ri-al, a. Relating to an embassador. 
 
 EmTbas-sy, n. [Fr. embassade, ambassade, from Goth. 
 andbahti, charge, oflBce, service.] 1. The public func- 
 tion of an embassador. 2. The person or persons sent 
 as embassadors. 3. The dwelling or office of an em- 
 bassador. 
 
 Em-bat'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embattled: p. pr. 
 & vb. n.-E MB attlix G .] To arrange in order of battle ; 
 also, to prepare or arm for battle. 
 
 Em-bay', v. t. [itnp. & p. p. embayed : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EMBAYING.] To inclose in a bay or inlet : to landlock. 
 
 Em-bed', r. t. [itrip. & p. p. EMBEDDED : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EMBEDDING.] To lay as in a bed ; to bed. 
 
 Em-bel'lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embellished (108) ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. embellishing.] [Fr. embdlir ,from.^r%f. 
 em, for en, and Fr. bd. bean, beautiful, fine.] To make 
 beautiful or elegant by ornaments. 
 
 Syn. — To adorn; beautify; deck; decorate; enrich; orna- 
 ment; gruce; illustrate. See Adoes. 
 
 Ein-b€11ir«li-er. n. One who embellishes or adorns. 
 Em-b^lllsli-meiit, n. 1. The act of embellishing, or 
 
 the state of being embellished. 2. That which adds 
 
 beauty or elegance. 
 
 Sjii. — Ornament ; decoration ; grace ; beauty ; elegance ; 
 
 ennchment; adornment. 
 
 the great northern diver, or loon. It is found about Ice- 
 land, the Orkneys, and arctic America. 
 
 Em-b^z'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embezzled; p.pr. 
 & 1-6. n. embezzling.] [Norm. Fr. eiiibtasiler, to 
 filch.] To appropriate frauckilently to one's own use, as 
 that intrusted to one's care. 
 
 Em-b6z'zle-ment, n. Fraudulent appropriation to 
 one's own use of what is intrusted to one's care. 
 
 Em-b6z'zler, n. One who embezzles. 
 
 Em-bit'ter, v. t. To make bitter. See Imbitter. 
 
 Em-blaze' v.t. 1. To adorn with glittering embellish- 
 ments^ 2. To blazon, or emblazon. 
 
 Em-bla'zon (-bla'zn), v. t. [ijnp. & p. p. embla- 
 zoned : p. pr. & vb. n. EMBLAZONING.] 1. To deck 
 in glaring colors ; to decorate. 2. To adorn with figures 
 of heraldry, or ensigns armorial. 
 
 Em-bla'zon-er, n. One who emblazons. 
 
 Em-bla'zon-ry, n. Heraldic or ornamental decoration. 
 
 Em'blem., n. [Lat. embhma, Gr. e/ji/S^ij/aa, inlaid work, 
 from efi^aAAeip, to throw, lay, put in, from e/ui, for ev, 
 in, and ^oAAeii', to throw.] Aii object, or the figure of 
 an object, symbolizing and suggesting some other object, 
 quality, or the like. 
 Syn. — Figure; type; sign; symbol; adumbration. 
 
 Em'blem-at'i«, ) a. Pertaining to, or comprising, 
 
 Em'blein-at'i<;-al, ) an emblem ; using emblems. 
 
 Em'blem-St'ic-al-ly, adv. By way or means of em- 
 blems : in the manner of emblems. 
 
 Em-blem'a-tist, n. A writer or inventor of emblems. 
 
 Em-blem'a-tize, r. t. [i?77p. & p.p. ejiblematized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EMBLEMATIZING.] To represent, as by 
 
 ^ an emblem ; to symbolize. 
 
 Em'ble-ment, n. {Sorax. Fr. emblear, from Fr. bled, 
 blc, corn, grain, probably of Celtic origin.] (Law.) The 
 produce or fruits of land sown or planted. 
 
 Em-bod'i-ment, n. 1. Act of embodying; state of 
 being embodied. 2. That which is embodied; a com- 
 plete system, like an organized body. 
 
 Em-bod'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. embodied ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EMBODYING.] 1. To form into a body; to iuTest 
 with matter: to make corporeal. 2. To coUect into a 
 whole : to incorporate ; to concentrate. 
 
 Em-bogue', v. i. To discharge, as a river, its waters 
 into the sea or into another river. 
 
 Em-bog'uing (-bog'ing), n. [Fr. s'emboucber^ Sp. em- 
 bocarse, It. imboccare, of a river, to discharge or empty, 
 from Lat. bucca, cheek, mouthful, cavity. Cf. Disem- 
 bogue.] The mouth of a river. 
 
 Em-bold'en (-bold'n), f. t. [imp. & p. p. embold- 
 ened : p. pr. & vb. n. EMBOLDENING.] To give bold- 
 ness or courage to : to encourage. 
 
 JStnbonpoint (ong'bong^pwCng'), n. [Fr.,fiom enbon 
 point, in good condition.] Plumpness of person ; rotun- 
 dity of figure; fleshiness, [border. 
 
 Em-bor'der, v. t. To adorn with a border ; to im- 
 
 Em-bo§'om, r. ^. [Written also ??7?6o.';ow7.] 1. To take 
 into the bosom : to cherish. 2. To hide or half conceaL 
 
 Em-boss'. V. t. [imp. kp.p. embossed {em-h^sV ) : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. embossing.] 1. To cover with bosses or 
 protuberances ; to ornament in relief. 2. To &ehion 
 raised work upon. 
 
 Em-boss'meiit, n. 1. Act of embossing, or state of 
 being embossed. 2. Raised work. 
 
 ^niboucJiure^ong^hob'shuT'j.n. [Fr. SeeEMBOGUE.] 
 A mouth, or opening, as of a river, cannon, and the like. 
 
 Em-bow'el, r. t. [imp. Sep. p. EMBO\^^LED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EMBO^^'EIJ^NG.] 1. To remove the bowels of: 
 to eviscerate : hence, to embalm. 2. To hide in the in- 
 ward parts : to bury ; to secrete. 
 
 Em-bo'w'er, v. i. To lodge or rest in a bower. 
 
 Emi-boTF'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMBO^\^ERED : p. pr. 
 & vh. n. EMBOWERING.] To cover with a bower; t© 
 shelter with trees. 
 
 Em-bra^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ejibraced (108) : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. EMBRACING.] [Fr. etnbrasser, from pr^x 
 em., for en, and bras, arm, from Lat. brachium.] 1. To 
 clasp or inclose in the arms : to press to the bosom. 2. 
 To cherish with afi^ection. 3. To surroxind or inclose. 
 4. To include as parts of a whole, or as subordinate divi- 
 sions of a part. 5. To seize eagerly, or with alacrity ; t« 
 welcome. 
 
 hug; encircle ; include ; comprise; oon- 
 rSie: 
 
 Syn.— To clasp i 
 tain; encompass; compr 
 
 lend. 
 
 £m'ber, n. [A.-S. dmyrie, hot ashes.] A lighted coal, 
 
 smoldering amid ashes : — used chiefly in the plural, to 
 
 rignify mingled coals and ashes : cinders. 
 
 Ember-davs (Rom. Cofh. Chvrch), certain days set apart for 
 
 fiutisg and praver in ^ch of the four sea-sons of the year. 
 
 These are the Wednewiav, Fridav, and Saturday after the 
 
 first Sundav in Lent, the feast of Whitsuntide, the 'l4th of Sep- i . ^ . . . . 
 
 tember, and the l-3th of December. The weeks in which these i Em-bra^e', v. t. To jom m an embrace. 
 
 days fall are called embtr-tceeks. Em-bra?e', n. Close encirling with the arms ; pressure 
 
 fim'b«r-gobse, n. [Norw. embergaas, Ger. imber, D. ' to the bosom ; clasp ; hug. [brace. 
 
 embervogel.] (Omith.) A web-footed bird, called also ' Em-bra^e'ment, n. A clasp in the arms ; a hug ; qn- 
 
 S,e,&«.,iong^/&,€,&c.,4Aoft, eare,far,a8k,aU,wliat: ere,veU, tgrm; pique, firm; son, or, dQ, W9H, 
 
EMBRACER 
 
 243 
 
 EMPALEMENT 
 
 a attempt to influence a 
 
 Em-bra'yer, n. One who embraces. 
 
 Em-bra'fer-y, «. (Law.) An attempt to influence a 
 jury, court, &c., corruptly. 
 
 Em-bra'§ure (-bra'zhijr), n 
 [Fr., fix)m embraserj equiv. to 
 ibraser, evaser, to widen an 
 opening.] 1. (Fort.) An open 
 ing in a wall or parapet, through 
 which cannon are pointed and 
 discharged. [See Illmt. of Case- 
 mate.] ii. (^rcA.) The enlarge- 
 ment of the aperture of a door e E, Embrasures in a par- 
 or window, on the inside of the apet. A A, Merlons, 
 wall, for giving greater space, or for admitting more light. 
 
 £m'bro-eate, r. «. [hnp. & p. p. embrocated; p. 
 pr.&. vb. n. EMBROCATING.] [From Gr. e/ix/Spoxij , equiv. 
 to iPpeyfjia, lotion, fomentation, from e/jL^pexeiv, to soak 
 in, to foment, from e/u,, for ev, in, and Ppexeiu, to wet on 
 the surface.] (Med.) To moisten and rub, as a diseased 
 part, with a liquid, as spirit, oil, &c. 
 
 J6m'bro-ea'tioii, Ji. (Med.) (a.) Act of moistening and 
 rubbing a diseased part with some substance, (b.) The 
 lotion with which an affected part is rubbed or washed. 
 
 Em-bro'glio (-broFjo), n. See Imbroglio. 
 
 Em-broid'er, v. t. [imp. &,p . p. embroidered ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. embroidering.] To cover with orna- 
 mental needle- work or figures. 
 
 Em-broid'er-er, n. One who embroiders. 
 
 Em-broid'er-y, n. 1. Variegated needle-work. 3. 
 Ornamental decoration. 
 
 Em-broil', v. t. [imp. & p. p. embroiled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EMBROILING.] [Fr. embrouiller. See BROIL.] 
 To throw into perplexity, contention, or trouble. 
 
 Syn. — To perplex; entangle; encumber; confound; min- 
 gle; distract; disturb; disorder; trouble. 
 
 Em-broil'ment, n. A state of contention, perplexity, 
 
 or conftision ; disturbance. 
 Em-brue', v. t. See Imbrue. 
 £mnbry-o, n.; pi. EM/BRY-og. [Gr. efi^pvov, i. e., to 
 
 evTOs ^pvov, from e/u., for if, in, and /Spveii/, to be full of, 
 
 to swell with.] The first rudiments of an organized being 
 
 or thing, whether animal or plant. 
 In embryo (Fig-), in an incipient or undeveloped state ; in 
 
 conception, but not yet executed. 
 
 fim.'bry-ol'o-gy , n. [Gr. eix^pvov, an embryo, and koyo?, 
 discourse.] The doctrine of the development of the em- 
 bryo and fetus of animals. 
 
 E-ln.end'J_^•. t. To amend. See Amend. 
 
 fiin'en-da'tion, n. [Lat. eme7idatio.] 1. Act of alter- 
 ing for the better ; correction. 3. Alteration of a text 
 so as to give a better reading. [or errors. 
 
 Jfem'en-da^tor, n. One who amends by removing faults 
 
 E-mend'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to emendation. 
 
 fim'er-ald, n. [0. Fr. esmeraidde, now emeraude, fix)m 
 Lat. smaragdus, Gr. crfJ.dpaySo?, (xapaySos, Skr. j?iara- 
 kata.\ 1. (Min.) A precious stone of a rich green color. 
 2. (Print.) A kind of type, in size between minion and 
 nonpareil. [Eng.] 
 
 ^^"^his line is printed in the type called Emerald. 
 
 E-merge' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. emerged ; p. pr. 8c 
 vb. 71. EMERGING.] [Lat. emergere, from e, out, and 
 mergere, to dip, plunge.] To rise out of a fluid or as out 
 of a fluid ; to issue and appear. 
 
 E-mer'^enpe, \n. 1. Act of rising out of a fluid ; 
 
 E-mer'gen-fy, j sudden uprisal or appearance. 3. 
 An unforeseen occurrence ; a sudden occasion. 3. Press- 
 ing necessity ; exigency. 
 
 E-mer'gent, a. 1. Rising out of a fluid or any thing 
 that covers or conceals ; issuing. 3. Suddenly appear- 
 ing ; calling for prompt action ; urgent. 
 
 JE-^ner'i-tiis, n. ; pi. E-MER'I-Ti. [Lat., one who has 
 served his time, fr. emerere, emereri, to serve one's term, 
 fr. e, out and merere, m.ereri, to merit, serve.] One who 
 has been honorably discharged from pubUc service. 
 
 E-tner'i-tus, a. [Lat.] Honorably discharged from the 
 performance of public duty ; — said of an officer in a 
 college or university. 
 
 £m'e-rod§, ) n. pi. [Corrupted from hemorrhoid.^, q. 
 
 fim'e-roidg, J v.] (Med.) Hemorrhoids ; piles. 
 
 E-mer'sion, n. [From Lat. em.ergere, em.ersum. See 
 EMERGE.] Act of rising out of, or coming forth from, 
 any enveloping or overshadowing substance or body. 
 
 im'er-y, n. [From Gr. o-|u.tpts, <r/aupts, crM-i^pis] (Mm.) 
 Corundum intimately blended with oxide of iron , used in 
 th« arts for grinding and polishing metals, hard stones, 
 and glass. 
 
 E-met'ic, a. [Gr. efjLeTiK6<;, from eft-etv, to vomit.J 
 
 (Med.) Inducing to vomit. 
 E-m6t'i€, n. (Med.) A medicine which caus«8 vomiting. 
 £nieute (ai'mut'), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. emovere, to move out, 
 
 to stir up.] A seditious commotion or mob ; a riot. 
 flm'^i-ca'tioii, n. [Lat. emicatio, from emicare, to spring 
 
 out or forth.] A flying off in small particles, as heated 
 
 iron or fermenting liquors ; scintillation, 
 E-mi€'tioii, n. [Lat. e, out, and mingere, mictum. to 
 
 make water.] 1, The discharging of urine. 3. Unn«. 
 £lm'i-grant, a. 1. Pertaining to an emigrant. 3. 
 
 Removing from one country to another. 
 £in'i-grant, n. One who quits one country or region 
 
 to settlejn another. 
 fim'i-grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. emigrated -iP.pr. & 
 
 vb. 71. EMIGRATING.] [Lat. f.migrare , em.igratum , from 
 
 e, out, and m.igrare, to migrate.] To remove from one 
 ^ country or state to another, for the purpose of residence. 
 Ena-'i-gra'tloii, n. 1. Removal of inhabitants from one 
 
 country or state to another, for the purpose of residence. 
 
 3. A body of emigrants. 
 fim'i-nen^e. In. 1. A height; an elevation. 3. An 
 Em'i-nen-py, j elevated situation among men ; high 
 
 rank ; distinction ; preferment. 3. A title of honor, 
 
 applied to a cardinal in the Roman Catholic church. 
 £in'i-nent, a. [Lat. emi7ie7is, p. pr. of eminere, to 
 
 stand out, be prominent, from e, out, and minere, to 
 
 project.] 1. High ; lofty ; towering. 3. Exalted in rank ; 
 
 high in office or public estimation. 
 
 Eminent domain. See Domaix. 
 
 Syn. — Distinguished; elevated; exalted; remarkable; coa- 
 spicuous ; prominent ; famous ; celebrated ; illustrious. See 
 
 DlSTI>-GUISHED. 
 
 Eml-nent-ly, adv. In an eminent or high degree. 
 
 JE'niir, \ n. [Ar. em.ir, amir, a commander, from 
 
 E'meer, j emara, amara, to command.] An Arabian 
 prince, military commander, and governor of a con- 
 quered province ; also, an honorary title given in Turkey 
 to the descendants of Mohammed. 
 
 Em'is-sa-ry, n. [Lat. emissarius, from emittere, emis- 
 sum, to send out, from e, out, and mittere, to send.] A 
 secret agent employed to advance, in a covert manner, 
 
 _ the interests of his employers ; a spy. 
 
 Em'is-sa-ry (44), a. Exploring ; spying. 
 
 E-mis'sion, (-mish'un), ?i. 1. Act of sending or throw- 
 ing out ; issue. 3. That which is sent out, or put m 
 circulation at one time ; issue. 
 
 E-mis'sive, a. Sending out; emitting. 
 
 E-mit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. emitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EMITTING.] [Lat. emittere, to send out, froin e, out, 
 and mittere, to send.] 1. To send forth ; to cause to is- 
 sue. 3. To issue forth, as an order or decree ; to print 
 and send into circulation, as notes or bills of credit. 
 
 Em'met, n. An ant or pismire. See Ant. 
 
 Ern'mol-les'^en^e, n. [Lat. e, out, and mollesare, to 
 become soft, inchoative form of mollere, to be soft, from 
 mollis, soft.] The first or lowest degree of fusibility. 
 
 E-mol'li-ate, v. t. [ijnp. & p. p. emolliated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. EMOLLIATING.] [Lat. emollire, to softai, 
 from e, out, and viollire, to soften, from m.oUis, soft.] 
 To soften ; to render effeminate. 
 
 E-mollient, (-moFyent), a. Softening ; making supple- 
 
 E-mol'lient, n. (Med.) An external application to al- 
 
 ^lay irritation, and alleviate soreness, swelling, and pain. 
 
 Em'ol-li'tion (-lish'un), n. Act of softening. 
 
 E-mol'u-ment, n. [Lat. emolumentum, literally » 
 working out, from emoliri, to move out, to work out, 
 from e, out, and moles, a huge, heavy mass.] 1. Profit 
 arising from office or employment. 3. Gain in general ; 
 that which promotes the public or private good. 
 
 E-mo'tion, n. [From Lat. emovere, to move, excite, 
 from e and movere, to move.] A moving of the mind or 
 soul ; a state of excited feeling of any kind. 
 
 SjTi* — Feeling ; agitation. — Feeling is the weaker term, 
 and maj^ be of the body or the mind: emotion is of the mind 
 alone, being the excited action of some inward susceptibility or 
 feeling, as an emotion of pity, terror, &e. Agitation may be 
 bodily or mental, and usually arises in the latter case from a 
 vehement struggle between contending desires or emotions. 
 
 E-mo'tion-al, ) a. Pertaining to emotion, or the capae- 
 
 E-mo'tive, ) ity for emotion ; attended or charac- 
 terized by emotion. 
 
 Em-pale', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EMPALED ^p.pr.k vb. n. 
 EMPALING.] [Fr. empaler, from em, for en, in, and per', 
 Lat. palus, a pale, stake.] 1. To inclose ; to surround ; 
 to shut in. 3. To put to death bj' fixing on a stake. 
 
 Em-pale'ment, «. 1. A fencing, or inclosing with 
 
 food, fc»bt; iirn, r^ide, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, call, e«}io; gem, get; ag; e^ist; lioger, link; tills 
 
EMPANEL 
 
 244 
 
 ENAMEL 
 
 58. A puttiDg to death by thniftnng a stake into 
 the btxly. S. t Bot. ) The cahx of a plaat. 
 
 Km-p&n'el, n. ( Lair. * A list of jurats ; a ] 
 
 Km-p^r'll, r. x. To (>ut in peril : to end 
 
 £m'per-or. n. '¥r. 'I'lf-^r.ur, Lat. hnpfrator,ftam im- 
 fxntrf. to cvDmar;'. , fn m un, for in, in, and parare^ to j 
 pn^; " - Ttrt-ign of an empire: a title cX 
 
 dL: f king. 
 
 ^ni'l., - - 1 PHA-SE5. [IaX. emphasis. Gt. 
 
 i^/^iLirs. .*i^TiJXir3iii.e. u>re« of eipreaBion,firom ifi^aitrti*. ' 
 to indicate^ from ^, for cr, in, and ^miwfiy. to show.] 
 1. ( JRibei.) Stress of ntteraoce, or force oi Toice, giren 
 to Ua» wonts or parts of a difconrw, intended to be im- 
 pt— ed specially on an andkrace. *2. A peculiar impres- 
 W I W M J S D of expression or weigfat of thought. 
 
 fint'plui-sSze, r. t. {imp. k p. p. emphasized : p. pr. 
 & r*. n. ESCPHASlzlxe.] To utter or pronounce with 
 a (artkuiar stres of Toice ; to lay emphasis or stress up- 
 cvo. : to make emphatic. 
 
 Km-ph^'ic i a. 1. Uttered with empliaas ; le- 
 
 Kiu-pli&t'ic-a]. / quiring emphaas. 2. Atb«eting 
 .'Special anention. 
 Sym. — Fcncible; impressiTe: eneigetie; striking. 
 
 £m-pli&t'i'e-al-lj, adv. With emphariw ; fordbly. 
 
 im'phffse'mui, m. [Gr. ^i/^var^iia^ inflation, from e^- 
 ^w^r, to inflate, from ^, fiw er,in, and ^vcror, to blow.] 
 ( yied. ) A swelling {Hoduoed bjr air diffused in the cellu- 
 
 ^Bi'lHre, n. [Frmn Lat. imperinm. See EXPEKOR.} 
 1. Supreme powa or authtmtr in gOTeming. ii. The 
 doininion of an emperor, or, rarely, of a king. 3 . Got- 
 eming or i«edonunant infliKnce. 
 
 SyM. — Swav: dominion: role; control; reign: soreieigntr; 
 ^Terament: kingdom; state. 
 
 Km^ir^e or ^m'lvir-ie (123), r. 1. One who relies 
 upon expoiment zmA. obeerration. '2. One who confines 
 hinwrif to apfdjing the results of his own ohsexration ; 
 e^eeiaUy, a quck doctor : a charlatan. I 
 
 JBinipir'i'e, I a. [IaH. empirietu. Gr. ^weipucos, expe- s 
 
 Sm-pir^e-al, I rieneed, equrr. to efLweutos, frvHn ^, : 
 for ev, in, and a^etpa, a trial : experiment.] 1. Pertaining i 
 to, or founded upon, experiment or experimce. "2. De- ,1 
 pending uptm expenence or observaticm akme, wmioat I 
 due r^rd to sdenee and tibeory. ' 
 
 JSai-pir^e-al-ly-, arfe. By eiqwriment or expaienee : ; 
 without ecienoe : in the i"«""pr c^ quacks. 
 
 Sm-^riu^i-^gmj m. 1. Method or practice of an em- 
 piric. *2, A practice of medicine founded on expexiraice, 
 and ne^leeting the aid of science : charlatanry : quackezy. 
 
 Kia.-^d&S^ti-e, a. [Gr. i/urJiaaTucos, from qt-vXamreir, to 
 ' op, daub over.] Kt to be applied as a plaster ; 
 adheare. 
 
 Km-ploy'. r. t. [inqt. fc p. p. exploted : p. pr. tc 
 vb. a. EXPLonxG.] [Pr. empioyer, fr<Mn Eat. inq>li- 
 eare, to infold, oigage, from im, far in, and plieare, to 
 fold.] 1. To keep in eerriee : to use. 3. To use as an ' 
 means fat acconpliihin^ some pu rpose : 
 1 for fonning any tiling. 3. To use as an 
 agmt, serrant, ot v^pvesentatiTe. 
 
 To ea^of tmemwOf, to apply or derote one's time and atten- 
 Ikm: to Dosy one's ee)£. g 
 
 Km- ploy', «. Emidoymmt. \_^>et.\ I 
 
 JEtnploye (em-^y-a' or Cx^^wo-ya'), 11 . [Tr., p. p. rf 
 
 ary)ttfifeT.] One who is onployed. I 
 
 99- Tbe EagUk form aH this w<Md, rix- eaalomee, OtaoA 
 
 perftctly oontgnnaMe to anakgy. and flierefiBepeiftefty 1^- . 
 
 miate, u not Midfto n ed by the usage ofgood wntas. 
 
 K«»-pIoT'er, n. One who employs. 
 Kon-ploy'nieBt, M. 1. Tbeact of employii^or um^: 
 
 also, the state of being employed. 2. Thai whidi oi- 
 
 gages or occupies : serrice: agienoy. 
 Knt-po'ri-tiiit, n. .- Lat. pi. BM-'pofRt-A. Viag. pi. E3C- 
 
 PO^Rl-rMj. [Lat. : Gr. €iLnf)u», from ^^npos, tiar- 
 
 eler. trader, from e^i.. for o>, in, and sopos. way through 
 
 and orer, path.) A piaceof extai£iTee<anmaoe<» trade: 
 
 a commercial city or town : a mart. 
 Km-po^r'er, r. t. [imp. k p. p. EXPOirxK]:!); p. pr. 
 
 k rl. m. EXPOWEBIKCJ 1. To gire legal or moral 
 
 power or authority to. 2. To' gire physicad power or 
 
 force to. V 
 
 Cm'prese, «. [Contracted from empertxs. See E.«per- 
 
 OR.] 1. The egnsort of an emper or . 2. A w(»ian who 
 
 space. orTacuum: exhaustion: destitution. *^. Want of 
 solidity or substance: unsatis&etorinesB. 3. Want of 
 knowledge w sense. 
 
 fi>ni>'ty> o. [eompar. EMPTFER : siqferl. EMPTIEST.I 
 [A.-S. rtntig, dmtig. from emta, iimta, quiet, rest. Cf. 
 Celt. am«T, time, Lith. amzis, age, €mtzina$, eTexlast- 
 ing.] 1. Containing nothing: roid : not fiUed. 2. 
 Destitute of effect, sincerity, or sense. 3. Unable to 
 satisfii- : unsatisfectory : hoUow. 4. Desolate: waste ; 
 deserted. 5. Produdng nothing: unfrnitful. 6. J)e»- 
 titute of, or lacking sense. 7. Destitute of leaJity, or 
 real existence : unsubstantial. 
 
 fimp'ty. V. t. [imp. k p. p. EMPTIED : p. pr. k vb. n. 
 EMPTYING.] To exhaust : to deprive of the contents. 
 
 Emp'ty. c. I. 1. To pour or flow out : to diichaiga 
 itself. '2. To become empty. 
 
 Emp'ty -img, n. 1. Act of making onpty. 2. pL 
 The lees of beer, cider, &c. : yeast. [Amer.] 
 
 Em-pttr'ple. v. t. To tinge or dve of a purple coiot. 
 
 Ein-pyr'e-al. a. [See E3ilPTRE.iX, a.] F<»iiwd of 
 pure fire or light : refined beyond aerial substance. 
 
 Em py-re'aii, a. Empyreal. 
 
 £m py-re'an (124), 11. [L. Lat. empyrantm, from Gr. 
 e^7vpo9, in fire, fr<oan ^, for ev, in, and wwp, fire.] The 
 highest hearen. where the pure element of fire wa« 
 
 _ supposed by the ancients to subsist. 
 
 Em pv-reu-mat'i-e, (a. Pertaining to, or posaeas- 
 
 Em'py-reu-m&t'ie-al, ) ing, or resemblmg the taste 
 
 _ or gmell of burnt «niin«l or r^etable spbetanees. 
 
 E'mu, n. (ZoSl.) A bird of Tciy large aae, found in 
 
 _ Australia, rdiated to the cassowary and the ostrich. 
 
 Em'a-Iate, c. t. [imp. k p. p. emcXiATED ip.pr. k rb. 
 H. EJCCrLATIMe.] [Lat. semtiiari^ semvlatum, from sem- 
 uiti-s, emnlons.] To strire to equal or excel in quahties or 
 
 _ actions : to Tie with : to rivaL 
 
 Em'u-Ia'tioii. n. 1. Act €€ attonpting to equal or ex- 
 cel in qualities or actions ; desire of snperi<»rity, attended 
 with ^Drt to attain it. ^. C<Mupetition ; contention. 
 
 Syn.— Compeiiti<m; riralry; contest: contention; stnfe.— 
 Competitiom is the strog^ of two or mme pasons for the 
 same object. Emmlatiotk is an aident deaoe for sn p e ri o rity , 
 ariring nom competition, bat not implying, of Beceaity, any 
 impnqier fedin^. Raealrjf is a pasonal contest, and afaatHt 
 of oomae gires nse to envy, resentment, or detnctiom. 
 
 'Em'vt-lsk'tOT, n. One who emulates; a rival; a c«m- 
 petitm-. 
 
 E-mnl'gent, a. [Lat. emmlgens, p. iw. of emtdgere, 
 from e, out, and nntigere. to mflk.] (JiuU.) IMilking at 
 draining out ; — said of the renal arteries and Teai». 
 
 'Eriaa.ul'gen.t, a. {Bled.) (a.) An cmn^ent TeeeA. (b.) 
 
 _ A remedy which excites tihie flow of bUe. 
 
 Em'u-lous, a. 1. Ambitiously desrons of like exc^ 
 lence with another. H. Engaged in oHnp^ition ; rirafing. 
 
 Em'a-loo^ly, adv. With desre of equaling oar excel- 
 ling anodier. 
 
 £-mul'siion, n. [From Lat. emmlgere, enadstnn.'] {Med.) 
 A soA, liquid remedy, of a coUa and eonastenee resem- 
 bling milk. 
 
 E-mul'siTre. a. 1. Softaiing: milk-like. 2. Tiddine 
 oil by exp>res^n. 3. Producing a milk-like substance. 
 
 E-mitne'to-ry, n. [Lat. emuMctorium, from emwtm- 
 gere, emuHctian, to blow the nose, hence, to wipe, 
 cleanse, frran e, out, and mtagere, to blow the noee.] 
 {Anat.) Any <Hrgan of the bo^ serring to carry off ex- 
 
 Eik-alile, r. r. limp, k p. p. enabled : p. pr. k vb.M. 
 KirABl.1116.] [O. k Norm. Fr. enhabler, fiom 11, in, 
 and Aa«f, X. Fr. habiU, Eng. able, q,T.] 1. To pro 
 stzength or abilitr to. 2. To supply with sufficient 
 power, fdiyacal or moiaL 
 
 En-a«t', c. /. [imp. k p. p. EXACTED i p. pr. k vb. n. 
 EXACXniG.] 1. To decree: to make into a law. 2. 
 To perform. 3. To act the part of: to play. 
 
 En-a«t1ve, a. HaTing power to enact as a law. 
 
 Eu-a-efment. h. 1. The paasng of a bill into a law. 
 2. A decree : a law. 3. The aclh:^ as a part or char- 
 acter in a play. 
 
 En-aet'or, «. One who enacts « pasEes a law. 
 
 E-naVla-ge (e-nalla-je), n. [Gr. otiAAayiv, an exeloi^e, 
 from evoAAaxnrcur, to exchange, fif omer ,in, and iXXar- 
 o^tMf to change.] ( Gram.) A snbstitutjon of one gen- 
 der, nmnber, ease, pezson, tense, mode, or Toiee, of tb» 
 same word, for another. 
 
 £ii-&xn'el, n. [Prefix oi and ohe. amel.] 1. A sub- 
 
 of the natore of ^aes, but more foable and 
 
 nearly opaque. 2. That which is enamded. 3. lAnat.) 
 
 The enHMrth, hard substance which cotcts the crown er 
 
 Tiable part of a tooth. 
 
 a,e,&c.,ba^,-&,£,&c.,sfcorr,-cAr«,far,aslc,all,-«rliat; ^r«,weU,tenD:iiiqae,firm:sdn. dr. do.vr^U, 
 
 ExB-prife', «. [O. Fr., from prefix em, for en, and pris^, stance 
 a taking, from prendre, to take, Lat preJundere, pren- 
 dere.] An madoiaking ; an enterprise. [Poei.] : 
 
 £mp^^iew (84), a. 1. State of being empty ; roid ' 
 
ENAMEL 
 
 245 
 
 END 
 
 £u-&iu'el, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ENAMELED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ENAMELING.] 1. To lay enamel upon ; to paint in 
 enamel, ti. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon. 
 
 En-am'el, v. i. To practice the art of enameling. 
 
 Kii-Jlm'el-ar, a. Like enamel ; smooth ; glossy. 
 
 En-am'el-er, I n. One who enamels ; one whose occu- 
 
 Kn-am'el-ist, ) pation is to lay on enamels. 
 
 En-am'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enamored ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. enamoring.] [W^ritten also enamour.] [0. Fr. 
 enamourer, from en, in, and amour, love, equiv. to Lat. 
 amor.] To inflame with love ; to charm ; to captivate. 
 
 En-eage', v. t. To shut up or confine in a cage. 
 
 En-eamp', v.i.. [imp. & p. p. encamped (108); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ENCAMPING.] To form and occupy a 
 
 En-camp', V. t. To form into a camp. [camp. 
 
 En-eamp'ment, n. 1. Act of pitching tents or form- 
 ing huts for temporary lodging or rest. ti. The place 
 where an army or company is encamped ; a camp. 
 
 En-«aus'ti-e , a. [Lat. encausticus, Gr. eyKawoTiKos, 
 fromi" eyKateti/, to burn in, from ev, in, and /catetv, to 
 burn.] Pertaining to the art of burning in colors ; — 
 applied to a species of painting in wax liquefied by heat ; 
 also, to painting on glass or porcelain, or any other style 
 where colors are fixed by heat. 
 
 En-«aus'ti«, n. The method of painting in heated or 
 burnt wax, or in any way where heat is used to fix the 
 colors. 
 
 Enceinte (ong'sanf), n. [Fr.,from encei/irfre, to gird 
 about, to surround, Lat. incingere, from in, in, and 
 cmg-ere, to gird.] (i^'or^) The main inclosure. 
 
 Enceinte (ong'sant')a. [Fr., p. p. of enceindre ; Lat. incin- 
 gere, to gird about.] (Law.) Pregnant ; with child. 
 
 En'^e-phai'ic, a. [Gr. eyKe<f>a.\ov, the brain.] Belong- 
 ing to the head or brain. 
 
 En-chain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enchained ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ENCHAINING.] 1. To chain; to fasten with a 
 chain. 3. To hold fast ; to restrain. 
 
 En-cliain'ment, n. Act of enchaining, or state of be- 
 ing enchained. « 
 
 En-cliant', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enchanted ; p. pr.&, 
 vb. n. ENCHANTING.] [Fr. enchanter, from Lat. incan- 
 tare, to chant or utter a magic formula over or against 
 one, from in, in, against, and cantare, to sing.] 1. To 
 charm by sorcery ; to hold as by a spell. 3. To delight 
 in a high degree. 
 
 Syn.— To captivate; fascinate; ravish; enrapture; bewitch. 
 
 En-cliant'er, n. One who enchants ; a sorcerer or 
 magician. 
 
 En-cliant'ment, n. 1. Act of enchanting ; use of 
 magic arts, spells, or charms. 3. That which enchants. 
 Syn. — Incantation; necromancy; charm; magic; fasci- 
 nation; spell; sorcery; witchery; witchcraft. 
 
 En-cliant'ress, n. A woman who enchants, as by 
 magic spells, beauty, and the like ; a sorceress. 
 
 En-chase', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enchased (108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ENCHASING.] [Fr. enchcLsser, trom chasse, same 
 as ch&ssis, frame, caisse, chest, case, q. v.] 1. To incase 
 or inclose in a border or rim ; to encircle ; to inclose ; to 
 adorn. 3. To adorn with embossed or engraved work. 
 
 En-eho'ri-al, ) a. [Gr. eyx<^pi-os, domestic, native, from 
 
 En-«lior'i«, j ev, in, and x^ipa, place, country.] Be- 
 longing to a country ; native ; popular ; common ; — 
 said especially of the written characters employed by the 
 common people of Egypt, in distinction from the hiero- 
 glyphics. 
 
 En-5ir'«le (en-sir'kl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENCIRCLED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ENCIRCLING.] 1. To form a circle 
 about; hence, to embrace. 3. To go or come round. 
 Syn. — To encompass; inclose; surround; environ. 
 
 En-<;lit'i«, \a. [Gr. eyKAirt/cos, inclined, inclining, 
 
 En-«lit'i«-al, I fi:om ey/cAiveiv, to incUne.] (Gram,.) 
 Subjoined ; — said of a word or particle so closely united 
 to the preceding word as to seem to be a part of it, and 
 to lose its own independent accents, sometimes varying 
 also the accent of the preceding word. 
 
 En-elit'i-e, n. ( Cfram.) A word which is joined to an- 
 other so closely as to lose its proper accent. 
 
 En-elois'ter, v. t. To shut up or confine in a cloister. 
 
 En-€lo§e', tj. i. To inclose. See Inclose. 
 
 En-«o'mi-ast, n. [Gr. ey/cw/aiaoT^s, fr. eyKa)|u,id^eii/,to 
 praise.] One addicted to praise ; a panegyrist ; a eulogist. 
 
 En-«o'nii-ast'i-e, \a. Bestowing praise; praising; 
 
 En-eo'mi-ast'i-e-ai, ) eulogistic ; laudatory. 
 
 En-eo'mi-um, n. ; Eng. pi. EN-co^Ml-UMg, Lat. pi. 
 EN-CO'MI-A. [Gr. e.yKunj.iov fsc. /ceXos, song)j chanted 
 in a Bacchic festival, from ev, in, and kw/iags, a jovial fes- 
 tivity, revel.] Formal praise ; high commendation. 
 
 Syn. — Eulogy; panegyric; applause. See Eulogy. 
 
 En-edm'pas8 (en-kum'pas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. en- 
 compassed (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. encompassing.] 
 To describe a circle about. 
 
 Syn. — To encircle; inclose; surround; include; environ; 
 invest; liemin; shut up. 
 
 En-edm'pass-ment, n. The act of surrounding, or 
 the state of being surrounded. 
 
 En-core' (oug-kor'), adv. [Fr., from Lat. in hanc horam, 
 till this hour.] Once more ; again ; — a call for a repetition 
 of a particular part of a play, &c. 
 
 En-core' (ong-kor'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENCORED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ENCORING.] To call for a repetition of. 
 
 En-eount'er, n. [0. Fr. encontre, from Lat. in and 
 contra against.] 1, A meeting face to face ; a running 
 against. 3. A meeting, with hostile purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Contest; conflict; fight; skirmish; combat; assaulft 
 rencounter; attack; onset. 
 
 En-count'er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. encountered: p 
 pr. & vb. n. ENCOUNTERING.] To come against face to 
 face ; especially, to meet in opposition or with hostile 
 intent. 
 
 En-eount'er, v. i. To meet face to face ; especially, to 
 meet as enemies. 
 
 En-«oiir'age (en-kiir/ej, 45), v. t. [imp. & p. p. en- 
 couraged; p. pr. & vb. n. ENCOURAGING.] [Fr. en- 
 courager, from prefix en and courage, from coeur, Lat. cor, 
 heart.] To give courage to ; to inspire with spirit or hope. 
 
 Syn. — To embolden; inspirit; animate; incite; cheer; 
 urge; impel; stimulate; instigate; countenance; comfort; sanc- 
 tion; strengthen; promote; advance; forward. 
 
 En-eour'age-ment, n. 1. The act of giving coura^, 
 or confidence of success ; incentive. 3. That which 
 serves to support, promote, or advance, as favor, counte- 
 nance, profit, &c. [cess; favoring. 
 
 En-cotir'a-ging, a. Furnishing ground to hope for suc- 
 
 En-eour'a-ging-ly, adv. In a manner to give courage 
 
 ^ or hope of success. 
 
 En'«ri-nite,n. [From Gr. ev, in, and /cpiVoi/, a lily.] A 
 fossil animal of the star-fish family. The joints of the 
 stems are small calcareous disks. 
 
 En-eroach', v. i. [imp. & p. p. encroached (108); 
 p. pr.& vb. n. ENCROACHING.] [0. Fr. encroer, encrouer, 
 L. Lat. incrocare, to hang by a hook, from Fr. croc, crochet, 
 hook. See Crook.] To enter gradually into the rights 
 and possessions of another. 
 
 Syn. — Intrude; trench; infringe; invade; trespass. 
 
 En-eroacli'er, n. One who encroaches. 
 
 En-eroacli'ment, n. 1. Act of entering gradually on 
 the rights or possessions of another. 3. That which is 
 taken by encroaching on another. 
 
 En-eu.m'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. encumbered ; p.pr- 
 & vb. n. ENCUMBERING.] [Fr. encombrer , from Ivat. 
 cumulus, heap, L. Lat. combrus, cumbrus, a barricade 
 of felled trees.] [Written also incumber.] 1. To impede 
 the motion or action of, as with a burden. 3. To load 
 with debts, mortgages, or other legal claims. 
 
 Syn. — To load; clog; oppress; overload; embarrass; per- 
 plex; hinder. 
 
 En-eiininbranQe, n. 1. That which impedes action ; 
 clog; impediment. 3. That which encumbers an estate, 
 as a debt or legal claim, a lien. 
 
 Syn. — Load ; burden ; clog ; impediment ; check ; hind- 
 rance. 
 
 En-cy-c'li<j-al, a. [Gr. ey/cuKAtos, from ev, in, and kvkXo^, 
 circle.] Sent to many persons or places ; circular. 
 
 En-92^'-elo-pe'di-a^ ) n. [Gr. ey/cv/cAo7ratSeta, for eyKv- 
 
 En-fy'-elo-pse'di-a, j kKlos TraiSeta, instruction in a 
 circle, or circle of instruction. See Cyclopedia.] The 
 circle of sciences ; especially, a work in which the various 
 branches of science or art are discussed separately, and 
 usually in alphabetical order. 
 
 En-^y'-clo-pe'di-an, a. Embracing the whole circle of 
 learning. 
 
 En-fj'-clo-ped'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to an encyclop^■^- 
 
 En-^y'-elo-pfid'i-e-al, ) dia ; universal in knowledge. 
 
 En-py'clo-pe'dist, n. 1. The compiler of an encyclo- 
 pedia. 3. One whose knowledge embraces the whole 
 range of the sciences. 
 
 En-fyst'ed, a. [Prefix en and cyst, q. v.] Inclosed in 
 a cyst, bag, bladder, or vesicle. 
 
 find, n. [A.-S. ende, Icel. endir, endi, Goth, andeis, Skr. 
 anta.] 1. The extreme or last portion ; the concluding 
 part. 3. The conclusion ; result, whether successful or 
 otherwise. 3. Termination of being or of happiness; 
 hence, destruction ; and thus, that which causes destruc- 
 
 f ood, f <^t ; tirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; llager, link ; thiu. 
 
END 
 
 !46 
 
 ENFRANCHISE 
 
 njymwd. i«K.J IT ^"M. ■- Jka caw ■«». voittaB bv 
 
 SB ^aawfttoB fe a |iiiirwB«iilly_— ■eat aagi fiilftiijjfii wniiill , m 
 
 
 KKEKCaOnCD ; P-fT. ft. 
 
 -Yo^llllipt.ll 
 
 
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 ;f-jp^- 
 
 <■&.]! I ^^ -*•- J"- I iTMB liriT I If JBlih 
 
 a. 1. Th« art of 
 
 a^e. ft-c. iitof ; !,€, fcc- siiurrir :c&re. fiir. aafc. alL 
 
ENFRANCHISEMENT 
 
 247 
 
 ENLIVEN 
 
 En-fran'clii§e-inent (-fiftn'chiz-), n. 1. Act of re- 
 leasing from slavery or custody, ti. Admission to the 
 freedom of a corporation or state. 
 
 En-fran'cliig-er, n. One who enfranchises. 
 
 En-gage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engaged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ENGAGING. [ [Fr. engager, from en and gage, q. v., 
 pledge, pawn.] 1. To put under pledge ; to bind ; to 
 involve. 2. To gain for service ; to enlist. 3. To win 
 and attach. 4. To occupy. 5. To enter into contempt 
 "with ; to encounter. 
 
 En-gage', v- i- 1. To become bound. 2. To embark ; 
 to take a part ; to enlist. 3. To enter into conflict. 
 
 En-gaged', p. a. 1. Pledged ; promised ; especially, 
 promised in marriage ; affianced ; betrothed, 'i. Greatly 
 intereeted ; earnest. 
 
 Engaged coJttmns {Arch.'), columns sunk into the wall to 
 which they are attached, at least one half of their thickness. 
 
 ^n-gage'ment, n. 1. Act of engaging. 2. State of 
 being engaged. 3. That which is engaged or pledged. 
 4. That which engages ; obligation ; also, engrossing 
 occupation. 5* {Mil.) A general action or battle. 
 
 Sjrn. — Avocation ; business ; employment ; occupation ; 
 promise; word; battle; combat; fight; contest. 
 
 En-gen'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. engendered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. ENGENDERING.] [Fr. engendrer, Lat. ingen- 
 erare, from in and generare, to beget, from genus, generis, 
 birth, descent. See Generate.] 1. To form in em- 
 bryo ; to procreate. 'Z, To cause to exist ; to produce ; 
 hence, to sow the seeds of. 
 
 Syn. — To breed; generate; beget; occasion; cause. 
 
 En-gen'der, i*. /. To be caused or produced. 
 
 jSn'gine (un'jin), n. [From Lat. ingenium, natural ca- 
 pacity, invention.] 1. (ikfiscA.) A machine or contrivance 
 in which two or more mechanical powers are combined. 
 a. Any instrument by which any effect is produced ; 
 especially one designed to wound and Mil. 3. Any thing 
 used to effect a purpose ; means. 
 
 fin'gi-neer', n. 1. A person skilled in the principles 
 and practice of engineering, either civil or military. tJ. 
 One who manages an engine. 3. One who carries through 
 an enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance. 
 
 £n'gi-neer', v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. engineered ; p. pr. 
 &vb.n. ENGINEERING.] 1. To perform the work of 
 an engineer, ti. To guide or carry through a measure or 
 enterprise. 
 
 £n'gi-neer'ing, n. The science and the art of utilizing 
 the forces and materials of nature. 
 
 OS" It is divided into military and civil engineering, the 
 former being, strictly, the science and art of designing and 
 constructing defensive and ofifensive works, while civil en- 
 gineering is the science and art of designing and constructing 
 machinery and lixed public works, such as roads and canals. 
 
 £n'gine-ry (6n'jin-ry), 71. 1. Act of managing engines, 
 or artillery, tj. Engines in general ; instruments of war. 
 
 En-gird', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engirded, or engirt ; 
 p. pr. & t^6. 71. engirding.] To gird; to encircle. 
 
 En'glish (Ing'glish), a. [From Engle, Angle, Engles, 
 Angles, a tribe of Germans, who settled in Britain and 
 gave it the name of England.] Belonging to England, or 
 to its inhabitants, or to the language spoken by them. 
 
 En'glish. (ing-'glish), 7t. 1. The people of England. 3. 
 The language of England or of the English nation, and 
 of their descendants in other countries. 
 
 En'glisli (ing'glish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENGLISHED ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ENGLISHING.] To translate into English ; 
 to Anglicize ; hence, to interpret. 
 
 En-gorge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENGORGED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ENGORGING.] [Fr. engorger, from gorge, throat, 
 gorge, q. v.] To swallow with greediness. 
 
 En-gor^e', v. i. To feed with eagerness or voracity. 
 
 En-gorge'nxent, n. 1. Act of swallowing greedily. 
 3. (Med.) Congestion. 
 
 En-graff , and En-graft', v. t. The same as Ingraft. 
 
 En-grail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engrailed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ENGRAILING.] [Fr. engriler, from grele, hail.] 
 To variegate or spot, as with hail ; to indent or make 
 ragged at the edges^ as if broken with hail. 
 
 En-grain', v. t. [imp. St, p. p. engrained; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. engraining.] 1. To dye in grain, or in the raw 
 material. 3. To incorporate with the grain or texture 
 of any thing. 
 
 En-grasp', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engrasped ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n.^ENGRASPING.] To hold fast ; to gripe. 
 
 En-grave', v. t. [imp. engraved ; p. p. engraved 
 
 or ENGRAVEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. ENGRAVING.] 1. To 
 carve figures, letters, or devices upon. 3. To form or 
 represent by means of incisions upon wood, stone, metal, 
 or the like. 3. To impress deeply ; to infix. 
 
 En-grav'er, n. One who engraves. 
 
 En-grav'lng, n. 1. Act or art of cutting metala, wood, 
 &c.,and representing thereon figures, characters, and 
 devices, especially for the purpose of subsequently print- 
 ing from them on paper. 3. An engraved plate. 3. An 
 impression from an engraved plate ; a print. 
 
 En-gross', v. t. [imp. & p. p. engrossed; p. pr. ft 
 vb. »i. engrossing.] 1, To copy in a large, fair hand. 
 3. To occupy wholly ; to absorb. 3. To take or assume 
 in undue quantity, proportion, or degree. 
 
 Syn. — To absorb; swallow up ; engulf; occupy; forestall; 
 monopoUze. 
 
 En-grross'er, n. 1. One who copies a writing in a large, 
 fair hand. 3. One who takes the whole ; a forestaUer. 
 
 En-gross'ment, n. 1. Act of engrossing. 3. That 
 which has been engrossed. [INGULF. 
 
 En-giilf' , V. t. To absorb or swallow up as in a gulf. See 
 
 En-lian?e', V. «. [imp. &, p. p. enhanced (108); ;>. 
 pr. & Tb. n. enhancing.] [Norm. Fr. enhauncer, en- 
 hancer, from prefix en and haucer, haucier, hausser, as if 
 ftt)m a Latin word altiare, from cdtus, high.] To raise 
 to a higher point ; to advance ; to augment ; to increase ; 
 to aggravate. 
 
 En-han^e', v. i. To be raised up ; to grow larger. 
 
 En-han^e'ment, n. Act of increasing, or state of be- 
 ing increased ; augmentation ; aggravation. 
 
 E-nig'ma, n. ; pi. E-NIG-ma§. [Lat. xnigtna, Gr. alviy- 
 ixa, fiom aXvi<T(re(T6ai, to speak darkly, from aivos, tale, 
 fable.] 1. An obscure question or saying ; a puzzle; a 
 riddle. 3. A statement, the hidden meaning of which 
 is to be discovered or guessed ; an action, or mode of ac- 
 
 _tion, which can not be satisfactorily explained. 
 
 E'nig-mat'ie, I a. Relating to, containing, or re- 
 
 E'nig-mat'i-e-al, j sembling an enigma ; obscure. 
 
 E'nig-niat'i«-al-ly, adv. In an obscure manner. 
 
 E-nig'ma-tist, n. One who makes, or talks in, enigmas. 
 
 E-nig'ma-tize, v. i. {imp. & p. p. enigmatized ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. ENIGMATIZING.] To deal in riddles. 
 
 En-join', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ENJOINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ENJOINING.] [Fr. enjoindre, from Lat. injungere, to 
 join into, to charge, from prefix in and jungere, to join.] 
 1. To put an injunction on ; to direct with authority ; 
 to order. 3. (Law.) To prohibit or restrain by a judi- 
 cial order or decree. 
 
 En-joy', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ENJOYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ENJOYING.] [0. Fr. enjoier, to receive with joy, from 
 prefix en and joie, equiv. to Eng. joy.] 1. To feel or 
 perceive with pleasure. 3. To have, possess, and use 
 with satisfaction. 3. To have sexual intercourse with. 
 
 En-joy'a-ble, a. Capable of being enjoyed. 
 
 En-joy'ment, n. 1. Condition of enjoying; pleasure. 
 3. Cause of joy or gratification. 
 
 Syn. — Satisfaction; gratification; fruition; happiness. 
 
 En-kin'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. enkindled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ENKINDLING] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; 
 to kindle. 3. To excite ; to rouse into action. 
 
 En-large', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enlarged ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. ENLARGING.] 1. To make larger. 3. To in- 
 crease the capacity of; also, to dilate, as with joy, aflfee- 
 tion, and the like. 
 Syn. — To increase; to extend; to expand. 
 
 En-large', v. i. 1. To grow large or larger ; to expand. 
 3. To De diffuse in speaking or writing ; to expatiate. 
 
 En-large'ment, n. 1. Act of increasing in size or 
 bulk, real or apparent; state of being increased. 3. 
 Expansion or extension, as of the powers of the mind ; 
 ennoblement. 3. Release from confinement, servitude, 
 distress, &c. 4. Diffusiveness of speech or writing. 
 
 En-liglit'en (en-llt'n), v. t. [ivip. & p. p. ENLIGHT- 
 ENED ; p. pr. & vb. 71. ENLIGHTENING.] 1. To supply 
 with light ; to Ulmninate. 3. To make clear to the in- 
 tellect or conscience ; to inform ; to instruct. 
 
 En-light'en-er (en-lit'n-er), n. One who, or that 
 which, enlightens or illuminates. 
 
 En-liglit'en-ment (-llt'n-ment), >i. Act of enlightea- 
 ing, or the state of being enlightened or instructed. 
 
 En-link', v. t. To connect, as by links. 
 
 En-list', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ENLISTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ENLISTING.] 1, To enter on a list; to enroll ; to 
 register. 3. To engage in pubUc service. 3. To umte 
 firmly to a cause. 
 
 En-list', V. i. 1. To engage in public service by enroll- 
 ing one's nanxe. 3. To enter heartily into a cause. 
 
 En-list'ment, n. 1. Act of enhsting, or state of bemg 
 enlisted. 3. The writing by which a soldier is bound. 
 
 En-liv'en (en-llv/n), v. t. [iynp. & p. p. ENLIVENED ; 
 
 food, fc>t>t; &rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get; af; ejist; linger, link; tills. 
 
E.\Li\ LM-.K 
 
 248 
 
 ENTERTAIN 
 
 ; - x •.t. n. ENUlVE^lN«i.l 1. To piw Ulip, wtioD, £n-sif' er-oils, 
 
 or iuotiou to. ^. To give spirit or Ti^tcity to ; to cheer. 
 Stk>— To animate: inspire; cxhilar*t«: inspirit: invigorate, 
 Kn-livVn-^r, r. ^ ' - ' ^ ^: enliTens. 
 
 Kn'mi-tv. n. y from nu^ny, 
 
 «1. T.] "i. Tho - .^ : hostile or 
 
 unfiii'udl.v di>}Kisuu>u. .i. a Man.- (.1 <,i'i.«.'£iitioii. j 
 
 Syn. — Rm-CvC : hoctility; luitx«d ; animodty; ill-will ; ma- j 
 
 kToknoi.. i 
 £n'ne-a-jr6n. n. [Or. kwitu nine, and -ytDKui, comer, ! _ 
 
 anpl*'.] ; (.-. "..^ A polygon or plane figure with nine fin'sign-^y ( (en sin-), 
 
 sides or uiuc ancles. I fin'sign-sliip ) ensign. 
 
 £n-no1)Ie. r. f. [imp. 4 p. p. ENNOBLED: p. pr. &, En-slaTe'. r. /. [imp. & p 
 
 t*.. n. ENNOBLING.] 1. To make noble; to dignifr. _ _ . 
 
 [lAt. ensifrr, from en.sis, Fword, *3t4 
 ferrt , to bear.] Bearing or carrying a sword. 
 
 £n'sl-f6rm. «. [Lat. ensis, sword,,and /orma, Ibnn.J 
 Having the shape of a sword. 
 
 fn'sigu (^n'sln), n. [Ft. ensfignr, from Lat. insi^ia, 
 pi. of insigtif, badge, flag, from in and si^um, mark. 
 sign.] 1. The flag or banner which distinguifheB a com- 
 pany of soldiers, or army, or ressel ; a b^ge : hence, a 
 signal, as to gire notice or knowledge. *2. A commis- 
 sioned officer, who formerly carried the ensign or flag of 
 a company or regiment. 
 
 The rank or office of an 
 
 a. To pve titular rank to. 
 Sj-n.— Torai*e; exalt; elerat*; aggrandize. 
 
 En-noTble-ment (-no'bl-), «. 1. The act of ennobling. 
 il. That which oimobles. 
 
 £nnui (ongnwc'), «• [Fr., from Lat. i» odio, in hatred. 
 Se« ANNOY] A feeling of weariness and disgust; list- 
 lessness : tedium : lassitude. 
 
 E-nor'mi-ty. ". 1. State or quality of being immoder- 
 ate, monstrous, or outrageous, 'i. That which is enor- 
 mous : atrocious crime ; flagitious rillainy ; an atrocity. 
 
 E-nor'mous, a. [Lat. fuomiis, out of rule, fix>m ( , out, 
 and nonna, rule.] 1. Deviating from, or exceeding, the 
 usual rule, norm, or measure. H, Great beyond the 
 common measure. 3. Exceedingly wicked : atrocious. 
 
 SsTi. — Hu^: vast; immoderate: immense; excessive: pro- 
 digious. —We speak of a thing as enormous when it overpasses 
 its ordinary law of existence, and becomes — so to speak — ah- 
 , normal in its magnitude, degree, &c., as, a man of enormous 
 strength, a deed of enormous wickedness. ImuieMse and exce«- 
 5i"re are flguratire terms used to intenafy, and axe somewhat 
 indefinite in their degree of strength. 
 
 E-nor'moiis-ly, a^r. Beyond measure ; excesavely. 
 E-n6r'niou.s-ness, n. The state of bdng enormous. 
 £-iioug:Ii' (e-niif' ). a. [A.-S. gen6h, genog. a. and adv., 
 
 niih. nosr. adv., from gertfoh. it is sufficient, root, neaJi, 
 
 mohan, Goth, ganohs, fix)m ga-nahan, to stiffice.] Sat- 
 
 isfs-ing desire; adequate ; sufficient. 
 E-nough' (e-nufO, adv. 1. Sufficiently. *£. Fully: 
 
 quite. 3. In a tolerable degree. [satisfies desire. 
 
 E-nough' (e-niif ), n. A stifficiency : a quantity which 
 E-no^w' (e-nou')- Another form of enough ; — formerly 
 
 regarded by some as a plural. [ Ohs.] 
 EnKiuire',' r. 1. & f. See Inqvire. 
 En-rage', r. t. [imp. k p. p. enkaged : p. pr. & rfe. n. 
 
 ENKAGING.] To fill with rage ; to proroke to fi^raizT or 
 
 madness. 
 Syn. — To irritate; incense; inflame: exasperate: provoke; 
 
 anger; incite. 
 
 En-rSnlc', r. t. To place in ranks or in order. 
 En-rapt'iire (53), r . r. [imp. k p. p. enrapttred ; 
 
 p. pr. &. i-b. n. ENRAPTURING.] To transport with 
 
 pleasure : to ravish. 
 En-rav'isli, c. t. [iinp. & p. p. enravished (-rav'- 
 
 isht, lOSi: p. pr. & rb. n. ENRAVISHING.] To trans- 
 
 pc-rt with delight ; to enchant. 
 En-rav'i«;li-meiit, n. State of being enravished. 
 En-ricli', r. :. [Imp. & p. p. enriched (-rlchf): P- 
 
 pr. & fb. n. ENRICHING.] 1. To make rich with anv 
 
 kind of wealth ; hence, to adorn. 'Z. To fertilize. 3". 
 
 To store with knowledge : to instruct. 
 Eii-ricli'inent, n. Act of making rich, or that which 
 
 enriches : decoration : embellishment. 
 En-robe', r. t. To invest or adorn with a robe. 
 En-roll', r. t. [imp. & p. p. enrolled : p.pr. & fb. 
 
 n. ENROLLING.] 1. To write in a roU or register; 
 
 hence, to record : also, reflexively, to enlist, 2. To en- 
 velop : to involve. 
 Kn-roll'ment, r. 1. Act of enrolling. 2, That in 
 
 which any thing is enrolled ; a register. 
 En-rdbt'. r. t. To fix by the root : to imjBant deep. 
 En-iftm'i>le, II. An example. [Obs.'] 
 En-s&n'iriune (-sanggwin), r. t. To stain with blood. 
 En-siedn^e'. r. r. [;r^j. & p. p. ensconced (-skonst>') : 
 
 p. pr. & vl. n. E>scoNClNG.] To cover or shelter, as , 
 
 with a sconce or fc-rr ; to protect : to hide securely. i 
 
 En-»eal'. r. r. To iniriress with a seal. " } 
 
 En-seam', v. f . To inf 'oee by a seam : hence, to include. ! 
 Ensemble (ong'somli); «. [Fr.. from Lat. »njc»777M.;, at l 
 
 the same time, from in and sir-wJ. together, at once.] 
 
 The whole : aU the parts taken together. 
 En-slirlne', r. t. [imp. & p. p. enshrined; p. pr. & 
 
 t<6. «. ENSHBrNTHG-J To inclose in a ghiine or chest ; 
 
 hence, to cherish. 
 
 p. ENSLAVED; p. pr. t, 
 vb. n. ENSL.WiNG.] To reduce to slavery or bondage. 
 
 En-slave'ment, n. Act of reducing to slavery, or state 
 of being enslaved ; slavery ; bondage ; servitude. 
 
 En-slav'er, w. One who enslaves. 
 
 En-sin4re', r. r. SeelNSNARE. 
 
 En-spliere', v. t. 1. To place in a sphere. 2. To form 
 into a sphere or orb. 
 
 En-st^mp'. V. t. [imp. & p. p. ENSTAMPED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ENSTAMPING.] To impress as with a stamp ; to 
 impress deeply. 
 
 En-Slie', v. t. [ivip. k. p. p. ensued; p. pr. & t*. n. 
 ENSUING.] [Norm. Fr. ensuer. fium Lat. insegui, to 
 follo_vr.] To follow ; to pursue. 
 
 En-sue', v. i. To follow or come after ; to succeed. 
 
 En-siire' (en-shyr'), «•• t. See Insure. 
 
 En-t4*b'la-ture (53), n. [0. Fr. : L. Lat. intabulamen- 
 tidjj, from Lat. in and tabula, board, table.] {Arch.} 
 That part of an order which is over the columns, includ- 
 ing the architrave, frieze, and cornice. 
 
 En-tail', «. [Fr. entaille, from entaiUer. to cut away, fr. 
 pref fwand taiUer, to CMt. See TAIL.] That which is 
 entailed; bene*, (Iaiic.) (a.) An estate or fee entailed, 
 or limited in descent to a particular heir or heirs. (6.) 
 The rule by which the descent is fixed or settled. 
 
 En-tail', r. r. [iinp. & p. p. entailed ; p. pr. k vb. 
 n. ENTAILING.] To settle or fix inalienably on a person 
 or thing, or on a person and his descendants. 
 
 En-tail'ment, n. 1, The act of entailing. 2. The 
 condition of being entailed. 
 
 En-tan'gle (en-t5ng'gl). v. i. [imp. k p. p. entan- 
 gled : p. pr. k vb. n. ENTANGLING.] 1. To twist or 
 interweave in such a manner as not to be easily separ- 
 ated. 2. To involve in complications, 3. To perplex ; 
 to embarrass : to puzzle : to bewilder. 
 
 En-tan'gle-ment (-tang'gl-), n. The state of being 
 entangled ; intricacy ; perplexity. 
 
 En-tel'e-eliT, «. [Gr. evreXixt-a- an actuality, probablj 
 from ev reAet ex^i-v, to be complete, fixsm ev, in, teAos, 
 completion, end, and exeu', to have or hold.] (Peripa- 
 tetic Philos.) An object completely actualized, in distinc- 
 tion from mere potential existence. 
 
 fin'ter, v. t. [imp. k p. p. ENTERED : p.pr. k vb. n. 
 ENTERING.] [Fr. entrer, Lat. intrare, fix)m intro, in- 
 ward, contr. fr. intero, (sc. loco), from inter, in between, 
 between.] 1. To come or go into ; to penetrate. 2. To 
 unite in: to join. 3. To engage in. 4. To attain: to 
 reach : to begin. 5. To cause to enter ; to insert. 6. 
 To inscribe; to record. 7. (Lau-.) (a.) To go into or 
 upon lands, and take actual possession of them, (b.) To 
 
 _ place in regular form before the court, usually in writing. 
 
 En-ter, r. f. 1. To go or come in; also, to begin. 2. 
 To get within ; to penetrate ; to form or constitute a part. 
 
 _3. To penetrate deeply or profoundly. 
 
 En'ter-6t'o-my, n. [Gr. evrepov, intestine, and to^^, 
 a cutting, from' Te>veL»', to cut.] 1. [An-aU.) Dissection 
 of the intestines. 2. ( Surg. ) Incision of the intestinet 
 in reducing certain cases of hernia. 
 
 £n'ter-prise, n. [Fr. entreprise, fix)m entreprendre . to 
 undertake, "from entre, between, and prendre, to take. 
 See Emprise.] 1. That which is undertaken: a bold 
 attempt ; an adventure : an undertaking. 2. Willing- 
 ness or eagerness to engage in labor which requires bold- 
 ness, promptness, energy, &c. 
 
 fin'ter-prise. v. t. To" undertake : to venture upon. 
 
 En'ter-prii'ing, a. Bold or forward to undertake. 
 
 En ter-tain', v. r. [imp. k p. p. entertained : p. 
 pr. k vb. n. ENTERTAINING.] [Fr. entre ten ir, fr. entre, 
 between, (Lat. inter), and tenir, to hold, (Lat. ten^e).] 
 1. To maintain ; to support. 2. To show hospitality 
 to : to receive as host. 3. To engage agreeably the at- 
 tention of; to divert. 4. To receive and take intt) con- 
 sideration. 5. To harbor; to cherish. 
 Syn.— To amuse; divert; maintain. See AxcsK. 
 
 En'ter-tain', v. i. To receive guests. 
 
 a.e.fcc.,/oji^.- &.£:&c.,5/^rr .- c&re,far,ask, all. ^vliat : ere, veil, term; piqne.firm; s6n.dr,do,-wol^ 
 
ENTERTAINER 
 
 249 
 
 ENUNCIATORY 
 
 Kjt^ter-tatn'er, n. One who entertains. 
 
 fin'ter-tain'ing, a. Affording entertainment; pleas- 
 ing ; amusing ; diverting. 
 
 fin'ter-taln'ment, n. 1, Act of receiving as host, or 
 of amusing, admitting, or cherishing. 'Z. That whjch 
 entertains, or with which one is entertained ; especially, 
 a hospitable repast : a feast. 
 
 Syn.— Amusement; diversion; recreation; pastime; sport; 
 reception; admission; banquet; repast; carousal. 
 
 En-thrall', v. t. See Inthrax,l. 
 
 En-tlirone', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enthroned; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ENTHRONING.] 1. To place on a throne; 
 hence, to invest with sovereign authority. 3. {Eccl.) To 
 induct or install, as a bishop, into the powers and privi- 
 leges of a vacant see. 
 
 En-tlirone'ment, n. The act of enthroning, or the 
 state of being enthroned. 
 
 Eii-tliu'§i-a§m,n. [Gr. evOovcnauriJ.o'; , from evdova-id^eiv, 
 to be ins"pired or possessed by the god, from evBeo^, con- 
 tracted ev€ov^, inspired, from ev, in, and deos, god.J An 
 ardent zeal in respect to some object or pursuit ; — now 
 used chiefly in a good sense, or at least to indicate only 
 some excess of zeal and confidence. 
 
 Syn. — Fanaticism. — Enthusiasm WAS formerly used for 
 heat of imagination, especially in religion ; but this sense is 
 now more commonly confined to fanaticisrn, which denotes 
 wild and extravagant notions on ttus subject, often leading to 
 the most dangerous delusions. Fanaticism is also sometimes 
 extended to other subjects besides religion. 
 
 Eii-tliu.'§i-ast, n. [Gr. kv6ov<Ti6.a-rf\^ , from ei/dovcria- 
 ^eiv.] One who is moved or actuated by enthusiasm. 
 Syn. — Visionary; lauatic; devotee; zealot. 
 
 En-thvl'gi-ltst'ic, ) a. Filled with enthusiasm ; zeal- 
 
 Eii-tliu.'si-a,st'i«-al, j ous in the pursuit of an object. 
 
 Eii-tliix'ii-_ast'i-e-al-ly, adv. With enthusiasm. 
 
 En'thy-naeme, ti. [Gr. ev&vurifjLa, from evevixela^ai, to 
 keep in mind, to consider, fit)m ev, in, and ^/oos, mind, 
 soul.] (Rhet.) An argument consisting of only two 
 propositions, an antecedent and a consequent deduced 
 from it. 
 
 En-ti^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. enticed ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 ENTICING.] [0. Fr. enticer, enticier, enticher, from pret 
 en, and 0. H. Grer. stechan, stechon, to prick, goad, A.- 
 S. stecan, to prick, stick, sticjan, to transfix.] To draw 
 on, or instigate, by exciting hope or desire; especially, in 
 a bad sense, to lead astray ; to tempt. 
 
 Sym.— To allure; coax; decoy; seduce; inveigle; persuade; 
 prevail on. See Alluke. 
 
 En-tice'ment, n. 1. Act or practice of enticing. 3. 
 That which incites to evil ; alluring object. 
 
 Syn.— Allurement; attraction; temptation; seduction; in- 
 veiglement; persuasion; inducement. 
 
 En-ti'^er, n. One who entices, or incites to evil. 
 
 En-tire', a. [Fr. entier, from Lat. integer, from in, nee- 
 ative, and tangere, root, tag, to touch.] 1. Complete in 
 all parts ; full and perfect. 2. Whole ; not participated 
 with others. 3. Full; comprising all requisites in itself. 
 4. Without mixture or alloy of any thing. 5. Without 
 irregularity or defect. 6. '(Bot.) Consisting of a single 
 piece, as a corolla. 
 Syn. — Complete; unbroken; fuU. See Complete. 
 
 En-tire'ly, adv. In an entire manner; wholly: com- 
 pletely ; fully. 
 
 En-tire'ness, n. State or condition of being entire; 
 completeness ; fullness ; totality ; entirety. 
 
 En-tire 'ty, n. State of being entire or whole; com- 
 pleteness ; integrity ; entireness. 
 
 En-ti'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. entitled ; p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. ENTITLING.] [Xorm. Fr. entitler^ 0. Fr. entitider, 
 now tntituler, L. Lat. intitulare. from vn, in, and titulus 
 title.] 1. To give a title to; hence, to dignify by an 
 honorary designation ; to denominate ; to call. 2. To 
 give a claim to : hence, to furnish grounds for seeking. 
 Syn. — To name; designate; style; characterize. 
 
 En'tl-ty. n. [L. Lat. entitas, from eiis, entis, thing 1 
 A real being, whether in thought or in feet; beintr- 
 essence; existence. °' 
 
 En-tomb' (en-to-om/), r. t. [imp. & p. p. entombed': 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. ENTOMBING.] To deposit in a tomb ; to 
 
 _ bury ; to mter ; to inhume. 
 
 En'to-mo-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to the science of 
 entomology _ [tomology. 
 
 ^n'to-mol'o-^st, n. One versed in the science of en- 
 
 *.n to-m61'o-gy, n. [From Gr. evro^ou (sc. ^iov, ani- 
 mal) msect, and k6y<K, discourse.] That part of zoology 
 which treats of insects. 
 
 En^to-ni5s'tra-«3.n, n. [Gr. eKropLos, cut in, and ia- 
 rpautov, burnt clay, the hard shell of testacea.] (Zool.\ 
 A crustacean of inlerior grade. See Crustacean. 
 
 £n'trail§, n. pi. [Fr. entrailles, as if from a Lat. word, 
 intralia, from intra, within. Cf. Lat. inttraneum., pi. 
 interanea, an intestine, from interaneus, inward, inter- 
 ior.] 1. The bowels; the guts; viscera, ii. The in- 
 
 _ ternal parts, as of the earth. 
 
 En'tran^e, n. [See Enter.] 1. Act of entering or 
 going into ; hence, the act of taking possession, as of 
 property, or of ofiBce. 'Z, Permission or power to enter. 
 3. The door or passage, by which a place may be en- 
 tered. 4. Act of beginning, or that with which the 
 beginning is made ; commencement ; initiation. 5. The 
 causing to be entered, as a ship, or goods at a custom- 
 house, of a name upon a register. 
 
 En-tranf e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entranced (108) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. entrancing.] [Prefix en and trance, 
 q. v.] 1. To put into a trance; to make insensible to 
 present objects. t2. To ravish with delight or wonder ; 
 to enrapture. 
 
 En-trap', V. t. [imp. & p. p. entrapped ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. entrapping.] To catch as in a trap ; to insnare. 
 
 En-treat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entreated; p. pr. & 
 1-6. n. ENTREATING.] 1. To treat; to deal with ; to 
 use or manage. '2, To treat with ; hence, to ask earn- 
 estly ; to supplicate ; to importune. 
 
 Syn. — To beseech; beg: solicit; crave; implore. 
 
 En-treat'y, n. The act of entreating or beseeching. 
 
 Syn. — Solicitation ; request ; suit ; supplication ; importu- 
 nity; petition. 
 
 Entrie (Gng'tra'), n. [Fr., from enfrer, to enter, q. v.] 
 1. Entry ; hence, permission or right to enter. CS. A 
 course of dishes, the first that is placed upon the table. 
 
 Entremets (6ng'tr-ma'), n. [Fr., fi-om entre, between, 
 and mets, a dish, a mess, q. v.] A small plate, or dainty 
 dish, set on between the principal dishes at table. 
 
 Entrepot (ong'tx-T^'), n. [Fr., from Lat. interpositum, 
 from interponere , to interpose, from inter, equiv. to Fr. 
 entre, between, and pontre, positiim, to put.] A ware- 
 house or magazine for the deposit of goods ; a bonded 
 warehouse ; a free port. 
 
 En-triist', v. t. See Intrust. 
 
 fin'try, n. [Fr. entree. See ENTRfeE and ENTER.] 1. 
 Act of entering ; entrance ; ingress ; hence, beginning* 
 or first attempts. 3. Act of making or entering a record. 
 3. That by which entrance is made ; a passage ; a ves- 
 tibule. 4. ( Com . ) The exhibition or depositing of a 
 ship's papers at the custom-house, to procure license to 
 land goods. 5. (Law.) The actual taking possession 
 of lands or tenements, by entering or setting foot on tho 
 same ; also, a putting upon record in proper form and 
 order. 
 
 En-t^wrne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. entwined; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. ENTWINING.] To twine ; to twist together. 
 
 En-t>vist', t'. t. [imp. &, p.p. entwisted; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. entwisting.] To twist or wreathe aroimd. 
 
 E-nn'ele-ate, v. t. [imp. &,p.p. enucleated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. enucleating.] [Lat. enucleare, enucleatum, 
 from «, out, and nucleus, kernel.] To bring out, as a 
 kernel from its enveloping husks ; to make manifest ; to 
 clear ; to explain. [fest. 
 
 E-nu.'<;le-a^tion, n . Act of enucleating, or making mani- 
 
 E-nu.'mer-ate, v. t. [imp. Sc p.p. enumerated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ENuaiE rating.] [Lat. enumerare, enu 
 meratum, from e, out, forth, and numerare, to count, 
 from numeriis, niunber.] To count; to number; to 
 reckon; to compute; hence, to recount ; to recapitulate. 
 
 E-nn'mer-a'tion, n. 1. Act of enmnerating. 3. A 
 detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed. 
 3. (Rhet.) A recapitulation in the peroration of the 
 head!s of an argument. [by one. 
 
 E-nn'mer-a-tive, n. Counting, or reckoning up, one 
 
 E-nun'ci-ate (e-nQn^shi-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p- 
 enunciated ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. enunciating.] [Lat. 
 enunciare, enunciatum, from e, out, and nuncius, mes- 
 senger.] 1. To announce ; to proclaim ; to declare. 2. 
 To make distinctly audible ; to utter : to pronounce. 
 
 E-niln'ci-ate, v. i. To utter words or syllables. 
 
 E-ntoi'd-a'tion (e-ntin'shi-a'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 enunciating, announcing or proclaiming. 2. Mode of 
 utterance or pronunciation, especially as regards full- 
 ness and distinctness of articulation. 3. That which is 
 enunciated or announced ; announcement ; declaration. 
 
 E-nun'ei-a-tive (-shT-a-), a. Pertaining to enunciation. 
 
 E-niin'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-a-), a. Pertaining to enuncia- 
 tion or utterance. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; Arn, rude, pull : $eU, ^liaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, ligk ; tSiis. 
 
ENVEIGLE 
 
 250 
 
 EPIGASTRIC 
 
 £n-vel'Kle (-ve'gl), v. t. To eutico. See INVEIGLE. 
 
 Ku-vfl'op, V. t. [imp. & ;'. p. enveloped ; p.pr. & 
 vb. II. ENVELOPING.] [Fr. invdopper, 0. Fr. envoluper, 
 fivui ^n aiui voliiptr, volrpft. tN.>e DEVELOP.] 1. To 
 surround as a ooveriiig ; to surrouud. "Z. To wrap up ; 
 to iuolosv wlthiu i\ case, wrapper, or the like. 
 
 £n'vel-ope. I M. 1. That wliii-li envelops ; a wrapper; 
 
 Ku-vf'l'op, ) isptciaJly, the wrapper of a document, 
 SIS of a lett«r. Vj. (Fort.) A mound of earth, raised to 
 cover some weak part of the works. 
 
 JW- This word, in the orthography envelope, often has a 
 eclui-French pronunciation, Cng've-lop', or Ong've-Iop/. 
 
 JEii-vei'op-iuent, n. 1. Act of enveloping ; an inclos- 
 iuc or covering on all sides. 'Z. That which envelops. 
 
 Kii-Vfn'oin, f. t. [imp. Sep. p. envenomed; p. pr. 
 & vb. II. E.NVENO.vilNG.] 1. To taint or impregnate 
 with venom, or any substance noxious to life ; to poison. 
 2. To taint with bitterness or malice. 
 
 £ii'vi-a-ble, a. [See Envy.] Fitted to excite envy. 
 
 £ii'vi-er, n. One who envies ; an envious person. 
 
 £ii'\-i-ous, a. [Fr. eiivieitx, Lat. invidiosiis, from in- 
 viciia, envy, q. v.] Feeling or harboring envy; exhibit- 
 ing cn\y : aflfected or directed by, envy. 
 
 Kn'vi-ohs-ly, adv. In an envious manner. 
 
 En-vi'rou. (89), v. t. [iitip. & p. p. ENVIRONED ; p.pr. 
 & fb. n. ENVIRONING.] [Fr. environner, from environ, 
 about, thereabout, from viron.^ circle, circuit, from 0. 
 Low Lat. virare, to turn up and down, topsy-turvy, prob. 
 from a lost Celtic root bir, vir.] 1. To surround ; to en- 
 compass ; to encircle. 2. To involve ; to envelop. 
 
 En-vi'roii-meiit, n. 1. Act of environing; state of 
 being en\aroned._ '2. That which environs. 
 
 En-t-i'roixg, or Eii'vl-roiig, n. pi. Places which sur- 
 round another place, or lie in its neighborhood. 
 
 £n'voy, n. [Fr. envoye, envoy, from envoyer, to send, 
 fromf?i,in, and voie, Lat. via, waj'.] One despatched 
 upon an errand or mission ; especially, a person deputed 
 to negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with 
 a foreign prince or government, and distinguished from 
 ^ an embassador or permanent resident at a foreign court. 
 
 JEn'vy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. envied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ENVYING.] [See infra.] 1. To regard with discontent 
 and malevolent longing. 3. To be filled with emulation 
 at sight of. 3. To desire stronglj' : to covet. 
 
 £n'\-y, V. i. To be fiUed with envious feelings. 
 
 En'vj', 71. [Fr. eiivie, Lat. invidia, from invidus, envi- 
 ous, from invidere, to look askance at, to look with en- 
 mity, from in, against, and videre, to see.] 1. Pain, 
 uneasiness, mortification, or discontent excited by the 
 sight of another's superiority or success. 2. Unwilling- 
 ness to be excelled ; emulation. 3. An object of envious 
 notice or feeling. 
 
 En-Yvrap', (en-i^p'), v. t. See Inwrap. 
 
 E'o-^ene, a. [Gr. rim, day-break, dawn, and /caivos, 
 new, recent.] ( GeoL) Pertaining to the earliest part of 
 the tertiary period, and alluding to the approximation 
 in its life to that of the present era. 
 
 E-o'li-an, ) a. 1. Pertaining to .^Eolia or iEoUs, in Asia 
 
 E-oI'i€, i Minor. 2. Pertaining to ^olus, the god of 
 the winds ; and hence to the wind. 
 
 E-61'i-e, n. The dialect of Greek spoken in ancient 
 _.Solia ; the music or verse of the ^olians. 
 
 JC'on, 71. See .^ON. 
 
 E'p^ct, n. [From Gr. cttcuctos, brought on or in, added, 
 fr. eirdyeiv, to bring on or in, fr. em and ayecv, to bring 
 or lead to.] The moon's age at the end of the year ; 
 the excess of the solar year or month beyond the lunar. 
 
 Ep'arcli, n. [Gr. enapxo^, from cTriand apx'y, supreme 
 power, dominion.] The governor or prefect of a prov- 
 ince, or of a subdivision of a country. 
 
 I5p'ar€li-y, n. A province or territory, under an eparch. 
 
 E-paiile'ment, n. [Fr., from epauler, to support with 
 the'fihoulders, protect by the shoulder of a bastion, from 
 ^/>ai^e, shoulder, from Lat. spathula, dim. of spatlia, Gr. 
 <nraJdri, the broad ribs, the shoulder-plate.] {Fort.) A 
 Bide-work, made of gabions, fascines, or bags, filled vrith 
 earth, or with earth heaped up. 
 
 £p'au-16t', I n. [Fr. epaulette, from dpavle, ehoul- 
 
 £p'au-16tte', I der. See supra.] (Mil.) A badge 
 worn on the shoulder by military and naval officers. 
 
 JE -pSn't he-sis, n. ; phE-PEN'THE-SK^. [Gr. cTre'v- 
 ©e<ns, from iTrevTi,6evat, eO insert, from enC and kiniBivai, 
 to put in, fr. kv, in, and riBivai, to put or set.] ( Gram.) 
 Insertion of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word. 
 
 £peryne (a-p3im'), n. [Fr., economy, from epargner, to 
 save, Ger. sparen, A.-S. sparian, Eng. spare.] An orna- 
 mental stand for a large dish in the center of a table. 
 
 Ep-6x'e-ge'«l8, n. [Gr. eirt^eltr^ai, to recount, ex- 
 
 plain in detail, from eni and e^ijyet(rdai, to lead, point 
 
 _out. See Exegesis.] Exegesis; interpretation. 
 
 E'pha, j n. [Heb. ephb.li, perh. a baking, fr. aphah, to 
 
 E'pliali, } bake, but more prob. fr. Copt, ^/i/, measure 
 dp, dpi, to count; Copt. Oipi, Late Gr. oi<^i, oi4>eC.] A 
 Hebrew measure, equal to one bushel and four ninths. 
 
 E-2iheiti'e-rd, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. e^ij/xepo?, daily, 
 lasting but a day, from inC and V^'pa, day.] 1. (Med.) 
 A fever of one day's continuance only. 2. (Entom.) 
 The day-fly, or May-fly, a genus of insects; strictly, a 
 fly that lives one day only ; but the word is apphed also 
 to insects that are very short-lived. 
 
 E-pli6ni'e-ral, n. Any thing which lasts but a day, or 
 a very short time. 
 
 E-phem'e-ral, j a. 1. Beginning and ending in 
 
 E-pli6m'e-ri« (123), \ a day ; diurnal. 2. Existing 
 
 E-phgm'e-rous, ) for a short time only. 
 
 E-pli6m'e-ris, n. ; pi. EPH' e-mer' i-de§. [Gr. 
 e^ij^epis, from e^jj/nepos.] 1. A journal; a diary. 2. 
 (Astro'ii.) (a.) An astronomical almanac, (b.) Any tabu- 
 lar statement of the assigned places of a heavenly body, 
 
 ^ as a planet or comet, on several successive days. 
 
 Epli'od, n. [Heb. ephdd, from apliad, to put on.] (Jew. 
 
 ^Antiq.) A kind of girdle worn by the Jewish priests. 
 
 Ep'ic, a. [Gr. cTri/cd?, from cttos, word, speech, tale, 
 song.] Containing narration; — commonly designating 
 
 _an heroic poem. 
 
 Ep'i-e, n. An epic or heroic poem. 
 
 Ep'i-^ene, a. ot n. [Gr. eTriKotj^os, from kni, and koivos, 
 common.] Common to both sexes ; — a tei-m applied, in 
 grammar, to such nouns as have but one form of gen- 
 der for both sexes ; as, /3ovs, bos, for the ox and cow. 
 
 Ep'i-eiire, n. A follower of Epicurus, a Greek philoso- 
 pher who assumed pleasure to be the highest good ; 
 hence, one addicted to sensual enjoyments. 
 Syn. — "Voluptuary ; sensualist; Epicurean. 
 
 £p'i-«u're-an, or Ep'i-<;u-re'aii (124), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy. 2. 
 
 ^ Given to luxtu-y ; luxurious. 
 
 £p'i-eu.'re-an, or Ep'i-cu-re'an (124), n. 1, A fol- 
 lower or disciple of Epicurus. 2. One given to the lux- 
 
 _ uries of the table. 
 
 Ep'i-eii're-an-i§in, n. Attachment to the doctrines of 
 Epicurus ; the principles or beUef of Epicurus. 
 
 Ep'i-<!u'ri§m, n. 1. The doctrines of Epicurus. 2. 
 
 ^ Sensual enjoyments ; voluptuousness. 
 
 Ep'i-^y'-ele, n. [Gr. knUvK\os, from kirC and kvkKos, 
 circle . ] ( Ptolemaic Astron.) A circle , whose center moves 
 
 _ round in the circumference of a greater circle. 
 
 Ep/i-^y'-eloid, n. [Gr. knCicvK- 
 Aos and elfios, form. See supra.] 
 (Geom.) A curve generated 
 by a point in the circumfer- 
 ence of a movable circle, which 
 roUs on the inside or outside 
 of the circumference of a fixed 
 circle, as by the point a or d ^ 
 
 ^ in the circle A or A' 
 
 Ep/i-py-«Ioid.'al, a. Pertain- 
 ing to the epicycloid, or having 
 its properties. 
 
 Epicycloidal wheel, a contriv- 
 ance for securing parallel mo- 
 tion in converting reciprocating Epicycloid, 
 motion into circular. 
 
 E!p'i-d6in'i<; , ) a. [Gr. e7ri5i7/aos, among the people, 
 
 Ep'i-dem'i-e-al, ) from kiri and 6:^/Ltos, people.] 1. 
 Common to, or affecting, a whole people or community. 
 2. Generally prevailing. 
 
 ^p'i-dem'i*, «. (Med.) A disease which, arising from 
 a wide-spread cause, affects numbers of persons at the 
 ^same time. 
 
 JEp'i-der'tnis, n. [Gr. cTrtfiep/oits, from knC and Skpfxa, 
 skin.] 1. (Anat.) The cuticle or scarf-skin of the body; 
 the outer layer of the skin of animals. 2. (Bot.) Tho 
 external layer of the bark of a plant. 
 
 Ep'i-dote, n. [From Gr. kmSiSovcu, to give besides, 
 from knC and fiiSovat, to give ; so named from the en- 
 largement of the base of the primary, in some of the 
 secondary forms.] (Min.) A mineral of a greenish or 
 grayish color, consisting of silica, alumina, lime, and 
 oxide of iron, or manganese. It is quite hard, and is 
 vitreous in luster. 
 
 £p'i-gas'tri«, a. [Gr. eTri-yaffrpios, belonging to the 
 stomach or belly, from knC and yaoy^p, belly.] (Anat.) 
 Pertaining to the upper and anterior part of the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 »^e,SLC.,long; &,6,Sic., short, • c^ve,fa,v,a,slL,sM,wlxs},t; 6re veil, term; pique, firm; s6u,dr,do,^v9li, 
 
EPIGLOTTIS 
 
 251 
 
 EQUATION 
 
 £p'l-gl6t'tis, n. [Gr. cTrcyXiDTTis, from enC and yKoyrra, 
 y^uxTtra, tongue.] (Anat.) A leaf-shaped cartilage, whose 
 use is to prevent food or drink from entering the larynx 
 and obstructing the breath while eating. 
 
 £p'i-grS.m,"- [tir. iTTtypafjLfJia, from eiri-ypou^eii', to write 
 upon, from €TTL and ypd<})€iv, to write.] A short poem 
 treating onlj- of one thing, and ending with some liyely, 
 ingenious, and natural thought. 
 
 £p'i-gram-mat'i€, ( a. 1. Writing epigrams; 
 
 fip'i-gram-mat'i-e-al, ) deahng m epigrams. '2. 
 Belonging to epigrams ; like an epigram ; concise ; point- 
 ed ; poignant . 
 
 :fep'i-gram-mat'i€-al-ly, adv. In the way of epi- 
 gram : in au epigrammatic style. 
 
 Ep'i-gram'nia-tist, n. One who composes epignuns. 
 
 Ep i-gram'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EPIGRAM- 
 MATIZED; p. pr. & vb. n. EPIGRAMMATIZING.] To 
 represent by epigrams ; to express by epigrams. 
 
 fip'i-grJipll. «• [Gr. kTTiypax\>ri, from €nLypa.<f)eiv , to write 
 upon, from €7rt and -ypa^eij/, to write.] 1. An inscrip- 
 tion on a building denoting its use. '2, A motto. 
 
 £p'i-16p'sy, n. [Gr. e7ri\Tji//ia, from cTriA.ofi.jSaj'eti/, to 
 seize, attack, from eirC and Xap.^avei.v, to take.] (Med.) 
 The falling sickness ; a disease of the brain attended by 
 paro.xysms and loss of con.sciousness. 
 
 Ep'i-iep'ti-e, a. Pertaining to or aflfected with, epilepsy ; 
 consisting of epilepsy. [of an epilogue. 
 
 Ep'i-lo-gis'ti<;, a. Pertaining to epilogue : of the nature 
 
 £p'i-16gue (ep'i-16g), n. [Gr. cTriAoyos, conclusion, from 
 rTTiXe-yeiv, to say in addition, from eiri and A.e'yeiv, to say.] 
 1. A speech or short poem addressed to the spectators by 
 one of the actors, after the conclusion of a play. tJ, 
 (Rhet.) The closing part of a discourse. 
 
 E-piph'a-uy, n. [Gr. eTric^avta (sc. tepa), e^w^aveia, ap- 
 pearance, from eTTK^atVetv, to show forth (passive and 
 middle), to appear, from en-i and ^aiVeti', to show forth.] 
 1, An appearance, or a becoming manifest. '2, (Ecd.) 
 A church festival celebrated on the sixth day of January, 
 in commemoration of the appearance of our Savior to 
 the wise men, who came to adore him with presents. 
 
 E-pis'-eo-pa-fy, n. [Lat. episcopatus., from episcopus, 
 Gr. eTTtVKOTTos, overseer, bishop. See Bishop.] Govern- 
 ment of the church hy bishops, or by three distinct orders 
 of ministers — bishops, priests, and deacons. 
 
 E-pis'<;o-pal, a. 1. Governed by bishops. 3. Belong- 
 ing to. or vested in, bishops or prelates. [copal. 
 
 E-pis'co-pa'li-an, a. Pertaining to episcopa<:y ; epis- 
 
 E-pis'-eo-pa'li-an, n. One who adheres to the episcopal 
 form of church government : a churchman. 
 
 E-pis'-eo-pa'li-aii-i§m, ?i. Episcopacy. 
 
 E-pis'^eo-pal-ly, adv. In an episcopal manner. 
 
 E-pis'«o-pate'(44:), n. 1. A bishopric; the ofllce and 
 dignity of a bishop. 2. The collective body of bishops. 
 
 Ep'i-sode, n. [Gr. e-eiVoSos, from eTrt and elo-oSo?, a 
 coming in, entrance.] (RJiet.) An incidental narrative, 
 _or digression, naturally arising from the main subject. 
 
 Ep'i-sod'i* , \a. Pertaining to, or contained in, an 
 
 £p'i-s6d'i«-al, ) episode. 
 
 E-pis'tle (e-pis'l), n. [Lat. epistola, fr. Gr. eirio-roAij, fr. 
 eTTL<rreWeiv , to send to, fr. eirC and o-re'AAetv, to dispatch, 
 send.] A writing directed or sent to a person ; a letter. 
 
 E-pis'to-la-ry, a. 1. Pertaining to epistles or letters ; 
 suitable to correspondence. '2. Contained in letters. 
 
 E-pts'tvo-phe , n . [Gr. , from eTrto-rpe'c^eti', to return, from 
 €7ri and arpii^eLv^ to twist, turn.] (Rliet.) A figure in 
 which several successive clauses or sentences end with the 
 same word or affirmation. 
 
 £p'i-tJipli, n. [Lat. epitaphium, Gr. en-trac^tov, from enC 
 and Ta(|>os, tomb.] An inscription on a monument, in 
 honor or in memory of the dead. [an epitaph. 
 
 ^I6p'i-tapli'i€, a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, 
 
 JEp' i-tha-la'tni-um, n. [Lat. ; Gr. kiTLBaXa.ti.LOv (sc. 
 ^e'Aos), from e7ri0aA.aju,io?, nuptial, from errt and floAojaos, 
 bride-chamber, bridal bed, marriage.] A nuptial song. 
 
 £p'i-tliet, n. [Gr. k-jriQerov, fr. cTrtfleTo?, added, fr. ctti- 
 TifleVat , to add, fr. eiri, on, and rtfle'i/at, to lay or put.] An 
 adjective expressing some quality, attribute, or relation, 
 properly or specially appropriate to a person or thing. 
 
 Syn. — Title; appellation. — The name epifAe* was formerly 
 extended to nouns which give a title or describe character (as Uar 
 &c.), but is now confined wholly to adjectives. Some rhetorical 
 writers restrict it still further.jconsidefing the term epithet as be- 
 lon^ng only to a limited class of adjectives, viz., those which 
 add nothing to the sense of their noun, but simply hold forth 
 some quality necessarily implied therein, as, the bright sun, the 
 lofty heavens, &c. But this restriction is not sanctioned by 
 Johnson, and it certainly does not prevail in general Uterature. 
 
 £p'i-lli6t'i€, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or abound- 
 ing in, epithets. 
 
 E-pit'o-me, n. ; ;;/. E-pfT'o-MEg. [Gr. kntTOfiTJ, from 
 e7rtT€'(jt»'eii', to cut on the surface, frt>m ejri and rkfxvetv, to 
 cut.] A brief summary. 
 
 Syn. — Abridgment ; compendium ; compend ; abstract ; 
 synopsis. See Abeidgment. 
 
 E-pit'o-mist, n. One who makes an epitome or abridg- 
 ment ; an epitomizer. 
 
 E-pit'o-mize, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. epitomized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EPITOMIZING.] To shorten or abridge, ae a 
 writing or discourse. 
 
 E-pit'o-miz'er, n. One who abridges. 
 
 Ep'i-zeiijc'is, n. [Gr. en-i^ev^ts, from kuL^evyyvvoi., to 
 feisten to or upon, from kiri and ^evyvvvax, to join, yoke.] 
 (Rhet.) A figure by which a word is repeated with ve- 
 _hemence or emphasis. 
 
 Ep'i-zo'on, n. ; pi. EP'i-zd'A. [Gr. enC, on, and fwoi/, 
 animal.] {Zodl.) One of a class of parasitic insects or 
 worms that Uve upon Uce, acari, &c. 
 
 Ep'o«h, n. [Gr. eTrox^, a check, pause, stop, in the 
 reckoning of time, from knex^Lv, to have or hold on, to 
 keep in, hold back, check, stop, fit)m cTrtand exeLv, to 
 have, hold.] A fijxed point of time, from which succeed- 
 ing years are number^ ; a remarkable period of time. 
 
 Syn. — Era; time; date; period; age. — E^pocA denotes a 
 period in the progress of events where some important occur- 
 rence takes place. Thus we speak of the Christian epoch, of 
 the epoch of the Reformation, &c. An era is a point from which 
 chronologers reckon their dates. It is usually (but not always) 
 some epoch; as, the Christian era, the Mohammedan era, &c. 
 Hence, era is applied in a secondary sense to those epochs which 
 become the starting-points of subsequent events, though not 
 of chronology. 
 
 Ep'ode, n. [Gr. knoiSoq, from e-a)56s, a., singing to, sung 
 or said after, from kiraSeLv, to sing to, fi^m knC and aSetf, 
 to sing.] (Poet.) (a.) The third or last part of the ode. 
 (6.) A species of lyric poem invented by Axchilochus, in 
 
 ^ which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one. 
 
 Ep'o-pee', n. [Gr. knL-iroLta, from ejroTTOto?, writing epic 
 poetr)-, from eTros, song, and Troietv, to make.] 1. An epic 
 poem. 2. The action, or fable which makes the subject 
 _of an epic poem. 
 
 Ep'os., n. [Gr. e^ros, si)eech, tale, song, fr. eiTreii/, root cTr, 
 to say.] An epic poem, or its fable or subject ; epopee. 
 
 Ep'sora Salt. (Med.) Sulphate of magnesia having 
 cathartic quaUties ; — originally prepared from the min- 
 
 _eral waters at Epsom, England. 
 
 E'qua-bil^i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being equa- 
 
 _ble ; eveimess or imiformity. 
 
 E'qua-ljle, a. [Lat. sequabilis, from sequare, to make 
 level or equal, from sequus., even, equal.] 1. Equal and 
 uniform; continuing the same at different times. '2. 
 
 _ Uniform in action or intensitj- ; not variable or changing 
 
 E'qua-bly, adv. In an equable maimer ; evenly. 
 
 E'qual, a. [Lat. «^«ai('j-, from iB^Mj/s, even, equal.] 1. 
 Having the same magnitude, dimensions, value, degree, 
 or the like. 2. Having competent power, abUities, or 
 means; fit. 3. Not variable; equable. 4. Not unduly 
 incUning to either side ; characterized by fairness. 
 
 Syn. — Even; equable; uniform; adequate; proportionate; 
 commensurate; fair; just; equitable. 
 
 E'qual, n. One not inferior or superior to another. 
 
 E'qual, V. t. [imp. & p. p. EQUALED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EQU.u:.ING.] 1. To be or become equal to ; to be com- 
 mensxmite with. 2. To recompense fully. 3. To 
 make equal or equal to ; to equalize ; hence, to compare 
 or regard as equals. 
 
 E-qual'i-ty (e-kwoW-ty), n. 1. Condition or quality of 
 being equal. 2. (JMath.) Exact agreement between two 
 
 _expressions or magnitudes with respect to quantity. 
 
 E'qual-i-za'tion, n. The act of equalizing, or the state 
 
 _ of being equalized. 
 
 E'qual-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. equalized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EQUALIZING.] 1. To make equal. 2. To pro- 
 
 _ nounce equal ; to compare as equal. 
 
 E'qual-ly, adv. In an equal manner or degree. 
 
 E'qua-iiim'i-ty, «. [Lat. sequanimitas, from ssquani- 
 TTLus, from sequus, equal, and animus, mind.] Evenness 
 of mind; composure; calmness. 
 
 E-quate'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. EQUATED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EQUATING] [Lat. xquare, sequatum , to ma^e level 
 or equal, from xquus, level, equal.] To make equal ; to 
 reduce to an average. 
 
 E-qua'tion, n. 1. A making equal, or an equal divis- 
 ion. 2. (Math.) An expression of the condition of 
 equality between two algebraic quantities or sets of quan- 
 tities , the sign = being placed between them. 3. (.45- 
 tron.) The difference between the true and the mean place 
 or other element of a celestial body. 
 Equation of payments {Arith.), the process of finding the 
 
 food, fdbt ; ftrn, ri}de, pull ; 9ell, ^liaise, €all, e«lio ; gem, get ; as ; ejlst ; linger, link ; tliis- 
 
EQUATOR 
 
 252 
 
 ERA 
 
 meantime ' • lUfforcnt times. 
 
 — hguati) ■ woon moaii and 
 
 apparent i the difference 
 
 between *i' i uding ou per- 
 
 boital qualities or ptculi.intio m the obsirver. 
 
 E-qua'tor, n. [tYvim Lat. .rquarr, aquatiitn. See sitpm.] 
 1. ( Gfo;;.) A ^rrwit circle ou tho earths surface, every- 
 where equally distant friim the two jwleSj and dividing 
 the earth's surface into two hemispheres. "2, (Astron.) 
 A great cin-lo of the celestial sphere, coincident with the 
 
 _ plane of the earth's iniuator. 
 
 K'qua-to'ri-sil. a. I'ertaining to the equator. 
 
 K'qua-to'ri-al (89), u. (Astron.) An instrument con- 
 sisting of a telescope so mounted that it may be directed, 
 even in the day-time, to any star or other object whose 
 right a^viisiou and declination are known. 
 
 K-qu^r'ry, I n. [Fr. ccurie, 0. Fr. escurie, escuyrie, a 
 
 £q'ue-rj-' ) stable for horses.] 1. A large stable for 
 horses. "2. An officer of nobles or princes, charged, with 
 the care and management of their horses. 
 
 E-qu^s'tri-an, a. [Lat. equestris, equester, from eques, 
 hor^man, from equus, horse.] 1. Pertaining to horses 
 or their management, and the art of riding. 2. Riding 
 on horseback. 3. Representing a person on horseback. 
 4. Performed by one who is riding on horseback. 
 
 E-qu6s'tri-an, n. A horseman ; a rider. 
 
 E-qugs'tri-aii-igm, n. Performance on horseback; 
 
 _ horsemanship. [baring, equal angles. 
 
 E'qui-an'gu-lar (-ang/gu-lar), a. Consisting of, or 
 
 E^qui-dif'fer-ent, a. [From Lat. ^quus, equal, and 
 diffenns, dififerent.] Having equal differences; arith- 
 
 _metically proportional. 
 
 E'qm-<lis'taiit, a. [Lat. sexjuidistans , fi^m wquus, 
 equal, and distans, distant.] Being at an equal distance 
 
 _from the same point or thing. 
 
 E'qui-iat'er-al, a. [lja.t. sequilateralis; sequus , equal, 
 
 _and latus, lattris, side.] Having all the sides equal. 
 
 E'qui-liTbrate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. equilibrated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EQUILIBRATING.] [Lat. sequilibrare, 
 xquilibratum, from acquits, equal, and librare, to weigh, 
 to poise, from libra, balance.] To balance equally two 
 
 _scales, sides_j^or ends ; to keep in equipoise. 
 
 E'qui-ii-bra'tion, n. Act of keeping the balance even, 
 
 _or state of being equally balanced ; equipoise. 
 
 E'qui-lib'ri-ty, n. State of being equally balanced; 
 
 _equilibrium : equipoise. 
 
 E'qm-lib'ri-um, n. ; Lat. pi. e-qui-lib'ri-A; Eng. 
 pi. E-QUl-LlB'Ri-UMg. [Lat. sequilibrium, from xqui- 
 libris, from xquus, equal, and libra, balance.] 1. Equal- 
 ity of weight or force. '2, A just poi=e or balance in re- 
 spect to an object, so that it remains firm. 3. Equal 
 balancing of the mind between motives or reasons. 
 
 _ Jn equilibrio [Latl, in a state of equilibrium. 
 
 E'qui-mul'ti-ple, a. [Lat. leqitus, equal, and multi- 
 pUx, manifold. See MULTIPLE.] Multiplied by the 
 
 _ same number or quantity. 
 
 E'qm-mul'ti-ple, n. (Arith. & Geom.) A product 
 arising from the multiplication of two or more primitive 
 quantities by the same number or quantity. 
 
 E-qui'nal, I a. [Lat. equinus, from equus, horse.] Per- 
 
 E'quine, ) taining to, or resembling, a horse. 
 
 E'qui-n6€'tial, a. [See infra.] 1. Pertaining to the 
 equinoxes, "i. Pertaining to the regions or climate of the 
 equinoctial line or equator. 3. Pertaining to the time 
 when the sun enters the equinoctial points. 
 
 Equinoctial colure (Astron.). the meridian passing through 
 the equmoctial points. — Equinoctial points (Astron.), the two 
 pf>inte where the celestial equator and ecliptic intersect each 
 other: the one being in the first point of Aries, the other in the 
 first point of Libra. 
 
 E'qul-n&e'tial, n. [Tor equinoctial liyie.] (Astron.) 
 The celestial equator ; — so called because when the sun 
 is on it, the nights and days are of equal length in aU 
 
 _ parts of the world. 
 
 E'qoi-ndx, n. [Lat. sequinoctium, from 3squus, equal, 
 and nox, night.] The precise time when the sun enters 
 one of the equinoctial points. 
 
 Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun enters the first 
 point of Libra, being about the 23d of September.— Vernal 
 equmox, the time when the sun enters the first point of Aries. 
 being about the iOst of March. 
 
 E-qmi>', V. t. [imp. & p. p. equipped (e-kwTpf) ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. EQUIPPIN'fir.] [Fr. equiper, to supply, O. Fr. 
 esquiper, to equip a shjp, from tsquif, boat, from 0. H. 
 Ger. skif, Goth., A.-S., & Icel. skip, scip, ship.] 1. To 
 eupply with whatever is necessary to efficient action in 
 any way ; — said especially of ships or of troops. 3. To 
 dress up ; array ; decorate. 
 
 £q'ni-page {6k'wi-pej, 45), n. [See supra.] 1. Pumi- 
 
 ture ; i specially, the furniture and supplies of a vessel, or 
 
 , the furniture of an army, a body of troops, or a single 
 
 soldier, including whatever is necessary for efficient ser- 
 
 I vice : equipment, ti. Ornamental furniture ; accouter- 
 
 ments ; habiUments, 3. Attendance ; retinue. 
 E-qulp'meiit, n. [See EQUIP.] 1. Act of equipping, 
 or state of being equipped. 3. Any thing that is used 
 _in equipping ; furniture ; equipage. 
 £'qui-poi§e, n. [Lat. acquits, equal, and Eng. poist, q. 
 ! v.] Equality of weight or force ; hence, equilibrium ; a 
 1 state in which the two ends or sides of a thing are bai- 
 1 _anced ; hence, equality. 
 
 ' E'qui-pSl'len^e, \n. 1. Equality of power, force, 
 E'^qui-pol'leii-f y, j signification, or application. 2. 
 i _(^og''-) Equivalence between two or more propositions. 
 E'qiii-pol'leiit, a. [Lat. lequipollens, fix)m a'quus, 
 equal, and pollens, strong, powerful, p. pr. of poUere, to 
 be strong, able.] 1. Having equal force ; equivalent, ti. 
 _(Logic.) Having equivalent signification and reach. 
 ! E'qui-pon'der-aiice, \n. Equality of weight ; equi- 
 I E'qui-pon'der-an-'^y, j poise. 
 1 E/qui-p6ii'der-aiit, a. Having the same weight. 
 j E'qui-p6n'der-ate, v. i. [From Lat. sequits, equal, 
 
 _&ndi ponderare, to weigh.] To be equal in weight. 
 : E'qui-poii'der-ate, v. t. To counterbalance. 
 \ Eq'ui-ta-lble (ek'wl-ta-bl), a. [See EQUITY.] 1. Pos- 
 j sessing or exhibiting equity ; giving, or disposed to give, 
 j each his due. 2. Pertaining to the tribunal or the rule 
 i of equity. 
 
 Syn, — Just ; fiur ; reasonable ; right ; honest ; impartial ; 
 ' candid ; upright. 
 
 ; Eq'ui-ta-tole-ness, n. Quality of being equitable. 
 Eq'ui-ta-bly, adv. In an equitable manner. 
 j Eq'ul-taut (ek^wl-tant), a. [Lat. equitans, p. pr. of 
 I equitare, to ride, from eques, horseman, from equus, 
 ! horse.] 1, Mounted, or sitting on, a horse. li. (Boi.) 
 ' _ Overlapping each other ; — as leaves. 
 Eq'ui-ta'tion (ek'wi-ta'shun), n. Horsemanship. 
 : Eq'xii-ty (ek'wi-ty), n. [Lat. asquitas, from asquus, even, 
 equal.] 1. The giving, or desiring to give, to each man 
 his due, according to reason, and the law of God to man ; 
 — distinguished ftovn justice in requiring a more perfect 
 standard than any positive enactment or custom, ti, 
 (Laio.) (a.) An equitable claim, (b.) A system of juris- 
 prudence, the object of which is to supply the deficien- 
 cies of the courts of law, and render the administration 
 of justice more complete. 
 
 Syn. — Justice; impartiality; rectitude ; fairness; honesty; 
 uprightness. 
 E-quiv'a-leri^e, ) n. 1. Condition of being eqtiiva- 
 E-quiv'a-len-^y, j lent. 2. Equal power or force. 
 E-quiv'a-lent, a. [Lat. xquivalens, p. pr. of sequiva- 
 lere, to have equal power, from aequus, equal, and valere, 
 to be strong, to be worth.] 1. Equal in value, worth, 
 force, power, effect, import, and the like. 3. (Geom.) 
 Equal in dimensions, but not superposable. 3. (Geol.) 
 Contemporaneous in origin. 
 E-quiv'a-lent, n. 1. That which is equal in value, 
 weight, dignity, or force. 2. ( Ckem.) Atomic weight of 
 a substance, or a number which expresses the proportion 
 by weight in which it combines with other substances. 
 E-quiv'o-eal, a. [Lat. xquivocus, from sequus, eqtml, 
 and vox, vocis, word.] 1. Having different significations 
 equally appropriate or plausible ; ambiguous ; uncertain. 
 3. Capable of being ascribed to different motives. 3. 
 Uncertain as to its cause or effect. 
 
 Svn. — Ambiguous. — An expression is ambiguous when 
 different parts of it can be so construed as to bring out a 
 diversity of meanings. An expression is equivocal when, 
 taken as a whole, it expresses a given thought with perffect 
 clearness and propriety, and also another thought with equal 
 propriety and clearness. The former is a mere blunder of lan- 
 guage: the latter is usually intended to deceive, though it may 
 occur at times from mere "inadvertence. 
 
 E-quiv'o-eal-ly, adv. In an equivocal manner. 
 
 E-quiv'o-«al-iiess, n. A state of being equivocal. 
 
 E-q«iv'o-eate, v. i. [iynp. & p. p. equivocated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EQUIVOCATING.] [Low Lat. aequivo- 
 care, sequivocatum^ from Lat. equivocus. See supra.] To 
 use words of equivocal or doulatful signification with x 
 view to mislead. 
 
 Syn. — To prevaricate; evade; shuffle. 
 
 E-quiv/o-ea'tion, n. Ambiguity of speech. 
 
 Syn. — Prevarication; shuffling; evasion; quibbling. 
 
 E-quiv'o-ea'tor, n. One who equivocates. 
 
 fiq'ui-voque, J n. [See EQUIVOCAL.] 1. An ambign- 
 
 fiq'ui- volte, ) ous term. 2. Equivocation. 
 
 E'ra(89),n. , .p/.E'RA§. [Late Lat. «m,Isidor. Orig. prob- 
 
 ai,e,itc.,l<mg; &,6,k^.,short; c&re,far,a8k,aU,VFliat-, £re, veil, term ; p'iqne, firm; son, or, do, ^9!!; 
 
ERADIATE 
 
 253 
 
 ERYNGO 
 
 of Sp. or Iberian origin, for in Basque era signifies time.] 
 1, A fixed point of time, from which a series of years is 
 reckoned. 'Z. A succession of years proceeding from a 
 fixed point, or comprehended between two fixed points. 
 Syn.— Epoch; time; date; period; age. See Epoch. 
 
 E-ra'di-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. eradiated , p.pr. &, 
 vb.n. ERADIATING.] [Lat. c, out,andrarftM5, ray, beam, 
 radiare, radiatum, to beam.] To shoot forth, as rays of 
 light; to beam. 
 
 E-ra'dl-a'tion, n. Emission of light or splendor. 
 
 E-ra.d'i-«a-ble, a. Capable of being eradicated. 
 
 E-ra,d'i-«ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ERADICATED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ERADICATING.] [Lat. eradicare, eradicatum., 
 from e, out, and radix, root.] 1. To pull up by the roots ; 
 to extirpate ; to root out. ii. To put an end to ; to de- 
 stroy thoroughly. 
 Syn. — To extirpate; root out; exterminate; destroy. 
 
 E-rJid'i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of plucking up by the roots ; 
 extirpation. 2. State of being plucked up by the roots. 
 
 E-rad'i-ea-tive, a. Tending or serving to eradicate. 
 
 E-ras'a-ble, o. Capable of being erased 
 
 K-rase', v. t. [imp. & p.p. erased (e-rasf) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ERASING.] [Lat. eradere, erasum, from e, out, and 
 radere, to scrape, scratch, shave.] 1. To rub or scrape 
 out ; to efface. 3. To obliterate, as ideas in the mind or 
 memory. [tion. 
 
 E-rase'ment, n. Act of erasing ; obliteration; destruc- 
 
 E-ras'er, n. One who, or that which, erases; hence, a 
 sharp instrument used to erase writings, &c. 
 
 E-ra§'iire (e-ra'zhijr), n. Act of erasing ; obliteration. 
 
 :^re (ar), adv. [A.-S. «r, 0. H. Ger. er, Icel. ar, Goth. 
 air.] Before; sooner than. 
 
 !^re (ar), prep. Before in respect to time. 
 
 E-r6-et', a. [Lat. erectus, p. p. of erigere, erectwn. See 
 infra.] 1. Upright, or in a perpendicular posture. 3. 
 Raised ; uplifted. 3. Fu-mly established ; bold ; intellect- 
 ually active and attentive. 
 
 E-r6-et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. erected ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ERECTING.] [Lat. erigere, erectum, from e, out, and 
 regere, to lead straight.] 1. To set upright ; to lift up ; 
 to raise. 3. To raise, as a building. 3. To give lofti- 
 ness or high tone to ; to exalt. 4. To cheer. 5. To set 
 up as an assertion or consequence from premises or the 
 like. 6. To set up or estabUsh anew. 
 
 Syn. — To elevate ; construct ; build ; institute ; establish; 
 found. 
 
 E-re-et'er, n. One who, or that which, erects. 
 
 E-r6«t'ile, a. Capable of being erected ; susceptible of 
 being erected or dilated. 
 
 E-rgc'tion, n. 1. Act of erecting. 3. State of being 
 erected. 3. Any thing erected ; a building of any kind. 
 
 E-r€€t'ive, a. Setting upright ; raising. 
 
 E-r6«t'ly, adv. In an erect manner or posture. 
 
 :fere-I6iis' (21), adv. Soon ; before long. 
 
 £r'e-mite,n. [See Hermit.] One who lives in a wil- 
 derness, or in retirement; a hermit; an ascetic ; an an- 
 __choret. [Obs. or poet.] 
 
 ^r'go,adv. [Lat.] Therefore; consequently. 
 
 ]fer'got (14), Ji. [Ft. ergot, argot, spur, a disease of cereal 
 grasses.] 1. A parasitic fungus, having a spur-like form, 
 of narcotic and poisonous quaUties, found in some grains, 
 especially rye. 3. (Far.) A protuberance behind and 
 below the pastern-joint. 
 
 Kr'mine, n. [L. Lat. armelinus, 
 armellina, hermellina, and pel- 
 lis Armenia, the fur of the Ar- 
 menian rat, because these ani- 
 mals are found in Armenia.] 1, 
 (Zool.) An animal allied to the 
 weasel ; an inhabitant of north- 
 ern cUmates, in Europe and 
 America. In winter, the fur is Ermine (1.3 
 
 white, but the tip of the tail is of the most intense black 
 throughout the year. 3. The fur of the ermine. 3. 
 The dignity of judges and magistrates, x; 
 whose state robes, lined with ermine, are 
 regarded as emblematic of purity. 4. 
 (Her.) One of the furs used in blazonry, 
 represented by small spots of the shape 
 represented in the cut. 
 
 E-rode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ERODED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ERODING.] [Lat. erodere, 
 from e, out, and rodere, to gnaw.") To eat 
 into or away ; to corrode. 
 
 E-ro'§ion, ?i. [Lat. eros jo, from erodere. See Erode.] 
 1. Act or operation of eating away. 3. The state of being 
 eaten away ; corrosion ; canker. 
 
 Ermine (4.) 
 
 E-rot'i€, I a. [Gr. epwriKos, from ep<y;, love, the god 
 
 E-r6t'i€-al, ) of love.] Pertaining to, or prompted by, 
 love ; amatory. 
 
 fir'pe-tSl'o-gy, n. That part of natural history which 
 treats of reptiles. See Herpetology. 
 
 JBrr, V. i. [imp. & p. p. erred (5rd); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 erring (r-r/ring).] [Lat. errare, alUed to N. H. Ger. 
 irren, Goth, airzjan, to lead astray, airzis, astray.] 1. 
 To wander from the right way ; to wander. 3. To mis- 
 take in judgment or opinion. 3. To fail morally. 
 
 £r'rand, n. [A.-S. mrende, srrend, from 6r, Goth, aims, 
 messenger.] A special business Intrusted to a messenger ; 
 a message ; a commission. 
 
 £r'rant, a. [Lat. errans, p. pr. of errare. See ERR.] 
 1. Deviating from an appointed course, or from a direct 
 path ; wandering ; roving ; rambling. 3. Wild ; extrav- 
 agant : notorious ; arrant. 
 
 Er-rd'td, n. pi. See Erratum. 
 
 Er-rS,t'i-e, ) a. [Lat. erraticus, from errare, to wander.] 
 
 Er-rS,t'i«-al, I 1. Roving about without a fixed desti- 
 nation ; eccentric. 3. Moving; not fixed or stationary. 
 3. Transported from the original resting place. 
 
 Er-ra,t'i«, n. ( Geol. ) Any stone or material that has been 
 borne away by natural agencies from its original site ; a 
 bowlder. 
 
 Er-rat'i€-al-ly, adv. Without rule, order, or estab- 
 lished method ; irregularly. 
 
 Er-i'd'tum,n. ; pi. er-ra'ta. [Lat., from errare, to 
 
 ^ wander.] An error or mistake in writing or printing. 
 
 Er'rhine (er''rin), n. [Gr. eppLvov, from ev and pis, gen- 
 itive ptvos, nose.] (Med.) A medicine designed to be 
 snuffed up the nose, to cause sneezing ; a sternutatory. 
 
 fir'ring, p. pr, & p. a. from err. See Err. 
 
 Er-ro'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. erroneus, from errare, to err.] 
 1. Deviating from a right course ; not conformed to 
 truth or justice. 3. Deviating from the right way. 3* 
 Containing error ; liable to mislead. 
 
 Syn. — Wandering; roving; irregular; false; mistaken. 
 
 Er-ro'ne-oiis-ly, adv. By mistake ; not rightly. 
 
 Er-i'o'ne-oiis-iiess, n. State of being erroneous. 
 
 Er'ror, n. [Lat. error, from errare, to wander from the 
 truth.] 1. A wandering or deviation from the right 
 course or standard. 3. Want of truth; inaccuracy. 3. 
 Violation of law or duty. 4. Departure from the ordinary 
 or appointed course. 5. [Math.) The difference between 
 the result of any operation and the true result. 6. ( Laiv. ) 
 A mistake in the proceedings of a court of record in mat- 
 ters of law or of fact. 
 
 Syn. — Blunder ; mistake ; perversion ; misapprehension ; 
 transgression; iniquity; fault; deviation. 
 
 £rse, n. [A modification of Irish, 0. Eng. Iris/ie.] The 
 language of the descendants of the Gael or Celts in the 
 Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 £rse, a. Pertaining to the ancient inhabitants of Scotland- 
 first, adv. [A.-S. 3!rest, airist, wrust, superlative of a?r. 
 See Ere.] 1. First; at first. 3. In early times ; once; 
 
 _ formerly ; long ago. 
 
 Er^u-bes'^enpe ) (52), n. Act of becoming red; red- 
 
 Er-ii-toes'^en-^y j ness; a blushing. 
 
 Er'vi-b6s'9ent, a. [Lat. erubescens, p. pr. of erubescere^ 
 to grow red, from ruber e, to be red, from ruber, red.] 
 Red, or reddish ; blushing. 
 
 E-ru.<;t'^ \ V. t. [Lat. eructare, eructatum, from e, out, 
 
 E-ru.«'tate, ) and ructare, to belch.] To eject, as wind, 
 
 ^ from the stomach ; to belch. 
 
 Er'u-e-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of belching wind from the 
 stomach ; a belch. 3. A violent bursting forth or ejec- 
 
 ^ tion, as of wind or other matter from the earth. 
 
 Er'u-dite (52), a. [Lat. eriiditus, p. p. of erudire, to pol- 
 ish, to instruct, fr. e, out, from, and rudis, rude.] Char- 
 acterized by extensive reading or knowledge ; learned. 
 
 Er'u-di'tion (-dish'un), n. State of bemg erudite ot 
 learned. 
 Syn. — Literature ; learning. See Literature. 
 
 E-rii'gi-nous, a. [Lat. csruginosvs, from aerugo, rust, 
 from ais, any crude metal.] Partaking of copper, or the 
 rust of copper ; resembling rust. 
 
 E-riip'tion, n. [Lat. eruptio, from erumpere, eruptum, 
 from e, forth, and rumpere, to break, burst.] 1. Act of 
 breaking or bursting forth, as from inclosure or confine- 
 ment ; that which bursts forth in a sudden or violent 
 manner. 3. {Bled.) (a.) The breaking out of a cuta- 
 neous disease, (b.) The disease itself. 
 
 E-riip'tive, a. 1. Breaking or bursting forth. 3. At- 
 tended with eruption, or producing it. 3. ( Geol.) Pro- 
 duced by eruption. 
 
 E-ryn'go, n. [Lat. eryngium, erynge, Gr. i^pvyytov, dim. 
 
 food.fdbt; iirn, ri|de, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; g^^ni, get; ag ; ejist; linger, linlt; tMs. 
 
ERYSIPELAS 
 
 254 
 
 ESPOUSER 
 
 of Tj^wyyo?.] (Bol.) A genus of plants somewhat like 
 thistles in appearance. One species, called sea-holly, has 
 been liighlv esteeuKs.1 as an aphrodisiac. 
 
 ftr'v-sip'e-las, «. [Or. epvaintKa^, from epvOpos, red, 
 and ir<AAa, hide, skin.] (M(ci.) St. Anthony's fire; a 
 febrile disease accompanieii with a diffused inflammation 
 of the skin. 
 
 fir' v-si-pi'1'a-t oils, 1 a. Resembhug erysipelas, or par- 
 
 Kr'y-sip'e-loils, ) takmg of its nature. 
 
 £:s'«>a-lade', »«. [Fr., from L. Lat. scalare, to scale, from 
 Lat. scala, ladder.] (Mil.) An attack by troops on a 
 fortified place, in which ladders are used to mount a 
 rampart. 
 
 Es-cal'op (es-skol'up), n. [0. Fr. escalope, D. schidp, 
 shell.] 1. (Conch.) A bivalve shell, with one straight 
 side, and the face is usually marked with ribs. 2. A 
 regular, curving indenture in the margin of any thing. 
 See SCALLOP and SCOLLOP. 
 
 Es-€al'op<'d (es-kol'opt), a. 1. Cut or marked in the 
 form of an escalop; scolloped. 3. (Her.) Covered with 
 waving hues, or with indented borders overlapping. 
 
 £s'-ea-pade', n. [Fr. ; Sp. escapada, from escapar, to 
 escape, q. v.] 1. Fling, or backward kick, of a horse. 
 "Z. An impropriety of speech or behavior of which one 
 is unconscious. 
 
 Es-eape', v. t. [imp. & p. p. escaped (es-kapf) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ESCAPING.] [Sp. & Pg. escapar, Fr. cchapper, 
 0. Fr. esc/iapper, escamper, probably from 0. H. Ger. 
 champf, N. H. Ger. kampf, combat, fight, hence, origi- 
 nally ,"to escape from battle. ] 1 . To flee from and avoid ; 
 to shun. 2. To avoid the notice of; to evade. 
 
 Es-eape', v. i. 1. To hasten away ; to avoid danger or 
 injury. "Z. To be passed without harm. 
 
 Es-eape', n. Act of fleeing from danger, of evading 
 harm, or of avoiding notice ; deliverance from injury or 
 restraint. 
 
 Es-eape'ment, n. 1. Act of escaping; 
 escape. [Rare.] 2. The contrivance in a 
 time-piece which connects the wheel-work 
 with the pendulum or the balance, giving 
 to the latter the impulse by which it is kept 
 in vibration ; — so called because it allows 
 a tooth to escape from a pallet at each vi- 
 bration. 
 
 Es-earp', n. [Fr. escarpe, Sp. escarpa, It. 
 Scarpa, from Fr. escarper, to cut steep, Sp. 
 escarpar, to smooth by rasping, from 0. H. 
 Ger. scarp, N. H. Ger. scharf, sharp, acute.] 
 (Fort.) Any thing high and precipitous, as 
 the side of the ditch next the parapet. See Scarp. 
 
 Es-earp', v. t. [imp. & p.p. escarpeb ; p. pr. & ich. 
 n. ESCARPING.] (Mil.) To make into, or furnish with, 
 a steep slope. 
 
 Es-earp'ment, n. A steep descent or declivity. 
 
 fisfli/a-lot' (esh'a-lof), n. [Fr. escalotte, echalotte. It. 
 scalogno, Sp. escalona, IjsX. cepa Ascalonia, so called from 
 its being originally brought from Ascalon, in Palestine.] 
 (Bot.) A species of small onion or garlic. 
 
 fes'-cktar (es'kar), n. [Fr. escarre, Lat. eschara, Gr. 
 itrxapa.] ( Surg. ) A dry slough, crust, or scab. 
 
 fis'-elia-rot'i*, a. Serving or tending to form an eschar ; 
 producing a scar : caustic. 
 
 £s'-elia-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. ecrxaros, furthest, utmost, 
 extreme, last, and Xoyo?, discourse.] The doctrine of the 
 last things, as death, judgment, &c. 
 
 Es-clieat', ?i. [0. Eng. eschete, 0. Fr. eschet, a thing 
 fallen to, strictly equivalent to eschoit, 3d pers. sing. p. of 
 escheoir (N. Fr. cclioir), to fall to, to fall to the lot of, 
 from cheoir, now choir, to fall, from Lat. cadere.] 1. 
 (Law.) (a.) (Feud. & Eng. Law.) The reverting of 
 lands to the lord of the fee, in consequence of the ex- 
 tinction of the blood of the tenant, (b.) ( TJ. S. Law.) 
 The falling or reverting of real property to the State, as 
 original and ultimate proprietor, by reason of a failure 
 of persons legally entitled to hold the same, (c.) A writ 
 to recover e.scheats from the person in possession. 3, 
 The lands which fall to the lord or state by escheat. 3. 
 That which fells to one ; a reversion. 
 
 Es-clieat', v. i. [imp. & p. p. escheated ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. ESCHEATING.] (Law.) To revert, return, or be- 
 come forfeited to the l'>rd, the crown, or the state. 
 
 Es-clieat'a-ble, a. Liable to escheat. 
 
 Es-chew', V. t. [imp. & p. p. eschewed ; p.jrr. h vb. 
 n. eschewing.] [0. Eng. eschywe, eschewe, from 0. 
 H. Ger. skiuhan, N. H. Ger. scheuen, to shun, avoid.] 
 To flee from ; to shun ; to seek to avoid. 
 
 ils'-eort, n. [Fr. escorte, It. scorta, a guard or guide, 
 from scorgere, to perceive, lead, from Lat. ex and corri- 
 
 Escapement. 
 
 gere, to correct, to set right.] 1. A person, or persons, 
 giving attendance for the sake of affording safety ; a 
 guard ; also, a person, or persons, attending as a mark 
 of respect, honor, or attention. 2. Protection on a jour- 
 ney or excursion. 
 
 Es-eort', v. t. [imp. & p. p. escorted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ESCORTING.] To attend with a view to guard and pro- 
 tect ; to accompany as safeguard. 
 
 fis'cri-toire' (-twor'), n. [0. Fr. ; L. Lat. scriptorium, 
 from Lat. scriptorivs, belonging to writing, from stribere, 
 
 _ to wr_ite.] A writing-desk, either portable or fixed. 
 
 Es'-erow, n. [Norm. Fr. escrowe, escrover, scroll, 0. Fr. 
 escroe, escroue, a roU of writings, bond, either from Lat. 
 scrobis, ditch, grave, or from H. Ger. schraube, L. Ger. 
 scArH ir, Eng. screw.] (Law.) A deed or bond delivered 
 to a third person, to hold tUl some act is done or some 
 condition is performed, and which is not to take effect 
 
 ^ till the condition is performed. 
 
 Es'-eu-age, n. [Fr. eswage, ectcage, from escu, ecu, 
 shield, from Lat. scutum.] (Feud. Law.) A species of 
 tenure by knight service, by which a tenant was bound 
 
 ^ to follow his lord to war. 
 
 Es'<;u-Ia'pi-an, a. Pertaining to Esculapius, the god 
 
 ^ of the healing art ; hence, medical ; medicinal ; curative. 
 
 JEs'-eu-lent, a. [Lat. esadentvs, from escare, to eat, from 
 esca, food, from edere, esum, to eat.] Suitable to be used 
 
 ^ by man for food ; eatable ; edible. 
 
 Es'-eu-lent, n. Any thing that is eatable. 
 
 Es-eutcli'eoii (es-kuch'un), n. [0. 
 Fr. escusson, N. Fr. ecusson, fr. 0. Fr. 
 escii, escut, escus, N. Fr. ecu, shield, 
 Lat. scutum.] 1. (Her.) The shield; 
 the field or ground on which a coat of 
 arms is represented : also, the shield of 
 a family. 
 
 1^°- The two sides of an escutcheon are ^ 
 
 respectively designated as dexter and sin- 
 ister, as in the cut, and the different parts ,, „ i.„v„„_ / ix,_ s 
 or points b^ the foUowing names: A, dex- i-scutclieon (Her.-) 
 ter chief point; B, middle chief point; C, sinister chief point; 
 D, honor or collar point; E, fesse or heart point ; F, nombril 
 or navel point ; G, dexter base point ; H, middle base point; I, 
 sinister base point. 
 
 3. (Naut.) That part of a vesselis stem on which her 
 name is written. 3. (Carp.) A thin metal plate which 
 guards or finishes the key -hole of a door. 
 
 E-s6pli'a-giis, n. [Gr. olcro(|)a'yos, from oio-w, future of 
 ^e'peiv, to carr^', and ^ayelv, to eat.] (Anut.) The pas- 
 sage through which food and drink pass to the stomach j 
 ^ the gullet. [Written also asophagus.] 
 
 Es'o-ter'ic, a. [Gr. ecrwTeptKos, from eo-torepo?, inner, 
 comparative from e<rco, ettrw, in, within.] Designed for, 
 and understood by, the specially initiated alone : private ; 
 
 — said of the instruction and doctrines of philosophers j 
 
 — opposed to exoteric. 
 
 Es-pal'ier (es-paPyer), n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. espalde, N. 
 Fr. epaule, shoulder.] 1. A row of trees trained up t« 
 a lattice, and forming a shelter for plants. 3. A lattice- 
 work to train fioiit-trees and ornamental shrubs on. 
 
 Es-pe'cial {es-pesh'al), a. [0. Fr. especial, Lat. speciahs, 
 from species, a particular sort, kind, or quaUty.] Dis- 
 tinguished among others of the same class or kind. 
 Sym. — Pecuhar; special; particular; principal; chief. 
 
 Es-pe'cial-Iy, adv. In an especial manner. [covery. 
 
 Es-pi'al, n. Act of espying ; notice ; observation ; dis- 
 
 Es'pi-on-age' (es'pe-on-aj/ or es'pe-on-azh'), n. [Fr. 
 espionnage, from espionner, to spy, espion, spy. See 
 ESPY.] Practice or employment of spies. 
 
 Es'pla-nade', n. [Fr. ; Lat. explanare, to flatten or 
 spread out, from ex, out, and planus, even, flat.] 1. 
 (Fort.) (a. ) The sloping of the parapet of the covered way 
 toward the country, (b.) A clear space between a citadel 
 and the first houses of the town. 3. (Hart.) A grass- 
 plat. 3. Any clear space used for public walks or drives. 
 
 Es-pou§'al, n. [0. Fr. espousailles, N. Fr. epousaxlles, 
 Lat. sponsalia, fr. sponsalis, belonging to betrothal or es- 
 pousal.] 1. Act of espousmg or betrothing ; especially.^ m 
 the pi., betrothal or marriage ceremony. 3. The takmg 
 upon one's self the care and cause of any thing; adoption. 
 
 Es-pou§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. espoused ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ESPOUSING.] [0. Fr. espouser, from Lat. sponsare, to 
 betroth, from sponsus, bethrothed, p. p. of spondere, 
 sponsicm, to promise solemnly.] 1. To give as spouse ; 
 to afiBance ; to unite by a promise of marriage or by mar- 
 riage ceremony. 3, To take as spouse ; to accept in 
 marriage ; to wed. 3. To take up the cause of ; to 
 adopt ; to embrace. 
 
 Es-pou§'er, n. One who espousefi. 
 
 », e, 8tc.,long; &, 6, &c., short ; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; fire, veil, tSrm ; piique, firm ; s6n, Or, dp, w^lf, 
 
ESPY 
 
 255 
 
 ESTRAY 
 
 Es-py', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ESPIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ES- 
 PYING.] [0. Fr. espier.Sp. espiar, It. spiare, from 0. 
 H. Ger. spehdn, N. H. Ger. spdhen. See Spy.] 1. To 
 catch sight of; to discern unexpectedly, ti. To inspect 
 narrowly ; to examine and keep watch upon, 
 gyn. — To discern ; discover; find out; descry; spy. 
 
 E8-py', V. i. To look narrowly ; 
 to look about. 
 
 fis'qui-mau (es'ki-mo), n. ; 
 pi. ES'QUI-MAUX (es'ki-moz). 
 ( Geog.) An Indian of any of 
 the tribes inhabiting arctic 
 America and Greenland. 
 
 Esquimau dog, a variety of do^, 
 found among the Esquimau Indi- 
 ans, and used for drawing sledges, 
 &c. 
 
 Esquimau Dog. 
 
 Es-quire', n. [0. Fr. escuyer, 
 escuier, esquier, from escu, now 
 ecu, shield. See Escutcheon.] A shield-bearer or 
 armor-bearer, an attendant on a knight ; hence, in mod- 
 ern times, a title of dignity next in degree below a knight. 
 OS°-In England, this title is given to the younger sons of 
 noblemen, to officers of the king's courts and of the household, 
 to counselors at law, justices of the peace, sheriffs, and other 
 gentlemen. In the United States, the title is given to public 
 officers of all degrees, and has become a general title of respect 
 in addressing letters. 
 
 Es-quire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. esquired ] p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. ESQUIRING.] To wait on ; to attend. 
 
 Es-say', v. t. [imp. So p.p. essayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ESSAYING.] [See infra.] 1. To try; to attempt. 3. 
 To make experiment or trial of; to assay. 
 
 fis'say, n. [Fr. essai, from Lat. exagium, weight, bal- 
 ance.] 1. A trial; attempt; endeavor; exertion. 3. 
 (Lit.) A composition shorter and less methodical than a 
 
 ^ formal treatise. 3. Trial or experiment. See Assay. 
 
 Es'say-ist, or Es-say'ist, n. A writer of essays. 
 
 fis'sen^e, n. [Lat. essentia, from esse, to be.] 1. For- 
 mal or formative nature of a complex notion. 3. Con- 
 stituent qualities of a thing ; — hence, materials common 
 to a class contrasted with the form taken by an individ- 
 ual or species. 3. A purely spiritual being. 4. The 
 solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil. 
 5. Perfume; odor; scent. 
 
 ils'senfe, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. essenced (es'senst) ; p. 
 pr. Sc vb. n. ESSENCING.] To perfume ; to scent. 
 
 Es-sene', n. [Gr. 'Ecro-rjvot and 'Ecrcraiov, lit. physicians, 
 because they practiced medicine, from Chald. asaya, from. 
 Heb. asa, to heal.] {Jewish Hist.) One of a sect remark- 
 able for their strictness and abstinence. 
 
 Es-sfin'tial, a. 1. Belonging to the essence; really ex- 
 isting. 2. Important in the highest degree. 3. Highly 
 rectified ; pure ; hence, unmixed. 4. {Mus.) Necessary ; 
 indispensable ; — said of tones constituting a chord, in 
 distinction from ornamental or accidental tones. 5. 
 (Med.) Idiopathic ; independent of any other disease. 
 
 Essential character {Kat. Hist.), the prominent characteris- 
 tics distinguishing one genus, species, &c., from another. — 
 Essential oil, a volatile, highly inflammable oil, to which plants 
 owe their characteristic odor. 
 
 Es-s6n'tial, n. First or constituent principle. 
 
 Es-sen'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-21'-), ) n. Quality of being es- 
 
 Es-seii'tial-ness, J sential ; essential part. 
 
 Es-sSn'tial-ly, adv. In an essential manner or degree ; 
 in effect. 
 
 Es-t^b'lisli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ESTABLISHED (es-tab/- 
 lisht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. ESTABLISHING.] [0. Fr. establir, 
 Lat. stabilire, from Lat. stabilis, firm, stable, from stare, 
 to stand.] 1. To make stable or firm ; to settle. 3. To 
 enact or decree by authority ; to ordain. 3. To secure 
 the reception of; to uphold. 4. To found ; to institute ; 
 — as a colony, state, &c. 5. To set up in business ; — 
 used reflexively. 
 
 Es-ta,b'Iisli-er, n. One who establishes. 
 
 Es-tab'lisli-meiit, n. 1. Act of establishing ; settle- 
 ment; confirmation. 3. State of being established. 3, 
 That which is established; as, (a.) A form of govern 
 ment. (6.) A permanent civil, military, or commercial 
 force or organi2a,tion. (c.) A style of living; accuatomed 
 expense; income; salary, (d.) The place in which one 
 is permanently fixed for residence or business. 
 
 Establishment of the port (Hydrography'), data, obtained by 
 ■ observation, on which the tides are computed at a given port. 
 
 fis'ta-fet', ) n. [Fr. estafette, from 0. H. Ger. staph, 
 ^s'ta-fette', ) stapho, footstep, footprint, stephan, to 
 
 step, to walk.] One of a series of couriers in relay. 
 Es-tate', n. [0. Fr. estat, N. Fr. etat, from Lat. stattts, 
 
 from stare, to stand.] 1. Fixed condition of any thing 
 or person ; hence, rank ; state ; position. 5i. A property 
 which one possesses ; especially property in land ; also, 
 property of all kinds which one leaves to be divided at 
 his death. 3. One of the ranks or classes of men which 
 are considered as constituting the state. 4. (Law.) The 
 interest which any one has in lands, tenements, or any 
 other effects. 
 Es-teem.', v. t. [imp. & p. p. esteemed ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ESTEEMING.] [Lat. scstimare, xstumare, from ffs, 
 brass, copper, money, with the ending tumxire.] 1. To 
 set a value on ; to estimate. 3. To set a high value on ; 
 to regard with respect, or afi^ection. 
 
 Syn. — Estimate.— We esteem a man for hie moral qualitiea; 
 we estimate a person or thing according to our views of their 
 real value. The former imphes respect and attachment ; the 
 latter is a mere exercise of judgment or computation. See Ap- 
 preciate. 
 Es-teem', n. High value or estimation ; great regard. 
 Es-tli6t'i-es, n. sing. The science of the beautiful, or 
 
 of the theory of taste. See .Esthetics. 
 £s'ti-ma-ble, a. [l,a,t. sestimabilis. See ESTEEM.] 1, 
 Capable of being estimated or valued. 3. Wortlay of es- 
 teem or respect. 
 4;s'ti-ma-ble-ness, n. Quahty of deserving esteem. 
 £s'ti-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. estimated ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. estimating.] [Lat. sestimare, xstimatum. See 
 Esteem.] To judge and form an opinion of the value 
 of, without actually measuring or weighing ; to com- 
 pute. 
 
 Syn. — To appreciate; value; appraise; prize; rate*, count; 
 calculate; number.— Esteem.— Both these words imply an exer- 
 cise of the judgment. Estimate has reference especially to 
 the external relations of things, such as amount, magnitude, 
 importance, &c. It usually involves computation or calcula- 
 tion; as, to estimate the loss or gain of an enterprise. Esteem 
 has reference to the true character or standing of a thing, to its 
 intrinsic value or merits. Thus, we esteem it an honor to be 
 inhabitants of a free country. When thus applied to things, 
 it nearly coincides with consider, differing from the latter only 
 as implying that we value the thing in question. When ap- 
 plied to persons, esteem is used in a moral sense, and implies a 
 mingled sentimentof respect and attachment. Thus, we esteem 
 a man for his uniform integrity ; we esteem a lawyer for his can- 
 dor and fairness; we esteem a magistrate for his devotion to 
 the public good. See Appreciate. 
 Es'ti-mate (45), n. An approximate judgment or opin- 
 ^ ion as to amount, cost, and the like. 
 Es'ti-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of estimating. 3. An opin- 
 ion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of 
 any thing, formed without using precise data. 3. Fa- 
 vorable opinion ; esteem. 
 
 Syn. — Estimate ; calculation; computation; appraisement; 
 esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate. 
 Es'ti-ma'tive, a. Inclined, or able, to estimate. 
 Es'ti-ma'tor, n. One who estimates, or values. 
 Es'ti-val, a. [Lat. sestivalis, fi-om asstas, summer.] Vet.. 
 ^ taining to, or continuing through, the summer ; aestivaL 
 Es'ti-va'tion, n. 1. Act of passing the summer. 3. 
 (Bot.) Disposition of the petals within the floral germ or 
 bud ; aestivation. 
 Es-top', V. t. [imp. & p. p. estopped (es-topt') ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ESTOPPING.] [0. Fr. estoper, estoppare, to 
 hinder, from Lat. stupa, stuppa, the coarse part of flax, 
 tow, oakum. Cf. Stop.] (Law.) To impede or bar ; to 
 stop the progress of. 
 Es-top'pel, n. [From estop, q. v.] (Laiu.) A conclusive 
 
 admission, which can not be denied or controverted. 
 Es-to'ver§, n. pi. [0. Fr. estover, estovoir, necessary, 
 need, from estover, estovoir, to suit, be necessary, from 
 ester, Lat. stare, to stand, or perhaps from studere, to 
 strive after, to apply one's self to.] (Law.) Necessaries 
 or suppUes ; an allowance to a person out of an estate or 
 other thing for support. 
 Es-trade', n-. [Fr., orig. a carpet and an elevated place 
 in a room, covered with a carpet, for receiving visits, from 
 Lat. stratum,, bed-covering, coverlet, pillow.] A level 
 and sUghtly raised place in a room. 
 Es-trange', v. t. [imp. k, p.p. estranged \ p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ESTRANGING.] [0. Fr. estranger. See STRANGE.] 
 1. To make strange ; to keep at a distance. 3. To di- 
 vert from its original use or possessor ; to alienate. 3. 
 To alienate the affections or confidence of, 
 Es-trange'in.en.t, n. Act of estranging, or state of 
 
 being estranged ; alienation ; removal. 
 Es'tra-pade', n. [Fr., from Prov. Ger. strapfen, to 
 draw, N. H. Ger. straff, drawn tight.] The action of a 
 horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rises before, and 
 at the same time kicks furiously with his hind legs. 
 Es-tray', n. [See Stray.] (Law.) Any valuable ani- 
 mal, not wild, found wandering from its owner ; a stray. 
 
 food, f<>bt •, tLrn, rt^de, pull ; ^ell, chaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; liijger, lisle ; iiiis. 
 
ESTREAT 
 
 256 
 
 EUDIOMETER 
 
 Es-lreat', n. [0. Fr. rstrait, from Lat. txtractus, ex- 
 tractum, p. p. of ertniJifrf, to draw out, from ex, out, 
 ami tniJiere, to draw.] (i.<j«'.) A true oopy, duplicate, or 
 extract of an original writing or record. 
 
 £8-treat', r. f. [tmp. & ;).;'. estreated; p. pr. & t-t. 
 n. ESTRE.\TI.NtT.] (En^. Laic.) (a.) To extract or take 
 out from the n>cord.^ of a court, and return to the court 
 of exchequer to be prosecuted. (6.) To bring into the 
 excJiequer, as a fine. 
 
 Ks-trepe'uioiit, ;i. [0. Fr., from estreper, to destroy, 
 damage, probably from Lat. extirpare, to pluck up by the 
 stejn or root.] (I/Jjr.) A destructive kind of waste, com- 
 mitted by a tenant, in lands, woods, or houses. 
 
 £st'u-a-ry (64), n. [Lat. scstiiarium, from iestuare, to 
 boil up, to be in violent motion.] A narrow passage, as 
 the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the 
 current : an arm of the sea ; a frith. 
 
 ^*«f7^rf (6t/a-zhar'), «• [Fr., from etage, a shelf, story, 
 tloor, from Gr. o-reyrj, room, roof, from (rreyeiv, to cover.] 
 A piece of furniture having a number of shelves, one 
 above another, for receiving articles of elegance or use. 
 
 £tat Major (a'tS' mtl'zhor'). [Fr.,from etat, state, po- 
 sition, Lat. 5iaf2<5, and Lat. wiq;'or, greater.] (Mil.) The 
 staff of an army , including all officers above the rank of 
 colonel ; also, all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, 
 commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymasters, 
 physicians, signal officers, judge-advocates; also, the 
 non-commissioned assistants of the above officers. 
 
 £tcli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ETCHED (etcht) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ETCHING.] [N. H. Ger. dtzen, atzen, to feed, corrode, 
 etch, Goth, atjan, from 0. H- Ger. ezan, Goth. itan,Exig. 
 eat, imp. ate.] To produce, as figures or designs, on met- 
 al, gla^s, or the like, by means of lines eaten in by some 
 strong acid. 
 
 fJtcli, V. i. To practice etching. 
 
 fit-eli'mg, n. 1. Act, art, or practice of etching. 3. 
 The impression taken from an etched plate. 
 
 E-ter'nal, a. [Lat. asteryialis, from sRternus, for seviter- 
 n?w, fr. sevum, eternity, and the temporal ending ternus.] 
 1. Without beginning or end of existence ; always exist- 
 ing, a. Without end of existence or duration ; ever- 
 lasting ; endless ; immortal. 3. Continued without in- 
 termission ; perpetual ; ceaseless. 4. Existing at all times 
 without change ; immutable. 
 
 E-ter'nal, n. That which is vrithout beginning or end ; 
 especially, the Deity ; God. 
 
 E-ter'nal-ly, adv. In an eternal manner ; without be- 
 ginning or end ; perpetually. 
 
 E-ter'ni-ty, n. [Lat. seternitas, from seternus.] 1. Con- 
 dition or quality of being eternal ; duration without end. 
 !i. The state or condition which begins at death. 
 
 E-ter'nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eternized;^, pr. & 
 vb. n. ETERNIZING.] 1. To make eternal or endless; 
 to perpetuate. 3. To make forever famous ; to immortalize. 
 
 E-te'§iaii, a. [Lat. etesius, Gr. er^crtos, pi. Lat. etesix, Gr. 
 errjo-iat, (sc. avejotoi), winds, from er^crtos, for a year, an- 
 nual, from eros, year.] ( Gr. & Rom. Lit.) TilovAng at 
 
 _ stated times of the year ; stated ; periodical ; annual. 
 
 E'tlier, n. [Lat. ssther, Gr. alGiqp, from aldetv, to light 
 up, kindle, to bum.] 1. {Physics.) A subtle fluid or 
 medium supposed to pervade all space, and to be the me- 
 dium of transmission of light and heat. 3. ( Chem.) A 
 very light, volatUe, and inflammable fluid, produced by 
 the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. 
 
 E-tlie're-al (89, 124), a. 1. Pertaining to the ether, or 
 to the higher regions beyond the earth, or beyond the 
 atmosphere ; celestial. 2. Consisting of ether ; hence, 
 exceedingly light or airy; tenuous. 3. {Chem.) Of, or 
 relating to, ether. 
 
 E-tlie're-al-ize, v.t. t. To convert into ether; to 
 
 _ saturate with ether. 2. To render ethereal or sph-it-like. 
 
 E'tlier-i-za'tion, n. (Med.) (a.) Administration of 
 ether by inhalation. (6.) State of the system under the 
 
 _ influence of ether. 
 
 E'ther-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. etherized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ETHERIZING.] 1. To convert into ether. 3. To 
 put under the influence of ether. 
 
 ]fitli'i«, ) a. [Lat. ethicus, Gr. iij0tK6<j, from 7/0og, cus- 
 
 Etli'ic-al, J torn, usage, moral nature of man.] Re- 
 lating to manners or morals ; treating of the moral feel- 
 ings or duties ; contait^ing precepts of morality. 
 
 !fetli'i€-al-ly, adv. According to ethics. 
 
 £tli'i-eg, n. sing. [See supra.] The science of human 
 
 _duty ; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science. 
 
 E'thi-op, ) n. { Geog). A native or inhabitant of 
 
 E'thi-o'pi-an, j Ethiopia. 
 
 E'thi-o'pi-an, ) a. {Geog.) Belonging, or relating, to 
 
 E'tlii-6p'i€, j Ethiopia. 
 
 E'thi-6p'i-e, n. The language of Ethiopia. 
 £th'inoid, ) a. [Gr. TJ^iuioeiSTjs, hke a sieve, fr. ^d/xo?, 
 Etli-inoid'al, ) sieve, and etfios, form.] (Anat.) R^^'. 
 
 sembhug a sieve. 
 £tli'iii«, I a. [Gr. edfixos, from e'0i/os, nation, to. iOvrj, 
 £t]i'ui-e-al, ) the nations, heathens, gentiles.] 1. Be! 
 
 longing to races ; based on distinctions of race. 3. 
 
 Heathen ; pagan ; — opposed to Jewish and Christian. 
 Etli-ii6g'ra-plier, ?i. One who cultivates ethnography. 
 
 lJh'So:EtS}j'l|:al, ! «• P-t---g to ethnography. 
 
 Ethi-nog'ra-pliy, n. [From Gr. eOvo^, nation, and 
 ypd^eiv, to write.] A description of the diflerent races 
 of men, with their different characteristics, manners, 
 habits, &c. 
 
 £th/no-16|/i«-al, J "• P^^tammg to ethnology. 
 
 Etli-nol'o-^ist, n. One versed in ethnology. 
 
 Etli-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. iOvo^, nation, and A.6yos, dis- 
 cours'i, Xeyeii/, to speak.] The science which treats of 
 the di-v-ision of man into races, their origin, relations, 
 and differences. 
 
 Etli'o-16g'i€, )a. Treating of, or pertaining to, etb- 
 
 Etli'o-log'i-e-al, | ics or morality. 
 
 E-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ^0os, e0os, custom, usage, man- ^ 
 ners, morality, and Ao-yos, discourse.] The science of 
 
 _ ethics ; also the science of character. 
 
 E'ti-o-late, v. i. [imp. & p.p. ETIOLATED; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. ETIOLATING.] [Fr. etioler ; 0. Fr. estioler, to be- 
 come slender, prob. from Ger. stiel, stalk, as it originally 
 signifies to shoot up into a thin stalk.] 1. To be 
 whitened or blanched by excluding the hght of the sun, 
 as plants. 3. {Pathology.) To become pale through dis- 
 
 _ease or absence of light. 
 
 E'ti-o-late, v. t. 1. To blanch ; to whiten by depriving 
 of the sun's rays. 3. {Pathology.) To cause to grow 
 
 _pale byjdisease or absence of light. 
 
 E'ti-o-la'tion, n. 1. Operation of blanching so as to 
 render plants white, crisp, and tender, by excluding light 
 from them. 3. {Pathology.) Paleness produced by ab- 
 
 _sence of light or by disease. 
 
 E'ti-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. airtoAoyta, from aXiia, cause, and 
 A.6yo?, discourse.] ( Med. ) That branch of medical science 
 which treats of the causes of disease. 
 
 Et'i-quette' (et'i-ket'), n. [Fr., prop, a label, ticket, fr. 
 L. Ger. stikke, peg, pin, tack, stikken, H. Ger. stecken, to 
 stick.] Observance of the proprieties of rank and occa- 
 ^sion ; conventional decorum. 
 
 JEtui (a^we'), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. estui, fr. 0. H. Ger. stUcha, 
 N. H. Ger. stanch, stauche, a short and narrow muff.] A 
 
 _ ladies' reticule or work-box. 
 
 Et'y-mo-log'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to etymology. 
 
 Et'y-mo-log'i-e-al-ly, adv. According to, or by meana 
 of, etymology. 
 
 Et'y-mo-log'i-eon, n. [Gr. erviJ-oXoyiKov. Seeinjra.] 
 
 ^ An etymological dictionary or manual. 
 
 Et'y-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in etymology. 
 
 Et'y-mol'o-gize, v. t. To give the etymology of. 
 
 Et'y-mol'o-gize, v. i. To search into the origin or 
 
 ^ words ; to deduce words from their simple roots. 
 
 Et'y-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. erv/noAoyta, from ervixov and 
 A.6yos, discourse, description. See infra.] 1. That part 
 of philology which explains the origin and derivation of 
 words. 3. That part of grammar which relates to the 
 changes in the forms of words in a language. 
 
 Et'y-mon, n. ; Eng. pi. ET'Y-MON§ ; Gr. pi. et'Y-ma. 
 [Gr. eTVfx.ov, true literal sense of a word, fr. eTvju.05, true, 
 real, from eruos, true, real.] An original form ; primitive 
 word ; root. 
 
 Eix'-elia-rist, n. [Gr. evxapt-a-ria, thanksgiving, from ei, 
 weU, and x*P^s> favor, grace, thanks.] {Eccl.) The sac- 
 rament of the Lord's supper ; the communion. 
 
 Eii'-elia-rist'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to the Lord's sup- 
 
 Eu'-elia-rist'i-e-al, j per. 
 
 Eu.'clire (yi]'ker), n. A game at cards, the highest card 
 being the knave of the same color and suit as the trump, 
 and called right bower, the lowest card played being the 
 seven. See Bower. 
 
 Eu-de'mon-igm, n. [Gr. evSat/oiovio-/x6s, happiness, fr. 
 evSaCfjiwv, happy, from ev, well, good, and SaCfxwv, genius.] 
 That system of philosophy which derives the foundation 
 of moral obligation from its relation to happiness. [Writ- 
 ten also eudxmonism..] 
 
 Eii''dl-6in'e-ter, n. [Gr. evfita, fair, clear weather, from 
 eS5tos, fine, clear, of air, weather, from ev, well, good, and 
 Zev9, genitive Atos, Jupiter, Jove, as ruling in the lower 
 air, and ixirpov, measure.] An instrument for ascertain- 
 ing the purity of the air, or its quantity of oxygen. 
 
 5, e, &e. , long; a, g, &c, , short ; c4re, far, a.slt, all, vrliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique , firm ; son, dr , do, ivolf , 
 
EUDIOMETiUC 
 
 257 
 
 EVECTION 
 
 Eu'dJ-o-mSt'ric, ) a. Pertaining to, performed or 
 
 Eiul'cli-o-naSt'ri-e-al, ) ascertained by, a eudiometer. 
 
 I5u'di-6m'e-try, n. Art or practice of ascertaining the 
 purity of the air by the eudiometer. 
 
 Eii'lo-gist, n. One who eulogizes. 
 
 Eu'lo-gist'i«, a. Pertaining or given to, or character- 
 ized by , eulogy ; commendatory; laudatory. 
 
 Eu-lo'gi-iiin, n. [L. Lat., from Gr. evKoyCa, eulogy, q.. 
 V,] A formal eulogy. See EULOttY. 
 
 Eil'lo-gize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eulogized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EULOGIZING.] To speak or write in commenda- 
 tion of another ; to praise. 
 
 Eu'lo-gy, n. [G;r. evAoyia, from euAoyos, well speaking, 
 from ev, well, and Aeyeiv, to speak.] A speech or writing 
 in commendation of the character or services of a person. 
 
 Syn. — Encomium ; pauegyric. — The word encomium is 
 used as to both persons and things, and denotes warm praise ; 
 euloginm and eulogy apply only to persons, and are more pro- 
 longed and studied ; sl panegyric was originally a set speech 
 in a full assembly of the people, and hence denotes a more 
 formal eulogy, couched in terras of warm and continuous 
 praise. 
 
 Eii'nu<;h, (yu^nuk) , n. [6r. evvoCxos, prop, guarding the 
 couch, from evvri, couch, bed, and ^xeiv, to have, keep ; 
 Lat. eunuchus.] A male of the human species castrated, 
 often employed as a chamberlain. 
 
 Eu'nuoli-igm, «. The state of being a eunuch. 
 
 Eu'pa-to'ri-um, n. [From Eupator, king of Pontus, 
 who first used it as a medicine.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, 
 including hemp, agrimony, boneset, thorough wort or In- 
 dian sage, &c. 
 
 Eii-pep'sy, n. [Gr. e5, well, and TreTrreiv, Trea-aeLV, to 
 cook, digest, 7r6i/>is, a cooking, digestion.] (Med.) Good 
 digestion ; — opposed to dyspepsy. [digestion. 
 
 Eu.-pep'ti«, a. Having good digestion, or being easy of 
 
 Eu-'plie-inigiltl, n. [Gr. eiK^Tj/atcrjaos, from ev(f>riij.i^ei.v, 
 to use words of a good omen, from ev, well, and <^r)ju,t, 
 inf. (ftdvoLL, to speak.] A delicate word or expression used 
 for one that is harsh or indelicate. 
 
 Eii'plie-iiiis'ti-e, ) a. Pertaining to euphemism ; 
 
 Eii'plie-ims'ti«-al, j containing a euphemism. 
 
 Eii'plie-naize, v. t. or i. [imp. & p.p. EUPHEMIZED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EUPHEMIZING.] To express by a euphe- 
 mism, or in deUcate language ; to make use of euphemis- 
 tic expressions. 
 
 Eu-pli6n'i«, ) a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, eu- 
 
 Eu-pli6n'i<;-al, j phony ; euphonious. 
 
 Etx-pho'ni-oiis, a. Agreeable in sound ; euphonic. 
 
 Eii'plio-m§in, n. An agreeable sound or combination 
 of sounds ; euphony. 
 
 Eu'ph.o-ny, n. [Gr. evifttavCa, from eS, well, and (jxavrj, 
 sound, voice.] An agreeable sound; an easy, smooth 
 enunciation of sounds. 
 
 Eu'plira-sy, n. [Gr. ev(f>pa<rCa, dehght, from ev(fipaCvei.v, 
 to delight, from e5, well, and <f>priv, heart, mind.] (Bot.) 
 The plant eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial in 
 disoiders of the eyes. 
 
 Eu'pliu.-igin, n. [Gr. ev<})vq?, well-grown, graceful, from 
 ev, well, good, and <^v7j, growth.] (Rhet.) Affectation of 
 excessive elegance and refinement of language ; — from 
 Lyly's two performances, entitled, " Euphues, or the 
 Anatomy of Wit," and '^Euphues and his England." 
 
 EH'pliu-ist, n. One who affects excessive refinement 
 and elegance of language. [euphuism. 
 
 Eu'plm-ist'i-e, a. Belonging to the euphmsts, or to 
 
 Eu-roe'ly-don, n. [Gr. evponKvSoiv, from efipos, the 
 south-east ^yind, and KXvStav, wave, billow.] A tempest- 
 uous easterly wind in the Mediterranean ; a levanter. 
 
 Eu'ro-pe'an (124), a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Europe, or 
 to its inhabitants. [of Europe. 
 
 Eu'ro-pe'an (124), n. ( Geog. ) A native or an inhabitant 
 
 Eii'rytli-m.y, n. [Gr. evpv0|u,ia, fi-om ev, well, and 
 pv9p.6?, rhythm, measure, proportion, symmetry.] 1. 
 (Fine Arts.) Just or harmonious proportion or move- 
 ment. tJ. (Med.) Regularity of the pulse. 
 
 Eu-sta'«lii-aii, a. (Anat.) Discovered by Eustachius, 
 a learned Italian physician. 
 
 Eustachian tube (Anat.), a slender pipe affording a passage 
 for the air from a cavity in the ear to the back part of the mouth. 
 -- Eustachian valve (Anat.), a semilunar, membranous valve in 
 the heart. 
 
 E2u-ter'pe-an, a. Relating to Euterpe, the muse who 
 presided over wind instruments ; hence, pertaining to 
 music. 
 
 Eu'tlia-na'§i-a, ) n. [Gr. evOavaa-Ca, from ev, well, and 
 
 fiu-tlia,n.'a-sy, | ^avaros, death.] An easy death ; a 
 mode of dying to be desired. 
 
 Eu-ty-eli'i-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eutychiua, 
 
 who held that the divine and human natures of Chrisfe 
 formed but one nature ; a monophysite. 
 
 E-vS.-e'u-ant, a. [Lat. evacuans, p. pr. of evacuare.} 
 Evacuative; purgative; cathartic. 
 
 E-v&-e'u-ant, n. (Med.) A purgative or cathartic. 
 
 E-va«'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. evacuated ; p. pr. & 
 vb.n. EVACUATING.] [Lat. evacuare, evacuatum, ftom. 
 e, out, and racMMv, empty.] 1. To make empty, ii. To 
 remove ; to eject ; to void ; to discharge. 3. To withdraw 
 from, or desert, as a city , fort, and the like. 4. To make 
 void ; to nulhfy ; to vacate. 
 
 E-vS,c'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of evacuating. 2. That 
 which is evacuated or discharged ; especially, a discharge 
 by stool or other natural means. 
 
 E-v3.«'u-a'tive, a. Serving j)r tending to evacuate; 
 cathartic ; purgative. 
 
 E-v5,<;'u-a'tor, n. One who evacuates. 
 
 E-vade', v. t. [itnp. & p. p. evaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EVADING.] [Lat. evadere, from e, out, from, and vadere, 
 to go, walk.] To get away from by artifice ; to elude ; to 
 escape. [tempt to escape. 
 
 E-vade_', v. i. 1. To escape ; to slip away. 3. To at- 
 
 Ev'a-ga'tion, n. [Lat. evagatio, from evagari, to wan- 
 der forth, from e, out, and vagari, to wander about.] 
 Act of wandering ; excursion. 
 
 Ev'a-iies'feii^e, n. Act of vanishing away; state of 
 
 ^ vanishing or of being vanished. 
 
 Ev'a-nes'feiit, a. [Lat. evanescens, p. pr. of evanescere, 
 from e, out, and vanescere, to vanish, from vamts, empty, 
 vain.] 1. Vanishing; fleeting. 3. Imperceptible. 
 
 E-vS-n'gel, n. [Lat. evangelium, Gr. evayye'A.tov, good 
 news, especially, in a Christian sense, the glad tidings, the 
 gospel, from ev, well, and ayyeAAetv, to bear a message, 
 to bring tidings.] Good news ; specifically, the gospel- 
 
 _[Obs. or poet. ^ 
 
 E'van-gel'i-e, ) a. [Lat. evangelicus, Gr. evayyeXi/cos. 
 
 E'van-gel'i-e-al, j See Evangel.] 1. Contained in, 
 or relating to, the four Gospels. 2. Belonging to, con- 
 sonant with, or contained in, the gospel. 3. Earnest for 
 the truth taught in the gospel ; also, technically applied 
 
 _to a party in the English and other churches. 
 
 E''vaii-gel'i«-al-ly, adv. In an evangehcal manner; 
 
 _in a manner according to the gospel. 
 
 E'van-^el'i-^igm, n. Evangelical principles. 
 
 E-van'gel-igm, n. The preaching or promulgation of 
 the gospel. 
 
 E-vS,n'gel-ist, n. 1. One of the writers of the gospel 
 history. 3. A preacher authorized to preach, but not 
 having charge of a particular church, and not allowed t» 
 administer the eucharist. 
 
 E-van'gel-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. evangelized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. evangelizing.] To preach the gospel to ; 
 to convert to a beUef of the gospel. 
 
 E-vS,ii'ge-lize, v. i. To preach the gospel. 
 
 E-vam'isli, -u. 1. [See Evanescent.] To disappear ; to 
 vanish. [oration. 
 
 E-vap'o-ra-ble , a. Capable of being dissipated by evap- 
 
 E-v^p'o-rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. evaporated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. evaporating.] [Lat. evaporare, evaporatwm, 
 from e, out, and vaporare, to emit steam or vapor, from 
 vapor, steam or vapor.] 1. To pass off in vapor, as a 
 fluid. 3._To be dissipated ; to be wasted. 
 
 E-vap'o-rate, v. t. To dissipate in vapor or fumes. 
 
 E-va.p'o-rate (45), a. Dispersed in vapors. 
 
 E-vap'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act or process of turning into, 
 or passing off in, vapor. 3. Transformation of a por- 
 tion of a fluid into vapor, to obtain the fixed matters 
 contained in it in a state of greater consistence. 3. 
 (Steam-Eng.) See Vaporization. [oration. 
 
 E-vS,p'o-ra'tive, a. Pertaining to, or producing, evap- 
 
 E-va'gion, n. [See Evade .] Act of eluding or avoiding, 
 particularly an accusation, charge, interrogation, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Shift; subterfuge; shuffling; prevarication; equivo- 
 cation. 
 
 E-va'sive, a. Tending to evade, or marked by evasion ; 
 elusive ; shuffling. 
 
 E-va'sive-ly, adv. By evasion or subterfuge. 
 
 Eve, ) n. [A.-S. efen, dfen, alUed to even^ 
 
 E'ven (e'vn, 58), ) level, and Goth, af, 0. H. Ger. apa, 
 N. H. Ger. ah, of, off, from, dovra, so that it orig. signi- 
 fies, decline of the day.] 1. Latter part or close of the 
 day ; evening. 3. The evening preceding some particu- 
 lar day, as, Christmas eve is the evening before Christmas ; 
 also, the period just preceding some important event. 
 
 E-v6«'tioii, n. [Lat. evectio, from evehere, to carry out, 
 from e, out, and vehere, to carry.] (Astron.) (a.) An in- 
 equality of the moon's motion in its orbit. (6.^ ""^"^ 
 libration of the moon. 
 
 The 
 
 iood, f<Ji»t \ firn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise : ff 11, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link,- tiiis* 
 
 17 
 
EVEN 
 
 258 
 
 EVULSION 
 
 fi^T^n (fTn), n. [X.S. even , (fen , (Joth. ibns, loel. jqfn.] 
 
 I. Level, smooth, or iMiual in surface; not rough ; uiii- 
 fcmn in rate of uiotion or mode of action. 2. Equable ; 
 not «asil.v rulHoil or ilisturbed. 3. Parallel ; on a level. 
 4. Equally balanced: ailjusteii : fair; equitable ;— said 
 of accounts, banrains, or persons indebted. 5. Not odd ; 
 capable of divL<iou bv 2 ; — said of numbers. 
 
 E'vru (e'vn), r. t. [imp. & p.p. EVENED; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 II. EVEMNG.] 1. To make even or level; to level ; to 
 Ivilance. '2. To balance accounts. 
 
 fi'vru (c vn), adv. 1. In an equal or precisely similar 
 manner; exactly; equally. 2. At the very time. 3. So 
 much as. 4. As was not to be expected. 
 
 E'vrn-liJlnd'ed (6'vn-), a. Fair or impartial. 
 
 E'v<-ii-iug (e'vn-ing), n. [See BVE, EVEN.] 1. The lat- 
 ter VKirt and close of the day , and the beginning of dark- 
 ness or night, 'i. The latter portion, as of life ; the 
 declining period. 
 L'raiiiig star, Venus, when visible in the evening. 
 
 E'ven-ly (e'vn-l,^), adv. With an even, level, or smooth 
 
 _ surface; without roughness. 
 
 E'ven-ness (e'vn-nes, 109), tt. State of being even, level, 
 or undisturbed ; smoothness ; calmness. 
 
 E-vent', M. [Lat. eceiitus, from evenire., from e, out, and 
 t-e/jjVf, tocome.] 1. That which falls out ; any incident, 
 good or bad. "2, Consequence of any thing. 
 
 Syn. — Incident; occurrence; adventure; issue; result; ter- 
 mination ; consequence ; conclusion ; end. 
 
 E-vfint'fiil, a. Full of, or distinguished for, events or 
 incidents* 
 
 E-v^nt'u-al, a. [See Event.] 1. Happening as a con- 
 sequence or result ; consequential. 2. Final ; terminat- 
 ing ; ultimate. 
 
 E-v6iit'u.-ai'i-ty, n. (Phren.) Disposition to take cog- 
 nizance of occurrences or events. [ultimately. 
 
 E-vent'u-al-ly, adv. In an eventual manner; finally ; 
 
 E-veiit'u-ate,'r. i. [imp. & p. p. eventuated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. eventuating.] To issue, as a consequence 
 or event ; to terminate. [Rare in Eng.] 
 
 fiv'er, adv. [A.-S. djre, dfer, from av, age, eternity, 
 dat. sing, ava, ace. sing, a, always, Goth, aivs, Icel. 
 dfi, Lat. aevuni, Gr. aluiv.] 1. At any time. 2. At all 
 times ; always ; continually. 3. Without cessation or in- 
 terruption; to the end. 
 
 Ever and anon, at one time and another. — For ever, eter- 
 nally. See Forever. — For ever and a day, everlastingly; 
 eternally; forever. [CoUoq.'\ 
 
 B®^ This word is used for never, but very improperly. It is 
 sometimes used for emphasis; and is often contracted into e'er. 
 
 Ev'er-glade, n. A low tract of land inundated with 
 water and interspersed with patches of high grass. 
 
 Ev'er-green, a. Always green; verdant throughout 
 
 _ the year. 
 
 Ev'er-green, «. A plant that retains its verdure 
 
 _ through all the seasons. 
 
 Ev'er-last'ing, a. 1. Lasting or enduring forever ; 
 immortal ; eternal. 2. Continuing indefinitely. 
 
 Syn.— Eternal. — £«er«aZ denotes that which has neither 
 beginning nor end; everlasting is sometimes used in our ver- 
 sion of the Scriptures in the sense of eternal, but in modem 
 usage each word has its distinctive meaning, and these ought 
 not to be confounded. 
 
 Ev'er-last'ing, n. 1. Eternal duration, past and fu- 
 ture ; eternity. 2. A woolen material for shoes, &c. [See 
 Lasting.] 3. {Bot.) A plant, whose flowers dry with- 
 
 ^ out losing their form or color. 
 
 Ev'er-last'ing-ly, adv. In an everlasting manner: 
 eternally ; perpetually ; continually. 
 
 fiv'er-liv'ing, a. 1. Living without end ; eternal. 2. 
 Continual ; incessant. 
 
 fiv'er-more', adv. 1. During eternity ; always ; eter- 
 nally. 2. For an indefinite future period. 
 
 E-vert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. everted :, p. pr.k. vb. 
 n. EVERTING.] [Lat. evertere, from e out, and vertere, 
 to turn.] 1. To overturn; to subvert; to destroy. 
 [Rare.] 2. To turn inside out. 
 
 Ev*er-y, a. [0. Eng. everyche, everich, A.-S. a/re, ale, 
 i.e., ever each. See Each.] The separate individuals 
 which constitute a whole, regarded one by one. 
 
 Every ruono and </i«n, repeatedly; at short intervals; often; 
 frequently. [C!o/^>'/,] 
 
 £v'er-y-day, a. '7sed or fit for every day ; common ; 
 
 usual ; cufitomarj'. 
 £v'er-y-^wli6re, adv. In every place ; in all places. 
 E-viet', f. t. [imp. & p. p. evicted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 EVICTING.) [Lttt. evincere, evictum, from «,out, and 
 
 Mncere. to conquer, vanquish.] (Law.) To dispossess by 
 
 a Judicial process. 
 
 E-vie'tlon, n. (Law.) The act of evicting or disposeeflsing 
 by judicial process. 
 
 fiv'l-den^e, n. [See Evident.] 1. That which makes 
 evident or manifest ; the ground of belief; conclusive 
 testimony. 2. One who makes evident ; a witness. 
 3. ( Law.) Means of proof ; — proof itself, strictly speak- 
 ing, not being synonymous vrtth evidence, but rather the 
 eflfect or result of it. 
 
 State's evidence, an accompUce in a crime wl» is admitted 
 as evidence for the government. 
 
 fiv'i-denfe, r. t. [imp. & p. p. EVIDENCED (108); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EVIDENCING.] To render evident or 
 
 ^ clear ; to prove ; to evince. 
 
 Ev'i-dent, o. [Lat. evidens, evidentis, from e, out, and 
 videns, p. pr. of videre, to see.] Clear to the vision ; 
 especially, clear to the imderstanding. 
 Syn. — Manifest ; plain ; obvious ; apparent ; notorious. 
 
 EVi-dCn'tial, a. Relating to, or furnishing, evidence ; 
 
 ^ clearl}- proving. 
 
 Ev'i-dent-ly, adv. In an evident manner ; clearly. 
 
 E'vil (6M), a. [A.-S. efel, yfel, or hyfel, Goth. ubils.\ 1. 
 Having bad natural qualities. 2. Having or exhibiting 
 bad moral qualities. 3. Producing or threatening sor 
 row, distress, injury, or calamity. 
 The evil one, the Devil. 
 
 Syn. — Mischievous ; worthless ; deleteriouB ; poor ; per- 
 nicious ; injurious ; hurtful ; destructive ; wicked ; bad ; cor- 
 rupt ; perverse ; wrong ; vicious ; calamitous. 
 
 E'vtl (e'vl), n. 1. That which produces unhappiness, or 
 causes suffering of any kind to sentient beings. 2. 
 Moral badness ; disposition to do wrong. 3. A malady 
 or disease ; esp. in the phrase king's-eirz7, the scrofula. 
 
 Syn. — Injury ; mischief ; harm ; calamity ; wickedness ; 
 depravity. 
 
 E'vil (e'vl) adv. In an evil manner ; not well ; ill. 
 
 E'v Jl-eye (e'vl-), n. A supposed power of fascinating, of 
 
 _bewitching, or injuring, by the eyes. 
 
 E'vil-eyed (5M-id), a. Possessed of the supposed evil- 
 
 _eye: also, looking with envy, jealousy, &c. 
 
 E'vil-mind'ed, a. Having evil dispositions or inten- 
 
 _tions : disposed to mischief or sin ; malicious. 
 
 E'vjl-speak'ing (e'vl-), n. Slander ; defamation. 
 
 E-vin?e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. evinced (e-vinsf); p- 
 pr. & vb. n. evincing.] [Lat. evincere, from e, out, 
 and vincere, to vanquish.] To prove beyond any rea- 
 sonable doubt ; to make evident. 
 
 E-vim'fi-ble, a. Capable of being proved ; demonstrable. 
 
 E-vin'pive, a. Tending to prove ; demonstrative. 
 
 E-\i[s'9er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. eviscerated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. eviscerating.] [Lat. eviscerare, 
 evisceratum, from e, out, and viscus, visceris, pi. viscera, 
 the bowels.] To take out the entrails of; to embowel or 
 disembowel ; to gut. 
 
 E-vis'^er-a'tion, n. Act of eviscerating. 
 
 Ev'i-ta-ble, a. [Lat. evitabilis, from evitare, to shun, 
 from e, out, and vitare, to shun. It. evitabile.] Capa' 
 ble of being shunned ; avoidable. 
 
 E-voke', V. t. [imp. & p. p. EVOKED (e-vokf) ; p. pr 
 & vb. n. EVOKING.] [Lat. evocare, from e, out, and 
 vocare, to call.] 1. To call out; to stimmon forth. 2. 
 To call away. [Rare.] 
 
 ]$v'o-lute, n. [From Lat. evolutus,^ ^ I **">>. r 
 p. p. of evolvere, to unroll, from e, \ A>v 
 
 out, and volvere, to roll.] {Geom. 
 A curve from which another curve, 
 called the involute, or evolvent, is 
 described by the end of a thread grad- 
 ually wound upon the former, or un- 
 wound from it. 
 
 Ev'o-lii'tioii, n. 1. Act of unfolding or unrolling; 
 hence, in the process of growth, development. 2. A 
 series of things unroUed or unfolded. 3. ( Geom.) For- 
 mation of an involute by unwrapping or unwinding a 
 thread from another curve as an evolute. 4. (Arith. 
 & Alg.) The extraction of roots. 5. {Mil. & Naval.) 
 A prescribed or regular movement of a body of troops, 
 or of a vessel or fleet. 6. (Physiol.) That mode of gen- 
 eration in which the germ is held to pre-exist in th« 
 parent, and its parts to be developed, but not actually 
 formed, by the procreative acts. 
 
 Ev'o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to evolution. 
 
 E-v61ve', V. t. [imp. & p. evolved ; p. pr. k. vb. n. 
 EVOLVING.] [Lat. evolvere. See EvoLUTE.] 1. To 
 unfold or unroll ; to develop. 2. To throw out ; to emit. 
 
 E-v61ve', V. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed. 
 
 E-vul'sion, n. [Lat. evulsio, from evellere, to pluck out, 
 
 \^ 
 
 ABC, Evolute. 
 
 a, e, &c., tofiff / &, g, &c., short ; c4re, far, ask, all, what ; fere, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, do, wplf, 
 
EWE 
 
 259 
 
 EXCEPT 
 
 from e, out, and vellere, to pluck.] Act of plucking or i 
 
 pulling out or back. 
 Kwe (yu)> "• [A.-S. eoiouy 0. H. Ger. aivi, ouivi, ou, 
 
 Icel. a] Lith. awis, Skr. avi, nom. avis, Lat. ot-ts, Gr. 
 
 ots, 0. Gael, ai.] A female sheep. 
 Etv'er (yiir), n. [0. Eng. eure, 0. Fr. evtcre, Norm. Fr. 
 
 <*i/er, from 0. Fr. eve, aigue, Lat, aqua, water.] A pitcher 
 
 with a wide spout. 
 Ex'-ac'er-bate, or fix^a-^erHbate (117), v. t. [imp. 
 
 & p. p. EXACERBATED ; p.pr. & vb. n. EXACERBAT- 
 iNe.] [Lat. exacerbare, exacerbatum, from ex, out, and 
 acerbare, to make harsh or bitter, from acerbiis, harsh, 
 bitter.] To render more violent or bitter ; to irritate ; to 
 exasperate. [See Note under Contemplate.] 
 
 E$-ay^er-ba'tion (egz-), n. 1. Act of rendering more 
 violenc or bitter; the state of being exacerbated, ti. 
 (Med.) A periodical increase of violence in a disease. 
 
 E$-a€t' (egz-akf), a. [Lat. exactus, p. p. of exigere, to 
 drive out, demand, enforce, measure, from ex and agere, 
 to drive.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a standard, a feet, 
 or the truth. 2. Accurate ; methodical ; punctual. 
 3. Marked by habitual or constant nicety or care. 4. 
 Proceeding from, or characterized by, exactness. 
 
 Syn. — Accurate ; correct; precise; nice; methodical; care- 
 ful. See AccuR.^TE. 
 
 Ej-3,<5t' (egz-akf), i-. t. [imp. & p. p. EXACTED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EXACTING.] To demand or require authori- 
 tatively or of right ; to extort. 
 
 E3C-S,€t'er, n. One who exacts ; an extortioner. 
 
 E$-a,<;'tion, n. 1. Authoritative demand; a driving to 
 compliance ; hence, extortion. 3. That which is ex- 
 acted ; tribute. 
 
 Egc-a«t'i-tu.d.e, n. Exactness. [Rare.] 
 
 E3c-a<;t'ly (110), adv. In an exact manner ; precisely , 
 accurately ; strictly. 
 
 E$-a,«t'iiess, n. Condition of being exact. 
 
 E$-a«t'or, n. One who exacts or demands by authority 
 or right ; hence, an extortioner. 
 
 E$-ag'ser-ate (egz-aj'er-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ex- 
 aggerated; p.pr. & vb. n. EXAGGERATING.] [Lat. 
 exaggerare, exaggeratum, from prefix ex and aggerare, 
 to heap up.] 1. To increase or amplify ; to heighten, 
 especially, to represent as greater than truth or justice 
 will warrant. 3. (Paint.) To heighten in coloring or 
 design. 
 
 Ej-a.g'ger-a'tioii, n. 1. A representation beyond the 
 truth; hyperbole. 2. (Paint.) A representation of 
 things beyond natural life, in expression, beauty, vigor, 
 &c. [tending to exaggerate. 
 
 E$-ag'ger-a-to-ry, a. 'Containing exaggeration, or 
 
 Ej-alt' (egz-awlf), V. t. [imp. & p. p. exalted ; p.pr. 
 & "vb. n. EXALTING.] [Lat. exaltare, from prefix ex 
 and altar e, to make high, from alt us, high.] 1. To ele- 
 vate ; to Uft up. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, power, 
 or the like; to dignify. 3. To magnify; to extol; to 
 glorify. 4. To lift up with joy, pride, or success ; to 
 elate. 5. To elevate the tone of; to utter. 6. ( Chem.) 
 To render pure or refined. 
 
 fij'al-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of exalting or raising high ; 
 also, state of being exalted ; elevation. 2. ( Chem.) Re- 
 finement or subtiliaation of bodies. 
 
 E$-S,m'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being examined. 
 
 E$-a.m'i-na'tioii, n. 1. The act of examining, or the 
 state of being examined ; a careful search, investigation, or 
 inquiry. 3. A process prescribed or assigned for testing 
 qualification. 
 
 Sjrn. — Search; inqiiiry; investigation; research; scrutiny; 
 inquisition; inspection. 
 
 E^-Sbnalne (egz^m'in), v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. exam- 
 ined; p.pr. &, vb. n. EXAMINING.] [Lat. examinare, 
 from examen, a multitude issuing forth, means of exam- 
 ining, examination, for exagmen, from exigere. See EX- 
 ACT, a.] 1. To try and assay by the appropriate methods 
 or tests. 2. To inquire into and determine ; to investi- 
 gate the fact, reasons, or claims of; to consider the argu- 
 ments for or the merits of. 3. To try, as an oflender ; 
 to test the attainments of, as a scholar ; to question, 
 as a witnets ; to prove by a moral standard. 
 
 Syn. — Discuss; debate; scrutinize; explore. 
 
 Ej-3,m'i-iiee', n. One subjected to an examination. 
 
 E$-S,iii'i-ner, n. 1. One who examines. 2. An ofScer 
 designated to conduct any kind of examination. 
 
 E5-a.iii'ple (egz^^Lm/pl), n. [Lat. exemplum., orig., what 
 is taken out of a larger quantity, as a sample, from ex- 
 imere, to take out.] 1. A portion taken to show the 
 character of the whole ; a sample. 2. A pattern or copy. 
 
 3. A warning; a caution. 4. A precedent. 5. An in- 
 stance serving for illustration of a rule or precept. 
 
 Syn. — Instance. — Any thing brought forward a« au eu:<j»u- 
 ple must represent a class of objects; an instance may be a sin- 
 gle and solitary case. A man's life may present many exampUs 
 of virtue, with only one instance of departure from rectitude. 
 
 E$-a,n'i-mate, a. [Lat. exanimatum, p. p. of exani- 
 mare, to deprive of Ufe or spirit, from prefix ex and anima, 
 breath, spirit.] 1. Destitute of life; inanimate; dead. 
 2. Destitute of animation ; spiritless. 
 
 £x'ari-the'm,d,n. ; pi. EXiAN-THEMfA-TA. [Lat. ; Or. 
 e^dv&qixa, from e^avOelv, to burst forth aa flowers, to 
 break out, from «, e^, out, and avdflv, bloom, blossom, 
 from avOo<;, blossom, flower.] (Med.) An efllorescence or 
 redness of the skin ; an eruption or breaking out ; ■— 
 sometimes limited to eruptions attended with fever. 
 
 £x'ar*;h, n. [Gr. e$apxo<s, from «, e^, out, and apxeiK, 
 to begin, lead, rule.] A chief or leader ; hence, a viceroy ; 
 a superior bishop ; and more recently, an inspector of the 
 clergy under the Greek patriarch. 
 
 Ej-as'per-ate (egz-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. p. exasper- 
 ated ; p. pr. & L-b. n. EXASPERATING.] [Lat. exas- 
 perare, exasperatum, from prefix ex and asperate, to make 
 rough, from asper, rough, harsh, cruel, fierce.] 1. To 
 irritate in a high degree. 2. To aggravate ; to imbitter. 
 
 Syn.— To irritate; provoke; inflame; enrage. 
 
 Ex-as'per-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of exasperating, or state 
 of being exasperated ; irritation ; provocation. 2. Ex- 
 acerbation, as of a disease. 
 
 Ex'can-des'^en^e, n. A white or glowing heat ; incan- 
 descence. [Rare.^ 
 
 Ex'-ean-d^s'^ent, a. [Lat. excandescens , p. pr. of ex- 
 candescere, to kindle, glow, from prefix ex and candescere, 
 to begin to glow, from candere, to be of a gUttering white- 
 ness, to_glisten.] White or glowing with heat. [Rare.] 
 
 fix'-ea-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. excavated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EXCAVATING.] [Lat. excavate, excavatum, fioia 
 ex, out, and cavare, to make hollow, from cavws, hoUow.] 
 1. To hollow out ; to form a cavity or hole in. 2. To 
 form by hoUowing. 
 
 fix'-ea-va'tion, n. 1. Act of excavating. 2. A hollow 
 or cavity formed by removing the interior. 3. (Etigin.) 
 An imcovered cutting in the earth, in distinction from a 
 
 _ covered cutting or tunnel. 
 
 Ex'-ea-va'tor, n. One who, or that which, excavates. 
 
 Ex-^eed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. exceeded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EXCEEDING.] [Lat. excedere, from ex, out, and cedete, 
 to go, to pass.] 1. To pass or go beyond. 2. To sur- 
 pass ; to excel ; to transcend. 
 
 Ex-^eed', v. i. 1. To go too far ; to pass the proper 
 bounds. 2. To be more or larger. 
 
 Ex-^eed'ing, adv. In a very great degree ; unusually ; 
 surpassingly ; transcendently. [much. 
 
 Ex-^eed'ing-ly, adv. To a very great degree; very 
 
 EX-96I', V. t. [imp. & p. p. EXCELLED ; p. pt. & vb. h. 
 EXCELLING.] [Lat. excellete, excelsum, from ex, out, 
 and root cell, akin to Gr. /ceAAeii/, to impel, to urge on.] 
 To exceed ; to surpass, especially in good quaUties or 
 laudable deeds. 
 
 Ex-^el', V. i. To have good qualities in an unusual de- 
 
 ^gree ; to surpass others. 
 
 Ex'fel-lenpe n. [Lat. exceUentia.l 1. State or quality 
 of being excellent ; eminence. 2. An excellent or valu- 
 able quaUty. 3. A title of honor ; excellency. 
 
 Syn. — Superiority ; perfection; worth; goodness; purity; 
 greatness. 
 
 Ex'fel-len-^y, n. 1. Valuable quality ; excellence. 2. 
 A title of honor given to the highest dignitaries of a court 
 
 ^ or state ; also, to embassadors and ministers. 
 
 Ex'^el-lent, a. [Lat. excellens, p. pr. of excellete. Sto 
 Excel.] Excelling or surpassing others in virtue, wort!., 
 dignity, capacity, attainments, or the like. 
 
 Syn. — Worthy; choice; prime; valuable; select; exquisrtc; 
 transcendent. 
 
 Ex'^el-lent-ly, fl^v. In an excellent manner; excee^r 
 ingly; transcendently. 
 
 Ex-^Spt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. EXCEPTED ; p. pr. k, vb. 
 n. EXCEPTING.] [Lat. excipere, exceptum, from ex, out, 
 and caper e, to take.] To leave out of any number speci- 
 fied ; to exclude. 
 
 Ex-^Spt', t'. i. To take exception to ; to object. 
 
 Ex-?ept', prep., but originally and properly a verb in the 
 imperative mode. [See supra.] With exclusion of; leav- 
 ing out ; excepting. 
 
 Syn. — But. — Both except and hut are used in excluding, 
 but with this difference, that except does it more pointedly. 
 " I have finished all the letters except one," is more marked 
 
 food, fcMjt ; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, <;all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejlst ; linger, lisk ; till* 
 
EXCEPT 
 
 260 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATE 
 
 than"Ih«ve flninhcd nil the letter* ftti/ one." Tha same re- 
 marks apply to cneptiHg, and »riV/i the exception qf. 
 
 Bx-^ept', conj. Uuloss ; if not. 
 
 Ex-^Opt'liiK, /""cj)., but y)Toy>. II participle. With i-QJec- 
 tiou or cxcoption of ; exdudiug; o.xcept. 
 
 Kx-c^p'tioH, M. 1. Ai't of e.\ceptiug ; exclusion. "2. That 
 which id excepted ; a person, thing, or case, specified as 
 distinct, or not included, 'd. (L<i if.) An objection, oral 
 or written, taken, ai? to bail or security ; or as to the de- 
 cision of a judge, &c. 4. An objection; dissent; cause 
 of offense. [objectionable. 
 
 Ex-^^p'tion-!i-ble, a. Liable to exception or objection ; 
 
 Ex-^dp'tion-al, a- Forming an exception ; exceptive. 
 
 Ex-c^pt'ive, o. 1. Including an exception. 3. Making 
 or iH'iug an exception ; exceptional. 
 
 Ex-^'t^pt'or, «. One who ti\kes exceptions. 
 
 Ex-^orpt' (U), !•. /. [imp. & p. p. EXCERPTED ; p. pr. 
 & <-6. H. EXCERPTING.] [h&t. excerpere,excerptum,fvom 
 rx, out of, from, and carpere, to pick, gather.] To make 
 extracts from, or to make an extract of; to select; to 
 extract ; to cite or cite from. [author. 
 
 Ex-^erpt', «. An extract; a passage selected from an 
 
 Ex-^erp'tion, «. 1. Act of excerpting or selecting. 3. 
 That which is selected or gleaned. 
 
 Ex-^erp'tor, n. One who makes excerptions. 
 
 Ex-^gss', n. [Lat. excesstis, from excedere, excessum. See 
 Exceed.] 1. State of surpassing or going beyond lim- 
 its ; superfluity ; superabundance. 2. An undue indul- 
 gence of the appetite ; intemperance ; dissipation. 3. 
 That which exceeds or surpasses what is usual or proper. 
 4. Degree or amount by which one thing or number ex- 
 ceeds another ; remainder. 
 
 Ex-fgss'ive, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, excess. 
 3. Transgressing the laws of moraUty, prudence, pro- 
 priety, or the Uke. 
 
 Syn. - Extreme; vehement. —linger or any other feeling 
 may be extreme or vehement without being of necessity wrong; 
 the occasion may justify it; but to be excessively angry, or ex- 
 cessive in any thmg, involves a want of self-command which is 
 blameworthy. See Enormous. 
 
 Ex-p6ss'ive-ly, adv. In an extreme degree. 
 
 Ex-ehange', v. t. [imp. & p. p. exchanged ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EXCHANGING.] [0. Fr. exchanger, exchanger, 
 from ex, out of, from, and changer. See Change.] 1. 
 To give or take in return for something else ; especially, 
 in trade, to barter. 3. To part with for a substitute. 
 
 3. To interchange. 
 
 Syn.— To change; commute; interchange; bargain; truck; 
 swap; traiiic. 
 
 Ex-change', v. i. To be changed or received in ex- 
 change for ; to pass in exchange. 
 
 Ex-change', n. 1. Act of giving or taking one thing 
 in return for another regarded as an equivalent; also, 
 the act of giving and receiving reciprocally. 3. The 
 thing given in return for something received ; or the 
 thing received in return for what is given. 3. [Com.) 
 The process of settling accounts or debts between parties 
 residing at a distance from each other, without the inter- 
 vention of money, by exchanging orders or drafts, called 
 bills of exchange. 
 
 i^~ The term hill of exchanqe is often abbreviated into e.x- 
 ehartge ; as, to buy exchange ; to sell exchange. 
 
 4. (Law.) A mutual grant of equal interests, the one in 
 consideration of the other. 5. The place where the mer- 
 chants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet to transact 
 business, at certain hours. [Often contracted into 
 ^Change.] 
 
 Par of exchange, the established value of the coin or stand- 
 * A T* y* '^ x^*^"*^ country when expressed in the coin or 
 standard of another. 
 
 ^^?^' — Barter; dealing; trade; traffic; interchange; reci- 
 
 Ex-change'a-bil'i-ty, n. The quality or state of being 
 
 exchangeable. 
 Ex-cliange'a-ljle, a. Capable of being exchanged ; fit ! 
 
 or proper to be exchanged. 
 Ex-clian'ger, n. One who exchanges. 
 Ex-chgq'uer (eks-chek'er), n. [0. Fr. eschequier, es- 
 
 chakier, cheas-hosiTd. See Checker and Chess.] 1. 
 
 One of the superior courts of law ; — so called fi-om a 
 
 checkered cloth, which covers, or formerly covered, the 
 
 table. [Eng.] 2. 'Jhe treasury ; hence, pecuniary 'pos- 
 
 eessions in general. 
 
 Exchequer hills (Eng.), bllla for money, or promissory bills. 
 
 Issued from the exchequer by authority of Parliament. 
 
 Ex-cli6q'uer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exchequered ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. EXCHEQUERing.] To institute a process 
 against a person in the Court of Exchequer. 
 
 Ex-f.i§'able, a. Liable, or subject, to excise. 
 
 Ex-fige', n. [Ij&t. e.tcisum, cut ofif, from excidere, to cut 
 off, from ex, off, and cxdere, to cut, or, as the word was 
 formerly written, acdse, from Fr. accise, as if from Lat. 
 accidere, to cut into, p. p. accisus, but prop, transformed 
 fr. 0. Fr. assise, L. Lat. assisa, assisia, assize, q. v.] An 
 inland duty or impost of the nature of a direct tax on 
 thcMJonsumer ; — it is also levied on licenses to pursHo 
 certain trades, and deal in certain commodities. 
 
 Ex-fige', V. t. [imp. & p. p. excised ; p. pr. & tb. n. 
 excising.] To lay or impose an excise upon. 
 
 Ex-fi§e'nian, n. ; pi. EX-^lgE'MEN. An oflioer who i.s 
 charged with collecting the excise. 
 
 Ex-fi§'ion (ek-sizh^un), n. 1. Act of cutting off ; ex- 
 tirpation; destruction. 3. (Eccl.) Excommunication. 
 3. (Surg.) The removal, especially of small parts, with 
 a cutting insti'ument. 
 
 Ex-^it/a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. QuaUty of being readily ex- 
 cited. "Z. (Med.) IrritabiUty. [into action. 
 
 Ex-?it'a-ble, a. Capable of being excited, or roused 
 
 Ex-^it'ant, w. ( Merf. ) A stimulant. 
 
 Ex'^i-ta'tion, «. 1. Act of exciting, rousing, or awak- 
 ening. 2. (Bled.) Act of producing excitement; also, 
 the excitement produced. 
 
 Ex-fit'a-tive, a. Having power to excite ; tending or 
 serving to excite ; excitatory. 
 
 Ex-fit'a-to-ry, a. Tending to excite ; containing ex- 
 citement; excitative. 
 
 Ex-f ite', V. t. [imp. & p. p. excited ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 EXCITING.] 1. To call to activity in any way. 3. 
 (3Ied.) To increase the vital activity of the body, or of 
 any of its parts. 
 
 Syn.— To incite ; awaken ; animate ; arouse ; stimulate; 
 inflame ; irritate ; provoke. — Wlien we excite we rouse into 
 action feelings which were less strong; when we incite we urge 
 forward to acts correspondent to the feelings awakened. De- 
 mosthenes excited the passions of the Athenians against Philip, 
 and thus incited the whole nation to unite in the war against 
 him. 
 
 Ex-^Ite'ment, n. 1. The act of exciting ; or the state 
 of being excited ; agitation. 2. That which excites or 
 rouses. 3. (Med.) A state of aroused or exalted vital 
 activity in the body or any of its parts. 
 
 Ex-f it'er, n. One who, or that which, excites. 
 
 Ex-fit'ing, p. a. Calling or rousing into action ; pro- 
 ducing excitement. 
 
 Ex-claim', v. i. [imp. & p. p. exclaimed ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. EXCLAIMING.] [Lat. exclamare, from ex, out, 
 and clamare, to cry out.] To cry out from earnestness 
 or passion ; to vociferate. 
 
 Ex-claim'er, n. One who exclaims or cries out. 
 
 Ex'-ela-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of exclaiming or making 
 an outcry. 2. An uttered expression of surprise, joy, 
 and the like. 3. ( Rhet.) A word expressing outcry ; an 
 interjection. 4, (Print.) A mark or sign by which em- 
 phatical utterance or outcry is marked ; thus [!]. 
 
 Ex-eiam'a-tive, a. Containing exclamation ; exclama- 
 tory, [using exclamation. 
 
 Ex-eiam'a-to-ry (50), a. Containing, expressing, or 
 
 Ex-eltide' (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. excluded ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EXCLUDING.] [Lat. excludere, from ex, out, 
 and claudere, to shut.] 1. To thrust out or eject. 2. 
 To hinder from entrance or admission ; to debar from 
 participation or enjoyment. 
 
 Ex-<;lu'§ion, n. Act of excluding or of thrusting out. 
 
 Ex-clu'gion-ist, n. One who would exclude another 
 from some privilege. 
 
 Ex-eln'sive, a. 1. Having the power of excluding. 2. 
 Not taking into the account. 
 
 Ex-clu'sive, n. One of a coterie who exclude others ; 
 an exclusionist. 
 
 Ex-clu'sive-ly, ac?t). In a manner to exclude, [elusive. 
 
 Ex-elu'sive-ness, n. State or quality of being ex- 
 
 Ex-clii'so-ry, a. Able to exclude ; exclusive. 
 
 Ex-cog'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. excogitated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. excogitating.] [Lat. excogitare, excog- 
 itatum, from ex, out, and cogitare, to think.] To think 
 out ; to discover by thinking. 
 
 Ex-c5g'i-ta'tion, n. Act of devising in the thoughts ; 
 conti'ivance ; discovery. 
 
 ix'com-mu'ni-ca-ble, a. Liable or deserving to be 
 
 ^ excommunicated. 
 
 Ex'-eom-mu'ni-cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. excom- 
 municated ; p- Vf- & ■^'^- '"• excommunicating.] 
 [Lat. excommunicare, excommunicatum , to put out of the 
 community, from ex, out of, and communicare. See COM- 
 MUNICATE.] 1. To expel from communion, especially 
 the communion of the church. 2. To denounce excom- 
 munication against. 
 
 ,e, &c., long; ft, «, kc.,s/wrt; c4re, far, aslt, aU, what ; 6i:e, Teil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, dr , dQ, woU. 
 
EXCOMMUNICATE 
 
 261 
 
 EXEMPLIFY 
 
 fix'-eom-Miii'nl-eate, a. Cut off from cemmunion ; 
 excommunicated. [muuicated. 
 
 fix'^om-mu'iii-eate, n. One who has been excom- 
 
 fix'-eoiu-mii'iii-ea'tion, n. (Ecd.) Act of excom- 
 _ municating or ejecting. 
 
 Ex'-eom-mii'ni-ea/tor, n. One who excommunicates. 
 
 Ex-eo'ri-ate (89), v. t. [imp. & p. p. excoriated ; 
 p. j?r. & t'6. ». EXCORIATING.] [Lat. excoriare, excori- 
 atiim, from ex, out of, from, and corium^ skin, hide, 
 leather, Gr. x^P'-°v.] To strip or wear off the skin of; 
 to abrade ; to gall. 
 
 Ex-co'ri-a'tion, n. The act of excoriating or flaying, 
 or the state of being excoriated or stripped of the skin ; 
 abrasion. 
 
 Ex-edr'ti-ea'tion, n. [From Lat. ex, out of, from, and 
 cortex, corticis, bark.] Act of stripping off bark. 
 
 fix'-ere-ment, n. [Lat. excrementum, from excernere, 
 excretum, to sift out, to discharge, from ex, out, and cer- 
 nere, to separate, sift.] 1. An outgrowth, not sensitive 
 in natiire, from the siurface of the body, as the hair and 
 nails. [065.] '2, Matter excreted and ejected ; especially^ 
 alvlne discharges ; dung ; ordure. 
 
 fix'cre-meiit'al, a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
 excrement ; ejected from the body as useless. 
 
 fix'-ere-irien-ti'tiotis (-tlsh'us), a. Pertaining to, or 
 containing excrement. 
 
 Ex-erSs'peii^e, n. Any thing growing out unnaturally 
 from any thing else ; hence, a troublesome superfluity. 
 
 Ex-ergs'^ent, a. [Lat. excrescens, p. pr. of excrescere, 
 to grow out, from ex, out, and crescere, to grow.] Grow- 
 ing out in a preternatural or morbid manner. 
 
 Ex-erete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. excreted; p.pr. & 
 ^'6. n. EXCRETING.] [See Excrement.] To discharge 
 from the body as useless ; to eject. 
 
 Ex-ere'tion, n. 1 . The act of throwing off effete matter 
 
 from the animal system. 3. That which is excreted ; 
 
 _ excrement. [moting excretion. 
 
 Ex'-ere-tive, a. Having the power of excreting, or pro- 
 
 £x'<;re-to-ry (50), a. Having the quahty of excreting, 
 
 ^ or throwing off excrementitious matter. 
 
 Ex'-ere-to-ry, n. (Anat.) A duct or vessel that serves 
 to receive and to excrete matter. 
 
 Ex-eru'ci-ate (eks-kr}j'shl-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ex- 
 cruciated; jo. jpr. & vb. n. excruciating.] [Lat. 
 excruciare, excriiciatum., from ex, out of, from, and cruci- 
 are, to slay on the cross, to torment.] To inflict most 
 severe pain upon ; to torture ; to torment. 
 
 Ex-eru'ci-a'tion (-krjj'shi-a'shun), n. Act of inflicting 
 extreme pain, or the state of being thus afficted ; that 
 which excruciates ; torture. 
 
 Ex-ciil'pa-ble, a. Capable of being exculpated; dc; 
 serving exculpation. 
 
 Ex-eill'pate (117), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exculpated ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. exculpating.] [Lat. ex, out of, from, 
 and ctdpare, culpatum, to find fault with, to blame, from 
 culpa, fault.] To clear from the charge or imputation 
 of fault or guilt. 
 
 SjTa. — To exonerate; absolve; excuse; justify. 
 
 Ex'-eul-pa'tion, n. The act of exculpating. 
 
 Ex-eul'pa-to-ry, a. Able to clear from the charge of 
 fault or guilt ; excusing ; containing excuse. 
 
 Ex-elir'sioii, n. [Lat. excursio, from excurrere, excur- 
 sum, to run out, from ex, out, and currere, to run.] 1. 
 A setting out from some point ; an expedition, ti. A 
 trip for pleasure or health. 3. A wandering from a sub- 
 ject ; digression. 
 
 Syn. — Journey ; tour ; ramble ; jaunt. 
 
 Ex-eftr'sion-ist, n. One who goes on an excursion. 
 
 Ex-eiir'sive, a. Prone to make excursions ; wandering ; 
 * rambling ; hence, enterprising ; exploring. [random. 
 
 Ex-eiir'sive-ly, adv. In an excursive manner ; at 
 
 Ex-«iir'sive-iiess, n. A disposition to wander. 
 
 JEx-eur'sus, n. [Lat. excurrere, excursus, -a, -um. See 
 supra.] A dissertation or digression appended to a work, 
 and containing a more full exposition of some important 
 point or topic. 
 
 Ex-eu§'a-lble, a. 1. Capable or worthy of being ex- 
 cused : pardonable. 2. Admitting of justification or 
 palliation. 
 
 Ex-eu§'a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being ex- 
 cusable, [ably. 
 
 Ex-eC§'a-bly, adv. In an excusable manner ; pardon- 
 
 Ex-eu§'a-to-ry, a. Making excuse ; containing excuse 
 or apology ; apologetical. 
 
 Ex-eii§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. excused ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EXCUSING.] [Lat. excusare, from ex, out of, from, 
 and causa, cause, causari, to conduct a cause in law, to 
 
 make a defense.] 1. To free from accusation, or ihm 
 imputation of fault or blame ; to exculpate ; to absolve. 
 ti. To pardon, as a fault. 3. To regard with indul- 
 gence ; to overlook. 4. To free from an impending ob- 
 ligation or duty ; not to exact. 5. To ask pardon or 
 indulgence for. 
 Ex-eiise' (eks-kus', 91), n. 1. Act of excusing, apol- 
 ogizing, exculpating, pardoning, releasing, and the Uke. 
 
 2. A plea offered in extenuation of a fault or irregular 
 deportment ; apology. 3. That which extenuates or jus- 
 tifies a fault. 
 
 Syn. — Apology. — An excuse refers to Wliat is wrong ; an 
 apology to what is unbecoming or indecorous. A pupil offitrs 
 an excuse for absence, and an apology for rudeness to his in- 
 structor. When an excuse has been accepted, an apology may 
 still, in some cases, be necessary or appropriate. 
 
 Ex-eu§'er, n. One who offers excuses. 
 
 £x'e-era-ble , a. Deserving to be execrated ; very hat«- 
 _ful; detestable; abominable. [detestably. 
 
 Ex'e-era-bly, adv. In a manner to deserve execration ; 
 
 fix'e-erate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. execrated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. execrating.] [Lat. execrari, exsecrari, execra- 
 tum., exsecratum, from ex, out of, from, and sacer, holy, 
 sacred.] To denounce evil against, or to imprecate evil 
 
 ^upon ; hence, to abhor ; to abominate ; to curse. 
 
 Ex'e-era'tion, n. 1. Act of cursing ; a curse pro- 
 nounced. 2. That which is execrated. 
 
 Ex'e-eute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. executed ; p. pr. &. 
 vb. n. EXECUTING.] [Lat. exsequi, exsecutus, to pursue, 
 from ex, out, and sequi, to follow.] 1. To follow through 
 to the end ; to carry into complete effect. 2. To perform 
 what is required to give vahdity to, as by signing and 
 seaUng. 3. To give effect to. 4. To inflict capital pun- 
 ishment on ; to put to death. 5. {Mus.) To perform, a« 
 a piece of music. 
 
 Syn. — To aceompUsh; effect; fulfill; achieve; consummate; 
 finish; complete. 
 
 fix'e-eute, ^•. t. 1. To perform an office or duty. 3, 
 
 _ To play on a musical instrument. 
 
 Ex'e-<!u''ter, n. One who performs or carries into effect, 
 
 Ex'e-eii'tioii, n. 1, The act of executing ; perform- 
 ance ; achievement ; hence, legal accompUshment. 3. A 
 putting to death as a legal penalty. 3. Act or mode of 
 performing works of art, of performing on an instru- 
 ment, of engraving, and the like. 4. (Laiv.) (a.) A final 
 process, (b.) Act of signing and seahng a legal instru- 
 
 ^ment. _5. Effect. 
 
 Ex'e-eu'tion-er, n. One who executes ; especialty, one 
 who carries into effect a judgment of death. 
 
 E$-6-e'u-tive (egz-ek^yij-tiv), a. Designed or fitted for 
 execution, or carrying into effect ; qualifying for, or per- 
 taining to, the execution of the laws. 
 
 Ex-6«'u-tive, n. The officer, whether king, president, 
 or other chief magistrate, who superintends the execu- 
 tion of the laws. 
 
 E5-e<;'u-tor, n. [Lat., from exsequi, to pursue.] 1. One 
 who executes or performs. 3. The person appointed by 
 a testator to execute his will, or to see it carried into effect, 
 after his decease. 
 
 Ej-g-e'u-tor-sliip, n. The office of an executor. 
 
 Ej-e-e'u-to-ry (50), a. 1. Performing official duties; 
 executive. 3. {Law.) Designed to be executed or car- 
 ried into effect in future, or to take effect on a future 
 contingency. 
 
 E^c-e-e'u- tress, \n. A female executor ; a woman ap- 
 
 Ej-e-e'u-trix, ) pointed by a testator to execute his 
 ^will. 
 
 Ex'e-ge'sis, n. [Gr. e^ijyijo-is, from e^rj-yeio^at, to ex- 
 plain, interpret, from ef, out, and y]yelcrdai., to guide, 
 lead.] Exposition; explanation; interpretation; espe- 
 cially, the scientific interpretation of the Holy Scrip' 
 tures. 
 
 fix'e-gete, n. One who is skilled in exegesis. 
 
 Ex'e-get'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to exegesis : explanatory- 
 
 £x'e-get'i-es, n. sing. The science of interpretation-; 
 exegesis. 
 
 E$-6m'plar (egz-em'plar), n. [Lat. exemplar, exertt- 
 plare, exemplarium, from exemplum. See EXAMPLE.] 
 A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or imitated. 
 
 figc'em-pla-ri-ly, adv. By way of example. 
 
 ]B$'em-pla-ry , a. [Lat. exemplaris, from exemplar. See 
 supra.] Acting as an exemplar; serving as a pattern 
 or model : commendable ; conspicuous. 
 
 Ex-em'pli-fi-<;a'tioii. n. 1. Act of exemplifyiu®. 
 
 3. That which exemplifies : a copy ; a transcript. 
 Egc-em'pli-fi'er, n. One who exemplifies. 
 Ej-em'pli-fy, v. t. [inip. & p. p. EXEMPLIFIED; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. M. EXEMPLIFYING.] [I.ow Lat. exempHJlcare, 
 
 food, fcM>t; urn, rude, pull ; ^ell, pbaise, call, e-elio; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linsre'*..l*»jlc; tiiis. 
 
EXEMPT 
 
 262 
 
 EXIST 
 
 ftwu lAt. extmplum, example, aud/rtf^rir, to make.] 1. I E$-hau8t'er, n 
 To show or illustrate by example. 2. To copy ; to make j E^-liaust'i-ble 
 an attested copy of. 3. To prove or show by an attested i K$-liau.st'ion 
 
 One who, or that which, exhauita. 
 Capable of being exhausted. 
 1. The act of exhausting. 2. Tlie 
 
 copy . 
 
 Kx-jympt' (84), V. t. [imp. & p. p. EXEMPTED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. H. EXEMPTING.] [From Lat. eximere, exemptum, 
 to take out, remove, free.] To take out or from ; to 
 grant immunity from ; to release. 
 
 E$-I^iupt', (I. Taken out or removed ; released ; liberated. 
 
 lfi$-*iiipt', ». Cue freed from duty ; one not subject. 
 
 K^^-^uip'tion (84), u. Act of exempting; state of being 
 exempt ; freedom from that to which others are subject ; 
 immuuitv ; privilege. 
 
 Jijr'e-tjua'tur. n. [Lat., 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of «'_x- 
 fqiit, or exseqiti, to perform, execute.] A ^vritten ofScial 
 reoocnition of a consul or commercial agent, issued by 
 the goverumcut to which he is accredited, and authoriz- 
 ing iiim to exercise his powers in the country. 
 
 ix'eniiiy, n.: p!. fiX-E-QUIE^. [Lat. exequice, exsequiiF, 
 a funenil procession, from exseqiii, to follow out, from ex, 
 out, and sequi, to follow.] A funex-al rite ; the ceremo- 
 nies of burial. 
 
 4x'er-fi§'a-tole, a. Capable of being exercised. 
 
 ix'er-flge (eks'er-siz), n. [Lat. extrcitimn, from exer- \ 
 cere, exercitum^ to drive on, keep bu.sy, from ex, out, and I 
 arcere, to shut up, inclose.] 1. Act of exercising : em- | 
 ployment in the proper mode of activity ; exertion ; ap- 
 pUcation: use. 2. Act of putting in practice ; perform-: 
 3. Performance of a pubUc office or 
 
 ance ; practice 
 
 ceremony, especially of religious worship. 4. Exertion 
 
 for the sake of training or improvement. 5. Hygienic 1 Ej-liil'a-rant, n. That which exhilarates 
 
 activity. 6. That which is done for the sake of exercLs- 1 E$-liil'a-rate (egz-hil'a-rat), v. t. [imp. & 
 
 The state of being exhausted ; the state of being deprived 
 of strength or spirits. 
 
 E$-liaust'Xve, a. Serving or tending to exhaust. 
 
 E^-liaust'les^, a. Not to be exhausted ; inexhaustible : 
 
 Ej-lier^e-da'tion, n. [Lat. exheredatio, from exkere- 
 dare, exkeredatum, from exheres, disinherited, from ex, 
 out of, from, and heres, heredis, heir.] {Law.) A disin- 
 heriting. 
 
 Ej-Mb'it (egz-hib'it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exhibited ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. EXHIBITING.] [Lat. exhibere, exhibitum, 
 from ex, out of, from, and habere, to have or hold, to 
 hold out or forth.] 1. To hold forth or present to view, 
 to show ; to display. 3. To present in a public or oflB- 
 cial manner. 3. (Med.) To admini.«ter as a remedy. 
 
 Ej-liib'it, n. 1. Any paper produced or presented as a 
 voucher, or in proof of facts. 2. (Law.) A document 
 or writing produced and proved in a cause, by admission 
 or by witnesses. 
 
 Ej-hib'it-er, «. One who exhibits. 
 
 Ex'lii-bi'tioii (eks'hi-bTsh'un), n. 1. Act of exhibit- 
 ing ; manifestation ; display. 2. That which is exhib- 
 ited or displajed ; also, any public show. 3. (MJed.) The 
 act of administering a remedy. 
 
 Ex'bi-bi'tioii-er, 71. (E7Jg. Universities.) One who hai9 
 a pension or allowance granted for support. 
 
 Ej-liib'it-ive (egz-), a. Serving for exhibition. 
 
 Ej-liil'a-rant, a. Exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. 
 
 ing, practicing, training, or promoting health, mental 
 improvement, and the like; hence, a disquisition; a les- 
 son ; a task. 7. That which gives practice ; a trial. 
 
 ;fex'er-9l§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exercised; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. exercising.] 1. To set in action; to give em- 
 ployment to ; hence, to school or train ; to busy. 2. To 
 exert for the sake of training or improvement ; hence, to 
 improve by practice; to discipline. 3. To occupj^ the 
 attention and effort of; to task; to tax; to vex ; to af- 
 flict. 4. To put in practice ; to use ; to employ. 
 
 fix'er-^ige, v. i. To take exercise; to use action or ex- 
 
 ]6x'er-oi§'er, n. One who exercises. [ertion. 
 
 fix'er-^ig'i-ble, a. Capable of being exercised. 
 
 E$-er'ci-ta'tioii, n. [Lat. exercitatio, fi-om exercitare, 
 intens! form of exercere.] Exercise ; practice ; use. [Obs.] 
 
 Ex-ergue' (egz-erg/)i »»• [Fr., from Gr. e|, out, and 
 epxoj', work ; originally, out of the work, by-work, acces- 
 sory work.] {Nu7nis.) The place on a coin or medal, in 
 which the date and engraver's name is placed, or some 
 brief inscription of secondary importance. 
 
 Ej-ert', V. t. [imp. & p. p. exerted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 EXERTING.] [Lat. exerere, exserere, exertum, exsertum, 
 ftovn ex and serere, to join or bind together.] 1. To put 
 forth, as strength, force, or ability ; to bring into active 
 operation. 2. To do or perform. 
 
 To exert one's self, to use efforts or endeavors; to strive. 
 
 Ej-er'tion, n. Act of exerting ; effort ; struggle. 
 
 Ex-foli-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. exfoliated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EXFOLIATING.] [Lat. exfoliare, exf»liaium, to 
 strip of leaves, from ex, out of, from, and folium, leaf.] 
 
 1. (Surg.) To separate and come off in scales, as pieces 
 of carious bone. 2. (Min.) To become converted into 
 scales at_the surface. [or a mineral. 
 
 Ex-fq^li-a'tion, n. The scaling off of a bone, a rock, 
 
 Ej-hal'a-ble, a. Capable of being exhaled. 
 
 E^-harant, a. Having the quality of exhaUng. 
 
 Ej'ha-la'tion, n. 1. The act or process of exhaling; 
 evaporation. 2. That which is exhaled ; fume or steam ; 
 eflBuvium. 
 
 Ej-bale' (egz-hal'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exhaled ; p. 
 pr. k vb. n. EXHALING.] [Lat. exhalare, ft-om ex, out 
 of, from, and halare, to breathe.] 1. To emit, as vapor ; 
 to send out, as an odor. 2. To cause to be emitted in 
 vaftor : U> evaporate. 
 
 Ej-hale', v. i. To rise or be {riven off, as vapor. 
 
 E^-haust' (egz-hawsf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXHAUSTED : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EXHAI.'STING.] [Lat. exhaurire, ex- 
 haustum, from ex, out of, from, and haurire, to draw, 
 especially water.] 1 . T«» draw out or drain off completely . 
 
 2. To empty by drawing but the contents. 3. To use, 
 employ, or expend entirely ; to wear out ; to weary. 
 
 Ej-baust', a. Drained ; exhausted : having expended 
 or lost its energy. 
 
 Exhaust gteam (Stsam-eng.'), that which is allowed to escape 
 from the cylinder after having been employed t<j produce mo- 
 tion of the piiiton. 
 
 p. p. EX- 
 
 HILARATED ; p. fjT. & vb. n. EXHILARATING.] [Lat 
 exhilarare, exhilaratum, frxDm ex, out of, from, and hila- 
 rare, to make merry, from hilaris, merry, cheerful, 6r. 
 lAapos.] To make cheerful or merrj- ; to enliven : to glad- 
 den; to cheer. 
 
 Ej-bil/a-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of enlivening the spirit<», 
 or of making glad or cheerful. 2. State of being enliv- 
 ened or cheerful. 
 
 Syn. — Animation ; joyousness ; gladness ; cheerfulness ; 
 gayety. 
 
 Ej-hdrt' (egz-horf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXHORTED; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. EXHORTING.] [Lat. exkortari , from ex , 
 out of, from, and hortari, to incite, encourage.] To in- 
 cite by words or advice ; to advise, warn, or caution. 
 
 Ej-hdrt', V. i. To deliver exhortation. 
 
 Ex'hor-ta'tioii (eks-), n. 1, Act or practice of exhort- 
 ing. 2. Language intended to incite and encourage ; 
 advice ; counsel. [hortatory. 
 
 Ej-bor'ta-tive (egz-), a. Containing exhortation; ex- 
 
 Ej-hor'ta-to-ry (50), a. Containing, or serving for, ex- 
 hortation ; hortatory ; exhortative. 
 
 Ej-bdrt'er, n. One who exhorts or encourages. 
 
 Ex'bu-ma'tion, n. Act of exhuming. 
 
 Ex-b-ume', v. t. [imp. & p. p. exhumed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EXHUMING.] [Low Lat. exhumare, from Lat. ex, out, 
 and humus, ground, soil.] To dig up, as from a grave ; 
 to disinter ; to unbury. 
 
 Ex'i-gen^e, 1 n. State of being exigent ; urgent or ex- 
 
 Ex'i-gen-^y, j acting want. 
 
 Syn. — Demand; urgency; distress; pressure; emergency; 
 
 Ex'i-gent, n. [Lat. exigens, exigeiUis, p. pr. of exigere, 
 to drive forth, to exact, from ex, out of, from, and agere, 
 to lead, drive.] (Law.) A judicial writ made use of in 
 the process of outlawry. [ing. 
 
 £x'i-gent, a. Reqvdring immediate aid or action ; press- 
 
 Ex'i-gu'i-ty, «. State of being small ; slendemess. [Rare.] 
 
 E5-ig'u.-oiis, a. [Lat. exiguus.] Small ; slender ; mi- 
 nute ; diminutive. [Rare.] 
 
 Exile (eks'il), n. [Lat. exilium, exsilium,'bsimsh.Taeiit, 
 from exsul, one who quits, or is banished from, his native 
 soil, from ex, out, and solum, ground, land, soil.] 1. 
 Forced separation from one's native country ; sometimes, 
 more loosely, voluntary separation from one's land. 2. 
 The person banished or expelled from lus country. 
 Syn. — Banishment; proscription; expulsion. 
 
 fixlle (eks-Il), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exiled :p.pr. k vb, 
 «. EXILING.] To banish or expel from one's own coun- 
 trv ; to drive away ; to transport. 
 
 fi^-ile' (egz-Il/), a. [Lat. exilis, contr. fix)m exigilis, frt)m 
 exigere.] Small; slender; thin; fine. [Obs.] 
 
 E^-ist'(egz-Tst'), v- '• [imp. & p. p. EXISTED ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. EXISTING.] [Lat. existere, exsistcre, from ex, out 
 of, from, and sistere, to cause to stand, to set, put, place.' 
 1. To be ; to have an actual or real being, whether ma- 
 
 S.,e,kc.,lo7ig; &,6,ke.,short; c&re, far, ask, all, 'what; Sre, veil, term ;pique, firm; son, or, do, -wqlf, 
 
EXISTENCE 
 
 263 
 
 EXPECTORATE 
 
 Exogen. 
 
 terial or spiritual. 3. To occur ; to manifest itself. 3. 
 To live ; to have life. 
 
 Ej-ist'eiife, I n. 1. State of existing or being. 2. 
 
 Ex-ist'en-^y, ) Occurrence, as of events of any kind. 
 3. That which exists ; a being ; a creature. [being. 
 
 Ej-ist'ent, a. Having being, or existence ; existing ; 
 
 Ex'it, It. [Lat., 3d pers. pres. of exire, to go out, from 
 ex, out, and ire, to go.] 1. Departure of a player from 
 the stage, when he has performed his part. ii. Any de- 
 parture ; act of quitting the stage of action or of life ; 
 death ; decease. 3. Way of departure ; passage out of 
 a place. 
 
 fix'ode, n. [Lat. exodium, Gr. e^oSiov (sc. /neAos), from 
 efdfiios, belonging to an exit, or to the finale of a tragedy, 
 from e^oSos. See infra.] 1. (Gr. Drama.) The catas- 
 trophe of a play. ti. {Rom. Antiq.) An afterpiece of a 
 comic description. 
 
 £:x'o-dus, n. [Lat. ; Gr. e^oSos, from e^, out, and oS6s, 
 way.] 1. Departure from a place ; particularly, the de- 
 parture of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses, ti. 
 Second book of the Old Testament, which gives a history 
 of this departure. 
 
 £x'-of-fi'cial (eks'of-fish'al), a. [Lat. ex officio, by vu:- 
 tue of ofi&ce.] Proceeding from office or authority. 
 
 £x'o-gen, n. [From Gr. e^w, out- 
 side, from ef, out, and yevetv, 
 yeveaOat, to bring forth.] {Bat.) 
 A plant characterized by having 
 distinct wood, bark, and pith, the 
 wood forming a layer betweon the 
 other two, and increasing by the 
 annual addition of a new layer to 
 the outside next to the bark. 
 
 Ex-Sg'e-noiis, a. Growing by 
 successive additions to the out- 
 side of the wood, between that and the bark. 
 
 £x'o]i, n. An officer of the Yeomen of the Royal Guard ; 
 an exempt_^ [Eng.] 
 
 Ej-on'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exonerated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. EXONERATING.] [Lat. exonerare, exonera- 
 turn,, from ex, out of, from, and onerare, to load, from 
 onus, load.] To relieve of, as a charge, obhgation, or load 
 of blame resting on one. 
 
 Syn. — To absolve ; acctuit ; exculpate ; clear ; justify; dis- 
 charge. See Absolve. 
 
 Ej-on'ei'-a'tion, n. Act of disburdening, discharging, 
 or freeing from a charge or imputation ; also, the state 
 of being disburdened or freed from a charge. 
 
 E$-on'er-a-tive, a. Freeing from a burden or obliga- 
 tion ; tending to exonerate. 
 
 Ex'o-ra-ble (eks/o-ra-bl), a. [Lat. exorabilis, from exo- 
 rare, exoratum, to obtain by request, from ex, out of, 
 from orare, to pray, beseech.] Capable of being moved 
 by entreaty. 
 
 Ej-dr'bi-tan^e (egz-Sr/bi-tanss), )n. A going be- 
 
 E$-6r1>i-tan-py (egz-or'bi-tan-sy), ) yond the usual 
 limit ; hence, enormity ; extravagance. 
 
 Ej-drHbi-tant, a. [Lat. exorbitans, p. pr. of exorbitare, 
 from ex, out of, from, and orbita, track or rut made by 
 awheel, from orbis, circle, wheel.] 1. Departing from 
 an orbit or usual track ; hence, deviating from the usual 
 course ; excessive ; extravagant ; enormous. 2. Anom- 
 alous ; irregular. 
 
 E^f-Sr'bi-tant-ly, adv. In an exorbitant manner. 
 
 £x'or.-9i§e (eks/or-siz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXORCISED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EXORCISING.] [Lat. exorcizare, Gr. e^- 
 opaC^etv, from e^, out, and opxt^eti/, to make one swear, 
 to bind by an oath, from op/co?, oath.] 1. To drive 
 away, as an evil spirit, in consequence of adjuring by 
 
 ^ some holy name. 2. To deliver from the influence of 
 
 Ex'or-^Ig'er, n. One who exorcises. [an evil spirit. 
 
 fix'or-^igm, n. Act of exorcising ; also a form of prayer 
 or incantation used for this end. 
 
 l&x'or-^ist, n. One who pretends to expel evil spirits. 
 
 Ej-or'di-al (egz-), a. [See irifra.] Pertaining to the ex- 
 ordium of a discourse ; introductory. 
 
 S3:-6r'di-u.m, n. ; Eng. pi. Ej-OR^'Di-UMg ; Lat. pi. 
 SX-dR'Dl-A. [Lat., from exordiri, to begin a web, to 
 begin, from ex, out of, from, and ordiri, to begin a web, 
 to begin.] Beginning of any thing ; especially, the intro- 
 ductory part of a discourse. 
 
 fix'os-mose', n. [Gr. e|a), outside, and an hypoth. wa- 
 /tAOJcrts, for a)o-/u.6s, wcri?, w^rjcrts, a thrust, from oi9€lv, to 
 thrust, push.] The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids 
 through membranes or porous media from within out- 
 ward. See Osmose. 
 
 Ex'o-ter'i€, ) a. [Gr. e^wrepifcds, from e^to, outside.] 
 
 ;fex'o-t6r'i<;-al, ) Public ; not secret ; hence, capable 
 
 of being readily or fully comprehended ; — opposed to 
 esoteric. [mon. 
 
 £x'o-t6r'y, «. That which is obvious, public, or com 
 
 E$-6t'i€, I a. [Lat. exoticus, Gr. c^wtikos, from e^w, 
 
 E$-6t'i«-al, j outside.] Introduced from a foreign 
 country ; not native ; foreign. 
 
 E$-6t'i«, n. Any thing of foreign origin ; aa a plant, a 
 word, a custom, &c. 
 
 E$-6t/i-9i§m, n.. The state of being exotic ; also, any 
 thing foreign ; an exotic. 
 
 Ex-pand', V. t. [imp. & p. p. expanded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. expanding.] [Lat. expandere, from ex, out of, from, 
 and pandere, to spread out, to throw open, to open.] 1. 
 To lay open ; to open. 2. To make larger ; to dilate ; 
 to distend ; hence, to enlarge ; to extend ; to open. 
 
 Ex-pand', V. i. To become opened, spread apart, dilat- 
 ed, distended, or enlarged. 
 
 Ex-paiise', n. That which is expanded ; a wide extent 
 of space or body ; specifically, the firmament. 
 
 Ex-paii'si-bil'i-ty, n. Capacity of being expanded. 
 
 Ex-pan'si-ble, a. Capable of being expanded. 
 
 Ex-pan'sion, n. 1. Act of expanding, or condition •f 
 being expanded ; dilatation ; distention ; enlargement. 2. 
 That which is expanded ; expanse. 3. Extension of 
 space ; space ; room. 4. ( Com.) Increase of the circu- 
 lation of bank notes. 5. (Matli.) The developed result 
 of an indicated operation. 6. (Steam-eng.) The opera- 
 tion of steam in a cylinder after its communication with 
 the boiler has been cut off. 
 
 Ex-pan'sive, a. Serving or tending to expand ; having 
 a capacity or tendency to expand. 
 
 Ex-pan'sive-ness, n. Quality of being expansive. 
 
 Ex-pdr'te, a. [Lat.] Upon or from one side only. 
 
 Ex-pa'ti-ate (eks-pa'shi-at,) v. i. [imp. & p. p. expa- 
 tiated ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXPATIATING.] [Lat. expati- 
 ari, expatiatvyn, exspatiari, exspatiatum., fr. ex, out, and 
 spatiari, to walk about, to spread out, fr. spatium, space.] 
 1. To move at large ; to wander without restraint. 2. 
 To enlarge in discourse or writing ; to descant. 
 
 Ex-pa'ti-ate, v. t. To cause or allow to roam abroad ; 
 to extend ; to dififuse. 
 
 Ex-pa'ti-a'tion {-shl-a'-), n. Act of expatiating. 
 
 Ex-pa'ti-a^tor (-shi-a'-), n. One who expatiates. 
 
 Ex-pa'tri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p~ p. expatriated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. expatriating.] [L. Lat. expatriate, ex- 
 patriatum,, from Lat. ex,out,andi3a«n'a,(sc. terra), one's 
 fatherland, fi"om patrius, fatherly, from pater, father.] 
 To banish ; reflexively, to expatriate one^s self, to remove 
 from one's native country. 
 
 Ex-pa'tri-a'tion, n. The act of banishing, or the state 
 of banishment ; especially, the act of forsaking one's own 
 country. 
 
 Ex-pe«t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPECTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. expecting.] [Lat. expectare, exspectare, to look out 
 for, to expect, from ex, out of, from, and spectare, to 
 look at, intens. form of specere, to look, look at.] 1. To 
 wait for ; to await. 2. To look forward to, as to some- 
 thing that is believed to be about to happen or come ; 
 to anticipate. 
 
 Syn. — To think ; believe. —Expect always relates to the 
 future. To use it for think or believe, with reference to the 
 "past and present, as, " I expect the mail has arrived," " I eoc- 
 Qect he is at home," is a blunder (very common in the United 
 States) which ought to be studiously avoided. 
 
 Ex-pe<!t'a-ble, a. To be expected or looked for. 
 
 Ex-pe-et'an^e, \n. 1. Act or state of expecting; ex- 
 
 Ex-pe^t'an-^y, I pectation. 2. That which is ex- 
 pected ; object of expectation. 
 
 Ex-pe«t'ant, a. Having an attitude of expectation; 
 waiting; looking for; in medicine, waiting for th« ef- 
 forts of nature. 
 
 Ex-pe<;t'ant, n. One who waits in expectation. 
 
 Ex-pee-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or state of expecting. 2. 
 State of being expected. 3. That which is expected. 4. 
 Ground of expecting ; reason for anticipating future 
 benefits or excellence. 5. Value of any prospect of priae 
 or property depending upon the happening of some un- 
 certain event. 6. ( Med. ) The leaving of a disease t« 
 the efforts of nature to effect a cure. 
 
 Syn. — Anticipation ; confidence; trust; promise. 
 
 Ex-pect'er, n. One who expects. 
 
 Ex-pe-e'to-rant, a. (Med.) Tending to promote dis. 
 charges from the lungs or throat. 
 
 Ex-pe€'to-raiit, n. (Med.) A medicine which pro- 
 motes expectoration. 
 
 Ex-pe-e'to-rate. v. t. [i^np. & p. p. expectorated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. expectorating.] [Lat. eocpectorare , 
 expectoratum, from ex, out, and pectus, pectoris, th« 
 
 food, f(^t; iirii, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, « all, echo ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; tiiis- 
 
EXPECTORATE 
 
 264 
 
 EXPLODE 
 
 breast.] To discharge, as phlegm or other matter, by 
 coughing, hawking, ami spitting. 
 
 Kx-p^«''to-rat«», c. i. To dischai-ge matter from the 
 lungs or thnwt. bv hawking and spitting; to spit. 
 
 Kx-p^^c'to-rS'tion, n. 1. The act of expectorating. 
 'i. That whioh is expectorated. 
 
 Ex-pf «''to-ra'tive, n. Having the quality of promot- 
 iujT exjH>ctoration ; expectorant. 
 
 Kx-pe'di-oiiv»', { »•• 1. !?tiit«? or quality of being ex- 
 
 Kx-pe'di-en-vy. 1 jwdiont : desirableness. 3. Quality 
 of gmtifvins .4111511 or inferior good at the expense of 
 that which "is higher ; self-interest ; self-seeking. 
 
 Kx-pe'di-ent, a- [Lat. crperliens, p. pr. of expedire. See 
 Expedite.] 1. Hastening forward ; hence, tending to 
 farther a propo.«ed object ; proper under the circum- 
 stances : desirable ; advisable ; profitable, "i. Conducive, 
 or tending to self-interest, or selfish ends. 
 
 Ex-pe'di-ent, n. 1. Suitable means to accomplish an 
 end. 'Z. Means devised or employed in an exigency. 
 Syn.— Shift; contrivance; resort; resource; substitute. 
 
 Ex-pe'di-ent-ly, adv. With expedience ; suitably. 
 fix'pe-dite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. expedited ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. EXPEDITING.] [Lat. expedire, expeditum, to free 
 «ne caught in a snare by the feet, hence, to set free, 
 bring forward, make ready, from ex, out, and pes, pedis, 
 foot.] 1. To relieve of impediments ; to quicken. "Z, 
 ^ To dispatch : to issue officially. 
 
 fix'pe-dite, a. Free of impediment ; expeditious. 
 
 £x'pe-dite-ly, adc. Readily ; hastily ; speedily. 
 
 Ex'pe-di'tion (-dish'un), n. 1. Quality of being expe- 
 dite : efficient promptness ; haste ; .speed ; quickness. 2. 
 An important enterprise, undertaking, or attempt at 
 some distance : an excursion by a body of persons for a 
 valuable end ; also, the body of persons making such an 
 excursion. 
 
 Ex'pe-di'tioiis (-dish'us), a. Possessed of, or charac- 
 terized by, expedition ; having celerity. 
 Syn. — Prompt ; ready ; speedy ; quick ; alert. 
 
 Ex'pe-di'tioiis-ly, adv. With celerity or dispatch. 
 
 Ex'pe-di'tioii.s-iie.ss, n. Quality of being expeditious. 
 
 Ex-pel', V. t. [imp. & p. p. expelled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EXPELLING.] [Lat. expellere, from ex, out of, from, 
 SiXid pellere , to drive.] 1. To drive or force out; to eject. 
 Z. To drive from one's country ; to banish. 
 
 Ex-pel'la-ble, a. Capable of being expelled. 
 
 Ex-pend', v. t. [imp. &^. j). expended ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EXPENDING.] [Lat. expendere, expensum., to 
 •weigh out, pay out, lay out, from ex, out of, from, and 
 pendere, to weigh.] To apply or employ in any way ; to 
 consume by use ; to dissipate ; to waste. 
 
 Ex-pend', v.J. To be laid out, used, or consumed. 
 
 Ex-p6nd'i-tu.re (53), n. 1. Act of expending ; dis- 
 bursement, ii. That which is expended ; expense. 
 
 Ex-pen.se', n. [Lat. expensa (sc. pecunia), or expensum,, 
 from expensus, p. pr. of expendere. See supra.] 1. Act 
 of expending ; disbursement ; outlay. 3. That which is 
 expended; cost; charge. 
 
 Ex-pen'.sive, a. 1. Occasioning expense ; costly ; dear. 
 Z. Very liberal ; lavish ; extravagant. 
 
 Ex-p6n'sive-ly, adv. With great expense. 
 
 Ex-p6n'sive-ness, n. Quality of being expensive. 
 
 Ex-pe'ri-en^e (89), n. [Lat. experientia, fr. experiens, 
 p. pr. of eTjyeriri, to try, from ex, out of, from, and ancient 
 periri, whence peritus, experienced.] 1. Practical ac- 
 quaintance with any matter by personal obsecration or 
 trial of it. 2. Repeated trial of a matter; also the in- 
 struction, and enlightenment so gained. 
 Syn. — Trial ; proof; test; experiment. 
 
 Ex-pe'ri-en^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. experienced 
 (108) ; p.pr. k, vb. n. EXPERIENCING.] To make prac- 
 tical acquaintance with : to have befall one. 
 
 To experience relitjion (Tkeol), to become a convert to the 
 doctrincB of Christianity. 
 
 Ex-pE'ri-enfcd (eks-pe'ri-enst), p. a. Taught by expe- 
 rience, or by practice or repeated ob.servations. 
 
 Ex-p6r'i-ment, n. [Lat. experim.entum, from experiri, 
 as in experience, q. v.] A trial deUberately instituted; 
 practical test ; proof. 
 
 Ex-p6r'l-ment, v. i. .[imp. & p. p. experimented ; 
 p. pr.Sc vb. n. EXPERllt/ENTiNG.] To operate on a body 
 in sneh a manner as to discover some unknown fact, or 
 to establish or illustrate a known one ; to test by trial. 
 
 Ex-p6r'l-m6Mt'al, a. 1. Pertaining to experiment; 
 given to or skilled in, experiment; founded, derived 
 from, or affording experiment, ti. Taught by, or derived 
 from, experience. 
 
 Ex-pt5r'i-m6nt'al-ist, n. One who experiments. 
 
 Ex-p6r/i-ni6nt'al-ly, adv. By experiment. 
 
 Ex-p«5r'i-m6nt'erj n. One who makes experiments; 
 one skilled in experiments. 
 
 Ex-pert' (14), a. [Lat. expertus, p. p. of experiri. Se« 
 Experience.] Taught by use, practice, or experience ; 
 having a facility from practice. 
 Syn. — Adroit; dexterous; skillful; ready; prompt; facila, 
 
 fix'pert, or Ex-pert', n. A skillful or practiced per- 
 son ; a scientific or professional witness. 
 
 Ex-pert'ly, adv. In a skillful manner ; adroitly. 
 
 Ex'pert'ness, n. Skill derived from practice. 
 Syn. —Facility; readiness; dexterity; adroitness. 
 
 £x'pi-a-ble, a. Capable of being expiated. 
 
 Ex'pi-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. expiated ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. expiating.] [Lat. expiare, expiatum, from ex, out 
 of, from, and piare, to seek to appease, to purify vrith 
 sacred rites, from joims, dutiful, pious, devout.] To make 
 
 ^ satisfaction or reparation for ; to atone for. 
 
 Ex'pi-a'tion, n. 1. Act of expiating ; atonement ; satis- 
 
 ^ faction, ti. Means by which atonement for crimes is mad£. 
 
 Ex'pi-a''tor, n. One who makes expiation. 
 
 fix'pi-a-to-ry (50), a. Having the power to make atone- 
 
 ^ ment or expiation. 
 
 Ex'pi-ra'tion, M. [See Expire.] 1. Act of expiring; 
 as, (a.) A breathing out of air from the lungs, (b.) 
 Emission of volatile matter ; exhalation, (c.) Last emis- 
 sion of breath; death, (d.) Cessation; termination; 
 end. 2. That which is expired ; matter breathed forth ; 
 exhalation. 
 
 Ex-pi'ra-to-ry (89), a. Pertaining to, or employed in, 
 the emission or expiration of breath from the lungs. 
 
 Ex-pire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. expired ; pi. pr. & vb. n. 
 EXPIRING.] [Lat. expirare, exspirare ; ex, out of, from, 
 and spirare, to breathe.] 1. To breathe out ; to emit from 
 the lungs. 2. To emit in minute particles ; to exhale. 
 
 Ex-pire', v. i. 1, To emit the breath, especially, to 
 emit the last breath ; to die. 5i. To come to an end ; to 
 terminate ; to perish. 
 
 Ex-plain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. explained ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. explaining.] [Lat. explanare ; ex, out of, from, 
 and planare, to make level or plain, from planus, even, 
 level, plain.] To make plain, manifest, or intelligible. 
 Syn. — To expound ; interpret ; elucidate ; clear up. 
 
 Ex-plain', v. i. To give explanation. 
 
 Ex-plain'a-lble, a. Capable of being explained. 
 
 Ex-plain'er, n. One who explains ; an expounder. 
 
 Ex'pla-na'tion, n. 1, Act of explaining, expounding, 
 or interpreting. 3. That which explains or makes clear. 
 3. Meaning attributed to any thing by one who explains 
 or expounds it. 4. A mutual exposition of meaning, or 
 motives, with a view to adjust a misunderstanding. 
 
 Syn. — Definition ; description ; explication : exposition ; 
 interpretation ; illustration ; recital ; account ; detail. See 
 Definition. 
 
 Ex-pian'a-to-ry (50), a. Serving to explain; contain- 
 
 _ ing explanation. [superfluous. 
 
 Ex'ple-tive, a. [Lat. expletivus.] Filling up; hence, 
 
 Ex'ple-tive, n. A word or syllable not necessary to the 
 
 ^ sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy, or for ornament. 
 
 Ex'ple-to-ry, a. Serving to fill up ; expletive ; supr- 
 fluous. [ting explanation. 
 
 Ex'pli-ea-ble, a. Capable of being explicated; admit- 
 
 £x'pli-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. explicated ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. EXPLICATING.] [Lat. explicare, explicatum. (or 
 explicitum), from ex, out of, from, and plicare, to fold, 
 Gr. 7rA.e/ceiv.] To unfold the meaning of; to explain; to 
 interpret. 
 
 £x'pli-eate (45), o. Evolved; unfolded 
 
 Ex'pli-«a'tion, n. 1. Act of unfolding or explaining ; 
 explanation ; exposition ; interpretation. 2. The sense 
 given by an expositor. 
 
 £x'pli-ea/tive, )a. Serving to unfold or explain ; ex- 
 
 fix'pli-ea'to-ry, j planatory. 
 
 fix'pli-^a'tor, n. An expounder ; an explainer. 
 
 Ex-pli9'it, a. [Lat. explicitum, p. p. of explicare, to un- 
 fold. See EXPLICATE.] 1. Distinctly stated: clear; 
 not obscure or ambiguous. 2. Having no disguised 
 meaning or reservation. 
 
 Syn. — Express. — Express is stronger than explicit ; it addg 
 force to clearness. An express promise or engagenient is not 
 only unambiguous, but stands out {expressed) in bold rehef, 
 with the most binding hold on the conscience. 
 
 Ex-pli^'it-ly, adv. In an explicit manner; plainly, 
 expressly. 
 
 Ex-plic'it-ness, n. Quality of being explicit. 
 
 Ex-plode', V. i. [imp. & p. p. exploded ; p. pr. & 
 
 a, e, &c. , long ; a, g, &c. , ihort ; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
EXPLODE 
 
 265 
 
 EXQUISITE 
 
 vb. n. EXPLODING.] [Lat. explodere, from ex, out of, 
 from, aiad plaudfre , plodere , to clap, strike the hands, to 
 utter a burst of sound.] To burst with a loud report ; to 
 detonate. 
 
 Ex-plode', V. t. 1. To cause to explode ; to touch off. 
 ti. To drive out with violence and noise, as by powder. 
 3. To bring into disrepute, and reject. 
 
 Ex-plod'er, n. One who explodes. 
 
 Ex-ploit', n. [Fr. exploit ; 0. Fr. esploit, espleit, reve- 
 nue, product, vigor, force, exploit, from Lat. expticitum, 
 from explieare, to unfold, display.] A deed or act ; espe- 
 
 jcially, an heroic act ; a feat. 
 
 Ex'ploi-ta'tion.'w. [Fr.] The process by which ores 
 and minerals of value are won from their natural posi- 
 
 _ tion, and brought where they can be rendered available. 
 
 Ex'plo-ra'tioii, n. Act of exploring. 
 
 fix'plo-ra'tor, n. One who explores. 
 
 Ex-pl6r'a-to-ry, a. Serving to explore ; explorative. 
 
 Ex-plore', v. t. [imp. & p.p. explored ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. EXPLORING.] [Lat. explorare, from ex and plorare, 
 to cry out, to cry aloud.] To search through ; to look 
 into aU parts of; to examine thoroughly. 
 
 Ex-plor'er, «. One who explores. 
 
 Ex-plo'§ion, «. 1. Act of exploding or detonating. 2. 
 ( Steam-en^. ) The shattering of a boiler by a sudden and 
 immense pressure, in distinction from rupture. 3. A vi- 
 olent manifestation of passionate feeling, attended by an 
 outburst in language, &c. 
 
 Ex-plo'sive, a. Causing explosion. 
 
 Ex-poJi-a'tion, n. [Lat. exspoliatio, from exspoliare, 
 to spoil, plunder, from ex and spoliare, to strip, plunder.] 
 A spoiling. See Spoliation. 
 
 Ex-po'nent, n. [Lat. exponens, p. pr. of exponere, to 
 put out, to set forth, to expose, from ex, out of, from, 
 and ponere, to put, place, set.] 1. (Alg.) A number, 
 letter, or any quantity written on the right hand of and 
 above another quantity, and denoting how many times 
 the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power 
 indicated. '-J. One who, or that which, stands as an index 
 
 ^ or representative. [variable exponents. 
 
 Ex'po-ii6n'tial, a. Pertaining to exponents ; involving 
 
 Ex-port', V. t. [imp. & p. p. exported ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EXPORTING.] [Lat. exportare, from ex, out of, from, 
 and portare, to carry.] To carry from a state or country, 
 
 ^ as wares in commerce, to other nations or communities. 
 
 Ex'port, «. 1. Act of exporting; exportation. 3. That 
 which is exported ; — used chiefly in the plural. 
 
 £x-port'a-ble, a. Capable of being exported. 
 
 Ex'por-ta'tion, n. Act of exporting. 
 
 Ex-port'er, n. One who exports. 
 
 Ex-po§e' (eks-poz^), v. t. [imp. & p. p. exposed; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. EXPOSING.] [Lat. exponere, expositum, 
 from ex, out of, from, and pone/e, to place.] 1, To place 
 in a position to be seen. 3. To lay forth to view, as an 
 opinion, or the like ; to explain. 3. To deprive of cover 
 or protection ; to lay open to attack or danger. 4. To 
 deprive of concealment, as a thing that shuns publicity. 
 3. To divulge the reprehensible practices of. 
 To expose a child, to disown and abandon it. 
 
 ^xpos^ (eks'po'za'),ji. [Fr. See supra.] A formal state- 
 ment, recital, or exposition. 
 
 Ex-po§'er, n. One who exposes. 
 
 £iX'po-.§i'tioii (-zlsh^'un), n. [Lat. expositio, from ex- 
 ponere. See supra.] 1. Act of exposing or laying open ; 
 hence, a public exhibition or show. 'Z. The act of ex- 
 pounding or of laying open the sense or meaning of an 
 author, or passage ; explanation ; interpretation ; hence, 
 also, a work containing explanations or interpretations, 
 or the sense put upon a passage by an interpreter. 
 
 Ex-p6§'i-tive, a. Serving to expose or explain ; exposi- 
 tory ; explanatory ; exegetical. 
 
 Ex-p6§'i-tor, n. [Lat., from exponere.] One who, or 
 that which, expounds or explains ; an interpreter. 
 
 Ex-po§'i-to-ry (50), a. Belonging to an expositor, or to 
 exposition ; intended to interpret ; explanatory ; illus- 
 __trative ; exegetical. 
 
 JEoc post fd^'to. [Lat.] {Law.) Dane after another 
 thing ; from, or bj-, an after act, or thing done afterward. 
 
 Ex post facto law, a law which operates retrospectively. 
 
 G@~ Strictly, post should be connected with facto, either as 
 an entire word (postfacto), or the two words should be joined 
 together by a hyphen (^jjost-facto). 
 
 Ex-p6st'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. expostulated; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EXPOSTULATING.] [Lat. expostulare, 
 expostidatum, from ex, out of, from, and postidare, to 
 ask, reqviire.] To reason earnestly with a person on some 
 impropriety of conduct : to remonstrate. 
 
 Ex-pdst'u-la'tion, n. Act of expostulating ; remon- 
 strance ; earnest and kindly protest. 
 
 Ex-p6st'u-la'tor, n. One who expostulates. 
 
 Ex-p6st'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Containing expostulation 
 or remonstrance. 
 
 Ex-po§'ure, n. 1. Act of exposing. 2. State of being 
 exposed. 3. Position in regard to points of compass, or 
 to influences of climate, &c. 
 
 Ex-pound', V. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPOUNDED •,p.pT. & 
 vb. n. EXPOUNDING.] [0. Fr. expondre, espondre. See 
 Expose.] To explain ; to clear of obscurity ; to interpret. 
 
 Ex-pound'cr, n. One who expounds or interprets. 
 
 Ex-pr6ss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. expressed (eks-presf ) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. EXPRESSING.] [Lat. exprimere, expres.i- 
 um, from ex, out of, from, Sia<\. premere , to press.] 1. To 
 press or squeeze out. 2. To imitate ; to represent. 3. 
 To x-epresent and exhibit, as an opinion or feeling, by a 
 look, gesture, or especially by language. 4. To make 
 known one's opinions or feelings ; — used reflexively . 5. 
 To denote ; to designate. 6. To send by express mes- 
 senger. 
 
 Syn. — To declare ; utter; signify; testify; intimate. 
 
 Ex-press', n. 1. Closely resembling. 2, Directly 
 stated : made unambiguous ; clear ; plain. 3. Dis- 
 patched with special speed or directness. 
 
 Syn.— Exphcit; clear ; plain ; open ; unambiguous. See 
 Explicit. 
 
 Ex-pr6ss', n. A messenger sent on a special errand; 
 hence, a regular and quick conveyance for packages, 
 commissions, &c. [by express. 
 
 Ex-press'age (45), n. The charge for carrying a parcel 
 
 Ex-press'i-ble, a. Capable of being expressed. 
 
 Ex-pres'sioii (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of expressing, or 
 forcing out by pressure. 2. Act of representing declara- 
 tion ; utterance. 3. Lively or vivid representation of 
 meaning, sentiment, or feeUng, &c. 4. Look or appear- 
 ance, as indicative of thought or feeling. 5. A mode of 
 speech; a phrase. 6. [Alg.) The representation of any 
 quantity by its appropriate characters or signs. 
 
 Ex-press'ive, a. 1. Serving to express, utter, or repre- 
 sent ; indicative. 2, Full of expression ; significant. 
 
 Ex-press'ive-ly, adv. In an expressive manner. 
 
 Ex-press'ive-ness, n. Quality of being expressive ; 
 impressive significance ; vividness. 
 
 Ex-press'ly, adv. In an express, direct, or pointecT 
 manner ; in direct terms ; plainly. 
 
 Ex-p-ugn'(eks-pun/), y- *• [L&t. expugnare, fiova. ex, ont 
 of, from, and pugiiare, to fight, pugna, fight.] To con- 
 quer ; to take by assault. 
 
 Ex-piig'iia-tole, or Ex-pugii'a-l»le (-pun'-), a. Ca- 
 pable of being expugned, forced, or conquered. [Rare.] 
 
 Ex-piign'er (eks-pun'er), n. One who expugns. 
 
 Ex-piil'sioii, n. [LSit. expulsio,froTn expellere.] 1. Act 
 of expelling ; a driving away by violence. 2. State of 
 being expelled. [serving to expel. 
 
 Ex-piil'sive, a. Having the power of driving away ; 
 
 Ex-pun-e'tion, n. [Lat. expunctio, from expungere.] 
 Act of expunging or erasing. 
 
 Ex-punge', r. t. [imp. & p. p. EXPUNGED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EXPUNGING.] [Lat. expungere, from ex, out of, 
 from, andpungere, punctum, to prick, puncture.] 1. To 
 blot out, as with a pen. 2. To strike out ; to wipa out 
 or destroy. 
 Syn. — To efface ; erase; obliterate; annihilate; cancel. 
 
 Ex'pur-gate, or Ex-piir'gate (117), v. t. {imp. & p. 
 p. EXPURGATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. expurgating.] [Lat. 
 expurgare, expurgatum,, fix)m ex, out of, from, and pur~. 
 gare, to cleanse, purge.] To purify from any thing nox- 
 ious, offensive, or erroneous ; to cleanse ; to purge. [Se» 
 ^Note under Contemplate.] 
 
 Ex'pur-ga'tion, n. Act of expurgating; purification. 
 
 Ex'pur-ga'tor, or Ex-piir'ga-tor, n. One who ex- 
 purgates or purifies. [noxious or erroneous. 
 
 Ex-ptir'ga-to-ry, a. Serving to purify from anj'- thin^: 
 Expurgatory Index [Lat. Index Expurpatorius], a catalogue 
 of books forbidden by the Roman Catholic church to be reaxl, 
 as teaching things contrary to its creed. 
 
 !fex'qiii-§ite (eks'kwi-zit), a. [Lat. exquisitum, p. p. of 
 exquirere, from ex, out of, from, and quxrere, to seek, 
 search.] 1. Carefully selected; hence, of surpassing 
 excellence. 2. Exceeding ; extreme ; keen ; — used in a 
 bad sense. 3. Of close and accurate discrimination ; not 
 easy to satisfy. 
 
 Syn. — Nice; delicate; exact; accurate; refined; matchlefs; 
 consummate; perfect. 
 
 Ex'qui-§ite (eks'kwi-zit), n. One who is over-nioe in 
 dress or ornament ; a fop ; a dandy. 
 
 food, f<Jbt ; ttxia., rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tiAs- 
 
EXQUISITELY 
 
 266 
 
 EXTORTER 
 
 ftx'qui-gite-ly, adv. 1. In iiu oxqiiisito manner. 2. 
 
 With keen ^^OIlSlvtion or with nice jKHX-optiou. 
 £x'qul-§ite-n**ss. n. SUite of being exquisite. 
 Kx-s&n'Kui-oils (-sAng'gwi-us), n. [Lat. exsanguis, 
 fn>m tx, out of, from, and sanguis, sanguinis, blood.] 
 Destitute of bliHul, as au aninuU or insect. 
 Kx-sie'<"aiit (117), a. [See injra.] Having the quality 
 
 of ilrying up ; drying. 
 lSx-sii>'<'ant. n. (Med.) A drying medicine. 
 fix'si«v«-a"ite, or Ex-sic'cate (117), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 exsiccated; p. pr. & vb. n. exsiccating.] [Lat. 
 txsiccare, t.tsiccatumj from ex, out of, from, and siccare, 
 to make dry, from siccus, dry.] To exhaust or evapor- 
 ate moisture from ; to dry. [See Note under Contem- 
 plate.] 
 
 jEx'slc-fS'tion, n. Act or operation of drying; the 
 state of being dried up. 
 
 £x-si*:'<*a-tive, a. Tending to make dry; having the 
 jnnver of drying. 
 
 Ex-sil*"'!!©!!, n. [Lat. exsugere, exsuctum, to suck out, 
 from IX, out of, from, and stigere, to suck.] The act of 
 sucking out. 
 
 Ex'tant, a. [Lat. extans, extantis, or exstans, exstantis, 
 p. pr. of extare, or exstare, to Stand forth, from ex, out 
 of, from, and stare, to stand.] 1. Standing out or above 
 the surface. 3. Continuing to exist ; in being ; now 
 
 £x'ta-sy, n. See Ecstasy. [subsisting. 
 
 Ex-tem'po-ra'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. ex tempore, q. v.] 
 Proceeding from the impulse of the moment ; called forth 
 by the occasion ; unpremeditated ; off-hand. 
 
 Ex-t6m'po-ra-ry (44), a. Composed, performed, or 
 uttered, without previous study or preparation ; extem- 
 poraneous. 
 
 JEx-tem'po-re, adv. [Lat., fr. ex, out of, from, and tem- 
 J9M5, time.] Without previous study or meditation ; with- 
 out preparation ; suddenly. 
 
 Ex-tem'po-re, a. Without previous study or prepara- 
 tion ; extemporaneous. 
 
 Ex-tein'po-ri-za'tion, n. The act of extemporizing. 
 
 Ex-tein.'po-rize,r. i. [imp. & ^./?. extemporized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. EXTEMPORIZING.] To speak extem- 
 pore, or without previous study or preparation ; espe- 
 c?a%, to make an off-hand address. 
 
 Ex-tem'po-rize, v. t. To do in. a hasty, off-hand, or 
 unpremeditated manner. 
 
 ^x-tem'po-riz'er, n. One who extemporizes. 
 
 Ex-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXTENDED : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. EXTENDING.] [Lat. extendere, from ex, out of, 
 from, and tender e, to stretch, stretch out, aUied to Gr. 
 Tetvetv.] 1. To prolong, especially in a single direction, 
 as a line ; to protract. 3. To enlarge, as a surface or 
 volume ; to expand. 3. To enlarge ; to widen ; to con- 
 tinue, as time ; to lengthen. 4. To hold out or reach 
 forth. 5. To bestow on; to offer. 6. (Law.) To value, 
 as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt. 
 Syn. — To increase ; enlarge ; expand ; widen ; diffuse. 
 
 Ex-tSnd', V. i. To be continued in length or breadth ; to 
 stretch ; to reach. 
 
 Ex-tend'er, n. One who, or that which, extends. 
 
 Ex-tend'i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being extended. 2. 
 ( Law . ) Liable to be taken by a writ of extent and valued. 
 
 Ex-tgn'si-ba'i-ty, n. Capacity of being extended, or of 
 suffering extension. [in length or breadth. 
 
 Ex-t6n'si-ble, a. Capable of being extended, whether 
 
 Ex-ten'sUe, a. Capable of being extended ; extensible. 
 
 Ex-t6n'sion, n. [Lat. extensio, from extendere.] 1. 
 Act of extending ; a stretching. 2. State of being ex- 
 tended. 3. (Physics & Metaph.) That property of a 
 body by which it occupies a portion of sikko. 4. ( Com.) 
 A written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing 
 a debtor further time to pay a debt. 
 
 tJi'^^{f!!ZS'^ ^1?'^ r^^v * *'*". '■^^^"y ^e extended or con- 
 ISJ/^Sae'i^a^elSl^S^^^ °*^- '^"^^ — ^ 
 
 ^'^-Jf "'^lo^-ist, n. One who favors extension. 
 
 Jl.x-t6n'siye, a. Having wide extent ; expanded : large ; 
 broa<l : wide. j o i 
 
 Ex-t6n'sive-Iy , adv. To a great extent ; widely. 
 
 Ex-ten'sive-uess, n State of being extensive. 
 
 L*^?'*****' "• f^*-\ ^^ Extend.] (Anat.) A muscle 
 which serves to extend or straighten any part of the 
 body, as an arm or a finger. 
 
 Ex-t6nt', n. 1. Space or degree to which a thing is ex- 
 tended ; hence, superficies ; bulk ; size ; length. 2. 
 (Law.) (a.) A peculiar species of execution upon debts 
 due to the crown. [Eng.] (b.) A levy of an execution 
 upon real estate. lAmer.] 
 
 Ex-t6n'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. extenuated; 
 p. pr. &. vb. n. EXTENUATING.] [Lat. extenuate, exten- 
 uatum, from ex^ out of, from, and tenuare, to make thin, 
 from tenuis, thm.] 1. To draw out, as the line of an 
 army; to make thin, lean, or slender. 2. To lessen ; to 
 palliate as a crime ; to lower or degrade, as reputation or 
 honor. 
 
 Ex-tgn'u-ate, r. i. To become thinner or more slender ; 
 to be drawn out or extenuated. 
 
 Ex-t6n'u-a'tion, M. Act of extenuating; palliation, a.s 
 of a crime ; mitigation, as of punishment. 
 
 Ex-t6n'u-a'tor, n. One who extenuates. 
 
 Ex-te'ri-or (89), a. [Lat. exterior, compar. of exter, or 
 exterus, on the outside, outward, foreign, strange.] 1. 
 External ; pertaining to that which is external. 2. On 
 the outside, with reference to a person ; extrinsic. 3. 
 Relating to foreign nations ; foreign. 
 
 Ex-te'ri-or, 7t. 1. Outward surface or part of a thing. 
 2. Outward or external deportment, form, or ceremony. 
 
 Ex-ter'ml-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. exterminated ; 
 p.j)r.Scvh. n. EXTERMINATING.] [Lat. exterminare, 
 exterminatum, from ex, out of, from, and terminus, 
 boundary, limit.] 1. To drive from within the limits or 
 borders of ; to drive away. 2. To put an end to the 
 power of; to eradicate; to extirpate. 3. (Math.) To cause 
 to disappear :_to eliminate. 
 
 Ex-ter'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of exterminating ; erad- 
 ication : extirpation ; excision. 2. (JlaiA.) Elimination. 
 
 Ex-ter'mi-na'tor, n. One who, or that which, exter- 
 minates. 
 
 Ex-ter'mi-na-to-ry, a. Of or pertaining to extermina- 
 tion ; serving or tending to exterminate. 
 
 Ex-ter'nal, a. [Lat. extemus, from exter, exterus, on the 
 outside, outward.] 1. Having relation to space ; out- 
 ward ; exterior. 2. Derived from, or related to, the 
 body, its appearance, functions, &c. 3. Accidental; irrel- 
 evant. 4. Foreign ; related to or connected with foreign 
 
 Ex'ter-nai'i-ty, n. Existence in space ; exteriority. 
 
 Ex-ter'nal-ly, adv. Inan external manner ; outwardly. 
 
 Ex-ter'nal§, n. pi. WTiatever things are external or 
 without ; outward parts. 
 
 Ex-tin-et', a. [Lat. extinctus,exstinctum, p. p. of exstin- 
 guere. See EXTINGUISH.] 1. Extinguished; put out; 
 quenched. 2. Ended ; terminated ; closed. 
 
 Ex-tin-e'tion, n. 1. Act of extinguishing or making 
 extinct. 2. State of being extinguished. 
 
 Ex-tin'guisli (eks-ting/gwish), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 EXTINGUISHED (108) '.p.pr. & vb.oi. EXTINGUISHING.] 
 [Lat. extinguere, exstinguere, fi-om ex, out of, from, and 
 stinguere , to quench..] 1. To smother ; to quench; to 
 destroy. 2. To put an end to ; to destroy. 3. To obscure 
 by superior splendor. 
 
 Ex-tin'guisli-a-ble, a. Capable of being extinguished. 
 
 Ex'tin'guisli-er, n. One who, or that which extin- 
 guishes ; especially, a hollow, conical utensil to be put on 
 a candle or lamp to extinguish it. 
 
 Ex-tin'guisli-nieiit, «. 1. Act of extinguishing ; ex- 
 tinction ; suppression ; destruction ; nullification. 2. 
 (Law.) The putting an end to a right or estate by con- 
 solidation or union. 
 
 Ex-tirp'a-ble, a. Capable of being extirpated. 
 
 Ex'tir-pate,or Ex-tir'pate (117), ^^ t. [imp. &, p. p. 
 EXTIRPATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. EXTIRPATING.] [Lat. 
 extirpare, extirpatum, or exstirpare, exstirpatum,, from 
 ex, out of, from, and stirps, stock, stem, root.] [See Note 
 under Contemplate.] To puU or pluck up by the 
 roots ; to destroy totally. 
 Syn. — To eradicate ; root out ; destroy ; expel. 
 
 fix'tir-pa'tion, n. Act of extirpating or rooting out ; 
 eradication ; excision ; total destruction. 
 
 Ex'tir-pa'tor, or Ex-tir'pa-tor, n. One who extir- 
 pates or roots out ; a destroyer. 
 
 Ex-tol', V. t. [imp. & p. p. EXTOLLED ^p.pr- & ^&- »• 
 extolling.] [Lat. extollere, from ex, out of, from, and 
 tollere, to lift, take up, or raise.] To elevate by praise; 
 to eulogize ; to magnify. 
 
 Sjrn. — To praise ; applaud ; commend ; celebrate ; land i 
 glorify. See Celebeate. 
 
 Ex-t61'ler, n. One who extols or magnifies. 
 
 Ex-t6r'sive, a. [See Extort.] Serving to extort. 
 
 Ex-t6rt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. EXTORTED ■,p.pr.& vb. 
 n. EXTORTING.] [Lat. extorquere, extortum, from, ex, 
 out of, from, and torquere, to turn about, twist.] To 
 wrest or wring from by physical or other means ; to gain 
 by force ; to exact. 
 
 Ex-tdrt', V. i. To practice extortion. 
 
 Ex-t6rt'er, n. One who extorts. 
 
 », e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short; c&re, far, ask, all, wliat ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dc», -wolf. 
 
EXTORTION 
 
 267 
 
 EYAS 
 
 Ex-t6r'tion, n. 1. Act of extorting ; illegal exaction. 
 54. That which is extorted ; oppression ; rapacity. 
 
 Ex-t6r'tion-a-ry, ) a. Practicing, pertaining to, char- 
 
 Ex-t6r'tlon-ate, ) acterized by, or implying, extor- 
 tion. 
 
 Ex-t6r'tion-er, n. One who practice.'? extortion. 
 
 flx'tra, n. Something in addition to what is due or ex- 
 pected ; — commonly used in the plural. [ Colloq.] 
 
 fix'tra, a. [Lat. extra, beyond or outside of; or, perhaps 
 abbreviated from extraordinary.] Over and above ; un- 
 common ; extraordinary. [Colloq.] 
 
 Ex-tract', V. t. [irnp. & p. p. EXTRACTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. EXTRACTING.] [Lat. extrahere, extractum, from 
 ex, out of, from, and trahere, to draw.] 1. To draw out. 
 'i. To remove forcibly from a fixed position. 3. To 
 withdraw by distillation, or other chemical process. 4. 
 To take by selection. 
 
 To extract the root {Math.), to ascertain the root of a nimiber 
 or quantity. 
 
 jfix'tract, n. 1. That which is extracted or drawn out 
 3. A passage from a book or writing ; a citation ; a quo- 
 tation. 3. Any thing drawn from a substance by heat, 
 solution, distillation, or chemical process. 
 
 Ex-tralt'J-ble } "- Capable of being extracted. 
 
 Ex-tra<!'tion, n. 1. Act of extracting, or drawing out. 
 "i. The stock from which a person or family has de- 
 scended ; lineage ; birth ; descent. 3. That which is 
 extracted ; extract ; essence. 
 
 Ex-traet'ive, a. 1. Capable of being extracted. 3. 
 Tending or serving to extract. 
 
 Ex-tra«t'or, n. One who, or that which, extracts. 
 
 Ex'tra-di'tioii (-dish'un), n. [From Lat. ex, out of, 
 from, and traditio,'d, delivering up, from tradere, to deliv- 
 er.] Delivery, by one nation or state to another, of fu- 
 gitives from justice, in pursuance of a treaty. 
 
 Ex-tra'dos, n. [Fr., from Lat. extra, andFr. 6?05, equiv- 
 alent to Lat. dorsum, back.] (Arch.) The exterior curve 
 of an arch. 
 
 fix'tra-do'tal, a. [Lat. extra, and dotalis.] Not be- 
 _ longing to dower. 
 
 Ex'tra-jii'di'cial (-dish'al), a. [Lat. extra, and Eng. 
 judicial, q. v.] Out of the proper court, or the ordinary 
 course of legal procedure : not legally required. 
 
 Ex'tra-mu.ii'daiie,a. [Lat. extramundaiius, from. ILat. 
 extra, and mundus, world.] Beyond the Umit of the ma- 
 terial world, or relating to that which is so. 
 
 fix'tra-mu'ral, a. [Lat. extra, beyond, without, and 
 mums, wall. Lat. extratnuranus.] Without or beyond 
 the walls, as of a fortified city. 
 
 Ex-tra'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. extraneus, fi*om Lat. extra, on 
 the outside, without.] Not belonging to, or dependent 
 on, a thing ; not essential ; foreign. 
 
 Ex-tra'ne-oiis-ly, adv. In an extraneous manner. 
 
 Ex-traor'di-na-ri-ly (-tror'- or -tra-6r'-), adv. In a 
 manner out of the ordinary or usual method. 
 
 Ex-traor'di-na-ry (eks-tror'- or eks'tra-or'-), a. [Lat. 
 extraordinarius, from Lat. e.rira, and ordinorins.] 1, Be- 
 yond or out of the common order or method. 2. Ex- 
 ceeding the common degree or measure : hence, remark- 
 able ; uncommon ; rare. 3. Employed or sent for an 
 unusual or special object. 
 
 Ex-traor'di-na-ry (or eks'tra-6r'dT-na-ry), n. That 
 which is extraordinary or unusual ; an uncommon cir- 
 cumstance or quality ; — used especially in the plural. 
 
 Ex'tra-pro-fes'Sion-al (-fesh'un-al'), a. [Lat. extra, 
 and Eng. professional, q. v.] Foreign to a profession. 
 
 Ex'tra-u'ter-iiie, a. [Lat. extra, and uterus, womb.] 
 Out of the womb ; — said of pregnancy. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-ganpe, ) n. 1. The act of wandering 
 
 Ex-trav'a-gan-py, J beyond proper limits. 3. State 
 of being extravagant, wild, or prodigal beyond bounds 
 of propriety or duty. 
 
 ' Syn. — Wildness ; irregularity; excess; prodigality; pro- 
 fusion; waste; dissipation; outrage; violence. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-gant, a. [Lat. extra and vagans, wander- 
 ing, p. p. of vagari, to stroll about, to wander, from 
 vagus, wandering.] 1. Wandering beyond bounds; 
 incUned to err. '2. Wild: excessive; unrestrained. 3. 
 Profuse in expenses ; prodigal. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-gant-ly, adv. In an extravagant manner. 
 
 Ex-tray'a-gan'za, «. [It. See Extravagance.] 1. 
 A musical composition, characterized by its wild irregu- 
 larity. "Z. An extravagant flight of sentiment or lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. extra vasated ; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. EXTRAVASATING.] [Lat. extra and vas, 
 vessel.] To let out of the proper vessels, as blood. 
 
 Ex-tra,v'a-9a'tion, n. Act of forcing or letting out <A 
 its proper vessels or ducts, as blood ; effusion. 
 
 Ex-treme', a. [Lat. exlremus, superl. of exter. exterus, 
 on the outside, outward.] 1. At the utmost point, edge, 
 or border ; outermost ; utmost; furthest. 3. Last; 
 final ; conclusive. 3. The worst or best ; most urgent ; 
 greatest; highest. 4. (Mus.) Extended or contracted 
 as much as possible. 
 
 Extreme unction (Eom. Cath.Church), the anointing of a sick 
 person with oil, just before death. 
 
 Ex-treme', n. 1. The utmost point or verge of a thing ; 
 extremity. 2. Utmost limit or degree that is supposabla 
 or tolerable ; hence, great necessity ; — often in the pi. 
 In the extreme, as much as possible. 
 
 Ex-tremely , adv. In an extreme manner or state j in 
 the utmost degree ; to the utmost point. 
 
 Ex-trem'ist, n. A supporter of extreme doctrines or 
 practice ; one who holds extreme opinions. 
 
 Ex-tr^in'i-ty, n. 1. That which is at the extreme ; 
 the utmost Umit. 2. The utmost point ; highest degree. 
 3. The highest degree of inconvenience, pain, or suffer- 
 ing ; greatest need or peril. 
 
 Syn.— Verge; border; extreme; end; termination. 
 
 £x'tri-ea-ble, a. Capable of being extricated. 
 
 Ex'tri-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. EXTRICATED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. EXTRICATING.] [Lat extricare, extricatum, 
 from ex, out of, from, and tricx, hindr'ances, vexations, 
 perplexities.] 1. To free from difficulties or perplexi- 
 ties. 2. To cause to be emitted or evolved. 
 
 Syn. — To disentangle; disembarrass; disengage; relieve; 
 evolve; set free. 
 
 JEx'tri-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of extricating or disentangling ; 
 disentanglement. 2. Act of sending out or evolving. 
 
 Ex-trin'si<;, {a. [Lat. extrinsecus.] Not contained 
 
 Ex-trjii'si«-al, ) in or belonging to a body ; external : 
 outward ; unessential. 
 
 Ex-triii'si«-al-ly, adv. In an extrinsic or unessential 
 manner; externally. 
 
 Ex-trude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. extruded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. wI'extruding.] [Lat. extrudere, from ex, out of, 
 from, and trudere, to thrust.] 1. To thrust out; to 
 urge, force, or press out; to expel. 2. To drive away. 
 
 Ex-trii'gion, n. Act of thrusting out ; expulsion. 
 
 Ex-tu'iber-aii^e, )n. A sweUing or rising of any part 
 
 Ex-tu'ber-aii-?y, j of a body; a protuberance. 
 
 Ex-tu.'ber-aiit, a. [Lat. extuberans, p. pr. of extube- 
 rare.] Standing out ; swelled. 
 
 E$--u.'toer-aii5e (egz-yu^ber-ans), ( n. State of being 
 
 Ex-ii'ber-an-?y (egz-yij'ber-an-sy), j exuberant ; su- 
 perfluous abundance ; luxuriance. 
 
 Syn. —Plenty; abundance. — Plenty is a, plenum or fullness 
 of all that could be desired ; abundance is overflowing plenty; 
 exuberance is abundance carried to excess. 
 
 E^-U-'ber-ant (egz-yu'ber-ant), a. [Lat. exuberans, exu- 
 berantis, p. pr. of exuberare.] Characterized by abun- 
 dance; overflowing ; over-abundant ; superfluous. 
 
 Ej-ii'ber-aiit-ly, adv. Abundantly; very copiously; 
 _ in great plenty ; to a superfluous degree. 
 
 E^'u-da'tion, 71. 1. Act of exuding ; a discharge of 
 humors or moisture. 2. The substance exuded. 
 
 E5-1ide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. exuded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 EXUDING.] [Lat. exudare, exsudare, to come out or 
 discharge by sweating, from ex, out of, from, and s-u- 
 dare, to sweat.] To discharge through pores or incis- 
 ions, as moisture, &c. 
 
 E$-ude', V. i. To flow from a body throijgh the pores, 
 or by a natural discharge, as juice. 
 
 Ej-ul'^er-a'tion, n. [Lat. exulceratio, from exukerare, 
 exulceratmn, from ex, out of, from, and idcerare, to make 
 sore, from ulcus, sore, ulcer.] 1. Act of caiising ulcers 
 on a body ; process of becoming ulcerous. 2. Exacer- 
 bation; corrosion. [ulcers. 
 
 E^-iil'^er-a-to-ry, a. Having a tendency to form 
 
 Ej-ult' (egz-iilt'), v. i. [inip. & p. p. EXULTED; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. EXULTING.] [Lat. exultare, exsultare, 
 mtens. form of exsilire, to spring out or up, from ex, out 
 of, from, and salire, to spring, leap.] To leap for joy; 
 to rejoice in triumph. 
 
 Ej-ult'ant, a. Inchned to exult; characterized by, or 
 expressing, exultation ; triumphant. [triumph. 
 
 Ej'ul-ta'tion, n. Act of exulting ; rapturous delight ; 
 
 E^-iilt'ing-ly, adv. In an exulting manner. 
 
 JEx-U'vi-ae, n. pi. [Lat., from exuere, to draw out or off, 
 to puU off.] 1. Cast skins, shells, or coverings of ani- 
 mals. 2. ( Geol.) Fossil shells and other animal re- 
 mains left in the strata of the earth . 
 
 Ey'as (i^as), n. [Formerly also nyas, nias, from Fr. niais, 
 
 food, fc»bt; -&ru, r^de, pvOl ; fell, ^liaise, « all, echo ; gem, g:et; »§; ejist; liager, linlc; tlil*< 
 
EYE 
 
 268 
 
 FACILE 
 
 ft»5h from the nest, fVom Lat. nidtts, nest.] A young 
 hawk just taken fnun the nest. 
 Bye (T), n. lA.-S. rngf, Goth, augd, Icel. auga, 0. II. 
 Oer. oHg-n, N. U. iivr. auge. allied to Slav, oko, Lith. 
 ailn>, Skr. aishi. Or. 6*c<k, okko;, dual oao-e, I^at. oculiis, 
 dim. of an hypoth. oft/.t.] 1. The organ of sight or 
 \Lsion. '2. Tile power of seeing ; unusual power, range, 
 or delicacy of visiou. 3. Action of the organ of .sight; 
 sight ; view ; judgment ; opinion ; estimate. 4. Space 
 occupied or commanded by the organ of sight : hence, 
 lace; front; presence. 5. Observation; watch ; inspec- 
 tion ; notice, tt. Look; countenance; aspect. 7. That 
 which resembles the organ of sight, in form, position, 
 or appearance ; as, {«.) The small bole in the end of a 
 needle. (6.) A catch for a hook, (c.) The spots on a 
 feather, as of a peacock, (rf.) The bud or sprout of a 
 plant or root, (f.) The center of a target, (f.) (Natit.) 
 That part of a loop or stay by which it is attached to, 
 or suspended from, any thing. S. That which resem- 
 bles the organ of sight in relative importance or beauty. 
 To fiai^e an exit to, to pay particular attention to. — To keep 
 an eye on, to watch.— To see unth half an eye, to see easily. — 
 To set the eyes on, to sec : to have a sight of. 
 
 Bye, r. ?. [imp. & p. p. EYED(Td); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 EYING.] To fix the eye on ; to observe ; particularly, 
 
 to observe or watch narrowly, or with fixed attention. 
 Eje'ball. n. The ball, globe, or apple of the eye. 
 Eye'briglit (-brTt), n. A plant formerly much used as 
 
 a remedy for diseases of the eye. 
 Eve'bro'«', n. The brow or liairy arch above the eye. 
 Eye'glass, n. 1. A glass to assist the sight. JJ. The 
 
 eye-piece of a telescope, and like instruments. 
 Eye'lSsli, «. 1. The line of hairs that edges the eyelid. 
 
 ^. A single one of the hairs on the edge of the eyelid. 
 
 E^e'less (I'less), «. Wanting eyes or sight ; blind. 
 
 Eye'let, n. [Fr. aillel, dim. of ail, eye, from Lat. ecu- 
 lus.] A small hole or perforation for a lace or small rope 
 pr cord, as in garments, sails, &c. 
 
 Eye'let-eer' (Flet-er'), n. A small, sharp-pointed in- 
 strument used in making eyelet-holes ; a stiletto. 
 
 Eje'lid, n. The cover of the eye. 
 
 Eye'-pie^e (i'pes), n. (Opt.) The lens, or combination 
 of lenses, at the eye-end of a telescope, or other optical 
 instrument. 
 
 Eye'-serv'ant, n. A servant who attends to his duty 
 only when watched. 
 
 Eye'-serv'ipe, n. Service performed only under the ey« 
 or inspection of an employer. 
 
 Eye'siglit (I'sit), n. 1. Sight of the eye; view; ob- 
 servation. 'Z. Power or relative capacity of seeing. 
 
 Ej[e'-sore, n. Something offensive to the eye or sight. 
 
 Eye'-.stone, »i. A small, calcareous stone, used for tak- 
 ing substances from between the Ud and ball of the eve. 
 
 Eye'-tootli, n. ; pi. eye-teeth. A tooth whose fang 
 is long, and points up toward the eye ; the pointed tooth 
 in the upper jaw next to the grmders ; — called also a ca- 
 nine tooth, and cuspidate tooth. [eyes. 
 
 Eye'-'wa'ter, n. A medicated water or lotion for th* 
 
 Eye'-AviVness, n. One who sees a thing done. 
 
 Eyne (In), »i. The plural of eye ; — now obsolete. 
 
 Eyre (ar), n. [0. Fr. erre, journey, errer, also edrar, to 
 travel, march, from Lat. iter, a going, walk, way.] 1. 
 A journey or circuit, ii. A court of itinerant justices. 
 
 Justice in eyre (O. Eng. Law), an itinerant ,iudge, who rode 
 the circuit to hold courts in the diflferent counties. 
 
 Ey'rie \ (a'rj), n. [See Aerie.] The place where birds 
 
 Ey'ry j of prey construct their nests and hatch their 
 young. S«e AEfilE. , 
 
 F(ef ), the sixth letter of the English alphabet, is formed 
 by the passage of breath between the lower lip and the 
 upper incisive teeth. See Principles of Pronunciation, 
 § 71. The figure of the letter F Ls the same as that of 
 the EoUc digamma [F], to which it is also closely related 
 in power. See Digamma. — In music, F is the fourth 
 tone of the gamut, or model scale. F sharp (ES) is a 
 tone intermediate between F and G. 
 
 Ea. (Mus.) A syllabic applied to the fourth tone of the 
 gamut or model scale for the p\u-poses of solmization. 
 
 FaTbi-an, a. Delaying.; dilatorj' ; avoiding battle, but 
 harassing the enemy by marches, countermarches, and 
 ambuscades, in imitation of Quintus Fabius Maximtis 
 Verrucosus, a Roman general. 
 
 EaHble, n. [Lat. /o^w/a, from /an, to speak, say.] 1. 
 A fictitious story or tale, intended to enforce some use- 
 ful truth or precept ; an apologue. 2. Tlie plot of an 
 epic or dramatic poem. 3. Fiction; falsehood. 
 
 EaTble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fabled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FABLIXG.] To feign ; to \vrite or speak fiction 
 
 Ealjle, V. t. To feign ; to invent ; to tell of falsely. 
 
 FaTbler, n. A writer of fables or fictions ; a fabulist. 
 
 Eib'ri-e, n. [l.&t.fabrica, from faber, a worker in hard 
 materials, prob. for faciber, from facere, to make.] 1. 
 Structure of any thing ; workmanship ; texture ; make. 
 2. That which is fabricated; as (a.) Framework; edi- 
 fice; building. (6.) Manufactured cloth. 3. Act or 
 purpose of building ; construction. 
 
 Fab'ri-«ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FABRICATED; p.pr- 
 & vb. n. FABRICATING.] [Jua.t.fabricare,fabricari,fab- 
 ricatus, -a, -um, from fabrica. See supra.] 1. To frame; 
 to construct; to build. 2. To form by art and labor; 
 to manufecture. 3. To forge ; to devise falsely. 
 
 Eab'ri-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of fabricating, framing, or 
 constructing : construction ; manufacture. 2. That 
 which is fabricated ; a falsehood. 
 
 Syn. — Fiction; fio^ment; invention; fable; falsehood. See 
 
 FlCTIOX. \ 
 
 rab'ri-ea'tor, n. One who constructs or makes. 
 rab'u-list, n. One who invents or writes fables. 
 FSb'u-lize, r. t. [imp. &, p. p. FABULIZED; p.pr. k 
 
 vb. n. fabulizing.] To invent, compose, or relate 
 
 fables. 
 rab'u-loiis, a. Feigned, aa a story or fable ; related to 
 
 fable ; not real ; fictitious. 
 
 Fabulous age, that period in the history of a mation deecribed 
 in legendary or mythological fables. 
 
 Eab'u-loiis-ly, adv. In a fabulous manner. 
 
 Facade (fa-sad' or fa-sad^, "• [^v. facade, from, face, 
 face, q. v.] Front ; front view or elevation of an ed&ce. 
 
 Ea^e, n. [From Lat. fades, make, form, shape, fece, 
 from, facere, to make.] 1. The exterior form or appear- 
 ance of any thing : especially, the front part or surface. 
 2. One of the bounding planes of a soUd. 3. (Mach.) 
 The principal dressed surface of a plate, disk, or pully ; 
 the principal fiat surface of a part. 4. Outside appear- 
 ance ; surface show; look. 5. That part of the head 
 of an animal, especially of a human being, in which are 
 the eyes, nose, mouth, &c. ; visage; countenance. 6. 
 Cast of features; look; air. 7. Boldness; shameless- 
 ness ; effrontery. 8. Presence ; sight ; front. 9. Mode 
 of regard, whether favorable or unfavorable. 
 
 To make a face, to distort the countenance. — Face of a bas- 
 tion ( J/i7.), the part between the salient and the shoulder angle. 
 — Face of a gun (J/J7.), the surface of metal at the muzzle. 
 
 Eape, V. t. [imp. & p. p. faced (fast) ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 FACING.] 1. To meet in front; to oppose with firm- 
 ness. 2. To stand opposite to ; to front upon. 3. To 
 turn the front toward; to confront. 4. To cover in 
 front. 5. (Mach.) To make flat or smooth the sur- 
 face of. 
 
 Ea^e, V. i. To turn the fiice. 
 
 Fa'^er, n. One who faces ; a bold-faced person. 
 
 Ea^'et, n. [Fr. /ace«e, ditninutive ofyace, q. v.] A little 
 face ; a smaU. surface. 
 
 Fa-^e'ti-ie(f3i-se'shl-e),n.pl. [Lat., from /ac<:/«5.] Witty 
 or humorous writings or sayings ; witticisms. 
 
 Ea-pe'tious, a. [See supra.] 1. Given to wit and good 
 humor ; merry ; sportive ; jocular. 2. Characterized by 
 wit and pleasantry. 
 
 Fa-f e'tious-ly, adv. In a facetious manner. 
 
 Fa-ce'tious-ness, n. State of being facetious ; pleaj- 
 
 Fa-c6tte', n. [Fr.] A facet. See Facet. [antry. 
 
 Fa'cial, a. [L. Lsit. facialis, from facies, face.] Pertain- 
 ing to the face. 
 
 Facial angle {Anat.), the angle formed by two straight line?, 
 one drawn from the middle of tlie external entrance of the ear to 
 the base of the nose, and the other from the prominent center of 
 the forehead to the most prominent part of the upper jaw-bone. 
 
 Fa'pial-ly, adv. In a facial manner. 
 
 Fh^'ile (fas'il), a. [La.t.facilis, from, facere, to make, d©.] 
 
 3i,e,&c.,long; ii,6,&c.,short; c4re,far,ask,all,virliat; ere,Teii, tSrm; pique, firm; son, dr, do,%r9lf, 
 
FACILITATE 
 
 269 
 
 FAINT 
 
 1. Hftsy to be done or performed ; not difficult, ti. Easy 
 to be surmounted or removed. 3. Easy of access or con- 
 verse ; courteous ; affable. 4. Easily persuaded to good 
 or bad ; pliant ; tiexibie. 
 
 Fa-pil'i-tate, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. facilitated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FACILITATING.] [La.t.faciiUas, facility, q. v.] 
 To make easy or less difficult. 
 
 FaT^iFi-ta'tioii, n. Act of facilitating or making easy. 
 
 Fa-^xl'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being easily performed; 
 ease. tJ. Readiness proceeding from skill or use ; dex- 
 terity. 3. Easiness to be persuaded ; — usually in a 
 bad sense ; pliancy ; ductility. 4. Easiness of access ; 
 complaisance ; atfability. 5. That which promotes the 
 ease of any action or course of conduct ; advantage ; as- 
 sistance ; — usually in the plural. 
 
 Syn.— Ease; cxpcrtness ; readiness; dexterity; complais- 
 ance ; condescension ; aflfability. — Expertness ; readiness. — 
 These words, as here compared, have in common the idea of 
 performing any act with ease and promptitude. Facility sup- 
 
 ' poses a natural or acquired power of dispatchinfi; a task with 
 lightness and dexterity. Expertness is facility acquired by 
 long-continued practice. Readiness marks the promptitude 
 with which any thing is done. A merchant needs great facil- 
 ity in dispatching business ; a banker, great expertness in cast- 
 ing accounts; botli need great readiness in passing from one 
 employment to another. 
 
 Fa'f ing, n. A covering in front for oi^ament or other 
 
 purposes. ^ 
 
 Vke-sim'i-le, n.; pi. FA€-SIM/I-LE§. [Lat.fac simile, 
 make like, or an abbreviation of factum simile, made like, 
 from, facere, to make, and similis, like.] An exact copy 
 or likeness, as of handwriting. 
 
 r^€t, n. [La.t. factum., fvom. facere, to make or do.] 1. 
 A doing, making, or preparing ; hence, any thing done or 
 that which comes to pass ; an act ; an event, ti. Reality ; 
 truth. 3. Assertion or statement of a thing done or ex- 
 isting ; a thing supposed or asserted to be done ; as, his- 
 tory abounds with false /ac?5. 
 
 Syn. — Act ; deed ; performance ; event ; incident ; occur- 
 rence; circumstance. See Ciecumstance. 
 
 JFS.-e'tioii, n. [Lat-factio, from, facere, to make or do.] 
 A party acting from selfish motives against a govern- 
 ment or established order of things. 
 
 Syn. — Cabal ; combination ; party ; clique ; junto. See 
 Cabal. 
 
 rS/C'tioii-ist, n. One who promotes faction. 
 
 ra^j'tioiis, a. 1. Given to faction; prone to clamor 
 against public measures or men. 3. Pertaining to, or 
 proceeding from, faction ; indicating faction. 
 
 rS,€'tiou.s-ly, adv. In a factious manner. 
 
 FJie'tious-ness, n. State of being factious. 
 
 ra-e-ti'tious (fak-tish^us), a. [Lskt. factitius, from facere, 
 to make.] Made by art, in distinction from what is pro- 
 duced by nature ; artificial ; unnatural. 
 
 Syn.— Unnatural. — A thing is unnatural when it departs 
 in any way from its simple or normal state ; it is. factitious when 
 it is wrought out or wrougl#up by labor and effort, as, a, facti- 
 tious excitement. There is mucli that is unnatural in Europe, 
 but far more that is factitious in America. 
 
 rJi-e'tor, n. 1. [Com.) An agent; especially, a mer- 
 cantile agent, who buys and sells goods, and transacts 
 business, for others on commission, "i. {Math.) One of 
 the elements or quantities which, when multiphed to- 
 gether, form a product. 
 
 rE-e'tor-age, n. Allowance given to a factor by his em- 
 ployer, as a compensation for his services. 
 
 JFS,-e'to-ry, n. [Lat. factor.] 1. A house or place where 
 factors reside, to transact business for their employers. 
 ti. The body of factors in any place. 3. A building, or 
 collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture 
 of goods ; a manufactory. 
 
 rac-to'tum, n. ; pi. FAC-TO'TUMg. [Lat., do every 
 thing.] A person employed to do all kinds of work. 
 
 ra.-e'ul-ty, n. [Lat. facultas, from facul, easily, from 
 /acere, to make.] 1. Ability to act or perform, whether 
 inborn or cultivated; especially, an original mental power 
 or capacity for the well-known classes of mental activ- 
 ity ; intellectual endowment or gift ; power. iJ. Privi- 
 lege or permission ; license. 3. A body of men to whom 
 any specific right or privilege is granted ; the graduates 
 in any of the four departments of a university or college 
 (Philosophy, Law, Medicine, or Theology) ; especially, 
 (a.) The members of a profession or calling, (b.) The 
 professors and tutors in a college. 
 
 Syn. — Talent ; gift; endowment; dexterity; adroitness; 
 abihty; knack. 
 
 Fad'dle, tJ. i. [Cf. Fiddle.] To trifle ; to toy. [Ixjw.] 
 
 Fade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. faded ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 FADING.] [0. Eng. also vade; Prov. D. vadden, to 
 
 fade, wither. Cf. Vade.] 1. To perish gradually; to 
 wither, as a plant. 2. To lose freshness, color, or bright- 
 ness. 3. To sink away; to grow dim; to vanish. 
 
 Fade, v. t. To cause to wither ; to wear away. 
 
 Fade'less, a. Not liable to fade ; unfading. 
 
 Fd,dge (i'Sj), V. i. [imp. & p. p. fadged; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. FADGING.] [A.-S. /eg-an, gefegan, to join, fit together, 
 
 0. II. Ger. fuogan, fuokan, fogen, fuagen.] To com« 
 close, as the parts of things united ; to fit. 
 
 Fse'-eal, a. See i'ECAL. 
 
 JPie'^e^, n. pi. [La,t.fiex,f3ecis, ^l.fxces.] Excrement; 
 
 ordure ; also, settlings ; sediment. 
 Faic'u-la, n. See Fecula. 
 Fa'er-y, a. or n. The same as Fairy. 
 F3,g, n. A laborious drudge ; especially, a school-boy 
 
 who does menial services for another boy of a higher 
 
 form or class in English schools. 
 Fag, V. i. [Cf. L. Ger. fakk, wearied, weary, A.-S. fxge, 
 
 dying, weak, timid.] 1. To act as a fag; to drudge- 
 
 3. To become weary ; to tire. 
 F^g, ^^ t. [imp. & p. p. FAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 FAGGING.] 1. To treat as a fag ; to compel to drudge. 
 
 {Colloq.] ti. To cause to labor diligently, or like a 
 
 drudge ; to tire by labor. 
 F3,g'-eiid', n. [fag and end. See Fag, v.i.,supra.\ 
 
 1. An end of poorer quality, or in a spoiled condition, as 
 the coarser end of a web of cloth, the untwisted end of a 
 rope, &c. ^. The refuse or meaner part of any thing. 
 
 FS-g'ot, n. [Fr. fagot, It. fagotto, Sp. fogote, augm. of 
 Lat. /aa;,/aci5, torch, orig., a bundle of sticks, allied to 
 Gr. </)a/ceA.os, bundle, fagot.] 1. A bundle of sticks, used 
 for fuel, for raising batteries, or other purposes in forti- 
 fication ; also, a single stick. 3. A bundle of pieces of 
 iron or of steel in bars. 3. A person hired to take the 
 place of another at the muster of a company. 
 
 Fag'ot, V. t. [imp. & p. p. fagoted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FAGOTING.] To make a fagot of; to tie or bundle 
 together ; to bind in a bundle. 
 
 Fah.r'en-lieit (iar'en-hit), a. [Ger.] Pertaining to, Oi. 
 measured by means of, a thermometer commonly usee* 
 in America and England, having the zero of its scale 
 marked at 32 degrees below the freezing-point of water 
 and the boiling-point at 212 degrees above; — so called 
 from the inventor of the scale. 
 
 Fail, V. i. [imp. & p.p. failed ; p. pr. & vb. n. FAIL- 
 ING.] [Er.faillir, to fail, to deceive, from La,t.fallere, to 
 deceive.] 1. To be wanting ; to fall short ; to be lack- 
 ing. 3. To be affected with want ; to come short. 3. 
 To become diminished ; to decline ; to decay. 4. To fall 
 off in respect to vigor, activity, resources, or the like. 5. 
 To become extinct ; to perish ; to die. 6. To be found 
 wanting with respect to an effect or a duty to be per- 
 formed, a result to be secured, or the like ; to miss. 7. 
 To be disappointed of access or attainment ; to be baffled 
 or frustrated. 8. To become unable to meet one's en- 
 gagements ; to become bankrupt or insolvent. 
 
 Fail, V. t. To be wanting to ; not to be sufficient for ; to 
 
 Fail, n. Failure ; deficiency ; lack ; want. [disappoint. 
 
 Without fail, \mia.\Vmg\j; unreservedly; absolutely. 
 
 Fail'ing, n. The act of one who fails ; deficiency ; im- 
 perfection ; lapse. 
 
 Syn. — Fault ; foible. — A fault is positive, something 
 definite and marked, which impairs excellence; a. failing is 
 negative, some weakness in a man's cliaracter, disposition, or 
 habit; si foible is a less important weakness, which we overlook 
 or smile at. A man may have many failings, and yet commit 
 but few faults; or his faults and failings may be few, while hia 
 foibles are obvious to all. 
 
 Fail'ure (53), n. [From fail, q. v.] 1. Cessation of 
 supply, or total defect; deficiency, tj. Omission; non- 
 performance. 3. Decay, or defect from decay. 4. 
 Bankruptcy; suspension of payment. 
 
 Fain, a. [A.-S.fdgen, fagen, glad, /ea,"equiv. to feaha, 
 gladness, joy, Goth, faginon, to rejoice, faheds, joy.] 
 XVell-pleased ; glad ; disposed ; inclined ; especially, con- 
 tent to accept. 
 
 Fain, adv. With joy or pleasure ; gladly. 
 
 Faint, n. The act of fainting ; a swoon. 
 
 Faint, a. [co?r2;7ar. fainter; SMjoeri. faintest.] [0. 
 Yr. faint, negligent, sluggish, lazy, p. p. of sefelndre, de 
 quelque chose; to feign, to sham, to work negligently, 
 from Lat. j'Jng-ere, to contrive, devise, feign.] 1. Lack- 
 ing strength ; weak ; languid. 3. Wanting in courage, 
 spirit, or energy ; timorous ; cowardly ; dejected ; de- 
 pressed. 3. Lacking distinctness ; hardly perceptible ; 
 weak. 4. Performed, done, or acted, in a weak or feeble 
 manner. 
 
 Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fainted ; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 
 food, f<^t; turn, rude, pull ; 9ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; ag; e^ist; lli^er. link; tliis. 
 
FAINT-HEARTED 
 
 270 
 
 FALL 
 
 
 FAINTING.] 1. To become weak or wanting in vigor; 
 
 to grow feeblo ; to swoon, 'i. To lose courage or spirit ; 
 
 to become dcpr^ssod or despondent. 3. To decay ; to 
 
 disapjwar ; to vanish. 
 Falnt'-lieart'ed. a. Wanting in courage; cowardly; 
 
 timorous ; dejecttHl. 
 Faint'-hejirt ed-ii«>ss, 
 
 timonmsuoss ; cowardice 
 
 Faith'ful-ness, n. Quality or character of being ^th. 
 
 ful ; tidelity ; trutli ; loyalty ; constancy. 
 Faitli'less, a. 1. Not believing ; not giving credit. '2. 
 Not believing in God or religion ;5/;ec//ica%, not be- 
 lieving in the Christian religion. 3. Not observant of 
 promises. 4. Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows. 5. 
 Want of courage and spirit ; \ Serving to disappoint or deceive ; deluding. 
 
 i Fake, m. [Scot, faik, fold, stratum of stone, A.-S. fate, 
 
 Faint'lsli. a. Slisihtlv faint ; somewhat ftiint. space, interval, Ger. fach, compartment, partition, divis- 
 
 Faint'ly, a^/f. In a faint, weak, or feeble manner. ion, row.] (A'aui.) A single turn or coil of a cable or 
 
 Faint 'iie>«s, n. St^ite of being faint; loss of strength, I hawser. _ 
 
 color, seif-consciousuess, and self-control ; feebleness ; i Fa'ltir (fa'ker), ) n. An Oriental religious ascetic or 
 
 d«yection. Fa-quir' (fa-keer'), ) begging monk. 
 
 fixiixt^, n. pi. The impure spirit which comes over first | Fai'cate, la. [Lat. falcatus ; falx, folds, gickle, 
 
 and last in the distillation of whiskey. I Fai'-ea-ted, J scythe.] Hooked or bent like a sickle or 
 
 FAir, <J. [compar. FAIRER] stQ^erl. FAIREST.] [A.-S. i scythe. 
 
 fUger, 0. U. Ger. fagar, Icel fagr, Goth, yag-rs.] 1. Fal'diion (fawFchun), ». [L. IL&t. falcio, falco, from 
 
 Free from spot*, specks, cUrt, imperfection, or hindrance ; i L&t. falx, f aids, a sickle.] A short, broad sword, with a 
 
 unblemished ; spotless : pure. 'Z. Pleasing to the eye ; slightly curved point. 
 
 handsome ; beautiful. 3. Free from a dark hue ; of a Fai'^i-fdrin, a. [Lat. falz, a sickle, and /o;-wa, fonn:\ 
 
 light shade. 4. Not overcast; cloudless; propitious ; i In the shape of a sickle. 
 
 favorable. 5. Unincumbered; open, 6. Characterized ; Fal'-eon (faw^n), 7i. [Late Lat. 
 
 by frankness, honesty, impartiality, candor. 7. Inspir- 
 ing hope and confidence. 8. Distinct ; legible. 9. Not 
 distinguished or unusual ; moderate ; middling. 
 
 Fair play, equitable or impsirtial treatment. 
 
 Syn. — Candid ; open ; frank ; ingenuous ; clear ; honest ; 
 equitable; impartial; reasonable. 
 FSir, adv. Clearly ; openly ; frankly ; civilly ; honestly ; 
 favorably ; agreeably. 
 
 To bid fair, to be likely, or to have a fair prospect; toprom- 
 
 falco, from /a/.x,/aZc*s, a sickle or 
 scythe, so named from its curv- 
 ing talons.] (Ornith.) One of a 
 family of ra^)rial birds, charac- 
 terized by a abiort, hooked beak, 
 powerful claws, and great des- 
 tructive power ; espe dally, one 
 of this family trained to the pur- 
 sTiit of other birds, or gai»e. 
 
 , ur xAj juLiLve a, xair urosueufc; lo prom- !---,.■- /.c /i \ a 
 
 Fdirandsquare,iu:%i\y; honestly; equitably; impartially. ' Fal'<;oil-er (faw/kn-er),n. Aper- 
 . ^ . . J X. , son who breeds and trains hawks 
 
 A fair woman ; a handsome female. 
 
 F^r, n. 
 
 T^e/air, the female sex; womankind. 
 F^ir, n. [From Lat. feria, pi. ferisR, days of rest, hoU- 
 days, festivals, becatise the fairs were generally held in 
 the church-yard, on hoUdays and feasts of dedication, 
 
 for taking wild fowls ; one who 
 foUows the sport of fowling with .^ , 
 
 hawks. r*l'=«"' 
 
 Fai'-eo-m^t, n. [L. Jj&t.falconeta, prop, a young falcon. 
 See Falcon.] (Gmw.) A smaU cannon anciently used, 
 when the people resorted to the churches.] A gathering | Fal'«oii-ry {faw^kn-ry), n. 1. The art of training 
 of buyers and sellers, assembled with their merchandise j hawks to the exercise of hawking. 2. The practice of 
 at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, I taking wild fowls or game by means of hawks. 
 
 Fald' stool, «. [A.-S./aW,/ea?<?, fold, and 5«ooL] 1. A 
 folding-stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the man- 
 
 for the exhibition of wares and the conduct of business 
 
 F&ir'ing, n. A present given or purchased at a fair. 
 
 F&ir'ly, adv. In a fair manner ; clearly ; openly ; dis- 
 tinctly ; frankly ; honestly ; favorably ; pleasantly. 
 
 FSir'ness, n. The state of being fair, or free from spots 
 or stains, as of the skin ; agreeableness, as of form and 
 features; clearness, as of water; honesty, as of dealing ; 
 candor, as of an argument ; distinctness, as of hand- 
 writing, and the Uke. 
 
 Fair'-spok'en (-spoken, 20), a. Using fair speech, or 
 uttered with fairness ; bland ; civil ; courteous. 
 
 F&ir'y, n. [Fr. f eerie, enchantment, from 0. Fr. faer, 
 no-wfeer, to enchant, charm, from fae, feie, now/ee. It. 
 fata, 0. Ger. fei, feie, from Late Lat. Fata, for Parca, bne 
 of the goddesses of fate, from, fatum, fatus, fate, or from 
 fatua, a prophesying female, a fortune-teller.] An im- 
 aginary supernatural being or spirit, supposed to assume 
 a human form, and to meddle for good or evil in the 
 affairs of mankind. 
 
 Fairies of romance, beings of the human race, endowed with 
 powers beyond those allotted to men. — Fairy ring, or circle, a 
 bare circular path, or a ring of grass higher, greener, and sourer 
 than the surrounding grass ; — afrequent phenomenon in fields 
 and meadows in Great Britain, vulgarly supposed to be caused 
 by fairies in their dances. 
 
 Faitb, n. [Lat. fides, faith, beUef, fvom fidere, to trust.] 
 1. BeUef ; reliance on testimony. 2. Firm and earnest 
 belief, on probable evidence of any kind, especially in re- 
 
 •^^.gard to unportant moral truth. 3. (Theol.) (a.) BeUef 
 in the historic truthfulness of the Scripture narrative 
 and the supernatural origin of its teachings. (6.) Belief 
 in the facts and truth of the Scriptures, with a practical j 
 love of them. 4. That which is believed on any sub- , 
 je<;t, whether in science, politics, or religion ; espedally, 
 a system of rehgious behef ; and more particularly the i 
 system of truth taught by Christ; also, the creed or 
 belief of a Christian society or church. 5. A strict ad- 1 
 herence to duty and fulfillment of promises. 6. Word i 
 or honor pledged ; promise given. I 
 
 Faitli'f ul, a. 1. F^ill of faith ; disposed to beUeve, es- j 
 pecially* in the declarations and promises of God. 2. ! 
 Firm in adherence to promises, contracts, or other en- \ 
 gagements. 3. Firm in the observance of duty ; loyal; 
 of true fidelity. 4. Conformable to truth. 5. True ; 
 worthy of behef. i 
 
 Syn. — TruBty; honest; upright; sincere; veraeloos. i 
 
 Falth'fml-ly, adv. In a feithfal manner. ' 
 
 ner of a camp-stool. 3. A smaU desk at which the litany 
 is enjoined to be sung or said. 
 Fall, V. i. [imp. FELL ; p. p. fallen ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 FALLING.] [A.-S. /ea^an, 0. H. Ger. /aitoi, N. H. Ger. 
 /a^ien, allied to Lith.pwW.] 1. To descend from a higher 
 position to a lower, either suddenly or gradually ; to drop 
 down ; to make a descent by the force of gravity alone. 
 2. To become prostrate ; to assume suddenly a recum- 
 bent posture. 3. To empty 4. To cease to Uve ; to 
 perish; to vanish. 5. To lose strength. 6. To be 
 brought forth. 7. To decUne in power, glorj , wealth, 
 importance, value, or the Uke. 8. To become degraded ; 
 to sink into vice, error, or sin. 9. To become insnared 
 or embarrassed; to be entrapped. 10. To become or 
 appear dejected. 11. To pass into a new state of body 
 or mind ; to become. 13. To happen ; to come to pass. 
 13. To rush or hurry. 14. To pass or be transferred 
 by chance, lot, distribution, inheritance, or otherwise. 
 15. To be dropped or uttered carelessly. 
 
 To fall aboard ofiKaut.), to strike against. — To fall among. 
 to come among accidentally or unexpectedly. — To fall astern- 
 (N^aut.), to move or be driven backward.— To fall away, (a.) 
 To lose flesh; to pine. (6.) To revolt or rebel, (c.) To apos- 
 tatize. ((/.) To perish; to be ruined, (e.) To decUne grad- 
 uaUy ; to fade. — ?b fall back, (a.) To recede ; to give way. 
 (6.) To fail of performing a promise or purpose.— Tofallfmil, 
 to attack; to make an assault. — To fall from, (a.) To recede 
 from; to depart, (b.) To revolt.— To fall fi-om grace (Method- 
 ism), to sink into vice; to sin.— To fall home (Ship Carp.), to 
 curve inward, as the timbers of a ship's side. — To fall in, («■ ) 
 To concur; to agree, (b.) To comply; to yield to. (f-) f" 
 come in; to join; to enter.— To fall m with, to meet; to dis- 
 cover or come near.— To fall oJT, (a.) To withdraw ; to seiv 
 arate. (6.) To apostatize, (c.) To forsake; to abandon, (d.) 
 To drop, (e.) To depreciate; to depart from former excel- 
 lence. (/•.) (kaut.) To fall to leeward. - To /a?i on, («•) To 
 begin suddenly and eagerly, (b.) To assault; to assail, (c.) 
 To drop on; to descend on. -To fall out (a) To quarrel 
 (h.) To happen; to befall; to chance. -JTo /aZZ over. («•)■!" 
 revolt. (6.) To fall beyond. - To fall short to be deficient.-- 
 To fall to, (a.) To begin hastily and eagerly. (6.) To app y 
 one's self to.- To fait under, (n.) To come under, or .within 
 the limits of. (6.) To come under; to become the subject ol. 
 (c.) To be ranged or reckoned with. 
 
 Fall, V. t. To sink ; to depress. 
 
 Fall, n. 1. Act of descending from a higher to a lower 
 place by gravity ; descent. 2. Act of dropping or tum- 
 bling ftom an erect posture. 3. Death ; destruction; 
 overthrow: rum. 4. Downfall; degradation. 5. Dim- 
 
 &,e,8t*.,long; &,6,k,c., short; cd,rc,far,asl£,al],'vrliat; 6re,veil,tSrin-, pique, firm; s6n,6r, d^, -vrolf 
 
FALLACIOUS 
 
 271 
 
 FAMOUSLY 
 
 inution of price or value ; depreciation. 6. A sinking , Fals'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. falsified ; p. pr. & vb 
 ----- • " - «. FALSIFYING.] [Lat. falsificare, from Lat. Jalsvs^ 
 
 false, and yacere, to make.] 1. To represent falBelj- ; u> 
 counterfeit ; to forge. 2. To prove to be felse, or uu- 
 trustworthy. 3. To violate ; to break by falsehood. 4. 
 (Laio.) To prove false, as a judgment. 5. {Equity.) To 
 show, in accounting, that an item of charge insert^ in 
 an account is wrong. 
 
 To tell lies ; to violate the truth. 
 1 . Quality of being false ; contrariety or 
 i'uconformity to truth. 2. A false assertion. 
 
 Syn.— Talsehood ; lie ; dcneit. — Falsity denotes the state 
 quality of being false. A falsehood is a false declaration 
 iguedly made. Alieiso. gross, unblushing falsehood. It i* 
 
 of tone ; cadence. 7. Declivity ; a slope. 8. Descent 
 
 of water ; a cascade •, a cataract ; — usually in the plural. | 
 
 9. Outlet or discharge of a river or current of water j 
 
 into the ocean, or into a lake or pond. 10. Extent | 
 
 of descent. 11. The season when leaves fall from j 
 
 trees ; autumn. 12. That which falls ; a falling. 13. | 
 
 Act of felling or cutting down. 14. Lapse or declension _ 
 
 from innocence or goodness ; specifically, the apostasy of i Fals'i-fy, v. i 
 
 our first parents, 15. (Naut.) That part of a tackle to Fals'i-ty 
 
 which the power is applied in hoisting. 
 
 Fal-la'cious, a. [See Fallacy.] Embodying or per- 
 taining to a fallacy' ; fitted to deceive. 
 
 Fal-la'cioiis-ly, adv. In a fallacious manner. 
 
 Fal-la'cioiis-iiess, n. The state of being fallacious. 
 
 FM'la-^y, 7i. [Lat. fallacia, from fallax, deceitful, from 
 failure, to deceive.] 1. Deceptive or false appearance ; 
 deceitfulness ; deception; mistake. 2. (Logic.) An ar- 
 gument, or apparent argument, which professes to be de- 
 cisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not. 
 
 Syn. — Deception ; deceit; mistake; sophistry. — A /aZZacy 
 is an argument which professes to be decisive, but in reality is 
 not; sophistn/ is also false reasoning, but of so specious and 
 subtle a kind as to render it difficult to expose iU, fallacy. Many 
 fallacies are obvious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its con- 
 summate art. 
 
 Fallen (fawln, b%),p. a. Dropped ; descended ; degraded ; 
 decreased; ruined. 
 
 F&rii-bil'i-ty, n. State of being fallible ; liableness to 
 deceive or to be deceived. 
 
 Fai'li-ble, a. fLow Lat. fallibilis, from Lat. fallere, to 
 deceive.] Liable to fail or mistake ; liable to deceive or 
 
 Fai'Ii-bly, adv. In a fallible manner. [be deceived. 
 
 Fall'ing-sick^ness, n. (il%/.) The epilepsy; a dis- 
 ease in which the patient suddenly loses his senses and 
 falls down. 
 
 Fai'low, a. [A.-S fealu, fealo, fealav, 0. II. G^v.falo, 
 /alaiver,/alaivu,falawas,IceLfolr, allied to Sla.v. plaio\ 
 Pol. plowy, Skr. palita, Gr. ttoAios, Lat. pallidus , fulvus , 
 &nilflavus.] 1. Left untilied or unsowed after having been 
 plowed ready for culture. 2. Pale red or pale yellow. 
 
 Fai'low, n. [So called from the fallow, or somewhat 
 yellow, color of naked ground. See supra.] 1. Land 
 that has lain a year or more plowed without being sowed. 
 2. The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing it for 
 a season. 
 
 Fai'low, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FALLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FALLOWING.] To plow, harrow, and break up, as 
 land, without seeding. 
 
 Fai'low Deer. [So called from its fallow or pale-yellow 
 color. See supra.] (Zool.) A species of deer, smaller 
 than the stag, and most common in England, where it is 
 often domesticated in the parks. 
 
 Fai'low-fincli (66), n. ( Ornith.) A small bird of the 
 genus Saxicola ; — called sAso fallow -chat, wheat-ear, and 
 by a variety of local names. 
 
 Fai'lo"w-iiess, n. (Agric.) A fallow state. 
 
 False, a. [compar. falser ; superl. FALSEST.] [Lat. 
 falsits, p. p. of fallere,falsum, to deceive.] 1. Uttering 
 falsehood ; given to deceit ; dishonest. 2. Not faithful 
 or loyal ; treacherous ; perfidious. 3. Not according 
 with truth or reality ; not true ; fitted or likely to de- 
 ceive or disappoint. 4. Not genuine or real ; assumed 
 or designed to deceive ; counterfeit ; hypocritical. 5. 
 Not well founded ; erroneous. 6. (Mus.) Not in tune. 
 
 False imprisonment {Law), the arrest and imprisonment of a 
 person without warrant or cause, or contrary to law. — False 
 keel (JV^aut.), the limber used below the mam keel, to serve 
 both as a defense and an aid in holding the wind better. 
 
 False, adv. Not truly ; not honestly ; falsely. 
 
 False'-lieart'ed, a. Hollow ; treacherous ; deceitfiil ; 
 dishonest ; perfidious. 
 
 Falselidod, n. [From false id the termination hood.] 
 1. Want of truth or veracity, an untrue assertion. 2. 
 Want of honesty or integrity ; deceitfuhiess ; perfidy. 
 
 See Lie. 
 
 3. Counterfeit ; imposture, 
 
 Syn. -Falsity; lie; untruth; fiction; fabrication 
 False'ly, adv. In a false manner ; not truly. 
 False'ness, n. State of heing false ; want of integrity 
 
 or uprightness ; unfaithfulness. 
 Fals-ette', )». [From Lsit.falsus. See False.] That 
 Fals-6t'to, j peculiar species of voice in a man the 
 
 compass of which lies above his natural voice. 
 Fals'i-fFa-ble, a. Capable of being falsified. 
 Fal'si-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of making fals- ; a coun- 
 
 terfeitmg. 2. Confutation. 3. (Equity.) Th; showing 
 
 an item of charge in an account to be wrong. 
 Fals'i-fi'er, n. One who fiilsifies, or gives to a 
 
 felee appearance. 
 
 thing 
 
 a vulgar error to speak of " telling a falsity.^' It is an equal 
 error to say, " 1 perceive the falsehood of your declaration or 
 statement/' 
 
 Fal'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. faltered ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 FALTERING.] [0. Eng. faulter, from 0. Fr. faulte, N. 
 Fr. faute, fault, or from Eng. faulter, Scot, faultour, 
 transgressor.] 1. To fail ; to stumble ; especially, to 
 hesitate, to stammer. 2. To tremble ; to totter. 3. To 
 fail in distinctness or regularity of exercise ; — said of 
 the mind or of thought. 
 
 Fame, n. [Lat. fama, Gr. (^ij/u-rj, Dor. ^a/ma, from Gr. 
 </)T)ju.i, I say, speak, tell, make knoNvn.] 1. Public report 
 or rumor. 2. Renown ; notoriety ; celebrity, either f»r- 
 vorable or unfavorable. 
 Syn. — Reputation ; credit; honor. 
 
 Fame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. famed ; p. pr. & vb. n. fam- 
 ing.] 1. To report. 2. To make famous. 
 
 Fa-mil'iar (-J'ar ), a. [La.t.faniiliaris, from L&t. familia, 
 family.] 1. Pertaining to a family ; domestic. 2. Closely 
 acquainted or intimate, as a friend or companion ; well 
 versed in, as any subject of study. 3. Characterized by, 
 or exhibiting the manner of, an intimate; unceremo- 
 nious; free. 4. Well known, as a friend; well vmder- 
 stood, as a book or science. 
 
 Fa-mil'iar, n. 1. An intimate ; a close companion. 2. 
 A demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a call. 3. 
 ( Cottrt of Inquisition.) One admitted to the secrets, and 
 employed in the service, of the courts. 
 
 Fa-mil-iar'i-ty (fa-mil-yar'I-ty), n. State of being fa- 
 miUar ; unconstrained intercourse ; freedom from cere- 
 mony and constraint. 
 
 Syn. — Acquaintance; fellowship; affability; intimacy. See 
 Acquaintance. 
 
 Fa-mil'iar-ize, t'. t. [imp. & p.p. familiarized; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. FAMILIARIZING.] 1. To make familiar 
 or intimate; to habituate; to accustom. 2. To make 
 easy by practice or study. 
 
 Fa-mil'iar-ly, adv. 1. In a familiar manner ; without 
 formality. 2. Commonly ; fi:«quently. 
 
 Fam'i-li§m, n. The tenets of the Familists. 
 
 Fam'i-list, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a fanatical sect 
 founded in Holland, and existing in England about 1580, 
 called the Family of Love, fi-om the affection its members 
 professed to bear to all people, however wicked. 
 
 Fam'i-ly, n. [Lat. /awitVia, from li&t. famulus, servant.] 
 1. The collective body of persons who live in one house, 
 and under one head or manager ; a household. 2. A 
 tribe or race ; kindred. 3. Course of descent ; genealogy ; 
 lineage. 4. Honorable descent. 5. A group of kindred 
 individuals, usually more comprehensive than a genus, 
 and founded on more indefinite resemblances. 
 
 Fam'iiie, n. [From Lat. fam.es, hunger.] General 
 scarcity of food ; dearth ; a general want of provisions ; 
 destitution. 
 
 Fam'isli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. famished (108) ; p.pr.St, 
 vb. n. FAMISHING.] 1. To starve, kill, or destroy with 
 hunger. 2. To exhaust the strength of by hunger. 3. 
 To kill by deprivation or denial of any thing necessary. 
 4. To force or constrain by famine. 
 
 Fam'isli, V. i. 1. To die of hunger; to starve. 2. To 
 suffer extreme hunger or thirst. 3. To suffer extremity 
 from deprivation of any thing essential or necessary. 
 
 Fam'isli-meiit, a. Pain of extreme hunger or thirst. 
 
 Fa'moiis, n. Celebrated in fame or public report; re- 
 nowned ; distinguished in story ; — used in either a goo 
 or bad sense. 
 
 Syn. — Noted; remarkable; signal; conspicuous; celebra- 
 ted; renowned; illustrious; eminent; transcendent; excellent. 
 — Famous is applied to a person or thine; widely spoken of a» 
 extraordinary; renowned is applied to those who are named 
 again and again with honor; illu.<itriotis, to those who have dax- 
 zled the world by the splendor of their deeds or their vir^es. 
 Napoleon yf as famous; Alexander was re«o»wicrf; WaBlungton 
 was illustrious. 
 
 Fa'mou.s-ly, adv. With great renown or fame. 
 
 food, f o^ot i vkrn, rude, pull ; jsell, (baise, -call, e<:lio ; gem, get ; aj ; ejist : lins^'r, Unit ; «ils. 
 
FAMOUSNESS 
 
 272 
 
 FAREWELL 
 
 Fa nioiis-in'«*s, n. St-at*^ of Innng famous , r«nown. 
 
 Fftii. »i. [A.-^.fann, 0. 11. Uor. trnnna, taa, awning, 
 alliiHl to Lat. t'tinitu.'!, fan, van for winnowing grain. Cf. 
 Van.} An instrument usoil for producing artificial cur- 
 rpnts of air, by the wafting or revolving motion of a broad 
 surface; as, («.) .\n instrument for cooling the person, 
 made of feathers, paper, &c. (b.) (Mac/t.) An instru- 
 ment for exciting curn.'nt« of air, in winnowing grain, 
 blowing a fire, ventilation, &c., or for checking rapid 
 motion by the i-e.-sistivuce of the air. (r.) Something in 
 the form of a woman's fan when spread, as a peacock's 
 tail, a window, &c. (f.) A small vane or sail, used to 
 keep the large sails of a smock windmill always in the 
 direction of the wind. 
 
 F&u, V. I. [imp. & p. p. FANNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FAN- 
 NING.] 1. To move as with a fan. 5J. To cool and 
 refresh, by moving the air with a fan. 3. To ventilate ; 
 to blow on. 4. To winnow. 
 
 Fa-nftt'i€, \a. [See Fane.] Pertaining to, or indi- 
 
 Fa-iiJit'i«-al, ) ciiting, fanaticism ; excessively enthu- 
 siastic, especially on religious subjects. 
 
 Fa-uftt'i«, ". A persoH affected by excessive enthusiasm, 
 particularly on religious subjects. 
 
 Fa-nat'ic-al-ly, adv. In a fanatical manner. 
 
 Fa-nat'ic-al-ness, «. Fanaticism. 
 
 Fa-nat'i-fism, «. Excessive enthusiasm ; wild and ex- 
 travagant n"btions of religion. 
 Syn. — Enthusiasm ; superstition ; frenzy. See Ekthc- 
 
 SIASM. 
 
 FSn'-tolow'er, n. A wheel with vanes revolving rapidly, 
 to impel a current of air for any purpose ; a fan. 
 
 Fa.n'?i-er, ». 1. One who is governed by fancy. 3. 
 One who fancies or has a special liking for or interest in ; 
 hence, one who keeps for sale. 
 
 Fan'^i-f 111, a. 1. Full of fancy ; gUided by fancy ; 
 whimsical. 2. Dictated by fancy ; abounding in wild 
 images. 
 
 Syn. — Fantastical ; visionary.— i^awci/i/Z notions are the 
 product of a heated fancy, without any support in reason or 
 truth; fantastical schemes or systems are made up of oddly- 
 assorted fancies, often of the most wMmsical kind; visionary 
 expectations are those which can never be realized in fact. 
 
 F&n'?i-ful-ly, adv. In a fanciful manner ; wildly. 
 
 Fin'^i-f ul-ness, n. The quaUty of being fanciful. 
 
 FSrii'f.y, n. [Contracted from fantasy^ Lat. phantasia. 
 Gr. (}>avTa(Tia, from <f)avTa.^ei.v, to make visible, to place 
 before one's mind, from (jiaCveLV, to bring to hght.] 1. 
 The faculty bj' which the mind forms an image or a re- 
 presentation of any thing perceived before ; the power of 
 combining and modifying such objects into new notions 
 or images ; the power of readily and happily creating and 
 recalling such objects for the purpose of amusement, wit, 
 or embelUshment. 2. An image or representation of any 
 thing formed in the mind; conception. 3. Caprice; 
 whim ; impression. 4. Inclination ; Uking ; hence, the 
 object of incUnation or hking. 5. That which pleases 
 or entertains the taste or caprice vrithout much use or 
 value. 
 
 The fancy, those who exhibit some special or peculiar taste or 
 fancy, as for sporting, boxing, and the like ; — used collectively. 
 
 Syn. — Imagination ; conceit; taste; humor; incUnation; 
 ■whim; liking. See Imaginatiok. 
 
 ran'^y, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FANCIED ; p.pr. &vb. n. 
 FANCYING.] To figure to one's self; to imagine. 
 
 FJin'fy, v. t. 1. To form a conception of; to imagine. 
 2. To have a fancy or liking for. 
 
 Fan'^y, a. Adapted to please the fancy or taste. 
 
 Fancy ball, a ball in which persons appear in fancy dresses. 
 — Fancy goods, fabrics of various colors, patterns, kc— Fancy 
 slocki, a species of stocks which afford great opportunity for 
 stock-gambling, since they have no intrinsic value, and the 
 fluctuations in their prices are chiefly artificial. [Amer.'\ —Fancy 
 store, one where articles of fancy and ornament are sold. 
 
 Fan-dan'go, n. [Sp. This dance, together with its 
 name, was brought from Guinea by the negroes into the 
 ^^'est Indies and thence into Spain.] A lively dance, 
 much practiced in Spain and Spanish America. 
 
 Fane, n. [Lat. /anwwT, from /art, to speak.] A temple; a 
 place consecrated to religion ; a church. 
 
 Fdn'fa-r6n, n. [Fr. ; Sp. fanfarron. It. fanfano. Cf. 
 Ar. far far., talkativ.j.] A bully ; a swaggerer ; an empty 
 boaster. \ [ter. 
 
 Fan-f 5.r'on-ade', n. Vain boasting ; ostentation ; blus- 
 
 F&ng, n. [A.-S./ang^, a taking, seizing, grasp ; fangan, 
 contracted /on, p. p. /an^?n, Goth. /aAan.] 1. The tusk 
 of a boar or other animal by which the prey is seized and 
 held; a long pointed tooth. 3. A claw or talon. 3. 
 Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. 
 
 Fan-palm. 
 
 See 
 
 Fftn'-Iight (-lit), n. {Arch.) A window resembling in 
 form an open fan. 
 
 Fftii'ner, w. 1. One who fans. 5J. A machine with 
 revolving vanes, used in various forms, for particular 
 purposes ; a fan. 
 
 Fftn'on, n. [0. Fr. /anon, L. Lat./ano, fh)m 0. H. Ger. 
 fano, banner.] 1. An embroidered scarf, worn about 
 the left arm of a Roman CathoUc priest, in the celebra- 
 tion of the mass. ti. A flag : an ensign. 
 
 FJin'-palin { f iin/pam ) , n . ( Bolt . ) 
 The talipot- tree, a native of the 
 East Indies. It attains to the 
 height of 60 or 70 feet, with a 
 straight trunk crowned by a 
 tuft of enormous leaves. The 
 leaves, when they first appear, 
 are folded together like a fan, 
 and afterward spread open. 
 
 Fan'- tail, n. 1. {Ornith.) k. 
 kind of bird, especially a vari- 
 ety of the domestic pigeon, so 
 called from the fan-Uke shape 
 of their tails. 2. A form of 
 gas-burner. 
 
 Fa^t-td'si-d (-ta/ze-a), n. [It. 
 See Fancy.] (M«5.) A contin- 
 uous composition, not divided 
 into what are called movements, ' 
 or governed by the ordinary 
 rules of musical design. 
 
 Fan'tagm, n. A phantom ; something not real. 
 Phantasm. 
 
 Fan-tas'ti<;, ) a. 1. Producing or existing only in 
 
 Fan-tas'tic-al, j imtgination. 2. Having the nature 
 of a phantom. 3. Indulging the vagaries of imagina- 
 tion. 4. Irregular ; wild ; capricious. 
 
 Syn. — Fanciful; imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; 
 chimerical; whimsical. See FAXciruL. 
 
 FaiiL-tas'ti«, n. A person given to fantastic dress, man- 
 ners, &c. ; hence, a dandy. 
 
 Fan-tas'ti-e-ai'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being 
 fantastical ; fantasticalness. 
 
 Faii-tas'ti<;-al-ly, adv. In a fantastic manner. 
 
 Fan-tas'ti-e-al-ness, n. State of being fantastical. 
 
 Fan'ta-sy, n. The same as Fancy. [Obs.] 
 
 Fan'toni, n. See Phantom, which is the usual si)elling. 
 
 Fan'-^wlieel, n. A fan-blower. 
 
 Fa-quir' (fa-keer'), n. See Fakir. 
 
 Far, a. [Farther and Farthest are used as the corn- 
 par, and superl. of far, although belonging to another 
 root. See Further.] [A.-'&. feorr,feor,fior,fyr,lcG\. 
 fir, fiarri, 0. H. Ger. ferri, Goth, fairra, allied to Lat. 
 porro, Gr. Troppw.] 1. Distant in any direction ; remote. 
 2. Contrary to design or wishes. 3. At enmity with ; 
 alienated. 4. More or most distant of the two. 
 
 Far, adv. 1. To a great extent or distance of space. 2. 
 To a great distance in time from anj^ point. 3. In great 
 part. 4. In a great proportion ; very much. 5. To a 
 certain point, degree, or distance. 
 
 By far, in a great degree; very much. — Far off, (a.) At or 
 to a great distance. (6.) At enmity; in a state of ignorance and 
 alienation. —Far other, very diflferent. —i^roTO/ar, from a great 
 distance; from a remote place. 
 
 l^~ Far often occurs in compounds, such as far-extended, 
 far-reaching, which need no special definition. 
 
 Far^e, n. [From Lat. farsvs, p. p. of farcire, to stuff.] 
 1. ( Cookery.) Stuffing, like that used in dressing a fowl ; 
 force-meat. 2. A low style of comldy. 3. Ridiculous 
 or empty show. 
 
 Far'9i-eal, a. Belonging to a farce ; appropriated to 
 farce ; ludicrous ; deceptive. 
 
 Far'9i-«al-ly, arfr. In manner suited to ferce ; hence, 
 ludicrously ; ridiculous y. 
 
 Far'^i-eal-ness, n. Quality of being farcical. 
 
 Far'^in, ) n. [Fr. farcin, from Lat. farcire, Fr. farcir. 
 
 Far'^y, ] See Farce, n.] (Far.) A disease of the ab- 
 sorbents, affecting the skin and its blood-vessels. It is 
 of the nature of mange, and is aUied to glanders. 
 
 F4re, v. i. [imp. &,p.p. fared ; p. pr. & vb. n. far- 
 ing.] [A.-S., 0. Sax., Goth., & 0. H. Ger. faran, Ger. 
 fahren, Icel. fara.] 1. Togo; to pass ; to journey: to 
 travel. 2. To be in any state, good or bad. 3. To be 
 treated or entertained at table, or with bodily or social 
 comforts. 4. To happen well or ill : — used impersonally. 
 
 F&re,n. 1. Price of passage by land or water. 2. Ex- 
 perience. 3. Food ; provisions for the table. 
 
 Fftre-w611', interj. [Compounded of fare, in the imper- 
 ative, and well.] Go well ; good-by ; adieu. 
 
 a, e, &e. /o«^:ft,6,&c.,«Aorf/c&re,far,a0fc, all, what; fire, ▼cil, term; pKque.fIrm; s6n,dr,do,wol^ 
 
FAREWELL 
 
 273 
 
 FASTIDIOUS 
 
 «^ The accent ia sometimes placed on the first syllubla, es- 
 pecially in poetry. 
 
 FAre'well, or Fare-\v611', n. 1. A wish of happiness 
 or welfare at parting ; adieu. 2. Act of departure ; 
 
 F4re'well, a. Parting ; valedictory. [leave. 
 
 Far'-fStclied. (-fetcht), a. 1, Brought from far. 'Z, 
 Not easily or naturally deduced or introduced ; forced ; 
 strained. 
 
 Fa-ri'na, or Fa-ri'na, n. [Lat., meal, flour, from /ar, 
 a sort of grain, spelt.] 1. The flour of any species of 
 corn, or starchy root. 3. ( Chem.) Starch or fecula, one 
 of the proximate principles of vegetables. 
 
 Fa,r'i-na'ceou.s, a. 1, Consisting or made of meal or 
 flour. 2. Yielding farina or flour. 3. Like meal ; 
 mealy ; pertaining to meal. 
 
 Farm, n. [0. Eng. ferme, farm, abode; It. ferma, Sp. 
 firma., bargain, contract, signature, from Lat. firmus., 
 "firm, fast, either because the farms were at first inclosed 
 or fortified with walls, or because the leases were con- 
 firmed or made more certain by signature.] 1. A tract 
 of land inclosed or set apart for cultivation by a tenant. 
 3. An extended piece of ground, devoted by its owner to 
 agriculture; a landed estate. 3. A lease. 
 
 Farm, v. t. {imp. & p. p. farmed ] p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FARMING.] 1. To lease or let for an equivalent, as 
 land for a rent. 3. To give up to another, as an 
 estate, a business, the revenue, a privilege, &c., on con- 
 dition of receiving in return a percentage of what it 
 yields. 3. To take at a certain rent or rate. 4. To 
 cultivate, as a farm. 
 
 Farm, v. i. To till the soil ; to labor as an agriculturist. 
 
 Farm'er, n. One who farms; as, (a.) A cultivator of 
 leased ground, (b.) One who takes taxes, customs, ex- 
 cise, or other duties, to collect for a certain rate per cent. 
 (c.) An agriculturist ; a husbandman. 
 
 Farm'er-y, n. The building and yards necessary for the 
 business of a farm. [Eng.'] 
 
 Farm'-house, n. A house attached to a farm, and for 
 the residence of a farmer. 
 
 Farm'ing, n. The business of cultivating land. 
 
 Farm'-yard, n. A yard or inclosure attached to a barn. 
 
 F3,r'o (89), n. [Said to be so called because an Egyptian 
 king or Pharoali was formerly represented on one of the 
 cards.] A species of game at cards, in which a person 
 plays against the bank, kept by the proprietor of the table. 
 
 Far-rag'i-iious, a. [^vom farrago, q. v.] Formed of 
 various materials ; mixed. 
 
 Far-rd'go (118), n. [Lat., mixed fodder for cattle, mash, 
 medley, from /or, a sort of grain.] A mass composed of 
 \ various materials confusedly mixed ; a medley. 
 
 Fa,r'ri-er, n. [0. Eng. ferrer, from L. Lat. _/errare, to 
 shoe a horse, from 'ha,t. ferruin, iron ; L. Lat. ferrarius 
 equorum, one who shoes horses.] 1. A smith who shoes 
 horses. 2. A veterinary surgeon. 
 
 FS,r'ri-er-y, n. 1. Art of shoeing horses. 3. Art of 
 preventing, curing, or mitigating the diseases of horses 
 and cattle. 
 
 Fa,r'row, n. [A. -S. /ear A, 0. H. Ger./arA, farah, pig, 
 alUed to Lat. porcus, 0. Gr. Tropxcs, liith. parszas, parsze- 
 lis, Lett, porsas, Finn, porsas.] A htter of pigs. 
 
 Fjir'row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. farrowed ; p. pr. 
 & vb.ji. FARROWING.] To bring forth, as pigs. 
 
 Far'row, a. [Of. ^cot. ferry cow, a cow that is not with 
 calf, D. vaarkoe, vaars, a young cow that has not yet 
 brought forth a calf, heifer, Ger. fdrse, allied to 0. H. 
 GeT.fhr,farro, A.-S.fearr, N. H. Ger. farre, bull, steer.] 
 Not producing young in a given season or year ; — said 
 only of cows. 
 
 Far'-siglit'ed (-sit/-), a. 1. Seeing to a great distance. 
 3. Incapable of seeing near objects distinctly. 
 
 Far'tJier, a., compar. of far. [superl. farthest. See 
 Further.] 1. More remote ; additional. 3. Tending 
 to a greater distance ; longer. 
 
 Far'tiier, adv. 1. At or to a greater distance ; more 
 remotely ; beyond. 3. Moreover. 
 
 Far'tiier, v. t. [See Further, v. t.] To help forward ; 
 to promote; to advance; to further. [Rare.] 
 
 Far'tiiest, a., superl. of far. [See Farther, and cf 
 Furthest.] Most distant or remote ; furthest. 
 
 Far'tiiest, adv. At or to the greatest distance. See 
 Furthest. 
 
 Far'tiiimg, n. [A.-S. feordhwns smdfeordhling, from 
 feordha, the fourth, from feower, feowr, four.] The 
 fourth of a penny ; — equal to half a cent. 
 
 Far'tiiin-gale, n. [0. Eng. vardingale, fardingale, 
 from 0. Fr. vertugale, vertugade, vertugadin, prob. cor- 
 rupt, from vertu-garde, vertu-gardien, i. e., virtue-guard, 
 virtue -guardian.] A hoop petticoat. 
 
 Fas'fe.^, n. pi. [Lat. fastis, bundle, allied to 
 fascia, band.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ax tied up with 
 a bundle of rods, and borne before the Roman 
 magistrates as a badge of their authority. 
 
 Fa.s'ci-al (fiish'T-al), a. Belonging to the fasces. 
 
 Fas'ci-ate (tash/i-at), a. (Bot.) (a.) Banded or 
 compacted together, (b.) Flattened or rendered j 
 flat, as some stems, through monstrous growth. 
 
 Fa,s'ci-a'ted (fasha-a'ted), a. [Lat. fasciatus, p. 
 p. of fasciare, to envelop with bands, from fascia, 
 band.] 1. Bound with a fiUet, sash or bandage. 3. 
 {Bot.) Flattened in form by growth. 
 
 Fas'ci-ele (fas^sT-kl), n. [Lat, fasciculus, dim.*^'^'"^"- 
 offascis. See Fasces.] (.Bo«.) A close cluster or cyme, 
 with the flowers much crowded together, as in the sweet- 
 william. 
 
 Fas-9i«'u-lar, a. Growing in bunches or tufts. 
 
 Fa,s'9i-nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. fascinated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. fascinating.] [Lat. fascinare, Gr. paaKcu. 
 veiv.] 1. To bewitch ; to enchant. 3. To excite and 
 allure irresistibly or powerfully. 
 
 Syn. — To charm ; enrapture; captivate. 
 
 Fas'^i-na'tioii, n. 1. The act of fascinating, bewitch- 
 ing, or enchanting; enchantment; witchcraft; unseen, 
 inexplicable influence. 3. That which fascinates ; a 
 charm ; a speU, 
 
 Fas-pine' (-seen'), n. [L&t.fascina, from, fasds, bundle.] 
 (Fort.) A bundle of rods or of small sticks of wood, used 
 in raising batteries, in filling ditches, &c. 
 
 Fa.sli'ioii (fash'un), n. [From Lat. factio, a making, 
 from, facere, to make.] 1. The make or form of any 
 thing ; pattern ; model ; workmanship ; execution. 3. 
 The prevailing mode or style, especially of dress. 3. 
 Mode of action ; manner ; sort ; way. 
 
 FS,sli'ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fashioned; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. fashioning.] 1. To form ; to give shape or fig- 
 ure to. 3. To fit ; to adapt ; to accommodate. 
 
 Fashi'ioii-a-ble, a. 1. Conforming to the fashion or 
 established mode. 3. Established by custom or use; 
 current ; prevaiUng at a particular time. 3. Observant 
 of the fashion or customary mode. 4. Genteel; well 
 bred. [in the pi. 
 
 Fasli'ioii-a-lble, n. A person of fashion ; — used chiefly 
 
 Fa.sli'ion-a-toly, adv. In a manner according to fash- 
 ion, custom, or prevailing practice. [thing. 
 
 Fasli'ion-er, n. One who forms or gives shape to any 
 
 Fast, a. [compar. faster; superl. FASTEST.] [A.-S. 
 fast, Icel.fastr, 0. H. Ger. fasti, festi.] 1. Firmly fixed ; 
 closely adhering. 3. Firm against attack ; fortified by 
 nature or art. 3. Firm in adherence ; steadfast ; faith- 
 ful. 4. Not easily disturbed or broken; deep; sound. 
 5. Moving rapidly; rapid; swift. 6. Rash' and incon- 
 siderate ; extravagant ; dissipated. 
 
 Fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined; inconstant; es- 
 pecially in the phrases to X)lcty at fast and loose, to play fast 
 and loose, to act with giddy or reckless inconstancy. 
 
 Fast, adv. 1. In a fast, fixed, or firmly established 
 manner. 3. In a fast or rapid manner ; quickly,- 
 swiftly ; rapidly. 
 
 Fast, V. i. [imp & p. p. FASTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FAST- 
 ING.] [K.-^.fdstan, 0. Sax. and Icel./«5to, 0. H. Get. 
 fast&n, Goth., fastan, to keep, to observe, to fast, allied 
 to fast, firm.] 1. To abstain from food, in whole or 
 in part ; to go hungry. 3. To practice abstinence aa a 
 religious exercise or duty. 
 
 Fast, n. 1. Abstinence from food. 3. Voluntary ab- 
 stinence from food, as a reUgious mortification or hu- 
 miliation. 3. A time of fasting, whether a day, week, 
 or longer time. 
 
 To break one's fast, to put an end to a period of abstinence by 
 taking food; especially, to take one's morning meal; to break- 
 fast. 
 
 Fast'-day, n. A day on which fasting is observed. 
 
 Fast'en (ias'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fastened ; p. pr 
 & vb. n. fastening.] [A.-S. fdstan,fdstenian. See 
 Fast, a.] 1. To fix firmly ; to make fast; to secure. 
 3. To hold together ; to cause to cleave, or to cleave to- 
 gether, by any means. 
 
 Syn. — To fix; cement; stick; link; attach; affix; annex. 
 
 Fast'en (fas'n), tJ. i. To fix one's self ; to clinch. 
 
 Fast'en-er, n. One who, or that which, makes fast. 
 
 Fast'en-ing (ias^n-ing), n. Any thing that binds and 
 makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, &c. _ _ 
 
 Fas-tid'i-oiis, a. [Lat. fastidiosus, from fastidium, 
 contr. fr. fastHs tsedium, i. e., loathing for any sort of 
 enjoyment.] Difficult to please ; delicate to a fault. 
 
 Syn.— Sqeamish. —Fastidious is applied to one whose taste 
 or feelings are offended by trifling defects or errors; squeamwA 
 
 food, f cfbt 
 
 ilrn, rude, pull ; 
 
 "18 
 
 fell, pliaise, <!all, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link; till*. 
 
FASTIDIOUSLY 
 
 274 
 
 FAUN 
 
 (W., h«ring a utomach which is casilv turned) to one who is 
 oxcesaivelj- nict> on minor points, or else over-scrupulous. 
 
 Fas-tid'l-oils-ly , ndf. In c I'h^tidious manner. 
 
 Fas-titl'l-otts-iiess, »i. State or quality of being &s- 
 tidious ; squeauiishue^s. 
 
 Fast'ness, u. IStn- Fast, a.] 1. State of being fast 
 and firm ; fixtniuess ; security, ii. A fast place ; a strong- 
 hold ; a fortress or fort. 
 
 Fftt, a. [cotnpar. FATTER ; superl. FATTEST.] [A.-S. 
 fdt, O. Sax. t'(t,feit,feitit. Icel.feitr.] 1. Abounding 
 with fat ; as, \n.) Fleshy ; plump ; corpulent. (6.) Oily ; 
 gr«asy ; unctuous ; rich. '2. Exhibiting the qualities of 
 a Ijit animal ; coarse; heavy; gross; dull; stupid. 3. 
 Yielding a rich or abundant "supply ; productive. 
 
 rat, n. [0. Sax. flit, Ger. fett, D. vet. See supra.] 1, 
 An oily, concrete substance, deposited in various parts 
 of animal bodies. *2. The best or richest productions ; 
 the best part. 
 
 rat, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FATTED ; p.pr. & vb. n. fat- 
 ting.] To make fat ; to fatten. 
 
 Fat, V. i. To grow fat, plump, and fleshy. 
 
 Fat, n. [A.-S. fat, 0. H. Ger. faz, N. H. Ger.fasz, al- 
 lied to 0. H. Ger. fazzd7i,/azdn, to take hold of, to con- 
 tain.] A large tub, cistern, or vessel ; a vat. 
 
 Fa'tal, a. [Lat. /a«a/i5, from /amw. See Fate.] 1. 
 Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate ; necessary; in- 
 evitable. [Rare.] 3. Causing death or destruction; 
 deadly ; mortal ; destructive ; calamitous. 
 
 Fa'tal-i§iu, n. The doctrine of fate, or inevitable ne- 
 cessity, [pen by inevitable necessity. 
 
 Fa'tal-ist, n. One who maintains that all things hap- 
 
 Fa-tai'i-ty, n. 1. State of being fatal, or proceeding 
 from destiny ; invincible necessity, ii. State of being 
 productive of death ; tendency to destruction or danger ; 
 
 Fa'tal-ly, adv. In a fatal manner. [mortality. 
 
 Fd'td Mor-f/d'nd. [It. , so called because this phenom- 
 enon was looked upon as the work of a Fata, or Fairy, 
 of the name of Morgana.] A phenomenon, in which, by 
 an extraordinary atmospheric refraction, images of objects 
 at a distance appear as inverted, distorted, displaced, or 
 multipUed. 
 
 Fate, n. {LaX-fatum, oracle, destiny, fate, from fari, to 
 epeak.] 1. A decree or word pronounced by God ; hence, 
 inevitable necessity, ii. Appointed lot ; especially , ^.Toal 
 lot; death; destruction. 3. pi. [Lat. Fata, pi. of 
 fatum.] (Myth.) Three goddesses, who were supposed 
 te determine the course of human life. 
 
 Syn. — Destiny ; lot; doom; fortune; chance. 
 
 Fat'ed, a. Decreed or regulated by fate ; doomed ; 
 
 Fate'ful, a. Bearing fatal power ; producing fatal events. 
 
 Fa'tiier , n. [A.-S. fader, Icel. fadir, Goth, fadar, 0. H. 
 Ger. fatar, N. H. Ger. vater, allied to Lat. pater, Gr. 
 jrar^p, Per. padar, peder, Skr. pitri.] 1. Male parent. 
 2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent ; a pro- 
 genitor ; especially, a first ancestor. 3. He who is to 
 be venerated for age, kindness, wisdom, &c. 4. A sen- 
 ator of ancient Rome. 5. A dignitary of the Roman 
 CathoUc church, a superior of a convent, a confessor, or 
 a priest; also, a dignitary or elder clergyman in the 
 Protestant church, as an archbishop, bishop, or pastor. 
 6. One of the chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first 
 centuries after Christ. 7. A producer, author, or con- 
 triver ; the first of a series ; a distinguished example or 
 teacher. 8. The Supreme Being ; in theology, the first 
 person in the Trinity. 
 
 Fa'ther, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fathered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. fathering.] 1. To make one's self the father of; 
 to beget. 2. To take as one's own child; to adopt; 
 hence, to acknowledge one's self author of. 
 
 To father on, or upon, to ascribe to, or charge upon, as one's 
 oflFspnng or production. 
 
 Fa'tiier-hrfbd, n. State of being a father ; paternity. 
 
 Fa'tiier-in-law, n. The father of one's husband or 
 wife. ■ [ancestors. 
 
 Fa'tiier-iand, n. The native land of one's fathers or 
 
 Fa'thier-ia.sli/er, n. (Ichth.) A certain salt-water fish, 
 aUied to the river bull-bead. 
 
 Fa'tlier-Iess, a. 1. Destitute of a living father. '2. 
 Without a known author. 
 
 Fa'tiier-ll-nes8, n> The qualities of a father ; parental 
 kindness, care, and tenderness. 
 
 Fa'tiier-16ng'-16g§, n. 1. (Entom.) An insect of the 
 genus Tipula ; a crane-fly ; — called also daddy-long-legs. 
 2. (Zo'dl.) A species of spider, having a small, roundish 
 or oval body, and very 'ong legs, by which it is enabled 
 to run with great rapidity ; — called also daddy-long-legs. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 Fa'tber-ly. a. 1. Like a father in affection and care ; 
 paternal ; tender ; protecting ; careful. 2. Pertaining 
 to a fcther. 
 
 Fatli'om, n. [A.-S. fddhem, fddhm, Icel. fadmr, 
 embrace. 0. H. Ger. fadam, fadu7n,\io\h from Goth. 
 fahan, 0. H. Ger. fahan, to take, seize.] A measure of 
 length, containing six feet ; the space to which a man 
 can extend his arms ; — used chiefly at sea. 
 
 Fatii'om, V. t. [i??jp. & p. 7?. FATHOMED; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. FATHOMING.] To measure by a sounding line; 
 especially, to sound the depth of; to get to the bottom of. 
 
 Fatii'om-a-ble, a. Capable of being fathomed. 
 
 Fatli'om.-less, a. Incapable of being fathomed. 
 
 Fa-tid'ic-al, a. [L&t.fatidicus, from fatum, fate, and 
 dicere, to say, tell.] Having power to foretell future 
 events ; prophetic. 
 
 Fa-tigue' (fa-teegO, «. [Seezn/ra.] 1. Wearinesa from 
 bodily labor or mental exertion. 2. Cause of weari- 
 ness; labor; toil. 3. The labors of military men, dis- 
 tinct from the use of arms. 
 
 Fa-figue' (fa-teeg'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FATIGUED; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. FATIGUING.] [LB.t.fat-igare.] To weary 
 with labor or any bodily Or mental exertion ; to exhaust 
 the strength or endurance of ; to jade ; to tire. 
 
 Fat'ling, n. A lamb, kid, or other young animal fet- 
 tened for slaughter ; a fat animal. 
 
 Fat'ly, adv. Grossly ; greasily. 
 
 Fat'ner, n. One who, or that which, fattens. 
 
 Fat'ness, «. [From /of.] 1. Qu^ity of being fat; cor- 
 pulency ; fullness of flesh. 2. Hence, richness ; fertile 
 ity ; fruitfulness. 3. That which is fat or greasy ; that 
 which makes fat or fertile. 
 
 Fat'ten (faftn), v. t. {imp. & p. p. FATTENED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FATTENING.] 1. To make fat; to fill full ; 
 to fat. 2. To make fertile and fruitful ; to enrich. 
 
 Fat'ten (fiit'tn), v. i. To grow fat or corpulent. 
 
 Fat'ten-er, ?t. One who, or that which, fattens. 
 
 Fat'ti-ness, n. The state of being fatty ; grossness. 
 
 Fat'ty, a. Containing fat, or having its quaUties ; greasy. 
 
 Fa-tii'i-ty, n. [See infra.] Weakness or imbecility of 
 mind ; feebleness of intellect. 
 
 Fat'u-otis, a. [L&t.fatuus.] 1. Feeble in mind ; weak. 
 2. Impotent ; without reaUty ; illusory. 
 
 Faubourg (fo/bcTorg), n. [Fr., for faux-bourg, i.e., a 
 felse, not genuine, town, froro. faux, false, and bouTg,& 
 market town. See False and BOROUGH.] A suburb 
 in French cities. 
 
 Fau'«al, a. [Lat. fauces, throat.] Pertaining to the 
 fences, or opening of the throat ; especially (Pron.), pro- 
 duced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds found 
 in the Semitic and some other languages. 
 
 Fau'^es, n. pi. [Lat.] The posterior part of the mouth, 
 terminated by the pharynx and larynx. 
 
 Fau'^et, n. [From Lat. fauces. See supra.] A fixture 
 for drawing liquor from a cask or vessel, consisting of a 
 tube stopped with a peg, spigot, or slide. 
 
 Faugh (faw), interj. [Cf. FOH.] Exclamation of con- 
 tempt or abhorrence. 
 
 FauI'diion, n. The same as Falchion. 
 
 Fault, n. [0. Fr. faulte, falte, as if from a Lat. word 
 faUitare, freq. form of fallere, to deceite, to be concealed.] 
 1. Want; absence; lack; default. 2. Any thing that 
 fails, is wanting, or that impairs excellence. 3. Amoral 
 failing ; an offense less serious than a crime. 4. ( Geol. 
 & Mining. ) A displacement of strata or veins at a fis- 
 sure, so that they are not continuous, and the operations 
 of the miner are interrupted. 5. {Hunting.) A lost 
 scent. 
 
 At fault, unable to find the scent and continue chase j 
 hence, puzzled; thrown off the ttauck..— To find fault, to express 
 dissatisfaction ; to complain. 
 
 Syn. — Error ; blemish ; defect ; imperfection ; weakness ; 
 blunder; failing; vice. 
 
 Fault, V. t. [imp. & p. p. faulted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FAULTING.] To cause a fault or displacement in; — 
 said of strata or veins. 
 
 Fault'i-ly, adv. In a faulty manner ; blamably. 
 
 Fault'i-ness, n. State of bemg faulty, defective, or er- 
 roneous; defect. 
 
 Fault'less, a. Without fault ; ii«e from blemish. 
 "SyTi. — Blameless; spotless; stainless; perfect. 
 
 Fault1es8-ly, adv. In a faultless manner. 
 
 FJiult'less-ness, n. Freedom from faults or defects. 
 
 Fault 'y, a. 1. Containing faults, blemishes, or defects ; 
 defective ; imperfect. 2. Guilty of a fault, or of fiiults ; 
 hence, blamable. 
 
 Faun, n. [Lat. Faunus, the protecting deity of agncnl- 
 ture and of shepherds, fi:om favere, to be favorable.J 
 
 a, ©,&c., long,- &,6,&e.,skort; c4re, far, ask, aU, what; ere, veU,tgrm; pique, firm; sdn,6r, d9,w9U. 
 
FAUNA 
 
 275 
 
 FECULA 
 
 (Rom. Myth.) A gml of fields and shepherds, usually 
 represented as half goat ami half man. 
 
 F^u'na, n. [From the Lat. Fauni, rural deities among 
 the Romans. See supra.] (Zool.) The animals of any 
 given area or epoch. 
 
 Fauteuil (fo-tfll'), n. [Fr.] An arm-chair, usually high- 
 ly ornamented ; hence, a seat or membership in the 
 French Academy. 
 
 Fa'vor, n. [Lat., fr. favere, to he favorable.] 1. Kind re- 
 gard ; propitious aspect, tj. Actof countenancing, or con- 
 dition of being countenanced ; support. 3. A kind act 
 or office ; an act of grace or good will. 4. Mildness ; len- 
 ity. 5. Object of kind regard. 6. A gift or present ; a 
 token of love ; something worn as a token of affection. 7. 
 A letter or epistle ; — so called iu civiUty or compUment. 
 Syn. —Kindness; countenance; patronage; defense; vin- 
 dication; support; lenity; grace; gift; present; benefit. 
 
 Fa'vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. favored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FAVORING.] 1. To regard with kindness; to support; 
 to aid ; to befriend. H, To afford advantages for suc- 
 cess to ; to facihtate. 
 
 Fa'vor-a-ble, a. 1. Manifesting or indicating partial- 
 ity ; kind; propitious; friendly. 2. Tending to pro- 
 mote or facihtate ; advantageous. 
 
 Fa'vor-a-ble-ness, n. Condition or quaUty of being 
 favorable ; kindness ; partiality ; suitableness. 
 
 Fa'vor-a-bly, adv. In a favorable manner ; kindly. 
 
 Fa'vor-er, n. One who favors ; a well-wisher. 
 
 Fa'vor-ite, n. A person or thing regarded vnth peculiar 
 f^vor ; one treated ^vith partiaUty. 
 
 Fa'vor-ite, a. Regarded with particular kindness, affec- 
 tion, esteem, or preference. 
 
 Fa'vor-it-i§m, n. The disposition to favor, aid, and 
 promote the interest of a favorite ; partiality. 
 
 Fa"wm, n. [Fr. faon, the yoiuig one of any beast, for 
 'fedon, from La,t. faetics, that is or was filled with young.] 
 A young fallow deer ; a buck or doe of the first year. 
 
 Fawn, V. i. [imp. & p.p. FAWNED ; p. pr. & ^•6. n. 
 FAWNING.] [0. Eng./awArae, X.-^. fdgnian,f'dgenian, 
 /agenia7i,fahnian, to rejoice, flatter, wheedle. See Fain.] 
 1. To court favor by low cringing, frisking, and the like, 
 as a dog. 3. To court servilely ; to flatter meanly. 
 
 Fawii'er, n. One who fawns ; a sycophant. 
 
 Fay (fa), n. [See Fairy.] A fairy ; an elf. 
 
 Fay, V. t. [Contracted from./adge, q. v.] To fit ; to suit ; 
 to unite closely with. 
 
 Fay, V. i. To unite closely ; to fit ; to fadge. 
 
 Fe'al-ty, n. [From liB,t. ^elitas, from. Jidelis.] Fideli- 
 ty to one's lord ; fidehty to a superior power, or to a 
 government. 
 
 Syn. — Homage ; loyalty ; fidelity. See Homage. 
 
 Fear, n. [A.-S. fctr, a coming suddenly upon, deceit, fear, 
 danger, Icel.fdr, 0. H. Ger. /dm.] 1. A painful emo- 
 tion excited by an expectation of evil, or the apprehen- 
 sion of impending danger ; apprehension ; soUcitude ; 
 alarm; dread; terror, ti, {Script.) (a.) The trembling 
 and awful reverence felt toward the Supreme Being, (b.) 
 Respectful reverence for men of authority or worth. 3. 
 That which causes, or which is the object of apprehen- 
 sion or alarm. 
 
 Fear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. feared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 fearing.] 1. To feel a painful apprehension of; to be 
 srfraid of. 2. To have a reverential awe of. 
 
 Syn. — To apprehend ; dread ; reverence ; venerate. 
 
 Feat;, v. i. To be in apprehension of evil ; to be afraid. 
 
 Fear'ful, a. 1. Full of fear ; afraid ; frightened. 2. 
 Inclined to fear ; easily fHghtened. 3. Indicating, or 
 caused by, fear. 4. Inspiring fear ; exciting apprehen- 
 sion or terror. 
 
 Syn. — Apprehensive ; afraid ; timid ; timorous ; horrible ; 
 distressing ; shocking ; frightful ; dreadful ; awful ; terrible. 
 
 Fear'ful-ly, adv. In a fearful manner. 
 
 Fear'f ul-ness, n. State of being fearful ; apprehension. 
 
 Fear'less, a. Free from fear or apprehension. 
 
 Syn. — Bold ; daring; courageous; intrepid; valorous; 
 vahant ; brave : undaunted ; dauntless ; heroic. 
 
 Fear'less-ly, adv. In a fearless manner ; intrepidly. 
 
 Fearless-ness, n. State or quahty of being fearless ; 
 courage : boldness ; intrepidity. 
 
 Fear'nauglit (feer'nawt), n. A woolen cloth of great 
 thickness ; dreadnaught. [bility. 
 
 Fea'§i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being feasible ; pi-actica- 
 
 Fea'§i-ble, a. [0. Fr. faisible, N. Fr. faisable, from 
 /aire, to make or do, La*, facere.] Capable of being 
 done, executed, or effected ; practicable. 
 
 Fea'gi-ble-ness, n. Feasibility ; practicabihty. 
 
 Feast, n. [From Lat. /esfum, pi. /esfa.] 1, A festival ; 
 
 a holiday ; a solemn, or more commonly joyous, anniver- 
 
 I sary. 2. A festive or joyous meal ; a rich repast; a 
 banquet. 3. Something delicious or highly agreeable; 
 entertainment. 
 
 Syn. — Entertainment ; regale ; banquet ; treat ; carousal ; 
 festivity ; festival. — A feast sets before us viands superior in 
 quantity, variety, and abundance ; a banquet is a luxurious 
 least ; a festival is the joyful celebration by good cheer of some 
 agreeable event. A feast which was designed to be a festivai, 
 may be changed into abajiquet. Carousal is unrestrained in- 
 dulgence in frolic and driuK. 
 
 Feast, V. i. [imp. & p. ;?. feasted ; p.pr. k vb. n. 
 feasting.] 1. To eat siunptuously ; to dine or sup on 
 rich provisions. 2. To be highly gratified or delighted. 
 
 Feast, V. t. 1. To entertain with sumptuous provisions. 
 2. To dehght ; to gratify luxuriously. 
 
 Feat, n. [From hat. factum, from /actus, p. p. of facer' , 
 to make or do.] 1. An act; a deed; an exploit. 2. A 
 striking act of strength, skill, or cunning ; a trick. 
 
 Fgath'er, n. [A.-S. fedher, 0. H. Ger. fedara, Icel.fo- 
 dur,fidr, allied to Gr. Trrepov, for TreVepoi/, Lat. penna, for 
 pesna, equiv. to petna.] One of the growths, generally 
 formed each of a central quill and a vane on each side of 
 it, which make up the covering of a bird ; a plume ; a pen. 
 A feather in the cap, an honor or mark of distinction. — To 
 he in high feather, to appear in high spirits and health, like 
 birds when their plumage is full after molting. — To cut a 
 feather, to make the water foam in moving; — said of a ship.— 
 To show the white feather, to give indications of cowardice ; — 
 a white feather in the tail of a cock being considered a token 
 that he is not of the true game-breed. 
 
 Fgath'er, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. feathered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FEATHERING.] 1. To dress in feathers ; to 
 furnish with a feather, as an arrow or a cap. 2. To 
 adorn ; to deck. 3. To tread, as a cock. 
 
 To feather one's nest, to provide for one's self, especially from 
 property which passes through one's hands ; — a proverb taken 
 from birds which collect feathers for the lining of their nests.— 
 To feather the oars (yaut.), to bring their blades in rowing into 
 an horizontal position as they rise out of the water, so as to cut 
 the wind and not to hold it. 
 
 Feath'er, v. i. To become feathered or horizontal. 
 
 Featii'er-board'ing, n. A covering of boards in vehich. 
 the edge of one board overlaps another, like the feathers 
 of a bird ; weather-boarding. ■ [ers- 
 
 Featii'ered, a. Clothed, covered, or fitted with feath- 
 
 Featii'er-edge, n. An edge formed like that of a feath- 
 er, or thinner than the opposite edge ; — applied to boarda 
 and cutting instruments. [with, feathers. 
 
 Featii'er-y, a. Pertaining to, resembUng, or covered 
 
 Feat'ly, arftj. ['Sxom. feat .] Neatly ; dexterously ; adroitly. 
 
 Feat'ure, n. [0. Fr. /ai^wre, fashion, make, from Lat. 
 factura, a maldng, formation, from facere, factum, to 
 make.] 1. Make, form, or appearance of a person; es- 
 pecially, good appearance. 2. The make, cast, or ap- 
 pearance of the human face, -and especially of any single 
 part of the face ; a Uneament ; — often used in the plural 
 for the face, the countenance. 3. Cast or structure of 
 any thing ; any marked peculiarity. 
 
 Feat'ure-less, a. Having no distinct features. 
 
 Feat'ure-ly, a. Having features showing marked pecu- 
 liarities. 
 
 F6b/ri-fa'cient, a. [Lat./e&m, fever, SM&faciens,fa- 
 cientis, p, pr. of facere, to make.] Causing fever ; febrific. 
 
 Fe-brif'i-e, a. [ha.t.febris, fever, and /acere, to make.] 
 Producing fever ; febrifacient. 
 
 Feb'ri-ftt'gal, or Fe-brif u-gal, a. [Seefn/ra.] Hav- 
 ing the quality of mitigating or curing fever. 
 
 Feb'ri-f iige, n . [From Lat. febris, fever, and/M^a/«, tw 
 put to flight, from fugere, to flee.] (Med.) A medicine 
 serving to mitigate or remove fever. 
 
 Feb'ri-ftige, a. (Med.) Having the quality of miti- 
 gating or subduing fever ; antifebrile. 
 
 FeHbrile, or Fgb'rile, a. [From Lat. febris, fever.J 
 Pertaining to fever ; indicating fever, or derived from it. 
 
 Feb'ru.-a-ry, n. [Lat. Februarius, the month of expia- 
 tion, because on the 15th of this month the great feasi 
 of expiation was held, from, februum, orig. in the Sabine 
 language, a purgative, hence, /e&rwa, pi. , the Roman fesl' - 
 val of purification. &nd. febniare , to purify, expiate.] The 
 second month in the year. In common years this month 
 contains 28 days : in the bissextile or leap year, 29 days. 
 
 Fe'-eal, a. [Lat. /-cr, pl./^ce5, q. v.] Pertaining to, or 
 containing dregs or feces ; faecal. 
 
 Fe'^es (fe'sez), Ji. pi. Dregs; fseces. 
 
 Fe<:'u-la, n. [Lait.fsecula, dim. of ^a:, sediment, dregs.] 
 Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply 
 breaking down the texture, washing with water, and 
 subsidence; especially, (a.) Nutritious part of wheat; 
 starch or farina, (b.) The green matter of plants. 
 
 food, f^ot ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, ^Haise, -call, eclio ; gen», get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, liQk ; this. 
 
FECULENCE 
 
 276 
 
 FELLOW 
 
 T6e'u-len^e, \n. 1. State or quality of being fecu- 
 F»y«'u-leii-vy, ) lent ; uuuUliness ; foiiluess. iJ. That 
 
 which is feculent ; seiliuieut ; U>es ; dregs. 
 F6€'u-lent, a. [Lat. fivcuJ^Htus, from fax, fwcula.] 
 
 Foul with extraueous or impure substances ; dreggy ; 
 
 muddy ; thick ; turbid. 
 F6«'un-date. v. t. [iinp. & p. p. fecundated; p. 
 
 pr. & i-b.n. FECUNDATING.] [h&t. fccundare ,fecunda- 
 
 turn, fr. the root of fatus.] 1. To make fruitful or prolific. 
 
 "i. To impregnate. [fruitful ; impregnation. 
 
 Fde'un-dS'tion, n. The act of fecundating or making 
 Fe-eiln'tli-ty. it. 1. Quality or power of producing fruit 
 
 or young ; fruitfuluess. 'Z. Power of germinatmg, as 
 
 in seeds. 3. Fertility; richuess of invention. 
 Fed, imp. & ;;. p. ot'/ietf. See FEED. 
 F«?d'er-al, a. [From hat. fadus, league, treaty, com- 
 
 Sict.] 1. Pertaining to a league, contract, or treaty. 
 . Specijicaili/, composed of states or districts which re- 
 tain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty. 
 
 Fed'er-al, 1 «• An advocate of confederation ; speci/?- 
 
 FCd'er-al-ist, I colly, (Amer. Hist.), a friend of the 
 Constitution of the United States at its formation and 
 adoption. 
 
 F6d'er-al-i§m, n. The principles of Federalists. 
 
 F6d'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. fcederatus, from /osrfMS, league.] 
 United by compact, as sovereignties, states, or nations ; 
 leagued ; confederate. 
 
 Fgd'er-a'tion, n. 1. The act of uniting in a league ; 
 confederation. 2. A league ; a confederacy. 
 
 FSd'er-a-tive, a. Uniting ; joining in a league. 
 
 Fee, n. [A.-S. feoh, cattle: cattle being used in early 
 times as a medium of exchange or payment, the word 
 came to signify money, value, price, hire, reward, fee, and, 
 as property chiefly consisted of cattle, goods, property, 
 wealth, riches ; allied to Gr. ttcuv, flock, and Lat. peciis, 
 c&ttle, pecunia, property, money, from pecMS.] 1, Proper- 
 ty : possession, ti. Reward for services ; especially, pay- 
 ment for professional services ; charge. 3. (Feud. Law.) \ 
 A right to the use of a superior's land, as a stipend for ser- 
 Tices to be performed ; the land so held ; a fief. 4. (E7ig. 
 Law.) An estate of inheritance supposed to beheld either 
 mediately or immediately from the sovereign. 5. {Amer. 
 Law.) An estate of inheritance belonging to the owner, 
 and transmissible to his heirs, absolutely and simply, 
 without condition attached to the tenure. 
 
 Fee, V. t. [imp. & p. p. feed ; p. pr. & vb. n. FEEING.] 
 To reward for services performed, or to be performed ; to 
 recompense ; to hire ; to bribe. 
 
 FeeHble, a. [compar. feebler; superl. feeblest.] 
 [0. Eng. feble, 0. Fr. feble,flebe,jfloibe,floible, foible, N. 
 Fr./afd/e,from Lat. flebilis, lamentable, wretched, from 
 flere, to weep.] 1. Deficient in physical strength. 3. 
 Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency in action or express- 
 ion. 3. Indicating feebleness. 
 
 Syn. — Infirm; weak; debilitated; languid ; imbecile ; de- 
 crepit; faint. 
 
 FeeHble-mind'ed, a. Weak in intellectual power. 
 
 FeeHble-ness, n. Quality or condition of being feeble ; 
 weakness of body or mind ; infirmity. [strength. 
 
 FeeHbly, adv. In a feeble manner; weakly; without 
 
 Feed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fed ; p.pr. & vb. n. feeding.] 
 [A.-S. /cc/a/i, Goth. /o<//a?i, Icel. /orfa. Cf. Food and 
 Fodder.] 1. To give food to ; to supply with nourish- 
 ment. 2. To fill the wants of; to satisfy. 3. To graze; 
 to cause to be cropped by feeding. 4. To give for food ; 
 to furnish for consumption. 5. ( Mach. ) To supply with 
 materials, as a printing press with paper; to subject to 
 operation, as the work, or the tool, in machines. 
 
 Feed, v. i. 1. To take food ; to eat. 3. To subsist by 
 eating ; to prey. 3. To pasture ; to graze. 
 
 Feed, n. 1. That which is eaten by beasts ; provender ; 
 fodder. 3. A grazing or pasture ground. 3. Allowance 
 of provender given to a horse, cow, &c. 4. Water sup- 
 plied to steam-boilers. 5. (Mach.) The parts that move 
 the work to the cutting-tool, or the tool to the work. 
 
 Feed'er, n. 1. One who gives food. 2. One who, or 
 that which feeds a printing-press or other machine. 3. 
 One who furnishes incentives. 4. One who eats or sub- 
 sists. 5. One who fattens cattle for slaughter. 6. A 
 fountain, stream, or ^;hannel that supplies a main canal 
 with water. 7. A bV3.nch railroad, or a side Une which 
 increases the busine.'^s of the main line. 8. (Mining.) 
 A side branch of a vein that passes into a lode. 
 
 Fee'-farm, n. (Laiv.) Land held of another in fee, in 
 consideration of an annual farm or rent ; an estate in fee- 
 simple, subject to a perpetual rent. 
 
 Feel, V. t. [imp. & p. p. felt ; p. pr. & vb. n. feel- 
 IN©.] [A.-S. filan, ge/elan.] 1. To perceive by the 
 
 touch. 2. To touch ; to examine by touching ; hence 
 to make trial of; to test. 3. To perceive within one'.s 
 self; to experience ; to be afifected by. 4. To have an 
 inward persuasion of 
 
 Feel, V. i. 1. To have perception by the touch, or the 
 nerves of sensation. 3. To have the sensibiUties moved 
 or afiiected. 3. To perceive one's self to be; — followed 
 by an adjective describing the inward state, &c. 4. To 
 know with feeling ; hence, to know certainly. 5. To 
 appear to the touch ; to give a perception. 
 
 Feel, n. 1. FeeUng ; perception. [Bare.] 2. A scnsa- 
 tion communicated by touching. 
 
 Feel'er, n. 1, One who, or that which, feels. 3, (Nat. 
 Hist. ) One of the organs with which certain animals are 
 furnished, for trying objects by the touch ; a palp. 3. 
 A proposal, observation, or the like, put forth to ascer- 
 tain the views of others. 
 
 Feel'iiig, p. a. 1. Possessing great sensibility: 3. Ex- 
 pressive of great sensibility ; sensitive. 
 
 FeeFing, n. 1. The sense; sense of touch. 3. An act 
 or state of perception by the sense above described ; con- 
 sciousness. 3. Capacity of the soul for emotional states. 
 4. Any state or condition of emotion ; any mental state. 
 Syn. — Sensation ; emotion; passion; sentiment; agitationj 
 opinion. See Emotion. 
 
 Feel'ing-ly, adv. In a feeling manner ; affectmgly. 
 
 Fee'-sira'ple, n. (Law.) An absolute fee; a fee with- 
 out conditions or limits. See Fee. 
 
 Feet, n. ; pi. of foot. See Foot. 
 
 Feign (fan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. feigned ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. feigning.] [Fr. feindre, p. pr. feignant ; Lat. fin- 
 gere.] 1. To imagine; hence, to assert by a fiction; to 
 pretend. 3. To make a show of ; to counterfeit. 
 
 Feigii'er (fan'er), n. One who feigns ; an inventor. 
 
 Feint (fant), w. [See supra.] 1. That which is feigned; 
 a pretense. 3. A seeming aim at one part when another 
 is intended to be struck. 
 
 Feint (fant), v. i. To make a feint, or mock attack. 
 
 Feld'spar , »i. [Ger. feldspath, from feld, field, and spath, 
 spar.] (Min.) A crystalline mineral, somewhat vitreous 
 in luster, and breaking rather easUy in two directions. 
 It consists of sihca, alumina, and potash. 
 
 Feld-spatli'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 
 Feld-spath'ose, j feldspar. 
 
 Fe-lif'i-tate, v. t. [in^p. & p. p. felicitated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. felicitating.] [L. Lat. felicitare, felicita- 
 tum ;felix, happy.] 1. To make very happy ; to delight. 
 3. To express joy or pleasure to ; to congratulate. 
 Syn. — See Congratulate. 
 
 Fe-li^'i-ta'tion, n. Act of feUcitating ; congratulation. 
 
 Fe-lip'i- toils, a. [From Lat. felix, happy.] Happy ; de- 
 lightful ; skillful ; well applied or expressed ; appropriate. 
 
 Fe-li^'i-toils-ly, adv. In a felicitous manner. 
 
 Fe-lif'i-ty, n. 1. State of being happy ; blessedness. 
 3. That which promotes happiness ; a successful or 
 gratifying event or circumstance. 
 
 Syn. — Happiness ; bliss ; beatitude ; blessedness ; blissful- 
 ness. 
 
 Fe'line, a. [LaX.felinus, from, feles, ovfelis, cat.] Per- 
 taining to a cat or to cats. 
 
 Fell, imp. of fall. See Fall. 
 
 Fell, a. [From Celtic /aZZ, fal, feal., bad, eVA, fal, fata, 
 grudge, malice, treachery, feall, treachery, falsehood, 
 conspiracy, murder.] Cruel ; barbarous ; inhuman ; 
 fierce ; savage ; ravenous ; bloody. 
 
 F611, n. [A.-S. fell, Icel. fell, felldr, Goth, fill, allied to 
 Lat. pellis.] A skin or hide of a beast. 
 
 Fell, V. t. [imp. & p. p. felled; p. pr. & vb. n. FELL- 
 ING.] [A.-S.fellan,fyllan, causative form of feallan, to 
 fall.] 1. To cause to fall; to prostrate. 3. To sew or 
 hem ; — said of seams only. 
 
 Fell'er, n. One who fellsor knocks down. 
 
 Fell'-mcn'ger (-miing/ger), n. A dealer in fells <» 
 sheepskins, who separates the wool from the pelts. 
 
 Fgll'ness, n. State of being feU or cruel. 
 
 Fel'loe, n. See Felly. 
 
 Fgl'low, 71. [0. Eng. felawe, A.-S. felaw, from feligean, 
 fyligean, fylgan, to follow.] 1. One who follows; an 
 adherent ; a companion ; a comrade ; an associate. 3. 
 A man without good breeding or worth. 3. An equal 
 in power, rank, character, or the like. 4. One of a pair ; 
 a mate. 5. A person ; an individual. 6. One of the 
 associates in an English college, admitted to share in its 
 revenues : a member of a literary or scientific society or 
 corporation. 7. One of the trustees of a college. [Amer.] 
 IS^" Fellow is often used in composition, indicating an asio- 
 ciate, or sometimes equality. 
 
 a, e, &c., lon£; a, 6, kc, short ; c^re, far, ask, all, wrtisjt ; 6re, veil, term ; piique, ffrRi ; s6n, dr, do, -woU 
 
FELLOW-COMMONER 
 
 277 
 
 FERMENTATION 
 
 f gl'low-cSni'moii-er, n. A student in sSa English 
 university who commons, or dines, with the fellows. 
 
 Fgl'low-creat'lire, n. One of the same race or kind ; 
 one made by the same Creator. 
 
 F61'low-f eel'ing, n. Sympathy ; a like feeling. 
 
 F61'low-sliip, n. 1. State or relation of being a fellow 
 or associate. 3. Frequent and familiar intercourse ; 
 companionship. 3. Company ; a state of being together. 
 41 Partnership. 5. An association ; a company. 6. (JBng-. 
 Universities.) A foundation for the maintenance, on 
 certain condition*, of a resident scholar. 7. (Arith.) 
 The rule for dividing profit and loss among partners. 
 
 Good fellowship,^ fondness for company ; love of society ; 
 trustworthiness; kind behavior. 
 
 F611y, n. [A.-S. felg, felge.] The exterior rim, or a 
 part of the rim, of a wheel. 
 
 JP^'lo-dC'Se' , n. [L. Lat. See infra.] (Law.) A self- 
 murderer; a suicide. 
 
 Fgl'on, n. [L. Lat. felo, fella, from 0. Fr. fel, It. fello. 
 See Fell, a.] 1. [Law.) A person who has committed 
 felony. 2. A person guilty or capable of heinous crime. 
 3. (Med.) A whitlow; a painful inflammation of the 
 fingers or toes. 
 
 Syn.— Criminal; convict; malefactor; culprit. 
 
 FSl'oii, a. 1. Malignant ; fierce ; malicious. 2. Traitor- 
 ous ; disloyal. 
 
 Fe-lo'ni-ous, a. Having the quality of felony ; malig- 
 nant; maUcious ; villainous; traitorous; perfidious. 
 
 Fe-lo'ni-oiis-Iy, adv. In a felonious manner. 
 
 Fel'o-ny, n. [L. Lat. felonia, from felo, fello. See 
 Felon.] 1, (Eng. Law.) An offense which occasions 
 a total forfeiture of either lands or goods, or both, at the 
 common law, and to which capital or other punishment 
 may be added, according to the degree of guilt. 3. A 
 heinous crime ; especially, a crime punishable by death 
 or imprisonment. 
 
 Fel'spar, n. See Feldspar. 
 
 Fel-spath'i-e, a. See Feldspathic. 
 
 F61t, imp. & p. p. or a. from. feel. See FEEL. 
 
 Felt, n. [A.-S. felt, D. vUt, N. & 0. H. Ger. flz, allied 
 to Gr. TTiAos, hair or wool wrought into felt, Lat. pilus, 
 hair.] 1, Cloth or stuff of wool, or wool and fur, 
 wrought into a compact substance by rolling and press- 
 ure, with lees or size. 3. A hat made of wool. 
 
 F61t, V. t. [imp. & p. p. felted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FELTING.] 1. To make into felt, or a felt-like sub- 
 stance. 3. To cover with felt. [felt-cloth. 
 
 Felt'ing, n. The material of which felt is made ; also, 
 
 Fe-lu.-e'«a, n. [It., from Ar.felUka/i, from, fullc, a ship, 
 fsova. falaka, to be round.] (Naut.) A boat or vessel, 
 with oars and lateen saiL«!, used in the Mediterranean. 
 The helm may be applied to the head or stern, as occa- 
 sion requires. 
 
 Fgl'wort (-wQrt), n. [Probably a corrupt, of field-wort.] 
 {Bot.) A plant, a species of gentian. 
 
 Fe'male, n. [Lat. femella, dim. of femina, woman.] 
 1. One of the sex that bears young. 3. (Bot.) A plant 
 which bears the pistil, and is impregnated by the pollen 
 of the male flowers, and produces fruit. 
 
 ]Fe'iiiale,a. 1. Belonging to the sex which conceives and 
 gives birth to young. 3. Belonging to an individual of 
 the female sex; characteristic of the sex; feminine. 3« 
 (Bot.) Having pistils and no stamens ; pistillate. 
 
 Female rhymes (Pros.), double rhymes, or rhymes in which 
 two syllables (in French called /emaZe syllables), an accented 
 and an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each line. — 
 Female screw, the spiral-threaded cavity into which another 
 screw turns. 
 Syn. — See Femjitine. 
 
 Feme-covert ) (fem-kuv'ert), n. [Fr., from, femme, 
 
 Fentme-covert j 0. Fr. feme, equiv. to Lat. femina, 
 woman, and convert, 0. Fr. covert, f. coverte, p. p. of 
 couvrir, to cover.] (Laiv.) A married woman. 
 
 Feme-sole ) (fem-sol'), n. [Fr . , from feme, femme, and 
 
 Fem,m,e-sole ) 0. Fr. sol, sole, Lat. solus, sola, alone, 
 sole, Cf. supra.] (Law.) A sole, single, or unmarried 
 woman. 
 
 F6ffi'i-nine, a. [Lat. femininus, from femina, woman.] 
 1. Pertaining to a woman, or to women; womanish; 
 womanly. 2. Having the qualities of a female ; either 
 in a good sense, becoming or appropriate ; modest ; grace- 
 ful ; affectionate ; confiding ; or in a bad sense, lacking 
 manly force or vigor ; effeminate. 3. f Gram.) Having a 
 form belonging more especially to words which are epi- 
 thets of females. 
 
 Syn. — Female. —Female is applied to the sex merely as op- 
 posed to male ; feminine to the appropriate characteristics of the 
 sex. A female school should teach /emtmnc accomplishments. 
 
 F6in'o-ral, a. [From Lat. femur, fetnoris, thigh.] Be- 
 longing to the thigh. 
 
 F6ir, n. [A.-S. /en, or fenn, marsh, mud, dirt, Ice\. fen, 
 Goth. /an/, mud.] Boggy land ; moor; marsh. 
 
 Ffin^e, n. [Abbrev. from defence, q. v.] 1. That which 
 fends off attack or danger ; a defense. 3. A wall, hedge, 
 or other inclosing structure about a field, garden, or the 
 Uke. 3, Self-defense by the use of the sword ; fencing. 
 Bing fence, a fence which encircles a whole estate. — To be on 
 the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two 
 opposing parties or policies. 
 
 Ffin^e, V. t. [im.p. &, p.p fenced (fSnst) ; p. pr. it vb. 
 n. FENCING.] 1. To fend off danger from ; to protect; ta 
 guard. 3. To inclose with a fence or other protection. 
 
 Ffin^e, V. i. 1. To make a fence; to give protection or 
 security. 3. To defend one's self by use of the sword. 
 
 F6npe'less, a. Without a fence ; open ; unguarded. 
 
 F6n'9er,«. One who fences. • 
 
 F6n'fi-ble, a. Capable of being defended, or of making 
 or affording defense. 
 
 Fgn'^i-ble, n. (Mil.) A soldier enlisted for the defense 
 of the country, and not Uable to be sent abroad. 
 
 FSii'ping, n. 1. The art or practice of self-defense with 
 the sword. 3. The materials offences for farms. [Am.er.] 
 3. A .system of fences. 
 
 Fend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fended \ p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FENDING.] [Abbreviated from c?e/en(i, q. v.] To keep 
 off; to shut out. 
 
 F6nd, V. i. To act in opposition ; to resist ; to parry. 
 
 Fend'er, n. One who, or that which, fends or wards 
 off; especially, (a.) A metallic frame to hinder coals of 
 fire from rolling forward to the floor, (b.) Apiece of 
 timber, or other thing, hung over the side of a vessel to 
 prevent it from injury by striking against a wharf or an- 
 other vessel. 
 
 Fe-nes'tral, a. [From Lat. fenestra, window.] Per- 
 taining to a window or to windows. 
 
 F6ii'iie<;, n. (Zo'dl.) An animal of the dog kind, found la 
 Africa. It resembles a small fox, but has very long ears. 
 
 Fen'nel, n. [A.-S. fenol, from 'La.t.feniculum, fennel, 
 dim. of fenum, hay.] (Bot.) A plant, cultivated in gar- 
 dens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds. 
 
 Fen'ny, a. Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a fen ; abound- 
 ing in fens ; swampy ; boggy. 
 
 Fen'u-greek;, n. [Lat./osnwm Grsecum,, literally Greek 
 hay.] (Bot.) A plant cultivated for its seeds, which are 
 used by farriers. 
 
 Feod (fud), n. A feud. See Feud. 
 
 Feod'al (fud'al), «. Feudal. See Feudal. 
 
 Feoff (fef), V. t. [imp. & p. p. feoffed (feft) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. feoffing.] [Fr. fcoffer, fieffer, from fief. See 
 Fief.] (Law.) To invest with a fee or feud ; to enfeoff. 
 
 Feoff , n. (Law.) A fief. See Fief. [is made. 
 
 F6of-fee' (fef-feeO, n. (Law.) One to whom a feoffment 
 
 Feoff er ) (ief-), n. (Law.) One who enfeoffs or grants 
 
 Feoffor ) a fee. 
 
 Feoffment (fef^ment), n. (Law.) (a.) Grant of a feud 
 or fee. (b.) (Eng. Law.) A gift or conveyance in fee of 
 land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by 
 actual delivery of possession, (c.) The instrument or 
 deed by which corporeal hereditaments are conveyed. 
 [Obs. in Amer. Rare in Eng.] 
 
 Fer'e-to-ry, n. [LaX.feretrum, bier, litter, Gr. ^eperpov, 
 from ferre, <f)ep€Lv, to bear.] A portable bier or shrine 
 of wood, gold, &c., for containing relics of saints ; also, 
 the tomb in which their bodies are deposited. 
 
 Fe'ri-al, a. [L. LaX. ferialis , from feri , hoUday.] Per- 
 taining to holidays. 
 
 Fe'rine, a. [Lat. /mnws, from, ferus, or /era, a wild an- 
 imal.] Wild ; untamed ; savage. 
 
 Fer'ment, n. [Lat. ferm.entum,, contr. fox fervimenttmr , 
 fr. fervere, to boU, ferment.] 1. That which causes fer- 
 mentation. 3. Heat; tumult ; agitation. 3. Fermenta- 
 tion. 
 
 Fer-ni6nt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. fermented ; p.pr. Sc 
 vb. n. FERMENTING.] To.cause ferment or fermenta- 
 tion in. 
 
 Fer-ment', v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation ; to work ; 
 to effervesce. 3. To be active or excited. 
 
 Fer-m6nt'a-ble, a. Capable of fermentation. 
 
 Fer'men-ta'tion, n. 1. That change of organic sub- 
 stances by which their starch, sugar, gluten, &c., under 
 the influence of water, air, and warmth, are decomposed, 
 and their elements are recombined in new compounds. 
 3. The active state of the intellect or the feelings. 
 
 G@~ The saccharine fermentation changes starch and gum in- 
 to sugar; the vinous converts sugar into alcohol; the acetov* 
 changes alcohol and other substances into vinegar; the vxscoxa 
 
 food, ftfbt; iirn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, «aU, echo; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, linlt ; tbi*. 
 
fp:rmentativk 
 
 278 
 
 FETICH 
 
 Ferret. 
 
 ronvtrts siijrar into a mucilaginous substsinoo; the put r^rhcti if 
 atUMuls the decomposition of substances containing nitrogen. 
 
 Fer-iiiiSut'a-tivt», a. Oausiug, or oousisting in, fcr- 
 uifntHtion. 
 
 F»'rn, n. [A.-S. /earn.] (Bot.) An order of cryptoga- 
 ■jious plants, which have their fructitioation on the back 
 of the fronds or loaves. 
 
 Fcrn'y, a. Abounding in fern ; overgrown with fern. 
 
 Fe-ro'cloiis, u. [Lat. firocia, fierceness, from feroi-, 
 fierce, allied to ftrtis, wild.] Indicating cruelty ; raven- 
 ous ; rapivcious ; wild. 
 
 Syn. — Fierce; savage; barbarous. — When these words are 
 apufieil to human ttelinsrs or conduct, ./i/ocioite- describes the 
 disposition; riciTc. the hiisto and violence ofan act; barbarom, 
 the coarseness and brutalitv bv whicli it was marked; savage, 
 tlie cruel and unfeeling spirit wluch it showed. A man is/e»o- 
 cioKs in his temper, ./('<■ /rf in his actions, barbarous in the man- 
 ner of carrying out "his purposes, sauuge in the spirit and feel- 
 injrs expressed in his words or deeds. • 
 
 t'e-ro'cioiis-lv, adv. Fiercely ; with savage cruelty. 
 
 Fe-ro'cioiis-jiess, i n. The state of being ferocious ; 
 
 Fe-rof'i-ty, j savage wildness or fierceness ; 
 
 fury ; cru'eltv ; barbarity. 
 
 F6r're-ous,'a. [hsit. ferreus, from ferrum, iron.] Par- 
 taking of, made of, or pertaining to, iron ; like iron. 
 
 Ffir'ret, n. [Fr. furet, It. fur- 
 etto, L. L&t. furetum, furectus, 
 from fiiro, ferret, from Lat. 
 fur, thief.] 1. {Zo'dl.) An ani- 
 mal of the weasel kind, about 
 14 inches in length , of a pale 
 yellow or white color, with red 
 eyes. 2. A kind of narrow tape, 
 usually made of woolen. 3. 
 ( Glcuis Maniff.) The iron used 
 to try the melted matter, to see 
 if it is fit to work, and to make 
 the rings at the mouths of bot- 
 tles. 
 
 FSr'ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FERRETED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 FERRETING.] To drive or hunt out of a lurking-place, 
 as a ferret does the\;ony. 
 
 Fer'ri-a^e, n. The price or fare to be paid at a ferry. 
 
 FSr'ro-^y'a-nate, n. [Lat. ferrum, iron, and Eng. 
 cyanate, q. v.] (C/iem.) A compound of ferrocyanic 
 acid with_a base. 
 
 F6r'ro-5y-S,ii'i-e, a. [Lat. ferrum, iron, and Eng. 
 cyanic, q. v.] {Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, 
 iron and_cyanogen. 
 
 Fgr'ro-^y'a-nide, n. [Lat. ferrum, iron, and Eng. 
 cyanide, \. v.] {Chem.) A compound of the proto-cya- 
 nide of iron with some other cyanide. 
 
 Fer-ru'gi-noiis, a. [Lat. ferrugineus, from ferrugo.] 
 1. Partaking of iron ; containing particles of iron. 3, 
 Resembling iron-rust in appearance or color. 
 
 Ffir'rule (ier/ril or fSr/rijl), n. [Lat. ferrum, iron.] A 
 ring of metal put round a cane, tool-handle, or other 
 thing, to strengthen it, or prevent splitting. 
 
 FCr'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ferried ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 FERRYING.] [See infra.] To carry or transport over a 
 river, strait, or other water, in a boat. 
 
 Fer'ry, v. i. To pass over water in a boat. 
 
 F6r'ry, n. [From 0. H. Ger. ferren,ferjan, A.S.ferjan, 
 Goth, farjan, to carry, convey, from 0. H. Ger., A.-S., 
 & Goth, faran, to go. See Fare.] 1. A vessel in 
 which passengers and goods are conveyed over narrow 
 waters ; a wherry. 2. A place where persons or things 
 are carried across a river or other water, in ferry-boats. 
 3. The right or liberty of carrying persons, animals, or 
 goods across a river or other Avater, in boats, for hire. 
 
 FSr'ry-lboat (20), n. A boat for conveying passengers 
 over 8trean\s and other narrow waters. 
 
 Ffir'ry-man, n. ; pi. fSr/ry-men. One who keeps a 
 a ferry, and transports passengers over a river. 
 
 Fgr'tile, a. [Lat. fertilis, from ferre, to bear, produce.] 
 1. Producing fruit in abundance ; prolific ; productive ; 
 rich. 2. (Bot.) Capable of producing fruit. 
 
 Syn. — Fruitful. —Fertr7e denotes the power of producing, 
 fruH/vl the act. The prairies of the West arc fertile, by nature, 
 and will uoonjje turned by cultivation into a, fruitful Held. 
 
 Fer'tlle-ly (109), adv. Tn a fertile or fruitful manner. 
 
 Fer'tile-iiess, n. K^rtility. [fulness. 
 
 Fer-til'i-ty, n. State- of being fertile or fruitful ; fruit- 
 
 Fgr'ti-li-za'tion, n. 1. The act or process of render- 
 ing fertile, ii. {Bot.) The process by which the pollen 
 renders the ovule fertile. 
 
 F5r'ti-lize, v. t. [imp. Sip. p. fertilized; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FERTILIZING.] To make fertile, fruitful, or 
 productive ; to enrich. 
 
 Fdr'ti-lfe'er, n. One who, or that which, renders fertile 
 
 F6r'ule (t'gr'ril or ter'rijl), n. [Lat., It., Sp., & ]>r. 
 ferula, Vt. ferule.] A Hat piece of wood, used for strik- 
 ing children in punishment. 
 
 Ffir'ule (fSr'ril or ler'rul,) v. t. [imp. & p. p. fer- 
 uled ; p. pr. & vb. n. FERULING.] To punish vyith a 
 ferule. 
 
 Fer'ven-fy, »i. State of being fervent or warm ; h«iU 
 of mind ; ardor ; warmth of devotion. 
 
 Fer'vent, a. [Lat. fervens, from fervere, to be boiling 
 hot, to boil, to glow.] 1. Hot; ardent; boiling. 3. 
 AVarm in feeling ; ardent in temperament. 
 Syn. — Glowing; earnest; excited; vehement; animated. 
 
 Fer'vent-ly, adv. In a fervent manner. 
 
 Fer'vid, a. [L&t. fervidus, from fervere.] 1. Very hot ; 
 burning ; boiling. 3. Ardent ; vehement ; zealous. 
 
 Fer'vid-ly, adv. In a fervid manner. 
 
 Fer'vor, n. [Lat. See supra.] 1. Heat; excessive 
 warmth. 3. Intensity of feeling ; glowing ardor ; warm 
 or animated zeal. 
 
 Fes'^en-iiine, n. A song of a rude or licentious kind, ao 
 named from Fescennia, a city of Etruria in ancient Italy, 
 famous for this sort of verse. 
 
 Fes'-eue, n. [0. Eng. festue,^ from Pr. festuc, festuea, 
 Lat. festtica, a straw, little stick.] A straw, wire, stick, 
 or the like, used chiefly to point out letters to children 
 when learning to read. 
 
 F6s'-eue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fescued \ p.pr. h vb. n. 
 FESCUING.] To assist in reading by a fescue. 
 
 Fesse ) (fes), n. [From Lat. fascia, band, girth. See 
 
 Fess ) Fascia.;^ {Her.) A band drawn horizontally 
 across the center of an escutcheon; one of the nine 
 honorable ordinaries. 
 
 Fesse'-point, n. {Her.) The exact center of the es- 
 cutcheon. See Escutcheon. 
 
 Fes'tal, a. [From Lat. festum. See Feast.] Per- 
 taining to a holiday, joyful anniversary, or feast; joy- 
 ous ; gay ; mirthful. 
 
 Fes'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. festered ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 FESTERING.] [A modification of foster, to feed, te 
 nourish.] 1, To grow virulent; to corrupt; to ran- 
 kle. 3. To become malignant and invincible ; — said of 
 passions. 
 
 Fes'ter, ^•. t. To nurse, as something that rankles. 
 
 Fes'ter, n. 1. A sore which rankles and discharges 
 corrupt matter ; a pustule. 3. A festering or rankling. 
 
 Fes'ti-val, a. [From Lat. festivum., festive joUity, from 
 festivus, festive, gay, from festum., feast.] Pertaining or 
 appropriate to a feast ; festive ; festal ; joyous ; mirthful. 
 
 Fes'ti-val, n. A time of feasting or celebration ; an 
 anniversary day of joy, civil or religious. 
 Syn. — Feast; banquet; carousal. See Feast. 
 
 FSs'tive, a. Pertaining to, or becoming, a feast ; festal ; 
 joyous ; gay ; mirthful. 
 
 Fes-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Condition of being festive ; joyful- 
 ness ; gayety. 3. A festival ; a festive celebration. 
 
 Fes-tdbn', n. [From Lat. festum, 
 festival; hence, orig. an ornament for 
 a festival.] A garland or wreath hang- 
 ing in a depending curve ; any thing 
 arranged in this way. 
 
 F6s-tdbn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. fes- 
 tooned ; p. pr. & vb. n. FESTOON- 
 ING.] To form in festoons, or to 
 adorn with festoons. 
 
 Fe'tal, a. [From, fetus, q. v.] Pertaining to a fetus. 
 
 Fetch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. fetched (fetcht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FETCHING.] [A.-B.fetian, cf. fecan, to draw, 
 lead ; ./eccan, to lead, take, /aryaw, to acquire.] 1. To 
 go and bring ; to bring; to get. 3. To bring; as, (a.) 
 To obtain as price or equivalent; to sell for. (6.) To 
 recall from a swoon, (r.) To reduce; to throw. 3. To 
 bring to accomplishment ; to make ; to do. 4. To reach; 
 to arrive at ; to attain. 
 
 To fetch a pump, to pour water into it to make it draw water. 
 — To fetch way (Naut.), to be shaken from one side to the 
 other. 
 
 Fetchi, V. i. To bring one's self; to move ; to arrive. 
 
 Fetch, n. 1. A stratagem; a trick; an artifice. 3. 
 The apparition of a living person. 
 
 Fetcli'er, n. One who fetches or^bringa. 
 
 Fete (fat), n. [Fr. See Feast.] A festival, holiday, 
 celebration, or festivity. 
 
 F6te, v.t. [imp. & p. p. FtTED; p. pr. & vb. v. 
 FATING.] To feast ; to honor with a festive entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 Fe'ti^Ji, (fg'tish), n. [From Pg. feitigo , sorcery , charm, 
 
 Festoon. 
 
 a,c, &c., long; a.,6, kc, short; c&re. far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pitque,firin; s6n,dr,do, vrolf, 
 
FETICHISM 
 
 279 
 
 FIELD 
 
 ftxtm Lat. facticius, made bj art, artificial, factitious^ 
 q. v.] A material thing, living or dead, worshiped 
 among certain African tribes. 
 
 Fefi-^liigm, ) n. The worship of some material object, 
 
 JFet'i-^igm, j as a stone, a tree, or an animal, often 
 casually eelected ; the low idolatry of Western Afiica. 
 
 I'et'id, a. [Lat. feet id its, from fatere , to have an ill smell.] 
 Having an offensive smell ; stinking. 
 
 Fet'locki, n. [From feet, or foot, and lock, q. v.] The 
 part of the leg where the tuft of hair grows behind the 
 pastern joint in horses. 
 
 Fe'tor, n. [l&t. fcztor. See Fetid.] A strong offen- 
 sive smell ; stench . 
 
 fet'ter, n. [A.-S. fetor, feotur, feoter, Icel. fiotur, 
 allied to Gr. TreSTj, and Lat. pedica. Chiefly used in the 
 plural.] 1. A chain for the feet. 2. Any thing that 
 confines or restrains from motion ; a restraint. 
 
 Fet'ter, v. t. limp. & p. p. fettered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FETTERING.] 1. To put fetters on; to shackle; to 
 bind ; to enchain, tj. To impose restraints on ; to confine. 
 
 Fe'tus, n. ; pi. FE^TUS-Eg. [Lat. fatus, fetiis, a bring- 
 ing forth, ofbpring ; ye«M5, -a, -um, fructified, p. p. of 
 the obs. fee, to fructify.] The young of viviparous 
 animals in the womb, and of oviparous animals in the 
 egg, after it is perfectly formed. 
 
 Feud, n. [L. Lat. faida, feida, A.-S. f'dhdh, f'dgdh, 
 from Jigan, fogan, fan, feo7i, to hate.] 1. A combi- 
 nation of kindred to revenge injuries or afironts, done 
 or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all 
 his race. 3. An inveterate strife between families, clans, 
 or parties in a state ; deadly hatred. 
 
 Syn. — Affray ; fray ; broil ; contest ; dispute ; strife. 
 
 Feud, n. [L. Lat. feudo7n,feodom, 0. VT.feude,feu,fu, 
 feu,fef,fed. See FEE-] (I-aiu.) A stipendiary estate 
 in land, held of a superior, by service ; a fief; a fee. 
 
 Feud'al, a. 1. Pertaining to feuds, fiefS, or fees. 3. 
 Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs ; embrac- 
 ing tenures by military services. 
 
 Feud'al-i§m, n. The feudal system; the principles 
 and constitution of feuds. 
 
 Feu-dal'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being feudal ; 
 feudal form or constitution. 
 
 Feud'al-i-za'tion, n. Act of reducing to feudal tenure. 
 
 Feud'a-ry, a. [L. Lat. feudarius, from feudum. See 
 Feud.] Held by, or pertaining to, feudal tenure. 
 
 Feud'a-ta-ry, a. & n. Same as Feudatory. 
 
 Feud'a-to-ry, a. Held from another on some condi- 
 tional tenure. 
 
 jFeMiifetow. (fu'ye-tong'), n. [Fr.,fromyej«7?e, leaf. See 
 Foil.] A part of a French, newspaper (usually the 
 bottom of the page), devoted to light Uterature, criti- 
 cism, taste, &c. 
 
 Fe'ver, n. [A.-S. fefer, Fr. fievre, Lat. febris, prob. a 
 transposition of ferbis, from fervere, to be hot, to boil, 
 glow.] 1. {Med.) A diseased state of the system, 
 marked by increased heat, acceleration of the pulse, 
 and a general derangement of the functions. 2. Strong 
 excitement of anj kind ; a season of great excitement. 
 
 Fe'ver-f eiiv (-fu), . ■.. [A.-S. feferfuge, i. e., febrifuge, 
 q. v.] ( Bat. ) A plant allied to chamomile ; — so named 
 from its supposed febrifugal qualities. 
 
 Fe'ver-isli, a. Affected by, pertaioing to, indicating, 
 or resembling, a fever. 
 
 Fe'ver-isli-ness, n. The state of being feverish ; a 
 slight febrUe affection. ^ 
 
 Few (fn), a. [compar. FEWER; .tuperl. fewest.] 
 [A.-S./ed, pl./edt-e, Goth, favs, pl./a^•a^.] Not many ; 
 small, limited, or confined in number ; — indicating a 
 small portion of units or individuals constituting a 
 whole ; — often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few people. 
 
 Fevr'ness (fu'nes), n. The state of being few ; smaUness 
 of number ; paucity ; brevity. 
 
 Fez, n. A red cap without a brim, worn by Turks, &c. 
 
 JF'i-ds'-eo, n. [It., a failure.] 1. (Mus.) A failure in a 
 musical performance. 3. A failure of any kind. 
 
 Fi'at, n. [Lat., let it be done, 3 pers. sing., subj. pres., 
 from, fo, feri, pass, of facere, to make.] A command 
 to do something ; a decree. 
 
 Fib, n. [Probably abbreviated and corrupted from fable, 
 q. v.] A lie or felsehood. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Fib, V. i. [imp. & p. p. fibbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. FIB- 
 BING.] To lie ; to speak falsely. [Colloq.^ 
 
 FiTher, ) n. [Fr. fibre, from Lat.Tfira.] 1. One of the 
 
 Fi'bre, ( delicate, thread-like portions of which the tis- 
 sues of plants and animals are in part constituted. 3. 
 Any fine, slender thread, or thread-like substance ; espe- 
 ciaUy, one of the slender rootlets of a pkint. 
 
 Finbril, n. A small fiber ; the branch of a fiber, [fiber*. 
 
 Fi-bril'lose, or Fib'ril-lose', a. Composed of small 
 
 Fi-bril'lous, or Fib'ril-lous, a. Pertaining to fibers ; 
 formed of small fibers, as the cap of a mushroom. 
 
 Finbriue, n. [From Lat. fibra.] {Ckem.) A peculiar 
 organic compound found in animals and vegetables, and 
 also contained in the clot of coagulated blood. 
 
 Finbrous, a. Containing, or consisting of, fibers. 
 
 Fih'u-ld, n. ; pi. fIb'U-l^. [Lat., contr. for figibula, 
 from figere, to fasten.] 1. A clasp or buckle. 2. 
 (Anat.) The outer and smaller bone of the leg. .'J. 
 (Surg.) A needle for sewing up wounds. 
 
 Fick-'le (fik/1), a. [A.-S.ficol, fickle, crafty, fr.fican. to 
 touch lightly , to flatter.] Liable to change or vicissitude ; 
 of a changeable mind ; not firm in opinion or purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Wavering ; irresolute; unsettled; vacillating; un- 
 stable; inconstant; unsteady; variable; mutable; changeful; 
 capricious. 
 
 Ficlt'le-ness, n. State of being fickle ; instabihty. 
 
 Fie'tile, a. [Lat. fictilis, from fingere, fictum, to form, 
 shape.] Molded into form by art. 
 
 Fie'tion, n. [Lat. fictio, from fingere, fictum., to form, 
 shape, invent, feign.] 1. Act of feigning, inventing, 
 or imagining. 3. That which is feigned, invented, or 
 imagined ; especially, a feigned story. 
 
 Syn. — Fabrication ; falsehood. — Fiction is opposed to what 
 is real, it may or may not be intended to deceive; a fabrica- 
 tion, as here spoken of, is a fiction wrought up for the purpose 
 of deceiving ; a /aZseAood requires less invention, being merely 
 a false statement. 
 
 Fi«-ti'tious (fik-tish'us), a. Feigned ; imaginary ; coun- 
 terfeit ; false ; not genuine. 
 
 Fie-ti'tioiis-ly, adv. In a fictitious manner ; by fic- 
 tion ; falsely ; counterfeitly. 
 
 Fid, n. [Prov. Eng. fid, a smaU, thick lump.] 1. (Naut.) 
 A square bar of wood or iron, used to support the top- 
 mast. 2. A wooden or metal bar or pin, used to support 
 or steady any thing. 3. A pin of hard wood, tapering 
 to a point, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing. 
 
 Fid'dJe {iid'dl),n. [Either from Lat. ^c^jcwZa, diminu- 
 tive of fides, a stringed instrtunent, or from Low Lat. 
 vitula, vidula, musical instrument, from Lat. vitulari, to 
 be joyful, to celebrate a festival, orig., to spring like a 
 caM,vitulus.'\ 1. (Mvs.) A stringed instrmnent of mu- 
 sic ; a violin ; a kit. 2. ( Bot. ) A perennial plant ; a 
 species of dock. 
 
 Fid'dle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. fiddled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 fiddling.] 1. To play on a fiddle or violin. 3. To 
 shift the hands often and do nothing, Hke a fellow that 
 plays on a fiddle ; to tweedle ; to trifle. 
 
 Fid'dle-dee-dee', interj. An exclamatory word or 
 phrase, equivalent to Nonsense .' 
 
 Fid'dle-fad'dle, n. A trifle ; trifling talk; nonsense. 
 [ Colloq. and low.^ 
 
 Fid'dler, n. 1. One who plays on a fiddle or violin. 2. 
 A kind of small crab. [Amer.] 
 
 Fid'dle- stick, n. The bow and string with which a 
 fiddler plays on a violin. 
 
 Fi-del'i-ty , n. [Lat. fidelitas , from fidelis , faithful, from 
 fides, faith.] Faithfulness; adherence to right; espe- 
 cially, {a.) Adherence to a person or party to which one 
 is bound ; loyalty. (6.) Adherence to one's promise or 
 pledge; veracity; honesty, (c ) Adherence to the mar- 
 riage contract. 
 
 Syn. — Faithfulness; integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty. 
 
 Fid'get, V. i. [imp. & p. p. fidgeted ; p. pr. & vb. ». 
 fidgeting.] [Dan. fige, to hasten, to make speed, 
 Icel.fika, to hasten, 0. Sw.fika, to move quickly. Cf. 
 Fickle.] To move uneasily one way and the other. 
 
 Fid'get, 71. Irregular motion ; uneasiness ; restlessness- 
 
 Fid'get-y, a. Restless ; uneasy. 
 
 Fi-du'cial, a. [Lat. fiducia, trust, confidence, from fi- 
 dere, to trust.] 1. Having faith or trust; confident; 
 undoubting. 2. Having the nature of a trust ; fidu- 
 
 Fi-du'cial-ly, adv. With confidence. [ciary. 
 
 Fi-du'ci-a-ry (-dQ/shi-), a. [Lat. fidiiciarius, from fidu^ 
 cia. See supra."] 1. Confident ; undoubting ; unwav- 
 ering ; firm. 2. Holding or held, or founded, in trust. 
 
 Fi-du'ci-a-ry (-dfl/shi-), n. 1. One who holds a thing 
 in trust for another; a trustee. 2. (Tlieol.) One who 
 depends for salvation on faith, without works. 
 
 Fie, interj. An exclamation denoting contempt or dislike. 
 
 Fief, n. [Fr. fief See Feud and Fee.] (Law.) An 
 estate held of a superior on condition of military service ; 
 afee ; a feud. 
 
 Field, n. [A.-S., 0. Sax., & Ger., /eW.] 1. Felled 
 ground ; cleared land. 3. A cleared space or plain where 
 a battle is fought ; also, the battle itself. 3. An open 
 
 food, fdbt; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, 9liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get; as; ejist; linger , Itnik ; this. 
 
FIELD-BOOK 
 
 280 
 
 FIGURE 
 
 spar* of any kind ; a wide extont : an expanse. 4. (Her.) 
 The surfiice of the shield ; hence, any blank space or 
 ground ou which figurc.<; are drawn or projected. 
 
 FifU o/ iW. a larnv lK>dy of floating ice. — Field, or JieM of 
 ficH\ in a telescojH' or iiiicwscope, the entire space within 
 which objects are seen. — I'o ketp the field (Mil), to continue 
 the catupaij^n. 
 
 Fleld'-bobk, n. A book used in surveying or civil en- 
 gineering, in which are made entries of measurements 
 taken in the tield. 
 
 Field'-f61'or§ (-kul'urz), n. pi. (3IU.) Small flags of 
 about a foot and a half square, carried along with the 
 quartemiaiiter -general, for marking out the ground for 
 the squadrons and battaUons. 
 
 Field'-day (109), n. (Mil.) A day when troops are 
 drawn out* for instruction in field exercises and evolu- 
 tions. 
 
 Eleld'f&re, h. [_fitld and fare ; A.-S./aran,togo,march, 
 wander.] ( Ornith.) A kind of bird, of the thrush tribe, 
 about ten inches in length, the head ash-colored, the 
 body chestnut, and the tail black. 
 
 Pield'-giui) "• (Mil.) A small kind of gun, or cannon, 
 used on the battle-field ; a field-piece. 
 
 rield'-mar'slial, n. (Mil.) The conunander of an 
 army ; a military ofiicer of high rank in Germany, and 
 the highest mUitary officer in England except the captain- 
 general. 
 
 li'ield'-Sf^fi-^^er, n. (Mil.) A military officer above the 
 rank of captain, and below that of general, as a major, 
 lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. 
 
 Field'-pie^e, H. (Mil.) A small cannon which is car- 
 ried along with armies, and used in the field of battle. 
 
 rield'- sport, n. Diversion in the field, as shooting and 
 hunting. 
 
 Field'-worlc (-wurk), n. (Mil.) A temporary work 
 thrown up by any troops in the field. 
 
 Fiend, n. [A.-S. feond ,fi6nd, fiend, enemy, fiend, devil, 
 from Jian,feon,figan,Jlogan, to hate, Goth.Jijan.] An 
 implacable or malicious foe ; the devil ; an infernal being. 
 
 Fieud'isli, a. Like a fiend ; malignant. 
 
 Fierce (feerss), a. [compar. fiercer ; superl. fier- 
 cest.] [0. Eng./er5, ^ers, from 0. Yx.fer,fier, nom. 
 ferSjfiers, fierce, savage, cruel, from 'LSi.t.ferus, wild, sav- 
 age, cruel.] 1. Furioxis ; violent; impetuous, as wild 
 beasts, storm-winds, &c. 2, Excessively earnest, eager, 
 or ardent ; vehement in anger or cruelty. 
 
 Syn. — Ferocious ; savage; barbarous; fell. See Feeo- 
 cious. 
 
 Fiercely, adv. In a fierce manner, or with a fierce ex- 
 pression or aspect. 
 
 Fier^e'ness, n. The state or quality of being fierce. 
 Syn. — Ferocity; savageness; fury; vehemence; ardor; im- 
 petuosity. 
 
 Fx'e-rl-fa'ci-as (fi'e-rl-fa'shl-as), n. [Lat., ?. «., cause 
 it to be done.] (Law.) A judicial writ that lies for him 
 who has recovered in debt or damages, commanding the 
 sheriff that he cause to be made of the goods, chattels, 
 or real estate of the defendant, the sum claimed. 
 
 Fi'er-i-ness, n. The quality of being fiery ; heat ; ac- 
 rimony; irritability. 
 
 Fi'er-y, a. [Formerly written j^ry, fi-om ^re, q. v.] 1. 
 Consisting of, or resembling, fire. 2. Vehement ; ar- 
 dent; impetuous. 3. Passionate; easily provoked • irri- 
 table. 4. Unrestrained; fierce. 5. Heated by fire, or 
 as if by fire. 
 
 Fife, n. [0. H. Ger. pfifa, N. H. Ger. pfeife, Fr. fifie, 
 Low Lat. pipa, pipe, pipare, to play on the pipe, Lat. 
 pipire, pipare, to peep, pip, chirp, as a chicken. Cf. 
 Pipe.] (Mus.) A smaU pipe used as a wind-instrument. 
 
 Fife, V. i. [imp. & p. p. fifeu (flft, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. fifing.] To play on a fife. 
 
 FSf 'er, n. One who plays on a fife. 
 
 Fife'- rail, n. ( JSaut . ) A raU. around the mast of a ship. 
 
 Fifteen, a. [A.-?:, fifty ne. See Five.] Five and ten; 
 one more than fourteen. 
 
 Fifteen, n. 1. The sum of five and ten : fourteen units 
 and one more. 2. A symbol representing this number, 
 as 15, or xv. 
 
 Fifteentli, a. 1. Next in order after the fourteenth. 
 2. Being one of fifteto equal parts into which a whole is 
 divided. ' [whole. 
 
 Fifteenth, «• One of fifteen equal parts of a unit or 
 
 Fiftli, a. [A.-S. /j/ia. See Five.] 1. Next in order 
 after the fourth. 2. Being one of five equal parts into 
 which a whole is divided. 
 
 Fiftli, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by five ; one 
 of five equal parts. 2. (Mus. ) The interval between any 
 
 tone and the tone represented on the fifth degree of the 
 
 staff above it. 
 Fif tli'ly, adv. In the fifth place. 
 Fif ti-eth, a. [A.-&. fifligOdlia. See tn/ra.] 1. Next 
 
 in order after the forty-ninth. 2. Being on« of fifty 
 
 equal parts into which a whole is divided. 
 Fif ti-etli, n. One of fifty equal parts ; the quotient of 
 
 a unit divided by fifty. 
 Fifty, a. [A.-S. fifi'S- See FIVE.] Five tunes ten. 
 Fifty, n. 1. Five tens ; the siun of forty-nine units 
 
 and one more. 2. A symbol representing fifty unite, aa 
 
 50, or L. 
 jFig, n. [A.-S. >:, Lat. ^cw5, Fr. ^^M«.] 1. (Bot.) A 
 
 fruit-tree of the genus Ficus, growing in warm climates. 
 
 2, The firuitof the fig-tree, which is of a round or ob- 
 long shape, and of various colors. 3. A small piece of 
 tobacco. [Amer.] 4. A worthless thing ; — in expres- 
 sions of contempt. 5. (Far.) An excrescence on the 
 frog of a horse's foot, resulting from a bruise. 6. Fig- 
 ure ; dress; array. [Colloq.] 
 
 Fight (fit), V. i. [imp. & p. p. fought ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FIGHTING.] [A.S. feohtan.] 1. To strive or contend 
 for victory, in battle or in single combat ; to contend in 
 arms. 2. To act in opposition ; to make resistance. 
 
 Fight (fit), V. t. 1. To carry on, or wage, as a conflict, 
 or battle. '2. To contend with in battle ; to war against. 
 
 3. To cause to fight ; to manage or maneuver in a fight. 
 Fight (fit), 7J. A battle ; an engagement ; a struggle for 
 
 victory, either between individuals or between armies, 
 ships, or navies. 
 
 Syn. — Battle ; combat ; engagement ; contest ; struggle ; 
 encounter; fray; affray; duel; action; conflict. 
 
 Fight'er (fit'er), w. One who fights; a combatant. 
 Fig'ment, n. [hat. figment mn, from fingere, root. Jig, 
 
 to form, shape, invent, feign.] An invention ; a fiction. 
 Fig'u-T'a-l>il'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being figurable. 
 Fig'u-ra-tole, a. [From a hypoth. Lat. ■wovA.figUTabilis, 
 
 from figurare, to form, shape, fromfigxra. See FIGURE .] 
 
 Capable of being brought to, or of retaining, a certain. 
 
 fixed form or shape. 
 Fig'u-ral, a. 1. Represented by figure or delineation; 
 
 consisting of figures. 2. (3Ius.) Figurate. See FiGU- 
 
 RATE. 
 
 Fig'u-rate, a. 1. Of a certain determinate form or fig- 
 ure. 2. (Mus.) Relating to discords ; discordant; figu- 
 rative. 
 
 Fiffurate numbers {Math.), numbers formed from any arith- 
 metical progression in which the first term is a unit and the 
 difierence a whole number, by taking the first term, and the 
 sums of the first two, first three, first four, &c., as the successive 
 terms of a new series, from which another may be formed in 
 the same manner, and so on, the nuinbers in the resulting se- 
 ries being such that points representing them are capable of 
 Bymmetncal arrangement in different geometrical figures, as 
 triangles, squares, pentagons, &c. In the following example, 
 the two lower lines are composed of figurate numbers, those in 
 the second line being triangular, and represented thus: — 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. 
 . .-. .-.•. .-.•.•. &c. 1, 3, 6, 10, &c. 
 
 1, 4,10,20,&c. 
 
 Fig'u-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of giving figure or determi- 
 nate form. 2. ( Mm5. ) Mixture of concords and discords. 
 
 Fig'u-ra-tive, a. 1. Representing by a figure, or by 
 resemblance ; typical ; representative. 2. Used in a 
 sense that is tropical, as a metaphor ; not literal. 3. 
 Abounding in figures of speech : flowery ; florid. 
 
 Fig'u-ra-tive-ly, adv. In a figurative manner. 
 
 Fig'tire (53), n. [Lat. figura, from fingere, root, fig, k» 
 form, shape.] 1. Form of any thing ; shape; fashion ; 
 outline ; structure ; appearance. 2. The representation 
 of any form by drawing, painting, &c. : an image ; a 
 drawing; ornamental shape. 3. A pattern copied in 
 cloth, paper, or some other manufactured article. 4. 
 Appearance or impression made by the conduct or career 
 of a person. 5. A character standing for, or represent- 
 ing, a number ; a numeral ; a digit ; as, 1, 2, 3, &c. 6c 
 Talue, as expressed in numbers : price. 7. A type or 
 representative. 8. ( Hhet. ) Pictorial language ; a trope , 
 hence, anv deviation from the strict rules of grammar 
 9. (Logic.) The form of a syllogism with respect to the 
 relative position of the middle term. 
 
 To cut a figure, to make a figure, to perform a distinguished 
 or conspicuous part. 
 
 Fig'iire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FIGURED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FIGURING.] 1. To make an image of, by drawing or 
 modeling. 2. To embellish with designs ; to mark.upon. 
 3. To indicate by numerals ; also, to calculate. 4. To 
 state or represent by a metaphor ; to signify or symbolize. 
 5. To image in the mind. 6. (Mus.) (a.) To write over 
 
 a,e,&e.,2onf ; ii.lSi. tec, short ; c4re, f ar, ask, all, "^vhat ; 6re, yeil, term ; pique, fimi; son. or, do,'«volf, 
 
FIGURE 
 
 281 
 
 FIN 
 
 «r under the bass, as figures or other characters, in order 
 to indicate the accompanying chords. (6.) To embellish. 
 
 Tofigurv. out, to find the amount of, by computation.— To 
 figure up, to add; to reckon. — Figured bass (Mtis.'), an accom- 
 paniment indicated by figures over or under the bass. 
 
 Fig'ure, v. i. To make a figure ; to be distinguished. 
 
 rig(ure-li6ad, n. ( Naut.) The figure, statue, or bust, 
 on'the projecting part of the head of a ship. 
 
 Fi-la'ceous, a. [Lat.^7uw, thread.] Composed or con- 
 sisting of threads. 
 
 Fil'a-^er, n. [0. Eng. Jilace, a file or thread, from Fr. 
 JUasse, to^ of flaji or hemp, from Lat.JiZMw, thread.] 
 (Eng. Law.) An officer in the English Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas, or of the Queen's Bench ; — so called from 
 filing the writs on which he made out process. 
 
 Fil'a-ment, n. [From Lat. filum, thread.] A thread, 
 or thread-Uke object or appendage ; especially (£ot.), the 
 thread -Uke part of the stamens supporting the anther. 
 
 Fn'a-ment'ous, a. Kesembling a thread ; consisting of 
 fine filaments. 
 
 Fil'an-der, n. pi. [Fr. JUandres, from Lat. JUum., 
 thread.] A disease in hawks, consisting of filaments of 
 coagulated blood ; also, of small worms wrapped in a thin 
 net-work near the reins. 
 
 Fil'a-ture (53), n. [L. LaX.filatura, from. jfilare, to spin.] 
 1, A drawing out into threads ; hence, the reeling of silk 
 from cocoons. 3. A reel for drawing ofif silk from 
 cocoons, or an establishment for reeling. 
 
 Fil'bert, n. [According to Junius and Skinner, cor- 
 rupted tcomfull and beard, or full of beard, from its long 
 beards or husks ; according to Gower, from Phillis ; 
 '• Pkillls was shape into a nutte-tree, that all men it 
 might see ; and after Phillis Philberd this tree was cleped 
 in the yerd." Cf. also Virgil's " Phillis amat corylos."] 
 (Bot.) The nut or fruit of the cultivated hazel. 
 
 Filch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. filched (filcht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FILCHING.] [Cf. A.-S. Jilhan feolhan, feolan, 
 to stick to, come upon, hide, Goth. Jilhan, to hide, to 
 bury.] To steal or take privily ; — applied to that which 
 is of little value ; to pilfer. 
 
 Filcli'er, n. One who filches ; a thief. 
 
 File, n. [From Lat. JUum, thread.] An orderly suc- 
 cession ; a line ; a row ; as, (a.) (Mil.) A row of soldiers 
 ranged behind one another, (b.) An orderly collection 
 of papers, arranged for preservation and ready reference ; 
 also, the line, wire, or other contrivance, by which papers 
 are put and kept in order. 
 
 Rank and file (Mil), the body of private Boldiers composing 
 an array. 
 
 File, V. t. [imp. & p. p. filed ; p. pr. & vb. n. FiLiNa.] 
 
 1. To set in order ; to place on file ; to insert in its 
 proper place in an arranged body of papers. 2. To 
 bring before a court or legislative body by presenting 
 proper papers in a regular way. 3. (Law.) To put upon 
 the files or among the records of a court. 
 
 File, V. i. (Mil.) To march ia a file or line, as soldiers, 
 one after another. 
 
 File, n. [A.-S./eoZ, 0. H. Ger. /?Za, allied to Lith. pela, 
 piela, Pol. pilnik.] A steel instrument, having the sur- 
 face covered with sharp-edged furrows, used for abrading 
 or smoothing other substances. 
 
 File, V. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file , 
 or as with a file; to polish, ii. To smooth; to polish; 
 to improve. [of a file. 
 
 File'-lead'er, n. (Mil.) The soldier placed in the front 
 
 Fil'er, n. One who uses a file. 
 
 Fil'ial { Hl'yal), a. [Fr. , Sp. , & Pg. Jilial, It. Jiliale, from 
 liSit. Jilius, son, /ilia, daughter.] 1. Pertaining to a son 
 or daughter ; becoming a child in relation to his parents. 
 
 2. Bearing the relation of a chUd. 
 Fil'i-ate, v. t. To adopt as son or daughter. 
 FiFi-a'tion, n. 1. The relation of a son or child to a 
 
 fether. 2. The fixing of a bastard chUd on some one as 
 its father ; affiliation. 
 
 Fil'i-bus'ter, n. [STp._/ilibuster,Jlibustero, 'Fr.Jlibustier, 
 from Sp. Jilibote or flibote, a sort of small, fast-sailing 
 vessel, said to have been so named from the river Yly in 
 Holland.] A lawless military adventurer, especially, one 
 in quest of plunder ; a free-booter ; a pirate ; — appUed 
 specifically to the followers of Lopez in his expedition to 
 Cuba in 1851. 
 
 Fil'i-bus'ter, v. i.^ To act as a filibuster. 
 
 Fil'i-fdrm, a. [Lat. filum, thread, and /or»ia, form.> 
 Having the form of a thread or filament. 
 
 Fil'i-gree, n. [Fr. Jiligrane, It. & Sp. Jiligrana, from 
 Lat. Jilum, thread, and granum, grain.] Net -work con- 
 taining beads-, hence, ornamental work, executed in fine 
 
 gold or silver wire, plaited and formed into delicate 
 arabesques and flowers. [filigree. 
 
 Fil'i-gree, a. Relating to, or composed of, work in 
 
 Fill, V. t. {imp. & p. p. FILLED ; p. pr. gc vb. n. FILL- 
 ING.] [K.-^.fyllan, from full, full, q. v. ; Goth./MW_;an.] 
 1. To make ftill. 2. To supply abundantly ; to cause 
 to abound. 3. To satisfy ; to content. 4. To possess 
 and perform the duties of; to occupy ; to hold. 5. To 
 supply with an incumbent. 
 
 To fill in, to insert bo as to fill.— To fill out, to extend or 
 enlarge to the desired limit. — To fill -up, to make quite ftiU ; 
 to occupy completely. 
 
 Fill, V. i. 1. To become full ; to have an abundant sup- 
 ply ; to be satiated. 2. To fill a cup or glass for drink- 
 ing ; to give to drink. 
 
 Fill, n. 1. A fuU supply ; as much as gives complete 
 satisfaction. 2. A thill, or shaft of a carriage. 
 
 Fill'er, n. One who, or that which, fills. 
 
 Fil'let, n. [Vr.Jilet, thread, dun. of Jil, thread, from Lat. 
 Jilum. \ 1. A little band or twist, especially, one in- 
 tended to tie about the hair of the head. 2. A piece of 
 meat made up of muscles ; especially, the fleshy part of the 
 thigh. 3. Meat rolled into a string-Uke form. 4. (Arch.) 
 (a.) A Uttle square member or ornament used in divers 
 places ; a Ustel. (b.) The longitudinal ridge between the 
 flutings of a Grecian column, except the Doric. 5. (Her.) 
 A kind of ordinary crossing the shield horizontally. 
 
 Fil'let, V. t. [imp. Si, p. p. filleted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FILLETING.] To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet. 
 
 Fil'li-beg, n. [Ga&l. Jilleadhbeag , i. e., little plaid, from 
 Jilleadh, plait, fold, and beag, little, small.] A kilt or 
 dress reaching nearly to the knees, worn in tha High- 
 lands of Scotland. 
 
 Fil'li-btis'ter, n. See Filibuster. [weaving. 
 
 Fill'ing, n. That which fills or fills up, as the woof in 
 
 Fillip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. filliped (fil'lipt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FILLIPING.] [A word probably formed from 
 the sound.] To strike with the nail of the finger, first 
 placed against the ball of the thumb, and forced from 
 that position with a sudden spring. [thvunb. 
 
 Fil'lip, n. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly from the 
 
 Fil'li-peen', n. Same as Philopena, q. v. 
 
 Fil'ly, n. [Icel. fyl, colt, W. ffilog, ffilawg, a young 
 mare, a wanton girl. See FOAL.] 1. A young horse ; 
 especially, a young mare ; a female colt. 3. A lively, 
 roistering, or wanton girl. 
 
 Film, n. [A.-S. Jilm, skin, fylmen, membrane, Goth. 
 JiX7n.\ 1, A thin skin; a pellicle ; a membranous cover- 
 ing, causing opacity. 3. A slender thread, as one of 
 those composing a cobweb. 
 
 Film, V. t. To cover with a thin skin or pellicle. 
 
 Film'y, a. Composed of film ; membranous ; cobweb-like. 
 
 Fi'lose (125), a. [Lat. Jilum, thread, Vv.Jilos, It. j^oao.] 
 Ending in a thread-like process. 
 
 Fil'ter, n. [L. IjaX. Jiltrum., feltnim, properly /eZ<, fulled 
 wool, this being used for straining liquors.] A piece of 
 woolen cloth, paper, or other substance, through which 
 liquors are strained. 
 
 Fil'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FILTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FILTERING.] To purify, as liquor, by causing it to pas» 
 through a filter ; to filtrate. 
 
 Fil'ter, v. i. To pass through a filter ; to percolate. 
 
 Filth, n. [A.-S. fyldh, from fUl, foul. See Foul.] 1. 
 Foul matter ; dirt ; nastiness. 2. Any thing that suUies 
 or defiles the moral character ; corruption ; pollution. 
 
 Filtli'i-ly, adv. In a filthy manner ; foully ; grossly. 
 
 Fntli'i-iiess, n. 1. The state of being filthy. 2. That 
 which is filthy, or makes filthy. 
 
 Filth'y, a. [compar. FILTHIER; superl. FILTHIEST.] 
 Defiled with filth ; morally impure. 
 
 Syn. — Nasty; foul; dirty; muddy; miry; sloughy; squalid; 
 unclean; sluttish; gross; impiire; licentious; polluted; vulgar. 
 
 Fil'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. filtrated ; p. pr. & vbc 
 «. FILTRATING.] [See FILTER.] To filter. 
 
 Fil-tra'tion, n. "Act or process of filtering. 
 
 Fim'bri-ate, a. [L&t. Jimbriatus, fibrous, fringed, from 
 Jimbria, fiber, fibrous part, fringe.] (Bot.) Bordered by 
 filiform processes thicker than hairs ; fringed. 
 
 Fim'bri-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. 
 p. FIMBRIATED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FIMBRIATING.] To hem ; 
 to fringe. 
 
 Fin, n. [A.-S. ./?n, Jinn, allied 
 to Lat. pinna, hn,penna, wing, 
 feather.] (Ichth.) An organ 
 
 of a fish, consisting of a mem- — . 
 
 brane supported by rays, and sal; P, pectoral; V, ventral, 
 serving to balance and propel it in the water. 
 
 food, fdljt -, fim, rude, pull ; fell, ^haise, <;aU, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, Unit ; tills. 
 
FINABLE 
 
 282 
 
 FIRE 
 
 f-lm'a-ble, n. [StM?FiNE.] Liable or subject to a fine. 
 
 Fi'ual, a. [Lat. finalis, frtnn finis, bouiidar.v, liuiit, end.] 
 1. I'ertaiuiug to theeudorooiu-lusioii ; Uust : tonmunting. 
 'J5. Detusive ; mortal. 3. Rcspoctiug the purpose or ulti- 
 mate end in view. 
 
 SsTi.— Conclusive; ultiiuato. — /'»»«/ (^p'nis)'vi now appro- 
 priatotl to that which brinss with it iin ciul. us a fiual adjust- 
 ment, the final iuagiuent,&o. Co>ichi.<ir, c/(7em//i/, shutting 
 up) implies the i-7o.<i»is; of all future discussinu, negotiation, &c., 
 «», a c-<ifi</i«ir< argument or fact, a ro,iclii.<ivc arrangement. 
 Vltiiiuift has refcjeuce to sometliiug earlier or preceding, as, a 
 temporary reverse muv lead to an w/iiHitt/c triumph. The state- 
 ments wliich H man 'rimtll!/ makes may be perfectly conclusive 
 as to his ultiimtti intentions. 
 
 J'^inale (fe-uii'Ia), 7i. [It. See supra.] (Mus.) The last 
 note, or end, of a piece of music ; close ,• termination. 
 
 Fi-uftl'i-ty, n. Final state ; a final or conclusive ar- 
 niusiomeirt : a settlement. 
 
 ri'ii:»l-ly . (uiv- 1. At the end or conclusion ; ulthnately ; 
 lastly. ''2. Completely. 
 
 Fi-iiJiiife' (li-uauss', 11-4), n. [L. L&t.Jinancia, payment 
 of money, money, from Jinare, to pay a fine or subsidy, 
 from Lat. Jinis]G\id.] The income of a niler or of a 
 state; revenue; sometimes, the income fi:om an indi- 
 vidual ; — often used in the plural, funds. 
 
 Fi-naii'cial (fi-nSn'shal), a. Pertaining to finance or 
 public revenue. [financier. 
 
 Fi-nan'cial-ist, n. One skilled in financial matters ; a 
 
 Fi-nan'cial-ly, adv. In a financial manner ; in relation 
 to finances or public revenue. 
 
 Fiii'an-^ier', n. 1. An oflicer who administers the 
 public revenue. 2. One skilled in financial operations. 
 
 rm^an-cier', v. i. To conduct financial operations. 
 
 Fiiicli (66), n. [A.-S. fine, N. H. Ger.^w^, 0. H. Ger. 
 fincojjincho, J), vink, allied to W. pinc,& finch, brisk, 
 smart, gav.] ( Ornith.) A small singing bird. 
 
 Find, V. t' [imp. & p. p. found ; p. pr. & vb. n. FIND- 
 ING.] [A.-S.. 0. Sax., & 0. H. Ger. findan, finde, Icel. 
 finna, Goth. Jint/ian.] 1. To meet -with, or light upon, 
 accidentally ; hence, to fall in with, as a person. '2. To 
 learn by experience or trial ; to perceive ; to experience ; 
 to detect ; to feel. 3. To come upon by seeking ; to dis- 
 cover by study or experiment ; to gain, as the object of 
 desire or effort. 4. To provide for ; to supply ; to furnish. 
 5. To arrive at, as a conclusion ; to establish. 
 
 To fold out, to detect, as a thief; to discover, as a secret. — To 
 find fault with, to blame; to censure.— To find one's self, to be; 
 to fare. 
 
 Find, V. i. (Law.) To determine an issue of fact, and to 
 declare such a determination to a court. 
 
 Find'er, n. One who, or that which, finds ; specifically 
 (Astroii.), a small telescope, attached to a larger one, for 
 finding an object more readily. 
 
 Find'ing, n. 1. That which is found; discovery; es- 
 pecially, in the plural, that which a journeyman finds or 
 provides for himself. 3. {Law.) That which is found 
 by a jury ; a verdict. 
 
 Find'ing- store, n. A store or shop where the tools, 
 &c., used by shoemakers, are kept for sale. [Amer.] 
 
 Fine, a. [compar. FINER ; superl. FINEST.] [Abbre- 
 viated from Lat. finitus, finished, i. e., completed, ac- 
 complished, perfect, p. p. of finite, to finish. See FINAL.] 
 1. Finished ; brought to perfection ; hence, excellent ; 
 superior : elegant ; worthy of admiration ; beautiful ; 
 showy. 'Z, Aiming at show or effect; over-dressed or 
 over-decked, in a bad sense. 3. Nice; delicate: ex- 
 quisite ; in a bad sense, sly ; fraudulent. 4. Not coarse, 
 gross, or heavy. 
 
 Filie arts, those arts which depend chiefly on the imagination, 
 a» poetry, painting, sculpture, engraving, and architecture, 
 which influence us through the eye; — sometimes restricted 
 to the first two of these arts. 
 
 Fine, v. t. [imp. &, p. p. FINED; p. pr. & vb. n. fin- 
 ing.] To make fine ; to refine ; to purify. 
 
 Fine,n. [Lat.^n?*, end.] 1. Money paid Jis the settle- 
 ment of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in 
 dispute ; especially, a payment of money imposed as a 
 punishment for an offense; a mulct. 2. (Law.) (a.) 
 {Feudal Law.) A final agreement concerning lands or 
 rents between persons, as the lord and his vassal, {b.) 
 {Eng. Law.) A sum (^f money paid for obtaining a bene- 
 fit, fe.vor, or privilege. \ 
 
 M fine, in conclusion; by way of termination or summing 
 up. 
 
 fine, V. t. [See Fine.] To impose a pecuniary penalty 
 
 upon ; to mulct. 
 Fine'-draw, f. t. [imp. k p. p. fine-drawn ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. FINE-DRAWING.] To sew up, as a rent, with- 
 
 out doubling tlue edges, so that the seam is not perceived ; 
 to renter. 
 
 Fine'-drawn, p. a. Drawn out with too much subtilty. 
 
 Fine'ly, adv. 1, In a fine or finished manner. 5J, Del- 
 icately ; with subtilty. 3. To a fine state ; into minute 
 parts ; to a thin or sharp edge or point. [fine. 
 
 Fine'ness (109), n. The quality or condition of being 
 
 Fm'er, n. One who fines or purifies. 
 
 Fin'er-y, n. 1. Ornament ; decoration ; especially, 
 showy or excessive decoration. 5i. A refinery ; a furnace 
 for making iron malleable. 
 
 Jfincsse (H-nes'), n. [Fr. Cf. Fineness.] Subtilty of 
 contrivance to gain a point ; artifice ; stratagem. 
 
 'Fi-i\&sse',v. i. [imp. & p. p. finessed (H-nesf) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FINESSING.] To use artifice or stratagem. 
 
 Fin'ger, n. [A.-S. finger, Icel. fingr, Goth, figgrs, from 
 A.-S. fangan, Goth, as if figgan, to take or seize. Cf. 
 Fang.] 1. One of the five terminating members of the 
 hand ; a digit ; also, one of the extremities of the hand, 
 not including the thumb. 3. The breadth of a finger. 
 3. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in music. 
 . To have a finger in, to be concerned in. 
 
 Fin'ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FINGERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FINGERING.] 1. To touch with the fingers ; to han- 
 dle. 2. To perform on, or to perform with, the fingers. 
 3. To touch hghtly. 4. To pilfer ; to purloin. 
 
 Fin'ger, v. i. {Mus.) To use the fingers in playing on 
 an instrument. 
 
 Fiii'ger-tooard, n. {Mus.) The part of a stringed in- 
 strument on which the fingers are pressed to vary the 
 tone ; key-board ; manual. 
 
 Fin'ger- glass, n. A glass to hold water for the use of 
 the fingers at the dinner-table. 
 
 Fin'ger-plate, n. A strip of metal or porcelain on the 
 edge of a door to keep the fingers from soiling the paint. 
 
 Fin'ger-post, n. A post with a 
 finger pointing, for directing pas- 
 sengers to the road ; a sign-post. 
 
 Fin'i-al, «. [Lat.^nzVe, to finish, 
 end.] The knot, or bunch of foli- 
 age, or flower, that forms the uppeil 
 extremities of pinnacles in Gothic 
 architecture ; sometimes, the pin- 
 nacle itself. 
 
 Fin'i<;-al, a. [From^ne.] Affect- 
 edly fine ; unduly particular ; fas- 
 tidious. 
 
 Syn. — Spruce; foppish. — One who is spruce is elaborately 
 nice in dress; one who is ^wica? shows his affectation in lan- 
 guage and manner as well as dress; one who is foppish seeks to 
 distinguish himself by the cut of his clothes, the tawdriness ot 
 his ornaments, and the ostentation of his manner. 
 
 Fin'i-e-ai'i-ty, n. State of being finical. 
 
 Fin'i«-al-ly, adv. In a finical manner ; foppishly. 
 
 Fl'nis, n. [Lat.] An end ; conclusion. 
 
 Fin'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. finished (fin/isht); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FINISHING.] [From Lat. finire, to limit, 
 finish, end, from finis, boundary, limit, end.] 1. To 
 bring to an end ; to put an end to ; to terminate, ti. 
 To bestow the utmost possible labor upon. 
 
 Syn. — Toend; terminate; close; conclude; complete; ac- 
 compUsh; perfect. 
 
 Fin'ish., n. That which finishes, terminates, or perfects; 
 especially, the last hard, smooth coat of plaster on a wall. 
 
 Fin'ish-er, n. 1. One who finishes, concludes, com- 
 pletes, or perfects. 3. A machinist. 
 
 Fi'nite, a. [Lat. finitus, p. p. of finire. See FINISH.] 
 Limited in quantity, degree, or capacity ; bounded. 
 
 Fi'nite-ly, adv. Within limits ; to a certain degree only. 
 
 Fin'less, a. [Fromj^n.] Destitute of fins. 
 
 Fin'ni-kin, n. [Prov. 'Eng.finnikin, equiv. to finical.] 
 A sort of pigeon, yvith a crest somewhat resembling the 
 mane of a horse. [fish. 
 
 Fin'ny, a. Furnished with fins ; pertaining to fins or 
 
 Fin'-toed, a. Having toes con- 
 nected by a membrane, as aquatic 
 fowls ; palmiped ; pahnated. 
 
 Fir (18), n. [A.-S. furli, Icel. fura, 
 furutre, allied to W. pyr.] {Bot.) 
 A tree alUed to the pines, and val- 
 ued for its timber. 
 
 Fire, n. [A.-S. fyr, 0. H. Ger. fiur, 
 alUed to Gr. vvp.] 1. The evolu- 
 tion of Ught and heat in the com- ' 
 bustion of bodies ; combustion ; 
 state of ignition. 2. Fuel in a 
 state of combustion, as on a hearth, 
 or in a furnace ; the burning of a Fu--tree. 
 
 Finialfl. 
 
 a,e &c. /o«g^;&,g,&c.,aAort;c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, tgrm; pique, firm; son, dr, do, W9L^ 
 
FIRE 
 
 FISHERMAN 
 
 house or town; a conflagration. 3. Anlor of passion, 
 whether love or hat«. 4. Liveliness and warmth of im- j 
 agination; intellectual and moral enthusia^im. 5. The' 
 discharge of fire-arms. 
 
 Greek fire, a kind of inflammable material, burning with al- 
 most inextinguishable violence, used in war. — On fire, burn- 
 ing. — Running fire, the rapid discharge of fire-arms in succes- 
 sion by a line ol troops. — St. Anthony's fire, the erysipelas ; — 
 an ejuptive fever which St. Anthony was supposed to cure mi- 
 raculously. — To set on fire, to inflame. 
 Fire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. firec ; p. pr. & vb. n. FIRING.] 
 
 1. To set on fire ; to kindle. H, To inflame ; to irritate, 
 as the passions. 3, To animate ; to give life or spirit to. 
 4. W cause to explode; to discharge. 3. (Far.) To 
 cauterize. 
 
 To fire v]}, to light up the fires of, as of an engine. 
 I'ire, V. i. 1. To take fire ; to be kindled ; to kindle. 
 
 2. To be irritated or inflamed with passion. 3. To dis- 
 charge artillery or fire-arms. 
 
 To fire up, to grow irritated or angry. 
 
 Ilre'-a-larm./, n. 1. An alarm given of a conflagra- 
 tion, 'i. An apparatus for giving an alarm of fire, as by 
 telegraphic signals. [powder. 
 
 IFire'-arm, ». A weapon which acts by the force of gun- 
 
 Fire'-ball, n. (Mil.) 1. A ball filled with powder or 
 other combustibles, intended to be thrown among ene- 
 mies, ti. A luminous meteor, resembling a ball of fire 1 
 passing rapidly through the air, and sometimes explod- 
 ing, [place in summer. | 
 
 Fire'-board, n. A chimney -board, used to close a fire- | 
 
 rire'-toraiid., n. 1. A piece of wood kindled or on fire. , 
 "i. One who causes contention and mischief; an incen- ; 
 diary. I 
 
 rire'-briclc, n. A brick capable of sustaining intense > 
 heat without fusion, usually made of fire-clay. ; 
 
 Fire'-^lay, n. A kind of clay, chiefly pure silicate of 
 alumina, capable of sustaining intense heat, and hence 
 used in making fire-bricks. i 
 
 Fire'-^om'pa-iiy (-kiim'pa-ny), n. A company of men i 
 for managing an engine to extinguish fires. j 
 
 JFire'-- erack'er, n. A small paper cylinder, charged | 
 with a preparation of gunpowder, which, being Ughted, j 
 explodes with a loud report. [coal-mines. See Damp. 
 
 rire'-damp, n. The explosive carbureted hydrogen of 
 
 Fire'-eat'er, n. One who pretends to eat fire ; hence, a ■ 
 fighting character ; a hotspur. j 
 
 Fire'-en'giiie (-en'jin), n. An hydraulic or forcing i 
 piunp for throwing water to extinguish fires. 
 
 Fire'-fly, n. (Entom.) A winged, luminous insect, | 
 which emits a brilliant light from a yellow spot on each 
 side of the thorax, and from other parts of the body ; 
 also, the female glow-worm. 
 
 Fire'-i'rong (-I'umz), n. pi. TJtensUs for a fire-place or 
 grate, as tongs, poker, and shovel. 
 
 Fire'lSclc, n. A gun-lock, which is discharged by strik- 
 ing fire with flint and steel; hence, a musket furnished 
 with such a lock. 
 
 Fire'man, n. ; pi. fire'ivien. 1. A man whose busi- \ 
 ness is to extinguish fires in tovms. 2. A man who i 
 tends the fires, as of a steam-engine. [new. I 
 
 Fire'-newr (-nQ), a. Fresh from the forge ; bright ; quite ' 
 
 Fire'-pS.n, n. A pan for holding or conveying fire ; i 
 especially, the receptacle for the priming in a gun. 
 
 Fire'-pla^e, n. The part of a chimney appropriated to \ 
 the fire ; a hearth. [extinguish fire. 
 
 Fire'-plug, n. A plug for drawing water from a pipe to 
 
 Fire'-proof , a. Proof against fire ; incombustible. ! 
 
 Fire'-s6t, n. A set of fire-irons, including, commonly, j 
 tongs, shovel, and poker. ' 
 
 Fire'-sliip, n. A vessel filled with combustibles, and \ 
 furnished with grappling-irons, to hook and set fire to I 
 an enemy's ships. [domestic life or retirement. 
 
 Fire^side,M. A place near the fire or hearth; home; 
 
 Fire'ward, ) n. An officer who has authority to di- 
 
 Fire'-ward'eii, ) rect in the extinguishing of fires, or 
 the proper precautions against fires. 
 
 Fire'->v<:>bd, n. Wood for fuel. 
 
 Fir e '- work: ( -wurk ],n. Preparations of gimpowder and 
 other inflammable materials, for making explosions in 
 the air; — usually in the plural. 
 
 Fir'ltin (18), n. [From A.-S. feover, four, and the dim. 
 termination kin.'\ 1. A measure of capacity, equal to 
 nine ale gallons, or seven and a half imperial gallons. 
 2. A small vessel or ca^k of indeterminate size ; — used 
 chiefly for butter and lard. [A^ner.] 
 
 Firm (18), o. [compar. firmer ; superl. FIRMEST.] [Lat. 
 Jirmus.] 1. Fixed ; hence, closely compressed, ti. Ts^ot 
 easily excited or disturbed ; unchanging in purpose ; not 
 
 easily moved. 3. Not giving way ; solid. 4. Indicating 
 
 Syn.— Compact ; dense ; hard ; stable ; stanch ; robust ; 4 
 strong ; sturdy ; unshaken ; fixed ; steady; resolute ; con- 
 stant. 
 
 Firm, n. [It. ^^rwa, the (firm, sure, or confirming) sig- 
 nature or subscription, from Lat. jirmus.] The name, 
 title, or style, under which a company transact business ; 
 hence, a partnership or house. 
 
 Firm, v. t. 1. To fix ; to settle ; to confirm. 3. To fiz 
 or direct \nt\i firmness. 
 
 Fir'ma-meiit, n. [L&t.Jirmamentum, fromjirmare, to 
 
 , make firm, from Jirmus, firm.] The region of the air ; 
 the sky or heavens. 
 
 Fir'ma-ment'al, a. Pertaining to the firmament. 
 
 Fir'man, or Fir-man', n. ; pi. fir'Mans, or fir- 
 MAN2'. [Pers. ferman, Skr. pramana, measure, judg- 
 ment, authority, from pra, inseparable preposition, Gr. 
 Trpo, Lat. Tpro, Pers./er, and Skr. ma, to measure, suffix 
 ana.] A decree of the Turkish or other Oriental govern- 
 ment ; — generally given for special objects. [steadily. 
 
 Firm'ly, adv. In a firm manner ; solidly ; closely ; 
 
 Firm'ness, n. The state of being firm ; fixedness ; sta- 
 bility ; constancy ; certainty ; steadfastness. 
 
 Syn. — Firmness ; constancy. — Firmness belongs to the 
 will, and constancy to the affections and principles: the former 
 prevents us from yielding, and the latter from fluctuating. - 
 Without ^rwjiess a man has no character ; " without constancy," 
 says Addison, " there is neither love, friendship, nor virtue in 
 the world." 
 
 First (18), a. [k.-^. first, fyrst,fyr est, Icel./yrstr, 0. H. 
 Ger. fur i.$t,furisto, superl. of fiiri, before, Goth, faur, A.- 
 S. for, fore, fora, Icel. fyri. See FOR.] 1. Preceding 
 all others of a series or kind. 3. Placed in front of, or 
 in advance of, all others ; foremost. 3. Most eminent 
 or exalted ; most excellent. 
 
 Syn. — Primary; primordial; original; primitive; primeval; 
 pristine; highest; chief; principal. 
 
 First, adv. Before any thing else in time, space, rank, 
 &c. ; — used in composition. 
 
 At first, at the first, at the beginning or origin. — First or 
 last, at one time or another; at the beginning or end. 
 
 First, n. (3Ius.) The upper part of a duet, trio, &c., 
 either vocal or instrumental. [of nativity ; eldest.- 
 
 First'-born, a. First brought forth ; first in the order 
 
 First'- floor, 71. 1. The floor or tier of apartments next 
 above the ground-floor. [Eng.] 3. The ground-floor. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 First'-fruit, n. [Usually in the pi.] 1. The fruits ear- 
 liest gathered ; the earliest results or profits of any action 
 or position. 3. (Feudal Laiv.) One year's profits of 
 lands which belonged to the king on the death of a tenant 
 who held directly from him. 3. (Eng. Eccl. Law.) The 
 first year's whole profits of a benefice or spiritual living. 
 
 First'ling, n. The first produce or offspring ; — said of 
 animals, especially domestic animals. 
 
 First'ly, adv. In the first place ; to commence. 
 
 First'-rate, a. Of the highest excellence ; pre-eminent 
 in quality, size, or estimation. [the sea ; a frith. 
 
 Firtb, «. [Scot., Eng.T^i^A, q. v.] ( Geog-.) An arm of 
 
 Fir'-tree, n. See Fir. 
 
 Fis-e, n. [Fr., from Lat. ^scms, basket, money-basket, 
 state treasury.] The treasury of a prince or state. 
 
 Fis-e'al, a. Pertaining to the public treasury or revenue. 
 
 Fis«'al, n. 1. A treasurer. 3. The king's sohcitor in 
 Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Fisb, n. ; pi. FlSH'ES, instead of which the singular is 
 often used collectively. [A.-S. ; Ger.^^c, Icel. fiskr, Goth. 
 ^5^5, aUied to Lat. piscis, W. pysg.] 1. An animal that 
 Uves in water. 3. (Zodl.) An oviparous, vertebrate ani- 
 mal, having a covering of scales or plates, and breathinp; 
 by means of gills or branchiae, and living almost entirely 
 in the water. 3. The flesh of fish, used as food. 
 
 C©~In composition, fish sometimes signifies that what it Ic 
 compounded with is shaped like a fish. 
 
 Fisb, V. i. [imp. & p. p. fished (ftsht) ; p. pr. & vb. u 
 FISHING.] 1. To attempt to catch fish. 3. To seek to 
 obtain by artifice. 
 
 Fish, V. t. 1. To catch ; to draw out or up. 3. To 
 search bj' raking or sweeping. 3. (iSliwf.) To strengthen, 
 as a mast or yard, with a piece of timber. 4. (Railway 
 Engin.) To splice, as rails, with a fish-joint. 
 
 Fisli'-beam, n. (Mech.) A beam one of whose sides 
 swells out like the belly of a fish. 
 
 Fisli'er, n. One who is employed in catching fish. 
 
 Fisb'er-man, n. ; pi. fIsh'er-Men. 1. One whose oc- 
 cupation is to catch fish. 3. (Naut.) A ship or vessel 
 employed in the business of taking fish. 
 
 iood, fobt ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, <!all, eebo gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis 
 
FISHERY 
 
 284 
 
 FLACCID 
 
 FIsh'er-y, «. 1. Business or practice of catching fish. 
 *2. A place for catching fish. ' 
 
 Fisli'-KK, M . A staff with barbed prongs^ and a line fas- 
 tened just above the prongs, for striking fash at sea. 
 
 i^igh'-glue, II. Isingliuss. 
 
 Fisli'hdbk, it. 1. A hook for catching fish. 3. A 
 hook with a pendant to the end of which the fish-tackle 
 
 Fisli'i-ness, M. The state of being fishy . [is hooked. 
 
 Fisli'-joiut, n. ( Raihvays. ) A spUce consisting of one 
 or more pieces of iron or wood bolted to the side or sides 
 of two adjacent rails, where the head of one meets the 
 foot of the other. 
 
 Fisli'-mdnger (-niQng'ger), 71. A seller offish. t 
 
 Fisli'-slif e, n. A broad knile for dividing fish at table ; 
 a fish-trowel. _ [fish for sale. 
 
 Fisli'-Avife, it. ; pi. FtSH'wiVEg. A woman that cries 
 
 Fisli'-wom'an, n.: pi. fish'-wom'EN (-wim'en). A 
 woman who sells fish ; a fish-wife. 
 
 .f isli'y, a. 1. Consisting of fish ; fish-iike ; having the 
 qualities or taste of fish ; filled with fish. 2. Extrava- 
 gant, like some stories told about fish, or by fishermen ; 
 improbable. [ Collog.] 
 
 Fis'sile (fTs'sil), a. [L&t. ^ssilis , from finder e,yissuvi, to 
 cleave, spHt.] Capable of being spUt, cleft, or (Jivided 
 in the direction of the grain, or of natural joints. 
 
 Fis-sO'l-ty, II. The quality of being fissile. 
 
 Fis'sion (fish/un), n. 1. A cleaving, splitting, or break- 
 ing up into parts. 2. (Physiol.) A subdividing into two 
 parts fi-om the progress of natural growth. 
 
 Fis-sip'a-roiis, a. [From La-t. Jissiis, p. p. of Jindere, to 
 spUt, and parere, to bring forth, bear.] (Physiol.) Re- 
 producing by spontaneous fission. 
 
 Fis'sure (fish''ijr), n. [Lsit. Jissura. See Fissile.] A 
 cleft ; a longitudinal opening. 
 
 Fist, n. [A.-S. fyst, allied to Slav, pjastj.] The hand 
 with the fingers doubled into the palm. 
 
 Fist, V. t. [imp. & p. p. fisted \p.pr. & vh. n. FIST- 
 ING.] To strike with the fist. 
 
 Fist'i«, a. \¥xova.fist.'\ Pertaining to boxing, or to en- 
 counters with the fists ; pugilistic. 
 
 Fist'i-«iiff s, n. pi. \_jist and cwjf.] Blows, or a combat 
 with the fists ; a boxing. [ Collog.] 
 
 I'lst'u-ld (fi&fyv^Aa,), n.; pi. FiST'v-L^. [Lat.] 1. 
 A reed; hence, a pipe. 2. (Surg.) A deep, narrow, 
 chronic abscess. [reed. 
 
 Fist'u-lar, a. Hollow and cylindrical, like a pipe or 
 
 Fist'u-late, v. i. To become a pipe or fistula. 
 
 Fist'u-late , v. t. To make hollow like a pipe. 
 
 Fist-u'li-form, a. [h&t. fistula, pipe, and/onna, form.] 
 Having a fistular form ; tubular. 
 
 Fist'u-loiis (fist/yu-lus), a. 1. Having the form or na- 
 ture of a fistula. 2. Hollow, like a pipe or reed. 
 
 Fit, a. [co?w;?a?-. fitter ; sj//>flr;. FITTEST.] [Cf. feat, 
 neat, elegant, well made, Goth, fetjan, to deck, adorn, 
 dress, Icel. /am, to clothe, /a«, clothing.] 1. Adapted 
 to an end, object, or design ; suitable by nature, by art, 
 or by culture. 2. Suitable to a standard of duty, pro- 
 priety, or taste. 
 
 Syn. — Suitable ; proper ; appropriate ; meet ; becoming ; 
 expedient; congruous; correspondent; convenient; apposite; 
 apt; adapted; prepared; quahfied; competent; adequate. 
 
 Fit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FITTED \ p. pr. & vh. n. FIT- 
 TING.] 1. To make fit or suitable; to adapt to the 
 purpose for which any thing is intended ; to qualify. 
 2. To bring into a required form. 3. To furnish duly. 
 4. To be suitable to ; to answer the requirements of. 
 
 To fit out, to supply with necessaries or means. — To fit up, 
 to furnish with things suitable. 
 
 Fit, V. i. 1. To be proper or becoming. 2. To be ad- 
 justed to the shape directed ; to suit. 
 
 Fit, n. [See Fit, a.] 1. Adjustment ; adaptedness. 2. 
 (Mach.) Coincidence of parts that come in contact. 
 
 Fit, n. [Probably from the root of fight.] 1. A sudden 
 and violent attack of a disorder ; a convulsion ; a par- 
 oxysm ; hence, in general, an attack of disease. 2. An 
 attack of any thing which masters or possesses one for a 
 time. 3. A passing humor ; an impulsive and irregular 
 action. 4. A sudden emission. 
 
 By fits, by fit g and startu, by intervals of action and repose ; 
 impulsively and irregnilarly. 
 
 Fitch, n. [See VE^rCH.] 1. A chick-pea. 2. [Con- 
 traction of fitchet.] The fur of the pole-cat. 
 
 Fitcll'et, ) n. [0. Fr. fissau, 0. D. fisse, visse, vitsche, 
 
 Fitcli'ew, I Gael, feoadlan.] A polecat ; a foumart. 
 
 Fit'f 111, a. Full of fits ; irregularly variable ; spasmodic ; 
 impulsive and unstable. 
 
 Fit'f ul-ly, adv. In a fitful manner; by fits. 
 
 Fitly, adv. In a fit manner ; suitably ; properly. 
 
 Fit'ness, n. State or quality of being fit. 
 
 Fit'ter, n. One who makes fit or suitable. 
 
 Fit'ting, n. Any thing used in fitting up ; especially, \u 
 
 the plural, necessary fixtures or apparatus. 
 Fit'ting, J?, a. Fit; appropriate; suitable; proper. 
 Fitz (fits, 108), n. [Norm. Fr. fiz,fiuz, N. Fr. ^, son, 
 
 from Lat. filius.] A son; — used in compound names, 
 
 and, in England, of the illegitimate sons of kings and 
 
 pi-iuces of the blood. 
 Five, n. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. /?/, Goth, fimf, Icel. fimm, 
 
 allied to Lat. quingue, Oscan. pomtis, Gr. nevre, Eol. 
 
 nefi.ire, Celt, penip, jmmp, Lith. penki, Skr. pantschan.] 
 
 1. A number next greater than four, and less t|ian six ; 
 the .sum of four and one. 2. A symbol representing thig 
 number, as 5, or V. 
 
 Five, a. Four and one added ; one more than four. 
 
 Five'f old, a. & adv. In fives ; five times repeated; 
 quintuple. 
 
 Five§, n. [H. Ger. feifel, L. Lat. vivolm, viva;, Fr. avives\ 
 A disease of the glands under the ear tn horses ; the vives. 
 
 Fiveg, n.pl. A kind of play with a bail, resembling ten- 
 nis ; — .so named because three fives, or fifti'en , are count- 
 ed to the game, [dicament ; dilemma. [Collog.] 
 
 Fix, n. A position of difliculty or embarrassment ; pre- 
 
 Fix, V. t. [imp. & p. p. fixed (fikst); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FIXING.] [Fr. fixer, Sp. & Pg. fixar, It. fissare, from 
 IL&t. figere, fixum.] 1. To make firm, stable, or fest; 
 to establish. 2. To hold steadily, or without moving, 
 as the eye on an object, the attention on a speaker, and 
 the like. 3. To implant; to pierce. 4. To adjust; to 
 set to rights ; to set or place in the manner desired or 
 most suitable. 
 
 Syn.— To prepare; adjust; place; estabUsh ; settle ; deter- 
 jnine ; arrange ; put in order. — Fix denotes to set firmly, as, 
 to^ the eye on some one; his teeth were fixed; and hence 
 arises the vulgarism to be in a "fix," or a " bad^." It is a 
 gross error to give this word the sense of arrange or put in or- 
 der, as, to .Ax a clock; to^a; the fire ; to^ one's hair ; to^a: wp, 
 &c. —This very common Americanism has no sanction in Eng- 
 Ush usage. 
 
 Fix, V. i. 1. To settle or remain permanently ; to rest. 
 
 2. To become firm ; to cease to flow or be fluid ; to be- 
 come hard and malleable. 
 
 Fix'a-ble, a. Capable of being fixed. 
 Fix-a'tion, n. 1. Act of fixing, making firm, or estab- 
 lishing. 2. State of being fixed ; steadiness ; constancy. 
 
 3. Act of uniting chemically with a solid substance or 
 in a soUd form. 4. Act or process of ceasing to be fluid 
 and becoming firm. 5. A state of resistance to evapo- 
 ration or volatilization by heat. 
 
 Fixed.(fikst), j3. a. Settled; established; firm. 
 
 Fixed ammunition (Mil.), ammunition composed of the pow- 
 der and projectile firmly united together, so as to be inserted 
 into a fire-arm at the same time. — Fixed oih or alkalies (^Chem.\ 
 such as remain in a permanent state, and are not readily vola- 
 tilized. — Fixed stars (Astron.), such stars as always retain 
 nearly the same apparent position and distance with respect to 
 each other. 
 
 Fix'ed-ly, adv. In a fixed or firm manner. 
 
 Fix'ed-ness, n. A state of being fixed ; stability ; firm- 
 ness ; steadfastness. 
 
 Fix'ing. n. That which is fixed ; a fixture ; — used 
 chiefly in the plural ; arrangements, embellishments, 
 trimmings, and the like. [ Collog. Amer.] 
 
 Fix'i-ty,«. Fixedness; coherence of parts. 
 
 Fixt'iire (flkst'yijr, 58), n. [From j^xf, equiv. to fixed.] 
 1, That which is fixed or attached to something as a 
 permanent appendage. 2. Fixedness ; fixure. 3. (jLaw) 
 Any thing of an accessory character annexed to houses 
 and lands, so as to constitute a part of them. 
 
 Fiz'gig, n. 1. A fi.shgig. 2. A gadding, flirting girl. 
 3. A firework which makes a fizzing or hissing noit* 
 when it explodes. 
 
 Fizz, ) V. i. [Icel. fisa, to ventilate, Sw. fis, a blow- 
 
 Fiz'zle, I ing, Gr. ^vo-a, L. Lat. vissinm.] 1. To make 
 a hissing sound. 2. To fail of success in an undertak- 
 ing ; to bungle. 
 
 To fizzle out, to bum with a hissing noise and then go out, 
 like wet gunpowder ; hence, to fail completely and ridiculously,- 
 to prove a failure. 
 
 Fiz'zle, n. A failure or abortive effort. 
 
 Fiab'bi-ness, n. State of being flabby or soft. 
 
 Fiab'by, a. [See Flap.] Yielding to the touch, and 
 easily moved or shaken ; wanting firmness ; flaccid. 
 
 Fla-bel'li-fdrm, a. [Lat. flabellum, fan, and forma, 
 shape.] (Bot.) Having the form of a fan ; &n-shaped. 
 
 Fiab'ile, a. Subject to be blown about. 
 
 Fia.-e'0d, a. [Lat. ^acac?MS, from _/7accMS, flabby.] Yield- 
 ing to pressure for want of firmness and stiffness ; soft 
 and weak ; limber ; lax ; flabby. 
 
 a,e,&c.,Z<mg-,- &,6, Sec, short; c&,re,f'ax,»»lL,a^U,-wliat] 6rc, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,dQ, vir9lf( 
 
FLACCIDITY 
 
 285 
 
 FLAP 
 
 Fla€-0d.'i-ty, n. The state of being ^accid ; want of 
 finnness or stiffness ; flabbiuess. [cidity. 
 
 Fli«'9id-ness, n. The state of being flaccid ; flac- 
 
 Fl&g;, V. i. [imp. Sep. p. FLAtrGED ; p.pr. & vb. n. FLAG- 
 GINgI] [Icel. ^afca, to droop, hang loosely, 0. D.Jlag- 
 gher -n, to be loose, allied to Lat. Jiaccus, flabby, Goth. 
 thlapvus, soft to the touch, tender.] 1. To hang loose 
 \rithout stiffness ; to be loose and yielding. 2. To grow 
 spiritless or dejected. 
 
 Syn. — To droop; decline; fail; languish; pine. 
 
 Fia&, V- t. To let fall into feebleness. 
 
 Flag, n. [Allied to Ger. y?ac/i, flat. Cf. FLAG-STONE.] 
 A flat stone used for paving. 
 
 Flag, V. t. To lay with flat stones. 
 
 Flag, n. [Yvomflag, to hang loose, to bend down.] {Bot. ) 
 An aquatic plant, with long, ensiform leaves. 
 
 Flag, n. [L. & H. Ger. ^a^g^e, Icel. ^agg-, ^vf.flagga, 
 D&a.Jfag, D. vlag. See FLAG, v. i.] An ensign or colors ; 
 a banner ; a standard. 
 
 Black flag, a flag of a black colo», displayed as a sign that no 
 mercy will be shown to the vanquished. — Flag of truce, a 
 white flag carried or displayed to an enemy for the purpose of 
 making some communication not hostile. —Red flag, a flag of a 
 red color, displayed as a sign of defiance and invitation to bat- 
 tle. — To hang out the white flag, to ask quarter, or in some 
 cases, to manifest a friendlv desio;n by exhibiting a flag of a 
 white color. — To hang the flag haif-mai^t high, or half-staff, to 
 raise it only halfway to the top of the mast or staff, as a token 
 or sign of mourning. — To strike or loioer the flag, to pull it 
 down upon the cap, in token of respect, submission, or, in an 
 engagement, of surrender. 
 
 Fiag'el-laiit, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a fanatical sect 
 which arose A. D. 1260, who maintained that flagellation 
 was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacrament. 
 
 Fiag'el-late, v. t. [Lat. flagellare., flagellatum, from 
 flagellum, whip, scourge, dim. offlagrum, whip, scourge.] 
 To whip ; to scourge. [of the scourge. 
 
 Fiag'el-la'tion, «. A whipping; a flogging; discipline 
 
 Fla-gel'li-fdrm, a. [From Lat. flagellum Sini forma, 
 shape.] (Bot.) Long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong 
 of a whip. 
 
 Fiag'eo-iet' (fl5j'o-15tO, n. [Fr. flageolet, 0. Fr. flajol, 
 dim. offlaute,flahute,'N.'Ei:fltite. See Flute.] {Bins.) 
 A small wind-instrument, having a mouth-piece at one 
 end, and six principal holes. 
 
 Fiag'gi-ness, n. The condition of being flaggy. 
 
 Fiag'ging, n. A pavement or sidewalk of flag-stones ; 
 flag-stones, spoken of collectively. 
 
 Fiag'gy, a. 1. Weak; flexible; limber. 2. Weak in 
 taste; insipid. 3. Abounding with the plant called 
 Jlag. 
 
 Fla-gi'tioiis (-jish'us), a. [Lat. flagitiosus, fr. flagitium, 
 a shameful or disgraceful act, originally a burning desire, 
 from ^agiYare, to demand hotly, fiercely.] 1. Disgrace- 
 fully or shamefully criminal. ti. Guilty of enormous 
 crimes. 3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices. 
 Syn.— Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; 
 profligate; abandoned. 
 
 Fla-gi'tious-ly, adv. In a flagitious manner. 
 
 Fla-gi'tious-ness, n. The condition or quality of 
 being flagitious ; extreme wickedness ; villainy. 
 
 Fiag'-of f i-cer, n. The commander of a squadron. 
 
 Fiag'on, n. ' [Yv.flacon, for flascon, probably from Lat. 
 vasculum, a small vessel, dim. of vas, vessel.] A vessel 
 with a narrow mouth, for holding and conveying Uquors. 
 
 Fiag'-inaii,n.; pi. FLAG' -men. One who makes signals 
 with flags. [heinousness ; enormity. 
 
 Fla'gran-^y, n. Condition or quahty of being flagrant ; 
 
 Fla'grant, a. [Lat, flagrans, p. pr. of flagrare, to flame, 
 blaze, burn.] 1. Flaming ; inflamed ; glowing ; burn- 
 ing. 2. Actually in preparation, execution, or perform- 
 ance ; raging. 3. Flaming into notice ; notoriaus. 
 Syn.— Atrocious; flagitious; glaring; enormous. 
 
 Fla'grant-ly, adv. In a flagrant 
 manner ; ardently. 
 
 Flag'- ship, n. The ship which bears 
 the commanding oificer of a squadron, 
 and on which his flag is displayed. 
 
 Fiag'-staff, n.; pi. flag'-staffs. 
 A pole or staff on which a flag is hung-. 
 
 Fiag'-stone, n. [See Flag, a flat 
 stone.] 1. A flat stone for pavement. 
 3. Any sandstone which splits up into 
 flags. 
 
 Flail, n. [0. Yr.flael,flaiel,flaial, from 
 JjsA. flagellum., \jhx^, scourge, in Late 
 Lat. a threshing -flail.] An instrument 
 for threshing or beating grain from the 
 
 Flake, n. [A.-S. flace, 0. H. Ger. flocco, floccho, Lat. 
 floccus. See FLOCK.] 1. A film ; flock ; lamina ; layer ; 
 scale. 3. A platform of hurdles, for drying codfish, &c. 
 [Local. Amer.] 3. (Naut.) A small stage hung over the 
 ship's side, for workmen to stand on in calking, &c. 
 
 Fl&ke, V. t. [imp. & p. p. flaked (flakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FLAKING.] To form into flakes. 
 
 Flake, v. i. To separate in layers ; to peel or scale off. 
 
 Flake'- white , n. (Paint.) (a.) The purest white lead 
 in flakes or scales, (b.) A subnitrate of bismuth, or pearl- 
 white. 
 
 Flak'y, a. Consisting of flakes or locks ; flake-like. 
 
 Fiam, n. [Cf. A.-S. fleam, a flight, fleam, smut, dirt.] 
 A freak or whim ; also, a falsehood ; a lie ; an illusory 
 pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.] 
 
 Fiam'beau (flSm'bo), n. / pi. flam'beaux, or flXm'- 
 BEAU2 (flam'boz). [Fr., from flamber, to flame, to blaze, 
 from Lat. flammula, a little flame, dim. of flamma, 
 flame.] A flaming torch, used in the streets at nighk, 
 at illuminations, and in processions. 
 
 Flame, n. [Lat. flamma.] 1. A stream of burning 
 vapor or gas ; a blaze. 2. Burning zeal or jjassion ; fer- 
 vency ; passionate excitement or strife. 3. Wq^^mth of 
 affection. 4. A sweetheart. [Colloq.] 
 Syn. — See Blaze. 
 
 Flame, v i. [imp. & p. p. flamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLAMING.] 1. To burn with rising, streaming, or dart^ 
 ing fire ; to blaze. 3. To break out in violence of passion. 
 
 Flame'-eol'ored (-kQl/urd), a. Of the color of flame ; 
 of a bright yellow color. 
 
 Fla'men, «.; Eng. pi. fla'mens; Lat. pi. FzlM'l- 
 JVE.2- [Lat., also fllamen, a priest of one particular 
 deity, so called from the fillet around his head, from 
 fllum, thread, fillet.] (Rom,. Antiq.) A priest devoted to 
 the service of a particular god, from whom he received a 
 distinguishing epithet. 
 
 Fla-min'go, n. [From Lat. 
 flamma, flame, q. v., on ac- 
 count of its red color.] ( Ornith.) 
 A bird of a bright red color, 
 having long legs and neck, and 
 a beak bent dovni as if broken. 
 
 Flam-mif'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. 
 flayn m.ife r , fr ova. flam^ ??2 a , flame , 
 and/erre, to bear.] Producing 
 flame. 
 
 Flam-miv'o-moiis, a. [Lat. 
 flammivomus, from flamma, 
 and vomere, to vomit.] Vom- 
 iting flames, as a volcano. 
 
 Flam'y,a. [From flame .] Flam- 
 ing ; blazing ; flame-like ; com- 
 posed of flame. 
 
 Flange, n. [Prov. Eng. flange, to project out. See 
 Flank.] A projecting edge, rib, or rim, as of a car- 
 wheel, to keep it on the rail, or of a casting or other 
 piece, by which it is strengthened or may be fastened to 
 something else. 
 
 Flange, V. t. [imp. & p. p. flanged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLANGING.] (Mach.) To make a flange on. 
 
 Flange, V. i. To be bent into a flange ; to take the form 
 of a flange. 
 
 Fiank, n. [Prob. from Lat. flaccus, flabby, with n in- 
 serted.] 1. The fleshy part of the side of an animal, 
 between the ribs and the hip. 3. (Mil.) (a.) The side 
 of an army, or of any division of an army ; th« extreme 
 right or left, (b.) (Fort.) That part of a bastion which 
 reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the 
 opposite face. 3. (Arch.) The side of any building. 
 
 Fiank, V. t. [imp. & p. p. flanked (flSnkt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FLANKING.] 1. To stand at the flank or sidc 
 of; to border upon. 2. To overlook or command the 
 flank of; to pass around or tm-n the flank of. 
 
 Fiank, v. i. 1. To border ; to touch. 3. To be posted 
 on the side. 
 
 Fiank'er, n. One who, or that which flanks. 
 
 Fiank'er, v. t. [See Flank, v. t. ; Fr.flanquer.] 1. To 
 defend by lateral fortifications. 3. To attack sideways. 
 
 Fian'nel, n. [Perhaps from Lat. velamen, a covering, 
 clothing, or from Fr. laine, Lat. lana, wool, with ./ pre- 
 fixed. Cf. Celt, gloan, wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen 
 cloth, of loose texture. 
 
 Flap, n. [Cf 0. D. flabbe, a fly-flap, orig. any thing 
 pendulous, Ger. flabbe, Svf. flabh, Dan. flab, a dropping 
 or hanging mouth, allied to Lat. flaccus, flabby.] 1. 
 Any thing broad and limber that hangs loose, or at- 
 tached by one side qr end and easily moved. 3. The 
 
 Flamingo. 
 
 ebd, tdbt , &rn« ryde, pull * (eU^ ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e?^ist ; linger, link ; tlii» 
 
FLAP 
 
 286 
 
 FLEABITING 
 
 motion of any thing broad and loose, or a stroke with it. 
 3. pi. {Far.) A disease in tlu- lips of horses. 
 
 Flfti>, r. t. [imp. & />. p. flapped (tiSpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FLAPPING.] 1, To boat with a tiap ; to strike. '.2. ; 
 To move, as something broad and flap-like. 
 
 Flikp, r. t. 1. To move ai; wings, or as something brfcd , 
 or loose. ♦2. To fall and hang Uke a flap. ; 
 
 Fls'ip'-drftg'on, n. 1. A game in which the players 
 caU-h raisins out of burning brandy, and extinguishing 
 them by closing the mouth, eat them. ti. The thing \ 
 thus caught and eaten. 
 
 Flftp'-eared. a. Having broad, loose ears. [pie-puff. 
 
 Flftp'jftck, n. A sort of broad pancake; also, an ap- ! 
 
 Fiap'per, n. One who, or that which flaps. i 
 
 Fl&re, f. I. li?np. & p. p. flared; p. pr. & vb. n.\ 
 FLARING.] [Contr. from flacker, q. v.] 1. To burn 
 with a glaring and waving flame, ti. To shine out with 
 a sudden and unsteady light or splendor. 3. To be ex- i 
 posed to too much hght. 4. To open or spread outward, i 
 To flare up, to break into a passion. 
 
 JFlSire, n. 1. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. 3. 
 Leaf of lard. [versy. 
 
 Fl&re'-iip, n. A sudden passion or passionate contro- 
 
 Fl^sli, M. [£i. flec/ie, arrow, ^ecrte ardente, a burning 
 arrow thrown to set on fire the enemy's works ; fleche, 
 from D. flits, M. H. Ger. vliz, arrow, bow, cross-bow.] 
 1. A sudden burst of hght ; a momentary blaze. 2. A 
 momentary brightness or show. 3. An instant ; a very 
 brief period. 
 
 FI^sli, n. The slang language of thieves, robbers, and I 
 the like ; the vulgar tongue. 
 
 FI&sli, a. Low and vulgar ; slang. 
 
 Flash, V. i. {imp. & p. p. flashed (flSLsht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FLASHING.] 1. To break forth, as a sudden- flood 
 of hght; to show a momentary brilliancy. 2. To burst 
 forth with a flood of flame and light. 3. To make a 
 quick and unexpected transit. 
 
 FlSsli, f.t. To send out in flashes ; to convey by a flame, 
 or by a quick and startling motion. 
 
 Fiasli'-liouse, n. A house frequented by thieves, &c., 
 where stolen goods are received. 
 
 F13,sli'i-ly, adv. In a flashy manner; with empty show. 
 
 'EVksh.'y, a. 1. Dazzling for a moment; transitorily 
 bright. 3. Showy : gay ; gaudy. 3. Insipid ; vapid. 
 
 Flask, n. [A.-S. flasc, flaxa, 0. H. Ger. flasca, 0. Fr. 
 flasche. .See FLAGON.] 1. A narrow-necked vessel for 
 holding fluids. 2. A powder-horn. 3. (Foimding.) A 
 box containing the sand that forms the mold. 
 
 Fiat, a. [cornp. FLATTER ; superl. FLATTEST.] [Icel. 
 flatr, 0. H. Ger. flaz, alUed to Icel. flaki, Gr. 7rXa|, 
 jrAttTvs.] 1. Having an even and horizontal surface, or 
 nearly so; level without inclination. 3. Lying at full 
 length ; level with the earth ; prostrate ; hence, fallen ; 
 laid low ; ruined. 3. Wanting relief; destitute of vari- 
 ety ; monotonous. 4. Lacking liveliness of commercial 
 exchange and deaUngs ; depressed ; dull. 5. Not re- 
 lieved, broken, or softened ; clear ; absolute ; downright. 
 6. (Mus.) (a.) Below the true pitch; hence, as applied 
 to intervals, minor, or lower by a half-step. (b. ) Not sharp 
 or shrill ; not acute. 7, (Pron.) Uttered with voice in- 
 stead of breath ; spoken, in distinction from whispered : 
 vocal; sonant: — said of certain consonants, as b, d. 
 z, &c. 
 
 Fiat, n. 1, A level surface, without elevation, relief, or 
 prominences. 2. A low, level tract of ground; a shoal; 
 a shallow; a strand. 3. Something broad and flat in 
 form. 4. The flat part, or side, of any thing. 5. A 
 dull fellow; a simpleton; a numskull. 6. (Mus.) A 
 character [ b ] before a note, indicating a tone which is a 
 half-step or semitone lower. 
 
 Fiat, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLATTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLATTING.] 1. To make flat; to flatten: to level. 
 3. To render dull, insipid, or spiritless. 3. To depress 
 in tone, as a musical note ; especially, to lower in pitch 
 by half a tone. 
 
 Fiat, V. i. 1. To become flat, or flattened. 2. (Mus.) 
 To fall from the pitch. 
 
 Fiat'-fisli, n. (Ickth.) A fish which has its body of a 
 flattened form, sw.-ms on the side, and has both eyes on 
 one side, as the floinder, halibut, &c. 
 
 Fiat'-ftfbt'ed, a. Firm-footed; determined. [Colloq. 
 Amer.] [sad-iron. 
 
 Fiat'-i'ron (I'um), n. An iron for smoothing cloth; a 
 
 Flatly, adv. In a flat manner ; evenly ; horizontally ; 
 without spirit ; dully ; frigidly ; peremptorily ; pKJsitive- 
 ly : plainly. 
 
 Fiat'ness, n. The quality or condition of being fiat. 
 
 Fiat'ten (flSt'tn), v. t. [imp. & p.p. flattened : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FLATTENING.] [From flat, q. v.j 1. T» 
 level ; to make flat. 2. To throw down ; to prostrate; 
 hence, to depre.is ; to defect. 3. To make vapic or in- 
 sipid. 4. (Mm,^.) To lower the pitch of. 
 
 Fiat'ten (flSt'tn), v. i. To become flat, even, dejected, 
 dull, or depressed below pitch. 
 
 Fiat'ter, f. t. [imp. & p. p. flattered ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. FLATTERING]. [Icel. fladra. Fr. flatter, from Icel. 
 flatr, Sw. & Eng.^af ,• orig., to stroke, i. e., to make flat, 
 level, or smooth.] 1. To gratify ; to coax ; to wheedle. 
 2. To gratify the self-love, vanity, and pride of; to please 
 by artful and interested commendation. 3. To pkas* 
 with false hopes. 
 
 Fiat'ter-er, n. One who flatters ; a fewner, 
 
 Fiat'ter-y, n. Act of flattering, or praising in a way 
 to gratify vanity or gain favor. 
 
 Syn. — Adulation; compliment; obsequiousneas. See Ad- 
 ulation. 
 
 Fiat'u-lenpe, )n. The state or condition of b«ng flat- 
 Fiat'u-len-9y, | ulent. 
 
 Fiat'u-lent, a. [N. L&l.flatulentus, from Lat.^atMS, a 
 blowing, flatus ventris, windiness, from flare, to blow.] 
 
 1. Affected with gases in the alimentary canal ; windy. 
 
 2. Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stom- 
 ach. 3. Turgid with air. 
 
 Fiat'wige, a. or adv. With the flat side downward, or 
 next to another object ; not edgewise. 
 
 Flaiuit, V. i. [imp. & p. p. flaunted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLAUNTING.] [Cf. Goth.flaitta7i, to boast, vaunt.] To 
 throw or spread out ; to move ostentatiously. 
 
 Flaunt, V. t. To dL«;play ostentatiously. [a flutist. 
 
 j Fl^u'tist, n. [It. flaitto, a flute.] A player on the flute ; 
 
 Fla'vor, n. [0. Eng. flayre, smell, odor, 0. Fr. flair, 
 from Yr.flairer, to scent, to smell, from Jj&t.Jragrare, to 
 emit fragrance, changed into flagrare ; or perhaps the 
 word was originally used of the fine yellow color of wine, 
 and hence transferred to its taste, from Lat. flavtis, yel- 
 low.] 1. Odor; fragrance. 2. That quaUty of any 
 I thing which affects the taste; relish; savor. 3. That 
 j which imparts to any thing a peculiar odor or taste. 
 
 Fla'vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLAVORED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FLAVORING.] To give flavor to. [or smell ; sapid. 
 
 Fla'vor-ous, a. Imparting flavor : pleasant to the taate 
 
 Flatv, n. [Cf. A.-S. floh, fragment, piece, from flean, to 
 flay.] 1. A bursting or cracking; a breach ; a gap or 
 fissiu-e. 2. (liaut.) A sudden gust or blast of short du- 
 ration. 3. A txunult ; uproar ; quarrel. 4. Any defect 
 made by violence or occasioned by neglect. 
 
 Syn. — Blemish ; fault; imperfection; spot; speck. 
 
 Flaw, V. t. [imp. & p. p. flamed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLAWING.] To break ; to crack ; to violate. 
 
 Fla-w'y, a. 1. Full of flaws or cracks. 2, Subject to 
 sudden gusts of wind. 
 
 Flax, n. [A.-^.fleax, 0. H. Ger.flahs, N. H. 
 GeT.flachs,I>. vlas, from the same root with 
 German flechten, to braid, plait, twist.] 1. 
 (Bot.) A plant having a single, slender stalk, 
 about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers. 
 The fiber of the bark is used for making thread 
 and cloth, caDed linen, cambric, lawn, lace, 
 &c. Linseed oil is expressed from the seed. 
 2. The fibrous part of the flax plant, when 
 broken and cleaned by hatchehng or combing. 
 
 Fiax'— eonilj (flaks'kom), n. A toothed in- 
 stnunent through which flax is drawn in pre- 
 paring it for spinning ; a hatchel. 
 
 Fiax'-dress'er, n. One who breaks and 
 swingles flax, or prepares it for the spinner. 
 
 Flax'cn (flaks'n), a. 1. Made of flax. 2. 
 Resembling flax. 
 
 Fiax'seed, n. The seed of the flax-plant ; lins«ed. 
 
 Fiax'y, a. Like flax ; of a light color ; fair. 
 
 Flay, V. t. [imp. & p. p. flayed \ p.pr.&. vb. n. PLAT- 
 ING-] [A.-S.^ean. Cf. Flaw.] To skin ; to strip off 
 the skin aS, 
 
 Flay'er (flS'er, 4), n. One who strips off the skin. 
 
 Flea, n. [A.-S. fled, Icel. ^o, aUied to Lat. pulex, Slav. 
 Mocha.] (Entom.) An insect remarkable for its agility 
 and troublesome bite. 
 
 A flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, 
 annoying like a flea. 
 
 Flea'-bane, n. (Bot.) One of various plants, supposed 
 to have efficacy in driving away fleas. 
 
 Flea'-bite, \n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red epot 
 
 Fleanbit-tng, j caused by the bite. 2. A trifling 
 wound or pain, Uke that of the bite of a flea. 
 
 Flax. 
 
 »,e,&c.,2<tn^; &,S,&c., short; c&re,faL,r,SLsU,sM,\9li^t; Sre,Teil, tena ; piique,firm; son, dr. do, vr^lf , 
 
FLEA-BITTEN 
 
 287 
 
 FLIMSY 
 
 Flea'-bit'tcn, a. 1. Bitten or stung by a flea. 3. 
 Mean ; worthless ; of low birth or station. 
 
 Fleam, n. [0. II. Gqv. fliedimd,fliodema, L. L&t.Jlevo- 
 tomum, Lat. phlebotomum, Gr. <^Ae/3oT6fioc, from <^Xei//, 
 gen. «^A€/36j, vein, and Te'/ui/eiv, to cut.] (Surg. & Far.) 
 A sharp instrument used for opening veins for letting 
 blood ; a lancet. 
 
 FIgpk, n. A spot ; a streak ; a speckle ; a dapple. 
 
 FlSck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLECKED (flCkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FLECKIN6.] [Ger. fleck, spot, D. flek^fldk, Sw. 
 flack, J>. vlek, vlak.] To spot; to streak or stripe; to 
 variegate; to dapple. [of being bent ; inflection. 
 
 F16«'tion, n. [See Flexion.] Act of bending, or state 
 
 Flgc'tor, n. A flexor. See FLEXOR. 
 
 Fled, imp. & p. p. oiflee. See Flee. 
 
 Fledge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fledged ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 FLEDGING.] 1. To supply with the feathers necessary 
 for flight, ti. To furnish with any soft covering. 
 
 Fl^dge'ling, n. A young bird just fledged. 
 
 Flee, V. i. [imp. & p. p. fled ; p. pr. & vb. n. FLEE- 
 ING.] [A.-S. fleohan, fleon, Icel.flya, Goth, thliuhan.] 
 To run away, as from danger or evil; — usually with 
 from.. This is sometimes omitted, making the verb 
 transitive. 
 
 Fleece, n. [k.-?>. fle6s,flys.] 1. The coat of wool that 
 covers a sheep, or that is shorn from a sheep at one time. 
 2. Any soft woolly covering. 
 
 Fleece, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. fleeced ; p. pr. Scvb. n. 
 FLEECING.] 1. To deprive of a fleece. 2. To strip 
 of money or property ; to rob ; to steal from. 3. To 
 spread over as with wool. 
 
 Flee'^er, n. One who fleeces, strips, or exacts. 
 
 Flee'^y, a. Covered with, made of, or resembling a fleece. 
 
 Fleer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fleered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLEERING.] [Scot.^f^er, to make vny faces, Icel.^t/ra, 
 to smile, to laugh often.] To make awry face in con- 
 tempt ; to deride ; to sneer ; to mock ; to gibe. 
 
 Fleer, v. t. To mock ; to flout at. [looks. 
 
 Fleer, n. Derision or mockery, expressed by words or 
 
 Fleer'er, n. One who fleers ; a mocker ; a fawner. 
 
 Fleer'ing-ly, adv. In a fleering manner. 
 
 Fleet, n. [A.-S. fliet, flota, ship, from fleotan, to float, 
 swim.] A navy or squadron of ships ; especially, a num- 
 ber of ships of war. 
 
 Fleet, a. [compar. FLEETER ; superl. FLEETEST.] 
 [Icel.jf?tSf>-, quick. See Flit.] Swift in motion ; moving 
 with velocity ; nimble. 
 
 Fleet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fleeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 fleeting.] 1. To fly swiftly; to hasten. 2, (Naut.) 
 To slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass ; — said 
 of a rope or chain. 
 
 Fleet, V. t. 1. To pass over rapidly. 2. To cause to 
 pass lightly, or in mirth and joy. 3. [Naut.) (a.) To 
 draw apart the blocks of. (6.) To cause to slip down the 
 barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain. 
 
 Fleet'-fc>bt, a. Swift of foot; running, or able to run, 
 with rapidity. 
 
 Fleet'ing, p. <7. Not durable ; transient; transitory. 
 Syn. — Transient; transitory. — Transiertt represents a thing 
 as sliort at the best; transitory as liable, at any moment to pass 
 away. Fleeting goes further, and represents it as in the act of 
 taking its flight. Life is transient; its joys are transitory ; its 
 hours a.re fleeting. 
 
 Fleet'ly, adv. In a fleet manner ; rapidly. 
 
 Fleet'iiess, n. The quality of being fleet or swift ; swift- 
 ness ; rapidity ; velocity ; celerity ; speed. 
 
 F16n.se, v. t. [Dan. flense, D. vlensen, vlenzen, Cf. Icel. 
 flisia, to flay, skin.] To cut up and obtain the blubber 
 of; — said of a whale. 
 
 Fiesb, n. [A.-S. fldsc, 0. H. Ger. fleisc ; allied to Russ. 
 j7^«/, flesh.] 1. The muscles, fat, &c., covering the 
 framework of bones in animals ; especially, the muscles. 
 2. Animal food ; meat ; especially, the body of beasts and 
 birds used as food, distinct from fish. 3. The human 
 system ; the body. 4. The hun;an race ; mankind ; hu- 
 manity. 5. Hiunan nature ; (a.) In a good sense, ten- 
 derness of feeling. (6.) In a bad sense, tendency to tran- 
 sient or physical pleasure; carnality, (r.) (Theol.) The 
 soul uninfluenced by spiritual influences. 6. Kindred ; 
 stock ; race. 7. The soft, pulpy substance of fruit ; also, 
 that part of a root, fruit, &c., which is fit to be eaten. 
 
 Fleah and blood, the entire body ; man in his physical per- 
 sonality. 
 
 Fl^sli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLESHED (108) ; p. pr. & vh n. 
 FLESHING.] 1. To feed with flesh, as hawks, dogs, &c., 
 as an incitement to further exertion ; hence, to use upon 
 flesh, as a murderous weapon, especially for the first time. 
 2. To glut ; to satiate ; hence, to harden ; to accustom. 
 
 FIeur-de-1 
 
 flexi- 
 
 Flgsli'- brush, n. A brush for exciting action in the 
 
 skin by friction. [caldron. 
 
 Fiesli'-lidbk, n. A hook to draw flesh from a pot or 
 Flfish'i-ness, n. [From fleshy.] The state of being 
 
 fleshy ; plumpness ; corpulence ; grossness. 
 Flfish'less, a. Destitute of flesh ; lean; gaunt. 
 Flfisli'li-ness, n. The state of being fleshly ; canml 
 
 passions and appetites. 
 F16sli'ly, a. 1. Pertaining to the flesh ; corporeal. 2. 
 
 Animal; not vegetable. 3. Human; not celestial; not 
 
 spiritual. 4. Carnal ; lascivious. 
 F16.sli'-ineat, n. Animal food. 
 F16sli'-tint, «. (Paint.) A color which best serves to 
 
 represent that of the human body. 
 Flgsh'-wound {-wcTond or -wound), n. A wound not 
 
 reaching beyond the flesh, or one not deep. 
 Flfish'y, «. [compar. FLESHIER ; superl. FLESHIEST.', 
 
 1. Full of flesh ; plump; corpulent; gross. 2. (Bot.^ 
 
 Composed of firm pulp ; succulent. 
 Fleufmde'lis ( flur'de-le'), n. [Fr., 
 
 flower of the lily.] (Her.) The 
 
 royal insignia of France ; — whether 
 
 originally representing a lily or the 
 
 head of a javelin, is disputed. 
 Fle^v ( f lu ) , imp .of fly. See Fly. 
 
 F16x, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLEXED 
 
 (108); p.pr. & vb. n. flexing. 
 [ Lat . fleeter e, flexum . ] To bend . 
 
 Flex'i-bU i-ty, n. The quality of being flexible : 
 bleness ; pliancy. 
 
 Flex'i-ble, a. [Lat. flexibilis, from flectere, flexum, to 
 bend.] 1. Capable of being flexed or bent; pUable; 
 yielding to pressure. 2. Capable of yielding to the in- 
 fluence of others ; too easy and compliant ; wavering. 3. 
 Capable of being adapted. 
 
 Syn. — Pliant; pliable; supple; tractable; manageable; 
 ductile ; obsequious ; inconstant ; wavering. 
 
 Flex'i-ble -ness, n. Condition or quality of being flex- 
 ible ; flexibility ; pliableness. 
 
 Flex'ile, a. [Lat. flexilis, from, flectere, flexum, to bend.] 
 Pliant ; pliable ; easily bent ; yielding to power, impulse, 
 or moral force. 
 
 Flex'ioii, n. 1. Act of flexing or bending. 2. A part 
 bent; a fold. 3. (Gram.) Inflection. 4. (Anat.) The 
 action of the flexor muscles. 
 
 Fleoc'or, 71. [Lat. flectere, flexum, to bend.] (Anat.) A 
 muscle whose office is to produce flexion. 
 
 Flex'u-oiis ( Iflek^shij-us), a. [La,t. flexuosus , from. flexus, 
 a bending, turning, from flectere, flexum, to bend, turn.] 
 Having turns, windings, or flexures ; winding ; bending. 
 
 Flex'iire (flek'shur), n. 1. Act of flexing or bending, 
 flexion ; hence, obsequious bowing or bending. 2. A 
 turn ; a bend ; a fold. 
 
 Fliclc'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. flickered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. flickering.] [A..S. flyccerian,fliccerian,flice- 
 rian,flicrian, to move the wings, to flutter, from. flycge, 
 able to fly.] To flutter ; to flap without flying ; to waver 
 or fluctuate, like a flame in a current of air. 
 
 Flick'er, n. Fluctuation ; sudden and brief increase of 
 brightness. 
 
 Fli'er, n. [See Fly.] 1. One who flies or flees ; a run- 
 away; a fugitive. 2. (3fac/i.) Afly. [See Fly.] 3. jaZ. 
 The arms attached to the spindle of a spinning wheel, 
 over which the thread passes to the spool ; — so called 
 from their swift revolution. 4. A straight flight of steps 
 or stairs. 
 
 Flight (flit), n. [A.-S. fliht,flyht, a. Qjing, from fledgan, 
 to&y,flyht,a, fleeing, froxu fled/ian, fleon, to &ee.] 1. 
 Act of fleeing ; hasty departure. 2. The act of flying ; 
 mode or style of flying. 3. Lofty elevation and excur- 
 sion ; a soaring ; in a bad sense, extravagant sally. 
 4. A number of beings or things passing through the 
 air together ; especially, a flock of birds flying in com- 
 pany. 5. A reach, of steps or stairs, from one landing 
 to another. 
 Syn. — Pair ; set. See Pair. 
 
 Flight'! -ness (fllfi-nes), n. State of being flighty; 
 slight delirium ; extreme volatility. 
 
 Syn. — Levity; giddiness; volatility; lightness; wildness. 
 
 Flight'y (flit/y), a. 1. Fleeting; swift; transient. 2. 
 Indulging in flights, or wild and unrestrained salhes of 
 imagination, humor, caprice, &c ; volatile ; giddy. 
 
 Flim'si-ly, adv. In a flimsy manner. 
 
 Flim'§i-ness, n. State or quality of being flimsy ; thni, 
 weak texture ; weakness. 
 
 Flim'gy (flim^zy), a. [compar. FLIMSIER ; superf. FLIM- 
 
 fobd, f dbt ; ticn, riide, pull ; fell, <;haise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^^ist ; linger, link ; this. 
 
■^'3'- 
 
 FLINCH 
 
 288 
 
 FLORA 
 
 SIBST.] [See LIMSY.] Weak ; feeble ; sUght ; Tain ; of 
 loose and unsubstantial structure ; without reaiSon or 
 plausibility . 
 Syn. — Weak; f^ble; light; superficial; shallow; rain. 
 Flinch, f. I. [iwi;;. & p. p. flinched (flincht) ; ;;. pr. 
 & r6. II. FLINCHING.] [Probably corrupted from blencli, 
 q. V.J To show sigus of yielding or of suffering; to 
 shrink ; to \viuce. 
 
 ITliu'der- mouse, n. A bat; a flitter -mouse. 
 
 Flin'derg, n. pi. [Of. D. Jienters, rags, broken piec«s.] 
 Small pieces or splinters ; fragments. 
 
 Fllllg, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLUNG ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. FLING- 
 ING.] [Icel. Jieygia, to hurl, send ; allied to h&t.Jiigere, 
 to strike down.] 1. To cast, send, or throw from the 
 hand : to hurl ; to dart. ti. To shed forth ; to emit. 3. 
 To prostrate ; hence, to baflle ; to defeat. 
 
 Fliug, V. I. 1. To throw ; to %vince ; to flounce. 2. To 
 cast in the teeth ; to utter harsh language. 3. To throw 
 one's self in a violent or hasty manner ; to rush ; — self 
 l>eing omitted. 
 
 Fling, n. 1. A cast from the hand ; a throw. 2. A se- 
 vere or contemptuous remark ; a gibe ; a sneer ; a sar- 
 casm. 3. A kind of dance. 
 
 Flint, n. [A.-S. fhit, 0. H. Ger. Jlins, allied to Gr. 
 irA.iV0o?, brick.] 1. {Min.) A very hard variety of 
 quartz. It strikes fire Avith steel, and is an ingredient in 
 glass. 2. A piece of flinty stone used in some fire-arms 
 to strike fire, now superseded by percussion caps. 
 
 Flint'-glass, n. A pure and beautiful kind of glass ; 
 — so called because originally made of pulverized flints. 
 
 Flint'i-ness, n. State or quality of being flinty. 
 
 Flint'-Ioclt, n. A musket lock with a flint fixed in the 
 hammer for striking on the cap of the pan. 
 
 Flint'y, a. [compar. flintier: superl. FLINTIEST.] 
 Consisting of, composed of, abounding in, or resembling, 
 flint. 
 
 Flip, n. [A cant word. Cf. Prov. Eng. flip, equiv. to 
 nimble, flippant.] A mixture of beer and spirit sweet- 
 ened and heated by a hot iron. 
 
 Flip'pan-py, n. State or quality of being flippant ; 
 smoothness and rapidity of speech. 
 
 Flip'pant, a. [Prov. Eng. flip, to move nimbly.] 1. 
 Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech ; voluble ; talkative. 
 2. Speaking fluently and confidently, without knowl- 
 edge or consideration ; pert ; petulant. 
 
 Flip'pant-ly, ad?;. In a flippant manner ; fluently. 
 
 Flip'pant -ne.ss, n. State or quality of being flippant. 
 
 Flip'per, n. The paddle of a sea-turtle ; the broad fin 
 of a fish. 
 
 Flirt (18), V. t. [imp. & p. p. flirted ;p.pr. & vb. n. 
 FLIRTING.] [Cf. A.-S.fleard, trifle, f oily, fleardian, to 
 trifle ; Eng. blurt, to throw at random.] 1. To throw 
 with a jerk or quick effort ; to fling suddenly. 2. To 
 move playfully to and fi'o. 3. To jeer at; to abuse ; to 
 treat %vith contempt. 
 
 Flirt, V. i. 1. To act with giddiness, or from a desire to 
 attract notice ; especially, to play the coquette. 2. To 
 jeer or gibe. 
 
 Flirt, n. 1. A sudden jerk ; a darting motion ; hence, 
 a jeer. '■Z. [L. Gev.fl irtje, B.. Ger. flirtchen.] One who 
 flirts ; a coquette ; a pert girl. 
 
 Flir-ta'tion, n. 1. A flirting ; a quick, sprightly mo- 
 tion. 2. Playing at courtship ; coquetry. 
 
 Flit, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FLITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FLIT- 
 TING.] [J)&n.flyue,&v,:flijtta, to remove; Dani. flyde, 
 Sw. flyta, to flow, to glide away ; D. vlieden, to flee. See 
 Fleet.] 1. To fly away with a rapid motion ; to dart 
 along ; to fleet. 2. To flutter ; to rove on the wing. 3. 
 To pass rapidly from one place to another. 4. To be 
 unstable : to be easily or often moved. 
 
 Flitcli, n. [A.-S.flicre, Prov. Eng. flick, L. Gei.flicke.] 
 The side of a hog salted and cured. 
 
 Flit'ter, n. [Allied to Eng. flutter.] A rag ; a tatter ; a 
 small piec« or fragment. 
 
 Flit'ter-mouse, n. [From flitter, to flutter, and 
 Tnouse.] A bat ; a flicker -mouse ; a flinder-mouse. 
 
 Float, n. [See infra, and cf. fleet, flood, in English proper : 
 names; A.-S. fledt, Icel. fli&t, river.] 1. Any thing I 
 which floats or rests on the surface of a fluid ; a raft. 2. 
 The cork or quill on\an angling line, to support it, and I 
 indicate the bite of a fish. 3. The float-board of a 
 wheel. [See Float-board.] 4. A quantity of earth, ' 
 eighteen feet square and one foot deep. 5. A broad! 
 wooden instrument, with which masons smooth the plas- 
 tering on walls. 6. A single-cut file for smoothing. 
 
 Float, r. t. [imp. &, p. p. floated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLOATING.] [A.-8.fleotan,flotian, to float, swim.] 1. I 
 To rest on the surface of any fluid ; to be buoyed up. 2. ' 
 
 To move quietly or gently on the water, as a ri'ft ; to 
 move gently and easUy through the air. 
 
 Floating debt, capital, &c., debt or capital not fixed, or of un- 
 certain amount or employment. 
 Float, V. t. 1. To cause to rest or move on the surfece 
 of a fluid. 2. To flood ; to inundate ; to overflow. 3. 
 ( Plastering. ) To pass over and level the surface of with 
 a float dipped frequently in water. 
 Floated work; plastering made level by means of a float. 
 Float'age (45), n. Any thing that floats on the water. 
 Float '-board, v. One of the boards on the rim of an 
 undershot water-wheel, or of a steamer's paddle wheels ; 
 a vane ; a float. 
 Float'er, n. One who floats or swims. 
 Float'ing-bridge, n. 1. A bridge of rafts or timber, 
 with a floor of plank. 2. (Mil.) A kind of double bridge, 
 the upper one projecting beyond the lower one, and 
 capable of being moved forward by pulleys. 
 F16«'pil-la'tion, n. [Lat. floccus, a Tock or flock of 
 wool. See Flock.] (iUerf.) A delirious picking of bed- 
 clothes by a sick person, as if to pick off locks of wool, 
 &c. ; — an alarming symptom in acute diseases. 
 F16«'cu-len^e, n. The state of being flocculent. 
 F16«'«u-lent, a. [Lat.^occM5, a lock or flock of wool. 
 See Flock.] Coalescing and adhering in flocks or flakes. 
 Flock, n. [A.-S. flocc, flock, company, crowd, troop, 
 Icel. flockr, allied to Eng. folk, q. v. ; N. H. Ger. flocke^ 
 a lock of wool or hair, flake, 0. H. Ger. ^occo, from Lai. 
 floccus, a lock or flock of wool. Cf. Flake.] 1. A com- 
 pany or collection of living creatures; — especially ap- 
 plied to sheep and birds. 2. A Christian congregation. 
 3. A lock of wool or hair. 4. Finely powdered wool or 
 cloth, used when colored for making flock-paper. 5. pi. 
 The refuse of cotton and wool, or the shearing of woolen 
 goods. 
 Flock, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FLOCKED (flokt); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FLOCKING.] To gather in companies or crowds. 
 Flock'-bed, n. A bed filled with flocks or locks of 
 
 coarse wool, or pieces of cloth cut up fine. 
 Floe, n. [Dan. flag, Sw. flaga, flake.] An extensive 
 
 surface of ice floating in the ocean. 
 Flog, V. t. [imp. & p. p. flogged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLOGGING.] [Cf. Scot, fleg, blow, Stroke, kick, Lat. 
 flagrum, whip, scourge, from the root flag, Lat. fligere, 
 to strike, Lat. plaga, Gr. 7rA.T)y^, blow, stroke.] To beat or 
 strike with a rod or whip : to whip ; to lash. 
 Flood (flud), n. [A.-?,.fldd, Icel. flod,fliot, Goth, flodus, 
 as if from a Goth, word fliutan. See Float, v. i.] 1. 
 A body of moving water ; especially, a body of water 
 overflowing land not usually thus covered ; a deluge ; a 
 freshet ; an inundation. 2. The flowing in of the tide ; 
 — opposed to ebb. 3. A great quantity; abundance; 
 superabundance. 4. A great body or stream of any fluid 
 substance. 5. Menstrual discharge. 
 The flood, the deluge in the days of Noah. 
 Flood (fliid), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FLOODED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FLOODING.] To overflow ; to inundate ; to deluge. 
 Flood'-gate, n. A gate to stop or to let out water ; 
 hence, any opening or passage ; also an obstruction or 
 restraint. 
 Flood'-mark (Md'mark), n. The mark or line to 
 
 which the tide rises ; high-water mark. 
 Floor (flor), n. [A.-S. fl6r, flOre, Icel. fl5r, allied to W 
 llawr, llor, floor, ground, allied to clawr, dor, surface.] 
 1. The level portion on which one walks in anj- build- 
 ing. 2. A suite of rooms on a level in a house ; a story. 
 3. Any platform or flooring. 4. (Legislative Assem- 
 blies.) (a.) The part of the house assigned to the mem- 
 bers. (6.) The right to speak. [Amer.] 5. (i\'aM«.) That 
 part of the bottom of a vessel which is most nearly hori- 
 zontal. 
 Floor, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLOORED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLOORING.] 1. To cover with a floor. 2. To strike 
 down or lay level with the floor ; hence, to put to silence 
 by some decisive argument or retort. 
 Floor'ing (flor'ing), n. 1. A platform ; the bottom of 
 
 a room or building. 2. Materials for floors. 
 F16p, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLOPPED (fl5pt) ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 ji. FLOPPING.] [A different spelling of ^a/>.] 1. To clap 
 or strike, as a bird its wings, &c. ; to flap. 2. To let 
 down the brim of, as of a hat. 
 F16p, V. i. To strike about with something broad and 
 
 flat : to rise and fall. 
 Flo'ra, n. [Lat., from flos, flower.] 1. (Myth.) The 
 goddess of flowers. 2. (Bot.) The complete system of 
 vegetable species native in a given locaUty, or period ; a 
 list or description of such plants. 
 
 ^,e, Sec, long, ■ Sk,6, See, short; c4re,far,a8k,all, wliat; 6re, veU, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,d9,^»r9lf, 
 
FLORAL 
 
 289 
 
 FLUE 
 
 irio'ral (89), a. 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers. 
 ti, (Bot.) Containing, or belonging to, the flower. 
 
 Flo-rfis'^en^e, n. [Lut. Jforescetis, p. t^t. of Jlorescere, 
 to begin to blossom, inchoative form of Jlorere, to blos- 
 som, from Jlos, flower ] ( J*>r.) A bursting into flower ; 
 a blossoming. 
 
 Flo'ret (89), n. [0. Fr. florete, Jlorette, diminutive of 
 Jior, Lat. j?os, flower.] 1. (Bot.) A little flower; the 
 partial or separate little flower of an aggregate flower. 3. 
 [Vr.Jioret.] _A foil. 
 
 Fio'ri-€U.lt'ure (53), n. [Lat.Jlos and cuUitra, culture.] 
 The cultivation of flowerixig plants. 
 
 Flbr'id., a- [h&t.floridus, from flos, Jloris, flower.*] 1, 
 Covered with flowers ; abounding in flowers ; flowery. 
 [Rare.] 2. Bright in color; of a lively red color. 3. 
 Embellished with flowers of rhetoric ; excessively ornate. 
 
 Flo-rid'i-ty, n. Freshness or brightness of color. 
 
 Flor'id-ness, n. Quality or condition of being florid. 
 
 Flo-rif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. florifer, from. Jios, fioris, flower, 
 and/ez-re, to bear.] Producing flowers. 
 
 Flo'ri-form, a. [From Lat. Jios, Jloris, flower, and 
 forma, shape.] Having the form of a flower. 
 
 Flor'in, n. [Originally a Florentine coin, with a lily on 
 it, from It. Jiore, Lat. Jios, flower.] A coin of gold or 
 silver, of different values in different countries. 
 
 Flo'rist (89), n. 1. A cultivator of flowers. 2. One 
 who writes a flora, or an account of plants. 
 
 Flos'-eii-lar, a. The same as Flosculous. 
 
 Flos'-eule, n. [Lat. flosculus, a little flower, dim. of 
 flos, flower.] (Bot.) A floret of an aggregate flower. 
 
 Flos'-eu-loiis, a. (Bot.) Consisting of many tubulose, 
 monopetalous florets. 
 
 F16ss, n. [Lat. flos, flower.] 1. A downy or silken sub- 
 stance in the husks of maize, &c. 3, A fluid glass float- 
 ing on iron in the puddhng-fumace. 3. Untwisted fila- 
 ments of silk. 
 
 Flo'tage, n. [0. 'Ev. flotage, N. Fr.flottage, fromfloter, 
 flotter, to float.] 1. Act of floating. 2. That which 
 floats on the sea, or on rivers. [Rare.] 
 
 Flo'tant, a. (Her.) Fljing or streaming in the air. 
 
 Flo-ta'tion, «. 1. The act of floating. 3. The science 
 of floating bodies. 
 
 Flo-til'la, n. [Diminutive of Sp._^o*ra, a fleet.] A little 
 fleet, or a fleet of small vessels. 
 
 Flot'sam, ) n. [Fr. flotter, Eng. float, Cf. JETSAM, 
 
 FlSt'son, ) Jetson, from Fr. jeter.] (Laiv.) Goods 
 lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea. 
 
 Flounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. flounced (flounst) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FLOUNCING.] [0. Sw.flunsa, to immerge, 
 Prov. Ger. fluntsc/ien, 0. D. plonssen, to sink in.] To 
 spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence ; to 
 flounder. [flounce or flounces. 
 
 Flounce, r. «. [See Flounce, n., 2.] To deck with a 
 
 Flounce , n . 1 . [See F l OU nc e , i' . i . ] Act of flouncing ; 
 a sudden, jerking motion of the body. 3. [Cf. Ger. 
 flaus,flausch,flusch, flitsch, a tuft of wool or hair, M. H. 
 Ger. vlUs.] An ornamental strip gathered and sewed by 
 its upper edge around the skirt of a lady's dress, or other 
 article of wearing apparel. 
 
 Floun'der, n. [Gev.flunder, 
 Sw. flundra, Dan. flynder.] 
 (Ichtk.) A flat fish, allied to 
 the halibut. 
 
 Floun'der, v. i. [imp. & p. 
 p. FLOUNDERED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FLOUNDERING.] [Al- ™ , 
 
 Ued to flounce, v. i. , q. v.] To Flounder, 
 
 fling the hmbs and body, as in making efforts to move ; 
 to roll, toss, and tumble; to flounce. 
 
 Floui-, n. [See Flower. Icel. flur, flowers, finest 
 wheat.] The finely ground meal of wheat, or any other 
 grain ; hence, the fine and soft powder of any other sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Flour, V. t. [imp. & p. p. floured; p. -pr. & vb. n. 
 FLOURING.] [From the noun.] 1. To grind and bolt. 
 3. To sprinkle with flour. 
 
 Flour'isli (tlur''ish), t'. i. [imp. & p. p. flourished 
 (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. flourishing.] [0. l^ng.fluriche, 
 floris/ie, 0. Fr. flurir, florir, Lat. florescere, inchoative 
 form of florere, to bloom, fvovaflos, flower.] 1. To grow 
 luxuriantly ; to thrive. 3. To be prosperous ; to be in- 
 creased A\ith good things or qualities. 3. To use florid 
 language ; to be copious and flowery. 4. To make bold 
 and sweeping, fanciful, or wanton movements. 5. To 
 make ornamental strokes with the pen. 6. To execute 
 an irregular or fanciful strain of music, by way of orna- 
 ment or prelude. 7 . To boast ; to vaunt ; to brag. 
 
 Flottr'isli (fmr%h), v. t. 1. To cause to thrive ; to de- 
 food, fo^bt 
 
 Telop ; to expand. 3. To ornament with any thing 
 showy ; to embellish. 3. To embellish with the flowers 
 of diction ; to grace with ostentatious eloquence. 4. To 
 move in bold or irregular figures ; to brandish. 
 
 FlSur'isIi (fliir'ish), n. 1. Decoration ; ornament ; 
 showy splendor. 3. Ostentatious embellishment ; ambi- 
 tious copiousness, or amplification ; show. 3. A fiinciful 
 stroke of the pen or graver. 4. A fantastic or decora- 
 tive musical passage. 5. The waving of a weapon or 
 other thing ; a brandishing. 
 
 Flour'y, a. Of or resembling flour. 
 
 Flout, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLOUTED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 FLOUTING.] [Cf. ijoth.flautan, to boast, "Eng.flite, to 
 scold, quarrel, and 0. D. fluyten, to pipe, lie, flatter.] 
 To mock or insult ; to treat with contempt. 
 
 Flout, v. i. To practice mocking ; to sneer. 
 
 Flout, n. A mock ; an insult. 
 
 Flout'er, n. One who flouts and flings ; a mocker. 
 
 Flo-w (flo), V. i. [imp. & p. p. flowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FLOWING.] [A.-^. fldvan, 0. H. Ger. flavjan, float; 
 Icel.^Sa, to deluge, Lat.fluere,fluctum,fluxum^to&o\ir.] 
 1. To change place or circulate, as a liquid. 3. To be- 
 come Mquid ; to melt. 3. To gUde smoothly or without 
 friction ; to proceed ; to issue forth. 4. To have or be in 
 abundance ; to abound ; to be copious. 5. To hang loose 
 and waving. 6. To rise, as the tide ; — opposed to ebb. 
 7. To discharge blood in excess from the uterus. 
 
 Flow (flo), V. t. 1. To cover with water ; to overflow ; to 
 inundate ; to flood. 3. To cover with varnish. 
 
 Flow, n. 1. A stream of water or other fluid ; a current. 
 3. Any gentle, gradual movement or procedure of 
 thought, diction, music, &c., resembling the qmet, 
 steady movement of a river ; a stream ; a pouring out. 
 3. Abundance ; copiousness. 4. The tidal setting in 
 of the water from the ocean to the shore. 
 
 Flow'age, n. An overflovring with water ; the water 
 which thus overflows. 
 
 Flo"%v'er, n. [0. 'Eng. flour, floure, from liSit. flos, floris.] 
 1. A circle of leaves on a plant, usually of some other 
 color than green; a bloom or blossom. 3. (Bot.) 
 That part of a plant destined to produce seed, and 
 hence including one or both of the sexual organs. 3. 
 The fairest, freshest, and choicest part of any thing. 4. 
 A figure of speech ; an ornament of style. 5, pi. ( O, 
 Chem.) Bodies in the form of a powder or mealy sub- 
 stance, especially when condensed from sublimation. 
 
 Flow'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. flowered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FLOWERING.] [From the noun.] 1. To blossom ; 
 to bloom ; to produce flowers. 3. To come into the 
 finest or fairest condition. 
 
 Flow'er, v. t. To embellish with flowers. 
 
 Flow'er-de-lupe, n. [Fr. fleur-de-lis, flower of the 
 Hly ; lis, from Lat. lilium, Gr. Keipiov.] (Bot.) A plant 
 of several species of the genus Iris. [floret. 
 
 Flow'er-et, n. [See Floret.] A small flower; a 
 
 Floiv'er-i-ness, n. 1. The state of being flowery. 3. 
 Floridness of speech. 
 
 Flo w^'er- stalk: (-stawk), n. (Bot.) The peduncle of a 
 plant, or the stem supporting the flower or fioictification. 
 
 Flow'er-y (flou'er-}-), a. 1. Full of flowers. 3. Highly 
 embellished with figurative language ; florid. 
 
 Flovni, p. p. of fly ; — often used with the verb to be. 
 
 Flu'ate, n. ['Ev.flimte, from, fluor, q. v.] ( Chem.) A salt 
 once supposed to be formed by fluoric acid cabined with 
 a base. These are -proT^eTly fluorides. 
 
 Flu.<;t'u-aiit, a. [Lat. fluctuans, p. pr. of fluctttare. 
 See infra.] Moving like a wave ; wavering. 
 
 Flu.«t'u-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fluctuated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. fluctuating.] [Lat. fluctuare, fluctuatum, 
 from. fluctus, wave, from. fluere,fluctum., to flow.] 1. To 
 move as a wave ; to roU hither and thither. 3. To move 
 ^low in one direction and now in another ; to be irreso- 
 lute or undetermined. 
 
 Syn. — To waver ; vacillate ; hesitate ; scruple. — Fluctuate 
 is applied both to things and persons, and denotes that they 
 move as they are acted upon. The stocks fluctuate; a man 
 fluctuates between conflicting influences. VaciUatennd icaver 
 apply only to persons, and represent them as actin" them- 
 selves. A man vacillates when he goes backward and forward 
 in his opinions and purposes, without any fixity of mind or 
 principles. A man xvavers when he shrinks back or hesitates 
 at the approach of difficulty or danger. One who isflucfuatini; 
 in his feelings is usually vacillating in resolve, and loavering in 
 execution. 
 
 Flu-et'u-a'tioii, n. 1. Actof fluctuating; unsteadiness, 
 a sudden rise or fall. 3. Undulation. 
 
 Flue, n. [Cf. 0. 'Ex. flue, a. flowing, from /(/fr, to flow, 
 fluie, from Lat. fluvius, river.] 1. An air-passage ; es- 
 pecially, one for conveying smoke and flame from a fire. 
 
 urii, rude, pull : 
 
 •• 19 • 
 
 9ell, ^liaise, <;all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link: ; tills- 
 
'^ 
 
 FLUE 
 
 290 
 
 FLY 
 
 2. ( Sttam-boilns.) A passage surrounded by water, for 
 the g&seous products of combustion, iu distinction from 
 tubes, which hold water, and are surrounded by fire. 
 Small tluee are ctxMedJiue-tubts. 
 
 Flue, n. lOf. 0. Fr. Jiou, sweet, tender, Ger. Jiau, D. 
 Jiauur, weak.] Light down, such as rises from beds, 
 cotton, &c. ; soft down, fur or hair. 
 
 Flu'en-fy, n. Quality of being fluent; smoothness; 
 Tolubility ; afliuence. 
 
 Flu'eiit,'a. [Lat. Jiu€ns, p. pr. of ^M«-e, to flow.] 1. 
 Flo>Tiug or capable of flowing ; liquid ; gliding ; current. 
 2. Ready in the use of wordS ; voluble ; copious ; hence, 
 flowing ; smooth. 
 
 Flii'ent, n- { Math.) A yariable qxiantity, considered as 
 iucn-asiug or diminishing ; — called, in the modern cal- 
 culus, the function or integral. 
 
 Fluff. >i. Nap or down : flue. 
 
 Fliiff 'y, a. [compar. FLUFFIER ; superl. FLUFFIEST.] 
 Pertaining to, or resembling, fluff or nap ; soft and 
 downy. 
 
 Flu'g^'1-iii.aii (QQ/gl-man), n. [Ger. Jlugehnann, file- 
 leader, from ^tifi-t/, wing, file, and 7«an», man.] {Mil.) 
 The leader of a file ; a fugleman. 
 
 Flu'id, n. [Lat. fi nidus, from. Jluere, to flow.] Capable 
 of flowing ; Uquid or gaseous. [themselves. 
 
 Flu'id, 71- A body whose particles move easily among 
 
 Flu-id'i-ty, n. The quaUtj^ of being fluid; a liquid, 
 aeriform, or gaseous state. 
 
 Fliilte, n. [L. Ger. flunk, flunka. wing, the pahn of an 
 anchor, froiaflegen, H. Ger. fliegen, Eng. to fly.] 1. 
 The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground. 
 Hence, '2, One of the points of a whal«"s tail. 
 
 Flttke'-worm (-wurm), n. {Zodl.) A parasitic worm 
 found in the livers of sheep. 
 
 Flulc'y, a- Formed like, or having, a fluke. 
 
 Flume, n. [A.-S. flum, a stream; Lat. flumeti, from 
 fluere, to flow.] A stream ; especially, a passage or chan- 
 nel for the water that drives a mill-wheel : or, an artifi- 
 cial channel of water for gold-washing. 
 
 Flum'mer-y, n. [W. llymry, llymru, oatmeal steeped 
 in water until sour, and then strained and boiled to a 
 proper thickness, to be eaten with milk or other liquid ; 
 Uymrig, harsh, crude, from llym, sharp, severe.] 1, A 
 light kind of food, formerly made of flour or meal. 2. 
 Empty compliment ; mere flattery : nonsense. 
 
 Filing, imp. & p. p. of fling. See Fling. 
 
 Flunk, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FLU?fKED (flQnkt, 108) ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. FLUNKING.] To fail ; to back out, through 
 fear. [Amer.'\ 
 
 Fliink'y, n. [Probably derived from or allied to flank, 
 q. v.] 1. A livery servant. 2, One who is obsequious 
 or cringing. 3. One who is easUy deceived in buying 
 stocks. [Amer.] 
 
 Fliinlc'y-igm, n. Character or quality of a flunky. 
 
 Flii'ot\ n. [Lat., from fluere, to flow.] [JSUn.) Fluoride 
 of calcium , called also fluor-spar. A mineral of beautiful 
 colors, and much used for ornamental vessels. 
 
 FlU'or Al'bus. [Lat.] {Med.) The whites : leucorrhea. 
 
 Flu'o-res'^en^e, n. [From jfiuor, q. v.] ( Opt.) That 
 property which some transparent bodies have of pro- 
 ducing surface reflections of light different in color from 
 the mass of the material. [fluor-spar. 
 
 Flu-or'ic, a. {Clum.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, 
 
 Flu'or-id<e, n. { Chem.) A compound of fluorine with a 
 metellic or combustible base. 
 
 Flu'or-ine. re. [S.'Lz.t.fluorina.] (Chem.) Kn element 
 related to both chlorine and oxygen, but not known in 
 the separate state. 
 
 Flu'or-oils, a. Obtained from, or pertaining to, fluor. 
 
 Flu'or-spar, n. {Min.) See Fluor. 
 
 Flfir'ry, n. [Prov. Eng. flur, to ruffle.] 1. A sudden 
 and brief blaist or gust. 2. Violent agitation ; commo- 
 tion ; bustle ; confusion. 
 
 Fliir'ry, r. t. [imp. & p. p. flurried ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 FLURRYING.] To agitate ; to excite or alarm. 
 
 Flusli, V. i. [imp. k p. p. flushed (fmsht) ; p.pr. &■ 
 f6. n. FLUSHING.] [Cf. 0. H Ger.^M.Tc, loose, flowing; 
 fluz, from fliuznn, to flow, A.-i^.fleotan, Eng. to float.] 
 
 1. To flow and .;|wead suddenly. 2. To become suf- 
 fused, as the cheiiks ; to turn red ; to blush. 3. To 
 shine suddenly ; to glow. 
 
 Flusli ,v. t. 1. To redden suddenly ; to put to the blush. 
 
 2. To make red or glowing ; to redden. 3. To animate 
 with joj'^ ; to elate : to elevate. 4. To cause to start, as 
 a hunter a bird. 5. To wa^h or cleanse with water 
 thrown on plentifully. 
 
 To Jluth vp jainU (Masonry), to fill them in ; to make them 
 flash. 
 
 Fliish, n. 1. A sudden flowing ; a rush. 2. A rush of 
 blood to the &ce ; a blush ; a glow. 3. A flock of bird» 
 suddeulj started up. 4. [Fr. & Sp. flux.] A run of 
 cards of the same suit. 
 
 Flusb, a. 1. Full of vigor; fresh; glowing; bright. 2. 
 Affluent ; well furnished ; hence, displaying affluence ; 
 liberal; prodigal. 3. {Arch. & Mech.) Forming a con- 
 tinuous surface. 4. {Card-playing.) Consisting of cards 
 of the same suit. 
 
 Flush deck {Naut.), a deck with a continued floor unbroken 
 from stem to stern. 
 
 Fliis'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. f, FLUSTERED; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. FLUSTERING.] [Cf. hut.flustrmyi, a swell of the sea, 
 G€T.fliistern,flistern, to whisper, to buzz, A.-S. fltistrian, 
 to plait, to weave, and Eng. bluster.] To make hot and 
 rosy, as with drinking ; to confuse ; to muddle. 
 
 Fliis'ter, n. Heat or glow, as from drinking ; agitation •, 
 confusion; disorder. 
 
 Flute, n. ['Ft. flute, 0. TT.flaiUe,flahute,flahtiste, from 
 l&t. flatus, a blowing, from flare, flatum,tc blow, sound.] 
 1. (Mus.) A cyhndrical wind instrument, with holes 
 along its length, stopped by the fingers or by keys opened 
 by the fingers. 2. {Arch.) A channel in a colmun or 
 pillar ; a fluting ; a reed. 3. A similar -channel c* 
 groove made in wood or other work, or in plaited muslin, 
 as a ladys ruffle. 4. [Corrupted from float, q. v.] A 
 large transport. 
 
 Flute, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FLUTED ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 FLUTING.] 1. To play or sing in a clear soft note, like 
 that of a flute. 2. To form flutes or channels in, as in 
 a column or in a ruffle. [with flutes. 
 
 Flut'ed, p. a. 1. Thin ; fine ; flute-like. 2. Formed 
 
 Flut'er, n. 1. One who plays on the flute. 2. One 
 who makes grooves or flutings. 
 
 Flut'ing, 71. A channel or furrow in a column, or in 
 the muslin of a lady"s ruffle ; fluted work. 
 
 Flut'ist, n. A performer on the flute ; a flautist. 
 
 Fliit'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fluttered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FLUTTERING.] [0. Ger. fladdem , fladern.] 1. To 
 move or flap the wings rapidly, without flying, or with 
 short flights. 2. To move with quick vibrations or un- 
 dulations. 3. To move irregularly ; to fluctuate. 
 
 Flut'ter, V. t. 1. To vibrate or move quickly. 2. To 
 agitate ; to disorder ; to throw into confusion. 
 
 Flut'ter, n. 1. Act of fluttering : quick and irregular 
 motion. 2. Hurry; tumult; confusion. 
 
 Flu'vi-al, ) a. \i&t. fluvialis, ^-nii fluviaticus, froxs\. 
 
 Flu'vi-at'i-e, ) fluvius, river, stream, from fluere, to 
 flow.] Belonging to rivers ; growing or living in streams 
 or ponds. 
 
 Flti'vl-a-tile, a. [Lat. fluvintilis, from, fluvius, river.] 
 Belonging to rivers ; existing in rivers ; formed by rivers. 
 
 Flux,/!. [La.t. fluxus. froBi fluere, fluxu)/!, to &0W.] 1. 
 Act of flowing ; quick succession : change. 2. The mat- 
 ter which flows, as the tide setting in toward the shore. 
 
 3. State of being liquid. 4. {Chem. & Metal.) Any 
 substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of 
 metals or minerals. 5. (Med.) (a.) Discharge of a fluid 
 from the bowels or other part ; especially, an excessive 
 and morbid discharge. (6.) The matter thus discharged. 
 
 Flux, V. t. '[imp. & p. p. FLUXED (fltlkst) ; p. pr. & vh. 
 
 n. FLUXING.] To fuse. 
 Flux-a'tion, n. The act of fluxing. 
 Fliix'ion (fltlk/shun), 71. 1. Act of flowing. 2. The 
 
 matter that flows. 3. A constantl}- varying indication. 
 
 4. (Math.) A differential. 5. pi. (Math.) A method 
 of analysis developed by Xewton, and based on the con- 
 ception of aU magnitudes as generated by motion. 
 
 Fliix'ion-al, I a. Pertaining to, having the nature 
 Fliix'ion-a-rj-, j of, or solved by, fluxions ; incon- 
 stant : variable. 
 Fly, v.i. [imp. FLEW; p. p. FLOWN; P-pr. & f*. n. 
 FLYING.] [A.-S. fleogan, 0. H. Ger. fliogan, fliugan, 
 Icel. fliuga.] 1. To move in the air with wings. 2. To 
 float or move in the air, as the clouds, &c. 3. To move 
 with rapidity like a bird. 4. To attempt to escape ; to 
 flee. 5. To part ; to burst in pieces. 
 
 To fly out, (a.) To rush out. (b.) To burst into a passion. ~ 
 To let fly, la.) To throw or drive with violence ; to discharge. 
 (6.) iS'aut.) To let go suddenly and entirely. 
 
 Tiy,v.t. 1. To shun ; to avoid. 2. To cause to fly: to 
 set floating, as a kite. 
 
 Fly, n. 1. (Entom.) A winged insect of various species, 
 whose distinguishing characteristic is that the wings are 
 transparent ; especially, the house fly. 2. A hook 
 dressed with sUk, woolen, &c., in imitation of a fly, used 
 for fishing. 3. A kind of light carriage for rapid motion. 
 
 !i.e,kc.,long;Sk,i, tec, short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term : pique,firui; son, dr, dg, ifvol^ 
 
FLY-BLOW 
 
 291 
 
 FOLD 
 
 Flying-buttress. 
 
 [England.] 4. That part of a flag which extends from 
 th« union to the extreme end. 5. (Naut.) That part of 
 a compass on which the points are marked. 6. (Mech.) 
 A contrivance to equalize motion or accumulate power 
 in a machine. 7. ( Print.) (a.) One who takes the sheets 
 from the press, (b.) That part of a power-printing press 
 which receives the printed sheet and lays it aside. 
 
 Flj'-blow, n. The egg of a fly. 
 
 Flv'-blo"*v, V. t. To deposit an egg in, or upon, as a fly. 
 
 riylboat, n. [D. vlieboot.] 1. A long, narrow boat, 
 used on canals, ti. A large, flat-bottomed Dutch coast- 
 ing vessel. 
 
 Fly'-eatcli'er, «. 1. One who hunts flies. 2,. [Ornitli.) 
 One of several species of birds, so named because they 
 feed entirely on flies and other winged insects, which they 
 catch as they fly. 
 
 Fly'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, flies or flees. 'Z. 
 The fly of a jack. 3. [Arch.) A step in a flight of stairs 
 which are parallel to each other. 4. pi. The same as 
 Fliers, No. 3. 
 
 Fly'-fisli, V. i. To angle with flies for bait, 
 
 Fly'ing-ar-til'ler-y, n. {Mil.) A 
 
 Artillery trained to very rapid 
 evolutions. 
 
 Fly'ing-bridge, n. (Mil.) A 
 bridge supported by light boats, or 
 a ferry-boat anchored up stream, 
 and made to cross by the force of 
 the current. 
 
 Fly'lng-biit'tress, n. (Arch.) A 
 contrivance for strengthening a 
 part of a building which rises con- 
 siderably above the rest, consisting 
 of a curved brace or half arch be- 
 tween it and the opposite face of some lower part. 
 
 Fly'ing-fisli, «. (Ichth.) A ^- .==^ 
 
 fish which has the power of 
 sustaining itself in the air for 
 a short time, by means of its 
 long, pectoral fins. 
 
 Fly/ing-jib, n. (Naut.) A 
 sail extended outside of the 
 standing-jib, on the flying- 
 jib-boom. 
 
 Fly'ing-squir/rel (-skwur/- 
 ril or -skwer'ril), n. [Zo'dl.) 
 A squirrel having an expansive Flying-fieh. 
 
 skin on each side, reaching from the fore to the hind legs, 
 by which it is borne up in leap- 
 ing. 
 
 Fly'-leaf , n. A blank leaf at 
 the beginning or end of a book. 
 
 Fly'-rail, n. That part of a 
 table which turns out to sup- 
 port the leaf. 
 
 Fly '-trap, n. (Bot.) A plant 
 the leaves of which are fringed 
 with stiff bristles and fold to- Flying-squirrel, 
 
 gether when certain hairs on their upper surface are 
 touched, thvis seizing insects that light on them. 
 
 Fly'-wheel, n. A wheel in machinery that equalizes 
 its movements, or accimiulates power for a variable or 
 intermitting resistance. 
 
 Foal, n. [A.-S. fola, 0. H. Ger. folo, fuli, Goth, fula, 
 Icel. foH, allied to Gr. nioKo? ; Lat. pullus. a young animal. 
 Of. FILLY.] A colt or filly. 
 
 Foal, V. t. [imp. & p. p. foaled ; p. pr. & vb. FOAL- 
 ING.] To bring forth, as a colt or filly. [horse kind. 
 
 Foal, V. i. To bring forth young, as an anhnal of the 
 
 Foam, n. [A.-S. fam, 0. & N. H. Ger. feim, aUied to 
 Lat. spuma, for puma, Skr. phSna, Slav, pjena.] Bubbles 
 on the surface of liquors ; froth ; spume. 
 
 Foam, V. i. [imp. & p. p. foamed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FOAMING.] 1. To froth ; to gather foam. 3. To form 
 foam, or become filled with foam. 
 
 Foam, V. t. 1. To throw out with rage or violence. 3. 
 To cause to foam. 
 
 Foam'y, a. Covered with foam : frothy; spmny. 
 
 Fftb, n. [Prov. Qev.fuppe.] A little pocket for a watch, 
 
 F6b, V. t. [imp. & p. p. fobbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. FOB- 
 BING.] [Ger. foppen. Cf. Fop.] To cheat ; to trick ; 
 to impose on. 
 
 To fob off, to shift off by an artifice ; to put aside. 
 
 Fo'-eal, a. Belonging to, or concerning, a focus. 
 
 F5'-eus, n. ; Eng. pi. Fo'cus-Eg ; Lat. pi. FO'pI. [Lat. 
 /ocMs, hearth, fire-place.] 1. (Opt.) A point in which 
 the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refiucted. 
 
 
 2. ( Geom . ) A point on the principal axis of a conic eee- 
 tion, such that the double ordinate to the axis through 
 the point shall be equal to the parameter of the curve. 
 
 3. A central point; a point of concentration. 
 FSd'der, n. [A.-S. fodhur, fddher, fdd/ir, /Oder, fodder, 
 
 food, from fSdan., to nourish.] That which is fed out to 
 
 cattle, horses, and sheep, as hay, straw, and various v^- 
 
 etables. 
 Fftd'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foddered ; p. pr. k vb. 
 
 n. FODDERING.] To feed, as cattle, with dry food, or 
 
 cut grass, &c. 
 Foe, n. [A.-S. fa, Jah, from fedn, fian, figan, fiogan. 
 
 to hate. Cf. Fiend.] 1. An enemy. 3. A national 
 
 enemy ; a hostile army. 3. One who opposes an/ thing ; 
 
 an opponent. 
 Foe'man, n. ; pi. foe'MEN. An enemy in war. 
 Foe' t us, n. The same as Fetus. 
 Fog, w. [Icel. f ok, Jiilk.] 1. Watery vapor precipitated 
 
 in the lower part of the atmosphere. 3. A cloud of du.st 
 
 or of smoke. 
 Fog, n. [Scot. ybg-,/o!/§;e, moss, /og-g-ag-e, rank grass, W. 
 
 ffxog, dry grass.] (Agric.) (a.) A second growth of grass ; 
 
 after-grass, (b.) Long grass that remains in pastures till 
 
 winter. 
 Fog, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FOGGED \ p.-pr.k, vb. n. FOG- 
 GING.] To envelop, as with fog ; to befog. 
 F6g'-b3,iil£, n. An appearance, at sea, in hazy weather, 
 
 sometimes resembling land at a distance, but which van- 
 ishes as it is approached. 
 Fog'-bell, n. (Naut.) A beU near rocks, shoals, &c., 
 
 rung by machinery, to warn mariners in foggy weather. 
 Fog'gage (45), n. [See FOG.] (Agric.) Rank or coarse 
 
 grass not mowed or eaten down in summer or autumn. 
 
 See Fog. 
 F6g'gi-ly , adv. With fog ; darkly. 
 Fog'gi-uess, n. State of being foggy ; a state of the air 
 
 fiUed with watery exhalations. 
 Fog'gy, a. [compar. foggier; superl. FOGGIEST.] 
 
 [From /og-.] 1. FiUed or abounding with fog, or watery 
 
 exhalations ; cloudy ; misty. 3. Beclouded ; darkened ; 
 
 dull.; obscure. 
 Fo'gy , n. A duU old fellow ; a person behind the times ; 
 
 a conservative. [Written &\sofogie and/og-ey.] 
 
 C@" The word is said to be connected with the German vogt, 
 a guard or protector. By others it is regarded as a diminutive 
 otfolk, (cf. D. volkje). It is applied to the old soldiers of the 
 Eoyal Hospital of DubUn, which is called the i^o<7ies' Hospital. 
 In the fixed habits of such persons we see the origin of the 
 present use of the term. 
 
 Fo'gy-i§m, n. The principles and conduct of a fogy. 
 
 Foil, interj. [Cf. FAUGH.] An exclamation of abhorrence 
 or contempt ; poh ; fy. 
 
 Foi'ble, n. [See Feeble.] A particular moral weakness ; 
 a faiUng ; a weak point ; a fault not of a serious charac- 
 ter; a frailty. 
 
 Syn. — Fault ; imperfection ; faUing ; weakness ; infirmity ; 
 frailty ; defect. 
 
 Foil, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FOILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FOIL- 
 ING.] \^v. folder, to tread or trample under one's feet, 
 to press, oppress. Cf. 0. Fr. afoler, to wound, bruise, 
 ruin.] To render vain or nugatory, as an effort or at- 
 tempt ; to frustrate ; to defeat ; to baflQe ; to balk. 
 
 Foil, n. 1. Failure of success when on the point of being 
 secured ; defeat ; frustration ; miscarriage. 3. A blunt 
 sword, or one that has a button at the end ; — used in 
 fencing. 
 
 Foil, n. [From Lat./oZiMW, pl./oZia.] 1. A leaf or thin 
 plate of metal. 3. A thin leaf of metal, placed imder 
 precious stones by jewelers, to increase their brilliancy, 
 or to give them a particular color ; hence, any thing of 
 another color, or of different qualities, which serves to 
 adorn , or set off another thing to advantage . 3 . ( Arch . ) A 
 rounded or leaf -like ornament, in windows, niches, &c., 
 called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, &c., according to 
 the ntunber of arcs of which it is composed. 
 
 Foil'er, n. One who foils or frustrates. 
 
 Foin'img-ly, adv. In a pushing manner. 
 
 Foist, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FOISTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FOISTING.] [Prob. from 'Ev.fausser, to falsify, pervert, 
 from /aux, fausse, false. See False.] To insert sur- 
 reptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant; to inter- 
 polate. 
 
 Fold, n. [A.-S.feald,fald, from fealdan, to fold up, wrap.] 
 1. A doubling of any flexible substance ; a fold. 3. 
 Times or repetitions ; — used with numerals, chiefly in 
 composition, to denote multiplication or increase. 3. 
 That which is folded together, or which infolds ; embrace. 
 
 4. A sheep-pen. 
 
 food, fo'ot ; ^rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^haise, call, e<;lio - gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, liak ; tliis. 
 
FOLD 
 
 292 
 
 FOOT 
 
 Fold, V. t. [imp. & ;>. p. folded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FOLDING.] 1. To lap or lay in plaits ; to double. 2. 
 To double or lay together, a.s tlio arms. 3. To inclose 
 within folds ; to infold. 4. To confine in a fold, as sheep. 
 
 Fold, r. ». To become folded, plaited, or doubled. • 
 
 Fold'er, »i. One wlio, or that wliich, folds ; especially, a 
 flat iustruxuent for folding paper. 
 
 Fo'li-a'ceoils (ffvlT-a'shus), a. [Lat. foliaceus, from 
 /oliu}>K leaf.] 1. (Eot.) Belonging to, or having the 
 texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves intermixed 
 with tiowers. 'i. (Mi)i.) Consisting of leaves or thin 
 lamina^ ; having the form of a leaf or plate. 
 
 Fo'li-age,n. [From Lat. /o/(»»n, leaf. Cf. Foil.] 1, A 
 collection of leaves as produced or arranged by nature. 
 
 2. (Arch.) The representation of leaves, flowers, and 
 branches. 
 
 Fo'li-Jite, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FOLIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FOLIATING.] To spread over with a thin coat of tin and 
 quicksilver. 
 
 Fo'li-ate (45), a. [Bot.) Furnished with leaves ; leafy. 
 
 Fo'li-a'tion, n. 1. Act of forming into leaves, ti. Act 
 of beating a metal into a thin plate, leaf, or lamina. 3. 
 Act of spreading foil over the back side of a mirror. 4. 
 (Arch.) Act of enriching with feather ornaments resem- 
 bling leaves, or the ornaments themselves. 5. (Geol.) 
 The property, possessed by some crystalline rocks, of di- 
 viding into plates or slabs. 
 
 Fo'li-o (lo'lT-o or M'yo), n. [Ablative of liat. folium, 
 leaf.] 1. A sheet of paper once folded. 3. A book 
 made of sheets of paper each folded once. 3. A page 
 in a book ; sometimes, two opposite pages bearing the 
 same serial number. 4. (Law.) A leaf containing a cer- 
 tain number of words ; hence a certain number of words 
 in a writing. 
 
 Fo'li-o, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make two 
 leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of 
 printing paper, when doubled so as to make two leaves. 
 
 Folk (irok), n.; pi. FOLKg (f6ks,20). [A.-S. folc, Icel. 
 folk, 0. H. Ger. folk, allied to Lith. pulkas, crowd.] Peo- 
 ple in general, or a separate class of people ; — generally 
 used in the plural. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Folk'-lore (f5k/-), «. [Ger. volkslehre.] Rural tales, 
 legends, or superstitions. [Recent.] 
 
 FoFli-ele (fol'li-kl),n. [Lat. follicu- 
 lus, a small bag, husk, pod, dim. of 
 follis, orig. a leathern sack, hence a 
 leathern money-bag.] 1. (Bot.) (a.) 
 A simple pod opening down the inmer 
 suture. (6.) A vessel distended with 
 air. 2. ( ^naf. ) A little bag in ani- 
 mal bodies ; a gland. follicle (1, a). 
 
 Fol-li-e'u-lar, a. Like, pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 follicles. 
 
 FSl'loiv, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FOLLOWED ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. FOLLOWING.] [A.-S.folgian, 0. H. Gev.folagin, 
 folken,folgen., Icel. fylgia.] 1. To go or come after ; to 
 pursue. 2. To go in pursuit of; to strive to obtain. 
 
 3. To go with, as a leader; to accept as authority; to 
 take as a rule of action. 4. To copy after ; to take as 
 an example. 5. To succeed in order of time, rank, or 
 office. 6. To result from, as an effect from a cause, or 
 an inference from a premise. 7. To watch, as a reced- 
 ing object ; hence, to keep the mind upon while in prog- 
 ress ; also, to understand the meaning, connection or force 
 of. 8. To attend upon closely, as a profession or caUing. 
 
 Syn.— To pursue ; chase ; go after ; attend ; accompany ; 
 Bucceed ; imitate; copy ; embrace; maintain. — To /oZZow (v. 
 t.) denotes simply to go after ; to pursue denotes to follow with 
 earnestness, and with a view to attain some definite object ; as, 
 a hound 2'urmxes the deer. 
 
 FSllow, V. i. To go or come after ; — used in the vari- 
 ous Henses of the transitive verb ; to pursue ; to attend ; 
 to accompany ; to be a result ; to succeed. 
 
 Syn. — To Micceed.— To foUow (v. ?.) means simply to 
 come after ; as, a crowd followed ; to succeed means to come 
 after in some regular series or succession ; as, Any succeeds to 
 day, and night to night. 
 
 F611ow-er, n. 1. One who follows. 2. (Steam-eng.) 
 (a.) The cover of ^a piston, (h.) A gland. 3. (Mack.) 
 The part of a machine that receives motion from another 
 part. 
 
 Syn. — Imitator ; copier; disciple; adherent; partisan; 
 dependent ; attendant. 
 
 Follo^v-ing, a. Being next aft«r ; succeeding ; ensuing. 
 
 FSlly, n. [¥t. folie,froTn fol, fou, foolish, mad. See 
 Fool.] 1. State of being a fool ; want of good sense ; 
 levity, weakness, or derangement of mind. 2. A fool- 
 ish act ; weak or light-minded conduct ; foolery. 
 
 Fo-ment', V. t. [imp. & p. p. fomented ; p. pr. & 
 vb.n. FOMENTING.] [L&t. fomentare, firom fomentum, 
 a warm appUcation or lotion , for /omnm<M??i , from /o- 
 vere, to warm or keep warm.] 1. To apply warm lotions 
 to. 2. To cherish and promote by excitements ; to an- 
 courage ; to abet. 
 
 Fo'men-ta'tion, n. 1. (Med.) (a.) Act of fomenting, 
 or of applying warm lotions or poultices, (b.) The lotion 
 applied to a diseased part. 2. Excitation; instigation; 
 encouragement. 
 
 Fo-iu6nt'er, n. One who foments, or encourages. 
 
 Fond, a. [conipar. FONDER ; superl. FONDEST.] [For 
 fonned, p. p. of 0. Eilg. fonne, to be fooUsh, to dote, Icel. 
 fana.] 1. Foolish ; simple. [Obs.] 2. Foolishly tender 
 and loving ; doting ; especially not in a bad sense, loving ; 
 tender. 3. Much pleased; loving ardently. 
 
 F6nd'le (fond-'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fondled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FONDLING.] [From obsolete fond, v. t.] To 
 treat with tenderness ; to caress. 
 
 Fond'ler, n. One who fondles. 
 
 Fond'ling, n. A person or thing fondled or caressed. 
 
 Fond'ly, adv. In a fond manner ; foolishly ; tenderly. 
 
 Fond'ness, n. The state or quaUty of being fond. 
 Syn. — Attachment; affection; love; kindness. 
 
 Font, ». [From Lat. fons, fountain.] 1. A fountain; 
 a spring. 2. A basin or stone vessel in which water is 
 contained for baptizing. 
 
 Font, n. [From Lat. fundere, to pour out, to cast.] 
 (Print.) A complete assortment of printing type of one 
 size and style. 
 
 Font'al, a. Pertaining to a fount, fountain, source. 
 
 F6nt'a-nel', n. [Fr. fontanelle, prop, a little fountain, 
 froTa.fontaine, fountain.] 1. (Med.) An issue for the 
 discharge of humors from the body. 2. (Anat.) A space 
 in an infant's skull occupied by a cartilaginous mem- 
 brane. 
 
 Food, n. [A.-S. foda, from fedan, to feed, q. v.] 1. 
 What is fed upon ; victuals ; provisions. 2. Any thing 
 that sustains, nourishes, and augments. 
 Syn. — Aliment; sustenance; nutriment; feed; fare; meat. 
 
 Fdbl, n. [Fr. fol, fou, foolish, mad ; of Celtic origin.] 
 
 1. One who is destitute of reason ; an idiot ; a natural. 
 
 2. A person deficient in intellect ; a simpleton ; a dunce. 
 
 3. (Script.) A wicked person. 4. A professional jester 
 or buffoon. 
 
 Fool's errand, an absurd or fruitless search or enterprise; 
 the pursuit of what can not be found; the undertaking what 
 is impossible. 
 Fool, V. i. [imp. & p. p. fooled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 FOOLING.] To act like a fool ; to trifle ; to toy. 
 Fool, V. t. 1. To infatuate ; to make foolish. 2. To 
 make a fool of; to impose upon. 3. To cheat. 
 
 To fool away, to get rid of foolishly ; to spend in trifles, Idle- 
 ness, folly, or without advantage. 
 
 Fobl'er-y, n. 1. Practice of folly ; absurdity. 2. An 
 act of foily or weakness ; a piece of absurdity or non- 
 sense. 
 
 Fobl'-hard/i-ness, n. Courage without sense or judg- 
 ment ; mad rashness. [bold. 
 
 Fdbl'-liard'y, a. Daring vrithout judgment ; foolishly 
 Syn. — Bash; venturesome; venturous; precipitate; head- 
 long; incautious. 
 
 Fdbl'isli, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, foUy ; void 
 of understanding ; weak in intellect. 2. Exhibiting a 
 want of judgment or discretion. 3. (Script.) Sinful; 
 wicked. 4. Ridiculous ; despicable ; contemptible. 
 
 Syn. — Absurd; shallow; shallow-brained; brainless; sim- 
 ple ; irrational ; unwise ; imprudent ; indiscreet ; incautious ; 
 silly; preposterous; vain; trifling. 
 
 Fobl'isli-ly, adv. In a foolish manner ; weakly. 
 
 Fobl'lsli-ness, n. 1. The quaUty or condition of be- 
 ing foohsh ; folly. 2. A fooUsh practice. 
 
 Foblg'-eap, n. [So called from the water-mark of a, fooPs 
 cap and bells used by old paper-makers.] A long foUo 
 writing paper, about 13 1^ by 16-^ inches. 
 
 Fo^ot, n.; pi. FEET. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. f5t, phfSt, Goth. 
 fotus, Icel. fdtr, allied to Gr. ttous, ttoSos, Lat. pes, pedis, 
 Skr. padas'.] 1. The part of a leg below the ankle. 2. 
 Any thing which resembles an animal's foot. 3. The 
 lowest part or foundation; also, the last of a row or 
 series. 4. Fundamental principle ; basis ; hence, ordi- 
 nary level or rank; — used only in the sing. 5. A 
 measure consisting of twelve inches ; — supposed to be 
 taken from the length of a man's foot. 6. (Mil.) The 
 foot-soldiers; the infantry. 7. (Pros.) A combination 
 of syllables constituting a metrical element of a verse. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c., short ; cS-rcf ar, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, 6r, do, W9lf, 
 
FOOT 
 
 293 
 
 FORCING-PUMP 
 
 By foot, or on foot, by walking. - Cubic foot, a volume equal 
 
 to that of a cube the edges of which are twelve inches in length. 
 
 — Sqwire foot, an area eq^ual to that of a square the sides of 
 
 which are twelve inches in lengtli. — Tobe on foot, to be in 
 
 motion, action, or process of execution. — Zb set on foot, to 
 
 originate; to begin. 
 F<Jbt, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FOOTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 FOOTING.] 1. To tread to measuxe or music ; to dance. 
 
 2. To walk. 
 Fobt, V. t. 1. To strike with the foot ; to kick. 3. To 
 
 tread. 3. To sum up, as the numbers in a column. 4. 
 
 To add a foot to. 
 
 To foot a bill, to pay it. [Colloq.] 
 Fobt'-ball, «. 1. An inflated ball, kicked about in 
 
 sport, 'i. The sport of kicking the foot-ball. 
 Ftfbt'-boy, >i. An attendant in Uvery ; a footman. 
 Fdbt'-bridge, n. A narrow bridge for foot passengers. 
 Fdbt'f all, n. 1. A footstep. H. A misstep. 
 Fobt'-guardg (-gilrdz), n. pi. Guards of infantry. 
 Fobt'-tiold, n. A holding with the feet ; that on which 
 
 one may tread or rest securely. 
 FcMjt'Ing, rt. 1. Ground for the foot ; firm foundation 
 
 to stand on. 'Z, Firm position ; established place. 3. 
 
 Relative condition ; state. 4. Tread ; especially, tread 
 
 to measure. 5. Act of adding up a column of figures ; 
 
 sum total of such a column. 6. Act of putting a foot 
 
 to any thing, or that which is added as a foot. 7. A 
 
 plain cotton lace, without figures. 8. The finer refuse 
 
 part of whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. 9. 
 
 (Arch.) The broad foundation or base of a wall. 
 Fobt'-light (-lit), n. One of a row of lights at the front 
 
 of the stage in a theater, &c. 
 Fobt'man, n. ; pi. foot^men. 1. A soldier who marches 
 
 and fights on foot. 3. A male servant whose duties are 
 
 to attend the door, the carriage, the table, &c. 
 Fot>t'-marlc, n. A mark of a foot ; a foot-print. 
 Fc>bt'-iiote, n. A note of reference at the foot of a page. 
 Fobt'-pa^e, n. 1. A slow pace or step. 3. A stair 
 
 broader than the rest of a flight. 3. A dais. 
 Fobt'-pS-d, n. A highwayman, or robber on foot. 
 Fobt'-print, n. A trace or foot-mark. 
 Fdbt'-soFdier (-sol'jer), n. (Mil.) A soldier who serves 
 
 on foot. 
 Fdbt'-sore, a. Having tender or sore feet, as by reason 
 
 of much walking. 
 Fbbt'stallc (-stawk), n. (Bat.) The stalk of a leaf or of 
 
 a flower"; a petiole, pedicel, or peduncle. 
 Fobt'stfip, n. The mark or impression of the foot ; a 
 
 track ; hence, visible sign of a course pursued ; token ; 
 
 mark. 
 Fdbt'stobl, n. A stool for the feet. [warm. 
 
 Fcfbt'- stove, n. A contrivance intended to keep the feet 
 F5p, n. [Of. to fob, and Ger. foppen, to make a fool of 
 
 one, jeer.] A gay, trifling fellow ; a coxcomb ; a dandy. 
 Fdp'ling, n. A petty fop. 
 F6p'per-y, n. 1. The behavior, manners, dress, or the 
 
 Uke, of a fop ; coxcombry. 3. FoUy ; impertinence ; 
 
 foolery. 
 F5p'pisli, a. Fop-like ; vain of dress ; affected in man- 
 ners. 
 
 Syn.— Finical; spruce; dandyish. See Finical. 
 
 F5p'pisli-ly, adv. In a foppish manner. 
 
 FSp'pisli-iiess, n. Condition or quality of being foppish. 
 
 F6r,^ep. [A.-S. for, fore, Goth, faur, /aura, Icel. /yri, 
 for, allied to Lat. pro, Gr. irpo, Skr. pra-, Lith. & Bohem. 
 pro, Lett, par.] In the place of; instead of; because of; 
 by reason of; with respect to ; concerning ; in the direc- 
 tion of; toward ; during ; as being, &c. ; — in the most 
 general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view 
 of, with reference to, which any thing is done or takes 
 place. 
 
 Forasmttch as, or forasmuch as, in consideration that; seeing 
 that; since. — For ever, eternally; at all times. See Foeeveb. 
 — For, or as for, so far as concerns; as regards; with reference 
 to. 
 
 F6r, conj. 1. Because. 3. Since ; because ; introducing 
 a reason of something before advanced, the cause, motive, 
 explanation, justification, or the like, of an action re- 
 lated or a statement made 
 
 FSr'age, n. [0. ^r./ourage, L, Lat. forasritim, fr. 0. H. 
 Qer.fuotar, fotar, fodder, nourishment, Eng. fodder^ q. 
 v.] 1. Act of providing food. 3. Food of any kind for 
 horses and cattle, as grass, pasture, hay, corn, and oats. 
 
 FSr'age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. foraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FORAGING.] To wander or rove in search of food ; to 
 ravage ; to feed on spoil. [forage. 
 
 FSr'age, v. t. To strip of provisions ; to supply with 
 
 F6r'a-ger, n. One who forages. 
 
 Fo-^'d'men, n. ,• pi. fo-rAm^i-^ta. [Lat., from/orare, 
 to bore, pierce.] A Uttle opening ; a perforation. 
 
 Fdr'ag-mucli', co7ij. In consideration of ; because that. 
 See For. 
 
 Fo-ray', or Fdr'ay, n. [See Forray.] A sudden or 
 irregular incursion m a border war ; a raid. 
 
 For-bade' (for-bad'), imp. of forbid. See FORBID. 
 
 For-beftr', v. i. [imp. forbore (forbare, o6s.); 
 
 p. p. FORBORNE ; p. pr. & vb. n. FORBEARING.] [A.-S. 
 forb'cran.] 1. To refrain from proceeding ; to pause ; to 
 delay. 3. To refuse ; to decline. 
 
 For-beftr', v.t. 1. To avoid ; to abstain from. 3. To 
 treat with consideration ; to indulge ; to bear with. 
 
 For-beA^r'an^e, n. 1. The act of forbearing; exercise 
 of patience. 3. The quaUty of being forbearing; long- 
 suffering. 
 Syn. — Abstinence; refraining; lenity; mildness. 
 
 For-bid', v. t. [imp. FORBADE ; p. p. forbiddek 
 
 (FORBID, 065.); p. pr. & vb. n. forbidding.] [A.-S. 
 forbeodan.] 1. To command to forbear, or not to do. 
 a. To forbid from entering or approaching. 3. To op- 
 pose ; to obstruct. 
 Syn. — To prohibit; interdict; hinder. 
 
 For-bid', v. i. To utter a prohibition ; to prevent. 
 
 For-bid' dan^e, n. Act of forbidding, or condition ot ' 
 being forbidden ; prohibition. 
 
 For-bid'der, n. One who, or that which, forbids. 
 
 For-bid'ding, p. a. Repelling approach ; repulsive ; dis- 
 agreeable. 
 
 Syn. — Unpleasant; displeasing; offensive; odious; abhor- 
 rent. 
 
 For-bore', imp. of forbear. See Forbear. 
 
 For-bome', p. p. of forbear. See Forbear. 
 
 Forpe, n. [L. li&t. forcia,fortia, fr. Lat. fortis, strong.] 
 1. Strength or energy of body or mind; often an un- 
 usual degree of strength or energy ; especially, power to 
 persuade, or convince, or impose obligation. 3. Com- 
 pulsory power. 3. Strength or power for war ; hence, a 
 body of land or naval combatants ; hence, a body of men 
 prepared for action in other ways. 4, {Law.) (a.) Vio- 
 lence, (b.) Validity; efficacy. 5. {Physics.) Any action 
 between two bodies which changes, or tends to change, 
 any physical relation between them- 
 
 In force, or of force, of unimpaired efficacy; valid; of fall 
 virtue; not suspended or reversed. 
 
 Syn.— Strength ; vigor ; might ; energy ; stress ; vehem- 
 ence; violence; compulsion; coaction; constraint; coercion.— 
 Strength (from strain) looks rather to power as an inward capa- 
 bility or energy; e. g., the strength of timber, bodily strength, 
 mental strength, strength of emotion, &c., while force looks 
 more to the outward, as the force of momentum, /b/re of cir- 
 cumstance, /orce of habit, &c. We do, indeed, speak of strength 
 of will and force of will; but even here the former may lean 
 toward the internal tenacity of purpose, and the latter toward 
 the outward expression of it in action. But, though the two 
 words do in a few cases touch thus closely on each other, there 
 is, on the whole, a marked distinction between our use of fonx 
 and strength. 
 
 For^e, V. t. [im,p. & p. p. forced (forst) ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. FORCING.] 1. To constrain to do, or to forbear, by 
 the exertion of a power not resistible. 2. To impress by 
 force. 3. To do violence to; especially, to ravish; to 
 violate. 4. To obtain or win by strength ; specifically, 
 to capture by assault. 5. To impel, drive, wrest, ex- 
 tort, get, &c., by main strength or violence. 6. To ex- 
 ert to the utmost ; hence, to strain ; to produce by un- 
 natural effort. 7. To provide with forces ; to re-enforce ; 
 to garrison. 
 
 Syn. — To compel; constrain; obUge; necessitate; coer««; 
 drive; press; impel. 
 
 Forfe'-raeat, n. [Corrupted for farce-meat, from Fr. 
 /arce, stuffing. See Farce.] ( CooArery.) Meat chopped 
 fine and highly seasoned, used as a stuffing. 
 
 For'^eps, n. [Lat.] A pair of pincers or tongs ; espe- 
 cially, one for delicate operations, as those of watch- 
 makers, dentists, and others. 
 
 Forfe'-pump, n. See Forcing-pump. 
 
 For'^er, n. One who, or that which, forces or drives; 
 specifically, the solid piston of a pump. 
 
 For'^i-ble, a. 1. Possessing force; characterized by 
 force, efficiency, or energy. 2. Attended or marked by 
 excessive force or violence. 3. Using force against oppo- 
 sition. 4. Obtained by compulsion. 
 
 Syn. — Violent; impetuous; powerful; efficacious; stro«»! 
 mignty; potent; weighty; impressive; cogent. 
 
 For'9i-bly, adv. In a forcible manner ; strongly ; pow- 
 erfully ; by violence ; by constraint. 
 
 For'^ing-piimp, n. A kind of pump used to throw 
 
 food, fo"bt ; tLrn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, li^k ; this. 
 
^ 
 
 FORD 
 
 294 FORESHOW 
 
 water to a distance, or to force it onward by the direct 
 action of the pii^ton. 
 
 Ford, M. [A. -Jr. forii,/yni &\ht^ to Slav, brod, Gr. iropo?, 
 A.S.faran, Kv^./are.] 1. A place in a river, or other 
 water, where it may be passed ou foot, or by trading. "Z, 
 A stream ; a current. 
 
 Ford, r. '. [imp. & p. p. FORDED; i>. pr. & vb. n. 
 FORDING.] To pass through by wading; to wade 
 through. 
 
 Ford'a-ble, a. Capable of being forded. 
 
 Fore.n. [A..-S.fore. See FOR, and Vh/z-o.] 1. Advanced 
 in place or position ; toward the fix)nt ; forward. "Z. Ad- 
 vanced in time ; antecedent. 3. Advanced in order or 
 series. 
 
 03^ Fore is much used in composition, and, as an adjective, 
 rarely occure iu a separate form. 
 
 "Fore, adv. [X.-S. fora,fore, foran, foren€,forn€. See 
 Fop..] In advance; at the front: in the part that pre- 
 cede.^ or goes first. 
 
 Fore'-arm, v. t. [imp. & p.p. fore-.^rmed; p. pr. 
 & ft. n. FORE-ARMING.] To arm or prepare for attack 
 or reastance before the time of need. • 
 
 Fore-arm', n. (Jjiat.) That part of the arm between 
 the elbow and the ^^Tist. 
 
 Fore-bode', r. t. [ijnp. & p. p. foreboded ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. FOREBODING.] 1. To foretell ; to prognosticate. 
 2. To have an inward conviction of, as of a calamity 
 which is to happen. 
 Syn. — To predict; augur; presage; portend; betoken. 
 
 Fore-T>od'er, n. One who forebodes ; a soothsayer. 
 
 Fore'-east. v. t. [iynp. & p. p. forecast : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FORECASTING.] 1. To Contrive beforehand: to 
 scheme : to project. 2. To foresee : to provide against. 
 
 Fore'<rast, v. i. To contrive beforehand. 
 
 Fore-east', «. 1. Previous contrivance or determina- 
 tion. 2. Foresight of consequences, and provision 
 against them. 
 
 Fore'eas-tle (-kas-sl), n. (Naut.) (a.) That part of the 
 upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the 
 after part of the fore channels, (b.) In merchant ves- 
 sels, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, 
 where the sailors live. 
 
 Fore-fit'ed. a. Cited or quoted before or above. 
 
 Fore-elose', f. t. [imp. & p.p. foreclosed; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. foreclosing.] To shut up or out; to pre- 
 clude : to stop ; to prevent ; to bar : to exclude. 
 
 0®=" To foreclose a mortgage is not technicaUy correct, but 
 is often used. 
 
 Fore-elos'ure (-klSzh'jir), n. The act or process of fore- 
 closing : deprivation of a mortgager of the right of re- 
 deeming a mortgaged estate. 
 
 Fore-doom', v. t. [imp. & p.p. foredoomed ;jp.pr. 
 & vb. n. FOREDOOMING.] To doom beforehand ; to pre- 
 destinate. 
 
 Fore'f a-tiier, n. One who precedes another in the line 
 of genealogy in any degree, usually in a remote degree ; 
 an ancestor. 
 
 Fore-fend', f. t. [imp. & p. p. forefended ; p. pr. 
 & 1-6. ?i. FOREFENDING.] 1. To fend ofF ; to avert; to 
 prevent the approach of; to forbid or prohibit. 2. To 
 defend : to guard : to secure. 
 
 Fore'fin-ger (-iTng-ger), n. The finger next to the 
 thumb : the index. 
 
 Fore'f dot, n. ;pl. fore'feet. 1. One of the anterior 
 feet of au animal. 2. (Xaut.) A piece of timber which 
 terminates the keel at the fore-end, connecting it with 
 the lower end of the stem. 
 
 Fore'f ront ( -frQnt ), ?i . The foremost part or place. 
 
 Fore-go', v. t. [imp. fore^^TENT; p. p. FOREGONE : 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. FOREGOING.] 1. To quit ; to relin- 
 quish; to leave. 2. To relinquish the enjoyment or 
 advantage of: to give up ; to resign ; to renounce. 2. To 
 go before ; to precede. 
 
 Foregone conclusion, one which has preceded argument or 
 examination ; one predetermined. 
 
 Fore'gToiind, n. That part of the field of a picture 
 which seems to lie nearest the spectator, or before the 
 figures. 
 
 Foreli&nd, n. lAAll that part of a horse which is be- 
 fore the rider. 2. The most important part. 3. Pru- 
 dence: advantage. 
 
 Fore'hand-ed, a. 1. Early ; timely : seasonable. 2. 
 Not l>ehindhand ; in easy circum-itances. [Amrr.] 
 
 FSre'head (for'ed), n. 1. That part of the face which 
 extends from the usual line of hair on the top of the 
 head to the eyes ; the brow. 2. Assurance. 
 
 Fdr'eign (for'in), a. [L. LslI. foraneus , fix»m Lat. foras, 
 
 /oris, out of doors, abroad, without.] 1. Not native ; ex- 
 traneous ; ahen. 'i. Kemote ; not pertaining or pertmont ; 
 not appropriate ; not agreeable ; — with to, or/ram. 3. 
 Not admitted ; excluded. 
 Sj-n.— Outlandish: exotic; remote; ex-triusic. 
 
 FSr'eign-er (for'in-er), n. A person belonging to a for- 
 eign country : an alien. 
 
 Fdr'eign-ness (fur'in-nes, 109), m. The quaUtv of being 
 foreign; remoteness: want of relation. ' 
 
 Fore-jiidge', i-. t. [iynp. & p. p. forejudged ; p pr 
 & vb. n. FOREJUDGING.] 1. To judge before hearing 
 the facts and proof; to prejudge. 2. ( O. Eng. Laic.) 
 To expel _from coui-t for some offense or misconduct. 
 
 Fore-know' (-no'), v. t. [imp. forekn-ev ; p. p. 
 foreknown; y. pr. & vb. n. FOREKNOWING.] Te 
 have previous knowledge of; to know beforehand. 
 
 Fore-kno-w'er (-no'-), n. One who foreknows. 
 
 Fore-kii6>vl'edge (lor-noFej), n. Knowledge of a 
 thing before it happens ; prescience. 
 
 Fore'iand, n. 1. A promontory- or cape; ahead-laad. 
 
 2. (Fort.) A piece of ground between the wall of a place 
 
 and the moat. [lie in wait for. 
 
 I Fore-lay', v. t. 1. To contrive antecedently. 2. To 
 
 Fore 'lock, h. 1. The lock of hair that grows from the 
 forepart of the head. 2. (Naut.) A flat piece of iron 
 driven through the end of a bolt, to retain it firmly in its 
 place. 
 
 To take time, or occasion, by the forelock, to make prompt 
 use of any thing ; not to let slip an opportunity. 
 
 Fore'man, ?i. ; pi. FdRE'^rEN. The first or chief man ; 
 as, (a.) The chief man of a j my, who acts as their speak- 
 er, {b.) The chief of a set of hands employed in a shop ; 
 an overseer. 
 Fore'mast, ». {Nmit.) The forward mast of a vessel, or 
 
 the one nearest the bow. 
 Fore-men'tioned, a. Mentioned before : recited in a 
 
 former part of the same writing or discom-se. 
 Fore'most, a. First iu place ; chief in rank or dignity. 
 Fore'name, ?i. A name that precedes the family name 
 
 or surname : a first name. 
 Fore'named, a. Named or nominated before ; men- 
 tioned before in the same writing or discourse. 
 Fore'nobn, ?k The former ijart of the day, from morn- 
 ing to meridian, or noon. 
 Fo-ren'sie, )a. [Lat. forensis, from, forum, &Tpuh]ic 
 Fo-ren'si«-al, ) place, market-place, where courts of 
 justice were held, hence a court.] Belonging to courts 
 of judicature or public discussion and debate ; used in 
 courts or legal proceedings, or in public discussions ; ar- 
 gumentative. 
 Fore'-or-dain', v. t. [imp. & p.p. FORE-ORDAINXD; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. FORE-ORDAINING.] To ordain or ap- 
 point beforehand ; to predestinate ; to predetermine. 
 j Fore-6r'di-na'tion, n. Previous ordination or ap- 
 pointment : predetermination ; predestination. 
 j Fore'part; n. The part most advanced, or first in time 
 I or in place ; the anterior part : the beginning. 
 Fore '-plane, n. ( Carp.) The fest plane used after the 
 I saw and ax ; a jack-plane. 
 , Fore'rank, n. The first rank : the front. 
 j Fore-riin', f. t. [imp. foreran : p. p. FORERUN; 
 j p.pr. &, vb. n. FORERUNNING.] 1. To run before; to 
 I precede. 2. To come before as an earnest of something 
 I to follow ; to announce. 
 
 ' Fore-riin'ner, n. A messenger sent before to give no- 
 tice of the approach of others ; a harbinger : hence, a 
 sign foreshowing something to follow : a prognostic. 
 Fore'sail, n. (Xaut.) (a.) A sail extended on the fore- 
 yard, which is supported by the foremast. (6.) The first 
 triangular sail before the mast of a sloop or cutter. 
 Fore-see', i-. t. [iriip. foresaw : p. p. FORESEEIt ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. FORESEEING.] To see beforehand; to 
 see or know before occurrence : to foreknow. 
 Fore-seer', n. One who foresees or foreknows. 
 1 Fore-sliad'ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foreshado-«-ED ; 
 j p.pr. & vb.n. FORESHADOWING.] To shadow Or typi- 
 I fy beforehand ; to prefigiure. 
 
 Fore-sliort'en (-shorten), f. t. [imp. & p. p. fore- 
 shortened ; p. pr. & vb. 71. foreshortening.] 
 (Paint.) To shorten by representmg in an oblique posi- 
 tion ; to represent as seen obhquely. 
 Fore-sliort'en-ing, n. The representation or appear- 
 ance, or diminution of length, of objects, when viewed 
 obliquely. See Foreshorten. 
 Fore-slib-w', v. t. [imp. FORESHO'WED ; p. p. FOKB- 
 SHOWN: p.pr. & vb. 7i. FORESHOWING.] To show or 
 exhibit beforehand ; to prognosticate ; to foretell. 
 
 »,ei,k,c.,long; a,6,&c..«/w)rf ,• care, far, ask, all, wliat ; dre, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, -wolf 
 
FORESHOWER 
 
 295 
 
 FORM 
 
 F5re-sliow'er, n. One who predicts. 
 
 rore'side, n. The front side ; also, a specious outside. 
 
 Fore'siglit (-sit), n. 1. The act or the power of foresee- 
 ing ; prescience ; foreknowledge. 52. Action in reference 
 to the future; wise forethought. 3. {Surv.) Any sight 
 or reading of the levehng-staff, except the one backward, 
 called the back-.sight. [penis ; the prepuce. 
 
 ITore'skln, n. (Anat.) The skin that covers the glan^ 
 
 FSr'egt, n. [0. ¥r. forest, It. foresta, Ger.forst, from Lat. 
 /oris, foras, out of doors, abroad, because forests are out 
 of, or bejond, towns.] 1. An extensive wood ; in the 
 United States, a wood of native growth. 3. {Eng. Law.) 
 Royal hunting-ground. 
 
 FSr'est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. forested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FORESTING.] To cover with trees or wood. 
 
 Fore-stall', r. t. [iinp. 8c p. p. forestalled; p-pr. 
 & vb. /i. FORESTALLING.] [A.-S. foresteallan. See 
 Stall.] 1. To take beforehand ; to anticipate. 2. To 
 pre-occupy ; also, to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by- 
 prior occupation or by measures taken in advance. 3. 
 (Eng. Law.) To obstruct or stop up, as a way ; to inter- 
 cept on the road. 
 
 Syn. — To anticipate; pre-occupy; monopolize; engross. 
 
 Fore-stall'er, n. One who forestalls; a person who 
 purchases provisions before they come to the fair or mar- 
 ket, with a view to raise the price. 
 
 F6r'est-er, n. 1. One who has charge of a forest. 3. 
 An inhabitant of a forest. 
 
 Fore-taste', n. A taste beforehand ; anticipation. 
 
 Fore'taste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foretasted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FORETASTING.] 1, To taste before full posses- 
 sion ; to anticipate. 2. To taste before another. 
 
 Fore-tell', v. t. [imp. & p. p. foretold; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FORETELLING.] To tell before occurrence ; to 
 foretoken ; to foreshow. 
 
 S>Ti.— To predict; prophesy; prognosticate; augur. 
 
 Fore-tell', v. i. To utter prediction or prophecy. 
 
 F5re-tell'er, n. One who predicts or prophesies. 
 
 Fore'tliduglit (-thawt), n. 1. Anticipation ; presci- 
 ence ; premeditation. 3. Provident care ; forecast. 
 
 Fore-tolten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. foretokened ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FORETOKENING.] To foreshow. 
 
 Fore'to-ken, n. Prognostic ; previous sign. 
 
 Fore'-tootli, n. ; pi. fore'-teeth. {Anat.) One of 
 the teeth in the forepart of the mouth ; an incisor. 
 
 Fore'top, n. 1. The hair on the forepart of the head. 
 3. That part of a head-dress that is forward. 3. {Naut.) 
 The platform at the head of the foremast. 
 
 For-ev'er, CKitJ. 1. To eternity; eternally. 3. At all 
 times. 
 
 l®~ In England, /or and ever are usuallv written and print- 
 ed as two separate words ; but, in the Unite'd States, the general 
 practice is to make but a single word of them. 
 
 Syii. — Constantly ; continually ; invariably ; unchange- 
 ably ; incessantly; always ; perpetually; unceasingly ; cease- 
 lessly ; interminably ; everlastingly ; endlessly. 
 
 Fore-w^arn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. forewarned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FOREWARNING.] To warn beforehand; to 
 caution in advance ; to inform previously. 
 
 Fdr'f eit, a. Lost or aUenated for an offense or crime : 
 liable to penal seizure. 
 
 Fdr'f eit, n. [Fr. forfait, L. Lat. f or cf actum, f or isf actum. 
 originally, and still in Fr., trespass, crime, but in Eng.' 
 the effect of some transgression or offense ; from Fr./or- 
 faire, L. Lat. forisfacere, to offend, injure, from Lat. foris, 
 out of doors, abroad, beyond, and facere, to do.] 1. A 
 thing lost, or the right to which is "ahenated, by a crime, 
 offense, neglect of duty, or breach of contract ; hence, a 
 fine ; a mulct ; a penalty. 3. Something deposited and 
 redeemable by a sportive fine. 
 
 For'feit, v. t. [imp, & p. p. FORFEITED :, p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. FORFEITING.] [From the noun. See supra.] To 
 lose, or lose the right to, by some fault, offense, or crime. 
 
 Fdr'f eit-a-ble, a. Liable to be forfeited ; subject to for- 
 feiture. 
 
 For'feit-ure (53), n. 1. Act of forfeiting; the losing 
 of some right, privilege, estate, honor, ofl&ce, or effects, 
 by an offense, cruue, breach of condition, or other act. 
 3. That which is forfeited. 
 
 Syn. — Fine; mulct; amercement; penalty. 
 
 For-gave', t?77jo. of forgive. See FORGIVE. 
 
 Forge, n. [From Lat. fabrica, the work-shop of a fcioer 
 or artisan who works in hard materials, forger, smith.] 
 1 . A place where iron is wrought by heating and ham- 
 mering ; especially, a furnace, where iron is heated and 
 wrought ; a smithy ; also, the works where iron is ren- 
 dered malleable by puddling and shingUng. 3. A work- 
 
 shop ; a place where any thing is produced, shaped, or 
 devised. 
 
 Forge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FORGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FORGING.] 1. To form by heating and hammering. 3. 
 To form or shape out in any way ; to produce. 3. To 
 make falsely ; to produce, as that which ia untrue or not 
 genuine. 
 Syu. — To fabricate ; frame ; counterfeit ; feign ; falsify. 
 
 Forge, V. i. 1. To commit forgery. 3. {Naut.) To 
 move heavily and slowly, as a ship after the sails are 
 furled. 
 
 For'ger, n. One who forges, makes, or forms ; a fabri- 
 cator ; especially, one guilty of forgery. 
 
 For'ger-y, n. 1. The act of forging, fabricating, or pro- 
 ducing falsely ; especially, the crime of counterfeiting- 
 3. That which is forged. 
 
 For-get', V. t. [i?7ip. forgot (forgat, 065.); p. p. 
 
 FORGOT, FORGOTTEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. FORGETTING.] 
 [A.-S. forgetan, forgitan, from for and getan, gitan, to 
 get] 1. To lose the remembrance of; not to think of. 
 3. To t/eat with inattention ; to slight ; to neglect. 
 
 To forget one's self, to be guilty of that which is unworthy of 
 one; to lose one's dignity, temper, or self-control. 
 
 For-get'ful, a. 1. Apt to foi^et. 3. Heedless; care- 
 less ; neglectful. 
 
 For-get'fiil-ness, n. 1. Quality of being forgetful; 
 proneness'to let sUp from the mind. 3. Loss of remem- 
 brance or recollection; oblivion. 3. Failure to bear in 
 mind ; careless omission. 
 
 For-get'-me-ii6t',7i. (Bot.) A small herb, bearing a 
 beautiful blue flower, and extensively considered the em- 
 blem of fideUty. 
 
 For-get'ter, n. One who forgets or fails to bear in mind. 
 
 For-giv'a-ble, a. Capable of being forgiven. 
 
 For-give', v. t. [imp. FORGAVE; p. p. FORGIVEW; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. FORGIVING.] [A.-S. forgifan, from for 
 and gifan, to give.] 1. To cease to impute ; to remit; to 
 pardon. 3. To cease to feel resentment against, on ac- 
 count of wrong conunitt^d ; to absolve ; to pardon. 
 
 For-give'ness, n. 1. Act of forgiving ; pardon or re- 
 mission of an offense, crime, debt, or penalty. 3, Dis- 
 position to pardon ; willingness to forgive. 
 
 Syn. — Pardon ; remission. — Porj/iVencss is Anglo-Saxon, 
 and pardon Norman-French, both denoting to give hack. The 
 word pardon, being early used in our Bible, has, in religious 
 matters, the same sense as forgiveness ; but in the language of 
 common life there is a difference between them, such as we 
 often find between corresponding Anglo-Saxon and Norman 
 words. Forgive points to inward feehng, and supposes aUen- 
 ated affection; when we &%\ forgiveness, we primarily seek the 
 removal of anger. Pardon looks more to outward things or 
 consequences, and is often applied to trifling matters, as when 
 we beg pardon for interrupting a man, or for jostUng him in a 
 crowd. The civil magistrate also grants a.pardon,a.nA. not for- 
 giveness. The two words are, therefore, very clearly distin- 
 guished from each other in most cases which relate to the com- 
 mon concerns of life. 
 
 For-giv'er, n. One who pardons or remits. 
 
 For-giv'ing, p. a. Disposed to forgive ; mild ; merciful ; 
 compassionate. 
 
 For-lst'ten, } P' P' °^ f^'^''- ^^ Forget. 
 
 Fork, n. [A.-S. fore, Lait. furca.] 1. An instrument 
 
 with two or more prongs or tines. 3. Any thing like a 
 
 fork in shape ; also, one of the parts into which any 
 
 thing is divided ; a prong ; a point. 
 Fork, v. i. [imp. & p. p. forked (forkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. FORKING.] 1. To shoot Luto blades, as com. 3. To 
 
 divide into two branches. 
 Fork, V. t. 1. To raise or pitch with a fork, as hay ; to 
 
 dig and break with a fork, as ground. 3. To form Into 
 
 a fork-like shape ; to bifurcate. 
 
 2b fork over, to hand or pay over, as money. [ Vulgar, Amer.\ 
 Fdrk'ed-iiess, n. The quaUty of being forked. 
 F6rk'i-ness, n. The quality or state of opening in a 
 
 fork-like manner. 
 Fork'y, a. Opening into two or more parts, shoot*, or 
 
 points ; forked ; furcated. 
 For-lorn', a. [A.-S. forloren, p. p. of forleosan, to lose, 
 
 from, f or &nA. led sa7i, to go.] 1. Deserted; lost. 3. In 
 
 pitifiil plight ; despicable. 
 
 Syn. — Destitute; abandoned; forsaken; solitary; helple«»; 
 
 friendless; hopeless; abject; wretched; miserable; pitiable. 
 
 For-lorn'- hope , n. [Mil.) A detachment of men to 
 lead in an assault, enter a breach, or perform other ser- 
 vice attended with uncommon peril. 
 
 For-lorn'iiess (110), n. Condition of being forlorn. 
 
 F6rm, n. [Lat./orwa.] 1. The shape and structure of 
 any thing ; configuration ; figure ; fi-ame ; external »i>- 
 
 lood, f cibt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, pliaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, Iii}k ; tills- 
 
FORM 
 
 296 
 
 FORTITUDE 
 
 p«arance ; a mentAl trauscript or image. 3. Constitu- 
 tion ; mode of constructiou, arrangement, organization, 
 or the like. 3. EstablLshed method, arnmgement, or 
 practice; formula. 4. Show without substance ; conven- 
 tionality ; fonnahty. 5. Orderly arraugement ; shapeli- 
 ness ; also, comeUness ; beauty, ii. That which has form ; 
 a shape; a phantom. 7. Mold; pattern; model. S. A 
 long bench or seat; hence, a class in a school ; also, a 
 class or rank in society. 9. The seat or bed of a hare. 
 10. (Pritit.) A page, or pages, imposed and locked up 
 in a chasK. 
 
 SJ~ In the Sth and Otli senses, this word is, in England, pro- 
 noinioed fSrm. 
 
 Form, V. t. [imp. & p. P- FORMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FORMING.] 1. To giye form or shape to ; to construct; 
 to make ; to fashion. 2. To give a particular shape to ; 
 also, to model ; to mold ; to train. 3. To go to make 
 up ; to act as constituent of. 4. To provide with a form, 
 as a hare. 
 
 iForm'al, «• 1. Belonging to the form, external appear- 
 ance, or organization of a thing. 3. Belonging to the 
 constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter 
 composing it; constitutive; essential. 3. Done in due 
 form, or with solemnity ; express. 4. According to form ; 
 regular ; methodical. 5. Having the form or appearance 
 without the substance or essence; external duty. 6. 
 Dependent on form ; conventional. 
 
 Syn. — Precise ; ceremonious. — A man is precise (lit, cut- 
 ting down) who reduces things to an exact rule or standard ; 
 formal who shapes himself by some set form or pattern ; cei-e- 
 nioniO!/s when he lays much stress on the conventional laws of 
 social intercourse. Men are formal in their manners, precise 
 in their language or observances, ceremonious in receiving and 
 entertaining strangers. 
 
 r6rm'al-i§m, n. Quality of being formal, especially in 
 
 matters of reUgion. 
 
 rdrm'al-ist, n. One who is over-attentive to forms, or 
 too much confined to them. 
 
 For-mai'i-ty,n. 1. Condition or quality of being form- 
 al, express, regular, strictly ceremonious, precise, &c. 
 tj. Form without substance. 3. Compliance with con- 
 ventional rules ; ceremony ; conventionality. 4. That 
 which is formal; the formal part; hence, essence. 5. 
 An estabhshed order ; usual and express method. 
 
 Form'al-ly, adv. In a formal manner ; essentially ; 
 characteristically ; regularly ; ceremoniously ; precisely. 
 
 For-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of giving form or shape to ; the 
 act of giving being to. 2. Manner in which a thing is 
 formed; structure; construction. 3. (Geol.) The series 
 of rocks belonging to an age, period, or epoch. It may 
 include many strata. 4. (Mil.) An arrangement of 
 troops, as in a square, column, &c. 
 
 Fdrm'a-tive, a. 1. Giving form; plastic. '^.{Gram.) 
 Serving to form ; derivative ; not radical. 
 
 Form'a-tive, n. ( Gram .) (a.) That which serves merely 
 to give form, and is no part of the radical. (6.) A word 
 formed in accordance vriith some rule or usage, as from a 
 
 Form'er, n. One who, or that which, forms. [root. 
 
 FSr'mer, a. compar. [A.-S. forma, m., forme, f. n., 
 first, Goth, fruma.] 1, Preceding in time; hence, an- 
 cient ; long past. 2. First mentioned. 
 
 Syn. — Prior; previous; anterior; antecedent; preceding; 
 foregoing. 
 
 Fdr'mer-ly, adv. In time past ; of old ; heretofore. 
 
 For'mic, a. [From La.t. formica, an ant.] ( Cliem.) Per- 
 taining to ants ; as, the formic acid, an acid obtained 
 originally from red ants, but now formed by artificial 
 distillation. 
 
 FSr'nai-ea'tion, n. [La,t. formicatio, from formicare , 
 to creep like ants, to feel like the creeping of ants, from 
 formica, ant.] ( Med. ) A sensation of the body resembling 
 that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. 
 
 Fdr'mi-da-ble, a. [Lat. formidabilis, from formidare, 
 to fear, dread.] Exciting fear or apprehension ; adapted 
 to excite fear. 
 
 Syn. — Dreadful; fearful; terrible; frightful; shocking; 
 horrible; terrific; tremendous. 
 
 Fdr'ml-da-ble-ness, n. Quality of being formidable. 
 
 Fdr'mi-da-lbly, adv. In a formidable manner. 
 
 Fdrm'less, a. [Fron form.] Shapeless ; without a de- 
 terminate fbrm ; waning regularity of shape. 
 
 IFfir'inu-la, n. ; l&t. pi. f6r'mv-lje; Eng. -pi. for'- 
 MU-LAg. [Lat. dim. ai forma, form, model.] 1. A pre- 
 scribed or set form ; an established rule. 2. (^cd.) A 
 written confession of faith. 3. {Math.) A rule or prin- 
 ciple expressed in algebraic language. 4. [Med. ) A pre- 
 scription or recipe. 5. ( Uiem. ) An expression, by means 
 of symbols and letters, of the constituents of a compound. 
 
 Fdr'mu-la-ry (44), n. 1. A book containing stated and 
 prescribed forms. ». Prescribed form or model ; formula. 
 
 For'mu-la-ry, a. [From Lat. formula.] Stated ; pre 
 scribed; ritual. 
 
 Fdr'mu-late, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. formulated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FORMULATING.] To reduce to a formula: 
 to express in a formula. 
 
 Fdr'mu-lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. formulized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. formulizing.] To reduce to a formula; 
 to formulate. 
 
 For'ni-eate, )a. [Lat. fornicatus, from fornix, a,rch, 
 
 Fdr'ni-ea'ted, j vault.] Vaulted ; arched. 
 
 For'iii-eate, v. i. [Lat. fornicari, fornicaUim., from 
 fornix, arch, vault, a brothel, situated in underground 
 vaults.] To have unlawful sexual intercourse. 
 
 For'ni-ca'tion, n. 1. The incontinence or lewdness of 
 an unmarried person, male or female ; also, the criminal 
 conversation of a married man with an unmarried woman. 
 3. (Script.) (a.) Adultery. (6.) Incest, (c.) Idolatry. 
 
 For'ni-ea'tor, n. One guilty of fornication. 
 
 For'ray, or For-ray', v. t. [See Forage, v. i., 3.] To 
 ravage. [Obs.] 
 
 F5r'ray, or For-ray', n. The act of ravaging ; a rav- 
 aging ; a predatory excursion. See Foray. 
 
 For-salce', v. t. [imp. forsook ; p. p. forsaken ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. forsaking.] [A.-S. forsacan, to oppose, 
 refuse, from for and sacan, to contend, strive, defend 
 one's right, Goth, sakan.] To quit or leave entirely ; to 
 depart or withdraw from. 
 
 Syn. — To abandon ; quit ; desert ; fail ; relinquish ; give 
 up; renounce; reject. 
 
 For-sak'er, n. One who forsakes or deserts. 
 
 For-sooth.', adv. [A.-S. forsodh, from for and sodh, 
 sooth, truth.] In truth ; in feet ; c«rtainly ; very well ; — 
 often used ironically. 
 
 For-swear', v. t. [imp. FORSWORE ; p. p. FORSWORN ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. FORSWEARING.] [K.-^.forsiverian, from 
 for and swerian, to swear.] 1. To reject or renounce 
 upon oath ; hence, to renounce earnestly or with protes- 
 tations. 3, To deny upon oath. 
 
 For-swear', v. i. To swear falsely ; to commit pequry. 
 
 For-swe&r'er, n. One who swears a false oath. 
 
 For-swore' imp. of forswear. ) FoRS^^^AR. 
 
 For-sworn',i?. p. of forswear. ) 
 
 Fort, n. [Fr., from fort, equiv. to Lat. fortis, strong.] 
 (Mil.) A fortified place ; usually, a small fortified place ; 
 a fortress ; a fortification. 
 
 Fort'al-ife, n. [L. lj&t.fortalitia,fortelicia, fortarida. 
 See Fortress.] ' (Mil.) A small outwork of a fortifica- 
 tion ; a fortilage. - 
 
 Forte, n. [It. forte, Fr. fort. See supra.] The strong 
 point ; that in which one excels. 
 
 JFor'te(fdT't3i),adv. [It., from Lat. /orizs, strong.] (Mus.) 
 Loud; strong; powerfully. 
 
 Forth, adv. [A.-S. ford h, from for. See FOR.] 1. For- 
 ward ; onward in time or in place. 2. Out from a state 
 of concealment, confinement, non-development, or th« 
 like. 3. Beyond the boundary of a place ; away ; 
 abroad. 
 From forth, forth from. See Fbom, 
 
 Forth'-com/ing, a. Ready to come forth, or appea«; 
 making appearance. 
 
 Forth-with', or Forth-witii' (99), adv. Imme- 
 diately ; without delay ; directly. 
 
 F6r'ti-etli, a. [See Forty.] 1. Following the thirty- 
 ninth. 2. Constituting one of forty parts into which 
 any thing is divided. [whole is divided. 
 
 F6r'ti-etli, n. One of forty equal parts mto which on« 
 
 Fdr'ti-fi^a-tole. a. Capable of being fortified. 
 
 For'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of fortifying. 2. That 
 which fortifies ; especially, the works erected to defend a 
 place against attack ; a fortified place. 
 Syn. — Fortress; castle; citadel; bulwark. SeeFoRTEESS. 
 
 F6r'ti-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, fortifies, 
 strengthens, supports, and upholds. 
 
 F6r'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fortified ; p.pr. k, vb. 
 n. FORTIFYING.] [Lat. fortificare, from fortis, strong, 
 and facere, to make.] 1. To add strength to; to 
 strengthen. 2. To strengthen and secure by forts, bat- 
 teries, and other works of art. 
 
 For-tts'sirmo, adv. [It., superl. of forte, adv., q. v.] 
 (Mus.) Very loud ; with the utmost strength or loud- 
 ness. , . ^ 
 
 F6r'ti-tude (53), n. [L&i. fortitvdo , tcom fortis, strong.] 
 Passive courage ; resolute endurance ; firmness in con- 
 ' fronting or bearing up against danger. 
 
 a, e,&c.,Zong','a., 6, &C., sAorf; cfl,re, far, a.sk, all, what; fere, veil, term; pique, firm; soii,6r, do,W9li^ 
 
FORTNIGHT 
 
 297 
 
 FOULARD 
 
 Syn* — Courage ; resolution ; resoluteness ; enduranc* ; 
 bravery. 
 
 Fdrt'niglit (forVnit), n. [Contracted from fourteen 
 nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights.] The 
 space of fourteen days ; two weeks. 
 
 F6rt'niglit-ly (-nit-), adv. Once in a fortnight. 
 
 Fdr'tress, n. [Vv. forteresse, from Ij&t.fortis, strong.] 
 A fprtified place ; a fort ; a stronghold ; usually, a city or 
 town well fortified. 
 
 Syn. — Fortification ; castle; citadel. — A /or <ress is con- 
 structed for military purposes only, and is permanently gar- 
 risoned; &fort!fication is built to defend harbors, cities, &c.; a 
 castle is an antique fortress, which was ordinarily a palatial 
 dwelUng; a citadel is the strong hold of a fortress or city, &c. 
 
 For-tu'i-tous, a. [Lat. fortuitus, from forte, adv., by 
 chance, prop. abl. of fors,fortis, chance, hazard.] Hap- 
 pening by chance ; coming or occurring unexpectedly, or 
 Avithout any known cause. 
 Syn. — Accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. 
 
 For-tu'i-tous-ly, adv. In a fortuitous manner. 
 
 For-tu'i-tous-ness , n . The quality of being fortuitous ; 
 accident ; chance. 
 
 For-tu'i-ty, n. Accident ; chance ; casualty. 
 
 Fort'u-nate, a. [L&t.fortunatus, p. p. of fortunare, to 
 make fortunate or prosperous. See Fortune.] 1. Com- 
 ing by good luck or favorable chance ; auspicious. 3. 
 Receiving some unforeseen or unexpected good ; lucky. 
 
 Syn. — Successful; prosperous. — A man is fortunate when 
 unusual blessings fall to his lot; successful when he gains what 
 he aims at; prosperous when he succeeds in those things which 
 men commonly aim at. One may be fortunate in some cases 
 where he is not successful; he may be successful, but, if his 
 plans are badly formed, he may for that reason fail to be pros- 
 perotis. 
 
 F6rt'u-nate-ly, adv. In a fortunate manner ; luckily ; 
 successfully ; happily. 
 
 Forfu-nate-ness, n. The condition or quality of being 
 fortunate; good luck; success; happiness. 
 
 Fort'ume (fSrt'yijn, 30), n. [Lat. fortuna, a protracted 
 form of fors. See Fortuitous.] 1. Chance ; acci- 
 dent ; luck ; fortuity ; hap. 3. Appointed lot in life ; 
 fate ; destiny. 3. That which befalls one ; event ; good 
 or ill success ; especially, favorable issue. 4. Estate ; 
 possessions ; wealth ; especially, large estate ; great wealth. 
 
 Fdrt'une, v.i. To come casually to pass ; to happen. 
 
 F6rt'uiie-liu.n.t'er, n. A man who seeks to marry a 
 woman with a large portion, with a view to enrich him- 
 self, [marriage. 
 
 F6rt'uiie-liu.nt'in|^ n. The seeking of a fortune by 
 
 F6rt'une-t61I'er, riT One who tells or reveals the fu- 
 ture events of one's life, or who pretends to do so. 
 
 Fort'une-tell'ing, n. The act or practice of telling 
 or revealing the future fortune or events of one's life. 
 
 For'ty, a. [A.-S.feowertig, frorafeower, four, and the 
 termination tig, Groth. tigjits, from taihun, ten, A.-S. 
 tyn.] Four times ten ; thirty -nine and one added. 
 
 For'ty, n. 1. The sum of forty units. 3. A symbol 
 expressing forty units, as 40 or xl. 
 
 Fo'rum, n. ,- Eng. pi. fo'ruiVI§ ; Lat. pi. fo'ra. [Lat., 
 kindred with/orw, foras, out of doors.] 1. A market- 
 place or pubUc place in Rome, where causes were judi- 
 cially tried, and orations delivered to the people. 54. A 
 tribunal ; a court ; an assembly empowered to hear and 
 decide causes. 
 
 For'-ward, ) a/lv. [A.-S. forweard, foreweard, from 
 
 F6r'warcl§, ) for, fore, and -weard, -weardes, used in 
 composition to express situation, direction, toward, to- 
 wards. See For, Fore, and Ward.] Toward a part 
 or place before or in front ; onward ; in advance ; pro- 
 gressively. 
 
 For'-ward, a. 1. Near or at the fore part. 3. Ready ; 
 prompt ; willing ; earnest ; strongly inclined ; in an ill 
 sense, over ready. 3. Ardent ; eager ; in an ill sense, less 
 reserved or modest than is proper. 4. Advanced beyond 
 the usual degree. 
 
 For'vvard, v. t. [imp. & p. p forwarded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. forwarding-.] 1. To help onward ; to advance ; 
 to promote. 2. To send forward : to transmit. 
 
 For'-ward-er, n. 1. One who promotes, or advances in 
 progress. 3. One who sends forward or transmits goods. 
 [Amer.l 
 
 F6r'ward-ly, adv. Eagerly ; hastily. 
 
 For'ward-ness, n. 1. Quality of being forward. 3. 
 A state of advance beyond the usual degree ; precocity ; 
 prematureness. 
 
 Syn. — Promptness; promptitude; eagerness; ardor; zeal; 
 assurance; confidence; boldness; impudence; presumption. 
 
 For'wardg, adv. See Forward. 
 
 For-zan'do (f3rd-zan/do), adv. [It. , prop. p. pr. offorzare, 
 to force.] (Mm.s.) Sudden and forcible ; explosive; — 
 usually indicated by the mark ;>over each note of the 
 passage, or by the letters sf or fz placed at the begin- 
 ning of the passage. [Written also sforzando.\ 
 
 F5sse, n. [laA. fossa, from fodere,fossuni, to dig.] 1. 
 {Fort.) A ditch or moat. 3. {Anat.) (a.) A non-articu- 
 lar depression in a bone, wider at the margin than at the 
 bottom. (6.) One of variously shaped cavities in the soft 
 parts. 
 
 Fds'sil, a. [Lait. fossilis , froxa. fodere , fossum , to dig.] 
 1. Dug out of the earth. 3. Pertaining to, or resembUng, 
 fossils ; petrified. 
 
 F6s'sil, n. 1. A substance dug from the earth. 3. 
 (Paleon.) The petrified form of a plant or animal in the 
 strata composing the surface of our globe. 
 
 F6s'sil-if'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. fossilis, fossil, andferre, to 
 bear, produce.] (Paleon.) Containing fossil or organic 
 remains . 
 
 F6s'sil-ist, n. One who studies the nature and proper- 
 ties of fossils ; a paleontologist. 
 
 Fos'sil-i-za'tion, n. Act or process of converting into 
 a fossil or petrifaction. 
 
 Fos'sil-ize, v. t. [imp. &> p.p. fossilized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FOSSILIZING.] 1. To convert into a fossil or 
 petrifaction. 3. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, 
 or fixed, as by fossilization. 
 
 Fos'sil-ize, v. i. 1. To become changed into a fossil 
 or petrifaction. 3. To become antiquated, rigid, or 
 fixed, beyond the influence of change or progress. 
 
 Fos'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fostered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FOSTERING.] [A.-S. fdstrian, from fostor, foster, 
 food, nourishment, /65«re, nurse, from, fed an, to feed.] 
 1. To feed; to nourish ; to support ; to rear up. 3. To 
 cherish ; to forward ; to promote the growth of ; to en- 
 courage ; to stimulate. 
 
 Fos'ter-age, n. The charge of nursing. 
 
 Fos'ter-brotli'er ( -briith/er), n. A male nursed at the 
 same breast, or fed by the same nurse, but not the off- 
 spring of the same parents. 
 
 Fos'ter- cliild, n. A child nursed by a woman not the 
 mother , or bred by a man not the father. 
 
 Fos'ter-er, n. One who fosters ; a nurse. 
 
 Fos'ter-fa'tiier, n. One who takes the place of a 
 father in feeding and educating a child. 
 
 Fos'ter-ling, n. A foster-chSd. 
 
 FSs'ter-motii'er (-miith'er), n. One who takes th» 
 place of a mother in the care of a child ; a nurse. 
 
 FSs'ter-p&r'ent, n. One who rears up a child in place 
 of its own parent. 
 
 FSs'ter-sis'ter, n. One not a sister, but brought up as 
 such by the same parent or parents. 
 
 Fos'ter- son (-sun), n. One fed and educated like a son, 
 though not a son by birth. [fodder. 
 
 Fotix'er, n. [0. H. Ger. fuodar. Cf. FODDER.] A 
 
 Foth'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fothered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FOTHERING.] [Cf. FODDER, V. t., and Ger. filttem, 
 futtern, to cover ^vithin or without, to line.] To endeavor 
 to stop, as a leak in a bottom of a ship, by letting down 
 a sail under her bottom, by its comers, and putting be- 
 tween it and the ship's sides oakiun to be sucked into the 
 
 Fought (fowtl, imp. & p. p. of fight. See Fight. 
 
 Foul, a. [compar. FOULER ; superl. FOULEST.] [A.-S. 
 fikl, sordid, Goth., fids, rotten, fetid, Icel. full, fetid, D. 
 vuU, aUied to Skr. //ft/, Lat. putere, Lith. puti, to b« 
 putrid.] 1, Covered with or containing extraneous 
 matter which is injurious, noxious, or offensive. 3. 
 Morally defiled in origin or tendency. 3. Cloudy or 
 rainy ; stormy ; not clear or fair. 4. Loathsome ; hate- 
 ful ; detestable. 5. Not favorable ; unpropitious ; not fair 
 or advantageous. 6. Not conformed to the established 
 rules and customs of a game, a conflict, test, or the like. 
 7. Having freedom of motion interfered with by col- 
 lision or entanglement with any thing ; entangled. 
 
 A foul copy, a first draught, with erasures and corrections. — 
 Tofallfoul,\of3i\S. out; to quarrel. — To ?•«« or /aZ? /oui o/, to 
 come into collusion with. 
 
 Syn. — Nasty ; filthy; dirty ; polluted ; defiled ; impure ; 
 scurrilous; abusive; obscene; profane; abominable; shameful; 
 odious; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating. 
 
 Foul, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FOULED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FOULING.] [A.-S. fylan, to defile, /&//flM, to be putrid.] 
 1. To make filthy ; to defile : to daub ; to dirty ; to soil. 
 3. To bring into collision with something that impedes 
 motion. 
 
 I Foul, V. i. To become entangled or clogged. 
 
 I Fou-ldrcV, n. [Fr.] A thin fabric of silk or silk-cottori, 
 
 food, fcJbt ; Arn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -call, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 
 
J^-- 
 
 FOULLY 
 
 298 
 
 FRACTURE 
 
 originRlly brought from India, used for handkerchiefs 
 and Ifulies" dreisses. 
 
 Foul'ly (10i>>, aril: In a foul manner; filthily : nastily ; 
 hatofullv ; shamefully ; unfairly. 
 
 FoiU'-nioiitiK'd (-liioutlid), a. Using language scur- 
 rilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane : abusive. 
 
 Foul'uess, II. The quahty of being foul ; filthiness ; de- 
 filement ; poUutiou ; hatefulness ; unfairness. 
 
 Foul'-spok'en (-spok'n), a. Using profane, scurrilous, 
 slanderous, or obscene language. 
 
 Fftu'mart (foo'mUrt), h. [Scot, fowmarte, Prov. Eng. 
 fouhnart, 0. Eng./y/wcrf, from A.-S. /W, Eng./owZ, and 
 viartni, Fr. niarte.] The pole-cat ; the fitchew. 
 
 Foimd, imp. & p. p. of find. See Find. 
 
 Found, c. t. [imp. & p.p. founded; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 FOINDING.] [Lat./H«rfarf, from /w«^«jf, bottom.] 1. 
 To tix upon a basis, literal or figurative ; to fix or estab- 
 hsh firmly. 'Z. To furnish the materials for beginning ; 
 to begin to raise. 
 Syn.— To predicate; base; ground; build; institute. 
 
 Foiuid, V. t. [Lat. fundere.] To form by melting a 
 metal, and pouring it into a mold ; to cast. 
 
 Fouii-da'tion, n. 1, The act of founding, fixing, or 
 e>tabUshing : establishment ; settlement, "i. That upon 
 which any thing is founded; groundwork; basis. 3. 
 A donation appropriated for any purpose, especially for a 
 charitable one ; an endowment. 4. An endowed insti- 
 tution or charity. 
 
 Foiin-da'tion-er, 7i. One who derives support from the 
 funds or foundation of a college or great school. [.£«§'.] 
 
 Fotuid'er, n. One who founds, establishes, and erects ; 
 one who lays a foundation : an author. 
 
 Foimd'er, n. One who founds ; one who casts metals in 
 various forms ; a caster. 
 
 Foiind'er, v. i. [iiJip. & p. p. FOUNDERED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FOUNDERING.] [0. ^T.fondrer. afondrer^ to sink, 
 plunge, overturn, break, s^esfondrer, s'esfundrcr, to a.^- 
 dict one's self, from, fond, Lat fundus. See FOUND.] 1. 
 (Nant.) To fill or be filled with water, and sink, as a 
 ship : hence, to fail : to miscarry. 2. To trip ; to fall ; 
 to stumble and go lame, as a horse. 
 
 Foimd'er, v. t. To cause inflammation and soreness in 
 the feet or limbs of, so as to disable or lame ; — said of 
 a horse. 
 
 Found'er, n. (Far.) (a.) A lameness occasioned by 
 inflammation in the foot of a horse, (b.) An inflamma- 
 tory fever of the body, or acute rhetunatism. 
 
 Found'er-oiis, a. Faihng ; Uable to sink from beneath. 
 
 Found'er-y, n. [See Found, to cast.] 1. The art of 
 founding, or casting metals. 2. -The house and works 
 occupied for casting metals. See Foundry. 
 
 Foxuxd'ling, >!. [Yvova. found , p. p. of find.'\ A child 
 found without a parent or owner. 
 
 Fotmd'ress, n. A female founder. 
 
 Foivnd'ry , n. A building arranged and fitted for casting 
 metals ; a foundery. 
 
 Fount, n. (fVmf.) A font of type. See Font. 
 
 Fount, )n. [h. hat. fontana, from. liat. fans, fontis, 
 
 Fount'ain, j fountain. See Font.] 1. A spring or 
 natural source of water. 3. An artificially produced jet 
 or stream of water ; also the structure or works in which 
 .such a jet or stream rises or flows. 3. Origin; first 
 cause. 
 
 Fount'ain-liead (42), n. Primary source ; original. 
 
 Four (for), a. [A.-S. fedwer, Goth, fidvur, Icel. fiorir, 
 fi6rar,fiag^ir, alUed to Gr. Trt'Supe?, Oscan petur, W. ped- 
 vjar, Lat. quatuor. Skr. tschatur, tschatwar.] One more 
 than three, or one less than five ; twice two. 
 
 Four, n. 1. The svmi of four vmts. 3. A symbol rep- 
 resenting four units, as 4 or iv. 
 
 Four'f old, a. Four double ; quadruple ; four times told. 
 
 Four'fold, n. Four times as much. 
 
 Four'f oot'ed, a. Having four feet : quadruped. 
 
 Fou'ri-er-igm (ffTo'-), n. The system of Charles Fourier, 
 a Frenchman, who recommends the re-organization of 
 society into small communities, living in common. 
 
 Fou'ri-er-ite, n. One who favors Fourierism. 
 
 Four's«ore, a. [See SCORE.] Four times twenty : 
 eighty. \ 
 
 Four's«ore, n. E^hty units ; twenty taken four times. 
 
 Four'squAre, a. Having four sides and four equal an- 
 gles: quadrangular. 
 
 Four'teen, n. [A.-%. fe6wertyne, from fedwer, fovir,and 
 tyne, equiv. to tyn^ ten.] 1. The sum of ten and four. 
 2. A symbol representing this number, as 14 or xiv. 
 
 Four'teen, a. Four and ten more ; twice seven. 
 
 Four'teenth, a. 1. Succeeding the thirteenth and 
 
 preceding the fifteenth. 2. Makmg one of fourteen parts 
 into which any thing is divided. 
 
 Four'teenth", n. 1. One of fourteen equal parts into 
 which one whole is divided. 2. (Mus.) The octave of 
 the seventh. 
 
 Fourtll, a. 1. Next following the third and preceding 
 the fifth. 2. Forming one of four parts into which any 
 thing is divided. 
 
 Fourtll, n. 1. One of four equal parts into which one 
 whole is divided. 2. ( iVz/5. ) The interval between any 
 tone and the tone that is represented on the fourth degree 
 of the staff above it. 
 
 Fourtli'ly, adv. In the fourth place. 
 
 Fowl, n. [A.-S.fugoJ, fugcl, Goth, fugls, Icel. fugl, al- 
 lied to A.-'S.fieogan, to fly, 0. H. Ger. fiiogan, so that 
 it originally signifies the Jlyi7ig animal.] 1. A bird. 
 2. A bam-door fowl ; a cock or hen. 
 
 i^~ The word is generally used collectively when applied to 
 wild birds, and in the pi. when applied to domesticatea birds. 
 
 Fowl, f. i. To catch or kill vrild fowl. 
 Fowl'er, n. A sportsman who pui-sues wild fowl, or 
 takes or kiUs them for food. [fowl or birds. 
 
 Fo'ivl'ing-pie^e (fouP-), n. A light gun for shooting 
 Fox, n. [A.-S. fox, Goth, fauhs, 
 I fauhO, probably allied to Icel. 
 fa.x, hair, mane, so that it orig. 
 ! signifies the hairy animal.] 1. 
 ! (Zool.) An animal of the genus 
 j Vulpes, remarkable for its cun- 
 ning. 2. A sly, cunning fellow. FoxT 
 I 3. (Naut.) A small strand of rope, made by twisting 
 ' several rope-yams together. 
 Fox, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FOXED (i5kst); p.pr. & vb. n. 
 FOXING.] [See supra and cf. Icel. fox, imposture.] To 
 cover the feet of boots with new fi-ont upper leather. 
 Fox, V. i. To turn sour; — said of b^r, &c., when it 
 
 sours in fermenting. 
 Fox'-cliase, n. The pursnit of a fox with hounds. 
 Foxed (fokst), a. Discolored or stained ; — said of timber, 
 and also of the paper in printed books. [hair falls off. 
 
 Fox'-e'vil (-e'vl), n. A kind of disease in which the 
 Fox'-glove, «. (Bot.) A handsome biennial plant whose 
 leaves are used as a powerful medicine ; — probably so 
 caUed from the fancied resemblance of the flower to the 
 fingers of a glove. [ing foxes. 
 
 Fox'-hound, n. A superior variety of hound for chas- 
 j Fox'- hunt, n. The chase or hunting of a fox. 
 Fox'-liiLnt'er, n. One who hui^ foxes with hovmds. 
 Fox'-hiint'ing, n. The employment of hunting foxes, 
 Fox'tail, n. (Bot.) A species of grass. 
 i Fox'-trSp, n. A trap or snare to catch foxes. 
 Fox'y, a. 1. Pertaining to foxes; fox-Uke; wily. 2. 
 Having the color of a fox ; of a yellowish or reddish-broTm 
 color. 3. SoTir ; not properly fermented; — said also 
 of grapes which, even when ripe, are sour. 
 Fra'-eas, n. [Fr. ; Sp. fracaso, It. fracasso, firom It. 
 fracassare, from fra, among, and cassare, to break, amiiil.^ 
 An uproar ; a noisy quarrel ; a disturbance. 
 j Fra-e'tion, n. [Lsit.fractio, from frangere, fractutn, to 
 break.] 1. A portion; a fragment. 2. (Arith. or Alg.) 
 A division or aliquot part of a unit or whole number. 
 
 Common or vulgar fraction, a fraction in which the numb«r 
 of equal parts into which the integer is supposed to be divided 
 is indicated by figures or letters, called the denominator, writ- 
 ten below a line, over which is the numerator, indicating the 
 number of these parts included in the fraction ; as ^, one half }, 
 two ^^\\%.— Decimal fraction, a fraction in which the denomina- 
 tor is a unit or 1 with ciphers annexed, in which case it is com- 
 monly expressed by writing the numerator only with a point 
 before it, by which it is separated from whole numbers; thus, J6 
 
 which denotes five tenths, yq > -25, that is, .^fc . 
 
 Fra-e'tion-al, a. Pertaining to fractions; constituting 
 
 Frke'tion-a-ry, a. Fractional. [a fraction. 
 
 FrS^-e'tioiis (frSk'shns), a. [Prob. formed firom frart 
 
 (obs.),to^reak. Cf. also Prov. Eng. //-acA-, forward, eager, 
 
 And freak, fricandean, fridge.] Apt to break out into a 
 
 passion ; apt to fi:et. 
 
 Syn. — Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; pettieh. 
 
 FrJle'tious-ly, adv. Passionately ; snappishly. 
 
 Frae'tioiis-ness, n. A cross or snappish temper. 
 
 FrSefure (frakt^'yjjr, 53), n. [Lat. /raf?wra, from /ran- 
 ger e, fr actum, to break.] 1. Act of" breaking or snap- 
 ping asunder ; rupture ; breach. 2. ( Surg. ) The break- 
 ing of a bone. 3. (Min.) The appearance of a freshly- 
 broken surface, by which its texture is displayed. 
 
 Compound fracture, a fracture in which there is an open 
 
 »,e,&c.Jor>^/ a,g,&c.,aAort,- c&re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veil, tgrm; pique, firm; 8dn,dr, do.inrQli, 
 
 « 
 
FRACTURE 
 
 299 
 
 FRAUGHT 
 
 wound fW>m the surface down to the fracture. — SimpU frac- 
 ture, a fracture in which the bone only is divided. 
 
 Fra^fure, v. t. [imp. Si, p. p. fractured ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FRACTURING.] To cause a fracture or fractures 
 in ; to break ; to crack. 
 
 Frag'ile, a. [Lsit. frag His, from /ranger e, fractuni, to 
 break.] Easily broken or destroyed ; liable to fail. 
 Syn. —Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; franjrible. 
 
 Fra-gil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being fragile; 
 brittleness ; frailty. 
 
 Fr^g'ineiit, n. [l&t. fragmentum, fiova. frangere ,frac- 
 turn, to break.] A part broken off; a small, detached 
 portion. 
 
 Frag'ment-a-ry (44), a. 1. Composed of fragments ; 
 broken up; not complete or entire. 2. (Geol.) Com- 
 posed of the fragments of other rocks. 
 
 Fra'granye, \n. Quality of being fragrant ; sweetness 
 
 Fva'graii-^y, j of smell ; grateful odor or perfume. 
 
 Fra'grant, a. [La.t. fragrans , p. pr. of fragrare, to emit 
 a smell or fragrance.] Sweet of smell; having an agreea- 
 ble perfume. 
 
 Syn. —Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; sweet-scent- 
 ed; redolent; ambrosial; oalmy; spicy; aromatic. 
 
 Fra'grant -ly, adv. With sweet scent. 
 
 Frail, a. [comjmr. FRAILER; superl. FRAILEST.] [0. 
 Fr. fraile, N. Fr. frele, It. fraile,fmle, contracted from 
 fragile. See Fragile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; 
 liable to fail and perish ; not tenacious of hfe ; weak ; in- 
 firm, ii. Of infirm virtue ; weak in resolution. 
 
 Frail, n. [Norm. T^v. fraile, basket, L. lidit.fraellwm.] 1. 
 A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs 
 and raisius. ^. The quantity of raisins — about 70 
 pounds — usually contained in such a basket. 3. A rush 
 for weaving baskets. 
 
 Frail'ness, n . Condition or quality of being frail ; frailty. 
 
 Frail'ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being frail; 
 weakness of resolution ; liableness to be deceived. 5J. 
 A fault proceeding from weakness. 
 
 Syn. — Frailness; infirmity; imperfection; failing; foible. 
 
 Frame, v. t. [imp. & p.p. framed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FRAMING.] [A.-S. fremman, to frame, fremming., a 
 framing; IceL/rawa, to frame, shape.] 1. (Carp.) To 
 construct ; to adjust and put together ; to fabricate ; to 
 make. 3. To originate ; to devise ; in a bad sense, to 
 invent or fabricate, as something false. 3. To regulate ; 
 to shape ; to conform. 4. To provide with a frame, as 
 a picture. 
 
 Frame, n. 1. Any thing composed of parts fitted and 
 united together ; a fabric ; a structure. 2. Any kind 
 of case or structure for admitting, inclosing, or support- 
 ing things, as that which contains a window, door, pic- 
 ture, or looking-glass. 3. A sort of loom. 4, The 
 bodily structure ; make or build of a person ; the skel- 
 eton. 5. Form; constitvition ; system. 6. Regulated 
 or adapted condition ; also, particular state, as of the 
 mind; humor. 
 
 Fram'er, n. One who frames ; a maker. 
 
 Frame'- work (-wurk), n. That which supports or in- 
 closes any thing else ; a frame ; a framing. 
 
 FrJin-e, n. [Fr. Franc, Bug. Frank, name of a Germanic 
 people on the Rhine, that afterward founded the French 
 monarchy.] A silver coin, originally of France, equal to 
 about nineteen cents, or ten pence. 
 
 Fran'cliige (-chlz), n. [Fr., from franc, franche, free.] 
 1. {Law.) A particular privilege conferred by grant 
 from a sovereign or a government, and vested in indi- 
 
 ^ viduals. 2. The district to which a particular privi- 
 lege extends ; hence, an asyliim or sanctuary. 
 
 Fraii'cliige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. franchised ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FRANCHISING.] To make free. 
 
 !FrS,ii'clii§e-ment, n. Release ; deliverance ; freedom. 
 
 Fran-fis'^an, a. (Rom. Cath.) Belonging to the order 
 of St. Francis. 
 
 Fran-fis'-eaii, n. (Rom. Cath.) A monk of the order 
 of St. Francis, founded in 1209. They are called also 
 Gray Friars and Friars Minor. 
 
 Fran-e'o-lin, n. [Cf. Franklin.] ( Ornith.) A species 
 of partridge, characterized by having strong spurs, in- 
 habiting both Europe and Asia. 
 
 Fran'^i-bil'i-ty , n. State or quality of being frangible. 
 
 Fr5.ii'gi-ble, a. [From Lat./mng-ere, to break.] Capa- 
 ble of being broken ; brittle ; fragile. 
 
 Frdn'gi-pdne, n. [Supposed to be called so from the 
 inventor, the Marquis Frnngipani, major-general under 
 Louis XIV.] 1. A species of pastry, containing cream 
 and almonds. 3. A perfume of jasmine. 
 
 Fran'gi-pS,n'nl, «• [Another mode of spelling frangi- 
 pane. See supra.] A perfume derived from, or imitat- 
 ing, the odor of a flower produced by a West India tree. 
 
 Frank, a. [compar. franker; superl. frankest.] 
 [Fr. franc, Sp. & It. franco, Ger. frank, Lat. Francus, a 
 Frank, A.-S. Francan, pi., Icel. Frackar, pi., Frackr, a., 
 which .seems as if derived from a Goth, vfordfraggs, Icel. 
 /mc^r, equiv. to Goth. /rm, Icel. yr2, free. Cf. FREE.] 
 Free in uttering real sentiments ; not reserved. 
 
 Syn. — Ingenuous ; candid ; artless ; plain ; open ; unre- 
 served; undisguised; sincere. 
 
 Frank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. franked (frankt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. franking.] 1. To send by public conveyance 
 free of expense. 2. To exempt from charge for postage. 
 
 Frank, n. [See Frank, a.] A letter free of postage, or 
 of charge for sending by mail ; also, that which makes a 
 letter free, as the signature of a person possessing the 
 privilege. 
 
 Frank, n. [See Franc] 1. One of the German tribes 
 inhabiting Franconia, who in the 5th century conquered 
 Gaul and estabhshed the kingdom of France. 2. An 
 inhabitant of Western Europe ; a European ; — a term 
 used in the East. 3. A fi-anc. 
 
 Frank'' al-moigne' ( -moin'), n. [Eng. franc, and Norm. 
 Fr.. almoigne, almoignes, alms, q. v.] (Eng. Law.) A 
 tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands giten 
 to them and their successors forever, usually on condi- 
 tion of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs. 
 
 Frank-in'^ense , or Frank'in-^ense , n. A dry res- 
 inous substance, produced by various trees, and used as 
 
 Frank'ly, adv. In a frank manner. [a perfume. 
 
 Syn. — Openly ; ingenuously ; plainly ; unreservedly ; un- 
 disguisedly ; sincerely ; candidly ; artlessly ; freely ; readily ; 
 unhesitatingly ; liberally ; willingly. 
 
 Frank'ness, n. The quaUty of being frank ; candor ; 
 openness ; ingenuousness ; fairness ; Uberality. 
 
 Frank'pledge, n. (O. Eng. Laiv.) (a.) A member of 
 an ancient tithing, being a pledge for the good conduct 
 of the others, for the preservation of the public peace- 
 (b.) The tithing itself. 
 
 Fran'tl«, a. [Eorfrentic,phrentic, contracted team, fre- 
 netic, phrenetic, q. y. Cf. Frenzy.] 1. Mad; raving; 
 furious; outrageous. 3. Characterized by violence, fury, 
 and disorder ; noisy ; wild. 
 
 Fran'ti-e-ly, adv. Madly ; distractedly ; outrageously. 
 
 Fran'ti-e-ness, n. Madness ; distraction. 
 
 Frap, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FRAPPED (fi-apt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. FRAPPING.] [Fr. frapper, to strike, to seize I'opes, 
 from Icel. hrappa, to scold.] (Naut.) To undergird. 
 
 Fra-ter'nal, a. [L.Jj&t. fraternalis, for hat.f-aternus, 
 from, f rater, brother.] Pertaining to brethren ; becoming 
 brothers ; brotherly. 
 
 Fra-ter'nal-ly , adv. In a ft-aternal manner. 
 
 Fra-ter'ni-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being fi-aternal ; 
 brotherhood. 3. A body of men associated for their 
 common interest, business, or pleasure ; a brotherhood. 
 
 Fra'ter-ni-za'tion, n. The act of fraternizing. 
 
 Fra'ter-nize, or Fra-ter'nize , v.i. [imp. & p.p. 
 fraternized ; p. pr. & vb. n. fraternizing.] To 
 associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like 
 occupation or character. [cidc. 
 
 Frat'ri-^i'dal, a. Pertaining to, or involving, fratri- 
 
 Frat'ri-^ide, n. [Lat. fratricidium, a brother's murder, 
 fratricida, a brother's murderer, from frater, brother, 
 and csedere, to cut down, kill.] 1. The crime of murder- 
 ing a brother. 3. One who kills a brother. 
 
 Fravid, n. [La.t.fraus,fraudis.'\ 1. Deception deUber- 
 at'ely practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful and 
 unfair advantage. 3. A fraudulent procedure ; a deceptive 
 trick. 
 
 Syn.— Deception ; deceit ; guile ; subtlety ; craft ; wile ; 
 sham ; strife ; circumvention ; stratagem ; trick ; imposition ; 
 cheat. ~ 
 
 Fraud'fiil, a. Full of fraud; treacherous; trickish. 
 
 Fraud'fiil-ly,ac?v. Inafraudful manner ; treacherously. 
 
 Fraud'u-len^e, ) n. QuaUty of being fraudulent ; de- 
 
 Fraud'u-len-py, j ceitfulness ; trickishness. 
 
 Fraud'u-lent, a. [L&t. fraudulentus, from fraiis, fraud.] 
 1" Using fraud in making contracts. 3. Containing, 
 founded on, or proceeding from, fraud. 3. Obtained oi 
 performed by artifice. 
 
 Syn. — Deceitful ; fraudful ; guileful ; crafty ; trickish ; 
 wily ; cunning; subtle ; deceiving ; cheating ; deceptive ; In- 
 sidious; treacherous; dishonest; desiguing; unfair; knavish. 
 
 Fraud'u-lent-ly, adv. In a fraudulent manner. 
 Fraught (frawt), a. 1. Freighted; laden. 3. Filled; 
 stored. 
 
 food.fdbt; iirn, rude, puU ; (seU, ^liaise, eall, e«lio; gem, gef ; ag! ejist; Unger.llnk; «a». 
 
FRAY 
 
 300 
 
 FREQUENTATION 
 
 Fraj-, n. [Abbrev. from affrny, q. t.] 1. Affray ; broil ; 
 contest: combat. !j. [See wi/Va, FRAY, f. r. to rub.] A 
 fret or chafe in cloth. 
 
 Fray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frayed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FRAYINO.] [See supra.] To frighten ; to terrify. 
 
 Fray, v. t. [0. Fr.^frai/er.^froyer, Lat. fricare, to rub.] 
 To 'rub ; to wear otf,'bv "rubbing ; to fi-et, as cloth. 
 
 Fray, v.i. 1. To rub. "Z. To wear out easily by rub- 
 binV ; to raTel. 
 
 Freak, n. [k.-^.frec, fric.frae, bold, greedy, Icel./retr, 
 tloth. yriis.- Icel. yreA-a, to increase, quicken.] A sud- 
 den , causeless change or turn of the mind. 
 Syn. — WMm ; fancy ; caprice ; folly ; sport. 
 
 Freak, v. t. [ivip. & p. p. freaked (freekt) ; p. pr. & 
 1-6. fi. FREAKING.] [0. Prov. Eng.yreA:e?(,/recA:e»i, freckle, 
 spot, N. H. Get. flecken, fleck, spot, blot, stain, 0. H. 
 Ger. flecco.] To variegate ; to checker. 
 
 ]Jreak'isli. a. Apt to change the mind suddenly ; whim- 
 sical; capricious. 
 
 Freak'ishi-ly, at/f. In a freakish manner ; capriciously. 
 
 Freak'isli-ness, n. The quality of being freakish : ca- 
 priciousness ; whimsicalness. 
 
 Frgck'le (frek'I), n. [Dim. from the same root as to 
 freak, q. v.] 1. A spot of a yellowish color in the skin. 
 2. Any small discoloration. 
 
 Frgckde (frek'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRECKLED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FRECKLING.] To color with freckles or 
 small discolored spots ; to spot. 
 
 Frg-ek'le, v. i. To become covered with freckles. 
 
 Frfick'ly, a. Full of freckles ; sprinkled with spots. 
 
 Free, a. [compar. FREER; superl. freest.] [A.-S.yr£, 
 frio, freo, fre6h,frig, Icel. & 0. H. Ger./r?, Goth, fries, 
 allied to Skr. prija, beloved, dear, frovn. pri, to love, Goth. 
 frijon, to love.] 1. Not under restraint, control, or com- 
 pulsion ; at liberty. 3. ~Aot under an arbitrary or despotic 
 government ; enjoying political liberty. 3. Liberated, 
 by arriving at a certain age, from the control of parents, 
 guardian, or master. 4. Released from arrest ; liberated. 
 5. Capable of voluntary activity ; endowed with moral 
 Kberty. 6. Clear of offense or crime. 7. Unconstrained 
 by timidity or distrust. 8. Unrestrained ; immoderate. 
 9. Not close or parsimonious ; liberal. 10. Not united 
 or combined with any thing else ; at Uberty to escape. 
 11. Exempt ; clear ; released. 13. Invested with a 
 particular freedom or franchise. 13. Characteristic of 
 one acting without outward restraint. 14. To be en- 
 joyed vrithout Umitations ; not obstructed, engrossed, or 
 appropriated. 15. Not gained by importunity or pur- 
 chase. 16. Not arbitrary or despotic ; assuring liberty. 
 Free agency, power of choosing or acting freely.— Free port, 
 (Com.) (a.) A port where ships of all nations may loaa and 
 unload free of duty, provided the goods are not carried into 
 the adjoining country, (h.) A port where goods of aU kinds 
 are received from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty.— 
 Free wind {Naut.), a fair wind. 
 
 Syn. — Guiltless; innocent; unreserved; ingenuous; frank; 
 fiimihar ; lavish ; licentious ; separated ; dissevered ; unat- 
 tached ; genteel ; charming ; easy ; open. 
 
 I^ee, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FREED ; p. pr. & vb. n. FREE- 
 ING.] 1. To make free ; to set at liberty ; to release ; to 
 disengage ; to clear. 3. To keep free ; to exempt. 3. To 
 reUeve from the constraint of. 
 
 FreeTjobt'er, »i. [Ger. freibeuter. See Booty.] One 
 who wanders about for plunder ; a robber ; a pillager. 
 
 Free'-b6rn, a. Bom free ; inheriting liberty. 
 
 Freed'man, n. ; pi. freed/men. A man who has 
 been a slave, and is manumitted or freed. 
 
 Free'dom, n. [A.-S. freoddm.] 1. State of being free ; 
 exemption from the power and control of another. 3. 
 Particular jjrivileges. 3. Improper familiarity. 
 
 Syn. — Liberty; independence; frankness; openness; sep- 
 aration ; liberality ; franchise ; immunity ; license. 
 
 Free'-lieart'ed, a. Open: frank; Uberal ; generous. 
 
 Freeliold, n. ( Lavj. ) An estate in real property, of in- 
 heritance or for life, or the tenure by which it is held. 
 
 Freeliold-er, n. { Law. ) One who owns a freehold. 
 
 Free'-liv'er, n. One \,ho gratifies his appetite without 
 8tint. X [appetite. 
 
 Free'-liv'ing, n. Full or unstinted gratification of the 
 
 Freely, adv. In a free manner ; without restraint, con- 
 straint, or compulsion. 
 
 Syn. — Independently ; voluntarily; spontaneously; wil- 
 linglv ; readily ; liberally ; generously ; bounteously ; munifi- 
 cently ; bountifully ; abundantly ; largely ; copiously ; plen- 
 tifully ; plenteously. 
 
 Free'man, n. ; pi. free'me n. 1. One who enjoys lib- 
 erty : one not a slave or vassal. Si. One who enjoys or 
 is entitled to a peculiar privil^e. 
 
 Free'-inar''tin, n. A cow-calf twin-born with a bull- 
 calf. It generally proves to be barren. 
 
 Free'ina'son (-ma'sn), n. One of an ancient and secret 
 association , said to have been at first composed of masons 
 but now of persons united for social enjoyment and mu- 
 tual assistance. 
 
 Free'ma'son-ry (-ma'sn-rj^), n. The institutions or the 
 practices of freemasons. 
 
 Free'ness, n. The state or quality of being free ; free- 
 dom ; liberty ; openness ; liberality ; gratuitousness. 
 
 Free'-soil'er, n. One who holds to the non-extension 
 of slavery ; an aboUtionist. [Amer.] 
 
 Free'stone, n. A stone composed of sand or grit; — 6* 
 called because it is easily cut or wrought. 
 
 Free'tMiik-er, n. One who discards revelation ; an 
 unbeliever ; infidel ; sceptic. 
 
 Free'think-ing, a. Exhibiting undue boldness of 
 speculation ; skeptical. 
 
 Free'-war'ren, n. (Eng. Law.) A royal franchise or 
 exclusive* right of killing beasts and fowls of warren 
 within certain limits. 
 
 Free-vrai', n. The power of choosing or willing with- 
 out the restraints of natural or physical necessity. 
 
 Free'- -will, a. Spontaneous ; voluntary. 
 
 Freeze, v. i. [imp. froze ; p. p. frozen ; p. pr. 8f 
 vb. n. FREEZING.] [A.-S. freosan.frysan, Icel. friosa, 
 Goth. Jrius, cold, frost.] 1. To become congealed by 
 cold ; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body. 3. To 
 become chilled with cold, or as with cold. 
 
 Freeze, f. f. 1. To congeal ; to harden into ice. 3. To 
 cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat ; to 
 chill. [gealed. [Colloq.] 
 
 Freeze, n. Act of congealing, or state of being con- 
 
 Freez'ing-point, n. That degree of a thermometer at 
 which a fluid begins to freeze ; — applied particularly to 
 water, whose freezing-point is at 32'' of Fahrenheit's 
 thermometer. 
 
 Freight (frat), n. 1. That with which any thing is 
 fraught ; lading ; cargo. 3. That which is paid for the 
 transportation of merchandise. 
 
 Freight (fi^t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. freighted ; p. pr. 
 ^vb. n. freighting.] 1. To load with goods, as a 
 ship, or vehicle of any kind. 3. To load or burden. 
 
 Freight'age (fraVej, 45), n. 1. Charge for transporta- 
 tion. 3. Freight ; cargo ; lading. 
 
 Freight'er (frat/er), n. 1. One who loads a ship. 3. 
 One whose business it is to receive and forward freight. 
 3. One for whom freight is transported. [ants. 
 
 Fremclx, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to France or its inhabit- 
 French leave, an informal departure. 
 
 Frgncli, n. The language spoken by the people of 
 France ; collectively, the people of France. 
 
 French'-toer'ry n. (Bot.) The berry of a species of 
 buckthorn, which affords a green or purple pigment. 
 
 Fr^ncli'-clig-lk (-chawk), n. (Min.) A variety of talc, 
 of a pearly-white or grayish color. It is much used for 
 drawing lines on cloth. 
 
 Freiicli'-lidrn, n. A wind-in- 
 strument of music. 
 
 Frencli'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. 
 FRENCHIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FRENCHIFYING.] [From Eng. 
 French, and Jj&t.facere, to make.] 
 To make French ; to Gallicize. 
 
 French'inan, n. ; pi. frSnch''- French-horn. 
 
 MEN. (Geog.) A native or naturalized inhabitant of 
 France. 
 
 Frgnch'-robf , n. A kind of roof 
 with curved sides, and fiat, or nearly 
 so, at the top ; a mansard roof. 
 
 Frgncli'- white, «. Pulverized talc. 
 
 Fre-ngt'i-e, ) a. See Frantic y ''% ^rJ I 19 
 
 Fre-n6t'i-e-al, ) and Phrenetic. Iir ■ H 
 
 Fren'zy,n. [Yr. frenesie, Jj2.t. phr en- \ W 
 esis,phrenitis,GT.<f)pevlTLs(sc.v6<rog), 
 <i>prfiv, mind.] Any violent agitation 
 of the mind approaching to distraction. 
 
 Syn. —Insanity ; lunacy ; madness ; rage ; derangement; 
 alienation; aberration; delirium. 
 
 Fre'quen-^y, n. Condition of returning firequently; 
 occurrence often repeated. 
 
 FrS'quent, a. [L&t.frequeTis.] 1. Happening at short 
 intervals. 3. Given to any course of conduct. 
 
 Fre-qu6nt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. FREQUENTED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FREQUENTING.] [Lat. frequentare.] To viait 
 often ; to resort to habitually. 
 
 Fre'quen-ta'tion, n. The habit of frequenting. 
 
 French roof. 
 
 ti,e,lt.c.,long; Si,6,kc., short; cftre,fS^, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, tSrni-, piique,flriu; s6n,dr,do,-vr^lf, 
 
FREQUENTATIVE 
 
 301 
 
 FRIGHTFULLY 
 
 rre-qu6nt'a-tive, a. (Gram.) Serving to express the 
 frequent repetition of an action. 
 
 Fre-qu6nt'a-tive, n. ( Gram.) A verb which expresses 
 • the frequent repetition of an action. 
 
 Fre-quent'er, n. One Avho fi-equents. 
 
 Fre'quent-ly, adv. At "-frequent or short intervals ; 
 many times ; often ; commonlj'. 
 
 Fr6s'-eo, n. . [It., from fresco, fresh. See infra.] 1. 
 Coolness ; shade. 3. A method of painting on walls on 
 a freshly laid stucco-ground of Ume or gypsum. 
 
 Frfis'eo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frescoed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FEESCOING.] To paint in fresco, as walls. 
 
 Fr^sli, a. [compar. fresher ; superl. freshest.] 
 [A-S. fersc, 0. H. Ger. frisc, Icel. friskr.] 1. Possessed 
 of original life and vigor ; new and strong. 2. Lately 
 produced, gathered, or prepared for market ; recently 
 made or obtained. 3. In a raw, green, or untried state. 
 4. Renewed in vigor, alacrity, or readiness for action or 
 exertion ; hence, tending to renew in vigor ; cool ; brisk. 
 5« Not salt, as water or meat. 
 Fresh way (N^aut.), the increased velocity of a vessel. 
 
 Syn. — Sound; unimpaired; recent; green; new; rare; un- 
 faded; ruddy; florid; sweet; good; inexperienced; unpracticed; 
 unused; lively; vigorous; strong. 
 
 Fresh, n. 1. A pool or spring of fresh water. 3. An 
 inundation ; a freshet. 3. The mingUng of fresh water 
 with salt water in rivers or bays. 
 
 Fresli'di (freshen), v. t. [imp. & p. p. freshened ; 
 p. pr. & vb. 11. FRESHENING.] 1. To make fresh ; to 
 take saltness from any thing. 3. (Naut.) To relieve, as 
 by change of place, or by renewing the material used to 
 prevent chafing. 
 
 Fr6sh.'eii, I', t. 1. To grow fresh ; to lose saltness. 3. 
 To grow brisk or strong. 
 
 Fresli'et, n. A flood or overflowing of a river by means 
 of heavy rains or melted snow. [Amer.] 
 
 Fresli'foi'fe, n. [Law.) Force done within forty days. 
 
 Fresli'ly, adv. In a fresh manner ; newly. 
 
 Fresli'man, n.; pi. fresh'MEN. A novice ; especially., 
 a student during his first year's residence at a college or 
 university. 
 
 FrSsli'ness, n. State of being fresh ; newness ; perfect- 
 ness ; vigor ; briskness. 
 
 Fresli'-wa'ter, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, water not 
 salt. 3. Accustomed to sail on fresh water only, or in 
 the coasting trade ; hence, unskilled ; raw. 
 
 Fret, V. t. [imp. & p. p. fretted \ p. pr. k, vb. n. 
 FRETTING.] [Prov. Fr. fretter, Fr. frotter, from Lat. 
 fricare, frictum, to rub, A.-S.fretayi, to eat, to gnaw, 0. 
 H. Ger. frezzan, frezan, N. H. Ger. fressen, from ver- 
 essen, i. e., to eat up, Goth, fritan, fra-itan.] 1. To 
 wear away by friction ; hence, to eat away ; to corrode ; 
 to chafe. 3. To impair. 3. To variegate ; to diversify. 
 4. To make rough ; to agitate, or disturb. 5 . To tease ; to 
 irritate; to vex ; to make angry. 6. [A.-&. frdtu , ornai.- 
 ment, fratvjan, to adorn, Goth, fratvjan.] To ornament 
 with i-aised work. 
 
 Frfit, V. i. 1. To be worn away ; to be corroded ; to chafe. 
 3. To be agitated. 3. To be vexed ; to be irritated ; to 
 utter peevish expressions. 
 
 Fret, n. 1. Agitation of the surface of a fluid by fer- 
 mentation or other cause. 3. Agitation of mind ; irri- 
 tation. 3. (Arch.) Small fillets intersecting each other 
 at right angles. 4. (Her.) A bearing composed of bars 
 crossed and interlaced. 5. (Miis.) A short piece of wire 
 fixed on the finger-board of a guitar, or a similar instru- 
 ment, to indicate where the finger is to be placed in play- 
 ing. 6. Herpes; tetter. 7. pi. (Mining.) The worn 
 «des of river banks, where ores, or stones containing 
 them, accumulate. [music. 
 
 Fret, V. t. To furnish with ftets, as an instrument of 
 
 Frgt'f ul, a. Disposed to fret ; iU-humored. 
 
 Syn. — Peevish ; cross. — Peevish marks the inward spirit, 
 and fretful the outward act, while both imply a complaining 
 impatience. Crossness is peevishness mingled with vexation 
 or anger. 
 
 Fret'f ul-ly , adv. In a fretful manner ; peevishly. 
 
 Fret'f ul-ness, n. State of being fretful ; peevishness. 
 
 Fret'ty, a. Adorned with fretwork. 
 
 Frgt'work (-wQrk), n. Work adorned with frets. 
 
 Fri'a-bBL'i-ty, n. Quality of being friable ; friableness. 
 
 Fri'a-ble, a. [Lat. friabilis, from friare, to rub, break, 
 or crumble into small pieces.] Easily crumbled or pul- 
 verized, [friabihty. 
 
 Fri'a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being friable; 
 
 Fri'ar, n. [From Fr. frere, from Lat. frater, brother.] 
 1. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A brother or member of any 
 
 religious order. 3. (Print.) A white patch on a page 
 caused by a deficiency of ink on the type. 
 
 Fri'a-ry, n. [0. Fr. frerie, frairie^ from frere. See 
 Friar.] 1. A monastery \ a convent of friars. 3. 
 Monkery. 
 
 Frib'ble,a. [Fr./riw/e, Lat./nfoiws. SeeFRlvoLous.l 
 Frivolous; trifling; silly. [fop. 
 
 Frib'ble, n. A frivolous feUow ; a coxcomb ; a beau or 
 
 Frio'as-see', n. [Fr. fricassee.^ from, fricasser^ to fry, to 
 fricassee, L. Lat. fricare, iov frictare, equivalent to Lat. 
 frigere,frictum, to roast, fry.] A dish made of fowls or 
 small animals cut into pieces, and stewed or fried. 
 
 Fri«'as-see', v. t. [imp. & p. p. fricasseed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FRICASSEEING.] To make a fricassee of. 
 
 Fri-e'a-tive, a. [From Lat. fricatio, from fricare, to 
 rub.] (Fran.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the 
 breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow open- 
 ing between two of the mouth-organs. 
 
 Fri^'tion, n. [Lat. frictio , from, fricare ,frictum,toT\ih.] 
 1. Act of rubbing the surface of one body against that 
 of another ; attrition; abrasion. 3. (Mech.) The efTect 
 of rubbing, or the resistance which a moving body meets 
 with from the surface on which it moves. 
 
 Fri«'tion-al, a. Relating to friction ; moved by fric- 
 tion ; produced by friction. 
 
 Fri'day, n. [A.-S. frigeddg, from Frig, Icel. Frigg, 0- 
 H. Ger. Fria, the goddess of marriage (eqvuvalent to Lat. 
 Juno), the wife of Odin or Wodan, and A.-S. ddg, day.] 
 The sixth day of the week. 
 
 Fried, imp. & p. p. of fry. See Fry. 
 
 Friend, n. [Goth, frijonds, friend, prop. p. pr. of frijOn, 
 frion, to love.] 1. One who is attached to another by 
 sentiments of esteem, respect, and affection ; a well- 
 wisher ; an intimate associate. 3. One not a foe or ene- 
 my ; one whose friendly feelings may be assumed. 3. 
 A favorer ; a promoter. 4, One of the r^igious sect 
 usually called Quakers. 
 
 A friend at court or in court, one disposed to act as a friend in 
 a place of special opportunity or influence. 
 
 Friend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. friended ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FRIENDING.] To act as the friend of; to favor. 
 
 Friend'less, a. Destitute of friends ; forlorn. 
 
 Friend'Ii-ness, n. Condition or quality of being friendly ; 
 a disposition to favor or befriend ; good-will. 
 
 Friend'Iy, a. 1. Having the temper and disposition of 
 a friend. 3. Appropriate to, or implying, friendship; 
 befitting friends. 3. Not hostile. 4. Promoting the 
 good of any person or persons. 
 
 Syn. — Amicable ; kind; conciliatory; propitious; favorable. 
 
 Friend'ship, n. 1. An attachment to a person, pro- 
 ceeding from intimate acquaintance , or from a favorable 
 opinion of the estimable quaUties of his mind. 3. A 
 friendly relation or intimacy. 3. Friendly aid, office, or 
 kindness. 
 
 Frieze, n. [Fr. frise, orig. a woolen cloth from Friesland 
 (Fr. & 0. Eng. Frise).} 1. A kind of coarse woolen cloth 
 with a nap on one side. 3. (Arch.) That part of the 
 entablature of a column which is between the architrave 
 and cornice. 
 
 Frieze, v. t. To make a nap on, as on cloth. 
 
 Frig'ate, n. [Probably contracted from Lat. fabricata, 
 something constructed or built. See FABRICATE.] 
 (Naut.) A ship of war, of a size larger than a corvett« 
 or sloop of war, and less than a ship of the Une. 
 
 Frig'ate-bird, n. ( Ornith. ) A large and rapacious trop- 
 ical sea-fowl with very long wings, alUed to the pelican. 
 
 Fright (frit), n. [A.-S. fyrhtu,fijrhto, fe&r, forht, timid.] 
 A passion excited by the sudden appearance of danger ; 
 sudden and violent fear. 
 
 Syn. — Alarm; terror; consternation; fear. 
 
 Fright (frit), v. t. [imp. frighted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FRIGHTING.] To alarm suddenly with danger ; to shock 
 suddenly with the approach of evil. 
 
 SyTi. — To afiright; terrify; scare; dismay; daunt; intimi- 
 date; frighten. 
 
 Fright'en (frlt'n), v. t. [imp. FRIGHTENED; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. FRIGHTENING.] To disturb with fear ; to fright. 
 
 Fright'ful (frit/-), a. 1. Full of fright or terror; 
 alarmed.' 3. Exciting alarm ; impressing terror. 
 
 Syn. — Terrible ; dreadful; alarming ; fearful ; terrific; 
 awful; horrid; horrible; shocking.— Frightful: dreadful; a>yfuL 
 — These words all express fear. In frightful, it is a sudden 
 emotion; in dreadful, it is deeper and more prolonged ; in aw- 
 ful, the fear is mingled with the emotion of awe, which sul>- 
 dues us before the presence of some invisible power. An ac- 
 cident may be frightful,- the approach of death is dreadfxU to 
 most men; the convulsions of the earthquake are awful. 
 
 Frlght'ful-Iy (frit'-), adv. In a frightful manner. 
 
 food, fo^of ; tLTXk, rude, pull ; fell, ^haise, <5aU, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, lialt ; tiii* 
 
FRIGHTFULNESS 
 
 302 
 
 FRONTIER 
 
 Fright'f\il-ii«ss (frit'-), n. Quality of being frightful. 
 
 Frig'ld (fr\j'id), a. [Lat. friffidus, from frigere, to be 
 lold.j 1. Cold; of low temperature. 2. Wanting 
 warmth, fervor, ardor, fire, vivacity, and the like. 3. 
 Impotent. 
 
 Frigid zone (Gtog.), tlint port of the earth which lies between 
 each polar circle and the pole. It extends about 23° 28' from 
 e*ch pole. 
 
 Fri-«id'i-ty , n. 1. Condition or quality of being frigid ; 
 coldness. 2. Want of warmth, ardor, vivacity, virility, 
 or the like. 
 
 Frig'id-ly, adv. Coldly ; dully ; without affection. 
 
 Frig'ld-uess, n- State of being frigid ; coldness. 
 
 Frig,'o-rif'i«, \a. [Lat. frigorijicus , from frigus, 
 
 Frig^o-rif 'ic-al, J fiigoris, cold, and/acere, to make.] 
 Causing cold ; producing or generating cold. 
 
 Frill, «. [Cf. Frill, f. «.] 1. A ruffle. 3. The ruffl- 
 ing of a hawk's feathers when shivering with cold. 
 
 Frill, r. ^ To provide or decorate with frills. 
 
 Frill, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FRILLED; p. pr. & vib. n. 
 FRILLING.] [0. Fr. frillcr, from Lat. frigidulus, some- 
 what cold, dim. of frigidus, cold.] To shake or shiver 
 as with cold. 
 
 Fringe (frinj), «. [Fr. /range, from Lat. fimbria, fiber, 
 thread, fringe.] 1. A kind of trimming consisting of 
 loose thi-eads. 3. Something resembling fringe ; a bor- 
 der ; a confine. 
 
 Fringe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRINGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FRINGING.] To adorn or border with fringe. 
 
 Frip'per-y, n. [Fr. friperie, from friper, to rumble, 
 fumble; allied to Icel. hripa, to act hastily.] 1, Old 
 clothes ; cast dresses ; hence, second-hand finery ; use- 
 less matter. 3. A place where old clothes are sold. 3. 
 The trade or traffic in old clothes. 
 
 Finseur (fre'zur'), n. [Fr., from /riser , to curl, frizzle, 
 /raiser, to plait.] A hair-dresser. 
 
 Frisk, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FRISKED (friskt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FRISKING.] [0. H. Ger. /rise, Icel. /riskr. See 
 FRESH.] To leap, skip, dance, or gambol, in frolic and 
 gayety. 
 
 Frisk, n. A frolic ; a fit of wanton gayety. 
 
 Frisk'er, n. One who frisks ; a wanton. 
 
 Frisk'et, n. [So named ft-om the velocity or frequency 
 of its motion. See Frisk.] (Print.) The hght frame 
 which keeps the sheet of paper in its place upon the 
 tympan, and raises it from the form when printed. 
 
 Frisk'i-ness, n. State or quaMty of being frisky. 
 
 Frisk'y, a. Jumping with gayety ; froUcsome ; gay. 
 
 Frit, n. [From Ijat./rigcre,/rictum, or/rixum, to roast, 
 fry.] (Glass-making.) The material of which glass is 
 made, after it has been baked in a furnace, but before 
 fusion. 
 
 Frit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FRITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. frit- 
 ting.] To prepare by exposing to heat, as the materials 
 for the manufacture of glass. 
 
 Frith, n. [Scot, firth, Dan. & Norw. fiord, Sw. /j'drd, 
 Eng. also /ret.] 1. A narrow arm of the sea ; an estu- 
 ary. 2. A kind of weir for catching fish. 
 
 Frit'ter, n. [From Lat. frigere, frictum, to fry.] 1. A 
 gmall pancake of fried batter ; also, a small piece of meat 
 fried. 3. A fragment ; a shred ; a small piece. 
 
 Frit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. FRITTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces 
 for frying. 2. To break into small pieces or fragments. 
 To fritter avjay, to diminish; also, to spend in trifling em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Fri-v61'i-ty , n. The condition or quality of being frivo- 
 iou.<3 ; also, acts or habits of trifling ; unbecoming levity 
 of disposition. 
 
 Friv'o-loiis, a. [Lat. /rivolus.] 1. Of Uttle weight, 
 worth, or importance. 3. Given to trifling, or unbe- 
 coming levity. 
 
 Syn. — Trifling; trivial; slight; unimportant; petty. 
 
 Friv'o-lous-nes»,7i. Quality of being frivolous. 
 
 FriZ; V. t. [imp. & p. p. FRIZZED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 frizzing.] [Fr. /,-?s«r, to curl, crisp. See Friseur, 
 Frieze.] [Written also /Wzz.] 1. To curl or form 
 into small curls, an hair ; to crisp. 3. To form into little 
 burs, or knobs, a.s the nap of cloth. [curled. 
 
 Friz, n. That which is frizzed ; any thing crisped or 
 
 Friz'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRIZZLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FRIZZLING.] [Dim. of friz, q. v.] To curl or crisp, as 
 hair ; to friz. 
 
 Friz'zler, n. One who frizzles. 
 
 Fro, adv. [A.-S. fra, abbreviatftd from /ram, Icel. frd.. 
 See From.] From ; away ; back or backward, as in the 
 phrase to and/ro. 
 
 Frflck, n. [Fr. froc, a monk's cowl, coat, garment, L. 
 liat. froccus, flocciis, from Lat. floccus, a flock of wool ; 
 hence, originally, a flocky cloth or garment.] An outer 
 garment ; especially, a loose, coarse garment worn by 
 men over their other clothes ; or a kind of gown, open 
 behind, worn by women atfd children. 
 
 Fr6ck'-eoat, n. A body-coat for ordinary wear, with 
 broad skirts, cut like a surtout, but shorter and hghter. 
 
 Fr6g, n. [K.~^./rogga,/rosc.] 1. (Zob7.) A well-known 
 amphibious animal, with four feet, a naked body, and 
 without a tail. 2. ( Far. ) A tender, horny substance in the 
 middle of a horse's foot, dividing into two branches, and 
 running toward the heel in the form of a fork. 3. An 
 oblong cloak-button, swelled in the 
 middle. 4. (Railways.) Atrian-. 
 gular crossing plate for the wheels 
 where one track branches off from 
 another or crosses it at an angle 
 greater or less than a right an^e. Railway Frog. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 FrSg'-hop'per, n. (Entom.) A small insect, Uving on 
 plants, and remarkable for its powers of leaping. 
 
 Frol'i-e, a. [0. II. Ger. frdlVi, frawalih, N. H. Ger. 
 frohlich, joyful, from 0. H. Ger. frd, frao, N. H. Ger. 
 froh, 0. Sax. /rah, glad.] FuU of levity ; full of pranks ; 
 gay ; merry. 
 
 Frol'i-e, n. 1. A wild prank ; a flight of gayety and 
 mirth. 3. A scene of gayety and mirth ; a merry- 
 making. 
 
 Frol'i-e, 1). i. [imp. & p. p. frolicked (frol'ikt); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FROLICKING.] To play wild pranks ; to play 
 tricks of levity, mirth, and gayety ; to sport. 
 
 Frol'i-e -some, a. Full of gayety and mirth ; sportive. 
 
 Fr61'i«-s6me-ness, n. Quahty of being fr-ohcsome. 
 
 From, j?rep. [A.-S. /raw, from, 0. Sax., Fries., 0. H. 
 Ger., Goth., & Sw. /ram, Icel. framm.] Out of the 
 neighborhood of ; lessening or losing proximity to ; leav- 
 ing behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; — used 
 whenever departure, setting out, commencement of ac- 
 tion, being, state, occurrence, and the like, or procedure, 
 emanation, absence, separation, and the like, are to be 
 expressed. 
 
 Frond, n. [Lat. frons, /rondis, a heavy branch, leaves, 
 fohage.] (Bot.) The organ formed by the combination 
 or union into one body of stalks and leaves in certain 
 plants, as the ferns. 
 
 Fron-da'tion, n. The act of stripping, as trees, of 
 leaves or branches. 
 
 Fron-des'^enpe* n. [Lat. frondescens, p. pr. of /ron- 
 descere, inchoative form of /rondere, to have or put forth 
 leaves, froia/rons.] (£oi.) (a.) The time at which each 
 species of plants unfolds its leaves, (b.) The act of burst- 
 ing into leaf. 
 
 Fron-dif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. frondi/er, from frons, leaf, 
 and/erre, to bear.] Producing fronds. 
 
 Fron-dose', a. [Lat. frondosus.] (Bot.) (a.) Prond- 
 bearing ; resembling a fi-ond. (b.) Leafy. 
 
 Frond'oiis, a. [See Frond.] (£o(.) Producmg leaves 
 and flowers in one organ. 
 
 Front (frunt), n. [Lat. frons, frontis.] 1. The forehead 
 or brow ; sometimes, also, the whole fiice. 2. The fore- 
 head, or countenance, as expressive of character, temper, 
 or disposition ; especially, of boldness of disposition; 
 sometimes, of impudence. 3. The part of any thing 
 which seems to look out, or to be directed forward ; the 
 fore part. 4. Position directly before the face of a per- 
 son, or foremost part of a thing. 3. A front-piece of 
 hair worn by ladies. 
 
 Front (frunt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FRONTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FRONTING.] 1. To oppose face to face ; to meet, 
 2. To stand opposed or opposite, or over against. 3. To 
 adorn in front. 
 
 Front (frunt), v. i. 1. To stand foremost. 3. To have 
 the face or front toward any point of compass. 
 
 Front (frSnt), a. Of, or relating to, the forward part ; 
 having a position in front ; foremost. [lot. 
 
 Front'age (frQnf-), n. The front part of an edifice or 
 
 Front'al, a. Belonging to the forehead or front part. 
 
 Front'al, n. [Lat. frontale, an» ornament for the fore- 
 head, frontlet. See Front.] 1. A front piece; some- 
 thing worn on the forehead or face. 3. (Arch.) (a.) A 
 little pediment over a small door or window, (b.) (Bed. 
 Arch.) A hanging or ornamental panel in front of an 
 altar. 
 
 Fr6nt'ier (frCnt'eer), n. [From Lat. frons, forehead, 
 front. See FRONT.] That part of a country which 
 fronts or faces another country ; the marches ; the 
 border. 
 
 »,e,at<i.,long; &,6, Scc.yShcrt; c&re, far, ask, all, iPirliat ; £re,vgil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,dQ,^v9U; 
 
FRONTIER 
 
 303 
 
 FRUTICOUS 
 
 FrSnt'ier, a. 1. Lying on the exterior part ; border- 
 ing ; conterminous. ^. Acquired on a frontier. 
 
 FrSnt'is-piefe, n. [L. Lat. frontispicium, that which 
 is seen in front, from Lat. J/ons and spicere, specere, to 
 look at.] That which presents itself to the front view ; 
 as, (a.) {Arch.) The principal face of a building. (6.) An 
 4 ornamental figure or engraving fronting the first page of 
 a book. 
 
 Front'less (frtintaes), a. Shameless ; impudent. 
 
 Front'let, n. [Eng. front and the dim. termination let] 
 A frontal or brow-band ; hence, a frowning brow. 
 
 !Fr6st (21), n. [A.-S./orst,frost, froinJre6san,frysan, to 
 fi^eze. See Freeze.] 1. The act of freezing ; congela- 
 tion of fluids. 3. Severe cold or freezing weather. 3 . 
 Frozen dew ; — called also hoar-frost or white-frost. 
 
 Block frost, cold so intense as to freeze vegetation and cause 
 it to turn black, without the formation of white or hoar frost. 
 
 Fr5st, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FROSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FROSTING.] To cover with any thing resembling hoar- 
 frost, as cake with powdered white sugar. 
 
 Fr6st'-bite, n. The freezing of some part of the body 
 by exposure to intense cold. [frost. 
 
 Frost'-bit'ten (-blftn), p. a. Nipped or affected by 
 
 Frost'-fisli, n. (Ichth.) A small fish, also called tom- 
 cod. It is abundant on the coasts of the United States 
 soon after frost commences. 
 
 Frost'i-ly, adv. 1. With frost or excessive cold. S. 
 Without warmth of affection. 
 
 Frost'i-ness, n. State or quaUty of being frosty. 
 
 Frost'ing, n. The composition, resembling hoar-frost, 
 used to cover cake, &c. 
 
 Frost'y, a. 1. Attended with, or producing, frost. 2. 
 Containing frost. 3. Without warmth of affection. 4. 
 Appearing as if covered with hoar-frost ; white ; gray- 
 haired. 
 
 Froth (21), n. [Icel. frodha, fraudh, fraudhr ; A.-S. 
 freodhan, to rub, to froth. Cf. L. GiiT.fratkem,jFradem. 
 fraam, steam, vapor.] 1. A collection of bubbles in 
 Uquors ; spume ; foam. 'Z, Any empty, senseless show 
 of wit or eloquence. 3. Light, unsubstantial matter. 
 
 Froth, I'.i. 1. To cause to foam. ^. To cover with froth. 
 
 FrSth, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FROTHED (frStht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FROTHING.] To throw up foam. 
 
 Froth'i-ly, adv. In a frothy manner ; with foam. 
 
 Froth'y, a. [compar. FROTHIER ; superl. FROTHIEST.] 
 1, Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth ; spum- 
 ous; foamy. 3. Not firm or soUd; soft. 3. Vain; 
 empty; unsubstantial. 
 
 Frounce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frounced (frounst) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FROUNCING.] [Fr. froncer, to wrinkle, to 
 contract the brow, as if from a Latin yfor^frontiare, from 
 pons, forehead.] To curl or frizzle about the face, as the 
 hair. 
 
 Frounce, n. 1, A wrinkle, plait, or curl. 3. A mass 
 of pimples in the palate of a horse ; also, a similar affec- 
 tion in hawks. 
 
 Frou.'zy,a. [Prov. Eng. /rowzy, fro ward, peevish ,/roM5e, 
 to rumple, frouze, to curl, contracted from frounce., q. 
 v.] Fetid; musty; rank; dim; cloudy. 
 
 Fro'ward, a. [K.-^. framweard, averse, perverse.] Not 
 wilUng to yield or comply with what is required or is 
 reasonable. 
 
 Syn. — Perverse; untoward; wayward; unyielding; ungov- 
 ernable; refractory; disobedient; petulant; cross; peevish. 
 
 Fro'"w^ard-ly, adv. In a froward manner. [ward. 
 
 Fro'ward-ness, n. Condition or quaUfcy of being fro- 
 Frow'ey, a. ( Carp.) Working smoothly, or without 
 
 tearing and splitting ; — said of wood or timber. 
 Froven, v. i. [imp. & p. p. frowned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 FROWNING.] \¥v.frogner, in se refrogner, se renfrogner, 
 
 to knit the brow, to frown.] 1. To contract the brow; 
 
 to scowl ; to put on a stern, grim, or siirly look. 3, To 
 
 look on with disfavor ; to look threatening ; to lower. 
 Frown, v. t. To rebuke with a look. 
 Frown, n. 1. A wrinkling of the brow in displeasure, 
 
 rebuke, sternness, &c. ; a scowl. 3. Any expressioneof 
 
 displeasure. 
 Frove'y, a. [Contracted from frowzy, frouzy.^ q. v.] 
 
 Musty ; luncid ; rank ; ill-scented. 
 FroTv'zy, a. The same as Frouzy. 
 Froz'cn. (froz'n), p. a. Subject to frost, or to long and 
 
 severe frost ; chUly. 
 Frue-tes'^en^e, n. [¥r.fructescence,froin.Ia,t.fructus, 
 
 fruit. See Fruit.] (JSoZ.) The time when the fruit of 
 
 a plant arrives at maturity. 
 Fru«-tif'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. /mc^/er, from, fructits, fruit, 
 
 and /erre, to bear.] Bearing or producing fruit. 
 
 Frtt-e'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. [Lat. fructifcatio.] 1. Ac* 
 of forming or producing fruit ; act of fructifying. 3. 
 (Bot.) (a.) Those parts of a plant, taken collectively, 
 which compose the flower and fruit. (6.) The procesa 
 by which these parts develop so as to produce the fruit. 
 
 Fru€'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fructified ; p. pr. & 
 1)6.71. fructifying.] [Lat. fructifcare, from frudus, 
 fruit, and /acere, to make.] To make fruitful; to ren- 
 der productive. 
 
 Frii-e'ti-fy, v. i. To bear fruit. 
 
 Frii'gal, a. [L&t.frugaUs, from frugi, fit for food, U8&- 
 fiii, proper, temperate.] Economical in the use or appro- 
 priation of resources ; sparing ; saving. 
 
 Fru.-gS,l'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being frugal ; prudent econ- 
 omy ; good husbandry or housewifery. [ment. 
 
 Fru'gal-ly, adv. With economy ; with good manage- 
 
 Frii-gif'er-ous, a. [Lat. frugifer, from frux, frugis, 
 fruit of the earth, and ferre, to bear.] Producing fruit ; 
 fruitful. 
 
 Fruit (frjjt), n. [La,t. fructus , enjoyment, product, fioiit, 
 from frui, fructus, to enjoy.] 1. Whatever is to be en- 
 joyed, partaken of, or made use of ; product ; result. 3. 
 That part of plants which contains the seed ; especially, 
 the juicy, pulpy products of certain plants. 3. Th« 
 produce of animals ; offspring ; young. 
 
 Fruit'age (frijt'ej, 45), n. Fruit collectively ; fruitcry. 
 
 Fruit'er-er n. One who deals in fruit ; a seller of fruits. 
 
 Friiit'er-y (frut'er-y), n. 1. Fruit collectively taken; 
 fruitage. 3. A repository for fruit. 
 
 Friiit'fiil, a. Full of fruit ; producing fi-uit abundantly ; 
 richly productive. 
 
 Syn. — Fertile ; proUfic ; productive; fecund; plentiful; 
 rich; abundant; plenteous. 
 
 Fru.it 'ful-ly, adv. Plenteously ; abundantly. 
 
 Friiit'ful-ness, n. State or quality of being fruitful ; 
 exuberant abundance ; productiveness. 
 
 Fru-i'tion (fru-ish'un), n. [0. Fr. fruition, from Lat. 
 frui,fruitus, to use or enjoy.] Pleasure derived from pos- 
 session or use ; gratification ; enjoyment. 
 
 Fruit'less, a. 1. Lacking, or not bearing, fruit. 3. 
 Productive of no advantage or good effect. 
 
 Syn. — Useless; barren; unprofitable; abortive; ineffectual; 
 vain; idle; profitless. 
 
 Fruit'le.ss-ly,a(ir. In a fruitless maimer ; idly; vainly. 
 
 Friiit'less-ness, n. The quaUty of being fruitless. 
 
 Friiit'-tree, n. A tree cultivated for its friiit. 
 
 Friiit'y, a. Resembling fruit, or the taste of fruit. 
 
 Frii'men-ta'ceoiis, a. [Leit.fru7nentaceus,frova. fru- 
 nientum, com or grain, contracted from frugimentum, 
 from, frux, frugis, fruit.] Made of, or resembUng, wheat 
 or other grain. 
 
 Fru'men-ty, n. [Also furmenty and Jrumety ; from 
 Lait.frumentum. See supra.] Food made of wheat boUed 
 in milk, and seasoned with sugar, cinnamon, &c. 
 
 Frush, V. t. ['Fr.froisser, to bruise.] To bruise or dash. 
 violently to pieces. 
 
 Friish, a. Broken or crushed. 
 
 Frush, n. [Cf. Ger.frosch, frog^ and a carney or lampas 
 of horses. See Frog.] 1. {Far.) A tender substance 
 in the middle of the sole of a horse ; the frog. 3. A dis- 
 charge of a fetid matter from the frog of a horse's foot ; — 
 also caUed thrush. 
 
 Frus'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. frustrated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. FRUSTRATING.] [Lat. frustrare, fnistrari, 
 frustratum., from, frustr a, in vain.] 1. To bring to noth- 
 ing ; to prevent from attaining a purpose. 3. To make 
 nuU or of no effect. 
 
 Syn.— To baffle; defeat; disappoint; balk; nullify. 
 
 Frus'trate, a. Vain; ineffectual; useless; null; void. 
 
 Frus-tra'tion, n. The act of frustrating ; disappoint- 
 ment ; defeat. 
 
 Friist'u-lent, a. [From Lat. frustum, a firagment. 
 Abounding in fragments. 
 
 Frus'tum, n. ;pl. FR us' ta , 
 or FRUS'TUMS. [Lat. piece, 
 bit.] {Geomr) The part of 
 a soUd next the base, formed 
 by cutting off the top. 
 
 Fru-tes'^ent, a. [From 
 Lat. frutex. shrub, bush.] 
 {Bot.) Becoming shrubby, 
 or having the appearance of 
 a shrub. i, u 
 
 Fru'ti-eose', \a [L&t. fruticosus, from frutex, shrxi^, 
 
 Fru'ti-«ous, ) bush.] {Bot.) Pertaining to shrubs, 
 shrubby ; shrub- Uke. 
 
 ^flu 
 
 Frufltums. 
 
 ««bd,fobt; &rn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^haise, «all, echo; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, liQlc ; -tihU 
 
FRY 
 
 304 
 
 FUMIGATION 
 
 Fry, r. t. (imp. & p. p. fried ; p. pr. & vh. n. FRY- 
 ING.] [Fr. frire, Lat. frigtre.] To dress with fet by 
 heating or roasting in a pan over a tire. 
 
 Fry, f. »". To be heated and agitjitod, as meat in a frying- 
 pan ; hence, to ferment, to foam, or to dissolve with heat. 
 
 Fry, H. [0. Fr. t'rai^f, M. Vr.frai, spawning, spawn of 
 fishes, frv or little "fish.] 1. A swarm or crowd, espe- 
 cially of little fishes ; a large nimiber. 'i. [See FRY, v.] 
 A dish of any thing fried. 
 
 Fry'iiijc-pftu, >'. A pjin with a long handle, used for 
 frying meat and vegetables. 
 
 Fii't'ate, {»■ [Lat. /Mca/i«, p. p. of /ucare, to color, 
 
 Fu'<'a-ted, ) paint, from fticus, q. v.] Painted ; dis- 
 guised with paint, or with false show. 
 
 Fucli'si-ji (fu'shi-u or fdbk'si-a), 7!. (Bot.) A genus of 
 beautiful flowering plants, named in honor of Leonard 
 FucJis, a German botanist. 
 
 Fu'coid, »i. [Lat. fucus, q. v., and Gr. etfios, form.] 
 ( PnJfon . ) Fossil sea-weed. 
 
 Fu-«oid'al I "' ^®'^^^^"^'^g *o, or resembling, sea-weed. 
 
 JFii'-eus, n.; pi. FU'fi. [Lat., rock -lichen, orchil, used 
 as a red dye, and as a rouge for the cheeks, disguise.] 1. 
 A paint ; dye : hence, false show. H. {Bot.) A genus of 
 sea- weeds of a tough, leathery kind ; sea- wrack, and other 
 species. 
 
 Fiid'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FUDDLED \ p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 FUDDLING.] [Perhaps a kind of diminutive of /mZ^.] To 
 make foolish or disordered by drink. 
 
 Fiid'dle, v. i. To drink to excess. 
 
 Fud'dler, n. A drunkard. 
 
 Fudge, n. A made-up story ; stuff; nonsense ; — an ex- 
 clamation of contempt. 
 
 Fii'el, «. [Norm Tr. fitayl, fouoyle, foualle, Low L&t. 
 focale, fr. Lat. ybc!<5, hearth, fire-place, in Low Lat. fire.] 
 1. Anj' combustible matter, as wood, coal, peat, &c. 2. 
 Anyjthing that serves to feed flame, heat, or excitement. 
 
 Fu-ga'cioiis, a. [LSit. fugax, from, fugere, to &ee.] Flj-- 
 ing, or disposed to fly ; volatile. 
 
 Fu-ga'<:ioiis-ness, n. The quaUty of being fugacious ; 
 volatility ; fugacitj'. 
 
 Fu-gSf'i-ty, ?i. 1. The quality of being fugacious; vol- 
 atility. 3. Uncertainty ; instability. 
 
 Fu'gi-tive, a. [Lat. /wg-UirT/s, from /wg-ere, to flee.] 1. 
 Apt to flee away ; hable to disappear. 2. Easily blown 
 away or abjsorbed. 3. Flying or escaping from duty, ser- 
 vice, danger, and the hke. 
 
 Syri. — Fleeting; unstable; wandering; eloping; uncertain; 
 volatile; evanescent. 
 
 Fu'gi-tive, n. 1. One who flees from his station or duty ; 
 a deserter ; one who flees from danger or from punish- 
 ment. 3. One hard to be caught or detained. 
 
 Fu'|fl-tive-ly, adv. In a fugitive manner. 
 
 Fu'gi-tive-iie.ss, n. 1. Yolatility ; fugacity. 2. In- 
 stability ; unsteadiness. 
 
 Fu'gle-man, n.; pi. fu'gle-MEN. [Grer. flugelmann, 
 a file-leader, from. Jlvgel, wing.] (Mil.) One who stands 
 in front of soldiers at drill, as an example or model to 
 them : hence, a file-leader ; a director. [Written also 
 flui^dman.] 
 
 Fugue (tug), 71. [Fr., from Lat. fvga, flight.] [Mus.) 
 A musical composition in contrapuntal style, in which a 
 subject is proposed by one part, and then responded to 
 by the others, according to certain rules. 
 
 Ful'^rum, n.; Lat. pi. FVL'- ., — 
 
 CRA : Eng. pi. Ft'L'CRUMg. [Lat. JT S A 
 
 bed-post, from fuldre, to prop.] m £ \J 
 
 1. A prop or support. 2. {Mec/i.) O 
 The point about which a lever Pi 
 turns in lifting or moving a body. ' ^- Fulcrum. 
 
 Ful-fiU', V. t. ' [imp. & p. p. FULFILLED ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. FULFILLING.] [A tautological compound of full and 
 JUL] [Written also fulfil.] 1. To fill up ; to make fuU 
 or complete. 3. To accomplish or carry into effect ; to 
 bring to pa.s8 ; to effectuate. 
 
 Ful-fill'inent, n. 1.. Accomplishment ; completion. 
 3. F^xecution : iierformimce. 
 
 Ftil'^en-f y, n. Brightness ; splendor ; ghtter. 
 
 Ffil'gent, a. [Lat. fulgens, fulgentis, p. pr. of fulgere, 
 to flash, glitter, shine.] Exquisitely bright; shining: 
 dazzling : effulgent. 
 
 Ful'gu-rite, v. [Lat. ftdguritum. , fulgurire , to strike 
 with lightning. /i/iffj/r, lightning.] A vitrified sand-tube, 
 suppo.sed to have l>een produced by lightning. 
 
 Ful'liam, n. [Because they were, as has been conjec- 
 tured, chiefly nade at Fulham, in Middlesex, Eng.] A 
 false die. { Cant.) 
 
 Fu-lig'i-noils, a. [Lat. fuliginosus, from fuligo, soot.] 
 1. Pertaining to soot; sooty; dark; dusky. 3, P«r- 
 
 taining to smoke ; smoky. 
 Full, a. [cowzjaar. FULLER ; 5i/7)er/. FULLEST.] [4.-S 
 f^ll, Icel. fullr, Goth, fidls. Cf FILL.] 1. FUled up; 
 replete ; having within it all that it can contain ; not 
 enipty or vacant. 3. Abundantly furnished or provided •> 
 sufficient; copious; ample. 3. Not wanting in any es- 
 sential quality ; complete ; perfect. 
 
 FuU moon, the moon with its whole disk illuminated, as 
 when opposite to the sun; ako, the time when the moon in 
 juU. 
 
 Full, n. Complete measure ; utmost extent. 
 Full of the moon, the time of full moon. 
 
 Full, adv. Quite ; completely ; exactly ; entirely. 
 
 Full, V. i. To become fully or wholly illuminated. 
 
 Full, V. t. [imp. & p. p. FULLED ; p.pr. & vb. n. FULL- 
 ING.] [A.-S.fullian, to make full or perfect, to whiten 
 as a fuUer, fuller e,fuUo, a bleacher, L. Lsit. fuUare, to 
 thicken cloth, folate, to smooth, bleach; Lat. fullo 
 fuller, cloth-fuUer.] To cleanse, scotir, and thicken in a 
 miU, as cloth ; to mill. 
 
 Full, V. i. To become fulled or thickened. 
 
 Full'er, n. One whose occupation is to full cloth. 
 
 Full'er'g-earth, n. A variety of clay. It is useful in 
 scouring and cleansing cloth, as it imbibes the grease and 
 oil used in preparing wool. [of cloth is carried on. 
 
 Full'er-y, n. The place or the works where the falling 
 
 Full'tng-mill, n. A mill for fulling cloth. 
 
 Full'ness, n. The state of being full or filled ; repletion ; 
 entireness ; completeness ; abundance ; suflBiciency ; ade- 
 quateness ; aflauence ; perfection. 
 
 Ful'ly, adv. In a full manner or degree ; without lack 
 or defect. 
 
 Syn. — Completely; entirely; maturely; plentifully ; abun 
 
 antly; plenteously ; copiou"'- ' '- ' "^ ' ■' 
 
 clearly; distinctly; perfectly 
 
 dantly ; plenteously ; copiously ; largely ; amply ; sufficientlv ; 
 
 -n.-^J-y. . = .^_.., o...,_ 
 
 FtQ'mi-iiLate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. fulminated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. FULMINATING.] {L&t. fulminare , fulminO' 
 tU7n, to lighten, from, fulmen, thnnderholt, for fulgim en, 
 from, fulgere , to shine.] 1. To thunder ; hence, to make 
 a loud, sudden noise ; to detonate ; to explode. 3. To 
 issue denunciation or censure ; to thunder forth menaeea 
 
 Fulminating powder (Chem.), a detonating comjwund of sul- 
 phur, carbonate of potash, and niter. 
 
 Ful'ml-nate, t". ^. 1. To cause to explode. 3. To ut- 
 ter or send out, as a denunciation or censure. 
 
 Ful'mi-nate, n. (Chem.) A compound of fuhninic 
 acid with a base, which detonates or explodes by percus- 
 sion, friction, or heat. 
 
 Ful'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of fulminating ; detonr- 
 tion. 3. That which is fulminated ; menace or censure. 
 
 Ful'mi-na-to-ry, a. Thundering ; striking terror. 
 
 Ful-min'i-e, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or capable of, 
 detonation. 
 
 Ful'some, a. [A.S.fiil, foul, q. v., and the termination 
 some.] Ofiiending or disgusting by over-fuUness, excess, 
 or grossness. 
 
 FiU'some-ness, n. The quality of being fulsome j 
 nauseousness ; offensive grossness. 
 
 Ful'vld, ) a. [L. Lat. fulvidus, from Lat. ftdttis."] 
 
 Fiil'vous, ) Tawny ; duU yellow, with a mixture of 
 gray and brown. 
 
 Fum'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FUMBLED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 FUMBLING.] [Prov. 'Eng. fmble , to fumble, to do im- 
 perfectly, 0. Eng. /awzfe/es, hands, L. GeT.fummeln,fom- 
 m.eln, to touch., grope.] 1. To feel or grope about. 3. 
 To seek awkwardly. 3. To handle much ; to turn over 
 and over. [tumble together. 
 
 Fumnble, v. t. To manage awkwardly ; to crowd oi 
 
 FiimTbler, n. One who fumbles ; an awkward person. 
 
 Fume, n. [Lz.t. fumus.] 1. Yapor from combustion, or 
 exhalation ; smoke ; reek. 3. Any thing unsubstantial, 
 or airy ; idle conceit. 
 
 Ffime, V. i. [imp. & p. p. FUMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FUMING.] 1. To smoke ; to throw off vapor, or exhala- 
 tions. 3. To pass off in vapors. 3. To be in a rage. 
 
 Fume, V. t. 1. To smoke ; to drj' in smoke. 3. To 
 disperse or throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vajxjr. 
 
 Fu'mi-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fumigated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FUMIGATING.] [Lat. fumigare, fumigatum, from 
 fumus, smoke.] 1. To apply smoke to ; to expose to 
 smoke or gas, as in cleansing infected apartments, cloth- 
 ing, &c. 3. To perfume. 
 
 Fu'mi-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of fumigating. 3. Tapor; 
 scent raised by fire. 
 
 Z,e,&c.,long; 4,6,&e.,»Aorr; c&re,far,ask,aIL vrliat; dre, veil, term; pilque,firm; s6ii,dr,dQ,-vrol^ 
 
FUMITER 
 
 305 
 
 FURTIVE 
 
 Fu'mi-ter, )n. [Lat./wwiare, to smoke, /umw-s, smoke, 
 
 Fu'mi-to-ry, ) N. L&t. fumaria officinalis, fumus terr 
 rx.] (Bot.) A plant of several species, having a rank, 
 disagreeable smell. 
 
 rtiin'ous, ) a. [hait.Jumosus, from/umits, smoke.] Pro- 
 
 Furn'y, j ducing fume ; full of vapor ; vaporous. 
 
 Fun, n. [Of. A.-S.fean, joys./ed, gefea, joy, gladness.] 
 Sport ; merriment ; frolicsome amusement. 
 
 Fu-nam'bu-la-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. funmnbulus, from 
 yiwi-fs, rope, and amhulare, to walk.] 1. Performing like a 
 rope-dancer iJ. Narrow, like the walk of a rope-dancer. 
 
 Fu-nam'bu-list, n. A rope-walker or dancer. 
 
 Fiiu-e'tion (funk''shun), n. [L&t. fund io, from fungi, 
 functus, to perform, execute.] 1. Act of executing; per- 
 formance, ""i. Peculiar or appointed action ; natural or 
 assigned action. 3. (3Iath.) A quantity so connected 
 with another quantity, that, if any alteration be made in 
 the latter, there will be a consequent alteration in the 
 former. The dependent quantity is said to be & function 
 of the other. 
 
 Fuii<!'tion-al, a. Pertaining to functions ; required by, 
 or involved in, the appropriate action. [of a function. 
 
 Ftin-e'tion-a-ry, n. One charged with the performance 
 
 Ftlnd,n. [Lat./Mnrfws, bottom, ground, foundation.] 1. 
 A stock or capital ; an invested sum whose income is de- 
 voted to a specific object. 3. A store laid up, from 
 which one may draw at pleasure ; a supply. 3. pi. The 
 stock of a national debt ; public securities. 
 
 Sinking fund, a sum of naoney set apart, usually at fixed in- 
 tervals, for the redemption of the debts of government or of a 
 corporation. 
 
 Fund, V. t. [imp. & p. p. funded; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 FUNDING.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or 
 permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of. 
 tJ. To place in a fund, as money. 
 
 Ftliid'a-ble, a. Capable of being funded. 
 
 Fun'da-ment, n. [Lat. fundainentum, from. fundare, 
 to lay the bottom, to found, from, fundus, bottom.] The 
 seat ; the lower part of the body, on which one sits ; the 
 buttocks ; also, the orifice of the intestines ; the anus. 
 
 Fun'da-ment'al, a. Pertaining to the foundation or 
 basis ; hence, essential, as an element, principle, or law ; 
 elementary. 
 
 Fu'ner-al, n. [See infra.] 1. The ceremony of bury- 
 ing a dead human body ; obsequies ; burial. 3. The 
 procession of persons attending the burial of the dead. 
 
 Fu'ner-al, a. [L. hat. funeralis, from, funus, funeral.] 
 Pertaining to burial ; used at the interment of the dead. 
 
 Fu-ne're-al (89), a. [Lat. funereus, from funus, fu- 
 nei-al.] Suiting a funeral ; hence, dismal. 
 
 Fun-gos'i-ty , n. The quality of that which is fungous ; 
 fungous excrescence. 
 
 Furi'gou.s, a. [Lat. fungosus. See infra.'] 1. Like 
 fungus, or a mushroom ; excrescent. 3i Growing sud- 
 denly, but not substantial or durable. 
 
 Fun'gus, n. ,• Lat. pi. FtJrN'&i; Eng. pi. fOn/gus-e^. 
 [Lat. fungus, mushroom.] 1. {Bot.) A large natural 
 order of plants, comprehending mushrooms, toadstools, 
 the microscopic plants which form mold, mildew, smut, 
 &c. The word is also applied to excrescences on plants. 
 3. {Med.) A spongy, morbid growth or granulation in 
 animal bodies ; proud-flesh. 
 
 Fu'ni-ele, n. {Bot.) [Lat. funiculus, dim. of funis, 
 cord, rope.] A small cord, or hgature ; a fiber. 
 
 Fu-iu€'u-lar, a. 1. Consisting of a small cord or fiber. 
 ti. Dependent on the tension of a cord. 
 
 Fiinlt, n. [0. Eng./im^e, a Uttle fire, Prov. Eng./wn/fc, 
 touch-wood. Cf. Ger. funke, spark, Goth, funa, fon, 
 fire, Icel./wni, spark, /&^(!, rottenness, y%w,a, to become 
 rotten.] An offensive smell ; a stink ; a stench. [Low.] 
 
 Funk;, n. Great fear and shrinking back. 
 
 Funk, V. i. 1, To emit an offensive smell ; to stink. 
 
 2, To be in great fear, and shrink back. 
 
 Fun'nel, n. [Prob. from Lat. infundibulum, funnel, from 
 inf under e, to pour in.] 1. A kind of inverted hollow 
 cone with a pipe ; a tunnel. 3. A stove-pipe. 
 
 Fun'ny, a. [compar. funnier ; superl. FUNNIEST.] 
 [¥rom fun, q. v.] Droll ; comical ; sportive. 
 
 F-ftr, n. [L. Lat. furra, a hairy skin, Fr. fourrure, fur, 
 from Qofh.fddr, scabbard, orig. made of skin, Icel./orfr, 
 lining.] 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals. 
 
 3. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur ; pel- 
 try. 3. Any coating considered as resembling fur, as a 
 coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue in per- 
 sons affected with fever. 
 
 Fiir, V. t. [imp. & p. p. furred ; p. pr. & vb. n. FUR- 
 RING.] 1. To line, face, or cover with fur. 3. To cover 
 with morbid matter, as the tongue. 3. {Arch.) To nail 
 
 small strips of board upon, in order to make a lerel sur- 
 foce for lathing. 
 
 Ffir'be-low, n. [Prov. Vr.farbala, Sp. & Bisc. farfala, 
 Fr., It., Sp., & Vg.falbald, Ger. falbel.] A flounce; the 
 plaited border of a petticoat or gown. 
 
 Fftrnbe-low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. furbelowed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. furbelowing.] To put a furbelow on. 
 
 Fiir'bisli, v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. furbished (Ifur^bisht) ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. FURBISHING.] [From 0. K. Ger. furban, 
 to clean.] To rub or scorn' to brightness ; to polish. 
 
 Fftr'bish.-er, n. One who furbishes or cleans. 
 
 Fftr'-eate, ) a. [From Lat. furca, fork.] Forked; 
 
 FiJ,r'«a-ted, j branching like the prongs of a fork. 
 
 Fur-«a'tion, n. A branching like the tines of a fork, 
 
 Fur^fu-ra'ceoiis, a. [Lat. furfuraceus, from furfur, 
 bran, scurf.] Made of bran ; like bran :, scurfy. 
 
 Fu'ri-ous, a. [Lat. /wriosws, from /wrja, rage, fury.] 1» 
 Transported with passion. 3. Rushing with impetuosity; 
 moving with violence. 
 
 Syn. — Impetuous ; vehement ; boisterous ; raging ; fierce; 
 violent; turbulent; tumultuous; angry; mad; frantic; frenzied. 
 
 Fu'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a furious manner ; violently. 
 
 Fu'ri-oiis-ness, n. The state of being furious ; violent 
 agitation ; impetuous motion ; madness. 
 
 Fiirl, V. t. [imp. Scp.p. FURLED ; p.pr.k, vb. n. FURL- 
 ING.] Contr. from furdle, a corruption of fardel, to 
 make up in bundles, /arde^, a bundle.] To wrap or roll, 
 as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast. 
 
 Fftr'long, n. [A.-S. furlang, prop, the length of a fur- 
 row, from. fur, furh, furrow, and lang, long.] The eighth 
 part of a mile. 
 
 Ftir'lougli (fur^lS), n. [Dan. forlov, Sw. forlof, D. ver- 
 lof, Ger. verlaub, urlaub. See Leave.] {Mil.) Leave 
 of absence ; especially, leave given to an oflScer or soldier 
 to be absent from service for a certain time. 
 
 Fur'lough (fur/lo), v. t. [imp. & p. p. FURLOUGHED ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. FURLOUGHiNG.] {Mil.) To grant leave 
 of absence, as to an officer or soldier. 
 
 Fiir'nape (45), n. [Lat. furnax.] An inclosed plac« 
 where a hot fire is maintained, as for melting ores, for 
 warming a house, for baking bread, or for other useful 
 purposes. 
 
 F€i.r'nisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FURNISHED (fur'nisht) ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. FURNISHING.] [From 0. H. Ger. frum- 
 gan, to do, act, send.] 1. To supply with any thing 
 necessary or useful ; to provide ; to equip. 2. To offer 
 for use ; to afford. 3. To fit up ; to supply with the 
 proper goods, vessels, or ornamental appendages. 
 
 Ftir'nish-er, n. One who supplies, fits out, or fits up. 
 
 Ftir'ni-ture (53) n. 1. That which furnishes, or with 
 which any thing is furnished or supphed. 3. "WTiatever 
 must be supplied to a house, a room, or the like, to make 
 it habitable, convenient, or agreeable ; chattels ; mova- 
 bles ; effects ; also, the necessary appendages to any thing, 
 as to a machine, a carriage, a horse, &c. 
 
 F'ftr'ri-er, n. A dealer in furs. 
 
 Fur'ri-er-y, n. 1. Furs in general. 3. The business 
 of a furrier ; trade in fiirs. 
 
 Fur'ring, n. { Carp.) (a.) The nailing on of thin strips 
 of board in order to level or raise a surface for lathing, 
 boarding, &c. {b.) The strips thus laid on. 
 
 Fur'row, n. [A.-S. furh, fyrh, fur.] 1. A trench in 
 the earth made by a plow. 3. Any trench, channel, or 
 groove ; a wrinkle on the face. 
 
 Fur'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. FURROWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 «. FURROWING.] 1. To cut a furrow in; to plow. 3. 
 To mark with channels or with wrinkles. 
 
 Ffir'ry, a. 1. Covered with fiir ; dressed in fur. 3. 
 Consisting of fur. 
 
 Fiir'tiier, a. compar. [positive wanting; superl. FUR- 
 THEST.] [See Farther.] 1. More remote; more in 
 advance ; farther. 3. Additional. 
 
 Fur'tiier, adv. To a greater distance ; moreover. 
 
 Ffir'tiier, v. t. [imp. & p. p. furthered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. FURTHERING.] [A.-S. fyrdherian. See Far- 
 ther.] To help forward ; to promote ; to advance ; t© 
 forward ; to assist. 
 
 Fur'tiier-an^e, «. Act of furthering ; advancement. 
 
 Fur'tlier-er, n. One who furthers ; a promoter. 
 
 Fftr'tber-more, adv. or conj. Moreover; besides; in 
 addition to what has been said. 
 
 Fftr'tiier-most, a. Most remote ; furthest. 
 
 Fur'tiiest, a. superl. Most remote ; farthest. See 
 Further, a. 
 
 Fur'tiiest, adv. At the greatest distance. 
 
 Fftr'tive, a. [La.t. furtivus, from furtum, theft, from 
 fur, thief.] Stolen ; obtained or characterized by stealth ; 
 sly; secret; stealthy. 
 
 food, t&ot 
 
 <im, rude, pull ; 9ell. ^liaise, -call, e«lio 
 
 20 
 
 gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; ibis- 
 
FURUNCLE 
 
 306 
 
 GABION 
 
 Ffi'roQe-le (fu'ruQk-1), n. [Lat. furuncitlus, a petty 
 thief, a burning sore, boil, dim. of fur, thief.] (Med.) 
 A superficial, inflammatory tumor ; a boil. 
 
 Fu'ry (8^), n. [h&t. furia, from fitrere, to rage.] 1. 
 Violent passion ; over-mastering agitation or enthusiasm. 
 !i. Violent anger; extreme wrath. 3. (Myt/i.) A god- 
 dess of vengeance; hence, a stormy, turbulent, violent 
 woman ; a virago ; a termagant. 
 
 SjTi.— Anccr; iudignation; resentment; wrath; ire ; rage ; 
 vehemence; vioUuce; tierccuess; turbulence; madness; frenzy. 
 
 Fftrze, n. [A.-S. fi/rs, perh. from W.ferdd, thick, dense, 
 firm, strong.] (Bot.) A thorny evergreen shrub with 
 beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains 
 and hills of Great Britain ; — called also gorse, and xvhin. 
 
 Fils'cous, a. [h&t.fuscus.] Of a dark color ; brown or 
 grayish-black. 
 
 Fflge. r. t. [imp & p. p. FUSED ; p. pr. & vh. n. FUSING.] 
 [Lat. fundirc, fitsum, to pour, melt, cast.] To liquefy 
 by heiit ; to cUssolve ; to melt. 
 
 Fu§e, f. i. To be melted ; to melt. 
 
 Fuge, )i. A tube tilled with combustible matter, used in 
 blasting, or in discharging a shell, &c. 
 
 Fu-§ee', n. [Fr. fusee, a spindleful, squib, rocket, fusee ; 
 from Lut.fusu^, spindle.] The conical wheel of a watch 
 or clock, designed to equalize the power of the main- 
 spring. 
 
 Fu-§ee', n. [See FUSE and FusiL.] 1. A small, light 
 musket; a fusil. 2. A fuse. 3. The track of a buck. 
 
 Fu'sel, n. [Ger. /wse/, bad liquor.] ( C/ie?n.) A kind of 
 alcohol, having a nauseous odor and poisonous properties. 
 
 Fu'§i-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being fusible. 
 
 Fu'§i-ble, a. [Lat. f under e, fusum, to pour, to melt.] 
 Capable of being melted or liquefied. 
 
 Fii' si-form, a. [Lat./MS2«5, spindle, and /orma, shape.] 
 ( Bot.) Shaped like a spindle ; tapering at each end. 
 
 Fii'gil, n. [From Lat. focus, hearth, fire-place, L. Lat. 
 fire.] 1. A light musket or firelock. 3. [See Fusee.] 
 (Her.) A bearing of a rhomboidal or spindle-shaped 
 figure. 
 
 Fii'gil-lade', n. (Mil.) A simultaneous discharge of 
 fire-amis in a miUtary exercise. 
 
 Ftx'gil-lade', i'. t. [imp. FUSILLADED \ p.pr. k, vb. n. 
 FUSILLADING.] To shoot down by a simultaneous dis- 
 charge of fire-arms. 
 
 Fu'gil-eer', I n. [Fr. fusilier, from fusil. See supra.] 
 
 Fu,'§il-ier', ) (Mil.) Formerly, a soldier armed with a 
 fusU ; but, in modem times, an infantry soldier distin- 
 giushed by wearing a bear-skin cap like that of a grena- 
 dier. 
 
 Fu.'§ion (fii'zhun), n. [Lat. fusio, from. fundere,fusum, 
 to pour, melt.] 1. Act or operation of melting, without 
 the aid of a s(dvent. 2. State of being melted. 3. 
 Union or blending together of things into oneness, as if 
 melted together. 
 
 Fiiss, n. [A.S.fiis, ready, quick.] A tumult ; a bustle ; 
 annoying ado. 
 
 Fiiss, V. i. [imp. &,p. p. fussed (102) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 FUSSING.] To make a bustle or ado. 
 
 Fiiss'y, a. [compar. fussier ; superl. FUSSIEST.] Mak- 
 
 ing a fuss ; disposed to make an unnecessary ado abowt 
 
 trifles. 
 Fiist, n. [Cf. Foist and 0. Fr. fust, N. Ft. fut, c&sk, 
 
 taste or smell of the cask, fustiness.] A strong, musty 
 
 smell ; mustiness. 
 Fiis'tet, n. [Fr. fustet, L. Lat. fustetus, fron -fus- 
 
 tis, stick, staff, L. Lat. tree.] The wood of a .'^ ub of 
 
 Southern Europe, which yields a fine orange color. 
 Fus'tian (fQst'yan, 66, 97), n. [L. l&t.fustianum, fus- 
 
 taneum,fustanum : — so called from Fostat, or Fossat, 
 
 i. e., Cairo, where it was made.] 1, A kind of coarse 
 
 twilled cotton stuff, including corduroy, velveteen, &c. 
 
 2. An inflated style of writing ; a swelling style ; bom- 
 bast. 
 Fus'tiaii(f«st/yan),a. 1. Made of fustian. 2. Swelling,- 
 
 too pompous ; turgid ; inflated ; bombastic. 
 Fiis'ti-e, n. [Fr. fustoc, Sp. fustoc, fustoqtie, fustete. 
 
 See FUSTET.] The wood of a tree growing in the West 
 
 Indies, used in dyeing yeUow. 
 Fust'i-ness, n. A fusty state or quality ; moldinese. 
 Fust'y, a- [compar. FUSTIER : superl. FUSTIEST.] [See 
 
 Fust.] Moldy ; musty ; rank ; rancid. 
 Fu'tile, a. [Lat. futilis, that easily pours out or lets 
 
 loose, worthless, from findere, root fud, to pour out.} 
 
 Of no weight or importance ; answering no valuable pur- 
 pose ; failing of the designed effect. 
 Syn. — Useless ; vain ; worthless ; trifling. 
 Fu-til'i-ty, n. Want of importance or effect ; trifling- 
 
 ness ; uselessness. 
 Fut'tock, n. [Corrupted either from 
 
 foot-lock or from, foot-hook.] (Naut.) 
 
 One of the middle timbers between 
 
 the floor and the upper timbers, or 
 
 of the timbers raised over the keel, 
 
 which form the breadth of the ship. 
 Futtock-plates (Naut.) plates of iron to 
 
 which the dead-eyes are secured. — i^ui- 
 
 tock- shrouds, small ehrouds over the 
 
 lower ones. 
 Fiit'ure (fut'yijr, 53), a. [Lat. fu- 
 
 turus, prop. fut. p. of esse, to be.] 
 
 About to be ; liable to be or come 
 
 hereafter. 
 Fut'iire (Mt'yjjr), n. Time to come ; 
 
 time subsequent to the present. 
 Fu-tu'ri-ty , n. 1. The state of being 
 
 yet to come. 2. Future time ; time to 
 
 come ; the future. 3. A future event. 
 Fuze, n. See Fuse. 
 Fuzz, V. i. [See infra.] To fly off in minute particles. 
 Fuzz, n. [Cf. Ger. fase, fasen, filament, fiber, L. Ger. 
 
 fussig, loose, light, fibrous.] Fine, light particles ; loose, 
 
 volatile matter. 
 Fy, interj. [0. Fr. fy, N. Fr. fi, H. Ger. pfui, Gr. «^ev. 
 
 Cf. Fie.] a word which expresses blame, dislike, disap- 
 probation, abhorrence, or contempt. 
 Fyke, n. [D. fuik, a bow-net.] A long bag-net dis- 
 tended by hoops, into which fish can pass easily, without 
 
 being able to return. 
 
 Futtock. 
 aa, dead-eyes; 66, 
 futtock plates ; c, 
 futtock shrouds. 
 
 G. 
 
 GCJe), the seventh letter, and the fifth consonant, of the 
 English alphabet, has two sounds : one simple (called 
 the hard sound) as in gave, go, gull ; the other compound, 
 like that of j (called the soft sound), being nearly equiva- 
 lent to dzh , an in gem, gin, gyve , dingy. See Prin- n 
 ciples of Pronunciation, §§ 72-75. (Mus.) G is -4/-. 
 the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model pPT 
 scale; — called also soZ It was also originally tised ^4^ 
 as the treble clef, and ijas gradually changed into •^ 
 the character represented in the margin. G S (G ^ ^^®^' 
 sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A. 
 
 6&b, n. [Dan. gab, orifice, mouth, Sw. gap, Ir. cab and 
 gob, mouth. See Gape.] The mouth ; hence, idle prate ; 
 loquacity. 
 
 €^b, V. i. [A.-S. gabban, to scoff, jeer, Icel. gabba, to 
 delude. See supra, and cf. Gabble.] 1. To talk idly ; 
 to prate. 2. To impose upon one ; to lie. 
 
 Gftb^ar-dine' (gib'ar-d-jen'), n. [Sp. gabardina. It. 
 gavardina, 0. Fr. galleverdine, galvardine ; Sp. & 0. Fr. 
 galan, It. gabban^, a great-coat, with a hood and close 
 
 sleeves.] A kiad of coarse frock or loose upper gar- 
 ment. 
 
 GabHble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gabbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GABBLING.] [Dun. of gab, q. v. Cf. 0, D. gabberen, 
 to trifle, jest, 0. Fr. gaber. It. gabbare, to deride, de- 
 ceive.] 1. To talk noisily, rapidly, and idly, or without 
 meaning ; to prate ; to jabber ; to babble, to chatter. 2* 
 To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity ; to jackle. 
 
 G&bHble, n. 1. Loud or rapid talk without meaning. 2. 
 Inarticulate sounds rapidly ut- 
 tered, as of fowls. 
 
 Gabnbler, n. One who gabbles or 
 jabbers ; one who talks loudly, 
 rapidly, and vnthout meaning ; a 
 prater. 
 
 GaHbi-on, n. [From Lat. cavea. 
 See Cage.] (Fort.) A hoUow 
 wicker cylinder filled with earth, 
 and used in constructing parapets 
 and temporary defenses. 
 
 Gabion. 
 
 %,e,&c.,lone; ik,6,St9.,thort; c&re,far, ask, all, what; ere,veil,tgrm; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, fr9l^ 
 
GABLE 
 
 307 
 
 GALLANT 
 
 Gable Roof. Gable. 
 
 1. The point of a spear, or an ar- 
 
 %xanble, n. [Norm. l?r. g^aWe, gable, L. Lat. gabulum; 
 Lat. gabulus, a kind of gallows, 0. H. 
 Ger. gabala, Icel. gajl, fork,0. H. Ger. 
 gihil, gable, housetop.] (Arch.) The 
 Tertic«' triangular end of a house or 
 other j>, ".ingjfrom 
 the ca^v^to the top. 
 
 Oable roof, the slop- 
 ing roof which forms 
 a gable. — Oable tain- 
 clow, a window iu a 
 fable, or pointed at 
 )p like a gable. 
 
 oad.n. [A.-s.gad:_ 
 
 row-head. 3. A wedge-shaped instrument of metal 
 3. A goad. 4. A wedge or ingot of iron or steel. 
 
 G^d, V. i. [imp. & p.p. gadded ; p. pr. & vb. n. GAD- 
 DING.] [Cf. Ir. gad^ Gael, goid^ to steal, orig. to rove, 
 W. gadaw, to quit.] To rove or ramble idly. 
 
 Ga,d'-a-bout', n. One who roves idly ; a gadder. 
 
 GSid'der, n. A rambler; one who roves about idly. 
 
 GSd'fly, n. [Eng. & A.-S. gad, goad, sting, anxdjly, q. 
 v.] (Entom.) An insect which stings cattle, and deposits 
 its eggs in their skin. 
 
 GSd'vrall, n. [Written also gaddioell, from gad, to walk 
 about,"and well.] ( Ornitli.) A bird found in the northern 
 parts of Europe and America, in marshes and along the 
 shores ; the duck. 
 
 Gael, n. sing. &, pi. 1. A Scotch Highlander of Celtic 
 origin. 3. An Irish Celt. 
 
 Gae'li-e (ga'lik), a. [Gael. Gdidhealach, Gaelach, from 
 Gdidheal, Gael, a Scotch Highlander.] Belonging to the 
 Gael, tribes of Celtic origin inhabiting the Highlands of 
 Scotland. [Scotland. 
 
 Gae'li« (ga'hk), n. The language of the Highlanders of 
 
 G&ff, «. [Fr. gaffe, Sp. & Pg. gafa; Ir. & Gael, gaf, 
 gafa.] 1. A light spear or barbed iron used by fisher- 
 men. 2. (Naut.) A sort of boom or yard, extending 
 the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail. 
 
 G3,f'fer, n. [Contracted from godfather, A.-S. gef'dder.] 
 An old fellow ; an aged rustic. 
 
 ri^ Gaffer was originally a word of respect, now a term of 
 familiarity or contempt, when addressed to an aged man. 
 
 Gaf fie, n. [D., Sw., & Dan. gaffel, Icel. gdffall, fork, H. 
 Ger. gabel,W.gafl, fork, angle, Ir. & Gael, gabfial, fork.] 
 An artificial spur put on cocks when they are set to fight. 
 
 G3,g, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. GAG- 
 GING.] [L. Lat. gaggare ; A.-S. caggian, to lock, shut, 
 c'dg, key, W. cegian, to choke or strangle, ceg, mouth, 
 opening.] 1. To stop the mouth of, by thrusting in 
 something, so as to hinder speaking ; hence, to silence. 
 3. To cause to heave with nausea. 
 
 G&g, v.i. To heave with nausea. [hinder speaking. 
 
 G^s, n. Something thrust into the mouth or throat to 
 
 Gage, n. [Fr., Sp., & Pg. gage. It. gaggio, L. Lat. gad- 
 ium, vadium, wadium, from Goth, vadi, pledge, earnest, 
 from vidun, to bind, A.-S. wedd, pledge, promise.] 1. 
 A pledge or pawn ; security, '.i. A challenge to com- 
 bat ; that is, a glove, a gauntlet, or the Uke, cast on the 
 ground by the challenger, and taken up by the accepter 
 of the challenge. 
 
 Gage, n. A measure or standard. See GAUGE. 
 
 Gage,'0. t. [imp. fep./?. gaged ;p.pr. & vb. n. gaging.] 
 To bind by pledge, caution, or secxirity ; to engage. 
 
 G^g'ger, n. One who gags. 
 
 Gai'e-ty, n. The same as Gayety. See Gayety. 
 
 Gai'ly, adv. See Gayly. 
 
 Gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gained ; p. pr. & vb. n. GAIN- 
 ING.] [L. Lat. gainare, to plow, till, from 0. H. Ger. 
 weidanon, weidanjan, to feed, hunt, weida, pasture.] 1. 
 To get, as a profit or advantage ; to acquire ; to win. 
 2. To be successful in. 3. To win to one's side ; to con- 
 ciliate. 4. To reach ; to attain to ; to arrive at. 
 
 To gain the wind {Naut.), to reach the windward side of an- 
 other ship. 
 
 Syn. — To obtain ; acquire ; get ; procure ; win ; achieve ; 
 earn.— Gain implies only that we get something by exertion; 
 win, that we do it in competition with others. A person gaitis 
 knowledge, or gains aprize, simply by striving for it; he toins 
 a victory, or vnns a prize, by taking it from others in a struggle 
 between them. 
 Gain, v. i. To have advantage or profit ; to grow rich ; 
 to advance in interest or happiness. 
 
 To gain on or upon, to encroach on ;• to win ground upon, in 
 a race; hence, to get the better of. 
 
 Gain, n. 1, That which is gained ; profit ; advantage ; 
 
 benefit ; winning. 3. Acquisition ; accumulation. 
 Gain, n. [W. gan, a mortise.] {Arch.) A beveled shoul- 
 
 der of a binding joist, for the purpose of giving addi- 
 tional resistance to the tenon below. 
 
 Gain'er, n. One who gains or obtains profit. 
 
 Gain'fi^l, a. 1. Producing profit or advantage; profita- 
 ble ; advantageous, ii. Productive of wealth ; lucrativt. 
 
 Gain'f ul-ly, adv. In a gainful manner ; profitably. 
 
 Gain'ful-ness, n. The quality of being gainful. 
 
 Gain'less, a. Not producing gain ; unprofitable. 
 
 Gain-say', or Gain'.say, v. t. {imp. & p. p. GAINSAID; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. GAINSAYING.] [A.-S. gedn, against, and 
 say.] To contradict ; to oppose in words ; to controvert ; 
 to dispute. 
 
 Gain-say'er, or Gain'say-er, n. One who gainsays, 
 contradicts, or denies ; an opposer. 
 
 Gair'ish, a. [Cf. A.-S. gearn, ready, prepared, gare, and 
 Scot, gair, gare, stripe, streak, gaired, gairy, striped, and 
 
 0. Eng. gare, gaure, to stare.] [Written also garish.] 
 
 1. Gaudy ; showy ; fine ; affectedly fine. 2. Extrava- 
 gantly gay ; flighty. 
 
 Gait, «. [See Gate.] 1. Walk; march; way. 3. Ma»- 
 ner of walking or stepping. 
 
 Gai'ter, n. [Cf. Fr. guctre, Armor, gweltren, geltren, pL 
 gweltron, geltron.] 1. A covering of cloth for the an- 
 kle, fitting down upon the shoe. 3. A kind of shoe, 
 consisting chiefly of cloth, and covering the ankle. 
 
 Ga'la, n. [Fr. gala, show, pomp; It. gala, finery ; 0. 
 Fr. gale, magnificence, banquet, from 0. H. Ger. geil, 
 glad, wanton; A.-S. gal, wanton; merry; 0. H. Ger. 
 geili, pride, boasting, wantonness.] Pomp, show, or fes- 
 tivity. [Rare.] 
 
 Gala day, a day of mirth and festivity; a holiday. 
 
 Gara-e-tSmi'e-ter, n. [Gr. ya\a, yaKoKTos, milk, and 
 fierpov, measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the 
 quaUty of milk, by indicating its specific gravity ; a 
 lactometer. 
 
 GS,l'ax-y, n. [Gr. yaka^Ca^ (sc. kv>cA.oj), from yoAa, yd- 
 AaKTOs, milk.] 1. (Astron.) The Milky Way. 3. An as- 
 semblage of splendid persons or things. 
 
 Gale, n. [It. gal, gale, blast of wind; Icel. gi6la,gola, 
 cool wind ; allied to Lat. gelu, cold ; Skr. djala, cold ; 
 Prov. Eng. gale, to ache with c(dd ; A.-S. gdlan, to con- 
 geal, as with fear.] 1. A wind between a stiff breeze and 
 a storm or tempest. 3. A moderate current of air ; a 
 breeze. 3. A state of excitement, of hilarity, or pas- 
 sion. 
 
 Gale, V. i. (Naut.) To sail, or sail fast. 
 
 Gai'e-as, n. [See Galley.] A form of galley used by 
 the Venetians and Spaniards, propelled by sails and oars. 
 
 Ga'le-ate, ) a. [Lat. galeatus, p. p. of galeare, to cover 
 
 Ga'le-a'ted, I with a helmet, galea, helmet.] 1. Cov- 
 ered, as with a helmet. 3. (Bot.) Having a flower like 
 a helmet. 
 
 Ga-le'na, «. [Lat.. lead-ore, lead.] Sulphuret of lead ; 
 the principal ore 'from which the metal lead is ex- 
 tracted. 
 
 Gari-ma'tias (-ma'sha), n. [Fr. galimatias, — so 
 
 ' called because a French lawyer, who pleaded, in Latin 
 before a court, the cause of a certain Matthias, from 
 whom a cock had been stolen, oft«n changed the words 
 gallus Matthias, the cock of Matthew, into g-aZH Matthias, 
 the Matthew of the cock.] Nonsense ; gibberish ; con- 
 fused and unmeaning talk. 
 
 Gai'i-ot, n. [0. Fr. galiot, N. Fr. galiote, Sp. galeota, It. 
 galeotta. See Galley.] (Naut.) (a.) A small galley or 
 sort of brigantine, built for chase, (b.) A Dutch vessel, 
 carrying a main-mast and a mizzen-mast, and a large 
 gaff-main-sail. 
 
 Gai'i-pot, n. [Fr. galipot, Sp. galipodio, 0. Fr. garipot, 
 the wild pine or pitch tree. Cf. GALLIPOT.] A white 
 resinous juice, which flows fix)m pine or fir trees. 
 
 Gall, n. [A.-S. gealla, Icel. gall, allied to Gr. xo^V, I**- 
 f el, for hel.] 1. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkahne, viscid 
 liquid found in the gaU-bladder, beneath the liver. 3. 
 Any thing bitter ; bitterness ; spite ; maUgnity. 
 
 Gall, n. [Lat. galla.] A vegetable excrescence produced 
 by an insect in the bark or leaves of a plant, as the oak- 
 apple, &c. 
 
 Gall, V. t. limp. & p. p. galled ; p.pr. & vb. n. GALL- 
 ING.] [Fr. galer, to scratch, gale, scurf, scab ; Ger. galU, 
 a disease in horses' feet, an excrescence under the tongue 
 of horses. See Gall, supra.] 1. To fret and wear 
 away by friction ; to excoriate ; to chafe. 3. To tea.«!e; 
 to vex ; to chagrin. 3. To injure ; to harass ; to annoy. 
 
 Gall, n. A wound in the skin by rubbing. 
 
 Gai'lant, a. [Fr. galant, It. galante, Sp. galante, galan, 
 gaJano, from Fr., It., & Sp. gala. See Gala.] 1. 
 Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay. 3. Noble in befti^ 
 
 food, f<fbt ; Am, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, eebo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tW*" 
 
 , 
 
GALLANT 
 
 308 
 
 GAMBOL 
 
 ing or spirit ; high-spirited ; heroic. 3. (Pr»n. gal-l&nt' .) 
 Polite aud attentive to ladies. 
 
 Syn. - Coui-a^tH)us: bravo. — Cotirageous is generic, denot- 
 ing an inwani spirit whicli rises aluive fear ; brave is more 
 outward, niarktutr a spirit which braves or defies danger ; 'jal- 
 loHt rises still hij;hi'r. douotinjj bravery on extraordinary oeca- 
 •ions in a spirit of adventure. A cout-ageous man is ready for 
 battle: a bitut man courts it; a yiMant man dashes into the 
 midst of tli« conflict. 
 
 6al-lliut' (llt>), n. 1. A gay, courtly, or fiishionable 
 man ; ou« fond of paying attention to ladies. i2. One 
 who wooes ; a lover : a suitor. 
 
 Gal-lftiit'. r. t. [imp. & p. p. gallanted ; p.pr. & 
 t^. ti. GALL.\NTING.] To attend or wait on, as a lady. 
 
 GJil'lant-ly, odv. In a gallant manner, spirit, or bear- 
 ing : tniyly; nobly; bravely. 
 
 Gal-lftiit'iy, adv. In a polite or coiirtly manner ; hke a 
 gallant or wooer. [nobleness; bravery. 
 
 Grki'laiit-uess, n. The state of being gallant; gayety ; 
 
 GSl'laiit-ry, »■ [Fr. gala7iterie, It. & S-p. galaiiteria. 
 See 0.4XL.\XT.] 1. Bravery ; courageousness ; intrepid- 
 ity, 'i. Civility or polite attention to ladies ; in a bad 
 sense, intrigue. 
 
 G^ll'-blJid'der, n. (Anat.) A small, membranous sac, 
 shaped like a pear, seated on the under side of the liver, 
 and containing gall. 
 
 Gftl'le-on, n. [Sp. galeon, It. galeone, Fr. gallon, L. Lat. 
 galea , galio . See GAL LE Y . ] ( JVaut. ) A large ship , with 
 three or four decks, formerly used by the Spaniards as a 
 man-of-war, and also in commerce. 
 
 GSller-y , n. [Fr. galerie, Sp. galeria, It. galleria, L. Lat. 
 galeria,gulleria, a gallerj^, orig. a banqueting hall, 0. 
 Fr. galerie, a rejoicing, festival, from gale, magnificence, 
 feast. See Gala.] 1. A long and narrow corridor, or 
 connecting passage-way. ti. A room for the exhibition 
 of works of art; hence, also, a collection of paintings, 
 sculptures, &c. 3. A long and narrow platform attached 
 to one or more sides of the interior of a building, and sup- 
 ported by brackets or columns. 4. {Naiit. ) A frame like 
 a balcony, projecting from the stem or quarter of a ship. 
 
 Gai'Iey, n. ; pi. GAL'LEYg. [0. Fr. galie, galee, It. & 
 0. Sp. galea, L. Lat. galea, galeida, M. H. Ger. gale, ga- 
 lie, galeide. Cf. Lat. galea, helmet, dim. galeola, a hollow 
 vessel, shaped like a helmet, and Ar. kliallyah, beehive, a 
 large ship.] 1. [Naitt.) (a.) A low, flat-built vessel, with 
 one deck, and navigated with sails and oars. (6.) A light 
 open boat, used on the Thames by custom-house ofi&cers, 
 press-gangs, and for pleasure, (c.) The cook-room of a 
 ship of war. 2. ( Cliem.) An oblong reverberatory fur- 
 nace, ^vith a row of retorts whose necks protrude through 
 lateral openings. 3. {Print.) A thin, flat strip of wood 
 or metal with a raised edge, used for holding type that 
 has been set up. 
 
 CrM'ley- slave, n. A person condemned for a crime to 
 work atjthe oar on board of a gallej'. 
 
 Gall'-fly, n. (Entom.) An insect that punctures plants 
 and occasions galls. [rived from galls. 
 
 Cr&llic, a. ( Cliem.) Belonging to galls or oak-apples : de- 
 
 Cr&lli-e, a. Pertaining to Gaul or France ; Galilean. '•< 
 
 C»ai1i€-an, a. Pertaining to Gaul or France ; Gallic. 
 
 G^lli-^igm, n. A mode of speech peculiar to the French, 
 nation. 
 
 Garii-^-ize, V. t. [imp. & p. p, gallicized •, p. pr. & 
 vb. n. GALLICIZING.] To render conformable to the 
 French idiom or language. 
 
 Cr&l'li-g^.s1<.in§, n. jA. [Either for Gallogascoins, be- 
 cause these trowsers were first worn by the Gallic Gas- 
 eons, or corrupted from Lat. caligas Vasconum, Gascon 
 ho.se.] 1. Large, open hose or trowsers. 2. Leather 
 guarrifl worn on the legs bj' sportsmen. 
 
 Cril'li-mau'fry, n. [Fr. galimafrde, a sort of ragout or 
 mixed hash of different meats. Cif. Galimatias and Pr. 
 NaXfre, Manfred.] 1. A hash of various kinds of meats ; 
 a ragout. 2. Any inconsistent or ridiculous medley. 3i 
 A woman. [Ohs. and rare.] 
 
 GUrii-na'cean, n. ( Ornith.) A bird of the femily which 
 includes the common hen. 
 
 Gftl'li-na'ceous, a. [*^t. gnlUnaceii.% , from gallina, hen, 
 gfdhis. cock.) ( Ornith. % B<-lr)nging to an order of birds 
 including the common domestic fowls. 
 
 G&lli-nip'per, n. [Prob. from gall, Lat. galla, gall- 
 nut, and nip, q. v.] A large niu.squito. 
 
 Gani-nulf , n. [Lat. gaUinula, dim. of gallina, hen.] 
 (Ornith.) An aquatic bird which inhabits rivers, ponds, 
 sedgy spots, and marshy pla<es. 
 
 GrSlTl-pSt, n. [Prop, a fine painted pot, from Fr., It., & 
 Sp. gala, show, pomp, fi-jery. See GALA, and cf. GALI- 
 POT.] A small, glazed earthen pot, used by apotheca- 
 ries for containing medicines. 
 
 Gall'>niit, n. An excrescence on a species of oak, used 
 in djeing, making ink, &c. See Gall. 
 
 Gal'loii, n. [0. l^v. galon,jalon, li.l&t. galo, galona.\ 
 A measure of capacity for dry or liquid things, but usu- 
 ally for liquids, and containing four quarts. 
 
 Gal-loon', n. [Fr. & Sp. galon, It. galone, from gala, 
 pomp, show, finery. See Gala.] 1. A ribbon-like tis- 
 sue thickly woven, used for binding garments, &c. 2. 
 A tape-like tissue of cotton, silk, &c., used for binding 
 hats, shoes, and for other purposes. 
 
 Gariop, V. i. [in^p. & p. p. galloped (gSPlupt) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. GALLOPING.] [From Goth, ga-hlavpan. 
 0. H. Ger. gahlaufan, A.-S. gehledpan, N. H. Ger. laufen, 
 D. loopen. See LEAP.] 1. To move or run with leaps 
 or bounds, as a horse. 2. To move very rapidly. 
 
 Gai'lop, n. A mode of running by a quadruped, partic- 
 ularly a horse, by hfting alternately the fore feet and the 
 hind feet together, in successive leaps or bounds. 
 
 Gai'lop-er, n. One who, or that which gallops. 
 
 Gai'lo-"way, n. A horse, or a species of horses, of a 
 small size, first bred in Galloway, in Scotland, charact»r- 
 ized by great spirit, endurance, and easiness of gait. 
 
 Gai'lOAVS (gal'lus), n. sing. ; pi. 
 GAL/LOWS-E2. [A.-S. galga, geal- 
 ga, Goth, galga, Icel. galgi.] 1. 
 An instrument of punishment con- 
 sisting of two posts and a cross- 
 beam on the top, to which a crimi- 
 nal is suspended by a rope fastened 
 round his neck ; also, a like instru- 
 ment for suspending any thing. 
 2. pi. A pair of suspenders or 
 braces. [Colloq.] 
 
 Gal'lows-bitts (gSl/lus-), n. pi. Gallows 
 
 (Naut.) A strong frame in the cen- 
 ter of a ships deck for supporting spare spars while in 
 
 Gal'ly, n. See Galley. [port. 
 
 Gariy-gas'ltiiig, n.pl. See Galligaskins. 
 
 Ga-loflie' (ga-loshO, n. [Fr., from Lat. galliba (sc. solea, 
 or crepida), a Gallic shoe.] 1. An overshoe. 2, A gaitei- 
 to cover the leg and upper part of the foot. 
 
 Gal-van'i-e, a. Pertaining to galvanism ; containing or 
 exhibiting galvanism. 
 
 Galvanic hattei-y, an apparatus for generating galvanism. — 
 Galvanic pile, an apparatus used to produce a curreait of dy- 
 namical electricity. It consists of npile of alternate silver (or 
 copper) and zinc disks, laid up with disks of paper or cloth be- 
 tween them, moistened with brine or acid water. 
 
 GS,l'va-ni§in, n. [From Galvani, of Bologna, the dis- 
 coverer.] ~ 1. Electricity developed by chemical action 
 between different substances without the aid of friction. 
 2. That branch of physical science which treats of gal- 
 vanic electricity. 
 
 Gai'va-nist, n. One versed in galvanism. 
 
 Gai'va-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. galvanized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. galvanizing.] 1. To affect with galvanism. 
 
 2. To plate or coat \sith metal, by means of galvanism. 
 
 3. To restore to consciousness by galvanic action. 
 
 Galvanized iron, iron coated with zinc by galvanic deposi- 
 tion ; more commonly by a peculiar process, m which the coat- 
 ing is not produced by galvanism. 
 
 Gai'va-noni'e-ter, n. [From galvanism and Gr. /xe'- 
 Tpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the force 
 of minute quantities of galvanic electricity. 
 
 Gal-va,n'o-s-€ope, n. [From galvanism and Gr. o-kottos, 
 viewing, from a-KeirTea-dai, to view.] An apparatus for 
 detecting the presence of minute quantities of galvanic 
 electricity. 
 
 Gam-toa'do, n. : pi. GAM-BA'DOEg. [It. & Sp. gamba, 
 leg, of Celtic origin.] A case of leather, formerly used to 
 defend the leg from mud, and in riding on horseback. 
 
 Gam'bit, n. [Fr. gambit, gavibh, from 0. Fr. gambier, 
 gamboier, to march, walk, g-n-wieer, jambeer, to trip, from 
 gambet, jambet, a tripping, from gambe, for jambe, leg.] 
 (Chess-playing.) A mode of opening the game. 
 
 G&mnble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gambled ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 71. GAMBLING.] [Diminutive of g^a»2e, q. V.] To play or 
 game for money or other stake. 
 
 GamTble, v. t. To lose or squander by gaming. 
 
 Gamnbler, n. One who gambles. 
 
 Gam-boge', or Gam-boge', n. A concrete vegetable 
 juice, or gum-resin, of a beautiful reddish -yellow color, 
 produced by several species of trees growing in Siam, 
 Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylin- 
 drical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, whence its 
 name. It is used chiefly as a pigment. 
 
 Gamnbol, V. i. \imp. & p. p. gamboled ; p.pr. k vb 
 
 5, e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short; c^re, far, ask, all, \Tliiat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firin ; son, 6r, do, ^volf 
 
GAJVIBOL 
 
 309 
 
 GARDEN 
 
 n. GAMBOLING.] [See infra.] To dance and skip about 
 in sport ; to frisk. 
 
 6S.mnbol, rt. [0. Eng. gambolde, gambald, from Fr. gmn- 
 pade, gambol, gambader, to gambol, frisk, from 0. Fr. 
 gambe, for jambe, leg.] A skipping or leaping about in 
 frolic ; a skip ; a hop. 
 
 GJimnbrel, n. [0. Fr. gambe, for jambe, leg.] 1. The 
 hind leg of a horse. 2. A stick crooked like a horse's 
 leg, used by butchers. 
 Gambrel roof, a hipped roof; a mansard or curb roof. [Amer.] 
 
 Gam-lbrobn', n. (Manuf.) A kind of twilled linen cloth 
 for lining. 
 
 Game, n. [A.-S. gamen, gom.en, play, joke, Icel. gaman, 
 joke, 0. H. Ger. gaman, joy, jest, alhed to Skr. kam., to 
 love.] 1. Sport of any kind ; jest ; frolic, ii. A con- 
 trivance, arrangement, or institution designed to furnish 
 sport, recreation, or amusement. 3. Use or practice of 
 such a game ; a single match at play ; a single contest. 
 4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game. 5. 
 Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen. 6. Scheme 
 pursued ; plan ; project. 
 
 To make game of, to make sport of; to mock; to ridicule. 
 
 C^aiiie, a. 1. Ready to fight to the last, like a game- 
 cock; courageous; brave; resolute. 3. Pertaining to 
 euch animals as are hunted for game. 
 
 To die game, to maintain a bold, unyielding spirit to the last. 
 
 Game, v. i. [imp. 8c p. p. gamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GAMING.] 1. To plaj' at any sport or diversion. 3. To 
 play for a stake or prize. 3. To practice playing for 
 money or some other stake ; to gamble. 
 
 Qame'-eoclt, n. A cock bred or used to fight. 
 
 Game'keep-er, n. One who has the care of game, es- 
 pecially in a park or preserve. 
 
 Game'-16g, n. [W. cayn, ov gam, crooked, wry, wrong.] 
 A lame or crooked leg. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Game'some, a. Gay; sportive; frolicsome. 
 
 Game'ster, n. [Eng. game and the sulfix ster.} A per- 
 son who plays at games ; especially, one accustomed to 
 play for money or other stake ; a gambler. 
 
 G^m'mer, n. [Contracted from godmother, A.-S. gem.- 
 ider, Cf. GAFFER.] An old wife ; — correlative of g-o^er, 
 as applied to an old man. 
 
 G^m'mon, n. [0. Fr. gambon, N. Fr. jambon, from 
 gambe, jambe, leg ; Sp. jam,on, ham ; It. gambone, a big 
 leg.] 1. The thigh of a hog, pickled and smoked or 
 dried ; a smoked ham. 3. Backgammon. 3. An impo- 
 sition or hoax ; humbug. 
 
 G3,m'mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gammoned ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. gammoning.] 1. To make bacon of. 3. (Naut.) 
 To fasten, as a bowsprit to the stem of a ship. 
 
 G^rn'mon, v. t. 1. To beat in the game of backgammon, 
 by withdrawing all one's counters from the board, before 
 an antagonist has been able to withdraw any of his. JJ. 
 To impose on by improbable stories ; to humbug. 
 
 GS,in.'u.t, n. [Gr. ydfifia, the third letter of the Greek 
 alphabet, and ut, the name of a musical note.] ( JVIms.) 
 The scale ; — so called fi-om the first tone of the model 
 scale of Guido, which was represented by gamma. 
 
 Gam'y, a. 1. ( Cookery. ) Having the flavor of dead game 
 when kept uncooked until it verges on the state of being 
 tainted, which is considered its highest excellence, ti. 
 ( Sporting. ) Showing an unyielding spirit to the last. 
 
 Ga,ii'd.er, n. [A.-S. gandra, ganra, N. H. Ger. ganser, 
 from Ger. & D. gaiis, Icel. gas', A.-S. gds, Eng. goose, 
 q. v.] The male of the goose. 
 
 G^ug, n. [A.-S., Dan., D., & Ger. gang, Sw. gang, a 
 going pace, gait, way, gallery ; Ger. also a metallic vein ; 
 Goth, gaggs, gagg, way, street, from gaggan, to go, A.-S. 
 gangan.'] 1. A number going in company ; hence, a 
 company ; — ordinarily used in respect to persons in low 
 or servile positions. tJ. A combination of similar imple- 
 ments arranged so as, by acting together, to save time or 
 labor. 3. (Mmt/ig-.) A gangue. SeeGANGUE. 
 
 Gang'-board, n. (Naut.) (a.) A board or plank, with 
 cleats for steps, used for walking into or out of a boat. 
 (6.) A plank placed within or without the bulwarks of a 
 vessel's waist, for the sentinel to walk or stand on. 
 
 Giiig'-<;asl£, n. A small cask used for bringing water 
 aboard ships in boats. 
 
 Gan'gll-on, n. [Lat., Gr. ya.yy\iov, a sort of swelling, 
 a tumor under the skin.] 1. ( Compar. Anat.) (a.) A 
 collection of nerve cells from which nerve fibers are given 
 off in one or more directions. (5.) [Human Anat.) A 
 small mass of vesicular neurine in the course of a nerve, 
 distinct from the brain and spinal cord ; also, a lymphat- 
 ic gland. 2. (Surg.) A globular, hard, indolent tumor, 
 always situated somewhere on a tendon 
 
 LymjMiatic ganglion, a lymphatic gland. 
 
 Gilii'gli-6n'i-e, a. Pertaining to a ganglion. 
 
 Gan'grene, n. [Lat. gangriena, Gr. ■yayypatva, from 
 ypav, ypaiVeiv, to gnaw, eat.]. (Med.) The first stage of 
 mo'rtification of living flesh ; — so termed from its eating 
 away the flesh. 
 
 Gan'grene, v. t. To mortify. 
 
 Gan'grene. v.i. To become mortified or putrescent ; to 
 lose vitahty. [flesh. 
 
 GUn'sre-notis, a. Mortified; putrified ; — said of living 
 
 GSngue (giing) n. [Fr. gangue, equiv. to Ger. gang, a 
 metallic vein. See GANG.] (Mmin§-.) The mineral sub- 
 stance which incloses any metallic ore in the vein. 
 
 Gang'way, n. [See Gang.] 1. A passage or way, into 
 or out of any inclosed place. 3. {iVawi.) The waist. 
 
 To bring to the gangway, to punish, as a seaman, by tying 
 up and flogging at the gangway, the usual place of punishment. 
 
 GS,n'net, n. [A.-S. ganet, ga- 
 not, a sea-fowl, a fen-duck ; D. 
 gent, 0. H. Ger. ganazzo,gan- 
 zo, ga7is, Lat. ganta, goose; 
 0. H. Ger. horgans, coot. See 
 Gander.] ( Ornith.) The So- 
 lan goose, a sea-fowl aUied to 
 the pelican. 
 
 Gant'Iet, ) n. [ Gantlet, for 
 
 Gant'lope, j gauntlet, an , 
 iron glove, corrupted from 
 gantlope; gantlope, for gate- 
 lope, Ger. gassen-laufen, from Gannet. 
 L. Ger. gate, H. Ger. gasse, a 
 
 Uttle street, lane, and L. Ger. lopen, H. Ger. laufen, t« 
 run. See Gate.] A military punishment in which the 
 oSender is made to run between two files of men facing 
 
 , one another, who strike him as he passes. 
 
 Gaol (jal), n. A place of confinement. See JAIL. 
 
 Gaol'er (jaFer), n. See Jailer. 
 
 Gap, n. [Icel. gap, mouth, opening. See Gab and 
 Gape.] An opening in any thing made by breaking or 
 parting ; an opening for a passage or entrance ; an open- 
 ing which is irreparable. 
 
 Gape (in England conunonly pronounced g-ap), v. i. [imp. 
 & p. p. gaped (gapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. GAPING.] [A.-S. 
 geapan, to open, Icel. gap, to open, Dan. gabe, D. gapen. 
 Ger. gaff en.} 1. To open the mouth wide ; as, (a.) Ex- 
 pressing a desire for food, (b.) Indicating sleepiness, 
 indifference, duUness ; to yawn, (c.) Showing surprise, 
 astonishment, expectation, &c. (d.) Manifesting a desire 
 to injure, devour, or overcome. 3. To open as a gap. 
 Syn. — Togaze; stare; yawn. See Gaze. 
 
 Gape, n. 1. The act of gaping. 2. (Zo'dl.) The width 
 of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, &c. 
 
 The gapes, a disease of young poultry, attended with much 
 gaping. 
 
 Gar, n. [A.-S. gar, dart, spear, lance. The name is ap- 
 plied to the fish on account of its long and slender body 
 and pointed head.] (Ichth.) (a.) A fish of the pike fam'- 
 ily, having a long, pointed head, (b.) A fish having a 
 similar general form to the above, but with rhombic 
 scales, found in fresh waters, as those of America. 
 
 Garb, n. [Norm. Fr. garbs, clothes, dress, from 0. H. Grer. 
 g-aratoi, g"arw)i, ornament, di-ess.] 1. Clothing; espeeh- 
 ally, ofi&cial or appropriate dress. 2. Fashion, or mode 
 of dress ; hence, exterior appearance ; looks. 
 
 Gar'bage, n. [0. Eng. also garbash, properly that which 
 is purged or cleansed away, from 0. Fr. garber, to make 
 fine, neat, from 0. H. Ger. garaioan, A.-S. gearwian, to 
 make ready , prepare.] Refuse parts of flesh ; offal ; hence, 
 the refuse matter from a kitchen. 
 
 GarHble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garbled \ p. pr. &. vb. n. 
 GARBLING.] [0. Fr. grabeler, for garbeler, to examine, 
 to garble spices, &c. , from Lat. cribellum , dim . of cribrum , 
 sieve, allied to eernere, to ileparate, sift.] 1. To sift or 
 bolt. 2. To pick out such parts of as may serve a pur- 
 pose ; to mutilate ; to corrupt. 
 
 Gar 'bier, n. One who garbles, sifts, select. 
 
 GarHbleg (g'ar'blz), n. pi. The dust, soil, or filth, sep- 
 arated from good spices, drugs, &c. 
 
 Gar'board, n. (Naut.) The first plank fastened on the 
 keel on the outside. 
 
 Gar'den (gar'dn, 72), n. [0. H. Ger. garto, karto, whence 
 also Fr. & Sp. jardin, It. giardino, from A.-S. geard, 0- 
 Sax. gard, Goth, gards, Eng. yard, 0. H. Ger. gart, Icel- 
 gardr, Sw. gard, Dan. gaard, an inclosed place, W. gardd, 
 Gael, gart; allied to Lat. hortus, garden, Gr. xopTOS, an 
 inclosed place, Russ. gorod, a town or city. See GIRD, 
 v.] 1. A piece of ground for the cultivation of firaits, 
 
 food, fdbt; uru, rude, pull ; peU, (liaise, «al\| eelio; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, linli ; tills- 
 
GARDEN 
 
 310 
 
 GAS-METER 
 
 flctwers, or ve^tables. 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot 
 or tnu't of fountry . 
 
 ©ar'den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. gardened ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. «AKDENI>G.] To lay out or to cultiyate a garden ; 
 to labor iu a gjinien. 
 
 Oar'd»'i»-er (gSr^du-er,), n. One who makes and tends 
 a garden: a horticulturist. i 
 
 Oar'den-ins, "• The art of laying out and cultiyating- 
 gardens : horticulture. 
 
 Gkr'§;et, n. 1. A disease in the udders of cows. ti. A 
 disesif* in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appe- 
 tite. 3. (Bot.) A plant known commonly as poke, or 
 poAf-weed, having emetic and cathartic qualities. 
 
 Gar'gle, f. t. [imp. & p. p. gargled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GARGLING.] [Ger. gJirgeL throat, gurgeln, to gargle. 
 See Gurgle.] To wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat. 
 
 Gar'gle, n. A liquid preparation for washing the mouth 
 and throat. 
 
 Gar'goyle,". [FT.gargouille, 
 from gargouilkr. See GAR- 
 GLE.] (Arch.) A projecting 
 water-spout in ancient build- 
 ings, carved grotesquely. 
 
 Gftr'isli, a. [See Gairish.] 
 
 CrarQaud, n. [0. Sp. guar- 
 
 landa, It. ghirlanda, Sp. giiir- Gargoyle. 
 
 nalda, firom 0. H. Ger. wiara, wiera, crown, M. H. Ger. 
 tpteren, to twist, dim. of hypoth. wierelen, with the sufiix 
 anda.] 1. A wreath or chaplet made of branches, flow- 
 ers, feathers, &c. ; a coronal. 2. The top ; the principal 
 thing, or thing most prized. 3. A collection of little 
 printed pieces ; an anthology. 4. (Naut.) (a.) A sort of 
 bag, used by sailors to keep provisions in. (6.) A ring of 
 rope lashed on a mast. 
 
 Gar'land, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garlanded ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. GARLANDING.] To crown or deck with a garland. 
 
 Gar1i€, n. [A.-S. garledc, from gar, spear, lance, and 
 leak, leek, from the leaves rising like lances or spears.] 
 (Boi.) A plant, having a bulbous root, a very strong 
 smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. 
 
 Ctar'meiit, n. [0. Eng. & Norm. Fr. garnement, from 
 g-ani(>, to garnish. See GARNISH.] Any article of cloth- 
 ing, as a coat, a gown, &c. 
 
 Gar'ner, 7Z. [Lsit. gr mi arium, from. gra7ium. See GRAIN.] 
 A granary ; a building or place where grain is stored. 
 
 Gar'ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garnered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 «. GARNERING.] To Store in a granary. 
 
 Gir'net, m. [Fr. grenat, L. Lat. granatus (sc. lapis), from 
 Lat. granatum (sc. malum), pomegranate, fiova granatns, 
 having many grains or seeds, from granum, grain, seed, 
 80 called from its resemblance in color and shape to the 
 grains or seeds of the pomegranate.] 1. [Miii.) A min- 
 eral of a deep-red color. 3. (Naut.) A sort of tackle 
 fixed to the main-staj', and used to hoist in and out the 
 
 Gar'nisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garnished (gar'nisht) : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. GARNISHING.] [Fr. garnir, 0. Fr. guar- 
 nir. warnir, to warn, protect, from A.-S. warnian, to take 
 care, beware, to warn, 0. H. Ger. warndn, to fortify, ad- 
 monish.] 1. To adorn; to embellish. 2. To ornament, 
 as a dish with something laid about it ; to furnish, as a 
 fort with troops. [Colloq.] 3. {Law.) To warn ; to give 
 notice to. See Garnishee . 
 
 Gar'nisli, n. 1. Decoration ; ornament; also, garments, 
 especially such as are showy or decorated. 2. ( Cookery.) 
 Something set round a dish as an embellishment. 3. 
 {.Tails.) [a.) Fetters, {b.) An entrance-fee demanded by 
 the old prisoners of one just committed to jail. [ Cant.'] 
 
 Gar'nish-ee', n. ( Law. ) One in wnose hands the proper- 
 ty of another has been attached ; a trustee. 
 
 Crar'nish-ment, n. 1. Ornament : decoration. 2. 
 (Law.) (a.) Warning, or legal notice to one to appear 
 and give information to the court on any matter, (b.) 
 Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another 
 are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods, 
 but to appear in court and give information as carnishee. 
 3. A fee. y 
 
 Gar'ni-ture (;>3), n. [J^ee Garnish.] That which gar- 
 nishes ; embellishment. 
 
 Oar'ret, n. [0. Fr. garite, N. Fr. gucrite, Sp. garita, a 
 place of refuge ; dungeon of a fortress, whither the be- 
 leaguered soldiers make their last retreat, sentinel-box, 
 from 0. Fr. garir, to preserve, save, from Goth, varjan.] 
 That part of a house which is on the upper floor, im- 
 mediately under the roof; an attic. 
 
 GSr'ret-eer', n. An inhaVjitant of a garret ; a poor 
 author ; a literary hack. 
 
 Gar'ri-son (gSr'rl-sn), n. [0. Eng. gameson, garni soun, 
 
 Fr. garnison, garrison, frotagarnir, to garnish. See Gar 
 NISH.] {JVfi7.) (a.) A body of troops in a fort or fortified 
 town, to defend it against an enemy, or to keep the in- 
 habitants in subjection. (6.) A strong place, in which 
 troops are quartered for its security. 
 
 GJlr'ri-son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. garrisoned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. garrisoning.] (Mil.) (a.) To place troops in, 
 as in a fortress, for its defense, (b.) To secure or defend 
 by fortresses manned with troops. 
 
 Gar-rote', n. [Sp. garroie ; Fr. garret, a bending lever, 
 a stick for packing, from Sp. garra, claw, talon, Armor. 
 & AV. gar, leg, ham, shank.] A Spanish mode of execu- 
 tion by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a 
 post and tightened by a screw until life becomes extinct ; 
 also, the instrument by means of which the punishment 
 is inflicted. 
 
 Gar-rote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. garroted ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. garroting.] To strangle with the garrote ; 
 hence, to seize by the throat from behind, with a view to 
 strangle and rob. 
 
 Gar-rot'er, n. One who seizes a person by the throat 
 from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him. 
 
 Gar-rix'li-ty, n. [See in/ra.] Quality of being garru- 
 lous ;" talkativeness ; loquacity. 
 
 Gar'rif-lous, a. [Lat. garrulvs, from garrire, to chatter, 
 talk.]" Indulging in, or characterized by, long, prosy 
 talk, with repetition and excessive detail. 
 
 Syn.— Talkative ; loquacious.— A gart-ulovs person in- 
 dulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and length- 
 ened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and 
 loqiiacions a great flow of words at command. A child is talk- 
 ative ; a lively woman is loquacious ; an old man in his dotage 
 is ganiilous. 
 
 Gar'ter, «. [Fr.jarretiere, Sip.jarretera, fh)m 0. Fr. garret, 
 Sp. jarrete. It. garretto, bend of the knee, from Sp. garra, 
 claw. See Garrote.] 1. A string or band used to tie a 
 stocking to the leg. 2. The badge of the highest order of 
 knighthood in Great Britain, instituted by Edward III. ; 
 hence, also, the order itself. 
 
 Gar'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gartered :, p.pr. & vb. n. 
 GARTERING.] 1. To bind with a garter. 2. To invest 
 with the order of the Garter. 
 
 Garth, n. [A7. gardd, inclosure, garden. See Garden.] 
 1. A close ; a yard; a croft; a garden. 2. A dam or 
 wear for catching fish. 
 
 Ga.s (pron. gaz to some extent), n. [Fr. gaz; a word in- 
 vented by the chemist Tan Helmont, who died in 1644. 
 Cf. D. geest, A.-S. gast, Ger. geist, spirit, ghost; M. H. 
 Ger. gist, gest, N. H. Ger. gischt, gascht, yeast, froth. 
 g7ScAen, g-dscA«i, to foam, froth, ferment.] 1. An aeri- 
 form elastic fluid. 2. (Popular Usage.) A mixture of 
 carbureted hydrogen and olefiant gas or bi-carbureted 
 hydrogen, commonly used for illuminating purposes. 
 ! Gas'-toiiru'er, n. That part of a gas-fixture where the 
 i gas is burned as it escapes from one or more minute 
 j orifices. 
 
 I Gas'con-ade', n. [Fr., from Gascon, an inhabitant of 
 i Gascony, the people of which are noted for boasting.] A 
 I boast or boasting ; a vaunt ; a bravado. 
 
 Gas'eon-ade', v. i. [imp. & p.p. gasconaded ; p. pr. 
 ! kvb. n. gasconading.] To boast ; to brag; to vaunt; 
 
 to bluster. 
 I Ga§'e-ou.s, a. 1. In the form of gas, or an aeriform 
 fluid. 2. Lacking substance or solidity ; tenuous. 
 
 Gas'-fixt'iire, «. A bracket or chandelier for gas, in- 
 cluding a stop-cock and burner. 
 
 G^sli, V. t [imp. & p. p. gashed (gSsht) ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. GASHING.] [Prob. from Fr. hacher, to hew, chop, from 
 hache, hatchet, ax, from Ger. & D. hacke, hatchet, pick- 
 ax.] To make a gash, or long, deep incision in. particu- 
 larly in flesh. [ticularly in flesh. 
 
 G^sli, n. [From the verb.] A deep and long cut ; par- 
 Gas'- hold'er, n. A vessel for containing and preserving 
 gas ; a gasometer. [into gas. 
 
 Gas'i-fi-ea'tioii, n. The act or process of converting 
 
 Gas'i-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. gasified ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 GASIFYING.] [Eng. gas and Lat. facere, to make.] To 
 convert into gas, as by the application of heat, or by 
 chemical processes. 
 
 Gas'ket, n. [Fr. garcette, Sp. caxeta.] 1. (Naut.) A 
 flat, plaited cord used to furl the sail, or tie it to the yard 
 when furied. 2. (Mech.) (a.) The platted hemp used for 
 packing a piston, as of the steam-engine and its pumps. 
 (6. ) Any ring or washer of packing. 
 
 Gas'-m5in, n. One of the principal pipes for conveying 
 gas from the works. 
 
 Gas'-me'ter , n. An instrument for measuring the quan- 
 tity of gas consumed in a given tune, at a particular 
 pUice. 
 
 si,e,kc.,long; &, 6, See. , short; c^re, far, ask, all, what; dre, veil, term; pique,firm; s6n,dr,do,w^ol^ 
 
GASOMETER 
 
 311 
 
 GAZER 
 
 Oa$-dm'e-ter, n. [See Gas and Meter.] A gas-holder 
 or reservoir. 
 
 Gag-ftm'e-try, n. Art or practice of measuring gases. 
 
 Oasp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. gasped (gaspt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 7!. GASPING.] [Icel. geispa, Sw. gaspa, Dan. gispe, to 
 gape, yawn.] 1. To labor for breath ; to respu*e convul- 
 sively or violently. 3. To pant with eagerness. 
 
 Oasp, V. t. To emit with gaspings. [breath. 
 
 Gasp, n. A labored respiration ; a painful catching of the 
 
 Gas'sy, a. Full of gas ; hence, inflated ; exhilarated ; fuU 
 of ambitious or deceitful talk. [Colloq.] 
 
 Gas'ter-o-p6d, n. [Gr. yaoTTjp, stomach, and ttovs, 
 TToSos, foot.] (Zodl.) A molluscous animal, having a 
 fleshy ventral disk, which serves to take the place of 
 feet. 
 
 Gas'tric, a. [From Gr. yao-Tijp, yaorpos, belly, stomach.] 
 (Anat.) Belonging to the stomach. 
 
 Gas-tril'o-quist, n. [Fr. gastriloque, from Gr. yaoTrip, 
 belly, and Lat. loqui, to speak.] One who appears to 
 speak from his stomach ; a ventriloquist. 
 
 Gas-tril'o-quy, n. A voice or utterance which appears 
 to proceed from the stomach ; ventriloquy. 
 
 Gas-trl'tis, n. [Gr. -yatmjp, stomach.] (Med.) Inflam- 
 mation of the stomach. 
 
 Gas-trol'o-gy, «. [Gr. yaoTpoAo-yta ; yacrr^p, stomach, 
 and Aoyos, discourse.] A treatise on the stomach. 
 
 Gas-tron'o-mer, n. [Gr. yaonjp, belly, and vofAOS, law, 
 vefisLv, to distribute.] One who is fond of good living ; 
 an epicure ; a glutton. 
 
 Gas-tron'o-mist, n. One who is fond of good Uving ; a 
 
 gastronomer. 
 Gas-tron'o-my, n. [Gr. yaoTpovo/xia.] The art or sci- 
 ence of good eating ; epicurism. 
 Gate, n. [A.-S. geat^ gat, gate, door, Icel. gata, Goth. 
 gatvo, path, from Goth, gitan, A.-S. getan, gi.tan, Icel. 
 geta, Eng. get. Cf. Gait.] 1. A passage-way in the 
 wall of a city, a grand edifice, and the like ; also, the 
 frame of timber, &c., which closes the passage. 3. A 
 frame stopping the passage of water through a dam or 
 lock ; an avenue ; a means of entrance. 
 Gate'-v*^ay, n. A passage through a fence or wall ; a 
 gate ; also, a frame, arch, or the like, in which a gate is 
 hung. 
 Ga,tii'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gathered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GATHERING.] [A.-S. gaderian, gadrian, gadkerian, from 
 gador, at the same time, together.] 1. To bring to- 
 gether ; to collect ; to assemble ; to congregate. 2. To 
 harvest ; to cull ; to pick ; to pluck. 3. To amass in 
 large quantity or numbers. 4. To make compact ; to 
 consolidate ; also, to draw together, as a piece of cloth, 
 by a thread; to pucker ; to plait. 5. To derive, as an 
 inference ; to infer ; to conclude. 
 Gatii'er, v. i. 1. To come together ; to collect; to con- 
 gregate. 3. To increase. 3. To come to a head, as a 
 sore. 4. To draw an inference. 
 Gatii'er, n. A plait or fold in cloth, made by draMng 
 
 the thread through it. 
 GS,tii'er-er, n. One who gathers or collects. 
 Gatii'er -ing, n. That which is gathered or brought to- 
 gether ; as, (a.) A crowd; an assembly. (6.) A tumor, 
 suppurated or maturated ; an abscess. 
 Gaud, n. [Lat. gaudium, joy, gladness.] A piece of 
 
 worthless finery ; a trinket. 
 Gstxifl'i-ly , adv . In a gaudy manner ; ostentatiously. 
 Gaud'i-iiess, n. Quality of being gaudy ; showiness. 
 Gaud'y, a. [compar. gaudier ; superl. gaudiest.] 1, 
 
 Ostentatiously fine ; showy. U. Gay ; merry ; festal. 
 Gauffer, v. t. [Fr. gaufrer, to figure cloth, velvet, and 
 other stuSn, frova. gaufre, Eng. waffle, q. v.] To plait, 
 crimp, or flute ; to goffer, as lace. See Goffer. 
 Gauge (gaj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. gauged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. GAUGING.] [0. Fr. ganger, gaugier, prob. from a 
 hypoth. Lat. word qualificare, to determine the qualities 
 of a thing, 0. Fr. ganger, for galger.] 1. To measure or 
 to ascertain the contents of, as of a pipe, puncheon, hogs- 
 head, or the like. 3. To measure the capacity or abiUty 
 of; to estimate. 
 Gauge (gaj), n. 1. An instrument to determine dimen- 
 sions or capacity ; a standard of any kind. 3. Dimen- 
 sions ; estimate. 3. (Plujsics.) Any apparatus for meas- 
 vuing the state of a phenomenon, or for ascertaining its 
 numerical elements at any moment. 4. (Naut.) (a.) Po- 
 sition with reference to a vessel and to the wind, (b.) The 
 depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. 5. The dis- 
 tance between the rails of a railway. 
 OS" When the gauge is four feet, eight and one half inches, 
 
 it is called narrow gauge. Wide, or broad gauge, in the United 
 Jstateii, is six feet; in England, seven feet. 
 6. {Plastering.) (a.) The quantity of plaster of Paris 
 used with common plaster to hasten its setting, (b.) The 
 composition made of plaster of Paris and other materials 
 used in finishing pla.stered ceiUngs, &c. 
 Gau'ger, n. One who gauges ; an officer whose business 
 
 it is to ascertain the contents of casks. 
 Gault, n. { Geol.) A series of beds of clay and marl, the 
 geological position of which is between the upper and 
 lower green-sand. 
 Gaunt (gant), a. [Perhaps contracted from A.-S. gewaned, 
 p. p. of gewanian, to diminish, to wane, q. v. Cf. also 
 W. gioan, weak, poor.] Lean ; meager ; pinched and grim. 
 Gauiit'let, n. [Fr. gantelet, from gant glove, L. Lat. 
 wantus, D. want, Icel. vottr, for vantr.] 1. A large glove 
 with plates of metal on the back, worn as part of the de- 
 fensive armor in ancient times. 3. A long glove, cover- 
 ing the wrjst. 
 
 To take up the gauntlet, to accept a challenge. — To throw 
 down the gauntlet, to offer or send a challenge. 
 Gauze, n. [So caUed beca\ise it was first introduced from 
 Gaza, a city of Palestine.] A very thin, shght, transpa- 
 rent stdff, of sillc or Unen. [gauae. 
 Gauz'y, a. Pertaining to, or resembUng, gauze; thin as 
 Gave, imp. of give. See Give. 
 
 Gav'el,». [0. Fr. gavelle, N. Fr. javelle,javeau,6.im. flrom 
 Lat. capulus, handle, capere, to lay hold of, seize. Cf. W. 
 gafael, a hold, grasp.] 1. A small heap of wheat, rye, or 
 other grain, not tied up. 3. The mallet of a presiding 
 officer. 
 Gav'el-lcind, n. [W. gafael cenedl, the hold or tenure 
 of a family, from gafael, a hold, and cenedl, a kindred, 
 clan, family.] ( O. Eng Law.) A tenure by which land 
 descended from the father to all his sons in equal por- 
 tions, and the land of a brother, dying vsithout issue, de- 
 scended equally to his brothers. 
 Ga'vi-al,it. [The East Indian name.] ( Zo67. ) A species 
 
 of crocodile, found in India. 
 Gawli:,n. [A.-S. g-edc,g-ac, cuckoo, simpleton, Icel. g-aw^, 
 alhed to Lat. cmcwZms.] 1. A cuckoo. 3. A simpleton ; 
 a booby. 
 Gawk'y, a. [compar. gawkier; superl. GAWKIEST.] 
 ['See supra, and cf. AWK.] Foohsh and awkward ; clumsy 
 and clownish. 
 Ga-*vk'y, n. A fellow who is awkward from being over- 
 grown, or from sUly stupidity. 
 Gay, a. [compar. gayer; superl. gayest.] [From 
 H. Ger. ga/ii, headlong, swift, rapid, excellent.] 1. Ex- 
 cited with merriment or deUght. 3. Having many or 
 showy colors. 
 
 Syn. — Merry ; gleeful ; blithe ; airy ; lively ; sprightly ; 
 sportive; light-hearted; frolicsome; jolly; jovial; vivacious. 
 Gay'e-ty, n. 1. State of being gay ; merriment; acts or 
 entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry delight ; 
 ^ used often in the plural. 3. Finery ; show. 
 
 Syii. — Liveliness; mirth; animation; vivacity; glee; blithe- 
 someness; sprighthness ; jolUty. See Cheerfulness. 
 Gay'ly, adv. 1. With mirth and frolic; merrily. 3. 
 
 Splendidly ; showily. 
 Gay'ness, n. Gaj^ety ; finery. [Rare.] 
 Gaze, V. i. [imp. & p. p. GAZED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. GAZ- 
 ING.] [Cf. Gr. aya^eo-0at, to be astonished, and A.-S. g'd- 
 san, Goth, geisan, gaisjan, to smitQ, usgaisjan, to terrify, 
 us-geisnan, to be terrified.] To fix the eyes in a steady 
 and earnest look. 
 
 Syn. — To gape ; stare ; look. — To gaze is to look with fixed 
 and prolonged attention, awakened by excited interest or ele- 
 vated emotion ; to gape is to look fixedly, with open mouth and 
 feelings of ignorant wonder; to stare is to look with the fixed- 
 ness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover of nature gazes with 
 delight on the beauties of the landscape; the rustic gapes ynth 
 wonder at the strange sights of a large city; the idiot stares on 
 those around with a vacant look. 
 Gaze, n. 1. A fixed look ; a 
 look of eagerness, wonder, or 
 admiration. 3. The object 
 gazed on. 
 Gaze'liouud, n. A hound that 
 pursues by the sight rather 
 than by the scent. 
 Ga-zelle', n. [From Ar. g&zal, 
 a wild goat.] [Zool.) A small, 
 swift, elegantly formed species 
 of antelope, celebrated for the, 
 luster and soft expression of its 
 eyes. It is found in Northern 
 Africa. 
 Gaz'er, n. One who gazes, or looks steadfastly. 
 
 GazaUe. 
 
 food, foot; urn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, call, eciio •, gem, get; a§; e$ist; liijger, link ; tiiis. 
 
GAZETTE 
 
 312 
 
 GENERANT 
 
 G»-z€tte', fi. [From gazzelta, a Venetian coin, worth 
 about three ftirthings. The first ue\vspaix>r pubUshcd at 
 Veuioe was sold for thi:« sum, wheuee the mune.] A 
 newspsijier ; especially, au official newspaper or journal. 
 Ga-zetto', V. I. limj>. & p. p. gazetted ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. gazettiMt.] To announce or publish in a gazette ; 
 to announce officially. 
 Gftz'et-teer', »i. 1. A writ^rr of uews, or au officer ap- 
 pcunted t<.> publish news by authority, ti, A geograph- 
 ical dictionary. 3. Au alphabetical descriptive hst of 
 anv thing. 
 Gaz'lug-stdck, n. A jiei-son gazed at with scorn. 
 Ge»r, n. [A.-S. geara, geanva, provision, furniture, g-mro, 
 gtarn, gearatc, ready, yai-e, geanrian, gerivan, girian, 
 to prepare.] 1. Manufactured stuff or material ; goods. 
 tj. Clothing ; ornaments ; dress. 3. Horse- trappings. 4. 
 {Mach.) (a.) A toothed wheel, or toothed wheels collec- 
 tively ; (6.) The connection of toothed wheels with each 
 
 _ other; gearing. 
 dear, v. t. [iinp. & p. p. GEARED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 _ GEARING.] To dress ; to put on gear ; to harness. 
 <^ear'ing, n. 1. Harness. 2. {Mach.) The parts by 
 which motion communicated to one portion of an engine 
 or machine is transmitted to another, considered collec- 
 tively ; especially, a train of wheels for transmitting and 
 
 _ varying motion in machinery. 
 
 G^ck'o, n. ,• pi. GECK'OEg. [So called from the sound 
 which the animal utters.] (Zo'dl.) A nocturnal lizard, 
 having flattened toes, and sharp claws, by means of which 
 
 , it is enabled to run upon walls and ceilings. 
 Gee, V. i- [imp. & p. p. g'eed; p. pr. & vb. n. GEE- 
 ING.] [Prob. from A.-S. g-egwM, to go. Cf. , however, Fr. 
 dia, gee.] To turn to the off-side, or from the driver; 
 
 _said of cattle, or a team ; — used in the imperative. 
 Ge-lien'iia,»i. [L&t. Gehenna, Gv.Ve€vva,Ileb. G& Hin- 
 nom.] (Jewish Hist.) The valley of Hinnom, near Jeru- 
 salem, a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual 
 fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential efflu- 
 via ; hence the name is used in the New Testament for 
 
 .heU. 
 
 G61'a-ble (jeFa-bl), a. [From Lat. gelare, to congeal.] 
 Capable of being congealed ; capable of being converted 
 
 , into jelly. 
 
 Ge-iat'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gelatinated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. gelatinating.] To convert into gelatine, 
 
 . or into a substance resembling jelly. 
 
 Ge-lJlt'i-nate, v. i. To be converted into gelatine. 
 
 Ge-iat'i-na'tion, n. Act or process of converting, or 
 
 . being turned, into gelatine. 
 
 Gel'a-tine, n. [Fr. gelatine, Sp. & It. gelatina, fr. Lat. 
 gelare, to congeal.] ( Chem.) An animal substance whose 
 distinguishing character is that of dissolving in hot water, 
 
 , and forming a jelly on cooling. 
 
 Ge-iat'i-nize, v. t. or i. The same as Gelatinate. 
 
 Ge-ia,t'i-nou.s, a. Of the nature and consistence of gel- 
 
 _ atine ; resembling jelly ; viscous. 
 
 G^ld, V. t. [imp. & ;). p. GELDED, or GELT ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. GELDING.] [Icel. gelda, A.-S. gylte, castrated.] 
 1. To castrate; to emasculate. 3. To "deprive of any 
 thing essential. 3. To deprive of any thing exception- 
 
 _ able ; to expurgate. 
 
 Geld'mg, n. 1. Act of castrating. 3. A castrated ani- 
 
 , ijial, especially, a horse. [very cold. 
 
 G61'id, a. [Lat. gelidus, from gelu, frost, cold.] Cold ; 
 
 ^61'l^(jel/ly),n. See JELLY. 
 
 Ge-los'«o-py, n. [Gr. yeXav, to laugh, and o-*co7reii', to 
 
 . see.] (Antiq.) Divination by means of laughter; 
 
 G^m, n. [Lat. gemma.] 1. (Bot.) A bud. ti. A pre- 
 cious stone of any kind, especially when cut and polished 
 for ornament; a jewel. 
 
 G^tn, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GEMMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. gem- 
 ming.] 1. To adorn with gems or precious stones. 3. 
 ,To embellish, as -with gems. 
 
 GSrn'i-rtl, n. pi- [Lat., twins, pi. of geminus ] (Astron.) 
 (a.) A constellation of the zodiac, containing the two 
 bright stars Castor and Pollux, (b.) The third sign of 
 
 , the zodiac, which the suiy^ enters about the 25th of May. 
 
 Gfim'mate, a. [Lat. gemmatus, p. p. of gemmare, to 
 put forth buds, from gemma, bud.] Having buds ; re- 
 
 . producing by buds. 
 
 Gem-ma'tion, n. 1. {Nat. Hist.) Formation of a new 
 individual by the protrusion of any part of an animal or 
 plant, which may then become free or remain connected 
 with the parent stalk, ti. (Bot.) The arrangement of 
 budson thestalk. 3. Theperiodof the expansion of buds. 
 
 ddrn'ma-ovLH, a. [Lat. gemmeus. See Gem.] Portain- 
 , ing to, or resembling, gems ; of the nature of gems. 
 
 GCm.-mif'er-oils, a. [Lat. gemmifer, froa. gemma, bud, 
 
 and ferre, to produce.] Producing gems or buds ; mul- 
 
 . tiplying by buds. 
 
 Gem-iuip'a-rous, a. [Lat. gemma, bud, and parere, 
 
 . to produce.] Producing buds ; reproducing by buds. 
 
 Ggni'my, a. 1. FuU of gems ; bright ; glittering, 'i. 
 Sparkhng ' like a gem. 
 
 Geudaftne {zhong-dikim'), 71. ; pi. eEJVS-D''AJl.ME:g, or 
 GEjyDAltMES. [Fr., from the plural, gens d:'armes. 
 
 , men at arms.] An armed policeman. [France]. 
 
 Ggn'der, n. [Lat. genus, generis, birth, descent, race, 
 kind, gender, from genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to 
 be born.] 1. Sex, male or female. 2. {Gram.) A dif- 
 
 . ference in words to express distinction of sex. 
 
 Ggn'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gendered ; p. pr. & i)b. 
 
 . n. GENDERING.] To beget ; to engender. 
 
 Gen'e-a-lSg'ic-al, a. 1. Pertaining to genealogy, or 
 the descent of persons or famihes. ii. Exhibiting the 
 . descent of a person or family from an ancestor. 
 
 G6ii'e-ai'o-gist, n. One who traces the descent of per- 
 . sons or famihes. 
 
 Gen'e-al'o-^ize, v. i. To relate the histoiy of descents. 
 
 Gen'e-ai'o-gy, n. [Gr. yeveoAoyia ; yeved, birth, race, 
 descent, and Aoyos, discourse.] 1. An account or his- 
 tory of the descent of a person or family from an ances- 
 tor ; a pedigree, ii. Regular descent of a person or fam- 
 . ily from a progenitor ; Uneage. 
 
 Gen'er-a, n. ; pi. of genvs. See Genus. 
 
 Geii'er-a-ble, a. [L&t. gcnerabilis, generare, to beget.] 
 ^ Capable of being generated or produced. 
 
 Geii'er-al, a. [Lat. generalis. See Genus.] 1. Relat- 
 ing to a genus or kind ; pertaining to a whole class or or- 
 der. 2. Comprehending many species or individuals. 
 3. Not restrained or limited to a precise or detailed im- 
 port ; lax in signification. 4. Widely spread ; preva- 
 lent ; extensive, though not universal. 5. Having a re- 
 lation to all ; common to the whole. 
 
 General assembly, an assembly of a whole body, in fact or by 
 representation ; hence, a legislature. — General court. See 
 Court.— General issue (Law), an issue made by a general 
 plea, which traverses the whole declaration or indictment at 
 once, without offering any special matter to evade it. — General 
 officer (^Mil.), au officer having a rank above that of colonel. — 
 General ship, a ship employed as a general carrier. — General 
 term (Logic), a term which is the sign of a general conception 
 or notion. 
 
 US"" The word general, annexed to a name of office, usually 
 denotes chief or superior; as, a commissary-general, quarter- 
 master-general. 
 
 Syn. — Common ; universal. — Common denotes that a thing 
 is very often met with; general is stronger, denoting that it per- 
 tains to a niajoi-ity of the individuals which compose a genua 
 or whole; universal, that it pertains to oZZ without exception. 
 To be able to read and write is so common an attainment in 
 this country that we may pronounce it general, though by no 
 means universal. 
 
 G6n'er-al, n. 1. The whole; the total; — used in the 
 pi., or in the sing, with the definite article. 2. The chief 
 or superior officer in an administration ; especially, one 
 of the chief mihtary officers of a goverimient or country. 
 In general, in the main; for the most part; not always or 
 universally. 
 
 G^n/er-al-is'si-mo, n. [It., Sp. generalisimo, Fr. gen^ 
 cralissime. See supra.] The chief commander of an 
 army or military force ; especially, the commander-in- 
 chief of an army which consists of two or more grand 
 
 , divisiouB under separate commanders. 
 
 Geii'er-ai'i-ty, n. 1. The state of being general. 2. 
 That which is general ; a general or vague statement or 
 
 ^ phrase. 3. The main body ; the bulk ; the greatest part. 
 
 G6n'er-al-i-za'tion, n. Act of generalizing, or of 
 bringing individuals or particulars \inder genera or 
 
 Gen'er-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. generalized; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. generalizing.] 1. To bring under a 
 genus or under genera. 2. To use with a more exten- 
 sive application ; to make universal in application, as a 
 formula or rule. 3. To derive, as a genus, or as a gen- 
 
 . eral conception, or general principle. 
 
 Gen'er-al-ize, v. i. To form classes or genera ; to take 
 general or comprehensive views. 
 
 G6n'er-al-ly, adv. 1. In general ; commonly ; exten- 
 sively, though not universally. 2. In the main ; with- 
 
 . out detail ; upon the whole. 
 
 Ggn'er-al-ness, n. The condition or quality of being 
 general ; frequency ; commonness. 
 
 G6ii'er-al-sliip, n. 1. Office of a general. 2. Exer- 
 cise of the functions of a general. 3. Skill and conduct 
 
 . of a general officer. 
 
 G6n'er-ant, n. [Lat. generans, p. pr. of generate. See 
 infra.] 1, That which generates. 2. {Geom.) A hne, 
 
 a.,e,8cc.,long; &,&,&c.,short; c&re, far, ask, all, what; £re, veil, term; pique, firxn; sdn,dr.dQ,wolj[^ 
 
GENERATE 
 
 313 
 
 GENTLEMAN 
 
 surface, or solid, generated, or supposed to be generated, 
 by the motion of a point, line, or surface, called the gen- 
 ^ eratrix, a.ccoT(hBg to mathematical laws. 
 
 Gjgn'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & j). p. generated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. GENERATING.] [Lat. generare, generatum. See 
 Gender.] 1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; 
 to engender. i2. To cause to be ; to bring into life. 3. 
 To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process ; to 
 , produce ; to cause. 
 
 G6n'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of generating or begetting. 
 
 2. Origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, 
 or vital ; production ; formation. 3. That which is 
 generated ; progeny ; offspring. 4. A single step or 
 stage in the succession of natural descent ; hence, the 
 mass of beings hving at one period ; also, the ordinary 
 interval of time at which one raak follows another, or 
 father is succeeded by child ; an age. 5. Race; kind; 
 breed; stock. 6. (Geom.) Formation or production of 
 any geometrical magnitude, by the motion of a point or 
 other magnitude. 7. {Physiol.) The aggregate of the 
 
 . functions and phenomena which attend reproduction. 
 G6n'er-a-tive, a. Having the power of generating or 
 
 , producing ; prolific. 
 Geu'er-a'tor, n. 1, One who, or that which, generates. 
 
 3. A vessel in which steam is generated. 3. (Mus.) The 
 . principal sound or sounds by which others are produced. 
 
 Gen'er-a'trix, n. [Lat.] {Geom.) The point, or the 
 mathematical magnitude, which, by its motion, gener- 
 
 . ates another magnitude. 
 
 ^e-ii6r'i«, 1 a. 1. Pertaining to a genus or kind. 
 
 <^e-ii6r'i«-al, ) "i. Very comprehensive. 
 
 Ge-n6r'i-e-al-ly, adv. With regard to a genus, or an 
 
 , extensive class. 
 
 Ggu'er-os'l-ty, n. [Lat. generositas.] 1. QuaUty of 
 being generous ; nobleness of birth or of soul. ii. Lib- 
 eraUty in giving. 
 Syn. — Magnanimity; liberality; munificence. 
 
 G6n'er-oiis, a. [Lat. generosus. See GENDER.] 1. 
 Exhibiting those qualities popularly regarded as belong- 
 ing to high birth ; noble ; honorable ; spirited ; courage- 
 ous. 2. Open-handed ; munificent. 3. Characterized 
 by generosity ; abundant. 4. Exciting feeUng, or spir- 
 ited feelings ; strong ; exciting. 
 
 Syn. — Liberal; magnanimous; bountiful. See Liberal. 
 
 ^eu'er-oiis-ly, adv. In a generous manner. 
 
 Geil'e-sis, n. [Gr. yeVeo-ts, fi:om yeVeiv, -yetVeiv, -ytVeo^at, 
 yCyve(r0at,, to beget, be bom.] 1. Act of producing, or 
 giving birth or origin to any thing ; production ; forma- 
 tion ; origination. 3. The first book of the Old Testa- 
 
 . ment. 3. ( Geom.) The same as Generation. 
 
 Ggn'et, n. [Sp. ginete, a horse-soldier, 0. Sp., horse, Gr. 
 yCvvos, a dwarfed horse or mule.] 1, A small-sized, well- 
 proportioned, Spanish horse ; a jennet. 3. ['Fv. genette, 
 Sp. gineta, N. Lat. genetta.] (Zobl.) A carnivorous ani- 
 mal, aUied to the civet, of a gray color, spotted and 
 banded with black or brown, and found in the south of 
 
 , Europe and in Africa. 3. The same as Genette, q. v. 
 
 Ge-net', )n. Cat-skin, when made into muffs and 
 
 4fe-ii6tte', j tippets, as if they were skins of the genet. 
 
 ^e-nSt'i-e, )a. [See Genesis.] Pertaining or re- 
 
 Ge-n6t'i-e-al, ) lated to, concerned with, or determined 
 
 , by , the genesis of any thing. 
 
 ^e-net'i-e-al-ly, adv. In reference to origin. 
 
 Ge-ne'va, n. [Fr. genevre, genievre, juniper, juniper- 
 berry, gin, from Lat. juniperus, the juniper -tree.] 1. A 
 strongly alcoholic, and powerfully stimulating, fermented 
 liquor, obtained from the berries of juniper. 3. A spirit 
 
 . distilled from grain, and flavored with juniper-berries. 
 
 Ge'ni-al, a. [Lat. genialis. See Genius.] 1. Contrib- 
 uting to, or concerned in, propagation or production ; 
 generative; productive. 3. Sympathetically cheerful 
 
 , and cheering ; exciting pleasure and sympathy. 
 
 Gre'iii-ai'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being genial ; gayety ; sym- 
 
 . pathetic cheerfulness. 
 
 ^e-iii€'u-late, ) a. {L&t. genic:idatus,f!OTageniculum., 
 
 Ge-ni<;'u-la-ted, I a httle knee, dim. of genu, knee.] 
 
 . {Bat.) ,Bent abruptly at an angle, like the knee. 
 
 Ge-iii<!/u-la'tion, n. State of being bent abruptly at 
 
 _ an angle. 
 
 Ge'nie, n. [See Jinnee.] One of a fabulous class of 
 beings, regarded by the Arabians as intermediate between 
 angels and men, created of fire, and capable .of assuming 
 
 , any form, or of becoming invisible, at pleasure. 
 
 G6n'i-tal, a. [Lat. genitalis, from genere . gignere, to be- 
 
 . get.] Pertaining to generation. 
 
 G6n'i-tal§, n. pi. [Lat. genitalia, pi. of genitaie, se. 
 membrum. See supra.] The sexual organs ; the privates. 
 
 Gfin'l-tive, n. [Lat. genitivus, from gignere, genitum, t« 
 beget.] ( Gram.) A case in the declension of nouns, ex- 
 
 , pressing such relations as are expressed in English by of. 
 
 G6n'i-tive, a. { Gram.) Pertaining to, or indicating, 
 
 . source, origin, possession, and the hke. 
 
 G6n'i-tor, n. One who procreates ; a sire ; a father. 
 
 Gen'ius (jen'yus), n. ; pi. ^EN^IUS-Eg. [Lat. genius, 
 prop, the divine nature which is innate in every thing, 
 tutelar deity or genius of a person or place, talent, gen- 
 ius, from genere, gignere, to beget, bring forth.] 1. The 
 peculiar structure of midd with which each individual is 
 endowed by nature ; special taste, inclination, or disposi- 
 tion. 3. Distinguished mental superiority ; especially, 
 superior power of invention or origination of any kind. 
 3. A man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind. 4. 
 Pecuhar constitution or character. 
 
 Syn. — Talent. — Genivs implies high and peculiar gifts 
 of nature, impelling the mind to certain favorite kinds of 
 mental eflfbrt, and producing new combinations of ideas, imag- 
 ery, &c. Talent supposes general strength of intellect, with a 
 peculiar aptitude for being molded and directed to specific em- 
 ployments, and valuable ends and purposes. Genius is con- 
 nected more or less with the exercise of imagination, and 
 reaches its ends by a kind of intuitive power. Tcilent depends 
 more on high mental training, and a perfect command of all 
 the faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, &c. Hence we 
 speak of a genius for poetry, painting, &c„ and a talent for busi- 
 ness or diplomacy. Among English orators. Lord Chatham 
 was distinguished for his genius; "William Pitt for his pre-emi- 
 nent talents, and especially his unrivaled talent for reply. 
 
 Ge'ni-iis, n. ; pi. GE'NI-T. [See supra.] 1. A tutelary 
 deity supposed by the ancients to preside over a man's des- 
 tiny in life ; hence, a supernatural being ; a spirit good 
 
 . or evil. 3. The animating spu-it of a people or period. 
 
 Gen-teel', a. [Fr. & Sp.g-e?U?7, It. gentile, Lat. gentilis, 
 belonging to the same race, from gens, race, stock, fami- 
 ly, and with the sense of noble, or at least respectable, 
 birth, as we say, birth andyawi«7y.'| 1. Possessing or ex- 
 hibiting the qualities popularly regarded as belonging to 
 high birth and breeding ; well bred ; easy in manners. 
 3. Elegant in appearance, dress, or manner. 
 
 Syn. — Polite ; refined ; polished ; elegant ; fashionable. 
 
 Gen-teel'ly (109), adv. In a genteel manner. 
 
 Gen-teel'ness, n. QuaUty of being genteel ; elegance ; 
 
 G^n'tian (jen'shan), n. [Lat. gentiana, so called after 
 the Illyrian king Gentius, who is said to have first dis- 
 .covered the properties of this plant.] {Bat.) A plant 
 whose root has a yeUowish-brown color, and a very bitter 
 
 , taste, and is used as an ingredient in stomachic bitters. 
 
 Gfin'tile, n. [Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same clan, 
 stock, race, people, or nation ; in opposition to Roman, 
 a foreigner ; in opposition to Jeiv or Christian, a heath- 
 en. See Genteel,.] One of a gentile or non-Jewish 
 
 . nation ; a worshiper of false gods ; a heathen ; a pagan. 
 
 Gen'tae, a. 1. Belonging to the nations at large, as 
 distinguished from the Jews ; of pagan or heathen people. 
 
 . 3. ( Gram.) Denoting a race or country. [false gods. 
 
 Gen'til-igm, n. Heathenism ; paganism : worship of 
 
 Gen-til'i-ty, n. [Lat. gentilitas, relationship of those 
 who belong to the same clan. See GENTEEL.] Polite- 
 ness of manner ; graceful and easy mien or behavior ; 
 
 , state or quaUty of being genteel. 
 
 Gen'tle (jen'tl), a. [compar. gentler; superl. GEN- 
 TLEST.] [Lat. gentilis. See GENTEEL.] 1. AYeU-born ; 
 of a good family or respectable birth. 3. Soft and re- 
 fined in manners ; not rough, harsh, or severe. '3. Quiet 
 and docile. 4. Soothing. 
 
 The gentle craft, the art or trade of shoemaking. 
 
 Syn. — Mild ; meek ; placid ; dove-like ; quiet ; peaceful ; 
 pacific ; bland ; soft ; tame ; tractable ; docde. — Gentle de- 
 scribes the natural disposition ; tame, that which is subdued by 
 training ; mild implies a temper which is, bv nature, not easily 
 provoked ; meek, a spirit which has been sc"hooled to mildne&s 
 by discipline or sufiering. The lamb is gentle ; the domestic 
 fowl is tame ; John, the apostle, was mild ; Moses was meek. 
 
 Ggii'tle-foLk (-fok), or G6n'tle-folIcs (-foks), n. pi. 
 [gentle and folk, q. v.] Persons of good breeding and 
 
 . family. 
 
 Ggn'tle-man, n. ,- pi. 6£n/tle-men. [See Cteif- 
 TEEL.] 1. A man who is well born; one who is of 
 good famUy. 3. One of gentle or refined manners. 3. 
 {Her.) One who bears arms, but has no title. 4. pi. 
 Citizens : people ; — a common appeUation by which men 
 are addressed in popular assembUes, irrespective of their 
 condition. 
 
 Gentleman commoner, the highest class of commoners at the 
 University of Oxford. — Gentleman usher, one who ushers visit- 
 ors into the presence of a sovereign.— Gentlemen at arms, a 
 band of forty gentlemen who atteuclthe sovereign on occasions 
 
 food, fdbt; ilru, rude, pull ; ^ell, pKaise^ «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; e$ist; liuser, link;; till* 
 
GENTLEMAN-LIKE 
 
 314 
 
 GESTATION 
 
 to chapel, Jkc. ; formerly called ffcntlcmen pen- 
 
 Pcrtaiuing to, resembling, or 
 
 becomiug a gentleiuau ; polite ; 
 
 tly ; well-bred behavior. 
 
 The act of being geutleman- 
 
 of solemnity, 
 
 Gdn'tle-man-like, ) 
 G6n'tl»»-maii-ly, J 
 
 ^ comphusjint. 
 
 «dn'tle-iurtn-li-iiess 
 
 Of n'tle-ness. n. Quality or state of beiug gentle, mild, 
 benevolent, dix-ilo, and the Uke. 
 
 6eii'tle--»vv>ni'an, «.; pi- o£n'tle-wom'en (-wim^- 
 en). 1. A woman of good f;uiiily or of good breeding. 
 ti. A woman who waits about the' person of one of high 
 rank. 
 
 ^idn'tly, adv. In a gentle manner ; softly ; meekly. 
 
 lif'n'try, m. [For gtnt/fri/, from gentle, q. v.] People of 
 t^iucafion and good breeding ; in England, in a restrict- 
 ed sense, the class of people between the nobility and the 
 viUspir. 
 
 Ge nu-fl6€'tion, or G6n'u-fl6«'tioMi, n. [Lat. genu, 
 knee, and .^f.TJO, a heuding \ flectere,Jiexum, to bend.] 
 
 . Act of bending the knee, particularly in worship. 
 
 G6ii'u-iiie, a. [Lat. genuiniis, from genere, gignere, to 
 beget, in pass., to be born.] Belonging to or proceeding 
 ftxjm, the original stock ; hence, not spurious, false, or 
 adulterated. 
 
 Syn. — Authentic ; real ; true ; pure ; unalloyed ; unadul- 
 terated. See Authentic. 
 
 G6n'u-ine-ly, adv. In a genuine manner. * 
 
 Gen'u-iiie-ness, n. State or quality of being genuine ; 
 
 , not altered or corrupted : purity ; reality ; sincerity. 
 
 Ge'nus, n. : pi. gen'e-rA. [Lat. ; Gr. yeVos, from Lat. 
 genere, gignere, to engender, Gr. yeVeti/, Skr. dja7i.] 1, 
 (Logic.) A class of objects divided into several subordi- 
 nate species. 2. (^/evice.) An assemblage of species pos- 
 sessing certain characters in common by which they are 
 distinguished from all others. It is subordinate to tribe 
 . and sub-tribe. 
 
 Ge'o-^en'tri-e, ) a. [Gr. yea, or yjj, earth, and Kev- 
 
 Ge'o-^en'tric-al, I rpoi', center.] (Astron.) (a.) Hav- 
 ing reference to the earth as center ; in relation to or 
 seen ft^m the earth, in contradistinction to heliocentric, 
 as seen from the sun. (6.) Having reference to the cen- 
 . ter of the earth. 
 
 Ge'ode, n. [Gr. -yeioSijs, yaiu)Sr)<;, earth-like ; yea, y^, or 
 yaia, earth, and eifio5, form.] (Min.) A rounded nodule 
 of stone, containing a small cavity, usually lined with 
 crystals. 
 
 Ge-6d'e-sy, «• [Gr. yewSato-io, from ye'a, yrj, earth, and 
 SaCeiv, to divide.] (Math.) That branch of surveying in 
 which the curvature of the earth is taken into account, 
 , as in the surveys of states, or of long lines of coast. 
 
 Ge-og'no-sy, n. [Gr. ye'a, yrj, the earth, and yvwo-ts, 
 knowing, knowledge, from ytyvoio-Keiv, yvwi/ai, toknow.] 
 . The subject matter of speculative geology. [ Rare.] 
 
 Ge-og'o-ny, n. [Gr. ye'a, yfj, the earth, and yoioj, gener- 
 ation, birth, from ye'i/eiv, to beget.] The doctrine of the 
 . formation of the earth. 
 
 ^e-6g'ra-plier, n. One who is versed in geographj'. 
 
 Ge'o-grapli'i€ 
 
 Ge'o-grapli'ic-al, 
 
 a. Pertaining to geography. 
 
 Ge-og'ra-phy, n. [Gt. yemypa^Ca ; yea, yrj, the earth, 
 
 andypa<|)J7, description ; ypd(}>eLv, to write, describe.] The 
 
 science which treats of the world and its inhabitants ; a 
 
 . description of the earth. 
 
 Ge-61'o-_ger, n. One devoted to geology ; a geologist 
 
 C^e'o-log'ie, 
 
 Pertaining to geology, or the sci- 
 ence of the earth. 
 
 ^e'o-ldg'ic-al 
 
 Cj^e-61'o-jjist, n. One versed in the science of geology 
 
 Ge-61'o-gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GEOLOGIZED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GEOLOGIZING.] To study geology ; to make 
 
 , geological investigations. 
 
 Ge-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. ye'a, yr}, the earth, and A.6yos, dis- 
 course : Ae'yeic, to speak.] The science which treats of 
 the structure and mineral constitution of the globe, the 
 
 , causes of its physical features and its history. 
 
 Ge'o-mJin'fy, w. [Gr. ye'a, y^, the earth , and /j.ai/Teta, 
 divination.] A kind of divination by means of figures or 
 lines, fonned by little 4otB or points, originally on the 
 
 . earth, and afterward on\paper. 
 
 Ge'o-man'ti«, \ a. Pertaining or belonging to geo- 
 
 Vre'o-man'ti'e-al, ( mancy. 
 
 Ge-6m'e-ter, n. [Gr. yew/AerpTj?, from ye'a, yrj, the earth, 
 and ixtrpelv, to measure, from fjuerpov, measure.] One 
 
 , skilled in geometry ; a geometrician. 
 
 ^e'o-m^t'ric, ) a. Pertaining to, or according to, 
 
 Ge'o-m6t'ri-e-al, i the rules or principles of geometry ; 
 determined by geometry. 
 
 ogr* (reontetrical is often used in a limited or strictly techni- 
 cal BCnse, as opposed to mechanical. 
 
 Ge'o-in6t'ri€-al-ly, cufv. According to the rules or 
 , laws of geometry. 
 
 Ge-6m'e-tri'ciaii (-trtsh'an), n. One Bkilled in geome- 
 . try ; a geometer. 
 
 Ge-6m'e-trize, v.i. [/wp. & ^. p. geometrized; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. GEOMETRIZING.] To recognize or ap- 
 prehend geometrical quantities or laws ; to proceed in ac- 
 , cordance with the principles of geometry. 
 Ge-6m'e-try, n. [Gr. yewju-erpia, from yewfieTpelv , to 
 measure land, from yea, y:^, the earth, and ^erpeiv, to 
 measure ; — so called because one of its earliest and most 
 important applications was to the measurement of the 
 earth's surface.] That branch of mathematics which 
 investigates the relations, properties, and measurement 
 . of solids, surfaces, hues, and angles. 
 
 Ge'o-pon'ic, ) a. [Gr. yewTroi'tKos, from ye'a, yi^, the 
 
 Ge'o-p6n'i«-al, J earth, and ttoi/os, labor, ttovkco?, 
 toUsonie.] Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agri- 
 , culture. 
 
 Ge'o-pon'ies, n. sing. [Gr. ra yeeo7roi/iKd.] The art or 
 science of cultivating the earth. See Note imder Math- 
 . EMATICS. 
 
 Ge'o-ra'ma, or Ge'o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. ye'a, yrj, the 
 earth, and opajaa, sight, view.] An invention for exhib- 
 iting, on the inner surface of a large, hollow sphere, a 
 
 . general view of the geography of the earth's surface. 
 
 Ge6r'gi-e, n. [Lat. georgicum, (sc. carmen), and geor- 
 gica, pi., Gr. /3i'/3Atov yewpyiKov, and to. yetopyi/ca. See 
 infra.} A rural poem ; a poetical composition on the 
 
 . subject of husbandry. 
 
 Geor'^i-e, ) a. [Lat. georgicus, Gr. yetopyi/cos, belong- 
 
 Ge6r'gi«-al, ) ing to tillage, from yewpyi'a, tillage, ag- 
 riculture ; ye'a, y^, the earth.] Relating to agriculture 
 
 , and rural affairs. 
 
 Ge-os'-eo-py, n. [Gr. ye'a, yrj, the earth, and (TKoneiv, 
 a-KenTeadai, to look about, to view.] Knowledge of the 
 
 , earth, ground, or soil, obtained by inspection. 
 
 Ge-ra'ni-um, n. [Lat. ; Gr. yepdviov, from ye'pavos, 
 crane.] (Bat.) A genus of plants having a beak-like 
 torus or receptacle. Most of the species have showy 
 , flowers and a pungent odor. 
 
 Germ (14), n. [Lat. germen, for gerimen, from gerere, to 
 bear, produce.] 1. (Physiol.) That which is to develop 
 an embryo ; an ovary ; a bud. 2. That from which any 
 
 . tiling springs ; origin ; first principle. 
 
 Ger-main', a. The same as Germane. 
 
 Ger'man, a. [Lat. germanus, full, own, of brothers and 
 sisters who have the same parents.] Nearly related; 
 closely akin. 
 Cousins german, cousins having the same grandfather. 
 
 Ger'nuan, a. ( Geog.) Belonging to Germany. 
 
 German sausage, a polony, or gut stuffed with meat parti v 
 cooked. — German silver, an alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel, 
 in different proportions for different uses. — German steel, a 
 metal made of white iron in forges where charcoal is employed ; 
 the ores being either bog-iron or the sparry carbonate.— Ger- 
 man tinder. See AMADOtJ. 
 Ger'man, n. ; pi. gEr'man§. [Lat. Germanus, of 
 Celtic origin, and signifying neighbor, i. e., of the Gauls.] 
 1. { Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Germany. 2. The 
 . German language. 
 
 Ger-m&n'der, n. [Fr. germandree, Lat. chamcedrys, 
 Gr. 7(a/xaiSpus, from X'^l^'^h on the earth or ground, and 
 SpCs, Skr. dru, tree, especially the oak.] (Bot.) A plant 
 of different genera and species, formerly much used, in 
 , Europe, for medicine and in brewing. 
 Ger-mane', a. [Lat. germanus. See GERMAN.] Liter- 
 ally, near akin; hence, closely allied; appropriate or 
 . fitting ; relevant. 
 
 Ger'tn^n-igm, n. An idiom of the German language. 
 Ger'im-nal, a. [Lat. germen. See Germ.] Pertaining 
 . or belonging to a germ. 
 Ger'mi-naiit, a. [Lat. germinans, p. pr. of gertninare.] 
 
 Sprouting ; sending forth germs or buds. 
 •Ger'mi-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. germinated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. germinating.] [Lat. germinare, germina- 
 ,tum. See Germ.] To sprout ; to bud ; to shoot. 
 Ger'mi-nate, v. t. To cause to sprout. 
 Ger'mi-na'tlon, n. 1. Act of sproutmg. 2. The 
 , time in which seeds vegetate, after being planted or sown. 
 Ge'ro-eo'mi-d, n. The same as Gerocomy. 
 Ggr'und, n. [Lat. gerundium, from gerere, to bear.] 
 (Lat. Gram.) A kind of verbal neuter noun, goveminf 
 . cases like a participle. [tdoiple. 
 
 ^e-riind'ive, n. (Lat. Gram.) The fhture passive par- 
 Ges-ta'tion, n. [Lat. gestatio, from gestare, to bear, to 
 carry, intens. form of gerere, gestum, to bear.] 1. The 
 act of carrying young in the womb ; pregnancy. 2. 
 
 a, e, &c. , long ; £i, £, &c. , short ; c&re, far, ask, all, Tvliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, dr, d{}, -w^^ 
 
GESTATORY 
 
 315 
 
 GIGANTIC 
 
 Exercise in which one is borne or carried about ; passive 
 , exercise. [nancy. 
 
 «6s'ta-to-ry (50), a. Pertaining to gestation or preg- 
 
 •G6s'ti-e, a. [From Fr. geste, Lat. geslus, oarriage, mo- 
 tion, gesture, from gerere, gestura. to bear. See GES- 
 TURE.] 1. Pertaining to deeds or feats of arms ; legen- 
 dary. 3. Relating to bodily motion ; — said especially 
 with reference to dancing. 
 
 Oes-ti€'u-late, v.i. \_imp. & p. p. gesticulated; 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. GESTICULATING.] [Lat. gesticuluri, 
 gesticulatum ; gesticulus, a mimic gesture, gesticulation, 
 dim. of gestus, gesture.] To make gestures or motions, 
 as in speaking. 
 
 ^es-ti«'u-late, v. t. To represent by gesture ; to act. 
 
 Cxes-ti«/u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of gesticulating. ». A 
 , gesture. 3. Antic tricks or motions. 
 
 tres-ti«'u-la'tor, n. One who gesticulates. 
 
 Gres-tic'u-la'to-ry, a. Representing by, or belonging 
 , to. gestures. 
 
 Gest'ure (jest'yijr, 53), n. [L. Lat. gestura, from Lat. 
 gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, perform, act.] A motion 
 
 . of the body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion. 
 
 Gest'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gestured ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. gesturing.] To accompany with gesture or action ; 
 
 . to gesticulate. 
 
 Gest'ure, v. i. To make gestures ; to gesticulate. 
 
 G6t, V. t. [imp. GOT (GAT, obs.)\ p.p. GOT (GOTTEN, 
 obsolescent) ; p. pr. & vb. n. GETTING.] [A.-S. getan, 
 gitan, Icel. gela, to produce, obtain, Goth, gitan, to 
 obtain.] 1. To procure ; to obtain ; to gain possession 
 of ; to acquire ; to come by ; to mn, by almost any means. 
 
 3. To have ; to possess ; — only in the forms com- 
 pounded with have and had. 3, To beget ; to procreate. 
 
 4. To learn; to commit to memory. 5. To prevail on; 
 to induce ; to persuade. 6. To procure to be, or to 
 occur; — ^vith a following participle. 7. To betake; to 
 
 _ carry ; — in a reflexive use. 
 
 ■Get, V. i. 1. To make acquisition ; to gain. ii. To fall 
 or bring one's self into a state or condition ; to come to 
 be ; to become ; — with a following adjective belonging to 
 the subject of the verb. 
 
 To get ahead, to advance; to prosper. — To get along, to pro- 
 ceed; to advance. — To get home, to arrive at one's dwellinK. — 
 To get up, to make ready; to prepare; also, to write, print, or 
 publish. 
 
 OS" Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a following prep- 
 osition, or adverb of motion, to indicate movement or action 
 on the part of the subiect of the act, of the kind signified by the 
 preposition or adverb; or, in the general sense, to move, to 
 stir, to make one's way, to advance, to arrive, and the like. 
 
 ■Gew'gaw, n. [0. Eng gigawe, gugaive, gewgaude. 
 Cf. ¥r''joujou, plaything, and Eng. gaud, ornament.] A 
 
 _ showy trifle ; a toy ; a bauble ; a splendid plaything. 
 
 Gey'ser (gl'ser), n. [Icel. gcysa, to be impeUed, gey- 
 sUegr, vehement.] ( Geog.) A fountain common in Ice- 
 land, which spouts forth boiling water. 
 
 Ghast'li-uess (gast'-), n. State of being ghastly; a 
 death-like look. 
 
 Ghast'ly, a. [compar. ghastlier ; superl. ghast- 
 liest.] [A.-S. gastlic, ghostly, spiritual, from gast, 
 ghost, spirit.] 1. Ghost-like ; death-like ; pale ; dismal. 
 *i. Horrible ; shocking ; dreadful. 
 
 Gliast'ly, adv. In a ghastly manner ; hideously. 
 
 GItat I (gawt), n. [Hind, ghat.] 1. A pass through a 
 
 Ghaut ) mountain. [India.] "Z. A range or chain of 
 mountains. [India.] 
 
 Gher'kin, n. [Ger. gurke, 0. Ger. & Dan. agurke, D. 
 agurkje, dim. ; Russ. ogurctz, Ar. aZ-Miyar, Hind, khlra, 
 kakri, khiyar.] A small species of cucumber used for 
 piclding. 
 
 Gliost (gost), n. [0. Eng. gast, A.-S. gast, breath, spirit, 
 mind, genius.] 1. The spirit; the soul of man. ii. The 
 soul of a deceased person ; an apparition. 
 
 Hoh) Ghost, the Holy Spirit; the Paraclete; the Comforter; 
 (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity.— To give up the ghost, 
 to die; to expire. 
 
 Gliost'ly (gost'ly), a. 1. Relating to the soul; not car- 
 nal or secular ; spiritual. 3. Pertaining to apparitions. 
 
 Glioul(go'ol), n. [Per. ghOl, an imaginary sylvan demon, 
 
 supposed to devour men and animals, ghul, a mountain 
 
 demon, ghuwal, a demon of the woods.] An imaginary 
 
 evil being among Eastern nations, which was supposed to 
 
 . prey upon human bodies. 
 
 Oi'ant, n. [0. Eng. geant, from Fr. geant, A.-S. gigant, 
 from Lat. gigas, gigantis, Gr. ytyas, -yiyavTos, properly 
 i. q. yr\ytvr)<;, earth-born, gena, from yrj, the earth, and 
 yeVeiv. See GENESIS. The ancients beUeved the first 
 inhabitants of the earth to be produced from the ground, 
 and to be of enormous size.] 1. A man of extraordinary 
 
 a 
 
 bulk and stature. U. A person of extraordinary strength 
 
 . or powers, bodily or intellectual. 
 
 ^I'ant, a. Like a giant ; extraordinary in size or strength. 
 
 Gi'ant-ess, n. A female giant. 
 
 Giaour (jour), n. [Turk, giaour. Per. gawr.] An infi- 
 del ; — a term applied by the Turks to disbelievers in the 
 religion of Mahomet. 
 
 Gib, n. A piece or sUp, in a machine or structure, to 
 hold other parts together, or keep them in place, — 
 
 _ usually held in its place by a wedge or key, or by a screw. 
 
 Gib'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. GIBBERED , p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 GIBBERING.] [Allied to jabber and gabble, q. y.] To 
 
 _ speak rapidly and inarticulately. 
 
 Gib'ber-isb, n. [From gibber.] Rapid and inarticulate 
 
 _ talk ; unmeaning words. 
 
 Gib'ber-isb, a. Unmeaning, as words. 
 
 Gib'bet, n. [It. giubbetto, giub'jetta, dim. 
 of giubba ; Prov. It. gibba, an under 
 waistcoat, doublet, mane ; so that it prob- 
 ably originally signified a halter, a rope 
 round the neck of malefactors ; or perhaps 
 from Lat. gibbus, hunched, humped, con- 
 vex.] 1. A kind of gallows ; an upright Gibbet fl). 
 post with an arm projecting from the top. 
 
 3. The projecting beam of a crane, on which the pul- 
 ^ ley is fixed. 
 
 Gib'bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gibbeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GIBBETING.] 1. To hang and expose on a gibbet or 
 gallows, as an infamous punishment. 3. To expose to 
 
 _ infamy. 
 
 Gibnbon, ». (Zool.) A kind of ape remarkable for the 
 length of its arms, which, when the animal is standing, 
 
 _ reach to the ankle joints. 
 
 Gib-bos'i-ty, n. State of being gibbous ; gibbousness. 
 
 Gib'bous, a. [Lat. gibbosus, from gibbus, gibba, hunch, 
 
 _hump.] Protuberant; convex. 
 
 Gib'boiis-ness, n. Protuberance ; convexity. 
 
 Gibe,^■.^. [imp. &, p.p. gibed; p.pr. & vb. n. GIB- 
 ING.] [0. Fr. g-a6er, to deride. See Gabble.] To rail ; 
 to utter taunting, sarcastic words ; to flout ; to fleer ; to 
 
 , scoff. 
 
 Gibe, v. t. To deride ; to scoff' at ; to treat with sarcastic 
 
 , reflections ; to taunt. 
 
 Gibe, n. An expression of censure mingled with con- 
 
 . tempt ; a scoff ; a raiUng. 
 
 Gib'lets, n. ; pi. [0. Fr. giblet, gibelet, equivalent to 
 gibier, game.] Those parts of a fowl which are removed 
 
 _before cooking, as the'heart, hver, gizzard, &c. 
 
 Gib'staff , n. [Prov. Eng. gib, a hooked stick.] A staff 
 
 _ to gauge water, or to push a boat. [stantly. 
 
 Gid'di-ly, adv. In a giddy, unsteady manner ; incon- 
 
 Gid'di-ness, n. 1. The state of being giddy. 2. Qual- 
 
 _ity of being inconstant ; levity. 
 
 Gitt'dy, a. [compar. giddier ; superl. GIDDIEST.] 
 [A.-S. gidig. Cf. A.-S. gad, point of a weapon, goad.] 
 1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling 
 about; hght-headed; dizzy. 2. Promoting or inducing 
 giddiness. 3. Bewildering on account of rapidity ; gyra- 
 tory. 4. Inconstant ; unstable ; changeable. 5. Wild ; 
 
 _ thoughtless ; excited. 
 
 Gid'dy, v. i. To turn rapidly ; to reel. 
 
 Gid'dy, v.t. To make dizzy ; to render unsteady. 
 
 Gier'-ea'gle, n. [Ger. geieradler, i. e., vulture-eagle, 
 from D. gier, N. H. Ger. geier, 0. H. Ger. gir, vulture.] 
 
 _ A bird of the eagle kind mentioned in Leviticus xi. 18. 
 
 Gift, n. [A.-S. gift, from gifan, to give.] 1. Any thing 
 given or bestowed. 2. Some quahty or endowment given 
 to man by God. 3. {Laiv.) A voluntary transfer of real 
 or personal property, from one to another, without any 
 consideration. 
 
 Syn. — Present ; donation ; grant ; largess ; benefaction ; 
 
 _ boon ; bounty ; gratuity ; endowment ; talent ; faculty. 
 
 Gift, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GIFTED ; p. pr. & vh. n. GIFT- 
 
 _ ING.] To endow with some power or faculty. 
 
 Gig, n. [It. & 0. Sp. giga, Fr. gigue, a string, instrument, 
 N. Sp. giga, N. Fr. gigue, jig, romp, from M. H. Ger. 
 gige, fiddle, g-i'g-en, to fiddle, Icel. geiga, to tremble.] 1. 
 A top or whirUgig. 3. A light carriage, with one pair 
 of, wheels, drawn by one horse. 3. {Naut.) A ships 
 wherry, or long, light boat, designed for rapid motion. 
 
 4. A playful or wanton person. 5. A rotatory cylin- 
 der, covered with wire teeth, for teaseling woolen cloth. 
 
 . 6. A dart or harpoon. See FiSHGiG. 
 
 GFgan-te'an, a. [Lat. giganteus, from gigas. See 
 
 . Giant.] Like a giant ; mighty ; gigantic. 
 
 Gi-gan'ti-e (110), a. [Lat. gigas, gigantis. See Giant.] 
 1. Of extraordinary size ; very large ; huge. 3. Enorm- 
 ous ; very great or mighty. 
 
 food, fcJbt; ftrn, rude, pull; fell, fliaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, linlc;; this. 
 
GIGGLE 
 
 316 
 
 GIVE 
 
 tiiS'S**'- 
 
 verb. See infra.] A kind of 
 of the voice or breath. 
 
 ; r. & tb. n. 
 kern, from 
 '■-, to latigh 
 
 M. U. G*r 
 
 aloud. 1 To ... 
 _ '.- titter. 
 
 <_.ii;'gler, «. One who giggles or titters. 
 
 t;iid. f. t. [imp. &. p. p. GU.DED or GILT; p. pr. & 
 ri. a. GlLDl.NG.] [.\.-S. ^lidaH, gyidan. from. gold, gold, 
 gyidfn. g\.>lden.] 1. To overlay or overspread \rith a 
 tiiin coverinc of gold ; hence, to cover or color with a 
 gv Id-like color, 'i. To illuminate : to brighten. 3. To 
 
 _ cive a fidr and agrwable external appe&rance to. 
 
 ijild'er, n- One who gilds. 
 
 liOd'ins, n. 1. Art or practice of overlaying things with 
 cold leaf, or a thin coating of gold. 'Z. A thin surface 
 of .rold covering some other substance. 
 
 Qui, w- [A.-S. gedgi, gedJU, jaw, Dan. giaU-e, giU-l-e, gelle, 
 gill of a fish.] 1. (Physiol.) A ciliated organ of respira- 
 tion, in fishes and other water animals. H, The flap 
 below the beak of a fowl or bird. 3. The flesh on the 
 lower part of the cheek*, or tinder the chin. 
 
 Gtll uil), n. [L. Lat. gillo, gello, guillo, fla^k, 0. Fr. 
 t'7 V, an earthen vessel. Cf. Gallon.] A measure of 
 . ij; Licity containing the fourth part of a pint. 
 
 i; ill. M. [Abbreviated from G(7/i'ajz. Seei/i/>a.] \, {Bot.) 
 The ground-ivy . "i. Malt liquor medicated with gronnd- 
 
 iiili. n. [From Gillian, a woman's n a m e.] A young 
 
 ^ -woman : a sportive or wanton girl. 
 
 Gniy-flow^er, n. [0. Eng. jcrfjioure, giUcfre, giUofer, 
 girofer, fixim Fr. girqfl-ee, firom giroflt, clove, firom N. 
 Lat. caryophyUum, Gr. Kapuo(|>vAAoi'.] [Bot.) A plant 
 
 _called also stock. 
 
 Gat, imp. & p. p. of gild. See GiLD. 
 
 Gilt . n . Gold laid on the surface of a thing ; gilding. 
 
 Gnt'-liead, n. (Ichth.) Akind offish : — so named from 
 
 _a golden-colored space over the eye-brows. 
 
 Giml>al. n. [See GisiMEL.] A com- 
 bmation of rings for suspending any- 
 thing, as a compass, so that it may 
 
 , keepa constant position. 
 
 Gim'-erack. (jun'krak), n. [0. Eng. 
 a spruce and pert pretender, also a 
 spruce girl, from jrm and crack, lad. 
 boaster.] A trivial mechanist^: a 
 
 _ device: a toy. 
 
 Gimlet, n. [0. Fr. guimbekt., ftora 0. D. vrimpd, wenu, 
 a hore , tcei7ulen , to bore, Eng. icimple, q. v.] A small 
 
 _ instrument for boring holes by turning it with the hand. 
 
 Giin'mal. n. [Lat. gemfllus.] 1. Joined work whose 
 parts move within each other, as a bridle bit or inter- 
 
 _ locked rings. H. A quaint piece of machinery. 
 
 Gimp, n. [0. Fr. guimpe, guimple, the pennon of a 
 lance, from 0. H. Ger. %cimpal, a summer garment, X. 
 H. Ger. rcimptl, pennon, pendant.] A kin# of silk, 
 woolen, or cotton twist or edging, used as trimming for 
 
 . <ires=es, &c. 
 
 Gin(jln), n. [Contracted and corrupted from Geneva. 
 See Gexev.\.] A distilled spirit or alcoholic liquor, 
 manufectured froxa rye and barley, and flavored with 
 
 , juniper berries and sometimes with hops. 
 
 Gin, n. [A contractifn of engine.] 1. A macliine or in- 
 strument by which the mechanical powers are employed 
 in aid of htunan strength : especially, a machine consist- 
 ing of a tripod formed of jK'les united at the top, for raising 
 or moving heavi,- weights. &c. *2. A machine for eepar- 
 
 , ating the seeds from cotton. 
 
 Gin. r. t. [imp. & p. p. ginned : p. pr. k, vh. n. GIN- 
 , Ni\G.] To clear of seeds by a machine. 
 
 Gin'ger. n. fO. Ens. ein^ber, gingiver, ftova. Lat. zin- 
 gil^, -,„,..;.,. r:- a.. /a-.,^ ^tyyi^pi, Ar. & Pers. 
 zii . i. e., horn-shaped, from 
 
 ^1/ - ■ (Bot.) A plant found 
 
 int-.. .. *« .- ^es, the hot and spicy root 
 
 ^ of wuich is extent-ivej} u v"i iu cookery and in medicine. 
 
 GiJtt'ger-br6ad, «• A kind of plain sweet cake flavored 
 with ginger. 
 
 Ginger-bread vH>rk, work cnt or Ckrvod, in various fenctfol 
 Kbapet, like gingerbread. IColiorj.} 
 
 Gin'ger-ly, arfr. [Prov. Eng. ftn^er, brittle, tender. Cf. 
 Ger. zimperlich, coy, cautious.] Nicely ; cautiotiBly ; tas- 
 _ tidiouily : daintUy. 
 
 Gingtiam, n. [Fr. guingan, Jav. ginggang.] A kind 
 
 of cotton cloth, the yam of which is dyed before it is 
 
 . woven. [the gums. 
 
 Gin'gi-Tal, a. [Lat. gingiva, the gtun.] Pertaining to 
 
 Gimbal. 
 
 Gin'^eng, n. [Prob. a Chinese word : said bv Grosier t« 
 signiiS the resemblance of a man. or man's' thigh. By 
 others it is said to be frwm the Chinese word gin-smg 
 first of plants.] (Bot.) A plant, the root of which is 
 
 , highly valued as a medicine among the Chinese. 
 
 Gip, f. /. To take out the entrails of : — said of herrings 
 
 Gip'sy. n. & a. See Gypsy. 
 
 Gi-raffe', n. [From Ar. zira/ah., 
 zora/eh,'Egypt. soraphe, i. e. long- 
 neck.] (Z^l.) An African quad- 
 ruped, whose fore legs are much 
 longer than the hinder ones ; the 
 camelopard. It is the tallest of 
 animals, being sometimes twenty 
 
 , feet in height. 
 
 Gir'an-doie, n. [Fr. girandole, 
 from Sp. girar, Lat. gyrare, to turn 
 round in a circle : gyms. Gr. yvpos, 
 
 . circle.] A chandelier. 
 
 Gir'a-sole, I n. [From It. girare, 
 
 Gir'a-sol, ) and soU, Lat. sol, 
 the sun. See supra.] 1. {Bot.) A 
 plant: the heliotrope. 2. (JlRyi.)^ 
 A mineral, which, when turned^ 
 toward the sun. or any bright light, 
 
 _constantlv reflects a i^ddish color. 
 
 Gird (18), n. [A.-S. geard, gerd, Girafe. 
 
 gird, gyrd, rod, stick, twig: Eng. yard, allied to Goth. 
 gazds, goad : Gr. Ke'iTpoi', Icel. gauddr, nail : Lat. hasta, 
 lance, spear.] 1. The stroke of a rod; hence, a severe 
 
 _ twitch or pang. 3. A cut : a sarcastic remaA ; a gibe. 
 
 Gird, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Gieded, or GLRT : p. pr. & 
 f:b. n. GIRDING.] [A.-S. gyrdan. Goxh. gairdan, IceL 
 girda.] 1. To encircle with any flesdble band: henee, 
 to make fast, as clothing, by binding with a cord, band- 
 age, or the like. 3. To surround : to encircle : to in- 
 close. 3. To dress ; to invest. 4. [See GiRD, n.] To 
 
 _ strike ; hence, to gibe. 
 
 Gird, V. I. [See Gird, r. t., 4.] To gibe ; to sneer : to 
 
 _ break a scornful jest : to utter severe sarcasms. 
 
 Gird'er, H. 1. One who girds : a satirist, 'i. (Arch.) The 
 principal piece of timber in a floor, girding or binding 
 the others together. 3. (Bngin.) Any ample or ccan- 
 
 _ pound beam supported at both ends. 
 
 Girdle, n. [A.-S. gyrdeL from gyrdan. See GiRD, v. t.] 
 That widch girds or encircles : especially, a band which 
 
 _ encircles the body, and binds together the clothing. 
 
 Girdle, f. t. [imjy. k,p.p. girdled; p. pr. & t*. n. 
 GIRDLING.] 1. To bind with a belt or sash : to ^rd. 
 2. To inclose : to environ. 3. To make a circnlar in- 
 cision through, as through the bark and alburnum of a 
 
 _tree, to kill it. 
 
 Girdler, n. 1. One who ptdles. 3. A makes- of ^brdlee. 
 
 Girl (72), n. [In 0. Eng. applied to a male as well »3 a 
 female. Cf. A.-S. ceorl, man, husband, chuil; Icel. kar- 
 Unna, married woman : L. Ger. gor. gohr, giihre, child. 
 See Chcrl.] A female child, or young woman. 
 
 Girlliobd. n. The state or time of being a girl. 
 
 Girl'isli.a. 1. Like or befitting a giil. 2. Pertaining 
 
 _to the youth of a woman. 
 
 Girl'lsi-ness, n. The quality of being girlish : the 
 character or manners of a girl. 
 
 Girt. imp. & p. p. of gird. See GiRD. 
 
 Girt, r. f. [imp. & p. p. GIRTED ; p. pr. k t*. n. 
 GIRTING.] To gird : to surround. 
 
 Girt. 1 n. [A.-«. gyrd. See GiRD, c. t.] 1. A hand 
 
 Girtli, ) or strap which encircles the body ; especially, 
 one by which a saddle is fastened upon the back of a 
 horse' 2. The measure round the body, as at the waist 
 or belly ; the circumference of any thing. 
 
 Gist, n. [O. Ft. giste, abode, lodgings, gist, situated, 
 placed, from gesir, to he, Lat. jacere.] (S<Mnetimes pro- 
 nounced /l/.) The main point of a question : the point 
 
 _ on which an action rests : the pith of a matter. 
 
 Give (57), r. t. [imp. GAVE : p. p. GIVEN : p. pr. & 
 t*. n. GmNG.J [A.-S. gifan, Icel. gefa, Goth. giT^n^ 
 
 1. To bestow without receiving a return; to imj«rt. 
 as a poKiesaon: to grant, as authority or permission- 
 
 2. To vield possesaon of; to pay. 3. To communicate 
 or announce, as tidings : to render or ntter, as an opin- 
 ion, a judgment, a sentence, a shout, and the like. 4. 
 To permit ; to allow : to license. 5. To exhibit as a 
 product or result : to produce. 6. To devote ; to apply. 
 
 To (rive chaae, to pursae. — To give ear, to listen. — To give m, 
 (a.-) To allow by wav of abatement or dedacbon from a claim; 
 (h.S To declare; to make known. -To give onetteU wp, ia\ 
 To desiwir of one'a recovery, (b-) *> resiai or devote.— T» 
 give ocS%to vield completely; to qmt; to abandon. — To gtre 
 
 aL,e,Btc.,long; i^i^ttc.^tkort; clkre,far,as]c,all. wliAt; Sre.TsU, term; pi«iie,firm; *6n, or.do.woll, 
 
GIVE 
 
 317 
 
 GLAUCINE 
 
 place, t9 yrithdraw.— To ffive way, (a.) Towithdr»w; to give 
 place. (6.) To yield to force or pressure, (c.) (Naut.) To be- 
 gin to row; or to row with increased energy. 
 
 Syn.— To confer; grant. — To gice is generic. To confer 
 waa originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent 
 grants or privileges, as to co){f'er the order of knighthood; and 
 hence it still denotes the givingof something which might have 
 been withheld, as to confer a favor. To grant is to give in an- 
 swer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way de- 
 pendent or inferior. 
 
 Give, v.i. 1. To yield to force or pressure. 2. To move ; 
 to recede. 
 
 To give in to, (a.) To yield assent; to adopt. (&.) To ac- 
 knowledge inferiority; to yield. — To give on or upon, to have 
 a view of; to be in sight of; to overlook; to look toward. — To 
 give out, to expend all one's strength; hence, to cease from ex- 
 ertion; to yield.— To give over, to cease; to desist.— To give 
 vp, to cease from effort; to yield. 
 
 Giv'er, n. One who gives ; a donor ; a bestower. 
 
 £lz'zard, n. [Fr. gesier, allied to gosier, throat, from 
 0. Fr. gicetise, geiise, throat.] An enlarged part of the 
 alimentarj^ canal in birds, having strong muscular walls. 
 To fret the gizzard, to harrass; to vex one's self. 
 
 Gla'brate, a. [Lat. glaber, smooth.] (Bat.) Becoming 
 smooth or glabrous from age. 
 
 Gla'brous, a. [Lat. glaber.] Smooth ; having a surface 
 without hair.s or any unevenness. 
 
 Gla'cial, a. [Lat. g-Zacjafe, from g-/a«'es, ice.] 1. Pertain- 
 ing to ice or its action ; icy ; especially., pertaining t6 
 glaciers. 3. (Chem.) Having a glassy appearance, as 
 crystals. 
 
 Gla'ci-a'tion (-shT-), n. 1. Act of freezing. 2, That 
 which is formed by freezing ; ice. 3. Process of becom- 
 ing covered vrith glaciers. 
 
 Gla'^ier (gla'seer or glas'i-er), n. [Fr., from Lat. glacies, 
 ice.] An immense mass of ice. or snow and ice, formed 
 in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down 
 mountain slopes or valleys. 
 
 Gla'pis, or Gla-^is', n. [Fr. , from L. Lat. glatia, smooth- 
 ness, from Ger. glatt, smooth, even.] An easy, insensi- 
 ble slope ; especially, {Fort.), one serving as a parapet to 
 the covered way. 
 
 Gia.d, a. [compar. gladder ; supefl. GLADDEST.] [A.- 
 S. glad, glad, Icel. gladhr ; 0. H. Ger. glat, smooth, 
 even.] 1. Well contented ; joyous ; pleased, tj. Wearing 
 a gay or bright appearance ; expressing or exciting joy. 
 
 Syri. — Gratified ; exhilarated; animated; delighted: cheer- 
 ful ; joyful ; cheering ; exhilarating ; pleasing ; animating. — 
 Delighted expresses a much higher degree of pleasure than 
 glad. Gratified always refers to a pleasure conferred by some 
 human agent, and the feeling is modified by the consideration 
 that we owe it in part to another. A person may be glad or de- 
 lighted to sec a friend, and gratified at the attention shown by 
 his visits. 
 
 Giad, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. gladded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLADDING.] To make glad ; to affect with pleasure ; to 
 cheer ; to gladden. 
 
 Gld,d'df>ii (giad^dn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. gladdened ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. gladdening.] [A.-S. gladian. See 
 supra.] To make glad ; to cheer ; to please ; to exhil- 
 arate. 
 
 Giad'den (glad'dn), v. i. To be or become glad. 
 
 Glade, n. [Cf. W. golead, goleuad, a lightning, iUmni- 
 nation, from goleu, light, clear, bright ; 0. Eng. glade, 
 shining, bright.] An open passage through a wood; a 
 cleared space in a forest. 
 
 Gia,d'i-ate, a. [Lat. gladius, sword.] {Bat.) Sword- 
 shaped ; resembling a sword in form, as the legume of a 
 plant. 
 
 GlS,d'i-a'tor, n. [Lat., from gladius, sword.] A sword- 
 player ; a prize-fighter ; especially, in ancient Rome, one 
 who fought in the arena for the entertainment of the 
 people. _ 
 
 Giad'i-a-to'ri-al, ) a. Pertaining to gladiators, or to 
 
 Glad'i-a-to'ri-aii, j combats for the entertainment of 
 the Roman people. 
 
 Giad'i-a-to-ry, <?. Relating to gladiators ; gladiatorial. 
 
 Grla-di'o-lus,n. [Lat., dim. of g-Zarfa«s, sword.] (Bat.) 
 A genus of plants having bulbous roots, some species of 
 which are cultivated for their beauty. 
 
 Glad'ly, adv. [See Glad.] With pleasure ; joyfully. 
 
 Glad'iiess, n. State or quality of being glad; joy; 
 cheerfulness. 
 
 Giad'some, a. 1. Pleased ; joyful ; cheerful. 2. Caus- 
 ing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness; pleasing. 
 
 Glad'sonae-ly , adv. In a gladsome manner ; with joy. 
 
 614ir, n. [From A.-S. glare, amber, glare, L. Lat. glaria, 
 any thing sticky.] 1. The white of an egg. 2. Any 
 similar viscous, transparent substance. 
 
 GlS,ir, V. t. [imp. & p. p. glaired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLAIRING.] To smear with the white of an egg. 
 
 Glftir'y, a. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities. 
 
 Glance, n. [Ger. glanz, luster, brightness, glimpae. 
 glance, D. & Icel. glans, shining, lightning, Icel. glana, 
 to grow Ught.] 1. A sudden shoot of light or splendor. 
 2. A sudden look or darting of the sight. 
 
 Glance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. glanced (glanst) ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. GLANCING.] 1. To shoot or dart a ray of light 
 or splendor. 2. To fly off in an oblique direction. 3. 
 To snatch a momentary or hasty view. 4. To make an 
 incidental or passing reflection ; to allude. 5. To b« 
 visible only for an instant at a time ; to twinkle. 
 
 Glance, v. t. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely. 
 
 Glance, n. {Min.) A dark-colored, metallic Bulphuret, 
 as the sulphuret of silver or copper. 
 
 Gia^nd, n. [Lat. glans, acorn, and glandula, gland, Ut. 
 a little acorn.] 1. (Anal.) A cell, or collection of cells, 
 having the power of secreting some peculiar substance 
 from the blood or animal fluids. 2. (Bot.) (a.) A small 
 cellular spot or prominence which secretes oil or aroma, 
 as in orange-peel. (6.) Anj' very small prominence. 3. 
 ( Steam-mack. ) The cover of a stuffing-box. 4. ( Mack. ) 
 A cross-piece or clutch for engaging and disengaging ma- 
 chinery moved by belts or bands. 
 
 Giand'erg, n. [From, gland.] (Far.) A contagioxis and 
 very destructive disease of the mucous membrane in 
 horses. 
 
 Glan-dif' er-oiis, a. [Lat. glandifer, from glans, acorn, 
 and/erre, to bear.] Bearing acorns, or other nuts. 
 
 Gland'i-f 6rm, a. [Lat. glans, acorn, and /o/?na, shape.] 
 In the shape of a gland or nut. [sisting of glands. 
 
 Gland'u-lar, a. Containing or supporting glands ; con- 
 
 Giaiid'ule (giand'yul), n. [Fr. glandule, Lat. glandula.] 
 A small gland or secreting vessel. 
 
 Gland'u-loiis, a. [Lat. glandulosus.] Containing 
 glands ; consisting of glands ; pertaining to glands ; re- 
 sembling glands. 
 
 Glans, n. [Lat. See Gland.] 1. (Anat.) The vascu- 
 lar body which forms the apex of the penis. 2. (Med.) 
 (a.) An erdargement of the thyroid gland, known also as 
 bronc/iocele SiXid goiter, (b.) A pessar}'. 
 
 Gl^re, n. [Allied to Lat. clarus, clear, bright, shining, 
 A.-S. glare, amber, glare, any thing transparent.] 1. A 
 bright dazzling hght. 2. A fierce, piercing look. 
 
 Glare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. glared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLARING.] 1, To shine with a clear, bright, dazzling 
 light. 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes. 3. To 
 be ostentatiously splendid. 
 
 Glare, v. t. To shoot out, or emit, as a dazzling light. 
 
 G14re, a. Polished so as to i-eflect hght brightly or clear- 
 ly ; hence, smooth ; slippery ; glib. 
 
 Gl^r'e-ofis, a. [See Glair.] Resembling the white of 
 an egg ; viscous and transparent or white. [faced. 
 
 Glar'iiig,j>. a. Clear; notorious; open and bold ; bare- 
 Glass, n. [A.-S. g-^os. Ger., D.,Dan., Sw., & Icel. glas, 
 0. H. Ger. das, also amber, A.-S. glare, Lat. glesum, 
 glessum, glsesum.] 1. A hard, brittle, transparent sub- 
 stance, formed by fusing sand with fixed alk.aUes. 2. 
 Any thing made of glass ; especially, (a.) A looking-glass; 
 a mirror, (b.) A glass filled with running sand for mea»- 
 uring time ; and hence the time in which a glass is ex- 
 hausted of its sand, (c.) A drin king-glass ; a tumbler. 
 [d.) An optical glass; a lens; a spy-glass; — in the pi. 
 spectacles, (e.) A barometer. 
 
 Glass, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GLASSED (glast) : p.pr. k, vb. 
 n. GLASSING.] 1. To see, as in a glass. 2. To reflect, 
 as in a mirror; to mirror. 3. To cover with glass; to 
 glaze. [fashion glass. 
 
 Glass'-blow'er, n. One whose business is to blow and 
 
 Glass'ful, n. ; pi. GLASS/FULg. The contents of a glass. 
 
 Glass'-fur'nafe, n. A furnace in which the materials 
 of glass are melted. [ufactory of glass. 
 
 Glass'-house, n. A house where glass is made ; a man^ 
 
 Glass'i-ness, n. Quality of being glassy or smooth. 
 
 Glass'-ma.n, n. ; pi. glAss'-Men. One who sells glass. 
 
 Glass'-worlc (-wfirk), ?i. 1. Manufacture of glass. 2, 
 pi. The place or buildings where glass is made ; a glass» 
 
 GlassSvort ( -wflrt), n. (Bot.) A plant, so called from 
 the fact that, when burned, it yields soda, which is used 
 in the manufacture of glass. 
 
 Glass'y, a. Made of glass; vitreous. 2. ResembUng 
 glass in its properties. 
 
 Glau'ber'§-salt, n. [From Glauber, a distiugtushed 
 German chemist (16(>i-1668) who discovered it.] Sulphate 
 of soda, a well-kno'wn cathartic. 
 
 Glau-^es'^ent, ) a. [Lat. glaucus, Gr. yXav/cds, blue- 
 
 Glau'^ine, ) gray.] Having something of a blu- 
 
 ish-hoary appearance. 
 
 food, f^t; firn, rude, pull ; ^ell, 9liaise, -eall, e«lio; gem, get; a§; e^lst; linger, link; tiiis- 
 
GLAUCOMA 
 
 318 
 
 GLORIFY 
 
 Glau-eo^nni, n. [Lat.: Gr. yAav(t«fia, from y\avKovv, to 
 make gravish ; yKavKos, light-gray, blue-gray, Lat. sjlau- 
 ctis.] A disease of the eye, giving it a bluish or greenish 
 tinge. 
 
 Glau'cotis, a. [Lat. glauctis, Gr. yXavKo?.] 1. Of a sea- 
 green color. "Z, ( Boi. ) Corered with a fine bloom or fine 
 White powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, 
 or on a cahbage-l«if. 
 
 61ave,fl. [¥t. glaive, lAt. gladius.] 1. A broadsword. 2. 
 A curved cutting weapon \ised by infantry in repelling 
 cavalry, having its edge on the outer curve, and fkstened 
 to the end of a pole. 
 
 Glaze, f. t. [imp. & p. p. GLAZED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLAZING.] [0. Eng. glase, glass, from glass, q. v.] 1. 
 To furnish with glass, as a window, "i. To cover or over- 
 lay with a thin surface like glass ; hence, fo render 
 smooth or glossy. 
 
 Glaze, n. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain ; 
 grazing. 
 
 Glaz'er, »i. 1. A workman who glazes pottery, &c. ; 
 also, a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, &c. 2. A 
 wooden wheel covered with emery or with an alloy-ring 
 of lead and tin, for polishing cutlery, &c. 
 
 Gla'zier (gla'zhur), n. [From glaze or glass.] One whose 
 business is to set glass. 
 
 Glaz'ing, «. 1. The act or art of setting glass ; the art 
 of crusting with a vitreous substance, or of polishing, 
 smoothing, or rendering glossy. 2. The gla.«s or glass- 
 like substance with which any surface is incrusted or 
 overlaid. 3. (Pain?.) Transparent, or semi-transparent, 
 colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect. 
 
 Gleam, n. [A.-S. gleam, gldm, from glaican, to shine, 
 gleam.] 1. A shoot of light ; abeam; a ray. 2. Bright- 
 ness : splendor. 
 
 Gleam, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. GLEAMED ; p. pr. & vb. ji. 
 glea:>uxg.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as rays of light. 2. 
 To shine ; to cast light. 
 
 Syn. — To glimmer, glitter. — To gleam denotes a faint 
 but distinct emission of light. To glimmer describes an indis- 
 tinct and unsteady light. To glitter imports a. brightness that 
 is intense, but varying. The morning li^ht g?€aHis upon the 
 earth; a distant taper yKmmers through the mist; a dew-drop 
 glitters in the sun. 
 
 Gleam'y, a. Darting beams of light ; flashing. 
 
 Glean, v. t. [imp. & p.p. gleaned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLEANIXG.] [Fr. glaner, to glean, L. Lat. glenare, Fr. 
 glane, handful, cluster.] 1. To gather after a reaper, 
 as grain. 2. To collect with patient and minute labor. 
 
 Glean, i". i. To gather stalks or ears of grain left by 
 reapers. 
 
 Glean'er, n. One who gleans or gathers after reapers. 
 
 Glebe, n. [Fr. glebe, Lat. gleba, clod, land, soil.] 1. 
 Turf; soil; ground. ^. (Ecd. Law.) The land belong- 
 ing to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice. 
 
 Gleb'y, a. Pertaining to the glebe ; turfy ; cloddy. 
 
 Glede, n. [A.-S. glida, glioda, probably from glidan, to 
 glide.] (Chmith.) The common kite of Europe, a rapa- 
 cious bird. 
 
 Glee, n. [0. Eng. gle, gltw, A.-S. glie, gleo, gleov, gliv, 
 giiS, joy , song, gledician, gli6ivian,gliwian, to jest, sing.] 
 1. Joy ; merriment ; mirth ; particularly, the mirth en- 
 joyed at a feast. 2. (Mus.) A composition for three or 
 more voices, generally of a light and secular character. 
 
 Glee'ful, a. Merry ; gay ; joyous. 
 
 Gleet, Vi. [Cf. Icel. g-Zata, to "close, and A.-S. glidan, to 
 glide.] {Med.) A transparent mucous discharge from 
 the membrane of the urethra, an effect of gonorrhea. 
 
 Gleet, f. 7. 1. To flow in a thin, limpid humor. 2. To 
 flow slowly, as water. 
 
 Gleet'y, a. Ichorous ; thin ; limpid. 
 
 Gldn, n. [A.-S. gUn. from W. glyn.] A secluded and 
 narrow valley ; a dale. 
 
 Gle'noid, n. [Gr. -yXrjvoeiSTjs, from yX^vT), socket, and 
 elios, form.] (Anat.) A part having a shallow cavity, as 
 the eocket of the shoulder -joint, and the like. 
 
 Glib, a. [compar. GLIBBER ; superl. GLIBBEST.] [Fr. 
 glib, slippery, Gael, glii, elect, D. glibberen, glippen, to 
 slide, glibberig, glippcrig^ glib, slippery. Cf. A.-S. glid, 
 slippery.] 1. Smooth; slippery. 2. Voluble; easily 
 moving. 
 Syn. — Slippery; smooth; fluent; voluble; flippant 
 
 Glibly, adv. In a glib manner. 
 
 Glib'nesti, n. The quality or state of being glib. 
 
 Glide, V. i. [imp. k p. p. glided; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLIDING.] [A.-S. glidan, D. glydfn or glijden, M. H. 
 Ger. gliten.} To move gently or smoothly ; to pass rap- 
 idly and earily, as over a smooth surface. 
 
 Glid'er, n. One who, or that which, glides. 
 
 Glixn, n. [Prov. Ger. gZim, glowing, a spark. S€«tnJ>«.] 
 A light or candle. 
 Douse the glim, put out the light. [Slang.] 
 Glim'mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. glimmered ; p.pr. k 
 vb. n. GLIMMERING.] [Ger. glimmer, a feint, trembling 
 light, mica, glimmern, to glimmer, glimmen, to shine 
 fiauntly , glow.] To give feeble or scattered rays of light ; 
 to shine faintly. 
 Syn. — To gleam; to glitter. See Gleam. 
 
 Glim'mer, n. A faint hght ; feeble, scattered rayg of 
 
 hght. 
 Glimpse, n. [D. glimpen and glimmen, to shine feintlj. 
 See supra.] 1. A sudden flash ; transient luster. 2, 
 A short, hurried view. 
 Glimpse, v. i. To appear by glimpses. 
 Glimpse, v. t. To catch a glimpse of ; to see by glimpeea 
 Glis'ten (gUs'n), v. i. [imp. &, p.p. glistened ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. GLISTENING.] [0. Eng. glissen, A.-S. glisian, 
 gUsnian, 0. H. Ger. glizan, N. H. Ger. gleiszen.] To 
 i sparkle or shine ; especially, to shine with a mild, sub- 
 I dued, and fitful luster. 
 
 I Glis'ter, v. i. [ijnp. & p. p. GLISTERED : p. pr. & vb. 
 \ »i. GLISTERING.] [GeT. glistem, glinstern,glitzem.] To 
 I be bright ; to sparkle ; to shine ; to glisten. 
 I Glit'ter, v. i. [imp. & p.p. glittered ; p.pr. k vh. 
 j >i. GLITTERING.] [&yf. glittra,lc:e\. gUtra, glita, A.-^. 
 j glita7i,glitian,glitnian.'\ 1. To sparkle with light. 2. 
 j To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attractive. 
 
 ] Syn. — To gleam; to glisten; to shine; to sparkle; toglart. 
 
 See Gleam. 
 Glit'ter, n. A bright, sparkling Ught ; brilliancy. 
 Gloat, V. i. [imp. & p. p. gloated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLOATING.] [Ger. glotzeti, Icel. glotta, to smUe indig- 
 nantly.] To look steadfastly ; — usually in a bad sense, 
 to gaze with malignant satisfaction, or passionate desire. 
 GloHbate, ) a. [Lat. globatus, p. p. of globare, to 
 GloHba-ted, ) make into a ball, globus, ball.] Having 
 I the form of a globe ; spherical ; f^heroidal. 
 I Globe, n. [Lat. globus.] 1. A round or spherical body ; 
 a ball ; a sphere. 2. Any thing which is nearly spherical 
 in shape. 3. The earth. 
 
 Syn.— Sphere ; orb ; ball.— Globe denotes a round (and 
 usually a solid) body: sphere is the mathematical term for such 
 a body ; orh is used in the same sense, and also (contracttd 
 from 'orbit) for the pathway of a heavenly bodv ; ball is ap- 
 plied to a heavenly body conceived of as thrown or impelled 
 through space. 
 Globe'-fisli, n. (Ichth.) A fish 
 which, by inflating an abdominal 
 sac, can swell out its body to a glob- 
 ular shape. 
 Glo-bose', a. Round; spherical; 
 
 globular, or nearly so. 
 Glo-bos'i-ty, «. The quality of Globe-fish. 
 ' being round ; sphericity. 
 GloHboiis, a. Round ; spherical ; globose. 
 ; Glob'u-lar, a. Globe-shaped ; spherical, or nearly so. 
 i Glob'ule, n. [Lat. globulus, dim. of globus.] A little 
 
 globe ; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form. 
 ; Glob'u-lotis, a. Having the form of a small sphere ; 
 i round ; globular ; spherical ; orbicular. 
 G16m'er-ate, t-. t. [imp. k p. p. glosoerated; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. GLOMERATING.] [Lat. glomerare, glomeratus, 
 from glomus, ball.] To gather or wind into a ball. 
 Glom'er-a'tion, n. 1. The act of gathering, or form- 
 ing into a ball or spherical body. 2. That which is 
 formed into a ball. 
 Gloom, n. [A.-S. glSm.] 1. Partial or total darkness. 
 2. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind ; aspect of sorrow. 
 
 Syn. — Darkness: dimness; obscuritv; heaviness; dullness; 
 depression; melancholy; dejection; sadness. See Daekitess. 
 
 Gloom, V. i. [imp. k p. p. GLOOMED ; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 
 GLOOMING.] 1. To shine obscurely ; to glimmer. 2. 
 
 To appear dark, dismal, or gloomy. 
 Gloom, V. t. 1. To render gloomy or dark. 2. To make 
 
 sad, dismal, or sullen. 
 Gldbmi'i-ly, adv. Obscurely ; dimly ; dismally. 
 Gldbm'i-ness, n. State of t)eing gloomy ; obscurity. 
 Globm'y, a. [compar. gloomier; superl. gloomi- 
 est.] 1. Imperfectly illuminated. 2. Affected with, 
 
 or expressing, gloom ; heavy of heart. 
 Syn. — Dark: dim; dusky; dismal; clonfly; moody; suUen; 
 
 morose ; melancholy ; sad ; downcast ; depressed; dejected; 
 
 disheartened. 
 Glo'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of ^ving glory. 2. Stat« 
 
 of being glorified. 
 Glo'ri-f y, v. t. [imp. k p. p. GLORIFIED \ p.pr. k vb. 
 
 »,€,8cc.,loHg; &,6,ko.,short; c&re,far,ask,all,Tirliat; £re, vgil, tSrm ; pique, ffrm; sdn, or, dQ, ^r5^ 
 
GLORIOUS 
 
 319 
 
 GNU 
 
 H. OLORIFTING.] [Lat. glorificare ; gloria, glory, and 
 facere, to make.] 1. To make glorious by bestowing 
 glory upon ; to render illust' ious or worthy of praise. 
 ^. To render homage to ; to worship-, to adore. 
 Glo'rl-oiis(89),a. [Sefe Glory, n.] 1 . Exhibiting at- 
 tributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of, or receive 
 glory. ^. Eager for glory or distinction. 
 
 Syn.— Eminent; noble; excellent; renowned; iUustrious; 
 celebrated; magnificent; grand; splendid. 
 
 61o'ri-ou.s-ly, adv. In a glorious manner. 
 
 Olo'ry (89), n. [Lat. gloria, allied to clarus, bright, clear.] 
 1. High reputation ; honorable fame. 3. An object of 
 pride or boast ; the occasion of praise. 3. Pride ; boast- 
 fulness. 4. The presence of the divine Being; celestial 
 honor; heaven. 5. {Paint.) A circle of rays round a 
 head or entire figure. 
 
 Syn. — Renown ; celebrity ; distinction ; luster; dignity ; 
 grandeur; nobleness. 
 
 Glo'ry, V. i. [imp. Sep. p. gloried; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLORYING.] 1, To exult with joy ; to rejoice. 5J. To 
 boast ; to be proud of. 
 
 Gldss, n. [Cf. Ger. gleiszen, to shine, glitter ; Lat. glossa, 
 Gr. 7A.a»or<ra, an obsolete or foreign word that requires ex- 
 planation.] 1. Brightness or luster from a smooth sur- 
 face ; polish, ti. A specious appearance, representation, 
 and interpretation. 3. Comment ; explanation. 
 
 Crldss, V. t. {imp. & p. p. GLOSSED (glQst) ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. GLOSSING.] 1. To make smooth and shining. 2. To 
 render specious and plausible. 3. To illustrate ; to explain. 
 
 Gldss, V. i. 1. To comment ; to make explanatory re- 
 marks. 3. To make sly remarks. 
 
 Glos-sa'ri-al, a. Containing explanation. 
 
 Gldss'a-rist, n. A writer of glosses or of a glossary. 
 
 G16ss'a-ry , n. [li&t. glossarium, from, glossa. See GLOSS, 
 8.] A vocabulary of words requiring special elucidation. 
 
 Gldss'er, n. A writer of glosses ; a commentator. 
 
 GlSss'i-ness, n. Condition or quality of being glossy. 
 
 Gloss-6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. y\Ci(T<ra, and ypa^etv, to write. 
 See Gloss, 3.] The writing of glossaries or glosses. 
 
 Gloss-61'o-gist, n. One who defines and explains terms. 
 
 Gloss-61'o-gy , n. [Gr. yKSxra-a and Aoyos, discourse. See 
 Gloss, 3.] 1. Definition and explanation of terms. 2, 
 Science of language ; comparative philology ; linguistics. 
 
 GlSss'y, a. [cow/^ar. glossier; superl. GLOSSIEST.] 
 
 1, Smooth and shining. 2. Specious ; plausible. 
 Glot'tis, n. [Gr. yAwTTts, •yAw(r<rts,from yKCiTTa, ykSxraa, 
 
 the tongue.] {Anat.) The narrow opening at the upper 
 part of the larynx, between the vocal cords. 
 
 Glot-tol'o-gy, n. Comparative philology ; glossology. 
 
 Glove (gliiv), n. [A.-S. glof, Icel. gloji.] A cover for 
 the hand, with a separate sheath for each finger. 
 
 Glove, V. t. [imp. & p. p. gloved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLOVING.] To cover with, or as with, a glove. 
 
 Glov'er, n. One who makes and sells gloves. 
 
 Glow, ■«. i. [imp. & p.p. GLOWED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLOWING.] [A.-S. glowan, Icel. glda, to shine.] 1. 
 To shine with an intense or white heat. 3. To be bright 
 or red with animation, blushes, or the like. 3. To feel 
 hot, as the skin. 4. To feel the heat of passion. 
 
 Glow, n. 1. Shining heat, or white heat ; incandescence. 
 
 2. Brightness of color ; redness. 3. Intense excitement 
 or earnestness. 
 
 Glow'- worm, (-wurm), n. (Entom.) A coleopterous in- 
 sect. The female, which is wingless, emits, in the night- 
 time, a shining green light from the extremity of the 
 abdomen. 
 
 Gloze, v. i. [imp. 8c p p. GLOZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GLOZING.] [A.-S. gldse, gloss, interpretation, glesan, 
 to gloze.] 1. To flatter ; to wheedle, ii. To misinterpret. 
 
 Gloze, V. t. To smooth over ; to palliate or extenuate. 
 
 Gloze, n. Flattery ; adulation. 
 
 Glue, n. [Lat. glus, glutis, i. e., gluten ; gluere, to draw 
 together.] A hard, brittle, brownish gelatine, obtained 
 by boiling the skins, hoofs. &c., of animals. When 
 heated with water, it becomes viscid and tena- 
 cious, and is used as a cement. 
 
 Glue, V. t. [im.p. & p. p. glued ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. GLUING.] 1. To join with glue. 2. To 
 hold together ; to unite. 
 
 Glu'ey, a. Viscous ; glutinous. [lent. 
 
 Glum, a. [See GLOOM.] Sullen ; moody ; si- 
 Glume, n. [Lat. gluma, hull, husk, from glu- 
 bere, to bark or peel.] {Bot.) The floral cover- 
 ering of grain or grasses. 
 
 Gltit, v.'(. [imp. & p.p. glutted; p.pr. & Glume. 
 vb. n. GLUTTING.] [Lat. glutire.] 1. To swallow 
 greedily ; to gorge. 2. To satiate ; to sate 
 
 v.] 
 
 Glutton (2). 
 
 Gliit, n. 1. That which is swallowed down. 3. Full sup- 
 ply ; hence, often, supply beyond sufficiency or to loath- 
 ing. 3. A large wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. 
 
 Glu'ten, n. [Lat. See Glue.] (Chem.) The viscid, 
 tenacious substance which gives adhesiveness to dough. 
 
 Glu'ti-nate, v. t. {imp. & p. p. glutinated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. glutinating.] [Lat. glutinare, glutinatum, 
 from gluten.] To unite with glue. 
 
 Glu'ti-na'tion, n. The act of uniting with glue. 
 
 Glu'ti-na-tive, a. Tenacious ; viscous ; glutinous. 
 
 Glu'ti-iious, a. [Lat. glutinosus, from gluten, q. 
 Resembling glue ; viscous ; viscid ; tenacious. 
 
 Glu'ti-nous-ness, n. The quality of glue ; tenacity. 
 
 Glut'toiii (glut'tn), n. 
 [Lat. glittto, gltito.] 1, 
 One who eats voraciously ; 
 a gormandizer ; hence, 
 one eager for any thing to '■ 
 excess. 3. [Zool.) A car- 
 nivorous mammal, at one 
 time regarded as inordi- 
 nately voracious ; the wolverine. 
 
 Glut'ton-oiis, a. Belonging to a glutton or to gluttony • 
 given to excessive eating. 
 
 Gliit'toii-y (glut'tn-y), n. Act or practice of a glutton ; 
 excess in eating ; voracity. 
 
 Gly^'er-iiie, n. [From Gr. -yAv/cepog, equiv. to yXvKv<;, 
 sweet.] {Chem.) A sweet viscid liquid, formed from 
 fatty substances, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and 
 oxygen. 
 
 Glypli, n. [Gr. y\vj>ri ; yKvjteiv^ to hollow out, carve.] 
 {Arch.) A sunken channel, usually vertical. 
 
 Gly-pliog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. yXv^sLv, to engrave, and 
 ypa4>ri, drawing.] A process of etching by means of vol- 
 taic electricity. 
 
 Glyp'ti«, \n. sing, [^^e supra.] %he &rt of en^icamn^ 
 
 Glyp'ti«s, j figures on precious stones. [See NOTE 
 under Mathematics.] 
 
 Glyp-tog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. yXvTTTos, carved, and •ypa<^eii/, 
 to write.] A description of the art of engraving on 
 precious stones. 
 
 Gnarl (narl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. GNARLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. GNARLING.] [A.-S. gnyrran, N. H. Ger. knarren, 
 knurr en.] To growl ; to murmur ; to snarl. 
 
 Gnarl (narl), n. A knot in wood. 
 
 gSlSfy^lSo';!- Knotty; ft.U of to,*. 
 
 Gnash (nash), t;. t. [imp. Sep. p. GNASHED (nSsht);. 
 p. pr. & vb. n. GNASHING.] [0. Eng. gnaste, gnayste, 
 Icel. gnista.] To strike together, as in anger or pain. 
 
 Gn^sh. (nash), v. i. To grind or strike together the teeth. 
 
 Gnftt (nSt), n. [A.-S. gnat, from A.-S. gnidan, to rub.] 
 {Entom.) A delicate blood-sucking fly. 
 
 Gnaw (naw), v. t. [imp. & p. p. gnawed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n." GNAWING.] [A.-S. gnagan, Icel. gnaga.] 1. To 
 bite, or wear away by scraping with the teeth. 2. To 
 corrode ; to fret away. 
 
 GnaTV (naw), v. i. To use the teeth in biting. 
 
 Gnaw'er (naw'er), n. One who, or that which, gnaws 
 or corrodes. 
 
 Gneiss (nis), n. [Ger. gneis or gneisz.] { Geol.) A crys- 
 talline rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica. 
 
 Gneis'soid. (nls'soid), a. [Eng. gneiss and Gr. elSos, form.] 
 Having some of the characteristics of gneiss. 
 
 Gnome (n5m), n. [Gr. yv<afiMv, one that knows, a guar- 
 dian, i. e., of the treasures in the earth.] 1. An imagi- 
 nary being, supposed to inhabit the inner parts of th« 
 earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, &c. 
 
 2. A dwarf; a goblin. 
 
 Gno'mon (no^mon), n. [Gr. yvwawi/, from yvSivav, yiyvw- 
 a-Keiv, to know.] {Dialing.) 1. The style orpin of a 
 sun-dial, which shows by its shadow the hour of the day- 
 
 3. The index of the hour-circle of a globe. 
 Gn5s'ti-e (nos'tik), n. [Gr. yvcoo-TtKos, sagacious, a man 
 
 who claims to have a deeper wisdom, from ytyj/cocrKeii', to 
 know.] {Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of so-called philos- 
 ophers in the first ages of Christianity. Their system 
 was a combination of oriental 
 theology and Greek philoso- 
 phy with the doctrines of 
 Christianity. 
 
 Gnos'ti« (nos'tik), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the Gnostics or their 
 doctrines. 
 
 GnSs'ti-^igm (nos'ti-sizm ), 
 n. The doctrines taught by 
 the Gnostics. 
 
 Gnu(nu), n. [Hottentot j-mm, Gnn. 
 
 <«bd, f<jbt; ^rn,r^de, pull ; ^eU, Qliaise,-eall, e<;lio; ^em, get; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tWs- 
 
GO 
 
 320 
 
 GOLF 
 
 or nju.] [ZoUl.) A South African antelope having the 
 Mck, body, and tail like those of a horse, and single, re- 
 curred horns. 
 Oo, f. I. [imp. went:/', p. GONE; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 ©OINO. Wttit comes from the A.-S. u'f>it/an,a different 
 word.] [A.-S. irci;iir-i«, gan. Cf. Gang, v. ».] 1. To 
 pass from one placo to another ; to proceed ; to advance ; 
 — employed in the most various applications of the move- 
 ment of botlj animate and inanimate beings, by whatever 
 means, and also of the movements of the mind; also fig- 
 uratively apphed to every thing conceived to have being 
 or hie. " 'i. To walk ; also, to walk step by step, or leis- 
 urely. 3. To pass; to circulate. 4, To be with young ; 
 to be pregnant ; to gcstate. 5. To pass away ; to leave ; 
 to depart. 6. To be lost or ruined ; to perish ; to die. 
 
 Go to, come ; move ; begin ; — a phrase of exhortation, serious 
 or scornful. [Obs.] 
 Go, f. t. To take, as a share in an enterprise ; to l)ear or 
 eiyoy a part in. 
 
 To go it, to behave in a wild manner ; to be uproarious, to 
 carry on ; also, to proceed ; to make progress. IColloq.] 
 
 Go, n. 1. A circumstance or occurrence. 2. The fash- 
 ion or mode. [CoUoq.] 3. Noisy merriment. [Colloq.] 
 
 Goad (20). H. [A.-S. gcLcl, gaed. See Gad.] A pointed 
 instrument to urge on a beast ; hence, any thing that 
 stimulates. 
 
 Goad, V. i. [imp. & p. p. goaded ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 GOADING.] To prick; to drive with a goad ; hence, to 
 urge forward ; to stimulate. 
 
 Syn. — To excite ; arouse ; irritate ; incite ; instigate. 
 
 Goal, n. [Fr. gaule, pole ; Prov. Fr. tvaule, fr. Goth, valus, 
 staff, stick, rod ; Armor, gu-alen, staff; W. givyal^goal.] 
 1. The point set to bound a race ; the mark. 3. The 
 end or final purpose. 
 
 Goat, n. [A.-S. gat, Goth, gai- 
 tei, gaitsa, allied to Lat. hczdus, 
 hxdus, a young goat; kid.] 
 (Zool.) A mammiferous quad- 
 ruped having cloven hoofs, and 
 chewing the cud. It is aUied 
 to the sheep. 
 
 Goat-ee', n. Part of the beard 
 depending from the lower hps 
 or chin, resembhng the beard 
 of a goat . Goat's head. 
 
 Goat'-lierd, n. One who tends goats. 
 
 Goat'isli, a. Resembling a goat in any quality, especial 
 ly in smell or lustfulness. 
 
 Goat'-sucli'ei', n. (Ornith.) 
 A nocturnal swallow some- 
 thing like the owl in appear- 
 ance ; — so called fi:om the 
 mistaken notion that it sucks 
 goats. 
 
 Crdlj, n. [0. Fr. g^oi*, morsel; 
 Gael. & Ir. gob, mouth, 
 snout.] 1. A small quanti- 
 ty ; a mouthful. [Low.] 2. 
 The mouth ; also, the spittle 
 or BaUva. [Prov. E)ig.] 
 
 CtSbTt>le, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GOBBLED ; p 
 
 n. GOBBLING.] [See Gob, n.] To swallow hastily 
 eat down voraciously. 
 
 Gobljle, V. i. To make a noise in the throat, as a turkey. 
 
 G6b1>l»'r, n. 1. A greedy eater ; a gormandizer. 3. A 
 turkey -oock. [Colloq.] 
 
 Go'-be-tAveen', n. An interposer ; a broker. 
 
 Giilt'lct, n. [Fr. gobelet, Sp. cubilete, from Lat. cupa, 
 tub, cask.] A drinking vessel without a handle. 
 
 Goblin, n. [Fr. goblin, gobdin, Lat. gobelinns, from Gr. 
 Ko^oAo^, knave, a mischievous gobUn; Ger. kobold.] An 
 evil .spirit ; a frightful phantom ; a gnome ; an elf; a 
 spirit. 
 
 GoTjy, n. [T>at. gobius and gobio, Gr. /cw/Stos.] (Ichth.) 
 A spiny-finned fish, having the ventral fins on the breast 
 capable of forming a i!unnel-.«haped sucker. 
 
 Go'-by, n. 1. Evasio^ ; escape by artifice. 3. A thrust- 
 ing away. 
 
 G5'-eart, n. A small machine moving on castors, to 
 support children while learning to walk. 
 
 G5d, n. [A.-S. god, Icel. gudh,godh, 0. IT. Ger. got, Goth. 
 guth, allied to Pers. khoda. Hind, khuda.] 1. An object 
 of worship ; a divinity : a deity. 2. The Supreme Being ; 
 Jehovah. [at baptism. 
 
 GJSd'cbild, n. One for whom a person becomes sponsor 
 Gftd'daugb-ter (-daw-tcr), n. A girl for whom one 
 becomes sponsor at baptism. 
 
 ace ; the mark. 2. The 
 
 Goat-sucker. 
 
 &vb. 
 to 
 
 Gdd'dess, n. A female god. 
 
 GSd'fa-ttter, n. [A.-S. godfader. Cf GOSSIP.] A man 
 who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism. 
 
 Gdd'Ii^ad, n. [Eng. god, and suffix head, from A.-S. Iiad, 
 person, sex, habit, order.] 1. Deity ; divinity ; divine 
 nature or essence. 2. A god or goddess. 3. The Deity : 
 God ; the Supreme Being. 
 
 Gdd'less, a. Having, or acknowledging, no God ; un- 
 godly ; irreligious : wicked. 
 
 Gdd'like, a. Resembling a god or God ; divine. 
 
 G6d'ly, a. 1. Reverencing God, and his character and 
 laws. 2. Formed or influenced by a regard for God. 
 Syn. — Pious ; holy ; devout ; religious ; righteous. 
 
 God'motii-er (-mutli-er), n. [A.-S godmddor.'] A woia- 
 an who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. 
 
 G6d's6nd, n. Something sent bj- God ; an tmexpected 
 acquisition or piece of good fortune. 
 
 GSd'ship, n. Deity ; divinity ; a god or goddess. 
 
 God'son (-sun), n. One for whom another has been 
 sponsor at the font. 
 
 God' speed, n. Success; prosperous journeying ; — a 
 contraction of the phrase, " I wish that God may speed 
 you." [Written also as two separate words.] 
 
 G5d'%vard, adv. Toward God. 
 
 God'^vit, n. [Prob. from A.-S. god, good, and wiht, 
 creature, wight.] (Ornith.) A European and North Af- 
 rican bird, having long legs, and a long, flexible bill. 
 
 Go'er, n. One who, or that which, goes ; a runner or 
 walker. 
 
 Goffer, V. t. [imp. & p. p. goffered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GOFFERING.] To plait or flute, as lace, &c. 
 
 Gog'gle (gQg'gl), V- i- [imp. & p. p. GOGGLED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GOGGLING.] [Scot, gogge, to blindfold. Cf 
 Lat. codes, surname of a person blind with one eye.] To 
 strain or roll the eyes. [eyes. 
 
 Gog'gle, a. Full and rolling or staring; — said of the 
 
 Gog'gle, n. [See Goggle, v. ?.] 1. A strained or affect- 
 ed rolUng of the eye. 2. pi. A kind of spectacles to 
 protect the eyes from cold, dust, &c., or to cure squint- 
 ing. 
 
 Go'ing, n. 1. Act of moving in any manner. 2. De- 
 parture. 3. Pregnancy. 4. Course of life. 
 
 Goi'ter, tw. [Ft. goitre, from Lsit. 
 
 Goi'tre,) guttur, throdtt.] (Med.) 
 Bronchocele ; an enlargement of 
 the thyroid gland. See Cretin- 
 ism. 
 
 Gold, n. [A.-S. gold, Icel. gull, 
 Goth, gulth.] 1. A precious metal of 
 a reddish yellow color, and metallic 
 luster, remarkable for its ductility 
 and malleabUity. 2. Monej' ; rich- 
 es ; wealth. 3. A yellow color like 
 that of the metal. 
 
 Gold'-beat'er, n. One who beats 
 or foliates gold for gUding. 
 
 Gold-beater's skin, the outside membrane of the lar^e intes- 
 tine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal m beat- 
 ing. 
 
 Gold'-diist, n. Gold in very fine particles. 
 
 Gold'en(gold/n),a. 1. Made of gold; consisting of gold. 
 2. Having the color of gold. 3. Tery precious. 
 
 Golden age, the fabulous age of primeval simplicity and pu- 
 rity of manners in rural employments. —Go?f/en number (^Chro- 
 nol.), a number showing the year of the lunar cycle; — so called 
 from having formerly been written in the calendar in gold. — 
 Goldeji rule, tlie rule'of doing as we wotild have others do t© us. 
 See Luke, vi. 31. 
 
 Gold'fincli, n. (Ornith.) A 
 beautiful singing - bird — so 
 named from the color of its 
 wings. 
 
 Gold'-fisb, ?!. (Ichth.) A small 
 fish so named from its color, 
 being like that of gold. It is 
 a native of China. 
 
 Gold'-leaf, n. Gold 
 into a thin leaf. 
 
 Gold'smith, n. 
 naments of gold 
 
 Gold'-stjck 
 
 Goiter. 
 
 Goldfinch. 
 One who manufectures vessels and or- 
 
 The colonel of a regunent of Englirii 
 hfeguards, who attends his sovereign on state occasions ; 
 — so called from the gold rod presented to him by the 
 sovereign when he receives his commission as colonel of 
 the regunent. [Eng.] 
 Golf, n. [D. kolf, club or bat, Icel. kol/r.] A game played 
 with a small ball and a bat or club crooked at the lower 
 end. 
 
 a, e, &c. , long ; &,6,&c., short ; eXre, far, ask, all, vrliat ; 6re, Teil, tSrm ; pifque, firm ; sou. dr.. dff, 'vroll 
 
GONDOLA 
 
 321 
 
 GORSE 
 
 G6n'do-la, n. [It., dim. 
 of gonda., id.] 1. (Naut.) 
 A flat-bottomed pleasure- 
 boat, very loug aud nar- 
 • row, used at Venice, on 
 the canals, ti. A kind 
 of flat - bottomed boat. 
 [Amer.] 3. A long plat- 
 form car, ased ou rail- 
 ways. 
 
 Gon'do-lier', n. A man 
 
 who rows a gondola. Gondola. 
 
 Gone (21), p. p. of go. See Go. 
 
 G6n'fa-16n, )n. [From 0. H. Ger. g'?mr//ano, war-flag, 
 
 G6n'£a-n6n, ) from gunrJ, war, and fano, cloth, flag, 
 A.-S. gwJhfana.] An ensign or standard ; colors. 
 
 Gong, rt. [Malayan (Jav.) g'OKg'.] A circular instrument 
 of copper and tin, producing, when struck, a very loud 
 and harsh sound. 
 
 Go'ni-6m'e-ter, n. [6r. yuivCa, angle, and fierpov, 
 measure.] An instrument lor measuring angles, espe- 
 cially the angles of crystals, or the inclination of planes. 
 
 Go'ni-o-mgt'ri-e. \ a. Pertaining to, or determined 
 
 Go'ni-o-met'ric al, ) by means of, a goniometer. 
 
 Go'ni-om'e-try, «. The art of measuring solid angles. 
 
 Gon'or-rlie'a (-rS'a), n. [Gr. yovoppoia, from yovri, 
 semen, and peetv, to flow.] ( MerJ.) A coutagiovs inflam- 
 matory discharge from the membrane of the genital or- 
 gans. 
 
 Go'od,a. [compar.B^TT-EH; superl. BTlST.] [A.-S. god, 
 Goth, go'/s, Icel. godr, allied to Gr. dya^o?.] 1. Pos- 
 sessing desirable qualities ; adapted to answer the end 
 designed, 'i. Possessing moral excellence or virtue. 3. 
 Kind; benevolent. 4. Serviceable ; suited ; adapted. 5. 
 Clever ; skillful ; followed especially by at. 6. Adequate ; 
 sufficient ; in a commercial sense, having pecuniary 
 ability. 7. Considerable. 8. Full ; complete. 9. Fair ; 
 honorable. 
 
 As good as, not less than. — As good as one's word, perform- 
 ing to the extent promised. — To make good, to fulfill; to estab- 
 lish; to maintain. — To think good, to regard as expedient or 
 proper. 
 
 Good, n. 1. That which possesses desirable qualities, 
 promotes success, welfare, or happiness, is serviceable, fit, 
 excellent, kind, benevolent, or the like. '2. ^\'elf;^re ; 
 prosperity ; advantage ; benefit. 3. pi. Wares, commod- 
 ities, chattels. 
 
 For good, or for good and all, for the rest of the time; finally; 
 permanently. 
 Gobd, adv. 1. Well ; equally well. '2. To a good de- 
 gree ; quite ; considerably. 
 
 As good as, in effect; virtually. 
 
 Gobd'-breed'ing, n. Polite manners or education. 
 
 Gobd-b^', ) n. or interj. [Either a contr. of God be 
 
 Good-bye', ) witk ye, or compoiinded with by, bye, 
 way, journey. See BY.] Farewell; — a form of address 
 used at parting. 
 
 Gobd-day', n. or interj. Farewell ; — a term of saluta- 
 tion at meeting or parting. 
 
 Gobd-Fri'day, n. A fast, in memory of our Savior's 
 sufferings, kept on the Friday of passion-week. 
 
 Go'bd-liu'mored, a. Having a cheerful spirit aad 
 demeanor ; good-natured ; good-tempered. 
 
 Gobd'li-ness, n. Beauty of form ; grace; elegance. 
 
 Gobd'ly, n. [compnr. goodlier ; superl. GOODLI- 
 EST.] 1. Pleasant ; agreeable. *Z, Comely ; gracefijl. 
 3. Large ; swelling. 
 
 Go'tid'man, n. 1. A familiar appellation of civility. 3. 
 A husband ; master of a house or family. 
 
 Gobd'-nat'ured, a. Naturally mild in temper ; not 
 easily provoked. 
 
 Syn.— Good-tempered; Mind. — Good-natured denotes a 
 disposition to please and be pleased; good-tempered, a spirit 
 which is not easily ruffled by provocation or other disturbinfj 
 influences; kind, a disposition to make others happy by sup- 
 plying their wants and granting their requests. 
 
 Go"bd'nes!^, n. The quality of being good in any of its 
 various senses ; excellence ; virtue ; kindness ; benevo- 
 J^ce. [easily irritated or annoyed. 
 
 Gcfod'-tem'pered, a. Having a good temper ; not 
 
 Go'bd-will', 71. 1. Benevolence. Ji. (Law.) The cus- 
 tom of any trade or business. 
 
 Go<>d'y, n. 1. [Probably contracted from good-wife.] 
 Good-wife ; good- woman ; — a low term. 2, pi. Bon- 
 bons, and the like. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Goos'an-der, n. [0. Eng. gossander, a tautological 
 word, formed from goose and gander, q. v.] ( Omith.) A 
 
 Goose. 
 
 migratory duck, an inhabitant of the northern region^ 
 and feeding chiefly on fish. 
 
 Goose, n.; pi. GEESE. [A.-S. gos, 
 Icel. gas, Ger. gans, allied to W. 
 gwydd, Ir. geadli, Lat. anser, for lian- 
 str, Gr. xnv, Slav. gUsj and gonsj, 
 Skr. liangM.] 1. A well-known 
 aquatic fowl. 2. A tailor s smooth- 
 ing iron, the handle of which resem- 
 bles the neck of a goose. 3. A sim- 
 pleton. 4. A game of chance, for- 
 merly common in England. 
 
 Gob§e'ber-ry, n. [Corrupted for gossberry, or gcrse- 
 hcrry, a name taken from the roughness of the shrub, for 
 goss, or gorse, has prickles like the goosebewy bush.] 
 ( Bot.) The fruit of a certain thox-ny shrub, and the shrub 
 itself, found in all temperate regions of the world. 
 
 Gobse'-fl6sli, n. A peculiar roughness of the skin pro- 
 duced by cold or fear. 
 
 Go'plier, n. [Fr. gaitfre, waffle, 
 honeycomb. Cf. Gauffer- 
 ing.] A burrowing animal of _!? 
 several different kinds. '^ 
 
 Go'plier, n. [Heb. gOp/ier.] A 
 species of wood used in the 
 construction of Noah's ark. Gopher. 
 
 G6r'-«6ck, n. [Either from gore, blood, i . e., red, or 
 from gorse, furze or heath.] ( Omith.) A galUnaceoua 
 bird ; the moor-cock, red-grouse, or red-game. 
 
 Gor'di-an, a. Pertaining to Gordius, king of Phrygia, 
 or to a knot tied by him, which could not be untied, but 
 was cut by Alexander the Great ; hence, intricate ; com- 
 plicated ; difficult. 
 
 Gore, n. [A.-S. gor, gore, dirt, dung, W. gar, gore, pus, 
 giuyar, gore.] Blood ; thick or clotted blood. 
 
 G5re, n. [From A.-S. gar, Icel. geir, Ger. ger, dart, 
 lance.] 1. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth, sewed into a 
 garment, &c., to give greater width at a particular part. 
 ^. A triangular piece of land. 
 
 Gore, V. t. [imp. & p. p. gored ; p. pr. & vh. n, 
 GORING.] [A.-S. gar, spear.] To pierce ; to stab. 
 
 Gore, V. t. To cut in a triangular form. 
 
 Gorge, n. [From Lat. gurges, whirlpool, gulf, abyss.] 1. 
 The throat ; the gullet. 3. A narrow passage or en- 
 trance; as, (a.) A defile between mountains, (b.) The 
 entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort. 3. 
 That which is swallowed, especially by a hawk. 
 
 Gorge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. gorged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 gorging.] 1. To swallow; especially, to swallow with 
 greediness. 2. To glut ; to satiate. 
 
 Gorge, V. i. To feed greedily. 
 
 Gor'geous (gor/jus), a. [0. Fr. gorgias, gorgiais, gor- 
 giase, beautiful, glorious, vain, luxurious, from gorgias, 
 ruff, neck-handkerchief.] Imposing through splendid or 
 various colors ; showy ; fine ; magnificent. 
 
 Gor'geoiis-ly, adv. In a gorgeous manner : splendidly. 
 
 Gor'geoiis-ness, n. QuaUty of being gorgeous; splen- 
 dor ; magnificence. , 
 
 Gor'get (gor'jet), n. [0. Fr. gorgeite, gorgerette, equiv. 
 to gorgerin, neck-armor. See GORGE.] 1. A piece of 
 armor for defending the throat or neck. 5J. {Mil.) A 
 pendent raetalhc ornament, worn by officers when oa 
 duty. [Eng.] 3. {Surg.) A 
 cutting instrument used in li- 
 thotomy. 
 
 Gor'gon, ??. [Lat. Gorgo, Gor- 
 gon, Gr. ropyco, ropywi/.] 1, 
 {Myth.) A fabled monster, of 
 terrific aspect, the sight of 
 which turned the beholder to 
 stone. 2. Any thing very ugly 
 or horrid. 
 
 Gor-go'ni-an, a. Pertaining 
 to, or resembling, a Gorgon. 
 
 Go-ril'la, «. {Zodl.) A large 
 monkey, inhabiting the west- 
 ern shores of Africa. It is as large as man, and is re- 
 markable for its strength and ferocity. 
 
 Gdr'mand, n. [Cf. Prov. Fr. gotinner, to sip, to lap, 
 gourme, mumps, glanders, Prov. Eng. gorm, to smear, to 
 daub.l A glutton ; a gourmand. 
 
 Gor'man-dTze, v. i. or t. [Fr. gourmandise, gluttony.] 
 To eat greedily ; to feed ravenously. 
 
 Gdr'mand-iz'er, n. A greedy, voracious eater. 
 
 Gdrse, n. [A. S. gorst. gost. Cf. 0. H. Ger. grast, hay, 
 equivalent to gras, A.-S. gears, gars, grass. SeeORASS.) 
 {Bot.) A thick, prickly shrub, bearing yellow flowers in 
 winter; furze; whin. 
 
 Gorilla. 
 
 food, fdbt 
 
 ftrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio; gent, get ; 
 
 21 
 
 ag ; e^ist ; lingrer, lii^ ; ttds> 
 
GORY 
 
 322 
 
 GRADE 
 
 Oor^, a. 1. Covered with pore. 'i. Bloody ; murderous. 
 
 Gds'liaifvkjn. [X.S. go^hd/uc, 
 i. e.,"goo6eha\vk; gOs, gooso, 
 and rtd/Mf, hawk. J (Ornit/t.) 
 A short-wiujifd. slender hawk, 
 foiiud in the touiperate pjtrt of 
 both hemispheres. 
 
 Gds'liiig. "• [A. -S. §05, a goose, 
 aud the dini. terminatiou ling.] 
 A vouug noose. 
 
 (HVs'pel, n. [A.-S. godspell, 
 from god. good, and .^;;f//, his- 
 tory, story, tidings.] 1. Glad ^^_ 
 tidings ; es}>f daily, the good "^^^^J^l^^^ 
 news concerning Christ and ^ 
 
 his salvation. '^. One of the Goshawk, 
 
 historical narratives of the lite and sayings of Jesus 
 Christ. 3. Any system of religious truth or doctrine. 
 
 G6s'pel-er, n. 1. An evangelist. 2. A follower of 
 WyckUffe; hence, a Puritan. [065.] 3. A priest who 
 reads the gospel at the altar during the comHiunion ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Gos'sa-mer, «. [0. Eng. gosso7ner, gossamere, gossa- 
 tnort, prob. from gorse aud summer, as this web is fre- 
 quently seen on gorse or furze and other low bushes.] 
 A filmy substance, Uke cobwebs, floating in the air. 
 
 G6!S'!<a-in.6r'y,a. Like gossamer ; flimsy ; unsubstantial. 
 
 Gds'sip, n. [0. Eng. gossib, godsib., A.-S. godsibb, a rela- 
 tion or sponsor in baptism, from god, God, and sib, alli- 
 ance, relation.] 1. A sponsor. [Obs.] 2. A friend or 
 comrade. [Obs.] 3. An idle tattler. 4. Talk or tattle ; 
 idle and groundless rumor. 
 
 GSs'sip, V. i. [i7np. & p. p. gossiped (gos'sipt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GOSSIPING.] 1. To prate ; to talk much. 3. 
 To run about and tattle. 
 
 Got, imp. of get. See Get. 
 
 G5t, 
 
 Gbt'ten, 
 
 p.p. of get. See Get. 
 
 G6th,w. [Goth. guthans,La,t.gothi,Gv.T60oi.] 1. One of 
 an ancient tribe or nation, of Asiatic origin, who over- 
 ran and took an important part in subverting the Roman 
 empire. 2. A barbarian ; a rude, ignorant person. 
 
 G6tli'i«, a. 1. Pertaining to the Goths. 2. {Arch.) 
 Pertaining to a style of architecture with high and 
 sharply -pointed arches, clustered columns, &c. 3. 
 Rude ; barbarous. 
 
 GStli'ic n. The language of the Goths. 
 
 Goth'i-figm, n. 1. A Gothic idiom. 2. Conformity to 
 the Gothic style of building. 3. Rudeness of manners ; 
 barbarousness. 
 
 Goth'i-^ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. GOTHICIZED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GOTHiciziNG.] To make Gothic or barbarous. 
 
 Gouge (gowj ; in most Eng. authorities, gooj), n. [Fr. 
 gouge, ^t. gubia. Cf. Biscayan gubia, bow, gubioa, 
 throat.] A chisel, with a semi -cylindrical blade. 
 
 Gouge (gowj), V. t. [imp. & p. p. GOUGED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. GOUGING.] 1. To scoop out with a gouge. 2. To 
 force out. as the eye of a person, with the thumb or fin- 
 ger. [Amer.] 3. To cheat. [Colloq. Amer.] 
 
 Gourd, n. [Fr. gourde., also courge, from Lat. cucurbita, 
 gourd.] (Bat.) A fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded fruit. 
 The bottle-gourd has a hard outer rind, which, when dry, 
 is used for cups, bottles, &c. 
 
 Gourmand (gcTor'mand), n. [Fr.] A greedy or ravenous 
 eater ; a glutton. See Gormand. 
 
 Gout, n. [Fr. goutte, a drop, the gout, the disease being 
 considered as a defluxion ; from Lat. gTi«a, drop.] {Med.} 
 A painful constitutional disease; inflammation of the 
 joints. 
 
 Gout (g<To), n. [Fr. ; Lat. gustus, taste.] Taste, relish. 
 
 Gout'i-ness, n. State of being gouty ; gout. 
 
 Gout'y, a. 1. Diseased with, or subject to, the gout. 2. 
 Pertaining to the gout. 
 
 G6v'ern (gfiVem), v. t. [imp. & p. p. GOVERNED ; p. 
 pr. & vh.n. GOVERNING.] [Fr. gouverner, Lat. gubernare, 
 Or. Kv^epvav.] 1. To regulate by authority. 2. To reg- 
 ulate ; to influence; io direct ; to manage. 3. {Gram.) 
 To require to be in a j>,irticular case. 
 
 Gov'ern, v. i. To exercise authority ; to administer the 
 laws ; to have the control. 
 
 G6v'ern-a-ble (gilv/om-a-bl), a. Capable of being gov- 
 erned ; controllable : manageable ; obedient. 
 
 G6v'ern-Jinte' (110), n. [Fr. gouvernante.] A lady who 
 has the care and management of young women ; a gov- 
 
 G6v'ern-e«», n. A female governor ; an instructress. 
 GAv'ern-ment, n. 1. Act of governing; exercise of 
 authority ; restraint ; regulation. 2. The system of 
 
 polity in a state; established form of law. 3. Right oc 
 power of governing ; authority. 4. The ruling power ; 
 the administration. 5. A commonwealth ; a state. 6. 
 ( Gram.) The influence of a word in regard to construc- 
 tion, [by government. 
 
 Gov/ern-mgnt'al, a. Pertaining to government ; made 
 
 G6v'ern-or (guv'ern-ur), n. One 
 who governs; especially, (a.) 
 A chief ruler or magistrate. (6.) 
 A tutor; a guardian, (c.) (Naul ) 
 A pilot. [Rare.] {d.) {Mac/i.) A 
 contrivance connected with mills 
 steam-engines, or other machin- 
 ery, for maintaining uniform ve- 
 locity with a varying resistance. 
 
 Gown, n. [0. Eng. gonne, Lat. 
 gunna, Late Gr. yovj/a, a leathern 
 garment, Albanian gun'd, cloak, 
 coat, W. gwn, govm.] A loose, 
 flowing upper garment ; especially, 
 {a.) The ordinary outer dress of a Governor, 
 
 woman, (b.) The ofScial robe of certain professional mem 
 and scholars ; hence, civil oflicers, in distinction from 
 military, (c.) A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within 
 doors. 
 
 Gowng'maii, n. ; pi. GOWNg'MEN. One whose profes- 
 sional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer ; hence, a 
 civilian, in distinction from a soldier. 
 
 Grab, n. A sudden grasp or seizure. 
 
 Grab, V. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. GRABBED ; p. pr. & vb n. 
 GRABBING.] [Sw. grappa, to grasp, 0. Ger. grabben. grap- 
 pen, for gerappen, from L. Ger. rappen, H. Ger. raffen, to 
 snatch away.] To gripe suddenly ; to seize ; to clutch. 
 
 Gra^e, n. [Lat. gratia, from grains, beloved, dear, agree- 
 able.] 1. Exercise of love, kindness, or good-will; favor 
 bestowed. 2. The divine favor toward man ; enjoyment 
 of the divine favor. 3. Inherent excellence. 4. Beauty, 
 physical, intellectual, or moral ; commonly, easy elegance 
 of manners. 5. pi. {Myth.) Graceful and beautiful 
 females, represented as the attendants of Yenus. 6. The 
 title of a duke or an archbishop of England. 7, A short 
 prajer before or after meat. 8.^^. (Mws.) Ornamental 
 tones. 9. {Eng. Universities.) An act, vote, or decree 
 of the government of the institution. 10. pi. A play 
 consisting in throwing a small hoop by means of two 
 sticks. 
 
 Bays of grace (Com."), the days immediately foUowiDg the 
 day when a bill or note becomes due, which days are allowed 
 to the debtor or payer to make payment in.— Good graces, 
 favor; friendship. 
 
 SjTi. — Mercy. —Grace is free, spontaneous favor to the un- 
 deserving; mercy is kindness or compassion to the suffering or 
 condemned. It was the grace of God that opened a way for 
 the exercise of mercy toward men. 
 
 Gra9e, v. t. [imp. &,p.p. GRACED (grast) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. GRACING.] 1. To adorn; to decorate. 2. To 
 dignify ; to honor. [grace. 
 
 Gra9e'-<;up, n. The cup or health drank after sayuag 
 
 Grape'ful, a. Displaying grace or beauty in form or 
 action ; elegant ; easy ; agreeable in appearance. 
 
 Gra^e'ful-ly, adv. In a graceful manner ; elegantly. 
 
 Gra^e'f ul-ness, n. The quality or state of being grace- 
 ful ; elegance of manner or deportment. 
 
 Gra^e'less, a. Wanting in grace or excellence, especial- 
 ly divine grace ; hence, depraved ; degenerate ; corrupt. 
 
 Grape'less-ly, adv. In a graceless manner. 
 
 Gra'cious (gra'shus), a. 1. Abounding in grace or 
 mercy ; characterized by grace. 2. "Winning regard or 
 favor ; acceptable. 3. Beautiful ; graceful. 4. Produced 
 by divine grace. 
 
 Syn. — Favorable ; kind ; benevolent ; friendly ; beneficent; 
 benignant ; merciful. 
 
 Gra'cioiis-ly, adv. In a gracious manner ; kindly. 
 
 Gra'cioiis-ness, n. The quaUty or state of being gra- 
 cious ; kindness ; condescension. 
 
 Grack'le, ) (grSk'kl), n. [Lat. graculus, jack-daw, so 
 
 Grak'le, ) called from its noteg-m, gra.] { Ormth.) A 
 bird allied to the black-bird. , , . , 
 
 Gra-da'tion, n. [Lat. gradatio. See GRADE.] 1. Act 
 of progressing by regular steps ; the state of being grad- 
 ed, or arranged in ranks. 2. Any degree m an order or 
 series. 3. The gradual blending of one tint with another. 
 
 Grad'a-to-ry (50), a. [See Grade.] 1. Proceeding 
 step by step ; gradual. 2. Adapted for progressive mo- 
 tion, [church. 
 
 Grad'a-to-ry, n. A step from the cloisters into the 
 
 Grade, n. [Lat. gradus, from gradi, to step, go.] 1. A 
 step or degree in any series, rank, or order. 2. (a. ) In a 
 
 %,'h,hK.,long; &,6,&,c.,short; c4re, far, ask, aU, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, wolf, 
 
GRADE 
 
 323 
 
 GRANGE 
 
 railroad or highway, the rate of ascent or descent. (6.) 
 A graded ascending or descending portion of a road ; a 
 gradient. 
 
 Cbrade, v. t. {imp. & p. p. graded ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
 GRADING.] To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progres- 
 sive ascent, as the line of a canal or road. 
 
 Gra'di-ent, a. [Lat. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi, to step, to 
 go.] 1. MoviD^g by steps ; walking, ii. Rising or de- 
 scending by regular degrees of inclination. 
 
 Gra'di-ent, n. 1, Rate of ascent or descent in a road, 
 &c. ; grade. 2. A part of a road which slopes upward 
 or downward; a grade. [sive ; slow. 
 
 GrS,d'u-al, a. Proceeding by steps or degrees ; pi-ogres- 
 
 GrS,d'ii-al, n. 1. An order of steps. 'Z, An ancient 
 book of hymns and prayers ; so caUed because some of 
 the anthems were chanted on the steps (gradus) of the 
 pulpit. 
 
 Grstd'u-al-ly, adv. In a gradual manner ; step by step. 
 
 Grad'u-ate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. graduated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GRADUATING.] [L. Lat. gmdiiare, gradua- 
 tum, from Lat. gradus, a step.] 1, To mark with de- 
 grees ; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals. 
 i2. To admit to a certain grade or degree ; especially to 
 admit to an academical degree. 3. To prepare gradually. 
 
 GrJtd'ii-ate, v. i. 1. To pass to, or to receive, an academ- 
 ical degree. 'Z. To pass by degrees ; to change gradually. 
 
 GrJid'u-ate (45), n. One who has been admitted to an 
 academical degree. [graduated. 
 
 GrJtd'u-ate, a. Arranged by successive steps or degrees ; 
 
 Grad''u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of graduating. 3. Art of 
 dividing into degrees, or other definite parts. 3. Marks 
 or lines on an instrument to indicate degrees, &c. 
 
 Grad'u-a'tor, n. [N. Lat., from L. Lat. gra^f ware. See 
 Graduate, v.] 1. One who graduates. 3. An in- 
 strument for dividing any line, right, or curve, into small 
 regular intervals. 
 
 G-rd'dus, n. [Abbrev. from Lat. gradus ad Parnassutn, 
 a step to Parnassus.] A dictionary of prosody. 
 
 Graff, n. & v. Same as Graft, q. v. 
 
 Graft (6), n. [Lat. graphium, Gr. ypam^iov, ypa<f>elov, 
 pencil, from ypaL<f>ei.v, to write ; from the resemblance of 
 a scion to a pointed pencil.] A small shoot or scion of 
 a tree inserted in another tree. 
 
 Graft, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GRAFTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GRAFTING.] To insert, as a cutting from one tree in 
 a branch or stem of another ; hence, to implant or incor- 
 porate, as a bud upon a stem. 
 
 Graft, V. i. To insert scions from one tree into another. 
 
 GrJift'er, n. One who inserts scions on foreign stocks. 
 
 Grail, n. [0. Fr. greet, contracted from L. Lat. gradate, 
 gradiiMe. See GRADUAL, n.] 1. A gradual. 2. A 
 broad, open dish, or cup ; also, a chalice. [Obs.} 
 
 Grain, n. [From Lat. granum, grain, seed, small ker- 
 nel.] 1. A kernel; especially of corn, wheat, &c. 2. 
 The fruit of certain kindred plants which constitute the 
 chief food of man, viz., corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, 
 andtheUke; — used collectively. 3. Any small, hard 
 particle; hence, any small portion. 4. A small weight, 
 being the 20th part of a scruple, in apothecaries' weight, 
 and the 24th of a pennyweight troy. 5. A reddish-col- 
 ored dye from the coccus insect or kermes ; hence, a red 
 color of any tint or hue, esp. (Poet.) Tyrian purple. 6. 
 That arrangement of the particles of any body which de- 
 termines its comparative roughness ; texture. 7. Ar- 
 rangement or direction of the veins or fibers of wood. 8. 
 pi. The husks or remains of malt after brewing, or of any 
 grain after distillation ; hence, any residuum. 
 
 Against the grain, against the fibers of wood ; hence, unwil- 
 lingly; unpleasantly ; reluctantly ; with difficultv.— 7b dye in 
 grain, to dye with the tint made from grain [see No. 5] ; hence, 
 to dye firmly ; hence also, to dye in the wool. 
 
 Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GRAINING.] 1. To paint in imitation of the grain of 
 wood. 2, To form into grains, as powder, sugar, and 
 the like. 
 
 Grain, v. i. To form grains, or assume a granular form. 
 
 Grained a. 1. Divided into small particles or grains. 
 2. Roughened. [Obs.] 3. Dyed in grain; ingrained, 
 4. (jBoi.^Having tubercles or grain-like processes. 
 
 Graria-to'ri-al, ) a. [N. Lat. grallatorius. from gral- 
 
 Grai'la-to-ry (50), ( lator, grallx, stilts, contracted for 
 gradula, from gradus. See GRADE.] Pertaining to the 
 grallatores or waders. 
 
 Gra-mer'py (14), interj. [Ft. grari'-merci, great thanks.] 
 A word formerly used to express thankfulness with sur- 
 prise. 
 
 Gra,m^i-na'ceous, a. [From Lat. gram.en, graminis.] 
 Pertaining to the grasses ; gramineous. 
 
 Gra-mln'e-al, )a. [La.t. gramineus ; gramen, gnM.] 
 Gra-min'e-ous, j {Bot.) Resembling, or pertaining to, 
 
 grass ; grassy. 
 
 GrSni'i-niv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. gramen, grass, and vorare, 
 to eat greedily.) Feeding on grass and the like food. 
 
 Gr^m'niar, n. [Fr. grammaire, from a hypoth. Lat. 
 yrord grammaticaria.] 1, The science of language, ti. 
 The art of speaking or writing with propriety or correct- 
 ness, according to established usage. 3. A treatise on 
 the principles of language. 4. A treatise on the elements 
 or principles of any science. 
 
 Gram-ma'ri-an, n. [0. Fr. gramaire, from a hypoth, 
 Lat. word grammaticarius, from grammaticus, gramma- 
 rian, Gr. ypafjifjiariKoi, from ypa/afxa, letter, ypd<f)eiv, U> 
 write.] 1. A philologist, ii. One who teaches grammar. 
 
 Grftm'mar Sclidbl (-skobl). A school in which gram- 
 mar, or the science of language, is taught ; especially, a, 
 school in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught. 
 
 Gram-mat'i-e, ) a. 1. Belonging to grammar. 2. 
 
 Grani-nxS,t'i-e-al, j According to the rules of grammar. 
 
 Gram-mat'i^-al-ly, adv. According to the principles 
 and rules of grammar. 
 
 Gram-m^t'i-fize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grammati- 
 cized ; p. pr. & vb. n. GRAMMATICIZING.] To render 
 grammatical. 
 
 G^'atnme (gr3m), n. [Fr. gramme, from Gr. ypa/oifxa, that 
 which is written, a letter, the twenty -fourth part of an 
 ounce ; ypa<t>eiv, to write.] The French unit of weight, 
 equivalent to 15.433 grains troy or avoirdupois. 
 
 Gram'pus, n. [Probably corrupted from Fr. grand pois- 
 son, great fish.] (Ichth.) A 
 fish having socketed, conical 
 teeth, and breathing by a 
 spout-hole on the top of the 
 head, as whales do.' 
 
 Gran'a-ry, n. [Lat. granari- Grampus. 
 
 um, from granum, grain.] A storehouse for grain after 
 it is thrashed. 
 
 Grand, a. [compar. GRANDEE; superl. GRANDEST.] 
 [La,t. grandis.] 1. Of large size or extent; great; ex- 
 tensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; cmef; prin- 
 cipal. 2. Great in size and fine or imposing in appear- 
 ance. 3. Holding an elevated or advanced rank, as in 
 years or station. 
 
 Grand juror, one of agrand jury.— GVawc? jMry, (Law), jury 
 ot not less than twelve nor more than twenty -three, whose duty 
 is to examine iato the grounds of accusation against offenders, 
 and, if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment 
 against them to be presented to the court; — called also grand 
 inquest. —Grand vizier, the chief member or head of the Turk- 
 ish council of state. 
 
 Syn. — Magnificent ; sublime ; majestic ; dignified ; elevat- 
 ed; stately ; august; pompous; lofty ; exalted; noble. — Grand, 
 in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands 
 the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty ; magnificent is 
 applied to any thing which is imposing from its splendor ; sub- 
 lime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is 
 grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an over- 
 hanging precipice is sublime. 
 
 Gran'dam, n. [See supra and Dame.] An old woman ; 
 specifically, a grandmother. 
 
 Grand'cliild, 7i. A son's or daughter's child. 
 
 Grand'daugli'ter (-daw'ter), n. The daughter of a son 
 or daughter. 
 
 Gran-dee', n. [Sp. grande. See Grand.] A man of 
 rank ; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank. 
 
 Grand'eur (grand'yijr), n. [Fr., from grand. See 
 Grand.] The quality of being grand ; splendor of ap- 
 pearance ; elevation of thought or expression, or of mien 
 or deportment ; nobility of action. 
 
 Syn.— Sublimity ; majesty ; stateliness ; augustnesa ; loft- 
 iness ; magnificence. 
 
 GrSnd'f a-tiier, n. A father's or mother's father. 
 
 Gran-dil'o-quen?e, n. Lofty words or phrases ; bom- 
 bast ; pomposity of speech. 
 
 Gran-dil'o-quent, a. [Lat. grandis, grand, and loqui, 
 to speak.] Pompous ; bombastic. 
 
 Gran-dil'o-quous, a. [Lat. grandiloquiis, from gran- 
 dis, grand, and loqui, to speak.] Speaking in a lofty 
 style ; bombastic. 
 
 Grand'i-ose' (125), a. [Lat. grandis, grand.] 1. Im- 
 posing ; striking. 2. Flaunting ; turgid ; bombastic. 
 
 GrJtnd'ly, adv. In a grand or lofty manner ; splendidly. 
 
 Grand'motii-er (-mttth-er), n. The mother of one's 
 father or mother. 
 
 GrJind'sire, «. A grandfather ; any ancestor. 
 
 GrJtnd'son (-stln), n. The son of a son or daughter. 
 
 Grange, n. [L. Lat. grangia, from Lat. granum, Eng. 
 graiti.] A granary; a bam; also, a farm, with it.'^ 
 stables, &c. 
 
 iood, f dot ; tirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, €all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tftiis- 
 
GRANITE 
 
 324 
 
 GRATULATE 
 
 Griknite, n. [From Lat. granum, grain.] (Geol.) A 
 crystalline, unstratified rock, consisting of quartz, feld- 
 si«r, ami mica. 
 
 G^!i-nit'I*^ I a. 1. Like granite in composition, 
 
 Gra-nit'io-al, J color, &c. ti. Consisting of gninite. 
 
 Gra-nit'i-forui, a. [Eug. granite and h&t.fonna, foi-m.] 
 ( Ufol) Kosembliug granite in structure or shape. 
 
 Gr*n'i-tlne, n. (See Uramte.] (Geol.) A rock con- 
 t^uniug three speciej; of mineral*, some of which differ 
 from those which compose granite, as quartz, feldspar, 
 and shorl. 
 
 Gra-niv'o-rous, (i. [Lat. granum, grain, and vorare, 
 to i\it greotlilv.] Eating grain or seeds. 
 
 Grftn'nain, I'n- [For gratidam.] A grandmother; a 
 
 Gran'iiv, I grandam. [Loic] 
 
 Grant(ti), v. t. [iwp. & p. p. granted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GKA.NTING.] [0. Fr. ^ranter, creancer, crariter, to pro- 
 mise, yield, from a hjpoth. Lat. word credentare, to make 
 l>elieve, from credere, to believe.] 1. To allow ; to yield ; 
 to concede. '2. To bestow or confer, in answer to prayer 
 or request. 3. To make conveyance of ; to give the pos- 
 session or title of. 
 
 Syu. — To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; 
 allow; concede. 
 
 Grant, »■ 1. Act of granting; a bestowing or confer- 
 ring; admission of something as true. ti. The thing 
 granted or bestowed; a gift; a boon. 3. (Law.) A 
 transfer of property by deed or wiiting ; especially, an 
 appropriation or conveyance by the government. 
 
 Grant'a-ble, a. Capable of being grjinted. 
 
 Grant-ee', «. (Law.) One to whom a grant is made. 
 
 Grant'er, n. One who grants. 
 
 Grant'or (127), n. (Laxv.) The person by whom a grant 
 or conveyance is made. 
 
 Grau'u-lar, I a. Consisting of, or resembling, grains 
 
 Griii'u-la-ry, I or granules. 
 
 GrJtn'u-lar-ly, adv. In a granular form. 
 
 Gran'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. granulated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GRANULATING.] 1. To form into grains or 
 small ma.sses. 2. To raise in small asperities ; to make 
 rough on the surface. 
 
 GrSn'ii-late, v. i. To collect or be formed into grains. 
 
 GrJin'u-late, I a. 1 . Consisting of, or resembling, 
 
 GrJin'u-la'ted, ) grains. 3. Having numerous small 
 elevations, as shagreen. 
 
 GrS.n'u-la'tioii, n. Act of forming into grains ; de- 
 velopment of small grain-like cells in a sore, serving to 
 fill up the cavity and unite the sides. 
 
 GrSn'tile, «. [From Lat. granw??!, grain. See Grain.] 
 A little grain ; a small particle. 
 
 GrS.n''u-lou.s, a. Full of grains or granular substances ; 
 granular. 
 
 Grape, »t. [Fr. grappe, It. grappo, grappolo,J). grappe, 
 krappe, allied to It. grappa, Sp. grapa, a cramp-iron, 
 crochet, grapling, from 0. H. Ger. krapfo, hook.] 1. 
 The fruit of the vine ; commonly a single berry of the 
 vine. 2. (Mil.) Grape-shot. 
 
 Grap'er-y, w. A building for the cultivation of grapes. 
 
 Grape'-sliot, n. (Mil.) A number of iron balL«, put to- 
 gether by means of circular iron plates at top and bot- 
 tom, with two rings, and a central connecting pin and 
 nut. 
 
 Grape'-.<*tone, w. The stone or seed of the grape. 
 
 Orape'-vine, n. (Bot.) A vine, having small green 
 flowera, lobed leaves, and fruit called grapes, growing in 
 clusters. 
 
 GrJiphlc, I a. 1. Pertaining to writing. 2. Writ- 
 
 Grapli'i€-al, ( ten ; inifcribed. 3. Well delineated or 
 described. [ner. 
 
 GrS.pli'i€-al-l3', adv. In a graphic or picturesque man- 
 
 Gr&phlte, n. [From Gr. ypa^eiv, to write.] (Min.) 
 Carbon in one of its conditions, distinguished by its soft- 
 ness, iti» metallic luster, and by leaving a dark lead- 
 colored trace on paj)er. It Is used for pencils, and is 
 often calle<I plumbago or hlack4ead. 
 
 GrSp'line, I n. [Frojfi Eng. 
 
 GrSp'iK;!, f grapjile ,^f\. v.] 
 (Naut.) A small anchor, with 
 four or five flukes or clawn, 
 u>»ed to hold boats or smal 
 vc8«eb<; hence, any instrument 
 designed to grapple or hold. 
 
 GrS.p'ple (grSp'pl), v. t. [imp. 
 & p. p. GRAPPLED; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. GRAPPLING.] [Diminutive of gro;?, for graft.] 
 To Keize; to lay fast hold on, either with the hands or 
 with hooks. 
 
 GrSp'ple, V. i. To contend in close fight. 
 
 Grapnel. 
 
 GrUp'ple, «. [See .<«;)m, and cf. Craple.] 1. A seis- 
 ing ; close hug in contest. 2. (Naut.) A hook by which 
 one ship may fasten on another. 
 Grlip'pling-i'rong (-I'urnz), n. pi. Irons used as in- 
 struments of grappling and holding fast. 
 Grasp, 1-. t. [imp. & p. p. grasped (graspt); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. GRASPING.] [L. Ger. grapsen, ti-om 0. Ger. grap- 
 pen,grabbtn. See GRAB.] To seize and hold ; to catch j 
 to take possession of. 
 Grasp, n. 1. Gripe of the hand ; a seizure by embrace. 
 2. The power of seizing and holding. 3. Wide-reaehing 
 power of intellect to comprehend subjects. 
 
 : Grasp'er, n. One who grasps or seizes. 
 
 [ Grass (6), n. [A.-S. gras, gars, Goth. & Icel. gras. Of. 
 GORSE,and Lat. gramen, grass, Skr. gras, to devour, 
 
 j and Gr. ypdeiv, ypaCveiv, to gnaw, eat.] 1. Herbage ; 
 the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other 
 beasts. 2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple 
 
 j leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, a husky 
 
 I calyx, called glume, and the seed single. 
 Grass, v. t. To cover with grass or with turf. 
 
 I Grass'-eloth, n. A fine, Ught quality of cloth, restin- 
 
 j bling linen. 
 
 i Grass'li6p-per, n. (Entom.) A well-known jumping 
 
 I orthopterous insect, which feeds on grass or leaves. 
 
 I Grass'i-iiess,«. State of abounding with grass ; a grassy 
 
 I state. [lawu. 
 
 ' Grass'-plot, n. A plot or space covered with grass; a 
 
 j Grass'y, a. 1. Covered or abounding with grass. 2. 
 
 ; Resembling grass : green. 
 
 i Grate, n. [From Lat. crates, hurdle.] 1. A kind of lat- 
 tice-work, such as is used in the windows of prisons and 
 cloisters. 2. A frame of iron bars for holding coals, uf^ed 
 as fuel. 
 Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 GRATING.] To furnish with grates or cross-bars. 
 Grate, r. t. [Fr. gratter, 0. Fr. grater, to scrape, scratch, 
 
 j L. Lat. gralare, cratare, from 0. H. Ger. krazCn.] 1. To 
 
 j rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another. 
 2. To wear away in small particles, by rubbing with any 
 thing rough. 3. To fret ; to vex ; to irritate. 
 
 ; Grate, v. i. 1. To rub hard, so as to offend. 2. To 
 
 I make a harsh sound by the fiiction of rough bodies. 
 
 ! Grate'f ul, a. [From Lat. gratvs, agreeable, grateful, and 
 Eng. termination, /?i^.j 1. Having a due sense of ben- 
 efits ; willing to acknowledge and repay benefits. 2. 
 Affording pleasure ; pleasing to the taste. 
 
 Syn. — Thankful; pleasing: acceptable; gratifying; agree- 
 able; welcome; delightful; delicious. 
 
 i Grate'f ul-ly, adv. In a grateful manner. 
 Grate'f ul-ness, n. The quality of being grateful ; grati- 
 I tude : agreeableness to the mind or to the taste. 
 ' Grat'er, n. [See Grate.] He who, or that which, 
 i grates ; especially, an instrument for rubbing off small 
 I particles of a body . 
 
 i Grat'i-fi-ea'tion, M. 1. Act of gratifying, or pleasing, 
 I either the mind, the taste, or the appetite. 2. That 
 I which affords pleasure. 
 Grat'i-fi'er, n. One who gratifies or pleases. 
 Grat'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gratified ; p. pr. & 
 I vb. n. GRATIFYING.] [Lat. gratijicari ,- gratus. pleasing, 
 a.nd/arere, to make.] To please by satL<;fying some wish; 
 to give pleasure to. 
 
 Syn.— To indulge; humor; please; delight; requite; rec- 
 ompense. — Gratif;/ is the generic term, and has reference 
 .simply to the pleasure comriiunicated. To imlvlge a person 
 implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weak- 
 nesses which he could not claim, and which hcd better, per- 
 ! haps, have been spared. To humor is to adapt ourKclvcs to the 
 varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We grSh'/jf 
 a child by showing him the siglits of a large city: -Ke indvlge 
 I him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we Aun/or him, 
 j if he is taken ill when away from home. 
 I Grat'iiig, ". [See Grate.] 1. A harsh sound of rub- 
 ! bing. 2. A partition of parallel or cross bars. 
 Chd'tis, adv. [Lat., contr. from gratiis, out of favor or 
 kindness, without recompen.'^e, from gratia, favor.] iFor 
 nothing; freelv ; gratuitously. 
 Grat'i-tucle (-53), n. [L. Lat. gratitudo. from Lat. gratvs, 
 agreeable, gi-ateful.] State of being grateful or thankful ; 
 kindness awakened bv a favor received ; thankfulness. 
 Gra-tii'i-toiis, a. [Lat. gratvitus, from gratiis, gratis, 
 q. v.] 1. Given without an equivalent or recompense. 
 2. Without reason, cause, or proof 
 Gra-tu'i-tous-ly. adv. In a gratuitous manner ; with- 
 out claim or merit ; without proof. 
 Gra-tii'i-ty, n. A five gift ; a present ; a donation. 
 Grat'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gratulated ; p.pr. 
 & t-6. n. GRATULATING.J [lot. gratulari , gratulatum, 
 
 a,e. &e.,2(Migr,- &,£, &e.,Morf ,-c4re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; p'ique, firm ; s6n, 6r, do, W9li^ 
 
GRATULATION 
 
 325 
 
 GREED 
 
 firom gratus, pleasing, agreeable.] To salute with decla- 
 rations of joy ; to congratulate. 
 
 Gra.t'u-la'tion, n. The act of gratulating or felicitating; 
 
 * a rejoicing with another on account of his prosperity, 
 &c. ; congratulation. 
 
 Grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Expressing joy ; congratulatory. 
 
 Gra-vd'tnen, n. [Lat., from gravis, heavy, weighty.] 
 {Law.) The grievance complained of; the substantial 
 cause of the action. 
 
 Grave, r.i. [imp. gravev j^.;?. graven, or graved; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. GRAVING.] [Fr. graver, from 0. H. Ger. 
 & Goth, graban, Icel. grafa, A.-S. grafan, allied to Gr. 
 ypd^eiv, to grave, scratch, write.] 1. To carve or cut ; 
 to engrave. 3. To give shape to, by cutting with a 
 chisel. 3. (Naiit.) To clean, as a ship's bottom, by burn- 
 ing off filth, grass, or other foreign matter, and paying it 
 over with pitch. 
 
 Grave, v. i. To write or delineate on hard substances ; 
 
 to practice engraving. 
 ■ Grave, n. [A.-S. grdf, from grafan, to dig, grave, carve. 
 See supra.] 1. An excavation in the earth as a place of 
 burial; hence, also, any place of interment; tomb; 
 eepulcher. 3. Death, or destruction. 3. pi. The sedi- 
 ment of melted tallow. 
 
 Grave, a. [compar. graver ; superl. GRAVEST.] [From 
 I^t. gravis, heavy.] 1. Of importance ; influential ; 
 serious; — said of character, relations, &c. 2. Not light 
 or gay; solemn; sober; plain. 3. ( Mms. ) Not acute or 
 sharp ; low ; deep. 
 
 Syn. — Solemn ; sober ; serious ; sage ; staid ; demure ; 
 thoughtful; sedate; weighty; momentous; important. — >S'o6er 
 supposes the absence of all exhilaration of spirits, and is op- 
 posed to flighti) ; as, so^er tliought. Serious implies consid- 
 erateness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; as, 
 serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a state of mind, 
 appearance, &c., wliich results from the pressure of weighty 
 interests, and is opposed to hilariti) of feeling or vivacity of 
 manner; as,, o. grave remark, grave attire. Solemn is applied 
 to a case in which graviti/ is carried to its highest point; as, a 
 soZemn admonition, a solemn promise. 
 
 Grave'-«lotiie§, n. pi. The clothes or dress in which 
 the dead are interred. 
 
 Gra,v'el, n. [0. Fr. gravele, equiv. to N. Fr. gravier, of 
 Celtic origin.] 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone. 
 3. (Met/.) A disease produced by small, calculous con- 
 cretions in the kidneys and bladder. 
 
 Grav'el, V. t. [imp. & p. p. graveled ; p. pr. & vb, 
 «. GRAVELTNG.] 1, To cover with gravel . 3. To stick 
 in the sand ; hence, to puzzle ; to embarrass. 3. To 
 hurt, as the foot of a horse, by gravel lodged under the 
 shoe. 
 
 GrJlv'el-ly, a. Abounding with, or consisting of, gravel. 
 
 Grave'ly, arfu. In a grave, solemn manner ; soberly. • 
 
 Grave'nes.s, n. Quality of being grave ; seriousness. 
 
 Grav'er, Ji. [See Grave.] 1. One who carves or en- 
 graves ; a sculptor. 3. An engraving tool ; a burin. 3. 
 A tool for turning metals. 
 
 Grave'-stone, n. A stone set by a grave, as a memorial. 
 
 Grave'- yard, n. A yard for the interment of the dead ; 
 a cemetery. 
 
 GrS-v'id, a. [Lat. gravidus, from. gravis , heavy, loaded.] 
 Being with child ; pregnant, 
 
 Gra-vim'e-ter, n. [Lat. gravis., heavy, and Gr. fierpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the specific 
 gravity of bodies. 
 
 Grav'ing, n. 1. Act of one who graves or cuts figures 
 in hard substances. 3. That v,rhich is graved or carved. 
 3. The act of cleaning a ship's bottom. 4. Impression, 
 as upon the mind or heart. 
 
 Grav'ing-dock, n. A dock into which ships are taken 
 to have their bottoms examined, cleaned, and the like. 
 
 GrS.v'i-tate, i'. i. [imp. Si, p. p. gravitated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GRAVITATING.] [See Gravity.] To obey the 
 law of gravitation ; to teud toward the center. 
 
 Grav'i-ta'tion, M. 1. Act of gravitating, 'i. (Physics.) 
 That species of attraction or force by which all bodies 
 or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each 
 other. 
 
 GrJiv'i-ty, n. [Lat. gravitas, from gravis, heavy.] 1. 
 Sobriety of character or demeanor. 3. Relative impor- 
 tance, significance, dignity, &c. 3. (Physics.) The ten- 
 dency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction ; 
 especially, the teadoncy of a body toward the center of 
 the earth. 4. (Mus.) Lowness of sound. 
 
 Specific f/rat'tXV; the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight 
 of an equal volur"e of some other body taken as the standard 
 or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, 
 and air for ga«e8. 
 
 Gra'vy, n. [Either from A.-S. greofa, greoua, pot, or 
 
 3. An 
 
 allied to W. crau, gore, blood.] The juices obtained from 
 meat in cooking, made into a dressing. 
 
 Gray, a. [compar. GRAYER ; superl. GRAYEST.] [A.-S. 
 grog, greg, grig, Icel. grdr, allied to Gr. ypaio?, aged, 
 gray.] 1. Iloary ; hence, also, white mixed with black. 
 3. Old ; matm-e. 
 
 Gray, n. 1. Any mixture of white and black, 
 animal of gray color. 
 
 Gray'-beard, n. An old man. 
 
 Gray'houiid, «. See Greyhound. 
 
 Gray'isli, a. Somewhat gray ; moderately gray. 
 
 Gray 'ling, n. (Ichth.) A fish 
 aUied to the trout, found in 
 the north of Europe. 
 
 Gray'ness, n. The quality 
 of being gray. 
 
 Gray'wacke, n. [Ger. grau- Grayling. 
 
 wacke ; grau, gray, and ivacke, wacke.] (Geol.) A con- 
 glomerate or grit-rock, consisting of rounded pebbles and 
 sand firmly united together. 
 
 Graze,!?, t. [imp. & p. p. grazed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GRAZING.] [A.-S. grasian, from grds, grass.] 1. To 
 rub or touch lightly in passing. 3. To feed or supply, 
 as cattle, with grass. 3. To eat from the ground, as 
 growing herbage. 4. To tend grazing cattle. [grass. 
 
 Graze, ^". i. 1. To eat grass or herbage. 3. To supply 
 
 Graz'er, n. One who grazes or feeds on herbage. 
 
 Gra'zier (gra'zher), n. One who pastures cattle, and 
 rears them for market. 
 
 Graz'ing, n. 1. Act of feeding on grass. 3. A pasture. 
 3. A light touch in passing. 
 
 Grease, n. [From Lat. crassus, L. Lat. grassus, thick, 
 fat, gross.] 1. Animal fat in a soft state ; especially, the 
 fatty matter of land animals. 3. (Far.) An inflamma- 
 tion of the heels of a horse. 
 
 Greage, or Grease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. greased ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. GREASING.] 1. To smear or anoint with 
 grease. 3. To bribe. 3. To cheat or cozen. 
 
 Greag'i-Iy, or Gi'eas'i-ly, adv. 1. With grease, or an 
 appearance of it. 3. Grossly ; indelicately. 
 
 Greag'i-ness, or Greas'i-ness, n. State of being 
 greasy ; oiliness. 
 
 Greag'y, or Greas'y, «. [compar. greasier; superl. 
 GREASIEST.] 1. Composed of, or characterized by, 
 grease ; oily ; fat ; unctuous. 3. Smeared with grease. 
 3. Like grease or oil ; smooth. 4. (Far.) Affected with, 
 the disease called grease. 
 
 Great, a. [compar. greater ; superl. GREATEST.] 
 [A.-S. great, 0. H. Ger. grvz, crOz, allied to Lat. grandis, 
 with insertion of n, and perhaps also to Lat. grossus and 
 crassus, thick.] 1. Large in solidity, surface, or linear 
 dimensions ; of wide extent ; big ; expanded. 3« Large 
 in number; numerous. 3. Long continued. 4. Su- 
 perior; admirable ; commanding. 5. Endowed with ex- 
 traordinary powers ; uncommonly gifted ; strong ; power- 
 ful ; mighty ; noble. 6. Holding a chief position ; em- 
 inent ; distinguished. 7. Weighty ; important. 8. 
 ( Genealogy. ) Older, younger, or more remote, by a singl« 
 generation. 
 
 Great'-<;oat, n. An over-coat. [illustriously. 
 
 Great'ly, adv. 1. In a great degree ; much. 3. Nobly ; 
 
 Syn. — Badly. — In some parts of this country, not by the 
 vulgar alone, but by educated persons, the word badly is used 
 for greatly. Instead of saying, "I wish greatly to see him," 
 they say, " I wish to see him ven/ badly." This is a gross error, 
 and often becomes ridiculous, because the words seem to say 
 of a friend, " I wish to see him in a very bad state of health.'" 
 
 Great'ness, n. 1. Largeness of bulk, dimensions, num- 
 ber, quantity, or the like. 3. High rank or place. 3. 
 Magnanimity ; nobleness. 4. Strength or extent of in- 
 tellectual faculties. 5. Force; intensity. 
 
 Greaveg, n. pi. [From Lat. gravis, heavy.] 1. Ancient 
 armor for the legs. 3. The sediment of melted tallow. 
 
 Grebe, n. [From Armor, krib, comb, kribel, kriben, crest, 
 W. crib, comb, crest, because one variety of it is called 
 the crested grebe.] (Ornith.) A marine bird, having a 
 straight, sharp beak, flattened, lobated toes, and very 
 short wings, and expert at diving. 
 
 Gi'e'ciaii, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Greece. 
 
 Gre'ciaii, n. 1. (Geog.) A native of Greece; a Greek. 
 3. One well versed in the Greek language, literature, or 
 history. [guage ; a Hellenism. 
 
 Gre'^if iti, n. An idiom or peculiarity of the Greek lan- 
 
 Gre'fize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grecized ; p.pr. & vb, 
 n. GRECiziNG.] 1. To render Grecian. 3. To trans- 
 late into Greek. 
 
 Greed, n. [Goth, gridus, hunger, Icel. gr&d, avidity.] 
 An eager desire or longing ; greediness. 
 
 food.! ftii>\ ', lirii, riide, piill ; fell, pliaise, -eall, eeho; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link:; tlii«. 
 
GREEDILY 
 
 326 
 
 GRINDER 
 
 Greed'i-ly, adv. In a greedy manner ; eagerly ; vora- 
 ciously ; ravenously. 
 
 Greed'i-ness, «. The quality of being greedy. 
 Syn. — Ravenousiiess ; voracity ; eagerness ; avidity. 
 
 Greed'y, a. [compar. greedier ; superl. greediest.] 
 [A.-S. grot/jg-, g-m/zg-, led. g-rdf/wgr, Goth, greda^s ; A.-S. 
 gradan, to 'cry, call, Goth. g-T-^^/on, to be hungry.] 1. 
 Having a keen appetite for food or drink ; ravenous ; 
 voracious ; very hungry. "2, Having a keen desire of 
 any thing; eager to obtain. [Grecian. 
 
 Greek, a. ( Gtog.) Pertaining or belonging to Greece ; 
 
 Oreck- church (EccL Jlist.), the eastern church; that part of 
 Christendom which separated from the Roman or western 
 church in the ninth century. — Greek Jire, a combustible com- 
 position wliich burns under water. 
 
 Greek, «. 1. ( Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Greece ; 
 a Grecian. i5. The language of Greece. 
 
 Green, a. [compar. greener ; superl. GREENEST.] 
 [A.-S. grSjie, Icel. grdnn, from A..-$i.growan, Eug. grow, 
 Icel. grOa.] 1. Having the color of grass when fresh 
 and growing ; having a color composed of blue and yel- 
 low ; verdant ; emerald. 2. Full of Ufe and vigor ; new ; 
 recent. 3. Not ripe ; not fully grown or perfect. 4. 
 Immature in age or experience ; young ; raw ; awkward. 
 5. Not seasoned ; not dry ; containing its natural juices. 
 
 Green, «. 1. The color of growing plants. 3. A grassy 
 plain or plat. 3. pi. Fresh leaves or branches ; wreaths. 
 4. pi. ( Cookery.) Leaves and stems of young plants 
 dressed for food. 
 
 Green, v. t. [imp. & p. p. greened ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 GREENING.] To make green. [beak. 
 
 Green'f inch, n. ( Ornith. ) A bird ; — called also gross- 
 
 Green'-gro'^er, n. A retailer of vegetables or fruits in 
 their fresh or green state. 
 
 Green 'horn, n. A raw youth. [Low.] 
 
 Green'house, n. ; pi. GREEN'HOUg-Eg. A house to pre- 
 serve tender plants in during the winter or cold weather. 
 
 Green'ing, n. A sort of apple, of a green color. 
 
 Green'ish, a. Somewhat green ; tinged with green. 
 
 Green'ish-ness, n. The quaUty of being greenish. 
 
 Green'Iy, adv. With a green color ; newly ; immaturely. 
 
 Green'ness (109), n. 1. Quality of being green ; virid- 
 ity. 3. Freshness; vigor; newness. 3. Immaturity; 
 rawness ; unripeness. 
 
 Green'rdbm, n. The retiring-room of play-actors in a 
 theater. [of snipe. 
 
 Oreen'shank , n. ( Ornith.) A name given to a species 
 
 Oreen'-sick'ness, n. {Med.) A disease of young 
 women, in which the complexion is pale and unhealthy, 
 the blood depraved, and the nervous system disordered. 
 
 Green'.stone, n. [So called from a tinge of green in 
 the color.] (Geol.) A rock sometimes call trap. 
 
 Green'sward, n. Turf green with grass. 
 
 Greet, v. 'i. [imp. & p. p. greeted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 GREETING.] [A.-S. gretan, 0. H. Ger. gruozan.] To 
 salute ; to hail ; to address ; to accost. 
 
 Greet, v. i. To give salutations. 
 
 Greet'er, n. One who greets. 
 
 Greet'ing, n. Salutation at meeting ; compliment ad- 
 dressed from one absent. 
 
 Gre-ga'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. gregarius, from grez, gregis, 
 herd.]^ Having the habit of living in a flock or herd. 
 
 Gre-ga'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a gregarious manner. 
 
 Gre-ga'ri-oiis-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 gregarious. 
 
 Gre-go'ri-an, a. Belonging to, or established by, Greg- 
 ory, as, the Gregorian chants, calendar, &c. 
 
 Gre-nade', n. [Fr. grenac/e, pomegranate and grenade, 
 so called from the resemblance of its shape and size to a 
 jK>megranate.] (Mil.) A hollow ball or shell filled with 
 powder, and fired by means of a fuse. 
 
 Grgn'a-dier', n. (Mil.) Formerly, a soldier who threw 
 grenades ; now, one of a company of tall, stout soldiers, 
 which takes post on the right of a battaUon, and leads 
 it in every attack. \ 
 
 Gr6n'a-dine, n. A thin 
 eilk used for ladies' dresses, 
 shawls, &c. 
 
 Gre-na'do, n. The same as 
 Grenade, q. v. 
 
 Grew (grjj), imp. of grow. 
 See Grow. 
 
 Grey, a. See GRAY, the cor- 
 r^'t orthography. 
 
 Grey'hound, n. [A.-S. 
 grdgkund, greghund, grtg- 
 hurul; grog ^ grtg , ot grig , Greyhound. 
 
 gray, and hund, hound.] A slender, graceful variety of 
 dog, remarkable for its keen sight and swiftness. [Writ- 
 ten also graylwund.] 
 
 Grid'dle, n. [Scot, girdle, W. greidell, from greidiaw, 
 to heat J scorch, parch.] 1. A pan, broad and shallow', 
 for baking cakes. 2. A cover, or detached iron plate] 
 which closes an opening in the top of a stove. 3. A sieve 
 with a wire bottom, used by miners. 
 
 Grid'i-ron (-I-uru), n. [Of. W. greidiaw. See supra.] A 
 grated utensil for broiling flesh and fish. 
 
 Grief, n. [From Lat. gravis, heavy.] 1. Pain of mind 
 on account of something in the past ; a painful sense of 
 loss. 3. Cause of sorrow or pain. 
 
 Syn.— Sorrow ; sadness.— /Sorrow is generic ; grief ia ior- 
 row for some definite cause — one which commenced, at least, in 
 the past ; sadness is apphed to a permanent mood of the mind. 
 Sorrow is transient in many cases ; but the grief oi a mother 
 for the loss of a favorite child too often turns into habitual $ad- 
 
 Griev'anpe, n. 1. A cause of grief or uneasiness; 
 wrong done and sufilered. 3. Grief; affiction. 
 Syn. — Burden ; oppression \ hardship ; trouble ; injury. 
 
 Grieve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grieved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GRIEVING.] To occasion grief to ; to inflict mental 
 pain upon ; to make sorrowful. 
 
 Grieve, v. i. To feel grief; to be in pain of mind on ac- 
 count of an evil ; to sorrow ; to mourn. 
 
 Griev'oiis, a. [See Grief.] 1. Causing grief or sorrow, 
 painful ; hard to bear. 3. Characterized by great atroc- 
 ity ; heinous; flagitious. 3. Full of grief. 
 
 Griev'oiis-ly, adv. In a grievous manner ; painfully. 
 
 Griev'ous-ness, n. Quahty or condition of being griev- 
 ous ; atrocity ; enormity. 
 
 Grif'fin, ) n. [From Lat. gryphus, equiv. to gryps, Gr. 
 
 Griffon, j ypv^, ypvnos, from ypvnos, curved, hook- 
 nosed, because of their hooked "^ 
 beak.] 1. ( ilfy^A. ) An imagi- 
 nary animal, said to be gener- 
 ated between the lion and the 
 eagle. 3. (Zodl.) A species ^ 
 of vulture found in the moun- 
 tainous parts of Europe, North 
 Africa, and Turkey. 
 
 Grig, n. [Cf. L. Ger. kricke. Griffin. 
 
 Sw. krdcka, a wild little duck.] 1. The sand eel. 3, 
 Heath. 
 
 Grill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. grilled; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 GRILLING.] [Fr. griller, from gril, gridiron, L. Lat. 
 graticula, Lat. craticula, fine hurdle-work, a small grid- 
 iron, dim. of craves, hurdle.] 1. To broil on a grate or 
 gridiron. 3. To torment as if by broiling. [grilled. 
 
 Gril-lade', n. The act of grilling, or that which is 
 
 Grim, a. [compar. grimmer ; superl. grimmest.] 
 [A.-S. grim, grimm, from grim,m,an, to rage.] Of forbid- 
 ding or fear-inspiring aspect. 
 
 Syn. — Fierce ; ferocious ; furious ; horrid ; horrible ; fright- 
 ful ; ghastly ; grisly ; hideous ; stern ; sullen ; sour ; surly. 
 
 Gri-ma^e', n. [Fr. , from A.-S. & Icel. grima, 0. H. Ger. 
 crima, mask, ghost.] A distortion of the countenance, 
 to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, or 
 the Mke ; a smirk ; a made-up face. 
 
 Gri-ma.l'kin, n. [Corrupted from graymalkin, from 
 grey or gray, and malkin, q. v.] An old cat. 
 
 Grime, n. [A..-%. hryme, hr'Hm, &oot,lce\. hrtm.] Foul 
 matter ; dirt ; sullying blackness, deeply insinuated. 
 
 Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply ; to dirt. 
 
 Grim'ly, a. Having a hideous or stern look. 
 
 Grim'ly, adv. In a grim manner ; fiercely ; sullenly. 
 
 Grim'ness, n. Fierceness of look ; sternness. 
 
 Grim'y, a. [compar. GRIMIER ; superl. grimiest.] 
 Full of grime ; dirty ; foul. 
 
 Grin, v.i. [imp. & p. p. GRINNED; p.pr. & vb.n. 
 GRINNING.] [A.-S. grinnian, grenriian.] To open the 
 mouth and withdraw the hps from the teeth, so as to 
 show them, as in laughter, scorn, or pain. 
 
 Grin, n. The act of closing th? teeth and showing them. 
 
 Grin, v. t. To express by grinning. 
 
 Grind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ground; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GRINDING.] [A.-S. grindan.] 1. To reduce to powder 
 by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth. 3. To wear 
 down, polish, or sharpen by friction. 3. To prepare for 
 examination. [Eng. Universities.] 4. To oppress by se- 
 vere exactions ; to harass. 
 
 Grind, v. i. 1, To perform the operation of grinding some-* 
 thing. 3. To become ground or pulverized by friction. 
 .3. To become polished or sharpened by friction. 4. To 
 drudge. 
 
 Grind'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, grinds. 3. 
 
 a,e,&c.,iong^, a,6,&c.,5A£>r^, c4re,£ar,ask,aU, what;6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
GRINDERY 
 
 327 
 
 GROTESQUE 
 
 One of the double teeth used to grind or masticate the 
 food; a molar. 
 
 Grind'er-y, n. Shoemakers' materials. [Eng.] 
 
 Grind'stone (coUoq. grln'ston), n. A flat circular stone 
 used for grinding or sharpening tools. 
 
 Grin'ner, n. One who grins. 
 
 Grip, n. [See Gripe.] 1 . A grasp ; a holding fast. 2. 
 A peculiar mode of clasping the hand. 3. That by which 
 any thing is grasped. 
 
 Grip, V. t. To give a grip to ; to grasp ; to gripe. 
 
 Gripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. griped (gript, 108); p.pr. & 
 vb. n. GRIPING.] [A.-S. gripan, Goth, greipan, Icel. 
 grlpa, greipa, a'lUed to Slav, grabiti, Lith. graibyti. Of. 
 Grab.] 1. To catch with the hand ; to clutch. 2. To 
 seize and hold fast. 3, To give pain to the bowels of, as 
 if by pressure or contraction. 4. To pinch ; to distress. 
 
 Gripe, i'. i. 1. To hold or pinch as with a gripe ; to get 
 money by hard bargains or exactions. 3. To suffer 
 griping pains. 3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the 
 wind, as a ship. 
 
 Gripe, n. 1. Grasp ; seizure ; clutch. 3. That on 
 which the grasp is put ; a handle. 3. Oppression ; cruel 
 exaction; pinching distress. 4. Pinching and spasmod- 
 ic pain in the intestines ; — chiefly used in the plural. 5. 
 {Naut.) (a.) The fore-foot, {b.) Sharpness of a ship's 
 stern under the water, (c.) pi. Ropes, dead-eyes, and 
 hooks, to secure the boats to the deck. 
 
 Grip'er, n. One who gripes ; an extortioner. 
 
 Grisette (gre-z6t'), n. [Fr., from grisette, a gray woolen 
 cloth, from gris, gray, because women of the inferior 
 classes wore gray gowns made of this stuff.] A young, 
 laboring French woman who is fond of gallantry ; especi- 
 ally., one who is kept as a servant and mistress. 
 
 Grig'li-iiess, n. QuaUty of being grisly. 
 
 Grig'ly (grls'l^'), a. [A.-S. grislic, gryslik, from grtsan, 
 agrisan, to dread.] Frightful ; horrible ; terrible. 
 
 Gri'son, n. [Fr.,from grison, gray, gray -haired, from 
 gris, gray.] A South American animal, the glutton, 
 which is a little larger than a weasel. 
 
 Grist, n. [A.-S. grist, gerst^ pearled barley, allied to Gr. 
 KpiOiq, hdut. hordeum, barley.] 1. That which is ground 
 at one time. 2. Supply ; provision. 
 
 Gris'tle (grls'l), n. [A.-S. gristl, 0. H. Ger. krustila, 
 krostela, krosel.] (Anat.) A smooth, solid, elastic sub- 
 stance in animal bodies ; cartilage. [cartilaginous. 
 
 Grist'ly (grTs'ly), a. Consisting of gristle ; hke gristle ; 
 
 Grist'-mill, n. A mill for gri.iding grists, or portions 
 of grain brought by different customers. [Amer.] 
 
 Grit, n. [A.-S. grytt^ grytte, bran, dust, grtit, barley ; 0. 
 H. Ger. gnizi, gruzzi, from kriozan, alUed to Lith. 
 grudas, grain.] 1. The coarse part of meal. 2. Oats 
 or wheat hulled, or coarsely ground. 3. Sand or gravel. 
 
 4, (Geol.) A hard, coarse-grained silicious sand-stone. 
 
 5. Structure adapted to grind or sharpen well. 6. 
 Spirit; resolution; spunk. [Colloq.] 
 
 Grit, V. i. To give forth a sound as of sand under the 
 
 feet ; to grind. 
 Grit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GRITTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 GRITTING.] To grind ; to grate. [ Colloq.] 
 Grit'stone, n. See Grit, 4. 
 Grit'ti-ness, n. Quahty or state of being gritty. 
 Grit'ty, a. 1. Containing, or consisting of, sand or grit. 
 
 2. Spirited and resolute. 
 Griz'zle, n. [From Fr. g-m, gray.] Gray ; a gray color ; 
 
 a mixture of white and black. 
 Griz'zled, a. Gray ; of a mixed white and black. 
 Griz'zly, a. Somewhat gray. 
 
 Grizzly bear (Zool.), a large and ferocious bear of Western 
 North America. 
 
 Groan, v. i. [imp. & p. p. groaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GROANING.] [0. Eng. grane, grain, A.-S. granian, to 
 groan. See GRIN, and cf. Grunt.] 1. To give forth a 
 low, moaning sound, as in pain or sorrow. 2. To strive 
 after earnestly, as with groans. 
 
 Groan, n. A low, moaning sound ; — usually uttered in 
 pain ; sometimes, in derision. 
 
 Groat (grawt,) n. [D. groot, that is, a great piece of coin, 
 from D. groot, Ger. grosz, great.] An old English coin 
 and money of account, equal to four pence. 
 
 Groats (grawts), n.; 75/. [A..-^. grat. See GRIT.] Oats 
 or wheat deprived of the hulls or outer coating. 
 
 Gro'^er, n. [Formerly written grosser, originally one who 
 sells by the gross, who deals by wholesale. See Gross.] 
 A trader who deals in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, Uquors, 
 fruits, &c. 
 
 Gi^'^er-y, n. 1. pi. The commodities sold by grocers. 
 2. A grocer's store. [Amer.] 
 
 Groined Arch. 
 
 GrSg, n. [S« called from Admiral Vernon (nicknamed 
 " Old Grog,''' because he wore a grograjn cloak), who first 
 introduced rum, diluted with water, as a beverage, on 
 board a ship.] A mixture of spirit and water, usually not 
 sweetened. 
 
 Grog'ger-y, n. A grog-shop. 
 
 GrSg'gi-ness, n. 1. State of being groggy. 2. Tender- 
 ness or stiffness in. the foot of a horse. 
 
 Gr6g'g:j', a. 1. Overcome with grog ; tipsy. 2. Weak- 
 ened in a fight so as to stagger. 3. Moving in an un- 
 easy, hobbhng manner, owing to a tenderness about the 
 feet ; — said of a horse. 
 
 Grog'ram, ) n. [0. Fr. gros-grain, i. e., gross-grain, or 
 
 Grog'raiij ) of a coarse texture.] A kind of coarse 
 stuff" made of silk and mohair; also, a kind of strong, 
 coarse silk. 
 
 Gr6g'-sJi6p, n. A shop where grog and other spirituous 
 liquors are retailed. 
 
 Groin, n. [Icel. g-rem, distmction, division, branch.] 1. 
 The depressed part of the body between the belly and the 
 thigh. 2. (^rc/i.) The acgular curve made by the inter- 
 section of two semi-cylinders or arches. 
 
 Groin, v. t. {Arch.) To fashion into groins; to adorn 
 with groins. 
 
 Groined, a. [From groin.] 
 (Arch.) Having an angular curve 
 made by the intersection of two 
 semi-cylinders or arches. 
 
 Grom'met, n. [Fr. goiirmette, 
 curb, curb-chain, from gourmer, 
 to curb, thump, beat.] 1. 
 {Naut.) A ring formed of a 
 strand of rope laid round by 
 others in a particular manner. 
 2i {Mil.) A wad for cannon, 
 made of rope. 
 
 Groom, n. [0. D. grom, boy, 
 youth ; A.-S. & Goth, guma, 
 man, allied to Lat. homo.] 1. 
 A servant; especially, a man or 
 boy who has the charge of horses. 2. One of several 
 officers of the Enghsh royal household, chiefly in the lord 
 chamberlain's department. '3. A man recently married, 
 or about to be married ; a bridegroom. 
 
 Groom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. groomed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GROOMING.] To tend or care for, as a horse. 
 
 Grdbm§'man, n. ; pi. GROOMS'MEN. Anattendant of 
 a bridegroom at his wedding. 
 
 Groove, n. [A.-S. & Icel. g-rq/, ditch, pool, Goth, grdba, 
 from A.-S. grafan, Icel. grafa, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. gra- 
 ban, to dig.] A furrow, channel, or long hollow cut by 
 a tool. 
 
 Groove, r. t. [imp. & p. p. GROOVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GROOVING.] [See supra.] To cut a groove or channel 
 in ; to form into channels or grooves ; to furrow. 
 
 Grope, V. i. [imp. & p. p. groped (gropt, 108); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GROPING.] [Prov. Eng. grape, A.-S. grapian, 
 gropian, allied to grip . See GRIPE.] To attempt to 
 find something in the dark, or as a bhnd person, by feel 
 ing ; to feel ones way. 
 
 Grope, V. t. To search out by feeling in the dark. 
 
 Gross, a. [compar. grosser; superl. grossest.] [Ft. 
 gros, L. Lat. grossus, from Lat. crassus, thick, dense, fat. 
 See Great.] 1. Great ; large ; excessively or dispropor- 
 tionately large; bulky. 2. Coarse; rough. 3. Not 
 easily aroused or excited ; stupid. 4. Vulgar ; indeU- 
 cate ; low ; obscene ; impure. 5. Thick ; dense. 6. 
 Great; palpable. 7. Whole; entire; total. 
 
 Gross, n. 1. The main body; the bulk ; the mass. 2. 
 The number of twelve dozen. 
 
 A great gross, twelve gross ; one hundred and forty-four 
 dozen. — Jit the gross, in gross, in the bulk, or the whole undi- 
 vided; all parts taken together. 
 
 Gross'beak, n. ( Ornith.) A sing- 
 ing bird, allied to the finch and 
 
 hnpet. The bill is convex above, 
 
 and very thick at the base, from 
 
 which circumstance they take their 
 
 name. 
 Gross'ly, adv. In a gross manner ; 
 
 greatly ; coarsely. 
 Gross'ness, n. State or quality of 
 
 being gross ; thickness ; corpulence ; coarseness. 
 Gr5t, n. A grotto. See Grotto. 
 Gro-t6sque', a. [See Grotto.] Like the figuree found 
 
 in grottoes ; wildly formed ; whimsical ; extravagamt ; 
 
 ludicrous ; antic. 
 
 Grossbeak. 
 
 food, fo"bt ; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e<;ho ; s^m., get ; as ; exist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 
 
GKOTESQUELY 
 
 328 
 
 GRUFF 
 
 Gro-tf sque'ly, cuiv. lu a grotesque manner. 
 
 Gro-t6sque'iiess. « . J*Uitc of boiug grotesque. 
 
 Grdt'to, n. ; }>L UROT'TOE^. [Kr. ^-rolt, , L. L&t. grupta, 
 A. -J?, grut, fixim Lat. crypta, Gr. KpvTmj, a concealed sub- 
 termnean ytassage; kputtto?. concealed; KpvTrreci', to con- 
 ceal.] A natural cavern ; also, an ornamental, artificial 
 cave or cavern-like ajKirtment. 
 
 Ground, n. [A.-S. & Gex. grund, Icel. grunnr^ Goth. 
 grundus, originally dust, earth, gravel, from A.-fe. grin- 
 dan, Kng. grind.] 1. The surface of the earth ; hence, 
 the surface of a tloor or ^Kiveuient. 'i. Region ; territory ; 
 land ; estate : field. 3. The basis on which any thing 
 restj* ; foundation ; hence, a premise, reason, or datum ; 
 originating force, agency, or agent. 4. {Faint.) The 
 gurftu>e on which a figure or object is represented ; also, 
 that portion of manufactured articles, of a uniform color, 
 on which the figures are, as it were, drawn or projected. 
 5. pi. Sediment; dregs; lees. 6. pi. (Arc/i.) Pieces 
 of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, 
 &c., are attached. 7. {Mas.) (a.) A composition in 
 ■which the base, consisting of a few bars of independent 
 notes, is continually repeated to a continually varying 
 melody, (b.) The tune on which descants are raised. 
 
 To gain ground, to advance: to proceed forward in conflict ; 
 hence, to obtain an advantage ; to have some success. — To 
 give ground, to recede; to yield advantage. — To lose ground, 
 to retire; to retreat; hence, to lose advantage, credit, or reputa- 
 tion. 
 
 Ground, v. t. [imp. & p. p. grounded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. GROUNDING.] 1. To lay or set on the ground. 2. 
 To found ; to fix or set, as on a foundation ; to fix firmh*. 
 3. To instruct in elements or first principles. 
 
 Ground, v. i. To run aground : to strike and remain 
 fixed. 
 
 Ground, i}np. & p. p. of grind. See GRIND. 
 
 Ground's ge, n. A tax paid by a ship for the ground 
 or space it occupies while in port. 
 
 Ground'-Ssli, 7i. A sapUng of ash. 
 
 Ground'-bait, n. Bait dropped to the bottom of the 
 water to collect together the fish . 
 
 Ground '-floor, n. The floor of a house on a level, or 
 nearly so, with the exterior ground. 
 
 Ground'-hog, ?i. 1. iZoiJl.) The American marmot, 
 usually called, in New England, ivoodchuck. 2. A cer- 
 tain animal of Australia. 
 
 Ground'less, a. Without ground or foundation; want- 
 ing cause or reason for support ; false. 
 
 Ground'less-ly, adv. In a groundless manner. 
 
 Ground'less-ness, n. The state or quahty of being 
 groundless. 
 
 Ground'ling, n. 1, (Ichth.) A fish that keeps at the 
 bottom of the water : the spined loach. 2. A spectator 
 in the pit of the theater, which was formerly on the 
 ground. 
 
 Ground'-niit, 71. (Bo^) (a.) The peanut. (6.) A legu- 
 minous, twining plant, producing clusters of dark purple 
 flowers, and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the 
 taste, (r.) The dwarf ginseng. [Amer.] {d.) A Euro- 
 pean plant, having an edible root of a globular shape, 
 and sweet, aromatic taste. 
 
 Ground'- plSn, n. The surface representation of the 
 divi.-ions of a building.. 
 
 Ground'- plate, n. (Arch.) One of the outermost pieces 
 of framing placed on or near the ground ; a ground -sill. 
 
 Ground'-pldt, n. 1. The ground on which a building 
 Ls placed. 2. The plan of the lower part of a building. 
 
 Ground'-rCnt, n. Rent paid for the privilege of build- 
 ing on another man's land. 
 
 Ground'sel, I n. [Eng. ground, A.-S. grund, and stjl, 
 
 Ground'sill, f sill, q. v.] The tunber of a building 
 which lies next to the ground ; the ground-plate : the sill. 
 
 Ground'-sciuir'rel(-skwTr-rel or -skwQr-rel). n. (Zool.) 
 A kind of squirrel that burrows in the ground ; a chip- 
 munk. 
 
 Ground's-well, w. A broad, deep swell or undulation 
 of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt 
 even at a remote fJist^^nce \fter the gale has ceased. 
 
 Ground'work (-wurk), «.v 1. Foundation ; basis. 2. 
 The essential part . the ground. 3. First principle ; 
 orijrinal rea.son. 
 
 Group (gr<Top), n [Fr. groups, grouppe, cluster, bunch. 
 Cf. A.-S. crop, crop, top, bunch.] 1. A cluster, crowd, 
 or throng : an aswmblage, either of persons or things. 
 2. An assemblage of figures or objects in a certain order 
 or relation, or having some resemblance or common 
 characteristic. 3. (Mm<.) (a.) A number of eighth, six- 
 teenth. &c., notes tied together. (6.) Any musical orna- 
 ment consisting of fieveral short tones. 
 
 Grouse. 
 
 Gr^up, V. t. [imp. & p. p. grouped (griJbpt) , p.pr.k 
 
 vb. n. GROUPING.] To form a group of; to form an 
 
 assemblage. 
 
 Grouse, «. [Perhaps from 
 
 I gorse, furze or heath, whence 
 gor-cock, for gorse-eock, the 
 i-ed grouse. Cf. Per. khuros, 
 or kkords, a dunghill cock.^ 
 ( Ornitli.) A stout-legged raso- 
 rial bird, having feathered 
 feet and a very short bill, and 
 
 I highly prized for food. 
 
 1 Grout, 11. [A.-S. griit, Icel. 
 
 j grautr. See Groat and 
 Grit.] 1. Coarse meal; pol- 
 lard. 2. A kind of thick ale. 3. Lees; grounds; di^gs; 
 
 I sediment. 4. A thin, coarse mortar ; also, a finer mate- 
 rial, used in finishing the best ceilings. 5. A kind of 
 
 I wild apple. 
 Grout, V. t. [imp. & p. p. grouted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 I GROUTING.] To fill up with grout, as the joints between 
 
 1 stones. 
 
 I Grout'j^ «. Cro.ss ; sulky ; surly ; sullen. [Colloq.] 
 
 ; Grove, n. [A.-S. graf. grave, cave, grove, from gra/an, 
 
 I to dig ; because an avenue or grove is cut out or hollowed 
 
 j out of a thicket of trees. See Groo\te.] A clu.ster of 
 
 I trees shading an avenue or w alk ; a group of trees smaller 
 
 j than a forest ; a wood of small extent. 
 Grov'el (grov'l), v. i. [imp. k, p.p. GROVELED ;/). ^w. 
 
 : & vb. n. GROVELING.] [Cf. L. & H. Ger. krabbeln, D. 
 grabbelen, krahbelen, to crawl, Icel. grufa, to lie prostrate 
 
 j on the ground] 1. To creep on the earth, or with the 
 face to the gi'ound ; to act in a prostrate posture. 2. To 
 be low or mean. 
 Grov'el-er, n. One who grovels ; an abject wretch. 
 Grow, V. i . [imp. grew ; p. p. grown ; p. pr. & vh. 
 71. GROWING.] [A.-S. growan, Icel. grdo.] 1. To in- 
 crease in size by a natural and organic process. 2. To 
 increase in any way : to be augmented. 3. To thrive ; to 
 flourish. 4. To result as an effect from a cause ; to be- 
 come. 5. To become attached or fixed ; to adhere. 
 Syn.— To become; increase; enlarge; augment; improve. 
 
 Grow, V. t. To cause to grow ; to cultivate ; to produce ; 
 to raise. 
 
 Gro^tv'er, n. One who grows, cultivates, or produces. 
 
 Growl, V. i. [imp. & p. p. growled; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 GROWLING.] [D. grollen, to grunt, murmur, be angry.] 
 To murmur or snarl, as a dog ; to utter an angry^, grum- 
 I bling sound. 
 
 ! Grovyl, V. t. To express by growling. 
 i Growl, n. The murmur of a cross dog. 
 j Growl'er, n. One who growls. 
 j Gro"wn, p. p. of grmv. See GROW. 
 i Growth, ?J. 1. Process of growing ; gradual increase of 
 j animal and vegetable bodies ; augmentation ; production. 
 I 2. That which has grown ; product ; consequence ; efiect ; 
 I result. 
 I Griib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. grubbed : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 GRUBBING.} [Goth, graban, to dig, imp. gruf, for grob. 
 
 A.-S. grafan, imp. grof.] 1. To dig in or under the 
 I ground ; to be occupied in digging. 2. To beg, especially 
 
 food. [Colloq. and low.] 
 Griilj, V. t. To dig ; to dig up by the roots. 
 ! Griib. n. [So called from grubbing or mining. See supra.] 
 
 1. A fleshy, dingy -colored larve ; especially, a larve of a 
 
 beetle or weevil. 2. A short, thick man : a dwarf. 3. 
 I That which is grubbed up for food ; victuals. [ CoUoq. 
 , and low.] 
 
 , GrubOber, n. 1. One "who grubs. 2. An instrument 
 I for grubbing. 
 ' Gi'iidge, v. t. [ivip. & p. p. grudged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 GRUDGING.] [0. Eng. grutche, gruiche, from Ger. ^n^n- 
 I zen, 'Eng. grunt.] To part with reluctantly ; to desire to 
 I get back again. 
 
 : Grudge, v. i. To be covetous or envious ; to be imwilliog 
 I or reluctant. 
 
 ; Grudge, n. Uneasiness at the possession of something 
 i by another ; ill will : envy ; secret enmity. 
 I Syn. — Pique; aversion; dislike; hatred; spite. 
 
 ' Griidg'er, n. One who grudges : a murmurer. 
 ' Griidg'ing-ly, a/lv. In a grudging manner. 
 I Gru'e'l, n. [0. Fr. gruel, for grutel, from A.-S. grUt. 
 
 See Grit.] A kind of light, liquid food, made by boiling 
 ' meal in water. 
 
 Griiff, a. [compar. GRUFFER; superl. GRUFFEST.] 
 i [D. grof, N. H. Ger. grob, 0. H. Ger. gerob, probably 
 ' from' A.-S. redfan, Icel. riufa, to loose, break, split.] Of 
 
 Vi,e,kc.,long; a,«,&c.,.?Atwf; c4re,far,ask,all,wliat; ere, veil, tSrm: pique, firm; son, or, do, wol^ 
 
GRUFFLY 
 
 329 
 
 GUIDE 
 
 a rough of stem manner, Toice, or countenance ; rugged ; 
 harsh. 
 
 Griif f 'ly, adv. In a gruff manner. 
 
 Gruff 'ness, n . The quality or state of being gruff. 
 
 Grum, a. [A.-S. grum, grom, gram, grim. See GRIM.] 
 1, Morose ; severe of couiiteuance ; glum ; grim. 2. 
 Low ; deep in the throat ; guttural. 
 
 Griim'ble, v. i.- [imp. & p. p. GRUMBLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. GRUMBLING.] [L. Ger. grummeln, grumen, D. grom- 
 melen, grommen. Cf. W. grwm, murmur, grumble, 
 surly.] 1. To murmur with discontent 2. To growl ; 
 to snarl. 3. To rumble ; to roar. 
 
 Griim'ble, -f. t. To express or utter with grumbling. 
 
 Grum'bler, n. One who grumbles or murmurs. 
 
 Griime, n. [From Lat. grurnus, a little heap.] A clot, 
 
 Grflm'ly, arJv. In a grum manner. [as of blood. 
 
 Gru'moiis, a. [See supra.] Resembling or containing 
 griime ; thick ; clotted. 
 
 Grunt, V. i. [imp. & p. p. GRUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GRUNTING.] [Ger. gnmzen, A.-S. grunan, allied to Lat. 
 griindire, grunnire.] To make a deep guttural noise, like 
 
 Griint, n. A deep, guttural sound, as of a hog. [a hog. 
 
 Griiiit'er, n. One that grunts. 
 
 Grunt'ling, n. A young hog. 
 
 Grjjpli'on, n. A griffin. See GRIFFIN. 
 
 Gua'ia-«u.m (gwa'ya-ktlm), n. [Sp. guayaco, from the 
 language of Hayti.] 1. (Bot. ) A genus of small, crooked 
 trees, growing in several of the West India islands. 3, 
 The resin of the lignumvitae, or boxwood, found in the 
 West Indies and Central America. It is much used in 
 medicine. 
 
 Gua'iio (gwa'no), n. [Sp. guano, or hiiano, from Peruv. 
 kuanu, dung.] The excrement of certain sea-fowls; — 
 used as a manure. 
 
 Gua.r'aii-tee' (gSr^an-tee'), M. {Law.) 1. A promise to 
 answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance 
 of some duty, in case of the failure of another person 
 who is primarily liable ; a warranty; a security, ti. A 
 guarantor. 3. The person to whom a guaranty is made. 
 
 GuJir'an-tee' (gar'an-tee'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. GUAR- 
 ANTEED; j9. />r. Sc vb. n. GUARANTEEING.] [Law.) 
 To undertake or engage for the payment of a debt, or the 
 performance of a duty, by another person ; to make sure; 
 to warrant. 
 
 Guar'au-tor' (gar'an-torO, «. (Law.) (a.) One who 
 makes or gives a guaranty ; a warrantor ; a surety, (b.) 
 One who engages to secure another in any right or pos- 
 
 Guftr'an-ty (gSr^an-ty), n. [0. Fr. guarantie, N. Fr. 
 garantie, from 0. Fr. guarant, N. Fr. garant, L. Lat. loa- 
 rens, 0. H. Ger. werent, a warranter, from 0. H. Ger. 
 toeren, to warrant, guard, keep.] {Laio.) An undertak- 
 ing to answer for the payment of some debt, or the per- 
 formance of some contract or duty, of another, in case 
 of the failure of such other to pay or perform ; a war- 
 ranty ; a security. 
 
 Gua,r'an-ty (gSr/an-ty), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. GUARAN- 
 TIED; p. pr. & vb. n. GUARANTYING.] 1. {Law.) 
 To undertake or engage that another person shall per- 
 form what he has stipulated, "i. To undertake to se- 
 cure to another, at all events. 3. To indemnify ; to 
 save harmless. 
 
 C®~ Guaranty is the prevalent form of writing the word 
 among legal writers and in law-books, in the United States, 
 both for the verb and the substantive. Guarantee is the form 
 most commonly used in England. 
 
 Guard (gard, 72), v. t. [imp. & p. p. GUARDED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GUARDING.] [0. Fr. guarder, warder, N. Fr. 
 garder, from 0. H. Ger. warten, to see, look, observe, 
 guard, A.-S. weardian, Eng. ward.] 1. To protect from 
 danger ; to secure against surprise, attack, or injury ; to 
 accompany for protection. 3. To protect the edge of, 
 especially, with an ornamental border. 
 
 Syn.— To defend; protect; shield; keep; watch. 
 
 Guard (gard), v. i. To watch by way of caution or de- 
 fense ; to be in a state of defense or safety. 
 
 Guard (gard), n. 1. That which guards or secures ; as, 
 (a.) A man or body of men stationed to protect a person 
 or position; a watch; a sentinel. (6.) One who has 
 charge of a mail coach or a railway train ; a conductor. 
 [Eng.] (c.) An expression or admission to secure against 
 objections or censure. 3. Any fixture or attachment to 
 protect against injury, soiling, or defacement, theft or 
 loss; as, (a.) Part of a sword hilt which protects the 
 hand, (b.) Ornamental lace or hem protecting the edge 
 of a garment, (c.) A chain or cord for fastening a time- 
 piece to one's person, {d.) A fence to prevent falling 
 
 from the deck of a vessel, (e.) A widening of the deck 
 of a steamboat by a framework of strong timbers, which 
 curve out on each side to the water-wheel, and protect it 
 and the shaft against collision. 3. {Fencing.) A posh 
 ture of defense. 
 
 Syn. — Defense ; shield ; protection ; Bafeguard ; convoy ; 
 escort; care; attention; watch; heed. 
 
 Guard'a-ble, a. Capable of being guarded. 
 
 Guard'ant, a. {Her.) Having the face turned toward 
 the spectator. 
 
 Guard'ed-ly, adv. In a guarded or cautious manner. 
 
 Guard'ed-uess, n. State or quahty of being guarded. 
 
 Guard'er, n. One who guards. 
 
 Guard'i-aii (gard'i-an). n. [0. Fr. guardain, gardian, 
 Hi. Fr. gardien. See GUARD, v.] 1. One who guards, 
 preserves, or secures; a warden. 3. {Law.) One who 
 has the custody of the person or property of an infant, r. 
 minor without living parents, or a person incapable of 
 managing his own affairs. 
 
 Guard'i-an, a. Guarding ; protecting. 
 
 Guard'i-aii-ship, n. The office of a guardian. 
 
 Guard'-room, n. A room for the accommodation of 
 guards. 
 
 Guard'- sliip, n. A vessel of war to superintend the 
 marine affairs in a harbor or river, and also, in the Eng- 
 lish service, to receive impressed seamen. 
 
 Gua'va (gw'a/va), n. [Sp. guayaba, guayabo.] A trop- 
 ical tree, or its fi-uit, which makes a delicious jelly. 
 
 Gu'ber-na-to'ri-al (89), a. [Lat. gubtrnator, governor.] 
 Pertaining to government, or to a governor. 
 
 Gud'geon (gad'jun), n. [Fr. goujon, from Lat. gobio, or 
 gobius, Gr. KwjStos.] 1. A small fresh-water fish, allied 
 to the carp. It is easily 
 caught, and often used for 
 bait. 3. A person easily; 
 cheated or insnared. 3. 
 A bait; allurement. 4. 
 ( Mac/i. ) The piece of iron Gudgeon (1.) 
 
 in the end of a wooden shaft on which it turns in a col- 
 lar or on a gudgeon-block ; formerly, the part of any 
 horizontal shaft on which it runs. 5. (Naut.) An eye 
 or clamp fastened to the stern-post to hang the rudder 
 on. 
 
 Gue'ber, )n. A fire-worshiper ; a follower of Zoroas- 
 
 Gue'bre, ) ter ; a Parsee. 
 
 Guer'don (ijer/don, 14), n. [0. Fr. guerdon, guerredon, 
 L. Lat. widerdonmn, from 0. H. Ger. widar, N. H. Ger. 
 tvider, again, against, and Lat. donum, gift, present, or 
 corrupted from 0. H. Ger. widarldn, recompense, A.-S. 
 IV id her lean,.] A reward ; requital ; recompense. 
 
 Guer-ril'Ia ( i^er-rll'la), n. [Sp., hterally, Uttle war, skir- 
 mish, dim. of guerra, war, Eng. war.] 1. An irregular 
 mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of in- 
 dependent bands. 3. One who carries on, or assists in 
 carrying on, irregular or predatory warfare. 
 
 Guess, V. t. [imp. & p. p. guessed (gest); p.pr. & vb. 
 n. guessing.] [Allied to A.-S. gitan., Eng. get., to ob- 
 tain.] 1, To judge of at random. 3. To form an opin- 
 ion of, from reasons that seem preponderating, but are 
 not decisive. 3. To conjecture rightly. 4. To hit upon 
 by accident. 
 
 Syn. — To think; reckon. — It is a gross vulgarism to uso 
 the word guess, not in its true and specific sense, but simply 
 tor think or believe, as, " I gmss the mail has arrived; " " I guens 
 he IS at home." It is equally vulgar to use reckon in the same 
 way, as, ''l reckon the mail has arrived;" "I reckon he is at 
 homo." These words are the shibhoJeth of the North and the 
 South in this country. It would be better for each (in order to 
 avoid so gross a vulgarism) to drop entireb/ its peculiar and 
 abused term, substituting therefor some such word as think, 
 believe, imagine, fancy, &c. 
 
 Guess, V. i. To make a guess or random judgment ; to 
 conjecture. 
 
 Gu6ss, n. Judgment without sufficient or decisive evi- 
 dence or grounds ; conjecture. 
 
 Gu6ss'er, n. One who guesses. 
 
 Gufist, n. [A.-S. gest, Icel. gestr, Goth, gasts, allied tc 
 Lat. hostis, or fostis, straneer, enemy, Slav, gnstj. guest, 
 orig. one that is entertained, from Skr. ghas, to eat up.^ 
 A visitor entertained for a short time ; a lodger at a ho- 
 tel, lodging or boarding house. 
 
 Guf-f aw', n. A loud burst of laughter ; a horse-laugh. 
 
 Guid'a-ble (gld'-), a. Capable of being guided. 
 
 Guid'age, n._l. Reward given to a guide. 3. Gxiidance. 
 
 Guid'au^e (gid'anss), n. Act of guiding; direction; 
 government ; a leading. 
 
 Guide (gTd, 72) v. t. [imp. & p. p. guided ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. guiding.] [Fr. guider, from Goth, vitan, to 
 watch over, give heed to, A.-S. witan.] 1. To lead or 
 
 fo<»d,fcM>t; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, pliaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tMs> 
 
GUIDE 
 
 330 
 
 GUM-RASH 
 
 direct ; to conduct in a course or path ; to pilot. 3. To 
 r^ulat*" and manage ; to train ; to iulluence. 
 
 Guide, n. 1. One' who leads or directs another in his 
 way ; a conductor. 18. A director ; a regulator. 3. 
 (AIH.) A uonn'ommissioned officer, whose chief dutj' is to 
 keep at the proper distiiuce from the one in front, the 
 men of the company, when dressing a line. 
 
 Guide'-post, ii. A post at the fork of a road, to direct 
 travelers in the way. 
 
 Gui'dou(gi'don), H. [¥t. guidon. See Guide, r.] 1. 
 A small Hag or streamer, as that carried by cavalry, or 
 that used to make signals at sea ; also, the flag of a guild 
 or fraternity. 2. One who carries a flag. 
 
 Guild (gTld), n. [A.-S. gild, geld, tribute, a society, from 
 A.-S. gil'ian,geldan , to pay.] An association of men be- 
 longing to the same class, or engaged in kindred pursuits, 
 formed for mutual aid and protection. 
 
 Suild'liall (gild'hawl), 71. The hall where a guild or 
 corporation usually assemble. 
 
 jiiile (gll, 72), »i. [0. Fr. guile, from A.-S. wile, Eng. 
 idle, Icel. viL] Craft ; cunning ; artifice ; dupUcity ; deceit. 
 
 Guile'f 111, a. Full of guile ; characterized by cunning, 
 deceit, or treachery ; guilt}'. 
 
 Guile'less (109), a. Free from guile 
 or deceit; artless. 
 
 Guile'less-ness, n. State or qual- 
 ity of being guileless ; freedom from 
 deceit. 
 
 Guil'le-mot' (gil'le-mQt'), n. [Fr. ; 
 W. chwilawg.] A marine diving 
 bird, allied to the penguins, auks, 
 and divers, and found in the north-j 
 em parts of Europe, Asia, and J 
 
 Guil'lo-tine' (gYl'lo-teen'), n. [Fr., 
 from Guillotin, a French physician, 
 who proposed, in the Constituent 
 Assembly of 1789, to abolish the Guillemot, 
 
 usual mode of decapitation, and use machinery which 
 would dispense with the ax or 
 sword.] A machine for beheading 
 a person by the stroke of a heavy 
 ax or cutter. 
 
 GuU'lo-tine' (gYl/lo-teen'), "o. t. 
 [imp. & p. p. GUILLOTINED; p. 
 pr. & vb.n. GUILLOTINING.] To 
 behead with the guillotine. 
 
 Guilt (gilt), n. [A.-S. gylt, crime, 
 from A.-S. geldan, gildan, to pay ; 
 prob. orig. signifying the fine paid 
 for an ofifense, and afterward the 
 offense itself.] 1. CriminaUty and 
 consequent exposure to punishment; offense against 
 right. 2. Exposure to any legal penalty or forfeiture. 
 
 Guilt'i-ly, adv. In a guilty manner. 
 
 Guat'i-ness, n. State of being guilty ; criminaUty 
 
 Giiilt'Iess, a. 1, Free from guilt ; innocent. 2. ''V 
 out experience or trial. 
 
 Guilt'less-ness, n. Quality or state of being guiltless 
 
 Guilt'y (gilt'y), a. [compar. guiltier : superl. GUILT 
 lEST.] Evincing guilt ; crim- 
 inal and ill-deserving ; wick- 
 ed. 
 
 Guin'ea (gin'e), n. [From 
 Guinea, in Africa, abound- 
 ing in gold.] An old gold 
 coin of England current for 
 twenty-one shillings ster- 
 ling, or about five dollars. 
 
 Guin'ea-drSp'per (gTn'e-) 
 n. One who cheats by drop- 
 ping guineas. 
 
 Guin'ea-fowl (gYn'e-), n. Guinea-fowl. 
 
 ( Ornith.) A fowl closely al- 
 lied to the peacocks and to the turkeys, orig. brought 
 frf>m Africa. \ 
 
 juTn'ea-hgn (gTn'e-), A. See 
 Guinea-fowl. 
 
 Guin'ea-pig(gTn'e-),7i. [Prob- 
 ably a miBtake for Chiiana^ig.] 
 (Zoijl.) A small Brazilian ro- 
 dent, of a white color, with 
 spots of orange and black. 
 
 Gul§« (giz, 72), n. [Fr. guise, 
 from 0. H. Ger. wisa, A.-S., & .^^ ^. 
 Eng. i«;/.se.] 1. External appear- . _ 
 
 ance in manner or dress ; garb ; Guinea-pig, 
 
 behavior; mien. 2. Custom; mode; practice. 
 
 Guillotine. 
 
 With- 
 
 Guitar. 
 
 m 
 
 Gui-tar' ( gt-tar'), « . [Fr. gui- 
 tarre, from Gr. KiOdpa, Lat. 
 cit/iara.] A stringed instru- 
 ment of music resembling the 
 vioUn, but larger, and having 
 six strings, played upon with 
 the fingers. 
 
 Gulcli, n. [Cf. Icel. gull, 
 mouthful.] 1. A glutton. 
 [O65.] ii. A ravine; a gully. 
 
 Gule§ (gulz), n. [Fr. gueules, 
 from L. Lat. gula, reddened 
 skin.] {Her.) A red color ; red ; 
 — indicated in engraving by straight per- 
 pendicular lines. 
 
 Gulf, n. [From Gr. koAttos, bosom, bay, 
 gulf, Mod. Gr. /c6A<|)os.] 1. An abyss; a 
 deep chasm or basin. "Z, ( Geog.) A large 
 bay ; an open sea. 
 
 Giilf'y, a. Full of whirlpools or gulfs. 
 
 Gull, V. t. [imp. & p.p. gulled; p.pr. Gules. 
 & vb. n. gulling.] [0. Sw. gylla, to deceive, D. kul- 
 len. Cf. Guile, and Gull, a sea-fowl.] To deceive ; to 
 cheat ; to trick ; to defraud. 
 
 Gull, n. 1. A trick ; fraud. 3. One easily cheated ; a 
 dupe. 
 
 Gull, n. [W. givylan. Cf. supra.] 
 {Ornith.) A web-footed sea-fowl, 
 with long, narrow wings, and with 
 a straight beak hooked at the tip. 
 
 Giil'let, n. [From Lat. giila, gul- 
 let, throat.] 1. {^A7iat.) The 
 esophagus. 2. Something shaped 
 like the food-passage, or perform- Gull. 
 
 ing similar functions. 
 
 Guiai-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being gullible. [Colloq.'\ 
 
 Giil'li-tole, a. Easily gulled. [Colloq.] 
 
 Giil'ly , n. [See Gullet.] A channel worn in the earth 
 by a current of water ; a gulch. 
 
 GuFly, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GULLIED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 gullying.] To wear into a gully or into gullies. 
 
 Gu-16s'i-ty, n. [Lat. gTi^osws, gluttonous, from gvla, gul- 
 let, throat.] Greediness ; voracity. [Rare.] 
 
 Gulp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GULPED (giilpt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. GULPING.] [D. gulpen, golpen, from golpe, whirl- 
 pool, gulf. See Gulf.] To swallow eagerly ; to swallow up. 
 To gulp up, to throw up from the throat or stomach; to dis- 
 gorge. 
 
 Gulp, n. 1. A swallow, or as much as is swallowed at 
 once. 3. A disgorging. 
 
 Gum, n. [A.-S. goma, palate, Icel. gCmr, 0. H. Ger. 
 giumo, goumo.] The hard, fleshy substance covering 
 the jaws and investing the teeth. 
 
 Gum, n. [A.-S. gdma, Ger. gvmmi, Lat. gummi and 
 commis, Gr. KOfA/ui ; Russ. kamedj, from Gr. KOfjifxiaiov, 
 diminutive of KOfifxi.] A vegetable secretion in the juices 
 of many plants which hardens when it exudes, but is sol- 
 uble in water ; also, with less propriety, exudations that 
 are not soluble in water. 
 
 Gnm arabic, a gum which flows from trees of several species 
 of the genus Acacia. — Gum ela-itic, or elastic j/wm, caoutchouc 
 or India rubber.— Gu7n lac. See Lac— Gitm Senegal, a gum 
 resembling gum arabic, brought from near the River Senegal, 
 in Africa.— Gum tragacanth. See Tbagacanth. 
 
 Gum, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GUMMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GUMMING.] To smear with gum ; to unite or stiffen by 
 gum. 
 
 Giim'bo, n. [Written also gombo ; i. q. okra, and a soup 
 into which this plant enters largely as an ingredient.] A 
 dish composed of okra, tomatoes, and a Uttle mustard 
 together. 
 
 Giim'-boil, n. A boil or small abscess on the gum. 
 
 Gum-mif er-oiis, a. [Lat. gummi, gum, and/frrc, to 
 bear.] Producing gum. 
 
 Gum'mi-ness, n. State or quality of being gummy; 
 viscousness. 
 
 Gum'mous, a. [Lat. gummosus.] Gum-hke, or com- 
 posed of gum; gummy. 
 
 Giim'my, a. [compar. GUMMIER ; superl. GUMMIEST.] 
 1. Consisting of gum : viscous ; adhesive. 2. Produc- 
 tive of gum. 3. Covered with gum. 
 
 Gump, n. [Cf Sw. & Dan. gump, buttocks, rump.] A 
 foolish person : a dolt : a dunce. [Low.] 
 
 Gvlmp'tion (84), n. [Cf. 0. & Prov. Eng. gaum, to um- 
 derstand, goam, to look after.] 1. Capacity; shrewd- 
 ness; address. 2. (Paint.) (a.) The art of preparing 
 colors. (6.) Magilp. See Magilp. 
 
 Gum'-ra,sli, n. ( ATerf. ) A cutaneous disease. 
 
 a,e, &c.,^ong;ft,6,&c.,aAar«;cfire,far,a8lt, all, what; S¥e,veil,tgrin; pique, firm; s6n,dr, do,-w9lt 
 
GUM-RESIN 
 
 331 
 
 GYPSY 
 
 .Gfiin'-rgg'ln, n. The milky juice of a plant solidified 
 by exposure to air ; one of certain inspissated saps. 
 
 Giim'-tree, n. 1. (Bot.] (a.) The black gum, one of 
 the largest trees of the Southern States. (6.) A tree 
 found in AustraUa, having a straight, branchless stem 
 from one to two hundred feet in height. i2. A hollow 
 tree. [Southern States.] 
 
 Gun, n. [Prob. like cannon, from Lat. canna, reed, tube, 
 or abbrev. from L. Lat. mangona, rnangonus. mango, 
 manganum, Gr. ju.ayyavoj', a machine for defending for- 
 tifications ; or, perhaps from 0. Y,ng.gijn,gynne,gin,&\)- 
 brev. of engine.] 1. Any fire-arm or instrument, except 
 the pistol and mortar, for throwing projectiles by the ex- 
 plosion of gunpowder, 'i, [Mil.) A heavy cannon distin- 
 guished from others by its great weight and strength, and 
 the absence of a chamber. 
 
 Giin, v.i. To practice fowling or hunting small game ; — 
 used chiefly in the participial form. 
 
 Guu'-tooat, n. (Mil.) A boat or small vessel of light 
 draught, fitted to carry one or more guns. 
 
 Giiii'-«6t'ton, n. A highly explosive substance obtained 
 by soaking cotton, &c., in nitric and sulphuric acids. 
 
 Guu'-dgck, n. (Naut.) A lower deck of a ship where 
 the gun-room is. 
 
 Gun'-met'al, n. An alloy of nine parts of copper and 
 one part of tin, used for cannon, &c. [Amer.\ 
 
 Giin'nel, n. 1. A gunwale, ti. {Ir.ht/i.) A little spotted 
 fish, found on the Northern Atlantic shores. 
 
 Gun'ner, n. One who works a gun ; also, a warrant- 
 officer in the navy having charge of the ordnance. 
 
 Guii'ner-y, n. The art and science of firing guns. 
 
 Guii'uiiig, n. The act or practice of hunting or shoot- 
 ing game with a gun. 
 
 Giin'iiy, n. [Hind. & Bengal. gon,a, coarse sack or bag 
 for grain.] A strong, coarse kind of sacking. 
 
 Giiii'pow-der, n. A mixture of saltpeter, sulphur, and 
 charcoal pulverized, granulated and dried. 
 
 Giiii'reacli, n. The distance to which a gun will shoot ; 
 gunshot 
 
 Guu'-robm (28), n. (Naut.) An apartment on the after 
 end of the lower gun-deck of a ship of war, occupied by 
 the gunner or as a mess-room by the lieutenants. 
 
 Giin'sliot, n. 1. (Mil.) The distance of the point-blank 
 range of a cannon-shot. ti. The distance to which shot 
 can be thrown from a gun, so as to be effective. 
 
 Gun'smlth., n. A maker of small arms ; an armorer. 
 
 Guii'stock, n. The stock or wood in which the barrel 
 of a gun is fixed. 
 
 Giiii'ter'g Cliain. [From Edmund Giinter, the inven- 
 tor.] The chain commonly used for measuring land. It 
 is four rods, or 66 feet, long. 
 
 Giln'ter'g Scale. A rule, two feet long marked with 
 graduated Unes for solving questions in arithmetic and 
 geometry, &c. * 
 
 Gun'wale (commonly pron. gun'nel), n. [From gun 
 and 2vale, because the upper guns are pointed from it.] 
 (Naut.) The upper edge of a ship's side ; the uppermost 
 wale of a ship. 
 
 Gur'gle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. gurgled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GURGLING.] [Ger. gurgeln, to gargle. Cf. GARGLE.] 
 To run or flow in a broken, irregular, noisy current. 
 
 Gvir'gle, n. A gush or flow of Uquid. 
 
 Gfir'nard, ) n. [0. Fr. gour- 
 
 Giir'iiet, ) nal, gournauld, 
 Ir. guirnead.] (Ichth.) A sesL- 
 fish, having a large and spiny 
 head \\ith mailed cheeks. 
 
 Gusli, V. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 GUSHED (gtisht) ; p. pr. & vb. Gurnard, 
 
 n. GUSHING.] [D. gudsen, allied to 0. H. Ger. giozan, 
 giuzan, Goth, giutan, A.-S. geotan, to pour out.] 1. 
 To flow copiously ; to rush forth as a fluid from confine- 
 ment, 'i. To act Avith a sudden and rapid impulse. 
 
 Syn. — To flow. — To gush is to break forth with violence : 
 to flow IS to move on gently with little or no opposition. The 
 fountain fif(«/iesfrom beneath the rocks, and/ou;s quietly away 
 in a winding stream. 
 
 Gush, n. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from an 
 inclosed place ; the fluid thus emitted. 
 
 Gusli'ing, /». a. 1, Rushing forth with violence, as a 
 fluid, ii. Emitting copiously, as tears ; hence, soft- 
 hearted ; sentimental. [Colloq.] 
 
 Giis'set, n. [Fr. gousset, arm-pit, fob, gusset, dim. of 
 gousse., pod, husk.] A piece of cloth inserted in a gar- 
 ment, for the purpose of strengthening or enlarging some 
 part. 
 
 GiLst, n. [Lat. gustus, Pr. gost, 0. Fv gotcst, N. Fr. 
 goUt.] 1. The sense or pleasure of tasting; relish. 2. 
 
 Gratification of any kind ; enjoyment. 3. A capacitj' 
 for any form of such enjoyment ; taste. 
 
 Gust, n. [Icel. gustr, giostr, a cool breeze, gusta, gidsta, 
 to blow cold.] 1. A sudden squall, ii, A sudden, 
 violent burst of passion. 
 
 Gust'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to gust or taste. 
 
 Gus'to, n. [It. & Sp. See GUST.] Nice appreciation or 
 enjoyment ; relish ; taste ; fancy. [pestuous. 
 
 Giist'y, «• Subject to, or attended by, gusts ; tem- 
 
 Giit, n. [Allied to Goth, qvithus, beUy, womb ; A.-S. 
 cwidh, womb.] 1. The intestinal canal of an animal. 
 '2. pi. The whole mass of intestines. 
 
 Gut, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GUTTING.] 1, To take out the bowels from ; to evis- 
 cerate, ii. To destroy the interior of. 
 
 Gut'ta-per'clia, n. [From the Malay, gutta, gum, and 
 percha, the particular tree from which it is procured.] An 
 inspissated sap obtained from various trees found in the 
 Malayan archipelago. In many of its properties it re- 
 sembles caoutchouc. 
 
 Giit'td Se-re'nd. [Lat., literally serene or clear drop.] 
 (Med.) BUndness occasioned by a palsied retina. 
 
 Gut'ter, 71. [From Lat. gutta, drop.] 1. A channel for 
 conveying away the rain from a roof, 'i, A small chan- 
 nel at the road side or elsewhere. 
 
 Gut'ter, V. t. [imp. &,p.p guttered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GUTTERING.] To form into small, longitudinal hollows 
 or channels. 
 
 Gut'ter, V. i. To become hollowed or channeled. 
 
 Gut'tle,i).i. [From gut, q. v.] To swallow greedUy. [065.] 
 
 Gut'tler, n. A greedy eater. 
 
 Giit'tur-al, a. [Lat. guttur, throat.] Pertaining to the 
 throat ; formed in the throat. [Greek x- 
 
 Giit'tur-al, n. A letter pronounced in the throat, as the 
 
 Gut'tur-al-ly, adv. In a guttural manner. 
 
 Gut'tur-al-ness, n. The quahty of being guttural. 
 
 Guy (gi), n. [See GUIDE.] A rope or rod attached to any 
 thing to steady it. 
 
 Guz'zle (gQz/zl), v. i. [imp. Sc p. p. guzzled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. GUZZLING.] [A modification of g-w«Ze, q. v.] 
 To swallow liquor greedily ; to drink fitquently. 
 
 Guz'zle, V. t. To swallow much or often. 
 
 Guz'zle, n. An insatiable thing or person. 
 
 Guz'zler, n. One who guzzles ; an immoderate drinker. 
 
 Gybe, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. GYBED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 GYBING.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of a vessel to 
 
 . the other. 
 
 Gyin-iia'§i-ar-eli, n. [Gr. yvfj-vaaiapxris , and yv/iva- 
 criap;(Os ; -y/vjai/ao-ioi/ and apx'siv, to govern.] ( Gr. Antiq.) 
 
 , An Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasium. 
 
 Gym-na'gi-uui, n. ; pi. gym-na/§i-a. [Lat. gymna- 
 sium, Gr. yvixvaaiov, from yvixva^eiv, to exercise, from 
 yvfjivo?, naked.] 1. A place where athletic exercises are 
 performed. "Z, A school for the higher branches of litera- 
 
 . ture and science. 
 
 Gym'nast (jlm/nast), ?i. One "who teaches or practices 
 
 . gymnastic exercises ; the manager of a gymnasiun. 
 
 Gj-m-nas'tio, ) a. Pertaining to athletic exercises 
 
 Gym-nas'tie-al, j of the body, intended for health, 
 
 . defense, or diversion. 
 
 Gym-nas'ti*, >i. 1, Athletic exercise. 2. One who 
 
 . practices or teaches athletic exercises. 
 
 Gyiti-nJts'ti-e-al-ly, odv. In a gymnastic manner. 
 
 Gym-iias'ti«s, n. sing. The art of performing athletic 
 
 . or disciplinary exercises. 
 
 Gym-Bios'o-pliist, n. [Gr. yi;/u.vo<ro<^i<7T>Js ; yu/u,f6s, 
 naked, and o-oi/jto-njs, philosopher.] One of a sect of 
 East Indian philosophers and reUgious teachers, who 
 
 . went almost naked. 
 
 Gym'iio-sperin, n. [Gr. yvju,i/6s, naked, and anepua, 
 seed, a-rreLpeiv, to sow.] (Bot.) A plant that bears naked 
 
 , seeds, as the common pine and hemlock. 
 
 GjTi'ar-ehy, n. [Gr. yvvr). woman, and apxeiv, to rule, 
 
 . govern.] Government by a female. 
 
 Gyn'e-oc'ra-fy, n. [Gr.yvv^, genitive yui/atKo?, woman, 
 and KpaTelv, to ride.] Grovemment administered by a 
 
 , woman. 
 
 Gyp'se-oiis, a. [Lat. gypseus. See GYPSUM.] Resem- 
 
 . bling or containing gypsum. 
 
 Gj'p-sog'ra-pliy, n. [Lat. gypsum and Gr. ypa<f>yj, 
 writing, from -ypa^etv, to write.] The act or art of en- 
 
 . graving upon gypsum. 
 
 Gyp'sum, n. [Lat. gypsum, Gr. yvi/^os, Ar. djibsln, Per. 
 djabsin, ChSild. gtphes.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of 
 sulphate of lime, and 21 per cent, of water. When burnt 
 to drive off the water, and ground up, it forms plaster of 
 
 . Paris. 
 Gyp'sy, n. ; pi. 61?p/SIEg. [0. Eng. Gyptian, from Pr. 
 
 {<fbd, fiTot ; tkxn., rude, pujOl ; ^ell, ^liaise, call, echo j gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tliis- 
 
GYRAL 
 
 332 
 
 HACKNEY 
 
 Egyptien, an Epyptiau, a g.vpsy.] [Also spoiled gipsi/ and 
 gypsfy.] 1. One of a vagabond nu-c, couiinj; origiually 
 firoiH ludia, and now scattered over EurojH', living by 
 theft, fortune-telling, tinkering, &c. '2. A cunning or 
 craft> i)ersi>n. [CoUoq.] 
 
 6y'ra"l (jiral), a. [See GVRE.] Moving in a circular 
 path or way ; whirling ; gyratory. 
 
 Gy'rate, r. i. [ivip. & p. p. (iVRATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 GVRATIm;.] [Ltit. gt/rart, gi/ratum. See GYRE.] To 
 revolve round a central point ; to move spirally. 
 
 Gy-ra'tiou, ». Act of turning or whirling around a 
 
 , tixed center ; a circular or spiral motion ; rotation. 
 
 ^y'ra-to-ry, a. Moving in a circle, or spirally. 
 
 Gyre (jir), n. [Lat. gi/rus, Gr. yOpo?, from yvpds, round.] A 
 circular motion, or a circle dej>cribed by a moving body. 
 
 Gyr'fal-eon (j?r'faw-kn), 71. [L. Lat. gyro/alco , gyro/at- 
 ais, a gyr(i7ido, from its circling around before descend- 
 ing on the prey.] (Ornith.) The peregrine falcon. See 
 
 . Falcon. 
 
 GjT'o-man/^y, n. [Gr. yvpos, ring, circle, and iiavTfCa, 
 divination.] A kind of divination performed by drawing 
 
 . a ring or circle, and walking in or around it. 
 
 Gy'ro-s«ope, «. [Gr. yvpos, ring, circle, and o-Konetv, 
 to view.] A rotating wheel mounted in a ring or rings, 
 for illtistrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, the com- 
 
 , position of rotations j &c. 
 
 Gyve (jTv), n. [W. gefyn, Tr. geihhion.] A shackle, eepe- 
 
 . cially one to confine the legs ; a fetter. 
 
 Gj'A'e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. gyved \ p. pr. &, t-b. n. 
 GYVING.] To fetter ; to shackl* ; to chain. 
 
 H. 
 
 H(aitch), the eighth letter of the English alphabet, is 
 commonly classed among the consonants, but without 
 sufficient reason, as no articulation or contact of the 
 mouth-organs is neces-sary or possible in its formation. 
 See Prin. of Proti., § 76. —(Mus.) H is the seventh de- 
 gree in the diatonic scale, being used by the Germans 
 for B natural. 
 
 i®~It is supposed that h was origrinally called ech, after the 
 analogy of ej\ el, tm, &c., the ch having a guttural sound, like 
 ch in Scotch and German, and representing the Anglo-Saxon 
 h, which had a stronger sound than our English h, and was ut- 
 tered not only at the tDeginning but also at the end of words, in 
 •which latter position it is with us always silent. This guttural 
 sound was afterward corrupted, it is thought, into that of cA in 
 church (a change of which etymology furnishes many exam- 
 
 files), and the short vowel c was replaced by its corresponding 
 ong sound a. 
 'Ha, interj. An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or 
 grief. ^ 
 
 J3.a'be-as -Cor'pus. [Lat., you may have the body.] 
 (Law.) A writ having for its object to bring a party be- 
 fore a court or judge ; especiaUy, one to inquire into the 
 cause of a person's imprisonment or detention by another, 
 with the view to protect the right to personal liberty. 
 
 H&b'er-dSrSli'er, n. [Either from Ger. habt ihr das, j 
 herr? i. e., have you that, sir? (cf. 0. Eng. haberdasli\ 
 ware) or, less probably, from berdash, a kind of neck- i 
 dress, formerly worn ; or from 0. Fr. aver., tivoir, prop- | 
 erty, goods, and D. tuischer, Ger. tauscher., a barterer.] ' 
 A seller of small wares, such as tapes, pins, needles, I 
 thread, &c. 
 
 Hftb'er-dasli'er-y, n. Goods sold by a haberdasher. 
 
 Hab/er-dine', or Hab'er-dine, n. [Probably corrupt- 
 ed from Aberdeen-fish.] A dried salt cod. 
 
 Ha-ber'ge-on, n. [Fr. haubergeoji, a small hauberk, 
 dhsx.ofO.Yv.haubercJialberc. See HAUBERK.] Defensive 
 armor descending from the neck to the middle, and formed 
 of httle iron rings or meshes. 
 
 Ha-ba'i-ment, n. [Fr. habilleynevt, from habiller, to 
 dress, clothe, from a hypoth. Lat. word, habitulare, from 
 hfibitus, dress, attire.] A garment ; clothing. 
 
 HSb'lt, n. [Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, be in a 
 condition.] 1. The usual condition of a person or thing; 
 ordinary state ; f^specially, phy.sical temperament. 2. 
 Fixed or established custom ; hence, the involuntary ten- 
 dency to perform certain actions which is acquired by 
 their frequent repetition ; also, moral character. 3. At- 
 tire ; dress ; habiliment : hence, a garment ; especially, 
 a clo.sely fitting coat worn by ladies. 
 
 Syn. — Practice; mode; manner; way; custom. — 77o?w> is 
 an internal principle which leads us to do easily, naturally, 
 and with growintr certainty, what we do often : custom is exter- 
 nal, being habitual use or the frequent repetition of the same 
 met. The two operate reciprocally on each other. The cmtom 
 of giving produces a hrOnt of liberality: habits of devotion pro- 
 mote the cvMorn of goin&to church. Custom also supposes an 
 act of the will, selecting ^ven nio<les of procedure; habit is a 
 law of our being, a kind of " second nature" which grows up 
 within us. < 
 
 H&b'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HABITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HABITING.] To dress : to clothe; to array. 
 
 Hab'it-a-bn'i-ty, n. Habitableness. 
 
 HJlb'it-a-ble, « [I^at. habitabilis, from habitare, to 
 dwell.] Capable of being inhabited or dwelt in. 
 
 HSb'it-a-ble-ness, v. Capacity of being inhabited. 
 
 Hftb'it-an-^y, n. [See supra.] The same as Inhab- 
 itancy. I 
 
 H&b'it-ant, n. An inhabitant ; a dweller ; a resident ; > 
 
 specifically, pi. (a^e-tong') a farmer of French descent 
 or origin in Lower Canada. [of a plant or animal. 
 
 Hilb'i-tat, n. {Nat. Hist.) The natural abode or locality 
 Hab'i-ta'tioii, «. 1. Act of inhabiting; state of dwell- 
 ing. 2. Place of abode ; a settled dwelling : a mansion ; 
 a residence. 3. (.Bof.) A habitat. 
 Ha-bit'u-al, a. 1. Formed or acquired by habit. 2, 
 According to habit. 3. Rendered permanent by con- 
 tinued causes. 
 
 Syn. — Customary; accustomed; usual; common. 
 
 Ha-bit'u-al-ly, arfr. In an habitual manner ; custom- 
 arily : usually ; commonly. 
 
 Ha-bit'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HABITUATED ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. HABITUATING.] To make accustomed ; to ac- 
 custom ; to familiarize. 
 
 Ha-bit'u-a'tion, n. The act of habituating, or the 
 state of being habituated. 
 
 Hab'i-tude (53), »i. [Lat. habitvdo. See Habit.] Fre- 
 quent repetition of an act or feeling, and its resulting 
 tendency or consequence ; customary manner or mode 
 of living, feeling, or acting. 
 
 Hacie^ida (a'the-fn'da), ?i. [Sp., employment, estate, 
 from JjSit.fiicienda, pi. of faci end wn, what is to be done, 
 from facere., to make, do.] An isolated farm or farm- 
 house. 
 
 Hack, V. t. [imp. & p. p. hacked (h3kt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HACKING.] [A.-S. haccan,!). hakken, Ger. hacken.] 
 
 1. To cut irregularly and awkwardly ; to notch. 2. To 
 speak with stops or hesitation. 
 
 Hack, ♦. i. 1. To be exposed to common use for hire. 
 
 2. To make an effort to raise phlegm : to hawk. 
 Hack, n. 1. A notch ; a cut. 2. Hesitating or falter- 
 ing speech. 
 
 Hack, n. [0. Fr. haqiie. Cf. Icel. fdJcr, horse. See 
 Hackney".] 1. A horse, or coach, or other carriage, let 
 out for common hire ; also, a family horse us«d in all 
 kinds of work. 2. A man who hires himself out for any 
 literarj' work ; a drudge. 3. A large pick for working 
 stone. 4. A rack for feeding cattle. 5. A frame for 
 drying fish, or cheeses. 6. A place where bricks are 
 dried before burning. 7. The wooden frame in the tail- 
 race of a mill. 
 
 Hack, a. Hackneyed : hired ; mercenary. 
 
 HackTber-ry, n. {Bot.) An American tree, having th© 
 appearance of an elm, and bearing sweet, edible fruits 
 about the size of a cherry. 
 
 Hack'le (hak/1), v. t. [imp. & p. p. hackled ; p. pr. 
 & f6. w. HACKLING.] [Seefn/ra. Written also Aeci^e.] 
 1. To separate, as the coarse part of flax or hemp from 
 the fine, bv drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or 
 hatchel. 2. To tear rudely asunder. 
 
 Hack'le (hak'l). n. [Allied to Ger. halcfn, Eng. hook, q. 
 v.] 1. An instrument with teeth for separating the 
 coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine. 2. Any flimsy 
 substance unspun, as raw .oilk. 3. A fly for anghug. 
 
 Hack'ly, a. Rough or broken, as if hacked. 
 
 Hack'ma-tack', n. [A name of Indian origin.] The 
 tamarack tree. See TAMARACK. 
 
 Hack'ney, n. : pi. nXCK'NEYg. [Fr. haquenee. a pacing 
 horse, an ambUng nag. Cf. Hack.] 1. A hor.«e for rid- 
 ing or driving : a pad ; a nag ; a pony. 2. A horse or 
 pony kept for hire ; hence, a horse and carriage kept for 
 hire: a hack. 3. A person worn by hired drudgery; 
 a hireling ; a prostitute. 
 
 »,e,kc.,iong',&,6,&c.,4A<wf,care,far,a8k,all,wliat; £re,Teil,tSrm; pique, firm; s6b, dr,do,Tr9lf, 
 
HACKNEY 
 
 333 
 
 HALF-SISTER 
 
 Hack'ney, n. 1. Let out for hire. ti. Prostitute; 
 vicious for hire. 3. Much used ; common; trite. 
 
 Hack-'ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HAf"!CNEYEU; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. HACKNEYING.] To devote to common or frequent 
 \ise,as a horse or coach ; to make trite or commonplace. 
 
 Hack.'iiey-€oach, n. A coach kept for hire ; hack. 
 
 Had, imp. & p. p. of have. [Contracted from A.-S. hafde, 
 hafed, Imfd, that is, haverj.] See HAVE. 
 
 Had'dock, n. [W. hadog, had- 
 awg, from hadawg, having 
 seed, seedy.] (Ichtli.) A sea- 
 fish a Httle smaller than the cod, h n k 
 which it much resembles. ^ ^^ ' 
 
 Ha'deg, n. [Gr. aSrjs, al'Si)?, usually derived from a priv. 
 and ibdv, to see, but this is doubtful.] The habitation 
 oli the dead. 
 
 Haft, 11. [A.-S. haft, haft, hdftan, to take, seize, from 
 Goth, hafts, sticking to, allied to Lat. captus, p. p. of ca- 
 
 i pere, to take, seize.] A handle, as of a knife, sword, or 
 dagger; hilt. 
 
 Hag, n. [k.-S.hdges, hdgesse, prob. fromGer. hag, hedge, 
 bush, wood; orig. wood-woman, wild woman.] 1, An 
 ugly old woman ; a fury ; a she-monster. 3, A witch ; 
 a sorceress ; an enchantress. 
 
 Hag'gard, a. [Fr. hngard, Ger. hagart, from 0. Eng. 
 hauke, now hawk, and the suffix ard.\ 1. "Wild or 
 intractable, ti. Having the expression of one wasted by 
 want or suffering. 
 
 Hag'gard,n. 1. An untrained or refi'actory hawk. 2. 
 Any thing wild and intractable. 3. A hag. 
 
 Hag'gard-ly, adv. In a haggard manner. 
 
 Hag'gess, ) n. [Scot, hag, to hack, to chop ; Gael, tai- 
 
 Hag'gis, ) geis.'] A pudding containing the entrails 
 of a sheep or lamb, chopped with fine herbs and suet, 
 highly seasoned with leeks and spices, and boiled in the 
 maw. [Scot.] 
 
 Hag'gisli, a. Like a hag; deformed; ugly; horrid. 
 
 Hag'gle, '.-. t. [imp. & p. p. HAGGLED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 HAGGLING.] [Dim. of Scot. Aag-, for Aac^-.] 1. To cut 
 into small pieces ; to notch or make rough by cutting. 
 3. To tease ; to worry. 
 
 Hag'gle, V. i. To be difficult in bargaining ; to chaffer; 
 to higgle. [stalls a market. [Eng.\ 
 
 Hag'gler, n. 1. One who haggles. 3. One who fore- 
 
 Hd'ffi-iiij'ra-phd, n. pi. [Lat.; Gr. ayt6ypa(|)a(sc. /3t|8Ata,) 
 from ayt6ypa(/)os , written by inspiration, from ayio?, sa- 
 cred, holy, and ypa^siv, to write.] 1. That part of the 
 Old Testament not embraced by the Law and the Proph- 
 ets. 3. The lives of the saints. 
 
 Ha'gi-og'ra-plial, a. Pertaining to the hagiographa, 
 or to sacred writings. [rapha ; a sacred writer. 
 
 Ha'gi-og'ra-plier, n. One of the writers of the hagiog- 
 
 Ha'gi-og'ra-pliy, n. The same as Hagiographa. 
 
 Ha'gi-oi'o-gy, n. [Gr. ayio?, sacred, andAoyos, speech, 
 discourse.] A nai-rative of the lives of the saints. 
 
 Hag'sliip, n. The state or title of a hag. 
 
 Hague'but (hag/but), or Hag'ue-but (hag/e-biit), n. 
 Same as Arquebuse, q. V. [ha. See Ha. 
 
 Hall, interj. An exclamation expressing surprise or effort ; 
 
 Ha-ha', n. [Probably from haw-haw, a reduplication of 
 haw, hedge. See Haw.] A fence or bank sunk in a 
 slope so as not to be seen until one is close upon it. 
 
 Haik, n. [Ar. ha'ik, from haka, to weave.] A large piece 
 of woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs over the tunic. 
 
 Hail, n. [A.-S. hagal, hagfl, Icel. hagall, hagl.] Frozen rain, 
 or grains and lumps of ice precipitated from the clouds. 
 
 Hail, 0. i. [imp. & p.p. hailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. HAIL- 
 ING.] To pour down masses of ice or frozen vapor. 
 
 Hail, V. t. To pour down, as hail. 
 
 Hail, a. Healthy; sound. See Hale. 
 
 'H.siiX, interj. [See ru/ra.] Aii exclamation, usually of re- 
 spectful, and sometimes of reverent, salutation. 
 
 Hail, n. [A.-S. hdl, halo, halu, safety. See HALE, a. and 
 n,] A wish of health ; a salutation. 
 
 Hiiil, V. t. [0. H. Ger. halon, holon, to call ; allied to Lat. 
 calare, Gr. KoKelv, to call. See Call.] 1. To call after 
 loudly ; to salute. 3. To name ; to call. 
 
 Hail, V. i. To report one's self, as when hailed from an- 
 other ship at sea ; especially in the phrase to hail from, to 
 report as one's home. 
 
 Hail'-f gl'low, n. An intimate companion. 
 
 Hail'stone, n. A frozen rain-drop. 
 
 Hail'y, a. Full of hail ; consisting of hail. 
 
 Hair, n. [A.-S. hdr, Icel. har, allied to Skr. 4efa, and 
 Lat. cses in csesaries.] 1, A small animal filament 
 growing from the skin, or a mass of such. 3. {Bot.) 
 A filament on the surface of plants. 3. (MecH.). A spring 
 in a rifle or pistol lock, to unlock the tumbler. 
 
 Halberd. 
 
 To .iplit hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety. — Ifot 
 worth a hair, of no value. — To a hair, with the nicest distinc- 
 tion. 
 
 Hair'-brgadth, «. [See Breadth.] The diameter or 
 breadth of a hair ; a very small distance. [narrow. 
 
 Hair'-brSadth, a. Having the breadth of a hair ; very 
 
 Hair'-briisli, n. A brush for smoothing the hair. 
 
 Hair'-*!l6tli, n. Stuff or cloth made of hair, or in part 
 with hair. 
 
 Hair'-dr6ss'er, n. One who dresses or cuts hair. 
 
 Hair'i-ness, n. The state of abounding, or being cov- 
 ered, with hair. 
 
 Hair'less, a. Destitute of hair ; wanting hair. 
 
 Hair'-pm, n. A pin used in dressing the hair. 
 
 Hair'-sjpriiig, n. A fine wire in a watch, which givoe 
 motion to the balance-wheel. 
 
 Hair'- stroke, n. A delicate stroke in writing. 
 
 Hair'y, a. Made of, covered with, 
 or resembling hair. 
 
 Hake, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. hake, 
 hook; Ger. hecht, pike.] (Ichth.) 
 A sea-fish of the cod family, hav- Hake. ' 
 
 ing only two dorsal fins. '. 
 
 Hal'berd (hol'berd), 7i. [From M. H. Ger. helmbart. 
 llelmbarte, i. e., an ax to split a helmet, 
 fr. Ger. barte, a broad ax, and helm, helmet.] 
 (Mil.) A pole having a .steel pointed head, 
 and a steel cross-piece, with a cutting edge. 
 
 Harberd-ier', n. One who is armed with a 
 Halberd. 
 
 Hai'^y-oii (hal'sT-on), n. [Lat. halcyon, ori 
 alcyon, Gr. oAxuwv, aA/cuoiv.] The king- 
 fisher. 
 
 Hai'9y-on, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resem- 
 bling, the halcyon, which was said to lay 
 her eggs in nests near the sea during the 
 calm weather about the winter solstice. 
 3. Hence, calm ; quiet ; peaceful ; undis- 
 turbed ; happy. 
 
 Hale, a. [A.-S. Iial, sound, whole; Ger. heil, Icel. heili, 
 Goth, hails. See AYhole.] Sound; entire; healthy; 
 robust. 
 
 Hale, or Hale, v. t. [iynp. & p. p. haled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. hal'ing.] [See Haul.] To drag; to haul. 
 
 Half (hUf), n.; pi. halves (havz). [A.-S. healf, half, 
 Icel. halfr, Goth, lialbs.] One of two equal parts of a 
 thing. 
 
 To go halves, to have an equal share. 
 
 Half (haf ), a. Consisting of a moiety, or half. 
 
 Half (haf), adv. In part, or in an equal part or degree. 
 
 Half '-and-Half ' (haf'-and-haf, 128), n. A mixture of 
 beer or porter and ale. 
 
 Half '-biiid'iiig (haf-), n. A style of book-binding in 
 which the backs and corners are in leather, and the sidea 
 in paper or cloth. 
 
 Half-blood (hafblQd), n. Relation between persons 
 born of the same father or of the same mother, but not 
 of both. 
 
 Half'-blood'ed, a. 1, Proceeding from a male and 
 female of different breeds or races. 3. Hence, degener- 
 ate; mean. 
 
 Half-breed, n. A person who is half-blooded ; espe- 
 cially, the offspring of Indians and whites. 
 
 Half-brotix'er (haf-brQth-er), n. A brother by one 
 parent only. 
 
 Half-easte (haf-), n. One born of a Hindoo parent on 
 the one side, and of a European on the other. 
 
 Half --eock (haf-), n. The position of the cock of a 
 gun when retained by the first notch. 
 
 Haif-beart'ed (haf-), a. Wantmg in true affection; 
 ungenerous ; illiberal ; unkind. 
 
 Half -mdbn (haf-), n. 1. The moon when half its 
 disk appears illuminated. 3. Any thing in the shape of 
 a half-moon. 3. {Fort.) An outwork composed of two 
 faces, forming a salient angle. 
 
 Half -note (hafnSt), ?i. -fl es 1 ''1 
 
 (ilfws.) A minim, in value Jim. i ..u ^ 
 
 one half of a semibreve, or 
 whole note, and represented 
 thus ; — 
 
 Half-pay (hafpa), n. Half the amount of wages or 
 salary ; more commonly, diminished or reduced pay. 
 
 Half -p6ii-ny (haf pgn-n^, hap'pen-ny, or ha'pen-ny), 
 n.; pi. HALF'-PEN^E (haf-). An English coin of the 
 value of half a penny ; also, the value of half a penny. 
 
 Half -sea§-o'ver (haf-), a. Half-drunk. [Colloq.] 
 
 Half -sis'ter (haf-), n. A sister by one parent, but not 
 by both. 
 
 EE= 
 
 Half-notes. 
 
 food,f<^t; Orn, rifde, pull ; (ell, 9liaise, «all, eeho ; gexu, get; ag; e^ist; liQser, Ilsk; tiiis. 
 
HALF-STEP 
 
 334 
 
 HAND 
 
 Him'-st6p(har-), n. (Mus.) A semitone. 
 
 Half-way (hAf wS), nriv. In the middle; at half the 
 ilistanco; 'iniportVctly ; partially. 
 
 Half '-way ^hil'wa)i a. Equally distant from the ex- 
 tremes, [ish. 
 
 Half '-wlt'^ted (hif-), a. Weak in intellect ; silly ; fool- 
 
 Hal'i-but (h6l'T-but). »i. [D. heil- 
 ^t, htlbut, Ger. heilbutt.] (Ic/ith.) 
 A large sea-fish, of the Hat-fish 
 kind, having a dark back, and a 
 white belly. Halibut. 
 
 Hiil'i-m^s, n. [A.-S. h&ltg, holy, 
 and masse, mass, festival.] The feast of All Souls ; Hal- 
 lo wmass. 
 
 Mall, n. [A.-S. heal, hfoll, 0. H. Ger. holla, Icel. hbll, 
 Goth, alhs, Lat. aiUa, Gr. avXrj, palace.] 1. A covered 
 edifice or a room, usually of stately dimensions, devoted 
 to public business or domestic convenience ; especially, 
 (a.) A passage-way at the entrance of a house or suite 
 of chambers, (b.) A manor-house, (c.) A large edifice 
 belonging to a coUegiate institution, (d.) A place of 
 public assembly. *2. A college in an English university. 
 
 Hai'le-lu'iali ( (hSHe-lu'va), n. & interj. [See Alle- 
 
 ttalle-lii'jali ) LUIAH.] Praise ye Jehovah; — an 
 exclamation used chiefly in songs of praise and in thanks- 
 gi^^ing to God. 
 
 Hal-ldb', V- i. [imp. & p. p. hallooed ; j>. pr. & vb. n. 
 HALLOOING.] [From halloo, an exclamation, allied to 
 Fr. haler, to set or excite a dog.] To cry out ; to call to 
 bj name, or by the word halloo. 
 
 Hal-ldb', V. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. 3. To 
 chase with shouts. 3. To call or shout to. 
 
 Hal-l«>b', n. An exclamation, used as a call to invite at- 
 tention : a shout ; a caU. 
 
 Hal-lob', interj. Ho, there! ho! — an exclamation to 
 call attention or to encourage one. 
 
 Hai'low, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HALLOWED (60) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. HALLOWING.] [A.-S. hAlgian, haligan, from 
 halig, holy.] To make holy ; to consecrate ; to treat as 
 sacred. 
 
 Hai'lo^v-een', n. The evening preceding All Hallows 
 or All Saints' day. [Scot.] 
 
 Hai'low-mas, n. [See Mass.] Thefeast of All Souls, 
 All Saints, or All HaUows. 
 
 Hal-lii'^i-iia'tioii, n. [Lat. hallucinatio , fr. hallucinari, 
 or alucniari, to wander in mind, to talk idly, to dream.] 
 1. Error; delusion; mistake, ii. An error or illusion 
 of sensible perception, occasioned by some bodily or or- 
 ganic disorder or affection. 
 
 Halo, n. ; pi. ha'lo^. [Lat. halos, ace. halo; Gr. oAw?, 
 a threshing-floor, and from its round shape also the disk 
 of the sun or moon, and later a halo round it.] 1. A 
 circle of Ught ; especially, {Pa'nt.) a glory. 2. A lumin- 
 ous circle round the sun or n^r jn. 
 
 Halo, V. t. or ?'. [im.p. 8c p. f. HALOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HALOING.] To form, or surround with, a halo. 
 
 Ha'loid, a. [Gr. aA.s, oAos, salt, and ei6os, form.] ( Chem.) 
 Resembling a salt ; — applied to binary compounds, such 
 as chloride of sodium, or con -"ca salt. 
 
 Ha'lo-s«ope, n. [Gr. oAws, Halo, and (TKoireiv, to view.] 
 An instrument for exhibition, illustration, or explana- 
 tion of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the Uke. 
 
 Hals'er (haws'er), n. [Ger. halse, a collar of hoimds, 
 ffalser, from hals, neck ; Ger. also haltseil. halser, from 
 halten, to hold, and seil, rope.] A hawser. See Hawser. 
 
 Halt, V. i. [imp. & p. p. halted ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 HALTING.] [A.-S. healtian, to limp, Icel. helta; Ger. 
 halten, to hold, to stop, Icel. halda, A.-S. healdan.] 1. 
 To stop in walking or marching. 2, To step with lame- 
 ness ; to limp. 3. To hesitate. 4. To have an irregu- 
 lar rhythm. 
 
 Halt, V. t. (Mil.) To cause to cease marching ; to stop. 
 
 Halt, a. Halting or stopping in walking ; lame. 
 
 Halt, n. 1. A stop in marching ; a stopping. 3. Act of 
 bin ping; lameness. 
 
 Halt'er, n. One who halts or limps. 
 
 Hal'ter, n. [A.-S. half^er, halter, noose.] A strong strap 
 or cord ; especially, (a>) A rope or strap and head-stall 
 for a horse. (6.) A rope for hanging malefactors. 
 
 Hal'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. haltered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HALTERING.] TO put a halter on. 
 
 Halve (hSv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. halved ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. HALVING.] [From half.] To divide into two equal 
 parts. 
 
 HalTeg (havz), n. ; pi. of half. See Half. 
 
 H&l'yard, n. [From hale, or haul, and yard, q. v.] 
 (Naut.) A rop« or tackle for hoisting or lowering yards 
 or sail*. [Written also haUiard.] 
 
 H&m, n. [A.-S. ham, from 0. H. Ger. ham, crooked, 
 bent, Celt, cam.] 1. The inner or hind part of the knee. 
 2. The thigh of any animal ; especially, the thigh of a 
 hog cured by salting and smoking. 
 
 Hftni'a-dry'ad, n. ; Eng. pi. hAm'a-dry'ads ; I'at. 
 pi. HAM'A-DRY<A-DE^. [Gr. 'A/x«ifipvas, from a/na, to- 
 gether, and 6pus, Spvo?, oak, tree.] (Antiq.) A wood- 
 nymph, feigned to live and die with the tree to which it 
 was attached. 
 
 Haines, n. [Allied to 0. H. Ger. ham, Celt. cam. crooked, 
 curved.] The curved pieces of wood or metal by which 
 the traces and body-harness of a horse are attached to 
 the collar. 
 
 Ham-it'i€, a. Pertaining to Ham or his descendants. 
 
 HSIm'let, n. [A.-S. ham , home, house, and let, a dimin- 
 utive termination.] A small village ; a httle cluster of 
 houses in the country. 
 
 HSin'mer, n. [A.-S. hamer.] 1. An instmaient for 
 driving nails, beating metals, and the like. 2. Somethii:* 
 which in form or action resembles the common hammer. 
 
 Hain'mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hammered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. HAMMERING.] 1. To beat with a hammer. 2. 
 To form or forge with a hammer. 3. To contrive by in- 
 tellectual labor. 
 
 Ham'mer, v. i. 1. To be busy. 3. To be working or 
 in agitation. 
 
 Hain'mer-clotli, n. The cloth which covers a coach- 
 box ; — so called either from the old practice of carrying 
 a hammer, naUs, &c., in a pocket hid by this cloth, or as 
 being a corruption oi armor, hammock, or hamper-cloth. 
 
 Ham'mer-er, n. One who works with a hammer. 
 
 Ham'mer-liJird'eii, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hammer- 
 
 HARDENED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HAMMER-HARDENING.] 
 To harden, as a metal, by hammering in the cold state. 
 
 Hain'mer-liead, n. (Ichth.) A shark, having the eyes 
 set on projections from the sides of the head, which gives 
 it a hammer shape. 
 
 Ham'mock, n. [Sp. hamaca. 
 A word of Indian origin.] A^ 
 kind of hanging bed. 
 
 Ha-mose', ) a. [Lat. hamus, 
 
 Ha'iiLous, I hook.] (Bot.) 
 Having the end hooked or Hammock, 
 
 curved. 
 
 Ham'per, n. [Contracted from hanaper, q. v.] A large 
 basket for conveying things to market, &c. 
 
 Ham'per, n. [Cf. Icel. hanpr, hemp.] An instrument 
 that shackles ; a fetter. 
 
 Ham'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HAMPERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HAMPERING.] [See the noun.] 1. To put in a 
 hamper. 2. To put a hamper or fetter on ; to shackle ; 
 to embarrass ; to encumber. 
 
 Ham'-shack'le (-shak'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ham- 
 shackled ; p. pr. & vb. n. HAM-shackliNG.] [Eng. 
 ham and shackle, q. v.] To fasten by a rope bmding the 
 head to one of the fore legs ; hence, to bind or restrain. 
 
 Ham'ster, n. [0. H. Ger. hdmistro, hamastro.] (Zool.) 
 A species of rat ; remarkable for having a bag on each 
 side of the jaw, under the skin, and for its migrations. 
 
 Ham'string, n. One of the tendons of the ham. 
 
 Ham'string, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hamstrung, or 
 hamstringed ; p. pr. & vb n. hamstringing.] To 
 lame or disable by cutting the tendons of the ham. 
 
 Han'a-per , n. [L. Lat. hanaperium, a large vase, kana- 
 pus, vase, bowl, cup, from 0. Fr. hanap, 0. H. Ger. hnapf, 
 A-S. hnap, cup, bowl.] 1. A kuad of basket, usually of 
 wicker-work. 2. A bag or basket, in the English chan- 
 cery, used to receive fees due the king; hence, the ex- 
 chequer of the chancery. 
 
 Hand, n. [A.-S. hand, hand, Icel. hand, hand, Goth. 
 handus.] 1. The outer extiemity of the human arm, 
 consisting of the pahn and fingers. 2. That which re- 
 sembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a human 
 hand ; as, (a.) A limb of certain animals. (6.) An mdex 
 or pointer of a dial. 3. A measure of the hand's 
 breadth ; four inches ; a pahn ; — applied to the measure- 
 ment of a horse's height. 4. Side ; part ; dirwtion. 5. 
 Power of performance; skiU ; dexterity. 6. Actual 
 performance; deed; act; hence, manner of performance. 
 7. An agent, servant, or laborer. 8. Style of hand- 
 vnitlng ; penmanship ; chirography. 9. Possession ; 
 ovmership; course of performance or execution : — usu- 
 ally in the pi. 10. Agency in the transmission from one 
 person to another. 11. That which is, or may be, held 
 in a hand at once. 
 
 At all hands, or on all hands, from those in every direction; 
 by all parties. — ^t hand, near in time or place. — £?/ ftanrf, 
 with the hands, in distinction from instrumentahty of tools, 
 
 i,e,&c.,/o«v; }kt6,kc.,short; c&re, f ar, mIk, 9II, wbat ; 6re, v§U, tgrm ; piqKe,fIrm; Bdn,dr,dQ,w9li, 
 
HAND 
 
 335 
 
 HAPPILY 
 
 en^nes, or animals. — From hand to hand, from one person to 
 another.— Hand in hand, in union; conjointly; unitedly.— 
 Hand over hand, by passing the hands alternately one before or 
 above another; as, to climb /law over hand.— Hand to hand, 
 iu close union; close in flght. — Hand to mouth, precariously; 
 from day to day. — Laying on of hands, a form nsed in conse- 
 crating to office and in blessing persons. — Off hand, without 
 delay, hesitation, or difficulty. — Off' one's hand, out of one's 
 possession or care .— On hand, in present possession. — To bear 
 a hand (Xaut.), to give help quickly; to hasten. — To be hand 
 and glove, to be intimate and familiar, as friends or associates, 
 
 — To be on the mending hand, to be convalescent or improving. 
 
 — To change hands, to chan<je sides, or change owners. — To 
 come to hand, to be received. — To have a hand in, to be con- 
 cerned in. — To have iri hand, to undertake; to be engaged 
 upon.— To lend a hand, to give assistance.— To put the hand 
 to, or lay hands on, to seize. — To strike hands, to make a con- 
 tract, or to become surety for another's debt or good behavior. 
 
 — To take in hand, (aO To attempt; to undertake, (b.) To 
 seize and deal with.— To wash the hands, to profess innocence. 
 
 — Under the hand of, authenticated by the handwriting or sig- 
 nature of. 
 
 H^nd, V. t. [imp. & p. p. handed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 llANDiNGr.] 1. To give or transmit with the hand. 2. 
 To lead, guide_, and lift with the hand. 
 
 HS.nd'-ba.r''ro\v, n. A barrow or vehicle borne by the 
 hands of men, and without a wheel. 
 
 HS.nd'-lj611, n. A small bell rung by the hand. 
 
 HS,nd'bill, n. A loose printed sheet to be circulated or 
 stuck up for some public announcement. 
 
 Hand'-bobk. n. A small book of reference ; a manual. 
 
 Hand'-breadtli, n. A space equal to the breadth of 
 the hand ; a palm. 
 
 Ha,n.d'-euff , n. A fastening consisting of an iron ring 
 around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with one 
 on the other wrist ; a manacle. 
 
 HJliid'-euff , V. t. [imp. & p. p. handcuffed (hSnd-'- 
 ktift) ; p. pr. & vb. n. HANDCUFFING.] To put hand- 
 cuffs on ; to manacle. 
 
 Ha,nd-er, n. One who hands or transmits. 
 
 Hand'fiil, n. ; pi. HAND/FULg. 1. As much as the hand 
 ■will grasp or contain. 3. A small quantity or number. 
 
 H^ud'-g^riop, n. A slow and easy gallop, in which the 
 hand presses the bridle to hinder increase of speed. 
 
 Hd.nd'i-'eap, n. 1. A race in which the horses carry dif- 
 ferent weights, according to their age and character for 
 speed, &c., with a view to equalize the chances as much 
 as possible. 2. An allowance of a certain amount of 
 time or distance in starting, granted in a race to the com- 
 petitor possessing inferior advantages. 
 
 aand'i-eraf t, n. Manual occupation ; work performed 
 by the hand. 
 
 Hand'i-eraf ts'man, n. ,\pZ. hXnd'i-crafts'men. A 
 man skilled in manual occupation ; a manufacturer. 
 
 Ha,iid'i-ly, adv. In a handy manner. 
 
 Haiid'i-ness, n. QuaUty or state of being handy. 
 
 HS,nd'i-"*vorlc ( -wQrk), n. [A corruption of handwork.] 
 Work done by the hands. 
 
 Ha,nd'k.er-cliief (hank'er-chTf), n. [I'rom haTid and 
 kerchief., q,- v.] 1. A cloth, for the purpose of wiping 
 the face, &c. 3. A neckerchief ; a neckcloth. 
 
 Hand'le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. handled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. handling.] {Svoxa.hand; A.-S. handelian, handli- 
 an, to touch.] 1. To touch ; to use or hold with the 
 hand. 3. To manage or wield ; often, to manage skill- 
 fully. 3. To make familiar by frequent touching. 4. 
 To deal with ; to practice. 5. To treat. 6. To practice 
 on; to transact with. 7. To discourse on ; to discuss. 
 
 Hand'le, n. That part of a vessel or instrument which is 
 held in the hand when used. 
 
 To give a handle, to furnish an occasion. 
 
 H3,nd'Iing, n. 1. A touching or use by the hand; 
 action. 3. {Paint.) The mode of using the pencil. 
 
 Hand'niaid, )n. A maid that waits at hand ; a fe- 
 
 Hand'maid-eii, j male servant or attendant. 
 
 Hand'-or'gan, ?i. A portable organ played by means 
 of a cyUnder set with pins and staples, and turned with 
 a crank. 
 
 Hand'-rail, n. A rail, usually supported by balusters, 
 as in staircases, to hold by. 
 
 Hand'saw, n. A saw to be used with the hand. 
 
 C@-In the proverb, " not to know a hawk from a handsaw," 
 denotmg great ignorance, handsaw is a corruption of heron- 
 shaw, that is, the heron. 
 
 Hand'sel, n. [A.-S. handselen, handsylen, a giving into 
 hands, handsellan, handsyUan, to deliver up.] A sale, 
 gift, or delivery which is the first of a series ; a first in- 
 
 Hand'sel, v. t. To give a handsel to. [stallment. 
 
 Hand'sdme (hSn'sum), a. [compar. handsomer ; su- 
 perl. handsomest.] [D. handzaam, dexterous, ready, 
 limber, manageable, from hand and the termination 
 zaam, equiv. toEng. some.] 1. Having a pleasing ap- 
 
 pearance or expression ; comely ; good-looking. 2. 
 Marked with propriety and ease ; becoming ; appropri- 
 ate. 3. Liberal; generous; ample; moderately large. 
 Syn. — Pretty; elegant; graceful. 
 
 Hand's6me-ly (hSn'sum-), adv. In a handsome man- 
 ner, [of bemg handsome. 
 
 Hand'some-ness (hSn'sum-), ». The quality or state 
 
 Hand'spike, n. A bar, usually of wood, used with the 
 hand as a lever, for various purposes. 
 
 Hand'writ'ing (-rit'ing), n. 1. The form of writing 
 peculiar to each hand or person ; chirography. 3. That 
 which is written by hand ; manuscript. 
 
 Haiid'y,a. [cowjaar. handier; 5«;?er/. handiest.] 1. 
 Skillful in using the hand ; dexterous ; adroit. 3. Ready 
 to the hand ; convenient. 
 
 Hang, V. t. [imp. & p. p. hanged, or hung ; p.p, & 
 vb. n. HANGING. The use of hanged is preferable to 
 that of hung., when reference is had to death or execu- 
 tion by suspension, and it is also more common.] [A.-S. 
 hangan, hangian, Icel. hdnga, hengia, Goth, hahan.] 1. 
 To suspend. 2. To fasten, so as to allow of ft«e motion 
 upon the point or points of suspension. 3. To put to 
 death by suspending. 4. To decorate or furnish by 
 hanging pictures, trophies, drapery, and the hke. 5* 
 To droop. 
 
 To hang fire (ML), to be slow in discharging or communicat- 
 ing fire through the vent to the charge; to be slow in explod- 
 ing. — To hang a scythe, to fasten it to the snath at the proper 
 angle. 
 
 Hang, V. i. 1. To be suspended ; to dangle ; to depend- 
 2. To be fastened so as to allow of ft-ee motion on the 
 point or points of suspension. 3. To rest for support; 
 to depend. 4. To be a weight. 5. To hover; to im- 
 pend. 6. To incUne downward ; to lean or incline. 
 
 To hang by the eyelids, to be in an unfinished condition; to 
 be left incomplete. — To hang on (with the emphasis on the 
 preposition), to keep hold; to hold fast; to stick. — To hang to- 
 gether, (a.) To remain united. (6.) To be self-consistent. 
 IColloq.], 
 
 Hang, n . The manner in which one part hangs upon 
 another ; connection ; arrangement ; plan. [ Colloq.] 
 
 To get the hang of, to learn the arrangement of; hence, to be- 
 come accustomed to. 
 
 Hang'-bird, n. ( Ornith.) A bird, the Baltimore oriole; 
 — so called from its nest, which is suspended from the 
 limb of a tree. 
 
 Hang'dog, n. A base and degraded man, fit only to be 
 the hangman of dogs. 
 
 Hang'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, hangs ; specj/- 
 ically, a short, broad sword, incurvated toward the point. 
 2. That by which a thing is suspended. 
 
 Hang'er-on, n. One who hangs on, or sticks to, a per- 
 son, place, or plan ; a dependent. 
 
 Hang'ing, n. 1. Death by suspension. 2. That which 
 is hung as lining or dra/try for a room ; — used chiefly in 
 the plural. ' 
 
 Hang'ing-but'tress, n. (Arch.) A buttress supported 
 upon a corbel, and not standing solid on the foundation. 
 
 Hang'man, n.; j?Z. "tatv-g'men. One who hangs an- 
 other ; a public execu'tK'_;;'er. 
 
 Hang'uail, n. [Cf. Agnail.] A smaU piece of skin 
 hanging from the root of a finger-nail. 
 
 Hank, n. [Dan. hank, handle, hook, clasp ; Icel. hanki, 
 cord.] 1. A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of 
 yarn or thread tied together. 2. {Naut.) A ring fixed 
 to a stay to confine the sails when hoisted. 
 
 Hank'er, f. i. [imp. & p. p. hankered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. hankering.] [D. hunkeren, allied to Eng. hun- 
 ger, q. v.] To desire vehemently. 
 
 Hap, n. [Icel. happ, unexpected good fortune ; "W. hap, 
 hab, luck, chance, fortune.] That which happens or 
 comes suddenly or unexpectedly ; chance ; fortune ; ac- 
 cident ; casual event ; fate ; lot. 
 
 Hap, V. i. To happen ; to befall ; to come by chance. 
 
 Hap'-Jiaz'ard, n. [This is tautological. See Hazard.] 
 Extra hazard ; chance ; accident. 
 
 Hap'less, a. Without hap or luck ; luckless ; unfortu' 
 nate ; unlucky ; unhappy. 
 
 Hap'ly, adv. By hap, chance, or accident ; perhaps. 
 
 Hap'pen (hSp/pn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. HAPPENED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. HAPPENING.] [Eng. hap.] 1. To come 
 by chance ; to fall out. 2. To take place ; to occur. 
 To happen on, to meet with; to fall or light upon. 
 
 Hap'pi-ly, adv. 1. By good fortune. 2. In a happy 
 manner, state, or circumstances. 3. With address o» 
 dexterity. 
 
 Syn. — Fortunately ; luckily ; successfully ; proaperouBly; 
 dexterously; felicitously; gracefully. 
 
 f<fod, f dbt •, ^n, ri|.de, p^ ; fell, (shaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$i8t ; linger, U^le. ] «ii8. 
 
HAPPINESS 
 
 336 
 
 HARJVILESSLY 
 
 H&p'pl-nesi), n. 1. An agreeable fwliug or condition 
 of the soul arising from gi>od of any kind ; the state of 
 being happy. 'Z, tJotxi luck; gooti fortune. 3. Un- 
 studied grace. 
 
 Sym.— Felicity; blessedness; bliss. - //ojD/>inf.«s is peneric, 
 And i» iipplied to tUmost every kind of enjoyiiicut except that 
 of thcnrimnl :ippetitcs; /i/ici/v is a niorc formal woi-d, and is 
 us- ■ ■ ;rly in the same general sense, but with ele- 
 
 ▼ji! ~; ble^^dness is applied to the most refined 
 
 en ' frtmi the purest social, benevolent, and rc- 
 
 li-i ; ;./i.-v denotes (Still more exalted delight, and 
 
 is upiuu a un IV appropriately to the joy anticipated iu heaven. 
 
 Hftp'py, "• [compar. HAPPIER; siiperl. HAPPIEST.] 
 [Kng. /Ktp.] 1. Favored by hap, luck, or fortune ; lucky ; 
 fortunate; successful, ti. Enjoung good of any kind; 
 delighted; sjitislied. 3. Secure of good; prosperous; 
 blc.-ised. 4. Furnishing enjoyment; supplying happi- 
 ness. 5. Propitious ; favorable. 
 
 Ha-rftngue' (-rang'), »• [Literally, speech before a mul- 
 titude or on the hustings, from 0. H. Ger. hring, N. H. 
 Ger. ring, arena, list^, ring.] A speech addressed to a 
 large public assembly ; a popular oration ; declamation ; 
 ranting. 
 
 Stii.— Speech; oration. — 5)5eec^ is generic ; an oration is 
 an elaborate and prepared speech: an haranffue is a vehement 
 appeal to the passions, or a noisj', disputatious address. A gen- 
 eral makes an haranque to his troops on the eve of a battle; a 
 denias;oguc harangues the populace on the subject of their 
 wrongs. 
 
 Ha-rangue' (ha-r:tng'), r. ?. [imp. kp.p. harangued; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. HARANGUING.] To make an address or 
 speech to a large assembly. 
 
 Ha-rJlngue' (ha-rang')i '>-'• '• To address by an harangue. 
 
 Ha-rSng'uei* {ha-r;'ing'er), n. One who harangues, or 
 is fond of haranguing. 
 
 Har'as?, V- t. [imp. & p. p. harassed (hSr'ast); p.pr. 
 & vb. n. HARASSING.] [Fr. harasser, prob. from 0. Fr. 
 harasse,a. very heavy and large shield, which fatigued 
 the bearer of it.] 1. To fatigue to excess. 2. To weary 
 ■with importunity, care, or perplexity. 3. To annoy by 
 repeated and unlooked-for attacks, as an enemy. 
 
 Sjm. — To weary; jade; tire; perplex; distress; tease; vex; 
 molest; trouble; disturb. 
 
 H^r'ass-er, 7?. One who harasses. 
 
 Har'bin-ger, n. [Ger. herberger, D. herbergier, one who 
 provides or give.s lodging.] 1, An oflBcer of the English 
 royal household who precedes the court when traveling, 
 to provide lodgings, &c. 2. A forerunner ; a precursor. 
 
 HarHbor, n. [0. Eng. kerbour, herberg/i, from A.-S. Iiere- 
 berga, a military station, a station where an army rests, 
 from A.-S. here, arm)', and beorgan, Goth, bairgan, to 
 Bhelter, defend, protect.] 1. A place of security and 
 comfort ; a lodging ; an asylum. 2. A refuge for ships ; 
 a port or haven. 
 
 Har'bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HARBORED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HARBORING.] 1. To entertain as a guest ; to shel- 
 ter. 2. To protect, as a ship from storms. 
 
 Har'bor, f . /. To lodge or abide for a time; to take 
 shelter. 
 
 Har'bor-er, n. One who harbors. 
 
 Har'bor-less, a. Without a harbor. 
 
 Har'bor-mas'ter, n. An officer who executes the reg- 
 ulations respecting harbors. 
 
 Pard, a. [compar. HARDER; sitperl. HARDEST.] [A.-S. 
 hear^/, Icel. hardr, Goth, hardus, allied to Gr. Kapros, for 
 »cpaTOs, strength, vigor.] 1. Not easily penetrated, or 
 sepanited into parts ; not j ielding to pressure. 2. Diffi- 
 cult to ijenetrate with the understanding. 3. Difficult 
 to accomplish ; full of obstacles. 4. Difficult to resist 
 or control. 5. Difficult to bear or endure ; hence, se- 
 vere ; rigorous ; oppressive ; unreasonable ; unjust. 6. 
 Difficult to please or touch ; not easy to influence ; hence, 
 proceeding from, or expressive of, such a disposition. 7. 
 Not agreeable to the taste. 8. Rough ; acid ; sour, as 
 liquors. 9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explo.sive in utterance. 
 
 Hard monny. coin or specie, as distinguished from paper 
 money. — y/ar<i nan. the hard stratum of earth lying beneath 
 the KoW. — Hard vjnter, water which contains some mineral 
 subf-tunce that dccomp^e8 soap, and thus renders it unfit for 
 wabhing. \ 
 
 Syn. — Firm; compact; solid; arduous; powerful ; trving ; 
 tinyicldmg ; stubborn ; Btern ; laborious ; fatiguing ; distress- 
 ing; unfeeling; cruel; rough; harsh; abusive; coarse. 
 Hard, adv. 1. With pressure : with urgency ; hence, 
 diligently : earnestly. 2. With difficulty. 3. Uneasily ; 
 ▼exatiously. 4. Vehemently ; vigorously ; energetic- 
 ally ; hence, rapidly ; nimbly. 5. Forcibly ; violently. 
 
 Hard hy, near by : close at hand ; not far off. — Hard up, with- 
 out money or regources. \_CoUoq.] 
 
 Hard'en (harden), v. t. [imp. & p. p. hardened ; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. HARDENING.] [Eng. hard; A.-S. heard- 
 
 ian.] 1. To make hard or more hard ; to indurate. 2. 
 
 To strengthen ; to inure ; also, to confirm in wickedness, 
 
 obstinacy, &c. 
 Hard'cn (hird'n), v. i. 1 To become hard, or more 
 
 hard ; to acquire solidity. 2. To become confirmed or 
 
 strengthened. 
 Hard't'ii-er (hard'n-er), n. One who hardens. 
 Hard'-f a'vort'd, a. Having coarse or hansh features. 
 Hard'-f ist'ed, a. 1. Having hard or strong hands, as 
 
 a laborer. 2. Covetous; niggardly. 
 Hard'-foiiglit (-fawt), a. Vigorously contested. 
 Hard'hack, n. (Bat.) A very astringent plant, com- 
 mon in pastures. 
 Hard'-ha.nd't*d, a. Having hard hands, as a laborer. 
 Hard'-heart'ed, a. Cruel; pitiless; unfeeling. 
 Hard'i-bo'bd, n. [Eng. hardy and the termination 
 
 hood.] Boldness, united with firmness and constancy 
 
 of mind. 
 
 Syn. — Intrepidity; courage; stoutness; audacity; cflfronl- 
 ery; impudence. 
 
 Hard'i-ly, adv. In a hardy manner ; boldly ; stoutly. 
 
 Hard'i-ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being hardy. 
 2. Hardihood ; boldness ; firmness ; assurance. 
 
 Hard'isli, a. Somewhat hard. 
 
 Hard'ly, adv. 1. In a hard or difficult manner. 2. 
 Scarcely ; barely. 3. Severely ; har-shly ; roughly. 
 
 Hard'iiess, n. The quality or state of being hard, iu 
 any sense of the word. 
 
 Hard's^liip, n. That which is hard to bear, as toil, in- 
 jury, and the like. 
 
 Hard'-tack, n. (Naut.) Sea-bread. 
 
 Hard'w are, n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitchen 
 furniture, and the like. 
 
 Hard'y, a. [compar. HARDIER ; superl. HARDIEST.] 
 [From A.-S. heardian., Eng. harden. See Hard.] 1. 
 Bold; brave; stout; intrepid. 2. Full of assurance; 
 impudent. 3. Strong; firm: compact. 4. Inured to 
 fatigue. 5. Able to bear exposure to cold weather. 
 
 Hare,n. [A.-S. Aam, allied to Skr. faja, from jof , to 
 leap, spring.] (Zo'dl.) A swift, 
 timid rodent, having long hind 
 legs, a short tail, and a divided 
 upper lip. 
 
 Hare'bell, n. (Bot.) A plant hav- 
 ing blue, bell-shaped flowers, and 
 an edible root. 
 
 Hare'-brained, a. Wild ; giddy ; 
 
 Hare. 
 
 heedless. 
 
 Hare'lip, n. A lip, more commonly the upper one, har 
 ing a fissure or perpendicular division like that of a hare. 
 
 Ha'rem, n. [Ar. haram, anything forbidden or sacred, 
 from haram.a, to forbid, prohibit.] 1. The apartments 
 allotted to females in the East. 2. The wives and con- 
 cubines belonging to one man. 
 
 Sdr'i-eot (har'e-ko), n. [Fr. haricot^ kidney-bean, prob. 
 of Iberian origin.] 1. A kind of ragout of meat and 
 vegetables. 2. The kidney -bean. 
 
 BPar'i-er, 71. A harrier. See Harrier. 
 
 Hark, v. i. [From hearken, q. v.] To listen; to hearken. 
 [ Obs., except in the imperative.] 
 
 Har'le-quiii (-km or -kwin), n. [Prob. from 0. Fr. hier- 
 lekin, hellequin, goblin, elf, from D. & 0. Ger. helle ,\ieM.'\ 
 A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes; a merrj- 
 andrew ; a zany. 
 
 Har'le-quin-ade' (-kin- or -kwin-), n. Exhibitions of 
 harlequins. 
 
 Har'lot, n. [Old Fr. harlot, herlot, arlol, from 0. H. 
 Ger. harl, for karl, man, husband, A.-S. carl, male, ceorl, 
 man, husband, churl.] A prostitute ; a common woman ; 
 a strumpet. 
 
 Har'lot-ry, n. The trade or practice of prostitution : 
 prostitution. 
 
 Harm, n. [A.-S. harm, hearm, Icel. harmr, allied to 0. 
 Slav, sramiti, to shame, confound, Skr. hri. to be ashametl, 
 to blusli.] Injury ; hurt ; damage ; detrunent ; mis- 
 fortune. 
 Syn. — Mischief ; evil ; loss ; wickedness. 
 
 Harm, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. harmed; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 HARMING.] To hurt ; to injure ; to damage. 
 
 Har-mat'tan, n. [An Arabic word.] A dry, and gener- 
 ally verv hot wind, from the interior of Afi:ica. 
 
 Harm'ful, n. Full of harm ; injurious. 
 
 Harm'less, a. 1. Free from harm; unhurt. 2. Free 
 from power or disposition to harm. 
 
 Syn. — Innocent ; innoxious ; innocuous ; inoflfensive ; un- 
 offending ; unhurt ; uninjured ; unharmed. 
 
 Harm'less-ly, adv. In a harmless manner. 
 
 a, e, kc.^long; a, g, &c., short; c&re, far, ask, all, wh^t ; dre, Tell, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, d^, 'vr9li. 
 
HARMLESSNESS 
 
 Harm'less-ness, n. State of being harmless. 
 
 Har-ni6ii'i€, la. 1. Concordant; musical; con- 
 
 Har-mon'ic-al, ) sonant. '2. (Mus.) Relating to har- 
 mony or music ; harmonious. 3. {Matk.) Having rela- 
 tions or properties bearing some resemblance to those of 
 musical consonances. 
 
 Har-iii6n'i€, n. (.Ifits.) A musical note produced by a 
 number of vibrations which is a multiple of the number 
 producing some other. 
 
 Har-mou'i-ea, >!. 1. A musical instrimient in which 
 the tones are produced by friction against the edges of a 
 series of glasses. 2. A small, flat, wind instrument of 
 music : — used as a toy for children. 
 
 Har-mon'i^-al-ly, a//i-. 1. In an harmonical manner. 
 '2. In respect to harmony, as distinguished from melody. 
 
 Har-mon'ics, n. sing. & pi. 1. .fiiig. The doctrine 
 or science of musical sounds. 2, pi. (Mus.) Secondary 
 tones which accompany any principal, and apparently 
 simple, tone, as the octave, the twelfth, the fifteenth, and 
 the seventeenth. 
 
 Har-mo'iii-ous, a. 1. Adapted to each other ; having 
 the parts proportioned to each other ; symmetrical. '2, 
 Agreeing in action or feeling. 3. Vocally or musically 
 concordant ; symphonious. [relation. 
 
 Har-mo'iii-ou-S-ly, adv. In an harmonious maimer or 
 
 Har'mo-nist, n. 1. One who shows the agreement or 
 harmony of corresponding passages of different authors, 
 as of the four evangelists. '2, (Mus.) A musical com- 
 poser. 
 
 Har-mo'ni-iim, n. [See Harmoxy.] A keyed instru- 
 ment of music, in which the tones are produced by the 
 vibration of metallic reeds. 
 
 Har'mo-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. harmonized : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. H.\RM0N"IZIN&.] 1. To agree in action, 
 adaptation, or effect on the mind. 2, To be in peace 
 and friendship, as individuals or families. 3. To agree 
 in vocal or musical effect. 
 
 Har'mo-nize, i'. t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions ; to 
 cause to agree. 2. (Mu-s.) To accompany with harmony. 
 
 Har'mo-niz'er, n. One who harmonizes ; a harmonist. 
 
 Har'mo-ny, n. [Lat. harmonia, Gr. apixovCa, joint pro- 
 portion, concord, from op/ad^etv, to fit together, from 
 ip^os, a fitting or joining, from d, for aixa, copula, and 
 apeiv, to join, fit.] 1. Just adaptation of parts to each 
 other. 2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, man- 
 ners, interests, &c. 3. A literary work which brings to- 
 gether parallel passages respecting the same events, and 
 shows their agreement or consistency. 4. (3I«5.) (a.) A 
 succession of chords according to the rules of progression 
 and modulation, (b.) The science which treats of their 
 construction and progression. 
 
 Syn. — Melody. — Harmony results from the concord of two 
 or more musical strains which differ in pitch and quality ; the 
 term may also be applied to sounds which are not niusical. 
 Melo'iy denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical 
 and measured sounds, as tfiey succeed each other in a single 
 verse or strain. " Harmonious accents greet my ear ; " " Sing 
 me some melodious measure." 
 
 Har'ness, n. [W. harnais, haiamaez, from. W. haiarn, 
 iron, L. Lat. harnascha, harnesium.] 1, The iron cover- 
 ing or dress which a soldier formerly wore ; also the 
 armor of a horse. 2. The equipments of a draufht 
 horse ; tackle ; tackling. 3. The part of a loom com- 
 prising the heddles with their means of support and 
 motion. 
 
 Har'ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. harxessed (har'nest) ; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. HARXESSING.] 1. To dress in armor. 
 2, To equip or furnish for defense. 3. To make ready 
 for draught. 
 
 Har'ness-er, n. One who harnesses. 
 
 Harp, 71. [A.-S. hearpe, 0. H. 
 Ger. harpha, Lat. harpa, allied 
 to Gr. oipTTT], sickle.] A stringed 
 instrument of music, of a trian- 
 gular figure, usually played 
 with the fingers. 
 
 Harp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 HARPED (harpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. H-iRPlXG.] 1. To play on 
 the harp. 2. To dwell tedious- 
 ly or monotonously in speaking 
 or writing. 
 
 Harp'er, n. A player on the 
 harp. 
 
 Harp'ing-i'ron (-i/um), n. 
 [Fr. harper, to take and grasp 
 strongly.] A harpoon. 
 
 Harp'ingg, n. ^/. (Naut.)The 
 
 Harpoon. 
 
 Harp, 
 
 337 HARVEST-MOON 
 
 I fore parts of the wales, which encompass the bow of tha 
 I ship. 1 
 
 j Harp'ist, n. A player on the 
 j harp ; a harper. 
 
 Har'po-neer', n. An harpooner. 
 
 Har-p«bu', n. [Fr. harpon, L. 
 
 I ■ Lat. Iiarpo, from Pr. arpa, grif- 
 
 ! fin, aUied to Gr. apin\, sickle.] 
 
 i A spear or javeUn uked to strike 
 
 and kill large fish, as whales. 
 
 Har-pobn', v. t. [imp. Si. p. p. 
 j HARPOONED : p.pr. i vb. n. HARPOONING.] Tostrika, 
 I catch, or kill with a harpoon. 
 I Har-pobn'er, n. One who throws the harpoon. 
 j Harp'si-cliord. n. [See Harp and Chord.] {Mus.) 
 j A harp-shaped instrument of music, now superseded by 
 I the piano-forte. 
 
 1 Har'py, n. ; pi. HAR'PiEg. [Lat. harpyia, Gr. apiruia, fc 
 ! oprreii', for apTrd^eiv, to snatch, to seize.] 1. (Myth.) 
 I A fabulous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having 
 I the face of a woman and the body of a vulture. 2, One 
 j who is rapacious ; an extortioner ; a plunderer. 3. { Or 
 nith.) (a.) A European buzzard, (b.) A crested, short- 
 I winged eagle inhabiting Mexico and New Granada. 
 
 Har'que-biise, H. An arquebuse. See ARQUEBUSE. 
 
 Har'ri-dan, n. [Fr. haridelle, a worn-out horse, jade.] 
 A decayed strumpet, 
 j Ha,r'ri-er, n. [From hare.l 1. A kind of hound for 
 I hunting hares. 2. [From Aan-y.] [Omith.) A Europe- 
 an buzzard. 
 
 Har'row, n. [A.-S. herewe, hyrice.] An iron-toothed 
 { instrument drawn over plowed land to level it and break 
 j the clods, and to cover seed when sown. 
 
 Har'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ii.\.KV.ovrET>\ p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. HARRO\^^NG.] [A.-S. hyrician, hereician, to vex, 
 
 I afflict, 0. H. Ger. haraivan, to exasperate. See supra.] 
 
 1. To draw a harrow over for the purpose of breaking 
 clods and leveling the surface or for covering seed sown. 
 
 2. To lacerate ; to torment ; to harass. 
 I 'H-hr'TOW-er, n. 1. One who harrows. 2, A hawk ; a 
 i harrier. 
 
 , Har'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HARRIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 j HARRYING.] [A.-S. herian, hergian, to act as an army, 
 j to ravage, plunder, from here, army.] 1. To strip; to 
 
 pillage. 2, To worry : to harrow. 
 j Harsb, a. [compar'. H.\RSHER ; superl. harshest.] 
 i [Grer. harsch, 0. D. haersch, hoarse.] Bough to the 
 I touch, taste, or feeling. 
 
 j Syn. — Disagreeable ; grating ; austere ; crabbed; aboairei 
 
 I severe. 
 
 i Harshly, adv. In a harsh manner ; gratingly. 
 
 ! Harsb'ness, n. QuaUty or state of being harsh. 
 
 j Syn. — Acrimony : roughness ; sternness j asperity ; tart- 
 
 1 ness. — See Aceimoxt. 
 
 Hart, n. [A.-S. heart, Icel. hi'drtr, allied to Lat. cervus-l 
 { A stag ; the male of the red deer. 
 j Hartsliorn, n. The horn of the hart, or male deer. 
 I Salt of hartshorn, an impure solid carbonate of ammonia.— 
 
 I Spirit of hartshorn, a solution of carbonate of ammonia. 
 
 Har'tim-s-eS.r'um, a. [Cf. hare, to fright, and scare, 
 i to terrify suddenly.] Wild ; precipitate ; giddy ; rash. 
 ' [Colloq.] 
 
 Ha-riis'pif e, n. [Lat. haruspex, hancspicis, prob. from 
 haruga, a ram for offering, and spicere, specere, to look, 
 view.] A person in ancient Rome who professed to inter- 
 pret the will of the gods by inspecting the entrails of 
 beasts sacrificed, or by observing extraordinary natural 
 phenomena ; a diviner ; a soothsayer. 
 
 Har'vest, n. [A.-S. hdre.fest, hdrfest, harfest, harvest, 
 autumn, 0- H. Ger. herbist, allied to Gr. Kapiros, fruit.] 
 
 1. The season of gathering a crop of any kind. 2, 
 That which is reaped. 3. The product of any labor; 
 gain. 
 
 Har'vest, v. t. [imp. &. p.p. HARVESTED;^, pr. & 
 vb. n. HARVESTING] To reap or gather, as corn and 
 other fruits, for the use of man and beast. 
 
 Har'vest-er, »i. One who harvests. 
 
 Har'vest-fly, n. (Entom.) An hemipterous insect, often 
 called lociisl, seventeen-year-locust, &c. The males of 
 several species are remarkable for their loud buzzing 
 noise. 
 
 Har'vest- liome, n. 1. The song sung by reapers at 
 the feast made at the gathering of com, or the feast itself. 
 
 2. The time of harvest. 
 Har'vest- moon, n. The moon near the full at the time 
 
 of harvest in England, or about the autumnal equinox, 
 when it rises nearly at the same hoiu- for several days. 
 
 food, foot 
 
 turxk, rnde, pull ; 9ell, ^liaise, call, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag 
 
 ejist: linger, liBlt; tkis- 
 
HAS 
 
 338 
 
 HAUNT 
 
 Hftf. Third person singvlar of thf verb havf. See II AVE. 
 U&sll, f. ;. [,mp. &>. p. HASHED (hisht); /> pr. & 
 
 t-A.ri. HASHING.] [St^ llACh. T.J To chop into small 
 
 pieces ; to niince and mix. 
 Hftsli, n. 1. That which is hashed or chopped up; 
 
 minc«d meal, or meat and vegetables niiuceA 'Z. A 
 
 second preparation or e.xhibitiou. 
 HftsliVf sh, ( w. A slightiy acrid gum-resin produced by 
 Hdif/t'taii, i the common hemp when cuitirated in a 
 
 warm climate. It is narcotic and intoxicating. 
 Hfts'let, «. Inwards of a beast, especially of a hog, used 
 
 fcr food. 
 Ha$p. n. [A.-S. hdspe or haps, Icel. hespa.] 1. A clasp, 
 
 tsptnaiJy, one that passes over a staple to he fastened by 
 
 a padlock, 'i, A spindle to wind thread or silk on. 
 Hasp, r. t. [hup. & p. p. hasped (hiL'^pt); p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. HASPING.] To shut or fitsten with a hasp. 
 Has'sock, n. [Scot, hassock, hassiclc, a besom, any thing 
 
 bushy, a large round turf used as a seat, \V. hesgog, 
 
 sedgy. /ie5g^, sedge, rushes, fusor, a hassock.] A thick 
 
 mat for kneehng in church. 
 H&st, f. The second pierson singular of have; I have, 
 
 thou hasit ; — contracted from ha vest. 
 Hfts'tate, { a. [Lat. hastatus, from hasta, spear.] 
 His'ta-ted, I (Bot. ) Shaped like the head of a halberd. 
 Haste, n. [Ger. hast, Icel. hastr, whence 0. Fr. haste^ 
 
 N. Fr. hate.] 1. Celerity of motion ; — appUed only to 
 
 men and other animals, 'i. State of being urged or 
 
 pressed by business : sudden excitement of feeling or 
 
 passion. 
 
 Syn. — Speed; quickness; nimbleness: swiftness; expedi- 
 tion: dispatch: hurry: precipitance: vehemence: precipitation. 
 — Haste denotes quickness of action and a strong desire for 
 jretting on : hurry includes a confusion and want of collected 
 thoufrht not implied in haste ; speed denotes the actual progress 
 which is made; dispatch, the promptitude and rapidity with 
 which things are done. A man may properly be in haste, but 
 never in a hurry. Speed usuallj- secures dispatch. 
 
 Haste. ) r. t. [imp. & p. p. hasted, has- 
 
 Has'te'n (has^n), j TENED: p. pr. & vh. n. hasting, 
 H-VSTEXING.] To drive or urge forward : to push on : 
 to precipitate ; to expedite ; to hurry. 
 
 Haste, _ ) f. i. To move with celerity ; to be rapid 
 
 Has'ten (has-'n), ) in motion : to be speedy or quick. 
 
 Has'ten-er (has'n-er), n. One who, or that which, hast- 
 ens or urges forward. 
 
 Hast'i-Iy, adv. 1. In haste ; speedily ; nimbly. 2. 
 Precipitately; rashly. 3. Passionately ; impatiently. 
 
 Hast'i-ness, n. The quality or state of being hasty : 
 haste ; precipitation : rashness : irritability. 
 
 Hast'y, a. [tompnr. HASTIER : supfrl. HASTIEST.] [See 
 H.A.STE.] 1. Quick : speedy ; expeditious ; forward. "2. 
 Eager ; precipitate ; rash. 3. Caused by, or indicating, 
 passion. 
 
 Hast'j'-pud'diiig, n. 1. A pudding made of Indian 
 meal'stirred into boihng water: mush. [Amer.] 2. A 
 batter or pudding of flour stirred into boiling water or 
 milk till it becomes stiff. [Eng.] 
 
 H&t. n. [A.-S. kat, AoTf, Icel. hattr, hottr. Cf. HoOD.] 
 A covering for the head, worn by men or women. 
 
 Hat'a-ble, a. Callable of being, or deserving to be, 
 haled : odious. 
 
 H&t'-b&nd, n. A band round the crown of a hat. 
 
 H&tch. f. t. [imp. & p.p. HATCHED (hatcht); p. pr. & 
 vt>. n. HATCHING.] [Ger. hecken, ausJiecken, aUied to 
 M. H. Ger. hagf, bull.] 1. To produce from eggs by 
 incubation, or by artificial heat. i. To contrive or plot. 
 
 Hfttcli, f. I. To produce young; to bring the young to 
 maturity. 
 
 Hatch, n. 1. As many chickens as are produced at 
 once: a brood. 2. Act of exclusion from the egg. 3. 
 Disclosure ; discovery. 
 
 Hatch, r. ». [Fr. ha'cher, to chop, hack. See Hash.] To 
 cross with lines in a peculiar manner in drawing and en- 
 graving. 
 
 Hatch, n. [Cf. Hedge.] 1. A door with an opening 
 over it. *2. A weir iir catching fi»h. 3. A floodgate. 
 4. A bed-frame. 5.\The frame of cross-bars laid over 
 the opening in a ship's deck : the hd or cover of the 
 opening in a deck or floor, or into a cellar. 6. The 
 opening in a ship's deck ; the hatchway. 
 
 To ht tmder the hatchet, to be confined below; to be in dis- 
 treaB. 
 
 Hatch 'el, n. [Ger. htchel, whence the common pron. in 
 America, hetcJul.] An instrument with long iron teeth 
 fet in a board, for cleaning flax or hemp. 
 
 Hatch'el. f. t. [imp. & p. p. HATCHELED; p. pr. & 
 vb. rt. hatchxling.] 1. To draw through the teeth 
 
 of a hatchel, as flax or hemp. H, To tease or vex by 
 sarcasms or reproaches. 
 
 Hatch'el-er, n. One who uses a hatchel. 
 
 Hatch'er, n. One who hatches, or that which hatches. 
 
 Hateh'et, »i. [Fr. hachttte, dim. of hache. See Hash, 
 r. I.] A small ax with a short handle, to be used with 
 one hand. 
 
 To bury the hatchet, to make peace. — To take up the hatchet, 
 to make war ; — phrases derived from the practice of the Ameri- 
 can Indians. 
 
 Hatch'ment, n. [Corrupted 
 1 from adiievement.] 1. (Her.) 
 1 A frame bearing the escutch- 
 I eon of a dead person, placed 
 
 in front of the house, on a 
 j hearse at funerals, or in 
 I church. 2. An ornament on 
 
 the hilt of a sword. 
 Hatch'way, n. An opening 
 j in a deck or floor, aSbrding a 
 
 passage from one deck or storj- 
 I to another. Hatchment (I. ). 
 
 ; Hate, f. t. [i7?ip. & p. p. hated : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 I hating.] [A.-S. hatian, Goth, katan, haljnn. Icel. hala, 
 
 allied to Lat. odisse, for codisse.] To have a great aver- 
 ■■ sion to ; to disUke ; to regard with ill-will. 
 
 Syn. — To abhor ; detest; loathe. — Bate is generic : to loathe 
 
 is to regard with deep disgust: to abhor is to contemjilate with 
 
 horror; to detest is to reject utterly, as if testifying against 
 
 j Hate, w. Strong or extreme dislike or aversion : hatred. 
 ; Hate'ful, a. 1. Manifesting hate or hatred. 2. Ex- 
 citing or deserving great dislike, aversion, or disgust. 
 
 Syn. — Odious ; detestable : abominable ; execrable ; loath- 
 some ; abhorrent ; repugnant ; malignant : malevolent. 
 Hate'f ul-ly, adv. In a hateful manner. 
 Hate'ful-ness, »i. State or quality of being hateful. 
 Hat'er.* n. One who hates. 
 
 Ha'tred, n. [From hate.] Tery great dislike or aversion. 
 Syn. — Odinm ; ill-will : enmitj' ; hate ; animosity ; malev- 
 olence ; rancor : malignity ; detestation ; loathing ; abhor- 
 rence ; repugnance ; antipathy. 
 HSt'ter, n. One who makes or sells hats. 
 HatiTt>erlj:, n. [0. Fr. hauberc, halberc, from 0. H. Ger. 
 ftalsberg, A.-S. healsbeorg, orig. an armor protecting the 
 neck, from Ger. hais, the neck, and bergai, to defend, 
 protect.] A shirt of mail formed of small steel rings tn- 
 I terwoven ; an habergeon. 
 
 ' Haugh'ti-ly (haw'ti-ly), adv. In a haughty manner ; 
 j proudly : arrogantly. 
 ! Haugh'ti-ness, (haw'-), n. Quality of being haughty. 
 
 j Syn. —Arrogance ; disdain : conteniptuousness : superciliotiB- 
 i ness ; loftiness. — Jiatightiness denotes the expression of con- 
 I scious and proud superiority : arrogance is a disposition to 
 I claim for one's self more tlian is justly due, and enforce it to 
 the utmost; disdain is the exact reverse of condescension to- 
 ward inferiors, since it expresses and desires others to feel how 
 far below ourselves we consider them. A person is havghty in 
 disposition and demeanor ; arrogant in his claims of homage 
 and deference : disdainful even in accepting the deference 
 which his haughtirtess le^tds him arrogantly to exact 
 
 Haugh'ty (haw'tj). a. [compar. haughtier; superl. 
 
 haughtiest.] '[From 0. Eng. haught, hauhe, O. Ft. 
 
 hault, halt, Fr. havt, high, hnvtain, haughty, from Lat. 
 
 a/^M5,high.] 1. High : lofty. 2. Having a high opinion 
 
 of one's self with contempt for others. 3. Expressing 
 
 or indicating haughtiness. 
 Syn. — Proud ; disdainful ; arrogant ; scomfbl ; imperiotu. 
 Haul, V. t. [imp. & p. p. H.\ULED : p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
 
 HAULING.] [Icel. hala. 0. H. Ger. halon, holdn, Fr. 
 
 kaler.] To pull or draw with force : to drag. 
 Haul, t'. I. {Naut. ) 1, To change the direction of a ship : 
 
 to sail with changed course. 2. To puU apart, as badly 
 
 trained oxen, when yoked. 
 Haul, n. 1. A puUing with force : a violent pull. 2. A 
 
 draught of a net. 3. That which is taken at once, as h ; 
 
 hauling a net, and the like. ^ 
 Haul'er. n. One who hauls. 
 Haulm (hawm), n. [A.-S. & Ger. halm, Icel. hdimr. 
 
 allied to Lat. calamus. Gr. KoAa/ios, reed.] The stem or 
 
 stalk of grain, of all kinds. 
 Haunch (hanch), «. [Fr. hanche, from 0. D. hancht, 
 
 hencke, 0. H. Ger. ancha.] The hip : that part of an 
 
 animal body between the last ribs and the thigh. 
 Hatmches of an arch (Arch.), the parts between the crowm 
 
 and the springing. 
 Haunt, f. t. [imp. & p. p. HAUNTED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 HAUNTING.] [Fr. hanter, from A.-S. kentan, to pursue, 
 
 go after.] 1. To frequent ; to resort to frequently ; also, 
 
 i, S, te., long; &, C, itc., short ; c4re, far, ask, lOl, what ; fire, veU, term : pique, firm ; sou, or, d^, W9I4 
 
HAUNT 
 
 339 
 
 HEAD 
 
 to visit pertinaciously or intrusively. 2. To visit as a 
 ghost or apparition. 
 
 Haunt, V. i. To persist in staying or visiting. 
 
 Haunt, n. A place to which one frequently resorts. 
 
 Haunt'er, n. One who haunts a place. 
 
 Haut'boy (hS'boy), n. [Vv. haulOois^ i. e., high wood, 
 kaiit, high, and bois, wood, on account of the high tone 
 of the instrument ; It. oboe.] 1. A wind instrument of 
 music, similar iii shape and tone to the clarionet, only 
 thinner. 2. (Bot.) A sort of strawberry . 
 
 JIauteur (o-tQv'), n. [Fr., from haul, high.] Haughty 
 manner or spirit ; haughtiness ; pride. 
 
 HS,ve (hiiv), V. t. [imp. & /;. p. had ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 HAVIN(t. Indie, present. I have., thou/iosi, he ha^ ; we, 
 ye, they have.\ [A.-S. liabban., habban, Goth, haban, 
 Icel. ha fa, allied to Lat. habere.] 1. To own ; to hold in 
 possession. '^. To possess, as something which apper- 
 tains to, is connected with, or affects one. 3. To hold, 
 regard, or esteem. 4. To accept possession of. 5. To 
 obtain ; hence, to beget or bear, as young. 6. To cause 
 or procure to be ; to effect ; to require. 7. To cause or 
 force to go ; to take. 8. To take or hold one's self. 9. 
 To be under necessity or obligation. 
 
 I®" Haiw, as an auxiliary verb, is used with tlie past partici- 
 ple to form preterit tenses; as, I have loved, I shall have eaten. 
 Had rather, had as lief, had better, are prob-ibly formed by 
 corruption for would rather, &c., wlien contracted ; as, Vd 
 rather, 
 
 Hav'e-lockL, 71. [From Havelock, an Enghsh general.] 
 A light cloth covering for the head and neck, used by 
 soldiers. 
 
 Ha'ven, n. [A.-S. ha/en, Icel. Iiofn.] 1. A harbor ; a 
 port. 2. A place of safety ; a shelter ; an asylum. 
 
 Hav'er-sS.cl£, n. [From Ger. habersack, 
 sack for oats, haber, hafer, Vjcov. Eng. 
 haver, oats. See supra.] 1. A bag or 
 case, in which a soldier carries his ra- 
 tions when on a march, ti. A gunner's 
 case for ordnance. 
 
 H3<v'o-e, n. [W. hqfog, devastation, havoc, 
 hafawg, abundant, common ; A.-S. hafoc, 
 hawk, being a cruel and rapacious bird.] 
 Wide and general destruction ; devasta- 
 tion ; waste. 
 
 HS,v'o<!, V. t. To ■waste; to destroy ; to 
 lay waste. 
 
 HS,v'o€, inter j. [See supra.] A cry originally used in 
 hunting, but afterward in war as the signal for indis- 
 criminate slaughter. 
 
 Ha-w, n. [A.-S. hag, hedge, inclosure, haga, hedge, haw, 
 garden, field, fruit of the haw.] 1. A hedge ; an inclosed 
 garden or yard. !i. The berry and seed of the hawthorn. 
 
 Haw, n. An hesitation or intermission of speech. 
 
 Haw, V. i. [Cf. Aa, an interjection of wonder, surprise, 
 or hesitation.] To stop, in speaking, with a haw, or to 
 speak with hesitation. 
 
 Haw, V. i. [imp. & p. p. HAWED ; p. pr. & vh. n. HAW- 
 ING.] [Written also hoi.] [Perhaps connected with here., 
 hither. Cf. however, Fr. huhaii, hiirhau,hnw.] To turn 
 to the near side, or toward the driver ; — said of cattle or 
 a team. 
 
 Haw, V. t. [See supra.] To cause to turn, as a team, to 
 the near side, or toward the driver. 
 
 Haw^'f inch., n. (Ornith.) A small bird ; the grossbeak. 
 
 Haw'-ha"W, n. [Duplication of haw, a hedge.] A fence 
 or bank"sunk between slopes, so that it is not perceived 
 till approached. See Ha-ha. 
 
 Hji,wlc, n. [A.-S. hafoc, Icel. 
 haukr.] ( Ornith.) A bird re- 
 sembling the falcons, except 
 in the shortness of its wings. 
 
 Hawk, V. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 HAWKED (hawkt) ; p. pr 
 ^•^). 71. HAWKINS.] 1. To catch ,.. 
 birds by means of hawks -^^^f! 
 trained for the purpose; to ^"^ ' 
 practice falconry. 3. To §oar Hawk, 
 
 or strike Uke a hawk. 
 
 Hawk, V. i. [Scot, hawgh, W. hochi.] To make an effort 
 to force up phlegm with noise. 
 
 Hawk, V. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm. 
 
 Ha"wk, n. An effort to force up phlegm from the throat, 
 accompanied with noise. 
 
 Hawk, V. t. [Ger. hdke.n, hocken, to higgle, to retail, from 
 hocken, hucken, to take upon the back, hocke, hucke, the 
 back.] To sell by outcry ; to cry. [falconer. 
 
 Hawk'er, n. 1. One who hawks ; a peddler. 2, A 
 
 Hawk'-eyed (-id), a. Having a keen eye or acute sight. 
 
 Haversack. 
 
 Haw§e (hawz), n. [See Halser.] (Naut.) (a.) Th« 
 s'i'tuation of the cables before a vessel's stem, when moored 
 with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on 
 the larboard bow. (6.) The distance ahead to which the 
 cables usually extend. 
 
 Hawge'-liole, n. (Naut.) A hole in the bow of a ship, 
 through which a cable passes. 
 
 Hav^s'er, n. [See IIalser.] (Naut.) A small cable ; or 
 a large rope, in size between a cable and a tow-line. 
 
 Haw'tliorn, n. [A.-S. hagathorn, hdgthorn, from haga, 
 hag, hedge, haw, fruit of the haw, and thorn.] (Bot.) A 
 shrub or tree having a fruit called haw. It is much used 
 in Europe for hedges. 
 
 Hay, n. [A.-S. heg, hig, Icel. hey, ha, Goth, /la-ut, from A.-S. 
 hedvan, to cut, hew.] Grass cut and dried for fodder. 
 
 Hay, V. i. To dry grass for preservation. 
 
 Hay— eock, n. A conical pile of hay, in the field. 
 
 Hay'-knife (-nlf), n. A sharp instrument used in cut- 
 ting hay out of a stack or mow. 
 
 Hay'-loft, n. A loft or scaffold for hay. 
 
 Hay'-mak'er, n. One who cuts and dries hay. 
 
 Hay'-mak^ing, n. The business of cutting grass and 
 curing it for fodder. 
 
 Hay'mow (-mou), n. A mow or mass of hay laid up in 
 a barn for preservation. 
 
 Hay'-rick, n. A rick of hay ; usually, a long pile for 
 preservation in the open air. 
 
 Hay'-sta.ck, n. A stack or large conical pile of hay in 
 the open air, laid up for preservation. 
 
 Haz'ard, n. [From Ar. seJi&r, sar, a die, with the article al, 
 the ; assehar, assar, from sahara, to be white, shine.] X. 
 That which comes suddenly or unexpectedly ; chance, 
 accident ; casualty. 2. Danger ; peril ; risk. 
 Syn. — See Danger. 
 
 HS.z'ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HAZARDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HAZARDING.] 1. To expose to chance or evil. 2» 
 To venture to incur, or bring on. 
 
 Syn. — To venture ; adventure ; risk ; jeopard ; peril ; en- 
 danger. 
 Haz'ard, v. i. To encounter risk or danger. 
 Ha,z'ard-a-tole, a. Liable to hazard or chance. 
 Haz'ard-er, n. One who hazards. 
 Ha,z'ard-ouSj a. Exposed to hazard ; risky. 
 
 Syn. — Perilous ; dangerous ; bold ; daring ; adventuroua ; 
 venturesome; precarious; imcertain. 
 
 Ha,z'ard-ous-ly, adv. In a hazardous manner. 
 
 Haze, n. [Armor, aez, warm vapor, zephyr. Cf. also 
 A.-S. hasu, livid, russet, dusky.] A slight lack of trans- 
 parency in the air ; hence, obscurity, dimness. 
 
 Haze, V. i. To be hazy, or thick with haze. 
 
 Haze, V. t. [imp. Sc p.p. HAZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HAZ- 
 ING.] [Cf. Sw. hasa, to hamstring, from has, tendon, 0. 
 D. hcBssen, ham.] To vex with chiding or reproof; to 
 play abusive tricks upon. 
 
 Ha'zel (ha'zl), n. [A.-S. hdsl, h'dsel, Icel. hasl, allied to 
 Lat. corylus, for cosylus.] (Bot.) A shrub or plant bear- 
 ing a nut containing a kernel of a mild, farinaceous taste ; 
 the filbert. [nut. 
 
 Ha'zel (ha'zl), a. Of a light brown color, like the hazel- 
 
 Ha'zel-ly (ha'zl-lj^), a. Of the color of the hazel-nut; 
 of a light brown. 
 
 Ha'zel-nut (ha'zl-), n. The nut or fruit of the hazel. 
 
 Ha'zi-ness, n. The state of being hazy. 
 
 Ha'zy, a. [See Haze.] Thick with haze. 
 
 He, pron. [nom. he; po.'is. HIS; obj. HIM; pi. nom. 
 THEY ; poss. THEIRS ; obj. THEM.] [A.-S. he, f. heo or 
 hid, neut. hit, pi. hi or hie, hig, Goth, his, neut. hita.] 
 1. The man or male person named before. 2. Any man ; 
 the man or person. 3. Man ; any male person. 
 
 Head (bed), n. [A.-S. he&fud, hedfd, Icel. hofudh, hafudh, 
 Goth, haubith, allied to Lat- caput, Gr. /c6<|)aA-^.] 1. That 
 part of any animal body which contains the collected per- 
 ceptive organs of sense, and which is therefore foremost or 
 uppermost in the creature's locomotion. 2. The upper- 
 most, foremost, or most important part of an inanimate 
 object ; often, also, the larger, thicker, or heavier part or 
 extremity. 3. The place where the head should go. 4. 
 The chief; the leader. 5. The place of honor, or of com- 
 mand. 6. An individual. 7. The seat of the iutellect, 
 the brain; the understanding. 8. The source, fountain, 
 spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river; hence, the 
 altitude of the source, and also the quantity in reserve, 
 and the pressure resulting from either ; also, sometimes, 
 that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet 
 or the sea. 9. A separate part, or topic, of a discourse. 
 10. Culpiinating point or crisis : hence, strength ; force; 
 height. 11. A rounded mass of foam on beer, &c. 
 
 12. 
 
 food, frfbt; tirn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, <!all, e<;lio ; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link; tliift* 
 
HEAD 
 
 340 
 
 HEARTEN 
 
 A h«ul-<ire88; h iiivering of the head. 13. Pow«r; 
 linued fonx*. 
 
 //<•<!</ or tail, this side or that side; this tliiuf; or that; — a 
 {ikrase used in throwin;; u coin to decide a choice, question, 
 or intake, /(((k/ being thi- side of the coin beuriug tlie etiip' or 
 principal tigure, iiud tail the otl»er side. — 'Jocoine to uTiead, 
 to mature; to suppurate.— To /its /lead, before his face.— 2'o 
 maiv head, or to inaAe head uyainst, to resist with success; to 
 advaueo. 
 
 H£ad, V. t. [ivip. & p. p. HEADED; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 HEADING.] 1 . To be at the head of; to lead ; to direct. 
 '2. To fit or furnish with a head. 3. To get into the 
 Trout of, so Jiii to hinder or atop ; hence, to check or re- 
 strain. 4. To set on the head. 
 
 To hciul ilotvn, to trim or cut off the branches or tops of trees. 
 — To head ojf', to uitercept. 
 
 Hdad, V. i. 1. To originate. 2. To go or tend. 3. To 
 form a head. 
 
 Hi^ad'ache (hed'ak) n. Pain in the head. 
 
 H6ad'-band,7i. 1. A fihet ; a band for the head. 3. 
 The band at each end of a book. 
 
 Head'-clieege, n. A di.sh made of portions of the head 
 ,ind feet of swine cut up fine and pi*essed into the form 
 of a cheese. [worn on the head. 
 
 H6ad'-dr6ss (109), n. A dress or ornamental covering 
 
 Hgad'er, «. 1. One who heads nails, pins, or the like. 
 '■i. One who heads a mob or party. 3. (Arch.) A brick 
 or stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface 
 of the wall. 
 
 H6ad'-gear, n. Covering or ornament of the head. 
 
 Hgad'i-ness, n. [See Heady.] 1. Rashness ; precip- 
 itation. 2. Stubbornness ; obstinacy. 
 
 Hgad'ing, n. 1. Act of providing with a head. iJ. 
 That which stands at the head; title. 3. Material for 
 the heads of casks. 
 
 Ugad'land, n. 1. ( Geog.) A cape ; a promontory. 2. 
 A ridge or strip of unplowed land at the ends of furrows, 
 or near a fence. 
 
 Hfiad'less, a. 1. Having no head ; beheaded. 2. Des- 
 titute of a chief or leader. 
 
 Head'-liglit (hed'lit), n. (Engin.) A Mght, with a pow- 
 erful reflector, at the head of a locomotive. 
 
 Head'ldng, ac/v. 1. With the head foremost. 2. Rashly ; 
 precipitately. 3. Hastily ; without delay or respite. 
 
 H^ad'ldng, a. 1. Acting without deliberation; rash; 
 precipitate. 2. Steep ; precipitous. 
 
 H^ad'-man, n. ; pi. head'-men. A chief; a leader. 
 
 Hfiad'-piefe, n. 1. Head. 2. Armor for the head ; a 
 helmet. 3. IFnderstanding. 
 
 Head'-quar'terg, n. pi. The quarters or place of res- 
 idence of any chief ofi&cer ; hence, the center of author- 
 ity or order. 
 
 H6ad'-sea, n. A sea that meets the head of a ship, or 
 rolls against her course. 
 
 Head'ship, n. Authority or dignity ; chief place. 
 
 II(3ad§'maii, n. ; pi. HEADg'MEN. An executioner. 
 
 Head'spring, n. Fountain ; source ; origin. 
 
 H6ad'stall, n. That part of a bridle which encompasses 
 the head'. 
 
 Hgad'-st5ck, n. {Mach.) (a.) The part of a lathe that 
 holds the revolving spindle and its attachments, (b.) 
 The part of a planer that supports the cutter. 
 
 HSad'-stone, n. 1. The principal stone in a founda- 
 tion ; the comer-stone. 2. The stone placed at the head 
 of a grave. 
 
 H^ad-stroug, a. 1. Not easily restrained. 2. Directed 
 by ungovernable will, or proceeding from obstinacy. 
 
 Syn. — Violent ; obstinate; ungovernable ; untractable ; 
 stubborn; unruly; venturesome; heady. 
 
 H6ad'-tir<j, v. Dress or attire for the head- 
 
 Hfiad'way, n. 1. Progress made by a ship in motion ; 
 hence, progress or success of any kind. 2. (Arch.) Clear 
 space or height under an arch, over a stairway, and the 
 like. 
 
 Head'- wind, n. A wind that blows in a direction oppo- 
 site to the ship's couise. 
 
 HCad'y, a. [See IlEA>^.] 1. Willful ; rash ; hasty ; hur- 
 ried on by will or passion. 2. Apt to affect the head ; 
 intoxicating ; inebriating, as spirituous liquoi-s. 
 
 Heal, V. I. [imp. & p. p. healed: p. pr. & vh. n. 
 HEALING.] [A.-S. halan, from hal, hale, sound, whole. 
 See Hale.] 1. To make hale, sound, or whole ; to cure 
 of a disease or wound. 2. To remove or subdue. 3. To 
 restore to original purity or integrity. 4. To reconcile. 
 
 Heal, V. i. To grow sound ; to return to a sound state. 
 
 Heal'a-ble, a. Capable of being hwiled. 
 
 Healdg (heeldz), n. f;/. [Cf. Heddle.] The harness for 
 guiding the warp-threads in a loom. 
 
 Heal'er, n. One who, or that which, cures, or restore* 
 to soundness. 
 
 Heal'ing, a. Tending to cure ; mild ; mollifying. 
 
 Healtli, »■ [A.-S. halcJh, from hal, hale, sound whole. 
 See Hale. J 1, State of being hale, sound, or whole in 
 body, mind, or soul ; especially, th& state of being free 
 from physical pain or disease. 2. A wish of health and 
 happiness. 
 
 To drink a health, to drink with thp expression of a wish for 
 the health and happiness of some other person. 
 
 Hgaltli'ful, a. 1. Pree from illness or disease; well; 
 healthy. 2. Serving to promote health; wholesome; 
 salubrious; salutary. 3. Indicating, characterized by, 
 or resulting from, health. 
 
 H6altli'ful-ly, adv. In health ; wholesomely. 
 
 HiBaltli'f ul-ness, n. A state of being healthy or health- 
 ful ; whol'esomeness. 
 
 Healtli'i-ly, adv. In a healthy manner. 
 
 Healtli'l-ness, n. State of being healthy or healthful. 
 
 H^altli'y, a. [compar. healthier ; siiperl. HEALTH- 
 IEST.] 1. Being in a state of health. 2. ConducinJ to 
 health. 
 
 Syn. — Vigorous ; sound ; hale ; salubrious ; healthful ; 
 wholesome ; salutary. 
 
 Heap, n. [A.-S. heap, Icel. h6pr, 0. H. Ger. hovf, hii/o, 
 allied to Slav. ^Mjoa.] 1. A pile or mass. 2. A crowd; 
 a throng. [Colloq. and low.] 
 
 Heap, V. t. [imp. & p. p. heaped (heept, 108); p. jrr. 
 & vb. n. HEAPING.] 1, To throw or lay in a heap ; to 
 make a heap of; to pile. 2. To amass ; to accumulate- 
 
 Heap'er, n. One who heaps, piles, or amasses. 
 
 Hear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. heard (hSrd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HEARING.] [A.-S. heran, hyran, Icel. heyra, 0. H. Ger. 
 hdran, horen, Goth, hausjan. Cf. Ear.] 1. To per- 
 ceive by the ear. 2. T6 give attention to ; to listen to ; 
 to heed ; to examine ; especictlly, to attend to for the 
 purpose of judging a cause between parties. 3» To Usten 
 to and answer favorably ; to favor. 
 
 Hear, v. i. 1. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving 
 sound. 2. To perceive or apprehend by the ear ; to lis- 
 ten. 3. To be told ; to receive by report. 
 
 Hear'er, n. One who hears ; an auditor. 
 
 Hear'ing, n. 1. Act of perceiving sound ; the sense by 
 which sound is perceived. 2. Attention to what is de- 
 livered ; audience. 3. A listening to facts and evidence, 
 for the sake of adjudication. 4. Extent within which 
 sound may be heard. 
 
 Hearlc'en (hark'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. hearkened ; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. HEARKENING.] [A.-S. hSrcnian, 0. H. 
 Ger. hdrechon, from horan, horen, A.-S. hSran, hyran. See 
 Hear.] To listen ; to give heed ; to hear with attention, 
 obedience, or compliance. 
 
 Heark'en-er, n. One who hearkens ; a listener. 
 
 Hear'say, n. Report ; rumor ; fame ; common talk. 
 
 Hearse (14), n. [0. II. Ger. hiruz, hirz.] A carriage for 
 conveying the dead to the grave. 
 
 Hearse, v. t. To lay or inclose in a hearse. 
 
 Hearse'-- el6tli, n. A pall ; a cloth to cover a hearse. 
 
 Heart, n. [A.-S. heorte, Icel. hiarta, Goth, hairto, 0. H. 
 Ger. herza, allied to Lat. cor, cordis, Gr. KapSla, Krjp, Keap, 
 Skr. hrid, Slav, sr'd^ze.] 1. (Anal.) A hollow, muscular 
 organ, contracting rhythmically, and serving to keep up 
 the circulation of the blood. 2, The seat of the aflFec- 
 tions or sensibilities, collectively or separately ; rarely, 
 the seat of the understanding or will ; the seat of moral 
 life and character ; the individual disposition and charac- 
 ter. 3. The inmost or most essential part of any body 
 or system; the chief or vital portion. 4. Courage; cour- 
 ageous purpose ; spirit. 5. Vigorous and effi- ^-n^^ 
 cient activity ; power of fertile production. 
 That which resembles a heart in shape ; espe- 
 cially a roundish or oval figure like that in the 
 margin ; hence, one of a series of playing-cards, Heart. 
 distinguished by that figure. 
 
 At heart, in the true character or disposition ; really ; sub- 
 stantially. — By heart, in the closest or most thorough manner. 
 — To break the heart of, to bring to despair or hopeless grief — 
 To have the heart in the mouth, to be much frightened. — To set 
 the heart at rest, to put one's self at ease.— To set the heart 
 upon, to long for earnestly. 
 
 Hea.rt'-a«lie (hlirt'ak), n. Sorrow; anguish of mind; 
 mental pang. 
 
 Heart'-brok-'en, a. Deeply affected or grieved. 
 
 Heart'-bftrn, n. (Med.) An uneasy, burning sensation 
 in the stomach. 
 
 Heart'-bflirn^ing, n. 1. (Med.) The same as Heart- 
 burn. 2. Discontent ; secret enmity. 
 
 Heart'en, v. t. [A.-S. hiertan. See Heart.] To en- 
 
 t? 
 
 a,ie, Sec, long; &,S, Sec, short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; sou, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
HEARTH 
 
 341 
 
 HEBDOMADARY 
 
 courage ; to incite or stimulate the courage of; to em- i 
 
 bolden. 
 Heartb (harth,5), «. [A.-S. heordh, 0. II. Ger. hert, gen. 
 
 hirdes, ground, altar, allied to hero, ground.] 1. The j 
 
 floor of a fire-place. '2. The house itself, considered as \ 
 
 the abode of comfort to its inmates and of hospitality to j 
 
 strangers. [side. } 
 
 Heartli'-stone,n. Stone forming the hearth; fire- 
 Heart'i-ly, adv. 1. From the heart ; with all the heart, j 
 
 2. \Vith zeal or earnestness. 3. With eagerness ; freely ; ' 
 
 largely. 
 
 Syn. — Really; sincerely; fully; cordially; zealously; vig- 
 orously; actively; warmly; eagerly; ardently; earnestly. 
 Heart'i-ness, n. The state of being hearty ; sincerity ; 
 
 zeal ; ardor ; earnestness. 
 Heart'less, a. 1. Without a heart. 3. Destitute of 
 
 sensibility or courage ; unsympathetic; cruel. 
 Heart'less-ly, adv. In a heartless manner ; without 
 
 courage, spirit, or affection. 
 Heart'less-ness, n. The state of being heartless. 
 Heart'-rend-ing, a. Breaking the heart. 
 Heart's'-ea§e, n. 1. Peace or tranquillity of feeling. 
 
 2. (Bot.) A species of violet; — ^^.called also pansy. 
 Heart'- sick, a. Sick at heart ;' depressed ; low-spirited. 
 Heart'-siclc'en-ing, a. Tending to make the heart 
 
 sick or depressed. 
 Heart'- string, n. A nerve or tendon, supposed to brace 
 
 and sustain the h«art. 
 Heart'->vobd., n. The hard, central part of the trunk 
 
 of a tree, differing in color from the outer lajers. 
 Heart'y, a. [compar. heartier; sitperl. heartiest.] 
 
 1, Exhibiting the action of the heart ; proceeding from 
 
 the heart. '2. Exhibiting strength ; sound ; firm. 3. 
 
 Promoting strength ; nourishing ; rich. 
 
 Syn. — Sincere ; real; unfeigned; undissembled ; cordial; 
 earnest; warm; zealous; ardent; eager; active; vigorous; en- 
 ergetic.— Hearty implies honesty and simplicity of teelings and 
 manners ; cordial refers to the warmth and liveliness with 
 which the feelings are expressed; s/ncere implies that this ex- 
 pression corresponds to the real sentiments of the heart. A 
 man should be heart!/ in his attachment to his friends, cordial 
 in his reception of them to his house, and sincere in his offers to 
 assist them. * 
 
 Heat, n. [A.-S. hiUe, hato, hdtu, Icel. hita, hiti, 0. H. 
 (Jer. hiza, hizea. Cf. Goth, heito, fever-heat.] 1. Ca- 
 loric ; the force, agent, or principle in nature upon which 
 depends the state of bodie? as solid, fluid, or aeriform, and 
 which becomes directly known to us through the sense 
 of feeUng. 2. The sensation caused by caloric, when 
 present in excess. 3. High temperature, as distinguished 
 from low temperature, or cold. 4. Indication of high 
 temperature; redness; high color; flush. 5. The state 
 of being once heated or hot. 6. A single effort, as in a 
 race; a course. 7. Utmost violence ; rage; vehemence. 
 8. Agitation of mind : exasperation. 9T Animation in 
 thought or discourse ; ardor. 10. Fermentation. 
 
 Heat, V. t. [imp. Sep. p. heated, formerly, and still 
 vulgarly, h£at ; p. pr. & vb. n. heatins.] To make 
 hot ; to communicate heat to ; — said (a.) Of inanimate 
 objects. (6.) Of animals, to excite by action, or to make 
 feverish, (c.) Of the passions, to inflame; to excite. 
 
 Heat, V. i. 1. To grow warm or hot by the action of 
 fire. 2. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, or by 
 chemical action. 
 
 Heat'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, heats. 2. Any 
 contrivance or implement, as a heated body, a vessel, 
 &c., used to impart heat to something else, or to contain 
 something else to be heated. 
 
 Heath, n. [A -S. hddh, Icel. heidhi, Goth, kaithi, 0. H. 
 Ger. heida, Scot, haddyr, hadder, heather.] 1. (Bat.) A 
 plant, bearing beautiful flowers. 2. A place overgrown 
 with heath. 3. A desert ; a cheerless tract of country. 
 
 Heatli'-<;oclt, n. ( Ornitk.) A large bird which fre- 
 quents heaths ; the black grouse. 
 
 Hea'tiiPn (he'thn, 58), n. [A.-S. hddhen, Goth, haithns, 
 f. haithnS, Icel. heidhinn, from heath, i. e., one who Uves 
 in the country or on the heaths and in the woods, as 
 pagan, from pag^cs. village.] A pagan ; an idolater ; an 
 irreUgious, unthinking person. 
 
 Hea'tiien (he'thn), a. Gentile ; pagan. 
 
 Hea'tiien-dom, n. 1, That part of the world where 
 heathenism prevails. 2. The heathen nations considered 
 coUectiyely. 
 
 Hea'tiien-isli (he'thn-ish), a. 1. Belonging, or pertain- 
 ing, to the heathen. 2. Rude ; savage ; cruel ; inhuman. 
 
 Hea'tiien-ish-ness, n. State of being heathen. 
 
 Hea'tlien-igm, n. 1. The religious sy.item or rites of 
 a heathen nation ; idolatry ; paganism. 2. The manners 
 or morals usually prevalent in a heathen country. 
 
 Hea'tiien-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. heathenized ; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. 11. heathenizing.] To render heathen or 
 heathenish. 
 
 Heath'er (heth'er. This is the only pronunciation in 
 Scotland),/!. [See HEATH.] Heath. [Scot.] 
 
 Heatii'er-y, a. Heathy ; abounding in heather. 
 
 Heath'-game, n. See Heath-cock. 
 
 Heatli'-grass, n. (Bot.) A kind of perennial grass, 
 having a leafy stem. 
 
 Heatli'-h6n, n. (Ornith.) A kind of bird ; the female 
 of the black grouse. 
 
 Heatli'y, a. Full of heath ; abounding with heath. 
 
 Heave, v. t. [imp. heaved, or hove ; p. p. heaved, 
 hoved, formerly hoven"; p.pr. & vb. n. heaving.] 
 [A.-S. hebban, he/an, Goth, hafjan, 0. H. Ger. heffan, 
 hevan, hepfan, Icel. kejia, allied to Lat. capere.] 1. To 
 more upward ; to hft. 2. To raise ; to elevate. 3. To 
 throw ; to cast ; to send. 4. To force from or into any 
 position ; also, to throw off. 5. To raise or force firona. 
 the breast. 
 
 To heave a ship to, to bring the ship's head to the wind, and 
 stop her motion. — To heave up, (a.) To relinquish ; to give up. 
 (6.) To vomit out. IColloq.] 
 
 Heave, v. i. 1. To be thrown up ; to be raised. 2. T« 
 rise and fall with alternate motions, as the lungs in heavy 
 breathing, as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, 
 &c. ; to swell ; to dilate ; to expand ; to distend ; hence, to 
 labor ; to pant. 3. To make an effort to vomit ; to retch. 
 To heave in sight, to come in sight ; to appear. — Tb heave up, 
 to vomit. [Colioq.] 
 
 Heave, n. 1. An upward motion ; swell or distension, 
 as of the breast, of the waves, and the like. 2. An effort 
 to raise up something, as the contents of the stomach, 
 &c. 3. (Geol.) An horizontal dislocation in a metallic 
 lode, taking'place at an intersection with another lode. 
 4. pi. A disease of horses characterized by difficult 
 breathing. 
 
 Heav'en (hev'n 58), n. [A.-S. heofon, heben, prob. from 
 he/an, hebban, to heave, and signifying elevated or 
 arched.] 1. The arch which overhangs the earth; the 
 sky ; the atmosphere ; — often used in the pi. 2. The 
 dwelling-place or immediate presence of God ; the home 
 of the blessed. 3. The sovereign of heaven ; the Om- 
 nipotent ; Jehovah ; God. 4. Supreme happiness ; great 
 felicity ; bliss. 
 
 Heav'<'n-ll-ness, w. Supreme excellence. 
 
 Heav'en-ly (h5v'n-ly), a. 1. Pertaining to, resembling, 
 or inhabiting heaven; celestial. 2. Appropriate to 
 heaven in character or happmess ; perfect ; pure ; su- 
 premely blessed. 
 
 Heav'en-ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling that of 
 heaven. 2. By the influence or agency of heaven. 
 
 Heav'en-ly-mind'ed, a. Having the thoughts and 
 affections placed on heaven and heavenly objects. 
 
 Heav'en-ward, a. & adv. Toward heaven. 
 
 Heave'- of fer-ing, n. [Jewish Antiq.) An offering or 
 oblation made to God ; — so called because it was to be 
 heaved or elevated. [bar used as a lever. 
 
 Heav'er, n. 1. One who heaves or lifts. 2. (Naut.) A 
 
 Heaves, «• p^- See Heave, n. 4. 
 
 Heav'i-ly, a«/f. [Yxom heavy.] 1. With great weight. 
 
 2. With great weight of grief; grievously ; sorrowfully. 
 
 3. Slowly and laboriously ; with difficulty. 
 Heav'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being heavy in 
 
 its various senses. 
 
 Heav'y, a. [compar. heavier ; superl. HEAVIEST.] 
 
 - [A.-S. hejig, hdfig, hfted with labor, from hefan, hebban, 
 to lift, heave.] 1. Heaved or hfted with labor ; weighty ; 
 ponderous ; hence, sometimes large in size, extent or quan- 
 tity ; bulky ; also, difficult to move. 2. Not easy to bear ; 
 burdensome ; oppressive ; hard to endure. 3. Laden with 
 that which is weighty ; incumbered ; burdened ; bowed 
 down. 4. Showing the effects of being laden with bur- 
 dens ; hence, slow, sluggish, dilatory ; or lifeless, dull, in- 
 animate, stupid. 5. Strong; violent; forcible. 6. Loud; 
 low, or deep. 7. Clammy ; soUd. 8. Not easily digest- 
 ed. 9. Impeding motion ; cloggy ; clayey. 10. Hav- 
 ing much body or strength. 11. Dark with clouds, or 
 ready to rain. 
 
 Heav'y, adv. With great weight ; ponderously. 
 
 Heav'y, a. Having the heaves. 
 
 H6av'y-.spar, n. (Min.) Sulphate of barytes, often oc- 
 currine in large crystals remarkable for their great weight. 
 
 Heb-d6m'a-dal, ) a. [Lat. hebdomalis, L. Lat. hxb- 
 
 Heto-dom'a-da-ry, I domadarius, Gr. e/3Sojua?,_ the 
 number seven ; seven days, e/36o/u.os, the seventh, enra, 
 seven.] Weekly ; consisting of seven days, or occurring 
 every seven days. 
 
 food, t&ot ] iirn, rude, puill ; fell, (liaise, «all, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, Itnlc ; tiiis- 
 
HEBDOMADARY 
 
 342 
 
 HIGHT 
 
 Heb-dftm'a-da-ry. H. (Royyi.Cat/i. Cliurch.) A mem- 
 ber of a ohapU^r or convent, whose wet>k it Ls to officiate 
 in the choir, and }H»rform other services, which, ou ex- 
 traonlinar\ ot'c.nsious. are performeil by the superiora. 
 
 H6b'e-tSti', r. t. [imp. & p.p. HEBETATED; p . pr. 
 & H>. n. HEBETATING.] To I'ender obtuse; to dull; 
 to hluut ; to stuj)efy. 
 
 HCb'e-tate (46), n. Obt\ise;dull. 
 
 H6b'e-ta'tioii, »i. 1. Act of making blunt, duU, or 
 stupid. •. ^^tate of being blunted or dulled. 
 
 He-brS'ic, <'■ Pertaining to the Hebrews; designating 
 tlie iauiruasie of the Hebrews. 
 
 He-bra'it*-al-l.v, oilv. After the manner of the Hebrew 
 languaije ; from right to left 
 
 Ho/bra-isiw, "• A Hebrew idiom ; a peculiar expression 
 or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. 
 
 He1)ra-ist (44), n. One versed in the Hebrew language 
 and learning. 
 
 Hebra-ist'ic, n. Pertaining to, or resembling, Hebrew. 
 
 He'bra-ize. f . t. To convert into the Hebrew idiom ; to 
 make Hebrew or Hebraistic. 
 
 HeTbra-ize, v. i. [i7np. & p. p. HEBRAIZED ; p. pr. & 
 1-b. n. HEBRAIZING.] To speak Hebrew, or to conform 
 to the Hebrew idiom. 
 
 HeTbrew (hC'brij), n. [Lat. Hebrxus, Gr. "E/SpaZos, Fr. 
 Hcbren, Heb. ibrin, i. e., coming from beyond the Eu- 
 phrates, from cbker^ the country beyond the Euphrates, 
 or, according to the conjecture of some, one of the de- 
 scendants of Eber or Heber, a descendant of Shem.] 1. 
 One of the ancient inhabitants of Palestine ; an Israelite ; 
 a Jew. -i. The Hebrew language. 
 
 HeTbrew (he'brij), a. [See SM/?ra.] Pertaining to the 
 Hebrews, or to their language. 
 
 He-e'a-tomb (hek'a-tobm), n. [Gr. eKaro/x/ST), from knarov, 
 hundred, and /3o0?, ox.] {Antiq.) A sacrifice of a hun- 
 dred oxen or beasts of the same kind ; hence, any large 
 number of victims. 
 
 Heek'le (hek'l), n. & v. t. The same as Hackle. 
 
 Hectare (ek-tiir'), n. [Fr., from Gr. eKaTov, hundred, and 
 Lat. area.1 a piece of level ground.] A French measure of 
 area, or a superficies, containing a hundred ares, or ten 
 thou.«iand square metres, and equivalent to 2.4711 English 
 acres. 
 
 He€'ti€, ) a. [Gr. cktikos, habitual, consumptive, 
 
 He€'ti«-al, ) from e|^is, habit, from e'xetv, to have.] 1. 
 Pertaining to hectic ; habitual ; constant. 3. Affected 
 with hectic fever. 
 
 Hee'tie, n. (Med.) The fever of irritation and debility, 
 occurring usually at an advanced stage of exhausting 
 disease, as in pulmonary consumption. 
 
 Hc'C'to-grSin, n. [Fr. hectogramme, from Gr. eKarov, 
 hundred, and ypifxy^-a, the twenty-fourth part of an 
 ounce.] A French measure of weight, containing a hun- 
 dred grammes or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois. 
 
 He-e-tol'i-ter, orHe-e'to-li'ter.n. [Fr. hectolitre, ivova. 
 Gr. kKarov, hundred, and kirpoL, pound] A French 
 measure of capacity for liquids, containing a hundred li- 
 tres ; equal to a tenth of a cubic 7netre, nearly 26^ gal- 
 lons of wine measure. 
 
 He-e-tom'e-ter, or Hgc'to-me'ter, n. [Fr. hectome- 
 tre, from Gr. eKaroi/, hundred, and fxerpov, measure. See 
 Meter.] A French measure of length, equal to a hun- 
 dred meters. It is equivalent nearly to 328.09 English feet. 
 
 Br€«;'tor, n. [From Hector, a brave Trojan warrior.] A 
 bully ; a blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow ; hence, one 
 who teases or vexes. 
 
 H^e'tor, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HECTORED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HECTORING.] To bully ; to bluster; hence, to tease ; 
 to irritate ; to vex. 
 
 H6€-tor, V. i. To play the bully ; to bluster. 
 
 Ilectostere (fik'to-star'), n. [Fr., from Gr. cKarov, hun- 
 dred, and crrepeoy. soUd.] A French measure of soliditj', 
 containing one hundred cubic meters, and equivalent to 
 3.531.06 Engli.sh or 'i.>31.05 Amer. cubic feet. 
 
 Hgd'dle, n. ; pi. HED/DLEg (hfid'dlz). [Cf Healds.] 
 (Weaving.) One of the. sets of parallel doubled threads 
 which compose the hai'toesa employed to guide the warp 
 tlirfiads to the lathe or b'b.tten ; heald. 
 
 H6d'e-ra'ceous. a. [Lat. hederar.eus, from. herJera, ivy.] 
 Pertaining to, resemVjHng, or producing ivy. 
 
 HCd'e-ral, a. Composed of, or pertaining to ivy. 
 
 M6Age, n. [A.-S. hege, hegge, hdge, haga, hag, 0. H. 
 Ger. hegga, Icel. hagi] A thicket of bushes, usually 
 thorn-bushes; especially, Buch a thicket planted as a 
 fence between any two portions of land. 
 
 0®" Hedge is sometimeg prefixed to another word, or used in 
 eomposition to denote something rustic, outlandish, poor, or 
 mean. 
 
 H^d^e, V. K [imp. & p.p. hedged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HEDGING.] 1. To inclose or separate with a hedge. 
 3. To hinder from progress or success. 3. To surround 
 for defense ; to protect ; to hem in.. 4. To surround so 
 as to prevent escape. 
 
 To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides, thus guarding against 
 great loss, whatever may be the result. 
 
 Hedge, v. i. 1. To hide as in a hedge ; to skulk. '2. 
 To bet on both sides. 
 
 Hedge'bog, n. (Zool.) A small 
 animal having the hair on the up- 
 per part of its body mixed with 
 prickles or spines, and endowed 
 with power of rolling itself into a 
 ball. 
 
 Hedge'-priest, n. A low ignor- 
 ant pi'iest. 
 
 Hedge-hog. 
 
 Hed^'er , n . One who makes or mends hedges. 
 
 Hedge'-row, n. A row or series of shrubs, or trees, 
 planted for inclosure, or separation of fields. 
 
 Hedge'-.spar'ro\v, n. (Ornith.) A European bird 
 which fi-equents hedges. 
 
 Heed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. heeded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HEEDING.] [A.-S. hedan, 0. H. Ger. imotan, allied to 
 Lat. cautum, cavitum, cavere, cautio.] To mind ; to re- 
 gard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to 
 observe. 
 
 Heed, n. 1. Attention; notice; observation ; regard. 2. 
 Careful; reverential, or fearful attention. 
 
 Heed'ful, a. Full of heed ; cautious ; circumspect ; vig- 
 ilant ; attentive. 
 
 Heed'fu.l-ly, adv. In a heedful manner; attentively. 
 
 Heed'fiil-ness, n. State of being heedful ; caution. 
 
 Heed'less, a. Without heed ; careless ; thoughtless. 
 
 Heed'less-ly, adv. In a heedless manner ; carelessly. 
 
 Heed'less-ness, n. The state of being heedless; inat- 
 tention : carelessness ; thoughtlessness. 
 
 Heel, n.' [A.-S. hcl, pi. hela, Icel. hiill. hoi, allied to Lat. 
 calx.] 1. The hinder part of the foot. 2. The hinder 
 part of any covering for the foot. 3. The latter or re- 
 maining part of any thing. 4. Something shaped like a 
 human heel; a protuberance. 5. A spur, as being set 
 on the heel of a boot. 6. The part of a thing correspond- 
 ing in position to the human heel ; especially, (Naut.) (a ) 
 The after end of a ship's keel, (b.) The lower end of a 
 mast, boom, bowsprit, &c. 
 
 Keck and heels, the whole length of the body. — To he at the 
 heels of, to pursue closely.— To be out at the heels, to have on 
 stockings that are worn out ; hence, to be in bad condition. — 
 To cool the heels, to wait. — To go heels over heat), to move in a 
 hasty, inconsiderate, or ra.sh manner. — To lay b>/ the heels, to 
 fetter ; to shackle ; to confine. — To show the heels, to flee ; to 
 run from. — To take to the heels, to flee. 
 
 Heel, V. t. [imp. & p. ^.heeled; p.pr- &, vb. n. 
 HEELING.] 1. To use the heels in, as in dancing, run- 
 ning, and the like. 3. To add a heel to. 
 
 Heel, V. i. (Naut.) To incline ; to lean, as a ship. 
 
 Heel'-pie^e, n. 1. Armor for the heels. 3. A piece 
 of leather on the heel of a shoe. 
 
 Heel'-tJip, n. 1. A small piece of leather for the heel 
 of a shoe. 3. A small portion of liquor at the bottom of 
 a glass after drinking. [as of a shoe. 
 
 Heel'- tap, V. t. To add a piece of leather to the heel of, 
 
 Heft, n. [From 'Eng. heave.] Weight; ponderousness. 
 [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 
 
 Heft, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HEFTED ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 HEFTING.] 1. To heave up ; to lift. 3. To prove or 
 try the weight of by raising. [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 
 
 He-gem'o-ny, n. [Gr. riyeixovia, from riyeynliv, guide, 
 leader, from ^■yeio-^at, to go before.] Leadership ; pre- 
 ponderant influence or authority, as of a government or 
 state. 
 
 He-gi'ra, or Heg'i-ra, n. [Ax. hidjrat, hidjrah, depart- 
 ure, from hadjara, to separate, to desert one's country or 
 friends.] The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, July 16, 
 A. D. 622 ; — from which date tune is reckoned by the 
 Mohammedans ; hence, any flight or exodus. 
 
 Heifer (hC-fer), ri. [A.-S. heahfore, perh. from heah, hed, 
 high, chief, and/ear, bull, ox. 0. ll.farri,farro,far, bull, 
 allied to Gr. Tropis, Tropri?, calf, heifer.] A young cow. 
 
 Heigli'-bo (hl'ho), interj. An exclamation expressing 
 surprise, uneasiness, or weariness. 
 
 Height 1 (hit), n. [A.-S. hedhdho, heddho, hehdho, hyhd- 
 
 Higbt \ ho, from hedh, hedg, hed, high.] 1. Condi- 
 tion of being high ; elevated position. 3. The measure 
 of the distance to which any thing rises ; altitude. 3. 
 That which is elevated ; an eminence ; a hill or moim- 
 tain. 4. Elevation in excellence of any kind, as in pow- 
 er, learning, arts ; also, an advanced degree of social 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c., short ; c^rc, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, dr, do, W9lf, 
 
HEIGHTEN 
 
 343 
 
 HELVETIC 
 
 rank. 5. Utmost degree in extent or Tiolence. 6. Pro- 
 gress toward eminence ; grade ; degree. 
 Heiglit'en I (hit'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HEIGHTENED, 
 ^ight'cn ) HIGHTENEU; ;9. pr. & t;6. n. HEIGHT- 
 ENING, HIGHTENiNG.] 1. To raise higher; to elevate. 
 tj. To carry forward ; to make better ; to increase. 3. 
 To advance toward a worse state ; to intensify. 4. To 
 set off to advantage by means of contrast. 
 Hei'iious (ha'nus,) a. [Fr. haineux, from haine, hatred, 
 from hair, to hate, 0. Fr. hadir, from Goth, hatan^ A.-S. 
 hatian. See HATE.] Hateful; odious; hence, great, 
 enormous. 
 
 Syn. — Exceasive ; aggravated ; monstrous ; flagrant ; flagi- 
 tious ; atrocioua. ^ 
 
 Hei'noiis-ly, adv. In a heinous manner ; hatefully. 
 
 Hei'noiis-ness, n. State of being heinous ; odiousness. 
 
 I3[6ir (ar), n. [Lat. hxres.] 1. One who receives, inherits, 
 or is entitled to succeed to the possession of any property 
 after the death of its owner, tj. One who receives any en- 
 dowment from an ancestor or relation. 
 
 Heir apparent (Law.), one whose right to an estate is inde- 
 feasible if he survives the person in possession. — Heir at law. 
 one who, a*^er the death of an ancestor or relation, has a right 
 to inlierit all his intestate estate. — Heir presumptive, one who, 
 if tlie person in possession of an estate should die immediately, 
 would be his heir, but whose right to the inheritance may be 
 defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or by some other 
 contingency. 
 
 H^ir'dom (ar'dum), n. Succession by inheritance. 
 
 HSir'ess (ar'es), n. A female heir. 
 
 Heir'lobm (ar/lJbm), ?i. [Eng. heir, and A.-S. loma, 
 geloma, household stuff. See LOOM.] Any piece of per- 
 sonal property, which descends to the heir along with 
 the inheritance. 
 
 H^ir'ship (ar'ship), ti. The state, character or privil- 
 eges of an heir ; right of inheriting. 
 
 Held, imp. & p. p. of hold. See Hold. 
 
 H[e'li-a«, ) a. [Gr. :^A.ta»c6?, belonging to the sun, from 
 
 He-li'a€-al, I T/A.tos, the sun.] (A'!iro?i.) Rising or set- 
 ting at the same, or nearly the same, time as the sun. 
 
 He-K'a«-al-ly, adv. In a heliacal manner. 
 
 Hel'i-cal, a. Of, or pertaining to, a helix ; having- a 
 spiral form ; spiral. 
 
 Hel'i-«oid, n. [Gr. cAtKoeifi/js ; e'Ai|, spiral, and elSos, 
 shape.] ( Geom.) A warped surfece which may be gen- 
 erated by a straight line moving in a certain manner. 
 
 Hel'i-«oid, I a. Spiral ; spirally curved, like the 
 
 Hel'i-€oid'al, ) spire of a univalve shell. 
 
 He'li-o-9eii'tri«, ) a. [Gr. t;A.ios, sun, and (ceVrpov, 
 
 He'li-a-9en'tri€-al , ) center.] (Astron.) Pertaining 
 to the sun's center, or appearing to be seen from it. 
 
 He'li-og'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. TJXtos, the sun, and ypa4>eLv, 
 to write.] The art of taking pictures on anj"- prepared 
 material by means of the sun and a camera obscura ; 
 photography. 
 
 He'li-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. t}A.ios, the sun, and karpeCa, ser- 
 vice, worship.] The worship of the sun, a jsranch of Sa- 
 bianism. 
 
 He'li-6m'e-ter, n. [Gr. T/A.to?, the sun, and fx-erpov, 
 measure.] [Astron.) An instrument used for delicate 
 measurements, as the distance between double stars. 
 
 He'li-o-S€ope, n. [Gr. r)A.ios, the sun, and a-Konelv, ra- 
 dix aiceTT, to look carefully, to spy.] (A.stron.) A tele- 
 scope fitted for Tiewing the sun without injury to the eyes. 
 
 He'li-o-stat, n. [Gr. T/A.tos, the sun, and crTaros, placed, 
 standing; i<rravai, to place, stand.] An instrument by 
 which a sunbeam may be introduced into a dark room, 
 and by means of clock-work, kept in a fixed position. 
 
 He'li-o-trope, n. [Gr. i7A.torp67rio;' ; rjAtos, the sun, and 
 TpeweLV, to turn, TpoTTOs, turn.] 1, (Bot.) A very fra- 
 grant plant, called also turnsole. tj. ( Geodesy.) An in- 
 strument for making signals to an observer at a distance, 
 by means of the sun's rays thrown off from a mirror. 
 3. (Mi)i.) A variety of chalcedony , of a deep-green color, 
 variegated with blood-red or yellowish spots. 
 
 Hel'i-sph6r'i€, ) a. [For helicospheric , from Gr. eA.t^. 
 
 Heri-spli6r'i€-al, ) helix, and o-c^aipt/cos, spherical.] 
 Spiral. 
 
 He'lix, n. ; pL hel/i-ce§. [Lat. helix, Gr. eXif , twisted, 
 spiral, from eXiVo-etv, to turn round.] 1. A spiral line, 
 as of wire in a coil ; something that is spiral. 2. ( Arrh.) 
 A little volute under the flowers of the Corinthian cap- 
 ital. 3. (Anat.) The whole circuit or extent of the ex- 
 ternal border of the ear. 4. [Zool) The snail-shell. 
 
 H6U, n. [A.-S. hell, 0. H. Ger. hella, kellia. Goth, halja, 
 Icel. hel, death ; originallv Icel. Hel, A.-S. Hell, 0. H. Ger. 
 Hella, Hellia, Goth. Halja is the Goddess of Death, from 
 A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. hdan, 0. Eng. hde, to conceal.] 1. The 
 
 Barred Helmet. 
 
 place of the dead ; the lower regions, or the grave. 54. 
 The place or state of punishment for the wicked after 
 death. 3, A place where outcast persons or things are 
 gathered ; as, (a.) A dungeon or prison ; also, in certain 
 games, a place to which those who are caught are car- 
 ried for detention. (6.) A gambling-house, (c.) A place 
 into which a tailor throws his shreds, or a printer his 
 broken type. 
 
 Hel'le-lbore, n. [Gv. kXXe^opo<;,l&t. Iiellebonts.] [Bot.) 
 A plant used in medicine. 
 
 Hel-len'ic, or Hel-le'iiic, a. Pertaining to the Hel- 
 lenes, or inhabitants of Greece ; Greek ; Grecian. 
 
 Hel'len-igm, «• ^ Greek phrase, idiom, or construction : 
 a Grecism. 
 
 Hel'len-ist, n. 1. A person of Jewish extraction who 
 used the Greek language as his mother tongue. 3. One 
 skilled in the Greek language ; a Grecian. 
 
 Hell'-liound, n. A dog of hell ; an agent of hell. 
 
 Hell'isli, a. Pertaining to hell; fit for hell; infernal; 
 malignant ; wicked ; detestable. 
 
 Hell'isli-ly , adv. In a hellish manner ; infernally. 
 
 Hgll'isli-riess, n. The quaUties of hell, or of its inhab- 
 itants ; extreme wickedness, malignity, or impiety. 
 
 Helm, «. [A.-S. Ae^ma, heahna, rudder. Cf. Helve.] 
 1. [Naut.) The instrument by which a ship is steered. 
 ii. The place of direction or management. 
 
 Helm, V. t. To cover with a helmet. 
 
 Helm, \n. [A.-S. helm, Goth. 
 
 Helm'et, ) hilms, Icel. hialmr, 
 from A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. helan, to 
 hide.] 1. Defensive armor for the 
 head ; a head-piece ; a morion. 2. 
 That which resembles a helmet in 
 form, position, &c. ; as, (a.) The 
 upper part of a retort, [b.) The 
 hood-formed upper sepal of some 
 flowers. 
 
 Hel-miii'tlii«, a. [From Gr. e'A.- 
 jOLivs, eXfjiivOos, worm, especially a 
 tape- worm.] Relating to worms ; expelling worms. 
 
 H el-mill' tiii-e, n. [See infra.] A medicine for expel- 
 ling worms ; a vermifuge. 
 
 Hel'miii-tli61'o-gy, n. [Gr. eA/xtvs, e^fxivOo?, worm, 
 and Aoyos, discourse.] The science or description and 
 natural history of worms. 
 i Helmg'mau, n. ; pi. h£lm§'men. The man at the 
 helm. 
 
 He'lot, or Hel'ot, n. [Gr. Et'Xcos and EiA.a>TT)s, a bond- 
 man of the Spartans, from 'EAo?, a town of Laconia, 
 whose inhabitants were enslaved ; or perhaps from eKeiv, 
 ekeiv, to take, conquer, second aor. of aipetv.] A slave 
 in ancient Sparta ; hence, a slave. 
 
 He'lot-i§m, or H61'ot-i§m, n. The condition of the 
 Helots, slaves in Sparta ; slavery. 
 
 Help, V. t. [imp & p. p. HELPED (helpt) [i^np. HOLP, 
 p. p. HOLPEN, obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. HELPING.] [A.-S. 
 helpan, Goth, hilpan, Icel. hialpa, 0. H. Ger. helfan, 
 allied to Lith. gelbeti, and A.-S. & O. H. Ger. helan, 
 to hide, cover.] 1. To aid ; to assist. 2. To fur- 
 nish with the means of deliverance. 3. To furnish 
 with relief in pain or disease. 4. To change for the bet- 
 ter; to remedy. 5. To prevent; to hinder. 6. To for- 
 bear ; to avoid. 
 
 Help, V. i. To lend aid or assistance. 
 
 To help out, to lend aid; to bring a supply. 
 
 Help, n. 1. Aid ; assistance. 2. Remedy ; relief. 3. 
 One who helps ; a domestic servant. [Amer.] 
 
 Help'er, n. One who helps, aids, or assists; an assist- 
 ant ; an auxihary. 
 
 Help'f 111, a. Furnishing help ; useful ; wholesome. 
 
 Help'f ul-ness, n. State of being helpful ; assistance ; 
 usefulness. 
 
 Hglp'less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength ; feeble ; 
 weak. 2. Beyond help ; irremediable. 3. Bringing no 
 help. 
 
 H61p'less-ly, adv. In a helpless manner ; irremediably. 
 
 Help'less-ness, n. The state of being helpless. 
 
 Help'mate, \n. [From tielp and mate, or meet, cor- 
 
 Hglp'meet, ) rupted for mate.] An assistant ; a help- 
 er ; a companion ; a consort ; a wife. 
 
 Hgl'ter-skgl'ter, arf^•. [A.n onomatopoetic -word.] In 
 hurry and confusion. [ Colloq.] 
 
 H61ve, n. [A.-S. hielfa, helf, hylf. Cf. Helm.] The 
 handle of an ax or hatchet ; sometimes the head of the ax. 
 
 H61ve, V. t. [imp & p. p. helved; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HELVING.] To furnish with a helve, as an ax. 
 
 Hel-vet'i<;, a. Pertaining to the Helvetii, the inhabitants 
 
 food, f obt ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tlii«- 
 
 I 
 
HEM 
 
 344 
 
 HERBARIUM 
 
 of the Alpe, now Switzerland, or to the modem states ^ 
 and inhabitants of the Alpiue regions. I 
 
 HJ^ni. n. [A.-S. hnn, he mm, W. /urn, margin.] 1. The i 
 Ixirvler of a garment, doubled and sewed, to strengthen i 
 it. 'i. A yvirticular sound of the human voice, expressed 
 bv the word htm. See llE.M, interj. | 
 
 HJ^iu, r. t. [imp. k p. p. HEMMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HEM.MING.] 1. To fold and sew down the edge of. "i. 
 To l>order ; to edge. i 
 
 H^m, inUrj. An exclamation whose utterance is a sort j 
 of Toluntar>- half cough, often indicative of hesitation or j 
 doubt. It would be better expressed by /twj. ] 
 
 H<>in, V. i". To make the sound expressed by the word t 
 hnn : hence, to hesitate in speaking. 
 
 HCm'a-tite. n. [Lat. hematites; Gr. at/naTtTi}?, blood- 1 
 like, fn>m aljAo, blood.] (Min.) An important ore of ; 
 iron, the sesqui-oxide, so cjilled because of the red color i 
 of the powder. ! 
 
 Hvm i-plv'gi-dAn. [Gr. rnxnrXriyCa, i^^lnT\.r]^Ca, from 
 
 Hem'i-ple'gv, ) 'h:--h ^SlU, and TrAijcro-etv, to strike, : 
 :7Arjft9, 77X7777?'. a stroke.] {Med.) A palsy that affects one 
 side only of the body. 
 
 He-mip'ter, I n. [Gr. ^(xt, half, and irrepov, feather, 
 
 He-mip'ter-an, ) wing, from neroiJicu, irreadcu. to fly.] 
 (Entotn.) One of an order of insects having the anterior 
 wings or wing-covers transparent toward the end, the 1 
 true wings straight and unplaited, and feeding on vege- ! 
 table or animal juices by means of a sucking-tube. j 
 
 He-mTi>'ter-al, \a. (Entom.) Of, or pertaining to, 
 
 He-mip'ter-oiis, ] the hemipterans. 
 
 Hem'i-fjpliere, n. [Lat. hemispheerium , Gr. i)tJ.L(r<i>aL- 
 piov, from 1^/u.t, half, and (r(f)<upa, sphere.] 1. A half 1 
 sphere : one half of a sphere or globe. 2. Half of the ' 
 terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same in a map or ; 
 picture. 
 
 Hem'^i-spligr'ic, \a. Containing, or pertaining to, 
 
 H6m'i-splier'i-e-al, ) a hemisphere. I 
 
 Hgm'i-sticli (-stik), n. [Lat. hemistickhim, Gr. ^/xi- i 
 oTi'^^ioi', from rjfjiL, half, and trrixos, row, line, verse, from | 
 crreixet*', to go up. to go in line or order.] Half a poetic ' 
 verse, or a verse not completed. 
 
 He-mis'ti-eli-al (-mls'tik-), a. Pertaining to, or written | 
 in. hemistichs ; by, according to, or into, hemistichs. ; 
 
 H6m'i-tone, n. [Lat. kemito7iium, Gr. rjixiTovLov, from j 
 ^jLii, half, and Tovog, tone.] Same as Semitoxe. I 
 
 Hem'lock, n. [A.-S. hemledc, hemlyc] {Bot.) (a.) An , 
 umbelliferous plant having active properties which fre- j 
 quently render it poisonous, {b.) An evergreen tree com- i 
 mon in North America ; hemlock spruce. \ 
 
 Hfim'or-rliage. n. [Gr. aly-oppayia., from aVa, blood, '■ 
 andpTryiT/i/ai, to break, burst ; Lat. hxmorrliagia.] (Med.) ' 
 Any discharge of blood from the blood-vessels. j 
 
 Hem'or-rlioid'al, a. Pertaining to the hemorrhoids. 
 
 Hgm'or-rlioids, n. pi. [Gr. alp.oppot6e<; (sc. ^Xe^es), 
 veins liable to discharge blood, the piles, from atfioppoo?, : 
 flowing with blood, at/xa, blood, and pdet-v, to flow ; Lat. 
 hasmorrhois.] (Med.) Tubercles around the anus, from 
 which blood or mucus is discharged ; piles. 
 
 H^mp. n. [A.-S. heiiep, hdnep, Icel. hanpr., 0. H. Ger. 
 hanaf, allied to Lat. cannabis, cannabum, Gr. Kawo/Bis, I 
 itavvafios, Pol. konopj, Per. kunnap, Skr. Qana.] 1. 
 (Bot.) A plant whose fibrous skin or bark is used for' 
 cloth and cordage. 2. The skin or rind of the plant, pre- 
 pared for spinning. 
 
 H6mp'^n (hemp/n), a. Made of hemp. 
 
 Hem'stitch, f. /. [iinp. & p. p. hemstitched (hgm'- 
 Btlcht, 108) ; p. pr. & vh. n. hem-stitching.] To orna- 
 ment at the head of a hem by drawing out a few parallel 
 threads, and fastening the cross-threads in successive 
 fimall clusters. 
 
 H€n, n. [A.-S. henn. hen, O. H. Ger. hennA, IceL Adna, 
 from A.-S. & Goth, hana, 0. H. Ger. hano, Icel. hani, a 
 cock, orig. the .Mnger, alUed to Lat. canere, to sing.] The 
 female of any kind of fowl ; especially, the female of the 
 domestic fowl. 
 
 B^nHbane. n. [Eng. n^n. and bant.') A plant which is 
 poisonous to domestic ^wl.e. All parts of the plant are 
 highly narcotic, and it is used in medicine as a substitute 
 for opium. 
 
 Hfince, adv. [0. Eng. kfinnfs, hens, and henen, htnne, 
 A.-S. hinan, hinane. heonane, heonan, heonun, heonon, 
 hence, thither: N. H. Ger. hin, orig. ace. of Goth, his, 
 thi.s, accusative kina; Eng. hennes, hens, h^nce, is the ter- 
 mination of a genitive.] 1. From this place. 2. From 
 this time. 3. From this cause or reason. 4. From this 
 •ource. origin, or cause. 
 
 V^" Prom htnce, though a pleonasm, is authorized by the 
 usage of good irritera. 
 
 Hfiinje-forth', or Hfinpe'f orth, adv. From this time 
 forward ; henceforward. [forth. 
 
 H6iice-f or'ward, adv. From this time forwawd ; hence- 
 
 Hguch'man, n.; pi. h£ncii/men. [For haundiTJian, 
 from following the haunch of his master.] A page ; a 
 servant. 
 
 Hen-d€«'a-g6n,«. [Gr. eVfiexa, eleven, and ytoi/ia, angle .\ 
 (Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and as many 
 angles. 
 
 Hen-dVa-difS, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. ev Sio. Suoic. one by 
 two.] ( Gram.) A figure in which the same idea is pre- 
 sented by two words or phrases. 
 
 Hen'-liJlr'ri-er, 71. (Ornith.) A species of falcon or 
 kite, found in many parts of Europe and North America. 
 
 Hen'-heart'ed, a. Cowardly ; timid ; dastardly. 
 
 Hen'na, n. [At. hinna-a, the dyeing or coloring' shrub. 
 Cyprus.] 1. (Bot.) A thorny tree or shrub of the genus 
 Lawsonia. 2. A paste made of the pounded leaves of the 
 henna- tree, and much used by the Egyptians and Asiat- 
 ics for dyeing their nails, Sac.', of an orange hue. 
 
 Hen'ner-y. n. An inclosed place for hens. [Amer.'^ 
 
 Heii'-pecked (-pSkt), a. Governed by one's wife. 
 
 Heii'-roost, 71. A place where poultrj" rest at night. 
 
 He-pat'i*, ) a. [Gr. ^TrariKos. from ^irap, the liver; 
 
 He-pat'ic-al. ) Lat. hepaticus.] 1. Pertaining to the 
 liver. 2. Having the color of the Uver. 
 
 Hep'a-ti-za'tion, n. (Med.) Conversion of the lunga 
 mto a substance resembling the liver. 
 
 Hep'ta-ehord (-kord), n. [Gr. iiTTaxopSoi, seven- 
 stringed; en-Tci, seven, and x^P^Vj chord.] 1. (Ane. 
 Mus.) (a.) A system of seven sounds, (b.) A lyre -with 
 seven chords. 2. (Anc. Poet.) A composition sung to 
 the sound of seven chords. 
 
 Hep'ta-glot, n. [Gr. eTTTayXwrro^, from eirro, seven, and 
 yKoiTTa, yXiaa-<Ta, tongue, language.] A book in seven 
 languages. 
 
 Hep'ta-gon, n. [Gr. eTrra-ywi/os, seven-cornered, from 
 eWa, seven, and yojvta, angle.] ( Geom.) A plane figure 
 consisting of seven sides and as many angles. 
 
 BLep-tag'o-nal, a. Having seven angles or sides. 
 
 Hep-tan'gu-lar, a. [From Gr. kirra, seven, and Eng. 
 angular.] Having seven angles. 
 
 Hep'tar-eli-y , 7J. [Gr. eVra, seven, and apxri, sovereignty, 
 rule, apxeiv, to be first, to lead, riile.] A government by 
 seven persons, or the countrj" governed by seven persons. 
 
 Her, pron. & a. [0. Eng. hire, here, Mr, hure^ A.-S. Aire, 
 heore, gen., ace, and dat. sing, of heo, she.] 1. The ob- 
 jective case of the personal pronoun she. 2. Belonging 
 to a female, or a noun in the feminine gender ; being the 
 possessive case of the personal pronoun she. 
 
 eS^ Some grammarians call her, when thus used, an adjective 
 pronoun agreeing with the followiiig noun. It is written hers 
 when the noun which it governs, or with which it agrees, is 
 not given, but implied. By some it is said to be used abso- 
 luteljs or as a substantive. 
 
 Her'ald, n. [L. Lat. heraldiis, haraldus, Ger. herold, 
 from a hypoth. 0. H. Ger. hdriwalto . heriualt ,hariowcdt, 
 a (civil) officer who serves the army , from hari, heri, army, 
 and icaltan, to manage, govern.] 1. (Antig.) An officer 
 whose business was to proclaim war or peace, and to bear 
 messages from the commander of an army. 2. An offi- 
 cer whose business is to regulate royal cavalcades and 
 other public ceremonies; also, to record and blazon the 
 arms of the nobility and gentry. [Eng.] 3. A pro- 
 claimer ; a publisher. 4. A forerunner; a precursor; a 
 harbinger. 
 
 Her'ald, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. HEKAI.DED: p. pr. & t;*. 
 n. heralding.] To introduce, or give tidings of, as by 
 a herald ; to proclaim. 
 
 He-rai'di-e, a. Pertaining to heralds or heraldry. 
 
 Her'ald-ry, n. The art or office of a herald ; the art, 
 practice, or science of recording genealogies, and blazon- 
 
 H6r'ald-ship, n. The office of a herald. [ing arms. 
 
 Herb (5rb, 14), 71. [Lat. herba.] A plant having a soft 
 or succulent stalk or stem, that dies to the root every 
 vear. 
 
 Her-ba'ceous (her-ba'shus), a. Pertaining to herbi; 
 having the nature of an herb. 
 
 Herb'age (erb'ej or herb'ej, 45), n- 1. Herbs coUec- 
 ' tivelv : grass: pasture. 2. (Lavj.) Liberty or right ct 
 pasture in the forest or grounds of another man. 
 
 Herb'al (hr-rb'al), n. 1. A book containing the names 
 and descriptions of plants. 2. A collection of dried 
 plants : a hortus siccus ; an herbarium. 
 
 Herb'al (hPrb'al), a. Pertaming to herbs. 
 
 H5rb'al-ist (h5rb'al-ist), n. A person skilled in plants ; 
 one who makes collections of plants. 
 
 Her-ba'ri-um, 71. ; Eng. pi. her-ba'ri-Cms ; Lat. pL 
 
 ii,e,kc.,long; &, £,&c.,«Aort;c&re,far, ask, all, what ;£re, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; s6n, dr, do, wolf 
 
HERBARY 
 
 345 
 
 HEROISM 
 
 BE&SA'RI-A. [L. Lat., from Lat Aer6o. See HERB.] 
 1, A collection of dried plants. 3. Abook for preserv- 
 ing plants ; a hortus siccus. 
 
 HSrb'a-ry, n. A garden of herbs ; a cottage garden. 
 
 Her-bgs'^ent, a. [Lat. herbescens, p. pr. of kerbescere ., 
 to grow into herbs.] Growing into herbs. 
 
 Her-bif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. herbiftr, from herba, herb, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Bearing herbs. 
 
 Her-biv'o-rous, a. [Lat. herba, herb, and vorare, to 
 devour.] Eating herbs ; feeding on vegetables. 
 
 Herb'o-ri-za'tion (herb'-), 7i. 1. Act of seeking plants 
 in the field. "Z. The figure of plants in mineral sub- 
 stances. See Arborization. 
 
 Herb'o-rize (herb'-), v. i. [imp. & p.p. HERBORIZED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. HERBORIZING.] To search for plants, 
 or to seek new species of plants. 
 
 Her-bose', 1 a. [Lat. herbosus.] Abounding with 
 
 Herb'ous, ) herbs. [ered with, herbs 
 
 Herb'y, a. Having the nature of, pertaining to, or cov- 
 
 Her-eii'le-an (124), a. [Lat. Hercideus, from Hercules, 
 the most famous of the Greek heroes, celebrated for his 
 strength, and especially for twelve difiBcult labors.] 1. 
 Very great, difficult, or dangerous. 2. Having extraor- 
 dinary strength and size. 
 
 Herd (14), n. [A.-S. k^ord, 0. H. Ger. herta, Icel. hibrclh, 
 Goth, hairda, allied to Slav, tshrieda.] 1. A number of 
 beasts assembled together. 3. A company of men or 
 people ; a crowd ; a rabble. 
 
 HCrdL, V. i. [imp. & p. p. HERDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HERDING.] 1. To unite or associate in a herd, as 
 beasts. 2. To unite in a company by custom or incli- 
 
 Herd, v. t. To form or put into a herd. [nation. 
 
 Herd'man, )n.;pl. hErd/MEN, hErds'MEN. The 
 
 Herdg'man, ) ovmer or keeper of herds. 
 
 Herdg'-grass, n. (Bot.) One of several species of 
 grass which are highly esteemed for hay, especially in 
 New England that species called timothy, and in Penn- 
 sylvania that called red-top. 
 
 Here, adv. [A.-S., Goth., & Icel. her, 0. H. Ger. hiar, 
 hear, from Goth, his, hija, hita, this.] 1. In this place ; 
 — opposed to there. 2. In the present hfe or state. 
 
 Here'a-bout', \adv. About this place; in this viein- 
 
 Here'a-bouts', J ity or neighborhood. 
 
 Here-aft'er, adv. In time to come ; in some future state. 
 
 Here-af t'er, n. A future existence or state. 
 
 Here-at', adv. At, or by reason of, this.' 
 
 Here-by', adv. By means of this. 
 
 He-red'i-ta-ble, a. [L. Lat. hereditabilis , from heredi- 
 tare, to inherit, Lat. hereditas, heirship, inheritance, he- 
 res, heredis, heir.] Capable of being inherited. 
 
 Her'e-dit'a-ment, n. (Law.) Any species of property 
 that may be inherited. 
 
 He-r6d'i-ta-ri-ly, adv. By inheritance. 
 
 He-red'i-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. hereditarius , from heredi- 
 tas.] 1. Descended by inheritance. 2. Capable of de- 
 scending from an ancestor to an heir. 3. Transmitted, 
 or capable of being transmitted, from a parent to a child. 
 Sym. — Ancestral; patrimonial; inheritable. 
 
 Here-in', adv. In this. 
 
 Here-in'to, adv. Into this. 
 
 Here-of (heer-ofif or heer-ov'', 71), adv. Of this; con- 
 cerning this ; from this. 
 
 Here-6n', adv. On this ; hereupon. 
 
 H6r'e-si-ar«li, or He-re'gi-ar-eh., n. [Gr. aipeo-iop- 
 Y1JS, atpeaiapxos, from aipeo-t?, heresy, and apxos, leader, 
 apxetv, to lead ; Lat. hxresiarcha.] A leader in heresy ; 
 chief heretic. 
 
 H6r'e-sy, n. [Gr. atpeo-ts, a taking, a choosing, a sect, a 
 heresy ,'from aipetv, to take, choose ; Lat. hxresis.] An 
 opinion opposed to the estabUshed or usually received 
 doctrine ; especially ( Theol.), a lack of orthodox or sound 
 belief; heterodoxy. 
 
 H6r'e-ti€ (123), n. 1. One who holds to a heresy ; one 
 who believes some doctrine contrary to the Christian re- 
 ligion. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A Protestant. 
 
 Syn. — Schismatic; sectarian. — A heretic is one whose er- 
 rors are doctrinal, and usually of a malignant character, tend- 
 ing to subvert the true faith. A schismatic is one who creates a 
 schism, or division in the church, on points of faith, discipline, 
 practice, &c.. usually for the sake of personal aggrandizement. 
 A sectarian is one who originates or promotes a sect, or distinct 
 organization, which separates from the main body of believers. 
 Hence the expression •' a sectarian spirit " has a shghtly bad 
 sense, which does not attach to " denominational." 
 
 He-r6t'i<:-al, a. Containing, or pertaining to, heresy. 
 
 He-r6t'i<;-al-ly, adv. In an heretical manner. 
 
 Here-to', adv. To this. [merly. 
 
 Here'tii-fore', arfi'. In times before the present; for- 
 
 Here'un-to', adv. Unto this or this time ; hereto. 
 
 Here'up-6n', arfv. On this ; hereon. 
 
 Here-witli', or Here-witli', adv. With this. 
 
 H6r'i-ot, n. [L. Lat. heriotum, arms of war, A.-S. here- 
 geatu, heregeatve, what was given the lord of the manor 
 to prepare for war, from here, army, and geatu, geatve, 
 provision, .supply, from getan, gitan, to get.] (Eng. 
 Latv.) A payment of arms or military accouterments, or 
 the best beast ; or, in modern use, a customary tribute 
 of goods or chattels to the lord of the fee, made on the 
 decease of a tenant. 
 
 H6r'it-a-ble, a. [See Hereditable.] 1. Capable oi 
 being inherited ; inheritable. 2. Capable of inheriting. 
 
 Her'it-age, n. That which is inherited; inheritance. 
 
 Her-mapli'ro-dite, n. [From Hermapkroditus, son 
 of Hermes, or Mercury, and Aphrodite, or Venus, who, 
 when bathing, grew together with Salmacis,a nymph, 
 into one person.] 1. An animal or human being hav- 
 ing both the male and the female generative organs. 2. 
 (Bot.) A flower that contains both the stamen and the 
 pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. 
 
 Hermaphrodite brig (Kaut.), a brig that is square-rigged for- 
 ward and schooner-rigged aft. 
 
 a. Partaking of both sexes. 
 
 Her-mapli'ro-dit'i<;, 
 
 Her-mapli'ro-dit'i«-al, 
 
 Her-mS-pli'ro-dit-igin, n. Union of two sexes in the 
 same individual. 
 
 Her'me-neu'ti«, ) a. [Gr. ep/arjvevT'.Ko?, from 'Ep- 
 
 Her'me-neu'ti-e-al, j /olt}?, Mercury, the tutelary god 
 of all skill and accompUshment.] Pertaining to inter- 
 pretation ; exegetical. 
 
 Her'me-iieu'ti-es, n. sijig. Science of interpretation ; 
 exegesis ; — especially appUed to the interpretation of the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Her-met'i<j, )a. [From the Egyptian fferwes 2Vi5~ 
 
 Her-met'i-e-al, j megistus, the fabled inventor of aU 
 chemy.] 1. Pertaining to chemistry ; chemical. 2. 
 Pertaining to that species of philosophy which pretends 
 to solve and explain all the phenomena of nature from 
 the three chemical principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury. 
 3. Pertaining to the system which explains the causes 
 of diseases, &c., on the principles of the hermetical phi- 
 losophy, and particularly on the system of an alkali and 
 acid. 4. Perfectly close, so that no air, gas, or spirit 
 can escape. [chemically. 
 
 Her-m6t'i-e-al-ly, adv. In an hermetical manner; 
 
 Her'mit, n. [Lat. eremita, Gr. epij/atrrj?, from eptj/u,o?, 
 lonely, solitary.] A recluse ; an anchoret ; especially, 
 one who lives in solitude from religious motives. 
 
 Her'mit-a^e, n. The habitation of a hermit. 
 
 Her'mit-ess, n. A female hermit. 
 
 Hern, n. The same as Heron. See Heron. 
 
 Her'ni-a, n. [Lat., probably from Gr. Ipi/os, a young 
 sprout, shoot.] (Surg.) An external tumor formed by 
 the protrusion of any internal part through a natural or 
 accidental opening in the enclosing membrane. 
 
 Her'ni-al, a. Pertaining to, or connected with, hernia. 
 
 He'ro (89), ti. ; pi. HE'ROEg. [Lat. heros, Gr. TJpws.] 
 
 1. A man of distinguished valor, intrepidity, or enter- 
 prise in danger ; hence, a great or extraordinary person. 
 
 2. The principal personage in a poem, story, and the 
 Uke. 3. (Myth.) An illustrious man, supposed after his 
 death to be placed among the gods. 
 
 He-ro'i«, a. 1. Pertaining to, or like, a hero or heroes. 
 2. Becoming a hero. 
 
 Heroic age, the age when the heroes are supposed to have 
 hved. — Heroic poetry, that in which the life of a hero is cele- 
 brated ; epic poetry. — Heroic treatment, remedies ( J/ecZ.), thos* 
 of a violent character. — Heroic verse (Pros.), the verse of he- 
 roic poetry, being in English the iambic of ten syllables. 
 
 Syn. — Brave; intrepid; courageous; daring; valiant; bold; 
 gallant; fearless; enterprising; noble; magnanimous; iUufltri- 
 ous. 
 
 He-ro'i-e-al, a. The same as Heroic. [Rare.] 
 He-ro'ic-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a hero ; vrith 
 
 valor ; bravely ; courageously ; intrepidly. 
 He'ro-i-^om'i-e, \a. [See Heroic and Comic] 
 He'ro-i-eom'i-e-al, j Consisting of the heroic and the 
 
 ludicrous. 
 H6r'o-me, n. [Lat. heroina, Gr. ^pwtvrj, fern, of i^pws. 
 
 See Hero.] A female hero. 
 H6r'o-i§m, n. The quahties or character of a hero. 
 
 Syn.— Courage ; fortitude ; bravery ; valor ; intrepidity ; 
 gallantry.— Cowro fire is generic, denoting fearlessness of dan- 
 ger; fortitude is passive courage, the habit of bearing up nobly 
 under trials, dangers, and sufferings: brar-eni and valor are 
 courage in battle or other conflicts with living opponents; in- 
 trepidity is firm courage, which .surinks not amid the most ap- 
 palling dangers: gallantry is adventurous courage, dashing in- 
 to the thickest of the fight. Heroism may call into exercise all 
 these modifications of courage. It is a contempt of danger, not 
 
 food, fo'ot i ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link : this. 
 
HERON 
 
 346 
 
 HIDDEN 
 
 from ignomnc*- or inconsiderat*- Icvitv, but from a noble devo- 
 tion to eoinc ^'rcat cause, and a iust confidence of being able to 
 meet dan^r \n the spirit of sucn u cause. 
 B^r'on, fi. (From 0. II. lior. hti- 
 gir, hnstro. kfigro, heron, Icel. hf- 
 gri.] (Lh-nith.) A wading bird with 
 long legs and neck. It is remarka- 
 ble for its directly ascending flight, 
 and was formerly hunted by hawks. 
 H?r'on-ry, n. A place where her- 
 ons breed- 
 Her'peg, n. [Lat., Gr. epTPT^, from 
 epTTtiy. to creep, from its tendency 
 to creep or spread fix)m one part of 
 the skin to another.] (Med.) An 
 eruption of the skin ; especially, an' 
 eruption of vesicles in small dis- 
 tinct clusters, accompanied with 
 
 itching or tingUng, including shingles, ringworm, and 
 the like. [or cutaneous eruptions. 
 
 3er-p6t'i€, n. Pertaining to, or resembling, the herpes,! 
 Her'pe-t61'o-gist, n. A person versed in herpetology, 
 
 or the natural history of reptiles. 
 Her'pe-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. epn-e-oi', reptile, from epiretv, 
 to creep, and Xoyo?, discourse.] The natural history or 
 description of reptiles, including oviparous quadrupeds. 
 Hfir'riiig, n. [A -i. /tar- 
 ing, hering, 0. H. Ger. 
 herinch, harinc, probably 
 from 0. H. Ger. heri, hari, 
 A.-S. here, Goth, harjis, 
 army, multitude, because Herring, 
 
 they usually appear in 
 large numbers.] (Ichth.) A small fish. Herrings move 
 in vast shoals , coming from high northern latitudes in , 
 the spring, to the shores of Europe and America, where i 
 they are taken and salted in great quantities. | 
 
 Her§,7"'o«. Belonging to her ; of her. See HER. I 
 
 Her'sfliel (her'shel), n. (Astron.) A planet discovered 
 by, and named for, Dr. Herschel, in 1781 ; — now called 
 Uranus. 
 Herse (14), n. [L. Lat. hercia, hersia, from Lat. hirpex, 
 gen. hirpicis, harrow ; also a kind of candlestick in the 
 form of a harrow, placed at the head of graves ; whence 
 kerse came to be used for the grave, coffin, or chest con- 
 taining the dead.] 1. [Fort.) (a.) A lattice or portcul- 
 lis in The form of a harrow. (6.) A harrow used instead 
 of a cheval-de-frise. 2. The same as Hearse. See 
 Hearse. 
 Her-«ielf', jrron. 1. An emphasized form of the third 
 person feminine pronoun she. 2. In her ordinary, true, 
 or real character ; hence, in her right mind ; sane. 
 By herself , aXone; apart; unaccompanied. 
 Hgg'i-tan-^y , n. 1. The act of hesitating or doubting ; 
 doubt. 3. Action or manner of one who hesitates; in- 
 decision. 
 H6§'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p.p. hesitated ; p. pr. & 
 tb. n. HESITATING.] [Lat. hsesitare, hxsitatum, intens. 
 form of hrerere., to hang or hold fast.] 1. To stop or 
 pause respecting decision or action ; to be in suspense or 
 uncertainty, ti. To stop in speaking. 
 
 Syn. — To doubt; waver; Bcniple; deliberate; demur; fal- 
 ter; Btammcr. 
 HCg'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of hesitating ; doubt; Tacil- 
 
 iation. 2. A stopping in speech : stammering. 
 H6s'per, n. The evening star ; Hesperus. 
 Hes-pe'ri-an, a. [Lat. hesperius, from hesperus, the 
 evening star, Gr. eoTrepos, Lat. vesper, evening, ecTTrepos 
 a«mjp, the evening star.] Western ; occidental. 
 H^H'pn-riis, n. [Lat.] The evening star, especially Ve- 
 nus : Uesper. 
 fles'sian Fly, n. (Entom.) A small, two-winged fly, or 
 midge, nearly black, very destructive to young wheat ; — 
 so called from the opinion that it was brought into Amer- 
 ica by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution. 
 'i6ht, n. [A.-S. has, :^om hatan, to call, bid.] Com- 
 mand : precept ; injunction : order. 
 Hfitch'el, V. t. Same as Hatchel, q. v. 
 H6t'fr-o-<;lite, n. [See infra.] 1. (Gram.) A word 
 which !."< irr^ular or anomalous ; especially, a noun 
 which is irregular in declen.«ion. 2. Any thing or per- 
 son deviating from common forms. 
 Hfit'er-o-elite, J a. [Gr. erepoKXircx;, otherwise (i. 
 
 HSi er-o-elit'i«, | e., irregularly) declined, from 
 H6t'er-«>-eIit'l«-aI, ) erepoi, other, and kAito?, inflect- 
 ing, from KXCveiu, to lean, incline, inflect.] Deviating 
 from ordinary forms or rules ; irregular ; anomalous ; 
 abnormal. 
 
 Hfit'er-o-dftx, a. [Gr. rrepofio^o;, from erepot, other, 
 and 66^a, opinion.] 1. Contrary to some acknowledged 
 standard, as tlfe Bible, the creed of a church, and the 
 like ; not orthodox. 2. Holding opinions or doctrines 
 contrary to some acknowledged standard. 
 Het'er-o-d6x'y, n. Heresy ; an opinion or doctrine 
 contrary to some estabUshed standard of faith, as the 
 Scriptures, &c. 
 H6t'er-o-^e'ne-al, ) a. [Gr. erepo-yeiojs, from crepos, 
 H6t'er-o-ge'ne-ou.s, 3 other, and yeVo?, race, kind, 
 from yeVeiv, to beget.] Dififering in kind ; having unUke 
 quahties ; dissimilar. 
 H6t'er-o-ffe-ne'i-ty, )n. State of being hetero- 
 
 Het'er-o-ge'ne-ous-ness, ) geneous; dissimilarity. 
 Het'maii, n.; pi. het'maks. [Pol. hetman, Ruas. 
 ataman, from Ger. hanptmann, head man, chieftain.] A 
 Cossack commander-in-chief. 
 Hew (hu), V. t. [imp. hewed : p. p. hewed, or hewn; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. HEWING.] [A.-S. heawan, 0. H. Ger. 
 houwun, Icel. hbggva.] 1. To cut with an ax. 2. To 
 form or shape with a sharp instrument. 3. To chop; 
 He^v'er, n. One who hews wood or stone. [to hack. 
 
 Hex'a-cliSrd, n. [Gr. cfaxopSos, from ef, in compos, 
 e'^a, six, and xop5^> string, chord.] (Mus.) A series of 
 notes, consisting of four tones and one semiton*. 
 
 Hex'a-gon, n. [Gr. e^^a-yajvo?, six-cor- y — v 
 
 nered, for ef, six, and ymvio., angle.] / \ 
 
 (Geom.) A plane figure of six sides and / \ 
 
 six angles. / > 
 
 Hex-ag'o-nal, a. Having six sides and Ny^^ / 
 
 six angles. \ / 
 
 Hex'a-lie'dral, o. Of the figure of a >y / 
 
 hexahedron; having six equal sides or Hexagon, 
 faces : cubic. ^^ 
 
 Hex'a-lie'dron, 71. [Gr. e^, six. and eSpa, seat, base, 
 from e^ecrdai, to sit.] A regular solid body of six equal 
 sides or faces ; a cube. 
 Hex-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. e^a/ieTpo?, of six meters, from 
 ef, six, and fxerpov, measure; Lat. hexameter.] (Gr. & 
 Lat. Pros.) A verse of six feet, either dactyls or 
 spondees. [dactyls and spondees. 
 
 Hex-am'e-ter, a. Having six metrical feet, especially 
 Hex'a-met'ri-e, ) Consisting of six metrical feet. 
 Hex'a-met'rie-al, J * 
 
 Hex-aii'gu-lar, a. [Gr. If, six, and Lat. angxtlans, 
 
 angular.] Having six angles or corners. 
 Mex'a-i>ld. n. [Gr. e^airki, from efairAoo?, contracted 
 efttTrAovs, six fold.] A collection of the Holy Scriptures 
 in six languages. 
 Hex'a-plar, a. Sextuple ; containing six columns. 
 Hey (ha), i7Uerj. An exclamation expressive of joy or 
 
 mutual exhortation. 
 Hey'day (ha'da), interj. [Ger. heida, or hei da.] An 
 expression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of 
 wonder. 
 Hi-a'tus, n. ; Lat. pi. id. ; Eng. pi. HI-A/TUS-E§. [Lat., 
 fix)m hiare, to gape.] 1. An opening ; a gap ; a 
 chasm. 2. A chasm in a manuscript, where some part 
 is lost or effaced. 3. (Gram.) Concurrence of two 
 vowels in two successive syllables or words. 
 Hi-ber'nal, a. [Lat. hibernus, from hiems, winter.] 
 
 Belonging or relating to winter : Avintry ; winterish. 
 Hinber-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. hibernated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. HIBERNATING.] To winter; to pass the win- 
 ter in seclusion, as birds or beasts. 
 Hi1>er-na'tion, n. The act of hibernating. 
 Hi-ber'ni-an, a. (Geog.) Pertaining to Hibemia, now 
 Ireland: Milesian. [a Milesian. 
 
 Hi-toer'ni-an, n . A native or an inhabitant of Ireland ; 
 Hi-ber'ni-aii-igm. ) «■ An idiom or mode of speech 
 Hi-ber'iii-?T§m, ) peculiar to the Irish. 
 IIl-hls'^us,n. [Lat.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some 
 species of which have large, showy flowers ; rose-mallow 
 Hi-e'cough (hTk'kup), n. [0. Eng. hicket, L. Ger. htck, 
 hickup, W. ig, igiad, Fr. hoquet.] A spasmodic inspi- 
 ration, accompanied with a closure of the glottis, produc- 
 ing a sudden sound ; also, the sound itself. 
 Hic'cougli (-kup). V. i. [imp. & p.p. HICCOUGHED-. 
 p.pr. & vb. n. HICCOUGHING.] To have a convulsive 
 catch of some of the respiratory muscles, causing a sud- 
 den and pecuUar sound. 
 Hick'o-ry, n. (Bot. ) An American tree of several epeciea. 
 Hick'up, 71. & v. i. See HICCOUGH. 
 Hid. [p. p. of hide. 1. Concealed. 2. p. a. Sc- 
 
 Hid'den, 3 cret ; not seen or known ; mysterious. 
 
 Svn. — Secret; covert. — Hidden may denote either " known 
 to no one." nati hidden disease, or "intentionally concealed, 
 as a hidden purpose of revengre. A secret mnat be known to 
 
 %,e,kc.,long; a,6,&c.,4Aort; c&re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veU.tSrm; pique, firm; sdn,dr,d<j, W9U, 
 
HIDAGE 
 
 347 
 
 HIGHWROUGHT 
 
 «ome one, but only to the party or parties concerned; as, a 
 .secret conspiracy. Covert (coveted) means not open or avowed; 
 as, a covert plan; the word, liowcver, is often applied to what 
 we mean to be understood without openly expressing it; as, a 
 covert allusion. Secret is opposed to known, and hidden to 
 concealed. 
 
 Hid'age, n. A tax formerly paid to the kings of Eng- 
 land for every hide of land. 
 
 Ht-ddl'f/o, 11. [Sp., contr. from hijo de algo, i. e.,son of 
 something ; hijo, Sp.Jigo, from La.t.Jilius.] A noble- 
 man of the lowest class. [Spain.] 
 
 Hide, V. t. [imp. hid ; p. p. hid, hidden ; p. pr. & rb. 
 n. HIDING.] [A.-S. hydan; Icel. kyda^ to spread skins 
 over.] 1, To withhold, or withdraw from sight, tj. To 
 conceal from knowledge ; to keep secret. \i. To protect 
 from danger ; to defend. 
 
 Syn.— To conceal; disguise; dissemble; cover; screen; shel- 
 ter; protect; secrete. 
 
 Hide, V. i. To lie concealed or secreted ; to keep one's 
 self out of view. 
 
 Jlkle-mid-seek, a play of children, in which some hide them- 
 selves, and another seeks them. 
 
 Hide, n. [A.-S. hyd. Cf. Icel. haudhr, uncultivated 
 laud.] (O. Eiig. Law.) (a.) A house or dwelling. (6.) 
 A certain portiou of land, differently estimated at 60, 80, 
 or 100 acres. 
 
 Hide, 71. [A.-S. hyd, hUd, Icel. hydi, 0. H. Ger. hiit, 
 allied to Lat. cutis.l 1. The skin of a beast, either raw 
 or dressed. 3. The human, skin; — so called in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Hide'-bound, a. 1. Having the skin stuck so closely 
 to the ribs aiad hack, as not to be easily loosened or raised. 
 ii. Having the bark so close or firm that it impedes the 
 growth. 
 
 Hid'e-oiis (77), a. [0. Fr. hidous, hidus, hideu.i, N. Fr. 
 hideux, from 0. Fr. Iiide, hisde, fright, from Armor, hefiz, 
 etiz, horror, terror, Ir. uadh, uath, dread, fear.] 1. 
 Frightful or shocking to the eye. 2. Distressing to the 
 ear. 3. Detestable; hateful. 
 
 Syn. —Frightful; ghastly; grim; grisly; horrid; dreadful; 
 terrible. 
 
 Hid'e-oiis-ly, adv. In a hideous manner ; dreadfully. 
 
 Hid'e-oiis-iiess, n. The state of being hideous. 
 
 Hid'er, n. One who hides or conceals. 
 
 Hie, V. i. [imp. & y. p. HIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HYIN&.] 
 [0. Eng. highe, hieghe, A.-S. higan, hiegian, to strive, 
 make haste, hige, hyge, mind, thought, study, Goth. 
 hugjan, to think, hugs, mind, thought.] To hasten. 
 [Rare, except in poetry.] 
 
 Hi'e-rarcli, n. [Gr. tepapx^js, from lepos, sacred, and 
 dpxos, leader, ruler.] One who rules or has authority in 
 sacred things. 
 
 Hi'e-rareli'al, a. Pertaining to a hierarch. 
 
 Hi'e-rar«li'i«-al, a. Pertaining to a hierarchy. 
 
 Hi'e-i'ar<5li'y, n. 1. Dominion or authority in sacred 
 things. H, The body of persons having ecclesiastical au- 
 thority. 3. A form of government administered solely 
 by the priesthood. 
 
 Hi'e-rS-t'ie , a. [Gr. tepariKo?, lepareveiv, to be a priest; 
 tepos, sjicred; Lat. hieraticus.] Consecrated to sacred 
 uses ; sacerdotal ; pertaining to priests ; — applied to a 
 mode of ancient Egyptian writing, being the sacerdotal 
 character. 
 
 Hi'e-ro-glyph, ) n. [See infra.] 
 
 Hi'e-ro-glyi>li'i€, I 1. A sacred 
 character; — speciJicaUy, the picture- | « 
 writing of the ancient Egyptian 
 priests. 2. Any character or figure 
 having a mysterious significance. 
 
 Hi'e-ro-gljTJli'i-e, ) a. [Gr. lepo- 
 
 Hi'e-ro-gl'ypli'ie-al, ) y\v(^i(c6s, hi- j'^TT 
 eroglyphic, iepoy\v(l)iK6u, (sc.ypa|u.joia), Lp/ 
 an hieroglyphic character ; iepos, sa- ^ — 
 cred. and y\v(f>eLv, to hollow out, Hieroglyphics, 
 carve.] 1. Emblematic ; expressive of some meaning by 
 pictures, or figures. 3. Obscure; enig- 
 
 
 characters, 
 matical. 
 
 [ner. 
 
 HFe-ro-glyph'i^-al-ly , adv. In an hieroglyphic man- 
 Hi'e-ro-gram, n. [Gr. tepo?, sacred, and ypa/ajuia, letter, 
 
 writing.] A species of sacred writing. 
 Hi'e-ro-grapli'ie, ) a. [Gr. Jepoypa<^tK6s,from tep6?, 
 Hi'e-ro-grapli'i€-al, ) sacred, and ypatjieLv , to write.] 
 
 Pertaining to sacred writing. 
 Hi'e-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. lepoXoyia, from lepoi;, sacred, 
 and A.6yo5, discourse.] A discourse on sacred things ; 
 espec-ially, the science which treats of the ancient writ- 
 ings and inscriptions of the Egyptians. 
 Hi'e-ro-man'^y, n. [Gr. lepofiavria., from lepos, sacred, 
 
 and (lavreia, divination.] Divination by observing the 
 various things offered in sacrifice. 
 
 Hi-6r'o-pliant, or Hi'e-ro-piia,nt, n. [Gr. iepo(f>dvTr)^, 
 frou) iepos, sacred, and </)aiV6t.i', to show, make known.] 
 A priest ; one who teaches the mysteries of religion. 
 
 Hig'gle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. HIGGLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HIGGLING.] [See Haggle and Hawk, to sell by out- 
 cry.] 1. To carry provisions about for sale, '.i. To 
 chaffer. [t'urvy. [CoUoq.] 
 
 Hig/gle-dy-pig'gle-dy, adv. Tn confusion ; topsy- 
 
 Hig'gler, n. 1. One who carries about provisions for 
 sale. a. One who is tedious and nice in bargaining. 
 
 Higli (hi), a. [coinpar. HIGHER; superl. highest.] 
 [A.-S. hedh, hedg, hed, hSh, Goth, hauhs.] 1. Elevated; 
 lifted or raised up ; lofty ; sublime, ti. Regarded as 
 raised up or elevated ; distinguished ; remarkable ; some- 
 times equivalent to great, used indefinitely ; sometimes 
 used in figurative senses, which are understood from tha 
 connection. 3. Possessing some characteristic quahty 
 in a marked degree. 4. Prominent ; eminent ; — used 
 in various technical senses ; as, (a.) (Fine Arts.) Wrought 
 so as to be prominent from the surface ; also, in an ele- 
 vated style, (b.) (Law & Politics.) Relating to, or de- 
 rived from, the sovereignty of a state ; as, /ug-A- treason, 
 (c.) (Chron.) Remote in time or antiquity, (d.) (Coo/a- 
 ery.) Strong-scented, as tending toward putrefaction. («.) 
 ( Geog.) Remote from the equator, north or south. (/.) 
 (Mus.) Acute or sharp. 
 
 High day {Script.), a holy or festive day. — High Dutch, or 
 High German, the Gernian language, as spoken in the elevated 
 southern part of Germany ; the cultivated German, or lan- 
 guage spoken by the educated classes. — High life, life among 
 the aristocracy or the rich. —High living, a feeding upon rich and 
 costly food. — High mass {Rom. Cath. Church), that mass which 
 is performed by a choir in a specially formal and solemn manner. 
 — High noon, the time when the sun is in the meridian. — High 
 seas, the waters of the ocean without the boundary of any coun- 
 try. — High steam, steam having a high pressure, or a pressure 
 greater than about fifty pounds on the square inch. — High 
 tide, the greatest flow of the tide. — High time, quite time. — 
 High treason, treason against the state, being the highest civil 
 offense. — High water, the utmost flow or greatest elevation 
 of the tide; also, the time of such elevation. — /f/.^A wine, dis- 
 tilled wine; brandy; also, pure or undiluted alcohol. 
 
 Syn. — Tall; lofty; elevated; noble; exalted; supercilious; 
 proud; ostentatious; violent; tumultuous; full; dear. 
 
 High (hi), adv. In a high manner ; to a great altitude ; 
 eminently ; profoundly ; powerfully. 
 
 High (hi), n. An elevated place ; superior region. 
 
 High'-borii, a. Being of noble birth or extraction. 
 
 High'-hred, a. Bred in high life. 
 
 High'-chiirch, a. Inclined to magnify a particular 
 form of church government or ecclesiastical rites and cer- 
 emonies ; — more usually applied to such as attach the 
 highest importance to the episcopal ofi&ce and the apos- 
 tolic succession. [party. 
 
 High'-chiirch'igm, n. Principles of the high-church 
 
 High'-ch-urch/man, n. One who holds high-church 
 principles. [or manners. 
 
 High'-fli'er, n. One who is extravagant in pretensions 
 
 High'-flovra. (hi'flon), a. 1. Elevated ; swelled ; proud. 
 ii. Tui-gid; swelled; extravagant. [arbitrary. 
 
 High'-haiid'ed, a. Overhearing; oppressive; violent; 
 
 High'Iand, n. Elevated land; a mountainous region. 
 
 High'land-er, n. An inhabitant of highlands ; especial- 
 ly of the Highlands of Scotland. [degree. 
 
 High'ly (hFly), adv. In a high manner, or to a high 
 
 High'-miiid'ed, a. 1. Proud ; arrogant. 2. Of, or 
 pertaining to, elevated principles and feehngs ; magnani- 
 mous. 
 
 High'ness (hi^nes), n. 1. The state of being high, in 
 all its various senses. 2. A title of honor given to princes 
 or other men of rank. 
 
 High'-press'ure (hi'presh'ijr), a. (Steam-eng.) Ex- 
 ceeding about fifty pounds on the square inch. 
 
 High'-road, n. A highway ; a much frequented or 
 traveled road. [or other seasoning. 
 
 High'-sea'goiK'd (hi'se/zud), a. Enriched with spices 
 
 High'-sound/ing, a. Pompous; noisy; ostentatious. 
 
 High'-spir'it ed, a. 1. Full of spirit or natural fire; 
 easily irritated ; irascible. 2. Bold; daring. 
 
 Hight (hit), n. The same as Height. [elevated. 
 
 High'- toned, a. High in tone or sound; hence, nobly 
 
 High'way, n. A public road ; a way that is open to all 
 
 Syn. — Way; road; path; course. 
 High'way-man, n. ; pi. high/way-men. One who 
 
 robs on the pubUc road ; a highway robber. 
 Hi gh'- wrought (-rawt), a. 1. Wrought vrith exqni 
 
 site art or skill. 2. Inflamed to a high degree. 
 
 food, fo^t ; <irn, r^de, pull ; ^ell, (haise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, liult ; tihis. 
 
HILARIOUS 
 
 348 
 
 HISTOLOGY 
 
 Hl-la'ri-oiis, or Hl-la'rl-oils, a. [Lat. hilaris, hilarus, 
 lir. iAopos-.j Mirthful : inori;^ ; jovial ; jolly. 
 
 Hi-lftr'i-ty, or Hi-lftr'i-ty, 'i. A plensurable excite- 
 lueut of tUe auiiiial spirits. * 
 
 Syn. — Glee; ohecrlulncss: mirth; merriment; gayety;joy- 
 ouiuiebis; exhiUratiou; jovuUty; jollity. 
 
 Hni, n. [A.-S. hill, hyll, ht/l, aWiod to Lat. collis.] 1. An 
 eminence le^ss than" a mountain. '2. The earth raised 
 »lK>ut the root of a plant or cluster of plants. [Atner.] 
 3. A single cluster or group of plants growing close to- 
 gether, and having the earth heaped up about them. 
 
 Hill. r. t. [imp. & p. p. HILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HILL- 
 ING.) To surround with earth. 
 
 Hill'i-ness, ». The state of being hilly. 
 
 Hill'ock, n. A small hill. 
 
 Hni'v, a. Abounding ^vith hills. 
 
 Hnt,'" • [A.-S. Iiilt, hiltf, helt, hielt, Icel. hialt, hilt, hialti, 
 8woril.] The handle of any thing, especially of a cutting 
 instrument. 
 
 Ht'luin. «. [Lat., a little thing, trifle.] {Bot.) The mark 
 or scar of the point of attachment of an ovule or seed 
 to its base. 
 
 'Him, proti. [A.-S.] The objective case of Af. See He. 
 
 Him-sfilf, pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third 
 person masculine pronoun Af. *2. Having the command 
 of himself; in his true character. 
 Bi/ himself, alone; unaccompanied; sequestered. 
 
 Hiiid, n. [A.-S. hind, hinde, Icel. hind, 0. H. Ger. hinda, 
 hintd.] The female of the red deer or stag. 
 
 Hind, n. [0. Eng. hyne, hine, A.-S. hine, hina, with d 
 suffixed.] A peasant : a rustic ; a countryman ; a swain : 
 a boor ; or a husbandman's servant. 
 
 Hiiid, a. [compar. HINDER; super!. HINDMOST, or 
 HINDERMOST.] [A.-S. hind, hindan, after, back, from 
 hina, hi'ona, hin, thither, hence.] Placed in the rear, 
 and not in fi^nt. 
 
 Hind'er, a. [co>?7/?rtr. of hind. See HiND.] Of, or be- 
 longing to, that part which is in the rear, or which fol- 
 lows. 
 
 Hin'der, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. hindered; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. HINDERING.] [A.-S. hindrian, from hinder, back, 
 after, Goth, hin/lar.] 1. To prevent from moving for- 
 ward. ^. To check or retard in progress or motion. 3. 
 To embarrass ; to shut out. 
 
 Syn.— To stop ; interrupt ; counteract ; thwart; oppose; 
 obstruct ; debar ; arrest ; impede ; delay. 
 
 Hin'der, r. i- To interpose or cause obstacles or im- 
 pediments. 
 
 Hin'der-anpe, n. [Written also hindrance.] 1. Act 
 of impeding or restraining motion. 2. That which stops 
 progression or advance ; obstruction. 
 
 Syn. — Impediment ; obstacle ; difficulty ; restraint. 
 
 Hin'der-er, n. One who, or that which, hinders. 
 
 Htod'mS™****' } "• '^^^ superlative of hind. See HiND. 
 
 Hin'dob, I n. ; pi. HtN'Dobg orHtN'Dyg. [BQnd. Hin- 
 
 Hin'd^, i di, Hinduwi, Hind^stani','z.nln6i&Ta^, from. 
 Hind, Hindustan, India.] A native inhabitant of Hin- 
 dostan. 
 
 Hin'dob-i§m, 1 n. The doctrines, rites, or religious 
 
 Hin'du-i§m, ) principles of the Hindoos. 
 
 Hin'dob-stan'ee i (112), a. Of, or pertaining to, the 
 
 Hin'dif-.stan'i j Hindoos or their language. 
 
 Hin'doo-stJin'ee, 1 n^^. ^ ^i, -.-r- , 
 
 Hin'du-stan'i, ) "• ^^® language of the Hmdoos. 
 
 Hin'dfan^e, n. See Hinderance. 
 
 Hinge, n. [0. H. Ger. ango, connected with han^, v., 
 because the door hangs upon it.] 1. The hook or joint 
 on which a door, gate, or lid, &c., turns. 2. That on 
 which any thing depends or turns ; a governing princi- 
 ple, rule, or point. 
 
 Hin^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hinged ; p. pr. k. vb. n. 
 HINGING.] To fumi.sh with hinge.?. 
 
 Hinge, v. i. To stand, depend, or turn, as on a hinge. 
 
 Hin'ny, n. [Lat. hinrius, Gr. iVvo?, lwo<;, vwo^, yivvo^, 
 mule.] The produce of » stallion and a she-ass ; a mule. 
 
 Hint, f. t. [imp. & p. p. HINTED; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 HINTING.] [A.-S. hentan, to pursue, seize.] To bring 
 to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion ; to al- 
 lude to. 
 Syn. — To tmggett ; intimate ; insinuate ; imply. 
 
 Hint. f. i. To make an indirect reference, suggestion, or 
 allu.sion. 
 
 To hint at, to allude to. 
 
 Hint, n. A distant allusion ; slight meotion ; intimation ; 
 insinuation : a suggefltion. 
 
 Hip, n. [A.-S. hype, hipe, Goth, hups.] 1. The latenO 
 pjirts of the pelvis and the hip-joint, with the flesh cov- 
 ering them ; the haunch. H, (Arch.) The external angle 
 formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of a roof. 
 
 To have on the hip, to have the advantage of. [CoUoq. and 
 obs.]— To smite hip and thigh, to defeat utterly. 
 
 Hip, n. [A.-S. heap, hiop.] The fruit of the dog-rose. 
 
 Hip'po-eSnip, n. [Lat. hippocampus, Gr. lirwo/ca^TTO!, 
 iTTTTOffa/uiTnj, from iTTiro?, horse, and Kdix.-in4iv, to bend.] 
 The sea-horse. 
 
 Hip'po-^Sn'taur, n. [Lat. hipporentaurus, Gr. tjrTro- 
 KeVravpos, froui iTTTros, horse, and JceVravpo?, centaur, q. v.] 
 (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half man and half horse. 
 
 Hip'po-erS,s, n. [i. e., wine of Hippocrates ; — .so called 
 by the apothecaries because it is supposed to be made 
 according to the prescription of Hippocrates.] (Med.) 
 Wine with an infusion of spices and other ingredients, 
 used as a cordial. 
 
 Hip'po-drome, n. [Gr. i7r7roSp6/u.o?, from itttto?, horse, 
 and Spo/aos, course.] A circus, or place in which horse- 
 races and chariot-races are performed. 
 
 Hip'po-griff , n. [From Gr. 'iinro<;, horse, and ypv^, 
 griffin.] (Myth.) A fabulous animal or monster, half 
 horse and half griffin ; a winged horse. 
 
 Hip-popli'a-goils, «• [Gr. ittttos, horse, and <i>ayelv, 
 to eat.] Feeding on horses. [horses. 
 
 Hip-p6pli'a-gy, n. The act or practice ofjeedingon 
 
 Hip'po-pot'a-mus, n. ; 
 Eng. pi. HIP'PO-POT'A- 
 
 •ML'S-E2 : Lat. pi. HiP'PO- 
 PbT'A-Ml. [Lat. hippo- 
 potamus, Gr. tTrTroTTorafiOS, 
 from tTTTTos, horse, and tto- 
 Toftds, river.] (Zool.) A 
 pachydermatous mammal of Hippopotamus. 
 
 Africa, allied to the hog, having a very large muzzle, 
 small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, short legs, 
 a short tail, and skin without hair, except at the ex- 
 tremity of the tail. [sides. 
 
 Hip'-rdbf , n. A roof having sloping ends and sloping 
 
 Hip'sliot, a. Having one hip lower than the other. 
 
 Hire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hired : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HIRING.] [A.-S. hyrian, hyr, hire, wage.] 1. To pro- 
 cure from another person, and for temporary use, for a 
 compensation. 3. To contract with for wages. 3. To 
 bribe. 4. To grant the temporary use of, for compen- 
 .sation ; to let : to lease ; — usually with out. 
 
 Hire, n. 1. Price, reward, or compensation for the tem- 
 porary use of any thing. 2. Recompense for personal 
 service. 3. A bribe. 
 
 Syn. — Wages ; salary ; stipend ; allowance ; pay. 
 
 Hire'ling, n. One who is hired ; a mercenary : a prosti- 
 tute. 
 
 Hire'Iing, a. Serving for wages ; venal ; mercenary. 
 
 Hir'er, n. One who hires. 
 
 Hir-sute', a. [Lat. hirsutus, from hirsus, a variation of 
 hirtus, hairy, shaggy.] Rough with hair ; set with 
 bristles ; hairy ; shaggy. 
 
 Hir-sute 'ne ss , n . Hairiness . 
 
 Hi§, pro7i. [A.-^. his, or hys.] 1. Of him: the possessife 
 of he ; — formerly used as the possessive of it , for its. ti. 
 Belonging or pertaining to a male person. 
 Of his, still used as an equivalent for of him. 
 
 His-pan'i-^ism, n. A Spanish phrase or idiom. 
 
 His'pid, a. *[Lat. hispidus.] Rough with bristles or 
 minute spines ; bristly. 
 
 Hiss, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HISSED (hist) : p.pr. 8c vb. n. 
 HISSING.] [A.-S. hysian.] 1. To make a sound like 
 that of the letter s, especially in contempt or disapproba- 
 tion, ti. To make a like sound, as a goose or serpent 
 does, or as water thrown on hot metal, or steam escaping 
 through a narrow orifice. 3. To glide with a whizzing 
 noi.se. 
 
 Hiss, v. t. 1, To condemn by hissing. 2. To procure 
 hisses or disgrace for. 
 
 Hiss, «. 1. The sound made in pronouncing the letter 
 5, especially as a mark of disapprobation or contempt. 
 2. Any sound resembling this ; as, (a.) The noise made 
 by a serpent, (b.) The note of a goose when irritated, 
 (c.) The noise made by escaping steam, by water falling 
 on hot metal, &c. 
 
 Hiss'ing, n. 1. A hiss. 2. Occasion of contempt : ob- 
 ject of scorn and derision. [commanding silence. 
 
 Hist, interj. [Cf. WHIST.] Hush : be silent : — a word 
 
 His-tol'o-gy , n . [Gr. Jotos, tissue , and Aoyo?, discourse. ) 
 The science which treats of the minute structure of the 
 tissues of plants, animals, &c. 
 
 wLe,kc.,long; &,6,kc., short; e4re, far, a«k, all, -what; dre,veil,tSrm; pique, firm; sdn,dr, do,-vr9lf, 
 
HISTORIAN 
 
 349 
 
 HODIERNAL 
 
 Hls-to'ri-an, n. A writer or compiler of history ; a 
 chronicler ; an annalist. 
 
 His-t6r'i€, \a. 1. Containing history. 2. Pertain- 
 
 Hij»-t6r'i«-al, j ing to history. 3. Contained or ex- 
 hibited iu history. 4r. Deduced from history. 5. Kepre- 
 sentiug history. 
 
 Historical painting, that branch of painting wliich represents 
 the events of history with a scrupulous regard to time, place, i 
 and accessories, ana at the same time witli u proper exercise ot 
 imaginative art. — The historic sense, the capacity vividly to 
 conceive and represent the unity of a past era or age. | 
 
 His-t6r'i«-al-ly, adv. In the manner of history j ac- 
 cording to history ; by way of narration. 
 
 His-to'ri-6g'ra-plier, n. [Lat. historiographus, Gr. 
 ioTopto-ypdc^os, from la-ropia, history, and ■^p6.<^et.v, to 
 write.] An historian ; a writer of history ; especially, an 
 ofiBcer employed to write the history of a prince or state. 
 
 His-to'ri-6g'ra-pliy, n. The art or employment of an 
 historian or historiographer. 
 
 His'to-ry, n. [Lat /listeria, Gr. la-TopCa, from lOTopeii/, 
 to learn or know by inquiry, from etSeVat, to know.] 1. 
 A written statement of what is known ; a record ; a 
 description, 'i, A narrative of events ; a true story ; a 
 statement of the progress of a nation or an institution, 
 with philosophical inquiries respecting effects and causes. 
 Natural histori/, a description and classification of objects in 
 nature, as minerals, plants, animals, &c., and the phenomena 
 which they exhibit to the senses. 
 
 Syn. — Chronicle ; annals ; relation ; narration. — History ', 
 is a methodical record of the important events wliich concern | 
 a community of men, usually so arranged as to show the con- < 
 nection of causes and eflFects. A chronicle is a record of such I 
 events, when it conforms to the order of time as its distinctive ] 
 feature. Annals are a chronicle divided out into distinct years. ' 
 
 His'tri-6n'i-e. )a. [L&t. histrionicus, from, histrio, -a', 
 
 His'tri-6n'i€-al, ) player.] Pertaining to a stage- I 
 player, or to stage-playing ; theatrical ; pantomimic. I 
 
 His'tri-on'ic-al-ly, adv. Theatrically. i 
 
 Hit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HIT ; p. pr. & vb. n. HITTING.] 
 [Icel. hitta, to hit, find; A.-S. hettan, hetian, to pursue, i 
 drive, 0. H. Gev. hezan, orig. to make to hate, frova.hazen, i 
 Goth, hatan, A.-S. hatian.] 1. To reach with a stroke | 
 or blow ; especially, to reach or touch an object aimed at, 
 as a mark, usually with force. 2. To reach or attain 
 exactly ; to accord Avith : to suit. 
 
 To hit off, to describe with hits or characteristic strokes. 
 
 Hit, v.i. 1. To meet or come in contact ; to strike. 3. 
 To succeed in an attempt. 
 
 To hit on, or upon, to light upon ; to come to by chance. 
 
 Hit, n. 1. A collision ; the stroke or blow that touches 
 any thing ; — often with implied luck or chance. 2. A 
 pecuUarly apt expression or turn of thought. 
 
 Hitcli, v. i. [Cf. Scot, hitch, a motion by a jerk, and 
 Prov. Ger. hiksen, for hinken, to hmp, hobble, H. Ger. 
 haken, hook.] 1. To become entangled or caught by a 
 hook, or as by a hook, "i. To move spasmodically or by 
 jerks, as if caught on a hook. 3. To fidget ; to move. 
 
 Hitcli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HITCHED (hitcht) : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. HITCHING.] To hook ; to catch or fasten as by a 
 hook. 
 
 Hitcli, n. 1. A catch ; any thing that holds, as a hook. 
 2. Act of catching, as on a hook, &c. 3. A sudden 
 halt in walking or moving. 4. (Naut.) A knot or noose 
 in a rope for fastening it to a ring or other object. 
 
 Hitii'er, adv. [A.-S. hidher, Goth, hidre, Icel. hedhar, 
 hedhra.] To this place. 
 
 Hitii'er, a. Being on the side or direction toward the 
 person speaking ; nearer. 
 
 Hitii'er-to', a/Iv. 1. To this place, ti. Up to this time ; 
 as yet ; until now. [hither^ 
 
 Hitli'er->vard, adv. This way ; toward this place ; 
 
 Hive, n. [A.-S. hyfe, hive, htw, family, Goth, heiva, 
 family, house, 0. H. Ger. hiwa, family,' marriage.] 1. 
 A box or chest, for the reception of a swarm of honey- 
 bees, 'i. A swarm of bees. 3. A company ; a crowd. 
 
 Hive, V. t. [imp. & p. p. hived ; p. pr. & vb. n. HIV- 
 ING.] 1. To collect into a hive ; to cause to enter a 
 hive. 3. To collect and lay up in store. 
 
 Hive, V. i. To take shelter or lodgings together. 
 
 Hiv'er, n. One who collects bees into a hive. 
 
 Hiveg, n. [Scot., allied to heave, q. v.] {Med.) (a.) A 
 disease ; the croup. (6. ) An eruptive disease, allied to the 
 chicken-pox. I 
 
 Ho, ) interj. [Ger. & Fr. ho. Cf. Lat. eho, ohe, oho.l j 
 
 Hoa, j 1. Halloo! oho I oh! attend! — a call to excite 
 attention, or to give notice of approach. 3. [Perhaps 
 corrupted from hold. Cf , however, Fr. hau, houoi, stop I] 
 Stop ! stand stUl ! hold I — a word used by teamsters in 
 stopping their teams. 
 
 Hoar, a. [A.-S. liar, hoar, hoary, gray.] 1. WMte, or 
 grayish-white. 3. Gray or white with age ; hoary. 
 
 Hoard, «. [A.-S. hord, h'.ord, Icel. hodd, hbdd, Goth. 
 huzd.\ A store, or large quantity of any thing laid up; 
 a hidden stock ; a treasure. 
 
 Hoard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hoarded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HOARDING.] To collect and lay up ; to store secretly. 
 
 H5ard, v. i. To collect and form a hoard ; to lay up a 
 store. 
 
 Hoard'er, n. One who hoards. [gelation of dew. 
 
 Hoar'-frost, n. The white particles formed by the con- 
 
 Hoar'houiid, n. [Also written iwrehound; A.-S. hune, 
 hdraJiune, from /lar, hoar, gray.] A plant which hw s. 
 bitter taste, and is a weak tonic. 
 
 Hoar'i-ness, n. State of being hoary, whitish, or grmy. 
 
 Hoarse, a. [rompar. no arsbr, superl. hoarsi^st.] [0. 
 H. haersch, N. D. heesch.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, 
 grating voice, as when affected with a cold. 3. Eough; 
 discordant. 
 
 Hoarse'ly, adv. With a rough, harsh sound. 
 
 Hoarse'ness, n. Harshness or roughness of y(^oo or 
 sound ; unnatural asperity of voice ; raucity. 
 
 Hoar'y, a. [See Hoar.] 1. \Vhite or whitish. 3. 
 White or gray with age ; hoar. 3. (Bat.) Covered with 
 short, dense, grayish-white hairs. 
 
 Hoax, n. [A.-S. hues, hux, husc, hdh, hdc, mockery, con- 
 tempt, or contr. from hocus, in hocus-pocus.] A trick 
 played off in sport ; a practical joke. 
 
 Hoa"x, V. t. [imp. & p. p. hoaxed (hokst) ; p.pr. k, vb- 
 n. HOAXING.] To play a trick upon for sport, or with- 
 out malice. 
 
 Hob, n. [Cf. Ger. hub, a heaving, Ufting, W. hob, any 
 thing which can rise or swell out.] 1. The nave of a 
 wheel. [See Hub.] 3. The flat part of a grate at the 
 side, where things are placed to be kept warm. 
 
 Hob'ble (hob/bl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. hobbled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. HOBBLING,] [Dim. of hop, q. v.] 1. To walk 
 lamely, bearing chiefly on one leg ; to limp. 3. To move 
 roughly or irregularly. 
 
 Hob'ble, r. ^. To hopple ; to clog. [perplexity. 
 
 Hob'ble, n. 1. An unequal, halting gait. 3. Difficulty; 
 
 Hob'ble-de-lioy', ) n. [See Hobble.] A stripling. 
 
 Hob'ble-te-hoy', ) (Colloq.) 
 
 HSb'bler, n. One who hobbles. 
 
 HobHbly , a. Full of holes ; rough ; uneven ; hubby ; — 
 said of a road. 
 
 H6b'by, ) n. [Dan. hoppe, a mare, perhaps al- 
 
 Hob'by-liorse, j lied to Gr. iTTTros.] 1. A strong, ac- 
 tive horse, of a middle size ; a nag. 3. A stick on which 
 boys ride. 3. A subject or plan upon which one is con- 
 stantly setting off; a favorite theme of discourse, thought, 
 or effort. 
 
 HSb'gob-lin, n. [See Hob and Goblin.] A fairy ; a 
 frightful apparition ; an imp. 
 
 Hob'nail, n. [Ger. hufnagel, hoof-nail.] 1. A thick- 
 headed nail for shoes. 3. A clownish person. 
 
 Hdb'uob, adv. [A.-S. habban, to have, and nabban, to 
 have not, from ne,not, and habban, to have.] Take or 
 not take ; — a familiar invitation to reciprocal drinking. 
 
 Hob'nob, v. i. To drink familiarly. 
 
 Hob'son'g Choice. A choice without an alternative ; 
 the thing offered or nothing. 
 
 G@~ This expression is said to have had its origin in the name 
 of one Hoh.''on, at Cambridge, England, who let horses, and 
 obliged every customer to take in his turn the horse whick 
 stood next the stable-door. 
 
 Hock, n. See Hough. 
 
 Ho-elt, V. t. To hamstring ; to hough. 
 
 Hock, «. [From i/of/i/ie/w, in Germany.] Alight-yellow- 
 ish Rhenish wine, which is either sparkling or still. 
 
 Hock'ey, n. A game at ball played with a club curved 
 at the bottom. 
 
 Ho'«us, V. t. To deceive or cheat ; to adulterate. 
 
 Ho'-eus, n. One who cheats or deceives. 
 
 Ho'-eus-po'-eus, n. [D. hokus bokus, 0. Crer. okes botes, 
 ockes bockes. According to Turner, from Ochtis Bochus, 
 a magician and demon of the northern mythology ; ac- 
 cording to Tillotson, a corruption of hoc est corpus, ut- 
 tered by Romish priests on the elevation of the host.] A 
 juggler ; a juggler's trick. 
 
 Ho'-eus-po'-eus, i*. t. To cheat. 
 
 Hod, n. [Fr. hotte, a basket for the back, Prov. Ger. 
 hotte, hutte, id.] 1. A kind of tray for carrying mortar 
 and brick. 3. A coal-scuttle. 
 
 Hod^e'-podge, n. [Fr. hochepot, from hocher, to shake, 
 and. pot, pot.] A mixed mass ; a medley of ingredients. 
 [Colloq.] 
 
 Ho'di-er'nal, a. [Lat. hodiemus, from hodie, to-day, 
 
 |ood, f dbt ; ^rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, «all, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
HODMAN 
 
 ooO 
 
 HOLY 
 
 eontnetod from hoc Jit, on tbie day.] Of this day ; be- 
 loD^ugto the prei<eut day. [Rare.] 
 
 Hdd'mau, n. ; pi. H01HM.EN. A man who carries a 
 hod ; a mat>ou'8 teuder. 
 
 Hot* (ho), n. [0. Kr. five, 0. H. Ger. houwa, /lOwa.] An 
 iustruuieut lor cutting up weeds and loosening the earth. 
 
 lloe,v. /. [imp. & f>. p. HOEU; p. pr. & vO. n. HOE- 
 ING.] To cut, dig, scrape, or clean with a hoe ; also, to 
 clear from weeds, or to loosen the earth about, with a 
 
 Ho«f>, V. f . To use a hoe ; to labor with a hoe. [hoe. 
 
 Hoe'-calie, «. A coarse cuke, of ludiau meal, baked 
 before the fire, and sometimes on a hoe ; a johnny-cake. 
 
 H5s, n. [\y. huc/i, swine, sow.] 1. (ZoiiL) A well- 
 known domesticated auiuial, of gluttonous and filthy 
 babitii, kept for the lat and meat, called, respectively, 
 lard and pork, which it furnishes ; swine ; porker ; — 
 spraficaUy, a castrated boar. 'Z, A mean, filthy, or 
 pluttonous fellow. [Low.] 
 
 Hdg, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HOGGED ; p.pr. k vb. n. HOG- 
 GING.] To cut short the hair of. 
 
 Hdg. V. i. To become bent iipward in the middle. 
 
 HSg'gisli, a. Having the qualities of a hog; brutish; 
 gluttonous ; filthy : mean ; selfish ; swinish. 
 
 U5g'-lierd, n. A keeper of swine. 
 
 H6g'-p6n. n. A pen or sty for hogs. 
 
 Hdgg'h^ad. (hogz'hed), n. [Either so called fix)m its 
 form or make, or corrupted from D. okshoofd, Ger. ox- 
 Ao/t, ». f. ox-head.] 1. An English measure of capacity, 
 containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52^ imperial gallons. 
 i. A large cask, of indefinite contents. [Amer.] 
 
 Hog'sty, n. A pen or inclosure for hogs. 
 
 Hoi'dcn (hoi'dn), ?;. [0. Eng. , also hoydon, hoyd, aj)- 
 plied to youth of either sex ; also a leveret; W. hoedcn, 
 flirt, wanton.] A rude, bold girl : a romp. 
 
 Hoi'den (hoi'dn), rt. Rude; bold; inelegant; rustic. 
 
 Hoi'den-ish, a. Like, or appropriate to, a hoiden. 
 
 Hoist, f. t. [imp. & p. p. HOISTED ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
 HOISTING.] [0. Eng. hoise. D. hijzen., kijschen, Icel. 
 Aisa.] To raise; to lift; especially, to raise or lift up- 
 wards bj' means of iackle. ' 
 
 Hoist, n. 1. That by which any thing is hoisted. 3. 
 The act of hoifting. [Collvq.] 3. (Naut.) The perpen- j 
 dicular height of a flag or sail. 
 
 Hoi'ty-toi'ty, a. [From hoit {obs.), to caper.] Thought- I 
 less, giddy, flighty ; — used also as an exclamation, de- 
 noting surprise or disapprobation, with some d^ree of 
 contempt. 
 
 Hold (20), v. «. [imp. k.p.p.U'El.Ti-.p.pr. &i-6. ?i. HOLD- 
 ING. HOLDEN,/7. p., is used in legal language.] [A.-S. 
 healdan, Icel. halMa, 0. H. Ger. haltan, to hold, to keep.] ' 
 
 1. To sustain : to restrain ; to keep in the grasp : to re- | 
 tain. 2. To maintain possession of, or authority over ; j 
 to keep ; to defend. 3. To be in possession of ; to derive ' 
 title to. 4. To impose restraint upon. 5. To keep up 
 in being or action ; to carry on ; to continue. 6. To j 
 prosecute, have, take, or join in, as something which is j 
 the result of united action. 7. To contain, as a vessel, : 
 any thing put into it ; hence, to have capacity for. 8. 
 To accept, as an opinion ; to maintain. 9. To consider; 
 to r^ard ; to account. 
 
 To hold forth, to offer; to put forward.— To hold in, to re- 
 etrain ; to curb. — To hohl off, to keep at a distance. — To hold I 
 oru's oxen, (a.) To keep good one's present condition, (b.) 
 0»'aut.) To keep up; not to be left behind.— To hold out, (a.) I 
 To extend; to Ftretch forth. (6.) To continue to suffer; to en- 
 dure. — 'To fiold up, to raise; to lift. 
 Hold, V. i. 1. To keep one's self in a given position or 
 condition ; to remain fixed : as, (a.) To halt : to stop ; — 
 mostly in the imperative. (6.) To remain unbroken or un- 
 eubdiied. (c. ) To last ; to endure. (-'/. ) To be valid ; to con- 
 tin«e on being tested, {e. ) To remain attached ; to cleave. 
 
 2. To derive right or title. 
 
 To hold forth, U> ppeak in public; to harangue. — To hold in, , 
 to rei-train one's self.— To hohl off. to keep at a distance.— To 1 
 hold on U) continue: to go on.— To hold out, to last, to en- I 
 dure— To hold over, to remain in office. possesFion,&c., bevond 
 the regular term. — 7o hold to, or with, to take pidcs w"ith a I 
 penson or an opinion. J^ To hold to'jfther. to remain in union. 
 To hold up, (a.) To 6ui*J0rt one's self. ({».) To cease raining. 
 (c.) To keep up; not to fall behind. 
 Hold, n. 1. Act of holding ; manner of holding, whether 
 firm or loope ; seizure ; grasp ; clasp : gripe. 3. Authority 
 or ground to take or keep ; claim. 3. Binding power and 
 influence. 4. Something which may be seizefl for sup- ' 
 port 5- A place of confinement : a prison ; confine- ! 
 ment : custody. 6. A fortified place : a fort : a castle, i 
 7. The interior cavity of a ves«el in which the cargo. &c., j 
 ie stowed. 8. (Mus.) A character fthuB, ^^] placed' 
 oTer or under a note or rest, and indicating that it is to j 
 be prolonged. ' 
 
 Hold'b&ck, n. 1. Check; hindrance; restraint. 2. 
 The iron or strap on the thill of a vehicle, to which a 
 part of the harness is attached, in order to hold back th« 
 carriage when going down hill, &c. 
 
 Hold'er, n. 1. One who holds, grasps, embraces con- 
 tines, restrains, believes, possesses, and the like. 2. 
 Something by whicli a thing is heid. 
 
 Hold'-la!!<t. n. iSomethiug used to secure and hold in 
 place something else, as a catch, a hook, &c. 
 
 Hold'iug, n. 1. A tenure ; any thing that is held. 2, 
 Hold ; iunuence ; power. 
 
 Hole, n. [A.-S. hoi, from helan, to conceal, allied to Gr. 
 KoiAos, hollow.] 1. A hollow place or cavity. 2. An 
 excavation in the ground, or a natural cavity inhabited 
 by au animal ; hence, a low, narrow, or dark lodging. 
 
 Syn. — Hollow : concavity ; aperture ; interstice ; perfora- 
 tion; excavation; pit; cave; 'den; cell. 
 
 Hol'i-day, n. [Ao/y and day.] 1. A consecrated day, 
 a religious aiuiiversary. 2. A day of exemption from 
 labor. 
 
 Hol'i-day, a. Pertaining to a festival; gay. [tity. 
 
 Ho'li-ly, adv. In a holy manner : XJiously ; with sanc- 
 
 Ho'li-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being holy ; free- 
 dom fi-om sin. 2. State of any thing consecrated to God. 
 Jiis Holiness, a title of the pope of Kome and also of Greek 
 bishops. 
 
 Syn. — Piety; devotion; godliness; religiousness; sanctity; 
 sacredness; righteousness. 
 
 Hol'la, interj. Hollo. See HOLL.O. 
 
 Hol'la, V. i. [imp. & p. p. hollaed \ p. pr. k rfc. n. 
 HOLLAING.] To hollo. See HoLLO. [land. 
 
 Hdl'land, n. A kind of linen first manufactured in Hol- 
 
 Hdl'landg, «. Gin made in Holland. 
 
 Hol'lo, I interj. & n. [Fr. hold, from ho and Id, there, 
 
 Hol'loa, } from Lat. iliac, that way, there.] Ho ; at- 
 tend ; here. [to halloo. 
 
 Hol'lo (hol'lo or hol-lo^), v. i. To call out or exclaim : 
 
 Hollo^v, a. [A.-S. hoi. See HOLE.] 1. Containing 
 an empty space, within a solid substance. 2. Rever- 
 berated from a cavity , or resembling such a reverberated 
 sound. 3. Not sincere or faithful. 
 
 Syn. — Concave; sunken; low; vacant; empty; void; falser 
 faithless; deceitful; hollow-hearted. 
 
 Hol'lovF, n. 1, A cavity, natural or artificial ; a hole ; 
 a cavern ; an excavation. 2. A low spot surrounded by 
 elevations ; a concavity. 
 
 Hol'low, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HOLLOWED ; p. pr. & i-b. 
 n. HOLLOWING.] To make hollow ; to excavate. 
 
 HSl'low, adv. So as to make hollow, or empty of re- 
 sources, strength, and the Uke ; completely. 
 
 HSl'low, i7iterj. Hollo. See HOLLO. 
 
 H61'lo-»v, V. i. To shout : to hollo. [sound and true. 
 
 H61'lo-*v-lieart'ed, a. Insincere ; deceitful ; felse ; not 
 
 Hol'low-ness, n. The state of being hollow; cavity ; 
 excavation. 2. Insincerity : deceitfulness. 
 
 Hol'ly, n. [A.-S. hoUn, holtgn, from W. celyn, celynen.] 
 
 1. (Bot.) An evergreen tree or shrub having glossy green 
 leaves, and bearing berries that turn red or yellow about 
 5Iichaelmas. 2. {Bot.) The holm oak, an evergreen oak. 
 
 Hol'ly-liock, n. [A.-S. holihdc: hoc, hook, hocledf, 
 mallows, hollyhock.] {Bot.) A plant bearing flowers of 
 various colors ; — called also rose-irudlow. 
 
 Holm (hom), n. [From A.-S. holen, holly, as the holly is 
 also called holm , and the leaves of one sort of the ever- 
 green oak is called holly-l&nyed. (Bot.) The evergreen 
 oak ; the ilex. 
 
 Holm (hom), n. [A.-S. hohn, Icel. hdlmi, allied to Russ. 
 chohn, Slav, chlom, chlum,h\\i.] 1. An Lslet. or river isle. 
 
 2. A low. flat tract of rich land on the banks of a river. 
 H61'o-<;au.st, n. [Lat. holocaustum , Gr. oX^oKavarov, 
 
 from 0X0?, whole, and Kavcrros, bimit. Koieiv, to bum.] 
 A burnt sacrifice or offering, the whole of which was 
 consumed by fire. 
 
 Hol'o-grapli, n. [Gr. oAoypou^os, whoUy written, fixtm 
 oAos, whole, and ypa<^eiv, to write.] Any writing, as a 
 letter, deed. wiU, &c., wholly in the handwriting of the 
 one from whom it proceeds. 
 
 H6ro-grapli'i«, «• Of the nature of a holograph; 
 pertaining to holographs. 
 
 Hol'ster (20), n. [From 0. H. Ger. kulst,hvl/t, covering, 
 saddle. Icel. hulstr, case, Goth, hvlistr, covering, veil.] A 
 leathern case for a pistol, carried by a horseman. 
 
 Holt, n. [A.-S. holt, grove, wood, allied to Gael. & Ir. 
 coil, cniUe, pi coillte, wood, W. eel, celt, shelter, co-TOrt.] 
 A wood, or piece of woodland ; especially, a woody hill- 
 [Obs., except in poetry.] 
 
 Holy, a. [compar. HOLTER ; superl. HOLIEST.] [A.-S. 
 
 a, e,&c../on^;&,£,&e.,sAort;c&re,far,ask,all,wliat; dre,vgil,tSrm: pique, firm; s6n,dr,dQ,W9lf, 
 
HOLY-DAY 
 
 351 
 
 HONEY-COMB 
 
 h&lig, hJblic, hali, from hcil, halo, hdlu, safety, salvation, 
 from hdl, sound, safe, whole.] 1. Set apart to the ser- 
 vice or worship of God ; haiiow ad ; sacred, '-i. Acceptable 
 to God; hence, free from sinful affections; pure; irre- 
 proachable ; guiltless. 
 
 Hohj office, the Inquisition.— //o/y of holies {Script.), the in- 
 nermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where 
 tlie ark was kept, and where no person entered, except the high 
 priest once a year. — IIoli/ One, the Supreme Being; — so called 
 By way of emphasis. —//oZv Water {Gr.Si Rom. Cath. Churches), 
 water which has been consecrated by the priest. — //oZj/ weeX; 
 (EccL), the week before Easter, in which the passion of our 
 Savior is commemorated. — JJoli/ IFrit, the Sacred Scriptures. 
 
 Ho'Iy-day, n. 1. A religious festival. 3. A festival of 
 any kind ; a holiday. [Rare.] 
 i^~In the latter sense, holiday is the preferable spelling. 
 
 Ho'ly-stone, 7i. {Xaitt.) A stone used by seamen for 
 cleaning the decks of ships. 
 
 Hdm'age, n. [L. Lat. homagium, from Lat. homo, a 
 man, L. Lat. client, servant, vassal.] 1. (Feud. Law.) 
 An acknowledgment made by a tenant to his lord, on re- 
 ceiving investiture of fee, that he was his man, or vassal, i 
 '2, Respect or reverential regard ; especially, respect paid I 
 by external action ; obeisance. 3. Reverential worship ; i 
 devout affection. 
 
 Syn. — Fealty. — ^onmj/e was on°inally the act of a feudal ] 
 tenant by which he declared himself, on his knees, to be tlie \ 
 man (homo) or bondsman of the lord ; hence the term is | 
 used to denote reverential submission or respect. Fealti/ was ] 
 originally the fidelity of such a tenant to his lord, and hence 
 the terra denotes a taithful and solemn adherence to the obli- j 
 
 fations we owe to superior power or authority. We pay our | 
 omage to men of pre-eminent usefulness and virtue, and pro- I 
 fess onr fealty to the principles by which they have been guided. | 
 
 Home (20), n. [A.-S. hamj Icel. heimr, Goth, haims, al- j 
 
 lied to Gr. /caS/a-rj, Lith. kaimas, village.] 1. The house | 
 
 in which one resides ; residence. 2. The place or coun- | 
 
 try in which one dwells ; and, also, all that pertixins to a I 
 
 dwelling-place. : 
 
 To be at home on any subject, to be conversant or familiar j 
 
 with it. I 
 
 Syn. — Tenement; house; dwelling; abode. I 
 
 Home, a. 1. Pertaining to one's dwelling, country, or 
 
 family ; domestic. 2. Close ; severe. 
 Home, adv. 1. To one's home or country. 2. Close ; 
 closely ; to the point. 
 
 To come home (Naitt.)., to become loosened from the ground 
 by the violence of the wind or current ; — said of an anchor. 
 
 Home'-brSd, a. 1. Bred at home; native; domestic. 
 
 2. Rude ; uncultivated. 
 Home'less, a. Destitute of a home. 
 Home'li-ness, n. 1. Plainness of features ; want of 
 
 beauty. 2. Rudeness; coarseness. 
 Home'ly (20), a. [compar. homelier ; superl. home- 
 liest.] [From ho?7ie.] 1. Belonging to home ; domes- 
 tic ; familiar. 3. Plain ; rude in appearance ; unpolished. 
 
 3. Of plain features ; not handsome. 
 Home'-made (109), a. Made at home ; of domestic 
 
 manufacture. [opathy. 
 
 Ho'me-o-patli'ie (110), a. Of, or pertaining to, home- 
 
 Ho'me-6p'a-tliist, n. A beUever in, or practitioner of, 
 homeopathy. 
 
 Ho'me-op'a-tliy, n. [Gr. oftoLoiradeCa, likeness of con- 
 dition or feelinpr ] ( Med. ) The theory and its practice 
 that disease is cured by remedies which produce on a 
 healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the 
 complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies 
 being usually administered in minute doses. 
 
 Ho'mer, n. [Heb. kkojner, from khhmar, to move to and. 
 fro, to swell.] A Hebrew measure containing, as a liquid 
 measure, sevent^^-five wine gallons, and, as a dry meas- 
 ure, eleven and one ninth bushels. 
 
 Ho-mer'ie, a. Pertaining to Homer, the great poet of 
 Greece, or to his poetry. [aration from home. 
 
 Home'siclc, a. Depressed in spirits, or grieved at a sep- 
 
 Home'sick-ness, n. A morbid and uncontrollable 
 sorrowing for home when absent. 
 
 Home'spun, a. 1. Spun or wrought at home ; coarse ; 
 plain. 2. Plain in maimer or style ; rude. 
 
 Home'spuii, n. Cloth made at home. 
 
 Home'stead, n. 1, The inclosure or ground immedi- 
 ately connected with a mansion. 2. The home or seat 
 of a family. 3. {haw.) A person's dwelling-place, with 
 that part of his landed property which is about and con- 
 tiguous to it. 
 
 Home'ward, adv. Toward home. 
 
 H6m'i-^i/dal, a. Pertaining to homicide ; murderous. 
 
 Hom'i-^ide, n. [Lat. homicidiu-m, from homo, man, and 
 caedere, to cut, kill.] 1. The killing of any human being 
 
 by the act of man ; manslaughter. 2. A person who 
 kills another ; a manslayer. 
 
 H6m'i-16t'i«, la- [Gr. 6/u,iAtjti(c6?, from oju.iXeii', to 
 
 H6m'i-16t'i<;-al, ) be together, to converse, b/iiAo5, an 
 assembled crowd, o/xos, one and the same, common, and 
 Ikr], crqwd.] Pertaining to homiletics. 
 
 H6m'i-16t'ies, n. sing. The science of preaching or 
 of preparing and delivering homilies or sermons. 
 
 H6m'i-list, n. One who preaches to a congregation. 
 
 H6m'i-ly,7j. [Gr. 6/u.tAca, communion, assembly, con- 
 verse, sermon. See HOMILETIC] A plain and famiUar 
 sermon ; a serious discourse. 
 
 H6m'i-iiy, n. [Written also homony.] [From Indian 
 auhuminea, parched corn.] Maize hulled and broken, 
 but coarse, prepared for food by being mixed with water 
 and boiled. [A^ner.] 
 
 HSm'mock, n. [Probably an Indian word.] A hillock, 
 or small eminence of a conical form . 
 
 Ho'mo-^gji'trie, a. [Gr. bixoKevrpo^ ; 6/U.6?, one and the 
 same, and Kevrpov, center.] Having the same center. 
 
 Ho'moe-op'a-tliy, n. The same as Homeopathy. 
 
 Ho'mo-^e'iie-al, ) a. [Gr. o/ao-yeiojs, from 6ju.6s, the 
 
 Ho'ino-ge'iie-oiis, ) same, and yeVos, i-ace, kind, from 
 yeveiv, to beget.] Of the same kind or nature ; consist- 
 ing of elements of the like nature. 
 
 Ho'mo-ge-ne'i-ty, In. Sameness of kind or na- 
 
 Ho^mo-ge'iie-ous-ness, j ture; uniformity of struct- 
 ure or material. 
 
 Ho'moi-ou'gi-an, n. [Gr. 6n,oiovcrios, 6|u.otoov(rto?, of 
 like substance, from o/notos, like, and ovaria, substance, 
 being, essence, fi-om etvai, to be, p pr. iov, ovaa, 6v.] 
 (Eccl. Hist.) One who held that the Son wasof hke, but 
 not the same, essence with the Father. 
 
 Ho-m6I'o-gou.s, a. [Gr. oju.6Ao-yos, agi-eeing, from o/ao?, 
 the same, and Ao-yos, speech, discourse, proportion.] 
 Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or 
 
 H6m'o-ny, n. See HOMINY. [structure. 
 
 HSm'o-nj'm, n. [See infra.'\ A word having the same 
 sound as "another, but differing from it in meaning ; as 
 the noun bear and the verb bear. 
 
 Ho-m6ii'y-mou.s, a. [Gr. 6|u.ajw/xos, from 6ju.6s, the 
 same, and ovofia, Eolic 6wju.a, name.] Having different 
 significations, or appUed to different things ; equivocal ; 
 ambiguous. 
 
 Ho-mon'y-my , n. Sameness between words which differ 
 in signification ; ambiguity. 
 
 Ho'mo-ou'si-an, h. [Gr. ofioovo-ios, from o/mos, the 
 same, and oner la, being, essence.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a 
 sect in the fourth century, who maintained that the Son 
 had the same essence with the Father. 
 
 Ho-mopli'o-iioiis, a. [Gr. 6ju.6</)a)vos, from 6/x6s, the 
 same, and 4>f^in], sound, tone.] 1. Of the same pitch ; 
 unisonous. 2. Expressing the same sound or letter with 
 another. [in urdson. 
 
 Ho-moph'o-ny, n. 1. Sameness of sound. 2. Singing 
 
 Hone, n. [A.-S. hanan, to stone ; probably allied to Gr. 
 oLKovr], whetstone, Syr. akana.] A stone of a fine grit, 
 used for sharpening instruments. 
 
 Hone, V. t. [imp. & p. p. honed ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 HONING.] To rub and sharpen on a hone. 
 
 Hon'est (on'est), a. [Lat. honestus. from honos, honor, 
 honor; as if furnished or clothed with honor.] 1. De- 
 cent; honorable. 2. Fair ; good ; unimpeached. 3. Fair 
 in dealing with others ; upright ; just. 4. Free from 
 fraud; equitable. 5. According to truth. 6. Proceed- 
 ing from pure or just principles, or directed to a good ob- 
 ject. 7. Chaste ; virtuous. 
 
 Syn. — Trusty; faithful; rightful; sincere; frank; candid; 
 unreserved. 
 
 H6n'est-Iy (Sn'est-ly), adv. In an honest manner. 
 
 Syn. — Justly : fairly : equitably; faithfully; truly; up- 
 rightly ; sincerely ; frankly. 
 H6n'es-ty (on^es-ty), n. Quality or state of being hon- 
 est ; upright disposition or conduct. 
 
 Syn. — Integrity ; probity ; uprightness ; trustiness ; faith- 
 fulness; honor; justice; equity; fairness; candor; plain deal- 
 ing; veracity. 
 
 Hon'ey (hQn/y), n. [A.-S. hunig, 0. H. Ger. honic, 
 honag.] 1. A sweet, thick fluid, collected by bees from 
 flowers. 2. That which is sweet or pleasant. 3. Sweet 
 one; darling. 
 
 Hon'ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. honeyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 honeVing.] To use endearments; also, to praxrticc 
 servile flattery : to fawn. 
 
 Hon'ey, f. «. To make luscious ; to sweeten, [in a bee. 
 
 Hon'ev-bae: (hiin/y-bag), n. The receptacle for honey 
 
 Hon'ey-eomb (hiSn'y-kom), n. 1. A mass of cells, 
 formed by bees, and used as repositories for their honey- 
 
 food, foot ; Arn, r^de, pull ; fell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§; e^ist, linser ; liak ; tills- 
 
HONEY-DEW 
 
 352 
 
 HOPELESSNESS 
 
 2. Any pubstance, perforated with cells like those of a 
 h one V -comb. 
 
 H6ii'ev-dew (hQn'y-du), >i. 1. A sweet, saccharine 
 substance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants 
 in small drops, like dew. 2. A kind of tobacco moistened 
 with molasses. 
 
 Hdu'ey-gmde (72), w. ( Omith.) An African bird allied 
 to the'cuckoo, which, by its motions and cries, conducts 
 persons to hives of wild honey. 
 
 Hdn'ey-lo •t-ust, »i. (Bot.) A North American tree, 
 having loui; pods with a sweet pulp between the seeds. 
 
 H6n'ey-inobu, «. The first month after marriage. 
 
 H6n'ev-suck'le, n. (Bot.) One of several species of 
 flowenug plants;, much admired for their beauty, and 
 some for their fragrance. 
 
 Hdus, 71. [Chinese hatig, or /io7ig, a mercantile house, 
 factory.] A large factory or mercantile house in Canton, 
 where" each nation has a separate department, which is 
 likewise called ho7ig. 
 
 Hdii'or (ou/ur), n. [Lat. honor, honos.] 1. Esteem due 
 or paid to worth ; — when said of the Supreme Being, 
 reverence ; veneration. U. That which rightfully attracts 
 esteem, respect, or consideration ; — especially, excellence 
 of character ; — and more particularly, in men, integrity ; 
 in women, chastity. 3. A nice sense of what is right, 
 just, and true, with a course of life correspondent thereto. 
 4. Dignity ; high rank ; sometimes, reputation. 5. A 
 mark of respect. 6. pi. Academic or university prizes 
 or distinctions. 7. pi. {Card-playing.) The four Ynghest 
 card^ — the ace, king, queen, and jack. 
 
 Honors of war {Mil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished 
 enemy. — Law or code of honor, certain rules by which social 
 intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion. — On one^s 
 honor, on the stake of one's reputation for integritj'.— To do 
 the honors, to show civility or attention to a guest. 
 
 H6n'or(on'ur), v. t. [iynp. & p. p. honored ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. HONORING.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, 
 esteem, or respect, when said respecting the Supreme 
 Being : to adore ; to worship. 2. To dignify ; to elevate in 
 rank or station. 3. ( Com.) To accept and pay when due. 
 
 H6n'or-a-ble (Sn^ur-), a. 1. Worthy of honor : estima- 
 ble, ti. Actuated by principles of honor, or noble mo- 
 tives. 3. Proceeding fi-om an upright and laudable cause. 
 4. Conferring honor. 5. Performed or accompanied ^vith 
 marks of honor. 6. An epithet of respect or distinction. 
 7. Becoming men of rank and character. [orable. 
 
 H6n'or-a-ble-ness (on'ur-), «. The state of being hon- 
 
 H6ii'or-a-bly (on'ur-), adv. In a manner conferring, 
 or consistent with honor. 
 
 Syn. — Magnanimously , ^ 
 
 justly ; equitably ; fairly ; reputably. 
 
 Hon'o^a'ri-iim, In. [l&t honorarium (^. doniim,) 
 
 H6n'or-a-ry (on'-), ) from honorarius, honorary, from 
 honor.] A fee offered to professors in universities, and to 
 medical or other professional gentlemen. [Europe.] 
 
 H6n'or-a-ry (on'ur-a-ry), a. 1. Conferring honor, or 
 intended merely to confer honor. 2. Po.ssessing a title 
 or place vvithout performing services or receiving a re- 
 
 H6n'or-er (5n'ur-er,) n. One who honors. [ward. 
 
 H<>bd, n. [A.-S. hdd, hat, Dan. hdtte, hood, cowl, from 
 A.-S. hedan, 0. H. Ger. huotan, to heed, take care of. Cf. 
 H.\T.] 1. A covering for the head, or for the head and 
 shoulders. 2. Anj' thing resembling a hood in form or 
 uses : as, (a.) The top or head of a carriage, {b.) A chim- 
 ney-top, often movaVile on a pivot. 
 
 Hdt>d, V. t. [imp. & p. p. hooded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HOODING.] 1. To cover or furnish with a hood. 2. To 
 cover ; to hide. 
 
 HdbdSvink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hoodwinked 
 (-wlnkt): p. pr. 8c vb n. hoodwinking.] [From hood 
 and wink.] 1. To bhnd by covering the eyes. 2. To 
 cover ; to hide. ^. To impose on. 
 
 Hoof, n. ,- pi. HOOF.S. very rarely HO~OVES. [A -S. hOf, 
 Icel. hu/r, 0. H. Ger. huo/.] 1. The horny substance that 
 covers or terminates thefeet of certain animals, as horses, 
 oxen, sheep, goats, d^, &c. 2. An animal ; a beast. 
 
 Hobf^-bound, a. (Far.) Having a dryness and con- 
 traction of the hoof, occasioning pain and lameness. 
 
 Ho^k (27), n. [A.-S. hoc, allied to hdcce, hook, crook.] 
 1, Some hard material, bent into a curve for catching, 
 holding, and sustaining any thing. 2. [ W. hoc, a scythe.] 
 A scythe or sickle. 
 
 By hook or bji crook, one way or other; by any means, direct 
 or indirect. — On one's own hook, on one's own account or rc- 
 sponaibility. [Amer.] 
 
 Hdbk. V. t. [imp. & p. p. HOOKED (hcTokt, 108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. HOOKING.] 1. To catch or fasten with a hook ; 
 
 Hookah. 
 
 to seize or draw as with a hook. 2. To draw or obtain by 
 
 artifice; to insnare. 3. To steal or rob. [CoUoq.] 
 Hoj)k, V. i. To bend ; to be curved. 
 Hook' ah, n. A pipe. 
 H<>bk'ed (hdbk'ed or hdbkt, 
 
 60), a. 1, Having the form of 
 
 a hook ; curvated. 2. Provided 
 
 with a hook or hooks. 
 Ho^ok'ed-ness, n. State of 
 
 being bent like a hook ; incur- 
 vation. 
 Hoop, or Hc>bp, n. [A.-S. 
 
 hop.] 1. A ring of wood or 
 
 metal, for holding together the 
 
 staves of ca.«ks, &c. 2. Some- 
 thing resembling a hoop ; any 
 
 thing circular. 3. A circle, or 
 
 combination of rings of whale- 
 bone, metal, or other elastic material, used for expanding 
 
 the skirts of ladies' dre-^ses ; — chiefly in the plural. 4. A 
 
 quart pot ; — so called because originally bound with 
 
 hoops, like a barrel. 
 Hdbp, or HtMjp, v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. HOOPED (hdhpt); 
 
 p. pr. 8c vb. V. HOOPING.] 1. To bind or fasten with 
 
 hoops. 2. To clasp ; to encircle. 
 Hoop. V. i. See WIIOOP. 
 Hoop'er, or Hobp'er, n. 1. One who hoops cafks or 
 
 tubs ; a cooper. 2. ( Ornith.) A wild swan, which utten 
 
 a note like hoop. 
 Hobp'ing— eougli (-kawf), n. A cough in which the 
 
 patient hoops, or whoops, with a deep inspiration of 
 
 breath. [Written also tchooping-cough.] 
 Hoop'oe, 1 n. [Also u-licop ; 
 Hobp'cMJ, j so called from its 
 
 cry.] (Ornith.) A bird, whose 
 
 head is adorned with a beautiful 
 
 crest, which it can erect or de- 
 press at pleasure. It is found 
 
 in Europe and Northern Africa. 
 Hoop'-skirt (hcTop/- or 
 
 hdbp'-), n. A frame- work of 
 
 hoops for expanding the skirts 
 
 of a lady's dress. 
 Hdb'gier (hcTo'zher), n. [Either: 
 
 from husher, because they were 
 
 considered as bullies, or from 
 
 their rough exclamation when 
 
 one knocks at a door, " Wlio's yere? 
 
 State of Indiana. [Amer.] 
 Hoot, V. i. [imp. & p. p. HOOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 HOOTING.] [Prov. Fr. houter, hutier, to call, cry. Cf. 
 
 W. hwt,oS\ off with it ! away I] 1. To cry out or shout 
 
 in contempt. 2. To crj' as an owl. 
 Hoot, V. t. To utter contemptuous cries or shouts at. 
 Hdbti n. A cry or shout in contempt. 
 Hoove, ) n. [Allied to heave, hove.] A disease in cattle 
 Hov'en, j consisting in the excessive inflation of the 
 
 stomach by gas. 
 Hop, V. i. [irrip. & p. p. HOPPED (hopt) : p.pr. k vb. n. 
 
 HOPPING.] [A.-S. hoppan, Icel. hoppa.] To leap or 
 
 jump on one leg ; also, to skip, as birds do. 
 Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg ; a leap ; a jump ; a spring. 
 
 2. An informal dance ; also, any dance. [ Colloq.] 
 Hop, n. [D. hop, hoppe, 0. H. Ger. hopfo, L. Lat. hupa, 
 
 W. hopez.] (Bot.) A plant having a long, twining stalk. 
 
 The aromatic flower-scales and fruit are largely used in 
 
 brewing and in medicine. 
 Hop'-bind, n. The stalk or vine on which hops grow. 
 Hope (20), n. [A.-S. hopa.] 1. A desire of some good, 
 
 accompanied with at least a slight expectation of obtain- 
 ing it, or a belief that it is obtainable. 2. That which 
 
 gives hope or furnishes ground of expectation. 3. That 
 
 which is hoped for. 
 
 Syn. — Confidence ; expectation ; anticipation ; trust ; be- 
 lief. 
 Hope, I', i. [imp. & p.p. HOPED (hopt); p. pr. k vlf. 
 
 n. HOPING.] 1. To entertain or indulge hope. 2. To 
 
 place confidence. 
 Hope, V. t. To desire with expectation, or with beUef m 
 
 the possibiUty or the prospect of obtaining. 
 Hope'ful, a. 1. Full of hope. 2. Having qualities 
 
 which e'xcite hope ; promising. [hope ; with hope. 
 
 Hope'f ul-ly, adv. In a manner to excite or encourage 
 Hope'fiil-ness, n. State or quaUty of being hopeful. 
 Hope'less, a. 1. Destitute of hope: despairing. 2. 
 
 Giving no ground of hope; desperate. 3. Unhopedfor; 
 Hope'les8-ly, cidv. Without hope. [unexpected- 
 
 Hope'less-negs, n. A state of being hopeless ; despair. 
 
 Hoopoe. 
 
 A citizen of the 
 
 », e,&c., tenfir;a,fi,&c.,*Aort,cAre,fiir,a8k,aU,wliat;6re,v§U,tSrm; pique, firm; s6n,dr,dQ,W9]^ 
 
HOPPER 
 
 353 
 
 HORSE 
 
 HSp'per, n. [See Hop.] 1. One who hops. 3. A 
 wooden trough through which grain passes into a mill 
 by jolting or shaking. 3. A vessel in which seed-corn is 
 carried for sowing. 
 
 HS'p'ple, f . t. [iinp. & p. p. HOPPLED ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
 HOPPLING.] [From hop. Cf. HOBBLE.] To tie the 
 feet of loosely together, to prevent running or leaping. 
 
 HSp'ple, n. A fetter for horses, or other animals, when 
 turned out to graJ^e. 
 
 H6p'-S€6tcli, n. A child's game, in which a stone is 
 driven by the foot of the player from one compartment 
 to another of a figure traced or scotched upon the 
 ground. [to an hour, or to hours. 
 
 Ho'ral, a. [L&t. horalis^hora, hour. See Hour.] Relating 
 
 Ho'ra-ry, a. [L. Lat. horarius, from Lat liora.i hour.] 
 1. Pertaining to an hour ; noting the hours, 'i. Oc- 
 curring once an hour ; continuing an hour ; hourly. 
 
 Horde, n. [From Turk, ordh, onii, camp; Per. ordil., 
 court, palace, camp, a horde of Tartar.^i ; Hind. Mr«/ft, 
 army, camp, market.] A wandering troop or gang ; es- 
 pecially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people possessing 
 no fixed habitations. 
 
 Hore'liound, n. See Hoarhound. 
 
 Ho-ri'zoii (118), n. [Gr. bpi^utv (sc. /cv)c\os),the bound- 
 ing line, horizon ; from opi^eiv, to bound, from opos, 
 boundary, limit.] 1. The apparent junction of the 
 earth and sky. '-i. {Astron.) (a.) A plane passing through 
 the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the verti- 
 cal at a given place ; — called the sensible horizon, (b.) 
 A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and 
 passing through the earth's center ; — called also the ra- 
 tional or celestial horizon. 
 
 Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mercury in 
 a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted to the true level 
 artificially. — /)iL> p/"<^e hor-izon, the vertical angle contained 
 between the visible horizon and the sensible horizon. 
 
 H6r'i-z6n'tal. a. 1. Pertaining to, or near, the hori- 
 zon. 'Z. Parallel to the horizon ; on a level. 3. Meas- 
 ured or contained in a plane of the horizon. 
 
 Hor'i-zon'tal-ly, adv. In an horizontal direction or 
 position ; on a level. 
 
 Horn, n. [A.-S. & Icel. horn, Goth, haurn, allied to W. 
 corn, Lat. cornu, Gr. <epa<;.] 1. A hard, projecting, and 
 usually pointed organ, growing from the heads of certain 
 animals. •^. Hence, something made of a horn, or re- 
 sembling a horn in form, use, and the Hke; as, (a.) A 
 wind instrument of music, (b.) A drinking -cup, or 
 beaker, (c.) A utensil for holding powder. 3. Some- 
 thing resembhng a horn in position or projection. 4. 
 The material of which horns are composed. 5. ( Script.) 
 A symbol of strength, power, exaltation. 6. An emblem 
 of a cuckold ; — used chiefly in the plural. 
 
 To draw, pull, or haul in the hoitis, to repress one's ardor; to 
 restrain one's pride ; to withdraw from pretension ; to take back 
 arrogant or boastful words; — so used in allusion to the behav- 
 ior of a snail or some insects, in retracting the feelers when 
 alarmed. — To taJce a horn, to take a drink. [Colloq and low.] 
 
 Horn, V. t. 1. To furnish with horns; to give the 
 shape of a horn to. 3. To cuckold. 
 
 Horn'beam, n. [See Beam.] [Bot.) A tree having a 
 smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being 
 white and very hard. 
 
 Horn'bill, n. ( Ornith.) A large bird, 
 found in Africa and Asia, having a 
 large bill curving downward, on which 
 is a process resembling another growing 
 upward. 
 
 Horn'blgnde, n. [Ger., from horn, 
 horn, and blende, bleude, q. v.] {Min.) 
 A common mineral, occurring massive, 
 or in prismatic crystals, and of various 
 colors. It consists essentially of silica 
 combined with magnesia, lime, or iron. 
 
 Horn'-tooblc, n. 1. A primer; — so 
 called because formerly covered with 
 horn to protect it. ti. Any elementary „ y.-n 
 text-book ; a hand-book. uornoui. 
 
 Horned (hornd, 60), a. 1. Furnished with horns. 
 Shaped like a horn. j 
 
 Hor'net, n. [A.-S. hyrnet, hirnet, from hyrne, horn, 
 horn; so called fi-om its antennae or horns.] (Entom.) 
 A large, strong wasp of a dark brown and yellow color. 
 
 Horn'-m^d, a. Mad as one who has been horned or 
 cuckolded ; hence, stark mad ; raving crazy. 
 
 H6rn'-owl, n. (Ornith.) A species of owl, so called 
 from two tufts of feathers on its head. 
 
 HSrn'pIpe, n. [W. pib-gorn.] [Mus.) (a.) An instru- 
 ment of music consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes, 
 and a horn at each end. (6.) A lively air or tune, of 
 
 3. 
 
 compound triple time, (c.) A characteristic British 
 dance. [sembHng flint, but more brittle. 
 
 Hdrn'-stone, n. (Min.) A silicious stone closely re- 
 Horn'worlc (-wrirk)j n. (Fort.) An outwork composed 
 of two demi-bastions joined by a curtain. It is con- 
 nected with the works in rear by long wings. 
 Horn'y, a. [compar. HORNIER; superl. HORNIEST.] 
 
 1. Consisting of horn or horns. 2. Composed of horn, 
 or of a substance like horn. 3. Hard ; callous. 
 
 Ho-r6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. aipa, hour, and ypa4>ei.v, to de- 
 scribe.] 1. An account of the hours, ti. Art of con- ^ 
 structing dials ; dialing. 
 
 Hor'o-loge, n. [Lat. horologium, Gr. wpoAo-yiov, from 
 uipa, hour, and k4yei.v, to say, tell.] A time-piece of any 
 kind. [horology. 
 
 Hdr'o-log'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to a horologe, or t* 
 
 Ho-r6I'o-eist, n. One versed in horology. 
 
 Ho-r61'o-gy, n. [See Horologe.] The science ol 
 measuring time. 
 
 Ho-rSm'e-try, n. [Gr. aipa, hour, and ^eTpoi', measure.] 
 The art, practice, or method of measuring time by hours 
 and subordinate divisions. 
 
 Hor'o-s-eope, n. [Gr. wpoo-KOTros, observing hours or 
 times, esp. observing the hour of birth, from wpa, hour, 
 and cTACoiros, observing.] (Astrol.) (a.) An observation of 
 the heavens at the moment of a person's birth, by which 
 the astrologer claimed to foretell the events of his hfe. 
 (b.) The scheme of twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, 
 into which the whole circuit of the heavens was divided 
 for the purposes of such prediction of fortune. 
 
 Ho-ros'-eo-py, n. 1. Art or practice of predicting fu- 
 ture events by the disposition of the stars and planets. 
 
 2. Aspect of the stars at the time of birth. 
 Hor'rent, a. [Lat. horrens, p. pr. of horrere, to bristle.] 
 
 Standing erect, as bristles ; bristled. 
 
 H6r'ri-ble, a. [Lat. horribilis. See supra.] Exciting, 
 or tending to excite, horror. 
 _ Syn. — Dreadful ; frightful ; fearful ; terrible ; awful ; ter- 
 rific; shocking; hideous; horrid. 
 
 Hor'ri-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being horrible. 
 
 Hor'ri-lbly, adv. In a manner to excite horror ; dread- 
 fully ; terribly. 
 
 Hor'rid, a. 1. Rough; ragged; bristHng ; prickly. 5J. 
 Fitted to excite horror ; hence, very offensive or disagree- 
 able. 
 
 Syn. — Frightful; hideous; alarming; shocking; dreadful; 
 awful; terrific; terrible; horrible. 
 
 H6r'rid-ly, adv. In a manner to excite horror ; dread- 
 fully ; shockingly. 
 
 Hor'rid-ness, n. Quality of being horrid ; hideousness. 
 
 Hor-rif i-e, a. [Lat. horrijiciis, from horror and /acere., to 
 make.] _Causing horror ; frightful. 
 
 Hor'ri-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HORRIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HORRIFYING.] To make horrible; to strike with 
 horror. 
 
 Hor'ror, n. [Lat. horror, from horrere, to bristle, to 
 shiver, to be dreadful.] 1. A shaking, shivering, or 
 shuddering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever. 2. 
 A painful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence- 3* 
 That which excites horror or dread. 
 The horrors, delirium tremens. 
 
 H6rse, n. [A.- 
 B.horSjf or hros, 
 Icel. & 0. H. 
 Ger. hros. Cf. 
 Skr. hresh, to 
 neigh.]!. (Zo- 
 ol.) A well- 
 known hoofed 
 quadruped 
 used for 
 draught or the 
 saddle. 2. The 
 male of the ge- 
 nus horse, in 
 distinction 
 from the fe- 
 rn a 1 e . 3 . 
 Mounted sol- 
 diery; cavalry ; 
 — used with- 
 out the pi. ter- 
 mination. 4. hi^;: i5,'flank726Vberrv: 2?, haunch:' 2S, thigh; 
 A fi-ame with 29, buttock; m, stifle; J?!, leg: 32. tail; .^3. hock 
 lees used for or ham ; 34, cannon or shank-bone: 3.-), arms; 
 d iT n n n r t i n o- 36, knees; 37, passage for the girths; 38, el- 
 S u p p r 1 1 n g ^j^^ . gg shank ; 40,l)ullet ; 41, pasterns ; 42, 
 something, coronet; 43, foot; 44, hoof; 45, fetlock. 
 5. (Mining.) 
 
 Horse. 
 1, ears ; 2, forelock ; 3, forehead ; 4, eye ; 5, 
 eye-pits; 6, nose; 7, nostril ; 8, point of nose; 
 9, lips; 10. nether jaw; 11. cheek; 12, poll; 13, 
 mane ; 14, withers ; 15. parotid glands ; 16, 
 throat: 17, neck ; 18. jugular vein ; 19, shoul- 
 der; 20, chest; 21. ribs; 22, back: 23, lom_sj 24. 
 
 food, fcfbt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, €all, e«Iio; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist; linger, lii}k ; this. 
 
HORSE 
 
 354 
 
 HOTEL 
 
 A mass of earthy matUr inclosed between branches of a 
 vein. 6. {,ynut.) (a.) A foot-ropo from the middle of a 
 yard to its extremity, (b.) A thick rope near the mast 
 "for hoisting a yard or extending a sail on it. 
 
 Horse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. horsed (horst); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. HORSING.] 1. To provide with a horse, or with 
 horses, 'i. To ride or sit on any thing astride. 3. To 
 cover, a.<! a mare ; — said of the male. 
 
 H6rse1>ftck, >i. 1. The back of a horse, tj. State or 
 condition of being mounted on the back of a horse. 
 
 Horse'-bean, n. A kind of small bean usually given to 
 hoi*ies. 
 
 H6rse'-bl6ck, n. A block on which one steps in mount- 
 ing and dismounting from a horse. 
 
 Horse'-boat, ». 1. A boat for conveying "horses over 
 water, 'i. A boat moved by horses. 
 
 H6rse'-break'er, n. One whose employment is to 
 break horses, or to teach them to draw or carry. 
 
 Horse'-car, n. A railroad car drawn by horses. 
 
 H6rse'-cli6st'nut (-ches'nut), n. [So called because 
 the nut was formerly ground and given to horses.] 
 (Bot.) A large nut, the fruit of a tree which was brought 
 from Constantinople in the beginning of the 16th cen- 
 tury, and Is now common in the temperate zones of both 
 hemispheres. 
 
 H6rse'-<;16tli, n. A cloth to cover a horse. 
 
 H6rse'-d6«'tor, n. One whose business is to cure sick 
 horses : a farrier. [their blood. 
 
 Horse'- fly, n. A large fly that stings horses and sucks 
 
 Horse'-guardg (-gardz, 72), n. j3/. {Mil.) A body of 
 cavalry for guards. 
 
 Horse'- hi&ir, n. The hair of horses, especially that of 
 the mane and tail. [of horsesf 
 
 Horse'-jock'ey, n. A dealer in the purchase and sale 
 
 Horse'-laugh (-laf), n. A loud, coarse, boisterous 
 laugh. [veterinary surgeon. 
 
 Horse '-leecli, n. 1. A large leech, ii. A farrier; a 
 
 Horse'-lit'ter, n. A carriage hung on poles which are 
 borne by and between two horses. 
 
 H6rse'-inJick''er-el, /!. {Ichih.) A spiny, finned fish, 
 about the size of the mackerel, distinguished by having 
 a lateral line of larger keeled scales. 
 
 Horse'man, n. ; pi. horse'men. 1. A rider on horse- 
 back. 2. (Mil.) A mounted .soldier. 
 
 Horse 'man-ship, n. The act or art of riding, and of 
 training and managing horses ; manege. 
 
 Horse'-mar'ten, n. (Entom.) A kind of large bee. 
 
 Horse'- mill, n. A mill turned by a horse. 
 
 H6r.se'-play, n. Rough, rude play. 
 
 Horse'-pow'er, n. 1. The power which a horse is ca- 
 pable of exerting. 2. {Much.) A standard by which the 
 capabilities of steam-engines and other prime-movers are 
 measured ; estimated as 33,000 pounds raised one foot in 
 a minute. 3. A machine operated by one or more 
 horses. [in running. 
 
 Horse'-ra^e, n. A race by horses; a match of horses 
 
 Horse'-rad'isli, n. (Bot.) A species of scurvy grass, 
 having a root of a pungent taste, much used, when 
 grated, as a condiment. 
 
 H6rse'-rak.e, n. A rake worked by horse-power. 
 
 Horse'-rail'road, n. A railroad running through the 
 streets of a town or city, on which the cars are drawn by 
 horses. 
 
 Horse'sboe (-shcTo), n. 1. An iron shoe for horses, in 
 shape .soniewhat like the letter U. 2. Any thing shaped 
 Uke a horseshoe. 
 
 H6rse'-\vay, ] n. A way or road in which horses may 
 
 Horse'-road, j travel. 
 
 HSrse'wbip, n. A whip for driving or striking horses. 
 
 Hdrse'whip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. horsewhipped 
 (-hwTpt) : p. pr. & vb. n. HORSEWHIPPING.] To strike 
 with a horsewhip. 
 
 H6rse'wom-an, n. ; pi. horse 'WOM-EN (-wim-en). 
 A woman" who rides on horseback. 
 
 Hor-ta'tion, n. [Lat. hortatio, from hortari, to mcite, 
 exhort.] The act d^ exhorting, or giving advice. 
 
 Hdr'ta-tive, a. Citing exhortation ; advisory. 
 
 H&r'ta-tive,n. A precept ; exhortation. 
 
 Hdr'ta-to-ry (50), a. Giving exhortation or advice. 
 
 Hor'ti-efilt'ur-al, a. Pertaining to horticulture, or the 
 culture of gardens. 
 
 Hdr'ti-eult'iire (-kulVyijr, 53), n. [N. Lat. korticult- 
 ura. from kortus, garden, and cultura, culture, colere, to 
 cultivate.] The art of cultivating gardens. 
 
 Hdr'ti-eult'ur-ist, n. One who practices the art of 
 CMltivating gardens. 
 
 Hort'u-lan, a. [I^at. hortulantcs, from hortulus, dim. of 
 kortus, garden.] Belonging to a garden. 
 
 Hdr'tus Si^'-eus. [Lat., a dry garden.] A collection 
 of specimens of plants, carefully dried and preserved ; an 
 herbarium . 
 
 Ho-g^n'na, n.; pi. ho-§Xn/na§. [Gr. wo-awo, from 
 Heb. hOshiahnna, save now, save, we pray.] An excla- 
 mation of praise to God. 
 
 Ho§e,n.; pi. HOgE, formerly h5'§£n (ho'zn). [A.-S. 
 hose, hose, 0. H. Ger. hosa, Icel. hosa, stocking, boot.] 
 
 1. Close-fitting breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to 
 the knee. 2. Stockings. 3. A flexible pipe for convey- 
 ing water to extinguish fires. 
 
 Ho'gier (ho/zher), n. One who deals in hose, or in goods 
 
 knit or woven like hose. 
 Ho'§ler-y (ho'zher-r), n. 1. The business of a hosier 
 
 2. Stockings in general. 
 
 HSs'pi^e (hos'pees), n. [Fr., from Lat. hospitium, hos- 
 pitality, from hospes, stranger, guest.] A place of refuge 
 or entertainment for travelers among the Alps, kept by 
 monks, who also occupy it as a convent. 
 
 H6s'pi-ta-ble, a. [Lat. hospitalis, from hospes, guest.] 
 
 1. Receiving and entertaining strangers without reward ; 
 kind to strangers and guests. 2. Proceeding from or 
 indicating kindness to guests. 
 
 H6s'pi-ta-bly, adv. In a hospitable manner. 
 
 H6s'pi-tal (76), n. [From Lat. hospitalis, relating to a 
 guest, hospitalia, apartments for guests, from hospes, 
 guest.] A building in which the sick or infirm are re- 
 ceived and treated. 
 
 H6s'pi-tal-er, n. 1. One residing in a hospital for the 
 purpose of receiving the poor and strangers. 2. One of 
 an order of knights who buUt a hospital at Jerusalem, 
 in A. D. 1042, for pilgrims. 
 
 H6s'pl-ta,l'i-ty, n. The act or practice of one who is 
 hospitable. 
 
 Mos'po-ddr' , n. [0. Slav. & Russ. gospodarj, gospedj, 
 gospodin, lord, master, allied to Gr. fieoTroTTjs.] A title 
 of a prince or Turkish governor in Moldavia and Walla- 
 chia. 
 
 Host, n. [Fr. haste, from Lat. hospes, a stranger treated 
 as a guest, a host.] One from whom another receives 
 food, lodging, or entertaimnent ; a landlord. 
 
 Host, n. [Lat. hostis, enemj', L. Lat. army.] 1. An 
 army. 2. Any great number or multitude. 
 
 Host, n. [Lat. hostia, sacrifice, victim, from hosiire, to 
 strike.] {Rom. Cath. Church.) The consecrated wafer, 
 believed to be the body of Christ, which in mass is offered 
 as a sacrifice. 
 
 Hos'tage, n. [0. Fr. hostage, la. Lat. hostagium, hosta- 
 ticum, as if contracted from a Lat. word obsidaticum, 
 from obsidatus; obses, obsidis, hostage.] A person given 
 as a pledge or security for the performance of conditions. 
 
 Hos'tel, 1 n. [0. Fr. hostel, hostellerie, from Lat. hos- 
 
 H6s'tel-ry, I pitalis, hospitalia. See HOSPITAL, and 
 cf. Hotel.] An inn. [Rare.] 
 
 Host'ess, n. 1. A female host. 2. A female innkeeper. 
 
 Hos'tile, a. [Lat. hostilis, from hostis, enemy.] Be- 
 longing, or appropriate to, an enemy. 
 
 Syn. — Warlike; inimical; unfriendly; adverse; opposite; 
 contrary; repugnant. 
 
 H6s'tile-ly (109), adv. In a hostile manner. 
 
 Hos-til'i-ty, n. 1. State of being hostile. 2. An act 
 of an open" enemy ; especially, in the plural, acts of war- 
 fare. 
 
 Syn.— Animosity; enmity; opposition; violence; aggres- 
 Bion. 
 
 Hos'tler (hSs'ler or Os'ler), 71. [See Hostel.] 1. On« 
 who has the care of horses at an inn. 2. A stable-boy ; a 
 groom. 
 
 Hot, a. [compar. hotter ; superl. HOTTEST.] [A.-S. 
 hat, Icel. heitr, 0. H. Ger. heiz, allied to Gr. Koieiv, to 
 burn.] 1. Having much sensible heat. 2. Character- 
 ized by heat, ardor, or animation. 3. Lustful ; lewd. 
 4. Acrid ; biting ; pungent. 
 
 Syu. — Burning; fierv; fervid; glowing; eager; animated; 
 brisk; vehement; precipitate; violent; furious. 
 
 Hot'-bed. n. 1. ( Gardening.) A bed of earth well ma- 
 nured, and covered with glass, for raising early plants. 
 
 2. A place which favors rapid development. 
 Hot'-braiiifd, a. Ardent in temper ; violent; rash. 
 Hoteb'potch, n. [Fr. hochepot, from hocher, to shake. 
 
 See Hodgepodge.] 1. A confused mixture of ingre- 
 dients. 2. {Law.) A blendmg of property for equality 
 of division. 
 
 H6t'-e6ck'le§ (kQk'lz), n. [Eng. hot and cockle : cockU 
 perhaps corrupted firom knuckle.] A childish play, in 
 which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him. 
 
 Ho-tei', n. [Fr. hdtel, for 0. Fr. hostel. See Hostel.] 
 
 S,e,&c.,/«ng^/ &,6, &c.,sAor(; c&re,far,ask,all,wliat ; 6re, veil, tgrmipiique, firm; s6n,6r,do,\voIf, 
 
HOTEL-DE-VILLE 
 
 355 
 
 HUBBLE-BUBBLE 
 
 An inn or public house ; especially, one of some style or 
 
 pretensions. [town house 
 
 Hotel-de-ville (o-tel/du-Teel), n. [Fr.] City hall or 
 
 Hotel- Di^u (o-tel'deQ/), n. [Fr.] A hospital. 
 
 H6t'-li6ad''ed, a. Of ardent passions ; vehement. 
 
 HSt'-lioiise, n. ; pi. iioT'-HOUg-ES. A house kept 
 warm to shelter tender plants and shrubs from the cold 
 air. 
 
 H6t'ly, adv. 1. In a hot manner 
 mently ; violently. 2. Lustfully. 
 
 Hftt'ness, n. 1. Condition or quahty of being hot. 2. 
 Violence ; vehemence ; fury . 
 
 H6t'-pr6ss, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HOT-PRESSED (-prest) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. HOT-PRESSING.] To press between hot 
 plate.s for giving a smooth and glossy surface. 
 
 HSt'spur, n. [hot and spur.] A man violent, passion- 
 ate, rash, or precipitate. 
 
 Hoii'dah, n. See Howdah. 
 
 Hougli (hOk), n. [A.-S. hd/i, hd, the heel or the hough.] 
 
 House'- warm'lng. n. A feast or merry-making at 
 
 the time a family enters a new house. 
 
 House'wife (or huz'wif), n. 1. The mistress of a fam- 
 ily. 2. A Uttle case or bag for materials used in row- 
 ing, &c. 
 
 Hoiise'\vife-ly {or huz^wif-iy ), a. Pertaining to a house- 
 wife, or to female management of home affairs ; like a 
 I housewife, 
 ardently ; vehe- House'^wife-ry (huz''wif-ry), n. The business of the 
 mistress of a family ; female management of domestic 
 concerns. 
 
 Hou§'ing, n. [From house, v. t.] 1. A saddle-cloth ; 
 a horse-cloth. 2. The act of putting under shelter. 3. 
 (Arch.) (a.) The space taken out of one solid, to admit 
 the insertion of another. (6.) A niche for a statue. 4. 
 {Much.) (a.) The part of the framing which holds a jour- 
 nal-box in place, (b. ) The uprights supporting the cross- 
 slide of a planer. 
 
 Hove, imp. of heave. See Heave. 
 
 1. The joint on the hind leg of a quadruped, between ! Hov'el, n. [Cf. W. hogyl, iiogl, hovel, shed, A.-S. Afi/, 
 
 palace, house, cave, den.] 1. An open shed for shelter- 
 ing cattle, protecting produce, &c., from the weather. 
 2. A small, mean house. 
 
 Hov'el. f. t. [imp. & p. p. hoveled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 hoveling.] To put in a hovel ; to shelter. 
 
 Hov'en (hov'n), a. Swelled or puffed out ; — applied 
 mostly to cattle when distended with gas from eating too 
 much green food. 
 
 Hov'er (huVer), v. i. [imp. & p. p. hovered -jp.pr.Sc 
 vb. n. hovering.] [W. hojian, hojiaw, to hang over, 
 hover.] 1. To hang tluttering in the air, or upon the 
 wing. 2» To move to and fro in the neighborhood of 
 
 How, adv. [A.-S. hti, hivU, prop, instrum. of tvha, lohdt, 
 who, what, pron. inteiTOg., Goth, hvaiva.] 1. In what 
 manner or way ; by what means. 2. To what degree 
 or extent ; in what proportion. 3. For what reason. 
 4. In what state, condition, or plight. 
 
 C@~ How is used in each sense, interrogatively, inteijection- 
 ally, and relatively ; it is often employed by itself, as an inter- 
 rogation, interjection, or exclamation. With a following that, 
 it IS superfluous, and no longer in good use. 
 
 SLoiv-adj*t (hou-aj'y), n. [Ar.] 1. A traveler. 2. A mer- 
 chant ; — so called in the East because merchauta were 
 formerly the chief travelers. 
 
 How-be'it, con;. [Compounded of Aow,6e, and ?7.] Be 
 
 . it as it may ; nevertheless ; noth withstanding ; yet ; but; 
 however. 
 
 Mow'dah, n. [Hind. & Ar. haudah or haitdadj.] A 
 seat on the back of an elephant or camel, to ride in, 
 
 Hovi^'el, n. A tool used by coopers for smoothing their 
 work, especially the inside of a cask. 
 
 Ho\v-6v'er, adv. 1. In whatever manner or degree. 
 2. At all events ; at least. [still ; though, 
 
 Hovp-ev'er, conj. Nevertheless ; nothwithstanding ; yet: 
 
 Syn. — At least; nevertheless; yet — ^oioerer, signifies that 
 in whatever way a truth or fact may be viewed, certain other 
 facts are true, as "/foweyer, we shall perform our duty." At 
 least, indicates the lowest estimate or concession, as, " This, 
 at least, must be done." Nevertheless, denotes that though the 
 concession be fully made, it has no effect on the question, as, 
 " Xevertheless, we must go forward." Yet signifies that, admit- 
 ting every thing supposed down to the present moment, the 
 expected consequence can not be drawn, as, " Though he slay 
 me, yet will I trust in him." 
 
 How'itz-er (hou^its-er, 109), n. [Ger, haubitze.] (Mil.) 
 
 A short, light cannon, having a chamber, intended to 
 
 throw large projectiles with comparatively smaU chains. 
 
 j Ho-»vl, V. i. [imp. & p. p. howled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 howling.] [0. H. Ger. hiuwildn, Icel. yla, Lat. ulidare, 
 
 ] Gr vXav.] 1. To cry as a dog or wolf : to utter a loudj 
 
 : protracted, and mournful sound. 2. To utter a sound 
 
 expressive of distress : to wail. 3. To roar, as a tempest. 
 
 , V. t. To utter or speak with outcry. 
 
 Howl, n. The cry of a dog or wolf, or other like sound ; 
 
 a loud, piercing cry of distress ; a yell. 
 
 the knee and fetlock. 2. The posterior part of the knee 
 joint in man. 
 
 Hdugli (hok), V. t. [imp. & p. p. HOUGHED : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. HOUGHING.] To disable by cuttuig the sinews 
 of the ham ; to hamstring. 
 
 Hound, n. [A.-S. hund, Icel. hundr, Goth, htinds, allied 
 to Lat. canis. Gr. Kvoiv, kvv6<;, Skr. f m, gen. gunas.] A 
 dog used for hunting ; properly, one which hunts game 
 by the scent. 
 
 Hound, V. t. [imp. & p. p. hoiwded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 HOUNDING.] 1. To incite, as a hound, to pursuit. 2. 
 To hunt ; to chase. 3. To urge on, as by hounds ; to 
 incite or spur on. 
 
 Hour (our), n. [Lat. hora, Gr. ajpa» a season, 
 time of day, an hour.] 1. Sixty minutes. 
 2. The time of the day, as indicated by a 
 timepiece. 3. Fixed or appointed time ; 
 conjuncture. 
 
 Hour'-glass (our'glas), n. An instrument 
 for measuring time, especially the interval 
 of an hour, by the running of sand out of a 
 £rlass vessel. i-r 
 
 Hour'-hand (our/-), n. The hand or index Hour-glass, 
 which shows the hour on a chronometer. 
 
 Hour'i (hourly), n. [Per. hfirt, h^ra, hfir, from Ar. Mr, 
 pi. of ahwar, beautiful-ejed, black-eyed.] A nymph of 
 paradise ; — so called by the Mohammedans. 
 
 Hour'ly (our/15), a. Happening or done every hour; 
 occurring hour by hour ; frequent ; often repeated. 
 
 Hour'ly (ouraj'), a// u. Every hovir; frequently. 
 
 Hour'-plate (our'plat), n. The dial of a timepiece. 
 
 House, n. ; pi. HOU§/E§. [A.-S., Goth., Icel., & 0. H. 
 Ger. Afts.] 1. A building used as a habitation or shelter 
 for animals of any kind ; especially, one for the habita- 
 tion of man ; a dwelling : mansion ; tenement. 2. House- 
 hold affairs ; domestic concerns. 3. A household ; a 
 femily. 4. A race of persons from the same stock ; a 
 tribe ; especially, a noble or illustrious race. 5. A body 
 of men united in their legislative capacity. 6. (Com.) 
 A firm or commercial establishment. 7. (Ascrol.) A 
 twelfth part of the heavens. 8. An inn ; a hotel. 
 
 House of correction, a prison for the punishment of idle and 
 disorderly persons, vagrants, trespassers, &c. — House of God, a 
 temple or church. — Beliffious house, a monastery or convent. 
 — To bring down the whole house, to draw forth » buret of ap- 
 plause from a whole audience. 
 
 Hou§e (houz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HOUSED ; p.pr. 8c vb. 
 
 n. HOUSING.] To shelter; to protect by covering. 
 Hou§e { houz), v. i. To take shelter or lodgings ; to abide ; 
 
 to dwell. [a house! 
 
 House'-break'er, «. One who feloniously breaks into eiuie 
 House'-break'ing, n. The act of feloniously break- jg;o-»vl 
 
 ing into a house. 
 House'liold, n. Those who dwell under the same roof 
 
 and compose a family [domestic. | Howr4t,T. [Equivalent to oio^et, duninutive of otc?.] 
 
 House'hoid. a. Belonging to the house and family ; j An owl -an owlet 
 House'hold-er, 7«. The master of a family. I How'soWer, a^r. [Compounded of Ao7«, .*o, and «•«-.] 
 
 House'keep-er, «. 1. One who occupies a house with 
 his family : a householder. 2. A female servant who 
 has the chief care of the family. 
 
 Houise'keep-ing, n. 1. Care of domestic concerns. 
 2. Hospitality ; a plentiful and hospitable table. 
 
 Hou.se'leek, >i. [See Leek.] (Bot.) A succulent plant 
 found very generally on old walls jtnd roofs. 
 
 House'less, a. Destitute of a house or habitation ; with- 
 out shelter. 
 
 House'maid, n. A female servant. 
 
 House'-rdbm (28), n. Room or place in a house. 
 
 In what manner soever: to whatever degree : however. 
 
 Hoy, n. [D. heu, heude, hode, Ger. & Fr. hfu.^ (NaiU.) 
 
 j A small coasting vessel for passengers and goods, usually 
 
 rigged as a sloop. 
 I Hub, n. [See HOB.] 1. The central part or nave of a 
 I wheel. 2. The hilt of a weapon. 3. A projecting ob- 
 struction. [Amer.] 4. A goal or mark at which quoits, 
 &c., are cast. 5. A projection on a wheel for a pin. 
 HubTble-bub^ble, n. A tobacco-pipe so arranged that 
 the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling 
 noise ; hence its name. 
 
 food, fo'ot; iirn, rude, pull ; ^eU, (haise, «all, e«ho ; ^enn, get; ag; ejist; UQger, linlK ; thin. 
 
HUBBUB 
 
 356 
 
 HUMILIATION 
 
 Hflb'biib, H. [Of. Whoop, and IIOOP.] A great noise 
 
 ofui&nv confus«Hl voices ; a tumult; uproar; riot. 
 HAck'ti-bftrk. i». A kiiul of liueu with raised figures on 
 
 it, ustHt for tiible-clotlis aud towels. 
 HAck'le-b&ckrd (htlkl-bilkt), a. [Huckle, a dim. of 
 
 CHtr. hucke, the luiik.] iiaviug round slioulders. 
 Hiick'le-bCr'ry (liQk'l-). >i. [Cf. Ger. piickelbeere, 
 
 fntckflbrrre , pikr/beere, bickelbtere.] (Bot.) (a.) A low 
 
 branching shrub, with very stitf and crooked branches, 
 
 and producing a small, black, edible berry , of pleasant 
 
 davor. (b.) The fruit of this shrub. [Written also 
 
 tohortlf berry.] 
 HAck'ster, n. [From Eng. huck, to haggle. Cf. HAWK, ' 
 
 v.] 1, A retailer of .small articles ; a peddler ; a hawker. 
 
 '.4. A mean, trickish fellow. [bargains. 
 
 Hflck'ster, v. i. To deal in small articles, or in petty 
 Uutl'dle, I'. I. [i7>ip. & p. p. huddled; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 u. HUDDLING.] [Ger. hudeln, to bungle, 0. Ger. hudel, 
 
 liu'ldel, rag, trash.] To press or hurry in disorder ; to 
 
 crowd. 
 Hud'dle, t'. t. 1. To hurry and slight. 2. To put on ; 
 
 to do in haste or roughly. 
 Hfid'dle, «. A crowd; tumult; confusion, [a bungler. 
 Hud'dler, n. One who throws things into confusion; 
 Hu'di-bras'ti<; , a. Similar in manner to Hudib*as, 
 
 the hero of a burlesque poem ; hence, in the style of 
 
 doggerel poetry. 
 Hue, n. [A.-S. hiw^ hioiv, heow, appearance, form, color, 
 
 Goth, hivi, shape, form, color.] Color ; tint ; dye. 
 Hue, n. [Norm. Fr. hue, cry, clamor. Cf. Ahoy.] A 
 
 shouting or vociferation. 
 
 Hue and ay {Law), a loud outcry with which a felon was 
 anciently pursued; in later usage, a written proclamation re- 
 quiring all persons to aid in retaking him. 
 
 Huff, n. [See infra.] 1. A fit of disappointment and 
 anger. 2. A boaster. 
 
 Huff, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HUFFED (hQft, 108) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. HUFFING.] [A modification of 0. Eng. hoove, 
 hove, equiv. to heave, q. v.] 1. To swell ; to puff up. 
 2. To treat with insolence and arrogance ; to bully. 
 
 Huff, r. i. 1. To dilate; to swell up. 2. To bluster; 
 to storm. 
 
 Huffisb, a. Disposed to put on swelling, petulant, or 
 buUyish airs ; arrogant. 
 
 Huff'isli-ness, «. Arrogance; noisy bluster. 
 
 Huffy, a. 1. Puffed up ; swelled. 2. Characterized by 
 arrogance, bluster, or petulance. 
 
 HAg, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HUGGED ; p.pr.k, vb. n. HUG- 
 GING.] [A.-S. hogian, to meditate, think, Goth, hngjan, 
 to think, Icel. kuga, to think, care, hugga, to console, 
 A.-S. hSgan, hegian, to wall in. guard, hege, haga, hedge. 
 See Hedge.] 1. To embrace clo-sel}' ; to clasp to the 
 bosom. 2. To hold fast; to treat with fondness. 3. 
 {Naut.) To keep close to. 
 
 Htig, n. A close embrace ; a clasp or gripe. 
 
 Huge, a. [compar. huger; superl. HUGEST.] [See 
 High.] 1, Very large or great ; monstrous ; immense. 
 2. Extended ; carried to a high degree. 
 
 Syn. — Enormous ; gigantic ; colossal ; prodigious ; vast. 
 
 Hu^e'ly, adv. Very greatly ; enormously ; immensely. 
 
 Huge'ness, n. Enormous bulk or largeness. 
 
 Hug'ger-imig'ger, n. [Prov. Eng. hugger, to lie in 
 ambush, to lurk, mug, fog, muggard, sullen.] Privacy ; 
 secrecy. [Cnlloq. and low.] 
 
 Hug'ger-miig'ger, a. 1. Secret; clandestine: close; 
 sly. 2. Confusedj disorderly ; mean ; contemptible. 
 
 Hu'grue-not (hu/ue-not), n. [Fr., prop. dim. of Hugon, 
 Hugo, and orig. a heretic and conspirator of this name.] 
 (Ecd. Hist.) A French Protestant of the period of the 
 religious wars in France in the .«ixteentli century. 
 
 Hn'gue-not-igui, n. The religion of the Huguenots in 
 France. 
 
 HJilk, n. [A.-S. hvlre, a light, swift ship, huh. a cabin, 
 f«ottJ4ge, den, 0. H. Ger. kokho, a swift ship, from Gr. 
 oA«ca?.] 1. The bodv of a ship or vessel ; especially the 
 body of an old ship or.vessel laid by as unfit for service. 
 2. Any thing bulky or unwieldy. 
 
 Htlll, n. [A.-S. hule, hulu, the hard shell, hull, or crust 
 of a thing, from Goth, huljan, to cover, 0. H. Ger. & 
 A.-S. hiilan, to conceal.] 1. The outer covering of any 
 thing, particularly of a nut or of grain ; the husk. 2. 
 ( Naut.) The frame or body of a vessel. 
 
 Hiill.t). t. [imp. & p. p. hulled ; p. pr.it, vb. n. hull- 
 ing.] 1. To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of. 
 2. To pierce the hull of, as of a ship. 
 
 Hiill-giiH', n. A play or game of children. 
 
 HtLuk, v. I. [imp. & p. p. hummed ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 HUMMING.] [Ger. hummen, humsen, D. hommelen.] 1. 
 To make a dull, prolonged, ua.sal sound, like that of a bee 
 in flight ; to droue ; to murmur ; to buzz. 2. To make 
 as if speaking, but without opening the mouth, or arti- 
 culating ; to mumble. 
 
 Hum, V. t. To sing with shut mouth ; to murmur with- 
 out articulation. 
 
 Hiim, n. 1. The noise of bees in flight, of a swiftly re- 
 volving top, of a whirling wheel, or the like. 2. Any 
 inarticulate and buzzing sound. 3. An imposition or 
 hoax. 
 
 Hum, interj. [Cf. Hem.] Ahem : hem ;'a sound with a 
 pause implying doubt and deUberation. See Hem. 
 
 Hu'man, a. [hyii. humanvs, froni homo, majn.] Belong- 
 ing to man or mankind ; having the quaUties or attri- 
 butes of man. 
 
 Hu-mane', a. [Lat. humanvs. See Human.] 1 . Per- 
 taining to man ; human. [ Obs.] 2. Having the feelingi 
 and dispositions proper to man, and a disposition to treat 
 other human beings or animals with kindness. 
 
 Syn. — Kind ; sympathizing ; benevolent ; mild ; compas- 
 sionate; tender; merciful. 
 
 Hu-mane'ly, adv. In a humane manner ; kindly. 
 
 Hu-mane'ness (109), n. The quaUty of being humane; 
 tenderness. 
 
 Hu'man-ist, n. 1, One who pursues the study of the 
 huinanities or pohte literature. 2. One versed in the 
 knowledge of human nature. 
 
 Hu-ina.ii'i-ta.'ri-an ,n. One who holds that JesuaChriist 
 was merely a man. 
 
 Hu-iri5,ii'i-ta'ri-aii, a. Pertaining to humanitarians. 
 
 Hu-maii'i-ta'ri-an-igm, n. The doctrine of the hu- 
 manitarians. 
 
 Hu-man'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being human. 2. Man- 
 kind collectivelj'. 3. The quality of being humane; 
 kindness ; benevolence. 4. Mental cultivation ; liberal 
 education. 5. pi. The branches of polite or elegant 
 learning ; belles-lettres. 
 
 Hu'man-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. humanized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. humanizing.] To render human or humane. 
 
 Hu'man-ize, v. i. To become or be made more humane ; 
 to become civilized ; to be ameliorated. 
 
 Hu'man-iy , adv. In a human manner ; after the man< 
 ner of men. 
 
 Humnble (76), a. [compar. humbler ; superl. hum- 
 blest.] [From Lat. hvmilis, on the ground, low, from 
 humus, the earth, ground.] 1. Low; unpretending; 
 mean. 2. Thinking lowly of one's self; not protid, ar- 
 rogant, or assuming ; modest ; lowly ; meek. 
 
 To eat humble pie, to take up with mean fare, and hence, to 
 submit tamely to insult or in jury; — said to be derived from pie 
 made of the entrails or humbles of a deer. See Humbles. 
 
 HumTble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. humbled ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. HUMBLING.] 1. To bring low ; to reduce the power, 
 independence, or exaltation of ; to bring down. 2. To 
 make humble or lowly in mind ; to abase the pride of. 
 
 Syn. — To abase; lower; depress; humiliate; disgrace; de- 
 grade; sink. 
 
 Hiim'ble-bee, n. [Prob. from hum, q. v. Cf. Bumble- 
 bee.] (Entom.) A large, hairy bee, of a black color, 
 with bands of yellow or orange ; a bumblebee. 
 
 HurnHble-ness, n. State of being or feeling humble. 
 
 Hiim'bler, n. One who, or that which, humbles. 
 
 HurnHbleg (-biz), n. pi. [See Umbles and NoMBLES.] 
 Entrails of a deer. 
 
 HurnHbly, adv. In a humble manner ; with humility. 
 
 HiimTbug, n. [Probably from hu7n, to impose on, de- 
 ceive, and bug, a frightful object, bugbear.] [ CoUoq.] 1. 
 A piece of trickery ; a hoax. 2. Trickishness. 3. One 
 who deceives or hoaxes. 
 
 HurnHbug, V- t. [imp. & p. p. HUMBUGGED ; p.pr.&, 
 vb. n. HUMBUGGING.] To deceive ; to impose on ; to 
 cajole; to hoax. \Colloq.] 
 
 Humnbiig-ger-y, n. The practice of imposition. 
 
 Hum'driim, a. [Probably from hum. and drum, fat 
 drone, q. v ] Dull ; stupid. 
 
 Hu'm.er-al, a. [Lat. humerus, the shoulder.] Belong- 
 ing to the shoulder. 
 
 Hu'mid, a. [Lat. humidus, from humere, to be moist.J 
 Containing sensible moisture ; damp ; moist. 
 
 Hu-mid'i-ty. n. Moisture ; dampness. 
 
 Hu-mil'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUMILIATED : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. HUMILIATING.] [Lat. humiliare, humiliaturru 
 See Humble.] To reduce to a lower position ; to 
 humble ; to depress ; to abase. 
 
 Hu-mil'i-a'tion, n. 1. Act of humiliating or humbUng; 
 abasement of pride ; mortification. 2. State of being 
 humiliated. 
 
 »,c,&c.,/<wg'; a,fi,&c.,sAorr; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; gre, v§U,tgrm; pique,flrm; s6n,6r,d9,w9lf 
 
HUMILITY 
 
 357 HURRY 
 
 ISn-mil'i-ty, n. State or quality of beiug humble ; low- 
 liness of mmd. 
 
 Syn. — Modesty ; diffidence. — Dijffidence is a distrust of 
 one^ powers, and, as it may be earned too far, is not always 
 (like modesty and humility) a virtue; j«orfes<«/, without sup- 
 posing self-distrust, implies an unwillingness to put ourselves 
 forward, and an absence of all over-confidence in our own 
 powers; humility consists in ratinff our claims low, in being 
 willing to waive our rights, and take a lower place than might 
 be our due. It does not require us to underrate ourselves. The 
 huinilitij of our Savior was perfect, and yet he had a true sense 
 of his own greatness. 
 
 Hum'mei*, n. One who hums ; an applauder. 
 
 Huin'ming-bird, n. ( Oniith.) 
 A Tery small bird remarkable for 
 the metallic brilliancy of its plu- 
 mage, and for the swift motion 
 and noise of its wings iu flight. 
 
 Huiti'mock, n. [Prob. an Ind. 
 word.] 1. A rounded knoll or "^ 
 hillock. "2. A ridge or pile of ice 
 on an ice-field. 3. Timbered " Humming-bird, 
 land. [Florida.] 
 
 Hu'mor (or yu'mur, 76), n. [Lat., from humere, to be 
 moist, alUed to Gr. x^'l^o?, hquid, juice.] 1. Moisture ; 
 especially, the moisture or fluids of animal bodies, "i, 
 [Med.) (a.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, such as 
 often causes an eruption on the skin. (6.) An eruptive 
 afifection of the skin;. a rash. 3. State of mind (for- 
 merly fancied to depend on the condition cf the fluids of 
 the body) ; disposition ; temper. 4. pi. Changing and 
 uncertain states of mind. 5. That quality of the im- 
 agination which tends to excite laughter or mirth by 
 ludicrous images or representations. * 
 
 Syn. — Wit; satire; pleasantry; temper; disposition; mood; 
 frame; whim; fancy; caprice. See Wit. 
 
 Hu'mor {or yij^mur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HUMORED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. HUMORING.] 1. To comply with the hu- 
 mor of; to indulge by gentle and skillful adaptation. 3. 
 To help on by indulgence. 
 
 Syn. — To gratify; indulge; favor. See Gratify. 
 
 Hu'mor-al [or yij^mur-al), a. Pertaining •), or proceed- 
 ing from, the humors. 
 
 ^p[u'in.or-al-i§in (or yij'mur-al-izm), ?2. 1. State of be- 
 ing humoral. 2. The doctrine that diseases have their 
 seat in the humors or fluids of the body. 
 
 Hu'mor-igm [or yi}'mur-izm), n. 1. (Med.) Humor- 
 alism. 2. Humorousness. 
 
 Hu'mor-ist (or yij/mur-ist), n. 1. One who attributes 
 diseases to the diseased state of the humors. 2. One 
 who has some strong peculiarity of character, which he 
 indulges in ways that are odd or whimsical. 3. One who 
 has a playful fancy or genius ; also, a wag ; a droll. 
 
 Hu'mor-ous (or yij'mur-us), a. 1. Subject to be gov- 
 erned by humor or caprice. 2. Full of humor ; exciting 
 laughter. 
 
 Syn. —Jocose; jocular; playful; witty; pleasant; merry; 
 capricious ; whimsical. 
 
 HH'mor-ous-ly (or yu/mur-us-15!^), adv. In a humorous 
 manner; capriciously; jocosely. 
 
 Hu'mor-ou.s-iiess (or yvj/mur-), n. State or quality of 
 being humorous. 
 
 Hu-'mor-some (or yij/mur-), a. Influenced by humor. 
 
 Hump, n. [Prob. allied to Lat. umbo, any convex eleva- 
 ■ tion, boss of a shield.] A protuberance ; a bunch ; es- 
 pecially, the protuberance formed by a crooked back ; a 
 hunch. 
 
 Hiimp'b^ck, n. 1. A crooked back ; a hunchback. 
 3. A humpbacked person. 
 
 Mu'mus, n. [Lat., earth, ground, soil.] A pulverulent 
 brown substance formed by the action of air on solid 
 animal or vegetable matter. 
 
 Huncli (66), n. [Ger. hiicke, hoclce, back, bunch, heap, 
 with an n inserted. Cf. Bunch and Hump.] 1, A 
 hump ; a protuberance. 2. A thick piece ; a hunk. 3. 
 A push or jerk with the fist or elbow. 
 
 Hiincli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. hunched (huncht); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. hunching.] 1, To push with the elbow or 
 with a sudden jerk. 2. To crook, as the back. 
 
 Hiiu<;linbJick:, n. A humpback. 
 
 Hun'drecl, n. [A.-S. hund, hundred, hundred, century, 
 
 0. H. Ger. hunt, huntari, hundert, Goth, hund, allied to 
 Lat. centum, Gr. kKcxrov. Skr. gatdm. Per. szad, Jr. cead.] 
 
 1. The number of ten times ten. 2. A division or part 
 of a county in England, supposed to have originally con- 
 tained a hundred families, or freemen. 
 
 Hundred-weight, a denomination of weight, usually (Jinoted 
 
 by cwt., containing 112 pounds avoirdupois, according to th« 
 
 usual legal standard. But often in j)ractice, and sometime* by 
 
 legislative enactment, it is 100 pounds avoirdupois. 
 Hiiii'dred, a. Ten times ten ; ninety and ten. 
 Hun'dredth (108), a. 1. Next following in order the 
 
 ninety -ninth. 2. Forming one of a hundred parts Into 
 
 which anything is divided. 
 Hiin'dredth, n. One of a hundred equal parts into 
 
 which one whole is, or may be, divided. 
 Hung, i7np. & p. p. of hang. See HANG. 
 Huiig'-beef, n. The fleshy part of beef slightly salted 
 
 and hung up to dry ; dried beef. 
 Hiin'gei*, n. [A.-S. himgur, hunger, Goth, huhrus, hunger, 
 
 huggrjan, to hunger.] 1. A craving or desire for food. 
 
 2. Any strong or eager desire. 
 Hiin'ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. HUNGERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. HUNGERING.] 1. To crave food. 2. To long for. 
 HiiJi'ger, v. t. To make hungry ; to famish. 
 Hun'gri-ly, adv. In a hungry manner; voraciously. 
 Hun'gry,a. [co«?/iar. HUNGRIER; swper/. HUNGRIEST.] 
 
 1. Feeling hunger ; having a keen appetite ; hence, hav- 
 ing an eager desire. 2. Showing hunger or a craving 
 desire. 3. Not rich or fertile ; poor; barren. 
 
 Hunk, n. A large lump or piece ; a hunch. [Prov. Bng. 
 and colloq. Amer.] 
 
 Hunk'er, n. One opposed to progress in politics ; hence, 
 one opposed to progress in general ; a conservative ; a 
 fogy. [Amer.] 
 
 Hunks, n. [Prov. Eng. hunk, hunch, hump.] A cove- 
 tous, sordid man ; a miser ; a niggard. 
 
 Hunt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HUNTED; p. pr. Si, vb. n. 
 HUNTING.] [A.-S. huntian, to hunt, allied to hentan, to 
 follow, pursue.] 1. To follow after, as game or wild an- 
 imals ; to chase. 2. To search diligently after ; to 
 pursue. 
 
 Hunt, V. i. 1. To follow the chase ; to go out in pursuit 
 of game. 2. To seek by close pursuit ; to search. 
 
 Hunt, n. 1. A chase of wild animals for catching them ; 
 chase ; hence, pursuit ; search. 2. An association of 
 huntsmen. 
 
 Hunt'er, n. 1. One who pursues wild animals ; a hunts- 
 man. 2. A dog that is employed in the chase. 3. A 
 horse used in the chase. 4. A watch which has the 
 crystal protected by a metallic cover. 
 
 Hunt'ing-lidrn, n. A bugle ; a horn used to cheer the 
 hounds in pursuit of game. 
 
 Hunt'ress, n. A female hunter. 
 
 Hunts'man, n.; pi. HijNTS'MEN. 1. One who hunis, 
 or who practices hunting. 2. A servant whose office it is 
 to manage the chase. 
 
 Hiir'dle, n. [A.-S. hyrdel, hyrdhil, allied to Lat. crates.] 
 A texture of twigs, osiers, or sticks; a crate of various 
 forms and used for various purposes. 
 
 Hur'dy-gtir'dy, n. A stringed 
 instrument of music, whose sounds 1 
 are produced by the friction of a 
 wheel, and regulated by the Hurdy-gurdy, 
 fingers. 
 
 Hurl, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HURLED ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 HURLING.] [Probably from Lat. ululare, to howl, trans- 
 ferred from the voice to a noisy and tumultuous throw- 
 ing ; but perhaps hurl is only a modification of whirl.] 
 To send whirhng or whizzing through the air ; to throw 
 with violence. 
 
 Hurl, n. Act of hurling ; a cast ; a fling. 
 
 Hurl'-lbone, n. (Far.) A bone near the middle of the 
 buttock of a horse. 
 
 Hiirl'er, n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling. 
 
 Hftrl'ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force. 2. 
 A certain game of ball. 
 
 Hiir'ly, ) n. [jEng. hurl, and Prov. Eng. burly, 
 
 Hiir'ly-b-ftr'ly, j big, strong.] Tumult ; bustle ; con- 
 fusion. 
 
 Hur-ra' I (hij-ri'), interj. [Cf. Huz Z A.] Huzza ! a shout 
 
 Hur-rali' j of joy or exultation. 
 
 Hftr'ri-eane, n. [Originally a Carib word, signifying a 
 high wind.] A violent storm, characterized by the ex- 
 treme fury of the wind and its sudden changes. 
 Hurricane deck {N'aut.), the upper deck of steamboats. 
 
 Hur'ri-er, n. One who hurries, urges, or impels. 
 
 Hiir'ry, v. t. [imp. & p.p. hurried ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. 
 HURRYING.] [M. H. Ger. hurren, to move hastily, Icel. 
 hurra, to rattle over hardened snow, or frozen ground, 
 Attrr, noise of sledges.] 1. To hasten ; to urge onward. 
 
 2. To impel to violent or thoughtless action. 
 Syn. — To precipitate ; expedite; quicken; accelerate. 
 
 Hiir'ry, i'. t. To move or act with haste or precipitation. 
 
 food, foot ; flrn, rude, pull ; ?ell, fliaise, «all, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tldis. 
 
HURRY 
 
 358 
 
 HYDROGEN 
 
 Hilr'ry , n. The •ct of hurrying ; the act of driTing or 
 pnyitdug forward. 
 
 Syn.— Haste ; speed ; disiMitch ; expedition ; pressure ; ut- 
 Sency; precipitation; bustle. 
 
 Hftrt, r. t. [imp. & ;;. p. HURT ; p. pr. & vb. n. HURT- 
 ING.] [A.-S. fii/ri, hurt, wounded, \V: kwrdd, thrust, 
 hyrddu, fiyrddiaw, to push, drive, assault.] 1. To wound 
 or bruue painfull v. %J. To damage ; to ipjure ; to harm. 
 3. To wound the feelings of; to annoy ; to grieve. 
 
 HArt, n. 1. A physical injury causing pain. 5i, Dam- 
 age ; detriment. 
 
 Syn.— Wound; bruise; injury; harm; loss; mischief; 
 bane; disadvantage. 
 
 Hfirt'er, n. One who hurts or does harm. 
 
 Ufilrt'f 111, a. Tending to impair or destroy. 
 
 Syn. — Pernicious ; destructive; harmful; baneful; preju- 
 dicial; detrimental; disadvantageous; mischievous; injurious; 
 noxious; unwholesome. 
 
 Hilrt'ful-ly, a(/f. Injuriously; mischieTOusly. 
 
 Hfi.rt'£ul-ness, 7J. Injuriousness ; mischievousness. 
 
 Har'tlelhur/tl), f. I. [Dim. of Awrf.] 1. To clash ; to 
 jostle., 2. To move rapidly ; to skirmish. 3. To make 
 a clashing, terrifying, or threatening sound. 
 
 Hftr'tle, 1-. r 1. To brandish. [Obs.] 2. To push 
 'forcibly. 
 
 Hiir'tle-bgr'ry, n. [A.-S. heort-berie, heorot-berie, i. e., 
 hart-berry ] The same as HUCKLEBERRY and WHOR- 
 TLEBERRY. 
 
 Hiirt'less, a. Doing no injury ; innoxious ; harmless ; 
 innocuous; innocent. 
 
 Hu§nband (hiiz''band), n. [A.-S. hdsbojida, the master 
 of the house or family from /ift.s, house, and bo7ida, boor, 
 peasant, biian to dwell.] A married man. 
 
 A ship's hiisbaitd {A'aut.), the owner of a ship who manages 
 it« concerns in person. 
 
 H^Hband. v. t. [imp. & p. p. husbanded ; p. pr. & 
 vb.n. HUSBANDING.] 1. To direct and manage Avith 
 frugaUty. 3. To cultivate, as land ; to till. 
 
 Hii§nt)aiid-iiian, n. ; pi. Htjs'BAND-MEN. A farmer: 
 a cultivator or tiller of the ground. 
 
 Hu§nband-ry, n. 1. Care of domestic affairs ; domestic 
 economy. 3. The business of a husbandman or farmer ; 
 agriculture ; tillage. 
 
 Hush, a. [An onomatopoetic word.] Silent ; stiU ; quiet. 
 
 Hiisli, I", t. [imp. &, p. p. hushed (husht); p. pr. & 
 r6. n. HUSHING.] 1. To StiU; to silence; to calm. 2. 
 To calm, as commotion or agitation. 
 
 Hiisli, V. i. To be still; to be silent ; — especially, used 
 in the imperative, as an exclamation. 
 
 Hiisli'-mon'ey, n. A bribe to secure silence. 
 
 Husk, n. [0. H. Ger. hulm, from 0. H. Ger. & A.-S. 
 hclan, to conceal, cover.] The external covering of cer- 
 tain fi-uits or seeds of plants. 
 
 Hiisk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. husked (huskt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HUSKING.] To strip off the external covering of. 
 
 Husk'i-ness, n. 1. State of being husky. 3. Rough- 
 ness of sound ; harshness ; hoarseness. 
 
 Husk'ing, n. 1, Act of stripping off husks, as from In- 
 dian com. 2. A meeting of neighbors or friends, to 
 a^ist in husking Indian corn. [Amer.] 
 
 Husk'y, a. 1. Abounding with, consisting of, or resem- 
 bling huskH. 2. Rough in tone ; hoarse ; raucous. 
 
 Hug-gar' (hdbz-zar'), n. [Hung, huszdr, from husz, 
 twenty, becau.?e under King Matthias I., in the fifteenth 
 century, every twenty houses were to furnish one horse- 
 Koldier.] {Mil.) Originally one of the national cavalry of 
 Hungary and Croatia ; now one of the light cavalry of 
 European armies. 
 
 Hug'gy, 71. [Contr. from fiusinfe, housewife.] 1. An ill- 
 behaved woman orgiri ; a jade. 2. A i^ert giri. 3. A case 
 or bag containing thread , needles, &c. See Housewife. 
 
 lied to Gr. KevStiv, to hide, conceal.] A small house, 
 hovel, or cabin. 
 
 HAt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. HUT- 
 TING.] To place in huts, as troops encamped in winter 
 quarters. 
 
 Hutch, ji. [0. Eng. hurche. Cf. A.-S. hwecca., chest, 
 hutch.] A chest, box, or other place in which things 
 may be stored, or animals confined. 
 
 Huz-zii', n. [Perhaps from Fr. kou fa, an exclamation 
 inhurUng.] A shout of joy. [ultation. 
 
 Huz-za', inlerj. Hurrah ; — an expression of joy or ex- 
 
 Huz-za', V. i. [i}7ip. & p. p. huzzaed; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
 HUZZAING.] To utter a loud shout of joy, or an excla^ 
 mation in joy or praise. 
 
 Hy'a-^iuth, 7i. [Lat. hyacinthus, Gr. vaKivBoe, orig. a 
 beautiful Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, who killed 
 him by an unlucky cast of his quoit, from whose blood 
 the flower of the same name is said to have sprung up.] 
 1. (Bot.) (a.) A bulbous plant bearing beautiful spikes 
 of fragrant flowers. (6.) A plant called also Eastern 
 quamask ; wild hyacinth, (c. ) The name is also given to 
 an evergreen, one variety of which produces white, and 
 another blue, flowers. 2. (Min.) A red variety of zircon, 
 sometimes used as a gem. 
 
 Hy^a-viiitli'ine, a. Made of, or resembling hyacinth; 
 of a violet, purple, dark auburn, or brown color. 
 
 Hy'a-de§, ) 71. i^/. [Lat. Hyades, Gr. "YdSes, i.e., the 
 
 Hy'adg, ) Rainers, from vetv, to rain.] (Astron.) A 
 cluster of five stars in the constellation Taurus, supposed 
 by the ancients to indicate the approach of rainy weath- 
 er, when they rose with the sun. 
 
 Hy'a-line, a. [La,t. hyalinus, Gr. voAivos, from woAos, 
 glass.] (ilassy ; crystalline ; transparent. 
 
 Hy'brid, or Hyb'rid, n. [Lat. Iiybrida, hibrida, prob. 
 allied to Gr. v/Spts, wantonness (as if unbridled, lawless, 
 unnatural).] An animal or plant produced from the 
 mixture of two species ; a mongrel ; a mule. 
 
 Hy'brid, or Hj'b'rid, a. Produced from the mixture 
 of two species ; mongrel. 
 
 Hj'd'a-tid, n. [Gr. vSarC?, -i5os, a watery vesicle un^r 
 the upper eyelid, from vStop, (jfiaro?, water.] (Zo'cil.) A 
 parasitic mpmVjranous sac filled with a pellucid fltiid, 
 found in vflious parts of the bod\' of organized beings. 
 
 Hy'dra, n. ; Eng. pi. hy'dras, Lat. jjI. hvdrje. [Lat. 
 /ii/rfra, Gr. vSpa, v5(op, water.] 1. (Myth.) A water-set- 
 pent having many heads, one of which, beirg cut off, was 
 immediately succeeded by another, unless the wound 
 was cauterized. 2. Hence, a multifarious evil, or one 
 not to be repressed by a single effort. 
 
 Hy-dran'ge-a, n. "[From Gr. iJSwp. water, and ayyelov, 
 vessel, capsule.] (Bot.) A shrubby genus of plants bear- 
 ing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers of a 
 rose color naturally, but varj ing in color with the soil. 
 
 Hy'drant, n. [Gr. vdpaireiv, to irrigate ; vSwp, water.] 
 A pipe or spout at which water may be drawn from the 
 mains of an aqueduct ; a water-plug. 
 
 Hy-drdt''()y-ifini. n. [Lat. hydrargyrvs. Gr. vSpdpyupo?, 
 fluid silver, quicksilver, from vhiup, water, and apyvpo?, 
 silver.] Quicksilver ; mercury. 
 
 Hy'drate, n. [From Gr. v^a^p, water.] ( Chov.) A com- 
 pound fonned by the union of water with some other 
 substance, generally forming a neutral salt. 
 
 Hy-drau'lic, \a. [Lat. hydratdicuSjGv.vSpavkiKo^, 
 
 Hy-drau'lic-al , } from v5pav\i.<;, or vBpavKos, a wa- 
 ter-organ, from vfiwp, water, and av\6s, flute, pipe.] Per- 
 taining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. > 
 
 Hydraulic cement, a cement or mortar made of hyclranUc 
 lime, to be used under water. — JJtidraidic jress, a press in 
 which great power is obtained from a small forcirg-pump 
 which forces water into a large cylinder. — HydravJic ram, a. 
 machine for raising water by mean's of the momentum of th» 
 water of which a portion is to be raised. 
 
 Htts'tlng:g, 71. pi. [A.-S. hasting, a place of council, fr. j Hy-drau'Ii«s, n. sivg. That branch of science or of 
 /(ft5, house, and thing, thing, cause, council.] 1. The ' engineering which treats of fluids, especially water in 
 principal court of the city of London, held before the i motion. 
 
 lord mayor, recorder \jind aldermen. 2. The place where ; Hy'dro-?ele, n. [Gr. v5po>ojAT), from viuip, water, and 
 "* "*"■''• ' ' kijAtj, tumor.] 
 
 the election of a memVier of Parliament is held ; hence 
 the platform on which candidates stand. 
 
 Hus'tle (hds/l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. hustled- p. pr. 
 & vb. n. hu.stling.] [D. hutsdm. hvlsen, to shake.] 
 To Hhake together in confusion ; to handle roughly. 
 
 Hug'wife (hu//zif or hfiz/wif), n. [From house-ivire.] 
 1. A female economist or housekeeper. 2. A worthless 
 woman. [See HussY.] 3. A case for sewing materials 
 See Housewife. 
 
 Hiig'wife-ry (huz'af-Tf or haz/wTf-rj^), n. The busi- 
 ness of managing the concerns of a family by a female. 
 
 HAt, n. [0. H. Ger. hutta; Goth, hethjo, store-room ; al- 
 
 (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the 
 areolar texture of the scrotum or the coverings of the 
 
 j testicles or spermatic cord. 
 
 : Hy'dro-pgpb'a-lus, n. [Gr. vSpoxe^aAos, and v£poK€<f>- 
 
 I oAoi'. water in the head, ftK)m iiSoip, water, and Ke</)aAij, 
 head] (jlle</.) Dropsy of the brain. 
 Hy'dro-dy-nSm'ic, a. Pertaining to, or derived fi-om, 
 
 ' the force or pressure of water. 
 
 ' Hy'dro-dy-nani'ics, n. sing. [Gr. v5wp, water, and 
 
 I dynamics, q. v.] The principles of dynamics, as appUed 
 
 I to water and other fluids. 
 
 • Hy'dro-gen, n. [From Gr. vSiop, water, and -yeVetv, to 
 
 a, e, &c.,/o7ig^;a,6,&c.,iAorf;care,far, ask,aU,>vliat; 6re, veil, term ; piicjue.firm ; son. 6r,do, wolfc 
 
HYDROGENATE 
 
 359 
 
 HYPERBOREAN 
 
 beget, generate ; so called aa being considered the gener- 
 ator of water.] ( C/iem.) An inflammable colorless gas of 
 extreme lightness, which constitutes one of the elements 
 of water. 
 
 Hy'dro-gen-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. hydrogenat- 
 ED ; p. pr. & it. n. IIYDROGENATING.] ( C/iem.) To 
 combine with hydrogen 
 
 Hy'dro-gen-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hydrogenized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. HYDROGENIZING.] To combine with 
 hydrogen ; to hydrogenate. [ing hydrogen. 
 
 Hy-drSg'e-noiis, a. Pertaining to hydrogen ; contain- 
 
 Hy-drog'ra-pher, n. One who draws maps of the sea, 
 lakes, or other waters, with the adjacent shores. 
 
 gr'd™:SlSl;;&aI, ! "■ «»''«°S to h,dr„g»phy. 
 
 Hy-dr6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, and -ypac^eiv, to 
 write, describe.] Art of measuring and describing the 
 sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, or of forming charts 
 of the same. 
 
 Hy-drol'o-gy , n. [Gr. uSoop, water, and Aoyo?, discourse .] 
 The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and 
 laws, its distribution in lakes, rivers, &c., over the 
 earth's surface. 
 
 Hy'dro-man'^y, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, and fiavreia, 
 divination.] A method of divination or prediction of 
 events by water. 
 
 Hy'dro-mel, n. [Lat. hydromel, Gr. vSpojaeAi, from 
 v6wp, water, and fxeAi, honey.] A Uquor consisting of 
 honey diluted in water. 
 
 Hy-drom'e-ter, n. [Gr. vSu>p, water, and ju-erpoc, meas- 
 ure.] 1. An instrument for determining the specific 
 gravities and thence the strength of liquids. tJ. An in- 
 strument for measuring the velocity or discharge of water, 
 as in rivers, from reservoirs, &c. 
 
 Hy'dro-met'ri*, ( a. 1. Pertaining to an hydrome- 
 
 H.y'dro-inet'ri«-al, j ter. 2. Made by means of an 
 hydrometer. 
 
 Hy-drom'e-try, n. —1. The determining the specific 
 gravity, and thence the strength, of liquids. 2. The art 
 or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of 
 running water. 
 
 Hv'dro-patli'i«, ) a. Pertaining to hydropathy, or 
 
 Hy'dro-patli'i«-al, ) the water-cure. 
 
 Hy-drop'a-tliist, n. One who practices hydropathy; 
 a water-cure doctor. 
 
 Hy-dr6p'a-tliy, n. [Gr. vfiwp, water, and 7rd0os, suffer- 
 ing.] The water-cure, a mode of treating diseases by the 
 use of pure water. 
 
 Hy'dro-plioHbi-a, n. [Lat. hydrophobia, Gr. vSpo(/)oj3ta, 
 from i/Soup, water, and <|)6^os, fear.] {Med.) A preternat- 
 ural dread of water ; a symptom of canine madness ; 
 hence, the disease caused by inoculation with the saliva 
 of a rabid dog. 
 
 Hydro-photo'i^;, a. Pertaining to a dread of water, or 
 canine madness. 
 
 Hy-dr6p'i«, )a. [Lat. hydropicus, Gr. vfipwTn/co?. 
 
 Hy-dr6p'i€-al, 3 See Dropsy.] 1. Dropsical. 3. 
 Resembling dropsy. 
 
 Hy'dro-s«ope, n. [Gr. vSup, water, and ct/cottos, spy- 
 ing; viewing.] 1. An instrument to mark the presence 
 of water in air. 3. A kind of water clock used by the 
 ancients. 
 
 Hv'dro-stat'ic, I a.. [From Gr. vS(i}p, water, and 
 
 Hy'dro-sta,t'i€-al, j crrartKos, causing to stand, skilled 
 in weighing, from la-rdvaL, to stand.] Relating to hydro- 
 statics ; pertaining to, or in accordance with, the princi- 
 ples of the equilibrium of fluids. 
 
 Hy'dro-stat'icg, n. siitg. That branch of science which 
 relates to the pressure and equihbrium of non-elastic 
 fluids, as water, mercury, &c. 
 
 Hy'dro-tlio'rax, n. [Gr. v6wp, water, and 6it>pa^, chest.] 
 {Med.) Di-opsy in the chest. 
 
 Hy'drous, a. Containing water ; watery. 
 
 Hy-e'inal, a. [Lat. hyemalis, hiemalis, from, hyems, or 
 liiems, winter.] Belonging to winter ; done in winter. 
 
 Hy-e'na, n. ; pi. iiy-e'nA§. 
 [Lat. hyasna, Gr. vaiva, orig. 
 a sow, but usually a Libyan 
 wild beast, prob. the modern 
 hyena, which has a bristly 
 mane like the hog, from vs, 
 hog.] ( Zool. ) A carnivorous ^W 
 
 mammal of Asia and Africa,/ .4^ *'^''^~"'4£- Zis^v^ 
 allied to the dog. Its habits '^''*''^^'" f ^^^S'^ " 
 are nocturnal, and it gener- ^' ^^ 
 
 ally feeds upon carrion. Hyena. 
 
 Hy-^e'ian, a. [Gr. uyietvos, vycvjs, sound, healthy, 
 lyuia, 'Yyeia, health, the goddess of health, Lat. Hy- 
 
 giea, Hygea, Hygeia.] Relating to Ilygeia, the goddess 
 of health ; pertaining to health or its preservation. 
 
 Hy'gi-ene', n. • That department of medical science 
 which treats of the preservation of health. [tory. 
 
 Hy'gi-6n'i«;, a. Pertaining to health or hygiene ; saua- 
 
 Hy-grol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. vyp6<;, wet, moist, and 
 Ao-yos, discourse.] The doctrine of the fluids of the body. 
 
 Hy-grom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. v-ypo?, wet, moist, and 
 /xerpoj', measure.] {Physics.) An instrument for meas- 
 uring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. 
 
 Hj'gro-in6t'ri€, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, made by, 
 
 Hy'gro-met'ri«-al, ) or according to, the hygrometer. 
 ti. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture. 
 
 Hy-grom'e-try, n. That branch of physics which re- 
 lates to the determination of the humidity of bodies, par- 
 ticularly of the atmosphere. 
 
 Hy'gro-s«ope, n. [Gr. vypos, wet, moist, and aKonoi, 
 spying, viewing.] {Physics.) An instrument which show* 
 whether there is more or less moisture in the atmosphere, 
 without indicating its amount. 
 
 Hy'lo-tlxe'igm, n. [Gr. vAtj, wood, matter', and 0e6s, 
 God.] The doctrine or belief that matter is God. See 
 
 MATERIALISiM. 
 BLy'lo-zo'igm, n. [Gr. vAij, wood, matter, and fcurj, life, 
 
 from ^ai/, to Uve.] The doctrine that matter possesses a 
 
 species 'of life. 
 Hy'inen, n. [Lat., Gr. 'Y^itji/, the god of marriage, vixriv, 
 
 skin, membrane.] 1. {Myth.) The god of marriage and 
 
 nuptial solemnities, ij. {Anat.) The virginal membrane. 
 Hy-'m.eii-e'al H124), a. Pertaining to marriage or a 
 Hy/meii-e'an ) wiedding ; nuptial. 
 My Hien-e^al, I ,^j A marriage song ; an epithalamium 
 
 Hy'meii-op'ter-al, ) a. [Gr. v/uLevoTrrepos, membrane- 
 
 Hy'meii-6p'ter-ous, ) winged, fi-om vfj-riv., skin, mem- 
 brane, and TTTepoj', feather, wing, fi'om TreVojuai, irTetrOai, 
 to fly.] Belonging, or pertaining, to an order of insects 
 having four membranous wings, as the bee, the wasp, &c. 
 
 Hymn (hmi ), 71. [Lat. hymnus, Gr. v/avo?, a festive song, 
 a song of praise.] Anode or song of praise; especially, 
 a religious ode ; a sacred lyric. 
 
 Hynan (hTm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. HYMXED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. HYMNING.] To worship or extol by singing hymns ; 
 
 HyiM-'nal, n. A sacred lyric ; a hymn. [Rare-I [to sing. 
 
 Hym'ni-e, a. Relating to hjmns. 
 
 Hym-nog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. vVvos, hymn, and ypac^eiv, 
 to write.] The science which treats of the writing of 
 h3^mns ; hymnology. 
 
 Hym-iiol'o-gy , n. [From Gr. vp.vo<;, hymn, and Aoyo?, 
 discourse.] 1. A body or collection of hymns. 'Z. The 
 science pertaining to hymns ; also, a treatise on hymns. 
 
 Hy'oid, \a. [Gr. uoeiSr}?, from letter v, and e'So?, 
 
 Hy-oid'e-an., ) form.] Having the form of an arch, or 
 of the Greek letter upsilon [u]. 
 
 Hyp, n. [Contraction of hypochondria, q. v.] A morbid 
 depression of spirits ; melancholy. 
 
 Hyp, V. t. To make melancholy ; to depress the spirits of. 
 
 IIy-pdl'la-ge,n. [Lat., from Gr. vnaWayn, prop, inter- 
 change, exchange, from vira\Xd<raeLP , to interchange.] 
 ( Gram.) A figure consisting of a transference of at- 
 tributes from their proper subjects to others. 
 
 IIi/-2)er'bft-ton, n. [Gr. virip^arov, prop, neut., from 
 viTep^ar6<;, transposed, inverted, from vTrep^atveiv, to step 
 over or beyond.] {Gram.) A figurative construction, 
 changing the natural and proper order of words and 
 sentences. 
 
 Hy-per'bo-la, n. [Gr. virep^oKrj, overshoot- 
 ing, excess, from {iTrep/SoAAeiv, to throw over 
 or beyond, from vTre'p, over, beyond, and 
 /SdAAeii', to throw.] ( Ge07n.) A curve formed 
 by a section of a cone, when the cutting- 
 plane makes a greater angle with the base 
 than the side of the cone makes. 
 
 Hy-per'bo-le, n. [See supra.] {Rhet.) A 
 figure of speech which expresses more or less ( 
 than the truth ; exaggeration. 
 
 Hy/per-b61'i<!, \a. 1. (ilfaz/j.) Belong- "^l^'^'''''^"'- 
 \ Hy'per-b61'i«-al, ( ing to or having the nature of the 
 ' hyperbola. 3. Relating to, or containing, hyperbole. 
 
 Hy'per-bol'i-e-al-ly, adv. 1. In the form of an hyper- 
 bola. 2. With exaggeration. 
 
 Hy'per-bol'i-form, a. Having the form, or nearly the 
 form, of an hyperbola. 
 
 Hy-per'bo-li.st, n. One who uses hyperboles. 
 
 Hy/per-bo're-aii (89, 124), a. [Lat. hyperboreus, Gr. 
 U7rep/36p605, vTrep/Sopeio?, beyond Boreas, i. e., in the ex- 
 treme north.] Northern; very far north ; arctic; hence 
 very cold ; frigid. 
 
 food, foot; ^rn, rude,pvU; ^ell, (baise, «all, eclio; gem, get; ag; e$ist; ligser, lisk ; tills. 
 
HYPERBOREAN 
 
 360 
 
 IA3IBIC 
 
 
 Hy p^r-bo're-aii, n. An inhabitant of the most north- 
 ern rt'ciou of thi' earth. 
 
 Hv pt'r-i'ftt'a-l^*''ti«". «• [Gr. vc-epicaTaATjKTiKos, from 
 vrcp, over, bevond, and KaroATjicTuco? ; Lat. hypttcatalec- 
 ticus. Sw Oatalectic] ( (t>. & Lnr. iVoi.) Having 
 a syllable or two bevond the regular measure. 
 
 Hy'i>er-erit'ic. m . ' [Gr. vjrep, over, beyond, and k(htlkk. 
 critical, critic] One who is critical beyond measure or 
 reasou ; a captious censor. 
 
 Hv pfr-trit'ic, I a. 1. Over-critical; critical ^- 
 
 Hy p«*r-€rit'ic-al. ) yond use or reason. '2. Exces- 
 .^ivt^lv nice or e.\act. [zoilism. 
 
 Hv per-crit'i-cigiu. »«• Excessive rigoT of criticism : , 
 
 Hy-per'uie-ter. «. [Gr. vn-epfierpos, beyond all mea.«- i 
 ure. from vn-ep. over, beyond, and fjierpov^ measure.] 
 An bypercatalcctic verse : hence, any thing exceeding the 
 or dinary standard of measure. 
 
 3y-per'tro-pliy . n. [Gr. vn^e'p. over, beyond, andrptxj))}, 
 nourishment.] (Med.) State of an organ or part of the 
 body in which, from increased nutrition, its bulk is 
 augmented. 
 
 Hy'phen. n. [Gr. v<f>€'i', for, v<j> ev, under one, into one, 
 leather, a sign for joining two syllables.] (Print.) A 
 mark, thus [-]. used to connect syllables or compound 
 words. 
 
 H>-p-n6t'ic a. [Gr. vTrvomKo^, inclined to sleep, putting 
 to sleep, from vtttovi', to lull to sleep, from vTrvos, sleep] 
 1. Tending to produce sleep : soporific. H. Characterized 
 by unnatural or morbid sleep. 
 
 HS'p'no-tigm. n. A kind of me.<'meric sleep or somnam- 
 bulism : also a similar condition produced by gazing at a 
 verj- bright object. 
 
 Hy'po, n. [A contraction of hypochondria.^ A morbid 
 depression of spirits ; hyp. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Hyp'o-ehon'dri-a, n. (Med.) A mental disorder, in 
 which one is tormented by melancholj- and gloomy views, 
 particularly about his own health. 
 
 Hj'P'o-elioii'dri-Jie, a. 1. Pertaining to the hypo- 
 chondrium. or the parts of the body so called. 2. Af- 
 fected, characterized, or produced by, hypochondria. 3. 
 Producing melancholy, or low spirits. 
 
 Hj-p'o-ehon'dTi-ae, n. A person affected with hypo- 
 chondria. 
 
 H.pp'o-^hon'dri-iiin, n. : pi. HYP'o-CHby'DRl-A. 
 [Gr. vTToxoi'Sptoi/, from vn-oxovfipios, under the cartilage 
 ef the breast-bone, from vtto. under, and xovfipo?, gristle, 
 cartilage.] (Anat.) That part of the cavity of the abdo- 
 men which, on either side, is beneath the cartilages of 
 the false ribs. 
 
 Hy-pdc'ri-sy. n. [Lat. hypocrisis, Gr. vn-oKpio-i?, simu- 
 lation, outward show, from vvoKpivfor^ax, to play a part, 
 from vTTo. under, and Kpivetv. to decide, question.] The 
 act or practice of a hypocrite; simulation, or dissimu- 
 lation; especiaUy. the assuming of a false appearance of 
 virtue or religion. [deceiver : a cheat. 
 
 Hj'P'o-erite. n. A false pretender to virtue or piety ; a 
 
 H>-p'o-erit'i-e, I a. Belonging to a hyi)Ocrite ; ex- 
 
 Hy-p'o-erit'ic-al. ) hibiting hypocrisy. 
 
 HyiJ'o-crit'ic-al-ly, adv. In an hypocritical manner. 
 
 H5"P o-ga^'tri«. a.* [Gr. vjroyaarpto?. from vn-6, under, 
 and youmyp. belly.] (Anat.) Relating to, or situated in. 
 the lower part of the abdomen. 
 Hy^pSs'ta-sisi. or Hy-pos'ta-sis. n.: pi. hy-pos'TA- 
 SE5 (hy- or h^T-). [Gr. vjroo-Towrcs , subsistence, sub- 
 stance, from ifiTo. xinder, and la-ratrSflu, to stand: Lat. 
 hypoxtasii.^ Substance, or subsistence ; hence, each of 
 the three subdivisions of the Godhead, the Father, Son, 
 and Holy Spirit. 
 Hi''i>o-«itftt'i«. or Hi-p/o-stiit'i-e 1 (110). a. 1. 
 
 Hy po-stat'i€-al. or Hj-p/o-stSt'ic-al i Relating to 
 
 hypostasis, or substance : hence, constitutive, or ( 
 
 tary. 2. Personal, or distinctly personal. 
 Hy'po-stat'ic-al-ly. or Hj-po-stat'ie-al-ly, adv. 
 
 In an h.\ postatical manner. 
 Hy-p6t'e-iiuse, or Hy-p6t'e-iiuse, n. 
 
 [Gr. vTurreivoviya, subtending (sc. ypa/i^i;), 
 
 from vTTOTetVeci', to subtend : from vjrd, 
 
 under, and reiVei*', to stretch.] ( Gfoni.) 
 
 The longest side of a right-angled triangle, 
 
 or the line that subtends the right angle. 
 Hy-p6lli'e-cate, or Hy-potli'e-eate, 
 
 V. t. [imp. & p.p. HYPOTHECATED .p. 
 pr. & vb. n. HYPOTHECATING.] [L. Lat. "*• hypoteniMt 
 hypothecare^ hypothecatum. from Lat. hypotheca. Gr. 
 inro^KTj, support, base, pledge, security.]" (Lair.) To 
 confer on — said of one's creditor — a right in or to a 
 thing, by which the creditor obtains the power to cause 
 that thing to be sold for the di.=charge of a debt or en- 
 gagement out of the proceeds : to subject, as property, to 
 liability for a debt or engagement without delivery of 
 possession or transfer of title. 
 Hy-p6tli'e-ea'tioii. or Hy-potli'e-ea'tioii. n. 1. 
 (Or. Lrtir.) The act or contract by which property is 
 hypothecated. 2. yLaxc of Shipping.) A contract 
 whereby, in consideration of money advanced for the 
 necessities of the ship, the vessel, freight, or cargo is 
 made liable for its repayment. 
 IS=* This terra is often applied to mortgages of ehips. 
 
 Hy-p6tli'e-iiii»e, or Hj-potli'e-iiiise, n. (Geom. 
 The side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right 
 angle. See Hypotenuse. 
 
 Hy-potli'e-si*. or Hy-p6tli'e-sis. n. : pi. hy-p6th'- 
 E-SES (hi- or hi-). [Gr. vsroeecrts, foundation, supposition, 
 from v-OTidevax., to place under.] 1. A supposition; 
 something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of 
 ai^ument. 2. A theory assumed to account for known 
 facts or phenomena. 
 
 Hy'po-tliet'i«, or H5t> o-thefi*. ) a. Char- 
 
 BLy'po-tliet'i-e-al, or Hyp o-thet'-i-e-al, f acterlaed 
 by an hypothesis : conditional : assumed Trithout proof 
 for the purpose of reasoning. 
 
 B[y/po-tliet'i<?-al-ly, or Hyp'o-flief 'i-e-al-ly, adv. 
 in an hypothetical manner ; conditionally. 
 
 Hy'soii, n. [Chin. hi-tshunA. e.,lit., first crop, or bloom- 
 ing spring.] A fragrant species of green tea. 
 
 H'/son slin, the refuse portion of the fine tea called Hy«on. 
 Stin is a Chinese word meaning refuse. 
 
 Hys'sop (his'sup or hi'zup). n. [Gr. vaaxairog, from Heb- 
 csubh, Ar. siija.] (Bot.) A plant, the leaves of which 
 have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. 
 
 Hys-te'ri-a, n. [S. Lat. from Gr. ra i-crrepiKoL (sc. vaBif), 
 from uoTe'po. womb.] (-Vipcf.) A sp)ecies of nervous affec- 
 tion, the principal characteristics of which consist in 
 alternate fits of laughing and crying, with a sensation of 
 strangulation. 
 
 Hys-ter'i-e, la. Of. or pertaining to, hysterics: af- 
 
 B[ys-t€r'i€-al, j fected, or troubled, with hystraics ; 
 convulsive : fitful. 
 
 Hy«i-ter'i<rs, n. pi. (:Med.) See Hystekia. 
 
 IIfjs'te-rou-i>r6t'e-n»n. n. [Gr. vorepo?. the latter, 
 following, and irporepos. before others, sooner.] (Rhtt.) 
 (a. ) A figure in which the word that should follow comes 
 first, (b.) An inversion of logical order, in which the 
 conclusion is put before the premises, or the thing proved 
 before the evidence. 
 
 Hj'S'ter-dt'o-my, n. [From Gr. v<rrepa, womb, and 
 TOft-ri. a cutting, fixjm Te^veiv, to cut.] (Sitrg.) The op- 
 eration of cutting into the uterus, for taking out a fetus ; 
 the cesarean section. 
 
 \ 
 
 I(T), the ninth letter, and the third vowel, of the Eng- , 
 lish alphabet, has two principal sounds : the long sound, 
 &8 inpin^yftne^, ice: and the short sound, as in pin. fin, 
 gift. See iVin. o/^Pron., §§1.5-18, 49. 49. /andJwere _ 
 formerly regarded a« the same character, and in many I' 
 English dictionaries words containing these letters were. I- 
 till quite recently, cla.«>ted together. J. 
 
 l,pr<m. [poxs. MY or MINE : objective ME : pL. norn. \v~e. : 
 pos$. OUR. or cues; objective us.] fA.-S. tV, Goth. li-. I 
 Icel. ek. eg, 0. H. Ger. ih, X. H. Ger. ich, alUed to Lat! 
 
 eeo. Gr. eyci, Skr. nhdm, for ogam. Slav, az' , Russ. ra.] 
 The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person : 
 — the word bv which a speaker or writer denote* him- 
 self. 
 
 amb, n. [See Iambus.] An iambus or iambic. 
 ftm'bi*. \oi. 1. Consisting of a short or an unac- 
 ilixi'bi€-al. J cented syllable followed by a long or an 
 accented one. 3. Pertaining to. or composed of, iambics. 
 amTiic, «. [See IA3IBUS.] 1. (Pro.<.) A foot consist- 
 ing of two syllables, the first short and the second long, 
 
 »,e,fce.,tofi^; a,e,&c.,<Aorr/ c&re,far,ask,all,^vliat; £re,veU,term: pique, firm: s6n,dr,dQ,'«volf| 
 
IAMBUS 
 
 361 
 
 IDENTITY 
 
 or the first unaccented and the second accented. "2. A 
 Terse composed of such feet. 3. pi. A satirical poem, as 
 such poems were often written in 
 
 _ iaijibic verse ; a satire. 
 
 i-a,m'bus, n. ; Lat. pi. i-am'bI; 
 Eag. pi. i-XM'BUS-Eg. [Lat. ; Gr. 
 ittja^os.] (Pros.) A foot consisting 
 of a short syllable followed by a 
 long one, or of an unaccented syl- 
 lable followed by an accented one ; 
 
 _ an iambic. 
 
 ITbex, n. [Lat., a kind of goat, the 
 chamois. ] ( Zo'dl. ) A species of goat, 
 found in the Alps and other moun- 
 tainous parts of Europe, remark- 
 able for having long, recurved 
 
 _horns. 
 
 I^tl'dem, adv. [Lat.] In the same place 
 
 _ ibid. 
 
 jtHbis, n. [Lat. ibis, Gr. i/3ts, 
 Coptic hibdi.] [Ornith.) A 
 genus of grallatory birds, one 
 species of which was regarded 
 in ancient Egypt with a de- 
 gree of respect bordering on 
 
 _ adoration. 
 
 I-«a'ri-aii, a. [From Icarus, 
 the son of Daedalus, who fled 
 on wings to escape the resent- 
 ment of Minos ; but his flight, 
 being too high, was fatal to 
 him, as the sun melted the wax 
 that cemented his wings, and 
 he fell into the sea.] Adven- 
 
 _ turous in flight ; soaring too high for safety. 
 
 i^e, n. [A.-S., 0. H. Ger., & Icel. Is, from an hypoth. A.- 
 S. root isan, Goth, eisan, to shine, and allied to Ger. 
 eisen,\Ton, and Lat. ses, brass, copper.] 1. Water in a 
 solid state. 2. Concreted sugar. 3. Frozen cream or 
 milk sweetened. 
 
 To break the ice, to make the first opening to any attempt ; 
 to remove the first obstructions ordiflBculties; to open the way. 
 
 Ipe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ICED (Tst); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IC1N&.] 1. To cover with ice ; to convert into ice. 2. 
 To cover with concreted sugar ; to frost. 3. To freeze. 
 
 Spe'lierg, n. [Ger. eisberg, from eis, ice, and berg,vao\in- 
 ^ _ tain.] A hill or mountain of ice floating on the ocean. 
 
 I^e'-blink, n. A bright appearance near the horizon, 
 occasioned by the reflection of light from ice, and visible 
 
 _ before the ice itself is seen. 
 
 I9e'-€ream, n. Cream or milk, sweetened, flavored, and 
 
 _ congealed by a freezing mixture. 
 
 I^e'-floe, n. A large mass of floating ice. 
 
 i9e'-liouse, n. ; pi. i^e'-hous-e^. A repository for 
 
 _ the preservation of ice during warm weather. 
 
 I?e-iand'i€, n. The language of the inhabitants of Ice- 
 land. It is of Scandinavian origin, and is more nearly 
 alUed to the old Norse than any other language now 
 
 _ spoken. 
 
 I^e'land-iuoss, n. [Bot.) A kind of lichen, found in 
 
 _ the mountainous districts of Europe. 
 
 I^e'-plant, n. (Bot.) A plant sprinkled with ghttering, 
 watery vesicles, which make it appear as if covered with 
 ice. It_is a native of South Africa. 
 
 Icli-neii'mon, n. [Gr. Ix- 
 vevfxdiv, strictly the tracker, 
 because it tracks or hunts out 
 the eggs of the crocodile ; 
 from Ixvevetv, to track or 
 hunt after, from ix^os, track, Ichneumon, 
 
 footstep.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A carnivorous animal which in- 
 habits Egypt, and is very destructive to the eggs of the 
 crocodile, and of poultry, ti. A genus of hymenopterous 
 insects whose larves are parasitic in other insects. 
 
 X-eh-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. lxvoypa<j>Ca, from 'ixvos, track, 
 footstep, and ■ypa<|)eti', to describe.] (Drawing.) An hor- 
 izontal section of a building or other object ; a ground- 
 plan. 
 
 I'-elior (Pkor), n. [N. Lat. ichor, Gr. ixwp.] 1. (Myth.) 
 An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the 
 veins of the gods. 3. Colorless matter flo%ving from an 
 ulcer. [watery. 
 
 I'-elior-ous, a. Composed of, or resembling, ichor : thin ; 
 
 I-eli'tliy-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. ix^vs. fish, and koyo';, dis- 
 course.] The science of the systematic arrangement or 
 
 ^ classification of fishes. 
 
 I«li'tliy-6pli'a-gous, a. [Gr. lxBvoi(>a.yo<; , from tx^v's, 
 fish, and ^ayelv, to eat.] Eating, or subsisting on fish. 
 
 l€li'tliy-o-saur/. In. [From Gr. ix^'?, fish, and 
 
 I«li'tliy-o-sau'rus, ) o-aupo?, lizard.] (Paleon.)\n 
 extinct carnivorous reptile of enormous size, lizard -like 
 both in shape and habit-s. The vertebr!e resemble much 
 tho.se of fishes ; hence the name. 
 i'^i-ele (Psi-kl), n. [A.-S. isgicel, or ises-gicel, fr. is, ice, 
 and gicel, icicle ; D. ijskegel, from ijs, ice, and kegel, a 
 
 _ cone or ninepin.] A pendent conical mass of ice. 
 I'fi-ne.ss, n. " State of being icy, or very cold. 
 I'^ing, 71. A covering of concreted sugar ; fi'osting. 
 I-con'o-clAst, n. [Gr. elKovoKKa<nr\<; , from ei/caiv, im- 
 age, and /cAacrrrjs, a breaker, from ickav, to break.] 1. 
 A breaker or destroyer of images or idols, ti. One who 
 
 _ exposes or destroys impositions or shams of any kind. 
 I-eon'o-ciast'ic, a. Breaking images. 
 
 I'-eon-dg'ra-pIiy, n. ^r. e\Kovoypa.4>ia, from elicoii', an 
 image, and ypa.(f>eLv, to describe.] The description of 
 ancient images or representations, as statues, paintings 
 in fresco, mosaic, engravings on gems or metals, and the 
 
 _ Uke. 
 
 I'-eon-oI'o-gy, n. [Gr. elKovokoyia, from etKuv, image, 
 and A.o-)/6s, discourse.] 1. Pictorial or emblematical rep- 
 
 _ resentation. ii. A description of pictures or stiitues. 
 
 i'<;o-sa-lie'd.roii, n. [Gr. eiKocn., twenty, and eSpa, seat, 
 base, from e^eo-flai, to sit.] ( Geom.) A regular solid, con- 
 sisting of twenty equal and similar triangular pyramids 
 whose vertices meet in the center of a sphere supposed to 
 circumscribe it. 
 
 I-e-ter'i-e, n. A remedy for the jaundice. 
 
 I<;-ter'i«, ) a. [Gr. iKrept/cos, from iKrepos, jaundice.] 
 
 I<;-t6r'i«-al, | 1. Pertaining to, or afi'ected with, jaun- 
 dice. 2. Good against the jaundice. 
 
 I^'tus,n. [Lat., from /cere, ictum, to strike.] (Pros.) 
 The stress of voice laid upon the accented syllable of a 
 
 _ word. 
 I I'?yj ^- [compnr. ICIER ; siiperl. ICIEST.] [From ice.] 
 I 1. Pertaining to, composed of, resembling, or abounding 
 I in ice; cold; frosty. 2. Characterized by coldness, a-s 
 ' _ of manner, influence, &c. ; chilling. 
 
 I'd. A contraction from I would or / had. 
 
 i-de'a, n. ; pi. l-DE'Ag. [Gr. i8ea, from Ihdv, to see.] 1. 
 The image or picture of a visible object, that is formed by 
 the mind ; also, a similar image of any object whatever, 
 whether sensible or spiritual. 3. A general notion or 
 conception formed by generalization. 3. Hence, any 
 object apprehended, conceived, or thought of by the 
 mind; a notion, conception, or thought. 4. A behef, 
 doctrine, or opinion. 5. A rational conception; the 
 complete conception of an object when thought of in its 
 necessary elements or constituents. 6. One of the arch- 
 etypes or patterns of created 'things, conceived by the 
 Platonists to have existed from eternity in the mind of 
 
 _ the Deity. 
 
 i-de'al, n. A conception proposed by the mind for imi- 
 
 _ tation, reaUzation, or attainment. 
 
 I-de'al (124), n. 1. Existing in idea or thought; intel- 
 lectual ; mental. 2. Proposed for imitation, reaUzation, 
 or obedience. 3. Existing in fancy or imagination only. 
 4, Teaching the doctrine of ideahsm. 
 
 Syn. — Intellectual ; mental ; visionary ; fanciful ; imagi- 
 nary ; unreal. 
 
 i-de'al-i§iii, n. 1. The system or theory that makes 
 every thing to consist in ideas. 2. The doctrine or the- 
 ory that teaches that Ave have no rational grounds to 
 believe in the reality of any thing but ideas and their re- 
 lations. 
 
 i-de'al-ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of ideahsm. 
 
 i'de-a,l'i-ty, n. A hvely imagination, united to a lov* 
 
 _ of the beautiful. 
 
 i-de'al-ize, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. idealized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. IDEALIZING.] To make ideal; to give an ideal 
 
 _ form or value to. 
 
 I;de'al-ize, v. i. To form ideas. 
 
 JL'detn. [Lat.] The same as above ; — abbreviated id. 
 
 i-deii'ti«-al, n. [Fi'om a hypoth. Lat. identicus, from 
 idem, the same.] 1. The same; not different. 2. Utter- 
 ing sameness or the same truth. 
 
 i-d6n'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In an identical manner. 
 
 i-deii'ti-f i-ea'tion, n. The act of identifying, or prov 
 ing the same. 
 
 I-den'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. identified ; ;;. pr. !c 
 vb. n. IDENTIFYING.] [From a hypoth. Lat. word, 
 identicus, from idem, the same, and facere, to make.] 
 1. To make to be the same; to treat as being one. 2. 
 To determine or estabhsh the identity of. 
 
 i-dgn'ti-fy, v. i. To become the same ; to coalesce m 
 interest, purpose, use, effect, &c. 
 
 i-deii'ti-ty, /I. 1. State or quaUty of being identical, or 
 
 food, fcTot ; flrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, <!all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; egcist ; liuger, link ; thi»- 
 
IDEOGRAPHIC 
 
 362 
 
 ILIAD 
 
 the same ; sameness. 2. Condition of being the same , 
 with skniu'thiug described or ni^serted, or of possessing a 
 character chumed. 
 
 I-deo-prftpli'if ) (110), o. [From Gr. ifie'a, idea, and 
 
 i-dc o-grftph'iv-al 1 •ypa<^et»', to write] Standing for 
 and reprvscuting a notion or idea, without reference to 
 the name given to it, as by means of figures, symbols, or 
 hieroglyphics. 
 
 I'de-6g'ra-pliy, «. The science of representing ideas 
 independently ,'or in an ideographic manner, as in short- 
 hand writing, and the like. 
 
 I'de-dl'o-gy, »i. [Fi-om Cir. ISea, idea, and Ao-yos, dis- 
 course.] 1. The science of ideas, ti. (I\letap/i.) A\ie-w 
 of the formation of ideas which derives them exclusively 
 from sensation. 
 
 Ide§, n. pi. [Lat. iffus.] (A»f. Rom. Calendar.) The 
 fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the 
 thirteenth day of the other months. 
 
 Id'i-6e'ra-sy,«. [Gr. 16105, proper, peculiar, and Kpao-i?, 
 a uii.xture.] Peculiarity of constitution ; idiosyncrasy. 
 
 id'i-o-fy, n. [See Idiot, and cf. Idiotcy.] The con- 
 dition of being idiotic ; natural absence or marked defi- 
 
 ^ ciency of sense and intelligence. 
 
 id'i-oim, V. [Gr. iSi'wfia, from iSioOi', to make one's own, 
 to make proper or peculiar, from i6ios, proper, i>eculiar.] 
 1. A peculiar mode of expression ; a language. '^, The 
 genius or peculiar cast of a language. 3. Dialect; pecu- 
 liar form or variety of language. 
 
 Syn. — Dialect.— The idioms of a language belong to its very 
 structure ; its dialects are varieties of expression ingrafted 
 upon it in different localities or by different professions. Eacli 
 county of England has some peculiarities of dialect, and so 
 liave most of the professions, while tlxe great idioms of the lan- 
 guage are every wliere the same. 
 
 a. Peculiar to a language ; con- 
 formed to the particular genius of 
 
 Id'i-o-ma^t'ic, 
 id'i-o-inM'i«-al, 
 
 ^ a language. 
 
 id'i-o-i>atli'i<; , a. Pertaining to, or indicating, a dis- 
 
 ^ case not preceded and occasioned by any other disease. 
 
 Id'i-op'a-tliy, «. [Gr. ISLOiraOeia, from 1610s, proper, pe- 
 culiar, and irdflos, suffering, disease.] (Med.) A morbid 
 state or condition not preceded and occasioned by any 
 
 ^ other disea.sc. 
 
 Id'i-o-sjTtt'-era-sy, n. [Gr. i6iocrvyKpa<n'a, from i6ios, 
 proper, peculiar, and oT^y/cpacris, a mixing together.] A 
 peculiarity of constitution and susceptibility. 
 
 id'i-ot, n. [Lat. idiota, from Gr. i6iajnj5, a private, un- 
 educated, ignorant, ill-informed person, from i6ios, prop- 
 er, peculiar.] 1, A person in private life. [Obs.] ti. 
 An unlearned, ignorant, or foolish person. [Obs.] 3. A 
 natural fool, or fool from birth ; a simpleton. 
 
 id'i-ot-?y, n. State of being an idiot or idiotic. 
 
 Id'i-ot'i-e, \ a. Pertaining to, or like an idiot ; fool- 
 
 id'i-ot'i-e-al, 1 ish ; sottish. 
 
 Id'i-ot-igm, n. [Gr. i6(.toTi(r/u,6?, way or fashion of a 
 private iterson, common or vulgar manner of speaking. 
 See Idiot.] An idiom. 
 
 i'dle (I'dl), a. [compar. IDLER ; superl. IDLEST.] [A.-S. 
 idel,ydel.] 1. Of no account; useless; vain; unprofit- 
 able. 2. Not called into active ser\ice. 3. Inactive ; 
 doing nothing. 4. Averse to labor or employment. 
 
 Syn. — Indolent; lazy. — 7rec7oterj« denotes an habitual love 
 of (.ase, a Kcttled dislike of movement or effort; idle is opposed 
 to busy, and denotes a dislike of continuous exertion. An idle 
 person may be active in his way, but is reluctant to force him- 
 self to what he does not like. Laz>/ is only a stronger and 
 more contemptuous term for indolent. 
 
 {'die, V. t. To spend in idleness ; to waste ; to consume. 
 
 I'dle-ness, n. Condition or quahty of being idle. 
 
 Syn. — Inaction; indolence; sluggishness; sloth; laziness. 
 
 i'dler, n. One who idles ; a lazy person ; a sluggard. 
 
 I'dly , adi:. In an idle manner ; vainly ; lazily ; carelessly. 
 
 I'dol, n. [I.At. idolum, Gr. eihoikov, from eI6os, that which 
 K Keen, form, figure, from (Ibnv, Ihelv, to see.] 1. An 
 image or representation of aay thing. 2. An image oi 
 a divinity, made ri^ an objoct of worship. 3. Hence, that 
 on which the affections are strongly, exces.«ively, and im- 
 profjcrly set. 4. A deceitful image ; a phantom. 
 
 i-d61'.i-ter, n. [Gr. el6ajAoAdTp7)s, from et6ioAoi', idol, 
 and \aTpir)<;, servant, worshiper.] 1. A worshiper of 
 idols; a pagan. 2. An adorer ; a great admirer. 
 
 I-dSl'a-tre^K, n. A female worshiper of idols. 
 
 I-dol'a-trous, a. 1. Pertaining to. or partaking of the 
 nature of, idolatry. 2. Consisting in, or partaking of, 
 an excefsive attachment or reverence. 
 
 I-ddl'a-try, n. 1. The worship of idols. 2. Excessive 
 attachment or veneration for any thing. 
 
 I'dol-ize, V. t. [imp. & p. p. idolized; p. pr. & vh. 
 
 n. IDOLIZING.] 1. To make an idol of; to pay idol- 
 
 _ atrous worship to. 2. To love or reverence to adoration. 
 
 I'dol-iz'er, n. One who idolizes ; an idolater. 
 
 I-do'ne-oils, a. [h&t. idoneus.] Suitabltvj convenient ; 
 
 _ fit ; proper. 
 
 i'dyl, or id'yl, n. [Lat. ■idyllium, Gr. ei8v'AAto»',dim. of 
 eT6o9, form ; lit., a little form or image.] A short pastoral 
 poem ; also a narrative or descriptive poem, written in an 
 
 ^ elevated and highly finished st}le. 
 
 If, V. t., but commonly called a conj. [0. Eng. and A.-S. 
 gif, commonly explained as the imper. of gijan, to give, 
 but this derivation is doubtful ; Icel. p/, Goth, iba, ibai.] 
 
 1, Incase that; granting, allowing, or supposing that. 
 
 2. Whether. 
 
 Ig'ne-ous, a. [Lat. ignevs, from ignis, fire.] 1. Per- 
 taining to, or consisting of, fire ; containing fire ; reeem- 
 bhng fire. 2. ( Geol.) Res^ulting from the action of fire. 
 
 Ig-nes'?ent, a. [Lat. ignescens, p. pr. of ignescere, to 
 become fire, or inflamed, from ignis, fire.] Emitting 
 sparks of fire when struck with steel ; scintillating. 
 
 Ig-nif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. ignifer, from ignis, fire, and 
 ferre, to bear, produce.] Producing fire. 
 
 Ig-nip'o-tent, a. [Lat. ignipotens, from ignis, fire, and 
 
 ^/(oZfn.s, powerful.] Presiding over fire. * 
 
 Ig'nis-fat' U'U.s, n. ; pi. ig'ne!^-fat'V-i. [Lat. ignis, 
 fire, and fatuiis. foolish ; — so called in allusion to its 
 tendency to mislead travelers.] A light that appears, in 
 the night, over marshy grounds, supposed to be occa- 
 sioned by the decomposition of animal or vegetable sub- 
 stances, or by some inflammable gas. 
 
 Ig-Jiite', V. t. [imp. & p. p. IGNITED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 IGNITING.] [Lat. ignire, ignitum, from ignis^ fire.] To 
 kindle, or set on fire. 
 
 Ig-iiite', V. i. To take fire ; to begin to bum. 
 
 Ig-nit'i-lble, a. Capable of being ignited. 
 
 Ig-ni'tion (ig-nish'un), 71. 1. The act of igniting. 2. 
 The state of being ignited. 
 
 Ig-niv'o-mous, a. [Lat. ignivomus, from ignis, fire, 
 and vomere, to vomit.] Vomiting fire. 
 
 Ig-no'ble, a. [Lat. ignobilis, from in, not, and nobilis, 
 noble.] 1. Of low birth or family ; not noble or illus- 
 trious. 2. Mean; worthless. 3. Not honorable, eleva- 
 ted, or generous ; base. 
 
 Syn.— Degenerate ; degraded; base; dishonorable; re- 
 proachful; disgraceful; shameful; scandalous; infamous. 
 
 Ig-noHble-n^ss, n. The condition or quality of being 
 ignoble ; want of dignity ; meanness. ^ 
 
 Ig-no'bly, adv. In an ignoble manner. 
 
 Ig'no-min'i-ous, a. 1. Marked with ignominy ; in- 
 curring public disgrace ; dishonorable ; infamous ; shame- 
 
 ^ ful. 2. Deserving ignominy ; despicable. 
 
 Ig'iio-min'i-oiis-ly, adv. In an ignominious manner. 
 
 Ig'no-miii'y, n. [Lat. ignominia, from in, un-, not, 
 and nomen, name, (as if) a deprivation of one's good 
 name.] 1. Public disgrace or dishonor. 2. An act 
 deserving disgrace. 
 
 Syn.— Opprobrium; reproach; dishonor; shame; contempt; 
 infamy. 
 
 Ig'no-ra'mus, n. ; pi. iG^NO-RA'aiU-s-Eg. [Lat., we are 
 ignorant, from ignorare, to be ignorant of] An ignorant 
 
 ^ person ; a vain pretender to knowledge. 
 
 ig'iio-ranfe, n. [Lat. ignorantia.] The condition of 
 
 ^ being ignorant ; want of knowledge. 
 
 ig'no-raiit, a. 1. Destitute of knowledge ; uninstructed 
 or uninformed. 2. Unacquainted : unconscious ; un- 
 aware. 3. Displaying ignorance ; resulting from igno< 
 ranee. 
 
 Syn. — Illiterate. — 7grnoran< denotes want of knowledge, 
 either as to a single subject or to information in general; illit- 
 erate refers to an ignorance of letters, or of knowledge acquired 
 by reading and study. In the Middle Ages, a great proportion 
 of the higher classes were illiterate, and yet were far from being 
 ignorant, especially In regard to war and other active pursuits. 
 
 ig'no-rant-ly, ndv. In an ignorant manner. 
 
 Ig-nore', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ignored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IGNORING.] [Lat. ignorare, from ignarus, ignorant, 
 from in, un-, not, and gnarus, knowing.] 1. To b« 
 ignorant of. 2. (Law.) To throw out as false or un- 
 grounded ; — said of a bill. 3. Hence, to refuse to take 
 
 _ notice of; to leave out of account or consideration. 
 
 I'lex, n. [Lat.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen trees and 
 
 ^ shrubs, including the common holly. 
 
 Il'i-a«, 1 a. [N. L?.t. iliacus, from ilia, groin, flank, 
 
 I-li'a-e-al, ( small intestines.] 1. Pertaining to the 
 ilium or flank bone. 2. Pertaining to the third division 
 
 ^ of the lower intestine. 
 
 il'i-ad, n. An epic poem, composed by Homer, on the 
 destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. 
 
 »,e,&,c.,long; &,6,kc.,xhort; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; s6n,dr,do,iT9l£, 
 
ILIUM 
 
 363 
 
 ILLUSTRATOR 
 
 Xl'i'ii'm,n. [See Iliac] (Anaf.) The upper part of the 
 hip-bone; the flank-bone, which in the fetus is a dis- 
 tinct bone from others of the hip. 
 
 ilk, g. [Scot, ilk, eik, A.-iS. ale, elc, each, ylc, ylca, the 
 same. See EACH.] The same ; also ; each ; every. 
 
 eS~In Scottish usage, the phrase of that ilk denotes that a 
 person's surname and title are the same; as, Grant of that ilk, 
 1. e., Grant of Grant. In England and the United States, it is 
 sometimes ignorantly used to signify of that same kind; as, 
 others of that ilk. 
 
 ill, a. [The regular comparative and superlative are want- 
 ing, their places being supplied by worse and worst, from 
 another root.] [Contracted from evil, 0. Eng. ivele, eile.] 
 1. Contrary to good in a physical sense ; contrary or op- 
 posed to advantage, to happiness, &c. 2. Contrary to 
 good, in a moral sense. 3. Sick; indisposed; unwell. 
 4. Not accordant with rule, fitness, or propriety. 5. 
 Cross ; crabbed ; surly ; peevish. 
 
 Syn. — Evil; bad; unfortunate; disagreeable; unfavorable; 
 wicked; wrong; iniquitous; naughty; incorrect; rude; unpol- 
 ished; inelegant. 
 
 ill, n. 1. Evil of any kind ; misfortune ; calamity ; dis- 
 ease ; p.iin. '2. Whatever is contrary to good, in a moral 
 sense ; wickedness ; depravity ; iniquit}-. 
 
 ill, adv. 1. With pain or difficulty ; not easily. 3. Not 
 rightly or perfectly ; not well. 
 
 n-iapse', 71. [La,t. illapsus, from illabi, illapsus ; prefix 
 il, for in, and labi, to fall, sUde.] A sliding in ; sudden 
 entrance. [trapped. [Rare.] 
 
 Il-la'que-a-ble, a. Capable of being insnared or en- 
 
 Il-la'que-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. illaqueated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. 71. ILLAQUEATING.] [Lat. illaqueare. illaque- 
 atum ; prefix il, for in, and faqueare, to insnare.] To in- 
 snare; to entrap ; to entangle; to catch. [Rare.] 
 
 Il-la'tion, n. [Lat. illatio, from in/erre,illatu)?i, to carry 
 or bring in.] Act of inferring from premises or reasons ; 
 that which is inferred ; inference ; deduction ; conclusion. 
 
 Il'la-tive, a. 1. Relating to, formed by, or dependent 
 on, illation ; inferential. "2. Denoting an inference or 
 
 ^ rational connection or justification. 
 
 il'la-tive, n. An illative particle. 
 
 Il-laud'a-ble, a. [Lat. illaudabilis, from prefix il, for in, 
 and /aw /a!)/7f5, laudable.] Not laudable; worthy of cen- 
 
 ^ sure or dispraise. 
 
 ill'-bred, a. Not well-bred ; badly educated or brought 
 up ; impolite ; uncivil. 
 
 Il-le'gal, a. [Lat. prefix il, for in, and legalis, legal.] Not 
 
 ^ according to law ; contrary to law ; unlawful ; iUicit. 
 
 il'le-gai'i-ty, n. QuaUty or condition of being illegal ; 
 unlawfulness. 
 
 Il-le'gal-ize, v. t. To render unlawful. 
 
 Il-le'gal-ly, adv. In an illegal manner ; unlawfully. 
 
 Il-leg'i-toil'i-ty, n. The quality of being illegible. 
 
 Il-leg'i-ble, a. [Lat. prefix il, for in, and legibilis, legible.] 
 Incapable of being read ; not legible or readable. 
 
 n.-leg'i-bly. adv. In a manner not to be read. 
 
 Il'le-git'i-ina-py, n. 1. State of being illegitimate; 
 state of b -IS tardy. "2, State of being not genuine. 
 
 tl-'le-gifi-mate {45), a. 1. Not regular or authorized ; 
 unlawful. 2. Unlawfully begotten ; bom out of wedlock. 
 
 ^ 3. Illogical. 4. Not authorized by good usage. 
 
 il'le-gifi-mate, v. t. [imp. &/>. p. illegitimated : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. illegitimating.] To render illegit- 
 
 ^ imate. 
 
 il'le-glt'i -ma'tion, n. 1, Act of illegitimating. 2. 
 State of being illegitimate ; illegitimacy. 
 
 ill'-f a'vored., a. Ill-looking : wanting beauty ; de- 
 formed ; ugly. 
 
 H-lib'er-al, a. [Lat. illiberalis, from prefix t7, for in, and 
 liberalis, hberal.] 1. Not liberal : not free, generous, or 
 noble, or the like ; close ; niggardly ; mean ; base. 2. 
 Indicating a lack of breeding, culture, and the like. 
 
 n-lib'er-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being illiberal. 
 
 Il-lib'er-al-ly, adv. In an illiberal manner ; ungener- 
 ously : uncharitably ; parsimoniously. 
 
 Il-li^'it, a: [Lat. illicitus, from prefix (7, for in, and licitus, 
 p. p. of licere, to be allowed or permitted.] Not permitted 
 or allowed ; prohibited ; unlawful. 
 
 Il-li?'it-ly, adv. In an illicit manner ; unlawfully. 
 
 Il-li9'it-nie.ss, n. The quaUty of being illicit ; unlawful- 
 ness : illegality. 
 
 n-lim'it-a-ble, a. [Prefix il, for in, and limitable, q. v.] 
 Incapable of being limited or bounded. 
 
 Syn.— Boundless; limitless; unlimited; unbounded; im- 
 measurable; infinite; immense; vast. 
 
 n-lit'er-a-^y, n. [From illiterate.] 1. State of being 
 illiterate ; ignorance. 2. A hterary blunder 
 
 n-lit'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. illileratus, prefix il, for in, and 
 
 literatus, learned.] Ignorant of letters or books. 
 Syn. — Ignorant ; untaught; unlearned; unlettered. See 
 
 lOKOUANT. 
 
 Il-lit'er-ate-ness, n. Want of learmng. 
 
 Ill'-nat'iired. (-nat'yurd), a. 1. Of habitual bad tem- 
 per; peevish; fractious; cross; crabbed; surly. 2. 
 
 ^ Dictated by, or indicating, ill-nature. [ly ; unkindly. 
 
 ill'-iiat'ured.-ly,a(/i'. In an ill-natured manner ; crosa- 
 
 ill'iiess, n. [From fW.] 1, Disease; indisposition; mal- 
 ady. 2. \Vrong moral conduct ; wickedness ; iniquity ; 
 imrighteousness. 
 
 Syn. — Sickness. — Originally, sickness was the English term 
 for a continuous disease, as in our version of the Scriptures, 
 &c. Within the present century, there lias been a tendency in 
 England to use ulness exclusively in this sense, and to confine 
 sickness more especially to a sense of nausea, or " sickness of 
 the stomach ; " hence it is there common to say of a friend, " He 
 has been ill for some weeks," " He has had a long illness." This 
 practice is gaining ground in America to some extent; but aa 
 the Scriptures, the Book of Common Prayer, and most of tha 
 great English writers use " sick " and " sickness " in these cases, 
 it is probable the change will be slow, if ever made. 
 
 Il-log'i-e-al, a. [Prefix il, for in, and logical, q. v.] 1, 
 Ignorant or negUgent of the rules of logic. 2. Contrary 
 to the rules of logic. 
 
 Il-16g'i«-al-ly, adv. In an illogical manner. 
 
 Il-16g'i«-al-iiess, n. The quality of being illogical. 
 
 ill'-starred (-stard), a. [From ill and star^ Fated to b« 
 unfortunate. 
 
 Il-lude', V. t. [imp. & p. p. illuded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ILLUDING.] [Lat. illudere, -illusui7i, from prefix il for in 
 and ludere , to play.] To play upon by artifice ; to deceive ; 
 to mock. 
 
 11-lu.me', V. t. [imp. & p. p. illumed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ILLUMING.] [See Illuminate.] To make light or 
 bright ; to illuminate ; to enlighten. 
 
 Il-lii'ini-na-ble, a. Capable of being illuminated. 
 
 Il-lu.'mi-iiate, v. t. [iijip. &. p. p. illuminated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. illuminating.] [Lat. illuminare, from 
 il, for in, and luminare, to enlighten, from lumen, fight.] 
 1. To enlighten ; to supply with light ; — literally and 
 figuratively. 2. To light up, as a building or buildings, 
 in token of rejoicing. 3. To adorn, as a book or page, 
 ^vith colored decorations or illustrations. 
 
 Il-Iu'nii-nd'tT , n. pi. [Lat. illuminatus. See supra.] 
 Literally, those who are enlightened : — a name assumed 
 by persons claiming a superior light on some subject, 
 particularly by certain philosophers at the commence- 
 ment of the nineteenth century, who conspired against 
 Christianity. 
 
 Il-lii'mi-iia'f ion, n. 1. Act of illuminating, or state 
 
 of being illuminated. 2. Festive decoration of houses 
 
 or buildings with lights. 3. Adornment of books and 
 
 manuscripts with colored illustrations. 4. That which 
 
 ' is illuminated, as a house ; also, an ornamented book or 
 
 I manuscript. 5. That which illuminates or gives light ; 
 
 I brightness ; splendor. [illustrative. 
 
 : Il-lu.'ml-iia'tive, a. Tending to illuminate or illustrate ; 
 
 Il-lu'ini-na'tor, n. [Lat.] One who. or that which, 
 illuminates ; especially, one whose occupation is to iUu- 
 i minate manuscripts and books. 
 
 E-lu'mine, v. t. To illume ; to illuminate ; to adorn. 
 -lii'mi-nee', n. One of the lUuminati. See ILLU- 
 
 i MINATI. 
 
 Il-lii'§ioii, n. [Lat. illusio, from illudere, illusum, to 
 iUude.] An unreal image presented to the bodily or 
 mental vision. 
 
 Syn. — Delusion ; mockery ; deception ; chimera ; fallacy ; 
 error; hallucination. See Delusiox. 
 : Il-lvi'§ioii-ist, n. One given to illusion. 
 Il-lii'sive, n. Deceiving by false show; deceitful. 
 , Il-lu.'sive-ly, adv. In an illusive manner. 
 . Il-lvi'sive-ne.ss, n. The quality- of being illusive. 
 I Il-lu'so-ry, a. Deceiving, or tending to deceive, by feisc 
 j appearances ; fallacious. 
 
 I Il-ltis'trate, v. t. [imp. k. p.p. ILLUSTRATED ; p.pr 
 & vb. n. ILLUSTRATING.] [Lat. illustrare, illmtratimi, 
 ! from jV/j^fm, bright.] 1. To make clear or bright. 2, 
 I To set in a clear light : to exhibit distinctly. 3. To ex- 
 j plain ; to exemplify, especially by means of figures, com- 
 , parisons, examples, and the like. 4. To ornament and 
 ! ^ elucidate A^ith pictures or figures. 
 
 il'lus-tra'tioii, M. 1. Act of illustrating ; explanation; 
 
 elucidation. 2. State of being illustrated. 3. That 
 
 which illustrates; especially, an illustrative engravmg, 
 
 picture, &c. [exemplifying ; explaining. 
 
 n-lils'tra-tive, a. Tending, or intended, to illustrate; 
 
 Il-lus'tra-tor, n. [Lat.] One who illustrates. 
 
 *ood, t&bt ; fLra, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, li^k ; tliia. 
 
ILLUSTIUOUS 
 
 364 
 
 IMMATERIALITY 
 
 n-lus'trl-oils, n. [Lat. iUustris, from prefix ?7, for in, and 
 lust rare , to purify by meaus of a propitiatory offering, 
 fivmi tuslrutn, a purificatory sacrifice.] 1. Possessiug 
 luster, brightness, or brilliancy. 2. Characterized by 
 gn>atuess, nobleness, &c. 3. Conferring luster or honor; 
 brilliant. 
 
 Sj-n.— Distinguished; famous ; remarkable ; conspicuous; 
 m.ti'il: colcbratod; signal; renowned; emiucut ; exalted; no- 
 blo: glorious. Sec LdSTiNGtisuEU. 
 
 Il-l»ls'tri-oils-ly, arh: In an illustrious manner. 
 
 Ill-will', «. Enmity ; malevolence. 
 
 Il'ly, «</f. In an ill or evil manner ; not well. 
 
 la^ A word sometimes used, though improperly, for ill. 
 
 j^m'ace, n. [Lat. iwago, from the root im, whence im- 
 »/«rf, to imitate.] 1. A similitude of any person or 
 thing, sculptured, drawn, painted, or otherwise made 
 perceptible to the sight : a Ukeness ; an effigy. 'Z. Hence, 
 an idol. 3. Semblance; appearance. 4. A representa- 
 tion of any thing to the mind. 5. (RJut.) A picture, 
 example, illustration, or lively description. 6. (Opt.) 
 The figure of any object formed at the focus of a lens or 
 mirror, by rays of light ; the view of an object by reflec- 
 tion. 
 
 im'age,f. t. [imp. & p. p. imaged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IMAGING.] 1. To represent or form an image of. 3. 
 To repre.«ent to the mental vision. 
 
 jbn'age-ry, n. 1. Images in general, or in mass. 3. 
 Hence, unreal show. 3. Work of the imagination or 
 fancy ; false ideas. 4. Rhetorical decoration ; figures in 
 discourse. 
 
 Im-Ss'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being imagined. 
 
 Im-ag'i-na-ry, a. Existing only in imagination or fancy. 
 Syn. — Ideal ; fanciful ; chimerical ; visionary ; fancied ; 
 unreal. 
 
 Im-ag'i-na'tion, n. 1. The power to create or repro- 
 duce an object of .sense previously perceived, or to recall 
 a mental or spiritual state that has before been expe- 
 rienced. 2. The power to recombinethe materials fur- 
 nished by experience or direct apprehension ; fancy. 3. 
 The power to recreate or recombine with readiness, un- 
 der the stimulus of excited feeling, for the accomplish- 
 ment of an elevated end or purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Fancy. — These terms are often confounded, but 
 more properly apply to distinct exercises of the same general 
 power, the plastic or creative faculty. Imagination is the nigher 
 exercise; it creates by laws more closely connected with the 
 reason; it has strong emotion as its actuating and formative 
 cause; it aims at results of a definite and weighty character. 
 Milton's fiery lake, the debates of his Pandemonium, the ex- 
 quisite scenes of his Paradise, are all products of the imagina- 
 tion. Fancy moves on a lighter wing; it is governed bylaws 
 of association which are more remote, and bometimes arbitrary 
 or capricious ; it has for its actuating spirit feelings of a livelj', 
 gay, and versatile character; it seeks to please by unexpected 
 combinations of thought, startling contrasts, flashes of brilliant 
 imagery, &c. Pope's "Rape of the Lock" is an exhibition of 
 fancy, which has scarcely its equal in the literature of any 
 country. 
 
 Im-ag't-na'tive, a. 1, Proceeding from, and charac- 
 terized by, the imagination. 3. Given to imagining ; full 
 of images, fancies, &c. 
 
 Ina-ag'ine, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. imagined ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. IMAGINING.] 1. To form in the mind a notion or 
 idea of. 2. To contrive in purpose. 3. To represent to 
 one's self. 
 
 Syn. — To fancy ; conceive; apprehend; think; believe; 
 Buppo^fc; deem; plan; scheme; devise; frame. 
 
 Im-ag'ine, v. i. 1. To form images or conceptions. 2. 
 To think ; to suppose. 
 
 Im-ag'in-er, n. One who forms ideas or conceptions ; 
 one who contrives, 
 
 X-tntim', ) n. [Ar. imam, from amma, to walk before. 
 J, ' 
 
 I- 
 
 prince who has supreme spiritual and temporal power. 
 
 Im-b&nk'niient, 71. 1. Act of surrounding or defend- 
 ing with a bank. 2, Banks or mounds of earth raised to 
 defend a place, es'pecially against floods. [Written also 
 embankment.] ^ 
 
 Im-batbe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbathed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMBATHING.] To bathe all over. 
 
 Im'be-^Ue (Im-'be-sil or im/be-seel'), a. [Lat. imbecillis 
 and imlj^rAUus, from prefix Vwz, for in, and bacillum, a 
 small staff, because he who is weak or infirm leans upon 
 a staff] Destitute of strength, either of body or of mind ; 
 decrepit. 
 
 Syn. — Weak; debilitated; feeble; infirm; impotent. 
 
 ImTje-^ile {'lUi'he-sW or Im'be-seel'), n. One destitute of 
 strength, either of body or mind. [of body or of mind. 
 
 Im/be-9n'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being imbecile ; feebleness 
 
 tenant', \ n. [Ar. imam from amma, to walk before, 
 Tftndn, \ to preside.] 1. A minister or priest among 
 l-maum', ) the Mohammedans. 2. A Mohammedan 
 
 Syn. — Debility ; infirmity ; weakness ; feeblenes.s ; im- 
 potence. See Dkbility. 
 
 Im-b^d', V. t. To sink or lay, as in a bed. 
 
 Im-b6z'zle, v. t. Sec Embezzle. 
 
 Im-bibe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbibed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 IMBIBING.] [Lat. imbibere ; prefix im, for in, and bibere, 
 to drink.] 1. To drink in ; to absorb. 2. To receive or 
 
 ^ admit into the mind and retain. 
 
 im'bi-bi'tion (-bish^un), n. The act of imbibing. 
 
 Im-bit'ter, v. t. [iynp. & p. p. imbittered ; p.pr. &, 
 r6. ?(. IMBITTERING.] 1. To make bitter; hence, to 
 make unhappy or grievous. 2. To render more violent ; 
 
 Im-bod'y, v. i. See Embody. [to exasperate. 
 
 i Im-bold'en, i'. t. See Embolden. 
 
 Im-bor'der, f. «. [Cf. Embokder.] 1. To furnish, in- 
 close, or adorn, with a border. 2. To set as in a border ; 
 to form a border of. 
 
 Im-bog'om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbosomed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. IMBOSOMING.] 1. To hold in the bosom ; to 
 caress ; hence, to admit to the heart or affection. 2. To 
 surround. [vault. 
 
 Im-boAv', V. t. To make of a circular form ; to arch ; to 
 
 Im-bow'er, v. t. & i. See Embower. 
 
 Im'bri-eate, ) a. [Lat. imbricatus, p. p. of imbrirare, 
 
 iiii'bri-ea''ted, ) to cover with tiles, to form like a gut' 
 ter-tile ; imbrex, a hollow tile, gutter-tile.] 1. Bent and 
 hollowed like a roof or gutter-tile. 2. Lying over each 
 
 _ other in regular order, like tiles or shingles on a roof. 
 
 Im'bri-ea'tion, n. An overlapping of the edges, like 
 that of tiles or shingles. 
 
 Im-brogl'io (im-brol'yo), n. [It. See BROIL.] 1. 
 {Drama.) An intricate, complicated plot. 2. A compli- 
 cated and embarrassing sf&te of things. 
 
 Im-brown', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbrowned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. imbrowning.] To make brown ; hence, to 
 darken the color of; to tan. 
 
 Im-briie' (im-brjj/), u. t. [imp. & p. p. imbrued; p. 
 pr. & "vb. n. IMBRUING.] [Prefix im, for in, and 0. Eng. 
 brue, to imbrue, allied to brew.] To soak; to drench in 
 a fluid, as in blood. 
 
 Im-brixte', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imbruted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMBRUTING.] To degrade to the state of a brute. 
 
 Im-briite', v. i. To sink to the state of a brute. 
 
 Im-bue', V. t. [imp. & p. p. imbued ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IMBUING.] [Lat. imbuere; prefix 7>n, for in, and the 
 root bi,^]s.x.pt, pa, whence Lat. bibere, to drink.] 1. 
 To tinge deeply ; to dye. 2. To cause to become im- 
 
 ^ pressed or penetrated. 
 
 Jm'i-ta*bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being imitable. 
 
 Im'i-ta-ble, a. 1. Capable of being imitated. 2. 
 
 ^ Worthy of imitation. 
 
 im'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imitated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMITATING.] [hdLt. imitari,im.itatus. Cf. IMAGE.] 
 1. To follow as a pattern , model, or example ; — to copy. 
 1^ 2. To produce a Mkeness of, in form, color, qualities, 
 I conduct, manners, and the like ; to counterfeit. 3. To 
 I ^ produce by imitation. 
 
 im'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of imitating. 2. That which 
 is made or produced as a copy ; likeness ; resemblance. 
 
 Im'i-ta'tive, a. 1. Inclined to imitate ; imitating; ex- 
 hibiting, or designed to exhibit, an imitation of a pat- 
 tern or model. 2. Formed after a model, pattern, or 
 
 ^ original. 
 
 im'i-ta'tor, n. One who imitates, copies, or follows. 
 
 Im-m9,-e'u-late, a. [Lat. i7?7maculatus ; prefix wz, for 
 in, and macula, spot.] 1. Spotless; without blemish ; 
 unstained ; undefiled ; pure. 2. Limpid ; pure. 
 
 Im-EtiJll'le-a-ble, a. Not malleable ; not capable of be- 
 ing extended by hammering. 
 
 Jiin'ma-iienfe, ) n. Condition of being immanent ; in- 
 
 Iin'ma-nen-^y, j herence ; an indwelling. 
 
 Im'ma-nent, a. [Lat. immanens, p. pr. of immanere, 
 to remain in or near.] Remaining within ; hence, in- 
 herent ; internal or subjective ; — opposed to emanent, or 
 transitive. 
 
 Im-mJln'l-ty, n. [Lat. immanitas, from immanis, huge, 
 monstrous.] Monstrosity ; atrocity. 
 
 Im-maii'u-el, 71. [Heb., from wn,with, ami, us, and 
 
 ^ el, God.] God with us; — an appellation of the Savior. 
 
 Inn'ma-te'ri-al, a. 1. Not consisting of matter ; in- 
 corporeal ; spiritual. 2. Of no essential consequence ; 
 unimportant. 
 
 im'ma-te'ri-al-i§m, n. The doctrine thatrimmaterial 
 
 ^ substances or spiritual beings exist or are possible. 
 
 im^ma-te'ri-al-i.st, n. -One who believes in, or pro- 
 fesses, imnnaterialism. 
 
 iin'iiia-te''ri-S.l'i-ty , n. Quality of being immaterial, or 
 not consisting of matter. 
 
 «,e, &c., long; &, 6, itc., short ; c&re, f ar, ask, all, wbat ; 6re,veU, term ; pique, firm ; 86n, dr, do, W9lf, 
 
IMMATURE 
 
 365 
 
 IMMUTABLE 
 
 im'ma-tiire', ) a. 1. Not mature or ripe ; unripe ; not 
 
 im'ma-tiired', ) arrived at pertectioa or completion; 
 crude. 'Z, Too early ; pwmature. 
 
 irn'ma-ture'ly, adv. In an immature manner; un- 
 ripely ; crudely ; unseasonably ; prematurely. 
 
 im'ina-ture'ness, ) n. Condition or quality of being 
 
 Im'ma-tu'ri-ty, j immature. 
 
 Im-in.6a§'ur-a-ble{-mt'zh/ur-), a.« Incapable of being 
 me;isured ; illimitable. [ured. 
 
 lui-meag'ur-a-bly, adv. To an extent not to be meas- 
 
 Im-me'di-ate, a. [L. Lat. imviediatus ; prefix iw, for 
 in, and medius, middle, midst.] 1. Not separated in re- 
 spect to place by any thing intervening ; proximate ; 
 close, ti. Not deferred by an interval of time ; present. 
 3. Producing its effect by direct agency ; acting directly. 
 
 Im-me'tli-ate-ly, adv. 1. In an immediate manner ; 
 without intervention of any thing. Z, Without interval 
 of time ; ^\ithout delay. 
 Syn. — Directly ; instantly ; quickly ; presently. See Di- 
 
 EECTLY. 
 
 Im-me'di-ate-iiess, n. Quality or relation of being 
 
 ^ immediate ; exemption from second or intervening causes. 
 
 Im''me-15'di-ous, a. Not melodious ; harsh. 
 
 Iin'me-mo'ri-al, a. 1. Beyond memory ; out of mind. 
 
 ^ 'i, (E)ig. Law.) Previous to the reigu of Richard I. 
 
 im'me-mo'ri-al-Iy, adv. Beyond memory. 
 
 Im-inense', a. [Lat. immensus, from prefix im, for in, 
 and mensus, p. p. of metiri, to measure.] Unlimited; 
 unbounded ; very great ; huge. 
 
 Syn. — Infinite ; immeasurable; illimitable ; unbounded; 
 interminable; vast; prodigious; enormous; monstrous. 
 
 Im-mnense'ly, adv. Without limits or measure. 
 
 Im-m6n'si-ty, n. 1. Unlimited extension ; infinity. 
 3. Vastness in extent or bulk ; greatness. [surable. 
 
 Im-men'su-ra-toil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being immen- 
 
 Im-mgn'su-ra-ble, a. [Lat. «n, for in, and mensura- 
 6(7(5, measurable.] Not to be measured ; immeasurable. 
 
 Ira-men'su-rate (45), a. [Lat. im, for in, and mensu- 
 ratus, p. p. of mensurf^e, to measure.] Unmeasured. 
 
 Im-merse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. immersed (im-merst') ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. IMMERSING.] [Lat. immergere, immer- 
 sum. See Immerge.] 1. To plunge into anything 
 that surrounds or covers, especially into a fluid. 2. To 
 engage deeply ; to involve. 
 
 Iin.-mer'sion,-«. 1. Act of immersing, or state of be- 
 ing immersed, ti. State of being overwhelmed or deeply 
 engaged. 3. (Astron.) Disappearance of a celestial body, 
 by passing either behind another, or into its shadow. 
 
 Im-mesli', v. t. [imp. & p. p. immeshed (-mt-shtO ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. IMMESHING.] To entangle in the meshes 
 
 ^ of a net, or in a web. 
 
 Im'me-tliod'ic-al, a. Not methodical ; wanting meth- 
 ed ; without systematic arrangement. 
 Syn. — Irregular; confused; disorderly. 
 
 im'iiie-tli6d'i<;-al-ly, adv. Without order or regu- 
 
 ^ larity ; irregularity. 
 
 Iin'me-th6d'i«-al-ness, ». Want of method. 
 
 Im'mi-grant, ?i. One who removes into a country for 
 
 ^ the purpose of permanent residence. 
 
 Im'mi-grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. immigrated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. IMMIGRATING.] [Lat. immigrare, inimigra- 
 tum, from prefix im, for in, and migrare, to migrate.] To 
 remove into a country for the purpose of permanent resi- 
 
 ^ dence. 
 
 Jm'mi-gra'tioii, n. Act of immigrating. 
 
 Im'im-nen^e, n. 1. Quality or condition of being im- 
 minent, or threatening. H. That whifth is imminent ; 
 impending evil or danger. 
 
 Irn'mi-nent, a. [Lat. imminens, p. pr. of imminere, 
 to project, from prefix im, for in, and minere, to jut, 
 project.] Threatening immediately to fall or occur. | 
 
 Syn. — Impending; threatening; near; at hand. — 7mmine«< 
 is the strongest: it denotes that something is ready to fall on the 
 instant; as, in iminimnt danger of one's lite. Impending denotes 
 that something hangs suspended over us, and may so remain \ 
 indefinite!}'; as, tlie impending evils of war. Threatening sup- 
 poses some danger in prospect, but more remote; as, threaten- 
 ing indications for the future. 
 
 Im-mis'^i-bil'i-ty, n. Incapacity of being mixed. 
 
 Im-mis'^i-ble, a. Not capable of being mixed. 
 
 Im-mTs'sion (-mish'un), n. Act of sending or thrusting 
 in ; injection. 
 
 Im-mit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. immitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IMMITTING.] [Lat. immittere, from prefix im, for in, 
 and mittere, to send.] To send in ; to inject ; to infuse. 
 
 Im-mit'i-ga-ble, a. [Lat. immitigabilis, from prefix 
 im, for in, and mitigare, to mitigate.] Not capable of be- 
 ing mitigated or appeaaed. 
 
 Im-mix', V. t. To mix ; to mingle. 
 
 Iin.'mo-bil'1-ty, n. [Lat. immobilitas, from immohUit, 
 immovable, from pref. im., for in, and mobilis, movable, 
 from movere, to move.] Condition or quality of being 
 immobile ; fixedness. [suitable limits. 
 
 Iin-m6d'er-ate, a. Not moderate ; not confined to 
 Syn. — Excessive; exorbitant; unreasouable; extravagant; 
 intemperate. 
 
 Im-mod'er-ate-ly, adv. In an immoderate degree ; ex- 
 cessively ; unreasonably. 
 
 Im-mod'er-ate-iiess, n. The quality of being im- 
 moderate ; excess : extravagance. 
 
 Im-mod'est, a. 1. Not limited to due bounds; im- 
 moderate ; exorbitant. 3. Wanting in the reserve or re- 
 straint which decorum and decency require. 
 
 Syn. — Indecorous; indelicate; shameless; impudent; in- 
 decent; iniijure; unctiaste; lewd; obscene. 
 
 Im-mSd'est-ly, adv. Without due reserve or restraint; 
 indecently ; unchastely ; obscenely. 
 
 Im-mod'est-y, n. 1. Want of modesty; indecency; 
 
 ^ unchastity. ti. Want of delicacy or decent reserve. 
 
 Im'mo-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. immolated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. IMMOLATING.] [Lat. imjnolare, immolatiim, 
 to sacrifice, orig. to sprinkle a victim with sacrificial meal, 
 from prefix im, for in, and mola, grits mixed with salt.] 
 
 ^ To sacrifice ; to kill, as a victim. 
 
 Irn'mo-la'tion, n. 1. Act of immolating, or state of 
 being immolated. 2. That which is immolated ; a 
 
 ^ sacrifice. 
 
 im'mo-la'tor, n. One who offers in sacrifice. 
 
 Im-mor'al, a. Not moral ; inconsistent with rectitude ; 
 contrary to conscience or the divine law. 
 
 Syn. — Wicked; vicious; unjust; dishonest; depraved; im- 
 pure; unchaste; profligate; dissolute; abandoned; licentious; 
 lewd; obscene; debauched. 
 
 im/mo-rai'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being immoral. 3. 
 An immoral act or practice. 
 
 Syn. — Injusti%; dishonesty; pride; slander; profaneness; 
 gam'ing ; intemperance ; wickedness ; viciousness ; impurity ; 
 licentiousness. — All crimes are immoralities, but crime ex- 
 presses more than immorality. 
 
 Im-mor'al-ly, adv. In violation of morality. 
 
 Im-mor'tal, a. [Lat immortalis, from prefix «n, for f«, 
 not, and worioZw, mortal.] 1. Not mortal ; exempt from 
 liabilit}- to die. 2. Connected with, or terminating in, 
 immortality. 3. Destined to live in all ages of this 
 world. 
 
 Syn.— Eternal; everlasting; never-ending; ceaseless; per- 
 petual; continual; enduring; endless; imperishable; incorrup- 
 tible; deathless. 
 
 Im/mor-tai'i-ty, n. 1. 'Quality of being immortal; 
 unending existence. 2. Exemption from oblivion. 
 
 Im-mor'tal-ize, v. t. [imp. & ;;. p. immortalized; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. immortalizing.] 1. To render im- 
 mortal. 2. To exempt from oblivion ; to perpetuate. 
 
 Im-m6r'tal-ly, adv. In an immortal manner; with, 
 exemption from death. [immovable. 
 
 Im-mqv'a-bil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being 
 
 Im-mov'a-ble, a. 1. Incapable of being moved ; firmly 
 fixed;" fast. 2. Steadfast; not to be induced to change 
 or alter. 3. Incapable of being altered or shaken ; un- 
 alterable. 4. Not capable of being easily affected or 
 moved; unimpressible ; hard-hearted. 5. {Law.) Per- 
 manent in place or tenure ; fixed. 
 
 Im-mov'a-ble, n. 1. That which can not be moved. 
 2, pi. {Civil Law.) Lands, and things adherent thereto ; 
 by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as buildings 
 and their accessories ; by their destination, as seeds, 
 plants, manure, &c, ; and by the objects to which they 
 are applied, as servitudes. 
 
 Im-mov'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being immovable. 
 
 Im-mov'a-bly, adv. In an immovable manner ; unal- 
 terably ; unchangeably. 
 
 Im-mu'ni-ty, n. [Lat. immunitas, from immunis, free 
 from a public service ; prefix im, for in, not, and munus, 
 service, duty.] 1. Exemption from any charge, duty, 
 office, tax, or imposition ; a particular privilege. 2c 
 Freedom. 
 
 Inti-iniire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. immured -, p. pr. k vb. 
 n. IMMURING] To inclose within walls ; to confine ; to 
 imprison ; to incarcerate. 
 
 Im-mli'gi-e-al, a. Not harmonious ; unmusical. 
 
 Im-mii'ta-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being unchangeable ; 
 unchangeableness ; invariableness. 
 
 Im-mu'ta-ble, a. [Lat. immutabilis ; prefix im, for in, 
 not, and mutabilis, mutable.] Not mutable ; not sus- 
 ceptible of change ; unchangeable ; invariable ; unal- 
 terable. 
 
 food, f dt>t ; ftru, riido, pyll ; ^ell, (baiae, «»U, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag i ejist ; llxiseT, liQk. ; GUs- 
 
IMMUTABLENESS 
 
 366 
 
 IMPENDENCY 
 
 laa-mG'ta-ble-ness, n. Unchangeableness ; immuta- 
 bilitv. 
 
 Iiu-ma'ta-bly, adf. Unchaugeably ; invariably. 
 
 tiup, n. [Sf« injra.] A young or inferior devil ; a little 
 demon. 
 
 imp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPED (Tmpt); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IMPING.] [A.-S. iinpan, impian, to imp, ingraft, plant, 
 from Or. cjUK^urevciv, to plant in, from ev, in, and<^vTev«t^, 
 to plant.] To insert as a feather into a broken wing ; 
 hence, to increase, to strengthen, ^o plume. 
 
 Im-p&ct', f. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPACTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMPACTING.] [Lat. impitigeie, impactum, to push, 
 strike against ; prefix im, for in, and pangere, to strike 
 or drivs.j To drive close ; to press or drive firmly to- 
 gether. 
 
 Im'pact, n. 1. Collision ; force communicated. 2. 
 (Mer/i.) The single instantaneous blow or stroke of a body 
 in motion against another either in motion or at rest. 
 
 Hm-p&ir', V. t. [imp & p. p. impaired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IMPAIRING.] [From a hypoth. Lat. impejorare, from 
 prefix im, for Vh, and pejorare, to make worse; pejor, 
 worse.] To make worse ; to diminish in quantity, value, 
 excellence, or strength. 
 Syn. — To diminish ; decrease ; injure ; weaken ; onfeeble. 
 
 Im-p&ir'er, n. One who, or that which, impairs. 
 
 Im-pale', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 IMPALING.] 1, To fix on a stake ; to put to death by 
 fixing on an upright, sharp stake, ii. To inclose, as 
 with stakes, posts, or palisades. 3. (Her.) To join, as 
 two coats of arms, pale-wise. 
 
 Im-pale'ment, 7i. 1. Act of impaling. tJ. A space 
 inclosed by stakes or pales, and the like. 3. (Her.) The 
 division of a shield pale-wise, or by a vertical line. 
 
 Im-pai'pa-ba'i-ty, n. Quality of not being palpable, 
 or perceptible by the touch. 
 
 Iin-pa.l'pa-ble, a. 1. Not palpable; not to be felt or 
 perceived by touch. 3. Not obviously or readily appre- 
 hended by the mind. » [apprehended. 
 
 Im-pS-l'pa-bly, adv. In a manner not readily felt or 
 
 Im^pa-na'tion, n. [From L. Lat. impanare, from Lat. 
 prefix im, for in, and panis^ bread.] The supposed real 
 presence and union of Christ's material body and blood 
 with the substance of bread, in the eucharist ; consub- 
 stantiation. 
 
 Im-p^n'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impaneled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. IMPANELING.] To write or enter, as the names 
 of a jury, in a list ; to form, as a Mst of jurors. 
 
 Im-par'a-dise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imparadised (im- 
 pSr'a-dlst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. IMPARADISING.] To put in 
 a place of supreme fehcity. 
 
 Im-par'i-ty, n. 1. Inequality ; disproportion, ti. Dif- 
 ference of degree, rank, excellence, number, and the like. 
 3. Indivisibility into equal parts. 
 
 Im-parlt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imparked (-parkf) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. IMPARKING.] To inclose for a park ; hence, 
 to inclose or shut up. 
 
 Im-part', v. t. [imp. & p. p. imparted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. imparting.] [Lat. impartire, impertire ; prefix im, 
 for in, and partire, to part, divide, from pars, partis, 
 part.] 1. To bestow a share or portion of; to allow 
 another to partake in. 3. To make known ; to show by 
 words or tokens. 
 
 Syn. -^ To communicate ; share; yield; confer; grrant; give; 
 reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. See Communicate. 
 
 Im-part', v. i. To give a part or share. 
 
 Im-part'er, n. One who imparts. 
 
 Im-piir'tial, a. Not partial ; unprejudiced ; disinter- 
 ested ; equitable ; just. 
 
 Im-par'ti-ai'i-ty (-par'shl-al'T-ty or -par-sh31/i-ty), n. 
 Freedom from bias ; disinterestedness ; equitableness. 
 
 Im-par'tial-ly, adv. In an impartial manner. 
 
 Im-part'i-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being impartible ; 
 indiviKibility. 3. Quality of being imparted or com- 
 municable. 
 
 Im-part'i-ble, ax [Prefix im, not, and partible.'] 1. 
 Not partible ; indrfieible. 3. [From impart.] Capable 
 of being imparted or communicated. 
 
 Im-pass'a-ble, a. Incapable of being pa.ssed. 
 Syn. — Impervious ; impenetrable ; pathless. 
 
 Im-pas^si-bn'i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being im- 
 paiisible. 
 
 Im-p&s'si-ble, a. [Lat. impassibilis, from prefix im, for 
 in, not, and passibilis, passible.] Incapable of suffering ; 
 without fiennation. [passible. 
 
 Im-pas'Ri-ble-ness, n. State or quahty of being im- 
 
 Im-p^g'sion (im-pSsh'un), v. t. To move or affect 
 Btrongly with passion. 
 
 Im-p&s'sion-ate, f. t. [Lat., from prefix im, for in, 
 and passio, a sufi'ering, passion.] To affect powerfully. 
 
 Im-pas'sioned (-pash'und),^. a. Actuated or agitated 
 by passion ; animated ; excited. 
 
 Ini-pas'sive, a. Not susceptible of pain or suffering; 
 insensible ; impassible. [pain. 
 
 Im-pas'siye-ness, n. State of being insusceptible of 
 
 Im'pas-ta'tion, n. [See infra.] 1. Act of making into 
 paste. 3. That which is formed into paste ; especially, 
 a combination of different substances by means of ce- 
 ments capable of resisting fire or air. 
 
 Im-paste', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPASTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMPASTING.] [Prefix im and paste, q. v.] 1. To 
 knead ; to make into paste. 3. (Paint.) To lay on colon 
 thick and bold. 
 
 Im-pJtt'i-ble, a. [Prefix im, not, and patible, q. v.] In- 
 capable of suffering ; impassible. 
 
 Im-pa'tienfe, n. 1. Quality of being impatient ; want 
 of patience. 3. Tiolence of temper ; vehement passion. 
 
 Im-pa'tient, a. 1. Not patient ; not bearing with com- 
 posure ; intolerant ; restless ; hasty. 3. Prompted by, 
 or exhibiting, impatience. 
 
 Im-pa'tient-ly, adv. In an impatient manner. 
 
 Im-p5.t'roii-ize, v. t. To gain to one's self the whok 
 power of; — said of a seigniory. 
 
 Im-pawn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPAWNED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. IMPAWNING.] To pawn ; to pledge. 
 
 Im-peacli', v. t. [imp. & p. ;?. impeached (im-pechf) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. IMPEACHING.] [Fr. empecher, to pre- 
 vent, hinder, bar. It. impactiare, freq. form of Lat. im.- 
 pingere, impactum, to thrust or drive against, hence, to 
 hinder, to stop.] 1. To charge with a crime or misde- 
 meanor ; especially, to charge, as an ofificer, with misbe- 
 havior in office. 3. Hence, to charge with impropriety ; 
 to call in question. 
 
 Syn. — To accuse ; arraign ; censure ; criminate ; indict. Sec 
 Accuse. 
 
 Im-peacli'a-ble, a. Liable to impeachment. 
 
 Im-peacli'er, n. One who impeaches ; an accuser. 
 
 Im-peacli'ment, n. Act of impeaching, or state of 
 being impeached ; as, (a.) A calling to account; arraign- 
 ment ; especially, arraignment of a public officer for mal- 
 administration, (b.) A calling in question as to purity 
 of motives or the rectitude of conduct, &c. 
 
 Im-pearl', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impearled ; p. pr. tc 
 vb. n. IMPEARLING.] 1. To form into pearls or their 
 likeness. 3. To decorate with pearls, or with things 
 resembling pearls. 
 
 Im-pe^'-ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quahty of being impeccable; 
 exemption from sin, error, or offense. 
 
 Iiii-p6«'<;a-ble, a. [Lat. impeccabilis ; prefix im, for in, 
 not, and peccarc, to err, to sin.] Not Uable to sin ; ex- 
 empt from the possibility of doing wrong. 
 
 Im-p6<;'-eani-9y, n. Quality of being impeccable ; im- 
 
 ^ peccability. 
 
 Im.'pe-cu'm-os'i-ty, n. The want of money. 
 
 liii'pe-<:un'i-oiis, a. [Lat. im., for in, not, and pecunia, 
 money.] Not having money ; poor. 
 
 Im-pede', v. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPEDED ; p. pr, & vh. 
 n. IMPEDING.] [Lat. impedire, lit. to entangle the feet, 
 from prefix im, for in, and pes, pedis, foot.] To hinder ; 
 to obstruct. [progress or motion. 
 
 Im-ped'i-ment, n. That which impedes or hinders 
 Tmpcdiment in speech, a defect which prevents distinct nttci^ 
 ance. 
 
 Syn. — Hindrance ; obstruction ; obstacle; difficulty. — An 
 impediment literally strikes against our feet, checking our prog- 
 ress, and we remove it. An obstacle rises up before us in our 
 path, and we surmount it. A difficulty sets before us something 
 hard to be done, and we encounter it and overcome it. A hin- 
 drance holds us back for a time, but we break away from it. 
 
 Im-p6d'i-tive, a. Causing hindrance ; impeding. 
 
 Im-pel', V. t. [imp. & p. p. impelled ; p.pr. & vh. n. 
 IMPELLING.] [Lat. impellere ; prefix im, for in, and 
 pellere, to drive.] To drive or urge forward ; to incite to 
 action in any way. 
 
 Syn.— To instigate ; incite ; induce ; influence ; actuate » 
 move. 
 
 Im-pei'Ient, a. Having the quality of impelling. 
 
 Im-pel'lent, n. A power or force that drives forward. 
 
 Im-p6I'ler, n. One who, or that which, impels. 
 
 Im-pen', v. t. To pen ; to inclose in a narrow place. 
 
 Im-pend', v. i. [imp. & p. p. IMPENDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMPENDING.] [Lat. impend ere ; prefix im, for in, 
 and pendere, to hang.] To hang over ; to be suspended 
 above ; to be imminent. 
 
 Im-pgnd'en^e, ) n. The state of impending; near ap^ 
 
 Im-pgnd'en-^y, ) psoach ; a menacing attitude. 
 
 a, e. &c., long; &, S, kc.y short; cAre, far, Mk, s^a, vrk^t ; 6re, TgU, tSrm ; pique, firm ; s6n, dr, do, W9li 
 
IMPENDENT 
 
 367 
 
 IMPIOUSLY 
 
 Ixn-p€nd'ent, a. Impending ; imminent ; threatening ; 
 presfiing closely. 
 
 Im-p6nd'ins, /?. a. Ilanginr over ; impendent. 
 
 Syn. — Imminent; menacing; threatening. See lutf in«nt. 
 
 Ixn-p6n'e-tra-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being impen- 
 etrable. 3. ( Physics.) That property of matter by which 
 it excludes all other matter from the space it occupies. 
 3. Obtuseness; stupidity. 4. Want of sympathy or 
 susceptibiUty ; coldness. 
 
 Im-p6n'e-tra-ble, a. 1. Incapable of being penetrated 
 or pierced, '/i. Hence, inaccessible, as to knowledge, 
 reason, sympathy, &c. 
 
 Im-pen'e-tra-ble-ness, n. Impenetrability. 
 
 Im-pfin'e-tra-bly, adv. In an impenetrable manner. 
 
 Im-pen'i-ten^e, j n. Condition of being impenitent ; 
 
 Im-pgn'i-ten-^y, ) obduracy of heart. 
 
 Im-pen'i-tent, a. [Lat. impanitens ; prefix iw, for in, 
 not, and pczivitens, penitent.] Not penitent; not re- 
 penting of sin ; not contrite ; obdurate. 
 
 Im-p6n'i-tent, n. One who does not repent ; a hard- 
 ened sinner. [rately. 
 
 Im-pgn'i-tent-ly, adv. Without repentance ; obdu- 
 
 Im-per'a-tive, a. [Lat. imperativus, from imperare, to 
 command.] 1, Expressive of command; commanding; 
 authoritative. 3. Not to be avoided or evaded ; obliga- 
 tory ; binding. [authoritatively. 
 
 Im-p6r'a-tive-ly, adv. In an imperative manner ; 
 
 Im'per-^eiv'a-ble, a. Imperceptible. [Rare.] 
 
 Im'per-fgp'ti-bil'i-ty , n. The state or quality of being 
 
 ^ imperceptible ; imperceptibleness. 
 
 im'per-f 6p'ti-ble, a. 1. Not perceptible ; insensible ; 
 impalpable ; not easily apprehended. 2. Very small ; 
 
 ^ fine or very slow in progress. 
 
 im''per-96p'ti-ble, n. That which can not be perceived 
 
 ^ on account of its small ness. [ceptible. 
 
 Im'per-?6p'ti-ble-ness, n. Quality of being imper- 
 
 im'per-fgp'ti-bly, adv. In a manner not to be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 Im-per'fe€t (14), a. 1. Not perfect or complete in all 
 its parts. 3. Wanting in some essential elementary organ. 
 3. Not fulfilling its design ; esthetically or morally de- 
 fective. 4. Marked by, or subject to, defects or evil. 
 
 Imperfect tense {Gram.), a tense expressing an action in time 
 past, then present, but not finished. 
 
 iin'per-f6«'tioii, n. Quality or condition of being im- 
 perfect ; want of perfection. 
 
 Syn. — Defect ; deficiency ; incompleteness ; fault ; failing; 
 weakness ; frailty ; foible ; blemish ; vice. 
 
 Im-per'feet-ly, adv. In an imperfect manner or de- 
 gree. 
 
 Im-per'fo-ra-ble, a. Incapable of being perforated. 
 
 Im-per'fo-rate, a. [Lat. prefix im, for in, a.Jid perfora- 
 Ucs, p. p. of perforare.] Not perforated or pierced. 
 
 Ina-per'f o-ra'tion, n. State of being imperforated, or 
 without aperture. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-al (89), a. [Lat. imperialis, from imperium, 
 command, sovereignty, empire, from imperare, to com- 
 mand.] 1. Pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor. 
 3. Belonging to supreme authority, or one who wields 
 it ; royal ; sovereign ; supreme. 3. Of superior size or 
 excellence. 
 
 Ina-pe'ri-al, n. 1. (Arch.) A kind of dome, such as is 
 found in Moorish buildings. 2. A tuft of hair on a 
 man's lower lip. 3. An outside seat on a dihgence. 4. 
 A case for luggage on top of a coach. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-al-ist, n. A subject or soldier of an emperor. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-ai'i-ty, n. 1. Imperial power. 2, An im- 
 perial right or privilege. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-al-ly, adv. In an imperial manner. 
 
 Ini-per'il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imperiled; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. IMPERILING.] To bring into peril ; to endanger. 
 
 Ina-pe'ri-oiis (89), a. 1. Commanding; authoritative; 
 especially, in a bad sense, dictatorial ; haughty ; arrogant ; 
 overbearing. 2. Commanding ; indicating an imperious 
 temper. 3. Authoritative ; commanding with rightful 
 authority. 
 
 Syn. — Domineering ; lordly ; tyrannical ; despotic ; im- 
 perative ; pressing. — One who is imperious exercises his au- 
 thority in a manner highly ofiiensive for its spirit and tone; one 
 who 16 lordly assumes a lofty air in order to display his im- 
 portance ; one who is domineering gives orders in a way to 
 make others feel their inferiority. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In an imperious manner. 
 
 Ixn-pe'ri-oiis-iiess, n. The quality of being imperi- 
 ous ; authority ; arrogance ; haughtiness. 
 
 Im-p6r'isli-a-ble, a. Not perishable ; indestructible. 
 
 Iiii-per'n|e-a-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being imper- 
 meable ; mipermeableness. 
 
 Im-pSr'me-a-ble, a. Not permeable ; not pennittlnf 
 passage, as of a fluid, through its substance ; impervi- 
 ous. 
 
 Im-p€r'son-al, a. Not personal ; not representing a 
 person ; not having personaUty. 
 
 Impersonal verb ( Gram.), a verb without the inflections ap- 
 propriate to the first and second persons; one without a defi- 
 nite subject; as, it rains. 
 
 Im-per'son-M'i-ty, n. The condition or quality of be- 
 ing impersonal. 
 
 Im-per'son-al-ly, adv. In an impersonal manner. 
 
 Im-per'son-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impersonated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. impersonating.] 1. To invest with 
 personality. 2. To ascribe the qualities of a person to ; 
 to personify. 3. To represent the person of; to person- 
 ate. 
 
 Im-per'son-a'tion, \n. Act of impersonating; 
 
 Im'per-sSn'i-fi-ea'tion, ) personification.. 
 
 Im-per'spi-«u'i-ty, n. Want of perspicuity ; vague- 
 
 ^ ness. [vague. 
 
 im'per-spi€'u-ous, a. Not perspicuous ; obscure ; 
 
 im'per-su.a'§i-ble (-swa^zi-bl), a. Not to be moved by 
 persuasion ; not yielding to argumentvS. 
 
 Im-per'ti-nen^e, \n. 1. Condition or quality of be- 
 
 Im-per'ti-nen-^y, ) ing impertinent ; irrelevance. 2. 
 Unbecoming conduct ; rudeness ; incivility. 3. That 
 which is impertinent ; a thing out of place, or of no 
 value, &c. 
 
 Ini-per'ti-nent (14), a. [Lat. impertinens, fi-om prefix 
 im., iov in, not, &ndperiinens.] 1. Not pertinent; hav. 
 ing no bearing on the subject ; irrelevant ; inapplicable. 
 2. Contrary to, or offending against, the rules of propria 
 ety or good-breeding. 3. Of no account ; trifling ; friv- 
 olous. 
 
 Syn. — Rude; officious; intrusive; saucy; injpudent; inso- 
 lent. — A person is officiom who obtrudes his offices or assist- 
 ance where they are not needed; he is impertinent when he in- 
 termeddles in things with which he has no concern. The for- 
 mer shows a want of tact, the latter a want of breeding, or, 
 more commonly, a spirit of sheer impudence. 
 
 Im-per'ti-nent-ly, adv. In an impertinent manner ; 
 
 ^ officiously ; rudely ; fooUshly. 
 
 Im'per-tiir'ba-bil'i-ty, «. State of being impertur- 
 
 ^ bable ; self-possession ; coolness. 
 
 Iin./per-tiir'ba-ble, a. [Lat. imperturbabilis , from pre- 
 fix im, for in, not, and pertiirbare, to disturb.] Incapa- 
 ble of being disturbed or agitated. 
 
 Im-per'tur-ba'tion, n. Freedom from agitation of 
 mind ; calmness ; quietude. 
 
 Im-per'vl-a-ble , a. Not pervious ; impervious. 
 
 Im-per'vi-oiis, a. Not pervious ; not admitting of en- 
 trance or passage through. 
 Syn. — Impassible ; pathless ; impenetrable ; imperviable. 
 
 Im-per'vi-ous-ly, adv. In an impervious manner ; im- 
 penetrably . 
 
 Iin.-per'vi-ou.s-ness, n. State of being impervious. 
 
 Im-p6t'u-6s'i-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being 
 impetuous ; fury ; violence. 2. Vehemence of temper. 
 
 Iin-p6t'u.-ous, a. [Lat. impetuosus. See IMPETUS.] 
 1. Rushing with force and violence. 2. Vehement in 
 feeling. 
 
 Syn. — Forcible; rapid; hasty; precipitate ; furious ; bois- 
 terous; violent; raging; fierce; passionate. 
 
 Im-pSt'u-oiis-ly, adv. In an impetuous manner. 
 
 Im-p6t'u-ou.s-ness, n. Quality of being impetuous. 
 
 Im'pe-tiis, n. [Lat., from impetere, to rush upon, at- 
 tack, from prefix jot, for in, and petere, to fall upon.] 
 The force with which any body is driven or impelled ; 
 
 ^ momentum. 
 
 Im'pliee, n. {Bot.) The African sugar-cane, resembling 
 the Sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane. 
 
 Im-pier^e', v. t. To pierce through ; to penetrate. 
 
 Im-pi'e-ty, n. [Lat. impietas, from impius, impious.] 
 
 1, Quality of being impious ; irreverence toward the 
 Supreme Being. 2. An impious act. 3. Want of rev 
 erence, filial affection, or obedience, to parents. 
 
 Syn. — Ungodliness; irreligiom ; unrighteousness; sinful- 
 ness; profeneness. 
 
 Im-pinge', v. i. [imp. & p. p. impinged ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. impinging.] [Lat. impingere, from prefix im, 
 for in, and pangere, to fix, strike.] To fall or dash 
 
 ^ against ; to strike ; to hit. 
 
 im'pi-oiis, a. [Lat. impius, from prefix r?n, for in, not, 
 and /?f MS, pious.] 1. Not pious ; frreligious; profane. 
 
 2. Proceeding from, or manifestmg, a want of reverence 
 for the Supreme Being. 
 
 Iia'pi-ous-ly, adv. In an impious manner; profanely. 
 
 food, f <^t ; flru, rude, pvdl ; ^ell, fbaise, eall, e«]io ; gem, get ; ac ; e^ist ; ligger, liQli: 
 
 tbls- 
 
IMPIOUSNESS 
 
 368 
 
 IMPOTENCY 
 
 iMi'pl-oils-ness, n. Impiety ; contempt of God and 
 
 his laws. 
 Lin-pla'^a-Wri-ty, n. Quality of being implacable. 
 ln»-pla'«'a-ble, a. [Lat. implacabilis, from prefix im, 
 
 for in, not. and plneabilis, placable] Not placable ; in- 
 
 ca^mble of being pacified. 
 Syn. — Unappeasable ; inexorable; irreconcilable; unre- 
 
 lentMii;; relentless. 
 
 Im-pla'ca-bly, arfc. In an implacable manner ; with 
 uuappea.-^able enmity ; inexorably. 
 
 Iin-ph'knt', V. i. [i'lnp. & p. p. IMPLANTED ; p. pr. & 
 I'b. n. IMPLANTING.] To set, plant, or infix, for the 
 purpose of growth. 
 
 iin'plaii-tJi'tion, n. Act of implanting, setting, or in- 
 fixing in the mind or heart. [pearance of truth. 
 
 Iin-plau'§i-ble, n. Not plausible ; not wearing the ap- 
 
 liu-pload', V. t. [imp. & p. p. impleaded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. ti. IMPLEADING.] (Luiv.) To institute and prose- 
 cute a suit against in court ; to sue at law. 
 
 Im-plead'er, «. (Law.) One who prosecutes another. 
 
 iiii'ple-ment, n. [Lat. implemetitiun, from implere, to 
 fill up ; prefix im, for in, and plere, to fill.] Whatever 
 may supply a want ; especially, an instrument or utensil 
 as supplying a requisite to an end. 
 
 Jm-ple'tioii, «. 1. Act of filling; state of being full. 
 
 ^ 'Z. That which fills up ; filling. 
 
 im'plex, a. [Lat. implexus, p. pr. of implectere, to 
 infold, entangle.] Infolded; intricate; entangled; com- 
 
 _ plicated. _ 
 
 im'pli-€ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. implicated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. IMPLICATING.] [Lat. implicare, implicatum 
 and implicitum ; prefix im., for m, and plicare, to fold.] 
 1. To infold ; to connect in many relations. 3. To bring 
 into connection with ; to show to be connected or con- 
 
 , cemed. 
 
 im'pli-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of implicating, or state of 
 being implicated ; involution ; entanglement. 3. That 
 
 ^ which is implied, but not expressed. 
 
 Im'pli-ea'tive , a. Tending to implicate. 
 
 Im'pli~ea'tive-ly, adv. By implication. 
 
 Im-plip'it, a. [Lat. implicitus. See IMPLICATE.] 1. 
 Fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words ; 
 implied. 2. Trusting to the word or authority of an- 
 other, without doubting or reserve. 
 
 Im-pli^'it-ly, a«/i!. 1. By implication; impliedly. 2. 
 With unreserved confidence. 
 
 Im-pIiQ'it-ness, n. State of trusting without reserve. 
 
 Im-pli'ed-ly, adv. By implication. 
 
 Im-plore', r. t. [imp. & p. p. IMPLORED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMPLORING.] [Lat. implorare, from prefix im, for 
 in, and plorare, to cry aloud, to cry out.] To call upon, 
 or for, in supplication ; to pray earnestly. 
 
 Syn. — To beseech ; supplicate ; crave ; entreat ; beg ; so- 
 licit. 
 
 Im-plor'er, n. One who implores, or prays earnestly. 
 
 Im-plumed', ) a. [Vrefix im a-xid plume, plumous, q. 
 
 Im-plu'mous, I v.] Having no plumes or feathers. 
 
 Im-ply', v. t. [imp. & p. p. implied; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 IMPLYING.] [See IMPLICATE.] To contain by implica- 
 tion ; to include virtually. 
 
 Syn. — To involve; include; comprise; import; mean; de- 
 note; signify. See Involve. 
 
 tm-poi'gon, r.«. 1. To impregnate or affect with poi- 
 son, 'i. To imbitter ; to impair. 
 
 Im-pol'i-^y, n. Quality of being impolitic ; inexpedi- 
 ence; bad policy. [Rare.] 
 
 Itn'po-lite', a. Not pohte; not of polished manners; 
 unpolite ; uncivil. 
 
 Im'po-lite'ly, adv. In an impolite manner ; uncivilly. 
 
 jfiit'-jio-nte'ness, n. The quality of being impolite ; 
 inciviijty ; want of good manners. 
 
 Im-p61'i-tl:€i <*• Not politic; wanting in policy or pru- 
 dent management J, unwise. 
 Syn. — Indiscret^t; incautioas ; imprudent ; inexpedient. 
 
 Im-p61'i-ti<;-ly, d.lv. In an impolitic manner. 
 
 Im-pSn'der-a-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being im- 
 ponderable, [ble weight. 
 
 Im-p6n'der-a-ble, a. Not ponderable ; without sensi- 
 
 Im'po-rds'i-ty, n. Want of porosity ; compactness 
 that excludes pores. [solid. 
 
 Im-po'rou8, a. Destitute of pores ; compact in texture ; 
 
 Im-port', V. t. [imp. & p. p. imported ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. IMPORTING.] [Lat. importare ; prefix im, for in, and 
 portare, to bear.] 1. To bring in from abroad ; espe- 
 cially, to bring, aa wares or merchandise from another 
 State or country, in the transactions of commerce. 2. 
 
 To include, as signification or intention ; to Imply ; to 
 signify. 3. To be of importance or consequence to. 
 
 Syn. — To denote ; mean ; signify ; imply ; interest ; con- 
 cern. 
 
 Im'port, n. 1. That which is imported, or brought in 
 from abroad. 2. Purport ; meaning ; intended signifi- 
 cance. 3. Importance ; consequence. 
 
 Im-port'a-ble, a. Capable of being imported. 
 
 Im-por'tan^e, >i. Quality of being important; conse- 
 quence ; moment ; significance. 
 
 Im-por'tant, a. Carrying or possessing weight or con- 
 sequence ; significant ; weighty. 
 
 Iin'por-ta'tion, 7i. 1. Act or practice of importing, or 
 of bringing from another country or state. 2. Goods 
 introduced into a country from abroad. * 
 
 Im-port'er, n. One who imports or brings goods from 
 another country or state. 
 
 Im-port'u-na-fy, n. Quality of being importunate. 
 
 Im-porfu-nate (45), a. Troublesomely urgent ; perti- 
 nacious in solicitation. 
 
 Im-pdrt'u-nate-ly, adv. In an importunate manner. 
 
 im'por-tune', v. t. [imp. & p. p. importuned ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. importuning.] [L. Lat. importunare, 
 from Lat. importvnus ; prefix im, for in, and portare, to 
 bear, (as if) not conducive, not proper.] To request with 
 
 ^ urgency ; to press with solicitation ; to tease. 
 
 im'por-tii'iii-ty, «. QuaUty of being importunate: 
 pressing solicitation ; urgent request. 
 
 Im-pog'a-ble, a. Capable of being imposed. 
 
 Im-po§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. imposed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 imposing.] [ha.t. impon€re,impositum; prefix im, for 
 in , and ponere, to place.] 1. To lay on ; to set or place ; 
 to put; to deposit. 2. To lay as a charge, burden, tax, 
 duty, obligation, command, or the like ; to levy. 3. To 
 pass off; to palm. 4. (Eccl.) To lay, as the hands in 
 confirmation or ordination. 5. (Print.) To prepare for 
 printing, as a form, by arranging the pages upon the 
 stone, and confining them in the chase. 
 
 Iiii-po§'er, n. One who imposes or enjoins. 
 
 Im-pog'ing, p. a. Adapted to impress forcibly ; impres- 
 sive ; commanding. 
 
 Im-pog'ing- stone, n. (Print.) A stone on which the 
 
 ^ pages or columns of type are imposed or made into forms. 
 
 im'po-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. Act of imposing, lay- 
 ing on, affixing, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, &c. 2. 
 That which is imposed ; charge ; burden ; injunction ; 
 levy ; tax. 3. A trick or deception put or laid on oth- 
 ers. 4. (Eccl.) Act of laying on the hands as a relig- 
 ious ceremony, in ordination and the like. 
 
 Syn. — Delusion ; deceit ; fraud ; imposture. See Decep- 
 tion. 
 
 Im-pos'si-biFi-ty, M. 1. Quality of being impossible ; 
 impracticability, t*. An impossible thing. 
 
 Im-pos'si-ble, a. [L9t,t. impossibilis ; T^ie&n im, for in, 
 not, and possibilis, possible.] Not possible ; incapable 
 of being done ; impracticable. 
 Syn. — See Impracticable. 
 
 im'post, n. [From Lat. imponere, impositum. See IM- 
 POSE.] 1. A tax, tribute, or duty ; often a duty or tax 
 laid by government on goods imported into a country. 2. 
 (Arch.) That part of a pillar in vaults and arches on 
 which the weight of the building rests ; or the capital of 
 a pillar or cornice which receives an arch. 
 Syn.— Tribute ; toll ; excise ; custom ; duty. 
 
 Im-p6st'hu-mate, v. i. [See Imposthumb.] To 
 form an abscess ; to gather. 
 
 Im-po.st'hu-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imposthu- 
 MATED ; p.pr. k, vb. n. IMPOSTHUMATING.] To affect 
 with an imposthume or abscess. 
 
 Im-p6st'liu-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of forming an ab- 
 scess. 2. An abscess. 
 
 Im-p5st'liunie, n. [A corruption of aposteme. See 
 Aposteme.] a collection of pus or purulent matter in 
 any part of an animal body ; an abscess. 
 
 Im-p6st'liume, v. i. & t. Same as Imposthumate. 
 
 Im-p6s'tor, n. [Lat., from imponere, to impose upon, 
 deceive.] One who imposes upon others. 
 Syn.— Deceiver ; cheat ; rogue ; pretender. 
 
 Ini-p6s'tor-sliip, n. The condition, character, or prac- 
 tice of an impostor. 
 
 Im-p6st'iire (53), n. Act or conduct of an impostor; 
 deception practiced under a false or assumed character. 
 Syn.— Cheat ; fraud ; trick ; imposition ; delusion. 
 
 tm'po-ten^e, \n. 1. QuaUty or condition of being 
 
 Im'po-ten-f.y, j impotwit ; want of strength or power, 
 
 a,e,&c., iong; &,6, fcc.aAor/; cS^re, far.aftki^U, what ; dre.veil, term; pique, firm; sdit, dr, dQ, w^U, 
 
IMPOTENT 
 
 369 
 
 IMPROVE 
 
 animal, intellectual, or moral. i2« (Lmw & Physiol.) 
 Want of procreative power. 
 
 tm'po-teut, a. [Lat. impotens ; prefix im, for in, not, 
 and poten.'!, potent, powerful.] 1. Not potent ; wanting 
 power, strength, or vigor, whether physical, intellectual, 
 or moral, 'i. (Law.) Wanting the power of procreation. 
 
 /m'po-tent, n. One who is feeble, infirm, or langui'sh- 
 ing under disease. . 
 
 im'po-tent-ly, adv. Weakly ; without power over the 
 passions. 
 
 Im-pound.', v. t. [imp. & //. p. impounded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. IMPOUNDING.] To confine in a pound or close 
 pen ; to resti-ain within limits. 
 
 Im-p6v'er-isli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impoverished 
 (im-p5v'er-isht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. IMPOVERISHING.] 
 [Prefix im, not, and 0. Fr. povere, povre, poor. See 
 Poor.] 1. To make poor ; to reduce to poverty, ti. 
 To exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of. 
 
 Im-pov'er-isli-ment, «. Act of impoverishing ; state 
 of being impoverished ; reduction to poverty. 
 
 Iiii-pr3,c'ti-ea-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
 impracticable ; impracticableness. 
 
 Ini-pra,<;'ti-ea-ble, a. 1.' Not practicable ; incapable 
 of being accomplished by the means employed or at com- 
 mand. '2. Not easily managed ; untractable ; stubborn. 
 3. Not to be overcome or persuaded by any reasonable 
 method ; not capable of being easily dealt \vith. 4. In- 
 capable of being passed or traveled. 
 
 Syn. — Impossible; infeasible. — A thing is impyacticable 
 when it can not be accomplished by any human means at pres- 
 ent possessed ; a thing is impossible when the laws of nature 
 forbid it. The navigation of a river may now be impractica- 
 ble, but not impossAle, because the existing obstructions may 
 yet be removed. 
 
 Im-prac'ti-ea-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being 
 impracticable ; impracticability. 
 
 Iiti-prJlc'ti-ea-bly, adv. In an impracticable manner. 
 
 im'pre-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. imprecated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. imprecating.] [l,ai,t. imprecari, imprecatum, 
 from prefix im, for in, and precari, to pray .J To call 
 down by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous ; to 
 
 ^ invoke, as evil. 
 
 Iin'pre-ea'tioii, n. The act of imprecating, or invok- 
 ing evil on any one. 
 
 Syn. — Malediction; curse; execration; anathema. 
 
 Im'pre-ea-to-ry, o. Of the nature of imprecation; 
 
 ^ maledictory. [actness. 
 
 Im'pre-cig'ion (-slzh'un), n. Want of precision or ex- 
 
 Im-pregii' (-preen'), v. t. To impregnate ; to fecundate. 
 
 Im-preg'na-ble, a. 1. Not to be stonned, or taken by 
 assault. 3. Not to be m»ved, impressed, or shaken ; in- 
 vincible. 
 
 Im-preg'na-bly, adv. In an impregnable manner. 
 
 Im-preg'nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impregnated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. impregnating.] [L. Lat. imprsegnare, 
 impTsegnatum, from Lat. prefix im, for in, and prsegnans, 
 p?-.-Eg'na5, pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant; to get with 
 child. 'Z. To render fruitful or fertile in any way ; to 
 fertilize. 3. To infuse particles of another substance 
 into. [nated. 
 
 Im-prgg'uate, a. Rendered prolific or fruitful ; impreg- 
 
 Im'prgg-iia'tion, n. 1. Act of impregnating ; fecunda- 
 tion. 'Z, State of being impregnated. 3. Intimate 
 
 ^ mixture of parts or particles ; infusion ; saturation. 
 
 Im'pre-serip'ti-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being lost 
 or impaired by neglect to use, or by the claims of another 
 founded on prescription. 'Z. Not derived from, or depend- 
 ent on, external authority. 
 
 Im-press', v. t. [imp. & p. p. impressed (-prSst^ ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. impressing.] [Lat. imprimere, impress- 
 um; prefix im, for in, and premere, to press.] 1. To 
 press, or stamp, in or upon ; to make a mark or figure 
 upon. 3. To produce by pressure, as a mark, stamp, 
 image, &c. 3. To inculcate; to imprint. 4. To take 
 by force for pubUc service. 
 
 Im'press, n. 1. A mark made by pressure ; indenta- 
 tion ; imprint; stamp; mold. 3. Mark of distinction. 
 3. Impression or influence wrought on the mind. 4. 
 The act of impressing for the public service. 
 
 Im-press'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being impressible. 
 
 Im-press'i-ble, a. Capable of being impressed ; yield- 
 ing to an impression ; susceptive. 
 
 Im-pr6s'sion (-presh'un), «. 1. Act of impressing or 
 stamping. !2. That which is produced by pressure ; — as, 
 (a.) A stamp made by pressure; mark, (b.) Sensible 
 result of an influence exerted fi-om without, (c.) Influ- 
 ence on the purposes, feelings, or actions, {d.) Effect or 
 influence on the organs of sense, which is the condition 
 
 of sensation or sensible perception ; hence, an indistinct 
 notion, remembrance, or belief, {e.) A copy taken by 
 pressure from type, from an engraved plate, or the like ; 
 hence, also, all the copies taken at once ; an edition. 3. 
 That which impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or 
 agency. 4. (Pauif.) (a.) Theground-color. (6.) A stra- 
 tum of a single color laid upon a w all or surface. 
 
 Im-prfis'siou-a-ble, a. Susceptible of impression ; ca- 
 pable of being molded ; susceptive. 
 
 Im-pr6ss'ive, a. 1. Making, or tending to make, an 
 impression. 2. Capable of being impressed ; susceptible ; 
 impressible. [cibly. 
 
 Im-press'ive-ly, adv. In an impressive manner ; for- 
 
 Im-press'ive-iless, 7i. Quality of being impressive. 
 
 Iin-pr6ss'ment, n. Act of seizing for public use, or of 
 
 __ impressing into pubUc service. [to print a book, &c. 
 
 Ini'pH-tHd'tur, n. [Lat., let it be printed.] A license 
 
 Im-pin'mis, adv. [Lat., for in primis, among the first, 
 chiefly ; in, in, and primus, first.] In the first place; 
 
 ^ first in order. 
 
 im'print, n. [See infra.] Whatever is printed on the 
 title-page of a book ; especially, the name of the printer 
 or publisher, with the time and place of pubUshment. 
 
 Im-pi-int', V. t. [i7np. & /;. p. imprinted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. imprinting.] 1. To unpress; to mark by pressure; 
 to stamp. *2. To stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by 
 means of types. 3. To fix indelibly, as on the mind or 
 memory ; to impress. 
 
 Im-pri§'on (im-priz/n), v. t. [i7np. & p. p. impris- 
 oned ; p. pr. & vb. n. IMPRISONING.] 1. To put into 
 a prison ; to confine in a prison or jail. 3. To limit, 
 hinder, or restrain in any way. 
 
 Syn. — To incarcerate; confine; immure. 
 
 Im-pri^'oii-ment, n. Act of imprisoning, or state of 
 being impx-isoued ; restraint of liberty. 
 
 Syn. — Incarceration ; custody; confinement; durance. 
 
 Im-prob'a-ba'i-ty, n. Quality of being improbable; 
 unlikelihood. 
 
 Im-prob'a-ble, a. Not probable ; unlikely to be true. 
 
 Im-prob'a-bly, adv. In an improbable manner. 
 
 Im-prob'i-ty, n. [Lat. ijnprobitas ; prefix im, for in, 
 not, and probitas, probity.] Absence of probity ; want 
 of integrity or rectitude of principle ; dishonesty. 
 
 Im'pro-fi'cien^e (-iish'ens), ) n. Want of profi- 
 
 im'pro-fi'cieii-^y (-tlsh'en-sy), ) ciency. 
 
 Im-proHip'tvi, adv. or a. [Lat. in promptu, in readi- 
 ness, at hand, from promptus, visibiflty, readiness, from 
 prornptus, visible', readj'.] Off-hand; without previous 
 study. [position. 
 
 Im-promp'tu, 7i. An off-hand or extemporaneous com- 
 
 Im-prop'er, a. Not proper: not fitted to the circum- 
 stances, design, or end ; unfit ; indecent. 
 
 Improper fraction (Arith.), a fraction whose denominator is 
 less than its numerator; as, A- 
 
 Im-prop'er-ly , adv . In an improper manner ; not fitly ; 
 unsuitably ; incongruously ; inaccurately. 
 
 Im-pro'pri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. IMPROPRIATED; 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. IMPROPRIATING.] [Lat. im , for in, and 
 propriare, propriatum , to appropriate.] 1. To appropri- 
 ate to private use. [Obs.] 2. (E7xg. Ecrl. Imw.) To 
 place the profits of, for care and disbursement, in the 
 hands of a layman. 
 
 Iiu-pra'pri-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of unpropriating ; espe- 
 ciatltj, ( Eng. Eccl. Law. ) (a. ) The act of putting an eccles- 
 iastical benefice in the hands of a layman, or lay corpora- 
 tion, [b.) A benefice in the hands of a layman, or of a 
 lay corporation. 3. That which is appropriated, as 
 thanks, or ecclesiastical property. 
 
 Im-pro'pri-a'tor (110), ?!. One who impropriates; es- 
 pecially, a layman who has possession of the lands or a 
 
 ^ living of the church. 
 
 Im'pro-pi'i'e-ty, «. 1. Unfitness or unsuitableness to 
 character, time, place, or circumstances. 2. That which 
 is improper ; an unsuitable act, expression, or the like. 
 
 Im-prov'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being improved : sus- 
 ceptible of improvement. 3. Capable of being used to 
 advantage. 
 
 Im-prov'a-ble-ness, n . Susceptibility of improvement ; 
 capabi'eness of being made better. 
 
 Im-prove' (-probv/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. improved; 
 p. pr."& vb. 71. IMPROVING.] [Prefix inj and 0. Fr. 
 prover, Lat. probare, to esteem as good.] 1. To make 
 better ; to advance in value or good qualities, ti. To use 
 or employ to good purpose. 
 
 Syn. — To better ; meliorate ; advance ; heighten ; mend ; 
 correct ; rectify. 
 
 food, ftfbt ; iirii, riii'-e, pull; yell, 9liaise, €all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tlii* 
 
IMPROVE 
 
 370 
 
 INADEQUATE 
 
 Im-prcjve', r. i. 1, To grow Injtter; to mnke or show 
 iniproVeuient. 2. To grow worse. 3. To increase ; to 
 be onhaucod ; to rist». 
 
 Im-prQve'nieiit, n. 1. Act of improving, or state of 
 being "iuiprt> veil : progress toward what is better ; melior- 
 ation. Vj, Act of making profitable use or application of 
 any thing, or the st«te of being profitably employed ; 
 hence, also, pnictical application, as of the doctrines and 
 principles of a di.^course. 3. That which improves any 
 thing, or is added to it by way of improving it. 
 
 Im-prov'er, «. One who, or that which, improves. 
 
 Im-prdv'i-deii^e, >i. Quality of being improvident; 
 neglect of foresight. 
 
 Im-pr6v'i-dent, a. Not provident ; wanting forecast. 
 Syn. — Inconsiderate; negligent; careless; heedless. 
 
 Iin-pr6v'i-dei»t-ly , adv. Without foresight or forecast. 
 
 Im-prttv'i-sate, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. improvi- 
 SATED : /). pr. & vb. n. IMPROVISATING.] To compose 
 and utter extemporaneously ; to improvise. 
 
 Im-prSv/i-sa'tion, n. 1. Act or art of making poetry, 
 or performing music extemporaneously. 2. That which 
 is improvised. 
 
 Iin-pr6v'i-sn-to'fe, n. See IMPROVVISATORE. 
 
 Im-prdc't-^a-tri'te (-tre'cha), n. See IMPROWISA- 
 
 __ TRICE. 
 
 im'pro-vi§e', v. t. [imp. & p.p. improvised -jp. pr. 
 & vb. 11. IMPROVISING.] [Lat. hnprovisus^ from prefix 
 J7W, for in, andprovisus, foreseen, provided.] 1. To speak 
 extemporaneously, especially in verse. 2. To bring 
 about on a sudden, off-hand, or without previous pre- 
 paration. 
 
 im'pro-vige', v. t. To utter compositions, especially in 
 verse, without previous preparation ; hence, to do any 
 
 _ thing off-hand. [tor. 
 
 im'pro-vi|'er, n. One who improvises ; an improvisa- 
 
 ltn-prdv'v\-sa-to're, n. [It. See Improvise.] A 
 man who composes and sings or recites rhymes and short 
 poems extemporaneously and immediately. 
 
 Ini-j)rdv'v'i-.2a-tr'i'ce (im-prov've-za-tre'cha), n. [It. 
 See supra.] A woman who composes and sings or recites 
 rhymes or short poems extemporaneously. 
 
 Im-prii'denfe, n. Quality of being imprudent; want 
 of prudence ; indiscretion ; inconsideration ; rashness. 
 
 Im-pru'dent, a. [Lat. imprudens, from prefix im, for 
 m, not, and pn«/e7is, prudent.] Not prudent; wanting 
 prudence or discretion. 
 
 Syn. — Indiscreet ; injudicious ; incautious ; unadvised ; 
 heedless ; rash. 
 
 Im-pru'dent-ly, adv. In an imprudent manner ; in- 
 discreetly, [lessness ; want of modesty. 
 
 ina'pu-den^e, n. Quality of being impudent ; shame- 
 
 Syn. — EflFrontery ; sauciness. — Impiulence refers more es- 
 pecially to the feelinjjs; effronien/ (lit., meeting face to face) to 
 some gross and public exhibition of shamelessness ; sattciness, 
 (from Lat. salsus, salt, sharp), to a sudden outbreak of impu- 
 dence, especially from an inferior. 
 
 f m'pu-dent, a. [Lat. impudens, from prefi:x im, for in, 
 not, and pudens, ashamed, modest.] Bold, with con- 
 tempt or disregard of others ; unblushingly forward ; 
 wanting modesty. 
 
 Syn.— Shameless ; audacious ; brazen ; bold-faced ; pert ; 
 Immodetit ; rude ; saucy ; impertineiit ; insolent. 
 
 Im'pu-dent-ly, adv. In an impudent manner; with 
 indecent assurance ; shamelessly. 
 
 Im'pu-di^/i-ty, n. [Lat. impudicitia, ftom impudicus, 
 immodest, fr. prefix iin, for in, not, andpudicus, shame- 
 faced, modest.] Immodesty. 
 
 Im-pugn' (im-pun^, v. t. [imp. & p. p. impugned ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. IMPUGNING.] [Lat. impvgnare, from 
 Lat. prefix im, for in, and pugnare, to fight.] To attack 
 by words or arguments ; to contradict ; to call in ques- 
 tion. 
 
 Im-pugn'a-ble (im-pQn/a-bl or im-pug/na-bl), a. Ca- 
 pable of being impugned. 
 
 Im-pugn'er, n. \^)ne who impugns. 
 
 Im'pulse, n. [^j&t.^impulsus.. See Impel,.] 1. Act of 
 impelling ; impulsion ; the action of a force so as to pro- 
 duce motion suddenly. 2. Effect of an impelling force. 
 3, Sudden motion exciting to action ; hasty incUnation ; 
 impression; instigation. 
 
 Im-piil'Hion, n. 1. Act of impelling or driving onward. 
 *Z, Influence acting unexficctedly or temporarily on the 
 mind, from without or within ; impulse. 
 
 Im-pul'Kive, «. 1. Having the power of driving or im- 
 pelling, ti. Actuated by impulse. 3. {Mech.) Acting 
 momentarily, or by impulse. 
 
 Im-ptil'sive-ly, adv. With force ; by impulse. 
 
 Im-pu'ni-ty, n. [Lat. impunitaSjfrom impunis, without 
 punishment, from prefix im , for m, not, and patna, pun- 
 ishment.] 1. Exemption from punishment or penalty 
 *2. Exemption from injury or loss; security. 
 
 Im-piire', a. 1. Mixed or impregnated with extraneous 
 substiinces ; not pure ; foul. ti. Defiled by sin or guilt ; 
 unholy. 3. Unhallowed ; unholy. 4. Unchaste ; lewd; 
 unclean. 5. Obscene. 6. (Old Test.) Not purified ac- 
 cording to the law of Moses ; ceremonially unclean. 
 
 Im-pure'ly , adv. In an impure manner ; with impurity. 
 
 Im-pure'ness, ) n. 1. Condition or quality of being 
 
 Im-pu'ri-ty, j impure; want of purity; foulness; 
 pollution ; defilement, tj. That which is impure ; foul 
 matter, action, language, &c. 3. (Old Test.) Want of 
 ceremonial purity. 
 
 Im-p-ur'ple, v. t. [imp. & p.p. IMPURPLED ; p.pr.k, 
 vb. n. IMPURPLING.] To color or tinge with purple ; to 
 make red or reddish. 
 
 Im-put'a-lhle, a. Capable of being imputed or charged ; 
 chargeable ; ascribable ; attributable. 
 
 Tin-pu.t'a-l}le-ness, n. Quality of being imputable. 
 
 im'pu-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of imputing or charging; 
 any thing imputed or charged. 2. Charge of evil ; cen- 
 sure ; reproach. 3. (Theol.) Attribution of personal 
 guilt, or of penal consequences appropriate to the same, 
 to one person or to many on account of an offense com- 
 mitted by another, 4. Hint; intimation. [06.5.] 
 
 Im-put'a-tive, a. Coming by imputation ; imputed. 
 
 Im-put'a-tive-ly, adv. By imputation. 
 
 Im-pute', V. t. [imp. & p. p. imputed ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 IMPUTING.] [Lat. impittare, from prefix im, for in, 
 and putare, to reckon , think.] 1. To charge ; to ascribe ; 
 to attribute. 2. To charge to one as the author, respon- 
 sible originator, or possessor of. 3. (Theol.) To set to 
 the account of another as the ground of judicial pro- 
 cedure. 
 
 Syn. — To ascribe ; attribute; charge; reckon. See As- 
 cribe. 
 
 Im-piit'er, n. One who imputes or attributes. 
 
 im'pii-tres'fi-ble, a. Not subject to putrefaction or 
 
 ^ corruption. 
 
 In. prep. [A.-S., Goth.,D. & Ger. in, Icel. i, allied to 
 Lat. in, Gr. ev.] Within ; inside of; surrounded by ; not 
 outside of; — used to indicate a variety of relations, (a.) 
 Existence or activity, as a part or constituent of; in re- 
 spect to, or consideration of; on account of; according 
 to. (b.) Entrance with respect to a new state, condition, 
 or sphere of activity. 
 
 In the name of, in behalf of ; on the part of ; by authority ; — 
 often used in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like; — 
 To be or keep in with, (a.) To be close or near, (b.) To be on 
 terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with. \_Colloq.] 
 
 in, adv. 1. Not out; within; inside. 2. (Law.) With 
 privilege or possession. 
 
 in, n. 1. A person who is in oflBce; — the opposite of 
 
 ^ out. 2. A re-entrant angle ; a nook or corner. [ity. 
 
 In'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being unable ; lack of abil- 
 Syn. — Disabilitj'; impotence; incapacity; incompetence; 
 iknr 
 
 weakness. See DiSABiLixy 
 In'a<;-9ess'i-bil'i-ty, \ n 
 
 Quality or state of being 
 inaccessible, or not to be 
 
 in'a^-^ess'i-ble-ness; 
 
 ^ reached. 
 
 In'a-e-ffiss'i-ble, a. Not accessible ; not to be reached, 
 _ obtained, or approached. [approachably . 
 
 In'a-e-f ess'i-bly , adv.. In an inaccessible manner ; un- 
 In-a^j'-eu-ra-^y, n. QuaUty of being inaccurate; want 
 
 of accuracy or exactness. 
 
 Syn.— Mistake; fault; defect; error; blunder. 
 In-a,«'-eu-rate (45), a. Not accurate; displaying a want 
 
 of careful attention; erroneous. 
 In-9.«'-eu-rate-ly, adv. In an inaccurate manner ; in- 
 correctly ; erroneously. 
 In-Jl<:'tion, «• Want of action; idleness; rest. 
 In-^ct'ive, a. 1. Not active ; having no power to move. 
 
 2. Not disposed to action or effort ; not busy ; idle. 3. 
 
 ( Chem.) Not exhibiting any action or activity. 
 
 Syn. — Inert; dull; sluggish; idle; indolent; slothful; lazy. 
 
 SeelNEHT. 
 In-act'ive-ly , adv. In an inactive manner ; idly ; slug- 
 ^ gishly. 
 In'a<;-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being inactive; iner^ 
 
 ness. 2. Idleness ; sluggishness. 
 In-ad'e-qna-^y, n. 1. Quality of being inadequate; 
 
 defectiveness; inequality. 2. Unjust or improper defect. 
 In-ad'e-quate (45). n. Not adequate; unequal to the 
 
 purpose ; insufficient to effect the object. 
 
 Syn.— Unequal ; incommensurate ; disproportionate ; in- 
 
 sufficient; incompetent; incapable. 
 
 5,8,&c.,/ong'; a,6,&c.,aAort; c&re, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veU,term; pique, firm; son.dr.dfi^w^l^ 
 
INADEQUATELY 
 
 371 
 
 INCARNATE 
 
 In-ftd'e-quate-ly, adv. 
 In-ad'e-quate-ness, n. 
 
 inadequacy ; inequality ; 
 
 Not fully or sufficiently. 
 Quality of being inadequate ; 
 incompleteness. 
 
 Quality of being inadmissi- 
 
 fn'ad-mis'si-bil'i-ty, n 
 
 ^ ble, or not proper to be received. 
 
 in'ad-mis'si-ble, a. Not admissible ; not proper to be 
 
 ^ admitted, allowed, or received. 
 
 In'ad-vert'en^e, I n. 1. Quality of being inadvert- 
 
 in.''ad-vert'en-^y, ) eut ; lack of heedfulncss or at- 
 tentiveness. *i. An oversight, mistake, or fault, pro- 
 ceeding from negligence of thought. 
 
 Syn. — Inattention ; carelessness ; heedlessness ; thought- 
 lessness. See I:nattejjtion. 
 
 Jn'ad-vert'ent, a. Not turning the mind to a matter. 
 
 In'ad-vert'ent-ly, adv. From want of attention. 
 
 In-af £a-bil'i-ty, n. Want of affability ; reticence. 
 
 In-af f a-ble, a. Not affable ; reserved. 
 
 In-al'ien-a-ble (-aPyen-a-bl), a. Incapable of being 
 alienated, or transferred to another. 
 
 In-al'ien-a-ble-ness, n. State of being inalienable. ~ 
 
 In-al'ien-a-bly, adv. In a manner forbidding aliena- 
 tion. 
 
 In-dm'o-ra'td, n. f. ) [It. innamorata, innamorato, p. 
 
 In-dtn'o-rd'to, n. m. ) p. of innamorare, to inspire 
 with love. See Enamor.] One who is enamored or in 
 
 ^ love ; a lover. [parentage. 
 
 In-and-in, a. {Breeding.) From animals of the same 
 
 In-ane', a. [l&t. inayiis.] Destitute of contents ; empty ; 
 void of sense or intelligence. 
 
 In-S.n'i-mate, a. Not animate ; destitute of life or spirit. 
 Syn. — Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; dull; soulless; spir- 
 itless. 
 
 In'a-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. [See Inane.] Condition 
 of being inane ; emptiness ; hence, exhaustion from want 
 of food. 
 
 In-an'i-ty, n. 1. Inanition ; void space ; emptiness. 2, 
 Deficiency of contents : senselessness; frivolity. 
 
 In-ap'pe-ten^e, I n. 1. Want of appetence, or of a 
 
 In-ap'pe-ten-py, ) disposition to seek or imbibe nu- 
 triment. 2. Want of desire or inclination. 
 
 In-a,p'pli-«a-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being inappli- 
 cable ; unfitness. 
 
 In-ap'pli-ea-ble, a. Not apphcable ; not suited or 
 suitable to the purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Unsuitable ; unsuited ; unadapted ; inappropriate ; 
 inapposite. 
 
 In-ap'pli-ea'tion, n. Want of application or attention ; 
 negligence ; indolence. 
 
 In-S.p'po-§ite, a. Not apposite ; not fit or suitable ; 
 
 ^ not pertinent. 
 
 In'ap-pre'ci-a-ble (-pre'shT-, 92), a. Not appreciable ; 
 incapable of being duly valued or estimated. 
 
 In-ap'pre-li6n'sl-ble, a. Not apprehensible ; unintel- 
 
 ^ ligible. _ [sible. 
 
 In'ap-proacli'a-ble, o. Not approachable ; inacces- 
 
 In'ap-pro'pri-ate, a. Unbecoming ; unsuitable, as in 
 manners, moral conduct and the like. 
 
 In-apt'i-tnde (53), n. Want of aptitude ; unfitness ; 
 unsuitableness. 
 
 In-ar'a-ble, a. Not arable ; not capable of being plowed. 
 
 In-arcb', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inarched (in-irchf); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. liVARCHiNG.] To graft by uniting, as a 
 scion, to a stock, without separating it from its parent 
 
 ^ tree. 
 
 In'ar-tic'u-late, a. 1. Not articulate ; not distinct, or 
 Avith distinction of syllables. 3. {Zo'dl.) Not jointed or 
 articulated. [indistinctly. 
 
 |n'ar-ti«'u-late-ly, adv. Not with distinct syllables ; 
 
 In'ar-tie'ii-late-ness, n. Indistinctness of utterance. 
 
 In/ar-ti^'u-la'tion, n. Indistinctness of sounds in 
 speaking. 
 
 In-ar'ti-fi'cial (-fish'al), a. 1. Not artificial ; not made 
 or performed by the rules of art. 3. Characterized by 
 artlessness or simplicity. 
 
 in'ag-miich', ado. Seeing that ; considering that ; since ; 
 
 ^ — followed by as. 
 
 In'at-ten'tion, n. Want of attention or consideration. 
 Syn. — Inadvertence; heedlessness; thoughtlessness; neg- 
 j '^^^ "~, , ""** seeing a thing through inadvertence when we 
 do not look at it: through inattention when we give no heed to 
 it, though directly before us. The latter is therefore the worse 
 Inadcerte7ice may be an involuntary accident; inattention is 
 culpable neglect. A versatile mind is often inadvertent: a 
 careless or stupid one is inattentive. 
 
 fn'at-tgn'tlve, a. 
 
 Not attentive 
 on an object. 
 
 Syn. — Careless; heedless 
 
 not fixing the mind 
 
 gent; remiss. 
 
 regardless; thoughtless; negli- 
 
 ln'at-t6n'tive-ly, adv. Without attention ; carelaasly. 
 
 In-aud'i-ble, a. 1. Not audible ; incapable of being 
 heard, ti. Making no sound ; noiseless ; silent. 
 
 In-aud'i-bly, adv. In a manner not to be heard. 
 
 In-au'gu-ral, a. Pertaining to, or performed or pro- 
 nounced at, an inauguration. 
 
 In-au'gu-ral, a. An inaugural address. [Amer.] 
 
 In-au'gu-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inaugurated; 
 p."pr. & vb. n. INAUGURATING.] [Lat. inauffurare^ in- 
 avguratum, from pref. in and augurare, augurari, to au- 
 gur.] 1. To induct into an office in a formal manner. 
 2. To cause to begin ; to set in motion, or action ; also, 
 to make a p_ublic exhibition of for the first time. 
 
 In-au'gu-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of inaugurating, or in- 
 ducting into office with appropriate ceremonies. 2. Sol- 
 emn or formal beginning of any movement, course of 
 action, pabUc exhibition, and the like. [ration. 
 
 In-au'gu-ra-to-ry, a. Suited or pertaining to inaugu- 
 
 In'aus-pi'cious (-pTsh/us), a. Not auspicious ; ill- 
 
 ^ omened ; unfortunate ; unlucky ; evil ; unfavorable. 
 
 In'aus-pi'cious-ly, adv. In an inauspicious manner; 
 
 ^ unfortunately ; unfavorably. fnesa. 
 
 In'aus-pi'cioiis-ness, n. Unluckiness ; unfavorable- 
 
 In-ije'ing, n. Inherence ; inherent existence. 
 
 inHborn, a. Bom in or with ; implanted by nature. 
 
 In-breatiie', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inbreathed ; p. pr- 
 
 ^ & vb. n. INBREATHING.] To infuse by breathing. 
 
 iuHtired, a. Bred within ; innate ; natural. 
 
 In-breed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inbred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 ^ inbreeding.] To produce or generate within. 
 
 In'-ea, n. / pi. in/€a§. A king or prince of Peru, before 
 the conquest of that country by the Spaniards. 
 
 In-eage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INCAGING.] To confine in a cage ; to inclose. 
 
 In-<;al'-eu-la-ble, a. Not capable of being calculated ; 
 
 ^ bejond calculation. 
 
 In'-ea-les'(!ence, 1 n. A growing warm ; incipient ©r 
 
 In'^a-Ies'^en-^y, j increasing heat ; calefaction. 
 
 In'-ea-les'^ent, a. [Lat. mcalescens, p. pr. of incaUscere, 
 to grow hot; prefix m and calescere, to grow warm or 
 
 ^ hot.] Growing warm ; increasing in heat. 
 
 In'-ean-des'^en^e, n. A white heat, or the glowing 
 
 ^ whiteness of a body caused by intense heat. 
 
 In'-ean-des'^ent, a. [Lat. incandescens,Tp. pr. of incan- 
 descere, to become warm or hot.] White or glowing with 
 
 ^ heat. 
 
 In'«an-ta'tion, n. [Lat. tncantatio, from incantare, to 
 chant a magic formula over one. See Enchant.] Act 
 of enchanting ; enchantment. 
 
 In-<;a,nt'a-to-ry, a. DeaUng by enchantment; magical. 
 
 In-ea'pa-bil'l-ty , n. 1. Quality of being incapable ; in- 
 capacity ; want of power. 3 . { Law . ) Want of legal quali- 
 fications. 
 
 In-ea'pa-ble, a. 1. Not large or wide enough to con' 
 tain or hold. 2. Wanting physical strength for an effort 
 or effect. 3. Mentally insufficient. 4. Morally weak with 
 respect to a purpose. 5. Not capable of being brought 
 to do or perform, from being morally strong or secure. 
 
 6. Not in a state to suffer or receive ; not admitting. 
 
 7. (Law.) Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense. 
 
 Syn. — Incompetent; unlit; unable; disqualified. See Ik- 
 competent. 
 
 In-ea'pa-bly^arfv. In an incapable manner. 
 
 In'-ea-pa^'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. incapacitated; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. INCAPACITATING.] 1. To deprive of 
 capacity or natural power. 2. To disable ; to deprive of 
 competent power or ability. 3. i,Law.) To deprive of 
 
 ^ legal or constitutional requisites ; to disqualify. 
 
 In'-ea-pa^'i-ta'tion, n. Want of capacity ; disquali- 
 fication. 
 
 in'-ea-pa^'i-ty, n. 1. Want of capacity ; defect of in- 
 tellectual power. 2. {Law.) Want of legal ability ©r 
 competency. 
 
 Syn. — Inability ; incapabilfty ; Incompetency ; unfitness ; 
 disqualification. 
 
 In-ear'cer-ate, v. t. [imp. Sap. p. incarcerated: 
 p. pr. & vb. n. incarcerating.] [Lat. prefix m and 
 carcerare, carceratum, to imprison.] 1. To imprison; 
 to confine in a jail or prison. 2. To confine ; to shut 
 up or inclose. 
 
 In-ear'^er-ate (45), a. Imprisoned ; confined. 
 
 In-<;ar'^er-a'tion, n. Act of imprisoning or confining; 
 imprisonment. 
 
 In-ear'nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incarnated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. incarnating.] [L. Lat. incarnate, incarnor 
 trim, from Lat. in and care, carnis, flesh.] To cloth* 
 with flesh ; to embody in flesh. 
 
 food, frfbt : iirn, rude, pull ; ^eU, ^liaise, «aU, e<;ho ; g 
 
 gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; liueer, link ; tlila 
 
'"^•^ 
 
 INCARNATE 
 
 372 
 
 INCLEMENT 
 
 In-ciir'nate (45), o. Invested with flesh; embodied in 
 ;i lloshv nature and form. 
 
 iii'tar-nS'tion, n. 1. Act of assuming flesh, or of 
 taking a human body and the nature of man. 3. An 
 iiuariiato form. If. A striking exemplification in person 
 or act ; a manifestation. 
 
 lii-ear'na-tive, n. Causing new flesh to grow. 
 
 In-ease', v. t. [imp. & p. p. incased (in-kasf) ; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. INCASING.] To inclose in a case : to surround 
 with something solid. 
 
 In-€ast»'nient, »«. 1. Act or process of inclo.sing with 
 a castMuent. "Z, Any inclosing or encasing substance. 
 
 In-eftt'e-na'tion, n. [From Lat. in and catena, chain.] 
 Act of linking together. 
 
 In-caii'tiofis, a. Not cautious ; not circumspect. 
 
 Syn. — I'lnvary; iudiscreel; inconsiderate- imprudent; im- 
 politic; careless; heedless; thoughtless; improvident. 
 
 fti-<'au'tious-ly, ariv. In an incautious manner. 
 
 Iii-cau'tious-iiess, »i. The quality of being incautious ; 
 want of caution ; unwariness. 
 
 iii'ca-va'tion, n. [From Lat. incavare, to make hol- 
 low, from prefix in and cavare, from cavus, hollow.] 1. 
 The act of making hollow. H, A hollow ; an excava- 
 tion ; a depression. 
 
 In-ffiu'di-a-rigm, n. The act or practice of mali- 
 ciously setting fire to buildings. 
 
 In-f.Cn'di-a-ry, n. 1. One who maliciously sets fire to 
 another's dwelling-house or other building. 3. A per- 
 son who excites or inflames factious ; an agitator. 
 
 In-f.6n'di-a-ry, a. [Lat. incendiarius, from incendium, 
 a fire, conflagration.] 1. Pertaining to the malicious 
 
 ^ burning of a dwcUing. 2. Inflammatory ; seditious. 
 
 in'^jense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incensed (in'senst); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. incensing.] [L. Lat. incensare. See 
 supra.] To perfume with incense. 
 
 In-fgiise', V. t. [Lat. i7icendere,i7ice7isum, from m and 
 can/Jere, to glow.] To enkindle or inflame to violent anger. 
 Syn. — To enrage ; exasperate ; provoke ; anger ; irritate ; 
 heat; fire. 
 
 Sii'^ense, n. 1. Odors of spices and gums burned in 
 religious rites. 2. A mixture of fragrant gums, spices, 
 and the like, for producing a perfume. 
 
 In-Qgn'sion, n. Act of kindling, or state of being kindled 
 or on fire. [matory. 
 
 Iii-ffin'sive, a. Tending to excite or provoke; inflam- 
 
 In-f gn'tive, a. [Lat. incentivus, from incinere, to strike, 
 up or set the tune, from prefix m and canere, to sing.] 
 Inciting ; encouraging or moving. 
 
 In-fgn'tive, »^. That which incites, or has a tendency 
 to incite, to determination or action. 
 
 Syn. —Motive ; spur ; stimulus; incitement; encourage- 
 ment. 
 
 In-ffip'tion, n. [Lat. inceptio, from incipere, to begin, 
 from prefix in and capere, to take.] Beginning ; com- 
 mencement, [ginning. 
 
 In-f6p'tive, a. Beginning; expressing or indicating be- 
 
 In-^gr'ti-tiide (53), n. Uncertainty ; doubtfulness ; 
 doubt. [mitted continuance. 
 
 In-f^s'san-f y, n. Quality of being incessant ; uninter- 
 
 Xii-?6s'saiit, a. [L. Lat. i7icessa7is, from Lat. prefix ??i and 
 cessare, to cease.] Continuing or following without inter- 
 ruption. 
 
 Syn. — Unceasing ; uninterrupted; unintermitted ; cease- 
 less; continual; constant; perpetual. 
 
 In-f 6s'sant-ly, adv. Without ceasing ; continually. 
 
 in'^est, n. [Lat. incestum, from incestus, unchaRte,"from 
 prefix in, not, and castus, chaste.] The crime of cohabi- 
 tation or sexual commerce between persons related within 
 the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited. 
 
 In-^fisfu-oiis, a. Guilty of incest ; involving the crime 
 of incest. 
 
 In-<;6st'u-ous-ly, adv. In a manner to involve the 
 crime of incest. [incestuous. 
 
 In-fCst'u-ous-nes8, n. The state or quality of being 
 
 Inch (GG). n. [A.-S. ince, inch, from Latin uncia, the 
 twelfth part.] 1. The twelfth part of a foot. 3. A 
 email disfcince or degree. 
 
 Inch'-meal, n. A piece an inch long. 
 Up inch-meal, by small degrees. 
 
 f nch'-meal, adv. By small degrees ; httle by httle. 
 
 tn'eho-ate, a. [Lat. inchoatus, p. p. of inchoare, to be- 
 gin.] Recently, or just, begun ; incipient; also, incom- 
 plete. [inception. 
 
 In'eho-a'tion, n. Act of beginning ; commencement ; 
 
 In-eho'a-tive, a. Expressing or indicating beginning ; 
 inceptive. 
 
 In'^-den^e, n. 1, An accident or casualty. 3. (Pkys- 
 
 Beginning ; commencement. 
 
 its.) Direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, 
 falls on any surface. 
 
 Angle of incidence, the angle which a ray of light, or body, 
 falling on any surface, makes with a perpendicular to that sur- 
 face. 
 
 In'9i-dent, a. [Lat. i7icidens, p. pr. of incidere, to fall 
 into or upon, from prefix /n and catlere, to fall.] 1, 
 Falling upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface. 
 ti. Coming or happening accidentally ; casual ; fortui- 
 tous. 3. Liable to happen ; hence, naturally happening 
 or appertaining. 4. {Law.) Dei)endent upon, or apper- 
 
 ^ tiiining to, another thing, called the principal. 
 
 In'^i-dent, «. 1. That which usually falls out or takes 
 place. 3. That which happens aside of the main design; 
 an episode or subordinate action. 3. (Laiv.) Something 
 appertaining to, and depending on, another, called th« 
 principal. 
 
 Syn.— Circumstance; event; fact; adventure; contingent; 
 chance; accident; casualty. See Cikcumstance. 
 
 In'pi-dgnt'al, a. 1. Happening, as an occasional event, 
 without regularity. 3. Not necessary to the chief pur- 
 pose ; occasional. 
 
 Syn. — Accidental ; casual ; fortuitous ; contingent. — Inci- 
 dental should never be confounded with accidental. A meet- 
 ing with a friend is accidental when it is simply casual or unde- 
 signed; it is incidental to a journey which brings us together, 
 whether by design or not. A remark incidentally made durinff 
 a conversation may be taken up by one accidentally present, 
 and reported to our disadvantage. 
 
 In'^i-d^iit'al, n. An incident. 
 
 Iii'?i-dent'al-ly, o^^/f. 1. Without intention ; acciden- 
 tally ; casually. 3. Beside the main design. 
 
 Iii-fin'er-ate, v. t. [iitvp. & p. p. incinerated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. incinerating.] [Lat. inci7ierare, i7icin- 
 eratum, from Lat. prefix in and cinis, cineris, ashes.] To 
 burn to ashes. [bustion. 
 
 In-fiii'er-a'tion, n. Act of reducing to ashes by com- 
 
 In-^ip'i-en^e, 
 
 In-9ip'i-en-9y, . 
 
 In-fip'i-ent, a. [Lat. incipie7is, from incipere, to begin.] 
 Beginning; commencing. 
 
 In-pip'i-eiit-ly, adv. In an incipient manner. 
 
 In-9ir/«um-spe«'tioii, n. Want of circumspection; 
 heedlessness. 
 
 In-fige', V. t. [imp. & p. p. incised \ p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 incising.] [Lat. i7icidere, incismn, from in and csedere, 
 to cut, to cut off.] To cut in ; to carve ; to engrave. 
 
 In-?i§'ion (-sizh-'un), n. 1. Act of cutting into a sub- 
 stance. 3. Separation of the surface of any substance 
 made by a cutting or pointed instrument ; a cut ; a gash. 
 
 In-fi'sive, a. Having the quality of cutting, or pene- 
 trating, as with a sharp instrument ; hence, sharp ; 
 acute; sarcastic; biting. 
 
 In-pi'gor, n. A cutter; heucc, in general, a fore tooth, 
 which cuts, bites, or separates. 
 
 In-^i'so-ry, a. Having the quality of cutting. 
 
 In-^ig'ure (in-sizh'jjr), 71. A cut ; an incision. [lant. 
 
 In-fi'taiit, 71. That which incites or causes ; a stimu- 
 
 in'f i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of inciting : incitement. 3. 
 That which incites ; incitement ; motive ; incentive. 
 
 In-cite', V. I. [iinp. & p. p. incited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 inciting.] [Lat. incitare, from prefix in and citare, to 
 rouse, stir up, intens. form of ciere, cire, to put into mo- 
 tion.] To move to action ; to stir up ; to spur on. 
 
 Syn. — Excite ; stimulate ; instigate ; goad ; urge ; rouse ; 
 provoke; encourage; prompt; animate. See Excite. 
 
 In-fite'ment, n. 1. Act of inciting. 3. That which 
 
 incites, or moves to action. 
 
 Syn. — Motive ; incentive ; spur ; stimulus ; impulse ; en- 
 couragement. " 
 
 In-fit'er, n. One who, or that which, incites. 
 in'^i-vil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being uncivil ; want of 
 
 civility. 3. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding. 
 
 Syn. — Uncourteousness ; unmannerliness ; disrespect ; 
 
 rudeness ; impoliteness. 
 
 In-^iv'igm, n. Want of civism ; want of patriotism or 
 
 love to one's country. [Rare.] 
 In-elasp', v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. inclasped (in-klaspf); 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INCLASPING.] To clasp within or into; 
 
 to hold fast to ; to embrace or encircle. 
 In-«16m'en-9y, ri. 1. Condition or quahty of being in- 
 clement ; want of clemency ; harshness ; severity. 3. 
 
 Physical severity or harshness ; boisterousness ; stormi- 
 
 ness ; severe cold. 
 In-elgm'ent, a. 1, Not clement; void of tenderness; 
 
 unmerciful ; severe ; harsh. 3. Physically severe," 
 
 stormy ; boisterous ; rigorously cold, &c. 
 
 9i,e,hc.,long; &,6, 8tc. , short ; c^re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6ii,dr,do,-vFoL^ 
 
INCLINABLE 
 
 373 INCOMPREHENSIBILITY 
 
 AD, Inclined Plane. 
 
 In-elin'a-ble, a. Having a propension of will; Bome- 
 
 what disposed. 
 
 in'€li-na'tion, n. 1. Act of inclining; leaning. *Z, 
 (Georn.) The angle made by two lines or planes, which 
 meet, or which would meet, if produced. 3. Propension ; 
 a disposition more favorable to one thing than to anoth- 
 er. 4. Love ; affection ; regard ; desire. 
 
 Ss^n. — Bent; disposition; tendency; proneness; bias; pro- 
 pensity; prepossession; predilection; a'ttachment. See Dispo- 
 sition. 
 
 In-elin'a-to-ry (50), a. Having the quality of leaning 
 or inclining. 
 
 In-eliiie', v. i. [imp. & p. p. inclined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INCLINING.] [Lat. inclinare, from prefix in and cli- 
 nare, Gr. (cAiVeiv, to bend, incline, allied to Eng. Iea7i, q. 
 T.] 1. To deviate from a line, direction, or course to- 
 ward an object ; to learn. 2. To favor an opinion, a 
 course of conduct, or a person ; to be disposed. 
 
 iLn-eline', v. t. 1. To cause to deviate from a line, po- 
 sition, or direction. 2. To give a tendency or propension ; 
 to, as to the will or affections ; to dispose. 3. To bend ; 
 to cause to stoop or bow. 
 
 Inclined plane {Mech.), a plane 
 that makes an obli(^ue angle with 
 the plane of the horizon; n sloping 
 plane. It is one of the mechanical 
 powers. 
 
 In-ellne', n. An ascent or de- 
 scent, as in a road or railway ; 
 a grade. 
 
 IiiL-«lin.'er, n. One who, or that which, inclines. 
 
 In-clois'ter, v. t. To shut up or confine in a cloister. 
 
 In-eloge', v. t. [imp. &/>. p. inclosed; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INCLOSING.] 1. To surround ; to shut in; to con- 
 fine on all sides ; to encompass. "Z, To put within a case, 
 envelope, or the like. 
 
 In-clog'er, n. One who, or that which, incloses. 
 
 Iii-«los'ure (in-klo/zhijr), n. [See Inclose.] 1. Act 
 of inclosing; state of being inclosed, shut up, or encom- 
 passed. 3, That which is inclosed ; a space contained or 
 fenced up. 3. That which incloses ; a barrier or fence. 
 
 Iii-<!loud.', V. t. To envelop in clouds; to darken; to 
 obscure. 
 
 In-elude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. included ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. INCLUDING.] [Lat. indudere, from prefix in and clii- 
 dere., daudere, to s'kvit.] 1. To confine within ; to con- 
 tain; to shut up. 2. To comprehend, as a genus the 
 species, the whole a part, an argument or reason the in- 
 ference ; to embrace. [eluded. 
 
 In-elu'§ion, n. Act of including, or state of being in- 
 
 In-eluL'sive, a. 1. Inclosing; encircUng. 2. Compre- 
 hending the stated limit or extremes. [include. 
 
 In-elii'sive-ly, adv. In an inclusive manner ; so as to 
 
 In-cog', adv. [Contracted from incognito.] In conceal- 
 ment ; in disguise ; in a manner not to be known. 
 
 In-eS^'i-tant, a. Not thinking ; thoughtless. [Rare.] 
 
 In-eog'i-ta-tive, a. Not cogitative ; wanting the power 
 of thought. 
 
 I7i-eog'ni-to, a. or adv. [It., Sp., & Fr. incognito, from 
 Lat. incognitus, unknown.] Unknown ; in a disguise ; in 
 an assumed character, and under an assumed title. 
 
 In-eog'ni-to, n. 1. One unknown or in disguise, or 
 under an assumed character. 2. The assumption of a 
 feigned character ; the state of being in disguise or as- 
 
 ^ sumed character. 
 
 In'eo-her'en^e, )n. 1. Want of coherence ; want of 
 
 Iii''«o-lier'eii-5y, ) cohesion or adherence. 2. Want 
 of connection ; incongruity ; inconsistency. 
 
 In'<;o-her'ent, a. 1, Not coherent; wanting cohesion ; 
 loose ; unconnected. 2. Wanting agreement ; incon- 
 gruous ;_ inconsistent. 
 
 In'co-lier'eiit-ly, adv. In an incoherent manner ; in- 
 consistently ; without coherence of parts. [tible. 
 
 |n'«om.-bu.s'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being incombus- 
 
 In'-eom-biis'ti-ble, a. Not combustible ; not capable 
 
 ^ of being burned, decomposed, or consumed bv fire. 
 
 In'«om-bus'ti-ble-ness, n. Incombustibility. 
 
 In'-eome (in-'kum), n. That gain which proceeds from 
 labor, business, or property of any kind ; revenue ; re- 
 ceipts ; especially, the annual receipts of a private per- 
 son, or a corporation, from property. 
 
 Ii^-eom-fng (Tn'kum-ing), a. 1. "Coming in ; accruing. 
 2. Coming in as occupant or possessor. 
 
 Jn ^oni-tnen'dum. [Law Lat See COMMENDAM.] 
 By favor ; as, to hold a vacant living in commendam, is 
 to hold it bv favor of the crown, till a proper pastor is 
 provided. [Eng.] 
 
 C©~ In Louisiana, this term is applied to a kind of limited 
 partnership. 
 
 in'-eom-men'su-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or stato of 
 
 ^ being incommensurable. 
 
 in'^om-meii'su-ra-ble (-men'shi}-), a. Not commen- 
 surable ; having no common measure or standard of com- 
 
 ^ parison. 
 
 iii'«om-meii'su-rate (45), a. 1. Not commensurate ; 
 cot admitting of a common measure. 2. Not of equal 
 measure or extent. 
 Syn. — Unequal; inadequate; insufficient. 
 
 in'<;om-inode', i'. t. [imp. & p. p. incommoded; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. incommoding.] [Lat. incommodare, 
 from incommod 11.1, mcon\emeut, from prefix in, not, and 
 commodus, convenient.] To give inconvenience to ; to 
 give trouble to. 
 
 Syn. — To annoy; disturb; trouble; molest; inconvenience; 
 disquiet; vex. 
 
 In/<;oin-ino'di-ous (77), a. Tending to incommodcj 
 
 ^ not affording ease or advantage ; giving trouble. 
 
 in'«oni-mo'cli-ous-ly, adv. In an incommodionc 
 
 _ manner ; inconveniently ; unsuitably. 
 
 in'«om-mo'di-oiis-ness, n. The quality of being in- 
 commodious ; inconvenience ; unsuitableness. 
 
 In'com-mu'ni-ca-bil'i-ty , n. Quality of being incom- 
 
 _ municable ; incommunicableness. 
 
 Iji/«oin-inu'ni-ea-ble, a. Not communicable; inca- 
 
 _ pable of being imparted to others. 
 
 IiVcom-niu'ni-ea-ble-ness, n. Incommunicability. 
 
 iii^<;om-inii'ni-ea-bly, adv. In a manner not to be 
 
 ^ imparted or communicated. 
 
 Iii'<;om-inti'm-ea-tive, a. Not communicative; not 
 disposed to hold conversation or intercourse with ; unso- 
 
 ^ cial. _ [mutable. 
 
 Iii'-eom-mu'ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being incom- 
 
 In'-eom-mut'a-ble, a. Not commutable ; not capable 
 of being exchanged with another. 
 
 Iii-<;6m'pa-ra-ble, a. Not comparable ; admitting of 
 no comparison with others ; peerless ; matchless ; tran- 
 scendent. 
 
 In-eoni'pa-ra-ble-ness, n. Quality of being incom- 
 parable, [competition. 
 
 In-<;oin'pa-ra-bly, adv. Beyond comparison ; without 
 
 In'-eom-pas'sion-ate (-pash'un-), a. Not compassion- 
 
 ^ ate ; void of compassion or pity. 
 
 in'com-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. Without pity or ten- 
 
 ^ derness. [morselessness. 
 
 In'-eom-pas'sion-ate-ness, n. Want of pity ; re- 
 in' <;oin-pJtt'i-biI'i-ty, n. Quality of being incompat- 
 
 ^ ible ; inconsistency. 
 
 iii'«om-pa.t'i-ble, a. Not compatible ; incapable of 
 co-existence ; irreconcilably opposed. 
 
 Syn. — Inconsistent; incongruous ; dissimilar; irreconcil- 
 aT)le; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. See Inconsist- 
 
 E>-X. 
 
 In'<;oin-pat'i-bly,a(^v. Inconsistently ; incongruously. 
 
 In-com'pe-ten^e, ) n. 1, Quality of being incom- 
 
 In-eom'pe-ten-^y, j petent ; want of suflScient power, 
 either physical, intellectual, or moral. 2. (Xaw.) Want 
 of competency or legal fitness to be heard or admitted as 
 a witness, or to sit or act as a juror. 
 
 In-eom'pe-tent, a. 1. Not competent; wanting in 
 adequate strength, power, capacity, means, qualifica- 
 tions, or the like. 2. Wanting the legal or constitu- 
 tional qualifications. 3. Not lying within one's compe- 
 tency, capacity, or authorized power ; unfit. 
 
 Syn. — Incapable; unable; inadequate; insufficient; unfit; 
 improper. — Incompetent is a relative term, denoting a want of 
 the requisite qunlifications for performing a given act, service, 
 &c.; incapable is absolute in its meaning, denoting want of 
 power, either natural or moral. We speak of a man as incom- 
 petent to a certain task, of an incompetent judge, &c. "We say 
 of an idiot, that he is incapable of learning to read; and of a 
 man distinguished for his honor, that he is incapable of a meoB 
 action. 
 
 In-eSm'pe-tent-ly, adv. In an incompetent manner ; 
 
 ^ inadequately ; not suitably. 
 
 In'-eonti-plete', a. 1. Not complete ; unfinished ; im- 
 perfect ; defective. 2. {Bot.) Lacking calyx or corolla, 
 or both. 
 
 in'com-plete'ness, n. An unfinished state; imper- 
 
 ^ fectness ; defectiveness. 
 
 In'-eom-ple'tion. n. Incompleteness ; defectivenesfl. 
 
 In'-eom-plgx', a. Not complex ; simple. 
 
 In'-eom-pli'an^e, n. 1. Want of compliance; un- 
 yielding temper or constitution. 2. Refusal or failure to 
 complv. [simple. 
 
 ta'com-poglte, n. Not composite; uncompounded ; 
 
 In-«6m'pre-h6n'si-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being m- 
 comprehensible ; inconceivableness. 
 
 food, fdbt; Arn, r^de, pvll ; pell, phaise, call, e-elio; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, lick; tliis- 
 
INCOMPREHENSIBLE 
 
 374 
 
 INCORRECT 
 
 In-cftm'pre-lijVn'si-blo, a. Not comprehensible; in- 
 capable of being comprehended or understood; incon- 
 oei Table. 
 
 InHefim'pre-hfu'si-blt'-ness, "• Incomprehensibility. 
 
 In-eOui'pre-hCu'sii-bly, (i(h-. In an incomprehensible 
 manner ; so ai< not to be'iutelligiblv [ited. 
 
 ln-€6m'pre-lidii'sive, a. Not comprehensive; lim- 
 
 In'€Oiu-pr<5ssl-bil'i-ty, «. Quality of being incom- 
 pressible, or of resisting compression into a smaller space. 
 Not compressible ; resisting 
 
 in'com-prfss'i-ble, 
 
 conipre^on. 
 fn'com-piit'a-ble, n. 
 In'eoii-^'cal'a-ble, a. 
 
 or kept t<vret. 
 in'con-^eiv'a-bil'i-ty, 
 fn'con-^-civ'a-ble, 
 
 Incapable of being computed. 
 Not concealable ; not to be hid 
 
 »i. Inconceivableness. 
 Not conceivable ; incapable of 
 l>eiug conceivoil by the mind ; incomprehensible. 
 in'con-^eiv'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being in- 
 conceivable ; incomprehensibility. [heusion. 
 In'<*ou-f eiv'a-bly, adv. In a manner beyond conipre- 
 in'cou-elu'slve, a. Not conclusive; not settUng a 
 point in debate ; or a doubtful question. 
 
 in'con-elu'sive-Iy, atlv. In an inconclusive manner. 
 n'con-elii'sive-ness, n. QuaUty of being inconclu- 
 n'con-eiis'sii-ble, a. Unable to be shaken. [sive. 
 
 In'i;on-dgn'.sa-ble, a. Incapable of condensation. 
 In-eon'dite, a. [Lat. inconditus, from prefix tn, not, 
 and conditus, p. p. of condere, to put or join together.] 
 Inartificial; rude; unpolished. [Obs.] 
 f n'con-ge'ni-al, a. Not congenial ; uncongenial. 
 In-edn'gru-en^e, ». Want of congruence, adaptation, 
 or agreement. [Rare.] [consistent. 
 
 In-eSn'grii-ent, a. Not congruent ; unsuitable ; in- 
 iii'«oii-grii'i-ty, n. Want of congruity ; unsuitable- 
 nesi'of one thing to another ; inconsistency ; impropriety. 
 Iii-<;6n'grii-ous, a. Not congruous to a standard or 
 end ; not reciprocally agreeing. 
 
 Syn. — Inconsi.'itent ; unsuitable; unsuited; inappropriate; 
 unfit; improper. See Inconsistent. 
 
 In-e6n'gru-ou.s-ly, adv. Unsuitably ; unfitly. 
 
 In-cSn'se-quenpe, n. Quality of being inconsequent ; 
 inconclusiveness. 
 
 In-edn'ge-quent, a. 1. Not following from the prem- 
 ises; invalid; illogical, tj. Inconsistent. 
 
 In-eftn'se-quen'tial (-kwen'shal), a. 1. Not regularly 
 following from the premises. "2, Not of consequence ; 
 of little moment. 
 
 ln'«on-sid'er-a-bIe, a. Unworthy of consideration ; 
 unimportant ; trivial. 
 
 fn'eon-sid'er-a-ble-iiess, n. Quality of being incon- 
 siderable ; small importance. 
 
 in'eon-sid'er-ate, a. 1. Not considerate ; not attend- 
 ing to the circumstances which regard safety or propriety. 
 18. Proceeding from heedlessness ; rash. 
 
 Syn. — Thoughtless ; inattentive; inadvertent; heedless; 
 negligent; improvident ; careless ; imprudent ; indiscreet; in- 
 cautious; injudicious; rash; hasty. 
 
 in'con-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. In an inconsiderate man- 
 ner ; without due regard to consequences. 
 
 fn'eon-sid'er-ate-ness, n. Want of due r^ard to 
 consequences. 
 
 Syn. — Carelessness ; thoughtlessness ; inadvertence ; inat- 
 tention; imprudence. 
 
 ln'«on-sid'er-a'tion, n. Want of due consideration; 
 inattention to consequences. 
 
 in'con-sist'en^e, I n. 1. Quality of being inconsist- 
 
 Iii'«on-sist'en-f y, I ent ; such contrariety between 
 two things that both can not exist or be true together. 
 2. Absurdity in argument or narration. 3. Unsteadi- 
 ness; changc^ablcness. 
 
 In'eon-sist'eiit, a. 1, Not consistent ; at variance, es- 
 leciaily as r^ards character, sentiment, or action 2. 
 Kot exhibiting conformity of sentiment, steadiness to 
 principle, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Incompatible: incongruous; irreconcilable ; discord- 
 ant; repugnant: contradictory. — Things are inconf/rifoua when 
 they arc not suited to each other, so that their union is unbe- 
 Cf^ming; incftrmxttnt when they arc opposed to each other, bo 
 ae to render it improper or wrong; incompatible when they can 
 TU)t co-exist, and it is therefore impossible U> unite tlicm. Ilab- , 
 itiial levity of mind is incotifiruovs with the profession of a I 
 clergyman ; it is incoruristent with hi« ordination vows; it is in- I 
 compatibU with his permanent usefulness 
 
 lii'«on-Ri8t'ent-ly, adv. In an inconsistent manner ; : 
 
 without steadiness or uniformity. j 
 
 f n'«on-Kol'a-We, a. Not consolabye ; not to be consoled. I 
 
 fci'«on-fiol'a-bly, a/lv. In a manner or degree that ; 
 
 does not admit of consolation. I 
 
 In-eSn'so-nan^e, ) n. 1. Want of consonance or 
 
 Iii-«6ii'so-nan-^!y, ) harmony of action or thought. 
 'i, (Mus.) Disagreement of sounds ; discord, [cemible. 
 
 Iii'«oii-spic'u-ou.s, a. Not conspicuous ; hardlv dis- 
 
 In-edii'stan-fy, n. 1. QuaUty of being incons'tant; 
 want of constancy ; mutability ; fickleness. 2. Want of 
 uniformity ; dissimilitude. 
 
 In-edu'stant, a. 1. Not constant; subject to change 
 of opinion, inclination, or purpose. 2. Changeable; 
 variable. 
 Syn. — Mutable ; fickle ; volatile ; unsteady ; unstable. 
 
 in-eon'stant-Iy, a^f. In au inconstant manner. 
 
 In'-eon-sum'a-ble, a. Not consumable. 
 
 Iii'«on-suxn'inate, a. Not consummate ; not finished ; 
 not complete. 
 
 in'«on-test'a-ble, a. Not contestable ; not to be dis- 
 puted ; too clear to be controverted. 
 
 Syn. — Incontrovertible ; indisputable ; irrefragable; unde- 
 niable; unquestionable; indubitable. 
 
 in'-eon-t6st'a-bly, adv. Indisputably ; incontrovertibly. 
 
 In'-eon-tig'u-ous, a. Not contiguous ; separate. 
 
 In-con'ti-neiife, ) n. Quality of being incontinent ; 
 
 Iii-eon'ti-nen-^y, ) want of restraint of the passioas 
 or appetites ; lewdness. 
 
 In-eon'ti-iient, a. 1. Not continent; not restraining 
 the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appe- 
 tite ; unchaste; lewd. 2. (Med.) Unable to restrain 
 natural evacuations. 
 
 In-con'ti-nent, n. One who is unchaste. 
 
 In-eon'ti-nent-ly, adv. 1. Without due restraint of 
 the passions or appetites ; unchastely. 2. Immediately ; 
 
 ^ at once ; suddenly. [Antiquated.'] [ble. 
 
 in'<;on-trol'la-l>le, a. Not controllable ; uncontroUa- 
 
 In-con'tro-Tert'i-ble, a. Not controvertible ; too cl«at 
 or certain to admit of dispute ; indisputable. 
 
 In-eon'tro-vert'i-bly, adv. Beyond dispute. 
 
 Iii'-eon-veii'ien^e, ) n. 1. Want of convenience. 2. 
 
 In'-eon-veix'ien-f y , j That which gives trouble or un- 
 easiness. 
 
 Syn. — Incommodiousness; disadvantage; disquiet; uneasi- 
 ness; disturbance; annoyance; molestation; trouble. 
 
 In'-eon-ven'ien^e, v. t. To bring to inconvenience; 
 
 ^ to occasion inconvenience to ; to incommode. 
 
 in'con-ven'ient(-v5n/yent), a. 1. Not becoming or 
 suitable ; unfit ; inexpedient. 2. Giving trouble or un~ 
 
 ^ easiness ; incommodious ; disadvantageous ; inopportune. 
 
 in'-eon-ven'ient-ly, adv. In an inconvenient manner ; 
 
 ^ unsuitably ; incommodiously ; unseasonably. 
 
 in'eon-vers'a-ble, a. Not conversable ; incommuni- 
 cative ; unsocial. 
 
 In'<;oii-vert'i-bil'i-ty, n. Not capable of being ex- 
 
 _^ changed for, or converted into, something else. 
 
 Ixi'-eon-vert'i-ble, a. Not convertible ; not capable of 
 
 ^ being changed into something else. 
 
 In/con-vert'i-ble-ness, n. Inconvertibility. 
 
 in'<;on-vm'^i-ble, a. Not convincible; incapable of 
 
 ^ being convinced. [conviction. 
 
 f n'-eon-vin'^i-bly, adv. In a manner not adnaitting of 
 
 Iii-<;6r'po-rate, a. 1, Not consisting of matter ; not 
 haying a material body. 2. United in one body. 3. 
 Not incorporated ; not existing as a corporation. 
 
 In-cor'po-rate, v. t. [im-p. & p. -p. incorporated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INCORPORATING.] [Lat. incorporare, 
 incorporatum , from prefix m, not, and corpus, corporis, 
 body.] 1. To combine, as different ingredients, into one 
 body or mass. 2. To give a material form to ; to em- 
 body. 3. To unite with a substance or mass already 
 formed or in being. 4. To combine into a structure or 
 organization, whether material or mental. 5, To form 
 into a legal body, or body politic ; to constitute into a 
 corporation. 
 
 In-«6r'po-rate, v. i. To unite so as to make a part of 
 another body ; to be mixed or blended. 
 
 In-cor'po-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of incorporating, or 
 state of being incorporated. 2. Union of different in- 
 gredients in one mass. 3. Combination into a structure 
 or organization. 4. (Laiv.) The formation of a legal or 
 political body by the union of individuals. 
 
 In'-eor-po're-al (89), a. 1. Not corporeal : not con- 
 sisting of matter. 2. {Law.) Existing only in contem- 
 plation of law ; intangible. 
 Syn. — Immaterial; unsubstantial; bodiless; spiritual. 
 
 In'«or-po're-al-ly , adv. Without body ; immaterially. 
 
 In-cor'po-re'i-ty, n. Quality of being incorporeal; 
 immateriality. 
 
 In'cor-r6«t', o. 1. Not correct ; not according to a 
 copy or model, or to established rules. 2. Not in ao- 
 
 »,e,ke.,long; &,6,ke., short; c&re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique,firinL; sdii,dr,ds, vroUb 
 
INCORRECTLY 
 
 375 
 
 INDECISIVE 
 
 cordance with the truth. 3. Not accordant with the 
 rule of duty or of morality. 
 Syn.— Inaccurate; eiroaeous; wrong; faulty. 
 
 in'cor-rect'ly, ado. In an incorrect manner ; inaccu- 
 rately ; not exactly. 
 
 in'-eor-rget'uess, n. Want of conformity to truth or 
 to a standard ; inaccuracy. 
 
 In-€6r'ri-gi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being incorrigible ; 
 hopeless depravity. 
 
 Iii-€6r'ri-gi-bie, a. Not corrigible ; incapable of being 
 corrected or ameuded ; irreclaimable. 
 
 In-cor'ri-gi-ble-ness, n. Incorrigibility. 
 
 In-«6r'ri-gi-bly, adv. In an incorrigible manner. 
 
 in.'«or-rupt', «. 1. Not affected with corruption or 
 
 ^ decay. 2. Not defiled or depraved ; pure ; untainted. 
 
 In/«or-rupt'i-bil'i-ty, n. Incapability of corruption. 
 
 in'<5or-rupt'i-bIe, a. 1. Incapable of corruption, de- 
 
 ^ cay, or dissolution. 'Z. Inflexibly just and upright. 
 
 In'cor-rupt'i-ble-iiess, n. The quaUty of being in- 
 corruptible, or not liable to decay. [corruption. 
 
 in'«or-ru.p'tion, n. Absence of, or exemption from, 
 
 in'cor-riipt'ive, a. Not liable to corruption. 
 
 In'-eor-riipt'iiess, n. 1. Exemption from decay or 
 corruption, 'i. Purity of mind or manners ; probity ; 
 integrity. 
 
 Iu-€rS,s'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incrassated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INCRASSATING.] [Lat. inr.rassare, incras- 
 satum^ from prefix m and crassus, thick.] 1. To make 
 thick or thicker ; to thicken. tJ. {Pharmacy.) To make 
 thicker by the mixture of other substances less fluid, or 
 by evaporating the thinner parts. 
 
 In-eras'sate, v. i. To become thick or thicker. 
 
 In-€ra.s'sate , la. 1. Made thick or fat ; thickened; 
 
 Iii-«rS.s'sa-te€l, ) inspissated, ti, (Bot.) Thickened; 
 
 ^ becoming thicker. 
 
 In'cras-sa'tion, n. 1. Act of thickening, or becoming 
 thick. 2. State of being incrassated, or made thick ; 
 inspissation. 
 
 Iii-«ra,s'sa-tive, a. Having the quality of thickening. 
 
 In-eras'sa-tive, n. That which has the power to 
 thicken. 
 
 In-creas'a-ble, a. Capable of being increased. 
 
 In-€rea8e', v. i. [imp. & p. p. increased (-kreesf) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INCREASING.] [Lat. incrtscere, from 
 prefix in and crescere, to grow.] 1, To become greater 
 in bulk, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, au- 
 thority, reputation, &c. ; to grow ; to augment ; to ad- 
 vance. 2. To multiply by the production of young. 
 
 Syn. — Enlarge. — J^nZarqre implies a widening of extent; 
 increase an accession in point of size, number, strength, &c. A 
 kingdom is enlarged by conquest, and the mind by knowledge; 
 a man has enlarged views, plans, prospects, &c. Riches, wis- 
 dom, appetite, &c., are increased. 
 
 In-erease', v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, 
 quantity, or amount ; to improve in quality. 
 
 Ill-crease', or In'crease (115), n. 1. A growing 
 larger in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, 
 &c. 3. That which results from growth ; produce ; 
 profit ; interest. 3. Progeny ; issue ; oflFspring. 
 
 SyTi. — Augmentation ; enlargement ; extension ; growth ; 
 increment; addition; accession. 
 
 In'-ere-ate, ) a. [Prefix in, not, and create, created.] 
 
 in'-ere-a'ted, ) Uncreated. [Rare.] 
 
 In-erSd'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being incredible, or 
 surpassing belief. [lieved ; not to be credited. 
 
 In-«r6d'i-ble, a. Not credible ; impossible to be be- 
 
 In-crgd'i-ble-ness, n. IncredibiUty. 
 
 In-«red'i-bly, adv. In a manner to preclude belief. 
 
 In'cre-du'li-ty, n. QuaHty of being incredulous ; in- 
 disposition to believe ; skepticism; unbelief; disbelief. 
 
 IJi-«r6d'u-lou.s (77), a. Not credulous; indisposed to 
 believe ; skeptical. 
 
 In-€i'ed'u-lous-ness, n. Incredulity. 
 
 ffn'-ere-ment, w. [Ij&t. incrementum. See Increase.] 
 1. Increase ; augmentation. 2. Matter aided ; increase ; 
 produce. 3. (Math.) The increase of a variable quan- 
 tity or fraction from its present value to its next ascend- 
 ing value. 4. [Rhet.) An amplification without strict 
 climax. 
 
 In-crgs'^ent, a. Increasing ; growing ; augmenting. 
 
 In-crust', t'. t. [imp. & p. p. incrusted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INCRUSTING.] To cover with a crust, or with a hard 
 coat. 
 
 In'crug-ta'tlon, n. 1. Act of incrusting, or state of 
 being incrusted. 2. A crust or coat of any thing on the 
 surface of a body. 
 
 In'«u-b}tte, V. i. [imp. & p. p. INCUBATED ; p. pr. Sc 
 
 vb. n. INCUBATING.] [Lat. incubare, incubatum, to Ik 
 on, from prefix in and cubare, to lie down.] To sit, as on 
 eggs for hatching. [pose of hatching young. 
 
 in''<;u-ba'tioii, n. Act of sitting on eggs lor the pur- 
 in'«u-biis, n.; Eng. p/. tN/eu-BDs-Eg; Ld.t. pi. In' cu- 
 Bl. {L-d.t.,ivom. incubare. See l.vcuBATE.j {Med.) Th^ 
 nightmare ; hence, generally, any oppressive or stupefy- 
 ing influence. 
 
 In-€ul'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inculcated ; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. INCULCATING.] [Lat. inculcare, inculpatum, 
 to tread on, from prefix m and calcare, to tread, from 
 calx, the heel.] To impress by frequent admonitions ; to 
 
 ^ urge on the mind. [peated admonitions. 
 
 In'€ul-*!a'tioii, n. The action of impressing by re- 
 
 In-eul'pa-ble, a. Without fault ; blameless. 
 
 In-«ul'pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inculpated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. inculpating.] [L. Lat. inculpare , inculcatum , 
 from prefix rn and cw^pa, fault.] 1. To blame ; to cen- 
 
 _ sure. 2. ( Law.) To accuse of crime ; to impute guilt to. 
 
 iu'cul-pa'tion, n. Blame ; censure ; crimination. 
 
 In-«ul'pa-to-ry, a. 1. Imputing blame. 2. (Law.) 
 Tending to establish guilt ; criminatory. 
 
 In-cum'ben-^y, n. 1. State of being incumbent. 2. 
 That which is incumbent; a weight. 3. That which Ls 
 imposed, as a rule, a duty, or an obligation. 4. (Eccl.) 
 State of holding a benefice, or office. 
 
 In-eumnhent, a. [Lat. incumbens, p. pr. of incumhere, 
 to lie down upon, from prefix in and cumber e, cubare, to 
 lie down.] 1. Lying or resting upon. 2. Supported; 
 buoyed up. 3. Lying or resting, as duty or obligation ; 
 indispensable. 
 
 Iii-«um.'bent, n. The person who is in present posses- 
 sion of a benefice, or any office. 
 
 In-eiir', v. t. [im,p. & p. p. incurred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 incurring (in-kQr'ring).] [Lat. incurrere, to run into 
 or toward ; from prefix in and currere, to run.] To meet 
 or fall in with, as something from which inconvenience 
 or harm is to be apprehended ; to expose one's self to. 
 
 In-eur'a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being incurable. 
 
 In-€ur'a-ble, a. 1. Not curable; incapable of being 
 cured. 2. Not admitting remedy or correction. 
 
 Syn. — Irremediable ; remediless ; irrecoverable ; irretriev- 
 able. 
 
 Iii-etir'a-ble, n. A person diseased beyond the reach of 
 cure ; a sick person who can not be cured. 
 
 In-«ilr'a-ble-ness, n. State of not admitting cure. 
 
 In-eiir'a-bly, adv. So as to be incurable. 
 
 In-€ii'ri-ou.s, a. Not curious or inquisitive ; destitute 
 of curiosity ; uninquisitive. 
 
 In-e-ar'sion, n. [Lat. incursio. See Incur.] Entering 
 into a territory with hostile intention ; a predatory or 
 harassing inroad. 
 
 Syn. — Invasion ; inroad ; raid ; foray. 
 
 In-eiir'slye, a. Making an attack or incursion. 
 
 Iii-€ftrv'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. incurvated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INCURVATING.] [Lat. incurvare, incurvatum, 
 from prefix in and curvus, bent.] To bend ; to crook. 
 
 Iii-€<irv'ate, a. Curved inward or upward. 
 
 in'cur-va'tion, n. 1. The act of bending, or of being 
 curved. 2. The state of being bent ; curvature. 3. The 
 act of bowing. 
 
 In-etLryre'y v. t. [imp. & p. p. incurved ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INCURVING.] To bend ; to make crooked. 
 
 In-eiirv'i-ty, n. A state of being bent or crooked; 
 crookedness ; curvature. 
 
 In-dart', v. t. To dart or strike in. 
 
 In-d6bt' (-detO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indebted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INDEBTING.] To bring into debt ; to place 
 under obligation. 
 
 In-debt'ed (in-dgfed), a. 1. Placed in debt; being 
 under obligation. 2. Obliged by something received, for 
 which restitution or gratitude is due. 
 
 In-debt'ed-iiess (-det^-), n. State of being indebted. 
 
 In-de'9en9e, ) n. 1. Want of decency ; lack of modesty. 
 
 In-de'^en-^y, ) 2. That which is indecent ; an indie- 
 cent word, act, or the Uke. 
 
 Syn. — Indelicacy ; indecorum ; immodesty ; impurity ; 
 obscenity. 
 
 In-de'^eiit, a. Not decent ; unfit to be seen or heard. 
 Syn. — Unbecoming ; indecorous : indelicate ; unseemly ; 
 immodest; gross; shameful; impure; unchaste; obscene; filthy. 
 
 Tn-de'^ent-ly, adv. In a manner to offend delicacy. 
 
 in'de-fid'u-ous, a. Not deciduous ; evergreen. 
 
 In'de-fi'plier- a-b J e,a. Incapable of being deciphered. 
 
 In'de-^ig'ion (-sTzh'un), n. Want of decision ; wavering 
 of mind ; irresolution. 
 
 in/de-^i'sive, a. 1. Not decisive; not bringing to a 
 
 food, foot; &rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^haise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiii;- 
 
INDECISIVENESS 
 
 376 
 
 INDICATE 
 
 final close. t2. Prone to indecLsion ; wavering ; vacil- 
 lating; hesitating. 
 
 lu de-^-i'sive uess, m. State of being indecisive. 
 
 Ill dt'-t'lin'u-ble, a. (Grant.) Kot declinable; not va- 
 ried b.s termiuatious. [tion. 
 
 Jtn de-t-liii'a-bly, adv. Without variation of terniina- 
 
 Iii'de-t"6'rou>, or In-dfit'o-rous, a. Not decorous; 
 violating good uiauuvK. 
 
 Syn. — Unbecoming ; unseemly ; rude ; coarse ; impolite ; 
 uncivil. 
 
 in de~€o'roiis-ly, or In-dCc'o-rous-ly, adv. In an 
 indecorous or uubecomiug manner. 
 
 in de-t"o'roils-Mess, orJji dec'o-rous-ness, n. Vio- 
 lation of propriety. 
 
 in'de-<.'o'ruin, »'«. 1. Want of decorum ; impropriety 
 ofbeha\ior. '.£, A breach of decorum. 
 
 In-deed', adv. In reality ; in truth ; in fact ; — some- 
 
 _ tunes used iuterjectionally, as an expression of surprise. 
 
 lln de-f5t'i-ga-ble, a. Incapable of being fatigued. 
 Syn. — Unwearied; untiring; persevering; assiduous. 
 
 In'de-fftt'i-ga-l>le-ness, n. TJnweariedness ; persist- 
 ency, [yielding to fatigue. 
 
 in'de-f at'i-8:a-bly, adv. Without weariness ; without 
 
 in'de-feagi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being indefeasible. 
 
 in de-f ea'§i-ble, a. Not to be defeated ; incapable of 
 being made void. 
 
 In'de-fe-et'i-ba'1-ty, n. Quality of being indefectible. 
 
 In'de-f e«t'i-ble, a. Not liable to defect, failure, or 
 decay. 
 
 in'de-f Active, a. Not defective ; perfect; complete. 
 
 in'de-fen'si-ble, a. Not defensible; not capable of 
 
 ^ being maintained, vindicated, or justified. 
 
 in'de-f en'.'iive, a. Having no defense. 
 
 in'de-fin'a-ble, a. Incapable of being defined. 
 
 In-def'i-nite, a. 1. Not defined; not limited or de- 
 fined: hence, not precise or certain. 2. Having no 
 determined or certain limits. 3. (Bot.) More than twelve, 
 especially when the number is not constant; — said of 
 the parts of a flower, and the like. [precisely. 
 
 In-def i-nite-ly, adv. In an indefinite manner ; not 
 
 In-def'i-nite-ness, n. The quahty of being undefined, 
 
 ^ unlimited, or not precise and certain. 
 
 in^de-his'^en^e, n. (Bot.) The property of not open- 
 ing at maturity. [at maturity. 
 
 ln'de-hi.s'f ent, a. (Bot.) Not opening spontaneously 
 
 in'de-lib'er-ate, a. Done or performed without dehb- 
 enition : sudden ; unpremeditated. 
 
 In-del'i-bil'i-ty, n. QuaULy of being indelible. 
 
 In-del'i-ble, a. [Lat. indelebilis; prefix in, not, and 
 dfUbilis, capable of being destroyed, firom delete, to de- 
 stroy, blot out.] Not to be blotted out ; incapable of 
 being efifaced, lost, or forgotten. 
 
 In-d61'i-bly, adv. In a manner not to be effaced. 
 
 Ln-dgl'i-ea-^y, n. Want of delicacy ; coarseness of 
 manners or language. 
 
 In-del'i-eate (45), a. Not delicate ; offensive to good 
 manners, or to purity of mind. 
 
 Syn. — Indecorous; unbecoming; unseemly; rude; coarse; 
 broad; impolite; gross; indecent. 
 
 In-d61'i-€ate-iy, adv. In an indelicate manner ; in- 
 decently : coarsely ; grossly. 
 
 In-d^m ni-fi-ea'tion, n. 1, Act of indemnifying ; 
 reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty, ti. That 
 which indemnifies. 
 
 In-dCm'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indemnified ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. INDEMNIFYING.] [L. Lat., from prefix in, 
 not, and damnificarr, from damnum, damage, loss, and 
 facere, to make.] 1. To save harmless ; to secure against 
 future loss or damage. 2. To make up for that which 
 L' paet ; to reimbur.se. 
 
 In d€m'ni-ty, n. [Lat. indemnitor, firom indtmnis, 
 uninjured, from prefix i«, not, and rfaTwnww, damage, 
 lo.S8.] 1. Security to save harmless; exemption from 
 loss or damage, past or to come. 2. Compensation or 
 remunemtion for loss, damage, or injury sustained. 
 
 Ifn'de-m6n'stra-ble, a. Incapable of being demon- 
 strated : not susceptible of proof. 
 
 In-d6n'i-z^n, f. r [imp. & p. p. indenizened; p. 
 pr. & vb. 71. INDEMZENING.] To naturalize. 
 
 |n-d€nt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. indented \ p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. INDENTING.] [L. Lat. indentare, from Lat. in and 
 dens, tooth.] 1. To cut into points or inequalities, like 
 a row of teeth. 2. To bind out by indenture or con- 
 tract. 3. (Print.) To begin further in from the margin 
 than the rest of a paragraph. 
 
 In-d£nt', v. i. 1. To l>e cut or notched. 2. To crook 
 or turn ; to wind in and out. 
 
 I In-d6nt'j_n. A cut or notch in the margin of any i 
 
 in'den-ta'tion, 71. 1. A notch; a cut in the mar^ 
 
 of paper or other things. 2. A recess or depression in 
 
 any border. 3. (Print.) Act of beginning the first line 
 
 of a paragraph farther, or less far, from the margin than 
 
 I the other lines. 
 
 In-deut'ed,/^. a. 1. Jagged ; notched. 2. Bound out 
 by indented writings. 
 
 In-dent'Gre (53), n. 1. Act of indenting, or state of 
 being indented. 2. (Law.) A mutual agreement in 
 writing between two or more parties, whereof each party 
 has usually a part. 
 
 In-d6nt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indentured ; p. pr. 
 
 ^ & 1-6. n. indenturing.] To bind by indentures. 
 
 In'de-pgnd'en^e, n. State or quality of being inde- 
 pendent ; exemption from reliance on others, or control 
 
 _ from them. 
 
 In'de-pend'en-fy, n. Independence. [Obsolescent.] 
 
 In'de-pgnd'ent, a. 1. Not dependent ; not subject to 
 the control of others. 2. Affording a comfortable liveli- 
 hood. 3. Not subject to bias or influence ; self-direct- 
 ing. 4. Expressing or indicating the feeling of inde- 
 pendence ; free ; easy ; bold. 5. Separate from ; ex- 
 clusive. 6. (£cd.) Belonging or pertaining to the Inde- 
 i ^ pendents. 
 
 In^de-pend'ent. n. (Ecd.) One who believes that an 
 organized Christian church is complete in itself, and 
 
 ^ independent of all ecclesiastical authority. 
 
 In'de-pend'ent-Iy, adv. Without control. 
 
 In'de-s-erib'a-ble, a. Incapable of being described. 
 
 In'de-gert', n. Want of merit or worth. 
 
 in'de-stru-e'ti-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being incapable 
 of destruction. [decomposition. 
 
 In'de-strii-e'ti-ble, a. Not destructible ; incapable of 
 
 In'de-ter'mi-na-ble, a. Impossible to be determined, 
 
 ^ ascertained, or fixed. 
 
 in'de-ter'mi-nate (45), a. Not determinate ; not settled 
 I ^ or fixed ; uncertain ; not precise. 
 
 I in'de-ter'mi-nate-Iy, adv. Not in any settled man- 
 I ^ ner ; indefinitely ; not with precise limits. 
 ■ in'de-ter'mi-nate-ness, n. Want of precision; in- 
 I ^ definiteness. 
 
 I in'de-ter'nii-na'tion, 7i. 1. Want of determination ; 
 I an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. 2. Want 
 I ^ of fixed or stated direction. 
 I in'de-vo'tion, n. Want of devotion ; impiety. 
 
 In'de-vout', a. Not having devout affections ; undevont. 
 
 Jn'dex, 71.,- Eng. pi. IN'DEX-Eg ; Lat. ;>/. iJV'Di-fss. 
 [Lat., from indicere, to proclaim, annoimce, indicare, to 
 point out, indicate, q. v.] 1. That which points out, 
 shows, indicates, or manifests ; especially, a pointer or a 
 hand that directs to any thing, as the hour of the day, 
 the road to a place, and the like. 2. Any table for facU- 
 itating reference to topics, names, and the like, in a book. 
 3. (Anat.) The fore finger, or pointing finger. 4. (Arith. 
 & Al^. ) The figure or letter w hich shows the power or 
 root of a quantity ; the exponent. [In this sense, the 
 
 ^ plural is always indices.] 
 
 in'dex, V. t. [imp. & p. p. INDEXED (in'deket) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INDEXING.] To provide with an index or 
 table of references. 
 
 In-d€x'i€-al, a. Having the form of an index ; per- 
 
 ^ taining to an index. 
 
 In'dex-ter'i-ty , ?i . Want of dexterity ; awkwardness. 
 
 in'dia-inan (Ind'ya- or jn'di-i-), n. ; pi. INDIAMEN. 
 
 ^ (Naut.) A large ship employed in the India trade. 
 
 in'dian (ind^ an or iu'di-an), a. [From India, and this 
 from Indus, the name of a river in Asia; Skr. sindhu, 
 river.] 1. (Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, either of the 
 Indies, East or West, or to the aborigines of America. 
 
 ^ 2. Made of maize or Indian com. [ CoUoq. Amer.] 
 
 in'dian (Tnd'yan or lu'di-an), n. 1. (Geog.) A nativo 
 or inhabitant of the Indies. 2. One of the aboriginal 
 inhabitants of America ; — so called by the discoverers or 
 early settlers of the country from their fiEincied resem- 
 blance to the people of India. 
 
 Indian fie, single file; arrangement of persons in a row fol- 
 lowing one after another, the' usual way among Indians of 
 traversing woods, &c. — Indian ink, a substance brought chiefly 
 from China, used for water colors. Itconsistsof lamp-black and 
 animal glue. — Indian summer, a period of warm and pleasant 
 weather occurring late in autumn. See Slmmek. 
 
 In'dia KubHber (Tnd'va or Tn'di-a). See Caoutchouc. 
 
 in'di-cant, a. Serving to point out, as a remedy ; indi- 
 cating, [o^t- 
 ' in'di-eant, n. (Med.) That which indicates or points 
 ' In'di-cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. indicated ; p. pr. & 
 I vb. n. INDICATING.] [Lat. indicare, indicatum, from 
 
 a, e, &c.,long; &, 6, Sic, short ; care,far, ask, allj-what ; 6re,vell,term, pKqne, firm; son, or, do,wolt 
 
INDICATION 
 
 377 
 
 INDISTINCTNESS 
 
 prefix in and dicare^ to proclaim.] 1. To point out ; to 
 discover; to show. ti. (Med.) To manifest by symp- 
 . toms ; to point to as the proper remedies. 
 fcti'di-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of pointing out or indicating. 
 
 2. That which serves to indicate or point out ; mark ; 
 token ; sign ; symptom. 
 
 In-dic'a-tive,. a. Pointing out ; bringing to notice ; 
 giving intimation or knowledge of something not visible 
 or obvious. 
 
 Indicative mode (.Oram.), that mode of the verb which indi- 
 cates, that is, which affirms or denies. It is also used in asking 
 questions. Indicative is also sometimes used substantively to 
 denote this mode. 
 
 In-dic'a-tive-ly, adv. In a manner to indicate. 
 
 lii'di-ea'tor, n. One who, or that which, shows or 
 points out; specifically, an instrument by which the 
 working steam records its working pressure, from which 
 the power of the engine may be calculated. 
 
 in'cli-<;a-to-ry, a. Serving to show or make known. 
 
 Iii'dl-^eg, n. pi. See Index. 
 
 In-dict' (in-dif), v. t. [imp. & p. p. indicted ; p. pr. 
 & f6. n. INDICTING.] [Lat. indicere, indicium, to pro- 
 claim, from prefix in and dicere, to say, speak.] (Laiv.) 
 To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the find- 
 ing or presentment of a grand jury. 
 
 In-dict'a-ble (in-dTt'a-bl), a. Capable of being, or liable 
 to be, indicted ;_ subject to indictment. 
 
 In-dict'er (in-dlt^er), n. One who indicts. 
 
 In-di-e'tioii, n. [See supra.] [Chron.) A cycle of fif- 
 teen years, instituted by Constantiue the Great, and af- 
 terward made a substitute for Olympiads in reckoning 
 
 In-dT<;'tive, a. Pi-oclaimed; declared. [time. 
 
 In-dicfment (in-dit/ment), n. 1. Act of indicting, or 
 state of being indicted. ^Z. A written accusation, or 
 formal charge of a crime, preferred to a court by a grand 
 jury under oath ; hence, an accusation in general. 
 
 In-dlct'or (-dlt'-), n. (Laio.) One who indicts. 
 
 Iii-dif' fer-en^e, n. 1. Quality of being indifferent, or 
 not making or measuring a difference. 3. Passableness ; 
 mediocrity. 3. Impartiality ; freedom from prejudice 
 or bias. 4. A state of the mind when it feels no anxiety 
 or interest in what is presented to it. 
 
 Syn.— Carelessness; negligence ; unconcern ; apathy; in- 
 sensibility. 
 
 In-dif'fer-en-^y, n. Absence of interest in, or influ- 
 ence from, any thing ; equilibrium ; indifierentism. 
 
 In-dif'f er-ent, a. 1, Not making a difference ; having 
 no influence or preponderating weight ; of no account. 
 li. Neither particularly good, nor very bad ; passable. 
 
 3. Neutral ; imunrtial ; unbiased ; disinterested. 4. 
 Feeling no interest, ^nxiety, or care, respecting any 
 thing. -^^ 
 
 In-dif'f er-ent-igm, n. Sw*e of indifference. 
 
 In-dif 'f er-ent -ly, adv. In «ir»^ mdifferent manner ; im- 
 
 ^ partially ; tolerably ; passably^^l , 
 
 In'di-|;en9e, ) n. Want of r-s/ate, or means of com- 
 
 In'di-gen-fy, ) fortable subsistence. 
 
 Syn. — Poverty ; penury ; destitution ; want ; need ; pau- 
 perism. — Poverty is generic, denoting a deficiency in the 
 means of living; indigence is stronger, implying an absence of 
 the necessaries of life. Both express permanent states. Want 
 and need are applied usually to states which are temporary or 
 occasional, as ivant of clothing, need of fuel; but are sometimes 
 used in a more abstract sense, as a state of want or of need, be- 
 ing then identical with jjoverty. 
 
 In-dig'e-nous, a. [Lat. indigejius, from 0. Lat. indit, 
 for in, and Lat. genere, gignere, to beget, to be born.] 
 
 1. Native ; born or originating in, as in a place or coun- 
 try. 2. Produced naturally in a country or cUmate ; 
 
 ^ not exotic. 
 
 in'di-gent, a. [Lat. indigens, p. pr. of indigere, to 
 stand in need of; prefix indu, for in, and egere, to be 
 needy.] Destitute of property or means of comfortable 
 
 ^ subsistence ; needy ; poor. 
 
 in'di-gest'ed, a. 1. Not digested ; undigested ; crude. 
 
 2. Not regularly disposed and arranged. 3. {Med.) 
 
 ^ Not brought to suppuration. 
 
 In'di-ggst'i-lhle, a. 1. Not digestible ; not easily con- 
 verted into chyme. 2. Not to be received or patiently 
 endured. 
 
 in/di-gfis'tion (-jesfyun, 66), n. Want of due diges- 
 tion ; a failure of the natural changes which food under- 
 goes in the alimentary canal ; dyspepsia ; difficult or 
 painful digestion. 
 
 Ifcn-dlg'nant, a. [Lat. indignans, p. pr. of indignari, to 
 be indignant, disdain ; prefix in and dignari, to deem 
 worthy; digniis, worthy.] Affected with indignation; 
 feeUng wrath and scorn or contempt 
 
 In-dig'nant-Iy, adv. In an indignant manner. 
 
 in^dlg-na'tion, n. A strong and elevated disapproba- 
 tion of what is flagitious in character or conduct ; anger 
 mingled with contempt, di-sgust, or abhorrence. 
 
 Syn.— Anger ; ire ; wrath ; resentment ; fury ; rage. Sew 
 Angkk. 
 
 In-dig'ni-ty, n. Unmerited contemptuous treatment; 
 
 ^ contumely ; injury accompanied with insult. 
 
 In'di-go, n. [Lat. indicum, indigo, from Indicus, Jnd\a,n, 
 from India, India.] A blue coloring matter obtained 
 
 ^ from woad and other plants. 
 
 in'di-rfi-et', a. 1. Not direct ; not straight or rectihnear. 
 2. Not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the most 
 plain and direct method or course ; by remote means. 3. 
 
 ^ Not straightforward or upright ; unfair ; dishonest. 
 
 in'di-re^'tion, n. Oblique course or means ; dishonest 
 
 ^ practices ; indirectness. 
 
 in'dl-reot'ly, adv. In an indirect manner. 
 
 In'dig-cem'i-tole (-diz-zSru''-), e. Incapable of being 
 
 ^ discerned ; not discoverable. 
 
 In'dis-^erp'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Incapacity of dissolution. 
 
 in/dis-ferp'ti-ble, a. Not discerptible ; incapable of 
 being destroyed by dissolution. 
 
 In-dis'(;i-plin-a-ble, a. Not disciplinable ; incapable 
 of being subjected to discipline. 
 
 In'dis-«6v'er-a-ble, a. Incapable of being discovered. 
 
 In'dis-«reet', a. Not discreet ; wanting in discretion. 
 Syn. — Imprudent; injudicious; inconsiderate; rash; hasty; 
 incautious; heedless. 
 
 jn/dis-ereet'Iy, adv. Not discreetly ; inconsiderately. 
 
 In^dis-erete'; a. Not discrete or separated. 
 
 In'dis-ere'tion (-kresh/un), 7J. 1. Want of discretion; 
 
 _ imprudence. 2. An indiscreet act ; indiscreet behavior. 
 
 In'dis-erim'i-nate, a. Wanting discrimination; not 
 making any distinction. 
 
 In'dis-<;rim'i-nate-ly, adv. In an indiscriminate 
 
 ^ manner ; without distinction ; in confusion. 
 
 in'dis-erim^i-na'tion, n. Want of discrimination or 
 
 ^ distinction. 
 
 In'dis-pen'sa-ble, a. 1. Not dispensable ; impossible 
 to be omitted or spared ; absolutely necessary. 2. Not 
 admitting dispensation ; not providing for release or ex- 
 emption. 
 
 in'dis-p6n'sa-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of 
 
 ^ being indispensable, or absolutely necessary. 
 
 in'dis-pen'sa-bly, arft;. In an indispensable manner; 
 
 ^ necessarily. 
 
 In'dis-poge', v. t. \imp. & p.p. indisposed ; p. pr. & 
 r6. n. INDISPOSING.] 1. To render unfit or unsuited; 
 to disqualify. 2. To disqualify for the exercise of j)roper 
 functions; hence, to make somewhat ill. 3. To disin- 
 cUne; to render averse or unfavorable. 4. To make 
 
 ^ unfavorable or disinclined ; — with toward. 
 
 In'dis-pog'ed-ness, n. Condition or quaUty of being 
 indisposed ; disinclination ; slight aversion ; indisposition. 
 
 In-dis'po-gi'tion (-zTsh-'un), n. 1. Condition of want- 
 ing adaptation or affinity. 2. SUght disorder of the 
 healthy functions of the body. 3. Want of fitness in 
 feeling ; disinclination ; aversion. 
 
 In-dis'pu-ta-ble, a. Not disputable ; too evident to 
 admit of dispute. 
 
 Syn. — Incontestable ; unquestionable; incontrovertible; 
 undeniable ; irrefragable ; indubitable ; certain ; positive. 
 
 In-dls'pu-ta-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being 
 indisputable. [ably. 
 
 In-dis'pu-ta-bly, adv. Without dispute ; unquestion- 
 
 In-dis'so-lu-ba'i-ty, n. 1. QuaUty of being indissol- 
 uble, or incapable of being dissolved. 2. Perpetuity of 
 union, obligation, or binding force. 
 
 In-dis'so-Iu-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being dissolved, 
 melted, or liquefied. 2. Perpetually binding or obliga* 
 
 In-dis'so-lu-ble-ness, n. Indissolubihty. [tory. 
 
 In-dis'so-lu-bly, adv. In a manner resisting separa- 
 tion ; inseparably ; firmly. 
 
 In'di§-§6Iv'a-ble (-diz-zolv'a-bl), a. Incapable of being 
 
 ^ dissolved ; indissoluble. 
 
 In/dis-tin-et', a. 1. Not distinct or distinguishable. 2. 
 
 Obscure to the mind ; confused. 3. Not presenting clear 
 
 and well-defined images or perceptions ; imperfect; fiiint. 
 
 Syn. — Undefined; undistinguishable; obscure; indefinite; 
 
 vague; ambiguous; uncertain. 
 
 fn/dis-tinc'tion, n. 1. Want of distinction or distin- 
 guishableness ; confusion ; indiscrimination. 2. Eqixal- 
 ity of rank or condition. 
 
 in'dis-tinet'ly. adv. In an indistinct maimer; not 
 clearly ; confusedly ; obscurely. 
 
 In'dis-tin-et'ness, n. 1. Want of distinctness ; con- 
 fusion ; uncertainty. 2. Obscurity ; faintnoss. 
 
 food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, call, eelio; gem, get; a§ ; e$lst ; linger, link ; tills. 
 
1 
 
 INDISTINGUISHABLE 
 
 378 
 
 INDULGER 
 
 In^dis-tin'Kuisli-a-ble (-tKng'gwisb-a-bl), a. Not dis- 
 ciugiiishalUv ; unable to be distinguished. 
 
 In-dite', r. f. [itnp. & ;>. ;>. INDITED; p. jor. & vb. n. 
 INDITING.] [Lilt, iiidictre, uuiicttn7i. Cf. INDICT.] 
 
 1. To direct or dictate what is to be uttered or written. 
 "2. To couiiHise ; to write : to Ik- author of. 
 
 In-dltt>'iueiit. n. Tlie act of inditing. 
 
 In-dit'er, n. One who indites. 
 
 In'di-vid'u-al, n. [Ljit. iudividuMS, indivisible, from 
 pn>tix ("/I, not, and (//riV/«i<.^, divisible, from dividere, to 
 divide.] 1. Not divided, or not to be divided; single; 
 one. i. Of, or pertaining to, one only ; hence, peculiar 
 to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing ; distinc- 
 tive. 
 
 In'di-vid'u-al, n. A single person, animal, or thing of 
 any kind ; tspt daily, a human being ; a person. 
 
 Sn'di-vid'u-al-igm, n. 1. Quality of being individ- 
 ual ; individuality. "2, An excessive or exclusive regard 
 to one's per.<oual interest ; selfishness. 
 
 _n'di-vid'u-Jil'i-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of be- 
 ing individual ; separate or di.'^tinct nature or existence. 
 
 2. Character or property appropriate or peculiar to an 
 individual ; distinctive character. 
 
 In'di-vid'ii-Jil'i-za'tion, n. Act of individualizing ; 
 state of being individualized. 
 
 in'di-vid'u-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. individual- 
 ized ; p. pr. & vh. n. INDIVIDUALIZING.] To select 
 or mark as an individual. 
 
 in'di-vid'u-al-ly, ac/t". 1. In an individual manner or 
 
 ^ relation ; separately. 3. Inseparably ; incommunicably. 
 
 in'di-vid'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. individuated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INDIVIDUATING.] 1. To distinguish 
 from others of the species. 2. To cause to exist as an 
 
 ^ individual whole. 
 
 in'di-vid'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of making single, or the 
 same, to the exclusion of others. 2. Act of endowing 
 with individuahty. 3. Act of separating into individ- 
 uals by analysis. 
 
 iii'di-vi§'i-bil'i-ty, n. State or property of being indi- 
 visible ; in.separable. 
 
 in/di-vi§'i-ble (Tn'di-vTzl-bl), a. 1. Not dirisible ; not 
 separable into parts. 3. (Math.) Not capable of exact 
 
 ^ division; incommensurable. 
 
 in'di-vi.g'i-ljle, n. 1. That which is indivisible. 2. 
 (Geom.) One of the elements or principles, supposed to 
 be infinitely small, into which a body or figure may be 
 rei'olved : an infinitesimal. 
 
 Jn'di-vi^'i-ble-ness, n. Indivisibility. 
 
 In'di-vi.s'i-bly, adv. So as not to be capable of division. 
 
 In-dt 9'i-bil'i-ty, n. Indocibleness ; indocility. 
 
 In-do^'i-ble, a. Incapable of being taught, or not 
 easily instructed ; intractable. 
 
 In-dof'i-ble-ness, n. Indocility. 
 
 In-doflle, a. Not teachable; not easily instructed; 
 
 ^ dull ; intractable. 
 
 in'do-fil'i-tjr, n. Dullness of intellect ; intractableness. 
 
 Iii-d6<;'tri-iiate,t». t. [imp. & p. p. indoctrinated ; 
 p.pr. &. vb. Ji. INDOCTRINATING.] [Lat. prefix ?», in, 
 and doctrina, doctrine.] To instruct in the rudiments or 
 principles of learning, or of a branch of learning. 
 
 In-doe'tri-na'tion, n. Act of indoctrinating, or the 
 condition of being indoctrinated ; information. 
 
 f n'do-len^e, I n. [Lat. indolentia, from prefix in, and 
 
 In'do-len-^ry, ) dolere, to feel pain.] Habitual idle- 
 ness ; indisposition to labor ; laziness. 
 
 In'do-Ient, a. Indulging in ease ; avoiding labor and 
 exertion : habitually idle. 
 Indolent tumor {Med.), a tumor causing little or no pain. 
 Syn.— Idle ; lazy ; sluggish ; listless ; inactive. See Idle. 
 
 Xn'do-leiit-ly, adv. In an indolent manner ; lazily. 
 
 1 Ji-d6m'i-ta-ble, a. [Lat. in and domitare, intensive 
 form of domare, to tame.] Not to be subdued ; untama- 
 ble ; invincible. 
 
 in'-dobr, a. Being within doors. 
 
 In-dor'sa-hle, a. Capable of being indorsed, assigned, 
 and made payable to order. 
 
 In-dorse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. indorsed {in-d6rst)' ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. indorsing.] [L. Lat. indorsare, from Lat. 
 in and dorsum, the back.] 1. To write upon the back 
 or outside of. ti. ( Law.) To write one's name upon the 
 back of, as a paper, for the purpose of transferring it, or 
 to secure the payment of, as a note, draft, &c. 3. Hence, 
 to give one's name or support to ; to sanction. 
 
 fn'dor-hee', n (Law.) The person to whom a note or 
 bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement. 
 
 Ixi-ddrs«'nneiit, n. 1. Act of writing on the back of a 
 note, bill, or other written instrument, ii. A writing, 
 
 usually upon the back, but sometimes on the face, <rf" a 
 negotiable instrument, by which the property theaein is 
 assigned and transferred. 3. Sanction or support given. 
 
 In-ddrs'er I (127), «. One who indorses; the partv by 
 
 Iii-ddrs'or j whom a bill, note, or check is indorsed. 
 
 In'drawn, a. Di-awn in. 
 
 Iii-du'bi-ous, a. Not dubious or doubtful ; certain. 
 
 In-du'bi-ta-ble, a. Not dubitable ; too plain to admit 
 of doubt. 
 
 Syn. — Unquestionable; evident; incontrovertible; incon- 
 testable ; undeniable ; irrefragable. 
 
 In-dii'bi-ta-bly, adv. Undoubtedly ; unquestionably. 
 
 In-du^e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. induced (in-diJst/); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. inducing.] [Lat. inducere, from prefix in 
 and ducere, to lead.] 1. To lead in ; to introduce. 2. 
 To prevail on ; to move by persuasion or influence. 3. 
 To effect by persua.Mon or influence. 4. ( Physic-i. ) To 
 cause by proximity without contact or transmission. 
 
 Syn. — To move ; instigate ; urge ; impel; incite; press: 
 eftect ; cause. 
 
 Iii-dufe'ment, n. 1. That which induces ; a motive 
 or consideration that leads on or persuades to action. 3. 
 ( Law. ) Matter stated by way of explanatory preamble or 
 introduction. 
 Syn. — Motive ; reason ; incitement ; influence. 
 
 In-du'^er, n. One who, or that which, induces. 
 
 In-du'fi-ble, a. Capable of beirg induced. 
 
 In-dii-et', r. t. [imp. & p. p. inducted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INDUCTING.] [Lat. inducere, inductum. See IN- 
 DUCE.] 1. To bring in; to introduce. 2. (Bed.) To 
 introduce, as to a benefice or office. 
 
 In-du.<;'tile, a. Not ductile; incapable of being drawn 
 into threads, as a metal. 
 
 In-diX-e'tioii, n. 1. Act of inducting or bringing in; 
 introduction. 2. (Philos.) Actor process of reasoning 
 from a part to a whole, or from particulars to generals. 
 
 3. Introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of a 
 person into an office by the usual forms and ceremonies. 
 
 4. (Physics.) The property by which one body, having 
 electrical, galvanic, or magnetic polarity, causes or in- 
 duces it in another body without direct contact. 5. 
 (Math.) A process of demonstration in which a general 
 truth is gathered from an examination of particular 
 cases. 
 
 Syn. — Deduction. — In indvction we observe a sufficient 
 number of individual facts, and, on the ground of analogy, 
 extend what is true of them to others of the same clasp, thus 
 arriving at qenerul principles or laws. This is the kind of rea- 
 soning in phj'sical science. In deduction we begin with a gen- 
 eral truth, and si'ek to connect it with some individual case by 
 means of a middle term, or class of objects, known to be equal- 
 ly connected with both. Thus we bring down the general into 
 the individual, affirming of tlie latter the distinctive qualities 
 of the former. This is the syllogistic method. By induction 
 Franklin established the identity of lightning and clectricitv ; 
 by deduction he inferred that dwellings might be protected by 
 lightning-rods. 
 
 In-du«'tion-al, a. Pertaining to, or proceeding by, in- 
 duction ; inductive. [Rare.] 
 
 In-du<;t'ive, a. 1. Leading or drawing ; tempting. 2. 
 Proceeding or derived by induction. 3. (Eke.) (a.) Op- 
 erating by induction, (b.) Facilitating induction. 
 
 Im-dix-et'ive-ly, adv. By induction or inference. 
 
 Iii-dii<;t'or, n. The person who inducts another into an 
 office or benefice. 
 
 In-diie', r. t. [imp. & p. p. INDUED \ p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 INDUING.] [Lat. induere, allied to Gr. ivSveiv, to put 
 on.] 1. To put on, as clothes ; to draw on. 2. To 
 clothe ; to invest ; hence, to endow ; to furnish ; to supply. 
 
 In-diilge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. indulged; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INDULGING.] [Lat. indulgcre. from prefix, in, and 
 didcis, sweet, kind.] 1 . To be complacent towards ; to 
 give way to ; to yield to the desire of. 2. To grant as by 
 favor. 
 
 Syn. — To gratify; humor; cherish; foster; harbor; allow; 
 favor. See Gkatift. 
 
 In-dulge', V. i. To give one's self up ; to practice a for- 
 bidden, or questionable, act without restraint. 
 
 In-dul'^eii9e, \ n. 1. The quahty of being indulgent; 
 
 Iii-dul'gen-^y, I forbearance of restraint or control. 
 2. Favor granted ; hberality ; gratification. 3. (Rom. 
 Cath. Church.) Remission of the temporal punishment 
 due to sins, granted by the pope or church, and supposed 
 to save the sinne,' from purgatory. 
 
 In-diil'gent, a. Prone to indulge or humor ; not op» 
 posing or restraining. 
 
 In-diil'gent-ly, adv. In an indulgent manner ; mildly; 
 favorably ; not severely. 
 
 In-diil'ger , n. One who indulge«. 
 
 a, e, Sui.jlong ; &, 6, Sec., short ; e,kre, far, ask, all.what ; £re,'veil, term , p'ique, firm ; 86ii, dr, A9,wqlt, 
 
INDURATE 
 
 379 
 
 INEXPRESSIBLE 
 
 In'du-rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. indurated ; /). pr. & 
 vb. n. INDURATING.] [Lat. indumre, induratum, from 
 
 . prefix Vw and durare, to harden, from durus, hard.] To 
 grow hard ; to harden, or become hard. 
 
 In'du-rate, v. t. 1, To make hard. 3. To deprive of 
 
 ^ sensibility ; to render obdurate. 
 
 in'du-rate, a. 1. Hardened ; not soft ; indurated. 2. 
 Without sensibility ; unfeeling ; obdurate. 
 
 In'du-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of hardening or process of 
 growing hard. 2. State of being indurated. 3« Obdu- 
 racy ; stiffness; want of pliancy. 
 
 In-dus'tri-al, a. [See INDUSTRY.] Consisting in in- 
 dustry ; pertaining to industry, or the arts of industry. 
 
 Im-diis'tri-ous, a. 1. Given to industry ; characterized 
 by diligence. 2. Diligent in a particular pursuit, or to 
 a particular end. 
 
 In-dus'tri-oiis-ly, adv. In an industrious, manner ; 
 
 ^ diligently ; assiduously. 
 
 In'dus-try, n. [Lat. industria.] Habitual diligence in 
 any employment, either bodily or mental. 
 
 Syn. — Diligence ; assiduousness ; laboriousness. See Dil- 
 igence. 
 
 In-dwgll', V. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. indwelt ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. indwelling.] To dwell in. ; to abide within. 
 
 In-dwgll'er, n. An inhabitant. 
 
 Tn-dvi'ell'ing, n. Residence within, or in the heart or 
 soul ; interior abode. 
 
 In-elbri-ant, a. [Lat. tneir/ar.?, p. pr. of ?ne6n'are. See 
 Inebriate.] Intoxicating. 
 
 In-e1>ri-ant, n. Any thing that intoxicates. 
 
 In-e'bri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inebriated ; p. pr, 
 & vb. n. INEBRIATING.] [Lat. inebriare, inebriatum, 
 from prefix in, used intensively, and ebriare, to make 
 drunk, from ebriits, drunk.] 1. To make drunk ; to in- 
 toxicate. 2. To stupefy, or to make furious or frantic ; 
 to exhilarate. 
 
 In-e'tori-ate, v. i. To be or become intoxicated. 
 
 Jji-e'bri-ate (45), n. One who is drunk ; especially^ an 
 habitual drunkard ; a sot ; a toper. 
 
 In-e'bri-a'tion, n. Condition of being inebriated. 
 Syn. — Drunkenness ; intoxication ; inebriety. 
 
 in'e-tori'e-ty, n. Drunkenness ; inebriation. 
 
 In-6d'it-ed, a. Not edited ; unpublished. 
 
 In-gf'fa-bil'i-ty, n. Unspeakableness. [Rare.] 
 
 In-gf f a-ble, a. Incapable of being expressed in words ; 
 unspeakable ; unutterable. 
 
 In-6f' f a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being unutterable ; 
 unspeakableness. 
 
 In-6f' f a-bly, adv. In a manner not to be expressed in 
 
 ^ words ; unspeakably ; unutterably. 
 
 In'ef-fa^e'a-ble, a. Incapable of being effaced. 
 
 In'ef-f get'ive, a. Incapable of producing any effect, or 
 the effect intended. 
 
 Syn.— Useless ; inefRcient ; inefficacious ; vain ; fruitless; 
 weaK. 
 
 In'ef-f 6€t'u-al, a. Not producing the proper effect ; 
 
 ^ inefficient; weak. 
 
 In'ef-f 6ct'u-aI-Iy, adv. Without effect ; in vain. 
 
 In'ef-feet'u-al-iiess, n. Want of effect, or of power 
 to produce it ; inefficacy. 
 
 In-eff er-ves'^ent, a. Not effervescing, or not suscep- 
 tible of effervescence. 
 
 In-6f'fer-v6s'9i-ble, a. Not capable of effervescence. 
 
 In-ef 'f i-«a'ciou.s, a. Not efficacious ; not having power 
 to produce the effect desired, or the proper effect. 
 
 In-ef''fi-<;a'cious-ness, n. Want of effect, or power to 
 produce the effect. 
 
 In-6f' f i-ea-^y, n. Want of power to produce the desired 
 
 ^ or proper effect ; inefficiency ; ineffectualness. 
 
 In'ef-fl'cien-^!y (-ef-flsh/en-sy), n. Want of power or 
 exertion of power to produce the effect; inefficacy. 
 
 In'ef-fl'cient (-tish'ent), a. 1. Not efficient; not pro- 
 ducing the effect ; inefficacious. 2. Habitually slack or 
 
 ^ remiss ; effecting nothing. 
 
 In'e-13,s'tie, a. Not elastic ; wanting elasticity. 
 
 In-gl'e-gan^e, )n. Quality of being inelegant ; want of 
 
 In-6I'e-gan-95', ( elegance. 
 
 In-el'e-gaiit, a. Not elegant ; wanting in any thing 
 which correct taste requires. 
 
 In-61'e-gant-ly, adv. In an inelegant or unbecoming 
 manner; coarsely; roughly. 
 
 Tn-eri-gi-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Incapacity of being elected to 
 an office. 2. State or quality of not being worthy of 
 choice. 
 
 In-61'i-gi-ble, a. Not eligible ; incapable of being elect- 
 ed to an office ; not worthy to be chosen or preferred. 
 
 In-6pt', a. [Lat. ineptus, from prefix in, not, and aptus, 
 
 apt, fit.] 1. Not apt or fit ; unfit ; unsuitable ; improp- 
 er. 2. Foolish ; silly ; nonsensical. 
 
 In-6pt'l-tude (53), n. 1. The quality of being inept; 
 
 ^ unfitness ; unsuitableness. 2. Foolishness ; nonsense. 
 
 In'e-qual'i-ty (-kwdl'T-ty), n. 1. Quality of being un- 
 equal ; lack of uniformity ; diversity. 2. Unevenness ; 
 want of levelness. 3. Disproportion to any office or pur- 
 pose ; inadequacy. 4. (Alg.) The expression of two un- 
 equal quantities, with the sign of inequality between 
 them. 5. (Astroji.) An irregularity or deviation in the 
 motion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean 
 motion. 
 
 In-eq'ui-ta-ble, a. Not equitable ; not just. 
 
 In-ert' (14), a. [Lat. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle, from 
 prefix m, not, and ars, art.] 1. Destitute of the power 
 of moving itself, or of activ« resistance to motion im- 
 pressed. 2. Indisposed to move or act ; dull. 3. 
 Powerless for an effect or influence. 
 
 Syn. — Inactive ; sluggish. — A man may he inactive from 
 mere want of stimulus to effort, but one who is inert has some- 
 thing in his constitution or his habits which operates like a 
 weight holding him back from exertion. Slitgcfish (from slugr) 
 is still stronger, implying some defect of temperament which 
 directly impedes action. 
 
 In-er'ti-a (in-Cr'shi-a), n. 1. (Physics.) That property 
 of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, 
 and when in motion to continue in motion. 2. Indispo' 
 sition to move. ♦ 
 
 In-ert'ly, adv. Without activity ; sluggishly. 
 
 In-ert'ness, n. 1. Want of activity or exertion ; slug' 
 gishness. 2. Absence or destitution of the power of 
 self-motion. 
 
 In-6s'ti-ma-ble, a. Incapable of being estimated or 
 computed ; above all price. 
 
 Syn. — Incalculable ; invaluable. 
 
 In-6s'ti-ma-bly, adv. In a manner not to be estimated. 
 
 In-6 v'i-ta-ble , a. 1. Not evitable ; incapable of being 
 avoided ; unavoidable. 2. Not to be withstood or Re- 
 sisted. 
 
 In-gv'i-ta-ble-ness, a. State of being unavoidable. 
 
 In-ev'i-ta-bly, adv. Unavoidably ; certainly. 
 
 In'e$-Jl-et', a. Not exact ; not precisely corrector true. 
 
 In'ex-^it'a-ble, a. Not susceptible of excitement. 
 
 in'ex-<;u§'a-ble, a. Not admitting excuse or justifi- 
 
 ^ cation. 
 
 In'ex-cug'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of not being excusa- 
 
 ^ ble ; enormity beyond forgiveness or palliation. 
 
 In'ex-eu§'a-bly, adv. So as not to be excusable. 
 
 jn'e^-er'tion, n. Want of exertion ; want of effort. 
 
 In'ej-liaust'ed, a. Not exhausted ; not emptied ; not 
 
 ^ spent. " [emptied. 
 
 in'e^-liau.st'i-ble, a. Incapable of being exhausted or 
 
 in'e$-liaust'i-ble-ness, n. The state of being inex- 
 
 ^ haustib'le. 
 
 in'ej-ist'en^e, M. 1. Want of existence. 2. Inherence. 
 
 In'e^-ist'ent, n. 1. Not having being; not existing. 
 2. Existing in something else ; inherent. 
 
 In-gx'o-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being inexorable, or 
 unyielding to entreaty. 
 
 In-6x'o-ra-ble, a. Not to be persuaded or moved by 
 entreaty or prayer ; unyielding ; unchangeable. 
 
 In-6x'o-ra-bly, adv. So as to be immovable by entreaty. 
 
 In'ex-pe'di-en^e, ) n. Quality of being inexpedient ; 
 
 f n'ex-pe'di-en-^y, ) want of fitness ; hence, impro- 
 priety ; unsuitableness to the purpose. 
 
 In/ex-pe'di-ent, a. Not expedient ; not tending to a 
 
 ^ good end ; hence, unfit, improper. 
 
 In'ex-p6n'sive, a. Not expensive. 
 
 lu'ex-pe'ri-en^e, n. Absence or want of experience. 
 
 In'ex-pe'ri-en^ed (-pe'ri-enst), a. Not having experi- 
 ence; unskilled. 
 
 In'ex-pert' (14), a. Not exprt ; without knowledge or 
 dexterity derived from practice. 
 
 In-gx'pi-a-ble, a. 1. Admitting of no atonement or 
 satisfaction. 2. Incapable of being appeased by atone- 
 ment; implacable. [atonement. 
 
 In-6x'pi-a-bly, adv. To a degree that admits of no 
 
 In-gx'pIi-ea-bTl'i-ty.n. Quality of being inexplicable. 
 
 In-6x'pli-<;a-ble, a. Not explainable ; incapable of 
 being explained, interpreted, or accounted for. 
 
 In-6x'pli-«a-ble-ness, n. State of being inexplicable-, 
 inexplicability. 
 
 In-ex'pli-€a-bly, adv. In an inexplicable manner. 
 
 In'ex-pliv'it, a. Not explicit; not clearlv stated. 
 
 In'ex-plor'a-ble, a. Incapable of being explored, 
 searched, or discovered. 
 
 In''ex-pr6ss'i-ble, a. Not capable of expression ; no4 
 to be uttered. 
 
 food, f<^t.; &rn, r^de, pvill ; ^ell, fha^se, call, e«ko; gem, get; ag ; ejtst ; linger, link ; tills. 
 
INEXPRESSIBLY 
 
 380 
 
 INFIDEL 
 
 Syn. — Unspeakable ; unutterable; incflfiable ; indMcrib- 
 ablc; untold. 
 
 In'ex-prCss'i-bly, adv. In an inexpressible manner or 
 decriH?; unsv)oakt\bl.Y ; unuttombh . 
 
 In Vx-pr6ss'ive, «. Not expressing or intending to ex- 
 prt>ss ; inexpressible. 
 
 iuVx-pilg'na-ble. or lu'ex-piign'a-ble (-pQn'-), a. 
 lueapiible of being subdued by tbree; impregnable. 
 
 in'ex-tiiict', '»• Not queucbed ; not extinct. 
 
 luVx-tiu'siiislt-a-ble, «. Not capable of being ex- 
 tingnisluil : unquenchable. 
 
 in'ex-tir'pa-ble, a. Not capable of being extirpated. 
 
 In-t'x'tri-^-a-ble, n. Not capable of being extricated. 
 
 Iii-Cx'tri-*'a-bly, ndv. In an inextricable manner. 
 
 In-eye' (in-?), v- t. To inoculate, as a tree or plant, by 
 the"ins<»rtion of a bud. [empt from error. 
 
 In-f ftl'li-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being infallible, or ex- 
 
 In-fiil'li-ble, «. 1. Not fallible; entirely exempt from 
 
 " liability to mistjike. 5i. Not liable to tail, or to deceive 
 confidence ; certain. [ble. 
 
 Iii-f Jil'li-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being infaUi- 
 
 In-f iil'li-bly, adv. Certainly ; unfailingly. 
 
 In'fa-moiis, a. 1. Of ill report ; having a reputation 
 of the worst kind; held in abhorrence. 3. (Law.) 
 Branded with infamy by conviction of a crime. 
 
 Syn. — Detestable; odious; scandalous; disgraceful; base; 
 shameful; ignominious. 
 
 Xn'fa-mous-ly, adv. In an infamous manner or de- 
 gree ; scandalously ; disgracefully ; shamefully ; with 
 open reproach. 
 
 fn'fa-my, n. 1. Total loss of reputation ; public dis- 
 grace, 'i. Extreme baseness or vileness. 3. (Law.) 
 That loss of character, or public disgrace, which a con- 
 vict incurs, and by which a person is at common law 
 rendered incompetent as a witness. 
 
 In'fan-^y, n. 1. State of being an infant. 2. The first 
 age of any thing. 3. (Law.) State or condition of one 
 under age ; nonage ; minority. 
 
 In'fant, n. [Lat. infans, from prefix in, not, and /an, 
 to speak.] 1. A young babe; sometimes, a child sev- 
 eral years of age. '2, (Law.) A person not of full age ; 
 
 ^ a minor. 
 
 in'fant, a. 1. Pertaining to infancy, ti. Intended for 
 young children. 
 
 lu-fdn'td, n. [Sp. & Pg. See infra.] Any princess of 
 the royal blood, except the eldest daughter when heiress 
 apparent. [ Spain and Portugal.] 
 
 Jn-fdn'te, n. [Sp. & Pg. See INFANT.] Any son of 
 the king, except the eldest, or heir apparent. [Spain 
 and Portugal.] 
 
 In-fant'i-^ide, n. [Lat. infanticidiiim, child murder, 
 and infanticida, a child-murderer, from infans, child, 
 and cxdere, to kill, murder.] 1. (Law.) The murder of 
 a newly-born child. 2. Specifically, the slaughter of 
 infants by Herod. 3. A slayer of infants. 
 
 In'fan-tile, or In'fan-tile, a. Pertaining to infancy, 
 or to an infant. 
 
 in'fan-tine, or In'fan-tine, a. Pertaining to, or 
 characteri-stic of, infants or young children ; infantile. 
 
 ln'£ant-ry, n. [Sp. infanteria. It. infanteria, fanteria, 
 from Sp. infante, It. infante, fante; infant, child, boy, 
 servant, foot-soldier.] (Mil.) Foot-soldiers, in distinc- 
 tion from cavalry. 
 
 In-fat'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. infatuated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. infatuating.] [Lat. infatuate, infatuatum, 
 from prefix m and /a«MM5, foolish.] 1. To make foolish ; 
 to weaken the intellectual powers of. 2. To inspire with 
 an extravagant or foolish passion. 
 Syn. — To besot; stupefy; mislead. 
 
 In-fat'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of infatuating. 2. State 
 
 of being infatuated; folly. 
 ta-fea'gi-bll'i-ty, n. The state of being infeasible; 
 
 impracticability. 
 In-f ea'gi-ble, a. Not capable of being done or accom- 
 
 plishea; impracticable. 
 Jn-f6€t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. INFECTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 infecting.] [Lat. inficere, infectum, to put or dip 
 into, to stain, infect, from prefix in andfacere, to make.] 
 1. To taint with disease. 2. To taint or affect with 
 morbid or noxious matter. 3. To communicate bad 
 qualities to; to corrupt. 4. (Law.) To contaminate 
 with illegality, or expose to penalty. 
 Syn. — To poison; vitiate; pollute; defile. 
 
 In-f6«t'er. n. One who. or that which, infects. 
 
 In-fg'C'tion, n. 1. Act or process of infecting. 2. That 
 which infects. 3. Result of infecting intiuence ; a pre- 
 vailing disease. 4. That which taints, poisons, or cor- 
 
 rupts, by communication from one to another. 5. Con- 
 tamination by illegality, as in cases of contraband goods 
 
 Syn. — Contagion.— Medical writers in Europe do not, moKt 
 of them, recognize any difl'erence between cofitayiontin'l infec- 
 tion. In America, the distinction referred to under Conta- 
 gion is, to a considerable extent, admitted. In general litera- 
 ture, this distinction is well established. We use contagion nnA 
 contagious in respect to things which spread by intercourse or 
 imitation; as, the contagious influence of example; while wc 
 apply infection and infectious to a more hidden and diffusive 
 power; as, the injection of vice; the infectious influence of evil 
 principles. 
 
 In-f$«'tious, a. 1. Having qualities that may infect; 
 
 pestilential. 2. Corrupting, or tending to corrupt or 
 
 contaminate; vitiating. 3. (Lavt'.) Contaminating with 
 
 illegality. 4. Capable of being easily diffused or spread. 
 
 Syn.— See Contagious. 
 
 In-f6«'tiou.s-ly, arff. By infection ; contagiously. 
 
 In-f ec'tioiis-ness, M. Quality of being infectious. 
 
 In-fe«t'ive, a. Communicating disease ; infectious. 
 
 In-fe«'iind,a. Unfruitful; not producing young; barren. 
 
 In'fe-etin'di-ty, n. Want of fecundity; unfruitful- 
 
 ^ ness ; barrenness. [nate. 
 
 In'fe-lif'i-toiis, a. Not felicitous ; unhappy; unfortu- 
 
 In'fe-li9'i-ty,n. 1. Unhappiness ; misery ; misfortune. 
 
 2. Unfortunate state ; unfavorableness. 
 
 In-f er' (14), r. t. [imp. & p. p. inferred ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. inferring (in-fer/ring).] [Lat. inferre, from prefix 
 mand/erre, to carry, bring.] To derive either by de- 
 duction or induction ; to draw or derive, as a fact or 
 consequence. 
 
 In-fer'a-ble, a. Capable of being inferred or deduced 
 
 ^ from premises. [Written also inferrible.] 
 
 in'fer-en^e, n. 1. Act of inferring. 2. That which 
 is inferred ; a truth or proposition drawn from another 
 which is admitted or supposed to be true. 
 
 Syn. — Conclusion; deduction, consequence. — An infer- 
 ence is literally that which is brought in ; and hence, a deauc- 
 tion or induction from premises, — something which follows 
 as certainly or probably true. A conclusion is stronger than 
 inference; \i shuts us up to i\ie result, and terminates inquiry. 
 In a chain of reasoning we have many inferences, which lead 
 to the ultimate conclusion. 
 
 in'f er-en'tial, a. Deduced or deducible by inference. 
 
 In-fe'ri-or (89), a. [Lat., compar. of inferus, that is, 
 below, underneath, the lower.] 1. Lower in place, social 
 rank, or excellence ; subordinate. 2. (Astron.) (a.) Be- 
 tween the earth and the sun. (b.) Below the horizon. 
 
 3. (Bat.) Growing below some other organ. 
 In-fe'ri-or, n. A person who is younger, or of a lower 
 
 station or rank in society, than another. 
 
 In-f e'ri-6r'i-tj^, n. State of being inferior ; a lower 
 state or condition. 
 
 In-f er'nal (14), a. [Lat. infernalis, from infernus, that 
 which lies beneath, the lower.] 1. Pertaining to the 
 lower regions, or regions of the dead. 2. Pertaining to 
 hell ; resembling hell ; inhabiting hell ; hellish ; dia- 
 bolical. 
 
 Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus contrived so as tu 
 explode unexpectedly or under certain conditions, for the pur- 
 pose of assassination or other mischief. 
 
 Syn. — Tartarean ; Stygian ; hellish ; devilish ; diabolical ; 
 Satanic; fiendish; malicious. 
 
 In-f er'nal, n. An inhabitant of hell, or of the lower 
 
 In-fer'nal-ly, adv. In an infernal manner, [regioni^ 
 
 In-fer'ri-ble, a. The same as Inferable, q. v. 
 
 In-fer'tile, a. Not fertile or productive ; barren. 
 
 in-'f er-ta'i-ty, n. State of being infertile ; unproduc- 
 tiveness ; barrenness. 
 
 In-f gst', V. t. [imp. & p. p. INFESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INFESTING.] [Lat. infestare,froTa. infestus, disturbed, 
 hostile, troublesome.] To trouble greatly; to disturb; 
 to annoy ; to harrass. 
 
 In'fes-ta'tion, n. Act of infesting ; molestation. 
 
 In-f gst'er, n. One who infests. 
 
 In-f6s'tive,a. Having no mirth ; dull; cheerless. [Rare.] 
 
 In'fes-tiv'i-ty, n. Want of festivity; dullness; cheer- 
 lessness. [Rare.] 
 
 in'feu-da'tion, n. 1. (Law.) Act of putting one in 
 posses.sion of an estate in fee. 2. The granting of tithes 
 to lavmen. 
 
 In-fib'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. infibulare, infibulatvm, te 
 clasp, buckle, or button together, from prefix in and 
 fhula, clasp, buckle.] Act of clasping, or confining, a« 
 with a buckle or padlock. 
 
 In'fi-del, a. [Lat. infidelis, from prefix in, not. and 
 fidelis, faithful, from fides, faith.] Unbelieving ; disl)e- 
 lieving the inspiration of the Scriptures, or the divint 
 institution of Christianity. 
 
 In'fi-del, n. One who is without faith, or unfaithftil; 
 
 i,e,&c.^o«^, a, 6,&c.,5Aor/; c&re, f ar, ask:, aU.vrhat ; 6re,veil, tSrm , pique, firm ; s6n, dr,do,iV9U, 
 
INFIDELITY 
 
 381 
 
 INFORM 
 
 hence, a disbelicTer ; a freethinker; especially, (a.) A 
 heathen. (6.) A Mohammedan, (c.) One who disbe- 
 •lieves in ChriBt, or the divine origin and authority of 
 Christianity. 
 
 Syn. — Unbeliever; freethinker; deist; atheist; skeptic — 
 Some have endeavored to widen the sense of infidel so as to 
 einbrace atheism and every form of unbelief, buttnis has failed. 
 Afrcethinier is now only another name for an infidel. An un- 
 believer is not necessarily a disbeliever or infidel, because he 
 may still be inquiring after evidence to satisfy his mind. 
 
 In'fi-dgl'i-ty, n. 1. Want of faith .or belief. 3. Dis- 
 belief of the divine origin of Christianity ; unbelief. 3. 
 Unfaithfulness to the marriage contract. 4. Breach of 
 trust ; treachery ; deceit. 
 
 In-fTl'ter, v. t. or i. To filter or sift in. 
 
 In-fil'trate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. infiltrated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INFILTRATING.] To enter by penetrating the 
 
 _ pores or interstices of a substance. 
 
 in'fil-tra'tioii, n. 1. Act or process of infiltrating. 3. 
 The substance which has entered the pores or cavities 
 
 ^ of a body. 
 
 in'fi-mte, a. 1. Unlimited or boundless, in time or 
 space. 3. Without lirriit in power, capacity, intensity, 
 or moral excellence; perfect. 3. Indefinitely large or 
 extensive. 4. (Math.) Greater than any assignable quan- 
 tity of the same kind. 5. (Mus.) Capable of endless 
 repetition. 
 
 Syn. — Immeasurable ; illimitable; interminable; limitless; 
 unbounded. 
 
 lii'fi-mte, «. 1. Infinite space or extent. 3. (Math.) 
 An infinite quantity or magnitude. 3. An infinity ; an 
 incalculable or very great number. 
 
 in'fi-nite-ly, adv. Without bounds or limits. 
 
 In'f i-nite-ness, n. Slate of being infinite ; infinity. 
 
 In'fiii-i-tes'i-mal, a. Infinitely small ; less than any 
 
 ^ assignable quantity. 
 
 In'fin-i-tes'i-mai, n. (Math.) An infinitely small 
 quantity, or one less than any assignable quantity. 
 
 In-fm'i-tive, a. Unlimited; not bounded or restricted. 
 Infinitive viode (Gram.), that mode of the verb which ex- 
 presses the action of the verb without limitation of person or 
 number; as, to love. The word infinitive is often used as a noun 
 to denote this mode. 
 
 In-fin'i-tnde (53), n. 1. Quality of being infinite ; in- 
 
 finiteness. 3. Infinite extent, immensity. 3. Bound- 
 less number ; countless multitude. 
 
 In-f in'i-ty, n. [Lat. in/initus, from prefix in, not, and 
 Jinis, boundary, limit, end] 1, Unlimited extent of 
 time, space, or quantity ; boundlessness. 3. Unlimited 
 capacity, energy, or excellence. 3. Endless or indefinite 
 number ; immense multitude. 4. (Math.) The state of 
 a quantity when greater than any assignable quantity of 
 the same kind. 
 
 In-firm' (18), a. 1. Not firm or sound; weak. 3. 
 weak of mind ; irresolute. 3. Not solid or stable. 
 Syn. — Debilitated ; sickly ; feeble ; enfeebled ; imbecile. 
 
 In-f irm'a-ry, n. A hospital, or place where the infirm 
 or sick are lodged and nursed. 
 
 In-firm'i-ty, n. 1. State of being infirm ; an imper- 
 fection or weakness ; especially, a disease ; a malady. 3. 
 Weakness ; feebleness ; failing ; foible ; defect. 
 Syn. — Debility ; imbecility; imperfection. 
 
 In-firm'ness, «. Infirmity; feebleness; debility. 
 
 In-f ix', V. t. [imp. & p. p. infixed (in-fiksf) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INFIXING.] [Lat. infigere, infixum, from prefix 
 in andjigere, to fix.] 1. To fix by piercmg or thrusting 
 in. 3. To implant or fix, as principles, thoughts, in- 
 structions. 
 
 In-flame', v. i. [imp. & p. p. inflamed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. inflaming.] [Lat. injiammare, from prefix in, 
 a,ndflam?nare, to flame, ^amma, flame.] 1. To set on 
 fire ; to kindle. 3. To excite to an excessive and unnatu- 
 ral action. 3. To excite, as passion or appetite. 4. To 
 provoke to anger or rage. 
 
 Syn.— To provoke; fire; irritate; exasperate; incense; en- 
 rage; anger. 
 
 In-flame', v. i. To grow hot, angry, and painful. 
 
 In-f lam'er, n. The person or thing that inflames. 
 
 In-f Iftm/ma-Tbil'i-ty, n. SusceptibiUty of readily tak- 
 ing fire. 
 
 In-fiam'ma-ble, a. Capable of being set on fire ; easily 
 enkindled. 
 
 In-fiam'ma-ble-ne.sis, n. The quality of being in- 
 flammable ;_inflammability. 
 
 In'f lam -ma'tion, n. 1. Act of inflaming or setting on 
 fire. 3. State of being in flame or on fire. 3. (Med. 8c 
 Surg. ) A redness and swelUng of any part of an animal 
 
 body, attended with heat, pain, and febrile symptomA 
 
 4. Violent excitement ; heat ; passion. 
 
 In-f lam'ma-to-ry (50) a. 1. Tending to inflame ; tend- 
 ing to excite heat or inflammation. 3. Accompanied 
 with preternatural heat and excitement of arterial ac- 
 tion. 3. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or 
 sedition ; seditious. 
 
 In-flate', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inflated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INFLATING.] [Lat. inflare, injiatum, from prefix in 
 &nd flare, to blow.] 1. To swell or distend with air ; to 
 blow into. 3, To puff up : to elate. 3. To cause to 
 become unduly expanded or increased. 
 
 In-flate', ) a. 1. Filled with air ; blown up ; distended. 
 
 In-f lat'ed, j 3. Puffed up ; turgid ; swelling ; bom- 
 bastic, [inflated. 
 
 In-f la'tion, n. 1. Act of inflating. 3. State of being 
 
 In-fleet', V. t. [imp. & p. p. inflected; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INFLECTING.] [Lat. iiiflectere, inflexum, from 
 prefix in and flectere, to bend.] 1. To bend; to turn 
 from a direct line or course. 3. ( Gram.) To vary, as c 
 noun or a verb, in its terminations ; to decline ; to con- 
 jugate. 3. To modulate, as the voice. 
 
 In-fl6€'tion, n. 1. Act of inflecting, or state of being 
 inflected. 3. A bend; a fold. 3. A slide or modula- 
 tion of the voice in speaking. 4. ( Gram.) The variation 
 of nouns, &c., by declension, and verbs by conjugation. 
 
 5. (Mus.) Any change or modification in the pitch or 
 tone of the voice. 6. (Opt.) The pecuUar modification 
 or deviation which light undergoes in passing the edg«s 
 of an opaque body. 
 
 In-fle-e'tion-al, a. Pertaining to inflection. 
 In-fle«t'ive, a. Capable of inflection. 
 In-flex'i-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being inflexible; 
 
 unyielding stiffness. 3. Obstinacy of will or temper; 
 
 unbending pertinacity. 
 In-flex'i-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being bent ; firm. 
 
 3. Firm in purpose ; not to be changed or altered. 3. 
 
 Incapable of change. 
 
 Syn. — Unbending ; unyielding; rigid; inexorable; perti- 
 nacious; obstinate; stubborn; unrelenting. 
 
 In-flex'i-ble-ness, n. Quality of being inflexible; iu' 
 flexibility. 
 
 In-f lex'i-bly, ac/u. In an inflexible manner ; firmly. 
 
 In-flex'ion, n. The same as Inflection. 
 
 In-f lief, V. t. [imp. & p. p. inflicted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. inflicting.] [Lat. infligere, inflictum, from prefix 
 in and fligere, to strike, allied to Eng. flog.] To lay, or 
 send, as a punishment, &c. ; to apply ; to impose. 
 
 In-fli-et'er, n. One who inflicts. 
 
 In-flic'tion, n. 1. Act of inflicting or imposing. 3* 
 That which is inflicted or imposed. 
 
 In-fli«t'ive, a. Tending or able to inflict. 
 
 in'flo-res'^en^e, n. [Lat. inflorescens, p. pr. of inflo- 
 rescere, to begin to blossom, from prefix in and florescere, 
 to begin to blossom.] 1. A flowex-ing ; the unfolding of 
 blossoms. 3. (Bot.) (a.) Mode of flowering, or general 
 arrangement and disposition of the flowers, (b.) An 
 
 ^ axis on which all the buds are flower -buds. 
 
 in'flu-en^e, n. [From hypoth. Lat. influentia, from ?7i- 
 fluens, p. pr. of influere, to flow in, from prefix in and 
 fluere, to flow.] 1. A flowing in or upon ; influx. 3. 
 Hence, in general, the bringing about of an effect, physi- 
 cal or moral, by a gradual, unobserved, and easy process; 
 controlling power quietly or eflScaciously exerted. 3. 
 Power or authority arising from elevated station, exceU 
 
 ^ lence of character, intellect, wealth, and the like. 
 
 In'flu-en^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. influenced (in'flu. 
 enst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. INFLUENCING.] To control ot 
 move by hidden, but efficacious, power, physical or 
 
 ^ moral ; to persuade ; to lead ; to direct. 
 
 in'flu-en'tial, a. Exerting influence or power by in- 
 visible operation, as physical catises on bodies or as moral 
 causes on the mind. [rect. 
 
 In'flu-en'tial-ly, adv. So as to incline, move, or di- 
 
 In'flii-en'za, n. [It. See Influence.] (Med.) A 
 violent form of catarrh. Often occurring much in the 
 manner of an epidemic. 
 
 in'f lux, n. [Lat. in/fuxus , from influere, inflnxum, to 
 flow in.] 1. Act of flowing in. 3. Infusion ; intromis- 
 sion. 3. Introduction ; importation in abundance. 
 
 In-fold'. V. i. [imp. & p. p. infolded : p. pr.8c vb. n. 
 INFOLDING.] 1. To wrap up or inwrap ; to inclose. 
 3. To embrace. 
 
 In-fo'li-ate, v. t. [From Lat. prefix in and folium, 
 leaf.] To cover or overspread with leaves, or with ob- 
 jects or forms resembling leaves. 
 
 In-f 6rm', v. t. [imp. & p. p. informed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 food, fo'bt; ^rn, r^de, pull ; ^©11, ^liaise, €all, eclio ; gen:, get ; a§ ; e^dst ; lix|Ser» link ; tW* 
 
r 
 
 INFORM 
 
 382 
 
 INGRATITUDE 
 
 «. INFORMING.] [Lat. infommre, fW)m Lat. in and 
 Jorrnnre, to form, nhape. from forma^ form, .shape.] 1. 
 To give orgauidug power to ; to auimatv. ti. To make 
 kuowu U) ; to advise ; t() instruct ; to tell. 3. To com- 
 umnie;ite a knowledge of facts to, by way of accusation. 
 Syn.— To acquaint; apprise; tell; teach; instruct. 
 
 Ill-form', f. i. To give intelligence or information. 
 
 lu-iornial, «. Not in the regular, usual, or established 
 form; hence, without ceremony. } 
 
 infor-mftl'i-ty, n. Want of regular or customary form. \ 
 
 lu-fdriu'al-ly, adv. Without the usual forms. 
 
 lu-furiu'aiit, «. One who informs or gives intelligence. 
 Syn. — Informer. — These two words should never be con- | 
 founded. An informer is one who, for selfish ends, volunteers 
 accusations witli a view to have others punished ; an inform- 
 ant is one who simply acquaints us with something we had 
 not known before. 
 
 Sn'f or-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of informing, or communi- 
 catmg knowledge. 2. News or advice communicated by 
 word or writing ; intelligence ; knowledge derived from 
 reading or instruction. 3. (La^v.) A proceeding in the 
 nature of a prosecution for some offense against the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In-fdrin'er, n. 1. One who informs, animates, or 
 gives intelligence. "Z. (Late.) One who informs against 
 another for the violation of some law. 3. One who 
 makes a business of informing against others. 
 Syn.— See Infoemakt. 
 
 In-frS-e'tion, n. [Lat. infractio, from infringere, infrac- 
 tum, from prefix in and /ranger e, to break.] Breach ; 
 violation ; non-observance. 
 
 Iii-fra,€t'or,2f- One who infringes ; aviolator ; a breaker. 
 
 Xn'fra-lap-sa'ri-an, n. [Lat. ?n/ra, below, under, after, 
 and iapsu-s, fall.] {Ecd. Hist.) A Calvinist who con- 
 siders the decree of election as contemplating the apos- 
 tasy as past, and the elect as being already in a fallen 
 and guilty state. 
 
 In-frJiii'gi-ble, a. 1, Not capable of being broken or 
 separated into parts. 2. Not to be violated. 
 
 In-fre'queiif e, 1 n. State of rarely occurring ; un- 
 
 In-f re'quen-^y, j commonness ; rareness. 
 
 In-fre'quent, a. Seldom happening or occurring to 
 notice; unfrequent; rare; uncommon. 
 adv. Not frequently. 
 [imp. & p.p. INFRINGED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INFRINGING.] [Lat. infringere^ from prefix in 
 And f ranger e. to break.] 1. To break, as contracts. 2. 
 To break ; to violate ; to transgress ; to neglect to fulfill j 
 or obey. [croach ; to trespass. 
 
 In-fringe', v. i. 1. To violate some rule. 2. To en- j 
 
 In-fringe'ment, n. Act of violating ; breach ; viola- \ 
 tion ; non-fulfillment. 
 
 In-f rin'ger, n. One who violates ; a violator. 
 
 In'fun-dib'u-lar, la. [Lat. infundibulum, B.funxiG\ 
 
 in'fun-dib'u-late, I from infundere^ to pour in or in- 
 
 ^ to.] Having the form of a funnel. i 
 
 In'fun-dib'u-li-f6rm, or In-fiin'di-bii'li-fdrni, I 
 a. [Lat. in/undibulum , funnel, and forma, form.] Hav- ' 
 ingjhe form of a funnel ; funnel-shaped. [gry. j 
 
 In-fu'ri-ate, a. Enraged ; mad ; raging ; furiously an- 
 
 In-fn'ri-ate, v. t. [imp. &, p. p. infuriated; p.jrr. 
 & vb. n. INFURIATING.] [L. Lat. i7ifuriare, infuriatum, 
 from Lat. in and furiare, to enrage, from furia, fury, 
 rage.] To render furious or mad ; to enrage. , 
 
 In-fus'€ate, v. t. [Lat. infnsrare, infuscatum, from pre- ! 
 fix in and fuscare, to make dark,' fuscus, dark.] To i 
 darken ;_to make black ; to obscure. ! 
 
 In'f us-ea'tion, n. Act of darkening or blackening. j 
 
 In-fuge', V. t. [imp. & p. p. infused ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 I.VFUSING." [Lat. infundere, infusum, from prefix m 
 and fundere, U) pour.] 1. To pour in, as a liquid. 2. 
 To instill, as principles or qualities. 3. To inspirit or 
 animate. 4. To steep in liquor without boiling, for the 
 purpose of extracting medicinal qualities. 
 
 In-fu'gi-bil'i-ty, n. 1. [Trom infuse.] Capability of 
 being infused, or poured in. 2. [Prefix in, not, and 
 fusibility.] Incapability of being fused or dissolved. 
 
 In-fu'fi-ble, «. 1. [Vrom infuse, \.] Capable of being 
 infused. 2. [Prefix in, not, and fusible.] Not fusible; 
 incapable of fusion. I 
 
 In-fu'$ion, n. 1 . Act of infusing, pouring in. or in- 
 stilling : instillation: zeal. 2. That which is infused; 
 Huggestion. 3. (Pharmacy.) (a.) Act or f)roces8 of 
 steeping any insoluble substance in water in order to ex- 
 tract its virtues, (b.) The liquid which is obtained by 
 this process. 
 
 In-fu'sive, a. Having the power of infusion. [Rare.] 
 
 In-f r e'quent-ly , 
 In-fringe', v. t. 
 
 In'fu-so'ri-d, n. pi. [N. Lat., from infundere, infusum. 
 See Infuse.] (Zoo7.) Microscopic animals foiind in 
 water and other tiuids, and multiplying by gemmation. 
 
 in'gatli-er-ing, n. Act or business of collecting and 
 securing the fruits of the earth ; harvest. 
 
 In-^el'a-ble, a. Incapable of being congealed. 
 
 In-|;em^i-ua'iion, n. Repetition ; reduplication. 
 
 In-gen'er-a-ble, a. [Lat. in and generubilis, that has 
 the power of genei'ating, from generare, to engender.] 
 Incapable of being engendered or produced. 
 
 In-g6n'er-ate, f. t. [imp. kp.p. ingenerated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INGENERating.] [Lat. i7igenerare, in- 
 generatum , fiom prefix m and generare, to engender.] 
 To generate or produce within. 
 
 In-gen'er-ate, a. Generated within ; inborn ; innate. 
 
 In-gen'ioiis (in-jen'yus), a. [Lat. ingeniosus, from in- 
 geniutn, natural capacity, genius, from prefix in and ge- 
 nere, gignere, to beget, in passive to be born.] 1. Pos- 
 sessed of genius or the faculty of invention ; hence, 
 skillful or prompt to invent. 2. Proceeding from, or 
 pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity. 
 3. Witty ; well formed ; well adapted. [ner. 
 
 In-gen'ious-Iy (-jen'yus-), adv. In an ingenious man- 
 
 In-gen'ious-ness (in-jen'yus-), ?^. The quality of being 
 
 ^ ingenious ; ingenuity. 
 
 In'ge-nu'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or power of ready inven- 
 tion ; quickness or acuteness in combining ideas, or in 
 forming new combinations. 2. Curiousness in design. 
 
 Syn. — Inventiveness ; ingeniousness ; skill. — Cleverness. 
 — Ingenuity is a form of genius, and cleverriess of talent. The 
 former implies invention, the latter a peculiar dexterity and 
 readiness of execution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks, that 
 the English overdo in the use of the words clever and clever- 
 ness, applying them loosely to almost every form of intellectual 
 ability. Thus they speak of a clever article in a magazine ; 
 a clever review; a clever speecli in Parliament; of a book very 
 cleverly written; of great cleverness in debate ; and, in accord- 
 ance with this use of lan^^uage, Mr. Macaulay would be called 
 a very clever writer of history, and Mr. Fox a very clever 
 debater. 
 
 In-g6n'u.-o\is (in-jgn'yy-us), a. [Lat. ingenuus, in- 
 born, free-born, noble, frank, from ingenere, ingignere. 
 See supra.] 1. Of honorable extraction. 2. Noble; 
 generous. 3. Free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, 
 or dissimulation. 
 
 Syn.— Open: frank; unreserved ; artless ; plain ; sincere; 
 candid; fair; noble; generous. — One who is ojjen speaks out 
 at once what is uppermost in his mind; one who is franl: does 
 it from a natural boldness, or dislike of self-restraint; one who 
 is ingenuous is actuated by a noble candor and love of truth, 
 which makes him willing to confess his faults, and make 
 known all his sentiments without reserve. 
 
 In-g6n'u-ou.s-ly,arff. Openly; fairly; candidly. 
 
 In-gen'u-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being in- 
 genuous ; opeiuiess of heart ; frankness ; fairness. 
 
 In-ges'tion (in-je.sfyun), 71. [Lat. ingestio, from inge- 
 rere, ingestum, to place in, from prefix in, and gerere, to 
 bear.] Act of throwing into the stomach. 
 
 In'gle (ing'gl), n. [Lat. igniculus, dim. of ignis, fire; 
 Gael. & Ir. aingeal, eingeal.] A fire, or fireplace. 
 
 In-glo'ri-oiis (89), a. 1. Not glorious ; not bringing 
 honor or glory. 2. Shameful ; disgraceful. 
 
 Tn-glo'ri-ou.s-ly, adv. In an inglorious manner. 
 
 in'got, n. [Fr. lingot. L. Lat. Ungotus, a mass of gold or 
 silver, extended in the manner of a tongue ; Lat. lingua, 
 a tongue.] A mass or wedge of gold , silver, or other metal, 
 cast in a mold; a mass of unwrought metal. 
 
 In-graft', v. t.' [imp. & p. p. ingrafted; p. pr. & 
 v6.n. INGRAFTING.] 1. To insert, as a scion of one tree 
 or plant into another for propagation ; hence, to insert ; 
 to introduce. 2. To subject to the process of grafting. 
 3. To set or fix deeply and firmh". 
 
 In-graft'ment. /». 1. Act of ingrafting. 2. The thing 
 
 ^ ingrafted; a scion. [as color. 
 
 in'grain, a. Dyed in the grain ; thoroughly inwrought, 
 Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply carpet. 
 
 in'grain, or In-grain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. in- 
 grained ; p. pr. & vb. n. ingrAINING.] 1. To dye 
 in the grain, or before manufacture. 2. To work into 
 the natural texture, as color. 
 
 in'grate, a. [Lat. ingratus, from prefix in, not, and 
 gra«M5, beloved, dear, grateful.] 1. Ungrateful. 2. Un- 
 pleasing to the sense. 
 
 In'grate, n. An ungrateful person. 
 
 In-gra'ti-ate (in-gra'shl-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. is- 
 GRATIATED; p. pr. & vb. n. INGRATIATING.] [Lat. 
 in and gratia, favor.] To introduce or commend to the 
 favor of another. 
 
 In-grat'i-tude (53), n. Want of gratitude ; insensibil- 
 ity to favors ; unthankfulness. 
 
 a,e, &c., long; 3,, 6, &c.. short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, t^rm ; pique, firm ; s6n, or, djj, wolf, 
 
INGREDIENT 
 
 383 
 
 INJECTION 
 
 Jn-gre'di-ent (77), n. [From Lat. ingrediens, entering 
 into, p. pr. of ingredi, ingressus, to enter, from prefix in 
 a.nd gradi, to walk, go.] T^ at which is a component 
 part of any compound or mixture ; an element. 
 
 In'gress, n. [!See supra.} 1. Entrance, d. Power, 
 liberty, or means, of entrance or access. 
 
 In-grgs'sioii (-gresh'un), n. Act of entering ; entrance. 
 
 in'gui-nal (Tng'gwI-nal), a. [Lat. inguitialis. from in- 
 guen, ingui7iis, the groin.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the 
 groin . 
 
 In-giilf', V. t. [imp. & p. p. INGULFED (in-gulft') ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INGULFING.] 1. To swallow up in a vast 
 deep, gulf, or whirlpool, ii. To cast into a gulf; to over- 
 whelm. 
 
 In-gur'gi-tate, v. t. [Lat. ingurgitnre, ingurgitatum , 
 from prefix in and gurges, whirlpool, gulf.] 1. To swal- 
 low greedily, or in great quantitj^. ti. To swallow up, 
 as in a gulf; to ingulf. 
 
 In-hab'it, V. t. limp. & p. p. inhabited ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. inhabiting.] [Lat. inliabitare, from prefix in and 
 habitare, to dwell.] To live or dwell in. 
 
 In-hS.b'it, V. i. To have residence ; to dwell ; to live ; 
 to abide. [able. 
 
 In-liS,b'it-a-ble, a. Capable of being inhabited ; habit- 
 
 In-hab'it-aii^e, ) n. Condition of an inhabitant ; le- 
 
 In-bJlb'it-an-^y, J gal residence ; especially, the right 
 to support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in a 
 town. 
 
 In-hJtb'it-ant, n. 1. One who dwells or resides perma- 
 nently in a place. 2. (Law.) One who has a legal settle- 
 ment in a town, city, or parish ; a resident. 
 
 In-liab'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of inhabiting, or state of 
 being inhabited. 2. Abode ; place of dwelUng. 
 
 In-hS.b'it-a-tive-iiess, n. ( Phrenol. ) An organ supposed 
 to indicate the desire of permanence in place or abode. 
 
 In-hJib'it-er, n. One who inhabits ; an inliabitant. 
 
 in'lia-la'tion, n. Act of inhaUng. 
 
 In-iiale', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inhaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 inhaling.] [Lat. inhalare , frojn prefix m and halare, 
 to breathe.] To draw into the lungs ; to inspire. 
 
 In-hal'er, n. 1. One who inhales. 2. An apparatus 
 for inhaling any vapor or volatile substance, for medici- 
 nal purposes. 3. A contrivance to protect the lungs 
 from injury by inhaling damp or cold air. 
 
 In'bar-mSn'ic, ) a. Not harmonic ; unharmoni- 
 
 Iii'liar-in.oii'i€-al, j ous. 
 
 iii'liar-ino'm-o«.s, a. Not harmonious ; discordant. 
 
 In-liearse' (14), v. t. To put or place in a hearse; to 
 bury ; to inhume. 
 
 In-liere', v. i. [imp. & p. p. inhered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INHERING.] [Lat. inhserere, from prefix in and lixrere, 
 to stick, hang.] To be fixed or permanently incorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 In-her'en^e, ) n. State of inhering ; existence in some- 
 
 In-lier'en-^y, ) thing. 
 
 In-ber'ent, a. 1. Existing in something, so as to be 
 inseparable from it. 3. Naturally pertaining to. 
 
 Syn. — Innate ; inborn ; native ; natural ; inbred ; in- 
 wrouglit. 
 
 In-ber'ent-ly, adv. By inherence ; inseparably. 
 
 In-ber'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inherited ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. inheriting.] [Lat. inhereditare, inhseredare, to 
 appoint as an heir, from hieres, heir.] 1. {Law.) To take 
 by descent from an ancestor. 2. To receive or take by 
 birth; to have by nature. 3. To become possessed of; 
 to own. 
 
 In-hgr'it, v. i. To take or have as an inheritance, pos- 
 session, or property. 
 
 Iii-her'it-a-ble,a. 1. Capable of being inherited. 2. 
 Capable of being transmitted from the parent to the 
 child. 3. Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiv- 
 ing by descent. 
 
 Iix-her'it-a-bly, adv. By inheritance. 
 
 In-bfir'it-an^e, n. 1. {Law.) An estate which a man 
 has by descent as heir to another, or which he may 
 transmit to another as his heir. 2. That which i.s or 
 may be inherited. 3. A permanent or valuable posses- 
 sion or blessing. 4, A possession received by gift, or 
 without purchase; also, possession ; ownership. 
 
 In-b6r'it-or, n. One who inherits, or may inherit; an 
 heir. 
 
 In-b6r'it-ress„) n. An heiress ; a female who inherits, 
 
 In-her'it-rix, j or is entitled to inherit. 
 
 In-be'gioii, n. [La,t. inhxsio. See Inhere.] State of 
 existing, or belonging to something ; inherence. 
 
 In-liTb'it, r. t. [imp. & p. p. inhibited ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. inhibiting.] [Lat. inhibere, inhibilum, from prefix 
 
 in, not, and habere., to have.] 1. To check ; to repr«es, 
 to reatrain ; to hinder. 2. To forbid ; to prohibit. 
 
 lii'lii-bi'tion (-blsh'un), n. 1. Act of inhibiting, or 
 state of being inhibited ; restraint. 2. Prohibition; em- 
 bargo, [hibitory. 
 
 Iii-hib'i-to-ry, a. Tending or serving to inhibit ; pro- 
 
 Iii-li6s'iJi-ta-ble, a. Not hospitable ; not disposed to 
 entertain strangers. 
 
 In-li6s'pi-ta-ble-ness, n. Want of hospitality or 
 kindness to strangers. 
 
 In-bos'pi-ta-bly, adv. In an inhospitable manner. 
 
 In-li6s'pi-tai'i-ty, n. Quality of being inhospitable ; 
 inhospitableness. 
 
 In-hu'man, a. 1. Destitute of the kindness and tem- 
 derness that belong to a human being. 2. Characterized 
 by, or attended with, cruelty. 
 
 Syn.— Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; mercilesa ; savage; bar- 
 barous. 
 
 In'bu-mJlii'i-ty, n. The state of being inhuman ; cru- 
 elty ; barbarousness. 
 
 In-bu'inaii-Iy, adv. Cruelly ; barbarously. 
 
 Iii-lm'inate, v. t. [Lat. inhumare, inhumatum, from 
 
 ^ 7?i and humare, to cover with earth.] To inhume. 
 
 In'hu-ma'tion, n. Act of inhumating or burying ; in- 
 terment. 
 
 In-hume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. inhumed; p. pr. & vb. 
 «. inhuming.] [See Inhumate.] To bury ; to inter. 
 
 In-ini'i-cal, a. [Lat. inimicalis, from inimicus, un- 
 friendly, from prefix in and ainicus, friendly , from amare, 
 to love.] 1. Having the disposition or temper of an en- 
 emy ; unfriendly. 2. Opposed in tendency, influence, 
 or effects ; repugnant. 
 
 In-im'i-eal-ly, adv. In an inimical manner. 
 
 Iii-im'i-ta-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being inimitable ; 
 inimitableness. [copied. 
 
 Iii-iin'i-ta-ble, a. Not capable of being imitated or 
 
 Iii-im'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Inimitability. 
 
 In-im'i-ta-bly, adv. In an inimitable manner. 
 
 In-iq'ui-toiis, a. Characterized by iniquity. 
 
 Syn. — Wicked; unjust; unrighteous; nefarious; crim- 
 inal. — Wicked \& the generic term. Iniquitous is, stronger, de- 
 noting a violation of the rights of others, usually by fraud or 
 circumvention. Nefarious is still stronger, implying a breach 
 of the most sacred obligations. 
 
 In-iq'ui-toiis-ly, adv. Unjustly ; wickedly. 
 
 In-iq'ui-ty, n. [Lat. iniquitas, from iniquus, unjust, 
 from prefix in, not, and seqiius, even, equal.] 1. Ab. 
 sence of, or deviation from, equal or just dealing ; want 
 of rectitude. 2. An act of injustice or unrighteousness. 
 3. A character in the old English moralities, or moral 
 dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice and some- 
 times of another. 
 Syn. —Injustice; unrighteousness; wickedness; sin; crime. 
 
 In-i'tial (-Ish'al), a. [Lat. initialis, from initimn, en- 
 trance, beginning, from inire, to go into, enter, begin, 
 from prefix in and ire, to go.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, 
 the beginning ; incipient. 2. Placed at the beginning 
 or head, as of a list or series. 
 
 Iix-X'tial, n. The first letter of a word. 
 
 In-i'ti-ate (in-Tsha-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. initi- 
 ated ; p.pr. & vb. n. INITIATING.] 1. To introduce 
 by a first act ; to begin. 2. To instruct in the rudiments 
 or principles. 3. To introduce into a society or organi- 
 zation, or secret ceremonies. 
 
 Iii-i'ti-ate (45), a. Begun; commenced; incomplete, as 
 a right, and the like ; introduced to a knowledge of. * 
 
 In-i'ti-a'tioii (in-ish'i-a'shun), 71. 1, Act or process of 
 initiating. 2. The form or ceremony by which a person 
 is introduced into any society ; introduction into th« 
 principles of any thing unknown or mysterious. 
 
 In-i'ti-a-tive (-ish^i-), a. Serving to initiate ; initiatory. 
 
 In-i'ti-a-tive, n. 1. An introductory step or movement. 
 2. Right or power to introduce a new measure jr law, as 
 in legislation . 
 
 In-i'ti-a-to-ry (in-ish-'T-a-to-ry, 50), a. 1. Suitable for 
 an introduction or beginning; introductory. 2. Tend- 
 ing or serving to initiate. 
 
 Iii-je«t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INJECTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INJECTING.] [Lat. injicere, injectu7n, from prefix in 
 andjacere, to throw.] To throw in ; to dart in. 
 
 Iii-je«'tion, rt. 1. Act of injecting or throwing in ; — ap- 
 plied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, 
 or aeriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, &c. 2. 
 That which is injected ; especially, a Uquid medicine in- 
 jected into a cavity of the body. 3. {Anat.) The act of 
 filling the vessels of an animal body with some colored 
 substance, in order to render visible their figures and 
 ramifications. 4. A preserved specimen of some part of 
 
 food, fc^t ; iirii, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, e-eho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, liQk ; tills. 
 
'-:/^'^5s 
 
 INJECTOR 
 
 384 
 
 INNUMERABLE 
 
 an animal body, thus injected. 5. (Steatn-eng.) (a.) 
 Act of throwing cold water into a condenser, {b.) The 
 cold water thrown into a condenser to produce a vacuum. 
 
 In-j6ft'or, n. A person or thing that ipjects. 
 
 In-Joiu', r. t. Si>e Enjoin. 
 
 In'ju-di'cloils (-dtsh'us), n. 1. Not judicious ; void of 
 judgment, 'i. Not according to sound judgment or dis- 
 cretion. 
 
 Syn. — Indiscreet ; inconsiderate; incautious; unwise; 
 rash : hasty ; imprudent. 
 
 In'ju-di'cioiis-ly, adv. In an injudicious manner. 
 
 In'ju-di'cious-ness, n. Quality of being injudicious. 
 
 In-jiinc'tion, n. [Ljvt. injunctio, from i>iju)igere, to 
 join into, to enjoin, trom prefix hi and jungere, to join.] 
 1. Act of enjoining or commanding, Ji. That which is 
 •igoined; an order ; a command ; a precept. '3, (Law.) 
 A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, whereby 
 a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain 
 act^i. 
 
 jLii'jure (53), v. t. [imp. & p. p. injured ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INJURING.] [Lat. injuriari, from injuria. See IN- 
 JURY.] To do harm to ; to hurt ; to damage ; — used in 
 a variety of senses ; as, (a.) To hurt or wound, as the 
 person ; to impair soundness, as of health. (6.) To dam- 
 age or lessen the value of, as goods or estate, (c.) To 
 slander, or impair, as reputation or character, (d.) To 
 impair or diminish, as happiness, (e.) To give pain to, 
 as the sensibihties or the feelings, {f. ) To impair, as the 
 intellect or mind. 
 
 Iji'ju-rer, n. One who injures or wrongs. 
 
 In-ju'ri-ou.s (89), a. [Lat. injurius, from prefix in, not, 
 andyi{5,jMns, right, law, justice.] 1, Not just; wrong- 
 ful ; hurtful or prejudicial to the rights of another. 3. 
 Tending to injure; pernicious; baneful. 3. Contume- 
 lious ; hurting reputation. 
 
 In-ju'ri-ous-ly, adv. Wrongfully ; hurtfully. 
 
 In-ju'ri-oiis-ness, n. The quality of being injurious or 
 Iiurtful ; injury. 
 
 lu'ju-ry, n. [Lat. injuria, from injurius, injurious, 
 wrongful, unjust.] That which injures or brings harm ; 
 that which occasions loss or diminution of good ; mis- 
 chief; detriment; damage. 
 
 Iii-jiis'tife, n. Want of justice and equity ; violation of 
 
 ^ the rights of an individual ; wrong. 
 
 Ink, n. [0. Eng. enke, inke, from Latr encaustum, Gr. 
 eyKavtrrov, from ey(favoTos, burnt in, encaustic, from 
 cyKateiv, to bum m, to paint in encaustic, i. c, with 
 colors mixed with wax.] A colored fluid, used in Nvriting, 
 printing, and the hke. 
 
 Ink, V. t. [imp. & p. p. INKED (inkt); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 ^ INKING.] To black or daub with ink. 
 
 Ink'liorn, n. An inkstand; — so called as formerly 
 
 _ made of horn. 
 
 Ink'i-ness, n. State or quality of being inky. 
 
 Ink'Iing, n. [Contracted from inclining, with the accent 
 on the first syllable.] 1. Inclination; desire. 2. Hence, 
 
 _^ a hint or whisper ; an intimation. [terials. 
 
 Ink'st^nd, n. A ve.«sel for holding ink and writing ma- 
 
 Ink'y, a. Consisting of ink: resembling ink ; black; tar- 
 nished or blackened with ink. 
 
 In-laf e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inlaced (in-last/); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INLACING.] To work in, as lace; to embellish 
 with work resembling lace. 
 
 In'la-ga'tion, n. [L. & Law Lat. inlagatio, from inla- 
 gare, to restore to law, from «i and A.-S. lagu, lo^, lah, 
 iaw.j (Iaiw.) The restitution of an outlawed person to 
 the_protection of the law. 
 
 In-laid', p. p. of inlay. See iNLAY. 
 
 In'Iand, a. 1. Within the laud ; remote from the sea ; 
 interior, ij. Carried on within a country ; domestic ; 
 
 _ not foreign. 3. Drawn and payable in the same country. 
 
 Inlan.'. n. The interior part of a country. [try. 
 
 In'land-er, n. One who lives in the interior of a coun- 
 
 In-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inlaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. IN- 
 LAYING.] To insert, as pieces of pearl, ivorj', choice 
 wood>, or the like, in a groundwork of some other ma- 
 terial. 
 
 inlay, n. Pieces of wood, ivory, &c., inlaid, or prepared 
 forjnlaying. [to inlay. 
 
 In-lay'er, n. One who inlays, or whose occupation it is 
 
 In^et, n. 1. A passage or opening by which an inclosed 
 place may be entered. 2. A bay or recess in the shore 
 of the sea, or of a lake or large river, or between isles. 
 
 in'ly, n. Internal ; interior ; secret. 
 
 Inly, adv. Internally ; in the heart ; secretly. 
 
 In'mate, n. [Eng. inn, q. v., and m.ati>.] One who lives 
 in the same apartment or hou.se with another. 
 
 {n'most (20), a. Deepest or furthest within. 
 
 Inxi,n. [A.-S. JMn«,tnM, house, chamber, inn.] 1. AhouM 
 for the lodging and entertainment of travelers ; a tavern ; 
 a public house ; a hotel. 'Z. One of the four colleges of 
 students of law, and also one of the buildings in which 
 
 ^ students at law have their lodgings. [Eng.] 
 
 lun, V. t. 1. To put under cover; to shelter. 2. To 
 
 ^ afford lodging and entertainment to ; to lodge. 
 
 lu'nate, or In-nate', a. [Lat. innatus, from prefix in 
 and natiis, born, p. p. of nasci, to be born.] 1. Inborn; 
 native ; natural. 2. Originating in, or derived from, the 
 constitution of the intellect, as opposed to being acquired 
 
 ^ from experience. 
 
 In'nate-ly, or In-nate^ly, adv. Naturally. 
 
 In'nate-ness, or In-nate'ness, n. Quality of being 
 innate or inborn. 
 
 In-nav'i-ga-ble, a. Incapable of being navigated. 
 
 in'ner, a. 1. Further in; interior; internal. 2. Not 
 1 obvious or easily discovered ; obscure. 3. Pertaining to 
 j ^ the spirit or its phenomena. 
 
 In'ner-niost (20), a. Furthest inward ; most remote from 
 ' ^ the outward part. 
 
 In'ner-va'tion, n. [Lat. in, smAnervtis, sinew, nerve.] 
 1. Act of innerviiig. 2. (Physiol.) Nervous activity. 
 
 In-nerve', r. t. [imp. &, p p. innerved ; p.pr. k, vh. 
 n. INNERVING.] To give nervous energy or power to ; 
 to invigorate ; to strengthen. 
 : Inn'hoid-er, ». A person who keeps an inn or house 
 I ^ for the entertainment of travelers. 
 
 I inn'ing, n. [Eng. in, prep. & adv., q. v.] 1. In- 
 i gathering of gi-ain. 2. ( Cricket Playing.) Time or turn 
 I ^ for using the bat. 3. pi. Lands recovered from the sea. 
 
 Inn'keep-er, n. An inuholder. 
 
 in'no-^erife, 71. 1. State of being innocent; innocu- 
 ousness. 2. The state of being not chargeable with 
 
 ^ guilt or sin ; purity of heart. 3. Ignorance; imbecility". 
 
 in'no-^en-fy, v. The same as INNOCENCE, but ob- 
 
 ^ solete or antiquated. 
 
 in'no-?ent, a. [Lat. innocens, from prefix in, not, and 
 nocens, p. pr. of nocere, to harm, hurt.] 1. Not harm- 
 ful; fi-ee from that which can injure. 2. Free from 
 guilt; not tainted with sin. 3. Free from the guilt of a 
 particular crime or evil action. 4. Lawful ; permitted. 
 5. Not contraband. 
 
 Syn. — Harmless ; innoxious ; inoffensive ; guiltless ; spot- 
 less ; immaculate ; pure ; unblamable ; blameless ; faultless ; 
 guileless; upright. 
 
 In'no-^ent, 7J. 1. One free from guilt or harm. 3. An 
 
 ^ ignorant person ; hence, an idiot ; a dolt ; a sunpleton. 
 
 in'no-^ent-ly, adv. In an innocent manner ; without 
 guilt ; harmlessly. 
 
 In-n6<;'u-ou.s, a. [Lat. innocitus, from in and nocuvs, 
 hurtful, nocere, to hurt.] Harmless ; safe ; producing no 
 ill effect ; innocent. 
 
 In-n6<;'u-oiis-ly, adv. Without injurious effects. 
 
 In-no€'u-oiis-ness, n. Quahty of being innocuous. 
 
 in'no-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. /(."innovated; p.pr. & 
 vb. 71. INNOVATING.] [Lat. innovare , innovaUim , from 
 prefix in and novarp,to make new.] 1. To change by 
 
 ^ introducing something new. 2. To introduce as a nov- 
 
 In'no-vate, v. i. To introduce novelties. [elty. 
 
 In'no-va'tion, n. 1. Act of innovating. 2. A change 
 
 _ effected by innovating. 
 
 in'no-va'tor, n. One who innovates. 
 
 In-n6x'iou.s(-n6k/shus), a. 1. Free from mischievous 
 qualities ; harmless in effects ; innocent. 2. Free from 
 crime ; guiltless. 
 
 In-nox'ioiis-ly (-nok'shus-), adv. Harmlessly. 
 
 Iii-nox'ioiis-ness (-nok'shus-), n. State of being in- 
 noxious. 
 
 In'nu-gn'do (52), n. ; 77?. tN'NU-fiN'DOEg. [Lat. from 
 innuere, to give a nod, fi'om prefix in and an hypothetical 
 nuere, to nod.] 1. An oblique hint ; a remote intimation 
 or allusion. 2. (Laiv.) An averment employed in pro- 
 ceedings for libel or slander, to point the application to 
 persons or subjects, of the alleged libelous or defamatory 
 matter. 
 
 Syn. — Insinuation. — An innuendo supposes m representa- 
 tion so framed as to point distinctly (lit., by nodding) at some- 
 thing 6ei/o«</ which, is injurious to the character, &c.. of the 
 person aimed at. An insinuation turns on no such double uae 
 of language ; but consists in artfully uinding into the mmd 
 imputations of an iniurious nature without making any direct 
 charge, and is therefore justly regarded as one of the basest 
 resorts of malice and falsehood. 
 
 In-nu'mer-a-ljn'i-ty, n. State of being innumerable 
 
 In-nu'mer-a-ble, a. 1. Not capable of being num- 
 bered, for multitude. 2. Very numerous. 
 Syn.— Countless ; numberless ; unnumbered. 
 
 2k, e, tec, long; ii,6,kc.,short; c&re, far, aslc,^, what; 6re, veil, t£rm; pique, firm ;s6n,6r,dQ,i/r5^ 
 
-:.: ■■ 1 
 
 INNUMERABLENESS 
 
 385 
 
 INSECT 
 
 In-nu'mer-a-ble-ness, n. State of being innumerable. 
 
 In-iiu'iner-a-bly, adv. Without number. 
 
 tjn'nu-tri'tion (-nu-trish'un), n. Want of nutrition. 
 
 In'nu-tri'tious (-nu-trish'us), a. Not nutritious, or 
 nourishing ; innutritive. 
 
 In-nu.'tri-tive, a. Not nourishing ; innutritious. 
 
 in'ob-gerv'anye, n. Want of observance ; neglect of 
 observing ; negligence. 
 
 iii'ob-gerv'aiit, a- Not taking notice ; heedless. 
 
 In-6e'u-late, v. t. {imp. & p. p. inoculated ; -p.pr. 
 & vb. n. INOCULATING-.] [Lat. inoctdare, inoculatum, 
 prefix in and ocidare, to furnish with eyes, from oculus., 
 an eye.] 1. To bud ; to insert, as tlie bud of a tree or 
 plant in another tree or plant, for the purpose of propa- 
 gation, ti. To insert a foreign bud into. 3. (Med.) To 
 communicate, as a disease to a person by inserting in- 
 fectious matter in his skin or flesh. 
 
 In-6e'u-late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds. SJ. 
 To communicate disease by inserting infectious matter. 
 
 In-6e'u-la'tion, n. Act or art of inoculating. 
 
 In-oe'ii-la'tor, n. One who inoculates. 
 
 In-o'dor-oiis, a. Wanting scent ; having no smell. 
 
 In'of-feii'sive, a. 1. Giving no ofiFense, provocation, 
 or disturbance, 'i. Harmless; doing no injury or mis- 
 
 ^ chief. 
 
 in'of-f 6n'sive-ly, adv. Without giving offense. 
 
 ln'of-f6n'sive-ness, n. Quality of being inoffensive. 
 
 in'of-fi'^ial (-of-fTsh'al), a. Not official; not done in 
 the usual forms or by the proper officer. 
 
 in'of-fi'cial-ly (-of-nsh'al-), adv. Without the usual 
 
 ^ forms, or not in the official character. 
 
 In'of-fi'cioiis (-of-Hsh'us), a. 1, Not civil or attentive. 
 
 2. ( Laio. ) Regardless of natural obligation ; contrary to 
 natural duty. 
 
 In-6p'er-a-tive, a. Not operative ; producing no effect. 
 
 In-op'por-tune', a. Not opportune ; unseasonable in 
 time. [venient time. 
 
 In-Sp'por-tline'ly, adv. Unseasonably ; at an incon- 
 
 In-6p'u-lent, a. Not opulent ; not wealthy. 
 
 In-or'di-na-cy, n. 1. Deviation from order or rule 
 prescribed. ^. Excess, or want of moderation. 
 
 In-dr'di-nate (45), o- [Lat. inordinatus.] Not limited 
 to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds. 
 
 Syn. — Irregular; disorderly; excessive; immoderate. 
 
 In-or'di-nate-ly, adv. Irregularly ; immoderately. 
 
 In-or'di-nate-nesH, n. Quality of being inordinate ; 
 
 ^ want of moderation ; inordinacy. 
 
 Iii''or-gS.n'i-e, \a. 1. Not organic; devoid of an 
 
 Iii'or-ga,n'i€-al, ) organized structure ; unorganized. 
 ii. Pertaining to the department of unorganized sub- 
 stances or species. 
 
 Iii-6r'gan-ized, '». Not having organic structure. 
 
 Iii-6s'«u-Iate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. inosculated ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. inosculating.] [Lat. in and oscidari., 
 oscidatum, to kiss.] 1. To unite, as two vessels at their 
 extremities ; to anastomose. 5i. To blend, or become 
 united. 
 
 Iii-6s'«u-late, v. t. 1, To unite by apposition or con- 
 tact, as two ves.aels in an animal body. 2. To unite in- 
 timately. 
 
 Iii-o.s'cu-la'tion, n. 1. Junction of different branches 
 of tubular vessels, so that their contents pass from one 
 to the other; anastomosis, ii. An inherent union or 
 
 ^ blending. 
 
 ini'quest, n. [Lat. inquisita, from inquisitus, p. p. of 
 inquirere. See INQUIRE.] 1. Act of inquiring; in- 
 quiry ; quest. 3. (Law.) (a.) Judicial inquiry ; official 
 examiuation. (b.) A jury, particularly a coroner's jury. 
 
 In-qui'e-tude (53), n. Disturbed state ; uneasiness 
 either of body or mind. 
 
 In-quir'a-ble, a. Capable of being inquired into. 
 
 In-qxilre', v. i. [imp. & p. p. inquired ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INQUIRING.] [Lat. inquirere, from prefix in and 
 quserere, to seek.] 1. To ask a question or questions. 
 
 3. To make examination or investigation. 
 In-quire', v. t. To ask about ; to make examination or 
 
 inquiry respecting. 
 
 In-quir'er, n. One who inquires or examines. 
 
 In-quIr^y (89) n. 1. Act of inquiring. 2. Search for 
 truth, inform xtiou, or knowledge ; examination into 
 facts or principles. 3. A question ; a query. 
 
 Writ qfinquirv, a WTit issued in certain actions at law, where 
 the defendant has suffered judgment to pass afrainst him by 
 default, in ordc- to ascertain and assess the plaintiff's damages, 
 where they can not readily be ascertained by mere calculation. 
 Syn. — Interrogation ; interrogatory ; scrutiny ; investiga- 
 tion ; research.. 
 
 ln'qui-§i'tip}a(-zTsh/un), n. 1. Act of inquiring; in- 
 
 quiry ; examination ; investigation. 2. (Law.) (a.) Ju- 
 dicial inquiry ; inquest, (("a) The finding of a jury. 3. 
 (Rom. Calk. Church.) A court or tribunal for the ex- 
 
 ^ amiuation and punishment of heretics. 
 
 in'qui-§i'tlon-al, a. 1. Relating to inquiry or inqui- 
 sition ; making inquiry. 2. Of, or pertaining to, the 
 Inquisition. [search. 
 
 Iii-qui§'i-tive, a. Apt to ask questions ; given to re- 
 
 Syn. — Inquiring ; prying ; curious. — Curioxis denotes a 
 feeling, and imjuisitive a habit. We are curious when we desire 
 to learn something new; we are inquisitive when we set our- 
 selves to gain it by inquiry or research, levying implies in- 
 quitdtiveness when carried to an extreme, and is more com- 
 monly used in a bad sense, as indicating a desire to penetrate 
 into the secrets of others. 
 
 In-qui§'i-tive-ly, adv. With curiosity to inquire. 
 
 In-quig'i-tive-ness, n. Quality of being inquisitive. 
 
 In-quig'i-tor, n. 1, One who inquires ; especially, one 
 whose official duty it is to inquire and examine. 2. ( Rom. 
 Cath. Church.) A member of the Court of Inquisition. 
 
 In-qui§'i-to'ri-al(89), a. 1. Pertaining to inquisition. 
 2. Pertaining to the Court of Inquisition, or resembling 
 its practices. 
 
 In-rail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inrailed \ p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 ^ inrailing.] To inclose or surround with rails. 
 
 In'road, n. A sudden or desultory incursion or inva- 
 
 ^ sion ; irruption. [unwholesome. 
 
 In'sa-lu'bri-ous, a. Not salubrious ; not healthful ; 
 
 in'sa-Iu.'bri-ty, n. Unhealthfulness ; unwholesomeness. 
 
 In-san'a-ble, a. Not admitting of cure; incurable; 
 irremediable. 
 
 In-sane', a. 1. Unsound in mind. 2. Used by, or ap- 
 propriated to, insane persons. 
 
 Syn. — Crazy ; distracted ; delirious ; demented ; frantic ; 
 raving; mad. 
 
 In-sane'ly, adv. Without reason ; madly. 
 
 In-sa.n'i-ty, n. The state of being insane ; unsoundness 
 of mind ; derangement of intellect. 
 
 Syn.— Lunacy ; madness; derangement; alienation ; aberra- 
 tion ; mania; delirium; frenzy; monomania; dementia. — /«- 
 sanity is the generic term for all such diseases; lunacy has now 
 an equal extent of meaning, though once used to denote peri- 
 odical insanity ; madness lias the same extent, though orig- 
 inally referring to the rage created by the disease ; derange- 
 ment, aberration, alienation, are popular terms for insanity ; 
 delirium, mania, and frenzy denote excited states of the dis- 
 ease; dementia denotes the loss of mental power by this means; 
 monomania is insanity upon a single subject. 
 
 In-sa'ti-a-ble (in-sa'shi-a-bl, 95), a. [Lat. insatiabilis, 
 from prefix in, not, and satiare, to satiate.] Incapable of 
 being satisfied or appeased. 
 
 In-sa'ti-a-ble-ness (-sa'shi-), n. Greediness of appetite 
 tha^ can not be satisfied or appeased. [satisfied. 
 
 In-sa'ti-a-bly (-sa'shT-), adv. With greediness not to be 
 
 In-sa'ti-ate (in-sa'shi-at, 45, 95), a. Not to be satisfied; 
 
 In'sa-ti'e-ty, n. Insatiableness. [insatiable. 
 
 In-sJtt'u-ra-ble, a. Not capable of being saturated. 
 
 In'sci-ent (in'shi-ent), or In-Sfi'ent, a. [Lat. insciens, 
 inscientis, ignorant, from in, not, and sciens, from scire, 
 to know ; also, knowing, from in, used intensively, and 
 sciens. "^ 1. Having little or no knowledge; ignorant, 
 2. Having knowledge or insight ; intelligent. [Rare.] 
 
 In-s«ribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inscribed ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. inscribing.] [Lat. inscribere, from prefix in, and 
 scribere, to write.] 1. To write or engrave ; to imprint. 
 2. To mark with letters, characters, or words. 3. To 
 commend by a short address, less formal than a dedi- 
 cation. 4. To imprint deeply ; to impress. 5* ( Geom.) 
 To draw within as one figure within another. 
 
 In-s«rib'er, n. One who inscribes. 
 
 In-s«rip'tion, n. 1. The act of inscribing. 2. That 
 which is inscribed ; especially, any thing written or en- 
 graved on a sohd substance for duration. 3. An address 
 or consignment of a book to a person, as a mark of re- 
 
 In-s-erip'tive, a. Bearing inscription. [spect. 
 
 In-s-eroll', v. t. To write on a scroU. 
 
 In-s-ern'ta-bil'i-ty, «. Quality of being inscrutable ; 
 inscrutableness. 
 
 In-s-eru'ta-ble, a. 1. Incapable of being searched into 
 and understood by inquiry or study. 2. Incapable of 
 being discovered, or understood by human reason. 
 
 In-s«ru'ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being inscrutable ; 
 inscrutiability. 
 
 In-scru'ta-bly, adv. So as not to be found out. 
 
 In-seam', v. t. To impress or mark with a seam. 
 
 In-se-e'a-ble. a. [Lat. insecabilis, from prefix, in, not, 
 and secabilis, that may be cut, from secare, to cut.] In- 
 
 ^ capable of being divided by a cutting instrument. 
 
 in'sect, n. [Lat. insectum, from insectus, p. p. of inse- 
 care, to cut in, applied to certain small animals, whoso 
 
 food, f<rt>t ; ^rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, fhaise, €all, e«lio - gem, get ; a? 
 
 ejist ; Unger, link ; «iia 
 
INSECTILE 
 
 386 
 
 INSOLVENCY 
 
 bodies appew cut in, or almost divided.] 1. (Zool.) An 
 articulate auimal that, iu its mature state, has the body 
 divided into three distinct parts, the head, the thorax, 
 and the abdomen, has six logs, never more than four 
 ¥ings, and that breathes air through the body in tubes 
 opening externally by spiracles. "Z. Any thing small or 
 conunuptible. 
 
 In-sCft'Ue, a. Having the nature of insects. 
 
 In-sf c'tioii, n. A cutting in ; incisure : incision. 
 
 lu-s6<*'ti-vore, »i. ; pi- in-s£€'ti-vore§. [See infra.] 
 ( Zoiil. ) One of an order of plantigmde mammals, of small 
 size, that feed chiefly upon insects. 
 
 In'se-e-tiv'o-rous, «. [Lat. insectum, an insect, and 
 rorart, to devour.] 1. Feeding or subsisting on insects. 
 '2. Belonging, or pertaining to the Insectivores. 
 
 in'se-cure', a. 1. Not secure; not safe. JJ. Exposed 
 to danger or loss. 
 
 fe'se-cu^e'ly, adv. Without security or safety. 
 'se-cu'ri-ty, n. 1, Condition of being insecure ; dan- 
 ger : hazard. *-i. Want of confidence in safety. 3. Want 
 of confidence in one"s opinion. 
 In-sfin'sate, a. Destitute of sense ; stupid; foolish. 
 In-sfin'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Want of sensibility, or the 
 power of feeling or perceiving, tj. Want of tenderness 
 or susceptibility of emotion and passion. 
 
 Syn. — Dullness; numbness; unfeelingness; stupidity ; tor- 
 por: apathy; indiflference. 
 In-sfiii'si-tole, a. 1. Destitute of the power of feeling or 
 perceiving. 2. Void of feeUng; wanting tenderness. 3. 
 Incapable of being perceived by the senses ; hence, pro- 
 gressing by imperceptible degrees. 
 
 Syn. — Imperceptible ; imperceivable; dull; stupid; torpid; 
 Benseless; unfeeling; indifferent; unsusceptible; hard; callous. 
 
 In-sfin'si-bly, adv. Imperceptibly : by slow degrees. 
 
 In-sfin'tient, a. Not having perception, or the power of 
 perception. [inseparableness. 
 
 Iii-s6p'a-ra-l>il'i-ty, n. Quality of being inseparable ; 
 
 Ixi-s6p'a-ra-ble, a. Not separable ; incapable of being 
 separated or disjoined. 
 
 Iii-s€p'a-ra-ble-ness, n. Quality of being inseparable. 
 
 In-sep'a-ra-bly, adv. So as to prevent separation. 
 
 In-sert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. inserted ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 INSERTING.] [Lat. inserere,insertum, from prefix ?n and 
 .lerere, to join, connect.] To bring into; to introduce. 
 
 In-sert'ing, n. 1. A setting in. iJ. Something inserted 
 or set in, as lace, &c., into garments. 
 
 Im-ser'tion, n. 1. Act of inserting, or setting or placing 
 in or among other things. 3. Condition of being inserted ; 
 the mode, place or the like, of inserting. 3. That which 
 is set in, as lace, narrow muslin, or cambric, in narrow 
 strips, and the like. 
 
 in'set, n. That which is set in ; an insertion. 
 
 In-shrine', r. t. See Enshrine. 
 
 in.' »id.e, prep, or adv. Within the sides of; in the inte- 
 rior ; contained within. 
 
 in'side, a. Being within ; contained ; interior ; internal. 
 
 In'side, n. 1. The part within ; interior portion, ii. 
 pi. The inward parts ; the entraiLs; the bowels. 3. One 
 who, or that which, is within, or inclosed ; hence, an in- 
 side passenger of a coach or carriage. 
 
 In-sid'i-oiis (77), a. [Lat. insidiosus, from insidix, an 
 ambush.] 1. Lying in wait ; watching an opportunity to 
 insnare or entrap, ti. Intending or intended to entrap. 
 
 Syn. — Crafty ; wily ; artful ; sly ; designing ; guileful ; cir- 
 cumventive ; treacherous; deceitful; deceptive. 
 
 In-sid'i-ous-ly, adv. In an insidious maimer. 
 
 In-sid'i-ous-ness, n. A watching for an opportunity 
 to insnare : deceitfulness ; treachery. 
 
 Xn'glght (in'slt), n. 1. Sight or view of the interior of 
 any thing ; introspection ; thorough knowledge. 2. Pow- 
 er of acute observation and deduction ; 
 
 In-sig'ni-a. n. ;>/. [L&t. insi^ne , jA.insignia, from, in- 
 signii, distinguished by a mark, from prefix in, and 
 signum, a mark, sign.] 1. Badges of office or honor. 
 ti, Marks or signs by which any thing is known or dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 jfn'glg-nif i-ean^e, ) n. 1. Want of significance or 
 
 In'sig-nif' i-ean-fy, j meaning. 2. Want of force or 
 effect : unimportance. 3. Want of claim to considera- 
 tion or notice. 
 
 In'sig-nif'i-«ant, o. 1. Not significant; destitute of 
 meaning. 2. Having no weight or effect. 3. Without 
 weight of character. 
 
 Syn. —Unimportant ; immaterial ; inconsiderable; trivial ; 
 trifling; mean; contemptible. 
 
 in'slg-nifl-eant-ly, adv. 1, Without meaning. 2. 
 Without importance or effect. 
 
 In'sln-fere', a. 1. Not being in truth what one ap. 
 
 pears to be ; not sincere. 2. Deceitful ; hypocriticaJ ; 
 
 false; — said of things. 3. Not to be trusted or relied 
 
 upon. 
 
 Syn. — Dissembling; hollow; deceptive; disiugenuoue. 
 In'sin-f ere'ly, adv. Without sincerity. 
 In'sin-^er'i-ty, n. Want of sincerity, or of being in re- 
 
 aUty what one appears to be ; dissimukition ; hypocrisy ; 
 
 deceitfulness. 
 In-sin'u-ale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. insinuated ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. INSINUATING.] [Lat. insinuare, insinuatum, 
 
 from prefix, m, and sinus, the bosom.] 1, To introduce 
 
 gently, or as by a winding or narrow passage ; to wind in. 
 
 2. To introduce artfully; to instill. 3. To hint; to 
 
 suggest by remote allusion. 4. To push or work one's 
 
 self into favor. 
 In-sin'u-ate, v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow, in. 2c 
 
 To ingratiate one's self. 
 In-sin'ii-a'tioii, n. 1, Act of insinuating ; a creeping 
 
 or winding in. 2. Act of gaining favor or affection by 
 
 gentle or artful means. 3. Art or power of pleasing and 
 
 stealing on the affections. 4. A hint ; a su^estion by 
 
 distant allusion. 
 Syn. — See Innuendo. 
 
 In-sin'u-a'tive, a. 1, Stealing on the confidenc« or 
 affections. 2. Using insinuations ; giving hints. 
 
 In-sin'u-a'tor, n. One who, or that which insinuates. 
 
 In-sip'id, a. [Lat. insipidus, from prefix in, not, and 
 sapidus, savory, from sapere, to taste.] 1. Destitute of 
 taste. 2. Wanting spirit, life, or animation. 
 
 Syn. — Tasteless; vapid; dull; spiritless) unanimated; life- 
 less; flat. 
 
 in/si-pid'i-ty, \n. 1. Quality of being insipid ; want 
 
 In-sip'id-ness, ) of taste; tastelessness. 2. Want of 
 interest, life, or spirit. 
 
 In-sip'id- ly, adv. In an insipid manner ; vrithout taste. 
 
 Im-sist', V. i. [imp. & p. p. insisted ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 INSISTING.] [Lat. insistere, from prefix in and sistere, 
 to stand.] To rest or dwell upon as a matter of special 
 moment ; to be persistent, urgent, or pressing. 
 
 In-sist'ent, a. Standing or resting on. 
 
 In-si'tion (in-sTsh'un or in-sTzh'un), n. [Lat. insitio, 
 from inserere, insitum, to ingraft, from prefix in and 
 serere, satum, to sow.] Insertion of a scion in a stock. 
 
 In-snare', v. t. [imp. & p. p. insnared ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INS-VARING.] 1. To catch in a snare ; to entrap. 2. 
 To inveigle ; to seduce by artifice. 
 
 Im-snar'er, n. One who insnares. 
 
 In'so-bri'e-ty, n. Want of sobriety ; intemperance. 
 
 In-so'cia-ble (-so'sha-bl), a. Not sociable ; not given to 
 
 ^ conversation ; taciturn. 
 
 in'so-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. INSOLATED : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INSOLATING.] [Lat. insolare, insolaium, from 
 prefix in and sol, the sun.] To dry in the sun's rays ; to 
 
 _ ripen or prepare by exposure to the sun. 
 
 in'so-la'tioii, n. 1. Act or process of exposing to the 
 
 ^ rays of the sun. 2. A stroke of the sun. 
 
 In'so-len^e , n. Pride or haughtiness manifested in con- 
 temptuous and overbearing treatment of others. 
 
 Syn. — Insult. — Insolence is a spirit engendered by bloated 
 pride or unbridled passion ; an insult is a personal attack (?!<., 
 leaping or dancing upon), indicating scorn and triumph. The 
 one leads usually to the other. 
 
 in'so-lent, a. [Lat. insolens, from prefix in and salens, 
 accustomed, p. pr. of solere, to be accustomed.] 1. Proud 
 and haughty, with contempt of others. 2. Proceeding 
 from insolence. 
 
 Syn.— Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; saucy; 
 impudent; audacious; pert; impertinent; rude; reproachful; 
 opprobrious. 
 
 in'so-lent-ly, adv. In an insolent manner ; unusually .; 
 haughtily ; rudely ; saucily. 
 
 in'so-lid'i-ty, n. Want of solidity ; weakness. 
 
 Im-sol'u-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of not being soluble or 
 dissolvable, particularly in a fluid. 2. QuaUty of being 
 inexplicable. 
 
 In-s61'u-ble, a. 1. Not soluble; incapable of being 
 dissolved, particularly by a liquid. 2. Not to be solved 
 or explained. 
 
 In-solv'a-ble, a. 1. Not solvable ; not capable of solu- 
 tion or expUcation. 2. Incapable of being paid or dis- 
 charged. 
 
 In-sSlv'en-^y, n. (Law.) (a.) The condition of one who 
 is unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual 
 course of trade and business, (b.) Insufficiency to dis- 
 charge all debts of the owner. 
 
 &,e, Set., long; &,6,&c.,short; c4re, far, ask, aU, what ; dre,veU,t§rm; pique, firm; sdn,dr,dQ, wolf, 
 
INSOLVENT 
 
 387 
 
 INSTITUTION 
 
 In'sdlv'ent, a. (Law.) [a.) Not solvent; not having 
 sufficient estate to pay one's debts, (b.) Not sufficient to 
 . pay all the debts of the owner, (c.) Respecting persons 
 unable to pay their debts. 
 
 In-s51v'ent, n. (Law.) One who is unable to pay his 
 debts ; one who is not solvent. 
 
 In-sSm'ni-ous, a. Restless in sleep, or being without 
 sleep. [wise. 
 
 In'so-mucli', adv. So ; to such a degree ; in such 
 
 rn-sp6€t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. inspected ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. INSPECTING.] [Lat. inspicere, inspectum , from, prefix 
 in and specere, to look at, to view.] 1, To view narrowly 
 and critically. '2. To view and examine officially, as 
 troops, arms, goods offered for sale, &c. 
 
 In-sp6e'tion, n. 1. Act of inspecting ; close or careful 
 survey ; official view or examination. ^. Act of over- 
 seeing; superintendence. 
 
 In-speet'or, n. One who inspects, views, or oversees ; 
 a superintendent. 
 
 Iii-sp6€t'or-ate, ) n. 1. The office of an inspector. 
 
 Iii-sp6€t'or-sliip, ) ti. The residence of an inspector ; 
 the district embraced by an inspector's jurisdiction. 
 
 In-splxere', i'. c. [ijnp. & p. p. insphered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INSPHERIN&.] To place in a sphere. 
 
 In-spir'a-ble (89), a. Capable of being inspired. 
 
 in'spi-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of inspiring, breathing in, 
 infusing, and the like ; inhalation. '2. An extraordinary 
 elevation of the imagination or other powers of the soul. 
 3. The result of such extraordinary elevation in the 
 thoughts, emotions, or purposes inspired. 4. Specifically, 
 a supernatural divine influence on the sacred writers, by 
 which they were quaUfied to communicate moral or re- 
 ligious truth with authority. 
 
 In-spir'a-to-ry, or In'spi-ra-to-ry (50), a. Pertain- 
 ing to or aiding inspiration. 
 
 In-spire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. inspired ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INSPIRING.] [Lat. inspirare, from wand spirare, to 
 breathe.] 1. To draw in breath ; to inhale air into the 
 lungs. ^. To breathe ; to blow gently. 
 
 In-spire', v. t. 1, To breathe into ; to fiU with the 
 breath. 3. To infuse by breathing, or as if by breath- 
 ing. 3. To infuse into the mind ; to convey, as by a su- 
 perior or supernatural influence. 4. To affect, as with 
 a superior or supernatural influence. 5. To inhale. 
 
 In-spir'er, n. One who inspires. 
 
 In-spir'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inspirited \ p.pr. ^ vb. 
 n. inspiriting.] To infuse or excite spurit in ; to give 
 new Ufe to. " 
 
 Sym.— To enliven; invigorate; exhilarate; animate; cheer; 
 encourage. 
 
 In-spis'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inspissated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. inspissating.] [Lat. inspissare, inspissatum, 
 from prefix in and spissare, to thicken, from spissus, 
 thick.] To thicken, as fluids, by evaporation. 
 
 In-spis'sate, a. Thick ; inspissated. 
 
 Jtn''spis-sa'tioii, n. Act of inspissating, or rendering a 
 fluid substance thicker by evaporation. 
 
 lii'sta-bil'i-ty, n. Want of stability ; want of firmness 
 in purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Inconstancy; fickleness; changeableness; wavering; 
 unsteadiness; unstableness. 
 
 In-sta'ble, a. Not stable ; prone to change or recede 
 from a purpose ; mutable ; inconstant. 
 
 In-stall', V. t. [imp. & p. p. installed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. installing.] [L. Lat. installare, from in and 0. H. 
 Qer. stal, a place, Eng. stall, q. v.] 1. To set in a seat ; 
 to give a place to. iS. To instate in an office, rank, or 
 order, wi^h the usual ceremonies. 
 
 In'stal-la'tioii, n. 1. Act of installing or giving pos- 
 session of an office, rank, or order, with the customary 
 ceremonies. 3. Act or ceremony of instating an ordained 
 minister in a parish ; institution. [Amer.] 
 
 In-stall'ment, n. 1. Act of installing, i. A part of a 
 sum' of money paid or to be paid at a particular period. 
 
 In'stan^e, n. [See Instant.] 1. QuaUty oract of being 
 instant or pressing. 2. Occurrence ; occasion ; order of 
 occurrence. 3. Something cited in proof or exemplifica- 
 tion ; a case occurring. 
 
 Syn. — Urgency ; solicitation; application; example; case. 
 
 tn'stan^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. instanced (in'stanst); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. instancing.] To mention as an ex- 
 ample or case. 
 
 jui'stant, a. [Lat. instans, p. pr. of instare, to stand 
 upon, to press upon, from prefix in and stare, to stand.] 
 1. Pressing ; urgent ; importunate ; earnest 3. Closely 
 pressing or impending in respect to time ; immediate. 3. 
 Making no delay ; quick. 4. Present- current. 
 
 j In'stant, n. 1, A point in duration ; a moment. 2. 
 A particular time. 3. A day of the present or current 
 month. 
 
 Iii-stan'ta-ne'i-ty, n. The quality of being instan- 
 
 ^ taneous ; instantaneousness . 
 
 in/stan-ta'iie-ous, a. Done in an instant. 
 
 In'staii-ta'ne-ous-ly,ac/t;. Inan instant; inamoment. 
 
 in'stan-ta'ne-otis-ness, n. QuaUty of being instan- 
 taneous. 
 
 In-stdn'ter, adv. [Lat.] Immediately ; at the present 
 
 ^ time ; without delay ; instantly. 
 
 in'stant-ly, adv. 1. Without the least delay or interval. 
 2. With urgency or importunity. 
 Syn. — Directly ; immediately; at once. SeeDiRECTLT. 
 
 In-star', v. t. To set with stars, or with brilliants. 
 In-state', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. INSTATED ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 
 instating.] To set or place ; to establish, as in a rank 
 
 or condition ; to install. 
 In-stau'rate, i>. i. [imp. 8c p. p. instaurated; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. INSTAURATING.] [Lat. instaurare, instau- 
 
 ratum.] To renew or renovate. [Rare.] 
 In'stau-ra'tion, 7i. Restoration of a thing to its former 
 
 state, after decay, lapse, or dilapidation ; renewal ; repair ; 
 
 renovation. 
 In-stead', adv. 1. In the stead, place, or room. 3. 
 
 Equivalent to ; equal to. 
 In-steep', v. t. [imp. & p. p. insteeped (in-steepf) ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INSTEEPING.] To steep or soak ; to 
 ^ drench. 
 In' step, n. [Prefix tn and step.] 1. The projection on 
 
 the upper side of the himian foot, near its junction with 
 
 the leg. 3. That part of the hind leg of a horse which 
 ^ reaches from the ham to the pastern-joint. 
 in'sti-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. instigated ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. instigating.] [Lat. instigare, instigatum, 
 
 from instinguere, to incite.] To goad or urge forward ; 
 
 to set on. 
 
 Syn. — To stimulate; urge; spur; provoke; tempt; incite; 
 impel; encourage; animate. 
 
 in'sti-ga'tion, n. Act of instigating, or state of being 
 
 ^ instigated ; incitement as to evil or wickedness. 
 
 in'sti-ga'tor, n. One who instigates; a tempter. 
 
 In-still', V. t. [imp. & p. p. INSTILLED ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. INSTILLING.] [Lat. instillare, from in and stillare, 
 to drop, stilla, a drop.] [Written also instil.] 1. To 
 
 ^ pour in by drops. 2. To infuse slowly, or by degrees. 
 
 In'stil-la'tion, n. 1. Act of instilling, or infusing 
 by drops or by small quantities. 2. Act of infusing 
 slowly into the mind. 3. That which is instiUed or in- 
 
 ^ fused. 
 
 In'stil-la'tor, n. One who instills ; an instiller. 
 
 In-still'er, n. One who instills ; an instillator. 
 
 In-still'ment, n. 1. The act of instilling ; instillation. 
 2. That which is instilled. 
 
 In-stin«t', a. [Lat. instinctus, p. p. of instinguere, to 
 instigate, incite.] Urged from within ; moved ; animated ; 
 
 ^ excited. 
 
 in'stinet, n. Unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning 
 prompting to action ; specifically, the natural, unreason- 
 ing impulse in an animal, by which it is guided to the 
 performance of any action, without thought of improve- 
 ment in the method. 
 
 In-stin«t'ive, a. Prompted by instinct ; acting with- 
 out reasoning, deliberation, instruction, or experience. 
 
 In-stinet'ive-ly, adv. By force of instinct. 
 
 In'sti-tute (30), f. t. [imp. & p. p. instituted ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INSTITUTING.] [Lat. instituere, instituium, 
 from in and statuere, to cause to stand, to set, from 
 stare, statum, to st&nd..] 1. To set up; to establish ; to 
 appoint ; to ordain. 2. To originate ; to found. 3. To 
 begin ; to commence ; to set in operation. 4. (JEccl. 
 Law.) To invest with the spiritual part of a benefice, or 
 the care of souls. 
 
 In'sti-tiite, n. 1. Any thing instituted ; established 
 law ; settled order. 2. That which is established as 
 authoritative ; precept ; maxim ; principle. 3. An in- 
 stitution ; a literary and philosophical society. 4. pi. 
 (a.) A book of elements or principles ; especially, a work 
 containing the principles of jurisprudence, (b.) Physiol- 
 ogy applied to the practice of medicine. 
 
 In'sti-tu'tion, n. 1. Act of instituting ; as, (a.) Estab- 
 lishment ; foundation ; enactment, (b. ) Instruction ; 
 education, (c.) (Eccl. Law.) Act or ceremony of in- 
 vesting a clergyman with the spiritual p^ -t of a benefice. 
 2. That which is instituted or establisned. (a.) Estab- 
 lished order, or method, or custom ; enactment ; or- 
 dinance, (b.) An established or organized society ; a 
 
 food, fdbt : iirn, rifde, pyll ; fjeU, ^liaise, «aU, e^ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; liQger, link j tiii« 
 
INSTITUTIONAL 
 
 388 
 
 INTEGRAL 
 
 fouudntion. 3. A trvatise or text-book ; a system of 
 elemeut>i or rules. 
 
 In'»ti-tu'tiou-al, <i. 1. Iiistituted by authority. i2. 
 KleiucnUiry ; riuliuieutal. 
 
 In'Stl-tu'tiou-a-ry, «. 1. Kelatiug to an institution, 
 or to iustitutious. *ti. Elemeutai ; rudiuieut^iry. 
 
 in'stl-tu'tivf, a. 1. Teudiug or intended to institute ; 
 having the power to estabUsh. '2. Established ; depend- 
 ing on institution. 
 
 in'sti-tu tor. "• One who institutes or establishes. 
 
 In-strftfi-fif-d, a. Stratified within something else. 
 
 In-strilct', r. t. [imp. & p. p. instructed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INSTRUCTING.] [Lat. instruere, instructui?i, from 
 prefix in and stniere, to pile up, to set in order.] To 
 furnish with requisite outfit or preparation ; to make 
 ready; a.<5, speciJicaUy, (n.) To impart information to; 
 to cuUghten ; to teach. (6.) To furnish with directions. 
 
 SjTl.— To teach ; educate ; inform ; indoctrinate ; direct ; ! 
 enjoin ; order ; command. — The word instruct is used as a ] 
 milder term for direct or commaml in issuing orders to oflRcers I 
 under the j;overnment, as the President has itisti-ucted minis- 
 ters at foreign courts so and so. 
 
 In-strii€t'er, n. See Instructor. 
 In-stru€t'i-ble, a. Capable of being instructed. 
 In-struc'tion, n. 1. Act of instructing, or teaching. 
 
 2.That which instructs, or with which one is instructed ; j 
 
 as, (a ) Precept ; information; teachings. (6.) Direction ; 
 
 order ; command. j 
 
 Syn. — Education; teaching; breeding; indoctrination; in- ! 
 
 formation; advice; council; mandate. i 
 
 Iii-8tru€t'ive, a. Conveying knowledge ; serring to in- ' 
 
 struct. 
 In-struct'ive-ly, adv. In an instructive manner. | 
 
 In-struct'ive-ness, n. Quality of being instructive. 
 Ln-stru.€t'or, n. One who instructs ; a teacher. j 
 
 In-struct'ress, /J. A female instructor ; a preceptress. ! 
 in'stru-ment, «. [L,&t. iiutrumentum. See INSTRUCT.] j 
 
 1, Tnat by which work is performed ; a tool ; a utensil ; J 
 an unplement. i4. A contrivance, hy which musical*! 
 sounds are produced. 3. (Law.) A writing, expressive \ 
 of some act, contract, process, or proceeding. 4. One 
 who, or that which, is made a means, or caused to serve , 
 
 ^ a. purpose. j 
 
 In'stru-ment'al, a. 1. Acting as an instrument ; \ 
 serving as a means ; conducive ; helpful. 3. Pertaining 1 
 to, made by, or prepared for, musical irustruments. j 
 
 tn'stru-men-t&l'i-ty, n. 1. QnaUty or condition of l 
 being instrumental. i2. That which is instrumental ; ! 
 
 ^ agency. j 
 
 In'gti^i-iiieiit'al-ly, adv. 1. In the nature of an in- \ 
 strument, as means to an end. t2. With instruments 
 of mu.«ic. ! 
 
 In'stru-men-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of using, or the sub- 
 ordination of, as an instrument ; means ; agency. 2. 
 (Mu$.) (a.) Instrumental composition. (6.) Act or man- j 
 ner of playing upon musical instruments. | 
 
 in'sub-jee'tion, n. Want of subjection; disobedience 
 to government. ' 
 
 in'sub-or'di-nate (45), a. Not submissive ; mutinous. 
 
 In'sub-or'di-na'tion, n. Want of subordination ; dis- ' 
 obedience to la\vful authority. 
 
 Iii-suf'fer-a-ble, a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, i 
 insupportable ; unendurable ; intolerable. '2, Disgusting 
 beyond endurance. 
 
 In-8uf 'fer-a-bly, adv. To a degree beyond endurance, i 
 
 In'suf-fi'cienfe (-fish'ens), \n. 1. Want of suf- 
 
 In'suf-fi'cien-ipy (-fish'en-sj-), | ficiency ; deficiency; 
 inadequateneas. ti. Want of power or skill ; inability ; 
 incapacity. 
 
 ijn'guf-fi'cient (-flsh'ent), a. 1. Not sufficient; in- 
 adequate to any need, use, or purpose. 2. Wanting in 
 strength, power, abihty, or skill. 
 
 8yn. — Inadequate; incommensurate; unequal; incompe* 
 tenf: unfit ; incapable. 
 
 In'Buf-fl'cient-ly, adv. With want of sufficiency. 
 fn'«u-laT, I a. [Lat. insularis, from in.«ula, island.] 
 fmf»u-la-ry, i Belonging to an isle ; surrounded by 
 In'su-IAr'i-ty, n. State of being insular. [water. 
 
 In'8u-late. v. t. [imp. & p. p. insulated , p. pr. &, 
 vb. T). insulating.] [Lat. ijifmlarf, from i7isula, isl- 
 and.] 1. To place in a detached situation; to isolate. 
 
 2. To prevent the transfer to, or from, of electricity or 
 heat, by the interposition of non-conductors. 
 
 in'sa -lasted, p- a. 1. Standing by itself. 2. (Elec.) 
 Separated, as body, from others, by means of non-con- 
 ductors of elect. 'city. 3. (Th^rmotics.) Separated, as a 
 heated body, from other bodies, by non-conductors of 
 fieat. 
 
 In^su-la'tion, n. Act of insulating, or state of being 
 
 ^ insulated ; detachment from other objects. 
 
 In'su-la'tor, «. 1. One who insulates, ij. The sub- 
 stance or body that insulates ; a non-conductor. 
 
 lu'sult, It. [hut. ins uUuji, from insilire, insultum, to 
 leap upon, fi-om in and saiire, to leap.] Gross abuse 
 offered to another, either by words or actions. 
 Syn. — Affront ; indignity ; outrage ; contumely. See la- 
 
 S01,E>CE. 
 
 In-siilt', f. t. [imp. & p. p. INSULTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INSULTING.] To treat with abuse, insolence, or con- 
 tempt, by words or actions. 
 
 In-siilt', V. i. To behave with insolent triumph. 
 
 Insult'er, n. One who insults. 
 
 In-su'per-a-ba'i-ty, u. Quality of being insuperable. 
 
 In-sii'per-a-ble, o. Not superable ; incapable of beinr; 
 passed over, overcome, or surmounted. 
 Syn. — Insurmountable ; unconquerable ; invincible. 
 
 Im-sii'per-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being insuperahlo 
 
 or insurmountable. 
 
 In-su'per-a-bly, adv. So as not to be overcome. 
 
 in'sup-port'a-ble, a. Incapable of being supported or 
 
 _ borne : insufferable ; intolerable. [portable. 
 
 Iii'sup-port'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being insup- 
 
 In'sixp-port'a-bly, adv. In a manner or degree that 
 
 ^ can not be supported or endured. 
 
 In^sup-pog'a-ble, a. Incapable of being supposed ; 
 
 ^ inconceivable. 
 
 in'sup-press'i-ble, a. Not to be suppressed. 
 
 In-sur'a-ble (-shjjr'a-bl), a. Capable of being insured 
 against loss or damage. 
 
 In-sur'anfe { shyr'-), n. 1. Act of insuring, or assor- 
 ing*' against loss or damage; a contract whereby, for a 
 stipulated consideration, called a premiimi. one party 
 undertakes to indemnify the other against loss by certain 
 risks, 'i. Premium paid for insuring property or Ufe. 
 
 In-sure' (-shur^), v. t. [i?}ip. & p. p. insured; p.pr. & 
 vb.'n. INSURING.] 1. To make sure or secure. 2. 
 Specifically., to secure against a possible loss on certain 
 stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium. 
 
 In-siire', v. i. To underwrite; to practice making in- 
 surance. 
 
 In-sur'er (-shHr^-), n. One who insures ; an underwriter. 
 
 In-sixr'gerit, a. [Lat. insurgens^ p. pr. of insurgere, to 
 rise up, from prefix ni and surgere, to rise.] Rising in 
 opposition to lawful civil or political authority ; insub- 
 ordinate ; rebellious. 
 
 In-siir'gent, n. A person who rises in revolt or opposi- 
 
 ^ tion to civil or poUtical authority : a rebel. 
 
 in'sur-moiuit'a-ble, a. Incapable of being sur- 
 
 __ mounted, 6r overcome; insuperable. 
 
 in'snr-mount'a-ble-ness. n. The state of being in- 
 
 ^ surmountable : insurmountability. 
 
 In'sur-moiuit'a-bly, adv. In a manner or degree not 
 
 _ to be overcome. 
 
 in'sur-re^'tion, «. [Lat iiisurrectio. See INSURGENT.] 
 A rising against civil or poUtical authority. 
 
 Syn.— Sedition; revolt; rebellion.— Serfjf zon is the raising 
 of commoti n in a state without aiming at open violence 
 against the laws ; insurrection is a rising up of individuals to 
 prevent the execution of law by force of arms; revolt is a cast- 
 ing off the authority of a governmentwithaview toputit down 
 by force; rebellion is an extended insurrection and revolt 
 
 in'sur-rec'tion-al, a. Pertaining to insurrection ; 
 con-sisting in insurrection. 
 
 iii'sur-re«'lioii-a-ry, a. Pertaining or suitable to 
 insurrection ; rebellious ; seditious. 
 
 In'sur-rg^'tiou-ist, n. One who favors insurrection. 
 
 In'sus-^ep'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Want of susceptibility. 
 
 In'sus-^^p'ti-ble, a. Not susceptible; not capable of 
 being moved, affected, or impressed. 
 
 In-ta-et', a. [Lat. intactvs, from prefix in, not, and tac- 
 tus, p. p. of tangfre, to touch.] Untouched, especially 
 by anv thing that harms, defiles, or the like. 
 
 Itv-tdgl'io (in-tal'yo), n. [It., from intagliare, to en- 
 grave, carve.] A figure cut into a material, as a seal, 
 matrix, or the like ; a stone or gem in which a figure is 
 cut so as to form a depres.«ion or hollow. 
 
 In-tan'gi-bO'i-ty, n- The qtiality of be'm^ intangible; 
 intangibleness. [touch. 
 
 In-tan'ei-ble, a. Not tangible ; not prceptible to the 
 
 In-tan'gi-ble-ness, n. Quality of being intangible. 
 
 In-tasfa-ble, a. Incapable of being tasted ; tasteless; 
 un.savorv. 
 
 In'te-ger (in'te-jer), n. [Lat. , untouched, whole, entire.) 
 A whole number, in contradistinction to a fraction or s 
 mixed number. 
 
 In'te-gral, a. 1. Complete ; whole ; entire ; not frac- 
 
 u,e,kc.,lon€:; &,i,kc., short; clire,far,ask,aU, >vliat; ere, veil, term: p'ique.firm; son, 6r,do,-vr9lii 
 
INTEGRAL 
 
 389 
 
 intercedp: 
 
 nonal. ^. {Math.) (a.) Pertaining to, or being a whole 
 iiiiinber. (6.) Pertaining to, or proceoding by , integration. 
 
 tm'te-gral, n. 1. A whole ; an entire thing ; a whole 
 number. 'Z. {Math.) An expression which, l3eing dif- 
 ferentiated, will produce a given differential. 
 
 fn'te-gral-ly, adv. Wholly ; completely. 
 
 In'te-grant, a. Making part of a whole ; neces-sary to 
 constitute an entire thing. 
 
 in'te-grate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. integrated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INTEGRATING.] 1. To make entire; to re- 
 store, ii. To give the sum or total. 3. (Math.) To 
 find the integral of. 
 
 in'te-gra'tion, n. 1. Act of making entire, ti. (Math.) 
 Operation of finding the primitive function which has a 
 given function for its differential co-efficient. 
 
 Im-tSg'ri-ty, n. [Lat. integritas. See INTEGER.] 1. 
 State of being entire or complete ; wholeness. Z. Moral 
 soundness ; honesty ; upriglitness. 3. Unimpaired, or 
 genuine state ; purity. 
 
 Syn. — Probity ; honesty; uprightness; virtue; rectitude. 
 
 In-tSg'u-ment, n. [Lat. hitegumejitum, from integere, 
 to cover, from in and tegere, to cover.] That which 
 naturally invests or covers another thing ; specifically 
 (Anat.), a covering which invests ttie body, as the skin, 
 
 ^ or a membrane that invests a particular part. 
 
 in.'tel-le€t, n. [Lat. intelleclus, from intelligere.^ intel- 
 lection, to understiind, from inter, between, and legere, 
 to gather, collect.] The part or taculty of the human 
 soul by which it knows, as distinguished from the power 
 
 ^ to feel and to will ; the power to judge and comprehend. 
 
 in'tel-lge'tion, H. Act of understanding ; simple ap- 
 prehension of ideas ; intuition. 
 
 Xii'tel-16€t'ive, a. 1. Having power tx) understand. 
 2. Produced by the understanding. 3. Capable of being 
 
 ^ perceived bv the understanding only, not by the senses. 
 
 in'tel-lect'ive-Iy, adv. With intellection. 
 
 jtn'tel-16et'u-al, a. 1. Belonging to, or perfoi-med by, 
 the mi.id ; mental. 2. Formed by, and existing for, the 
 intellect alone. 3. Having the power of understanding. 
 4. Relating to the understanding. 
 
 3tii'tel-leet'u-al-i§m, n. 1. Intellectual power. 3. 
 The doctrine thxt knowledge is derived from pure reason. 
 
 in'tel-le€t'u-al-ist, n. 1. One who overrates the un- 
 derstanding. 2. One who believes or maintains that 
 human knowledge is derived from pure reason. 
 
 In-tfil'li-gen^e, n. [Lat. inteUigentia.] 1. Act of 
 knowing. 2. The intellect as a gift or endowment. 3. 
 Capacity for the higher functions of the intellect. 4. 
 Information communicated. 5. General information. 
 6. An intelUgent being or spirit. 
 
 Intelligence office, a place where information may be obtained, 
 particularly respecting servants to be liired. 
 
 Syn. — Uuderstanding ; intellect ; instruction ; advice ; 
 notice ; notification ; news. 
 
 In-tei'Ii-gen-per, n. One who, or that which, sends or 
 conveys intelligence. 
 
 In-tgl'ii-gent, a. 1, Endowed with the faculty of un- 
 derstanding or reason. 2. Endowed with a good intel- 
 lect ; well informed. 
 
 Syn. — Sensible ; understanding ; skillful. 
 
 In-tgl'li-ggn'tial, a. 1. Pertaining to the intelligence ; 
 intellectual. 2. Consisting of unbodied mind. 
 
 Iji-t6I'li-geiit-ly, adv. In an iutelhgent manner. 
 
 Iu-t6iai-gi-l>il'i-ty, n. QuaUty or state of being intel- 
 Ugible. 
 
 Im-tei'li-gi-ble, a. Capable of being understood or 
 comprehended. 
 
 Syn.— Comprehensible ; perspicuous; plain ; clear. 
 
 In-tei'll-gi-ble-ness, n. The quahty of being intelli- 
 gible ; intelligibility. 
 
 In-tdl'li-gi-bly, adv. In an intelligible manner. 
 
 In-tem'per-an^e, n. 1. Want of moderation or due 
 restraint ; excess in any kind of action or indulgence. 
 
 2. Habitual induls?ence in drinking spirituous liquors. 
 
 3. Act of becoming, or state of being, intemperate. 
 In.-t6m'per-ate, a. 1. Indulging to excess any appe- 
 tite or passion, either habitually or in a particular in- 
 stance. 2. Excessive ; ungovernable ; inordinate. 3. 
 Addicted to an excessive or habitual use of spirituous 
 liquors. 
 
 In-tem'per-ate-ly, adv. In an intemperate manner ; 
 
 immoderately ; excessively. 
 In-tem'per-ate-ness, «. State of being intemperate. 
 In-tgn'a-ble, a. Incapable of being held ; untenable. 
 Im-tend'. v. t. [iinp. & p. p. intended ; p.pr. & vh. 
 
 n. INTENDING.] [Lat. intendere, intentum and inten- 
 
 sum, fr. prefix in and tendere, to stretch, stretch out.^ 
 To fix the mind upon, as the object to be effected. 
 
 Syn.— To contemplate; meditate; attend to; purpose; de- 
 sign ; mean. 
 
 In-tgnd'an-^y, n. 1. OflBce or employment of an in- 
 tendant. 2. The district committed to the charge of an 
 int«ndant. 
 I In-tCnd'ant, n. One who has the charge of some pub- 
 lic business ; a superintendent. 
 
 In-teiid'ed, n. One who is betrothed ; an affianced lover. 
 
 In-tend'er, n. One who intends. 
 
 In-tend'ment, n. 1. Intention; design. 2. (Law.) 
 The true meaning or intention of a law, or of any legal 
 instrument. 
 
 In-ten'er-a'tion, n. Act of making soft or tender; 
 state of being- made tender. 
 
 In-t6n'sa-tive, a. Adding intensity ; intensifying. 
 
 In-t6nse', a. [Lat. intensus, stretched, tight, p. p. oi 
 intendere, intensum, to stretch.] 1. Strained ; stretched; 
 tightly drawn ; kept on the stretch. 2. Extreme in de- 
 gree ; as, (a.) Ardent; fervent, (b.) Keen; biting, (c.) 
 Vehement; earnest, (d.) Severe; violent. 
 
 In-teiise'ly, adv. 1. To an extreme degree. 2. Atten- 
 tively. 
 
 In-tense'ness, n. State of being intense ; intensity. 
 
 In-ten'si-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. intensified; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INTENSIFYING.] [Lat. intensus a.nd /acere, to 
 make.] To render more intense. 
 
 In-ten'si-fy, v. i. To become intense, or more intense. 
 
 Ln-ten'slon, n. 1. A straining, or the state of being 
 strained. 2. Increase of power or energy of any quality. 
 3. (Logic §• Metaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, 
 or marks that make up a complex general notion-. 
 
 Ln-tSn'si-ty, n. 1. State of being intense ; intenseness ; 
 extreme degree. 2. (Phijsics Sf Mech.) Effectiveness, as 
 estimated by results produced. 
 
 In-tgn'sive, a. 1. Stretched, or admitting of extension, 
 or increase of degree. 2. Assiduous ; intense. 3. ( Gram.) 
 Serving to give force or emphasis. 
 
 In-ten'sxve-ly, adv. In a manner to give force. 
 
 In-teiit', a. [See Intend.] Having the mind strained 
 or bent on an object ; hence, fixed closely ; anxiously 
 diligent. 
 
 In-t6nt', n. Act of turning the mind toward an object ; 
 hence, a design ; a purpose. 
 Syn. — Intention; meaning; view; drift; object; end; aim. 
 
 In-ten'tion, n. 1. A bending of the mind toward an 
 object ; closeness of application. 2. Fixed direction (rf 
 the mind to a particular object, or in a particular way of 
 acting. 3. Object intended. 4. State of being strained. 
 5. (Logic.) Any mental apprehension of an object. 
 
 To heal by the first intention {Surg.), to cicatrize, as a wound 
 without suppuration. 
 Syn. — Design; purpose; aim; intent; drift. See DESiOif. 
 
 In-ten'tion-al, a. Done by intention or design ; in- 
 tended ; designed. 
 
 Iii-teii'tion-al-ly, adv. With intention ; by design. 
 
 In-tent'ly, adv. ' In an intent manner ; with eagerness. 
 Syn. — Fixedly; steadfastly; earnestly; attentively ; sedn- 
 lously; diligently; eagerly. 
 
 In-tent'ness, n. State of being intent ; close applica- 
 tion. 
 
 lu-ter' (14), I', t. [imp. & p. p. interred ; p. pr. & 
 vo. n. interring.] [L. Lat. & It. interrare, from Lat. 
 in and terra, the earth.] To deposit and cover in ttio 
 
 ^ earth ; to bury ; to inhume. [in a play. 
 
 In'ter-a.-et'jJi. A short act or piece between others, as 
 
 In-ter'-ea-lar, I a. Inserted or introduced in the midst 
 
 In-ter'«a-la-ry, j of others ; applied particularly to 
 the odd day_(Feb. 29th) inserted in leap-year. 
 
 In-ter'-ea-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. intercalated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. intercalating.] [Lat. intercalare, i»- 
 tercnlatum, from inter, between, and calare, to call, pro- 
 claim.] To insert between others ; as. (a.) ( C/uon.) To 
 insert, as a day or other portion of time, in a calendar. 
 (b.) ( Geol.) To insert, as a bed or stratum, between the 
 layers of a regular series of rocks. 
 
 In-ter'-ea-la'tion, n. Insertion of any thing between 
 others ; introduction ; as, (a.) ( Chron.) Insertion of a 
 day in a calendar, (b.) (Geol.) Intrusion of a bed or 
 layer between other layers. 
 
 Iii'ter-^ede', v. i. [irtip. & p. p. interceded ; p.pr 
 & vb. n. interceding.] [Lat. intercedere, from utter, 
 between, and cedere, to pass.] To act between parties 
 with a view to reconcile those who differ or contend ; to 
 interpose ; to mediate. 
 
 food, fdbt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^ liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tki* 
 
INTERCEDENT 
 
 390 
 
 INTERLARD 
 
 In'ter-^ed'ent, a. Passing between ; mediating. 
 ix'ter-^ed'er, »i. One who iuteix-eiies ; a mediator. 
 ii'ter-^dpt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. intercepted ; p. pr. 
 k vb. n. INTERCEPTIMt.j [Lat. inttrcipere, inttrcep- 
 tuvi, from ittier, iK'tweeu, and captre, to take, seize.] 1. 
 To stop on its i^assagv ; to take or seize by the way. ti. 
 To obstruct the pi-ogress of. 3. To interrupt communi- 
 cation with, or progres.s toward. 4. (Mat/i.) To take, 
 iuchule, or cooiprehcud between. 
 
 In'ter-fii'Pt't'r. >i. Cue who intercepts. [hindrance. 
 
 Iii'ter-^fp'tioii, n. Act of intercepting or stopping; 
 
 In'ter-cCs'sion (-seshun), n. 1. Act of interceding ; 
 mediation ; interposition between parties at variance. 
 'i. l*rayer or solicitation to one party in favor of, or, less 
 often, against another. 
 
 in'ter-^Cs'sor, n. 1. One who intercedes ; a mediator. 
 *i. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, 
 administers tlie bishopric till a successor is elected. 
 
 iii'tcr-?6s'so-ry, a. Containing intercession ; inter- 
 ceding. 
 
 In'ter-diange', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interchanged ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. INTERCHANGING.] 1. To put each in 
 the place of the other ; to exchange ; to reciprocate. 5i. 
 To cause to follow, or to alternate. 
 
 In'ter-cliaiige', v. i. To succeed alternately. 
 
 In'ter-change^ »!. 1. Act of mutuallj- changing ; ex- 
 change. 2. State of being mutually changed ; alternate 
 succession. 3. Barter ; commerce. 
 
 In'ter-cliaiige'a-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being inter- 
 changeable ; interchangeableness. 
 
 In'ter-cliange'a-'ble, a. 1, Admitting of exchange. 
 
 ^ 2. Following each other in alternate succession. 
 
 in'ter-change'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being in- 
 terchangeable. 
 
 In'ter-change'a-bly, adv. In an interchangeable 
 manner; alternately. 
 
 In'ter-^ip'i-ent, a. Intercepting ; seizing by the way. 
 
 in'ter-elude', v. t. [imp. & p.p^ intercluded ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTERCLUDING.] [Lat. i7iterdudere,{vomL 
 inter, between, and cludere, dauflere, to shut.] To shut 
 off or out from a place or course, by something interven- 
 ing ; to intercept ; to interrupt. 
 
 in'ter-elu'sion, n. Interception ; a stopping. 
 
 In'ter-eo-lo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to the mutual rela- 
 tions of, or existing between, different colonies. 
 
 iu'ter-eo-lum'ni-a'tion, n. [Lat. mZer, between, and 
 columna, column.] (Arch.) The clear space between two 
 columns, measured at the lower parts of their shafts.. 
 
 In'ter-eom'mon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. intercom- 
 MONED ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. INTERCOMMONING.J 1. To 
 share with others ; to participate ; especially, to feed at 
 the same table. 3. ( O. Law. ) To graze cattle in a com- 
 mon pasture. 
 
 In'ter-com'mon-age, n. (O.Law.) Mutual common- 
 age. See Intercomhion. 
 
 ln''ter-«om-inu'm-eate, v. i. To communicate mu- 
 tually ; to hold mutual_communication. 
 
 In'ter-eom-mu-'ni-^a'tion, n. Reciprocal commu- 
 nication or intercourse. 
 
 In'ter-eom-muii'ion, n. Mutual communion. 
 
 Xn'ter-com-mu'ni-ty, n. 1. A mutual communica- 
 tion or community. 2. Mutual freedom or exercise of 
 rehgion. 
 
 In'ter-<;6s'tal, a. [Lat. inter, between, and costa, rib.] 
 (Anat.) Placed or lying between the ribs. 
 
 In'ter-eour.se, «. Connection by concurrent or recip- 
 rocal action or dealings between persons or nations, either 
 in common affairs and civilities, in trade, language, or 
 correspondence ; especially, interchange of thought and 
 feehng. 
 
 Syn. — Communication ; commerce ; communion ; fellow- 
 Bhip; familiarity; acquaintance. 
 
 [n-'ter-eur'renfe, a. A passing or running between; 
 occurrence. 
 
 In'ter-eur'rent, a. [Lat. intercurrens, p. pr. of inter- 
 currere, to run between, from inter, between, and currere, 
 to run.] 1. Running between or among. 2. Occurring; 
 intervening. 
 
 fn'ter-de-pgnd'en^e, n. Mutual dependence. 
 
 In'ter-dic't', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interdicted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. interdicting.] [\j-dX.interdicere,interdictum, 
 from inter, between, and dicere, to say, speak.] 1. To 
 forbid by order or charge ; to prohibit or inhibit. 2. 
 (Eccl.) To cut off from the enjoyment of communion 
 with a church. 
 
 fn'ter-di-et', n. 1. A prohibition. 2. (Eccl.) A pro- 
 hibition of the pope, by which the clergy are restrained 
 from performing, or laymen from attending, divine ser- 
 
 t1c«, or from administering or enjoying some priviUgt's 
 
 ^ of the church. [inhibition. 
 
 Iii'ter-dic'tion, n. Act of interdicting; prohibition; 
 
 |ii'ter-di«t'ive, I a. Having the design, power, or ef- 
 
 Iii'ter-di«t'o-ry, j feet, to prohibit. 
 
 Iii'ter-est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. interested; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. interesting.] [From the noun.] 1. To excite 
 emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing. 2. 
 To excite in behalf of another, or of some other object ; 
 — used reflexively. 
 
 In'ter-est, n. [From Lat. interest, it interests, is of in- 
 terest ; from intf.resse, to be between, to be of importance, 
 from inter, between, and esse, to be.] 1. Special atten- 
 tion to some object ; concern ; sympathy. 2. Excite- 
 ment of feeling, especially of pleased or gratified feeling, 
 regard, or afifection. 3. Share; portion; part. 4. Ad- 
 vantage, personal or general ; lot. 5. Premium paid 16r 
 the use of money ; the profit per cent, derived from money 
 lent, or property used by another person, or from debts 
 remaining unpaid. 6. Any surplus advantage, or un- 
 expected advance in returning what has been received. 
 
 Compound intere.ft^ that which arises from the principal with 
 the interest added ; interest on interest. — <Si7npZe inhere**, that 
 which arises from the principal sum only. 
 
 In'ter-gst-ed, p. a. Having an interest ; concerned in 
 a cause or in consequences ; liable to be affected. 
 
 In'ter-est-ing (110), p. a. Engaging the attention or 
 
 ^ curiosity ; exciting emotions or passions. 
 
 In'ter-fere', v. i. [imp. & p. p. interfered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INTERFERING.] [Lat. Tn^er, between, and /c- 
 rire, to strike.] 1. To come in collision; to clash. 2. 
 To enter into or take a part in the concerns of others. 
 3. (Far.) To strike one foot against its opposite, so as to 
 break the skin or injure the flesh. 4. (Physics.) To act 
 reciprocally, so as to augment,^ diminish, or otherwise 
 affect one another. 
 Syn. — To interpose ; intermeddle. See Interpose. 
 
 In/ter-fer'en^e, n. [See supra.] 1. Act or state of 
 interfering; interposition. 2, Collision; clashing. 3. 
 (Physics.) The mutual influence, under certain condi- 
 tions, of two streams of light, or series of pulsations of 
 
 _ sound, or, generally, two waves or vibrations of any 
 
 In'ter-f er'er, n. One who interferes. [kind. 
 
 In'ter'flu-eiit, ) a. [Lat. interfluens, interfluus, from 
 
 In-ter'flu-oiis, ) interfluere, to flow between, from m- 
 
 ^ ter, between, smdjiuere, to flow.] Flowing between. 
 
 in'ter-ful'gent, a. [Lat. interfulgejis, p. pr. of inter- 
 
 ^fulgere, to shine between.] Shining between. 
 
 In'ter-fiiged', a. [Lat. interfusus, p. p. of interf under e, 
 
 ^ to pour between.] Poured or spread between. 
 
 In'ter-fu'gion (-iu'zhun), n. A pouring or spreading 
 out between. 
 
 In'ter-im, n. [Lat. inter, between, and im, contracted 
 from ipsum, (sc. tempus).] The mean time ; time inter- 
 vening. 
 
 In-te'ri-or (89), a. [Lat., compar. of interns, for inter- 
 nus, inward, internal.] 1. Being within any limits, in- 
 closure, or substance; internal; inner; — opposed to 
 exterior, superficial. 2. Remote from the limits, front- 
 ier, or shore ; inland. 
 
 In-te'ri-or, n. 1. Internal part of a thing ; the inside. 
 2. The inland part of a country, state, or kingdom. 
 
 In-te'ri-or-ly, adv. Internally ; inwardly. 
 
 In'ter-ja'fen^e, In. That which is interjacent ; hence, 
 
 in'ter-ja'^en-^y, ) a space or region between some 
 
 ^ other known or specified places. 
 
 In'ter-ja'fent, a. [Lat. interjacens, p. pr. of interja- 
 cere, to lie between, from inter, between, andjacere, to 
 
 ^ lie.] Lying or being between ; intervening. 
 
 in'ter-j^-et', v. t. [imp. & p.p. interjected; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. interjecting.] [iki. inter ji cere, interjectum, 
 from inter, between, and jacere, to throw.] To throw in 
 
 ^ between ; to insert. 
 
 In'ter-je-e'tion, n. 1. Act of throwing between. 2. 
 A word, thrown in between words connected in construc- 
 tion, to express some emotion or passion. See EXCLA- 
 
 ^ MATION. 
 
 in'ter-jgc'tioii-al, a. 1. Thrown in between other 
 words or phrases. 2. Having the nature of an inter- 
 
 ^ jection. 
 
 in^ter-la^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interlaced (Tn'ter- 
 last') ; p. pr. & vb. n. INTERLACING.] To unite, as by 
 lacing together ; to insert or interpose one thing with an- 
 
 .^ other ; to intermix. 
 
 In'ter-Iard', v. t. [imp. & p.p. interlarded; p. 
 pr. & vb. 71. interlarding.] To mix in, as fat with 
 lean ; to diversify by mixture ; hence, to interpose ; to 
 insert between. 
 
 »,e,&c.,/on^;a, 6, &c.,iAorf;care,far, aslc,all, what; Sre, veil, term ; pique,firiu; son, dr,de,woii& 
 
INTERLAY 
 
 391 
 
 INTERPOLATION 
 
 fn'ter-lay', v. t. {imp. & p. p. INTERLAID; p-pr. & 
 vb. n. INTERLAYING.] To lay or place among or be- 
 
 In'ter-Ieaf, n. A blank leaf inserted. [tween. 
 
 fn'ter-leave', v. t. [imp. &, p. p. interleaved ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTERLEAVING.] To insert a leaf into; 
 to insert, as a blank leaf, or blank leaves, in a book, be- 
 tween other lef^ves. 
 
 In'ter-line', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interlined ; p-pr. 
 & vb. n. interlining.] 1. To \mte in alternate lines. 
 3. To write between lines already written or printed, for 
 
 ^ the purpose of adding to or correcting what is written. 
 
 In'ter-lin'e-al, I a. Written or inserted between other 
 
 In''ter-liu'e-ar, ) lines. 
 
 In^ter-lin-'e-a'tion, n. 1. Act of interlining. 3. A 
 passage, word, or Mne inserted between lines before writ- 
 ten or printed. 
 
 in'ter-linlt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interlinked (in'- 
 ter-lTnkt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. INTERLINKING.] To con- 
 nect by uniting links. 
 
 In'ter-lo-^a'tion, «. A placing between ; interposition. 
 
 Iii'ter-16<;k.', V. t. [imp. &, p.p. interlocked (Tn'- 
 ter-lokt'); P-pr. & vb. n. interlocking.] To unite, 
 embrace, communicate with, or flow into one another. 
 
 In'ter-lSclc', v. t. To unite by locking together. 
 
 in'ter-lo-eu'tion, n. [Lat. interlocutio, from interlo- 
 qui, interlocutus , to speak between, from inter, between, 
 and loqui, to speak.] 1. Dialogue ; conference. 3. 
 (Law.) An intermediate act or decree before final de- 
 cision. 3. Hence, intermediate argument or discussion. 
 
 In'ter-16«'u-tor, n. One who speaks in dialogue ; a 
 
 ^ dialogist. 
 
 iii'ter-16€'u-to-ry (50), a. 1. Consisting of dialogue. 
 3. (Law.) Intermediate; not final or definitive. 
 
 In'ter-lope', v. i. [i?np. & p. p. interloped (in'- 
 ter-lopt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. interloping.] To trafiic 
 without a proper license ; to forestall ; to prevent right. 
 
 In''ter-lop'er, n. One who interlopes or runs into busi- 
 ness to which he has no right ; one who interferes 
 wrongfully or oflBlciously. 
 
 in'ter-lu'pent, a. [Lat. interlucens, p. pr. of interlu- 
 cere, to shine between.] Shining between. [Rare.] 
 
 In'ter-lude (53), n. [From Lat. inter, between, and 
 ludus, play, from liidere, to play.] 1, A theatrical en- 
 tertainment between the acts of a play or between the 
 play and the afterpiece. 3. (Mus.) A short piece of in- 
 strumental music played between the parts of a song or 
 hymn. _ 
 
 In'ter-lu'iiar, ) a. Belonging to the time when the 
 
 3tn'ter-lu'na-ry, j moon, at or near its conjunction 
 with the sun, is invisible. 
 
 In'ter-mJtr'riage, n. Marriage between two families, 
 where each takes one and gives another. 
 
 lik'ter-mSir'vy,v. t. [imp. Sep. p. INTERMARRIED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INTERMARRYING.] To become con- 
 nected by a marriage between two of their members. 
 
 In'ter-m^d'clle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. intermeddled ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INTERMEDDLING.] To meddle in the 
 affairs of others, in which one has no concern ; to med- 
 dle officiously. 
 
 Syn. — To interpose; interfere. See Interposk. 
 
 In'ter-med'dler, n. One who intermeddles with, or 
 intrudes i_rito, business which does not concern him. 
 
 In'ter-me'di-a-fy, n. Interposition ; intervention ; 
 
 „ [Rnre.] _ ^^ [intermediate. 
 
 In'ter-me'dl-al (77), a. Lying between ; intervening ; 
 
 In'ter-me'di-a-ry (44), a. [Lat. intermedius, from in- 
 ter, between, and medius, the middle or midst.] Lying 
 between ; intermediate. 
 
 in'ter-me'di-ate, a. Lying or being in the middle 
 place or degree between two extremes ; intervening ; in- 
 terjacent. 
 
 |n^ter-me'di-ate, v. i. To intervene ; to interpose. 
 
 In^ter-me'di-ate-Iy, adv. By way of intervention. 
 
 In'ter-me/di-a'tlon, n. Intervention ; common means. 
 
 In/ter-me'di-uiii, n. 1. Intermediate space. [Rare.] 
 2. An intervening agent or instrument. 
 
 In-ter'meixt, n. Act of depositing a dead body in the 
 earth ; burial j^ sepulture. 
 
 In'ter-mi-gra'tion, n. Reciprocal migration. 
 
 In-ter'mi-na-ble, a. Without termination ; admitting 
 no Imut. ^ 
 
 Syn.— Boundless; endless; limitless; illimitable; immeas- 
 urable; infinite; unbounded; unlimited. 
 
 In-ter'mi-na-bly, adv. Without end or limit. 
 
 In-ter'mi-nate, a. [Lat. interminatus , from in, not 
 and terminatus, p. p. of terminare, to terminate.] Un- 
 bounded ; unUmited ; endless. 
 
 In'ter-mJii'gle (-mTng/gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. inter- 
 mingled; p. pr. & vb. 71. INTERMINGLING.] To 
 mingle or mix together ; to put with other things. 
 
 in'ter-miu'gle , v. i. To be mixed or incorporated. 
 
 In'ter-mis'sion (-mlsh'un), n. [Lat. intermissio. See 
 Intermit.] 1. Cessation for a time; an intervening 
 period of time; a temporary pause. 3. (Med.) The 
 temporary cessation or subsidence of a fever. 
 
 Syn.— Cessation ; interrruption ; interval; pause; stop; 
 rest. 
 
 Iii'ter-mis'sive, a. Coming by fits, or after temporary 
 
 In^ter-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intermitted; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. intermitting.] [Lat. intermittere, from in- 
 ter, between, and Tnittere, to send.] To cause to cease 
 
 ^ for a time ; to interrupt ; to suspend. 
 
 In'ter-mit', v. i. To cease for a time ; to go off at in 
 
 ^ tervals, as a fever. 
 
 Iii'ter-mit'tent, a. Ceasing at intervals. 
 
 In'ter-mit'tent, n. (Med.) A disease which entirely 
 
 ^ subsides or ceases at certain intervals. 
 
 In'ter-mit'ting-ly, adv. With intermission. 
 
 In'ter-mix', v. t. To mix together ; to intermingle. 
 
 In^ter-mix', v. i. [imp. & p. p. intermixed (in'ter- 
 mikst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. INTERMIXING.] To be mixed 
 together ; to be intermingled. 
 
 iii'ter-mixt'u.re (53), n. 1. A mass formed by mix- 
 ture. 3. Admixture ; something additional mingled in 
 
 ^ a mass. 
 
 In^ter-mon'tane, a. [Lat. inter, between, and mon- 
 tanus, belonging to a mountain ; from m.ons, montis, 
 
 ^ mountain.] Between mountains. 
 
 In'ter-mun'dane, a. [Lat. inter, between, and mun- 
 danus, mundane, from mundus, the world.] Being be- 
 tween worlds or between orb and orb. 
 
 in'ter-niii'ral, a. [Lat. intermuralis, from inter, be- 
 tween, and muralis.'] Lying between walls. 
 
 In-ter'nal, a. [Lat. internus.] 1, Inward; interior; 
 not external ; derived from, or dependent on, the object 
 itself. 5J. Pertaining to its own affairs or interests ; said 
 of a country, domestic, as opposed to foreign. 3. In- 
 trinsic ; real. 4. Pertaining to the heart. 
 
 In-ter'nal-ly, adv. 1. Inwardly ; beneath the surface. 
 
 ^ a. Hence, mentally ; spiritually. 
 
 in'ter-na'tion-al (-nSsh'un-al), a. Pertaining to the 
 the relations of two or more nations. 
 
 In'ter-ne'^ine, a. [From Lat, internecare, to kill, to 
 slaughter, from inter, between, and necare, to kill.] 
 
 _ Mutually destructive ; deadly ; destructive. 
 
 In'ter-ne'^ive, a. Killing ; tending to kill. 
 
 Iii'ter-iiu.n'ci-o (-nian'shl-o), n. [Lat. internuncius, 
 from inter, between, and nuncius, messenger; Sp. inter- 
 nuncio.] 1. A messenger between two parties. 3. The 
 
 ^ pope's representative at repubUcs and small courts, 
 
 Iii'ter-o'ce-a,ii'i-e (-o'she-), a. Between oceans. 
 
 lix'ter-pel-Ia'tion, n. [Lat. interpellatio , froin inter- 
 pellere.] 1. The act of interrupting ; interruption. 3. 
 The act of interftring, interposing, or interceding ; in- 
 terposition ; intercession. 
 
 in'ter-plead', v. i. [imp. & p. p. interpleaded; 
 p. pr. kvb. n. interpleading.] (Law.) To discuss 
 or try a point incidentally happening, before the princi- 
 
 ^ pal cause can be tried. 
 
 In^ter-plead'er, n. 1. One who interpleads. 3. 
 (Law.) A proceeding to enable a person, of whom the 
 same debt, duty , or thing is claimed adversely by two or 
 more parties, to compel them to litigate the right or title 
 between themselves, and thereby to relieve himself ft-om 
 
 ^ the suits which they might otherwise bring against him. 
 
 In'ter-pl^dge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interpledged ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. INTERPLEDGING.] To give and take 
 as a mutual pledge. 
 
 In-ter'po-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. interpolated; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. INTERPOLATING.] [Lat. interpolare, in- 
 terpolatum., from inter, between, and polire, to polish.] 
 1. To insert, as a spurious word or passage in a manu- 
 script or book ; to foist in. 3. To alter or corrupt by 
 the insertion of foreign matter ; especially, to change, 
 as a book or text, by the insertion of matter that is new 
 or foreign to the purpose of the author. 3. (Math.) To 
 fill up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to 
 the law of the series. 
 
 In-ter/po-la'tion, n. 1. Act of foisting a word or pas- 
 sage into a manuscript or book. 2. A spurious word or 
 passage in the genuine writings of an author. 3. (Math.) 
 The operation of finding from a few given terms of a se- 
 ries, as o.'' numbers or observations, other intermediate 
 terms in conformity with the law of the series. 
 
 food.fo^ot; iiru, rude, pviU ; ^eU, (haise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a$; ejist; Ufiger, Iii£jk ; aiia- 
 
INTERPOLATOR 
 
 392 
 
 INTHRALLMENT 
 
 In-tPr'po-lS'tor, m. One \fho interpolates. 
 
 In tfr-po§':il, «. 1. Act of interjHJsing ; interposition; 
 intorlVrviK-c. '2, Intervention. 
 
 In'ter-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. i.ntekposed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INTERPOSING.] [Lilt, intcrpontrf, interposi- 
 tum, from intfr, between, and ponert, to place.] 1. To 
 place between. 'Z, To intrude, as an obstruction, inter- 
 ruption, or inconvenience. 3. To offer, as aid or services. 
 
 Syn.— To intervrue; intercede; mediate; interfere; iuter- 
 nieildle. — A man may often interpose with pro^)^iety in the 
 concerns of others: he can never i«/«?rwe(/(//e without being 
 imiKTtiuent or oflicious; nor can he interfere without being lia- 
 ble to tlic Bumc charge, unless he has rights which are inter- 
 fered with. 
 
 in'ter-poge', t-. t. 1. To step in between parties at va- 
 riance ; to mediate. 2. To put in by way of interrup- 
 
 ^ tion. 
 
 in ter-po§'er, h. One who interposes. 
 
 "inter-po-gi'tion (-po-zish'un). ;i. 1. A being, placing, 
 or coming Ix'tween ; intervention. "2. Intervenient 
 agency. 3. Mediation; agency between parties. 4. 
 Any tiling interposed. 
 
 In-ter'pret, v- t. [imp. & p. p. interpreted ; p. pr. 
 k 1-6. M. INTERPRETING.] [L&t. interpretari, from inter- 
 pns, interpreter.] 1. To explain the meaning of; to ex- 
 pound, '-i. To free from mystery or obscurity ; to make 
 clear ; to unfold. 
 
 In-ter'pre-ta'tion, n. 1. The act of interpreting ; 
 explanation of what is unintelligible, not understood, or 
 not obvious ; translation ; version : construction. 2. 
 The sense given by an interpreter ; expo.«ition or explan- 
 ation rendered; meaning; sense. 3. The power of ex- 
 plaining. 
 
 In-ter'pre-ta'tive, a. 1. Designed or fitted to explain. 
 'i. Collected or known by interpretation. 
 
 In-ter'pret-er, n. One who interprets or explains. 
 
 In'ter-pujic'tion, 7i. [Lat. inlerpunctio, from inter- 
 piiiigere, interpunctum, to interpoint.] Punctuation. 
 
 In'ter-reg'num, n. [Lat. ijiter^ between, and regnum, 
 dominion, reign.] 1. The time a throne is vacant be- 
 tween the death or abdication of a king and the acces- 
 sion of his successor. 2. Any period during which the 
 executive branch of a government Ls for any cause sus- 
 pended or interrupted. 
 
 In-ter'rer, n. [From Eng. inter.] One who inters. 
 
 in'ter-r6x, n. [Lat. inter, between, and rex, king.] A 
 regent ; one who governs during an interregnum. 
 
 In-ter'ro-gate, f. t. [imp.Jc p. p. interrogated : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. interrogating.] [Lat. inlerrogare, 
 inlerrogatum. from inter, between, and rogare, to ask.] 
 To question formally ; to examine by asking questions. 
 Syn. — To question; inquire; ask. See Question. 
 
 In-t6r'ro-gate, v. i. To ask a question or questions ; 
 to inquire : to ask. 
 
 In-t6r'ro-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of questioning : exami- 
 nation by questions. 2. A question put ; an inquiry. 
 3. A point, mark, or sign, thus [?], indicating that the 
 
 ^ sentence immediately preceding it is a question. 
 
 In'ter-rog'a-tive. a. Benoting a question ; expressed 
 in the form of a question. [questions. 
 
 In'ter-rog'a-tive, »i. ( Gram.) A word used in asking 
 
 In'ter-rog'a-tive-ly, cuJv. In the form of a question. 
 
 In-terro-ga'tor, n. One who asks questions ; a ques- 
 tioner. 
 
 In'ter-r6g'a-to-ry (50), n. A question or inquirj-. 
 
 In'ter-r6g'a-to-ry, a. Containing or expressing a 
 question. 
 
 fti'ter-rupt', r. t. [imp. & p. p. INTERRUPTED; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTERRUPTING.] [Lat. interriimpere, in- 
 terruptum, from inter, between, and rumpere, to break.] 
 1. To break into or between ; to interfere with the cur- 
 rent or motion of. ti. To break the even surface or uni- 
 ^ foTUi succession or order of. 
 fn'ter-rupt'er, >i. One who interrupts. 
 
 in'ter-ruii'tion. n. 1. Act of interrupting, or break- 
 ing in ujxin. tt. Obstruction caused by breaking in 
 upon any course, current, progre.**, or motion ; hin- 
 drance. 3. Stop: cessation; intermiss-ion. 
 
 fn'ter-K«ftp'u-lar, a. (Anat.) Situated between the 
 ehoulder-bla/lep. 
 
 In'ter-K^ribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interscribed ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INTERSCRIBING.j [Lat. interscrib^e, fr. 
 inter, between, and scribere, to write.] To write between. 
 
 in'ter-8e'«ant, a. [Lat. interserans, p. pr. of tntersecare. 
 See in/ra.] Dividing into parts ; crossing. 
 
 In'ter-ft€€t'. v. t. [Lat. intersecare, intersectum, fr. inter, 
 between, and secare, to cut.] To cut into or between ; to 
 divide into part«. 
 
 in'ter-sfi€t', v. i. [imp. & p. p. I.ntersected ; p. pr 
 
 4c vb. n. intersecting.] To cut into one another ; tc 
 
 meet and cross each other. 
 In'ter-sSc'tion, «. 1. Act or stat« of intersecting. 5J. 
 
 (Geom.) The point or Une in which two lines or two 
 
 planes cut each other. 
 In'ter-spa^e, n. An intervening space. 
 In'ter-sperse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. interspersed 
 
 (in'ter-spersf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. INTERSPERSING.] [Lat. 
 
 interspergere, interspersum , from inter, between, among: 
 ^ and spargere, to scatter.] To scatter or set here and there 
 In'ter-sper'sion, n. Act of interspersing. 
 
 I n'ter-ltll'la'ry, ! ''■ ^**"^*^<i ^«°g *^« ^^ars. 
 
 in'ter-sti^e, or In-ter'stife, n. [Lat. interstitium, fr. 
 inter, between, and sistere, stiti, to stand.] An empty 
 space between things closely set, or the parts which com- 
 
 ^ pose a body. [ing, interstices. 
 
 In'ter-sti'tial (-stlsh'al), a. Pertaining to, or ccntain- 
 
 In'ter-tfixt'ure, n. The act of interweaving, or the 
 state of things interwoven. 
 
 In'ter-tr5p'ic-al, a. Situated between the tropics. 
 
 In'ter-twine', r. t. [imp. & p. p. intertwined ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTERTWINING.] To unite by twining one 
 with another. 
 
 In'ter-t-wine', v. i. To be twined or twisted together. 
 
 in'ter-twist', v. t. [hnp. &: p p. intertwisted ;j7. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTERTWISTING.] To twist one with an- 
 
 ^ other. 
 
 In'ter-val, n. [Lat. intervallum, fr. inter, between, and 
 vallum, an earthen wall set with palisades, from vaUus, 
 stake, palisade.] 1. A space between things. 2. Space 
 of time between any two points or events. 3, Space of 
 time between two paroxysms of disease, pain, or delirium. 
 4. {Mus.) Difference in pitch between any two tones. 5. 
 A fertile ti-act of low or plain ground between hills, or 
 along the banks of rivers. [In this sense written also 
 
 ^ intervale.] 
 
 In'ter-vene', v. i. [imp. Sep. p. intervened ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INTER^^:^■ING.] [Lat. intervenire , from i7iter, 
 between, and venire, to come.] 1. To come or t* between 
 persons or things. 2. To occur, fall, or come between 
 points of time or events. 3. To happen in a way to dis- 
 turb, cross, or interrupt. 4. To interpose or undertake 
 an action voluntarily for another. 
 
 In'ter-ven'er, n. One who intervenes. 
 
 In'ter-vgn'tion, 7J. 1. Act of intervening ; interjwsi- 
 tion. 2. Any interference that may affect the interests 
 of others, especially of one or more states, with the affairs 
 of another. 3. ( Civil Laiv.) The act by which a third 
 person, to protect his own interest, interposes and be- 
 comes a party to a suit {tending between other parties. 
 
 in'ter-^de^w, n. A mutual sight or view ; a rLeeting for 
 some conference on an important subject : a conference. 
 
 in'ter-volve', v. t. [imp. Scp.j). intervolved; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTERVOLVING.] [Lat. iiiter, between, 
 among, andfo/t-erc, to roll.] To involve one within an- 
 other. 
 
 In'ter-T^eave', v. t. [imp. interwove ; p. p. inter- 
 woven ; p. pr. & vb. n. INTERWEAVING.] 1. To 
 weave together : to unite in texture or construction. 2. 
 To intermix ; to set among or together. 3. To inter- 
 mingle ; to unite intimately ; to connect closely. 
 
 In-tes'ta-ble, a. [Lat. intestabilis, from in, not, and 
 testabilis, having a right to give testimony, from testari, 
 to be a ^vitness, to make a wUl.] Not legally qualified or 
 competent to make a testament. [made a vahd wUl. 
 
 In-tes'ta-fy, 7i. The state of one dying without having 
 
 In-tes'tate. a. [Lat. intestatus, from in, not, and testa- 
 tus, p. p. of testari, to make a ^vill.] 1, Dying without 
 having made a valid wUl. 2. Not devised or bequeathed ; 
 not disposed of by will. [valid will. 
 
 In-tes'tate, n. A person who dies without making a 
 
 In-t6s'ti-nal; a. Pertaining to the Intestines of an ani- 
 mal body. 
 
 In-tes'tine, a. [Lat. intestinus, from intiif, on the in- 
 side, within.] 1. Internal; inward. 2. Depending 
 upon the internal constitution : subjective. 3. Interna] 
 with regard to a state or countr}- : domestic , not foreign ; 
 — applied usually to that which is evil. 
 
 In-tes'tine, n.:'pl. in-t£s/tinE2. {A7iat.) The canal 
 or tube that extends from the right orifice of the stomach 
 to the anus. 
 
 In-thrall', v. t. [imp. k p.p. inthralled •. p.pr. &. 
 vb. n. Ynthralling.] To reduce to bondage or servi- 
 tude : to enslave. 
 
 In -thrall 'ment, n. Act of inthralling, or state of being 
 inthralled ; servitude ; slavery ; bondage. 
 
 », e, &c., long; a, 6, kc, short; cire, far, ask, aU, wliat ; 6re, veU, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, or, Uq, W9li^ 
 
INTHRONE 
 
 393 
 
 INTROMIT 
 
 In-tlirone',f. «. Same as enthrone. See Enthrone. | 
 
 In'ti-ma-fy, n. State of being iotimate ; close feauiliar- 
 .ity or fellowship. 
 
 Xii'ti-mate (45), a. [Lat. inthnus, from intus, within.] 
 1, Innermost; inward; internal, tj. Near; close. 3. 
 Close in friendship or acquaintance ; familiar. 
 
 In'ti-mate, n. , A faniiliar friend or associate. 
 
 In'ti-mate (45), v. t. [imp. & p. p. intimated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTIMATING.] [Lat. inthnare, intimatum, 
 to put, bring, drive, or press into, to make known, from 
 inthnus^ inmost.] To suggest ob.scurely, indirectly, or 
 
 ^ not very plainly ; to give slight notice of; to hint. 
 
 in'ti-mate-ly, adv. In an intimate or close manner. 
 
 In'ti-ma'tion, n. Act of intimating ; that which is in- 
 timated ; a hint. 
 
 In-tim'i-clate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. intimidated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INTIMIDATING.] [L. Lat. intimidare, 
 intimidatum, to frighten, from Lat. f?i and timidus^ fear- 
 ful, timid.] To make timid or fearful ; to inspire with fear. 
 Syn. — To dishearten; dispirit; abash; deter; frighten; 
 terrify. 
 
 Iii-tini''i-da'tion, n. Act of making timid or fearful ; 
 state of being abashed. 
 
 In-tit'ule, V. t. [imp. & p. p. intituled \ p. pr. & 
 
 ^ vb. n. INTITULING.] To entitle ; to give a title to. 
 
 In'to, prep. To the inside of; within ; — used in a variety 
 of applications. 
 
 In-tol'er-a-ble, a. Not tolerable ; not capable of being 
 borne or endured ; insufferable. [ble. 
 
 In-tol'gr-a-ble-ness, n. Q,uality of being not tolera- 
 
 In-tol'er-a-bly, adv. In an intolerable manner. 
 
 In-tol'er-an^e, n. State of being intolerant ; refu- 
 sal to allow to others the enjoyment of their opinions, 
 chosen modes of worship, and the like; illiberality ; big- 
 otry. 
 
 Jn-tol'er-ant, a. 1. Not enduring difference of opinion 
 or sentiment, especially in relation to reUgion. 2. Not 
 able or wilUng to endure. 
 
 In-tftl'er-a'tioii, n. Want of toleration ; intolerance. 
 
 In-ttjmb' (in-tobm/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. INTOMBED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INTOMBING.] To deposit in a tomb ; to 
 bury. 
 
 in'to-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. intonated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INTONATING.] [Lat. intonare, intonatum, from 
 in and tonare, to thunder, to make a loud, thundering 
 noise, from tonus., sound, tone.] 1. To sound the tones 
 of the musical scale ; to practice solmization. ti. To 
 
 ^ read, as in liturgical services, in a musical manner. 
 
 in'to-na'tion, n. 1. (Mus.) (a.) Act of sounding the 
 tones of the musical scale. (6.) The peculiar quality of 
 a voice or musical instrument as regards tone. 2. Act 
 or manner of modulating the voice musically ; especially, 
 the act of reading, as a Uturgical service, with a musical 
 accentuation and tone. 
 
 In-tone', v. i. [imp. & p. p. intoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INTONING.] To utter a sound ; to give forth a deep, 
 protracted sound. 
 
 In-tone', v. t. To utter with a musical or prolonged 
 note or tone ; to chant. 
 
 In-tox'i-eate, r. t. [imp. &, p. p. intoxicated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INTOXICATING.] [L. Lat. intoxicare, in- 
 toxicatum, to drug or poison, from Lat. toxicum,GT. ro^- 
 iKov (sc. <f>aipixaK6v),a, poison in which arrows were dipped , 
 from To^ov, bow, arrow.] 1, To make drunk ; to inebri- 
 ate, ii. To excite to a kind of delirium. [the like. 
 
 In-tox'i-eate, a. Over-excited, as vnth joy, grief, and 
 
 In-tox'i-ea'tion, n. 1. State of being intoxicated; the 
 act of making drunk. 2. Elation which rises to enthu- 
 siasm, frenzy, or madness. 
 
 Syn. — Drunkenness ; inebriation ; inebriety ; ebriety; in- 
 fatuation ; delirium. 
 
 In-tra«t'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being intractable. 
 
 In-ti"S.€t'a-ble, a. 1. Not tractable, easily governed, 
 managed, or directed. 2. Indisposed to be taught, dis- 
 ciplined, or tamed. 
 
 Syn. — Stubborn ; perverse ; obstinate ; refractory ; cross ; 
 unmanageable ; unruly; headstrong ; violent ; ungovernable; 
 indocile ; unteachabte. 
 
 In-tra,«t'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being not tractable. 
 
 In-tra<;t'a-bly, adv. In an intractable manner. 
 
 In-tra'dos, n. [Fr., from Lat. i7itra, within, and Fr. 
 dos, equiv. to Lat. dorsum, the back.] {Arch.) The inte- 
 rior and lower line or curve of an arch. 
 
 In-tran'si-tive, a. {Gram.) Expressing an action or 
 state that is limited to the agent, or in other words, an 
 action that does not pass over to, or operate upon, an 
 object. 
 
 In-trS.n'8i-tive-ly, adv. Without an object following. 
 
 tn'trans-mis'si-ble , a. Not capable of being trumi' 
 
 ^ mitted. [mutable. 
 
 in'trans-mut'a-bil'i-ty, a. Quality of not being trans- 
 
 In'trans-mut'a-ble, a. Not capable of being trans- 
 muted, or changed into another substance. 
 
 In-treat', v. t. See ENTREAT. 
 
 In-trencli' (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. intrenched (in- 
 trencht'); p. pr, & vb. n. intrenching.] 1. To sur- 
 round with a trench, as in fortification ; to fortify with, a 
 ditch and parapet. 2. To make hollows or trenches in 
 or upon. 
 
 In-trencli', v. i. To invade ; to encroach. 
 
 In-trencli'ment, n. 1. Act of intrenching. 'Z. {Mil.) 
 A trench or ditch dug out for a defense against an ene- 
 my ; also, the earth thrown up in making such a ditch ; 
 and, hence, a slight fortification or field-work. 3. Any 
 defense or protection. 4. Any encroachment on the 
 rights of another. 
 
 In-trep'id, a. [Lat. intrepidics.] Fearless ; bold ; brave ; 
 undaunted. 
 
 iii'tre-pid'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being in- 
 trepid ; fearless bravery. 
 
 Syn. — Courage ; heroism ; bravery ; fortitude ; gallantry ; 
 valor./-- 
 
 In-trep'id-ly, a</^*. In an intrepid manner; fearlessly- 
 
 jEn'tri-ea-py , n. State of being intricate or entangled. 
 Syn. — Perplexity ; complication ; complexity. 
 
 In'tri-eate, a. [Lat. intricatus, p. p. of intricare, intri- 
 catum, from prefix in, and tricari, to make hindrances or 
 perplexities, from tricie, hindrances.] Entangled; in- 
 volved ; perplexed ; complicated ; obscure. 
 
 Syn. — Complex ; complicated. — A thing is complex when 
 it is made up of parts ; it is complicated -when those parts are 
 so many or so arranged as to make it difficult to grasp them ; 
 it is intricate (lit., having many fold.*) when it has numerous 
 windings and confused involutions which it is hard to follow 
 out. Complexity puzzles ; complication confounds ; intricacy 
 bewilders. What is complex must be resolved into its parts ; 
 vfhatis complicated must be drawn out and developed ; wliat 
 is intricate must be unraveled. 
 
 in'tri-eate-ly, adv. In an intricate manner. 
 
 In'tri-eate-ness, n. The state of being intricate. 
 
 In-trigue', n. [See infra.] 1. A complicated plot or 
 scheme intended to effect some purpose by secret artifices. 
 2. The plot of a play or romance. 3. Secret commerce 
 of forbidden love between two persons of different sexes ; 
 amour. 
 
 In-trigue' (in-treg^, v. i. [imp. & p. p. INTRIGUED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INTRIGUING.] [Fr. intriguer. See IN- 
 TRICATE, I'.] 1. To form a plot or scheme, usually 
 complicated, and intended to effect some purpose by se- 
 cret artifices. 2. To carry on a commerce of forbidden 
 love. 
 
 In-trigu'er (in-treg/er), n. One who intrigues- 
 
 In-trigu'er-y, n. Arts or practice of intrigue. 
 
 In-trin'si-e , I a. [L. Lat. intrinsicus, Lat. intrinsecus, 
 
 In-trui-si€'al, ) from intra, within, and secus, side.] 
 Inward ; internal ; hence, true ; genuine ; real ; essen- 
 tial; inherent. [truly. 
 
 In-trin'si«-al-ly, adv. Internally ; in its nature ; really ; 
 
 In'tro-^es'sion (-sesh^'un), n. [Lat. introcedere, to go in, 
 from i}itro, inwardty, within, and cedere, to go, to pass.] 
 
 _ {Med.) A depression, or sinking of parts inward. 
 
 In'tro-du^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. introduced (in'- 
 tro-du.st'); p. pr. & vb. n. INTRODUCING.] [Lat. ititro- 
 ducere, from ijitro, inwardly, within, and ducere, to lead.] 
 1. To lead or bring in ; to conduct or usher in. 2. To 
 bring to be acquainted. 3. To bring into notice or prac- 
 tice. 4. To produce; to cause to exist. 5. To open to 
 
 ^ notice ; to begin. 
 
 In'tro-du'^er, n. One who introduces. 
 
 in/tro-du.<;'tion, n. 1. Act of introducing, or bringing 
 to notice. 2. The act of making persons known to each 
 other. 3. Preliminary matter. 4. Hence, a formal and 
 elaborate preUminary treatise ; specijically, a treatise in- 
 
 ^ troductory to other treatises, or to a course of study. 
 
 f n^'tro-du.-e'tive, a. Serving to introduce : introductory. 
 
 In'tro-dii-e'to-ry, a. Serving to introduce something 
 else; previous; preUminary; prefatory. 
 
 In-tro'it, n. [Lat. introitus, from iniroire, introitum, to 
 go into, to enter, from intro, within, and ire, itujn, to go.] 
 Any musical vocal composition appropriate to the open- 
 ing of church services, or church .service in general. 
 
 In^tro-mis'sion ( -mlsh'im), n . The action of sending or 
 
 ^ conveving in. 
 
 In'tro-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intromitted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. INTROMITTING.] [Lat. iiitrottuttere, intromts- 
 
 food, f dbt ; ilrn, rude, puU ; fell, ^liaise, <;all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, Unk ; till*. 
 
IISTROSPECT 
 
 394 
 
 INVENTORY 
 
 »imi,firom intro, within, and mittere, to send.] 1. To 
 
 send in ; to let in ; to admit. iJ. To allow to ent«r. 
 In'tro-sp^Ct', r. t. [Lat. introspicere, uitrospectum, fr. 
 
 ttttro, inward, and spictre, specere, to look.] To look into 
 
 or within ; to view the inside of. 
 in tro-spi^c'tion, "• A view of the inside or interior. 
 ln'tro-spC€'tive,n. Inspecting within ; seeing inwardly. 
 In^tro-ver'sion, n. Act of introverting, or state of 
 
 being introverted. 
 in' tro-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INTROVERTED ; p. pr. 
 
 & 1-6. n. INTROVERTING.] [Lat. intra, within, and 
 
 vfrterf, vermtii, to turn.] To turn inward. 
 In-trude', r. «- [Lat. intrudere, from in and trudere, to 
 
 thrust ] 1. To thrust one's self in ; to enter, unwelcome 
 
 or uninvited, into company. 2. To enter or force one's 
 
 self in without permission. 
 In-tr|ide', v. t. [imp. &,p. p. intruded ; p pr. & vb. 
 
 n. INTRUDING.] 1. To thrust in, or cause to enter 
 
 without right or welcome. 2. To force or cast in. 3. 
 
 ( Geol.) To force into, as the clefts or fissures of rocks. 
 
 Syn. — To obtrude ; encroach ; infringe ; intrench ; tres- 
 pass. See Obtkude. 
 
 In-trud'er, n. One who intrudes. 
 
 Iii-tr\i'§ion (-trij-'zhun), n. 1. Act of intruding; en- 
 trance without invitation, right, or welcome ; encroach- 
 ment, "i. ( Geol.) The penetrating of one rock, while in 
 a melted state, into the cavities of other rocks. 3. | 
 (Law.) The entry of a stranger, after a particular estate j 
 of freehold is determined, before him in remainder or i 
 reTersion. i 
 
 In-trii'§ion-ist, n. One who intrudes into the place of 
 
 another, or who favors such intrusion. 
 In-trii'sive, a. Tending or apt to intrude; entering 
 
 without right or welcome. 
 In-trust', V. t. [imp. & p. p. INTRUSTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INTRUSTING.] To deliver in trust ; to confide to 
 the care of. 
 Syn.— To commit; consign; confide. 
 in'tu-i'tion (-ish'un), n. [Lat. intueri, intuitu.^, to look 
 on, from prefix in and tueri, to look.] 1. An act of im- 
 mediate knowledge, as in perception or consciousness. 2. 
 A truth that can not be acquired by, but is assumed in, 
 experience. 
 in'tu-i'tion-al, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, 
 
 intuition; derived or obtained by intuition ; intuitive. 
 In-tii'i-tive (30), a. 1. Seeing clearly. 2. Kno\ving 
 
 by intuition. 3. Received or obtained by intuition. 
 In-tii'i-tive-ly, adv. In an intuitive manner ; without 
 
 reasoning. 
 in'tu-mes^e' (Tn''tu-m6s'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. INTU- 
 MESCED (in'tu-mesf) ; p pr. & vb. n. INTU3IESCING.] 
 [Lat. intuTnescere, from prefix in and tum.escere, to swell 
 up.] To enlarge or expand with heat ; to swell. 
 lo/tvL-m&s'^en^e, n. 1. Action of swelling. S. A 
 
 swelling with bubbles ; a tumid state. 
 in'tus-sus-?ep'tion, n. [Lat. intus, within, and sus- 
 ceptio, a taking up or in.] 1. Reception of one part 
 within another. t2. (Ayiat.) The abnormal reception of 
 a part of a tube, by inversion and descent, within a con- 
 tiguous part of it. 
 In-t-wine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. intwined ; p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. INTWINING.] To twine or twist into, or together ; to 
 wreathe. 
 In-twist', V. t. [imp. & p. p. intwisted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n.jNTWisTlNG.] To twist into or together. 
 In-um'brate, v. t. [Lat. inumbrare, inumbratum., from. 
 prefix in and umbrare, to shade, from umbra., shade ; It. 
 inombrare.] To shade. 
 In-un'dant, a. Overflowing. [Rare.} 
 In-un'date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inundated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INUNDATING.] [Lat. inundare, inundaium, fi-om 
 prefix in and undare, to rise in waves, to overflow, from 
 UTuJa, a wave.] 1. To overflow; to deluge; to flood. 
 ^ 2. To fi^l with an overflowing abundance or superfluity. 
 ln'un-da'tion,n. 1. Act ofinundating, or state of being 
 inundated ; a flood. 2. An overflowing or superfluous 
 abunflance. 
 In'ur-ban'i-ty, n. Want of urbanity or courtesy ; in- 
 civility. 
 In-ure' (in-ynr-'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. inured \ p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. INURING.] [Prefix in and ure (obs.), to use, prac- 
 tice, from Lat. augurium, augury. Cf. Inaugurate.] 
 To apply or expose in use or practice till use gives little 
 or no pain or inconvenience ; to harden ; to habituate ; 
 to accustom. 
 In-ttre'. v. i. Tp take or have effect ; to be applied ; to 
 serve to the use or benefit of. 
 
 In-ure'ment (-yjjr'ment), n. Use ; practice ; habit; 
 custom ; frequency. 
 
 In-ftrn', v. t. 1. To bury ; to inter; to in tomb. 2. T« 
 put in an urn. 
 
 in'uHtil'i-ty, n. Uselessness ; unprofitableness. 
 
 In-vade', v. t. [imp. & p. ;>. invaded-, p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INVADING.] [Lat. invadere., invasum, from prefix in 
 and vadere, to go.] 1. To enter with hostile intentions ; 
 to attack. 2. To infringe ; to encroach on ; to violate. 
 
 In-vad'er, n. One who invades ; an assailant ; an en- 
 croacher. 
 
 In-vai'id, a. [Lat. invalidus, from prefix in and validvs, 
 from valere, to be strong, to be in force.] 1. Of no force, 
 weight, or cogency ; weak. 2. {Law.) Having no force, 
 
 ^ effect, or efiBcacy ; void ; null. 
 
 In'va-lid, a. In Ul health ; feeble; infirm. 
 
 in'va-lid (110), n. A person who is weak and infirm ; » 
 
 ^ person sickly or indispo.sed. 
 
 In'va-lid, v. t. To enroll or register on the list of in- 
 valids in the military or naval service. 
 
 In-vai'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. invalidated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INVALIDATING.] [See supra.] To render 
 invalid : to destroy the strength or vaUdity of. 
 
 In vai'i-da'tion, n. Act or process of rendering invahd. 
 
 In'va-lid'i-ty , n. Want of cogency ; want of legal forca 
 or efficacy. 
 
 In-val'u-a-ble, a. [Prefix in, used intensively, and 
 valuable.] Dear beyond any assignable value ; ines- 
 timable. 
 
 In-val'u-a-bly, adv. Inestimably. 
 
 In-va'ri-a-toil'i-ty, n. Quality of being invariable. 
 
 In-va'ri-a-ble, a. Not given to variation or change; 
 immutable ; unalterable ; unchangeable ; always uni- 
 form. 
 
 In-va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. Constancy of state, condition, 
 or quaUty ; immutability ; unchangeableness. 
 
 In va'ri-a-bly, adv. Without alteration or change. 
 
 In-va'§ion, n. [See Invade.] 1. Act of encroaching 
 upon the rights or possessions of another ; encroach- 
 ment. 2. A warlike or hostile entrance into the posses- 
 sions or domains of another; a raid. 3. Approach of 
 any foe, or any thing hurtful or pernicious. 
 
 Sy^. — Incursion; irruption; xnro&A. — Invasion is generic, 
 denoting a forcible entrance into a foreign country. Incursion 
 signifies a hasty and sudden invasion; irruption oenotes a par- 
 ticularly violent invasion; inroad includes the idea of invasion 
 with a design to occupy. 
 
 In-va'sive, a. Tending to invade ; aggressive. 
 
 In-ve€'tive,n. [Seeinjra.] A severe or violent utterance 
 of censure or reproach ; a harsh or reproachful accu- 
 sation. 
 Syn. — Abuse; censure; reproach. 
 
 In-v6«'tive, a. [Lat. invectivus, from invehere. Sec 
 Inveigh.] Satirical ; abusive ; railing. 
 
 In-veigh' (in-va'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. inveighed (in- 
 vad") ; p. pr. k vb. n. INVEIGHING.] [Lat. invehere, to 
 carry or bring into or against, to inveigh, from prefix in 
 and vehere, to carry.] To exclaim or rail against ; to ex- 
 press reproach. 
 
 In-veigh'er (in-va'er), n. One who rails ; a railer. 
 
 In-vei'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. inveigled; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. INVEIGLING.] [Norm. Fr. enveogler, to inveigle, 
 to blind ; Fr. aveugler, from aveugle, blind, from Lat. 
 ab and oculus, eye.] To persuade to something evil by 
 deceptive arts or flattery ; to entice ; to seduce ; to 
 wheedle. 
 
 In-vei'gle-ment, n. Act of inveigling ; that which in- 
 veigles ; enticement. 
 
 In-vei'gler, n. One who inveigles. 
 
 In-vent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. INVENTED •,p.pr.k. vb. n. 
 INVENTING.] [Lat. invenire, inventum, to come upon, 
 to find, from prefix in and venire, to come.] 1. To dis- 
 cover, commonly by study or inquiry ; to find ©ut. 2. 
 To make ; to manufacture ; hence, to fabricate ; to frame. 
 Syn.— To discover; contrive; devise; frame. See Dn- 
 
 COVEE. 
 
 In-v6nt'fiil, a. Full of invention. 
 
 In-v6nt'i-ble, a. Capable of being invented. 
 
 In-v6n'tion, n. 1. Act of finding out ; contrivance of 
 that which did not before exist. 2. That which is in- 
 vented ; an original contrivance. 3. Power of inventing 
 
 In-v6nt'ive . «. Able to invent ; quick at contrivance. 
 ' In-v6nt'or, n. One who finds out something new ; a 
 } contriver. 
 
 I in'ven-to'rl-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, an inventory. 
 I In'ven-to-ry (50), n. [Lat. inventarium. See TnYENT.] 
 I 1. A list of the proi)erty of which a person or estate i« 
 
 i, e, kc.long ; &, g, ice, short; c4re, far, agk, all, vi^liat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, ftr, da, W9lf , 
 
INVENTORY 
 
 395 
 
 INVOLUTION 
 
 a. { Zodl. ) Destitute of a back- 
 bone ; having no yertebrae ; in- 
 
 land to be possessed. 2. Any catalogue of moTables, 
 as the goods or wares of a merchant, and the Uke. 
 Syn. — List; register; roll; schedule; catalogue. 
 
 In'ven-to-ry, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. i.wextoried ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INVENTORYING.] 1. To make an inventory 
 of. 'i. To insert or register in an account of goods. 
 
 In-v6nt'ress, n. A female who invents. 
 
 In- verse' (14), a. [L^t. inversus, t^.t^. of invertere. See 
 Invert.] 1, Opposite in order or relation : reciprocal. 
 !i. (Bot.) Inverted; having a position or mode of attach- 
 ment the reverse of that which is usual. 3. {Math.) 
 Opposite in nature and effect. 
 
 In-verse'ly, adv. In an inverted order or manner. 
 
 In-ver'sion, n. 1. Act of inverting, 'i, A complete 
 change of order ; a reversed position. 3. (Gram.) A 
 change of the usual order of words. 
 
 In-vert', v. t. [imp. & p.p. inverted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 INVERTING.] [Lat. invertere, inversion, from prefix in 
 and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn over; to put upside 
 do\vn ; to place in a contrary order ; to give a contrary 
 direction to. 2. (Mus.) To change the position of;-^ 
 said of the tones which form a chord, or the parts which 
 compose harmony. 
 
 In-Ter'te-bral, a. [Zool.) Destitute of a vertebral 
 column, as some animals ; invertebrate. 
 
 In-ver'te-brate, n. (Zool.) An animal having no ver- 
 tebral column. 
 
 In-ver'te-brate, 
 
 In-vgr'te-bra'ted 
 vertebral. 
 
 In-vert'ed,i3. a. 1. Changed in order; reversed. 2. 
 (Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata 
 when folded back upon themselves bv upheaval and the 
 like. 
 
 In-vert'i-ble, a. Incapable of being inverted or turned. 
 
 In-vest', r. t. [imp. & p. p. invested ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 INVESTING.] [Lat. investire, from prefix in and vestire, 
 to clothe.] 1. To put garments on ; to clothe ; to dress ; i 
 to array. 2. To endow; hence, to confer ; to give. 3. ; 
 To clothe, as with office or authority ; to grace ; to be- j 
 dieojs.- 4. (Mil.) To inclose ; to surround, so as to intor- i 
 cept succors of men and provisions and prevent escape ; i 
 to lay siege to. 5. To place, as property, so that it wiU 
 be safe and yield a profit . 
 
 In-vest', V. i. To make an investment. 
 
 In-ves'ti-ga-ble, a. Admitting of being investigated or 
 searched out ; discoverable by search. 
 
 In-ves'ti-gate, i". t. [imp. & p. p. investigated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. INVESTIGATING.] [Lat. investigare, in- 
 vestigatum, from prefix in and ve-^tigare, to track, trace, 
 from vestigium , footstep, track.] To follow up ; to pursue ; 
 to search into. 
 
 In-ves'ti-ga'tion, n. Act of investigating ; research ; 
 study ; inquiry. 
 
 In-ves'ti-ga'tive, n. Given to investigation ; inqvdsitive. 
 
 In-ves'ti-ga'tor, n. One who searches dihgently into a 
 subject. 
 
 In-v6st'i-tiire (53), n. 1. {Feudal Laic.) The action of 
 investing, giving possession, or livery of seizin. 2. The 
 right of giving possession of any manor, office, or bene- 
 fice. 3. That with which any one is invested or clothed. 
 
 In-vest'ment, n. 1. Action of investing. 2. That 
 with which any one is invested ; a vestment. 3. {Mil.) 
 Act of besieging by an armed force. 4. The laying out 
 of money in the purchase of some species of property, 
 usually of a permanent nature. 
 
 In-vest'or, n. One who invests. 
 
 In-vet'er-a-^y, n. Long continuance, or the firmness 
 or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state acquired 
 by time. 
 
 In-vet'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. inveteratu-s , p. p. of invete- 
 rare, to render old, from prefix ?«, not, and vetus, veteris, 
 old.] 1. Firmly established by long continuance ; obsti- 
 nate : deep-rooted. 2. Having habits fiLxed by long con- 
 tinuMice; confirmed; habitual. 
 
 In-vet'er-ate-ly, adv. With obstinacy ; violently. 
 
 In-vet'er-ate-ness, n. Obstinacy confirmed by time; 
 inveteracy. 
 
 In-vid.'i-ou.s (77), a. [Lat. invidiosus, from invidia, 
 envy.] 1. Enviable; desirable. 2. Likely to incur ill- 
 will or hatred, or to provoke envy ; hateful. 
 
 In-vid'1-ovis-ly, adv. In an invidious manner. 
 
 In-vid'i-6us-ness, n. The quality of provoking envy 
 or hatred. 
 
 In-vi^'i-Ian^e, ) n. Want of vigilance ; neglect of 
 
 In-vlg'i-lan-^y, ) watehing. 
 
 In-vig'or-ate, v. t. [imp. & vb. n. invigorated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. invigorating.] [Lat. prefix in and 
 
 vigor, force, strength, vigor.] To give vigov- to -, xo 
 strengthen ; to animate. 
 
 In-vig'or-a'tion, n. Act of invigorating, or state of 
 being invigorated. 
 
 In-vin'?i-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being invincible; in- 
 vincibleness. 
 
 In-vin'f i-ble , a. Incapable of being conquered or over- 
 come ; unconquerable ; insuperable. 
 
 Iii-vin'fi-ble-ness, n. Quahty of being unconquerable ; 
 insuperableness. 
 
 In-vin'fi-bly, adv. Unconquerably ; insuperably. 
 
 In-vi'o-la-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being inviolable ; in- 
 violableness. 
 
 In-vi'o-la-ble, a. 1. Not violable ; not capable of being 
 broken or violated ; not to be profaned; sacred. 2. Not 
 susceptible of hurt or wound. 
 
 In-vi'o-la-bly, adv. AVithout violation. 
 
 In-vi'o-late, ) a. [Lat. inviolatus, from prefix in, not, 
 
 In-vi'o-la'ted, j and violatus, p. p. of violare, to vio- 
 late.] Unhurt ; uninjured ; unprofaned ; unpolluted ; un- 
 broken. 
 
 Iu-vi§'i-bil'i-ty, n. 1. State of being invisible. 2. 
 That which is invisible. 
 
 In-vi§'i-ble, a. Incapable of being seen ; imperceptible 
 by the sight. 
 
 In-vi§'i-bly, adv. In a manner to escape the sight. 
 
 in'vi-ta'tion, n. Act of inviting; the requesting of a 
 person's company to visit, to dine, or to accompany one 
 to any place. 
 
 In-vi'ta-to-ry (50), a. Using or containing invitations. 
 
 In-vite', 1-. t. [imp. &, p. p. invited; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 inviting.] [Lat. invitare.] 1. To ask; to request; 
 especially, to ask to an entertainment or visit. 2. To 
 allure ; to tempt to come. 
 
 Syn. — To sohcLt; bid; call; summon; attract; entice. 
 
 In-vite', V. i. To ask or call to any thing pleasing. 
 
 In-vit'er. ?i. One who invites. 
 
 In'vo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. invocated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. invocating.] [Lat. invocare, invocatum, from 
 prefix in and vocare, to call.] To invoke ; to call on in 
 suppUcation ; to address in prayer. 
 
 In'vo-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of addressing in prayer. 2. 
 The form or act of caUing for the assistance or presence 
 of any being, particularly of some divinity. 3. (Law.) 
 A call or stunmons ; especially, a judicial call, demand, 
 or order. 
 
 In'voi^e, n. [Fr.if?ifo;'5, things sent, goods forwarded, 
 pi. of eHi'Oj, • sending or things sent, from envoyer, to 
 send. See Envoy.] (Coyn.) A written account of the 
 particulars of merchandise shipped or sent to a purchaser, 
 consignee, factor, &c., with the value or prices and 
 
 ^ charges annexed. 
 
 In'voipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. INVOICED (in'voist) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. INVOICING.] To make a written account 
 of, as goods ; to insert in a priced list. 
 
 In-voke', v!t. [imp. k.p.p. invoked (in-v6kt^);j7.jtw. 
 & vb. n. INVOKING. See INVOCATE.] 1. To call for 
 or ask ; to invite earnestly or solemnly. 2. To address 
 in prayer. 
 
 In-vol'u-^el, or In'vo-lii'^el, n. [Diminutive of in- 
 volucre, j\. y.] (Bot.) A partial or small involucre. 
 
 In'vo-Iix'-ere, 7i. [Lat., from 
 involvere, to wrap up, envelop.] 
 (Bot.) A whorl or set of bracts 
 around a flower, umbel, or head. 
 
 In-v61'un-ta-ri-ly, adv. Not 
 by choice ; not spontaneously. 
 
 In-v61'un-ta-ri-ness, ?!. Qual-^_^ 
 ity of being involuntary ; unwil- 
 lingness. 
 
 In-vdl'un-ta-ry, a. 1, Not 
 having will or the power of 
 choice. 2. Independent of will Involucre, 
 
 or choice. 3. Not proceeding from choice ; not d(mc 
 
 ^ willingly. 
 
 In'vo-lute, n. [See infra.] ( Geom.) A curve traced by 
 the end of a string wound upon another curve, or up- 
 
 ^ wound from it. 
 
 In'vo-lute, ) a. [Lat. involutus, p. p. of involvere. 
 
 in'vo-lu'ted, j See Involve.] (^r.) Rolled uiward 
 from the edges. 
 
 in/vo-lu'tion, n. [li&t. involutio. See Involve.] 1. 
 Action of involving. 2. State of being involved : com- 
 pUcation. 3. That in which any thing is involved ; 
 envelope. 4. (Gram.) The insertion of one or more 
 clauses between the agent or subject and the verb, ' 
 way which involves or comphcates the construction. 
 
 5. 
 
 food, f<>bt ; tLrik, rude, puU ; fell, chaise, €aJl, eelto ; ge^n, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, ligk ; 
 
INVOLVE 
 
 396 
 
 IRONY 
 
 {Math.) The act or process of raL<iug a quantity to any 
 power afsigDod. 
 IM-T61ve'. r. t. [imp. & p. p. INVOLVEU: p. pr. & rfe. 
 «. INVOLVING.] [Lat. iutoh-nt, involututfi, to roll 
 about, wrap up, from prefix i/i and volvtre, to roll.] 1. 
 To roll up ; to wiud round. '2. To envelop in any thing 
 which exists on all sides. 3. To complicate or make 
 intricate. 4. To connect by way of natural consequence 
 or effect. 5. To include by rational or logical construc- 
 tion : to comprise : to contain. 6. To overwhelm ; to 
 euili*rni.ss. 7. To take in; to catch. 8. (Math.) To 
 raise to any assigned power. 
 
 Syn.— To imply : implicate: complicate: entangle: em- 
 bar .■A^^ I \ crwiuiiii. — Jtnplt/ is opposed to expreni, or set forth: 
 t ' eiifrageinent is one fairly to be understood 
 
 i ied or the circumstances of the case, though 
 
 I. nn. Involve goes beyond the mere interpre- 
 
 tr nto their necessary relations : and hence, if 
 
 I r>- another, it so contains it that the two must 
 
 ;; : indissoluble connection. War, for example, 
 
 I read misery and death : the premises of a syl- 
 
 kj.i?-i ; .- ■-■'.■- im* conclusion, so that this kind of reasoning is 
 a simple pix-cess oi evolution. 
 
 In-vdlv'ed-ness, n. State of being involved. 
 
 In-Tolve'meiit, «. Act of involving ; state of being in- 
 volved, [invulnerable. 
 
 In-\-ul'ner-a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being 
 
 In-Tul'ner-a-ble, a. Incapable of being wounded, or 
 of receiving injury. 
 
 rn-vul'ner-a-ble-ness, n. Invulnerability. 
 
 Ijn-^vall', f. t. [imp. & p. p. IX\\'AL.LED : p. pr. &, cb. 
 
 ^ n. I.NWALLING.J To inclo.«e or fortify with a wall. 
 
 in' ward, o. 1. Placed or being within; interior. iS. 
 Seated in the mind or soul. 
 
 in'^vard, n. That which is inward or within: especially, 
 
 _ in the plural, the inner parts of the body : the viscera. 
 
 In'Avard, \adv. 1 . Toward the inside. 2. Toward the 
 
 in'Avardg, ) center or interior. 3. Into the mind or 
 thoughts. 
 
 iu'ward-ly. adv. 1. In the inner parts ; internally. 
 'i. In the heart : privately : secretly. 3. Toward the 
 center or interior part. 
 
 in'wards, adt: See Ixward. 
 
 In-iveave', v. t. [imp. ixwo'^'X : p. p. TSWOYT.'S. 
 INWOVTE : p. pr. & ri. n. iwx-EAVlN'G.] To weaTe to- 
 gether ; to intermix or intertwine bj' weaving. 
 
 In-'work' (-wfirk'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ixworked (in- 
 wurkt^) ; p. pr. & vh. n. INWORKINg.] To work in or 
 •within. 
 
 Iii--*vrap' (-rap'), v- t. [imp. & p. p. ina^-rapped (in- 
 r5pt') : p. pr. & vh. n. IN'WRAPPING.] *1. To cover by 
 wrapping ; to infold. 2. To involve in difficulty or per- 
 plexity, [wreath. 
 
 In->vreatlie' (-reth'), v. t. To surround as with a 
 
 fci-\^TOu.glit' (-rawt/j, p. p. or a. Wrought or worked 
 
 _ in or amongother things. 
 
 I'o, n. : pi. I 05. [Lat., oh ! ah I huzaa I ] An exclanxa- 
 
 _ tion of joy or triumph : — often used inteijectionally. 
 
 i'o-date, «. ( Ckem.) A compound of iodic acid with a 
 
 _ base. 
 
 i'o-dide ( 49 ) , « . ( Ckem. ) A non-acid compound of iodine 
 with a metal or other substance. 
 
 I'0;-dine, n. [From Gr. iu>6ri^, violet-like, from lov, a 
 •violet, and et&ot, form.] {Cliein.) A grayish or bluish- 
 black solid, of a metallic luster, obtained from the ashes 
 of eea-weed. At .547^ of Fahrenheit, it becomes a beauti- 
 fiil violet vapor, whence its name. 
 
 f -o'ni-an, I a. ( Geog. ) Pertaininp 
 
 I-dn'i-c, J to Ionia, in Greece, 
 or to the lonlans. 
 
 Ionic dialect (Gr. Gram.), a dialect 
 of the Greek language, used in Ionia.— 
 
 loT.ir v,o'!r (yf.j^K . :in ain- kind of an- 
 t; '/er (.4rcA.). ail 
 
 c " a gpeeies of 
 
 f -hing feature is 
 
 t. .. and so called 
 
 ^onl 1 '..;., ;:. <.: ■ ..- ],„.{r ur-t. a 
 •ettof philf^-'iijheD- fi.;>r;.;'.'i iiv Thalep 
 •f Miletus, in Ir.nia. Their Ui-tiriffuis-h- 
 ing tenet was, that vraUr it, the princi- 
 f>Ie of all natural things. 
 
 i-o'ta, «. [Gr. "IilTa, the smallest 
 letter of the Greek alphal:«t, and 
 cQaresponding to the English t.] A 
 tittie ; a very small quantity or de- 
 gree ; a jot. 
 
 I O U, n. [i. «., I owe you.] A paper having on it these 
 letters with a sum named, and duly signed : — in use in 
 England as an acknowledgment of a debt, and taken as 
 eridence thereof; a due bill. 
 
 Ionic Order 
 
 ip'e-«ft€, \n. [Bnu.] (£or & 3/rrf.) A low, 
 
 Iiye-eae'u-anlia, ) creeping, perennial plant of Bra- 
 
 _ zil, the root of which is largely used as an emetic. 
 
 I-rasiX"»-'>il'i-ty, n Quahty" of being ira.'cible: irrita- 
 biiitj of temper. 
 
 I-rfts'yi-tole, a. [Lat. irascibilis, fixjm irasn\ to be aogij, 
 fi«m ira, anger.] Susceptible of anger ; easilv p revoked; 
 
 _ irritable. ' (cibility. 
 
 I-ras'^i-ble-ness, n. Quahty of being irascible; ii»e- 
 
 I-rSs'^i-blj', adv. In an irascible manner. 
 
 i-rate', a. ' [Lat. iratiu^. angry, fitim irasei, to be angrv.] 
 Angry : incensed : enraged. 
 G®^ A recent word, as yet little used by good writers. 
 
 Ire, fi. [Lat. ira ] Anger : wrath ; keen resentment. 
 
 Ire 'fill, a. Full of ire : angry ; wroth. 
 
 Ir'i-des'feiife, n. Exhibition of colors like those of the 
 
 ^ rainbow. 
 
 Ir'i-des'fent, a. [I^t. fr»5, iridis, the rainbow.] Hav- 
 
 _ ing colors like the rainbow. 
 
 i-rid'i-um, n. [N. Lat.. fit)m Lat. iris, iridis, the rain- 
 bow, in allusion to the iridescence of some of its solu- 
 tions.] ( Chem.) One of the metaUic elements, the 
 
 _ heaviest of known substances. 
 
 I'ris (89), n. : Eng. pi. pRis-Eg : Lat. pl.iK'\-Df.^. [Lat. 
 tris, iridis. Gr. Ipis, lpi£os, the rainbow.] 1. The rain- 
 bow. "2. An appearance resembling the rainbow. 3. 
 (Anat.) A colored membrane at the anterior part of the 
 eye in the midst of the aqueous humor, and perforated 
 by a circular opening called the pupii. 4. (Bot.) A 
 genus of bulbous or tuberous rooted plants, of which the 
 flower-de-luce, orris, and other species of flag, are ex- 
 
 _ am pies. 
 
 i'ri-freope. «. [Gr. Tpi?, rainbow, and aKoireu: to see.] 
 
 _ An instrument for exhibiting the colors of thin plates. 
 
 I'risli (89). a. Pertaining to, or produced in, Ireland. 
 
 I'rish.. >i. 1. pi. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland. 
 
 _ a. The language of the Irish. 
 
 I'risli-i§ni, n . A mode of speaking peculiar to the Irish. 
 
 I'risli Moss. See Carrageex. 
 
 irk (18), V. t. [A.-S. carg. lazy, timid, evil : Ger. org, bad, 
 orig. avaricious, cowardly, whence argern\ to vex, fi^t.] 
 
 _ To weary ; to give pain to : — used impersonally. 
 
 Irk'some, a. Wearisome : tiresome ; giving uneasiness. 
 Syn. — Tedious. — A task is irl-some from the kind or sever- 
 ity of the labor it involves ; it is rendered tedious by the 
 length of time occupied in its performance. 
 
 Irk'some-ly, adv. In a wearisome manner. 
 
 Irli'some-ness, n. Tediousness : wearisomeness. 
 
 I'ron {I'um), «. [A.-S. iren, Isen, Isern. Goth, eisant, 
 Icel. jarti, W. haiarn.] 1. One of the meialhc elements. 
 It is hard, and very malleable when hot, and oxidiz€« 
 omder moisture. It is very widely diffused, and the most 
 useful of aU the metals. 2. An instnmient or utensi] 
 made of iron. 3. pi. Fetters; chains ; manacles : hand- 
 
 _ cufEs. 
 
 i'ron (I'um), a. 1. Made of iron. 2. Resembling iron 
 
 _ in color. 3. Like iron in hardness, strength, &c. 
 
 i'ron (i-'um), r. t. [imp. &. p.p. ironeb : p.pr. & vb. n. 
 IROMNG.] 1. To smooth with an instrument of iron : 
 tsfieciaUy, to smooth with a heated flat-iron. 2. To 
 shackle with irons : to fetter or handcuff. 3. To fiir- 
 nish or arm with iron. 
 
 i'rou-bonnd (T'um-), a. 1. Bound with iron. 2. 
 
 _ I'aced or surrounded with rocks. 
 
 i'ron— eiad (Pum-), a. Protected or covered with iron, 
 
 _ a^ a vessel for naval warfere. 
 
 i'ron-€iad (T'um-), n. A vessel prepared for naval war- 
 
 _ fare by having the parts above water plated with icon. 
 
 i-r6n'i«, \a. [See IROXY.] 1. Pertaining to, or con- 
 
 i-ron'ie-al, ( taining or expressing, irony. 2. Ex- 
 
 _ pressing one thing and meaning the opposite". 
 
 i-r6n'i«-al-ly, adv. By way of irony. 
 
 i'ron-mon ger (I'um-mfing/ger), n. A dealer in iron 
 
 _ wares, or hardware. 
 
 i'ron-sides (i'um-). n. 1. A strong man. 2. A cuiras- 
 sier : — applied especially to Cromweirs cavalry. 
 
 i'ron-'^vo'bd (I'um-), «. ( Bot. ) A tree of species belong- 
 
 _ ing to several different genera. 
 
 i'ron- •wrorlc O'urn-w'ii^), «- 1. Any thing made of 
 iron. 2. pL A furnace where iron is smelted, or a forgw, 
 rolling-miU, or foundery, where it is made into heavy 
 
 _ work. 
 
 i'ron-y (Pum-y), a. 1. Made or consisting of iron : par- 
 
 _ taking of iron. 2. Resembling iron : hard. 
 
 i'ron-y, n. [Lat. ironia. frova Gr. eipcDreia, dissimuia- 
 tioru fix)m fI/kic, to speak.] A kind of ridicule which 
 exposes the errors or feults of others by seeming to adopt, 
 approve, or defend them. 
 
 a«e,&c.,/onf ; &,e,&c.,5Aorr, c&re,far,ask, all. wlxat; £re, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
IRRADIANCE 
 
 397 
 
 IRRITABILITY 
 
 Ir-ra'di-an^e, ) n. 1. Emission of rays of light, ii. 
 
 Ir-ra'di-an^y, ) That which irradiates or is irradiated ; 
 luster ; splendor. 
 
 Ir-ra'di-ate (77), v. t. [imp. & p. p. irradiated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. IRRADIATING.] [Lat. irradiare, irradia 
 turn, from prefix ?>, for in, and radiarp., to shine, radiate, 
 from radius, beam, ray.] 1. To cast a bright hght upon ; 
 to illuminate, ii. To enlighten intellectually. 3. To 
 animate by heat or light. [shining. 
 
 Ir-ra'tli-ate, a. Adorned with brightness, or any thing 
 
 Ir-ra'di-a'tion, n. 1. Act of emitting beams of Ught. 
 tj. That which is irradiated; illumination. 3. [Op^-) 
 An apparent enlargement of brilliant objects beyond their 
 proper bounds. 
 
 Ir-ra.'tion-al (-rSsh^un-al), a. 1. Not rational; void 
 of reason or understanding, ii. Contrary to reason. 3. 
 (Math.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by an 
 integral number, or by a vulgar fraction. 
 
 Syn. — Absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable. 
 
 Ir-rJi'tion-ai'i-ty (-rash'un-), n. Want of reason or the 
 powers of understanding. 
 
 Ir-rS,'tion-al-ly (-rash'un-al-ly), adv. Without reason ; 
 
 ^ in a manner contrary to reason ; absurdly. 
 
 ir're-elaim'a-ble, a. Incapable of being reclaimed. 
 
 lr're-«laiiii'a-bly, adv. In an irreclaimable manner. 
 
 Ir-r6<;'on-9il'a-Tble, a. 1. Incapable of being recon- 
 ciled, or appeased ; implacable. '^. Incapable of being 
 made to agree or harmonize. 
 
 Syn. — Incongruous; incompatible; inconsistent. 
 
 Ir-r^tj/on-fil'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being 
 irreconcilable ; incongruity ; incompatibility. 
 
 Ir-re«'on-9il'a-bly, adv. In a manner that precludes 
 reconciliation. 
 
 Ir-re^'on-fil'i-a'tion, n. Want of reconciliation. 
 
 Ir're-cov'er-a-ble (-kuv'er-), a. Not capable of being 
 recovered, restored, remedied, or regained. 
 
 Syn. — Irreparable; irretrievable; irremediable; incurable. 
 
 lr're-«dv'er-a-bly, adv. In an irrecoverable manner ; 
 beyond recovery. 
 
 Ir're-deem'a-ble, a. 1. Not redeemable. 2. Not 
 subject to be paid at the nominal value, as a note or bill 
 of indebtedness. 
 
 Ir/re-du.'?i-ble, a. Incapable of being reduced, or 
 brought into a different state or form of expression. 
 
 Ir-rgf'ra-ga-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being irrefragable. 
 
 Ir-ref'ra-ga-ble, a. Not refragable ; not to be refuted. 
 Syn. — Incontrovertible; unanswerable; indisputable; un- 
 questionable; incontestable ; indubitable ; undeniable; irrefut- 
 able. 
 
 Ir-r6f 'ra-ga-bly, adv. With certainty beyond refuta- 
 tion ; incontrovertibly. 
 
 Ir-r6f' u-ta-ble, or Ir/re-fut'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
 being refuted or disproved. 
 
 Ir-r6f'u-ta-bly, or Ir're-fut'a-bly, adv. Beyond the 
 possibility of refutation. 
 
 Ir-r6g'u-lar, a. 1. Not regular ; not according to 
 common form or rules. 2. Not according to established 
 principles or customs. 3. Not conformable to nature or 
 the usual operation of natural laws. 4. Not according 
 to the rules of art. 5. Deviating from the rules of moral 
 rectitude. 6. Not straight. 7. Not uniform. 8. 
 ( Gram.) Deviating from the ordinary form in respect to 
 the inflectional terminations. 
 
 Syn. — Immethodical ; unsystematic ; abnormal ; anoma- 
 lous ; erratic ; devious ; eccentric ; crooked ; unsettled ; vari- 
 able ; changeable; mutable; desultory; disorderly; wild; 
 immoderate ; intemperate ; inordinate ; vicious. 
 
 Ir-reg'u-iar'i-ty, n. 1. State of being irregular ; de- 
 viation from symmetry, or established form, custom, or 
 rule. 2. Deviation from moral rectitude ; an act of vice. 
 
 Ir-reg'u-lar-ly, adv. Without rule, method, or order. 
 
 Ii*-rel'a-tive, a. Not relative ; without mutual relations ; 
 unconnected. 
 
 Xr-rel'e-van-^y, n. Quality of not being applicable, or 
 of not serving to aid and support. [tinent. 
 
 Ir-r6I'e-vaiit, a. Not relevant ; not applicable or per- 
 
 Ir-r6I'e-vant-ly, adv. In an irrelevant manner. 
 
 Ir're-liev'a-ble, a. Not admitting relief. 
 
 Ir're-lig'ion, n. Want of rehgion, or contempt of it. 
 Syn. — Ungodliness; worldliness; wickedness; impiety. 
 
 Ir're-lig'ious (-ITj'us), or. 1. Destitute of religion ; im- 
 pious; ungodly. 3. Indicating a want of religion; pro- 
 fane ; wicked. 
 
 Ir're-lig^ious-ly, adv. With impiety ; wickedly. 
 
 Ir're-ine'di-a-ble, a. Not to be remedied, cured, cor- 
 rected, or redressed. [ble. 
 
 Ir^re-me'di-a-ble-ness, n. State of being irremedia- 
 
 ir/re-me'di-a-bly, adv. In a manner or degree that 
 precludes remedy, cure, or correction. 
 
 Ir/re-mis'si-ble, a. Not remissible ; unpardonable. 
 
 Ir^re-mis'-si-bly, adv. So as not tcf be remitted. 
 
 Ir're-mov'a-ble, a. Not removable ; immovable. 
 
 Ir're-mov'a-bly, adv. So as not to admit of removal. 
 
 Ir're-mii'ner-a-ble, a. Not remunerable ; not to be 
 rewarded. [arable 
 
 Ir-r6p'a-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being irrep- 
 
 Ir-r6p'a-ra-ble, a. Not reparable ; not capable of being 
 recovered or regained. 
 
 Ir-r6p'a-ra-bly, adv. In an irreparable manner. 
 
 Ir're-peal'a-bie, a. Not capable of being repealed. 
 
 Ir're-p^nt'anfe, «. Want of repentance ; impenitence. 
 
 Ir're-pl6v'i-a-ble, \a. [Law.) Not capable of being 
 
 Ir're-pl6v'i-sa-ble, i replevied. 
 
 Ir-rep're-lien'si-ble, a. Not reprehensible ; not to bo 
 
 ^ blamed or censured. 
 
 Ir/re-prfiss'l-ble, a. Not capable of being repressed. 
 
 Ir're-proach'a-ble, a. Incapable of being justly re- 
 
 ^ proached ; free from blame ; upright. 
 
 Ir're-proacli'a-bly, adv. In a manner not to deserve 
 
 ^ reproach ; blamelessly. 
 
 ir're-prov'a-ble, a. Incapable of being justly re- 
 
 ^ proved ; "blameless ; upright. [or blame. 
 
 f r're-prov'a-bly, adv. So as not to be liable to reproof 
 
 ir^re-gis't'aii^e, n. Forbearance to resist ; passive sub- 
 
 ^ mission. 
 
 ir're-§ist'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being irresistible. 
 
 Ir're-fist'i-ble, a. Incapable of being successfully re- 
 
 ^ sisted. 
 
 Ir^re-gisfi-ble-ness, n. Quality of being irresistible. 
 
 Ir're-sist'i-bly, adv. In a manner not to be success- 
 fully "resisted or opposed. 
 
 Ir-re§'o-lu-bIe, a. Incapable of being dissolved, set 
 free, or released. [doubt. 
 
 Ir-r6§'o-lute, a. Not resolute ; not decided ; given to 
 Syn. — Wavering ; vacillating; undetermined; undecided; 
 unsettled; unstable; unsteady. 
 
 Ir-reg'o-lute-ly, adv. Without resolution. [tion. 
 
 Ir-reg'o-lute-ness, n. Want of resolution ; irresolu- 
 
 Ir-re§'o-lvi'tion, n. Want of resolution ; fluctuation 
 
 ^ of mind ; irresoluteness. 
 
 Ir're-§6Iv'a-ble, a. Incapable of being resolved. 
 
 Ir're-specit'ive, a. Not having respect or regard. 
 
 Ir're-spe-et'ive-ly, adv. Without regard ; not taking 
 circumstances into consideration. 
 
 Ir-res'pi-ra-ble, a. Unfit for respiration. 
 
 Ir're-sp6n'si-bil'i-ty, n. Want of responsibility. 
 
 ir-'re-spon'si-ble, a. Not responsible ; not liable or 
 
 ^ able to answer for consequences. 
 
 Ir're-tSii'tive, a. Not retentive or apt to retain. 
 
 Ir're-triev'a-ble, a. Incapable of recovery or repair. 
 Syn. — Irremediable; incurable; irreparable ; irrecoverable. 
 
 Ir're-triev'a-bly, adv. In a manner not to be re- 
 trieved ; irreparably. 
 
 Ir-r€v'er-eii9e, n. Absence or defect of reverence. 
 
 Ir-rev'er-ent, ffl. 1. Not reverent; not entertaining or 
 manifesting due regard to the Supreme Being ; wanting 
 in respect to superiors. 2. Proceeding from or expres- 
 sive of irreverence. 
 
 Ir-rev'er-ent-ly, adv. In an irreverent manner. 
 
 Ir're-vers'i-ble, a. Incapable of being reversed. 
 Syn. — Irrevocable; irrepealable ; unchangeable. 
 
 Ir're-vers'i-ble-iiess, n. State of being irreversible. 
 
 ir're-vers'i-bly, adv. In a manner which precludes a 
 reversal or repeal. 
 
 Ir-rev'o-ea-bil'i-ty, n. State of being irrevocable. 
 
 Ir-rev'o-«a-bIe, a. Incapable of being recalled or re- 
 voked. 
 
 Ir-r6v'o-«a-ble-ness, n. State of being irrevocable; 
 irrevocability. 
 
 Ir-rev'o-ea-bly, adv. Beyond recall ; in a manner pre- 
 cluding recall or reversion. 
 
 Ir'ri-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. irrigated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. irrigating.] [Lat. irrigare, irrigatum, from prefix 
 in and rigare, to water.] 1. To water ; to wet ; to moist- 
 en. 2. To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow 
 upon and over it. 
 
 Ir'ri-ga'tion, n. Act of watering or moistening ; espe- 
 cially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, 
 for nourishing plants. 
 
 Ir-rig'u-ous, a. [L&t. irriguus. See IRRIGATE .] Wa« 
 
 ^ tered ; watery ; moist. 
 
 Ir'ri-ta-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being easily irri- 
 tated, susceptibility to excitement. 2. (Physiol.) (a.) 
 A healthful vital susceptibility to the influence of nat- 
 
 food, fd<>t ; ftrn, ri|de, pull ; 9ell, 9haise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; af .' ©acist ; linger, lialc ; tlii». 
 
IRRITABLE 
 
 398 
 
 IT 
 
 oral, medicinal, and mechanical agents, {b.) A morbid 
 and plainly excessive vital susceptibility to the iutiuence 
 of natural", medicinal, and niecluinical agents, (e.) The 
 general vital activity of any and every part of the living 
 aniuial In^dv. whether in health or disease. 
 
 ir'rl-ta-ble, o. 1. Capable of being irritated. 2. Easily 
 intlanied or exasperated. 
 
 Ir'ri-ta-bly, nriv. In an irritable manner. 
 
 Ir'ri-taiit, a. 1. [I.At. irritans, irritantis, p. pr. of irri- 
 tare. See Irritate.] Irritating. 2. [From Lat. irri- 
 tus, from j»i, not, and ratus, established.] Rendering 
 null and Toid. 
 
 Ir'ri-taiit. «. That which irritates ; that which in any 
 wav causes pain, heat, or tension. 
 
 Ir'ri-tate, v. t. [irnp. & p.p. IRRITATED ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. IRRITATING.] [Lat. irritare, irritatum, alUed to Icel. 
 rfita, to pluck, pull, irritate.] 1. To excite heat and 
 redness in, as the skin or flesh of living animal bodies, 
 as by friction ; to fret. tJ. To increase the action or vio- 
 lence of. 3. To excite anger in ; to tease. 4. (Physiol.) 
 To produce irritation in. See IRRITATION. 
 
 Syn. — To provoke; exasperate. — Whatever comes across 
 our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger profoi-e5,- what- 
 ever raises anger to a high point exasperates. 
 
 Ir'ri-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of irritating; undue excite- 
 ment; especially., excitement of anger or passion ; prov- 
 ocation ; exasperation; anger. 2. (Physiol.) (a.) A nor- 
 mal and appropriate action of an organized being under 
 appropriate stimulus or conditions of action, (b.) A viti- 
 at«i and abnormal sensation or action, or both in con- 
 junction, produced by natural, medicinal, or mechanical 
 agents. 3. (Med.) Act or process of stimulating mus- 
 cular fiber. 
 
 Xr'ri-ta'tive, a. 1. Serving to excite or irritate; irri- 
 tator\. 2. Accompanied with, or produced by, increased 
 
 ^ action or irritation. 
 
 ir'ri-ta-to-ry, a. Exciting ; producing irritation. 
 
 Ir-rup'tion, n. [Lat. irruptio, from irmptus, p. p. of 
 irrumpere, to break in, from prefix in and rumpere, to 
 break or burst.] 1. A breaking, or sudden, violent 
 rushing into a place. 2. A sudden invasion or incursion. 
 
 Ir-rfip'tive, a. Rushing in or upon. 
 
 i§, V. i. [A.-S. w, Goth, ist, allied to Lat. est; Gr. eori, 
 Skr. asti, Pol. jest, from Skr. as ; Lat. esse., to be.] The 
 third person singular of the substantive verb, in the in- 
 dicative mood, present tense. See Be. 
 
 f'sa-gon, n. [From. Gr. i<ros, equal, and yovCa, angle.] 
 (Math.) A figure whose angles are equal. 
 
 Is'-elii-at'i-e, a. [From Gr. l<rxiov, hip.] Pertaining to 
 the hip. 
 
 I'giii-glass (i'zing-glas), n. [That is, iceglass, from 
 icing, ice, and gla^s, q. v.] 1. A semi-transparent, 
 whitish form of gelatine, chiefly prepared from the sounds 
 or air-bladders of various species of sturgeons. 2. Sheets 
 of mica ; — popularly so called. 
 
 2§'lain, n. [Ar. islam, obedience to the will of God, from 
 salama, to submit to God.] The reUgion of Mohammed, 
 and also the whole body of those who profess it through- 
 out the world. 
 
 Iglam-igm, n. The faith or creed of the Mohammedans ; 
 Mohammedism ; Mahometanism. 
 
 X§1am-it'i«, a. Pertaining to Islam ; Mohammedan. 
 
 Isl'and (Il'and), n. [0. Eng. Hand, yland, A.-S. ealand, 
 igland, iegland, ig, compounded of A.-S. ed, edh, water, 
 river, Goth, ahva, and land, q. v. The s is inserted by 
 corruption, after the analogy of ?.vZ«'.] 1. A tract of land 
 surrounded by water. 3. A large, floating mass, resem- 
 
 _ bling an island. 
 
 f sl'and (Il'and), v. t. To cause to become an island, as 
 by surrounding with water ; hence, to surround ; to in- 
 sulate. 
 
 Isl'and-er (H'and-er), n. An inhabitant of an island. 
 
 f sle (II), n. [0. Fr. isle, It. isola, Lat insula.] An island. 
 
 Isle (II), V. t. To cause to become u,a island, or Uke an 
 island- [isle. 
 
 {8l'et(T]'et),n. [Diminutive of wie. See supo.] A little 
 gm, n. [From the English termination -ism, denoting 
 the theory, doctrine, spirit, or abstract idea of that sig- 
 nified by the word to which it is append^-d.] A doctrine 
 or theory ; especially, used contemptuously or in a bad 
 senile, a specious, but wild or visionary theory. 
 
 l'80-«liro-inllt'i€, a. [From Gr. lo-os, equal, andxpii/Aa, 
 color.] ( Opt. ) Having the same color ; — a term applied 
 to two rings, curves, or Unes, having the same color or 
 tint. 
 
 I-s6€h'ro-nal, a. [Gr. lo-oxpovo?, from Icroi, equal, and 
 Xp6u<K, time.] Uniform in time ; of equal time ; per- 
 formed in equal times. 
 
 I-sSch'ro-nigin, n The state or quality of being isoclr 
 
 _ ronous. 
 
 I-s6cli'ro-noxls, a. The same as Isochronal. 
 
 I'so-ge'o-therm, n. [Gr. lo-o?, equal, yrj, earth, and 
 eep/x>), heat.] (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line or ciu-ved 
 surface passing beneath the earth's surface through 
 points having the same mean temperature. 
 
 i'so-ge'o-tlierin'al, a. Pertaining to, or having the 
 nature of, an isogeotherm. 
 
 f s'o-late, V. t. [imp. & p. p. isolated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ISOLATING.] [It. isolate, from isola, Lat. insula, 
 island.] 1. To place in a detached situation ; to place 
 by itself; to insulate. 2. (Chem.) To separate from 
 
 ^ other substances : to obtain in a pure state. 
 
 is'o-la'tion, n. State of being isolated. 
 
 I'so-m6r'i-e, a. [From Gr. lo-os, equal, and /uiepo?, part.] 
 
 _ ( Chem.) Having the quality of isomerism. 
 
 i-som'er-igm, n. ( Chem.) An itientity of elements and 
 of atomic proportions, with a difference in the amount 
 combined in the compound molecule, and of its essential 
 
 _ quaUties. 
 
 I' so-met 'ri«, ) a. [Gr. lo-os, equal, and fierpov, meas- 
 
 i'so-met'ri-e-al, j ure.] Pertaining to, or character- 
 ized by, equality of measure. 
 
 Jsometrical projection, a. species of orthographic projection, 
 in which but a single plane of projection is used. It is so named 
 from the fact that the projections of three equal lines, parallel 
 respectively to three rectangular axes, are equal to one another. 
 
 Fso-p^r'i-met'ri-e-al, a. [Gr. i<roiTepifjL€7i>o^, from i<ros, 
 equal, and nepCfjieTpov, circumference.] Having equal 
 
 _ perimeters or circumferences. 
 
 i'so-pe-rim'e-try, n. (Geotn.) The science of figures 
 
 _ having equal perimeters or boundaries. 
 
 i's6s'9e-le§ (i-sos'se-lez), a. [Gr. to-oo-KcA^s, from to-os, 
 equal, and o-xeAos, leg; Lat. isosceles.] ( Geom.) Having 
 
 _ only two legs or sides that are equal ; — said of a triangle. 
 
 I'so-therin, n. [Gr. lo-os, equal, and flepjurj, heat.] (Phys. 
 Geog.) An imaginary line over the earth's surface pass- 
 ing through points having the same mean annual tem- 
 
 _ perature. 
 
 i'so-tlierni'al., a. Having reference to the geographical 
 distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of 
 isotherms ; having the nature of an isotherm ; illustrat- 
 ing the distribution of temperature by means of a series 
 of isotherms. [a Jew. 
 
 l§'ra-el-ite (44), n. A descendant of Israel, or Jacob ; 
 
 Ig'ra-el-it'ic, I a. Pertaining to Israel ; Jewish ; He- 
 
 |§'ra-el-it'ish, j brew. 
 
 Is'sii-a-tole (ish/shH-a-hl),re. [From, issue.] Leading to, 
 
 ^ producing, or relating to an issue. 
 
 is'siie (ish'shjj ), n. [Fr. , from 0. Fr. issir, eissir, to go out, 
 from Lat. exire, to go out, from prefix ex, out of, from, 
 and ire, to go.] 1. Act of passing or flowing out; a 
 moving out of any inclosed place ; egress. 2. Act of 
 sending out, or causing to go forth ; delivery. 3. That 
 which passes, flows, or is issued or sent out ; as, (a.) The 
 whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time: (b.) 
 Ultimate result or end ; (c. ) Progeny ; a child or children ; 
 offspring ; (d.) Produce of the earth, or profits of land, 
 tenements, or other property. 4. Evacuation ; disharge ; 
 a flux or running. 5. ( Med. ) An artificial ulcer designed 
 to promote a secretion of pus. 6. (Laiv.) In pleading, the 
 close or result of pleadings, by which a single material 
 point of law or fact depending in the suit, is presented 
 for determination. 7, Any point made in debate or con- 
 troversy ; the presentation of alternatives between which 
 to choose or decide. 
 
 At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; 
 hence, at variance; disagreeing. —Issue pea (Med.), a pea, or a 
 Bimilar round body, used to maintain irritation in a wound, 
 and promote the secretion and discharge of pue. 
 
 Is'sue (ish'shu), v. i. [imp. & p. p. issued ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ISSUING.] 1. To pass or flow out. 2. To go out : to 
 rush out. 3. To proceed, as from a source. 4. To pro- 
 ceed, as progeny ; to spring. 5. To be produced as an 
 effect or result ; to arise; to proceed. 6. (Legal Plead- 
 ings.) To come to a point in fact or law, on which the 
 parties join and rest the decision of the cause. 7. T© 
 close ; to end ; to terminate. 
 
 Is' sue (ish'shij) v. t. 1. To send out ; to put Into circu- 
 lation. 2. To deliver for use. 3. To send out; to de- 
 liver by authority. 
 
 Istli'mus (is/mus or isthmus, 100), «.; pi. YsTH/MUS-E§ 
 (Ys'mus-ez or ist'mus-ez). [Lat. isthmus, Gr. itr^/xo?.] 
 (Geog.) A neck or narrow strip of land by which two 
 continents are connected, or by which a peninsula ii 
 united to the main land. 
 
 tt, pron. [0. Eng. it, hit, A.-S. hit, Goth, ita, allied to Lat 
 
 S,e, &c., long; &, g, ke., short; cAr«, far, aslL, ^, wh^t ; 6re, Tgil, tSrm ; pitque, firm ; s6n, or, Aq, w^U, 
 
ITALIAN 
 
 899 
 
 JACK-BOOTS 
 
 id, Skr. it.] An impersonal or neuter pronoun, usually re- 
 garded as a demonstrative, corresponding to the masculine 
 pronoun he and the feminine she, and having the same 
 plural. The possessive form ics, is modern. It is used, — 
 1, As a demonstrative, pointing to that which is about to 
 be stated, named or mentioned, or referring to that which 
 is apparent or well known, ii. As a substitute for any 
 noun of neuter gender. 3. As a substitute for such 
 general terms as, the state of affairs, the condition of 
 things, and the like. 4. As an indefinite nominative for 
 an impersonal verb. 5. As an indefinite object after 
 some intransitive verbs, or after a substantive used humor- 
 ously as a verb . 
 
 I-ta-rian(i-tai'yan),a. ( Geog-.) Of, or pertaining to, Italy, 
 its inhabitants, or their language 
 
 I-t^l'iata (i-tai'yan), n. ( Geog.) 1. A native or natural- 
 ized inhabitant of Italy. '^. The language used in Italy, 
 
 ^ or by the Italians. 
 
 i t^I'laii-ize, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Italianized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ITALIANIZING.] To play the Italian ; to speak 
 
 ^ Italian. 
 
 I-ia,l'i« (110), a. Relating to Italy ; — applied especially 
 to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright 
 but slope toward the right; — so called because dedicated 
 to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, 
 about the year 1500. 
 
 t-tari€, n. ,p;. I-tXl/I€S. {Print.) An Italic letter or 
 character, as the letters in which this clause is printed. 
 
 I-ta,l'i-9ize, V. t. [imp. 8c p. p. italicized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. italicizing.] To write or print in Italic char- 
 acters. 
 
 Itcli, n. [A.-S. gictha, gicenes, itching, scab.] 1. An 
 eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced 
 by the entrance of a parasitic animal, and attended with se- 
 vere itching, "i. The sensation in the skin which is occa- 
 sioned by the disease. 3. A constant irritating desire. 
 
 ItcIi, V. i. [imp. & p. p. itched (itcht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ITCHING.] 1, To feel a particular uneasiness in the 
 skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part. 3. 
 To have a constant desire or teasing inclination. 
 
 itcli'y, a. Infected with the itch. 
 
 I'tem, adv. [Lat.] Also ; at the same time. 
 
 I'tem, n. An article ; a separate particular in an account. 
 
 f'tem, V. t. [imp. & p.p. itemed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ITEMING.] To make a note or memorandum of. 
 
 It'er-ant, a. Repeating. 
 
 It'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. iterated; ;>. pr. k vb n. 
 ITERATING.] [Lat. iterate, iteratum, from iterum, ittro^ 
 
 ^ again.] To utter or do a second time ; to repeat. 
 
 ifer-a'tion, n. Recital or performance a second time; 
 
 It'er-a-tive, a. Repeating. [repetition. 
 
 I-tin'er-a-^y, n The practice of itinerating. 
 
 i-tin'er-an-^y, n. 1. A passing from place to place. 
 ti. A discharge of official duty by constantly or frequent- 
 ly changing residence ; also, a body of persons who thus 
 
 _ discharge official duty. 
 
 i-tiu'er-ant, a. [L. Lat. itinerans, p. pr. of itinerare, to 
 make a journey, from Lat. iter, itineris, a walk, way, 
 journey.] Passing or traveling about a country ; wan- 
 
 _ dering. 
 
 I-tin'er-ant, n. One who travels lirom place to place, 
 
 _ particularly a preacher ; one who is unsettled. 
 
 i-tin'er-a-ry, n. An account of travels, or a register of 
 
 _ places and distances as a guide to travelers. 
 
 i-tin'er a-ry , a. Travehng ; passing from place to place, 
 
 _ or done on a journey. 
 
 i-tm'er-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. itinerated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ITINERATING.] [L. Lat. itinerare, itinerari, 
 itineratum. See ITINERANT.] To travel from place to 
 place, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lectur- 
 ing, &c. [tute applied to things. 
 
 It-self, pron. The neuter reciprocal pronoun, or substi- 
 
 I'vo-ry, n. [From Lat. eboreus, made of ivory, from ebur, 
 eboris, ivory, from 0. Egypt, ebitr, elephant, Skr. ibha.] 
 1. The hard, white, opaque, fine-grained substance con- 
 stituting the tusks of the elephant, ti. The tusks them- 
 selves of the elephant. 3. Any white organic structure 
 resembling ivory. 
 
 Vegetable ivory. See Ivory-Nut. 
 
 i'vo-ry-l>ia€lc, n. A kind of charcoal in powder, made 
 
 _ by charring ivory or bones. 
 
 I'vo-ry-nut, n. The nut of a species of palm. When 
 young, the seed contains a fluid which gradually hard- 
 ens into a whitish, close-grained, albuminous substance, 
 
 _ resembling the finest ivory in texture and color. 
 
 I'vy, n. [A.-S. ijig, from Lat. apium,, parsley, from apis, 
 a bee, because it was especially loved by bees.] {Bot.) A 
 climbing plant common in Europe. Its leaves are dark, 
 smooth, shining, and five-pointed ; the flowers yellowish 
 and small ; the berries black or yellow. 
 
 Iz'zard, n. [Probably a corruption of s hard.] The letter 
 z, — formerly so called. 
 
 J. 
 
 J(ja) is the tenth letter, and seventh articulation or con- 
 sonant, of the English alphabet, to which it has been 
 added in modern days, the letter i being written former- 
 ly in words where j is now used. The English sound of 
 this letter, which is precisely the same as that of g soft, 
 as in genius, may be very nearly expressed by dzh. See 
 Principles of Pronunciation, § 77. 
 
 jab'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. jabbered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. JABBERING.] [Allied to gibber and gabble, q. v.] To 
 talk rapidly or indistinctly. 
 
 JJib'ber, v. t. To speak rapidly or indistinctly, [words. 
 
 jab'ber, n. Rapid talk, with indistinct utterance of 
 
 ja.b'ber-er, n. One who jabbers. [at length. 
 
 Ja'^eiit, a. [Lat. jacens, p. pr. of jacere, to he.] Lying 
 
 Ja'^intb, n. The same as Hyacinth. See Hyacinth. 
 
 Jd.ck, n. [Cf. Fr. Jacques, James.] 1. A nickname or 
 diminutive of John ; as, (a.) A saucy or paltry fellow ; — 
 eaid in contempt or ridicule. (6.) A play- ~ 
 
 ing-card marked with the figure of a ser- 
 vant. [See Knave.] (c.) A sea-faring 
 man. 3. An instrument t^at supplies 
 the place of a boy; as, (a.) An instru- 
 ment to pull off boots ; a boot-jack. (6. ) A 
 portable machine, variously constructed, 
 for raising great weights through a small 
 space, (c.) An engine to turn a spit, (d.) 
 In general, any appendage to a machine, 
 rendering convenient service. 3. A young 
 pike. 4. ['Sv.jaque,jacque.] A buff jerkin ; 
 rarely, a coat of mail. 5. The male of 
 certain animals, as of the ass. 6. A wood- 
 en frame on which wood or timber is sawed. 
 7, (Mus.) The quiU of the hammer which 
 strikes the strings in a harpsichord, piano 
 
 {Naut.) A small flag containing only the union without 
 
 the fly. 
 
 American Jack. 
 
 English Jack. 
 
 Jack-at-all-trades, a person who can turn his hand to any 
 kind of business. — Jack-at-Orpinch, a person who receives un- 
 expected calls to do any thing. — Jack-with-a-la7itern, an ignis- 
 fatuus, a meteor that appears in low, moist lands. 
 
 [See Dandy.] A little, foppish, 
 
 JS,ck:'-a-dan'dy, n. 
 
 impertinent fellow. 
 
 JdiCk'al, n. [Per. shag&l, shigal, Skr. 
 srigai'a. Cf. Heb. shMl, a fox.] 
 (Zool.) A carnivorous animal of In- 
 dia and Persia, allied to the wolf. It 
 is gregarious and nocturnal in its 
 habits, and remarkable for its pierc- 
 ing wail. 
 
 ja.ck:'a-16nt, n. [Vov Jack of Lent .] A sort of puppet 
 formerly thrown in at Lent. Hence, a boy, in ridicule. 
 
 JJiclc'a-napes, n. [Eng. jack and ape.] 1. A monkey ; 
 an ape. 2. A coxcomb ; an impertinent fellow. 
 
 jack'ass, n. 1. The male of the ass. 2. A dolt ; a 
 blockhead. 
 
 J&ck'-bobts, n. pi. Large boots reaching above the 
 knee, and serving to protect the leg. 
 
 Jackal. 
 
 food, fcJbt; firn, r^de, p^ll ; ^ell, (liaise, «all, «relio; ^em, get; ag; e^st; linger, LU}k ; fdiis. 
 
JACKDAW 
 
 400 
 
 JAR 
 
 fftck'daw, m. {OmUK.) A 
 bin! aiiied to the crows, of 
 which it iii the smallest exam- 
 ple. 
 
 f&clc'et, »- [tT.jaquette, dim. 
 ofjaijue.] A short, close gar- 
 ment, extendlDg downward to 
 the hips 
 
 Jackdaw. 
 
 Jftrk'knife (-nif), n. A large strong clasp-knife for the 
 
 ix'cket. 
 
 Jftck'-plane, n. A piane about eighteen inches long, 
 usovi by joiners for coarse work. [zany. 
 
 Jftck'-pud diu&r, "• A nierry-andrew : a buffoon : a 
 
 Jftck'-sit-'re^v (-skrn), n. A portable machine for raiidng 
 heavy weights through a small distance. 
 
 Jftck'-silayf , "• pi- (iVaur) Ropes or strips of wood or 
 iron .stretching along the yards of a ship and used to bind 
 the sails to. 
 
 jack'-stra'w, n. 1. A low, servile fellow. 2. One of a 
 set of straws or strips of ivory, bone, &c., for placing a 
 «'hild"s game. [roller. 
 
 jack'-to"vvel. n. A long, endless towel placed upon a 
 
 jac'o-bin, n. [So named from the place of meeting, 
 which was the monastery of the monks called Jacobines.] 
 (Hist.) One of a society of violent revolutionists in 
 France, during the revolution of 1789. Hence, a turbu- 
 lent or factious demagogue. 
 
 J&«'o-biae, n. 1. A Dominican friar. 2. A pigeon 
 with a high tufl. 
 
 ja<r'o-bin'i«, \ a. Resembling, or pertaining to, the 
 
 jac'o-bm'ic-al, \ Jacobins of France ; holding revo- 
 lutionary principles. 
 
 Jftc'o-biii-ism, n. The principles of the Jacobins : vi- 
 olent and factious opposition to legitimate government. 
 
 ja€'o-bite, n. [X. Lat. Jacoiw^, James.] (Eng. Hist.) 
 A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after he ab- 
 dicated the throne, and of his descendants. 
 
 jae'o-bite, a. Pertaining to the partisans of James 
 the Second of England. 
 
 Ja€'o-bit'i€, ( a. Belonging to the Jacobites, or par- 
 
 Jac'o-bit'ic-al, ) tisans of James 11. of England. 
 
 ja^'o-bit-ism. n. The principles of the adherents of 
 James the Second. 
 
 Ja'cobs-iad der, n. 1. {Bot.) A plant having numer- 
 ous flowers of a blue or white color, somewhat dirooping. 
 3. (-Yau/.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going 
 aloft. 
 
 Ja-^o'bixs, n. ; pi. JA-co'Brs-Eg. [N. Lat. See Jaco- 
 bite.] An EnglL«h gold coin of the value of twenty -five 
 shilling? sterling, struck in the reign of James the First. 
 
 ja-e'o-ndt, n. [FT.jacona.s.] A thin cotton fabric, for ^ 
 dresses, neck-cloths, and the like. I 
 
 fSk^'ti-isi'tion, n. [From Lat. jartitare, to bring for- ' 
 ward in public, to utter, frequentative form of jactare, to 
 throw, cast, boast.] 1. Restlessness. 2, Vain boasting ; 
 Taunting. 
 
 Ji€'ti-15te, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JACULATED ; p. pr. 
 k r6. n. J.\CUL.ATING.] [Jjit. jaculGri,Jaculatus, from 
 jandum, dart, javelin, frava jar.fre , to throw.] To throw 
 like a dart : to throw out ; to emit. 
 
 ja€ u-la'tion, n. Action of darting or throwing, as mis- 
 rive weapons. 
 
 jae'u-la-to-ry, a. Darting or throwing out suddenly, 
 or suddenly thrown out. 
 
 JTade, n. [Of Oriental origin.] (3f in.) A hard stone of a 
 dark -green color, u-ed for ornamental purposes. 
 
 Jade, n. [Prov. Eng. yaud, Scot, yade, yad, yaitd.] 1. 
 A mean or poor horse. 2. A mean woman ; a wench. 3. 
 A young woman ; — in irony or slight contempt. 
 
 Jade, V. t. [imp. & p. p. j.\ded: p. pr. & vb. n. JAD- 
 l.'«G-] 1. To reduce to the condition of a jade : to tire 
 oat- 2. To exhaust by excessive labor of any kind. 
 
 8y>»«— To fatigiie : tire : wearj : h&ns&. — Fatigue la the 
 g«ienc t«rm : txre, denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; 
 weorjr, implie* that a pemon is worn out bv exertion : jade re- 
 fm to the weariness created hv a lone and'steadv repetition of 
 the Mine act or effort A little exertion will tirt a child or a 
 w^k person : a severe or protracted ta>k ir^an>.« equallv the 
 body and the mind : the most p^iwerful hor^ becomes jaderl . 
 on a long joamey by a continual straining of the same muscles. 
 
 Jad'iBh, a. 1. Viciotis ; bad : like a jade. 2. Unchaste: 
 
 — applied to a woman. 
 Jig, n. [Scot, jas, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. 
 
 See Jag, n., in/ra.] A small load, as of hay or grain in 
 
 the etraw. 
 Jag, n. [W., It., k Gael, gag, aperture, ckfl, chink.] 
 
 .\ notch ; a ragged protuberance. 
 jag, r. t. [imp. & p. p. jagged: p. pr. & vb. n. JAG- 
 
 GING.] To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw • 
 to notch. [vided' 
 
 jag'ged (60), p. a. Having notches or teeth : cleft ; di- 
 
 jag-ged-uess, n. State of being jagged ; unevenness. 
 
 Jagu-ar', H. [Mt^z. jagocura.] 
 (Zool.) .A. carnivorous animal 
 often called the American ti- 
 ger. It is found from Brazil 
 to Texas. 
 
 Jail, n. [Fr. gedle, 0. Fr. gaole, 
 
 gaiole, jaiole.] A prison : a Jaguar. 
 
 place for the eonfinement of persons arrested for debt or 
 
 for crime. \^{^ prison, 
 
 Jail'-bird, n. A prisoner : one who has been confined 
 
 Jail'er, n. The keeper of a jail or prison. 
 
 JaU'-fe'ver, n. (Mtd.) A dangerous fever of the ty- 
 phoid character, generated in jails and other plac«s 
 crowded with people. 
 
 jai'ap, fi. [So called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, 
 whence it was first imported in 1610.] {Med.) The root 
 of a plant found in Mexico. It is much used in powdei 
 as a cathartic. 
 
 jam, n. [Of Oriental origin. Cf. Ar.^cwarf, ice, jelly.] 
 
 1. A mass of people crowded together: also, the pres- 
 sure from a crowd. 2. A conserve of fruit boiled in 
 mass with sugar and water. 
 
 jam, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. JAMlklED : p. pr. k vb. n. 
 JAMMING.] [Fr. javibe, 0. Fr. jame. a leg. See Jamb.] 
 To press : to crowd : to squeeze tight. 
 
 jamb (j5m), n. [0. Fr. gambe, from Celt. cam. camh. 
 bent, crooked, allied to Gr. Kafini, a bt-nding, winding, 
 bend of a limb.] (Arch.) The side-piece of a door, a fire- 
 place, or any other aperture in a building. 
 
 jaii'gie (jSng'gl). r. i. [imp. & p.p. jangled : p.pr. 
 & vh. n. JANGLING.] [From L. Ger. & D. javgelen, 
 janketi, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.] 1. To 
 sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune. 2. 
 To bicker : to wrangle. 
 
 jan'gle, V. t. To cause to sound harshly, inharmoni- 
 oasly, or discordantly. [ble. 
 
 Jan'gle. «- Discordant sound ; contention; prate; bab- 
 
 Jan'gler, n. A wrangling, noisy fellow. [porter. 
 
 jaii'i-tor,n. [Lat., fr.jani/a, a door.] A door-keeper ; a 
 
 Jan'i-za-ry, n. [Turk, yeni-tsheri, new soldiers or 
 troops.] A soldier of a privileged military class, which 
 formed the nucleus of the Turkish infentry , but was sup- 
 pressed in 1826. 
 
 jan'sen-ism. n. (Eccl. Hi.u.) The doctrine of Janscn 
 in regard to free will and grace. 
 
 jan'sen-ist, «. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Cornelius 
 Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Tpres, in Flanders, 
 who received certain views of grace similar to thos« 
 taught by Calvin. 
 
 Jant, V. I. See Jaunt. 
 
 jan'u-a-ry. n. [Lat. Januarius. from Janus, an old 
 Italian deity, to whom tMs month was sacred.] The first 
 month of the year. 
 
 Ja-pan', n. [From the country in A.«ia so called.] 1, 
 Work varnished and figured in the manner practiced by 
 the natives of Japan. 2. The peculiar varnish or lacquer 
 used in japanning metallic or other articles. 
 
 Ja-pan', r. t. [imp. & p. p. JAPPANNED : p. pr. k rb. 
 n. J.\PANNING.] 1. To cover with a thick coat of hard, 
 brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese. 2. To 
 black and gloss, as in blacking shres or boots. 
 
 jap'a-ne§e' (91), a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Japan, 
 or its inhabitants. 
 
 jap^a-nege', n..- pi. J.XP'A-NEgE'. 1. (Geog.) A 
 native or inhabitant of Japan ; in the plural, the people 
 of Japan. 2. The language of the people of Japan. 
 Ja-pan'ner. h. One who vami.«he8 in the manner of 
 the Japanese, or one skilled in the art. 
 
 Ja-pli€t'i-e, a. Pertaining to Japheth, the eldest son of 
 Xoah : as, the Japhetic nations, which people the north 
 of Asia and all Europe. 
 
 Jar, r. »". [imp. k p. p. J.^KRED : p. pr. k vb. n. 
 JARRING.] [Allied to 0. H. Ger. kerran. to chatter, 
 croak, N. H. Ger. quarren, to grumble, and Lat. garrire, 
 to chatter, prate.] 1. To give forth a short rattle ot 
 tremulous sound: to vibrate harfhlv or dkcordantly. 
 
 2. To clash : to interfere. 3. To vibrate regularly. 
 Jar, f . t. To cau.«€ to tremble : to shake. 
 
 Jar, n. 1. A rattling vibration of sound. 2. Clash of 
 interest or opinions ; discord. 3. A vibration of th« 
 pendtilum of a clock. 
 
 On the jar. or ajar, not q?» ie closed; — said of a door. 
 
 Jar, n. [Per. & Ar. jarrah, jar, ewer.] 1. A vessel, u 
 
 i,e,kc.,long; Si,6,kt.,ih»rt; clkr«,far,ask,all, -wiiat: dre,'F§U,t«nii; pique, firm; s6n,dr,dtt, wgU* 
 
JARGON 
 
 401 
 
 JEST 
 
 of earth or glass, with a large belly and broad mouth. 
 '2, The measure of what is coutained ia a jar. 
 
 Jar'gon, n. [h'r. jargon, It. gergone, Sp. jerga,jerigon- 
 za.] 1. Confused, unintelligible talk or language ; gab- 
 ble ; gibberi.sh. 'Z, Cant language ; slang. 
 
 Jar'go-iielle', m . A variety of pear which ripens early. 
 
 J£i§'miiie, or jas'mine, n. [From Ar. & Per. jasa- 
 man, jasmin, jdsamhi, jasamtln.] (Bot.) A climbing 
 plant, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. 
 
 Jis'per, n. [Lat. inspis, Gr. lacm-ts, Per. yaslip, yashf, 
 yaskm, yashim, Ar. yas/ieb, yashf/, Heb. ydshpheli. Cf. 
 Diaper.] (Mhi.) An opaque, impure rariety of quartz, 
 of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a 
 smooth surface. 
 
 Jaun'di^e (jAu'dis), n. [Fr. jaunisse, fr.jaune, yellow, 
 orig. jalne, from Lat. galbinus, galbanus, yellowish, from 
 ga'.bu.<<, yellow.] (Med.) A disease, in its most common 
 form characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and 
 urine, and supposed to be caused by a suffusion of the 
 biliary secretions. 
 
 Jaun'di^^d. (jSn'dist), a. 1. Affected with the jaun- 
 dice. 'Z. Prejudiced ; seeing with discolored organs. 
 
 Jaunt, I", i. [imp. & p. p. JAUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 JAUNTING.] [Written also janf.] [&cot. jaunder.] To' 
 ramble here and there ; to make an excursion ; to stroll, i 
 
 Jaunt, n. An excursion ; a ramble ; a short journey. ' 
 
 Jaun'ti-ly, adc. In a jaunty manner. [airiness. ] 
 
 Jaun'ti-uess, n. QuaUty of being jaunty ; showiness ; j 
 
 Jaun'ty, a. [compar. jauntier ; siiperl. jauntiest.] 
 Airy ; show}' ; finical ; heuce, characterized by an affected 
 or fantastical manner. 
 
 jave'lin ( jav'Un), n. [M. H. Ger. gabim, 
 Ir. gabkla, spear, lance, gabhal, fork ; W. 
 gaflach, fork or angle, a barbed or 
 bearded spear, a kind of hunting-pole, 
 gafl, fork or angle.] A sort of spear 
 about five feet and a half long, anciently 
 used by horse or foot. 
 
 Jaw, n. [A modification of chaiv , formed 
 under the influence of Fr. joue, the 
 cheek.] 1. The bone of the mouth in Javehn. 
 which the teeth are fixed ; hence, also, the bone with its 
 teeth and covering ; in the plural, the mouth. 3. Scold- 
 ing; abusive clamor. [Low.] 3. Any thing resembling 
 the jaw of an animal in form or action. 
 
 Jaw, V. i. [imp. & p. p. ja\^te:d ; p.pr. & vb. n. JAW- 
 ING.] To scold ; to clamor. [Low.] 
 
 Jaiv, V. t. To abuse by scolding. [Low.] 
 
 Jay, n. [Fr. geai, 0. Fr. gai, jaie, 
 Sp. gayo, gaya.] (Ornith.) (a.) A 
 rather showy bird, common in 
 Europe, of red-brown color above, 
 and a faint yellow below, and hav- 
 ing a low, erectile crest of feathers. 
 (6.) A common American bird, hav- 
 ing the larger part of the feathers 
 of a brilliant sky-blue ; — called 
 also blue-jay. 
 
 Jgal'ous, a. [0. Fr. jalous, L. Lat. 
 zelosus, from Lat. zelus, Gr. ^rj\o^ 
 emulation, zeal, jealousy.] 1. .. 
 
 Filled with anxious apprehension. ^^' 
 
 2. Suspiciously vigUant ; solicitous in a matter affecting 
 character or honor. 3. Pained by suspicions of prefer- 
 ence given to another. 
 
 Syn. — Suspicious ; anxious ; envious.— Suspicious. —Sus- 
 picio'oi is the wider term. We suspect a person when we dis- 
 trust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. We 
 are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of 
 what is our own, and what we dearly prize. lago began by 
 awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last 
 into the deadliest jea/oiAsy. 
 
 Jgal'oiis-ly, adv. With jealousy or suspicion ; emu- 
 
 lously. 
 Jgal'oiis-ness, n. State of being jealous ; suspicion. 
 J6al'oiis-y, n. Quality of being jealous ; suspicious fear 
 
 or apprehension ; painful apprehension of rivalship in 
 
 cases nearly affecting one's happiness. 
 Jean ( jin), n. A twilled cotton cloth. 
 Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. jeered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 JEERING.] [Perhaps a modification of cheer, taken in an 
 
 ironical sense. Cf. jaw for chaw.] To make a mock of 
 
 some thing or person. 
 
 Syn. — To sneer; scofiF; deride; flout; gibe; mock. 
 Jeer, v. t. To treat with scoffs or derision. 
 Jeer, n. A railing remark or reflection ; a scoff; taunt ; 
 
 biting jest ; flout ; jibe ; mockery. 
 Jeer'er, n. A scoffer ; a railer ; a scorner ; a mocker. 
 
 Je-ho'vali, n. [Heb. hawdh, to be.] A Scripture appcl. 
 lation of the Supreme Being. 
 
 Je-lio'vLst, n. 1. (Htb. Gram.) One who maintains 
 that the vowel-points annexed to the word Jehovah, in 
 Hebrew, are the proper vowels of the word, and expn«8 
 the true pronunciation, ti. The suppo.«ed writer of the 
 Jehovistic passages of the Old Testament, especially thoae 
 of the Pentateuch. See ELOHISTIC. [God. 
 
 Je'lio-vist'ic, a. Relating to Jehovah, as a name of 
 
 Je-jtine', a. [Lat. jejunus, fasting, hungry, dry, barren.] 
 1. Craving food ; hungry; starving. 2. Wanting con- 
 tents ; empty ; void of interest ; barren. 
 
 Je-june'ly, adv. In a jejune, barren manner. 
 
 Je-june'ness (109), n. Quahty or condition of being 
 jejune ; especially, want of interest. 
 
 Jel'lied (jeFlid), a. Brought to the consistence of jelly. 
 
 Jel'ly, 11. [Fr. gelee, from geler, to freeze.] 1. Something 
 gelatinous; a stiffened solution of gelatine, gum, or the 
 like. 2. The inspissated juice of fruits or meat boiled 
 with sugar. 
 
 Jel'ly-fisli, n. {Zool.) One marine species of radiate 
 animals which have a jelly-like appearance. 
 
 Jen'net, n. A small Spanish horse. See Genet. 
 
 Jen'net-ing, n. [Said to be corrupted from junetting, 
 juneating, an apple ripe in June, or at St. Jean.] A 
 species of early apple. 
 
 Jen'ny, n. [Corruption of gin, a contraction of engine.] 
 A machine for spinning, moved by water or steam, and 
 used in manufactories. 
 
 Jeop'ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. jeoparded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. jeoparding.] [See infra.] To put in danger; to 
 expose to loss or injury. 
 
 Syn.— To hazard; risk; peril; endanger; expose. 
 
 Jeop'ard-ize, r. «. [imp. Sep. p. jeopardized ; /j. 
 pr. & vb. n. JEOPARDIZING.] To expose to loss or 
 injury: to jeopard. [ous. 
 
 Jeop'ard-ous, a. Exposed to danger ; perilous ; hazard- 
 
 Jeop'ard-y, n. [0. Eng. jupartie, juperti, jeupertys, 
 jeupertye, from Fr. jeu parti, an even game, a game in 
 which the chances are even. It was afterward con- 
 founded with the Fr. jeu perdu, a lost game.] Exposure 
 to death, loss, or injury. 
 Syn. — Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Dan gek. 
 
 JerHbo-a, or Jer-lbo'a, n. 
 
 [k.r. yerbOa,yarbUa.] (Zool.) 
 A small, jumping, rodent ani- 
 mal, having very long hind 
 legs and a long tail. It bur- 
 rows in the ground. 
 
 Jer'e-mi'ad, ) n. [From 
 
 Jer'e-mi'ade, J Jeremiah, 
 the prophet, and author of the book of " Lamentations."] 
 A tale of grief, sorrow, or complaint ; a doleful story. 
 
 Jerk. (14), f. t. [imp. & p. p. jerked (jerkt); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. JERKING.] [Written also yerk. Cf. 0. Eng. 
 girk, a rod, to chastise, to beat ; Icel.jarki, outside edge 
 of the sole of the foot, a kick.] 1. To throw with a quick 
 and suddenly arrested motion ; to give a suddeu pull, 
 twitch, thrust, or push. 2. To cut into thin slices or 
 strips, and dry in the sun. 
 
 Jerk, V. I. To make a sudden motion ; to start quickly ; 
 to move with a start, or by starts. 
 
 Jerk, n. 1. A short, sudden thrust, push, or twitch ; a 
 motion suddenly arrested. 2. Unsustained or unsteady 
 
 Jerk'er, n. One who moves with a jerk. [motion. 
 
 Jer'kin, n. [Dim. of D. jurk, a frock.] A jacket ; a kind 
 of short coat or close waistcoat. 
 
 Jer'gey ( jer'zy), n. [From the island so called.] 1. The 
 finest of wool separated from the rest ; also, fine yarn of 
 wool. 2. A kind of jacket of coarse woolen cloth. 
 
 Je-rn'sa-lem Ar'ti-clioke. [In this name, Jerusor- 
 lem is a corruption of the It. girasole, i. e., sunflower.] 
 (Bot.) A plant, cultivated in Europe and the United 
 States. It is a species of sunflower, the roots of which 
 are used as food, and the leaves given to cattle. 
 
 J6ss, n. [L. Lat. jacii/5, a jess, from Lat. _7'acfr^,yac(um, 
 to throw.] A short strap of leather or silk tied round 
 the legs of a hawk, to fasten it to the wrist. 
 
 J6s'sa-mine, n. (Bot.) A plant of certain species of the 
 genus Jas7ninum ; jasmine. 
 
 Jest, n. [0. Eng. jest and gest, deed, action, story, tale.] 
 1. Something done or said in order to amuse ; something 
 ludicrous meant only to excite laughter. 2. The object 
 of laughter or sport ; a laughing-stock. 
 Syn. —Joke; fun; burlesque; raillery; sport. 
 
 JSst, V. i. [imp. & p. p. JESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JEST- 
 
 Jerboa. 
 
 f ood, f <>bt ; &rn, rude, pull 
 
 " 26 • 
 
 ^ell, ^liaise, <;all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; liaser, link; t 
 
JESTER 
 
 402 
 
 JOCULARLY 
 
 INC.] To make merriment by words or actions ; to talk j Jibe, v. i. 1, {Naut.) To shift, as a boom-sail, from one 
 jokingly ; to joke. I side of a vessel to the other. 5i. To agree ; to harmonize. 
 
 Syn.— To joke: sport; rallv. — One Jests in order to make ; [Low.] 
 others laui;h; one ;"oie* to please himself. A ,;V.<f is always at | Jiffy, n. [Perhaps derived and corrupted from glij^, a 
 
 '" transient glance.] A moment ; an instant. IColloq.] 
 
 Jig, n. [0. Fr. gigue., gige, a string-instrument, N. Fr. 
 
 «s.'er, ,. 1. one ^.en ,o J«,n., .porn.e <«K, aoa S'£S LTiS.. t A LiL'e^^ikVS! 
 
 the expense of another, ami is often ill-natured; & joke is a 
 sportive sally designetl to promote good humor without wound- 
 ing the feelings of its object. 
 
 1. One given to jesting, sportive talk, and 
 merry pranks, 'i. A buffoon; a" person formerly re- 
 
 . -^ c • ^ 1 * <• *i i to such a movement. 3. A piece of sport ; a trick ; car 
 
 tained bv pnnces to make sport for them. I ., ^ pu^.- , a, liii^b. , uor 
 
 ^tpiilruse^o-f fh.™Sd''"°° ' '" """'"" ' - I ■'»S'S«':' " fEog.' ji^- see ,„;.„, 1. One who. 
 an opprobrious use ot tne vvora. or that which, jigs, a.s a miner who sorts or cleans ore by 
 
 Ji suits -bark: Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species I ■ ..•'='.' . _ . . . •' 
 
 of (.^nchomi , — so called because its medicinal properties were 
 first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South 
 AmeKca. i 
 
 Jgg'u-it'ic, \ a. 1. Pertaining to the Jesuits, or to •, 
 
 jeg'u-it'ic-al, ) their principles and arts. "i. Design- 
 ing : cunning ; deceitful ; — an opprobrious use of the , Jig'gle, v. i. [From jig, n.] To move in an affected or 
 
 Jfs'u-it'ic-al-ly, Q'-Zi-. In a Jesuitical manner. [word. awkward manner ; to shake up and dovm. 
 
 Jes'u-it-i§m. n. 1. The arts, principles, and practices Jill, "■_ [Equiv. to Gill, q. v.] A young woman; — so 
 of the Jesuits. 2. Cunning: deceit: deceptive practices called in contempt, 
 to effect a purpose ; — an offensive sense. ! Jill'-f lirt, n. [Also gill-flirt.] A light, wanton woman. 
 
 J6t, n. [Fr. jayet, jaiet, jais, from Lat. gagates, Gr. JHt, n. [Contracted from Scot, ji/let, a giddy giri, a jill- 
 yayd-nr:, nirpa yavy^Tis, so called fr. Taycu. or Tayyai, a flirt, dim. of jilL q. v.] A woman who capriciously de- 
 town and river in Lycia.] (Min.) A variety of lignite, of 
 
 passing it through a wire sieve. 2. A troublesome in- 
 sect of tropical regions. 3. A machine on which earthen 
 vessels are shaped by rapid motion. 4. {Naitt.) A small 
 tackle, consisting of a double and single block and the 
 fall. 
 
 a very compact texture, and velvet-black color, and often 
 
 wrought into toj^s, buttons, jewelry, &c. 
 Jet, n. [Lat. jactus, a thro\viDg, a throw, from jacere, 
 
 jaciww, to throw.] A sudden rush, as of water from a 
 
 pipe, or of flame from an orifice ; also, that which issues 
 
 in a jet. 
 Jet, V. i- [i7np. & p. p. JETTED; p. pr. & vb. n. JET 
 
 TING.] To shoot forward; to shoot or stand out 
 
 project ; to jut 
 
 Jet, V. t. To spout forth ; to emit in a stream or spout. 
 
 tTet-d'eau' {zhaL-do'),n. [Fr. , a throw of water. See Jet, 
 n.] A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe. 
 
 Jet'sam, 1 »i. [Ft. jeter, jetter, to throvf.] (Mar. Law.) 
 
 Jet'son, j (a.) The voluntary throwing of goods over- 
 board, in order to lighten a ship and preserve her. (6. ) 
 The goods thus thrown away , and which remain under 
 water. 
 
 J6t'ty, n. [Fr. jetee, 0. Fr. jettee, from jeter, jetter, to 
 throw.] 1. A part of a building that jets or projects 
 beyond the rest. 2. A kind of pier, mostly constructed 
 of timber, with open spaces for the sea to play in. 
 
 Jgt'ty, a. Made of jet, or black as jet. 
 
 Jew ( ju or ju), n. [From Lat. Judxa, Gr. 'lovSaia, the 
 country of the Jews, Judea.] A Hebrew, or Israelite. 
 
 Jew (ju or ju), v. t. To cheat or defraud. [Collog.] 
 
 Jew'el ( ju'el or ju'el), n. [0. Eng. juelle, jowele, L. Lat. 
 jocale, for gaudiale, as if from Lat. yocare,yocari, to jest, 
 joke, play.] 1. An ornament of dress in which the 
 precious stones form a principal part. 2. A precious 
 Btone ; a gem. 3. Any object very highly valued ; a 
 precious thing. 
 
 Jew'el, V. t. [ijnp. & p. p. jeweled ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 
 •jeweling.] 1. To dress or adorn with jewels. 2. To 
 fit or provide with a jewel. [other ornaments 
 
 ceives and disappoints her lover ; a coquette : a flirt 
 Jilt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JILTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JILT- 
 ING.] To encourage, and then frustrate the hopes of, as 
 a lover. 
 Jilt, V. i. To play the jilt ; to practice deception in love, 
 and discard lovers. [open doors. 
 
 Jlm'inLy, n. A short bar used by burglars in breaking 
 Jimp, a. Neat ; handsome : elegant of shape. See GiMP. 
 to ! Jin'gle (jing/glj, v. i. [See Gingle and Chink.] To 
 j sound with a fine, sharp rattle ; to clink 
 
 Jin'gle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. jingled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 JINGLING.] To cause to give a sharp sound, as a little 
 bell, or as pieces of metal. 
 
 Jin'gle, n. 1. A rattling or cUnking sound, as of little 
 bells or pieces of metal. 2. That which makes such a 
 sound. 3. Correspondence of sound in rhjTues. 
 
 Jin'go (jTng'go), 71. [Said to be a corruption of S^ Gin- 
 goulpli.] A word often used in a vulgar oath. 
 
 Jiii'nee,7i. ; p/. JINN. [Ar.] {Mohammedan Myth.) A 
 genius or demon ; — a name applied to genii, angels, or 
 demons, supposed to have transparent bodies, with the 
 power of assuming various forms. 
 
 Job, n. [A modification of chop, to cut off, to cut int» 
 small pieces.] 1. A piece of work ; any thing under- 
 taken, or assumed to be done. 2. An undertaking with 
 a view to profit ; a public transaction done for private 
 profit. 
 
 Job, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JOBBED ; p.pr. & vb. n. JOB- 
 BING.] 1. To hire by the job, or i)eriod of use and 
 service. 2. To do by separate portions or lots. 3. 
 ( Com . ) To buy and sell as a broker ; to purchase of 
 importers for the purpose of selling to retailers. 
 
 Job, V. i. [Cf. Chop, to barter, exchange.] 1. To per- 
 form pieces of work ; to work by the job. 2. To seek 
 private gain under the pretense of public service. 
 
 Jew'el-er, n. One' who makes or deals in jewels and Job'ber, n. 1. A worker by the job. 2. A dealer in 
 Jew'el-ler-y, n. See Jewelry. [jeweler, i the public stocks or funds. 3. One who purchases goods 
 
 Jew'el-ry, h. Jewels in general ; the art or trade of a from importers, and sells to retailers. 4. One who turns 
 Jew^'ess, n. A Hebrew woman. official actions to private advantage. 
 
 Jew'isli (ju'ish or JH'ish), a. Pertaining to the Jews or i Job'ber-nowl, n. [From 0. Eng. jobarde, a stupid 
 
 Hebrews; Israelitish. j fellow, and noul, 7ioZf , a head, from A-?io/Z, q. v.] A log- 
 
 Jevir'ry (ju'ry or ju'r^), n. Judea; also, a district in- I gerhead ; a blockhead. [Low.] 
 
 habited by Jews, and hence the name of a street in i Job'bing-lioiise, »». A mercantile establishment which 
 
 London. purchases from importers and sells to retailers. [Amer.] 
 
 Jew's'-liarp ( juz/- or j^z/-). n. A small mu.sical instru- Joclc'ey, n. ; pi. Jocii/EYg. [Dim. of Jack, Scot. Jock, 
 
 ment, held between the teeth, and having a metal tongue, ! diminutive of John.] 1. A man who rides horses in a 
 
 which when struck by the finger produces musical sounds i race. 2. A dealer in horses. 3. One who cheats in trade. 
 
 that are modulated "by the breath. I Joclc'ey, v. t. [imp. & p. p. JOCKEYED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 J6z'e-bel, n. [From JeztbH, the wife of Ahab, king of ! n. JOCKEYING.] To play the jockey toward ; to cheAt ; 
 
 Israel.] An impudent, daring, vicious woman. i Jock'ey, r. V. To play or act the jockey. [to trick. 
 
 Jib. n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. ^(7/5, tatters.] 1. (Naut.) The Joclc'ey-igm, n. Practice of jockeys. _ 
 
 foremost .sail of a ship, being a large, triangular stay-sail Jo-eose', a. [Lat. j'oco5ws, from jocjw, joke.] 1. Given 
 
 extended from the outer end of the jib-boom toward the to jokes and jestings. 2. Containing a joke. 
 
 fore topmast-head. In sloops, it is on the bowsprit, and Syn. — Jocular; facetious; witty; merry; pleasant; waggish; 
 
 extends toward the lower mast-head. 2. (Mach.) The! sportive. 
 
 projecting beam of a crane. ! Jo-«ose1y, a<^i'. In jest ; for sport or game. 
 
 JIb'-bobm, 71. (Naut.) A spar which is run out from ' Jo-eose'ness, n. Quality of being jocose ; merriment. 
 
 the extremity of the bow-sprit, and which serves as a Jo-eos'i-ty, n. A jocose act or saying : jocoseness. 
 
 continuation of it. ; Joe'u-lar, a. [Lat. jocularis, from jocvlus, dim. of j|ocu.s, 
 
 Jibe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JIBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JIBING.] joke.] 1. Given to jesting ; jocose. 2. Containing jokee, 
 
 [Writt«n aIbo gybe.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of Joc^u-lSr'i-ty, n. Merriment ; jesting. [sportive. 
 
 , .. ... -x.._„ ... _-M J6e'u-lar-ly, adv. In jest; lor sport or mirth. 
 
 a vessel to the other, &a a sail. 
 
 ii,i,k.*.,long; &, 6, Sec, short; c4re,far,ask,aU, wliat ; €re,veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do,w9lf, 
 
JOCUND 
 
 403 
 
 JOURNEY 
 
 J&e'nnd, a. [Lat. jocundua^ jucundus, from joats, a jest, 
 joke.] Merry; gay; airy; lively; sportive. 
 
 Jo-*;un'di-ty, n. State of being merry ; gayety. 
 
 J6-e'und-ly, adv. Merrily ; gayly. 
 
 J6«'uiid-ness, n. State of being jocund ; jocundity. 
 
 Jog, V. t. [ijnp. & p. p. JOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JOG- 
 GING.] [Allied. to Ger. sckocken, to jolt or shake, Eng. 
 shock.] To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to 
 urge gently or repeatedly. 
 
 Jog, V. i. 1. To move by jogs, like those of a slow trot. 
 'Z. To walk or travel idly, heavily, or slowly. 
 
 Jdg, n. A slight shake ; a shake or push intended to give 
 notice or awaken attention. 
 Jog-trot, a slow, regular pace. 
 
 J6g'ger, n. 1. One who walks or moves heavily and 
 slowly, 'i. One who gives a sudden push. 
 
 JSg'gle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JOGGLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 JOGGLING.] [Dim. oijog, q. v.] 1. To shake slightly ; 
 to jostle, or cause to move irregularly, 'i. {Arch.) To 
 join or match by jogs or notches, so as to prevent sliding 
 
 Jdg'gle,f. V. To shake or totter. [apart. 
 
 Jog'gle, n. 1. (Arch.) A joint between two bodies so 
 constructed by means of jogs or notches, as to prevent 
 their sUding past each other. t2. (Masonry.) A similar 
 joint held in place by means of pieces of stone or metal 
 introduced into it. 3. pi. The pieces of stone or metal 
 used in a joggle-joint. 
 
 Jo-liS;ii'iie§, «. (Numis.) A Portuguese gold coin of the 
 value of eight dollars ; so named from the figure of King 
 John (Lat. Johannes) which it bears. 
 
 J5Iiii Do'ry. [Formed from I'r. jaune doree, golden 
 yellow; doree, i.e., gilt (sc. la poissou, &sh.).] (Ichth.) 
 A small golden-colored sea-fish. See Dory. 
 
 J61iii'ny-€al£e, n. A cake made of the meal of maize 
 or Indian corn, mixed with water, and originally baked 
 on the hearth. [Amer.] 
 
 Join (38), V. t. [imp. & p. p. joined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 JOINING.] [From La,t.jungere, to yoke, bind together.] 
 1. To bring together, literally or figuratively ; to place 
 in contiguity ; to league, 'i. To associate one's self to ; 
 to be or become connected with. 3. To effect a union. 
 
 Syn. — Toadd ; annex ; unite ; connect ; combine ; conso- 
 ciate ; couple ; link. See Add. 
 
 Join, V. i. To be contiguous, close, or in contact ; to form 
 a league or contract together ; to unite. 
 
 Join'der, n. 1. Act of joining ; conjunction. 2. (Laiw.) 
 (a.) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a 
 suit, or of causes of action, (b.) Acceptance of an issue 
 tendered in law or fact. 
 
 Join'er, n. 1. One who joins; auniter. 3. A mechanic 
 who does the wood-work in the covering and finishing of 
 buildings. 
 
 Join'er-y, n. Art of a joiner ; the work of a joiner. 
 
 Joint, n. [See Join.] 1. The place or part in which 
 two things are joined or united ; junction, ti. The part 
 or space included between two joints, knots, or articula- 
 tions. 3. (Geol.) One of a system of regular and exten- 
 sive cracks or seams tp.nsverse to the stratification. 
 
 Joint, a. 1. Joined ; united ; combined ; concerted. 2. 
 Uniting or sharing with another or with others. 3> 
 Shared among more than one ; held in common. 
 
 Joint, ^'. t. [imp. & p. p. JOINTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 jointing.] 1. To unite by a joint or joints ; to fit to- 
 gether. 2. To provide with a joint or joints ; to articu- 
 late. 3. To separate the joints of; to cut up, as meat ; 
 to disjoint. 
 
 Joint, V. i. To fit perfectly ; to coalesce as joints do. 
 
 Joint'er, n. 1. The longest plane used by a joiner. 2. 
 ( Masonry.) A bent piece of iron used to secure the joints 
 of a wall in order to strengthen it. 
 
 Joint'Iy, adv. In a joint manner; together; unitedly ; 
 in concert. 
 
 Joint'ress, n. ( Law. ) A woman who has a jointure. 
 
 Jolnt'-stdck, n. Stock held in company. 
 
 Joint'-stobl, n. A stool consisting of parts inserted in 
 each other. 
 
 Joint'- tgn'an-^y, n. (Law.) A tenure of estate by 
 unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which 
 the survivor takes the whole. [joint-tenancy. 
 
 Joint'-ten'ant, n. (Law.) One who holds an estate by 
 
 Joint'ure (53), n. [l.s.t.junctura, fTOxajungere,junctum, 
 See Join and Juncture.] (Law.) An estate settled 
 on a wife, and which she is to enjoy after her husband's 
 decease for her own Ufe at least, and in satisfaction of 
 dower. 
 
 Joint'ure, t'. t. [imp. & p p. jointured-, p. pr. & 
 vb. n. jointuring.] To settle a jointure upon. 
 
 Joist, n. [L. Lat. gistum, equiv. to Lat. jacitum, p. p. 
 of jacSre, to lie.] A small piece of timber to which the 
 boards c/a floor or the laths of ceiling are nailed. 
 
 Jois>t, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JOISTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 JOISTING.] To fit or furnish with joi-sts. 
 
 Joke, n. [La,t. jocus.] 1. Something said for the 8ak« 
 of exciting a laugh ; a jest; a witticism. 2. What is not 
 in earnest, or actually meant. 
 
 Joke, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JOKED (jokt) ; p.pr. k, vb. n. 
 JOKING.] To make merry with ; to rally ; to banter. 
 
 Joke, V. i. To do something for sport, or to make sport. 
 Syn. — To jest ; sport ; rally. 
 
 Jok'er, n. A jester; a merry fellow. 
 
 J6FIi-fi-ea'tion, n. [Eng. jolly and Lat. facere, t« 
 make.] Noisy festivity and merriment. [Colloq.] 
 
 J61'li-ly, adv. [See Jolly.] With noisy mirth. 
 
 Jol'li-ness, ) n. Noisy mirth ; gayety ; merriment ; fes- 
 
 J61'li-ty, ) tivity ; hilarity ; jovialty. 
 
 Jol'ly, a. [compar. jollier ; superl. JOLLlEST.] [0. 
 Fr. joli, jolif, joyfulj merry, N. Fr. joli, pretty, from 
 Icel. jol, Goth, jiuleis, Eng. yule, Christmas-feast. See 
 Yule.] 1. Full of life and mirth ; jovial; joyous; 
 merry. 2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it. 3. Of 
 fine appearance ; handsome ; plump. 
 I Jol'ly-boat, n. [A sailor's corruption of yawl-boat. See 
 Yawl.] (Naut.) A smaU boat belonging to a ship. 
 
 Jolt (20), v. i. [imp. & p. p. jolted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 JOLTING.] [Cf. 0. Eng. jolle, to beat, to come in col- 
 lision, Ger. schollern, scholdern, scholtern, to roll down, 
 to bowl.] To shake with short, abrupt risings and fell- 
 ings, as a carriage moving on rough ground. 
 
 Jolt, V. t. To shake with sudden jerks. 
 
 Jolt, n. A shock or shake by a sudden jerk. 
 
 Jolt'er, n. One who, or that which, jolts. 
 
 Jolt'liead, n. A great head ; a dunce ; a blockhead. 
 
 Jon'qull, ) n . [Fr. jonquille, from Lat. juncus, a rush. 
 
 Jon'quille, ) because it has rush-like leaves.] (Bat.) 
 A bulbous plant, allied to the daffodil. It has long, lily- 
 like leaves, and spikes of yellow or white fragrant flowers. 
 
 Jo'ram, ) ji. [Probably corrupted from 0. Eng. jorden, 
 
 Jo'rum, ) an earthen pot.] A large drinking vessel, 
 and also its contents, namely, nut-brown ale and toast, 
 with sugar and spice. [ Colloq. Eng.] 
 
 Joss'-stick (109), n. [Chinese joss, deity.] A small 
 cyUnder , made of gum mixed with the dust of odoriferous 
 woods, which the Chinese burn before their idols. 
 
 Jos'tle (jos'l), V. t. [imp. & p. p. jostled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. JOSTLING.] [See JUSTLE.] To run against and 
 shake ; to crowd against. 
 
 Jot, n. [Gr. twTtt, the name of the letter ?, Heb. 2/orf. See 
 IOTA.] An iota ; a point ; a tittle ; the least quantity 
 assignable. 
 
 Jot, V. t. [imp. & p. p. JOTTED ; p. pr. &, vb n. JOT- 
 TING.] To set down ; to make a memorandum of. 
 
 Jounpe, V. t. [itnp. & p. p. JOUNCED (jounst) ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. JOUNCING.] To jolt ; to shake, especially by 
 rough riding. 
 
 Jounce, n. A jolt ; a shake ; a hard trot. 
 
 Jofir'nal (jur'nal), n. [L. Lat. journale, from Lat. diitr- 
 nalis, diurnal, from diuryius, belonging to the day, from 
 dies, a day.] 1. An account of daily transactions and 
 events ; hence, specifically, (a.) ( Com.) A book in which 
 every particular article or charge is fairly entered under 
 the date of each day. (b.) (Naut.) A daily register of 
 the ship's course and distance, &c. (c.) A paper pub- 
 hshed daily ; hence, also, a periodical publication giving 
 an account of passing events, the proceedings and me- 
 moirs of societies, &c. 2. (Mach.) The short, cylindrical 
 portion of a shaft or other revolving piece which turns in 
 some other piece, or in a journal-box ; a bearing. 
 
 Joiir'nal-box, n. The part of a machine in which tfce 
 journal of a shaft, axle, or pin bears and moves ; strictly, 
 a box in two or more parts, so that it can be opened and 
 adjusted. 
 
 Jofir'nal-i§m, n. 1. The keeping of a journal. 2. 
 The profession of editing, or writing for, journals. 
 
 Joiir'nal-ist, n. 1. The writer of a journal or diaiy. 
 
 2. The conductor of, or contributor to, a public journal. 
 
 I Joiir'nal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. journalized; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. journalizing.] To enter in a journal an 
 
 i account of. [public journal. 
 
 Joiir'nal-ize, v. i. To aid by writing in carrying on a 
 , Joiir'ney, n. ,■ pi. JOUR'NEYg. [Yr . joiimce, a day, a 
 day's work, a day's journey, from Lat. diurnus. See 
 I Journal.] Travel from one place to another ; passage ; 
 I voyage. 
 ' Syn. — Tour ; excursion ; trip ; expedition ; pilgrimage. ^ 
 
 food, f<^t ; &rn, rude, pull ; pell, (liaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, lii}k ; thifr 
 
JOURNEY 
 
 404 
 
 JUGGLE 
 
 The wordiota-mev suorests the ide* of a somewhat prolonged 
 
 tr»viliiij tor a >iHc;ni.- oliiii!, Icairm^a p<.i>i.'u to iia^^s dirtctly 
 frvMi ■ ■ ■ " ' ■ t 
 
 al* . 
 
 pUco h:ilK'«.-d b.v viir uli-ioi 
 sacred or tender associatioue. 
 
 irtcctloiij, IT In some trail! of 
 
 Jofkr'ney, r. i. [imp. & p. p. journeyed; p. pr. & 
 r6. fi. JOlRNEYl.NG.j To travel from place to place. 
 
 Joilr'ney-iiiau. h. .- pi. joCk'.xev-me>". A man hired 
 to work by the day ; hence, any mechanic hired to work 
 for another, whether by the month, year, or other term. 
 
 Jo^ir'nev-work (-wiirk), n. Work done for hire by a 
 
 Joust. «.' The sameas JrsT, q. V. [mechanic. 
 
 Jove, n- 1. The chief dinnity of the ancient Romans ; 
 .lupiter. 'i. The planet Jupiter. [Rare.] 
 
 Jo'ri-al, a. [From Lat. Jovialis, because the planet 
 Jupiter was considered to make those who were born un- 
 der it joyful or jovial.] 1. Under the influence of Jupiter, 
 the planet, 'i. Gay : merry ; airy ; joyous ; jolly. 
 
 Jo'vi-ftl'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being jovial; jovialness. 
 
 Jo'vi-al-ly."a//i-. Merrily; gayly ; with noisy mirth. 
 
 Jo'vi-al-ness, «. Noisy mirth ; gayety. 
 
 Jo'vi-al-ty, n. Merriment; joviality. 
 
 Jowl, n. [Ft. gueule. mouth, jaws, from Lat. gi</a, throat. 
 Cf. A.-S. ceole, gragl, the jaw, throat, Ir. & Gael. gial. 
 giaZ/, the jaw, cheek.] The cheek. 
 
 C3ieei: by jowl, with the cheeks close together. 
 
 Jofrl'er, or Jowl'er, n. [Eng. joicl, or jok, the cheek, 
 because it is a thick-jawed dog.] A hunting-dog, beagle, 
 or other dog. 
 
 Joy, n. [0. ¥t. jot/e, joie, goie, from Lat. gaudium, joy, 
 from gavdere, to rejoice.] 1. The emotion excited by 
 the acquisition or exi)ectation of good ; exhilaration of 
 .spirits. t2. The cause of joy or happiness. 
 
 Syn.— Gladness; pleasure: delight; happiness: exultation; 
 transport ; felicity ; ecstasy : rapture ; bliss ; gayety ; mirth; 
 merriment; festivity; hilarity. 
 
 Joy, t*. I. [imp. & p. p. JOYED : p.pr. & vb. n. JOYIXG.] 
 To rejoice ; to be glad : to exult. 
 
 Joy'an^e, »». Gayety ; festivity. 
 
 Joy'iEiil, a. Full of joy ; very glad : gaj- ; exulting ; joyous. 
 
 Joy'f ul-ly, adv. AVith joy ; gladly. 
 
 Joy'ful-ness,»i. Great gladness ; joy. 
 
 Joy'less, a. 1. Destitute of joy ; wanting joy. 2. 
 Giving no joy or pleasure ; unenjoyable. 
 
 Joyless-ly, a^r. Without joy. 
 
 Joyless-ness, n. State of being joyless. 
 
 Joy'ous, a. Full of joy ; joyful ; glad. 
 
 Sjrn. — Merry; lively; blithe: gleeful: gay: glad; mirthful: 
 sportive; festive; happy; blissful; charming; deligbtfuL 
 
 Joy'ous-ly, adv. "With joy or gladness. 
 
 Joy'oiis-ness, n. The state of being joyous. 
 
 JuTi>i-laiit, a. [Lat. jubikuu, p. pr. of jubilare, to shout.] 
 Uttering .•=<»ngs of triumph ; rejoicing; shouting with joy. 
 
 JuHbi-la'te, or Ju'bi-la'te, n. [Lat. jubilate, impera- 
 tive of jubilare, to shout for joy.] The third Sunday 
 afier Easter : — so called because the church service, in 
 eajrly times, began, on that day, with the words of the 
 eSth Vsahn, " Jubilate Deo," &c. 
 
 Ju'bi-la'tion, n. Act of declaring triumph. 
 
 JfLTbi-lee, n. [Lat. jubilseu^, Gr. uD/3rjA.aIos, from Heb. 
 ydbel, blast of a trumpet, and the grand sabbatical year, 
 which wa.s announced by sound of trumpet.] 1. (jeiv- 
 isk Hist.) Every fiftieth year, at which time aU the 
 alATee were liberated, and all lands which had been 
 alienated during the whole period reverted to their for- 
 me* owners. 2. {Rom. Cnth. CJiurch.) A chureh solem- 
 nity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, 
 latterly of twenty-five years. 3. A season of great pub- 
 lic ffeitivity and joy. 4. Joyfnlness ; exultation. 
 
 Ju^i'lc'-al. i "• {See JEW.] Pertaining to the Jews. 
 
 Ju-da'i«-al-ly. adv. After the Jewish manner. 
 
 Ju'da-i«in (44). n. 1. The religious doctrines and rites 
 of the Jews, as enjoined in the laws of Moses. 2. Con- 
 formity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies. 
 
 Ju'4a-i«t (44), n. One who conforms to, or believes in, 
 the doctrines of Judaism. 
 
 Ju'da-ize, r. ». {imp. & p. p. JUDaized ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 JUDAIZIXG.] 1. To conform to the religious doctrines 
 and rights of the Jews. 2. To reason and interpret like 
 a Jew. 
 
 /u'da-Iz'er, n. 1. One who conforms to the religion of 
 the Jews. 2. One who reasons like a Jew. 
 
 Jjid^e. n. (Lat. judex, from judirare. See infra.] 1. 
 (Law.) A ciTil oflBcer invested with authority to hear 
 
 and determine cau.ses, civil or criminal. 2. The Sik 
 preme Being. 3. One who has skill to decide on the 
 merits of a question, or on the value of any thing; a 
 connoisseur : an expert. 4. (Jewish Hist') A chkf 
 magistrate with civil and military powers, such as thos* 
 who governed the nation more than three hundred years: 
 5. pi. The title of the seventh book of the Old Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Judge-Advocate (J/i7.), a person appointed to act as public 
 prosecutor at a court-martial. 
 
 Syn. — Umpire: arbitrator: referee. — A Judge, in the l^al 
 sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. 
 An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more 
 who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot 
 to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds 
 of equity and common sense. A referee is one to'whoni a ca«c 
 is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations&nd. reference.'! arc 
 sometimes voluntary, and Eometimes appointed by a court. 
 
 Judge, f. I. [itnp. & p. p. JUDGED; p. pr. t 1-6. n. 
 JUDGING.] [Lat. judicare, from jus, law or right, and 
 dicare, to proclaim, pronounce.] 1. To hear and deter- 
 mine, as in causes on trial ; to pass sentence. 2. To 
 assume authority to try any thing and pass judgment on 
 it. 3. To form an opinion : to determine ; to disringvush. 
 
 Judge, V. t. 1. To hear and determine by authority, as 
 a case before a court, or a controversy between two 
 parties. 2. To examine and pass sentence on. 3. To 
 sit in judgment upon ; to be censorious toward. 4. To 
 determine upon inquiry or deliberation ; to esteem ; to 
 think ; to reckon. 
 
 Jiidg'er. n. One who judges or passes sentence. 
 
 Judge'ship. n. The office of a judge. 
 
 Judg'meiit, n. 1. Act of judging ; the act or proceai 
 of the mind in comparing ideas, to find their mHtual re- 
 lations, and to ascertain truth. 2.=^hatwhich is dis- 
 cerned by the mind in judging : opinion ; notion. 3. 
 Facility in judging: correctness: taste. 4. (PAiVos.) The 
 act or faculty of comparing objects of any kind, and dis- 
 cerning their relations, attributes, or properties ; the re- 
 sult of the act thus performed. 5. (Law.) (a.) The 
 sentence of the law, pronounced by a court, or by a 
 judge thereof, (b.) Decision of a court. 6. A calamity 
 regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong 
 committed. 7 . ( Theol. ) The final punishment of the 
 wicked. 
 
 Judg'ruent-day, ?i. ( Theol.) The last day, when final 
 judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God s 
 moral government. 
 
 Judg'ment-seat, n . The seat or bench on which jtHlgea 
 sit in court : hence, a court : a tribunal. 
 
 Ju'di-eatiT-e, a. Having power to judge. 
 
 Ju'di-ea-to-ry (50), a. Dispensing justice. 
 
 Ju'dl-ea-to-ry, n. 1. A court of justice: a tribnnaL 
 2. Distribution of justice. 
 
 Ju'di-ea-ture (53), n. 1. Power of distributing justice 
 by l^al trial and determination. 2. Right of judicial 
 action ; jurisdiction. 3. A court of justice. 4. Extent 
 of jurisdiction of a judge or court. 
 
 Ju-di'cial ( -dish'al ) , a . [Lat . judicialis, from judicium, 
 judgment.] 1. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of jus- 
 tice^ or to a judge thereof. 2. Practiced or employed in the 
 administration of justice. 3. Proceeding from a court 
 of justice. 4. Positive or established by statute. 5. 
 Inflicted, as a penalty or in judgment. 
 
 Ju-di'cial-ly (-dish'al-), oi/f. 1. In the forms of l^al 
 justice. 2.*By way of penalty. 
 
 Ju-di'ci-a-ry (-dish''i-,44, 95), a. 1. Passing judgment 
 or sentence.* 2. Pertaining to the courts of judicature. 
 
 Ju-di'«i-a-ry, n. That branch of government in which 
 judicial power is vested ; the judges taken collectively. 
 
 Ju-di'cious (-dish'us), a. According to sound judgment. 
 SjTi. — Prudent ; rational ; wise ; skillfiU ; discerning ; 
 sagacious. 
 
 J«-di'cious-ly (-dish'us- ), adv. In a judicious manner ; 
 
 with good judgment ; skiUftilly. [dicious. 
 
 Ju-di'cious-ness (nlish'us-), n. Quality of l-eing ju- 
 Jug, n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. cuach. bowl, cup, pail, A. -5. crar, 
 
 basin, cup, pitcher.] 1. A vessel, with a swelling belly 
 
 and narrow mouth ; a large earthen or stone bottle. 2. 
 
 A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng^ 3. A prison; a jail. [CoUoq 
 
 and low.] 
 Jiig, r. t. 1. To boil or stew, as in a jug. 2. To OMii- 
 
 mit to jail ; to imprison. [ CoUoq. and low.] 
 Jug'gle, t-. »'. [imp. & p. p. JUGGLED; p. pr. k vi. n. 
 
 JUGGLING.] [From Lat. >ocMZari, to jest, joke.] 1. To 
 
 play tricks by sleight of hand : to conjure. 2. To practice 
 
 artifice or imposture. 
 Jug'gle, r. t. To deceive by trick or artifice. 
 
 a.,e,kc.,loT^; Si,6,ttc.,short: c&re,far,ask,aU, iv^liat: 6re, veil, term: pique, firm; son, or, do, -wolf, 
 
JUGGLE 
 
 405 
 
 JURIST 
 
 Jiis'gle, n. 1. A trick by legerdemain. 3. An impos- 
 ture; a deception. 
 
 Jug'gler, n. [From Lat. joculator, a jester, joker, from 
 joculari, to jest, joke.] One who practices or exhibits 
 tricks by slight of hand ; a cheat ; a deceiver. 
 
 Jiig'sler-y, n. Art or act of a juggler; legerdemain; 
 trickery ; 'imposture. 
 
 Ju'gu-lar, a. [N. Lat. jugularis, from Lat. jicgulum, the 
 collar-bone, the throat, from jungere, to yoke, to join.] 
 (Anat.) Pertaining to the neck or throat. 
 
 Ju'gu-lar, n. (Anat.) One of the large veins by which 
 the blood is returned from the head to the heart. 
 
 J-ui9e (jus), n. [Fr. & Lat. ^ms, broth, gravy, juice; 0. 
 D. juys.] The sap ; the watery part of vegetables, es- 
 pecially of fruits ; hence, also, the fluid part of animal 
 substances. 
 
 Jiiife'less, a. Destitute of juice ; dry. 
 
 tFui'^i-ness, n. State of being juicy ; succulence. 
 
 Jiii'^y, a. [compar. JUCIER ; superl. JUCIEST.] Abound- 
 ing with juice ; moist; succulent. 
 
 JwL'jube, n. [From Lat. zizyphum^ Gr. ^C^vtjyov, Per. ziz- 
 fUn, zizafUn, zaijzqfiin, zirjttn, the barren jujube tree; 
 Ar. zivztif, zufayzaf.] The fruit of a species of plant, 
 a native of Syria, but now cultivated in the south of Eu- 
 rope ; it is of a blood-red or saffron color, and has a sweet, 
 graniilar pulp. 
 
 Jujvbe paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also, 
 an expectorant made of gum arable sweetened. 
 
 Jii'lep, n. [From Ar. & Per. julab,juUab, from Per. gu- 
 Ictb, rose-water and julep, from gul, rose, guli-mukarrar, 
 sirup of roses, and ctb, water.] 1. A sweet drink ; espe- 
 cially (Med.), a demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous 
 mixture. 2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, 
 or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, 
 and sprigs of mint. [ius Caesar. 
 
 JTul'lan ( juFyan), a. Belonging to, or derived from, Jul- 
 
 Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Caesar, in 
 whicli the year was made to consist of 365 days, 6 hours, instead 
 of 365 days. — JuZian epoch, the epoch of the commencement 
 of the Julian calendar, or 46 B. C. — Julian period, a chrono- 
 logical period of 7980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and 
 jndiction cycles. — Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, 
 adopted in the Julian calendar. 
 
 Ju-ly', n. The seventh month of the year ; — so called 
 from Julius, the surname of Caius Caesar, who was born 
 in this month. 
 
 tFu'niart, n. [Either from Lat. jumentum, a beast of 
 burden, or from Lat. Ckimsera.'] The supposed offspring 
 of a bull and a mare. 
 
 Jum'ble, V. t. [imp. & p. p. jumbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 JUMBLING.] [Prob. from Fr. combler, to heap up, load, 
 overwhelm, from Lat. cumulare, to heap.] To mix in a 
 confused mass ; to put or throw together without order. 
 
 Jum'ble, V. i. To meet, mix, or unite in a confused 
 manner. 
 
 Jum'ble, n. 1. Confused mixture; orderless mass or 
 collection. 3. A small, sweet cake, often in shape like a 
 ring. 
 
 Jum'blerj n. One who mixes things in confusion. 
 
 Jfimp, V, I. [imp. & p. p. JUMPED ( jumt) 84) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. JUMPING.] [0. D. gumpen, Prov. Ger. gumpen, 
 jumpen.] To lift the feet wholly from the ground and 
 alight again upon them ; to skip ; to spring ; to bound. 
 
 Jump, V. t. To pass by a leap ; to pass over eagerly or 
 hastily ; to skip over. 
 
 Jump, n. 1. Act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a 
 bound. 3. ( Geol.) A dislocation in a mineral stratum ; 
 a fault. 3. (Arch.) An abrupt interruption of level in 
 a piece of brick- work or masonry. 
 
 Jiimp, n. [From Ar. al-jubbah, a cotton waistcoat.] A 
 kind of loose or limber stays or waistcoat worn by females. 
 
 Jiimp'er, n. 1. One who jumps. 3. A long iron chisel 
 or borer. 3. A rude kind of sleigh. 4. One of a certain 
 religious sect, characterized by many remarkable eccen- 
 tricities. 
 
 Jump'- seat, n. A carriage with a movable seat, readily 
 changed from the one -seated to the two-seated form. 
 
 Jiin'-eate (jtink/et), n. [L. Lat. juncata. cream-cheese, 
 made in a wicker basket or basket of rushes, from Lat. 
 juncus, rush.] 1. A cheese-cake ; hence, any kind of 
 delicate food. 2. A furtive or private entertainment. 
 
 Juno'tion, n. [L&t. junctio. from jungere, to join.] 1. 
 Act of joining, or state of being joined ; union ; combina- 
 tion ; coalition. 3. Place or point of union ; specifically, 
 the place where two lines of railway meet. 
 
 Jiinct'iire (53), n. [Lat. junctura. from jungere, to join.] 
 1. The line or point at which two bodies are joined ; a 
 joint or articulation. 2. A point of time ; especially, a 
 
 point rendered critical by a concurrence of cbcumstances, 
 an exigency ; an emergency. 
 
 June, n. [Lat. Junius, from Juno, because it was sacred 
 to this g-oddess.] The sixth month of the year. 
 
 June'a-ting, n. [See Jenneting.] A kind of early 
 apple, which ripens in June. 
 
 Jun'gle ( jting'gl), n. [Hind, jangal, desert ; forest ; jun- 
 gle ; Skr. janggala, desert.] Land mostly covered with 
 forest-trees, brush-wood, &c., or coarse, reedy vegetation, 
 but not wholly uninhabited. 
 
 Jun'gly, a. Consisting of, or abounding with jungles. 
 
 Juii'ior (jun'yur), a. [Lat., contracted from juvenior, 
 compar. of i^few/s, young.] 1. Less old ; younger. 2. 
 Belonging to a younger person, or to a junior. 
 
 Jun'ioi*, n. 1. A younger person. 2. Hence, of a lower 
 or younger standing ; as, specifically, (a.) One in the third 
 year of his collegiate course in an American college, (b. ) 
 One in the first year of his course at a theological semi- 
 
 Jun.-i6r'i-ty, n. The state of being junior. [nary. 
 
 Ju'ni-per, n. [Lat. juniperus. See GENEVA.] {Bot.) 
 An evergreen coniferous shrub or tree. 
 
 Jiink, n. [Lat. juncus, a bul- 
 rush, of which ropes were made 
 in early ages.] 1. Pieces of old 
 cable or old cordage. 2. (Naut. 
 A ship used in China. 3. A 
 thick piece. [See Chunk.] 4. 
 (Naut.) Hard salted beef sup- 
 plied to ships. 
 
 Junk-bottle, a bottle, usually of 
 green glass, made thick and strong, 
 for holding liquors, as ale, and the 
 like. 
 
 Junk. 
 A sweetmeat. 
 
 2. A 
 
 Junlc'et, n. [See Juncate.] 1. 
 
 stolen entertainment. 
 
 Junlt'et, V. i. 1, To make a private entertainment 
 2. To feast ; to banquet. 
 
 Junlc'et, v."^. [imp. & p. p. junketed ; p. pr, & vb. 
 n. JUNKETING.] To give entertainment to ; to feast. 
 
 Junk'et-ing, n. A private feast or entertainment. 
 
 Jiin'ta, n. ; pi. jttN'TAg. [Sp., from Lat. junctus, joined, 
 p. p. of jungere, to join.] A grand council of state in 
 Spain or her possessions. 
 
 Jun'to, n. / 7'/. JON'jog. [^^. junta. See swjjra.] A 
 select council or assembly, which deliberates in secret on 
 any affair of government ; a faction ; a cabal. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter, n. [\ja.t.,fvom.Jovis pater.] \, (Rom, Myth.) 
 The supreme deity ; the son of Saturn ; Jove. 2, (As- 
 tron.) One of the planets, the largest, and, next to Venus, 
 the brightest. 
 
 Ju-p6n', \n. [Fr. See Jump.] 1. A sleeveless jacket 
 
 Jup-p6n', ) or overcoat, composed of several thicknesses 
 of material sewed through, and faced with silk or velvet. 
 2. A petticoat. 
 
 Ju-r3,s'si€, a, ( Geol.) Of the age of the middle second- 
 ary, or the oolite and lias ; — named from certain rocks 
 of the Jura mountains. 
 
 Ju-rid'i<;, 1 a. [Lat. juridicus, relating to the admin- 
 
 Ju-rid.'i<5-al, j istrationofjustice, from yMS,yMm, right, 
 law, and dicare, to pronounce.] 1. Pertaining to a 
 judge ; acting in the distribution of justice. 2. Used in 
 courts of law. 
 
 Ju-rid'i«-al-ly, adv. According to forms of law. 
 
 Ju'ris-eon'sult (110), n. [Lat. jurisconsultus, from jus, 
 juris, right, and consulere, consultum, to consult.] A 
 man learned in the law, and who is consulted thereon ; 
 a jurist ; a counselor. 
 
 Ju'ris-di^j'tion, n. [Lat. jurisdictio, from jus, juris, 
 right, law, and dicare, to pronounce.] 1. The legal 
 power or authority of hearing and determining causes. 
 2. Power of governing or legislating ; the power or right 
 of exercising authority. 3. The limit within whi«h 
 power may be exercised. 
 
 Ju'ris-dic'tion-al, a. Pertaining to jurisdiction. 
 
 Ju'ris-di-e'tive, a. Having jurisdiction. 
 
 Ju'ris-pru'denpe, n. [Lat. jurisprudentia, from jiis, 
 juris, riglit, law, and prudentia, a foreseeing, knowledge 
 of a matter.] The science of law ; the knowledge of the 
 laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community. 
 
 Medical jurisprudence, the science of the application of anat- 
 omy, physiology, and therapeutics, to the determination of case* 
 in law. 
 
 Ju'ris-pru'dent, a. Understanding law ; jurispruden- 
 tial. " [in, law. 
 Ju'ris-pru'dent, n. One who understands, or is skilled 
 Ju'ris-pru-d6n'tial, a. Pertaining to jurisprudence. 
 Ju'rist (89), n. 1. One versed in the law ; e.-(pecially, one 
 
 food, frfbt ; tirn, rude, pijU ; pell, ^liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; liijger, link ; ttda- 
 
JUROR 
 
 406 
 
 KANGAROO 
 
 vcrsotl in the civil lav? ; a civil lawjer. 2. One versed in 
 the liiw of nations, or am- other legtil subject. 
 
 Jii'ror, h. [IaxI. jurator, a swearer, a sworn witness or 
 nuiglstnite, from jiirore, jurnri^ to sweivr.] 1. (Law.) 
 One who serves wi a jury ; a juryman, 'i. One of a 
 committee chosen to adjudge prizes at a public exhibition. 
 
 Ju'ry (89), ;r. 1. (Law.) A body of men, selected and 
 sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to 
 Ji^clare the truth of it on the evidence given them in the 
 case. 2. A committee for adjudging prizes at a public 
 exhibition. [f'H^.] 
 
 Ju'ry-maii, n. ; pi. ju'ry-me\. One who is impaneled 
 on a jury, or who serves as a juror. 
 
 Ju'ry-mast, n. [Probably for injury-mast, i. e., a mast 
 in the room of one carried away by the injury of weather.] 
 (.Vrti^.) A temporary mast erected in a ship, to supply 
 the place of one carried away in a tempest or an engage- 
 ment, &c. 
 
 Jtist, a. [\ja.t. j}t$tus, from jus, right, law, justice.] 1. 
 Rendering, or disposed to render, to each one his due. 3. 
 Conformed to fact, to the truth of things, to a proper 
 standard, to reasonable expectations, and the like. 
 
 Syn.— Equitable ; upright ; honest ; true ; fair; impartial; 
 proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular; tasteful. 
 
 Jiist, adv. Precisely ; exactly ; closely ; nearly. 
 
 Butjitst, that and no more; barely; scarcely. —Jw5< now, the 
 least possible time since; a moment ago. 
 
 Jjist, n. [Written also joust. See infra.] A mock en- 
 counter on horseback ; a tilt ; one of the exercises at 
 tournaments. 
 
 Jii.st, V. i. [0. Fr. juster, jojister, from Lat. juxta, near 
 to, nigh, L. Lat. juxtare, to approach, join.] 1. To en- 
 gage in a mock fight on horseback. 3. To push ; to 
 drive ; to justle- 
 
 Jiis'tife, n. [hsit. justitia,frova. Justus, i\xst.} 1. Quality 
 of being just ; the rendering to every one his due, right, 
 or desert. 2. Conformity to truth and realty ; fair rep- 
 resentation of facts respecting merit or demerit. 3. Just 
 treatment ; merited reward or punishment. 4. Agree- 
 ableness to right; equity : justness. 5. [L. li&t. justici- 
 arius.] A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to 
 try and decide controversies and administer justice. 
 
 Syn.— Equity; law; rectitude; honesty .—Justice and equitt/ 
 are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure jus- 
 tice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal 
 is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of 
 equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so as distin- 
 guished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled 
 courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a 
 conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against 
 the woikinq of the law ; this a court of equity brings into accord- 
 ance with the claims ot justice. It would be an unfortunate 
 use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might 
 have^usiiceon his side while practicing iniquity {inequity). 
 
 Jiis'ti^e-sliip, n. The office or dignity of a justice. 
 Jus-ti'ci-a-ble (-tish'I-a-bl), a. Proper to be examined 
 
 in courts of justice. 
 Ju8-ti'ci-ar (-tTsh'i-ar), ) n. 1. A judge or justice. 
 Jus-ti'cl-a-ry (-tish'i-, 95), ) 2. A lord chief justice. 
 Jus'ti-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of being proved to be just. 
 8yn.— Defenaiblej vindicable; warrantable; excusable. 
 
 Jiis'ti-fi'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being justifiable; 
 rectitude ; possibility of being defended or vindicated. 
 
 Jus'ti-fi'a-bly, adv. In a manner that admits of vin- 
 dication or justification ; rightly. 
 
 Jus'ti-f i-ea'tion, n. 1, Act of justifying ; vindication ; 
 defense. 2. State of being justified. 3. (Law.) The 
 showing of a sufiRcieut reason in court why a party 
 charged or accused did what he is called to answer. 4. 
 ( Theol.) The treating of sinful man as though he were 
 just. 
 
 Jus'ti-fi-ca'tive, a. Justifying; having power to jus- 
 tify ; justificatory. 
 
 Jus'ti-fi-ea'tor, n. One who justifies ; ajustifier. 
 
 Jiis'ti-fi-ea'to-ry, a. Vindicatory ; defensory ; justifi- 
 cative. 
 
 Jus'ti-frer, ». 1. One who justifies. 2. One who par- 
 dons and absolves from guilt and punishment. 
 
 Jiis'ti-fy,t'. t. [imp. & p. p. justified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. JUSTIFYING.] [Lat. justijicare, from Justus, just, 
 and /acere, to make.] 1. To prove or show to be just, or 
 conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty ; to 
 vindicate as right. 2. To pronounce free from guilt ©r 
 blame. 3. ( Theol.) To treat as just, though guilty and 
 deserving punishment. 4. (Print.) To form even or true 
 hnes of, as type, by proper spacing ; to adjust. 
 
 Syn. — To defend ; maintain ; vindicate ; excuse ; excul- 
 pate ; absolve ; pardon. 
 
 Jiis'tle (jus'l), V. i. [Written also jostle.] [Diminutive 
 of just, V. i., q. v.] To run or strike against ; to encoun- 
 ter ; to clash. 
 
 Jiis'tle (jus'l), V. t. [imp. & p. p. JUSTLED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. JUSTLING.] To push ; to drive ; to force by rush- 
 ing against ; — commonly followed by offov out. 
 
 Jiis'tle (jus'l). n. An encounter or shock. 
 
 Jiist'ly, adv. In a just manner ; fairly ; exactly. 
 
 Jtist'iiess, n. Quality of being just ; justice ; reasona- 
 bleness ; equity. 
 
 Jiit, r. i. [imp. k, p. p. JUTTED; p. pr. & vb. n. JUT- 
 TING.] [A different spelUng of jet.] To shoot forward ; 
 to project beyond the main body. 
 
 Jiit, n. A shooting forward ; a projection. 
 
 Jute, n. A substance resembling hemp, used in the man- 
 ufacture of mats, coarse carpets, and the like ; also, the 
 plant which produces it. 
 
 Jiit'ty, «. [See Jettee.] A projection in a building ; 
 also, a pier or mole ; a jettee. 
 
 Jti've-nes'^en^e, n. A growing young. 
 
 Jii/ve-iies'9ent, a. [Lat. juvenescens, p. pr. of juve- 
 nescere, to grow young again, from juvenis, young.] Be- 
 coming young. 
 
 Ju've-nile, a. [Lat. juvenilis, from juvems, young.] 
 1. Young; 3'outhful. 2. Pertaining or suited to youth. 
 
 Jii've-nile, n . A young person or youth. 
 
 Jii've-nile-ness, I n. 1. Youthfulness ; youthful age. 2. 
 
 Jii^ve-nil'i-ty, ) The manners or customs of youth. 
 
 Jux'ta-pog'it, V. t. [L-At. juxta, near, and Eng. posit.] 
 [imp. & p. p. JUXTAPOSITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. JUXTA- 
 positing.] To place in close connection or contiguity. 
 
 Jiix'ta-po-§i'tioii (-zish'un), ». A placing or being 
 placed in nearness or contiguity, 
 
 K. 
 
 K(ka), the eleventh letter, and eighth consonant, of the 
 English alphabet, is called a pure mute, because it 
 has no proper sound of its own, but merely gives a cer- 
 tain peculiar abruptness to the sound which precedes or 
 follows it, according as it is final or initial. It is usually 
 denominated a guttural, but is more properly a palatal. 
 See Principles of Pronunciation, § 78. 
 
 Kail, n. See Kale. 
 
 Kai'ger, n. [(ier.,fTomla.t. Csesar.] An emperor. 
 
 Kale, n. [Scot, kale, kail, colewort; A.-S. cal, cawl, 
 mwel. fiee Cole.] A kind of cabbage, having the 
 leaves generally curled or wrinkled, but not formed into 
 a cIo«e, round head. 
 
 Ka-lei'do-8-cope, n. [Or. KuXoi, beautiful, elfios, form, 
 and iTKOTrelu, aKiinetrOai, to look carefully.] An instru- 
 ment which, by an arrangement of reflecting surfaces, 
 exhibits its contentfl in an endless variety of beautiful 
 colors and symmetrical forms. 
 
 Kai'en-dar, n. See CALENDAR, 
 
 Kai'en-der, n. A sort of dervis. Sec Calender. 
 
 K^l'endg, n. See Calends. 
 
 Ka'li,«. [Ar.qali. See ALKALI.] (Soi.) A species of 
 glasswort, the ashes of which are used in making glasB. 
 
 Ka'lif , n. The same as Calif or Caliph, q. v. 
 
 Kd'li-iim, n. (C/iem.) Potassium ; — so called by the 
 German chemists. 
 
 Kai'mi-a, n. [So called by Linn^us, in honor of Peter 
 Kalm, 1116 -1779.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, native 
 to North America, having corjmbs of showy flowers ; — 
 sometimes called laurel. 
 
 Ka-loy'er, n. See Caloyer. ^ ^^ u 
 
 Kam'sin, n. [At. khamsin, from khamsun, fifty, be- 
 cause it blows for about fifty days.] A hot southerly 
 wind in Egypt; the simoom. 
 
 Kan'ga-rob', n. (Zool.) A ruminating, marsupial 
 animal, found in Australia and the neighboring island-^. 
 
 »,e,k,(i.,long; &,6, 8cc.,short ; cftre, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veil,tgriin; pique, firm; s6n,6r,dft, wol^ 
 
^fkSr«,?^N."*:>-i 
 
 KAOLIN 
 
 407 
 
 KENNEL 
 
 The fore legs are very short, 
 
 useless in walking, but used 
 
 for digging or bringing food 
 
 to the mouth. The hind legs, 
 
 which are long, are used in 
 
 moving, enabling it to make 
 
 enormous bounds, sometimes 
 
 a rod at a tune. 
 Ka'o-lin, I n. [Chin, kao- 
 Ka'o-line , ) ling. ] { Min . ) A 
 
 variety of clay used for making 
 
 porcelain. 
 Ka'rob, n. With goldsmiths, Kangaroo. 
 
 the twenty-fourth part of a grain. 
 K.a'ty-did, n. (Entom.) An insect of a pale-green color, 
 
 closely allied to the grasshoppers. 
 
 iKg~The katydids are abundant in the United States during 
 the autumn, and at night tlie males, by means of membranes 
 in their wing-covers, make a peculiar harsh sound, resembling 
 the combination ka-ty-did ; whence the name. 
 
 Kay'alc, n. (Naut.) Alight boat used by fishermen in 
 Greenland, made of seal-skins stretched upon a frame, 
 and coming olose round the body of the oarsman. 
 
 Kayle, n. [0. H. Ger. kegil.] A nine-pin ; a kettle-pin. 
 
 ]K.6b'lali, n. [Ar. kiblak, any thing opposite, the south, 
 from kabalah, to be or lie opposite.] The point toward 
 which Mohammedans turn their faces in prayer, being 
 the direction of the temple at Mecca. 
 
 K^ck, V. i. [imp. & p. p. KECKED (kekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. KECKING.] [Prov. Ger. kocken, koken.] To heave 
 the stomach ; to retch, as in an efifort to vomit. 
 
 Keck, n. A reaching or heaving of the stomach. 
 
 Kgck'le (kek'l), n. The same as Keck, q. v. 
 
 Kgck'le (kgk^), v. t. [imp. & p. p. keckled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. KECKLING.] [Perh. allied to Gr. »cv/cAo?, ring, circle, 
 round.] To wind old rope round, as a cable, to preserve 
 its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains 
 round to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or 
 from the ice. 
 
 Kfick'sy, n. [Allied to Lat. cicuta.'\ The dry stalk of 
 the hemlock, and other umbelliferous plants. 
 
 K€dge,n. [See infra.] (Naut.) A small anchor used 
 to keep a ship steady when riding in a harbor or river, 
 and particularly at the turn of the tide, to keep her 
 clear of her bower anchor. 
 
 KSdge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. KEDGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 KE DOING.] [Scot, kedge, cadge, cache, to toss about, to 
 move a thing quickly from one place to another.] (Naut.) 
 To warp, as a ship ; to move by means of a kedge, as in a 
 
 K.6dg'er, n. (ZVaw^.) A kedge. [river. 
 
 Keel, n. [A.-S. ceol, 0. H. Ger. kiol.] 1. The principal 
 timber in a ship, extending from stem to stern at the 
 bottom, and supporting the whole frame ; hence, a ship. 
 2. A low, flat-bottomed vessel, used in the river Tyne to 
 convey coals from Newcastle for loading the colliers. 3. 
 A broad, flat vessel, used for cooling 
 liquids; a keeler. 4. (Bot.) The two 
 lowest petals of the corolla of a papil- 
 ionaceous flower inclosing the stamens 
 and pistil. 5. [Nat. Hist.) A pro 
 jecting ridge along the middle of a 
 flat or curving surface. 
 
 Keel, V. i. [imp. & p. p. keeled; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. KEELING.] [A.-S. 
 
 cilan, 0. H. Ger. chuolan. See COOL.] 
 
 with a keel; to navigate. 3. To turn up the keel; to 
 
 show the bottom. 
 
 Keel'age, n. The right of demanding a duty or toll for 
 the bottom of ships resting in a port or harbor ; the 
 duty so paid. 
 
 Keel'-boat, n. 1. A large, covered boat, with a keel, 
 but no sails, used on American rivers for the transporta- 
 tion of freight. 3. A low, flat-bottomed freight-boat. 
 
 Keel'er, n. A shallow tub for holding materials for 
 calking ships, or for other uses. 
 
 Keeriiaul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. keelhauled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. KEELHAULING.] (Naitt.) To haul under the 
 keel of a ship, as a punishment, by ropes attached to the 
 yard-arms on each side. 
 
 Keel'ing, n. [Icel. keila.] (Ichth.) A kind of small cod. 
 
 Keel'son (kel'sun), n. [From kefl. Cf. Flotson, Jet- 
 SON.] (Ship-building.) A piece of timber in a ship laid 
 on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and 
 binding the floor timbers to the keel. 
 
 Keen., a. [compar. keener; superl. keeni:st.] [A -S. 
 cine, cS7i, 0. H. Ger. kuoni, bold, stout, eager.] 1. Ea- 
 ger; vehement; sharp. 2. Sharp; having a fine, cut- 
 ting edge. 3. Piercing ; penetrating ; severe. 4. Bit- 
 
 Keel (iBot.) 
 1. To plow 
 
 ter; acrimonious. 5. Acute of mind; sharp; penetra- 
 ting ; also expressing mental acuteness. 
 
 Keen'ly, adv. In a keen manner ; sharply ; eagerly, 
 vehemently ; severely ; bitterly. 
 
 Keeu'ness (109), n. Quality of being keen ; eagerness; 
 vehemence ; sharpness ; asperity ; acuteness. 
 
 Keep, V. t. [imp. & p. p. KEPT ; p. pr. & vb. n. keep- 
 ing.] [0. Eng. kepen., A.-S. cepan, to intercept ; Icel. 
 kippa, to seize, pull. Cf. CHEAPEN, Cheap.] 1. To 
 cause to remain in a given position, as mthin one's grasp 
 or control. 2. To cause to remain in a given situation or 
 condition ; to maintain unchanged. 3. To have in cus- 
 tody ; to take care of. 4. To preserve from discovery or 
 publicity. 5. To attend upon. ti. To maintain, as an 
 establishment, institution, or the like ; to conduct ; to 
 manage. 7. To supply with necessaries of life ; to en- 
 tertain. 8. To have and maintain, as an assistant, a 
 servant, a horse, and the hke. 9. To continue in, as a 
 course or mode of action. 10. To adhere to ; to prac- 
 tice or perform, as duty. 11. To confine one's self to ; 
 to remain in ; hence, to haunt ; to frequent. 13, To 
 celebrate ; to solemnize. 
 
 To keep company with, (a.) To frequent the society of. (h.) 
 To accompany; to go with; also (.Amer.X to give or receive at- 
 tentions, with a view to marriage. \_Colloq.] — To keejJ good or 
 bad hours, to be customarily early or late in returning home or 
 in retiring to rest. — To keep school, to govern and instruct or 
 teach a school, as a preceptor. 
 
 Syn. — To retain ; detain; reserve; preserve; hold; main- 
 tain ; sustain ; support ; observe ; withhold. — To retain, 
 preserve. — .fiTeep is the generic term, and is often used where 
 retain or preserve would too much restrict the meaning; as, to 
 keej) silence, &c. Retain denotes that we keep or hold ihmgs, 
 as against influences which might deprive us of them, or 
 reasons which might lead us to give them up ; as, to retain vi- 
 vacity in old age; to retain counsel in a lawsuit; to retain one's 
 servant after a reverse of fortune. Preserve denotes that we 
 keep a thing against agencies which might lead to its being de- 
 stroyed or broken in upon; as, to presei-ve one's health amid 
 many exposures, to preserve appearances, &c. 
 
 Keep, V. i. 1. To remain in any position or state; to 
 continue ; to stay. 3. To last ; to endure. 3. To re- 
 side for a time ; to dwell. 
 
 Keep, n. 1. State of being kept ; hence, resulting con- 
 dition; case. 3. Maintenance; support. 3. That 
 which keeps or protects ; a stronghold ; a castle ; specifi- 
 cally, the strongest and securest part of a castle ; the 
 donjon. 4. That which is kept or had in charge. 
 
 Keep'er, n. 1. One who keeps, or has possession of 
 any thing. 3. One who has the care of a prison and 
 the custody of prisoners. 3. One who has the care, cus- 
 tody, or superintendence of any thing. 4. One who 
 keeps himself or remains. 5. A ring which serves to 
 keep another on the finger. 
 
 Keep'er-sliip, n. The office of a keeper. 
 
 Keep'ing, n. 1. A holding ; restraint ; custody ; guard. 
 3. Maintenance; support. 3. Just proportion; con- 
 formity ; congruity. 
 
 Keep'ing-x'dbm, n. A common parlor or sitting-room. 
 [New Eng. and Prov. Eng.] 
 
 Keep'sake, a. Any thing kept, or given to be kept, for 
 the sake of the giver ; a token of friendship. 
 
 Keeve, n. [A.-S. cyf, 0. H. Ger. chuofa, from Lat. cupa, 
 a tub, cask.] 1. A large vessel for fermenting Uquors. 
 3. (Mining.) A large vat used in dressing ores. 
 
 Keeve, v. t. To set in a keeve, or tub, for fermentation. 
 
 K6g, n. [See Cag.] A small cask or barrel ; a cag. 
 
 Kglp, n. [0. Eng. kilpe.] 1. The calcined ashes of sea- 
 weed, used in the manufacture of glass. 3. (Bot.) The 
 sea-weed from which kelp is produced. 
 
 Kelp'ie, ) n. [Perhaps allied to Gael. & Tr. cealg, to de- 
 
 Kel'py, ) ceive, tempt, or to ceal, death, every thing 
 terrible, prophecy.] An imaginary spirit of the waters, 
 in the form of a horse, who is vulgarly believed to warn, 
 by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to b« 
 drowned in that aeighborhood. [Scot.] 
 
 K61t, n. The same as Celt, q. V. 
 
 Kel'ter, n. [Written also kilter.] [Gael. & Ir. cealtair, 
 dress, clothes, spear, castle, cause or matter. Cf. KlLT.] 
 Regular order or condition. 
 
 Ken, V. t. [imp. & p. p. KENNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. KEN- 
 NING.] [0. Eng. kennen, kenne, to know, know by sight, 
 teach, A.-S. cunnan, present tense cnnn, Goth, kunnan, 
 kannjan.] 1. To know ; to understand. 3. To recog- 
 nize ; to descry. 
 
 Ken, n. Cognizance; view; especially, reach of sight or 
 knowledge. 
 
 Ken'nel,n. [Fr. chenil, It. canile, from Lat. cams, a. 
 dog.] 1. A house or cot for dogs. 3. A pack of hounds. 
 3. The hole of a fox or other beast. 
 
 Kgn'nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. KENNELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 *ood, fdbt; firn, rude, pull ; ^ell fhaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist; liLager, link ; tills. 
 
KENNEL 
 
 408 
 
 KIDNEY 
 
 KENNELING.] To lodge ; to lie; to dwell ; — as a dog or 
 a fox. 
 
 K.6u'nel, V. t. To keep or confine in a kennel. 
 
 K^ii'tle (k«?u'tl), n. [Kug. quhttai, q. v.] {Com.) A 
 hundred jKiunds in weigbt ; a quintal. 
 
 Kdut'ledge, n. [D. kattt, edge, corner, aud the termi- 
 nation /tiy^c. See Cant.] (A■«u^) Pigs of iron for bal- 
 last hiid on the lloor of a ship. 
 
 K£pt, i»ip. & p- p. of keep. See KEEP. 
 
 Ker'cliief , n. [Contr. from 0. Eng. cover cheif, 0. Fr. 
 couvrtc/iitf, couvrec/if/, from coucrir, to cover, and chief, 
 chef, the iiead.j A square of fine linen used by women to 
 cover the head ; hence, any cloth used in dress, especially 
 on the head. 
 
 Kerf (14), n. [A.-S. cyrf, a cutting off, from ceor/an, to 
 cut, carve.] The cut of an ax, a saw, or other instru- 
 ment ; the notch or sht made in wood by cutting or 
 sawing. 
 
 Ker'iue§, n. [Ar. & Per. karmas, kermes, kirmis, from 
 Skr. kntnidjn, engendered by a worm, from kn'tni, Per. 
 kinn, worm, and dja, engendered, born.] The dried 
 bodies of the females of an insect found on various spe- 
 cies of oaks around the Mediterranean. They contain 
 coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in 
 dyeing. 
 
 Kermes mineral, an artificial sulphuret of mercury, in the 
 state of fine powder. It is of a brilliant red color, wlience the 
 name. 
 
 Kern, n. [0. Gael. & Ir. cearn, a man.] 1. An Irish 
 foot-soldier of the lowest rank. 2. Any kind of boor. 
 3. {Eng. Law.) An idle person or vagabond. 
 
 Kern, n. [A.-S. cweorn, cicyrn.] 1. A hand-mill; a 
 quern. 3. ( Type-founding. ) That part of a type which 
 hangs over the body, or shank. 
 
 Kern (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. KERNED \ p. pr. & vb. 
 n. KERNING.] ( Type-founding. ) To form with a kem. 
 
 Ker'nel, n. [A.-S. cynie.l, a little com, grain, kernel, 
 N. H. Ger. & D. kern, 0. H. Ger. cherno, Icel. kiarni, 
 allied to Eng. corn, and Lat. granum, grain, seed. Cf. 
 Kern, !•./.] 1. A little grain or corn; hence, any 
 thing included in a .shell, husk, or integument. 2. A 
 small mass around which other matter is concreted ; a 
 nucleus ; the central part of any thing. 
 
 K6r'o-sene,«. [From Gr. icTjpos, wax, with termination 
 ene, as in campkene, q. v.] A liquid hydrocarbon, or oil 
 extracted from bituminous coal, used for illumination 
 and other purposes. 
 
 Ker'gey, n. [D. karsai, Ger. kersey, kirsei. Cf. Gael. & 
 Ir. ceart, ceirt, rag, old garment.] A species of coarse 
 woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from long wool. 
 
 Ker'gey-mere. n. A thin woolen cloth, generally woven 
 from the finest wool ; cassimere. 
 
 Kes'trel, n. [Er. cressereUe,cristel.] ( Om^/i.) A small, 
 slender hawk, of a reddish fawn color, streaked and 
 spotted with white and black. 
 
 Ketch, n. [Fr. caiche, quaiche, L. Ger. and D. kits; al- 
 lied to Fr. caic, caique, cague, N. Gr. ka'iki, Turk, kaik, 
 D. caag. Icel. kuggr, kuggi, Eng. cog.] {Naut.) A ves- 
 sel with two masts, a main and mizzen-mast, usually 
 from one hundred to two hundred and fifty tons burden. 
 
 Ketcli'up, 71. A sauce. See Catchup. 
 
 Ket'tle, n. [A.-S. celel, cetii, cytel, Goth, katils, from 
 Lat. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep vessel, bowl.] A 
 metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, used for heating and 
 boiling water or other liquor. 
 
 Kfit'tle-drum, n. A drum made 
 of a copper vessel , usually hemis- 
 pherical, or shaped like a kettle, 
 covered with parchment. 
 
 KSx, a. [See Kecksy.] The dry 
 stock of the hemlock, or of other 
 plants ; a dry husk or covering. 
 
 Key, n. [A.-S. ctig, cage.] 1. 
 That wl • • - 
 
 which fastens : as a piece of 
 wood in the frame of a building, or Kettle-drum, 
 
 in a chain. 2. An instrument which serves to shut or 
 open a lock, by turning its bolt one way or the other. 
 3. Hence, an instrument which Ls used by being inserted 
 and turned ; as, a watch-Arfy, h^A-key, &c. 4. That 
 which serves a.s a means to unlock a secret or mysterv, 
 or to disclose any thing difficult : a solution ; an explan- 
 ation, a. That which serves to lock up and make fast ; 
 a«, (a.) (Arch.) A piece of wood let into another acro.«s 
 the grain to prevent warping, {b.) (Masonn/.) The 
 highest central stone of an arch; the key-stone, (c.) 
 (Mech.) A piece of wood or metal, placed in coincident 
 Blots or mortises, to hold parts together ; a cotter. 6. 
 (Mus.) (a.) A lever of wood, or ivory, or metal, in an 
 
 organ, piano-forte, &c., struck or pressed by the fingers 
 in playing the instrument. (6.) The fundamental ton» 
 ofa movement; key-note. 
 
 Keij ofa position, or country {Mil.), a point the possession of 
 which gives the control of that position or country. 
 
 Key, n. [Fr. quay, quai, D. kaai, a bank or wharf on the 
 side ofa river, 0. Fr. cuye, Sp. cayo, sand-bank, rock, or 
 islet in the sea, of Celtic origin ; W. cae, an inclosure.] 
 
 1. An island rising little above the surface, as in th« 
 West Indies. 2. A quay. 
 
 Key, V. t. [imp. & p. p. keyed; p. pr. & vb.. n. KEY- 
 ING.] To fasten with keys or wedge-shaped pieces of 
 wood or iron. [quay. 
 
 Key'age (45), n. Money paid for the use of a key or 
 
 Key'-board, n. {Mus.) The whole range of the keys 
 of an organ or piano-forte. 
 
 Keyed(keed), a. 1. Furnished with keys. 2. Set to a 
 key, as a tune. 
 
 Key'-hole, n. 1. A hole in a door or lock, for receiving 
 a key. 2. {Carp.) An excavation in beams intended to 
 be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. 
 
 Key'-uote, n. (Mus.) The tonic or first tone of th« 
 scale in which a piece or passage is written. 
 
 Key'-seat, n. {Mach.) A rectangular groove, especially 
 in a wheel and shaft, to receive a key, so as to prevent 
 one part from turning on the other. 
 
 Key '-stone, n. {Arch.) The wedge-shaped stone on the 
 top or middle of an arch or vault, which binds the work. 
 
 Kha'lif (ka'lif), n. See Cai.iph. 
 
 Khan (kawn or k5n), n. [Tart, and Turk, kh&n.] A 
 prince ; a king ; a chief ; — so called among the Tartars, 
 and in countries now or formerly governed by them. 
 
 Kh^n, n. [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] An 
 Eastern inn or caravansary. 
 
 Khan'ate (kawn'- or kSn'-, 45), n. The dominion or 
 jurisdiction ofa khan. 
 
 Kibe, n. [W. cih, a vessel, shell, husk, cibwst, chilblaina, 
 from cib and gwst, humid, moist, fluid.] An ulcerated 
 chilblain, as in the heels. 
 
 Kl-bU'kd, n.; pi. ki-bit'kas. [Rus., from Ar. kub- 
 bah, vault, tent, parasol.] A rude kind of covered wagon, 
 without springs, often used by the Tartars as a movable 
 habitation. 
 
 Kick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. KICKED (kikt \ p. pr. &, vb. ru 
 KICKING.] [W. o'aaiw. from cic, foot.] To strike, thrust, 
 or hit violently with the foot. 
 
 To kick the beam, to fly up and strike the beam; — said of the 
 lighter arm of a loaded balance; hence, to be found wanting in 
 weight.— To kick the bucket, to lose one's life; to decease; to 
 die; — alluding to a bent piece of wood, locally called a bucket, 
 by which a slaughtered pig is hung up, it being passed behind 
 the tendons of the hind legs. [Colloq. and low.'] 
 
 IKlckfV.i. 1. To practice striking with the foot or feet. 
 
 2. To thrust out the foot or feet with violence ; to man- 
 ifest opposition. 3. To recoil ; — said of a musket, &c. 
 
 Kick, n. 1. A blow with the foot or feet. 2. The recoil 
 of a musket or other fire-arm, when discharged. 
 
 Kick'er, n. One who kicks. 
 
 Kick'sha-%v, n. [Corrupted from Fr. quelqzie chose, 
 something.] 1. Something fantastical or imcommon, 
 or that has no particular name. 2. A fantastical dish. 
 
 Kid, n. [Icel. kidh, 0. H. Ger. kiz, kizzi, probably not 
 allied to Lat. hxdus, or Eng. goat, q. v.] 1. A young 
 goat. 2. A bundle of heath and furze. 3. A small 
 wooden tub or vessel ; — applied, among seamen, to one 
 in which they receive their food. 4. A glove of kid 
 leather. [ CoUoq.] 
 
 KId'dle, n. [L. Lat. kidellus.] A kind of wear in a 
 river for catching fish ; — corruptly pronounced kittle. 
 
 Kid'dy, v. t. [iynp. & p. p. kiddie D ; p. jrr. & vb. n. 
 KIDDY'ING.] To deceive ; to hoax ; to take advantage 
 of. [Slang.] 
 
 Kid'liug. n. [Dim. of kid.] A young kid. 
 
 Kid'nap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kidnaped ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. KIDNAPING.] [Ger. kind, Prov. Eng. kid, child, and 
 Prov. Eng. 7iap, to seize, to grasp. Cf. Knab, Knap, 
 and Nab.] To steal and carry away or secrete, as a hu- 
 man being, man, woman, or child. 
 
 Kid'nSp-er, n. One who steals or forcibly carries away 
 a human being ; a nian-stealer. 
 
 Kid'ney, n. ; pi. kid'NEY§. [Prob. from A.-S. quidh, 
 cwidh, Icel. qvidr, 0. H. Ger. quiti, Goth, qvithus, belly, 
 womb, and 'Eng. nigh.] 1. {Anat.) One of two oblong, 
 flattened glands, situated at each side of the lumbar 
 vertebrae, and surrounded with an abundant fatty tis- 
 sue. They constitute the secretory organs of the urine. 
 2. Habit; disposition; sort; kind. [Colloq.] 3. A 
 waiting-servant. [Cant.] 
 
 a,e,&,c.,long; &,&, kc, short ; c4re, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sou, dr,dQ,woU 
 
KIDNEY-BEAN 
 
 409 
 
 KINNIKINIC 
 
 Kid'ney-bean, n. (Bot.) A sort of bean ; — so named 
 fiiom its resemblance in shape to the kidney. 
 
 Kil'der-kin, n. [0. D. kindekin, kinnekin^ Scot, kin- 
 ken, a small barrel.] A small barrel ; a liquid measure 
 containing sixteen or eighteen gallons. 
 
 Kill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. KILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. kill- 
 ing.] [0. Eng. quellen, A.-S. cwellen, cioeiian, to kill, 
 torment, 0. H. Ger. queljan, to torture, kill. See 
 Quell.] 1. To deprive of life, animal or vegetable, in 
 any manner or by any means ; to put to death ; to slay. 
 
 2. To quell ; to calm ; to still. 
 
 Syn. — To murder; assassinate; slay; butcher; destroy.— 
 To kill does not necessarily mean any more than to deprive of 
 life. A man may kill another by accident or in self-defense, 
 without the imputation of guilt. To murder is to kill with 
 malicious forethought and intention. To assassinate is to 
 murder suddenly and by stealth. The sheriff may ii'H without 
 murdering; the duelist murders, but does not assassinate his 
 antagonist; the assassin kills and murders in the meanest and 
 most ignoble manner. 
 
 KEIl'er, n. One who kills or deprives of life. 
 
 Ka'li-lci-mck', n. See Kinnikinic. 
 
 KiLn (kil), n. [A.-S. cyln, W. cyl, cylyn.] 1. A large 
 stove or oven, which may be heated for the purpose of 
 hardening, burning, or drying any thing. 3. A pile of 
 brick constructed for burning or hardening. 
 
 Kiln'-dry (kiFdrl), v. t. limp. & p.p. kiln-dried; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. KILN-DRYING.] To dry in a kiln. 
 
 Kil'o-gr^m, n. [Fr. kilogramme, from Gr. xi^toi/, thou- 
 sand, and ypoLixfjia, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce. 
 See Gram.] A French measure of weight, being a thou- 
 sand grammes, equal to 2.67951 pounds troy, or 2.20485 
 pounds avoirdupois (15442.42 grains). 
 
 Ki-161'i-ter or Ka'o-lx'ter, n. [Fr. kilolitre, from Gr. 
 Xi'Aioi/, thousand, and kirpa, a certain coin and weight. 
 See Liter.] A French measure of capacity equal to a 
 cubic meter, or a thousand liters. It is equivalent to 
 35.3166 English, or 35.3105 American, cubic feet, and to 
 220.0967 imperial gallons, or 264.14 American gallons of 
 231 cubic inches. 
 
 Ki-15m.'e-ter, or Kn'o-me'ter, n. [Fr. kilometre, 
 from Gr. xt^to*', thoiisand, and /xeVpoi/, measure.] A 
 French measure of length, being a thousand meters. It 
 is equal to 3280.899 English, or 3280.709 American, feet, 
 or .62135 of a mile. 
 
 Kilostdre (ke'lo-star'), n. [Fr., from Gr. xtA^tov, thou- 
 sand, and o-repeos, solid.] A French measure of solidity 
 or volume, containing one thousand cubic meters, and 
 equivalent to 35316.6 English, or 35310.5 American cubic 
 feet 
 
 KUt, n. [0. Gael. & Ir. cealt, clothes, kilt.] A kind of 
 short petticoat, worn by men in the Highlands of Scot- 
 land, and by children in the Lowlands. 
 
 Kil'ter, n. See Kelter. 
 
 Kim'bo, a. [Celt, cam,, crooked, bent, bowed, and Eng. 
 bow, to bend, any thing bent.] Crooked ; arched ; bent. 
 To set the arms a-kimbo, to set the hands on the hips, with 
 the elbows projecting outward. 
 
 Kin, n. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, race, offspring, kind, sort ; 
 Goth, kuni, Icel. kyn, allied to Lat. genus, Gr. yevos, 
 birth, oflspring, race, from genere, gignere, yeveuv, to be- 
 get.] 1. Relationship, consanguinity, or aflftnity ; kin- 
 dred. 2. Relatives ; kindred. 
 
 0/ kin, allied; related by birth or marriage. 
 
 Kin, a. Of the same nature or kind ; kindred ; akin. 
 
 Kind (72), «. [A.-S. cy7id. See Kind, a.] 1. Race ; 
 genus ; generic class ; especially, one fixed by the laws of 
 nature. 2. Sort; nature; style; manner; character. 
 
 3. Native character. 
 
 In kind. In things or property of the game sort. 
 iBand (72), a. [compar. KINDER ; superl. kindest.] 
 [A.-S. cynde,gecynde, natural, harmonious. See Kind 
 andKlN,«.] Having feelings befitting a common na- 
 ture ; especially, showing tenderness or goodness ; dis- 
 posed to do good and confer happiness. 
 
 Syn.— Obliging; congenial; sympathetic; benevolent; be- 
 nign; beneficent; bounteous; gracious; propitious; generous; 
 indulgent; tender ; humane ; compassionate ; good ; lenient; 
 clement; mild; gentle ; bland ; friendly; amicable; affection- 
 ate; loving. See Good-Nat ueed. 
 
 Kind'-liearfed, a. Having much kindness of nature. 
 
 Kin'dle (kin^dl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. kindled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. kindling.] [Icel. kinda, to kindle ; W. 
 cynneu, allied to Lat. cendere, candcre, in arcendere, in- 
 cendere.] 1. To set on fire; to light. 3. To inflame, 
 as the passions ; to exasperate ; to rouse ; to provoke. 
 
 Kin'dle, v. i. 1. To take fire. ti. To begin to be ex- 
 cited ; to grow warm or animated. 
 
 Kin'dler, n. One who, or that which, kindles. 
 
 Kind'li-ness, ». Quality of being kindly ; benignity ; 
 
 benevolence ; gentleness ; softness. 
 
 Kiu'dling, n. 1, Act of causing to burn, or Of ex- 
 citing. "Zt pi. Materials for causing flame. 
 
 Kind'ly, a. [compar. kindlier; superl. kindliest.] 
 [See Kind, n.] 1. Belonging to the kind or species ; 
 natural ; homogeneal ; kindred. 2. Sympathetic ; con- 
 genial ; hence, disposed to do good ; benevolent ; gra- 
 cious. 3. Favorable; mild; gentle. [olently. 
 
 Kind'ly, adv. In a kind manner ; with good will ; benev- 
 
 Kind'ness, n. [From kind, adj.] 1. Quality of being 
 kind ; good will ; benevolence ; benignity of nature, ii. 
 A kind act ; an act of good wiU. 
 
 Syn. — Good will; benignity; grace; tenderness; compas- 
 sion ; humanity ; indulgence ; clemency ; mildness ; gentle- 
 ness; goodness; generosity; beneficence; favor; affection. 
 
 Kin'dred, n. [0. Eng. kinrede, kynrede, kunrede, with 
 d euphonically inserted, from A.-S. cynn, offspring, and 
 the termination rxden, which orig. signifies a state or 
 condition.] 1. Relation by birth or marriage ; consan- 
 guinity ; kin. 3. Relatives by blood or marriage, more 
 properly the former ; relations. 
 
 Kin'dred, a. Related; congenial. 
 
 KJne, n.; pi. of cow. Cows. See Cow. 
 
 King, n. [A.-S. cyng, cynig, cyning, Icel. kon^ngr, from 
 A.-S. cyn, Icel. kyn, konr, Goth, kuni, race, the primary 
 sense being head or chief of the race.] 1. A sovereign ; 
 a monarch. 2. A playing-card having the picture of a 
 king. 3. The chief piece in the game of chess. 4. pi. 
 The title of two books in the Old Testament. 
 
 King at arms,a,n officer in England whose business is to 
 direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the juris- 
 diction of armory. — King's English, correct or current Ian' 
 guage of good speakers; pure English. (CoUoq.) 
 
 King, V. t. To supply with a king ; to make royal. 
 
 King'-bird, n. ( Ornith.) A small bird, native to North 
 America, noted for its courage and persistency in attack- 
 ing larger birds. 
 
 King'-erab, n. ( Zobl.) A very large crustacean, having 
 the form of a horse's foot ; hence often called horse-foot, 
 and horse-shoe. 
 
 King'«raft, n. The craft of kings ; art of governing. 
 
 King'-etip, n. The buttercup. See Buttercup. 
 
 BLing'dom, n. [Eng. king and termination dom.] 1. 
 QuaUty and attributes of a king ; royal authority ; mon- 
 archy. 3. The territory or country subject to a king. 
 3. An extensive scientific division distinguished by lead' 
 ing or ruling characteristics ; a department. * 
 
 King'fisli, n. The opah, a fish having splendid colors. 
 
 King'fisli-er, n. ( Ornith.) 
 A bird of the genus Alcedo. 
 It has a gay pltmiage, in- 
 habits the borders of 
 streams, and lives on fish, 
 which it takes by darting^ 
 down on its prey in the^ 
 water. 
 
 King'-ltill'er, n. One who 
 kills a king ; a regicide. 
 
 BLing'li-ness, n. State of Kingfisher, 
 
 being kingly. 
 
 King'ly, a. [compar. KINGLIER ; superl. kingliest.] 
 1. Directed or administered by a king ; monarchical ; 
 royal. 2. Belonging to, suitable to, or becoming, a king. 
 Sjna. — Regal. — ffiwgr??/ is Saxon, and refers especially to 
 the character of a king; regal is Latin, and now relates more 
 to his office. The former is chiefly used of dispositions, feel- 
 ings, and purposes, which are king-like ; the latter of external 
 state, pomp, &c. 
 
 With an air of royalty ; in a king-like 
 
 King-post. 
 
 Kingly, adv. 
 
 manner. 
 King'-post, n. {Arch.) A beam in the 
 
 frame of a roof, or any compound girder 
 
 rising from the tie-beam to the ridge. 
 King's Bench. (Law.) The highest] 
 
 court of common law in England ; — so 
 
 called because the king used to sit there 
 
 in person. 
 King'g'-e'vil (-e'vl), n. A disease of the scrofuloua 
 
 kind, formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a 
 
 king. 
 King'sliip, n. State, office, or dignity of a king ; royalty. 
 Kink, n. [D. kink, a bend or turn.] 1. A twist of a 
 
 rope or thread, spontaneously formed. 3. A crotchet; 
 
 a whim. 
 Kink, V. i. [imp. & p. p. kinked (knjkt) ^p.pr. &, vb. 
 
 n. kinking.] To twist spontaneously. 
 Kin/ni-ki-ni«', n. [Indian.] A preparation for smoking 
 
 used by the Indians of North America, consistmg of the 
 
 food, fdbt; firn, rude, pviU ; $ell, (liaise, «aU, echo ; gem, get; ag; ejist, linger; link; this. 
 
KINO 
 
 410 
 
 KNIFE 
 
 bark and leavei» of red sumac or the red willow. [Some- 
 times spelled kiUik-inick.] 
 
 KI'iio, »i. [Supposed to be an East Inciian word.] An 
 astringvnt extract of a deep brownish-red color, obtained 
 from certiun tropical trees. [same family. 
 
 Kiii§'fulk. t-l"ok), ;i. Relations ; kindred ; persons of the 
 
 KiiiShip, /I. llelationship. 
 
 Kiu§'uiau, ". ,■ /'/. KtNg'MEN. A man of the same race 
 or timiily : one related by blood. [female relation. 
 
 Kiiig'-woiu-an, ».: pi- ki>£'\vom-en (-wTm-en). A 
 
 Ivi-6sk.',*/i. [Turk, k-ius/i/i, kiiis/ik, from Per. kilshk.] A 
 Turkish open .<ummer-house, supported by pillars. 
 
 Kip. "- Tbe skin of a young beast. 
 
 Kip'per. c. t. [imp. & /;. p. kippered; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 KIPPERING.] To cure, as fish, by means of salt and 
 l>epiHT. and by hanging up. 
 
 Kip'per, n. 1. A sjilmon in the state of spawning. 3. 
 A salmon split open, salted, and dried or smoked. 
 
 Kip'- skill, «. [Compounded of kip, q. v., and skin.} 
 Leather prepared from the skin of young cattle, inter- 
 mediate between calf-skin and cow-hide. 
 
 Kirk (18), 7i. [A.-S. c/rce. See Church.] 1. A place 
 of worship ; a church. [Scot.] '■2, The regular or es- 
 tablished church in Scotland. [Scotland. 
 
 Kirk'iuaii, «.; pi. kTrk'men. One of the church of. 
 
 KirscJucasser ( keersh'vas'ser or keersh'wos-s«r), n. 
 [Ger., from kirsciie, cherry, and zca^sfr, Avater.] A dis- 
 tilled liquor, obtained by fermenting the small black 
 cherry. 
 
 Kir'tle, n. [A.-S. ryrtel, Tcel. kyrtell.'] An upper gar- 
 ment ; a gown : a short jacket. 
 
 Kiss, V. t. lijnp. & p. p. KISSED (kist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 KISSING.] [A.-S. cy.<!sa7i, Icel. ki/s.'ia, 0. 11. Ger. kussan, 
 Goth, kukjnn.'] To .^alute with the lips ; to buss. 
 
 Kiss, V. i. To salute with the lips. 
 
 Kiss, n. 1. A salute made by touching with the lips 
 pressed closely together and suddenly parting them ; a 
 buss. 2. A small piece of confectionery. 
 
 Kiss'er, n. One who kisses. 
 
 Kiss'iiig-com'fit (-kRm'fit), n. A perfumed sugar- 
 plum to sweeten the breath. 
 
 Kiss'iug-crust, n. {Cookery.) A protruding or over- 
 hanging portion of the upper crust of a loaf. 
 
 Kit, n. [D. kit. a large bottle, 0. D. kitle, beaker, de- 
 canter.] 1. A ves.'sel of various kinds and uses ; e.-^pe- 
 cially, a wooden tub or pail. ti. That which contains 
 or comprises a necessary outfit, as of tools, necessaries, 
 ore., as of a workman, a soldier, and the like ; hence, a 
 whole outfit. 3. A small violin or fiddle. 
 
 Kit'-'C^t, a. Designating a canvas used for portraits of 
 a peculiar size, viz., 28 or 29 inches by 36 ; — so called 
 because that size was adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller 
 for the portraits he painted of the members of the Kit- 
 cat Club, a club to which Addison and Steele belonged, 
 and which was so called fi-om Christopher Cat, a pastry 
 cook, who .served the club with mutton pies. 
 
 Kitch'en (58), n. [A.-S. cycene, 0. U. Ger. chuhhina, 
 kuchina, from Lat coquina, equiv. to cidina, kitchen, 
 from ro(iuere, to cook. ] 1. The room of a house appro- 
 priated to cookery. "Z. A uten.sil for roasting meat. 
 
 Kitch'en- gar'cleii (-gar'dn), >i. A garden appropriated 
 to the rai.sing of vegetables for the table. 
 
 Kitch'eii-niaid,n A woman employed in the kitchen. 
 
 Kitcli'en- stuff, n. Fat collected from pots and drip- 
 ping-pans. 
 
 Kite, n. [A.-S. cita, cyta, W. 
 cufJ, cut.] 1. (Oniith.) A ra- 
 pacious bird of the hawk kind, 
 distinguished from hawks and 
 falcons by having a forked tail 
 and by the length of its wings. 
 ii. One who is rapacious. 3. j^^jj 
 
 A light frame of wood covered 
 
 with paper, for flying in the air. 4. Fictitious com- 
 mercial paper designed to deceive and delude. 
 
 Kite, V. I. [Literally, to fly a kite.] To raise money, or 
 sustain one's credit, by the use of mercantile paper 
 which is fictitious. 
 
 Kitli, n. [A.-S. cyrJh, cydhdh, 0. H. Ger. kunrll.] A 
 
 j>erson or riersons well known; acquaintance. [Obs.] 
 
 Kith and kin, intimate acquaintance and relationship. 
 
 Kit'isli, a. Resembling the bird called a kite ; of, or per- 
 taining to, the kite. 
 
 Kit't^n (klt'tn), n. [Dim. of cat.] A young cat, or the 
 young of the cat. 
 
 Kit'ten (kTt^tn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. KITTENED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. KITTENING.] To bring forth young, as a cat. 
 
 Kiep'to-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. kA«Vt»;s, thief, and /marta, 
 
 rp eoimd; to 
 
 II 
 
 I madness.] A morbid impulse or desire to steal ; propen- 
 
 1 sity to thievishness. 
 
 I Klick, V. i. To click. See Click. 
 
 Kii^b (niib), v. t. [imp. & p. p. KNABBED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. KNABBING.] [Written also nab.] [A modifica- 
 tion of knap, q. v.] To seize with the teeth ; to lay hold 
 of or apprehend. [ Vulgar.] 
 
 Kua,ck (nSk), n. [Ger. hiacken, to break ; Icel. gnaka, 
 to crack, gnak, cracking.] 1. A petty contrivance ; a 
 toy. 2. Something requiring skillfill or neat perform- 
 ance. 3, Habitual facility of performance ; dexterity ; 
 adroitness. [work. 
 
 KnJick'er (nSk'er), n. A maker of knacks, toys, or small 
 
 Ku^g (niig), n. [Sw. knagg, a knot in wood, Dan. knag, 
 a hook to hang clothes on, Gael. & Ir. cnag, peg, knob.] 
 1. A knot in wood, or a protuberant knot. ^2. A peg 
 for hanging things on. 3. A shoot of deer's horn. 
 
 KiiJlg'gy (nitg'gf), a. Knotty; full of knots; rough 
 with knots ; hence, rough in temper. 
 
 Kii3,p (nSp), n. [A.-S. cndp, cndpp, top, nob, button, 
 Icel. knappr, knob, AY., Gael., & Ir. cnap, knob, button.] 
 1, A protuberance; a knob or button. 3. Rising 
 ground ; a summit. 
 
 Kii^p (nSp), V. t. [imp. Sc p.p. knapped (nSpt); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. KNAPPING.] [D. knappen, to chew, bite, 
 crack, take hold of; Ger. knappen, to knap, crack. Cf. 
 Knab.] 1. To bite; to bite off. 2. To strike with a 
 loud noise ; to snap. [snap. 
 
 KiiS.p(nap), V. i. To make a short, sharp sound; to 
 
 Kiiap'!«3.ck (nap'Siik), n. [D. knapzak, fr. 
 knappen, to eat ; H. Ger. schnappsack.] A 
 frame of leather, for containing necessaries ' 
 of food and clothing, borne on the back by 
 soldiers, travelers, &c. 
 
 Knar (nar). In. [0. D. knorre, Ger. knorre, 
 
 Knarl (narl), ) knorren.] A knot in wood. 
 
 Knarled (narld), a. Knotted. [See 
 
 Gnarled.] Knapsack. 
 
 Knave (nav), n. [A.-S. cnapa, or cncifa, offspring, boy, 
 youth, orig. a boy or young man, then a servant, and 
 lastly a rogue.] 1. A dishonest person ; a rascal ; a vil- 
 lain, ti. One of a set of playing-cards marked with the 
 figm-e of a servant or soldier ; a jack. 
 
 Knav'er-y (nav'er-y), n. 1. Dishonesty ; petty villainy ; 
 fraud ; trickery. 2. Mischievous tricks or practices. 
 
 Knav'ish (nav'ish), a. Like a knave ; fraudulent ; vil- 
 lainous. 
 
 Knav'ish-ly (naVish-lJ), adv. In a knavish manner ; 
 dishonestly ; fraudulently. [knavery ; dishonesty. 
 
 Knav'isli-ness (nav'ish-nes), n. QuaUty or habit of 
 
 Knead (need), v. t. [imp. & p.p. kneaded ; p.pr. &, 
 vb. n. KNEADING.] [A.-S. cnedan, Icel. knodha, hnod- 
 ha, 0. H. Ger. cnetan, allied to Slav, gnesti.] To work 
 and press into a mass ; especially, to work into a well- 
 mixed mass, as the materials of bread, cake, or paste. 
 
 Knead'er (need'-), n. One who kneads ; hence, a baker. 
 
 Knee (nee), n. [A.-S. kneo, kneow, Goth, kniu, Icel. kne, 
 htiie, allied to Lat. genu, Gr. yoyv, Skr. ja7iti.] 1. {Anat.) 
 The joint connecting the two principal parts of the leg. 
 3. (Mech.) A piece of timber or metal with an angla 
 somewhat in the shape of the human knee when bent. 
 
 Knee'-deep (nee'deep), a. 1. Rising to the knees. 3. 
 Sunk to the knees. [the knees. 
 
 Knee'-liigli (nee'hi), a. Rising or reaching upward to 
 
 Knee'-joint (nee'-), «. (Mach.) A joint consisting of 
 two pieces butting on each other like the knee bent, so as 
 to thrust with increasing power when pressed into a 
 straight line ; a toggle-joint. 
 
 Kneel (neel), v. i. [imp, & p. p. knelt or kneeled ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. KNEELING.] [A.-S meowian.] To bend 
 the knee ; to feU on the knees. 
 
 Kneel'er (neel'er), n. One who kneels. 
 
 Knee'-pan (nee'-), n. (Anat.) The patella, a flattened 
 round bone on the front part of the knee-joint. 
 
 Knell (nel), n. [A.-S. cnyll, from cnyllan, cnellan, to 
 sound a bell.] The stroke of a bell, rung at a funeral, or 
 at the death of a person ; hence, a death-signal. 
 
 KngU (nel), v. i. [inp. & p. p. KNELLED ; p. pr. Sc vb. 
 n. KNELLING.] To sound as a knell ; hence, to sound 
 as a warning or evil omen. 
 
 Knelt (nelt), imp. & p. p. from kneel. See KNEEL. 
 
 Knew (nii), imp. of know. See Know. 
 
 Knick'kn^ck (nik'niik), n. A trifle or toy ; a bawble ; 
 a gewgaw. [Colloq.] 
 
 Knife (nTf), n. ; pi. KNIVE§ (nlvz). [A.-S. cnlf, TceL 
 kntfr, hnifr.] An instrument usually consisting of a thin 
 blade of steel, having a sharp edge for cutting, fastened 
 to a handle, but of many different forms and names for 
 
 »;e,&c., long,- &,^,Sc,c., short; c^re, far,a8k,all, what; Sre, veil, tSrm; pKque,firm; son, dr,d(>, wolf, 
 
KNIGHT 
 
 411 
 
 KRAAL 
 
 different uses in household economy and the various 
 trades, &c. 
 
 Kniglit (nit), n. [A.-S. mikt, cneoht, a boy, youth, at- 
 tendant, military follower.] 1. A military attendant ; a 
 follower. '2. A young man when admitted to the privi- 
 lege of bearing arms ; hence, one of a certain chivalric or 
 feudal rank. 3. (a.) One admitted, in feudal times, to 
 a certain military rank, with special and appropriate cer- 
 emonies, (b. ) One on whom knighthood is conferred by 
 the sovereign, entitling him to be addressed as Sir. [Eng.] 
 4. A piece used in the game of chess, usually bearing a 
 horse's head. 
 
 Kniglit (mt), i-. t. [imp. & p. p. KNIGHTED ; p.pr. & 
 vb. 71. KNIGHTING.] To dub or create a knight. 
 
 Kiiiglit-er'raiit (nit-), n. A knight who traveled in 
 search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting mili- 
 tary skill, prowess, and generosity. 
 
 Knight-er'rant-ry (nit-), n. The practice of wander- 
 ing in quest of adventures. 
 
 Knlglit'lio^d (nit'-), n. 1. Character, dignity, or con- 
 dition of a knight. 2. The whole body of knights at a 
 particular time. 
 
 Kniglit'U-nes.s (nit'li-nes), n. Duties of a knight. 
 
 Kniglit'ly (nlt'ly), a. Pertaining to a knight ; becom- 
 ing a knight. 
 
 . Kniglit'ly (nit'ly), adv. In a manner becoming a knight. 
 
 Suit (nit), V. t. [imp. & p. p. knit or KNITTED ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. KNITTING.] [A.-S. cnytan, cnyttan, Icel. kmyta, 
 hnyta.] 1, To form into a knot or into knots ; to lie. ti. 
 To form, by the interlooping of yarn or thread in a series 
 of connected knots, by means of needles. 3. To join ; to 
 cause to grow together. 4. To unite closely ; to con- 
 nect. 5. To draw together ; to contract. 
 
 Knit (nit), V. i. 1. To unite or weave any thing by 
 making knots. 3. To be united closely. 
 
 Knit'ter (nTt'fer), n. One who knits. 
 
 Boiit'ting (nit'ting), n. 1. The work of a knitter, a. 
 The net-work formed by knitting. 
 
 Knit'ting-nee'dle (nit'ting-ng/dl), n. A long needle 
 used for knitting threads into stockings, and the like. 
 
 Knive§ (nivz), n. pi. of knife. See KNIFE. 
 
 Knob (nob), n. [A modification of ^no/?, q. v.] A hard 
 protuberance ; a bunch ; hence, a round ball at the end 
 of any thing. 
 
 Knob'bi-ness (nob'bi-nes), n. Quality of having knobs, 
 or protuberances. [ances. 
 
 Knob'by (nob'by), a. FuU of knobs or hard protuber- 
 
 Knock (uok), v. i. [imp. & p.p. knocked (108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. KNOCKING.] [A.-S. cnocian. cniician, W. cno- 
 ciaiu.^ 1. To strike or beat with something hard or 
 heavy. 3. To strike against ; to clash. 
 
 To Vnock up, to become fatigued ; to fail of strength ; to be- 
 come wearied or worn out, as with labor; to gvr^ o\xi.— To knock 
 off, to cease ; to desist. — To knock under, to yield ; to submit. 
 
 Knock (nok), v. t. 1. To strike ; to drive against. 3. 
 To strike for admittance ; to rap upon as a door. 
 
 To knock deini, (a.) To strike down; to fell, (b.) (Auctions.) 
 To assigrn to a bidder by a blow or knock ; to knock off. — To 
 k-nock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill by a blow upon 
 the head ; hence to put an end to ; to frustrate. [CoZZog.]— To 
 knock off' (Auctions), to assign to a bidder by a blow on the 
 counter.— To knock up, (a.) To arouse by knocking. (6.) To 
 beat out ; to fatigue till unable to do more. ICoUoq.] 
 
 Knock (nok), n. 1. A stroke with something thick or 
 heavy. 2. A stroke on a door ; a rap. 
 
 Knock'dovvn (nok'doun), n. A blow which strikes a 
 person to the ground. 
 
 Knock'er (nGk'er), n. One who or that which, knocks ; 
 specificalti/, a kind of hammer fastened to a door, to be 
 used in seeking for admittance. 
 
 knock'-kneed (nok'need), a. Having the legs bent 
 inward, so that the knees touch in walking. 
 
 Knoll (n51), V. t. [A.-S. cnyllan, cnellan. See KNELL.] 
 To ring, as a bell ; to knell. 
 
 fe[jioIl (nol), V. i. To sound, as a beU. 
 
 Ejioll (nol), n. The ringing of a beU ; kneU. 
 
 Knoll (nol), n. [A.-S. cnoU, Ger. knolle, knoUen, clod, 
 lump, knob, bunch, W. owl.] The top or crown of a 
 hill ; especially, a Uttle round hill or mount ; a small ele- 
 vation of earth. 
 
 Knop (nop), n. [A.-S. cnxp, cnaepp, D. knap, knoop, 
 button, bud, Icel. gnop, prominence, Ger. knopf, button, 
 knob, knot, top. See Knap and Knob.] 1. A knob ; a 
 tufted top; a button. [Obs.] 3. {Arch.) A round 
 bunch of flowers or leaves ; also, the foliage on the capi- 
 tal of a pillar. 
 
 Knot (not), n. [A.-S. cnot^ cnotta, 0. H. Ger. chnodo, 
 Icel. knutr, hnutr, allied to Lat. nodus, for gnodus.] 1. 
 A compUcation of threads, cords, or ropes, formed by 
 
 tying, knitting) or entangling, which resists separation 
 or loosing. 3. A bond of union ; a connection. 3. 
 Something not easily solved ; a difiBculty ; a perplexity. 
 4. A figure, the lines of which are interlaced or intri- 
 cately interwoven. 5. A collection ; a baud ; a clique. 
 6. A joint in the stem of a plant. 7. (Mech.) The point 
 where cords, ropes, &c., meet from different directions in 
 funicular machines. 8. (Naut.) A division of the log- 
 line, serving to measure the rate of the vessel's motion. 
 9. A nautical mile of 6086.7 ft. 10. ( Ornith.) A bird 
 allied to the snipe. 
 
 Kndt (not), v. t. [imp. & p. p. KNOTTED ] p.pr. &, t*. 
 n. KNOTTING.] 1. To form a knot. 3. To unite 
 closely. 3. To entangle; to perplex. 
 
 Kja6t(n6t), v. i. 1. To form knots or joints. 3. To 
 knit knots for fringe. 
 
 Knot'-grass (nOt'gras), n. (Bat.) A weed-like plant of 
 several species ; — so called from the joints of its stem. 
 
 Knot'ted (not'ted), a. 1. Full of knots. 3. Having 
 intersecting lines or figures. 
 
 Knot'ti-ness (nSt'tl-nes), n. 1. Quality of being 
 knotty. 3. DifiBculty of solution ; intricacy. 
 
 KnSt'ty (nOt'ty )^ a. [compar. KNOTTIER ; superl. KNOT- 
 TIEST.] 1. Having many knots. 3. Hard ; rugged. 
 3. Difficult ; intricate ; perplexed. 
 
 Knout (nowt o/- nobt), n. [Russ. knut, Goth. h7iutd.] 
 An instrument of punishment in Russia, with which 
 stripes are inflicted on the bare back. 
 
 Knout (nowt or nobt), v. t. To punish with the knout. 
 
 Know (no), v. t. [imp. KNEW ; p. p. known ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. KNOWING.] [A.-S. cnawan, 0. H. Ger. chnahan, 
 to know ; aUied to Lat. gnoacere, noscere, Gr. yvw/u.i, Slav. 
 znati, Skr. jna.] 1. To be aware of as true or actual ; 
 to have mental cognition of ; to perceive or apprehend 
 clearly. 3. To be acquainted with ; to possess experi- 
 ence of. 3. To recognize. 4. To acknowledge ; to 
 countenance ; to approve. 5. To have sexual commerce 
 with. 
 
 To know how, to understand the manner of ; to be wise or 
 enlightened enough. 
 
 Know (no), V. i. 1. To have knowledge ; to possess in- 
 formation. 3. To take cognizance. 
 
 Know'a-ble (no'a-bl), a. Capable of being known. 
 
 Know'ing (no'ing), p. a. SkiUful ; well informed ; in- 
 telligent, [hgently ; deUberately. 
 
 Know'ing-ly (no'ing-ly), adv. With kiaowledge ; intel- 
 
 Knowl'edge (nol'ej, 39), n. [Eng. knoiu and the ter- 
 mination ledge.] 1. Act of knowing ; certain apprehen- 
 sion. 3. That which is known; a cognition ; — chiefly 
 used in the pi. 3. Actual acquaintance gained by learn- 
 ing ; learning ; scholarship. 4. That familiarity which 
 is gained by actual experience ; practical skill. 5. In- 
 formation ; cognizance ; notice. 6. Sexual intercourse. 
 
 Ku5wn (non),^. p. from know. See Know. 
 
 Knuck'le (nuk'l),>i. [A.-S. cnucl, allied to Ger. knochen, 
 bone.] 1. The joint of a finger, particularly when made 
 protuberant by the closing of the fingers. 3. The knee- 
 joint, especially of a calf. 
 
 Kmuck'le (nuk'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. knuckled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. KNUCKLING.] To submit in contest to an 
 antagonist ; to yield. 
 
 G®"" This use of the word is said to be derived from the old 
 custom of striking the under side of a table when defeated in 
 argument. 
 
 Knuck'le (nfik^l), v. t. To beat or strike with the 
 
 KnUr (nfxr), n. A knurl. [Obs.] [knuckles. 
 
 Knurl (nurl), n. [See Kn^.] A knot ; a hard sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Knurl'y (nur'ly), a. [compar. KNURLIER; superl. 
 KNURLiEST.] [See Knar. Cf. Gnarly.] Full of 
 knots ; hence, capable of enduring or resisting much. 
 
 Ko'balt, n. See COBALT. 
 
 KoHbdld, or Kob'old, n. [See GOBLIN.] A kind of 
 domestic spirit or elf among the Germans. 
 
 Ko'peck,?!. [Russ. kopeika, from kopye, a lance, be- 
 cause there was on it originally a horseman armed with a 
 lance.] A Russian coin of about the value of two-thirda 
 of a cent. 
 
 Ko'ran (89), n. [See Alcoran.] The sacred writings 
 of the Mohammedans ; — the same as Alcoran. 
 
 Kott'miss, n. [Russ. kumys, of Mongolian origin.] A 
 liquor made among the Calmucks by fermenting mare's 
 or camel's milk, from which they obtain, by distillation, 
 an intoxicating spirit. 
 
 Kow-tow', n. A prostration by way of saluUtion. 
 [Ckina.] [prostration. 
 
 Kow-tow', V. i. To perform the Chinese ceremony of 
 
 Kraal, or Kraal (kral or krawl), n. [D. kraal, prob. 
 
 <ttod, fcTot ; Arn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -call, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tills- 
 
KRAKEN 
 
 412 
 
 LACKER 
 
 *om the language of the Hottentots.] A village ; a col- 
 lection of huts ; sometimes a single hut. [Soul/i Africa.] 
 
 Kra'ken, n. [Prob. from 0. Sw. krake, 0. Dan. krage, 
 trunk or stem of a tnv, to which it was compared, from 
 its clumsy form.] A fabled sea animal of enormous size. 
 
 Hre'o-sote, M. Sih? Creosote. 
 
 H.u'fi<^ (I. Of, pertaining to, or used in, ancient Arabic ; 
 — said of the cbaractors^employed in writing it, which 
 were s« called from Kufa, ou tiie Euphrates. 
 
 Ku'uoi^s, n. See Koumiss. 
 
 Ky'an-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. kyanized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. KYANIZING.] [From Kyan., the inventor of the 
 process.] To render proof against decay, as wood, by 
 subjecting it for a time to a solution of corrosive subli- 
 mate, or other appropriate agents. 
 Kyr'i-o-16g'i<j, 1 a. [Gr. KvpioAoyixo?, speaking or 
 Kyr'i-o-log'i-e-al, ) describing hterally or properly, 
 from Kvpios, proper, strict, literal, and Aoyos, speech, dis- 
 course.] Serving perfectly to denote objects by conven- 
 tional signs or alphabetical characters. 
 
 L(el), the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, has 
 only one sound in English, as in like., canal. In 
 English words, the terminating syllable le is unaccented, 
 the e is silent, and I forms a syllable by itself, as in able, 
 tagle, pronounced abl, eegl. See Prin. of Pron., § 79. 
 
 L of a house, a wing, or part attached to the main building; 
 properly, a wing joined at right angles to the main building, 
 giving it the shape of the letter L. 
 
 ta. {Mus.) A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the 
 scale in music for the purpose of solmization. 
 
 JjSLyinterj. [A.-S. ^. See Lo.] Look ; see ; behold. 
 
 JLab'a-tnim, n. [Late Lat. ; Late Gr. kd^apov, from the 
 Celt, lavar, word, sentence, command (of God), so called 
 in commemoration of Constantine's vision of a flaming 
 cross in the heavens, with the inscription, Bi hoc signo 
 vinces.] The standard borne before the Emperor Con- 
 stantino after his conversion to Christianity. 
 
 lAb'e-fac'tion, n. [From Lat. labefacere. from labare., 
 to totter, and facere, to make.] Act of making weak ; 
 state of being weakened. 
 
 IiaHbel, n. [Lat. labellum, diminutive of labrum, lip, 
 edge, margin ; hence, tassel, shred, rag.] 1. A narrow 
 sUp of paper, parchment, &c., affixed to any thing, de- 
 noting its contents, ownership, &c. 2. Any paper an- 
 nexed to a will by way of addition, as a codicil. 3. (Her.) 
 A fillet with pendants or points, usually three. 4. 
 ( Goth. Arch.) A projecting tablet or molding over door- 
 ways, windows, &c. ; dripstone. 
 
 tanbel, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LABELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LABELING.] To affix a label to. 
 
 liaTbent, a. [Lat. labens, p. pr. of labi, to slide, glide.] 
 Sliding ; gliding. [Rare.] 
 
 liaTbi-al, a. [L. Lat. labialis, from Lat. labium., lip.] 1. 
 Pertaining or belonging to the lips. 2. {Pron.) Uttered 
 principally with the lips ; as, b, m, and 2?. 
 
 I^alji-al, n. {Pron.) A letter representing a sound 
 formed chiefly with the lips. 
 
 I.anbi-ate, I a. [N. Lat. labiatus, from Lat. labium., lip.] 
 
 rialjl-a'ted, ) (Bot.) Having the limb of a tubular 
 corolla or calyx divided into two unequal parts, one pro- 
 jecting over the other like the lips of a mouth. 
 
 Iia'bi-o-d6nt'al, a. [Lat. labium, lip, and dens, tooth.] 
 (Pron.) Formed or pronounced by the co-operation of 
 the lips and teeth, as/ and v. 
 
 taHbor, n. [Lat.] 1. Physical toil or bodily exertion, 
 esijecially when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable. 3. 
 Intellectual exertion ; mental effort. 3, That which re- 
 quires hard work for its accomplishment. 4. Travail ; 
 the pangs and efforts of childbirth. 
 
 . 8yn. — Work ; toil ; drudgery ; task ; exertion ; painstak- 
 ing. 
 
 L-aTbor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LABORED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LABORING.] 1. To exert muscular strength ; to work ; 
 to toil. 2. To exert one's powers of mind in the prose- 
 cution of any design. 3. To be oppres.«ed with difficul- 
 ties. 4. To be in travaih 5. (Naut.) To pitch and roll 
 heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. 
 
 I<ant>or, r. t. 1. To work at ; hence, to attain by labor. 
 2. To form or fabricate with toil, exertion, or care. 3. 
 To finLsh or prosecute with effort ; to urge. 
 
 Lahorinfj oar, the oar which roguires the most strength or 
 exertion, or on which most depends. 
 
 I.ftb'o-ra-to-ry (50), n. [Low Lat. laboratorium, from 
 Lat. lafjorare, to labor.] 1. A place for operations and 
 experiments in chemistry, pharmacy, pyrotechny, &c. 
 2. A place where any thing is prepared for use. 
 
 Labored, a. Bearing marks of couHtraint in execution. 
 
 l.aTbor-er, n. One who labors in a toilsome occupation. 
 
 l<a-bo'ri-od.s (89), a. 1. Requiring oremploying labor, 
 
 perseverance, or sacrifices ; toilsome ; tiresome. 2. Dil- 
 igen^ ; industrious. 
 
 L>a-bo'ri-ous-Iy, adv. With labor or difficulty. 
 
 L,a-bo'ri-ous-iiess, n. 1. QuaUty of being laborious ; 
 toilsomeness. 2. Diligence ; assiduity. 
 
 Lia'bor-some, a. (Naut.) Likely or inclined to roll or 
 pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea. 
 
 L.ab'y-rmtlx, n. [Gr. AajSvpn'&os, Lat. labyrinthus.] 1. 
 An edifice or place full of intricacies, or formed with 
 winding passages. 2. Any intricate or involved inclos- 
 ure. 3. Any object or arrangement of an intricate or 
 involved form. 4. An inextricable or bewildering diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 Syn. — Maze. — A labyrinth among the ancients was a 
 building constructed with a multitude of winding pa.ssages, sa 
 tliat a person could hardly avoid being lost. Hence, figura- 
 tively, the word denotes any thing extremelj' intricate, as the 
 labyrinth of the human heart. Maze (lit., whirlpool) denotes 
 the perplexity and confusion in which the mind is thrown by 
 unexpected or inexplicable events; as, a maze of thought. 
 
 IiJtb''y-riiitli'i-an, a. Winding; intricate. 
 
 r,ab^y-riutli'i<;, ) a. Like a labyrinth ; pertaining 
 
 Lia,b'y-rintli'i<j-al, J to a labyrinth. 
 
 Lab'y-rintli'ine, a. Pertaining to, or like, a labyrinth. 
 
 La-e, n. [From Per. lak, Skr. lakscha and rakscha, from 
 randj, to dye.] A resinous substance produced by an in- 
 sect, mainly upon the banyan tree. 
 
 liJi-e, n. [Hind, lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. laksha, mark, sign, 
 a hundred thousand.] One hundred thousand ; a.s, a, lae 
 of rupees.] [East Indies.] 
 
 LiS^e, n. [From Lat. laqueus, noose, snare.] 1. A string 
 or cord. 2. A fabric of fine threads of Unen, silk, or 
 cotton, interwoven in a net. 
 
 lia^e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LACED (last) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LACING.] 1. To fasten with a lace or string. 2. To 
 adorn or deck with lace. [lace or string. 
 
 Lia^e, V. i. To have a lace ; to be fastened or tied with a 
 
 lli3.9'er-a-ble, a. Capable of being lacerated. 
 
 Lra^'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. lacerated \ p.pr. & 
 vb. n. LACERATING.] [Lat. lacerare, laceratum, from 
 Zacer, mangled, lacerated.] To tear; to rend; hence, to 
 wound ; to injure or afflict. 
 
 lL,a9''er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of tearing or rending. 2. 
 The breach made by rending. 
 
 L,a9'er-a'tive, a. Tending to lacerate. 
 
 LiS^lie, ) n. [0. & Norm. Fr. lachesse, from Fr. lache, 
 
 L,a,fli'e§, j lax, indolent, from Lat. laxus, loose, lax.] 
 (Law.) Negligence; remissness; neglect to do a thing at 
 the proper time. 
 
 L.a,«li'ry-inal, a. 1. Generating or secreting tears. 2. 
 Pertaining to, or conveying, tears. 
 
 lia-eh'ry-ina-to-ry, n. [L. Lat. lacrymatofium, from 
 lacryma, a tear.] A vessel found in sepulchers of the 
 ancients, in which it has been supposed the tears of a 
 deceased person's friends were collected and preserved. 
 
 L.a-eli'ry-inose', a. Generating or shedding tears. 
 
 Lia'^ing, n. 1. A fastening Nvith a string or cord through 
 eyelet-holes. 2. A cord used in drawing tight or fastening. 
 
 ILack, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LACKED (lakt) : p. pr. &. vb. 
 n. LACKING.] [0. Sw. lacka, to fail, lack, 0. D. laecken, 
 to decrease, fail. 0. H. Ger. laJian, to reproach.] To be 
 destitute of; to be in need of; to want. 
 
 Iiaclc, V. i. 1. To be in want. 2. To be wanting. 
 
 L,ack;, n. Want ; destitution ; need ; failure. 
 
 L^ck, n. See LAC. 
 
 L.a,cli'a-day', interj. [Abbreviated from alack-a-day, q. 
 v.] Alas ; — an expression of sorrow or regret. 
 
 L.a,clt'a-dai'§i-<;al, I a. Affectedly pensive ; sentimen- 
 
 I.aclc'a-dai'§y, ( tal. 
 
 LiadcTbrain, n. One who is deficient in understanding. 
 
 raclt'er, n. See Lacquer. 
 
 a.e.&c.i^onf; a,«,&c.,j^r/; c&re, far,ask:,all, ivliat; 6re, veil, term; pique,flrin; 8dn,dr, do,TroIf, 
 
LACKEY 
 
 413 
 
 LAMB 
 
 I.£Lck'ey, n. ; pi. LXCK'EYg. [From 0. Ger. Idcken, Goth. 
 laikan, to run, jump.] An attending servant ; a footman. 
 
 L&clc'ey, V. t. To attend as a lackey ; to wait upon. 
 
 Iia,cft.'lus'ter, a. Wanting luster or brightness. 
 
 Lia-con'ie, a. 1. Pertaining to Lacedemonia, or to the 
 Lacones, its inhabitants. iJ. Expressing much in few 
 words ; brief; concise. 
 
 Syn. — Concise. — The term laconic is derived from the La- 
 cones or Spartans, who affected to give short, pithy answers. 
 Laconic, then, implies few words; concise, only the necessary 
 words. A work may be a long one, and yet the language be 
 concise ; a reply can not be long and yet laconic. Laconic car- 
 ries with it the idea of incivility or affectation ; concise is a 
 term of unmixed praise. 
 
 Lia-e5n'i€, n. 1, A concise, sententious method of 
 speaking ; laconism. 'Z. A concise phrase or expression. 
 
 Iia-«6ii'i€-al, a. The same as Laconic. [concisely. 
 
 Lia-e6ii'i-«al-ly, adv. In a laconic manner ; briefly ; 
 
 Lia-«6n'i-f i§m, n. See Lacomsm. 
 
 Xia,€'o-m§in., n. 1. A concise manner of expression ; la- 
 conic style. 3. A brief, sententious phrase; a laconi- 
 cism. 
 
 Li3,€'o-mze,t». i. [imp. & p.p. L,ACO^fIZED; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. LACONIZING.] To Speak in a concise, sententious 
 manner. 
 
 Li£i,€'quer (lak'er), n. [Written also lacker. See LAC] 
 A yellowLsh varnish, consisting of a solution of shell-lac 
 in alcohol, colored by gamboge, saffron, and the like. 
 
 l.a€'quer (lik'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. lacquered ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. LACQUERING.] To varnish with lacquer. 
 
 ILa^'quer-ing, n. 1. Act of putting on lacquer. 3. 
 The covering of lacquer or varnish thus put on. 
 
 L3,€'tate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of 
 lactic acid, or acid of milk, with a base. 
 
 L.a«-ta'tion, ?i. Act of giving suck, or time of suckUng. 
 
 Lia,€'te-al, a. [See Lacteous.] 1. Pertaining to, or 
 resembling, milk ; milky. 3. (Anat.) Conveying chyle. 
 
 I.a,€'te-al, n. (A7iat. ) An absorbent vessel of the mesen- 
 tery, for conveying chyle from the intestines to the tho- 
 racic duct. 
 
 ljJi€'te-aii, a. [Lat. lacteus, from lac, lactis, milk.] 1. 
 Milky ; resembling, or consisting of, milk. 3. Conveying 
 chyle. [teal ; conveying chyle. 
 
 L.Ji«'te-6us, a. 1. Milky ; resembling milk. 3, Lac- 
 
 Liac-tes'^enpe, n. 1. Tendency to milk ; milkiness or 
 milky color. '2. (Bat.) The juice, commonly white, 
 which flows from a plant when wounded. 
 
 Ilia€-t6s'9eiit, a. [Lat. lactescens, p. pr. of lactescere, to 
 turn to milk, inchoative form of lactere, to be milky, from 
 lac, lactis, milk.] 1. Producing milk or white juice. 3. 
 Abounding with a thick, colored juice. 
 
 I^a-e'tic, a. [Ldit. lac, lactis, mWk.] { CA«?n.) Pertaining 
 to milk, or procured from sour milk or whey. 
 
 L.a«-tif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. lac, lactis, milk, and ferre, to 
 bear.] 1. Bearing or conveying milk or white juice. 3. 
 Producing a thick, colored juice, as a plant. 
 
 I.a,c-t6iii'e-ter, n. [Lat. lac, lactis, milk, and Gr. /meV- 
 poi/, measure.] 1. An instrument for ascertaining the 
 proportion of cream in milk ; a galactometer. 3. A kind 
 of hydrometer for ascertaining the value of milk by not- 
 ing its specific gravity. 
 
 L.a-eu.s'tral, I a. [Lat. lacus, lake.] Pertaining to lakes 
 
 Lia-cus'trine, ) ♦ or swamps. [a striphng. 
 
 Liftd, ?i. [A.-S. leod ; W. llaivd.] A young man. or boy ; 
 
 li^d'a-num, n. [Lat. ladanum, ledanum, Gr. KaJ^avov, 
 kr)Ba.vov, Per. ladan, laden, Heb. loth, the resinous juice 
 obtained from a shrub called lada, leda, Gr. kqiov, A^Sos-] 
 A gum-resin of a dark color and pungent odor, chiefly 
 used as an external stimulant. 
 
 liSd'cier, n. [A.-S. hlsedder, 0. H. Ger. hleitar, leitra, lei- 
 tera.] 1. A frame, of wood, rope, &c., consisting of two 
 side-pieces, connected by rounds, thus forming steps by 
 which persons may ascend a building, &c. 3. That which 
 resembles a ladder in form or use ; hence, that by means 
 of which one attains to eminence. 
 
 Iiade,^•. «. [imp. laded; j?./?. laded, laden; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. LADING.] [A.-S. hladan, Goth, hlathan, Icel. 
 hladhn. Cf. LOAD.] 1. To load; to put on or in, as a 
 burden or freight. 3. To throw in or out, as a fluid, 
 with a ladle ; to dip. 
 
 liad'ing, n. That which lades or constitutes a load or 
 cargo ; freight ; burden. 
 
 lia'dle (la/dl), n. [A.-S. hlddle, from hladan, to load, 
 drain. See Lade, f.] 1. A cup with a long handle, 
 used in lading or dipping. 3. The float of a mill-wheel. 
 3. ( Gun.) An instrument for drawing the charge of a 
 cannon. 
 
 La'dle, t). t. [imp. & p. p. ladled; p pr. & vb. n. 
 LADLING.] To use a ladle for dipping or drawing out. 
 
 lia-drone', n. [Sp. ; Lat. latro, servant, robber.] A 
 robber ; a pirate ; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal. 
 
 Lia'dy, n. [A.-S. hlsefdige^ hlsefdie, hlafdie; i. a.^hlaf- 
 weardige, bread-keeper, trom hlcif, bread, loaf, and wear' 
 dian, to take care of.] 1. A mistress ; the female head 
 of a household. 3. A woman of social distinction or 
 position ; the feminine corresponding to lord. 3. A woman 
 of gentle or refined manners. 4. A wife, or spouse. 
 Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. 
 
 lia'dy-bird, n. (Entom.) A small beetle of various 
 brilliant colors, feeding on plant-hce. 
 
 L<a'dy-bus, n. Same aa Lady-bird, q. v. 
 
 L.a'dy-day , n. The day of the annunciation of the Vir- 
 gin Mary, March 25. 
 
 L.a'dy-lcin, n. [Dim. for lady.'] A little lady ; — applied 
 by the writers of Queen Elizabeth's time, in the abbre- 
 viated form Lakin, to the Virgin Mary. 
 
 L,a'dy-16ve, n. A sweetheart or mistress. [as a title. 
 
 La'dy-sliip, n. The rank or position of a lady ; — given 
 
 Lia'dy'g-slip'per, n. (Bot.) A plant cultivated for ita 
 flowers, the front segment of which resembles a shpper. 
 
 Lia'dy'§-tr6ss'e§, n. (Bot.) A Uttle herbaceous plant 
 of several species. It has an erect spike about which the 
 white flowers are arranged in a spiral, somewhat resepa- 
 bling a tress of hair, as they bloom. 
 
 li^g, a. [Gael. & Ir. lag, weak, feeble, faint, W. llag, 
 llac, slack, loose, sluggish. Cf. Low.] 1. Slow ; tardy. 
 3. Last ; long-delayed. 
 
 L,S,g, n. 1. One who lags; that which comes in last. 3. The 
 fag-end ; the rump ; hence, the lowest class. 3. Amount 
 of retardation of any thing, as a valve in a steam-engine. 
 
 L<^S, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LAG- 
 GING.] To walk or move slowly ; to stay behind. 
 Syn, — To loiter ; linger ; saunter ; delay. See Loitee. 
 
 Lia'ger-lbeer, n. [Ger. lager, bed, storehouse, and bier^ 
 beer. See Lair.] A German beer ; — so called from its 
 being laid up or stored for some months before use. 
 
 li^g'gard, a. [Eng. lag.] Slow : sluggish ; backward. 
 
 Li^g'gard, n. One who lags ; a loitei-er. 
 
 Iisig'ger, n. A laggard ; a loiterer ; an idler. 
 
 Lia-gobn', n. [It. & Sp. lacuna, from Lat. laguna, from 
 Gr. Aa/cos, hole, pit, tank.] 1. A marsh, shallow pond, 
 or lake, especially one into which the sea flows. 3. A 
 lake in a coral island. 
 
 Lia'ie, a. [Lat. laicus, Gr. Aal/cos, from A.ads, the people.] 
 Belonging to a layman or the laity. 
 
 Lia'i<;, n. A layman. 
 
 Lfa'i«-al, n. The same as Zoic. See LAIC 
 
 !Laid, imp. & p. p. of lay. See Lay. 
 
 Laid paper, writing paper having a ribbed surface, asif »V 
 laid with lines. 
 
 Tiain, p. p. of lie. See Lie. 
 
 L>air, n. [Ger. lager, couch, lair ; 0. H. Ger. legar, Goth. 
 ligrs, alUed to Gr. A.e'xos, couch, bed, birds nest.] 1, A 
 place in which to lie or rest ; especially, the bed or couch 
 of a wild beast. 3. Any couch or resting-place. 
 
 L>aird, a. [Contr. from A.-S. hlafweard, hlaford. See 
 Lord.] 1. A lord. [Scot.] 3. A landholder under 
 the degree of a knight or squire. [Scot.] 
 
 L.a'i-ty, n. [See Lay, a., and LAIC] The people, as dis- 
 tinguished from the clergy. 
 
 L.ak:e, n. [Lat. lacus, A.-S. lac, laca, allied to 0. H. Ger. 
 lach, lah, lacha, lahha, puddle, pool, lake.] A large col- 
 lection of water contained in a cavity or hollow of the 
 earth. 
 
 liake, n. [See Lac] 1. A deep-red coloring matter, 
 consisting of aluminous earth and cochineal or other red 
 substance. 3. A compound of animal or vegetable col- 
 oring matter and a metallic oxide. 
 
 Liake'let, n. A little lake. 
 
 L.a'l£iii, n. [Abbreviation of ladykin.] A little lady. 
 See Ladykin. 
 
 r.al-la'tion, n. [Lat. lallare, to sing lalla, or lullaby, 
 allied to Gr. AoAeiv, to chatter, babble, and Ger. lallen, 
 to speak imperfectly.] An imperfect pronunciation of 
 the letter r, in which it sounds hke I. 
 
 lia'ma, n. [Thibetan llama, pronounced lama, a chief, 
 a high priest.] A superior ; the name of a Boodhist priest 
 in Thibet, Mongolia, &c. 
 
 I®" The Grand Lama, or Delai-Lama, is the Boodhish pon- 
 tiff of Thibet, and is supreme ruler in ecclesiastical and secu- 
 lar affairs. 
 
 ILJlmb (lam), n. [A.-S., Goth., & Icel. lamb.] 1. The 
 young of the sheep kind. 3. Any person who is as in- 
 nocent and gentle as a lamb. 
 
 Lamb of God (Script.), the Savior Jesus Christ, who ww 
 typified by the paschal lamb. 
 
 food, fo^bt; urn, r^de, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, echo; gem, get; a§; e$ist; liager, lii^k ; this- 
 
LAMB 
 
 414 
 
 LANDGRAVIATE 
 
 U^iub (lim), V. i. To bring forth a lamb or iambs, as 
 
 L.ftm'ba-tive, a. [Lat. Inmbtre, to lick. See infra.] 
 Taken by licking. [tongue. 
 
 LAiu'ba-tive, n. A medicine taken by licking with the 
 
 Lainb-duid'al ( (lilni-), n. [Ur. Aaju/36oei6j/s, from Aa/x/3- 
 
 Laui-doid'al ) Sa, the name of the letter A, and 
 C160S, sliai-K'.J In the form of the Greek letter lambda (A). 
 
 L.&iu'beut, a. [Lat. lambens, p. pr. of Lanibere, to hck.] 
 1. Playing onthesur&ce; gliding oyer. 12. Twinkling 
 or gleaming. 
 
 L.&mb'kiii (hlm/kin), n. A small lamb. 
 
 L.Jinib'§'-Avobl (lamz'-), 71. 1. The wool of lambs. 2. 
 [Said to be corrupted fr. the Ir. la meas ubhall, day of 
 the apple fruit, but probably called so from the resem- 
 blance of the soft pulp of rotisted apples to the wool of a 
 lavib.] Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted apples till 
 the mixture formed a smooth beverage. 
 
 L.aiu-doid'al, a. See Lambdoidal. 
 
 Lame, a. [(ro?;?;jar. lamer; 5Mjuer/. lamest.] [A.-S., 
 & 0. H. Ger. lain, Icel. lama.] 1. Crippled or disabled 
 in a limb, or otherwise injured so as to be unsound and 
 impaired in strength. tJ. Imperfect ; not satisfactory. 
 3. Hobbling ; not smooth. 
 Lnine duck, a defaulter at the stock exchange. {Colloq.'\ 
 
 Lame, v. t. [hiip. & p. p. lamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. LAM- 
 ING.] To make lame ; to cripple ; to render imperfect 
 and unsound. 
 
 Lam'el-lar, a. [From Lat. lamella, dim. of lamina, 
 plate, leaf, layer.] Composed of, or disposed in, thin 
 plates, la} ers, or scales. 
 
 L.a,m'el-late, i a. Composed of. or covered with, thin 
 
 LJlm'el-la'ted, J plates or scales. 
 
 Lame'ly, adv. 1. In a lame, crippled, disabled, or im- 
 perfect manner. 2. Weakly; unsteadily; feebly. 
 
 Liame'ness, n. The condition of being lame. 
 
 L.a-mgiit', V. i. [Lat. lamentari.] 1. To weep or wail ; 
 to mourn. 3, To feel deep regret or sorrow. 
 
 La-meiit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. lamented ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. lamenting.] To mourn for; to bemoan; to de- 
 plore ; to bewail. 
 
 La-mgnt', n. [Lat. lamentinn, lamenta.] 1. Grief or 
 sorrow expressed in complaints or cries ; lamentation. 
 ti. An elegy or mournful ballad. 
 
 L&m'ent-a-ble, a. 1. Mourning; sorrowful; express- 
 ing grief. iJ, Fitted to awaken lament ; pitiable. 3. 
 Miserable ; pitiful ; low ; poor. 
 
 I.a,m'eiit-a-bly, adv. 1. In a manner to cause or ex- 
 press sorrow, ti. Pitifully; despicably. [sorrow. 
 
 Ii&m'en-ta'tion, n. Act of bewaihng ; expression of 
 
 La-mgnt'er, n. One who mourns or laments. 
 
 Li&m'i-na, n. ; pi. lXm'I-NjE. [Lat.] 1. A thin plate 
 or scale, lying over another, ii. (Anat.) A bone, or part 
 of a bone, resembhng a thin plate. 3. ( Bot.) The blade 
 . of a leaf. 
 
 liftm'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being formed into laminae 
 or thin plates. 
 
 L&m'i-nar, a. Consisting of thin plates or layers. 
 
 Lia.m'i-na-ry, a. Composed of plates or layers. 
 
 L£i.m'i-nate, la. [See Lamina.] Consisting of plates, 
 
 L.&m'i-na'^ted, ) scales, or layers, one over another. 
 
 Tukmm, v. t. [icel. hlemma, to beat, hlomm, club, a 
 beating.] To beat. [Low.] 
 
 lAm'iuAS, n. [A.-S. hlammesse, Idafmsesse, loaf-mass, 
 bread-feast, or feast of first fruits, from hldf, loaf, and 
 msesse, feast.] The first day of August. 
 
 Lam'mer-geir, ) n. [Ger. Idmmergeier, from Inmm, 
 
 L.am'mer-g:ey'er, ) pi. Idmmer, lamb, and geier, vul- 
 ture.] ( Ornith.) A vulture of 
 the Eastern hemisphere, re-" 
 markable for having the neck 
 covered with feathers hke the 
 true eagles, and like them, 
 Reeking for food in a predatory 
 manner, instead of living on 
 carrion. 
 
 L.&mp, n. [Lat. lampas, lam- 
 padis, Gr. Aa/u,jrd?, torch, fr. Lammergeir. 
 
 Xafnreii/, to give light, to shine.] 1. A vessel used for 
 the combustion of liquid inflammable bodies, for the pur- 
 pose of producing artificialHght. ti. Whatever resembles 
 a light-giving vessel, as a source of light or cheerfulness. 
 
 Lt&mp'-bl^ck, n. [lamp and black, being originally 
 made by means of a lamp or torch.] A fine soot formed 
 by the condensation of the smoke of burning resinous 
 substances. 
 
 L.ftm'per-eel, n. The same as the Lamprey. 
 
 Lam-poon', n. [0. Fr. lampon, a drinking song, from 
 
 ^ 
 
 lampona, let us drink, the burden of such a song, from 
 lam per, to guzzle ; probably so called because drinking 
 songs often contain personal slander or satire.] A per- 
 sonal satire in writing. 
 
 . Syii.- Satire. --The appropriate object of saf ire is found 
 in the vices and folhes of the times. It is usually general and 
 designed to expose and reform. A lampon is a bitter personal 
 satire, dictated by malignant feelingM-'-and intended only to 
 distress and degrade. Most of the pieces publi^ed by Pope 
 under the name of satires were a string of lampoons. 
 Lam-pobii', v. t. [imp. & p. p. lampooned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. lampooning.] To abuse in written satire. 
 
 Syn. — To libel ; defame ; slander ; calumniate ; satirize ; 
 lash. 
 
 L,am-pobn'er, n. The writer of a lampoon. 
 
 Lam'prey, n. [A.-S. lumprede, L. Lat. lampreta, Late 
 Lat. lampetra, from lambtre, to hck, and petra^ rock, 
 stone ; — so called because these fishes attach themselves 
 with their circular mouths to rocks and stones.] (Ichth.) 
 An eel-like fish, having a round, sucking mouth, sefe 
 with numerous minute teeth. 
 
 La'na-ry, n. [Lat. lanaria, from lanarins, belonging to 
 wool ; la7ia, wool.] A store-place for wool. 
 
 La'nate, I a. [Lat. lanatus, from laiia, wool, down.] 
 
 La'na-ted, ) 1. Wooly. ^Z. (Bot.) Covered with a 
 substance like curled hairs. 
 
 Lance, n. [Lat. lancea, of Celtic origin, allied 
 to Gr. koyx']-] 1. A weapon of war, consisting 
 of a long shaft or handle, and metal point 
 spear, ti. A soldier armed Avith a spear 
 lancer. 
 
 Lan^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lanced (lanst); 
 i7./?r. &r6. n. lancing.] [See swpro.] l.To 
 pierce with a lance, or with any similar weapon. 
 3. To open with a lancet; to pierce. 3. To 
 throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch. 
 
 Lan'f e-o-late, I a. [Lat. lanceolatus, from 
 
 Laii'^e-o-la'ted, J Lat. lanceola, a little lance, 
 dim. of lancea, lance.] (Bot.) Oblong and gradu- 
 ally tapering toward the outer extremity. 
 
 Lan'cer, n. One who lances ; one who carries a ^ 
 lance. Lances. 
 
 LSn'^et, n. [Fr. lancette, dim. of lance.] 1. A surgical 
 instrument, sharp-pointed and two-edged, used in ven- 
 esection, and in opening tumors, abscesses, &c. 3, 
 (Arch.) A high and narrow window pointed hke a lancet. 
 
 Laiicli,t). t. [imp. & p. p. LANCHED (lancht) ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. LANCHING.] [Lat. lanceare, to wield or handle 
 the lance.] 1. To throw, as a lance; to dart. 3. To 
 pierce with a lance, or as with a lance. 
 
 Lan'^i-nate, v. t. [imp. kp.p. lancinated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. LANCINATING.] [Lat. lancinare, lancinatum.] 
 To tear ; to lacerate. 
 
 Lan'^i-na'tion, n. A tearing ; laceration. 
 
 Land, n. [A.-S., Goth., & Icel. land, orig. a Celtic word.] 
 1. Earth, or the solid matter which constitutes the 
 fixed part of the surface of the globe. 3. Any portion, 
 large or small, of the solid surface of the globe, consid- 
 ered as set apart or belonging to an individual, or a peo- 
 ple. 3. Ground: soil, or the superficial part of the 
 earth in respect to its nature or quahty. 4. The inhab- 
 itants of a country or region. 5. The main land, in 
 distinction from an adjacent island. 6. The ground or 
 floor. 7. (Law.) Any earth whatsoever ; real estate. 
 
 Land, V. t. [imp. & p. p. landed; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 LANDING.] To set on shore ; to disembark ; to debark. 
 
 Land, V. i. To go on shore from a ship or boat ; to dis- 
 embark. 
 
 Lan'dam-man, n. [Ger. landamtmann, from land, 
 land, country, and amtmann, bailiff.] 1. A chief mag 
 istrate in some of the Swiss cantons. 3. The president 
 of the diet of the Helvetic republic. 
 
 Lan'dau, n. A kind of coach or carriage whose top 
 may be opened and thrown back ; — so called from Laii- 
 dau, a town in Germany. 
 
 Land'ed, a. 1, Having an estate in land. 3. Consist- 
 ing in real estate or land. 
 
 Land'fall. n. 1. A sudden transference of property in 
 land by the death of its owner. 3. (Naut.) The first 
 land discovered after a voyage. 
 
 Land'-flood (-flud), n. An overflowing of land by 
 water, especially by inland waters ; a freshet. 
 
 Land'-f orfe, *n. ' A military force, army, or body of 
 troops serving on land. 
 
 Land'grave, n. [Ger. landgraf, from land, land, and 
 graf, earl, count.] A German nobleman of a rank cor- 
 responding to that of an earl in England and of a count 
 in France. 
 
 Land-grav'i-ate, n. 1. The territory held by a land- 
 
 »,e,&c.,long; &,(i,&c.,skort; c&re, far, aslc, all, what; dre, vgil, term ; piique,firm; B6u,dr, dp, vrylf, 
 
LANDGRAVINE 
 
 415 
 
 LAPIDESCENT 
 
 guishing ; languishment. ii, A soft and tenaar look or 
 appearance. 
 
 IiJin'guisli-er, n. One who languishes or pines. 
 
 Li^ii'guish-nieiit, n. 1. State of languishing. 2. 
 Softness of look or mien. 
 
 Liftn'suor (lang'gwur), n. [Lat.] 1. State of being lan- 
 guid ; lassitude of body. H. Dullness of the intellectual 
 faculty . 
 
 Syn. — Feebleness ; weakness ; faintness ; wearinest ; dull- 
 ness ; heaviness ; lassitude ; listlessness. 
 
 L.an'iarcl (lan'yard), n. SeeLANVfARD. 
 
 Lia'ni-a-ry, a. [Lat. laniarius, from lanius, butcher, 
 laniare, to tear in pieces.] Lacerating or tearing. 
 
 Lia-nif' er-ou.s, a. [Lat. lani/er, from lana, wool, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Bearing or producing wool. 
 
 Lia-nig'er-ous, a. [Lat. laniger, from lana, wool, and 
 gerere, to bear.] Bearing or producing wool. 
 
 Li^nk, a. [compar. lanker ; superl. LANKEST.] [A.-S. 
 hlanc. Cf. H. Ger. scklank, slender, lank, thin.] 1. 
 Loose or lax, and easily yielding to pressure. '^. Weak 
 and slender ; so slender as to appear weak. 
 
 I.S,iilt'ly, adv. In a lank manner ; weakly ; thinly. 
 
 Li^nk'ness, n. Condition of being lank ; flabbiness. 
 
 Lia,iik;'y, a. Somewhat lank ; slender ; slim. 
 
 L,aii'ner, n.f. ) [From Lat. laniarius. See Lamary, 
 
 Lian'ner-et, n. ?n. ) a.] (Ornith.) A long-tailed species 
 of hawk found in Europe. 
 
 lifins'que-net (15ns'ke-net), n. [Fr.; Ger. landshnecht, a 
 foot-soldier, and a game of cards introduced by these 
 foot-soldiers, from land, country, and knecht, boy, ser- 
 vant.] 1, A German foot-soldier. 2. A game at cards. 
 
 L,aii'terii, n. [Lat. lanterna, laterna.] 1. Something 
 inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, rain, &c. ; 
 — sometimes portable, and sometimes fixed. 2. (Arck.) 
 A little dome over the roof of a building to give light. 
 
 3. (3Iach.) A kind of pinion. 
 
 Dark lantern, a lantern with a single opening, which may be 
 closed so as to conceal the light. 
 
 L.an-tlia'iii-um, ) n. [Gr. Kavdaveiv, to lie hid, to be 
 
 L<dn'tlia-iiu.in, ) concealed.] (Mm.) A metal occur- 
 ring with cerium, and so called because its properties 
 were concealed by those of the latter metal. 
 
 Lia-im'^i-nose', ) a. [Lat. lanuginoaus, from lanugo, 
 
 Iia-mi'gi-nous, ) woolly substance, down, from lana, 
 wool.] Covered with down, or fine, soft hair ; downy. 
 
 L.an.'yard, n. [From Fr. lanicre, thong, strap.]' 1. 
 ( Naut. ) A short piece of rope or line for fastening some- 
 thing in ships. . 3, (Mil.) A piece of strong twine, with 
 an iron hook at one end, used in firing cannon with a 
 friction-tube. 
 
 li^p, n. [A.-S. lasppa, lappa, Icel. lappi, 0. H. Ger. lapp&.] 
 1. The loose part of a coat. '2. The part of the clothing 
 that hes on the knees when one sits down ; that part of 
 the body thus covered. 3. Thav. part of any substanc* 
 or fixture which extends over or lies upon another ; hence 
 an edge ; a border or hem. 4. (Mach.) A piece of braas, 
 lead, or other soft metal, used to hold a cutting or pol- 
 ishing powder in cutting glass, gems, &c., or in polishing 
 cutlery, &c. 
 
 L.ap, ^■. t. [imp. & p. p. LAPPED (ISpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. LAPPING.] 1. To fold ; to bend and lay over or on. 
 '/J. To wrap or twist round. 3. To mfold ; to involve. 
 
 4, {Mach.) To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, 
 cutlery, &c. 5. To lay partly over something else. 
 
 Ii3,p, V. i. To be spread or laid on or over ; to be turned 
 over or upon. 
 
 li^p, V. i. [A.-S. lapian, lappian, Icel. lepia, aUied to Gr. 
 Kanreiv, Lat. lambere, W. llepiaw.] 1. To feed or drink 
 by licking. 3. To make a sound like that produced by 
 taking up drink with the tongue. 
 
 L.d,p, V. t. To lick up. 
 
 L.ap'-d.6g, n. A small dog fondled in the lap. 
 
 L.a-p61', n. [Eng. lap.] That part of a coat which lapj 
 over the facing. 
 
 li^p'tul, n. ,• pi. LAP^FULg. As much as the laj) can 
 contain. 
 
 L.S.p'i-d.a'ri-an, a. Inscribed on stone. 
 
 L.a.p'i-da-ry (44), n. [Lat. lapidarius, from lapis, stone. J 
 1. An. artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious 
 stones. 3. A dealer in precious stones. 3. A virtuoso 
 skilled in gems or precious stones. 
 
 L.ap'i-da-ry, a. Pertaining to the art of cutting stones. 
 
 L.ap'i-des'fen^e, n. 1. A hardening into a stony 
 substance. 3. A stony concretion. 
 
 liJtp'i-des'^ent, a. [Lat. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapides- 
 cere, to become stone, fr. lapis, lapidi^, stone.] Growing 
 or turning to stone. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; arn, r^ide, p^U ; peU, (haise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; liiiger, li||k ; tbis. 
 
 grave. 3. The office, jurisdiction, or authority of a 
 landgrave. 
 
 Ii3,nd'grra-viine , n. The wife of a landgrave. 
 
 L,and'-liold'er, a. A holdex, owner, or proprietor of 
 land. 
 
 l>S.nd'uig, n. 1. Act of going or setting on shore from 
 a vessel. 3. A place for going or setting on shore. 3. 
 (Arch.) The le^l-l part of a staircase, connecting one 
 flight with another. 
 
 L-and'ing-plafe, n. A place for the landing of persoas 
 or goods from a vessel. 
 
 liJiiid'la-dy, n. 1. A woman who has tenants holding 
 from her. 3. The mistress of an inn or lodging-house. 
 
 L.a.nd'less, a. Having no property in land. 
 
 Li^nd'lSck, v. t. To inclose or encompass by land. 
 
 I.and'16rd, ?i. [A..-^. land-klaford.] 1. The lord of a 
 manor or of land ; the owner of land or houses who has 
 tenants under him. 3. The master of an inn or lodging- 
 house. 
 
 riUnd'loup-er, n. [D. landlooper, literally landrunner, 
 from land and loopen, to run or ramble.] A vagabond 
 or vagrant. 
 
 ljS.nd'lub-ber, n. [Properly from land and lubber, but 
 prob. corrupted from landlouper, q. v.] One who passes 
 his hfe on land ; — so called among seamen in contempt 
 or ridicule. 
 
 liand'man, n. ; pi. lXnd'meiv. A man who lives or 
 serves on land ; — opposed to .teaman. 
 
 liand'niark, n. 1. A mark to designate the boundary 
 of land. 3. (Naut.) Any elevated object on land that 
 serves as a guide to seamen. 
 
 Liand'-Sf'fife, n. A government office in which the 
 sales of public land are registered, and other business 
 respecting unsettled land is transacted. [Amer.] 
 
 li^nd'scape, n. [A.-S. landscipe, from land, land, and 
 the termination scjjoe, equivalent to Eng. 5/n"p.] 1. A 
 portion of land or temtory which the eye can compre- 
 hend in a single view. 3. A picture exhibiting some 
 real or fancied scene in nature. 
 
 Ijd,nd'-slide, 1 n. 1. The sliding down of a considera- 
 
 Iid,nd'-slip, ) ble tract of land from a mountain. 3. 
 The land which sUps or sUdes down. 
 
 £ia,iid§'inan, n.,- ;;/. lInds'ivien. 1. One who lives 
 on the land ; — opposed to seaman. 3. (Naut.) A sailor 
 on board a ship who has not before been at sea. 
 
 li^nd'-tlix, n. A tax assessed on land and buildings. 
 
 Iliand''ward, adv. Toward the land. 
 
 liane, n. [D. laan, 0. D. laen.] 1. A narrow way or 
 passage, or a private passage. 3. A passage between 
 lines of men, or people standing on each side* 
 
 L.a,n'grage (ISng'grej), ) n. A kind of shot used at sea 
 
 L.a,n'grel (ISng/grel), ) for tearing sails and rigging. 
 It consists of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fast- 
 ened together. 
 
 l<an'guage (45), n. [L. Lat. lingaugium, langagium, fr. 
 Lat. lingua, the tongue, speech, language.] 1. Human 
 speech ; the expression of ideas by the voice. 3. The 
 expression of ideSS by writing, or any other instrumen- 
 tality. 3. The forms of speech pecuUar to a particular 
 nation. 4. The characteristic mode of arranging words 
 pecuUar to an individual speaker or writer ; style. 5. 
 The ideas suggested by, or associated with, inanimate ob- 
 jects. 6. A nation, as distinguished by their speech. 
 
 Syn.- Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect. —Zawguoj/e is gen- 
 eric, denoting any mode of conveying ideas, as the language of 
 the deaf and dumb, &c.; speechia the language of articulate 
 sounds ; tongue is the Saxon term for the language of a partic- 
 ular people; as, the English tongue. Idiom denotes the forms 
 of construction peculiar to a language ; dialects are varieties 
 of expression which spring up in different parts of a country 
 or in different professions, &c. 
 
 liftn'guid (ISng/gwid), a. [Lat. languidus, from lan- 
 guere, to be faint or languid.] 1. Drooping or flagging 
 from exhaustion ; indisposed to exertion. 3. Slow in 
 progress; tardy. 3. Promoting or indicating weakness. 
 Syn. -Feeble; weak ; faint ; sickly ; pining ; exhausted ; 
 heavy; dull; weary; heartless. *- ft '. 
 
 liJiii'guid-ly, adv. Weakly ; feebly ; slowly. 
 
 i:,Jlii'guid-ness, n. 1. Weakness from exhaustion of 
 strength. 3. Sluggishness. 
 
 Syn. — Feebleness; dullness; languor; heaviness; slowness. 
 
 L.an'guisli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. languished (I5ng/- 
 gwisht) ; p.pr. & vb. n. languishing.] 1. To become 
 languid or weak. 3. To suffer, as from heat or drought. 
 3. To grow dull. 4. To look with softness or tender- 
 ness. 
 
 Syn. — To pine ; wither ; fade ; droop ; faint, 
 tan'guisli (lang'gwish), 71. 1. Act or condition of Ian- 
 
/■Tf ;/,<:!? 
 
 LAPIDESCENT 
 
 416 
 
 LAST 
 
 ^%^3^^X 
 
 Lapwing. 
 
 L.ftp'i-d?s'cent, n . Any substance which has the qual- 
 ity of ivtrifviug a bodv, or of being converted to stone. 
 
 L.ftp l-tllf 'it-, \ a. [Lat. lapis, lapitiis, stone, and 
 
 LAP i-€lit'i<?-al, ) /acere, to make.] Forming or con- 
 Yortiuji into stone. 
 
 La-pid'i-fi-t;a'tion, n. The operation of forming or 
 converting into a stonv subst^ince. 
 
 La-pid'i-fy, f. /. [iiiip- & P- P- lapidified \ p.pr.h 
 fb. n. L.\PIDIFY1N«.] To form into stone. 
 
 L.a-pid'i-f y, f. »• To become stone or stony. 
 
 LAp'i-disit, n. A lapidary. 
 
 Lftp'per, n. 1. One who wraps or folds. 3. One who 
 take.< up with his tongue. 
 
 L.&p'pet. n. [Dim. of lap.] A part of a garment or dress 
 that hantrs loose. 
 
 I>aps'a-bie, a. Capable of lapsing or falling. 
 
 Lftp.>;e, n. [Lat. lapsus, from labi, lapsus, to slide, to 
 fall.] 1. A gliding, shpping, or gradual falling ; an un- 
 observed progress or pas.^iug away. "2. A slip ; an error ; 
 a failing iu duty. 3. (Eccl. Law.) Omission of a patron 
 to present a clerk to a benefice within six months after it 
 becomes void. 
 
 Liilpse, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LAPSED (ISpst) ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. LAPSING.] 1. To pass slowly, silently, or by degrees. 
 '2. To deviate from rectitude ; to commit a fault by in- 
 advertence or mistake. 3. To fall or pass from one pro- 
 prietor to another, by the omission, negligence, or failure 
 of .some one. 4. (Law.) To become ineffectual or void. 
 
 L.ap'sid-ed (lop'sld-ed), a. Having one side heavier than 
 the other, as a ship. 
 
 LiSp'stone. n. A stone for the lap, on which shoe- 
 makers beat leather. [over another. 
 
 L,ap'-strealc, a. Made with boards whose edges lap one 
 
 LiSp'-wiiig, n. [A.-S. lepeivinc, 
 hleapwince , hleafwinge, from A.- 
 S. hleapan, to leap, jump, and 
 hliftan, to arise, soar, because it 
 quickly moves, expands, and 
 flaps its long wings.] ( Ornith. 
 A wading bird of the plover 
 family found on the borders of 
 rivers and lakes, on plains and 
 marshes, in England. 
 
 Ldr, n. ; pi. LA'RE^. [Lat.] 
 (Rom. Antiq.) A household deity among the ancient 
 Romans, regarded as the soul of a deceased ancestor. 
 
 LarHboard (-burd), n. [Lar seems to be contracted from 
 lower, i. e., humbler in rank, because the starboard side 
 is considered by mariners as higher in rank.] (Naut.) 
 The left-hand side of a ship, when one stands with his 
 face to the head ; port. 
 
 Liar'fe-ny, n. [Contracted from obs. latrociny, from Lat. 
 latrocinium, from latro, a freebooter, robber. (Law.) 
 Unlawful taking and carrying away of things personal 
 with intent to deprive the right owner of the same ; theft. 
 
 liarcli, n. [From Lat. larix, 
 laricis, Gr. A.api^.] (Bot.) A 
 coniferous tree, having decidu- 
 ous leaves, in whorls or clus- 
 ters. 
 
 L.ard,r?. [Lat. lard urn, lar idum, 
 allied to Gr. Xapti/os, fattened, 
 fat.] The fat of swine, after 
 being melted and separated 
 from the flesh. 
 
 Liard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 LARDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LARDING.] 1. To smear or 
 mix with lard ; to grea.se. 3. 
 To fatten; to enrich. 3. To 
 mix with something by way of 
 improvement ; to interlard. 
 Lar-da'ceofis, a. Consisting of. or resembling, lard. 
 
 L.ard'«r, n. A room where meat and other articles of 
 forxl are kept before they are cooked ; a pantry. 
 
 L.arcrer-«r, n. One who has charge of the larder. 
 Lin'reH, n. jd. See Lar. 
 
 Large, a. [co7??/)or. larger ; .w/j^ri. largest] [T^at. 
 largus.] Having great size : specifically, (a.) Wide, exten- 
 Bive, broad ; — said of surface or area, (h.) Abundant ; 
 plentiful; — of quantity; also, with reference to num- 
 ber, numerous ; populous, (c.) Bulky ; huge ; — in ref- 
 erence to size. (fJ.) Difl'use; full; — with reference to 
 language, style, &c. (e.) Liberal : comprehensive ; — of 
 the mind. (/. ) Generous ; noble ; — of the heart or 
 affections. 
 
 Jt larrje, (a.) Without restraint or confinement. (6.) Dif- 
 fusely; fully, — To go or tail large (Naut.), to have the wind 
 
 Larch. 
 
 crossing the direction of a vessel's course in such a way tlMit 
 the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its highest spec i; 
 especially, to have the wind on the beam or the quarter. 
 Syn. — Big; capacious; ample; copious; dift'usive. 
 
 Lisirge'ly, adv. In a large, abundant, or copious man- 
 ner ; amply ; liberally ; bountifully ; abundantly. 
 
 L.arge'ness, n. The condition of being large. 
 
 Syn. — Bigness; magnitude; bulk; greatness; extent; com- 
 prehension; amplitude; generosity; liberality. 
 
 Liar'gess, n. [Ft. largesse, equiv. to Lat. largitio, from 
 large.] A present ; a gift or donation. 
 
 Larghetto (lar-get'to), a. [It., dim. of largo, q. t.] 
 (Mus.) Somewhat slowly, but not so slowly as largo. 
 
 T,dr'qo,a. [It., broad, large.] (3fMS.) Slowly. 
 
 L.ar'i-at, n. [Sp. lariata.] The lasso, a long cord or 
 thong of leather with a noose, for catching wild 
 &c. 
 
 Iiarlc, 71. [O.'Eng.leverock, A.-?>. 
 lawerce,laicerc, laferc] 1. (Or- 
 nitli.) A singing bird, character- 
 ized by having a long, straight 
 hind claw, and a rather long bill. 
 It is generally crested. iJ. A 
 frolic ; a jolly time. [ Colloq.] 
 
 L.ark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. larked 
 (larkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. LARK- 
 ING.] 1. To catch larks. 2. To 
 make sport ; to frolic. [Colloq.] 
 
 r,arlc'spu.r, «. (Bot.) A plant 
 with showy flowers, usually of a | 
 vivid blue color. ' Lark. 
 
 Iiar'mi-er, n. [Fr., from larme, tear or drop, equiv. to 
 Lat. lacrima.] 1. (Arch.) The eave or drip of a house. 
 3. (Zo'dl.) A membranous pouch, at, or below, the inner 
 comer of the ej e in the deer and antelope. 
 
 Iiar'rup, v. t. To beat or flog. 
 
 L,ar'iim, ?J. [Abhrev. of alarum, for alarm, q.\.] Any 
 thing used for giving an alarm or notice, as at particular 
 times ; an alarm. 
 
 Iiar'va, n. ; pi. l.'An'YJE. [Lat. ghost, specter, mask.] 
 (Entom.) An insect in the first stage after leaving the 
 egg ; a caterpillar, grub, or maggot. 
 
 I,ar'va-ted, a. Masked ; clothed as vith a mask. 
 
 r.arve, n.^- j>Z. larve§. (Entom.) The same as LARVA. 
 
 L.ar'yii-ge'al, or Ija-ryn'ge-al, ) a. Pertaining to 
 
 !Lar'yn-ge'an, or I,a-ryn'ge-aii, ) the larynx. 
 
 Liar'yn-got'o-my, n. [Gr. Kapvyyorop-Ca, from kapvy^ 
 and rifx.v€iv, to cut, rop.r), a cutting.] (Surg.) The op- 
 eration of cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the 
 neck, for assisting respiration when obstructed, or for 
 removing foreign bodies. 
 
 L.ar'yiix, n. [Gr. \dpvy^, gen. Aapvyyo?.] (Anat.) The 
 upper part of the trachea or windpipe, constituting the 
 organ of voice. 
 
 L<as'-ear, or Lias-ear', n. [Per. & Hind. Ioshkar, an 
 army, an inferior artillery-man, a cooly, a camp follower, 
 a native sailor.] A native sailor, employed in European 
 vessels. [East Ijidies.] 
 
 Lias-fiv'i-ous, a. [Lat. lasrivia, wantonness, from las- 
 m'M5, wanton, from laxus, loose, lax.] 1, Loose; wan- 
 ton ; lewd ; lustful. 3. Tending to produce voluptuous 
 or lewd emotions. 
 
 L.as-9iv'i-ou.s-ly, adv. In a lascivious manner. 
 
 Lias-^iv'i-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being las- 
 civious ; wantonness ; lustfulness. 
 
 Li&sli, n. [Ger. lasche, latchet, laschen, to furnish with 
 flaps, to lash or slap ; Icel. laski, gusset, flap : laska, to 
 tear.] 1. The thong of a whip ; a cord ; a string. 3. 
 A stroke with a whip, or any thing similar. 3. A stroke 
 of satire or sarcasm ; a cut. 
 
 L.^sli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LASHED (ISsht) ; p.pr. &, vh. 
 n. LASHING.] 1. To strike with a lash ; to whip or 
 scourge. 3. To satirize. 3. To throw up with a sud- 
 den jerk. 4. To dash against. 5. To tie or bind with 
 a rope or cord. 
 
 L.^sli, V. i. To ply the whip : to make a severe attack. 
 
 L.asli'er, n. 1. One who whips or lashes. 3. A piece 
 of rope for binding or making fast one thing to another. 
 
 L^asR, n. [Contracted for laddess, f. of lad.] A young 
 woman ; a girl. 
 
 L.&s'.si-tiide (53), n. [Lat. lassitudo, from la.^sus, Mnt, 
 weary, allied to laxvs, wide, loose, lax.] State of being 
 relaxed or weak ; languor of body or mind ; weaknees ; 
 dullness ; heaviness -^ weariness. 
 
 LiJis'so, n. ;pl. L.Xs'sog. [Sp. lazo, from Lat. laqwus. See 
 Lace.] A rope or cord with a noose, used for catching 
 wild horses, &c. 
 
 L.ast (6), a. [Contracted from latest, superl. of late.] 1. 
 
 Uye,k,c.,lone; &,£,&c., shortj c4re, f ar, ask, all, -wliat ; dre,v§il,tSrni; piLqne,ffnn;s6n,dr,dQ,'«r9lC 
 
Sri^-S; ^:F^-"^'^^ 
 
 LAST 
 
 417 
 
 LAUD 
 
 Following all the rest ; final ; closing ; hindmost. 3. 
 Next before the present. 3. Incapable of being increased 
 or surpassed ; utmost. 4, Most unlikely ; having least 
 fitness. 
 
 l^ast, af/v. 1. The last time ; the time before the present. 
 2. In conclusion ; finally. 3. After all others in order 
 or time. 
 
 Liast, v.i. [imp. & p. p. lasted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LASTING.] [A.-S. Icsstan, to perform, follow, last, Goth. 
 laistyan, from A.-S. last. Idest, trace, course, last, Goth, 
 /awfs, track, trace.] 1. To continue in time ; to endure. 
 ti. To continue unimpaired or unconsuuied ; to hold out. 
 
 Last, n. [A.-S. hlxst, from. Mad an, to lade.] 1. Acer- 
 tain weight or measure, generally estimated at 4000 lbs., 
 but varying exceedingly as to ditferent articles, ti. The 
 burden of a ship. 
 
 Liast, n. [A.-S. last, Isest. See Last, v. i.] A mold or 
 form of the human foot, made of wood, on which shoes 
 are formed. [or endure. 
 
 liast'ing, p. a. Of long continuance ; that may continue 
 Syu. — Durable ; permanent. — LaMing is more commonly 
 applied to things abstract, wliich from their very nature en- 
 dure ; as, a lasting remembrance, effect, &c. Permanent ap- 
 plies chiefly to things established, and designed to remain 
 unchanged ; as, a permanent situation, a permanent change, 
 &c. Durable is api)lied to material substances or fabrics, so far 
 as they resist agencies which tend to destroy tliem ; as, a dura- 
 ble foundation, &c. 
 
 liast'ing, n. A species of very durable woolen stuff. 
 
 liast'ing-ly, adv. Durably ; with continuance. 
 
 laSLSt'ly, adv. 1. In the last place ; in conclusion. 3. 
 At length ; at last ; finally. 
 
 Li£lt'a-ki'a (-ke'a), n. [Turk.] A superior quality of 
 Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where 
 produced, the ancient Laodicea. 
 
 L.^tc}i, n. [See Lace, and cf. Latchet.] 1 . A small 
 piece of iron or wood used to fasten a door. 3. {Naut.) 
 A latching. See Latching. 
 
 Li^tch., V. t. [imp. & p. p. latched (latcht) ; p. pr. & 
 
 * vb. n. latching.] To catch or fasten by means of a 
 latch. 
 
 Lia,tcli'et, ». [Dim. of latch. Cf. Fr. Zace«, plaited string, 
 lace, dim. of lacs, a string.] The string that fastens a 
 shoe. 
 
 Ij3.tcli'ing:, n. (Naut.) A loop on the head rope of a 
 bonnet, by which it is connected with the foot of the 
 sail. 
 
 Late, a. [compar. LATER, or LATTER ; superl. LAT- 
 TER, or LAST.] [A.-S. liit, Goth, lats, Icel. latr, late, 
 slow, lazy.] 1. Coming after others, or after the usual 
 or expected time ; slow ; tardy. 3. Far advanced to- 
 wards the end or close. 3. Existing not long ago, but not 
 now; deceased; out of office. 4. Happening not long 
 ago ; recent. 
 
 Late, adv. 1. After the usual time, or the time appoint- 
 ed. 3. Not long ago ; lately. 3. Far in the night, day, 
 week, or other particular period. 
 
 Oflate,\n time not long past; lately.— Too late, after the 
 proper time ; not in due time. 
 
 La-teen'-sail, n. [See Latin.] ( Mjm?. ) A triangular 
 sail, extended by a long yard, — used in small boats, fe- 
 luccas, xebecs, &c., especially in the Mediterranean and 
 adjacent waters. 
 
 Late'ly, adv. Not long ago ; recently. 
 
 Late'ness, n. 1. State of being late or tardy, or of 
 coming after the usual or appointed time. 3. Time far 
 advanced in any particular period. 
 
 La'tent, a. [Lat. latens, p. pr. of latere, to lie hid or 
 concealed, allied to Gr. Aadetv, Aai/flaj/etv.] Not visible 
 or apparent ; hid ; concealed ; secret. 
 
 Latent heat (Phi/gics.), that quantity of heat which disappears 
 or becomes concealed in a body, while producing some change 
 in it other than rise of temperature, as fusion, evaporation, or 
 expansion. 
 
 Xat'er, a. [Compar. of toe.] Posterior ; subsequent. 
 
 LiSt'er-al, a. [Lat. lateralis, from latus, lateris, side.] 
 1. Proceeding from, or attached to, the side. 3. Di- 
 rected to the side. 
 
 Lat'er-al-Iy, adv. 1. By the side ; sidewise. 3. In 
 the direction of the side. 
 
 L.a.t'er-i-f o'li-oiis, a. [Lat. latus, lateris, side, and foli- 
 um, leaf.] {Bot.) Growing on the side of a leaf at the 
 base. 
 
 Lat'est, a. [Superl. of late.] Longest after the usual 
 time ; tardiest. 
 
 Latli, n. ,• pi. laths (lathz). [A.-S. lattu, for laddu, 0. 
 H. Ger. latta, lata, whence Fr. latte, It. latta. Cf. W. Uatk, 
 a rod. staff, yard.] A thin, narrow board, or sHp of wood 
 used to support the tiles, or covering, or the plastering. 
 
 liatb, V. *. [imp. & p. p. lathed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LATHING.] To cover or line with laths. 
 
 Latiie, n. [Allied to /ai/(, a narrow board.] 1. {Mach.Jl 
 A machine-tool for turning or shaping articles of wood, 
 metal, or other material. 3. The movable swing -frame 
 of a loom. 
 
 Latli'er (99), v. i. [imp. & p. p. lathered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LATHERING.] [See infra.] To form a foam with 
 water and soap. 
 
 Lath'er, v. t. To spread over with lather. 
 
 Latii'er, n. [A.-S. leadhor, leadlmr, niter, leadhorwyrt , 
 latherwort, soapwort.] 1. Foam or froth made by soap 
 moistened with water. 3. Froth from profuse sweat, as 
 of a horse. 
 
 Latb'ing, n. A covering of laths on a wall ; also the 
 act or process of covering with laths. 
 
 Latii'y, a. Thin as a lath ; long and slender. 
 
 L.a,t'i-«lave, n. [Lat. laticlavus, lat irlavium, from, latus, 
 broad and clavus, nail, a purple stripe on the tunic] 
 {Rom,. Antiq.) A distinctive badge worn by Roman sen- 
 ators, supposed to have been a broad stripe of purple on 
 the fore part of the tunic. 
 
 Li3.t'in, a. 1. Pertaining to the Latins, a people of La- 
 tium, in Italy ; Roman. 3. Pertaining to, or composed 
 in, the language used by the Romans or Latins. 
 
 liat'in, n. 1. (Anc. Geog.) A native or inhabitant of 
 Latium. 3. The language of the ancient Romans. 
 
 L.at'in-igni, n. A Latin idiom ; a mode of speech pecu- 
 liar to tne Latins. 
 
 Lia.t'in-ist, n. One skilled in Latin ; a Latin scholar. 
 
 La-tiii'l-ty, n. The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the 
 use thereof; specifically, purity of the Latin style or 
 idiom. 
 
 Liat'in-ize, v. t. [imp. &p.^. latinized ; p.pr.& 
 vb. n. LATINIZING.] 1. To give Latin terminations or 
 forms to, as foreign words, in writing Latin. 3. To turn 
 or translate into Latin. 
 
 L.at'isli,a. [Eng. late.] Somewhat late. 
 
 Ldt'i-tdt, n. [Lat., he Ues hid, from latitare, intens. form 
 of latere, to be or lie hid.] {Law.) A writ by which a 
 person was summoned into the King's Bench, to answer, 
 as supposing he lay concealed. 
 
 L.at'i-tucle (53), n. [Lat. latitude, from latus, broad, 
 wide.] 1. Extent from side to side, or distance sidewise 
 from a given point or line ; breadth; width. 3. Room; 
 space; hence, looseness ; laxity; independence. 3. Ex- 
 tent or breadth of signification, application, &c. ; extent 
 of deviation from a standard, as truth, style, and the 
 like. 4, Extent ; size ; amplitude; scope. 5. {Astron.) 
 The angular distance of a heavenly body from the eclip- 
 tic. 6. ( Geog. ) The distance of any place on the globe 
 north or south of the equator. 
 
 L.S,t'i-tud.'i-naI, a. Pertaining to latitude ; in the di- 
 rection of latitude. 
 
 Lia-t'i-tiid'i-na'ri-an, a. 1. Not restrained; not con- 
 fined by precise Umits. 3. Lax in rehgious principles or 
 views. 
 
 Lat'i-tiid'i-na'ri-an, n. 1. One who indulges freedom 
 in thinking. 3. {Tlieol.) One who departs in opinion 
 from the strict principles of orthodoxy. 
 
 Lia.t'i-tud'i-ixa'ri-aii-i§m, n. A latitudinarian system 
 or state ; freedom of opinion in matters pertaining to re- 
 ligious belief. 
 
 La'tri-a, or L.a-tri'a, n. [Lat., Gr. Aarpeia, from Aarpev- 
 eiv, to serve, from Aarprj?, Aarpt?, servant, worshiper.] 
 The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God. 
 
 Lat'ten, n. [From It. latta, a sheet of iron tinned, tin- 
 plate. Cf. Lath, a thin Up of wood.] 1. A fine kind 
 of brass or bronze, used in the middle ages. 3. Sheet 
 tin; iron plate, covered with tin. 3. Milled brass, re- 
 duced to ditferent thicknesses. 
 
 Lat'ter, a. [An irregular compar. of ?afe.] 1. More late 
 or recent. 3. Mentioned the last of two. 3. Lately 
 done or past; modern. 4. Last; latest; final. 
 
 Li5,t'ter-ly, adv. In time not long past ; lately ; of late. 
 
 Lat'ti^e (lat'tTs), n. [Fr. lattis, lath -work, from latte^ 
 lath, q. v.] 1. Any work made by crossing laths, rods 
 or bars, and forming a net-work. 3. Any thing made of, 
 or covered with, strips interwoven so as to form a sort of 
 net-work ; especially, a window or window-blind. 
 
 Lat'ti^e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. latticed (lat'tist) ; p. pr. 
 & v6. n. LATTICING.] 1. To form into open work. 3. 
 To furnish with a lattice. 
 
 Laud, n. [Lat. laus, laudis.] 1. A eulogy; praise; 
 commendation. 3. That part of divine worship which 
 consists in praise. 3. Music or singing in honor of any 
 one. 
 
 Laud, V. t. [imp. & p. p. lauded ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 
 food, fc>bt; iirn, rude, p^ll ; ^ell, ^liaise, call, e«lio ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this- 
 
 27 
 
LAUDABLE 
 
 418 
 
 LAWYER 
 
 LAUDING.] To praise iu words alone, or with words and 
 siugiDg; to extol. 
 
 L.auil':i-ble, a. NVorthy of being lauded ; praiseworthy ; 
 comuieudable. [worthiness. 
 
 Laud'a-ble-ness, >i. Quahty of being laudable ; praise- 
 
 Lijud'u-bly, H'lr. In a manner desorviug praise. 
 
 L.au'da-ui&ui, ;i. [Grig, the sjuue word as ladantim, 
 Uibdanum. See Lad.\MJ.M.] A preparation of opium, 
 e.«pe<'ially iu spirit or wine ; tincture of opium. 
 
 L.aii-da'tion, 'I. Pi-aise ; comuieudation. 
 
 LJiud'a-to-ry, a. Containing praise ; expressing praise. 
 
 L.aud'a-to-ry, h. That which contains praise. 
 
 Laugrh (iaf), v. i. [imp. & ;;. p. laughed (laft) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. LAUGHING.] [A.-S. hleahhan, hlihhan, 
 lioth. hlaJiyan, Icel. hlaa.] 1. To have the countenance 
 change, so as to express merriment, in connection with a 
 chuckling sound of the voice. 2. To appear gay, cheer- 
 ful, pleasant, lively, or briUiant. 
 
 To laugh at, to ridicule ; to deride. — To laugh in the sleeve. 
 to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while 
 apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the 
 person or persons laughed at. — To laugh out of the other comer 
 ormde, of the mouthy to weep or cry; to be made to feel regret, 
 vexation, or disappointment, especially after exhibiting a boast- 
 ful or exultant spirit. 
 
 JJivLgh., V. t. 1. To express by laughing. 2. To ridi- 
 cule or deride. 
 
 To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery and scorn. 
 Liaugli (Iaf), n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the 
 
 human species ; laughter. 
 L-augh'a-ble (laf'a-bl), a. Fitted to excite laughter. 
 SjTi. — Droll; ludicrous; mirthful; comical. See LcDi- 
 
 CKOLS. 
 
 Laugh'a-ble'ness (iaf-), n. Quality of being laughable. 
 
 Ii§ugli'a-bly (Iaf-), adv. In a manner to excite laughter. 
 
 L.augh'er (Iaf er), n. One who laughs, or who is fond of 
 merriment. 
 
 L.augli'ing-g^s (-Iaf ing), n. ( Chem.) Nitrous oxide, or 
 protoxide of nitrogen ; — so called from the exhilaration 
 and laughter which it ordinarily produces when inhaled. 
 
 Liaugti'mg-stoclt (Iaf ing-), n. An object of ridicule. 
 
 Laugli'ter (lifter), n. An involuntary movement of 
 the muscles of the face, or a peculiar expression of the 
 eyes, indicating merriment or satisfaction, and usually 
 attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air 
 firom the lungs. 
 
 liauncli (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. launched (lancht) ; 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. LAUNCHING.] [0. Fr. lancer, lanchier. 
 Cf. Lanch.] 1. To cause to slide from the land into 
 the water. 2. To send forth or dispatch. 3. To throw, 
 as a spear or dart. 
 
 liauncb, v. i. 1. To go forth, as a ship into the water. 
 2. To expatiate in language. 
 
 L.atuicli, n. 1. The sUding of a ship from the land into 
 the water. 2. [I^aiit.) The largest size of boat belong- 
 ing to a ship. 
 
 L,auii'der-er (lau'der-er), n. A man who follows the 
 business of washing clothes. 
 
 Laun'dress (lan'dres), n. A female whose employment 
 iii to wash clothes ; a washerwoman. 
 
 Laim'dry (lan'dry), n. [0. Eng. lavendry, 0. Fr. lavan- 
 dtrie, from Lat. lavare, fr. laver, to wash.] 1. A wash- 
 ing. 2. The place or room where clothes are washed. 
 
 L.au're-ate, a. [Lat. laureatus, from laurea, laurel-tree, 
 trom laurus, laurel.] Decked or invested with laurel. 
 
 Poet laureate, an officer of the king's household, whose busi- 
 ness 18 U) compose an ode lor the king's birthday, and other 
 suitable occasions. \_Eng.] 
 
 Lau're-ate-8hip, n. Ofl&ce of a laureate. 
 
 Lau're-a'tion, n. Act of crowning with laurel, as in 
 bestowing a degree. 
 
 L.au'rel,M. [Lat. laurus.] (Bat.) An evergreen shrub, 
 having aromatic leaves of a lanceolate shape, with clus- 
 ters of small, yellowish-white tlowers in their axils. Ac- 
 ademic honors were formerly indicated by a crown of 
 laurel. 
 
 Lau'res-tine, n. [N. Lat. laurus tinus, from Lat. lau- 
 rus and tinus, a. plant. See Laurel.] {Bot.) An ever- 
 green Fhrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers 
 during the winter months. 
 
 Lia'va, or La'va. n. [It., from It. & Lat. lavare, to 
 wash.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano. 
 
 tAv'a-to-ry, a. Washing, or cleansing by washing. 
 
 L.av'a-to-ry, n. [Lat. tavatorium, from lavari', to wash.] 
 1. A place for washing. 2. A wash or lotion for a dis- 
 eased part. 3. A place where gold ia obtained by wash- 
 ing. 
 
 l>ave, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LAVED \ p.pr. k. vb. n. LAV- 
 
 ING.] [Lat. lavare, allied to Gr. Aov'eii'.] To waah ; to 
 bathe. 
 
 L.ave, V. i. To bathe ; to wash one's self. 
 
 L.av'en-der, n. [L. Lat. lavendula, lavandula, firom Lat 
 lavare, to wash, — so called because it was used in bath- 
 ing and washing.] (Bot.) An aromatic plant common 
 iu the south of Europe. It yields an oil used in medi- 
 cine and perfumery. 
 
 Lavender-color, the color of lavender flowers, being nearly a 
 grayish-blue. 
 
 Lia'ver, n. [From Lat. lavare, to wash.] 1. A vessel for 
 washing. 2. (Script. Hist.) A basin placed in the court 
 of the Jewish tabernacle, where the ofl&ciating priests 
 washed their hands and feet, and the entrails of victims. 
 
 L.av'isli, n. [Eng. lave (obs.), to throw out, from Lat. 
 levare, to raise.] 1. Expending or bestowing profusely. 
 2. Expending excessively and foolishly. 3. Wild; unre. 
 strained. 
 
 Syn. — Profuse i 
 ant ; immoderate. 
 
 prodigal ; wasteful ; extravagant ; exuber- 
 
 L.av'isli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. lavished (ISy'lsht) ; p.pr. 
 & vb n. LAVISHING.] 1. To expend or bestow with 
 profusion. 2. To expend prodigally ; to squander. 
 
 L^v'isli-ly, adv. With profu.«e expense ; wastefuUy. 
 
 L.av'isli-ineiit, n. The state of being lavish; profuse 
 expenditure ; prodigality. 
 
 L.av'ish.-iiess, n. Profusion; prodigality. 
 
 !Law, n. [0. Eng. lay, lagh, A.-S. legu, lag, lah, from the 
 root of lie, lay. A law is that which is laid, set or fixed, 
 like statute, constitution, from Lat. statuere.] 1. A rule 
 of order or conduct estabhshed by authority. 2, The 
 appointed rules of a community or state, for the control 
 of its inhabitants, whether unwritten, or enacted by 
 formal statute. 3. (Nature.) The regular method or 
 sequence by which certain phenomena or effects follow 
 certain conditions or causes, &c. ; a rule for the working 
 of a force ; hence, any force, tendency, propension, or 
 instinct, whether natural or acquired. 4. (Morality.) 
 The will of God, as the supreme moral ruler, concerning 
 the character and conduct of all responsible beings. 3. 
 Established usage ; a rule, principle, or maxim of science 
 or art. 6. The Jewish or Mosaic code, in distinction 
 from the gospel ; hence, the entire Old Testament. 7. 
 Litigation. 8. Legal science ; jurisprudence. 
 
 Syn. — Statute; common law; regulation; edict; decree. — 
 Law is generic, and denotes, in this connection, wliatever is 
 commanded by one who has a right to require Obedience. A 
 statute is a particular law drawn out in form, and distinctly 
 enacted and proclaimed. Conmwn law is a rule of action which 
 derives its authority from long usage or established custom, 
 which has been immemorially received and recognized by 
 judicial tribunals. Its rules or principles are to be found only 
 m the recoi-ds of courts, and in the reports of judicial decisions. 
 A regulation is a Umited and often temporary law, intended to 
 secure some particular end or object. An edict is a command 
 or law issued by a sovereign, and is peculiar to a despotic gov- 
 ernment. A decree is a permanent order either of a court or of 
 the executive government. 
 
 L.a\v'-bc>«>l£, n. A book containing, or treating of, laws. 
 
 Liaw'ful, a. 1, Agreeable to law; conformable to law ; 
 competent. 2. Constituted by law. 
 
 Syn. — Legal ; constitutional ; allowable ; regular ; legiti- 
 mate ; rightful. 
 
 L.a'w'ful-ly, adv. In accordance with law; without 
 violating law ; legally. 
 
 L.a\v'fu.l-iiess, n. Quality of being conformable to law ; 
 iegahtj% [lator. 
 
 Iia'*v'giv-er, n. One who makes or enacts a law ; a legfe- 
 
 Liaw'less, a. 1. Not subject to, or unrestrained by, the 
 law of morality or of society. 2. Contrary to, or tin- 
 authorized by, the civil law. 3. Not subject to the laws 
 of nature. 
 
 I,a"w'less-ly, adv. In a lawless manner. 
 
 L.aiv'less-ness, n. Quality or state of being lawless. 
 
 L,aw'-mak;'er, n. A legislator ; a lawgiver. 
 
 Liawn, n. [W. Zian, an open, clear place, llau-7it , & Bmootix 
 rising hill, lawn.] An open space between woods ; a 
 space of ground covered with grass, generally in front of 
 or around a house or mansion. 
 
 liaAvn, n. [Contracted from Fr. linon, lawn, from Lat. 
 Yinum, flax.] A sort of fine linen or cambric, used espe- 
 cially for certain parts of the ofiBcial robes of a bishop, 
 and hence, generally, the official dress itself. 
 
 ta-»'inn'y, a. 1. Level, as a plain; like a lawn. S. 
 Made of lawn. 
 
 L.aw'puit, n. A process in law instituted for the recov- 
 ery of a supposed right ; an action. 
 
 L.a\v'yer, n. [From laic, Uke boicyer, from bote.] One 
 versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law ; — a general 
 
 a, S,&c.,/ong'/&,g,&c.,3A^t,-c&re, far, ask, all, what; Sre, veil, term; pique,firiii; sou, dr, do, -wolf. 
 
LAX 
 
 419 
 
 LEAD-PENCIL 
 
 term, comprehending attorneys, counselors, solicitors, 
 barristers, sergeants, and advocates. 
 lidfX, a. [compar. LAXER ; superl. LAXEST.] [Lat. 
 laxus.'\ 1. Not tense, firm, or rigid ; flabby ; soft. ti. 
 Not tight or tense. 3. Sparse ; not crowded. 4. Not 
 firmly united ; of loose texture. 5. Easy or indulgent 
 in principles or. discipline. 6. Having too frequent 
 alvine discharges. 
 
 Syn. — Loose ; slack ; vague ; unconfined ; unrcBtrained ; 
 dissolute ; liceutious. 
 
 Ii9,x, n. A looseness ; diarrhea. 
 
 Iiax-a'tion, n. [Lat. laxatio, from laxare, to loosen, to 
 slacken, from laxus, loose, slack.] Act of loosening or 
 slackening, or the state of being loose or slackened. 
 
 liJix'a-tive, a. (Merl.) Having the pov?er or quality of 
 loosening or opening the intestines. 
 
 li&x'a-tive, n. ( Med. ) A medicine that relaxes the bow- 
 els ; a gentle purgative. 
 
 LiS.x'i-ty, n. [Lat. laxitas, from laxus, loose, slack.] 
 QuaUty of being lax or loose ; as, (a.) Slackness, as of a 
 cord. (6.) Looseness, as of a texture, (c.) Want of ex- 
 actness or precision, (d.) Defect of exactness, (e.) 
 Looseness, as of the intestines. (/.) Openness. 
 
 JJkx'ly, adv. In a lax or loose manner ; loosely. 
 
 Ii3.x'ness, n. The same as laxity. See LAXITY. 
 
 Jjay, imp. of lie. See Lie. 
 
 Lay, V. t. [imp. & p. p. laid ; p. pr. & vb. n. LAYING.] 
 [A.-S. lecgayi, causative form. of licgan, to lie; Goth, lag- 
 yan.} X, To cause to lie flat ; to put down ; to establish 
 in a firm or fixed manner ; sometimes, to beat down ; to 
 prostrate. 3. To place in order ; to arrange with regu- 
 larity. 3. To prepare ; to make ready ; to provide. 4. 
 To spread on a surface. 3. To calm; to appease; to 
 allay. 6. To prevent from manifesting itself, as a spirit. 
 7. To deposit, as a wager ; to stake ; to hazard. 8. To 
 bring forth and deposit, as eggs. 9. To apply ; to put. 
 10. To assess, as a tax ; to impose, as a burden, sutfer- 
 ing, or punishment. 11. To charge or ascribe the origin 
 of, or responsibility for. 15J. To enjoin, as a duty. 13. 
 To present or oflFer. 14. (Naut.) To depress and lose 
 sight of, by sailing or departing from. 15. (Law.) To 
 state ; to allege. 
 
 To lay a cable, or rope {Naut.), to twist or unite the strands. 
 — To lay heads toaether, to consult together s to compare 
 oi)inions ; to deliberate. — To lay hold of, or to lay hold on, to 
 seize; to catch. —2'o lay one's self out, to exert strength ; to 
 strive earnestly. — To lay to (Naut), To check the motion of 
 a ship, and cause her to be stationary.— To lay to heart, to 
 permit to aflFect greatly ; to feel deeply. — To lay wait for, to lie 
 in ambusli for. — 2'o lay waste, to destroy ; to desolate. 
 
 Sym. — SeeLiE. 
 
 Tjsiy,v.i. 1. To bring or produce eggs. 2. (Naut.) To 
 take a position ; to come or go. 
 
 To lay about, to strike, or throw the arms on all sides ; to act 
 with vigor. — To lay in for, to make overtures for ; to engage 
 or secure the possession of. — To lay on, to strike ; to beat ; to 
 deal blows incessantly and with vehemence. 
 
 Lay, n. [Ger lage, from liegen, to lie] 1. That which 
 lies, or is laid ; a row ; a stratum ; a layer. 2. A por- 
 tion of the proceeds of labor, &c., undertaken on shares. 
 [Am^er.] 
 
 liay, n. [A.-S. ley, legh, from. W. llais, sound, melody, 
 voice; A.-S. leodh, lead, allied to Goth, liuthon, to sing, 
 play.] 1. A song. 2. A species of narrative poetry 
 among the ancient minstrels. 
 
 liSy, n. ( Weaving.) A swinging frame in a loom, by the 
 movements of which the weft-threads are laid parallel to 
 each other against the cloth previously woven. 
 
 L.ay, a. [See Laic] Pertaining to the laity or people, as 
 distinct from the clergy ; not clerical. 
 
 Lay figure, a figure made of wood or cork, in imitation of the 
 human body, used by artists. 
 
 liSy'er (4), n. 1. One who, or that which, lays. 2. That 
 which is laid ; as, (a.) A stratum ; a bed ; a body spread 
 over another. (^.) A course, as of bricks, stones, and the 
 like, (c.) A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from 
 the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation. 
 
 tay'irian, 7i.; pi. lay'men. [Eng. lay and '>nan; 0. 
 Eng. lewdeman (Selden).] One of the people, in distinc- 
 tion from the clergy ; sometimes, a man who does not 
 belong to one of the other learned professions, in distinc- 
 tion from one who does. 
 
 ta'zar, n. [From Lazarus, the leprous beggar. See Luke 
 xvi. 20.] A person infected with a foul and pestilential 
 
 l.S,z'a-rgt', ) n. A public building, hospital, or pest- 
 I.5,z'a-ret'to, j house for the reception of diseased per- 
 sons. 
 
 Lia'zar- house, n. A lazaretto ; also, a hospital for quar- 
 antine. 
 Liaze, v.i. [See Lazy.] To live in idleness ; to b6 idle. 
 
 [ Colloq.] 
 
 liaze, V. t. To waste in sloth ; to spend, as time, in idle- 
 ness. [ Colloq.] 
 
 L.a'zi-ly, adv. In a lazy manner ; sluggishly. 
 
 L.a'zi-ness, n. The state or quality of being lazy ; indo- 
 lence ; sluggishness ; habitual sloth. 
 
 Li3;Z'u-]i, n. [L. Lat. lazulum, lazurius, lazur, Sp. iizul, 
 blue. See Azure.] (Min.) A mineral of a fine azure- 
 blue color, much valued for ornamental work. — Called 
 also lapis lazuli. 
 
 Lia'zy, a. [compar. lazier; superl. laziest.] [0. 
 Eng. lasie, laesie, from 0. H. Ger. laz, weary, lazy, from 
 lazan, to leave, permit, cease.] 1. Disinclined to action 
 or exertion ; naturally or habitually slothful. 2. Moving 
 slowly or apparently with labor ; sluggish. 
 Syn. — Idle ; indolent ; sluggish ; slothful. 
 
 L.a.z'za-ro'ni, n. pi. [It.] (Naples.) The poor wh» 
 live by begging, or have no permanent habitation ; — so 
 called from the hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves as 
 their refuge. 
 
 lica, n. [A.-S. leag, leak, ley.] A meadow or sward 
 land ; a field. 
 
 Leacli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. leached (leecht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LEACHING.] [See infra.] To wash, as ashes, by 
 causing water to pass through them, and thus to sepa- 
 rate from them the alkali. 
 
 L,eacli, V. i. To pass through by percolation. 
 
 Lieacli, n. [A.-S. leak, Ger. lauge. See Lye.] 1. A 
 quantity of wood-ashes, through which water passes, and 
 thus imbibes the alkali. 2. A tub in which ashes are 
 leached. 
 
 ligad (led), n. [A.-S. lead, Ised, Icel. Iddh.] 1. A well- 
 known metal of a dull white color, with a cast of blue. 
 2. An article made of lead ; as, (a.) A plummet, used in 
 sounding at sea. (b.) (Print.) A thin plate of type- 
 metal, used to separate lines in printing, (c) A small 
 cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils. - (d.) 
 Sheets of lead used as a covering for roofs ; hence, a roof 
 covered with lead-sheets. 
 
 Liead. (led), v. t. [imp. & p. p. leaded ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
 LEADING.] 1. To cover with lead ; to fit with lead. 2. 
 (Print.) To widen, as the space between lines, by insert- 
 ing a lead or leads. 
 
 lieacl(leed), v. t. [imp. & p.p. led; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 LEADING.] [A.-S. lmdan,lc%\. leid/ia,0. H. Ger. leitan, 
 prop, causative form Of A.-S. lidhan, Icel. lidha, 0. H. 
 Ger. lidan, Goth, leithan, to go, to travel.] 1. To show 
 the way to ; to conduct or guide in a way. 2. To guide 
 by the hand, as a child, or animal. 3. To direct, as a 
 chief or commander ; to govern. 4. To introduce Iby 
 going first; to precede. 5. To draw; to entice; to 
 allure ; to influence. 6. To pass ; to spend. 7. To 
 cause to pass or spend. 
 
 To lead the way, to show the way ; to act as guide. 
 
 Liead, v. i. 1. To go before and show the way. 2. To 
 conduct, as a chief or commander. 3. To put forth, or 
 exercise, a tendency or influence. 
 
 Lead, n. 1. Precedence ; guidance. 2. A navigable 
 opening or lane in an ice-field. 
 
 Lead'ed (led'ed), ;>. a. 1. Fitted with lead ; set in lead. 
 2. ( Print.) Separated by leads, as the lines of a page. 
 
 Lead'en (led'n), a. 1. Made of lead. 2. Heavy ; indis- 
 posed to action ; dull. 
 
 Lead'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, leads or con- 
 ducts; a guide; a conductor; especially, (a.) One who 
 goes first, (b.) A chief; a commander, (c.) The chief 
 of a party or faction, (d.) (Mus.) A performer who 
 leads a band or choir in music ; also, in an orchestra, 
 the performer on the principal violin, (e.) The leading 
 editorial article in a newspaper. (/. ) A horse placed in 
 advance of others to incite them forward ; or one of a 
 forward pair. 2. pi. (Print.) A row of dots or periods, 
 used in tables of contents, &c. , to lead the eye to the end 
 of a line. 
 
 Lead'er-sMp, n. The state, condition or office, of a 
 leader ; command ; guidance ; lead. 
 
 L,ead'ing (leed/ing), j9. a. 1. Chief; principal; most 
 important or influential. 2. Showing the way by going 
 first. [collectively. 
 
 I.6ad'ing (led'ing), n. Lead, or sheets or articles of lead 
 
 I.ead'ins-string§, n. pi. Strings by which children 
 are supported when beginning to walk. 
 
 ligad'-pen'^il, n. An instrument for drawing^ made 
 of plumbago or black lead. 
 
 *ood, f<^t ; tan, r\}de, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; egcist ; linger, liQk ; tliis 
 
LEAF 
 
 420 
 
 LEATHER-DRESSER 
 
 Leaf a)- 
 b, blade: p, 
 petiole, foot- 
 stalk, or leaf- 
 stalk ; St, stip- 
 ules. 
 
 I^eaf. ». ,• pi. htAVZ^. [A.-S. leaf. Icel. 
 lauf, Ooth. tau/s.] 1. (a.) {Bot.) One of 
 the three priitcipa.! parts or organs of veg- 
 etation. 
 
 Or- lieavrs perfonn various functions, as 
 cotyledons, scales, spines, tendrils. Every 
 part of a plant that i^s not stem is leaf. 
 (b.) That fomi of such an organ having a 
 tUttened shajio uiul greenish color, and in 
 which the descending siip is elaborated for 
 the nutrition of the plant. "2. ^Something 
 which folds, liends over, or otherwise re- 
 fieaible-'^ a Ifaf ; Jis, (a.) A part of a book 
 containing two pages. (6.) A pide, divis- 
 ion, or part, as of window-shutters, fold- 
 ing-doors, &c. (r.) The movable side of 
 a table. ('/.) A very thin plate, as of gold, 
 (c.) A portion of fot lying in a separate 
 fold or layer. (/.) A tooth of a pinion- wheel, especially 
 when small. 
 
 I^af , t". J. [imp. & p. p. LEAFED (leefl) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LEAFING.] To shoot out leaves ; to produce leaves. 
 
 I.eaf'a^e, n. Leaves collectively ; foliage. 
 
 Leaf -bridge, n. A drawbridge having a leaf or plat- 
 form on each side, which rises and falls. 
 
 L-eaf'-biid. n. {Bot.) The rudiment of a young branch, 
 or a growing point covered with rudimentary leaves 
 
 Leafed (leeft), a. Having leaves. [called scopes. 
 
 L.eaf' i-ness, «. A state of being full of leaves. 
 
 I-.eaf' les.si, a. Destitute of leaves. 
 
 Leaflet, n. 1. A little leaf. 2. (Bot.) One of the 
 divisions of a compound leaf. 
 
 Leafy, a. [coinpar. LEAFIER ; superl. LEAFIEST.] 
 Full of leaves. 
 
 League, »i. [From Lat. ligare, to bind.] 1. A combi- 
 nation of two or more parties for promoting their mutual 
 interest, or for executing any design in concert. 2. A 
 national contract or compact. 
 Syn. — Alliance ; confederacy ; coalition ; combination. 
 
 Leagrue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leagued ; p. pr. & vb.n. 
 LEAGUING.] To unite in a league or confederacy; to 
 confederate. 
 
 Leaioie, n. [Low Lat. lega, leuga, Gr. A.evyjj, of Celtic 
 origin, from W. llech, a flag, a broad, flat stone.] A 
 measure of length or distance, equal, in England and the 
 United States, to three geographical miles ; — used chiefly 
 at sea. [federate. 
 
 Leag'uer (leeg'er), n. One who unites in a league ; a con- 
 Leak, «. (A.-S. A/ecc, leaky, Icel. /ei-r. See ?«/ra.] 1. 
 A crack, crevice, fissure, or hole in a Aessel. that admits 
 water, or permits a fluid to escape, ti. The oozing or 
 passing of water, or other fluid or liquor, through a 
 crack, fissure, or apertizre in a vessel, either into it, or 
 out of it. 
 
 To fj^n-ing a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water. 
 
 Leak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LEAKED (leekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. LEAKING.] [Icel. Icka, to drop ; A.-S. leccan, to wet, 
 moisten, leccing, kacinc, a leaking.] To let water or 
 other liquor into or out of a vessel, through a hole, crev- 
 ice, or other defect. 
 
 To leak out, to find publicity in a clandestine or irregular 
 way. 
 
 Leak'age, n. 1. A leaking ; or the quantity of a liquor 
 that enters or issues by leaking, ti. ( Com.) An allow- 
 anc« of a certain rate per cent, for the leaking of casks. 
 
 Leak'i-ness, n. The state of being leaky. 
 
 Leak'y. o. [compar. leakier ; superl. leakiest.] 
 
 1. Admitting water or other liquor to leak in or out. 
 
 2. Apt to disclose secrets ; tattling ; not close. 
 
 Leal, a. (0. Fr. lecd. See Loyal.] Faithful ; loyal ; 
 true. 
 
 Lean, V. t. [imp. & p. p. leaned, sometimes leant 
 (lent); P-pr- tc vb. n. leaning.] [A.-S. hlinian, ide- 
 onian, linian, allied to Lat. clinare, inrlinare, Gr. kKCvsiv, 
 Gael, claon.] 1, To deviate or move from a perpendicu- 
 lar position or line; to be in a position thus deviating. 
 'Z. To incline in opinion or inclination ; to conform in 
 conduct. 3. To bend. 4. To depend for support, com- 
 fort, and the like, [rest. 
 
 Lean,!', t. To cause to lean; to incline; to support or 
 
 Lean, a. [eowi;jar. leaner ; 5J/p'^ri. leanest.] [A.-S. 
 lypfu, allied to Lat. lenis, soft, mild, moderate.] 1. Want- 
 ing in flesh, ii. Deficient in good qualities ; bare; bar- 
 ren. 3. Barren of thoughts ; jejune. 4. Low; poor. 
 [llnre.] 
 
 8yn.— Slender ; apare ; thin; meager; lank; skinny; 
 gaunt. 
 
 Lean, n . That part of flesh which consists of muscle with- 
 out the fat. 
 
 Lean'ue^ts (109), n. Condition of being lean; meager- 
 ness ; hence, poverty ; emptiness ; want. 
 
 Lean'-to, n. (Arch ) A building who."^ rafters pitch or 
 jl(win against another building, or against a wall. 
 
 Leap, V. I. \imp. & p. p. leaped (leept), rarely leapt ; 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. LEAPING.] [A.-S. hleapan, to leap, jump, 
 run, Goth, hldupan, Icel. hlaupa, to run.] 1. To Fpring 
 from the ground : to jump ; to vault. 4. To make a 
 sudden jump ; to bound; to skip. 3. To manifest joy 
 or vivacity. 
 
 Leap, V. t. 1. To pass over by leaping, ii. To copulate 
 with ; to cover. 
 
 Leap, n. 1. Act of leaping; a jump ; a spring ; a bound. 
 
 2. Space passed by leaping. 3. A hazardous or venture- 
 some act. 4. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female 
 beast. 
 
 Leap'er. n. One that leaps. 
 
 Leap'-frog, n. A play among boys, in which one stoops 
 down and another leaps over him by placing his hands on 
 the shoulders of the former. 
 
 Leap'-year, n. Bissextile ; a jear containing 3G6 days; 
 ever}' fourth year, which leaps over a day more than a 
 common year, giving to Februar.v twenty-nine days. 
 
 Learn (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. learned, or learnt ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. LEARNING.] [A.-S. leomian, liornian, 
 allied to Iscran, to teach, Goth. /a(5?/a7i, causative form 
 of leisan, to know, to learn.] 1. To acquire new knowl- 
 edge or ideas from or concerning. 2. To acquire skill in 
 any thing. 3. To teach. 
 
 Syn.— To teach; instruct; inform. — 2^am orisinally had 
 the sense of /eacA, in accordance with the analogrv of the French 
 and other lausuages, and hence we find it with this sense in 
 Shakespeare, Spenser, and other old writers. This usage has 
 now passed away. To ham is to receive, and to teacfi is to 
 give, instruction. He who is taught learus, not he who teaches. 
 
 Learn, v. i. 1. To receive information or intelligence. 
 "i. To gain or receive knowledge. 
 
 Learn'ed (60), a. 1. Versed in literature and science; 
 literate. 2. Well acquainted with arts ; knowing: skill- 
 ful. 3. Containing or exhibiting learning. 4. Versed 
 in scholastic, as distinct from other, knowledge. 
 
 Learn'ed-ly, adv. With learning or erudition, [learn. 
 
 Learn'er, n. One who leams, or is disposed or apt to 
 
 Learn'ing (lern'ing), n. 1. The knowledge of principles 
 or facts received by instruction or study. "Z, Knowledge 
 acquired b}' experience, experiment, or observation. 3. 
 Skill in any thing, good or bad. 
 
 Syn. — Literature ; erudition ; lore ; scholarship ; science ; 
 letters. See Liteijatuke. 
 
 Lease, n. [See in/m.] 1. A letting of lands or tene- 
 ments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, 
 for a rent or compensation reserved. 3. The contract 
 for such letting. 3. Any tenure by grant or permission ; 
 the time far which such a tenure holds good. 
 
 Lease, v. t. [imp. & p.p. leased (leest); p. pr. & vb. 
 n. LEASING.] [Fr. laviser, to leave, transmit, firom Lat. 
 laxare, to loose, to slacken, from laxus, loose, wide.] To 
 grant the temporary possession of lands, tenements, or 
 hereditaments, to another, for a rent reserved ; to let. 
 
 Leaseliold, a. Held by lease. 
 
 Lease'lxold, n. A tenure held by lease. 
 
 Leasli, n. [L. Lat. laxa^ lexa, from Lat. laxa (sc. testis), 
 a rope, from laxus, loose.] 1, A thong of leather, or 
 long line, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a cour- 
 ser his dog. 2. (Sporting.) A brace and a half; three 
 creatures of any kind, especially greyhounds, foxes, 
 bucks, and hares ; hence, the number three in general. 
 
 3. A band wherewith to tie any thing. 
 
 Leaish, r. t. [imp. & p. p. leashed (leesht) : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. LEASHING.] To bind ; to hold by a string. 
 
 Least, a. [A.-S. last, Idsest, superl. of lassa, m., lasse, f. 
 and neut., 'compar. of lytel, little.] 1. Smallest; little 
 beyond others, either in size or degree. 2. Of the small- 
 est worth or importance. 
 
 At least, or at the least, at the lowest estimate, or at the smaU- 
 est concession or claim. 
 Syn.— However; nevertheless; yet. 
 
 Least, adv. In the smallest or lowest degree. 
 
 Least''*vay§, ) adv. At least ; however ; at all events. 
 
 Least'wige, ) [Colloq. vr vulgar.] 
 
 L6atii'er (leth'er, 99), n. [A.-S. ledher, lydher, Icel. 
 ledhr, 0. H. Ger. ledar.] 1. The skin of an aaoimal 
 dres.'sed and prepared for use. 2. Dressed hides col- 
 lectively. 
 
 L6atii'er-dr6ss'er (leth'er-), n. One who dresses 
 leather ; one who prepares hides for use. 
 
 »,e,icr-.,lotig; ii,6,kc.,»kort; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term: pique, firm; son, 6r,do,W9l£, 
 
Y"-- 
 
 LEATHERN 
 
 421 
 
 LEGALIZE 
 
 Ijgatli'ern (15th/ern), a. Made of leather ; consisting of 
 leather. 
 
 Iigatiu'er-y (I5th'er-y),a. Resembling leather ; tough. 
 
 Iieave, n. [A.-S. leaf, Icel. len/i.] 1. Liberty granted; 
 permission ; allowance ; license, ti. A formal parting 
 of friends ; farewell ; adieu. 
 
 Syn, — Liberty ; permission ; license. — Zeavfi denotes that 
 he WHO obtains it may decide whether to use it or not; liberty, 
 that all obstructions in the way of his using it are removed and 
 set aside. Permission implies a formal consent given by one 
 who had the right to refuse it. License denotes that this con- 
 sent extends to a mode of acting for wliich special permission 
 is required. An orator asks leave to speak; ILjertij is granted 
 him; lie construes this jiennissiun into a license to abuse his op- 
 ponents, and acts accordiuijly. 
 
 liCave, V. t. [imp. & p. p. left ; p. pr. & vb. n. leav- 
 ing.] [A.-S. Icefan, to leave, Icel. lei/a, to leave, have 
 left, from hypotli. Goth, leibaii, allied to Lat. linquere, 
 liqui, and Gr. AetTreti/.] 1. To withdraw or depart fi:om. 
 a. To forsake ; to desert ; to abandon ; to relinquish. 3 . 
 To sutler to remain. 4. To have remaining at death ; 
 hence, to give by will ; to bequeath. 5. To commit or 
 trust to, as a deposit ; to intrust. 6. To permit or allow ; 
 to refer. 7. To cease or desist from. 
 
 Syn.— To quit; commit; give; desist; forbear. 
 liCave, V. i. To cease; to desist. 
 
 To leave off, to cease; to desist; to stop. 
 I.eave, v. i. [Eng. leaf.] To send out leaves; to leaf. 
 lieav'en, n. [Fr. levain, from leuer, lecar, to raise. See 
 Lave.] 1. A mass of sour dough, which, mixed with a 
 larger quantity, produces fermentation in it, and renders 
 it light ; yeast ; barm. '2. Any thing which makes a 
 general, especially a corrupting, change in the mass. 
 ligav'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. leavened ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. LEAVENING.] 1. To excite fermentation in. ^. To 
 tiint; to imbue. 
 Ij6av'eii-ins, n. 1. Act of making light by means of 
 
 leaven. 'Z, That which leavens or makes light. 
 teav'er, n. One who leaves or reUnquishes. 
 Lieav'ingg, n-i'^. 1. Things left ; remnant; relics. 2. 
 
 Refuse; oifal. 
 liCcli'er, n. [0. Fr. lecherre, lecheur, gormand, glutton, 
 Ubertine, parasite, from L. Lat. Ucator, gluttonous. Cf. 
 A.-S. liccera. glutton, flatterer, from liccian, to lick.] A 
 man given to lewdness. 
 liCclx'er, V. i. [iinp. & p. p. LECHERED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LECHERING.] To practice lewdness; to indulge 
 lust. 
 Xificli'er-oiis, a. 1. Addicted to lewdness ; lustful ; 
 
 lewd. 'Z. Provoking lust. 
 L.ecli'er-ous-ly, adv. Lustfully ; lewdly. 
 HiCcU'er-oiis-ness, n. Strong propensity to indulge the 
 
 sexual appetite ; lust. 
 ri6ch.'er-y, n. Free indulgence (?f lust ; practice of in- 
 dulging the animal appetite. 
 liee'tion, n. [Lat. lectio, from legere, lectitjn, to read.] 
 1. .\ diJerence in copies of a manuscript or book ; a 
 reading. H, A portion of Scripture read in divine 
 eervice. 
 t6e'tion-a-ry, n. The Roman Catholic service-book. 
 Ijeet'ure (lekt/yijr, 53), n. [L. Lat. lectura, from legere, 
 ledum, to read.] 1. Act or practice of reading, "i. A 
 discourse on any subject ; especiallij, a formal or methodi- 
 cal discourse, intended for instruction. 3. A magisterial 
 reprimand ; a formal reproof. 
 licet'ure (lekt/yi]r), u. ^. [imp. & p. p. lectured; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. LECTURING.] 1. To instruct by dis- 
 courses. 2. To instruct authoritatively ; to reprove. 
 liget'ure (ir-kt'yijr), v. i. 1. To read or dehver a formal 
 di-!Course. Si. To practice reading lectures for instruction. 
 1a6et'vLr-er,n. 1. One who reads or pronounces lectures. 
 3. A preacher in a church , hired by the parish to assist 
 the rector, vicar, or curate. 
 lJ6et'flre-sliip, n. The office of a lecturer. 
 Ijge'turn, n. [Lat. lectrinum, lectrum, from legere, lee 
 tum, to read.] A reading-desk, in churches, from which 
 the lections, or Scripture lessons, are chanted or read ; 
 hence, a reading-de.sk. 
 tied. imp. & p. p. of lead. See Lead. 
 Li6d'-€S,p'tain., n. [From led and captain.] An ob- 
 sequious follower or attendant. 
 Tt&tlss, n. [A.-S. licgan, liggan, to lie, p. Ixg, leac, lage.] 
 1. A shelf on which articles may be laid; also, that 
 ■which resembles such a shelf in form or use. 2. A shelf 
 of rocks ; a ridge of rocks near the surface of the sea. 
 3. A layer or stratum. 4. A small molding. 5, (Natct.) 
 A small piece of timber athwart ships, under the deck, 
 between the beams. 
 
 L.6dg'er, n. [A.-S. leger, lying, a lying down, bed, eouch, 
 from licgan, to he.] 1. A book in which a summary of 
 accounts is laid up or preserved. 2. (Arck. ) (a.) A large, 
 flat stone, such as is frequently laid over a tomb. (6.) 
 One of the pieces of timber u.sed in forming a scaffolding. 
 
 ligdg'er-line, n- See Legek-line. 
 
 LiCd'-liorse, n. [From /ec/ and /twse.] A sumpter-horse. 
 
 L.ee,n. ; pi. LEEg. [From Lat. tevare, to lift up, raise, as 
 Ger. he/en, lees, from heben, to lift.] The coarser parts 
 of a Uquor, which settle at its bottom ; sediment ; dregs. 
 
 L.ee, n. [Icel. hlie, A.-S. hied, kledw, shelter, refuge, 
 shade; Icel. klif, scutum, Goth. lUija, a tent.] (Naut.) 
 A place defended from the wind ; hence, that part of the 
 hemisphere toward which the wind blows, as opposed to 
 that from which it proceeds. 
 
 Lice, a. {Naut.) Of, or pertaining to, the part or side op- 
 posite to that against which the wind blows. 
 
 Lieecli, n. [A.-S. Ixce, lece, physician, leech ; Gotlk. 
 leikeis, lekeis, Icel. lakiia, A.-S. lacnian, laecnian, Goth. 
 leikinon, lekinoji, to h.ea\.] 1. A physician. 2. (Zo'6t.) 
 An aquatic sucking worm, largely used for the local ab- 
 straction of blood ; — called also blood-sucker. 
 
 liCecli, n. [Allied to Lat. licium, a thread of the web, 
 leach.] {Naut.) The border or edge of a sail at the 
 sides. 
 
 liCecli, V. t. 1. To treat with medicine ; to heal. 2. To 
 bleed by the use of leeches. 
 
 licek, n. [A.-S. ledc, Icel. laukr.] {Bat.) A plant having 
 a cylindrical body of succulent leaves, which are eatable. 
 
 L.eer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. leered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LEERING.] To look obliquely, either in contempt, de- 
 fiance, or with sly allurement. 
 
 Lieer j n. [A.-S. hleor, hlear, the cheek, face, countenance, 
 Icel. klyr.] 1. An obUque view. 2. An affected cast of 
 
 L.ee§, n. See Lee. [countenance. 
 
 Leet, «. [L. Lat. ^c^a. Cf. Vr. lit de justice, a, solemn sit- 
 ting of the king in parliament, Lat. lis, litis, a lawsuit.] 
 (Eng. Law.) A court of criminal jurisdiction within 
 a township or manor ; an assemblage of persons to nom- 
 inate for some office. 
 
 tiee'ward (or li}/ard), a. (Naut.) Pertaining to, or in 
 the direction of, the part toward which the wind blows. 
 
 Iice'ward (or li}/ard), ac/f. (Naut.) Toward the lee, or 
 that part toward which the wind blows. 
 
 Lice'way, n. (Naut.) The lateral movement of a ship 
 to the leeward of her course, or the angle which the line 
 of her way makes with her keel. 
 
 Left, im.p. &, p.p. of leave. See LEAVE. 
 
 Left, a. [Prob. allied to 0. Sax. & Fries, lef, wes(ii, in- 
 firm, and Slav. Ijev, Lat. laevus, Gr. Aatos, left.] In the 
 direction, or on the side of, the part opposed to the right 
 of the body. 
 
 L.6ft, n. 1. The side opposite to the right. 2. (Legis- 
 lative Bodies.) The left side of the speaker's chair, where 
 the opposition u.sually sits. 
 
 L,ef t'-liaiid, n. The hand on the left side. 
 
 Lieft'-hand'ed, a. 1. Having the left hand or arm 
 more strong and dexterous than the right. 2. Hence, 
 clumsy; awkw^ard. 3. Unlucky; inauspicious; also, 
 insincere ; sinister ; malicious. 
 
 Iieg, n. [Icel. leggr, leg, shin.] 1. The limb of an ani- 
 mal, used in svipporting the body ; especially, that part 
 of the limb from the knee to the foot. 2. That which 
 resembles a leg in form or use ; especially, any long and 
 slender support on which any object rests. 
 
 Ii6g'a-9y, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. word, legatia, for 
 legatum, from legare, to bequeath as a legacy.] A gift, 
 by will, of personal property ; a bequest. 
 
 Lie'gal, a. [Lat. legalis, from lex, legis, law.] 1. Accord- 
 cording to, in conformity with, or relating to, law. 2. 
 Lawful; permitted bylaw. 3. (Theol.) (a.) According 
 to the law of works , as distinguished from free grace ; or 
 resting on works for salvation, (b.) According to the old 
 or Mosaic dispensation. 4. (Law.) Governed by the 
 rules of law as distinguished from the rules of equity. 
 
 Syn. — Lawful ; constitutional ; legitimate ; licit ; author- 
 ized. 
 
 Lie'gal-igm, n. Strictness in adhering to law, or tnisi- 
 
 ing to conformity to law. 
 lie'gal-ist, 11. 1. One who desires a strict adherence to 
 
 law. 2. ( Theol. ) One who regards conformity to law as 
 
 a ground of salvation. 
 L.e-gai'i-ty, n. 1. State of being legal ; conformity to 
 
 law. 2. ( Theol.) An outward conformity to law without 
 
 the inward principle. 
 lie'gal-ize. v. t. [imp. & p. p. legalized ; p. pr. k 
 
 vb. n. LEGALIZING.] 1. To make lawful; to authois 
 
 food, fobt; iirn, rude, pull; ^ell, (liaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, linls ; tiii* 
 
-■■x-^'^-i^iJ^ 
 
 LEGALLY 
 
 422 
 
 LENIENTLY 
 
 tze. 2. To sanctiou aft*'r boiug doae. 3. (Tkeol.) To 
 iuUjrpret or apply iu a legjil spirit. 
 
 L.e'Kal-ly, adv. Accoi-diug to law ; in a manner permit- 
 ted by law ; lawfully. 
 
 L.$K'»te, >i. ILat. Itgatus, fi-om legare, legatum, to Bend 
 with a coumiis.siou or charge.] 1. An embassador or 
 envoy. 2. The pope's embassador to a foreign prince or 
 stAte. 
 
 I.eg'a-tee', n. [See Legacy.] {Law.) One to whom a 
 legacy is bequeathed. 
 
 L.6B'ate-sliip, n. The office of a legate. 
 
 LiCB'a-tiue, a. 1. Pertaining to a legate. 2. Made by, 
 or proceeding from, a legate. 
 
 I<e-gj»'tion, >i. 1. The sending forth or commissioning 
 one person to act for another. 3. A legate, or envoy, 
 and the persons associated with him in his mission. 3. 
 The official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign j 
 court. [a legacy. 
 
 I.6g'a-t6r', n. (Law.) A testator; one who bequeaths 
 
 L.6g'-bail, M. Running away ; flight. [CoUoq.] 
 To give leg-bail, to escape from custody and run away. 
 
 Iie'gend, or L,gg'eiid, n. [L. Lat. legenda, a book con- 
 taining the acts of the saints, so called because they were 
 to be read on certain days, from Lat. legendus, to be 
 read, from legere, to read.] 1. A chronicle or register 
 of the Uves of saints, formerly read at matins. "2. A 
 especially, one of a marvelous 
 
 To render legitimate ; to communicate the rights of a legit- 
 iumte child to one that is illegitimate. 
 
 lie-git'i-niate-ly, adv. In a legitimate manner; law- 
 fully ; genuinely. [gality. 
 
 r.e-git'i-inate-iiess, n. State of being legitimate ; le- 
 
 L.e-git'i-ina'tioii, n. The act of rendering legitimate. 
 
 Iie-git'i-ma-tist, n. The same as Legitimist. 
 
 Lie-gifi-mist, n. 1. An adherent of divine or hered- 
 itary rights. '2. Specijically, in I'rance, an adlierent of 
 the elder branch of the Bourbon family, which was 
 driven from the throne iu 1830. 
 
 lie-git'i-mize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. legitimized ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. LEGITIMI ziTSCr.] To legitimate or make lawful 
 
 lieg'ume, or L,e-gunie', n. [Lat. legumen, 
 from legere, to gather ; so called because they 
 may be gathered without cutting.] 1. (Bot.) A 
 pod dehisceut into two pieces or valves, and hav- 
 ing the seed attached at one suture, as that of 
 the pea. 3. jil. The fruit of leguminous 
 plants of the pea kind ; pulse. 
 
 L.e-gu'mi-nous, a. 1, Pertaining to pulse ; 
 consisting of pulse. 3. (Bot.) Bearing legxunes, 
 
 liei'gure (le'zhur), w. [0. Eng. leisere,leiser, from 
 Lat. licere, to be permitted.] 1. Freedom from 
 occupation or business ; vacant time. 3. Con- Legume, 
 enient opportunity ; hence, also, convenience ; 
 
 story respecting saints, «„f, , , „. . ,^^^^^ -r-., -. ir -u-u-j.- , • , . , ,., 
 
 nature. 3. Hence, any remarkable story handed down I^ei'§ure-ly,a. Lxbibitmg, or employmg, leisure ; delib 
 
 from early times ; or, less exactly, any story or narra- -^ ^., ' ®^-^" > x ^ w i. i , 
 
 tive. 4. An inscription or motto, as that placed on a I>ei'§iire-ly, adv In a deliberate manner ; slowly. 
 
 shield or coat of arms. 
 
 l.em'ma. 
 
 I. 1. Consisting of legends; 
 Like a legend ; exaggerated ; ex- 
 
 L,6g'end-a-ry (110), 
 
 strange ; fabulous, 'ii. 
 
 travagant. 
 LiCg'er, n. See Ledger. 
 ligg'er, a. [Fr. Icger, light, nimble, slight, from a hy- 
 
 poth. Lat. leviarius, from levis, light in weight.] Light ; 
 
 slender; slight; hence, unimportant ; trifling. [Obs.] 
 
 Leger line (3fus.), a line added above or below the stafl'to ex- 
 tend its compass. 
 
 Ijfig'er-de-main', n. [Fr. leger, light, nimble, de, of, 
 and main, Lat. manus, hand. See supra.] A trick per- 
 formed with such art and adroitness, that the manner or 
 art eludes observation ; sleight of hand. 
 
 11.6gged (legd, 60), a. [From leg.] Having legs; — used 
 in composition ; as, a two-legged animal. 
 
 L.€g'gin, ) n. [From leg.] A cover for the leg, like a 
 
 Leg'ging, j long gaiter. 
 
 !L6^'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being legible. 
 
 L.6g'i-ble, a. [Lat. legibilis, from legere, to read.] 1. 
 Capable of being read. ti. Capable of being discovered 
 or understood by apparent marks or indications. 
 
 Ii6g'i-ble-ne-ss, n. Quality or state of being legible; 
 legibility. 
 
 Ii6^'i-bly, adv. In such a manner as may be read. 
 
 lie'gion (le'jun), n. [Lat. legio, from legere, to gather, 
 coUect.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of infantry, con- 
 sisting of from three to five thousand men. 2. A mil- 
 itary force. 3. A great number ; a multitude. 
 
 L.e'gion-a-ry, a. 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a le- 
 gion, or_of legions. 2. Containing a great number. 
 
 L,6«'is-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. legislated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LEGISLATING.] [Lat. lex, legis, law, and ferre, 
 latum, to bear, bring forward, propose.] To make or en- 
 act a law or laws. [laws. 
 
 LiC^'is-la'tion, n. The act of legislating, or enacting 
 
 L,eg'is-la'tive, a. 1. Giving or enacting laws. 2. Per- 
 taining ^o the enacting of laws. 3. Done by enacting. 
 
 L.6;^'is-la'tive-ly, adv. In a legislative manner. 
 
 L,Cg'i.s-Ia'tor, n. A lawgiver ; one who makes laws for 
 a state or community. 
 
 I.6g'ist-la'ture (-liit'yjjr, 53), n. The body of men in a state 
 or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws. 
 
 L,e'§lst, 71. One skilled in the laws. 
 
 L,e-git'i-ma-9y, ^- (^ee infra.] 1. Accordance with 
 law. 2. Lawfulness of birth. 3. Genuineness, or real- 
 ity. 4. Logical sequence or validity. 5. The accord- 
 ance of an a^jtion or institution with established law. 
 
 lie-^it'i-mate (ii,), a. [See infra.] 1. Accordant with 
 law. 2. Lawfully begotten or bom. 3. Genuine ; real. 
 4. Following by logical or natural Bequence. 5. In ac- 
 cordance with established law. 6. Acknowledged as re- 
 quUite, or in accordance with rule. 
 
 T..e-gTt'i-inate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. legitimated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. LEGITIMATING.] [L. Lat. legitimare,legit- 
 irruitum, from Lat. lesitimus, lawful, legitimate, from 
 lex, legis, law.) 1, To make lawful ; to legalize. 2. 
 
 [Lat. lemma, Gr. Xrffxfxa, any thing received, an assump- 
 tion or premise, from Kafi^dveiv, to take, assume.] (MatA.) 
 An auxiliary proposition demonstrated for immediate use 
 in the demonstration of some other proposition. 
 
 liern'ming, n. [Dan. lemming, leming, Norw. lemming, 
 leman, Lapp, lummik.] (Zo'dl.) A burrowing animal of 
 the rat family found in the north of Europe, and re- 
 markable for its periodic migrations in great swarms 
 southward. 
 
 liCin'oii, n. [From Per. & Turk. limitn,AT. laimUn.] 1. 
 An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and con- 
 taining an intensely acid pulp. 2. The tree that pro- 
 duces lernons. 
 
 Lern'on-ade', n. A beverage consisting of lemon-juice 
 mixed with water and sweetened. 
 
 Lie'mur, n. [Lat. lemur, pi. lemtcres, ghost, specter, on 
 account of their habit of going abroad by night.] ( Zobl.) 
 One of a family of nocturnal mammals aUied to the mon- 
 keys, but of smaU size, and having a sharp, fox-like muz- 
 zle. They are natives of Madagascar and the neighboring 
 islands. 
 
 Liein'ii-reg, n. pi. [Lat. See supra.] Spirits or ghosts 
 of the departed ; specters. 
 
 Lend, v. t. [imp. & p.p. LENT ; p. pr. & vb. n. lend- 
 ing.] [A.-S. Lrnan,lihan, Goth, leihvan.] 1. To grant 
 to another for temporary use or on condition of receiving 
 an equivalent in kind ; to loan. 2. To afford ; to grant 
 or furnish in general. 3. To let for hire or compensation. 
 
 Ii^nd'er, n. One who lends ; especially, one who makes 
 a business of lending money. 
 
 Licngtli, «. [A.~S. Itngdh, from lang, long, long.] 1. The 
 longest measure of any object, in distinction from depth, 
 thickness, breadth, or tvidth. 2. A superficial measure; 
 portion of space considered as measured by its length ; — 
 used in the plural. 3. A determined portion of time; 
 long continuance. 4. Detail or amplification. 
 
 At length, (a.) At or in the full extent. (6.) At last; at the 
 end or conclusion. 
 
 Liength'en (lengthen), v. t. [imp. & />. j». length- 
 ened; p. pr. & vb. n. LENGTHENING.] 1. To extend 
 in length ; to make longer ; to elongate. 2. To extend 
 in time; to protract. 3. To occupy time with ; to ex- 
 pand. 4. To draw out in pronunciation. 
 
 ILengtliV'n, v. i. To grow longer ; to extend in length. 
 
 L.eiigtli'wi§e, adv. In the direction of the length ; iu 
 a longitudinal direction. 
 
 L,ength'y, a. [compar. LENGTHIER ; superl. LENGTH- 
 IEST.] 'Having length ; immoderately long ; prolix. 
 
 liC'iii-eiipe, 
 
 Lie'iii-en-fy, 
 
 Lie'ni-ent, a. [Lat. leniens, p. pr. of lenire, to soften, 
 from lenis, soft, mild.] 1. Emollient. 2/ Softening ; 
 mitigating. 3. Acting without rigor or severity ; mild ; 
 clement ; merciful. 
 
 I.e'iii-ent, n. (Med.) That which softens or assuages; 
 an emollient. 
 
 L-e'ni-ent-ly, adv. In a lenient manner. 
 
 n. Lenity ; clemency ; 
 
 ».,9,k,c.,long; &,ii,&e.,skort; cftre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; sdii,dr,d{i, ^9!^ 
 
LENITIVE 
 
 423 
 
 LETTER 
 
 « 2 c 
 
 lign'i-tive, a. Having the quality of softening or miti- 
 gating, as pain or acrimony ; emollient. 
 
 Iiin'i-tive,«. 1. (Med.) (a.) A medicine or application 
 that has the quality of easing pain, (h.) A mild purga- 
 tive ; a laxative, ti. That which tends to allay passion 
 or excitement ; a palliative. 
 
 Ii6n'i-ty, n. [Lat. lenitas, from lenis, soft, milcL] Mild- 
 ness of temper ; gentleness of treatment. 
 
 Syn.— Gentleness; kindness; tenderness; eoftness; human- 
 ity; clemency; mercy. 
 
 Xtgn;, n. ,■ pi. LEN§'E§. [Lat. lens., lentil, on account of 
 the resemblance of shape to the seed ^ ^ 
 
 of a lentil.] ( Opt.) A piece of glass, 
 or other transparent substance, 
 ground with two opposite regular 
 surfaces, either both curved, or one 
 curved and the other plane, used, 
 either singly or combined, in optical 
 instruments for changing the direc- 
 tion of rays of light, and thus mag- 
 nifying objects, or otherwise modify- 
 ing vision. 
 
 Ba~ Of spherical lenses, there are six 
 varieties, as shown in section in the fig- 
 ures, viz., a, plano-concave ; b, double- 
 concave ; c, plano-convex; d, double- d, e- f 
 convex; e, meniscus;/, concavo-convex. Lenses. 
 
 liSnt, n. [0. Eng. lenten, leijnte, A.- 
 
 S. tengten,lencte7i, spring, lent, perh. from A.-S. lencgan, 
 to lengthen, because at this season of the year the days 
 lengthen.] (Eccl.) A fast of forty-days, beginning with 
 Ash Wednedsay and continuing till Easter, commemo- 
 rative of the fast of our Savior. 
 
 L.ent'en, a. Pertaining to Lent ; used in Lent ; hence, 
 spare, plain ; not abundant or showy. 
 
 Jjen-ti^'ti-lajr, a. [Lat. lenticularis, from lenticula, dim. 
 of l'"n..i, lentil.] 1. Resembling a lentil in size or form. 
 2. Having thp form of a double convex lens. 
 
 L.en-tig'i-iious, a. [Lat. lentiginosus, from, lens, lentis, 
 lentil.] Freckly; scurfy; furfuraceous. 
 
 Iign'til, n. [From Lat. lenticiua, dim. of lens., lentis, 
 lentil.] (Bot.) A leguminous weed of small size, common 
 in the fields in Europe, and its seed, which is used for 
 food on the continent. 
 
 lien-tXs'-eus, I n. [Lat. lentiscus, lentiscicm.] (Bot.) A 
 
 L.eiL'tisk, j tree ; the mastich. See Mastich. 
 
 Ii''envoi/ (long'vw^'), n. [Fr. le, the, and envoy, envoi, a 
 sending, from envoyer, to send.] 1. One or more de- 
 tached verses at the end of a piece, serving to convey the 
 moral, or to address the poem to a particular person. 2. 
 A conclusion ; result. 
 
 lie'o-nine, a. [Lat. leoninus, from leo, leonis, lion.] Be- 
 longing to, or resembling, a lion. 
 
 Leonine verse, a kind of verse, the end of which rhymes with 
 the middle; — so named {rotn Leo, or Zeoninus, a Benedictine 
 and canon of Paris in the 12th century, who wrote largely in 
 this measure, though he did not invent it. 
 
 ligop'ard (lep'ard), re. [Lat. 
 
 leopardus, Gr. AeoTrapSos, from 
 
 Ae'wv, lion, and TrdpSos, pard.] 
 
 (Zool.) A carnivorous digiti- 
 
 grade mammal of the genus Fe- 
 
 lis. It is of a yellow or fawn 
 
 color, with black spots along 
 
 the back and sides. It is found 
 
 in India and Africa. 
 Lgp'er, n. [Lat. Uprm, lepra, Leopard. 
 
 Gr. A.€7rpa, the leprosy, from Aewpo?, scaly, from XeTros, 
 
 AeTTis, scale.] A person affected with leprosy. 
 Lep'o-rine, or IL,6p'o-rine, a. [Lat. leporinus, from 
 
 lepus, Ifporis, hare.] Pertaining to a hare; having the 
 
 nature or qualities of the hare. 
 JLep'ro-sy, r/. [See Leper and infra.] (Med.) (a.) A 
 
 cutaneous disease characterized by scaly .^pots, usually 
 
 of a whiAe color, but sometimes gray or black, (b.) A 
 
 form of elephantiasis. See Ej^ephantiasis. 
 «®~ The leprosy of the ancients was a cutaneous disease 
 
 tome species of which, among the Hebrews, rendered a person 
 
 ceremonially unclesSn. It was an incurable disease 
 
 IjSp'roii.s, a. [Lat. leprosus, from lepra, lepras, leper, q. 
 v.] Infected with leprosy. 
 
 Ii6p'rous-iiess, n. The state of being leprous. 
 
 lie'gion, 71. [Lat. Ispsio, from Imdere, Ixsiim, to hurt, in- 
 jure.] A hiirt ; an injury ; specifically, (a.) I Law.) Loss 
 from failure to fulfill a bargain or contract, (b.) (Med.) 
 Any morbid change in the exercise of functions or the 
 texture of organs. 
 
 lifiss, a. [A.-S. Idssa, m.,lasse,f. and neut.,for Idsra, 
 lasre.] Smaller ; not so large or great. 
 
 L.6SS, adv. Not so much ; in a smaller or lower degree. 
 
 L.ess, n. 1. A smaller portion. 2. The inferior ; the 
 younger. 
 
 L.es-.see', n. (Law.) One to whom a lease is given, or 
 who takes an estate by lease. 
 
 ligss'en (les'n), v. t. 1. To make less or smaller ; to re- 
 duce in bulk, size, quantity, number, or amount, ti. 
 To diminish in quaffty, state, oi degree. 3. To reduce 
 in dignity. 
 
 Syn. — To diminish ; reduce ; abate ; decrease ; lower ; im- 
 pair : weaken ; degrade. 
 
 Ijess'en (les'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. lessened ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. LESSENING.] 1. To become less ; to contract 
 in bulk, quantity, number, or amount ; to be diminished, 
 3. To become less in degree, quality, or intensity ; to 
 decrease. 
 
 LiCS^'er, a. [A.-S. Idssa, Idsse, for Idsra, Idsre. It is not 
 properly a corruption of less, but is rather a return to the 
 primitive A.-S. form Idsra, Idsre. ^ See Less, a.] Less ; 
 smaller ; inferior. 
 
 WS"" Lesser is rarely used for less, the comparative of little, 
 except in poetry and in certain special instances in which its 
 employment has become estabUshed by custom. 
 
 Les'son (les'n), n. [Fr. legon, Lat. lectio. See Lection.] 
 
 1 . Any thing read or recited to a teacher by a pupil or 
 learner. 3. That which is learned or taught by a 
 specific effort. 3. A portion of Scripture read in divine 
 service. 4. Severe lecture ; reproof; rebuke. 
 
 Iics'son (les'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. lessoned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. LESSONING.] To teach; to instruct. 
 
 Lics'sor, re. [See Lease, v. t.] (Law.) One who leases, 
 or gives a lease. 
 
 ILest, conj. [0. Eng. leste, least, from A.-S. Idst. leastly, 
 minime. See Least.] That not; for fear that. 
 
 liCt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LET (LETTED is obsolete) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. re. LETTING.] [A.-S. Ixtan, Goth, letan, 
 leitan, Icel. lata.] 1. To give leave or power by a posi- 
 tive act; or, negatively, to withhold restraint; not to 
 prevent ; to permit ; to allow ; to suffer. '2, To grant 
 possession and use for a compensation ; to lease ; — often 
 followed by out. 
 
 C@~ In the imperative mode, let is used as an auxiliary to ex- 
 press, (n.) Desire or wish, (6.) Command, or permission, (c.) 
 Exhortation, (c/.) Allowance or concession.— To let alone, to 
 leave ; to suffer to remain without interference. — To let blood, 
 to cause blood to flow, as from a vein ; to bleed. — To let down, 
 to permit to sink or fall ; to lower. — To let drive or fly, to send 
 forth or discharge with violence, as an arrow or stone.— To 
 let in or into, (a.) To admit. (6.) To insert, as a piece of wood, 
 into a space formed for the purpose. — To let loose, to suffer to 
 go free. — To let out, (a.) To suffer to escape. (6.) To extend or 
 loosen, as a rope, or the folds of a garment. — To let off, (a.) To 
 discharge ; to cause to explode, as a gun. (6.) To release, sts 
 from an engagement or penalty. [CoZ7og.] 
 
 ILet, V. t. [A.-S. letinn, lettan, to delay, to hinder, from 
 lat, late.] To retard ; to hinder ; to impede. 
 
 Lict, re. A hindrance ; obstacle; impediment; delay. [Obs.] 
 
 Letch, ^•. ^. To leach. See Leach. 
 
 IiC'tlial, a. [Lat. lethalis, from lethum, death.] Deadly ; 
 mortal ; fatal. 
 
 Ije-tliar'gi«, la. 1. Given to lethargv ; pretemat- 
 
 L.e-tliar'gi<;-al, ) urally inchned to sleep ; drowsy. 
 
 2. Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by, lethargy. 
 L.6tli'ar-gy, re. [Lat. lethargia, Gr. \r)6apyCa, from Aij- 
 
 flapyos, forgetful, from A.jj0rj, forgetfulness, and apyos, 
 idle, lazy.] 1. Preternatural sleepiness ; morbid drowsi- 
 ness, ii. Dullness ; inaction ; inattention. 
 
 LiC'the, re. [Gr. Aij^rj, forgetfulness, the river of oblivion.] 
 1. ( Gr. Myt/i.) One of the rivers of hell, feigned to causa 
 forgetfulness of all that was past to those who drank of 
 its waters. "2. Oblivion ; a draught of oblivion ; forget- 
 fulness. 
 
 liC-tlie'an, a. Inducing forgetfulness or oblivion. 
 
 liC-^if 'er-ous, a. [Lat. lethifer, from lethum, death, and 
 ferre, to bear, to bring.] Deadly ; mortal ; bringing death 
 or destruction. 
 
 ligt'ter, n. [Eng. let.] 1. One who lets or permits. 3. 
 One who retards or hinders. 
 
 Let'ter, re. [Lat. littera, litera, fr. linere, litum, to spread 
 or rub over (with wax), for writing with a stylus.] 1. 
 A mark or character, used as the representative of an 
 articulate elementary sound. 2. A written or printed 
 message ; an epistle. 3. Mere verbal expression ; the 
 literal statement. 4. (Print.) (a.) A character formed 
 of metal or wood, and used in printing, (b.) Type used 
 for printing; — spoken of in general or collectively. 5. 
 pi. Learning ; erudition. 
 
 food^fobt; ixrii, rude, pull; ^ell, {tliaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, liijlc; tWs. 
 
LETTER 
 
 424 
 
 LEXICOGRAPHICAL 
 
 I.dt'ter, f. ^ [imp. & p. p. lettered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. LETTERING.] To impress or form letters on. 
 
 L,dt't*'r<'cl, a. 1. Literate; educated. 2. Belonging to 
 learning. 3. Furnished, marked, or designated witii 
 K'tU'rs. [founder. 
 
 L.Ct'tfr-fo\ind'er, n. One who casts letters; a type- 
 
 Lt^t'ter-iiig, ;». 1. The act of impressing letters. !i. 
 Tlie letters impressed. 
 
 Lift'tt'r-prCss, «. 1. Print; reading matter ; — in dis- 
 tinction from plates or engraviftgs. *2. (Print.) Any 
 work printed directly from the type; — in distinction 
 from tiiat printed from stereotype or other plates. 
 
 Ldt'tufe (let'tis), n. [Lat. lacCuca, from lac, milk, on 
 account of the milky white juice which flows from it 
 when cut.] ( Bot.) A composite plant;, the leaves of which 
 are used as salad. 
 
 Lieu'*;or-rlioe'a, n. [Gr. \evit6s, white, and pelv, to flow.] 
 (Mt<f.) A white, yellowish, or greenish mucus, resulting 
 from inflammation or irntation of the membrane lining 
 the genital organ of the female. 
 
 ie'vant, a. [See (?^m.] Eastern. 
 
 Le-vftnt', ". [Ft. levant, from lever, to raise.] The 
 countries of Turkey, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, Egypt, 
 &c., which are washed by the eastern part of the Mediter- 
 ranean and its contiguous waters. 
 
 L.e-vJliit'er, H. [See s(/jwra.] 1. A strong easterly wind 
 in the Mediterranean, tj. One who bets at a horse-race, 
 and runs away without paying the wagers he has lost ; 
 hence, one who runs away disgracefully. [Cant. Eng.] 
 
 Le-vftnt'iiie, or Lrev'ant-iiie, a. Pertaining or be- 
 longing to the Levant. 
 
 L.e-vftnt'iiie, or L.e v'ant-ine , n. 1. ( Geog.) A native 
 or inhabitant of the Levant, ii. A particular kind of 
 silk cloth. 
 
 lifiv'ee, M. [Fr. levee, from lever, to raise, se lever, to 
 rise.] 1. A morning assembly of visitors ; also, any 
 general or somewhat miscellaneous gathering of guests, 
 usually in the evening ; as, the president-s levee. 
 
 eS" In til is sense, usually but improperly pronounced Ze-vee', 
 in the United States. 
 
 3. A bank or causeway, especially along a river, to 
 prevent inundation. 
 
 LiBv'el, a. [See Level, n.] 1. Not having one part 
 higher than another ; even ; flat ; smooth. '<J. Horizon- 
 tal. 3. Even with any thing else ; of the same height. 
 
 4. Equal in rank or degree. 
 
 I.6v'el, V. t. [iynp. & p. p. LEVELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LEVELING.] 1. To make smooth or even. 3. To 
 make horizontal. 3. To reduce or bring to the same 
 height with something else ; to lay flat ; to reduce to an 
 even surface or plane. 4. To reduce to equality of con- 
 dition, state, or degree. 5. To point, in taking aim ; to 
 aim. 6. To point; to direct; to utter. 7. To adapt to 
 the capacity of. 
 
 !L6v'el, v. i. 1. To aim ; to point a gun or an arrow to 
 the mark. 2. To direct the view or purpose ; to aim ; — 
 usually with at. 
 
 !Lev'el, n. [A.-S. la;/el, a level, from Lat. libella, level, 
 water-level, plummet-level, dim. of libra, balance, water- 
 poise, level.] 1. A line or plane, which is every-where 
 parallel to the surface of still water ; — a curve, the cen- 
 ter of which coincides with the earth's center. '2. A hori- 
 zontal line or surface. 3. A smooth or even hne, plane, 
 or surface. 4. Equal elevation with something else ; a 
 state of equality. 5. Degree of energy, intensity, or at- 
 tainment ; rate ; standard. 6. Fixed or quiet condition ; 
 a position of rest. 7. Rule ; plan ; scheme. 8. Line of 
 direction in which a missive weapon is aimed. 9. (Mech.) 
 An instrument by which to find an horizontal line, or 
 adjust something with reference to such a line. 10. 
 (Mining.) An horizontal gallery excavated in a mine at 
 different depths. 
 
 L.6v'el-er, n. 1. One who levels or makes even. 3. 
 One who destroys, or attempts to destroy, distinctions, 
 and reduce to equality. ,. 
 
 I<6v'<;l-Ing, n. 1. The reduction of uneven surfaces 
 to a level or plane, ii. (Surveying.) The art or opera- 
 tion of ascertaining the differences of level between differ- 
 ent points of the earth=« surface included in a survey, as 
 in finding the descent of a river. 
 
 L6v'el-iieHH, n. Condition of being level ; equality. 
 
 Le'ver, or L,6v'er, n. fFr. 
 levier, from Iftver, to raise.] 
 (Mech.) A bar of metal, wood, 
 or other substance, used to 
 exert a pressure, or sustain a 
 weight, at one point of its 
 length, by receiving a force or Lever. 
 
 power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed 
 point called a, fulcrum. 
 
 L.6v'er-age (110), n. 1. The action of a lever. 2. 
 Mechanical advantage gained by the use or operation of 
 the lever. 
 
 L.ev'er-et, n. [0. Fr., dim.of Wei-re, ZtVpt-re, hare.] A 
 hare in the first year of its age. [sessed and collected. 
 
 L«6v'i-a-tole, a. Fit to be levied ; capable of being as- 
 
 LiC-vi'a-tlian, n. [Heb. livyathan, properly an animal 
 bent, twisted in curves, from Ar. lavua\ to bend, wind, 
 twist.] 1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of 
 Job, xli. and mentioned in other passages of Scripture. 
 3. The whale, or a great whale. 
 
 L.ev'i-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. levigated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LEVIGATING.] [Lat. levigate, kvigatum, from 
 levis, smooth, Gr. Aeios.] 1. To rub or grind to a fine, 
 impalpable powder ; to make fine ; to comminute. "Z. 
 To polish. 
 
 Liev'i-ga'tion, n. Act or operation of levigating. 
 
 L.e'vite, n. (Jewish Hist.) One of the tribe or family of 
 Levi ; a descendant of Levi ; especially, one of those in 
 the tribe employed in various duties connected with the 
 tabernacle first, and afterward the temple. 
 
 Ije-vit'i<J-al, a. Belonging, or relating, to the Levites. 
 Levitical degrees, degrees of relationship named in Leviticui, 
 within which marriage is forbidden. 
 
 Lie-vifi-eiis, n. The third book of the Old Testament, 
 containing the laws and regulations which relate to the 
 priests and Levites among the Jews. 
 
 Iicv'i-ty, n. [Lat. levitas, from levis, light in weight.] 
 1. Want of weight in a body, compared with anothei 
 that is heavier ; lightness. 3. Ease ; buoyancy ; hence, 
 frivolity ; vanity. 3. Lightness of temper or conduct ; 
 want of seriousness ; disposition to trifle. 
 
 Syn. — Inconstancy ; thoughtlessness ; unsteadiness ; in- 
 consideration ; volatility ; flightmess. — Levit}^ volatility, and 
 Jlightiness relate to outward conduct. Levity springs from a 
 lightness of mind which produces a disregard of the proprieties 
 oftlme and place. Volatility is r degree of levity which causes 
 the thoughts to fly from one object to another, without resting 
 on any for a moment. FUglitmess is volatility carried to an 
 extreme which often betrays its subject into gross impropriety 
 or weakness. 
 
 licv'y, V. t. [imp. & p.p. levied ;j7. pr. & vb. n. 
 LEVYING.] [Fr. lever.] 1. To raise ; to collect ; — said 
 of troops, to form into an army by enrollment, conscrip- 
 tion, &c. 3. To raise or collect by assessment. 3. 
 (Law.) (a.) To gather or exact; to erect, build, or set 
 up. (b.) To take or seize on execution; to collect by 
 execution. 
 
 To leuy war, to raise or begin war ; to take arms for attack ; 
 to attack. 
 
 liev'y, n. 1. The act of levying or taking by authority or 
 force for pubHc service, as troops, taxes, &c. 3. That 
 which is levied or taken by authority, as an army, 
 tribute, &c. 3. A small coin, or its value, being twelve 
 anda half cents. [Local. Amer.] 4. (Z.a7«.) The taking 
 or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgnafents, 
 or on warrants for the collection of taxes ; a collecting by 
 execution. 
 
 Levy in mass [Fr. levde en masse'], a requisition of all liable to 
 bear arms for service. 
 
 Licwd (lud), a. [compar. LEWDER; superl. LEWDEST.] 
 [A.-S. IsEwed, Iseivd, lewd, leawed, laical, belonging to 
 the laity. Cf. Layjian.] 1. Given to the unlawful in- 
 dulgence of lust ; eager for sexual indulgence. 3. Pro- 
 ceeding from unlawful lust. 
 
 Syn. — Lustful; libidinous; licentious; profligate; dissolute; 
 sensual; unchaste; impure; lascivious; lecherous. 
 
 Lewd'ly (HJd'K'), adv. With the unlawful indulgence 
 of lust; lustfully- 
 
 Lie-wd'ness (IGd'nes), n. The unlawful indulgence of 
 lust ; fornication or adultery. 
 
 Syn. — Lasciviousncss; impurity; unchastity; debauchery; 
 lechery; licentiousness; sensuality; profligacy. 
 
 ILew'is (lu'is), ) n. An iron clamp 
 
 I,e-w'is-son, ) dove -tailed into a 
 large stone to Hft it by. 
 
 Ii6x'i«-al, a. Pertaining to a lexicon, 
 or to lexicography ; settled by lexi- 
 cographv. 
 
 L,6x/i-€6g'ra-p»ier, n. [Gr. \e|i- 
 Koypa.^o<;, from ke^iKov, dictionary, 
 and ypa^eiv, to write.] The author or^ 
 compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. "^ 
 
 I.6x'i-eo-grllph'i-e, \a. Pertain- 
 
 I.6x'i-eo-grapli'i-e-al, f ing to the 
 writing or compilation of a lexicon or 
 dictionary. 
 
 L«wiB. 
 
 >,e,&c.,/07ig; a,6,&c.,sAort; c&re,far,ask,aII,Avliat; 6re, veil, tSria; pique, firm; sdn, dr,d9,wolf, 
 
'i'l'^.^O'''. 
 
 LEXICOGRAPHY 
 
 425 
 
 LIBRATE 
 
 I^gx'i-cSgr'ra-phy, n. 1. Act of writing a lexicon or 
 dictionary, or the art of composing dictionaries. "2, The 
 principles in accordance with which dictionaries should 
 be constructed. 
 
 Li6x'i-€61'o-gy, n. [Gr. Ae^ixos, \e^iK6v, and A.6yos, dis- 
 course. See Lexicon.] The science of the derivation 
 and signification of words. 
 
 Lifix't-coii, n. [Gr. \e^i<6v, (sc. /Bt^Atoi/), from Ae^tfcds, 
 of, or belonging to, words, fr. Ae'^n, speech, a way of 
 speaking, a word or phrase, from Ae'-yeii/, to say , to speak.] 
 1. A vocabulary, or book containing an alphabetical 
 arrangement of the words in a language, with the defini- 
 tion of each ; a dictionary. ^. A dictionary of words in 
 a foreign language. 
 
 L,ey (IT), n. See Lye. 
 
 liey'den-jar ) (ll'dn- or la'dn-), n. (Elen. ) A glass jar 
 
 Ijey'd.en-phi'al ) or bottle used to accumulate electric- 
 ity ; — so named from having been invented in Leyden, 
 Holland. 
 
 ILeze-mSj'es-ty, n. [From Ixsus, f. Iwsa, injured, p. p. 
 of laiciere, to injure, hurt, and majestas, majesty ; that 
 is, crimen Ixsas viajestatis.] (Law.) Any crime com- 
 mitted against sovereiga power. 
 
 La'a-bil'l-ty, n. 1. State of being bound or obliged in 
 law or justice ; responsibility. '2, Tendency ; a state of 
 being subject. 3. pi. That which one is under obliga- 
 tion to pay ; debts. 
 
 Li'a-ble, a. [From Lat. ligare, to bind.] 1. Obliged in 
 law or equity ; answerable. 'Z, Subject ; exposed ; — 
 used with reference to evils. 
 
 Syn.— Accountable; responsible; answerable; bound; ob- 
 noxious; exposed. — iiabfe denotes something external which 
 may befall us ; subject refers to evils whicli arise chiefly from 
 internal necessity, and are li/celi/ to do so. Hence the former 
 applies more to what is accidental, the latter to things from 
 which we often or inevitably suffer. Every one, from his tem- 
 perament, is subject to certain diseases, while he is liable to be 
 attacked by many others. 
 
 rii'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being liable ; liability. 
 
 JAaison (le'a-zong'), n. [Fr., from Lat. ligare, to bind.] 
 An intimacy ; especially, a secret, illicit intimacy between 
 a man and a woman. 
 
 lii'ar, n. [Eng. lie.] A person who knowingly utters 
 falsehood ; one who lies. 
 
 U-ba'tion, n. [Lat. libatio, from libare, to taste, to pour 
 out as an offering, Gr. AetjSeti/.] 1. Act of pouring a 
 liquor, usually wiue, either on the ground or on a victim, 
 in sacrifice, in honor of some deity. 2. The wine, or 
 other liquor, poured out in honor of a deity. 
 
 lii'bel, n. [From Lat. libellus, a little book, pamphlet, 
 dim. of liber, a book. The word derived its bad sense 
 from the Latin phrase libellus famosits, a defamatory 
 book or pamphlet.] 1. {Law.) A defamatory writing ; 
 a published defamation ; a lampoon ; a satire. 2. ( Civil 
 Lkw and Courts of Admiralty.) A written declaration 
 or statement by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and 
 of the relief he seeks. 3. The crime of publishing a 
 defamatory writing. 
 
 Unbel, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LIBELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LIBELING.] 1. To defame, or expose to public hatred 
 and contempt by a writing, picture, sign, and the like. 
 ti, (Laiv.) To proceed against by filing a libel, particu- 
 larly against a ship or goods. 
 
 lii'bel-ant, n. ( Laiv. ) One who libels ; one who brings a 
 libel or institutes a suit in an ecclesiastical or admiralty 
 court. 
 
 rii'bel-er, n. One who libels or defames. 
 
 L.i'bel-ous, a. Defamatory ; containing that which ex- 
 poses a person to public hatred, contempt, and ridicule. 
 
 Lib'er-al, a. [Lat. liberalis, from liber, free.] 1. Free 
 by birth ; refined. 2. Befitting a freeman or gentleman. | 
 3. Bestowing with a free hand ; open-hearted. 4. Not j 
 narrow or contracted in mind; catholic. 5. Bestowed' 
 with a free hand ; bountiful ; — said of a gift ; hence, also, I 
 profuse ; not confined or restricted. 6. Not bound by , 
 orthodox or established tenets in political or religious j 
 philo.sophy ; friendly to great freedom in the forms of j 
 administration of government ; evincing, or caused by, ! 
 Buch a spirit. 
 
 Liheral arts, such as depend more on the exertion of the 
 mind than on the labor of the hands, as grammar, rhetoric, i 
 painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and the like. 
 
 Syn,— Generous ; munificent ; beneficent ; ample ; large ; 
 profuse ; free. — Liheral is free-born, and ijenerous is hiah-born. 
 The former is opposed to the ordinary feelings of a servile state, 
 and implies largeness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, &c. 
 The latter expresses that nobleness of soul' which is peculiarly 
 appropriate to those of high rank — a spirit that goes out of 
 self, and finds its enjoyment in consulting the f?elings and 
 happiness of others. Generosity is measured by the extent of 
 
 the sacrifices it makes ; liberality, by the warmth of fb«ling 
 which it manifests. 
 
 liib'er-al, n. One who advocates greater freedom from 
 restraint, especially in political or religious matters. 
 
 Iiib'er-al-igin, n. Liberal principles or feeUngs ; free- 
 dom from narrowness or bigotry ; especially in matters of 
 religion or politics. 
 
 Lib'er-al-ist, «. A liberal. 
 
 L-ib'er-ai'i-ty, n. 1. Munificence ; bounty. 2. A par- 
 ticular act of generosity ; a donation ; a gratuity ; — 
 sometimes in the plural. 3. Largeness of mind ; Catholi- 
 cism ; candor ; impartiality. 
 
 liib'er-al-ize, f. t. [imp. & p. p. liberalized; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. LIBERALIZING.] To render Uberal or 
 cathoUc ; to free from narrow views or prejudices ; to 
 enlarge. 
 
 liib'er-al-ly, adv. 1, In a liberal manner ; generously ; 
 freely; bountifully. 2. With generous and impartial 
 regard to other interests than our own; with enlarged 
 views. 3. Freely ; not literally. 
 
 Liib'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. liberated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. liberating.] [Lat. liberare, liberatum, from 
 liber, free.] To release from restraint or bondage ; to set 
 at hberty. 
 
 Syn. — To deliver ; to discharge ; to free ; to release ; to 
 manumit. 
 
 L.ib'er-a'tion, n. Act of delivering, or state of being 
 dehvered, from restraint, confinement, or slavery. 
 
 I,ib'er-a'tor, n. One who Uberates or sets free ; a de- 
 liverer. 
 
 Liib'er-tiiie, n, [Lat. libertinus, from libertus, one made 
 free, from liber, free.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A person 
 manumitted, or set free from servitude ; a freedman. 
 2. One free from restraint. 3. One who leads a disso- 
 lute, licentious life ; a rake ; a debauchee. 4. A skep- 
 tic ; a freethinker. 
 
 Lib'er-tine, a. 1. Free from restraint; uncontrolled. 
 2. Hence, dissolute ; licentious. 
 
 L.ib'er-tiii-i§m, n. 1. The conduct of a libertine ; de- 
 bauchery ; lewdness. 2. Licentiousness of principle or 
 opinion. 
 
 liib'er-ty, n. [Lat. libertas, from liber, free.] 1. State 
 of a freeman ; abiUty to do as one pleases*^ freedom from 
 restraint. 2. Permission granted ; leave. 3. Privilege; 
 immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant. 4. The 
 place within which certain privileges or immunities are 
 enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised. [Eng.] 5. Per- 
 mission to go about freely within certain limits, as in a 
 place of confinement ; also, the place or limits within 
 which such freedom or privilege is had. 6. Freedom 
 from, or neglect of observance of, the laws of etiquette, 
 propriety, or courtesy. 7. The power of choice; free- 
 dom from physical or fatal necessity ; freedom from com- 
 pulsion or constraint in wilhng. 
 
 Syn. — Leave ; permission ; license, freedom. — Liberty 
 and freedom, though often interchanged, are distinct in some 
 of their applications. Liberty ha.s reference to previous re- 
 straint, freedom to the simple, spontaneous exercise of our 
 powers. A slave is set at liberty ; his master had always been 
 in a state of freedom. A prisoner under trial may ask liberty 
 (exemption from restraint) to speak his sentiments with free- 
 dom (the spontaneous and bold utterance of his feelings). The 
 liberty of the press is our great security for freedom of thought. 
 
 Iii-bid'i-nou.s, a. [Lat. libidinosus, from libido, libidi- 
 nis, pleasure, desire, lust, from libet, it pleases.] Eager 
 for sexual indulgence ; fitted to excite lustful desire. 
 
 Syn. — Lewd ; lustful; lascivious; unchaste; impure; sen- 
 sual; licentious ; lecherous ; salacious. 
 
 Iji-bid'i-iiou.s-ly, adv. With lewd desire ; lustfully. 
 Iji-bid'i-iioiis-iiess, n. The state or quality of being 
 
 lustful ; lasciviousness. 
 Z,Vbrd,n. [Lat.] [A.'itron.) The Balance; the seventh 
 
 sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal 
 
 equinox in September. 
 lii-bra'ri-an, n. [Lat. librarius, transcriber of books, 
 
 bookseller, from liber, book.] One who has the care of a 
 
 library or collection of books. 
 Il.i-bra'ri-aii-sliip, n. The office of a librarian. 
 Lii'bra-ry, n. [Lat. librarium, book-case, libraria, book- 
 seller's shop.] 1. A collection of books belonging to a 
 
 private person or to a public institution or a company. 
 
 2. An edifice or an apartment for holding a collection 
 
 of books. 
 Li'brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. librated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. LIBRATING.] [Lat. librare, libratum, from libra, a 
 
 balance.] To poise ; to balance ; to hold in or brmg to 
 
 an equipoise. 
 lii'brate, v. i. To move, as a balance ; to oscillate ; to 
 
 be poised. 
 
 food, foot; iirn,riide, pull; pell, ^liaise, call, e«ho; gem, get; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tiiis- 
 
ip-y^, 
 
 J^t' 
 
 LIBRATION 
 
 426 
 
 LIFE-BOAT 
 
 Li-bra'ttou, n. 1. Act of libratJng or balancing, or 
 state of being balanced. '2. (Astron.) A real or appar- 
 ent libratory motion, like that of a balance before oom- 
 ing to rest. 1 
 
 Libration of the moon, any one of certain small periodical 
 changes in the position of the moon's surface relatively to the 
 earth, in consequence of which narrow portions at opposite 
 limbs become visible or invisible alternately. 
 
 la'bra-to-ry (50), a. Balancing ; moving like a balance, 
 as it tends to an equipoise or level. 
 
 L.i-br6t'to, n.;pl. Ll-BRfeT'TOg. [It., diminutiye of 
 libra. See LIBEL.] {Mus.) (a.) A book containing the 
 words of an ojiera or extended piece of music, (b.) The 
 words themselves. 
 
 Iiife, n. ; pi. of louse. See LOUSE. 
 
 La'f ensie. ti. [Lat. licentia, from licere., to be permitted.] 
 1. Authority or liberty given to do or forbear any act ; 
 especinlty, a formal permission from the proper authori- 
 ties to perform certain acts. *-i. The written document 
 by which a permission is conferred. 3. Excess of lib- 
 erty ; exorbitant freedom. 
 
 Syn. — Leave ; liberty ; permission. 
 
 O'f ense, V. t. [imp. & p. p. licensed (IPsenst); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. LICENSING ] 1. To permit by grant of 
 authority ; to authorize to act in a particular character. 
 3. Hence, to tolerate ; to permit. 
 
 Lii'^en-see', n. (Laiv.) One to whom a license is given. 
 
 lii'f ens-er, 7i. One who grants permission. 
 
 L.i-ccii'ti-ate (-sen'shi-, 95), n. [L. Lat licentiatus, 
 from licentiare, to allow to do any thing, from Lat. licen- 
 tia. See supra.] One who has a license to exercise a 
 profession. 
 
 iii-f en'tioiis, a. 1. Using license ; indulging freedom ; 
 free. tj. Unrestrained by law or morality. 
 
 Syn. — Unrestrained ; uncurbed ; uncontrolled ; unruly ; 
 riotous ; ungovernable ; wanton ; profligate ; dissolute ; lax ; 
 loose ; sensual : impure ; unchaste ; lascivious ; immoral. 
 
 lii-f 6ii'tious-ly, adv. In a licentious manner ; freely ; 
 loosely ; dissolutely. 
 
 Lii-^fin'tious-nesss. n. State of being licentious ; ex- 
 cess of liberty or freedom ; dissoluteness. 
 
 Lii'clien (IT'lien or ITch'en), n. [Lat.; Gr. Xeix^i/.] 1. 
 (Bot.) One of an order of cellular, flowerless plants, hav- 
 
 . ing no distinction of leaf and stem, and usually of scaly, 
 expanded, frond-like forms. t2. (Med.) A cutaneous 
 eruption, attended mth tingling and pricking. 
 
 L.ick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LICKED (ITkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LICKING.] [A.-S. liccian, Goth, laigon, allied to Gr. 
 keixeiv, Lat. lingere, Slav, lizati, Skr. liz.] 1. To pass 
 or draw the tongue over. 2. To lap ; to take in by the 
 tongue. 
 
 Lrick, n. [Properly a stroke with the tongue ; hence, a 
 stroke, as with the hand or a whip.] 1. A blow ; a 
 stroke. (Colloq.) 2. A place where salt is deposited 
 from springs, resorted to by animals, which lick the sur- 
 face to obtain the salt. [ XVestern States.] 
 
 liick, V. t. To strike repeatedly for punishment ; to flog ; 
 to beat ; to whip ; to castigate. [Colloq.] 
 
 I.ick'er-isli, a. [Eng. licker, n. Cf LECHER.] 1. 
 Nice in the choice of food : dainty. 2. Eager or greedy 
 to swallow or taste. 3. Tempting the appetite. 
 
 L-ick'ing, n. 1. A lapping with the tongue. 2. A 
 flogging or castigation. [ Colloq. and loio.] 
 
 L.ick'-spit'tle,n. A flatterer or parasite of the most ; 
 abject character. [Colloq. and lov.-.] \ 
 
 I-i«'o-rif e, n. [Lat. liquiritia. corrupted from glycyrrh- 
 iza, Gr. yXvKvppt^a, from ykvKvg, sweet, and pt^a, root.] 
 
 1. (Bot.) A plant the root of which abounds with a 
 sweet juice, and is much u.«ed in demulcent compositions. 
 
 2. A dark -colored, sweet substance, con.'sisting of the in- 
 spi.s.sated juice obtained from the root of this plant, much 
 used as a remedy for coughs or colds. 
 
 Lie'tor, n. [Lat., from //gar*, to bind.] (Rom. Antiq.) 
 An oflScer who bore an ax and fasces or rods, as ensigns 
 of hi.s office. 
 
 ZLid, n. [A.-S. hlid, from fdtdan, to cover.] 1. A cover 
 of a vessel or box. 2. The cover of the eye ; the eyelid. 
 
 Liie, n. Water impregnated with alkaline .«alt. See Lye. 
 
 liie, n. [See in/ra.] 1 . A criminal falsehood ; an inten- 
 tional violation of truth. 2. Any thing which misleads • 
 or disappoints, as false doctrine and the like. 
 To {five the lie to, to charge with falsehood. 
 Syn. — Untruth : falsehood; fiction ; deception. — A man 
 may Ktatc what is untrve from ignorance or misconception ; 
 but to Fay he liet, is to charge him with the highest dishonor. 
 Hence t)ic word untruth is sometimes used as a softened ex- 
 prewion when we do not wish to make the charge of lying in 
 the groBse&t form. 
 
 liie, V. i. [imp. &,p. p. lied ; p.pr. & vb. n. LYING.] 
 
 [0. Eng. lee, A.-S. ledgan, Goth, liugan, Icel. liuga.] To 
 utter falsehood with an intention to deceive ; to exhibit 
 a false representation. 
 Ue, V. I. [i7np. LAY ; p. p. LAIN (LIEN, obs.) ; p. pr. Sc 
 vb. n. LYING.] [A.-S. licgan, ligean, liggan, Goth, li- 
 g-an, Icel. liggia.] 1. To be low; to rest extended on 
 the ground, or on a bed or couch ; to be in an hori- 
 zontal position, or nearly so. 2. To be situated. 3. To 
 abide; to remain. 4. To belong, or pertain ; to consist. 
 5. To lodge ; to sleep. 6. (Law.) To be capable of be- 
 ing maintained. 
 
 To lie at the heart, to be fixed, as an object of affection or 
 anxious desire. — To lie doivn, to lay the body oh the ground, 
 or other level place ; also, to go to rest. — To Ue in, to be in 
 child-bed ; to bring forth young. — To lie on the hands, to re- 
 main unoccupied or unemployed; to be tedious. — I'o lie to 
 (Xaiit.), to be checked or stopped, either by counterbracing 
 the yards or taking in sail ; — said of a vessel. 
 
 Syn. — Tolay. — ioy is a transitive verb, and has for its 
 preterit laid ; as, he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down. 
 Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay ; as, he told me to 
 lie down, and I lay down. Some persons blunder by using 
 laid for the preterit of lie ; as, he told me to lie down, and 1 
 laid down, bo persons often sav, the ship laid at anchor ; they 
 laid by during the storm ; the book laid on the shelf, &c. It is 
 only necessary to remember, in all such cases, that laid is the 
 preterit of lay, and not of lie. Tliis would save many respect- 
 able writers from a gross error, which seems to be increaaing 
 among us. 
 
 Liief (leef), a//i'. [See supra.] Gladly; willingly; freely; 
 — used in the phrase, I had as lief go as not. 
 C@~ JJad, in tliis phrase, is probably a corruption of would. 
 
 liiege, a. [L. Lat. Hgius, legius, perhaps from Lat. ^i- 
 gare, to bind ; but more probably from Ger. ledig, free 
 from bonds and obstacles.] 1. Bound by a feudal ten- 
 ure ; subject. 2. Enforcing allegiance ; sovereign. 
 
 JAege,n. [See supra.] 1. One who owes allegiance; a 
 vassal ; a liegeman. 2^ A lord or superior ; a sovereign. 
 
 liiege'man, n. ,• pi. liege'MEN. A vassal ; a subject. 
 
 lii'en (le'en or Wen), n. [From Lat. ligamen, from ligare, 
 to bind.] (Law.) A legal claim ; a charge upon real or 
 personal property for the satisfeetion of some debt or 
 duty. 
 
 Hii'en-ter-y, n. [Gr. XeievrepCa, from Aeios, smooth, soft, 
 and evrepov, an intestine.] (3Ied.) A diarrhea, in which 
 the food is discharged only half digested. 
 
 Lii'er, n. One who lies down ; one who rests or remains. 
 
 Iiieu (lu), n. [Fr., ftx)m Lat. locus, place.] Place ; room; 
 stead. 
 
 Liien-ten'aii-cy (15- or lef-), n. 1. The office or com- 
 mission of a lieutenant. 2. The body of lieutenants. 
 
 liieii-teii'aiit (lii- or lef), n. [Fr., from lieu, place, 
 and tenant, holding, p. pr. of tenir, Lat. tenere, to hold.] 
 1. An officer, either civil or military, who supplies the 
 place of a superior in his absence. 2. (a.) A commis- 
 sioned officer in the army, next below a captain, (b.) A 
 commissioned cfficer in the navy, next in rank below 
 commander. 
 
 Lieutenant-colonel, an officer next in ranV above major, and 
 below colonel. — Lieutenant-general, an officer next in rank 
 above major-general. — iieuieno/if-^oi-eraor, (a.) An officer 
 of a State, being next in rank to the governor, and, in case of 
 the death or resignation of the latter, himself acting as gov- 
 ernor. [^Amer.] (6.) A deputy-governor. [Eng.] 
 
 liieu-tgn'ant-sliip, n. The same as LIEUTENANCY. 
 
 liieve, a. The same as lief. See LIEF. 
 
 Life, 71. .• pi. LIVE§. [A.-S. lU, Icel. lif. Goth, libains. 
 See Live.] 1. Animate existence: vitality; also, tb« 
 time during which this state continues. 2. The present 
 state of existence ; sometimes, the perpetual existence of 
 the soul in the present and future state. 3. External 
 manifestation of life : manner of living, as morally good 
 or bad : conduct. 4. A person or thing which impartii 
 or excites spirit, vigor, or enjoyment. 5. Animation 
 spirit ; vivacity : energy. 6. The living form ; real per 
 son or state. 7. A living being, usually or always a hu, 
 man being. 8. Animals in general, or con.sidered coV 
 lectively. 9. Narrative of a past life ; biographical nar, | 
 ration. 10. Happiness in the favor of God ; heavenly 
 felicity, in distinction from eternal death. 11. Positioq 
 in society : social state. 12. Course of things : human 
 affairs. 13. That which is dear as one's existence ; a 
 darling. 
 
 liife'-blood (-blQd), n. 1. The blood necessary to life; 
 vital blood. 2. That which constitutes or gives strength 
 and energy. 
 
 Liif e'-boait, n. A boat so constructed as to have gwat 
 strength and buoyancy, for preserving lives in cases of 
 shipwreck or other destruction of a vessel at sea. 
 
 a, e, &,c.,long; ft, 6, &c., short; c&re,far, ask, aU, vrliat ; 6re, veil, term ; p'ique.firm ; s6n, 6r, do, W9li, 
 
LIFE-ESTATE 
 
 427 
 
 LIGHTNING 
 
 I.ife'-es-tate'', n. An estate that continues during the 
 life of the possessor. [vigorating. 
 
 liif e'-giv'iiig, a. Giving life or spirit ; inspiriting ; in- 
 
 Liife'-guard, n. A guard that attends the pei-son of a 
 prince or other high officer ; a body-guard. 
 
 Iiife'-in-sur'aiice (-shxjr/-), n. A contract for the pay- 
 ment of a'certain sum of money on a person's death. 
 
 liif e'less, a. 1. Dead ; deprived of life. 3. Destitute 
 of Ufe. 3. Destitute of power, force, vigor, or spirit. 
 4. Void of spirit ; insipid ; tasteless, as Uquor. 5. 
 Wanting physical energy ; sluggish. 
 
 Syn. — Dead ; soulless ; inanimate; torpid; inert; inac- 
 tive ; dull ; heavy ; unanimated ; spiritless ; frigid; pointless; 
 vapid ; flat ; tasteless. — In a moral sense, lifeless denotes a 
 want of vital energy ; inanimate, a want of expression as to 
 any feeling that may be possessed ; dull implies a torpor of soul 
 which checks all mental activity ; dead supposes a destitution 
 of feeling. A person is said to be lifeless who has lost the spir- 
 its which he once had ; he is said to be inanimate when he is 
 naturally wanting in spirits ; one is dull from an original defl- 
 tiency of mental power ; he who is dead to moral sentiment is 
 wholly bereft of the highest attribute of his nature. 
 
 Liife'less-ly, adv. In a lifeless manner. 
 
 Xafe'less-ness, n. Destitution of life, vigor, and spirit ; 
 inactivity. 
 
 Iiif e'-like, a. Like a living person ; resembhng hfe. 
 
 liife'-pre-gerv^er, n. An apparatus for preserving 
 hves of persons in cases of shipwreck. [of life. 
 
 liif e'-time, n. The time that life continues ; duration 
 
 I.ift,t>. t. [imp. k. p. p. lifted; p. pr. & vb. n. LIFT- 
 ING.] [Icel. lypta, 0. II. Ger. bc/lan, to lift up, prop. 
 to raise into the air, from A.-S. lyft, Icel. lopt, Goth, luf- 
 tus, air.] 1. To raise; to elevate ; to bring up from a 
 lower place to a higher. 2. To exalt ; to improve in es- 
 timation or rank. >i. To cause to swell, as Avith pride; 
 to elate. 4. To take and carry away ; to remove by 
 
 To lift vp the eyes, to look ; to raise the eyes. — To lift up the 
 face, to look with confidence, cheerfulness, apd comfort. — To 
 lift up the voice, to cry aloud ; to call out, either in grief or 
 joy. 
 
 L.ift, V. i. 1. To try to raise something heavy. 2. To 
 rise ; to be raised ; to seem to rise. 
 
 Liift, n. 1. Act of raising or lifting. 2. That which is 
 to be raised. 3. Assistance in hfting, and hence assist- 
 ance in general. [Colloq.] 4, An elevator ; a lifter. 5. 
 A rise ; a degree of elevation. 
 
 Dead lift, a lift at the utmost disadvantage, as of a dead 
 body ; hence, an extreme emergency. 
 
 Liift'er, n. One who, or that which, lifts or raises. 
 
 liig'a-inent, n. [Lat. ligamentum, from ligare, to bind.] 
 1 . Any thing that ties or unites one thing or part to an- 
 other; a bond. 2. (Anat.) A strong, compact substance, 
 serving to bind one bone to another. 
 
 !Lig'a-in6iit'al, ) a. Composing a ligament ; of the 
 
 Iiig'a-ment'ou.:?, | nature of a ligament. 
 
 L.i'gan, n. [Lat. ligare, to bind, to tie, ligamen, band, 
 bandage.] (Latv.) Goods sunk in the sea, but tied to a 
 cork or buoy in order to be found again. 
 
 Li-ga'tion, n. [Lat. ligatio. from ligare., to bind.] 1. 
 Act of binding, or state of being bound. 2. That which 
 binds ; bond ; Mgature. 
 
 Lig'a-ture (58), n. [Lat. ligatiira, from ligare., to bind.] 
 1. Any thing that binds ; a band or bandage. 3. Act 
 of binding. 3. State of being bound; stiffness. 4. 
 {Mm.) A band or line connecting notes. 5. (Print.) 
 A double character, or a type consisting of two or more 
 letters or characters united. 6. (Surg.) (a.) A string 
 for tying the blood-vessels, to prevent hemorrhage. (6.) 
 A thread or wire used to remove tumors, &c. 
 
 Light (lit), n. [A.-S. leoht, lijht, Goth, liukath, from 
 liuhan, equivalent to Lat. Ulcere.] 1. That agent or 
 force in nature by the action of which upon the organs 
 of sight, objects from which it proceeds are rendered 
 visible. 3. That which gives light, or renders objects 
 distinct, as the sun, a star, a candle, a light-house, and 
 the like. 3. The medium through which light is admit- 
 ted, as a window, or windoM--pane. 4. Life ; existence. 
 5. That which illumines or makes clear to the intellect ; 
 hence, also, mental or spiritual illumination ; enlighten- 
 ment ; instruction ; information ; especially, the source 
 of moral or rehgious enhghtenment. 6. The dawn of 
 day. T. Open view ; a visible state or condition ; pub- 
 licity. 8. A time of prosperity and happiness. 9. 
 (Paint.) The manner in which the light strikes upon a 
 picture ; also, the illuminated part cf a picture. 10. 
 The point of view or position in which any thing is seen, 
 or from which instruction or illustration is supposed to 
 be derived. 11. One who is conspicuous or noteworthy. 
 
 lilght (ITt), a. [cowpar. LIGHTER ; superl. lightest.^ 
 
 I. Not dark or obscure ; bright ; clear. 3. White or 
 whitish ; not intense or very marked. 
 
 lifglit (lit), a. [compar. LIGHTER ; superl. LIGHTEST.] 
 [A.-S. liht, led/it, Wit, Icel. lettr, Goth, lei.hts, lightness; 
 allied to Skr. laghit, Gr. eAaxv?, Lat. levis.] 1. Having 
 little weight ; not heavy. 3. Easy to be lifted, home, or 
 carried. 3. Easy to be suffered or performed. 4. Easy to 
 be digested ; also, containing little nutriment. 5. Armed 
 with weapons of little weight. 6. Clear of impediments ; 
 hence, active ; nimble. 7. Not deeply laden ; not suffi- 
 ciently ballasted. 8. Slight ; trifling ; not important. 
 9. Not dense ; not gross ; inconsiderable ; not copious or 
 vehement. 10. Not strong ; not violent ; moderate. 
 
 II. Easy to admit influence ; inconeiderate ; unsteady ; 
 unsettled ; volatile. 13. Wanting dignity or solidity ; 
 trifling; gay; airy. 13. Wanton; unchaste. 14. Not 
 of legal weight ; clipped ; diminished. 15. Loose ; san- 
 dy ; easily pulverized. 
 
 Ug- Lie/hi is used in the formation of many compounds of 
 very obvious signification; as, light-armed, light-bodied, light- 
 colored, light-complexioned, light-haired, lipht-spirited, light- 
 winged, and the like. 
 
 To make light of, to treat as of little consequence; to slight ; 
 to disregard. 
 
 liight (lit), V. t. {imp. & p. p. LIGHTED (sometimes, 
 but less properly, lit) ; p. pr. & vb. n. lighting. 
 See Light, n.] 1. To set fire to ; to kindle ; to inflame ; 
 — sometimes with up. 3. To give light to; to illumi- 
 nate. 3. To attend or conduct with a light. 
 
 liiglit (lit), V. i. [imp. & p. p. lighted (sometimes, 
 but less properly, lit) ; p. pr. & vb. n. LIGHTING.] 
 [A.-S. lihtan, to raise, hghten, hlihtan, to leap out. Cf. 
 Alight.] 1. To come to by chance ; to happen to 
 find ; to fall. 3. To stoop from flight ; to settle ; to rest. 
 3. To alight. [person. 
 
 Iiiglit'- brain (lit-), n. An empty-headed or weak-minded 
 
 L,ight'en (Ht'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. lightened ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. lightening.] [A.-S. leohtan, lyhtan, to 
 shine.] 1. To burst forth or dart, as lightning ; to shine 
 like lightning ; to flash. 3. To grow lighter ; to become 
 less dark or lowering. 
 
 lAght'en (lit'n), v. t. [See LIGHT, v. t.] 1. To make 
 light or clear ; to illuminate ; to enlighten. 3. To illu- 
 minate with knowledge. 3. To free from trouble and 
 fill with joy. 
 
 Liight'en (Ht'n), v. t. [A.-S. lihtan, to lift, gelihtan, to 
 alleviate. See Light, not heavy.] 1. To make hghter, 
 or less heavy ; to reduce in weight. 3. To make less 
 burdensome or afflictive ; to alleviate. 3. To cheer; tf 
 exhilarate. 
 
 liiglit'er (litter), n. 1. One who, or that which, lights 
 
 3. (Naut.) A large, open boat or barge, used in lighten- 
 ing or unloading ships ; sometimes, also, in loading them. 
 
 L,iglit'er-maii (llt'er-man), n.; pi. light'er-MEN. A 
 man who manages a lighter ; a boatman. 
 
 L,iglit'-fin'gere-d (lit'-), a. Dexterous in taking and 
 conveying away ; addicted to petty thefts. 
 
 Oglit'-f obt'ed. (lit'-), a. Nimble in running or dancing. 
 
 T.ight'-hand'ed (lit'-), a. (Naut.) Not having a full 
 complement of men. 
 
 Light'-head'ed (lit'-), a. [See Head.] 1. Disordered 
 in the head ; dizzy ; delirious. 3. Thoughtless ; heed- 
 less ; volatile. 
 
 Liglit'-heart'ed (lit'-), a. Free from grief or anxiety ; 
 gay ; cheerful ; merry. 
 
 Liglit'-house (lit'-), n. ; pi. light'-hou2'e§. A tower 
 with a powerful light at top, erected at the entrance of a 
 port, or at some important point on a coast, to serve as a 
 guide to mariners at night. 
 
 L,iglit'-m'fant-ry (lit'-), n. (Mil.) A body of armed 
 men, trained for rapid evolutions. 
 
 Lriglit'ly (ITt'ly), adv. 1. With Uttle weight. 3. With- 
 out deep impression. 3. Without dejection ; cheerfully. 
 
 4. With little effort or difficulty ; easily; readily. 5. 
 Without reason, or for reasons of little weight. 6. Wan- 
 tonly. 7. Nimbly ; with agility. 8. With levity ; with- 
 out heed or cai-e. [tile. 
 
 Liight'-iTiiiid'ed (lit'-), a. Unsettled ; unsteady ; vola- 
 L.ight'ness (llt'nes), n. 1. Want of weight. 3. Incon- 
 stancy ; unsteadiness. 3. Levity ; wantonness ; lewd- 
 ness. 4. Agility ; nimbleness. 
 
 Syn. — Levity ; volatility ; instability ; "iddiness : flighti- 
 ness ; airiness ; gayety ; liveliness ; sprightliness ; briskness ; 
 swiftness; ease; facility. 
 L.iglit'iiing (llt'ning), n. [For lightening., from lighten, 
 V. i.] A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompa- 
 Ijied by a vivid flash of light. 
 
 iood, f cTot : iirn, rude, pull ; fell, fhaise, -call, e-eho ; f^em., get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, liak 5 tills- 
 
1 
 
 LIGHTNING-ROD 
 
 428 
 
 LIMIT 
 
 ZJKht'nliiK-r&d (lit/-), n. A metjillic rod erected to 
 protoct builiUngs or vessels from liglitniug. 
 
 laglits (lit.<), n. pi. [So called from their lightness.] The 
 liiugs ; the organs of brwithing in brute animals. 
 
 Light'sdme (lit'sum), a. Luminous; not dark. 
 
 L.iKH Rl'oeg (lhi-;11'6z or lig-ual'oz), n. [Lat. lignum, 
 wood, and tug. aloes, q. v.] Aloes-wood, or agallochum, 
 a sweet-scented ti-ee aUied to sandal-wood. 
 
 L,is:'ii»'-oils, o. [Lat. ligneus, from lignum, wood.] Made 
 of wood ; consisting of wood ; resembling wood ; woody. 
 
 L.ig'ni-f i-«a'tion, 7i. The process of becoming or of 
 converting into wood, or the hard substance of a vegeta- 
 ble. 
 
 Ug'nI-forni, a. [Lat. Iig7ium, wood, and/orma, form.] 
 Like wood ; resembling wood. 
 
 L.ig'iii-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LIGNIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 H. LIGNIFYING.] [Lat. ligniun, wood, and /acere, to 
 make.] To convert or change into wood. 
 
 Ljg'iii-fy, v. i. To become wood. 
 
 Lag'nine, «. (Cliem.) An essential constituent of the 
 hgueous fiber in plants. 
 
 lug'iiite, n. [From Lat. lignum, wood.] {Min.) Miner- 
 al coal retaining the texture of the wood from which, it 
 was formed. 
 
 Z,l(/'niitn~vl't£e, 71. [Lat., wood of life.] (.Boi.) A tree 
 found in the warm latitudes of America, from which the 
 guaiaciim. of medicine is procured. Its wood, from its 
 hardness, is used for various mechanical purposes. 
 
 Lii'gure, or L,ig'u.re, n. [Gr. Kiyvpiov, KiyKovptov , Xvy- 
 KovpLOv, a hai'd, transparent gem, from Av-y/cos ovpov, as, 
 according to the opinion of the ancients, it was formed 
 of lynxes' urine.] A kind of precious stone. 
 
 IAke,a. [cotripar. I^IK-ek; siiperl. l.ik'EST.] [A.-S. Zir, 
 gelic, Icel. iikr, Goth, leiks, galeiks, from A.-S. lie, Icel. 
 li/c, Goth, le'k, body, flesh, kind, form.] 1. Equal in 
 quantity, quality or degree. 3. Nearly equal ; having 
 resemblance ; similar. 3. Likelj . 
 JIad like, had nearly ; came little short of. 
 
 TSke, n. A counterpart ; an exact resemblance; a copy. 
 
 Itlke, n. A liking ; fancy, or inchnation. 
 
 Xjike, adv. 1. In a Uke manner. 2. In a manner be- 
 coming. 3. Likely ; probably. 
 
 liike, V. t. [imp. & p. p. liked (llkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LIKING.] [A.-S. lician,gelician, doth.. leikan,galeikan, 
 Icel. lika.] To be pleased with in a moderate degree ; to 
 enjoy. 
 
 lakCjiJ. 1. 1. To be pleased; to choose. i2. To come 
 near ; to escape narrowly. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Lolce'li-lxdod, n. Appearance of truth or reality ; prob- 
 ability; verisimilitude. 
 
 like'li-ness, «. 1. Probability. 3. The qualities that 
 please. See Likely. 
 
 lake'ly, a. [compar. likelier ; superl. LIKELIEST.] 
 ['£ha.tia like-like.] 1. AVorthy of belief ; probable ; cred- 
 ible. 3. Having or giving reason to expect ; — followed 
 by an infinitive. 3. Such as may be Uked; of honor- 
 able or excellent qualities. 
 
 t^" The English and their descendants in America differ in 
 the application of this word, when used in the third sense. The 
 Enghsli apply the word to external appearances, and with them 
 likely is equivalent to handsome, well-formed; as, a likeli/ man; 
 a likely horse. In America, the word is often applied to the 
 endowments of the mind, or to pleasing accomplisliments. A 
 likely man is a man of good character, and talents, or of good 
 dispositions or accomplishments, that render him pleasing or 
 respectable. 
 
 JAk'eu (lik'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. LIKENED ; p. pr. 8c 
 vb. n. LIKENING.] To represent as like or similar ; to 
 compare. 
 
 I.ike'ness, n. 1. State of being like ; resemblance. 2. 
 That which resembles or copies ; especially, a portrait of 
 a person, or a picture of an animal or thing. 
 
 Syn. — Similarity ; parallel ; similitude ; representation ; 
 effigy. 
 
 L.ike'wi§e, conj. In Uke manner ; also ; moreover : too. 
 
 ^ ^¥^','~ '^''"* ' ^'°,- ~ Likewise (like and wise) alwavs slgn- 
 ficH 'with greater or less obviousness) in like manner, jllso (all 
 and SO) implies that what is thus subjoined may be said with 
 [all] the earne truth and propriety as that which preceded. Too 
 (U)) signifies that what follows may be added to what was said 
 before. Hence loo gives a slighter and more familiar connec- 
 tion than uLtfj, and likewiv- a more marked one, as in the fol- 
 lowing sentence : " I may add, too, that there were also others 
 present who likewise shared in the commission of the act. 
 
 L.Ik'ing, n. 1. Inchnation; pleasure. 2. Pleasure; a 
 feeling of eatisfaction in, or of attraction toward, some 
 oViject. 
 
 L,i'la-e, n. [Turk, leilak. Cf. Per. lUaj, lilanj, or lilang, 
 the indigo-plant.] (Bot.) A Bhrub of the genus Syringa, 
 a native of Persia. 
 
 I..il'i-a'ceoils, «. (Bat.) Pertaining to lilies; lily-Uke. 
 
 L-il'ledJllKid), a. Embellished with lilies. 
 
 liil'i-pu'tian, n. 1. One belonging to a diminutive 
 race described in Swift's " Voyage to Liliput." 2. Hence, 
 a per.son of very small size. 
 
 liil'i-pu'tiaii. a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, the imaginary 
 island of Liliput described by Swift, or to its pigmy in- 
 habitants. 2. Hence, of very small size ; diminutive ; 
 'dwarfed. 
 
 liil'y, n. [Lat. lilium, Gr. Aeiptoi/.] {Bot.) An endoge- 
 nous, bulbous plant, having a regular perianth of .-ix 
 colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior three-celled 
 ovary. The flowers are generally very showy, and some 
 are very fragrant. 
 
 rii-ma'tioii, n. [Lat. limare, limatum, to file, from 
 lima, file.]- Act of filing or polishing. 
 
 Lii'ma-ture (53), n. [Lat. limatura, from limare, to file.] 
 
 1. Act of filing. 2. That which is filed off; filings. 
 Liimb (lim), n. [A.-S. Urn, leom, Icel. limr, lim.] 1. 
 
 Edge or border ; extremity. 2. An extremity of the hu- 
 man body, as the arm or leg ; a member. 3. The branch 
 of a tree larger than a twig. 4. Any thing or person 
 regarded as a part or member of something else. 5. ( Bot. ) 
 The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous 
 corol, or of a petal, or sepal; blade. 6. (Astron.) (a.) 
 The border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body, es- 
 pecially of the sun and moon. (6. ) The edge of a gradua- 
 ted circle in an instrument. 
 
 Syn.— Member. — A member of the body is any part capa- 
 ble of performing a distinct office, as the eye, ear, &c.: a.limb (as 
 shown above) is one of the extremities, and hence the term is 
 restricted to the leg.s and arms. So, in reference to public 
 bodies, we speak of their members, though an attorney is some- 
 times sportively called a limb of the law." 
 
 L.inib (ITm), v. t. 1. To supply with Umbs. 2. To dis- 
 member ; to tear off the limbs of. [ble ; pUant. 
 
 Liim'ber, a. [Eng. Z/w;?, a., q. v.] Easily bent; flexi- 
 
 liim'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. limbered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. limbering.] 1. To attach to a hmber. 2. [From 
 the a.] To cause to become limber. 
 
 r,iin.'ber, n. 1. (ilf(7.) The forward part of a gun-car- 
 riage, to which the horses are 
 attached, and from which the 
 gun is detached (unhmbered) 
 when in action. 2. A shaft of a 
 carriage. 3. pi. {Naut.) Holes 
 cut through the floor timbers, to 
 afford a passage for water to the 
 pump-well. Limber (1.). 
 
 liim'ber-ness, n. QuaUty of being Umber ; fiexibleness ; 
 pUancy. 
 
 L.im'bo, n. [Lat. limbus, border, edge.] 1. (Scholastic 
 Theol.) A region bordering on hell. 
 
 )S@~ The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the 
 souls of good men until the coming of our Savior. The limbus 
 infantum was a similar place for the souls of unbaptized infants. 
 To these was added, in the popular belief, the limbus fatuo- 
 rum, or fools' paradise, regarded as a receptacle of all vanity and 
 nonsense. 
 
 2. Hence, any real or imaginary place of restraint or 
 confinement. 
 
 TAm.e,n. [A.-S. ttw, Icel. /im.] 1. A viscous substance 
 laid on twigs for catching birds. 2. (Chem.) Oxide of 
 calcium ; the white, caustic substance obtained from 
 limestone, sheUs, &c., by heat. 3. (Bot.) The Unden- 
 tree. See LINDEN. 
 
 Liiine, n. [Vev. lhn{l,lim^n. Cf. Lem- 
 on.] A fruit alUed to the lemon, but 
 smaller, and more intensely sour. 
 
 L.ime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. limed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. liming.] [See supra.] 1. 
 To smear with a viscous substance. 2. 
 To entangle ; to insnare. 3. To manure 
 with lime. 4. To cement. 
 
 IL,iine'k.ilii (ITm-'kil), n. A kiln or fur- 
 nace in which Umestone or sheUs are 
 burnt to make lime. 
 
 Iiime'stone, n. A kind of stone consist- 
 ing largely or chiefly of carbonate of 
 lime, from which lime is obtained. 
 
 Liinie'-wa'ter, n. AYater impregnated with lime. 
 
 Liim'it, n'.' [Lat. limes, limitis.] 1. That which termi- 
 nates, circumscribes, or confines ; bound, border, rr edge. 
 2. (Logic. & Mftaph.) A distinguishing characteristic; 
 a differential. 3. (Math.) A determinate quantity, to 
 which a variable one continually approaches, but can 
 never go beyond it. 
 
 Syn. — Boundary. — A limit (from limes, a landmark) is s 
 prescribed termination j a boundary is something which bind* 
 
 Lime. 
 
 »,e,&c.,/o«g^,- &,6,&.c.,short; G4re,far ack, all, -what ; 6re,veil term; pique,firin; son dr, do, -wolf, 
 
LIMIT 
 
 429 
 
 LINNEAN 
 
 or hems ns in. The former arises from the nature of the cmc 
 or from some established restriction; thus we speak of the lim- 
 tisof the human understanding; a limited, monarchy, &c. The 
 latter is a line (either real or imaginary), which circumscribes 
 and res?trains, as the boundaries of an empire, of knowledge, 
 &c. " Providence," says Johnson, *' has fixed the limits of hu- 
 man enjoyment by immovable boundaries." 
 
 lAxn'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. limited; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LIMITING.] 1. To bound; to set bounds to. 3. To 
 confine within certain bounds, li. To restrain or con- 
 fine the signification of; to define exactly. 
 
 I<im'it-a-ble, a. Capable of being limited. 
 
 Iiiin'It-a-ry, a. 1. Placed at the limit, as a guard. 2. 
 Confined within limits ; limited in extent, authority, 
 power, &c. 
 
 I.im'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act of bounding or circumscrib- 
 ing. 2, Condition of being limited, restricted, or cir- 
 cumscribed. 3. Means of limiting or circum.scribing, 
 qualifying or restricting ; hence, restraining conditions ; 
 defining circumstances. 4. [Law.) A certain period 
 limited by statute after which the claimant shall not en- 
 force his claims by suit. 
 
 Liim'it-ed, a. Narrow ; circumscribed. 
 
 Liim'it-er, n. One who, or that which limits or confines. 
 
 liim'it-less, a. Having no limits ; unbounded ; bound- 
 less. 
 
 11.111111 (lim), V. t. [imp. & p. p. limned; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. LIMNING.] [Abbrev. from Fr. enluminer, to illumi- 
 nate, to limn.] To draw or paint ; especially, to paint in 
 water colors ; to illumine, as books or parchments. 
 
 L.im'ner, n. 1. One who limns, or decorates books with 
 initial pictures. 2. A portrait or miniature painter. 
 
 Liimp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LIMPED (limt, 84) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LIMPING.] [Cf. A.-S. limp-healt, lame, 0. H. Ger. 
 limfan, limp/ien, to limp, be weak, allied to A.-S. & 0. H. 
 Ger. lam, lame.] To halt ; to walk lamely. 
 
 Liimp, n. A halt ; act of limping. 
 
 Liimp, a. [See suj^ra.] Lacking stiffness ; flexible ; limpsy. 
 
 liimp'er, n. One who limps. 
 
 Liilii'pet, n. [Lat. lepas, lepadis, Gr. XeTrds, A^eTraSos.] 
 ( Conch.) (a.) A certain univalve shell found adhering to 
 rocks, {b.) A certain fresh-water moUusk. 
 
 L.iin'pid, o. [Lat. limpidus, allied to Gr. A.a;x7ren/, to 
 shine.] Characterized by clearness or transparency. 
 
 Syn. — Clear ; transparent ; pellucid ; lucid ; pure ; crystal; 
 translucent. 
 
 Hiim-pid'i-ty, n. State or quality of being limpid or 
 clear ; clearness ; purity. 
 
 liiin'pid-iiess, n. Limpidity ; clearness. 
 
 Ijimp'sy, I a. [See Limp, a. W. llymsi, having a fickle 
 
 Liim'sy, ) motion, weak, vain. Cf. Flimsy.] Weak ; 
 flexible ; flimsy. [Local. Amer.] 
 
 tim'y, a. 1. Covered or bedaubed with lime ; viscous. 
 2. Containing lime. 3. Resembling lime. 
 
 Lincli'pm, n. [A.-S. lyni.s, the axle-tree.] A pin used 
 to prevent the wheel of a carriage from sliding off the 
 axle-tree. 
 
 Lin'deii, n. [A.-S. and Icel. linrj, 0. H. Ger. linta.] 
 {Bot.) (a.) A handsome tree, having panicles of light yel- 
 low flowers, and large cordate leaves, common in Europe. 
 {b.) In America, the bass-wood. 
 
 JLiiiie, n. [Lat. linea, a linen thread, string, line, from 
 linum, flax, lint.] 1. A linen thread or string; a slen- 
 der cord. 2. A thread-like mark of the pen ; an ex- 
 tended stroke, whether straight or crooked. 3. (Math.) 
 That which has length, but not breadth or thickness. 
 4. The exterior Umit of a figure ; boundary ; contour ; 
 outline. 5. A long thread-like mark upon the face or 
 hand ; lineament ; hence, characteristic mark. 6. A 
 straight row ; a continued series or rank. 7. A short 
 letter; a note. 8. (Poet.) Averse. 9. Course of con- 
 duct, thought, occupation, or policy, conceived as direc- 
 tion toward an end or object ; department. 10. A series 
 or succession of progeny or relations descending from a 
 common progenitor. 11, A connected series of public 
 conveyances ; and hence, an established arrangement for 
 forwarding merchandize. 12. (Geog.) The equator ; — 
 usually called the line, or equinoctial line. 13. (Script.) 
 (a.) That which is measured by a line or cord; boun- 
 dary : hence, place of abode, (b.) Instruction ; doctrine. 
 14. (Mach.) The proper position or adjustment of parts, 
 with reference to smooth working. 15. (Mil.) The reg- 
 ular infantry of an army. 16. (Fort.) (a.) A trench 
 or rampart, (b.) pi. Dispositions made to cover ex- 
 tended positions, and presenting a front in but one direc- 
 tion to an enemy. 17. The twelfth of an inch. 
 
 XL-Ine, V. t. [imp. & p. p. lined ; p pr. Sc vb. n. LIN- 
 ING]. [See .supra and LINEN.] 1. To mark out or cover 
 
 with lines. 2. To cover or put in the inside of. 3. To 
 place along the side of for security or defense. 4. To 
 read or repeat line by line. 
 
 liin'e-age, n. [From Lat. linea, line.] Race ; progeny; 
 descendants in a Hue from a common progenitor. 
 
 Liin'e-al (124), a. [Lat. Unealis, from Iniea, line, q. y.] 
 1. Composed of lines. 2. Descending in a direct line 
 from an ancestor; hereditary; derived from ancestors. 
 3. In the direction of a line ; pertaining to, or ascer- 
 tained by, a line or lines. 
 
 Liin'e-al-ly, adv. In a direct line. 
 
 Liin'e-a-ment, n. [Lat. lineamentiim, from linea, line, 
 q. v.] The outline or exterior of a body or figure, par- 
 ticularly of the face ; feature ; form ; mark. 
 
 liiii'e-ar, a. [Lat. linearis, linea7'ius, from linea, line, 
 q. v.] Pertaining to a line ; consisting of lines ; in a 
 straight direction. 
 
 liiii'e-ate, I a. [Lat. lineatit^ p. p. of lineare, to re- 
 
 Liin'e-a'ted, ) duce to a straight line, from linea, line, 
 q. v.] (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with depressed 
 parallel lines. 
 
 liin'en, n. [A.-S. lin, flax, linen, made of flax, Goth. 
 lein, linen, from Lat. linum, flax, Gr. \lvov. See LINE.] 
 1. Thread or cloth made of flax or hemp. 2. The un- 
 der part of dress, as being chiefly made of linen. 
 
 liiii'en, a. 1. Made of Unen. 2. Resembling linen 
 cloth. [ets. 
 
 liin'er, n. A vessel belonging to a regular line of pack- 
 
 JAng, n. [From A.-S. lang, long.] (Ichth.) A marine 
 fish, something like the cod, but more slender, and hav- 
 ing only two dorsal fins. 
 
 liin'ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LINGERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n LINGERING.] [A.-S. lengra, compar. of lang, long.] 
 1. To delay; to loiter. 2. To be in suspense; to hesi- 
 tate. 3. To remain long in any state. 
 Syn.— To lag; saunter; tarry; stop. 
 
 L.iii'ger-er, n. One who lingers. 
 
 liin'ger-iiig, w. A delaying; tardiness; protraction. 
 
 Jjin'go, n. [Lat. lingua, tongue, speech, language.] Lan- 
 guage ; speech. [Vulgar.] 
 
 Ijiii''gua-d6iit'al, a. [Lat. lingua, tongue, and dens^ 
 tooth.] (Pron.) Formed or uttered by the joint use of 
 the tongue and teeth, or of the tongue and that part of 
 the gum just above the front teeth. 
 
 liill'gua-deiit'al, n. (Pron.) An articulation pro- 
 nounced by aid or use of the tongue and teeth. 
 
 L<in'giial (ling'gwal), a. [L&t. lingua, tongue.] Pertain- 
 ing to the tongue. 
 
 liiii'gual (ling'gwal), a. A letter pronounced with the 
 tongue. 
 
 L.i|i'gui-f6rin (ling'gwi-), a. [Lat. lingua, tongue, and 
 forma, form.] Having the foi-m of the tongue. 
 
 Liin'guist (ITng'gwist), n. [From Lat. lingua, tongue, 
 speech, language.] One skilled in languages. 
 
 liin-guist'i-e, 1 a. Relating to linguistics, or to the 
 
 Lin-giiisfi-e-al, ) afiinities of languages. 
 
 Liiii-guist'i«s, n. sing. The science of languages, or of 
 the origin, signification, and application of words. 
 
 liin'i-ment, n. [Lat. linimentum, from linire, linere, 
 to besmear, anoint.] A species of soft ointment. 
 
 Ijin'iiig, n. The covering of the inner sui-face of any 
 thing. 
 
 Ijink, n. [Sw. I'dnk, ring of a chain, Icel. hleckr, chain, 
 Ger. gelenk, joint, link, ring of a chain, from Ger. lenken,, 
 to bend.] 1. A single ring or division of a chain. 2. 
 Any thing doubled and closed like a link. 3. (Mech.) 
 Any intermediate rod or piece transmitting motive power 
 from one part of a machine to another. 4. Any thing 
 connecting or binding together ; hence, any constituent 
 part of a connected series. 5. (Surveying.) The length 
 of one joint of Gunter's chain, being 7.92 inches. 
 
 liink, n. [AlUed to Lat. lychnus, Gr. Av'xfos, light, lamp.] 
 A torch made of tow and pitch. 
 
 liink, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LINKED (ITnkt) ; p. pr. & rb. 
 n. LINKING.] 1. To complicate. 2. To unite or con- 
 nect by means of something intervening. 
 
 Liink, V. i. To be connected. 
 
 Liink'boy, \n. A boy or man who carried a link or 
 
 Lrink'niaii, j torch to light passengers. 
 
 liink'- mo'ti on, n. ( Steam-eng.) A valve gear consist- 
 ing of two eccentrics and their rods, connected by an 
 adjustable piece, called the link, to the valve, in such a 
 way as to reverse the steam when the engine is in motion. 
 
 Liin-nse'an, ) a. Pertaining to Linnaeus, the celebratetl 
 
 Jjin-ne'an, ) botanist. 
 
 Linnsean si/.^tem {Bot.), the system in which the claMes are 
 founded upon the numberof stamens, and the orders upon toe 
 pistils; the artificial or sexual system. 
 
 food,f<>bt; &ru, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio; g^eni, get ; ag ; ejist; linger, link; t^s. 
 
1 
 
 LINNET 
 
 430 
 
 LITER 
 
 Linnet. 
 
 
 Lion. 
 
 Un'net, n. [Lat. linum, flax, so 
 chIUhI because it feeds on the seeds 
 of flax and hemp.] (Ornitk.) A 
 small European singing bird. 
 
 Lin'seed, n. [Eng. line, lint, flax, 
 and seed; A.-S. linsa-ci.] Flax- 
 seed. 
 
 tlii'sev-'*vcM>l''sey, n. Made of 
 linen ind wool ; hence, of different and unsuitable parts ; 
 vile; mean. [^"ixed. 
 
 Lln'sev-wo'orsey, n. Stuff made of hnen and wool, 
 
 Lin'stoclc. n. [Corrupted fr. litntstock, Ger. luntenstock, 
 from lunte, luut, and stock, stock, stick.] A pomted or 
 forked staff, to hold a lighted match; — iised in finng 
 Ciinnon. 
 
 Out, n. [A.-S. llnet, flax, hemp, Lat. linteum, a linen 
 cloth, hnen, from li?iteus, linen, a., from linum, flax, 
 lint.] 1. Flax. 2. Linen raveled, or scraped into a 
 soft substance, and used for dressing wounds and sores. 
 
 liiii'tel, n. [Low Lat. lintellus, as if from a Lat. word 
 limentellum, from limenturn, for limen, a threshold.] 
 (Arch.) An horizontal piece of timber or stone placed 
 over a door, window, or other opening. 
 
 U'on, n. [Lat. leo, leonis, Gr. 
 Ae'wv.] 1. [Zool.) A carnivor- 
 ous mammal, characterized by 
 great size and strength. It is 
 found in Asia, and all over Af- 
 rica. *Z, (Astron.) A sign in 
 the zodiac ; Leo. 3. An object 
 of interest and curiosity. 
 
 U'on-ess, n. The female of the 
 lion kind. 
 
 U'on-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 LIONIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LI- 
 ONIZING.] To treat as a lion, or object of interest. 
 
 lip, n. [A.-S. lippa, alUed to Lat. labium, Inbrum, Per. 
 lab, leb, Lith. lupa.] 1. One of the two fleshy parts 
 composing the exterior of the mouth in man and many 
 other animals. Hence, the lips, by a figure, denote the 
 mouth, or all the organs of speech, and sometimes 
 speech itself. 3. The edge of any thing. 
 
 liip, V. t. [imp. Sep. p. LIPPED (lipt); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LIPPING.] To touch with the lips ; hence, to kiss. 
 
 Iap'o-grS,m, n. [Gr. Xetneiv, \nreiv, to leave, omit, and 
 ypdiUta, letter.] A writing in which a particular letter 
 IS wholly omitted. 
 
 lii-potlx'y-my, n. [Gr. ki.rro6vtx.La, swoon, from KeCnetv, to 
 leave, to lack, and 0vju.d?, soul, life.] A fainting ; a swoon. 
 
 L.ip'pi-tucle (53), n. [Lat. Uppitudo, from lippus, blear- 
 eyed.] Soreness of eyes ; blearedness. 
 
 tiq'ua-ble (lik'wa-bl), a. [Lat. liquabilis, fr. liquare,liq- 
 uatum, fr. liquere, to be fluid.] Capable of being melted. 
 
 Lii-qixa'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of melting. 2. 
 Capacity of being melted. 3. (Metal.\ The process of 
 separating, by a regulated heat, an easily fusible metal 
 from one_less fusible. 
 
 Mq'ue-f a'cient, n. That which serves to liquefy. 
 
 JLiq'ue-f a«'tioii, n. 1. Act or operation of melting or 
 dissolving, &c. '2. The state of being melted. 
 
 liiq'ne-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of being melted, or changed 
 from a solid to a liquid state. 
 
 r.iq'u.e-fy (lik'we-fy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. liquefied ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. LIQUEFYING.] [Lat. liquefacere, from 
 liquere, to be liquid, and facer e, to make.] To melt; to 
 dissolve : technically, to melt by the sole agency of heat 
 or caloric. 
 
 Oq'ue-fy, v. i. To become liquid. [to melt. 
 
 I/i-qug.s'^en-^y, n. State of being liquescent ; aptness 
 
 lii-qu6s'^ent, a. [Lat. liquescens, p. pr. of liquescere, 
 to become hquid, inchoative form of liquere, to be liquid.] 
 Tending to become liquid ; inclined to melt. 
 
 lAqueur' (le-kur'), n. [Fr. See LiQUOR.] A deUcate 
 prepraration of distilled spirits, usually flavored with 
 fruits, spices, and various aromatic substances. 
 
 liiq'uid (ITk^'wid), a. [Lat. liquidus, from liquere, to be 
 fluid or liquid.] 1. Having liquidity. 2. Flowing 
 smoothly or easily ; sounding agreeably to the ear. 3. 
 Pronounced without any jar or harshness. 
 
 Liiq'uid (ITk'wid), n. 1. A substance whose parts change 
 their relative position on the slightest pressure, and, 
 therefore, retain no definite form ; a fluid that is not 
 aeriform. 3. (Gram.) A letter which has a smooth, 
 flowing sound, or which flows smoothly after a mute; 
 one of the letters l,m,n, r. 
 
 L.iq'uJd-a.m/bar, ) n. [From liquid and amber, q. v.] 
 
 L.iq'uid-&in'ber, ) (Bot.) A genus of trees growing in 
 tropical regions, several species of which produce a trans- 
 
 parent, balsamic juice, whence the name; also, the juice 
 itself. 
 
 liiq'ui-date (lik'wT-dat), v. t. Ximp. 8c p. p. LIQUI- 
 DATED; p. pr. & vb. n. LIQUIDATING.] [Low Lat. 
 liqitidare, liquidatum,, fr. Lat. liquidus, liquid, clear.] 1. 
 To make liquid. 2. To make clear or transparent, as by 
 melting. 3. To reduce in amount, as if by melting 
 down ; to settle ; to adjust ; to pay. 
 
 L.iq'ui-da'tion, n. Act of liquidating ; act of settling 
 and adjusting debts. 
 
 Lii-quid'i-ty, n. 1. State or condition of being liquid; 
 fluidity. 2. Quality of being smooth and flowing; 
 agreeableness of sound. 
 
 Liiq'uor (lik'ur), n. [Lat., from liquere, to be liquid]. 
 1. Any liquid or fluid substance. 2. Especially, alco- 
 holic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented ; a 
 decoction, solution, or tincture. 
 
 Liiq'uor-i^e (lik'ur-), n. See LicORlCE. 
 
 liisp, V. i. {imp. & p. p. LISPED (lispt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LISPING.] [A.-S. wlisp, wlips, stammering, lisping ; 0. 
 H. Ger. lispian, lispSn, to Usp.] 1. To give s the sound 
 of th in thin, and z that of th in this. 2. To speak im- 
 perfectly ; hence, to make feeble begmnings or imperfect 
 efforts. 
 
 liisp, v. t. To pronounce with a lisp. 
 
 liisp, n. Habit or act of lisping, as in uttering an aspi- 
 rated th for 5, and a vocalized th for z. 
 
 Liisp'er, n. One who lisps. 
 
 liist, n. [A.-S. list, a list of cloth; Icel. listi, fillet; 0. 
 H. Ger. llsta, border, fringe.] 1. The outer edge or sel- 
 vage of cloth ; a strip of cloth forming the border. 2. 
 A limit or boundary ; a border. 3. A roll or catalogue, 
 that is, a row or line. 4. (Arch.) A little square mold- 
 ing ; a fillet. 
 
 Syn.— Roll; catalogue; register; inventory.— A list is prop- 
 erly a simple series of names, &c., in a brief form, such a3 
 might naturally be entered in a narrow strip of paper. A roll 
 was originally a list containing the names of persons belong- 
 ing to a public body (as Parliament, &c.), which was rolled 
 up and laid aside among its archives. A catalogue is a list 
 of persons or things arranged in order, and usually containing 
 some description of the same, more or less extended. A regis- 
 ter (Jit., a setting down) is designed for record or preservation. 
 An inventory (lit., what is found) is a list of articles, &c., found 
 on hand in a store of goods, or in the estate of a deceased per- 
 son, or under similar circumstances. 
 
 Liist, n. [L. Lat. licise, from Lat. licium, thread, girdle.] 
 A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a field of 
 combat ; hence, in the plural, the ground or field inclosed 
 for a race or combat. 
 
 To enter the lists, to accept a challenge, or engage in con- 
 test. 
 
 Liist, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LISTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LIST- 
 ING.] [From ZV.st,aroll.] 1. To sew together, as strips 
 of cloth, so as to make a party-colored show, or to form 
 a border. 2. To cover with a list, or with strips of 
 cloth ; hence, to mark as if with list. 3. To inclose for 
 combat. 4. To enroll ; to enlist. 5. To engage in the 
 public service, as soldiers. 6. To listen to. 
 
 liist, V. i. To engage in public service by enrolling one's 
 name ; to enlist. 
 
 liist, V. i. [A.-S. lystan, lustan. See Lust. The pri- 
 mary sense seems to be, to lean, incline.] 1. To lean or 
 incline ; hence, to desire, or choose; to please. 2. [See 
 Listen.] To hearken; to attend ; to listen. 
 
 Liist, n. (Naut.) An inclination to one side. 
 
 List'el, n. [See List.] (Arch.) A hst or fillet. See List. 
 
 List'e-n (lis'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. listened ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LISTENING.] [A.-S. hlystan, Icel. hlusta, to hear, 
 listen ; Lat. cluere, Gr. K\veiv, Goth, hliuth, hliuma, at- 
 tention.] 1. To attend closely with a view to hear ; to 
 hearken. 2. To yield to advice ; to obey. 
 
 Liist'en-er, n. One who listens ; a harkener. 
 
 List'less, a. Not listening ; not attending ; indifferent t<> 
 what is passing. 
 
 Syn. — Heedless ; careless ; thoughtless ; inattentive ; in^ 
 different; vacant; uninterested; languid; weary; supine; in- 
 dolent. 
 
 List'lees-ly, adv. Without attention ; heedlessly. 
 
 List'less-ness, n. The state of being listless; indiffer- 
 ence to what is passing ; indifference. 
 
 Lit'a-ny, n. [Lat. litania, Gr. kiTaveCa, from kiravevetv, 
 to pray, allied to \irea-9ai, XtVcreo-flai, to pray.] A solenan 
 form of supplications for mercy and deliverance, used in 
 pubUc worship. 
 
 Li'ter, n. [Fr. litre, from Gr. \Crpa, a silver coin, also 
 equiv. to Lat. libra, a pound of 12 ounces.] A French 
 measure of capacity, being a cubic decimeter, equal to 
 61.016 cubic inches, or 2.113 American pints, or 61.027 
 cubic inches, or 1.76 English pints. 
 
 »,e, See., long; a.fi.&c.jaA'***-,' oAre,far,aals,all, wliat; 6re, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; sdn,dr,d9,woli 
 
:^-' 
 
 LITERAL 
 
 481 
 
 LIVE 
 
 tit'er-al, a. [Lat. literalis, from litera, a letter.^ 1. 
 According to the letter ; primitive ; real ; not figurative 
 or metaphorical, 'i, Follovrinf the letter or exact words ; 
 not free. 3. Consisting of, or exprevssed by, letters. 
 
 Liit'er-al-igni, n. A mode of interpreting literally. 
 
 I.it'er-al-ist, n. One who adheres to the letter or exact 
 word ; an interpreter according to the letter. 
 
 liit'er-M'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being literal. 
 
 liit'er-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. literalized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. LITERALIZING.] To interpret or put in prac- 
 tice according to the strict meaning of the words. 
 
 Liit'er-al-ly, adv. 1. According to the primary and 
 natural import of words, tj. Word by word. 
 
 liit'er-a-ry (44), a. [Lat. literarius, from litera, a letter.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to letters or Uterature. 2. Versed in, or 
 acquainted with, Uterature. 3. Consisting in letters, or 
 written or printed compositions. 
 
 Lit'er-ate, a. [Lat. literatus, from litera, a letter.] In- 
 structed in learning and science ; learned ; lettered. 
 
 liit'er-ate, n. 1. One educated, but not having taken a 
 imiversity degree. [Eng.] 'i. A Uterary man. 
 
 JLlt'er-a'tim, adv. [Low Lat., from Lat. litera, letter.] 
 Letter for letter. 
 
 L.it'er-a-ture (53), n. [Lat. literatiira, from litera, a 
 letter.] 1. Learning ; acquaintance with letters or books. 
 
 2. The collective body of literary productions. 3. The 
 class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or ex- 
 pression, as poetry, essays, or history. 
 
 Syn. — Science ; learning ; erudition ; belles-lettres. See 
 Science. — Ziteofure, in its widest sense, embraces all com- 
 positions except those on the positive sciences, mathematics, 
 &c. It is usually confined, however, to the belles-lettres, or 
 works of taste and sentiment, as poetry, eloquence, historj', 
 &c., excluding abstract discussions and mere erudition. A 
 man of literature is one who is versed in the belles-lettres ; a 
 man of learning excels in what is taught in the schools, and 
 has a wide extent of knowledge, especially in respect to the 
 past; a man of erudition is one who is skilled in the more re- 
 condite branches of learned inquiry. 
 
 lAt'er-d'tvis, n.; pi. L^T'ER-A'Ti. [Lat.] A learned 
 
 man ; a man of erudition ; — chiefly used in the plural. 
 latli'arge, n. [Lat. lithargyrus, Gr. Atflapyvpo?, scum 
 
 or foam of silver, from Atdos, stone, and apyvpos, silver.] 
 
 ( Chem.) Protoxide of lead, produced by exposing melted 
 
 lead to a current of air. 
 liitiie, a. [A.-S. lidhe, for Z?n<//ii?, tender, mild, gentle.] 
 
 Capable of being easily bent ; pUant ; flexible ; limber. 
 Otiie'iiess, n. State of being lithe ; flexibility ; Umber- 
 I.itiie's6nie, a. Pliant ; limber ; nimble. [ness. 
 
 Liitli'i-e, a. [Gr. A.t0t/<6s, of, or belonging to, stones, from 
 
 Xi'flos, stone.] (Chem.) Pertaining to the stone in the 
 
 bladder ; uric. 
 latli'i-itm, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. A.t0os, stone.] ( Chem.) 
 
 One of the alkaline metals, so called because obtained 
 
 from a mineral. It is the Ughtest metal known. 
 Iiitli'o-gra,pli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. lithographed 
 
 ( llth/o -graft ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. LITHOGRAPHING.] [Gr. 
 
 Aidos, stone, andypa^etv, to write, engrave.] To trace on 
 
 stone, and transfer to paper by printing. 
 riitli'o-grS,pli, n. A print from a drawing on stone. 
 lii-tliog'ra-plier, n. One who practices lithography. 
 Xiitli'o-grapli'ic, \a. Pertaining to Uthography ; en- 
 Ijithi'o-grapli'i«-al, j graved upon, or printed from, 
 
 stone. 
 L.i-tli6g'ra-ph.y, n. The art by which impressions or 
 
 prints are obtained by a chemical process, from designs 
 
 made with a greasy material upon stone. 
 lAth.'o-lbs'i<:, \ a. ( Geol.) Pertaining to the charac- 
 L.Itli''o-16g'i-e-al, ) ter of a rock, as derived from the 
 
 nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents. 
 rii-tli61'o-gist, n. One skilled in the science of stones. 
 O-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. kCOo?, stone, and A.6yo?, discourse.] 
 
 1» The science which treats of the characteristics and 
 
 classification of rocks. 2. (Med.) A treatise on stones 
 
 found in the body. 
 Liitli'o-man'^y, n. [Gr. A.i0os, stone, and /Ltai/reta, divi- 
 nation.] Divination or prediction of events by means of 
 
 stones. 
 r.itli'o3i-trip'ti«, a. [Gr. A.i0o?, stone, and rpt/Seiv, to 
 
 rub, grind] (Med.) Having the quahty of destroying 
 
 the stone in the bladder or kidneys. 
 I.itli'oii-trip'ti-e, n. (Med.) A medicine which has the 
 
 power of destroying the stone in the bladder or kidneys. 
 !Litli'ou-trip''tor, h. (Surg.) An instrument for tritu- 
 rating the stone in the bladder. 
 JLitli'o-pliyte, n. [Gr. Ai^os, stone, and <})vt6v, plant.] 
 
 (Zo'dl.) A production apparently both stone and plant, as 
 
 the corals and sea-fans. They are now known to be either 
 
 animals or plants. 
 
 L,i-tli6t'o-inist, n. One who performs the operation 
 of cutting for the stone in the bladder. 
 
 lii-tlidt'o-my, n. [Gr. Ai0oTo/xca, from Xtflos, stone, and 
 TenveLv, to cut.] (Surg.) The opei-ation, art. or practice 
 of cuttmg for the stone in the bladder. 
 
 Litli'o-trip'sy, n. [Gr. At'dos, stone, and rpii/zi?, a rub- 
 bing, grinding.] (Surg.) The operation of triturating 
 the stone in the bladder. 
 
 L.i-tli6t'ri-ty, n. [From Gr. Xi^os, stone, and Lat. terere, 
 tritum, to rub, grind.] (Surg.) The operation of break- 
 ing a stone in the bladder into small pieces capable of 
 being voided. 
 
 Liifi-gant, a. [l,a.t. litigans,T^. -pr. of liti gar e. See LIT- 
 IGATE.] Disposed to htigate ; engaged in a lawsuit. 
 
 Liit'i-gaut, n. A person engaged in r lawsuit. 
 
 Lit'i-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. LITIGATED; p. pr. &. 
 vb. n. LITIGATING.] [Lat. litigare, litigatvm, from lis, 
 litis, dispute, contest, lawsuit, and agere, to carry on.] 
 To contest in law. 
 
 Liit'i-gate, f. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process. 
 
 Liifi-ga'tion, n. Act or process of litigating ; a suit at 
 law ; a judicial contest. 
 
 Lri-tig'ioiis (IT-tTj/us), a. [Lat. litigiosus, from litigium, 
 dispute, quarrel.] 1. Inclined to judicial contest ; quar- 
 relsome; contentious; fond of litigation . 2. Subject to 
 I contention ; disputable ; controvertible. 3. Pertaining 
 to legal disputes. 
 
 L,i-ti§f'ioiis-ly, adv. In a litigious manner. 
 
 L,i-tig'ious-iiess, n. Dispo.sition to engage in lawsuits. 
 
 Lit'inus, n. [H. Ger. lackmus, from lack, lacker, and 
 mus, a thick preparation of fruit, pap.] A purple dye 
 obtained from a lichen, the archil, and from a kind of 
 spurge common in the south of Europe. It turns blue 
 ' with alkaUes and red with acids. 
 ' JLitre (li'ter or le'tr), n. The same as Liter. 
 I Liit'ter, n. [Low Lat. lectaria, from Lat. lectus, couch, 
 bed.] 1. A bed so furnished with supports that it may 
 be easily carried about with a person in it. 2. A coarse 
 bed of straw or hay for animals to rest upon ; also, a 
 covering of straw for plants. 3. A confused mass of ob- 
 jects little valued ; rubbish. 4. A condition of disorder 
 or confusion. 5. The number of pigs or other small 
 brutes born at once. 
 
 Lifter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LITTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 LITTERING.] 1. To supply with litter. 2. To put into 
 a confused or disordered condition. 3. To give birth to ; 
 
 liit'ter, V. i. To produce a Utter. [to bear. 
 
 Z,itt4rateur (le-ta/ra-tur'), n. [Tr.] One versed in litera- 
 ture ; a Uterary man. 
 
 liit'tle, a. [compar. less ; sxtperl. LEAST.] [A.-S. lytel, 
 litel, lift, Icel. litill, Goth, leitils.] 1. SmaU in size or ex- 
 tent ; diminutive. 2. Short in duration ; brief. 3. SmaU 
 in quantity or amount. 4. SmaU in dignity, power, or 
 importance; insignificant; contemptible. 5. SmaU in 
 force or eflSiciency ; weak ; sUght ; inconsiderable. 6. 
 SmaU in generosity ; mean. 
 
 liit'tle, n. 1. A smaU quantity, amount, space, and the 
 like. 2. Small degree or scale ; miniature. 
 
 A little, by a smaU degree ; to a limited extent ; somewhat ; 
 for a short hme. 
 
 Lit 'tie, adv. In a smaU quantity or degree ; not much ; 
 
 sUghtly. 
 Liit'tle-ness, n. The state or quaUty of being Uttle ; 
 
 smallness of size or bulk ; want of grandeur. 
 
 Syn.— Smallness ; slightness ; inconsiderableness ; insig- 
 nificance; meanness; penuriousness. 
 
 Liit'to-ral, a. [Lat. littoraiis, litoralis, from littics, litus, 
 the sea-shore.] 1. Belonging to a shore, as of the sea. 
 2. Pertauiing to the interval or zone on a sea-coast, be- 
 tween high and low water mark. 
 
 Lii-tux'^i*, ) a. Pertaining to a liturgy, or to pubUc 
 
 L.i-t<ir'gi«-al, ) prayer and worship. 
 
 Liit'ur-gist, n. One who favors or adheres strictly to 
 a Uturgy. 
 
 I<it'ur-gy, rt. [Gr. \eirovpyCa, a pubUc service, pubUc 
 worship, from AelVoj, Aetros, belonging to the people, 
 pubUc, and the root epyeiv, to work.] 1. The estabUshed 
 formulas or entire ritual for public worship in those 
 churches which use prescribed forms. 2. (Rom. Cath. 
 Church.) The mass, or entire ritual. 
 
 Liive (liv), f. i. [imp. & p. p. lived : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LIVING.] [A.-S. libban, lifian, leofinn, Goth, liban, Icel. 
 Ufa, aUied to leave, q. v.] 1. to have life : to be ani- 
 mated. 2. To pass one's life or time as to habits or con- 
 stitution. 3. To abide; to dweU ; to resid^. 4. To 
 continue in existence; to remain; to last. 5. To Uve, 
 emphaticaUy ; to enjoy Ufe. 6. To feed ; to subsist ; to 
 
 iood, t&ot ; ^Lrn, ri{.de, pull ; fell, (baise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, li^k ; tlUs 
 
-'»"^''?*>tl/f-^JW^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 LIVE 
 
 432 
 
 LOATHLY 
 
 be oourlshed. 7. To be maintained in life ; to acquire a 
 livelihood. S. ( Script ) (a.) To be exempt from spiritnal 
 death, (b.) To be inwardly quickened, and actuated by 
 divine intluouce or fiiith. 
 
 I.ive(l'iv), V. t. 1. To spend, as one's life. 2. To act 
 habitually iu conformity to. 
 
 Live, a. i. Having life. ^i. Full of earnestness ; active; 
 wide awake. 3. Containing tire ; ignited. 4. Vivid ; 
 bright ; clowiug, as color. 
 
 Liive'li-hobd,"«. [.A..-S. lifladu, course of life, main- 
 tenance, from /j/; life, and ladii, way, journey.] Means 
 of maintaining existence : support of life ; maintenance. 
 
 lilve'li-iiess, n. 1. Quality or state of being lively or 
 animated ; spirit, 'i. An appearance of life, animation, 
 or spirit. 3. Effervescence, as of liquors. 
 
 Syn. — Sprightliness; gayety; animation; vivacity; smart- 
 ness; briskness ; activity. — Zire?i»icjw is an habitual feeling of 
 life and interest; gayety refers more to a temporary excitement 
 of the animal spirits ; animation implies a warmth of emotion 
 •nd a corresponding vividness of expressing it, awakened bv 
 the presence of something which strongl- affects the mind; 
 wuociYi/ is a feeling between liveliness and animation, having 
 the permanency of the one, and, to some extent, the warmth of 
 the other. Zii.vJme.w of imagination; gaijetii of heart; anima- 
 tion of countenance: vivacity of gesture or conver.sation. 
 
 LiTe15ug (ITv'long), a. Long in passing. 
 
 Live'ly, a. [compar. livelier : superl. LIVELIEST.] 
 1. Endowed with or manifesting life ; living, ti. Brisk; 
 vivacious : active. 3. Gay ; animated : spirited. 4. Repre- 
 senting life ; life-like. 5. Strong ; bright ; vivid ; glowing. 
 Syn.— Vigorous ; quick : nimble ; smart ; active ; alert ; 
 .sprightly; prompt; energetic; vivacious; blithe; gleeful; airy; 
 jocund. 
 
 Liively, adv. With strong resemblance of life. 
 
 Liive'-oak, n. (Bot.) A species of oak growing in the 
 Southern States, of great durability. 
 
 Liiv'er, n. 1. One who lives, ti. A resident ; a dweller. 
 3. An eater or provider of food, &c. 
 
 JAv'er, n. [A.-S. lifer, Icel. lifur.] (Anat.) The largest 
 gland of the body, situated immediately beneath the 
 diaphragm. It secretes the bile. 
 
 r.iv'er-"wort (-wQrt), n. (Bot.) A plant between the 
 lichens and mosses, of a loose cellular texture, found in 
 moist places, on rocks, &c. 
 
 Liiv'er-y, n. [0. Fr. livrce, a gift of clothes made by the 
 master to his servants, prop, a thing delivered, from Fr. 
 /itver, to deliver. See Deliver.] 1. (Eng. Law.) (a.) 
 Act of delivering possession of lands or tenements, [b.) 
 The writ by which possession is obtained. tJ. Deliver- 
 ance. 3. That which is delivered out statedly or for- 
 mally, as clothing, food, &c. ; especially, (a.) The peculiar 
 dress by which the servants of a nobleman or gentleman 
 are dbtinguished. (6.) The peculiar dress or garb ap- 
 propriated by any association or body of persons to their 
 own use ; also, the whole body or company of those wear- 
 ing such a garb. (c. ) Any characteristic dress or outward 
 appearance, (d.) An allowance of food statedly given 
 out ; a ration, as to a family, to servants, to horses, &c. 
 
 Liiv'er-y, v. t. To clothe in livery. 
 
 Liiv'er-y-man, n. ; pi. liv'er-y-men. 1. One who 
 wears a livery, as a servant. 3. A freeman of the city, 
 in London, entitled to wear the distinguishing dress or 
 livery of the company to which he belongs. 
 
 "Liv'er-y-sta'ble, n. A stable where horses are kept for 
 hire, and where stabling is provided. See Livery, n.. 
 No. 3(d.). 
 
 L.fT'id, a. [Lat. lividus, from livere, to be of a bluish 
 color, to be black and blue.] Black and blue ; of a lead 
 color; discolored, as flesh by contusion. 
 
 Lii-vid'i-ty, n. A dark or black and blue color, like that 
 
 'Ltv'id.ness,n. Lividity. [of bruised flesh. 
 
 Liiv'ing, a. 1. Having life; active; lively. 2. Lssuing 
 continually from the earth ; flowing. "3. Producing 
 action, animation, and vigor. 
 
 Liv'in^, n. 1, Means of .subsistence ; livelihood. 2. 
 Act of living, or living comfortably. 3. The benefice of 
 a clergyman. [Eng.] 4. One who is alive, or those 
 who are alive. 
 
 JA'vTfi flT'ver or I3'vr), n. [Fr., from Lat. libra, a pound 
 of 12 oz.] A French money of account, afterward a sil- 
 ver coin equal to 20 sou.", or IS^cents. It is not now in use. 
 
 Iiix-iv'i-al, a. [Lat. lixivius, from lix, ashes, he.] 1. 
 Obtained by lixiviation. ti. Containing salt extracted 
 from the ashes of wood. 3. Of the color of lye ; resem- 
 bling lye. 4. Having the qualities of alkaline' salts from 
 wood-ashes. 
 
 liix-iv'f-ate, ) o. 1. Pertaining to \ye or lixivium: 
 
 Llx-iv'i-a'ted, ) 2. Impregnated with salts from wood- 
 ashes. 
 
 Lizard. 
 
 liix-iv'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lixiviated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. lixiviating.] To subject tp the process of 
 lixiviation; to leach. ^ 
 
 r.ix-iv'i-a'tion, n. Operation or process of extracting 
 alkaline salts from ashes. 
 
 L,ix-iv'i-uin, ti. [Lat. lixivium and lixivia.] Water 
 impregnated with alkaline salts imbibed from wood ashes 
 
 liiz'ard, «. [Lat. lacerla and la- ^ 
 certus.] (Zo'dl.) A four-footed rep- ' 
 tile, having an elongate, round 
 body, a very long, round tail, 
 a head covered with polygonal 
 plates, and a free tongue, more or 
 less divided at the end. The lizards 
 are found in most of the warm parts of the world. 
 
 Lilama (iJi'ma or la'ma), n. 
 [Peruv.] (Zoi>7.) An ungulate 
 ruminating mammal allied to 
 the camel. It is found in 
 South America. 
 
 L,o, iiiterj. [A.-S. la. See La.] 
 Look ; see ; behold ; observe. 
 
 lLroacli,n. [Fr. loche,Sp. loja.] 
 {Irhth.) A small fish, allied to* 
 the minnow, inhabiting small, 
 clear streams, and esteemed 
 dainty food. Llama. 
 
 L.oad(20),7i. [Seen0-a.] 1. A burden; that which is laid 
 on or put in any thing for conveyance ; a weight. 2. 
 Amount or quantitj- which one can carry ; contents of a 
 cart, barrow, or vessel ; hence, a heav^- burden. 3. That 
 which oppresses or grieves the mind or spirits. 4. A par- 
 ticular measure for certain articles, being as much as can 
 be carried at one time by the conveyance commonly used 
 for the article measured. 5, The charge of a fire-arm. 
 Syn. — Burden ; lading; weight; cargo. 
 
 Lioad, V. t. [imp. & ;;. p. LOADED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOADING.] [^..-'$,.hladan. See LADE.] 1. Tolayabur- 
 den on ; to cause to bear ; to furnish with a lading or 
 cargo. 2. Hence, to weigh down ; to encumber ; to bestow 
 or confer in great abundance. 3. To add to the weight 
 of, by some heavy, extraneous addition. 4. To charge, as 
 a gun, with powder, or with powder and shot or ball. 
 
 r.oad'star, n. [A.-S. ld.du, lad, course, a leading, from 
 lidlian, to go, Izdan to lead.] The star that leads ; the 
 polestar. [VYritten also lodestar.] 
 
 L.oad'stoiie, n. [A.-S. ladu, lad, course, conduct.] 
 (Min.) Apiece of magnetic iron ore possessing polarity 
 like a magnetic needle. [Written also lodestone.] 
 
 lioaf , n. ; pi. LOAVEg. [A.-S. /daf, id/, Goth, hlaifs, hlaibs.] 
 Any thick lump or mass: especially, a large regularly 
 shaped mass, as of bread, sugar, or cake. 
 
 Lioaf , r. i. [i7np. & p. p. loafed (loft) ; p.pr. &, vh.n. 
 LOAFING.] To spend time in idleness ; to lounge ; to loiter. 
 
 liOaf , V. t. To pass or spend in idleness ; to waste lazily. 
 
 LiOaf 'er, n. [N. H. Ger. laufer, Prov. Ger. lavfcr, lofer, 
 from laufen, lofen, lopen, to run.] An idle man; a va- 
 grant who seeks his living by sponging or expedients. 
 
 L,oaxii, n. [A.-S. lam, allied to Lat. limits, slime, mud.] 
 A rich friable soil chiefly composed of silicious sand, clay, 
 and carbonate of lime. 
 
 Lioam, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LOAMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOAMING.] To cover with loam. 
 
 L-oam'y, a. Consisting of loam ; partaking of the nature 
 of loam, or resembling it. 
 
 I.<5aii, n. [A.-S. Lrn, for Ixhen, from lihen, to lend. See 
 Lend.] 1. Act of lending. 2. That which is lent; any 
 thing lent on condition that the specific thing shall be re- 
 turned, or its equivalent in kind. 3. A permission to use ; 
 grant of the use. 
 
 Iioan, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LOANED ; p. pr. & vb. 7i. 
 LOANING.] To lend. 
 
 Lioau, V. i. To lend money or other valuable property ; 
 to negotiate a loan ; — said of the lender. 
 
 ILoatli, a. [A.-S. /dcfA, hostile, odious. Cf. LoTH.] Filled 
 with aversion ; unwilling ; backward ; reluctant. Seo 
 Loth. 
 
 liOaDie, V. t. [imp. & p. p. loathed : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOATHING.] 1. To have an extreme aversion of the 
 appetite to food or drink. 2. To dislike greatly. 
 Syn. — To hate; abhor; detest; abominate. SeeDKTEST. 
 
 Lioatii'er, n. One who loathes or abhors. 
 
 Lioatii'ful, a. 1. Full of loathing. 2. Awakening or 
 exciting'loathing or disgust ; dL=gusting. [tion. 
 
 Lioatti'lng, n. Extreme disgust ; abhorrence : detesta- 
 
 Loatii'ly, a. [compar. LOATHLIER ; superl. LOATH- 
 LlEST.i Loathsome. 
 
 a,e,&c.,tong'; ft, 6,&c.,5/uwi; c&re,far,ask, ^11, -vrliat; gre, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm; son, dr, dQ,'W9l^ 
 
jjrv' ■/■: «f- 
 
 LOATHSOME 
 
 433 
 
 LODGMENT 
 
 Lioatiti'some (lotb'sum), a. 1. Causing to loathe ; ex- 
 citing diK«gust. tj. Exciting hatred or abhorrence ; de- 
 testable ; odious. [disgust or abhorrence. 
 
 Iioatii'some'ness, n. The quaUty of exciting extreme 
 
 Lioaveg (lovz), n. ; pi. of loaf. See Loaf. 
 
 Lob, n. [\V. Hob, an unwieldy lump, a dull fellow, a 
 blockhead. Cf. LUBBER.] 1. A dull, heavy, sluggish 
 person. ^. Something thick and heavy. 
 
 lidb, V. t. To let fall heavily or lazily. 
 
 liO'bate, la. (Nat. Hist.) Consisting of, or having 
 
 l.o'ba-ted, J lobes ; lobed. 
 
 jLob'by , n. [Low Lat. labium , labia, labbia, a covered por- 
 tico tit for walking, from Ger. laub, foliage, because places 
 of this kind are often covered with leaves and boughs ; N. 
 H. Ger. laube, arbor, bower.] 1. (Arch.) An inclosed 
 place surrounding or communicating with one or more 
 apartments; also, a small hall or waiting-room. ti. That 
 part of a hall of legislation not appropriated to the ofificial 
 use of the assembly ; hence, the men who frequent such a 
 place for the sake of business with the legislators. [Amer.] 
 3. (Naut.) An apartment close before the captain's cabin. 
 
 ^ob'by, V- i. [imp. & p. p. lobbied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOBBYING.] To solicit members of a legislative body 
 in the lobby or elsewhere away from the House, with a 
 view to influence their votes. [Amer.] 
 
 liobe, n. [Lat. labiis, from Gr. Ao/36s, from AeVeiv, to 
 peel.] Any projection or division, especially of a some- 
 what rounded form. 
 
 liObed, a. Having lobes ; lobate. 
 
 "Lo-be'li-a, n. [From Label, botanist to King James I.] 
 (Bot.) A genus of plants, including a great number of 
 species, one of which is used in medicine as an emetic, 
 expectorant, &c. 
 
 L6b'lol-ly, n. [From lob and loll, q. v.] "Water-gruel, 
 or spoon-meat ; — so called among seamen. 
 
 L6b'lol-ly-boy, n. A surgeon's attendant on shipboard. 
 
 JL6b'lol-ly-tree, n. (Bat.) A West Indian tree growing 
 to the height of about thirty feet, and producing a fruit 
 which is sometimes eaten. 
 
 LiOb's-eouse, n. [From lob and course, q. v.] (Naut.) A 
 hash of meat with vegetables of various kinds ; an olio. 
 
 liOb'ster, n. [A.-S. lappestre, lo- 
 pystre, lopustre, most probably 
 corrupted from Lat. locusta, lo- 
 cuata marina, a marine shell-fish.] 
 (Zodl.) A large, long-tailed crus- 
 tacean, used for food. 
 
 Li6b'ule,n. [Jjat. lobulus, dim. of 
 lobus. See Lobe.] A small lobe. 
 
 LiO'-eal,a. [Lat. ^cafo, from ^cms, Lobster, 
 
 place.] 1. Pertaining to a particular place, or to a fixed 
 or limited portion of space. 2. Limited or confined to 
 a spot, place, or definite district. 
 
 IiO'-eal-igm, n. 1. State of being local. 3, A local 
 idiom, phrase, or custom. 
 
 LiO-eai'i-ty, n. 1. Existence in a place, or in a certain 
 portion of space. 2. Position ; situation ; place. 3. 
 Limitation to a county, district, or place. 
 
 LiO'<inl-ixe,v. t. [imp. So p.p. localized ; 7?. ^tt. & vb. 
 n. LOCALIZING.] To fix in, or assign to a definite place. 
 
 liO'cal-ly, adv. With respect to place ; in place. 
 
 LiO'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. located ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOCATING.] [Lat. lacare, locatum, from locus, place.] 
 1. To place; to set in a particular spot or position. 2. 
 To designate the site or place of. 3. To select or deter- 
 mine the bounds or place of. [Amer.] 
 
 liO-ea'tion (110), n. 1. Act of placing, or of designating 
 a place. 2. The place where something spoken of is lo- 
 cated or permanently fixed. 3. A tract of land desig- 
 nated in place. 4:. (Laiv.) (a.) (Civil Law.) A leasing 
 on rent, (b.) (Amer. Law.) The marking out of the 
 boundaries, or identifying the place or site, of a piece of 
 land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, 
 map, and the like. [where, or wherein. 
 
 Lio'ca-tive, (a ) ( Grain.) Indicating place, or the place 
 
 liO-eh (16k), n. [Gael. & Ir. loch, W. llwch, A.-S. luh, al- 
 hed to N. H. Ger. lache, Lat. lacvs. See Lake.] A lake ; 
 a bay or arm of the sea. [Scot.] 
 
 liOcIc, n. [A.-S. lac, inclosure, an inclosed place, the 
 fastening of a door, locan, Itican, to lock, fasten, locc, 
 
 . lock of hair, loca, a flock of wool, bjccan, luccan, lucian, 
 locian, to pluck up.] 1. Any thing that fastens ; specifi- 
 cally, a fastening, as for a door, a lid, a trunk, and the 
 like, in which a movable bolt is projected or withdra\vn by 
 the action of a separate piece, called a key. 2. A fastening 
 together ; a state of being fixed or immovable. 3. A place 
 which is locked up. 4. The barrier or works which confine 
 the water of a stream or canal. 5. An inclosure in a canal 
 
 with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boat^ 
 as they pass from one level to another. 6. That part ol 
 a fire-arm by which fire is produced for the discharge cf 
 the piece. 7. A tuft of hair ; a flock ; a ringlet of hair. 
 
 L.dck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. locked (lokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOCKING.] [See Lock, n.] 1. To fasten with a lock 
 and key. 2. To fasten so as to impede motion. 3. To 
 shut up or confine, as with a lock. 4. To close fast. 5. 
 To encircle or inclose, tt. To furnish with locks, as a canal. 
 
 Lock, V. i. 1. To become fast. 2. To unite closely by 
 mutual insertion. 
 
 L,6ck'age,n. 1. Materials for locks in a canal. 2. Toll 
 paid for passing the locks. 3. Amount of elevation and 
 descent made by the locks. 
 
 L,6cked'-ja\v (lokt'jaw), n. (Med.) A violent contraction 
 of the muscles of the jaw, by which its motion is sus- 
 pended ; a variety of tetanus. 
 
 Lrock'er, n. A close place, as a drawer or an apartment 
 in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. 
 
 liOck'et, n. [Fr. loquet. dim. of 0. Fr. loc, latch, lock, 
 from A.-S. loc. See Lock, n.] 1. A catch or spring to 
 fasten a necklace or other ornament. 2. A little gold 
 case worn as an ornament, often containing a lock of hair 
 or a miniature. 
 
 liOck'-javi^, n. See LOCKED-JAW. 
 
 Liock'-sifnitli, n. An artificer whose occupation is to 
 make or mend locks. 
 
 Liock'-ilp, 7!. A place where bailiffs temporarily confine 
 persons under arrest ; a watch-house. 
 
 L.o'-eo-fo'«o, n. [Frcm a self-lighting cigar, with a match 
 composition at the end, called loco-foco cigar, a word 
 coined in imitation of the word locoinotive ,v>hich by the 
 vulgar was supposed to mean self-moving.] 1. A friction 
 match. [Amer.] 2. A member of the Democratic party. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 L,o/«o-mo'tioii, n. [Lat. locus, place, and motio, vaotion, 
 from movere, matum, to move.] Act or power of moving 
 from place to place. 
 
 L,o'-eo-mo'tive (110), a. 1. Changing place, or able to 
 change place. 2. Occupied in producing motion, or in 
 moving from place to place. 
 
 liO'-eo-mo'tive, ) n. A wheel-carriage sup- 
 
 L,0''«o-mo'tive-en''giiie, ) porting and driven by a 
 steam-engine, and used to convey goods or passengers, or 
 to draw railway carriages or cars. 
 
 L.o'-eo-jnao-tiv'i-ty, n. The power of changing place. 
 
 LiO'-eust, n. [Lat. locusta, locust, 
 grasshopper.] 1. (Entom.) A 
 jumping, orthopterous insecfc, close- - 
 ly resembling the grasshopper. 2. 
 (Bat.) The locust-tree. 
 
 Lo'-eust-tree, n. (Bot.) A large 
 North American tree, producing 
 large, slender racemes of white, fra- Locust, 
 
 grant flowers, and often cultivated as an ornamental tree. 
 
 LiO-eu'tion, n. [Lat. locutio, from loqui, to speak.] 
 Speech, or discourse. 
 
 LiOde, n. [A.-S. lad, l&du, course, conduct, lidhan, to 
 be borne, to go, liedan, to lead.] 1. (Mining.) A me- 
 tallic vein, or any regular vein or course, whether metal- 
 he or not. 2. A cut or reach of water. 
 
 Liode'star, n. See Loadstar. 
 
 liode'stone, «. See Loadstone. 
 
 Lodge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lodged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LODGING.] [See infra.] 1. To lay or deposit for keep- 
 ing or preservation. 2. To infix, to throw in ; to place; 
 to plant. 3. To fix in the heart, mind, or memory. 4. 
 To furnish with a temporary habitation ; hence, to har- 
 bor ; to cover. 
 
 Lodger.?'. 1. To reside; to dwell; to rest. 2. To rest 
 or dwell for a time. 
 
 Lodge, n. [From 0. H. Ger. lavba,!,. Lat. laubia, N. H. 
 Ger. lavbe, arbor, bower, from laub, foliage.] A place 
 in which one may lodge or find shelter; as, (a.) A 
 small house in a park or forest, (b.) The house of the 
 gate-keeper on a gentleman's estate, (c) A secret asso- 
 ciation, as of the Freemasons, &c. ; also, the place in 
 which they assemble. 
 
 Lodg'er, n. 1, One who lives at board, or in a hired 
 room, or who has a bed in another's house for a night. 
 2. One who resides in anj" place for a time. 
 
 Lodg'iiig, n. 1. A place of rest for a night, or of resi- 
 dence for a time. 2. Place of residence or rest ; harbor ; 
 cover. 
 
 LSdg'naent, n. 1. Act of lodging, or state of being 
 lodged. 2. A lodging-place; room. 3. Accumulation 
 of something deposited or remaining at rest. 4. (Mil.) 
 Occupation of a position, by a besieging party, and the 
 
 
 food, fdbt; ^rn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; tJiia> 
 
LOFT 
 
 434 
 
 LONGEVAL 
 
 Log, Line, and 
 Glass. 
 
 fcimation of an intrenchment thereon to maintain it 
 
 ajraiiist n>capture. 
 L,6£t('21), fi. [Icol. lopl, air, heaven, height ; A.-S. lyft, 
 
 air, cloud, alhed to lijl, q. v.] That wliich is lifted up ; 
 
 an elevation; hence, esptcialii/, («.) The room or space 
 
 under a n>of. (b.) A gallery or raised apai-tment in a 
 
 church, hall, &c. (c.) A floor or room placed above 
 
 another. 
 L,ftf t'i-ly , adv. In a lofty manner or position. 
 L.6ft'l-uoss, n. 1. Condition of being lofty; elevation; 
 
 heiiilit. 'i. Grandeur ; sublimity. 3. Haughtiness ; 
 
 arrojr.iiice. 
 L.6£t'y, a. [compnr. loftier ; superl. LOFTIEST.] [Ger. 
 
 lu/li'g, airy, aerial, lofty ; A.-S. loften, airy, high.] 1. 
 
 Lifted high up ; much "elevated in position ; towering. 
 
 2. Elevated in character or rank. 3. Characterized by 
 
 pride. 4. Elevated in language or style. 
 
 Syn. — Tall ; liigh ; exalted ; dignified ; stately ; majestic; 
 subliiiie; proud; haughty. See Tall. 
 
 TJSSi "• [t^f- f'^B and D. log, heavy, 
 dull] 1. A bulky piece or stick of 
 wood or timber. '2. (Naut.) An ap- 
 paratus for measuring the rate of a 
 ship's motion through the water. 3. 
 Hence, the record of the rate of a 
 ship's velocity ; a log-book. 
 
 L.dg, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LOGGED ; 
 pr.&i vb. n. LOGGING.] To cut and 
 get out logs. [Amer.] 
 
 LiOg'a-ritiim, n. [Gr. Xoyog, word, account, proportion, 
 and apifljads, number.] {Math.) One of a class of auxili- 
 ary numbers, designed to abridge arithmetical calcula- 
 tions, b^' the use of addition and subtraction in place of 
 multiplication and division ; the exponent of a power to 
 which another given invariable number, called the base, 
 must be raised in order to produce that given number. 
 
 Li6g'a-ritli'in.i€, la. Pertaining to logarithms ; con- 
 
 L.og'a-rit'ti'in.i-e-al, ) sisting of logarithms. 
 
 IiOg'-bcJok, n. [Naut.) A book in which is entered the 
 daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, 
 with notes on the weather, &c. 
 
 !L6g'-<;a,b'in, n. A log-house. 
 
 LiOg'ger, n. One engaged in getting timber. 
 
 I'Og'gtir-ligacl, n. [From log and head.] 1, A block- 
 head ; a dunce. 2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long 
 handle, used to heat tar. 3. (Naut.) A piece of round 
 timber, in a whale-boat, over wliich the line is passed, to 
 make it run more slowly. 
 
 To he at loogerheads, to fall to loggerheads, or to go to log- 
 gerheads, to come to blows; to be at strLfc. 
 
 JLoggia (IQd'ja), n. [It., from Lat. locus, place.] A gal- 
 lery or portico ornamented with paintings, &c. 
 LiOg'-house, I 11. A house or hut whose walls are com- 
 L.6g'-liu.t, ) po.eed of logs laid on one another. 
 LiSg'ic, n. [Lat. logica, logice, Gr. AoyiKij, (sc. Te'xvrj, fr. 
 
 XoyiKos, belonging to speaking or reason ; A.6-yo?, speech, 
 
 reason.] The science of pure and formal thought, or of 
 
 the Ixiws according to which the process of pure thinking 
 
 should be conducted. 
 L.6g'ie-al, a. 1. Pertaining to logic ; used in logic. 3. 
 
 According to the rules of logic. 3. Skilled in logic. 
 l.og'l'e-al-ly, adv. In a logical manner. 
 L.o-gi'ciaii (lo-jish'an), n. One skilled in logic. 
 L.5g'-line, n. (Naut.) A line or cord about a hundred 
 
 and fifty fathoms in length, used for ascertaining the 
 
 speed of a vessel. 
 r.6g'man, n. / pi. log'men. One whose occupation is 
 
 to cut and convey logs to a mill. [Local. Amer.] 
 LSg'o-grflm, n. [Gr. A.6yo?, word, and ypa/x^ia, letter.] 
 
 A word-letter ; a character, that, for the sake of brevity, 
 
 represents a word ; sw, \,i. e., t, for it. 
 
 I>6g'o-graplx'i«'al, ] ""■ P^rtammg to logography. 
 L,o-g6g'ra-i>hy, n. [Gr. Koyoypa^ia, from \6yo<;, word, 
 
 speech, and ypa-^eij/, to write.] 1. A method of printing 
 
 in which whole words, cast in a single type, are used in- I extent or duration. 
 
 Btead of single letters. 2. A mode of reporting speeches ' LSng, v. i. [imp. & p. p. longed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 by a number of reporters, each of whom in succession ' LONGING.] [A.-S. langian, to lengthen, to stretch out 
 
 tak^ down three or four words. I the mind after, to crave, from /an§-, long.] 1. To desire 
 
 Ix»-g6m'a-ehist, n. One who contends about words, j earnestly or eagerly. 2. To have an eager, preternatural, 
 Lo-g6m'a-<;hy, «. [Gr. Aoyo/Aaxta, from Adyo?, word, | or craving appetite. 
 
 and fj.axn, fight, battle, contest.] Contention in words , Long'-boat, n. (Naut.) The largest and strongest boat 
 
 belonging to a ship. 
 
 logs for burning. 2. Hence, to help another in expecta- 
 tion or consideration of help from him to carry a point or 
 scheme, especially in matters of legislative action. [ Cant. 
 Ayritr.] 
 
 LiSg'wobd, n. [So called from being imported in logs.] 
 Tne heart-wood of a tree found in South America. It ia 
 a red, hejivy wood, containing a crystalline yellow sub- 
 stance, used largely in red dyes. 
 
 liOin, n. [From Lat. lumbus, loin.] 1. That part of an 
 animal just above the hip-laone, on either side of the 
 spinal column, extending upward to the false ribs. 2. 
 pi. A corresponding part of the human body ; — called 
 also the reins. 
 
 Loi'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. LOITERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOITERING.] [D. leuteren, loteren, to delay, loiter, 0. 
 H. Ger. lotar.] To be slow in moving ; to be dilatory ; to 
 spend time idly. 
 
 Syn. — To linger; delay; lag; saunter; tarrv. — ZoiVer and 
 lag have a bad sense, denoting that a person is dilaton/ through 
 laziness, or remains behind while others are advancing. One 
 may linger or lengthen out his time or stHy from a regret to 
 leave scenes which had been dear to him. To saunter is the 
 act of a mere idler, who moves about carelessly with no defi- 
 nite end or object. 
 
 L.oi'ter-er, n. One who loiters ; an idler. 
 
 L.0II, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LOLLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LOLL- 
 ING.] [Icel. lolla, to act lazily.] 1. To act lazily or 
 indolently ; hence, to throw one's self down ; to lie at 
 ease. 2. To hang extended from the mouth, as the 
 tongue of an ox or a dog. 3. To put out the tongue, as 
 an ox, dog, &c. 
 
 11.611, V. t. To thrust out, as the tongue. 
 
 Lrol'lard, n. [From Walter Z-oZ/zarr/jw, a German. Cf. L. 
 Ger. and D. lolleii, to mumble, to hum, to sing in a mur- 
 muring strain.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a.) One of a sect of early 
 reformers in Germany, (b.) One of the followers of 
 AVyclifFe in England. 
 
 !L61'li-p6p, n. [Perhaps from Prov. Eng. loll, to fondle, 
 soothe, Sind pope, a mixed hquor.] A kind of sugar con- 
 fectionery which dissolves easily in the mouth. [ Vulgar.] 
 
 LiO'ineiit, n. [Lat. lomentum, a mixture of bean meal 
 and rice, used by the Roman ladies as a cosmetic, from 
 lavare, lotum, to wash.] (Bot.) An elongated pod, con- 
 sisting of two valves, but divided transversely into small 
 cells, each containing a single seed. 
 
 liOne, a. [Abbreviated from aZone, q. v.] 1. Having no 
 company ; solitary ; retired ; unfrequented. 2. Stand- 
 ing by itself; single. 3. Single ; unmarried, or in widow- 
 hood. 
 
 Lione'li-ness, n. 1. Condition of being lonely. 2. Love 
 of retirement ; disposition to solitude. 
 
 Syn. — Solitude; retirement; seclusion. See Solitude. 
 
 LiOiie'ly, a. [compar. lonelier; superl. LONELIEST.] 
 1. Sequestered from company or neighbors. 2. Alone, 
 or in want of company. 
 
 Syn. — Solitary ; lone ; lonesome ; retired ; unfrequented ; 
 sequestered ; secluded. 
 
 Lione'some, a. [coinpar. lonesomer ; superl. LONE- 
 
 SOMEST.] Secluded from society ; solitary. 
 
 liOne'some-ly, adv. In a lonesome manner. 
 
 Lione'some-ness, n. State of being solitary ; solitude. 
 
 Lidng (21), a. [compar. LONGER (long'ger, 82); superl. 
 LONGEST (long'gest, 82). J [A.-S. long, tang, Icel. langr, 
 Goth, laggs, allied to Lat. longus.] 1. Drawn out in a 
 line ; protracted ; extended. 2. Drawn out or extended 
 in time. 3. Far away ; distant. 4. Extended to any 
 specified measure. 5. Slow in coming; dilatory. 6. 
 Continued through a considerable time, or to a great 
 length, as a look, a sound, a story, a line of ancestors, 
 and the like. 7. Far-reaching ; extensive. 
 
 In the long run, the whole course of things taken together ; 
 and hence, in the ultimate result. — Long dozen, one more than 
 a dozen; thirteen. — Ixjng home, the grave, or death. 
 
 liOng, adv. 1. To a great extent in space. 2. To a 
 great extent in time. 3. At a point of duration far dis- 
 tant, either prior or posterior. 4. Through the whole 
 
 merely : a war of words 
 LSg'o-type, n. [Gr. Adyos, word, and tuttos, type.] 
 
 (R'int.) A single piece, or type, containing two or more 
 
 letters : a.s, a?, Ji, Jl, ffl, and the like. 
 I>6g'-roll, V. i. 1. To assist in rolling and collecting 
 
 ILonge, n. [Abbreviated from allonge, q. v.] A thrust 
 
 See LUNGE. 
 lion-ge'val, a. [See Longevous.] Long-lived; lon- 
 [Rare.] 
 
 a,©,&e.,/(mgr/ &,&,&c., short; c&re,far,ask,aU,-virliat; Sre, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,do,\r9U 
 
LONGEVITY 
 
 435 
 
 LOQUACIOUS 
 
 IiOn-g6v'i-ty, M. Length or duration of life ; especially, 
 uncommonly long duration of life. 
 
 I^ont-ge'votis, a. [Lat. longscvus, from longvs, long, and 
 .rf«?n, lifetime, age.] Living a long time ; of great age. 
 
 L.6ng'-li6ad'ed, a. Having a great extent of thought ; 
 of penetrating mind^ discerning. 
 
 Ldng'ing, n. An eager desire ; a craving or preternat- 
 ural appetite ; an earnest wish ; an aspiration. 
 
 !L6n'gi-r6s'ter, n. [Lat. longii.<!, long, and rostrum, 
 beak.j ( Ornith.) One of a tribe of grallatory birds, hav- 
 ing long, slender beaks, which they thrust into the mud 
 in search of food, as the snipes, &c. 
 
 liOn'gi-ros'ti'al, a. Having a long bill. 
 
 LiSng'igh, a. Somewhat long ; moderately long. 
 
 lidn'gi-tvide (53), n. [Lat. toiigitudo, from longvs Aong.] 
 
 1. Length ; measure or distance along the longest line. 
 
 2. ( Geog.) The arc or portion of the equator intercepted 
 between the meridian of a given place, and the meridian 
 of some other place from which longitude is reckoned. 
 
 3. (Astrn^i.) The distance in degrees, reckoned from the 
 vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right angles 
 to it passing through the heavenly body whose longitude 
 is designated. 
 
 liOn'gi-tud'i-nal, a. 1. Pertaining to longitude or 
 length, ij. Running lengthwise. 
 
 r,6ii'gi-tud'i-nal-ly, adv. In the direction of length. 
 
 ■L6ng'-m6a§'ure (-mezh'ur), n. Lineal measure ; the 
 measure of length. 
 
 Long'-prim'er, n. (Print.) A kind of type, in size be- 
 tween small pica and bourgeois. 
 
 c@- This line is printed in long^rimer. 
 
 I^ong'sliore-maii, n. [Abbreviated from along shore 
 man.] One of a class of laborers employed about the 
 wharves of a seaport, especially in loading and unloading 
 
 Liong'-sighit'ed (-sTt'ed), a. 1. Able to see at a great 
 distance ; hence, of acute intellect ; sagacious ; far-see- 
 ing. 2. Able to see objects distinctly at a distance, but 
 not close at hand. 
 
 liOiig'-siglit'ed-ness (sTV-), n. 1. Faculty of seeing 
 objects at a great distance. 2. (Med. ) A defect of sight, 
 inconsequence of which objects near at hand are seen 
 confusedly, but at remoter distances distinctly. 
 
 Liong'-suf'fer-aii^e, n. Forbearance to punish. 
 
 Liong'-suffer-ing, a. Patient; not easily provoked. 
 
 LiSng'-suffer-ing, n. Long endurance ; patience of 
 offense. 
 
 TLiOng'-wind'ed, a. Long -breathed ; hence, tedious in 
 speaking, argument, or narration. 
 
 TiOb, 7?. [Probably from Fr. lot (pronounced lo), a lot, a 
 prize.] A game at cards. 
 
 tiOb, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LOOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LOO- 
 ING.] To beat in the game of loo, by winning every trick 
 at the game. 
 
 ^db'toy, n. [L. Ger. Ivbhe, Icel. luhhi. Cf. Lob.] An 
 awkward, clumsy fellow ; a lubber. 
 
 iloof , or L/Oof , n. [Also written luff.'] [D. loef, Ger. liif, 
 luv, allied to A.-S. lyft, Ger. /7</7,'Goth. luftiis, the air.] 
 (Naut.) The after part of a ship's bow. 
 
 lidbf , or Iioof , V. i. (Naut.) The same as Luff. 
 
 liObk (27), V. i. [imp. & p. p. looked (lobkt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. LOOKING.] [A.-S. Idcian, 0. H. Ger. luogen, 
 luoken, allied to Skr. I6k and lotsh, to see.] 1. To direct 
 the eye toward an object so as to see it. '2, To direct the 
 attention to ; to consider. 3. To make an effort to see ; 
 hence, to wait for expectantly. 4. To penetrate; to 
 solve, as a mystery. 5. To direct the gaze in all direc- 
 tions; to be circumspect; to watch. 6. To observe 
 narrowly ; to examine. 7. To examine one by one ; to 
 scrutinize. 8. To seem ; to appear. 9. To face ; to 
 front. 10. In the imperative, see ; behold ; take notice ; 
 observe. 
 
 Look, V. t. 1. To influence, overawe, or subdue by looks 
 or presence. 2, To express or manifest by a look. 
 
 To look ovt, to search for and discover ; to choose ; to select. 
 — To look up a thing, to search for it and find it. 
 
 Ii<>bk, n. 1. Cast of countenance; air of the face; as- 
 pect. 2. Act of looking or seeing. 3. View ; watch. 
 
 X<>bk'er, w. One who looks. 
 
 L.<>bk'ing- glass, n. A glass which reflects the form of 
 the person who looks on it ; a mirror. 
 
 litfbk'out, n. 1. A careful looking for any object or 
 event. 2. The place from which such observation is 
 made. 3. A person engaged in watching. 
 
 L.oom, n. [A.-S. Idma, geldma, pi. loman, household 
 stuff, furniture, utensils.] 1. A frame or machine of 
 
 Loon. 
 
 wood or other material, in which a weaver forms cloth out 
 of thread. 2. The indistinct appearance of any thing, an 
 land, whose outline only is visible. 
 
 Lidbm, V. i. [imp. & p. p. loomed ', p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOOMING.] [A.-S. leomian, lyman, to shine.] 1. To 
 appear above the surface either of sea or land, or to 
 appear larger than the real dimensions, and indistinctly, 
 as a distant object, a ship at sea, or a mountain. 2. To 
 rise and to be eminent. 
 
 Ldbn, n. [A.-S. lun, poor, needy.] A sorry fellow; & 
 rogue ; a rascal. 
 
 Ldbii, n. [A modification of 0. 
 Eng. loom, Icel ICmr, Ger. loh- 
 me,lomme.] (Ornith.) A swim- 
 ming and diving bird, allied to 
 the grebe, but having toes fully 
 webbed. It is found in the arc- 
 tic regions. 
 
 lidbp, n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael, lub, 
 luba, loop, noose, fold, thong, 
 bend, lub, lubaim, to bend, in- 
 cline.] 1. A doubling of a string through which a lace 
 or cord may be run for fastening. 2. A small, nanow 
 opening ; a loop-hole. 
 
 liObp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LOOPED (loGpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. LOOPING.] To fasten, secure, or ornament, by means 
 of a loop, or of loops. 
 
 Lidbp'-liole, n. 1. (Mil.) A small opening in the walls 
 of a fortification, or in the bulk-head of a ship, through 
 which small arms are discharged at an enemy. 2. A 
 hole or aperture that gives the means of escape. 
 
 Loose, V. t. [imp. Sc p. p. LOOSED (ItTost); p. pr. & vb. 
 n. LOOSING.] [A.-S. lesan, lysan, Icel. leysa, Goth. 
 Idiisjan.] 1. To untie or unbind ; to free from any fast- 
 ening ; to relieve. 2. To release from any thing obliga- 
 tory or burdensome; hence, to absolve; to remit. 3. 
 To relax ; to loosen. 4. To unfasten ; to undo ; to un- 
 lock. 
 
 Loose, V. i. To set sail ; to leave a port or harbor. 
 
 Loose, a. [compar. looser; superl. LOOSEST.] [A.-S. 
 leas, Icel. & Goth, laus, allied to lose, q. v.] 1. Un- 
 bound ; untied ; unsewed. 2. Free from obligation ; 
 disengaged. 3. Not tight or close. 4. Not crowded, 
 close, or compact. 5. Not concise; not precise or ex- 
 act ; vague ; indeterminate. 6. Not strict or rigid. 7. 
 Unconnected ; rambling. 8. Having lax bowels. 9. 
 Dissolute ; wanton ; unchaste. 10. Containing un- 
 chaste language. 
 
 Ldbse'ly, adv. 1. Not fast ; not firmly. 2. Without 
 confinement. 3. Without order, union, or connection. 
 4. Wantonly ; unchastely. 5. Neghgently ; heedlessly. 
 
 Loos'en (loDs'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. loosened; jo. 
 pr. & vb. n. LOOSENING.] [A.-S. Icsan, lysan. See 
 Loose, v. t.] 1. To make loose; to free from tightness, 
 firmness, or fixedness. 2. To render less dense or com- 
 pact. 3. To free from restraint. 4. To remove cos- 
 tiveness from. 
 
 Ldbs'eii (loosen), v. i. To become loose ; to become less 
 tight, firm, or compact. 
 
 Lqose'ness, n. The state of being loose or relaxed. 
 
 Loose'strife (109), n. (Bot.) (a.) A plant of several 
 species, having small, stai'-shaped flowers, usually of a 
 yeUow color, (b.) A plant having purple, or, in 8om« 
 species, crimson flowers. 
 
 Loot, n. [Hind.] Act of plundering in a conquered or 
 sacked city ; also, plunder. [Recent.] 
 
 Loot, V. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. LOOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOOTING.] To plunder ; to carry off as plunder or 
 prize lawfully obtained by war. [Recent.] 
 
 L6p, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LOPPED (lopt) ; p. pr. & vb. v. 
 LOPPING.] [D.lubben, to CMi,g&\di, allied to Gr. Ato^aV, to 
 mutilate.] 1. To cut off, as the top or extreme part of 
 any thing. 2. To cut partly off and bend down. 3. 
 To let faU. 
 
 L6p, V. i. To fall or hang downward ; to be pendent. 
 
 Lop, n. 1. That which is cut off, as from trees. 2. 
 That which lops or falls over. 
 
 Lop'per, V. i. [iinp. & p. p. loppered ; p. pr. & t*. 
 n. LOPPERING.] [0. H. Ger. liberen , liberOn, gtliber&n, 
 to curdle, coagulate.] To turn sour and coagulate from 
 too long standing, as milk. 
 
 Lop'ping, n. A cutting off, as of branches ; that whkk 
 is cut off; leavings. 
 
 Lop'sid-ed, a. Heavier on one side than the other, as 
 a ship. 
 
 Lo-qua'ciotts, a. [Lat. loquax, logiiacis, talkative, from 
 logui, to speak.] 1, Given to continual talking. 2. 
 Speaking ; noisy. 
 
 food, f<>bt; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, call, e<;lio; gem, get; a§; ejLst; linger, link; ttiis- 
 
LOQUACIOUSNESS 
 
 436 
 
 LOVE 
 
 Sym. — Garrulous ; talkative ; babbling. See Gabru- 
 
 LOl'S. 
 
 Lo-<iuS'cloils-iiess, ii. Loquacitj'. 
 
 Ltwiui^v'*-tyi "• The habit or practice of talking con- 
 tinually or excessively. 
 Sy n. — Talkativeness ; garrulity ; babbling. 
 
 L6rd, n. [0. Eng. lavtr,J, lov,rtI, \.-S. hUtford, la/ord, 
 for hlafweard. \. c.. bread-keeper, from hldf, bread, loaf, 
 and U'fardian, to look after, take care of. Cf Lady.] 
 1, A superior ; a master ; a ruler ; a governor, il. A 
 nobleman of any rank above that of a baronet ; hence, 
 by courtesy, the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest 
 son of an e.irl ; and also a bishop, if a member of Par- 
 liament. [En^.] 3. A title bestowed on the persons 
 above niimed : and also, for honor, on certain ofl&cial 
 characters, attendants, or i-epresentatives of majesty. 4. 
 A husband. 5. The Supreme Being ; Jehovah. 
 
 liOrd, p. t. [imp. & p. p. lorded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LORDING.] To play the lord; to domineer. 
 
 Lord'U-iiess, n. 1. Dignity ; high station. 3. Pride ; 
 haughtiness. 
 
 L.6rcl'ling, n. A little or diminutive lord. 
 
 Ldrd'ly, a. [compar. LORDLIER ; superl. LORDLIEST.] 
 [ From' /orf/ and termination Zy.] 1. Becoming a lord; 
 pertaining to a lord. ti. Proud ; haughty ; imperious. 
 
 Syn. — Overbearing ; tyrannical ; despotic; domineering; 
 arrogant ; insolent. 
 
 L.6rd'sliip, n. 1. State or quaUty of being a lord; 
 hence (with his^ your, or tlieir), a title applied to a lord, 
 except to an archbishop or duke. 3. Territory of a 
 lord over which he holds jurisdiction ; a manor. 3. Do- 
 minion ; power ; authority. 
 
 Lore, n. [A.-S. /dr, from Ixran, io teach.] 1. Erudi- 
 tion ; knowledge gained from reading or stud}'. 3. In- 
 struction : wisdom ; advice ; counsel. 
 
 JLo-rMt€', n. [Fr.] One of a certain class of females in 
 Paris devoted to intrigue and gaining their support by 
 prostitution ; — so called from the church of Notre Dame 
 de Lorette, near which many of them reside. 
 
 Ziorf/nette {lorn-y^t'), n. [Fr.] An opera-glass. 
 
 L,6r'i-«ate, v- t. [imp. & p. p. loricated: p. pr. 
 & vb. n. LORICATING.] [Lat. ioricare, loricatum, to 
 clothe in mail, lorica, a leather cuirass, from lorum, 
 thong.] 1. To plate over. 3. To cover with a coating 
 or crust, as a chemical vessel, for resisting fire. 
 
 L.6r'i-eate, o. Covered with a shell or hard exterior 
 made of plates somewhat hke a coat of mail. 
 
 liSr'i-ea'tion, m. 1. Act of loricating. 3. A surface 
 covered with plates like mail ; also, the covering thus 
 put on. [forsaken ; lonely. 
 
 lidrn, a. [A.-S. loren, p. p. of ledsan, to lose.] Lost ; 
 
 IiQg'a-ble, a. Capable of being lost ; Uable to be lost. 
 
 IiQ§e (l(7oz), V. t. [imp. & p. p. LOST ; p. pr &, vb. n. 
 LOSING.] [.\.-S. ieosan, forleosan, Goth, liusan.] 1. 
 To be rid of unintentionally. 3. To forfeit by unsuc- 
 cessful contest. 3. To part with ; to be deprived of. 4. 
 To throw away ; to employ ineffectually ; to waste ; to 
 squander. 5. To wander from ; to miss, so as not to be 
 able to find. 6. To perplex or bewilder. 7. To ruin: 
 to destroy. 8. To cease to view. 9. To fail to obtain! 
 
 Xq§e,f. i. 1. To forfeit any thing in contest. 3. To 
 suffer loss by comparison. 
 
 L.og'er, n. One who loses, or is deprived of any thing 
 by defeat, forfeiture, or the like. 
 
 I.6.SS (21), n. [A.-S. los, loss, losing. See Lose.] 1. 
 Act of losing ; failure ; destruction ; privation. 3. State 
 of having lost or having been deprived of. 3. That 
 which is lost ; -waste. 4. (3Iil.) Killed, wounded, and 
 captured persons, or captured property. 
 
 Syn. —Privation ; detriment ; injury ; damage ; disadvan- 
 tage. 
 
 L,5.st (21), a. [From /o5«.] 1. Parted from unwillingly ; 
 unintentionally rid of: missing. 3. Forfeited in an 
 un.succe.ssful contest. 3. Deprived of; no longer held or 
 possessed. 4. Thrown away ; employed ineffectually ; 
 wai!ted; squandered. 5. Bewildered; perplexed. 6. 
 Buined or destroyed, either physically or morally. 7. 
 Hardened beyond sensibiUty or recovery. 8. Not per- 
 ceptible to the senses ; not visible. 
 
 I,6t, n. [A.-S. Mot. lot, Goth. Jdaut.s, Icel. hlutr, from A.- 
 S. hltdtan, 0. H. Ger. hliozan, to draw lots.] 1. That 
 which happens without human design or forethought ; 
 chance; accident; hazard; fortune. 3. A contrivance 
 to determine a question by chance, or without the action 
 of man's choice or will. 3. The part, or fate, which 
 feUfl to one by chance, or without his planning. 4. The 
 separate portion belonging to one person ; hence, a dis- 
 
 tinct parcel ; a separate part. 5. A quantity or large 
 number. [Colloq. Amer.] 6. Any distinct portion of 
 land. [Attifr.] 
 
 Li6t, f. t. [imp. & p. p. LOTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LOT- 
 TING.] 1. To allot; to assign. 3. To separate into 
 lots or parcels ; to assort. • 
 
 LiOte, n. [Lat lotus, Gr. Awtos.] {Bot.) A large, hard- 
 wooded tree, found in the south of Eui'ope, which bean 
 a cherry-Uke fruit. 
 
 LiOtli, a. [See LoATH, the more correct and usual or- 
 thography.] 1. Hating; detesting. 3. Unwilling; 
 disliking ; reluctant. 
 
 liO'tioii, 71. [Lat. lotio, from lavare, lotum, to wash.) 
 1. A washing, especially of the skin for the purpose of 
 rendering it fair. 3. A liquid preparation for washing 
 some part of the body. 3. (3Ied.) A healing applica- 
 tion in a fluid form, to be appUed externally to the body. 
 
 Lio'tos, n. (Bo?.) See Lotus. 
 
 LrOt'ter-y, n. [Fr. loterie, from lot, a lot, prize. Seo 
 Lot.] a distribution of prizes by lot or chance. 
 
 LiO'tus, n. [Lat. lotus, Gr. Atoros.] 1. {Bot.) A plant of 
 several genera ; as, (a.) The Egyptian lotus, an aqu&tio 
 plant, something like the water-lily, (b ) The lotus of 
 the lotus-eaters, probably a tree found in Northern Af- 
 rica, the fruit of which was fabled to make strangera 
 who ate of it forget their native country, or lose all de- 
 sire to return to it. (c.) Thelote, or nettle-tree. [Sec 
 LoTE.] 3. {Arch.) An ornament in the form of tho 
 Egyptian water-lily. 
 
 L.oud,a. [co?7j/»ar. LOUDER ; SM/)^/. LOUDEST.] [A.-S. 
 hlhd, allied to Lat. clutus, dylus. in inclutus, inclytus, 
 celebrated, reno\vtied, and Gr. kAutos, heard, loud, &- 
 mous.] 1. Making a great sound. 3. Clamorous; 
 boisterous. 3. Emphatical ; impressive. 
 
 Syn. — Noisy; vociferous; obstreperous; tumultuous; tur- 
 bulent; blustering; vehement. 
 
 "Loud., adv. With loudness; loudly. 
 
 IiOiid'ly, adv. In a loud manner ; clamorously ; noisily. 
 
 IjOixd'ness, ?k 1. Great sound or noise. 3. Clamor; 
 turbulence : uproar. 
 
 I^ougli (16k j, n. [Celt, loch, llwch,A.-S,. luh. See LoCH.] 
 A loch. See LocH. 
 
 Louis-d'or (ItTo'e-dor'), n. [Fr., a Louis of gold.] A 
 gold coin of France, first struck in the reign of Louis 
 XIII., equivalent in value to twenty shillings sterling, 
 equal to about $4.84. 
 
 liOunge, V. i. [imp. & p. p. lounged ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. LOUNGING.] [Lat. longe, long, for a long time; 
 hence, 0. Eng. lu?igis, a slow, heavj-, awkward fellow.] 
 1. To spend time lazily ; to move idly about. 3. To re- 
 cline at ea.se ; to loll. 
 
 liOiuige, n. 1. An idle gait or stroll. 3. Act of re- 
 clining at ease. 3. A place for lounging. 4. A piece 
 of furniture on which one may recline. 
 
 LiOiui'ger, n. An idler ; one who loiters away Ms time. 
 
 Louse, ti.; pi. LI^E. [A.-S. lUs, pi. lys, 0. H. Ger. lUs, 
 pi. liusi, from Goth, liusan, to de.«troy, devour.] {En- 
 to?n.) A wingless, hemipterous insect having a sucking 
 mouth. It is found parasitic upon mammals. 
 j liong'i-iiess, n. The state of abounding with lice. 
 
 liOiig'y, a. Swarming with lice ; infested with lice. 
 
 liOUt, n. [From A.-S. lUtaji, to how, lie hid.] A mean, 
 , awkward fellow ; a bumpkin. 
 1 L.out'isli, a. Clownish ; rude; awkward. 
 i Liou'ver i (IcTCver), ?i. [Fr. I'ouvert, 
 I IiQu'-vre ) the opening, prop. p. p. ■ 
 of ouvrir, to open, from Lat. deope- 
 rire, with a prefixed, from operire, to 
 cover, to shut.] An opening in the 
 roof of ancient buildings for the es- 
 cape of smoke or for ventilation, often 
 in the form of a turret or small lan- 
 tern. 
 
 i Louver window (Arch.\ an opening in 
 
 I a bell-tower or church steeple, crossed by 
 
 I a series of slats or sloping boards. 
 
 L.6v'a-ble, a. Worthy of love ; ami- 
 
 I able. 
 
 Liov'age (luv'ej), n. [Corrupted from Fr. livcche, from 
 I Lat. levisticum, liffusticum, a plant indigenous to Ligu- 
 ria, a country of Cisalpine Gaul.] {Bot.) An umbellifer- 
 ous plant, sometimes used in medicine as an aromatic 
 : stimulant. 
 
 Live (IQv), 71. [A.-S. Ill fe,lufu.] 1. Act of loving. 3. 
 j Pre-eminent kindness or devotion to another : affection 
 ' 3. Courtship. 4. Devoted attachment to one of th« 
 i opposite sex. • 5. Fondness ; satisfaction ; devotion. €. 
 
 Louver Window. 
 
 a.,e,kc.,long; &,6,&c.,.ihort; c4re, far, ask, all, what; Sre, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,do, wol^ 
 
LOVE 
 
 437 
 
 LUCIFER 
 
 The object of affection. 7. Moral good-will ; benevo- 
 lence ; kindness ; charity. 8. Cupid, tlie god of love. 
 
 Love (IQv), V. t. [imp. & p. p. loved ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 LOVING.] [A.-S. lujian, 0. H. Ger. liubnn, liiipnn,al- 
 lied to Lat. lihne, luhere, Skr. hthh, to desire.] 1. To be 
 pleased or delighted with ; to be fond of ; to Hke. 'Z, To 
 have benevolence or good-will toward. «l. To delight in, 
 with pre-eminent or exclusive affection. 
 
 Liove, v. i. To delight ; to take pleasure ; to be in love. 
 
 Liove'-ftp'ple, n. The tomato. 8ee Tomato. 
 
 Liove'-feast, n. A rehgious festival, held quarterly by 
 some religious denominations. 
 
 liove'-knot (luv'not), n. An intricate kind of knot ; — 
 BO called from being used as a token of love, or as repre- 
 senting mutual affection. 
 
 L<6ve'less, a. 1. Void of love. 2. Not attracting love. 
 
 Liove'-let'ter, n. A letter professing love ; a letter of 
 courtship. 
 
 ]L6ve'li-ness, n. State of being lovely ; qualities of 
 body or mind that may excite love ; amiableness. 
 
 L<dve'-16clt, n. A curl or lock of hair plaited and tied 
 with ribbon, and hanging at the ear. 
 
 L,6ve'-16rii, a. Forsaken by one's love. 
 
 L.6ve'ly,a. [eompar. lovelier; 5?/perZ. LOVELIEST.] 
 Fitted to excite, or worthy of, love. 
 
 Syn. — Amiable; pleasing; charming; delectable; delight- 
 ful ; enchanting. 
 
 Lov'er, n. 1. One who loves ; a friend. 2. Especially, 
 one who is in love with a person of the opposite sex. 3. 
 One who likes or is pleased. 
 
 Liove'-siclc, a. 1. Sick or languishing with love. 2. 
 Expressive of languishing love. 
 
 r.6ve'-sicli:''ness, M. State of being love-sick ; languish- 
 ing and amorous desire. [riage. 
 
 L,6ve'-suit, n. Courtship; solicitation of union in mar- 
 
 L,6v'ing-kiiid/ness, n. ( Script.) Tender regard ; mer- 
 cy ; favor. 
 
 1L.OW (15), a. [compar. LOVV^ER ; superl. LOWEST.] [Tcel. 
 la^, D. lacLg, allied to Eng. lie, A.-S. licgan.] 1. Occu- 
 pying an inferior position or place, ti. Not rising to the 
 usual height. 3. Near the horizon. 4. Descending far 
 below the adjacent ground ; deep. 5. Sunk down to, or 
 below, the natural level of the ocean by the retiring of 
 the tide. 6. Below the usual rate, amount, or value. 
 7. Not high or loud. 8. [Mus.) Depressed in the scale 
 of sounds : grave. 9. { Geog.) Near, or not very distant 
 from the equator. 10. Late in time ; modern. 11. De- 
 pressed ; deject«d. 12. Humble in rank ; mean in con- 
 dition. 13. Abject; groveling: vulgar; base; dishon- 
 orable. 14. Not elevated or sublime. 15. Submissive ; 
 humble ; reverent. 16. Feeble ; weak. 17. Moder- 
 ate ; not intense. 18. In reduced circumstances ; im- 
 poverished. 19. Moderate ; reasonable. 20. Not high 
 seasoned or nourishing ; plain ; simple. 
 
 Low Dutch, or Low German, the German language as spoken 
 in the northern parts of Germany. — Loiolife,\\te among the 
 poorer or uneducated classes of a country. — Low steam, steam 
 pressing less than fifty pounds on the square inch. — Loiv Sun- 
 day, the Sunday next after Easter, — popularly so called.— 
 Low tide, the tide at its lowest point.— Low tenter, the lowest 
 point of the ebb or receding tide. — iowifme, a liquor produced 
 Dy the first distillation of alcohol. 
 
 Low (15), adv. 1. In a low position or manner. 2. Un- 
 der the usual price ; cheaply. 3. Near the ground. 4. 
 In a mean condition ; humbly ; meanly. 5. In time 
 approaching our own. 6. With a depressed voice. 7. 
 In a state of subjection, poverty, or disgrace. 8. (^.<:- 
 tron.) In a path near the equator, or so that the declina- 
 tion is small. 
 
 Low, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LOW- 
 ING.] [A.-S. hldivan, 0. H. Ger. hlojan, hluojan, hlOGn.] 
 To bellow as an ox or cow 
 
 Low, n. The noise made by a bull, ox, cow, &c. 
 
 L5"w'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lowered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOWERING.] [Eng. lower, compar. of loio.] 1. To 
 cause to descend; to let down; to take down. 2. To 
 bring down ; to humble. 3. To reduce in value, amount, 
 &c. [crease. 
 
 LoTT'er, V. i. To fall ; to grow less ; to diminish ; to de- 
 Low'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lowered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LOWERING.] [N. H. Ger. Inuern, to lurk; be on the 
 watch, M. H. Ger. Ifiren, D. loeren, Icel. hlera, lurking, 
 lurking-place, ambush.] 1. To be clouded • to threaten 
 a storm. 2. To frown ; to look ."sullen. 
 LoTr'er— ease, a. ( Print. ) Pertaining to, or kept in, the 
 lower case ; — used to denote the small letters in distinc- 
 tion from capitals. 
 Low'er-most, a. [Irreg. superl. of loio.] Lowest. 
 Low'er-y (lou-'er-y), a. Cloudy ; gloomy. 
 
 Low'ing, n. The bellowing or cry of cattle. 
 
 Low'land, n. A low or level country. 
 
 Low^'li-iiess, n. State of being lowly ; humility ; hum- 
 bleness of mintl. 
 
 Low'ly, a. [compar. lowlier ; superl. LOWLIEST.] 
 [Eng. loiv, and termination ly.] 1. Not high; not ele- 
 vated in place. 2. Mean ; low ; wanting dignity or rank. 
 3. Humble. 4. Meek ; free from pride. 
 
 Low'ly, adv. 1. In a low manner ; humbly ; meekly ; 
 modestly. 2. In a low condition : meanly. 
 
 Low^'ness, n. 1. State of being low or depressed. 2. 
 Meanness of condition. 3. Meanness of mind or charac- 
 ter. 4. Want of sublimity in style or sentiment. .1. 
 Submissivene.ss ; modesty ; humility. 6. Want of cour- 
 age or fortitude ; dejection. 7. A state of poverty. S. 
 Depression in strength or intensity. 9. Depression im 
 cost or worth. 10. Graveness of sound. 11. MildncsB 
 or gentleness of utterance. 
 
 Low'-pr6ss'ure, a. Having, employing, or exerting a 
 low degree of pressure ; especially, in a restricted sense, 
 eniploj ing or exerting a pressure of less than fifty pounds 
 to the square inch. 
 
 Low'-spir'it-ed, a. Not having animation and cour- 
 age ; dejected ; depressed. 
 
 Lo-w'-stiid'ded. a. Furnished or built with short studs. 
 
 Lox'o-drom'i-e, a. Pertaining to oblique sailing, or 
 sailing by the rhumb. 
 
 Lox'o-drom'i-es, n. sivg. [Gr. Ao^os, slanting, oblique, 
 and Spofios, a running, course.] The art or method of 
 oblique sailing by the loxodroniic or rhumb line. 
 
 Loy'al, a. [Lat. legalis, from lex, legis, law. Cf. LEAL.] 
 1. Devoted to the maintenance of law ; faithful to the 
 lawful government, whether parental, civil, or divine. 2. 
 Faithful to the sovereign. 3. Faithful to a lover or 
 friend, especially under trying circumstances. 
 
 Loy'al-ist, «■ One who adheres to his sovereign, or to 
 the constitutional authority, esj)eciajly in times of revolt 
 or revolution. 
 
 Loy'al-ly, ac/r. In a loyal manner ; faithfully. 
 
 Loy'al-ty, n. State or quality of being loyal ; fidelity to 
 a superior, or to duty, love, &c. 
 
 Loz'enge, n. [Prob. from Gr. Ao|^6s, oblique, and Lat. an- 
 gulus.] 1. A figure with four equal sides, 
 having two acute and two obtuse angles ; a 
 rhomb. 2. (Confectiovery.) A small cake 
 of sugar, &c., often medicated, originally in 
 the form of a lozenge, but now usually Lozenge, 
 round. 
 
 Liib'ber, n. [See LooBY and LOB.] A heavy, clumsy 
 fellow ; a sturdy drone ; a clown. 
 
 Liib'ber-ly, a. Like a lubber; clumsy. 
 
 Lii'bri*, \a. [Lat. lubricus.] 1. Having a smooth 
 
 Lu'bri-e-al, J surface ; slippery. 2. Wavering ; un- 
 steady. 3. Lascivious; lewd. 
 
 Lu'bi'i-eant, n. That which lubricates. 
 
 Lix'bri-eate, v. t. [Lat. Ivbricare, lubricatum. See LU- 
 BRic] To make smooth or slippery. 
 
 Lu'bri-ea'tioii, n. Actof lubricatingormaking slippery. 
 
 Lu'bri-ea'tor, n. One who, or that which, lubricates. 
 
 Lu-brif'i-ty, n. 1. State of being slippery; sUpperi- 
 ness. 2. Aptness to glide over any thing, or to facili- 
 tate the motion of bodies in contact by diminishing 
 friction. 3. Instability. 4. Lasciviousness ; propen- 
 sity to lewdness ; incontinency. [unstable. 
 
 Lii'bri-eoiis, a. 1. Smooth; slippery. 2. Wavering; 
 
 Lu'bri-fi-<;a'tion, 1 n. [Lat. lubricus, lubric, and fa- 
 
 LCL^bri-f^e'tion, ) cfre, to make.] Act of lubricat- 
 ing, or making smooth. 
 
 Lii^e, n. [Lat. lucius, a fish, perhaps the pike.] {Ichth.) 
 A pike when full grown. 
 
 Lu'^ent, a. [Lat. lucens, p. pr. of lucere, to shine, from 
 lux, lucis, light.] Shining ; bright ; resplendent. 
 
 Lu'^ern, n. [Fr. luzerne, of Celtic origin. Cf. W. %- 
 sian, herbs, plants.] (Bat.) A leguminous plant culti- 
 vated for fodder. 
 
 Lu-^er'nal, a. [From Lat. lucerna, lamp, from lucere, 
 to shine.] Of, or pertaining to, a lamp. 
 
 Lu'fid, a. [Lat. lucidus, from lux, lucis, light.] 1. 
 Shining ; bright. 2. ,Clear ; transparent. 3. Easily 
 understood ; clear ; distinct. 4. Bright with the radi- 
 ance of intellect. 
 
 Syn. — Luminous ; sane ; reasonable. See Luminous. 
 
 Lu'^id-ness, n. The quality or state of being lucid. 
 
 Lii'^i-fer, n. [Lat., light-bringing, the morning star, 
 from lux, lucis, light, and firre, to bring.] 1. The 
 planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star ; — ap- 
 plied, in Isaiah, by a bold metaphor, to a king of Baby- 
 
 food, frfbt ; iirn, rude, pull ; ?ell, ^liaise, <;all, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; liuger, link ; tJiia 
 
LUCIFEROUS 
 
 438 
 
 LUNATIC 
 
 k»n. a. Uenw, Satan. 3. A match made of a sliver of 
 
 wood tipped with a t-ombustible substauce, and ignited 
 
 by friction. 
 l.u-^if'er-oil!», a. Giving light; affording light or means 
 
 of (li-vovery. 
 Ia»-^l£'i€, a. [Lat. liirificii.^, from lu.t,lucis, light, and 
 
 f'acfre, to make.] Producing light. 
 Lu'fl-fdrm, a. [Lat. lii.r, liicis, light, and /or/n a, form.] 
 
 U*Tiug the form of light ; resembling light. 
 Lack. w. [Ici-l. liiHa, D. lulc, :-eluk, M. H. Ger. geliicke, 
 
 N. U. Ger. sl^ick, allied to 0. U. Ger. Io/c0?i, N. H. Ger. 
 
 locken, to favor, entice.] 1. That which happens to a 
 
 |iersou ; chance ; hap ; fate ; fortune. "2, Good fortune. 
 Luck'i-ly, «'/(". In a lucky manner : by good fortune. 
 L:lck'i-ness, «. 1. State or quality of being fortunate. 
 
 •■i. Good fortune ; a favorable issue or event. 
 L.uck'less, a. Without luck ; unpropitious ; unfortu- 
 nate ; mwtiug with ill -success. 
 L.U€k'y, a. [cojiipar. LUCKIER; superl. LUCKIEST.] 1. 
 
 Favored by luck ; fortunate. 3. Producing good by 
 
 chance, or une.Kpectedly. 
 Syn. — Successful ; fortunate ; prosperous ; auspicious. 
 Lu'cra-tive, a. [Lat. lucrativus, from lucrari, lucratits, 
 
 to gain, from lucrum^ gain.] Yielding lucre, gainful ; 
 
 profitable. [goods; profit. 
 
 Liu'cre (lu'ker), n. [Lat. lucrum.] Gain in money or 
 L.u'€U-brate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. lucubrated ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. lucubrating.] [Lat. lucubrare, lucubratum, 
 
 to work by lamp-light, from lux, light.] To study by 
 
 candle-light or a lamp. 
 Liu'eu-bra'tion, n. 1. Act of studying by candle-light ; 
 
 nocturnal study. 3. That which is composed by night. 
 liU'cu-bra'to-ry, a. Composed by candle-light, or by 
 
 night 
 Liu'cu-lent, a. [Lat. luculentus, from lux, lucis, light.] 
 
 1, Lucid ; clear ; transparent. 3. Clear ; evident. 
 Iiu'di-crous, a. - [Lat. luJicrus, from ludus, play, sport, 
 
 from ludere, to play.] Adapted to raise laughter, with- 
 out scorn or contempt. 
 
 ■ Syn. — Laughable ; sportive ; burlesque ; comic ; droll ; ri- 
 diculous. —We speak of a thing as ludicrous vrhea it teuds to 
 produce laughter ; as laughable when the impres.sion is strong- 
 er, resulting m a heaity laugh ; as ridiculous when contempt is 
 more or less minsrled with the merriment created ; as, his sto- 
 ries were highly ludicrous, representing his friends, some in a 
 laughable, and some in a ridiculous point of view. 
 
 IiU'd.i-erou.s-ly, adv. In a ludicrous manner. 
 IiU'di-«rou.s-ness, n. Quality or state of being ludi- 
 crous. 
 
 iw'es (lu'eez), n. [Lat.] (Mie'^.) Poison ; pestilence. 
 
 Iiufftt^- i- [imp. & p. p. luffed (IQft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 LUFFING.] [D.loeven.] (iVawt.) To turn the head of a 
 ship toward the wind ; to sail nearer the wind. 
 
 Liilff, n. [See LOOF.] (iVa?f«.) (a.) The side of a ship 
 toward the wind, (b.) Act of sailing a ship close to the 
 wind, (c.) The roundest part of a ship's bow. (d.) 
 The forward or weather leech of a sail. 
 
 litlg, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LUGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LUG- 
 GING.] [A.-S. lyccan, luccan, to pluck out. Cf. PLUCK.] 
 1. To pull with force ; to haul ; to drag. 3. To carry 
 or convey with labor. 
 
 litis, "■■ [See supra, and cf Sw. lugg, logg, a flock of 
 wool.] 1, Any thing drawn or carried with difficulty ; 
 a weight ; also, the effort of drawing or carrying any thing 
 heavy. 3. The ear, especially its lobe. [Scot and Prov. 
 Eng.] 3. That which projects like an ear, as the handle 
 of a pitcher ; a projecting piece in machinery, to commu- 
 nicate motion, &c. ; especially, a short flange by or to 
 which something is fastened. 
 
 L,ttg'gage, n. [Vrom lug.] 1. That which is lugged or 
 carried with difficulty ; any thing cumbrous and heavy 
 to be carried; especially, a travelers trunks, baggage, 
 fcc. 3. Something of more weight than value. 
 
 L.ttg'ger, n. [From Eng. lug, v. t.] {Naut.) A small 
 veRHel CJirrying three masts, with a running bowsprit and 
 long or lugsaiLs. 
 
 lifig'-.sail, n. {Naut.) A square sail bent upon a yard 
 that hangs obliquely to the mast. 
 
 LiU-g^u'bri-oiis, a. [Lat. lugubris. from lugere, to mourn ; 
 Mournful ; indicating sorrow. 
 
 L.iike'warm, a. [A.-S. wlxc, Avarm, warmish, remiss.] 
 1. Moderately warm ; neither cold nor hot ; tepid. 3. 
 Not ardent ; not zealous ; indifferent. 
 
 liUke'Mrarm-ly, adv. In a lukewarm manner ; indiffer- 
 ently. " [difference. 
 
 liuke'wanu-neflg, n. State of being lukewarm ; in- 
 
 Liull, V. l" [imp. & p. p. LULLED ; p. pr. & vb.n. LULL- 
 ING.] [Ger. lullen, D. lollen, lullen, to cry like a cat. to 
 
 sing badly. Cf. Lat. lallare, to sing lalla or lullaby.] T» 
 
 cause to rest by soothing influences ; to quiet. 
 Liilll, t". /. To become gradually calm ; to subside. 
 Li<ill;n. 1. Power or quality of soothing. 3. A seasoa 
 
 of temporary quiet after storm or confusion. 
 L.im'a-by, n. [From luil, q. v.] A song to quiet babes ; 
 
 that which quiets. 
 Liiun-bag'i-nous, a. Pertaining to lumbago. 
 liUni-ba'go, n. [0. Lat., from lumbus, loin.] (Med.) A 
 
 rheumatism or rheumatic pain in the loins and small of 
 
 the back. 
 Liiim'bar, a. [Lat. lumbus., loin.] {Anat.) Pertaining 
 
 to, or near the loins. 
 Liuin'ber, n. [Probably from Lojnbard, q. v., the Lom- 
 bards being the money-lenders and pawnbrokers of the 
 
 middle ages. But cf. also D. lamp, Ger. lumpe, lumpen ; 
 
 lumperei, trifles, trumpery.] 1. A pawnbroker's shop ; 
 
 hence, a pledge or pawn. [Obs.] 3. Any thing uselesi 
 
 and cumbrous, or things bulky and thrown aside as o- 
 
 no use. 3. Timber sawed or split for use. [Amer.] 
 L,u.jn'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lumbered ; p. pr. & vb 
 
 ?^. LUMBERING.] 1. To heap together in disorder. 3, 
 
 To fill with lumber. 
 LiUm'ber, v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if burdened with 
 
 bulk. 3. To rumble. 3. To cut lumber in the forest, 
 
 and prepare it for market. [Amer.] 
 liUm'ber-er, n. One employed in getting lumber from 
 
 the forest. [Amer.] 
 Liumnher-robm, n. A room for lumber or useless things. 
 liiim-bric-al, a. [Lat. lu?nbricus, a worm.] (Anat.', 
 
 ResembUng a worm. 
 Liu'ini-na-ry, n. [Lat. luminar, luminaris, a light oi 
 
 lamp, lighted in the churches in honor of the martyrs. 
 
 from lumen, luminis, Ught.] 1. Any body that gives 
 
 light ; especially, one of the heavenly bodies. 3. One that 
 
 illustrates any subject, or enlightens mankind. 
 LiU^mi-nifer-ous, a. [Lat. lumen, light, and ferre, to 
 
 bear, produce.] Producing light ; yielding light. 
 liU'mi-nos'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being luminous ; lumi- 
 
 nousness. 
 L,ii'ini-nous, a. [Lat. luminosu^, from lumen, light,] 
 
 1. Shining; emitting Ught. 3. Bright. 3. Clear, as 
 
 if illuminated. 
 
 Syn. — Lucid. — A thing is lucid when pervaded by light, 
 as a lucid stream ; it is luminous when it sends forth liglit to .sur- 
 rounding objects, as, a luminous body. Hence, we Fpeak of an 
 argument as lucid, when it is remarkably clear, and as lumi- 
 nous, when it pours upon a subject the mingled light of rea- 
 soning and illustration. 
 
 Iiu'mi-noiis-ly, adv. In a luminous manner. 
 
 Iiii'mi-iiou.s-ness, 7i. The quality of being luminous ; 
 brightness ; clearness. 
 
 Liiiinp, n. [0. D. lompe, piece, mass, allied to Eng. 
 clump, q. v.] 1. A small mass of matter, of no definite 
 shape. 3. A mass of things blended or thrown together 
 without order or distinction. 
 
 liiimp, V. t. [imp. & p.p. lumped (liimpt, M);p.pr. 
 & vb. n. lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass. 3. To 
 take in the gross ; to speak of collectively. 
 
 Liiimp'-f i.sh, n. [Eng. lump, — so called on account of 
 its bulkiness.] (/cAiA.) A certain sea -fish. Its head and 
 body are deep, thick, and short ; the pectoral fins unite 
 under the throat, and with the ventral fins form a single 
 disk. 
 
 Liiiinp'isli, a. 1. Like a lump ; bulky ; gross. 3. Dull ; 
 inactive ; stupid. 
 
 liiimp'isli-iiess, n. The state of being lumpish. 
 
 liiimp'y, a. [compar. LUMPIER ; superl. LUMPIEST.] 
 Full of lumps, or small, compact masi?es. 
 
 Iiii'iia-fy, n. [See Lunatic] A species of insanity or ' 
 madness ; properly, the kind of insanity which is broken 
 by intervals of reason, formerly supposed to be influenced 
 by the changes of the moon. 
 Syn. — Insanity ; derangement; craziness ; mania. 
 
 LiU'nar, a. [Lat. lunaris, from luna, the moon ] 1. 
 Pertaining to the moon. 3. Re.«embling the moon . 
 orbed. 3. Measured by the revolutions of the moon. 
 
 Lunar caustic ( Chcm.Y fused nitrate of silver ; — so named be- 
 cause silver was called tuna by the old chemists. — Zunar c;/cZ«, 
 the same as the cjicle of the Golden Number, q. v.— Lunar 
 month. See Month. — Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar 
 months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34.'28 seconds. 
 
 Ijii'nate, ) a. [Lat. lunntus, from lu7ia, the moon.] 
 Lu'iia-ted, ( (Bol. ) Having a form resembling that of 
 
 the half-moon ; crescent-.shaped. 
 Iju'iia-ti«, a. [Lat. lunaticus, from luna, the moon.] 
 
 1 . Affected by lunacy ; insane ; mad. 3. Exhibiting 
 
 lunacy. 
 
 5, e, &c., long; &, g, tec, short ; cftre, far, ask, aU, wkat ; 6re, veU, term ; piique, firm ; son, or, dft, wolf 
 
LUNATIC 
 
 439 
 
 LUXURIANT 
 
 Il.a'na-ti€, n. A person affected by lunacy ; a madman ; 
 {< person of unsound luind. 
 
 Lu-iia'tion, ?t. The period of a synodic revolution of 
 clie moon, or the time from one new moon to the next. 
 
 ]Luncli (66), n. [I'rov. Eng., a large lump of bread or 
 other edible, nunc, a thick lump. Cf yV . llwnc , llwng , 
 llwngc, a gulp, a swallowing, tiie gullet, llynou, Uyngou, 
 
 • to swallow.] 1. A slight repast between breakfast and 
 dinner ; luncheon, ii. A place for taking a luncheon. 
 
 liuncli, V- i. [imp. & p. p. lunched (luncht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. LUNCHING.] To take a lunch. 
 
 Liuucli'eon (lunch'un), i\. [I'rov. Eng. luncheon, lunch- 
 ion, lunshin, a large lump of food, from lunch.] A por- 
 tion of food taken at any time except at a regular meal. 
 
 litine, n. [Lat. luna, moon.] 1. Any thing in the shape 
 of a half moon. ^. (Geom.) A figure in the form of a 
 crescent. 
 
 liU-nette'. n. [Fr., from Lat. & It. luna, Fr. lune, the 
 moon.] 1. {Fort.) A detached bastion, ii. (Far.) A 
 half horse-shoe. 3. A kind of watch-crystal more than 
 ordinarily flattened in the center ; also, a species of con- 
 vexo-concave lens for spectacles. 4. A piece of felt to 
 cover the eye of a vicious horse. 5. (Arch.) An aperture 
 for the admission of light into a concave ceiling. 
 
 liiing, n. [A.-S. lungf, -pi. lungen.] (^na«.) One of the 
 two organs of respiration in an air-breathing animal. 
 
 Liiinge, n. [Also longe, q. v.] A sudden push or thrust. 
 
 Lu'ni-form, a. [Lat. Iu7ia, moon, axuX forma, shape.] 
 Resembling the moon. 
 
 IiU'ni-so'lar, a. [Lat. luna, the moon, and Solaris, be- 
 longing to the sun, from sol., the sun.] Resulting from 
 the united action, or pertaining to the mutual relations, 
 of the sun and moon. 
 
 Iju'nu-lar, a. [Lat. lunula, dim. of luna, the moon.] 
 (Bot.) Having a form like that of the new moon ; shaped 
 like a crescent. 
 
 liU'nii-late, \ (£o«.) Resembling a small crescent. 
 L.u'nu-la-'ted, ) ^ ° 
 
 Iiti-per'^al, n. sing. ) [Lat. lupercalis, from Lupercal, 
 
 Lil'per-ea'li-d,n.pl. ] a grotto, sacred to Lupercus, 
 the Ljcean Pan.] (Rom. Antiq.) A feast of the Romans 
 in honor of Pan. 
 
 Iiii'pijje, n. [Lat. lupinus, lupinum, from lupinus, be- 
 longing to a wolf, from lupus, wolf; so called because it 
 eagerly penetrates into the soil.] (Bot.) A leguminous 
 plant, having showy racemes of flowers. 
 
 LiU'pu-line, n. [From lupulus, dim. of Lat. lupus, hop, 
 hops.] 1. (Chem.) The bitter principle of hops. 3. 
 The fine yellow powder of hops, which contains that 
 principle. 
 
 li'ft.rcli, n. [W. llerch, or Here, a frisking, a loitering, a 
 lurking.] (Naut.) A sudden roll of a ship to one side. 
 
 To leave in the lurch, to leave in a difficult situation, or in 
 embarrassment ; to leave in a forlorn state, or without help. 
 
 JLiircli, V. i. [imp. & p. p. lurched (iQrcht); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. LURCHING.] [See supra.] 1. To withdraw to 
 one side, or to a private place ; to lie in ambush ; to lurk. 
 2. To dodge ; to play tricks. 3. To roll or pass sud- 
 denly to one side, as a ship in a heavy sea. 
 
 L.€lrch'er, n. [See supra and LuRK.] 1. One that 
 lurches or lies in wait. 3. Especially, a dog that lies 
 in wait for game, and seizes them, as hares, rabbits, and 
 the like. 3. [Lat. lurco, a glutton.] A glutton ; a gor- 
 mandizer. 
 
 liiirc, n. [From M. H. Ger. luoder, N. H. Ger. luder, 
 lure, decoy.] 1. An object, not unlike a fowl, held out 
 by the falconer to call a hawk. 3. Any enticement ; a 
 decoy. 
 
 liUre, V. I. To call a hawk or other animal. 
 
 luure, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LURED ; p. pr. & vb. n. LUR- 
 ING.] 1. To draw to the lure. 2. Hence, to entice ; 
 to attract. [dismal. 
 
 ZLu'rid (89), a. [Lat. luridus.] Ghastly pale ; gloomy ; 
 
 liurli, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LURKED (iQrkt); p. pr. & 
 r6.n. LURKING. See LURCH, ?!.] 1. To lie hid ; to lie 
 in wait. 3, To keep out of sight. 
 
 li'fi.rk'er, n. One who lurks or keeps out of sight. 
 
 Lifirk'ing-pla^e, n. A place in which one lurks. 
 
 Xjus'cioiis (lush/us), a. [Prob. a corruption of luxurious.] 
 1. Sweet; deUcious. '2. Sweet or rich so as to cloy; 
 hence, fulsome. 
 
 L.u.s'cious-ly (lush'us-), adv. In a luscious manner. 
 
 XiUS'cioiis-ness, n. The state of being luscious. 
 
 Iiiisli, a. [Probably an abbreviation of luscious, q. v.] 
 Full of juice or succulence. 
 
 liust, n. [A.-S. lust, lyst, Icel. lyst, Goth, lustus, from 
 Iccl. lldsta, to strike, beat ; Goth. Iiusta7i.] 1. Longing 
 
 desire; eagerness to possess or enjoy, ti. Carnal ap- 
 petite ; concui)iscence. 
 
 LiUSt, V. i. [imp. & p. p. LUSTED ; p. pr. & vh. n. LUST- 
 ING.] 1. To desire eagerly ; to long. ti. To desire 
 eagerly the gratification of carnal appetite. 3. To have 
 irregular or inordinate desires. 
 
 liiis'ter, I n. [Lat. lustrum, a purificatory sacrifice, from 
 
 LiiiH'tre, ) lucere, to be light or clear, to shine.] 1. A 
 sacrifice. [Rare.] 3. That which is purified or polished ; 
 that which shines or is brilliant ; brilliancy ; splendor ; 
 brightness. 3. Renown; splendor; distinction. 4. A 
 candlestick ornamented with drops or pendants of cut 
 glass. 5. [Lat. lustrum.] The space of five years. See 
 Lustrum. 
 
 liUSt'ful, a. 1. Having lust, or eager desire of carnal 
 gratification. 3. Provoking to sensuality ; inciting to 
 lust. 
 
 Syn. — Sensual ; fleshly ; carnal ; inordinate ; licentious; 
 lewd ; unchaste ; impure ; libidinous : lecherous. 
 
 liust'ful-ly, adv. In a lustful manner. 
 Liust'ful-ness, n. The state of being lustful. 
 LiUs'ti-iy, adv. In a lusty or vigorous manner. 
 Liiis'ti-iiess, n. State of being lusty ; vigor ; strength. 
 Lius'tral, a. [L&t. Ivstralis, from lustrum. See Luster.] 
 
 1. Used in purification. 3. Pertaining to purification. 
 liUS-tra'tion, w. 1. Act of purifjing. 3. (Antiq.) A 
 
 sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or 
 
 people, defiled by crimes, were purified. 
 L-iis'tring, n. [Eng. luster, lustre, q. v.] A species of 
 
 glossy silk cloth. 
 Liis'trous, a. Bright; shining; luminous. 
 Lius'trum, n. [Lat. , a lustration or purification, especially 
 
 the purification of the whole Roman people, which was 
 
 made once in five years.] (Anc. Rome.) The space of 
 
 five years. 
 li-us'ty, a. [compar. LUSTIER ; superl. lustiest.] [From 
 
 Eng. lust; N. H. Ger. & D. lustig.] 1. Exhibiting 
 
 vigor; able of body. 3. Bulky; large; of great size. 
 Syn.— Robust ; stout ; strong ; vigorous ; healthfiil ; large ; 
 
 bulky ; corpulent. 
 
 liUfan-ist, n. [Lat. lutanista, from lutana, lutina, a 
 lute. See Lute.] A person that plays on the lute. 
 
 ILiU-ta'ri-ou.s, a. [Lat. lutarius, from lutum, mud.] 1. 
 Pertaining to mud ; living in mud. 3. Of the color of 
 mud. 
 
 LiU-ta'tion, n. Act or method of luting vessels. 
 
 Iiti.te,n. [From Ar. aV1id,\.Q., 
 ""ad, with the article al prefixed, 
 wood, timber, trunk or branch 
 of a tree, staff, stick, lute or 
 harp.] (Mus.) A stringed in- 
 strument formerlj' much in use. 
 The strings are struck with the 
 right hand, and with the left the 
 stops are pressed. 
 
 Iiiite, n. [Lat. lutuTn, mud, clay.] 
 ( Chem . ) A composition of clay 
 or other tenacious substance, 
 used for making the joints air- 
 tight when exposed to heat. Lute. 
 
 LiVite, V. t. [imp. & p. p. LUTED ; ji. pr. & vb. n. LUT- 
 ING.] To close or coat with lute. 
 
 liU'te-oiis, a. [Lat. luteus, from lutum, yellow-weed, 
 dyer's-weed, weld] Of a deep-yellow, golden-yellow, or 
 orange-yellow color. 
 
 LiU'tlier-an, a. (Eccl. Hist.) Pertaining to Luther, tha 
 reformer. 
 
 liU'ther-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A disciple or follower of 
 Luther ; an adherent to the doctrines of Luther. 
 
 Liu'tlier-an-igm, ) n. The doctrines of religion as 
 
 Iju'tlier-igm, j taught by Luther. 
 
 liU'tliern, n. [From Lat. lucerna, lamp, from lucere, to 
 be light or clear, ^w.r, lucis, light.] (Arch.) A kind of 
 window over the cornice, in the roof of a building, te 
 admit light into the upper story ; a dormer. 
 
 Iiiit'iJig, n. (C'/(fm.) See Lute. 
 
 Liiix'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. luxated ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 LUXATING.] [Lat. luxare, luxatum, from luxus, dislo- 
 cated, allied to Gr. Ao|ds, slanting,' oblique.] To put 
 out of joint ; to dislocate. 
 
 IiUX-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of luxating, or putting cut of 
 joint. 3. That which is luxated. 
 
 liUX-u'ri-an^e 1 (lugz-yi)/- or luks-yjl'-), «• State of 
 
 r.ux-ii'ri-aii-9y, ) being luxuriant ; rank growth ; 
 strong, vigorous growth ; exuberance. 
 
 Iiux-u'ri-ant (lugz-yi]'- or luks-yi]-'-), a. 1, Exuberant 
 in growth. 3. In great abundance. 
 
 «'^o^£<it>t; &rn, rude, p\ill ; fell, ^liaise, <;all, eelio ; gem, get; ag ; ejist; linger, li^k; tills- 
 
LUXURIANTLY 
 
 440 
 
 MACERATE 
 
 Iittx-u'ri-ant-ly. a'h\ In a luxuriant manner ; very 
 Hbuiulautlv ; exubeniutly. 
 
 L.ux-u'rl-ate (lugz- or luks-), v. i. [i7np. & p. p. lux- 
 uriated; />.;"•. & rb. II. LUXURIATING.] [Lat. lux- 
 tiriarr, liixuridtiim. tk'o LUXURY.] 1. To grow ex- 
 ubemntlv, or to superfluous abundance. 2. To feed or 
 live luxuriously. 3. To indulge to excess ; to delight 
 greatlv. 
 
 L.ux-u'ri-a'tion (lugs- or luks-), n. Act of luxuriat- 
 ing ; process of growing exuberantly. 
 
 Lux-u'ri-oiis (lugz-yif'- or luks-yij'-), a. 1. Giren to 
 luxury : voluptuous. vJ. Administering to luxury. 3. 
 Furnished with luxuries. 4. Softeniug by pleasure, or 
 free indulgence in luxury. 
 
 LiUX-u'ri-oils-ly, o'/r. In a luxurious manner. 
 
 L.«x-u'ri-oiis-nessi, n. The state or condition of being 
 luxurious. 
 
 lilx'u-ry (Itik'shn-rv'), n- [Lat. luxuria, from luxus, 
 excess.]' 1. A free or extravagant indulgence in the 
 pleasiu^s of the tiible, and in costly dress and equipage. 
 2. Any thing delightful to the senses ; a dainty ; any 
 dehcious food or drink. 
 
 Syn. —Voluptuousness; epicurism; effeminacy; sensuality; 
 lasciviousness ; dainty ; delicacy ; gratification. 
 
 Ly-cftn'tliro-py , n- [Gr. KvKavOfxuTrCa, fr. Avkos, a wolf, 
 and avOpoiiTOi, man.] A kind of insanity, in which the 
 patient imagined himself a wolf, and imitated his actions 
 
 Liy-^-e'um (118), n. [Lat. lycein?i, Gr. A.vKetoi', so named 
 after the neighboring temple of Apollo AvKetos, or the 
 wolf-slayer, from Avkos, wolf] 1. A place in Greece 
 near the River Ilissus , where Aristotle taught philosophy. 
 2. A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by 
 lectures or disquisitions. 3. A higher school, in Europe, 
 which prepares youths for the university. 4. An asso- 
 ciation for Uterary improvement. 
 
 liyd'i-an, a. Pertaining to Lydia, a country of Asia 
 Minor, or to its inhabitants ; hence, soft ; effeminate ; — 
 said especially of one of the ancient Greek modes or kejs, 
 the music in which was of a soft, pathetic character. 
 
 I-ye, n. [A.-S. leali^ Ixg, 0. H. Ger. louga, allied to Icel. 
 laug, a bath, lauga, to wash, bathe.] Water impregnated 
 with aUcaUne salt imbibed from the ashes of wood. 
 
 r.5'ixipli, n. [Lat. lympha, prob. aUied to Gr. vvh-^t), a 
 nymph of those springs, the waters of which were im- 
 pregnated with exciting or entrancing fumes.] 1. Water, 
 or a pure, transparent fluid like water. '-J. A colorless 
 fluid in animal bodies, contained in certain vessels called 
 lymphatics. 
 
 L.ym-plia,t'i€, a. 1. Pertaining to, containing, or con- 
 veying lymph. S. Madly enthusiastic ; frantic. 
 
 Iiym-pha,t'I«, n. (Physiol.) A vein -like, ralved Tcssd 
 
 m vertebrate animals, that contains a transparent fluid,- 
 
 an absorbent. 
 lij'n'ce-an, a. [Lat. bjnceus.] Pertaining to the lynx. 
 Lynch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. lynched (ITncht); p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. LYNCHING.] To inflict pain or punishment 
 
 upon without the fornrt of law, as by a mob or by unau- 
 thorized persons. [Amer.] 
 !Lynch'-la"*v, 71. The practice of 
 
 punishing men for crimes or of- 
 fenses, by priva(;e, unauthorized 
 
 persons, without a legal trial. The 
 
 term is said to be derived from a 
 
 Virginia farmer, named Lync/i, 
 
 who thus took the law into his 
 
 own hands. [Amer.] 
 Liynx, n. [Lat. Iy7ix, Gr. kvy^.] Lynx. 
 
 ( Zool. ) An animal of several species, much resembUng the 
 
 common cat, but having longer ears and' 
 
 a shorter tail. The lynx has a brilliant 
 
 eye, and prowls about at night, and this 
 
 may have given rise to the notion of its 
 
 sharp sight. 
 L,ynx'-eyed, a. Having acute sight. 
 Ly'ra, n. [Lat. lyra, Gr. A.vpa, lyre or 
 
 lute.] {Astro7i.) A northern constella- 
 tion, situated directly in front of Ursa 
 
 Major. 
 Iryre, n. [Lat. lyra. See LYRA.] 1. 
 
 (31us.) A stringed instrument of music; 
 
 a kind of harp much used by the ancients. 
 
 tron.) One of the constellations; 
 
 Lyra. See Lyra. 
 Iiyre'-bii'd, ?i. (Ornith.) Abird, 
 
 remarkable for having the sixteen 
 
 tail-feathers of the male arranged 
 
 in the form of a lyre. It is a 
 
 native of AustraUa, and is the only 
 
 known species of the genus to 
 
 which it belongs. 
 HijT'i*!, I «• 1« Pertaining to 
 L,yr'i«-al, ) a lyre or harp. 3. 
 
 Fitted to be sung to the lyre ; 
 
 hence, also, appropriate for song. 
 Iiyr'ie, n. 1. A lyric poem ; a 
 
 song. 2. A verse of the kind 
 
 usually employed in lyric poetry ; 
 
 — chiefly in the plural. 
 Ly'rist, n. A musician who plays 
 
 on the harp or lyre. Lyre-bird. 
 
 M. 
 
 M(em), is the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, 
 and represents a labial articulation. As the closure of 
 the lips by which it is formed is accompanied with a hum- 
 ming sound through the nose, it is called the labial nasal. 
 See Prin. of Pron., § 80. —{Print.) A quadrat, the face 
 or top of which Ls a perfect square, as formerly the letter 
 m also was. It is the unit of measurement in ascertain- 
 ing the amount of type in any work. This page in length 
 i.s equal to 9i hues of nonpareil, in breadth 56 ; it would 
 therefore measure 56 X 94 ^ 5264 m's. [Written also e?n.] 
 
 Ma, n. Mother ; an abbreviation of m.amrna, a child's 
 title for mother. 
 
 Ma'am, n. Madam ; — a colloquial and usual contraction 
 of madam. 
 
 Ma«-&d'am-ize, f. t. [imp. &. p.p. macadamized: 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MACADAMIZING.] [From Mac Adam'. 
 the inventor.] To cover, as a road, with small, broken 
 stones, so as to form a smooth, hard surface. 
 
 MA€'a-ro'm, n. [Prov. It. ; It. maccheroni, from Gr. 
 fuucapCa, prop, happiness, bliss, /. e., a very dainty food, 
 from /LtoK op, fioucttpio?, blessed, happy.] 1. An article of 
 food coin po.«ed of a paste chiefly of wheat flour made into 
 long, slender tubes, ti, A medley ; something extrava- i 
 gant, to please an idle fancy. 3. A sort of droU or fool ; 
 a fop ; a beau ; an exquisite. 
 
 Ma,€'a-r6ii'i€ , a. 1, Pertaining to, or like, a macaroni ; 
 empty; trifling; vain; affected, ii. Consisting in the 
 addition of Latin terminations to the vernacular roots of 
 some one modern language, combined with the additional 
 use of genuine Latin and vernacular words. 
 
 Ma-ea-w', n. [The native name 
 in the Antilles.] ( Ornitk.) A large _ 
 and very showy bird, aihed to s^ 
 the parrots. It is a native of the ^j 
 warmer parts of America. 
 
 Ma.«'-ea-l>ee§,n. pZ. Two apocry- 
 phal books of the Old Testament, 
 which give an account of Jewish 
 affairs in the time of the Macca- 
 bean princes. 
 
 Ma-e'-ea-boy, ) n. [So called after 
 
 Ma<;'«t>-boy, j a district in the 
 Island of Martinique, where it is 
 cultivated and made.] Rose-fla- Macaw, 
 
 vored snuff. 
 
 Mace, n. [0. Fr. mace, a club, from a hypoth. I^t 
 word m.atea, of which the dim. mateola, a kind 
 of mallet or beetle, is stiU existing.] 1. A 
 heavy staff or club of metal, anciently used as a 
 weapon. 'Z. Hence, a staff borne by, or carried 
 before, a magistrate as an ensign of his authority, 
 a scepter. 3. The heavier rod used in billiards. 
 
 Ma^e, n. [Lat. macis, macir, Gr. /u.a»cep, Cf Skr. 
 makar-anda, the nectar or honey of a flower, a 
 fragrant mango.] The second coat or aril which 
 covers the nutmeg. It is extremely fragrant and 
 aromatic. 
 
 Ma'^er, n. A mace-bearer ; an ofl&cer of a court. 
 
 Ma^'er-ate, •«. t. [imp. Sep. p. macerated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MACERATING.] [Lat. macirare. Mace. 
 
 aL^e, Sec, long; a,6,&c.,sAort; cd,re,far,&sk,all, v(rliat;.gre, veil, tSrm; piique,firxni s6n, 6r,do,woli, 
 
MACERATION 
 
 441 
 
 MAGIAN 
 
 maceratum, from tnaccr, lean, meager, thin.] To soften 
 and separate the parts of by steeping, as in a fluid, or by 
 the digestive process. 
 
 MJl^'er-a'tion, n. The act, process, or operation of 
 softening and almost dissolving by steeping in a fluid. 
 
 Ma€li'i-a-vel'ian(-vel'yan), a. Pertaining to Machia- 
 vel, an Italian writer, or to his supposed principles ; po- 
 litically cunning ; crafty. 
 
 Madi'i-a-vel'i-an-igm, 1 7i. Political cunning and ar- 
 
 MS.*!li'i-a-vel-i§in, j tifice, intended to favor 
 
 arbitrary power. 
 
 Mltcli'i-eo-13'tion, »i. [Fr. machicoulis, machecoidis, 
 from mcche, match, combustible matter, and 0. Fr. 
 coulis, flowing, from couler. to flow, from Lat. colare, to 
 filter. See Match.] 1. (Mil. 
 Arch.) (a.) A parapet projecting 
 from the upper part of the wall of 
 a house or fortification, supported 
 by corbels, and furnished with aper- 
 tures in the lower part, through 
 which the assailed may fire or hurl 
 missiles down upon their assail- Machicolation, 
 ants, (b.) The apertures themselves. 2. The act of 
 pouring or hurUng missiles, &c., upon assailants through 
 such apertures. 
 
 Mach'i-nal (mak/i-nal), a. [Lat. machinalis. See Ma- 
 chine.] Pertaining to machines . 
 
 Ma-eli'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & /;. p. machinated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MACHINATING-.] [Lat. machinari^ onachi- 
 natus See MACHINE.] To plan ; to form, as a plot or 
 a scheme. 
 
 Ma-eh'i-iia'tion, n. 1. Act of machinating, or of con- 
 triving a scheme for executing some purpose, particularly 
 an evil one. 2. A hostile or treacherous scheme formed 
 with deUberation and cunning. 
 
 Ma«li'i-iia't.or, n. One who plots with evil designs. 
 
 Ma-fhiine' (ma-sheen'), n. [Lat. machina. machine, de- 
 vice, Gr. /ATjxav^, from utrjxos, means, expedient.] 1. 
 In general, any body or assemblage of bodies used to 
 transmit and modify force and motion, as a lever, pulley, 
 wedge, screw, &c. ; especially, a construction, more or 
 less complex, in which the several parts unite to produce 
 given results. 2. Any instrument or organization by 
 which power is applied and made effective, or a desired 
 effect produced. 3. Supernatural agency in a poem. 
 
 Ma-Qliin'er-y (ma-sheen'er-y), n. 1. Machines in gen- 
 eral, or collectively. 5i. The working parts of a ma- 
 chine, arranged and constructed so as to apply and regu- 
 late force. 3. Hence, the means and appliances by 
 which any thing is kept in action ; and, specifically , the 
 extraordinary or supernatural means by which the action 
 of a poetic or fictitious work is carried on and brought to 
 a catastrophe. [chines and engines. 
 
 Ma-?liiiii'ist (ma-sheen'ist), n. A constructor of ma- 
 
 MSclc'er-el, n. [0. Fr. maque- 
 rel, from 0. Eng. mackerel., a 
 pander or pimp, (from 0. H. 
 Ger. mahhari, broker, agent, 
 haor-mahhari , pimp, fr. mah- 
 hdn, to do, machinate), there 
 being a popular tradition in France that this fish in 
 spring follows the female shads, which are called vierges, 
 or maids, and leads them to their mates.] (Tchth.) A 
 marine fish, spotted with blue, and largely used for food. 
 It is found in the North Atlantic. 
 
 MackereJ-s'ky, a sky in which the clouds are broken into 
 fleecy masses usually belteved to portend wind and rain. 
 
 Mack'iii-tosh./, n. A water-proof outer garment ; — so 
 called from the name of the inventor. . 
 
 Mack-le (miik'l), n. [Lat. macula, a spot, stain, blot.] 
 {Print.) A blur causing a part of the impression to ap- 
 pear double. 
 
 Ma«'ro-€6§m, or Ma'-ero-eogm, n. [Gr. fjLOKpos, 
 long, great, and k6o-ju.o?, the world.] The great world ; 
 the universe ; — opposed to microcosm,, or the little world 
 constituted by man. 
 
 Ma-erom'e-ter, n. [Gr. fj.aKp6<;, long, and tMerpov, 
 measure, an instrument for measuring inaccessible ob- 
 jects by means of two reflectors on a common sextant. 
 
 JU^d-e'ti-ld, n. ; pi. iHA-e'U-LJE. [Lat., spot, stain, blot.] 
 A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun, or 
 other luminous oi'b. 
 
 Ma<:'u-late, v. t. [Lat. maculare, maculatum,. See su- 
 pra.] To spot ; to stain ; to blur. [i.sh ; a stain. 
 
 Ma^'u-Ia'tlon, n. The act of spotting ; a spot ; a blem- 
 
 Ma-e'ule,tJ. «. To maculate; to blur ; especially {Print.) 
 to blur or double an impression from type. 
 
 mac'ule, n. [See Macula.] Same as Mackle, q. v. 
 
 Mackerel. 
 
 MJid, a. [eompar. yiAVDER; superl. mAJ>D-EST.] [A. -8. 
 gemaed, gemarl, man, Goth, gamaids, weak, broken.l 
 
 1. Disordered in intellect; distracted ; crazy ; insane. 2. 
 Made beside one's self, by a violent mental excitement 
 as fear, pain, appetite, rage, or the like; especially, {a.) 
 Excited with violent or unreasonable desire or appetite. 
 (6.) Excited with wrath; enraged; angry. 3. Proceed- 
 ing from , or indicating, madness or fury . 
 
 Mad, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MADDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MADDING.] To make mad, furious, or angry. 
 
 Mad'am, «. The same as Madame. 
 
 Madame (ma-ddm'), n.; pi. MEHDAMES (ma-dam'V 
 [Fr. ma, my, and dame, dame, q. v.] My lady ; — a 
 complimentary form of address to a lady, especially an 
 elderly or a married lady. [hot-headed person. 
 
 Mad'cap, n. A person of wild behavior ; a violent, rash, 
 
 Mad'dcn (miWdn), v. t. [imp. & p. ;?. maddened; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MADDENING.] To make mad ; to drive 
 to madness i to craze; to enrage. 
 
 Mad'den, v. i. To become mad ; to act as if mad. 
 
 Mad'der, n. [A.-S. mdddre, mdddere.] {Bat.) A cer- 
 tain plant, cultivated in France and Holland. The root 
 is much used in d} eing red. 
 
 Mad'e-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MADEFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MADEFYING.] [Lat. mndefacere, from madere, to be 
 wet, and facere, to make.] To make wet or moist ; to 
 moisten. [on the Isle of Madeira. 
 
 Ma-dei'ra (ma-de'ra or ma-da'ra), n. A rich wine made 
 
 3Iademoiselle (mad'mwa-zel'), n. ; pi. MESDEMOI- 
 SELLES (mad/mwa-zel'). [Fr., fi-om ma, my, f. oi'mon, 
 and demoiselle, a young lady.] Young woman; miss; 
 girl ; — used especially in address. 
 
 Mad'-house, n. A house where insane persons are con- 
 fined for cure or for restraint ; a bedlam. 
 
 Mad'Iy, adv. 1. In a mad manner; rashly; wildly. 
 
 2. With extreme folly. [lunatic ; a crazy person. 
 Mad'man, n. ; pi. mad^MEN. A man who is mad; a 
 Mad'ness, '«. 1. Condition of being madj disorder of 
 
 intellect. 2. Wildness of passion. 
 
 Syn. — Insanity; distraction: derangement; delirium; cra- 
 ziness ; lunacy; mania; frenzy; franticiiess; rage; fury; aber- 
 ration; alienation; monomania. See Insanity. 
 
 Ma-don'na, n. ; ijZ. ma-d6n'na§. [It., my lady. See 
 Donna.] 1. Madam; my lady; a term of address. 2. 
 A picture of the Virgin Mary, to whom the title Our 
 Lady especially belongs. 
 
 Mad're-poi-e, n. [Fr. madrepore, from madre, spotted, 
 and pore, a pore ; madre, from 0. H. Ger. masar, a knot, 
 grain or vein in wood, speck.] {Min.) A genus of corals, 
 the species of which usually branch like trees and shrubs, 
 and have the surface covered with small prominences, 
 each containing a cell. 
 
 Ma-drier', or Mad'ri-er, n. [Fr.,from Lat. materia, 
 stuff, materials, timber.] A thick plank, used for several 
 mechanical purposes, especially for supporting the earth 
 in mines. 
 
 Mad'ri-gal, n. [From Lat. mandra, Gr. fx.a.vBpa, stall, 
 herd of cattle, hence, madrigal, originally a pastoral 
 song.] A little amorous poem, sometimes called a pas- 
 toral poem, containing some tender and delicate, though 
 simple thought. 
 
 Md'es-to'so, a. [It.] {Mus.) Majestic ; — a direction to 
 perform a passage or piece of music in a dignified and 
 majestic manner. 
 
 Mag'a-zine' (mSg'a-zeen'), n. [Fr. magazin, magasin, 
 from Ar. makhzan, almakhzan, a storehouse, granary, 
 or cellar, from prefix ma, the place of a thing, and 
 khazana, to lay up in a storehouse, cellar, or treasury.] 
 1, A warehouse, or storehouse ; especially, a storehouse 
 for military stores. 2. The building or room in which 
 the supply of powder is kept in a fortification or ship. 3. 
 A pamphlet periodically published, containing miscel- 
 laneous papers or compositions. 
 
 Mag'da-Ien, n. [From Mary Magdalene, the repentant 
 sinner forgiven by Christ. See Luke vii. 36.] A reformed 
 prostitute. 
 
 Mag^got. n. [Allied to A.-S. madha, warf/iw, earth-worm, 
 Goth, matha, 0. H. Ger. mado. Cf. Scot, mauk, mach, 
 maggot, Icel. madkr, worm, W. macai, a worm or grub ; 
 magu, to breed.] The larval form of a fly ; a grub ; a 
 worm. 
 
 Mag'got-y, a. 1. Full of maggots ; infested with mag- 
 gots. 2. Full of whims ; capricious; whimsical. 
 
 Md'f/l, n. pi. [Lat., pi. o( Magus, Gr. /aayo?, Ar.madj&s 
 orig. from the Persian, mag or mog signifymg priest.] 
 Holy men or sages of the East. 
 
 Ma/gi-an, a. Pertaining to the Magi, a sect of philos- 
 ophers in Persia. . 
 
 food,fo"ot; &rn,j^ude, pull; ^eU, ^liaise, «all, e«Iio; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- 
 
MAGIAN 
 
 442 
 
 MAGUEY 
 
 Ma'gl-an, );. Ono of the Magi, or priests of the Zoroas- 
 trian jvligion iu Persia. [Mtigi. 
 
 Mii'g;i-aii-igiii. ". The philosophy or doctrines of the 
 
 Mft^'i«*< "• [^^- fi'^gif^t l>r- fiayiKT^ (so. reViij). See 
 Magi.) The science or prjictiie of evoking spirits or 
 educing the occult jwwers of nature, and performing 
 things "wonderful by their aid. 
 
 Svn.— Sorcery ; witchcraft ; necromancy ; conjuration ; 
 cnorianUuout 
 
 Mjl«'it>, \ a. Relating to, performed by, or proceeding 
 
 Mftg'iv-al, I from, occult and s u^wrhu man agencies ; 
 done by enchantment or sorcery ; hence, imposing or 
 startling in performance. [menfc. 
 
 Ma4'i<'-al-ly, ndv. By the arts of magic; by enchant- 
 
 Ma-^i'ciaii'(ma-jish'jm), »i. One skilled in magic; an 
 enc"hantor ; a necromancer ; a sorcerer or sorcere.ss. 
 
 Mii-ifilp', \ «• (Paint.) A gelatinous compound of lin- 
 
 Ma-g;ilpli', I seed oil and mastic varnish, used by art- 
 ists as a vehicle for colors. 
 
 MJlfi:'i'*-te'ri-al, a. [Lat. magisteritcs, magisterial, from 
 niagisttr, master, chief, head.] Pertaining or appropriate 
 to a master. 
 
 Syn.— Authoritative; stately; augrust; pompous; dignified; 
 lofty : connnanding ; ininerious ; lordly; proud; haughty; 
 doraineerins ; despotic ; dogmatical; arrogant. — One who is 
 magu'terial, assumes the air of a master toward his pupils; one 
 ■who is dogmatical lAys down his positions in a tone of authority 
 or dictiition ; one who is arrouant insults others by an undue 
 assumption of superiority. Those who have long been teach- 
 ers sometimes acquire, unconsciously, a manner which borders 
 too much on the inagisterial, and which may be unjustly con- 
 strued as dogmatical, or even arrogant. 
 
 MSs'Is-te'ri-al-ly, adv. With the air of a master. 
 
 Mag'is-te'ri-al-ness, n. Air and manner of a master ; 
 haughtiness; imperiousness ; peremptoriness. 
 
 MJig'is-tra-^y, n. 1. The office or dignity of a magis- 
 trate. 'Z. The body of magistrates. 
 
 Mag'is-trate, n. [I>at. viagistratus, from magister, 
 master, chief.] A person clothed with power as a public 
 civil officer. 
 
 Jir«M/'»ta -C/mrVd (Mr'ta). [Lat., great charter.] 1. 
 The great charter, so called, obtained by the English 
 barons from King John, A. D. 1215. ti. Hence, a funda- 
 mental constitution which guaranties rights and privi- 
 leges. 
 
 Mag'na-nim'i-ty, n. Quality of being magnanimous ; 
 greatness of mind ; elevation or dignity of soul. 
 
 Syn. — Magnanimity; generosity. In generositri ihera i% 
 more of heart, in magniinijiiity more of soul. The former is tlie 
 virtue of an individual, the latter of one who Is elevated by 
 station or influence. Magnanimity is shown not only by giv- 
 ing, butby enduring, — by sacrificing one's feelings and inter- 
 ests, or yielding up one's claims for the accomplishment of 
 some noble object. " Strike, but hear me ! " has, in like cir- 
 cumstances, been the response of magnanimity in every age. 
 
 Mag-nan'i-mous, a. [Lat. magnanimus, from mag- 
 
 nus, great, and animus, mind.] 1. Great of mind; 
 
 raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty 
 
 spirit. 3. Exhibiting nobleness of soul; liberal and 
 
 honorable. 
 Mag-nan'i-moiis-ly, adv. In a magnanimous manner. 
 M&g'nate, n. [L. Lat. (pi.) magnate!^, magnati, from 
 
 Lat. magnus, great.] A noble or grandee; a person of 
 
 note or distinction in any sphere. 
 Mag-ne'si-a (-ne'zhT-a or ne'zha), n. [N. Lat., from Gr. 
 
 At0o? Mayi/^64os, the magnet, also a mineral that looked 
 
 like silver, a kind of talc. Cf. MAGNET.] ( Ckem.) An 
 
 earth; the oxide of magne.sium. 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia (Med.), a white pulverulent earth 
 
 used as a mild cathartic. — Sulphate of magnesia, Epsom salts. 
 
 Mag-ne'sian, a. Pertaining to magnesia, or partaking 
 of its qualities ; containing magnesia ; resembling mag- 
 nesia. 
 
 Mag-ne'si-iim (-zhl-um), n. [iice supra.] (Chfm.) The 
 undecomposable metallic base of magnesia. 
 
 Mag'not, n. [I>at. magnes, magnetis, Gr. \i9o<; Ma-y- 
 itJttt?, or Mayvjjfiios, i. e., Magnesian stone, from Blag- 
 nfsia, Gr. Mayvrjcrta, a country in Thes.saly.] 1. The 
 loadstone ; a fijiecAea of iron ore, which has the property 
 of attracting iron and some of its ores, and, when freely 
 suspended, of pointing to the poles. 2. A bar or mass 
 of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties of the 
 loadstone have been imparted, either by contact or by 
 other means ; — called an artificial magnet. 
 
 Mag-n6t'ie, )a. 1. Pertaining to the magnet ; pos- 
 
 Mag-n6t'i«-al, ( sessing the properties of the magnet, 
 or wjrresponding properties. 3. Pertaining to the earth's 
 magnetism. 3. Attractive. 
 
 Magnetic battery, a combination of bar or horse-fihoe mag- 
 netn.with the like poles adjacent, bo aa to act together with great 
 
 I power. — Magnetic equator, the line amund the equatorial parts 
 of the earth at which there is no dip, the dippinjj-needle being 
 horizontal. — Magnetic meridian, hee Mkkidian. — Magnetic 
 needle, a slender bar of steel, magnetized and suspended at its 
 center on a sharp-pointed pivot, so that it may take freely the 
 direction of the magnetic meridian. — Magnetic jioles, the two 
 points in the opposite polar regions of the earth, at which the 
 direction of the dipping needle is vertical. 
 
 Mag-ii6t'i€-al-ly, adv. By means of magnetism. 
 
 Mag-n6t'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being magnetic. 
 
 Mag-n6t'i«s, n. sing. The science or principles of mag- 
 netism. 
 
 MJlg'net-i§m, n. 1. The agent or force in nature 
 which gives rise to the phenomena of attraction, polarity, 
 &c., exhibited by the loadstone and other magnetic 
 bodies, ti. The science which treats of magnetic phe- 
 nomena. 3. Power of attraction. 
 Animal magnetism. See Mesiiekism. 
 
 MSg'net-ist, n. One versed in magnetism. 
 
 Mag'net-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. magnetized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MAGNETIZING.] 1. To communicate mag- 
 netic properties to. 2. To attract as if by a magnet ; to 
 move ; to influence. 
 
 MJlg'net-ize, v. i. To acquire magnetic properties ; to 
 become magnetic. [magnetism. 
 
 MSg'net-iz'er, n. One who, or that which, imparts 
 
 Ma.g'iiet-o-e-le-e-tri^'i-ty, n. 1. Electricity evolved 
 by the action of magnets. t2. That branch of science 
 which treats of phenomena in which the principles of 
 both magnetism and electricity are involved. 
 
 Mag'iiet-6m'e-ter, n. [From Gr. /aa-y^TjTrj?, magnet, 
 and ixerpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring any 
 of the terrestrial magnetic elements. 
 
 Mag'iii-fi/a-ble, a. [See Magnify.] Capable or wor- 
 thy of being magnified. 
 
 Mag-mf'i«, ) a. [Lat. wagnijicus, from magnus, 
 
 Mag-iiif 'i-e-al, ) great, andfacere, to make.] Grand ; 
 splendid ; illustrious ; magnificent. 
 
 3Ia(/-nlf'i-eat, n. [Lat., it magnifies, from magnificare. 
 See supra.] The song of theVirgin Mary, Luke i. 43 ; — 
 so called because it commences with this word in the 
 Latin A'ulgate. 
 
 Mag-nif i-^en^e, n. Condition or quality of being 
 magnificent; grandeur of appearance; pomp. 
 
 Mag-nif'i-fent, a. 1. On a grand scale ; imposing with 
 splendor ; grand in appearance. tJ. Exhibiting grandeur. 
 Syn. — Splendid ; pompous ; gorgeous ; grand ; brilUant ; 
 imposing. See Grand. 
 
 Mag-nif i-^eiit-ly, adv. In a magnificent manner. 
 
 Mag'ni-fi'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, magnifies. 
 
 2. An optical instrument, which increases the apparent 
 magnitude of bodies. 
 
 Mag'iii-fy, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. magnified \ p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. MAGNIFYING.] [Lat. magnificare, from magnus, 
 great, andfacere, to make.] 1. To make great or greater, 
 ti. To increase the power or glory of; to sound the 
 praises of. 
 
 Syn.— To enlarge; amplify; augment; exaggerate; exalt; 
 extol; praise. 
 
 M^g'ni-fy, v. i. To increase the apparent dimensions 
 of objects. [loftiness of speech. 
 
 Mag-nH'o-quen^e, n. Quality of being magniloquent ; 
 
 Mag-iiil'o-quent, a. [Lat. magnus, great, and lor/ui, 
 to speak, p. pr. loquens.] Speaking loftily or pompously ; 
 bombastic. 
 
 Ma.g'iii-tud.e, n. [Lat. magnitude, from magnus, 
 great.] 1. Extent of dimensions or parts ; bulk ; size. 
 ti. ( Geom.) That which has one or moi-e of the three 
 dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness ; any thing 
 of which greater or less can be predicated, as time, angles, 
 ag well as weight, and that which possesses extension. 
 
 3. Greatness ; grandeur. 4. Importance. 
 Mag-no'li-a, n . [Named after Pierre Magnol, 1638-1715, 
 
 professor of botany at Montpellier.] (Bot.) A tree having 
 large fragrant flowers, found in the southern parts of the 
 United States. 
 
 MJtg'pie, n. [From Mag, 
 Maggoty equiv. to Meg, Mag- 
 gie, equiv. to Margaret, and 
 pie.] (Ornith.) A bird, allied 
 to the crow, but smaller, and 
 snowy white below. It is 
 noisy and mischievous, and 
 may be taught to speak. 
 
 Ma-guey' (ma-gwa'), n. [Sp. ; 
 Mexican maguei.] {Bat.) A 
 species of aloe, in Mexico, val- 
 uable for paper, clothing, cord- 
 age, &c. 
 
 Magpie. 
 
 .a,e, &c.,io7ig';Jl,g,&c.,5/M>rf;c4re,far,a8k,all,w^hat; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sbn.,OT,€L^,-w<fH 
 
MAHOGANY 
 
 443 
 
 MAJOR 
 
 Ma-h6g'a-ny, n. [The native South American name.] 
 {Bot.) A large tree, found iu tropical America ; also, the 
 wood of the tree, which is of a reddish-brown color, very 
 hard, and susceptible of a fine polish. 
 
 Ma-hSm'ed-an, I „ g mohammedan. 
 
 Ma-liSm'et-an, j 
 
 SJaid, n. [A.-S. mdgedh, tntigfJ/i, m'dgfJen, masden, Goth. 
 magaths, from A.-S. mag, Goth, magvs, ]cel. miigr, boy, 
 son.] 1. An unmarried woman; a virgin; a maiden. 
 2. Hence, a female servant. 
 
 Maid'en (mild'n), n. [Bgc supra.] 1. A maid, ti. An 
 instrument rosembUng the guillotine, formerly used in 
 Scotland for beheading criminals. 3. A machine for 
 washing linen. 
 
 MaidVn (mad'n),a. 1. Pertaining to a young unmar- 
 ried woman or virgin. 2. Consisting of virgins. 3. 
 Fresh ; new ; pure ; virgin. 
 
 Maiden assize {Enq. Law.), an assize at which there is no 
 criminal prosecution. — Maiden speech, the lirst speech of a 
 new member in a public body. 
 
 MaidV'n-liair, n. (Bot.) A plant, having very slender, 
 graceful stalks. It is found in the United States, and is 
 sometimes used in medicine. 
 
 Maid'en-liead, 1 n. 1. State of being a maid or vir- 
 
 MaidVn-lio'od, j gin ; virginity. 2. Newness ; fresh- 
 ness ; uncontaminated state. 
 
 Maid'en-ly (miTd'n-ly), a. Becoming a maid; gentle; 
 modest; reserved. 
 
 Maid'liobd, n. Virginity ; maidenhood. 
 
 Maid'-serv'ant, n. A female servant ; a serving-girl. 
 
 Mai'liem, n. See Maim. 
 
 Mail, n. [From Lat. macula^ 
 spot, a mesh of a net.] 1. De- 
 fensive armor composed of steel 
 rings or plates. 2. Hence, gen- 
 erally, armor ; defensive cover- 
 ing. 3. [Naut.) A square ma- „. ., ^, . ., 
 chine composed of rings inter- ^^^S-r^^^^- Cham-mail, 
 woven, used for rubbing off the loose hemp on lines and 
 white cordage. 
 
 jVEail, V. t. To put a coat of mail or armor upon. 
 
 Mail, n. [Ir. & Gael, mala, bag, budget, or sack, 0. H. 
 Ger. malaka, malfia, wallet, allied to Gr. /u,oA.y6s, hide, 
 skin.] 1. A bag for the conveyance of letters and papers. 
 2. Hence, the contents of such a bag, &c. 3. The per- 
 son who carries the mail, or the coach or carriage in which 
 the mail is conveyed. 
 
 Mail, 1". t. [iinp. & p. p. mailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MAILING.] To prepare for transmission by the mail ; to 
 post. 
 
 Mail'a-ble, a. Usually admitted, or proper to be ad- 
 mitted, into the mail. 
 
 Mail'-«oacli, n. A coach that conveys the public mails. 
 
 Maim, v. t. [imp. & ]t. p. maimed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MAIMING.] [L. Lat. mahamiare, 7)iahennare, probably 
 of Celtic origin. Cf. Armor, machaha, to mutilate.] 1. 
 To deprive of the use of a limb. ii. To deprive of a 
 necessary part. 
 
 Syn. — To mutilate; mangle; cripple; disable. 
 
 Maim, n. [Written in law language maihem, and may- 
 hem.] 1. Privation of the use of a limb or member of 
 the body. 3. Privation of any necessary part ; mutila- 
 tion; injury. 
 
 Main, n. [A.-S. mdgen, magyn,mdgn, strength, force, 
 from magan, to be able or strong, may, can. See May.] 
 1. Strength ; force ; might. 3. The chief or principal 
 part; specifically, {a.) The great sea, as distinguished 
 from an arm, bay, &c. ; the ocean, (b.) The continent, 
 as distinguished from an island ; the main land, (c.) A 
 principal duct or pipe, as distinguished from lesser ones ; 
 especially, a principal pipe leading from a reservoir. 
 
 Main, a. 1. Mighty; powerful; vast, 3. First in size, 
 rank, importance, &c. 
 Syn. — Principal; chief; leading; cardinal; capital. 
 
 Main'-declc, n. (Naut.) The deck next below the spar- 
 deck in fiigates and seventy-fours. 
 
 Main'-land, n. The continent ; the principal land ; — 
 opposed to island. 
 
 Main'ly, adv. 1. Chiefly ; principally. 3, Greatly ; 
 mightily. [other vessel. 
 
 Main'mast, n. (Naut.) The principal mast in a ship or 
 
 Main'per-nor, 7i. [0. Fr. main, hand, and pernor, for 
 preneur, a taker, from prendre, to take.] (Law.) A 
 surety for a prisoner's appearance in court at a day. 
 
 J^in'prige, n. [Fr. main, hand, and prise, a taking, 
 from prendre, p. p. pris, to take, from Lat. prehendere, 
 prehensum.] (Laic.) (a.) A writ directed to the sheriff, 
 
 Maintop. 
 
 commanding him to take sureties, called mainpernors, 
 for the prisoner's appearance, and to let him go at large. 
 (b.) Deliverance of a prisoner on security for his appea?- 
 ance at a day. 
 Main'prige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MAINPRIZED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MAINPRIZING.] (Law.) To suffer to go at 
 large, on his finding sureties for his appearance at a day ; 
 
 — said of a prisoner. 
 
 Main'sail, n. (Naut.) The nrincipal sail in a ship. 
 
 Main'-slieet, n. (Naut.) The sheet that extends and 
 fastens the mainsail . 
 
 Main'spring, n. The principal spring in a piece of 
 mechanism ; especially, the moving spring of a watch or 
 clock ; hence, the chief or most powerful motive. 
 
 Main'-stay, n. 1. (Naut. ) The stay extending from the 
 foot of the' foremast to the maintop. 2. Main support ; 
 principal dependence. 
 
 Main-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. maintained \ p.pr.k, 
 vb. n. MAINTAINING.] [Fr. maintenir, frommain, Lat. 
 manus, hand, and tenir, Lat. tenere, to hold.] 1. To 
 hold or keep in any particular state or condition ; to 
 keep up. 2. To keep possession of: to hold and defend. 
 3. To continue. 4. To bear the expense of; to supply 
 -with what is needed. 5. To support by assertion or ar- 
 gument. 
 
 Syn. — To support ; sustain ; uphold ; assert ; vindicate ; 
 
 allege. 
 
 Main-tain', v. i. To affirm a position ; to assert. 
 Main-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being maintained. 
 Main-tain'er, n. One who maintains. 
 Main'te-nan^e, n. 1. Act of maintaining ; sustenancs ; 
 
 support ; defense ; vindication. 
 
 2. That which maintains or 
 supports; means of sustenance. 
 
 3. (Crim. Law.) An officious 
 intermeddling in a cause de- 
 pending between others. 
 
 Main'top, n. ( Naut.) The top 
 of the mainmast of a ship or 
 brig. 
 
 Main'yard, n. (Naut.) The 
 yard on which the mainsail is 
 extended, supported by the 
 mainmast. 
 
 Maize, n. [From mahiz or mahis, in the language of the 
 Island of Hayti.] (£oi.) A plant and 
 its fruit, indigenous to America; In- 
 dian corn. 
 
 Ma-j6s'ti«, a. Possessing or exhibit- 
 ing majesty ; of august dignity, or im- 
 posing grandeur. 
 
 _ Syn. — August; splendid; grand; sub- 
 lime; magnificent; imperial; regal; royal; 
 pompous" ; stately ; lofty ; dignified ; ele- 
 vated. 
 
 Ma-jes'ti«-al-ly, adv. With majesty; 
 with dignity or grandeur. 
 
 Ma-j6s'ti«-al-ness, n. State or man- 
 ner of being majestic. 
 
 MSj'es-ty, n. [Lat. majestas, from ma- 
 jus, an old word for magnus, great.] 
 1. Grandeur ; exalted dignity; impos- 
 ing loftiness. 2. Hence, used with the possessive pro- 
 noun, the title of a king or queen, in this sense taking a 
 plural. 
 
 Ma-j61'i-ea, n. A kind of fine pottery or earthen ware 
 with painted figures, first made in Italy in the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 Il^~ The term is said to be derived from Majorca, which was 
 an early seat of this manufacture. 
 
 Ma'jor, a. [Lat. major, comparative of magnus, great. J 
 1. Greater in number, quantity, or extent. 2, Of 
 greater dignity ; more important. 
 
 Major interval (Mus.), an interval greater by a half-step 
 (semitone) than the minor interval of the same denomination, 
 
 — 3Iajor mode, that mode in which the third and sixth tonea 
 of the scale form major intervals with the tonic or key-note. -> 
 Major premise {Logic), that premise of a syllogism which con- 
 tains the major term. — Major term, that term of a syllogisnj 
 which forms the predicate of the conclusion. 
 
 Ma'jor, n. 1. (Mil.) An officer next in rank above a 
 captain and below a lieutenant colonel. 2. ( Civil Law.\ 
 A person of full age. 3. (Logic.) That premise which 
 contains the major term. 
 
 Aid-major (Ml), an officer appointed to act as major on cer- 
 tain occasions. — Drum-major, the first drummer in a regiment, 
 who has authority over the other drummers. — F\fe-major, the 
 first or chief fifer in a military band. — Serpeant-major, a nou- 
 • commissioned officer, subordinate to the adjutant. 
 
 Maize. 
 
 iood, f dbt ; tatt, riide, pull ; fell, fhaise, <;all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tiii»« 
 
MAJOR-DOMO 
 
 444 
 
 MALIGNANT 
 
 Ma'jor-do'ino, n- [Low Lat. majordovius, from Lat. 
 major, pn-aUT, and domui:, house.] A steward ; also, a 
 chief miiiistor. 
 
 Ma jor-s6n'er-al, n. See General. 
 
 Ma-j6r'i-tj', »«■ [L. iMt. tnajoritns, from Lat. major, 
 greater.] 'l, Quiilitv or condition of beuig greater ; spe- 
 eififoJlif, (a.) Tlie luiiitary rank of a major. (6.) The con- 
 dition of being of tige, to manage one's own concerns. 
 *Z, The greater number; more than half. 
 
 Sjn. — Plurality. — In elections, he has a pluralitt/ who has 
 more votes than an v other candidate; he has a mnjority v,'ho 
 has more than half the votes given for all the candidates. 
 
 Ma-jiis'ciile, n. [Lat. majusculus, somewhat greater 
 or great, diminutive of major, iiiajus, greater.] A capi- 
 tal letter used in ancient Latin manuscripts. 
 
 Make, v. t. [imp. & p. p. made ; p. pr. & vb. n. MAK- 
 ING.] [A.-S. macian, 0. H. Ger. machon, to join, fit, 
 prepare, make.] 1. To cause to exist; to produce; to 
 frame ; to fashion ; to create ; hence, in various specific 
 use* or applications, (a.) To form of materials : to con- 
 struct ; to fabricate. (6.) To produce, as something arti- 
 ficial, unnatural, or false, (c.) To bring about ; to effect, 
 do, perform, or execute, &c. (rf.) To gain, as the result of 
 one's efforts ; rarely, to have result to one as a loss or 
 misfortune; to suffer, (f.) To find, as the result of cal- 
 culation or computation. (/.) To pa.ss over the distance 
 of; to travel over, (f.) To put in a desired or desirable 
 condition. t2. To cause to be or become ; to constitute. 
 3. Hence, to cause to appear to be : to esteem, or repre- 
 sent. 4. To require ; to compel ; to force. 5. To com- 
 pose, as parts, ingredients, or materials ; to form. 6. 
 Hence, to serve or answer as ; to become. 7. To reach, 
 or arrive at ; also, to come near, so as to have within 
 sight. 
 
 To make away, to put out of the way ; to kill ; to destroy. — 
 To maJce believe, to pretend; to act as if. — To make free icith, 
 to treat with freedom. — To make good, (a.) To maintain ; to 
 defend. (6.) To fulfill; to accomplish, (c.) To make compen- 
 eation for. — To make light of, to treat with indifference or con- 
 tempt. — To make muck of, to treat with fondness or esteem. — 
 To make no difference, to be a matter of indifference. — To 
 make no douht, to have no doubt. — To make of, (a.) To under- 
 stand, (b.) To produce from ; to effect (c.j To consider ; to 
 esteem. — To mcUce out, (a.) To learn ; to discover. (6.) To 
 prove ; to establish by evidence or argument— To make over, 
 to transfer the title of; to convey.— To make sail QXaut.), to 
 increase the quantity of sail already extended. — To make 
 strange, to make objection to. — To make up, (a.) — To collect 
 into a sum or mass. Q>.) To reconcile; to compose, (c.) To 
 supply what Is wanting m. (c/.) To compensate, (e.) To set- 
 tle; to adjust, or to arrange for settlement, (/*.) To determine; 
 to bring to a definite conclusion. — To make water, (a.) {Saut.) 
 To leak, (.b.) To void the urine; to urinate.— To make way, 
 (a.) To make progress; to advance. (6.) To open a passage; 
 to clear the way. 
 
 Make,!", t. 1. To tend; to proceed; to move. 3. Hence, 
 to contribute ; to have effect. 3. To increa^ ; to aug- 
 ment ; to accrue. 
 
 To make as if, to pretend that; to make show that — To make 
 away with, to kill; to destroy.— To make bold, to venture; to 
 take liberty. — To make out, to succeed; to be able at last. — 2o 
 make up, to become reconciled or friendly.— To make up for, to 
 compensate ; to supply by an equivalent. 
 
 Make, n. Structure; texture; constitution of parts; 
 construction; shape; form. 
 
 Make'-be-lieve', n. A mere pretense. 
 
 Mak'er, n. 1. One who makes, forms, shapes, or molds ; 
 a manufacturer; often, specifically, the Creator. 2. 
 ( Laic.) One who signs or makes a promissory note. 
 
 M^ke'-sbift, n. That with which one makes shift ; a 
 temporary expedient^ [scale to make weight. 
 
 Make'-^veight (-wat), n. That which is thrown into a 
 
 Mai'a-ehfte (49), n. [From Gr. (jloXolxv, a mallow, so 
 named from its resembling the green color of the leaf of 
 mallows.] ( Min.) Native carbonate of copper. 
 
 Mai'a-eol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. /u.aAaic6?, soft, and Xoyos, 
 discourse.] The science which relates to the structure 
 and habits of mollusks. 
 
 M&I'ad-mTn^is-tra'tion, n. Faulty administration ; 
 bad management of business. 
 
 Mai-a-droit', a. [Fr.] Of a quality opposed to adroit- 
 ness ; clumsy ; awkward ; unskillful. 
 
 M&l'a-dy, n. [Fr. maladie, from Lat. male aptus, ill fit- 
 ted, i. «.. indisposed.] 1. Any sickness or disease of the 
 human body ; especially, a lingering or deep-seated dis- 
 order or indisposition, 'i. A moral defect or disorder. 
 
 Syn. — Disorder ; diftemper ; sickness; ailment ; disease; 
 illness. See Disease. 
 
 M&l'a-ga, n. A species of wine imported from Malaga, 
 
 in Spain. 
 Mai'a-pSrt', a. [0. Fr. apert, oi>en, adroit, intelligent, 
 
 from Lat. aptrire, apertum, to open ; hence, mal-aperl, 
 
 unskillful, ill-taught, ill-bred.] Inappropriate through 
 pertness ; without respect or decency ; saucy ; hold ; for- 
 ward. 
 
 Mftl'a-pert', n. A pert, saucy person. 
 
 MJil-ftp'ro-pos' (niill-Xp'ro-po'), adv. [Fr. mal d propos., 
 from mal, evil, and dpropos, to the purpose.] Unseason- 
 ably, unsuitably. 
 
 Ma-ia'ri-a, n. [It., contr. fh)m mala aria, bad air, from 
 Lat. mains, bad, and aer, air.] Air tainted by deleterious 
 emanation from animal or vegetable matter. 
 
 Ma-la'ri-ous, a._ Pertaining to, or infected by, malaria. 
 
 Mai-con'for-ma'tioii, n. Imperfect or disproportion- 
 ate formation; ill form. 
 
 Mai'eon-tent', n. One who is discontented ; especially, 
 a discontented subject of government. 
 
 Mai'-eon-tent', la. Discontented ; dissatisfied with 
 
 Mal'eon-tent'ed, J the government. 
 
 Male, a. [Fr. male, O. Fr. tnasle, mascle, from Lat.mas- 
 culus, male, masculine ; dim. of mas, maris, a male.] 1. 
 Pertaining to the sex that begets or procreates young, as 
 distinguished from the female; masculine. i2. (Bot.) 
 Having fecundating organs, but not fruit-bearing ; stam- 
 ina te. 
 
 Male screw (ifec^.), the screw whose threads enter the groove* 
 of the corresponding or female screw. 
 
 Male, n. 1. An animal of the male sex ; a he. 2. (Bot.) 
 A plant which bears only staminate flowers. 
 
 Mai'e-die'tiou, n. Denunciation of evil ; declaration 
 of a wish of evil. 
 
 Syn. — Curse; imprecation; execration. — Malediction \s^k 
 most general term, denoting bitter reproach or wishes and pre- 
 dictions of evil. Curse implies the desire or threat of evil, de- 
 clared upon oath or In the most solemn manner. Imprecation 
 is literally the praying down of evil upon a person. Execration 
 is literally a putting under the bail of excommunication, a 
 curse which excludes from the kingdom of God. In ordinary 
 usage, the last three words describe profane swearing, execra- 
 tion being the strongest. 
 i Mal'e-f Se'tor , m. [Lat. , from nialefacere, to do evil, from 
 jnale. ill. evil, and facere, to make, do.] One who com- 
 mits a crime. 
 
 Syn. — Evil-doer; criminal; culprit; felon; convict. 
 
 Ma-lev'o-lence, n. Quality of being malevolent; evil 
 disposition toward another. See Malice. 
 
 Ma-lev'o-lent, a. [Lat. malevolens, from male,\W, and 
 volens, p. pr. of veUe, to be willing or disposed, to wish.] 
 Wishing evil : ill-disposed, or disposed to injure others. 
 
 Syn. — Ill-disposed ; envious ; mischievous ; evil-minded ; 
 spiteful; resentful; malicious; mahgnant; rancorous; wishing 
 ill. 
 
 Ma-1 e v'o-lent-ly , adv. In a malevolent manner. 
 
 Mal-fea'gan^e, n. [Fr. malfaisance. See Malefac- 
 tion.] {Law.) Evil conduct : illegal deed. 
 
 MUl/f or-ma'tion, n. Irregular or anomalous formation 
 or structure of parts. 
 
 Mal'i^e, n. [Lat. malitia, from malus, bad, ill, evil.] A 
 disposition to injure others without cause : unprovoked 
 malignity or spite. 
 
 Syn. — Spite; ill-will; malevolence; grudge; pique; bitter- 
 ness; malignitv; maliciousness; rancor. See Spite. — There 
 is the same difference between malevolence and malice as be- 
 tween wishes and intentions. A malevolent man desires to see 
 others unhappy, and rejoices when they are so; a maliciout 
 man is habituallv bent upon injuring others without cause. 
 Malignity goes further; it is not only bent on evil, but loves it 
 for its own sake. One who is malignant must be both malev- 
 olent &nd maJicious ; but a man may be malicious without being 
 I malignant. 
 
 , Ma-li'cioiis (ma-lTsh'us), a. 1. Indulging or exercising 
 malice ; malignant in heart. 2. Proceeding from hatred 
 or malice. 
 
 Syn. — Ill-disposed ; evil-minded; mischievous ; envion*; 
 malevolent; invidious; spiteful; resentful; bitter; malignant; 
 rancorous. 
 
 Ma-li'cioiis-ly, adv. With malice, eimiity, or ill-will. 
 
 Ma-li'ciou.s-iiess, n. QuaUty of being mahcious ; m*- 
 lignity. 
 
 Ma-lign' (ma-lln'), a. [Lat. malignus, for maligenus, i. e^ 
 of a bad kind or nature, from malus, bad, and genus^ 
 birth, race, kind.] 1. Having a very evil disposition to- 
 ward others: mahgnant; malicious. 2. Unfavorable ^ 
 pernicious ; tending to injure. 
 
 Ma-Iign' (ma-lin'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MALIGNED ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. MALIGNING.] To speak great evil of; to 
 traduce : to vilify. 
 
 Ma-lig'nan-cv, n. 1. Quality of being malignant; ex- 
 treme malevolence ; malice. 2. ( Med. ) Virulence ; ten- 
 dency to mortification or to a fatal issue. 
 
 Ma-lig'nant, a. [Lat. malignans, p. pr. of malignare oi 
 malignari, to do or make maUciously. See MALIGN. J 
 
 SL^e, tec, long; &, 6, See, short; c4re, far,ask,all,-v7hat ; 6re,vgil,tSrin; pique, firm; s6ii,6r, do,'wol:^ 
 
MALIGNANT 
 
 445 
 
 MANCHINEEL 
 
 1. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffering, or cause dis- 
 tress; virulently inimical, ti. Exerting a pernicious in- 
 fluence; heinous. 3. (Med.) Tending to produce death. 
 Syn. — Malicious; malevolent; bitter; rancorous; spiteful; 
 resentful; envious; malign. 
 
 Ma-lig'naiit, n. [Obs.] 1. A man of extreme enmity 
 
 'or evil intentions. "2, (Eng. Hist.) One of the adherents 
 
 of the house of Stuart ; a cavalier. 
 Ma lig'iiant-ly, adv. 1. \Vith extreme malevolence. 
 
 ti. With pernicious influence. [a defamer. 
 
 Ma-lign'er (nia-lin'er), n. One who maligns ; a traducer ; 
 Ma-lig'ni-ty, n. 1. Quality of being malign; extreme 
 
 malevolence ; virulent enmity, ti. Deadly quaUty. 
 
 Syn. — Malice; maliciousness; rancor; spite; malevolence; 
 ill-will; virulence; malignancy; animosity. 
 
 Ma-lign'ly (ma-lln'ly), adv. In a malign manner. 
 
 Ma-lin'ger, v. i. [imp. & p.p. malingered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MALINGERING.] [Fr. malingre, sickly, weakly, 
 from inal, ill, and 0. Fr. heingre, haingre, thin, lean, in- 
 firm, from Lat. cPger, with 7i inserted.] (Mil.) To feign 
 illness or to protract disease, in order to avoid duty. 
 
 Ma,l'i-§oii (mai'i-zn), n. [0. Fr., contracted from male- 
 diction. See Malediction.] Malediction; curse; ex- 
 ecration, [dirty drab. 
 
 Mal'kin (maw'kin), n. [Dim. of Mary.] A mop ; hence, a 
 
 Mall (mawl), n. [Lat. malleus.] A large, heavy, wooden 
 heetle ; a maul. 
 
 Mall (mawl), v. t. [imp. & p.p. MALLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MALLING.] To beat with a mall ; to maul. 
 
 MMl (mal), n. [Orig. a walk where they played with 
 malls and balls.] A level, shaded public walk. 
 
 Mai'lard, n. [Fr. malart, from mdile, male, and termi- 
 nation arf, art/.] 1. A drake. 3. (Ornith.) The common 
 duck in its wild state. 
 
 Ma.Fle-a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being malleable, or sus- 
 ceptible of extension by beating. 
 
 M3,i'le-a-ble, a. [From Low Lat. TnaWeare. See infra.] 
 Capable of being drawn out and extended by beating. 
 
 JfalJeable iron, cast iron, which by a peculiar process lias 
 been deprived of its carbon and thus freed from its brittleness. 
 
 MJil'le-a-ble-ness, n. MalleabiUty. 
 
 Mai'le-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MALLEated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MALLEATING.] [L. Lat. malleare, malleatum, to 
 beat with a hammer : from Lat. malleus, a hammer.] To 
 hammer ; to draw into a plate or leaf by beating. 
 
 MSl'le-a'tion, n. Act of beating into a plate or leaf, as 
 a metal. 
 
 M5.1'let, n. [Fr. maillet, dim. of mail, a mall. See 
 Mall.] A wooden hammer ; particularly used, in car- 
 pentry, for driving the chisel. 
 
 Mai'low, ) n. [A.-S. mealioe, main, from Lat. malva, 
 
 Mai'lowg, ) Gr. fj.a\dxri, from ju.aXacro-etv, to soften, 
 ju.aAa/c6s, soft, either because of its softening or relaxing 
 properties, or its soft, downy leaves.] (Bot.) A plant of 
 the genus Malva ; — so called from its emollient qual- 
 ities. 
 
 Malin'gey (mam'zy), n. [0. Eng. m.alvesie, from Mal- 
 vasia, in' the Morea.] A sort of grape ; also, a kind of 
 strong and sweet wine. [offensive odor. 
 
 Mai-o'dor, n. [Lat. wia^ws, bad, and orfor, odor.] An 
 
 Mal-prS,c'tice, n. Evil practice ; illegal or immoral 
 conduct ; especially, professional misconduct of a phy- 
 sician. 
 
 Malt, n. [A.-S. mealt^jnalt, from meltan, to melt, dis- 
 solve, cook.] Barley, or other grain, steeped in water 
 till it germinates, and then dried in a kiln, thus evolving 
 the saccharine principle. It is used in brewing. 
 
 Malt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MALTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MALTING.] To make into malt. 
 
 Malt, V. i. To become malt. 
 
 Malt'man, n. : pi. ivfALT'MEN. A man whose occupation 
 is to make malt. 
 
 Mai-treat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. maltreated ; p. pr. 
 &vb. n. maltreating.] To treat ill; to abuse; to 
 treat roughly, rudely, or with unkindness. 
 
 Mai-treat'ment, n. Ill treatment ; ill usage ; abuse. 
 
 Malt'ster, n. A maltman. 
 
 M^l'ver-sa'tion, n. [From Lat. male, ill, and versatio, 
 from versari, to move about in a place, to occupy one's 
 self.] Evil conduct ; corruption or extortion in office. 
 
 Mftm'a-luke, ) n. [At. mamliik, a purchased slave or 
 
 Mam'e-luke , 1 captive properly possessed or in one's 
 power, p. p. of malaka, to possess.] One of the former 
 mounted soldiery of Egypt, formed of Circassian slaves ; 
 later, the actual or virtual masters of the country until 
 their destruction by Mohammed Ali in 1811. 
 
 Mam-ma', n. [Lat. mamma, Gr. fjii/xna, fidti.fj.ri. 8p. 
 tnama, breast, pap, mother.] Mother ; — a word of ten- 
 derness and familiarity, used chiefly by young children. 
 
 Md,m'mal. n. ; pi. mXm''mal§. [Lat. maynmalis, be- 
 longing to the brea.st, from mamma, breast, pap.] (Zo'dL 
 An animal of the highest class of vertebrates, character- 
 ized by the female suckling its young. 
 
 Marn-7na'li-d,n. pi. [L&t. mammalis. See sm/wo.] A 
 class of animals, comprehending the mammals. 
 
 Main-ma'li-aii, a. Pertaining to the mammalia. 
 
 Mam-mJll'o-gy, n. [Lat. m.umma, the breast, and Gr. 
 Ad-yos, discourse.] The science which relates to man.- 
 miferous animals, or mammals. 
 
 Mam'ma-ry,a. {Anal.) Pertaining to the breasts or pap 
 
 MJIm'mi-fer, n. [Lat. mamma, the breast, and /err«, : 
 bear.] (Zo'dl.) An animal which has breasts for nour- 
 ishing its young ; a mammal. 
 
 Mam-mif' er-ou.s. a. Having breasts, and nourishing 
 the young by the milk .secreted by them. 
 
 MJirn'mi-f 6rm, a. [Lat. mamma, the breast, and/onw«, 
 shape.] Having the form of paps. 
 
 Mam'mil-la-ry, a. [Lat. mammilla, dim. of mamma, 
 the breast or pap.] Pertaimng to the paps; resembling 
 a pap. 
 
 M^m'mon, n. [Chald. mammdn, Tnamon, Heb. m.aU 
 mdn, a place where something is hid, trea.sury, from t&- 
 man, to hide, especially in the earth.] Riches ; wealth ■■, 
 also, the god of riches. 
 
 Mam'mon-ist, n. A person devoted to the acquisition 
 of wealth ; a worldling. 
 
 Mam'motli, n. [Russ. mdmont, mamant, from Tartai 
 mamma, the earth, because the Tungooses and Yakoots 
 believed that this animal worked its way in the earth 
 like a mole.] (Zool.) An extinct elephant, of which then 
 are several species. 
 
 Mam'motli, a. Resembling the mammoth in size ; very 
 large ; gigantic. 
 
 Man, n. ; pi. MEN. [A.-S. mann, man, monn, mon, Goth. 
 manna, man, from an hypoth. Goth, minan, imp. m.an^ 
 Skr.waw, to think.] 1. An individual of the human race ; 
 a human being. 3. Especially, an adult male person. 3. 
 The human race ; mankind ; sometimes, the male part of 
 the race, as distinguished from the female. 4. One of 
 manly strength or virtue. 5. A servant of the male sex ; 
 a male attendant. 6. A married man ; a husband. '7, 
 Sir ; — used as a familiar term of address. 8. A piece with 
 which a game, as chess or draughts, is pla) ed. 
 
 Man ofstraio, one who has no character or influence; also, a 
 candidate; a nominee. — J/aw-o/-!fc«r, a first class ship of war. 
 
 M3,ii, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MANNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. man- 
 ning.] 1. To supply with men. 3. To furnish with 
 strength for action ; to fortify. 
 
 MJin'a-ele, n. [Lat. manicula, dim. of manica, the long 
 sleeve of a tunic, handcuff, from manus, hand.] An in- 
 strument of iron for fastening the hands ; handcuff ; 
 shackle. 
 
 Man'a-«le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. manacled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. manacling.] To put handcuffs or other fastening 
 upon, for confining the hands ; to shackle. 
 
 MJlii'age, V. t. [imp. & p. p. managed; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. managing.] [0. Eng. m.enage, Fr. menager, to kee^ 
 house, from Lat. mansio, habitation, mansion.] 1. To 
 have under control and direction. 3. Hence, especially, 
 to guide by careful or delicate treatment ; to bring around 
 cunningly to one's plans. 3. To train, as a horse; to 
 exercise in graceful or artful action. 
 
 Syn. — To direct; govern; control; wield; order; contrive; 
 concert; conduct; transact. 
 
 MJtii'age, V. i. To direct or conduct affairs. 
 
 Man'age-a-tole, a. 1. Capable of being managed ; ad- 
 mitting or suffering management. 3. Easily made sub- 
 servient to one's views or designs. 
 
 Syn.— Governable ; tractable ; tamable ; controllable ; do- 
 cile. 
 
 MS,n'age-a-l>le-iiess, n. Quality of being manageable. 
 Man'age-ment, n. 1. Act of managing : the manner 
 
 of treating, directing, carrying on, or using for a purpose. 
 
 3. Cunning practice ; conduct directed by art or address. 
 
 3. Board of managers. 
 
 Syn. — Conduct ; administration ; government; direction; 
 
 guidance; disposal ; care ; charge ; contrivance; intrigue. 
 
 Man'a-ger, M. 1. One who manages; a conductor or 
 director. 3. One who conducts business with economy 
 and frugality ; a good economist. 
 
 Mancli'i-iieel'(m5ntch'-), n. [N. Lat. mancanilla,man- 
 cinella, fi:om Lat. malum Matianum,a, kind of apple, be- 
 
 idbd, f<^t; Am, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; ejist; liuger, link ; l^iis* 
 
MANCIPLE 
 
 446 
 
 MANIFESTO 
 
 oausci its fruit I'csembles an apple.] [Bot.) A lofty tree 
 of the West Indies possessing poisonous properties. 
 
 MJUi'vI-plf < "• [0- Fr. inancipe, witli I inserted, as in 
 participle, fn^>m participf ; Uxt. nianripium, from 7nan- 
 ceps, purehiuser at a public auction, fr. manuK, hand, and 
 caperf, to take, seize.] A steward ; a purveyor, particu- 
 larly of a college. 
 
 Man-ild'mus, n. [Lat.. we command, from mandare, 
 to oixler, command.] (Law.) A writ issued by asuperlor 
 court and directed to some inferior tribunal, or to some 
 corporation or person exercising public authority, com- 
 niiinding the performance of some specified duty. 
 
 Mftn'da-riii', «. [Skr. mmttrin, a counselor, from man- 
 tra, & counsel, fi-oni waH, to think, know.] A Chinese 
 public officer ; a civil or militai'y official in China. 
 
 Mftii'da-ta-ry, n. [Lat. mandatarius, from mandatum, 
 » charge, commission, order, from ■>nandare, to commit to 
 one's charge, to commission, to order.] 1. One to whom 
 a command or charge is given ; specifically, one to whom 
 the pope has given a mandate or order for his benefice. 
 ti. (Law.) One who undertakes, without a recompense, 
 to do some act for another in respect to a <;bing bailed to 
 him. 
 
 Mftii'date, n. [See supra.] 1. An official or authorita- 
 tive command. Z. (Canon Laiv.) A rescript of the pope, 
 requiring a person therein named to be put in possession 
 of a vacant benefice. 
 
 MSn'da-to-ry (50), a. Containing a command. 
 
 MJlii'di-ble, n. [Lat. mandibula, mandibulum, from 
 tnandere, to chew.] ( Zo'dl.) The lower jaw of vertebrates ; 
 — also applied to designate both jaws of birds, and the 
 anterior or upper pair of jaws in invertebrates. 
 
 Man-dib'u-lar, a. Belonging to or resembling the jaw, 
 or mandible. 
 
 MJiii 'drake, n. [A.-S. & Lat. mandragora, Gr. fiavSpayo- 
 paq.] (Bot.) (a.) A low plant, having a fleshy root, often 
 forked, and supposed to resemble a man. It was there- 
 fore supposed to have animal life, and to cry out when 
 pulled up. (6.) The May-apple. 
 
 «sg~ The mandrake of Scripture was quite a different thing, 
 but what it was is uncertain. 
 
 MS,n'drel, n. [From Gr. fxavSpa., an inclosed space, the 
 bed in which the stone of a ring is set.] (Mack.) (a.) A 
 bar of metal inserted in the work to form it, or to hold 
 it as in a lathe, (b. ) The spindle which carries the center- 
 chuck of a lathe, and communicates motion to the work, 
 and which is usually driven by a pulley, (c.) An arbor. 
 
 Mane,n. [0. D. mane, Icel. mon, 0. H. Ger. m,ana.] 
 The long hair on the neck of some quadrupeds, as the 
 horse, the lion, &c. 
 
 Ma-nege' (mi-nazh'), n. [Fr. manege, from Low. Lat. 
 managium, management, conduct, from Lat. manus, 
 the hand.] 1. The art of horsemanship, or of training 
 horses. 3. A school for teaching horsemanship, and for 
 training horses. 
 
 Md'neq^, n. pi. [Lat., from 0. Lat. Tnanws, good.] (Rom. 
 Antiq.) The benevolent infernal deities; souls of the 
 departed. 
 
 Ma-neii^ver, 1 n. [Fr. manauvre, L. Lat. manopera, 
 
 Ma-noeu'vre, ) lit. hand-work, from Lat. manus, hand, 
 and opera, from opus, work, labor.] 1. Management; 
 dexterous movement ; specifically, an evolution, or change 
 of position among military or naval bodies. 3. Adroit 
 proceeding; intrigue; stratagem. 
 
 Ma-neiTver, ) v. i. [imp. & p. p. maneuvered, 
 
 Ma-noeu'vre, ) or manoeuvred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MANEUVERING, or MANOEUVRING.] 1. To make an 
 evolution. 2t. To manage with address or art. 
 
 Ma-neu/ver, ) v. t. To change the positions of, as 
 
 Ma-noeu'vre, ) troops or ships. 
 
 Ma-neu'ver-er, | ^ i. 
 
 Ma-noeu'vrer, I ^- ^"^^ ^^° maneuvers. 
 
 Man'f ul, a. Showing manliness, or manly spirit. 
 Syn. — Bold; brave; courageous; noble. See Manlt. 
 
 Mft.n'f ul-ly, adv. In a manful manner. 
 
 Maiti'f ul-iie8S, n. Quality of being manful ; boldness. 
 
 Man'ga-nege', n. [Corrupted from Lat. magnes, be- 
 cause of its resemblance to the magnet. See Magnet.] 
 ( Ckem.) A metal of a dusky white or whitish-gray color, 
 very hard and difficult to fuse. 
 
 0®- The name is very often applied to the black oxide of the 
 metal. 
 
 Mange, n. [Ff. manger, to eat, from Lat. manducare. 
 
 See Manger.] The scab or itch in cattle, dogs, and 
 
 other beasts. 
 Ma,n'gel-wtlr'z«l (mSng'gl-wftr'zl), n. [Ger., a corrup- 
 
 tioli from Ger. mangold, beet, m.angoLdwurzel, beet- 
 
 root.] (Bot.) A plant, by some considered a mere variety 
 of the ordinary beet. 
 
 Man'ger, n. [Fr. mangeotre, from Fr. manger, to eat, 
 Lat manducare.] 1. A trough or box in whicMi fodder 
 is laid for cattle, in a barn or stable, ti. ( Naut.) A space 
 across the deck, within the hawse-holes, having a coam- 
 ing high enough to prevent the water which enters the 
 hawse-holes from naming over the deck. 
 
 Man'gi-ness, n. Quality or condition of being mangy ; 
 scabbiness. 
 
 Ma.n'gle (milng/gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MANGLED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MANGLING.] [A.-S. be-mancian, to maim, 
 beheiid, Icg\. minka, to lessen, decrease ; allied to Lat. 
 mancus, maimed, infirm. 0. H. Ger. mangalon, to be 
 wanting.] 1. To cut in a bungling manner, as tlesh ; to 
 hack; to lacerate ; to mutilate. 3, To curtail; to take 
 by piecemeal. 
 
 Man'gle (miing'gl), n. [From 0. Fr. mangonel, Gr. jxoy- 
 yavov, a machine for throwing stones ; the axis ol v 
 pulley.] A rolling press or calender for smoothing linc:i. 
 
 Man'gle, V. t. To smooth with a mangle, as linen. 
 
 MS,ii'gler (mSng^gler), n. 1. One who mangles or tears 
 in cutting. 2. One who smooths linen with a mangle. 
 
 Mitn'go (mting'go), n. [Malay, mangga.] 1. The fruit 
 of the mango-tree, of the East Indies, often pickled. 2. 
 A green musk -melon pickled. 
 
 Mjin'go-stan, ) n. [Malay, mangusta, mangis.] ( Bot.) 
 
 Ma,n'go-steen, j A tree of the East Indies which bears 
 fruit, also called mangosteen, of the size of a small apple, 
 the pulp of which is very dehcious food. 
 
 MS-n'grove, n. [Malay, manggimanggi .] (Bot.) A 
 tree found all along the shores of the tropics, rooting in 
 the mud, and forming dense forests even at the verge of 
 the ocean, and below high-water mark. 
 
 Man'gy, a. [compar. mangier ; superl. MANGIEST.] 
 [From mange.] Infected with the mange ; scabby. 
 
 Man-ha'den, n. See Menhaden. 
 
 Man'liobd, n. [Eng. man and the termination hood, q. 
 v.] 1. State of being man, or man as distinguished from 
 other beings. "Z, Manly quality ; courage ; bravery ; 
 resolution. 
 
 Ma'ni-a, n. [Lat. mania, Gr. fxavCa, from fxaiveaOai, to 
 rage.] 1. Violent derangement of mind. ti. Excessive 
 or unreasonable desire ; insane passion. 
 
 Syn. — Insanity; derangement : madness ; lunacy; aliena- 
 tion ; aberration ; delirium ; frenzy ; monomania ; dementia. 
 See Insanity. • 
 
 Ma'm-Ji« , a. Raving -with madness ; raging with disor- 
 dered intellect ; mad. ^ 
 
 Ma'ni-a-e, n. One raving with madness ; a madman. 
 
 Ma-ni'a-e-al, a. Affected with madness. 
 
 Ma,n'i-elie'an, a. Pertaining to the Manichees: 
 
 Man^i-«lie'an, )n. A follower of Manes, a Persian, who 
 
 Ma,n'i-€liee, J maintained that there are two su- 
 preme principles, the first of which, light, was held to be 
 the author of all good, the second, darkness, the author 
 of all evil. 
 
 Man'i-elie-i§m, n. The doctrines taught, or system of 
 principles maintained, by the Manichees. 
 
 Man'i-f est, a. [Lat. manifestus.] Clearly visible to the 
 eye ; obvious to the understanding. 
 
 Syn. — Open ; clear ; apparent ; evident; visible ; conspicu- 
 ous : plain ; obvious. — What is clear can be seen in all its 
 bearings ; what is plain can be seen by any man without study 
 or reflection ; what is obvious lies directly in our way, and 
 must be seen by every one ; what is evicfeyit is seen forcibly, 
 and leaves no hesitation on the mind ; what is manifest is evi- 
 dent in a very high degree, striking upon the mind at once 
 with overpowering conviction. 
 
 Man'i-f est, n. [From Lat. manifestare.] A list or in- 
 voice of a ship's cargo, to be exhibited at the custom- 
 house by the proper person. 
 
 Man'i-fest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. manifested ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MANIFESTING.] 1. To disclose to the eye or to 
 the understanding ; to show plainly. 2. To exhibit the 
 manifests or prepared invoices of, at the custom-house. 
 
 Syn. — To reveal; declare; evince; make known ; disclose; 
 discover; display. 
 
 Man'i-f est'a-ble, a. Capable of being manifested. 
 
 Man/i-fes-ta'tion, n. Act of manifesting or disclosing; 
 exhibition ; display ; revelation. 
 
 Man'i-f 6st-ly, adv. In a manifest manner ; clearly ; ev- 
 idently ; plainly. 
 
 Man'i-ffis'to, n. ; pi. mXn'i-f£s'toe§. [See Mani- 
 fest.] A public declaration, usually of a prince or sov- 
 ereign, showing his intentions, or proclaiming his opin- 
 ions and motives in reference to some act done or con- 
 templated by him. 
 
 a, e,&c., long; &,6,&c.,short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; p'ique,firin; s6n,dr, dQ,w9li. 
 
MANIFOLD 
 
 447 
 
 MANUFACTURER 
 
 MItn'l-f old, a. [Eng. many and fold.] 1. Various in 
 kind or quality ; many in number ; numerous, ij. Ex- 
 hibited at divers times or in v? .-ious ways. 
 
 Mftii'i-fold, V. t. [imji. & p. p. manifolded ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MANIFOLDING.] 1. To double or fold in 
 many complications or thicknesses, "i. To take many 
 copies of by a mechanical proce.-^s. [ways. 
 
 MJin'i-foId.-ly, adv. In a manifold manner; in many 
 
 Mriii'l-kiii, n. [Eng. man and dim. termination kin.] 
 An artificial preparation exhibiting the different parts 
 and organs of the human body. 
 
 Ma'iii-6€,n. [Pg. & Braz. wanr/ioca.] 1. The tropical 
 plant from which cassava and tapioca are prepared. t2. 
 The cassava itself. 
 
 Man'i-ple, n. [Lat. tnanipuliis, maniplus, a handful, a 
 certain number of soldiers, from manus, the hand, and 
 plere, to fill, plenus, full.] 1. A handful, ti, A small 
 
 ! band of soldiers ; a company. 3. A kind of scarf worn 
 about the left arm of a Roman Cathohc priest ; a stole. 
 
 Ma-nip'ii-lar, a. Pertaining to the maniple, or com- 
 pany. 
 
 Ma-nip'u-late, v. t. [imp. k, p.p. manipulated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MANIPULATING.] [L. Lat. manipulare , 
 manipulatum, to lead by the hand, from Lat. manipulus. 
 See Maniple.] To treat, work, or operate with the 
 hands. 
 
 Ma-nip'u-late, v. i. To use the hands ; specifically., to 
 manage apparatus in the experiments of physics and 
 chemistry. 
 
 Ma-nip'u-la'tioii, n. Act of manipulating : use of the 
 hands, in an artistic or skillful manner, in science or art. 
 
 Ma-nip'u-la'tor, n. One who practices manipulation. 
 
 Man-kind' (72), n. 1. The human race; man taken 
 collectively ; man. 'i. Men as distinguished from 
 women. 
 
 MS,n'li-ness, n. The quality of being manly, or of pos- 
 sessing the attributes of a man, especially boldness and 
 courage. 
 
 Man'ly, a. [compar. manlier; superl. manliest.] 
 [From Eng. man, and the termination ly.] Having 
 qualities becoming a man ; firm ; brave ; undaunted ; 
 dignified ; noble ; stately. 
 
 Syn. — Manful. — J/n«/^t(Z refers to vigor and resolution as 
 attributes of our race, and is opposed to weak or cowardly ; 
 manly has reference to maturity of years or elevation of spirit, 
 and is opposed to puerile or mean. Hence we speak of a man- 
 ful endurance of evil, and of manly conduct or deportment. 
 
 MJln'ly, adv. With courage like a man. 
 
 MS,n'-mid'wif e, n. A man who practices obstetrics. 
 
 Miin'na, n. [Heb. m.an, Ar. wawn, prop, gift (of heaven), 
 from manna, Heb. m&nan, manah, to share, bestow.] 
 
 1. (Script.) A substance miraculously furnished as 
 food for the Israelites in their journey through the wil- 
 derness ; hence, divinely supplied food. 2. (Med.) A 
 sweetish secretion from many trees, as the manna ash, 
 the European larch, &c. 
 
 MS,n'ner, n. [Lat. manarius, for manuarius, belonging 
 to the hand, fi-om manus, the hand.] 1. Mode of action ; 
 way of performing or effecting any thing. 2. Charac- 
 teristic mode of acting, conducting, carrying on one's 
 self, or the like ; habitual style ; specifically, (a. ) The 
 style of writing or thought in an author, (b.) pi. Car- 
 riage ; behavior ; deportment ; also, decent and respect- 
 ful deportment, (c.) Customary method of acting ; habit. 
 3. Certain degree or measure. 4. Sort; kind; style. 
 
 To malce one's manners, to make a bow or courtesy ; to offer 
 salutation. 
 
 Syn. — Method ; mode ; custom ; habit ; fashion ; air ; 
 look ; mien ; aspect ; appearance. See Method. 
 
 MJtn'ner-igm, n. Adherence to a peculiar style or man- 
 ner; a characteristic mode of action, bearing, or treat- 
 ment, carried to excess. 
 
 Mfin'ner-ist, n. One addicted to mannerism. 
 
 Man'ner-li-nejss, n. The quahty of being mannerly, 
 or civil and respectful in behavior ; civihty. 
 
 Man'ner-ly, a. Showing good manners ; civil ; respect- 
 ful ; complaisant ; not rude or vulgar. 
 
 Man'nieh, a. 1. Having the nature of man ; human. 
 
 2. Having the appearance or qualities of a man ; mas- 
 culine ; bold. 
 
 Ma-noeu'vre, n. See Maneuver. 
 
 MJin'-of-war', n. A government vessel employed for 
 
 the purposes of war ; a ship of war; a war vessel. 
 
 Man-of-war bird (Ornith.), a, large, black, tropical sea-fowl, 
 
 belonging to the pelican lamily ; the frigate-bird. 
 MJin'or, n. [0. Fr. manoir, maneir, maner, habitation, 
 
 village, L. Lat. maneriicm, from 0. Fr. manoir, maneir, 
 
 maner, Lat. manere, to stay, remain, dwell, because it 
 
 was the permanent residence of the lord and of his ten- 
 ants.] (Eng. Law.) The land belonging to a lord or no- 
 bleman . 
 
 Mftn'or-hou.se, n. The hou.se belonging to a manor. 
 
 Ma-no'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to a manor. 
 
 MJln'sard-roof , n. [So called from its inventor, Man- 
 surd , -a Yrnnch architect, who died in 1666.] (Arch.) A 
 kind of roof formed with an upper and under set of raf- 
 ters, the upper set more inclined to the horizon than the 
 under set ; — called also curb-roof. 
 
 M^nse, n. [Low Lat. mansa, massa, from Lat. manere, 
 mansum, to stay, dwell. Cf. Mansion.] 1. A house 
 or habitation ; especially, a parsonage-house. 'Z. A 
 farm . 
 
 M^n'sion, n. [Lat. mansio, a staying, remaining, a 
 dwelling, habitation, from manere, mansum, to .stay, 
 abide, dwell.] 1. A house ; an abode ; especially, one of 
 some size or pretension. 3. The house of the lord of v. 
 manor. 
 
 Man'sion- house, n. The house in which one resides ; 
 specifically , the official residence of the Lord Mayor of 
 London. 
 
 Man'slaugli-ter (-slaw-ter), n. 1. The slaying of a 
 man or' of men ; murder. 3. (Law.) The unlawful kill- 
 ing of a man without malice, express or implied. 
 
 Man'tel (mjin'tl), ?i. (Arcli.) The work over a fire-place 
 in front of the chimney, especially a narrow shelf above 
 the fire-place. 
 
 Mitn'tel-et, n. [Fr. m.antelet, dim. of 0. Fr. m.antel. 
 See Mantle.] 1. A small cloak worn by women. 3. 
 (Fort.) A musket-proof shield of wood, metal, or rope, 
 sometimes used for the protection of sappers, riflemen, 
 
 Miin'tel-pie^e, ) [or gunners. 
 
 Man'tel-shelf , [ n. See Mantel. 
 
 Man'tel-tree, ) 
 
 Man-til'la, n. [See Mantle.] 1. A lady's cloak of 
 silk or velvet. 2. A kind of vail covering the head and 
 falling down upon the shoulders. 
 
 Man'tle (mSn'tl), n. [A.-S. mentel, tnsentel,0. Fr. man- 
 tel, N. Fr. manteau, 0. H. Ger. mantal, Icel. m.bttuU, 1j. 
 Lat. mantellus, from Lat. mantellum, mantelum.] 1. A 
 loose garment to be worn over other garments ; a cloak ; 
 hence, figuratively, a covering or concealing envelope. 
 3. (Zool.) (a.) The outer soft membrane of the body of 
 a moUusk. (b.) Any free outer membrane. 3. (Arch.) 
 A mantel. See Mantel. 
 
 MSn'tle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mantled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 mantling.] To cover or envelop, as with a mantle ; 
 to cloak ; to hide ; to disguise. 
 
 MSn'tle, v.i. 1. To rise and spread ; to expand ; to be 
 spread out, especially in a graceful or elegant manner. 
 3. Hence, to revel in pleasure. 3. To become covered, 
 as a liquid, on the surface. 
 
 Man'tle-pie?e, ) 
 
 MSn'tle-Silielf , [ m. (Arch.) A ma,nte\. See Mantel. 
 
 Man'tle-tree, ) 
 
 Man'-trap, «. A machine for catching trespassers. 
 
 Man'tu-a (man'tu-a or man'tu), n. [Either corrupted 
 from It. manto, Fr. manteau, or from Mantua, in Italy. 
 See Mantle.] A woman's gown or dress. 
 
 Man'tiia-malv'er (man'tu-mak'er), n. A ladies' dress> 
 maker ; one who makes women's clothes. 
 
 Ma,n'u-al, a. [Lat. manualis, from manus, the hand.] 
 1, Pertaining to, or performed by, the hand. 3. Used 
 or made by hand. , 
 
 Manual exercise (i/?7.), the exercise by which soldiers are 
 taught the use of their muskets and other arms. 
 
 Man'u-al, n. 1. A small book, such as may be carried 
 
 in the hand, or conveniently handled ; a hand-book. 3, 
 Specifically, the service-book of the Roman Cathohc 
 church. 3. (Mus.) The key-board of an organ or har- 
 
 Ma,n'ii-al-ly, a«/^'- By hand. [monium. 
 
 MS,n'u-{a«'to-ry, n. [Lat. manus, the hand, and fac- 
 tor ium , a place where something is made, from factor, a 
 maker, fvom facere , factum , to make.] A house or place 
 where any thing is manufactured ; a factory. 
 
 Man'u-fa-et'ure (53), «. [Lat. manus, the hand, and 
 factura, a making, from facere, factum, to make.] 1. 
 The operation of making wares of any kind, by the 
 hands, by art, or machinery. 3. Any thing made from 
 raw materials by the hand, by machinery, or by art. 
 
 Man'u-fa<;t'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. manufactured ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MANUFACTURING.] 1. To make or fab- 
 ricate from raw materials, by the hand, by art, or ma- 
 chinery. 3. To work, as raw materials, into suitable 
 forms for use. 
 
 Man'u-f a«t'ur-er, n. One who manufectures. 
 
 <obd,fot>t; Oru, rude,pi^ll; 9ell, ^liaise, «aU, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag; ejist, linger; linlc; tliis, 
 
MANUMISSION 
 
 448 
 
 MARIOLATRY 
 
 Mftn'u-niis'slon (-niTsh'un), n. Act of manumitting, 
 or of libornting a slave from bondage. 
 
 M&u'u-mit' (110), f. t. [imp. & p- p. MANUMITTED; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. MANUMITTING.] [Lat. manumittere, 
 from uianus, the hand, and viittere, missum, to send, 
 send off.] To relt«Lfe from slarery ; to free, as a slave. 
 
 M:»-nur'rt-l>le, n. Capable of being manured, or of be- 
 iusi tiiltivatiHl. 
 
 Ma-nuro'. c. t. [imp. k p. p. manured; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MANURING.] [Contracted from Fr. vianauvrer, to 
 work with the hand. See Maneuv-^er.] To enrich, as 
 land, bv the application of a fertilizing substance. 
 
 Ma-uure', «• Any matter which makes land productive ; 
 a fcrtiliaug substance. 
 
 Ma-iiiir'er, n. One who manures land. 
 
 MJ^n'u-st'ript, a. Written with the hand ; not printed. 
 
 3ISii'ii-s«Tipt, >i. [Low Lat. mamtscriptu7Ji, literally 
 something written ^Tith the hand, from Lat. manus, the 
 hand, and icriUre, scriptum, to write.] A book or paper 
 written %Tith the hand. 
 
 Maii'y (men'\-), a. [coyiipar. MORE; superl. MOST; 
 both' from a different root.] [A-S. maneg, manig, menig, 
 Goth. t}ianags.] Comprising, or consisting of, a great 
 number of individuals. I 
 
 Jfaiiy a, a large number taken dlstribntively ; each one of , 
 many. 
 
 Syn. — Numerous ; multiplied ; frequent ; manifold ; va- 
 rious ; divers ; sundry. 
 
 Man'y (men'y), 71. A numerous company ; a multitude ; | 
 a great number ; a crowd ; — chiefly in the phrases a \ 
 great many, a good many. 1 
 
 M^p, »i- [Lat. mappa, napkin, signal-cloth, a Punic I 
 word.] A representation of the surface of the earth, or j 
 of any part of it, drawn on paper or other material ; a ! 
 chart ; — applied also to representations of the celestial j 
 sphere. 
 
 BI^p, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mapped (m&pt) ; p.pr. & vb. \ 
 n. MAPPING.] To draw or delineate, as the figure of | 
 any portion of land; hence, figuratively, to delineate or 
 describe well. 
 
 Ma'ple, ) n. [A.-S. mapeltreo, 0. H. Ger. mazal- 
 
 Ma'ple-tree, I tra.] (£of.) A tree of the genus 4cer, 
 of several species. 
 
 Mar, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MARRED; p.jtr. & vh. v. MAR- 
 RING.] [A.-S. merran, mirran, mcarrian, to obstruct, 
 impede, dissipate ; Icel. meria, Goth, marzjan.] 1. To 
 injure by cutting off a part, or by -wounding and mak- 
 ing defective ; to damage ; to hurt ; to harm ; to impair ; 
 to spoil. tJ. To impair the good looks of; to disfigure. 
 
 Mar, n. A mark or blemish made by bruising, scratch- 
 ing, or the like : an injury. 
 
 Mar'a-nath'a, or Mar-a-na'tlia, n. [Syriac.] The 
 Lord come.=!, or has come ; a word used by the apostle 
 Paul in expressing a curse. This word was used in 
 anathematizing persons for great crimes. 
 
 Mar' as- ^hV no (-ke'no), n. [It., from marasca, ama- 
 rasca, a sour cherry, from Lat. amarus, bitter.] A deli- 
 cate spirit distilled from cherries. 
 
 Ma-t'ds'nius, n. [Gr. /aapao-fios, from /xapatveiv, to 
 quench, as fire (in the passive), to die away, decay.] 
 ( Med. ) A waisting of tiesh Avithout fever or apparent dis- 
 ease ; atrophy ; phthisis. 
 
 Ma-raud', v. i. [imp. & p. p. marauded ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. MAR.\UDING.] [Fr. marauder, from mxiraud., 
 rogue, rascal, Lat. vxalt rvptus, badly broken, mined, 
 debauched ] To rove in quest of plunder ; to plunder. 
 
 Ma-raud'er, n. A rover in quest of booty or plunder ; 
 a plunderer. 
 
 Mir'a-ve'di, n. [Sp. ; — so called from the Marahitin., 
 an Arabian dynasty which reigned in Africa and Spain.] 
 (Numis.) A small copper coin of Spain, equal to three 
 mills American money, less than a farthing sterUng. 
 
 MarHliIe, n. [Lat. marmor, Gr. fiopM-apos, froig ixapftaC- 
 peti/, to sparkle, flash.] 1. Any species of calcareous stone 
 or mineral, of a compact texture, and of a beautiful ap- 
 pearance, susceptible of a good polish. ^. A thing 
 made of, or resembling, marble ; as, (a.) A work of art, 
 or record, in marble, {b.) A little ball of marble, or 
 other hard substance, used as a plaything by children. 
 (c.) pi. A collection of antique works of art in marble. 
 
 Mar'ble.v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. marbled: p.pr. & vb. n. 
 MARBLING.] To Stain or vein like marble ; to variegate 
 in color. [marble. 
 
 MarTbler, n. One who pai.^ts or stains in imitation of 
 
 Mare, n. [Fr., probably fro*^ Lat. emarcus, a kind of 
 wine of middling quality; or.g. a Gallic word.] The 
 refuse matter which remains after the pressure of fruit, 
 particularly of grapes. 
 
 Mar-?f s'^ient, a. [Lat. marcescens, p. pr. of marcescere^ 
 to wither, pine away, decay, from marcere, to wither, 
 droop.] (Bot.) Withering without falling off; fading; 
 decaying. 
 
 March, "• [Lat. Martiu.^ ynensis, from Martius, belong- 
 ing to Mars, the god of war.] The third month of the 
 year. 
 
 March, v. i. [imp. & p. p. marched (marcht) ; p. pr. 
 &. vb. n. MARCHING.] [From O. Fr. mar die, border, 
 boundary, hence, orig., to go to the boundary in order to 
 defend it. See M.\RCH, «.] 1. To move by .steps and 
 in order, as soldiers. i2. To walk in a grave, deliberate, 
 or stately manner. [troops. 
 
 March, v. t. To cause to move in military array, as 
 
 March, n. 1. Military progress; advance of troops. 
 "Z. Measured and regular advance like that of soldiers 
 moving in order. 3. A piece Of music, designed to ac- 
 company' and guide the movement of troops. 4> The 
 distance passed over. 
 
 March, n. [A.-S. ?nenrc, mark, sign, boundary ; Gk>tli. 
 niarka, allied to Lat. margo, border, margin. See 
 Mark.] A frontier of a territory ; a border ; a con- 
 fine ; — used chiefly in the plural. 
 
 Mar'^hion-css (mar'shun-es), n. [L. Lat. marckionissa, 
 from marckio, a marquis, q. v.] The wife or widow of a 
 marquis._ 
 
 March'pane, n. [Prob. from Lat. m.aza, Gr. fta^a, frn- 
 menty, a barley -cake, from ixdaa-eLv, to knead, and Lat. 
 panis, bread.] A kind of sweet bread or biscuit ; spice 
 cakes of sugar, nuts, poppy seeds, and Indian com. 
 
 Mar'^id, a. [Lat. onarcidus, from m.arcere^ to wither, 
 droop, pine.] Pining; wasted away; lean. 
 
 Mar-^id'i-ty, n. State of great leanness. 
 
 MS.re,?i. [A.-S. mere, inijre, merilie, Icel. meri, 0. H. 
 Ger. merhd, merilid, from A.-S. iiiear, mearh,\iOTse ; IceL 
 marr, 0. H. Ger. marah.] The female of the horse, or 
 equine genus of quadrupeds. 
 
 Mare's-neM. any thing very absurd or ludicrous; as, a person 
 is said to find a mare's-nest, when he chuckles over tlie discov- 
 ery of something which is absurdly ridiculous or a hoax. 
 
 Mare'schal (mar'shal), n. [0. Fr.] This word is now 
 written marshal, q. v.] A military officer of very high 
 rank ; a marshal. 
 
 Marge, 
 
 Mar'eent, 
 
 Mar'gin, n. [Lat. margo, marginis.] 1. A border; 
 edge ; brink ; verge. 5i. Specifically, the part of a page 
 at the edge left uncovered in writing or printing. 3. 
 {Com.) Difference between the price of purchase and 
 sale of an article, which leaves room for profit. 4. 
 Hence, the difference between the outlay, expense, num- 
 ber, or amount of any thing as estimated, and that 
 which is actually required or incurred. 
 
 Mar'gin, i". t. [imp. & p. p. margined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MARGINING.] 1. To furnish with a margin; to 
 border ; to leave room to be filled up by anticipated 
 profits, or by the discretion of an agent. SJ. To enter in 
 the margin of a page. 
 
 Mar'gin-al, a. 1. Pertaining to a margin. 2. Written 
 or printed in the margin. 
 
 Mar'gi-nate. ) a. [Lat. marginatus, p. p. of mar- 
 
 3Iar'giii-a'ted, ) ginare.] Having a margin. 
 
 Mar'gra-vate, )n. The territory or jurisdiction of a 
 
 Mar-gra'vi-ate, ) margrave. 
 
 Mar'grave, n. [Ger. markgraf, i. e., lord chief justice 
 of the march, from mark, bound, border, march, and 
 graf, earl, count, lord chief justice ; 0. H. Ger. marc- 
 gravo. See MARK and MARCH.] 1. Originally, a lord 
 of the borders or marches, in Germany. "Z. A noble- 
 man of a rank equivalent to that of an English marquis. 
 
 3Iar'gra--»Tine, n. The wife of a margrave. 
 
 Mar'i-gold, n. [From Mary and gold.] (Bot.) A plant, 
 bearing a yellow flower. There are several plants of 
 different genera bearing this name. 
 
 Ma-rine', a. [Lat. marinus, from mare, the sea.] 1. 
 
 Pertaining to the sea : relating to the ocean, or to nari- 
 
 gation, naval affairs, &c. ; naval ; nautical. 2. ( Geol.) 
 
 Formed by the action of the currents or waves of the sea. 
 
 Syn.— See Maritime. 
 
 Ma-rine', w. 1. A soldier serving on shipboard. 2. 
 The sum of naval affairs or interests ; naval economy; 
 the collective shipping of a country. 
 
 MJir'i-ner, n. One who pursues a sea-faring life ; a sea- 
 man or sailor. 
 
 Ma'ri-61'a-try, n. [Gr. Mapia, Lat. Maria, the Tirgin 
 Mary, and A^Tpeca, worship.] The worship of the Virgin 
 Mary. 
 
 [See MARGIN.] A margin. 
 
 a,e, Sec, long; S^,6,tLC.,short; c4re, far, aslc, all, -what; dre, -veil, term; pique, firm.; »on.,^r,d.^,^^rgH 
 
MARITAL 
 
 449 
 
 MARRY 
 
 MJir'i-tal, a. [Lat. maritalis, from maritus, belonging 
 to marriage, a married man.] Pertaining to a husband. 
 
 Mar'i-time, a. [Lat. marithnus, from mare, the sea.J 
 1. Bordering on the ocean ; connected with the sea by 
 site, interest, or power. \i. Relating to navigation and 
 naval affairs. 
 
 Syn. — Marine. — Maritime denotes primarily, " bordering 
 on the sea," as a luuritime town, coast, nation, &e., and secon- 
 darily, " belontjing to those who border on the sea," us luuri- 
 time laws, rifjhts, pursuits, &c. Marine denotes, prunariiy, " of 
 or pertaining to the sea," as a maiine shell, marine productions, 
 &c.;and secondarily, "transacted at sea," as marine service: or 
 "doing duty on the sea," as marine forces, &c. Hence, also, 
 marines are soldiers who do service in ships; the marine of a 
 nation is its shipping taken collectively, and also the entire 
 economy of its naval affairs. 
 
 Mar'jo-ram, n. [L. Lat. majoraca, from Lat. amara- 
 cus, amaracuni, Gr. a/xapoucos, a/uLcipaKov.] (Bot.) A pbmt 
 of the genus Origanum^ of several species. The sweet 
 marjoram is peculiarly aromatic and fragrant, and much 
 used in cookery. 
 
 Mark, n. [A.-S. mearc, mark, sign, limit, boundary, 
 Icel. mark, 0. Fr. mere] 1, A visible sign, as a line, 
 point, stamp, figure, or the like, made or left upon s.ny 
 thing ; a token ; a trace, ti. A significative token ; 
 specTficnlly , a permanent impression of one's activity or 
 character. 3. Distinguished pre-eminence. 4. Speci- 
 fically, a character made, instead of signature, by one 
 who can not write. 5. A thing aimed at ; what one 
 seeks to hit or reach. 6. (Logic.) A characteristic or 
 essential attribute ; a differential. 
 
 Syn.— Impress; impression; stamp; print; trace; vestige; 
 track; characteristic; evidence ; proof; token; badge; indica- 
 tion; symptom. 
 
 Mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. marked (markt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MARKING.] 1. To make a visible sign upon ;, to 
 affix a significant mark to. 5i. To notice the marks of j 
 to give attention to ; to remark ; to regard. 
 
 Syn. — To note; notice; observe; heed; show; evince; in- 
 dica'te; point out; betoken; denote; characterize; stamp; im- 
 print; impress; brand. 
 
 Mark, v. i. To take particular notice ; to note. 
 
 Mark'er, n. 1. One who marks, affixes a sign, or takes 
 notice, ti. One who, or that which, serves to indicate or 
 keep account; especially, (a.) A counter used in card- 
 playing, [b.) One who keeps account of a game played, 
 (c.) (Mil.) The soldier who forms the pivot of a wheeling 
 column, or marks the direction of an alignment. 
 
 Mar'ket, n. [Lat. mercatus, trade, market-place, from 
 mercari, mercatus, to trade, trafiBc, from merx, mercis, 
 merchandise.] 1. A public place in a city or town where 
 provisions or cattle are exposed to sale. ti. A building 
 where wares are bought and sold; a market-house. 3. 
 A town, region, country, &c., where there is a demand 
 for an article, and where it may be disposed of by sale or 
 barter ; hence, demand and sale, or exchange. 
 
 Mar'ket, v. i. [imp. & p. p. marketed ; p.jrr. &, vb. 
 n. MARKETING.] To buy or sell ; to make bargains. 
 
 Mar'ket-a-ble, a. 1. Fit to be offered for sale ; salable. 
 ti. Current in market. 
 
 Mar'ket-er, n. One who brings any thing to market for 
 sale ; one who attends a market. 
 
 Mar'ket-towii (109), n. A town that has the privilege 
 of a stated public market. 
 
 Marks'man, n. ,• pi. marks'men. One who is skiUful 
 to hit a mark ; one who shoots well. 
 
 Marl, n. [From L. Lat. margilu, dim. of Lat. marga, 
 marl. Originally a Celtic word according to Pliny, W. 
 marl; Ir. & Gael, marla.] A mixed earthy substance, 
 consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and silicious sand. 
 
 Marl, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MARLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MARLING.] 1. To overspread or manure with marl. 
 3. [See ?V7/4-a.] (Naut.) To wind or twist a small line or 
 rope round another. 
 
 Marl-a'ceous, a. Resembling marl, or partaking of its 
 quahties. 
 
 Mar'line, n. [Perhaps from 0. 11. Ger. marrjan, marren, 
 D. marren, to hinder, stop, check, and L. Ger. lien, N. 
 H. Ger. leine, line, rope.] { Naut.) A small line composed 
 of two strands a little twisted, used for winding round 
 ropes and cables, to prevent their being fretted 
 by the blocks, &c. 
 
 Mar'line, v. t. ( Navt.) To wind marline around. 
 
 Mar'line-spike, n. (Naut.) An iron tool, 
 
 tapering to a point, used to separate the strands ., , ,. 
 of a rope, in splicing. ■i Ifj 
 
 Marl'y, a. [rompar. MARLIER ; svperl. MAR- ^ ^ 
 LIEST.] Consisting or partaking of marl ; re- Marline- 
 sembling marl ; abounding with marl. spike. 
 
 Mar'ma-lade, n. [From Or. ^Lekini^Kov, a sweet apple, 
 an apple grafted on a quince, from /ae'Ai, honey, and 
 /w.rjAoi/, apple.] A pasty preserve made of the pulp of 
 any of the firmer fruits, as the quince, pear, orange, 
 &c., boiled with sugar, and usually evaporated so as to 
 take form in a mold. 
 
 Mar-mo're-al I (124), a. [Lat. marmoreus, from mar- 
 
 Mar-mo're-aii ) wor, marble.] Pertaining, to, or re- 
 sembling, marble ; made of marble ; having the qualities 
 of marble. 
 
 Mar'nTio-ggf, n. [Fr. marmovset, a grotesque figure, 
 an ugly little boy, dim. of marmot, a marmoset.] (Zo'Ol.) 
 A small monkey, having soft fur, hooked claws, a long, 
 thick tail, and much resembling a squirrel. It is a nar 
 tive of South America. 
 
 Mar'inot, n. [From Lat. mvs 
 muntunus, i. e., mountain- 
 mouse, or mountain - rat.] 
 (Ziiol.) A rodent, of about thci 
 size of the rabbit, which in-' 
 habits the higher regions of the . 
 Alps and Pyrenees. The Amer- 
 ican marmot is the woodchuck. 
 
 Ma-roon', n. [Abbreviated 
 
 and corrupted from Sp. r.im.ar~ Marmot. 
 
 ron, wild, unruly, from ciina, the summit of a mountain; 
 hence, negro cimnrron,& runaway negro that lives in the 
 mountains.] A fugitive slave living on the mountains in 
 the West Indies and in Guiana. 
 
 Ma-rdbii', t". t. [i^np. & p. p. MAROONED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MAROOXrNG.] To put ashore on a desolate isle, 
 as a sailor, under pretense of his having committed some 
 great crime. 
 
 Ma-rdbn', a. [Fr. marren, chestnut-colored, from mar- 
 ron, a large French chestnut ; L. Gr. /u.apoov, /xopaos.] 
 Brownish-crimson ; of a claret color. 
 
 Ma-rdbn', n. A brownish-crimson or claret color. 
 
 Mar'plot, n. One who, by his officious interference, 
 mars or defeats a design or plot. 
 
 Marque (mark), n. [Fr. marque, mark, sign, landmark. 
 See Mark.] 1. (Law.) A Ucense to pass the limits of a 
 jurisdiction, for the purpose of making reprisals. 3. A 
 ship commissioned for making reprisals. 
 
 Letters of marqve, a license granted by the supreme power 
 of one state to its subjects, to make reprisals at sea on the sub- 
 jects of another. 
 
 Mar-quee' (mar-ke'). «• [Fr. marquise.] A large field- 
 tent. [Written also war^ee.] 
 
 Mar'quess (-kwess), n. A marquis. See Marquis. 
 
 Mar'quet-ry (-ket-), n. [Fr. marqueterie, fr. marqueter, 
 to checker, inlay, from marque, mark, sign.] Inlaid 
 work ; work inlaid with different pieces of divers colored 
 fine wood, shells, &c. 
 
 Mar'quis (mar'kwis), n. [Fr.; L. Lat. marchis, from Ger. 
 mark, bound, border, march. See Margrave, Mark, 
 and Marches.] A nobleman in England, France, and 
 Germany, of a rank next below that of duke. 
 
 Mar'qui§-ate, n. The seigniory, dignity, or lordship of 
 a marquis. 
 
 Mar'rer, 7i. One who mars, hurts^ or impairs. 
 
 Mar'riage (mar-'rij), n. [Vr. manage, from marier, to 
 marry, froin mnri, husband.] Act of marrying, or state 
 of being married. 
 
 Syn.— Matrimony ; wedlock ; wedding ; nuptials. — i/ar- 
 riage is properly the ac? which unites the two parties, and mat- 
 riinonn the state into which they enter. Marriage is, liowever, 
 often used for the state as well as the act. Wedlock \& th.t o\6. 
 Anglo-Saxon term for matrimony. 
 
 Ma,r'riage-a-l>le (-rij-), a. Of an age suitable for mar- 
 i riage. 
 
 Mar'rir-d (mSr'rid), a. Formed by marriage ; conjugal ; 
 connubial. 
 
 Mar-rdon', n. & a. The same as Maroon. 
 
 Mar'row, n. [A.-S. mearg, mearh, Icel. mergr, W. m.er.\ 
 1. (Anat.) A soft, oleaginous substance contained in the 
 cavities of animal bones. 3. The essence ; the best 
 part. 
 
 Mar'ro^v-bone, n. 1. A bone containing marrow. 
 ti, pi. [Supposed to be a burlesque corruption of Mary- 
 bone, in allusion to the genuflections made to the Virgin 
 Mary.] The bone of the knee; the knees. 
 
 Mar'row-fat, n. A rich but late variety of pea. 
 
 Ma.r'row-less, a. Destitute of marrow or pith. 
 
 MJir'roAV-y, a. Abounding in marrow or pith ; pithy. 
 
 Mar'ry, v! t. [imp. & p. p. married ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MARRYING.] [Lat. mar! tare, from Lat. maritus, hus- 
 band, from mas, maris, a. male.] 1. To unite in wed- 
 
 food, foot; ^rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, eall, eelio ; 
 
 29 
 
 gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 
 
'Wxy^^^^^, 
 
 MARRY 
 
 450 
 
 MASK 
 
 lock or matrimon)-. '^. To dispose of in wedlock ; to 
 pive away as wife. 3. To take for husband or wife. 4. 
 Hence, figurativel.v, to unite in the closest connection. 
 
 Mftr'ry. f. i. To "enter into the conjugsil stiit* : to unite 
 as husband and wife. 
 
 Mjirg, n. 1. (Mvtii.) The son of Jupiter and Juno, and 
 the >rod of war. 'i. (Astron.) One of the planets of the 
 solar system, the next bevond the earth. It is conspicu- 
 ou.< for the reilness of its light. 
 
 Marsli, n. [A.-S. f/ursr, marsh, bog, L. Lat. mariscus, 
 flx)m A.-S. 7nerf, }?idrf, sea, lake, Goth, marei, Icel. mar, 
 alUed to Lat. winrc, Russ. more.] A tract of low land, 
 usually or occasionally covered with water ; a fen ; a 
 swamp ; a morass. 
 
 Mar'shal, n. [0. Fr. mareschal, from 0. H. Ger. marah- 
 scalc, marnh-scalh , from, marak, hon^e, smd scale, scaUi, 
 servant.] An officer of high rank, charged with the 
 arrangement of ceremonies, the conduct of operations, 
 or the like; as, specifically, (a.) A harbinger; a pur- 
 suivant, (b.) One who regulates rank and order at a 
 feast or any other assembly, directs the order of proces- 
 sion, and the Uke. (c.) The chief officer of arms, whose 
 duty it is to regulate combats in the lists, (d.) (France.) 
 The" highest military officer, (e.) {Ayii. Law.) A minis- 
 terial officer, whose duty it is to execute the process of 
 the courts of the United States. His duties are similar 
 to those of a sherifiF. The name is also sometimes ap- 
 plied to certain police officers of a city. 
 
 Mar'shal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. marshaled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MARSHALING.] 1. To dispose in order ; to ar- 
 range in a suitable manner, as troops or an army. 3. To 
 lead as a harbinger. 
 
 Mar'shal-er, n. One who marshals. 
 
 Mar'slial-sliip, n. The office of a marshal. 
 
 Marsli'-lia.r'ri-er, n. ( Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the 
 Falcon family, found in most of the countries of Europe, 
 and not uncommon in the British Isles. 
 
 Marsh '-mariow, n. (Bot.)A plant common in marsh- 
 es near the sea-shore. 
 
 Marsh'y, a. 1. Resembling a marsh ; wet ; boggy ; fenny. 
 'i. Pertaining to, or produced in, marshes. 
 
 Mar-su'pi-al, a. [From Lat. marsupium, Gr. fiaptru-n-L- 
 ov, a pouch, bag, purse.] (Zoo7.) (a.) Having a pouch 
 for carrying the immature young ; pertaining to the 
 group of quadrupeds characterized by a pouch or marsu- 
 pium. (6.) Pertaining to the pouch of the marsupials. 
 
 Mar-sii'pi-al, «. ( Zool. ) One of the marsupial animals. 
 
 Mar-su'pi-ate, a. Related to the marsupial animals; 
 furnished with a pouch for the young. 
 
 Mart, n. [Contracted from market, q. v.] A place of sale 
 or traffic ; a market. 
 
 Mar-tel'lo Tow^'er. [It. martello, hammer, from Lat. 
 mar^M^Ms, dim. of »iarc!<5, hammer.] {Fort.) Around 
 tower of masonry, erected on the sea-coast, with a gun 
 on the summit capable of being fired in any direction. 
 
 Mar'ten (58), n. See Martin. 
 
 Mar'ten, n. [A.-S. meardh, allied to Lat. martes.] [Zool.) 
 A carnivorous animal allied to the 
 weasel. Its fur is used in making 
 hats and mufifs. 
 
 Mar'-text, n. A blundering or ig- 
 norant preacher. 
 
 Mar'tial (mar'shal), a. [Lat. m.ar- 
 tialis, from Mars, the god of war.] 
 1. Pertaining or suited to war ; mil- 
 itary. 2. Given to war; brave. 3. 
 Belonging to war or to an army and 
 navy ; — opposed to civil. 
 
 Martial law, an arbitrary kind of law, extending to matters 
 of civil as well as of criminal jurisdiction, and proclaimed only 
 in times of war, insurrection, rebellion or other great emer- 
 gency. It is quite distinct from military law. 
 
 Syn. — Warlike. — J/ar^iVri (from Mars, the god of war) re- 
 fers more to war in actirm, its array, its attendants. &c., as, mar- 
 tiaTmusic, a martial appearance, martial array, coMri^-martial, 
 ice. Warlike describes the feeling or temper which leads to 
 war. and the adjuncts connected with it, as, a v:arlike nation, 
 warlike preparations, a warlike attitude of things, &c. The 
 two words thug approach each other very nearly, and are often 
 interchanged. 
 
 Mar'ttn, n. [Fr. martinet, Sp. murtinete, a little white 
 
 heron.] (Ornith.) A bird of the 
 
 swallow kind, which forms its 
 
 nest about buildings. 
 Mar'tin-6t', n. [So called from 
 
 an officer of that name in the 
 
 French army under I^ouis XIV.] 
 
 (Mil.) A strict disciplinarian. 
 Mar'ti-n6t', n. (Naut.) A small 
 
 Marten. 
 
 Martin. 
 
 line &8tened to the leech of a sail, to bring it close to the 
 yard when the sail is furled. 
 
 Mar'tin- gal, I n. [Fr. martingale, It. maningala, a 
 
 Mar'tin-gale, j sort of hose, Sp. martingala, a greave, 
 cuish.] 1, A strap fastened to a horse's girth, passing 
 between his fore legs, and ending in two rings, through 
 which the reins pass. It is intended to hold down the 
 head of the horse, and prevent him from rearing. 3. 
 (Naut.) A short, perpendicular spar, under the bowsprit 
 end, used for reeving the stays. 
 
 Mar'tin-mas, n. (Eccl.) The feast of St. Martin, the 
 eleventh of November. 
 
 Mart'Iet, «. [Fr. martinet. See MARTIN.] A kind of 
 swallow ; a martin. 
 
 Mar'tyr, n. [Lat. martyr, Gr. ixaprvp, a witness who 
 testifies with his blood, from fj^aprv^, a witness.] 1. One 
 who, by his death, bears witness to the truth of the gos- 
 pel. 2. One who sacrifices his life, or whatever is of 
 great value to him, for the sake of any principle or 
 cause. 
 
 Mar'tyr, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MARTYRED; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. MARTYRING.] 1. To put to death for adhering 
 to what one believes to be the truth ; to sacrifice on ac- 
 count of faith or profession. 2. To persecute as a mar- 
 tyr ; to torment ; to torture. 
 
 Mar'tyr-dom, n. The condition of a martyr ; the death 
 of a martyr. 
 
 Mar'tyr-o-I6g'i€, ) o. Pertaining to martyrology ; 
 
 Mar'tyr-o-16g'i«-al, j registering, or registered in, a 
 catalogue of martyrs. 
 
 Mar'tyr-61'o-^ist, n. An historian of martyrs. 
 
 Mar'tyr-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. fxaprvp, martyr, and Aoyo?, 
 discourse.] A history or account of martyrs, with theur 
 sufferings ; a register of martyrs. 
 
 Mar'vel, n. [From Lat. mirabilia, wonderful things, pi. 
 of mirabilis, wonderful, from mirari, to wonder or marvel 
 at.] That which arrests the attention, and causes ad- 
 miration or surprise ; a wonder ; a prodigy ; a miracle. 
 
 Syn. — Wonder; admiration; astonishment; miracle^ prod- 
 igy- 
 
 Mar'vel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. marveled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MARVELING.] To be struck with surprise, astonish- 
 ment, or admiration ; to wonder. 
 
 Mar'vel-ou.s, a. 1. Exciting wonder or surprise ; pro- 
 digious. 2. Surpassing belief ; partaking of the charac- 
 ter of miracle. 
 
 Syn. — Wonderful ; astonishing ; surprising ; strange ; im- 
 probable ; incredible.— We speak of a thing as wonderful when 
 it awakens our surprise and admiration ; as marvelous when it 
 is so much out of the ordinary course of things as to seem near- 
 ly or quite incredible. The victories of Napoleon were wen- 
 derful; the sleight-of-hand tricks which are sometimes exhib- 
 ited are so j/iarvetous that they would appear incredible if not 
 publicly performed. 
 
 Mar'vel-oiis-ly, adv. In a marvelous manner. 
 
 Mar'vel-oixs-ness, n. Quality of being marvelous. 
 
 Mas'«u-lliie, a. [Lat. masculinus, from masculus,maAe, 
 manly, dim. of mas, maris, a male.] 1. Of the male 
 sex ; not female, 2. Having the qualities of a man ; 
 virile ; not feminine or effeminate. 3. ( Gram.) Having 
 inflections, or construed with words, pertaining especiak 
 ly to male beings, as distinguished from feminine and neu- 
 ter. 
 
 Ma,s'«u-llne-ly, adv. In a masculine manner ; like a 
 man. 
 
 Mas'-eu-line-ne ss ( 109 ) , n . The quality or state of being 
 mascuUne ; resemblance to man in qualities. 
 
 M^sli, V. t. [imp. & ;?.;9. MASHED (masht); ;j.;)r.& 
 vb. n. MASHING.] [Ger. meischen, maischen, to mash, 
 mix.] 1. To crush by beating or pressure ; to bruise. 
 2. Hence, specifically, to mix malt and water together m 
 brewing. 
 
 M^sli, n. 1. A mixture or mass of ingredients, beaten or 
 blended together in a promiscuous manner. 2. (Brew, 
 ing.) A mixture of ground malt and warm water. 
 
 Masli'y, a. Produced by crushing or bruising ; resem 
 bling, or consisting of, a mash. 
 
 Mask, n. [From Ar. maskharat, hnffoon, fool,pleasantrj-, 
 any thing ridiculous or mirthful, from sakliira, to ridi> 
 cule, to laugh at.] 1. A cover for the face, with apertures 
 for the eyes and mouth ; a visor 2. Hence, that which 
 disguises ; a pretext or subterfuge. 3. A festive enter- 
 tainment in which the company all wear masks ; a mas- 
 querade : hence, a revel ; a piece of mummery. 4. A 
 kind of dramatic performance written in a tragic style, 
 introducing such characters that the actors must b« 
 masked. 
 
 Mask, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MASKED (maskt) ; p. pr. k 
 
 s^, e, Sec, long ; &, &, 8i,c. ,skort ; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; sdn,dr,do,vrolf, 
 
MASK 
 
 451 
 
 MAT 
 
 vb- n. MASKING.] 1. To conceal with a mask or Tisor. 
 2, To disguise ; to cover ; to hide. 
 
 jUaslc, V. i. 1. To revel. 2. To be disguised in any way. 
 
 Mask'er, n. One who wears a mask. 
 
 MJtg'lin. n. [0. Eng. missellane, meslin, from miscel- 
 lane. See MISCELLANEOUS.] A mixture of different 
 materials, especially of different sorts of grain. 
 
 M^S'Iin, a. Composed of different sorts ; as, maslin 
 bread, which is composed or wheat and rye. 
 
 Ma'son (ma'sn), n. [L. Lat. macio, macerio, from Lat. 
 maceria, inclosure, wall.] 1. A man whose occupation 
 is to lay bricks and stones in walls or structures of any 
 kind. 2. A member of the fraternity of Freemasons. 
 
 Ma-s5n'i€, a. Pertaining to the craft or mysteries of 
 Freemasons. 
 
 Ma'son-ry^n. 1. Art or occupation of a mason. 2. 
 Work or performance of a mason. 3. The craft or mys- 
 teries of Freemasons. 
 
 Ha-so'rd, n. fN. Heb. massor&h^ massdreth, i. e. tradi- 
 tion, from masar, to hand down.] A critical Rabbinical 
 work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures. 
 
 Ma,s'o-r6t'i€, ) a. Relating to the Masora, or to its 
 
 Ma,s'o-r6t'i-e-al, j authors, who were the inventors of 
 the Hebrew vowel-points and accents. 
 
 Masque (mask), n. A mask ; a masquerade. 
 
 Mas'quer-ade' (mSs^ker-ad'), n. [See Mask.] 1. An 
 assembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing them- 
 selves with dancing, conversation, &c. 3. Intentional or 
 elaborate hiding of what is real or true under a false 
 show ; disguise. 
 
 Mas'quer-ade', v. i. [imp. Sep. p. MASQUERADED; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. MASQUERADING.] 1, To assemble in 
 masks. 3. To go in disguise. 
 
 Mas'quer-ad'er (miis/ker-ad'er), n. One who masquer- 
 ades ; a person wearing a mask ; one disguised. 
 
 Mass, n. [Lat. massa ; Ger. masse, alUed to Gr. ju,afa, a 
 barley-cake, from /aacra-eiv, to knead.] 1. A body of 
 matter assembled or formed into a lump ; a great quan- 
 tity collected ; a heap ; an assemblage. 3. Bulk ; mag- 
 nitude ; size. 3. Chief component portion ; principal 
 part : main body. 4^, (Physics.) The quantity of mat- 
 ter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or 
 volume. 
 
 The masses, the people in general ; the populace. 
 
 Mass, n. [A.-S. rndsse, messe, L. Lat. m.issa, from Lat. 
 mittere, missum, to send, dismiss. In the ancient 
 churches, the public services at which the catechumens 
 were permitted to be present were called missa catechu- 
 menorum.^ because at the close of them proclamation 
 was made thus : Ite, missa est, sc. ecclesia. Then followed 
 the communion service, which was called m.issajidelium,.] 
 The communion service, or the consecration and oblation 
 of the host, in the Roman Catholic churches. 
 
 Mass, V. t. To form into a mass ; to form into a collect- 
 ive body ; to assemble. 
 
 Ma.s'sa-<;re (mSs'sa-ker), n. [From Prov. Ger. metz- 
 gern, metzgen, to kill cattle.] The kiUing of human 
 beings by indiscriminate slaughter ; cold-blooded de- 
 struction of life. 
 
 Syn. — Butchery ; carnage. — 31assacre denoted originally 
 the Killing of victims for sacrifice, and now denotes the pro- 
 miscuous slaughter of many without restraint or remorse, 
 Butchery refers to cold-blooded cruelty in slauglitering, as if 
 brute beasts. Carnage refers to the heaped up bodies of the 
 Blain. 
 
 M3,s'sa-ere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. massacred ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. massacring.] To murder with circumstances 
 of cruelty ; to butcher ; to slaughter. 
 
 Mas-.s^e'ter, n. [Gr. fj.aa-crrirnp, fia<rriTrip, a chewer, from 
 (jLatTaai<r6a(., ij.a<raa6a.i, to chew.] (Anat.) A muscle which 
 raises the under jaw, and assists in chewing. 
 
 Msis'si-eSt, n. [Fr. massicot ; Eng. masticot is a corrup- 
 tion.] ( Chem.) Protoxide of lead, or yellow oxide of 
 lead, which has not been fused. 
 
 Mass'i-ness, n. State of being massy; ponderousness. 
 
 Mass'ive, a. 1. Forming, or consisting of, a mass; 
 compacted ; weighty ; heavy ; massy. 2. (Blin.) Having 
 a crystalline structure, but not a regular form. 
 
 Mass'ive-ness, n. State or quality of being massive. 
 
 Mass'-meet'ing, n. A large assembly of the people to 
 be addressed on some public occasion. [Amer.] 
 
 Mass'y, a. [compar. MASSIER ; superl. MASSIEST.] Com- 
 pacted into, or consisting of, a mass ; weighty ; ponder- 
 ous ; bulky and heavy. 
 
 Mast, n. [A.-S. W7ds«, Icel. •masir.] ( iVaw^. ) A pole set 
 upright in a boat or vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rig- 
 ging, &c. 
 
 Ifast, n. [A.-S. m.'dst, from Goth, matan, 0. H. Ger. m,a~ 
 
 zan, to nourish. Cf. Meat.] The fruit of the oak and 
 beech, or other forest trees ; nuts ; acorns. 
 
 Mast, V. t. [imp. & p. p. masted; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 masting.] To furnish with a mast or masts. 
 
 Mast'ed, a. Furnished with a mast or masts ; — chiefly 
 used in composition. 
 
 Mas'ter, n. [From Lat. magister] 1. A superior; a 
 leader; a chief; — employed as a title of respectful ad- 
 dress, but more usually in a familiar way to an inferior 
 or a boy. 3. A ruler, governor, director, or manager; 
 hence, specifically, (a.) An owner or possessor; a pro- 
 prietor, (b.) A person having others under his control 
 and authority, (c.) The director of a school ; a teacher; 
 an instructor, (d.) (Naut.) The commander of a mer- 
 chant ship. Also an officer on a ship of war, who takes 
 rank immediately after the lieutenants. 3. One highly 
 skilled in any occupation, art or science. 
 
 Mas'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. mastered ;j9.j9r. & vb.n. 
 MASTERING.] 1, To become the master of; to conquei; 
 to overpower ; to subdue. 3. To become an adept in. 
 
 Mas'ter-key,n. The key that opens many locks ; henoe 
 a general clew to lead out of many difficulties. 
 
 Mas'ter-ly, a. 1. Indicating thorough knowledge or 
 superior skill ; most excellent. 3. Imperious ; domi- 
 neering ; arbitrary. [vre. 
 
 Mas'ter-piefe, n. A capital performance ; a chef-d'oeu- 
 
 Mas'ter-sliip, n. 1. The state or office of a master. 
 3. Mastery ; superiority. 
 
 Mas'ter- stroke, n. Capital performance ; a masterly 
 achievement ; a consummate action. 
 
 Mas'ter-y, n. 1. Act of mastering. 3. Position or au- 
 thority ot a master; supremacy. 3. Superiority in 
 competition ; pre-eminence. 4. Victory in war. 5* Em- 
 inent skill. 
 
 Mast'-li6ad, n. (Naut.) The top or head of a mast. 
 
 M^S'tie, n. [Lat. mastiche,mastichum, Gr. fjiacrrCxn, from 
 Ixaa-aadaL, to chew, because of its being used for chewing 
 in the East.] 1, (Bot.) A low, shrubby tree growing upon 
 the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, and produc- 
 ing a valuable resin. 3. A resin exuding from the mas- 
 tic-tree. It is used as an ingredient in drying vartiishes. 
 3, A kind of cement used for plastering walls, &c. 
 
 Mas'ti-ea-l>le, a. Capable of being masticated. 
 
 Mas'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. masticated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. masticating.] [Lat. mastirare, masticatum, 
 aUied to Gr. ju.acrTa.^eii/.] To grind with the teeth, and 
 prepare for swallowing and digestion ; to chew. 
 
 Mas'ti-ea'tion, n. Act or operation of masticating or 
 of chewing solid food. 
 
 Mas'ti-«a-to-ry (50), a. Chewing; adapted to perform 
 the office of chewing food. 
 
 Mas'ti-«a-to-ry, n. (Med.) A substance to be chewed 
 to increase the saliva. 
 
 Mas'ti-eJi, «. See Mastic. 
 
 Mas'ti-cot, n. Yellow oxide of lead. See Massicot. 
 
 Mas'tiff, n. ; pi. MAS'TIFFS. [L. Lat. mastivus, musti- 
 nus, It. mastino, for masnadi- 
 no, from It. masnada, as if from 
 a Lat. word mansionata, domes- 
 tics, family, hence N. Lat. canis 
 familiaris, s. domesticus, house- 
 dog.] A large variety of dog, 
 remarkable for strength and 
 courage. 
 
 Mast'lin (mSz'lin or mSst'lin), n. 
 
 Mas'to-don, n. [From Gr. fiaar- 
 Tos, the breast of a woman, and 
 oSovs, oSoi'Tos, a tooth ; so called 
 from the conical projections upon 
 its molar teeth.] (Zobl.) An extinct 
 mammal resembling the elephant, 
 but larger, and having tubercular 
 teeth, whence the name. 
 
 Mas'toid,a. [Gr. /xao-roeiSTjs, from 
 jLiaoTo?, the breast of a woman, and etSos, form.] Resem- 
 bling the nipple or breast. 
 
 Mas-t51'o-gy, n. [Gr. |u.a<rT6s, the breast of a woman, 
 and Aoyos, discourse.] The natural history of animals 
 which suckle their young. 
 
 Mas'tur-ba'tion, n. [Lat. masturbare, to practice onan- 
 ism, prob. from mamis, the hand, and stuprare, to defile.] 
 Onanism ; self-pollution. 
 
 Mat, n. [A.-S. meatte, meatta, from Lat. matta, a mat 
 made of rushes.] 1. A texture of sedge, rushes, husks, 
 straw, or other material, to be laid on a floor for various 
 purposes of cleanliness. 3. Any similar fabric for va- 
 rious uses; also any thing growing thickly, or clos«ly 
 interwoven. 
 
 AM>m 
 
 Mastodon. 
 
 food, fobt; <irn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e<;lio ; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link; tiiis. 
 
MAT 
 
 452 
 
 MATRONAGE 
 
 MRt, f. t. [imp. k p. p. MATTED ; ;). pr. & vb. n. MAT- 
 TING.] 1. To cover or lay with mats. 2. To twist to- 
 Sither ; to interweave like a mat. 
 t, t'. f . To become interwoven like a mat. 
 
 MftfR-V^Mn' (-sheen'), «. [s>p. ; It. mattacino, mimic, 
 pupiiet, from viatto, mad, e.xti-avagant.] An old dance 
 with swords and bucklers. 
 
 Mftt'a-dore', «. (Sp. matador, a murderer, and one of 
 the thrvM? c^irds in ttic g-ame of ouibcr, from matar, to 
 kill, from Lut. vmctar(,lo sacritice, kill.] 1. One of the 
 throe priuoij.«il cards in tlie game of omber and quadrille. 
 tj. Tlio man appointed to kill the bull in bull-fights. 
 
 Smtcli, n. [L. Lat. viy.rus, mixus, iiiixa, from Lat. myx- 
 »M, Or. /btufa, a lamp-nozzle.] A combustible substance 
 Ujsod for lighting a tire, firing artillery-, &c. 
 
 Mi'ltch, n. [0. Eng. viarche, A.-S. lymca, gemaca, gemdc- 
 c/t, Iccl. niaki. Sec Make.] 1, A person or thing equal 
 or cimilar to another in quality ; an equal ; a mate ; a 
 companion, 'i. A bringing together of two parties suited 
 to one another, as for a union, a trial of skill or force, 
 a contest, or the like; as, si>ecijicalli), [a.) A contest to 
 try strength or skill, or to determine supei'iority. (6.) A 
 marriage. 3. Hence, a candidate for matrimony. 
 
 M&tcli, f. t. [imp. Sep. p. MATCHED (milcht) ; p.pr. 
 & t*. n. MATCHING.] 1. To be a mate or match for ; 
 to rival successfully, ii. To furnish with its match; to 
 bring a mate, match, or equal, against. 3. To set in 
 competition. 4. To make equal, proportionate, or suit- 
 able. 5. To marry ; to give in marriage. 
 
 Match, t'. i. 1. To be united in marriage. iJ. To be of 
 equal size, figure, or quality ; to tally ; to con-espond. 
 
 Mfi.tcli'a-ble, a. Fit to be joined ; suitable ; equal. 
 
 MJitcli'er, n. One who matches. 
 
 Mfitcti'less, a. 1. Having no equal ; unequaled ; un- 
 rivaled, tj. Ill-adapted; unsuited. 
 
 MJitcli'lock;, n. The lock of a musket containing a 
 match for firing it ; hence, a musket fired by means of a 
 match. 
 
 MJttcli'-inali'er, n. 1. One who makes matches for 
 burning. 2. One who contrives a union by marriage. 
 
 M^tcli'-mak'iiig, n. The act of making matches. 
 
 Mate, n. [Icel. 9ndti, equal, companion.] 1. One who 
 customarily associates with another ; a companion, ti. 
 Kence, spectJicaUy, a husband or >vife. 3. {Naut.) An 
 officer in a merchant vessel ranking next below the cap- 
 tain. 4. In general, a subordinate officer ; an assistant. 
 5. A suitable companion ; a match. 
 
 Mate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mate d\ p.pr. &, vb. n. MAT- 
 ING.] [See Mate, a companion.] 1. To match; to 
 marry, ii. To match one's self against ; to compete \vith. 
 
 Mate'less, a. Having no mate or companion. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-d, n. [Lat.] Matter ; substance. 
 
 Materia viedica, (Med.) (a.) All substances used as cura- 
 tive agents in medicine, (h.) That branch of medical science 
 which treats of tlie nature and properties of the substances used 
 for the cure of diseases. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al (89), a. [Lat. materialis, from m.ateria, stuff, 
 matter.] 1. Consisting of matter ; physical. 2. Hence, 
 pertaining to, or affecting, the physical nature of man, as 
 distinguished from the moral or religious nature. 3. Of 
 solid or weighty character ; of consequence, not to be 
 dispensed with. 4. {Logic.) Pertaining to the matter, 
 as opposed to the form, of a thing. 
 
 Syn. — Corporeal ; bodily ; important ; weighty ; momen- 
 tous : essential. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al, n. The substance or matter of which any 
 thing is made or to be made. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-i§m, n. 1. The doctrine of materialists. 
 Ji. The tendency to give undue importance to material 
 interests ; devotion to the material nature and its wants. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-i.st, n. One who denies the existence of 
 .spiritual substances, and maintains that the soul of man 
 is the result of a particular organization of matter in the 
 body. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-Tst'ie, J a. Pertaining or relating to 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ist'ie-al, I materialism or materialists. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-ai'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being material ; ma- 
 terial exi-^itence ; corporeity. 3. Importance. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. materialized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MATERIALFZIIVG.] 1. To reduce to a 
 state of matter ; to regard a.s matter. 2. To consider or 
 explain by the laws or principles appropriate to matter. 
 3. To occupy with material instead of moral or religious 
 interests. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ly, arlv. 1. In the state of matter. 2. In 
 it!^ essence ; substantially. 3. In an important manner 
 or degree ; .essentially. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ne88, n. State of being material; importance. 
 
 itfaf^Hcf (ma-ta're-f'lO.n. [Fr. See MATERIAL.] Thai 
 in a complex system which constituces the materials, oi 
 instruments employed, in distinction from the j)ersonjieI, 
 or men. 
 
 Ma-ter'nal, a. [L&t. maternus, motherly, from mater, 
 mother.] Pertaining to a mother ; becoming a mother*, 
 motherly. 
 Syn.— See Motheklt. 
 
 Ma-ter'iial-ly, adi\ In a motherly manner. 
 
 Ma-ter'iii-ty', h. State, character, or relation of a mother. 
 
 3ia,tli'e-iiiJit'i€, ) a. [Lat. muilieinuticus, Gr. fxxL- 
 
 Mfltli^e-mat'i^-al, ) 0rj/u.aTt/c6s, dispo.<ed to learn, be- 
 longing to learning or the sciences, esp. to mathematics, 
 from /xa^Tj/aa, pi. ^a.Orjfi.ara, learning, science, esp. math- 
 ematical science, from ^i-avQaveLv , to learn.] 1. Pertain- 
 ing to mathematics. 2. Accoi-ding to the principles of 
 mathematics ; theoretically precise. 
 
 Matli'e-mat'ie-al-ly, adv. According to the laws o. 
 principles of mathematical science ; demonstrably. 
 
 Ma.tli'e-ina-ti'cian (-tish'an), n. One versed in math- 
 ematics. 
 
 Math'e-mftt'ies, n. si-ng. [Gr. ixadTjixaTiKri (sc. emtr- 
 TTj/oLTj), science.] That science, or class of sciences, which 
 treats of the exact relations existing between quantities 
 or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accord- 
 ance with these relations, quantities sought are deducible 
 from other quantities known or supposed. 
 
 C@~ The names of sciences ending in ics, as mathematics, me- 
 chanics, metaphi/sici), optics, &c., are, with respect to their form, 
 nouns in the plural number. The plural form was probably 
 introduced to mark the complex nature of such sciences. Pre- 
 viously to the present century, nouns of this class were con- 
 strued with a verb or a pronoim in the plural ; hut it is now 
 generally considered preferable to treat them as singular. 
 
 MS.t'in, a. .Pertaining to the morning; used in the 
 morning. 
 
 M5.t'iii, 71. [From La.t. matutinum, the morning, from 
 matutinus, belonging to the morning.] 1, Morning 
 worship or service ; morning prayers or songs. 2. Time 
 of morning service ; the first canonical hour in the Ro- 
 man Catholic church. 
 
 3Iati}iee(mdL,t'e-Ti3.'),n. [Fr., from waJm. See Matin.] 
 A reception or musical entertainment held in the early 
 part of the day. 
 
 Ma,t'ra.ss, n. [From 0. Fr. matras, large arrow, dart ; Lat. 
 maleris, mataris, matara, a Celtic javelin, pike ; a Celtic 
 word. So called from its narrow, long neck ] A chem- 
 ical vessel, formerly in use, having the shape of an egg, 
 or with a tapering neck open at the top, and serving the 
 purposes of digestion, evaporation, &c. 
 
 Miit'ress, n. See Mattress. 
 
 Ma'tri^e, or Mat'ri^e, n. The same as Matrix, q. v. 
 
 Mat'ri-pi'dal, a. Pertaining to matricide. 
 
 Mat'ri-Qide, n. [Lat. mntriridium and matricida, from 
 mater, mother, and csedere, to kill, slay.] 1. The killing 
 or murder of a mother. 2. The killer or murderer of his 
 mother. 
 
 Ma-tri€'u-late, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. matriculated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. matriculating.] [Lat. mairicula, a 
 public roll or register, dim. of matrix, a mother in re- 
 spect to propagation, a public register.] To enter or 
 admit to membership in a body or society, esp. in a 
 college or univer.>ity, by enrolling the name in a register. 
 
 Ma-tric'u-late, n. One who is matriculated. 
 
 Ma-trie'u-Ia'tion, n. Act of matriculating or of regiSi 
 tering a name, and admitting to membership. 
 
 Mat/ri-mo'ni-al. a. 1. Pertaining to marriage. 2. 
 Derived from marriage. 
 
 Syn.— Connubial ; conjugal ; spousal ; spousal ; nuptial ; 
 hymeneal. 
 
 Mat'ri-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. According to the manner or 
 laws of marriage. 
 
 Mat'ri-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. matrimnnium, from mater^ 
 mother.] Union of man and woman as husband and 
 wife ; the nuptial state. 
 Syn.— Marriage ; wedlock. See Marriage. 
 
 Ma'trix, n. : pi. mXt'ri-^es. [Lat., from mater, moth- 
 er.] 1. (Anat.) The womb. 2. Hence, that which 
 gives form or modifies any thing; as, (a.) (Meek.) A 
 mold, (b.) (Min.) The earthy or stony substance in 
 which metallic ores or crystalline minerals are found. 
 (c.) pi. (Dyeing.) The five simple colors, black, white, 
 blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are composed. 
 
 Ma'tron, n. [Lat. matrona, from Lat. mater, mother.] 
 
 1. An elderly woman ; the female head of a household. 
 
 2. Specifically, a nurse in a hospital. 
 Mat'ron-age, n. 1. The state of a matron. 2. Th« 
 
 collective body of matrons. 
 
 a,e, fecjiong-j-a, 6,&c.,iAort,-cS.re,far, a8k,all,\vhat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or,do,wol^ 
 
MATRONAL 
 
 4o3 
 
 HAZARD 
 
 Mafron-al, or Ma'tron-al, a. Pertaining or suitable 
 to a matron ; grave; motherly. 
 
 Ma'tron-ly, a. 1. Advanced in years; elderly. 2. 
 Like, or befitting, a matron ; grave ; sedate. 
 
 Mftt'ter, n. [Lat. materia, from Lat. mater, mother.] 1. 
 That of which the sensible universe and all existent 
 bodies are composed ; body ; substance, ii. That of 
 which any thing is composed ; material ; hence, material 
 or substantial part of any thing. 3. That with regard 
 to, or about which, any thing takes place. 4. That 
 which one has to treat, or has to do ; concern ; affair ; 
 business. 5, Thing of con.«equence ; importance; sig- 
 nificance ; moment. C Inducing cause or occasion. 7. 
 Indefinite amount, quantity, or portion. 8. Pus ; puru- 
 lent substance. 9. (Mflap/i.) That which is permanent, 
 or is supposed to be given, and in or upon which changes 
 are efifected by psychological or logical processes and rela- 
 tions ; — opposed to form. 
 
 Matter of fact, a real occurrence or existence, as distin- 
 guished from any thmg fancied or supposed; a verity; a fact. 
 
 MS^t'ter, V. i. [imp. & p. p. mattered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MATTERING.] 1. To be of importjince; to import ^ 
 to signify, ii. To form pus or matter ; to maturate. 
 
 Mat'ter-of-fact', a. Adhering to facts; not fanciful 
 or imaginative ; dry. 
 
 Mat'ting, n. 1. Mats in general, or collectively; mat 
 work. "Z, Materials for mats. 
 
 Hat'tock, n. [A.-S. mattoc, 
 W. ?natog.] A kind of pick- 
 ax, having the iron ends 
 broad, instead of pointed. 
 
 Mat'tress, n. [From Ar. 
 mathrah, a place where any 
 thing is thrown, what is 
 thrown under something, 
 from tkaraha, to throw.] A 
 bed stuffed with hair, moss, 
 or other soft material, and .>iauocK. 
 
 quilted. [promotes suppuration, 
 
 Mat'u-rant, n. (Med.) A medicine, or application, which 
 
 Mat'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. maturated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MATURATING.] [Lat. maturare, maturatum, to 
 make ripe, from maturus, ripe, mature.] 1. To bring to 
 ripeness or maturity. 3. To promote the perfect sup- 
 puration of. 
 
 Mat'u-rate, v. i. To suppurate perfectly. 
 
 Mat'u-ra'tion, n. 1. Process of ripening or coming to 
 maturity ; ripeness. 2. Suppuration ; the forming of pus. 
 
 Mat'u-ra'tive, a. 1. Conducing to ripeness ; ripening. 
 ti. Conducing to perfect suppuration. 
 
 Ha-ture', a. [compar. MATURER ; svperl. MATUREST.] 
 [Lat. maturus.] 1. Brought by natural process to com- 
 pleteness or perfection of growth or development. 2. 
 Completely worked out ; fully digested. 3. Come to 
 suppuration. 
 
 Syn.— Ripe; perfect; completed; prepared; digested; ready. 
 — Botli mature and ripe describe fyllness of growth. Ma- 
 ture brings to view the process; ?y;e indicates tlie result. "We 
 speak of a thing as mature when thinking of the successive 
 stages through which it has passed; as ripe, when our attention 
 is directed to its ends or itses. A mature j udgment, mature con- 
 sideration; j-ipe fruit; a ripe scholar. A character is matured 
 by experience or by time; it is ripened for great usefulness or 
 for the enjoyments of heaven. 
 
 Ma-ture', v. t. 1. To bring or hasten to perfection or 
 maturity ; to perfect ; to ripen, ii. To make fit or ready 
 for a special use. 
 
 Ma-ture', v. i. 1. To become ripe or perfect. 2. 
 Hence, spfcifically., to become due, as a note. 
 
 Ma-ture'ly, adv. In a mature manner ; with ripeness ; 
 completely. [maturity. 
 
 Ma-ture'ness, n. State or quality of being mature ; 
 
 Mat'u-res'^ent, a. [Lat. maturescens, p. pr. of matu- 
 rescere, to become ripe, inchoative form of maturus. See 
 Mature.] Approaching to maturity. 
 
 Ma-tu'ri-ty, v. 1. State of being mature; ripeness. 
 2. Termination of the period a note has to run. 
 
 Mafu-ti'nal, ) a. [Lat. matiitinalis, matutinus, from 
 
 Mat'u-tine, ) mane, morning.) Pertaining to the 
 morning ; early. 
 
 Maud'liu, a. [From Maudlin, contr. from Magdalen, 
 who is drawn by painters with eyes swelled and red with 
 weeping.] 1, Drunk; fuddled; stupid. 2. Weak or 
 Billy, as if half drunk ; sickly sentimental.. 
 
 Mau'ger, ) /»re/>. [0. Fr maitgre, N. Vr. malgre, Lat. 
 
 Mau'gre, ) male gratum, something not agreeable, 
 used as an adv. and prep., the prep, a, equiv. to Lat. ad, 
 being suppressed.] In spite of; in opposition to; not- 
 withstanding. 
 
 M^ul, n. [See Mall.] A heavy wooden hammer. 
 
 Maul, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mauled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MAULING.] To beat and bruise with a heavy stick or 
 cudgel. 
 
 Maul'-.stick, n. [From Ger. maler-slock, from maler, a 
 painter, and stock, stick.] The stick used by painters to 
 keep the hand steady in working. 
 
 Maund, or Maund, I v. i. [Fr. mfndier, to beg. 
 
 Mauiid'er, or'Maund'er, ) See Mendicate.] 1. 
 To muttt'r; to munnur; to beg, ii. To talk incoher- 
 ently or idly. 
 
 Mauud'er-er, or Maund'er-er, n. A grumbler. 
 
 Maun'dy-Tliiirg'day, n. [0. Eng. maund, a basket, 
 because on that day the King of England distributes 
 alms to a certain number of poor persons at Whitehall, 
 from baskets, in which the gifts are contained.] {Eccl.) 
 The Thursday in Passion- week, or next before Good Fri' 
 day. [mental. 
 
 Mau'so-le'aii, a. Pertaining to a mausoleum ; mouu- 
 
 Mau'so-le'um (124), n. [Lat. MausoUum. (so, sepul- 
 c'rum), from Mausole.us ; Gr. Mava-u)\etoi>, from Mauso- 
 lus, king of Caria, to whom Artemisia, his widow, erected 
 a stately monument.] A magnificent tomb, or stately 
 sepulchral uionument. 
 
 Ma'vi.s, n. [¥r. mauvis, Corn, melhuez.] (Ornitk.) Th« 
 throstle or song-thrush. 
 
 Maw, n. [A.-S. maga, Icel. magi, 0. H. Ger. mago, N. 
 H. Ger. mageti.] A stomach of one of the lower animalB, 
 or, in contempt, of a man ; in birds, the craw. 
 
 Mawk'ish, a. [See Maggot.] Apt to cause satiety or 
 loathing ; nauseous ; disgusting. 
 
 Maw'- worm (-wQrm), n. {Med.) An intestinal worm. 
 
 Max'il-lar, 1 a. [Lat. maxillaris, from maxilla, jaw- 
 
 Max'il-la-ry, ) bone, jaw, dim. of mala, cheek-bone, 
 jaw, from mandere, to chew.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the 
 jaw ; properly, restricted to the upper jaw. 
 
 Max'im, n. [From Lat. maxima (sc. sententia), the great- 
 est sentiment, proposition, or axiom, i. e., of the greatest 
 weight.] An established principle or proposition ; a con- 
 densed proposition of important practical truth. 
 
 Syn. —Axiom; aphorism; apothegm; adage; proverb; say- 
 ing. See Axiom. 
 
 Mdoc'l-miitn, n. ; pi. max'i-ma. [Lat., from maximus, 
 the greatest, superlative of magnus, great.] {Math. 8c 
 Physics.) The greatest quantity or value attainable in a 
 given case ; or, the greatest value attained by a quantity 
 which first increases and then begins to decrease. 
 
 May, V. [imp. might.] [A.-S. magan, to be able, pres. 
 wag-, pret. meahte, mihte ; Goth. & 0. H. Ger. magan.] 
 An auxiliary verb qualifying the meaning of another 
 verb, by expressing either, {a.) Ability or competency. 
 {b.) Moral power, liberty, permission, allowance, (c.) 
 Contingency or liability, {d.) Modesty, courtesy, or con- 
 cession, or a desire to soften a question or remark, (e.) 
 Desire or wish. 
 
 May, n. [A.-S. m.dg, Icel. mey, Goth, mavi.] 1, The 
 early part of life. 2. The flowers of the hawthorn ; — 
 so called because they bloom in the last of May, old style. 
 [Colloq. Eng.] 
 
 May, n. [So named in honor of the goddess Maia, daugh- 
 ter of Atlas and mother of Mercury by J upiter , Gr. Maxa, 
 i. e., properly, mother.] The fifth month of the year. 
 
 May, 1'. i. To gather flowers on May morning. 
 
 May'-ap'ple, n. {Bot.) The fruit of an American plant, 
 the mandrake. The leaves and root are dangerously 
 drastic. 
 
 MayVbiig, n. {Entom.) A kind of beetle ; a dor-fly, or 
 cockchafer. 
 
 May '-day, n. The first day of May. 
 
 May'-f low'er, n. { Bot. ) A flower that appears in May : 
 in England, the hawthorn ; in New England, the trailing 
 arbutus. 
 
 May'liem, n. {Latv.) The maiming of a person by de- 
 priving him of the use of any of his members which are 
 necessary for defense or protection. 
 
 May'or {colloq. mar), n. [Lat. major, greater, higher, 
 nobler, compar. of jnagmis, great.] The chief magistrate 
 of a city or borough ; the chief ofllcer of a municipal cor- 
 poration, [mayor. 
 
 May'or-al-ty {colloq. mar'al-ty), n. The ofiice of a 
 
 May'or-_ess (co//o<7. mar'es), n. The wife of a mayor. 
 
 May'-pole, n. A pole to dance round in May. 
 
 May'-queen, n. A young woman crowned with flowers 
 as queen at the celebration of May -day. 
 
 Maz'ard, n. 1. [Prob. made from mazer, q, v,, the 
 head being compared to a large goblet.]^ The head or 
 skull. [Obs.] 2. [Cf. Fr. wm5f, awildcherry.] A bind 
 of small, black cherry. [Written also mazzard.] 
 
 food, foot ; iixn, rijde, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; egcist ; linger, link ; tliis- 
 
MAZE 
 
 454 
 
 MECHANIC 
 
 Miize, n. [A.-S. niase, whirlpool, gulf; Icel. tneis. •wind- 
 ing, curvp ; 0. II. Gw. jneisa, jwck, coffer.] 1. A con- 
 fusing and biittting net-work of paths or passjiges. 2. 
 Oonfusiou of thought. 
 Syn. — Labyrinth; perplexity; intricacy. See Labyrinth. 
 
 Maze. V. i. [imp. & p. p. mazed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MAZING.] To confound with intricacy; to amaze; to 
 bewilder. 
 
 MS'zer, n. [0. Fr. mazarin, 7nazerm, cup, goblet; L. 
 \M. sri/pfitis maserinus, fi-om 0. Fr. mazre, madre, a 
 kind ofknotty wood. Cf. MADREPORE.] A large bowl 
 or sroblet of value or fine material. 
 
 Ma-'z61'o-gv, "• [Gr. /iia^os, the breast, and Xoyos, dis- 
 course.] That branch of zoology which treats of mam- 
 uiiferous animals. 
 
 Ma'zy, n- Perplexed with turns and windings ; winding ; 
 intricate' : confusing ; perplexing. 
 
 Maz'zard, u. The same as Mazard, q. t. 
 
 Me, rron. pers. [A.-S. me, mec, Goth. ?nik, Icel. mik, 
 alUed to Lat. me. Gr. /ae, e/xe, Skr. ma, mam.] Myself; 
 the person speaking ; — objective case of /. 
 
 Mead, n. [A.-S. medu, medo, Icel. mi'ddhr, Ir. 
 tnead/i, miodh, W. medd, allied to Slav, med, Skr. madhu, 
 honey, Gr. yuiOv, wine.] A drink made, of honey and 
 water; also, of a sirup of sarsaparilla, or other flavoring 
 extract, and water, sometimes impregnated svith carbonic 
 acid gas. [Amer.] 
 
 Mead, I n. [A.-S. ?n«rf, mddu,madu,meadu, 0. H. 
 
 Mead'o-vv, ) Ger. mato.] A tract of low or level grass 
 land, especially land somewhat wet, but covered with 
 grass. 
 
 Mead'o-w-lark:, n. ( Ornith.) An American singing bird, 
 of a dark -brown color above, and yellow below. 
 
 M6ad'ow-y, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or consisting 
 of, meadow. 
 
 Mea'ger I (me'gur), a. [A.-S. miiger, Icel. ma^, 0. H. 
 
 Mea'gre ) Ger. magar, Lat. macer.] 1. Having little 
 tiesh ; thin ; lean. "2. Destitute of richness, fertility, 
 strength, or the Uke ; defective in quantity, or poor in 
 quality ; wanting strength of diction or aflluence of im- 
 agery. 
 
 Syn. — Thin; lean; lank; gaunt; starved; hungry; poor; 
 emaciated; scanty; barren. 
 
 Mea ger-ly, I ^^^ j^ ^ meager manner ; poorly ; thinly. 
 
 jM.ea gre-iy, ) 
 
 Mea'ger-ness, 1 n. 1. Quality of being meager ; lean- 
 
 Mea'gre-ness, ( ness ; want of flesh, ti. Poorness ; 
 barrenness. 3. Scantiness. 
 
 Meal. n. [A.-S. mael, part, portion, repast; Goth, mil.] 
 A portion of food taken at one time ; a repast. 
 
 Meal, n. [A.-S. melu, melo, meolo ; 0. H. Ger. melo, from 
 Goth, malan, to grind in a mill, allied to Lat. molere.] 
 Flour, especially of a coarser kind, as of oats or maize. 
 
 Meal'- time, n. The usual time of eating meals. 
 
 Meal'i-iies.s, n. The quality of being mealy. 
 
 Meal'y, a. [compar. mealier ; superl. MEALIEST.^ 
 1. Having the qualities of meal, as soft, smooth, ti. Like 
 meal ; farinaceous ; dry and friable. 3. Overspread with 
 something that resembles meal. 
 
 Meal'y-moutiied, a. Having a soft mouth ; unvdlling 
 to tell the truth in plain language. 
 
 Mean, a. [compar. meaner ; superl. meanest.] [A.-S. 
 man, m,sene, gems^ne, Goth, gamdms, allied to Lat. com.- 
 m.unis.] 1. Destitute of distinction or eminence. '2. 
 Wanting dignity of mind ; destitute of honor. 3. Of lit- 
 tle value or account. 
 
 Syn. — Base ; ignoble ; humble ; poor ; abject ; beggarly ; 
 wretched ; degraded ; degenerate : vulgar ; vile ; nervile ; me- 
 nial; spiritless; groveling; slavish; dishonorable; disgraceful; 
 shameful; despicable ; contemptible ; paltiy; sordid ; penuri- 
 ous; niggardly. See Base. 
 
 Mean, a. [Lat. medianus, that is in the middle, from 
 medius, id.] 1. Occupying a middle position ; middle ; 
 intervening ; intermediate. 2. Intermediate in excel- 
 lence of any kind. 3. {Math.) Average ; having an in- 
 termediate value between two extremes. 
 
 Mean, n. [See supra.] 1. That which is intermediate 
 between two extremes ; middle point, place, rate, or de- 
 gree ; medium. 2, {Math.) A quantity having an in- 
 termediate value t)etween several others, from which it is 
 derived, and of which it expresses the resultant value ; av- 
 erage. 3. Intermediate agency or measure ; instrument. 
 aSf In this sense the word is most usually employed in the 
 plural form meanx, and often with a singular attribute or pred- 
 icate, a« if a singular noun. 
 
 4. pi. Hence, resources ; property, revenue, or the like, 
 considered as the condition of easy livelihood, or an in- 
 strumentality at command for effecting any purpose. 
 
 By all means, certainly; without fail; at any rate. — By a#»; 
 means, in any way ; possibly. — By no means, or by no manner 
 of means, not at all ; certainly not ; not in any degree. 
 
 Mean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. meant (m6nt) ; p. pr. Sc rft. 
 n. MEANING.] [A.-S. rnxnan, to recite, tell, complain, 
 lament, intend, wish, Go^h. munan, minan.] 1. To 
 have in view or contemplation ; to intend, ti. To pur- 
 pose ; to design. 3. To signify ; to indicate; to denote. 
 
 Me-ftn'der, n. [Lat. Mxander, Gr. MaiafSpos, a river 
 in Phrygia, proverbial for its many windings.] 1. A 
 winding course ; a winding or turning in a passage. 2. 
 An intricate or tortuous movement. 
 
 Me-an'der, v. t. To wind, turn, or flow round. 
 
 Me-an'der, v. i. [imp & p. p. meandered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. meandering.] To wind or turn in a course or 
 
 Meau'ing, n. 1. That which is meant or intended ; in- 
 tent ; purpose ; aim ; object. 2. That which is signi- 
 fied, whether by act or language; signification; sense; 
 import. 
 
 Mean'ly, adv. [See Mean.] 1, In a mean manner', 
 in a manner indicating poverty, low position, churlish- 
 ness, low tastes, or narrow views. 3. Dishonorably and 
 unworthily ; depreciatingly ; disrespectfully. 
 
 Mean'ness (109), n. Quality of being mean ; poorness ; 
 lowness ; humility ; baseness ; sordidness. 
 Syn.— See Littleness. 
 
 Meang, n. pi. See Mean. 
 
 Meant (ment), imp. & p. p. of mean. See MEAN. 
 
 Mean'time, ) adv. In the intervening time ; during 
 
 Mean'wliile, ) the interval. 
 
 Mea.se, or Meage, n. [0. H. Ger. mez, measure, from 
 0. H. Ger. m^zzan, mezan, to measure, Goth, mitan.] 
 The number of five hundred ; as, a mease of herrings. 
 
 Mea'§le§ (me''zlz), n. pi. [D. mazelen, Ger. m.asern, pi., 
 from mase, masel, maser, a speck, spot, knot in trees, 0. 
 H. Ger. masa, masar.] 1. {Med.) A contagious febrile 
 disorder, marked by the appearance of an eruption of 
 distinct red circular spots. 2. A disease of swine. 
 
 Mea'gly (me'zl^'), a. Infected with measles or eruptions. 
 
 Mea§'ur-a-lble (mezh''yur-a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
 measured. 3. Moderate ; in small quantity or extent. 
 
 Mea§'iir-a-ble-nes.s, n. Quality of being measurable. 
 
 Mea§'iir-a-bly (mezh'ytjr-), adv. In a measurable man- 
 ner ; to a limited extent ; moderately. 
 
 Meag'ure (mezh'yijr), n. [Lat. mensura, from metiri^ 
 mensus, to measure.] 1. Dimensions of any thing, reck- 
 oned according to some standard. 2. Limit ; allotted 
 share, as of action, influence, ability, or the like. 3. 
 Hence, moderation ; due restraint. 4. A standard of 
 dimension ; hence, a rule by which any thing is adjusted 
 or judged. 5. An instrument by means of which size or 
 quantity is measured. 6. The contents of a vessel by 
 which quantity is measured ; a stated or limited quantity 
 or amount. 7. Undefined quantity ; extent ; degree. 8. 
 Regulated division of movement ; as, (a.) (Dancing.) A 
 grave, solemn style of dance, with slow and measured 
 steps, {b.) {Mus.) That division of the time by which 
 th^ air and motion of music are regulated, (c.) ( Poetry.) 
 Meter ; rhythm ; hence, a foot. 9. An act, step, or pro- 
 ceeding designed for the accomplishment of an object. 
 10. pi. { Geol.) Beds or strata. 
 
 Lineal or long measure, the measure of lines or distances. — 
 Square measure, the measure of the superficial area of surfaces 
 in square units, as inches, feet, miles, &c. 
 
 Meag'iire (mezh'yijr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MEASURED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MEASURING.] 1. To take the dimensions 
 of ; hence, to estimate ; to value ; to appraise. 2. To 
 pass through or over in journeying. 3. To adjust; to 
 proportion. 4. To allot or distribute by measure. 
 
 Meag'ure (mezh'yjjr), v. i. To have a certain length, . 
 breadth, or thickness. 
 
 Meag'ure-less (mezh'yur-les), a. Without measure. 
 Syn. — Boundless ; limitless ; endless ; unbounded ; un- 
 limited; vast ; immense ; infinite ; immeasurable. 
 
 M6a§'ure-ment (mezh'yijr-ment), n. 1. Act of meas- 
 uring; mensuration. 2. Amount or quantity ascertained 
 by measuring : the area. 
 
 M6a§'ur-er (mSzh/yur-er), n. One who measures. 
 i Meat, n. [A.-S. mate, mete. Icel. matr, mata, Goth. 
 I mats.] 1 . Food in general. 2. The flesh of animals used 
 ! as food. 
 
 I Meat'-6f' fer-ing, n. {Script.) An ofiering consisting of 
 I meat or food. 
 
 Meat'y, a. Abounding in meat ; fleshy. 
 
 Me-<;han'i«, n. One who works with machines or instru- 
 ments ; a workman or laborer other than agricultural. 
 Syn.— Artificer; artisan; operative. 
 
 »,e,kc.,long; &,6,&c., short; cd^re, faryaskjE^lliWliat; Sre, veil, term; piique,flrm; son.dr, do, vroli^ 
 
MECHANIC 
 
 455 
 
 MEEKLY 
 
 lle-€lia,n'i-e, \a. [Lat. mechaniats, Gr. ^Tjxai/t«ds, 
 
 Me-ehan'i«-al, ) from /utTjxai^j, a machine. See Ma- 
 chine.] 1. I'ertaiuing to, governed by, or in accord- 
 ance with, mechanics, or the laws of motion ; depending 
 upon mechanism or machinery, ti. Hence, done as if by 
 a machine, or without conscious exertion of will. 3. 
 • Belonging or relating to those who live by hand labor. 
 4. Made by mechanical means, and not by chemical 
 action. 
 
 Me-elifin'ic-al-ly, adv. In a mechanical manner. 
 
 Me-eliaii'l-e-al-iiess. n. The state of being mechani- 
 cal, or governed by mechanism. 
 
 Me«li'a-ni'cian (-nish'an), n. One skilled in mechan- 
 ics ; a machinist. 
 
 Me-«hS,n'i€8> ". sing. [Gr. /xij^avt/ca, pi. neut., from 
 /ui7jxafi/c(k. See Mkchanic] That science, or branch 
 of applied mathematics, which treats of the action of 
 forces on bodies. 
 
 Me«li'a-m§m., 7i. The construction of a machine ; the 
 parts of a machine taken collectively. 
 
 Me<;li'a-iiist (mek/a-nist), n. A maker of machines ; 
 one skilled in mechanics. 
 
 Me-clio'a-caii, or Me-elio'a-ean, n. A species of 
 jalap, of very feeble properties ; — so called from Meclio- 
 acan, in Mexico. 
 
 Me-€o'ni-um, n. [Lat.; Gr. /u.rj»cc5i'(.oi/,fr.ju.^>c<oi', poppy.] 
 1. (Me/I.) The inspissated juice of the poppy. H, The 
 first feces of infants. 
 
 Med'al, n. [From Lat. metallum, metal ; L. Lat. medalea, 
 ■medalia, medalla, medala.] A coin struck with a device 
 intended as a memento of any event or person. 
 
 Med'al-ist, w. 1. One skilled or curious in medals. 3. 
 One who has gained a medal as the reward of merit. 
 
 Me-dal'li€, a. Pertaining to a medal, or to medals. 
 
 Me-dail'ion, n. [See Medal.] 1. A large antique 
 medal or memorial coin, ti. Any thing resembling in 
 form such a coin. 
 
 Med'dle (med'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. MEDDLED; p. 
 pr & vb. n. MEDDLING.] [D. middelen, to mediate, from 
 TTiid de I, menns, medium.] To mix one's self in an un- 
 necessary, impertinent, or improper manner ; to interpose 
 ofiBciously. 
 Syn. — To interpose; interfere; intermeddle. 
 
 Med'dler, n. One who meddles ; a busybody. 
 
 Med'dle-some, a. Given to meddling ; officiously in- 
 tru.sive. 
 
 Med'dle-some-ness, n. Quality of being meddlesome. 
 
 Me'di-se'vallllO), a. [Lat. medius, middle, and aevum, 
 age.] Of, or relating to, the middle ages. 
 
 Me'di-al (110), a. [Lat. medialis, from medius, middle.] 
 Pertaining to a mean or average ; mean. 
 
 Me'di-an, a. [Lat. medianus, from medius, middle.] 
 Running through the middle. 
 
 Me'di-ant, n. [From Lat. mediare, to halve, from 
 medius, middle.] (Mus.) The third above the key-note ; 
 — so called because it divides the interval between the 
 tonic and dominant into two thirds. 
 
 jtfe'di-ate, a. [Lat. mediatus, p. p. of mediate, to halve.] 
 1. Being between the two extremes ; middle ; interven- 
 ing, ti. Acting by means, or by an intervening cause 
 or instrument. 
 
 Me'di-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mediated; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MEDIATING.] [See infra.] To interpose between 
 parties, as the equal friend of each ; to arbitrate ; to in- 
 tercede. 
 
 Me'di-ate, v. t. [Lat. mediate, mediatum, to halve, 
 divide in the middle, Low Lat. to mediate, from Lat. 
 medius, middle.] To effect by mediation or interposition. 
 
 Me'di-ate-ly, arfr. In a mediate manner; by a sec- 
 ondary cause. 
 
 Me'di-a'tion, n. 1. Act of mediating; action as a 
 necessary condition, means, or instrument ; interposi- 
 tion ; intervention. 3. Hence, specifically, agency be- 
 tween parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them. 
 
 Me'di-a-tize, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. mediatized ; p. pr. 
 & ri. n. MEDIATIZING.] To render mediate; specifi- 
 cally, to make mediately, not immediately, dependent. 
 
 Me'di-a'tor, M. One who mediates ; especially, one who 
 interposes between parties at variance for the purpose of 
 reconciling them ; hence, by way of eminence, Christ is 
 called the Mediator. 
 
 Syn. — Intercessor ; advocate ; propitiator ; interceder ; ar- 
 bitrator ; umpire. 
 
 Me'di-a-to'rl-al, a. Belonging to a mediator, or to his 
 agency or office. 
 
 Me'di-a'tor-sliip, n. The office of a mediator. 
 
 Med'i-ea-ble, a. [Lat. medicabilis, from, medicare , med- 
 
 icari, to heal.] Capable of being medicated, cured or 
 healed. 
 
 M6d'l-e-al, a. [Lat. medicus, belonging to healing, from 
 inederi, to heal.] 1. Pertaining to, or having to do with, 
 medicine, or the art of healing disease, ti. Tending to 
 cure : medicinal. 3. Adapted, intended, or instituted 
 to teach medical science. 
 
 Mfid'i-e-al-ly, a</f . In a medical manner; in relation 
 to the healing art. 
 
 M6d'i-ea-ment, n. [Lat. medicamentum, from med- 
 icare, medicari, to heal.] Any thing used for healing 
 diseases or wounds ; a medicine ; a healing application. 
 
 M6d'i-«ate, r. «. [imp. & p. p. medicated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MEDICATING.] [Lat. medicare, medicari, p. p. 
 medicatus, to heal.] 1. To tincture or impregnate with 
 any thing medicinal. 2. To heal ; to cure. 
 
 Med'i-ea'tion, «. 1. Act or process of medicating. 2. 
 Use or application of medicine. 
 
 Med'i-ea'tive, a. Tending to cure ; curing. 
 
 Me-dif'i-nal, a. 1. Having the property of healing or 
 of mitigating disease. 3. Pertaining to medicine. 
 
 Me-di^'i-nal-ly, adv. In a medicinal manner ; with 
 medicinal qualities. 
 
 Med'i-^iiie (colloq. med'sin or mfd'sn), n. [Lat. medv 
 cina (sc. ars), from medicinus, medical, from medicus, a 
 physician.] 1. Any substance administered in the treat- 
 ment of disease ; remedy ; physic. 2. That branch of 
 science which relates to the prevention, cure, or allevia- 
 tion of disease. 
 
 Me'di-e'val, a. Of, or relating to, the middle ages. See 
 Medieval. 
 
 Me'di-o'-ere (me'di-6'kr), a. [Lat. m.ediocris, from 
 medius, middle.] Of a middle quality ; indifferent ; or- 
 dinary ; common-place. [abilities. 
 
 Me'di-o'-ere, n. One of indifferent talents or ordinary 
 
 Me'di-6«'ri-ty, n. The quaUty of being mediocre ; a 
 moderate degree or rate. 
 
 Med'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. meditated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MEDITATING.] [Lat. meditari, meditatus, allied 
 to Gr. ju.e6eT(?i/.] To dwell on any thing in thought; 
 to turn or revolve any subject in the mind. 
 
 Syn. — To contemplate ; to intend ; to muse ; to think ; to 
 recollect ; to ruminate ; to cogitate ; to study. See Contem- 
 plate. 
 
 Med'i-tate, v. t. To plan ; to contrive ; to intend. 
 
 Med'i-ta'tion, n. Act of meditating ; close or con- 
 tinued thought ; contemplation ; reflection ; musing. 
 
 Med'i-ta'tive, a. 1. Addicted to meditation. 3. Ex- 
 pressing, devoted to, or appropriate to, meditation or 
 design. 
 
 Med'i-ter-ra'ne-an (124), a. [Lat. mediterraneus, from, 
 medius, middle, and terra, land.] Inclosed, or nearly 
 inclosed, with land. 
 
 Me'di-um, n.; Lat. pi. me'di-a, Eng. ;j^ ME'Di-t;Mg. 
 [Lat. medium, the middle, from medius, middle.] 1. 
 That which lies in the middle; intervening body or 
 quantity; hence, specifically, (a.) Middle place or de- 
 gree; mean, (b.) (Math.) See MEAN, (c.) (Logic.) The 
 mean or middle term of a syllogism. 3. An intervening 
 or pervading substance ; hence, instrumentality of com- 
 munication ; agency of transmission ; specifically, in 
 animal magnetism, spiritualism, &e., a person through 
 whom the action of another being is said to be manifested 
 and transmitted. 3. A kind of printing paper of middle 
 size. 
 
 Med'lar, n. [A.-S. mad, 0. Fr. mesple, mesle, Lat. mes- 
 pilum, mespilus, Gr. fiea-mKov, |0ie<r7riA.Tj.] A kind of 
 tree and its fruit, which is eaten only when in a state of 
 decay. 
 
 Med'ley, n. [0. Fr. meslee, medlee, mellee, N. Fr. melee, 
 from Low Lat. m.iscidare, from Lat. miscere, to mix.] 1, 
 A mixture; a jumble ; a hodge-podge. 2. (Mus.) A 
 composition which consists of detached passages from 
 several different compositions. 
 
 Me-dul'Iar, la. [L3i,t. medullaris, from, medulla, mar- 
 
 Med'ul-la-ry, ) row, from medius, middle.] 1. Per- 
 taining to marrow ; consisting of, or resembling, marrow. 
 3. (Bot.) Filled with spongy pith ; pithy. 
 
 Meed, n. [A.-S. med, Goth, mizdd, allied to Gr. /uito-eds.] 
 That which is bestowed in consideration of merit ; re- 
 ward ; recompense. 
 
 Meelc, a. [compar. webk^r ; sitperl.MB'EK'EST.] [Icel. 
 mit'ikr, mild, soft, Goth, muks.] 1. Not easily provoked 
 or irritated. 3. Specifically, submissive to the divine 
 will. 
 
 Syn. — Gentle; mild; soft; yielding; pacific; unassuming; 
 humble. See Gentle. 
 
 Meelt'ly, adv. In a meek manner ; mildly ; gently. 
 
 lood, f^ot; ftrn, rude, pull ; peW (liaise, «all, echo; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link: ; tliiB. 
 
^ 
 
 MEEKNESS 
 
 456 
 
 MEMBRANOUS 
 
 Meok'noss. n. Quality of being nicok ; forbearance; 
 geutioues^. 
 
 MeerSvliaxim (mcor'sliawm), 71. fOer., lit. sea-foam, 
 but it MvVns orijr. nitlier to be a corruption of the Tar- 
 taric n;mie r»i/'.<iH. J 1. (Mill.) A tiue wlute clay, con- 
 sisting of one part each of magnesia, silica, and water. 
 When first taken out it is soft, and makes lather, like 
 soap. It is manufactured iuto tobacco-pipes. t». A 
 tobacco-pitHJ nuido of this minonil. 
 
 Meet, v. t. [imp. & /'. />. MET; p. pr. & vb. n. MEET- 
 ING.) [A.-S. mitan, Icel. viata, Goth, motjan.] 1. To 
 come together with from an opposite direction ; to fall in 
 with. \i. To come upon with a hosti.e object ; to en- 
 counter. 3. To have befall one ; to light on ; to find ; 
 to receive. 
 
 Meet, f. I. 1. To come together by mutual approach; 
 hence, to converge ; to join. 'Z. To come together with 
 hostile purpose. 3. To assemble together; to congre- 
 g;\te ; to collect. 4. To a^-ree ; to harmonize. 
 
 Meet, a. f A.-S. fffwc/, with the prefix ^e, from metan, 
 gftuclan, to meet, tind, that is, to come to.] Adapted, 
 as to a use or purpose ; fit ; suitjible ; proper ; convenient. 
 
 Meet'ing, n. 1. A coming together ; an interview. 3, 
 A congregation ; a collection of people ; a convention. 
 3. A religious assembly ; in England, applied distinc- 
 tively and disparagingly to a congregation of dissenters. 
 
 Syn.— Conference; company; auditory; junction; conflu- 
 ence ; union. 
 
 Meet'ing-liouse, n. A place of worship ; a church ; 
 in England, a place of worship for dis?enters. 
 
 Meet'ly, adv. Fitly ; suitibly ; properly. 
 
 Meet'ness, n. Fitness ; suitableness ; propriety. 
 
 M6g'a-lo-saiir', I n. [Gr. /ae'ya?, fieydXr), great, and 
 
 M6g'a-lo-saii'ru.s, ) o-aupos, a-avpa, lizard.] (Paleon.) 
 A gigantic "saurian or lizard, now extinct, whose fossil 
 remains have been found in various places. 
 
 M6g'a-tlie'ri-fim, n. [N. Lat.,from Gr. /xeyas, great, 
 and Br](iiovs beast.] An extinct and gigantic mammifer- 
 ous quadruped allied to the ant-eaters and sloths. 
 
 Me'grini, n. [Fr. migraine, for kemicraine, Lat. hemi- 
 cranium, Gr. ijixtKpavta, 17/01.1, half, and Kpaviov, skull.] 
 1. A vehement pain confined to one side of the head, 
 sometimes to the forehead. 2. A whim ; a freak ; a 
 humor. 
 
 Mei-o'sis, n. [Gr. fi.eibitTi.%, from /u.eiovi', to make smaller, 
 to lessen.] A rhetorical figure, representing a thing less 
 than it is. [melancholy. 
 
 Mel'an-€h61'i€, a. Given to melancholy; depressed; 
 
 Mel'an-eli6ri-ness, n. State of being melancholy. 
 
 M61'an-€liol-y, n. [Gr. ix^ka.yxp\ia, fr. fie'A.as, /aeAav, 
 black, aud xokri, xokos, gall, bile.] A gloomy state of 
 mind, often a gloomy state that is of some continuance, 
 or habitual ; depres.sion or dejection of spirits. 
 
 M61'an-eliol-y, a. 1. Depressed in spirits. 3. Caus- 
 ing dejection. 
 
 Syn. — Gloomy ; sad ; dispirited ; low-spirited ; unhappy ; 
 hypochondriac; disconsolate; heavy; doleful; dismal; calam- 
 itoup ; afflictive. 
 
 Melange (ma-16ngzh'), n. [Fr., from niiler, L. Lat. Tnis- 
 culare. to mix.] A mixture ; a medley. 
 
 Mel^e (m i-l V), n. [Fr., from meter, to mix. See Mell.] 
 A fight in which the combatants are mingled in one con- 
 fu.eed ma.ss ; a hand to-hand conflict. 
 
 Mel'ior-ate (m51'yor-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MELIOR- 
 ATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. MELIORATING.] [Lat. meliorare, 
 rrteAiorntum, from melior, better, compar. of 6o7iu5,good.] 
 To make better ; to improve ; to ameliorate. 
 
 Mel'ior-ate, v. i. To grow better. 
 
 Mel'ior-a'tion, n. Act or operation of meliorating, or 
 state of being meliorated ; improvement. 
 
 Mel-lif'er-ous, I a. [Lat. me'Ufer, from mel, mellis, 
 
 Mel-lif ie, i honey, a.nd fsrre, to bear. See infra.] 
 
 Producing honey. 
 
 MCl^li-f i-ea'tion, n. [Lat. mdlificare, to make honey, 
 from mel, meUis, honey, and /acere, to make.] Produc- 
 tion of honey. 
 
 Mel-lif lu-en^e, n. A flow of sweetness, or a sweet, 
 smooth flow. [mellifluous. 
 
 Mel-lif' lu-ent, a. Flowing as with honey ; smooth ; 
 
 Mel-lif'lu-ous, a. [Lat. mellifluux, from mel, mellis, 
 honey, and flutre, to flow.] Flowing as with honey ; 
 smooth ; sweetly flowing. 
 
 M61'low, a. [r.ompar. MELLOWER; superl. MELLOW- 
 EST.] [Cf. A.-S. milinc, milsr, sweet, pleasant, ripe. 
 Cf. also Lat. 7Wit^.<fM5.] 1. Soft; not hard, harsh, tough, 
 or unyielding; as, (a.) Soft with ripeness; ripe. (6.) 
 Well broken and lying lightly, as soil, (c.) Not hard 
 i, or rough to the senses ; soft ; rich ; delicate ; — 
 
 said of sound, color, flavor, and the like. 2. Well ma- 
 tured ; genial ; jovial. 3. Jovial with liquor ; slightly 
 intoxicated; fuddled. 
 
 Mei'lOW, l\ t. [i7/ip. & p. p. MELLOWED ] p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MELLOWING.] 1. To make mellow; to ripen; to 
 .soften by ripeness or sige. 2. To pulverize. 
 
 Mel'lo-w, f. /. To become soft; to be ripened, matured, 
 or brought to perfection. 
 
 Mel'lovi'-iiess, n. 1, The quality of yielding easily to 
 pressure; ripeness, as of fruit ; softness. 2. Maturity; 
 smoothness from age, as of wine. 
 
 M^l'o-eo-ton' 1 (-toon''), n. [Sp. meloroton, a peach- 
 
 Mel'o-€o-toon' ) tree grafted into a quince-tree, or 
 the fruit of that tree; Lat. malum cotoniion, or coto- 
 neum, or Cydonium, a quince or quince-apple, from 
 Cydonia, a town in Crete, whence it came.] A quince; 
 also, a large kind of peach. 
 
 Me-lo'de-on, n. [Gr. juieA.o?, a song, and tobelov, odeon.] 
 1. [Mus.) A kind of reed instrument, furnished with a 
 key-board, and ,bellows moved by pedals worked by the 
 feet. 2. A music-hall. 
 
 Me-lo'di-oiis (77), a. Containing melody; agreeable to 
 the ear by a sweet succession of sounds. [ally. 
 
 Me-lo'di-oiis-ly, adv. In a melodious manner ; music- 
 
 Me-lo'di-oils-iiess, n. Quality of being melodious. 
 
 Mel'o-dist, n. A composer or singer of melodies. 
 
 Mel'o-dize,f. t. [imp. kp.p. melodized; p.pr. & 
 r6. n. MELODIZING.] To make melodious. 
 
 Mel'o-dize, v. i. To make or compose melodies. 
 
 Mel'o-dra'ma, n. [From Gr. (xe'Aos, song, and Spofxa, 
 drama.] A dramatic performance in which songs are 
 intermixed, and efifect is sought by startling, exagger- 
 ated, or unnatural sentiment or situation. 
 
 Mel'o-dra-mat'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or of the nature 
 of, melodrama ; done for effect merely ; overstrained. 
 
 Mel'o-di'ame, n. The same as Melodrama. 
 
 Mel'o-dy, n. [Lat. inelodia, Gr. /neAojSta, a singing, a 
 tune to which lyric poetry is set, a choral song, from 
 /u.eAo?, song, tune, and cpSrj, contracted from aot6Tj,song.] 
 1. (Mus.) A rhythmical succession of single tones, so 
 related together as to form a musical whole. 2. The 
 air or tune of a musical piece. 
 Syn.— See H.\emoxy. 
 
 Mel'on, n. [Lat. melo, for melopepo, an apple-shaped 
 melon, Gr. /xrjAoTreVnjj/, from fj-rikov, apple, and irinoiv, 
 Lat. pepo, a species of large melon.] (Bot.) The fruit of a 
 cucurbitaceous plant, which is eaten raw. The plant is 
 also so called. 
 
 Melt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MELTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MELTING.] [A.-S. meltan,miltnn, Icel. mella, allied to 
 Gr. p.i\heiv. The old participle, molten, is used only as 
 an adjective.] 1. To reduce from a solid to a Uquid 
 state by heat. 2. Hence, to soften, as by a warming or 
 kindly influence. 
 
 Syn. — To liquefy; dissolve ; fuse ; thaw; relax ; mollify; 
 soften; subdue. 
 
 Melt, V. i. 1. To become liquid ; to dissolve. 2. Hence, 
 to be softened to love, pity, tenderness, sympathy, or 
 the Uke. 3. To become dissipated or weak. 
 
 Melt'er, n. One who melts. 
 
 Mgm'ber, n. [Lat. membrum.] 1. A part of an ani- 
 mal body capable of performing a distinct office ; a vital 
 organ ; a hmb. 2. Hence, a part of a whole ; an inde- 
 pendent constituent of a body ; as, (a.) A part of a dis- 
 course, or of a period or sentence ; a clause, (b.) (Arch.) 
 A subordinate part of a building, as a frieze, cornice, or 
 molding, (c.) One of the persons composing a society, 
 community, or the like. (</.) (Math.) Either of the two 
 parts of an algebraic equation, connected by the sign of 
 equality. 
 
 Syn.— See Limb. 
 
 M6m'ber-sliip, n. 1. State of being a member. 2. 
 The collective body of members. 
 
 Mem'torane, n. [Lat. membrana., the skin that covers 
 the members of the bodv, from Lat. membrum ,memhev.'\ 
 (Anat.) A thin, extended, soft, transparent tissue, serving 
 to cover some part of the body. 
 I Mgm^bra-na'ceous, } a. Belonging to, or resembling, 
 ! Mem-bra'ne-ous, ) a membrane ; consisting of 
 membranes. 
 
 M6m'bra-nif' er-oiis, a. [Lat. membrana, membrane, 
 and ferre, to bear.] Having or producing membranes. 
 
 Mem'bra-nol'o-gy, n. [Lat. meynbrana, membrane, 
 and Gr. Aoyos, discourse, treatise.] The science which 
 relates to membranes. 
 
 Mgm'bra-nous, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or 
 resembling membrane ; membraneous. 
 
 a,e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short ; c&re, f ar, ask., all, what ; ere, veil, term ; piique, firm ; son, 6r, do, •woU, 
 
MEMENTO 
 
 457 
 
 MEPHITISM 
 
 Bfe-mgn'to, n. ; pi. ME-MfiN'TOg. [Lat., remember, 
 be mindful, imper. of meminisxe, to remember.] A hint, 
 suggestion, notice, or memorial, to awaken memory ; a 
 souvenir. 
 
 MSm'oir {mCm''wor or mu/mwor), n. [From Lat. rne- 
 moria, memory.] 1. A memorial account ; a species of 
 femiliat history composed from personal experience and 
 memory. 'Z. A memorial of any individual ; a biog- 
 raphy. 3. A record ot investigations of any subject ; 
 the journals and proceedings of a society . 
 
 JI[ern,'o-ra-bil'i-d,n. pi. [Lat., from wemoraft/^is, me- 
 morable.] Things remarkable and worthy of remem- 
 brance or i-ecord. 
 
 M6m'o-ra-ble, a. [Lat. memorabilis, from memorare, 
 to bring to remembrance, from meminisse, to remember.] 
 Worthy to be remembered. 
 
 Syn. — Illustrious ; celebrated ; signal ; distinguished ; ex- 
 traordinary; remarkable; famous. 
 
 Mem'o-ra-bly, arJv. In a memorable manner. 
 
 Mem'o-raii'dum, n. ; Eng. pi. MEM'o-RAN'DUMg, 
 h&t. pi. MEM' O-KAN'DA. [Lat., something to be re- 
 membered, from mernorandus, p. p. of memorare. See 
 supra.] 1. A record of something which it is desired to 
 remember. 'Z. {Law.) A brief note in writing of some 
 transaction, or an outline of an intended instrument. 
 
 Me-mo'ri-al, n. 1. Preservative of memory. 3. Con- 
 tained in memory. 
 
 Me-mo'ri-al, a. 1. Any thing intended to preserve 
 the memory of a person, an occurrence, or the like. 3. 
 A written representation of facts made to a legislative or 
 other body. 3. (Diplomacy.) A species of informal 
 state paper, much used in negotiation . 
 
 Syn.— Monument; memento; remembrancer. 
 
 Me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. One who writes or presents a me- 
 morial. 
 
 Me-mo'ri-al-ize,r. t. [imp. k,p.p. memorialized ; 
 p.pr. & vb.n. MEMORIALIZING.] To present a me- 
 morial to ; to petition by memorial. 
 
 Mem'o-rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MEMORIZED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MEMORIZING.] 1. To cause to be remem- 
 bered ; especially, to record. 3. To commit to memory ; 
 to learn by heart. 
 
 Meni'o-ry, n. [Lat. memoria, from m.emor, mindful, 
 from m.eminisse, to remember.] 1, The faculty of 
 the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous 
 thoughts or events. 3. The time within which past 
 events can be remembered. 3. Remembrance of a per- 
 son, or event, preserved to after-times ; state of being 
 remembered. 
 
 Syn. — Remembrance; recollection; reminiscence. -Jfem- 
 ory is generic, denoting the power by which we reproduce 
 past impressions. Bemembrance is an exercise of that power 
 when things occur spontaneousln to our thoughts. In recollec- 
 tion we make a distinct effort to collect again, or call back, what 
 we know lias been formerly in the mind. Reminiscence is in- 
 termediate between remembrance and recollection, being a con- 
 scious process of recalling past occurrences, but without that 
 distinct reference to particular things which characterizes rec- 
 ollection. 
 
 MSn, n. ; pi. of maji. See Man. 
 
 Men'a^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. menaced (mgn'est) ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. MENACING.] [See rn/ra.] 1. To threaten. 
 3. To inspire with apprehension. 
 
 Men'a^e, n. [From Lat. miaacix, for mivw, fr. m.inax, 
 projecting, threatening, from minere, to jut, project.] 
 The show of a disposition or intention to inflict an evil ; 
 a threat or threatening. 
 
 Men'a-f er, n. One who menaces or threatens. 
 
 jH^naffe (men-azh'), n. [Fr. a household, for m.esnage, 
 L. Lat. m.ansionaticum.] 1. Training of animals, as of 
 horses. 3. A collection of animals for exhibition ; a 
 menagerie. 
 
 Men-3,g'e-rie (men-Szh/e-ry), n. [Fr. m.cnagerie. See 
 supra.] 1. A place where animals are kept and trained. 
 3. Especially, & collection of wild or exotic animals, 
 kept for exhibition. 
 
 Mend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mended; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MENDING.] [Abbrev. from amend, q. v.] 1. To re- 
 pair, as any thing that is torn, broken, defaced, decayed, 
 or the Hke. 3. To alter for the better; to set right; 
 specifically , to quicken ; to hasten. 3. To help ; to ad- 
 vance ; to further. 
 
 Syn. — To improve ; better; emend; amend; correct; rec- 
 tify; reform. 
 
 Mend, t". t. To grow better ; to become improved. 
 
 M6nd'a-ble, a. Capable of being mended. 
 
 Men-da'cious, a. [Lat. m.endax, lying, from mentiri, 
 to lie.] Given to deception ; lying ; ifalse. 
 
 Men-da?'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being mendacious; 
 
 disposition to deceive ; a habit of lying. 3. A falsehood; 
 
 a he. 
 
 Syn. — Lying; deceit; untruth. 
 Mend'er, n. One who mends or repairs. [beggary. 
 
 M6n'di-ean-9y, n. Condition of being mendicant; 
 M6n'di-«ant, a. [Lat. mendicans, p. pr. of mendirare, 
 
 to beg, from mendicus, beggarly, beggar.] 1, Begging j 
 
 poor. 3. Practicing beggary. 
 M6n'di-eant, n. One who makes it his business to beg 
 
 alms ; a beggar ; especially, one of the begging fraternity 
 
 of the Roman Catholic church. 
 Men-di^'i-ty, n. State of begging ; life of a beggar. 
 Men-ha'den, n. [Written also manliaden.] (Ichth.) A 
 
 salt-water fish. 
 Me'ni-al, a. [0. Fr. meigm'al, from meignee, maisgnee, 
 
 W7aisn(>, family, household, or company.] 1. Belonging 
 
 to a retinue of servants ; performing servile office. 3. 
 
 Pertaining to servants ; sei-vile ; low ; mean. 
 Me'ni-al, n. 1. A domestic servant. 3. A person of 
 
 a servile character or disposition. 
 Me-nin'ge§, n. pi. [Gr. fj-rji'ty^, /ixTji/iyyos, a membrane.] 
 
 (Ajiat.) The three membranes that envelop the brain 
 
 and spinal cord. 
 Me-nis'-eus, n.; pi. ME-Nis'cus-Eg. [Gr. ju-Tji/to-Kos, 
 . dim. of JU.IJVT7, moon, hence, any moon-shaped body.] 
 
 (Opt.) A lens convex on one side and concave on 'le 
 
 other, having the concavity less than the convexity. 
 M6n'i-ver, n. [0. Fr. menuver, menuveir, menuvair, a 
 
 grayish fur, from menu, small, and vair, vair, a kind of 
 
 fur. See Vair.] A small, white animal in Russia, or 
 
 its fur, which is very fine. 
 Me-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ix-qv, month, and Adyo?, discourse, 
 
 account.] 1. A register of months. 3. (Gr. Church.) 
 
 Martyrology, or a brief calendar of the lives of the saints 
 
 for each day in the year. 
 MSn'sal, a. [Lat. m.ensis, month.] Occurring once in 
 
 a month ; monthly. 
 Men'ses, n. pi. [Lat. mensis, month, pi. wsnies, months, 
 
 and the monthly courses of women.] (Med.) The cata- 
 
 menial or menstrual discharges, a periodic flow of blood 
 
 from the mucous coat of the uterus. 
 M6n'strii-al, a. 1, Recurring once a month ; monthly. 
 
 3. Pertaining to a menstruum. 3. (Astron.) Making a 
 
 complete cycle of changes in a month. 
 Men'strii-ant, a. Subject to monthly flowing. 
 Men'strii-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MENSTRUATED ; 
 
 p. pr. &' vb. n. MENSTRUATING.] To discharge the 
 
 menses. 
 Men'stru-a'tion, n. 1. Discharge of the menses. 3. 
 
 The state or the period of menstruating. 
 Men'stru-oiis, a. [Lat. menstruus, fr. men-tis, month.] 
 
 1. Having the monthly flow or discharge. 3. Pertain- 
 ing to the monthly flow ; catamenial. 
 Men'strii-iiin, n.; Eng. pi. MEN'STRU-ttMS ; Lat. pi. 
 
 MEN'STRV-A. [Lat. menstruus. See supra.] Any fluid 
 
 or subtilized substance which dissolves a solid body ; a 
 
 solvent. 
 
 C@°- The use of this word is supposed to have originated in 
 some notion of the old chemists about the influence of the 
 moon in the preparation of solvents. 
 
 Men'su-ra-Tbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being mensurable. 
 
 Men'su-ra-ble (men'shij-ra-bl), a. [Lat. mensurabilis, 
 from mensurare, to measure, from mensura, measure.] 
 Capable of being measured ; measurable. 
 
 M6n'su-ral, a. Pertaining to measure. 
 
 MSn'su-ra'tion (-shij-), n. 1. Act. process, or art, of 
 measuring. 3. That branch of applied geometry which 
 gives rules for finding the dimension of objects from 
 certain simple data of lines and angles. 
 
 Men'tal, a. [Lat. mentalis, from mens, mentis, the 
 mind.] Pertaining to the mind : intellectual. 
 
 Men'tal-ly, adv. In the mind ; intellectually ; in idea. 
 
 Men'tion, n. [Lat. mentio, from meminisse, to remem- 
 ber.] A memorial notice ; a cursory speaking of any thing. 
 
 Men'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mentioned : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MENTIONING.] To direct attention to by a sim- 
 ple reference, speaking of a name, or the like : to name. 
 
 Men'tion-a-ble, a. Capable of being mentioned. 
 
 Men'tor, n. [From Mentor, the counselor of Telem- 
 achus.] A wise and faithful counselor or monitor. 
 
 Me-pbit'i-e, ) a. [Lat. mepkiticus, from mephitis.] 
 
 Me-pliit'i-e-al, j Offensive to the smell : lonl ; poison- 
 ous ; noxious ; pestilential ; destructive to Ufe. 
 
 Me-phVtis, \ n. [Lat. mephitis.] Foul, ofFen.«ive, or 
 
 Mepb'i-tigm, j noxious exhalations from decompos- 
 ing substances, &c. 
 
 food, ftfbt ; -ftrn, riide, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -call, eolio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^cist ; linger, link ; tbis. 
 
MERCANTILE 
 
 458 
 
 MERMAID 
 
 M?r'can-tile, n. [Lat. vurcans, p. pr. of mercan\ to 
 traffic] IVrtaining to merchants, or the business of 
 uiorchants. 
 
 Syn. — Coinniercial. —Commercial is the wider term, being 
 soinetinu's used to embrace mercniitile. In their stricter use, 
 C(tmmen-inl rt'lsites to the shipiiing. freighting, forwartling, and 
 other business connected with the commerce of a country 
 (whether external or internal), that is, the exchange of com- 
 modities: while merctmtih applies to the sale of merchandise 
 and goods when brought to market. As the two employments 
 are to some extent intermingled, the two words are often intei^ 
 changed. 
 
 3Ier'^e-na-ri-ly, adv. In a mercenary manner. 
 
 Mer'^e-iia-ri-uess, n. Quahty of being mercenary ; 
 venality. 
 
 Mer'ye-na-ry (44), a. [Lat. mercenarius, from mi>rces, 
 waces, reward.] 1. Acting for reward ; serving for pay. 
 ti. "Hence, in a biui sense, moved by considerations of 
 jKiv or profit. 
 Syn. — Paid; hired; hireling; venal; sordid; selfish. 
 
 3Ier'9e-na-ry, n. One who is hired; a hireUng ; espe- 
 cialli/, a soldier hired into foreign service. 
 
 aier'fer, ». [From Lat. merx, mercis, wares, merchan- 
 dise.] One who deals in silks and woolen cloths. 
 
 Mer'^er-y, n. The trade of mercers; the goods in 
 which a mercer deals. 
 
 Mer'cliaii-dige, 71. [See Merchant.] 1. Act or busi- 
 ness of trading ; trade ; traffic ; commerce. 3. What- 
 ever is usually bought or sold in trade ; wares ; goods ; 
 commodities. 
 
 Mer'clian-dige, r. i. [imp. & p. p. merchandized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MERCHANDIZING.] To trade ; to carry 
 on commerce. 
 
 Mer'cliaiit, n. [From Lat. mercans, p. pr. of mercnri, 
 to trade, traffic] One who traffics or carries on trade, 
 especially on a large scale ; a trafficker ; a trader. 
 
 Mer'cliant, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, trade or 
 merchandise. 
 
 JUerchatit sen-ice, the mercantile marine of a country. —Mer- 
 chant tailor, a tailor who keeps and sells materials for the gar- 
 ments made by him. 
 
 Mer'cliant-a-l>le, a. Fit for market; vsuch as is usu- 
 ally sold in market, or such as will bring the ordinary 
 price. [ing vessel. 
 
 Mer'chant-man, n. ; pi. m£r/CHANT-Men. A trad- 
 
 Mer'^i-ful, a. 1. Full of mercy; having or exercising 
 mercy. ''2, Unwilling to give pain ; not cruel. 
 
 Syn. — Compassionate; tender; humane ; gracious; kind; 
 mila ; clement ; benignant. 
 
 Mer'^i-ful-ly, adv. In a merciful manner ; tenderly. 
 Mer'fi-fiil-iiess. n. The quaUty of being merciful ; 
 
 tenderne'ss toward offenders ; readiness to forgive. 
 Mer'^i-less, a. 1. Destitute of mercy. 3. Acting Avith- 
 
 out mercy ; unsparing ; relentless. 
 
 Syn. — Cruel ; unfeeling ; unmerciful ; remorseless; ruth- 
 less ; pitiless ; hard-hearted ; severe ; barbarous ; savage. 
 
 Mer'^i-less-ly, adv. In a merciless manner ; cruelly. 
 Mer'fi-less-ness, n. Want of mercy or pity. 
 Mer-€u'ri-al, a. 1. Having the qualities fabled to be- 
 long to Mercury : active ; sprightly ; full of fire or vigor. 
 
 2. Pertaining to Mercury, as god of trade ; hence, money- 
 making. 3. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, 
 mercury. 
 
 Mer-eu'ri-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mercurial- 
 ized: p. pr. & vb. n. MERCURIALIZING.] 1. (Med.) 
 To affect with mercury. 2. {Photography.) To expose 
 to the vapor of mercury. 
 
 Mgr'-eu-ry, n. [Lat. Mercurius, said to be formed from 
 merces, waref«, or mercari, to traffic] 1. {Rom. Myth.) 
 The .son of Jupiter and Maia, the messenger and inter- 
 preter of the gods, and the god of eloquence and of com- 
 merce. '2. {Chtm.) A certain metal, white hke silver, 
 liquid at common temperatures ; quicksilver. It acts as 
 a poison, and its compounds are largely used in medicine. 
 
 3. {Med.) A salt or preparation of mercury, used as a 
 remedial agent, as calomel, blue-pill, &c. 4. {Astron.) 
 One of the planets of the solar system, being the one 
 nearest the sun. 5. A news-boy ; a messenger ; hence, 
 also, a newspaper. 6. {Bot.) A plant, the leaves of 
 which are sometimes used for spinach, in Europe. 
 
 nSr- The name is also applied, in America, to certain climb- 
 ing plants, some of which are poisonous to the skin, especially 
 to the poison ivy. 
 
 MSr'^y, n. [From Lat. mercea, mercedis, hire, pay, re- 
 ward, L. Lat. equivalent to misericordia, pity.] 1. Dis- 
 position to overlook injuries, or to treat an offender better 
 than he deserves. 2. An act or exercise of mercy or 
 fSiTor. 
 
 Syn. — Clemency ; tenderness; pity; compassion; leniency' 
 mildness. See Grace. 
 
 Mer'^y-seat, n. The place of mercy or forgiveness ; th« 
 
 covenng of the ark of the covenant, among the Jews. 
 Mere, a. [siiperl. MEREST. The compar. is rarely or 
 
 never used.] [A.-B. tJiiere, Lat. Clients.] 1. Unmi.xed ; 
 
 pure ; entire ; absolute. 2. Only this, and nothing else ; 
 
 simple ; bare. 
 Mere, n. [A.-S. mere, mare, Goth, m^arei, Icel. mar, 
 
 alUed to Lat. mare.] A pool or lake. 
 Mere, n. [A.-S. masre, geynxre, Icel. mseri.] A boundary. 
 Mere'ly, adv. 1. Purely ; absolutely ; utterly ; entirelj-. 
 
 2. Not otherwise than ; simplj- ; barelj' ; solely'. 
 M6r'e-tri'cious (-trTsh'us), a. [Lat. meretricius, from 
 
 meretrix, a prostitute, from rnerere, to earn, gain.] 1. 
 
 Pertaining to prostitutes; lustful. 2. Resembling the 
 
 arts of a harlot; gaudily and deceitfully ornamental,*, 
 
 tawdry ; showy. 
 Mgr'e-tri'cious-ness, n. The quaUty of being mere- 
 tricious ; the art of a prostitute. 
 Mer-gHu'ser n. [Sp. niergdnsar, 
 
 from niergo, Lat. mergus, a diver, 
 
 from viergere, to dive, and Sp. 
 
 dnsar, Lat. anser, goose.] ( Ornith.) 
 
 A duck having a straight, narrow, 
 
 and slender bill, wide at the base 
 
 and hooked at the tip. 
 Merge (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Merganser. 
 
 merged; p.pr. & vb. n. MERGING.] [Lat. mergere.'\ 
 
 To cause to be swallowed up ; to immerse ; to immerge ; 
 
 to sink. 
 Merge, v. i. To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. 
 Mer'ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, merges or 
 
 swallows up. 2. {Laiv.) Absorption of one estate, or 
 
 one contract, in another. 
 Me-rid'i-an (77), n. [See infra.] 1. Midday; noon. 
 
 2. Hence, the highest point, as of success, prosperity, or 
 the Uke ; culmination. 3. {Astron.) A gieat circle of 
 the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and 
 the zenith of the spectator. 4. {Geog.) An imaginary 
 gi-eat circle on the surface of the earth, passing through 
 the poles and any given place. 
 
 Magnetic meridian, a great circle, passing through the zenith 
 and coinciding in direction with the magnetic needle, or a line 
 on the earth's surface having the same direction. — Sleridian 
 of a globe, or brass meridian, a graduated circular ring of brass, 
 in which the artificial globe is suspended and revolves. 
 
 Me-rid'i-an, a. [Lat. meridianits, pertaining to noon, 
 from meridies, noon, fi-om medius, mid, middle, and 
 dies, day.] 1. Pertaining to the meridian, or to mid- 
 day. 2. Pertaining to the highest point or culmina- 
 tion. 
 
 Me-rid'i-on-al, a. [Lat. meridionalis, from meridies, 
 midday.] 1. Pertaining to the meridian. 2. Having a 
 southern aspect; southern; southerly. 
 
 Me-rid'i-on-al'i-ty, n. 1. State of being in the me- 
 ridian. 2. Position in the south ; aspect toward the 
 south. 
 
 Me-ri'no (-re'-), a. [Sp. merino, moving from pasture 
 to pasture, from merino, a royal judge and superintend- 
 ent or inspector of sheep-walks, L. Lat. merinus, from 
 Lat. & L. Lat. Tnajorinus, i. e., major villae.] 1. Of, or 
 pertaining to, a variety of sheep of very fijie wool. 2« 
 Made of the wool of the merino sheep. 
 
 Me-ri'no, n. A thin fabric, of merino wool, for ladies' 
 wear. 
 
 Mer'it, n. [Lat. meritum, from merere, mereri, to de- 
 serve, merit.] 1. QuaUty or relation of deserving well 
 or ill ; desert. 2. Quality or relation of deserving well. 
 
 3. Excellence or goodness entitling to honor or reward ; 
 worth ; worthiness. 4. Reward deserved ; that which is 
 earned or merited. 
 
 Mer'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. merited; p. pr. & vb. v. 
 MERITING.] To earn by active service, or by any valu- 
 able performance ; to be entitled to ; to deserve ; some* 
 times, to deserve, in a bad sense ; to incur. 
 
 Mer'i-to'ri-ous,n. Possessing merit or desert ; deserving 
 of reward or honor ; valuable. 
 
 M6r'i-to'ri-ou.s-ly, adv. In a meritorious manner. 
 
 Merle, n. [Lat. merula, merulus.] A blackbird. 
 
 Mer'lin, n. [Eng. merle, from Lat. merula, black, q. t.] 
 1. (Ornith.) A species of small hawk. 2. A wizard. 
 
 Mer'Ion, n. [From Lat. marus, for murus, wall, dim. 
 marulus.] (Fort.) That part of a parapet which lies be- 
 tween two embrasures. 
 
 Mer'mald, n. [Fr. met, Lat. mare, the .«ea, and Eng. 
 maid.] A fabled marine animal, having the upper part 
 like that of a woman, and the lower like a fish. 
 
 »,e,kc.,long; &,£, &c.,5/tor{/c4re,far,ask, all, Mrliat;6re, veil, tSrm; piique,firm; son, dr,AQ,MvqUt 
 
MERMAN 
 
 459 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS 
 
 Mgr'ntan, n.; pi. mEr'men. The male corresponding 
 
 to mermaid ; a sea man, with the tail of a fish instead 
 
 of legs. [vially. 
 
 M6r'ri-ly, adv. In a merry manner ; with mirth; jo- 
 
 Mgr'ri-ment, n. Gayety, with laughter or noise ; noisy 
 
 sport. 
 
 Syn. — Mirth ; hilarity ; frolic ; glee ; jollity. See Glad- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 Mer'ri-ness, n. Quality of being merry ; merriment ; 
 mirth. 
 
 Mer'ry, a. [com'par. merrier ; superl. MERRIEST.] 
 [A.-S. merh, mirig, myrig, Ir. & Gael, mear.] 1. Brisk ; 
 lively ; stirring. !i. Noisily gay ; overflowing with good 
 humor and good spirits. 3. Cheerful ; not sad. 4. 
 Causing laughter or mirth. 
 
 Syn.— Blithe ; blithesome ; airy ; lively; sprightly ; viva- 
 cious ; gleeful ; joyous ; mirthful ; jocund ; sportive. 
 
 '3ISr'ry-3,n'drew, n. A buffoon ; a zany ; especially, 
 one who attends a mountebank or quack doctor. 
 
 C@~ This term is said to have originated from one Andrew 
 Borde, a physician in the time of Eteury VIII., who attracted 
 attention and gained patients by facetious speeches to the 
 multitude. 
 
 Mer'ry-malCing, n. A festival ; a meeting for mirth. 
 
 M6r'ry-tliouglit (-thawt), ti. The forked bone of a 
 fowl's breast, which is broken in sport by two persons, 
 one pulling at each end, the longest part broken being 
 taken as an omen that the one who gets it will be married 
 first, or will get his wish first ; a wish-bone. 
 
 JMEes-dames' (ma-dam'), n. ; pi. of madame. [me. 
 
 Me-seem§', v. impers. [imp. meseemed.] It seems to 
 
 Mes'en-ter'i-e, a. Pertaining to the mesentery. 
 
 Mes'en-ter'y, or Me§'eii-t6r'y, n. [Gr. ixeaevrepiov , 
 fxecr^vrepov, from /aeVo?, middle, and evrepov, intestine.] 
 {Anat.) A membrane in the cavity of the abdomen, which 
 retains the intestines and their appendages in a proper 
 position. 
 
 MSsli, n. [A.-S. masc, max, mdscre, 0. H. Ger. masca, 
 Icel. m-dskvi, W. m-asg."] The opening or space inclosed 
 by the threads of a net between knot and knot ; net- 
 work. 
 
 M6sli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MESHED (mesht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MESHING.] To catch in a mesh ; to insnare. 
 
 Mes'lin, n. The same as maslin. See l^ASLIN. 
 
 Me§ mer'ic, ) a. Pertaining to mesmerism, or being 
 
 Me§-in6r'ic-al, j under its influence. 
 
 Meg'iner-igm, n. [From Mesmer, who first brought it 
 into notice at Vienna, about 1776.] The art of inducing 
 an extraordinary or abnormal state of the nervous sys- 
 tem, in which the actor claims to control the actions, and 
 communicate directly with the mind, of the recipient. 
 
 Me§'mer-ist, n. One who practices, or beUeves in, mes- 
 merism. 
 
 Meg'mer-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MESMERIZED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MESMERIZING.] To bring into a state of 
 mesmeric sleep. 
 
 Meg'mer-iz'er, n. One who practices mesmerism. 
 
 Mesne (meen), a. [Norm. Fr. wteswe, middle. Cf. Mean, 
 a.] [Law.) Middle; intervening. 
 
 Mess, n. [A.-S. m,ese, myse, Goth. m.es, a table ; Lat. 
 mensa, Goth, mats, 0. H. Ger. m.az, food.] 1. A dish, 
 or a quantity of food prepared or set on a table at one 
 time. 2. A number of persons who eat together, and 
 for whom food is prepared in common. 3. A medley ; 
 a mixed mass. 
 
 MSss, V. i. [imp. & p. p. MESSED (m6st) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MESSING.] 1. To eat ; to feed. 2. To eat in com- 
 pany. 
 
 ftless, v.^ t. To supply with a mess. 
 
 Mes'sa^e, n. [Low Lat. messagium, m.issaticum., from 
 Lat. wri^^re, wi5«/?n, to send.] 1. Any notice, word, or 
 communication, written or verbal, sent from one person 
 to another. 2. Hence, specifically, an oflBcial address or 
 communication, not made in person, hut delivered by a 
 messenger. 
 
 Mes'sen-ger, n. [0. Eng. messager. See supra.'] 1. 
 One who bears a message or an errand. 2. [Naut.) A 
 hawser wound round the capstan, and used for heaving 
 in the cable. 3. (Law.) A person appointed to perform 
 certain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolvent 
 laws. 
 
 Syn. — Carrier ; intelligencer ; courier ; harbinger ; fore- 
 runner ; precursor ; herald. 
 
 Mes-sl'ali, n. [Heb. mashiah, anointed, from m.ashah, 
 '' to anoint.] Christ, the anointed ; the Savior. 
 Mgs-sl'ah-sliip, n. Character, state, or office of the 
 
 Savior. 
 M6s'si-aii'i-e, a. Relating to the Messiah. 
 
 Mes-si'as, n. The Messiah ; the Savior. 
 
 MSs'sietirs (mgsh'yerz), n. pi. [Fr. ; pi. of monsieur, 
 q. v.] Sirs; gentlemen; — abbreviated to Mes5;j., and 
 used as the plural of Mr. [table. 
 
 Mfiss'mate, n. One who eats ordinarily at the same 
 
 M6s'suage (mes'swej), n. [L. Lat. messuagium, man- 
 sionaticum, from Lat. mansio, a staying, dwelling, from 
 manere, mansum, to stay, remain.] [Law.) A dwelling- 
 house, with the adjacent buildings, and the ac^oining 
 lands appropriated to the use of the household. 
 
 Mes-tee', n. The offspring of a white person and a quad- 
 roon ; — so called in the West Indies. 
 
 Mes-tii'zo (mes-te'zo), n. [Sp.,from Lat. mixtus, mixed, 
 p. p. of miscere, to mix.] The child of a Spaniard or 
 Creole and a native Indian ; — so called in Spanish 
 America. 
 
 M6t, imp. & p. p. of meet. See Meet. 
 
 Met'a-«ar'pal, a. Belonging to the metacarpus. 
 
 Mfit'a-car'pus, n. [Gr. f^eraKapTnov, from fierd, beyond, 
 between, and Kapnos, the wrist.] {Anat.) The part of 
 the hand between the wrist and the fingers. 
 
 Me-ta-eli'ro-iiigin, n. [From Gr. (u,eTaxpovos, fxeraxpo- 
 vios, after the time, happening afterward, from ixerd, be- 
 yond, after, and xpo>'o?, time.] An error committed in 
 chronology by placing an event after its real time. 
 
 Met'age, n. [From mete.] 1. Measurement of coaL 
 2. Charge for, or price of, measuring. 
 
 Mefa-grani'ma-tigiii, n. [Gr. (u-era, beyond, after, 
 and -ypa/ajuta, letter.] Transposition of the letters of a 
 name into such a connection as to express some perfect 
 sense applicable to the person named ; anagrammatism. 
 
 Met'al (met^al or met'l), n. [Lat. metallum, Gr. /xeVaA.- 
 A.OV.] 1. A substance having a peculiar luster, insoluble 
 in water, a good conductor of heat and electricity, and 
 usually solid at ordinary temperatures. 2. The effective 
 power or caliber of guns carried by a vessel of war. 
 
 Met'a Jep'sis, n. ; pi. met'a-l£p'se§. [Lat. metalep- 
 sis, Gr. jueTaA.Tj»|/is, participation, alteration ; from /otera- 
 Aa/u./3aveiv, to partake, to take in exchange, from joiera, 
 beyond, after, and Xafi^dveiv , to take.] (Rhet.) The 
 continuation of a trope in one word through a succes- 
 sion of significations, or the union of two or more tropes 
 of a different kind in one word. 
 
 Met'a-lep'ti<;, \a. 1. Pertaining to a metalepsis or 
 
 Met'a-lep'ti-e-al, ) participation. 2. Transverse. 
 
 Me-tai'Ii<;, a. Pertaining to a metal or medals ; consist- 
 ing of, or resembling, metal ; partaking of the nature of 
 metals. 
 
 Met'al-lif er-oiis, a. [Lat. metallifer, from metallum, 
 metal, and /erre, to hear.] Producing metals. 
 
 Me-tai'Ii-form, a. [Lat. metallum, metal, and. forma, 
 form.] Having the form of metals ; like metal. 
 
 Met'al-Iine, a. 1. Pertaining to a metal ; consisting 
 of metal. 2. Impregnated with metal. [metals. 
 
 Met'al-Iist, n. A worker in metals, or one skilled in 
 
 Met'al -lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. metallized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. metallizing.] To form into metal ; to give 
 its proper metallic properties to. 
 
 Met'al-Iog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /oi.eTaAA.ov, metal, and 
 ypd^eiv, to describe.] An account of metals ; a treatise 
 on metallic substances. 
 
 Met'al-loid, n. [From Gr. p-eraKKov, metal, and elfios, 
 form, shape.] ( Cliem.) (a.) An inflammable, non-metal- 
 lic body, such as sulphur, phosphorus, &c. (6.) The 
 metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth. 
 
 Met'al-loid, a. Like metal; pertaining to the metal- 
 loids. 
 
 Met'al-lftr'§i-e, ) a. Pertaining to metallurgy, or 
 
 Mefal-lur'^i^j-al, j the art of working metals. 
 
 Met'al-lrir'gist, n. One skilled in metallurgy. 
 
 Met'al-liir'gy, n. [From Gr. fxeTa\Kovpy6<;, working 
 metals, from ixeTaWov, metal, and the root epyecv, to 
 work.] The art of working metals ; in a more limited 
 and usual sense, the operation of obtaining metals from 
 their ores. 
 
 Met'a-mor'phi*, a. [See Metamorphosis.] 1. 
 Subject to change; changeable; variable. 2. (Geol.) 
 Pertaining to, produced by, or exhibiting, certain 
 changes which minerals or rocks may have undergone 
 since their original deposition. 
 
 Met'a-mor'pliigm, n. (Geol.) The state or quality 
 of being metamorphic. 
 
 M6t'a-in6r'pliose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. metamor- 
 phosed (-mor'phost) ; p.pr. & vb. n. METAMORPHOS- 
 ING.] To change into a different form ; to transform; 
 to transmute. 
 
 Met'a-mdr'pliose, n. Same as Metamorphosis. 
 
 M6t'a-m6r'plio-sis, n. ; pi. MfiT'A-MOR'PHO-sEg- 
 
 food, fctbt; Arn, rude, pull ; 9ell, fliaise, «all, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist; linger, liijlt ; «iis. 
 
■i«rV'..s!i 
 
 METAPHOR 
 
 460 
 
 METROPOLIS 
 
 [Lat. metamprphosis, Gr. fxeraiaopc^wo-is, from fierd, be- 
 yond, over, and fxop<|)»j, foruj, .sliapc] 1. Change of form 
 or shape ; transformation. '2, A change in the form or 
 fnuction of a living body, by a normal process of growth. 
 
 lI<>t'a-plior, II. iGr. fjieraffiopd, from ju,6Ta<|>epeiv, to 
 carrv over, to transfer, from iJifrd, beyond, over, and 
 ^epeu', to bring, carry.] (R/iet.) A short similitude; a 
 word expressing similitude without the signs of compar- 
 ison . 
 
 MCt'a-pliftr'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, or comprising, a 
 
 MCt'a-pli6r'i*'-al, I metaphor; figurative; tropical. 
 
 Mdt'a-pli6r'i«-al-ly, ndv. In a metaphorical manner ; 
 not literally ; tropically. 
 
 Het'a-plirage, n. [3r. fjieTa^pa(Ti<; , from fierd, beyond, 
 over, and (^pacrt?, a speaking, phrase.] 1. A literal or 
 verbal translation. Vi. A phrase answering to, or in 
 reply to. another phrase ; a repartee. 
 
 M«'-tapli'ra-sis, n. Metaphrase. 
 
 Met'a-plirUst, «. A person who translates from one 
 language into another, word for word. 
 
 Met'a-phrftst'ic, { a. Close, or literal, in transla- 
 
 M6t'a-plirast'ic-al, I tion. 
 
 M6t'a-pli>'§'i«, \a. 1. Pertaining, or relating, to 
 
 M6t''a-pliy§'i«-al, ) metaphysics. Ji. According to 
 rules or principles of metaphysics. 
 
 M6t'a-pli5'§'i«-al-ly, ado. In the manner of meta- 
 physical science. 
 
 M6t'a-pliy-§i'ciaii (-zish'an), n. One who is versed in 
 the science of metaphysics. 
 
 Met'a-pli5'§'i<5*i '^- sitig. [Gr. ixerd rd <f>v(Ti.Kd, after 
 those things which relate to external nature, after physics. 
 It is said that this name was given to the science by 
 Aristotle, who considered the science of natural bodies, 
 or physics, to be the first in the order of studies, and the 
 science of mind to be the second.] 1. The science of 
 real as distinguished from phenomenal being ; ontology ; 
 also, the science of being, as such ; philosophy in general. 
 2. Hence, in popular language, the scientific knowledge 
 of mental phenomena ; mental philosophy ; psychology. 
 
 M6t'a-plJl§in, v ■ [Gr. jaeTaTrAacr/aos, from ^eTaTrAatraetv, 
 to tran.<form, change, from jnera, beyond, over, and 
 irkd<ra-eiv, to form, mold.] ( Gram.) A change made in 
 a word by the augmentation, diminution, or immutation, 
 of a syllable or letter. 
 
 Me-t.S.s'ta-sis, n. ; pi. ME-TXs'TA-SEg. [Gr. /xeraora- 
 <rts, from fjierd, beyond, over, and larrdvai, to place.] 
 {Med.) A sudden and complete removal of a disease from 
 one part to another. 
 
 Met'a-tar'sal, a. Belonging to the metatarsus. 
 
 M6t'a-tar'sus, n. [From Gr. nerd, beyond, after, and 
 Topo-os, a broad, flat surface, the flat of the foot.] (Anat.) 
 The middle of the foot, or part between the ankle and 
 the toes. 
 
 Me-tath'e-sis, n. ; pi. ME-TATH/E-SEg. [Gr. (jLerdOe- 
 «rts, from MfTariflevat, to ti'anspose, from /xera, beyond, 
 over, and TiOevai, to place, set.] ( Gram.) Transposition ; 
 a figure by which the letters or syllables of a word are 
 transposed. 
 
 Mete, V. t. [imp. & p. p. meted ; p. pr, &, vb. n. met- 
 ing.] [A.-S. metan, Goth, mitan. Icel. meta. allied to 
 Lat. metiri, Skr. ma.] To ascertain the quantity, di- 
 mensions, or capacity of, by any rule or standard ; to 
 measure. [the plural. 
 
 Mete, n. Mea.sure ; limit : boundary ; — used chiefly in 
 
 Me-t6mp'sy-eho'sis, n. [Gr. fieTeixil/vxaxri.^, from joie- 
 r€Hi}/vxovu, to make the soul pass from one body into 
 another, from fj-erd, beyond, over, ev, in, and ^vxVi 
 breath, life, soul.] The passing of the soul of a man 
 after death into some other animal body ; transmigration. 
 
 Me'te-or, n. [Gr. ixereiopop, pi. /xere'topa, things in the 
 air, from fierd, beyond, and eojpa, aiojpa, a being sus- 
 pended in the air, from deCpetv, to hft. from d^p, the air.] 
 1. Any phenomenon or appearance in the atmosphere, 
 as clouds, rain, hail, snow, &c. 3. Specifically, a tran- 
 Bjent fiery or luminous body seen in the atmosphere 
 
 Me'te-or'i€, a. 1. Pertaining to, or consisting of, me- 
 teors, "i. Proceeding from a meteor. 3. Influenced b^' 
 the weather. 
 
 Me'te-or-ite (49), n. A meteorollte. 
 
 Me'te-6r'o-Iite (49), n. [From Gr. M-erewpos, high in 
 air, and \C6o<;, stone.] A meteoric stone ; an aerolite ; a 
 meteorite. 
 
 Me'te-6r'o-16§:'ic, ) a. Pertaining to the atmos- 
 
 Me'te-6r'o-16g'i«-aI, j phere and its phenomena, or 
 to meteorology. 
 
 Me'te-or-61'o-g^ist, n. A person skilled in meteorology. 
 
 Me'te-or-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. fi«Tecopo\oyta,from /xereajpos, 
 (Lereupa, meteor, and A.6yos, discourse.] The science 
 
 I which treats Of the atmosphere and its phenomena, par- 
 I ticularly in its relation to heat and moisture. 
 
 Me'ter, n. [Eng. mete.] One who, or that which, met^ 
 or measures; specifically, (a.) An instrument for measur- 
 ing the consumption of gas. (h.) An instrument fat 
 measuring the consumption of water, (c.) A licensed 
 measui-er of coals before they are delivered out for sale. 
 
 Me'ter, In. [A.-S meter, Fr. metre, Lat. metrum, Gr. 
 
 Me'tre, I ju-e'Tpoi/, from the Lat. root met in meliri, to 
 measure, Skr. wa.] 1. Rhythmical arrangement of syl- 
 lables into venses, stanzas, strophes, &c. ; rhythm ; meas- 
 ure ; verse. "2. {Fr. pron. ixiA^tr.) A French measure of 
 length, equal to 39.370 English inches, or 39.3o8 Amer- 
 ican inches, the standard of linear measure. 
 
 Me-tlieg'lin, n. [ W. meddyglyn, from medd, mead, and 
 llyn, liquor, juice.] A liquor made of honey and water 
 boiled and fermented ; mead. 
 
 Me-thinks', t-. impers. [imp. METHOUGllT.] It seems 
 to me ; it appears to me ; I think. [Rare, except in 
 poetry.] 
 
 M^tli'od, n. [Lat. methodus, Gr. /u,e0o8os, from ^erd, 
 after, and 65os, way.] 1. An orderly procedure or pro- 
 cess; regular mode or manner of doing anything. '2, 
 Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, or clas- 
 sification. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Arrangement of natural ob- 
 jects according to their common characteristics. 
 
 Syn. Mode; manner. — Method implies arrangement; 
 mode, mere action or existence. Method is a way of reaching 
 a given end by a series of acts which tend to secure it; mode 
 relates to a single action, to the J'onn or mode of existence it 
 assumes in its performance. Manner is literally the handling 
 of a thing, and has a wider sense, embracing both method and 
 viode. An instructor may adopt a good method of teaching to 
 write; the scholar may acquire a bad mode of holding his pen; 
 the manner in which he is corrected will greatly affect his suc- 
 cess or failure. 
 
 Me-th6d'i€, \ a. Arranged in convenient order ; dis- 
 
 Me-tli6d'i«-al, ) posed in a just and natural manner. 
 
 Me-tli6d'i€-al-ly, adv. In a methodical manner. 
 
 Metli'od-igm, n. The doctrines and worship of the 
 Methodists. 
 
 M6tli'od-ist, n- 1. One of an ancient school of phys- 
 icians, "i. { Theol.) One of a sect of Christians, founded 
 by John Wesley ; so called from the exact regularity of 
 their lives. 3. A person of strict piety ; one who Uves 
 in the exact observance of religious duties. 
 
 Mfeth'od-ist'ie, a. Resembling the Methodists ; par- 
 taking of the strictness of Methodists. 
 
 Metli'od-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. METHODIZED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. METHODIZING.] To reduce to method; 
 to arrange in a convenient manner. 
 
 M6tli'od-iz'er, n. One who methodizes. 
 
 Me-thougUt' (me-thawt/), imp. of methinks. See Me- 
 THINKS. 
 
 Me-t6n'i«, a. Pertaining to, or discovered by, Melon, 
 an Athenian. 
 
 Metonic cycle, or Metonic year (Asiron.), the cycle of the 
 moon, or period of nineteen years, in which the lunations of 
 the moon return to the same days of the month. 
 
 Mgt'o-nym'i-e, \ a. Used by way of metonymy, by 
 
 Met'o-nym'ic-al, ) putting one word for another. 
 
 Met'o-iiyin'i«-aI-Iy, adv. In a metonymical manner. 
 
 Me-ton'y-Miy , or Met'o-nym'y,^ n. [Gr. ijiercowfjiia, 
 from ixerd, indicating change, and ovofj-a, name.] ( Rhet.) 
 A trope in which one word is put for another ; a change 
 of names which have some relation to each other. 
 
 Met'o-pe, n. [Gr. /aeTOTnj, from ^ 
 fierd, with, between, and, otttj. 
 opening, hole, the hole in the 
 frieze between the beam-ends.] 
 {Arch.) The space between the 
 triglyphs of the Doric frieze, which, 
 
 among the ancients, was often 
 
 adorned with carved work. '-JasCk"'"""'"""'""!I 
 
 M6t/o-p6.s'-eo-py, n. [From Gr. Mpfnn^ 
 
 /aeTcoTroo-KOTTOs, observing the fore- Meiope. 
 
 head, from ^leTtoTrov, the forehead, and o-Konetv, to viewj 
 The study of physiognomy. 
 
 Me'tre, n. See Meter. 
 
 M6t'ri«, a. Noting a measurement of volumes. 
 
 Met'ri€-al, a. [Lat. metricus, Gr. /aerpiKos, from fj-erpov, 
 measure.] 1. Pertaining to measure, or due arrange- 
 ment or combination of long and short syllables. 2. 
 Consisting of verses ; poetically measured. 3. Employed 
 in, or obtained by, measurement ; especially, having the 
 diameter of a French meter. 
 
 M6t'ri€-al-ly, adv. In a metrical manner ; accordmg 
 to poetic measure. 
 
 Me-tr6p'o-lis, n. [Gr. |ai)Tp67roA.is, from ft^Tjjp, mother, 
 
 to each other. 
 
 iye,&,c.,long; &,6,&c., short; c&re, far, a8k,all,wliat; dre,veil, tSrm; pique, firm; s6n, or, dg, w^^li, 
 
METROPOLITAN 
 
 461 
 
 MIDWAY 
 
 and TToAis, city.] The mother city ; the chief city or cap 
 ital of a kingdom, state, or country. 
 M6t'ro-p61'i-taii, a. Belonging to a metropolis ; re 
 
 siding in the chief city. 
 Met'ro-pol'i-tan, n. 1. The bishop who presides over 
 the other bishops of a province. 5i. (Lat. Church.) An 
 archbishop. 
 
 M6t'ro-i>o-ltt'i«-al, a. Pertaining to a metropolis, or 
 to a uieti'opolitau, or his see. 
 
 Met'tle (niet'tl), n. [Eng. 7netal, Lat. metallum, used in 
 a tropical sense. See Metal.] 1. Element ; material. 
 2. That temperament which is susceptible of high ex- 
 citement ; constitutional ardor. 
 
 Met/tltd, a. Having mettle ; high-spirited; full of fire. 
 
 Met'tle-.*- ome (mut'tl-sum), a. i^'ull of spirit ; possess- 
 ing constitutional ardor : easily excited ; fiery. 
 
 M6t'tle-^6ine-ly, adv. In a mettlesome manner. 
 
 Met'tle-some-uess, n. State of being mettlesome. 
 
 Mew, n. [A.-S. mxiv, 0. II. Ger. meu, megi, meh, Icel. 
 mafr^mdr.] (Ornitli.) A certain sea-fowl ; a gull. 
 
 Mew, r. t. [From Lat. mutare, to change.] To shed or 
 cast ; to molt, as a bird, its feathers. 
 
 Mew, V. 7. To cast the feathers ; to molt ; hence, to 
 change ; to put on a new appearance. 
 
 Mew, f. t. [imp. 8c p. p. mewed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MEWfNG.] [See svpra and infra.] To shut up ; to 
 confine, as in a cage or other indosure. 
 
 Me>v, n. [Ft. nine, change of feathers, scales, skin, the 
 time or place when the change occurs, from muer, from 
 Lat. mutare, to change.] 1. A cage for hawks while 
 mewing ; hence, a place of confinement. 2. A place for 
 horses ; a stable. 
 
 Mew, V. i. [An onomatopoeia.] To cry as a cat. 
 
 Me'w, n. The cry of a cat. 
 
 Mewl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mewled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MEWLING.] [Fr. miauier. It. rniagolare, miagulare.] 
 To cry from uneasiness, as a child ; to squall. 
 
 Mew^l'er, n. One that mewls. 
 
 Mew§, n.; pi. Mews'e§. 1. sing. An inclosed or 
 confined space ; an inclosure. 25. pi. See Mew. 
 
 Mez'zo (m&A'zo or met'zo), a. [It., from Lat. medius, 
 middle, half.] (Mus.) Middle; mean. 
 
 Mez'zo-r'i-l'i-e'vo (med/zo-re-le-a'vo), n. [It. mezzori- 
 lievo. See MEZZO and RiLlE vo.] A middle degree of 
 relief in figures, between high and low relief. 
 
 Mez'zo-HO-prd'no (med'zo-), n. [It., medium or half 
 soprano.] (Mus.) (a.) A female voice intermediate in 
 compass between the soprano and contralto. (6.) A per- 
 son having such a voice. 
 
 M6z'zo-tint I (mgd'zo- or mez'zo-), n. [It. from 
 
 Mez'zo-tin'to ) mezzo, middle, half, and tinto, tint, 
 from Lat. tinctus, tinctum, p. p. of tins:ere, to dye, color, 
 tinge.] A particular manner of engraving on copper, in 
 imitation of painting in India ink. 
 
 Mi'agm, n. The same as Miasma. 
 
 Mi-a§'ma, n. ; pi. MI-a^'ma-tA. [Gr. ixCacrfia, defile- 
 ment, from jotiatVeii/, to stain, pollute.] Infection float- 
 ing in the air ; deadly exhalation ; noxious efiiuvia. 
 
 Mi-a§'mal, a. Containing miasma ; miasmatic. 
 
 Mi'a§-ma.t'i«, ) a. Pertaining to, or partaking of 
 
 Mi'a§-inat'i«-al, ) the qualities of, miasma. 
 
 Mi'«a, n. [Lat. mica, crumb, grain, particle.] (Min.) A 
 mineral capable of being cleaved into elastic plates of ex- 
 treme thinness. It is generally more or less transparent, 
 and is used, like glass, in lanterns, and in the doors of 
 stoves. 
 
 Mi-ca'ceoiis, a. Pertaining to, or containing, mica; 
 .splitting into lamina or leaves like mica. 
 
 Mi^e, n. ; pi. of mouse. See Mouse. 
 
 Mi-eli'ael-mas, «. [Michael and 7nass.] 1, The feast 
 of St. Michael, a festival of the Roman Catholic church, 
 celebrated September29th. 2. Hence, autumn. [Coiloq.] 
 
 Mick-le (mik'l), a. [A.-S. micel, mycel, mucel, Icel. 
 mikill, Goth, mikils, allied to Lat. magmis, Gr. uevas, 
 Skr.mahat. Cf. MUCH.] Much ; great. 
 
 Mi'-ero-eoim, n. [Lat. microrosmus, Gr. fjuKpoKocrno?, 
 from (iiKpo^, little, small, and koo-juos, the world.] 1. 
 A Uttle world; a miniature society, or institution. 2. 
 Hence, man, supposed to be an epitome of the universe 
 or great world. 
 
 Ml'ero-e6§'ini€, I a. Pertaining to the microcosm, 
 
 Mi'cro-eog'mic-al, ) or little world. 
 
 Mi-erog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. /xi/cpo?, small, little, and ypa- 
 <]>eiv, to write, describe.] The description of microscopic 
 objects. 
 
 Mi-erom'e-ter, n. [Gr. /nt/cpos, small, little, and u.€toov, 
 measure.] An instrument, used with a telescope or mi- 
 croscope, for measuring very small distances, or the ap- 
 
 parent diameters of objects which subtend very 
 angles. 
 
 Mi'-ero-s€<5pe, n. [From Gr. /u.t»cp6s, small, little, and 
 anonelv, aKenTeaOat, to view.] An optical instrument, 
 consisting of a lens, or combination of lenses, for exam- 
 ining objects which are too minute to be viewed by tht 
 naked eye. 
 
 Mi'«ro-S€6p'i€, \a. 1. Made by the aid of a micro- 
 
 Mi'-ero-s-e6p'l«-al, ) scope. 2. Resembling a micro- 
 scope ; capable of seeing very minute objects. 3. Visi- 
 ble only by the aid of a microscope, 
 
 Mi-«r6s'€o-py, n. The use of the microscope ; investi- 
 gations with the micro-scope. 
 
 Mid, a. [compar. wanting; svperl. MIDST or MIDMOST. 
 See MIDST.] [A.-S. muld, Goth, midja, Icel. midhr, al- 
 lied to Lat. medivs, Gr. jneVos, Skr. madhjas.] Situated 
 between extremes ; middle; intervening. 
 
 Mid'day, a. Pertaining to noon ; meridional. 
 
 Mid'day, n. The middle of the day ; noon. 
 
 Mid'dle (mid'dl), a. [A.-S. ; 0. H. Ger. mittil. See 
 Mid.] 1. Equally distant from the extremes; mean; 
 medial; mid. 2. Intermediate; intervening. 
 
 Mid'dle, n. The point or part equally distant from the 
 extremities ; midst ; central portion. 
 Syn. — See Midst. 
 
 Mid'dle-aged (-iijd, 60), a. Being about the middle of 
 the ordinary age of man. [picture. 
 
 Mid'dle-grouiid, n. (Paint.) The central part of a 
 
 Mid'dle-maii, ??. ; ;;/. mYd'dle-mEn. 1. An agent 
 between two parties ; a broker ; especially, in Ireland, one 
 who takes land of the proprietors, in large tracts, and then 
 rents it out in small portions to the j>easantry. 2. A 
 person of intermediate rank. 3. {Mil.) The man who 
 occupies a central position in a file ol soldiers. 
 
 Mid'dle-most, a. In the middle, or nearest the mid- 
 dle ; midmost. 
 
 Mid'dling, a. Of middle rank, state, size, or quality ; 
 moderate; mediocre; medium; ordinary. 
 
 Midge, n. [A.-S. 7nygge, mycg, micg, 0. H. Ger. mvgga, 
 mucca, allied to Russ. & Pol. mucha, a fly, Gr. ixvla, Lat. 
 musca, Skr. makskikci.] {Entom.) A very delicate fly 
 having a short proboscis and long legs. It undergoes a 
 metamorphosis in the water. 
 
 Mid'-li6avVn, n. The midst or middle part of heaven, 
 or the sky. 2. (Astron.) The meridian, or middle line 
 of the heavens. 
 
 Mid'land, a. 1. Being in the interior country. 2. 
 Surrounded by the land ; mediterranean. 
 
 Mid'niglit (-nit), n. The middle of the night; twelve 
 o'clock at night. 
 
 Mid'niglit (-nit), a. Being in the middle of the night; 
 hence, very dark. 
 
 Mid'rib, n. {Bot.) A continuation of the petiole, 
 extending from the base to the apex of the laminae/ 
 of a leaf. 
 
 Mid'riff, n. [A.-S. midhrif, from midd, mid,^ 
 middle, and hrif, bowels, womb.] (Anat.) The 
 diaphragm, or respiratory muscle which separates 
 the thorax and abdomen. 
 
 Mid'ship-man, n.; pi. mId'ship-men. A kind 
 of naval cadet, in a ship of war. Midrib. 
 
 Passed midshipman, one who has passed examination, and 
 is a candidate for promotion to the rank of lieutenant. 
 
 Mid'ships, adv. (Naut.) In the middle of a ship ; prop- 
 erly, amidships. 
 
 Midst, n. [Contr. from middest, the superl. of wt'rf.j The 
 interior or central part ; the middle. 
 
 In the midst of, among ; amid ; also, surrounded by ; in- 
 volved in ; in the thickest of; overwhelmed by. 
 
 I^~ The phrases in our midst, in your midst, in their midst, 
 instead of in the midst of us, you, or them, have unhiippily gained 
 great currency in this country, and are sometimes, though 
 rarely, to be found in the writings of reputable English au- 
 thors. The expressions seem contrary to the genius of the lan- 
 guage, as well as opposed to the prnctice of our best and most 
 accurate writers, and should therefore be abandoned. 
 
 Syn. — Middle. — J/iV/s< is the superlative of wW (middle), 
 denoting the very center, and hence implies surrounded hy, in- 
 volved in, in the thiclrest of : as, in the midst of a forest, of the 
 waves, of darkness, &c. Middle has no such intensive sense, 
 and is often applied to extent in only one direction : as, the 
 middle of a line, of the street, &c. Midst is veiy frequently used 
 abstractly or figuratively ; as, in the midst of afflictions, cares, 
 &c. : middle is never thus used with propriety. We can not 
 say in the middle of my contemplations on that subject, but in 
 the midst. 
 Midst, adv. In the middle. [mer solstice. 
 
 Mid'sum'mer, n. The middle of summer ; the sum- 
 Mid'way, n. The middle of the way or distance. 
 
 food, fobt ; ^rn, rude, puU ; fell, ^liaise, €aU, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, U^lt ; «iis. 
 
r:-yr»?*^-W»' 
 
 MIDWAY 
 
 462 
 
 MILLENNIALIST 
 
 MId''«vay, a. B«iug in the middle of the way or distance. 
 
 Rlid'way, adv. In the middle of the distance ; halfway. 
 
 Mid'wife, n. .• pi. MtD'wivE§. [From A.-S. vihi, with, 
 and tcif\ woman, wife.] A woman that assists other 
 women in childbirth. 
 
 Rlld'wife-ry, or Mid'wife-ry, »i. 1. The art or 
 practice of a^^isting women in childbirth ; obstetrics. 2. 
 Assistance at childbirth. 
 
 Mld'^vin-ter. n. The middle of winter, or the winter 
 solstice, also the middle of severe winter weather, which 
 is, usually, much later. 
 
 Mien, H. " [Fr. mine.] External appearance; carriage; 
 bearing. 
 
 Syn. — Look ; air ; countenance ; aspect ; demeanor ; de- 
 portment ; manner. 
 
 Miff, n. [Prov. Ger. wiu/f, suUenness, sulkiness, muffin., 
 to be sulky, muffig, sullen, pouting.] A sUght degree of 
 resentment. [Colloq.] 
 
 Miglit (mlt), imp. of may. See May. 
 
 Might (mlt). 71. [A.-S. meaJit, miht, from the root of may. 
 See May.] Force or power of any kind, whether of body 
 or mind. 
 
 Syn. — Strength ; force ; power ; ability ; capacity. 
 
 Might'i-ly (mlt-l-ly), adv. 1. In amighty manner ; with 
 might; powerfully. 3. Greatly ; very much. [CoUoq.] 
 
 Miglit'i-iiess (mlt'i-nes), »!. 1. Quality of being mighty ; 
 power ; greatness, tj. Highness ; excellence ; — used as 
 a title of dignity. 
 
 Miglit'y (mit/y), a. 1. Possessing might ; having great 
 power ;' forcible ; strong ; vaUant. !2. Very great ; re- 
 markable for size, efifect, or qualities. 3. Exhibiting or 
 implying might or power : wonderful. 4. Tery excellent ; 
 great ; fine. [ Colloq. and low.] 
 
 Miglit'y (mit'y,) adv. In a great degree ; yery. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Mign'o'n-nette' (min'yon-et'), n. [Fr. ; dim. of mignon, 
 darling. See MixiON.] (Bot.) An annual flowering 
 plant, having a delicate and agreeable fragrance. 
 
 Mi'grate, v. i. [i?np. & p. p. migrated ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. MIGR.\TI?J&.] [Lat. migrare, migratum..] To change 
 one-s place of residence ; to pass from a colder to a 
 warmer climate in the autumn, returning again in the 
 spring ; — said of birds. 
 
 Mi-gra'tioii, «. Act of migrating 
 
 Mi'gra-to-ry (50), a. 1. Removing or accustomed to 
 remove from one state or counti-y to another. 2. Regu- 
 larly or occasionally removing from one place to another. 
 
 Mil'age, n. The same as Mileage. 
 
 MHcli (66), a. [A.-S. itielc. See MiLK.] Giving or fur- 
 nishing milk ; — applied only to beasts. 
 
 "mid, a. [co?72joar. milder; SMperZ. MILDEST.] [A.-S. 
 mild^Goth.. milds, Icel. mildr.] 1. Tender and gentle 
 in temper or disposition, ii. Not showing severity or 
 harshness. 3. Not acrid, pungent, corrosive, or drastic. 
 4. Gently and pleasantly affecting the senses ; not -vio- 
 lent or intense. 
 
 Syn. — Soft ; gentle ; bland ; calm ; tranquil ; soothing ; 
 pleasant ; placid ; meek ; kind ; merciful ; tender ; indulgent : 
 clement ; compassionate ; mollifying ; demulcent ; lenitive ; 
 assuasive. 
 
 MU'dew, (miPdu), n. [A.-S. mildedw, 0. H. Ger. mili- 
 tou.] A thin, whitish, powdery, or cobweb-like coating, 
 consisting of minute fungi, and found on various dis- 
 eased or decaying substances. 
 
 Mn'dew (mil/du), v. t. [imp. & p. p. mildewed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. 71. mildewing.] To taint with mildew. 
 
 Mil'dew (mTPdu), f. i. To become tainted with mildew. 
 
 Mlld'ly, a/lv. In a mild manner ; softly ; gently. 
 
 Mlld'ness, n. 1. Quality of being mild; tenderness; 
 clemency, ti. Temperateness ; pleasant condition. 
 
 MUe, n. [A.-S. mil, from Lat. millia, pi. of mille, a 
 thousand, i. e.,7ndUa passuum,a, thousand paces.] A 
 certain measure of distance, being equivalent to 320 rods, 
 or 5280 feet. 
 oy The English geographical or nautical mile is one sixtieth 
 part of a degree of latitude, or about 2025 yards. The German 
 short mile is nearly equal to .3.9 English miles; the German long 
 mile to 5.7.5 English miles ; the Prussian and Danish miles are 
 each about 4.7 English miles ; the Swedish mile is about 6.625 
 EngliBh miles. 
 
 MUe'age, n. An allowance for traveling, as go much by 
 
 the mile. 
 Mile'-post, )n. A post or stone set to mark the dis- 
 MUe'-^tone, j tance or space of a mile. 
 Mll'foil, n. [Lat. millefolium, from m.ille, thousand, 
 
 and folium., leaf.] (Bot.) An herb ; — called also yarrow. 
 MO'ia-ry (mTl'ya-ry), a. [Lat. miliarius, from milium, 
 
 millet.] 1. Resembling millet seeds. 2. Accompanied 
 
 with an eruption like millet seeds. 
 
 Ma'i-tant, a. [Lat. militans, p. pr. of mililare, to be a 
 soldier.] Engaged in warfiire ; fighting; combating; 
 serving a.s a soldier. 
 
 Mil'i-ta-ri-ly, adv. In a military manner. 
 
 Mil'i-ta-ry, a. [Lat. militaris, and militarius, from 
 miles, mduis, soldier.] 1. Pertaining to soldiers, to 
 arms, or to war. 2. Engaged in the service of soldiers or 
 arms. 3. Warlike; becoming a soldier. 
 
 Mil'i-ta-ry, n. The whole body of soldiers ; soldiery; 
 militia ; the army. 
 
 Mil'i-tate, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. militated; p.pr. & 
 vb. 71. MILITATING.] [Lat. militare, militatum, from 
 yniles, 7nilitis, soldier.] To stand opposed ; to be hostile 
 or inconsistent ; to contend ; to fight. 
 
 Mi-li'tia (ml-ltsh/a), «. [Lat., from mi7e5, 77?77/a«, sol- 
 dier.] The body of soldiers in a state enrolled for disci- 
 pline, but engaged in actual service only in emergencies. 
 
 Mi-li'tia-man (mi-lTsh-'a-), n. ; pi. mi-lI'tia-meit. 
 One who belongs to the militia. 
 
 Milk, a. [A.-S. miluc,i7iilc, Goth, miluks. Icel. 7)2 iolL.] 
 
 1. A white fluid secreted by female mammals for the 
 nourishment of their young. 2. Hence, the white juice 
 of certain plants. 3. Emulsion made by bruising seeds. 
 
 Milli, v. t. [imp. & p.p. milked (milkt) ; p.pr. & vb. 
 71. MILKING.] [A.-S. melcan, vieolcan, 7nilcian, allied 
 to Lat. mulgere, Gr. a^e'A.yetv, Slav. 7nliesti.] 1. To 
 draw or press milk from, by the hand or mouth. 2. To 
 draw from the breasts or udder. 3. To supply with 
 milk ; to add milk to. 
 
 IVIillt'er, n. One who milks ; also, one who gives milk. 
 
 ]>lilk'i-iiess, n. Qualities like those of milk ; softness. 
 
 IVIilk'iuaid, n. A woman that milks or is employed in 
 the dairy. 
 
 Milk'sop, n. A piece of bread sopped in milk ; hence, 
 moreu.sually, a soft, effeminate, feeble-minded man. 
 
 Milk'tobth, n. ; pi. milk-teeth. 1. (Far.) The fore 
 tooth of a foal, which is ca.st within two or three years. 
 
 2. One of the deciduous or fir.«t set of teeth of a child. 
 Milk'- tree, 7i. (Bot.) A tree yielding a milky juice ; espe- 
 cially, one in which this juice is fit for food, as the cow- 
 tree of South America. 
 
 Milk'weed, n. (Bot.) A plant of several species, 
 abounding in a milky juice, and having its seeds attached 
 to a long, silky down ; silkweed. 
 
 Milk'y, a. 1. Relating to, or made of milk; 2. Re- 
 sembling milk. 3. Yielding milk. 4. Soft; mild ; gentle ; 
 timorous. 
 
 3filki/ way (Astron.), a broad, irregular, luminous zone in 
 the heavens, supposed to be the blended light of innumerable 
 fixed stars, not distinguishable with ordinary telescopes ; the 
 galaxy. 
 
 1M311, n. [Lat. mille, a thousand.] An imaginary money 
 of account of the United States, having the value of the 
 tenth of a cent, or the thousandth of a doUar. 
 
 Mill, n. [A.-S. myleTi, Icel. mylna, allied to Lat. mola, 
 molina, Gr. ftvk-q, /avAos.] 1. An engine or machine for 
 grinding any substance, as grain, &c. 
 
 i3@=" In modern usage, the term mill includes various other 
 machines or combinations of machinery, for transforming some 
 raw material by mechanical processes into a state or condition 
 for use. 
 
 2. The building with its machinery, where grinding or 
 some process of manufacturing is carried on. 3. (Caii- 
 co PriTiting. ) A printing cylinder, of copper. 
 
 MUl, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MILLED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MILLING.] 1. To reduce to fine particles : to grind ; to 
 comminute. 2. To pass through a machine or engine ; 
 to shape or finish by passing through a machine. 3. To 
 make a raised border or impression around the edges of, 
 or to cut fine grooves or indentations across the edges of; 
 also, to stamp in a coining press ; to coin. 4. To full, 
 as cloth. 5. To beat severely with the fists, as if in a 
 fulling-mill. [ CaTit.] 
 
 Mill, «. A set-to ; a pugilistic encounter. [Cant.] 
 
 MOl'-d^m, n. A dam to obstruct a water-course and 
 raise the water to a height sufficient to turn a mill-wheel. 
 
 Mil'le-na'ri-an, a. Consisting of a thousand years ; 
 pertaining to th« millennium. 
 
 Mil'le-na'ri-an, n. One who believes that Christ vrill 
 personally reign on earth a thousand years. 
 
 Mil'le-na-ry, a. [Lat. miUenarius, containing a thou- 
 sand, from milleni, a thousand each, from mille, a thou- 
 sand.] Consisting of a thousand. 
 
 Mille-na-ry, n. The space of a thousand vears. 
 
 Mil-16n'ni-al, a. Pertaining to the millennium, or to » 
 thousand years. 
 
 Mil-ien'ni-al-ist, n. One who believes that Christ will 
 reign personally on earth a thousand years. 
 
 a,e,&c., long: &,ik,k,c.,ikort; ctee,<ar,aslc,^,wliat; £re, veil, term; piique,firizi; 8&n,dr, dQ,^voU 
 
MILLENNIUM 
 
 463 
 
 MINERALOGICAL 
 
 Mll-16ii'iii-iiin,n. [L. Lat., firom Lat. mi«e, a thousand, j 
 and anmis, a year.] A thousand years ; — a word used 
 to denote the thousand years aientioned in Revelation, j 
 XX., during which period Sataa will be bound, and holi- 
 ness become triumphant throughout the world. 
 
 Mille-pfid., n. [Lat. millepeila, from mi'/^e, a thousand, : 
 and' pes, pedis, foot.] An insect having many feet ; one I 
 of the myriapods. I 
 
 Mil'le-pore, n. [From Lat. ntille, a thousand, and po- I 
 rus, pore.] (Zodl.) A species of coral, having the surface ! 
 smooth, and perforated with very minute punctures or j 
 
 Mil'le-po-rite (49), n. A fossil millepore. [cells. | 
 
 Mill'er.n. 1. One whose occupation is to attend a grist- , 
 mill, 'i, (£;Uow?.) A moth or Avinged insect ; — so called I 
 because the wings appear as if covered with white dust 1 
 or powder, like a miller's clothes. | 
 
 Miirer'g-tliumlb (-thum), n. (Ichth.) A small fish; 
 found iu small streams in Europe ; the river bull-head. \ 
 
 Mil-16s'i-mal, a. [Lat. millesimics , from mille, a thou- | 
 sand.] Thousandth; consisting of a thousand parts, 
 
 Mil'let, n. [Lat. milium, A.-S. mil.] (Bot.) 
 (a.) An endogenous plant, and its grain. It 
 is a native of the East Indies, where it is large- 
 ly used for food, (b.) A hardy grass of several 
 species. 
 
 Mil'li-grJim, ( n. [Fr. milligramme, 
 
 M'il'l'i-fjrdtH'me' , S fr. milli, abbrev. of 
 millieme, thousandth, and gramme, the unit 
 of the measure of weight. See GRAMME.] 
 A French measure of weight, being the thou- 
 sandth part of a gramme, equal to .0154 Eng- 
 hsh grains, Troy weight. ATiUof 
 
 Mil-m'i-ter,orMirii-li'ter,n. [Ft. mil- ^'^^^^' 
 litre, from milli, abbrev. of millieme, thousandth, and 
 litre, a measure of capacity. See Liter.] A French 
 measure of capacity, containing the thousandth part of 
 a liter, equal to .06103 of an English cubic inch. 
 
 Millilitre (miFli-le'tr), n. Same as Milliliter. 
 
 Mil-lim'e-ter, or Mil'li-me'ter, n. [Fr. millimetre, 
 from 7n (7^/, abbrev. of w/ZZj'eme, thousandth, and m.etre, a 
 measure of length. See Meter.] A French lineal meas- 
 ure, containing the thousandth part of a meter; equal to 
 .03937 of an inch. 
 
 Millimetre (mil'li-ma'tr), n. Same as Millimeter. 
 
 Ma'li-ner, n. [From Milaner, an inhabitant of Milan, 
 in Italy ; hence, a man from Milan who imported female 
 finery.] A person, usually a woman, who makes and 
 sells head-dresses, hats or bonnets, &c., for women. 
 
 Mil'li-ner'y, n. The articles made or sold by milliners, 
 as head-dresses, hats or bonnets, laces, &c. 
 
 Mill'ion. (miVyun), M. [L. Lat. ?wi7;«o, from Lat. mille, 
 a thousand.] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, 
 or a thousand thousand, written 1,000,000. [See Note 
 under Numeration.] 2. An indefinitely largenumber. 
 
 Mill'ion-aire', n. One whose wealth is counted by 
 millions ; a very rich person. [ions. 
 
 Mill'ion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, mill- 
 Mill 'ionth, a. Being the last one of a milhon units ; con- 
 stituting one of a million. 
 
 Mni'iontli, n. One of a milhon equal parts. 
 
 Mill'-ra^e, n. The current of water that drives a mill- 
 wheel, or the canal in which it is conveyed. 
 
 Mill'rea, ) n. [Pg. mil reis, i. e., one thousand rees, fr. 
 
 Mill'ree, J mil, thousand, and reis, pi. of real, a coin.] 
 
 Mill'reis, ) A coin of Portugal, commonly estimated at 
 5s. sterling, or about 108 cents. 
 
 Mai' stone, n. A stone used for grinding grain. 
 
 Mill'-tail. n. The current of water flowing from awater- 
 wheel, and which has been used in turning it. 
 
 Milt, n. [A.-S. milte, Icel. milti, 0. H. Ger. milzi.] 1. 
 (Anat.) The spleen ; an organ situated in the left hypo- 
 chondrium, under the diaphragm. 2. (Ichth.) [Ger. milch. 
 See Milk.] (a.) The testes or spermatic glands of the 
 male fish ; — often called soft roe. (6.) The sperm of the 
 male fish. [female fish. 
 
 Milt, V. t. To impregnate, as the roe or spawn of the 
 
 Mime, n. [Lat. mimus, Gr. fiiMos, aUied to /LHju-eicrdai, to 
 imitate, to mimic] 1. A kind of farce in which real 
 characters were depicted. 2. An actor in such repre- 
 sentations. 
 
 Ali-met'i*, ) a. Apt to imitate ; given to aping or 
 
 Mi-mgt'i-e-al, j mimicry ; imitative. 
 
 Mim'i-e, ) a. [Gr. /ai/utKo?, from juiijaeio-dai, to imitate.] 
 
 Mim'ic-al, ) 1. Inclined to imitate or to ape; imita- 
 tive. 2. Consisting of, or formed in, imitation. 
 Mim'ie, n. 1. One who imitates or mimics. 2. A 
 
 mean of servile imitator. 
 Mim'i-e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MIMICKED (mim'ikt) ; p. 
 
 pr. & vh. n. MIMICKING.] To imitate for sport ; to rid- 
 icule by imitation. 
 Syn. — Toape; imitate; counterfeit; mock. 
 
 Minn'icli-er, n. One who mimics ; a mimic. 
 
 Miin'ic-ry, n. Act orpractice of one who mimics. 
 
 Ml-mo'sd. or Mi-mo'^d, n. [Gr. /aijuos, imitator.] 
 (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, containing many 
 species, and including the sensitive plant ; — so called 
 from its imitating the sensibility of animal life. 
 
 Min'a-ret, n. [Ar. manarat, lamp, lantern, light-house, 
 turret, from nara, to shine, nar, fire.] (Arch.) A slender, 
 lofty turret on Mohammedan mosques, surrounded by 
 one or more projecting balconies, from which the people 
 are summoned to prayer, 
 
 Min'a-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. minatorius, from mitiari, to 
 threaten.] Threatening ; menacing. 
 
 Min^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. minced (minst); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. mincing.] [A.-S. minsian, from minn, minor, 
 weak, min, minus ; Icel. minni, Goth, mins, slender, 
 sUght.] 1, To cut into very small pieces ; to hash. 2. 
 To diminish in speaking ; to extenuate ; to clip, as words, 
 or expressions. 
 
 Minpe, v. i. 1. To walk with short steps ; to walk with 
 affected nicety. 2. To speak softly, or with affected 
 nicety. 
 
 Min^e'-pie, n. A pie made with minced meat and other 
 ingredients baked in paste. 
 
 Min'^iiig-ly, adv. In a mincing manner ; not fully j 
 with affected delicacy. 
 
 Mind, n. [A.-S. mynd, gemynd, gemund , Goth, munds, 
 gamunds, memory, allied to Lat. mens, mentis, Gr. 
 /ue'vos.] 1. The intellectual or rational faculty in man; 
 the understanding ; also, the entire spiritual nature ; the 
 soul. 2. State, at any given time, of the faculties of 
 thinking, willing, choosing, and the like ; as, (a. ) Opinion ; 
 sentiment; judgment; belief, (b.) Choice; inclination; 
 desire; intent ; purpose, (c.) Courage; spirit. 3. Mem- 
 ory ; remembrance ; recollection. 
 
 Mind, V. t. [imp. & p. p. minded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MINDING.] To attend to ; to fix the thoughts on. 
 Syn. — To notice; mark; note; regard; observe; obey. 
 
 Mind, V. i. To be inclined, or disposed to inchne. 
 
 Mind'ed, a. Disposed ; inclined. 
 
 Mind'ful, a. Attentive ; heedful ; observant. 
 
 Mind'ful-ly, adv. Attentively ; heedfuUy. 
 
 Mind'f ul-ness, n. Attention ; regard ; heedfulness. 
 
 Mine, a. ; called sometimes a, pronominal a. [A.-S. m.in, 
 Icel. minn, Goth, meins.] Belonging to me ; my ; — 
 used, (a.) As a pronominal adjective, placed always in 
 the predicate ; and also, attributively, in the old style, 
 before a noun beginning with a vowel, for my. (b.) As 
 a possessive pronoun, equivalent to of me, or, belonging 
 to me. 
 
 xs^ Mine is often used in the predicate without the noun to 
 which it belongs, or rather standing for this noun. 
 
 Mine, n. [L. Lat. mina. See infra.] 1. A subterranean 
 cavity or passage ; especially, (a.) A pit or excavation in 
 the earth, from which mineral substances are dug. (b.) 
 ( Mil. ) A cavity filled with powder, formed under a forti- 
 fication or other work, so as to destroy it when fired. 2. 
 A rich source of wealth or other good. 
 
 Mine, v. i. 1. To dig a mine or pit in the earth. 2. To 
 form a burrow or lodge in the earth. 
 
 Mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MINED ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 MINING.] [Lat. minare, to drive.] To dig away the 
 foundation of ; to lay a mine under ; to sap ; to under- 
 mine ; hence, to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret 
 
 Min'er, n. One who mines ; a digger of mines. 
 
 Min'er-al, n. [L. Lat. minerale, pi. mineralia, from 
 minera. See Mine, n.] Any inorganic species having a 
 definite chemical composition. 
 
 Min'er-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or consisting of, min- 
 erals. 2. Impregnated with minerals. 
 
 Min'er-al-ist, n. One versed or employed in minerals. 
 
 Min/er-al-i-za'tion, n. 1. Processof mineralizing, or 
 forming an ore by combination with another substanc*. 
 2. Act of impregnating with a mineral, as water. 
 
 Min'er-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mineralized ; p. 
 pr & vb. n. MINERALIZING.] To make mineral; to 
 reduce to a mineral form ; to communicate the properties 
 of a mineral to. 
 
 Min'er-al-ize, v. i. To go on an excursion for observ- 
 ing and collecting minerals. [Recent.] 
 
 Min'er-al-iz'er, n. A substance which mineraUzw aor 
 other, or combines with it in an ore. 
 
 Min'er-al-og'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to mineralogy. 
 
 food, f c»bt ; ^rn, rude, pull ; 9«11, ^liaise, «all, eelio ; gem, get ; »f ; e^^ist, llQser ; liclc ; ilufi 
 
MINERALOGIST 
 
 464 
 
 MINUTE-GUN 
 
 Mln'er-M'o-gist, «. One who is versed in tbe science 
 of minenils. 
 
 Min'er-ftl'o-gy, n. [From minernl, and Gr. Ao-yos, dis- 
 course.] The science which treats of the properties of 
 mineral substances, and teaches us to characterize, dis- 
 tinguish, and classify them according to their properties. 
 
 Miii'e-ver, »i. [See" Men'iver.] An animal having a 
 fine white fur ; the ermine ; also, the fur itself. 
 
 IVIin'gle (ming'sl), v. t. [imp. & ;;. p. mingled; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MINGLING.] [A.-S. jncngan, mencgan, 
 Icel. mengn.] 1. To unite in one body, mass, or com- 
 pound ; to blend ; to mix. 'Z. To mix confusedly , irregu- 
 larly, or promiscuously. 3. To unite in society or by 
 ticsof relationship. 4. To deprive of purity by mixture ; 
 to render impure. 
 
 Min'gle, v. i. To be mixed ; to be united. 
 
 Miii'gler, n. One who mingles. 
 
 *IiM'i-ate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. MINIATED ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. MINIATING.] [Lat. mininre, miniatum, from minium, 
 q. v.] To paint or tinge with red lead or vermilion. 
 
 Min'i-a-txire (mTn'i-at-yjjr or mTn'it-yijr, 53), n. [from 
 Lat. ininiare. See supra.] A painting in colors ; especi- 
 ally, and now exclusively, a painting or other representa- 
 tion on a reduced scale ; hence, reduced scale ; greatly 
 diminished style or form. 
 
 MTii'i-a-tiire, or Miii'ia-ture, a. On a small scale. 
 
 MLn'i-km, rt. [See /H/ra.] Small; diminutive. 
 
 Miii'l-kiii , rj . [Dim. of ?wm;o/i, q. v.] 1. A small sort 
 of pin. ^. A darUng ; a favorite. See MiNlON. 
 
 Min'im, w. [Lat. wm/w?/5, the least, smallest.] 1. Any 
 thing very minute. '2. A single drop. 3. (Mus.) A half 
 note, equal in time to two quarter notes, or crochets. 
 
 Mm'i-mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MINIMIZED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MINIMIZING.] To reduce to the smallest part or 
 proportion pos.sible. 
 
 Vin'i-ntuni, n. ; pi. m1n'i-ma. [Lat.. from minimus. 
 See supra.] The least quantity assignable in a given case ; 
 hence, a thing of small con.sequence ; a trifle. 
 
 JUXn'ion (min'yun), n. [From 0. H. Ger. minni, min- 
 nia, love, affection.] 1. A favorite ; a darling ; par- 
 ticularly one who gains favors by flattery or mean adula- 
 tion. !i. A small kind of printing type, in size between 
 brevier and nonpareil. 
 "SS" This line is printed in minion type. 
 
 Min'is-ter, n. [Lat., from 7ninus, less, like magister, fr. 
 magis, more.] 1. A servant ; a subordinate ; an assist- 
 ant of inferior rank. SJ. One to whom a king or prince 
 intrasts the direction of affairs of state. 3. The repre- 
 sentative of a sovereign or government at a foreign court. 
 4. One who serves at the altar ; the pastor o a church. 
 Syn. — Delegate; official; embassador; clergyman; parson; 
 priest. 
 
 Mxn-is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ministered \ p.pr. fa 
 r6. n. MINISTERING.] To furrush ; to afford ; to supply ; 
 to administer. 
 
 Min'is-ter, v. i. 1. To act as a servant, attendant, or 
 agent. '2. To afford supplies ; to give things needful. 
 Syn,— To attend; serve: officiate; administer; contribute. 
 
 MTn''is-te'ri-al (89), a. 1. Pertaining to ministry, or to 
 the performance of service, or of executive office ; attend- 
 ant, ti. Pertaining to the office of a minister ; execu- 
 tive, embassadorial, or sacerdotal. 
 
 Syn. — Official ; clerical ; priestly ; sacerdotal ; ecclesias- 
 tical. 
 
 Min'is-te'ri-al-ly, adv. In a ministerial manner or 
 character. 
 
 Min'is-trant, a. [Lat. ministrans, ministrantis, p. pr. 
 of ministrare. to minister.] Performing service as a min- 
 ister ; acting under command. 
 
 Min'is-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of performing service a.<? a 
 subordinate agent ; ministry ; agency. 3. Office of a 
 minister ; ecclesiastical function. 
 
 Min'is-try, n. [Lat. ministerium. See Minister, n.] 
 1. Act of ministering ; ministration ; agency ; instru- 
 mentality, ti. The office, duties, or functions of a min- 
 ister. 3. The body of ministers ; the clergy ; the miois- 
 ters of state. 4. Bu-siness ; employment. 
 
 Min'i-iiin, n. [Lat. minium, a Spanish word.] A pig- 
 ment of a beautiful red color ; red lead. 
 
 Miii'i-ver, n. The same as Minever. 
 
 Mink, n. (Zo'dl.) A carnivorous 
 quadruped of the weasel tribe, that 
 burrows in the earth on the side of a 
 river or pnnd. 
 
 Mm'ne-sTng'er, n. [0. H. Ger. 
 minni, love, r nd singen, to sing.] A Mink, 
 
 love-singer ; r pecifically , one of a class 
 
 of German poets and musicians who flourished between 
 the r2th and 14th centuries. 
 
 Min'no-w (min'no), n. [Probably 
 from Fr. menu, little, small, from 
 Lat. wmHiK,"!, little, small, minute.] 
 (Icliih.) A very small fresh-water 
 fish, of several species. Mumow. 
 
 Mi'nor, a. [Lat., the compar. de- 
 gree of a word not found in that language, but existing in 
 other Indo-European dialects, A.-S. minn, Goth. min.\ 
 W.main, Gr. |u.ii/ws.] 1. Inferior in bulk, degree, im- 
 portance, &c. ; less; smaller. iJ, (Mus.) Lessor lower 
 by a semitone. 
 
 Mi'nor, n. 1. A person of either sex under age : in Eng- 
 land and the United States, one not yet twenty -one years 
 of age. *Z. (Logic.) The minor term, that is, the subject 
 of the conclusion ; also, the minor premise, that is, that 
 premise which contains the minor term ; in hypothetical 
 syllogisms, the categorical premise. 3. A Minorite ; a 
 Franciscan friar. 
 
 Mi'nor-ite, n. A Franciscan friar. 
 
 Mi-nor'i-ty, n. 1. State of being a minor, or under 
 age. "2. The smaller number. 
 
 Min'o-taur, n. [Gr. Mivtoravpos, from MiVws, the hus- 
 band of'Pasiphae, and raOpos, a bull, the monster being 
 the offspring of Pasiphae and a bull.] (Antiq.) A fabled 
 monster, half man and half bull. 
 
 Min'ster, n. [A.-S. mynsler, minster, from Lat. monas- 
 terium. See MONASTERY.] The church of a monastery, 
 or one to which a monastery has been attached ; some- 
 times, a cathedral church. 
 
 Min'strel, n. [0. Eng. mynstral, from L. Lat. ministeri- 
 alis, servant, workman, ministrellus, harpist, from Lat 
 tninisterium, service. See Ministry.] One of an order of 
 men, in the middle ages, who sang to the harp verses com- 
 po.sed by themselves or others; a bard; a singer and 
 harper. 
 
 Min'strel-sy, w. 1. The arts and occupation of min- 
 strels. 3. A collective body of minstrels ; a number of 
 musicians. 3. A collective body of songs. 
 
 Mint, n. [A.-S. mynet, money, coin, from Lat. moneta, 
 the mint, coined money, from Blonetn, a surname of 
 Juno, in whose temple at Rome money was coined ] 1. 
 The place where money is coined, tj. A place of inven- 
 tion, fabrication, or production ; hence, unhmited supply. 
 
 Mint, V. t. [imp. & p. p. minted ; p. pr. &, vb. n. MINT- 
 ING.] 1. To make by stamping, as money ; to coin. t2. 
 To invent ; to forge ; to fabricate ; to fashion. 
 
 Mint, n. [A.-S. minte, from La,t. mentka, L. Lat. m.enta^ 
 Gr. fxCvOa, fjiivOj}.] (Bot.) An aromatic plant of various 
 species, producing a highly odoriferous and pungent 
 essential oil. 
 
 Mint'age, n. 1. That which is minted or coined. 2. 
 The duty paid to the mint for coining. [ventor. 
 
 Mint'er, n. 1, One who mints ; a coiner. 3. An in- 
 
 Mint'-man, n. ; pi. MINT'men. One skilled in coining, 
 or in coins ; a coiner. [who invents. 
 
 Mint'-mas'ter,n. 1. Superintendent of a mint. 3. One 
 
 Min'u-find, n. [Lat. minuencfus, to be diminished ; from 
 minuere. to le.«sen, diminish.] (Arith. ) The number from 
 which another number is to be subtracted. 
 
 Min'ii-et, n. [Fr. menuet, from menu, small, Lat. m.in' 
 MiMS, on account of the small steps of this dance.] 1. A 
 slow, graceful dance. 5i. A tune or air to regulate the 
 movements in the dance so called. 
 
 Mi'nus, a. [Lat.] (Math.) Less; also, requiring to be 
 subtracted ; negative. 
 
 Mi-niite', a. [Lat. minutus, p. p. of minuere, to lessen.] 
 1. Very small, little, or slender; slight. 3. Attentive 
 to small things. 
 
 Syn. — Little : diminutive ; fine ; critical : exact ; circum- 
 stantial : particular ; detailed. — A cirrumntantial ncconnt em- 
 braces all the leading events: a pnrticiihir accnunt gnefi further, 
 and includes each event and movement, fhough of but little 
 importance; a minute account goes further still, and omits 
 nothing as to person, time, place, adjuncts, &c. 
 
 Min'ute (min'it), n. [From Lat. minutum, i. e., a small 
 portion, from minutus. See supra.] 1. The sixtieth 
 part of an hour; sixty seconds. 3. (Gfom.) The six- 
 tieth part of a degree. 3. A note in writing to preserve 
 the memory of any thing. 
 
 Min'ute (mm/it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MINUTED; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. MINUTING.] To make a note of: to jot down. 
 
 Min'ute-bd^k (min'it-, 27), n. A book of short hints. 
 
 Min'ute-glass (mTn'it-), n. A glass, the sand of which 
 measures a minute in running. 
 
 Min'ute-griin (mln'it-). n. A gun discharged every min- 
 ute, as a signal of distress or mourning. 
 
 1 
 
 a,e, &e., Umg; ft, S, be, short ; c&re, far, ask, all, fvhat ; ^re, veil, term ; piique, firm ; s6n, dr, do, -w^U, 
 
MINUTE-HAND 
 
 465 
 
 MISCONCEIVE 
 
 Min'ute-ItJind (mYn'it-), n. The hand that points to 
 the minutes on a clock or watch. 
 
 Mi-nute'ly, adv. In a minute manner ; exactly. 
 
 Min'ute-ly (miu'it-iy), adv. Every minute ; with very 
 little tii£.e intervening. 
 
 Miii'iite-mftn (nun^it-), n; pi. MlN'UTE-MfiN. A man 
 enlisted for service where vef required, and ready to march 
 at a moment's notice. 
 
 Mi-nute'ness, M. 1. The quality of being minute ; ex- 
 iguity. 5i. Attention to small things ; critical exactness. 
 
 Mi-nu'ti-d (mi-nu'shi-a, 95), n.; pi. M'i-NV'TI-JE (mi- 
 nu'shi-e). [Lat., from mmutui, small, minute, q. v.] 
 A minute particular ; smallest detail. 
 
 Minx, n. [Contracted from minikin, q. v.] 1. A pert, 
 wanton girl. "Z, A she puppy. 
 
 Min'y, «. Abounding with mines ; subterraneous. 
 
 Mi'o-feiie, a. [Gr. neCav, fielov, less, and /caivos, new, 
 fresh, recent.] ( Geol.) Less recent ; — a term applied to 
 the middle division of the tertiary strata. 
 
 Mir'a-ele (mir''a-kl), n. [Lat. miraculum, from mirari, 
 to wonder.] 1, A wonder or wonderful thing. 3. 
 Specifically, an event or effect contrary to the established 
 constitution and course of things ; a supernatural event. 
 3. A spectacle or dramatic representation exhibiting the 
 lives of the saints. [ Obs.] 
 
 Mi-ra.«'u-lous, a. 1. Of the nature of a miracle ; per- 
 formed supernaturally. 3. Extraordinarily wonderful. 
 
 Mi-rS.«'u-lous-ly, adv. 1. In a miraculous manner ; su- 
 pernaturally. "i. By extraordinary means ; wonderfully. 
 
 Mi-rage' (niT-razh'), n. [Fr., from mirer, to look at care- 
 fully, se mirer, to look at one's self in a glass, to reflect, 
 to be reflected. See Mirror.] An optical illusion aris- 
 ing from an unequal refraction in the lower strata of the 
 atmosphere, and causing remote objects to be seen double, 
 as if reflected in a mirror, or to appear as if suspended in 
 the air. 
 
 Mire, n. [A.-S. myre, Icel. mrjri.] Earth so wet and 
 soft as to yield to pressure ; deep mud. 
 
 Mire, v. t. [imp. & p.p. MIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. MIRING.] 
 1. To plunge and fix in mire. 3. To soil or daub vdth 
 mud. 
 
 Mir'i-ness, n. State or quahty of being miry. 
 
 Mirlc, a. [A.-S. myrc, mire, Icel. myrkr.] Dark ; murky. 
 See Murky, 
 
 Mirk'y, a. Dark ; obscure. See MURKY. 
 
 Mir'ror, n. [Fr. miroir, as if from a Lat. word mira- 
 torium, from mirari, to wonder.] 1. A looking-glass. 
 3. That in which a true image may be seen ; a pattern ; 
 an exemplar. 
 
 Mir'ror, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MIRRORED ; p.pr. Sc vb. 
 n. MIRRORING.] To reflect, as in a mirror. 
 
 Mirtli, 71. [A.-S. mirdh. See Merry.] High excitement 
 of pleasurable feelings in company ; noisy gayety. 
 
 Syn.— Merriment; joyousness; gladness; fun; frolic; glee; 
 hilarity ; festivity ; jolhty. See Gladness. 
 
 Mirtli'ful, a. Full of mirth ; merry ; jovial ; festive. 
 
 Mirtii'fiil-ly, adv. In a mirthful manner. 
 
 Mirtli'fiil-ness, n. State or quality of being mirthful. 
 
 Mirtli'less, a. Without mirth or hilarity. 
 
 Mir'y, a. 1. Abounding with deep mud; full of mire. 
 "2. Consisting of mire. 
 
 Mlr'zd, n. [Per. m.\rza, abbrev. fr. mirzadah, son of the 
 prince, from Per. mir, Ar. amir, emir, prince, and Per. 
 zadeh, son.] The common style of honor in Persia. 
 "WTien appended to a name, it signifies /jr/nce. 
 
 Mis-a,«'9ep-ta'tion, n. Wrong acceptation ; under- 
 standing in a wrong sense. 
 
 Mis'ad-vent'ure, n. Unlucky accident ; ill adventure. 
 Syn. — Mischance ; mishap ; misfortune ; infelicity ; dis- 
 aster ; calamity. 
 
 Mis'al-lege' (mis'al-lPj'), v. t. To state erroneously. 
 
 Mis'al-li'an^e, n. Improper association; especially, a, 
 degrading connection by marriage with a person of in- 
 ferior social station. 
 
 Mis'an-tlirope, ) n. [Gr. /u,tcrav0pa)7ros, from ^i.Laelv, 
 
 Mis-aii'thro-piiit, j to hate, and avdpoitro';, a man.] 
 A hater of mankind. 
 
 Mis'an-thr6p'i<;, \a. Hating, or having a dislike 
 
 Mis'an-tlir6p'i<;-al, ( to, mankind. 
 
 Mis-Jtn'thro-py, n. Hatred or dislike to mankind. 
 
 Mis-ap'pli-ea'tion, n. A wrong application. 
 
 Mis'ap-ply', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misapplied ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISAPPLYING.] To apply wrongly or to a 
 wrong purpose. 
 
 Mis-ap'pre-liencl', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misappre- 
 hended ; p. pr. & vb. n. MISAPPREHENDING.]^ To 
 take in a wrong sense ; to misunderstand. 
 
 Mis-a,p'pre-li6n'sion, n. A mistaking ; wrong appre- 
 hension of one's meaning or of a fact. 
 
 Syn. — Misconception ; misunderstanding; mistake. 
 
 Mis'ap-pro'pri-a'tioii, n. Wrong appropriation. 
 
 Mis'as-«ribe', v. t. To ascribe erroneously. 
 
 Mis'as-sign' (-as-sln'), v. t. To assign erroneously. 
 
 Mis'be-«6in,e' (-kQm'), v. t. To suit ill ; not to befit or 
 become. 
 
 Mis'be-g6t', \p. a. Unlawfully or irregularly be- 
 
 Mis'be-got'ten, | gotten. 
 
 Mis'be-liave', v. i. [imp. & p. p. misbehaved ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. MISBEHAVING.] To behave ill ; to conduct 
 one's self improperly. 
 
 Mis'be-Jiav'ior (-hav'yur), n. Improper, rude, or un- 
 civil behavior ; ill-conduct. 
 
 Mis'be-lief , n. Erroneous belief; false religion. 
 
 Mis'be-liev'er, n. One who believes wrongly ; one who 
 holds a false religion. 
 
 Mis'be-stow', v. t. To bestow improperly. 
 
 Mis-eai'cu-late, v. t. [imp. &>p.p. miscalculated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MISCALCULATING.] To calculate er- 
 roneously. 
 
 Mis-«aI'-eu-la'tioii, n. Erroneous calculation. 
 
 Mis-call' (mis-kawP), v. t. [imp. & p.p. MISCALLED ; 
 p. pr'. & vb. n. MISCALLING.] To call by a wrong 
 name ; to name improperly , to abuse. 
 
 Mis-ear'riage (mis-kSr/rij, 45), n. 1. Unfortunate 
 event of an undertaking ; failure. 3. Evil or improper 
 behavior. 3. Premature birth. 
 
 Mis-ear'ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. miscarried ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. MISCARRYING.] 1. To fail of the intended 
 effect. 2. To fail to reach its destination. 3. To bring 
 forth young before the proper time. 
 
 Mis-east', v. t. [imp. & p. p. miscast ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MISCASTING.] To cast or reckon erroneously. 
 
 Mis-east', «. An erroneous cast or reckoning. 
 
 Mis'^e-ge-na'tion, n. [Lat. miscere, to mix, and genere, 
 to beget.] Amalgamation of races. 
 
 Mls'^el-ld'ne-d, n. pi. [Lat.- See MISCELLANY.] A 
 collection of miscellaneous matters. 
 
 Mis'^el-la'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. miscellaneus , fr. m.iscellus, 
 mixed, from miscere, to mix.] Mixed ; mingled ; con- 
 sisting of several kinds, [ous. 
 
 Mis'^el-la'iie-ous-ness, n. State of being miscellane- 
 
 Mis'^el-la-ny (44), n. [Lat. miscellanea, pi. neut. of 
 miscellaneus.] 1. A mass or mixture of various kinds ; 
 a medley. 2. Especially, a collection of compositions 
 on various subjects. 
 
 Mis-chance', n. Ill luck ; ill fortune. 
 
 Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; misadventure ; mishap ; in- 
 felicity ; disaster. 
 
 Mis-cliarge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISCHARGED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISCHARGING.] To mistake in charging, aa 
 an account. [count. 
 
 Mis-charge', n. A mistake in charging, as an ac- 
 
 Mis'chief , n. [0. Fr. meschef, from Fr. mes, equiv. to 
 Lat. minus, less, and chef, head, end, from Lat. caput ; 
 properly, ill end.] 1. Evil produced or effected, whether 
 with or without intention ; often, trivial evil or vexation, 
 caused by thoughtlessness, or in sport. 3. Cause of 
 trouble or vexation. 
 
 Syn. — Damage ; harm. — Damage is an injury which 
 dimmishes tlie. value of a thing; harm is an injury which 
 causes trouble or inconvenience; mischief \s an injury which 
 disturbs the order and consistency of things. We often suffer 
 damage or harm, from accident, or from the course of Provi- 
 dence, but nn'sc/nV/ always springs from the perversity or folly 
 of man. No one can tell the mischiefs which, result to a com- 
 munity from a tattling disposition. 
 
 Mis'chief-mah'er, n. One who makes mischief. 
 Mis'chief-mali'ing, a. Causing harm or mischief. 
 Mis'chiev-oiis (mis-'chiv-us), a. 1. Making mischief 
 
 3. Inclined to do harm. 
 Syn. — Harmful; hurtful; injurious; detrimental; noxiouai 
 
 pernicious ; destructive. 
 Mis'chiev-oiis-ly, adv. In a mischievous manner. 
 Mis'chiev-ous-ness, n. Quality of being mischievous. 
 Mis^h'na (mish'na), n. The text of the Jewish Tahnud, 
 Mis-chcToge' (mis-chcToz/), v. t. [imp. MISCHOSE ; ;;;. p. 
 
 mischosen ; p. pr. & vb. n. mischoosing.] To choose 
 
 wrongly. [tion. 
 
 Mis'^i-ta'tion, n. En-oneous or inappropriate quota- 
 Mis-^ite', V. t. [imp. & p. p. miscited; p.pr.k, vb. 
 
 n. MISCITING.] To cite erroneously or inappropriately- 
 Mis-elaim', n. A mistaken claim or demand. 
 Mis-eom/pu-ta'tion, n. Erroneous computation. 
 Mis'-eon-^eit', n. Misconception. 
 Mis'-eon-^eive', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. MISCON- 
 
 food, fcTot; ^rn,rude, pull; ^ell. ^haise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist; linger, link:; this- 
 
MISCONCEPTION 
 
 4GG 
 
 MIS MARK 
 
 CEIVED; p. pr. & vb. n. MISCONCEIVING.] To con- 
 ceive wrongly ; to iuterpret incorrectly. 
 
 Syn.— To misapprehend ; misunderstand ; misjudge ; mis- 
 take. 
 
 MIs'con-^^p'tlon, «• Erroneous conception ; false 
 opinion ; wrong notion or understanding of a thing. 
 Syn. — Misapprehension ; misunderstanding ; mistake. 
 
 Mis-con'dnt't, ». Wrong conduct; ill behavior. 
 
 Svn-— Misbohnvior: misdemeunor; niismanagement; niis- 
 dcoil ; delinquency ; offense. 
 
 Mis'con-dil'et'. f. t. [imp. & p. p. ailscoNDUCTED ; 
 p. jir. & vb. II. MISCONDUCTING.] To conduct amiss; 
 to nnsmanaco. 
 
 Mls'foii-jei^t'ure (53), ?j. A wrong conjecture. 
 
 Mis'coii-jCt't'nre, v. t. or i. To guess wrongly. 
 
 Mis ^'oii-strut^'tion, n. Erroneous construction ; 
 wrong interpretation of words or things. 
 
 Mis-cOn'strue. r. t. [hiif). & p. p. misconstrued ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MISCONSTRUING.] To construe wrongly ; 
 to interpret erroneously. 
 
 Mis-«;oiui'sel, t". <• [imp. & p. p. miscounseled ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MISCOUNSELING.] To counsel wrongly. 
 
 Mis-eount', f. t. [imp. Sep. p. MISCOUNTED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISCOUNTING.] To mistake in counting. 
 
 Mis-count', V. i. To make wrong reckoning. 
 
 Mis-€ouiit', n. An erroneous counting or numbering. 
 
 Mis'«re-aiit, n. [0. Fr. mescrcant, from mes, wrong, 
 from Lat. minus, less, and credens, p. pr. of credere, to 
 believe.] 1. An infidel ; a misbeliever, ti. A vile 
 wretch ; an unprincipled fellow. 
 
 Mis-date', n. A wrong date. 
 
 Mis-date', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misdated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MISDATING.] To date erroneously. 
 
 Mis-deed', n. An evil deed ; a wicked action. 
 
 Synt— Misconduct; misdemeanor; fault; offense; trespass; 
 transgression ; crime. 
 
 Mis-deem', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. misdeemed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MISDEEMING.] To judge erroneously ; to mis- 
 judge. ^ 
 
 Mis'de-meaii', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misdemeaned; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MlSDEMEANiNG.] To behave ill. 
 
 Mis'de-mean'or, n. 1, 111 behavior ; evil conduct. 
 2. (Law.) Any crime less than a felony. 
 
 SjTi. — Misdeed; misconduct; misbehavior; fault; trespass; 
 transgression. 
 
 MIs'di-r6€t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misdirected ; p. pr. 
 & r6. n. MISDIRECTING.] 1. To give a wrong direction 
 to. 2. To direct to a wrong person or place. 
 
 Mis'di-ree'tion, n. 1, Act of directing wrongly. 9. 
 (Law.) An error of a judge in charging the jury. 
 
 Mis-do', f. t. [imp. misdid ; p. p. misdone ; p. pr. & 
 vb. 71."misdoin&.] To do wrongly. 
 
 Mis-do', V. i. To do wrong ; to commit a fault or crime. 
 
 Mis-dii'er (-doo'ev), n. One who misdoes ; a wrong-doer. 
 
 Mis-do'ing (-do"o'ing), n. A wrong done ; a fault or 
 crime ; an offense. 
 
 Mis'em-ploy', 1". t. [imp. kp.p. misemployed; ;?. 
 pr. & vb. n. MISEMPLOYING.] To employ to no pur- 
 pose, or to a bad purpose ; to use amiss. 
 
 Mis'em-ploy'ment, n. Ill employment. 
 
 Mis-6n'try, n. An erroneous entry or charge, as of an 
 account. 
 
 Mi'ger, n. [Lat. miser, wretched, miserable.] An ex- 
 tremely covetous person ; a niggard. 
 
 Mi§'er-a-ble, a. [Lat. miserahilis, from miserari, to 
 lament, pity, from m.iser, wretched.] 1. Very unhappy ; 
 in a state of misery or distress. '2. Causing misery. 3. 
 Very poor ; worthless ; despicable. 
 
 Syn. — Abject ; forlorn ; pitiable : wretched. 
 Mig'er-a-ble-ness, n. State of being miserable. 
 Mig'er-a-bly, adv. In a miserable manner; unhappily. 
 Jlfj^'e-re're, n. [Lat., have mercy, ^ee supra.] (Rom. 
 Cath. Ckurck.) The 51st psalm, which commences with 
 this word. 
 Mi'ger-ly, a. Very covetous ; sordid. 
 
 Syn. — Avaricious ; niggardly ; parsimonious ; penurious ; 
 COvet<JU8 ; stingy ; mean. 
 
 MIg'er-y. n. [Lat. miseria, from miser, wretched.] 1. 
 Great unhappiness ; extreme pain of body or nund. 3. 
 Natural evils which are the cause of misery ; calamity ; 
 misfortune. 
 
 Syn. — WretchednesB ; torture ; agony ; torment ; anguish ; 
 distress ; calamity ; misfortune. 
 
 Mls-6s'ti-inate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misestimated ; 
 p. pr. k vb. n. MISESTIMATING.] To estimate errone- 
 ously. 
 
 Mis-fea'gaii^e, 7i. [0. Fr. mes, wrong, fr. I^at. mintu, 
 
 less, And faisance, from /aire, L&t.facere, to do.] (Law.] 
 
 A trespass ; a wrong done. 
 Mis-fit', n. A bad fit. 
 Mis-form', t-. t. [i?np. & p. p. MISFOKMED ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. MISFORMING.] To put into an ill shape. 
 Mis-fort'une, n. Ill fortune ; ill luck ; an evil or cross 
 
 accident. 
 
 Syn. — Calamity ; mishap ; mischance ; misadventure ; ill ; 
 harm ; disaster. See Affliction. 
 
 Mis-give', v. t. [imp. misgave ; p. p. misgiven ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MISGIVING.] To fill with doubt and ap- 
 prehension ; to deprive of confidence ; to fail. 
 
 Mis-giv'ing, n. A failing of confidence ; distrust. 
 
 Mis-gSt'ten, a. Unjustly obtained. 
 
 Mis-gov'erii, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misgoverned; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MISGOVERNING.] To govern ill. 
 
 Mis-gov'ern-meiit, «. 1. Ill administration of public 
 or private affaii-s. 2. Irregularity ; disorder. 
 
 ^lis-guid'an^e, n. Wrong direction or guidance. 
 
 Mis-guide' (72), v. t. [imp. & p. p. misguided ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISGUIDING.] To direct ill ; to lead into error. 
 
 Mis-liS-p', n. Ill chance ; evil accident ; ill luck. 
 
 Syn. — Calamity ; misfortune ; mischance ; accident ; dis- 
 aster. 
 
 Mis-hear', v. i. To mistake in hearing. 
 
 Mish'-mash, n. [Ger. misck-masck, from m.ischen, to 
 mix.] A mingle, or hotch-potch. 
 
 Misli'na, n. [N. Heb. mishnah, i. e. repetition, explana- 
 tion (sc. of the divine law), from Heb. slianah, to change, 
 to repeat.] A collection of Jewish traditions and ex- 
 planations of Scripture. 
 
 Mis'im-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MisiMPROVED j 
 p. pr. & vb'. n. MISIMPROVING.] To use for a bad pur- 
 pose ; to abuse ; to misuse. 
 
 Mis'im-prove'ment, n. Ill use or employment. 
 
 Mis'in-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misinformed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MISINFORMING.] To give erroneous in- 
 formation to. 
 
 Mis-in^for-ma'tion, n. Wrong information. 
 
 Mis'in-f orm'er, n. One who gives wrong information. 
 
 Mis/in-strii-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misinstructed ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MISINSTRUCTING.] To instruct amiss. 
 
 Mis'iii-ter'pret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misinter- 
 preted ; p. pr. & vb. n. MISINTERPRETING.] To in- 
 terpret erroneously ; to understand or to explain amiss. 
 
 Mis'in-ter/pre-ta'tion, n. A mistaken interpre|»tion. 
 
 Mis-join', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misjoined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MISJOINING.] To join unfitly or improperly. 
 
 Mi.s-judge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misjudged ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MISJUDGING.] To mistake in judging of. 
 
 Mis-jiidge', v. i. To err in judgment ; to form false 
 opinions or notions. 
 
 Mis-jiidg'ment, n. A wrong or unjust determination. 
 
 Mis-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mislaid ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 MISLAYING.] 1. To lay in a wrong place. 3. To lay 
 in a place not recollected ; to lose. 
 
 Mig'le (mTz'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. MISLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MISLING.] [From mist ; properly mi.'itle.] To rain 
 in very fine drops, like a thick mist. 
 
 Mig'le (miz'l), n. A fine rain ; a thick mist. 
 
 Mis-lead', v. t. [imp. & p.p. MISLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MISLEADING.] To lead into a wrong way or path ; to 
 lead astray ; to deceive. 
 
 Syn. — To delude. — To mislead is to lead astray in any 
 manner ; to delude is to do it by excitin" the imagination. 
 The former does not of necessity imply any bad design ; a man 
 may mislead us through false information or erroneous judg- 
 ment. The latter always supposes more or less of conscious 
 intention ; an impostor deludes his dupes by false pretenses 
 and hypociisy. 
 
 Mis-lead'er, n. One who leads into error. 
 
 Mig'le-toe, 71. See Mistletoe. 
 
 Mis-lilte', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. MISLIKED ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. MISL IKING.] To dislike ; to have aversion to. 
 
 Mis-'like', n. Dislike ; disapprobation ; aversion. 
 
 Mig'ly (miz/iy), a. [See MiSLE and MiST.] Raining is 
 very small drops. 
 
 Mis-man'age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mismanaged ; p 
 pr. & vb. n. MISMANAGING.] To behave or manage ill. 
 
 Mis-man'age, v. t. To manage ill; to administer im- 
 properly. 
 
 Mis-man'age-ment, n. Ill or improper management. 
 
 Mis-mJin'a-ger, n. One who manages ill. 
 
 Mis-mark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mismaRKED (mis- 
 markt') [ p. pr. 8c vb. n. MISMARKING.] To mark with 
 th# wrong token ; to mark erroneously. 
 
 a,e, &c.,/ong';a,6,&c.,5A(w«,-e&re,far,aKk,all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, d<j, wolf , 
 
MISMATCH 
 
 467 
 
 MISTLE 
 
 Mis-mJttcli', V. t. [imp. & p. p. mismatched ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISMATCHING.] To match unsuitably. 
 
 Mis-name', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misnAxMED ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. misnaming.] To call by the wrong name. 
 
 Mis-Jio'mer, n. [From 0. Fr. tne.t, amiss, wrong, from 
 Lat. minus, less, and Fr. noynmer, to name, Lat. nomi- 
 n'nre, from nomen, name.] 1. (Law.) The mistaking 
 of the true name of a person ; a misnaming. 'Z, A 
 wrong or inapplicable name or title. 
 
 Mis'ob-gerve', v. t. To ob.serve inaccurately^ 
 
 Mi-sSg'a-mist, ii. [Gr. /u,to-6yojixos, from ^lo-etv, to hate, 
 and ydfj.0^. marriage.] A hater of marriage. 
 
 Mi-^6g'a-my, n. Hatred of marriage. 
 
 Mi-sog'y-nist, n. [Gr. fxicroyvvr)^ , ju,i<royvvatos, from 
 fjLio-elv, to hate, and yvi^)}, woman.] A woman-hater. 
 
 Mi-s6g'v-ny, «. Hatred of the female sex. [&c. 
 
 Mis-pell', Mis-pend.', &c. See Misspell, Misspend, 
 
 Mis'per-suade' (-swad'), v. t. To persuade amiss. 
 
 Mis'per-sua'gion (-swa'zhun), n. A false persuasion. 
 
 Mis-pick'el (-plk'l), n. [Ger. ; 0. Ger. mispuckel, misz- 
 pieckel.] (Min.) Arsenical iron pyrites. 
 
 Mis-pla^e', I', t. [imp. & ;;. p. misplaced (-plast') ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MISPLACING.] To put in a wrong place. 
 
 Mis-pla^e'ment, n. The act of putting in the wrong 
 place ; the state of being misplaced. 
 
 Mis-plead', v. i. [imp. & p. p. mtspleaded ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. mispleading.] To err in pleading. 
 
 Mis-point', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mispointed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISPOINTING.] To point improperly. 
 
 Mis-print', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misprinted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MISPRINTING.] To mistake in printing ; to print 
 wrong. 
 
 Mis-print', n. A mistake or error in printing. 
 
 Mis-pri§'ion (mis-prizh/un), n. [L. I^at. misprisio. See 
 rn/ra, and cf. Fr. mepris, contempt.] (Law.) (a.) A 
 neglect, negligence, or contempt ; as, misprision of 
 treason, or fdony, is a neglect or light account made of 
 treason or felony, by not revealing it, when one has a 
 bare knowledge of it. (b.) Neglect, oversight, or mistake, 
 as of a clerk in writing or keeping a record. 
 
 Mis-prize', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misprized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. misprizing.] To shght or undervalue. 
 
 Mis'pro-noun^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mispro- 
 nounced (-pro-nounsf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. MISPRO- 
 NOUNCING.] To pronounce erroneously. 
 
 Mis'pro-noun^e', v. i. To pronounce incorrectly. 
 
 Mis'pro-nun'ci-a'tion (-shi-a''shun), n. Wrong or im- 
 proper pronunciation. 
 
 Mis'pro-por'tion, v. t. To err in proportioning one 
 thing to another ; to join without due proportion. 
 
 Mis'quo-ta'tion, n. An erroneous quotation. 
 
 Mis-quote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misquoted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISQUOTING.] To quote erroneously. 
 
 Mis're-^it'al, n. An inaccurate recital. 
 
 Mis're-^ite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misrecited ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. MISRECITING.] To recite erroneously. 
 
 Mis-reclc'on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misreckoned ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MISRECK.ONING.] To reckon or compute 
 wrongly. 
 
 Mis-r6clt'on-ing, n. An erroneous computation. 
 
 Mis're-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misrelated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MISRELATING.] To relate falsely or inac- 
 curately. 
 
 Mis're-la'tion, n. Erroneous relation or narration. 
 
 Mis're-mem'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. misremem- 
 BERED ; p. pr. & ^-6. n. MISREMEMBERING.] To mis- 
 take in remembering. 
 
 Mis're-mem'ber, v. i. To make a mistake in remem- 
 bering. 
 
 Mis're-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misreported ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MISREPORTING.] To report erroneously. 
 
 Mis're-port'. v. i. To make an incorrect report. 
 
 Mis're-port', n. An erroneous report ; a false or incor- 
 rect account given. 
 
 Mis-rep're-§ent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misrepre- 
 sented; p. pr. & vb. n. misrepresenting.] To 
 represent falsely or incorrectly. [sentation. 
 
 Mis-rep're-§ent', v. i. To make an incorrect repre- 
 
 Mis-rep're-§ent-a'tion, n. 1. Act of giving a false 
 or erroneous representation. 5i. A false or incorrect ac- 
 count given, either from mistake, carelessness, or malice. 
 
 Mis-rep're-ggnt'er, n. One who gives a false or er- 
 roneous account. 
 
 Mis-rule', n. 1. Disorder ; confusion ; tumult from in- 
 subordination. 2. Unjust domination. 
 
 Miss, n. [Contr. from mistress, q. v.] Young woman or 
 girl ;— chiefly used as a title of address, prefixed to the 
 name of an unmarried woman. 
 
 Miss, V. t. [imp. & p. p. missed (mist) ; p.pr. k vb. n. 
 MISSING.] [A.-S. missian, 0. H. Ger. missan.] 1. To 
 fail of hitting, reaching, attaining, or finding. ». To do 
 without; to forego. 3. To omit; to pass by. 4. To 
 discover the absence or omission of; to feel the want of. 
 
 Miss, V. i. 1. To fail to hit. tj. Not to succeed ; to fail. 
 3. To fail to obtain, learn, or find. 4. To mistake ; to 
 err. [error. 
 
 Miss, n. 1. Loss ; want ; felt absence. 2. Mistake ; 
 
 Mis'sal,w. [L. Lat. missale, liber missalis, from missa, 
 mass. See Mass.] The Roman Catholic mass-book. 
 
 Mig'gCl-toe, n. See MISTLETOE. 
 
 Mis-sfind', v. t. To send amiss or incorrectly. 
 
 Mis-serve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misserved ; p. pr. Sc 
 vb. n. MISSERVING.] To serve unfaithfully. 
 
 Mis-shape', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misshaped (mis- 
 shapt', 108, 109) (p. p. also misshapen) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MISSHAPING.] To shape ill ; to deform. 
 
 Mis'sile, a. [Lat. niissilh, from mittere, m.issum, to 
 cause to go, to send, to throw.] Capable of being thrown. 
 
 Mis'sile, n. A weapon thrown, or intended to be thrown, 
 as a lance, arrow, or bullet. 
 
 Mis'sion (mish'un), «. [Lat. missio, from mittere, mis- 
 sum, to send.] 1. Act of sending, or state of being sent ; 
 commission. 2. Errand ; duty on which one is sent. 
 3. Persons sent ; a delegation ; an embassy. 4. A station^ 
 residence, or organization, of missionaries. 
 
 Mis'sion-a-ry (mish'un-), n. One who is sent upon a 
 mission ; especially, one sent to propagate religion. 
 
 Mis'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to missions. 
 
 Mis'sive, a. [Lat. mittere, missum, to send.] 1. In- 
 tended to be sent ; prepared for sending out. 2. In- 
 tended to be thrown or hurled ; missile. 
 
 Mis'sive, n. That which is sent ; a message. 
 
 Mis-speal£;*> v. i. To err or mistake in speaking. 
 
 Mis-spealc', v. t. To utter wrongly. 
 
 Mis-speir, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MISSPELLED, or MIS- 
 SPELT ; p.pr. & vb. n. MISSPELLING.] To spell wrong; 
 to write or utter with wrong letters. 
 
 Mis-spell'ing, n. A wrong speUing ; false orthography. 
 
 Mis-sp€nd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misspent ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MISSPENDING.] To spend amiss ; to squander. 
 
 Mis-state', v. t. [imp. & p. p. misstated ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. «._MISSTATING.] To State wrongly ; to falsify. 
 
 Mis-state'ment, n. An incorrect statement. 
 
 Mis-st6p' (109), n. A wrong or false step. 
 
 Mis-step', V. i. To take a wrong step. 
 
 Mist, n. [A.-S. mist, Icel. mistr.] 1. Visible watery 
 vapor at or near the surface of the earth ; fog. 2. 
 Coarse, watery vapor, approaching the form of rain. 3. 
 Hence, any thing which dims or darkens. 
 
 Mist, V. t. To cloud ; to cover with mist. 
 
 Mist, V. i. [imp. & p. p. misted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MISTING.] To rain in very fine drops. 
 
 Mis-talt'a-ble, a. Liable to be mistaken. 
 
 Mis-take', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISTOOK ; p. p. mis- 
 taken ; p. pr. & vb. n. MISTAKING.] 1. To take 
 wrongly ; to misunderstand, misapprehend, or miscon- 
 ceive. 2. To substitute erroneously, as a thought or 
 thing. 
 
 To he mistaken, (a.) To be misapprehended or misunder- 
 stood, (b.) To be taken or led astray ; hence, to err, to misap- 
 prehend. 
 
 Mis-talce', v. i. To err in opinion or judgment. 
 
 Mis-take', n. 1. A taking or apprehending wrongly- 
 3. A fault in opinion, judgment, or conduct ; a miscon- 
 ception. 
 Syn. — Blunder ; error ; bull. See Blundek. 
 
 Mis-talt'e»i (-tak'n), p. a. 1. Guilty of a mistake; in 
 error, ti. Erroneous ; incorrect ; wrong. 
 
 Mis-tak'en-ly (-tak'n-), adv. By mistake. 
 
 Mis-tak'er, n. One who mistakes or misunderstands. 
 
 Mis-teach', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISTAUGHT ; p pr. &, 
 vb. n. MISTEACHING.] To teach wrongly. 
 
 Mis-tell', V. t. [imp. & p. p. MISTOLD ; p pr. k vb. n. 
 MiSTELLiNG.] [See Tell.] To tell erroneously. 
 
 Mis'ter, n. [Contr. from Lat. magi.ster, like master.} 
 Sir ; master ; — a title of any adult male, nearly always 
 written in the abbreviated form , Mr. 
 
 Mis-term' (14), v. t. To term or denominate erroneously. 
 
 Mis-time', v. t. [imp. & p. p. MISTIMED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MISTIMING.] To time wrongly ; not to adapt to 
 
 Mis-time', v. i. To neglect the proper time, [the time. 
 
 Mist'i-ness, n. A state of being misty. 
 
 Mis-ti'tle, V. t. To call by a Avrong title or name. 
 
 Mig'tle (miz^l), f. I. [Eng. wntit. See MiSLE and MIZ- 
 ZLE.] To fall in very fine drops, as rain. 
 
 food, foot; urn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^haise, -eall, e-eho; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link ; tW* 
 
MISTLETOE 
 
 468 
 
 MOBILITY 
 
 Mig'tle-too (mTz'l-to), ;i. [A.-S. tnisteha, D. viistelboom.] 
 (DM.) A p:»r;usitic evergreen plant, beariug a glutinous 
 fruit. \Vliou found upon the oak, where it is rare, it 
 was an olyi-et of superstitious regard among the Druids. 
 
 Mls'traJis-lSte'. c. /. [imp. & />. p. mistranslated ; 
 ;>. pr. &. vb. n. MISTRANSLATING.] To translate erro- 
 ueoa^lv. 
 
 Mis'traiis-la'tion, n. An erroneous translation. 
 
 Mis'tress, «. [0 Eug. imiislrtss, L. Lat. magistressa, 
 ma^istrhsa, for Lat. Diagistra, f. of magister. See Mas- 
 teU.] 1. A woman who exercises authoritj', is chief, 
 &c. ; the female head of a family, a school, &c. '-i. A 
 woman well skilled in any thing, or having the mastery 
 over it. 3. A beloved object ; a sweetheart. 4. A para- 
 mour; a concubine. 5. Madam; — a title or term of 
 addres.s, now superseded by the abbreviated form 3Iissis, 
 which is written ]\lrs. 
 
 Mis-tri':il, n. (Law.) A f;il,<?e or erroneous trial. 
 
 Mls-trilst', n. Want of confidence or trust ; suspicion. 
 
 Mis-trust', V. t. [imp. & p. p. mistrusted; p. pr. 
 & I*, n. mistrusting.] 1. To regard with jealousy or 
 suspicion ; to suspect ; to doubt. 1i. Hence, to antici- 
 pate a.>» near or likely to occur ; to sui-mise. 
 
 Mis-trust'f ul, a. Suspicious ; wanting confidence. 
 
 Mis-trust'f ul-ly, adv. With suspicion or doubt. 
 
 Mis-trust'f ul-ness, n. Suspicion ; doubt. 
 
 Mis-tune', v. t. [imp. & p. p. mistuned; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MiSTUNlNGr.] To tune wrong or erroneously. 
 
 Mis-tu'tor, V. t. To instruct amiss. 
 
 Mist'y, a. [compar. MISTIER ; sw^^erZ. MISTIEST.] 1. 
 Overspread with mist ; attended by mist. ti. Obscured 
 as if by mist. 
 
 Mis-iin'der-stand', V. «. [imp. & p. p. misunder- 
 stood; p. pr. & vb. n. misunderstanding.] To 
 misconceive ; to mistake ; to take in a wrong sense. 
 
 Mis-un-'der-sta.iid.'iug, «. 1. Mistake of meaning ; 
 error ; misconception. tJ. Disagreement ; difference ; 
 slight quarrel. 
 
 Mis-u§'age (mis-yyz'ej), n. Ill usage ; abuse. 
 
 Mis-ii§e', v. t. [iinp. & p. p. misused; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. misusing.] 1. To treat or use improperly. 3. To 
 treat ill. 
 
 Syn. — To maltreat ; abuse ; misemploy ; misapply. 
 
 Mis-use', n. 1. Wrong or incorrect application or use ; 
 misapplication. 2. Morally wrong use ; abuse. 
 
 Mis-wed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. miswedded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MISWEDDING.] To wed improperly. 
 
 Mis-wor'sliip-er (-wQr'ship-), n. One who worships 
 wrongly. 
 
 Mis-ydlte', V. t. [imp. & p. p. MISYOKED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. misyoking.] To yoke or join improperly. 
 
 Mite, n. [A..-B. 7nite,Jj.La,t. inita.] 1, Any thing very 
 small; a minute object. 3. Hence, specifically, (a.) 
 (Zo'ol.) A minute spider, having jaws, which distinguish 
 it from the ticks, and of which there are several varieties. 
 (6. ) A very small piece of money ; especially, the smallest 
 coin known to the Hebrews, a little more than one fourth 
 of an English farthing, or less than two mills of our 
 currency. 
 
 Mi'ter, [ n. [Lat. mitra, Gr. 
 
 Mi'tre, ) uLTpa., head-band, tur- 
 ban.] 1. A covering for the 
 head, worn by bishops, cardinals, 
 &c. ii. (Arch.) The joint formed 
 by the ends of two pieces, a^ of 
 molding, each cut off at an angle 
 of 45^, and matching together so 
 a« to form a right angle. The 
 term is also applied to pieces 
 meeting at any other angle. 
 
 Mi'ter, I v. i. [imp. & p. p. mi- 
 
 Mi'tre, ) tered, or mitred ; p. pr. & vb. n. MITER- 
 ING, or mitring.] (Arck.) Tomeetand match together, 
 as two pieces of molding, on a line bisecting the angle of 
 junction, particularly when at a right angle. 
 
 Mi'ter, 1 V. t. 1. To adorn with a miter! 3. To unite 
 
 Mi'tre, ) at an angle of 45'^. 
 
 Mit'i-ga-ble, a. Cariable of being alleviated. 
 
 Mit'i-gaiit, a. [Lat. mitigans, p. pr. of mitigare. See 
 infra.]_ Tending to mitigate ; lenitive. 
 
 Mit'i-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MITIGATED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MITIGATING.] [I^at. mitigare, 7nilisatum, from 
 7ra«r/i, mild, soft.] 1. To alleviate, a« suffering. 2. To 
 make less rigorous ; to soften in severity or harshness ; 
 to temper. 3. To render more tolerable. 4. To reduce 
 in amount or severity, as a penalty. 
 
 Syn. — To assuage. — He who mitigatea relaxes in respect 
 
 Mitre. 
 
 to harshness ; he who assuages actively lessens the pain of 
 others. We mitigate by being less severe ; we m^iiage br 
 being positively kind. A judge mitigates a sentence ; friencu 
 assuage our afflictions. 
 
 Mifi-ga'tion, n. Act of mitigating, or state of being 
 mitigated. 
 
 Syn. — Alleviation ; abatement ; relief. 
 
 Mit'i-ga'tive, a. Tending to mitigate ; alleviating ; »- 
 heviug ; lenitive. 
 
 Mit'i-ga'tor, n. One who, or that which, mitigates. 
 
 Mi'tre, n. & v. See Miter. 
 
 3Iitt, n. [Abbrev. from 77iitten.] A mitten ; also, a thin, 
 fingerless cover for the wrist and hand. 
 
 Mit'ten (58), »i. [Ir. & Gael, mutan, mitinigh, from 
 math, the hand; Armor, mittain.] A cover for the 
 hand, without fingers. 
 
 lb give the mitten to, to dismiss as a lover; to reject the suit 
 of. [CoUoq.^— To handle ivithout mittens, to treat roughly ; to 
 handle unceremoniously. {Culloq.'\ 
 
 3rtt'H-inus, n. [Lat., we send, from mittere, to send.} 
 {Law.) A warrant of commitment to prison. 
 
 Mit'y, a. Having, or abounding with, mites. 
 
 Mix, V. t. [i)7tp. & p. p. MIXED (less properly MIXT) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MIXING.] [A.-S. miscan, allied to Lat. mis- 
 cere, 7nixtutn, Gr. ixi<ryeiv.] 1. To cause a promiscuous 
 interpenetration of the parts of; to unite; to blend. 
 2. To unite with in company ; to join ; to associate. 3. 
 
 . To produce by the stirring together of ingredients ; to 
 mingle. 
 
 Mix, V. i. 1. To become united or blended promiscu- 
 ously. 2. To be joined ; to associate. 
 
 3Iix'er, n. One who mixes or mingles. 
 
 Mix'ti-lin'e-al, I a. [Lat. mixtiis, mixed, p. p. of mis- 
 
 Mix'ti-lin'e-ar, j cere, to mix, and Eng. lineal, linear.] 
 Containing, or consisting of, lines of different kinds, ia 
 straight, curved, and the like. 
 
 Mixt'iire, n. [Lat. mixtura. from miscere, mixtum, to 
 mix.] 1. Art of mixing, or state of being mixed. 2. 
 That which is mixed or mingled. 3. An ingredient en- 
 tering into a mixed mass. 
 
 Syn. — Union; association; admixture; intermixture; med- 
 ley. 
 
 Miz'zen (mTz'zn), a. [It. mezzana, from 7nezzano, mid- 
 dle, from wfzzo, middle, half. See Mezzo.] (Naut.) 
 Hindmost; nearest the stern. 
 
 Miz'zen, 7i. {Naut.) The hindmost of the fore and aft 
 sails of a vessel ; the spanker sail. 
 
 Miz'zle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. mizzled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MIZZLING.] [See Misle and MiSTLE.] To rain in very 
 
 Miz'zle, n. Mist; fine rain. [fine drops. 
 
 Mne-mon'i-e ) (ne-mon'ik-), a. [Gr. ^i.vti]^ovlk6<; , ft. 
 
 Mne-m6n'i€-al j H^t^Mt memory.] Assisting the 
 
 Mne-mon'i-es (ne-mSn'iks), n. sing. A system of pre- 
 cepts and rules intended to assist the memory. 
 
 Moan, V. t. [imp. & p. p. moAxNed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MOANING.] [A.-S. msenan, to moan and to mean.] To 
 bewail with an audible voice; to lament; to deplore. 
 
 Moan, V. i. To make a low, dull sound of grief or pain. 
 
 Moan, n. 1. Audible expression of sorrow or suffering ; 
 lamentation. 2. A low, dull sound, like that of a person 
 lamenting. 
 
 3Ioat, n. [0. Fr. mote, hill, dike, bank; L. I^t. mota, 
 motta, a hill on which a fort is built, an eminence, a 
 dike; Prov. Ger. »?o«, bog-earth heaped up.] {Fort.) A 
 deep trench round the rampart of a castle or other forti- 
 fied place; a ditch. 
 
 Moat, V. t. To surround Avith a ditch for defense. 
 
 Mob, n. [Lat. mobile vulgus, the movable common peo- 
 ple. See Mobile.] A disorderly crowd; a collection 
 of people for some riotous and unlawful purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Populace. — Populace signifies the lower orders of 
 the people taken collectively; a 7nobia a riotous assembly of 
 persons. A mob may be gathered and dispersed in an hour; 
 the populace is a permanent portion of society. 
 
 M6b, V. t. [imp. & p.p. mobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. MOB- 
 BING.] To attack in a disorderly crowd. 
 
 M6b'bisli, a. Like a mob ; tumultuous ; mean ; vulgar. 
 
 M6b'-«ap, n. [D. mop-muts, from mop, a pug dog, and 
 muts, a cap.] A plain cap or head-dress ; especially, one 
 tying under the chin by a very broad band, generally of 
 the same material as the cap itself. 
 
 Mo'bile, a. [Lat. mobilis, for movibilis. from movere, to 
 move.] Capable of being moved, aronsed, or excited. 
 
 Mo-bil'i-ty, «. 1. Quality of being mobile ; susceptibility 
 of being moved, aroused, excited, &c. 2. Activity; 
 readiness to move. 3. Quality of being inconstant; 
 fickleness. 
 
 »^e,&,c.,long; &,iS,&e., short; c4re,far, ask, all, -what; 6re,veil,tSrm; p'ique.firm; sdn, dr,do,^Y9li& 
 
MOBILIZATION 
 
 469 
 
 MOHAMMEDISM 
 
 M 5b'i-ll-za'tion, n. The calling into active service of 
 troops not previously on the war establishment. 
 
 Mob'i-lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mobilized; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. MOBILIZING.] To call into active service ; — ap- 
 plied to troops which, though enrolled, were not previ- 
 ously on the war establishment. 
 
 Moto-oc'ra-^y, n. [From Eng. mob, and Gr. Kparelv, 
 to rule.] Rule or ascendency of the mob. 
 
 M6€'«a-sin, ?i. [An Indian word. Algonquin wafc/sm.] 
 
 1, A shoe or cover for the foot, made of deer-skin or 
 other soft leather, without a sole. '-i. (Zool.) A poison- 
 ous water serpent of the Southern United States. 
 
 Mock, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mocked (mokt) ; p. pr. & vb 
 n. MOCKING.] [FromGr. ixuiK^v, |u,a>/cacr0ai , from/u,wKOs, 
 mockery.] 1. To imitate in contempt or derision, ti. 
 To treat with scorn or contempt. 3. To disappoint the 
 hopes of. 
 
 Syn. — To deride ; ridicule ; taunt ; jeer ; tantalize; disap- 
 point. See Dkkide. 
 
 M5ck, V. i. To make sport in contempt or in jest, or to 
 speak jestingly. 
 
 Mock, n. Ridicule ; derision ; sneer ; mockery. 
 
 Mock, a. Imitating reality, but not real; false. 
 
 Mock'e*, n. One who mocks ; a scorner ; a scoffer. 
 
 Mock'er-y, n. 1. Act of mocking or deriding. 3. 
 Sportive insult or contempt; derision; ridicule. 3. 
 Subject of laughter ; sport. 4. "V'ain imitation or effort. 
 
 Mdck'ing-bird, n. (Ornith.) A 
 singing-bird of North America re- 
 markable for its exact imitations 
 of the notes of other birds. 
 
 Mo'dal, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
 mode or mood ; consisting in mode 
 or form only. 2. (Logic & Meta- 
 physics.) Indicating some mode of 
 conceiving existence, or of express 
 ing thoughts. ^jgg Wi 
 
 Mo-dai'i-ty, n. 1. Quality o: 
 being modal, or being in form only. Mocking-bird. 
 
 2. (Logic.) A modal relation o;: quality. [mode. 
 Mo'dal-ly, adv. In a modal manner ; with reference to 
 Mode, n. [Lat. modus, measure, due or proper measure, 
 
 bound, manner, form.] 1. Manner of existing or being. 
 
 2. Prevailing popular custom. 3. Variety; gradation; 
 degree. 4. (Metapli.) Condition,or state of being ; form, 
 as opposed to matter. 5. (Logic.) The form in which 
 the proposition connects the predicate and subject, wheth- 
 er by simple, contingent, or necessary assertion. 6. 
 ( Gram.) Manner of action or being, as expressed by a 
 difference of form in the inflection of a verb ; mood. 7. 
 (Mus.) The arrangement of the intervals in a scale. 
 
 Syn. — Method; manner; form ; fashion ; way; style. See 
 Method. 
 Mod'el (61), n. [From Lat. modulus, diminutive of mo- 
 dus. See supra.] 1. Standard. 2. Pattern; example. 
 
 3. Something to be copied ; a mold. 4. A representa- 
 tion ; a fac-simile. 5. Hence, specifically , a copy, as of 
 a statue or bust ; a representation of a machine or struct- 
 ure of any kind on a reduced scale. 
 
 Mod'el, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MODELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MODELING.] To plan or form after a pattern ; to form 
 in model, or propose a model for. 
 
 Mod'el, v. i. (Fine Arts.) To make a pattern from which 
 some work is to be executed. 
 
 M6d'el-er, n. One who models ; a professed or skillful 
 worker in plastic art. 
 
 Mod'el-ing, 71. (Fine Arts.) The act or art of making 
 a model from which a work of art is to be executed. 
 
 M6d'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. modfratus, p. p. of moderare. 
 See infra.] Kept within due bounds ; observing reason- 
 able limits ; not excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous ; 
 limited; restrained. 
 
 Mod'er-ate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. moderated; p.pr. 
 k, vb. n. MODERATING.] [L&t. moderare, modf.ratum, 
 from m.odus. See Mode.] To restrain from excess of 
 any kind ; to keep within bounds ; to lessen ; to allay ; to 
 repress ; to temper ; to qualify. 
 
 M6d'er-ate, v. i. To become less violent, severe, rigor- 
 ous, or intense. 
 
 SyTi.— To regulate; mitigate •, temper ; qualify 
 abate; lessen; allay; still; appease; pacify; quiet. 
 
 repress; 
 
 M6d'er-ate-ly, adv. 1. In a moderate manner; tem. 
 perately ; mildly. 2. In a middle degree ; not exces- 
 sively, [erate 
 M6d'er-ate-ness, n. State or quality of being mod 
 Mod'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of moderating, or of impos- 
 ing due restraint. 2. State or quality of being moder- 
 
 ated or moderate ; freedom from excess of any kind 
 3. Calmness of mind ; equanimity. 
 
 M5d'er-a'tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, moder- 
 ates or restrains. 2. One who presides over a meeting or 
 assembly of people to preserve order, propose questions, &c. 
 
 MSd'er-a' tor-ship, n. The office of a moderator. 
 
 Mod'ern, a. [Lat. modernus, from modo, just now.] 
 Pertaining to the present time, or time not long past ; 
 late. 
 
 Syn. — Recent; new; novel; late. — Modetit is opposed to 
 ancient ; recent, to what has been past for no considerable 
 length of time; as, modern civijjziation, improvements, &c.; 
 recent advices, inlelligencc, &c. 
 
 Mod'ern, n. A person of modern times. 
 
 Mod'ern-igm, n. Modem practice ; a thing of recent 
 date ; origin not remote. 
 
 Mod'ern-ist^n. One who admires the moderns, [style. 
 
 Mod'ern-i-za'tion, n. Act of renderiLg modern ia 
 
 Mod'ern-lze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MODERNIZED ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. MODERNIZING.] To cause to conform to re- 
 cent or present usage or taste. [centness. 
 
 MSd'crn-iiess (109), ». Quality of being modern; re- 
 
 Mod'est, a. [Lat. modesttis, from modus; measure. See 
 Mode.] 1. Restrained within due limits of propriety 
 or decency. 2. Observing- the proprieties of the sex ; 
 free from familiarity, indecency, or lewdness ; — said of 
 a woman. 3. Evincing modesty in the actor or author. 
 Syn. — Reserved: unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; coy; shy; 
 decent; becoming; chaste; virtuous. 
 
 M6d'est-ly, adv. In a modest manner. 
 
 Mod'est-y, n. 1. Quahty of being modest ; absence of 
 self-confidence, arrogance, and presumption. 2. Absence 
 of unwomanly or indecent bearing or conduct ; purity of 
 manners. 
 Syn. — Bashfulness; humility; diffidence; shyness.. 
 
 Mldd't-eUm, n. [Lat., from modicus, moderate, from 
 modus. See Mode.] A little ; a small quantity. 
 
 Mod'i-fi'alble, a. Admitting of being modified. 
 
 Mod'i-fi-ea'tioii, n. 1. Act of modifying. 2. Par- 
 ticular form or manner ; modified shape or condition. 
 
 Mod'i-fFer, n. One who, or that which, modifies. 
 
 M6d'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. modified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MODIFYING.] [Lat. modlficare, modificari, from 
 modus and facere, to make. See Mode.] To change 
 the form or external qualities of ; to give a new form to ; 
 to vary. 
 
 Mo-dill'ion. (mo-dil/yun), n. [From L&t. modulus. See 
 Module.] (Arch.) The enriched bracket generally 
 found under the cornice of the Corinthian entablature ; 
 — so called because of its arrangement at regulated dis- 
 distances. 
 
 Mod'ish., a. According to the mode ; conformed to the 
 extreme fashion ; fashionable. 
 
 Mod'isli-ly, adv. In the customary mode ; fashionably. 
 
 Mod'ish -iiess, n. State or quality of being modish. 
 
 Mod'ist, n. One who follows the mode, or fashion. 
 
 Mod'u-late (77), v. t. [imp. & p.p. modulated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MODULATING.] [lia,t. modtdari ,modtdatus, 
 from modulus, a small measure, meter, melody, dim. of 
 modus. See Mode.] 1. To form, as sound, to a certain 
 key, or to a certain proportion. 2. To vary or inflect in 
 a natural, customary, or musical manner. [another. 
 
 Mod'u-late, v. i. (3Ius.) To pass from one key into 
 
 Mod'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of modulating, or state of 
 being modulated. 2. Sound modulated; melody. 3. 
 (Mus.) The manner of ascertaining and managing the 
 modes ; a change or passing from one key to another. 
 
 Mod'u-la'tor, n. One who, or that which, modulates. 
 
 Mod'ule, n. [Lat. modulus, a small measure, dim. of 
 modus. See Mode.] 1. A model or representation. 2. 
 (Arch.) The size of some one part, as the diameter or 
 semi-diameter of the base of a shaft, taken as a unit of 
 measure by which the proportions of other parts of the 
 composition are regulated. 
 
 Mo-giil', n. A person of Mongolian race. 
 
 Great Mogul, the emperor of Delhi; the sovereign of the em- 
 pire founded in Hindostan by the Mongols in the 10th cent. 
 
 Mo'h^ir, n. [Prob. of Oriental origin. Cf. Hindoo m&g- 
 har, a kind of cloth.] The long, silky hair or wool of the 
 Angora goat, of Asia Minor ; also, a fabric made from 
 this material. 
 
 Mo-ham'med-an, a. I>ertaining to Mohammed or Ma- 
 homet ; of the religion founded by Mohammed. 
 
 Mo-ham'med-an, n. A follower of Mohammed. 
 
 Mo-hSm'med-an-i§m, ) n. The religion, or doctrines 
 
 Mo-ham'med-i§m, ) and precepts, of Moham- 
 med, contained in the Koran ; Islamism. 
 
 food, fo"bt ; ftrn, rude, p^U ; fell, ^haise, -call, e<;ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, lifik ; this- 
 
MOIIAMMEDANIZE 
 
 470 
 
 MOMENTUM 
 
 Mo-hftm'ined-an-ize, ( v. t. To make conformable to 
 
 Mo-liftin'med-ize, ) Mohammedanism. 
 
 Moi'dorr, »■ [From Vg. moeda d'ouro, lit. coin of gold.] 
 A gold coin of Portugal, valued at £1 7s. sterling, or 
 about SG.W. 
 
 Mol'e-ty {or maWe-ty), n. [Fr. moitie, Lat. medietas, 
 from nudius, middle, half.] One of two equal parts ; the 
 half. 
 
 Moll, V. t. [imp- & ;'• /'• MOILED ; p. pr. & vb. «. MOIL- 
 ING.) [From Lat. 7}iolli;f, easily movable, pliant, mild, 
 for nwvilis, from vtovere, to move.] To daub ; to make 
 dirty ; to soil ; to defile. 
 
 lloll, V. i. [Ijat. inoliri, to struggle, toil, from moles, a 
 heavy mass.] To work with painful eflfort ; to labor ; to 
 toil ; to drudge. 
 
 Moi»«t, a- [0. Fr. utoiste, prob. from Lat. hitmectus, the 
 first syllable having been dropped and s before t inserted, 
 or peril, from Lat. nutsteu^, belonging to new wine or 
 must, new, fresh, from 7nustum, new wine, must.] Mode- 
 rately wet ; damp ; humid. 
 
 Moi.stVn (uiois'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. moistened; 
 p. pr. & vb.n. moistening.] 1. To make damp; to 
 wet slightly, "i. To soften. 
 
 Moist'ness, n. State or quality of being moist ; moisture. 
 
 Moist'ure, n. 1. A moderate degree of wetness. 3, 
 That which moistens or makes damp or wet. 
 
 M o'lar, n. A grinding tooth ; a double tooth. 
 
 Mo'lar, I a. [Lat. molaris, from mola, mill, from mo- 
 
 Mo'la-ry, I lere, to grind in a mill.] Having power to 
 grind ; grinding. 
 
 Mo-las'!*e§, n. si7ig. [Fr. melasse, from Lat. mellaceus, 
 honey-Uke, from 7)ief, 7neUis, honey.] The viscid, un- 
 crystallizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the 
 procci^s of manufacture. 
 
 Mold, \ n. [A.-S. 7JioIde, Icel. mold, A.-S. myl, 0. H. 
 
 Mould, I Ger. 7r7olt, 7nolta, Goth, mulda, alUed to 
 malan, Lat. 77rolere, to bruise, grind.] 1, Fine, soft 
 earth, or earth easily pulverized. "2. Hence, the earthy 
 material, or the matter of which any thing is formed. 
 3. A substance like down, which forms on bodies that 
 lie long in warm and damp air. 
 
 Mold, f n. [From Lat. 7nodulus. See Module and 
 
 Mould. ( Model.] 1. The matrix, in which any thing 
 b cast. 2. Hence, any thing which serves to regulate 
 the size, form, &c. 3. Cast; form; shape; character. 
 
 Mold, 1 V. t. [i7np. & /;. p. MOLDED, or MOULDED ; 
 
 Mould, I p. pr. & rb. n. MOLDING, or MOULDING.] 
 1, To cause to contract mold. '-i. To cover with mold 
 or soil. 
 
 Mold, I V. i. To contract or gather mold ; to become 
 
 Mould, ) uioldy. 
 
 Mold, I V. t. To form into a particular shape ; to shape ; 
 
 Mould, ) to model ; to fashion. 
 
 Mold'a-ble 
 
 Mould'a-ble, 
 
 a. Capable of being molded or formed. 
 
 Mold'er, 1 n. One who, or that which, molds or forms 
 Mould'er, ) into shape. 
 
 Mold'er, I v. i. [Eng. mold, fine, soft earth.] 1. To 
 Mould'er, ) turn to dust by natural decay ; to crumble : 
 
 to perish. 5i. To waste away gradually. 
 Mold'er, 1 v. t. [imp. & p. p. MOLDERED,or MOULd- 
 Mould'er, i ered ; p. pr. & vb. n. moldering, or 
 
 MOULDERING.] To turn to dust ; to crumble ; to waste. 
 Mold'i-ness, [ n. The state of being moldy, or covered 
 Mould'i-ness, ( with mold. 
 
 Mold'ing, In. 1. Any thing ca.«t in a mold, or which 
 Mould'ing, I apjx;ars to be so. 2. (Arch.) A projec- 
 
 jection beyond the wall, column, wainscot, &c. 
 Mold'y, 1 a. [compar. moldier, or mouldier ; 
 Mould'y, ) 5Mp^r/. MOLDIEST, or MOULDIEST.] Over- 
 grown or filled with mold. 
 Mole, n. [A.-S. wz/i/, ma:l.] A spot, mark, or small per- 
 manent protuberance on the human body. 
 Mole, n. [Lat. Tnola.] A mass of fleshy matter generated 
 
 in the uterus. 
 Mole, 71. [Lat. mole.i.] A mound or massive work 
 
 formed of large stones laid in the sea, extended before a 
 
 jjort, to defend it from the violence of the waves ; also 
 
 sometimes, the harbor itself. 
 Mole, n. [D.TTiol, molworp.] (Zo'dl.) 
 
 A small, insect-eating mammal, with 
 
 minute eyea and very soft fur. From 
 
 its burrowing habits it is called a 
 
 moUlwarp, or mold-turner. 
 Mole, V. t. [imp. & p. p. moled; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. MOLING.] To form y^^^^ 
 
 holes in, as a mole; to burrow; to 
 
 excavate. 
 
 I Mole'-cast, n. A little elevation of earth made by a 
 
 I mole. [in, molecules. 
 
 Mo-16€'u-lar, a. Belonging to, consisting of or residing 
 
 Mol'e-eule, H. [Dim of Lat. »io/f5. a mass.] One of the 
 
 invisible particles supposed to constitute matter of any 
 
 kind. 
 
 ! Mole'-liUl, 71. A little elevation of earth thrown up by 
 
 i moles working under ground; hence, a very small hill, 
 
 ! or an insignificant obstacle or difficulty. 
 
 I Mole'-skin, n. A kind of silk fabric, having a thick, 
 
 i soft shag, like the fur of a mole ; also, a kind of shaggy 
 
 cotton fabric. 
 I Mo-16st', V. t. [ivip. & p. p. MOLESTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MOLESTING] [Lat. wo/e-sfare, from 7no/e5<M5, trouble- 
 Some, from 77wles, a heavy mass, load, burden.] To 
 ! trouble ; to render uneasy. 
 
 Syn.— To disturb ; Incommode ; inconveoience ; annoy ; 
 I vex; tease. 
 
 Mol'es-ta'tion, ti. Act of molesting, or state of bein 
 I molested ; disturbance ; annoyance ; imeasiness given. 
 1 Mo-lest'er, 7i. One who molests. 
 
 3I6l'lah, n. [At. 7naula, Turk, mewla, from walai, to 
 rule.] One of the higher order of Turkish ecclesiastical 
 judges. 
 
 Mol'li-ent (or mol'yent), a. [Lat. molliens, p. pr. of 
 mollire. to soften, from mollis, soft.] Serving to soften ; 
 assuaging ; emoUient. 
 
 M61'li-fi'a-ble, n. Capable of being mollified. 
 
 M61'li-fi-ea'tion, ti. Act of mollifying, or state of 
 being mollified ; mitigation. 
 
 Mol'li-fi'er, ?i. One who, or that which, mollifies. 
 
 M61'li-fy, V. t. [i7?ip. & p. p. mollified ; p. pr. & 
 vb. ?i. mollifying.] [Lat. 7nollificare , from Tnollis, 
 soft, ajiAfacere, to make.] 1. To make soft or tender. 
 3. To assuage, as pain or irritation. 3. To appease, 
 as excited feeling or passion ; to pacify. 4. To reduce 
 in harshness or asperity. 
 
 Mol-liis'ean, n. A mollusk. 
 
 Mol-lus'«an. ) a. Pertaining to the mollusks, or par- 
 
 Mol-lus'-eoiis, ) taking of their properties. 
 
 Mol'lusk, n. [Lat. molluscus, soft, from mollis, id.] 
 (Zool.) An invertebrate animal, having a soft, fleshy 
 body (whence the name), which is inarticidate, and not 
 radiate internally. 
 
 Molt (20), } V. i. '[i7np. & p. p. MOLTED, or moulted ; 
 
 Moult, I p. pr. & vb. n. MOLTING, or MOULTING.] 
 [Prov. Ger. mutern, 7nvtern, M. H. Ger. mUze7i, 0. H. 
 Ger. 77iUzd7i, 0. L. Ger. fniitOn, Sp. 7nudar, It. mudare, 
 Fr. m.uer. See Mew.] To shed or cast the hair, feathers, 
 skin, horns, and the like, as an animal. 
 
 Molt, ) i" t. To cast, as the hair, skin, feathers, and 
 
 Moult, ) the like : to shed. 
 
 Molt'^'U (molt^'n, 20), p. a. Melted; made of melted 
 metal. See Melt. 
 
 Mo-15'b'date, n. (Chem..) A compound of molybdic 
 acid with a base. 
 
 Mol'yb-de'na, n. [Lat. molybdseTia, Gr. /xoAu/SSatva, 
 from ja6Av^6o?, lead.] (Min.) An ore of a dark lead 
 color, occurring in flexible laminae, like plumbago ; sul- 
 phuret of molybdenum. 
 
 Mo-15'b'de-iiou.s, a. Pertaining to molybdena, or ob- 
 tained from it. 
 
 M6ryb-de'num, n. [N. Lat. mohjbdsenum. See Mol- 
 ybdena.] ( Chem.) A rare metal occurring ia nature. 
 
 Mo'ment, »i. [Lat. mome7itu7?i , for movimenlum, from 
 movere, to move.] 1, A minute portion of time ; an 
 instant. 3. Impulsive power ; momentum. 3. Hence, 
 importance in influence or effect. 4. An essential el- 
 ement ; a deciding point, fact, or consideration. 
 
 Syn. — Instant. — A moment allows of a beginning and end; 
 an instant is indivisible. The latter, therefore, expresses more 
 brevity and urgency than the former. " Do it this instant" re- 
 
 ,^^^^^W 
 
 quires the utmost haste 
 hesitation or delay 
 
 Do it this moment" admits of no 
 
 Every moment ; from momen 
 
 State of being momentary. 
 Done in a moment ; continuin;^ 
 
 In a mo- 
 
 Mo'naent-a-ri-ly, adv. 
 to moment. 
 
 3Io'ineixt-a-ri-ness, n. 
 
 Mo'ment-a-ry (44), a. 
 only a moment. 
 
 Mo'naent-ly, adv. 1. For a moment. 3. 
 ment ; every moment. 
 
 Mo-mgnt'ous, a. Of moment or consequence ; impor- 
 tant; weighty. [tance. 
 
 Mo-mgnt'ous-ness, n. State of being of great impor- 
 
 Mo-men'tum, ?). / Lat. /»/. mo-men'tA; Eng. pi. MO- 
 MEN'TUMg. [Lat. See Moment.] 1. (M^ch.) The 
 quantity of motion in a moving body, being always pro- 
 portioned to the quantity of matter multiplied into the 
 
 fL,e,8ic.,long; &,6,kc.,skorl ; c4re,far,aslc,all, wliat; 6re, veil, term; piique.firm; s6n,6r,dg, w9U» 
 
MONACHAL 
 
 471 
 
 MONOMANIA 
 
 Telocity ; impetus. Si. Essential element, or constituent 
 element. 
 
 Mdii'a-elial, a. [From Lat- monachus, Gr. /ixovaxos, a 
 monk.] Pertaining to monks or a monastic life ; monastic. 
 
 I^5ii'a-«Iiisni, n. The system and influences of a mon- 
 astic life. 
 
 M5n'a<l, n. [Lat. monas, monadis, Gr. /xoi/as, /aovaSos, 
 unity, unit, from /oiovas, solitary, alone, from novoi, 
 alone.] 1. An ultimate atom, or simple, unextended 
 point, ti, (Zoiil.) One of the simplest kind of minute 
 animalcules. 
 
 Mo-nad'i*;, )a. Relating to monads; having the 
 
 Mo-iiad'i<;-al, j nature of a monad. 
 
 M6n'ar«li, n. [Gr. /aofapx^js, fioi/apxc?, firom /u.oj'os, 
 alone, and apxeiu, to be finst, rule, govern.] 1. A sole 
 ruler ; an autocrat ; a sovereign ; an emperor, king, 
 prince, or chief. 52. One superior to all others of the 
 same kind. 
 
 iiIo-iiar«li'al, a. Pertaining to, or suiting, a monarch ; 
 sovereign; regal; imperial. 
 
 Mo-iiar<;li'i-al, a. The same as Monarchical. 
 
 Mo-nar<;li'i<;, la. 1, Vested in a single ruler, ti. 
 
 Mo-nar<;li'i-e-al, j Pertaining to monarchy or a mon- 
 arch. 
 
 M6ii'ar-eli-i§m, n. The principles of monarchy ; love 
 or preference of monarchy. 
 
 M6n'ar«li-ist, n. An advocate of monarchy. 
 
 M6ii'arcli-y, «. 1. A state or government in which the 
 supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch. 3. 
 The territory ruled over by a monarch ; a kingdom ; an 
 empire. 
 
 MoM'as-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a monastery. 
 
 Mon'as-ter'y (colloq. mQn'as-trJ''), n. [Lat. monaste- 
 riu-m, Gr. fjLOvaarrrjptoi', fr. fxavacn-qp, equiv. to jaovaoTijs, 
 a solitary, a monk, from ixovd^eiv, to live in solitude, from 
 (nofos, alone.] A house of religious retirement, especially 
 for monks. 
 
 Syn. — Cloister ; convent; nunnery ; abbey ; priory. See 
 Cloister. 
 
 Mo-iias'ti«, n. A monk. 
 
 Mo-iia.s'ti€, ) a. 1. Pertaining to monasteries, or to 
 
 Mo-iias'ti<;-al, I monks and nuns. 2. Secluded from 
 the temporal concerns of life ; recluse. 
 
 Mo-iias'ti€-aI-ly, adv. In a retired manner ; in the 
 manner of monks ; reclusely. 
 
 Mo-iias'ti-figm, n. The institution of monkish life. 
 
 Mon'day (mun^y), n. [0. Eng. mojienday, A.-S. mon- 
 andag, i. e., day of the moon.] The second day of the 
 week ; the day following Sunday and preceding Tuesday. 
 
 Mon'e-ta-ry (mun/e-ter-y), a. Pertaining to or consist- 
 ing in money ; pecuniary. 
 
 Mon'ey (mQn/y), n.; pi. MON/EYg. [0. Fr. nioneie, 
 monoie, Lat. moneta, from Moneta (i. e., the adviser, 
 from THonere, to warn), a surname of Juno, in whose 
 temple money was coined.] 1. Coin ; stamped metal 
 used as the medium of commerce. 2. Hence, any cur- 
 rency usually and lawfully employed in buying and sell- 
 ing as the equivalent of money. 
 
 Syn.— Cash. — Jibne.y was originally stamped coin, and 
 afterward any thing that generally takes its place in buy- 
 ing and selling. CasJi, from the French caisse, a chest, was 
 originally coin kept on hand for immediate use; and hence, 
 cash paiiments are strictly payments iu coin, though current 
 notes are ordinarily received in such cases, because they can 
 always be cashed at the bank. 
 
 Mon'ey-bro^ker, n. A broker who deals in money. 
 
 Moii'ey-clian'ger, n. A broker v, ho deals in money or 
 exchanges. 
 
 Mon'ey^'d (rnQn^id), a. 1. Rich in money ; having 
 money. 3. Consisting in, or composed of, money. 
 
 M6n'ey-er (mQn/y-er), n. ( Coinage) A responsible and 
 authorized manufacturer of coin. 
 
 Mon'ey-Less, a. Destitute of money ; penniless. 
 
 Mon'ey-or'der, n. An order for a sum of money de- 
 posited at one post-office, on some other office where the 
 payment is to be made. 
 
 Mon'ger (mHng/iier), n. [A.-S. mangere, from mangian, 
 to trade, Icel. mcmgn.] A trader ; a dealer ; — now used 
 only or chiefly in composition. ' [to traffic in. 
 
 Mon'ger, v. t. To deal in; to make merchandise of; 
 
 Mon'grel (mang/grel), a. [A.-S. mensan, mencgan, to 
 mix. See Mingle.] Of a mixed breed ; hybrid." 
 
 Mdn'grrel, n. An animal of a mixed breed. 
 
 Mo-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. [Lat. wonitio, from monere, 
 to warn.] 1. Instruction given bv way of caution; ad- 
 monition ; warning. 2. Information ; notice. 
 
 Mon'l-tive, a. Conveying admonition ; admooitory. 
 
 M6ii'i-tor, n. [Lat.] 1. One who monishes or admon- ' 
 
 ishes. 2. Hence, specifically, a pupil selected to look to 
 the scholars in the absence of an instructor, or to instruct 
 a division or class. 
 
 M6n'i-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or performed by, 
 a monitor. 2. Conducted or taught by monitors. 3. 
 Communicated by monitors. 
 
 M6n'i-to-ry, a. Giving admonition ; warning. 
 
 Mon'i-tress, n. A female monitor. 
 
 Monk (mdnk), n. [A.-S. monec, mono, fr. Lat. movankut, 
 Gr. fjiovaxo?' from /u.oi'o?, alone.] 1. One of a religious 
 community inhabiting a monastery, and bound by vows 
 to a life of celibacy and religious exercises. 2. {Print.) 
 A blotted and indistinct impression from type which 
 have received too much ink. 
 
 Monk'er-y, n. The life of monks ; monastic life ; mon- 
 astic usage or customs. 
 
 Monlc'ey (mtink/y), 7i. ; pi. MONK'EYg. [Cf. 0. It. mo- 
 nicchio, dim. of monna, an ape, and dame, mistress, con- 
 tracted from madonna, q. v.] 1. (Zo'dl.) Oneof an order 
 of four-footed mammals, having pectoral mammae, short 
 legs with hand-shaped prehensile feet, usually, long arms 
 with clasping hands, and almost alwaj s a prehensile tail ; 
 an ape. 2. More strictly, the long-tailed individuals of 
 the order. 3. A name of contempt, or of slight kindness. 
 4. The weight of a pile-driver. 
 
 Monlt'ey-igm, n. Conduct of a monkey ; resemblance 
 to a monkey in disposition or actions. [et. 
 
 Monlt'ey-jadt'et, n. A long, tailless, close-fitting jack- 
 
 Monk'ey-rail, n. (Naut.) A second and lighter rail 
 raised about six inches above the quarter-rail of a ship. 
 
 Monlc'ey-wrgncli (mGnk^y-rench), n. A wrench or 
 spanner having a movable jaw. 
 
 Monk'isli, a. Like a monk, or pertaining to monks ; 
 monastic. 
 
 M6ii/o-ear'poiis, a. [Gr. n6vo^, single, and Kapnos, 
 fruit.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit but once, and dying after 
 fructification, as wheat. 
 
 Mon'o-ehord (-kord), n. [Gr. ju.ov6xopSoi/, from (xovo- 
 XopSos, with but one string, ju.6i/os, onl} , single, and x'^P^Vt 
 string.] (Miis.) An instrument consisting of one string 
 only, for experimenting upon the mathematical relations 
 of musical sounds. 
 
 M6n'o-€liro-ina.t'i-e, a. Consisting of one color, or 
 presenting rays of light of one color only. 
 
 Mon'o-elirome, M. [From Gr. fjLov6xpoifj.o? , of one color, 
 from /u,6vos, single, and xp^/^a, color.] A painting with a 
 single color. 
 
 Mo-no-e'u-lar, | a. 1. Having one eye only ; with 
 
 Mo-noc'u-lous, ) one eye only. 2. Adapted to be 
 used with only one eye at a time. 
 
 Mon'o-eule, n. [Lat. monoculus, one-eyed, from Gr. 
 fiovo';, single, and Lat. ocvlus, eye.] (Entom.) An in- 
 sect with only one eye. 
 
 Mon'o-dS-e'tyl-oils, a. [Gr. fj.ovoSdKTv\o? , from ixovo^, 
 single, and SaxTvAos, finger.] Having but one finger or 
 
 Mon'o-dist, n. One who writes a monody. [toe. 
 
 Mon'o-dy, n. [Gr. (^.ovoiSia, from ju,oi/&)66s, singing alone, 
 from (x6i/o?, single, and ojfiij, song.] A mournful poem, in 
 which a single mourner' expresses lamentation. 
 
 Mo-ii6g'a-mist, n. One who disallows second marriages. 
 
 Mo-nog'a-my, n. [From Gr. /xovos. single, and ya/M.os, 
 marriage.] A marriage to one wife only, or the state of 
 such as are restricted to a single wife, or may not many 
 again after the death of a first wife. 
 
 Mon'o-gram, n. [Gr. ju.dvos, single, and ypa/x/xa, letter, 
 from ypa.<})eLv, to write.] A character or 
 cipher composed of one, two, or more 
 letters, interwoven, " ' 
 tion of a name. 
 
 Mon'o-grSph, n. 
 and ypa<})ri, a writing, 
 written account or description of a sin- 
 gle thing, or class of things. 
 
 Mon'-o-grapli'i*, \a. 1. Drawn in 
 
 Mon^o-graph'i-e-al, I lines without colors. 2. Per- 
 taining to a monograph. 
 
 Mo-nog'ra-pliy, n. 1. A representation by lines only ; 
 an outline drawing ; a mere sketch. 2. A monograph. 
 
 Mon'o-litli, n. [Gr. jnovoAieos, from fxovog, single, and 
 \C0o?, stone.] A pillar, column, or the Uke, consistmg of 
 a single stone. , , 
 
 Mon'o-logue, n. [Gr. fj.ovo\oyca, from movos, alone, 
 single, and Xdyo?, speech, discourse.] I. A speech ut- 
 tered by a person alone; soliloquy. 2. A poem, song, 
 or scene composed for a single performer. 
 
 MBn'o-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. ix6vo<;, single, and ^avia, mad- 
 ness, mania.] Derangement of a single faculty of tha 
 mind, or with regard to a particular subject only. 
 
 of one, two, or more ^ 
 
 ], being an abbrevia- y—^yU/'^T^ 
 
 [Gr. ju.dvos, single, V/j/ 
 
 jng, description.] A / * 
 
 Monogram. 
 
 food, fo^t ; ftrn, rude, puU ; ^eU, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link: ; this. 
 
MONOMANIAC 
 
 472 
 
 MOON 
 
 One who monopolizes. 
 
 Syn. — Insanity ; niodncss ; alienation; aberration ; de- 
 ran^inent ; mania. 
 
 M5u'o-ma'ni-ftt.N n. A in^rson affected by monomania. 
 
 M6n o-ina'ni-i\<\ a. AlToctoii with niouomauia. 
 
 Mo-no'ini-al, "■ (From Cir. fxoi'os, alone, and vo/ui?. dis- 
 tribution.] (Ali:.) A single algebraic expres.<ion : that is. 
 an expression unconnected with any other by the signs 
 of addition, subtraction, equality, or inequahty. 
 
 Mo-u6p'a-tliy. n. [Ur. fioj'ojra^eia, fr. /aoi/o?, alone, and 
 Trdt>o<;, suffering.] Solitary suffering or sensibility. 
 
 Mdii o-p^t'a-loiis. a- [Gr. ja6^'o?, alone, and TreroAoi/, 
 leaf, tlower-Icaf ] (Bot.) Having only one petal, or the 
 corolla in one piece, or composed of petals cohering so 
 as to form a tube. 
 
 MSn'opli-tlidng (mon'of-thong or mo-nop'thong), n. 
 [Or. fjioy6(]>9oyyos , from ixovos. alone, and <^0oyy6s, sound, 
 voice.] 1. A single uncompoimded vowel sound, ti. A 
 vowel digraph. 
 
 rrldn'opli-tlioii'gal (mon'of-thong'gal), a. Consisting 
 of, or pertaining to, a monophthong. 
 
 Mo-ii6pli'y-site, n. [Gr. fi.ovo4>u<ri'TTj?, from /otovo?, alone, 
 single, and" 4>i;o-ts, nature.] (Ecd. Hist.) One of an an- 
 cient sect who maintiiined that the human and divine in 
 Je.'Jus Christ constituted but one nature. 
 
 Mo-ii6p'o-15st, 
 
 3Io-u6p'o-liz'er, 
 
 3Io-ii6p'o-lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MONOPOLIZED ; p. 
 pr. & vb.7i. MONOPOLIZING.] 1. To purchase or ob- 
 tain possession of the whole of, as a commodity, with the 
 view to appropriate or control the exclusive sale of. 2. 
 To engi-oss or obtain by any means the exclusive right of, 
 especially the right of trading to any place, or with any 
 country or district. 3. Hence, to engross or obtain the 
 whole of. 
 
 Mo-n6p'o-ly, n. [Lat. monopoUum, Gr. ju,ovo7roA.ta, /u,o- 
 vo7r(ji)\iov, from /u.ovo?, alone, and Trwkelv, to sell.] The 
 sole permission and power of deaUng in any species of 
 goods, or of deaUng with a country or market. 
 
 Mo-nop'ter-al, a. [Gr. fx-ovomepos, with but one wing, 
 with a row of pillars only, from jaovos, alone, only, and 
 TTTcpd J/, feather, wing.] (Arch.) With but one wing; — 
 applied to a temple or circular inclosure of columns with- 
 out a cell. 
 
 Mon'op-tote, or Mo-nop'tote, n. [Gr. ^oi/otttwtos, 
 from ixovos, single, and nroiros, apt to fall, fallen, from 
 irtTTTeii/, to fall.] ( Gram.) A noun having only one case. 
 
 Mon'o-sti-eli (-stlk), n. [Gr. /u-ovootixov, from /xoi/os, 
 single, and cmxos, hne, verse.] A composition consisting 
 of one verse only. 
 
 M6ii''o-str6pli'i«, a. [Gr. /aovooTpoi^iKos, from /aovo?, 
 single, and oTpoc^ij, strophe.] (Pros.) Having one strophe 
 only ; not varied in measure. 
 
 Mon'o-syl-iaij'i*, a. 1. Consisting of one syllable. 
 2. Consisting of words of one syllable. 
 
 Mon'o-sj'l'la-ble, n. [Gr. /oiovocruAAajSo?, from (utovos, 
 single, and (rvkXaPrf^ syllable.] A word of one syllable. 
 
 Mon'o-the'ism, n. [Gr. fioi/os, alone, only, and ©eos, 
 God.] The doctrine or belief that there is but one God. 
 
 3I6n'o-the'ist, n. One who believes that there is but 
 one God. [monotheism. 
 
 3I6ii'o-tlie-ist'i€, a. Pertaining to, or partaking of, 
 
 Mo-noth'e-lite, n. [Gr. ^ov60eXTjnjs, from /mows, alone, 
 only, and 6e\eiv, e0e\eiv, to will, be willing.] (Ecd. 
 Hist. ) One of an ancient sect who held that Christ had 
 but one will in his two natures. 
 
 M6n'o-tone, 71. [See Monotony.] 1. (JWm5.) A single 
 unvaried tone or sound. 2. (Wiet.) The utterance of 
 successive syllables on one unvaried key or line of pitch. 
 
 Mo-ii6t'o-nous, a. [Gr. /olovotovos, from fiovo^, alone, 
 only, and Toi/os, tone.] L'ttered in one unvarying tone 
 or key ; hence, continued with dull uniformity. 
 
 Mo-nfit'o-noiis-ly, adv. With one uniform tone. 
 
 Mo-ii6t'o-nou.s-iiess, n. Quality of being monotonous. 
 
 Mo-not'o-ny, n. [Gr-. ixovorovCa, fr. ixovos, alone, only, 
 and Toi/o?, tone.] 1. Absence of variety', as in speaking 
 or flinging. 2. An irksome sameness or want of variety. 
 
 Monsi'iffneur (mong-seen'yur), n. ; pi. mehseigx- 
 EURS (mes-seen'yur). [Fr. mon, my, and seigneur, 
 lord.] 5Iy lord : your grace or highness ; — a title of a 
 fjerson of high birth or rank. 
 
 Jtonnieur (nio-seer' or mos-ydr/), n. ; pi. MESSIEURS 
 (mes-seer'). [Fr. mon, my, and sieur, abbrev. of seigneur, 
 lord.] 1. Sir, or mister ; — a title of civility to per.sons 
 addres.sed in speech or writing. It is used specifically of 
 the princes of the French blood-royal. 2. In general, a 
 Frenchman ; — so called in contempt or ridicule. 
 
 Mon-sdbn', n. [Malay, mfisim, Hind, mausim, mau- 
 sam, from Ar. mausim, a time, a season.] A wind in 
 
 the Indian Ocean blowing half the year in one directaon, 
 and the other half in the opposite. 
 
 M6n'ster,«. [Lat. ?«o«5f/-«7?i, orig. a divine omen, in- 
 dicating misfortune, from monstrare, to show, point out, 
 indicate.] 1. Something of unnatural size, shape or 
 quahty ; a prodigy ; an enormity ; a marvel. 2. Hence, 
 specijicalli/ , an animal or plant departing from the usual 
 type. 3. Any thing horrible from ugliness, deformity, 
 or wickedness. 
 
 Mon'stran^e, n. [0. Fr. monstrance, demonstration, 
 proof; Low Lat. monstrantia, from Lat. monstrare, to 
 show.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) A transparent pyx, in 
 which the consecrated wafer or host is held up to view 
 before the congregation. 
 
 Moii-stros'i-ty, ". 1. State of being monstrous. 2. An 
 unnatural production ; that which is monstrous. 
 
 Mon'stroiis, a. [Lat. monstrosus, monstriiosus, from 
 monstrum. See Monster.] 1. Having the qualities of 
 a monster ; deviating greatly from the natural form ; ab- 
 normal. 2. Enormous; extraordinary; wonderful; 
 marvelous. 3. Shocking to the sight or other senses; 
 horrible ; dreadful. 
 
 Moii'strous, adv. Exceedingly ; very much. 
 
 Mon'stroils-ly, adv. 1. In a monstrous manner ; shock- 
 ingly ; terribly ; horribly. 2. To a great degree ; enor- 
 mously. 
 
 Mon'strous-ness, n. State of being monstrous. 
 
 Mon-tSn'i-e, a. [Lat. irxontanus, from mons, montis, 
 mountain.] Pertaining to, or consisting in, mountains. 
 
 Mon'ta-nist, n. (Ercl. Hist.) A follower cf Montanus, 
 a Phrygian bishop of the 2d century, who claimed that 
 the Holy Spirit dwelt in him, and employed him to puri- 
 fy and guide men in the Christian hfe. 
 
 Jlont tie JPiet^ (mong dQ pe-a'ta'). [Fr., from It. monte 
 dipietd, mount of piety.] One of certain pawnbroking 
 establishments, the object of which is to lend money to 
 necessitous persons at a low rate of interest. 
 
 Mon-tetli' or 3I6ii'tetli, n. A vessel in which glasses 
 are washed ; — so called from the inventor. 
 
 Moiitli (mQnth), n. [A.-S. m.unadh, monudh, mu7iudh, 
 mOndh, from wOna, the moon.] One of the twelve por- 
 tions into which the year is divided. 
 
 Moiith'ly (mfinth'ly), a. 1. Continued a month, or 
 jjerformed in a month. 2. Done or happening once a 
 month, or every month. 
 
 Montli'ly (munth'ly), 7!. A pubUcation which appears 
 regularly once a month. [month. 
 
 Montli'ly (mQnth'ly), adv. Once a month; in every 
 
 3IoHtoir (mong-twor' or mon'twor), n. [Fr., from mon- 
 ter, to mount.] A stone used for aiding to moimt a 
 horse ; a horse-block. 
 
 Mon'u-ment, n. [Lat. monumentum, from monere, to 
 remind, admonish.] 1. Any thing intended to remind 
 or give notice. 2. Hence, especially, a building, pillar, 
 stone, or the Uke, erected to preserve the remembrance 
 of a person, event, action, &c. 
 Syn. —Memorial ; remembrance ; tomb ; cenotaph. 
 
 Mon'u-ment'al, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, inscribed 
 upon, or suitable for, a monument. 2. Serving as a 
 monument ; memorial. 
 
 MoJi'u-ment'al-ly, orft'. 1. BywayofmemoriaL 2. 
 By means of moniunents. 
 
 Mdo, V. i. [An onomatopoetic word, being an imitation 
 of the sound made by a cow.] To make the noise of a 
 cow ; to low ; — a child's word. 
 
 Mood, n. [l&t. modus. See Mode.] Manner; style; 
 mode ; logical form ; musical style ; grammatical form ; 
 manner of action or being. 
 
 Mood, n. [A.-S. mOd, mind, disposition, mood, passion, 
 Goth. mOds.] Temper of mind ; temporary state of the 
 mind in regard to passion or feeling. 
 
 Mobd'i-ly, ac/f. {^vom moody.] In a moody manner. 
 
 Mobd'i-ixess, n. The quality of being moody. 
 
 Mobd'y, a. [compar. MOODIER; si/per/. MOODIEST.] 
 [A.-S. modig, mCdeg.] 1. Indulging moods, or varying 
 and capricious frames of mind. 2. Hence, out of hu- 
 mor ; peevish ; angry ; — also, abstracted and pensive. 
 
 Syn.— Gloomy ; pensive ; sad : fretful ; capricious ; vary- 
 ing. — Mood)/ ngrees with qloowy in being an unhappy state, 
 but differs from it in expressing a wide ranpe of fitful emo- 
 tions, such as discontent, ill humor, peevishness, anger, &c. 
 Moon, n. [A.-S. mOna, Icel. mani, Goth, mcna, allied 
 to Gr. fATjVTj, Skr. mas, from ma, to measure.] 1. The 
 satellite which revolves round the earth. 2. Hence, any 
 secondary planet, or satellite. 3. A month ; a complete 
 revolution of the moon. 4. (Fort.) A crescent-formed 
 outwork. 
 
 a,e,&c.,ionfi'/ a,6, &c.,sAon;care,far,aslt,aU, what; 6re,veU, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,dc,wolf 
 
MOONBEAM 
 
 473 
 
 MORDANT 
 
 Moor-cock. 
 
 Mobn'toeain, n. A ray of light from the moon. 
 
 Mobn'-ealf (-kaf), n. 1. A monster. 3. A mole, or 
 mass of tieshy matter, generated in the uterus. 3. A 
 stupid fellow. 
 
 Mqbn'-eyed (-Id), a. 1. Having eyes affected by the 
 moon. "Z. Dim-eyed; purblind. 
 
 Mobii'isli, a. Like the moon ; variable. 
 
 Moon'llgtit (-lit), n. The light afforded by the moon. 
 
 Moon'light (-lit), a. Illuminated by the moon ; occur- 
 ring during or by moonlight. 
 
 Mdbn'sliiiie, n. 1. The light of the moon. 2. Show 
 without substance or reality. 
 
 Mdbn'- stone, n. (Min.) A nearly pellucid variety of 
 feldspar, showing pearly or opaUne reflections from 
 wUhin. [moon ; lunatic. 
 
 Mobn'-striiclc, a. Affected by the influence of the 
 
 Moon'y, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, the moon. 
 ti. Bearing a crescent. 
 
 Moor, n. [A.-S. mOr, waste land on account of water, 
 heath, or rocks, allied to Goth, marei. See Mere.] An 
 extensive waste covered with heath, and having a poor, 
 light soil, but sometimes marshy, and abounding in 
 peat ; a heath ; a fen. 
 
 Mdbi*, n. [From Lat. Maurus, a Moor, a Mauritanian, 
 Gr. Maupos-] A native of the northern coast of Africa, or 
 of the countries now called Morocco, Tunis, Algiers, and 
 Tripoli. 
 
 Moor, V. t. [imp. & p. p. moored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MOORING.] [A.-S. merran, itmerran, to hinder. See 
 Mar.] 1. (Naut.) To confine or secure, as a ship, by 
 cables and anchors. 2. To secure, 
 or fix firmly. 
 
 Moor, V. i. To be confined by cables 
 or chains. 
 
 Mobr'age, n. A place for mooring. 
 
 Mobr'-eoclc, n. ( Ornith.) The red 
 grouse or gor-cock. , 
 
 Mdbr'-f o-wl, n. ThesameasMooR- 
 
 COCK. 
 
 Moor'-game, n. Grouse ; red-game. 
 
 Mobr'-li6n, n. (OmM.) The gallinule, or water-hen. 
 See Gallinule. 
 
 Mobr'ing, n. 1. Act of confining 
 a ship to a particular place, by 
 means of anchors, &c. 3. That 
 which serves to confine a ship to a 
 place. 3. pi. Place or condition 
 of a ship thus confined. 
 
 Mobr'isli, a. 1. Marshy ; fenny ; 
 watery, 'i. Pertaining to Morocco 
 or the Moors. 
 
 Mobr'-iand, n. 1. A marsh ; low, watery ground. 
 3. Land rising into moderate, hills, foul, cold, and full 
 of bogs. 
 
 Moor'-stone, n. A species of English granite. 
 
 Mobr'y, a. Of, pertaining to or resembling, moors ; 
 marshy ; fenny ; boggy. 
 
 Mdbse, n. [A native Indian 
 name.] {Zo'dl.) An animal of 
 the deer kind, having a short, 
 thick neck, with a mane, along, 
 horny muffle, and broad slouch- 
 ing ears. The males have ant- 
 lers, branched and broadly pal- 
 mate. 
 
 Mdbse'-deer, n. The Elk. See 
 Elk. 
 
 Moot, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MOOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MOOTING.] [A.-S. motian, to meet for conversation, to 
 dispute, from mot, a meeting, allied to metan, to meet.] 
 1. To argue for and against ; to debate ; to discuss, ti. 
 ^ecijically, to propound and discuss in a mock court. 
 
 Moot, V. i. To argue or plead on a supposed cause. 
 
 Moot, a. [See supra.] Subject to argument or discus- 
 sion ; undecided ; debatable. 
 
 Moot, n. A discussion or debate ; especially, a discussion 
 of fictitious causes by way of practice. 
 
 Mdbt'-<jase, n. A point, case, or question, to be mooted 
 or debated ; a disputable case. 
 
 Mdbt'a-ble, a. Capable of being mooted or debated. 
 
 Mobt'-eourt, n. A court held for the purpose of argu- 
 ing or trying feigned cases. 
 
 Mdbt'er, n. A disputer of a mooted case. 
 
 Mdbt'-point, n. The same as MooT-CASE. 
 
 Mop, n. 1. [W. mop, mopa. Cf Lat. mappa, a nap- 
 kin.] Made of a piece of cloth , or a collection of thrums, 
 fastened to a handle, — used for washing floors. 3, 
 [Prov. Ger. m.uff', m.upf.] A grimace. 
 
 Moor-hen. 
 
 Moose. 
 
 M0p, V. t. [imp. k, p.p. MOPPED (mopt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MOPPING.] To rub or wipe with a mop. 
 
 Mop'-board, n. ( Carp.) A narrow board nailed against 
 the wall of a room next to the floor. 
 
 Mope, V. i. [imp. & p. p. MOPED (mopt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MOPING.] [Cf. D. moppen, to pout.] To be very stu- 
 pid ; to be dull ; to be spiritless or gloomy. 
 
 Mope, V. t. To make spiritless or stupid. 
 
 Mope, n. A dull, stupid person ; a drone. 
 
 Mop'ish, a. Dull; spiritless; stupid ; dejected. 
 
 Mop'isli-ness, n. Dullness ; stupidity ; dejection. 
 
 M6p'pet, n. [From Eng. mop, q. v.] A rag baby; 
 
 hence, also, in fondness, a little girl, or a woman, 
 woman. 
 
 MSp'sey, n. 1. A moppet. 
 
 A slatternly, untidy 
 
 Mo-raine', n. [Fr. Cf. Prov. Ger. mur, stones broken 
 off.] ( Geol.) A line of blocks and gravel along the sides 
 of separate glaciers, and along the middle part of gla- 
 ciers formed by the union of one or more separate ones. 
 
 Mor'al, a. [Lat. moralis, from mos, moris, manner, cus- 
 tom, habit, conduct.] 1. Pertaining to those intentions 
 and actions of which right and wrong, virtue and vice, 
 are predicated, or to the rules by which such intentions 
 and actions ought to be directed. 3. Conformed to rules 
 of right ; virtuous ; just. 3. Conformed to law and 
 right in exterior deportment. 4. Capable of moral ac- 
 tion ; subject to the moral law. 5. Calculated to serve 
 as the basis of action ; probable. 
 
 Moral philosophij, the science which treats of the nature, 
 condition, and duties of man as a moral being. —Moral sense, 
 the power of moral judgment and feeling. 
 
 Mor'al, n. 1. The doctrine or practice of the duties of 
 life ; manners ; conduct ; behavior ; — usually in the pi. 
 3, The inner meaning or significance of a fable, a narra- 
 tive, an occurrence, an experience, &c. 
 
 Mo-rale', n. [Fr.] The moral condition, or mental state, 
 as of a body of men, an army, and the like. 
 
 Mor'al-ist, n. 1. One who moraUzes or teacbes moral- 
 ity. 3. One who practices moral duties. 
 
 Mo-ra,l'i-ty, n. 1. Relation of conformity or non-con- 
 formity to the true moral standard or rule. 3. Doctrine 
 or system of moral duties; ethics. 3. Practice of the 
 moral and social duties ; external virtue. 4. A kind of 
 play, which consisted of discourses in praise of morality 
 between allegorical actors. 
 
 M6r'al-i-za'tion, n. 1, Act of moralizing. 3. Ex- 
 planation in a moral sense. 
 
 Mor'al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. moralized ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. MORALIZING.] 1. To apply to a moral purpose ; 
 to explain in a moral sense ; to draw a moral from. 3. 
 To lend a moral to. 3. To render moral or virtuous. 
 
 Mor'al-ize, v. i. To make moral reflections. 
 
 Mor'al-iz'er, n. One who moralizes. 
 
 M6r'al-ly, adv. 1. In a moral or ethical sense. 3. Ac- 
 cording to moral rules ; virtuously ; honestly. 3. Prob- 
 ably ; according to the usual course of things and hu- 
 man judgment. 
 
 Mo-rass', n. [0. Ger. morasz; L. Lat. maragium, from 
 Lat. m.are, the sea ; L. Lat., any collection of water.] A 
 tract of soft, wet ground ; a marsh ; a fen. 
 
 Mo-rftss'y, a. Marshy ; fenny. 
 
 Mo-ra'vi-an, n. {Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect 
 called the United Brethren. 
 
 Mor'bid, a. [Lat. morbidus, from morbus, disease ; 
 not souiid and healthful ; induced by a diseased or ab- 
 normal condition. 
 
 Syn.— Diseased; sickly; fXck.— Morbid is sometimes used 
 interchan^'eably with diseased, but is commonly applied, in a 
 somewhat I'echnical sen-se, to cases of a prolonged nature; as, 
 a morbid oindition of the nervous system, a morbid sensibil- 
 ity, &c. 
 
 Mor'bid-ly, adv. In a morbid or diseased manner. 
 
 Mor'bid-ne.ss, n. A state of being diseased or sickly. 
 
 Mor-bif i-e, \ a. [Lat. morbus, disease, vind/acere, to 
 
 Mor-bif' i<;-al, | make.] Causing disease ; tending to 
 produce disease. 
 
 Mor-bose', a. [Lat. m.orbosus, from morbus, disease.] 
 Proceeding from disease ; unsound ; unhealthy. 
 
 Worceau (mor-so'), n. [Fr., from morsus, a biting, bite, 
 from mordere, morsum, to bite.] A bit ; a morsel. 
 
 Mor-da'cious, a. [Lat. mordax, mordacis, fr. mordere, 
 morsum, to bite.] 1. Biting; given to biting. 3. Sar- 
 castic ; severe ; scathing. [or sarcastic quality. 
 
 Mor-da^'i-ty, n. Quality of being mordacious ; biting 
 
 MSr'dant, a. [Fr.,p. pr. of mordre, h&t. mordere, to 
 bite.] 1. Biting; caustic; sarcastic. 2. (Dyeing & 
 Calico Printing.) Serving to fix colors. 
 
 Mdr'dant, n. 1. {Dyeing & Calico Printing.) Any 
 
 food, fo^t; iiru, r^de,pull; ^ell, pliaise, call, e«lio ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, linlt ; tixiS" 
 
MORE 
 
 474 
 
 MORTIFY 
 
 sabstanet^ which serves to give fixity to dyes. 2. ( Gild- 
 ing.) Any sticky matter by which the gold leaf is made 
 to adhere. 
 
 More, n. 1. Greater quantity, amount, or number. 2. 
 Something other and further. 
 
 More, n., comp. \pcsitifc wanling : super]. MOST.] [A.-S. 
 mara, tnara, Icel. meiri, Goth. »wn^<, maiza, aUied to 
 Lat. magis.] Greater in any way, as in amount, degree, 
 quaUty, number, or the like ; sui.>erior : increased. 
 
 More, a//t". 1. In a greater quantity, extent, or degree ; 
 rather. 2. In addition ; further ; besides ; again. 
 
 Xo more, existing no longer; departed ; deceased or destroyed. 
 — The wore, to a greater degree; by an added quantity; for a 
 reason already specitied. — The more — the more, by how much 
 more — by so" much more. 
 
 Mo-reen', «. [Cf. MOHAIR.] A stout woolen stuff, 
 used for curtains, &c. 
 
 Mdr'el, /I. [SeeMORlL.] 1. An edible mushroom. 2, 
 A kind of cherry. 
 
 5Io-r61'lo. n. A variety of juicy cherry of an acid taste. 
 
 More-o'ver, adv. Beyond what has been said ; further ; 
 also; likewise. 
 
 Syn. — Besides. — Besides (ly the side oO denotes simply 
 that a connection exists between what has been said and what 
 is now to be said. —Moreover (more than all that) marks the 
 addition of something particularly important to be considered. 
 
 Mo-r6s<iue' (mo-resk'), a. [Fr., from It. moresco, from 
 Moro, a Moor.] Done after the manner of the Moors ; — 
 the same as Arabesque. 
 
 Mo-resqiie', n. A species of ornamentation used to en- 
 rich flat surfaces by the Moors, either painted, inlaid in 
 mo.saic, or carved in low i-elief ; arabesque. 
 
 Mor'ga-uslt'ie, a. [From L. Lat. morganatica, a morn- 
 ing gift, a kind of dowry paid on the morning before or 
 after the marriage, corrupt, from 0. H. Ger. morgangeba, 
 A.-S. morgejigifu, from morgen., morning, and gifu., 
 gift.] Pertaining to, or in the manner of, a kind of mar- 
 riage, between a man of superior and a woman of infe- 
 rior rank , in which neither the latter nor her children 
 can enjoy the rank or inherit the possessions of her hus- 
 band. 
 
 MSr'i-bitnd, a. [Lat. moribtindus, from moriri, to die.] 
 At the point of death ; dying. 
 
 Mci^'il, ?J. [Fr. moriUe,0. H. Ger. morhila.] A mush- 
 room of the size of a walnut, abounding with little holes. 
 
 ZUc'ri-on, n. [¥r. morion, ^^.morrion,\t. morione. Cf. 
 Sp. morra, the upper part of the head, viorro. any thing 
 round.] A kind of open helmet, without visor or beaver. 
 
 Mo-ris'co, a. The .same as MORESQUE. 
 
 3Io-ris'«o, I n. [Sp. morisco, from Moro, a Moor.] A 
 
 Mo'rislc, j thing of Moorish origin; as, (a.) The 
 Moori.'sh language, (b.) A Moorish dance, now called 
 ■morris-dance, (c.) One who dances the Moorish dance. 
 
 Morliug. n. [Fr. mort., dead, Lat. mortuus^ixova. moriri, 
 to die.] Wool plucked from a dead sheep. 
 
 Mdr'mon, n. ( Ecd. ) One of a .sect in the United States, 
 followers of one Jo.«eph Smith, who claimed to work mir- 
 acles, and to have found an addition to the Bible, en- 
 graved on golden plates, called the Book of Mormon. 
 
 Mdr'inon-i§m, n. The doctrine of the Mormons. 
 
 M6r'mon-ite, n. A Monnon. 
 
 Mdrn. n. [A.-S. morn, morgen, mergen, Icel. morgun, 
 Goth. iJiaiirgins.] 1. The first part of the day ; the 
 morning. 2. The following day ; morrow. 
 
 Mdrn'ing, n. [See .uipra.] 1. The early part of the 
 day, Yariously understood as the earliest hours of light, 
 the time from midnight to noon, from rising till dinner, 
 &c. 2. The first or early part. 
 
 Mdrn'ing, a. Pertaining to, or being in, the first part 
 or early part of the day. 
 
 Morn'ing-glo'ry, n. {Bot.) A climbing plant, having 
 handsome, funnel-shaped flowers. 
 
 Mdrn'ing-star, n. The planet Venus, when it precedes 
 the sun in rising, and shines in the morning. 
 
 Mo-roc'co, n. A fine kind of leather, prepared com- 
 monly from goatskin, and tanned with sumach ; — said 
 to be so called because first prepared by the Moors. 
 
 Mo-rose', a. [Lat. Morosus, prop, excessively addicted 
 to any particular way or habit, from Mox, Moris, man- 
 ner, habit, way of life] Of a sour temper. 
 
 Syn. — Sullen; eruff ; severe: austere ; gloomy; splenetic; 
 crabbed: cruRty; churlish; surly; ill-humored; ifl-natured. 
 
 Mo-rose'ly, adv. Sourly ; with sullen au.sterity. 
 
 Mo-rose'ness, n. Sourness of temper ; sullenness. 
 
 M6r'phi-a, ) n. [Fr. Morphine, from Gr. Mofx}>ev?, the 
 
 Mdr'phine, ( god of dreams or .sleep.] (Chf-7n.) A 
 vegetable alkaloid extracted from opium. Its salts are 
 much used in medicine as an anodyne. 
 
 I Mor-phftl'o-gy, M. [Gr. iiop<j>T^, form, and Xoyo?, dis- 
 cour.«e.] The science which treats of the ideal forms of 
 I the parts or organs in the structure of plants and animals. 
 ' Mor'rJ^e, n. The same as Morris, q. v. 
 ; M6r'ris, n. [Fr. moresqne, It. moresra. See MORISCO.] 
 j 1. A dance in imitation of the Moors, usually performed 
 j with castanets or rattles held in the hands, by a single 
 I person. 2. A dance formerly common in Kngland, usu- 
 ally joined with the May -day pageants and processions. 
 .3. A game played on a board by two persons, with nine 
 pieces each. 
 
 Mor'rov, n. [0. Eng. morice, morwening, A.-S. morgen. 
 See Morn.] 1. Morning; as, good tn'orroiv. 2. The 
 next following day. 3. The day following the present; 
 to-morrow. 
 
 Morse, n. [Russ. wor;, Lapp. wor.sA:.] ( Zoo7. ) The sea- 
 horse, or walrus. See Walrus. 
 
 M6r'sel,n. [0. Ir.7norsel,77iorcfl. See MORCEAU.] 1. 
 A bite ; a mouthful. 2. A small quantity of any thing; 
 a little piece ; a fragment. 
 
 Mort, n. [Fr. mort, death, from Lat. mors, mortis.] A 
 note or tune sounded at the death of game. 
 
 Mor'tal, a. [Lat. mortalis, from mors, mortis, death, 
 from ?noriri, to die.] 1. Subject to death. 2. Destruc- 
 tive to life ; causing or occasioning de:ith. 3. Admitting 
 death ; acces.«ible to death. 4. Hence, affecting as if 
 with power to kill ; extreme. 5 . Human ; belonging to 
 man, who is mortal. 
 Mortal foe, or enemy, an inveterate, or implacable enemy. 
 
 Mor'tal, n. A being subject to death : man. 
 
 3Ior-tai'i-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being mor- 
 tal. 2. Death ; destruction. 3. The whole sum or 
 number of deaths in a given time or a given community. 
 4. Those who are, or that which is, mortal ; the human 
 race ; humanity. 
 
 M6r'tal-ly, adv. 1. In a mortal manner: irrecovera- 
 bly. 2. In the highest possible degree ; inveterately. 
 
 Mor'tar, n. [Lat. mortariitm, A.-S. mortere.] 1. A 
 wide-mouthed vessel, in which substances are pounded 
 with a pestle. 2. (ill?/.) A short 
 piece of ordnance, for throwing 
 bombs, shells, &c., at high angles 
 of elevation. 
 
 Mor'tar, n. [Lat. mortar imn.] A 
 mixture of lime and sand with 
 water, used as a cement for unit- Mortar, 
 
 ing stones and bricks in walls. 
 
 Mort'gage (mor'gej), n. [Fr. mort-gage, from mort, Lat. 
 mortmis, dead, and gage, pledge.] 1. (Lniv.) A con- 
 veyance of property, on condition, as security for the 
 payment of a debt or the performance of a duty, and to 
 become void upon payment or performance. 
 
 G®~ It was called a mortgage (or dead pledge) because what- 
 ever profit it might yield, it did not thereby redeem itself, bat 
 became lost or deacf to the mortgager upon breach of the con- 
 dition. 
 
 2. State of being pledged. 
 
 Mdrt'gage (mor/uej), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. MORT- 
 GAGED; p. pr. & vb. 71. MORTGAGING.] 1. (Law.) 
 To grant or convey, as property, for the security of a 
 debt, or other engagement, upon a condition that if the 
 debt or engagement shall be discharged according to the 
 contract, the conveyance shall be void, otherwise to be- 
 come absolute, subject, however, to the right of redemp- 
 tion. 2. Hence, to pledge ; to make liable to the pay- 
 ment of any debt or expenditure. 
 
 M6rt'ga-gee' (mor-'ga-jee'), n. {Laio.) One to whom a 
 mortgage is made or given. 
 
 M6rt'gage-6r' (mor'gejor'), ) n. (Law.) The person 
 
 Mort'ga-ger (mor'ga-jer), I who conveys property 
 as security for debt, as above specified. 
 
 Mor-tif' er-oiis, a. [Lat. mortiftr, from mors, mortis, 
 death, and ferre. to bring.] Producmg death; deadly ; 
 fatal ; destructive. 
 
 Mor'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of mortifying, or the 
 condition of being mortified; especially, [a.) (Med.) The 
 death of one part of an animal body, while the rest con- 
 tinues to hve. (b.) Subjection of the passions and appe- 
 tites, by penance, abstinence, or painful severities in- 
 flicted on the body, (c ) Hence, generally, humiUation ; 
 chagrin : vexation. 2. That which mortifies. 
 
 Mor'ti-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, mortifies. 
 
 M6r'ti-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. mortified; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. MORTIFYING.] [Lat. mortifirare. from Lat. mors, 
 7nortis, death, and facere, to make.] 1. To destroy the 
 organic texture and vital functions of. 2. To deaden by 
 religious dbscipline, as the carnal affections, bodily app*- 
 
 »,e, &c.,/ong^,a, 6,&c.,3Aorf, care, far, ask, all, whait: 4re, veil, term; pique, firm; 86n, dr, do, T79Ut 
 
MORTIFY 
 
 475 
 
 MOTTO 
 
 tites, or worldly desires ; to abase. 3. H'ince, to affect 
 with vexation, chagrin or humiliation ; to humble. 
 
 Mdr'ti'fy, v. i. 1. To lose vitality, as flesh. 3. To 
 * practice severities and penance from religious motives. 
 3. To be subdued. 
 
 Mor'tise (mor'tis), n. [hr. mortaise, W. 
 mortals.] A cavity cut into a piece of tim- 
 ber, or other material, to receive the end 
 of another piece, made to fit it, called a 
 tenon. 
 
 Mor'tise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. mortised 
 (mor'tist); p. pr. & vb. n. MORTISING.] 
 1. To cut or make a mortise in. ti. To 
 join by a tenon and mortise. 
 
 Mort'main, n. [Fr. mort, morte, dead, 
 and main, hand.] (Laiv.) Possession of 
 lands or tenements in dead hands, or hands Mortise and 
 that can not alienate. Tenon. 
 
 M6rt'u-a-ry, n. [See infra.] 1. A customary gift 
 claimed by, and due to, the minister of a parish on the 
 death of a pai-ishioner. ii. A burial-place. 
 
 M6rt'u-a-ry, a. [Lat. mortuarivs, belonging to the 
 dead, from 'mortuus, dead.] Belonging to the burial of 
 the dead. 
 
 Mo-§a'i<!, n. [Late Gr. ixova-aiaov, /otovcetov, Lat. musi- 
 vum, from Gr. MovVeio?, belonging to the Muses.] In- 
 laid work, in which the efifect of painting is produced by 
 the use of pieces of colored stone or other hard sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Mo-§a'i€, a. Of, or pertaining to the style of work called 
 mosaic ; variegated ; tessellated ; also, composed of vari- 
 ous mati'rials or ingredients. 
 
 Mo-§a'i«, ) a. Pertaining to Moses, the leader of the 
 
 Mo-ga'i-e-al, ) Israelites. 
 
 MSg'Jem. 71- [Ar. moslem, musUm., a true believer in the 
 Mohammedan faith, from xa/,ama, to submit to God. See 
 Islam.] A Mussulman ; an orthodox Mohammedan. 
 
 Mog'lem, a. Pertaining to the Mohammedans ; Moham- 
 medan. 
 
 Mosque (m5sk), n. [Ar. masjid, from sajada, to bend, 
 bow, adore.] A Mohammedan place of worship. 
 
 Mos-qm'to (mus-k5'to), n.; pi. MOS-QUI'TOES. [Sp., 
 from mosca, Lat. musca, fly.] (Entom.) A small insect 
 of several different species, having a sharp-pointed pro- 
 boscis, by means of which it punctures the skins of ani- 
 mals and sucks their blood. 
 
 Mdss (21), n. [A.-S. meds, Icel. m.osi, allied to Lat. mtis- 
 cus.] {Bot.) An acrogenous cryptogamous plant of a 
 cellular structure, with leaves, and a distinct root. 
 
 B@~ The term moss is also popularly applied to many other 
 small cryptogamic plants, particularly lichens. 
 
 Moss, n. [0. H. Ger. & 0. D. mos.] A bog; a place 
 where peat is found. 
 
 M6ss, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MOSSED (most); p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MOSSING.] To cover with moss. 
 
 Moss'i-ness, n. State of being overgrown with moss. 
 
 M6ss'-ro§e, n. (Bot.) A variety of rose having a moss- 
 like pubescence or growth on the calyx or envelope of the 
 flower. 
 
 Moss'-trdbp'er, n. [From moss, a bog, and trooper.] 
 One of a class of marauders that formerly infested the 
 border country between England and Scotland. 
 
 Moss'y, a. [compar. MOSSIER ; superl. MOSSIEST.] 1. 
 Overgrown with moss ; abounding with moss. 3. Bor- 
 dered with moss. 
 
 Most (20), a. ; .tuperl. of more. [A.-S. miest, Goth. 
 mnist.^.] Consisting of the greatest number or quantity ; 
 greatest. 
 
 B®~ Most is used as a noun, the words part, portion, quan- 
 tity, &c., being omitted. 
 
 Most, adv. In the greatest or highest degree. 
 Mos'tie, ) n. [Eng. maul-.<ttic/c, q. v.] A painter's 
 Mos'tick, j staff or stick on which he rests his hand in 
 ^ painting. 
 
 Most'ly, adv. For the greatest part ; chiefly ; in the main. 
 Mot (mo), n. [Fr., from Lat. muttire, mutire, to mutter.] 
 
 A pithy or witty saying ; a witticism. 
 Mote, M. [A.-$i. mot.] A small particle ; a spot ; a speck. 
 Mo-tet', n. [Fr. motet, It. mottetto, diminutive of wo«o, 
 
 word, device.] (Mu.i.) A musical composition adapted to 
 
 sacred words in church stvle ; an anthem. 
 matin (21), n. [A.-S. modkdhe, mogdhe, mohdhe.] 1. 
 
 (Entom.) A lepidopterous insect, having antennae that 
 
 taper regularly to a point, chiefly of nocturnal habits. 
 
 3. That which gradually and silently eats, consumes, or 
 
 wastes any thing. [garment. 
 
 M6tli'-eat, v. t. To eat or prey opon, as a moth eats a 
 
 M6tii'er (mllth/er), n. [A.-S. mddor, Icel. mddhir, . II 
 Ger. muotar, muatar, allied to Lat. mater, Gr. /unjTijp, 
 Skr. matri. Per. mader, 0. Slav, mati, Ir. mathair.] 1, 
 A female parent ; especially, a female parent, of the hu- 
 man race. 3. That which has produced any thing; 
 source of birth or origin. 
 
 Mother Carei/s chicken (Ornith.), a small oceanic bird; the 
 stormy petrel." See Petrel. 
 
 Motii'er, a. Received by birth or from ancestors ; na- 
 tive ; natural ; also, acting the part, or having the place 
 of a mother. 
 
 Motii'er, v. i. To become concreted, as the thick mat- 
 ter of liquors. 
 
 Motii'er, n. [D. modder, moer, N. II. Ger. rhutter, allied 
 to 7nud.] A thick, slimy substance concreted in liquors, 
 particularly in vinegar. 
 
 M6tii'er-lid1>d, n. The state of being a mother. 
 
 Motii'er-in-law', n. The mother of one's husband oi 
 wife. 
 
 Motii'er-IJincl, n. The land of one's mother or parents. 
 
 Motii'er-less, a. Destitute of a mother. 
 
 M6tii'er-ly (miith/er-lj;^), a. 1. Pertaining to a mother. 
 3. Becoming a mother ; tender ; parental. 
 
 Syn. — Maternal. — Motherl//, being Saxon, is the more fa- 
 miliar word of the two when both have the same meaning. 
 Besides this, maternal is confined to the feelings of a mother 
 toward her own children, whereas motherly (mother-like) has a 
 secondary sense, as in the expression motherly care, &c., denot- 
 ing a care like that of a mother for her offspring. There is, ijer- 
 haps, a growing tendency thus to separate the two, confining 
 motherly to the latter signification. 
 
 Motii'er-ly, adv. In the manner of a mother. 
 
 Motii'er-of-pearl', n. The hard, silvery, brilliant, 
 internal layer of several kinds of shells, particularly oys- 
 ters ; nacre. 
 
 Motii'er- tongue (-tQng), n. 1 . A language from which 
 another language has had its origin. 3. One's native 
 language. 
 
 Motii'er-Ava'ter, n. The unpure residue of a liquor 
 from which crystals have been obtained. 
 
 Motii'er- •w^it, n. Native wit ; common sense. 
 
 Motlt'er-vrort (mQth'er-wQrt), n. (Bot.) An herb of 
 a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine, 
 
 Motli'er-y (miith/er-5), a. Resembhng or partaking of 
 the nature of mother ; concreted. 
 
 Motli'y, a. [compar. mothier ; superl. MOTHIEST.] 
 [From moth.] Full of moths; eaten by moths. 
 
 Mo'tile, a. [Fr. See MOTIVE.] Having powers of self- 
 motion, though unconscious. 
 
 Mo'tion, n. [Lat. motio, from movere ,motum, to move.] 
 1. Act or process of changing place ; movement. 3. 
 Appropriate movement ; manner of moving ; port ; gait ; 
 air. 3. Power of, or capacity for, moving. 4. Move- 
 ment of the mind, will, desires or passions. 5. Propo- 
 sition offered ; especially, a proposition made in a deliber- 
 ative assembly. 
 
 Mo'tion, V. i. [imp. & p. p. MOTIONED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MOTIONING.] 1. To make a significant movement 
 or gesture. 3. To make proposal ; to offer a proposition. 
 
 Mo'tion-less, a. Wanting motion ; being at rest. 
 
 Mo'tive, a. [Lat. movere, mctum, to move.] Causing 
 motion ; having power to move, or tending to move. 
 
 Mo'tive, n. 1. That which incites to action ; any thing 
 moving the will. 3. (Mus.) The theme or .subject. 
 
 Syn. — Incentive; Incitement; inducement; reason; spur; 
 stimulus: cause. — Motive is the word ordinarily used in speak- 
 ing of that which determines the choice. We call it an induce- 
 ment when it is attractive in its nature, leading us forward by 
 an apfjeal to our natural desires for good. We call it a reason 
 when it is more immediately addressed to the intellect in tho 
 form of argument. 
 
 Mo-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Power of producing motion. 3. 
 Quality of being influenced by motives. 
 
 Mot'ley, a. [W. mudliw, a changing color, fr. mudaw, 
 to move, change, and lliw, color.] 1. Variegated in 
 color ; dappled. 3. Heterogeneously made or mixed up ; 
 discordantly composite. 
 
 Mo'tor, n. [Lat.. from movere, motum, to move.] One 
 who, or that which, imparts motion ; a source or origina- 
 tor of mechanical power, &c. 
 
 Mo'tor, I a. [Lat. motorius, from motor. See supra.] 
 
 Mo'to-ry, j Giving motion ; pertaining to organs of 
 motion. 
 
 Mot'tle (mot'tl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. mottled •,p.pr.&, 
 vh. n. MOTTLING.] [From motley, q. v.] To mark with 
 spots of different color ; to spot. 
 
 M6t'to, n. ; pi. MOT'TOEg. [It. motto. See Mot.] A 
 sentence or phrase prefixed to an essay, chapter, poem, 
 and the Uke, and apposite to the subject of it. 
 
 food fo^ot; ^n, rude, p^; ^ell, (liaise, «all, eeho; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link; tibi*. 
 
MOULD 
 
 476 
 
 MUCH 
 
 Mould, Mould'er, 3Iould'y. &c. See Mold, 
 MoLDER, Moldy, &c. 
 
 Moult, V. & H. Sw Molt. 
 
 Mound, n. [A.-S. wiind, defense, protection, hand ; allied 
 to l^it. viantis, hand.] An artificial hill or elevation of 
 earth ; a raised bank ; a bulwark ; a nimpart ; also, a 
 regular and isolated hill, hillock, or knoll. 
 
 Mound. >i. [Lilt miiiuitis, ¥r. momJe, the world.] {Her.) 
 A ball or globe formiug part of the regalia of an emperor 
 or other sovereign. 
 
 Mound, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MOUNDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MOUNDING] To fortify with a mound. 
 
 Mount, n. [A.-S. mont, miint, Lat. 7}tons, montis.] 1, 
 A ma^ of earth, or etirth and rock, rising considerably 
 above the common surface of the surrounding land ; a 
 mountain. "Z. (Mil.) Means or opportunity for mount- 
 ing ; especially, a horse, and the equipments necessary 
 for a mounted horseman. 
 
 Moiuit, V. i. [imp. & p. p. MOUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MOUNTING.] [From Lat. mons, montis, mountain.] 1. 
 To rise on high ; to go up ; to ascend, 'i. To get on 
 horseback ; to leap upon any thing. 3. To amount ; to 
 count up. 
 
 Mount, I', t. 1. To get upon ; to ascend; to climb. 3. 
 To bestride. 3. Hence, to put on horseback ; to furnish 
 with horses. 4. Hence, to put on anything that sus- 
 tains and fits for use, as a gun on a carriage, a map on 
 cloth or paper; hence, to prepare for being worn, or 
 otherwise used, as a diamond by setting, &c. 
 
 To mount guard (Mil.), to take the station, and do the duty, 
 of a sentinel. 
 
 Monnt'a-ble, a. Capable of being mounted. 
 
 Mount'aiu (42), n. [Lat. mons, montis, a mountain, 
 montanus, belonging to a mountain.] 1. A large mass of 
 earth and rock, rising above the common level of the earth 
 or adjacent land ; a mount. 'Z, Something very large. 
 
 Mount'ain, a. 1, Pertaining to a mountain ; found oti 
 mountains. 3. Of mountain size ; vast. 
 
 Mount'ain-eer', n. An inhabitant of a mountain. 
 
 Mount'ain-ous, a. 1. Full of mountains. 3. Large 
 as a mountain ; huge. 
 
 Mount'e-banlt, n. [It. montimbanco, from montare, to 
 mount, Vrt, in, upon, and banco, bench.] 1. A quack- 
 doctor who vends his nostrums from a bench or stage in 
 some public place. 3. Hence, any boastful and false pre- 
 tender ; a charlatan. 
 
 Mount'ing, n. 1. Act of preparing for use, or embel- 
 lishing. 2. That by which any thing is prepared for use, 
 or set off to advantage ; embellishment. 
 
 Mourn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mourned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MOURNING.] [A.-S. murnan, meornan, Goth, maurnan.] 
 
 1. To express grief or sorrow ; to grieve ; to lament, 
 • 2. To wear the customary habit of sorrow. 
 
 Mourn, v. t. 1. To grieve for. 2. To utter in a sor- 
 rowful manner. 
 Syn. — To deplore ; lament ; bewail ; bemoan. See De- 
 
 PLOKE. 
 
 Mourn'er, n. 1. One who mourns. 2. One who fol- 
 lows a funeral in the habit of mourning. 
 
 Mourn'ful, a. 1. Full of sorrow ; expressing, or in- 
 tended to express, sorrow. 2. Causing sorrow. 
 
 Syn. — Sorrowful; lugubrious; sad; doleful; heavy; afflic- 
 tive; grievous; calamitous. 
 
 Mourn'f ul-ly, a/Jv. In a manner expressive of sorrow. 
 
 Mourn'f ul-ness, n. 1. Sorrow ; grief. 2. Appear- 
 ance or expression of grief. 
 
 Moum'ing, n. 1, Act of sorrowing; lamentation; 
 Borrow. 2. The dress or customary habit worn by 
 mourners. 
 
 Mouse, n. ; pi. Mi(pE. [A.-S. mhs, pi. mys, TceL mUs, 
 allied to Lat. mus, Gr. /xvs, Russ. & 0. Slav, myshy, 
 Skr. wfi5/!jA;a, from mush, to steal, pilfer.] (Zob7.) A 
 email rodent quadruped inhabiting houses and fields. 
 
 Mouse (mouz, 91), v. i. [imp. & p. p. moused ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. MOUSING.] 1. To watch for and catch mice. 
 
 2. To wateh for or pursue any thing in a sly manner. 
 Mouse'-hole, n. A hole which mice enter or pass ; a 
 
 very small hole or entrance. 
 
 Mons'er (mouz^er), n. One that mouses ; a cat that 
 catches mice. 
 
 Mouse'-tra.p, n. A trap for catching mice. 
 
 MouH-td<;he', n. See Mustache. 
 
 Mouth, n. [A.-S. mdclh, Icel. mudhr. Goth, munth.'i.] 
 1. The aperture between the lips; also, the cavity within 
 the lips, containing the jaw, teeth, and tongue. 2. Hence, 
 an opening ; orifice ; aperture ; as, (a. ) Of a vessel by which 
 it is filled or emptied, charged or discharged, (b.) Of any 
 
 cavity, as a cave, pit, well, or den. (c. ) The opening through 
 which the waters of any body or collection of water an- 
 discharged into another. 3. A principal speaker ; s 
 mouth-piece. 4. A wry face ; a grimace. 
 
 Moutli, V. t. [itnp. & p. p. MOUTHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MOUTHING.] 1. To chew; to devour. 2. To utt«r 
 with a voice affectedly big or swelling. 
 
 Moutli, t'. i. To speak with a full, round, or loud, af- 
 fected voice ; to vociferate ; to rant. 
 
 Mouth-ful, n.; pi. MOUTH/FUL§. 1. As much as the 
 mouth co'ntains at once. . 2, Hence, a small quantity or 
 amount. 
 
 Moutli'-pie^e, n. 1. The piece of a musical wind in- 
 strument to which the mouth is applied. 2. One who 
 delivers the opinions of others. 
 
 Mov'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being moved ; susceptible 
 o'f motion ; not fixed. 2. Changing from one time to 
 another. 
 
 Mov'a-ble, n. ; pi. MpVA-BLEg. An article of wares 
 o'f goods ; generally, in' the plural, goods ; wares ; furni- 
 ture. 
 
 Mov'a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being movable. 
 
 Mov'a-bly, adv. In a movable manner or condition. 
 
 Move (mcTov), v. t. [imp. & p. p. moved ; p. pr. & vb. 
 7i". MOVING.] [Lat. movere.] 1. To cause to change 
 place or posture in any manner ; to alter the position of; 
 to set in motion. 2. To excite to action by the presenta- 
 tion of motives ; to affect, as the mind, will, or passions. 
 3. To arouse the feelings or passions of; especially, to 
 excite to tenderness or compassion. 4. To offer formally 
 for consideration and determination, in a public assem- 
 bly. 
 
 Syn. — To stir; agitate ; trouble ; affect ; persuade ; influ- 
 ence; actuate; impel; rouse; prompt; instigate; incite; induce; 
 incline; propose; offer. 
 
 Move,^•. i. 1. To change place ; to go, in any manner, 
 from one place to another, whether by vital or mechan- 
 ical force. 2. To act mentally or spiritually. 3. To 
 change residence. 4. To bring forward a motion in an 
 organized assembly ; to make a proposal. 
 
 Move, n. 1. Act of moving ; a movement. 2. SpeciJU- 
 d'lly, the act of moving one of the pieces used in playing 
 a game, as chess. 
 
 Move'ment, n. 1. Act of moving ; change of place or 
 posture. 2. Mental action ; emotion. 3. Manner or style 
 of moving. 4. That which moves or imparts motion. 
 5. (Mus.) (a.) Rhythm. (6.) Any single strain, or part, 
 having the same measure or time. 
 
 Syn. — Motion. — Ji/o^fo?; expresses the general idea of not 
 being at rest; movement points more especially to the agent oi 
 thing that moves, or the commencement of motion ; as, the 
 movement of an army, a movement in society, &c. 
 
 Mov'er, n. 1, A person or thing that moves, stirs, or 
 changes place. 2. A motor ; motive power. 3. Specifi- 
 cally, one who offers a proposition, or recommends any 
 thing for consideration or adoption. 
 
 Mov'ing, p- a. 1. Changing place or posture ; causing 
 motion or action. 2. Exciting the passions or affections ; 
 touching ; pathetic ; affecting. 
 
 Mow (mou), n. [A.-S. muxva, muha, Low Lat. muga^ 
 mugio.] 1. A heap or pile of hay or sheaves of grain in 
 a barn. 2. The place in a bam where hay or grain is 
 stowed. 
 
 Mow (mou), V. t. To pile and stow away in a bam, v 
 hay or sheaves of grain. 
 
 Mow (mo), V. t. [imp. MOWED; p. p. MOWED or 
 MOWN ; p. pr. & vb. n. MOWING.] [A.-S. mawan, al- 
 lied to Lat. metere.] 1. To cut down with a scythe, a* 
 gra.ss. 2. To cut the grass from. 3. To cut down in- 
 di.'icriminately, or in great numbers or quantity. 
 
 Mow (mo), r. /'. 1. To cut grass. 2. To perform the 
 business of mowing. 
 
 Mow (mou), n. [Fr. moue, pouting, a wry face; 0. D. 
 mouwe, solid flesh, pulp, H. Ger. mauwe ; not from 
 mouth.] A wry face. 
 
 Mow'er (mo'er), n. One who mows. 
 
 Mox'a, n. [Probably an Oriental word.] A woolly, soft 
 substance prepared from the young leaves of certain 
 plants, and burnt on the skin to produce an ulcer; 
 hence, any substance used in a like manner. 
 
 Mr. An abreviation of 7n?5«er. See Mister. 
 
 Mrs. An abbreviation of mistress, but pronounced 
 mls'.'ns. See Mistress. 
 
 Much, a. [compar. & superl. wanting, but supplied by 
 MORE and MOST from another root.] [0. Eng. moche.^ 
 A.-S. mucel, mycel. micel. See MiCKLE.] Great in 
 quantity or amount ; long in duration ; abundant j 
 plenteous. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, Sec, short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, tgrm ; pique, firm ; son, or, dQ, i^^ 
 
MUCH 
 
 477 
 
 MULTIFID 
 
 MAch, N- 1. A great quantity ; a great deal. 3. A thing 
 uncommon, wonderful, or noticeable. 
 
 Mucli, adv. 1. To a great degree or extent ; greatly ; 
 abundantly; far. 2. Often, or long. 3. In very nearly 
 the same condition ; almost. 
 
 Mii'^id, a. [Lat. mucidus, from liat. mucus, mucus, 
 snot, 7nucere, to be moldy or musty.] Musty ; moldy ; 
 sUmy. 
 
 Mu'^i-lage, n. {L. Lat. mnccilago, from mucous, Lat. 
 OTMCiw, mucus, slime.] 1. (Chem.) One of the proximate 
 elements of vegetables. 3. An aqueous solution of gum. 
 
 Mu'^i-iag'i-noiis, a. 1. Partaking of the nature of 
 mucilage ; moist, soft, and lubricous ; slimy. 3. Per- 
 taining to, or secreting, mucilage. 
 
 Mu'^i-lJlg'i-nous-ness, n. State of being mucilaginous. 
 
 Mu-^ip'a-roiis, a. [Lat. mucus, mucus, aud parere, to 
 bring forth, produce.] Secreting or producing mucus. 
 
 Muck, n. [A.-S. mix, meox, dung, filth, allied to migan, 
 Lat. mingere, mejere, Gr. bixCxei-v, Skr. mih.] 1. Dung 
 in a moist state. 3. A mass of decaying vegetable mat- 
 ter. 3. Something mean, vile, or filthy. 
 To run a muck. See Amuck. 
 
 Muclc, V. t. To manure -with muck. 
 
 Muck'i-ness, n. The quality of being mucky. 
 
 Muck'-'worm (-wQrm), n. 1. A worm that lives in 
 muck. 3. A miser. 
 
 M«'<Jous, a. [Lat. mucosus, from mucus, mucus.] 1. 
 Pertaining to, or resembling, mucus ; shmy. 3. Secret- 
 ing a slimy substance. 
 
 Mix'<;ou.s-ness, n. The state of being mucous. 
 
 Mu'cro-nate, 1 a. [Lat. mucronatus, from m.ucro, 
 
 Mfi'-ero-na'ted, ) mucronis, a sharp point.] [Bot. & 
 Zool.) Terminating abruptly, or in short, spinous pro- 
 
 Mu'cu-lent, a. [Lat. muculentus, fr. mucus.] Slimy ; 
 moist, and moderately viscous. 
 
 Mii'-eus, n. [Lat.] (P/iys/o/.) 1. A viscid fluid secreted 
 by the mucous membrane, which it serves to moisten and 
 defend. 3. Hence, any other animal fluid of a viscid 
 quaUty. 
 
 Miid, n. [L. Ger. mudde, mudder. See Mother.] 
 Earth wet, soft, moist, and adhesive, with water. 
 
 Mud, V. t. To make turbid, or foul, with dirt; to 
 muddy. 
 
 Mud'di-ly, adv. In a muddy manner ; turbidly. 
 
 Miid'di-ness, n. Condition or quality of being muddy ; 
 turbidness. 
 
 Miid'dle, n. A state of being turbid or confused ; hence, 
 intellectual cloudiness or dullness. 
 
 Mud'dle, V. t. [unp. & p. p. muddled ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. MUDDLING.] [From ')nud.] 1. To make turbid, or 
 muddy, as water. 3. To cloud or stupefy. 
 
 Mud'dy, a. [compar. MUDDIER ; superl. MUDDIEST.] 
 [From mud.] 1. Besmeared or dashed with mud. 3. 
 Containing mud. 3. Consisting of mud or earth ; 
 gross ; impure. 4. Cloudy in mind ; dull ; heavy ; 
 stupid. 
 
 Mud'dy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. muddied ; p. pr. & vb. 
 \. muddying.] 1. To soil with mud; to dirty. 3. 
 To make dull or heavy. 
 
 Mud'- sill, 11. 1. The lowest sill of a structure, usually 
 imbedded in the soil. 3. One of the lower or laboring 
 clas.ses. [Amer.] 
 
 Mud'- wall, n. A wall composed of mud, or of materials 
 laid in niud without mortar. 
 
 JSl^u-ez'zin, n. [Ar., from azzana, to inform, from az- 
 ana, to hear, listen, from uzn, the ear.] A Mohamme- 
 dan crier of the hour of prayer. 
 
 Muff, n. [H. Ger. mu_f, Icel. miiffa, from 0. L. Ger. 
 mouive, 0. D. mauwfi, mouwe, mowe, sleeve.] A warm 
 cover for receiving the hands. 
 
 Muffin, n. [From Eng. mtcff. See supra.] A light, 
 spongy cake, circular and flat. 
 
 Muffle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. MUFFLED ; p.jrr. &c vb. n. 
 MUFFLING.] [Prov. Ger. muffeln, mvffeln, fr. muf, 
 muff, q. v.] 1. To wrap up in something that conceals ; 
 especially, to wrap, as the face or more, in thick and dis- 
 guising folds. 3. To wrap with something that dulls or 
 renders sound inaudible. [articulation. 
 
 Muffle, V. i. To speak indistinctly, or without clear 
 
 Muffle, n. [From L. Lat. muffula, muff, from the re- 
 semblance of its form . See Muff.] (Chem. &, Metal.) An 
 oven-shaped vessel, for the purification of gold and silver. 
 
 Muffle, n. The bare end of the nose between the nos- 
 trils, when covered with a mucous membrane. 
 
 Muffler, n. A cover for the face ; a wrapper enveloping 
 the head or neck, used as a part of female dress. 
 
 Miiftt, n. ; pi. Mi^F'TI^. [Ar. mufti, from fatdi, to de- 
 cide or give judgment in a lawsuit.] An ofi&cial expounder 
 of Mohammedan law in Turkey. 
 
 Mug, n. [Ir. tnugan, a mug, m,ucog, a cup.] A kind of 
 earthen or metal cup. 
 
 Mug'gy, a. [compar. MUGGIER; superl. MUGGIEST-I 
 [Prov. Eng. mug, fog ; W. niwg, smoke, mwci, fog ; 
 Icel. mugga, mist.] 1, Moist; damp; moldy. 3. 
 Moist or damp and close. 
 
 Mu-lat'to, n.; pi. mu-lat't6e§. [Sp. mulato, of a 
 mixed breed, from mulo, Lat. mulus, mule.] The off- 
 spring of a negress by a white man, or of a white woman 
 by a negro. 
 
 Mul1j6r-ry, n. [A.-S. mur, murberie, from. Lat. morum, 
 mulberry, moras, a mulberry -tree ; Gr. fji!i>pov, fjiopoy, 
 fxopea.] (Bot. ) The berry or fruit of a tree of the genus 
 Moms; also the tree it.<5elf. 
 
 Mulch (66), 71. [Allied to mull, 3.] Half-rotten straw, 
 decayed leaves or the like, strewn over the roots of plant* 
 to protect from heat or cold, to keep moist, &c. 
 
 Mftlch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mulched (mQlcht) ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. MULCHING.] To furnish with, or protect with, 
 mulch. [punishment or penalty. 
 
 M\il«t, n. [Lat. mulcta, multa.] A fine ; a pecuniary 
 Syn. — Amercement; forfeit; forfeiture; penalty. 
 
 Mul<;t, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mulcted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MULCTING.] 1. To punish by imposing a pecuniary- 
 fine ; to fine. 3. Hence, to withhold from by way of 
 punishment or discipline. 
 
 Mule, n. [Lat. mulus, A.-S. mUl, mUl-as.] 1. A quad- 
 ruped of a mongrel breed, usually generated between an 
 ass and a mare, sometimes between a horse and a she- 
 ass ; — applied also to any animal produced by a mixture 
 of different species. 3. A plant of a mongrel kind ; a 
 hybrid. 3. [Ger. muhle, mill; M. Ger. mule.] A ma- 
 chine used in spinning cotton. 
 
 Miile'-spiii'iier, n. One who spins on a mule. 
 
 Mu'le-teer', n. One who drives mules. 
 
 Mu'li-eb'ri-ty, n. [Lat. muliebritas, from mulier, a 
 woman.] 1. State of being a woman ; womanhood. 3. 
 Hence, effeminacy ; softness. 
 
 Mul'isli, a. Like a mule ; sullen ; stubborn. 
 
 Mull, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mulled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 MULLING.] [Either from Lat. mollire, to soften, or from 
 W. mwll, warm, or allied to Eng. mell, Goth, milith, 
 honey.] 1. To heat, sweeten, and enrich -svith spices. 
 3. To dispirit or deaden. 
 
 Mull, ?i. [Perhaps contracted from »no55M^. See MUSLIN.] 
 A tMn, soft kind of muslin. 
 
 Mul'lein, ) n. [Fr. molene, from mol, Lat. mollis, soft;.] 
 
 Mul'len, I (Bot.) A certain plant growing in road* 
 and neglected fields. 
 
 Mull'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, muUs. 3. A 
 vessel in which wine is mulled over a fire. 
 
 Mull'er, n. [Prov. Eng. mull, to rub, squeeze, or bruise. 
 Cf. Lat. tnole.re, to grind, ynoZam, a mill-stone.] A sort of 
 pestle of stone or glass, for grinding pigments. 
 
 Mul'let, n. [Fr. mulct, fr. Lat. 
 mullus.] (Ichth.) A fish which 
 frequents the shore, and roots 
 in the sand like a hog. 
 
 Mul'li-grutog, n. [Perh. from 
 
 Prov. Eng. mulling, p. pr. of Mullet. 
 
 midl, to rub, squeeze, puU about, and grub.] 1. A 
 
 twisting of the intestines ; colic. [Slang.] 3. Hence, 
 
 sullenness. 
 
 Miiirion (mfiFyun), n. [Perhaps from Fr. mauler, to 
 mold.] (Arch.) (n.) A slender bar or pier which forma 
 the division between the hghtsof mndows, screens, &c. 
 (b.) One of the divisions in panelings resembling windows. 
 
 Mult-an'gu-lar, a. [From Lat. muUangulus, having 
 many angles, from multus, much, many, and angulus, 
 angle.] Having many angles ; polygonal. 
 
 Mult-an'gu-lar-ly (-Sng/gu-lar-lj^), adv. With many 
 angles or corners. 
 
 Mul'ti-<;a'vous, a. [Lat. multicavirs, from mtdtus, 
 much, many, and cavum, cavus, cavity, hole.] Having 
 many cavities. 
 
 Mul'ti-den'tate, a. [Lat. m.ultus, much, many, and 
 dentatus, toothed. See Dentate.] Armed with many 
 teeth. 
 
 Murti-fa'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. multifarius, from multus, 
 much, many.] Having multiplicity; of various kinds ; 
 diversified . [ di versity . 
 
 Mul'ti-fa'ri-ous-ly, adv. With great multiplicity and 
 
 Mul'ti-fa'ri-oiis-ness, n. Multiplied diversity. 
 
 Mul'ti-fid, a. [Lat. multijidus, from multus, much. 
 
 food, fobt; liru, rude, pull; fell, fliaise, «all, e^lio; gem, get; a§; ejist; liager, link; tlii* 
 
MULTIFLOROUS 
 
 478 
 
 MUNS 
 
 many, and ./ffu/rrr , to clwivc, divide.] (Bot.) Divided 
 
 into several parts bv linear sinuses and straight margins. 
 MAI tl-f lo'roils, or Mul-tif lo-roils, o. [Lat. 7fiul- 
 
 ti's. nuich, niauv, and tios,Jioru'!, Hower.] Having many 
 
 flowers. 
 MArti-fuld, a. [lAt. muitus, much, many, and Eng. 
 
 f'o.Ui.] >lHnv times doubled : manifold. 
 Bftjil'ti-fdrm. a. [Lat. multifonnh^ fr. muitus, much, 
 
 many, And form a, shape.] Having many forms, shapes, 
 
 or appeaninces. 
 Mill ti-form'i-ty, ". Diversity of forms; variety of 
 
 sha^H's or appearances in the same thing. 
 Miil ti-iftt'er-al, a. [Lat. muitus, much, many, and 
 
 laius, lateris. side.] Having many sides. 
 Mfa ti-lin'e-al, n. [Lat. muitus, much, many, and 
 
 liiitu, line.] Having many lines. 
 Miil'ti-16€'u-lar, a. [Lat. itiultus, much, many, and 
 
 loculus, a little place, a cell.] Having many cells or com- 
 partments. 
 Mul-til'o-quen^e, »i. [Lat. ??ij<i«w.s, much, many, and 
 
 logufns, p. pr. of loqui, to speak.] Use of many words ; 
 
 talkativeness. 
 
 «"J"5-},'**"**"^"*' i «• Speaking much ; very talkative. 
 Mul-til'o-quous, j *^ ^ ' ■' 
 
 Mul-tip'a-rous!, a. [Lat. muitus, much, many, and 
 partre, to bear, produce.] Producing many at a birth. 
 
 Mul-tip'ar-tite, a. [Lat. multipartitus, fix)m muitus, 
 much, many, and partitus, divided, p. p. of partire, to 
 divide, from pars, part.] Divided into many parts. 
 
 MiU'ti-ped, n. [Lat. multipes, multipedis, from muitus, 
 much, many, and pfs, pedis, foot.] An insect having 
 
 Mu.l'ti-ped, a. Having many feet. [many feet. 
 
 Miil'ti-ple (mtll'tT-pl), a. [L. Lat. multiplus, for multi- 
 plex, q. v.] Containing more than once, or more than 
 one ; manifold. 
 
 MuJ'ti-ple, n. (3Iath.) A quantity containing another 
 a certain number of times without a remainder. 
 
 ES~ A common multiple of two or more numbers contains 
 each of them a certain number of times exactly. The least 
 common multiple is the least number that will do this. 
 
 MiU'ti-pli-^and', n. [Lat. multiplicandus, to be multi- 
 plied.] (Arith.) The number to be multiplied by another, 
 which is called the multiplier. 
 
 Mul'ti-pli-«ate, or Mul-tip'li-eate, n. [Lat. mul- 
 tiplicatus, p. p. of multiplicare. See MULTIPLY.] Con- 
 sisting of many, or more than one ; multiple ; multifold. 
 
 Mul'ti-pli-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of multiplying, or of 
 increasing number. 2. [Math.) A rule or operation by 
 which any given number or quantity may be added to 
 itself any number of times proposed. 
 
 Mu.l'ti-pli-€a'tive, a. Tending to multiply ; having 
 the power to multiply. 
 
 Miil'ti-pli-ea'tor, n. The number by which another 
 number is multiplied ; a multiplier. 
 
 Mill'ti-plif'i-ty, n. 1. A state of being multiple, mani- 
 fold, or various. 2. A collection of many objects. 
 
 Mul'ti-pli'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, multi- 
 plies. 2. The number in arithmetic by which another 
 is multiplied. 
 
 Mul'ti-ply (54), v. t. [imp. & p. p. MULTIPLIED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MULTIPLYING.] [From Lat. multiplex, 
 from TTJuZtus, much, many, and p/(care, to fold.] 1. To 
 increase in number ; to make more numerous ; to add 
 quantity to. 2. (Math.) To repeat or add to itself any 
 given number or quantity as many times as there are 
 units in any other given number. 
 
 Mul'ti-ply, V. i. 1. To become numerotis. 3. To in- 
 crease in extent and influence. 
 
 Mul'ti-tude (53), n. [Lat. multitudo, from muitus, 
 much, many.] 1. The state of being many ; numerous- 
 ness. 2. A great number of individuals. 
 
 Syn. — Throng: crowd; assembly; assemblage; common- 
 alty ; ewann ; pfjpulace ; vulgar. 
 
 Miil'ti-tu'di-na-ry, a. Multitudinous ; manifold. 
 Mul'tl-tu'di-nous, a. Consisting of, or having, the 
 
 appeanince of a multitude : manifold. 
 Mul'ti-vSlve, n. {Zo6l.) A mollusk which has a shell 
 
 of many valves. 
 Mul'ti-vftlve, ) a. [Lat. muitus, much, many, and 
 
 Mul'ti-vaiv'u-lar, ( vcdva, leaf or valve of a door.] 
 
 Having many valves. 
 Mul-t6€'u-lar, a. [Lat. muitus, much, many, and 
 
 oculus, eye. Having many eyes, or more than two. 
 Mfim, a. [Cf Mumble, Mumm.] Silent ; not speaking. 
 Mum, inter;. Be silent ; hush . 
 
 Miiin, ». [From Chr. Mumme, ^vrho first brewed it in 
 1492.] A sort of strong beer, originally introduced from 
 Brunswick, in Germany. 
 I Miim'tole, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MUMBLED; /;. pr. & vb. 
 \ M. MU.MBLING.] [T).mompelen.mom7neltn,\ce\.mumla. 
 Cf. MUM, a. and MUMP, v.] 1. To .'^peak with the lips 
 or other organs partly closed ; to mutter. 2. To eat 
 with the lips close. 
 Miim'ble, v. t. 1. To utter with a low, inarticulate 
 voice. 2. To eat with a muttering sound. 3. To sup- 
 press, or utter imperfectly. 
 MurnHbler, n. One who mumbles. 
 
 Mumm, V. t. [imp. & p. p. mummed ; p. pr. &,vb. n. 
 MU.MMING.] [N. H. Ger. jmniimeji, to mask, muffle, 
 from mumme, a mask or muffle.] To sport or make 
 diversion in a mask or disguise ; to mask. 
 j Miim'mer, n. One who mumms ; a masker : a buffoon. 
 Milm'mer-y, n. 1. Masking; sport: diversion; buf- 
 foonery. 2. Farcical show. 
 Miim'mi-f i-ca'tion, n. Act of making into a mummy. 
 Miim'tai-form, a. Resembling a mummy in form. 
 Mum'mi-f y , v.'t. [imp. & p. p. 3IUMMIFIE D : p.pr. Sc 
 vb. n. MUMMIFYING.] [Eng. mummy and Lat. /acere, 
 to make.] To embalm and dry as a mummy. 
 : Mum'my, n. [Per. in^viiyd., from 7nftw?, 7;!ow7, wax.] 
 ! A dead body embalmed and dried after the manner of 
 the ancient Egyptians ; also, a body preserved, by any 
 means, in a dry state. 
 , Miimp, V. t. {imp & p. p. mumped (84) \ p. pr. k 
 ' vb. n. MUMPING.] [Icel. mumpa, to take into the 
 mouth, fr. mumpr, curly beard.] 1. To work over with 
 the mouth : to nibble. 2. To talk imperfectly, brokenly, 
 ; or feebly. 
 
 j Miimp, V. i. 1. To move the lips with the mouth 
 i closed ; to mumble. 2. To talk imperfectly, brokenly, 
 I Mump'er, n. A beggar. [or feebly. 
 
 I Mump'isli, a. Dull ; heavy ; sullen ; sour. 
 i Mumps, n. pi. [Prov. Eng. mump, to be sulky. Cf. 
 Mump, Mumble, and Mum.] (Med.) A peculiar and 
 specific unsuppurative inflammation of the parotid 
 glands. 
 Munch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. munched (mQncht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. MUNCHING.] [Fr. manger, to eat, from Lat. 
 manducare, to chew.] To nibble ; to chew without open- 
 ing the mouth. 
 Miiiicli, V. i. To chew with closed Ijps ; to masticat*. 
 Muiich^er, n. One who munches. 
 Mun'daue,a- [Lat. 77n(ndanus,ft:orD.mitndus,t'he'^OT\di.'\ 
 
 Belonging to the world : worldly ; earthly , terrestrial. 
 Mun'di-fi-ca'tion, n. [From Lat mundijicare, to 
 make clean, fi^m mutidus, clean, and facere, to make.] 
 The act or operation of cleansing any body from dross 
 or extraneous matter. 
 Mum-dif' i-ea-tive, a. Having the power to cleanse. 
 Mun-dif i-ea-tive, n. A medicine that has the quality 
 
 of cleansing. 
 Mun-dun'gus, n. [Cf. Sp. mondongo, paunch, tripe, 
 
 black pudding.] Tobacco. [Cant.] 
 Mun'go, n. A fibrous material obtained by deviling the 
 rags or remnants of ^?ie woolen goods, as broadcloths, &«. 
 3Iu-ni9'i-pal, a. [Lat. iininicipalis, from munimpium, 
 a free town, from tnunia, official duties, and capere, to 
 take.] 1. Pertaining to a corporation or city. 2. Per- 
 taining to a state, kingdom, or nation. 
 Mu-ni^'i-pftl'i-ty, n. A municipal district. 
 Mu-nif'i-fen^e, ti. Quality of being munificent. 
 
 Syn. — Benevolence ; beneficence ; liberality ; generosity; 
 bounty ; bbunteousness. 
 
 Mii-nif' i-?ent, a. [Lat. munificus, from munus, mu- 
 neris, present, gift, and /acere, to make.] Very Uberal in 
 giving or bestowing. 
 
 Syn. — Beneficent ; bounteous ; bountiful ; liberal ; gener- 
 ous. 
 
 Mu-nif 'i-^ent-Iy, adv. In a munificent manner. 
 
 Mu'ni-ment, n. [Lat. mvniinentum, from Tnunfre. to 
 fortifj'.] 1. Act of supporting or defending. 2. A 
 stronghold; a place or means of defense. 3. (Law.) A 
 record ; title deeds and papers. 
 
 Mu-ni'tion (nish/un), n. [Lat. munitio, from munir". 
 to wall, to fortifv.] \Miatever materials are used in war 
 for defense, or for annpying an enemy ; military store.* 
 of all kinds. 
 
 Mun-jeet', n. [Hind, manjit, majith.] The root of a 
 plant brought from India, and used for dyeing, in tbt 
 place of madder. 
 
 Miing, n. [Ger. mund, Goth, munths. See MOUTH.] 
 The mouth and chaps. [ Vulgar.] 
 
 a, e, kc.,long ; &, «, kc, short ; c4re. far, ask, all, Tvhat ; 6rc, v§il, term ; plqwe, firm 86n, dr, d^, -vr^U, 
 
MURAL 
 
 479 
 
 MUSLIN 
 
 Mu'ral, a. [Lat. muralis, from mums, wall.] 1. Per- 
 taining to a wall. ^. Resembling a wall ; perpendicular 
 or steep. 
 
 Mural circle {Aatron), a graduated circle, in the plane of the 
 meridian, attached permanently to a perpendicular wall ; — 
 used for measurin}^ arcs of the meridian. 
 
 Mur'der, n. [A.-S. mor/JImr, murder, from mordh, id., 
 Gotb. maurthr, allied to Lat. mors, mortis, death, mori^ 
 moriri, to die, Skr. mri.] The act of killing a human 
 being with malice prepense or aforethought. 
 
 Mur'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. murdered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MURDERING.] 1. To kill with premeditated malice. 
 "Z, To destroy ; to put an end. to. 
 
 Syn. — To kill ; assassinate ; slay ; massacre. See Kill. 
 
 Mur'der-er, n. One guilty of murder. 
 
 Syn.— Assassin ; cut-throat; bloodshedder ; manslayer. 
 
 Mixr'der-ess. n. A woman who commits murder. 
 
 Mfir'der-oiis, a. 1. Guilty of murder. 5i. Consisting 
 in murder; accompanied with murder. 3. Fond of 
 murder. 4. Premeditating murder. 
 
 Syn. — Bloody ; sanguinary ; blood-guilty ; blood-thirsty ; 
 fell ; savage ; cruel. 
 
 M<ir'der-ous-ly, adv. In a murderous manner. 
 
 Mu'ri-ate, n. [From Lat. muria.] ( Chein.) A compound 
 formed by the union of muriatic acid with a base. 
 
 Mu'ri-a'ted, a. 1. Combined or impregnated with mu- 
 riatic acid. '^. Put in brine. 
 
 Mii'ri-S,t'i«, a. ( Cliem..) Pertaining to, or obtained from, 
 sea-salt. 
 
 Muriatic acid, an acid consisting of one equivalent of hydro- 
 gen and one of chlorine ; hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Mii'rine, a. [Lat. murinus, fr. m.iis, mouse.] Pertain- 
 ing to a mouse, or to mice ; mouse-colored. 
 
 M^irk'y, a. [compar. murkier; superl. murkiest.] 
 [A.-S. '?m/rc, Icel. myrkr^ Dark; obscure; gloomy. 
 
 Mftr'mur, n. [Lat.] J^A low, confused, and indistinct 
 sound, like tjiat of running water, "i, A half suppressed 
 complaint 
 
 Miir'niLur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MURMURED l^. pr. & 
 vb. n. MURMURING.] [Lat. murmurare , fvonrmurjnur , 
 allied to Gr. ju.opju.vpe(.i/, to roar and boil, said of water.] 
 1. To make a low, continued noise, like the hum of bees, 
 a stream of water, rolling waves, or the wind in a forest. 
 3. To utter complaints in a low, half-articulated voice ; 
 to grumble. 
 
 Mixr'iw.ur-er, n. One who murmurs. [plaints. 
 
 Miir'inur iiig-ly. adv. With a low sound ; with com- 
 
 Mu.r'niur-ous, a. Attended with murmurs ; murmuring. 
 
 Mur'rain (42), n. [From Lat. m,ori, moriri, to die.] An 
 infectious and fatal disease among cattle. 
 
 Miir'rliine (-rin), or Mur'i'hiue (-rin), a. [Lat. mur- 
 rliinus, from murrha, a kind of stone of which costly ves- 
 sels were made.] Pertaining to, or made of, a kind of 
 stone called murrim by the ancients ; — said of certain 
 vases of great beauty used by the Romans which had a 
 reputed quality of breaking if poison was mixed with the 
 liquor they contained. 
 
 Mur'za, n. The hereditary nobility among the Tartars. 
 
 Mus'€a-del, ]n. [L.L&t. muscatellum or mus- 
 
 Mtis'-ea-dine {or -dm), ) cadellmn (sc. vinum), fr. mus- 
 catiim and miiscata (sc. nux), nutmeg, Ar. inuskat, fr. Ar. 
 musk, misk, musk.] 1. A rich, spicy grape ; also, the 
 wine made from it. 2. A fragrant and delicious pear. 
 
 Miis'^le (mHs'sl), n. [Lat. musculus, a muscle, and a 
 little mouse, dim. of mics, a mouse.] 1. {Anat.) An 
 organ of motion in animal bodies, consisting of fibers in- 
 closed in their cellular membrane, and admitting of con- 
 traction and relaxation. 2. ( Conch. ) A certain bivalvu- 
 lar shell-fish. 
 
 Mus'-eo-va'do, a. [Sp. azucar mascabado, from ma.s- 
 cabar, for m.e.noscabar , to lessen, to impair, from menos- 
 cabo, diminution, deterioration, Eng. mischief. See Mis- 
 chief.] Pertaining to or characterizing unrefined or 
 raw sugar. 
 
 Mus'-eo-vy Duclc. [A corruption for m.usk-duck, q. v.] 
 {Ornith.) A species of duck larger than the common 
 duck, often raised in poultry -yards. 
 
 Mus'«u-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to a muscle, or to a sys- 
 tem or the strength of muscles. 2. Consisting of, or 
 constituting, a muscle or muscles. 3. Performed by', or 
 dependent on, a muscle or the muscles. 4. Well fur- 
 nished with muscles ; brawny : strong ; powerful. 
 
 Mus'«u-lJlr'i-ty. n. The stat« of being muscular. 
 
 Mus'-eu-loiis, a.' Muscular. [Obsolescent.] 
 
 Mu§e, V. i. [imp. & p. p. mused ; p. pr. & vb. n. mus- 
 ing.] [0. H. Ger. mozon, muozon, to be idle, m.oza, 
 muoza, musze, idle or vacant time, leisure. Cf. AMUSE. 1 
 
 1. To think closely ; to study in silence. 2. To be ab- 
 sent-minded. 
 Syn.— To ponder; consider; meditate: ruminate. See Poir- 
 
 DEK. 
 
 Muge, V. t. To think on ; to meditate on. [mind. 
 
 Muge, n. Deep thought; hence, sometimes, absence of 
 
 Muge, n. [Lat. musa, Gr. /aovo-a, prob. from /aam, to 
 seek out, invent, create.] (Myth.) One of the nine fa- 
 bled goddesses who preside over literary, artistic, and 
 scientific matters and labors ; a genius of art, literature, 
 or music. 
 
 Muge, n. [See MUSET.] A gap in a hedge, fence, wall, 
 or the like, through which a wild animal may pass; a 
 muset. 
 
 Mug'er, n. One who muses ; an absent-minfled person 
 
 Mu'get, n. [0. Fr. musette, dim. of musse, fr. musser, mu- 
 cer, mucier, tnucher, to conceal, hide.] A gap in a hedge, 
 fence, or thicket, through which an animal passes ; a muse. 
 
 Mu-ge'uni (124), n. [Lat. tniiseum, Gr. y-ovaelov, temple 
 of the Muses, hence a place of study.] A collection of nat- 
 ural, scientific, or literary curiosities, or of works of art. 
 
 Miisli, n. [0. H. Ger. muos, muas, moas, mos, pap, any 
 thick preparation of fruit.] Indian meal boiled in water. 
 
 Miisli'robm, n. [Fr. moiisseron, from77iousse, moss, be- 
 cause it grows in it.] 1. (Bot.) One of a large class of 
 cryptogamic plants of the natural order of Fungi. The 
 name is sometimes popularly restricted to such species as 
 are used as food. 2, An upstart. 
 
 Muslx'robm, a. Pertaining to mushrooms ; short-lived; 
 ephemeral. 
 
 Mu'gi*, n. [Lat. musica, Gr. /otovo-iK^, (sc. re'xi^), any art 
 over which the Muses presided, esp. music] 1. Melody 
 or harmony ; a succession of sounds so modulated as to 
 please the ear. 2. Science of harmonical sounds. 3. 
 Art of combining sounds in a manner to please the ear. 
 
 Mu'gi-e-al, a. 1. Belonging or relating to music. 2, 
 Producing or containing music. 3. Pleasing to the ear ; 
 melodious ; harmonious. 
 
 Musical glasses, a musical instrument, consisting of a num- 
 ber of glass goblets, played upon with the end of the finger 
 damped. 
 
 Mu'gi€-al-ly, adv. In a melodious or harmonious man- 
 ner. 
 
 Mu'gi«-al-ness, n. The quality of being musical. 
 
 Mu-gi'ciau (-zTsh'an), n. One skilled in the art or sci- 
 ence of music. 
 
 Musk, n. [Lat. museus, Gr. fioaxos, Ar. musk,m.isk, 
 from Skr. mushka, testicle.] A substance obtained from 
 a bag behind the navel of the male musk-deer. It is re- 
 markable for its intensely powerful and enduring odor. 
 
 Musk'-deer,»t. (Zo'dl.) A hornless deer found in Thibet 
 and Nepaul. The male produces the substance known 
 as musk. 
 
 Miis'ket, n. [L. Lat. muscheta, m.uschetta, a missile dis- 
 charged from a ballista, from L. Lat. muschetus, musce- 
 tus, a kind of hawk or falcon, from Lat. musca, a fly, 
 because its breast is marked with spots looking Hke flies.] 
 A kind of fire-arm discharged by a percussion-lock. 
 
 Mus'ket-eer', n. A soldier armed with a musket. 
 
 Mus'ket-obn', n. 1. A short musket. 2. One who is 
 armed with such a musket. 
 
 Mus'ket-ry, n. Muskets in 
 general or collectively. 
 
 Musk'i-ness, n. Quality of 
 being musky. 
 
 Musk'-mel''on,n. A delicious 
 species of melon ; — so called 
 from its musky fragrance. 
 
 Miisk'-ox, n. (Zool.) A bo- 
 vine ruminant Avhich inhabits 
 the country about Hudson's 
 Bay. It has large horns turn- 
 ing downward and outward on each side of the head. 
 
 Musk'-rat, n. {Zo'dl.) A rodent -s^Ss;^-^:;.^^^ 
 animal, allied to the beaver, but 
 about the size of a cat, having a 
 strong, musky smell. It is a na- [ 
 tive of North America. 
 
 Musk'y, a. Having the odor of 
 musk ; fragrant. 
 
 Miig'liii, n. [Fr omMossotd, a city 
 of Mesopotamia, where it was first 
 manufactured.] A thin cotton 
 cloth, of any kind ; — sometimes restricted to a kind of 
 cotton gauze. 
 
 Muslin de laine [Fr. mousseline de Zaine, woolen muslin], a 
 woolen fabric of light texture, used for ladies' dresses, &c. ; 
 also, a like fabric of cotton and wool. 
 
 Musk-ox. 
 
 Musk-rat. 
 
 food,fc>bt; Arn, rude, pull; ^ell, (liaise, «all, e«lio; gem, g:et ; ag ; e$ist; ligger, link ; this. 
 
MUSQUASH 
 
 480 
 
 MYRIAGRAM 
 
 Mfts'quasli, n. [The Indian name.] The same as 
 MrsK-KAT, q. V. 
 
 Mils'quet (uius'ket), n. St>e Musket. 
 
 Mi&s-qui'to {uuis-ke''to), n. See MOSQUITO. 
 
 Milg'role, »i. [Vr. miiserollc, from ymiseaii, a muzzle, fr. 
 Lat. momiis, bite, that which one bites, from mordere, 
 vtorsuni, to bite.] The nose-band of a horse's bridle. 
 
 MAss, N. [0. Fr. tnoiisrlie, a tly, a scramble, from Lat. 
 tnii.trn, a tly.] A confused struggle. 
 
 Mils's«'I, n" [Written also wn/sc/f.] {Zool.) A marine 
 biTalve shell-tish having a shining surface. 
 
 Mas'sul-inau. ». .■ pi- mT'S'sul-mans. [From Ar.mos- 
 ieftniiia. pi. of innsle/n, 7niixli>n. See MOSLEM.] A Mo- 
 hammedan , or follower of Mohammed ; a Moslem. 
 
 Mfis'sxil-man'Jsh, a. Mohammedan. 
 
 Mil$t. c. »". or auxiliary. [0. Sax. mOste, Goth, motan.] 
 1. To be obliged ; — expressing both physical and moral 
 necessity. 2. To be necessary or essential to the character 
 or end proposed. 
 
 Mu.*t, «. [From Lat. muatwn (sc. vinum), from mustus, 
 young, new, fresh.] Wine pressed from the grape, but 
 not fermented. [to become fetid. 
 
 Mii^it. V. i. [Cf. Moist.] To grow moldy and sour ; 
 
 Mus-ta^-lie'(mus-tash''); pi. MUS-TAgH/Eg, fr. Gr. ij.vcr- 
 ra4, upper lip and the beard upon it.] That part of the 
 beard which grows on the upper lip. 
 
 Mus'tang, n. The wild horse of the prairies in Mexico, 
 California, &c. 
 
 Miis'tard, n. [From Lat. mustnm, must, because it is 
 mixed with it.] (Bot.) A plant and its pungent seeds, 
 which, ground into powder, form a well-known con- 
 diment. 
 
 Mus-tee', n. [Cf. Mestizo.] The child of a white 
 person and a quadroon. 
 
 Miis'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. MUSTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 7j. MUSTERING.] [Lat. mons^rare, to show.] 1. To as- 
 semble, as troops for parade, inspection, exercise, or the 
 Uke. 'Z, Hence, generally, to gather for use or exhi- 
 bition ; to get together. [body. 
 
 Mus'ter, v. i. To come together as parts of a force or 
 
 Miis'ter, n. 1, An assembling of troops for review and 
 inspection, for parade, &c. 2. Hence, assemblage and 
 display ; gathering. 
 
 Topass muster, to pass without censure through a muster or 
 inspection. 
 
 Mus'ter-mas'ter, n. {Blil.) One who takes an account 
 
 of troops, and of their arms and other military apparatus. 
 
 Mu.s'ter-roll, n. {Mil.) A roll or register of the men in 
 
 each company, troop, or regiment. 
 Mxist'i-iiess, n. Quality of being musty or sour. 
 Miist'y, a. [compar. MUSTIER ; superl. MUSTIEST.] 1. 
 Moldy ; sour : foul and fetid. 2. Spoiled by age. 3. 
 Dull : heavy ; spiritless. 
 Mii'ta-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of bemg subject to change 
 or alteration, either in form, state, or e.ssential qualities ; 
 changeableness ; inconstancy. 
 Mu'ta-ble, a. [Lat. mutabilis, from miitare, to change.] 
 1. Capable of alteration ; subject to change. 2. Sus- 
 ceptible of change ; inconstant. 
 
 Syn.— Changeable; alterable; unstable; unsteady; unset- 
 tled; wavering; variable; irresolute; fickle. 
 Mu'ta-ble-ness, n. The quality of being mutable. 
 Mu-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or process of changing. 2. 
 
 Change ; alteration, eithei \n form or %uaUties. 
 Mute, a. [hat. mutus.] 1. Restrained from speaking; 
 uttering no sound. 2. Incapable of speaking. 3. Not | 
 uttered ; unpronounced ; silent ; also, produced by com- 
 plete closure of the mouth-organs ; entirely interrupting 
 the pai5sage of breath ; — said of certain letters. 
 
 Syn. — Silent; dumb. — One is silent who (Joes not speak; 
 °?-^i ,"*,''""<^ *bo can not, for want of the proper organs, as a 
 child born dumb, a rlurnh beast, &c. : one is nntte who is held 
 back- trorn speaking hy some special cause, as, he was mute 
 through fear, mute astonishment, &c. Such is the case with 
 moKt of those who never speak from childhood; they are not 
 ordinarily dumb, but mute because they are deaf, and therefore 
 never learn to talk; and hence their more appropriate name is 
 aeaf-riiutes. 
 
 Mute, n. 1. One who is silent or speechless, from what- 
 ever caufe i — sptcifically, (a.) One who, from deafness, 
 is unable to use articulate language. (6.) A person em- 
 ployed to stand before the door of a house in which there 
 is a corpse, (c.) A dumb attendant, especially of a se- 
 raglio. 2. (Gram.) (a.) A letter which represents no 
 sound ; a silent letter, (b.) An element of speech formed 
 by a position of the mouth-organs which stops the pas- 
 sage of the breath entirely ; a.sp, b, d, g, k, t. 
 
 Mute, V. i. [Fr. mutir, to dung, allied to Eng. mud, q. t.] 
 To eject the contents of the bowels, as birds. 
 
 Miite, V. t. To cast off ; to shed ; to molt. 
 
 Miite'ly, adv. Without uttering words or sounds. 
 
 Mute'ness, n. Forbearance of speaking ; silence. 
 
 Mu'ti-late, V. ^ [imp. & p. p. mutilated; p. pr. tt 
 vb. n. MUTILATING.] [[-at. mulilare, mutilatum, traax 
 mutilus, niaimed, Gr. fiUTiAos, (xitvXos.] 1. To cut off si 
 limb or essential part of; to maim ; to cripple. 2. To 
 destroy or remove a material part of, so as to render im- 
 perfect^ [mutilated. 
 
 Mu'ti-la'tion, n. Act of mutilating, or state of being 
 
 Mii'ti-la'tor, n. One who mutilates. 
 
 Mu'ti-neer', n. [See Mutiny.] One guilty of mutiny; 
 a sailor or soldier who rises in opposition to the authority 
 of the officers. 
 
 Mu'ti-nous, a. Disposed to mutiny ; turbulent. 
 
 Mu'ti-nous-ly, adv. In a mutinous manner. 
 
 Mu'ti-nous-ness, n. Quality or state of being mutinous. 
 
 Mu'ti-ny, n. [From L. Lat. movita, from movitus, for 
 
 Lat. mollis, p. p. of movere, to move.] 1. Insurrection 
 
 against constituted authority, particularly military or 
 
 naval authority. 2. A'iolent commotion ; tumult ; strife. 
 
 Syn. — Insurrection; revolt; uprising; rebellion. 
 
 Mu'ti-ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. mutinied ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MUTINYING.] To rise against lawful authority, espe- 
 cially in military and naval service ; to revolt against 
 rightful authority. 
 
 Mtit'ter, r. i. [imp. & p. p. muttered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. muttering.] [La-t. muttire,mutire.'\ 1. To utter 
 words with a low voice, with sullenness or in complaint; 
 to grumble ; to murmur. 2. To sound with a low, rum- 
 bling noise. 
 
 Mut'ter, V. t. To utter with imoerfect articulations, or 
 with a low, murmuring voice. 
 
 Mut'ter, n. Repressed or obscure utterance. 
 
 Miit'ter-er, n. One who mutjers ; a grumbler. 
 
 Miit'ton (mfit'tn), n. [Fr. r^fton, 0. Fr. muton, mul- 
 tun, fi-om Lat. mutilus, mutilated, with / transposed.] 
 The flesh of sheep, raw or dressed for food. 
 
 Mut'tou-chop, n. A rib of mutton for broiling, having 
 the bon'(^cut, or chopped, at the small end. 
 
 Mut'u-al (mut'yii-al). a. [Lat. miituus, fi-om mutare, to 
 change.] Reciprocally acting or related ; reciprocally 
 given and received. 
 
 Syn. — Reciprocal ; interchanged ; common.— Common is 
 applied to that which belongs alike, or in common, to the par- 
 ties concerned; as, our common coutitri/, a common friend. 
 Mutual implies an interchange of the thing spoken of between 
 the parties; as, ww^uaZ friendship. Hence, to speak of " a nm- 
 tualinenA" {a& if a friend could be interchanged) is a gross 
 error; while it is proper to speak of having a ww^?/a< desire to 
 promote the interests of a common friend of our common 
 country. 
 
 Mut'u-ai'i-ty, n. Quality of correlation ; reciprocation; 
 interchange. 
 
 Mut'u-al-ly, adv. In a mutual manner. 
 
 Mut'ule, n. [Lat. mutvlus.] 
 (Arch.) A projecting block 
 worked under the corona of the Mutule. 
 
 Doric cornice, in the same situation as the modillion of 
 the Corinthian order. 
 
 Miiz'zle, n. [L. Lat. mvsellus, musfllum. See Mus- 
 ROLE.] 1. The projecting mouth and nose of an ani- 
 mal. 2. The mouth of a thing. 3. A fastening for the 
 mouth which stops biting. 
 
 Miiz'zle, v. t. [imp. &, p. p. MUZZLED; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. MUZZLING.] To bind the mouth of so as to prevent 
 biting or eating. [attributively. 
 
 My (35), a. [See Mine.] Belonging to me ; — used always 
 
 My-eol'o-gy, w. [Gr. ^v»ojs, fungus, and Ao-yos, dis- 
 course.] That branch of natural science which relates 
 to the fungi or mushrooms. 
 
 Myn-heer', n. [D., my lord or master.] Sir; Mr. ; — 
 the ordinary title of address among the Dutch ; hence, a 
 Dutchman. 
 
 My-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. /mv?, ju.v6s, muscle, and Adyo?, dis- 
 course.] (Anat.) A description of the muscles of the hu- 
 man body. 
 
 My'ope, n. [Gr. fivui\jj, /hucottos, from fiveiv, to close, shul 
 the eyes, and toxp, wtto?, the eye, from the root ott, to see.J 
 A short-sighted person. 
 
 My'o-py, n. [Gr. fj-vunCa. See supra.] Short-sightedness. 
 
 Myr'i-ad, n. [Gr. fxvpids, ixvpidSo?, from /xvptos, num- 
 berless, pi. /uivpiot, ten thousand.] 1. The number of 
 ten thousand. 2. An immense number ; an indefinitely 
 large number. 
 
 Myr'i-a-grJiin, n. [Fr. myriagramme, from Gr /xvpioi, 
 ten thousand, and ypdufxa, the twentv-fourth part of an 
 ounce.] A French weight equal to 10,000 grams, or ten 
 kilograms, or 22.0485 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 a, e, &c., lovff; &, «, &c., short; cAre, far, ask, aU, what ; 6re, TeU, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, d<j, W9II, 
 
MYRIAGRAMME 
 
 481 
 
 NAIVETE 
 
 Myrictgramme (me're-a'gram' 
 
 I AG RAM. 
 
 n. [Fr.] Same as Myr- 
 
 Myr^i-ai'l-ter, or Myr'i-a-li'ter, n. [Fr. myrialitre, 
 from Gr. fjivpioi, ten thousand, and Kirpa, a certain coin 
 and weight. See Liter.] A French measure of capacity 
 containing 10,000 liters, — equal to 2641.4 American gal- 
 lons, or nearly 42 hogsheads. [lALITER. 
 
 M^i/inalitre (me're-a-15'tr), n. [Fr.] The same as Myk- 
 
 M^'i-am'e-ter, or Myr'i-a-me'ter, n. [Fr. myrta- 
 metre, from Gr. /otvpioi, ten thousand, and ixerpop, 
 measui'e. See METER.] A French measure of length, 
 being 10,000 meters, equal to 6.2134 American miles, or 
 6.21382 English miles. [Mvriameter. 
 
 Myriametre (me're-a^ma'tr), n. [Fr.] The same as 
 
 Myr'i-a-p6d, n. [Gr. /xvpioi, ten thousand, and ttovs, 
 iroSos, foot.] (Zo'dl.) An air-breathing, vermiform, 
 articulate animal, having many jointed legs and a hard 
 external skeleton. 
 
 My Hare (me're-ar'), n. [Fr., from Gr. javpiot, ten thous- 
 and, and Fr. are, a hundred square meters.] A French 
 measure of surface, containing 10,000 ares, equal to 247.- 
 085 American acres, or 247. 1143 English acres 
 
 Myr'i-o-ra'ina, or Myr'i-o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. fivpto^, 
 numberless, and opa/oia, a sight, from bp^v, to see.] A 
 picture made up of several smaller pictures, which admit 
 of combination in many different ways, thus producing a 
 great variety of scenes. 
 
 Myr'mi-don (m5r/-), n. [Lat. Myrmidones, Gr. Mvpfii- 
 Soveg, pi.] One of a tribe or troop who accompanied 
 Achilles to the war against Troy ; hence, a soldier of a 
 rough or desperate character. 
 
 My-r6b'a-l{in, I »i. [Gr. jw.vpo/SaA.ai'o?, from p.vpov, any 
 
 My-r6b'o-lS,ii, ) sweet juice of plants, any prepared 
 unguent or sweet oil, and /SaA-avo?, an acorn or any similar 
 fruit.] A dried fruit much resembling a prune, obtained 
 from the East Indies and South America. 
 
 Myrrli (mer), n. [Lat. myrrka, Gr. ixvp'pa., Heb. mor, Ar. 
 murr, fr. Heb. mar, Ar. murr, bitter, fr. marra, to be bit- 
 ter.] A transparent gum-resin, usually of an amber color, 
 of an aromatic odor, and a bitter, slightly-pungent taste. 
 
 Myr'rliiiie,a. [hs,t. myrrlnnus,fov murrhinus.] Made 
 of the murrhine stone, or fluor-spar. 
 
 Myr'ti-form (mer'-), a. [Lat. myrtus, myrtle, and /or- 
 ma, shape.] Resembling myrtle or myrtle-berries. 
 
 Myr'tle (mer'tl), n. [Lat. myrlus, Gr. jixvpTO?, from Per. 
 miird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of several species. The 
 common myrtle rises, with a shrubby, upright stem, 
 eiglit or ten feet high. The ancients considered it sacred 
 to Venus. 
 
 My-self, pron. I or me ; — used for emphasis, my oivn 
 selfov person ; — used also instead of me, as the object of 
 the first person of a reflexive verb, without emphasis. 
 
 Mys'ta-gogue, n. [Gr. /xvo-ray wyos, from jmva-njs, one 
 initiated in mysteries, and a-yto-yos, leading, a leader, fr. 
 ayeiv, to lead.] 1. One who interprets mysteries. 2. 
 One who keeps and shows church relics. 
 
 Mys-te'ri-otis, «.• Relating to, partaking of the nature 
 
 of, or containing, mystery ; difficult or impossiole to un- 
 derstand. 
 
 Syn. — Obscure ; secret ; occult ; dark : mystic; cabalistic; 
 enigmatical; unintelligible; incomprehensible. 
 
 Mys-te'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a mysterious manner. 
 
 Mys-te'ri-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being mysterious. 
 
 Mys'ter-y, n. [Lat. m.ysterium, Gr. p-va-rfipiov , from 
 p.velv, to initiate into the mysteries, fr. p.veiv, to shut the 
 eyes.] 1. A profound secret : hence, specifically , that 
 which is beyond human comprehension until explained. 
 ^. Any thing artfully made difficult. 3. A trade; a 
 calling ; any mechanical occupation. 4. A kind of rude 
 drama, of a religious character. 5. pi. A kind of secret 
 religious celebrations, to which only initiated persons 
 were admitted. 
 
 Mys'ti-e, n. One who holds to mysticism. 
 
 Mys'ti«, ) a. [Lat. mysticus, Gr. /ava-rtKos, belonging 
 
 Mys'ti«-al, ) to secret rites, from ju.uo-tijs. See supra.'\ 
 1. Remote from human comprehension ; obscure, ti. Im- 
 porting or implying mysticism ; involving some secret 
 meaning ; allegorical ; emblematical. 
 
 Mys'ti<!-al-ly, adv. In a manner or by an act implying 
 a .secret meaning. 
 
 Mys'ti«-al-iiess, n. Quality of being mystical. 
 
 Mys'ti-^igm, n. 1. Obscurity of doctrine. 2. {Eccl. 
 Hist.) The doctrine of the Mystics, who maintain that 
 they have direct intercourse with the divine Spirit, and 
 acquire a knowledge of spiritual things unattainable by 
 the natural intellect. 
 
 Mys'ti-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of involving in mystery ; also, 
 something designed to mystify. 
 
 Mys'ti-fy, v. t. [ivxp. & p. p. mystified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. MYSTIFYING.] [Gr. |u,vaTrjs, and Lat. /acer'', to make.] 
 To involve in mystery so as to mislead ; to perplex pur- 
 
 Myth, n. [Gr. fivflos.] A fabulous statement or narra- 
 tive, conveying an important truth, generally of a moral 
 or religious nature. 
 
 Mytli'i-e, I a. Relating to myths ; described in a myth ; 
 
 Myth'ic-al, ) of the nature of a myth. 
 Syn. — Fabulous; imaginary; fanciful. 
 
 Mytli'ic-al-ly, adv. In a mythical way or manner. 
 
 My-tliog'ra-pliei', n. [Gr. fxv0oyp6.<^o^, from /u.v0o?, 
 fable, and ypdc^eiv, to write.] A composer of fables. 
 
 Myth.'o-log'i'C, \a. Relating to mythology; fab- 
 
 Mytli'o-16g'i€-al, ) ulous. 
 
 My-tliol'o-gist, n. One versed in mythology ; one who 
 writes on mythology. 
 
 My-thol'o-gize, v. i. To relate or explain the fabulous 
 history of the heathen. 
 
 My-tli6I'o-gy, n. [Gr. fxvQoKoyCa, from |u.u0os, fable, and 
 Aoyos, speech, discourse.] 1, The science treating of 
 myths ; a treatise on myths. 2. A collective body of 
 myths. 
 
 N. 
 
 N(en), the fourteenth letter of the English alphabet, and 
 the eleventh consonant, is a semi-vowel and a nasal. 
 See Principles of Pronimciation, §§ 81-83. 
 
 NabjU. t. [i7?ip. & p. p. nabbed'; p. pr. & vb. n. NAB- 
 BING.] [D. & Ger. knappen. See Knab.] To catch 
 suddenly. 
 
 NaHbob, n. [Hind, nawwab, from Ar. nuwwab, plural of 
 nayib, a vicegerent, governor, from naba, to take one's 
 turn.] 1. A deputy or viceroy in India. 2. One who 
 returns to Europe from the East with immense wealth ; 
 and generally, a very rich man. 
 
 Na,-e'a-rat, n. [Fr., from Sp. nacar, mother of pearl, fr. 
 Ar. nakir, digged, hollowed, nukrat,a, small hollow.] 1. 
 A pale red color, with a cast of orange. 2. Fine linen 
 or crape of this color. 
 
 Na'-ere (na^ker), n. [See supra.] A beautiful iridescent 
 substance which lines the interior of some shells ; mother- 
 
 . of-pearl. 
 -Na'-ere-ous, a. Consisting of, or resembling, nacre. 
 ^Na'dir, n. [From Ar. nadir, nazir, opposite, from nnz- 
 ara, to be like, opposite, to look toward.] 1. That point 
 of the heavens directly opposite to the zenith. 2. 
 Hence, the lowest point. 
 
 Nag, 71. [D. negge, allied to M. H. Ger. negen, A.-S. 
 
 hnsegan, to neigh.] A small horse ; a pony ; hence, any 
 horse. 
 
 Na'iad (na'yad), n. [Lat. naias, na'is, Gf. p-aloi?, vais, 
 from vdeiv, to flow.] (Myth.) A female deity, fabled to 
 preside over rivers and springs. " 
 
 Nail, n. [A.-S. nagel, Icel. nagli, n'dgl, allied to Skr. 
 nakha, nakhara, Gr. 6-vv^, gen. ovuxo?, Lat. unguis.] 
 1. The horny scale growing at the end of the human 
 fingers and toes. 2. The claw or talon of a bird or other 
 animal. 3. A kind of metal pin to fasten boards, tim- 
 bers, &c., together, and for other purposes. 4. A 
 measure of length, being two inches and a quarter. 
 
 Nail, V. t. [imp. & p. p. nailed ; p pr. Sc vb. n. NAIL- 
 ING.] 1. To fasten with a nail or nails. 2. To fasten, 
 as with a nail ; to fix ; to catch ; to trap. 
 
 Nail'er, n. One whose occupation is to make nails. 
 
 Nail'er-y, n. A manufactory where nails are made. 
 
 Naiii-soblc', n. A thick sort of jaconet muslin, plain or 
 striped, formerly made in India. 
 
 Naive (na'Sv'), a. [Fr. natf, naive, fr. Lat. nativus, in- 
 nate, natural, from nasci, natus, to be born.] Having 
 native or unaffected simplicity ; ingenuous. 
 
 Kaivet6 (na'Sv^ta'), n. [Fr. See supra.] Native sim- 
 pUcity ; unaffected ingenuousness. 
 
 food, f<^t 
 
 tirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, eall, eclio ; gem, get ; ag 
 
 ejist ; liJiser, linlc ; tiiis- 
 
NAKED 
 
 482 
 
 NASTY 
 
 Na'ked (60), a. [A.-S. nacort -.mcfd, Goth, nagaths, al- 
 lied to :*kr. na^ta.] 1. Having no clothes on ; uncovered ; 
 l>are ; uude. 'i. Hence, unarmed : defenseless. 3. Open 
 to view; manifest; plain. 4. Without addition, exag- 
 gemtion, excuses, or the hke. 5. Destitute, unaided: 
 bare. 6. Mere; simple. 7. (Bot.) Without pubescence. 
 S. (.1/Mv<.) Not having the full complement of tones. 
 X<ii\J (ije, the eye alone, unaided by glasses. 
 
 Na'ked-ly, aiiv. In a naked manner ; simply ; barely. 
 
 Ka'kod-iiess, «. The condition of being naked. 
 
 Naiu'a-ble, a. Capable of being named. 
 
 Nftiu'by-pftni'by, ". [From Ambrose Phillips, an au- 
 tlior distinguished for his affected simplicity and pretti- 
 nesses of expression.] That which is weakly sentimental, 
 or affectedly pretty. 
 
 Nim'by-phni'by, a. AVeakly and affectedly sentimental. 
 
 Kanie, n- [A.-S.'natyia, Goth, namo^ Icel. nafn^ for nu- 
 tnan, allied to Skr. naman, Lat. noirien, Gr. ovofia, from 
 Goth. 7iiman, Slav, imati, to take.] 1. The title by 
 which any person or thing is known or spoken of. ti. Re- 
 puted character ; reputation. 3. Exalted reputation ; 
 renown ; celebrity ; eminence. 4. Memory ; remem- 
 brance. 5. A race ; family. 6. A person. 
 
 Christian name, the name a person receives by baptism, as 
 distinguished from surname. — In the name of, in behalf of; by 
 the authority of ; in the assumed character of. 
 
 Syn. — Appellation; title; denomination; epithet. —iVame is 
 generic, denoting that combination of sounds or letters by 
 which a person or thing is known and distinguished. Appel- 
 lation, though sometimes put for name sinipfy, denotes, more 
 properly, a descriptive term, used by way of marking some indi- 
 vidual peculiarity or characteristic ; as, Charles the Bold, Philip 
 the Stammerer. A title is a term employed to point out one's 
 rank, office, &c.; as, the i)«X:e of Bedford, Paul the Apostle, 
 &c Denomination is to particular bodies what appellation is to 
 individuals; thus, the church of Christ is divided into different 
 denominations, as Congregationalists, EpiscopaUans, Presbyte- 
 rians, &c. 
 
 Name, v. t. [imp. & p. p. named ; p. pr. & vb. n. nam- 
 ing.] 1. To give an appellation to. 2. To mention by 
 name. 3. To designate for any purpose by name. 
 
 SjTi. — To denominate; style; term; call; mention; specify; 
 designate; nominate. 
 
 Name'less, a. 1. Without a name. 3. Hence, vindis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 Name'ly, a/lv. To wit ; that is to say ; to particularize. 
 
 Name'sake, rt. One that has the same name as another ; 
 especially, one named out of regard to another. 
 
 Nan-keen', n. [So called from its being originally man- 
 ufactured at Nankin, in China.] A species of yellowish 
 cotton cloth, of a firm texture, originally brought from 
 China. 
 
 Nap. V. i. [imp. & p. p. NAPPED (napt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 NAPPING.] [A.-S. hndppian, /mappian.] To have a 
 short sleep ; to be drowsy ; to doze. 
 
 Nap, n. [A.-S. hnoppa.] Woolly or villous surface, as of 
 felt, of cloth, of some plants, and the Mke. 
 
 Nape, n. [Cf. A.-S. cndp, cndpp, a top, knop.] The back 
 part of the neck. 
 
 Naph'tka (nSp'tha or nSftha), n. [Gr. v6.<})6a, from 
 Chald. & Syr. naphtha, Ar. nafth, nifth, from nafatha, 
 to push out, as pustules, to boil, to be angry.] A vola- 
 tile, bituminous liquid, occurring in nature, near coal 
 depo.sits, and other regions. It is a compound of carbon 
 and hydrogen, and very inflammable ; rock-oil. 
 
 Nftp'kin, n. [Dim. of Fr. nappe, a table-cloth, cloth, from 
 Lat. mapjja, napkin.] A little towel ; a cloth used for 
 wiping the njouth, especially at the table. 
 
 Nap'lesK, a. Without nap ; threadbare. 
 
 Nap'pi-ness, n. 1. The quahty of being sleepy, or in- 
 clined to take naps. 3. Abundance of nap, as on cloth. 
 
 Nap'py, «. [From nap.] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy. 3. 
 Tending to cause sleepiness ; heady. 3. Downy ; .shaggy. 
 
 Nar-fi.s'sus, n. [Lat. narcissus, Gr. vap/cio-o-os, from 
 ydpio), torpor, because of its narcotic properties.] {Bot.) 
 A genu.s of flowering plants, of several species, compris- 
 ing the daffodils, jonquils, and the like. 
 
 Nar-e6t'i€, I a. [Gr. vapxrcoTtKos, from vapKovv, to 
 
 Nar-<;6t'i€-al, I benumb.] ( Med. ) {a. ) Reheving pain, 
 and producing sleep, (b.) Producing .stupor, coma, and 
 convulsions, and, when given in suflBcient quantity , caus- 
 ing death . 
 
 Nar-e6t'i«, n. (Mud.) A medicine which, in medicinal 
 dose?, relieves pain, and produces sleep ; but Mhich, in 
 poisonous tloses, produces stupor, coma, convulsions, 
 and, when given in sufficient quantity, causes death. 
 
 Nar-*;6t'ie-ness, n. Quahty of operating as a narcotic. 
 
 Nar'eo-tine, n. (Ckem.) An alkaloid obtained from 
 opium, and one of its active narcotic principles. 
 
 Nar'«o-tize, v. t. [imp. kp. p. narcotized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. NARCOTIZING.] To Subject to the influence 
 of a narcotic. 
 
 Nard, n. [Gr. i/dpSos, Heb. n&rd, Ar. nardin, nardin, from 
 Skr. nalada, from nala, perfume, and da, giving, from 
 da, to give.] 1. An odorous or aromatic plant, usually 
 called spikenard. '■Z. An unguent prepared from the 
 plant. 
 
 Nar-rate', or Nar'rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. narra- 
 ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. NARRATING.] [Lat. narrare, nar- 
 ratum.] To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story ; to give 
 an account of. 
 
 Nar-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of relating the .particulars of 
 an event ; rehearsal ; recital. 3. That which is related. 
 Syn. — Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; description ; 
 explanation; detail; narrative; story; tale; history. See Ac- 
 count. 
 
 Nar'ra-tive, a. 1. Pertaining to narration; giving a 
 particular or continued account. 2. Inclined to relate 
 stories, or to tell particulars of events. [a story. 
 
 Nar'ra-tive, n. That which is narrated ; the recital of 
 Syn. — Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; narration. See 
 Account. 
 
 Nar'ra-tive-ly, adv. By way of narration or recital. 
 
 Nar-ra'tor, n. One who narrates. 
 
 Nar'row, a. [compar. narrower ; svperl. NARROW. 
 EST.] [0. Eng. nanve, A.-S. 7iearu, nearo.] 1. Of little 
 breadth ; not wide or broad. 2. Hence, of little extent •, 
 very limited; circumscribed. 3. Contracted in mind, 
 disposition, views, feelings, or the like ; parsimonious ; 
 niggardly ; selfish. 4. Within a small distance ; close ; 
 near ; hence, involving serious exposure. 5. Scrutiniz- 
 ing ; careful ; exact. 
 
 Nar'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. narrowed ; p. pr. k vb. 
 n. narrowing.] 1. To lessen the breadth of ; to con- 
 tract. 2. To contract the reach or sphere of; to make 
 less liberal or more selfish ; to limit ; to confine. 3. 
 {Knitting.) To contract the size of, as of a stocking, by 
 taking two stitches into one. 
 
 Nar'row, v. i. 1. To become less broad. 2. {Knit- 
 ting.) To contract the size of a stocking, by taking two 
 stitches into one. 
 
 Nar'row-ly, adv. 1. With little breadth. 2. Without 
 much extent ; contractedly. 3. With minute scrutiny ; 
 closely ; carefully. 4. By a smaU distance ; barely ; 
 merely. 5. Sparingly. 
 
 Nar'row-mind'ed, a. Illiberal ; mean-spirited. 
 
 Nar'rovj'-ness, n. Condition or quality of being nar- 
 row ; contractedness ; poverty ; penuriousness ; illiber- 
 ality. 
 
 Nar'rowg, n. pi. A narrow pas.sage through a moun- 
 tain, or a narrow channel of water between one sea or 
 lake and another ; a strait ; a sound. 
 
 Nar'wal, 1 n. [Icel. ndh- 
 
 Nar'whal, ) valr, from 
 Icel. hvalr, Eng. whale, and^ 
 Icel. ndr, nd, corpse, dead NarwhaL 
 
 body, on account of the 
 
 whitish color of its skin, or from tiar, for A.-S. nasu, the 
 nose, or contracted from Greenland, a-nar-nak, a kind 
 of narwhal.] {Ichth.) A cetaceous mammal, found in the 
 northern seas ; sea-unicorn. The male has usually one 
 long, twisted tusk, projecting forward from the upper 
 jaw like a horn. 
 
 Na'gal, a. [From Lat. nasus, the nose.] 1. Pertaining 
 to the nose. 2. Spoken through the nose in whole or in 
 part. 
 
 Nasal vowel, a vowel uttered both through the nose and the 
 mouth. 
 
 Na'gal, n. 1. An elementary sound uttered through the 
 nose, or through both the nose and mouth sunulta- 
 neously. 2. {Med.) A medicine that operates through 
 the nose. 
 i Na-§ai'i-ty, n. State or quality of being nasal. 
 
 Nas'^ent, a. [Lat. nascens, p. pr. of nasci, to be bom.^ 
 Beginning to exist or to grow. 
 
 Nas'ti-ly, arftj. In a nasty manner; filthily; dirtily. 
 
 Nas'ti-iiess. n. The quahty of being nasty ; extreme 
 j filthincss ; dirtiness ; obscenity ; ribaldry. 
 I Nas-tiir'tium, »i. [Lat. nasturtium, as if nasitortium, 
 because it di.storts the nose, from nasus, no.«e, and tor- 
 quere, tortum, to twist, torture.] {Bot.) {a.) A genus of 
 cruciferous plants, including several species of cress, (b. | 
 Indian cress ; a climbing plant, having flowers of a vivid 
 yellow or orange color, and strong odor. 
 
 Nas'ty, a. [compar. nastier ; superl. NASTIEST.] 
 [Prob. allied to Ger. nasz, 0. Sax. & D. nat, wet, Goth. 
 
 a, ©,&€., Zong^; a,e,&c.,sAar^- c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm ;s6n, dr,do,w9lf. 
 
NATAL 
 
 483 
 
 NAUTILUS 
 
 natjan, to wet, moisten.] 1. OfiFensively filthy ; very 
 dirty ; nauseous, ii. Indecent ; indelicate ; gross ; vile ; 
 obscene. 
 • Syn. — "Wet; filthy; foul; dirty. — Any thing nasty is wet 
 or damp, and disgusts by its stickiness or odor. Not so with 
 filthy find foul, which imply only that a thing is filled or 
 covered with offensive matter, as filthy clothing, foul vapors, 
 &c. The English have a peculiar use of this word, calling a 
 rain in fine drops a nasty rain, a day of such rain a, nasty day. 
 a sk3' which portends it a nasty sky, thus retaining the original 
 sense of wet as the leading idea. They do the same with the 
 word dirti/, speaking of a dirty rain and a dirty day, &c. ; and 
 it is not improbable that this word, like the other, had originally 
 the sense of wet. 
 
 Na'tal, a. [Lat. natalis, from natus, p. p. of nasci, to be 
 born.] Pertaining or relating to one's birth ; accom- 
 panying or dating from one's birth. 
 Synu — Native; natural. See Native. 
 
 Tfa'tant, a. [Lat. natans, from vatare, to swim, inten- 
 sive form of nare, id.] (Bot.) Floating on the surface of 
 water, as the leaf of an aquatic plant. 
 
 Na'ta-to'ri-al, a. [See infra.] Inclined or adapted to 
 swim ; swimming. 
 
 Na'ta-to-ry, a. [Lat. natntorius, from nature, to swim.] 
 Enabling to swim ; natatorial. 
 
 Na'tion, n. [Lat. natio, from nasci, natus, to be born.] 
 A body of j^eople united under the same government, 
 and generally of the same origin and language. 
 Syn. — People; race; stock. See People. 
 
 Na,'tion-al (nSsh'un-al), a. 1. Pertaining to a nation ; 
 public ; general. 3. Attached, especially to one's own 
 country. 
 
 N5,'tion-al-i§m(nSsh/un-), n. The state of being na- 
 tional ; national attachment. 
 
 Na.'tioii-3,l'i-ty (nash'un-), n. 1, Quality of being na- 
 tional, or strongly attached to one's own nation. 2. 
 National character. 3. A race or people, as determined 
 by common language and character, and not by political 
 bias or divisions ; nation. 4. National unity and integ- 
 rity. 
 
 Na'tion-al-ize (nash/un-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. nation- 
 alized ; p. pr. & vb. n. NATIONALIZING.] To make 
 national. 
 
 NS.'tion-al-ly (nash/un-), adv. In a national manner or 
 way ; as a whole nation. 
 
 Nsi'tion-al-ness (niish'un-), n. State of being national ; 
 nationaUty. 
 
 Na'tive, a. [Lat. nativus, from nasci, natus, to be born.] 
 1, Pertaining to one's birth ; natal. 3. Conferred by 
 birth ; born with one ; indigenous. 3. Produced by na- 
 ture ; not wrought by art ; unartificial. 
 
 Syn. — Natural ; natal. — Natural refers to the nature 
 of a thing ; native to one's birth or origin, as a native country, 
 language, &c.; natal to the circumstances of one's birth, as a 
 natoZ day or star. Native talent is that which is inborn; nat- 
 ural talent is that which springs from the structure of the 
 mind. Native eloquence is the result of strong innate emo- 
 tion ; natural eloquence is opposed to that which is studied or 
 artificial. 
 
 Na'tive, n. One bom in a place or country; a denizen 
 by birth. 
 
 Na'tive-ly, adv. Naturally ; originally. 
 
 J<p,'tive-iiess, n. State of being native. 
 
 Na-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Birth, ii. Time, place, or circum- 
 stances of birth. 3. (Astrol.) A horoscope. 
 
 Na'tron, n. [At. natrxtn, nitrUn, Lat. nitrum, Gr. 
 vCrpov.] (Min.) Native carbonate of soda. 
 IB^' This is the substance called in the Scriptures niter. See 
 
 NiTEK. 
 
 Nat'ty, a. [AUied to neat, q. v.] Neatly fine ; foppish ; 
 spruce. [Colloq.] 
 
 Nat'u-ral (66), a. [Lat. naturalis, from natura. See 
 Nature.] 1. Pertaining to the constitution of a thing ; 
 according to nature; essential; characteristic. ^. Con- 
 formed to the order or laws of nature ; legitimate ; nor- 
 mal ; regular. 3. Having to do with the existing sys- 
 tem of things. 4. Conformed to truth or reality. 5. 
 By impulses of natural appetite alone ; illegitimate ; 
 bastard. 6. Pertaining to, derived from, or formed by, 
 the lower or animal nature merely. 7. (Mus.) Pertain- 
 ing to a key which has neither a fiat nor a sharp for its 
 signature. 
 
 Natural history, a description of the earth and its produc- 
 tions; sometimes applied to the animal kingdom on\y.—Nat- 
 firal orders (Bot.), groups of genera resembling each other.— 
 J\atural philosophy, that branch of science which relates to the 
 phenomena and laws of mas'^es of matter, and considers those 
 effects only which are not attended by any change of nature, 
 as motion, &c. — Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written 
 without flats or sharps. 
 Sjna. — See Native. 
 
 Na,t'u-ral, n. 1. An idiot. 2. (Mtis.) A character 
 f [thus, jj~] used to contradict, or to remove the effect of, 
 
 a sharp or flat which has preceded it. 
 
 NJtt'u-ral-igm, n. 1. Mere state of nature. 'Z,(Theol.) 
 
 ' The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in 
 
 the miracles, revelations, and grace of God, &c. ; also, 
 
 that theory of the universe which resolves all its phe- 
 
 i nomena into blind or intelligent forces acting according 
 
 to fixed laws. 
 Na,t'u-ral-ist, n. 1. One who studies natural history 
 and philosophy, or physics. 5i. One who maintains th« 
 I doctrines of naturalism. 
 
 NS,t^u-ral-i-za'tioii, n. 1. Act of investing an alien 
 with the rights and privileges of a native subject or cit- 
 izen, ti. State of being thus invested with citizenship. 
 Nat'u-ral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. naturalized; 
 p.pr. k,vb.n. NATURALIZING.] 1. To make natural 
 or easy and familiar by custom and habit, "i. To confer 
 the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on. 
 
 3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular. 
 
 4. To accustom ; to habituate. 
 
 Nat'u-ral-ize, v. i. To explain phenomena by natural 
 agencies or laws. 
 
 Nat'u-ral-ly, adv. 1. According to nature. 2. Ac- 
 cording to the usual course of things. 3. Without art 
 or cultivation ; spontaneously. 4. Without aSectation. 
 
 NJtt'u-ral-ness, n. 1. State of being natural, or of 
 being produced by nature. 3. Conformity to nature, or 
 to truth and reaUty. 
 
 Nat'ure (53), n. [Lat. natura, from natus, born, pro- 
 duced, p. p. of nasci, to be born.] 1. Native charac- 
 ter ; created or essential quality. 2. Hence, kind ; sort ; 
 character ; species. 3. Established or regular course of 
 things. 4. The existing system of things ; the creation; 
 the universe. 5. Hence, the personified sum and order 
 of causes and effects ; the agencies which carry on the 
 processes of the creation. 6. Natural affection or rever- 
 ence. 7. Adherence to what is natural, normal, or 
 usual. 8. A person of intelligence and character. 9. 
 Lack of covering ; nakedness. 
 
 Good nature, natural good temper; amiability. — iZZ nature, 
 natural bad temper. — 7« a state of nature, naked as when 
 born; unclothed; nude. 
 
 Naught (nawt, 75), n. [Written also nought.] [A.-S. 
 n&iviht, nattht, from ne, not, and awiht, auht, aught.] 
 Nothing. 
 
 Nauglit (nawt), adv. In no degree. 
 
 Naught (nawt), a. 1. Of no value or account ; worth- 
 less ; bad. 3. Hence, vile ; naughty. 
 
 Nauglit'i-ly (uavft'i-ly), adv. In a naughty manner; 
 wickedly ; corruptly. 
 
 Nauglit'i-ness (nawt'i-nes), n. 1. The quality of 
 being naughty ; badness; wickedness. [Obs.] 3. Slight 
 wickedness, as of children ; perverseness. 
 
 Naught'y (nawVy), a. [compar. naughtier ; superl. 
 NAUGHTIEST.] 1. Corrupt; wicked. [Obs.] 3, Mis- 
 chievous ; perverse ; fro ward. 
 
 Nau'se-a (naw'she-a), n. [Lat. ; Gr. vavaCa, from vavs, 
 ship.] Seasickness ; hence, any similar sickness of the 
 stomach, accompanied with a propensity to vomit ; 
 qualm. 
 
 Nau'se-ate (naw'she-at), v. i. [Lat. nauseare, nausea- 
 i'lim, from nausea, q. v.] To become squeamish ; to feel 
 disgust. 
 
 Nau'se-ate (naw'she-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. nause- 
 ated; p. pr. & vb. n. NAUSEATING.] 1. To affect 
 with nausea ; to sicken. 3. To reject with disgust ; to 
 loathe. 
 
 Nau'se-a'tion (naw/.?he-), n. Act of nauseating, or 
 state of being nauseated. [nausea. 
 
 Nau'seoiis (naw'shus), a. Causing, or fitted to cause, 
 
 Nau'seoiis-ly, adv. In a loathsome manner; loath- 
 somely, [someness. 
 
 Nau'seoiis-ness, n. Quality of being nauseous ; loath- 
 
 Nau'ti<;-al, a. [Lat. nauticus, Gr. vavriKo^, from vauTTjs, 
 Lat. nauta, navita, a seaman, sailor, from Gr. vav?, Lat. 
 navis, ship.] Pertaining to seamen or navigators, or to 
 the art of navigation. 
 
 Syn. — Naval; marine; maritime. See Naval. 
 
 Nau'ti-lus, n. [Lat. nautilus, from Gr. vav- 
 Ti'Ao?, a seaman, a kind of shell-fish, from 
 vav?, ship.] ( Zool.) A genus of small cephal-| 
 opodous mollusks, having the mouth sur-l 
 rounded by several circles of numerous small 
 tentacles without cups. 
 
 i:^" The name is also loosely applied, in popu- 
 lar language, to the shells of several different gen- 
 era of mollusca. 
 
 Nautilus. 
 
 food, fiJbt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, €all, e<;lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link i tiiis. 
 
NAVAL 
 
 484 
 
 NECROLOGY 
 
 NaTBl, a. (Lat. navniis, from navh, ship, Gr. vaOs.] 
 ilaving to do with ships; pertaiuiug to, or consisting of 
 Ahips or a iiuv y . 
 
 Syn.— N»utical; marine; maritime. — JN'arai is applied to 
 ships ir ft navy : nautical, to seamen and the art of navigation. 
 
 k of a naval, as opposed to a mihtayi/, enpage- 
 > ciuipnu-nU or stores, a wara/ triumph, a vaval 
 ill of nautical pursuit* or instruction, tiaudcal 
 n nautical almanac, &c. 
 
 Kavo, n. lA.-S. tinfii, 0. II. Ger. napa, naba, allied to 
 Skr. nhbhi, navo and navel.] The piece of timber or 
 other material in the center of a wheel, in which the 
 sjKikei! are inserted ; the hub. 
 
 Nave, n. [From Lat. Jia ?•/.<, ship] (ilrc/i.) The middle or 
 bod.\ of a church, extending from the choir to the prin- 
 cipal entrance. 
 
 Ka'vf'l (nii'vl), n. [A.-S. nafoln, nafela, from nafu^ 
 nave. Cf. supra.] 1. A depression in the center of the 
 abdomen, being the scar left by the detachment of the 
 umbilical cord after birth, ti. The central part or point 
 of any thing ; tlie middle. 
 
 Na'vew (na'vu), Ji. [hat. napus, A.-S. ndpfi.] {Bot.) A 
 plant with a spindle-shaped root, less than the turnip. 
 
 Na-vi€'u-lar, n. [Lat. navicularis, from navicida, dim. 
 of navis. ship.] 1. Relating to small ships or boats. 
 2. Shaped Uke a boat. 
 
 Nliv'i-ga-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or condition of being 
 navigable ; navigableness. 
 
 NJlv'i-ga-ble, a. Admitting of being navigated. 
 
 NJlv'i-ga-ble-ness, 7i. Quality or state of being navi- 
 gable ; navigability. 
 
 NJiv'i-ga-bly, adv. In a navigable manner. 
 
 NJiv'i-gate,' r. i. [imp. & p. p. navigated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. NAVIGATING.] [Lat. navigare, navigatuin. 
 from navis, ship, and agere, to move, lead, direct.] To 
 journey by water ; to go in a vessel or ship ; to sail. 
 
 Niy'i-gate, v. t. 1. To pass over in ships. 3. To 
 steer, direct, or manage in sailing. 
 
 NJiv'i-ga'tioii, n. 1. Act of navigating ; state of being 
 navigable. 2. The method of determining a ship's 
 position, course, distance passed over, &c. 3. Means 
 of navigation ; vessels ; shipping. 
 
 N&v'i-^^tor, n. One who navigates or sails ; especially, 
 one who is skillful in the art of navigation. 
 
 Na.v'vy, n. [Abridged from navigator.] Originally, a 
 laborer on canals for internal navigation, and, hence, a 
 laborer on other public works, as in building railroads. 
 [Eng.] 
 
 Na'vy, n. [From Lat. navis, ship, Gr. vavs, Skr. nau-s.] 
 1, A fleet of ships. 2. The whole of the ships of war 
 belonging to a nation, considered collectively. 3. The 
 oflScers and men belonging to the war- vessels of a nation. 
 
 Nay, adv. [A.-S. na, ne, Goth na, Icel. net. See No.] 
 1, No. 2. Not this merely, but also ; not only so. 
 
 Nay, n. Denial ; refusal. 
 
 Niz'a-rene', n. An inhabitant of Nazareth ; one of 
 the early converts to Christianity ; — a term of contempt. 
 
 Naz'a-rlte, n. A Jew who bound himself by a vow to 
 extraordinary purity of life and devotion. 
 
 Neap, n. [Cf. Neb, Nip, and Prov. Eng. neap, a turnip ; 
 Ijat. napus.] 1. The tongue or pole of a cart, sled, or 
 wagon. 2. A prop or support for the front of a cart, 
 &c. 
 
 Neap, a. [A.-S. ntpt, neap, neap-flood. Cf. A.-S. hnipan, 
 hnijjian, to bend, cast down, fall.] Low. 
 
 Neap ti/les, tides which happen in the second and last quar- 
 ters or the moon, when the difference between high and low 
 water is less than at any other period in the month ; — opposed to 
 sprinf/ tides. 
 
 Ne'a-p61'l-tan, a. [Lat. Nenpolitanus, from Neapolis, 
 Naples ; Gr. NeaTroAt?, i. e., New-town.] ( Geog.) Of, or 
 [Kirtaining to, the city of Naples. 
 
 Near, a. [compar. nearer; superl. nearest.] [A.-S. 
 ruara, nyra, nigher, comp. of nedk, neli, nigh.] 1. Not 
 far distant ; as, (a. ) Not distant in place ; adjacent ; neigh- 
 boring. (6.) Not distant in time, (c.) Clo.sely connected 
 or related, (d.) Close to one's interests, affection, &c. ; 
 intimate; dear, (e.) Close to anything followed or im- 
 itated. (/.) Next to the rider or driver of a team. 2. 
 Serving, as it we^, to bring thft oVyect closer ; immediate ; 
 direct. 3. Parsmionious ; illiberal. 
 
 Syn. — Nigh ; close ; proximate; contiguous; present; 
 ready; familiar. 
 
 Near, a/Iv. 1. At a little distance only, in place or time, 
 in manner or degree. 2. Almost ; well-nigh ; nearly. 
 
 Near, v. t. [imp. & p. p. neared; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 NEARING.] To approach ; to come nearer. 
 
 Near, v. i. To draw near ; to approach. 
 
 Near, prep. Adjacent to ; close by ; not far from. 
 
 ^ear'ly, adv. 1. At no great distance. 2. Closely. 3. 
 Intimately ; pressingly. 4. Almost. 5. In a parsimo- 
 nious or niggardly manner. 
 
 Near'iiess, ?i. 1. Closeness; small distance. 2. Close 
 alliance by blood ; propinquity. 3. Intimacy of friend- 
 ship. 4, Parsimony. 
 
 Near'- sight' ed (neer'sTt'ed), a. Seeing at small dis- 
 tance only ; short-sighted. 
 
 Neat, 71. [A.-S. neat, Icel. ndut, 0. II. Ger. nCz, prob. 
 from A.-S. neotan, to make use of.] Cattle of the bovine . 
 genus, as bulls, oxen, and cows. 
 
 Neat, a. Belonging to the bovine genus ; as, neat cattle; 
 also, belonging or relating to such cattle. 
 
 Neat, a. [coynp. neater ; superl. neatest.] [From 
 Lat. nitidus, cf 0. H. Ger. niot, niet, 0. Sax. niud, desire, 
 eager; Ger. nied, niedlich, neat, nice.] 1. Free from that 
 which soils, defiles, or disorders ; clean. 2. Pleasing 
 with simplicity ; chaste. . 3. Good in its kind; excellent. 
 4. Complete in character, skill, &c. ; adroit. 5. With 
 all deductions made ; net. 
 
 Syn. —Nice; pure; cleanly; tidy; trim; spruce. 
 
 Neat'-lierd, n. A person who has the care of cattle. 
 
 Neat'Iy, adv. With neatness ; in a neat manner. 
 
 Neat'nes.s, n. Condition or quality of being neat. 
 
 Neb, n. [A.-S. nebb, head, face ; Icel. nebbi, beak of a 
 bird ; nose.] The nose ; snout ; mouth ; the beak of a 
 bird ; the bill ; nib, as of a pen. 
 
 Neb'u-la, n. ; pi. neb^u-l,^. [Lat., mist, vapor, cloud, 
 allied to nubes, cloud.] (Astron.) A faint, misty appear- 
 ance among the stars, composed of innumerable stars. 
 
 Neb'u-lar, a. Pertaining to nebulae. 
 
 Neb'u-16s'i-ty, n. 1. State of being nebulous. 2. 
 [Astron.) The faint, misty appearance surrounding cer- 
 tain stars. 
 
 Ngb'u-loiis, a. 1. Cloudy; hazy. 2. [Astron.) Per- 
 taining to, or having the appearance of, a nebula ; neb- 
 ular. 
 
 Nef'es-sa'ri-aii, n. An advocate for the doctrine of 
 philosophical necessity ; a necessitarian. 
 
 Ne^'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. In a necessary manner ; by ne- 
 cessity ; unavoidably ; indispensably. [sary. 
 
 Ne^'es-sa-ri-ness, n. State or quaUty of being neces- 
 
 Nep'es-sa-ry (44), a. [Lat. necessarius, from necesse, 
 unavoidable, necessary, from ne, not. and cessus, p. p. of 
 cedere, to go away, give up.] 1. Such as must be ; in- 
 evitable. 2. Indispensable ; requisite ; essential. 3. 
 Acting from necessity or compulsion ; involuntary. 
 
 Ne^'es-sa-ry, n. 1. A thing indispensable to some pur- 
 pose ; — used chiefly in the plural. 2. A privy ; a water- 
 closet. 
 
 Ne-^es'si-ta'ri-an, n. One who maintains the doctrine 
 of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and ex- 
 istence of things, especially as applied to the actings or 
 choices of the will. 
 
 Ne-^es'si-tate, r-. f. [imp. & p. p. necessitated; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. necessitating.] [Lat. necessilare, ne- 
 cessitatum, to force.] 1. To make necessary or india- 
 pensable. 2. To force ; to compel. 
 
 Ne-96s'si-toiis, a. 1. Very needy or indigent. % 
 Narrow ; destitute. 
 
 Ne-^^s'si-toiis-Iy, adv. In a necessitous manner. 
 
 Ne-?e.s'si-tous-ness, n. Extreme poverty. 
 
 Ne-^es'.si-ty, n. [Lat. necessitas, from necesse. See 
 Necessary.] 1. Quality of being necessary or abso- 
 lutely requisite; indispensableness. 2. Pressing need; 
 indigence ; want. 3. That which is necessary ; a requi- 
 site; — chiefly in the plural. 4. Irresistible force ; over- 
 ruling power; fate; fatality. 5. (Metaph.) Denial of 
 freedom to voluntary action. 
 
 Neck, n. [A.-S. hnecca, Icel. hnacki, 0. 11. Ger. hnach, 
 nach.] 1. The part of an animal's body connecting the 
 head and the trunk. 2. Any part corresponding to a. 
 neck ; the long, slender part of a vessel, as a retort, or 
 of a plant, as a gourd ; especially, a long, narrow traci 
 of land connecting two larger tracts. 
 
 Neck'-elotli, n. A piece of cloth worn on the neck. 
 
 Neck'er-chief , n. [For neck-kerckief.] A kerchief to 
 be worn around the neck. 
 
 Neck'la^e (45), n. A string of beads, or precious stones, 
 
 worn upon the neck. 
 NCck'-tie, n. A neck -handkerchief. 
 Ne-e'ro-16g'i€, ) a. Pertaining to necrology; relat- 
 Ne-e'ro-log'ie-al, ) ing to an account of deaths. 
 Ne-er61'o-gist, n. One who gives an account of deaths. 
 Ne-er61'o-gy, n. [Gr. I'e/cpo?, dead, and Aoyos, speech, 
 discourse.] A register of deaths. , 
 
 H,c,ko,.,long; &,6,&c.,skort; e^re,far, ask.all, wh^t; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6ii,dr,do,w9U, 
 
NECROMANCER 
 
 485 
 
 NEIGHBOR 
 
 NSc'ro-mfti!''? er, n. One who practices necromancy ; 
 a sorcerer ; a wizard. 
 
 N6<!'ro-ma,n'9y, n. [Gr. veifpoju-ai/Teia, from veKpo^, 
 . dead, a dead body, and ^LavnCa, divination.] Art of re- 
 vealing future events by means of a pretended communi- 
 cation with the dead ; conjuration ; enchantment. 
 
 N€€''ro-mS,ii'ti«, ) a. Pertaining to necromancy ; 
 
 Nfic'ro-man't j«-al, ) performed by necromancy. 
 
 Ne€'ro-maii'ti<!-aI-ly, adv. By necromancy, or the 
 black art. 
 
 Ne-eropli'a-goiis, a. [Gr. i/e»fpo<^ayos, fr. ve/cpds, dead, 
 and ^ayet;/, to eat.] Eating, or feeding on, the dead. 
 
 Ne-erop'o-lis, n. [Gr. veKponokis, from i/expo?, dead, 
 and TToAis, city.] A city of the dead ; hence, a cemetery ; 
 a grave-yard. 
 
 Ne€-tar, n. [Lat. nectar, Gv. viKrap.] (Myth. &, Poet.) 
 The drink of the gods ; hence, a delicious or inspiring 
 beverage. 
 
 Ke€-ta're-al, a. Pertaining to, or resembUng, nectar ; 
 nectarean. 
 
 Ne«-ta're-aii, a. Resembling nectar; very sweet and 
 pleasant ; nectareous. 
 
 Ne<;-ta're-ous, a. Pertaining to, containing, or resem- 
 bling nectar ; delicious. 
 
 Ne«-ta'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the nectary of a plant. 
 
 Ne«'tar-ine, n. [Bot.) A variety of the peach, with a 
 smooth rind. 
 
 N6<!'tar-ou.s, a. Sweet as nectar ; nectareous. 
 
 Ne€'ta-ry, n. [From nectar, q. v.] [Bot.) The honey- 
 gland of a flower. 
 
 Need, n. [A.-S. nenul, nid, nyd, Icel. natcdk, neidh, Goth. 
 nauths.] 1, A stat<^ that requires supply or relief; ur- 
 gent want. 3. Poverty ; indigence. 
 
 Syn. — Necessity; exigency; emergency; strait; extremity; 
 distress; destitution; poverty ; indigence; penury. — Necessity 
 is stronger tiian ??€er/,- it places us under positive compulsion. 
 We are frequently under tlie necessity of going without that of 
 which we stand very greatly in need. It is so also with the cor- 
 responding adjectives: necessitoxis circumstances imply the di- 
 rect pressure of suffering ; needy circumstances, the want of 
 aid or relief. 
 
 Need, v. t. [imp. & p. p. needed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 NEEDING.] To be in want of; to lack. 
 
 SS^ With another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, and 
 undergoes no change of termination iu the third person singu- 
 lar of the present tense. 
 
 Need, v. i. To be wanted ; to be necessary. 
 
 Need'er, n. One who needs ; one who is in want. 
 
 Need'fu.1, a. 1. Full of need ; needy. 2. Requisite. 
 
 Need'ful-ly, adv. Necessarily. 
 
 Need'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being needful. 
 
 Need'i-ly, adv. In a needy condition or manner. 
 
 Need'i-ness, n. State or quality of being needy ; want ; 
 poverty J indigence. 
 
 Nee'dle, n. [A.-S. nxdl, vMl, Goth, nethla, Icel. nal, fr. 
 0. H. Ger. no/art, to sew.] 1. A small instrument of steel ; 
 — used in sewing. 3. A magnetized slender bar of steel, 
 resting on a pivot, in a mariner's, surveyor's, or other 
 compass, so as to turn freely toward the magnetic poles 
 of the earth. 3. A pointed crystal, a sharp pinnacle of 
 rock, and the like. 
 
 Nee'dle, v. i. To shoot into the form of needles. 
 
 Nee'dle-ful, n. ; pi. nee/di.e-fulr. As much thread 
 as is put at once into a needle. 
 
 Nee'dle-gun, 7i. A fire-arm loaded at the breech by a 
 cartridge containing a small addition of detonating pow- 
 der, which is exploded by means of a slender pin, or nee- 
 dle, which passes in at the breech. 
 
 Need'less, a. 1. Having no need; in want of nothing. 
 ti. Unnecessary ; not requisite. 
 
 Need'less-ly, adv. Without necessity ; unnecessarily. 
 
 Need'less-ness, n. Unnecessariness. 
 
 Nee'dle-Tvom'aii, n. ; pi. nee'dle -wom'en (-wTm'- 
 en). A seamstress. 
 
 Need§, adv. [Orig. genitive of need, used as an adverb.] 
 Of necessity ; necessarily ; indispensably. 
 
 Need'y, a. [cotnpar. needier; superl. NEEDIEST.] 
 Distressed by want of the means of living ; indigent ; 
 necessitous. 
 
 Ne'er (nar), adv. A contraction of never. 
 
 Ne-fa'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. nefarius, from nefas, impious, 
 firom 7ie, not, and fas, divine law, from fari, to speak, 
 utter.] Wicked in the extreme ; atrociously villainous. 
 
 JSyn. ^Iniquitous ; detestable ; horrible ; dreadful ; atro- 
 cious; infamous; impious. See Iniquitous. 
 
 Ne-fa'ri-oiis-ly, adv. With extreme wickedness. 
 Ne-ga'tion, n. [Lat. negatio, from negare, to say no, to 
 deny, from ne, no, not, and aio, to say yes.] 1. Act of 
 
 denying ; denial. 3. Statement of what a thing is not, 
 or has not, and the like. 
 
 N6g'a-tive, a. [See supra.] 1. Implying denial, nega- 
 tion, or difference. tJ. Implying absence of what is ap- 
 propriate or expected. 3. Having the power or effect of 
 stopping or restraining. 
 
 Neg'a-tive, n. 1. A proposition by which something is 
 denied or forbidden ; an opposite or contradictory term 
 or conception. 3. A word that denies. 3. Veto. 4. 
 The relation of denial or opposition. 5. (Photog.) A 
 picture upon glass in which the light portions of the 
 original are represented in some opaque material, and 
 the dark portions by the uncovered and semi-transparent 
 ground of the picture. 
 
 Neg'a-tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p'. negatived ; p. pr, & 
 vh. n. NEGATIVING.] 1. To disprove. 2. To refuse to 
 enact or sanction. 
 
 Neg'a-tive-ly, adv. 1. In a negative manner. !i. In 
 the form of speech implying the absence of something. 
 
 Neg-leet', v. t. [imp. Sc p.p. neglected ; p. pr. %i 
 vb. n. NEGLECTING.] [Lat. negligere, neglectum, from 
 nee, not, and legere, to pick up, gather.] 1. Not to treat 
 with due attention ; to suffer to pass unimproved, un- 
 heeded, undone, or the like ; to omit. 2. To forbear t« 
 treat with attention or respect ; to slight. 
 Syn. — To slight; overlook; disregard; disesteem; contemn. 
 
 Neg-leet', n. 1. Omission of proper attention ; culpa- 
 ble disregard. 2. Omission of attention or civilities. 3. 
 State of being disregarded. . 
 
 Syn. — Negligence ; inattention ; disregard ; disesteem ; 
 slight; indifference; See Negligence. 
 
 Neg-leet'er, n. One who neglects. 
 
 Neg-leet'f ul. a. 1. Full of neglect ; heedless ; careless ; 
 inattentive.* 2. Treating with neglect or slight. 3. In- 
 dicating neglect, slight, or indifference. 
 
 Neg-le«t'fiil-ly, adv. In a neglectful manner. 
 
 Ndgligee (neg'li-zha'), n. [Fr. neglige, from negliger, to 
 neglect.] 1. An easy, unceremonious attire. 3. A long 
 necklace, usually of red coral. 
 
 Ngg'li-gen^e, n. 1. Quahty of being negligent ; ha- 
 bitual neglect. 2. A neghgent act. 
 
 Syn. — Neglect — iVeflrZ/o'ewce is the habit, and ,per/tec< the 
 act of leaving things undone. The one naturally leads to the 
 other. Negligent men are neglectful of their duties. 
 
 Neg'li-gent, a. [Lat. negligent, p. pr. of negligere, to 
 neglect.] Apt to neglect ; customarily neglectful. 
 
 Syn. — Careless ; heedless; neglectful; regardless; indiffer- 
 ent; inattentive; remiss. 
 
 Neg'li-gemt-ly, adv. In a neghgent manner. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-a-lbil'i-ty (-go'shi-), n. Quality of being ne- 
 gotiable. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-a-ble (-go'shl-), a. Capable of being negoti* 
 ated ; transferable by assignment or indorsement to an- 
 other person. 
 
 Ne-go'tl-ate (ne-go'shi-at, 95), v. i. [Lat. negotiari, 
 negotiatus, from negotium, business, from nee, not, and 
 otiuni, leisure.] 1. To transact business ; to hold inter- 
 course in bargain or trade. 2. To treat with respecting 
 peace or commerce. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. negotiated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. NEGOTIATING.] 1. To arrange for ; to settle 
 by dealing and management. t2. To sell; to pass. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-a'tion (-shi-a/shun), n. 1. Act of negotiating ; 
 the transacting of business in traffic. 2. Mercantile 
 business; trading. 3. The transaction of business be- 
 tween nations. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-a'tor (-shT-a'tor), n. One who negotiates. 
 
 Ne'gress, n. A black woman ; a female negro. 
 
 Ne'gro, 7J.; jo?. NE^GROES. [It. Sp., & Pg., from Lat. 
 n/g-er, black.] A black man ; especially, one ofa race of 
 black or very dark persons who inhabit the greater part 
 of Africa. 
 
 Ne'gus, n. A liquor made of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg . 
 and lemon-juice; — so called, it is said, fi-om its firgi 
 maker. Colonel Negus. 
 
 Neigh (na), v. i. [imp. & p. p. NEIGHED (nad) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. NEIGHING.] [A.-S. hnaegan.] To cry as a 
 horse ; to whinny. 
 
 Neigli (na), n. The natural cry ofa horse ; a whinnying. 
 
 Neigh'bor (na^bur), n. [A.-S. neahbiir, from ned/i, nigh, 
 and A.-S. g-e6ftr, a dweller, farmer, boor.] 1. A person 
 who lives near one. 2. One entitled to, or exhibiting, 
 neighborly kindness ; hence, one of the human race. 
 
 NeighTbor (na-'bur), a. Near to another; adjoining; 
 next. 
 
 Neigli'bor (na/hur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. NEIGHBORED ; 
 
 food, frfbt ; ftrn, rude, puU ; ^eU. ^liaise, «all, eelio : gem, get ; a§ ; egcist ; linger, liijlc ^ tlii»« 
 
NEIGHBORHOOD 
 
 486 
 
 NEUTER 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. NEIGHBORING.] To acyoin ; to confine 
 on ; to be near to. 
 NeifchTbor-hobd (na'bur-), n. 1. Quality or condition 
 ofl»€iug a luighbor. 'i. Vicinity; adjoining district ; a 
 region the iuluibitantii of which may be counted as 
 neighbors. 3. Inhabitants who live in the vicinity of 
 •ach other. 
 
 Syn. — Vicinity. — These words diflFer in degree. Vicinity 
 does not denote so close a connection as neighborhood. A 
 miijhborhood is a more immediate vicitiity. 
 
 NeigliTbor-iMg (na'bur-ing), a. Living or being near. 
 
 Neigli'bor-ly (na'bur-), a. 1. Becoming a neighbor ; 
 Eind : social'; friendly. *>i. Cultivating familiar inter- 
 course. 
 
 Nei'tiier (ue'ttier or nl'ther. In England, nT'ther is 
 rather more common than in America, but the best 
 speAkers in both countries say ne'Hier.) proti. or pro- 
 nominal adjective. [A.-S. 7iad/ter, ndliw ad her , from ne, 
 not, d, ever, and hivadher, whether, or from Eng. ne, not, 
 and either.] Not either ; not the one or the other. 
 
 Nei'tiier (ne'ther or nl'ther), ronj. Not either. 
 
 Ne'o-16g'i€-al, a. Pertaining to neology ; employing 
 new words. 
 
 Ne-61'o-gi§iii, n. [Seein/ra.] 1. The introduction of 
 new words or new doctrines. 3. A new word, expression, 
 or doctrine. 
 
 Ne-61'o-gist, n. One who introduces or holds doctrines 
 subversive of supernatural or revealed religion. 
 
 Ne-dl'o-gist'i<:, I a. Pertaining to neology ; neolog- 
 
 Nfe-61'o-|ist'i€-al, J ical. 
 
 Ne-61'o-gy, ». [From Gr. vw, new, and Aoyo?, word, 
 speech, discourse.] 1. Introduction of a new word, or 
 of new words, into a language. 3. New doctrines, espe- 
 cially in theology. 
 
 Ne'o-phyte, n. [Lat. neophytus, Gr. veo<^vTos, prop, 
 newly planted, from veo?, new, and </)vt69, grown, <I>vt6v, 
 a plant, from <^u€ii/, to grow.] 1. A new convert or 
 proselyte. 2. Hence, a novice ; a tyro. 
 
 Ne'o-t6r'i€, I n- [Gr. vewrepiKos, from vewrepos, 
 
 Ne'o-t6r'i«-al, ) compar. of i-e'os, young, new.] Recent 
 in origin ; modern ; new. 
 
 Ne-pen'tlie, i n. [Fr. nepenthe, from Gr. vrjTrev^s, 
 
 Ne-iJ6n'tlie§, I removing all sorrow ; vrj-, not, and 
 TreVflo?, sorrow, grief.] A drug used \>y the ancients to 
 relieve from pain and produce great exhilaration of 
 spirits; — by some .supposed to have been opium, or 
 hashish. 
 
 NCpli'eA^' (ngfyi}, 85), «. [0. Eng. nevewe, A.-S. nefa, 
 neofa, Icel. 7i«^, alUed to Lat. nepos, Skr. naptri.] The 
 son of a brother or sister. 
 US" The English pronounce this word ner'a. 
 
 Ne-plirit'i«, la. [Gr. i'€(|)piTt>c6s, »'e^prTis(sc. v6<ros,) 
 Ne-plirit'i€-al, ) from ve^pirr)^, f. »'e(|)prTi9, belonging 
 
 to the kidneys, from ve<^p69, kidney.] 1. Pertaining to 
 
 the kidneys. 3. Affected with a disease of the kidneys. 
 
 3. Relieving disorders of the kidneys. 
 Ife-phrit'i€, n. (Med.) A medicine adapted to reheve 
 
 or cure the di.'ieases of the kidneys. 
 N6p'o-ti§m(110), n. [From Lat. nepos, nepotis, nephew.] 
 
 1. Fondness for nephews. 2. Favoritism shown to 
 nephews and other relations. 
 
 N€p'o-ti.st, n. One who practices nepotism. 
 
 Ndpt'une (30), n. 1. {Rotn. Myth.) The god of the sea, 
 fountains, and rivers. 2. {Astro7i.) A large planet be- 
 yond Uranus. Its mean distance from the sun is about 
 2,860/XXJ,000 miles. 
 
 Nep-tu'ni-an, a. 1. Pertaining to the ocean or sea. 
 
 2. Formed by water or aqueous solution. 
 Nep-tu'ni-an, I 71. One who holds that the substances 
 NCpt'u-nist, ) of the globe were formed from aqueous 
 
 solution. 
 
 Ne're-id, w. {Myth.) A sea-nymph, one of the daughters 
 of Xereus. 
 
 Ner-va'tlon, n. The arrangement of nerves, especially 
 thoK; of lejives. 
 
 NSrve (14), n. [Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, vevpa.] 1. 
 Physical force or steadiness ; also, steadiness and firm- 
 ness of mind; self-command. 2. {Anat.) One of the 
 bundles of fibers which establish a communication be- 
 tween the various parts of the animal body, and the brain 
 and spinal cord, or the central ganglia. 3. (Bat.) One 
 of the fibers extending from the stem of a leaf, or its 
 surface, when simple and parallel. 
 
 Ngrve, f. t. [imp. & p. p. nerved; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 NERVI.NG.] To give strength or vigor to. 
 
 Nerve'less, a. Destitute of strength ; wanting vigor. 
 
 Ngrvlne, n. [Med.) Quieting nervous excitement. 
 
 NSrv'Ine, n. {Med.) A medicine that acta upon th» 
 nerves. 
 
 Ngrv'oiis, a. 1. Possessing nerve ; strong ; vigorouB. 
 2. Possessing or manifesting vigor of mind. 3. Per- 
 taining to the nerves ; seated in the nerves. 4. Having 
 the nerves weak or diseased ; easily agitated. 
 
 Nerv'oils-ly, adv. 1. In a nervous manner ; with 
 sti-ength or vigor. 2. With weakness or agitation of the 
 nerves. 
 
 Nerv'oils-ness, n. State or quality of being nervous. 
 
 Nfis'cien^e (nesh'ens, 95), n. [Lat. nescientia, from 
 nesciens, p. pr. of nescire, to be ignorant, firom ne, not, 
 and 5cjre, to know.] Want of knowledge ; ignorance. 
 
 N6st, n. [A.-S. nest, allied to Lat. 7iidus, for nisdus, Skr. 
 7iida.] 1. The retreat prepared by a bird for hatching'' 
 and rearing her young. 2. Hence, the place in which 
 the eggs of other animals, as of insects, turtles, and the 
 like, are laid and hatched. 3. A snug, comfortable, or 
 cozj^ residence or situation ; also, a receptacle of num- 
 bers, or the collection itself. 4. A collection of boxes, 
 cases, or the Uke, of graduated size. 
 
 N6st'-egg, n. An egg left in the nest to prevent the hen 
 from forsaking it ; hence, something laid up as the be- 
 ginning of a fund or collection. 
 
 Nest'le (nes'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. NESTLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. 71. NESTLING.] 1. To lie close and snug, as a bird 
 in her nest. 2. To move about in one's seat, like a bird 
 when forming her nest. 
 
 Nest'le (nes'l), v. t. 1. To house, as in a nest. 2. To 
 cherish , as a bird her young. 
 
 Nest'ling (nts'ling), Ji. A young bird in the nest, or 
 just taken from the nest. 
 
 Nes-to'ri-an, ?!. {Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of iVesfonus, 
 who held that the divine and human natures in Christ 
 were not so united as to form but a single person. 
 
 Net, n. [A.-S. nett, nete, Goth, nati.] 1. An instru- 
 ment of mesh-work for catching fish and birds, or wild 
 beasts. 2. Any thing fitted to entrap or deceive ; a 
 snare. 
 
 Net, V. t. [i7Vp. & p. p. NETTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. NET- 
 TING.] 1. To make into a net, or net-work. 2. To 
 
 Net, V. i. To form net-work. [take in a net. 
 
 Net, a. [Lat. nitidus. Cf. NEAT.] {Com.) Pure; un- 
 adulterated ; also, clear of all charges and deductions, &c. 
 
 Net, f. t.- [imp. & p. p. netted ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. NET- 
 TING.] To produce as clear profit. 
 
 Netii'er, a. «[A.-S. nidhera, neodhera, compar., lower, 
 from 7iidhe, nidh, down.] Lying or being beneath, or in 
 the lower part : lower. 
 
 Netii'er-most, a. [A.-S. nidhemest. See supra.] Lowest. 
 
 Net'ting, 7i. A piec« of net-work. 
 
 Net'tle (net'tl), n. [A.-S. 7Utele, 0. H. Ger. nezila, nez- 
 2/7a, dim. of Jiozza, Icel. jjofr.] (Bot.) A plant covered 
 with minute sharp hairs containing a poison that pro- 
 duces a very painful sensation. 
 
 Net'tle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. nettled : p.pr. 8c vb. n. 
 nettling.] To fret or sting ; to irritate or vex. 
 
 Net'tler, «. One who provokes, stings, or irritates. 
 
 Net'tle-ra,sh, 71. {Med.) An eruptive disease resembling 
 the effects of the sting of a nettle. 
 
 Net'-Avork (-wQrk), n. A fabric of threads, cords, or 
 wires crossing each other at certain intervals, and knotted 
 or secured at the crossings. 
 
 Neti-ral'gi-a, ?!. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and oAyoy, pain.] 
 {Med.) A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very 
 acute pain, which follows the course of a nervous branch, 
 extends to its ramifications, and seems therefore to be 
 seated in the nerve. 
 
 Neu-rai'gi«, a. Pertaining to neuralgia. 
 
 Neu-r61'o-gy, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and Aoyo?, dis- 
 course.] {A7iat.) A description of the nerves of animal 
 bodies, or the doctrine of the nerves. 
 
 Neii-rop'ter, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and irrepov, wing.] 
 {E»t07n.) One of an order of insects having four mem- 
 branous, transparent wings, as the dragon-fly. 
 
 Neu-r6p'ter-al, a. Belonging to the order of the neu- 
 roptera. 
 
 Neu-r6t'i«, a. [From Gr. vevpov, nerve.] 1. Relating 
 to the nerves ; seated in the nerves. 2. Useful in dis- 
 orders of the nerves. 
 
 Neu-rot'o-mv, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and to/ulij. a cut- 
 ting.] {Anal^) (a.) Art or practice of dissecting the 
 nerves, {b.) An incised wound of a nerve. 
 
 Neu'ter, a. [Lat., comp. of 7ie, not, and Mf«-, either.] 
 1. Neither the one thing nor the other ; of neither side ; 
 neutral. 2. (Gram.) {a.) Of neither gender; neither 
 male nor female. (6.) Neither active nor passive. 3. 
 {Bot.) Having neither stamens nor pistils. 
 
 a,e,&c.,tong^/ ft, 6, kc, short; c4re,far,a8k,all,>vtiat ; ere, veil, term: piique, firm; sdu,6r,dQ,w^9liE, 
 
NEUTER 
 
 487 
 
 NIDIFICATE 
 
 NeG'ter, n. 1. A person who takes no part in a con- 
 test ; a neutral. 2. The working bee, which is really an 
 undeveloped female. 3. {Bot.) A plant having neither 
 stamens nor pistils. 
 
 l^Teii'tral, a. 1, Not engaged on either side; neuter; 
 indiflFerent ; indiscreet, ti. Neither very good nor bad ; 
 of medium quality. 3. (Bot.) Having neither stamens 
 nor pistils. 
 
 Neu'tral, n. A person or nation that takes no part in a 
 contest between others. 
 
 Neu-trai'i-ty, n. 1. State of being neutral ; indiffer- 
 ence, ti. A combination of neutral powers or states. 
 
 Neii'tral-i-za'tioii, n. 1. Act of neutralizing. 3. 
 State of being neutralized. 
 
 Neu'tral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. neutralized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. NEUTRALIZING.] 1. To render neutral. 
 2. ( Chevi.) To destroy the effect of. 3. To destroy the 
 peculiar properties or opposite dispositions of. 
 
 Neii'tral-iz'er, n. One who, or that which, neutrahzes. 
 
 Neu'tral-ly, adv. In a neutral manner ; indifferently. 
 
 Ngv'er, adv. [A.-S. naefre, nefre, from ne, not, and «/^e, 
 «/fr, ever.] 1. Not ever; not at any time. 3. In no 
 degree ; not in the least. 3. Not. 
 
 Never so, as never before ; especially ; particularly ; —now 
 usually expressed or replaced by ever so. 
 
 Ngv'^-tlie-less', adv. Not the less ; notwithstanding ; 
 in spite of that. 
 
 Syn. — However ; at least ; yet. 
 
 New (nQ),a. [compar. NEWER ; superl. NEWEST.] [A.-S. 
 niwe, niowe, neowe, Goth, niujls, allied to Lat. novus, 
 Gr. i/eos, Skr. nawas.] 1. Having existed, or having been 
 made, but a short time ; of late origin, '-i. Lately mani- 
 fested ; recently invented, discovered, or established as 
 true; strange. 3. Starting anew; recommencing. 4. 
 Not ancient ; modern. 5. Not worn out, defaced by use, 
 or the like ; in condition as at first. 6. Unaccustomed ; 
 unfamiliar. 7. Fresh from anything. 
 
 Syn. — Novel ; recent ; fresh ; modern. See Novel. 
 
 New'el, n. [From Lat. nucalis, like a nut, from nux, 
 nucis, nut.] [Arch.) The upright post about which the 
 steps of a circular staircase wind; — also the principal 
 post at the angles and foot of a staircase. 
 
 New-fan'gled (nu-f3ng/gld), a. New-made ; formed 
 with the affectation of novelty. 
 
 New-fa,sli'ioiiecl (nu-tash'und), a. Made in a new 
 form, or lately come into fashion, 
 
 Ne"w'isli, a. Somewhat new ; nearly new. 
 
 New'ly, adv. 1. Lately ; freshly ; recently. 3. In a 
 manner not existing before. 3. With a new form. 
 
 New-mod'el, v. t. To give a new form to. 
 
 Ncw'iiess, n. 1, State or quality of being new ; recent- 
 ness. ii. State of being first known or introduced ; nov- 
 elty. 3. Innovation ; recent change. 4. Want of 
 practice or familiarity. 5. Different state or qualities 
 introduced by change or regeneration. 
 
 NcTvg, n. [From new. This word is plural in form, but is 
 almost always united with a verb in the sing.] Recent 
 account ; fresh information. 
 
 Syn. — Tidings ; intelligence ; information ; advice. See 
 Tidings. 
 
 Newg'mon'ger (niiz'mung'ger), n. One who deals in 
 news. 
 
 Newg'pa-per (nuz'-), n. A public print that circulates 
 news, advertisements, and the lika 
 
 Newt (nut), n. [0. Eng. ewt, evet, A.-S. efete, with n 
 prefixed. See Eft.] A small lizard ; an eft. 
 
 N6xt, a. ; superl. of nigh. [A.-S. n6xta, nyxta, nesta, 
 7iyhsta.] 1. Nearest in place. 3. Nearest in time. 3. 
 Adjoining in a series. 4. Nearest in degree, quality, 
 rank, right, or relation. 
 
 Next, adv. At the time or turn nearest or immediately 
 succeeding. 
 
 Nib, n. [See Neb, the same word differently written.] 1. 
 Something small and pointed ; a prong. 3. Specijirally , 
 (a.) The bill or beak of a bird, (b.) The point of a pen. 
 
 Nib, V. t. 1. To furnish with a nib ; to point. 3. To 
 cut off the point of. 
 
 Nib'ble, v. t. {imp. & p. p. nibbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 NIBBLING.] [From nib.] To eat slowly or in small bits. 
 
 Nib'ble, V. i. To bite a Uttle at a time 
 
 Nib'ble, n. A little bite, or seizing to bite. 
 
 Nib'bler, n. One that bites a little at a time. 
 
 Ni^e, a. [compar. nicer ; superl. nicest.] [From Lat. 
 nescius, ignorant. The original sense was ignorant, fool- 
 ish ; but then A.-S. Iinesce, hnesc, nesc,0. Eng. nesh, 
 soft, tender, seems to have been confounded with it.] 
 1. Pleasing to the senses, especially to the taste. 3, 
 
 Serving to please ; agreeable ; gratifying. 3. Wrought 
 or made by a skillful workman ; produced by an acute or 
 fastidious mind ; hence, requiring to be daintily touched, 
 discussed, judged of, or the like ; refined. 4. Showing 
 delicacy or refinement ; distinguishing accurately or mi- 
 nutely. 5. Over scrupulous or exact ; hard to please or 
 satisfy. 6. Scrupulously and minutely cautious. 
 
 Syn. — Dainty ; delicate ; exquisite ; fine ; accurate ; exact ; 
 correct; precise; particular; scrupulous; punctilious; fastidi- 
 ous ; squeamish ; finical ; effeminate : silly ; weak ; foolish. — 
 Mce implies a union of delicacy and exactness. In nice food, 
 cookery, taste, &c., delicacy predominates ; in nice discrimina- 
 tion, management, workmanship, a nice point to manage, &c., 
 eT«cA«e.w predominates. Of late, a new sense has been intro- 
 duced, which excludes them both, namely, pfeasm^. We even 
 hear it used for beautiful ; as, a nice morning, a 7iice day, &c. 
 Tills use of the word, though sanctioned by no lexicographer, 
 is extremely common among the Engliifti : and if Americans 
 overdo as to "fine," they overdo as to "nice," but with this dif- 
 ference that we always give the former its true sense [see 
 Fine], while they rob the latter of its appropriate and dis- 
 tinctive meaning. 
 
 Ni^e'ly, adv. 1. In a nice or delicate manner ; deUcate- 
 ly ; accurately ; exactly. 3. Well ; cleverly ; in the best 
 manner. [ CoUoq.] 
 
 Ni'^ene or Ni-?ene', a. Of, or pertaining to, Nice, a 
 town of Asia Minor, where the Nicene creed, a summary 
 of Christian faith, was composed, A. D. 325. 
 
 Ni^e'ness, n. 1, The quality of being nice ; delicacy of 
 perception ; accuracy. 3. Excess of scrupulousness or 
 exactness. 
 
 Ni^'e-ty, n. 1. Quality of being nice ; delicacy ; dainti- 
 ness ; as, (a.) Delicate management. (6.) Delicacy of 
 perception; precision, (c.) Excess of delicacy ; fastidi- 
 ousness. 3. A delicacy ; — used especially in the plural. 
 
 Niche (nich), n. [It. nicchia, prop, a shell-like recess in 
 a wall, from nicchio, shell-fish, muscle, from Lat. myti- 
 lus.] A cavity, hollow, or recess, generally within the 
 thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, or other erect 
 ornament. 
 
 Niclt, n. [A.-S. nicor, nicr, a marine monster, Icel. nikr, 
 ?iykr.] {Northern Myth.) An evil spirit of the waters; 
 hence the modern vulgar phrase, Old Nick, the evil 
 one ; the devil. 
 
 Nick, n. [A modification of nock, q. v.] A notch cut 
 into something ; hence, a score for keeping an account. 
 
 Nick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. NICKED (nikt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 NICKING.] [See supra.] 1. To cut in nicks or notches ; 
 to make a nick or nicks in ; to notch. 3, To suit or fit 
 into, as one nick or notch into another. 
 
 To nick a horse, to notch or make an incision in a horse's 
 tail, in order to make him carry it higher. 
 
 Nick, n. [Icel. hnickia, to seize and carry off; hnicker,a, 
 violent taking, rape.] A hit ; the exact point of time. 
 
 Nick, V. t. 1. To hit ; to strike at the precise point or 
 time. 3. Hence, to gain an advantage over ; to cozen ; 
 to defeat. 3. Also, to hit with a telUng name or epi- 
 thet. [Ohs.] 
 
 Nick'el, n. [Ger. nickel, abbrev. fi-om kupfernickel, cop- 
 per nickel, copper of Nick, or Nicholas, a name given in 
 derision, as it was thought to be a base ore of copper.] 
 {Min.) A grayish-white metal of considerable luster, 
 very miilleable and ductile, occurring very generally in 
 combination with arsenic. It is used in various alloys. 
 
 Nick'el-if er-oiis, a. [Eng. nickel and Lat. /erre, to 
 bear.] Containing nickel. 
 
 Nick'nack, n. [See Knickknack, and cf. Ger. schnick- 
 schnack, prattle, tittle-tattle, idle talk.] A small thing ; 
 a bawble ; a trifle ; — used chiefly in the plural! 
 
 Nick'name, n. [Either from 0. Fr. nigue, a sign of 
 mockery or contempt, from 0. II. Ger. hnicchan, to nod, 
 beckon ; or perh. from 0. Eng. neke-name, eke-name, sur- 
 name. Cf. Nick, v. t. No. 3]. A name given in con- 
 tempt, derision, or sportive familiarity. 
 
 Nick'name, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NICKNAMED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. nicknaming.] To give a name of reproach 
 or familiarity to. 
 
 Ni-<;o'tian, a. Pertaining to, or denoting, tobacco ;-^ 
 so called from Nicot, who first introduced it into France, 
 A. D. 1560. 
 
 Ni<!'tate, v. i. [Lat. nictare, nictatum,, from nicere, to 
 beckon.] To wink. 
 
 Nie-ta'tion, n. The act of winking. [tate. 
 
 Ni€'ti-tate, v. i. [See Nictate.] To wink; to nic- 
 
 Nic'ti-ta'tion, n. The act of winking. 
 
 Nid'a-men'tal, a. [Lat. nida7nentum, from nidus, a 
 nest.] Bearing or pertaining to eggs or young. 
 
 Nid'i-fi-eate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. nidificated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. nidificating.] [Lat. nidificare, nidijicaimn, 
 from nidus, nest, and/acere, to make.] To make a nest. 
 
 *ood,fcM>t; iirn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, call, eclio; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tibis* 
 
NIDIFICATION 
 
 488 
 
 NIPPER 
 
 Nld'i-fl-ca'tlon, n. Act or oporation of building a 
 nest, iiiidtlu- iiatchiug and fwdiug of\ouug. 
 
 Nid'u-laite. i-. «. [imp. & /'. /). mdulated; p. pr. & 
 i-b. M. MDI'LATING.] [Sei' NIDI'S.] To make a nest ; 
 to nidifioatf . 
 
 Nid'U-la'tion, n. The time of remaining in the nest, 
 a« of a bird. 
 
 yt'du», n. [Lat.] A repository for the eggs of birds, in- 
 sectj*, and the like ; a nest. 
 
 Nievf . H. [From Lat. veptis, a granddaughter.] The 
 daughter of a brother or sister. 
 
 Nig'gard, n. [Icel. /ino^gr, economical. Cf. Ger. knicker, 
 a niggard.] A person meanly close and covetous ; a 
 miser. [miserly. 
 
 Nlgr'gard, n. Meanly covetous ; sordidly parsimonious ; 
 
 Nig'gard-ish, «. Somewhat covetous or niggardly. 
 
 Nig'gard-li-ness, n. State of being niggardly ; mean 
 covetousness ; sordid parsimony. 
 
 iJig'gard-Iy, n 1. Meanly covetous or avaricious in deal- 
 ing with others : sordidly parsimonious. "2, Cautiously 
 avoiding profusion. 
 
 Syn. — Avaricious; covetous ; parsimoaious ; sparing ; mi- 
 serly ; i)enurious ; sordid.— See Avakicious. 
 
 Nig'ger, n. A negro ; — in derision or depreciation. 
 
 Nigli (ni), a. [compar. nigher ; siiperl. NIGHEST, or 
 NEXT.] [0. Eng. ne/g^/i, A.-S. «fa/j, 7ie/?. Cf. infra.] 
 1. Not distant in place or time ; near. 2. Not remote 
 in degree, kindied, circumstances, &c. ; closely allied. 
 
 Syn.— Close ; adjacent ; contiguous ; proximate ; present; 
 intimate. 
 
 Kigh (nT), aiiv. [A.-S. neah, nch, Goth, nehvanehv.] 
 1. In a situation near in place or time, or in the course 
 of events. 2. Almost ; nearly. 
 
 Nigh (nl), prep. Near to ; not distant from. 
 
 Night (nit). »(. [A.-S. nea/tt, niht, Goth. 7iahts, Icel. noU, 
 for iidtt, allied to Lat. nox, nocli.'i, Gr. vv^, wktos, Skr. 
 vakta, W. nos.} 1. The time from sunset to sunrise. 2. 
 Hence, in figurative uses, (a.) Darkne.ss ; obscurity, (b ) 
 Ignorance, (c.) A state of affliction or distress ; adversi- 
 ty, (d.) Death, (e.) The time of the absence of life 
 from nature. 
 
 Night'-c5p (nit''-), n. 1. A cap worn in bed or in un- 
 dress, ti. A glass of warm liquor before going to bed. 
 [Cant.] 
 
 Night'-f all (nit/-), n. Close of the day : evening. 
 
 Night'-fire (nit'-), n. 1. Ignis fatuus ; Will-with-a- 
 wL^p ; Jack-with-a-lantern. 2. Fire burning in the 
 night. 
 
 Night'-gown (nit'-), n. A loose gown used for undress. 
 
 Night'-haAvk (nit/-), n. (Ornith.) A bird allied to the 
 goat-sucker, a native of the United States. It hunts its 
 prey toward evening. 
 
 Night'in-gale (nlt/in-gal, 45), n 
 niht, night, and galan, to sing, 
 gale, songster.] {Ornith.) A 
 small bird that sings at night ; 
 Philomel. It is celebrated for 
 its vocal powers. 
 
 Night'ly (nit'ly), a. 1. Done 
 bv night. 2. Done every night. 
 
 Night'ly (nTt/ly), adv. 1. By 
 night; in the night. 2. Every 
 night. 
 
 Night'mare (nit'-), n. [See 
 Mare.] 1. A sensation in sleep 
 as of the pre.ssure of a weight 
 on the chest or stomach ; incu- 
 bus. 2. Ilence, any overwhehning, oppressive, or stupe- 
 fying influence. 
 
 Jfight'-pie^e (nit''-), n. A piece of painting representing 
 Kime night-scene, or so colored as to be exhibited to the 
 Ije.'it advantage by candle-light. 
 
 Night'Khade (nlt^-), n. (Bot.) A low, branching annu- 
 al plant, having very small, white flowers, and small, 
 round Ixjrries. 
 
 Night'-soil (nTf-), n. Thecontents of privies — so called 
 because carried away, a.s a manure, by night. 
 
 Jfight'--walk'er (nTt'wawk^er). n. 1. One vrho walks 
 in his sleep: a somnambuli.-t. 2. One who roves about 
 in the night for evil purpo.ses. 
 
 Night'- -walk-'ing (nTt'wawk'ing), n. 1. Walking in 
 ones sleep: somnambulism. 2. A roving in the streets 
 at niglit with evil designs. 
 
 Nlght'-w^atch (nTt/w6tch), n. 1. A period in the night, 
 a^ diitinguif-hed by the change of watch 2. A watch, 
 or guard, to afford protection in the night. 
 
 Ni-grfis'^ent, a. [Lat. nigrescens, p. pr. of nigresctrf. 
 
 [A.-S. nihtegale, from 
 
 Nightingale. 
 
 to grow black, from niger, black.] Growing black, 
 changing to a black color. 
 
 Nig'ri-fi-ea'tioii, n. [hz.i.nigri_ficare,tK>va n/ger, black, 
 &v\A facere, to make.] The act of making black. 
 
 Nrhil-i§m, n. [From ]>at. nihil, nihilmn, nothing, from 
 ne, not, and hilitm, a little thing, trifle.] 1. Nothing- 
 ness; nihility. 2. The doctrine that nothing can be 
 known. [nothing. 
 
 Ni-hil'i-ty, n. [See supra.] Nothingness ; a state of being 
 
 Nill, V. i. To be unwilling. 
 
 Ni-16m'e-ter, n. [Gr. NeiXo/xeVpioi', from NeiAos, the 
 Nile, and fierpov, measure.] An instrument for measur- 
 ing the rise of water in the Nile during its periodical 
 flood. 
 
 Ni-lofic, a. Pertaining to the River Nile, in Egypt. 
 
 Nim'ble, a. [cotnpar. nimbler : superl. NIMBLEST.] 
 [A.-S. ncmol numol, capable, receiving, catching, from 
 niman, to take.] Light and quick in motion. 
 
 Syn. — Agile ; quick ; active ; brisk ; lively ; prompt ; ex- 
 pert. 
 
 Nimnble-ness, n. The quality of being nimble ; quick- 
 ness, celerity ; speed ; swiftness. 
 
 Nim'bly, adc. In a nimble manner : with agility. 
 
 Nim'bus, n. [Lat.] 1. (Fine Arts.) A circle, or disk, 
 of rays of light around the heads of divinities, saints, 
 &c. ; a halo. 2. {Meteor.) A rain-cloud. • 
 
 Nia'-eom-poop, n. [A corruption of Lat. non compos. 
 See Non Compos Mentis.] A silly fool ; a blockhead. 
 [Low.] 
 
 Nine, a. [A.-S. nigon, nigan, Goth, niun, allied to Lat. 
 nove??!, Skr. navam, Gr. ewe'a.] One more than eight, 
 or one less than ten. 
 
 Nine,?!. 1. The sum of five and four. 2. A symbol 
 representing nine units, as 9, or ix. 
 The Xine, the nine Muses. 
 
 Nine'f old, a. Nine times repeated. 
 
 Nine'-holeg, n. A game in which nine holes are made 
 in the ground, into which a ball is to be bowled. 
 
 Nine'peii^e, n. ; pi. NlNE'PEN-^Eg. A silver coin of 
 the value of nine pence. 
 
 Nine'- ping, n. A play, originally with nine pins or pieces 
 of wood set on end, at which a bowl is rolled for throw- 
 ing them down. 
 
 Nine'teen, a. Nine and ten. 
 
 Nine'teen, n. 1. The .simi of ten and nine. 2. A 
 symbol representing nineteen units, as 19, or xix. 
 
 Nine'teenth, a. 1. Following the eighteenth and pre- 
 ceeding the twentieth. 2. Constituting or being one of 
 nineteen equal parts into which any thing is divided. 
 
 Nine'teenth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 
 nineteen : one of nineteen equal parts. 2. The next in 
 order after the eighteenth. 
 
 Nine'ti-eth, a. 1. Next in order after the eighty-ninth 
 
 2. Constituting or being one of ninety equal parts. 
 Nine'ti-eth, «. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 
 
 ninety; one of ninety equal parts. 2. The next in order 
 after the eighty -ninth. 
 
 Nine'ty, a. Nine times ten ; one more than eighty-nine. 
 
 Nine'ty, n. 1. The sun of nine times ten. 2. A sym- 
 bol representing ninety units, as 90 or xc. 
 
 Nin'ny, n. [Cf. It. ninno, ninna. ababy,Sp. niho , nina, 
 child, infant, Gr. vevog, foolish, silly.] A fool ; a simple- 
 ton ; a dolt. 
 
 Ninth, a. [Formed directly from nine.] 1. Following 
 the eighth and preceding the tenth. 2. Constituting or 
 being one of nine equal parts into which any thing is 
 divided. 
 
 Ninth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by nine; 
 one of nine equal parts. 2. {3Ius.) {a.) An interval con- 
 taining an octave and a second, {b. ) A chord consisting 
 of the common chord, with the eighth advanced one 
 
 Ninth'ly, adv. In the ninth place. [note. 
 
 Nip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. NIPPED (nipt), less properly 
 NIPT ; p. pr. & vb. n. NIPPING.] [A.-S. hnipan, to bend 
 or cast down, Icel. hnippa, to strike against, hnfppa. to 
 bend, press, Goth, hniupan, to break.] 1. To inclose 
 and compress tightly between two surfaces or edges 
 brought together: to pinch. 2. To remove by pinching, 
 biting, or cutting with two meeting edges of any thing. 
 
 3. Hence, to blast, as by frost : to destroy. 4. To bite; 
 to vex. 
 
 Nip, n. 1. A seizing or closing in upon. 2. A pinch 
 with the nails or teeth. 3. A small cut, or a cutting 
 off the end. 4. A blast ; destruction by frost. 5. A 
 biting sarcasm ; a taunt. 
 
 Nip'per, n. 1. A fore tooth of a horse. 2. A small 
 draught : a sip : a nip. [Vulgar.] 
 
 »,e,k,t.,long; &,d,&c.,sAor{;c&re, far, ask, all, what; gre,veil, term; pique, firni; s6n,dr, dQ, wqH 
 
^'' ^^^ 
 
 •^-•;- 
 
 NIPPERS 
 
 Nip'perg, n. pi. 1. Small pin- 
 cers for holding, breaking, or 
 cutting. 2. (N'aut.) A number 
 of yarns marled together, used 
 to secure a cable to the messen- 
 
 489 
 
 NOISE 
 
 Nippers. 
 
 Nip'ple, n. [Allied to iiibble, q. v.] 1. The protuber- 
 ance by which milk is drawn from the breasts of females ; 
 a teat ; a pap. "2. Any small projection in which there 
 is an orifice for discharging a fluid, or for other purposes. 
 
 Ni'san, n. [Ueb. iiisctn.] A month of the Jewish cal- 
 endar, answering to the month of April. 
 
 Jfl'st,conj. [Lat.] Unless; if not. . 
 
 Nu!i priKs (Law), unless before ; — a phrase applied to terms 
 of court, held generally by a single judge, with a jury, for the 
 trial of jury causes. 
 
 Nit, n. [A.-S. knitu, Icel. 7iyt, nit, for hnit, 0. H. Ger. 
 niz, for kniz, allied to Gr. kovis, koviSos, W. 7iedd.] The 
 egg of a louse or other small insect. 
 
 Ki'ten-py, n. [Lat. nitens, p. pr. of nitere, to shine.] 
 1. Brightness ; luster. '2. [From Lat. ?ij«ens, p. pr. of 
 niti, to strive.] Endeavor ; etfort. 
 
 Ni'ter, )n. [Lsit. nitmm, Gr. virpov. Cf. NATRON.] 1. 
 
 Ni'tre, ) (Chem.) A white, crystalUne salt, nitrate of 
 potassa, having a pungent, saline taste. It is largely used 
 in the manufacture of gunpowder; — called also salt- 
 peter. 
 
 Nit'ld, a. [Lat. nitidus, fr. nitere, to shine.] 1. Bright ; 
 lustrous ; shining. 2. Gay ; spruce ; fine. 
 
 Ni'trate (45), n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by the union of 
 nitric acid with a base. 
 Nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. 
 
 Ni'tre (nfter), n. See Niter. [gen. 
 
 Ni'tri-e, a. ( Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, nitro- 
 Nitric acid, a powerful, corrosive acid, containing five 
 equivalents of oxygen and one of nitrogen. 
 
 Ni'tri-fy, v. t. [in^p. & p. p. NITRIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. NITRIFYING.] [Lat. nitrum »,nd facere, to make. 
 See NITER.] To convert into niter. 
 
 Ni'tro-gen, n. [Lat. nitrum, Gr. vLrpov, and Lat. geii- 
 ere, gignere, Gr. ■yeVeii', yeviaOaL, yiyveaOai, to produce.] 
 ( Chem.) A gaseous element, without taste, odor, or color, 
 forming nearly four fifths of common air, and incapable 
 of supporting life ; azote. 
 
 Ni'tro-gen-ize, i'. t. [imp. & p. p. NITROGENIZED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. NITROGENIZING.] To imbue with nitro- 
 gen, [gen. 
 
 Ni-trSg'e-noiis, a. Pertaining to, or containing, nitro- 
 
 Ni'tro-inu.'ri-at'i«, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or com- 
 posed of, nitric acid and muriatic acid ; — said of an acid 
 formed by mixing nitric and muriatic (or hydrochloric) 
 acid. 
 
 Ni'troiis, a. Pertaining to, or containing, niter ; partak- 
 ing of the qualities of niter, or resembling it. 
 
 Ni'try, a. Nitrous ; pertaining to niter ; producing niter. 
 
 Nifty, a. Full of nits ; abounding with nits. 
 
 Nifty, a. [Lat. nitidus, shining.] Shining; elegant; 
 spruce. 
 
 Niv'e-oiis, a. [Lat. nii'eus, from nix, nivis, snow.] 
 Snowy ; resembling snow, or partaking of its qualities. 
 
 Ho, adv. [A.-S. na, Skr. na. Cf. NAY.] Nay; — a word 
 of denial or refusal. 
 
 No, a. [0. Eng. non, abbrev. from none, q. v.] Not any ; 
 not one ; none. 
 
 No, n. ; pi. NOE§. 1. A refusal by use of the word no ; 
 a denial. 3. A negative vote ; one who votes in the nega- 
 tive. 
 
 No-a'<!lii-an (110), a. Pertaining to Noah, the patriarch, 
 or to his time. 
 
 No-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. nobilitas. See Noble.] 1. The 
 quality of being noble; as, (a.) Dignity; greatness; 
 elevation ; superiority of mind or of quality ; eminence. 
 (b.) Noble birth ; patrician dignity ; distinction by rank, 
 station, and title, 'i. The aristocratic and patrician 
 class ; the peerage. 
 
 No'ble, a. [cow/far. nobler; superl. NOBLEST.] [Lat. 
 nobilis, from noscere, novi, to know.] 1. Possessing 
 fflninence, elevation, dignity, or the like ; above whatever 
 is low, mean, degrading, or dishonorable. 2. Grand; 
 magnificent; splendid. 3. 5)9ec/^ca%, of exalted rank ; 
 of aristocratic or patrician family. 
 
 Syn. — Honorable ; worthy; dignified ; elevated ; exalted ; 
 sublime ; great ; eminent; illustrious; renowned; state!/; 
 grand ; magnanimous ; generous ; liberal ; free. 
 
 No'ble, n. 1, A nobleman ; a peer. ti. A money of 
 account, and, formerlv, a gold coin, of the value of 6s. 
 8d. sterling, or about S1.61. 
 
 No'ble-man, n. ,• pi. no'ble-men. One of the nobil- 
 
 ity ; a noble ; a peer. 
 No'ble-ness, n. 1. Quality of being noble ; elevation 
 
 of mind or of station ; nobihty. ti. Grandeur ; stateli- 
 
 [See Noble.] Theno- 
 bility ; persons of noble 
 
 No-bl6ss', or Nojjless, 
 No-bl6sse', or No'blesse, 
 
 rank collectiveh'. 
 No'bly, adv. 1. Of noble extraction. 2. With great- 
 ness of soul; with magnanimity. 3. Magnificently. 
 
 Syn. — Illustriously; honorably; magnanimously; heroic- 
 ally; worthily; eminently; grandly; splendidly. 
 
 No'bod-y, n. 1, No person; no one; not any body. 3. 
 Hence, a person of no influence or importance. [ Colloq.] 
 
 No'calce, n. [Corrupted from Indian nookhik, meal.] 
 Indian corn parched, beaten to powder, and made into a 
 paste with water. 
 
 No'^ent, a. [Lat. nocens, p. pr. of nocere, to hurt.] 
 Doing hurt, or having a tendency to hurt ; hurtful ; 
 mischievous. 
 
 No-e-tam'bu-list, n. [From Lat. nox, noctis, night, 
 and ambidare, to walk.] One who rises from bed and 
 walks in his sleep ; a somnambulist. 
 
 No-e-tiv'a-gant, a. [Lat. nox, noctis, night, and va- 
 gans, p. pr. of vagari, to wander about.] Wandering in 
 the night, as animals for prey. 
 
 Noe'to-grapli, n. [Gr. vv^, wkto';, night, darkness, and 
 ypd<}>eiv, to write.] A kind of writing frame for the blind. 
 
 No-e'turn, n. [From Lat. noctumus, belonging to the 
 night.] 1. An act of religious service by night. 3. 
 One of the portions into which the Psalter was divided, 
 designed to be used at such a night-service. 
 
 No-e-tur'nal, a. [Lat. noctumalis and norturnus, from 
 nox, night, noctu, by night.] 1. Pertaining to, done, or 
 occurring at night. 2. Having a habit of seeking food 
 at night. 
 
 Nod, t>. V. [Probably allied to Lat. n?//are. Cf.. W. no^-//, 
 to mark, to note, nod, token, mark.] 1, To bend or 
 incline the upper part, with a quick motion. 2. To 
 make a slight bow in token of assent or salutation. 3. 
 To be drowsy. 
 
 Nod, v. t. [imp. & p.p. NODDED; p. pr. & vb. n. NOD- 
 DING.] 1. To incline or bend, as the head or top ; to 
 make a motion of assent, of salutation, or of drowsiness 
 with. 3. To signify by a nod. 
 
 Nod, n. 1. A bending forward of the upper part or top 
 
 . of any thing. 2. A quick, downward or forward motion 
 of the head, in assent, in fiimiliar salutation, in drowsi- 
 ness, or as a signal. 
 
 Nod'al, a. Of the nature of, or relating to, a node. 
 
 Nod'der, n. One who nods ; a drowsy person. 
 
 Nod'dle, n. [Prob. from nod, because it is the nodding 
 part of the body.] The head; — used jocosely or con- 
 temptuously. 
 
 Nod'dy, n. [Probably from nod, because a person who is 
 frequently nodding, as in assent, may be easily looked 
 upon as a fool.] 1. A simpleton ; a fool. 3. ( Ornith.) 
 A sea-fowl, easily taken ; the booby. 
 
 Node. n. [Lat. nodus.] 1. A knot; a 
 knob ; a protuberance. 3. Specijicc " 
 (a.) (Astron.) One of the two points 
 where the orbit of a planet, or comet, 
 intersects the ecliptic, or the orbit of a 
 satellite intersects that of its primary. Node. 
 
 (6.) (Bot.) The joint of a stem, (c.) ( Geom.) The oval 
 figure, or knot, formed by the folding of a curve upon 
 itself 
 
 No-dose', a. [Lat. nodosus, from nodus, knot.] Hav- 
 ing knots or swelling joints ; knotted. 
 
 No-dos'i-ty, n. 1. Knottiness. 3, Anode; a knot ; a 
 swelling. 
 
 Nod'ii-lar, a. Pertaining to, or in the form of, a nodule. 
 
 Nod'ule (77), n. [Lat. nodulus, dim. of nodus, knot.] 
 A rounded mass of irregular shape. 
 
 Nog, n. [An abbrev. of nog'g-m.] 1, A little pot ; a nog- 
 gin. 3. A kind of strong ale. 3. A wooden pin. 
 
 Nog'giii, n. [It. noigin, Gael, noigean.] A small mug 
 or wooden cup. 
 
 Nog'ging, n. [From Prov. Eng. nog, to fill up the in- 
 terstices in a wooden building with brick-work.] A par- 
 tition of scantlings filled with bricks. 
 
 Noige, n. [0. Fr. noise, strife, quarrel, noise; from Lat. 
 
 no.ra, hurt, injury, from nocere, to hurt.] 1. Sound of 
 
 any kind. 3. Especially, over-loud, empty, confused, 
 
 or senseless sound. 3. Frequent talk. 
 
 Syn. — Cry; outcry; clamor; din: clatter; tumult; uproar. 
 
 Noi§e, V. i. To sound loud. 
 
 ot; a ^^\ 
 
 cally, ( 1 
 
 •oints V V I / 
 met, X^ \y ^ 
 
 food, f (Tot; urn, rude, pull; ^ell, 9liaise,«all, e«lio; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, linlj; ; tiiis. 
 
.vj-Tr^ 
 
 XOISE 
 
 490 
 
 NONPAREIL 
 
 Nolge, r. t. [imp. & p. p. NOISED ; p- pr. & vb. n. 
 
 NOISING.] 1. To spread by rumor or report, ti. To 
 
 liistiirb with noisi>. 
 Noigo'less, a. Makiug no noise or bustle. 
 Noi$'i-ly, rt'/r. NVith noise ; with making a noise. 
 Nois'i-iiess, n. State of being noisy ; clamorousness. 
 NolSoiue (noi'sum), a. [For noisesotue, from 0. Fr. 
 
 noise, but with the senile of Lat. iioxa, and the Eng. ter^ 
 
 mination ,ft»»it.] 1. Injurious to health ; unwholesome ; 
 
 insalubrious ; destructive. 'Z. (XTeusive to the smell or 
 
 other se|lse5 ; disgusting ; fetid, 
 gjnn.— Noxious. — A thing which Is noxious inflicts evil 
 
 dir«ctlv, as a noxious plant, noxious practices, &c. ; a thing 
 
 which'is noisoitif operates with a remoter influence, as noisome 
 
 vapors, a noisome pestilence, &c., and has the additional sense 
 
 of (iii'gusting. 
 
 N"ol's6ine-ly (noi'sum-lj), adv. With a fetid stench. 
 
 Noi'some-ness (noi'sum-nes), n. Unwholesomeness ; 
 offensiveuess to the smell. 
 
 Noig'y, «. [ro}?ipar. 7iOlsl^R;superl. yoiSlEST.] Mak- 
 iug a noise or loud sound ; clamorous ; turbulent ; bois- 
 terous. 
 
 Nol'fe f)rds'e-qul. [Lat., to be unwilling to prosecute.] 
 (Lair.) A phrase denoting that a plaintiff discontinues 
 his suit, or the attorney for the public a prosecution. 
 
 NSm'ad, n. [Gr. vo/aa?, vo/xaSos, pasturing, roaming, 
 from vofjioi, a pasture, from veixeiv, to pasture, graze, 
 drive to pasture.] One of a race, or tribe, that has no 
 fixed location, but wanders from place to place in search 
 of game or pasture. 
 
 N6in'ade,«. See NoMAD. 
 
 No-mJicl'ic, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, nomads ; 
 wandering ; moving from place to place. 
 
 N6iii'ad.-i§in, 7i. The state of being a nomad. 
 
 Noni'bl^'g (niim'blz), n. pi. [Fr. from Lat. lumbulus, dim. 
 of lumbus, a loin.] The entrails of a deer. 
 
 N6m'bril, n. [Fr. nombril, for lombril, i. e., ombril, with 
 the article, as if from a dim. of Lat. umbilicus, navel.] 
 {Her.) A point halfway between the fesse point and the 
 middle base point of an escutcheon. See Escutcheon. 
 
 Nome, n. [Gr. i/oju-os, from veixeiv, to deal out, pasture, 
 eat.] A province or tract of country. 
 
 No'men-ela'tor, «. [Lat., from nomen, name, and 
 calare, equivalent to Gr. KoXelv, to call.] One who gives 
 names to things. 
 
 No'meii-elat'ure (53), n. A peculiar system of techni- 
 cal names in any particular branch of science ; termi- 
 nologj-. 
 
 J»6m'i-nal, a. [Lat. nominalis, from nomen, a name.] 
 
 1. Pertaining to a name or names. 3. Existing in name 
 only. 
 
 Noni'i-nal-igm, n. The principles of the nominalists. 
 
 N6m'i-nal-i.st, n. {Metapli.) One of a sect of philoso- 
 phers in the middle ages, who adopted the opinion that 
 general conceptions, or universals, exist in name only. 
 
 N6m'i-nal-ly, adv. By name, or in name only. 
 
 Noni'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. nominated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. NOMINATING.] [Lat. nominare, nominatum, 
 from nomen, name.] 1. To mention by name ; to name. 
 
 2. To appoint ; also, to propose by name, or offer the 
 name of,_as a candidate for an office or place. 
 
 NSm'i-na'tion, 71. 1. Act of naming or nominating; 
 state of being nominated, ti. Power of nominating. 
 
 Ndm'i-na-tive, a. Naming ; designating ; — said of that 
 case of a noun which stands as the subject of a verb. 
 
 Ndm'i-na-tive, n. ( Gram.) The case in which the sub- 
 jeft of a verb stands. 
 
 N6m'i-na'tor, n. One who nominates. 
 
 N6m'l-nee', n. [See Xomin.\te.] 1. One who has 
 been named, or propo.sed, for an office. 2. One nom- 
 inated, or proposed, for office or for election to office. 
 
 No-m6g'ra-i>hy. n. [Gr. vofuoypomjiCa, from i/6/uios, law, 
 and ypdff)eiv, to write.] A treatise on laws. 
 
 N6n'age. ?t. [Prefix now, not, and age.] The time of 
 life before a jjer.son becomes of age ; minority. 
 
 Ndn'a-ge-na'ri-an, n. [Lat. nonagenarius, containing, 
 or consisting of, ninety, from nonageni, ninety each, from 
 nonaginta, ninety, from novem, nine.] One who is ninety 
 years old. 
 
 N6n'a-ge8'i-mal, a. [Lat. nonagesimus, th« ninetieth. 
 See 5M//ra.] Pertaining to a nonagesimal. 
 
 N6n'a-g6fi'i-mal, n. {Astron.) The middle or highest 
 jKiint of that part of the echptic which is at any given 
 moment above the horizon. 
 
 N6n'a-g6n, n. [Lat. novem, nine, nanus, the ninth, 
 and Gr. yuivla, corner, angle.] (Math.) A polygon hav- 
 ing nine sides and nine angles. 
 
 Ndn'-at-tSnd'au^e, n. A failure to attend. 
 
 N6n^e, n. [For the nonce, or /or the nones, a corrup- 
 tion of /or then once.] The present call or occasion ; pur- 
 pose ; — chietly used in the phrase /br the nonce. 
 
 Nonchalance (nong'sha'longss'), n. [Fr., from non- 
 chalant. See infra.] Indifference ; carelessness ; cool- 
 ness. 
 
 Nonchalant (nong'sha/long'), a. [Ft., from noncha- 
 loir, to have no care for a thing, fr. pref. 7ion, not, and 
 chaloir, to concern one's self for, from Lat. calere, to glow, 
 to be inflamed or roused.] Indifferent ; careless ; cool. 
 
 N6n-<;om-mis'sioiied (-mlsh'und), a. Not having a 
 commission. 
 
 Non-commis.iione(l officer (Mil.), an officer of a grade between 
 a private soldier and a warrant officer, as a corporal, sergeant 
 &c.; (3'aioO, an officer of a grade between a common sailor 
 and a warrant officer, as a quartermaster, gunner's mate, &c. 
 
 N6n'-«om-mit'tal, n. A state of not being committed 
 or pledged to any course. [ance. 
 
 Non/— eom-pli'anfe, n. Neglect or failure of compli- 
 
 Non -eoni'iws, ) [Lat.] Not of sound mind; 
 
 Non -eom'pos Men'tis. ) hence, as a noun, an idiot ; 
 a lunatic. 
 
 N6n'-<;oii-<;<ir', v. i. To dissent or refuse to concur. 
 
 Noii'-coii-^ur'reiife, n. A refusal to concur. 
 
 N6ii'-<!Oii-du€t'or, n. A substance which does not 
 transmit another substance or fluid, or which transmits 
 it with difficulty. 
 
 N6ii'-<;on-f6rm'ist, n. One who does not conform to 
 an established church. 
 
 N6n'-«oii-f 6rm'i-ty, n. Neglect or failure of conform- 
 ity ; especially, in England, refusal to unite with the 
 established church in its rites and modes of worship. 
 
 N6ii'-«oii-tent', n. {British House of Lords.) One who 
 gives a negative vote. 
 
 N6n'de-!i«ript, a. [Lat. non, not, and descriptus, de- 
 scribed ] Not hitherto described; novel; hence, odd; 
 abnormal ; inegular. 
 
 N6n'de-s<;ript, n. A thing not yet described ; some- 
 thing abnormal, or hardly classifiable. 
 
 None (nun or non, 20), a. & pron. [A.-S. nan, from n«, 
 not, and an, one.] 1, No one; not any thing; — fre- 
 quently used as a plural, not any. 2. No ; not any. 
 None of, not at all; not; also, nothing of. 
 
 Non-en'ti-ty, n. 1. Non-existence ; negation of being. 
 2. A thing not existing. 
 
 None§, n. pi. [Lat. nonse, from nanus, the ninth, for no- 
 venus, frova novem., rnne.] \, {Roman Calendar.) The 
 5th day of the months January, February, April, June, 
 August, September. November, and December, and the 
 7th day of March, May, July, and October. The nones 
 were nine days from the ides, reckoning inclusively, ac- 
 cording to the Roman method. 2. [Fr. none. It. & Sp. 
 no7ia.] A season of prayer formerly observed at noon iu 
 the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 N6n'-es-s6n'tial, a. Not essential. 
 
 N6n'-es-sen'tial, n. A thing not essential. * 
 
 N6n est in-ven'tns. [Lat., he is not found.] {Law.) 
 The return of a sheriff on a writ, when the defendant is 
 ' not found in his county. 
 
 None'siicli, n. Something extraordinary ; a thing that 
 has not its equal. It is given as a name to various ob- 
 jects, [munication. 
 
 N6n-6x'-eom-mu'ni-ea-ble, a. Not liable to excom- 
 
 N6n'-e$-ist'en?e, n. 1. Absence of existence ; non- 
 entity. 2. A thing that has no existence or being. 
 
 Non'-ej-ist'ent, a. Not having existence. 
 
 N6n'-f ul-fni'ment, n. Neglect or failure to fulfiU. 
 
 No-niU'ion (-nTl'yun), n. [Lat. nanus, ninth, and Eng. 
 million.] According to the French notation, a thousand 
 octillions, or a unit with 30 ciphers annexed ; according 
 to the English notation, a million octillions, or a unit 
 with 54 ciphers annexed. See Numeration. 
 
 N6n-jur'ing, a. [Lat. jvrare. to swear, from jus, juris, 
 right, law.] Not swearing allegiance; — applied to thti 
 party in Great Britain that would not swear allegiance l» 
 William and Mary. 
 
 Non-ju'ror, or N6n'-jxi-ror, n. {Eng. Hist.) One who 
 refused to take the oath of allegiance to the government 
 and crown of England during and after the revolution of 
 1688 ; a Jacobite. 
 
 N6n-nat'u-rals, n. pi. {Med.) Things necessary to hu- 
 man existence, but not entering into the composition or 
 constituting the nature of man, such as air, food, drink, 
 sleep, &c. [fulfill. 
 
 NSn'-ob-gerv'an^e, n. Neglect or failure to observe or 
 
 NSn'pa-rSil' (-rel'), n. [See infra.] 1. Something of un- 
 equaled excellence. 2. Hence, specifically, (a.) A sort 
 of apple, {b. ) A sort of printing type quite small. 
 
 », e, &c., long; &, 6, kc, short; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; s6n, 6r, d«, wol4 
 
NONPAREIL 
 
 491 
 
 NOSOLOGY 
 
 ^^ This line is printed in the type called nonpareil. 
 
 (c.) A small sugar-plum, {d.) A kind of narrow ribbon. 
 NSn'pa-reil' (non'pa-rel'), a. [Fr., from non, not, and 
 
 pareU, equal, from L. Lat. pariculus, dim. of Lat. par, 
 
 equal.] Having no equal ; peerless. 
 Non-pay'ment, n. Neglect of payment. 
 Ndn'-per-fdrm'anfe, n. A failure to perform. 
 Non'plus, «. [Lat. «on, not, and plus, more, further.] 
 
 Insuperable difficulty ; puzzle. I 
 
 Non'plus, V. t. [imp. & p. p. nonplused (non'plust) ; j 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. NONPLUSING.] To puzzle ; to confound ; 
 
 to put to a stand. j 
 
 Nonpros. [Abbrev. of Lat. non prosequitur, he does not ; 
 
 prosecute.] (Law.) A judgment entered against the 
 
 plaintiff in a suit where he does not appear to prosecute. 
 N6n'-pr6s, v. t. [imp. & p. p. non-prossed ; p. pr. j 
 
 & vb. n. non-prossing.] To fail to prosecute. j 
 
 Tion-reg'i-den^e, n. Failure or neglect of residing at | 
 
 the place where one is stationed. j 
 
 N6ii-re§'i-cleiit, a. Not residing in a particular place, 
 
 on one"s own estate, or in one's proper place. ] 
 
 N6n-re§'i-tleiit, n. One who does not reside in, or is ; 
 
 not a resident of, a particular place ; — particularly ap- 
 plied, in England, to clergymen who live away from their 
 
 cures. 
 N6ii'-re-§ist'aii9e, n. The principles or practice of a 
 
 non-resistant ; passive obedience. 
 Non'-re-gist'ant, a. Making no resistance to power or I 
 
 oppression. 
 Non'-re-glst'ant, n. One who maintains that no resist- 
 ance should be made to constituted authority, even 
 
 when unjustly or oppressively exercised. 
 Nfin'sense, n. 1. That which is not sense, or has no 
 
 sense, ii. Trifles ; things of no importance. 
 N6n-s6n.s'i€-al, rt. Unmeiining ; absurd; foolish. 
 Noii-sens'i-e-al-ly, aril'. Absurdly; without meaning. 
 N6ii-sens'i«-al-iiess, «. Jargon; absurdity. 
 Non seq'ui-tur (sek'wi-tur). [Lat.] 1. It does not 
 
 follow. 3. [Logic.) An inference which does not follow 
 
 from the premises. 
 Non'suit, n. (Law.) A neglect or failure by the plaintiff 
 
 to follow up his suit. 
 Non'suit, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. nonsuited ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. NONSUITING.] (Law.) To adjudge or record as a 
 
 plaintiff, as having dropped his suit, upon his withdrawal 
 
 or failure to follow it up. 
 Noii-tig'er, n. 1, A not using ; failure to use. '2, 
 
 (Law.) Neglect or omission to use an easement or other 
 
 right. 
 Ndb'dle, n. [Cf. Noddle and Noddy.] A simpleton; 
 
 a blockhead ; a stupid- person. [Low.] 
 Ndbk (27), n. [Gael. niuc. Cf. 0. Eng. nock, a notch.] 
 
 A corner ; a recess ; a secluded retreat. 
 Noon, n. [From Lat. nona (sc. hora), the ninth hour (i. 
 
 €., 3 o'clock, P. M.), which, among the Romans, was the 
 
 time of eating the chief meal.] 1. The middle of the 
 
 day ; midday ; twelve o'clock. 3. The time of greatest 
 
 brilliancy. 
 Ndbn, a. Belonging to midday ; meridional. 
 Nobn'day, n. Midday ; twelve o'clock in the day. 
 Nobn'day, a. Pertaining to midday ; meridional. 
 NcTon'ing, n. Repose at noon ; a repast at noon. 
 Nobn'tide,n. The time of noon ; midday ; noon. 
 Ndbn'tide, a. Pertaining to noon ; meridional. 
 Noose (nuoz or ncFos), n. [Cf. Ir. nas, a band or tie, and 
 
 Prov. Ger. sc/meusz, scluieisze, a springe.] A running 
 
 knot, which binds the closer the more it is drawn^, 
 Nob§e, V. t. [i?np. & p. p. noosed ; p. pr. &' vb. n. 
 
 NOOSING.] To tie in a noose ; to catch in a noose ; to 
 
 insnare. 
 No'pal, n. [Mexic. wo/ia^^j.] (Bot.) Indian fig, a plant on 
 
 which the cochineal bug feeds. 
 "S or, conj. [Contv. from. A. -S. nadhor, for na/iwdd her. See 
 
 Or.] a negative connective or particle, introducing the 
 
 second member or clause of a negative proposition, fol- 
 lowing neither, or not, in the first. Occasionally, nor is 
 
 used in the first memlser as well as the second. 
 Norm, n. [Lat. norma, a rule.] A rule or authoritative 
 
 standard ; a model. 
 Nor'mal, a. [Lat. normalis, from norma, rule, pattern.] 
 
 According to an established norm, rule, or principle ; 
 
 conformed to a type or regular form. 
 
 Noiival scf'ool, a school whose methods of instruction are 
 to serve as a model for imitation ; an institution for the educa- 
 tion of teachers. 
 
 Syn. — Regular; ordinary; analogical. — TfegM^ar and ordi- 
 nary are popular terms of well-known signification ; normal 
 haa now a more specific sense, arising out of its use in science, 
 
 A thing is norma., or in its normal state, when strictly con- 
 formed to those principles of its constitution which make it 
 what it is. It is abnormal when it departs from those prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 Nor'mal, n. 1. A perpendicular. 2. ( Geatn.) A straight 
 hue perpendicular to the tangent of a curve at any point, 
 and included between the curve and the axis of the ab- 
 scissas, [mandy. 
 
 Nor'man, n. (Geog.) A native or inhabitant.of Nor- 
 
 Nor'man, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Normandy, or to the 
 Normans. 
 
 Nor'roy, n. [i. e., north-king, from Fr. nord, north, and 
 roij, roi, king.] (Her.) The third of the three kings at 
 arms, or provincial heralds. 
 
 Norse, a. Of, or pertaining to, ancient Scandinavia. 
 
 Norse, n. [From Icel. Norvegr, Norway.] The language 
 of ancient Scandinavia. 
 
 N6rse'man, n.; pi. norse'men. An inhabitant of 
 ancient Scandinavia ; a Northman. 
 
 Ndrtli, n. [A.-S. nordh, Icel. nordhr.] The direction op- 
 posite to the south. 
 
 North, a. Lying toward the north ; situated at the north. 
 
 North, V. i. To turn or move toward the north. 
 
 Nortii-east', n. The point between the north and east, 
 at an equal distance fi'om each. 
 
 North-east', a. Pertaining to the north-east, or pro- 
 ceeding from that point. [north-east. 
 
 Ndrtii-east'er-ly, a. Toward, or coming from, the 
 
 North-east'ern, a. Pertaining to, or being in, the north- 
 east, or in % direction to the north-east. 
 
 North'er, n. A wind or gale, from the north. 
 
 N6r'tiier-li-ness, n. State of being northerly. 
 
 North'er-ly, a. 1. Being toward the north ; northern. 
 
 2. From the north. 
 
 North'er-ly, adv. 1. Toward the north. 3. In a 
 
 northern direction. 3. Proceeding from a northern point. 
 North'ern, a. 1. Being in, or near to, the north. 3. 
 
 In a direction toward the north. 
 Nortii'ern-er, n. A native or resident in the north. 
 North'ern-most, a. Situated at the point furthest 
 
 north. 
 Nortii'lng, n. 1. (Surv. & Nav.) Distance northward 
 
 from any point of departure, measured on a meridian. 
 
 3. (Astron.) The distance of any heavenly body from the 
 equator northward. 
 
 Nortii'man, n. ; pi. north'MEN. One of the inhabit- 
 ants of the north of Europe, the ancient Scandinavians. 
 
 Nortii'most, a. Lying farthest north ; northernmost. 
 
 North'ward, a. Being toward the north, or nearer to 
 the north than the east and west points. 
 
 Nortii'ward, 1 adv. Toward the north, or toward a 
 
 N6rtii'>vard§, ( point nearer to the north than the 
 east and west points. 
 
 North'-ward-ly, a. Having a northern direction. 
 
 N6rtii'ward-ly, adv. In a northern direction. 
 
 North-west', n. The point between the north and west, 
 and equally distant from each. 
 
 North- west', a. 1. Pertaining to, in the direction of, 
 or being in the north-west. 3. Proceeding from the 
 north-west. • 
 
 North-west'er-ly, a. Toward, or from, the north-west- 
 
 North-'west'ern, a. Pertaining to, or being in, the 
 north-west, or in a direction to the north-west. , 
 
 Nor-we'gi-an, a. [From Norway, 0. Eng. Norweye, 
 Icel. Norvegr.] ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Norway. 
 
 Nor-we'gi-an, n. ( Geog. ) A native or inhabitant of 
 Norway. 
 
 Noge, n. [A.-S. nosu, nasu, nase, nose, Icel. Tiiis, allied 
 to Lat. nasus, Skr. nasa, Slav, nos.] 1. The prominent 
 part of the face, which is the organ of smell. 3. Povrer 
 of smelling; hence, scent. 3. A projecting end or vent .; 
 a snout ; a nozzle. 
 
 Nose of wax, any thing pliant or easily shaped; hence, one 
 who has no will of his own. [Eng.] — To have one's nose on 
 the grindstone, to be subject to exactions; to be oppressed. — To 
 lead by the nose, to lead bVmdly. — To put one's nose out of joint, 
 to supplant one in the afFections of another.— To (/jrus< o«e'.: 
 nose into, to meddle officiously in. 
 
 No§e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. nosed ; p.pr. &, vb. n. NOS- 
 ING.] 1. To smell ; to scent ; hence, to track. 3. To 
 oppose to the face ; to affi-ont. 
 
 Noge, V. i. 1. To carry the nose high ; to strut. 3. To 
 pry officiously into what does not concern one. 
 
 Noge'bleed, n. A hemorrhage, or bleeding at the nose. 
 
 Noge'gay, n. A bunch of odorous flowers ; a bouqust ; 
 a posy. 
 
 N6s'o-16g'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to nosology. 
 
 No-sol'o-gist, n. One who is versed in nosology. 
 
 No-s61'o-gy, n. [Gr. vocros, disease, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
 
 food.fc^t; tirn, rude, pull; ^ell, 9haise, «all, e«ho ; gem, i:et; ag; ejist; linger, liijli: ; this- 
 
NOSTALGIA 
 
 492 
 
 NOVENNIAL 
 
 1. A systematic classification of diseases. 2. That 
 branch of medical science which treats of the classifica- 
 tion of diswifies. 
 
 Kos-tal'i/i-'t, "• ['•^r- »'d<rros, return, especially home, 
 and oA-yos-. pain, grief.] A .<VHX'ies of melancholy result- 
 insi fnnn absence from one's home ; homesickness. 
 
 Nos-tai'gi<', ('■ IVrtainiug to nostalgia. 
 
 K6s'tril, /I. [O. Eng. tiosftJiril, A.-S. uast/njrl, from nosit, 
 uo^, and thyrl, ihi/nl, hole; t/ii/rlian, to make a hole, 
 drill] One of the two channels through the nose, 
 wliioh give passage to the air we breathe, and to the se- 
 cretions of the nose. 
 
 Kds'truni, «. [I^-»t., ours, our own, from nos, we.] A 
 quack or patent medicine. 
 
 N6t. adr. [Coutr. from naught ; A.-S. tiat. See NAUGHT.] 
 A word that expresses negation, denial, or refusal. 
 
 Not a-ba'i-ty, n. 1. QuaUty of being notable. 2. A 
 notable, or remarkable, person or thing. 
 
 Not'a-bte, a. [Lat. notabilis, from iiotare, to mark, from 
 nota, mark, note.] 1. Noticeable: plain; evident. 2. 
 Worthy of notice ; remarkable ; noted or distinguished. 
 
 !Not'a-ble, n. A person, or thing, of note or distinction. 
 
 N6t'a-ble, a. Distinguished for good management ; ac- 
 tively industrious ; smart. 
 
 Not'a-bly, adi\ In a notable manner ; memorably ; re- 
 markably ; eminently. 
 
 K6t'a-bly, ailv. With bustling activity; industriously. 
 
 No-ta'ri-'al, a. 1. Pertaining to a notary. 2. Done, or 
 taken, by a notary. 
 
 No'ta-ry, n. [Lat. notarius, from nota, mark, letter, 
 character.] A public ofiicer who attests deeds and other 
 writings, to make them authentic in another country ; — 
 generally called a notanj public. 
 
 No-ta'tion, n. [Lat. notatio, from notary, to mark, from 
 nota, a mark.] Act, practice, or method, of recording 
 any thing by marks, figures, or characters ; especially, in 
 arithmetic and algebra, the expressing of. numbers and 
 quantities by figures or signs. 
 
 Ndtcli, n. [From 0. Eng. nock, a notch.] 1. A nick ; an 
 indentation. 2. A deep, close pass or defile. 
 
 Notch., ^•. t. [imp. & p. p. notched (n5tcht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. NOTCHING.] 1. To cut in small hollows. 2. 
 To place in a notch. 
 
 Note, n. [Lat. nota., from noscere, notum, to know.] 1. 
 A mark or token : a vi.sible sign ; a symbol. 2. A mark, 
 or sign, to call attention, to point out something to no- 
 tice, or the like. 3. A memorandum ; a minute. 4. 
 pi. A writing intended to be spoken from ; being either 
 a synopsis, or a full text of what is to be said. 5. A brief 
 remark ; an annotation ; a comment. 6. A short letter ; 
 a billet ; also, a diplomatic paper. 7. A written or printed 
 paper acknowledging a debt, and promising payment. 
 8. (Mus.) (a.) A character variously formed, to indicate 
 the length of a tone. (6. ) A musical sound ; a tone. 9. 
 Ob.servation ; notice. 10. Reputation ; distinction. 
 
 Note, V. t. [imp. & p. p. NOTED ; p. pr. & %-b. n. NOT- 
 ING.] 1. To notice with care ; to observe ; to remark ; 
 to heed. 2. To record in writing. 3. To denote ; to 
 stand for ; to designate. ^ i 
 
 Note'-boblc n. 1. A book in which memorandums 
 are written. 2. A book in which notes of hand are regis- 
 tered. I 
 
 Not'ed, a. Well known by reputation or report. i 
 
 Syn. — Eminent ; celebrated ; distinguished ; remarkable ; i 
 illustrious; conspicuous; famous. 
 
 Not'ed-ly, adv. With observation or notice. 
 
 Kot'ed-ness, n. Conspicuousness ; eminence ; celebrity. 
 
 Not'«;r,w. 1. One who takes notice. 2. An annotator. 
 
 Note'wor-thy (-wQr-ttiy), a. Worthy of observation or 
 notice. 
 
 Noth'ing (nuth'ing or n6th/ing), n. [From no and 
 thing.] 1. Not any thing; no thing. 2. Non-exist- 
 ence; nonentity; nihiUty ; nothingness. 3. Not any 
 thing of account, value, note, or the like ; a trifle. 
 
 Noth'ing (nuth'ing or noth'ing), adv. In no degree : not 
 at all. 
 
 Noth'ing-ness (nuth'ing- or noth'ing-), n. 1. NihiUty ; 
 non-existence. 2. Nothing ; a thing of no value. 
 
 No'ti^e, n. [Lat. notitia, from nosr^re, notion, to know.] 
 
 1 . Act of noting, remarking, or observing ; cognizance. 
 
 2. Intelligence: knowledge given or received; intima- 
 tion. 3. A writing containing formal, customary, or 
 presented information. 4. liesjxictful treatment. 
 
 Syn. — Attention ; regard ; remark : note; heed; consider- 
 ation; respect; civility; intelligence; advice; news. 
 
 No'ti^e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. noticed (no'tist) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. NOTICING.] 1. To take note of; to pay attention 
 
 to. 2. To take public note of; to remark upon; t% 
 make observations on. 3. To treat with attention and 
 civiUties. 
 
 Syn.— To remark ; observe ; perceive ; see ; mark ; note; 
 mind; regard; heed; mention. See Remark. 
 
 No'ti^e-a-ble, a. Capable of being observed ; worthy 
 of observation ; likely to attract observation. 
 
 Ni>'ti-fi-€a'tioii, n. 1. Act of notifving, or giving no- 
 tice ; the act of making known. 2. Notice given in 
 words or writing, or by signs. 3. The writing which 
 communicates information ; an advertisement, citation, 
 and the like. 
 
 No'ti-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. notified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 notifying.] [Lat. notijicare, from notus, known, p. p. 
 of noscere, to know, and facerc, to make.] 1. To make 
 known ; to declare ; to publish. 2. To give notice to. 
 
 No'tion, n. [Lat. notio, from noscere, notum, to know J 
 
 1. Mental apprehension of whatever may be known jr 
 imagined: idea; conception. 2. Judgnient ; opinior.*, 
 behef. 3. A small article; a trifling thing; — used 
 chiefly in the plural. [ Colloq.] 
 
 No'tion-al, a. 1. Consisting of, or conveying, notions 
 or ideas. 2. Existing in idea only ; visionary ; imagi- 
 nary. 3, Given to foolish or visionary expectations; 
 whimsical; fanciful. 
 
 No'tion-al-ly, adv. In conception ; not in reality. 
 
 No'tiom-ist, n. One who holds to an imgrounded 
 opinion. 
 
 No'to-ri'e-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being no- 
 torious. 2. Knowledge by the community in general. 
 
 No-to'ri-ou.s, a. [Lat. notorius, from notare, to mark, 
 
 indicate, designate. See NOTE.] Generally known and 
 
 talked of by the public ; usually, known to disadvantage. 
 
 Syn. — Distinguished ; remarkable; conspicuous; noted; 
 
 celebrated; famous; renowned. 
 
 No-to'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a notorious manner ; publicly ; 
 openly. 
 
 No-to'ri-ous-ness, n. The state of being notorious, or 
 open or known beyond denial ; notoriety. 
 
 Not'witli-staiid'iiig, prep. Without opposition, pre- 
 vention, or obstruction from ; in spite of; despite. 
 
 Not'-with-staiid'ing, commonly clasFed as an adv. or 
 conj., but really the participle of withstand, with not 
 prefixed. This not obstructing or preventing ; neverthe- 
 less ; however. 
 
 Nought (nawt), n. The same as Naught. 
 
 Noiui, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. nomen, name.] ( Gram.) A 
 word used as the designation of a creature or thing, ex- 
 isting in fact or in thought. 
 
 Nour'ish (nSr^h), v. t. [imp. & p. p. nourished ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. nourishing.] 1. To feed and cause to 
 grow ; to furnish with nutriment. 2. To supply the 
 means of support and increase to : to encourage. 3. To 
 comfort. 4. To educate ; to instruct. 
 Syn. — To nurture ; cherish ; feed ; provide ; supply. See 
 
 NUKXUEE. 
 
 Nour'ish (nur'ish), v. i. To promote growth. 
 
 Nou.r'ish-a-ble, a. Capable of receiving nourishment. 
 
 Noiir'ish-er (nur'ish-er), n. One who, or that which, 
 nourishes. 
 
 Nou.r'ish-ment (ntir''-), n." 1. Act of nourishing, or 
 state of being nourished ; nutrition. 2. That which 
 serves to nourish, or to repair waste and promote growth. 
 Syn. — Nutriment; food; sustenance. 
 
 Nov'el, a. [Lat. novellus, dim. of novus, new.] Of recent 
 origin or introduction ; hence, especially, of a kind not 
 before known ; unusual ; strange. 
 
 Syn. — New. — Every thing at its first occurrence is new ; a 
 thing is novel when it is so much out of the ordinary course of 
 things as to strike us witli surprise. We have daily new inven- 
 tions, but a novel one suppose? some very peculiar means of 
 attaining its end. Sovel theories are regarded with distrust, as 
 likely to prove more ingenious than sound. 
 
 N5v'el, n. 1. A fictitious narrative, intended to exhitit 
 the operation of the passions, and particularly of love. 
 
 2. I Lau-.) A new or supplemental constitution. 
 Nov'el-ette', n. [Fr.] A small novel. 
 Nov'el-i.st, n. A writer of a novel, or of novels. 
 N6v'el-ty, n. 1. Quality of being novel ; newness ; re- 
 
 centness. 2. A new or strange thing. 
 
 No-veinTi>er, n. [Lat. November, or Novembris (s«. 
 mtnsis), the ninth month of the old Roman year, which 
 began with March, from novem, nine.] The eleventh 
 month of the year, containing thirty days. 
 
 Nov'e-na-ry (110), a. [Lat. novenarius, from novem, 
 nine.] Pertaining to the number nine. 
 
 No-vgn'ni-al, a. [Lat.. novennis, of nine years, fix>m 
 
 »,e, &c.,iong^,- a,6,&c.,5Aori; c&re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; ■6n,6r,da,'W9U, 
 
NOVERCAL 
 
 493 
 
 NUMMULARY 
 
 novem, nine, and a7inus, year.] Done, every ninth 
 year. 
 
 No-ver'cal, a. [Lat. tiovercalis, from noverca, a step- 
 mother.] Pertaining, or suitable, to a step-mother ; in 
 the manner of a step-mother. 
 
 NSv'i^e, n. [From Lat. novicius, novitius, new, from 
 noviis, new.] 1. One who is new in any business ; a be- 
 ginner. 2. One newly received into the church. 3. 
 {Eccl.) One that has entered a religious house, as a con- 
 vent or nunnery, but has not taken the vow. 
 
 No-vi'ti-ate (-vlsh'i-, 95), 7i. 1. State or condition of 
 being a novice; hence, time of probation in a religious 
 house, before taking the vows. 3. A probationer; a 
 novice. 
 
 No^v, adv. [A.-S. & Icel. nft, Goth, nu, allied to Gr. vvv, 
 vv; Lat. nunc] 1. At the present time; at this mo- 
 ment. 2, In present circumstances ; things being as 
 they are. 
 
 yow and then, at one time and another, indefinitely ; occa- 
 sionally; at intervals. 
 
 No-w'a-day§, adv. In this age ; at the present period. 
 
 No'way, \adv. In no manner or degree; not at all; 
 
 No'wayg, j nowise. [state. 
 
 No'wli^re, adv. Not anywhere; not in any place or 
 
 No'wige, adv. Not in any manner or degree. 
 
 NSx'ioiis (nok'shus), a. [Lat. noxius, from noza, harm, 
 from nocere, to harm, hurt.] Productive of injury or evil 
 consequences ; corrupting to morals. 
 
 Syn. — Noisome ; hurtful: harmful; injurious; destructive; 
 pernicious; mischievous; corrupting; baneful; unwholesome; 
 unfavorable; insalubrious. See Noisome. 
 
 Nox'ioiis-ly (nok'shus-), adv. Hurtfully ; perniciously. 
 
 Nox'ious ness (nok'shus-), n. Quahty that injures, 
 impairs, or destroys ; hurtfulness ; perniciousness. 
 
 No'yan (no'yo), n. [Fr., prop, the stone ornut of a fruit, 
 from Lat. nucalis, like a nut, from nux, nucis^ nut.] A 
 cordial flavored with the kernel of the nut of the bitter 
 almond, or with the kernel of the peach stone. 
 
 Noz'zle (noz^zl), ?!. [From nose.] The nose ; the snout ; 
 hence, the projecting vent of any thing. 
 
 Nu'«le-ate,f. «. [L&t. nudeare,nucleatum.] To gather, 
 as about a nucleus or center. 
 
 Nu-«le'i-f6rin, a. [Lat. nucleus and forma, form.] 
 Formed like a kernel. 
 
 Nu'«le-us, n. ; Eng. pi. NU'CLE-US-Eg, Lat. pi. NU'- 
 CLE-f. [Lat., from nux, nucis, nut.] 1. A kernel; 
 hence, a central mass or point about which matter is 
 gathered ; — both literally and figuratively, ij. (Astron.) 
 The central part of the body of a comet. 
 
 Nu-da'tioii, n. [Lat. nudatio, from nudare, to make 
 naked, from nudus, naked.] Act of stripping, or making 
 bai-e, or naked. 
 
 Nude, a. [hd^t. nudus.'] 1. Bare; naked ; uncovered. 
 3. (Law.) Of no force ; void. 
 
 Nudge, V. t. [Cf. Prov. Ger. knutschen, to squeeze, pinch.] 
 To touch gently, as with the elbow, in order to call atten- 
 tion or convey intimation. 
 
 Nudge, n. A gentle push, as with the elbow. 
 
 Nii'di-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of being nude ; 
 nakedness. 2. Naked part ; undraped or unclothed 
 portion. 
 
 Nu'ga-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. nugatorius, from nugari, to 
 trifle, from nug!e, jests, trifles.] 1. Trifling; vain; 
 futile : insignificant. 3. Inoperative ; ineffectual. 
 
 Nug'get, n. A lump ; a mass, especially of a precious 
 metal. 
 
 ij®- This word is probably a revival of the old word nigot, 
 which was simply an inversion of ingot. 
 
 Niii'sanpe (nu'sans), n. [0. Eng. noysance, 0. Fr. noi- 
 sance, nuisance, from 0. Fr. noisir, nuisir, to hurt ; Lat. 
 nocere.'] 1. That which annoys or gives trouble and 
 vexation. 2. {Law.) Something that produces incon- 
 venience or damage. 
 
 Niill, a. [Lat. nidlus, not any, none, from ne, not, and 
 idlus, any.] Of no legal or binding force or validity ; 
 invalid ; void ; nugatory ; of no account or significance. 
 
 NuI'li-f i-€a'tioii, n. Act of nullifying ; a rendering 
 void and of no effect, or of no legal effect. 
 
 NuI'li-fi'er, n. One who makes void ; one who main- 
 tains the right to nullify a contract by one of the parties. 
 
 Niil'Ii-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. NULIilFIED ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. NULLIFYING.] [Lat. n!<^^/'^care, from nM//u5, none, 
 and facere, to make.] To make void; to render invalid ; 
 to deprive of legal force or efficacy. 
 
 Syn.— To abolish; abrogate; revoke; annul; repeal. See 
 Abolish. 
 
 Niil'11-ty, n. 1. Condition or quahty of being null or 
 
 void ; nothingness. 2. Any thing void, invalid, or of 
 no efficacy. 
 
 Numb (nQm), a. [0. Eng. num, dull, stupid, benumbed, 
 
 from A.-S. niman, nioman, to take, seize, p. p. 7iumen.\ 
 
 Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the power of sensation anci 
 
 motion ; torpid. 
 
 Syn.— Torpid; paralyzed; benumbed; chill; motionless. 
 
 Nttuib (nQm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. NUJMBED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. NUMBING.] To make torpid ; to deprive of th« 
 power of sensation or motion ; to benumb. 
 
 .Num'ber, n. [Lat. numerus., allied to Gr. vo/uos, that 
 which is dealt out, measured off, from i/e'/xeiv, to deal out.] 
 1. A single unit, considered as part of a series, or two or 
 more of such units. 2. A collection of many individ- 
 uals ; a multitude. 3. Numerousness. 4. Quantity 
 regarded as made up by an aggregate of separate things. 
 5. That which is regulated by count, as divisions of 
 time or number of syllables ; hence, poetry, verse. 6. 
 { Gram.) The distinction of objects, as one, or more than 
 one, expressed by a difference of the form of a word. 7. 
 {Math.) Numerical value. 
 
 Num'bei*, v. t. [imp. & p. p. numbered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. NUMBERING] 1. To reckon; to ascertain the 
 units of. 2. To give or assign the number of. 3. To 
 reckon as one of a collection or multitude. 4. To amount 
 to ; to consist of. 
 Syn. — To count; enumerate; calculate; tell. 
 
 NumTber-er, n. One who numbers. 
 
 NumTber-less, a. Not admitting of being counted; 
 innumerable. 
 
 Num'berj, n. The fourth book of the Pentateuch; — 
 so called as containing the census of the Hebrews. 
 
 Niim'bleg, n. p/. Entrails of a deer. See NOMBLES. 
 
 Numb'iiess (num'-), n. Condition of being numb. 
 
 Nu'mer-a-ble, a. Capable of being numbered or 
 counted. 
 
 Nu'mer-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or consisting of, num- 
 ber. 3. Expressing or representing number. 
 
 Nu'mer-al, n. 1. A figure or character used to express 
 a number. 2. ( G-ram.) A word expressing number. 
 
 Nu'mer-al -ly, adv. According to number ; in nutaber. 
 
 Nu'mer a-ry, a. Belonging to a certain number. 
 
 Nu'mer-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. numerated; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. NUMERATING.] [Lat. numerare, numeratum. 
 See NUMBER.] {Aritli.) To divide off and read according 
 to the rules of numeration. 
 
 Nu'mer-a'tion, n. 1. Act or art of numbering. 2. 
 {Aritli.) Act or art of reading numbers, especially as 
 written in the scale of ten, by the Arabic method. 
 
 C@^ There are two systems of numeration in use at the pres- 
 ent day, commonly called the English and the French sj's- 
 tems. In the former, the billion is a million of millions, a tril- 
 lion a million of billions, and each denomination is a million 
 times the one preceding. In the latter (which is the system 
 used in the United States), the billion is a thousand millions, 
 and each denomination is a thousand times the preceding. 
 
 Nu'mer-a'tor, n. 1. One who numbers. 2. (Arith.) 
 The term in a vulgar fraction which indicates the num- 
 ber of fractional units that are taken ; the number above 
 the line in a vulgar fraction. 
 
 S@~ In decimal fractions, the numerator is the number next 
 following the decimal point, the denominator not being writ- 
 ten ; thus, .5 is five tenths. 
 Nu-m6r'i€, ) a. 1. Belonging to, or denoting, num- 
 Nu-mer'i€-al, j her ; expressed by numbers. 'Z, The 
 
 same in number ; hence, identical. 
 Nii-mer'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a numerical manner; with 
 
 respect to number, or sameness in number. 
 Nu'mer-ous, a. 1. Being many ; consisting of a great 
 numbei of individuals. 2. Consisting of poetic num-^ 
 hers ; rhythmical ; musical. 
 Nu'mer-ous-ly, adv. In or with great numbers. 
 Nu'mer-ous-ness, n. Quality of being numerous or 
 
 many. 
 Nu/mi§-ma,t'i€, ) a. [Lat. numisma, a coin, from 
 Nu'mi§-mat'i€-al, I Gr. vofiia-fia, from voiJ.Ci^ei.v , to 
 introduce a custom, from i^ofxos, custom, usage.] Per- 
 taining to coins or medals. [medals. 
 Nu/mig-mS-fies, n. si^ig. The science of coins and 
 Nu-mis'ma-tol'o-gy, n. [Lat. numisma, Gr. vofiia-fjia 
 and Ao-yos, discourse.] The science which treats of coins 
 and medals, in their relation to history ; numismatics. 
 Nu-mi§'ma-t61'o-gist, n. One versed in numisma- 
 tology. 
 Num'ma-ry, \ a. [Lat. nvmmularius, from nvmmu- 
 Niim'mu-lar, [ lus, ^im. of nummus, a. coin.] Per- 
 Num'mu-la-ry, ) taining to coin or money; pecu- 
 niary. 
 
 food, ftfbt ; ^n, r^de, pi^U ; fell, fliaise, «aU, e«lio ; gem, get \ as ; ejist ; linger, Ub^ i «»** 
 
NUMSKULL 
 
 494 
 
 OAFISH 
 
 Nttm'skiill. n. [From nmnb and skull.] A dunce; a 
 dolt : a stupid fellow. [ Colloq.] 
 
 NiLu, «. [A.-S. iiwnnr, 0. U. Ger. nunnh, from Lat. 
 Honna, nun. nonnus, utouk, late Gr rovva. vorvos, from 
 Coptic or Egypt, nattf, iintiu, good, beautiful.] 1. A 
 woman devotini to a religious life, who lives in a cloister 
 or nunnorv. 'i. A kind of small pigeon. 
 
 Miku'fliioii (nun shun), >i. [i'rob. a corrupt, of lun- 
 cfiton, q. v.] A portion of food taken at or after noon, 
 usually between meals; a luncheon. 
 
 N*Ui'ci-o (ntln'shi-o, 95), «. [From Lat. nuncius, ntin- 
 tius, messenger, from jiovus, new, nova, new things, and 
 riVrr'or ri>f, to make to go, to put in motion.] 1. A 
 messenger. '2, An embassador from the pope to an em- 
 peror or king. 
 
 Niiii'€U-i>ate,f. t. (Lat. nunciipare,nuncupahi7n, from 
 MOf'Mu? caixre, to call by name, from nomen, name, and 
 capfrf, to take.] To dedicate by declaration ; to inscribe. 
 
 Kuii-cii'pa-tive, or Nun'€U-pa'tive. ) a. 1. Pub- 
 
 Niui-€u'pa-to-ry , or Nuii'-eu-pa-to-ry, f licly or 
 solemuly declaratory. 2. Nominal; existing only in 
 name. 3. Oral ; not written. 
 
 Niiii'di-nal, \a. [l&t. nundi7ialis,nundinarhis, from 
 
 Nun'di-na-ry, j nundins-, market-day, prop, the ninth 
 day, from no\-e?7i, nine, and dies, day.] Pertaining to a 
 fair, or to a market day. 
 
 Jf un'iier-y , n. A cloister or house in which nuns reside. 
 Syn. — See Cloister. 
 
 Nup'tial, a. [Lat. Tiuptialis, from nuptiss, marriage, 
 from 7iubere,7iiiptum, to marry.] 1. Pertaining to mar- 
 riage ; done at a wedding. 2. Constituting marriage. 
 
 Kup'tial, n. Marriage ; wedding ; — almost only in 
 the plural. 
 
 Kfirse, n. [A.-S. norice, from Lat. nutrix, nutricis, from 
 nutrire, to nourish, nurse.] 1, One who tends a child 
 or the sick ; especially, one who suckles an infant not her 
 own. t2. One who, or that which, brings up, rears, 
 causes to grow, trains, or the like. 
 
 Wet nurse, a woman who suckles an infant not her own. 
 
 Kurse,!". t. [imp. & p. p. nursed (nurst) \ p.pr.k, vb. 
 n. NURSING.] 1. To nourish: to cherish; to foster; 
 as, (a.) To nourish at the breast; to suckle, (b.) To 
 tend, as a sick person. iJ. Hence, to bring up ; to raise, 
 by care, from a weak or inralid condition. 
 
 Nurs'er, n. One who cherishes, or encourages, growth. 
 
 Kiirs'er-y, n. 1. Act of nursing. 2. The apartment, 
 in a house, appropriated to the care of children. 3. A 
 plantation of young trees. 4. The place where any thing 
 is fostered and growth promoted. 5. That which forms 
 and educates. 
 
 Nfirs'er-y-man/, n. ; pi nOrs/er-Y-m£n. One who 
 keeps, cultivates, or has charge of, a nurser\'. 
 
 Nfirs'ling, ti. [From 7iurse and termination li7tg.] One 
 who, or that which, is nursed ; an infant. 
 
 Nfirt'ure (53), 7i. [0. Eng. 7iouriture. See NOURISH.] 
 1. Act of nourishing or nursing ; education ; instruc- 
 tion. 2. That which nourishes ; food: diet. 
 
 Nftrt'ure, v. t. [i7np. & p. p. NURTURED; p. pr. & 
 vb. 71. NURTURING.] 1. To feed. 2. To bring or 
 train up. 
 
 Syn. — To nourish; nurse; cherish; educate; tend.— iVbur- 
 ish denotes to supply with food, or cause to j?row ; a.s, to nourish 
 a plant, to novrnJi rebellion. To nurture is to train up with a 
 fosteringcare, like thatof a mother; as, to nurture intostrength, 
 to nurture in sound principles. To cherish is to hold and treat 
 as dear; as, to cherish hopes or affections. 
 
 Niit, n. [A.-S. knutu, kTiut, Icel. h7iyt, knot, 
 0. H. (Jer. hTiuz, nuz.] 1. Fruit consisting 
 of a hard shell inclosing a kernel. 2. A 
 
 ^ email block containing a concave screw, used 
 for retaining or tightening a bolt, and the 
 like. 
 
 Jffit, V. i. [jwp. & p. p. NUTTED ] p. pr. 8c tb. n. NUT 
 TING.] To gather nute. 
 
 Nut. 
 
 NO'tant, a. [Lat. nutans, p. pr. of 7iutare, to nod, inten- 
 sive form of 7iuere, id.] Nodding ; having the top bent / 
 do%vnward. 
 
 Nu-ta'tion, n. [Lat. nutatio, a nodding, from nufore, to 
 nod.] {Astro7i.) A vibratory motion of the earth's axis, 
 by which its inclination to the plane of the ecliptic is 
 constantly varying by a small amount. 
 
 Nut'-brown, a. Brown as a nut long ket>t and dried. 
 
 Nut'-- erSclt'er, >i. 1. An instrument for cracking 
 nuts. 2. (Ornith.) A European bird, belonging to the 
 crow family, but having many of the habits of the wood- 
 pecker. It feeds on nuts, insects, &c. 
 
 Nilt'-gall, 71. An excrescence of the oak. See Gall. 
 
 Niit'-l»"c>bk, n. A pole with a hook at the end, for gath- 
 ering nuts. 
 
 NufmSg, n. [0. Eng. 7iote7nuge, from L. Lat. nuxmxts- 
 cata, from Lat. otm5cw5, musk.] {Bat.) The kernel of the 
 fruit of a tree, a native of the Molucca islands, but culti- 
 vated in many parts of the East Indies. It is aromatic 
 and is much used in cooker} % 
 
 Nu'tri-a, n. [Sp. nMir/a, »i7<<m, lutria, htlra,an otter; 
 from Lat. Ivtra, lytra.] (Co7n.) The fur of a rodent 
 quadruped about the size and shape of the beaver, found 
 along the streams of Brazil. 
 
 Xii'tri-ment, H. [Lat. nutri7nentu7n, from nutrire, to 
 nourish.] 1. That which nourishes ; food ; aliment. 
 2. That which promotes enlargement or improvement. 
 
 Nu'tri-ment'al, a. Having the qualities of food ; ali- 
 mental. 
 
 Nu-tri'tion (-trish'un), n. [L. Lat. nutritio, from Lat. 
 7iutrire, to nourish.] 1, Act or process of promoting 
 the growth or repairing the waste of animal or vegetable 
 life. 2. That which nourishes ; nutriment. 
 
 Nu-tri'tioiis (-trish'us), a. Nourishing; promoting 
 growth, or repairing waste. 
 
 Nu'tri-tive, a. Having the quality of nourishing; 
 nutrimental : alimental. 
 
 Nu'tri-tive-ness, «. Quality of being nutritive; nu- 
 tritiousness. 
 
 Niit'sliell, n. 1. The shell in which the kernel of a nut 
 is inclosed. 2. Hence, a thing of little compass, or of 
 little value. 
 
 To be or lie in a nutshell, to admit of very brief or simple de- 
 termination or statement. 
 
 Niit'-tree, n. A tree that bears nuts. 
 
 Aiix vom'i-ed [N. Lat., fr. 7iiiz, a nut, and vomicus, fr. 
 vomffc^ to vomit.] The seed of a tree which abounds on 
 the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of the East Indies. 
 From this seed the deadly poison known as strychnine 
 and nux V07nica is extracted. 
 
 Ntiz'zle, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. NUZZLED \ p.pr. k, vb. n. 
 NUZZLING.] [Probably a corruption of nestle, q. v.] 
 To nestle; to house, as in a nest. 
 
 Niiz'zle, r. t. [From 7wzzle, q. v.] 1. To work with 
 the nose, like a swine in the mud. 2. To go with the 
 nose thrust out and down, like a swine. 3. To hide the 
 head, as a child in the mother's bosom ; to nestle. 
 
 Njl'gliau, n. [Hind. & Per. 7iilgaic, properly a blse 
 cow, frV 7ul, blue, and gaic, buU, bullock, cow.] (Zobl.) 
 A large, short-horned antelope, found in Northern India. 
 The males are of a slaty blue. 
 
 N^inpli.M. [Lat. JiywjV/itt, Gr. vv/a(|»).] \. (Myth.) A 
 goddess of the mountains, forests, meadows, or waters. 
 2. Hence, a lovely young girl; a maiden. 
 
 Nj'mpli, ) n. [Lat. nympha. Gr. vvti.4>y\- See supra.] 
 
 Nymph'a, ) (E7ito7n.) An insect in the pupa state ; a 
 chrysalis. 
 
 Nympli'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a njTnph or nymphs ; 
 nymphean. 
 
 Nympli-e'an, a. [Gr. w|u.(^aios. See supra.] Pertain- 
 ing to, or appropriate to, nymphs ; inhabited by nymphs. 
 
 Nymph'o-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. vvti.<irrf, a bride, and^avia, 
 madness.] Morbid and xincontroUable sexual desire in 
 women. 
 
 o. 
 
 0(5), the fifteenth letter, and the fourth vowel, in the 
 English alphabet, has seventl different sounds. See 
 Principles of Pronwiciation, §§ 19-25, 50, 61. — In Irish 
 family names, O is equivalent to ^a«<Z«on, and denotes 
 progeny, or is a character of dignity. 
 O, irUtrj. An exclamation used in caUing or directly ad- 
 
 dressing a person or personified object; — used also a« 
 _ expressive of pain, grief, surprise, desire, &c. 
 Oaf, n. [0. Eng. auf, aulf, A.-S. self, elf, fairy. See 
 Elf.] 1. A changeling : a foolish child left by fairies 
 in the place of another. 2. A dolt ; a blockhead. 
 Oaf ish, a. Like an oaf ; stupid: duU : doltish. 
 
 A,e,kc.,loiig; &,6,Stc.,*fiort; o&re,far, ask,!^, vrliat; dre,T§lI,term; plqne.flrxn; s6n,dr,dft,W9lf 
 
OAK 
 
 495 
 
 OBLIGATE 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Oak, n. [A.-S.&c,lce\. eik,eyk,0 H. G*r. eiA.] (Bot.) 
 A valuable and well-known tree, or its wood. 
 
 Oak.'-Jip'pIe (ok'Sp'pl), n. A. kind of spongy excres- 
 
 _ cence on oak leaves or tender branches, &c. 
 
 Oak.'en (ok'n), a. Made of oak, or consisting of oak or 
 oak-trees. 
 
 Oakaing, n. A young oak. 
 
 Oak'unx, n. [A.-S. acumba, acemba, cemb, ciimba, tow, 
 cijnhing, a joint, juncture.] Old ropes untwisted and 
 pulled into loose hemp, used for caulking the seams of 
 ships, stopping leaks, &c. 
 
 Oak'y, a. ResembUng oak ; hard ; firm ; strong. 
 
 Oar, n. [A.-S. & Icel. ar, perhaps from Goth, arjan, 
 A.-S. erian, to plow.] An instrument for rowing boats. 
 
 Oar, V. i. To row. 
 
 Oar. t". t. To impel by rowing. [oar. 
 
 Oarg'man, n. ; pi. OARg/MEN. One who rows at the 
 
 Oar'y, a. Having the form or use of an oar^ 
 
 O'a-sis, or O-a'sis, n. ; pi. 0/A-SE§, or o-A'SEg. [Lat. 
 oasis, Gr. oo<ns, Copt, ouahe, ouahsoi, Ar. wah.] Afer- 
 
 _ tile place in a sandy or barren desert. 
 
 Oast, n. [Cf. Gael, dtk, atha, Ir. ath.] A kita to dry 
 
 _ hops or malt. 
 
 Oat, n. ; chiefly used in the pi. [A.-S. 
 ata, ate, atih.] (Boi.) A well-known 
 plant, and more usually the seed of 
 
 _ the plant. 
 
 Oat'-- eake, n. A cake made of the 
 
 _ meal of oats. 
 
 Oat'en (ot'n), a. 1. Consisting of an 
 oat straw or stem. ii. Made of oat- 
 meal. 
 
 Oath, n. [A.-S. Mh, Goth, aiths, Icel. 
 eidr.] 1. A solemn affirmation, with 
 an appeal to God for its truth. 3. 
 A careless and blasphemous use of the name of the di- 
 
 _ vine Being, or any thing divine or sacred. 
 
 Oat'-meal, n. Meal made of oats. 
 
 Ob'du-ra-^y, or Ob-du'ra-^y, n. State of being ob- 
 durate ; invincible hardness of heart ; obstinacy. 
 
 Ob'du-rate, or Ob-du'rate (117), a. [Lat. obduratus, 
 p. p. of obdurare, to harden.] [See Note under CON- 
 TEMPLATE.] 1. Rendered hard; harsh; rugged; 
 rough. 3. Hardened in feelings, especially against 
 moral influences ; stubbornly and unfeelingly wicked. 
 
 Syn.— Hard ; firm ; unbending ; inflexible ; unyielding ; 
 stubborn; obstinate: impenitent; callous; unfeeling; insensi- 
 ble; unsusceptible.— CaZtoiw denotes a deadening of the sensi- 
 bilities; as, a callous conscience. -ffart/enecZ implies a general 
 and settled disregard for the claims of interest, duty, and sym- 
 pathy; aB, hardened in vice. Obdurate rises still higher, and 
 implies an active resistance of the heart and will against the 
 pleadings of compassion and humanity. " There is no flesh in 
 man's obdurate heart; He does not feel for mnn."—Coivper. 
 
 Ob'du-rate-ly, or Ob-du'rate-ly, adv. With ob- 
 
 ^ stinate impenitence ; stubbornly ; inflexibly. 
 
 Ob'du-rate-ness, or Ob-du'rate-ness, n. Inflexi- 
 
 _ ble persistence in sin ; stubbornness. 
 
 Onbe-ali, n. A species of witchcraft practiced among the 
 West Indian negroes, and supposed to have been intro- 
 duced from Africa. 
 
 O-be'di-enpe, n. State of being obedient ; compliance 
 with what is required by authority. 
 
 O-be'di-ent, a. [Lat. obediens, p. pr. of obedire. See 
 Obey.] Subject in will or act to authority ; willing to 
 obey. 
 
 Syn. — Dutiful ; respectful; compliant; observant; regard- 
 ful; subservient; submissive; obsequious. 
 
 O-be'di-ent-ly, adv. In an obedient manner. 
 
 O-bei'san^e, or O-bei'san^e, n. [Fr. obeissance, obe- 
 dience, from obeissant, obedient. See infra.] A mani- 
 festation of obedience ; a bow ; a courtesy. 
 
 O-bei'sant, or O-bei'sant, a. [Fr. 
 obeissant, p. pr. of obeir, to obey.] 
 Showing a willingness to obey ; rev- 
 Cerent; .submissive. 
 
 Ob'e-lisk, n. [Lat. obeliscus, Gr. 
 6/3eAi<rKo?, dim. of ojSeXos, a spit, a 
 pointed pillar.] 1. A four-sided pil- 
 lar, tapering as it rises, and cut off at 
 the top in the form of a flat pyramid. 
 2. (Print.) A mark [thus, t], called 
 also a dagger, used as a reference to 
 notes at the bottom of a page, as a 
 note of censure, or to indicate that a 
 wojd or expression is obsolete. Obelisk. 
 
 O-bese', a. [Lat. obesus, eaten away, lean, that has eaten 
 itself fat, stout, from prefix ob, and edere, esum, to eat.] 
 Excessively corpulent ; fat ; fleshy. 
 
 O-bese'ness, ) n. State of being obese ; excessive fat 
 
 0-b6s'i-ty, ) ness. 
 
 O-bey' (o-_ba'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. obeyed ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n.TjBEYlNGr.] [From Lat. obedire, from prefix o6 and 
 audire, to hear.] 1. To yield submission to; to comply 
 with the orders of. 2. To submit to the government of. 
 3. To yield to the impulse, power, or operation of 
 
 O-bey'er, n. One who yields obedience. 
 
 Ob-ffts'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. obfuscated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. OBFUSCATING.] [Lat. obfuscare, obfuscatum, 
 fi'om prefix ob andfuscare, to make dark, from fuscus, 
 dark.] 1. To darken ; to obscure, ii. Hence, to be- 
 wilder or confuse. 
 
 Ob'fiis-ca'tion, n. Act of darkening or confusing; 
 
 _ state of being darkened. 
 
 O'bi, n. The same as Obeah. 
 
 O'bit, or Ob'it, n. [Lat. obitus, from obire, to go to 
 meet (sc. mortem), to die; from prefix ob and ire, to go.] 
 1. Death ; decease. 2. Hence, funeral solemnities. 3. 
 An anniversary service for the soul of the deceased on 
 the day of his death. 
 
 O-bit'u-al, a. [From Lat. obitus, death.] Pertaining to 
 obits, or the days when funeral solemnities are celebrated. 
 
 O-bit'u-a-ry (44), a. [Cf. supra.] Relating to the da- 
 cease of a person or persons. 
 
 O-bit'u-a-ry, n. A notice of the death of a person, ac- 
 companied by a brief biographical sketch of his character. 
 
 Ob'je-et, n. [Lat. objectus, objectum. See the verb.] 1. 
 That with which the mind is occupied in the act of 
 knowing, whether external in space or formed by the 
 mind itself. 3. That which is sought for ; end ; aim ; 
 motive ; final cause. 3. ( Gram.) That toward which an 
 activity is directed, or is considered to be directed. 
 
 Ob-je-et', V. t. [imp. & p.p. objected; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. OBJECTING.] [Lat. objicere, objectum, from prefix 
 ob andjacere, to throw.] 1. To set before ; to bring in- 
 to opposition. 3. To present or offer in opposition, as a 
 criminal charge, or as a reason adverse to something sup- 
 posed to be erroneous or wrong. 
 
 Ob-j6€t', V. i. To make opposition in words or argument. 
 
 Ob-je«'tion, n. 1. Act of objecting, ti. That which 
 is, or may be, presented in opposition ; adverse reason 
 or argument. 
 
 Syn. — Exception ; difficulty; doubt; scruple. 
 
 Ob-je-e'tion-a-ble, a. Justly liable to objections. 
 
 Ob-je<;t'ive,a. 1. Pertaining to an object. 3. (Metaph.) 
 Pertaining to, contained in, or being in the nature or 
 position of, the object ; outward ; external ; extrinsic. 3. 
 (Gram.) Pertaining to, or designating, the case which 
 follows a transitive verb or a preposition. 
 
 Ohjectwe point {Mil.), a point to which the operations of an 
 army are directed. 
 
 Syn.— Subjective.— 06;'ec<ive is applied to things which are 
 exterior to the mind, and objects of its attention ; subjective, to 
 the operations of the mind itself. Hence, an objective motive 
 is some outward thing awakening desire ; a subjective motive 
 is some internal feeling or propensity. Objective views are 
 those which are governed by outward things; subjective views 
 are produced or modified by internal feeling. Sir Walter 
 Scott's poetry is chiefly objective ; that of Wordsworth is emi- 
 nently subjective. 
 
 Ob-je«t'ive, n. 1. (Gram.) The objective case. 2. 
 The object-glass of a microscope. 
 
 Ob-j6<!t'ive-ly, adv. 1. In an objective manner. 2. 
 In the state of an object; 
 
 Ob-je<!t'ive-ness, n. State or relation of being objective- 
 
 Ob'jec-tiv'i-ty, n. State of being objective. 
 
 Ob'je-et-less, a. Having no object ; purposeless. 
 
 Ob-j6€t'or, n. One who objects. 
 
 Ob'ju-ra'tion, n. [From Lat. objurare, to bind by oath, 
 from prefix ob and jurare, to swear, from jus, right.] A 
 binding by oath. 
 
 Ob-jixr'gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. objurgated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. OBJURGATING.] [Lat. objurgare, ohjurgatum, 
 from prefix ob and jurgare, to quarrel, scold.] To chide; 
 to reprove ; to reprehend. 
 
 Ob'jur-ga'tioii, n. Act of objurgating ; reproof; rep- 
 rehension ; chiding. 
 
 Ob-jiir'ga-to-ry, a. Designed to chide ; culpatory. 
 
 Ob-late', a. [Lat oblatus, p. p. of offerre, to bring for- 
 ward, offer, from prefix ob and /erre, to bear, bring.] 
 ( Geom.) Flattened or depres.sed at the poles. 
 
 Ob-la'tion, n. [Lat. oblatio, from offerre, oblatum, t« 
 offer.] Any thing offered in worship or sacred service ; 
 an offering ; a sacrifice. 
 
 Ob'li-gate. v. t. [imp. & p. p. obligated \ p.pr. & 
 vb. n OBLIGATING.] [Lat. obligare, obligatum, from 
 prefix o6 and ligare, to bind.] 1. To bring under obl^. 
 
 foodffcTot; tLru,r)}de,pull; fell, {;liaise,-e all, e«lio; ^em, get; ag ; e$ist; liaser, link ; tiila. 
 
OBLIGATION 
 
 496 
 
 OBSERVANT 
 
 gation. 2. To bind, »i< one's self, to any act of duty or 
 courtesy bv a formal pledge. 
 
 6b'll-Krt'tion, >i. 1. Act of obligating or binding. 2. 
 That which obligates ; the binding powerof a vow, prom- 
 ise, oath, or contract, or of law, civil, political, or moral, 
 indeiH>ndent of a promise. 3. Especialhi, any act by 
 which a iktsoh become-'^ bound to do something to or for 
 anotlier, or to forbear something. 4. State of being in- 
 debted for an act of favor or kindness. 5. (Law.) A 
 bond with a condition annexed. 
 
 dft'li-*/<i'to, a. [It., hterally, bound.] (Mus.) Required; 
 nece.-ssiiry : —applied to voices or instruments indispen- 
 sable to the just performance of a musical composition. 
 
 Ob'li-jca-to-ry (50), a. Binding in law or conscience ; 
 imposing duty. 
 
 O-blige', V. I. [hnp. & p. p. OBLl&ET) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 OBLIGING.] 1. To constrain by physical, moral, or 
 leg:il force, 'i. To bind by some favor rendered ; hence, 
 to do a favor to ; to gratify ; to accommodate. 
 
 db'li-gee', n. The person to whom another is bound. 
 
 O-bli'ger, Ji. One who obliges. 
 
 O-bli'ging, a. Having the disposition to oblige or do 
 favors. 
 
 Syn. — Civil; complaisant; courteous; kind.— One is /md 
 who desires to see others happy ; one is coiindaisant who en- 
 deavors to make them so in social intercourse by attentions cal- 
 culated to please: one who is ohliging performs some actual ser- 
 vice, or has the disposition to do so. We maj' be kind without 
 being obtrusive, obliging without being oflBcious, andcomplais- 
 ant without being servile. 
 
 O-bli'giiig-ly, adv. With civility ; complaisantly. 
 
 db'li-gor', n. The person who binds himself, or gives 
 his bond to another. 
 
 Ob-liqiie' (ob-leek'' or ob-lTk'), a. [Lat. obligiius, from 
 prefix ob and liqitis, oblique]. 1. Not erect or perpen- 
 dicular ; slanting ; inclined. 2. Not straight forward ; 
 indirect; obscure; hence, sometimes, underhand. 3. 
 Not direct in descent ; collateral. 
 
 Oblique case (Gram.), any caae except the nominative. 
 
 Ob-lique'(-leek' or -lik'), v. i. {imp. & p. p. OBbiQUED 
 (ob-leekt' or ob-lTkt') ; p. pr. & vb. n. OBLIQUING.] 1. 
 To deviate from a perpendicular line. 2. (Mil.) To move 
 forward, either to the right or left, by stepping sidewise. 
 
 Ob -liqiie'ly (ob-leek''- or ob-lTk'-), adv. In an oblique 
 manner ; not directly : indirectly. 
 
 Ob-lique'ne.ss (ob-leek'- or ob-lik'-), n. Obliquity. 
 
 Ob-liq'ui-ty (ob-lTk'wT-ty), n. 1. Condition of being 
 oblique : deviation from a right line. 2. Deviation from 
 moral rectitude. 3. Irregularity. 
 
 Ob-lit'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. OBLITERATED : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. OBLITERATING.] [Lat. obliterare, ohlitera- 
 tum, from prefix ob and litera, letter.] 1. To erase or 
 blot out; to efface. 2. To destroy by time or other 
 means. 
 
 Ob-lit'er-a'tion, n. Act of effacing ; extinction. 
 
 Ob-liv'i-on, n. [Lat. oblivio, from oblivisci, to forget.] 1, 
 Act of forgetting, or state of being forgotten ; forgetful- 
 ness. 2. An amnesty, or general pardon of crimes and 
 offenses. 
 
 Ob-liv'i-ous, a. 1. Causing forgetfulness. 2. For- 
 getful. 
 
 Ob-liv'i-oiis-Iy, adv. In an oblivious manner ; forget- 
 fully, [getful. 
 
 Ob-liv'i-oiis-ness, n. State of being oblivious or for- 
 
 Oblong. a. [Lat. oblonsus, from o6, against, aLoAlongus, 
 long.] Having greater length than breadth. 
 
 Ob'long, V. A rectangular or other figure which is lon- 
 ger than it is broad. 
 
 r>b'long-i«b, a. Somewhat oblong. 
 
 Oli'Ioiig-Iy. arJv. In an oblong form. 
 
 6b'long-nes.s, n. State of having greater length than 
 breadth. 
 
 Ob'lo-quy, n. [Lat. obloguium , from obloqui, to speak 
 against.] Censorious speech ; reproachful language. 
 
 Syn. — R<-proach ; odium ; censure ; contumely ; gain-say- 
 ing ; reviling ; calumny ; slander : detraction. 
 
 Ob-n5x'ious (-n^jk'shus), a. [Lat. obnoxivs, fr. prefi? 
 oh and noxius, hurtful.] 1. Liable to censure ; repre- 
 hensible ; blameworthy. 2. Hence, offensive ; odious ; 
 hateful. 3. Liable ; exposed ; subject; answerable. 
 
 Ob-n6x'Iou«i-Iy f-nok'shus-), adv. In an obnoxious 
 manner : offensively. 
 
 Ob-n6x'iou'i-nes8 (-n^jk'shus-), n. The condition of 
 being obnoxious : liability ; odiousness ; offensiveness. 
 
 O'bo-e, n. fit. oboi., Fr. haulbois. See Hautbov.] A 
 portable wind instrument of music .«ounded by means of 
 a reed ; a hautboy. 
 
 Ob'ole, rt. The weight of twelve grains ; or, according to 
 some, of ten grains. 
 
 Ob'o-lize, V. t. The same as Obelize, q. v. 
 
 Ob'o-lus, w. [Lat. oholus,Gx. 6/3oA6s.] (Antiq.) (a.) A 
 small silver coin of Athens, the sixth part of a drachma, 
 about three cents in value, (b.) An ancient weight, the 
 sixth part of a drachm. 
 
 Ob-o'vate, a. [Lat. ob and ovatus, egg-shaped ; fr. 
 or»???, egg.] ( Bot.) Inversely ovate ; ovate with the nar- 
 row end downward. 
 
 Ob-s^eiie', n. [Lat. obscenus, obscanvs.] X. Expressing 
 or presenting to the mind or view something which deli- 
 cacy, purity, and decency forbid to be exposed. 2. 
 Foul ; filthy ; offensive ; disgusting. 3. Inauspicious ; 
 ill-omene<l. [.4 Latinisiji.] 
 Syn. — Impure ; immodest ; indecent ; unchaste ; lewd. 
 
 Ob-s^ene'ly, adv. In a manner offensive to chastity oi? 
 purity ; impurely ; unchastely. 
 
 Ob-S9,ene'ness, I n. That quality in words or things 
 
 Ob-Sfen'i-ty, ) which presents what is offensive to 
 chastity or purity of mind. 
 Syn. — Ribaldry ; impurity ; lewdness. 
 
 Ob'scu-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of obscuring. 2. State of 
 being obscured. 
 
 Ob-s-eure', a. [compar. OBSCURER ; svperl. obscur- 
 est.] [Lat. obsatrus.] 1. Covered over, shaded, dark- 
 ened ; imperfectly illuminated. 2. Living in darkness ; 
 hidden. 3. Not much known or observed ; remote from 
 observation. 4. Not noted ; unknown : humble. 5. 
 Not easily understood or made out. 6. Not clear, full, 
 or distinct. 
 
 Syn. — Dark; dim; darksome; abstruse; intricate; difficult; 
 mysterious; retired ; unnoticed ; unknown ; humble ; mean ; 
 indistinct ; imperfect ; defective. 
 
 Ob-s<;iire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obscured; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. obscuring.] [Lat. obscurare, from obscurus.] 
 To render obscure ; to darken : to make less intelligible, 
 legible, visible, glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. 
 
 Ob-scurely, adv. In an obscure manner ; imperfectly ; 
 darkly ; dimly ; privately ; indirectly. 
 
 Ob-s-eure'ness, I n. State or quality of being obscure ; 
 
 Ob-scu'ri-ty, ) privacy ; unintelligibleness ; humility. 
 I Syn.— Darkness ; dimness ; gloom. See Darkness. 
 
 Ob'se-crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. obsecrated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. OBSECRATING.] [Lat. obsecrare, obsecratum, 
 from prefix ob and sncrare, to declare as sacred, from 
 
 ^ sacer, sacred] To beseech ; to entreat : to supplicate. 
 
 Ob'se-cra'tion, n. 1. Act of imploring. 2. (Rhet.) 
 A figure of speech in which the orator implores the as- 
 sistance of God or man. 
 
 Ob-ge'qui-oiis, a. [Lat. obsequiosus, from obsequium, 
 compUance, from oise^Mt. SeeOBSEQUy.] Servilely oi 
 meanly condescending ; compliant to excess. 
 
 Syn. — Yielding; attentive; compliant; obedient; servile.— 
 In many cases, a man may be attentive or yielding in a high 
 degree without any sacrifice of his dignity : but he who is obse- 
 qvious seeks to curry favor by excessive and mean compliance 
 for some selfish end. 
 
 Ob-se'qui-oiis-ly , adv. In an obsequious manner ; with 
 
 j obsequiousness ; with prompt compliance. 
 
 I Ob-se'qui-ous-ness, n. The state of being obsequious; 
 
 ! ready obedience ; servile submission. 
 
 6b'se-quy, n. ; pi. oB'sE-QuiEg. [Lat. ohsequium,coTa- 
 pliance, from obsequi, to complj' with, yield to, from pre- 
 fix ob and sequi, to follow, accede to.] A funeral rite or 
 solemnity ; the last duty performed to a deceased person ; 
 — chiefly used in the plural. 
 
 Ob-§erv'a-ble, a. Worthy or capable of being observed 
 or noticed ; remarkable. 
 
 Ob-§erv'a-bIy, adv. In an observable manner. 
 
 Ob-gerv'an^e, n. 1. Act of observing or noticing with 
 attention ; tokens or marks of fidelity. 2. That which 
 is to be observed or attended to ; rule of practice. 3. 
 Performance of religious ceremonies, or fomial service. 
 
 Syn. — Observation. — Observance and ohsen-ationbranc'h out 
 from two distinct senses of oh.^7-ve. 1. To obt^err-e means to 
 keep strictly; as, to observe the Sabbath: and hence, obserr-ance 
 denotes the keeping of a mle or law with strictness; as, the ob- 
 servance of the Sabbath, &c. 2. To observe means to con.«ider 
 • attentively, or remark; and hence, o?).«pn.ayjon denotes either 
 I the act of obsen-ing, or some remark made as the result thereot 
 , Hence, we ought not to say the observation of the Sabbath, &c, 
 I though the word was formerly so used. 
 
 Oh'ser-vnn'dum. n. ; pi. r)B' SER-rAN'DA. [LaU 
 I A thing to be observed. 
 
 j Ob-ferv'ant, a. 1. Taking notice ; attentively viewing 
 I or noticing. 2. Adhering in practice. 3. Carefully at- 
 
 I tentive. 
 
 e,k,t..,long; &,4,kc.,short; cftre, f ar, ask, all , wliat ; dre,Tgil, tSrm; plqu«,flrin; sdUidr, dQ,yrqU, 
 
OBSERVATION 
 
 497 
 
 OBVERT 
 
 Syn.— Mindful ; regardful ; obedient ; submissive. 
 
 db'ger-va'tion, n. 1. Act or power of observing or 
 taking notice ; act of seeing, or of fixing the mind upon, 
 any thing. 3. That which is observed or noticed. 3. 
 A remark. 4. Performance of what is prescribed ; ob- 
 servance. 5. The act of recognizing and noting some 
 fact or occurrence in nature. 
 
 Syn.— Observance; notice; attention; remark; comment; 
 note. See Observance. 
 
 6b'§erv-a'tor, n. 1. One who observes or takes notice. 
 2. A remarker. , 
 
 Ob-§erv'a-to-ry (50), n. 1. A place from which a view 
 may be observed. "2, Especially, a place or building for 
 making observations on the heavenly bodies. 3. Hence, 
 a building fitted with instruments for making systematic 
 observations of any particular class of natural phenom- 
 ena. 
 
 Ob-§5rve' (ob-zErv', 14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. observed ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. OBSERVING.] [Lat. observare, from pre- 
 fix ob and servare, to preserve, heed, keep.] 1. To pay 
 attention to ; to notice with care. ti. To treat with ob- 
 sequious attention. 3. To regard with religious care ; to 
 celebrate. 4. To utter as a remark ; to say in a casual 
 way. 5. To comply with ; to obey. 
 
 Ob-§erve', v. i. 1. To take notice ; to attend. 2. To 
 make a remark ; to comment. 
 Syn. — See Remark. 
 
 Ob-§erv'er, n. One who observes, or pays careful at- 
 tention to, any thing. 
 
 Ob-§erv'iiig, a. Giving particular attention ; attentive 
 to what passes. 
 
 Ob-ses'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. obsessio, from obsidere, 
 obsessum, from prefix ob and sedere, to sit.] Act of be- 
 sieging, or state of being besieged. 
 
 Ob-sid'i-an, n. [So named, according to Pliny, after one 
 Obsidius, who discovered it in Ethiopia.] (3Iin.) A kind 
 of glass produced by volcanoes* 
 
 Ob-sid'i-o-iial, a. [Lat. obsidionalis, from obsidio, a 
 siege, from obsidere, to besiege.] Pertaining to a siege. 
 
 Ohsidional crown, a crown bestowed upon a general who 
 raised the siege of a beleaguered place. 
 
 db'so-les'^en^e, n. State of becoming obsolete. 
 
 db'so-lSs'^ent, a. [Lat. obsolescens, p. pr. of obsoles- 
 cere, obsoletum, to fall into disuse, from prefix ob and 
 solere, to use, be wont.] Going out of use ; passing into 
 desuetude. 
 
 Ob'so-lete, a. [Lat. obsolettis, p. pr. of obsolescere. See 
 supra.] 1. No longer common ; disused ; neglected. 3. 
 {Nat. l/ls<.) Not very distinct; obscure. 
 
 Syn. — Ancient ; antiquated ; old-fashioned ; antique ; old. 
 See Ancient. 
 
 db'so-lete'ness, n. The state of being obsolete. 
 
 Ob'sta-ele, n. [Lat. obstaculum, from obstare, to stand 
 before or against, to withstand, from prefix ob and stare, 
 to stand.] Any thing that hinders progress ; obstruc- 
 tion, either in a physical or moral sense. 
 
 Syn. —Impediment ; hindrance; difficulty. See Imped- 
 iment. 
 
 Ob-stet'ri«, )a. [Lat. obstetrecius, from obstetrix, 
 
 Ob-st6t'ri€-al, ) obstelricis, a midwife : from obstare, 
 to stand before. See supra.] Pertaining to midwifery, or 
 the delivery of women in childbed. 
 
 Cb'ste-tri'cian (-trish'an), n. One skilled in obstetrics. 
 
 Ob-stet'ri«s, n. sing. Science of midwifery ; art of as- 
 sisting women in parturition. 
 
 db'sti-na-^y, n. 1. Unyielding fixedness in opinion or 
 resolution. 2. Fixedness that will not yield to applica- 
 tion or that yields with difficulty. 
 
 Syn. —Pertinacity ; firmness ; resoluteness ; inflexibility ; 
 persistency ; stubbornness ; perverseness ; contumacy. — /'er- 
 ttwaciVf/ denotes great firmness in holding on to a thing ; as, 
 pertinacit;/ of opinion, &c. Obstinacy is great firmness in hold- 
 ing out against persuasion, attack, &c. ; as, obstinacy of will. The 
 former consists in adherence, the latter in resistance. Pertinac- 
 ity is often used in a good sense ; obstinaci/ is almost always 
 taken in a bad one ; but not so the adjective obstinate, for we 
 speak with applause of the obstinate defense of a fortress, &c. 
 
 db'sti-nate , a. [Lat. obstinatus, p. p. of obstijiare, to 
 persist in, a lengthened form of obstare, to stand before.] 
 1. Pertinaciou.sly adhering to an opinion or purpose. 2. 
 Not easily subdued or removed. 
 
 Syn. — Stubborn ; inflexible ; immovable ; firm ; resolute ; 
 pertinacious : headstrong ; heady : opinionated ; refractory ; 
 perverse ; contumacious. See Stubborn. 
 
 Ob'sti-iiate-Iy, adv. In an obstinate manner; stub- 
 bornly ; pertinaciously. 
 
 Ob'sti-pa'tion, n. [From Lat. obstipare, to lean to one 
 side, from obstipus, bent or inclined to one side, from 
 
 prefix ob and stipes, a log, stock ; or from prefix ob and 
 stipare, to crowd or press together.] Act of stopping up, 
 as a passage. 
 
 Ob-strep'er-oiis, a. [Lat. obstrepsrus, from obstreptre^ 
 to make a noise at.] Attended by, or making a tumultu- 
 ous noise ; loud ; clamorous ; noisy. 
 
 Ob-str6p'er-ous-ly, adv. With tumultuous noise. 
 
 Ob-strep'er-ous-ness, n. Loudness ; clamor. 
 
 Ob-stri<;'tioii, n. [From Lat. obstringere, obstrictum, 
 to bind to or about, from prefix ob and stringere, to bind 
 tight.] Jhe state of being constrained or obliged ; obli- 
 gation . bond. 
 
 Ob-struct', V. t. [imp. & p. p. OBSTRUCTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. OBSTRUCTING.] [Lat. obstruere, obstructum , fr. 
 prefix ob and struere, to pile up.] 1. To block up ; to 
 stop up or close, as a way or passage. 2. To hinder from 
 pa.ssing. 3. To render slow. 
 
 Syn. — To bar ; barricade ; stop ; arrest ; check ; inter- 
 rupt ; clog ; choke ; impede ; retard ; embarrass ; oppose. 
 
 Ob-stru.<;t'er, n. One who obstructs or hinders. 
 Ob-stru€'tion, n. 1. Act of obstructing, or state of 
 
 being obstructed. 2. That which obstructs or impedes ; 
 
 impediment; hindrance. 
 Syn.— Obstacle.— 06s<acfc is stronger than obstmction; 
 
 the latter serves to impede or hinder ; the former acts with 
 
 direct resistance. We remove obstructions; we surmount 
 
 obstacles. 
 
 Ob-strixcfive, a. Tending to obstruct; hindering; 
 
 ^ causing impediment. 
 
 db'strii-ent, a. Blocking up ; hindering. 
 
 Ob'strii-eiit, n. [Lat. obstniens, p. pr. of obstruere. 
 See Obstruct.] Any thing that obstructs or closes a 
 passage, especially one of the natural passages in the 
 body. 
 
 Ob-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. OBTAINED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. OBTAINING.] [Lat. obtinere, from prefix oiand tenere, 
 to hold.] To get hold of by efifort ; to gain po&session of; 
 to acquire. 
 Syn. — To attain ; gain ; procure ; acquire ; win ; earn. 
 
 Ob-taiii', V. i. To have a firm footing ; to become preva- 
 lent or general. 
 
 Ob-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of being obtained. 
 
 Ob-taiii'ev, n. One who obtains. 
 
 Ob-test', v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. obtested ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. OBTESTING.] [0. Fr. obtester, Lat. obtestari, from 
 prefix ob and testari, to witness, from testis, a witness.] 
 
 ^ 1. To call to witness. 2. To beseech ; to suppUcate. 
 
 OVtes-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of supplicating ; entreaty. 
 2. Act of obtesting or protesting ; earnest declaration. 
 
 Ob-triide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obtruded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. «'.' obtruding.] [Lat. obtrudere, from prefix ob and 
 trudere, to thrust.] 1, To thrust in or upon. 2. To 
 ofiFer with unreasonable importunity. 
 
 Syn. — To intrude. — To intrude is-to thrust one's self into 
 a place, society, &c., without right, or uninvited ; to nhtrvde is 
 to force one's self, remarks, opinions, &c., upon persons with 
 whom one has no such intimacy as to justify such boldness. 
 
 Ob-triide', v. i. To enter without right; to make an 
 officious or importunate ofler. 
 
 Ob-trud'er, n. One who obtrudes. 
 
 Ob-tril'§ion (-zhun), n. Act of obtruding; a thrusting 
 upon'others by force or unsolicited. 
 
 Ob-trxi'sive, a. Disposed to obtrude ; inclined to in- 
 trude'or thrust one's self among others. 
 
 Ob-trii'sive-ly, adv. In an obtrusive manner. 
 
 Ob-tund', V. ^ [ijnp. & p. p. OBTUNDED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. OBTUNDING.] [Lat. obtundere, obtiisum, from 
 prefix ob and tundere, to strike or beat with repeated 
 strokes.] To dull ; to blunt ; to deaden. 
 
 Ob-tuse', a. [compar. obtuser; 5M/»er/. OBTUSE ST.] 
 [Lat. obtusus, p. pr. of obtundere, obtusum, to blunt. See 
 Obtund.] 1. Not pointed or acute ; applied to angles 
 greater than a right angle. 2. Not having acute sensi- 
 bility ; dull. 3. Not sharp or shrill ; obscure. 
 
 Ob-tuse'-an'gled, a. Having an obtuse angle. 
 
 Ob-tuse'ly, adv. In an obtuse manner ; dully. 
 
 Ob-tuse'ness, n. State or quality of being obtuse. 
 
 Ob-tu'gion (-zhun), n. [Lat. obtusio, from obtundere, to 
 blunt. See Obtund.] 1. Act of making obtuse or 
 blunt. 2. The state of being dulled or blunted. 
 
 Ob-verse' (14), a. [Lat. obversus, p. p. of ohvertere. See 
 Obvert.] (Bot.) Having the base narrower than the 
 
 ^ top, as a leaf. 
 
 Ob'verse, n. The face of a coin, having the principal 
 image or inscription upon it. 
 
 Ob-verse'ly, adv. In an obverse form or manner. 
 
 Ob-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. obverted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 food, frfbt ; firn, rude, pull ; ?ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; taiia- 
 
OBVIATE 
 
 498 
 
 OCTODECIMO 
 
 V. OBVERTING.] [I^t. obverterf, from prefix ob, and 
 ftrtrrt, to turn.] To turn toward or downward. 
 
 6b'vi-ate, r. i. [imp. & p. p. obviated; p. pr. & rb. 
 n. OBvi.\TIN«.] (Lat. obviart\ ohvialum, from prefix 
 06 and viare, to go, frtnn via, was.] To meet in the 
 way : lience, to prevent by interception ; hence to clear 
 the WHv of. 
 
 db' vi-ji'tion, n. Act of obviating or state of being ob- 
 
 vi;lt»H.l. 
 
 Ob-\-i-ofts, a. 1. Open; exposed; liable; subject. 2. 
 Eiisil.N di*covere<i, seen, or understood. 
 
 Sj-n. — Manifest ; plain ; clear ; evident ; apparent. See 
 Manikkst. 
 
 Ob'vi-oujs-ly, adv. In a manner that is obvious. 
 
 ftb'vi-oils-iiess, n. State of being obvious or eAident. 
 
 Ob'vo-lute. ( a. [Lat. obvolutus, p. p. of obi-olvere, to 
 
 Ob'vo-lut'ed, I wrap round, to cover all over, from 
 prefix 06 and lo/i-frf, to roll, turn around.] {Bot.) Ar- 
 ranged so as alternately to overlap, as the margins of 
 one leaf those of the opposite one. 
 
 0<?-<*a'§ion, «• [I>at. occasio, from occidere, occasum, to 
 fall down, from prefix ob and cadere, to fall ] 1. A 
 falling, happening, or coming to pass ; an occurrence, 
 ca.«ualty, incident. 2. A fiivorable opportunity. 3. 
 Accidental cause. 4. Opportunity to use; incidental 
 need : requirement. 
 
 Syn. — Opportunity ; necessity ; need ; incident ; use. See 
 Ophoktuxitv- 
 
 0-e-ea'§ioii, v. t. [imp. & p. p. occasioned; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. OCCASIONING.] To give occasion to ; to cause 
 incidentally. 
 
 0€-ea'§ion-al, a. 1. Pertaining to or occurring at 
 times "but not regular or systematic ; casual ; incident- 
 al. *Z. Produced by accident. 3. Produced or made 
 on some special event. 
 
 Oc-ea'gion-al-ly, adv. In an occasionrJ manner ; on 
 occasion : at times ; not regularly. 
 
 Oc-ea'gion-er, w. One who occasions. 
 
 O-c-ea'sive, a. [Lat. occasivus, from occasus, a going 
 down, setting of the heavenly bodies, from occidere, to 
 fall or go down.] Pertaining to the setting sun ; faUing ; 
 descending. 
 
 dc'^i-dent, n. [Lat. occidens, from occidens, p. pr. of 
 occidere, to fall or go down. See OCCASION.] The 
 western quarter of the hemisphere ; the west. 
 
 dc'^i-dent'al, a. 1. Situated in, or pertaining to, the 
 west; western. 2. Setting after the sun. 
 
 O-e-fip'i-tal, a. Pertaining to the occiput, or the back 
 part of the head. 
 
 d^'^i-piit, H. [Lat., from prefix ob and caput, head.] 
 (Annt.) The part of the skull which forms the hind part 
 of the head. 
 
 0€-elu'§ion, n. [From occlusus, p. p. of occludere, to 
 shut up. from prefix ob audcludere, claudere, to shut.] 1. 
 Act of shutting up ; state of being shut up. 2. Tran- 
 sient approximation of the edges of a natural opening ; 
 also, im perforation. 
 
 0€-euIt', a. [Lat. occultus, p. p. of occvlere, to cover up, 
 hide, from prefix ob and colere, to cultivate, till, tend.] 
 Hidden from the eye or understanding ; invisible ; secret ; 
 unknown. 
 
 Occult xcience.i, those imaginary sciences of the middle ages 
 ■which related to the supposed action or influence of supernat- 
 ural powers, as alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology. 
 
 O^'ful-ta'tion, ?(. 1. Act of rendering occult, or state 
 of being occult. 2. (Astron.) The hiding of a heavenly 
 body from sight by the intervention of some other of the 
 heavenly bodies. 
 
 0<;-eult'ness, n. State of being occult ; secretness. 
 
 0€'-eu-pan-9y, «• Act of taking or holding possession ; 
 possession . 
 
 0€'«u-pant, n. [Lat. occupans, p. pr. of occupare. See 
 infra.] One who occupies ; one who has the actual use 
 or poKse.«sion, or is in po.s.«ession, of a thing. 
 
 O-e'-eu-pa'tion, n. 1. The act of occupving or taking 
 pogsesHion. 2. The state of being occupied. 3. That 
 which occupies the time and attention ; the principal 
 business of ^ne's life. 
 
 Syn. — Occupancy: posseesion ; tenure; use; employ- 
 ment : avocntion ; engagement ; vocation ; calling ; office ; 
 trade ; prf>fe«8ion. " 
 
 d«'-eu-pi'er, n. One who occupies. 
 
 6«'€U-py (54). V. t. [imp. & p. p. occupied ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb.n. OCCUPYING.] [Fr. orcuper, from Lat. occuparf, fr. 
 
 ob and capere, to take.] 1. To take or hold in pos'ses- 
 
 Bion ; to possess. 2. To hold, or fill, the dimensions of; 
 
 to cover or fill. 3. To employ ; to u.^e. 4. To employ ; 
 
 to busy; — used reflexively. 5. To follow as a business! 
 
 Cc.'cu-py, V. i. To hold possession ; to be an occupant, 
 to follow business ; to negotiate. 
 
 Oe~cvLr',v i. [imp. & p. p. occurred; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. OCCURRING.] [Lat. occurrtre, from prefix ob and 
 currere, to run.] 1. To be found here and there ; to ap- 
 pear. 2. To meet or come to the mind 
 
 O-e-ciir'reiif^e, n. A coming or happening ; hence, any 
 
 _ incident or accidental event : any single event. 
 
 O'ceaii (o'shun), n. [Lat. oceanus, Gr. oMceai/os, perhaps 
 from ci/cv?, quick, rapid, and vdeiv. to How ; or from Skr. 
 Cg/ta, a heap, ftream, flood of water.] 1. The water 
 considered as one vast body surrounding the land ; — 
 called also the sea, or great sen. 2. One of the large 
 bodie-s of water into which the great ocean is regarded as 
 
 _ divided. 3. Hence, an immense expanse. 
 
 0''ce-aii'i-e (o'she-iln'ik), a. Pertaining to the ocean; 
 
 _ found or formed in the ocean. 
 
 O'^el-la/ted or O-^el'la-lt^d, a. [Lat. ocellntux, from 
 ocellus, a little eye, dim. of oculus, an e\e.] 1. Refem- 
 
 _ bling an eye. 2. Formed with the figures of little e^es. 
 
 0'9e-16t, n. [Mexic. ocelotl.] {ZoVl.) A digitigrade car- 
 
 _ nivorous mammal of the cat kind, found in Mexico. 
 
 O'-elier I (o'ker), ?i. [Lat. oc/ira, Gr. wxpa, from compos, 
 
 0'<;lire ) pale, pale yellow.] (Miti.) A variety of fine 
 clay containing iron. The common colors are yellow 
 
 _and red. 
 
 0'«lier-ous, )a. 1. Consisting of, or containing, ocher. 
 
 O'cbre-oiis, j 2. Resembling ocher. 
 
 O'-eber-y, a. Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, 
 ocher. 
 
 0<Jh-16<:'ra-9y, n. [Gr. oxAo/cparta, from ox^o^, the 
 populace, multitude, and Kpareiv, to be strong, to rule, 
 from KpdTo<;, strength.] A form of government in which 
 
 _ the multitude or common people rule. 
 
 Ocb'lo-erat'ic, ! a. Pertaining to ochlocracy ; hav- 
 
 Och'lo-erat'ic-al, ) ing the form or character of an 
 
 _ ochlocracy. 
 
 O'chrey, a. See Ochery. 
 
 O'-era, 71. (Mi7i.) See Okra. 
 
 dc'ta-goii. n. [Gr. o/cTaytoi/os, eight-cornered, / V 
 from oKTci, eight, and ■ycoi'ta, corner.] [Geom.)/ ^ 
 
 A plane figure of eight sides and eight angles. I J 
 
 O-e-tjlg'o-nal, a. Having eight sides and eight \^ / 
 angles. _ ' Qctai^n. 
 
 0«'ta-be'dral, a. [See Octahedron.] Hav- 
 
 ^ ing eight equal faces or sides. 
 
 dc'ta-he'dron, n. [Gr. oKraeSpov, firom oKToeSpos, 
 eight-sided, from oktw, eight, and eSpa, 
 seat, base.] ( Geom.) A solid contained 
 by eight equal and equilateral trian- 
 gles. 
 
 O-e-tJin'gru-lar, a. [Lat. octangtdus, 
 
 eight-cornered, from octo, eight, and Octaliedron. 
 
 ^ angulus, comer, angle.] Having eight angles. 
 
 O-e'tant, «. [Lat. octans. octantis, from octo, eight.] 1. 
 ( Geom.) The eighth part of a circle. 2. (Astron. & 
 Astrol.) The position or aspec-t of a heavenly body, when 
 halfway between conjunction, or opposition, and quad- 
 
 ^ rature, or distant from another body forty -five degrees. 
 
 dc'tave, a. [Lat. octavus, eighth, from octo, eight.] 
 
 ^ Consisting of eight : eight. 
 
 Oc'tave, n. 1. The eighth day after a church festival, 
 the festival itself being included ; hence, al.«o, the week 
 immediatel)' following a church festival. 2. [Mus.) (a.) 
 The eighth tone in the scale, (b.) The scale itself. 
 
 0«-ta'vo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make eight 
 leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of one of such leaves. 
 
 Oc-ta'vo, n. ; pi. OC-TA'v6g. [From Lat. in octavo, 
 from octni-vs. See supra.] 1. A book composed of 
 sheets folded so as to make eight leaves. 2. The size of 
 a book thus composed. 
 
 0€-teii'ni-al, a. [Lat. octennis, from octo, eight, and 
 annus, year.] 1. Happening every eighth year. 2. 
 Lasting eight years. 
 
 d«'tile, n. [From Lat. octo, eight.] The same as Oc- 
 tant. 
 
 0<;-till'ion (ok-til/yun), 7?. [Lat. orio, eight.] Accord- 
 ing to the English method of numeration, the number 
 produced by involving a milhon to the eighth power, and 
 expressed by a unit with 48 ciphers annexed : according 
 to the French method, the number expressed by a unit 
 with 27 ciphers annexed. See NUMERATION. 
 
 0«-toTber, n. [Lat. , from octo, eight, the eighth month of 
 the old Roman year, which began in March.] The tenth 
 month of the Julian year, containing thirty -one days. 
 
 d<:'to-d6?'i-nnio, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to 
 make eighteen leaves : of, or equal to, the size of one of 
 such leaves. 
 
 »i9,8tc.,long; &,6,&c., short; c&re,far,ask,all,wbat; Sre, veil, term; pique, firm; s6ii,dr,do, W9lf. 
 
OCTUDECIMO 
 
 499 
 
 OFFENSIVE 
 
 dc'to-de^'i-mo, n. ;pl. 6€/to-de(;;'i-m6§. [Lat. octo- 
 '/ectTTJ, eighteen, equiv. to decern et octo.] 1. A book 
 composed of sheets folded so as to make eighteen leaves. 
 2. The size of a book thi»s composed. 
 
 6<;'to-ge-na'ri-an, «• A person eighty years of age. 
 
 0«-t6g'e-na-ry, or Oc'to-ge-na-ry, a. [Lat. octo- 
 genarius, from ociog'en?, eighty each, from octo, eight.] 
 Of eighty years of age. 
 
 de'to-pod, n. [Gr. oxTton-ov?, from okto), eight, and 
 irovs, iroSos, foot.] (ZoUl.) A moUusk or insect having 
 
 ^ eight feet or legs. 
 
 d-c'to-rdbii', n. [From Lat. ocio, eight.] The offspring 
 of a quadroon and a white person. 
 
 de'to-style, n. [Gr. oktw, eight, and otvAos, pillar.] 
 (Arch.) An edifice or portico adorned with eight columns, 
 or a range of eight columns in front. 
 
 d-e''to-syl-lab'i€ , ) a. [Lat. octosyllnbus, from octo, 
 
 d«'to-syl-iai>'i«-al , [ eight, and syllaba, syllable.] 
 
 dCto-syl'la-ble, ) Consisting of eight syllables. 
 
 Oe'to-syl'la-ble, n. A word of eight syllables. 
 
 Oe-troi' (ok-trw;y), n. [Fr. octroi, from octroyer, to grant, 
 from Lat. aurtorare, to confirm.] 1. A society or guild 
 endowed with the exclusive privilege of trade. 3. A tax 
 levied at the gate of a city on articles of produce brought 
 within the walls. 
 
 de'tu-ple, a. [Lat. octuplus, Gr. 6/cTa7rA.o{;s, from oktw, 
 eight, and aTrA.ous, one-fold, single.] Eightfold. 
 
 (^e'u-lar, a. [Lat. ocularis, ocular ius, from oculus, the 
 eye.] Depending on, or perceived by, the eye. 
 
 dc'u-lar-ly, adv. By the eye, sight, or actual view. 
 
 O^'u-lf-form, a. [Lat. oculus, the eye, and forma, 
 
 ^ shape.] In the form of an eye. 
 
 d«'u-list, n. [From Lat. oculus, the eye.] One skilled 
 in treating diseases of the eyes. 
 
 dd, or Od, n. [Gr. 6S6s, passage.] A force or natural 
 power, supposed to produce the phenomena of mesmer- 
 
 _i.sm, and to be developed by various agencies. 
 
 O'da-llsqtie' , n. [Fr., from Turk, odulik, chamber-com- 
 panion, from odah, chamber, room.] A female slave or 
 concubine in the harem of the Turkish sultan. 
 
 ddd, a. [compar. odder; ,sK/>(-'/-/. ODDEST.] [Sw.wrfc/a, 
 odd ; W. od, singular, odd. Cf. 0. H. Ger. odi, empty, 
 Icel. audhr, Goth, auths, desert, solitary.] 1. Not 
 paired with another ; alone, '-i. Left over, after a round 
 number has been taken ; remaining ; hence, having no 
 great value ; insignificant. 3. Not divisible by two with- 
 out a remainder ; not even. 4. Different from what is 
 usual or common ; peculiar ; unique. 3. Unsuitable or 
 inappropriate. 
 
 Syn. — Quaint ; unmatched ; singular ; unusual ; extraor- 
 dinary ; strange ; queer ; eccentric ; whimsical ; fantastical ; 
 droll ; comical. 
 
 ddd'-f el'lo-w, n. A member of a certain secret society, 
 established for mutual aid and social enjoyment. 
 
 6dd'i-ty, n. 1. State of being odd; singularity; queer- 
 ness. ii. That which is odd. 
 
 6dd'ly, adv. In an odd or queer manner ; unevenly ; 
 strangely. 
 
 6dd'ness, n. 1. State of being odd, or not even. 2. 
 Singularity ; strangeness. 
 
 <5dd§, n. sing. & pi. [See Odd, a.] Difference in favor 
 of one and against another ; inequaUty ; advantage ; 
 superiority. 
 
 At odds, in dispute ; at variance. — Odds and ends, rem- 
 nants ; fragments ; refuse ; scraps. 
 
 Ode. n. [Gr. loSr], a lyric song, contr. fr. aotSij, from 
 aeiSetv, to sing.] A short, dignified poem or song, proper 
 to be set to music or sung ; a lyric poem . 
 
 O-de'on, «. [Gr. wSetov, from cJS^.] A kind of theater 
 in Greece, in which poets and musicians contended for 
 public prizes ; — in modern usage, a hall or chamber for 
 
 _ musical or dramatic performances. 
 
 Od'i«, or 6d'i«, a. Of, or pertaining to, the peculiar 
 
 _ force called od. See Od. 
 
 O'di-ous, a. [Lat. odiosus, from odium, hatred, from 
 odi, odisse. to hate.] 1. Deserving hatred. 2. Causing 
 disgust. 3. Causing 'hate. 4. Exposed to hatred ; 
 hated. 
 
 Syn. — Hateful; detestable; abominable; disgusting; loath- 
 __Bome; invidious; repulsive; forbidding; unpopular. 
 O'di-oiis-ly, ac/f. In an odious manner ; hatefully 
 O'di-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being odious; hatefulness. 
 O'di-iiin , n. [Lat. , from odi, odis.<;e , to hate.] 1. Hatred ; 
 
 dislike. 2. The quaUty that provokes hatred; offen- 
 
 siveness. 
 
 Syn. — Hatred. — Hatred is a thing we exercise ; odium is a 
 
 thing we endure; in this sense, the former is active and the 
 
 latter passive. We speak of having a hatred for a man, but not 
 
 of having an cj</jMm toward him. Atvrant incurs t)ic hatred 
 of all good men, and, by his actions^ brings upon himself the 
 public odium. The odium of an oftense may sometimes fall 
 unjustly upon one who is innocent. 
 
 O-dom'e-ter, n. [Gr. oSofieTpov, oSo/aerpos, fr. 666s, 
 way, and fxerpov, measure.] An instrument attached to 
 
 _the wheel of a carriage, to measure distance in traveling. 
 
 O'don-taVgi-d, n. [Gr. hbovTokyia, from 66ov9, o^ovros, 
 a tooth, and oX-yos, pain.] {Med.) Pain in the teeth ; 
 
 _ toothache. [to the toothache. 
 
 O^don-tal'gi*, or dd'on-tai'gi-e (110), a. Pertaining 
 
 O'don-tai'gi-e,or6d^oii-ta,l'gi€,n. (Med.) A remedy 
 for the toothache. [talgia. 
 
 5'don-tai'gy, or Od'on-tai'gy, n. (Med.) Odon- 
 
 O'doii-tol'o-gy, or Od'on-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. 
 66ov?, oSovTos, a tooth, and Aoyos, discourse.] (Anat.) 
 That branch of anatomy which treats of the structure 
 
 _ and development of the teeth. 
 
 O'dor, n. [Lat.] Any smell, whether fragrant or offen- 
 sive ; scent. \ 
 To he in bad odor, to be out of favor. • 
 
 O'dor-aiit, a. Bearing odors ; odoriferous. 
 
 O'dor-if 'er-ous, a. [Lat. odorifcr, from odor, odor, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Giving scent; fragrant; perfumed; 
 
 _ usually, sweet of scent. 
 
 O'dor-oiis, a. [Lat. odorus, from odor, odor.] Having 
 or emitting an odor; especially, having a sweet odor; 
 
 _ fragrant. 
 
 O'dyle (o'dil), n. [Gr. 656s, passage, and vA.rj, matter 
 or material.] A supposed natural power or influence 
 alleged to produce the phenomena of mesmerism . See Od. 
 
 OEc/ii-meii'i-e-al, a. See Ecumenical. 
 
 O^er, prep. &, adv. A contraction for over. See OVER. 
 
 CE-sopli'a-gus, n. See Esophagus. 
 
 Of (6\), prep. [A.-S. of, Icel. & Goth, af, allied to Lat. 
 ab, Gr. awo, Skr. apa] From, or out from ; proceeding 
 from, as the cause, source, means, author, or agent be- 
 stowing ; belonging to ; pertaining or relating to ; con- 
 
 ^ cerning ; — used in aVariety of applications. 
 
 Off, a. On the opposite or further side ; most distixnt. 
 
 dff , adv. [From of, supra.] From ; away from ; — denot- 
 ing, (a.) Distance, (b.) Separation; removal, (c.) De- 
 parture, abatement, remission, or a leaving, (d.) Oppo- 
 site direction, (e.) The opposite side of a question. 
 
 From off, off from; off. — Off and on, (a.) Atone time apply- 
 ing and engaged, then absent or remiss, (b.) (Xaut.) On dif- 
 ferent tacks, now toward, and now away from, the land.— To 
 come off, (a.) To escape. (6.) To take place. — To get off, (a.) 
 To alight, (ft.) To make escape.— To go off, (a.) To depart; 
 to desert. (6.) To be discharged, as a gun.— 7o take off', (aO 
 To take away. (6.) To mimic or personate.- Well off, ill off', 
 badly off, having good or ill success. 
 
 dtt,prep. Not on. 
 
 dff , interj. Away ; begone ; — a command to depart, 
 
 ^ either with or without contempt or abhorrence. 
 
 Offal, «. [From off und fall.] 1. Waste meat ; parts 
 rejected as unfit for use. 2. Carrion ; putrid meat. 3. 
 Refuse ; rubbish. 
 
 Of-fence', n. See Offense. 
 
 Of-feiid', f. t. [imp. & p.p. OFFENDED; p.pr. hvb. 
 n. OFFENDING.] [Lat. offendere, offensumy from, prefix 
 ob and fendere, to thrust, dash.] 1. To displease; to 
 make angry. 2. To shock ; to pain ; to annoy. 3. To 
 draw to evil, or hinder in obedience. 
 
 Of -fend', V. i. 1. To commit a crime; to sin. 2. To 
 cause dislike or anger. 3. To be scandahzed. 
 
 Of feiid'er, n. One who offends ; a criminal ; a tres- 
 
 Of-fense', n. [See Offend.] 1. Act of offending, dis- 
 pleasing or hurting. 2. An open violation of law. 3. 
 That which o8«nds ; that which excites anger. 4, State 
 of being offended. 
 
 U@°' This word, like expense, has usually been spelled with a 
 c. It ought, however, to undergo the same change Avith ex- 
 pense, the reasons being the same, namely, that s is used in 
 offensive as in expensive, and is found in the Latin offensio, 
 and the French offense. 
 
 Syn. — Displeasure ; umbrage; resentment; misdeed; mis- 
 demeanor ; trespass ; try.nsgression ; delinquency ; fault ; sinj 
 crime ; affront : indignity ; outrage ; insult. 
 
 Of-f en'sTve, a. [See Offend.] 1. Causing displeasure 
 or some degree of anger. 2. Giving pain or unpleasant 
 sen.sations. 3. Causing evil or injury. 4. U.sed in at 
 tack. 5. Making the first attack. 
 
 Syn. —Displeasing ; disagreeable ; distasteful ; obnoxiouB; 
 abhorrent ; disgusting ; impertinent ; rude ; saucy; reproach- 
 ful : opprobrious ; insulting ; insolent ; abusive ; scurrilous ; 
 assailant ; attacking ; invading. 
 
 Of-fgn'sive, n. State or posture of one who offends or 
 makes attack. 
 
 lood, fc»ot ; firn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; ag ; e?ist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 
 
OFFENSIVELY 
 
 500 
 
 OLDISH 
 
 Of-f i^n'rfTe-ly, adv. In an offensive manner. 
 
 Of-ftii'sive-ness, ». Quality or condition of being 
 oflfensivc. 
 
 Offer, V. t. [imp. & ;>. ;>. offered ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 OFFERING.] [Lat. flfffrrr, from prefix o6 and /fr^f, to 
 boar, briug.] 1. To bring to or before; to present for 
 acceptance or rejection, ti. To make a proposal to. 3. 
 Hence, to atttuiipt ; to undertake. 4. To present in 
 prayer or devotion. 5. To bid, as a price, reward, or 
 wages. 6. To manifest in an offensive way. 
 
 S\Ti. — To exhibit ; propose ; propound ; move ; proffer ; 
 tcnocr ; sacrifice ; immolate. 
 
 6f 'fer, r. ». 1. To present itself, ti. To declare a wil- 
 lingness. 3. To make an attempt. 
 
 Offer, ti. 1. Act of offering or bringing forward. 3. 
 That which is offered or brought forward ; a proposal. 
 
 Of f er-a-ble, a- Capable of being offered. 
 
 Offer-er, n. One who offers. 
 
 Of f er-ing, n . That which is offered, especially in divine 
 service ; a sacrifice ; an oblation. 
 
 Offer-to-ry, ji. 1. (Koin. Cath. Church.) (a.) An 
 anthem chanted, or a voluntary played on the organ, 
 during the offering and first part of the mass. [l. ) That 
 part of the mass in which the priest prepares the ele- 
 ments for consecration. 2. ( Church ofEng.) The ver.ses 
 of Scripture near the beginning of the communion service, 
 read while the alms are collecting. 
 
 Off-liSnd, a. & adv. Without study or preparation. 
 
 Of fife, n. [Lat. officium, from prefix o6 and /are^e, to 
 make or do.] 1. Work to be performed for, or with 
 reference to, others ; duty ; especially, customary duty. 
 2. A special duty, trust, or charge, conferred by au- 
 thority and for a public purpose. 3. That which is per- 
 formed, intended, or assigned to be done, by a particular 
 thing. 4. The place in which public officers and others 
 transact business. 5. Hence, the company or corpo- 
 i-ation whose place of business is their office. 6. pi. 
 The apartments in which the domestics discharge the 
 several duties attached to the service of a house, as 
 kitchens, pantries, &c. 7. (Eccl.) The service appointed 
 for a particular occasion. S. (Canon Law.) A benefice 
 with no jurisdiction annexed to it. 
 House of office, a privy; a necessary. 
 Syn.— Business; function; duty; charge; benefit; service. 
 
 Of fi-f er, n. One who holds an office ; a magistrate. 
 
 Of fi-f er, V. t. To furnish with officers. 
 
 Of-fi'cial (-fTsh'al), a. [Lat. officialis. See Office.] 
 1. Pertaining to an office or public trust. 2. Derived 
 from the proper office or officer, or from the proper au- 
 thority, [officer. 
 
 Of-fi'cial (-fish'al), n. One who holds an office; an 
 
 Of-fi'cial-ly, (-iish'al-), adv. By the proper officer ; by 
 virtue of the proper authority. 
 
 Of-fi'ci-ate (-fish'I-at), v. i. [imp. &, p. p. offici- 
 ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. OFFICIATING.] [L. Lat. officiare. 
 See Office.] 1. To act as an officer in his office. 2. 
 To f>erform the appropriate official duties of another. 
 
 Of-fif 'i-iial, or Of f i-fi'nal, a. [From Lat. officina, a 
 work-shop, contr. from opifirina, from opifex, a work- 
 man, from ojnix, work, a.ni\ facere, to make or do.] 1. 
 Used in a shop, or belonging to it. 2. Having a charac- 
 ter or composition established or approved of by the col- 
 lege of medicine. 
 
 Of-fi'cious(-i'T.'<h'u8), a. [LaX.officiosus. See Office.] 
 
 1. Exce.s.eively forward in kindness. 2. Intermeddling 
 in affairs in which one ha.=i no concern. 
 
 Syn.— Impertinent; meddling; meddlesome. See Impee- 
 
 TIKKNT. 
 
 4>f-fI'ciou8-ly (-fTsh'u8-ly), adv. In an officious manner. 
 Of-fi'cious-nes8, (-fish/us-), n. The quality of being 
 
 officious ; kindness ; undue forwardness. 
 Offing, w. [Vrom off.] That part of the sea which is at 
 
 a good di.stance from the shore, or where there is deep 
 
 water, and no need of a pilot. 
 OffHtour-ing, n. That which is scoured off; hence, 
 
 refuse ; rejected matter. 
 Off H^uni, n. Refuse; offscouring; filth. 
 Off >»€t, n. [From 0^ and 5fi.] 1. A sprout or a shoot. 
 
 2, A flat surface or terrace on a hill-side. 3. (Arch.) 
 An horizontal ledge on the face or at the foot of a wall. 
 4. (Surv.) A short distance measured at right angles 
 from a line a<'tually run to some point. 5. A sum, ac- 
 count, or value set off again.st another, as an equivalent ; 
 hence, any thing which is ^ven io exchange or retalia- 
 tion ; a s<'t-off. 
 
 Off-K6t', or Offset, V. t. [imp. & p. p. OFF.SET ; p. pr. 
 
 To set off; to place over 
 
 I & vh. n. OFFSETTING.] 
 againstj to balance. 
 Off slioot, n. That which shoots off or separates froa 
 
 a main stem, channel, or the like. 
 Offspring, n. [From off and spring.] A child or chil- 
 dren ; descendants, however remote, from the stock. 
 Syn. — Issue: generation; progeny; posterity. 
 
 Ol12s-cl*«on, I S^ OBFUSCATE, Obfuscation. 
 
 Oft (21), adv. [A.-S. oft, Icel. opt, 6tt, Goth, u/ta.] 
 
 Often ; frequently ; not rarely. [Poet.] 
 Oft't'n.{ofn, 21,58), adv. [compar. OFTENER ; superl. 
 
 OFTENEST.] [^e supra.] Frequently; many times; 
 ^ not seldom. 
 
 OftVn-ness (ofn-), n. Frequency. 
 OftVn-timeg (ofn-tlmz), adv. Frequently; often*, 
 ^ many times. 
 
 Oft'timeg, adv. Frequently ; often. 
 O-gee' (o-je/), n. [See Ogive.] (Arch. 
 
 A molding consisting of two members, 
 
 the one concave, the other convex, 
 
 somewhat like an S ; — sometimes ab- 
 _ breviated O. G. or O G. 
 O'give (o'jiv), n. [Fr. ogive, L. Lat. 
 
 augiva, a double arch of two at right 
 
 angles.] (Arch.) The gothic vault, with 
 _ its ribs and cross springers, &c. Ogee. 
 
 O'gle (o'gl), V. t. [i7)ip. & p. p. ogled ; p. pr. Si, vb. n. 
 
 OGLING.] [L. Lat. oculare, to open the ejes, see, from 
 
 Lat. oculus, the eye.] To view with side glances, as ii;^ 
 _ fondness, or to attract notice. 
 O'gle (o'gl), n. A side glance or look. 
 O'gler, 01. One who ogles. 
 
 O'gli-o (o'lT-o or ol'yo), n. The same as Olio, q. v. 
 O'gre (o^ger), n. [Fr., hell, from Lat. Orcus, the god of 
 
 the infernal regions, the lower world, hell.] An imag- 
 _ inary monster, who lived on human beings. 
 O'gress, Ji. A female ogre. 
 Oh, interj. An exclamation expressing various emotions, 
 
 especially surprise, pain, soitow, anxiety, or a wish. 
 Oil, n. [Lat. o/^'M???, Gr. eAaiov.] An unctuous substance 
 
 expressed or drawn from various animal and vegetable 
 
 substances. 
 Oil, V. t. [imp. &. p. p. OILED; p. pr. & vb. n. OIL- 
 ING.] To smear or rub over with oil ; to anoint with oil. 
 Oil'-eake, n. A mass of compressed seeds, or other 
 
 substance, from which oil has been extracted. 
 Oil'-elotli, «. Cloth oiled or painted for covering floors, 
 
 and other uses. 
 Oll'er, n. One who deals in oils ; formerly, one who 
 
 dealt in oils and pickles. 
 Oil'-gSs, 71. Inflammable gas procured from oil. 
 Oil'i-ness, n. Quality of being oily ; nnctuousness. 
 Oil'-man, n.; pi. oil''-men. One who deals in oils; 
 
 also, one who deals in oils and pickles. 
 Oil'- stone, n. A variety of hone-slate. 
 Oil'y, a. [compar. OILIER ; superl.'O'i'Ll'ES'r .] 1. Con- 
 sisting of, or containing, oil; unctuous. 2. Resembling 
 
 oil. 3. Fatty; greasy. 4. Smoothly subservient; 
 
 compliant. 
 Otnt'men.t, n. That which serves to anoint ; an unguent. 
 O'ker, n. See Ocher. 
 
 O'kra, In. (Bot.) An annual plant, whose green pods 
 O'kro, ) are much used in the West Indies, &c., for 
 _ soups or pickles. 
 Old, a. [co77ipar. OLDER ; superl. OLDEST.] [A.-S. 
 
 old, eald, 0. & N. H. Ger. alt, Goth, altheis, from Goth. 
 
 alan, to grow up, Icel. ala, to nourish, allied to Lat. 
 
 alere,idi.] 1. Not young ; advanced far in years or life. 
 
 2. Not new or fresh ; not recently made or produced. 
 
 3. Formerly existing ; pre-existing or preceding. 4. 
 Indefinitely continued in life. 5. Long practiced; 
 skilled ; experienced. 6. Long cultivated. 7. Long 
 existing; hence, worn out; decajed. 8. Aged; anti- 
 quated ; hence, bad ; mean ; — used as a term of re- 
 proach. 9. Old-fashioned ; a§ of old ; hence, very gay : 
 jolly. 
 
 0/ old, long ago; from ancient times.— OW bachelor, an un- 
 married man somewhat advanced in years. — Old maid, an un- 
 married female somewhat advanced in years.— Old school, & 
 school or party belonging to a former time, or having the char- 
 acter, manner, or opinions appropriate to a former time. 
 
 Syn. — Aged ; ancient ; pristine ; original ; primitive; an- 
 tique ; antiquated ; old-fashioned ; obsolete. 
 
 Old'f^n (old'n), a. Old ; ancient. 
 
 Olcl'-fasli'ioned, a. Formed according to obsolete 
 _ fashion or custom. 
 Old'ish, a. Somewhat old. 
 
 a,e, &c., long ; &, 6, ice, short ; c4re, f ar, ask, all, what ; 6re,veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, W9li^ 
 
OLDNESS 
 
 501 
 
 ON 
 
 Cld'ness, rt. 1. State of being old; antiquity. 3, An 
 
 _adTanced state of life ; old age. 
 
 0'le-3,g'i-nous, a. [Lat. oleaginus, belonging to the 
 olive ; from oka, olive.] Having the qualities of oil ; 
 
 _ oily ; unctuous. 
 
 O'le-ag'i-nous-ness, n. Oiliness. 
 
 O'le-an'der, n. [L. Lat. lorandrmn, corrupt, from Lat. 
 rhodofJendrum, Gr. poSoBevSpov, from poSov, the rose, and 
 SevSpov, tree.] (Bot.) A beautiful evergreen shrub, hav- 
 ing clusters of fragrant red or white flowers. 
 
 0'le-as'ter,n. [Lat., from oiea, olive, olive-tree.] (Bot.) 
 
 _ A shrub or tree much resembling the olive. 
 
 O'le-fi^ant, a. [Lat. oleum, oil, and facere, to make.] 
 (Ckeni.) Forming or producing oil ;— applied to a gas 
 composed of four equivalents of carbon and four of hy- 
 
 _drogen. 
 
 0'le-6ni'e-ter,n. [From Lat. oleum, oil, and Gr.fjieTpov, 
 measure.] An instrument to ascertain the weight and 
 purity of oil. 
 
 01-fa«'tive, la. [From Lat. olfacere, olf actum , from. 
 
 01-f5,<;'to-ry, J olf re, to smell, and facere, to make.] 
 Pertaining to smelling ; having the sense of smelling. 
 
 Ol-f a,-e'to-ry, n. An organ of smelUng ; also, the sense 
 of smell. 
 
 0-lib'a-iiu.m, n. [L. Lat., from Gr. A.t/3avos, Ai/Savwrds, 
 Heb. lebonak, Ar. liiban, frankincense, with the Ar. arti- 
 cle al, the, changed into ol, o.] An inspissated sap, hav- 
 ing a bitterish and aromatic taste. It burns for a long 
 time, with an agreeable odor, and a steady, clear light. 
 
 6ri-gar<;li, n. One of those who constitute an oli- 
 garchy. 
 
 ^i/J"lt^^S'fi' ) «• Pertaining to oligarchy, or gov- 
 y, ^'S^'^^f^,. ' , ( ernment by a few. 
 
 Ol'i-gar«Ii'y, n. [Gr. oKiyapxCa., from oAi'yos, few, lit- 
 tle, and apxei.i', to rule, govern.] Government in which 
 the suprenie power is placed in the hands of a few persons. 
 
 O'li-o, or Ol'io, n. [Sp. olla, a round earthen pot, a 
 dish of boiled or stewed meat ; olla podrida, a dish of 
 different sorts of meat boiled together, lit. a rotten pot, 
 from Lat. olla, a pot, dish.] JL. A dish of stewed meat. 
 2. A mixture; a medley. 3. (Mus.) A collection of 
 various pieces. 
 
 dl'i-va'ceous, a. Of the color of the olive ; olive-green. 
 
 dl'ive, n. [Lat. oliva, Gr. eAaia.] 1. 
 (Bot.) (a.) A plant or tree much cul- 
 tivated, in the south of Europe, for its 
 fruit. It is the emblem of peace, (b.) 
 The fruit of the tree from which olive 
 oil is expressed. 'Z, The color of the 
 olive ; a color composed of violet and 
 green. 
 
 Ol'ld-po-dvVdd,n. [Sp. See Olio.] 
 
 1, A mixture of all kinds of meat 
 chopped fine, and stewed with vege- 
 tables. [Spain.] ii. Ilence, any in- 
 congruous mixture or miscellaneous 
 collection. Olive-tree. 
 
 O-lym'pi-ad, n. [From Olympus, a mountain in Mace- 
 .donia.] A period of four years, reckoned from one cele- 
 bration of the Olympic games to another. 
 
 O-lym'pi-an, ) a. Pertaining to Olympus ; also to 
 
 0-lyin'pi€, ) Olympia, a town in Greece, and to the 
 
 ^ games there celebrated. 
 
 OrnHber, ) n. [Fr. ombre, Sp. hombre, from Sp. homhre, 
 
 Om'bre, j man ; Lat. homo.] A game at cards, usually 
 played by three persons. 
 
 Om-brom'e-ter, n. [Gr. ojoi/3po?, rain, and ixerpou, a 
 measure.] An instrument to measure the quantity of 
 rain that falls ; a rain-guage. 
 
 O-me'ga, or O-meg'a, n. [Gr. w /aeya, i. e., the great 
 or long o.] The last letter of the Greek alphabet, as 
 
 ^ Alpha, A, is the first. 
 
 dm'e-let (colloq. om'let), n. [Fr. omelette, from aufs 
 miles, mixed eggs.] A kind of fritter made chiefly of 
 
 ^ eggs. 
 
 O'men, n. [Lat. According to Varro, it was originally 
 osmen, that which is uttered by the mouth, denoting 
 wish or vow. It is, perhaps, for obmen, from the Gr. 
 root OTT, fut. oi//ofiat, to see.] Sign or indication of some 
 future event ; a prognostic ; a presage ; an augury. 
 
 O'men, v. t. [imp. & p. p. omened; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 OMENING.] 1. To indicate as hkcly to occur ; toaugur. 
 
 2. Ilence, to predict, as by omens ; to foretell. 
 O-mgn'tiim, ?i. [Lat.] (Anat.) The caul; a membra- 
 _naceous covering of the bowels, attached to the stomach. 
 O'mer, n. [Cf. Homer.] A Hebrew measure, the tenth 
 
 of an ephah. 
 
 dm'i-nous, a. [Lat. ominosus, from omen, q. v.] 1. 
 
 Pertaining to an omen. 2. Containing an omen ; as, (a.) 
 
 Foreshowing good ; auspicious. (6.) Foreboding evir 
 
 inauspicious. 
 Om'i-nouLS-Iy, adv. In an ominous manner. 
 dm'i-nous-ness, n. The quality of being ominous. 
 O-mis'si-ble, a. Capable of being omitted. 
 0-inis'sion(-mish''un), ?i. [L&t.omissio. See OMIT.] 1. 
 
 Act of leaving out ; neglect or failure to do something re- 
 quired by propriety or duty. ti. That which is omitted. 
 O-mit', V. t. [imp. & p.p. omitted \ p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 OMITTING.] [Lat. omittere, omissum, from prefix ob 
 
 and mittere, to cause to go, let go.] 1, To let fall ; to 
 
 leave out ; to drop. 2. Hence, to pass by ; to neglect. 
 O-mit'ter, n. One who omits ; a neglecter. 
 6m'ni-bus, n. [Lat. dative plural, for all, from omnis, 
 
 all . ] A kind of large four-wheeled carriago .conveniently 
 ^ arranged to carry many people. 
 Om'ni-fa'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. omnifarius, from omnis^ 
 
 all.] Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. 
 Om-nif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. omnifer, from omnis, all, and 
 
 ferre, to bear.] All-bearing ; producing all kinds. 
 Om-nif i-e, a. [From Lat. omnis, all, and facere, to 
 
 make.] All-creating. 
 dm'ni-f 6rm, a. [Lat. omniformis, from omm$, all, and 
 
 forma, form.] Having every form or shape. 
 Om-nig'e-noiis, a. [Lat. omnigenus, ftom omnis., all, 
 ^ and genus, kind.] Consisting of all kinds. 
 Om'ni-par'i-ty, n. [Lat. from omnis, all, and paritas, 
 
 equality, parity, q. v.] General equality. 
 Om-nip'a-rous, a. Producing all things ; omniparient. 
 Om-nip'o-ten^e, )n. State of being omnipotent; 
 Om-nip'o-ten-^y, j hence, one who is omnipotent. 
 Om-nip'o-tent, a. [Lat. omnipotens, from omnis, all 
 
 and poie^s, powerful, potent.] 1. Possessing unlimited 
 
 power ; all-powerful. 2. Having unlimited power of a 
 
 particular kind. 
 dm'ni-preg'en^e^n. Presence in every place at the 
 
 same time ; ubiquity. 
 dm'ni-preg'ent, a. [Lat. omnis, all, and praesens, 
 
 present.] Present in all places at the same time; 
 
 ubiquitous. [omniscient. 
 
 Om-nis'cien^e (om-nTsh-'ens), n. The quality of being 
 Om-nis'cient (-nish'ent), a. [Lat. omnis, all, and 
 
 sciens, p. pr. of scire, to know.] Having universal 
 
 knowledge, or knowledge of all things. 
 
 Syn.— All-knowing; all-discerning; all-searching; all-see- 
 ing; all-beholding. 
 
 dm'ni-um, n. [Lat., of all, gen. pi. of omnis, all.] 
 (Finance.) The value taken as an average of the dif- 
 ferent stocks in which a loan to government is funded. 
 
 . [Eng.] 
 
 Om'ni-u.m-gatli'er-u.m, n. [A macaronic compound 
 of Lat. omnium, of all, gen. pi. of omnis, all, and gath- 
 erum, from Eng. gather.] A miscellaneous collection of 
 things or persons ; a medley. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Om-niv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. omnivorus, from omnis, all, 
 and vorare, to eat greedily.] All-devouring ; eating every 
 thing indiscriminately. 
 
 Om-pliai'ic, a. [Gr. ojuc^oAikos, from 6ju.<^<xA6s, the na- 
 
 ^ vel.] Pertaining to the navel. 
 
 On, prep. [A.-S. on, an, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. ana, allied 
 to Gr. avd, Slav, na.] 1. At, or in contact with, the 
 surface or upper part of a thing, and supported by it. 
 2. Toward and to the upper surface of. 3. Upon;— - 
 denoting the performing or acting by contact with the 
 surface, upper part, or outside of any thing ; hence, by 
 means of; with. 4. In addition to ; besides. 5. At or 
 near ; — indicating relative direction or position. 6. In 
 dependence or reliance upon. 7. At or in the time of. 8. 
 Toward ; for. 9. At the peril of, or for the safety of. 
 10. By virtue of; with the pledge of. 11. To the ac- 
 count of. 12. In consequence of, or following. 13. 
 In reference or relation to. 
 
 Syn. — In. — To sail m a boat was the only expression ever 
 heard till of late, when " on a boat" began to be used, because 
 we are apt to remain on the deck of a steamboat in passing up 
 and down our rivers, ba3'S, &c. Some now extend tbe phrase 
 to sea-voyages, as, " He came on the boat from Panama," " he 
 was on the ' Arctic ' when she was lost," &c., though no one ap- 
 plies it to the case of sailimi vessels. The change is in every 
 case unfortunate, as tending to produce incongruity and con- 
 fusion. "When we travel by means of a ship or vessel (however 
 propelled), we are in it, and the old expression is the most nat- 
 ural and appropriate. 
 
 On, adv. 1. Forward; in progression ; onward. 2. For- 
 ward, in succession. 3. In continuance ; without inteiv 
 ruption or ceasing. 4. Adhering. 5. Attached to the 
 body. 
 
 food, fobt; urn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«Iio ; gem, get; ag; e^ist; linger. Unit; tiii* 
 
ONANISM 
 
 502 
 
 OPERAMETER 
 
 <Vnau-igin, «. [From Onan (Geu. xxxix. 9).] The 
 crime of self-pollution ; masturbation. 
 
 Onf© {wuuiss), a.'/v. [0. Eng. oiif.'<, from one.] 1. At 
 on« time ; on one occtuMon. ti. At one former time; 
 fomiexl V . 
 
 Atoiicv, (a.) Immediately! without delay. (6.) At the same 
 time; as one. 
 
 One (wdn), a. TA.-S. fin, din, Icel. einn, Goth, dm,'?, ain, 
 allieid to U\t. utius, W. un.] 1. Being but a single unit, 
 or entire being or thing, and no more ; single ; individ- 
 ual, "it Denoting a person conceived or spoken of in- 
 definitely ; used as an indefinite pronoun or adjective. 
 lu this use, as a substitute or pronoun, oue maj- be in the pi. 
 3. Pointing out a contrast ; — uised as a correlative ad- 
 jective. 4. Constituting a whole; undivided; united. 
 i. Single in kind ; the same ; a common. 
 All owt-, just the same. —At one, in agreement or concord. 
 
 O-nei'ro-frit'ic, I a- [Gt. ovet.poKpiTiKO';, fr. oveipo?, 
 
 O-nei'ro-crit'ic-al, ) o^'eipoi', drejim, and jcpiTtJcds, 
 critical.] Pertaining to the interpretation of dreams. 
 
 One'ness (wun'nes, 109), n. State of being one ; single- 
 ness in number : individualitj' ; unity. 
 
 dn'er-a-ry, a. [I^at. onerariits, from onus, 07ieris, lo&d, 
 burden,] * Fitted or intended for the carriage of burdens. 
 
 dn'er-ous, a. [Lat. onerosus, from onus, oneris, a load, 
 burden.] Burdensome ; oppressive. 
 
 One'-sid'ed. (wun'-), a. Uaving one side only; hence, 
 
 , limited to one side ; partial ; unjust ; unfair. 
 
 On'ion (Hn'yun), n. [From Lat. vnio, a kind of single 
 onion, the bulb of which was formed of a single piece, 
 from unio, oneness, unity, from unus, one.] (Bot.) A 
 culinary plant, and its bulbous root, much used as an 
 article of food. 
 
 Only (20), a. [0. Eng. onely, A.-S. anlic, senile, i. e., 
 one-like.] 1. One alone ; single. 2. Alone in its class ; 
 by itself. 3. Distinguished above all others; pre-emi- 
 
 _ nent. 
 
 On'ly, adv. In one manner, or for one purpose alone ; 
 solely ; singly ; merely ; barely. 
 
 dn'o-mJin'^y, n. [From Gr. oi/ofi.a, name, and fiavTeCa, 
 
 ^ divination.] Divination by the letters of a name. 
 
 Ono-mis'ti-eon, n. [Gr. oi/o/iaoTi/coi' (sc. /Si/SAiov), 
 from oKo/u-otTTiKo?, belonging to naming, from ovop.a, 
 name.] A collection of names and terms ; a dictionary ; 
 a common -place book. 
 
 dn'o-mit'o-pcB'ia (-p3'ya), n. [Gr. ovofxaTOTroua, fr. 
 ovoita, ovofjAxro^, a name, and itoielv, to make.] 1, 
 ( Gram. & Rlut.) The theory that words are formed to 
 resemble the sound made by the thing signified. 2. The 
 use of a word whose sound corresponds to the sound of 
 the thing signified. 
 
 (in'o-ma.t'o-po-6t'i€, a. Formed to resemble the sound 
 of the thing signified. 
 
 dn'set, n. [From on and set.] A violent attack; a 
 storming ; especially, the assault of an army or body of 
 troops upon an enemy or a fort. 
 
 Syn.— Charge; onslaught ; encounter ; storming; attack ; 
 assault. 
 
 On'Klauglit (on'slawt), n. [A.-S. onslagan, to strike or 
 dash' against, to destroy.] Attack; onset; aggression; 
 ttssault. 
 
 6n'to, prep. [From on and to. Cf. Into.] On the top 
 of ; 'iipon ; on. [Colloe/.] 
 
 <^'to-16e'i«, I a. Pertaining to the science of being 
 
 i^n'to-ldg'ic-al, ) in general. 
 
 On-t61'o-gy, n. [From Gr. oj/ra, the things which exist, 
 pi. neut. of <I»',6i/To?, being, p. pr. of etvai, to be, and \6- 
 •yo?, discourse.] That part of the science of metaphysics 
 which investigates and explains the nature and essential 
 properties and relations of all beings, aa such. 
 
 O'TtifS, n. [Lat.] The burden. 
 Onm prohandi, the burden of proof. 
 
 dn'ward, a. 1. Advanced or advancing. 3. Increased ; 
 improved. 
 
 6n'ward, adv. Toward the point before or in front ; for- 
 ward : progressively ; in advance. 
 
 6n'ward§, ndv. See Onward. 
 
 O'nyx, a. [Lat. onyx, Gr. owf , a claw, a finger-nail, a 
 yellowish precious stone, a veined gem.] (Min.) Chal- 
 cedony consisting of parallel layers of different shades 
 of color, and used for making cameos. 
 
 0'f»-lite, n. [Gr. u>6v, egg, and kiOo<;, stone, from its re- 
 semblance to the roes of fish.] ( Geol.) A variety of lime- 
 atone, consisting of round grains, as small as the eggs of 
 a fi>ih. [bling oolite. 
 
 IVo-Iit'ie, a. Pertaining to oolite ; composed of or resem- 
 
 O-51'o-gy, n . [Gr. wdi/, an egg, and Aoyos, discourse.^ 
 The science of eggs in relation to their coloring, size, 
 shape, and number. 
 
 Oo'loiig; (ob'long), n. [Chinese, green dragon.] A va- 
 
 '" riety of black tea pos.<essing the Havor of green tea. 
 
 Ooze (c~oz), I', i. [imp. & p. p. oozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 "oozing.] [Soa infra.] To How gently ; to percolate. 
 
 Ooze, I", t. To cause to flow forth gently ; to cause to 
 
 " percolate ; to drop ; to shed ; to distill. 
 
 Ooze, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. oiise, liquor in a tanner's vat, 
 
 " A.-S. tt"d5, juice, ooze, broth, icase, dirt, mire, mud, 
 ri'osig, oozy, juicy, moist.] 1. Soft mud or slime, ti. 
 Soft flow ; spring. 3. The liquor of a tan-vat. 
 
 Ooz'y ( obz'-), a. Miry ; containing soft mud ; resem- 
 
 " bling ooze. 
 
 O-pa^'i-ty, n. [Lat. opacilas. See Opaque.] 1. Stato 
 of being opaque; want of transparency. 2. Darkness ; 
 obscurity. 
 
 O-pake', a. See Opaque. 
 
 O'pal, n. [Lat. opaliis, Gr. oTraAAios, fi-om Skr. upttla, a 
 rock, stone, precious stone.] (Min.) A mineral consist- 
 ing of silex in what is called the soluble state, and usu- 
 ally a small quantity of water. 
 
 C©=" The precioua opnl presents a peculiar play of colors of 
 delicate tints, and is highly esteemed as a gem. 
 
 O'pal-es^e' (o'pal-es'), v. i. ['nip. & p. p. opalesced 
 (o'pal-est') ; P- pr. & vb. n. opalescing-.] To give 
 
 _ forth a play of colors, like the opal. 
 
 O'pal-es'^en^e, n. (Min.) A reflection of a milky or 
 
 _ pearly light from the interior of a mineral. 
 
 O'pal-es'^-ent, a. Reflecting' a milky or pearly light 
 
 _ from the interior. 
 
 O'pal-ine, a. Pertaining to or like opal. 
 
 O'pal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. opalized ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. OPALIZING.] To convert into opal, or a substance 
 Uke opal. 
 
 O-paque' (o-pak'), a. [Lat. opants.] 1. Impervious to 
 the raj s of light : not transparent. 2. Dark; obscure. 
 
 O-paque'nes-s {-pak'-), »j. Quality of being opaque; 
 
 Ope, «. [Abbreviated from 07»e>?.] Open. [opacity. 
 
 Ope, V. t. & i. To open., [Poet.] 
 
 O'pem (o'pn, 20), a. [A.-S. open, imp. from a hypoth. 
 eopan, to open, 0. H. Ger. offan.] 1. Free of access ; 
 not shut up ; not closed. 2. Free to be used, employed, 
 enjoyed, visited, read, or the like: not private: public. 
 3. Not drawn together or contracted; expanded. 4. 
 Hence, (a.) Without reserve. (6.) Not concealed or 
 secret ; exposed to view. 5. Not frozen up ; not locked 
 with ice ; not cold or frosty. 6. Not settled or adjusted ; 
 not balanced or closed. 7. Not blinded or obscured. 8. 
 Not deaf; not unwilling to hear ; listening. 9. Free to 
 be discussed. 10. Easily enunciated ; spoken without 
 closing the mouth. 
 
 Open vowel, or sound, a vowel or sound pronounced with a 
 larger aperture of the lips or cavity of the mouth, as compareil 
 with others called close rowels or soitnds. 
 
 Syn.— Candid ; ingenuous; unclosed; uncovered; unpro- 
 tected; exposed; plain; apparent; obvious ; evident; public ; 
 unreserved: frank; sincere; undisseni bling: artless. 
 
 O'peii(o'pn), r. r. [imp. &/>. opened (6'pnd) ;;?. ;jr. 
 & vb. n. OPENING.] 1. To make open ; to render f»ec 
 of access ; to unclose ; to unbar ; to unlock ; to remove 
 any fastening from. 2. To bring to view : to exhibit ; 
 to interpret; to explain; to reveal; to di-sclose. 3. 
 Hence, used reflexively, to speak without reserve. 4. 
 
 _ To enter upon ; to begin ; to commence. 
 
 O'ppn (o'pn) r. V. 1. To unclose ; to be parted. 2. To 
 
 _ begin to appear. 3. To commence; to begin. 
 
 O'pen-er (o'pn-er), n. One who. or that which, opens. 
 
 O'ppn-eyf'd (o'pn-Td), a. Watchful ; vigilant. 
 
 O'pfn-liaiid'ed, a. Generous ; liberal ; munificent. 
 
 O'pen-lxeart'ed. a. Candid ; frank ; generous. 
 
 O'pen-ing (o'pn-ing), n. 1. A place which is open ; a 
 
 _ breach ; an aperture. 2. Beginning ; commencement. 
 
 O'pen-ly (o'pn-lv), adv. 1. In an open manner; pub- 
 licly : without secrecy. 2. Without reserve or disguLse ; 
 
 _ plainly. 
 
 O'pen-moutli^d (o'pn-), a. Having the mouth open; 
 
 _ gaping : hence, greedy : clamorous. 
 
 O'pf'11-nei.s (o'pn-nes, 109), n. Quality, state, or condi- 
 tion of being open. 
 
 dp'er-a, n. [From Lat. opera, pains, work, from apw. 
 operis, work, labor.] 1. A musical drama consisting of 
 airs, choruses, recitations, &c. 2. The score of a musi- 
 cal drama. 3. The house where operas are exhibited. 
 
 Op'er-am'e-ter, n. [From I.At. opus, operis, pi. opera, 
 work, and Gr. fieVpoi', mea.sure.] An instrument or ma- 
 chine for measuring work done. 
 
 », e, Sec, long ; a, 6, Sea., short ; c4re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do,wolf» 
 
OPERATE 
 
 503 
 
 OPPRESSIVE 
 
 6p'er-ate, v. i. [imp. Sc p p. operated ; p. pr. & 
 ob. n. OPERATING.] [Lat. operari, operatus, from o//M.t, 
 opfris, work, labor.] 1, To exert power or strength, 
 physical or mechanical, 'i. To produce an appropriate 
 physical eSect; fsper.ialli/ {Med.), to take appropriate 
 effect on the human system. 3. To exert moml power 
 or influence. 4. {Surg.) To perform some manual act 
 upon a human body, and usually with instruments. 
 
 6p'er-ate, v. t. 1. To produce as an eflect ; to cause ; 
 to occasion. "Z, To put into or to continue in operation ; 
 to work. 
 
 6p'ei*-at'i<J, \a. Pertaining to the opera; appro- 
 
 dp'er-at'ie-al, I priate to, or designed for, the opera. 
 
 dp^er-a'tion, n. 1. Act or process of operating ; 
 agency ; the exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or 
 moral. 2. Method of working. 3. An effect brought 
 about by a definite plan. 4. (Math.) Some transforma- 
 tion to be made upon quantities. 6. {Surg.) Any me- 
 thodical action of the hand, or of the hand with instru- 
 ments, on the human body. 
 
 Syn.— Agency; work; i)rocess; effort; action. 
 
 Op'er-a-tlve, Ji. 1. Having the power of acting; hence, 
 exerting force, physical or moral. "Z, Efficient in work ; 
 efficacious. 
 
 6p'er-a-tive, a. A laboring man ; an artisan, or work- 
 man in manufactories. 
 
 dp'er-a'tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, operates. 
 'Z. ( Surg.) One who performs some act upon the human, 
 body by mean.s of the hand, or with instruments. 
 
 6p'er-ose' (125), a. [Lat. operosus, from opera, pains, 
 labor, from opus, operis, work, labor.] Wrought with 
 labor; laborious; hence, tedious ; wearisome. 
 
 Op'er-ose'ness, n. State of being operose. 
 
 6pli'i-«leide, n. [From Gr. o(^is, a serpent, and /fXei?, 
 icAeiSos, a key.] {Mus.) A large brass wind instrument 
 of the trumpet kind. 
 
 O-phid'i-aii, n. [From Gr. o<f)i8iQv, b(})eiSiov, dim. of 
 
 _ 0(^15, serpent.] ( ZoUl.) An animal of the group of snakes. 
 
 O'phi-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in the natural history of 
 
 _ serpents. 
 
 O'plii-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. o^is, serpent, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] Tiiat part of natural history which treats of 
 
 _ the ophidians or serpents. 
 
 0'plii-o-mS,ii'yy, n. [Gr. o^is, serpent, and it-avreCa, 
 divination.] Art of divining or predicting events by ser- 
 pents. 
 
 Opli-thsil'ini-a (of- or op-), n. See Ophthalmy. 
 
 Opli-th{il'mi« (of-thaFmik or op-thal''mik), a. Per- 
 taining to the eye. 
 
 Opli'tlial-my (of'thal-my or op'thal-mji^^), n. [Gr. 6^- 
 0aAjata, from o^d(xkfx6<;, the eye, from the root ott, to see, 
 future 6i/^oju,ai.] {Med.) An inflammation of the mem- 
 branes or coats of the eye, or of the eyeball. 
 
 O'pi-ate, n. [See Opium.] 1. Any medicine that con- 
 tains opium, and induces sleep or repose ; a narcotic. Z. 
 
 _ That which induces rest or inaction. 
 
 O'pi-ate, a. 1. Inducing sleep. Z. Hence, causing rest 
 or inaction. 
 
 Syn.— Soporific; narcotic; 
 ing; somnific; quieting. 
 
 somniferous; soporiferous ; luU- 
 
 O-piiie', V. i. [imp. & p. p. opined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 OPINING.] [Lat. opinari.] To think ; to suppose. 
 
 0-pin'ia;ttve (-ya-), a. 1. Very stiff in adherence to 
 one's opinion. Z, Founded on mere opinion ; fixncied. 
 
 O-pTn'ion (-yun), 71. [LsLt. opinio. See Opine.] 1. A 
 mental conviction of the truth of some statement found- 
 ed on a low degree of probable evidence. Z, The judg- 
 ment which the mind forms of persons or their qualities ; 
 especially, favorable judgment; good esteeem. 3. {Law ) 
 The formal decision of a judge, an umpire, a counselor, 
 &c. 
 
 Sjrn. — Sentiment; notion; persuasion; idea; view; estima- 
 tion. See Sentimknt. 
 
 O-piii'ion-a'ted, a. Stiff or obstinate in opinion. 
 
 O-pIn'ion-a-ttve, a. Unduly attached to one's own 
 opinions ; fond of preconceived notions. 
 
 O-pin'ion-a-tive-ly, adv. With undue fondness for 
 one's own opinions ; stubbornly. 
 
 O-pIn'ion-a-tive-ness, n. Obstinacy in opinion. 
 
 O-pin'ion-ist, n. One unduly attached to his own 
 
 _ opinions. 
 
 O'pi-um, n. [Lat. : Gr. oirtov, poppy-juice, diminutive of 
 6w6s, vegetable juice.] The inspissated juice of the white 
 
 _ poppy. 
 
 0'po-d61'do«, n. [An unmeaning word coined by Para- 
 celsus.] A saponaceous camphorated liniment. 
 
 0-p6s'suin, n. [Orig. opassom, in 
 the language of the Indians of Vir- 
 ginia.] (Zo'dl.) An animal of sev- 
 eral species of marsupial quadru- 
 peds found in America. 
 
 Op-po'nen-^y, w. Proposition of i 
 objections to a thesis. 
 
 Op-po'iient, a. [Lat. opponens, 
 p. pr. of opponere, to set or place 
 against, to oppose.] 1. Inchned 
 to oppose ; adverse ; opposing ; an- Opossum, 
 
 tagonistic. Z. Situated in front ; opposite. 
 
 Op-po'neiit, n. 1. One who opposes. Z, Especially, 
 one who opposes in a disputation, or other verbal contro- 
 versy. 3. {Academic Usage.) One who attacks some 
 thesis or proposition, in distinction from the respondent, 
 or defendant, who maintiiins it. 
 Syn.— Adversary; antagonist; opposer. 
 
 dp'por-tune' (53), a. [Lat. opportumis, Hterally at or 
 before the port, from prefix ob and partus, the port, har- 
 bor.] Present at a proper time ; recurring or furnished 
 at a needed or suitable occasion. 
 
 Syn. — Timely ; seasonable ; convenient ; fit ; well-timed ; 
 
 proper. 
 
 dp'por-tune'ly, adv. In an opportune manner ; sea- 
 
 ^ sonably. 
 
 Op/por-tune'iiess (109), n. QuaUty or condition of 
 
 ^ being opportune or timely. 
 
 Op'por-tu'ni-ty, n. Fit or convenient time. 
 
 Syn. — Occasion ; convenience ; occurrence. — An occasion 
 is that wliich falls in our way, or presents itself in the course 
 of events; an opportunity is a convenience or fitness of time, 
 place, &c., for the doing of a thing. Hence, opportunities often 
 spring out of occasions. We may have occasion to meet a per- 
 son frequently without getting an opportunit}/ to converse with 
 hint (as we desire) on a given subject. We act as the occasion 
 may require; we embrace or improve an opportunity. 
 
 Op-po§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. OPPOSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 OPPOSING.] [From Lat. opponere, oppositum, to op- 
 pose.] 1. To set opposite. 2. To put in opposition, 
 with a view to counterbalance or countervail, and thus 
 to hinder, defeat, destroy, or prevent effect 3. To 
 resist, either by physical means, by arguments, or other 
 means. 4. To compete with ; to strive against. 5. To 
 resist effectually. 
 
 Syn.— To combat; withstand ; contradict; deny; oppugn; 
 conti-avene; check; obstruct. 
 
 Op-po§e', V. i. 1. To act adversely; — with against. 
 [Rare.] 2. To make objection or opposition in contro- 
 versy, [tagonist ; an adversary. 
 Op-po§'er, n. One who opposes ; an opponent ; an an- 
 6p'po-§ite (-zlt), a. [Lat. oppositus, p. p. of opponere. 
 See supra.] 1. Standing or situated in front ; facing. 
 
 2. Contrasted with ; hostile ; adverse. 3. Mutually 
 ^ antagonistic ; inconsistent. 
 
 dp'po-§ite (-Zlt), n. 1. One who opposes. 2. That 
 
 ^ which i.s opposed or contrary. 
 
 Op'po-§ite-ly (-Zlt-), adv. 1, In a situation to face 
 
 ^ each other. 2. Adversely. 
 
 dp'po-§t'tioii (-zish/un), n. 1. State of being opposed, 
 or placed over against ; situation so as to front some- 
 thing else; repugnance; contrariety. 2. Act of oppos- 
 ing ; attempt to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance. 
 
 3. That which opposes ; an obstacle. 4. The collective 
 body of opposers ; the party that opposes the existing 
 administration. 5. {Astron.) The situation of two 
 heavenly bodies 180° apart. 
 
 Syn. — Hostility ; obstacle; repugnance; contradiction; in- 
 consistency, &c. 
 
 ^P'po-gi'tion-ist (-zish'un-), n. One who belongs to 
 an opposing party. 
 
 Op-pog'i-tive, a. Capable of being put in opposition. 
 
 Op-press', !•. f. [imp. & p. p. oppressed (-prest^); 
 p.pr. & vb. n. OPPRESSING.] [Lat. opprimere, oppres- 
 sum, from prefix ob and premere, to press.] 1. To press 
 down ; to press or treat severely, cruelly, or unjustly. 
 
 2. To sit or lie heavy upon. 
 
 Op-pres'sioii (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of oppressing. 2. 
 State of being oppressed or overburdened. 3. That 
 which oppresses. 4. A sense of heaviness, weight, or 
 obstruction in the body or mind. 
 
 Syn. — Hardship; cruelty; severity; misery; calamity; de- 
 pression; burden. 
 
 Op-press'ive, a. 1. Unreasonably burdensome ; un- 
 justly severe. 2. Proceeding from a design to oppress. 
 
 3. Overwhelming 
 
 SyT|. — Cruel ; severe ; unjust ; tyrannical ; heavy ; over- 
 powering. 
 
 food,fo"ot; &rn, rude, pull; fell, 9lxaise,<;all, eclio; gem, get : a§ ; ejist ; linger, link: ; tiiis. 
 
OPPRESSIVELY 
 
 504 
 
 ORCHESTRA 
 
 <>l>-l>r^ss'ive-ly, ndv. In a manner to oppress. 
 
 Op-pri^ss'ive-ness, »i. Quality of being oppressive. 
 
 <)p-pr(^ss'or, H. One who oppresses. 
 
 Op-proTl>ri-ous, a. [Lat. opprobriosus, from opprobrium, 
 a. v-l 1. Reproachful and contemptuous; scurrilous. 
 'i. Blasted with iufiuny ; rendered hateful. 
 Syn. — Abusive; offensive; insulting; scurrilous. 
 
 Op-proT[)ri-oilsi-ly, arfr. In an opprobrious manner. 
 
 Op-pro'bri-ous-iiess, n. Reproachfulness mingled 
 with contempt ; scurriUty. 
 
 Op-pro'bri-iuii, >i. [Lat., from prefix ob a.nd probrutn , 
 reproach.] Reproach mingled with contempt or disdain. 
 
 Op-piign' (op-pun'), f- ^ [itrip. & p. p. oppugned : p. 
 pr. & 1-6. «. OPPUGNING.] [Lat. oppiignare, fr. Lat. ob 
 and piignare, to fight : pug7ia,ai fight, from pugnus, fist.] 
 To fight against, whether in attack, resistance, or simple 
 opposition. [resistance. 
 
 Op-puar'nan-fy, n. The act of oppugning ; opposition ; 
 
 Op-pugn'er (op-pun'er), n. One who opposes or attacks : 
 that which opposes. [wish. 
 
 Op'ta-tive, a. [Lat. optativus.] Expressing desire or 
 
 Op'ta-tive, n. ( Crram.) A mode of the verb expressing 
 desire. 
 
 dp'tic, n. An organ of sight; an eye. 
 
 6p'ti<;, ) a. [Gr. oTTTtKos, from the root on-, future 
 
 C)p'ti<!-al, i 6(//oju.ai, to see.] 1. Pertaining to vision or 
 sight. 2. Pertaining to the organ of sight. 3. Relat- 
 ing to the science of optics. 
 
 Op-ti'cian (-tish'an), 7i. One who makes or sells optical 
 glasses and instruments. 
 
 dp'tics, w. sing. That branch of physical science which 
 
 _ treats of the nature and properties of light. 
 
 dp'ti-ma-^y, n. The body of nobles ; the nobility. 
 
 Op'ti-mate, n. [Lat. optimas, optimatis, pi. optiinates, 
 the adherents of the best men, the aristocrats, grandees, 
 from opt itti Its, the best.] A nobleman; a chief man in 
 a state or citj. 
 
 Op'ti-me, n. [Lat. optimus, the best.] One of those who 
 stand in the second rank of honors, in the University of 
 
 _ Cambridge, England. 
 
 Op'ti-migm. n. [From Lat. optimvs, the best.] The 
 opinion or doctrine that every thing in nature is ordered 
 for the best. [for the best. 
 
 dp'ti-mist, n. One who holds that all events are ordered 
 
 dp'tion, n. [Lat. optio, from optare, to choose, to wish.] 
 
 1. Power of choosing ; right of choice. 2. Exercise of 
 the power of choice ; election; preference. 3. Power of 
 wishing; wish. 4. (Stock Exchange.) Liberty of selling 
 or of buying stock at a certain price, and at a given fu- 
 ture time. 
 
 Syn. — Choice. — We speak of option in respect to freedom 
 or opportunity of choosing, while choice is an act of the will 
 itself. We leave a thing to a man's option, and he makes his 
 choice. 
 
 Op'tion-al, a. 1. Left to one's wish or choice ; depend- 
 ing on choice. 3. Involving an option, or power of 
 
 ^ choice. 
 
 Op'u-len^e. n. Wealth; riches; afiluence, 
 
 Op'u-lent, a. [Lat. opulens and opukntus, from ops, opis, 
 power, wealth, riches.] Having a large estate ; wealthy ; 
 rich: afiiuent. 
 
 dp'n-leiit-ly, adv. In an opulent manner ; richly. 
 
 Or, C071J. [Oontr. from A.-S. adiier, afi/'ior, for awdhpr, 
 aujtlkor, ahwadher , one of two, either, other.] A connec- 
 tive that marks an alternative. It corresponds to either. 
 
 i^-In poetry, or is sometimes used for either. Oris often 
 used to express an alternative of terms, definitions, or expla- 
 nations of the same thing in different words. 
 
 Or, n. [Fr. : Lat. aurum, gold.] {Her.) ^ 
 
 The jellow or gold color represented on an 
 
 e.ecutcheon by small dots. 
 Or'a-ele (ijr'a-kl). 7!. [Lat. oraculum, fr. 
 
 orare, to speak, utter, from 05, oris, the 
 
 mouth.] 1. The answer of a pagjin god, 
 
 or some person reputed to be a god, to an 
 
 inquiry respecting some affair of import- 
 ance ; hence, the deity who was supposed 
 
 to give the answer, and also the place where it was given. 
 
 2. Hence, the revelations delivered by God to prophets ; 
 hence, also, the entire sacred Scriptures. 3. One who 
 communicates a divine command : an angel ; a prophet ; 
 hence, abw, any person reputed uncommonly wise. 4. 
 A wise sentence or decision of great authority. 
 
 0-ra€'u-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to an oracle; uttering 
 oracles. 2. Re.sembling, or partaking of, the nature of 
 an oracle, (a.) Positive ; authoritative. (6.) Obscure; 
 ambiguous. 
 
 0-ra,-e'u-lar-ly, adv. In the manner of an oracle ; au- 
 
 _ thoritatively ; positively. 
 
 O'ral (87), a. [From Lat. os, oris, the mouth.] Pertaining 
 to the mouth ; uttered by the mouth, 
 
 _ or in words ; spoken, not written. 
 
 O'ral-ly , adv. In an oral manner ; by 
 mouth. 
 
 dr'ange (or'enj), n [Ar. & Per. nar- 
 nndj or narang, changed into N. Lat. 
 pomum avrantium, i. e., gold-apple, 
 because it resembles gold in color.] 
 A tree of many varieties, and its round 
 
 ^ yellow fruit. 
 
 dr'ange-ade' (or'enj-ad'), n. A drink 
 made of orange-juice, corresponding to 
 lemonade. Orange. 
 
 dr'an-ger-y, n. A plantation or nursery of orange-treee 
 
 O-rang'-ou-tS-ng', n. [Malayan orang 
 titan, i. eV, man of the woods, from orang, 
 man, and titan, a forest, wood, wild, sav- 
 age.] (Zo'dl.) A large monkey, in many re- 
 spects approaching man more closely than 
 any other known monkey. 
 
 O-ra'tion, n. [Lat. oratio, fr. orare, to 
 speak, utter, pray.] An elaborate dis- 1 
 course, delivered in public, treating an im- 
 portant subject in a dignified manner ; — 
 applied chiefly to discourses on special oc- 
 casions, and to academical declamations. 
 
 Syn. — Harangue ; address ; speech ; dis- 
 course. 
 
 6r'a-tor, n. 1. A public speaker; one* 
 who delivers an oration ; especially, one 
 who is distinguished for his eloquence. OJ^ng-outang. 
 2. (Laiv.) (a.) {Equity.) One who prays for relief; a 
 petitioner, {b.) A plaintiff or complainant in a bill in 
 
 ^ chancery. 
 
 6r'a-to'ri-al, a. Belonging or pertaining to an orator or 
 to oratory ; oratorical. 
 
 ftr'a-tor'ic-al. a. Pertaining to an orator or to oratory ; 
 becoming an orator. 
 
 Syn. —Rhetorical; eloquent; flowery; florid. 
 
 Or'a-t6r'i«-aI-ly, adv. In a rhetorical manner. 
 
 Or'a-to'ri-o, n. [It., from Lat. oratorius, belonging to 
 
 j praying. See supra.] 1. {3Ius.) A sacred composition 
 
 consisting of airs, recitatives, duets, trios, choruses, &c., 
 
 the subject of which is generally taken from the Script^ 
 
 ^ ures. 2. An oratory. 
 
 6r'a-to-ry, n. [Lat. oratoria (sc. ars), the oratorical art, 
 I oratorium {sc. temphim) a place of prayer. See supra.] 
 ; 1 . The art of an orator ; the art of effective public speak- 
 i ing. 2. A chapel or small room set apart for private de- 
 I ^ votions. 
 
 Orb, n. [I^t. orbis.] 1. A body of a round form. 2. 
 1 Especially, one of the celestial spheres. 3. The eye, as 
 luminous and spherical. [Poet.] 4. A circle ; an orbit. 
 5. A revolving circular body ; a wheel. 
 S3m. — Globe; ball; sphere. See Globe. 
 
 Orbf'd (orbd), a. Having the form of an orb ; round; 
 
 circular ; orbicular. 
 Or-bi€'u-lar, a. [Lat. orbicularis, from orbiculus. dim. 
 
 of orbis, orb.] Resembling, or having the form of, an 
 
 orb ; spherical , circular. 
 Syn. — Round; circular; orbicular; spherical; globular. 
 
 Or-bi-e'ii-lar-ly, adv. Spherically. 
 Or-bi«'u-late, a. Made or being in the form of an orb. 
 drb'it, n. [Lat. orbita, a track or rut made by a wheel, 
 course, circuit, from erbis, a circle.] 1. {Aslron.) The 
 path described by a heavenly body in its periodical revo- 
 I lution. 2. (^war.) The cavity in which the eye is situa- 
 j ted. 3. {Ornitk.) The skin which surrounds the eye of 
 
 a bird. 
 6rb'it-al. a. Belonging or pertaining to an orbit. 
 Ore, n. [Lat. orca, allied to Gr. opv^.] (Ichth.) A kind of 
 I ^ fish ; the grampus. See GRAMPUS. 
 Or'cliard, n. [A.-S. ortgeard, tvijrtgeard , that is, wort- 
 yard, a yard for herbs, from wyri, wurt, icort, herb, 
 and geard, yard.] An inclosure or assemblage of fruit- 
 j trees. 
 
 I 6r'ohard-ist, n. One who cultivates orchards. 
 6r'€lies-ter, n. The same .is ORCHESTRA. 
 Or'<;lies-tra, or Or-elifis'tra, n. [Lat. orchestra, Gr. 
 i 6px>?<rrpa, originally the place for the chorus of dancers, 
 1 from opx-fjo-rnPi ^ dancer, bpxel<TBai, to dance.] 1. Th« 
 I spac* in a theater or public hall between the stage and 
 
 »,e,&,c..long; Si.6.&c.,short; c^re,far,ask,aU, wliat ; 6re,veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, dq, wQli 
 
ORCHESTRAL 
 
 505 
 
 ORGANZINE 
 
 the audience, ti. Hence, also, a band of instrumental 
 
 musicians. 
 dr'-ehes-tral (or'kes-tral), a. Pertaining to an orchestra ; 
 ^ Suitable for, or performed in, the orchestra. 
 6r'-elies-tre (-ter), n. The same as Orchestra. 
 Or'-eliil, I ^ rpjjg g^jjjg g^g archil. See Archil. 
 
 ^r'-eliis (or'kis) n. [Lat. orchis, Gr. opYis, a plant, with 
 roots in the shape of testicles, from opxi?, a testicle.] 
 (Bot.) An endogenous plant, bearing tlowers of great 
 beauty, and singular in form. It is found all over the 
 world. Among familiar species are the lady's slipper and 
 the salep. 
 
 Or-<lam', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ordained ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ordaining.] [Lat. ordinare, from ordo, ordinis, 
 order.] 1. To set in order ; to regulate ; to set ; to estab- 
 lish. 2. To appoint; to decree; to enact. 3. To set 
 apart for an office. 4. Especially, to invest with minis- 
 terial or sacerdotal functions. 
 
 Or-dain'a-ble, a. Capable of being ordained ; worthy 
 to be ordained or appointed. 
 
 Or-dain'er, n. One who ordains. 
 
 dr'de-al,n. [A.-S. ordal, ordsel, a judgment, just judg- 
 ment, from Goth, us, signifying forth, out, prime, origi- 
 nal, and 0. H. Ger. teilan, A.-S. daelan, to divide.] 1. 
 An ancient form of trial to determine guilt or innocence. 
 It was of two sorts — ordeal by fire, and ordeal by water. 
 
 ^2. Severe trial ; accurate scrutiny. 
 
 ©r'der, n. [Lat. ordo, ordinis.] 1. Regular arrange- 
 ment ; any methodical or established succession. 1i. 
 Hence, a sound or proper condition ; a normal or becom- 
 ing state. .3. Customary mode of procedure. 4. Reg- 
 ular government ; general tranquillity. 5. A regulation ; 
 a standing rule. 6. A particular injunction ; a com- 
 mand ; a mandate. 7. Necessary' measures or care. 8. 
 Specifically, a commission to make purchases or supply 
 goods : a direction, in writing, to pay money. 9. A 
 number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or suita- 
 ble place, or relative position ; especially, a rank or class 
 in society ; hence, a privileged or dignified grade. 10. 
 A class of men so closely linked together that they form 
 a separate class in the community. 11. (Episcopal 
 Church.) The rank of deacon, priest, or bishop ; — often 
 used in the pi. 13. (Arch.) One of the five principal 
 methods recognized by the ancients for constructing and 
 ornamenting the columns of an edifice : these were the 
 Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. 13. 
 (Zodl.) One of the well-marked divisions of a class, in- 
 cluding in itself families and genera. 14. (Bot.) A 
 group or collection of allied individuals, more compre- 
 hensive than a genus. 15. (RJiet.) The placing of words 
 and members in a sentence in such a manner as to con- 
 tribute to force, beauty, and clearness of expression. 
 
 Syn. — Regularity ; precept; injunction; command; regula- 
 tion; rank; class; measure; care. 
 
 Or'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ordered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ORDERING.] 1. To put in order ; to reduce to a me- 
 thodical arrangement ; to systematize ; to adjust. 2. To 
 manage ; to conduct ; to regulate. 3. To command. 
 
 Syn. — To regulate ; adjust ; lead ; conduct ; direct ; bid ; 
 command; enjoin; manage: treat, &c. 
 
 6r'der, v. i. To give command or direction. 
 
 6r'der-er, n. One who orders ; one who gives orders. 
 
 Qr'der-ing, n. Disposition ; distribution ; management. 
 
 Or'der-less, a. Without order or regularity ; disorderly ; 
 
 ^ out of rule. 
 
 Or'der-li-ness, n. State of being orderly ; regularity. 
 
 Or'der-iy, a. 1. Conformed to order ; methodical ; reg- 
 ular. 2. Observant of order, method, or rule ; hence, 
 quiet; peaceable. 3. Well-regulated. 4. Being on duty. 
 Syn.— Systematic; regular; methodical; peaceable. 
 
 6r'der-ly, adv. According to due order ; regularly. 
 
 Or'der-ly, n. (Mil.) A non-commissioned officer wjfio at- 
 tends a superior officer for the purpose of bearing his 
 
 ^ orders, or rendering other service. 
 
 6r'di-nal, a. [Lat. ordinalis, from ordo, ordinis, order.] 
 
 ^ Indicating the established order or succession. 
 
 Or'di-nal, n. 1. A number noting order. 3. A book 
 containing the service, as prescribed in the English 
 
 ^ church, for the ordination of deacons, &c. 
 
 Or'di-nanfe, ?i. [See Ordain.] 1. An ordaining or 
 establishing by authority ; appointment. 3. A rule 
 established by authority ; a statute, law, edict, decree, 
 
 ^ rescript 3. (Eccl.) An established rite or ceremony. 
 
 Or'di-na-ri-ly, adv. According to established rules ; 
 
 ^ hence, commonly ; usually ; in most cases. 
 
 Or'di-na-ry (44), a. [Lat. ordinarius, from ordo, ordinis, 
 
 - order.] 1. According to established order ; methodical, 
 regular. 3. Of common rank. 3. Common, usual. 4. 
 Hence, of little merit. 5. Plain; not handsome. 
 
 Syn. — Normal; common; usual; customary. See No«- 
 MAL. — A thing is common in which many persons share or 
 partake; as, a conwnon practice. A thing is orwinar// when it is 
 apt to come round in the order/)/ or regular succession of 
 events; as, the o;-rfman/ course. When used in the sense of 
 inferior, ordinartf marks a want of that which distinguishes; 
 as, an ordinary face; common denotes the want of that which 
 attracts or interests. 
 
 6r'di-na-ry (sometimes colloq. 6rd'na-ry), n. 1. (Law.) 
 (a.) ( Civil Law.) An officer who has original jurisdiction 
 in his own right, and not by deputation, (b.) (English 
 Law.) One who has immediate jurisdiction in matters 
 ecclesiastical; an ecclesiastical judge, (c.) (Am. Law.) 
 A judicial officer, having generally the powers of a judge 
 of probate or surrogate. 3. A dining-room or eating- 
 house where there is a fixed price for the meal ; hence, 
 also, the meal furnished at such a dining-room. 3. 
 (Naval Usage.) The establishment of the shipping not 
 in actual service, but laid up under the charge of officers. 
 4. (Her.) A portion of the escutcheon comprised be- 
 
 ^ tween straight or other lines. 
 
 Or'di-na-ry-sliip, n. State of being an ordinary. 
 
 Or'di-nate, a. [Lat. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare. See 
 
 ^ supra.] Regular ; methodical. 
 
 Or'di-nate, n. ( Geom.) The distance of any point in a 
 curve measured on a line called the axis of ordinates, or 
 on a line parallel to it, from another line called the axis 
 of abscissas, on which the corresponding abscissa of the 
 
 ^ point is measured. 
 
 Or'di-na'tion, n. [Lat. ordinatio.] 1. Act of ordain- 
 ing. 3. Especially, the act of setting apart to an office 
 of the Christian ministry. 3. State of being ordained 
 
 ^ or appointed ; tendency. 
 
 Ord'nan^e, n. [From ordinance.] Heavy weapons of 
 
 ^ warfare ; cannon, mortars, and howitzers ; artillery. 
 
 Or'doii-nan^e, n. [Fr. See Ordinance.] (Fine Arts.) 
 The disposition of the parts either in regard to the whole 
 
 ^ piece or to the several parts. [crements ; feces. 
 
 Ord'iire, 7i. [From Lat. horridus, horrid.] Dung ; ex- 
 Ore, n. [A.-S. or, 8re, Icel. eyr, Goth, aiz, allied to Lat. 
 aes, seris, Skr. ajas.] The compound of a metal and some 
 other substance, as oxygen, sulphur, or arsenic, by which 
 
 _its properties are disguised or lost. 
 
 O're-ad (87), n. [Gr. "Opeias, "OpeiaSos, from opos, moun- 
 
 ^ tain.] A mountain nymph. 
 
 Or'gan, n. [Lat. organum, Gr. opyavov.] 1. An instru- 
 ment by which an important action is performed, or an 
 important object accomplished ; especia/,ly, a part of a 
 living being, capable of a special function, essential to 
 the life or well-being of the whole, as the lungs, the 
 heart, &c. 3. A medium of communication between 
 one person or body, and another. 3. (Mits.) An instru- 
 ment containing pipes filled with wind from a bellows, 
 
 ^ and played upon by means of keys. 
 
 Or'gaii-die, ( n. [Fr. organdi.] A kind of muslin or 
 
 Or'gan-dy, j cotton fabric, characterized by great 
 transparency and lightness. 
 
 Or-gan'i-e, ) a. 1. Pertaining to an organ or its func- 
 
 Or-gJln'ie-al , j tions ; consisting of organs, or contain- 
 ing them. 3. Produced by the organs. 3. Instru- 
 mental. 
 
 Or-gan'i-e-al-ly, adv. In an organic manner; with 
 organical structure or disposition of parts ; by means of 
 
 ^ organs. 
 
 Or'gan-ijm, n. 1. A structure composed of or acting 
 
 ^ by means of organs. 3. An organized being. 
 
 Qr'gan-ist, n. (Mus.) One who plays on the organ. 
 
 Or'gaii-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being organized. 
 
 6r/gan-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of organizing. 3, State 
 of being organized ; the relations included in such a state 
 
 ^ or condition. 3. That which is organized ; an organism. 
 
 Or'gan-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. organized \ p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. organizing.] 1. To furnish with organs. 3. 
 To arrange or constitute in parts, each having a special 
 
 ^ function, act, office, or relation. 
 
 Or'gan-loft, n. The loft where an organ stands. 
 
 6»r'gan-6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. opyavov, an organ, and 
 ■ypa^etv, to describe.] (Nat. Hist.) A description of the 
 organs of plants or animals, or of the names and kinds 
 
 ^ of their organs. 
 
 6r'gan-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. opyavov, an organ, and Aoyoj, 
 discourse.] 1. The science of, or an account of, organs 
 and their uses. 3. (Physiol.) That branch which treats, 
 in particular, of the different organs of animals. 
 
 Or'gan-zinC (110), n. [Fr. organsin.] Silk of very 
 
 food, fc^t; iirn, ri|de, pull; pell, (]iaise,«all,e«lio; gem, get; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; tiiis- 
 
ORGASM 
 
 506 
 
 ORPHAN 
 
 Oriel. 
 
 fine textnrc, twisted like a rope with different strands, so 
 as to iucn>ase its strength. 
 
 dr'gagiu, H. [Or. op-yao-juo?, from opyiyi', to swell, espe- 
 cially with lust, to feel au ardent desire.] Immoderate 
 excitement or action. 
 
 Ortjrnt (or'zhat or or'zha), n. [Fr., from orge^ barley.] 
 A tlavoriug liquor, extracted from barley and sweet al- 
 monds. 
 
 ^r'gy, n. :pl- OK'ulEs (or'jiz) ; — usually in the pi. [Lat. 
 orsiii. pi., Or. op-yia, either from epyof, work, or more 
 probably from opyrj, fury, opy^^, to swell with lust.] The 
 ceremonies observed by the Greeks and Romans in the 
 worship of Uacrhus, wliich were characterized by wild 
 and frantic revelry ; hence, in general, drunken revelry ; 
 nocturnal carousals. 
 
 dr'i-<'liftlcli, n. [Lat. orichalcum, avrichnlcum , Gr. 
 opei\a\K6<;, from opos, mountain, and ^aAxos, brass.] A 
 metallic substance, resembUng gold in color, but inferior 
 in value. 
 
 J'ri-el, ". [L. Lat. oriolum, portico, 
 hall, prob. diminutive of Lat. area, 
 a vacant or open space.] {Arch.) A 
 large bay or recessed window, as in 
 
 _a hall, a chapel, or other apartment. 
 
 O'ri-ent, a. [Lat. oriens, p. pr. of 
 oriri, to rise.] 1. Rising, as the 
 sun. "2, Eastern ; oriental. 3. 
 Bright : shining ; hence, of superior 
 
 _ quality ; perfect. 
 
 O'ri-ent, n. 1. The eastern hori- 
 zon ; the East. ti. Hence, the 
 
 _ countries of Asia. 
 
 O'ri-eiit'al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
 the orient or east. 2. Proceeding 
 
 _from, or situated in, the orient. 
 
 O'ri-ent'al, n. A native or inhabitant of some eastern 
 
 _ part of the world. [orientalists. 
 
 0'ri-eiit'al-i§m, n. Any system or doctrine peculiar to 
 
 O'ri-ent'al-ist, n. 1, An inhabitant of the eastern 
 parts of the world ; an oriental. 2. One versed in the 
 
 _ eastern languages and literature. 
 
 O'ri-ent'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. orientated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ORIENTATING.] To place or turn toward the 
 east ; to cause to assume an easterly direction, or to veer 
 
 _ toward the east. 
 
 O'ri-ent'ate, v. i. To move or turn toward the east. 
 
 O'ri-eii-ta'tion, n. 1. The proce.ss of determining the 
 points of the compass, or the east point, in taking bear- 
 ings. 2. The tendency of a revolving body, when sus- 
 pended in a certain way, to bring the axis of rotation 
 into parallelism with the earth's axis. 3. An aspect or 
 fronting to the east. 
 
 dr'i-fi^e n. [Lat. orificium, from os, oris, a mouth, and 
 facere, to make.] The mouth or aperture of a tube, 
 pipe, or other cavity : an opening. 
 
 Or'i-fiamb ) (-flam) n. [0. Fr. orifambe, oriflam, L. 
 
 dr'i-fiamme ) 'Ld^.t. aurifamma,fv. Lat. aurum, gold, 
 Siud Jinmma, flame, L. Lat. a httle banner ; so called be- 
 cause it was a fiag of red silk, split into many points and 
 borne on a gilded lance.] The ancient royal standard of 
 France. 
 
 dr'i-gin. n. [Lat. origo, originis, from oriri, to rise, be- 
 come visible.] 1. First existence or beginning of any 
 thing. 2. That from which any thing primarily pro- 
 ceed.s. 
 
 Syn. — Commencement ; rise ; source ; spring ; fountain ; 
 derivation; cause: root; foundation.— OnV/jw denotes the rise 
 or commencement of a thing; .source presents itself under the 
 image of a fountain flowing forth in a continuous stream of 
 influences. Tlie orif/in of moral evil has been much disputed, 
 but no one can doubt that it is the sourceof raostof the calami- 
 ties of our race. 
 
 O-rig'i-nal, n. 1. Origin ; commencement; source. 2. 
 That which precedes all others of its class ; archetype ; 
 hence, an original work of art, manuscript, text, &c. 3. 
 1 be precihc language employed by a writer. 4. A per- 
 son of marked peculiarity. [Coilofj.] 5. {Nat. Hist.) 
 The stock of a series of living forms, in which a variety is 
 considered! to have originated. 6. One who has new and 
 striking ideas. 
 
 0-rTg'i-iial,a. 1. Pertaining to the origin or being. 2. 
 Preceding all others ; first in order. 3. Not translated ; 
 employed by the author. 4. Having the power to sug- 
 geBt new thoughts or combinations of thought. 
 
 Oriffinal xin (.TlfoL), the first sin of Adam, namely, his 
 eating the forbidden fruit (nt-e Gen. iii.) ; lience, either the im- 
 putation of Adam's sin to his posterity, or a natural corruption 
 and tendency to sin inherited from him. 
 Syn, — First; primitive; pristine; inventive; peculiar. 
 
 O-ri^'i-nai'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being original. 
 
 O-rig'i-nal-ly, adv. 1, Primarily ; from the beginning 
 2. At first. 3. By the first author ; at the time of for- 
 mation. 
 
 O-rig'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. originated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ORIGINATING.] To give an Origin Or beginning 
 to ; to bring into existence. [act. 
 
 O-rig'i-nate, v. i. To have origin; to begin to exist or 
 
 O-rig'i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of bringing or coming into 
 existence. 2. Mode of production or bringing into 
 being. 
 
 O-rig'i-na'tor, n. One who originates. 
 
 O'ri-ole, n. [0. Fr. oriol, 
 lorion, for loriol, with the ar- 
 ticle, from Lat. aureolus, gold- 
 en, dim. of aureus, id., from 
 aurum, gold.] {Ornith.) A 
 bird of several species, allied to 
 the thrushes, having plumage 
 of a golden-yellow, mixed with Oriole 
 
 black. 
 
 O-ri'on, n. [Originally a celebrated hunter in the Greek 
 mythology, after whom this constellation wsus named.] 
 {Astron. ) A large and bright constellation, crossed by the 
 
 ^ equinoctial line. 
 
 6r'i-§on (or'I-zon), n. [0. Fr., from Lat. orare, to pray.] 
 
 ^ A prajer or supplication. \Poet.] 
 
 Or'lop, n. [D. overloop, the upper deck, lit. a running 
 over or overflowing, from overlopen, to run over.] 
 {Naut.) The lower deck of a ship of the line ; or that, in 
 
 ^ all vessels, on which the cables are stowed. 
 
 Or'mo-lu', n. [Fr. ormoulu, from or, gold, Lat. aurum., 
 and mo'ulu, p. p. of mondre, to grind, to mill, Lat. mo- 
 lere.] A variety of brass made to resemble gold by the 
 use of less zinc and more copper in its composition than 
 
 ^ ordinary brass contains. 
 
 6r'na-ment, n. [Lat. oryiamenlnm , from omare, to 
 adorn.] That which embellishes ; embellishment ; deco- 
 
 ^ ration. 
 
 Or'na-ment, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ornamented ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. ORNAMENTING.] To make Ijeautiful or 
 furnish with embellishments. 
 
 Syn. — To adorn 
 See Adokn. 
 
 embellish ; deck ; decorate ; beautify. 
 
 6r'na-nient'al, a. Serving to ornament ; embellishing. 
 
 Or'na-men-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or art of ornamenting, 
 or state of being ornamented. 2. That which ornaments ; 
 
 ^ ornament. 
 
 Or'nate, a. [Lat. ornatus, p. p. of ornare, to adorn.] 
 
 ^ Adorned ; decorated ; beautiful. -^ 
 
 Or'nate-ly, aciv. In an ornate manner. 
 
 6r'nate-ness, n. The state of being ornate. 
 
 Or-nith'i-eli-nite (49), n. [Gr. opvtg, 6pvi0o?, bird, and 
 txvo?, track.] ( Paleon.) The foot-mark of a bird, occur- 
 ring in strata of stone. 
 
 S'lSilhSlt^'-al, ! "• ^'""-•"^ '» "-"•■»'°S^- 
 
 Or'ni-thol'o-gist, n. One who is skilled in ornithology. 
 
 Cr'ni-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. opvi5, bpviOos, bird, and Aoyos, 
 discourse.] That branch of natural ."^cience which treats 
 
 ^ of the form, structure, and habits of birds. 
 
 6r'ni-tlio-rhyn«li'us (-rink'us), n. [Gr. opvt?, opvidos, 
 bird, and pvyxo<;, snout, beak, 
 from pv^eiv, to growl, snarl.] 
 {Zool.) A mammal of the shape 
 and size of the otter, with a 
 horny beak resembling that of a 
 duck, with paws webbed and 
 formed for swimming. It is only 
 
 ^ found in AustraUa. 
 
 Or'o-graph'ic, 
 
 6r'o-grapli'i€-al, 
 
 O-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. opos, a mountain, and ypaipeiv, 
 to describe.] An account of mountains. 
 
 6r/o-l6g'i<:-al, a. [See Orology.] Pertaining to a 
 description of mountains. 
 
 0-r61'o-gy, n. [Gr. opos, mountain, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] The science or description of mountains. 
 
 O'ro-tiind' (110), n. [Lat. os, oris, the mouth, and 
 rotund us, round, smooth.] A mode of intonation direct- 
 ly from the larynx, having a fullness, clearness, and 
 ringing or musical quality, which form the highest per- 
 
 _fection of the human voice. 
 
 O'ro-tiind', a. Characterized by fullness, clearness, 
 strength, and smoothness ; ringing and musical. 
 
 6r'plian, n. [Gr. 6p</)av6s, allied to Lat. orbus, Gr. 
 op^ds.] A child who is bereaved of both father and 
 
 Ornithorhynchus. 
 Of, or pertaining to, orography. 
 
 »,e,kc.,long; &,6,kc.,.shoTt; c&re,far,ask.,all,wliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,do,'W9lf, 
 
ORPHAN 
 
 507 
 
 OSTENTATIOUS 
 
 In an orthodox manner ; with 
 
 mother ; sometimes, also, a child who has but one parent 
 living. 
 
 Or'plian, a. Bereaved of parents. 
 
 Or'plian-age, n. State of being an orphan. 
 
 Qr'plianf^d, n. Bereft of parents or friends. 
 
 Or'pliaii-i.§in, n.^ The state of being an orphan. 
 
 Or-plie'an, or 6r'plie-an (124), a. Pertaining to 
 Orpheus, a poet \yho is represented as having had the 
 power of moving inanimate bodies by the music of his 
 
 ^r'plii«, a. Pertaining to Orpheus ; Orphean. [lyre. 
 
 Or'pi-ment, n. [Lat. auripigmentmn^ from aunmi, 
 gold, and pigmentiim, pigment.] The trisulphide of 
 arsenic, occurring in crystals of a lemon-yellow color, and 
 having a resinou.s taste. It is used in dyeing. 
 
 6r're-ry, n. [So named by Sir Richard Steele, in com- 
 pliment to the Earl of Orrery, for whom one of the first 
 machines was made.] A piece of apparatus designed to 
 illustrate the relative size, positions, orbits, &c., of the 
 bodies of the solar system. 
 
 dr'ris, n. [Probably corrupted from 7m.] \,(Bot.)A. 
 plant ; flower-de-luce, or fleur-de-Hs. Its root has an 
 agreeable odor, resembling that of violets, ti. [Contr. 
 from obs. orfraijs, gold fringe, from Vv. or (Lat. aurum), 
 gold, and /m/se (from F/7>.';land). fringe, ruff.] A sort 
 of gold or silver lace. 3. A peculiar pattern in which 
 
 ^ gold and silver lace is worked. 
 
 ^r'thodox, a. [Gr. opfloSo^os, from 6p9o?, right, true, 
 and So^a, opinion.] 1. Sound in the Christian faith ; — I 
 opposed to hentical. 2. According with the doctrines \ 
 
 ^ of Scripture. 
 
 Or'tlio-dox'ly, adv 
 
 ^ soundness of fiith. 
 
 ^r'tlio-d6x'ness, n. State of being sound in the faith. 
 
 Or'tlio-dox'y, n. 1. Soundness of faith ; a belief in 
 the genuine doctrines taught in the Scriptures. 5J. Con- 
 
 ^ sonance to genuine scriptural doctrines. 
 
 ^r'tlio-drom'ies, n. sing. [Gr. 6p9d5po|oios, running 
 straight forward, fr. 6p96?, straight, and Spafxelv, rpexeiv, 
 to run.] The art of sailing in a direct course, or on the 
 arc of a great circle. [circle. 
 
 •r'tlio-drom'y, 7i. Act or art of sailing on a great 
 ►r'tho-ep'i«, 1 a. Pertaining to orthoepy, or the 
 ►r'tlio-ep'i€-al, I right pronunciation of words. 
 ►r'tUo-ep'ie-al-ly, ar/v. In an ortho'ipical manner. 
 ►r'tlio-e-pist, n. One who is skilled in orthoepy. 
 ►r'tlio-e-py, n. [Gr. opdoeVeta, from opdos, right, and 
 cTTo?, a word, from the root ctt, to speak.] The art of 
 uttering words with propriety ; a correct pronunciation 
 of words. 
 
 Or-thog'o-nal, a. [Gr. 6p06s, right, and yoivCa, angle ; 
 6p96yu)vos, op^oywi'ios, rectangular.] Right-angled; rec- 
 tangular ; at right angles. 
 
 Or-thog'ra-pher, n. One who spelLs words correctly 
 
 ^ or properly, according to common usage. 
 
 ^r'tlio-gi'S,pli'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to orthogra- 
 
 Or'tho-grapli'ie-al, ) phy. 3. (Geom.) Pertaining 
 
 ^ to right hnes or angles. [manner. 
 
 Or'tlio-grJtpU'ie-al-ly, adv. In an orthographical 
 
 Or-tliog'ra-phy. n. [Gr. op9oypa.(f)ia, from 6p06?, right, 
 and ypai<l>eLV, to write.] 1. Art or practice of writing 
 words with the proper letters, according to commoa 
 usage ; spelling. 'Z. The part of grammar which treats 
 of this subject. 3. ( Geom.) Delineation of an object by 
 hues and angle=! corresponding to those of the object ; an 
 elevation, showing all the parts in their proper propor- 
 tions. 
 
 Or-tli6p'e-dy, n. [Gr. 6p06?, straight, and Lat. pes., 
 pedis:, a foot.] {Med.) The art or practice of curing the 
 deformities of the feet. 
 
 Or-tli5p'ter-ous, a. [Gr. 6p06s, straight, and nrepov, 
 feather, wing, from ueTea^cLt., TnecrOai, to fly.] ( Entom.) 
 Having wing covers of a uniform texture throughout, 
 that generally overlap at the top when shut, under which 
 
 ^ are the true wings, which fold longitudinally, like a fan. 
 
 Or'tive, a. [Lat. ortivus, from oriri., ortiis, to rise.] Of, 
 or relating to, the time or act of rising, as of a star ; 
 
 ^ eastern. 
 
 Or'to-laii, n. [From Lat. kortulanus, from hortulus, 
 dim. of hortus, garden ; so called be- 
 cause it frequents the hedges of gar- 
 dens.] ( Oniit/i.) A singing bird, about 
 the size of the lark, with black wings. 
 It is found in Europe, and is esteemed 
 
 _ delicious food. 
 
 O'ryx, ". (Zocl.) A variety of South 
 African antelope. 
 
 Os'^il-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. OS- 
 CILLATED ; p. pr. & vh. n. OSCXL- Ortolan 
 
 LATING.] [Lat. oscillare, o.fcillatum, from oscillum, a 
 
 swing.] To move backward and forward ; to vibrate ; to 
 
 swing ; to sway. 
 Os'^il-Ia'tion, n. Act of o.scillatiog ; vibration. 
 Os'f il-la-to-ry, a. Moving backward and forward like 
 ^ a pendulum ; swinging. 
 Os'^i-tan-^y, H. 1. Act of gaping. 3. Unusual sleepi- 
 
 ne.<s ; drowsiness. 
 ds'^i-tant, a. [Lat. osnitans, p. pr. of oscitare. See Os- 
 ^CITATE.] 1. Yawning; gaping. Si. Sleepy; drowsy. 
 ds'fi-tate, V. i. [Lat. osritare, oscitatum, from os. the 
 
 mouth, and ciiare, to put into quick motion, intensive 
 
 form of ciere, to put in motion.] To gape with sleepi- 
 ^ ness ; to yawn. 
 
 Os'^i-ta'tioii, n. [Lat. oscitatiq.] Act of yawning or 
 ^ gaping from sleepiness. 
 ds'-eu-lant, a. [Lat. oxculans, p. pr. of osculari, to kiss.] 
 
 1. Adhering closely: embracing. 2. (Classification.) 
 
 Intermediate in character, or on the border between two 
 ^ groups. 
 Os'<;u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. osculated \ p. pr. &. 
 
 vb. n. OSCULATING.] [Lat. osculari, osculatum, to kiss, 
 
 from osculum, a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os, mouth.] 
 
 1. To kiss. ti. (Geom.) To touch, as one curve another, 
 
 or as two curves when both have a common curvature at 
 ^ the point of contact. 
 
 Os'-eu-late, V. i. 1. To kiss. 2. ( Geom.) To touch. 
 6s'-eu-Ia'tion, n. 1. Act of kissing. 2. (Geom..) Con- 
 ^ tact of one curve with another. 
 
 6s'<;u-Ia-to-ry (50), a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, kissing. 
 _2. (Geo77i.) Capable of osculation. 
 O'sier (o^zher), n. [Armor, ozil, aozil, Gr. oI(tos, oicrv?, 
 
 ot(Tva,olaa.^, allied to Lat. vilex.] A species of willow, or 
 ^ the twig of the willow, used in making baskets. 
 d§'inan-li, n. ; pi. 6s/man-li§. A Turkish official ; — 
 
 so called from Osman, who founded the Ottoman empire 
 ^ in Asia ; also, less propei-ly, a native Turk. 
 Og'na-burg, «. A species of coarse Unen, imported orig- 
 ^ iually from Osnaburg, in Germany. 
 
 Os'pray, 1 n. [Corrupted from ossi/rage, q. v.] (Omith.) 
 ds'prey, ) A long-winged eagle, of a yellow-brown, or 
 
 brown color, above, and of a white color below. It lives 
 
 on fish, which it takes by suddenly darting upon them 
 
 when near the surface of the water. 
 ds'se-let, 7!. [Fr. osselet, lit. a little bone, dim. of os, 
 
 Lat. OS, o.-^sis, bone.] A hard substance growing on the 
 
 inside of a horse's knee, among the small bones, 
 ds'se-ous ('■oZ/or/. osh'us), a. [Lat. osseus, from os, ossis, 
 ^bone.] Composed of bone ; i-esembling bone ; bony. 
 6s'si-cle (os^sT-kl), n. [Lat. ossicidmn, d^i. of os, ossis, 
 
 a bone.] A small bone. 
 Os-sif 'er-oii?, a. [Lat. os, ossis, a bone, and ferre, to 
 
 bear.] Containing or yielding bone. 
 Os-sif i-e, a. [Lat. os, ossis, bone, and facere, to make.] 
 
 Having power to ossify or change carneous and mem- 
 ^ branous substances to bone. 
 Os'si-fi-ea'tioii, n. 1. The change, or process of 
 
 changing, into a bony substance. 2. The state of being 
 ^ changed into a bony substance. 
 Os'si-frage, 7i. [Lat. ossifraga, ossifragus, from ossi- 
 
 frngus, bone-breaking, from 05, 05s/s, a bone, and/ran- 
 
 gere,fractum, to break. Cf. OsPRAY.] (Omith.) The 
 
 young of the sea-eagle or bald eagle : — formerly so called. 
 6s'si-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. OSSIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 OSSIfVing.] [From Lat. 05, os5Kf, bone, 2mA facere, to 
 
 make ] To form into bone ; to change from a soft ani 
 ^ mal substance into bone. 
 6s'si-fy, V. i. To become bone or bony. 
 Os-siv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. 0.^, ossis, bone, and vorare, te 
 _^ devour.] Feeding on bones ; eating bones. 
 6s'su-a-ry (6sh/shi)-a-ry, 95). n. [Lat. ossuarivm, from 
 
 05, ossis, bone.] A place where the bones of the dead aro 
 
 deposited ; a charnel-house. 
 Os-ten'si ble, a. [See Ostent.] Shown, declared, or 
 
 avowed : manifest ; apparent. 
 Os-ten'.«i-bIy, adv. In an ostensible manner. 
 Os-ten'sive, n. Showing ; exhibiting. 
 ds'tent, or Os-tent', n. [Lat. ostentus, ostentum, from 
 
 ostend ere, to ?h.ovi.] 1, Appearance; air; manner. 2. 
 
 Show; manifestation; token. 3. A portent. 
 Os'ten-ta'tion, n. Act of making an ambitious display -, 
 
 pretentious parade. 
 
 Syn. — Parade ; pageantry ; pomp ; pompousness ; vaunt- 
 ing: boasting. See Parade. 
 
 ds'ten-ta'tious, a. 1. Fond of excessive or offensive 
 
 display. 2. Pretentious. 
 Syn. — Pompoua; boastful; vaunting; ihowy; gaudy. 
 
 food, f<^t ; ^rn, ri^de, pull ; fell, fhaise, «all, e«li.o ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, lii^k ; tbis. 
 
OSTENTATIOUSLY 
 
 Ofr'ten-ta'tioiis-Iy, oJc. In an ostentatious manner; 
 with vain display. 
 
 Os'te-o-«'ope. M. [Gr. o<rTeoK6Tro?,fr. ooTeof, a bone,an(i 
 KontK, a strikiiiir, pain.] {Med.) A violent, fixed pain in 
 any part of a bone. 
 
 ds'te-6g'e-ny, n. [Gr. 6<rreoi', a bone, and •yeVeii', 
 veveo^ai, to bring forth.] The formation or growth of 
 bone. 
 
 ds'te-51'o-ger, n. [See Osteology.] One who de- 
 scribes the Dones of animals. 
 
 ds'te-61'o-eist, n. One versed in osteology. 
 
 6s'te-61'o-gy, "• [From Gr. 6<rre'of, bone, and Aoyos, 
 discourse.] That pjirt of anatomy which treats of the 
 nature, arrangement, and uses of the bones. 
 
 dist'ler, n. The same as Hostler. 
 
 Os-tra'cean (-shan), n. [N. Lat. ostracea, from Lat. 
 ostrta, ostreum, Gr. oa-rpeov, oorpeioi', oyster.] (Zo'dl.) 
 One of a family of bivalve shell-fish, of which the oyster 
 
 ^ Ls the type. 
 
 ^s'tra-figm, n. [Gr. 6<rTpajct<r|oi6?, from ocrrpoKov, burnt 
 clay, a tile, a tablet used in voting, a shell.] 1. (Gr. 
 Antiq.) Banishment, by the people of Athens, of a per- 
 son whose merit and influence gave umbrage to them. 
 2. Banishment ; expulsion ; separation. 
 
 ds'tra-fize. v. t. [imp. & p. p. ostracized; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. ostracizing.] 1. To exile by ostracism. 
 2. Hence, to banish from society ; to put under ban. 
 
 Os'tricli, n. [Fr. autruche, Sp. 
 avestruz, from Lat. ai-is struthio ; 
 5?n/f/!io, an ostrich ; Gr. oTpov^o?, 
 a small bird, 6 fieya^ <rrpov66?, 
 the large bird, i.e., the ostrich.] 
 ( Omith.) A large bird, nearly ten 
 feet high, having a long neck, 
 stout, long legs, with only two 
 toe", and short wings, with long, 
 soft plumes in the place of feath- 
 ers. It is remarkable for its speed, 
 and swallowing bits of metal or 
 stone to aid in digestion. It is a 
 native of Africa and Arabia. 
 
 ds'tro-goth, n. One of theeast^^ 
 
 ern Goths, as distinguished from''°"~" 
 
 the Visigoths, or western Goths. Ostrich. 
 
 Ct'a-eous'ti<;, a. [Gr. ov?, uiTo^, an ear, and dtKouoriKos, 
 belonging to the sense of hearing.] Assisting the sense 
 of hearing. 
 
 O-tdl'f/i-d, )n. [Gr. wToAyia, , from ov?, cotos, ear, and ' 
 
 O-tai'gy, j oAyos, pain.] (illcef.) A pain in the ear. 
 
 Otii'er (utii/er), pro7i. & a. [A.-S. ddher, Goth, atithar, < 
 Icel. annar, Skr. anyntam, anya.] 1. DiSerent from ■ 
 that which has been specified ; additional ; second of two. i 
 2. Not this, but the contrary; opposite. | 
 
 The other da;/, at a certain time past, not distant, but indefi- 
 nite; not long ago; a few days since. 
 
 6tii'er-\»^§e, adv. In a difierent manner ; in different 
 
 _ respects. 
 
 O'ti-ose' (o'shl-os'), a. [Lat. otiosus, from otium, ease.] 
 
 Being at ease : unemplo3ed ; indolent. 
 dt'tar,n. [See Attar.] A highly fragrant oil obtained 
 
 from the petals of some flowers, especially those of the 
 
 rose. 
 dt'ter, n. [A.-S. otor, oter, 
 
 Icel. otr, O.H. Ger. ottar, ottir, 
 
 Lith. udra, Russ. & Pol. uy- 
 
 dra.] (Zo'ol.) A camivoi-ous 
 
 animal of several species. They 
 
 are aquatic, and feed on fish. 
 6t'to,«. The same as Ottar. 
 
 See Ottar. 
 Ot'to-man, a. [From Othoman, Othman, or Osman, a 
 
 sultan who assumed the government of Turkey about 
 
 the jear 13CX).] Pertaining to, or derived from, the em- 
 pire of Turkey 
 
 Otter. 
 
 508 OUTBREAKING 
 
 tSSf Ought is now chiefly employed as an auxiliary verb, ex- 
 
 f)ressing fitness, expediency, propriety, moral obligation, or the 
 ike, in the action or sti\te indicated by the principal verb. 
 
 Syii.— Should.— Both otifjht and shouhl imply obligation, 
 but ought is the stronger. ShoidU dehotes an obligation of 
 propriety, expediency, &c. ; ought denotes nn obligation of 
 duty. We should be neat in our persons ; we shoidd avoid 
 giving offense. We ought to speak truth; we ought to obey the 
 laws. 
 
 Oiui^e, n. [Lat. uncia, a twelfth, twelfth part of a pound 
 
 and of a foot, Gr. ovyyLa, ovyKia.] 1. A weight, the 
 
 twelfth part of a pound troy, and the sixteenth of a pound 
 
 avoirdupois. 2. (Zo'dl.) A 
 
 carnivorous animal , resenx 
 
 bling the leopard, but having 
 
 a' thicker fur, irregular faint ( 
 
 spots, and a longer tail. It 
 
 is a native of Northern India i 
 
 and Persia. 
 Our, possessive pron. [A.-S. Ounce. 
 
 fire, contr. ftser, itsser, from lis, us, to us ; Goth. unsara\ 
 
 Pertaining, or belonging, to us. See I. 
 
 t^°- When the noun is not expressed, ours (not our) is used ; 
 as, Whose house is that ? It is ours. 
 
 Ou'ra-nog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. ovpavoypa^ia, from ovpa- 
 vos, heaven, and ypa^eiv, to describe.] The same as 
 Uranography, q. V. 
 
 Ou-rol'o-gy, | n. [Gr. o^pov, urine, and Ae'yeiv, to 
 
 Ou-ros'-eo-py, j say, speak, tr/coTreiv, aKeirreaOcu, to 
 look carefully.] The examination of urine, in order to 
 determine with respect to disease. 
 
 Onr§, possessive pron. See OUR. 
 
 OvLT-selt' , pro7i. ; pi. our-selve§'. 1. We; us; — 
 used by way of emphasis, and chiefly in the plural. 2. 
 Myself; also, we ; us ; — used reciprocally, chiefly in the 
 regal or formal style, and gener- 
 ally in the singular. 
 
 Ou'gel (cTo/zl), n. [A.-S. dsle, 0. 
 
 "H. Ger. dmisala.] (Omith.) A 
 bird of several species of the 
 thrush family. 
 
 Oust (owst), V. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 ousted ; p. pr. & vb. n. OUST- 
 ING,] [O.Fr. oster, N. Fr. oter.y^ 
 1. To takeaway ; to remove. 2. 
 To eject ; to turn out. 
 
 Oust'er (owst'er), n. A putting 
 out of possession ; dispossession ; 
 ejection; disseizin. 
 
 Out, or/r. [A.-S. & Icel. iit, Goth, ut.] Without; on 
 the outside ; not within ; on the exterior, or beyond the 
 limits of any inclosed place or given line ; — opposed to 
 in ov ivithi7i ; — used in a variety of special senses; as, 
 (a.) Abroad; not at home, (b.) In a state of disclosure 
 or discover}', (c. ) Not in concealment or secrecy, (d.) In 
 a state of extinction, exhaustion, or destitution ; in want 
 or debt; with deficiency or loss, (e.) Not in office or 
 emploj'ment. (/.) In public, on display, and the like. 
 (g-.) To the end ; during the whole of; completely, (h.) 
 In an open or free manner ; audibly or perceptibly ; 
 vividly or forcibly, (i.) Not in the hands of the owner. 
 (j.) In error or mistake ; in a wrong or incorrect position 
 or opinion, (k.) In a puzzle; at a loss. (I.) Uncovered; 
 with clothes torn. (m.) Away; off; — used as an ex- 
 clamation. 
 
 Out and out, comjiXetely ; without reservation.— 0«<o/,from: 
 — a phrase indicating origin, source, or derivation, and the 
 like, and used to express a great variety of relations. — Out of 
 one's time, having reached the period of majority; no longer a 
 minor. — Out of print, not in market, or to be purchased, the 
 copies printed having been all sold, or otherwise disposed of. — 
 Out of season, not in the proper time or season ; at an improper 
 time.— Out of sorts, out of order; unwell.— Out of temper, in 
 bad temper ; irritated ; sullen ; peevish. — Out of trim, not 
 
 groperly prepared. — Out of tune, (a.) Harsh; discordant. (6.) 
 [ence , ruffled ; irritated. — Out upon you, out upon it, away 
 with you, away with it ; — expressions of dislike or contempt 
 
 Water-ousel. 
 
 dt'to-man,n. ; pi. ot'to-manr. 1. A Turk. 2. A Out, «. 1. One who, or that which, is without; es- 
 stuffed seat without a back, originally used in Turkey. ! pecially, one who is out of office. 2. A place or space 
 
 Oucli, n. [Corrupted fr. notich, which occurs in Chaucer, i outside of. or around ; an angle projecting outward ; an 
 L. Lat. nusea, nosra, nochia. clasp, necklace, 0. H. Ger. i open space.] 3. ( Print.) An omission in setting up copy 
 nusca, nusga, nuscha.] 1. A bezel, or socket, in which Out-a<;t', v. t. To do beyond ; to exceed in acting. 
 a precious stone or seal is set. 2. A carcanet or oma- ; Out-bJtl'anfe, v. t. To outweigh ; to exceed in weight 
 mentofgold. | or effect. [price. 
 
 Ought (awt), n. See Aught. ! Out-bid.', v. t. To go beyond or surpass in the ofier of % 
 
 Ousrht (awt), V. imperfect. [Originally the preterit tense Out-blaze', v. t. To exceed in blazing, 
 of the verb to ow^, A.-S. agan, to have or possess. It is OutHbound, a. Destined or proceeding from a country 
 used in all persons, both in the present and past tenses. or harbor to a distant country or port. 
 See Owe.] Is fit; behooveth ; is proper or necessary; Outljreak, «. A bursting forth ; eruption, 
 should; — used impersonally. Oufbreak-ing, n. That which bursts forth. 
 
 a. e, &e. , long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; c4re, far, ask, all, Tvhat ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son. or, do, wolfi 
 
OUT-BUILDING 
 
 509 
 
 OUTWARD 
 
 Out'-build'ing, n. A building separate from, and 
 subordinate to, the main house or dwelling; an out- 
 house. 
 
 Out1>Arst, n. A breaking or bursting out. 
 
 Out '-east, n. One who is cast out or expelled ; an exile ; 
 hence, a degraded person ; a vagabond. 
 
 Out'-edme, n. That which comes out of, or follows from, 
 something else : issue ; result ; consequence. 
 
 Out'-erop, n. ( Geol.) (a.) The coming out of a stratum 
 to the surface of the ground. (6.) That part of an in- 
 cUned stratum which appears at the surface. 
 
 Out-erop', V. i. { Geol. ) To come out to the surface of 
 the ground ; — said of strata. 
 
 Oxit'-ery, n. 1. A vehement or loud cry ; a cry of dis- 
 tress, ii. Noisy opposition or detestation. 3. Sale at 
 public auction. [Obs.] 
 Syn.— Exclamation ; clamor ; noise ; vociferation. 
 
 Out-dare', v. t. To dare or venture beyond ; to surpass 
 in daring. 
 
 Out-do', V. t. [imp. OUTDID ; p. p. OUTDONE ; p. pr. 
 & vb.'n. OUTDOING.] To excel ; to surpass. 
 
 Out-door', a. Being without the house. [doors. 
 
 Out-door§', adv. Abroad ; out of the house ; out-of- 
 
 Out'er, a. [compar. of out.] Being on the outside; 
 further or more remote than something else ; external. 
 
 Out'er-most, a. [superl., from outer.] Being on the 
 extreme external part ; remotest from the midst. 
 
 Out-f a^e', f. t. To face or look out of countenance ; to 
 brave. 
 
 Out'f it, n. A fitting out, as of a ship for a voyage ; 
 hence, an allowance for the payment of expenses con- 
 nected with any special service or duty. 
 
 Out-frown', v. t. To frown down ; to overbear by 
 frowning. 
 
 Out-gen'er-al, v.t. To exceed in generalship ; to gain 
 advantage over by superior military skill. 
 
 Out-give'. V. t. To surpass in giving. 
 
 Out-go', V. t. [imp. OUTWENT; p. p. OUT&ONE ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. OUTGOING.] 1. To go beyond ; to go 
 faster than. ti. To surpass ; to excel. 3. To circum- 
 vent ; to overreach. [come. 
 
 Out'go, n. Outlay ; expenditure ; — the opposite of in- 
 
 Out'go-er, n. One who goes out or departs. 
 
 Out'go-ing, n. 1, Act or the state of going out. 2. 
 Outgo ; outlay. 3. Closing portion ; Umit ; border ; end ; 
 — hence, the complete thing. 
 
 Out-grow', V. t. [iynp. outgrew ; p. p. OUTGROWN ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. OUTGROWING.] 1. To surpass in 
 growth. '2. To become too large to make use of, or too 
 old or infirm to exhibit. 
 
 Out'growtli, n. 1. Growth to excess, '-i. That which 
 has grown out or proceeded from any thing ; result. 
 
 Out'guard, n. (111(7.) A guard at a distance from the 
 main body of an army ; hence, any thing for defense 
 placed at a distance from the thing to be defended. 
 
 Out-Her'od, v. t. To excel in the resemblance to 
 Herod ; hence, to go beyond in any excess of evil or 
 deformity ; to surpass in violence or cruelty. 
 
 Out'-house, n. A small house or building at a little 
 distance from the main house ; an out-building. 
 
 Out-l^iid'isli, a. Not according with usage ; strange ; 
 rude ; barbarous ; clownish. [tion. 
 
 Out-last', V. t. To last longer than ; to exceed in dura- 
 
 Out'law, n. A person excluded from the benefit of the 
 law, or deprived of its protection. 
 
 Out'Iaw, V. t. [imp. & p. p. outlawed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. OUTLAWING.] To deprive of the benefit and protec- 
 tion of law ; to proscribe. 
 
 Out'la\v-ry, n. Act of outlawing ; the putting a man 
 out of the protection of law. 
 
 Out'lay, n. 1. A laying out or expending. 3. That 
 whichis laid out ; expenditure. 
 
 Out 'let, «. Place or the means by which anything is 
 let out ; passage outward ; an exit. 
 
 Out'li-er, n. 1. One who does not reside in the place 
 with which his office or duty connects him. 5J. ( Geol.) 
 Apart of a rock or stratum lying without, or beyond the 
 main body. 
 
 Out'liue, «. 1. The line which marks the outside of a 
 figure ; contour. 2. Hence, a sketch ; deUneation of a 
 figure without shading. 3. Hence, a prehminary or gen- 
 eral indication of a plan, system, course of thought, &c. 
 
 Out'line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. outlined ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. OUTLINING.] 1. To draw the exterior line of. 3. 
 To draw in outUne ; to sketch ; to delineate. 
 
 Out-live' (out-lTv), v. t. To live beyond ; to survive. 
 
 Out'loolc, n. 1, Act of looking out ; watch. 2. Place 
 
 from which one looks out ; a watch-tower. 3. View ob- 
 tained by one looking out ; prospect ; sight. 
 
 Out'ly-ing, a. 1. Lying or being at a distance from the 
 main body or design ; remote. 2. Being on the exterior 
 or frontier. 
 
 Out-marcli', v. t. To march faster than ; to march so 
 as to leave behind. [ure or extent. 
 
 Out-m6a§'ure (out-mezh'ur), v. t. To exceed in meas- 
 
 Out-num'ber, v. t. To exceed in number. 
 
 Out'-of-door', a. Being out of the house ; in the open 
 air ; out-door. 
 
 Out'-of-door§'j_arff. Out of the house ; out-doors. 
 
 Out'-of-tlie-way', a. Different from the ordinary way 
 or fashion ; uncommon ; unusual ; singular. 
 
 Out'port, n. A harbor or port at some distance from 
 the chief town or seat of trade. 
 
 Out'post, »■ (Mil.) (a.) A post or station without th« 
 limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of 
 an army. (6.) The troops at such a station. 
 
 Out -pour', V. t. To pour out ; to send forth in a stream; 
 to effuse. 
 
 Out'rage (126), v. t. [imp. & p. p. outraged; p. 
 pr. & vb. 11. OUTRAGING.] [See the noun.] To treat 
 with violence and wrong ; to injure by rough, rude treat- 
 ment of any kind. 
 
 Out'rage, 7i. [L. Lat. ultragium, from Lat. wZira, be- 
 yond.] Injurious violence offered to persons or things ; 
 gross injur}'. 
 
 Syn. — Affront ; insult j abuse. 
 
 Out-ra'geoiis, a. Involving or performing an ftutrage; 
 exceeding the limits of reason or of decency. 
 
 Syn. — Violent ; furious ; exorbitant ; excessive ; atrocious ; 
 enonnous. 
 
 Out-ra'geous-ly, adv. In an outrageous manner. 
 
 Out-ra'geoiis-ness, n. Quality of being outrageous. 
 
 Out-rJlnlc', V. t. To take the precedence of, or be supe- 
 rior to, in rank ; to rank. 
 
 Outri (oo'tva.'), a. [Fr., p.p. of outrer, io exaggerate, 
 from Lat. ultra, Fr. outre, beyond.] Being out of the 
 common course or limits ; extravagant. 
 
 Out -reach.', v. t. To reach or extend beyond. 
 
 Out-ride', v- t. To ride faster than. [vehicle. 
 
 Out-ride', v. i. To travel about on horseback, or in a 
 
 Out'rid-er, «. A servant on horseback who attends a 
 carriage. 
 
 Out'rig-ger, n. {Naut.) Any projecting spar or piece 
 of timber for extending ropes or sails, &c. 
 
 Out'riglit (ouVrit), adv. 1. Immediately ; without de- 
 lay ; at once ; instantly, 3. Completely ; utterly. 
 
 Out-run', f. t. [imp. outran; p. p. OUTRUN; p.pr. 
 & r6. n. OUTRUNNING.] 1. To exceed in running. 3. 
 Hence, to exceed in degree, quality, &c. ; to surpass. 
 
 Out-sail', V. t. To sail faster than. 
 
 Out-sell', V. t. [imp. & p. p. outsold ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. OUTSELLING.] 1. To exceed in amount of sales. 
 3. To exceed in the prices of things sold. 3. To bring, 
 or be sold for, a higher price. 
 
 Out'set, n. First entrance on any business ; beginning. 
 
 Out-sliine', v. t. To excel in luster or excellence. 
 
 Out'side, n. 1. The external part of a thing; that 
 which is superficial ; exterior ; externality. 3. The part 
 or place which lies without or beyond an inclosure. 3. 
 The furthest limit, as to number, qua^ntity, extent, &c. ; 
 the utmost. 4. One who, or that which, is without. 
 
 Out'side, a. On the outside ; exterior; external. 
 
 Out'sid'er, n. One not belonging to the concern, party, 
 &c., spoken of. [Recent.] 
 
 Out'skirt, n. Border; outpost; suburb. 
 
 Out-spread', v. t. To extend ; to spread. 
 
 Out-stand', v. i. [imp. & p. p. outstood ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. OUTSTANDING.] 1. To project outward from 
 the main body. 3. To stand or remain beyond the 
 proper time ; hence, to be unpaid, as a debt, and the Uke. 
 
 Out-stare', v. t. To face down ; to browbeat. 
 
 Out-stretch.', v. t. To stretch or spread out ; to ex- 
 pand, [leave behind. 
 
 Out-strip', v. t. To outrun ; to advance beyond ; to 
 
 Out-talk' (-tawk/), v. t. To overpower by talking; to 
 exceed in talking. 
 
 Out-val'ue, v. t. To exceed in price or value. 
 
 Out-vie', V. t. To exceed ; to surpass. 
 
 Out-vote' V. t. To exceed in the number of votes given ; 
 to defeat by plurality of suffrages. 
 
 Out- walk' (-wawkO, v. t. To walk faster than; to 
 leave behind in walking. 
 
 Out 'wall, n. The exterior wall of a building or fortress. 
 
 Out'ward, a. [Eng. out and ward.] 1. Forming the 
 
 lood, fc»bt ; ttxn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^haise, -eall, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist, linger ; link ; tiiis- 
 
OUTWARD 
 
 510 
 
 OVERHEAR 
 
 superficial part ; external ; exterior, '-i. Extrinsic ; ad- 
 veutitious. 3. Tending to the exterior part. 
 
 Syn. — Outer ; visible : external ; opparciit ; foreign ; pub- 
 lic : carnal ; fleshly ; coriwreal. 
 
 Out'Avard, ndv. 1. To the outer parts. 5J. From a port 
 or country ; to some foreign region. 
 
 Ouf'Wrtrd-bound', a. Bound in an outward direction 
 or to foreign pjirts. [side : externally. 
 
 Out'^vard-ly. a-Jv. In an outward manner ; on the out- 
 
 0«t'ward§.'ac/f. See Outward. 
 
 Out-'*vatcli' (-wotch'), f- '• To surpass in watching. 
 
 Ont-Avcar', v. t. [htip. outwore ; p. p. outworn ; 
 /). pr. & vb. n. OUTWEARING.] To last longer than ; 
 to surpass or exceed in duration. 
 
 Out-weisfh' (-«"a'), v. t. 1. To exceed in weight. 2. 
 To excwd in value, influence, or importance. 
 
 Oiit--wit', V. t. To surpass in design or stratagem ; to 
 overreach : to defeat or frustrate by superior ingenuity. 
 
 Out -work.' (-wQrkO, v. t. [imp. o"uTWORKED, or out- 
 wrought : ;;. p. outwrought ; p. pr. & vb. n. OUT- 
 WORKING.] To surpass in work or labor. 
 
 Ottt'work (-wurk), n. (Fort.) A part of a fortress with- 
 out the principal wall, within or beyond the principal 
 ditch. 
 
 Oxi'xel(6i)'zl),n. (Omith.) See OusEL. 
 
 O'val, a. [From Lat. ovum, egg.] 1. Having 
 the shape or figure of an egg ; resembling the lon- 
 gitudinal section of an egg. 2. Hence, oblong 
 and curvilinear, with both ends of about the 
 
 _ same breadth ; elliptical. Oval. 
 
 O'val, n. A body or figure in the shape of an egg, or 
 of an ellipse. 
 
 O-va'ri-ous, a. Consisting of eggs. [Rare.] 
 
 i)-va'i'i-Hut,n. ; pi. o-va'ri-a. [New Lat.] An ovary. 
 
 _See Ovary. 
 
 0'va-ry,7J. [From Lat. orw???, egg.] 1. (Bo/.) 
 
 That part of the pistil which contains the KIUU'A 
 seed, and in the cour-se of development be- 
 comes the fruit. 2. {Anat.) The organ of a 
 
 _ female animal in which the eggs are formed. 
 
 O'vate, 1 a. Shaped like an egg, with the 
 
 O'va-ted, j lower extremities broadest. Ovary (1). 
 
 O-va'tion, n. [Lat. ovatio; from, uvare, to exult ; triumph 
 in an ovation.] 1. (Ront. Antiq.) A lesser triumph 
 allowed to a commander for a victory. 2. Hence, an 
 , expression of popular homage. 
 
 Ov'en (uVn), n. [A.-S. ofin, Icel. o/h, Goth, an/ms.] An 
 arched place, for baking, heating, or drying any sub- 
 stance : hence, any structure, which may be heated for 
 
 _ baking or like uses. 
 
 O'ver, prep. [A.-S. qfer, ober, Icel. 'nfir, Goth, ufar, 
 allied to Skr. upari, Gr. virep, Lat. super. \ 1. Across ; 
 from side to side ; — implying a passing or moving either 
 above the substance or thing, or on the surface of it. 2. 
 Above, in place or position. 3. Above, denoting supe- 
 riority in excellence, dignity, or value. 4. Above in 
 authority. 5. Upon the surface or whole surface ; 
 through the whole extent. 6. In a state of watchful- 
 ness with respect to. 7. During the whole time. 8. 
 Above the top of; covering. 
 
 Syn.— Under. — It has always been English usage to say 
 "un</er one's signature," as we say "««</er one's hand,' " under 
 one's seal." f^oine, in this country-, have imagined " orerone's 
 signature " to be more correct, not considering that the refer- 
 ence is to the paper containing tlie instrument or mass of 
 thought to be verified. This is vnder the hand in signing, as 
 it i» under the seal when affixed, though, in either case, the 
 written words may be above. Thu.s the three phrases all stand 
 on the samefooting, and if one is changed, all must be changed. 
 
 5'yer, adv. 1. From side to side. 2. On the opposite 
 side. 3. From one to another by passing. 4. From 
 one country to another, by passing. 5. Above the top. 
 6. More than the quantity assigned. 7. Throughout ; 
 from beginning to end ; completely. 
 
 JKT- Over\% much used in composition, with the signification 
 of spreadmg, so as to come from above, as in overcast, over- 
 flow; or above, as to overhanrj : or turning, so as to reverse the 
 surface or sideR, as in overturn: or, more generally, beyond a 
 limit, implying excess or superiority, as in overact, overcome. 
 Over affaimt, opposite ; in front. — Over and above, beyond 
 what is supposed or limited : besides. — Over and ove'r,Te- 
 rx-.atedly ; once and again.— To f/ire over, (a.) To cease from. 
 (h.) To consider as in a hopeleas state. 
 
 O'ver, a. Upper : covering : — chiefly used in composition. 
 Cyver-a-bound', v. i. To abound more than enough. 
 0'ver-Ji€t', v. t. To act or perform to excess. 
 O^ver-aet', v. i. To act more than is necessary. 
 0'ver-£|,ll§, n. pi. A kind of loose trowsers worn over 
 others" to protect them from being soiled. 
 
 ! O'ver-arcli', v. t. To cover with an arch. 
 O'ver-ar.clx', v. i. To hang over like an arch. 
 O'ver-awe', v. t. To restrain by awe, fear, or superiof 
 _ influence. [portanco. 
 
 O'ver-bftl'aiife, v. t. To exceed in weight, value, orim- 
 O'A'er-bai'aiife (119), n. E.xce.ss of weight or value. 
 O'ver-beAr', v. t. [imp. overbore; p. p. over- 
 borne ; p. pr. & vb. n. OVERBEARING.] To bear 
 down ; to repress ; to subdue. 
 
 Syn. — To overpower ; overwhelm ; whelm ; conquer : 
 suppress. See Bear. 
 
 O'ver-be&r'iiig, p. a. Haughty and dogmatical ; tend- 
 i _ing to repress or subdue by insolence or efifrontery. 
 
 O'ver-bid', v. i. [imp. overbade : p. p. overbid or 
 I overbidden: p. pr. & vb. n. OVERBIDDING.] To bid 
 
 _ or offer more than an equivalent. 
 
 O'ver-board', adv. Over the side of a ship ; hence, out 
 
 _ of a ship or from on board. [weight. 
 
 O'ver-bur'deii (-bQr'dn), v. t. To load with too great 
 
 0'ver-€ast', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overcast; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. OVERCASTING.] 1. To cover with gloom ; to 
 cloud ; to darken. 2. To rate too high. 3. To sew by 
 running the thread over a rough edge : to sew over and 
 
 _ over. 
 
 O'ver-cliarge', v. t. 1. To load with too heavy a 
 charge or weight ; to burden; to oppress; to cloy. '2. 
 To make too great a charge of, or against, as on an ac- 
 count. 3. [Mil.) To fiU with too much powder and 
 
 _ ball, as a gun. 
 
 O'ver-cliarge', n. 1. An excessive load or burden. 2. 
 A charge in an account of more than is just. 3. An ex- 
 
 _cessive charge, as of a gun. 
 
 O'ver-<;loud', v. t. To cover or overspread with clouds : 
 
 _ to becloud. 
 
 O'ver-eoat, n. A coat worn over the other clothing ; a 
 
 _ great-coat or top-coat. 
 
 O'ver-come' (-kum'), v. t. [imp. overcame ; p. p. 
 OVERCOME ; J?, ^r. & I'd. n. OVERCOMING.] To get 
 the better of. 
 
 Syn. — To subdue ; vanquish ; overpower : overthrow ; 
 overturn ; defeat ; crush ; overbear : overwhelm : prostrate ; 
 beat ; surmount. — To conquer. — To overcome is to gsin tho 
 superiority or masterj' in any trial of strength ; to conquer in 
 to overpower and bring under our control. An enemy it 
 conquered ; an antagonist in argument, &c., is overcome. 
 
 O'ver-eome' (-kum'), v. i. To gaia.the superiority. 
 
 O'ver- <!6.st'ly, a. Very or unduly costly ; extravagant- 
 
 _ ly expensive. 
 
 O'ver-do', v. t. [imp. OVERDID ; p. p. overdone ; 
 p. pr. &'vb. n. OVERDOING.] 1. To do or perform too 
 much. 2. To oppress by too much action or labor ; to 
 
 _ harass : to fatigue. 3. To boil, bake, or roast too much. 
 
 O'ver-do', v. i. To labor too hard ; to do too much. 
 ' O'ver-dose', n. Too great a do.«e. 
 
 O'ver-dra-w', v. t. [imp. o\^kd'R'e'w. p. p. ovER- 
 ] drawn;" J9. pr. & vb. n. OVERDRAWING.] To draw 
 j upon for a sum beyond one's credit in the books of a 
 i _ bank or merchant. [strength. 
 
 ; O'ver-drive', v. t. & i. To drive too hard or beyond 
 i O'ver-diie', a. Due and more than due ; past the time 
 j _ of payment. 
 
 O'ver-feed', v. t. [imp. fk, p. p. overfed ; p.pr. k. 
 
 _vb. n. OVERFEEDING.] To feed to excess. 
 
 O'ver-flovt'', v. t. 1. To flow over ; to spread over, as 
 ] water ; to inundate. 2. Hence, to overwhelm ; to cover, 
 I _as with numbers. 
 
 O'ver-flo-w', v. i. 1, To run over; to swell and run 
 over the brim or banks. 2. To be abundant ; to 
 
 _ abound. [dance. 
 
 O'ver-flo-w' (119), n. An inundation: also, superabun- 
 
 0'ver-flo-\v'ing, n. Exuberance ; copiousness. 
 
 O'ver-freiglit' (o'ver-fr.at'), i-. t. To load too heavily ; 
 
 _ to fill with too great quantity or numbers. 
 
 O'ver-grovv'. v. t. [imp. overgreav; p. p. over- 
 grown; p. pr. & vb. n. OVERGROWING.] 1. Tocover 
 with growth or herbage. 2. To grow beyond; to ri.«c 
 
 _ above. [size. 
 
 O'ver-grow', v. i. To grow beyond the fit or natural 
 
 O'ver-hang', v. t. [ijiip. & ;'. p. overhung ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. OVERHANGING.] 1. To impend or hang over. 
 
 _ 2. To jut or project over. 
 
 O'ver-hftng', v. i. To jut over. 
 
 O'ver-haul', v. t. 1. To draw or drag over. 2. To 
 examine thoroughly with a view to repairs. 3. (Kaul.) 
 To gain upon in a chase : to overtake. 
 
 0'ver-h6ad', adv. Aloft ; above ; in the zenith or ceil- 
 
 _ ing : in the story or upon the floor above. 
 
 O'ver-hear', v. t. [imp. & p. p. OVERHEARD ; /?. pr. & 
 
 E, e,&c., long; &, 6, See, short; c4re,far, ask,all,vrhat; gre,veil, tSrm; p'ique.firm; soUydrfdOtWyl^ 
 
OVERISSUE 
 
 511 
 
 OVERTRADE 
 
 vb. n. OVERHEARING.] To hear more than was intend- 
 _ed or proper ; to hear by accident. 
 
 O'ver-is'sue (-Tsh'shij), n. An issuing to excess ; au 
 issuing, as of notes, be>ond the capital stock, or beyond 
 
 _ the public wants. 
 
 O'ver-joy', v- t. To make excessively joyful. 
 
 O'ver-lahbor, v. t. 1. To harass with toil. 2. To ex- 
 
 _ecute with too much care. 
 
 O'ver-lade', 0. i. [imp. overladed ; p. p. overlad- 
 en ; p. pr. & vb. n. OVERLADING.] To load with too 
 
 _ great a cargo or other burden. [land. 
 
 O'ver-lJliicl'v a. Made or performed upon or across the 
 
 0'ver-lS,p', V. t. or i. To extend so as to lie or rest upon ; 
 
 _ to lap over. 
 
 O'ver-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overlaid ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. overlaying.] To lay over; to spread over; to 
 cover completely : as, specifically.^ (a.) To occupy fully. 
 (6.) To conceal with a superficial covering, (c.) To 
 smother with a close covering or by lying upon. (<:/.) To 
 
 __ stretch above and across, so as to unite the two sides of. 
 
 O'ver-leap', v.t. To leap over ; to pass or move from 
 
 _ side to side by leaping. 
 
 O'ver-leatli'er, n. The leather which forms, or is in- 
 tended to form , the upper part of a shoe ; the upper- 
 
 _ leather. 
 
 O'ver-lie', v. t. [imp. overlay; p. p. overlain ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. OVERLYING.] To lie over or upon some- 
 
 _ thing. [cargo. 
 
 O'ver-load', v. t. To load with too heavy a burden or 
 
 O'ver-lobk', v. t. To look over or beyond as from an 
 elevated position; and .'specifically, (a.) To view from a 
 high place. (6.) To afford an elevated prospect of. (c.) 
 To inspect ; hence, to review ; to go over and survey the 
 whole, (c/.) To look beyond, so that what is near by is 
 not perceived; to pass by. (e.) Hence, to refrain wil- 
 lingly from noticing; to excuse; to pardon. (/.) To 
 look over the shoulder of. 
 
 CVver-mas'ter, v. t. To overpower ; to subdue ; to 
 
 _ vanquish; to govern. 
 
 Cver-matcli', v. t. To be too powerful for ; to conquer ; 
 
 _ to subdue ; to suppress by superior force. 
 
 O'ver-matcli', n. One superior in power; one able to 
 
 _ overcome. 
 
 O'ver-meag'ure (-mezh'ur), v. t. To measure or esti- 
 
 _mate too largely. 
 
 O'ver-meag'ure, n. Excess of measure ; something 
 
 _ that exceeds the measure proposed ; surplus. 
 
 O'ver-mucli', adv. In too great a degree. 
 
 O'ver-mucli', n- More than sufficient. 
 
 O'ver-niglit'' (-nif), n. The night following yesterday, 
 
 _ or the previous evening. 
 
 O'ver-iiiglit' (-nit'), adv. During the night previous; 
 
 _ yesterday night ; last night. 
 
 O'ver-pass', -u. (. 1. To pass over; to neglect ; to dis- 
 
 _ regard. 5J. To go over ; to cross. 3. To omit. 
 
 O'ver-pay', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. overpaid ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. OVERPAYING.] 1. To pay too much or more than 
 
 _ is due. '-i. To reward beyond the price or merit. ' 
 
 O'ver-plus, n. [ovr and l.!it. plus, more.] That which 
 
 _ remains after a supply ; surplus. 
 
 O'ver-ply', v. t. To ply to excess ; to exert vrith too 
 
 _much vigor. 
 
 O'ver-poise', v. t. To exceed in weight ; to out-weigh. 
 
 0'ver-poi§e', n. Preponderant weight. 
 
 O'ver-pow'er, v. t. 1. To affect with a power or force 
 that cannot be borne. 2. To vanquish by force. 
 
 Syn. — To overbear ; overcome ; vanquish; defeat ; crush; 
 overwhelm ; overthrow ; rout ; conquer ; subdue. 
 
 O'ver-prfiss', v. t. To bear upon with irresistible force ; 
 
 _ to crush ; to overwhelm . 
 
 O'ver-prize' , v. t. To value or prize at too high a rate. 
 
 O'ver-rake', v. t. (Naut.) To break in upon, as a ship ; 
 — said of the waves when they break in upon a ship at 
 
 _ anchor, with her head to the sea. 
 
 5'ver-rate', v. t. To rate at too much ; to estimate at a 
 
 _ value beyond the truth. 
 
 O'ver-reacli', v. t. 1. To reach beyond in any direc- 
 tion; to extend beyond, ii. To get the better of by 
 cunning or sagacity ; to cheat. 
 
 O'ver-reacli', v. i. To strike the toe of the hind foot 
 against the heel or shoe of the fore foot, as some horses 
 are apt to do. 
 
 5'ver-reacli'er, n. One who overreaches or deceives. 
 
 O'ver-ride', r. t. [imp. overrode ; p.p. overrid- 
 den, OVERRODE, OVERRID; p. pr. & vb. 71. OVER- 
 RIDING.] 1. To ride beyond the strength of the horse. 
 2. To ride too far, or beyond ; to outride. 3. To tram- 
 ple down, and hence to set aside or annul. 
 
 O'ver-rule', v. t. 1. To influence or control by pre 
 dominant power, ti. Hence, to control in such a way as 
 to bring to pass events not contemplated by the human 
 agent. 3. (Law.) To supersede, reject, annul, or rule 
 
 _ against. 
 
 O'ver-rul'ing, p. a. Exerting superior and controlling 
 power. " 
 Syu. — Prevailing ; predominant; prevalent; governing. 
 
 O'ver-run', v. t. [imp. overran ; p. p. overrun ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. overrunning.] 1. To run or spread over 
 in a prolific manner, or in excess ; to grow all over. 2. 
 Hence, to overcome by an invasion. 3. To subdue ; to 
 oppress. 4. (Print.) (a.) To change the arrangement of. 
 as of type, and carry tho.se of one line into another, 
 either in correction, or in the contraction or extension of 
 columns or lines, (b.) To extend beyond the previous 
 length of, as a line or column, by the insertion of new 
 
 _ matter. 
 
 O'ver-run', v. i. 1. To become excessive or superabun- 
 dant ; to run over ; to overflow. 2, (Print.) To extend 
 
 _ beyond its due or desired length. 
 
 O'ver-see', v. t. [imp. oversaw; p. p. overseen ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. overseeing.] To inspect so as to di- 
 
 _rect and control ; to superintend ; to overlook. 
 
 O'ver-seer', n. 1. A superintendent ; a supervisor. 2. 
 An officer who has the care of the poor, or of an idiot, 
 
 _&c. 
 
 0'ver-s6t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overset ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. oversetting.] 1. To turn upon the side, or to 
 
 _ turn bottom upward. "2, To subvert ; to overthrow. 
 
 0'ver-s6t', n. An upsetting; ruin: overturn. 
 
 O'ver-sew' (-so'), v. t. To sew over and over ; to overcast. 
 
 O'ver-shade', v. t. To cover with shade ; to render 
 
 _ dark or gloomy. 
 
 O'ver-sliad'ow, v. t. 1. To throw a shadow or shade 
 
 _over; to overshade. 2. To shelter ; to protect. 
 
 O'ver-slioe (-shcTo), n. A shoe of India rubber, or other 
 water-proof material, worn over another shoe to protect 
 
 _ it from moisture. 
 
 O'ver-sliobt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overshot ; p. pr. 
 & vb.n. overshooting.] 1. To shoot beyond as a 
 mark. 3. To pass swiftly over. 
 
 Overshot ivheel, a wheel, the circumference of which is cov- 
 ered with cavities or buckets, and which is turned by water 
 which shoots over, or flows upon the top of it, filling the buck- 
 ets and acting by its weight only. 
 
 O'ver-siglit (6'ver-slt), n. 1, Watchful care. 3. An 
 overlooking; omission. 3. A being overlooked ; an escape. 
 Syn. — Superintendence ; supervision ; inspection ; inad- 
 vertence ; inattention ; neglect ; mistake ; error. 
 
 O'ver-sleep', v. t. To sleep beyond or by. 
 
 O'ver-spread', v. t. [imp. & p. p. overspread; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. OVERSPREADING.] 1. To .spread over ; to 
 
 _ cover over. ti. To scatter over. [exaggerati . 
 
 O'ver-state', v. t. To state in too strong terms ; to 
 
 0'ver-stay',tJ. t. [imp. & p. p. overstayed, or OVER- 
 staid; p.pr. & vb. n. OVERSTAYING.] To stay long- 
 
 _ er than ; to stay beyond the limits of. 
 
 O'ver-step', v. t. To step over or beyond ; to exceed. 
 
 O'ver-strain', v. i. To strain to excess ; to make too 
 
 _ violent efforts. 
 
 O'vert, a. [0. Fr. overt, p. p. of orrir, aovrir, auvrir, 
 from a hypoth. Lat. addeoperire, from de-operire, from de 
 and operire, to cover.] 1. Open to view ; public ; ap- 
 
 _ parent. 3. (Law.) Not covert ; open; manifest. 
 
 O'ver-take', v. t. [imp. overtook; p. p. over- 
 taken; p. pr. & vb. n. OVERTAKiNG.vj 1. To come 
 up with ; to catch. 2. To come upon ; to take by sur- 
 
 _ prise. [tion on. 
 
 O'ver-taslc', v. t. To impose too heavy a task or injunc- 
 
 O' ver-tlirow', v. t. [imp. overthrew; p.p. over- 
 thrown ; p. pr. & vb. n. OVERTHROWING.] 1. 
 To throw over ; to turn upside down. H. Hence, to 
 ruin ; to defeat utterly. 
 
 Syn. — To demolish; overturn; prostrate; destroy; subvert; 
 overcome; conquer; defeat; discomfit; vanquish ; beat; rout. 
 See Demolish. 
 
 O'ver-throw' (119), n. The act of overturning; the 
 state of being overturned or turned off the basis. 
 
 Syn.— Subversion; ruin; destruction ; defeat; discomfiture; 
 degradation; downfall. 
 
 O'vert-ly, adv. In open view ; publicly ; openly. 
 
 0'ver-t6p', ^". t. 1. To rise above the top of. 2. Tf> 
 go beyond ; to transcend ; to surpass ; to excel. 3. Tc 
 make of less importance by superior excellence ; to ob- 
 
 _ scure. 
 
 O'ver-trade', v. i. To trade beyond capital, or to pur- 
 
 food, f dbt ; ^rn, rude, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, li^k ; tills- 
 
OVERTURE 
 
 512 
 
 OXYGENATE 
 
 rha» goods beyond the means: of pajinent, or beyond 
 the wants of the coniniunitv. 
 
 5'Tert-ure (53), n. (0. Fr. See Overt.] 1. Some- 
 thing offered for consideration : a proposal ; an offer. 'Z, 
 l^cificaJJi/, a topic or resolution, formally proposed for 
 consideration by a proper person or committee. 3. 
 {Mus.) A composition, for a full instrumental band, in- 
 troductory to an oratorio, opera, or ballet. 
 
 {Vver-t<irn', v. :. 1. To turn or throw from a basis or 
 foundation. 'Z. To subvert ; to ruin ; t* destroy. 3. 
 To overpower ; to conquer. 
 Syn. — To demolish; overthrow; overset. See Demolish. 
 
 CVver-turn' (119), n. The state of being overturned or 
 subverted ; overthrow. 
 
 Syn. —Overthrow; upsetting; prostration; revolution; ruin. 
 
 O-'Ter-v&l'ue. r. t. To value excessively. 
 
 O'ver-ween', f. i. [See WEEJf.] 1. To be too high, 
 favorable, or flattering, in one's estimate or judgment. 
 
 _ 'i. llence, to be arrogant in one's thoughts or claims. 
 
 O'ver-^veen'iiig-ly, adv. In an overweening manner. 
 
 CVver--weigli' (-wa'), v. t. To exceed in weight ; to out- 
 weigh. 
 Syn.— Oatwdgh; preponderate; overbalance; outbalance. 
 
 O'ver-Aveiglit' (-waf), n. 1. Weight over and above 
 what is required by law or custom. 'Z. Preponderance. 
 
 O'ver-wheini'. r. t. 1. To overspread or crush beneath 
 something that covers or encompasses the whole. 5J. 
 Hence, to immerse and bear down ; to crush. 
 SyTi. — To submerge; drown; overbear; overcome; subdue. 
 
 0'ver-'wlielm'ing-ly,a(/i-. In a manner to overwhelm. 
 
 O'ver-'»vorlc' (-wfirk'), v. i. & t. [iyyip. & p. p. OVER- 
 WORKED, or OVERWROUGHT; p. pr. & vb. n. o^t:r- 
 WORKING.] To work beyond the strength; to tire. 
 
 O-vic'u-lar, 1. [Lat. ovum , an egg.] Pertaining to an egg. 
 
 0'vl-du€t, 71. [Lat. ovum, egg, and ductus, duct.] 
 (Anat.) A passage for the ovum or egg from the ovary 
 
 _ to the womb, or to an external outlet. 
 
 O'vi-form, a. [Lat. ovutn. egg, and /or/na, form, shape.] 
 
 _ Having the form or figure of an egg. 
 
 O'vine, a. [Lat. ovinus, from ovis, sheep.] Pertaining 
 to sheep ; consisting of sheep. 
 
 O-vip'a-rous, a. [Lat. oviparux, from ovxnn, egg, and 
 pnrtTf, to bring forth, produce.] Producing eggs, from 
 which young are hatched after separation from the pa- 
 
 _ rent ; — oppo.sed to viviparous. 
 
 Cvi-pos'it, f . I. [imp. & p. p. OVIPOSITED ; p. pr. & 
 rb. n. OVIPOSITING.] [Lat. ovujn, an egg, aiudiponere. 
 j>os/7i/m, to place, lay.] To layer deposit eggs; — said 
 especially of insects. 
 
 0'vi-i>6§'it, v. t. To deposit or lay. as an egg. 
 
 Cvi-po-§i'tion (-po-zlstfun), ii. The laNing or deposit- 
 ing of eggs, especially by insects. 
 
 O^vi-p6§'i-tor, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and positor, a pos- 
 itor, a placer, frompojjere, to place.] (Entom.) The or- 
 
 _ gan by which eggs are deposited. 
 
 CKvi-sie, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and saccus. a sack.] The 
 
 _ cavity in an ovary which contains the egg or ovum 
 
 O'void, I a. [Lat. ovum, egg, and Gr 
 
 O-void'al, I ei8o?, form, shape.] Having 
 a shape resembling that of an egg. 
 
 ■D'vo-lo, n. [From Lat. ovum, an egg.] 
 {Arch.) A round molding, the quarter of a 
 cirele. 
 
 O-Tol'o-gy, n. [Lat. ovum, an egg, and 
 Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] That branch of 
 natural hisforj- which investigates and 
 treats of the origin and functions of eggs ; Ovoid. 
 
 _odlog}-. 
 
 CKvo-vi-vXp'a-rous, a. [Lat. ovum, an e^, and vivip- 
 arus, that brings forth its young alive.] Tiviparous, but 
 developing the young in eggs which are hatched before 
 
 _ exclusion from the body. 
 
 O'vtile, n. [Dim. of Lat. ovum, an egg.] (Bot.) Rudi- 
 
 _mentary state of a seed. 
 
 O'vuin, n. : pi. o'vA. [Lat., an egg, Gr. w6v.] (Anat.) 
 The body formed by the female, in which, after impreg- 
 nation, the development of the fetus takes place. 
 
 Ovre (o), ti. t. [imp. & p. p. owed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 owi.N'G.) [A regular verb, used with the auxiliary 
 have, Aa//, but not with the substantive verb to be. A.-S. 
 &gan. Goth, aigan, Icel. eiga, to have or possess. Ought 
 is a derivative tense, and was formerly used in the sense 
 of owd.] 1. To be obliged or bound to pay. ti. To 
 be obliged to ascribe to ; to be obliged for. 
 
 &\re, V. I. To be due to ; to be the consequence or re- 
 sult of. 
 
 OwL 
 Cf.HOWLET.] All*. 
 
 or ovum. 
 
 Ow'lng, p. a. [This is used in a^>assive form, contrary 
 to analogy, for owen or oiced. But the use is inveter- 
 ately established.] 1. Required by moral obUgation to 
 be paid; due. ti. Ascribable to as' the catise. 3. Im- 
 putable, as to an agent. 
 
 Owl, n. [A.-S. &/f, Icel. vgia, 
 allied to Lat. ulvda.] ( Omith.) 
 A nocturnal carnivorous bird, 
 of a short, stout form, with 
 down^' feathers, and a large 
 head. 
 
 O^vl, f. f . [imp. & p.p. owled: 
 p. pr. & vb. n. OWLiNG. 
 [From owl, »i.] To carry on a 
 contraband or unlawful trade : 
 — so called from its being prac- 
 ticed chiefly in the night. [£;ig-.] 
 
 Owl'er, 11. One who conveys 
 contraband goods. 
 
 0"»vl'et, n. [Diminutive of oicl. 
 tie owl ; also, an owl. 
 
 Owl'ing, Ji. The offense of transporting wool or sheep 
 out of England contrary to the statute. 
 
 O^vl'isli, a. Resembling an owl. 
 
 ©■tvn, a. [0. Eng. ouen, A.-S. agen, p. pr. of agan, to 
 possess. See OWE and Owing.] Belonging to; be- 
 longing exclusively to ; peculiar ; — most frequently 
 following a possessive pronoun, in order to render em- 
 
 _ phatic the idea of ownership. 
 
 0»vii, V. t. [imp. & p. p. OWXED ; p. pr. & vb. »,. 
 OWNING.] [From the adjective.] 1. To hold as property ; 
 to have a legal or rightful title to. 2. To acknowled^ 
 the possession of. 3. To avow as one's own ; to acknowl- 
 edge ; to confess. 
 Syn.— To have; possess; recognize. 
 
 OrtTi'er, »«. One who owns ; a rightful proprietor. 
 
 CH^Ti'er-sliip, n. State of being an owner ; proprietor- 
 
 ^ ship. 
 
 0-x.,n.:pl. bx'ES (oks'n). [A.-S. oxa, ohsa, Icel. oz, 
 oxe, oxi, Goth, auhsa, auhsus, allied to Skr. vkshan, 
 waksJias, Lat. vacca, VT. yc/i.] The male of the bovine 
 genus of quadrupeds, especially when castrated and 
 
 _, grown to its full size, or nearly so. 
 
 Ox-ai'i€, a. [From Gr. ofoAts. a sort of sorrel, from 
 o^u's, sharp, pungent, acid.] Pertaining to, contained 
 
 ^ in, or obtained from, sorrel. 
 
 dx'-bo'tv, " . Part of an ox-yoke, consisting of a curved 
 
 ^ piece of wc>od to encircle an ox's neck. 
 
 dx'eye (-1), n. [From ox and eye.] 1. (Bot.) The ox- 
 e.ve daisy, or Oirysanthemum. 2. ( Omith.) The greater 
 
 ^ titmouse. 
 
 dx'-fly. n. A fly hatched under the skin of cattle. 
 
 dx'id-*ate. v. t. [imp. & p.p. oxidated; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. oxidating.] (Cheni.) To convert into an oxide, as 
 metals and other substances, by combination with oxy- 
 
 ^ gen. [verting into an oxide. 
 
 Ox'M-a'tion. n. (Chem.) Operation or process of con- 
 
 Ox'ide, n. [See p. xxvi, § 32.] ( Chem.) A compound of 
 oxygen and a base destitute of acid and salifying prop- 
 erties. 
 
 1^=- This word has been variously written oxide, oxpd. o»- 
 yde. and orid. It was introduced into the present system of 
 chemical nomenclature by Guyton de Morveau in 1787, and 
 was by him and his associates of the French Academy spelled 
 oxide, the first svllable of Fr. o.righie, or oxygene. t)eing pre- 
 fixed to the last" syllable of acide, to denote a substance, not 
 acid, formed by the combination of some simple l)ody with 
 oxygen, it not being at that time known that any of the oxide* 
 I)0S6€&s acid properties. 
 
 dx'id-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being oxidized. 
 
 Ox'id ize. r. t. [iinp. & p. p. oxidized; p.pr. k vb. 
 n. OXIDIZING.] To convert into an oxide; to oxidate. 
 
 dx'id-ize'ment, »». Oxidanon. 
 
 Ox'Iip, «. {Bot.) A plant ; the great cowslip. 
 
 dx'-stall, n. A stall or stand for oxen. 
 
 dx'y-gen, n. [From Gr. ofik, sharp, acid, andycv€i», 
 •yeiVe<r0at, yiyve<T^ai, to bring forth, to generate: — as 
 called because originally supposed to be an e-ssential part 
 of every acid.] 1. ( Chem.) A gaseous element, p<«9«- 
 ing strong chemical affinities. Its combination witfc 
 bodies, when rapid, produces combustion, and in slower 
 form, oxidation. It serves to support life, and forma 
 about twenty-two per cent, of the atmosphere. By com- 
 position with hydrogen, it forms water. 2. Bleaching 
 powder ; — a manufewcturing term. 
 
 6x'y-gen-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. OXYGENATED ; p. 
 pr\ & vb. n. OXYGENATING.] To unite or cause t» 
 combine with oxygen. 
 
 a,e,&c.,J<m^, &,«, &c.,*Aort; c4re, far, ask, aU, what; 6re,veU, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,d9,w9l^ 
 
OXYGENATION 
 
 513 
 
 PACK-THREAD 
 
 6x/y-^en-a'tion, n. Act, operation, or process, of 
 
 ^ combining with oxygen. 
 
 6x'y-gen-ize, ^^ t. [imp. & p. p. oxygenized; p. 
 pn. k, vb. n. OXYGENIZING.] To convert into an ox- 
 ide ; to oxygenate. [from it. 
 
 Ox-yg'en-ous, a. Pertaining to oxygen, or obtained 
 
 dx'y-Jhy'dro-gen, a. Of, or pertaining to, a mixture 
 or combination of oxygen and hydrogen. 
 
 Oxyhydrogen blowpipe (Chcm,), a kind of blowpipe, in which 
 oxyseu and hydiosen gases are burned togetiier in order to 
 produce an intense heat. 
 
 <Dx'y-mel, n. [Lat. oxymeli, Gv. 6^uju,eAt, from o^v's, acid, 
 
 ^and iJ.e\i, honey.] A mixture of vinegar and honey. 
 
 Ox'y-nio't'oti, n. [Gr. o^v^napov. a smart saying, which 
 at first view appears foolish, from 6^i;/u,wpoj, pointedly 
 foolish, fr. o^us, sharp, pointed, and /Ltwpos, dull, foolish.] 
 (Rhet.) A figure in which an epithet of a quite contrary 
 
 ^ signification is added to a word ; as, crud kinrine.ss. 
 
 dx'y-mu'ri-ate, n. (Cliem.) A chloride; — a term 
 formerly applied to the chlorides, on the supposition that 
 they were compounds of a supposed acid, called oxymu- 
 riatic acid, and a base. 
 
 6x'y-o'py, n. [Gr. 6fvs, sharp, and o»//is, sight.] [Med.) 
 Excessive acuteness of the sense of sight, owing to in- 
 creased sensibility of the retina. 
 
 dx'y-salt, n. [From oxygen and salt, q. v.] ( Chem.) A 
 
 compound of an acid containing oxygen and a salifiable 
 base. 
 
 dx'y-tone, a. [Gr. o^vrovo^ from 6|us, sharp, and toi/os, 
 
 ^ tone'.] Having an acute sound. 
 
 Ox'y-tone, n. 1. An acute sound. 3. [Gr. Gram.) A 
 
 jvord having the acute accent on the last syllable. 
 
 O'yer, n. [Norm. Fr. oyer, hearing ; Fr. ouir, Lat. aurjire, 
 
 _ to hear.] [Law.) The hearing, as of a deed, bond, &c. 
 
 O'y^z (o'yes), interj. [0. Fr. oyez^ hear je. See smpra.] 
 Hear ; attend ; — a term used by criers of courts to 
 secure silence and attract attention before making a 
 proclamation. It is thrice repeated. 
 
 Ovs'ter, n. [Lat. ostrea, ostreum, Gr. oarpeov, allied to 
 oareov, bone, and named from its hardness.] (Zuol.) A 
 mollusk, having a bivalve shell, usually found on gravel 
 or sand, or adhering to rocks or other fixed substances in 
 salt water which is shallow, or in the mouths of riverS' 
 The common species is extensively used for food. 
 
 Oys'ter- plant, n. (Bot.) A plant, the root of which, 
 when cooked, somewhat resembles the oyster in taste; 
 salsify. 
 
 O-ze'na, n. [Lat. ozsp.na, Gr. o^aiva, from o^eii', to 
 
 _ smell.] {Med.) A fetid ulcer in the nostril. 
 
 O'zone, n. [Gr. o^eiv, to smell, because its presence is 
 supposed to be sometimes attended by a peculiar smell.] 
 Oxygen in an active or highly electro-negative state. 
 
 P(pe), the twelfth articulation or consonant, and the 
 sixteenth letter of the English alphabet, is formed by 
 closely compressing the lips^, and separating them sud- 
 denly with an explosive emission of breath, as in pari, 
 pap. See Principles of Pronunciation, §§ 84, 85. 
 
 Pa.b'u-lar, a. [Lat. pabularis, from pabulum, food.] 
 Pertaining to, or affording, food. 
 
 Pab'u-lum, n. [Lat,, from pasrere, pari, to pasture, to 
 feed.] 1. Meana of nutriment ; food. *Z, Fuel. 
 
 Pa'«a, n. [Pg. & Braz.] (Zool.) A small, rodent mam- 
 mal found in South America. It is nearly allied to the 
 guinea-pig. 
 
 Pa-«a'tioii, n. [Lat. pacatio, from pacare, to pacify, fr. 
 pax, peace.] The act of appeasing. 
 
 Pa^e, n. [From Lat. passu.<<, orig. a stretching out of the 
 feet in walking ; from pandere, passum , to spread, 
 stretch.] 1. A step ; especially, the space included be- 
 tween the two feet in walking, usually estimated at two 
 and a half linear feet, but sometimes at three and three 
 tenths feet. 5i. Manner of walking; gait; degree of 
 celerity in walking. 3. A mode of stepping among 
 horses, in which the legs on the same side are lifted to- 
 gether; amble. 
 
 Pape, V. i. [imp. & p. p. paced (past) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PACING.] 1. To go; to walk ; to move. 3. Togo at 
 a pace ; to walk slowly. 3. To move by lifting the legs 
 on the same side together, as a horse ; to amble. 
 
 t^a^e, V. t. 1. To walk over vrith measured steps. 3. 
 To measure by steps or paces. 
 
 Pa'^er, n. One who paces ; especially, a horse that paces. 
 
 Pa-fha', or Pa'flia, n. [Fr.] See Pasha. 
 
 Pa-?,lia'li€ (pa-shaw'lik), n. The same as pashalic. See 
 Pashalic. 
 
 Pftdi'y-deria, n. [From Gr. 7raxv'Sep/Ao?, thick-skinned, 
 from Traxv's, thick, and Sepfia, skin.] {Zool.) A non-ru- 
 minant hoofed animal, distinguished for the thickness 
 of its skin, as the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, 
 tapir, horse, hog, and the like. 
 
 PJl«li/y-d.erin'a-tous, a. Pertaining to a pachyderm. 
 
 ra-^if 'i«, a. [Lat. pacificus. from pax, pads, peace, and 
 facere, to make.] 1. Suited to make or restore peace. 
 2. Attended or characterized by peace. 
 
 Syn. — Peace-making; appeasing : mild ; gentle ; concilia- 
 tory; tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful; peaceable. 
 
 Pa-^if 'i€-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, peace ; pacific. 
 Pa-^if 'i-ca'tion, or Pa<i'i-f i-ea'tion. n. [Lat. par.ifi,- 
 
 catio. See Pacify.] Act of pacifying ; reduction to a 
 
 peaceful state ; reconcilement. 
 Pa-^if i-ea'tor, or Pa^'i-fi-^a'tor, n. One who, or 
 
 that whiteh, pacifies : a peace-maker. [ciliatory. 
 
 Pa-^if i-ea-to~ry (50), a. Tending to make peace ; con- 
 Pa^'i-fi'er, n. One who pacifies. 
 Pa?'i-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PACIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 PACIFYING.] [Lat. pacificare, from pacificus. See Pa- 
 cific] 1. To appease, as wrath or other violent pas- 
 sion or appetite. 3. To restore peace to ; to tranquilize. 
 Syn. — Tocalm ; still; quiet; soothe; allay; compose. 
 
 PS.clc, n. [H. Ger. pack, D. pak, Icel. packi, bagg-i, Gael. 
 pac, paca. allied to Gael, bag, balg, a bag, W. baich, a bur- 
 den or load. Cf. BAG.] 1. A bundle or bale ; especially, s^ 
 bundle made up to be carried on the back. 3. A burden- 
 some load. 3. A number or quantity of connected or 
 similar things; as, (a.) A set of playing cards, {b.) A 
 number of hounds or dogs, hunting or kept together. 
 {c.) A number of persons united in a bad design or prac- 
 tice. 4. A large area of floating pieces of ice driven to- 
 gether more or less closely. 
 
 pack, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PACKED (pakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PACKING.] 1. To make up into a bundle or bale; 
 hence, to assemble and compact together. 3. To fill or 
 load; to make full; to stow away within. 3. To put to- 
 gether, as cards, in such a manner as to secure the game 
 unfairly. 4. Hence, to bring together unfairly and 
 fraudulently for the attainment of some unjust end. 
 5. To send off; to dispatch. 6. To envelop in numer- 
 ous coverings, especially when surrounded with a wet 
 sheet. 7. {Meek.) To render impervious to air, water, 
 or steam, by filling or surrounding with suitable mate- 
 rials. 
 
 pack, V. i. 1. To form things into packs or bundles. 3. 
 To admit of stowage or compression into a smaller space, 
 ^r so as to form a compact mass. 3. To unite in bad 
 measures ; to join in collusion. 4. To depart in haste. 
 
 Paclc'age, n. 1. Act or the style of packing. 3. A 
 bundle; a pack or packet; a bale. 3. A charge for 
 packing goods. 
 
 Pack'er, n. One whose business is to pack things. 
 
 Pack'et, n. [See Pack.] 1. A small pack or package. 
 3. A vessel employed in conveying dispatches and pas- 
 sengers, or passengers and goods on fixed days of sailing. 
 
 pack'et, V. t. [imp. & p. p. packeted; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PACKETING.] 1. To make up into a packet or buD'- 
 die. 3. To send in a packet or dispatch-vessel. 
 
 pack'et, V.J. To ply with a packet or dispatch-vessel. 
 
 Pack'et-boht, n. A packet. 
 
 Pack'et-Pliip, n. A ship that sails regularly between 
 distant countries for the conveyance of dispatches, let- 
 ters, passengers, &c. 
 
 Pack'-horse, n. A horse to carry burdens. 
 
 pack'- man, n. ; pi. PACK'-MEN. One who bear<» a pack ; 
 a peddler. [are borne. 
 
 pack'- f ad 'die, n. A saddle on which packs or burdens 
 
 Pack'-Gtaff , n. A stafif on which a traveler occasionally 
 supports his pack. 
 
 Pack''" ill- ead, n. Strong thread or twine used in tying 
 up ~)r.rcels. 
 
 food, fon>t ; ftrn, rude, pnll ; ^eU, ^liaise, «all, e-eli-^ . ;/em, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tliis- 
 
PACK-WAX 
 
 514 
 
 PAIR 
 
 Pftck'^vax, n. A large tendon or cartilage in the neck 
 of an auiuial. 
 
 Pft€t, «. ILjit. pactum, from pacisci, pactus, to make a 
 bargain or contract.] An agreement; a league ; a com- 
 pact ; a covenant. 
 
 Pft«''tiou, H. An agreement or contract. [Rare.] 
 
 Pft*>'tion-al, a. By way of agreement. 
 
 Pac-ti'tioils (-tlsli'us), a. lI.At. pactitius, pacticius, 
 fi-oui pacLsci, pactuj:. See PACT.] Settled by agreement 
 or stipulation. 
 
 Pftd. n. [A.S. pari, pddh. See PATH.] 1. A foot-path ; 
 a road. 2. An easy -paced horse. 3. A highwayman; a 
 foot-pad. 
 
 pad, V. t. [See supra.] 1. To travel ; to tread. 2, To 
 tread or beat smooth or level. 
 
 pad, t-. I. [See Pad, foot-path.]^ 1. To travel slowly or 
 leisurely. 'Z, To rob on foot. 3. To beat a way smooth 
 and level. 
 
 pad, «. [Prob. allied to Eng. u'o^/, q. v.] 1. Any thing 
 flattened or laid flat, as a pad of straw, of wool, &c. ti. 
 A package of blotting paper. 3. A soft saddle, cushion, 
 or bolster stuffed with straw, hair, or other soft substance. 
 
 pad, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PADDED; p. pr. & vb. n. PAD- 
 DING.] 1. To stuff with padding. 5i. (Calico Printing.) 
 To imbue equally with a mordant. 
 
 Pad'ding, n. 1. Act or process of making a pad. 2. 
 Impregnation of cloth ^vith a mordant. 3. Material 
 with which a saddle, garment, &c., are stuffed. 
 
 Pad'dle (pad'dl), v. i. [Dim. of pad, to go, to walk.] 1. 
 To use the hands. 2. To beat water with the hands or 
 feet. 3. Especially, to propel a boat with a paddle. 
 
 pad'dle (pad'dl), i-. t. [imp. & p. p. paddled; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. paddling.] To propel by an oar or paddle. 
 
 pad'dle (pad'dl), «. [See supra.] 1. A sort of short oar 
 with a broad blade. *-J. Hence, the blade or the broad 
 part of an oar or weapon : a short, broad blade resem- 
 bling that of an oar. 3. One of the broad boards at the 
 circumference of a water-wheel. 4. A small gate in 
 sluices or lock-gates. 5. A paddle-shaped foot, as of the 
 tortoise, crocodile, &c. 
 
 Pad'dle-board, n. One of the floats on the circum- 
 ference of a steamer's paddle-wheel. [steamboats. 
 
 Pad'dle-Avheel, n. A water-wheel used in propelling 
 
 Pad'dock, n. [Augmentative of A.-S. padde, frog, toad.] 
 A large toad or frog. 
 
 pad'dock, n. [Corrupted fi-om parrock, q. v.] A small 
 inclosure under pasture, immediately adjoining a stable. 
 
 Pad'dy, n. [Corrupted from St. Patrick, the tutelar saint 
 of Ireland.] An Irishman ; — in joke or contempt. 
 
 Pad'ldck, n. [Probably because it was originally a lock 
 for a pad gate, or a gate opening to a path.] A lock hav- 
 ing a .semicircular link jointed at one end so that it can 
 be opened, the other end being fastened by the bolt. 
 
 Pad'lock, V. t. [imp. & p. p. padlocked (pad'lokt) ; 
 ji. pr. & vb. n. PADLOCKING.] To fasten with a pad- 
 lock ; to stop ; to shut ; to confine. 
 
 Pad'u-a-soy' (or pM'u-soi), n. [From Padua, in Italy, 
 and Fr. soie, silk ; or, perhaps, corrupted from Fr. pou- 
 de-soie, or pout-de-soie, patissoie.] A particular kind of 
 silk stuff. 
 
 Pae'an, n. [Lat. psean, Gr. -iruxav, a religious hymn, orig- 
 inally in honor of Apollo, as a healing deity, tiaiav.] A 
 song of rejoicing, among the ancients, in honor of Apollo ; 
 hence, a loud and joyous song ; a song of triumph. 
 
 Pae'o-ny, n. See Peony. 
 
 Pa'gan, n. [Lat. paganus, a countryman, peasant, vil- 
 lager, from pagus, a district, canton, the country.] One 
 who worships false gods ; one who is neither a Christian, 
 a Mohammedan, nor a Jew. 
 
 Syn. - Gentile; heathen: idolater.— Gen<t7e was applied to 
 the other nations of the earth ag opposed to the Jews. Pagan 
 WM the namepven tf) idolaters in the early Christian church, 
 becausp the villagers, being most remote from the centers of 
 instruction, remained for a long time unconverted. Heathen 
 has the Bame origin. I'af/an is now more properly applied to 
 rude and uncivilized idolaters, while heathen embraces all who 
 practice idolatry. 
 
 Pa'gan, a. Pertaining to the worship or worshipers of 
 false gods : heathen ; heathenish. 
 
 Pa'gan-igm, n. The worship of false gods : heathenism. 
 
 Pa'gan-ize. v. t. [imp. & p. p. PAGANIZED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PAGANIZING.] To render pagan or heathenish. 
 
 Pa'j?an-ize, v. i. To behave like pagans. 
 
 Page. n. [L. Lat. pagius, from Gr. iranhlov, dim. of nalq, 
 ■naiZo^, a boy, servant.] 1. A youth or attendant on a 
 nobleman or wealthy person. 2. A boy that waits on the 
 members of a legislative body. 3. A contrivance to hold 
 up the skirt of a ladv'S dress. 
 
 Pa^e, n. [Lat. pagina, from Lat. pagere, pangere, to 
 
 fiusten, make, compose.] One side of a leaf of a book or 
 manuscript. 
 
 Page, r. t. [imp. & ;;. p. paged ; p.pr. &. vb. n. PAGK 
 ING.] To mark or number the pages of. 
 
 Pag'eant (paj'ant or pa'jant),?!. [Prob.fr. A.-S. paeceand, 
 p. pr. of pxcean, pxcan, to deceive, as by false appear- 
 ances or representation.] 1. Something showy, without 
 stability or duration. 5i. A spectacle or exhibition for 
 the entertainment of a distinguished personage, or of the 
 public. 3. Hence, in general, an exhibition, a spectacle. 
 Syn.— Display; show; pomp; finery. 
 
 Pag'eant-ry (paj'ant-ry or pa'jaut-ry), n. Pompous 
 exhibition or spectacle ; show. 
 
 Pa^'i-nal, a. [See Page.] Consisting of pages. 
 
 Pag'i-na'tion, 7i. Act of paging a book ; figures, or other 
 signs, used to indicate the number of the pages. 
 
 Pa'giiig, n. The marking of the pages of a book. 
 
 Pa-go'da, n. [Hind. & Per. but- 
 kadali, a house of idols, or abode 
 of God, from Per. but, an idol, and 
 kadali, a house, a temple.] 1, A 
 temple in the East Indies and China, 
 in which idols are worshiped. 3. 
 A gold or silver coin, formerly cur- 
 rent in Hindostan, varying in value 
 from 7s. 4d. sterling, or about 
 Sl.To, to9s., or S2.18. 
 
 Pail. n. [L. Ger. balje, balge, D. 
 balie.] An open vessel of wood, tin, 
 &c., for water, milk, or other ^.^ j 
 
 liquids. ^^soda. 
 
 Pail'f ul, n. ,■ pi. PAIL'FULg. The quantity that a pail 
 will hold. 
 
 Pain, n. [Lat. poena, penalty, punishment, torment, pain, 
 Gr. iroLvrj.] 1. Punishment suffered or denounced. 3. 
 An uneasy sensation in animal bodies of any degree ; 
 bodily distress ; suffering ; ^ecijically , the throes or dis- 
 tress of travail or childbirth. 3. Uneasiness of mind; 
 mental distress. 4. Labor ; toilsome effort ; task ; — 
 chiefly in the plural form. 
 
 ^ff-Pains, as u.sed in this sense, although really in the plural, 
 is commonly used as a singular noun. 
 
 Pain, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pained ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAIN- 
 ING.] 1. To afflict with uneasy sensations of any degree 
 of intensity. 2. To afflict or render uneasy in mind. 
 
 Syn. — To disquiet; trouble; afflict; grieve; aggrieve; dis- 
 tress; agonize; torment; torture. 
 
 Pain'ful, a. 1, Full of pain ; occasioning uneasiness or 
 
 distress, either physical or mental. 2. Requiring labor 
 
 or toil ; difficult. 
 Syn. — Disquieting ; troublesome ; afflictive ; distressing | 
 
 grievous; laborious; toilsome; difficult; arduous. 
 Pain'f ul-ly, adv. In a painful manner ; with suffering, 
 
 affliction, uneasiness, or distress. 
 Pain'ful-ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
 
 painful ; uneasiness or distress. 
 Pai'nim (pa/nim), n. [Norm. Fr. paynim, from Lat. /?a- 
 
 ganus. See Pagan.] A pagan ; an infidel. 
 Painless, o. Free from pain ; relieved from pain or 
 
 trouble. 
 Painf , w. Care ; trouble. See Pain, n., 4. [son. 
 
 Pain§'tak-er, n. One who takes pains ; a laborious per- 
 Pain§'tak-ing,a. Carefully laborious ; sparing no pains. 
 Pain§'tak-ing, n. Careful and conscientious exertion ; 
 
 labor. 
 Paint, n. 1. A composition of coloring matter used in 
 
 painting; pigment. 2. A cosmetic for improving the 
 
 complexion. 
 Paint, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PAINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 PAINTING.] [Fr. peindre, peint, Lat. pingere,pictum.] 
 
 1. To apply paint to ; to color. 2. To represent by 
 
 means of colors or hues. 3. Hence, to describe vividly ; 
 
 to delineate ; to image. 
 Syn.— To color; picture; depict; portray; delineate; sketch; 
 
 draw; describe. 
 Paint, V. 7. 1. To practice the art of painting. 2. To 
 I color one's face by way of beautifying it- 
 ' Paint'er, n. One whose occupation Ls to paint. 
 Paint'er, n. [Cf. Ir. pninteir, a net, gin, snare, that which 
 
 holds, pninte, a lace, cord.] (Nnut.) A rope at the bow 
 I of a boat, used to fasten it to any thing. 
 Paint'ing, n. 1. Act or employment of laying on col- 
 I ors. 2. Art of representing natural objects on a plane 
 
 surface, by means of colors : also, vivid description in 
 
 words. 3. That which is painted ; a picture. 
 Syn. — See Picture. 
 P4ir (4), n. [Lat. par, from par, a., equal.] Two things 
 
 'Are, Sec, long; &,6,kc.,3hort; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; gre, veil, term; p'ique,firui; son, or, do, ivolf , 
 
PAIR 
 
 515 
 
 PALLIATE 
 
 of a kind, similar in form, applied to the same purpose, 
 and Buit«i to each other or used together ; a couple ; a 
 hrace. 
 
 Syn. — Flight! set. — Originally .pair was not confined to two 
 things, but was applied to any number of pares, or equal 
 things, that go together. Ben Jonson speaks of 9.i)uir ("set) of 
 chess-men; also.ne and Lord Bacon speak of & pair (pack^ 
 of cards. A "pair of stairs" was, in like manner, the onginal 
 expression, as given by the earlier lexicographers, by Howell, 
 &c., and is still in popular use, though flight was also intro- 
 duced at a later period. 
 
 pair, V. i. [imp. & p. p. PAIRED ; p. pr. & vh. n. PAIR- 
 IN Gt.] 1. To be joined in pairs ; to couple. "Z, To suit ; to 
 fit, as a counterpart. 
 
 PS.ir, v.t. To unite in couples ; to form a pair of. 
 
 To pair off", to go off in a pair or in pairs; hence, to make an 
 arrangement with one of an opposite opinion by which votes, 
 &c., of both are withheld. 
 
 Pai'a^e, n. [Lat. palatium., from Palatium, one of the 
 seven hills of Rome, on which Augustus had his resi- 
 dence.] A magnificent house in which an emperor, a 
 king, or other great personage, resides. 
 
 Pai'a-din, n. [From L. Lat. palatinus, from palatium, 
 palace, q. v.] A distinguished chainpion ; an eminent 
 knight. 
 
 Pa-lses'tra, n. See Palestra. 
 
 Pai'an-lteen' J (pSl'an- 
 
 Pai'aii-qmii' ) ken'), n. 
 [Javan. pal.nngld, 0. Ja- 
 van. palangkan, pallakA,^ 
 Hind, palki.] A kind of 
 covered carriage used in 
 the east, borne on the 
 shoulders of men. 
 
 Pai'a-ta-ble, a. Agreea- 
 ble to the palate or taste ; 
 savory. 
 
 Pai'a-tal, a. Pertaining to, 6r uttered by the aid of, the 
 
 * palate. [palate. 
 
 Pftl'a-tal, n. A letter pronounced by the aid of the 
 
 Pftl'ate, n. [La,t. palatum.] 1. (^na?.) The roof of the 
 mouth. Its fixed portion is called the hard palate, and the 
 membranous, muscular curtain continuous with its pos- 
 terior margin, is called the soft palate. 2. The seat or 
 
 • power of gustation ; relish ; taste. 3. Mental relish ; 
 intellectual taste. 
 
 Pa-la'tial, a. Pertaining to a palace ; becoming a pal- 
 ace ; magnificent. 
 
 Pa-ia,t'ic (123), a. [From ^a^a^e.] Belonging to the palate. 
 
 Pa-lHt'i-nate, n. The province or seigniory of a pal- 
 atine. 
 
 PS,l'a-tine, a. [Lat. palatinus, from palatium. See 
 Palace.] Pertainiog to a palace, or to a high ofiicer of 
 
 Palanquin. 
 
 Count palatine, a count possessing royal Jurisdiction. — Coun- 
 ty palatine, & county in which the proprietor possessed royal 
 rights and jurisdiction. 
 
 Pai'a-tme, n. A count palatine. 
 Pai'a-tine, a. Of, or pertaining to, the palate. 
 Pa-la'ver, n. [Sp. palabra, a word, Pg. palavra, a talk, 
 
 from Lat. parabola, Gr. irapa/3oA^, a comparison, a 
 
 parable, in Low Lat. a sentence, a word.] 1. Idle talk ; 
 
 flattery. 2. A conference or deliberation. 
 Pa-la'ver, v. t. or v. i. [irnp. & p. p. PALAVERED ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PALAVERING.] To hold a palaver ; to 
 
 use idle, deceitful talk ; to flatter. 
 Pa-la'ver-er, n. One who palavers. 
 Pale, a. [co7nj>ar. paler; sj<joerZ. palest.] [Fr. p&le, 
 
 Lat. pallidus, from pallere, to be or look pale.] 1. Not 
 
 ruddy or fresh of color ; dusky white. 2. Of a faint luster. 
 Syn. — White; whitish; wan; pallid; dim; faint. 
 Pale, V. i. [imp. & p. p. paled ; p. pr. & vb. n. PALING.] 
 
 To turn pale. 
 Pale, V. t. To make pale. 
 Pale, n. [A.-S., from Lat. palus.] 1. A pointed stake 
 
 driven into the ground and fastened to a rail at the top ; 
 
 a picket. 2. An inclosing boundary ; a Umit ; a fence. 
 
 3. Space inclosed ; an inclosure ; a limited territory. 
 
 4. (Her.) One of the greater ordinaries, being a broad, 
 perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon, equally distant 
 from the two edges, and occupying one third of it. 
 
 Pale, t^ t. To inclose with pales or stakes ; to encompass. 
 Pa'le-a'ceoiis, a. [Lat. />a^ea, chaff j [Bat.) GhaJSy ; 
 
 resembling chaff, or consisting of it. 
 Pale'ly (109), adv. Wanly ; not freshly or ruddily. 
 Pale'ness, n. The quality or condition of being pale ; 
 
 defect of color ; wanness. 
 Pa/le-6g'ra-plier, n. One skilled in paleography. 
 
 
 Paae-o-gra,pli'i<!, \a. Of, or pertainmg to, pale- 
 
 Pa'le-o-grapli'i«-al, j ography. 
 
 Pa'le-og'ra-pliy, n. [From Gr. TroiAaios, ancient, and 
 ■ypac^etv, to write.] 1. An ancient manner of writing. 
 2. Art or science of deciphering ancient documents. 
 
 Pa'le-61'o-gist, n. One conversant with paleology. 
 
 Pa'le-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. TroAaios, ancient^ and A.6-yos, dis- 
 course.] A discourse or treatise on antiquities; archae- 
 ology. 
 
 Pa'le-on-tSl'o-gy, n. [From Gr. n-oAaios, ancient, ovra, 
 the things which exist, beings, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
 The science of the ancient life of the earth, or of fossils 
 which are the remains of such life. 
 
 Pa-les'tra, n. [Lat. palasstra, Gr. TraAaiarpa, from ttoA- 
 acoTTj?, a wrestler, from naKaCeiv, to wrestle.] {Antiq.) 
 (a.) A wrestling, (b.) The place of wrestling. 
 
 Pa-lls'tri<f **' I "• I'ertaining to the exercise of wr«st. 
 
 Pa-les'tri-e-al, j ^°^- 
 
 Pai'ette, n. [Fr., a battledoor, pa- 
 lette.] {Paint.) A thin oval-shaped 
 board, or tablet, with a thumb- 
 hole at one end for holding it, on 
 which a painter lays and mixes his " 
 pigments. 
 
 Pal'frey (pawl'fry), n. [L. Lat. 
 parqfredus, from Lat. paravere- 
 dus, a horse for extraordinary oc- Palette, 
 
 casions, from Gr. Trapd, along, be- 
 side, and Lat. veredus, a post-horse.] 1. A saddle-horse 
 for the road or other ordinary purposes. 2. A small 
 horse suitable for ladies. 
 
 Pa-lil'o-gy, n. [Gr. na\i,\\oyia, from TraXtv, again, and 
 A.oyos, speech, discourse.] ( Kiiet.) Repetition of a word 
 or part of a sentence for the sake of greater energy. 
 
 Pa,l'imp-s6st (84), n. [From Gr. 7raAtV>/n70TO?) scratched 
 or scraped again, ■na\i.ix\liy]<nov, a palimpsest, from n-aXiv, 
 again, and \^v, to rub, rub away.] A manuscript which 
 has been written upon twice, the first writing having been 
 erased. 
 
 Psil'in-droine, n. [From Gr. va\CvSpofjio?, running 
 back again, from ttoAiv, back, again, and Spaixelv, rpex^iv, 
 to run.] A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same 
 when read backward or forward ; as, madam. 
 
 Pal'ing, n. Pales in general ; a fence formed with pales; 
 an inclosure. 
 
 Pai'i-node, n. [Gr. TraXii/wfiia, from irdKtv, again, and 
 uSri, a song.] A song repeated a second time ; a satirical 
 song retracting a former one ; hence, a recantation. 
 
 Pai'i-sade', n. [L. Lat. palissata, from Lat. palus, a 
 stake, pale.] {Fort.) A strong stake, one end of which is 
 set firmly in the ground, and the other is sharpened; 
 also, a fence formed of such stakes. 
 
 Pari-sade', V. t. [imp. &, p. p. palisaded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. palisading.] To surround, inclose, or fortify, 
 with stakes or posts. 
 
 Pal'isli, a. Somewhat pale or wan. 
 
 Pall (pawl), n. [From Lat. pallium., cover, cloak, mantle.] 
 1. A cloak ; a mantle. 2. A consecrated vestment in 
 the form of a scarf, composed of white wool, and em- 
 broidered with purple crosses. 3. A large, black cloth 
 thrown over a coffin at a funeral. 
 
 Pall, n. [See Pawl.] A detent or click ; a pawl. 
 
 Pall, V. t. To cloak ; to cover or invest. 
 
 Pall, V. i. [imp. & p. p. palled ; p. pr. & vb. n. PALL. 
 ING.] [0. Fr. pale,palle, pale, wan, sallow. See PALE.] 
 To become vapid ; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste ; 
 to become insipid. 
 
 Pall, r. t. 1. To make vapid or insipid. 2. To make 
 spiritless ; to dispirit ; to depress. 3. To satiate ; to cloy. 
 
 Pal-la'di-um, n. [Lat. ; Gr. IlaAAaSiov, from IlaAXds, 
 IlaAAaSos, Pallas.] 1. {Antiq.) A statue of the goddess 
 Pallas, on the preservation of which depended the safety 
 of Troy. 2. Something that affords effectual defense, 
 protection, and safety. 3. {Chem.) A metal discovered 
 in 1803 by Wollaston, of a steel-gray color and fibrous 
 structure. [a funeral. 
 
 Pall'-bear/er, n. One of those who attend the coflSn at 
 
 Pai'let, n. [Dim. of Lat. pala, a shovel, spade.] 1. 
 (Paint.) A little oval board. [See Palette.] 2. A 
 wooden instrument used by potters, crucible-makers, &c. 
 3. A lever connected with the pendulum of a clock, or 
 the balance of a watch , which receives the immediate im- 
 pulse of the scape-wheel, or balance-wheel. 
 
 Pal'let, n. [From Lat. paiea, chaff.] A small and poor 
 or rude bed. 
 
 Pai'li-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PALLIATED ; p.pr.Sc vb. 
 n. PALLIATING.] [L. Lat. palliare, palliatum, to clothe, 
 
 food, fcKjt ; tan, rude, pull ; fell, ^haise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, liaJs ; tiiis- 
 
PALLIATION 
 
 516 
 
 PANADO 
 
 cover, from paUium, a cloak, mautlc] 1. To cover with 
 excuse ; to softon by favorable ix'preseutations. ij. To 
 reduce in violence ; to lessen or abate ; to mitigate. 
 
 Syn. — To covi>r: clonk; hide; extenuate; conceal. — /?x^ew- 
 vate and cloak; ns lure compared, are used in a figurative 
 sense in reference to our treatment of wrong action. We 
 cloak in onier coniplotely to conceal. We extenuate a crime 
 when we endeavor to show that it is less than has been sup- 
 posed; we iialliatc a crime when we endeavor to cover or con- 
 ccantB enormity, at least in part. This naturally leads us to 
 Boften some of its feat-ues, and thus jtalUute approaches toward 
 extenuate till they have become nearly or quite identical. 
 
 P&ni-a'tlon, n. 1. Act of palliating, or state of being 
 palliated ; concealment of the most flagrant circum- 
 stances of au offense, "i* Mitigation or abatement, as of a 
 iliisease. 
 
 P:"\l'li-a-tive, a. 1. Serving to extenuate ; palliating. 
 '2, Kelieving, as pain or disease. 
 
 PAl'li-a-tive, n. 1. That which extenuates. 2. That 
 wliich abates the violence of pain, disease, or other evil. 
 
 I'Al'lid, fl. [Lat. palUdus, from paUere, to be or look pale.] 
 Deficient in color ; pale ; wan. 
 
 PJll'Iid-ness, n- Paleness ; wanness. 
 
 Pall-mall' (p61m61'), n. [0. Fr. palemail, It. palla- 
 mnglio, from palla, a ball, and maglio, Fr. mail, Eng. 
 mall, from Liat. malleus, a hammer, mallet, maul.] 
 An old game in which a wooden ball was driven with a 
 mallet through an iron arch. The name was also applied 
 to the mallet used, and to the place where the game oc- 
 curred. 
 
 Pai'lor, n. [Lat., from paUere, to be or look pale.] Pale- 
 nesg; pallidity. 
 
 Palm (p'ini), n. [Lat. palma, 6r. iraKifiri.] 1. The in- 
 ner part of the hand. 2. A lineal measure equal either 
 to the breadth of the hand or to its length from the wrist 
 to the ends of the fingers ; a measure of length equal to 
 four inches or sometimes to three inches. 3. The broad, 
 triangular part of an anchor at the end of the arms. 4. 
 The broad part of the horns of a full-grown deer. 5, 
 An instrument used by sail-makers to force a needle 
 through canvas. 6. (Bot.) A perennial endogenous tree 
 of several different genera, usually with an unbranching 
 cyUndrical trunk, having a terminal bud. '7, A branch 
 or leaf of the palm, anciently worn as a symbol of vic- 
 tory or rejoicing. 8. Hence, a token of success or tri- 
 umph. 
 
 Palm (p'im), v. t. [imp. & p. p. palmed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PALMING.] 1. To conceal in the palm of the hand. 
 2. To impose by fraud. 
 
 Pdl'nid^hi^s'tl. [Lat., palm of Christ.] (Bo^) The 
 castor-oil plant; — so called from its hand-shaped leaves. 
 
 Pftl'mar^ I a. [Lat. palmaris, from palma, palm of the 
 
 Pai'ma-ry, ] hand.] 1. Belonging to the palm or in- 
 terior of the hand. 2. Having the breadth of a palm. 
 
 Pai'ma-ry, a. Worthy of the palm ; pre-eminent ; su- 
 perior : palmy ; chief. 
 
 Pai'mate, 1 a. [Lat. palmatus, from palma, the palm 
 
 Pai'ma-ted, ) of the hand.] Having the shape of the 
 hand ; resembling a hand with the fingers spread. 
 
 Palm'er (pim/er), n. 1. One who palms or cheats. 2. 
 One who visited the Holy Land and its sacred places, and 
 bore a branch of palm in token thereof ; an incessant 
 pilgrim. 
 
 Palm'er- worm (pam'er-wQrm), n. A kind of hairy 
 worm; — a name loosely applied to various hairy cater- 
 pillars which travel or wander, as it were, like a palmer, 
 and devour leaves and herbage. 
 
 Pal-m6t'to, n. [Dim. of Lat. palma, 
 apahn.] (Boi.) (a.) A species of palm- 
 tree growing in the West Indies and 
 .Southern United States, (h.) A kind 
 of palm called also the cabbage-tree. 
 See Cabbage-tree. 
 
 Pal-mi£'er-ou8, a. [Lat. palmifer, 
 from palma, a palm, and yerre, to bear. 
 Bearing palms. 
 
 Pal'mi-p6d, a. [Lat. palmipes, palm,i- 
 pedis, broad-footed, from palma, palm 
 of the hand, and pes, pedis, a foot.] 
 Having the toes connected by a mem- 
 brane ; web-footed, as a water-fowl. Palmetto. 
 
 P?vl'mi-p6d, n. (Ornith.) A swimming bird; a bird 
 liaving webbed feet. 
 
 Piil'mis-ter, n. [Lat. palma, the palm of the hand.] 
 One who pretends to teU fortunes by the palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 P;il'mi»-try, n. [See supra.] The pretended art or prac- 
 tice of telling fortunes by the lines and marks in the palm 
 of the liand. 
 
 Palm'-Siin'day (pam'siin/d,^), n. (Eccl.) The Sunday 
 next before Easter ; — so called in commemoration of 
 our Savior's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the 
 multitude strewed palm branches in the vay. 
 
 Palm'y (pam'y), a. 1. Bearing palms. 2. Worthy of 
 tne palm ; flourishing ; prosperous ; victorious. 
 
 Paip, M. [From Lat palpare, to fitroke, palpus, palpum 
 a stroking.] (Entom.) A jointed, sen.siferous organ, at- 
 tached in pairs to the back or side of the lower jaw in 
 many insects ; a feeler. 
 
 Pai'pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being palpable. 
 
 Pai'pa-ble, a. [Lat. jialpabilis. See supra. \ 1. Per- 
 ceptible by the touch ; capable of being felt. 2. Easily 
 perceptible ; plain ; obvious. 
 
 Pai'pa-ble-ne.ss, n. Quality of being palpable. 
 
 Pai'pa-bly, adv. In a palpable manner ; plainly. 
 
 Pal-pa'tioii, «. [Lut. pal patio,iiam palpare. See PALP.] 
 The act of touching or feeling. 
 
 Pai'pe-bral, a. [Lat. palpebralis, from palpebra, an 
 eyelid.] Pertaining to the eye-brow. 
 
 Pai'pe-brous, a. Having large ejebrows. 
 
 Pai'pi-tate, V. i. [imp. & p. p. palpitated ; p. pr, & 
 fb. n. PALPITATING.] [Lat. palpitare , palpitatvm. in- 
 tensive form of palpare. See PALP.] To beat rapidly 
 and excitedly, as the heart; to throb ; to pulsate vio- 
 lently ; to flutter. 
 
 Parpi-ta'tion, n. A beating of the heart ; especially, a 
 violent,_irregular, and unnatural beating. 
 
 Palg'grave (pawlz/grav). n. [D. paltsgraaf^ Ger. pfalZf 
 graf, from pfalz, palace, fr. Lat. palatium, and Ger. 
 graf, a count.] A count or earl who has the superin- 
 tendence of the king's palace ; a count palatine. 
 
 Pal§'gra-viine^ n. Con.=ort or widow of a palsgrave. 
 
 Pal'§i-e-al, a. Affected with palsy : paraljtic. 
 
 Pal'§ifcd (pawl^zid), 2?. a. Affected with palsy. 
 
 Pal'gy, n. [Contr. from Lat. paralysis, Gr. 7ropaXv<rts, 
 from irapa\veiv, to loose from the side, to disable at the 
 side. See Paralysis.] (Mec/.) A weakening, suspen- 
 sion, or destruction of functions, of sensation, and of 
 voluntary motion ; paralysis. 
 
 Pal'gy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. palsied; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 PALSYING.] To destroy a function of; to paralyze. 
 
 Pal'ter, ^'. i. [imp. Sep. p. paltered; p. pr. k.vb.n. 
 PALTERING.] [See Paltry.] To act in an insincere 
 or false manner ; to trifle ; to haggle. 
 
 Pal'ter-er, n. One who palters, fails, or falls short. 
 
 Pal'tri-ly, adv. Despicably ; meanly. 
 
 Pal'tri-ness, n. State of being paltry, vile, or worthless- 
 
 Pal'try, a. [co?77/iar. paltrier; superl. paltriest.] 
 [L. Ger. paltrig, palterig, ragged, from palte, pulte, a rag, 
 a tatter.] Destitute of worth ; characterized by mean- 
 ness. 
 
 Syn. — Contemptible; despicc^ble; pitiful; worthless; mean; 
 vile. See Contemptible. 
 
 Pa-lii'dal, a. [From Lat. palus, paludis, a marsh.] 
 Pertaining to marshes ; marshy. 
 
 Pal'y, a. [lvova.pale,a,.] Pale ; wanting color. [PoetJ] 
 
 PSm'pag, n. pi. [Peruv. pampa, a field, plain.] Vast 
 plains in the southern part of Buenos Ay res, in South 
 America. * , 
 
 PJtm'per, v. t. [imp. & p.p. pampered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. pampering.] [0. Fr. pamprer, to furnish, or cover 
 with vine-leaves ; hence, to train or nur.?e into luxuriant 
 growth, from Fr. pampre, a vine-branch, vine with ita 
 leaves, from Lat. pampinus, a vine-leaf.] To feed to the 
 full ; to gratify unduly or inordinately ; to glut. 
 
 Pam'plilet, n. [From 0. Fr. palme, N. Fr. pctume, palm 
 of the hand, and fueillet, N. Fr. fexiillet. a leaf, dim. of 
 fueil, m., N. Fr. feuille, f., from Lat. folium, pi. folia ; 
 or from Lat. pagina Jilata, a threaded page, stitched 
 together with thread.] A small book con.^isting of a 
 sheet, or a few sheets, of paper, stitched together, but 
 not bound. 
 
 Pam'pblet-eer', n. A writer of pamplets ; a scribbler. 
 
 pan, n. [k.-^. panne, D. pan, Icel. & L. Lat. panna, 0. 
 H. Ger. panna, plianna.] 1. A shallow, open dish or 
 vessel, used for various domestic purposes ; also, any 
 similar vessel. 2. The part of a flint-lock which holds 
 the priming. 3. The skull; the brain-pan ; the cranium. 
 4. The hard stratum of earth that lies below the soil, 
 and holds the water. 
 
 Pan'a-^e'a, n. [Lat., from Gr. iravaKCLa, from ?ravcoojs, 
 all-healing, from ttols, irav, all, and aKeloOai, to heaLJ 
 A remedy for all diseases ; a cure-all. 
 
 Pa-na'da, | ^ [From Lat. panis, bread.] Bread boiled 
 
 ^a-naae , > j^ water and sweetened. 
 
 I'a-na'do, ) 
 
 A, e>, he, long; ^,^, Sec,., short; c4re, far, ask, all, -what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, w9Ui 
 
PANCAKE 
 
 517 
 
 PAP 
 
 P&n'«ake, n. A thin cake fried in a pan or baked on an 
 iron plate or griddle. 
 
 Pftn'«re-as, or JPHn'^re-as, n. [Gr. wayKpeas, from 
 vav, all, and /cpe'as, tiesh, meat.] \Anat.) A gland in the 
 abdomen, beneath the stomach. It pours its secretion 
 into the alimentary canal during digestion. 
 
 Pa,n'<;re-a.t'i€, a. Pertaining to the pancreas. 
 
 Pan-de'an, a. [From Pan.] Of, or relating to, Pan. 
 
 PJin'deet, n. [From Gr. navSeK-n)?, all-receiving, all- 
 containing, from nav, all, and Sexeadai, to take, receive.] 
 1. A treatise which contains the whole of any science. 
 "2. pi. The digested code of Roman civil law of J ustinian. 
 
 Pan-dem'ic, a. [Gr. Travfirjiaos, TravS^/xios, from nav, 
 all, and Srjjoios, the people.] Incident to a whole people ; 
 epidemic. 
 
 PJin'de-mo'ni-um, n. [From Gr. Tras, irav, all, and 
 6ai>(oi/, a demon.] The great hall or council-chamber of 
 demons or evil spirits. 
 
 Pan'der, n. [From Panrlarus, a leader in the Trojan 
 war, wtio procured for Troilus the love of ChryseYs.] 1. 
 A male bawd ; a pimp ; a procurer, ti. Hence, one who 
 ministers to the evil designs and passions of another. 
 
 P3ji'der, v. t. [ivip. & p. p. pandered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PANDERING.] To procure the gratification of the 
 lust of. 
 
 PS,n'der, v. i. To act as agent for the lusts of others ; 
 hence, to minister to the evil designs or passions of others. 
 
 Pan-dore', or Pan'dore, n. [See Bandore.] Au 
 ancient instrument of music of the lute kind ; abandox-e. 
 
 Pane, n. [A.-S. pan., a piece, plait, hem, from Lat. pan- 
 nM.«, a cloth, fillet.] 1. A distinct patch, piece, or com- 
 partment. "Z, Especially, a square plate of glass. 3. A 
 square piece of silk or other cloth in a garment for orna- 
 ment. [ 065.] 
 
 PJlu'e-gyr'ic, n. [Lat. panegyricus, Gr. TraKJjyupiKos, 
 sc. Aoyos.] An oration in praise of some distinguished 
 person or achievement ; encomium. 
 Syn. — Eulogy; encomium. See Eulogy. 
 
 PS,n'e-|fyr'i€, I a. Containing praise or eulogy ; en- 
 
 Paii'e-^yr'i«-al, ) comiastic. 
 
 P&ii'e-gyr'ist, n. [Gr. Trai/T/yvpio-r^S, from iravrfyvpC^eiv, 
 to celebrate or attend a public festival, to make a set 
 public speech, especially a panegyric] A eulogist ; an 
 encomiast, either by writing or speaking. 
 
 PS.ii'e-gy-rize. v. t. [imp. & p. p. panegyrized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PANEGYRIZING.] To praise highly. 
 
 PJin'e-gy-rize, v. i. To bestow praises. 
 
 Pa.n'el, n. [0. Fr., dim. of pan, skirt, lappet, part of a 
 wall, side. See PANE.] 1. {Arch.) A compartment, 
 usually with raised margins, as in wainscotings, doors, 
 &c. 'Z, (Masonry.) One of the faces of a hesvn stone. 
 3. (Painting.) A thin board on which a picture is 
 painted. 4. (Law.) A schedule, containing the names 
 of persons summoned as jurors by the sheriff ; hence, the 
 whole jury. 
 
 Pan'el, V. t. [imp. & p. p. panei.ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PANELING.] To form with panels. 
 
 pang, n. [Of. A.-S. pyngan, to prick. See PAIN.] A 
 momentary and violent pain ; a throe. 
 
 Syn. — Agony ; anguish ; distress. See Agony. 
 
 Pa,n'i€, n. [See infra.] A sudden fright ; especially, one 
 without real cause, or inspired by a trifling cause. 
 
 PS/ii'lc, a. [Gr. Tra^t/cos, belonging to Pan, because a 
 sudden fright was ascribed to Pan.] Extreme or sudden, 
 imaginary, and causeless ; — said of fear or fright. 
 
 Pan'i-e, n. [Lat. panicum.] (Bot.) Panic-grass ; also, the 
 grain of the panic-grass. [oatmeal. 
 
 Paii'i€-grass,». (Bot.) A plant of the genus Pa/z/ciwz ,• 
 
 P3,n'i-cle, n. [Lat. panicula, a tuft on plants, dim. of 
 paniis, the threxd on the bobbin in a shuttle.] (Bot.) 
 A form of inflorescence, in which the cluster is much and 
 irreguj^arly branched, in a branched raceme, as in oats. 
 
 Paii-nada', n. [0. Fr., from pannader, to prance or 
 curvet, as a horse.] The curvet of a horse. 
 
 Pan'iii-ele, ?/. (Bot.) Panic-grass. 
 
 Pan'iiier (p.Xn'yer or pitn'ni-er), n. [From Lat. pana- 
 rjum, a bread-basket, from jmnis, bread.] 1. A wicker- 
 baskefc for carrying fruit, &c., on ahorse. 2. (Arch.) 
 The same as Corbel, q. v. 
 
 Pan'o-ply, n. [Gr. iravonKia., from Tras, ttSlv, all, and 
 onKov, tool, implement of war, arms, harness.] Arma- 
 ment ; a full suit of defensive armor. 
 
 Ifan'o-ra'ma, or x*aii'o-ra'in.a, n. [Gr. iras, nav all, 
 and opa-ixa, a view, fr. opav, to see.] 1.' A complete view 
 in every direction, ii. A picture exhibited a part at a 
 time by being unrolled and made to pass continuously 
 before the spectator. 
 
 Pa,n'o-ram'i«, ) a. Pertaining to, or like, a pan«> 
 
 Pa,n'o-rS.iii'i«-al, | rama or complete view. 
 
 PJin'gy, n. [Fr. pensee, thought, pansy, from penser, to 
 think, Lat. pensare, to weigh, examine, fr. pendere^penr- 
 sum, vo weigh.] A plant and flower ; the garden violet; 
 — called also heart'' s-ease. 
 
 Pant, V. i. [imp. & p. p. panted; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 PANTING.] [Cf. W. pantu, to depress, pant, a depres- 
 sion, down ; 0. Fr. panteler, to gasp for breath.] 1, To 
 breathe quickly or in a labored manner ; to gasp, ti. To 
 be overpowered with eagerness, desire, or longing. 3. 
 To palpitate, or throb, as the heart, in ten-or, &c. 
 
 Pant, V. t. To breathe forth quickly or in a, labored man- 
 ned ; to gasp out. [palpitation of the heart. 
 
 Pant, n. 1. A quick breathing; a gasp. iS. A violent 
 
 Pan'ta-grapli, n. See PANTOGRAPH. 
 
 Pan'ta-let', n. [Dim. of pantaloon, infra.] One of the 
 pair of loose drawers worn by children and women ; more 
 generally, the lower part of such a garment, coming be- 
 low the knee, often made in a separate piece ; — chiefly 
 in the plural. 
 
 Pan'ta-lobn', n. [From It. pantalone, a masked char- 
 acter in the Italian comedy, who wore breeches and 
 stockings that were all of one piece, from PanttUeone, a 
 saint of Venice, and hence a baptismal name very fre- 
 quent among the Venetians, and applied to them by the 
 other Italians as a nickname, from Gr. HavraKeoiv, i. e., 
 all or entirely lion, a Greek personal name.] 1. A 
 ridiculous character in the Italian comedy, and a buffoon 
 in pantomimes, ti. One of the long, loose coverings for 
 the legs worn by males, reaching from the waist to the 
 heel ; — used in the plural ; trousers. 
 
 Syn. — See Trousers. 
 
 PS,n'the-i§m, n. [Gr. Tras, Tra;', all, and 0eos, god.] The 
 doctrine that the universe, taken or conceived of as a 
 whole, is God. 
 
 Pan'tlie-ist, n. One who holds to pantheism. 
 
 Pan'tlie-ist'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, founded in, or 
 
 Pan'the-ist'ic-al, ) leading to, pantheism. 
 
 Pan-tlie'on, or Pa,n'tlie-on, n. [Gr. ndvOeiov, (sc. 
 iepov), also irdvOeov, from ndvOeios, of ail gods, from Tras, 
 nav, all, and ^eos, a god.] 1. A temple or magnificent 
 edifice, dedicated to all the gods. 2. A work in which 
 all the divinities worshiped by a people are treated of. 
 3. The whole body of divinities worshiped by a people. 
 
 PSn'ther, n. [Lat. panther, pan- 
 thera, Gr. Trav^Tjp, Cf. Skr. punda- 
 rika, a leopard.] (Zo'dl.) 1. A 
 fierce, dark-colored variety of thej 
 leopard, found in Asia and Africa. 
 3. The American tiger, a ferocious" 
 feline mammal of several species, 
 such as the catamount, cougar, and jaguar. 
 
 Pan'tile, n. [From pan and tile, q. v.] A tile with a 
 curved or hollow surface. 
 
 Pant'Ier, n. [From Lat. panis, bread.] The officer in a 
 great family who has charge of the bread and the pantry. 
 
 Pan-to'f le (-too/fl), n. [Ger. pantoffel, '^antoffel, from Up. 
 Ger. band-tafel, a wooden sole (tafil) with a leather string 
 (band) to put the foot through.] A slipper for the foot. 
 
 Pan'to-graph, n. [See infra.] An in- 
 strument for copying on the same, or 
 on a reduced or enlarged, scale. 
 
 Pan'to-graph'i^;, 1 a. Pertaining 
 
 Pan'to-graph'i<5-al, ) to a panto- 
 graph ; performed by a pantograph. 
 
 Pan-tog'ra-phy, n. [From ttSs, Trav- 
 Tos, all, and -ypa^eiv, to write.] General 
 description ; entire view of an object. V^~\ 
 
 Pan-tol'o-gj', n. [Gr. Tras, Traj/ros, all, ^ 
 
 and A.d"yos, speech, discourse.] A work Pantograph, 
 of univer.'^al information. 
 
 Pan-to-mime, n. [Lat. pantomimus, Gr. navrofiiftot, 
 prop, all-imitating, from Tras, Trai/ros, all, and /oitju.6ra-0ai, 
 to imitate.] 1. One who acts his part by gesticulation 
 only, without speaking. 3. A theatrical entertainment 
 given in dumb show. 
 
 Pan'to-mim'i<;, ) a. Pertaining to the pantomime ; 
 
 Pan'to-niim'i«-al, ) representing characters and ac- 
 tions by dumb show. 
 
 Pan'try, n. [From Lat. panis, bread.] An apartment 
 or closet in which bread and other provisions are kjept. 
 
 Pa'nym, n. & a. See Painim. 
 
 pap, n. [Cf. Lat. papilla.] A nipple of the breast ; a teat. 
 
 Pap, n. [D. pap, Ger. pappe, Lat. papa, pappa.] A soi"i 
 food for infants, made with bread softened with watei- ; 
 hence, nourishment, support. 
 
 Panther. 
 
 1 a leather string 
 per for the foot. 
 
 lood, ftfbt ; fiLrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, <;all, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 
 
PAP 
 
 518 
 
 PARAGOGE 
 
 Pftp, «'. t. To feed with pap ; to supply with soft food. 
 
 Prt-pa', ». [Lat. papa, Gr. nanai, ndmrai, usually in 
 vocative rtdira, Trairn-a.] Father ; — a word used by 
 children. 
 
 Pa'pa-^y, n. [L. Lat. papatia, from Lat. papa, a father, 
 a bishop, the pope, papus, papatis, a governor, tutor.] 
 1, The office and dignity of the pope ; papal authority 
 or jurisdiction ; popedom, ti. The popes taken col- 
 lectively. 
 
 Pa 'pal, a. Belonging or relating to the pope of Borne ; 
 proceeding from the pope ; popish. 
 
 Pa'pal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. papalized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PAPALIZING.] To make papal. 
 
 Pa'pal-ize, v. i. To conform to popery. 
 
 Pa-pav'er-ous, a. [Lat. papavereus, from papaver, the 
 poppy.] Resembling the poppy. 
 
 Pa-p}|w', 71. [Malay, pdjaaya.] (Bot.) (a.) A tree and 
 its fruit, of tropical countries, (b.) A tree growing in 
 the western and southern parts of the United States, and 
 producing a sweet, edible fruit ; also, the fruit itself. 
 
 Pa'per, n. [From Lat. papyrus, Gr. TraTrvpos, an Egyp- 
 tian plant, from which a kind of paper was made.] 1. 
 A substance in sheets intended to be written or printed 
 on, to be used in wrapping, &c. 3. A sheet, leaf, or 
 piece of such substance. 3. A printed or written in- 
 strument; a writing. 4. A newspaper ; a journal. 5. 
 Notes ; bills of exchange ; bank-notes, and the like. 6. 
 Hangings printed or stamped for the walls of rooms. 
 
 Wove paper, paper with a uniform surface, and not ribbed 
 or water-marked, like laid paper. 
 
 Pa'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PAPERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PAPERING.] 1. To cover with paper. 3. To fold or 
 inclose in paper. 
 
 Pa'per-liang'ingg, n. pi. Paper ornamented with 
 colored figures for covering the walls of rooms. 
 
 Pa'per-statn'er, n. One who stains, colors, or stamps 
 paper for hangings. 
 
 Pa-p6s'?ent, a. [Fromjjop.] Containing pap ; having 
 the qualities of pap. 
 
 Paj>ier-»Hac/ie (pSp'ya-ma'sha), n. [Fr. ; lit., chewed 
 or mashed paper.] A hard substance made of a pulp 
 from rags or paper mixed with size or glue, and cast in a 
 mold. 
 
 Pa-pil'io-na'ceoiis, a. [From Lat. papilio, a butterfly.] 
 1. Resembling the butterfly. 2. (Bot.) Having a 
 winged corolla, somewhat resembling a butterfly, as in 
 the blossoms of the bean and pea. 
 
 Pa-q>iVld,n.; pi. PA-PiL'L^. [Lat.] (^Tiaf.) One of 
 the minute elevations of the surface of the skin, tongue, 
 &c. Some contain one or more vascular loops ; others, 
 nervous elements. 
 
 Pap'il-la-ry, )a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the 
 
 Pap'il-lose' (125), J nipple or the papillae ; covered with 
 papillae^ 
 
 P&p'il-lote, n. [Fr., either from papier, paper, or from 
 papillon, on account of their resemblance to a butterfly.] 
 One of the small pieces of paper on which ladies roll up 
 their hair. 
 
 Pap'il-loiis, or Pa-pil'lous, a. The same as papillary. 
 See Papillary. 
 
 Pa'pist, n. [See Pope.] A Roman Catholic; an ad- 
 herent of the pope. 
 
 Pa-pist'ie, la. Adherent to the church of Rome ; 
 
 Pa-pist'ie-al, ) pertaining to popery ; popish. 
 
 Pa'piKt-ry, n. The doctrines and ceremonies of the 
 church of Rome ; popery. 
 
 Pa-pdose', ) n. A babe or young child ; — so called by 
 
 Pap-poo.se', ) the North American Indians. 
 
 Pap-pose', I a. [From Lat. pappus, the woolly, hairy 
 
 Pftp'poiis, ) seed of certain plants.] Downy, as the 
 seeds of certain plants, such as thistles, dandelions, &c. 
 
 P&p'u-lose/ (125), a. [Lat. papula, a pimple.] Covered 
 with papulae. 
 
 PSp'u-loiis, a. Full of pimples. 
 
 Pa-py'rus, n. ,• pi. pa-py'ri. [Lat. ; 
 Gr. Trarrvpo?. See PAPER.] 1. ( Bot.) 
 A species of reed or flag from which 
 the ancients made a material for 
 writing upon. tj. A manuscript 
 written on pieces of the papyrus. 
 
 Par, w. [Lat. ;?a-/-, equal.] 1. State 
 of equality ; the value expressed on 
 the face or in the words of a cer- 
 tificate of value, or other commer- 
 cial paper. ''Z, Equality of condi- 
 tion or circumstances. 
 
 On a par, on a level ; in the same condition, circumstances, 
 position, rank, and the like ; equal. 
 
 Pftr'a-ble, n. [Lat. parabola, from Gr. irapafioKii, a 
 placing beside or together, comparison, from Tropo^aAAetv 
 to throw beside, to compare.] A fable or allegorical re- 
 lation of something real in life or nature, from which a 
 moral is drawn for instruction. 
 
 Pa-rab'o-la, n.; pi. pa-rXb'o-la§. [N. Lat, 
 from Gr. TTapa^oK-q ; — so called because its 
 axis is parallel to the side of the cone. See 
 supra.] ( Geom.) (a.) A curve, any point of 
 which is equally distant from a fixed point, 
 called the focus, and a fixed straight line, 
 
 called the directrix, (b.) Any curve having 
 
 an infinite branch, without having a recti- Parabola, 
 lineal asymptote. 
 
 Par'a-bol'l-e, 1 a. 1. Expressed by parable or alle- 
 
 Par'a-bol'ie-al, j gorical representation, a. [From 
 parabola.] ( Geom.) (a.) Having the form or nature of ji, 
 parabola, (b.) Generated by the revolution of a parabola. 
 
 Par'a-b61'i«-al-ly, adv. 1. By way of parable. 2. 
 In the form of a parabola. 
 
 par' a-bol'i -form, a. [From Lat. parabola and forma, 
 form, shape.] Resembling a parabola in form. 
 
 Pa-rab'o-list, n. A writer or narrator of parables. 
 
 Pa-rab'o-loid, n. [From Gr. TrapajSoAij, parabola, and 
 elSo?, form, figure.] (Geom.) The solid generated by 
 the rotation of a parabola about its axis. 
 
 Par'a-^en't. i«, ) a. [From Gr. jrapa, beside, beyond, 
 
 Par'a-^en'tri^-al, ) and Kevrpov, any sharp point, the 
 center. ] Deviating from circularity ; changing the dis- 
 tance from a center. 
 
 Pa-raeli'ro-iiigin, n. [Gr. Trapa, beside, beyond, and 
 Xpoi/os, time.] An error in chronology, by which the 
 date of an event is made later than it was in reality. 
 
 Par'a-^liute (pSr'a-shijt, 110), n. [Fr.jfrom 
 parer, to ward off, guard, and chute, a fall.]^ 
 A contrivance somewhat in the form of an 
 umbrella, by means of which any thing may 
 be sent down from a balloon without (Singer 
 of too rapid motion. 
 
 Par'a-elete, n. [Lat. paracletus, Gr. n-up- 
 
 oikAtjtos, fr. irapoKoXelv, to call to one, to ex- Parachute, 
 hort, encourage, fr. napd, beside, to the side of, to, and 
 KoXelv, to call.] One called to aid or support ; hence., 
 the Consoler, Comforter, or Intercessor ; — a term applied 
 to the Holy Spirit. 
 
 Pa-rade', n. [From Lat. parare, paratum, to prepare, 
 provide.] 1, Pompous exhibition. 2. Especially, mil- 
 itary display ; also, the place or ground where such dis- 
 play is held. 3. A spectacle ; a pompous procession. 
 
 Syn. — Ostentation ; display ; show. — Parade is a pompous 
 exhibition of things for the purpose of display ; ostentation 
 now generally indicates a. jyarac/e of virtues or other qualities 
 for which one expects to be honored. 
 
 Pa-rade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. paraded ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. PARADING.] 1. To show off; to make a spectacle 
 of. 2. To assemble and array or marshal in military 
 order. 
 
 Pa-rade', v.i. 1. To go about for show. 2. To go 
 about in military procession. 
 
 Par'a-digm (-dim), n. [Lat. paradigma, Gr. TropdSei-y/jui, 
 from trapaSeiKvvvai, to show by the side of, to set up as 
 an example, from napd, beside, and SeiKinivat., to show.] 
 ( Gram.) An example of a word, as a verb, noun, &c., 
 conjugated, declined, compared, &c., in all its different 
 forms of inflection. 
 
 Par'a-dise, n. [Gr. TrapaSeio-os, from 0. Per. paradaisas, 
 Skr. paradesa, a foreign land, the best, the most beauti- 
 ful land, Heb, pardes, Per. & Ar. firdau. pi. faradis, a 
 plea.sure-garden.] 1. (Script) The garden of Eden. 2. 
 A place of bliss. 3. Heaven. 
 
 Par'a-di-si'a-e-al, a. Pertaining to Eden or paradise, 
 or to a place of felicit}'. 
 
 Par'a-dox, n. [Gr. irapdho^ov, from Trapa, beside, be- 
 yond, contrary to, against, and Bo^a, opinion.] A senti- 
 ment or proposition seemingly absurd or contradictory, 
 yet true in fact. 
 
 Par'a-d6x'ie-al, a. 1. Having the nature of a para- 
 dox. 2. IncUned to tenets or notions contrary to re- 
 ceived opinions. 
 
 Par'a-d6x'ie-al-ly, adv. In a paradoxical manner. 
 
 Par'af-f ine, n. [From Lat. parum , too little, and affinis, 
 akin.] (Chem.) A white, translucent substance, ob- 
 tained from the distillation of tar. It resembles sperma- 
 ceti, and is much used for making candles. It derives 
 its name from its remarkable resistance to chemical 
 action. 
 
 Par'fi-f/fi'ge, n. [Gr. Trapaywyrj, from irapdyeiv, to lead 
 beside, protract, from Trapa, beside, and dyeiv, to lead.i 
 
 a, e, &c.,long; &, 6, &c., short; c4rc, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; s6n, dr, do, w9li^ 
 
PARAGOGIC 
 
 519 
 
 PARCEL 
 
 ( Gram.) The addition of a letter or a syllable to the end 
 of a word ; as, with&uten for without. 
 
 P§.iya-g6e'ic, 1 a. Pertaining to, or constituting a 
 
 Par'a-g6g'i«-al, ) paragoge. 
 
 PS.r'a-g6n, n. [Sp. paragon, from para con, in compari- 
 son with.] A model or pattern by way of distinction, im- 
 plying superior excellence or perfection. 
 
 PSr'a-grSpli, n- [Gr. iTapdypauif)o^ (sc. ■ypofX|a^), a line 
 or stroke drawn in the margin, from irapaypdtfieLV , to 
 write beside.] 1. The character [IT], used as a reference, 
 or to mark a division, tj. Any portion or section of a 
 writing or chapter which relates to a particular point, 
 noted by the mark [IT], or, more usually, by a simple 
 indentation of the first line. 3. Hence, a short passage ; 
 a notice or brief remark, as in a newspaper. 
 
 Par'a-grHpli'l*;, ) a. Consisting of paragraphs, or 
 
 Par'a-grapli'i-e-al, ) short divisions with breaks. 
 
 Par'a-lexp'siSy n. [Gr. n-apaAei;//i?, from irapaKei.nei.v , 
 to leave on one side, to omit, from Trapa, beside, and 
 AeiVeii/, to leave.] {Rhet.) A pretended or apparent 
 omission. 
 
 Par/al-lJt«'ti€, I a. Pertaining to the parallax of a 
 
 Par'al-ia^'ti^-al, j heavenly body. 
 
 P4r'al-lS.X, 71. [Gr. irapdWa^is, from TrapoAAao-creii', to 
 change or alter a little, to go aside, dechne.] (Astron.) 
 The difference between the position of a body as seen 
 from some point on the earth's surface, and its position 
 as seen from some other conventional point, as the earth's 
 center or the sun. 
 
 Par'al-lel, a. [Gr. 7rapaAArjA.os, from 
 
 irapa, beside, and aAA^Awi/, of one '. 
 
 another.] 1. ( Geom.) Extended in Parallel lines, 
 the same direction, and in all parts 
 equally distant. 2. Having the same direction or ten- 
 dency. 3. Continuing a resemblance through many 
 particulars. 
 Syn. — Equidistant ; like ; similar ; resembling. 
 
 Pir'al-lel, n. 1. A hue which, throughout its whole 
 extent, is equidistant from another line. 3. One of the 
 circles upon a globe, parallel to the equator, and used 
 for marking the latitude. 3. Conformity continued 
 through many particulars or in all essential points ; re- 
 semblance ; Ukeness. 4. A comparison made. 5. Coun- 
 terpart. 6. {Mil.) A wide trench, affording besieged 
 troops a free covered communication between their vari- 
 ous batteries and approaches. 7. {Print.) A sign of 
 reference [thus || ], used to direct attention to notes in 
 the margin or at the foot of a page. 
 
 Par'al-lel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PARALLELED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PARALLELING.] 1. To cause to be parallel. 
 2. To be equal to ; to resemble in all essential points. 
 
 Par'al-lel-i§tn, n. 1. State of being parallel ; com- 
 parison ; resemblance. '-J. ( Hebrew Poetry.) The expres- 
 sion, in two poetic lines, of the same sentiment, with 
 slight modifications. 
 
 Par'al-lel'o-gra,!!!, n. [Gr. irapaX- 
 ATjAoypafx/aoi/, fr. TrapoAATjAog , paral- 
 lel, and ■ypofjtju.ij, a stroke in writing, 
 a line.] (Geom.) A right-lined 
 quadrilateral figure, whose opposite Parallelogram, 
 sides are parallel, and consequently equal. 
 
 Par'al-lel'o-gram'mi«, I a. Having the properties 
 
 Par/al-lel'o-gram'mi^-al, ) of a parallelogram. 
 
 Par'al-lel'o-pi'ped, n. [Gr. TrapoA- 
 ATjAeTTiTreSoi', a body with parallel sur- 
 faces, from TrapaAATjAos, parallel, and 
 enCneSov, a plane surface.] ( Geom.) A 
 regular solid, the faces of which are six 
 parallelograms, the opposite ones being Parallelopiped. 
 parallel, and equal to each other. 
 
 Par'al-lero-pip'e-don (110), n. A parallelopiped. 
 
 Pa-rai'o-gigm, n. [Gr. TrapoAoyKr^os, from TrapaAo- 
 yi^ea-Oai, to reason falsely, from Trapa, beside, beyond, 
 and Ao-yt^ecr^at, to reason.] (Logic.) A reasoning which 
 is false in point of form, that is, which is contrary to 
 logical rules or formulae. 
 
 Pa-rai'o-gy, n. [See supra.] False reasoning. 
 
 Pa-rai'y-sis, n. [Gr. TrapoAuo-i?, from jrapaAvetv, to 
 loosen, disable at the side, from Trapo, beside, and Aueiv, 
 to loosen.] {Med.) The loss of voluntary motion, with 
 or without that of sensation, in any part of the body ; 
 palsy. 
 
 Par'a-lyt'i€, ) a. 1. Affected with paralysis, or palsy. 
 
 Par'a-lyt'i-e-al, ) 2. Inclined to paralysis. 
 
 Par'a-lyt'i*, n. A person affected with palsy. 
 
 Par'a-lyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. paralyzed; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PARALYZING.] To affect with paralysis or 
 palsy ; to palsy. 
 
 ">. 
 
 Par'a-mount (110), a. [0. Fr. paramont, abevfe, from 
 par, through, thoroughly, exceedingly (Lat. per), and 
 amont, upward, above. See Amount.] Superior to all 
 others ; of highest rank, dignity, consideration, or value. 
 
 Syn. — Superior ; principal ; pre-eminent ; chief. 
 
 Par'a-mount, n. The highest in rank or order ; the 
 chief. 
 
 Par'a-mpur, n. [Fr. par amour, i. e., by or with love.] 
 A lover of either sex ; a wooer or a mistress ; — formerly 
 in a good sense, now only in a bad one ; hence, a kept 
 mistress ; a concubine ; a mistress. 
 
 Par'a-nympli, n. [Gr. 7rapawjH(^os, from jrapa, beside, 
 near, and vvju.<^T), a bride.] 1. (Antiq.) A brideman or 
 bridemaid. 2. Hence, one who countenances and sup- 
 ports another. 
 
 Par'a-pet, n. [Jt. parapetto, fr. parare, to ward off, guard, 
 fr. Lat. parare, to prepare, provide, and It. petto, Lat 
 pectus, the breast.] 1. A wall, rampart, or elevation of 
 earth for covering soldiers from an enemy's attack from 
 the front ; a breast- work. 3, A breast- waU, on the edge 
 of a bridge, quay, &c., to prevent people from falling 
 over. 
 
 Par'apli, n. [Contracted from ^aragropA.] The flourish 
 made by a pen under one's signature, formerly used to 
 provide against forgery . [aphemaUa. 
 
 Par'a-plier'nal, a. Pertaining to, or consisting in, par- 
 Par' a-plier-na'li-a, n. pi. From Gr. irapd<}>epva, pi., 
 that which a bride brings over and above her dower, fit)m 
 irapa, beside, beyond, and ^4pvt\, dowry, from <f>epei.v, to 
 bring.] 1. The articles which a wife brings with her at 
 her marriage ; goods of a wife beyond her dowry. 2. 
 Hence, appendages ; ornaments ; trappings. 
 
 Par'a-phrage, n. [Gr. 7rapa<|)pa<n.s, from napa^pd^eiv, 
 to add to another's words, from Trapa, be.«ide,and <j!)pd^€iv, 
 to speak.] A re-statement of a text, or passage, express- 
 ing the meaning of the original in another form ; a free 
 translation into the same or another language. 
 
 Par'a-plirage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. paraphrased; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PARAPHRASING.] To explain, interpret, or 
 translate with latitude. 
 
 Par'a-plirage, v. i. To interpret or expUiin amply. 
 
 Par'a-phrast, n. One who paraphrases. 
 
 Par'a-plirast'i*, ) a. Explaining or translating in 
 
 Par/a-phrast'i«-al, j words more clear and ample 
 than those of the author ; not verbal or Uteral ; diffuse. 
 
 Par'a-phrast'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a paraphrastic manner. 
 
 Par' a-ple' qi-d, 1 n. [Ionic Gr. irapankriyCa, from Trapa- 
 
 Par'a-ple'gy, ( TrATjo-aetv, to strike beside, near, at 
 the side . ] ( Med. ) Palsy of the lower half of the be iy on 
 both sides. 
 
 Par'a-qugf (-kef), \n. A small species of parr t. See 
 
 Par'a-quii'to (-ke'to), j Parrakeet. 
 
 Par'a-sang, n. [Gr. Trapoo-ayyTjs, from Per. farsang.] 
 {Antiq.) A Persian measure of length, nearly equal to 
 four English miles. 
 
 Pdr'a-se-le'ne, n.; pi. pXr'a-se-LE'N^. [Gr. Trapa, 
 beside, and o-eAiji/i), the moon.] {Astron. ) A mock moon ; 
 a luminous ring or circle encompassing the moon. 
 
 Par'a-site, n. [Gr. Trapao-iros, lit. eating beside, or at 
 the table of another, fr. Trapa, beside, and (melv, to feed, 
 fr. o-iTO?, wheat, food.] 1. A trencher friend ; a hanger 
 on ; a dependent companion and flatterer ; a toady. 2, 
 {Bot.) A plant that grows and lives on another. 3. 
 ( Zo'dl.) An animal which lives on the body of some other 
 animal, as lice, &c. 
 
 Par'a-sit'i<; , \a. 1. Of the nature of a parasite, 
 
 Par'a-sit'i«-al, ) fawning ; wheedling. 2. Living on; 
 or deriving nourishment from, some other living thing. 
 
 Par'a-sit-igm, n. The state, condition, manners, or 
 behavior of a parasite. 
 
 Par'a-soF (110), n. [Fr., from parer, to ward off, parry, 
 and Lat. sol, the sun.] A small umbrella used by ladie?! 
 to defend their faces from the sun's rays. 
 
 Par'a-sol-6tte', «. A small parasol or sunshade. 
 
 Par'tooil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parboiled ; p.pr. & t*. 
 n. parboiling.] [Prob. from Eng. part and boil. Cl". 
 Partake.] To boil in part ; to cook partially by boiling. 
 
 Par'buck-le, n. {Naut.) A purchase formed of a single 
 rope around any weighty body, as a spar or cask, by 
 which it is lowered or hoisted. 
 
 Parnbuck-le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parbuckled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PARBUCKLING.] To hoist or lower by means 
 of a parbuckle. 
 
 Par'^el (coUoq. par'sl), n. [Fr. parcelle, dim. of part, Lat. 
 pars, a part.] 1. Any mass or quantity; a collection; 
 a lot. 2. A bundle ; a package ; a packet. 3. {Law.\ 
 A part ; a portion ; a piece. 
 
 food, fcibt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; yell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, liak; -, ^ais- 
 
PARCEL 
 
 520 
 
 PARODY 
 
 Par'^el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parceled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PARCELING.] To divide and distribute by parts or por- 
 tions. 
 
 Piir'^'el, <i. & adv. Part or half; in part. 
 
 Par'fe-iia-ry, »i. [Sea infra.] ( La «'.) Occupation of an 
 inheritable estate which discends from the ancestor, to 
 two or more persons ; co-heirship. 
 
 Par'ye-iier, n. [Norm. & 0. Fr. par^onnier, parqunere, 
 from parzoitfpar^itn, part, portion, from Lat. pars, par- 
 tis, a part.] { Law.) A co-heir ; one of two or more per- 
 sons, to whom an estiite of inheritance descends jointly, 
 and bv whom it is held as one estate. 
 
 Parch, r. t. [Imp. & p. p. PARCHED (parcht); p.pr. & 
 r6. /I. PARCHING.] [Perh. contr. from pfraresce, from 
 Lat. jierartscert , to grow very dry.] 1. To burn the sur- 
 face of; to scorch. "2, To shrivel with heat. 
 
 Parcli, V- '• To be scorched or superficially burnt. 
 
 J?arcli'inent, n. [Gr. Trepya/xrji/jj (i^c. xaprij), from Ilep- 
 yajULti'o?, of or belonging to Pergauius, or Pergamum, in 
 My.-ia, where it was invented by Eumenes.] The skin of 
 a sheep or goat prepared for writing on. 
 
 Pard, n- [Ijat. parrtus, Gr. Trdpfios.] The leopard; in 
 poetry, any spotted beast. 
 
 Par'don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pardoned ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. pardoning.] [L. Lat. perdonare, from Lat. per, 
 through, thoroughly, and donare, to give, to present.] 
 
 1. To refrain from e.xacting as a penalty. '-J. To suffer 
 to pa«s without punishment ; to discharge from liability 
 to reproof or penalty. 
 
 Syn. — To forgive; absolve; excuse; remit; acquit. 
 
 Par'don, n. 1. Remission of a penalty. 3. Release of 
 an offense, or of the exposure of the offender to suffer a 
 penalty. 
 Syn.— Forgiveness; remission. See Forgiveness. 
 
 Par'don-a-ble, a. Admitting of pardon; venial; ex- 
 cusable. 
 
 Par'doii-a-bie-iiess, n. Quality of being pardonable. 
 
 Par'don-a-bly, adv. Tn a manner admitting of pardon. 
 
 Par'don-er, n. One who forgives or absolves. 
 
 Pare (4), r. t. [imp. & p. p. pared; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 paring.] [From Lat. parare, to prepare.] 1. To cut 
 or shave off, as the superficial substance or exti'emities 
 of a thing. 2. To diminish by little and little. 
 
 PJir'e-gSr'ic , a. [Gr. 7rapr)yopiKd?, from irapyfyopelv , to 
 console, soothe.] Mitigating ; assuaging pain. 
 
 Pftr'e-gor'ic, n. [Med.) A medicine that mitigates pain ; 
 an anodyne. 
 
 P&r'ont (sometimes improperly pron. pa'rent, 4), n. [Lat. 
 par ns, parentis, for pariens, from par ere, to bring forth, 
 to t get.] 1. A father or mother. 3. Hence, that which 
 proi. jces. 
 
 Ss'n.— Cause; source; origin; producer; creator. 
 
 P&r'ent-age, n. Descent from parents or ancestors; 
 parents or ancestors considered in their character or 
 social position ; extraction ; birth. 
 
 Pa-rfinfal, a. 1, Pertaining to parents. 3. Becoming 
 parents; tender; affectionate. 
 
 Pa-r6nt'al-ly, adv. In a tender or parental manner. 
 
 Pa-ren'lhe-sis, n. ,• pi. pa-ren'the-ses. [Gr. TrapeV- 
 eeerts. from irapevTcOevai, to insert, from irapd, beside, and 
 evTiOfvai., to put in.] 1. A word or sentence in.«erted, by 
 way of comment or explanation, in the midst of another 
 sentence. It is usually inclosed within curved lines, but 
 sometimes within dashes. 2. (Print.) The sign of a 
 parenthesis, thus ( ). 
 
 Pftr'en-th6t'i«, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a parenthe- 
 
 Par'eii-th6t'i<:-al, f sis ; expressed in a parenthesis. 
 
 2. Using or containing parentheses. 
 Pa.r'en-th6t'i<;-al-ly, adv. In the manner or form of 
 
 a parenthesis. 
 
 Pftr'er, n. One who, or that which, pares. 
 
 Par'get, n. [From Lat. paries, parietis, a wall.] (Arch.) 
 Plaster for lining chimney flues, or for covering the walls 
 and ceilings of rooms. 
 
 Par'get' '^'- ^- l^^np- & P- P- pargeted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. pargeting.] To plaster, as walls. 
 
 Par-he'li-on (or par-hei''yun), n. ; pi. PAR-HE'Ll-A (or 
 par-hlPja). [Gr. 7rop>jAioi/, from 7rapT7A(.09, beside or near 
 the sun, from napd, beside, and rjAio?, the sun.] A mock 
 sun or meteor, appearing in the form of a bright light 
 near the sun. 
 
 Pa'ri-ah. or Pa'ri-ah, n. [From Tamul pareyer, par- 
 riar, or Ilind. palutriya, a mountaineer, as the primitive 
 inhabitants, vanquished and degraded by the Sanskrit 
 tribes, were driven into the mountains.) One belonging 
 to the lowest cla^fs in parts of India ; hence, an outcast ; 
 one rejected and contemned by society. 
 
 Pa'ri-an (89), n. 1. ( Geog.) A native or an inhabitart 
 of l*aros, an island in the .Slgean Sea. 2. A fine quality 
 of porcelain clay, used for making statuettes, and the 
 like ; — so called from its resemblance to Parian marble. 
 
 Pa-ri'e-tal, a. [Lat. parietalis, from paries, parietis, a 
 wall.] 1. Pertaining to a wall. 2. Pertaining to build- 
 ings or the care of them. [Rare.] 3. (Anat.) Pertain- 
 ing to the bones which form the sides and upper part of 
 the skull. 
 
 Pftr'iiig, n. 1. That which is pared off. 2. Act or 
 practice of cutting off the surface of grass land, for 
 tillage. 
 
 PJlr'isli, n. [From Lat. parochia, Gr. TropoiKi'a, from Trap- 
 oiKoq, dwelling beside or near, from napd, beside, and 
 olfco?, a house, dwelhng.] 1. The precinct or territorial 
 jurisdiction of a secular priest or ecclesiastical society, or 
 the precinct, the inhabitants of which belong to the same 
 church. 2. Any religious or ecclesiastical society. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 I®- In Louisiana, the state is divided into parishes, which 
 correspond to counties in some states, and to touniships in 
 others. 
 
 PJtr'isli. a. 1. Of, or relating to, a parish. 2. Employed 
 in the ecclesiastical concerns of a parish. 3. Maintained 
 by the parish. 
 
 Pa-rigli'ion-er, n. One who belongs to, or is connected 
 with, a parish. 
 
 Par'i-syl-iab'i«, ) a. [From Lat. par, paris, equal, 
 
 PS,r'i-syl-ia.b'i«-al, j and syllaba, syllable.] Having 
 the .«:ame number of syllables in all its inflections. 
 
 Pa,r'i-ty, n. [liSit. pari tas,ixom. par, paris, e(iMn\.] Con- 
 dition of being equal or equivalent ; equality ; close cor- 
 respondence ; analogy. 
 
 Park, n. [A.-S. pearruc, pearroc, Icel. parrak, from 0. H. 
 Ger. perkan, bergan, Goth, bairgan, to save, keep, put in 
 security.] 1. A large tract of ground kept in its natural 
 state, for the preservation of game, for walking, riding, 
 and the like. 2. A piece of ground, within a city or 
 town, inclosed and kept for ornament and recreation. 3. 
 (Mil.) (a.) The space occupied by the animals, wagons, 
 pontoons, and mat€rials of all kinds, when brought to- 
 gether, (b.) A group of cannon or of wagons. 
 
 Park, V. t. [imp. & p. p. parked (parkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PARKING.] 1. To inclo.«e in a park. 2. To bring 
 together in a park, or compact body. 
 
 Park'er, Ji. The keeper of a park. 
 
 Par'lan^e, n. [Norm. & 0. Fr. parlance, from Fr. par- 
 /er, to speak.] Conversation; discourse; talk; phrase; 
 form of speech. 
 
 Par'ley, v. i. [imp. & p. p. parleyed; /?. pr. & vb. n. 
 PARLEYING.] [Vt. parler, L. Lat. parabolare, from Lat. 
 parabola, a comparison, a parable, L. Lat., a sentence, a 
 word, from Gr. napaPoKri. See PARABLE.] To confer 
 with another on some point of mutual concern ; hence, 
 specifically, to confer with an enemy. 
 
 Par'ley, n. Mutual discourse or conversation ; hence, 
 specifically, a conference between antagonists or ene- 
 mies. 
 
 Par'Iia-inent, n. [Fr. parlemevt, L. Lat. parlamentum, 
 parli amentum, from Fr. parler, L. Lat. parabolare. See 
 supra.] 1. The grand legislative assembly of the three 
 estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire 
 and, viz., the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and the 
 commons. 2. The legislature in some of the depend- 
 encies of the British crown, as in Canada. 3. The su- 
 preme council in Sweden. 4. One of the feveral prin- 
 cipal judicial courts of the country. [France, before the 
 Revolution.] 
 
 Par'lia-ment-a'ri-an, n. One of those who adhered to 
 the parliament in the time of Charles I. " 
 
 Par'lia-ment'a-ry, a. 1. Pertaining to parliament. 
 2. Enacted or done by parliament. 3. According to the 
 established rules and usages of legislative bodies. 
 
 Pftr'Ior, n. [Fr. parloir, from Fr. parler, to speak. See 
 Parley.] A room in a house which the family usually 
 occupy for society and conversation ; also, a reception- 
 room for visitors, &c. 
 
 Pa-ro'ohi-al, a. [L. Lat. parochialis, fVom Lat. parochia. 
 See Parish.] Belonging or relating to a parish. 
 
 Pa-r6d'i€-al, a. Copying after the manner of parody. 
 
 PJtr'o-dist, n. One who writes a parody. 
 
 PJir'o-dy, n. [Gr. napw8ia, from napd, beside, and <j>6^, 
 a song.] A kind of poetical composition, in which what 
 is written on one subject is altered and applied to another 
 by way of burlesque. 
 
 Par'o-dy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. parodied; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PARODYING.] To alter and apply to a purpose differ- 
 ent from that of the original ; to burlesque in verse. 
 
 i,e,&c.,^ong; a, 6,&c.,sAor«,- cslre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
PAROL 
 
 521 
 
 PARTICIPATION 
 
 Pa-rol', \n [Ft. parole. See PARLEY.] 1. (Law.) 
 
 Pa-role', j Oral declaration ; word of mouth. 5i. Word 
 of, honor ; plighted faith: especially {Mil), a, T^romise to 
 fulfill certain stated conditions. 3. (Mil.) A kind of 
 countersign, given only to officers of the guard, or those 
 who inspect or give orders to guards. 
 
 eS" Commonly written jjaro/ as a term in law, and parole in 
 other senses. 
 
 Pa-rol', 1 a. Given by word of mouth ; oral ; not writ- 
 
 Pa-role', ) _ten. 
 
 Par'o-no-tna'si-d (-nia'zhi-a), n. [Gr. ■napovtfi.avLa., 
 from TrapofOju.afeti', to form a word by a sUght change, 
 from napd, beside, beyond, and bvoixd^eiv , to name, from 
 ovofxa, a name.] (IViet.) A play upon words ; punning. 
 
 Par'o-no-mJls'tic, \a. Pertaining to, or consisting 
 
 Par'o-iio-iaas'ti€-al, ) in, a play upon words. 
 
 Plir'o-nym- '*• -^ paronymous word. 
 
 Pa-roii'y-mous, a. [Gr. 7rapaii/u|ao?, from napa, beside, 
 near, and ouoixa, a name.] 1. Having the same deriva- 
 tion : allied grammatically. '2. Having a similar sound, 
 but differently written, and of different meaning, as hair 
 and hare. 
 
 Pa-ron'y-my, n. The quality of being paronymous. 
 
 Par'o-quet (110), n. [See Parrot.] ( Ornith.) A small 
 bird, allied to the macaw, from which it differs in having 
 the cheeks wholly feathered. 
 
 Pa-rot'id, a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the parotid. 
 
 Pa-rot'id. n. [Gr. TrotpcoTis, TrapwriSos, from irapa, beside, 
 near, and ous, wrds, the ear.] (Anat.) The salivary gland 
 situated nearest the ear. I 
 
 P3,r'ox-yf m, n. [Gr. 7rapo|vo-|u.6s, from ■napo^vveiv, to i 
 sharpen, irritate, from Trapa, beside, beyond, and h^vvei.v, \ 
 to sharpen, from o^v's, sharp.] 1. ( Med. ) The fit, attack, ■ 
 or exacerbation of a di.^;ise that has decided remissions or 
 intermissions, ti. Hence, any sudden and violent action ; 
 convulsion ; fit. 
 
 Par'ox-yg'mal, a. 1, Marked by paroxjsms. ti. Per- 
 taining to, or caused by, a paroxysm or paroxysms. 
 
 Par-quet' (par-ka' or par-kCt^), n. [Fr. See Par- 
 quetry.] 1. A body of seats on the floor of a music 
 hall or theater nearest the orchestra ; also the whole 
 lower floor of a theater, behind the orchestra. tJ. The ■ 
 same as Parquetry, q. v. I 
 
 Par'quet-ry, n. [Fr. parqueterie, from parqttet, French j 
 inlaid floor, flooring, dim. of pare, an inclosure. See i 
 Park.] A species of joinery, consisting of inlaid work, 1 
 generally of different colors, used especially for floors. i 
 
 Par-quette' (par-kef), n. The same as Parquet. ' 
 
 Parr, n. [Cf Gael. & Ir. bradan, a salmon.] A small 1 
 species of fish, common where salmon breed. j 
 
 Par'ra-keet', «. See Paroquet. 
 
 Par'ri-^id'al, a. 1. Pertaining to parricide. 2. Com- 
 mitting parricide. 
 
 Pa.r'ri-?ide, n. [From Lat. parricida and parricidium, 
 from pater, father, and cxdere, to kill.] 1. A person 
 who murders his father or mother. 2. The murder of 
 any one to whom reverence is due. 
 
 Par'rot, n. [Contr. from Fr. perro- 
 quet, probably from Pierrot, dim. of 
 P/frre, Peter.] (Ornith.) A climb- 
 ing bird of brilliant color, having a 
 fleshy tongue, and a short, hooked 
 bill, toothed above. It is found in 
 the tropical regions, particularly of 
 the New World. 
 
 Par'ry, o. t. \ imp. & p. p. par- 
 ried ; p.pr. & vb. n. PARRYING.] 
 [From ijat. pararf, to prepare.] 1. 
 To ward off; to prevent. 2. To 
 avoid ; to shift off ; to evade. 
 
 Par'ry, v. i. To ward off, evade, or 
 turn aside something 
 
 •Parse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. parsed 
 (parst); p. pr. & vb. n. parsing.] 
 [Lat. pars, a part, pars orationis, a part of speech.] 
 (Gra7n.) To analyze and describe grammatically, as a 
 sentence. 
 
 Par'gee, or Par-see', n. [Hind. & Per. parsi, a Per- 
 sian, a follower of Zoroaster.] One of the Indian ad- 
 herents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian religion : 
 a fire-worshiper ; a Gueber. 
 
 Par'see-igm, or Par-see'igm, n. The religion and 
 customs of the Parsees. [to excess. 
 
 Par'si-mo'iii-oiis, a. Exhibiting parsimony ; frugal 
 
 Syn. — Avaricious: covetous; niggardly; miserly; penuri- 
 ous; close; saving; illiberal; frugal. See Avakicious. 
 
 Par'si-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. Sparingly ; covetously. 
 
 Parrot. 
 
 Par'si-mo'iii-ous-iiess, n. A very sparing use of 
 money. 
 
 Par'si-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. parsimonia, parcimcnia, 
 from parcere, to spare.] Closeness or spariugness in the 
 expenditure of money or means ; excessive economy. 
 
 Syn. — Economy; frugality; covetousness; closeness; illib- 
 erality. See Economy. 
 
 Pars'ley, n. [Lat. petroselinum, Gr. Trerpoo-eAivoi/, rock- 
 parsley, fr. TreVpos, a rock, and a-iKwov, parsley.] ( Dot.) 
 A plant, the leaves of which are used in cookery, and the 
 root as an aperient medicine. 
 
 Pars'iiip, n. [Written also parsnep.] [Corrupted from 
 Lat. pasti7iaca.] (Bot.) A plant, of which one species, 
 the common parsnip, has a white, spindle-shaped root, 
 of a pleasant aromatic flavor, much used for food ; also, 
 the root itself. 
 
 Par'soii (par'sn), n. [From L. Lat. persona (sc. ecdesise), 
 equivalent to clergyman.] 1, The priest of a parish or 
 ecclesia-stical society. M, A clergyman. 
 
 Par 'son-age, n. The house and glebe belonging to a 
 parish or ecclesiastical society , and appropriated for the 
 use of the minister of a church. [Amer.] 
 
 Part, n. [Lat. pars, partis.] 1. One of the portions, 
 equal or unequal, into which anything is divided, or re- 
 garded as divided ; .><omething less than a whole. 2. 
 Hence, specifically, (a.) An equal constituent portion. 
 (b.) An organic or es.«ential element; an organ, (c.) pi. 
 Constituents of character or capacity, taken collectively ; 
 qualities ; faculties ; talents, (d.) pi. Quarters ; regions; 
 districts. 3. Share ; lot. 4. Concern ; interest ; par- 
 ticipation. 5. Side; party; interest. 6. Allotted duty ; 
 specially appropriated office. 7. Character appropria- 
 ted to one in a play or other like performance. 8. 
 (Mus.) One of the different melodies of an harmonic 
 composition, which, heard in union, compose its har- 
 mony. 
 
 In good part, favorably; acceptably; in a friendly manner.— 
 Jnillpart, unfavorably; with displeasure. — //i^jar/, partly.— 
 Pai-t and parcel, an essential portion; a part. — Part of speech 
 (Gram.), a sort or clasr of words of a particular character, as 
 the noun, the verb, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Portion; section; division; fraction; fragment; mem- 
 ber; share; constituent. See Portion. 
 
 Part, V. t. [imp. & p. p. parted ; p. pr. & vb. n. part- 
 ing.] 1. To divide; to separate into two or more 
 pieces. 2. To distribute ; to share ; to allot. 3. To 
 disunite ; to cause to go apart ; to sunder. 4. To stand 
 between ; to intervene betwixt, as combatants. 
 
 Part, V. i. 1. To be broken or divided into parts or 
 pieces ; to go asunder ; to take leave. 2. To become re- 
 moved or detached ; to separate ; to leave. 
 
 Par-take', v. i. [imp. partook : p. p. partaken ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. partaking.] [From part aud take. Cf. 
 Parboil,.] 1. To take a part, portion, or share in 
 common with others ; to participate. 2. To have some- 
 thing of the properties, nature, or office. 3. To be ad.- 
 
 Par-talce', v. t. To have a part in ; to share, [mitted. 
 
 Par-tak'er, n. One who has or takes a part; a sharer; 
 a participator ; — followed by^ of or in. 
 
 Part'er, n. One who parts or separates. 
 
 Par-tdrre' (par-tar'), n. [Fr., from par, on, and terrcy 
 earth, ground.] An ornamental and diversified arrange- 
 ment of beds or plots in a flower-garden. 
 
 Par'tial, a. [L. Lat. partialis, from Lat. pars, partis, a 
 part.] 1. Affecting a part only ; not total or entire. 2. 
 Biased to one party ; not indifferent. 3. Inclined to 
 favor unreasonably. 
 
 Par'ti-ai'l-ty (par'shT-, 95), n. 1. The quality of be- 
 ing partial. 2. Special fondness. 
 
 Par'tial-ly, adv. 1. In part; not totally. 2. With 
 undue bias of mind to one party or side. 
 
 Part'i-bil'i-ty, 7i. Susceptibility of division, partition, 
 or severance. 
 
 Part'i-l>le, a. [Lat. partibilis, from partire. to part, di- 
 vide, from Lat. pars, partis, a part.] Admitting of being 
 parted or separated ; divisible ; separable. 
 
 Par-tif'i-pant, a. [Lat. participans, ^. ■pr. of partici- 
 pare, to participate.] Sharing ; having a share or part. 
 
 Par-ti^/^pant, n. One who participates : a partaker. 
 
 Par-ti^'i-pate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. participated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PARTICIPATING.] [Lat. participare, 
 par ticipatiim, from pars, partis, a part, and capere, to 
 take.] To have a share in common with others ; to take 
 a part. 
 Syn. — To partake; share. 
 
 Par-tic'i-pa'tion, n. 1. Act or state of sharing in 
 common with others. 2. Distribution; division into 
 shares. 
 
 iood, f<^t ; lirn, rude, pull ; fell, fhaise, -call, eelio; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link; tiiis. 
 
PARTICIPATIVE 
 
 522 
 
 PASS 
 
 Par-ti^'l-pa tive, a. Capable of participating. 
 
 Par-tiv'i-l»!» tor, «. One who partakes with another. 
 
 Par'ti-vU>'i-al, a- [Lat. partiripialis. See PARTICI- 
 PLE.] Having the nature and use of a participle ; formed 
 from a ^larticiple. 
 
 Par'ti-^-ip'i-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. participial- 
 IZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PARTICIPIALIZING.] To put in 
 the form of a participle. 
 
 Par'tl-fip'i-al-ly, adv. In the sense or manner of a 
 participle. 
 
 Par'ti-^i-ple, h. [Lat. participimn, from particeps, shar- 
 ing, participant, from pars, partis, a part, and capere, to 
 take.] ( Grarn.) A word having the nature of an adjec- 
 tive, derived from a verb, and so called because it par- 
 takes of the properties of a noun and of a verb. 
 
 Par'ti-ele, «. [Lat. parlicula, dim. of pars, partis, a 
 part.] 1. A minute part or portion of matter ; an atom ; 
 a jot. "Z. Any very small portion or part. 3. (Gram.) 
 A word that is never inflected. 
 
 ]?ar-ti€'u-lar, a. 1. Relating to a part or portion of 
 any thing, or to a single person or thing. 2. Clearly 
 distinguishable from others of its kind. 3. Possessing 
 some eminent or extraordinary quality ; worthy of spe- 
 cial attention or regard. 4. Entering into details. 5. 
 Hard to suit; precise ; difficult. 6. (Law.) (a.) Con- 
 taining a part only. (6.) Holding a particular estate. 7. 
 (Logic & Metaph.) Forming a part of a genus ; relatively 
 limited in extension. 
 
 Syn. — Minute; individual; respective; appropriate; pecu- 
 liar; especial; exact; specific; precise; critical; circumstantial. 
 See Mi>UT£. 
 
 Par-tie'u-lar, n. A single point, or circumstance; a 
 distinct or minute part ; a detail ; a specialty. 
 /» par/icuZar, specially ; peculiarly; distinctly. 
 
 Par-tiCu-lJir'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being particular ; 
 distinctiveness ; speciality ; minuteness in detail, '-i. 
 That which is particular; as, (a.) Individual character- 
 istic; peculiarity, (b.) Special circmnstance ; minute de- 
 tail ; particular, (c.) Something of special or private 
 concern or interest. 
 
 Par-ti<;'u-lar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. particular- 
 ized ; p. pr. & vb. n. PARTICULARIZING.] To men- 
 tion in particulars ; to enumerate in detail. 
 
 Par-ti«'u-lar-ize, v. i. To be attentive to particulars. 
 
 Par-tic 'u-lar-ly, adv. 1. In a particular manner ; 
 distinctly ; singly ; especially ; with a specific reference, 
 importance, or interest, ti. In an especial manner. 
 
 Part'ing, n. Act of dividing; a division or separation 
 made by such an act : any thing divided. 
 
 Par'ti-§a.n' (110), n. [Fr., from parti, a party.] 1. 
 An adherent to a party or faction. 2. (Mil.) (a.) The 
 commander of a corps of light troops designed to sur- 
 prise the enemy, and carry on a desultory warfare, (b.) 
 Any member of such a corps. 
 
 Par'ti-g&n', n. [Fr. pertuisane, from 0. Fr. pertuiser, to 
 pierce.] A kind of halberd ; a truncheon ; a staff. 
 
 Pa,r'ti-§S,n', a. 1. Adherent to a party or faction. 3. 
 (Mil.) Engaged in irregular warfare on outposts. 
 
 Par'ti-gSn'sliip, n. State of being a partisan ; adher- 
 ence to a party. 
 
 Par-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. [L&t. partitio. See supra.] 1, 
 Act of dividing, or state of being divided ; division ; sep- 
 aration. 2. That which divides or separates ; specif- 
 ically, an interior wall dividing one part or apartment 
 of a house, &c., from another. 
 
 Par-ti'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. partitioned ; p. pr. & 
 ft. n. PARTITIONING.] 1. To divide into shares. 3. 
 To divide into distinct parts by walls. 
 
 Par'ti-tive, a. [Lat. partitivus, from partire, partitum, 
 to divide.] ( Gram.) Denoting a part or portion of any 
 thing; dividing; distributive. 
 
 Par'ti-tive, adv. ( Gram.) A word expressing partition, 
 or denoting a part ; a distributive. 
 
 Par'ti-tive-ly, adv. In a partitive manner ; distribu- 
 tively. 
 
 Part'ly, a/iv. In part : in some measure or degree. 
 
 Part'ner, n. [From part.] 1. A partaker ; an associate. 
 2. (Lavj.) An associate in any bu.'iiness or occupation ; 
 a member of a partnership. 3. One who dances with 
 another. 4. A husband or wife ; a consort. 
 
 Syn. — Colleague; coadjutor; confederate; sharer; spouse; 
 companion. 
 
 Part'ner-ship, n. 1. State of being a partner; par- 
 ticipation with another. 2. Association of two or more 
 persons for the purpose of undertaking and prosecuting 
 any business ; a firm or house, 
 
 Syn.— Company; association; society; combination. 
 
 '€m 
 
 Par'tridfee, n. [0. Eng. partrich, 
 Lat. ptrdix, perdicis, Gr. nipSi^.] 
 (Ornith.) A grouse-like bird, haying 
 the feet bare. It is of a gray color, 
 mottled with brown. It is found in 
 Europe, Siberia, and North Africa. 
 
 agf No bird of this genus is found in 
 America, but the name is applied to the 
 American quail and the ruffed grouse. Partridge. 
 
 Par-tu'ri-ent, a. [Lat. parturiens, p. pr. of parturirr, 
 to desire to bring forth, desiderative form of par ere, par- 
 tum, to bring forth.] Bringing forth, or about to bring 
 forth young. 
 
 Par'tu-ri'tion (-rish'un), n. Act of bringing forth, or 
 being delivered of young ; delivery. 
 
 Par'ty, n. [Fr. parti and partie, from 0. Fr. partir, Lat. 
 partire, partiri, to part, divide.] 1. A number of per- 
 sons, united by some tie, as distinguished from, or op- 
 po.sed to, others ; as, (a.) A number of persons united in 
 opinion, and aiming to influence or control the general 
 action ; a faction. (6.) An assembly ; especially, a social 
 a.ssembly ; a company, (c.) A part of a larger company 
 sent together on some duty ; especially, (Mil.) A small 
 number of troops dispatched upon some special service. 
 2. One who takes a part with others ; a partaker or par- 
 ticipator. 3. One who takes part in a lawsuit, as plain- 
 tiff or defendant. 4. A single person, as distinct from 
 or opposed to another. 5. Hence, a person ; an indi- 
 vidual. 
 
 Par'ty-col'orf d (-kul'urd), a. Colored, part by part, 
 with different tints ; variegated. 
 
 Par'ty-ju'ry, n. (Law.) A jury consisting of half na- 
 tives and half foreigners. 
 
 I*arvenu (parv'nij/), n. [Fr., prop. p. p. of parvenir, to 
 attain to, to succeed.] An upstart ; one newly risen into 
 notice. 
 
 PUs'-elial (pSs'kal), a. [I^at. pasckalis, tcova pascha^ Gr. 
 iraaxa, Heb. pesach, from p&sack, to pass over.] Per- 
 taining to the passover, or to Easter. 
 
 Pa-sha', or Pa'sha, n. A Turkish viceroy, governor, 
 or commander ; a ba.shaw. 
 
 Pa-islia'li«, n. The jurisdiction of a pasha. 
 
 Pa-sliaw', n. See Pasha. 
 
 Pa-sig'ra-phy, n. [Gr. waat, for all, dat. pi. of tos, 
 all, and ypd<j>ei.v, to write.] A system of writing that 
 may be understood and used by all nations. 
 
 Pasque'-flovT'er (pisk'flou'er), n. [0. Fr. pasque, 
 Easter, and Ung.Jlower.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
 Anemone, having large purple flowers. It usually flow- 
 ers about Easter. 
 
 Pas'quin (pSs'kwin), n. A mutilated statue at Rome, so 
 called from a cobbler who was remarkable for his sneers 
 and gibes, and near whose shop the statue was dug up. 
 On this statue it has been customary to paste satiric pa- 
 pers. Hence, a lampoon. [cal writing. 
 
 Pas'quin-ade' (pas-'kwin-ad'), n. A lampoon or satiri- 
 
 Pass (6), v. i. [imp. & p. p. passed (past) \p.pr.k, vb. 
 n. PASSING.] [L. Lat. passare, from Lat. passus, step. 
 See Pace.] 1. To go; to move; to be transferred 
 in any way from one point to another. 2. To be trans- 
 ferred from one state or condition to another ; to under- 
 go transition. 3. To circulate ; hence, to be current ; to 
 gain reception. 4. To have current value or reputation; 
 to be regarded. 5. In a more specific sense, to go by; 
 to move athwart one ; to cross one's path, one's observa- 
 tion, &c. 6. To elapse; to be spent. 7. To happen; to 
 take place. 8. To disappear ; to vanish ; hence, also, to 
 depart from life ; to die. 9. To be ratified or accepted; 
 specifically, to receive legislative or executive sanction; 
 to be enacjed. 10. To bear inspection : to do well 
 enough; to answer. 11. Togo unheeded or neglected ; 
 to proceed without hindrance. 12. To go beyond 
 bounds ; to surpass ; to be in excess. 13. To make a 
 lunge or pass, as in fencing ; to thrust. 
 
 To pass on or upori, to determine; to give judgment or sea- 
 tence. 
 
 Pass, V. t. 1. In simple, proper, transitive senses, (a.) 
 To go by, beyond, over, through, or the like, (b.) To 
 spend ; to live through ; hence, to undergo ; to suffer. 
 (r.) To omit ; to make no note of; to disregard, (d.) To 
 transcend; to surpass ; to excel ; to exceed, (e.) To be 
 carried through, as a body having power to accept or re- 
 ject ; to be accepted or ratified by ; specifically, to receive 
 the legislative or official sanction of. 2. In causative 
 senses, (a.) To cause to move or go ; to send ; to transfer 
 or transmit; to deliver; to make over, (b.) To utter; 
 to pronounce; to make orally, (c.) To accomplish; to 
 
 a,e,&c.,/<mg-/ a,g,&c.,*Aor// c4re,far,a8k, all, what; 6re, veil, term; piique, firm ; s6n,dr,do,Mrolf , 
 
PASS 
 
 523 
 
 PASTURAGE 
 
 achieve, (d.) To carry on -with success through an ordeal, 
 examination, or action ; specifically, to give legal or offi- 
 cial" sanction to; to ratify ; to enact, {e.) To give cur- 
 rency to. (/.) To cause to obtain entrance, admission, 
 or conveyance. 3. To pay regard to ; to take notice of ; 
 to care. 
 
 Pass, n. [From Lat.pa55M.^, step. See Pace.] 1. A pas- 
 sage ; a way ; especially, a narrow and difficult way. t2. 
 A document entitling one to pass, or to go and come ; a 
 passport ; a ticket of free transit or free admission. 3. 
 (Fencing.) A thrust; a push. 4. A movement of the 
 hand over or along any thing. 5. State of things ; con- 
 dition ; conjuncture. 
 
 Pass'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of T)eing passed, traveled, 
 navigated, or the like, "i. Such as may be suffered to 
 pass ; tolerable ; admissible ; moderate. 
 
 Pass'a-toly, adv. In a passable manner ; tolerably. 
 
 Pas-sade' (pas-sad'), I n. [See Pass, v.] (Fencing.) 
 
 P.is-sa'do, or Pas-sa'do, ) A push or thrust. 
 
 P3,s'sage, n. [L. Lat. passagium. See Pass.] 1. Act 
 of passing ; motion of any kind from point to point ; a 
 going by, over, or through ; hence, specijically, (a.) Jour- 
 ney, as by water, carriage, car, or the like ; travel, (b.) 
 Hence, fare, (c.) Decease; death. "Z. Way or course 
 through or by which one passes ; road. 3. Hence, spe- 
 cijically, a room giving access to other apartments in a 
 building ; a hall. 4. Event ; any thing which has hap- 
 pened ; incident ; occurrence. 5. Separate part or por- 
 tion of something continuous ; especially, part of a book 
 or text ; an extract. 6. Act of carrying through all the 
 regular forms necessary to give validity ; enactment. 7. 
 A pass or encounter. 
 
 Syn. — Passing. — In America, we speak of the passage of 
 a bUl through a legislative body; in England, they always say 
 the passing of a bill or act. 
 
 Pa,s'sant, a. [See Pass, t-.] (iier.) Walking ; —a term 
 applied to any animal on a shield, which appears to walk 
 leisurely. 
 
 Pass'-brfblc, n. A book in which a trader enters arti- 
 cles bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the 
 purchaser for his information. 
 
 Pas'sen-ger, n. [0. Eng. passager, Cf. Messenger.] 
 A passer or passer-by ; a traveler, especially by some 
 established conveyance. 
 
 JPasse-partout (pas'par't6"o'). [Fr., fr. passer, to pass, 
 and partout, every where.] 1, That by which one can 
 pass any where, 'i. Specifically, a master-key ; a latch- 
 key. 3. A light picture-frame of card-board serving for 
 several pictures. 
 
 Pass'er, n. One who passes ; a passenger. 
 
 Pas'ser-ine, a. [Lat. passerinus, from passer, a sparrow.] 
 Pertaining to sparrows, or to the order of birds to which 
 sparrows belong. 
 
 Pa,s'si-ba'i-ty, n. Quality of being passible. 
 
 P5.s'si-ble, a. [Lat. passibilis, from pati, passus, to suf- 
 fer.] Susceptible of feeling or suflfering, or of impres- 
 sions from external agents. 
 
 fas'sim, adv. [Lat.] Here and there ; every where. 
 
 Pass'ing, adv. Exceedingly ; excessively ; surpassingly. 
 
 Pass'mg-bell, n. The beU that rings at the hour of 
 death to obtain prayers for the passing or departing soul ; 
 also, the bell that rings immediately after death, or while 
 the body of the deceased person is being carried to the 
 place of interment. 
 
 Pas'sioii (ptish/un), n. [Lat. passio, from pati, passus, 
 to suffer.] 1. A suflfering or enduring. 3. Specifically, 
 the suffering or crucifixion and death of the Savior. 3. 
 Any condition of the soul in which it is conceived to be 
 passive under the influence of the object ; also, the ca- 
 pacity for emotion. 4. Hence, strong feeling prompting 
 to action; specifically, (a.) Anger; ^vrath. (b.) Love; 
 ardent affection; fondness, (c.) Eager desire; controll- 
 ing inclination. 5. Hence, the object of love, fondness, 
 ardent inclination, or the like 
 
 Syn.— Passion; feeling; emotion. — When any feeling or 
 emotion completely masters the mind, we call it a p«ission; as, 
 a.pas.>ion for music, dress, &c.; especially is anger (.when thus 
 extreme) called ])assion. The mind, in such cases, is consid- 
 ered as having lost its self-control, and become the passive in- 
 itrument of the feeling in question. 
 
 PS-s'sion-ate (pash'un-), a. 1. Easily moved to anger. 
 "i. Showing or expressing passion ; moved to strong feel- 
 ing, love, desire, or the like. 
 
 Pa.s'sion-ate-ly, adv. In a passionate manner. 
 
 PSs'sion-ateHiess, n. State of being passionate. 
 
 Pas'sion-f low'er, n. ( Bat. ) A flower and plant ; — so 
 named from a fancied resemblance between its parts and 
 the instruments of our Savior's crucifixion. 
 
 I Pas'slon-less, a. Void of passion ; of a calm temper. 
 Pas'sion-weelc, n. (Eccl.) The week immediately pre- 
 ceding the festival of Easter ; — so called because in that 
 week our Savior's passion took place. 
 Pas'sive, a. [Lat. passivus, from pati, passus, to suffer.) 
 1. Not active, but acted upon ; receiving impressions or 
 influences, ti. Incapable of the excitement or emotion 
 which is appropriate. 
 
 Passive obedience, the doctrine that it is the duty of the sub- 
 ject or citizen to submit, in all cases, to the existing govern- 
 ment. — /"ossire verb (Gram.), a verb which expresses pa&sion, 
 or the effect of an action of some agent. 
 
 Syn. — Inactive ; inert ; quiescent; unresisting ; suffering; 
 enduring; submissive; patient. 
 
 pas'sive -ly, adv. In a passive manner ; unresistingly. 
 
 Pas'sive-ness, n. The quality of being passive. 
 
 Pass'less, a. Having no pass or passage. 
 
 Pass'o-ver, n. [From pass and over.] (Jewish Antiq.) (a., 
 A feast of the Jews, instituted to commemorate the time 
 when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians, 
 passed over the houses of the Israelites, (b.) The sacri- 
 fice offered at the feast of the passover. 
 
 Pass'port, n. [Fr. passeport, orig. a permission to leave 
 a port or to sail into it, from passer, to pass, and port, a 
 port, harbor.] 1. A document carried by neutral mer- 
 chant vessels in time of war to certify their nationality, 
 and protect them from belligerents ; also, a document 
 given by the competent officer of a state, which permits 
 the person therein named to pass or travel from place to 
 place by land or water, ti. A safe-conduct. 3. A license 
 for importing or exporting contraband goods or mov- 
 ables without paying the usual duties. 4. Hence, that 
 which enables one to pass with safety, certainty, or 
 general acceptance. 
 
 Pass'-word (-wurd), n. A word to be given before a per- 
 son is allowed to pass ; a watch-word. 
 
 Past (6), p. a. Not present or future ; gone by ; elapsed ; 
 ended; accomplished. 
 
 Past, prep. 1, Further than ; beyond the reach or influ- 
 ence of. 3. Beyond in time ; after. 
 
 Paste, n. [From Lat. pastus, pasture, food, from pascere, 
 to feed.] 1. A soft composition, as of flour moistened 
 with water or milk. "2. Dough prepared for pies, and 
 the like. 3. A fine kind of glass, used in making imita- 
 tions of precious stones or gems. 
 
 Paste, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PASTING.] To unite or cement with paste ; to fasten 
 with paste. 
 
 Paste'board, n. A stiff, thick kind of paper board, 
 used for a great variety of purposes. 
 
 Pas'tel, n. [Fr. See supra.] 1. A colored crayon. [Some- 
 times incorrectly written pastil.] 3, A plant affording 
 a blue dye ; also, the coloring matter obtained from it. 
 
 Pas'tern, n. [0. Fr. pa.sturon.] The part of a horse's 
 leg between the fetlock joint and the hoof. 
 
 Pas'til, ) n. [Lat. pastillus, a little loaf, a lozenge. See 
 
 Pas-fille', ) Paste.] 1. (Pharmacy.) A small cone 
 made of aromatic substances to be burned for cleansing 
 and scenting the air of a room. 3. An aromatic or med- 
 icated drop or lozenge of sugar confectionery. 3. See 
 Pastel, 1. 
 
 Pas'time, n. [Froxa pass a.nd time.] That which amuses 
 and serves to make time pass agreeably. 
 
 Syn. — Entertainment; amusement; recreation; diversion; 
 sport; play. 
 
 Pas'tor (6), n. [Lat., from pascere, pastum, to pastm*, 
 to feed.] 1. A shepherd. 3. A minister of the gospel 
 having the charge of a church and congregation. 
 
 Pas'tor-al, a. 1. Pertaining to shepherds, or to the life 
 of shepherds. 2. Relating to the care of souls, or to the 
 pastor of a church, 
 
 Pas'tor-al, n. A poem describing the life and manner:; 
 of shepherds ; an idyl ; a bucolic. 
 
 IPds'to-rd'le, n. [It.] (Mus.) (a.) A composition in a 
 rural, gentle style, as its name indicates. (6. ) A kind of 
 dance. 
 
 Pas'tor-al-ly, ndv. In the manner of a pastor. 
 
 Pas'tor-ate (45), n. Office, state, or jurisdiction of a 
 spiritual pastor. 
 
 Pas'tor-sliip, n. Office or rank of pastor ; pastorate. 
 
 Pas'try, w. [See Paste.] Articles of food in general 
 which are made, either wholly or chiefly, of paste, as 
 pies, tarts, cake, and the like. 
 
 Pas'try-«c>bk, n. One whose occupation is to make and 
 sell articles of food made of paste. 
 
 Past'iir-age, n. 1. The business of feeding orgraadng 
 cattle, ii. Land appropriated to grazing. 3. Grass for 
 feed. 
 
 food, fc»bt; drn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, «all, e«Iio; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this. 
 
PAStURE 
 
 524 
 
 PATROL 
 
 Pagt'iire (pjist'yijr, 53), n. [Lat. pastura, from parcere, 
 pustum, to pasturv, to feed.] 1. Grass for the food of 
 cattle. '2. IJrouiid covered with gras.'s, to be eaten on the 
 fijwt bv cattle, horses. Sec. 
 
 Past'fire, «•. t. [imp. & p. p. pastured; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PASTURING.] To feed ou growing grass, or to supply 
 griv.<s tor food. [ground ; to graze. 
 
 Past'ure. v. i. To take food by eating grass from the 
 
 Pjis'ty, II. [O. Fr. paste, pie, pasty. See PASTE.] A pie 
 made of paste, and baked without a dish. 
 
 Pftt, a. [Cf. Scot, pat, imp. of put, Ger pasz, D. pas and 
 pat, v. t. See I'al, to tap.] Exactly suitable either as to 
 time, place, or purpose; tit ; convenient. 
 
 Pat, rt(/i-. Precisely at the proper time ; seasonably ; fitly. 
 
 Pftt. «. [See in/m.] 1. A light, quick blow with the 
 fingers or hand. ii. A small mass which is beat into 
 shape by pats. 
 
 pat, r. (. [imp. & p. p. PATTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAT- 
 TING.] [Cf. H. Ger. patsclien, to strike, tap, and Eng. 
 Bat.] To strike gently with the fingers or hand ; to tap. 
 
 patch, n. [See infra.] 1, A piece of cloth sewed on a 
 garment to repair it. 2. Hence, any thing resembling 
 such a piece of cloth. 3. A small piece of silk used to 
 cover a defect on the face, or to heighten beauty. 4. A 
 small piece of ground ; a plot. 
 
 patch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PATCHED (pStcht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PATCHING.] [Prov. Ger. patschen, batsc/ien. Cf. 
 Botch.] 1. To mend by sewing on a piece or pieces. 
 2. To mend with pieces ; to repair clumsily. 3. To 
 adorn, as the f ice, with a patch. 4. To put together of 
 ill-assorted parts ; to compose in a hasty, irregular, or 
 botching waj'. 
 
 Patch'er, n. One who patches or botches. 
 
 Patch'er-y, n. Bungling work; botchery ; forgery; 
 [Rare.] 
 
 Patch'work (-wQrk), n. Work composed of pieces of 
 various figures sewed together ; hence, any thing put to- 
 gether of incongruous. or ill-adapted parts. 
 
 Pate, n. [Cf. L. and Prov. Ger. pattkopf, patzkopf, 
 scabby -head, patt, patz, scab.] The head ; the top of 
 the head. 
 
 Pat'e-£a«'tion, n. [Lat. patefactio, from patefacere, to 
 make or lay open, from pater e, to lie or be open, and fa- 
 cere, to make.] The act of laying open or manifesting ; 
 open declaration. 
 
 PateVld, n. ; pi. pa-tel'lje\ Eng. pi. pa-tel'las. 
 [Lat., a small pan, the knee-pan, dim. of patina, patena, 
 a pan, dish.] {Anal.) The knee-pan, or cap of the knee. 
 
 Pat'en, n. [hut. patiyia, patena.] The plate or vessel on 
 which the consecrated bread in the eucharist is placed. 
 
 Pa'tent, or Pat'ent, a. [Lat. patens, p. pr. of patere, 
 to be open.] 1. Open; expanded; evident; manifest; 
 public; apparent, '-i. (Bot.) Spreading. 3. Open to 
 public perusal; — said of a document conferring some 
 right or privilege ; as, letters patent. 4. Hence, appro- 
 priated by letters patent ; restrained from general use. 
 
 pat'ent, n. A letter patent, or letters patent ; a writing 
 securing to a person, for a term of years, the exclusive 
 right to an invention. 
 
 Pat'ent, V. t. [imp. & p. p. patented ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. patenting.] To secure the exclusive right of to a 
 person. 
 
 Pat'ent-ee', n . One to whom a grant is made or a priv- 
 ilege secured by patent. 
 
 Pa-ter'nal (14), a. [Lat. paternus, from pater, a father.] 
 1. Pertaining to a father ; fiitherly ; showing the di.^po- 
 sition of a father, ii. Derived from a father: hereditary. 
 
 Pa-ter'ni-ty,w. The relation of a father to his offspring ; 
 fathership ; fatherhood ; hence, origination or author- 
 Bhip. [Prayer. 
 
 Pa'ter-nSs'ter, n. [Lat., Our Father.] The Lgrd's 
 
 Path, n. / pi. paths (pitliz). [A.-S. pdflh, padh, 0. H. 
 Ger. phat, phad, pad, Gr. t7otos, Skr. patha, from path, 
 to go.] 1. A way, course, or track, on which any thing 
 moves, or has moved ; road ; route ; passage. 2, Spe- 
 cifically, a narrow way beaten by the foot. 3. Course 
 of action, conduct, or procedure. 
 
 Parthet'ie, «. [Gr. TrcxflvjTKfos, from naJdelv, naxrxeiv, to 
 suffer.] Affecting or moving the tender emotions, as 
 pity or grief. 
 Syn. — Affecting; moving; tf^uching. 
 
 Pa-th6t'i€-al-ly, arJv. In a pathetic manner. 
 
 PJith'Iess, a. Destitute of paths : untrodden. 
 
 Pa-thoR'no-mdn'ie, a. [Gr. iTaJdoyvu)ixoviK6<;, skilled 
 in judging of diseases, from Trodos, a suffering, and yi/w- 
 yoviKo^, experienced or skilled.] (Med.) Characteristic 
 of a disease. I 
 
 Pa-th5g'no-my, n. [Gr. Traffos, passioii, and yviati.-i), a 
 means of knowmg. judgment, from y^wi/at, yiyi'wo-/cet»', 
 to know.] The science of the signs by which human 
 passions are indicated. 
 
 Path'o-lSg'ie, I a. Pertaining to pathology or to 
 
 Path'o-16g'i<;-al, ) diseases. 
 
 Pa-thSl'o-^ist, n. One who treats of pathology. 
 
 Pa-th61'o-gy, n. [Gr. Tra^o?, a suffering, and Aoyos, 
 speech, discourse.] (Med.) The science which has for 
 its object the knowledge of disea.«e. 
 
 Pa'thos, n. [Gr. Trade?, suffering, passion.] That which 
 excites emotions and passions ; especially, that which 
 awakens tender emotions ; pathetic quality . 
 
 Path'way, n. 1. A path ; usually, a narrow way to b» 
 passed on foot. 3. Course or method of action. 
 
 Pat'i-ble, a. [La^t. patibilis,fTom pati.to&M&^r.] Suffer- 
 able ; tolerable ; that may be endured. 
 
 Pa'tien^e (pa'shenss), n. 1. Quality of being patient; 
 the suffering of alBictions, pain, toil, provocation, or 
 other evil, with a calm, unruffled temper. 2. Act or 
 quality of waiting long for justice or expected good with- 
 out discontent. 3. Perseverance. 
 
 Syn. — Resignation. — Paaence refers to the quietness or 
 selt'-possession of one's own spirit under sufferings, provoca- 
 tions, &c. ; resignation, to his submission to the will of another. 
 The Stoic may bcpatieiit; the Christian is hotiipatient and re- 
 .lic/ned. " In medical language, a person oppressed with dis- 
 ease is called a patient, or an involuntary sufferer, and the 
 calmness with which he submits is called patience, that is, the 
 mind yields with tranquillity to the pains and indispositions of 
 the body." 
 
 Pa'tient (pa'shent), a. [Lat. patiens, p. pr. of pati, to 
 suffer.] 1. Suffering with meekness and submission; 
 calmly submissive ; persevering. 2. Expectant with 
 calmness, or without discontent ; not hasty. 
 
 Pa'tient (pa'shent), n. 1. A person or thing that re- 
 ceives impressions from external agents. 2. A diseased 
 person under medical treatment. 
 
 Pa'tient-ly, adv. In a patient manner ; with calmness ; 
 without undue haste or eagerness. 
 
 Pat'in, n. See Paten. 
 
 Jfatois {p5t-wa/),M. [Fr.,as if from an 0. Fr. -wordpaois, 
 with t euphonically inserted, from a hypoth. Lat. pagen- 
 sis, belonging to the country, from pagus, the country.] 
 An uncultivated idiom ; a provincial form of speech. 
 
 Pa'tri-areh, n. [Lat. patriarcha, Gr. TrarpiapxTjs, from 
 narpid, lineage especially by the father's side, from naTiqp, 
 father, and apxos, a leader, chief.] 1. The father and 
 ruler of a family ; — usually applied to heads of famihes 
 in ancient history, especially in Biblical history. 2. 
 (Eastern Churches.) A dignitary superior to the order of 
 archbishops. 
 
 Pa'tri-areh'al, ) a. 1. Belonging or relating to pa- 
 
 Pa'tri-areh'ie , ) triarchs; possessed by patriarchs. 
 2. Subject to a patriarch. 
 
 Pa'tri-areh'ate, n. 1. Oflice, dignity, or jurisdiction 
 of a patriarch. 2. Residence of a patriarch. 
 
 Pa'tri-areh-ship, «. Office of a patriarch. 
 
 Pa'tri-areh'y, n. The jurisdiction of a patriarch ; a 
 patriarchate. 
 
 Pa-tri'cian (-trish'an), a. [lia^t. patricins, from, patres, 
 fathers or senators.] Pertaining or appropriate to a per- 
 son of high birth ; senatorial ; noble. 
 
 Pa-tri'cian (-trish'an), n. A person of high birth; a 
 nobleman. 
 
 Pat'ri-fide, n. [Lat. pater, father, and csedere, to kill J 
 The murder or murderer of a father. 
 
 Pat'ri-mo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to a patrimony ; inher- 
 ited from ancestors. 
 
 Pafri-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. By inheritance. 
 
 Pat'ri-mo-ny (50), n. [l,a.t. patriinonivm, from pater, 
 father.] 1. A right or estate inherited from one's ances- 
 tors. 2. A church estate or revenue. 
 
 Pa'tri-ot, n. [From Gr. vaTpni^TTi^ , a fellow-count^- 
 man,from Trarptos, estabHshed by forefathers, fr. Trar^p, 
 father.] One who loves his country, and zealously sup- 
 ports and defends it and its interests. 
 
 Pa'tri-ot, a. Devoted to the welfare of one's country; 
 patriotic. 
 
 Pa'tri-ot'ie, a. Full of patriotism ; actuated by the 
 love of one's country. [country. 
 
 Pa'tri-ot-i§m, n. Quality of being patriotic ; love of 
 
 Pa-tris'tie, I a. [From Lat. pater, gen. patris, a 
 
 Pa-tris'tie-al, ) father.] Pertaining to the ancient 
 fathers of the Christian church. 
 
 Pa-trol', n. [See infra.] 1. (Mil. ) A marching round of 
 a guard in the night, to watch and secure the safety of a 
 camp or other place. 2. The guard or persons who go 
 the rounds for observation. 
 
 »ye, See, long; &,i,kc., short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; gre, veil, term; piique,firni; s6n,dr,do,ivolf, 
 
PATROL 
 
 525 
 
 PAY 
 
 Pa-trol', V. i. [imp. & p. p. PATROLLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PATROLLING.] [Fr. patrouiller, 0. & Prov. Fr. 
 patouiller, to paddle, to paw about, to patrol, from patte, 
 a paw.] To go the rounds in a camp or garrison ; to 
 march about and observe what passes, as a guard. 
 
 Pa-trol', V- t. To pass round, as a sentry. 
 
 Pa'tron, n. [Lat. patronus, from pater, patris, a father.] 
 1. ( Kom. Antic/.) A master who had freed his slave, and 
 retained some rights over him after his emancipation ; 
 also, a man of distinction under whose protection anoth- 
 er placed himself. "2, Hence, one who countenances, 
 supports, or protects ; an advocate ; a defender. 3. 
 ( Canon or Common Law.) One who has the gift and dis- 
 position of a benefice. 
 
 PS,t'roii-age, n. 1. Special countenance or support. 3. 
 Guardianship, as of a saint. 3. ( Canon Load. ) Right of 
 presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice ; ad- 
 vowson. [favoring. 
 
 Pat'ron-al, a. Doing the office of a patron ; protecting ; 
 
 Pa'troii-ess, n. A female patron. 
 
 Plit'ron-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. patronized; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PATRONIZING.] 1. To act as patron toward ; 
 to support ; to favor. ^. To assume the air of a superi- 
 or and protector toward ; — in an unfavorable sense. 
 
 PS.t'ron-iz'er, n. One who patronizes. 
 
 Pa'tron-lgss, a. Destitute of a patron. 
 
 PJit'ro-nym'ie, n. [Gr. naTpbiwyniiov, (sc. prjfia), from 
 irarripj irarpos, father, and ovvfia, ovofxa., name.] A name 
 derived from that of a parent or ancestor; a modification 
 of the father's name borne by the son. 
 
 Pat'ro-iiym'ic, \a. Derived from ancestors, as a 
 
 Pat'ro-nynti'ic-al, ) name ; expressing the name of 
 ancestors. 
 
 Pa-trdbn', n. [D. patroon., a patron, protector. See 
 PATRON.] One of the first proprietors of certain tracts 
 of land with manorial privileges and right of entail, 
 under the old Dutch governments of New York and New 
 Jersey. 
 
 pat/ten, n. [Yr.patin, a high-heeled shoe.] 1, A clog 
 of wood standing on a ring of iron, worn to elevate the 
 feet from the wet. 3. (Arch.) The base or foot of a 
 column. 
 
 PJit'ten, V. i. To move on pattens. 
 
 Pat'ter, V. i. [imp. & p. p. PATTERED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 PATTERING.] [A frequentative of pat, to strike gently.] 
 To strike as falling drops of water or hail. 
 
 PJlt'ter, r. t. 1. To cause to strike or beat in drops, as 
 water ; to spatter, to sprinkle. 3. To repeat in a mut- 
 tering manner, as prayers. 
 
 PJtt'ter, n. A quick succession of small sounds. 
 
 Pat'terii, n. [Fr. patron., patron and pattern. See Pa- 
 tron.] 1. An original or model proposed for imitation ; 
 the archetype ; an exemplar, ti. A specimen ; a sample ; 
 an instance; an example. 3. A quantity of cloth suffi- 
 cient for a garment. 4. Figure or style of ornamental 
 execution. 5. (Fo!«»<//«g-.) A full-sized model around 
 ■which a mold of sand is made, to receive the melted 
 metal. 
 
 Pat'tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patterned ; p. pr. & 
 vh.n. PATTERNING.] 1. To make in imitation of some 
 ■*iodel ; to copy. 3. To serve as an example to be fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 To pattern after, to imitate ; to follow. 
 
 IPat'ty, n. [Fr. pate. See Pasty.] A little pie. 
 
 Pat'ty-pa.11, n. A pan to bake a little pie in. 
 
 Psju'^i-ty, n. [Lat. paucitas, from paucus, few, little.] 
 1. Fewness; smallness of number. 5J. Smallness of 
 quantity ; exiguity. 
 
 Pau'gie, n. [Corrupted from the Indian mishcuppauog , 
 pi. of miskcxlp, from misne-cupjn, large, thick-scaled.] 
 {Iclith.) A kind of fish ; the porgy. See PORGY. 
 
 P&.U1. ». 1. An Italian coin. 3. A pawl; a detent. See 
 Pawl. 
 
 Pau'liiie, a. Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling 
 St. Paul or his writings. 
 
 Pauncli, or Paunch, n. [From Lat. pantex, panticis.] 
 The belly and its contents ; the abdomen ; also, the first 
 and largest stomach of a ruminant quadruped. 
 
 Pau'per, w. [hut. pauper .} A ^oor peTSon ; especially, 
 one so indigent as to depend on charity for maintenance ; 
 or one supported by son)e public provision. 
 
 Pau'per-ism, n. State of being a pauper, or destitute 
 *6f the means of support. 
 Syn.— Poverty ; indigence! penury; want ; need. See 
 
 POVEKTY. 
 
 Pjju'per-jze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pauperized ; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. pauperizing.] To reduce to pauperism. 
 
 Pau§e, ». [Lat. pausa, Gr. TraOo-is, from naveiv, to 
 make to cease, to cease.] 1. A temporary stop or rest, 
 cessation, ii. Suspense; hesitation. 3. A mark" of 
 cessation or intermission of the voice ; a point. 4. ( Mus. | 
 A character, thus ['^*^], placed over a note or rest, to 
 indicate that the tone or the silence is to be prolonged 
 beyond the regular time ; a hold. 
 Syn. — See Cessation. 
 
 Pau§e, V. i. [wip. & p. p. paused; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PAUSING.] 1. To make a short stop; to cease for a 
 time. 3. To be intermitted. 
 
 Syn.— To intermit ; stop ; stay ; wait ; delay ; tarry ; liea- 
 itate ; demur. 
 
 Pave, V. t. [imp. & p. p. paved ; p. pr. & vb. n. pav- 
 ing.] [Low Lat. pavare, paviare, from Lat. pavire, to 
 beat, ram , or tread down.] 1. To lay or cover with stone 
 or brick. 3. To prepare the way for ; to facilitate the 
 introduction of. 
 
 Pave'inent, n. A floor or covering of solid material, 
 laid so as to make a hard and convenient passage. 
 
 Pav'er, n. One who la>s stones for a pavement. 
 
 Pav'ier (pav'yer), n. A paver. See Paver. 
 
 Pa-vil'ion (pa-vTFyun), n. [From hut. papilio, ahnt- 
 terflj'and a tent.] 1. A temporary movable habitation; 
 a tent. 3. (Arch.) A kind of building or turret, usually 
 insulated and having a roof which is sometimes square 
 and sometimes in the form of a dome. 3. (Mil.) A tent 
 raised on posts. 
 
 Pa-vil'ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pavilioned ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PAVILIONING.] To furnish or cover with tents 
 or pavilions. 
 
 Pav'ing, n. Pavement ; a floor of stones or bricks. 
 
 Pav'ior (p^v'yur), n. One who paves ; a paver. 
 
 Pav'o-nine, a. [Lat. pavoninus, from pavo, peacock.] 
 Belonging to the peacock ; resembling the tail of a pea- 
 cock ; iridescent. 
 
 Paw, n. [W.pawen, allied to 0. Fr. poe, L. Ger. pote, 
 D. poot, N. H. Ger. pfbte.] 1. The foot of beasts of prey 
 having claws. 3. The hand; — in contempt. 
 
 Paw, V. i. To scrape with the fore foot. 
 
 Paw, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pawned ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAW- 
 ING.] 1, To handle with the paws ; hence, to handk 
 awkwardly or coarsely. 3. To scrape with the fore foot 
 
 Pawl, n. [W. pawl, a pole, a stake ] (Mech.) A short 
 movable bar, to check the backward revolution of ^ 
 wheel, windlass, &c. ; a catch, click, detent, or rachet. 
 
 Pawn, n. [0. Fr. pan, pledge, assurance, Icel. pantr, 0. 
 H. Ger. pfant, N. H. Ger. pfand.] 1. Goods, chattels, 
 or money deposited as security for payment of money 
 borrowed. 3. A pledge for the fulfillment of a promise. 
 
 PaTvn, n. [0. Fr. peon, a walker, from Lat. pes, pedis, 
 foot.] A common man, or piece of the lowest rank, in 
 chess. 
 
 Pawn, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pavtned ; p.pr. & vb. n, 
 PAVTNING.] 1. To depo.=it in pledge, or as security for 
 the payment of money borrowed. 3. To pledge for tho 
 fulfillment of a promise ; to stake ; to wager. 
 
 Pawn'bro-lcer, n. One who lends money on pledge, 
 or the deposit of goods. [rity. 
 
 Pawn-ee', n. One to whom a pawn is delivered as fecu- 
 
 Pawn'er, \ n. One who pawns or deposits a pledge for 
 
 Pawn-or', j the payment of borrowed money. 
 
 Paw-paw', n. See Papavv^. 
 
 Pa,x, n." [Lat., peace.] A small plate of gold, silver, &c., 
 with the image of Christ on the cross on it, which people, 
 before the Reformation, used to kiss after the service, 
 the ceremony being considered as the kiss of peace. 
 
 Pax'w^ax, ) n. [Ger. haarwachs, the sinewy, ex- 
 
 Pax'y-w^ax'y, ) tremity of the muscles.] A strong, 
 stiff', cartilage running along the sides of a large quadru- 
 ped to the middle of the back, as in an ox or horse. 
 
 Pay, V. t. [imp. & p. p. paid ; p. pr. & vb. n. PAYING.] 
 [From Lat. pacare, to pacify, appease, from pax, pads, 
 peace.] 1. To discharge one's obligations to ; to mako 
 due return to ; to compensate ; to requite. 3. Hence, 
 to retort or revenge upon ; in a bad sense, to punish. 3. 
 To discharge, as a debt or obligation, by giving or doing 
 that which is due ; to render duly. 4. (Nnut.) To cover, 
 as the bottom of a vessel, a seam, a mast, jard. and the 
 like, with a composition of tallow, resin, &c. ; to bi-eam. 
 To pay off, (n.) To make compensation to and discharge. (';.) 
 To retort or revenue upon ; to requite ; to punish. — 7V);'0,v on, 
 to lay on with repeated applications, as blows.— To pay out 
 {Naut.), to slacken, extend, or cause to run out. 
 
 Pay, V. i. To recompense ; to make payment or requital; 
 hence, to be remunerative or profitable. 
 
 Syn. — To fulfill : reward ; recompense i return. 
 
 food, fcibt ; tarn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, «all, e^lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; li|2ser, UQk J tiiis. 
 
PAY 
 
 526 
 
 PECK 
 
 P5y, n. An equivalent given for money due, goods pur- 
 chased, or services i>erformed ; compensation ; recom- 
 l>euse ; payment ; hire. 
 
 riy'a-blei a. Capable of being paid; suitable to be 
 paid : jiutlv due. 
 
 Pay'-dJiy, n. The day on which wages or monej' is stip- 
 ulated to be paid ; hence, a day of reckoning or retribu- 
 tion. 
 
 j^y^e', n. The person named in a bill or note, to whom, 
 or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed to 
 be }vaid. 
 
 Pav'er (4), n. One who pays; the person on whom a 
 bill of exchange is drawn, and who is directed to pay 
 the money to the holder. 
 
 Pay'-mas'ter, «. An officer whose duty it is to pay 
 wages, as in an army or navy, and who is intrusted with 
 money for this purpose. * 
 
 Pay'ment,n. 1. Act of paying. 2. That which is paid ; 
 reward ; recompense ; requital ; sometimes, deserved 
 chastisement. 
 
 Pay'nim, n. &, a. See Painim. 
 
 Pay'-roll, n. A list of persons entitled to payment, with 
 the sums which are to bepaid to them. 
 
 Pea, n.; pi. PEAg, or peaje. [A.-S. pisa, piosa, Lat. j 
 pisum,pisa, Gr. nia-ov.] (Bot.) A plant and its fruit, of I 
 many varieties, much cultivated for food. 
 
 CS- When a definite number is referred to, the plural is writ- I 
 ten peas ; as. two was, five peas ; but when an indefinite quan- I 
 tity or bulk is sposen of, it is written pease. 
 
 Pea^e, n. [ItdX. pax^ pads, K.-'S:. pais.'\ 1. A state of 
 quiet or tranquillity ; calm ; repose. 2. Freedom from 
 war ; exemption from, or cessation of hostilities. 3. Ab- , 
 sence of civil disturbance ; public tranquillity; 4. Qui- J 
 etness of mind or con.science ; tranquillity ; calmness. 5. j 
 A state of reconciliation ; harmony ; concord. : 
 
 Peafe'a-ble, a. 1. Free from war, tumult, public com- 
 motion, or private feud or quarrel. 2. Disposed to 
 peace. 3. Undisturbed by anxiety or excitement. , 
 
 Syn. — Peaceful ; pacific ; tranquil ; quiet; undisturbed ; 
 serene ; mild ; still. — Peaceable describes the state of an in- I 
 dividual, nation, &c., in reference to external hostility, attack, ' 
 Sk. ; peaceful, in respect to internal disturbance. The former 
 denotes "in the spirit of peace ; " the latter, "in the possession i 
 or enioyment of peace." A peaceable disposition ; a peacea- 
 ble, aajustiuent of difficulties ; a. peaceful Ufe. 
 
 Peaf e'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being peaceable ; 
 
 quietness ; disposition to peace ! 
 
 Pea^e'a-bly, adv. In a peaceable manner ; quietly. i 
 Pea^e'ful, a. 1. Possessing peace; not disturbed by ! 
 
 war, tumult, or commotion. 2. Pacific ; mild. 
 SjTi. — Calm; quiet; still; undisturbed. See Peaceable. I 
 Pea^e'ful-ly, adv. In a peaceful manner; quietly;; 
 
 gently ; calmh'. 
 Pea^e'ful-ness, 
 
 peaceful*; quiet. 
 Pea^e'-malc'er, 
 
 n. The quality or condition of being 
 
 One who makes peace by reconcil- 
 ing parties that are at variance. 
 
 Peaf e'-of f er-ing, n. An offering to procure peace or 
 to express thanks. 
 
 Pea?e'-6f 'f i-fer, n. A civil officer whose duty it is to 
 preserve the public peace. 
 
 Peach, n. [From Lat. Persicum (sc. malum), a Persian 
 apple, a peach.] {Bot.) A tree and its fruit, of many 
 varieties, growing in warm or temperate climates, and 
 highly esteemed. [inform against. 
 
 Peach, f. «. 1. To impeach. 3. To accuse of crime ; to 
 
 Peach, V. i. To turn informer; to betray one's accom- 
 plice. [Low.'\ 
 
 Pea'chick, n. The chicken or young of the peacock. 
 
 Pea'-e6ck, /I. [Pea,\n this word, 
 is from A.-S. paiva, Lat. pavo.] 
 (Ornith.) The male of a gallioa^ 
 ceous fowl, about the size of the -^ 
 turkey. The rump feathers are long 
 and capable of being erected, and 
 each is marked with a black spot, 
 around which brilliant metallic 
 colors are arranged. 
 
 Pea'hfin, n. The hen or female of 
 the peacock. 
 
 Pea'-j^ck'et, n. A thick woolen 
 jacket worn by seamen, &c. 
 
 Peak, n. [k.-?,. peac.Vf.pig. Cf. 
 
 Beax and Pike.] A point; the Peacock, 
 
 end of any thing that terminates in a point ; specifically, 
 (a.) the eharp top of a hill or mountain. (6.) (?!aut.) 
 The upper, outer comer of a sail which is extended by a 
 gaff or yard ; also, the extremity of the yard or gaff. 
 
 Peak, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. peakei) (peekt); p. pr. & th. 
 n. PEAKING.] (Naut.) To raise to a position perpendic 
 ular, or nearly so. [point. 
 
 Peak'ed (pek'ed or peekt, 60), a. Pointed ; ending in a 
 
 Peal, n. [An abbrev. of Fr. appel, a call, appeal, ruffle of 
 a drum, from appeler, to call, Lat. appcllare,. Cf. AP- 
 PEAL.] 1. A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds, 
 as of bells, thunder, cannon, &c. 2. A set of bells tuned 
 to each other ; also, the changes rung upon a set of bells. 
 
 Peal, V. \. [imp. Sep. p. pealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. PEAL- 
 ING.] To utter loud and solemn sounds. 
 
 Pe'an, n. [See PjEAN.] A song of praise and triumph. 
 
 Pea'- nut, n. (Bot.) A plant ; the earth-nut. See Earth- 
 nut. 
 
 PeAr (par, 4), n. [A.-S. peru, pirtim.] {Bot.) A tree of 
 many varieties, some of which produce delicious fruit. 
 
 Pearl (14), n. [A.-S. pearl, pari, L. Lat. perla, perula, &» 
 if from a Lat. word pirula, dim. of pirum, a pear, or from 
 beryllits, beryl.] 1. A white, hard, .smooth, lustrous 
 substance, usually roundish, found inside the shells of 
 several .«pecies of mollusks, particularly the pearl oyster. 
 2. Hence, something very precious; a jewel. 3. Some- 
 thing round and clear, as a drop of water or dew. [Poet.] 
 4. {Print.) A variety of printing-type, in size between 
 agate and diamond. 
 ISS~ This line is printed in the kind of type called pearl. 
 
 Pearl'as=h, n. A somewhat impure carbonate of potassa, 
 obtained by calcining potashes. 
 
 Pearl'-oys'ter, n. The oyster which yields pearls. 
 
 Pearl'-whlte, n. A white powder made from nitrate 
 of bismuth, and used as a cosmetic. 
 
 Pearl'y, a. 1. Containing pearls ; abounding with 
 pearls. 2. Resembling pearls. 
 Syn. — Clear; pure; transparent. 
 
 Pear'main, or PeSr-main', »i. A variety of the apple. 
 
 Peas'ant, n. [0. Fr. paisant, N. Fr. paysan, from Lat 
 pains, the country.] One whose business is rural labor; 
 especially, one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil in 
 European countries. 
 
 Syn. — Countryman ; rustic; swain: hind. 
 
 Pea§'ant-ry, n. The lowest class of tillers of the soil; 
 laborers ; peasants ; rustics. 
 
 Pea§'-<:6cl, n. The legume or pericarp of the pea. 
 
 Peage, n. pi. Peas collectively, or used as food. See 
 Pea. 
 
 Peat, n. [Allied to A.-S. pitt., pytt, Eng. pit.] A sub- 
 stance consisting of roots and fibres in various stages of 
 decompositioa. When dried, it is often used for fuel. 
 
 Peat'-moss, n. 1. The vegetables which, when decom- 
 po.«ed, become peat. 2. A fen producing peat. 
 
 Peat'y, a. Composed of peat ; resembling peat. 
 
 Pe'ba, n. {Zodl.) A kind of arma- 
 dillo found in various parts of 
 South America. 
 
 Peb'ble,n. [A.-S. jsaSoZ. Cf. Icel. 
 p'dpull, a ball.] 1. A small, round- 
 ish stone ; a stone worn and 
 rounded by the action of water. 
 2. Transparent and colorless rock- p , 
 
 crystal. ^ 
 
 Peb'bly, a. Full of pebbles ; abounding with pebbles. 
 
 Pe-<;an' (pe-k^n' or pe-kawn'), I n. [Fr. pacane, Sp. pa- 
 
 Pe-ea'na, ) cana.] {Bot.) A spe- 
 
 cies of hickory, and its fruit, growing in North America. 
 
 Pe«'a-ry, n. See Peccary. 
 
 Pe«'€a-bil'i-ty, n. State or quaUty of being peccable; 
 Uability to sin. 
 
 P6€'<;a-ble, a. [From Lat. peccare, to sin.] Liable to 
 sin or transgress the divine law. 
 
 Pe€'€a-dil'lo, n. [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado, Lat. 
 peccatum, a sin, from pecare, to sin.] A slight trespass 
 or ofifense ; a petty crime or fault. [ful. 2. Offense. 
 
 Pge'can-^y, n. 1. The quality of being peccant or sin- 
 
 P6«'€ant, a. [Lat. ppcran-s, p. pr. of /^'-cmre, to sin.] 1. 
 Sinning ; criminal. 2. Morbid ; corrupt ; not healthy. 
 
 P6€'<;a-ry, n. [The South -- 
 
 American name.] A pach- 
 yderm about the .^ize and shape 
 of a small hog, but having a 
 white ring around the neck. 
 They are found from Arkansas J 
 to Brazil. _' 
 
 P6ck, n. [Prob. a modification ^^^^ 
 of pack.] 1. The fourth part 
 of a bushel ; a dry measure of Peccary, 
 
 eight quarts. 2. Hence, a great 
 deal ; as, to be in a peck of troubles. [ CoUoq.] 
 
 i,e, Sec, long; &, 6, Sec, short; c4re,far, ask, all, -what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; eon, 6r,dQ, 'vroH 
 
PECK 
 
 527 
 
 PEER 
 
 P£ck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PECKED (pgkt); p.pr. & vb. 
 n. PECKING.] [A modification of pick, q. v.] 1. To 
 strike with the beak. 2. To ' .elve or dig with any thing 
 pointed, as with a pick-ax. 3. To pick up with the 
 beak. 4. To strike with small and repeated blows. 
 
 Pfick, V. i. To make strokes with the beak, or something 
 like a beak. 
 
 Pfick'er, n. One who, or that which, pecks. 
 
 P6«'ti-Tial, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a comb. 
 
 Pfie'ti-nal, n. [Lat. pecten, pectinis, a comb, from pec- 
 tere, to comb, Gr. netcrelv.] (Ic/ii/i.) A fish whose bones 
 resemble the teeth of a comb. 
 
 P6€'ti-nate, la. [L&t. pectinatus, ip. p. of pectinare, 
 
 Pe-e'ti-na'ted, 3 to comb, from pecien, comb.] (Nat. 
 Hist.) Having resemblance to the teeth of a comb. 
 
 Pe«'to-ral, a. [Lat. pectoralis, from pectus, pectoris, the 
 breast.] 1. Pertaining to the breast. 2. Relating to 
 diseases of the chest. 
 
 Pe«'to-ral, n. 1. A breastplate ; especially, a sacerdo- 
 tal vestment worn by the Jewish high priest. 3. (Irktk.) 
 A pectoral fin. 3. A medicine adapted to cure or relieve 
 complaints of the breast and lungs. 
 
 P6-e'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. peculated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PECULATING.] [Lat. peculari, peciilatus, from 
 peculium, private property.] To steal public moneys 
 _ committed to one's care ; to embezzle. 
 
 P6«'u-la'tioii, n. Act or practice of peculating ; em- 
 bezzlement of public money or goods. [pubUc. 
 
 P6€'u-la'tor, n._ One who peculates or defrauds the 
 
 Pe-«ul'iar (pe-kuPyar), a. [Lat. peculiaris, from peculi- 
 um, private property.] 1. Belonging solely or especially 
 to an individual ; not general ; appropriate. 3. Partic- 
 ular ; individual. 
 
 Syn. — Special ; especial. — Peculiar is from the Roman 
 peculium, which was a thing emphatically and distinctively 
 one's own, and hence was dear. Tlie former sense always 
 belongs to peculiar ; as, a peculiar style, peculiar manners, &c. ; 
 and usually so much of the latter as to involve feelings of inter- 
 est: aa, peculiar care, watchfulness, satisfaction, &c. Nothing 
 of this kind belongs to special and especial. They mark sim- 
 ply the relation of species to genus, and denote that there is 
 something in this case more than ordinary; as, a special act of 
 Congress; especial pains, &c. 
 
 Pe-eul'iar, n. 1. Exclusive property. ^.{Eng. Canon 
 Laio.) A particular parish or church having jurisdiction 
 within itself, and exemption from that of the bishop's 
 court. 
 
 Pe-«iQ-ia.r'i-ty (-ySr/T-), n. 1. Quality of being pecu- 
 liar ; appropriateness ; specialty ; individuality. )i. 
 That which is peculiar ; individuaUty ; particularity. 
 
 Pe-«uriar-ize, v. t. [iynp. & p. p. peculiarized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PECULIARIZING.] To appropriate; to 
 make pecuhar. 
 
 Pe-€iil'iar-ly (pe-kul'yar-lj^), adv. In a peculiar man- 
 ner ; particularly ; singly ; unusually ; especially. 
 
 Pe-eun'ia-ry (pe-kun'ya-rj^), a. [Lat. pecuniarius, from 
 pecunia, money, originally property in cattle, from pecus, 
 cattle. Cf. Peculium.] 1. Relating to money, or to 
 wealth or property. 3. Consisting of money. 
 
 Ped'a-g6ff'i«, \ a. Suiting or belonging to a teacher 
 
 P6d'a-g6g'ic-al, I of children, or to a pedagogue. 
 
 Ped'a-g6g-i§m, n. Business, character, and manners 
 of a pedagogue. 
 
 P^d'a-gogue, n. [Lat. pxdagogus, Gr. iratSaywyo?, 
 from Trats, iraiSo?, a boy, and ayeii/, to lead, guide.] 1. 
 A teacher of children ; a schoolmaster. "2. One who by 
 teaching has become formal, positive, or pedantic in his 
 habits ; a pedant. 
 
 Pe'dal, a. [Lat. pedalis, from pes, pedis, foot.] Pertain- 
 ing to a foot. 
 
 Ped'al, n. {Mus.) A lever, acted on by the foot, as in 
 the piano-forte to raise a damper, or in the organ to open 
 and close certain pipes. 
 
 Pgd'ant, n. [It. pedante, orig. a pedagogue, contr. from 
 pedagogante, Lat. pxdagogans, p. pr. of pasdagogare, to 
 teach children.] One who makes a display of learning ; 
 a pretender to superior knowledge. 
 
 Pe-daiit'i€, I a. Suiting, belonging to, or resembling, 
 
 Pe-da.nt'i«-al, j a pedant ; ostentatious of learning. 
 
 Pe-da,nt'i<!-al-ly, adv. In a pedantical manner 
 
 PSd'ant-ry, n. Vain ostentation of learning or of 
 knowledge" of any kind. 
 
 Ped'dle, v. i. [A modification of paddle, dim. of pad, to 
 go.] 1. To go from place to place or from house to 
 house and retail goods ; to hawk. 3. To be busy aoout 
 trifles. 
 
 P£d'dle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. peddled ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 peddling.] To retail by carrying around from cus- 
 tomer to customer ; to hawk. 
 
 Pedestal. 
 
 Pfid'dler, n. One who peddles ; a traveling trader. 
 P6d'dler-y, n. The trade or the goods of a ped^er, 
 
 hawking ; small wares sold by peddlers. 
 P6d'es-tal, n. [From Lat. pes, 
 
 pedis, foot, and 0. II. Ger. stal, 
 
 station, place, from stallan, stel- 
 
 lan, to place.] (Arch.) The base 
 
 or foot of a column, statue, vase, 
 
 lamp, or the like. 
 Pe-d6s'tri-aii, a. Going on foot ; 
 
 performed on foot. 
 Pe-d6s'tri-an, n. One who walks 
 
 or journeys on foot. 
 Pe-des'tri-an-igm, n. The act 
 
 or practice of a pedestrian ; walk- 
 ing ; going on foot. 
 Pe-des'tri-an-Ize, v. i. [imp. 
 
 & p. p. pedestrianized ; p. pr. &, vb. n. PEDESTRI 
 ANIZING.] To practice walking. 
 
 P^d'i-^el, n. [Lat. pediculus, pediclus, dim. of pes, pedis, 
 a foot.] (Bot.) The stalk that supports one flower 
 only, when there are several on a peduncle. 
 
 Ped'i-gree, n. [Contr. from Fr. par degrcs, by degrees; 
 for a pedigree is properly a genealogical table which 
 records the relationship of families by degrees.] Line of 
 ancestors ; descent ; Uneage ; genealogy ; register of a 
 line of ancestors. 
 
 I^~ By some authorities, this word is said to be derived from 
 the French pied-de-grue (crane's foot), a name formerly ap- 
 plied to the heraldic genealogical trees from then- form. 
 
 Ped'i-ment, n. [From Lat. pes, 
 pedis, a foot.] (Arch.) The trian- 
 gular or arched ornamental facing 
 of a portico, or a similar decoration 
 over doors, windows, gates, &c. 
 
 ?ld'ler:h- See PEDDLER. 
 
 Pe'do-bap'tigm, n. [From Gr. 
 TTttis, TTttiSos, a child, and pdTTTi.<r- 
 fia, /3a7rTio-|«.6s, baptism.] The bap- 
 tism of infants or of children. Pediment. 
 
 Pe'do-bap'tist, n. One who holds to infant baptism. 
 
 Pe-dom'e-ter, n. [From Lat. pes, pedis, a foot, and Gr. 
 fierpov, a measure.] (Mech.) An instrument for indicat- 
 ing the number of steps taken in walking, and so ascer- 
 taining the distance passed over. 
 
 Pe-du.ii'<5le (pe-dQnk'l), n. [Lat. pedun- 
 culus, dim. of pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) The 
 stem or stalk that supports the flower and 
 fruit of a plant. 
 
 Pe-dun'^u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or grow- 
 ing from, a peduncle. 
 
 Peek, V. i. To peep ; to look slyly, or 
 through a crevice, or with the eyes half 
 closed. 
 
 Peel, V. t. [imp. & p. p. peeled; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PEELING.] [From Lat. pilare, to 
 deprive of hair, to plunder, pillage, from 
 pilus,ai, hair ; or from, pilare in compllare, to 
 plunder, pillage.] 1. To strip off the skin, „ , , 
 bark, or rind of; to flay; to decorticate. ^e<i"ncie. 
 3, To strip or tear, as the skin of an animal, the bark 
 of a tret, &c. 3. Hence, to plunder; to pillage. 
 
 Peel, V. i. To come off, as the skin, bark, or rind. 
 
 Peel, n. The skin or rind of any thing. 
 
 Peel, n. [l&i. pala.] A kind of wooden shovel, used by 
 bakers ; hence, any large fire-shovel. 
 
 Peel'er, n. One who, or that which, peels, strips, or 
 flays ; a plunderer ; a pillager. 
 
 Peep, V. i. [imp. & p. p. peeped (peept) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PEEPING.] [D. piepen, Ger. pipen, Lat. pipire, to 
 peep, pip, chirp ; hence, to begin to appear, the sound 
 which chickens make upon the first breaking of the shell 
 being transferred to the look accompanying it.] 1. To 
 cry, as a chicken hatching or newly hatched ; to chirp. 
 3. To begin to appear ; to look out slyly, through a crev- 
 ice, or with the eyes half closed. 
 
 Peep, n. 1. The cry of a young chicken ; chirp. 3. 
 First outlook or appearance ; a sly look. 
 
 Peep'er, n. 1, A chicken just breaking the shell ; a 
 young bird. 3. One who peeps or looks out slyly ; a 
 spy. 3. The eye. [Cant.] 
 
 Peer, n. [From Lat. par, equal.] 1. One of the same 
 rank, quality, endowments, &c. ; an equal ; a match ; a 
 mate. 3. A comrade ; a companion ; an associate. 3. 
 A nobleman. 
 
 Peer, v. i. [irftp. & p. p. PEERED ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. PEER- 
 ING.] [Norm. Fr. perer, equiv. to Fr. paraitre, Lat. 
 
 food, f<fbt; turn, ri^de, pyJl ; jell, ^liaise, «all, e-elio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; liiiser, Irgk ; liii* 
 
PEERAGE 
 
 528 
 
 PENETRATION 
 
 Cf. Appear.] To look narrowly, curiousiy, or 
 sharply ; to peep. [body of peers. 
 
 Peer'age, n. 1. The rank or dignity of a peer. *-i. The 
 
 Peer'ess, »i. The consort of a petT ; a noble lady. 
 
 Peer'less, a. Having no peiT or equal; unequaled ; 
 nKitohle.<!S ; superlative. 
 
 Peer'Iess-ly, Of/r. In a peerless manner ; matchlessly. 
 
 Peer'less-iiess, n. Tlie state of being peerless. 
 
 Pee'visli, a. [0. Eng. prvisc/ie, )/ei-isse, pevysse, most 
 prob. corrupt, from Fr. prrvcrs, Eng. perverse, q. v., the 
 letter r in each syllable being omitted. J 1. Habitually 
 fretful ; easily ve.xed or fretted. "2 Expressing discon- 
 tent and fretfulness. 
 
 Syn. — Fretful : querulous ; petulant ; cross ; ill-natured ; 
 ill-tcinpcrcd ; testy ; spleeny ; irritable ; waspish ; captious ; 
 
 I Pfil'vic, a. 
 I Pei'vis, n. 
 
 In a peevish manner ; fretfully. 
 The quality of being peevish ; firet- 
 
 discontented. 
 Pee'visli-ly, adv. 
 Pee'visli-ness. n. 
 
 fulness ; petulance. 
 
 P6sr, "• [Of. A.-S. piic or pic, a little needle or pin, 
 pycraii, to prick.] A wooden nail or pin. 
 
 Peg, V t. [iinp. & p. p. PEGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PEG- 
 GING ] 1. To fasten with pegs. ti. Hence, to confine, 
 restrict, restrain, or limit. 
 
 Pe'koe, or Pgli'oe, n. [Chin, pih-haou, Fr. pe-kao. pe- 
 ko.] A kind of black tea. 
 
 Pe-la'gi-an, «. (Ecd. Hist.) A follower of Pe/a^'w-f , a 
 monk of the 4th cent, who denied the received doctrines 
 in respect to original sin, free will, grace, and the merit 
 of good works. 
 
 Pe-la'gi-aii-i§m, n. The doctrines of Pelagius. 
 
 P61'e-«an, «. See Pelican. 
 
 Pei'e-r'iiie , ?J . [Fr. psleriiie, a tippet, fr. ;?e/mn, a pil- 
 grim, palmer, from Lat. ppr^g-mjM^, foreign, alien.] A 
 lady's long cape, with ends coming down before. 
 
 P61f , n. [Abbrev. from 0. Eng. pelfry, booty, from Lat. 
 piLare, to plunder, and facere, to make. Cif. PILFER.] 
 Money ; riches ; wealth ; — generally conveying the idea 
 of something iU gotten or worthless. 
 
 Pgl'i-ean, n. [Lat. pelicanus, 
 pelecanus, Gr. irekeKav, neke- 
 icas, n'=KtKa.v, TreAe/cavo?, the 
 woodpecker, the joiner-bird, 
 and also a water-bird of the 
 pelican kind, from TreAe/cav, to 
 hew with an ax, from 7re'Ae»cus, 
 an ax.] 1. {Ornith.) A large 
 web-footed water-fowl remark- 
 able for its enormous bill, to Pelican, 
 the lower edge of which is attached a pouch, capable of 
 holding many quarts of water, ti, A chemical glass ves- 
 sel, or alembic, with a tubulated head, from which two 
 opposite and crooked beaks pass out, and enter again at 
 the belly of the cucurbit. 
 
 Pe-liisse' (pe-lees'), n. [From Lat. peUiceus, pellicea, 
 made of .skins, from pellis, a skin.] A silk robe or habit 
 worn by ladies. 
 
 P611, n. [Lat. ;)eW/s, a skin.] 1. A skin or hide. 3. A 
 roll of parchment. 
 
 Pfil'let, V. [L. Lat. pelota, pilota, from Lat. pila, a ball.] 
 A little ball. 
 
 Perii-ele, n. [Lat. pellicula, dim. of pellis, skin.] A 
 thin skin, film, or crust. 
 
 P611-m611', arJv. [Fr. pele-mile, prob. from pelle, a 
 shovel, and meler, to mix, as when different kinds of 
 grain are heaped up and mixed with a shovel.] In utter 
 confu-tfion ; with disorderly mixture. 
 
 Pel-lu'^id, a. [I^at. pellucifJiis, from per, very, and 
 lurifJus, clear, bright.] Admitting the passage of light ; 
 trdn.alucent ; clear. 
 
 P^riu-vid'l-ty, In. Quality of being pellucid ; partial 
 
 Pel-lu'^id-ness, ) or imperfect transparency. 
 
 P6lt. n. [Ger. ;?eZz,a pelt, fur. See PELISSE.] The skin 
 of a l>ea8t with the hair on ; an undres.Ked hide. 
 
 P61t, V. t. [imp. Sep. p. PELTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PELT- 
 ING.] [Fr. peloter, to knock about the ball, to pelt with 
 snowballs, to beat, from pelnte, a ball ; or contracted 
 from pellet, q. v.] 1, To strike with pellets or missiles. 
 2. To use as a missile. 
 
 P61t, n. A blow or stroke from something thrown. 
 
 Pei'tate, I a. [From Lat. /^e/<a, a small shield in the 
 
 P61'ta-ted, \ shar>e of a hall-moon : Gr. Tre'Anj.] (Bot.) 
 Shaped like a shield ; — said of a leaf or other organ. 
 
 Pglt'-mon'ger (-mung'ger), n. A dealer in pelts or 
 raw hides. 
 
 P61t'ry, n. [Fr. pelleterie, peltry, furriery, from Lat. 
 pellis, a. Bkin. See PELT.] 1. Skins with the fur on 
 them ; furs. 2. A worthless or refuse object. 
 
 Pertaining to the pelvis. 
 [Lat. pelvis, a basin, laver.] {Anat.) The 
 open, bony structure at the lower extremity of the body, 
 inclosing the internal urinary and genital organs. 
 
 Pfini'mi «an, n. 1. Meat cut in thin slices, divested 
 of fat, and dried in the sun. ti. Meat cut in thin slices, 
 dried, pounded, mixed with melted fat and dried fruit, 
 and compressed into bags. 
 
 P6ii, n. [Lat. penna, Icel. penni, A.-S. pivn.] An in- 
 strument used for writing ; — often used figuratively for 
 one who uses a pen ; a writer. 
 
 P6ii, V. t. [imp. & p. p. penned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PENNING.] To write ; to compose and commit to piiper. 
 
 P6n, 11. [See infra.] A small inclosure for beasts. 
 
 Pgll, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PENNED, or PENT; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. PENNING.] [0. Eng. pinne, pyiuun, to bolt a 
 door; A.-S. on-pinnian, to bolt in.] To confine in a 
 small inclosure or narrow place. 
 
 Pe'nal, a. [Lat. panalis, from pava, punishment; Gr. 
 TToii^.] Pertaining to punishment ; as, (a.) Enacting or 
 threatening punishment, (b.) Incurring punishment, (c.) 
 Inflicting punishment. 
 
 PSn'al-ty, n. [Contr. from penality.] 1. Penal retri- 
 bution ; punishment for crime or offense. '2, Forfeiture ; 
 fine. 
 
 Pgn'an^e, n. [0. Fr. penance, 0. It. penanza. See 
 Pain.] Suffering imposed or submitted to as a punish- 
 ment for faults, or as an expression of penitence. 
 
 IPe-nd'te^, n. pi. [Lat., from the root pen, whence 
 penitus, inward, interior.] {Rom. Antiq.) The house- 
 hold gods of the ancient Italians. 
 
 Pen'«ase, n. A case or holder for a pen. 
 
 Pen^e, n. pi. of penny. See PENNY. 
 
 Jfenchant (pong'shong'), n. [Fr., from pencher, to in. 
 cline, bend, as if from Lat. pendicare, from vender e, to 
 hang down.] Inclination ; decided tasie. 
 
 Pen'pil, 71. [Lat. penicilhim and penicillvs, equiv. to 
 peniculus, dim of penis, a tail.] 1. A small brush used 
 by painters. 3. An instrument used for writing and 
 drawing. 3. Hence, the art, capacity, or instrument of 
 painting, drawing, or de.«cribing. 4. (Opt.) An aggre- 
 gate or collection of rays of light. 
 
 Pgii'^il, V. t. [imp. Sep. p. PENCILED ; p pr. & vb. n. 
 PENCILING.] To paint or draw ; to mark with a penciL 
 
 PSii'<;raft, n. 1. Penmanship; chirography. 3, Art 
 of composing or writing; authorship. 
 
 PSiid'aiit, n. [Fr., from pendre, to hang, Lat. pendere.] 
 
 1. A hanging appendage, especially of an ornamental 
 character; — also, an appendix or addition. 2. An ear- 
 ring. 3. (Arch.) A hanging omanent on roofs, ceilings, 
 &c., much used in Gothic architecture. 4. A picture 
 or print which hangs as a compan-on of another. 5. A 
 pennant. See Pennant. 
 
 PSiid'en-^y, n. State of being undecided ; suspense. 
 
 Pfind'ent, a. [Lat. pendens, p. pr. of pendere, to hang, 
 be suspended.] 1. Su.«pended ; depending; pendulous; 
 hanging. 3. Jutting over ; projecting ; overhanging. 
 
 Pend'ing, p. a. [Lat. pendere, to hang, be suspended.] 
 Remaining undecided ; in suspense. 
 
 Pend'ing, prep. During the pendency or continuance 
 of; during. 
 
 P6nd'u-lous (77), a. [Lat. pendvlvs, from pendere, to 
 hang.] Supported from above ; pendent loosely ; hang- 
 ing ; swinging. [lous. 
 
 Pgnd'u-Ioiis-ness, n. State or quality of being pendu- 
 
 Pend'u-lum, n. ; pi. pfeNiVU-LliMg. [N. Lat., from 
 pendulus, hanging, swinging. See supra.] A body so 
 suspended from a fixed point as to s-ning freely to and 
 fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum. 
 
 P€n'e-tra-ljil'i-ty, n. Quality of leing penetrable. 
 
 P6n'e-tra-ble, a. 1. Capable of being penetrated. 2. 
 Susceptible of moral or intellectual in:pression. 
 
 Pen'e-trd'li-d, n. pi. [Lat. , from penttralis, penetrating, 
 internal. See Penetrate.] The reres^ses of a temple, 
 palace, and the like ; hence, hidden things or secrets. 
 
 Pgn'e-tran^e, \n. Quality of being penetrant ; power 
 
 P6n'e-tran-cy , J of entering or piercing. 
 
 P6n'e-trate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. penetrated; p. 
 pr. Si. vb. n. PENETRATING.] [lat penftrnre, pene 
 tratum, from the root pen. See Penates.] 1, Tr 
 enter into ; to make way into the interior of; to pierce 
 
 2. To touch with feeling ; to make rersible ; to afiect 
 
 3. To arrive at the inner contents or meaning of; tc. 
 comprehend. [intellect or the feelings. 
 
 I PSn'e-trate, v. i. To pass ; to make way ; to affect the 
 I Pfin'e-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of pcnetniting ; ph>sical or 
 mental entrance into the interior of any thing. 2. 
 I Acuteness ; sharp discernment. 
 
 a,e, &c., loTig; &, g, &c., short ; c&re, far, ask, all, wliat ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pXque, firm ; sdn, 5r, dQ, w^l^ 
 
PENETRATIVE 
 
 529 
 
 PENTROOF 
 
 Syn. — Discernment ; sagacity ; sagaciousness ; sharpness ; 
 discriininatiou. See Disceunment. 
 
 Pgn'e-tra'tive, a. Tending to penetrate ; piercing. 
 P6n'e-tra'tive-ness, n. Quality of being penetrative. 
 F6n'guiii (pen/gwin), n. [From Lat. 
 
 pinguis, fat.] {Oniith.) A web- 
 footed marine bird. It is unable to 
 
 fly, but swims and dives well. It is 
 
 found only in the south temperate 
 
 and frigid rejj;ion^. 
 Pen-in'.* u-la ( -su- or -shj)-), n. [Lat. 
 
 peninsula, or pxninsula, from pxne, 
 
 almost, nearly f and insula, island.] 
 
 A portion of land nearly surrounded 
 
 by water, and connected with the 
 
 larger body of land by a narrow neck 
 
 or i.sthmus 
 Pen-in'su-lar (-su- or -shij-), a. In 
 
 the form or state of a peninsula ; 
 
 pertaining to a peninsula. 
 Pe'nis, n. [Lat.] The male organ of 
 
 generation. [penitent. 
 
 Pgn'i-ten^e, n. Condition of being Penguin. 
 
 Syn. — Repentance ; contrition ; compunction ; remorse. 
 P6n'i-tent, a. [Lat. pcenitens, p. pr. of pcenitere, to 
 
 repent.] Repentant ; contrite ; sincerely affected by a 
 
 sense of guilt, and resolving on amendment of life. 
 P6n'i-tent, n. 1. One who repents of sin. ii. One 
 
 under church censure, but admitted to penance. 3. 
 
 One under the direction of a confessor. 
 Pen'i-t6n'tial, a. Pertaining to, proceeding from, or 
 
 expressing penitence. 
 P6n'i-ten'tia-ry (-sha-r^), a. Relating to penance, or 
 
 to the rules and measures of penance. 
 Pen'i-t6n'tia-ry, n. 1. One who prescribes the rules 
 
 and measures of penance. 2. One who does penance. 
 
 3. A. house of correction in which offenders are con- 
 fined for punishment and reformation, and compelled to 
 
 labor. [tence. 
 
 'P^n'i-teTkt-ly, adv. In a penitent manner; with peni- 
 Pen'knif e (pen'If), n. / pi PfiN/iCNiVEg. A small knife 
 
 used for making and mending pens. 
 Pen'man, n. ; -pi. pen'men. One who uses the pen. 
 
 (a.) One who writes a good hand, (b.) An author; a 
 
 composer. 
 P6n'man-ship, n. 1. Use of the pen in writing ; the 
 
 art of writing. 2. Manner of writing ; chirography. 
 Pgn'nant, n. [Either fr. Lat. pen- 
 
 na, feather, fr. pendere, to hang 
 
 down, or from pannus, a cloth.] ^=_ _ _ 
 
 (NaiU.) (a. ) A small flag ; a ban- ^^g^J ^ 
 
 ner ; a long, narrow piece of bunt- 
 ing, worn at the mast-heads of 
 
 vessels of war. (b. ) A rope or strap 
 
 to which a purchase is hooked. 
 Pgn'nate, ) a. [Lat. penna- 
 Pen'na-ted, ) tus, feathered, 
 
 winged, from penna, feather, 
 
 wing.] Winged; plume-shaped. 
 PSn'ni-less, a. [From penny.] 
 , Moneyless ; destitute of money. 
 PCn'non, n. 1. Awing; pinion. 
 
 ii. A pennant ; a flag or streamer. 
 P6n'ny, n. ; pi. PE^f'NlEg, or pEn^e 
 
 the number of coins ; pence, the amount of pennies in 
 
 value. [A.-S. penig, peneg, pening, pending, 0. H. Ger. 
 
 pending, pendig,lcel. /-lew/wo-r, cattle, money.] 1. The 
 
 twelfth part of a shilling, equal in value to four farthings, 
 
 or about two cents. 2. Hence, a small sum ; a groat ; 
 
 — also money in general, in certain phrases. 
 P6n'ny, a. [Prob. a corrupt, of pound, vulgarly pron. 
 
 pun.] Containing a thousand in every pound's weight ; 
 
 — said of nails, and used chiefly in composition ; as, ten- 
 penny nails, of which a thousand weighed ten pounds. 
 
 Pen'ny-a-lin'er, n. One who furnishes matter to a 
 
 public journal at so much a line ; a writer for pay. 
 Pen'ny-post, n. One who carries letters from the post- 
 
 oflRce, and delivers them to the proper persons for a 
 
 penny, or other small compensation. 
 Pfin'ny-roy'al, n. {Bot.) An aromatic herb growing in 
 
 Europe ; also, a North .American plant resembling it. 
 P6n'ny-wei;:lit (-wat), n. A troy weight containing 
 
 24 grains, or the 20th part of an ounce. It was anciently 
 
 the weight of a silver penny. [larger. 
 
 P6n'ny-wige', a. Saving smaU sums at the hazard of 
 P6n'ny-\vortli (pC'n'ny-wQrth, colloq pgn'nurth), 7i. 
 
 1. As much as is bought for a penny, ii. Good or ad- 
 
 f dbd, f <ibt ; 
 
 Pennant. 
 Pennies denotes 
 
 van tageous bargain ; purchase made. 3, A small quan- 
 tity ; a bit. 
 
 Pfin'sUe, a. [Lat. pensilis, from pendere, to hang. J 
 Hanging ; pendent ; pendulous. 
 
 P6n'sile-ness, n. The state of being pensile. 
 
 PCn'sion, n. [Lat. pensio, a paying, payment, from 
 pendere, pensum, to weigh, to pay.] A stated allowance 
 to a person in consideration of past services ; especially, 
 a yearly stipend paid by government to retired public 
 officers, disabled soldiers, needy authors, &c. 
 
 Pfin'sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pensioned ; /;. pr. & vb. 
 n. PENSIONING.] To grant a pension to. 
 
 P6n'sion-a-ry, a. 1. Maintained by, or receiving, a 
 pension. 3. Consisting of a pension. 
 
 P6n'sion-a-ry, n. 1. A person who receives a pension 
 for past services. 2. One of the chief municipal magis- 
 trates of the towns in Holland and Zealand. 
 
 Pgn'sion-er, n. 1. One who receives an annual allow- 
 ance for services ; a dependent. 2. [Fr. pensionnaire, 
 one who pays for his board.] A student of the second 
 rank, in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.), and Dub- 
 lin, who is not dependent on the foundation for support. 
 
 Pgn'sive, a. [It. pensare, to think or reflect, fr. pensare, 
 to weigh, ponder, consider, intens. form of pendere, to 
 weigh.] 1. Thoughtful, sober, or sad. 2. Expre.ssing 
 though tfulness with sadness. 
 
 Pen'sive-ly, adv. In a pensive manner. 
 
 P6n'sive-ness,n. The state of being pensive ; gloomy 
 thoughtfulness ; melancholy. 
 
 Pen'-stock, n. 1. [Prob. from Eng. ;jcn, that is, quill, 
 and stock, the water often being discharged through a 
 quill or other small pipe.] A close trough or tube of 
 planks for conducting water, as to a water-wheel. 2. 
 The barrel of a wooden pump. 3. The handle of a pen. 
 
 P6nt, p. p. or a. [From pen.] Shut up ; closely confined. 
 
 Pen'ta-eJtp'su-lar, a. [Gr. rcivTe, five, and Lat. ca2^- 
 sula, small box.] (Bot.) Having five capsules. 
 
 P6n'ta-«li6rd, n. [Gr. Trej^raxopSos, five-stringed, from 
 TreVre, five, and xopS'J, string, chord.] 1. An instrument 
 of music with five strings. 3. An order or system of 
 five sounds. 
 
 P6n'ta-gon, n. [Gr. nevTayuivov , from 
 ireVre, five, and ywvCa, angle.] ( Geom.) 
 A plane figure having five angles, and, 
 consequently, five sides. 
 
 Pen-t9,g'o-nal, a. Having five comers 
 or angles. 
 
 Pen'ta-graph, n. The same as Pan- 
 tograph, q. v. [sides. 
 
 Pen'ta-lie'dral, a. Having five equal 
 
 Pen'ta-he'dron, n. [Gr. nevre, five, and eSpa, seat, 
 ba.se.] A solid figure having five equal sides. 
 
 Pen-tS^m'e-ter, n. [Gr. Trei/TafxeTpos, from TreVre, five, 
 and ju.e'Tpoi', measure.] {Gr. & Lat. Pros.) Averse of 
 five feet, of which the first two may be either dactyls or 
 spondees, the third is always a spondee, and the last two 
 anapests. 
 
 Pent-an'gu-lar, a. [Gr. TreVre, five, and Lat. angulus, 
 angle.] Having five corners or angles. 
 
 Pent'ap-tote, n. [Gr. nevre, five, and irrwTos, fallen, 
 declined, from Trtjrreiv, to fall.] ( Gram.) A noun having 
 five cases. 
 
 Pen'ta-spS,st, n. [Gr. nevTdinraa^ov , from TreVre, five, 
 and atrav, to draw, to pull. J An engine with five pulleys. 
 
 Pen'ta-sti-eli (-stik), n. [5r. Trein-aomxos, of five lines 
 or verses, from TreVre, five, and o-rixos, line, verse.] A 
 composition consisting of five verses. 
 
 Pen'ta-style, n. [Gr. ireVre, five, and <rri5Xos, pillar.] 
 (Arch.) An edifice with five columns in front. 
 
 Pen'ta-teu-ell, n. [Gr. Trej/rarevxcs, from TreVre, five, and 
 reOxos, a tool, implement, a book.] The first five books 
 of the Old Testament. 
 
 P6n'ta-teu«li'al, a. Pertaining to the Pentateuch. 
 
 Pen'te-e6.st, n. [Gr. irevrqKocm^ (sc. -qfiepa), the fiftieth 
 day, Pentecost.] 1. A festival of the Jews, on the fiftieth 
 day after the Passover. It was instituted in commem- 
 oration of the gift of the law on the fiftieth day after the 
 departure from Egypt. 2. Whitsuntide, a festival in 
 commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the 
 apostles. {Acts,n.) 
 
 Pen'te-e6st'al, a. Pertaining to Pentecost, or to Whit- 
 suntide. 
 
 Pjent'-liouse, n. [Fr. pente, inclination, fovpende, from 
 Lat. pendere, to hang down, and Eng. house.] A shed 
 standing aslope from the main wall or building ; a lean-to. 
 
 P6n'tile,n. See Pantile. 
 
 Pent'rdbf, n. [Fr. pente, inclination, slope, and Eng. 
 roof.] A roof with a slope on one side only. 
 
 Pentagon. 
 
 vLrTk, rude, pull : 
 
 ^ell, (liaise, <;all, e<;lio; geui, get; ag; e$ist; linger, liQlt ; tiiis- 
 
PENULT 
 
 530 
 
 PEREGRINATE 
 
 P8'nnlt,or Pc-niilt', h. [Abbroviated from penvUima.] 
 { Gntw. & Pros.) The last syllable but one of a word. 
 
 Pe-nttlt'i-ma, it. [U-it. (sc. si/liaba), from peniittinius, 
 pTtitiltittius, tile last but one, from pane, almost, and 
 ullDiui.^, the last.] The same as I'ENULT. 
 
 Pe-nAlt'i-inate (45), a. Of the last syllable but one ; 
 ne.xt iK'foiv the hust. [word ; i^enult. 
 
 Pf-iiillt'i-mate, >i. The last syllable but one of a 
 
 Pe-iium'bra, »»• [Lat. piritf, almost, and umbra^ shade.] 
 
 1. (A^tron.) The shadow cast, in an eclipse j where the 
 light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the intervening 
 body, 'i, (Faint.) The point of a picture where the 
 shade blends witii the light. 
 
 Pe-nii'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Showing penury or scarcity. 
 
 2. E.\ce.<sively saving in the use of money ; parsimo- 
 nious to a fault. 
 
 SvTi.— Avaricious; covetous; parsimonious; miserly; nig- 
 gardly; sordid. Sec AvAKiCious. 
 
 Pe-iiu'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a penurious manner. 
 
 Pe-nu'ri-oiis-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
 penurious ; scantiness ; parsimony. 
 Syn.— Parsimoniousness; covetousness; avarice; closeness. 
 
 P6n'u-ry, n. [Lat. penuria, allied to Gr. nelva, hunger, 
 Trevc'a, poverty, need.] Absence of means or resources; 
 want ; indigence ; poverty. 
 
 Pe'on, n. [Ft. peon, a foot-soldier in India, Sp. peon, 
 one who travels on foot, a foot-soldier, a pawn in chess ; 
 Hind. ;)/ydf/a/i, a foot-soldier. See Pawn.] 1. In India, 
 a native constable. 2. In Mexico, a debtor held by his 
 creditor in a form of qualified servitude, to work out a 
 debt ; a serf. 
 
 Pe'o-ny, n. [Gr. iraLOivia, Lat. pspoiiia, from Uaiovia, 
 Paeoni'a. a large country north of Macedonia.] (Bot.) A 
 plant having beautiful, showy flowers. 
 
 Peo'ple (p3''pl), n. [0. Eng. peple,pople, Lat. popu^us^^ 
 1. The body of persons who compose a community, 
 tribe, nation, or race. 
 
 G@~ reo)ile is a collective noun, generally construed with a 
 plural verb, and only occasionaUy used in the plural in the 
 £ense of nations or races. 
 
 3- Uence, persons generally ; folks. 3. The mass of a 
 community as distinguished from a special class, as the 
 noble or clerical ; the populace ; the vulgar. 
 
 Syn. — Nation. — When speaking of a state, we use people 
 for the mass of the community, as distinguished from their 
 rulers, and nation for the entire political body, including the 
 rulers. In another sense of the term, nation describes those 
 who are descended from the same stock; and in this sense the 
 Germans regard themselves as one nation, though pchtically 
 subject to different forms of government. 
 
 Peo'ple (p"'pl), V. t. [imp. & p. p. peopled ; p. jrr. & 
 vb. n. PEOPLING.] To stock with inhabitants; to pop- 
 ulate. 
 
 Pep'per, n. [Lat. piper, Gr. irenepi, Skr. pippali.] (Bot.) 
 A climbing plant and its fruit, of which there are very- 
 numerous species. Pepper has a strong, aromatic smell, 
 and a hot, pungent taste. 
 
 Pgp'per, V. t. [imp. 8c p. p. peppered; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. peppering.] 1, To sprinkle with pepper. 2. To 
 pelt with shot. [food. 
 
 P6p'pfci--l)6x, n. A small box, for sprinkling pepper on 
 
 Pf'P'per-corn, n. 1. The berry or fruit of the pepper- 
 plant. 2. Hence, something of insignificant value.] 
 
 P6p'per-gra.'i*J, n. [Bot.) A kind of cress, sometimes 
 cultivatfl for the table. 
 
 Pfip'per-idge, n. [See Piperidge.] (Bat.) The tu- 
 pelo, or black gum, a tree with very tough wood. 
 
 Pep'per-mint, n. [Eng. pepper sltkI mint.] (Bot.) An 
 aromatic and pungent plant ; also, a liquor distilled from 
 the plant. 
 
 Pfip'per-Pau^e, n. A conduneut for the table made by 
 steeping su'iall red peppers in vinegar. 
 
 P6p'per-y, «. 1. Puilating to, or having the qualities of, 
 pepr»er ; hot ; pungent. 2. Irritable. 
 
 Pfip'hin, n. [Gr. 7re'i|/i?, a cooking, digestion, from TreV- 
 Tctv, to cook, digest.] A substance secreted by the stom- 
 ach of animals, and present in the gastric juice. [tion. 
 
 Pfip'tie, «. [See .tJ/pra.] Relating to or promoting diges- 
 
 P6r'ad-v6nt'ure, a/iv. \ Prefix per, by, and adventure, 
 q. v.] By chance ; perhaps ; it may be. 
 
 Per-amHtiu-late. v. t. [imp. & p. p. perambulated ; 
 p. pr. k vb. n. PERAMBULATING.] [Lat. p'-rnmbulare', 
 perambulatum , from the prefix per, through, and ambu- 
 lare, to walk.] To walk through or over ; to go round or 
 about. 
 
 Per-am'bu-la'tion, n. 1. Act of perambulating, or 
 of passing or walking through or over. 2. An annual 
 survey of boundaries. 
 
 Per-ftmnbu-la'tor, n. 1. One who perambulates. 2. 
 An instrument for measuring distances. 
 
 Per-^eiv'a-ble, a. Capable of being perceived. 
 
 Per-^eiv'a-bly, adv. So as to be perceived. 
 
 Per-('eive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. perceived ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. PERCEIVING.] [Lat. percipere , from the prefix 
 ;^^r and capere, to take, receive.] 1. To obtain knowl- 
 edge of through the senses. 2. To take intellectual cog- 
 nizance of; to see to be true. 
 
 Syn. — To discern; distinguish; observe; see; feel; know; 
 understand. — To discern. — To perceive a. thing is to appre- 
 hend it as presented to the senses or the intellect: to discern is 
 to murk differences, or to see a thing as distinguished from 
 others around it. We may perceive a man ftnd a woman afar 
 oft without being able to discern which is the one and which 
 the other. 
 
 Per-?eiv'er, n. One who perceives or obser\'es. 
 
 Per-fgnt'age, n. [From per cent, Lat. per centum. See 
 Cent.] ( Com.) The allowance, duty, or commission on 
 a hundred. [ceptible. 
 
 Per-?ep'ti-bU'i-ty, n. State or quality of being per- 
 
 Per-^fip'ti-ble, a. Capable of being perceived ; diseern- 
 ible ; perceivable. [be perceived. 
 
 Per-^fip'ti-bly, adv. In a perceptible manner ; so as to 
 
 Per-^6p'tion, M. [Lht. perceptio. See PERCEIVE.] 1. 
 Act of perceiving ; cognizance by the senses or intellect : 
 discernment, cognition. 2. {Psychology.) The faculty 
 of perceiving ; the act of apprehending material objects 
 or qualities through th^ senses. 
 Syn.— Idea; conception; sentiment; sensation; observation. 
 
 Per-f.ep'tive, a. Having the faculty of perceiving ; used 
 in perception. 
 
 Percb (14), n. [Lat. per ca, Gr. 
 nepKTf), so called from its dusky 
 color, from 7re'p/cos, dark-colored, 
 dusky.] (Ichth.) A fish of sereral 
 species, inhabiting both fresh 
 and salt water, and having sharp 
 long fins. Perch. 
 
 Perch, n. [Lat. pertica.] 1. A pole ; along staff; a rod. 2. 
 A measure of length containing five yards and a half; a 
 rod. 3. A pole for fowls to alight and rest upon ; a roost. 
 
 Percli, V. i. [imp. & p. p. perched (percht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PERCHING.] To light or settle on a fixed body, 
 as a bird. 
 
 Perch, V. t. To place on a fixed object or perch. 
 
 Per-chan^e', adv. By chance ; perhaps ; peradventure. 
 
 Perch'er, «. (Ornith.) One of an order of birds which 
 perch or light on trees, &c. [perception. 
 
 Per-^ip'i-en^e, n. QuaHty or act of being percipient ; 
 
 Per-^p'i-ent, a. [Lat. percipiens, p. pr. of percipere. 
 See PERCEIVE.] Having the faculty of perception ; per- 
 ceiving. 
 
 Per'-eo-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. percolated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PERCOLATING.] [Lat. percolare ,percolatum, fr. 
 the prefix per, through, and colare, to strain.] To cause 
 to pass through small interstices, as a liquor; to filter. 
 
 Per'-eo-late, v. i. To pass through small interstices ; to 
 filter. [filtrating ; straining. 
 
 Per'-eo-la'tion, n. The act of percolating, or filtering ; 
 
 Per'«o-la'tor, n. A filtering machine. 
 
 Per-eiis'sion (-kush'un), n. [Lat. percussio, percutere, 
 percussum, from the prefix per, through, and quatere, 
 to shake, strike.] 1. Act of striking one body against 
 another ; forcible collision, especially such as gives a 
 sound or report. 2. Hence, the effect of violent col- 
 lision ; vibratory shock. 3. {Med. ) Act of determining 
 the condition of an internal organ by the sound given 
 when the external surface is gently knocked upon. 
 
 Percussion cap, a small copper cap or cup, containing fulmi- 
 nating powder, and used in a percussion-lock to explode gun- 
 powder. — Percussion-lock, a lock of a gun in which gunpowder 
 is exploded by fire obtained from the percussion of fulminating 
 powder. 
 
 Per-eiis'sive, a. Striking against. 
 
 Per-eu'tieiit (-shent), n. [Lat. percutiens, p. pr. of per- 
 cutere. See Percussion.] That which strikes, or har. 
 power to strike. 
 
 Per-di'tion (-dish'un), »i. [Lat. 79er</(V»o, from perdere., 
 perditnm, to ruin, to lo.se.] 1. Entire loss ; utter de- 
 struction ; ruin. 2. Future misery or eternal death. 
 
 Per-du', or Per'du, \ a. [Fr. perdu, from perdue, 
 
 Per-due', or Per'due, ] lost, p. p. of perdre, to lose, 
 Lat. perdere.] 1. Lost to view; in concealment. 2. 
 Abandoned ; employed on desperate purposes. 
 
 P6r'e-gri-nate, v. i. [Lat. peregrinari, peregrinatus, 
 from peregrinus, foreign, from pref. per, through, over, 
 and ager, agri, a territory, field.] To travel from place 
 to place ; to live in a foreign country. 
 
 a#©,&c.,;o7ig'; a,6,&c., sAorf; c&re;far,ask, all, what; 6re, veil, t?rm; piique,firiu; son, or, do, 1^9111 
 
PEREGRINATION 
 
 531 
 
 PERIHELIUM 
 
 P6r'e-gri-na'tion,n. A traveling from one country 
 to another ; _abode in foreign countries. 
 
 P6r'e-gri-na'tor, n. A traveler into foreign countries. 
 
 P6r'emp-to-ri-ly, adv. In a peremptory manner ; ab- 
 solutely ; positive'ly- 
 
 P6r'emp-to-ri-ness, n . Quality of being peremptory ; 
 positiveness ; absolute decision. 
 
 P€r'emp-to-ry, a. [Lat. peremptorius, destructive, de- 
 cisive, final, from perimere, peremptum, to take away 
 entirely, to destroy, from prefix per., thoroughly, and 
 O. Lat. emere., to take.] 1. Precluding debate or ex- 
 postulation. '■Z. Positive in opinion or judgment. 
 
 Syn.— Decisive; express; absolute; authoritative; arbitra- 
 ry; dogmatical. 
 
 Per-6n'iii-al, a. [Lat. percnnis, from the prefix per, 
 through, and annus, year.] 1, Lasting through the 
 year. )i. Hence, continuing without stop or intermis- 
 sion. 3. (Bot.) Continuing more than two years. 
 
 Syn. — Perpetual ; unceasing ; never-ftviling ; unfailing ; 
 ceaseless ; constant ; enduring ; permanent ; uninterrupted ; 
 continual. 
 
 Per-6n'ni-al, n. (Bot.) A plant which lives or contin- 
 ues more than two years. 
 
 Per-gn'ni-al-ly, adv. Continually ; without ceasing. 
 
 Per-gn'ni-ty, n. Quality of being perennial ; lasting 
 continuance. 
 
 Per'feet (14, 115), a. [Lat. perfectus, p. p. of perjicere, 
 to perform, finish, from prefix per, through, a,ndfacere, 
 to make, do.] 1. Carried through; completed; filled 
 up. "Z. Especially, not defective ; having all that is 
 requisite to its nature and kind. 3. Hence, specifically, 
 (a.) Complete in moral excellences. (6.) (Bot.) Having 
 both stamens and pistils. 
 
 Syn. — Finished; consummate; complete; faultless; blame- 
 less ; unblemished. 
 
 Per'fe-et, or Per-fe-et' (115), v. t. [imp. & p.p. per- 
 fected ; p. pr. & vb. n. PERFECTING.] To finish or 
 complete, so as to leave nothing wanting. 
 
 Per'f e<;t-er, or Per-f e«t'er, n. One who makes perfect. 
 
 Per-f6«t'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being perfectible. 
 
 Per-f6«t'i-ble, a. Capable of becoming or of being 
 made perfect. 
 
 Per-f ee'tion, n. 1. State of being perfect or complete, 
 so that nothing requisite is wanting ; perfectness. 5i. A 
 quality, endowment, or acquirement, completely excel- 
 lent, or of great worth. 
 
 Per-fee'tion-ist, n. One who believes that some per- 
 sons actually attain to moral perfection in the present life. 
 
 Per-fe«t'ive, a. 1. Calculated or tending to perfect. 
 ti. ( Chram.) Expressing completed or momentary action ; 
 — said of some forms of the verb. 
 
 Per'fe«t-ly, adv. In a perfect manner or degree ; com- 
 pletely ; totally ; exactly ; accurately. [perfection. 
 
 Per'fe-et-ness, n. State or quality of being perfect; 
 
 Per-f i'^ient (-fish'ent), n. [Lat. perficiens, p. pr. ofper- 
 J?cere, to perform. See Perfect.] One who performs 
 a work ; especially, one who endows a charity. 
 
 Per-fid'i-ous, a. 1. Guilty of, or involving, perfidy ; 
 false to trust or confidence reposed. 2. Proceeding from 
 treachery, or consisting in breach of faith. 3. Guilty of 
 violated allegiance. 
 
 Syn. — Treacherous ; faithless ; unfaithful ; false-hearted ; 
 disloyal ; traitorous. 
 
 Per-f id'i-ous-ly, adv. In a perfidious manner. 
 
 Per-fid'i-ous-ness, n. Quality of being perfidious. 
 
 Per'fi-dy, n. [Lat. perjidia, from perfidus, faithless, fr. 
 prefix per, through, beyond, Andfidus, faithful.] Act of 
 violating faith, a promise, vow, or allegiance ; faithless- 
 ness ; treachery. 
 
 Per-f o'li-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix per, through, and 
 folium, leaf.] {Bot.) Surrounding the stem at the base. 
 
 Per'fo-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. perforated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PERFORATING.] [Lat. perforare, perforatum, 
 from prefix per, through, and/omre," to bore.] To bore 
 through ; to pierce ; to penetrate. 
 
 Per'fo-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of perforating. 'Z. A hole 
 or aperture passing through or into the interior of any 
 thing. 
 
 Per'fo-ra-tive, a. Having power to perforate, [rates. 
 
 Per'fo-ra'tor, n. An instrument that bores or perfo- 
 
 Per-foi'9e% adv. [Lat. per, tnrough, by, and Eng. /orce.] 
 By force ; violently ; of necessity ; absolutely. 
 
 Per-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. performed ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. performing.] [0. Eng. parforme, parfourme, 
 parfournen, 0. Fr. parforner, parfornir, parfournir, to 
 finish, complete, from par, through, and /oh?-;! /r, to fur- 
 nish, complete. Cf. h&t. performare, to form thorough- 
 
 ly. See Furnish.] 1. To carry through ; to bring to 
 completion. Z, To execute ; to discharge. 
 
 Syn. — To accomplish ; do ; act ; transact ; achieve ; Ja!- 
 fill ; effect ; complete. 
 
 Per-f orm', v. i. To acquit one's self in any work ; es- 
 pecially, to go through with a public part, as in a drama, 
 pantomime, or other exhibition of skill and capacity. 
 
 Per-f 6rm'a-ble, a. Admitting of being performed or 
 done ; practicable. 
 
 Per-f orm'aii^e, n. 1. Act of performing, or condition 
 of being performed. Z. That which is performed or ac- 
 complished ; especially, an act of an elaborate or public 
 character ; an exhibition. 
 Syn. — Completion ; consummation ; execution ; accom- 
 
 Slishment ; achievement ; production ; work ; act ; action ; 
 eed ; exploit ; feat. 
 
 Per-f6rni'er,/i. One who performs ; an actor. 
 
 Per'fume, or Per-fume' (115), n. [From Lat. per, 
 through, thoroughly , and/i«w«.^, smoke, fume.] 1. The 
 scent or odor emitted from sweet-smelling substances; 
 fragrance. Z, A substance that emits an agreeable scent. 
 
 Per-fiime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. perfumed ; p. j>t. & 
 vb. n. PERFUMING.] To fill or impregnate with a grate- 
 ful odor ; to scent. 
 
 Per-fum'er, n. One who perfumes, or whose trade it ii 
 to sell perfumes. 
 
 Per-f um'er-y, n. Perfumes in general. 
 
 Per-f u.n«'to-ri-ly, adv. In a perfunctory manner ; care- 
 lessly ; negligently. 
 
 Per-fiin-e'to-ry, a. [Lat. perfunctorius, from perfunc- 
 tus, p. p. of perfungi, to discharge, dispatch, from per, 
 through, and fungi, to perform.] Done without interest 
 or zeal, and merely to get rid of a duty ; hence, indiffer- 
 ent ; careless ; negligent. 
 
 Per-fu§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. perfused ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PERFUSING.] [Lat. perfundere, perfusum, from pre- 
 fix /)er, through, and fundere, to pour.] To sprinkle, 
 pour, or spread over. 
 
 Per-fu.'sion, n. Act of perfusing, or of pouring or 
 sprinkling over. [kle. 
 
 Per-fu'sive, a. Sprinkling; adapted to spread or sprin- 
 
 Per-liS,ps', adv. [Lat. per, through, by, and Eng. hap.] 
 By chance ; it may be ; perad venture ; possibly. 
 
 Pe'ri, n. ; pi. pe'RI§. [Zend /iaf>/A:d, Per. perl, a, female 
 genius, a fairy.] {Per. Myth.) An imaginary being of the 
 female sex, represented as a descendant of fallen angels, 
 excluded from paradise till their penance is accomplished. 
 
 Per'i-antli, n. [From Gr. Trepi, around, about, and avOog, 
 flower.] {Bot.) (a.) That calyx which envelops only a 
 single flower, and is immediately contiguous to it. (6. ) 
 The leaves of the flower generally, especially when the 
 calyx and corolla are not readily distinguished. 
 
 Per'i-car'di-Jte, ( a. Of, or relating to, the pericardi- 
 
 Per'i-car'di-al, j urn. 
 
 pir/i-llr'di?"' } "• ^«****"g ^^ ^^^ pericardium. 
 I*er'i-^ar'di-uni, n. [N. Lat. 
 
 Trept, about, and KapSCa, heart.] 
 
 nous sac which incloses the 
 
 heart. 
 Per'i-cafp, n. [Gr. trepi- 
 
 Kapniov, from irepC, about, 
 
 and (capTTOs, fruit.] (Bot.) 
 
 The ripened ovary or ger- 
 
 men of a plant. 
 
 Gr. nepiKapSiov, from 
 {Atiat.) Themembra- 
 
 Pericarps. 
 
 a, b, drupe of peach; c, nut, filbert; d, strobile of pine; 
 
 e,f, capsule of poppy; g, capsule of Aristolochia. 
 
 Per'i-erd'ni-unt, n. [From Gr. Trept, around, and 
 
 Kpaviov, the skull.] {Anat. ) The fibrous membrane that 
 
 immediately invests the skull. 
 
 Per'i-ajee, I n. [From Gr. irepi, about, near, and yirjj 
 
 Per''i-ge'um, ) the earth.] {Astron.) That point in 
 
 the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth. 
 Per'i-grftpli, n. [Gr. nepLypa<f>Yj, from Trepi, round about, 
 and ypai^YJ, a writing.] A careless or inaccurate delinea- 
 tion of any thing. 
 Pgr'i-liel'ioii {or -he'li-on), ) n. [Gr. Trepi, about, near, 
 Per'i-lie'li-um, ) and rjAios, the sun ; N. 
 
 food frfbt; ^rn, rude, pi.ill ; ^ell, ^liaise, call, e«lio : gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; tlii*. 
 
PERIL 
 
 532 
 
 PERMEATION 
 
 Lftt. pfrihelimn.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a ! 
 planet or comet in which it is nearest to the sun. i 
 
 Pfir'U, n. [IM. pfriculum , perichnu , from the root periri, j 
 peritus, to try, attempt.] Instant or impending danger ; 
 exi>osure to iiyury, loss, or destruction. 
 
 Syn.— Danger ; huzani ; risk ; jeopardy. See Danger. 
 
 Pfr'il, f. /. [imp. & p. p. periled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PERILING.] To expose to danger ; to hazard ; to risk ; 
 to jeopard. * 
 
 P6r'll-ous, a. Full of, attended with, or involying peril ; 
 dangerous ; haairdous. 
 
 Pgr'il-ous-ly, fl^/f. Dangerously; with hazard. 
 
 P6r'il-ous-iies.«!, n. Quality of being perilous; dan- 
 go rousness ; danger; hazard. 
 
 Pe-riiiiV-ter, ii. [Gr. TreptfAerpos, from irepi, around, 
 about, and /uieVpoc, measure.] {Geom.) The outer 
 boundarj- of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. 
 
 Pe'ri-od (89), «. [Lat. periodus, from Gr. TreptoSos, a 
 going round, a way round, a period of time, from Trept, 
 round, about, and 666s, away.] 1. A portion of time 
 as limited and determined by some recurring phenome- 
 non, as by the completion of a revolution of one of the 
 heavenly bodies. 2. Hence, specifically, a stated and 
 recurring interval of time ; a cycle. 3. More generally, 
 an interval of time, specified or lefl indefinite ; a certain 
 series of years, months, da} s or the like. 4. Termina- 
 tion of a revolution, cycle, series of events, single event, 
 or act. 5. (Khet.) A complete sentence, from one full 
 stop to another; hence, sentence; clause. 6. {Print.) 
 The point that marks the end of a complete sentence ; a 
 full stop [thus . ]. 
 
 Syn. —Time ; date ; epoch ; era ; age ; duration ; contin- 
 uance ; limit ; bound ; end ; conclusion ; determination. 
 
 Pe'ri-6d'i€, \a. [Gr. 7repio8t>c6s.] 1. Performed in 
 Pe'ri-6d'ic-al, I a circuit, or in a series of successive 
 
 circuits, ti. Happening by revolution, at a stated time ; 
 
 returning regularly , after a certain period of time. 3. 
 
 (Rhet.) Pertaining to or constituting a period. 
 Pe'ri-6d'i«-al, n. A magazine or other publication 
 
 which appears at stated or regular intervals. 
 Pe'ri-6d'i<;-al-ly, adv. At stated periods. 
 Pe'ri-o-di?'i-ty, n. State of having regular i)eriods in 
 
 changes or conditions. 
 I*Sr'i-ds'te-iini (124), n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. nepLoa-reov, from 
 
 irepC, around, and 6(rreov, a bone.] (Anat.) A fibrous 
 
 membrane investing the bones. 
 P6r'i-pa-tSt'i€, a. [Gr. irepmarqriKo^, from nepiiraTeiv, 
 
 to walk about, from nepC, about, and narelv, to walk.] 
 
 Pertaining to the system of philosophy of Aristotle, who 
 
 gave his instructions while walking in the Lyceum at 
 
 Athens. 
 P6r'i-pa-t6t'i€, n. 1, An adherent of the philosophy 
 
 of Aristotle, tj. One who is obliged to walk, or cannot 
 
 afford to ride. 
 P6r'i-pa-t6t'i-9i§in, n. The philosophical system of 
 
 Aristotle and his followers. 
 P6r'i-pli6r'i€, I a. 1. Pertaining to, or constitut- 
 P6r'i-pli6r'i«-al, ) ing, a periphery. :i. External; 
 
 around the outside of an organ. 
 Pe-ripli'er-y, n. [Gr. irepi^ipLa, from Trepi, around, 
 
 and ^tpetv, to bear.] The circumference of a circle, 
 
 ellipse, or other regular curvilinear figure. 
 Pgr'i-plirage, n. [Gr. iTepi(}>pa<Tis , from ■irepi(f>pd^e<r0cu, | 
 
 to think about, to be expressed periphrastically, from ' 
 
 irepi, about, and 4>pa^eii', to speak.] {R/iet.) The use of I 
 
 more words than are necessary to express the idea ; cir- | 
 
 cumlocution. 
 Pgr'i-phrage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periphrased ; p. ' 
 
 pr. & vb. n. PERIPHRASING.] To express by circumlo- ; 
 J*e-r>iph'rn-sls, n. The same as Periphrase. [cution. | 
 P6r'i-pliras'ti<;, ) a. Expressing or expressed in j 
 PCr'i-phrJls'tie'-al, j more words than are necessary ; ' 
 
 circumlocutory. 
 P6r'ip-neu'mo-ny, n. [Gr. TrepiTri/ev/aovta, from irepl, 
 
 around, about, and irveviuov, a lung.] {Bled.) An inflam- 
 mation of the lungs. | 
 Pe-rip'ter-al, a [Gr. TrepiTTTepos, from ntpC, around, | 
 
 about, and vrepov, wing, row of columns.] Having a 
 
 range of columns all around. i 
 
 Pe-rip'ter-ous, a. [Gr. TreptTrrepos, from nepi, around, 
 
 and TTTepdi/, feather, wing.] Feathered on all sides. I 
 
 Pfir'i-8€ope, n. [Gr. irepi, around, and o-KenTeaOai., 
 
 a-Konelv, to look around, to view.] A general view. 
 P6r'i->»<;6p'i€, a. Viewed on all sides; — applied to a 
 
 kind of spectacles having concavo-convex gla.s.se8 which 
 
 increase the distinctness of objects when viewed obliquely. 
 Pgr'ish, ^•. i. [imp. & p. p. perished (per'isht) ; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. PERISHING.] [Latf perire, to go or ma 
 through, perish, from prefix per, through, and ire, to go.J 
 1. To be destroyed ; to go to destruction ; to come to 
 ^bothing ; to be ruined or lost. Ji. To die ; to decease. 
 3. To decay gradually, as a limb. 
 
 P6r'ish-a-ble, a. Liable to perish ; subject to decay and 
 destruction. [tion. 
 
 P6r'ish-a-ble-ness, »i. Liableness to decay or destruc- 
 
 Pgr'i-sperm, n [Gr. Trepi, around, and oTrep/aa, seed.] 
 (Boi.) The albumen of a seed. . 
 
 P6r'i-spli6r'i€, 1 a. [Gr. nepC, around, and <T<)>aZpa, 
 
 Pgr'i-spligr'i-e-al, ) ball, sphere] Having the form 
 of a ball ; globular. 
 
 Per'i-stai'tic, a. [Gr. jrepiaraATiKos, clasping and com- 
 pressing, from TreptoToAAetv, to surround, ^vrap up.] 
 {Anat.) Contracting in successive circles; — a term ap- 
 plied to the vermicular motion of the alimentary canal, 
 and similar structures. 
 
 Per'i-style, n. [Gr. nepCoTvXov, Trepio-rvAos, from Trepi, 
 about, and cttOXos, a column.] (Arch.) A range of col- 
 umns round a building or square, or a building encom- 
 passed with a row of columns on the outside. 
 
 Per'i-to-ne'um, n. [Lat. peritoneum andperitonseum, 
 Gr. TrepiTot-eiov, Trepiroi'ttivoi/, from TrepireiVeiv, to stretch 
 all round or over.] {A7iat.) A thin, smooth, serous, 
 membrane, investing the whole internal surface of the 
 abdomen, and the viscera contained in it. 
 
 Pe-rit'ro-pal, «. [Gr. n-epiVpoTros, from wepiTpeVeiv, to 
 turn round.] 1. Rotatory ; circuitous. 2. {Bot.) Hav- 
 ing the axis of the seed perpendicular to the axis of the 
 pericarp to which it is attached. 
 
 Per'i-^wig, n. [0. Eng. perwicke, corrupt, from Fr. per- 
 ruque, and abbreviated into wig. See PERUKE.] A 
 small wig ; a peruke ; a scratch. 
 
 Per'i-wig, v. t. [imp. Sap. p. periwigged; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. periwigging.] To dress with a periwig, or 
 with false hair. 
 
 Per'i-wiiik/le (per'T-wmkn), n. [Said 
 to be a corruption of petty and A.-S. win- 
 A:/f, a shell-fish.] 1, {Zoo I.) A gasteropo- 
 dous mollusk, having a turbinated shell ^^ 
 ti. [0. Eng. pervinke, Lat. pervinca, A.-S. periwinkle. 
 pervince, pine ivincle.] {Bot.) A flower- 
 ing plant. 
 
 Per'jure (per'jijr), t". i. [imp. & p. ;?. PERJURED; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. perjuring.] [L&t. perjtirare, from prefix 
 per, through, over, andjurare, to swear.] 1. To cause 
 to swear before a court of justice to what one knows to 
 be untrue, or does not know to be true. H. To make a 
 false oath to. 
 
 Syn. — To forswear. — Forswear applies to all kinds of 
 oaths ; perjure to those administered by a civil magistrate. A 
 subject forswears himself when he breaks his oath of alle- 
 giance ; a witness ijer/ure.'! himself when he swears to what h» 
 knows to be false. 
 
 Per'jured (per'jnrd), a. Guilty of perjury ; having 
 sworn falsely ; being sworn falsely. 
 
 Per'jur-er (pcr/jjjr-er), n. One who willfully takes a 
 false oath lawfully administered. 
 
 Per'ju-ry, n. [Lat. perjuriian. See supra.^ False sweai, 
 ing; act or crime of willfully making a false oath, whe4 
 lawfully administered. 
 
 Perlt (14), a. Pert; uppish; smart; trim; vain. 
 
 Perk, V. i. [W. percu, to trim, to make smart.] To hold 
 up the head with affected smartness. 
 
 Perlc, V. t. To dress up ; to make trim ; to prank. 
 
 Per'nia-nen^e, ) n. Condition or quality of being per- 
 
 Per'ma-nen-^y, J manent ; continuance in the same 
 state or place ; duration; fixedness. 
 
 Per'ma-nent, a. [Lat. permanens, p. pr. of permanere, 
 to stay or remain to the end, to last, from prefix per, 
 through, and manere, to remain.] Continuing in the 
 same state, or without any change that destroys form or 
 character. 
 
 Syn. — Lasting; durable. See Lasting. 
 
 Per'ma-nent-ly, adv. In a permanent manner. 
 
 Per/me-a-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty or state of being per- 
 meable. 
 
 Per'me-a-ble, a. [See Permeate.] Admitting of be- 
 ing permeated, or pas.«ed through; penetrable; — used 
 especially of the passage of fluids. 
 
 Per'me-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. permeated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. permeating.] [Lat. permeare, permeutum, 
 from prefix per, through, and meare, to go, to pass.] To 
 pass through the pores or intwstices of; — applied es- 
 pecially to fluids. 
 
 Per'me-a'tion, n. Act of permeating, or passing 
 through the pores or interstices of a body. 
 
 a, c, &c., long; &, £, &c., short ; c4re, far, ask, all, wbat ; gre, veil, term ; piique, firm ; s6n, dr, do, -woH. 
 
PERMISGIBLE 
 
 533 
 
 PERSON 
 
 Per-mls'^i-ble, «. [From Lat. permiscere, to mix or 
 mingle together.] Capable of being mixed. 
 
 Per-mis'si-ble, a. Proper to be permitted ; allowable. 
 
 Per-mis'sioii (-mish/un), n. [hAt. permissio. See PER- 
 MIT.] Act of permitting ; formal consent. 
 Syn. — Leave; liberty; license; allowance. See Leave. 
 
 Per-mis'slve, «■ 1. Granting liberty; allowing. 2. 
 Suffered without hindrance. 
 
 Per-mis'sive-ly, ado. By allowance ; without prohibi- 
 tion or hindrance. 
 
 Per-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. permitted ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. PERlvnTTING.] [Lat. pennitttre, to let through, 
 permit, from pref. per, through, and mittere, to let go, 
 Bend.] 1. To resign; to give in charge; to refer. "Z, 
 To grant express liberty to do ; less strictly, to put up 
 with ; to tolerate ; to suffer. 3. To grant leave to. 
 
 Syn. — To allow. — To permit is more positive, denoting a 
 decided assent, either directly or by ini plication: to allow is 
 more negative, and imports only acquiescence or an_ absti- 
 nence from prevention. We may be compelled by circum- 
 Btances to allow some things which we would by no meajis 
 directly permit. 
 
 Per-mit', v. ?'. To grant permission ; to give leave. 
 
 PSr'jtnit, or Per-mit' (115), n. Warrant ; leave ; per- 
 mission ; specifically, a, vixitten permission from the proper 
 authority, to export or transport goods, or to land goods 
 or persons. 
 
 Per-mit'tanfe, n. Act of permitting ; permission. 
 
 Per-mit'ter, n. One who permits. 
 
 Pef'mu-ta'tion, n. [Lat. permutatio, from permutare, 
 from the prefix per, through, and miitare, to change.] 
 1. Act of permuting ; mutual transference. 3. {Math.) 
 The arrangement of any determinate number of things, 
 in all possible orders. 
 
 Per-iii'cious (-nish'us), a. [l&t. pernicioms, from per- 
 nicies, destruction, from pref. per, thoroughly, and nex, 
 necis,& violent death.] Having the quality of destroy- 
 ing or injuring. 
 
 Syn. — Destructive ; ruinous; deadly; noxious; injurious; 
 hurtful; mischievous. 
 
 Per-m'cioiis-ly (-nish'us-), adv. In a pernicious manner. 
 
 Per-iircious-iiess(-nIsh'u.s-), n. The quality of being 
 pernicious or very injurious or destructive. 
 
 Per'no-e-ta'tion, n. [Lat. pernoctatio, from pref. per, 
 through, and nox, noctis, the night.] Act of passing the 
 whole night. 
 
 Per'o-ra'tion, n. [Lat. peroratio, from perorare, to 
 speak from beginning to end, from per, through, and 
 orare, to speak.] {Rhet.) The concluding part of an 
 oration or discourse. 
 
 Per-6x'Ide,n. [Prefix per and oxide.] (Chem.) That 
 oxide of a given base which contains the greatest quan- 
 tity of oxygen. 
 
 Per-pend'er, n. [Fr. parpain, parpains;, pierre par- 
 paigne, from par, through, and pati, the side of a wall.] 
 A large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on 
 both sides of it, and therefore having the ends smooth. 
 
 Per'pen.-di€'u-lar, a. [Lat. per- 
 pendicuLarix, perpend icularius, fr. 
 prefix per, thoroughly, and pen- 
 dere, to hang down.] 1. Exactly 
 upright ; at right angles to the 
 plane of the horizon, ti, ( Geom.) 
 At right angles to a given line or 
 surface. g 
 
 Per'pen-di-e'u-lar, n. 1. A line _ 
 
 at right angles to the plane of the ad, perpendicular; 
 horizon ; a vertical line or direc- b c, horizontal, 
 tion. 3. ( Geom.) A line or plane falling at right angles 
 on another line or surface. [lar. 
 
 Per'pen-dic'u-iar'i-ty, n. State of being perpendicu- 
 
 Per'pen-die'u-lar-ly, adv. So as to be perpendicular. 
 
 Per'pe-trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. perpetrated; p. 
 pr. & vb. }i. PERPETRATING.] [La.t. perpetrare, from 
 prefix per, through, and patrare, to perform.] To ex- 
 ecute, in a bad sense ; to commit ; to be guilty of. 
 
 Per'pe-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of perpetrating, or of com- 
 mitting a crime, "i. An evil action. 
 
 Per'pe-tra/tor, n. [Lat.] One who perpetrates. 
 
 Per-p6t'u-al, a. [Lat. perpetualis, from perpetuus, 
 continuing throughout, continuous, from prefix per, 
 through, and petere, to fall upon, to go or repair to.] 
 Continuing indefinitely or infinitely ; unending. 
 
 Syn. — Constant; never-ceasing; endless; eternal; ever- 
 lasting ; never-failing; perennial; continual; continuous; 
 lasting ; incessant ; unceasing. See CoNTiNf \L. 
 Per-pet'u-al-ly, adv. Constantly ; continually. 
 Per-p6t'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. perpetuated ; p. 
 
 pr. & vh. n. perpetuating.] [Lat. perpetuate, per- 
 petuatum.] To make perpetual; to preserve from ex- 
 tinction or oblivion ; to eternize. 
 
 Per-pfifu-a'tioii, n. Act of making perpetual. 
 
 Per'pe-tu'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being per- 
 petual ; endless duration. 3. Something perpetual ; a 
 thing without end. 3. Quality or condition of an estate 
 by which it becomes inalienable, either perpetuallyor for 
 a very long period ; also, the estate itself so modified or 
 perpetuated. 
 
 Per-plex', v. t. [imp. & p. p. perplexed (per-plgkst') ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. perplexing.] [Lat. per, through, 
 thoroughly, and pleclere, plexum, to plait, braid, allied to 
 Gr. irKeK^Lv ; perplexus, entangled, intricate.] 1. To make 
 intricate ; to make complicated and difficult to be under- 
 stood or unraveled. 3. To tease with suspense, anxiety, 
 or ambiguity. 
 
 Syn. — To embarrass; puzzle; entangle; involve; compli- 
 cate; bewilder; confuse; distract; harass; vex; plague; tease; 
 molest. See Embarrass. 
 
 Per-plex'ed-Iy (60), adv. In a perplexed manner. 
 
 Per-plex'i-ty, n. State of being perplexed ; intricacy ; 
 embarras.sment. 
 
 Per'qui-gite (pt-r^kwi-zit, 14), n. [Lat. perqtiisitum, from 
 perquisitus, p. p. of perqiiirere, to ask for diligently.] An 
 allowance in money or things, beyond the ordinary salary 
 or fixed wages for services rendered. [search. 
 
 Per^qui-gi'tioii (-zTsh'un), ?i. An accurate inquii^ or 
 
 Per'ry, 7i. [Fr. poire, from poire, a pear, q. v.] A 
 liquor prepared from pears in the ame manner as cider 
 from apples. 
 
 Per'se-eute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. persecuted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PERSECUTING.] [Lat. persequi, persecutus, 
 from prefix per, through, and seqiii, to follow, pursue.] 
 1. To pursue iu a manner to injure, vex, or afflict; to 
 harass. 2. Especially, to afflict, harass, or punish, for 
 adherence to a particular creed or to a mode of worship. 
 
 Per'se-eu'tioii, n. Act or practice of persecuting, or 
 state of being persecuted. 
 
 Per'se-eu'tor, n. One who persecutes. 
 
 Per'se-ver'an^e, n. Act of persevering or persisting 
 in an J' thing undertaken. 
 
 Syn.— Persistence; steadfastness; constanc}'; steadiness. 
 
 Per'se-vere', v. i. [imp. & p. p. persevered ; p, pr. 
 & vb. n. PERSEVERING.] [Lat. perseverare, from per- 
 severus, very strict, fi-om prefix per, thoroughly, very, 
 and severus, strict.] To persist in any business or enter- 
 prise undei-taken ; not to abandon what is undertaken. 
 
 Syn. — To continue; persist. — The idea of not laying aside 
 is common to these words. Continue, is the generic term, de- 
 noting simply to do as one has done hitherto. To persevere is 
 to continue in a given course in spite of discouragements, &c., 
 from a desire to obtain our end. To peraixt is to continue from 
 a determination of will not to give up. The former is always 
 used in a good sense, the latter frequently in a bad one. 
 
 Per'se-ver'iiig-ly, adv. In a persevering manner. 
 
 I*ersiftn(fe. (pCr'se-Hazh'), n. [Fr., fxom per sifter, to quiz, 
 from Lat. per, through, and Fr. siffler, to whistle, to hiss, 
 from Lat. sibilare, id.] Frivolous or bantering talk, or 
 style of treating all subjects. 
 
 Per-sTiti'moii, w. [Virginia Indian.] ( Bot.) A tree and 
 its fruit, found from New York southward. The fruit is 
 like a plum, and luscious and highly nutritious. 
 
 Per-sist', v. i. [imp. & p. p. persisted \ p. pr. Sl vb- 
 n. PERSISTING.] [Lat. persistere, ft'om prefix per, 
 through, and sistere, to stand or be fixed.] To continue 
 fixed in a course of conduct against opposing motives. 
 
 Syn.— To persevere; continue.— Per.v'.tt is nearly synony- 
 mous with pe/serere; but persi.'it frequently implies more ob- 
 stinacy than persei'ere, particularly in that which is evil or in- 
 jurious to others. 
 
 Per-sist'en^e, ) n. 1. State of being persistent; steady 
 
 Per-sist'en-^y, ) pursuit of what is undertaken. "2. 
 ( Physics.) Continuance of an effect after the cause which 
 first gave rise to it is removed. 
 
 Per-sist'ent, a. [Lat. persistens, p. pr. of persi-ttere, to 
 persist.] Inclined to persist or hold firm ; tenacious; 
 fixed ; immovable. 
 
 Per-sist'ive, a. The same as Persistent. 
 
 Per'son (per'sn, 14), n. [Lat. persona, a mask; a per- 
 sonage, part, a person, from personare, to sound through, 
 from prefix per, through, and sonnre, to sound.] 1. The 
 exhibition of a character in dialogue, fiction, or ou the 
 stage. 3. The part or character which any one sus- 
 tains. 3. Outward appearance, expression, and the like. 
 4. A living soul ; a moral agent ; especially, a living hu- 
 man being; a man. woman, or child; — also, among 
 Trinitarians, one of the three subjects or agents consti- 
 tuting the godhead. 5. Any human being ; one ; a man. 
 
 food, foot ; tkxjx, rude, pull ; pell, phaise, «all, e<;lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linKer, liiik ; tiiis. 
 
PERSONABLE 
 
 534 
 
 PERVERSE 
 
 6. ( Grant.) One of the three relations which a noun or 
 pronoun may iioKl to the verb of which either is the 
 subject, and i>crtuiuing to both noun and verb. 
 
 Artificial jx-rson (Law), ii corporntion or body politic — /n 
 ftersoii, by one's self; with bo<Uly presence. 
 P6r'!*on-a-ble (per'.^un-), a. 1. Having a well-formed 
 bodjr or person; graceful. "Z. (Law.) Enabled to main- 
 "^m plcAj* in court. 
 Per'son-age (45), »i. 1. Character assumed or repre- 
 sented. 'Z. An individual distinguished by rank, social 
 pasitiou, or reputation. 3. Exterior appearance, stature, 
 an imposing air, or the Hke ; or an iudividual attracting 
 attention by the pos.session of such characteristics. 
 Per'son-ali «• Pertaining to a person ; as, (a.) Belong- 
 ing to men or women and not to things. (6.) Kelating to 
 an individual or individuals ; peculiar to private con- 
 cerns, (f.) Pertaining to the external or bodily appear- 
 ance, (d.) Done without the intervention of another. 
 (e.) Applying to the character and conduct of individu- 
 als in a disparaging manner. (/.) ( Gram.) Denoting the 
 person. 
 P5r'son-&l'i-ty, n. 1. That which constitutes, or per- 
 tains to, a person. 2. Something said or written which 
 refers, especially in a disparaging way, to the conduct of 
 some person. 
 Per'son-al-ly, adv. 1. In a personal or direct manner. 
 
 3. With respect to an individual ; individually. 
 Per'son-ate, v. t. [i77ip. & p. p. personated; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. PERSON/TING.] 1. To assumc the character 
 of; to counterfeit , to feign. 2. To disguise; to mask. 
 Per'soii-a'tion, n. The act of personating, or of coun- 
 terfeiting the person of another. 
 Per'son-a'tor, n. One who personates. 
 Per-.son'i-fi-ca'tion, ?i. 1. Act of personifying. 2. 
 (Rhet.) A figure, in which an inanimate being is repi'e- 
 sented as animated, or endowed with personaUty ; pros- 
 opopoeia. 
 Per-s6ii'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. personified; p. 
 p.pr. & vb. n. PERSONIFYING.] [Lat. persona, person, 
 BiUA. facer e, to make.] To regard or treat as a person. 
 Syn. — To imitate; mimic; feign; counterfeit; resemble. 
 Personnel (per'so-neP), n. [Fr. See Personal.] The 
 body of ^persons employed in some public service, as the 
 army or navy, &c. 
 Per-sp6€'tive, a. [From Lat. perspicere, perspectum, to 
 look through.] Pertaining to the art, or in accordance 
 with the laws, of perspective. 
 Per-spfic'tive, n. 1, A view ; a vista. 2. The art of 
 representing on a plane surface objects as they appear, 
 relatively, to the eye in nature. [spective. 
 
 Per-sp6<!'tive-ly, adv. According to the rules of per- 
 Per-8p6€'to-grSipli, n. [From Lat. perspectu.s, p. p. of 
 perspicere, and Gr. ypa<|)6ii', to write.] An instrument 
 for transferring to a picture the points and outlines of 
 original objects. 
 Pgr'.spi-ca'cioiis, a. [Lat. perspicax, perspicacis, from 
 perspicere, to look through.] 1. Quick-sighted; sharp 
 of flight. 2. Of acute discernment ; keen. 
 Per'spi-cJl^'i-ty, n. State of being perspicacious ; acute- 
 
 ness of sight or discernment. 
 Per'spi-€\i'i-ty , n. State of being perspicuous, or clear ; 
 clearness, especially of statement. 
 
 Syn. — Pcrspicuousness; plainness; distinctness; transpa- 
 rency translucency. 
 Per-spi€'u-ous, a. [I^at. perspicuus, from perspicere, 
 to look through.] Clear to the understanding ; capable 
 of being clearly understood ; not obscure or ambiguous. 
 Syn. — Clear; plain; distinct; definite. 
 I'er-spi€'u-oti.s-ly, oflv. In a perspicuous manner. 
 Per-spX€'w-ous-iie.«i8, n. The state of being perspicu- 
 ous ; plainness ; freedom from obscurity. 
 Per-8pir'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being perspirable. 
 P«r-8pir'a-ble, a. Capable of being perspired. 
 Pgr'spi-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of perspiring. 2. That 
 
 which is perspired ; sweat. 
 Per-Hpir'a-tive, a. Performing the act of perspiration. 
 Per-spir'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or causing, perspi- 
 ration . 
 Per-8pire', V. i. [imp. tc p. p. perspired; p.pr. & 
 vb.n. perspiring.] [I/at. pers;?/>ar'', to breathe through 
 or every where, from prefix per. through, and spirare. to 
 breathe.] 1. To evacuate the fluids of the body through 
 the pores of the skin ; to sweat. 2. To be excreted in- 
 sensibly through the excretories of the skin. 
 Per-splre', v. t. To emit or evacuate insensibly through 
 
 the excretories of the skin ; to sweat. 
 Per-guad'a-ble (-swad'-), a. Capable of being persuaded. 
 
 Per-suade' (per-swad'), i'- t. [imp. & p. p. per- 
 suaded; ;). pr. & vb. n. PERSUADING.] [Lat. per- 
 suadere,ptrsuasiwi, from prefix per, througli, and .ma- 
 dere, to advise, persuade.] 1. To influence by argu- 
 ment, advice, entreaty, or expostulatioH. 2. To con- 
 vince by argument, or reasons offered or suggested from 
 reflection. 
 
 Syn. — To convince; induce; prevail on; win over; allure; 
 entice. See Convince. 
 
 Per-suad'er, n. One who, or that which, persuades. 
 Per-sua/si-toa'i-ty, n. Capability of being persuaded. 
 Per-sua'si-ble (-swa'sT-bl), a. Capable of being per- 
 suaded. 
 Per-sua'§ioii, n. 1. Act of persuading ; act of influ- 
 encing by any thing that moves the mind or passions, or 
 inclines the will to a deteraiination. 2. The state of be- 
 ing persuaded or convinced. 3. A creed or belief; era 
 sect adhering to a creed. 
 Syn. — Inducement; motive; reason. 
 Per-.sua'sive, a. Tending to persuade; having the 
 
 power of persuading. 
 Per-sua'sive, n. An incitement ; an exhortation. 
 Per-sua'sive-ly, adv. In a persuasive manner. 
 Per-sua'sive-ness, n. Quality of being persuasive. 
 Per-sua'so-ry (50), a. Having power or tendency to 
 
 persuade; persuasive. 
 Pert (14), a. [Abbrev. from 0. Fr. aperi, open, known, 
 true, free, impudent, from Lat. apertus, opeu, free, frank, 
 p. p. of aperire, to open.] Indecorously free or»pre- 
 suming. 
 Syn. — Forward; saucy; bold; impertinent; Impudent. 
 Pert, n. An assuming, forward, or saucy person. 
 Per-tain', r. i. [imp. & p. p. pertained; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PERTAINING.] [Lat. pertinere, from prefix per, 
 through, and tenere, to hold, keep.] 1. To be the prop- 
 erty, right, or duty of; to belong. 2. To have relation 
 to ; to relate. 
 Per'ti-na'cious, a. [Lat. pertinax, pertinacis, from pre- 
 &x per, through, and tenax, tenacious.] 1. Holding or 
 adhering to any opinion, purpose, or design, with ob- 
 stinacy. 2, Resolute; firm. 
 
 Syn.— Obstinate; stubborn; inflexible; unyielding; deter- 
 mined; constant; steady. 
 Per'ti-na'cioiSs-ly, adv. In a pertinacious manner. 
 Per'ti-na'cioils-iiess, ) n. State or quality of being 
 Per'ti-na^'i-ty, ) pertinacious ; obstinacy. 
 
 Syn. — See Obstinacy. 
 Per'ti-nen^e, ) n. State of being pertinent ; fitness ; 
 Per'ti-nen-^y, ) appositeness ; suitableness. 
 Per'ti-nent, a. [Lat. pertiiiens, p. pr. of pertinere. See 
 Pertain.] Related to the subject or matter in hand ; 
 adapted to the end proposed. 
 
 Syn. — Apposite ; relevant; suitable; appropriate; fit; 
 proper. 
 Per'ti-nent-ly, adv. In a pertinent manner. 
 Pert'ly, adv. In a pert manner; smartly ; saucily. 
 Pert'ness, n. State of being pert ; sauciness. 
 Per-turb', v. t. [Lat. perturbare, fr. pref. per, through, 
 thoroughly, and turbare, to disturb.] 1. To disturb; 
 to agitate j_ to disquiet. 2. To disorder ; to confuse. 
 Per'tur-ba'tion, n. 1. Act of perturbing, or state of 
 being perturbed. 2. [Astron.) An irregularity in the 
 motion of a heavenly body through its orbit. 
 Per-tii'§ioii, n. [Lat. pertusvs, p. p. of pertvndere, 
 to beat, push, or thrust through, to bore through, from 
 prefix per, through, and tundere. to beat.] Act of 
 punching or piercing, with a pointed instrument. 
 Pgr'uke (per'ijk, 53), n. [Fr. perrnque, from Lat pilus, 
 hair! Cf. Periwig.] An artificial cap of hair ; a peri- 
 Pe-rii'§al, n. Act of perusing. [wig. 
 
 Pe-rii§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. perused ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PERUSING.] [Usually derived from Lat. per, through, 
 and uti,iisus, to use ; but it appears rather to be a cor- 
 ruption of per vise, formerly written peruise, from Lat. 
 pervisus, p. p. of pervidere, to look over, to consider, to 
 examine.] 1. To read, or to read with attention. 2. 
 To observe ; to consider. [Obs.] 
 Pe-rus'er, n. One who peruses. 
 
 Per-vade',^^ t. [imp. & p.p. pervaded; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. PERVADING.] [Lat. pervadere. from prefix per, 
 through, and vadere, to go, to walk, allied to Eng. tvade.] 
 1. To pass through, as an aperture, pore, or interstice; 
 to permeate. 2. To be completely diffused in ; to be in 
 all parts. 
 Per-va'§ion, n. Act of pervading. 
 Per-va'.sive. n. Tending, or able, to pervade. 
 Per-verse' (14), a. [Lat. perversics , tuTned the wrong 
 
 %,e,kc.,lon£; &,e,&c.,4Aor^c&re,far,ask:,all,wliat;6re, veil, term; piique.flrmj son, 6r,Ao,-wqV, 
 
PERVERSELY 
 
 535 
 
 PETTILY 
 
 way, p. p. of prrverterp, to turn around, to overturn.] 1. 
 Turn«Hl aside ; hence, distorted from the right. 'Z, Ob- 
 Btinate ia the wrong. 3. Disposed to cross and vex. 
 
 Syn. — Fro ward; untoward; stubborn; untractable; ungov- 
 ernable ; cross ; petulant; peevish : vexatious.— One who is 
 frownrd is capricious, and reluctant to obej'. One who is 
 perverse has a settled obstinacy of will, and likes or dislikes 
 oy the rule of contradiction to the will of others. 
 
 Per-verse'ly, adv. In a perverse manner. 
 
 Per-verse'ness, n. The state of being perverse. 
 
 Per-ver'sion, n. ^Lat. perversio, from pnvertere, per- 
 versiim, to pervert.] Act of perverting ; change to some- 
 thing \vorse. 
 
 Per-ver'si-ty, n. State of being perverse: perverseness. 
 
 Per-ver'sive, a. Tending to pervert or corrupt. 
 
 Per-vert' (14), v. t. [i)np. & p. p. perverted \p.pr. 
 & vb. n. PERVERTING.] [Lat. perve.rterf., from prefix 
 per^ through, thoroughly, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To 
 turn from truth, propriety, or from its proper purpose ; 
 specifimlly, to misinterpret through evil motives or bias. 
 2. To tiirn from the right ; to corrupt. 
 Syn. — To convert; proselyte. 
 
 Per'vert, h. One who has turned from a right way to 
 that which is wrong. 
 
 Per-vert'er, ?i. One who perverts or distorts. 
 
 Per-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being perverted. 
 
 Per'vi-ous, a. [Lat. pervius, from prefix per, through, 
 and v^ia, a way.] 1. Capable of being penetrated by an- 
 other body or substance ; permeable ; penetrable. 2. 
 Capable of being peneti-ated by the mental sight. 
 
 Per'vi-ous-ness, n. The quality of being pervious. 
 
 Pgslc'y, a. Great; mischievous; troublesome. [Collog.] 
 
 Pes'sa-ry, n. [Lat. pessnrhan, i. q. pessum,ppssus, Gr. 
 neatTov, Treo-o-o?.] An instrument made of wood, caout- 
 chouc, &c., and introduced into the vagina to support 
 the mouth and neck of the uterus. 
 
 P€st, n. [Lat. pestls.] 1. A fatal epidemic disease; 
 plague ; pestilence. i2. Hence, any thing which resem- 
 bles a pest. 
 
 Pgs'ter, V. t. imp. & p. p. pestered ; p. pr. & x-h. n. 
 PESTERING-] [Abbrev. from impester; 0. Fr. empestrer, 
 to entangle the feet or legs, to embarrass, fvova. paxturmi., 
 pastern, from L. Lat. pastorium, pastoria,3i fetter by 
 which horses are prevented from wandering in the pas- 
 tures.] 1. To harass with little vexations, ti. To 
 crowd together in an annoying way. 
 
 Syn.— To trouble; disturb; annoy; tease; vex; encumber. 
 
 Pes'ter-er, n. One who pesters. 
 
 Pest'-liouse, n. A house or hospital for persons who 
 are infected with any malignant disease. 
 
 Pes-tif'erous, a. [Lat. pestiferus, from pestis, pest, 
 and/e?Te, to bear.] 1. Pest-bearing; pestilential; nox- 
 ious to health ; infectious ; contagious, ti. Mischievous ; 
 destructive ; troublesome ; vexatious. 
 
 Pes-tif er-oiis-ly, adv. In a pestiferous manner. 
 
 Pgs'ti-len^e, n. 1. That which is pestilent, 'i. Es- 
 pecially, the disease known as the plague ; hence, any 
 contagious or infectious disease that is epidemic. 3. 
 That which breeds disturbance or vice. 
 
 Pes'ti-lent, a. [Lat. pestilens, from pestis, pest.] Pes- 
 tilential ; noxious ; mischievous. 
 
 Syn. — Corrupting; contaminating; infectious. 
 
 Pgs'ti-len'tial, a. 1. Producing or tending to produce 
 the pest, the plague, or other infectious disease, tj. 
 Hence, noxious ; seriously troublesome. 
 
 Pes'ti-len'tial-ly, adv. Pestilently. 
 
 P6s'ti-lent-ly, adv. In a pestilent manner. 
 
 Pes'tle (pes'l), n. [L. Lat. pestellum, Lat. pistillum,& 
 pestle, from pistare, to pound, crush.] An instrument 
 for pounding and breaking substances, in a mortar. 
 
 Pes'tle (pes'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pestled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. pestling.] To pound, break, or pulverize, with 
 a pestle, or as with a pestle. [peevishness. 
 
 P6t, n. [A modification of poitt, q. v.] A slight fit of 
 
 Pet, n. [Prob. contr. from Fr. petit, Uttle, small.] 1. A 
 lamb brought up by hand. 3. Any little animal fondled 
 and indulged. 3. One who is treated with constant gen- 
 tle atrention. 
 
 Pgt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PET- 
 TED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PET- 
 TING.] To treat as a pet; to 
 fondle ; to indulge. 
 
 Pet'al, or Pe'tal, n. [Gr. ni- 
 ToAoi/, a leaf, fr. TreroAos, out- 
 spread ^ broad, flat.] (Bot.) One 
 of the leaves of the corolla, or Petals 
 
 the colored leaves of a flower. 
 
 P6t'al-igm, n. [See Petal.] (Antiq.) A form of ban 
 ishmeiit among the ancient Syracusan.s, by writing on s 
 leaf the name of the person proposed to be banished. 
 
 P6t'al-oid, a. [Gr. TreVaAoi', a leaf, and elfios, shape.] 
 Having the form of a petal. 
 
 Pet'al-oiis, a. Having petals ; — opposed to apetalous. 
 
 Pe-tard', n. [Fr. petard, from peter, t6 crack, to ex- 
 plode.] (Mil.) An engine of war, formerly used to break 
 gates, barricades, &c., by explosion. 
 
 Pe-t6*;'-elii-al,or Pe-te'-ehi-al,«. [N. Lat. petechiali.i, 
 petechia, from Lat. pp«/^f), a scab, an eruption.] {Med.) 
 Having, or accompanied by, livid spots ; spotted. 
 
 Pe'ter-p6n?e, n. An annual tax, formerly paid by the 
 EngUsh to the pope, being a penny for every house. 
 
 Pet'i-o-lar, la. (Boi.) Pertaining to a petiole, or 
 
 Pet'i-o-la-ry, f proceeding from it ; growing or sup- 
 ported on a pettele. 
 
 P4t'i-o-late, a. { Bot.) Having a petiole. 
 
 Pet'i-ole, 71. [Lat. petiolus, a little foot, stem, or stalk 
 of fruits, dim. of pes, pedis, a foot.] {Bot.) The foot- 
 stalk of a leaf, connecting the blade with the stem. 
 
 Pet'it (pyt'y ; Fr. proji. pte), a. [Fr. petit, small, little.] 
 Small, little, mean ; — same as Petty. 
 
 Petit jurji, a jury of twelve men, impaneled to try causes nt 
 the bar of a court; — so called in distinction from the grand 
 jurj'. — Petit larcenu, the stealing of goods of a certain speci- 
 fied small value or under. 
 
 Pe-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. [Lat. petitio, fr. pete.re, petitum, 
 to beg, ask.] A prayer ; a begging; a request; an en- 
 treaty, especially of a formal kind. 
 
 Syn.- Prayer; entreaty; request; memorial. 
 
 Pe-ti'tion (-tish/un) r. «. [imp. & p. ;?. PETITIONED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PETITIONING.] To make a request to ; 
 to solicit ; especially, to supplicate for some favor or 
 right. 
 
 Pe-ti'tion-a-ry (-tIsh'un->, a. 1, Coming with a peti- 
 tion. 3. Containing a petition. 
 
 Pe-ti'tioii-er,(-tTsh'un-) n. One who presents a petition. 
 
 JPetit-tnaitre (pet'te-ma'tr), n. [Fr.. a little master.] 
 A spruce fellow that dangles about ladies ; a fop ; a cox- 
 comb. 
 
 Pe-tre'an, a. [Lat. petrarvs, from petra, Gr. nerpa, a 
 rock.] Pertaining to rock or stone. 
 
 Pet'rel, n. [Diminutive of Peter ; 
 probably so called in allusion to 
 St. Peter's walking on the sea.] 
 {Ornith.) A long-winged, web- 
 footed sea-fowl. The stormy pet- 
 rel is called also Mother Carey^s 
 chicken. 
 
 Pe-tres'^en^e, n. Process of 
 
 changing into stone. Petrel. 
 
 Pe-tr6s'9ent, a. [From Lat. petra, Gr. neTpa, rock, 
 stone.] Converting into stone, or into stony hardness. 
 
 Pet''ri-f a<;'tioii , n. 1. Conversion of any organic mat- 
 ter (animal or vegetable) into stone. 3. An organized 
 body rendered hard by depositions of stony matter in its 
 cavities. 3. A body incrusted with stony matter. 
 
 Pet'ri-fS,-e'tive, fl. 1. Having power to convert vege- 
 table or animal substances into stone, ti. Pertaining to 
 petrifaction. 
 
 Pe-trif i€, a. Having power to convert into stone. 
 
 Pet'ri-fi-«a'tioii, n. 1. Same as Petrifaction. 2. 
 Obduracy. 
 
 Pet'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PETRIFIED •,p.pr.k vb- 
 n. PETRIFYING.] [From Lat. petra, Gr. iriTpa, rock, 
 stone, and facere, to make.] 1. To convert to stone or 
 stony substance. 2. To make callous or obdurate. 
 
 Pet'ri-fy, v. i. To become stone, or of a stony hardness. 
 
 Pe-tro'le-um (124), n. [N. Lat., from Lat. petra, rock, 
 and oleum, oil.] Rock oil. an inflammable, bituminous 
 liquid oxuding from the earth in various parts of the 
 world. 
 
 P6t'ro-iiel, n. [0. Tr.petrina', from petrine, the breast, 
 because it was placed against the breast in order to fire.} 
 A large kind of horscL... 's pistol. 
 j Pe'troiis, a. [Lat. petrosus, from petra, a stone.] Like 
 stone; hard ; stony. 
 
 Pet'ti-eoat, 71. [From petty, small, little, and coa?.] K 
 loose undergarment worn by females. 
 
 Pet'ti-f 6g, V. /. [From petty, small, little, and /o?-, to 
 have power, to practice.] To do small business as a law- 
 yer. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Pet'ti-fSg'gei', n. A law)er who deals in petty cases. 
 
 Pet'ti-fog'ger-y, n. The practice, or the acts, of a pet- 
 tifogger ; disreputable tricks ; quibbles. 
 
 P€t'ti-ly, adv. In a petty manner ; frivolously. 
 
 ^^M 
 
 iood,fo^ot; f^rn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get ; a§; e$ist ; linger, link ; this- 
 
PETTINESS 
 
 536 
 
 PHILANDER 
 
 Pf t'tl-Tiess, n. Smallness : littleness. 
 
 Pf t'tisli. a. Erincing, or pertaining to. a pet ; fretftil : 
 
 ill-hnnpered. 
 Syn.— Fretftil: peerUh: froward; capdoos; cross. 
 P6t'tisli-ly. adv. In a pet : with » freak of ill tonper. 
 Pdt'tisli-nessi, n. State of being pettish ; fretfiilness. 
 Pet'ti-toes. n. / .'- iFroni pftti/, and to<s.] The toee op 
 
 leet of a pi2, often used as food. 
 Pft'to, n. [It., fipom Lat, pectus, the breast.] The breast. 
 
 In fttio, in secrecy : in r«sen-e. 
 Pft'tv. a. [compar. PETTIER ; sypeH. PETTIEST.] [0. 
 
 Eng? pfiit. Ft. jflit, q. t.] 1. Small ; little ; inconader- . 
 
 able. '2. Inferior. 
 
 Syn. — Diminutive : trifling ; trivial ; unimportant ; fiivo- 
 
 lousl • 
 
 Pei'u-Ian?*, 
 Pet'u-lau-^y, 
 
 ness. 
 
 1 n. [Lat. petulantia.] State of being 
 i petulant; freakish passion; pettLsh- 
 
 fhoess. — FeerisJiness is not precisely synony- 
 •loBce ; the former implies more permanence 
 '. temper ; the latter, more temporary or capri- 
 
 Pewit. 
 
 P^ftt-lant, a. [L&t. pftuians. pf^ulantis, from petere, 
 to fall upon, hence to fall upon or assail in jest.] In- ' 
 olined to complain. 
 
 Svii.— Captious ; caviling : irritable ; ill-humored ; peer- \ 
 bh r cross ; ftetfuL SeeCAFTiuis. 
 
 P6t'ti-lant-lT. adv. In a petulant or peevish manner. 
 
 PeTT (pu). n. ' [0. Fr. piii, pot, hill, high place, frova. Lat. 
 poilinn. an elevated place, a balcony.] An inclosed seat 
 in a church. 
 
 Pe'-tvet, n. The same as Pewit. 
 
 Pe'Tvit . n . 10. D. pieicit, pieicit- 
 vogid] (Chnilh.) The*lapwing 
 OT green plover. 
 
 Pew'ter (pO'tcr), n. [0. Fr. peu- 
 tre, piautrf, "S. Fr. spiauire, D. 
 planter, piauUr. speauler. spiauter. 
 II. (Jer. spiauter. Cf. SPELTER. 
 1. An alloy consisting chiefly of 
 tin and lead. 'i. A class of utensils made of pewter. 
 
 Pefv'ter-er (pu'ter-er), n. One who works in pewter. 
 
 Pha'e-ton, n. [Lat. Phafthon, Gr. ^oedcov, from ^ae- 
 6€t». <>a€tv, <J>au'et»', to shine.] 1. (Myth.) The son of 
 Phoebus, fabled to have begged of his father that he 
 would permit him to guide the chariot of the son. *Z, 
 An open carriage like a chaise, on four wheels, and drawn 
 by two horses. 
 
 Pliill'aii-ste'ri-aii. a. Relating to phalansterianL«m. 
 
 PliaiaA-jite'ri-aii-ism, n. A system of phalansteries 
 proposed by Fourier ;~Fourierism : socialism. 
 
 Phai'an-ster'y, n. [Gr. 4>aAa-)^f, f.. phalanx, and tm- 
 (>e6^, firm, solid.] 1. The dweliing of a Fourierite pha- 
 lanx : the common dwelling of the members of a social 
 organization established upon the plan of Charles Fou- 
 rier, 'i. An a?.<^x•iation organized on the plan of Fourier. 
 
 PliaOanx. or Pliai'anx. n. [Lat. ; Gr. <>aAayj.] 1. 
 ( Gt. Aniiq. ) A square battalion or body of soldiers formed 
 in ranks and files close and deep, so as to offer very fem 
 resistance to a foe. "Z, Any body of troops or men 
 formed in close array, or any firm combination of 
 people. 3 . .\. compact society organized on the plan of 
 Fourier, and having a common dwelling. 
 
 Phai'a-rope, n. [From Gr. ^KiAopo;, having a patch of 
 whi'e. and roO?, xt>&>;, a foot.] ( OrnUii.) One of a certain 
 ■^^n\i- of wading birds, found chiefly in northern locali- 
 ties. 
 
 Ph&n'tastn. n. [See Fantasm.] 1. A mental image 
 or repreintation of a real object. 2. An imaginary ex- 
 istence which seems to be real : sometimes, an optical 
 illusion : a dream. 
 
 Phan-tdf nia-eo'ri-a (89), n. [Gr. ^MmainLa., a phan- 
 tasm. ■■^'T- i r.-^r.-.A nn a.<¥emblv l An exhibition of shad- 
 ows r rioof £_^-res thrown upon aflatsur- 
 fece V -'^m : hence, tllufive images. 
 
 Phan-ta; i-i.. „ur'i€, a. Of.or pertaining to, pfaantas- 
 magorirt. [lantern. 
 
 Phan-tiis'ina-go-ry, n. Phantasmagoria ; a magic 
 
 ?!:a";;ii'.v.*;.° i ^•'— T'c ^d F«cv. 
 
 Phan'tnm. n. [From Lat. />Aaii/ajfma. See PHANTASM.] 
 
 An npfiaririon ; a specter : a ghost : an airj* spirit. 
 PKSr i-»a'ie, 1 a. 1. Pertsining to, or resembUng, 
 Phar i-<ia'i«-al, ( the Pharisees. 2. Hence, making a 
 show of religion without the spirit of it ; hypocritical. 
 
 Pliat^i-<^'i€-al-ne6S, n. State of being Pharisak ; 
 
 Pharisaism . 
 
 Phar'i-*ia-i§m. n. 1. The notions, doctrines, and con- 
 duct of the Pharisees, as a sect. 2. Hypocrisy in relig- 
 ion. 
 
 PhSr'i-see, n. [Lat. Pharissrus., pi. Pharisiti, Gr. 4>apt- 
 aauuK, pi. ^apuj-aloi. Heb. Parbsh, pi. Paru.^im, from 
 parasJi, to separate.] One of a sect among the Jews, 
 noted for a strict ob.«ervance of rites and ceremonieB, 
 and for a preten.'e of uncommon holiness. 
 
 Phar ma-^eu'tic J a. [Gr. «})5pji«utevruc6s. from ^<^>- 
 
 Phar ma-^eu'tic-al, ( fuuccveiv, to administer or use 
 medicine, from ^>apfuucov, medicine, drug.] Pertaining 
 to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or preparing me(U- 
 cines. 
 
 Phar ma-^eu'ti€S, n. sing'. The science of preparing 
 medicines. 
 
 Pharma-^eu'tist, «. One skilled in pharmacy. 
 
 Phar'ma-^ist, n. One skilled in pharmacy; a dnig- 
 gist : a pharmaceutist. 
 
 Piiar'tBia-c61'o-gist, n. One skilled in the composi- 
 tion and preparation of medicines.^ 
 
 Pharina-eoI'o-gT, «. [Gr. ^>dpfuucor, drug, and Aoyor, 
 discourse.] 1. The science or knowledge of dru^, or 
 the art of preparing medicines. 2. A treatise on the 
 art. 
 
 Phar'ma-eo-poe'ia (-p5'ya), n. [Gr. ^>dftfuucovoua. 
 the preparation of medicines, from (Jxipftajcor, medicine, 
 and sx>ietv, to make.] A l:>ock describing the prepara- 
 tions of the several kinds of medicines : a dispensatory. 
 
 Pliar'ma-e6p'o-li>t, n. [Gr ^^pfuucomf^Ai}?, from ^>ap- 
 fjLxtxov. medicine, and TnoXelv, to sell.] One who sells 
 medicines : an apothecary. 
 
 Phar'ma-^y. »i. [Gr. <^apfuuceta, frnn ^opfiojcoi', med- 
 icine.] Art or practice of preparing, preserving, and can- 
 pounding substances, for the purposes of medicine. 
 
 Plia'ros, n. [From ^apoq. an island in the bay of Alex- 
 andria, where king Ptolemy Philadelphus built a famous 
 lighthouse.] Any lighthotise for the direction of seamen : 
 a watchtower : a Ijeacon. 
 
 Plia-rj-n'^e-al or Pliar'yn-ge'al, a. Belonging to, 
 or connected with, the pharjnx. 
 
 Pliar'j-n-got'o-inT, n. [Gr. ^opvy^, ^opi-yyo?, the 
 phar\"nx. and Te^xi'eiv, to cut.] (Surg^.) The operation of 
 making an incision into the pharynx, to remove any 
 thing that obstructs the passage. 
 
 Pliai*3f-nx(far'3nks),n. [Gr. ^«Jpwyf , 4»apvy¥05.] (Ana:.) 
 The cavity into which the nose and moufli open, and 
 which is continuous below with the esophagiu?. 
 
 Phase, n. ,• pi. PHA'SE^. [Gr. i}>dax?, from ^aetv, ^alvew^ 
 to make to appear, passive to appear.] That which is 
 exhibited to the eye ; the appearance which any thing 
 manifests, especially any one among diffierent and Tary- 
 ing appearances of the same object. 
 
 Pha'sis, n.: pi. PHA'ses. The same as viutse. See 
 Phase. 
 
 Pheaf'ant. n. [Lat. phasianus, Gr. ^otnoyos (sc. oppis)^ 
 the Phasian bird, pheasant, 
 from *a<ri5, a river in Colchis 
 or Pontus.] ( Ornith.) A gal- 
 linaceous bird, the fiesh of 
 which is valued as food. It is 
 found wild in Europe. 
 
 Ph eii''a-ldLs'to-s*:ope , n . 
 [Gr. ^epcjcuTfioi, deceit, and 
 oxos^u', tosee.] A revolring 
 disk on which figures, are 
 drawn so as to e&sa to be in 
 actual motion. 
 
 Phe'nix. n. [Lat. phamix, 
 Gr. <»oiw|.] (Gr. Myth.) A 
 bird &bled to exist ai^, and to rise again from it^ 
 own ashes- 
 
 Pbe-uSm'e-iial, a. Pertaining to a phenomenon, m 
 appearance. 
 
 Phe-nom'e-ndn, n. .- p/. phe-xom'e-jta. [Gr. ^ot- 
 
 1 foftuevov, from ^xm-eo^ot, to appear, Lat. pfutnomenon] 
 
 I 1. An appearance : whatever, in matter or siarit, is ap. 
 
 ' parent to. or is apprehended by. observution, as distin- 
 guir-hed from its gronnd, substance, or unknown coii.c& 
 tution. 2. Sometimes, a remarkabie or unusnal appear- 
 ance. 
 
 PM'al ffT'al), n. [From Lat. phiala, Gr. ^toA^, a broad, 
 flat, .shallow cup or bowl.] A glass bottle, especiaUy of 
 small size, for liquids ; a rial. 
 
 Plii-15n'der. r. i. [Gt. ^uXariptK, fond of men, frw* 
 ^ikoq. dear, and av^p, man.] To flirt or make love ; te 
 coquet. 
 
 »,e, tc, long: &,i,tc,skort; cSkTe,faT, oak, SiU.wliAt: ere,T'eU,tenn: pique, finn; sdn,dr,dg,'WVl< 
 
PHILANTHROPIC 
 
 537 
 
 PHOSPHOROUS 
 
 Pliil'an-thr5p'i<j, )a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, 
 
 Fliil'an-thrdp'io-al, J philanthropy ; benevolent ; 
 kind. 
 
 Flii-lJln'tliro-pist, n. [Gr. <^t\ai/0pa)7ros, from c^iAos, 
 loving, friend, and avOpuiwo^, man.] One who evinces 
 philanthropy. 
 
 Phi-ian'tliro-py, n. Love of mankind; benevolence 
 toward the whole human family ; universal good will. 
 
 Pliirhar-in6u'i«, a. [From Gr.(f>C\os, loving, friend, 
 and apfjiovCa, harmony.] Loving harmony or music. 
 
 Pliil-h61'len-ist, n. [From Gr. <^iA.os, loving, a friend, 
 and 'EAArji/, a Greek.] A friend of Greece ; one who sup- 
 ported the Greeks in their revolutionary struggle with 
 the Turks. 
 
 Flii-lip'pi€, n. 1. A severe oration of Demosthenes, 
 against Philip, King of Macedon. tj. Hence, any dis- 
 course or declamation abounding in acrimonious invec- 
 tive. 
 
 Plii-lis'tine, n. [Lat. Plidistinus, Heb. PUshthi, pi. 
 Piishtlnm^ from palash, to wander about.] (Geog.) A 
 native or inhabitant of ancient Palestine. 
 
 Plii-161'o-ger, n. [Gr. (|)iA6A.oyo?, fond of talking, or of 
 learning and literature, from </)iAos, fond, and Aoyos, 
 speech, discourse.] A philologist. 
 
 ^Su^o-'JSi'teal, } «• Pertaining to philology. 
 
 Plii-lol'o-^ist, n. One versed in philology. 
 
 Plii-161'o-gize, V. i. To offer criticisms. 
 
 Plii-161'o-gy, n. The study of language, especially in a 
 philosophical manner. 
 
 Phil'o-matli, n. [Gr. (^iA.oju.a0)js, from <^tA.os, loving, a 
 friend, and /aaflr;, learning.] A lover of learning; a 
 scholar. 
 
 Plii-lom'a-tliy, n. [See supra.] The love of learning. 
 
 Pliil'o-mel, 1 n. [From Philomela, daughter of Pan- 
 
 Pliiro-me'Ja, ) dion, king of Athens, who was changed 
 into a nightingale.] The nightingale. 
 
 Phil'o-pe'na, n. A small present or forfeit of one friend 
 to another, arising but of their partaking together of a 
 double-kemeled almond. 
 
 fS3^ The expression in H. German is viclliehchen, L. German 
 vielliehken, mucli loved, pronounced somewhat like phi-lip- 
 ken. Some, therefore, suppose this to be the origin of the word, 
 by a change of termination into pena (Lat. lioena), from an 
 idea that the gift was a penalty. Others would derive it direct- 
 ly from Gr. <|)iAos, a friend, and poena, penalty. 
 
 Plii'lo-pro-geii'i-tive-ness, n. [Gr. ^iA.os, loving, a 
 lover, and Lat. progenies, offspring, progeny.] (Phrtn.) 
 The love of offspring or of young children. 
 
 Plii-16s'o-plier, n. [Gr. <|)tX6<70<^os, from <^iAo?, a 
 lover, friend, and o-d</)os, wise.] One versed in, or devot- 
 ed to, philosophy ; one who philosophizes. 
 
 Philosopher's stone, a stone or preparation which the alche- 
 mists formerly sought as the instrumentof converting the baser 
 metals into pure gold- 
 
 Pliil'o-s6pli'i€, I a. 1. Pertaining to or proceeding 
 
 Pliil'o-s6pli'i-e-al, ) from, philosophy. 2. Skilled in, 
 or evincing, philosophy ; hence, rational; wise; temper- 
 ate. 
 
 Phil'o-s6pli'i€-al-ly, adv. In a philosophical manner ; 
 calmly ; wisely ; rationally. 
 
 Plii-16s'o-plii§m, n. The love of fallacious arguments 
 or false reasoning. 
 
 Plii-los'o-phist, n. A lover of sophistry. 
 
 Phi-los'o-pliize, v. i. [imp. & p.p. philosophized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PHILOSOPHIZING.] To reason like a 
 philosopher ; to search into the reason and nature of 
 things. 
 
 Plii-16s'o-pliy, n. [See Philosopher.] 1. The 
 knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved 
 into, causes and reasons, powers and laws. ij. A partic- 
 ular philosophical system or theory ; as, the philosophy 
 of history. 
 
 «KI"When applied to any particular department of knowl- 
 edge, it denotes the general laws or principles under which all 
 the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are 
 comprehended. 
 
 Phil'o-tecli'iiic, 1 a. [Gr. <^iA.os, loving, a lover, 
 Pliil'o-te€h.'iii«-al, ) and Tex«^, an art.] Having 
 
 an attachment to the arts. 
 Pliil'ter, n. [Lat. philtrum, Gr. ^iXrpov, from t^tXeiv, to 
 
 love.] A potion or charm intended or adapted to excite 
 
 love. 
 Phil'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. philtered ; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. Philtering .] 1. To unpregnate with a love potion. 
 
 2. To charm to love. 
 Pliiz, n. [A contraction of p/iysiognom.y.] The face or 
 
 visage . [ Colloq. or h um orous . ] 
 Flile-bot'o-inist, n. One who practices phlebotomy. 
 
 Phle-bfit'o-ltkize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. phleboto- 
 mized ; p. pr. & vb. n. PHLEBOTOMIZING.] To let 
 blood from, as a vein. 
 
 Phle-bSt'o-my, n. [Gr. ^ke^oTop-La, from (|)Ae(/^, <^\ej36s, 
 a vein, and TOfA>j, a cutting.] ( Surg.) Act or practice of 
 opening a vein for letting blood ; blood-letting. 
 
 Phlggm (fl6m), ?i. [Gr. (f>\eyiJia, a flame, intiammation, 
 phlegm, from <j)\eyeiy, to burn.] 1. One of the four 
 humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be 
 composed. 2. (Physiol.) The tenacious mucus of the 
 respiratory and digestive passages. 3. Dullness ; cold- 
 ness ; sluggishness ; indifference. 
 
 Phleg-inat'i«, a. 1. Abounding in phlegm. 2. Gen- 
 erating phlegm. 3. Cold; dull; sluggish; heavy. 
 
 Phleg-mat'i€-al-ly, adv. In a phlegmatic manner. 
 
 Plilgg'mon, n. [Lat. phlegmone, Gr. <l>keytx.ovy), inflam- 
 mation beneath the skin, fr. </)Aeyeti/, to burn.] (Med.) 
 Inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue. 
 
 Plileg'mon-ous, a. Having the nature or properties 
 
 Plileitie (llem), n. See Fleam. [of a phlegmon. 
 
 Plilo-gis'ti«, a. 1. (Chem.) Partaking of phlogiston. 
 
 2. (Med.) Inflammatory. 
 
 Plilo-gis'ton, n. [From Gr. <^Xoytcrr6?, burnt, set on 
 fire, from <l>Koyi^eiv, to set on fire, to burn.] ( O. Chem,.) 
 The supposed principle of inflammability, or the matter 
 of fire in composition with other bodies ; caloric. 
 
 PIilox, n. [Gr. <^A6^, flame, from <|)Ae'yetv, to burn.] (Bot.) 
 A genus of elegant American flowering plants, having red, 
 white, or purple flowers. 
 
 Plioe'nix, n. See Phenix. 
 
 Plio-net'i-e, a. [Gr. (^wvtjtikos, from <^wv^, a sound, 
 tone.] 1. Pertaining to the voice, or its use. 2. Repre- 
 senting sounds. 
 
 Plio-net'i«s, n. sin^. 1. The doctrine or science of 
 sounds, especially those of the human voice ; phonology 
 
 3. The art of combining musical sounds. 
 Plion'e-tist, n. One who is versed in phonology; a 
 Ph6ii'i«, a. The same as Phonetic. [phonologist- 
 Pho'no-eamp'ti-e, a. [Gr. (^xavfi, sound, and KafxnTLKi^, 
 
 flexible.] Having the power to inflect sound, or turn it 
 from its direction, and thus to alter it. 
 
 Pho'iio-graph, n. A distinct symbol to represent a 
 sound, and always one and the same sound, in ^vxiting. 
 
 Plio-iiog'ra-pher, n. One skilled in phonography. 
 
 Plio'iio-grftph'i*, ) a. Pertainingto,or based upon, 
 
 Plio'no-grapli'i-e-al, ) phonography. 
 
 Plio-iiog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. i^mirq, sound, and ypae^etf, to 
 write.] 1. A description of the laws of the human voice, 
 or of sounds uttered by the organs of speech. 2. A rep- 
 resentatioux)f sounds by distinctive characters ; a system 
 of short-hand. [ogist. 
 
 PIio-n61'o-ger, n. One versed in phonology ; a phonol- 
 
 ^Si'^So'-isl/i^-al, } «• Pe-^taining to phonology. 
 
 Plio-nol'o-gist, n. One who is versed in phonology ; a 
 phonetist. 
 
 Plio-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <^wi/t), sound, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] A treatise on sounds, or the science or doctrine 
 of the elementax-y sounds uttered by the human voice in 
 speech ; phonetics. 
 
 Pho'no-type, n. [Gr. </)wi/ij, sound, and rvn-os, type.] 
 A type or character used in phonotypy. 
 
 Plio'no-typ'i€, I a. Of, or belonging to, phonotypy 
 
 Plio'no-typ'i«-al, ) or a phonotype. 
 
 Plio-nSt'y-pist, n. One versed in phonotypy. 
 
 Plio-n6t'y-py, n. [Gr. c^wvij, sound, and tvtto?, type.] 
 Art of representing sounds by distinct characters or types ; 
 style of printing in accordance with this art. 
 
 PhSs'pliate, n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by a combina- 
 tion of phosphoric acid with a salifiable base. 
 
 PliSs'pliite, n. ( Chem.) A salt formed by a combina- 
 tion of phosphorous acid with a salifiable base. 
 
 Plios'plior, n. (Astron.) The planet Venus, when ap- 
 pearing as the morning star ; Lucifer. 
 
 Phos'phor-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. phosphorated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. phosphorating.] To combine or im- 
 pregnate with phosphorus. 
 
 Plios'phor-gsfe', v. i. [imp. Sc p. p. phosphor- 
 esced (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. phosphorescing.] To 
 shine, as phosphorus, by exhibiting a faint hght without 
 sensible heat. [cent. 
 
 Phos'plior-gs'peii^e, n. State of being phosphores- 
 
 Plios'plior-es'^ent, a. Shining with a faint light. 
 
 Plios-pli6x''i-e, )a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or. ob- 
 
 Plios-plior'i-e-al, j tained from, phosphorus. 
 
 Phos'plior-ous, a. ( Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained 
 from, phosphorus ; — said of a certain acid formed by a 
 combination of phosphorus with oxygen. 
 
 food, f<ibt; &rn, rude, p\Ul ; ^ell, ^liaise, <;a]l, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link; tbis. 
 
PHOSPHORUS 
 
 538 
 
 PIACULAR 
 
 Ph5s'phor-ils, n. [I>at. ; Gr. <^<7^6pos, i. e., light- ; 
 bringer, from i^o)?, light, and <^6p€ii', to bring.] 1. The j 
 morning star; I'bosplior. "2. {C/ie7)i.) An elementJiry i 
 substanVe. vi-rv combustible, of a jellowish color, and | 
 scmi-trani«ivHivnt, rvsenibliug fine wax. j 
 
 Pl»6.>4'plm-ret, n. {C.Km.) A combination of phosphor- 
 us witli another substance. 
 
 Pli6s'plm-r<?ted, n. Combined with phosphorus. 
 
 l*ho to-gOn'i-c, n. [Or. </><i)s, <|)<ot6?, light, and yeWiv, to 
 produce.] Pert;iiuing to photogeny ; producing light. 
 
 Plio-t6g'e-iiy, n. [See supra.] Art of taking pictures 
 by the action' of light on a chemically prepared ground. 
 
 Plio'to-grr^pli, »■ [See infra.] A picture produced or 
 printed on chemically prepared paper, by the action of 
 sunlight. 
 
 Pho-t6g'ra-plier, n. One who practices photography. 
 
 Plio'to-grJ^pli'i*, ]a. Pertaining to, or obtained 
 
 Plio to-grftpli'ic-al, ( by, photography. 
 
 i?lio-t6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. ^w?, c^mutos, light, and ypa- 
 (fyeiv, to write.] *Art of producing pictures of objects by 
 the action of light on chemically prepared surfaces, as 
 of silver, glass, paper, &c. ; — often restricted to the 
 art of producing such pictures on chemically prepared 
 paper. 
 
 Pho-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <^a)s, 4>u)t6s, light, and Aoyo?, dis- 
 course.] The doctrine or science of light, explaining its 
 nature and phenomena. 
 
 Pho-tom'e-ter, 7i. [Gr. «^w?, ^wt6s, light, and ^erpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for measuring the relative 
 intensities of light. 
 
 Plio-toin'e-try, n. The science which treats of the 
 measurement of the intensity of light. 
 
 Plirage, n. [Lat. phrn.si.<s, Gr. </)pa(ris, from <t>pa.^eiv, to 
 speak.] 1. A brief expression, or part of a sentence, ti. 
 A short, pithy expression ; especially, one which is often 
 employed. 3. The manner or style in which any one 
 expresses himself; diction. 
 
 Plirage, v. t. [imp. &,. p. p. phrased ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PHRASING.] To express in words, or in pecuhar words. 
 
 Plxra'§e-o-16g'i«, \a. Capable of being phrased; 
 
 Plira'§e-o-16g'i€-al, ) pertaining to phraseology. 
 
 PJira'ge-61'o-gy, n. [From Gr. <^poo-i5, <^pao-eio5, 
 phrase, and Aoyos, speech, discourse.] 1. Manner of 
 expression : peculiar words used in a sentence. iJ. A 
 collection of phrases in a language. 
 Syn. — Diction ; style. See Dictiox. 
 
 Plire-ii6t'i«, a. Frantic; mad. See FRANTIC. 
 
 Phre-tn'tis, n. [Gr. </)pe»'ZTis, from <f)priv, ^pevog, the 
 midriff,mind.] 1. (Med.) An inflammation of the brain, 
 or of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute 
 fever and delirium. 3. Madness. See FRENZY. 
 
 Phre-nol'o-gist, n. One versed in phrenology. 
 Phre-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. (^p^;/, <^pei/6s, the mind, and Aoyos, 
 
 discourse.] 1. 
 The .science of the 
 special functions 
 of the parts of 
 the brain. Si. y 
 The theory that V"-* 
 themental facul- 
 ties are shown on 
 the surface of the 
 head or skull ; 
 craniology. 
 Phr6ii'§y,n. The 
 same as Fren- 
 zy. See Fren- 
 zy. 
 Phryg'i-an, a. 
 Of, or pertaining 
 to, Phr^gia, in 
 Asia Minor : — ap- 
 plied to a spright- 
 ly, animated kind 
 of music among 
 the ancients. 
 
 1. Amativenefig ; 2, Philoprogenitiveness ; 3, Concentrativeness; 
 3 a, InhaljitivencM ; 4, Adhesiveness ; 5, Combativeness; 6, 
 Deutrnctiveness ; 6 a. Alimentivencss ; 7, Secretiveness ; 8, 
 Acquiftitivenegs : 9, Constructiveness ; 10, Self-esteem ; 11, 
 Love of approbation ; 12, CautiouBiiess; I'J, Benevolence: 14, 
 Veneration; 15, Firmess ; 1(5, Conscientiousness; 17. Hope: 
 18, Wonder; 19, Idealitv. 19 a. (Not determined); 20, Wit; 21, 
 Imitation; 22, Individuality: 23, Form; 24. Sisie; 25, Weight; 
 26, Colonng: 27, Locality, 28. Numl>er; 29. Order; 30, Event- 
 uality ; .'51, Time ; 32, Tune ; Si, Language ; 34, Comparison; 
 35, CauRality. 
 
 Phrenolojry. 
 
 Phylacteries. 
 
 Phtliig'i€ (tlfz'ik),n. The same &a PHTHISIS, q. v. 
 
 tSS~ This term is sometimes popularly, but erroneously, ap- 
 plied to any difficulty of breathing, and more especially to 
 chronic dyspnoea, froir. the mistaken notion that these affections 
 are much the same as phthisis. 
 
 Phtliig'ie-al (tiz'Tk-al), o. Having, or belonging to, the 
 phthisic ; breathing hard. [the phthisic. 
 
 Plitlii§'iclt-y (tiz'ik-y), «• Having, or pertaining to, 
 
 jfhtM'sis (thi'sis), n. [Lat. ; Gr. 4>6i<ns, frqm <f)9iei.v, to 
 pass or waste away.] (Merl.) Pulmonary consumption j — 
 formerly applied, also, to many wasting diseases. 
 
 Pliy-lS,«'ter-y, n. [Gr. <|)uAaKT^pioj', from <^uA.aicTijp, a 
 watcher, guard, <^vAao-<reii', to watch, 
 guard.] 1. Any charm or spell, 
 worn as a preservative from danger or 
 disease, ti. (Jewisli Antiq.) A slip ol ' 
 parchment on which were written cer- 
 tain passages of the Pentateuch ; worn'^ 
 by devout persons on the forehead and 
 left arm while at prayer. 
 
 Pliy-se'ter, n. [Lat. ; Gr. <})v<rrfTqp, from <l)v(rav, to blow.] 
 
 1. The sperm whale, ti. A kind of machine, or appara- 
 tus, used in filtering. 
 
 Plx5'§'i«, n. [See Physical.] 1. The theory or prac- 
 tice of medicine. Si. A specific internal application for 
 the cure or relief of sickness. 3. In popular usage, a 
 purge ; a cathartic. 
 
 Phj'g'ic, V. t. [imp. & p. p. physicked (fiz/ikt) ; p. pr. 
 Sc vb. n. PHYSICKING.] 1. To treat with physic; to 
 purge. 2. To cure. 
 
 Pliy§'i«-al, a. [Gr. ^v<tik6<;, from ^vo-is, nature, from 
 ^veiv, to bring forth, produce.] 1. Pertaining to nature, 
 as including all created existences ; also, relating to nat- 
 ural or material things, as opposed to things mental, 
 moral, spiritual, or imaginary. 2. Pertaining to physics, 
 or the science of nature, or to unorganized matter. 3. 
 Cognizable by the senses ; corporeal ; external. 
 
 Pliyg'ic-al-ly, adv. In a physical manner; according 
 to the laws of nature. 
 
 Pliy-§i'«ian(H-zish''an), ?i. [See Physical,.] Onewho 
 is skilled in physic or the art of heaUng ; a doctor of 
 medicine. 
 
 Pliyg'i-fist, n. One versed in the science of physics. 
 
 Pliyg'i-es, «. siTig. [Gr. <})v<nKTj (sc. deuipia), from <^vo-ik6s. 
 See Physical.] The science of nature or of natural 
 objects ; especially, that department of natural science 
 which treats of the general properties of bodies, and the 
 causes that modify those properties ; natural philosophy. 
 
 Pli5'§'i-og-iioiri'i<!, ) a. Pertaining to physiogno- 
 
 Pliy§'i-og-ii6m'i<!-al, j my. 
 
 Plxj'g'i-og-nom'i-es, n. sing. Same as Physiognomy. 
 
 Pliyg'i-og'no-naist, n. One skilled in physiognomy. 
 
 Pliyg'i-og'no-my, n. [Gr. <}>vaioyvoifxovia, from <^vcrts, 
 nature, and yvei/awv, one who knows or examines, a 
 judge.] 1. The art or science of discerning the charac- 
 ter of the mind from the features of the face. 2. The 
 face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the 
 mind ; particular cast, or expression of countenance. 
 
 Phyg'i-ol'o-ger, n. A physiolo^st. 
 
 Pliy§'i-o-16g'i€, ) a. Pertaining to physiology, or 
 
 Pliyg'i-o-16g'i«-al, 1 the science of the properties and 
 functions of living beings. [of, phy.siology. 
 
 Ph5'§'i-61'o-gist, n. One who is versed in. or who treats 
 
 Pliyg'i-6I'o-gy, n. [Gr. (^vaioAiryia, from <^iJ(ris, nature, 
 and Aoyos, discourse.] That department of natural sci- 
 ence which treats of the organs and their functions in 
 animals and plants. 
 
 Jfhi/sique (fe'zek'), n. [Fr.] The natural constitution, 
 or physical structure, of a person. 
 
 Pliy-tiv'o-roiis, a. [Gr. (^vtov, a plant, and Lat. vorart, 
 to eat greedily.] Feeding on plants or herbage. 
 
 Pliy-tog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. 4>vt6v, a plant, and ypa<}>eiv, 
 to write.] 1. The science of describing plants in a system- 
 atic manner. 2. A description of plants. 
 
 Pliy-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. <f>vT6v, plant, and Aoyos, discour.se.] 
 A discourse o" treatise on plants, or the science of pbuit? ; 
 botany. 
 
 Pliy-topli'a-gous, a. [Gr. <f>vT6v, plant, and i^ayeiv, to 
 eat.] Eating, or subsisting on, plants. 
 
 Phy-tot'o-my, n. [Gr </)ut6v, plant, and roynq, cutting, 
 from Tefiveiv, "to cut.] The dissection of plants. 
 
 Pi, n. (Print.) A mass of type confusedly mixed, or un- 
 sorted. 
 
 Pi-Ji€'u-lar, a. [Lat. piacvlaris, from piaculum, a 
 propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a 
 wicked action, from piare, to appease, to expiate, from 
 pius, pious.] 1. Expiatory ; having power to atone. 
 
 2. Criminal ; atrociously bad. 
 
 »,e,&c.,lone; &,6,itc.,8hort; c4re,far,asl£,all,>rhat; ere,Teil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,dQ,Tr9l4 
 
PIACULOUS 
 
 539 
 
 PIECE 
 
 Pi-Jt€'u-loiis, a. The same as Piacular. 
 
 Fl'd Md'ter. [Lat., a tender mother.] {Anat.) The 
 vascular membrane inmiediately investing the brain. 
 
 JP'i'a-nis'.si-mo, a. [lt.,superl. of pfa/io.J (Mus.) Yery 
 soft ; — a direction to the performer to execute the pas- 
 sage to which it refers in the softest manner. 
 
 Pi-a'iiist, n. A performer on the piano-forte. 
 
 P'i-d'no, a. [See infra.] (Mus.) Soft; — a direction to 
 the performer. 
 
 Pi-a'iio, ) n. [It. piano, soft, from Lat. planus, 
 
 Pi-a'no-for'te, I even, smooth, and It. forte, strong, 
 from Lat. forUs.] (Mua.) A musical instrument, con- 
 sisting of a series of wires of graduated length, thickness, 
 and tension, struck by hammers moved by keys. 
 
 Pi-S.s'ter, n. [It. piastra, a thin plate of metal, a dollar, 
 from Lat. emplaslruvi, Gr. ^ii-nkaa-rpov , efXTrKaa-rov , a 
 plaster, from eixirXdcTaeii/, to plaster up.] A coin of dif- 
 ferent values in different countries. The Italian piaster 
 is worth about 80 cents or 3s. 7d. sterling. 
 
 Pi-az'za, n. ; pi. Pl-Xz/zAg. [It., place, square, market- 
 place. See Place.] 1. (.4rc/i.) A kind of portico, sup- 
 ported by arches or columns, ij. A square open space 
 surrounded by buildings. [Italy.] 
 
 Pib'-cdrn, n. [\V. pib, pipe, and corn, horn.] A wind in- 
 strument or pipe, with a horn at each end, used in Wales. 
 
 Pi'bro-eli, n. [Gael.'- piobaireachd, pipe-music, from 
 piobair, a piper, piob, a pipe, bag-pipe.] A wild, irregular 
 species of mu-sic, peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 Pi'«a, ra. [Lat. pica, a pie, magpie.] 1. (Ornith.) The 
 magpie. 2. {Rom. Catli. Church.) A table, or directory 
 for devotional services. 3. (Print.) A kind of type of 
 two sizes, small pica and pica, the former of which is 
 next in size aTbove long primer. 
 
 This line is printed in pica. 
 This line is printed in small pica. 
 
 JP'i'-ea-dor^, n. [Sp.] A horseman armed with a lance, 
 
 who commences the exercises of a bull-fight. 
 Pi«'a-roon', n. [Sp. picaron, augm. of picaro, roguish, 
 
 a rogue. See Pickeer.] One who pickeers ; especially, 
 
 a plunderer of wrecks ; a pirate. 
 Pi€'a-yTiiie', n. [From the language of the Caribs.] A 
 
 small coin of the value of 6^^ cents. 
 Pi€'€a-lil'U, n. An East Indian pickle of various veg- 
 etables with pungent spices. 
 Pick;, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PICKED (pikt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 PICKING.] [A.-S. pi/can,pyccan, Icel. picka, W. pigaw, 
 
 to prick, pick. Cf. Peck.] 1. To peck at, like birds 
 
 with their bills : to strike at with any thing pointed ; to 
 
 open, as a lock ; to separate, as wool, cotton, hair, oakum, \ ^y'''\'t}JV ^"""^^S pictures. 
 
 and the like. 2. To pull kpart or 'away, especially with I Sl^:*2'"-?l-ly' ^^': . ^? * Pi«to"^l ™^°°«^ 
 
 PIck'er-el, n. [Diminutive of ;j/A;e.] {Ichth.) A trefih-^ 
 water fish of several species of the pike family. 
 
 Pick,'et, n. [Fr. piquet, prop. dim. of pique, spear, pike.]; 
 1, A stake sharpened, used in fortification and encamp- 
 ments, '•i, A narrow board pointed, used in making 
 fences. 3. (Mil.) A guard posted in front of an army, 
 and so disposed as to form a chain of outposts. 
 
 Pick'et, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PICKETED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PICKETING.] 1. To fortify, inclose, or fence with 
 pickets, ij. To fasten to a picket. 
 
 Pick'et-guard, n. (Mil.) A guard of horse and foot 
 always in readiness in case of alarm. 
 
 Pick'ing, n. 1. Act of plucking, .selecting, or gathering. 
 ti. That which is left to be picked or gleaned. 3. Act 
 cf stealing or pilfering ; also, that which is stolen. 
 
 Pick.'le (pik'l), n. [D. pekel, II. Ger. piJkel; according 
 to some etymologists, so called after William Piikel, who 
 is said to have invented the art of pickling herrings, in 
 the 14th century.] 1. A solution of salt and water, in 
 which fish and meat may be preserved or corned ; brine. 
 3. Vinegar, sometimes spiced, in which vegetables, fish, 
 &c., may be preserved. 3. Any article of food preserved 
 in vinegar. 4. A troublesome child. 
 
 To be in a pickle, to be in a disagreeable position. — To put a 
 rod in pickle, to get ready a punishment which will cause 
 smarting. 
 
 Pick.'le (pik'l), V. t. [imp. & p. p. pickled ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. pickling.] 1. To preserve in brine or pickle. 
 3. To season in pickle. 3, To imbue highly with any 
 thing bad. 4. To prepare, as an imitation, andisell as 
 genuine. 5. To subject, as pins and needles, to the 
 action of certain chemical agents. 
 
 Pick'loclc, n. 1. An instrument for opening locks vnth- 
 out the key. 3. A person who picks locks. 
 
 Pick'poclt-et, n. One who steals from the pocket of 
 another. [wick of a lamp. 
 
 Pick.'wick;, n. A pointed instrument for picking up the 
 
 Pi-e'ni-e, n. [Fr. piquenique, from piquer, to prick, to 
 stick, to lard, and nique,& small coin.] Formerly, an 
 entertainment at which each person contributed some 
 dish or article for the general table ; in present use, an 
 entertainment carried by a party on an excursion of 
 pleasure into the country ; also the party itself. 
 
 Pi«'ni€, V. i. To go on a picnic. 
 
 Pi<;t, n. [A.-S. Pihtas, Peohtas, Peahtas, Pehtas; said 
 by some to ta from Lat. pirtus, p. p. of pingere, to 
 paint.] One of a tribe of Scythians, or of Germans, who 
 settled in Scotland. 
 
 Pi-et'isli, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Picts. 
 
 Pi«-to'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to, or illustrated by, 
 
 pictures ; forming pictures. 
 P!!i^^P!l* ''Lt^^'ZL'T^tl'j Tl"" ' Pi^t'ur-al, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or repre- 
 
 the fingers, as fruit from a tree, corn from a stalk, &c. 
 
 to pluck. 3. To cleanse, by removing, with a pointed 
 
 instrument or the fingers, that which is objectionable. 
 
 4. To take away by a quick, unexpected movement ; to 
 
 take up .suddenly. 5. To choose; to select; to cull ; 
 
 hence, to seek or desire. 6. To collect ; to bring together. 
 Syn. — To seize ; choose ; gather ; clean ; open. 
 Pick, V. i. 1. To eat slowly or by morsels. 2, To do 
 
 any thing nicely. 3. To steal ; to pilfer. 
 Pick, n. [See supra, and cf. PiKE.] 1. A sharp-pointed 
 
 tool ; especially (Mining & Mech.), an iron tool tapering 
 
 to a point from a heavy mass or head, used for loosening 
 
 and breaking up hard earth, ground, stones, &c. 3, 
 
 Choice; right of selection. 
 Pick'a-nin'ny, n. [Probably from Sp. picade nine] A 
 
 small child ; especially, a negro or mulatto " " 
 
 [Southern States.] 
 Pick'a-pS-ck', adv. In manner of a 
 
 pack. [Vulgar.] 
 Pick'Jix, \ n. ^ [Fi»m pick and ax.] 
 Pick'axe, j A* pick with a point at 
 
 one end, a transverse edge or blade 
 
 at the other, and a handle inserted 
 
 at the middle ; a pick. 
 Pick'bS,ck, a. On the back. 
 Pick.'ed (60), a. Pointed ; sharp. 
 
 j.:S'^^'«'^ "«< (P5kt), ornamented or relieved with stripes of a 
 different color. 
 
 Pick'ed-ness, n. The state of being picked. 
 
 Pick-eer', r. t. [imp. & p. p. PICKEERED ; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. PICKEERING.] [Fr. picorer, to go marauding, 
 orig. to go to steal cattle, from Lat. pecus, pecoris, cattle.] 
 1. To pillage ; to pirate. 3. To skirmish, as soldiers. 
 
 PIck'er, n. 1. One who picks or culls. 3. (Mech.) A 
 machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces. 
 
 Pickax. 
 
 sented in, pictures. 
 Pi-et'ure (53), n. [Lat. pictura, fvom. pingere, pictum, to 
 paint.] 1, That which is painted ; a likeness drawn in 
 colors ;. hence, any graphic representation. 3. Art or 
 form of representation by painting. 3. That which, by 
 its likeness, brings vividly to mind some other thing. 
 
 Syn. — Painting. — Every kind of drawing is a picture, 
 whether in pencil, crayons, or India ink, &c. ; a painting is a 
 representation b.y means of color. Thiss holds good in a figura- 
 tive sense ; the historian draws a lively picture, the poet ^amfa 
 in glowing colors. 
 
 Pi-et'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pictured ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PICTURING.] To draw or paint a resemblance of; to 
 represent ; to recall distinctly or vividly. 
 
 Pi-et'ur-gsque', a. Fitted to form a good or pleasing 
 picture ; expressing that peculiar kind of beauty which 
 is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial. 
 
 Pi-e'ul, n. [Written also pecul and pecal.] [Jav. & Malay. 
 pikul, from pikul, to carry on the back, to carry a bur- 
 den ; a man's burden.] A weight of 133^ lbs. [ China.] 
 
 Pid'dle, V. i. [A different speUing of peddle, or from the 
 same source.] 1. To deal in trifles ; to spend time in 
 trifling objects. 3. To eat or drink squeamishly, or 
 without relish. 3, To urinate; to make water; — a 
 
 Pid'dler, 71. One who piddles. [childish word. 
 
 Pie (pi), ». [Contr. from"D. pastei, 0. Ger. pastei, Eng. 
 pasty. See Pasty.] Paste baked with something in it 
 or under it, as apple, minced meat, &c. 
 
 Pie, n. [Ln.t. pica.] 1. A magpie. [See PICA.] 3. The 
 old Roman Catholic service-book. 3. The same as pi. 
 See Pi. 
 
 Pie'bald, a. [For pie-balled , from pie, the party-colored 
 birdj'and ball.] Of various colors ; diversified in color. 
 
 Piepe, n. [Fr. piece, L. Lat. pecia, pechia,petia, petium, 
 of Celtic origin ; W. peth, a thing, a part, portion, a 
 
 food, f dbt ; ftrn, r^de, pull ; pell, pliaise, <5all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, liijk ; tiUlr. 
 
PIECE 
 
 540 
 
 PILL 
 
 -rtttle.] 1. A fragment or part of any thing separated 
 rom the whole, in any nuiinier ; a part ; a share ; a 
 ortion. '-i. A portion of any thing merely conceived of 
 r.sapart from other portions." 3. An individual article ; 
 a single effort: a definite performance; especialli/, (a.) 
 A literary or artistic composition, (b.) A musket, gun, 
 or cannon, (r.) A coin. 
 
 Of' u piece, of the same sort, as if taken from the same whole ; i 
 Uke. \ 
 
 Syn. — Distance. — The radical idea is that of something 
 separate or distinct : ns, a piece of timber or land, a piece of 
 music or composition, a piece of work, a piece of ordnance. 
 Some, anions our connnon people, use^iV-ce for c/isiance in 
 phrases like this : " Ue went forward a ;)iece," meaning, over 
 a. piece or portion of the road. It ia hardly necessary to say 
 that such an expression has no sanction in good usage, and 
 ought to be avoided as a gross vulgarism. 
 
 Piefe, f. t. [in7p. & p. p. pieced (108) : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PIECING.] 1. To enlarge or mend by the addition of a 
 piece; to patch. 2. To unite ; to join. 
 
 Pie^e, f . i. To unite by a coalescence of parts ; to be 
 compacted as parts into a whole. 
 
 Pie^e'-gobdg, n. pi. Dry goods usually sold by the 
 piece, as gray cottons, mulls, jaconets, shirtings, long 
 cloths, sheetings, and the like. 
 
 Pie? e'meal, a^yi'. [See Meal.] 1. In pieces ; in frag- 
 ments. 'Z. By pieces ; by little and little. [arate. 
 
 Pie^e'meal, a. Made of parts or pieces; single; sep- 
 
 Pie'^er, n. One who pieces ; a patcher. 
 
 Pied, a. [Eng. pie, the party-colored bird.] Variegated 
 wifc spots of ditferent colors ; spotted. 
 
 Pied'iuess, «. The state of being pied. 
 
 Pier, n. [From Fr. pierre, a stone, from Lat. petra, Gr. 
 ireVoa.J 1. {Arch.) (a.) A mass of sohd stone-work for 
 supporting an arch or the timbers of a bridge, &c. {b.) 
 A part of the wail of a house between the windows or 
 doors. 2. A mass of stone-work, projecting into the sea, 
 for breaking the force of the waves. 3. A projecting 
 wharf or landing-place. 
 
 Pierre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pierced (peerst, 108) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PlERClNCr.] [Fr. percer, contracted from 
 pertuisier, from Lat. pertunc/ere, perlusum, to beat, push, 
 bore through, from pref. jofr, through, and tunri ere, to 
 beat.] 1. To thrust into or transfix with a pointed in- 
 strument. 2. To force a way into. 3. To touch, as 
 the affections. 4. To dive into, as a secret or purpose. 
 SyTi. — To bore ; penetrate ; perforate ; dive into ; reach. 
 
 Pierre, v. i. 1. To enter, as a pointed instrument. 2. 
 To penetrate ; to force a way into or through any thing. 
 3. To dive or penetrate, as into a secret. 
 
 Pier^e'a-We, a. Capable of being pierced. 
 
 Pier'^er, n. One who, or that which, pierces or per- 
 forates, [windows. 
 
 Pier'- glass, n. A mirror or glass hanging between 
 
 Pi-e'ri-an (89), a. [From Mount Piertis, in Thessaly, sa- 
 cred to the Muses.] Pertaining to the Muses. 
 
 Pier'-ta'ble, n. A table standing between windows. 
 
 Pi'e-tigm, n. The religion of the Pietists. 
 
 Pi'e-tist, n. (Ecci. Hi-<t.) One of a class of religious re- 
 formers in Germany who have sought to iK&tove piety to 
 the Protestant churches. 
 
 Pi'e-tist'i-e, 1 a. Pertaining to the Pietists ; hence, 
 
 Pi'e-tist'ie-al, ) in contempt, affectedly reUgious. 
 
 Pi'e-ty, «. [Lat. /i/eifls, piety, fr. /)(M5, pious ] 1. Af- 
 fectionate reverence of parents, or friends, or country. 
 2. Obedient love of the will of God and zealous devotion 
 to his service. 
 Syn. — Religion ; sanctity. Sec Religion. 
 
 Pig, n. [D. big, bigge. Cf. A.-S plge, Dan. pige, Sw. 
 
 piga, Icel. pii/ca, a maid, girl.] 1, The young of swine, 
 
 male or female. 2. An oblong mass of metal, as first 
 
 extracted from the ore. 
 Pig, V. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. PIGGED ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 
 PIGGING.] 1. To bring forth pigs. 2. To lie together 
 
 like pigs. 
 Pi|;'eon (plj'un). n. [From Lat. 
 
 pipio, a young pipping or chirping 
 
 bird, from pipire, to peep,^ chirp.] 
 
 [Ornitk.) A giillinaceoua "bird, of 
 
 several species, a.s the stock-dove, 
 
 the rin(r-dove, the turtle-dove, and 
 
 the migratory or wild pigeon of 
 
 America. 
 
 Pifjeon F.nqhfh [said to be a corruption 
 
 of >nirineitM Knt/liKh] the barbarous and 
 
 chiUlitfh dialect of Eniflish used bv En- 
 glish and American rcsi'ients in China, 
 
 m their intercourse with the native trad- 
 er!. 
 
 Pigeon. 
 
 Pig'eon-hole, n. A little opening or division ili a case 
 for papers. 
 
 Pi^'eoii-liv'ered, a. Mild in temper ; soft; gentle. 
 
 Pig'eon-ry, n. A place for keeping pigeons ; a dovecot* 
 
 Pig'ger-y, n. A place where swine are kept. 
 
 Pig'gin, n. [G'd.e\. pigean,^\m. of pigeadk, an earthen 
 jar, pitcher, or pot; Ir. pigi7i, W.pigyn or piccyn.] A 
 small wooden vessel with an erect handle, used as a 
 dipper. 
 
 Pig'-i'roii (-I'urn), ji. Iron in pigs, or oblong bars, as 
 it comes from the smelting furnace. 
 
 Pig'ment, n. [Lu.t. pi gmentutn, from, the root of ptn- 
 gtre, to paint.] A preparation used by painters, &c., to 
 impart colors to bodies ; paint. 
 
 Pig'my, n. See Pygmy. 
 
 Pig'no-ra'tion, n. [L. Lat. pignoratio, from pignorare, 
 Lat. pignerare, to pledge.] 1. Act of pledging or pawn- 
 ing. 2. ( OV?7 Laii'.) The taking of cattle doing damage, 
 by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. 
 
 Pig'no^'a-tive, a. Pledging; pawning. 
 
 Pig'-sty, n. A sty or pen for pigs. 
 
 Pig'tail, n. 1. The tail of a pig. 2. The hair of the 
 head tied in the form of a pig's tail ; a cue. 3. A roll 
 of twisted tobacco, having a pecu- 
 liar color and flavor. 
 
 Pike, n. {Ev. pi quel's. Ger. piefie, 
 
 D. piek. Cf. PICK and Peak.]"^^^ 
 1. {Mil.) A long wooden shaft 
 or staff, with a flat-pointed steel I'lke. 
 
 head; a spear. 2. {Ic/ith.) A voracious fish, so named 
 from its length and shape or from the form of its snout. 
 It is a fresh-water fish, living ia deep water. 3> A turn- 
 pike road. [point. 
 
 Pik'ed (60), a. Furnished with a pike ; ending in a 
 
 Pike'man, n. ; pi. pike'men. A soldier armed with a 
 pike. 
 
 Pil«;e'staff,72. 1. The staff or shaft of a pike. 2. A 
 staff having a sharp metal spike at the bottom, to guard 
 against slipping. 
 
 Pi-ia.s'ter, n. [L. Lat. pilastrum, fr. Lat. pila, 
 a pillar.] {Arch.) A square column, usually set 
 within a wall, and projecting only a fourth or 
 fifth of its diameter. 
 
 Pil'chard, n. {Ickth.) A fish resembling the 
 herring, but thicker and rounder. ^ 
 
 Pile, n. [Fr. pile, Lat. pita, a ball, globe, plla, 
 a pier or mole of stone ; Gr. TriAos, a ball, _ 
 
 globe.] 1. A roundish or elevated mass or col- 
 lection of things ; a heap. 2. A mass regularly l^"^*^'"- 
 formed by rows or layers and designed for a special use. 
 3. A large building, or mass of buildings. 4. {Elec.) 
 A vertical series of alternate disks of two dissimilar 
 metals, with disks of cloth or paper between them moist- 
 ened with acid water, for producing a current of elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 Pile, n. [A.-S. pil, stake. Lat. pila, a pillar.] A piece 
 of timber, pointed and driven into the earth, for the sup- 
 port of a building, a bridge, or the like. 
 
 Pile, n. [Lat. pilus, hair.] The fiber of wool, cotton, 
 and the like ; hence, the nap. 
 
 Pile,r. t. [imp. &, p. p. PILED; p.pr. & vb. n. PILING.] 
 
 I. To lay or throw into a pile or heap. 2. To fill above 
 the brim or top. 
 
 Syn.— To heap; accumulate; amass. 
 
 Pile'-driv'er, ) n. An engine or machine, for driring 
 
 Pile'-en'gine, ) down piles. 
 
 Pil'er, n. One who piles, or forms a heap. 
 
 Pileg, V. pi. [Lat. pila, a ball.] {Med.) The hemorrhoids, 
 a disease consisting of tumors of blood about the verge 
 of the anus. 
 
 Pil'f er, V. i. [imp. & p. p. PIL-FERED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 PILFERING.] [See Pelf.] To steal ip small quantities ; 
 to practice petty theft. 
 
 Pil'f er, v. t. To steal or gain by petty theft ; to filcli. 
 
 Pil'f er-er, n. One who pilfers. 
 
 Pil-gar'li«, «. [See Pill, to rob, and Peel, v.] One 
 who has lost his hair by disease ; a poor, forsaken wretch- 
 See PILLED-GARLIC. 
 
 Pil'grim, n. [0. Ger. pilgrim, 0. H. Ger. piligrim, N. 
 
 II. Ger. pilger, D. pelgrim. It. peltegrino, peregrino, from 
 Lat. prregrinus, a foreigner.] 1. A wanderer ; a trav- 
 eler. 2. Especially, one who travels to a distance from 
 his own country to visit a holy place. 
 
 Pil'grim-age, n. The journey of a pilgrim ; a journej 
 to a shrine or other sacred place. 
 Syn. — See Joukney. 
 Pill, n. [Lat. pila, a ball, pilxila, a Uttle ball, a pill.] 1. 
 
 i.t e,ti,c., long ; &,6^kc., short,- c^e,far,aek,all,wlxat; 6re,vfiil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,do,Tv^9li 
 
PILL 
 
 541 
 
 PINION 
 
 A medicine in the form of a little ball. 2. Hence, any 
 thing nauseous. 
 Pill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PILLEO ; p. pr. & vb. n. PILL- 
 
 I.XG.] [Fr. piUer, It. pigUart. See PEEL.] To rob ; to 
 
 plunder ; to pillage. - 
 
 Pillage (45), n. [Fr., from piller, to plunder. See supra.] 
 
 1. Act of plundering. -£. That which is taken from 
 another by open, force, particularly and chiefly from en- 
 emies in war. 
 
 Syn.— Plunder ; rapine; spoil; depredation. — Plunder. 
 Pillaf/e refers particularly to the act of stripping the sufferers 
 of their goods, while 7)/«nr/er refers to the removal of the things 
 thus taken. Under these aspects the words are freely inter- 
 changed. 
 
 Pil'lage, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pillaged ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 PILLAGING.] To strip of money or goods by open vio- 
 lence ; to plunder ; to spoil. 
 
 Pil'la-ger, n. One who pillages. 
 
 Pil'lar, 71. [Low Lat. pilare, pilarium, from. JjaLt.pilaja, 
 pillar and a mortar.] 1. A pier or column to support an 
 arch, a roof, a statue, or the like. 3. Hence, that which 
 resembles such a pillar in appearance, or in stability and 
 strength. 
 Syn.— Column; foundation; prop; support. 
 
 Pill'ion (pil'yun), n. [Eng. pile, Lat. pilus, hair. Cf. 
 PILLOW.] The pad or cushion at- 
 tached to the hinder part of a saddle, 
 as a second seat. 
 
 Pil'lo-ry, n. [L. Lat. pilorirum, pU- 
 loricum, piliorium, from Lat. pila, a 
 piUar.] A frame of wood erected on 
 posts, mth movable boards and holes, 
 through which the head and hands of 
 a criminal were formerly put, to pun- 
 ish him. 
 
 Pil'lo-ry, V. t. To punish with the p.,, i 
 
 pUlory ; to set in the pUlory. -fmory. i 
 
 Pil'low, n. [0. Eng. pilwe, pilewe, pelowe, A.-S. pyle, 
 D.peuluw,0. H. Ger. phidvini ,fromLa,t. pulvintts.] 1. A 
 cushion to support the head of a person when reposing. | 
 
 2. {Naut.) The block on which the inner end of a bow- 
 sprit is supported. 3. (Mech.) A piece of metal or wood 
 used to support some part of a machine to equalize the 
 pressure ; a bearing, or journal-box. 4. A kind of plain, 
 coarse fustian. 
 
 Pil'low, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PILLOW1ED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PILLOWING.] To rest or lay for support. 
 
 Pil'low^-l>ier, n. [L. Ger. bure or biihre, a pillow-case, 
 prob. from 0. H. Ger. piirran, purian, burian, to erect.] 
 The movable case or sack which is drawn over a piUow ; 
 a pillow-case. 
 
 Pil'low-block;, n. (Mech.) A block, or standard, for 
 supporting_the end of a shaft. 
 
 Pil'low-«ase, n. A covering for a pillow. 
 
 Pi-lose', a. [Lat. pilosus, from pilus, hair.] 1. Hairy. 
 2. (Bot.) Covered with long, distinct hairs. 
 
 Pi-16s'i-ty, n. State of being pilose ; hairiness. 
 
 Pi'lot, n. [Prob. from L. Ger. pilen, peilen, to measure, 
 gauge, sound, and Ger. loth, plummet. The pilot, then, is 
 the lead-man, he who throws the lead.^ 1. One whose 
 office is to steer ships, particularly where navigation is 
 dangerous. 2. Hence, a guide. [ CoUoq.] 
 
 Pi'lot, r. t. [imp. & p. p. piloted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PILOTING.] 1. To direct the course of, as a ship in any 
 place where navigation is dangerous. 2. To guide through 
 dangers or difficulties. 
 
 Pi'lot-age (45), n. 1. Compensation to one who directs 
 the course of a ship. 2. The guidance of a pilot. 
 
 Pi'lot-bread, n. Hard bread or ship biscuit. [coats. 
 
 Pi'lot-«16tli, n. A coarse, stout kind of cloth, for over- 
 
 Pi'lot-fisli, n. (Ichth.) A fish of the mackerel family ; 
 — so named because it often accompanies ships ; and as 
 this is also done by sharks, it has been said that the for- 
 mer acts as a guide, or pilot, to the latter. 
 
 PS'loiis, a. [See Pilose.] Hairy; abounding with, or 
 consisting of, hair. 
 
 Pi-men'ta, n. The same as Pimento. 
 
 Pi-men'to, n. [From Lat. pigmentum, a paint, pigment, 
 juice of plants, hence, something spicy and aromatic] 
 (Bot.) (a.) The fruit of a tree having an aromatic iiavor, i 
 and highly valued as a spice; allspice. (6.) The tree \ 
 which produces aUspice. i 
 
 Pimp, n. [Cf. Fr. piri1f)ant, smart, sparkish ; Provencal 
 pimpar, apimpar, to cheer up.] One who provides grati- | 
 fications for the lust of others ; a procurer ; a pander. I 
 
 Pimp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. pimped (pimt, 84); p. pr. i 
 & vb. n. pimping.] To procure lewd women for the | 
 gratification of others ; to pander. I 
 
 Plm'per-n61, n. [N. Lat. pimpineUa, L. Lat. bipinnella, 
 for bipinnula, two-winged, equiv. to bipennis, from bis, 
 twice, andpenTm, pinna, feather, wing.] (Bot.) A plant 
 of which one species has small flowers, usually scarlet, 
 which speedily close at the approach of bad weather. 
 
 Pim'ple (pim'pl), n. [A.-S. pinpel, pustule, ptpelian, to 
 blister; Lat. papula, pimple.] {Meti.) A small pointed 
 elevation of the cuticle, differing from a pustule in not 
 containing a fluid, nor tending to suppuration. 
 
 Pim'pled (pTm'pld), a. Having pimples on the skin ; full 
 of pimples. 
 
 Pin, w. [D. pin a.nd pen, Iceh pinni,W. pin, Lat. pinn/n, 
 a pinnacle.] 1. A pointed instrument of wood, metal, or 
 the Uke ; a peg ; a bolt. 2. Especially, a small, pointed 
 piece of wire with a head, much used for fastening 
 clothes, &c. 3. Hence, al thing of trifling value ; a tri- 
 fle. 4. That which resembles a pin in its form or use. 
 
 Pin, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PINNED; p. pr. & vb. n. PIN- 
 NING.] 1. To fasten, as with a pin. 2. To inclose ; to 
 pen. See Pen and Pound. 
 
 Pin'a-fore', n. An apron for a child to cover the front 
 part of the body ; a tier. 
 
 Pin'-<;ase, n. A case for holding pins. 
 
 Pin'^erg, n. pi. [Fr. pince, pincers, from, pincer , to pinch.] 
 Pinchers. See Pinchers. 
 
 Pinch (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pinched (pmcht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PINCHING.] [F'r. ^mcer, formerly /^mser; 
 from 0. D. pitsen, Ger. pjitzen, pfetzen, to pinch, cut.] 
 
 1, To press hard or squeeze as between the ends of the 
 fingers. 2. To squeeze between any two hard bodies. 
 3. To oppress with want ; to distress. 
 
 Pincli, v. i. 1. To act with pressing force ; to bear hard. 
 
 2. To spare ; to be covetous. 
 
 Pinch, n. 1. A close compression with the ends of tho 
 fingers ; also, that which is taken between the ends of the 
 fingers. 2. Distress ; oppression ; difficulty. 
 
 Pinch'beck:, n. [Said to be from the name of the in- 
 ventor.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold. 
 
 Pinch'er, n. One who, or that which, pinches. 
 
 Pinch'erg, n. pi. [From pinch.] An instrument for va- 
 rious uses, as drawing nails and the like, griping things 
 to be held fast, &c. [be stuck to be kept. 
 
 Pin'eush-ion, n. A small cushion in which pins may 
 
 Pin-dar'ic, n. An irregular ode in imitation of those of 
 Pindar, the Grecian, and prince of the lyric poets. 
 
 Pin-dS,r'ie, 1 a. After the style and manner of Pin- 
 
 Pln-d^r'ie-al, j dar, a lyric poet of Greece. 
 
 Pine, n. [Lat. pinus, allied to Gr. nCrvs-] 1. A genus 
 of trees of many species, some of which furnish timber 
 of the most valuable kind. 2. The wood of the pine 
 tree. 3. A pine-apple. 
 
 Pine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pined ; p. pr. & vb. n. PIN- 
 ING.] [A.-S. pi7ian,ptnian, 0. Ger. pei7ien.] 1, To lan- 
 guish ; to lose flesh ; to grow lean. 2. To languish with 
 desire. 
 Syn. — To droop; flag; wither; decay. 
 
 Pine, V. t. 1. To wear out ; to make to languish. 2. 
 To grieve for ; to bemoan in silence. 
 
 Pi-ne'al, or Pin'e-al, a. [From Lat. pinea, the cone 
 of a pine, from pineus, of the pine, from pinus, a pine.) 
 Pertaining to, or resembling in form, a pine-cone or pine- 
 apple. 
 
 Pineal gland (Anat.), a small conical mass of gray, nervous 
 matter, attached to the floor of the third ventricle of the brain, 
 in front of the cerebellum. 
 
 Pine'-ap-ple (-iip'pl), n. (^o«.) A tropical 
 plant and its fruit ; — so called from the 
 resemblance of the latter in shape and ex- 
 ternal appearance to the cone of the pine- 
 tree. 
 
 Pine'-mar'ten, n. (Zool.) A kind of 
 marten found in Europe. 
 
 Pin'er-y, n. 1. A place where pine-apples 
 are raised. 2. A pine forest or grove. 
 
 Pin'-f eath'er, n. A small or short feath- 
 er somewhat like a pin in form ; especially, 
 one of those not easily removed in picking 
 a fowl. 
 
 Pin'fold, n. [From pen, an inclosure for 
 beasts, and fold, an inclosure for sheep.] 
 which beasts are confined ; a pound. 
 
 Pin'-f<>bt'ed, a. Having the toes bordered by a skin. 
 
 Pin'hole, n. A hole made by the puncture of a pin; 
 hence, a very small aperture. 
 
 Pin'ion (pln'yun), ii. [From Lat. pinna, penna, feather, 
 wing.] 1. A feather ; a quill. 2. A wing. 3. The 
 joint of a bird's wing most remote from the body. 4. 
 A fetter or band for the arm. 5. A smaller wheel with 
 
 Pine- apple. 
 A place in 
 
 food, fo^ot ; <irn, r^de, pull ; fell, fhaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist; lisser, Unit i «-»• 
 
PINION 
 
 542 
 
 PISMIRE 
 
 «r teeth workiDg into tb« twth of a lai«er wfaed I iamgtnbecrhaOom\oij. 3. A tri» of d aj wi U k * html 
 L : » tooUaed miiKT. j aX ooe eod, used in anakme toteeeo. ^.AnOiBtte 
 
 exdieq[iMr, sul to be so called fioat ite aBnAlaace to a 
 pipe; aim, Ike cxrheqMr UselC: ISkg.} 9. A «ai^ 
 
 qoaalily wluck itcoBtaiw!. 
 FIve^tM. 1. T0ptaijaaafipe,tfe,fln*e,arolhcr !»• 
 bolar viDd iDEtxvBatt of ■wac !& To ham a ahnU 
 
 (pufvoB). r. r. [twj'. 4 />- p. PISIOSED: j». 
 
 JW^. Jt t*. «.>l??IOMNG.; 1. To fcBBd OT <«■£■« tfae 
 
 viapi of. :8. To crippk bv cutting oM the fnt jomt; of 
 the vii«. S. To resxrain bv tondtne the am or aim to 
 the bods- *• To coBfine; to shackle. 
 
 PfSk, ■, IFroB D. pimbm,pimkmetm, to twinkle viih 
 tbe^esL Ct Fr. «ifcc,aaQcleCaBdapiBk,«iL.or«ii, 
 cje.J 1. An e>e. or a anU eje. & (JBte.) A plant, 
 aad ite flower, eoaaaoB in gutienfi. S. A eolor ii iiiHinL 
 front tfae I. inalMatiMi cfapmcTind red with aaore or 
 kw vlute;— SB eaUed froB «fae eonaan colw «r the 
 flower. 4. That vhieh is w t punwl y emrBrnt^ 9. p>. 
 pink. Ft. pimfme; heMse, fimthStawed.} A ifa^ «ilh a 
 TeiT iMirow fifeen. 
 
 Knk. r. f Iwy- & ^. p. PIXKBD (plUkt): p. jir. fc r»- 
 K. PiXKHver.] 1. To work in cjiht hn i cB ; to piene 
 viiii saallhalea; to cot or watk in anall aoaBopB or an- 
 ■gies- 2. To slab ; to pieRe. 3. Tbdreofapi^ailarL 
 
 Pink'-cfe (^ a- AfiUieQe. [asadiV. 
 
 Tln]s.''Stiame^ «. ( -Knrc.) Bwhga ^w e iy nauo* stem, 
 
 Plja'-moBi''ey, ■- A son of 
 a TTife far her private fipfMWiK . 
 
 Ffa'naM, a. (Enm Lot. pimms, a 
 ■nde of pine, e. g. a ddp.] (Jihnt.} fa.) A 
 
 ^e,r.t. [cn.fcy.^lVE]>(plpl^]OB|;ji.|*^.&«i. 
 a-Piras.] l.Toperftaabypli9ii«aBaaa^^rtn- 
 aem. ^.TonlttariaahlRhOTshaiptaBe. 
 
 ly, a. AqpedesoTi^nlbeciaj, aBBdmnnkaK 
 incs a^ Tnnws kinds «r cnthen «>& 
 
 Pip'cr, a. OneahoifajSflBafqKarfinle^ 
 Bi9nm e,P-^ !• tiniae fotth a w 
 
 the loioe tftiw ack^ fBchieu 2. 
 
 CCtaB»f.] 
 Plqpfii^n. |noni#i^.] 1. A knd of eotd tannine 
 
 a- flntine tr bdks* dreascs. 2. (Ite.) AfiecBcntaff 
 
 to be ] " ■ 
 
 P^fpiM,a. CPnib.fiiM#qp,a;9ot,becaHe 
 
 aa(tB£ldn.| AkhadoT ttartappfe. 
 
 F!«a'a»^7 ftSk-taMF), a. Slate or qnaiity «f beane 
 
 PteHaSn-p^A, or PlBfMi^ftipedt^ «. [Eat. 
 pvtfcs, fBoi.] Having the iota bodend b^ 
 
 F!«Be(pe<<k),>. P^. " 
 
 diejht 
 
 F!q[ae {VbA.% v. e. iimqt. t p. p. FKHHED (peddt) ; j». jr. 
 
 i fc ^. a- PMCClse^.l 1, Tto^eg Jte the jM MililBfi eBof; fto. 
 
 3. TtopnAeor^ 
 
 FiB'^ncT, a. 1. One vho pirn or 
 ateo, a posaader of catOe, or tfae |mhiim1- 
 bneper. d. A pia a nker. 3. ThetappetoT fteMde. 
 
 a hind diii'Mi, which ffieBhrnn. 
 FfBt, a. [A.^ PTBC, Gcr. & IV. jmfe, front S^pu pHwCa, 
 
 Ptetle (piB^), a. lAdfen. rfj«£B-| 1, ^JH^.} A loc^ 
 ■onbaBttept ici'Mt the leeoil of a cwnwi :2. iNamt.) 
 AhaakonvhkhaxndderishnetoiispaaL 3. Aeora- 
 
 Prrarfry,a. fl^ laf. ponaSM, (£r. sapncM.] 1. Actor 
 mUoy. ^(Xaar.JTheadt^pBactiBe, 
 IgMlheh^haeae. 3- " 
 of fte law of copyi^ht br 
 
 by a aifii, eyfindneal enp- 
 
 portor, to be phne d ' 
 
 - (Of - - 
 FfB'.worm <-«fleM), 
 PS»^,a^ A- ~ _ 
 Pi onaeer', r. «. {vmp, fc p. p. FiolorKKSD; P-W- * «*- 
 
 fi. PloxEEXlxe.j ToeobcCaeaadpnyanaaajfar. 
 PS o-seer'. a. {Fr. pHwuer, orig. a 
 
 O. FT.p«>a,p^M^froBLat. pe«, perf.*, ft»ot.| 1. '{Mil.) \ Pl-«WW«-a*ly, •#r. Iba pnateal mmo-. 
 
 Ooe vfaTMR^aith or befcRua^j, to inairt^: PS-roe^ [Ok^mIIF an Indian ««ad.| 1. 
 
 road w dear it of ofaHlneliBW, &CL S. OiKwlmeKjee A ea«» «n«od o«i of the tmnk rf a twe. «. A nanow 
 
 hdegramon thetipof tfaei 
 
 3. A «p 
 Pip, c. t. {BeaPCEP-l Tb cry ^ <Mrp, aa a cUtfcen.. 
 F!pe,a. 'tA.-&.p^.0.p»>, IeeLp^p>,OLH:.Ger p/5?%, Pififcl t. i.' To* 
 
 W. pi». CC FIFB.] 1. A vhid JBi III nail of isasie, 
 
 * * wood or MetaL it. Any 
 
 i.e,&c-,2Mae^,-^€,fc«-,«b«>r3,-cikre,far^a&k,aIl.w]tat: ^^,TrfI,tier^; paqfe.finaa: soB,«r.«l«,Yrfil, 
 
PISOLITE 
 
 543 
 
 PIVOT 
 
 Piston. 
 
 compared to Of looked upon a£ urine. See MiRE.] The 
 
 ant or emmet. 
 
 Pi'so-lite (49), n. [Gr. ni(rov, Lat. pisum,fi pea, and Gr. 
 Aiflos, stone.] (Min.) A calcareous stone, made up of 
 globular concretions of about the size of a pea. 
 
 Pis'sas-phait, n. [Gr. tn(r<rd(r4>a\TOs, from 7riV<ra, pitch, 
 turpentine, and ao-0aA.To?, asphalt.] (Min.) Earth-pitch ; 
 a soft bitumen of the consistence of tar, black, and of a 
 strong smell. 
 
 Pis-ta'^liio (pis-tii'sho), «. [Sp., from Lat. pistacium, Gr. 
 TTioTOKT), nioTdKLOv, from Per. pistali. At. fustak , fustuk.] 
 The nut of a kind of turpentine-tree, containing a kernel 
 of a pale greenish color, of a pleasant taste, resembling 
 that of the almond. 
 
 Pis'ta-reen', n. A silver coin of the value of 17 or 18 
 cents, or 9d. sterling. 
 
 Pis'til, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. pistillum.,pistillu.'i, 
 a pestle.] (Bot.) (a.) An organ terminating the 
 axis of growth in a flower, and inclosing the seed ; 
 a carpel. (6. ) A collection of carpels united by 
 their inner suture, or a compound pistil. 
 
 Pis'tol, w. [From Pi.^toja, 0. It. Pistola., a town 
 in Italy where they were first made.] A small 
 fire-arm, or the smallest fire-arm used, intended 
 to be fired from one hand. 
 
 Pis'tol, V. t. \im-p. & p. p. PISTOLED: p. pr. 
 & vh. n. PISTOLING.] To shoot with a pistol. 
 
 Pis-tole', n. [It. pistola, contr. from It. piastru- Pistil. 
 ola, dim. of piasira, a piaster, q. v.] A gold coin of Spain 
 vrorth about 16 shillings sterling, or ^.60 cents. 
 
 Pis'to-iet, n. A little pistol. 
 
 Pis'ton, n. [From Lat. pinsere, pistum, to 
 pound, to stamp. See Pistil.] A short 
 cylinder of metal or other solid substance, 
 which fits exactly the cavity of a pump or 
 barrel, and works alternately up and down or 
 backward and forward in it. 
 
 Pit, n. [A.-S. pytl or pitt, Icel. pittr, pyttr, 
 Iv. & Gael, pit., Lat. piiteus, a well, pit.] 1, 
 A large, deep hole in the ground ; a well, ti. 
 Hence, an abyss ; especially, the bottomless 
 pit ; hell. 3. The grave. 4. An indenture 
 in the flesh ; as, (a.) The hollow place under 
 the arm. (h.) The hollow of the stomach, 
 (c.) The indentation or mark left on the flesh by a pus- 
 tule of the small-pox. 5. The lowest place in a theater 
 where spectators assemble ; parquet. 6. An area into 
 which cocks or dogs are brought to fight. 
 
 Pit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. PIT- 
 TING.] 1. To indent, ti. To mark with little hollows, 
 as by variolous pustules. 3. To introduce as an antag- 
 onist to ; to provoke to combat, as cocks in a pit. 
 
 Pit'a-paf, arJv. [An onomatopoetic reduplication of 
 pat, a light, quick blow.] In a flutter ; with palpitation. 
 
 Pitcli, n. [Icel. bik, W. pyg, Lat. pix, Gr. nCa-a-a or TriTra.] 
 1. A thick, black, sticky substance obtained by boiling 
 down tar. 3. Turpentine. [Improper.] 
 
 Pitch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pitched (pTtcht, 108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. pitching.] 1. To cover over or smear with 
 pitch. 3. To darken as if by smearing with pitch ; to 
 obscure. 
 
 Pitch, n. [0. Fr. pir, high place. See Peak.] 1. A 
 point or peak ; hence, any point or degree of elevation or 
 depression. 5J. (Mus.) Degree of elevation of the voice, 
 or of an instrument, &c. 3. Degree; rate; po-sition. 
 4. The point where a declivity begins ; hence, the declivity 
 itself; descent; slope. 5. (MecA.) (a.) The distance 
 from center to center of any two adjacent teeth of gear- 
 ing, measured on the pitch-line, (b.) The distance 
 measured on a. line parallel to the axis, between two 
 adjacent threads or convolutions of a screw, (c.) The 
 distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet-holes in 
 boiler plates. 
 
 I'itcli line, or pitch circle, a circle concentric with the cir- 
 cumference of a toothed wheel, and cutting its teeth at such a 
 distance from their points as to touch the corresponding circle 
 of the gear working with it. 
 
 Pitch, V. t. [0. Eng. picchen, A.-S. pyccan, to prick. See 
 Pick.] 1. To throw ; to hurl ; to toss. 'Z. To fix firmly ; 
 to plant; to set in array. 3. (Mus.) To fix or set the 
 tone of. 
 
 Pitched battle, a battle in which the hostile forces have firm 
 or fixed positions, in distinction from a skirmish. 
 
 Pitch, V. i. 1. To light ; to settle. 2. To fall headlong. 
 3. To fall; to fix choice. 4. To encamp. 5. {Naut.) 
 To rise and fall, as the head and stern of a ship. 
 
 Pitch'er, n. [0. Fr. piclier, pichier, Basque pitcherra, L. 
 Lat. picarium, bicarium, Icel. bikar, 0. H. Ger. behhar. 
 
 j bechar, pechar. Cf. Beaker.] 1, A vessel, usually 
 I open, with a spout for pouring out liquors ; a ewer. 2. 
 One who pitches any thing, as hay, quoits, &c. 3. 
 I {Bot.) A cup-like appendage of the leaves of certiin 
 plants. [pitched into a hole. 
 
 I Pitch'-f ar'thing, n. A play in which copper coin is 
 Pitch'forlc, n. A fork or farming utensil used in pitch- 
 ing or throwing hay or sheaves of grain, as into carts 
 or wagons. 
 Pitch'i-ness, n. Blackness, as of pitch ; darkness. 
 Pitch'-piiie, n. (Bot.) One of several species of pine, 
 
 .abounding in resinous matter. 
 Pitch'-pipe, n. (Mus.) A wind instrument for regula- 
 ting the pitch of the key or leading tone of a tune. 
 Pitch'y, a. 1. Partaking of the qualities of pitch ; like 
 pitch. 2. Smeared with pitch. 3. Black, like pitch ; 
 dark ; dismal. 
 Pit'-eoal, n. Mineral coal ; coal dug from the earth. 
 Pit'e-oiis, a. 1. Fitted to excite pity. 2. Evincing 
 pity. 3. Paltry ; mean ; pitiful. 
 
 Syn.— Sorrowful; mournful; affecting; doleful; woful; 
 rueful; wretched; miserable; pitiable; compassionate; tender. 
 
 Pit'e-otis-ly, adv. In a piteous manner. 
 
 Pit'e-ous-ness, n. The state of being piteous. 
 
 Pit'fall, 71. A pit slightly covered, intended to catch 
 wild'beasts or men. 
 
 Pith, n. [A.-S. pidha, D. pit, pith, kernel.] 1. The soft, 
 spongy substance in the center of many plants and trees. 
 2. (Anat.) The spinal cord; the marrow. 3. Hence, 
 vital or essential part ; vigor ; strength ; importance. 
 
 Pith'i-ly, adv. In a pithy manner ; with vigor. 
 
 Pith'i-ness, n. The state of being pithy. 
 
 Pith'less, a. 1. Destitute of pith ; wanting strength. 
 2. Wanting cogency or concentrated force. 
 
 Pith'y, a. [r.ompar. PITHIER ; .mperl. PITHIEST.] 1. 
 Consisting of, containing, or abounding with, pith. 2. 
 Forcible ; energetic 3. Condensed, forcible, and ap- 
 propriate in expressing. 
 
 Pit'i-a-ble, a. Deserving pity ; worthy of compassion. 
 Syn. — Sorrowful; affecting: lamentable; mournful; dole- 
 ful; woful; rueful; wretched; miserable. 
 
 Pit'i-a-ble-ness, n. The state of being pitiable. 
 Pit'i-ful, a. 1. Full of pity; tender ; compassionate. 2. 
 
 Miserable; moving compassion. 3. Deserving pity for 
 
 littleness or meanness. 
 ! Syn. — Contemptible; despicable; paltry. See Contempt- 
 
 1 LE. 
 
 I Pit'i-ful -ly, adv. In a pitiful manner. 
 : Pit'i-ful-ness, n. The state of being pitiful. 
 Pit'i-Iess, a. 1. Destitute of pity. 2. Exciting no pity. 
 I Syn. — Hard-hearted; cruel; merciless; unmerciful; com- 
 
 1 passionless; unsympathizing. 
 Pit'i-less-ly, adv. In a pitiless manner. 
 Pit'i-less-ness, n. The state of being pitiless. 
 Pit'man, n. ; pi. pIt'men. 1. One who works in a pit, 
 i as in sawing timber, &c. 2. The connecting rod in a 
 
 saw-mill. 
 Pit's aw, n. A large saw worked vertically by two men, 
 
 one of whom stands in a pit. 
 Pit'taufe, n. [Low Lat. pitancia, pittantia, pictantia, 
 originall J' pity, charity, from Lat. joiefas. See PlTY.] 1. 
 An allowance of food, bestowed in charity ; hence, a 
 charity gift. 2. Any small allowance ; a trifle. 
 Pi-tu'i-ta-ry, a. [From Lat. pituita, phlegm, mucus.] 
 
 (Anat.) Secreting- phlegm or mucus. 
 Pi-tu'i-tous, a. [Lat. pituitosus. See supra.] Consist- 
 ing of, or resembling mucus ; exhibiting the effects of 
 mucus. 
 Pit'y, n. [N. Fr. pitie. It. pietd, from Lat. pietas, piety, 
 j kindness, pity. Cf. PIETY.] 1. The feeling or sufiFer- 
 I ing of one person, excited by the distresses of another. 
 I 2. Cause of grief ; thing to be regretted. 3. A call for 
 , pity. 
 
 Syn.— Compassion; mercv: commiseration; condolence; 
 sympathy; fellow-suffering; fellow-feeling. — Si/nipath;/ is lit- 
 erally fellow-feelino, and therefore requires a certain degree 
 of equality in situation, circumstances, &c., for its fullest exer- 
 cise. Compns.<tion is deep»tenderness for another under severe 
 or inevitable misfortune. Pity regards its object not only a« 
 , suffering, but weak, and hence as mferior. Scott, speaking of 
 I the Douglas , says : — 
 
 And last, and worst to spirit proud, 
 I Had borne the pity of the crowd. 
 
 Pit'y, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pitied ; p. pr. & vb. n. PITT- 
 ING.] To feel pain or grief for ; to have sympathy for. 
 I Syn. — To commiserate; compassionate; sympathize with 
 
 ' Pit'y, V. i. To be compassionate : to exercise pity. 
 Piv'ot, n. [Fr. pivot, for pipot, from pipe, a pipe, or con- 
 
 f<*d, fcM>t ; ftrn, rude, p^ll ; fell, ^haise, €all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; e^^t ; linger, link ; tiiiSi 
 
PIX 
 
 544 
 
 PLAN 
 
 trticted from pieuvot, dim. of pifu, a stake.] 1. A pin or 
 short axis fixtni only at one end, and on which a wheel 
 or other body turns! 'i. Hence, a turning point ; that 
 on which important results depend. 3. (Mil.) The one 
 on whom the different wheeUugs are made in the various 
 evolutions of the drill. 
 
 Pix, H. The same as Pyx, q. v. [peasable. 
 
 Pla'ca-bil'l-t5', «. Quality of being placable, or ap- 
 
 Pla'ca-ble, n.* [Lat. placabilis, from placare, to quiet, 
 pacify, from plncere, to please.] Capable of being ap- 
 peaf^ed or pacified ; appeasable. 
 
 Pla'ca-ble-iiess, ?i. The quality of being placable. 
 
 Pla-eard', n. [Ft., fr. plaquer, to lay or clap on, plaque, 
 plate, tablet ; Low Lat. placare, to place on ; D. plak- 
 ^■f/l, to pa.<5te, post •a^,plak, a tlat piece of wood ; Gr. 
 jrAaf, rrAoxos, any thing flat and broad.] A written or 
 printed paper posted in a public place. 
 
 Pla-eard', v. t. [i7)ip. & p. p. PLACARDED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PLACARDING.] 1. To post, as a writing or libel, 
 in a public place. 3. To notify publicly. 
 
 Pla'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. placated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PLACATING.] [Lat. placare, placatmn, from placere, 
 to please.] To appease or pacify ; to conciliate. 
 
 Pla^e, n. [From Lat. platea, a street, area, court-yard, 
 firom Gr. TrAarus, TrAaTcIa, flat, broad.] 1. A broad way 
 In a city ; an open space ; an area. 2. Any portion of 
 space regarded as distinct from all other space, as related 
 to any other portion, or as appropriated to some definite 
 object or u.se. 3. Rank ; degree ; grade ; especially, so- 
 cial rank or position ; condition ; sometimes, official sta- 
 tion or post. 4. A position occupied and held as a resi- 
 dence ; as, (a.) A stately or elegant dwelling ; a mansion. 
 (b.) A collection of dwellings; a village, town, or city, 
 (c.) A country ; the seat of a nation, {d.) A fortified 
 town or post. 5. Possibility of existence or action ; op- 
 portunity. 6« Definite portion of a written or printed 
 document. 7. Vacated or relinquished space ; room ; 
 stead. 
 
 To take place, to come to pass; to occur. 
 
 Syn. — Situation ; seat; abode; position ; locality; location; 
 site; spot; office; employment; charge; function; trust. 
 
 Pla^e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. placed (plast) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PLACING.] 1, To assign a place to ; to fix ; to settle. 
 2. To put in a particular rank or office ; to surround 
 with particular circumstances. 3. To put out at inter- 
 est; to invest. 
 Syn.— See Put. 
 
 Pla^e'inan, n. ; pi. pla^e'men. One who has an of- 
 fice under a government. 
 
 Pla-^in'td, n. ; pi. PLA-fEN'TJE. [Lat., a cake, Gr. 
 TrAttKou?, a flat cake, from TrAa^, ttAokos, anything flat 
 and broad.] 1. (Anat.) The soft, spongy disk which 
 connects the mother with the fetus in the womb. 3. 
 (Bot.) The part of a plant or fruit to which the seeds 
 are attached. 
 
 Pla'^er (pla'ser), n. One who places or sets. 
 
 fla-cer' (pla-thar', by Mexicans and Calif ornians pla- 
 sar'), n. [Sp.] A gravelly place where gold is found, es- 
 pecially by the side of a river, or in the bed of a moun- 
 tain torrent. 
 
 PlJi^'id, a. [Lat. placidus, orig. pleasing, mild, from pla- 
 cere, to please.] Pleased ; contented ; unruffled ; serene ; 
 tranquil ; quiet. 
 Syn. — Gentle; serene; mild; unruffled. 
 
 Pla-?id'i-ty» n. Quality of being placid ; placidness. 
 
 Pia^'id-ly, adv. In a placid manner ; calmly. 
 
 Pia^'id-ncss, n. State of being placid ; calmness. 
 
 Piack.'et; n. [Fr. plaquer. to lay or clap on. See PLA- 
 CARD.] 1. The opening or slit left in a petticoat or 
 skirt for convenience in putting it on. 2. A woman's 
 pocket. 
 
 Pla'gal, a. [From Gr. TrAa-ytos, sidewise, slanting.] (Mus.) 
 Having the principal tones lying between the fifth of the 
 key and its octave or twelfth ; — said of certain melodies 
 or tunes. 
 
 Pla'jafi-a-rTgm, n. Act or practice of plagiarizing. 
 
 Pla'gji-a-ri«:t, n. One who plagiarizes ; a plagiary. 
 
 Pla'gi-a-rize, f. t. [imp. & p. p. plagiarized; p. 
 pr.&, vb. n. plagiarizing.] To steal or purloin from 
 the writings of another. 
 
 Pla'e^!-a-rize, v. i. To be guilty of literary theft. 
 
 Pla'gi-a-ry, n. {\jit. plai^iarius, from plagium, kidnap- 
 ping.] A thief in literature ; one who purloins another's 
 writings, and offers them to the puljlic as his own. 
 
 pla'gi-a-ry, a. Practicing literary theft. 
 
 Plagrue (piag), n. [From Lat. plaga, a blow, stroke ; Gr. 
 TrXijy^, from irKqaaetv, to strike.] 1. Any afflictive evil 
 
 or calamity. 2. (Med.) An acute, malignant, febrile 
 disease, that often prevails in the East, and has at time* 
 raged in the large cities of Europe. 3. Hence, any pes- 
 tilence. 
 Plague (plag), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLAGUED ; p. pr. & 
 vb n. PLAGUING.] 1. To vex; to tease. 2. To infest 
 with disease, calamity, or natural evil of any kind. 
 
 Syn.— To torment; distress; afflict; harass; annoy; tanta- 
 lize; trouble; molest; embarrass; perplex. 
 
 One who plagues or annoys; a 
 
 Plagu'er (plag'er), n. 
 tormentor ; a teaser. 
 
 Plagu'i-ly (plag/]-ly), adv. In a plaguing manner ; vex- 
 atiously ; extremely; horribly. [Colloq. and low.] 
 
 Plagix'y {plag'5'), «• Vexatious; troublesome; torment- 
 ing. [ Colloq. and loiv.] 
 
 Plaice, n. [Lat. platessa.] (Icht/i.) 
 A fish, allied to the flounder. It 
 swims on its side, and has both , 
 its eyes on one side. 
 
 Pmid (plad), n. [Gael, plaide, 
 contr. fr. peallaid, a sheep skin, 
 fr. peall, a skin or hide.] A striped Plaice, 
 
 or variegated cloth, worn as an over-gannent by the 
 Highlanders in Scotland. 
 G@^ Pronounced 7j/«(Z by the Scotch. 
 
 Piaid (piad), a. Having a pattern which resembles a 
 Scotch plaid ; marked with bars or stripes at right an- 
 gles to one another. 
 
 Plain, a. [compar. plainer ; superl. PLAINEST.] [Lat. 
 planus.] 1. Without elevations or depressions; — the 
 same as Plane. 2. Open; clear; unencumbered. 3. 
 Not intricate or difficult. 4. Simple; natural; as, (a.) 
 Void of extraneous beauty or ornament ; sometimes, 
 homely, (b. ) Not highly cultivated ; unsophisticated ; 
 common, (c.) Void of affectation or disguise, (rf.) Free 
 Irom costliness; not rich, (e.) Not ornamented with 
 colors or figures, (f.) Not much varied by modulations. 
 Syn. — Manifest; even; level ; flat; smooth ; artless; unaf- 
 fected; undisguised; frank ; sincere; honest; candid; ingenu- 
 ous ; unvarnished ; unembellished ; downright ; unreserved ; 
 distinct; obvious; apparent. 
 
 Plain, adv. In a plain manner. 
 
 Plain, n. 1, Level land ; usually, an open field with an 
 even surface, or one little varied by inequalities. 2. A 
 field of battle 
 
 Plain, V. t. [imp. & p. p. plained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLAINING.] 1. To level ; to make plain or even. 2. 
 To lament ; to complain of. [06s. or poet.] 
 
 Plain'-deal'er, n. One who speaks out his views with 
 great plainness. 
 
 Plain'-cieal'ing, a. Dealing or communicating with 
 franknrss and sincerity ; honest ; open. 
 
 Plain'- dealing, n. A speaking or communicating 
 with openness and sincerity. 
 
 Plain' lieart'ed, a. Having a sincere heart ; commu- 
 nicati ig without art, reserve, or hypocrisy. 
 
 Plain'ly, adv. In a plain manner. 
 
 Plain'.iess (109), n. The quality or state of being plain, 
 in any of its senses. 
 
 Plain', spok'f'n (20), a. Speaking with plain, unre- 
 served sincerity. 
 
 Plaint, n. [Lat. planctus, from plangere, planctum. See 
 Plain, v. i., supra.] 1. Audible expression of sorrow ; 
 lamentation ; complaint. 2. A sad or serious song. 
 
 Plaint'iff , n. [Fr. plaintif, making complaint, plain- 
 tive. See Plain, v. i.] (Law.) The person who com- 
 mences a personal action or suit to obtain a remedy for 
 an injury to his rights ; — opposed to defendant. 
 
 Plaint'ive, a. 1. Containing a plaint, or expression of 
 sorrow ; complaining. 2. Hence, indicating grief; seri- 
 ous ; sad. 
 
 Plaint'ive-ly. adv. In a plaintive manner. 
 
 Plaint'ive-ness, n. Quality or state of being plaintive. 
 
 Plait, n. [L. Lat plecta, Gr. TrAe/cri?, a twisted rope, 
 string, from TrAexTos, plaited, twisted, from TrAe'/ceu/, to 
 twist, braid.] 1. A fold; a doubling, as of cloth. 2. 
 A braid, as of hair or straw. 
 C@~ Vulgarly pronounced pke<. 
 
 Plait. V. t. [imp. & p. p. PLAITED ; p. pr. tc vb. n. 
 PLAITING.] 1. To fold ; to double in narrow folds. 2, 
 To form by interlaying ; to braid ; to plat. 3. To en- 
 tangle ; to involve. 
 
 Plan, n. [From Lat. planus, flat, level.] 1. A draught 
 or form ; properly, the representation of any thing drawn 
 on a plane : especially, the representation of a horizon- 
 tal section of any thing. 2. A method of action or pro- 
 cedure expressed or described in language. 
 
 si,e,kc.,long; &,«,&c.,«4or{;c&re,far,ask,aU,wliat; dre,veU, term; pique, firm; s6n, dr, do, W9U, 
 
PLAN 
 
 545 
 
 PLAT 
 
 Syn.— Scheme; draught ; delineation ; plot ; sketch; pro- 
 ject; design; contrivance; device. See Scheme. 
 
 Tl&n,vt. [imp. & p. p. planned; p pr. & vb. n. 
 • PLANNING.] 1. To form a draught or representation 
 of. 2. To scheme ; to devise ; to form in design. 
 Syn. — To sketch; model; scheme; contrive. 
 
 Piancll, f. t. [imp. & p. p. PLANCHED (phlncht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PLANCFflNG.] [¥r . planclir ^ a board, plank, 
 from h&t. planca,\A..] To cover with planks or boards ; 
 to plank. 
 
 Plilncli'et, n. [Fr. planchette, a small board, dim. of 
 planche. See PLANCH.] A tiat piece of metal ; espe- 
 cially, a di.sk of metal ready to be stamped as a coin. 
 
 PlJincli'lng, n. The laying of floors in a building ; also, 
 a floor of boards or planks. 
 
 Plane, a. [ha-t. planus. See PLAIN, a.] Without ele- 
 Tations or depressions; even; level; flat; pertaining to, 
 lying in, or constituting a plane. 
 
 Plane, n. 1. ( Geom ) A surface, real or imaginary, in 
 v?hich, if any two points are taken, the straight line 
 which joins them lies wholly in that surface. 2, [Join- 
 ery.) A tool for smootliing boards or other surfaces of 
 wood, forming moldings, and the like. 
 
 Plane, r. t. [imp. & p. p. planed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLANING.] [See Plane, a.] To make smooth ; to free 
 from inequalities of surface. 
 
 Planner, n. (Print.) A wooden block used for making 
 the surface of type even. 
 
 PlJln'et, n. [Lat. plaufta, Gr. 7rA.avTJTrj5, and TrXavrj?, 
 TrAaio^TOs, a planet; prop, wandering, from nKavacrBai, 
 to wander.] {Astron.) A celestial body which revolves 
 about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccen- 
 tricity. 
 
 Pian'et-a'ri-iim, n. An astronomical machine which 
 represents the motions and orbits of the planets ; an 
 orrery. 
 
 Plan'et-a-ry, a. [See Planet.] 1. Pertaining to the 
 planets, til Consisting of planets. 3. (Astrol.) Under 
 the dominion or influence of a planet. 4. Produced by 
 planets. 
 
 Plane'-tree, n. [Lat. platanus, Gr. TrAaravos, from TrAa- 
 Tvs, broad, on account of its broad leaves and spreading 
 form. Of. Platane.] (Bot.) A treeo" he genus Plat- 
 anus. 
 
 eST" The oriental plane-tree is a native of Asia. The occi- 
 dental plane-tree is a native of North America, where it is 
 called also button-iuood. 
 
 Plan'et-striclCen, ) a. Affected by the influence of 
 
 Pian'et-struclc, ) planets ; blasted. 
 
 Pian'i-f o'li-oiis, a. [Lat. planus, flat, a,Dd folium, leaf.] 
 (Bat.) Flat-leaved. 
 
 Pian'i-met'ric, ) a. Pertaining to the mensuration 
 
 Pian'i-in6t'ri-e-al, ) of plane surfaces. 
 
 Pla-nim'e-try, n. [From Lat. planus, plain, and Gr. 
 fieTpov, measure.] The mensuration of plane surfaces. 
 
 PlS.n'i-pet'al-ou.s, a. [Lat. planus, flat, and Eng. 
 petal, q. v.] {Bol.) Uaving flat petals. 
 
 Pian'isli.f. t. [imp. & p. p. planished (plSn'isht); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PLANISHING.] [0. Fr. planir, N. Fr. 
 planer. See PLANE.] To render smooth and level, as 
 a metaUic surface, by light blows with a smooth-faced 
 hammer. 
 
 Pian'i-spliere, n. [From Lat. planus, plane, and 
 splixra, sphere.] 1. The representation of the circles 
 of the sphere upon a plane, ti. Especially, a represen- 
 tation of the celestial sphere upon a plane with adjust- 
 able circles, or other appendages for showing the po.sition 
 of the heavens, the time of rising and setting of stars, 
 &c., for any given dat« or hour. 
 
 P13,nk, n. [Lat. planca, aUied to Gr. 7rAa|, 7rAa»cds, any 
 thing flat and broad. Cf. PLANCH.] 1. Abroad piece 
 of sawed timber, differing from a lioard only iu being 
 thicker, ti. Hence, a support, as for floating in a 
 stream. 
 
 Piank, V. t. [imp. & p. p. planked (plSnkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PLANKING.] 1. To cover or lay with planks. 
 2. To lay down upon a plank, or as upon a plank ; to 
 produce, as a wager, or cash. [Amer.] 
 
 PlSn'ner, n. One who plans or forms a plan. 
 
 Pla'no-<!6n'«ave, a. Flat on one side, and concave 
 on the other. 
 
 Pla'no-«on'i€-al, a. Plane or level on one side, and 
 conical on the other. 
 
 Pla'no-eon'vex, a. Plane or flat on one side, and con- 
 vex on the other. 
 
 Plant, n [\j?it. planta; A.-S. plant.} 1. A vegetable; 
 an organic body, destitute of sense and spontaneous mo- 
 tion, and having, when complete, a root, stem, and 
 
 Plantain. 
 
 3. The fixtures and tools necessary to carry oo 
 any trade or mechanical business. 
 
 Plant, V. t. [imp. & p.p. PLANTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLANTING.] 1. To put in the ground and cover, bs 
 seed for growth. 2. To set in the ground for growth, as 
 a young tree. 3. To furnish with plants. 4. To en- 
 gender. 5. To settle; to establish; to introduce. 6. 
 To set and direct, or point. 
 
 Plant, V. i. To perform the act 
 of planting. 
 
 Piant'ain (42), n. [Fr. plant- 
 ain, Lat. plantago.] {Bot.) A 
 genus of plants of many spe- 
 cies. It is found near the 
 abode of civilized man in all 
 parts of the world. 
 
 Piant'ain (42), In. {Bot.) 
 
 Piant'ain-tree, ) An en- 
 dogenous tropical tree, which 
 rises with a soft stem, fifteen 
 or twenty feet high, and the 
 fruit is a substitute for bread. 
 
 Plan ta'tion, n. 1. Act of 
 planting. [Rare.] 2. The place 
 planted ; especially, in Ameri- 
 ca, a large estate, cultivated 
 chiefly by negroes, under the control of the proprietor or 
 master. 3. A colony. 
 
 Plant'er, n. 1. One who plants, sets, introduces, or es- 
 tablishes. 2. One who assists in colonizing in a new ter- 
 ritory. 3. One who owns a plantation. 
 
 Piant'i-<;le (pltlnt'i-kl), n. [A dim. of plajit.] A young 
 plant, or plant in embryo. 
 
 Piant'i-grade , n. [From Lat. planta, the sole of the 
 foot, and gradi, to walk.] {ZoUl.) An animal that walks 
 or steps on the sole of the foot, as the bear. 
 
 Piant'i-grade, a. Walking on the sole of the foot, 
 as some animals. 
 
 Piant'-louse, n. ; pi. PLXNT/-L19E. An insect that 
 infests plants. 
 
 Piant'ule (53), n. [Dim. of plant.] The embryo of a 
 plant. 
 
 Plash, n. [See infra.] 1. A puddle. 2. A dash of 
 water ; a splash. 3. [See Plash, v. t.] The branch 
 of a tree partly cut or lopped, and bound to other 
 branches. 
 
 Piasli, V. i. [L. Ger. plasken, D.plassen, II. Ger. plat- 
 schen, pldtscheii.] To dabble in water ; to splash. 
 
 Plash, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PLASHED (plXsht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PLASHING.] [0. Vr. plaissier, plessier, from Lat. 
 plexus, p. p. of plectere, to weave, twist.] 1. To lop off. 
 2. To bind, or cut, and intertwine the branches of. 
 
 Piash'y, a. Watery ; abounding with puddles. 
 
 Pia§in, n. [Gr. 7rAacrju.a, from n\daaeiv, to form, mold.] 
 A mold or matrix in which any thing is cast or formed 
 to a particular shape. 
 
 Plas'ter, n. [From Lat. emplastrum, Gr. e/u-TrAaoTpov. 
 See Emplastic] 1. A composition of lime, water, and 
 sand, for coating walls and partitions of houses ; also 
 gypsum, as used for making ornaments, moldings, &c. 
 2. ( Med. ) An external application of a harder consistence 
 than an ointment. 
 Plaster of Paris, calcined gypsum, or sulphate of lime. 
 
 Plas'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. plastered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. plastering.] 1. To cover with plaster, as the 
 partitions of a house. 2. To cover with a plaster, as a 
 wound. 3. To smooth over ; to conceal the defects or 
 irregularities of. 
 
 Plas'ter-er, n. One who plasters. 
 
 Plas'ter-ing, n. The plaster-work of a building ; a cov- 
 ering of plaster. 
 
 Pias'ti«, a. [Gr. TrAaariKO?, from TrAao-creii', to form, 
 moid.] 1. Having the power to give form or fashion tc 
 a mass of matter. 2. Capable of being molded, formed, 
 or modeled. 3. Pertaining or appropriate to, or charac- 
 teristic of, molding or modeling ; produced by , or appear* 
 ing as if produced by, molding or modeling. 
 
 Plas-ti^'i-ty, n. State or quality of being plastic. 
 
 Plas'tron, n. [Fr., from L. Lat. plastra, a thin plate of 
 metal. See Piaster.] A piece of leather stuffed; — 
 used by fencers to defend the body. 
 
 Piat. V. t. [imp. & p. p. platted: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLATTING.] [From plait, q. v.] To form by interlay- 
 ing or interweaving ; to weave. 
 
 Piat, n. Work done by platting or interweaving. 
 
 Piat. n. [See infra, and cf. PLOT, the same word differ- 
 ently written.] A small piece of ground (usually flat) 
 
 food, fobt ; iirn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, €all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^^ist ; linger, linlt ; tb' 
 
PLATAN 
 
 546 
 
 PLEASING 
 
 laid or marked out with some design , or for a distinct 
 use. 
 
 51x5!*"* 1»«- The plane-tree. See Plane-tree. 
 
 Plate, n. [0. VT.piate, a plate of metal, a cuirass, Tr.plat, 
 Sp. piaio. It. piatto, a plate, a shallow yessel : Ger. platte, 
 D. piaat, a tiat piece, plate ; allied to Gr. irXarvs, flat, 
 broad. See Ft,.\T.} 1. A piece of metal flattened, 'i. 
 Metallic armor composed of broad pieces. 3. Dishes 
 wrought in gold or silver. 4. Metallic ware which is over- 
 laid with gold, silver, or some other metal. 5. A small, 
 shallow vessel, from which provisions are eaten at table. 
 6. {Arch.) The piece of timber which supports the ends of 
 
 ING.] [A.-S. pUgian, pUggan, pUogian, to play ; pUga^ 
 play.] 1, To engage in sport or hvely recreation ; to 
 frolic. 2. To act with lerity ; to trifle. 3. To contend 
 in a game; hence, sometimes, to gamble. 4. To perform 
 on an instrument of music. 5. To move with alternata 
 dilatation and contraction ; to operate. 6. Tamove ir- 
 regularly ; to wanton. 7. To act a part upon the stag© ; 
 to act in any particular character. 
 Play. c. t. 1. To put in action or motion. 2. To perfofm 
 music upon. 3. To bring into sportive or wanton action. 
 4. To act or perform by representing a character. 5. 
 To perform in contest for amusement or for a prize. 
 
 Syn. — To sport ; trifle ; frolic 
 the rafters. 7. A piece of metal on which anv thing is '._ ., , . • ^ x- • ,. ^ - 
 
 engraved ; hence, L impression from an engnived piece ^la?'."- 1' ^°-^ «^«^^^*^ or series of actions mtended 
 of metal. S. A page of stereotype for printing from 
 
 Plate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. plated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLATING.] 1. To cover or overlay with gold, silver, or 
 other metals. '2. To arm with plate or metal for de- 
 fense. 3. To adorn with plate. 4. To beat into thin, 
 flat pieces. 
 
 Pla-teau' (pla-toO, n- [Fr., from p?af, flat.] Abroad 
 level area of land in asomewhat elevated position. 
 
 Plate'fiil, n. ; pi. plate flls. Enough to fill a plate. 
 
 Plate'-glass. n. A fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, 
 and used for mirrors and the best window*. 
 
 Piat'en, n. [From its flatness. See Plate.] (Print.) 
 The flat part of a press, by which the impression is made. 
 
 Piat'form. n. [Eng. p/aV (obs.), flat, and /orm.] 1. A 
 frame-work of timber or boards horizontally joined, so as 
 to form a conspicuous or elevated standing-place, ti. A 
 
 for plea5ure, amusement, or diversion ; game. 3. Act of 
 contending for victory, for amusement, or for a prize, ai.: 
 at dice, cards, or other games ; gaming. 3. Practice in 
 any contest. 4. Action ; use ; employment : manner 
 of action. 5. A dramatic composition : a comedy or 
 tragedy. 6. Representation or exhibition of a comedy or 
 tragedy. 7. Performance on an instrument of music. 8. 
 Motion: movement, regular or irregular: hence, also, 
 room for motion : free and easy action. 9. Liberty of 
 acting, room for enlargement or display ; scope. 
 
 Play of colors, an appearance of several prismatic colors in 
 rapid succession on tiuning an object. 
 
 Syn. — Sport ; frolic ; amusement ; game s gambols ; em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Play'- bill, n. A printed advertisement of a play, with 
 the parts assigned to the actors. 
 
 declaration of principles to which any body of men de- ; Play'-day, n. A day given to play or diversion. 
 
 elare their adhesion. 
 Piat'i-na, or Pla-ti'na, n. See Platinxm. 
 Plat'ing. n. 1. Art or operation of covering a baser 
 
 metal with a thin plate of silver or other metal. 2. A 
 
 thin coating of metal. 
 Pl&t'i-niim, or Pla-ti'nuin, n. [S. Lat.,fi^m Sp. 
 
 Play'er. n. One who plays; as, (a.) A dramatic actor. 
 {b.) A mimic, (c. ) One who performs on an instrument 
 of music, (d.) A gamester. 
 Play'f el-low, n. A companion in amusements or 
 sports : a playmate. [fancy. 
 
 Play 'fill, a. 1. Sportive. 2. Indulging a sportive 
 platina, froxa plnta, silver.] {Chem.) A very ductile Play'ful-ness, n. The state of being playful, 
 metal of the color of silver, but less bright. It is the Play'-l^ouse, n. A house for the exhibition of dramat- 
 heaviest and least expansible of the metals. ic compcsirions : a theater. 
 
 Plat'i-tSde (30). n. [Pr., frt)m plat, flat.] 1. Flatness : Play'mate, n. A playfellow : a companion in play. 
 
 dullnes.* : insipidity. 2. A weak or empty remark. Play'tliing, n. Any thing that serves to amuse ; a toy. 
 
 Pla-ton'i-e, * a. Pertaining to Plato, the philosopher, Play'wriglit (-rit), n. A maker of plays. 
 Pla-ton'ic-al, J or to his philosophy, his school, or his Plea, n. [La.t. plaitum, placitum. from, placitum, iha.t 
 
 opuuons. I 
 
 Platonic lov«, a pure, spiritual affection subsisting between ! 
 
 Gie sexes, unmixed with carnal desire*. j 
 
 Pla'to-nism, n. 1. The doctrines of Plato and his fol- j 
 
 lowers. 2. An elevated rational and ethical conception ! 
 
 of the laws and forces of the uniTcrse. 
 Pla'to-nist, n. One who professes to be a follower of i 
 
 PJato. 
 Pla'to-nize, v. i. {imp. & p. p. Platoxized ; p. pr.\. 
 
 & vb. n. PLATOJTIZING.] To adopt the opinions of the ; 
 
 Platonic school. i 
 
 Pla'to-nize, r. t. To explain on the principles of the [ 
 
 Platonic school or to accommodate to those principles. | 
 Pla-tobn', n. [Fr. peloton, from pelote, a ball formed i 
 
 of things wound round, from h&t. pHa, a ball.] (Mil.) ^ 
 
 Half of a company of soldiers. 
 Plftt'ter, n. [Prob. from 0. Fr. platel, N. Fr. plateau. [ 
 
 See Plateau.] A large, shallow dish, for holding the i 
 
 provisions of a table. j 
 
 Plau'dit, n. [From Lat. plaudite, do ye praise, a de- ! 
 
 niand of applause by players when they left the stage, 
 
 from plaudere, to applaud, praise.] A mark or expres- 
 sion of applause. 
 
 Syn. — Acclamation: shouting; applause; encomiimi; com- 
 mendation ; approbation. 
 
 Plau'dit-o-ry, a. Applauding: commending. 
 Plau'si-bU'i-ty, n. State of being plausible; pretext; 
 
 speciousness. 
 
 Flan'gi-ble, a. [Lat. plausibUis, frttm plaudere, plau- piea.se', v. t. [imp. k p. p 
 
 5u?n, "to applaud.] 1. Fitted to gain favor or approba- , pleasing.] [L&t. placere. 
 
 tion ; hence, superficially pleasing : apparently right. 
 2. Using specious arguments or discourse. 
 
 which is pleasing, an opinion, from placere, to please.] 
 1. (Laxc.) An allegation of feet in a cause, as distin- 
 guished from a demurrer ; in a more limited and usual 
 sense, the defendant's answer to the plain tiflf's declara- 
 tion and demand. 2. A cause in court : a lawsuit. 3. 
 An excuse ; an apology. 4. Urgent prayer or entreaty. 
 
 Plead, f. ?. [imp. & p.p. ple.\ded (plead, or pl£d, 
 is sometimes improperly used) : p. pr. & vb. n. PLEAD- 
 ING.] [Fr. plaider. L. Lat. placitare. from placitum. See 
 Plea.] 1. To argue in support of a claim, or in de- 
 fense against the claim of another. 2. [Laic.) To 
 present an answer, by allegation of feet, to the declara- 
 tion of a plaintiff; in a less strict sense, to make an alle- 
 gation of feet in a cause : to carry on a suit or plea. 
 
 Plead, V. t. 1. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or 
 vindication : to offer in excuse. 2. To discuss, defend, 
 and attempt to maintain by arguments offered to a tribu- 
 nal or person who has the power of determining ; to ar- 
 gue. 3. To allege and offer in a legal plea or defense, or 
 for repelling a demand in law. 
 
 Plead'er, n. One who pleads : especially, a lawyer who 
 makes a plea in a court of justice. 
 
 Pleas 'ant, a. [See Ple.\se.] 1. Fitted to please; 
 grateful to the mind or senses. 2. Cheerful : enliven- 
 ing ; gay : lively ; sportive : giving pleasure ; gratifying. 
 
 Pleas'ant-ly, adv. In a pleasant manner. 
 
 Pleai'ant ness, n. State or quality of being pleasant. 
 
 Pleai'ant-ry, n. 1. Gayety ; merriment. 2. Gentle 
 raillery : hveliness : a sprightly saying ; hvely talk. 
 
 PLE.\"sED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ] To excite agreeable sensa- 
 
 tions or emotions m ; to gratify. 
 ! Please, v. i. To be pleased ; to like ; to choose ; to prefer; 
 Syn. — Specious. — Both these words have a bad sense. ' to comply. 
 Platuikle denotes that which geems to satisfy the ear. and vet Pleas'er, n. One who pleases or gratifies. 
 ieav«dLstru«t in the judgment. .Specioiw describes that which Pleai'img, a. Giving pleasure or satisfaction. 
 
 Syn.— Nice ; gratifving: grateful; pleasurable: accepta- 
 
 fair appearance to the eye, and yet may cover some- 
 
 thing false. Many plausffile arsumeuts and t/^eious pretences T 
 have l>een brought forward to defend the cause of wickedness. 
 
 Plan'fi-ble-nesg, n. The state of being plausible. 
 Plaa'§i-bly, adv. In a plausible manner. j 
 
 Plau'j.ive,"a. Applauding ; manifesting praise. \ 
 
 Flay, f. i. [imp. tc p. p. played ; p. pr. & vb. n. V1.AY- 
 
 ble.' See Nice. — ffeVwant is more particularly applied to 
 things in the concrete, as pleasant weather, a pleasant day, 
 ride, situation, &c. A late English writer says. " It was for- 
 
 ibe merry ' ' - • 
 jocose and liveiy person, but 
 drawn from persons and app 
 ply pleasing to things it is usually in their abstract relations, 
 
 meriy used to describe merry and playful conversation, or a 
 jocose and liveiv person, but' is now in a great measure with- 
 drawn from persons and applied to things.'' When we ap- 
 
 ii.e,&c.,fefi£^,-&,£,&c.,jAort;c4re,far,asl£,all,ii<irliat; 6re, veil, term; pique.fiurm; sdii,6r,d9,ii»9^ 
 
PLEASURABLE 
 
 547 
 
 PLOT 
 
 as. a pleasing variety, interchange, &c. In respect to persons, ; 
 pleasina is {generally used to describe personal qualities, as, a 
 pleasing address, countenance, &c. Agreeable is more used of 
 •Eoeial qualities and relations, as, an agreeable conversation, 
 agreeable society, &c. These distinctions, however, are not 
 in all cases very accurately observed. 
 
 P16a§'ur-a-ble (plezh/ur-a-bl), o. Pleasing; giving 
 pleasure ; affording gratification. 
 
 P16a§'ur-a-bly, adv. In a pleasurable manner. 
 
 P16a§'iire (plezh'ur), n. [See Please.] 1. Gratifica- 
 tion of the senses or of the mind ,' agreeable sensations 
 or emotions. t2. Frivolous or dissipating enjoyment. 
 3. What the will dictates or prefers. 4. That which 
 pleases ; a favor. 
 
 Syn. — Enjoyment ; satisfaction; comfort; solace; joy; 
 gladness ; delight ; will ; choice ; preference ; purpose -, in- 
 tention ; command. 
 
 Fieag'ure (plezh'ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. pleasured ; 
 p.pT. & vb. n. PLEASURING.] To give or afiford pleas- 
 ure to ; to please ; to gratify. [Rare.] 
 
 P16a§'ure-grouiicl, n. Ground laid out in an orna- 
 mental manner, and appropriated to amusement. 
 
 Pleat. V. t. To plait. See Plait. 
 
 Ple-be'ian (ple-bS'yan), a. [Lat. plebeius, from plebs, 
 pleb is,. the common people.] Pertaining to, or consist- 
 ing of, the common people ; vulgar. 
 
 Ple-be'ian (ple-be'yan), n. One of the common people 
 or lower ranks of men. 
 
 Ple-be'ian-igm, n. Conduct of plebeians. 
 
 P16d, imp. & p. p. of plead; — sometimes erroneously 
 used instead of pleaded. See Plead. 
 
 Pledge (plej), n. [L. Lat. plegium , plivium, prob. from 
 1,3.1. pragbere, to -pToffer (sc.Jide?n), trust, a promise of 
 security. Cf. Plevix.] 1. Something put in pawn , or 
 deposited as a security for a debt or engagement ; a 
 pawn ; a gage. 3. Any thing given or considered as a 
 security for the performance of an act. 3. The wishing 
 of health to another. 
 Syn. — See Earnest. 
 
 Pledge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pledged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLEDGING .] 1. To deposit in pawn ; to leave as secu- 
 rity, 'i. To engage for by promise or declaration. 3. 
 To invite, as another person, to drink, by drinking of the 
 cup first, and then handing it to the other ; hence, to 
 drink the health of. 
 
 Pled^'ee, n. One to whom any thing is pledged. 
 
 Pledg'er, n. One who pledges. 
 
 Pledg'et, n. [Probably from pledge, to secure.] ( Surg.) 
 A compress, or small, flat tent of lint, laid over a wound. 
 
 Ple'iad (ple'yad), n. One of the Pleiades. 
 
 Ple'ia-de§ (ple'ya-dez), n. pi. [Lat. ; Gr. IIAetaSes, from 
 TrAeiv, to sail, as the rising of the seven stars indicated 
 the time of safe navigation.] (Astron.) A group of seven 
 small stars situated in the neck of the constellation 
 Taurus, regarded by Midler as the central group of the 
 system of the Milky Way. 
 
 Ple'na-ri-ly, adv. In a plenary manner ; fully. 
 
 Ple'na-ri-ness, n. The state of being plenary. 
 
 Ple'na-ry, a. [L. Lat. plenarius, from Lat. plenus, full, 
 from plere, to fill.] Full ; entire ; complete. 
 
 Plenary indulgence {Enm. Catk. Church}, an entire remission 
 of penalties due to all sins. — Plenary ins^piration, inspiration 
 in which there is no mixture whatever of error. 
 
 Stnlp'o-Iln-^fy, } «• ^He state of being plenipotent. 
 
 Ple-nXp'o-tent, a. [Lat. plenus, full, and potens, po- 
 tent.] Possessing full power. 
 
 P16n'i-po-t6n'ti-a-ry (-shi-a-, 95), n. One having 
 full power to transact any business ; especially, an em- 
 bassador at a foreign court furnished with full power. 
 
 Plgn'i-po-ten'ti-a-ry, a. Containing full power. 
 
 Ple'iiist,w. [From Lat. p^enjw, full.] One who maintains 
 that all space is full of matter. 
 
 Plen'i-tiide (30), n. [Lat. plenitudo, from plenus, full.] 
 1. State of being full or complete ; fullness ; complete- 
 ness ; abundance. 3. Redundancy of blood and hu- 
 mors ; repletion. 
 
 Plgn'te-otis, a. 1. Containing plenty ; suflicient for 
 every purpose. 3. Having plenty ; well provided for ; rich. 
 Syn. — Ample ; plentiful; copious; abundant; full; firuit- 
 ful. 
 
 Plen'te-otis-ly, adv. In a plenteous manner 
 Plen'te-oiis-ness, n. The state of being plenteous ; 
 
 abundance. 
 P16n'ti-ful, a. 1. Containing plenty ; adequate to 
 
 every purpose. 3. Yielding abundant crops ; affording 
 
 ample supply. 
 
 Syn. — Copious; p\enteous; ample; exuberant; fruitful. 
 
 P16n'ti-ful-ly, adv. In a plentiful manner ; copiously. 
 P16n'ti-£ul-ness, n. The state or quaUty of being plen- 
 
 tiful ; abundance; copiousness. 
 P16n'ty, n. [Lat. plenitas, from plenus, full.] Fuller 
 
 adequate supply ; enough and to spare ; copiousness. 
 Syn. -Abundance; exuberance. See Abundance. 
 Plgn'ty , a. Plentiful ; abundant ; copious. 
 
 cg~ This word is found in reputable writers of former timet), 
 but its use is now chiefly colloquial, and it is deemed inele- 
 gant. 
 
 Ple'o-nJigm, n. [Gr. 7rA€oi'a<r/x6s , from nkeovd^etv, to be 
 more than enough, to abound, from TrAe'oi/, for nXelov, 
 more, ttXco?, full.] The use of more words, to express 
 ideas, than are necessary. 
 
 Ple'o-nas'ti«, \a. Pertaining to, or partaking of, 
 
 Ple'o-nJls'tlc-al, ) pleonasm ; redundant. 
 
 Ple'si-o-sau'rus, n. [Gr. ttAtjo-io?, near, and <ravp<K, 
 lizard.] {'Paleo7i.) A genus of large extinct marine rep- 
 tiles, having the neck very long, and the body and tail 
 short. 
 
 Pletb'o-ra, n. [Gr. iT\r\6tiipy\, and 7r\7j0copta, fr. trk^Qeiv, 
 to be or become full.] 1. Over-fullness ; especially, full- 
 ness or excess of blood ; repletion. 2. The state of being 
 over-full in any respect. 
 
 Ple-tbor'i-e, or Pletli'o-ric (123), a. 1 zincing pleth- 
 ora either in a physical or a metaphorical sense. 
 
 JPleu'rd, n. [Gr. nKevpa..] {Atiat.) The serous membrane 
 which covers the inside of the thorax, and also invests 
 the lungs. 
 
 Pleu'ri-sy, n. [Lat. plettrisis, pleuritis, Gr. TrAevptris, 
 sc. voo-os, from nXevpa. See supra.] (Med.) An inflam- 
 mation of the pleura, accompanied with fever, pain, dif- 
 ficult respiration, and cough. 
 
 Pleii-rit'ic, la. 1. Pertaining to pleurisy. 2. Dis- 
 
 Pleu-rit'i<!-al, j ea.«ed with pleurisy. 
 
 Pleii'ro-pnevi-mo'm-a (-nu-mo'ni-a), n. [Gr. nKevpd, 
 pleura, and Trvevjuoi/es, the lungs.] (Med.) Inflammatory 
 disease of the pleura and lungs. 
 
 Plex'i-f 6rin, a. [Lat. plexus, a twisting, braiding, from 
 plectere , plexum , to twine, braid, andybnna, form.] In 
 the form of net-work ; complicated. 
 
 Jt*lex'us,n. [Lat. See supra.] ( P/iys7o/. ) Any net-work 
 of vessels, nerves, or fibers. 
 
 Pli'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being pliable ; flexibility. 
 
 Pli'a-ble, a. [Fr., from plier, to bend, to fold, Lat. pH- 
 care.] 1. Capable of being pUed, turned, or bent ; easy 
 to be bent. 2. Readily yielding to moral influence, argu- 
 ments, persua.sion, or discipline ; — sometimes, in a bad 
 
 SjTi.- Pliant; flexible; supple; limber. 
 
 Pli'a-ble-ness, n. Pliability; flexibility. 
 
 Pli'an-^y, n. The state of being pliant, in a physical or 
 moral respect. 
 
 Pli'ant, a. 1. Capable of plying or bending ; easily bent. 
 2. Readily or easily influenced to good or evil ; easy to 
 be persuaded. 
 
 S3T1. — Flexible ; flexile ; lithe ; limber ; supple ; ductile : 
 tractable; docile; obsequious. 
 
 Pli'ant-ness, n. The state of being pliant. 
 
 Pli'-eate, ) a. [Lat. plicatus, p. p. of plieare, to fold.] 
 
 Pli'<;a-ted, j (Bot.) Plaited ; folded Uke a fan. 
 
 Pli'erg, n. pi. [From ply.] A kind of 
 pinchers, by which any small object may 
 be seized and bent. 
 
 PUght (plit), V. t. [imp. &j9.;7. PLIGHT- 
 ED ; jo. pr. & vb. n. PLIGHTING.] [A.-S. 
 plihtan, to expose to danger, to pledge.] piiers. 
 To expose to danger or risk ; to pledge ; 
 to give as security for the performance of some act. 
 
 Plight (plit). n. [A.-S. plilit, danger, obligation, pledge, 
 0. H. Ger. phliht, care, mandate.] 1. That which serves 
 to plight or pledge ; security ; gage. 2. Exposed con 
 dition ; dangerous state. 3. Condition; state. 
 
 Pligbt'er (plit'-), n. One who, or that which, plights. 
 
 Plintli.Ti. [Gr. TrAiV^os, a brick or tile. a plinth.] (Arch) 
 A square, projecting, vertically faced member forming 
 the losvest division of the ba,«e of a column. 
 
 Pli'o-^ene, a. [Gr. irAeiwi/, more, and tcat.v6<;, new, re- 
 cent.] ( Geol.) Pertaining to, or characterizing, the most 
 recent tertiary deposits. 
 
 P16d, V. i. [imp. & p. p. PLODDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLODDING.] [Cf. Gael, plod, a clod, to pelt with a clod 
 or clods.] 1. To travel, with steady, laborious diligence. 
 2. To toil ; to drudge : especially, to study heavily. 
 
 Plod, i- t. To tread, with a heavy, laboring step. 
 
 Plod'der, n. One who plods. 
 
 Plot, n. [A different orthography of jo?a/.] 1. A smaU 
 
 food, f<Jbt ; Urn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, <!all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, lick ; tlils. 
 
PLOT 
 
 548 
 
 PLUNGE 
 
 extent of ground. *i. (Surv.) A draught of a field, 
 piece of land, &c., drawn to a scale. 
 Pldt, n. lAbbivv. from romplot, q. v.] 1. Any scheme, 
 stratagem, or plan of a complicated nature, ii. The 
 plan oV intrigue, of a play, novel, romance, poem, or the 
 like. 
 
 •Syn. — Stratagem ; conspiracy ; cabal ; combination ; con- 
 trivance. 
 
 P15t, V. i. 1. To form a scheme of mischief against an- 
 other, ti. To contrive a plan. 
 
 Pldt, t". '. [imp. & p. p. plotted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLOTTING.] 1. To plan; to devise; to contrive. "Z, 
 To make a plan of; to delineate. 
 
 PI5t'ter, 71. One who plots or contrives ; a conspirator. 
 
 Plough (plou), n. See Plow. 
 
 Plov'er (plav'er), «. [Fr. & Pr. 
 ptuvier, the rain-bird : Lat. pluvia- 
 lis, rainy, from pliivia, rain, from 
 plutre, to rain.] (Ornitk.) A bird 
 of seveml specie.-^ frequenting the 
 banks of rivers and the sea-shore. 
 The flesh is excellent food. 
 
 Plow 1 (plou), n. [Icel. plOgr, D. 
 
 Plougli ) pioeg, 0. H. Ger. phluoch, 
 probably from Slav, ploug, Russ. Plover. 
 
 & Pol. plug, Bohem. pluh, Lith. plugas.] 1. (Agric.) A 
 well-known implement for turning up the soil. 2. 
 Hence, agriculture ; tillage. 3. A joiner's instrument 
 for grooving. 4. A knife or machine for cutting or 
 trimming paper, used by bookbinders and paper-makers. 
 
 Plow^ I (plou), V. t. [hnp. & p. p. plowed, or 
 
 Plough ) PLOUGHED ; p. pr. & vh. n. plowing, or 
 PLOUGHING.] 1, To trench and turn up with a plow. 
 ti. To run through in .sailing. 3. To turn up and devas- 
 tate. 4. To cut or trim, as paper, with a knife or press. 
 
 Plovir, ) V. i. 1. To labor with a plow. 3. To ad- 
 Plough, I vance by plowing, or in spite of obstacles. 
 
 Plow'a-ble Hplou'-), a. Capable of being plowed ; 
 
 Plough'a-ble ) arable. 
 
 Plow'boy I (plou'-), n. A boy that drives or guides a 
 
 Plough'boy ) team in plowing ; a rustic boy. 
 
 Plow'er ( (plou'-), n. One vrho plows land ; a culti- 
 
 Pl6Ugh*er ) ' vator. 
 
 Plow'-man ( (plou'-), n. ; pi. plow'-men or 
 
 Plough'-man j plough'-men. 1. One who plows ; 
 a husbandman. 2. A rustic ; a countryman. 
 
 Plow'sh^re ) (plou'-), n. [See Share.] The part of 
 
 Plough'share I a plough which cuts the ground at 
 the bottom of the furrow. 
 
 Pliick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PLUCKED (pldkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PLUCKING.] [A.-S. plucrian, and lyccan, luccan, 
 lucian, Icel. plocka. Cf. LUG.] 1. To pull with sudden 
 force or effort, or to pull off, out, or from, with a twitch. 
 3. To strip by plucking. 
 
 PltLclc, n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. pluc, a lump, aknot, a bunch.] 
 1. The heart, liver, and lungs of an animal. 3. Spirit ; 
 indomitableness ; courage. 
 
 Plfick'er, n. One who plucks. 
 
 Pluck'y, a. [compar. PLUCKIER ; superl. PLUCKIEST.] 
 Having resolute and enduring courage ; spirited. 
 
 Plug, n. [D. plug, L. Ger. plugge,plukk.] 1. Anything 
 used to stop a hole ; a stopple, tj. A flat, oblong cake 
 of pressed tobacco. [Amer.] 
 
 I'liig, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PLUGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLUGGING.] To stop with a plug; to make tight by 
 stopping a hole. 
 
 Plum, n. [A.-S. plTima, Jcel. plOma, plumma, D. pruim, 
 Lat. prunum, Gr. npovvov, ■n-poiix.vov.] 1. The fruit of 
 a tree Ijelonging to the genus Prunus ; also, the tree it- 
 -elf, usually called plum-tree. 2. A rai.sin. 3. A hand- 
 i^ome fortune or property ; the sum of £100,000 sterling. 
 
 Plu'mage, n. [From I/at. />/mw? a, a feather.] The col- 
 l<;ction of plumes or feathers which cover a bird. 
 
 Plumb (plum), n. [Lat. plumbum, lead.] A weight of 
 
 I lead or other material attached to a line, and used to in- 
 dicate a vertical direction, as in erecting buildings, &c. ; 
 a plummet. 
 
 Pldxnb (plum), a. Perpendicular, that is, standing ac- 
 cording to a plumb-line. 
 
 Plumb (plum), adv. In a plumb direction ; perpendicu- 
 larly. 
 
 Pliimb (plHm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. plumbed ; p. pr. & 
 rh. n. PLUMBING.] 1, To adjust by a plumb-line. 2. 
 To examine by tests. 
 
 Plum-bS-g'i-nous, a. Resembling plumbago ; consist- 
 ing of, or containing, plumbago. 
 
 Plum-ba'go, n. [Lat., from plumbum, lead.] (Min.) 
 
 A mineral consisting of carbon. It is popularly called 
 black-leoiJ. 
 
 Plum'be-an, ) a. [L&t. plumbeus, fr. phmibum, lead.] 
 
 Pliim'be-ous, ) 1. Consisting of or resembling lead; 
 lead-colored. 2. Dull ; heavy ; .<tupid. 
 
 Plumb'er (plum'er), n. [See Plumb.] One who ad- 
 justs lead pipes and other apparatus for the conveyance 
 of water. 
 
 Plumb'er-y (plum'er-y), n. 1. The busineps of a 
 plumber. 2. The place where plumbing is carried on. 
 
 Pliimb'ing, n. 1. The ai-t of casting and working in 
 lead. 2. The business ot arranging pipes for conducting 
 water. 3. The lead pipes and other apparatus for con- 
 veying water in a building. 
 
 Pliimb'-line (plum'lTn), n. 1, A plummet. 2. A 
 Hue perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. 
 
 Plum'-«ake,«. Cake containing raisins, currants, &c. 
 
 Plume, n. [Lat. pluma.] 1, The feather of a bird ; w 
 pednlly.^ the finer or heavier part of a feather. 2. A 
 large or handsome feather worn as an ornament. 3. A 
 token of honor, prowess, stateliness. or the like. 
 
 Plume, V. t. [imp. & p. p. plumed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PLUMING.] 1. To pick and adjust the plumes or feath- 
 ers of. 2. To strip of feathers. 3. To pride ; to value ; 
 to boast. 
 
 Plu-mig'er-ous, a. [Lat. plvmiger, from pluma, a 
 feather, and gerere, to bear]. Having feathers. 
 
 Plu'mi-ped, a [Lat. plumipes,plumrpedis,from.pluma, 
 a feather, and pes, foot.] ( Ornitk. ) Having leet covered 
 with feathers. 
 
 Plu'mi-ped., n. (Or«i7/i.) A bird that has feathers on 
 ifs feet. 
 
 Pliim'met, n. {Eovplumbpt, fr. plumb, Lat. plvmbum, 
 lead.] 1. A long piece of lead attached to a line, used 
 in sounding the depth of water. 2. A piece of lead fast- 
 ened to a line, and used to determine a perpendicular, 
 and with a square, a horizontal line. 3. Hence, any 
 weight. 
 i Plu-mose', ) a. [Lat. plumosus, from pluma, feather.] 
 
 Plu'moiis, J 1. Having plumes ; resembling a plume 
 or plumes. 2. (Bot.) Having hairs, or any parts or ap- 
 pendages arranged along an axis. 
 
 Pliimp, a. [compar. plumper; .wperL plumpest.] 
 [Ger. plump, Icel. plumpr, D. plomp, rude, coarse, clum- 
 sy.] 1. Swelled with fat or flesh to the full size ; fat. 
 2. Complete ; unreserved ; unqualified. 
 Syn.— Fat; sleek; full; round; blunt; unreserved. 
 
 Pliimp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PLUMPED (plumt, 84); 
 
 />.^r. & ^•6. n. PLUMPING.] [From the adjective.] 1. 
 
 To extend to fullness ; to swell ; to fatten. 2. To cause 
 
 to drop heavily. 
 
 Pliimp, V. i. 1. To grow large to fullness ; to be swelled. 
 
 2. To fall suddenly or at once. 
 Pliimp, adv. At once, or with a sudden, heavy fall; 
 
 suddenly. 
 Pliimp'er, n. X. Something carried in the mouth to 
 dilate the cheeks ; a thing intended to .swell out some- 
 thing else. 2. A vote given to one candidate only, when 
 two or more are to be elected. [Eng.] 3. A full, un- 
 qualified lie. 
 I Pliim'-pie, n. A pie containing plums. 
 Pliimp'ly, adv. In a plump manner; fully ; roundly ; 
 j without reserve. [Colloq.] 
 Pliimp'ness, n. The sfcite of being plump. 
 Pliim'-por'ridge, n. Porridge with plums in it. 
 I Pliim'-pud'ding, n. Pudding containing raisins or 
 
 currants.* 
 I Pliimp'y, a. Somewhat plump ; fat ; jolly. 
 I Pliim'-tree, n. [A.-S. plUm-tre6.] A tree that pro- 
 ] duces pliuns. 
 
 Plum'y, a. Covered or adorned with plumes. 
 Pliin'der, ^^ t. [imp. & p. p. plundered; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PLUNDERING.] [D. plunderen, Ger. pliinderrf 
 pluri'l r, fi-ippery, baggage, D. plunje, clothes.] 1. 
 To take the goods of by force. 2. To take by pillage or 
 open force. 
 
 Syn.— To pillage; spoil; despoil; sack; rifle; strip; rob. 
 Pliin'der, n. 1. That which is taken from an enemy; 
 pillage ; prey ; spoil. 2. Personal property and effects. 
 [Southern and Western U. S.] 
 
 Syn. — Baggagre : luggnge. — In some of the "Western State* 
 a traveler's ludr/agf. is familiarly called plunder. This strange 
 use of the term is probably derived from the Germans, who 
 abound in that quarter, j)Z;m£/er being a vulgar term in Ger- 
 man for baggage, from iHutulem, to bear or carry off. 
 
 Pliln'der-er, n. One who plunders. 
 
 Pliinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PLUNGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 n,e, Sec, long; &,6,&c., short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; dre,veil, tgrm; pi'que.firm; s6n,6r,dft, w^^ 
 
PLUNGE 
 
 549 
 
 POINT 
 
 P1.UNGTNG.] [Fr. plonger, as if from a Lat yioriplumbi- 
 eare, from plumbum, lend.] To immerse in a fluid; to 
 . drive into flesli, mire, earth, or the like. 
 
 Pliinge, v. i. 1. To thrust or drive one's self into water, 
 , or a riuid ; to dive, or to rush in. "2. To fall or rush, as 
 into distress, or any state or circumstances in which the 
 person or thing is regarded as surrounded or over- 
 whelmed, li. To pitch or throw one's self headlong, as 
 a hor.se. 
 
 Plunge, n. 1. Act of thrusting into water or any pen- 
 etrable substance. "2. Act of pitching or throwing one's 
 self headlong, like an unruly horse. 
 
 Pluii'ger, M. 1. One who plunges ; a diver, ti. A long, 
 solid cylinder, used as a forcer in pumps. 
 
 Plii'per-f eet, a. [Lat. plus, more, and perfectus, per- 
 fect.] More than perfect ; — said of that tense of a verb 
 which denotes that an action or event took place previ- 
 ous to another past action or event. 
 
 Plu'ral, a. [Lat. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more.] 
 Containing more than one. 
 
 Plu'ral-i§m, n. ( Eccl.) The holding of more than one 
 ecclesiastical living at a time. [Eng.] 
 
 Plu'ral-i.st, n. (Eccl.) A clerk or clergyman who holds 
 more ecclesiastical benefices than one. 
 
 Plu-rftl'i-ty, n. 1. State of being plural, or consisting 
 of more than one. "2, A greater number ; a state of being 
 or having a greater number. 
 
 riuraUtii o/foies, the excess of votes cast for one individual 
 over those cast for any one of several competing candidates. 
 
 PliX'ral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pluralized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PLURALIZING.] To make plural by using the 
 termination of the plural number. 
 
 Plu'ral-ly, a/tv. In a sense implying more than one. 
 
 Fliis, n. [Lat., more.] (Math.) A character marked thus, 
 -|-, used as a sign of addition. 
 
 Pliisli, «. [Vr. pluc/ie,peluche, from 'LsLt.pilus,ha,\T.] A 
 textile fabric with a sort of velvet nap or shag on one 
 side. 
 
 Plu-to'ni-an, a. Plutonic. See Plutonic. 
 
 Plu-t6ii'i€, a. 1. Pertaining to Pluto ; hence, pertain- 
 ing to the interior of the earth, tj. Pertaining to the 
 system of the Plutonists ; igneous. ^ 
 
 Plu'to-mst, Ji. One who adopts the theory of the form- 
 ation of the world in its present state from igneous fusion. 
 
 Plu'vi-al, a. [Lat. pluvialis, from pluvia, rain, pluere, 
 to rain.] Abounding in rain ; rainy. 
 
 Plu'vi-am'e-ter, ?t. The same as PLUVIOMETER. 
 
 Plu'vi-om'e-ter, ji. [From Lat. pluvia, rain, and me- 
 trum, Gr. fj-erpov, measure.] A rain-gauge, an instru- 
 ment for ascertaining the quantity of water that falls in 
 rain, at any place, in a given time. 
 
 Plu'vi-oiis, a. [Lat. pluviosus and pluviu-f, from plu- 
 via, rain, pluere, to rain.] Abounding in rain ; rainy ; 
 pluvial. 
 
 Ply, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PLIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PLY- 
 ING.] [Lat. plicare, Gr. n\eKeiv. Cf. A.-S. plegan, to 
 exercise, plegian, pleggan, to play.] 1. To fold or cover 
 over; to put to or on with force and repetition. '^. To 
 urge; to solicit importunately. 3. To employ with 
 diligence; to keep busy. 4. To practice or perform 
 with diligence. 
 
 Syn. — Tourge; press; strain; force. 
 
 Ply, V. i. 1. To work steadily. 2. To go with diligence 
 or pertinacity. 3. To busy one's self; to be steadily em- 
 ployed. 4. {Naut.) To endeavor to make way against 
 the wind. 5 . To make regular trips. [bias. 
 
 Ply,n. 1. A fold; a plait. 'I. Bent; turn; direction; 
 
 Pneii-ma,t'i€ ) (nu-), a. [Gr. irfeu/xaTtKos, from nvev- 
 
 Pneu-mS-t'ie-al ) ^a, wind, air, from nveiv, to blow, 
 breathe.] 1, Consisting of, or resembling, air. 2. Per- 
 taining to air, or to elastic fluids or their properties. 3. 
 Moved or played by means of air. 4. Adapted to, or 
 used for, experiments with gases. 5. Fitted to contain 
 air. 
 
 Pneu-mat'ics (nu-), n. sing. That branch of science 
 ■which treats of the mechanical properties of air and 
 other elastic fluids. 
 
 Pneu'ma-tol'o-gy (nu'-), n. [Gr. Tri/eO/aa, air, spirit, 
 and Aoyo?, discourse.] 1. The doctrine of, or a treatise 
 on, air and other elasf-c fluids. 3. (Philos. & Tlieol.) 
 The^doctrine of, or a treatise on, spiritual existences. 
 
 Pn_eiz'ma-t6in.'e-ter (nu'-),»i. [Gr. Tri-eujaa, nv*-v(x.aTOi, 
 air, and nerpov, measure.] A gasometer for the purpose 
 of measuring the quantity of air taken into the lungs, 
 and_again given out, at each inspiration and expiration. 
 
 Pneu-mo'ni-d (nu-), n. [Gr. nvevfiovCa, from Trvevjuwj/, 
 
 lung, from Tn/cOfxa, air, breath.] (Med.) An inflammv 
 tion of the lungs. 
 
 Pneu-mdn'ie (nu-), a. Pertaining to the lungs; pul- 
 monic. 
 
 Pneu-mSn'ic (nu-), n. (Med.) A medicine for afiBec- 
 tions of the lungs. 
 
 Foach, f. t. [imp. & p. p. poached (pocht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. POACHING.] [Fr. packer, to poach eggs, empocher, 
 to put in one's pocket, fi:om poche, pocket, pouch, Eng. 
 poke, q. v.] 1. To cook, as eggs, by breaking them into 
 a vessel of boiling water ; also, to cook with butter after 
 breaking in a vessel. 3. To rob of game ; hence, to 
 plunder. 
 
 Poacli, V. i. [See supra.] To steal or pocket game, or to 
 carry it away privately, as in a bag. [Eng.] 
 
 Poacli'er, n. One who poaches, or steals game. 
 
 Poach'y, a. Wet and soft ; such as the feet of cattle -srill 
 penetrate to some depth. 
 
 Pock, n. [A..S. pocc,poc,T). pok,GeT. pocke.] (Med.) A 
 pustule raised on the surface of the body in the variolous 
 and vaccine diseases. 
 
 Poclt'et, n. [Dim. ofT^oAre. a pocket. See Poke, and of. 
 Poach, v. t., and Pouch.] 1. Any small bag, espe- 
 cially one inserted in a garment. 3. A large bag for hold- 
 ing various articles. 
 
 PScli'et, V. t. [imp. & p. p. POCKETED ', p pr 8c vb. 
 n. POCKETING.] 1. To put, Or conceal, in the pocket 
 2. To take clandestinely. 
 
 To pocket an insult or affront, and the like, to receive it 
 without resenting it, or at least without seeking redress. 
 
 Pock'et-bdblc, n. A small book, or case, used for 
 carrying papers in the pocket. 
 
 Poclt'et- glass, n. A portable looking-glass. 
 
 P5clc'et-liiiife (-nif ), n. A knife with one or more 
 blades which fold into the handle so as to be carried in 
 the pocket. 
 
 PSclt'-marlc, n. Mark or scar made by the small-pox. 
 
 P6clc'y, a. [compar. POCKIER ; superl. POCKIEST.] 1. 
 FuU of pocks ; infected with the small-pox. 2. Vile ; 
 rascally ; contemptible. 
 
 Po'<;o-<;u.'rant-i§m, n. [It. poco, little, and curante, 
 caring, careful, from curare, to care.] The state of hav- 
 ing little care or interest ; indifference. 
 
 Pod, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. pod, a protuberant belly, and 
 Eng. cod, a husk, a pod.] (Bot.) A capsule of a plant, 
 especially, a legume ; a dry dehiscent fruit. 
 
 Po-dS.s'ri-e, )a. [Gr. 7ro5a-)/pt/cds, from TroSaypa, gout 
 
 Po-dS,g'ri-e-al, j in the feet, from ttovs, ttoSos, foot, and 
 aypa, a catching.] 1. Pertaining to the gout ; gouty. 
 '2. Aflaicted with the gout. ' 
 
 Po'em, n. [Gr. troirifxa, from iroieiv, to make, to com- 
 pose, to write, especially in verse.] A metrical composi- 
 tion ; a composition in verse ; — opposed to prose. 
 
 Po'e-sy, n. [Gr. TroiTjcrts, from Troieiv, to make.] 1. Art 
 or skill of composing poems. 2, Poetry ; metrical com- 
 position. 
 
 Po'et, n. [Lat. poeta, Gr. ttoctjttjs, from noulv, to make.] 
 1. The author of a poem. "2. One who writes, or is 
 skilled in making, poetry ; an imaginative thinker, or 
 writer. 
 
 Poet laureate, a poet employed to compose poems for the 
 birthdays of a prince, or other special occasion. See LuiB- 
 
 REATE. 
 
 Po'et-ess, n. A female poet. 
 
 Po-6t'i<;, ) a. 1. Pertaining, or suitable, to poetry. 
 
 Po-6t'i«-al, ) 2. Expres.sed in poetry or measure. 3. 
 
 Possessing the pecuUar beauties of poetry. 
 Po-6t'i«-al-ly, adv. In a poetic manner. 
 Po-et'ies, n. [Gr. TroiijTtK^ (sc. tcx^tj).] The doctrine 
 
 of poetry. 
 Po'et-ize, r. i. [imp. & p. p. poetized ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. POETIZING.] To write as a poet ; to compose verse. 
 Po'et-ry, 7i. [See Poet.] 1. Modes of expressing 
 
 thought and feeling which are suitable to the imagina- 
 tion when excited or elevated. 2. Metrical composition; 
 
 verse. 3. Imaginative composition, whether in prose or 
 
 verse. 
 Poll, interj. Pish I pshaw I — an exclamation expressing 
 
 contempt or disgust. 
 Poign'an-^y (poin'an-), n. State of being poignant. 
 Poign'aiit (poin'ant), a. [Fr. poignant, p. pr. of 0. Fr- 
 
 poindre, to sting, from Lat. pungere, to prick, sting.] 1. 
 
 Stimulating to the organs of taste. 2. Acutely painfiil ; 
 
 piercing; irritating. 
 
 Syn.— Sharp; severe; keen; satirical; bitter. 
 
 Poign'ant-ly (poin'ant-lJJ^,) adv. In a poignant manner. 
 Point, n. [Lat. punr.ta, punctum, from pungere, to priek^ 
 
 food, fd'ot; ^rn, rude, pull ; fell, fliaise, €all, e«ho; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; ttii* 
 
POINT 
 
 S50 
 
 POLEMIC 
 
 1. That which pricks or pierces ; especially, the sharp 
 rnd of Ji piercing iustrumeut. *i, Ileuce, a sort of ne«- 
 «lle iised by engravers, etchers, lace-workers, &c. 3. 
 The mark iuade bv the end of a sharp, piercing instru- 
 ment. 4. Ileuce, an indefinitely small space; a mere 
 spot. 5. A small promontory, or cape. 6. A moment ; 
 &n instant ; hence, the verge. 7. Whatever serves to 
 mark progress, or to indicate transition ; dtegree ; condi- 
 tion ; rank. 8. A saUeut trait of character ; a charac- 
 teristic ; a peculiarity. 9. A distinct position, thesis, or 
 passage, in argument or discourse ; the pith or gist of an 
 expression or discussion. 10. Hence, a lively turn of 
 thought. 11. (Geo?7i.) That which has neither length, 
 breadth, nor thickness. Iti. A character used to mark 
 the divisions of a sentence. 13. Any thing aimed at or 
 intended; object; end. 14. A small affair; a trifling 
 concern; a punctilio. 15. (a.) (Mus.) A dot or mark 
 to designate certain tones or time, (b.) (Mod. 3Ius.) A 
 dot at the right hand of a note, to raise its value, or 
 prolong its time, by one half. 16. (Ayic. Costume.) A 
 tagged lace, used to tie together certain parts of the dress. 
 17. (I^aut.) A flat, tapering piece of braided cordage, 
 used in reefing sails. 18. pi. (Railways.) Switch of a 
 railway track. [Eitg.] 
 Syn.— Apex; tip; summit. 
 
 Point, V. t. 1. To give a point to ; to sharpen. 2. To 
 direct toward an object ; to aim. 3. To direct attention 
 toward. 4. To mark, as a sentence, with marks of punc- 
 tuation ; to punctuate. 5. To indicate the point, aim, 
 or purpose of. 6. To indicate or discover by a fixed 
 look, as game. 7. (Maso7iry.) To fill the joints of with 
 mortar, and smooth them with the point of a trowel. 
 
 Point, V. i. 1. To direct the finger for designating an 
 object. 2. To indicate the presence of game by a fixed 
 and steady look, as dogs. 3. To show distinctly by any 
 means. 4. To fill the joints or crevices of a wall with 
 mortar. 
 
 Point-blank', M. [Ft. point-blanc, white point.] (Mil.) 
 The point to which a projectile is supposed to move 
 directly, without a curve. 
 
 Point- bia,nl£', a. 1. Aimed directly toward the mark. 
 ti. Hence, direct ; plain ; express. 
 
 Point-bia^nk', adv. In a point-blank manner ; directly. 
 
 Point'ed, p. a. 1. Sharp ; having a sharp point. "Z, 
 Characterized by distinctness of meaning and pithiness 
 of expression. 
 
 SyTi.— Sharp ; keen ; severe; satirical ; epigrammatic; di- 
 rect. 
 
 Point'ed-ly, adv. 1. With lively turns of thought or 
 expression. 2. With direct assertion or explicitness. 
 
 Point'er, n. Any thing that points ; as, (a.) The hand 
 of a time-piece. (6.) A variety 
 of dog, trained to stop, and, 
 with his nose, point out the 
 game to sportsmen, (c.) (As- 
 tron.) One of the two stars in ^ 
 the Great Bear, the line between 
 which points nearly to the North 
 Stiir. 
 
 PoLnt'less, a. Having no point ; wanting keenness. 
 Syn. — Blunt; obtuse; dull; stupid. 
 
 Poi§e, n. [0. Fr. pois, peis, pes, from Lat. pensum, a 
 portion weighed out, from pendere, to weigh, weigh out ; 
 N. Fr. poj</s, from Lat. ;7o?zr/M.5, a weight.] 1. Weight; 
 gravity. 2. The mass of metal used in weighing mth 
 steelyards. 3. P^quipoise; balance; equilibrium. 
 
 Poige, V. t. [imp. & p. p. poised ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 POISING.] 1. To make of equal weight. 2. To hold 
 or place in equilibrium. 3. To load with weight for bal- 
 ancing. 4. To weigh. 
 
 Pol'gon (poi'zn), n. [From Lat. potio, from potare, to 
 drink.] 1. Any substance which is noxious to life or 
 health. 2. Hence, that which taints or destroys moral 
 purity or health. 
 
 Syn. — Venom ; banc ; pest ; ruin ; malignity. — Venom. 
 Poixon usually denotes somethinf: received into the system by 
 the mouth, breath, &c. Venom is sometliinj: applied exter- 
 nally, or discharf^ed from animals, as by the bite or sting of 
 serpents, scorpions. See. Venom is also more active and malig- 
 nant in its operation than poison, and hence is a stronger 
 term. 
 
 Poi'gon (poi'zn),?;. t. [imp. & p. p. poisoned ; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. POISONING.] 1. To infect with poi.son. 2. 
 To attack, injure, or kill, by poison. 3. To taint or cor- 
 rupt the character, principles, or happiness of. 
 Poi'§on-er (poi'zn-er), n. One who poisons or corrupts. 
 Poi'gon-oiis, a. Having the qualities of poison ; cor- 
 rupting ; impairing soundness or purity. 
 
 Pointer Dog. 
 
 Poke, n. [A.-S. poca, poha, pocca, Icel. poki. Cf 
 POACH.] 1. A pocket; a small bag. 2. A long, wide 
 sleeve, formorly much worn. 
 
 Poke, V. t. [imp. & p. p. poked (pokt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. POKING.] [L. Ger. poken, to prick, pierce, thrust, 
 allied to Lat. pungere, to prick.] To thrust against ; to 
 push against with any thing pomted ; hence, to feel for 
 with a long instrument. 
 
 To poke fun, to make fun; to joke; to jest. [Ckilloq. Amer.] 
 
 Poke, V. i. To grope, as in the dark. 
 To poke at, to thrust the horns at. 
 
 Poke, n. 1. Act of poking ; a thrust. 2. A lazy per- 
 son ; also, a stupid person. [Amer.] 3. A machine to 
 prevent unruly beasts from leaping or breaking through 
 fences. [Amer.] 
 
 Poke,n. (Bat.) A North American plant, bearing dark- 
 purple, juicy berries. 
 
 Pok'er, n. 1. One who pokes. 2. That which is used 
 in poking, especially, an iron bar, used in stirring or 
 opening a fire of coals. 
 
 Pok'er, 71. A game of cards. [Amer.] 
 
 Pok'er, n. [Dan. pokker, the devil, Icel. pokr, a bug- 
 bear, hobgoblin.] Any frightful object, especially, one 
 dimly seen in the dark ; a bugbear. [Low.] 
 
 Poke'- weed, n. A plant. See Poke. 
 
 Po-iae'ea, h. [It., properly a Pohsh vessel.] (Naut.) 
 A vessel with three masts, used in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Po-la'ere, 91. SeePoLACCA. 
 
 Po'lar, a. 1. Pertaining to, surrounding, or proceeding 
 from one of the poles of the earth, or the poles of artifi- 
 cial globes situated near one of the poles. 2. Pertaining 
 to the magnetic pole. 3. (Geom.) Pertaining to, reck- 
 oned from, or having a common radiating point. 
 
 Polar bear (ZooL), a species of bear inhabiting the arctic 
 regions. The fur is of a silvery white tinged with j'ellow. 
 
 Pol'ar-eliy, n. [See POLYARCHY.] Government by a 
 number of persons. 
 
 Po-lar'i-§eope, n. [Eng. polar and Gr. aK^irretrQax, 
 a-Ko-nelv, to view.] ( Opt.) An instrument vised for polar- 
 izing light, and analyzing its properties. 
 
 Po-iar'i-ty, 11. (Physics.) That quality or condition of a 
 bodj' in virtue of which it exhibits opposite or contrasted 
 properties or powers, in opposite or contrasted parts 
 or directions. 
 
 Po'lar-i-za'tion, n. The act of polarizing ; the state of 
 being polarized, or of having polarity. 
 
 Po'lar-ize, f. t. [hnp. & p. p. polarized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. POLARIZING.] To communicate polarity to. 
 
 Pole (20), n. [A.-?), pol. pal,J). paal. Cf. PALE.] 1. 
 A long, slender piece of wood, or the stem of a small tree 
 deprived of its branches ; — often used in composition. 
 2. A measure of length of 5^ yard.«, or a square measure 
 of 30J- s4uare yards ; a rod ; a perch. 
 
 Under bare poles (i\'au<.), having all the sails furled. 
 
 Pole, n. [Lat. polus, from Gr. ttoAo?, from Tre'Aetv, noKelv, 
 to turn.] 1. One of the extremities of an axis, on which 
 a sphere revolves. 2. Especially, one of the extremities 
 of the earth's axis. 3. A point on the surface of a 
 sphere equally distant from ever\' part of the circumfer- 
 ence of a great circle. 4. (Physics.) A point of maxi- 
 mum intensity of a force which has two such points, or 
 which has polarity. 5. The heav- 
 ens, the sky. [Poet.] 
 
 Pole,^". t. [imp. & p. p. poled ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. POLING.] 1. To' 
 furnish with poles for support. 
 
 2. To bear or convey on poles. 
 
 3. To push forward by the use of 
 poles. 
 
 Pole'-S.x, ) n. A sort of ax or 
 Pole '-axe, f hatchet fixed to a 
 
 pole or handle. 
 Pole'eat, n. [Either for Polish 
 
 cat, or for poultry-cat, because it 
 
 feeds 'on poultry.] (Zobl.) A carnivorous mammal, al- 
 lied to the weasel, which 
 
 exhales a disagreeable 
 
 odor ; the fitchew or 
 
 fitchet. ; 
 
 PSl'e-mareli, n. [Gr.^ 
 
 7roA.e'/Aapxo5. from 7r6Xe/ui05, ^g 
 
 war, and apxog, leader, fr. 
 
 apxeiv, to be first, to lead.] 
 
 ( Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian magistrate who had under hb 
 
 care all strangers and sojourners in the city. 
 Po-lgm'ie, «. A controversialist ; a disputant. 
 
 Pole-axc«. 
 
 Polecat. 
 
 a,etBtc.,long; &,6,&c., short; «&re,far, ask, all, what; gre,Teil, term; pMque,firm; sdn,dr,dQ,'W9lt 
 
POLEMIC 
 
 551 
 
 POLYGAMIST 
 
 Po-lfim'i*, ) a. [Gr. TroXejitiKd;, warlike, from noke- 
 
 Po-16m'i«-al, j fxo?, war.] 1. Pertainii^ to, engaged 
 in, or involving controversy; controversial. "Z, Given 
 to controversy ; disputatious. 
 
 Po-lSm'i-es, ii. sing. Contest or controversy, especially 
 on religious subjects. 
 
 Pole'-star, n. 1. (Astron.) A star at or near to the 
 pole of the heavens, ti. That which serves as a guide or 
 director. 
 
 Po-Upe' (-les'), n. [Fr., from Lat. politia, Gr. iroKireCa, 
 condition of a state, government, administration, from 
 TToAiTTjs, citizen, ttoAis, city.] 1. The administration of 
 the laws and regulations of a city or incorporated town 
 or borough. 2. The internal regulation and govern- 
 ment of a kingdom or state. 3. The body of civil offi- 
 cers, organized for the preservation of good order, and 
 the enforcement of the laws. 
 
 Po-lipe'man (-I3s/-), n.; pi. po-li^e/men. One of 
 the ordinary police. 
 
 P61'i-py, n. [0. Fr. police, Lat. politia, Gr. 7roA.iTeia. 
 See supra.} 1. The settled method by which the govern- 
 ment and affairs of a nation are, or maybe administered. 
 3. The method by which any institution is administered. 
 3. Worldly wisdom ; dexterity of management ; cun- 
 ning ; stratagem. 4. Prudence or wisdom in the man- 
 agement of public and private affairs ; wisdom ; wit. 
 Syn. — See Polity. 
 
 P61'i-py, n. [L. Lat. poletum, poleticum, from Late Lat. 
 polypticlium, pi. polyptyc/ia, account-book, register, fr. 
 Gr. noXvTTTvxov , having many folds or leaves, fr. 7roA.us, 
 many, and TTTvxn, fold, leaf.] 1, A ticket or warrant 
 for money in the public funds. 5i. (Law.) The >\Ti ting 
 or instrument in which a contract of insurance is em- 
 bodied. 
 
 Pol'ish., -y. t. [imp. &, p. p polished (poHsht) ; ;?. 
 pr. & vb. n. POLISHING.] [hat. polire.] 1. To make 
 smooth and glossy, usually by friction. 2. Hence, to 
 refine ; to wear off the rusticity or coarseness of. 
 
 Pdl'isli, V. i. To become smooth ; to receive a gloss. 
 
 Pol'isli, n. 1. A smooth, glossy surfoce, produced by 
 friction. 2. Hence, refinement ; elegance of manners. 
 
 Pol'ish-a-ble, a. Capable of being polished. 
 
 P61'ish-er, n. One who, or that which, polishes. 
 
 Po-lite', a. [compnr. POLITER; superl. POLITEST.] 
 [Lat. politus, p. p. of polire, to polish.] Elegant in man- 
 ners ; refined in behavior. 
 
 Syn. — Polished ; refined ; well-bred; courteous; obliging; 
 complaisant; affable; urbane; civil; courtly; elegant; genteel. 
 
 Po-lite'ly, adv. Genteelly ; courteously. 
 Po-lite'ness, n. State or quality of being polite ; polish 
 of manners ; obliging attentions. 
 
 Syn. — Courtesv ; good breeding; refinement; urbanity; 
 courteousness ; aifability ; complaisance ; civility j gentility ; 
 courtliness. — Politeness denotes that ease and gracefulness of 
 manners which first sprung up in cities, connected with a de- 
 sire to please others by anticipating their wants and wishes, 
 and studiously avoiding whatever might give them pain. Court- 
 esy is, etymologically.that modification of politeness which be- 
 longs to courts. It displays itself in the address and manners; 
 it is shown more especially in receiving and entertaining others, 
 and is a union of dignified complaisance and kindness. 
 
 Pol'i-ti« (123), a. [Gr. TroAtTtKos, belonging to the cit- 
 izens or state, fr. 7roA,iTT)s, citizen, fr. ttoAi^, a city.] . 1. 
 Political. 2. Pertaining to or promoting a pohcy, es- 
 pecially a national policy ; well devised. 3. Sagacious 
 in promoting a policy ; devoted to a scheme or system 
 rather than to a principle. 
 
 Syn. — Wise ; prudent ; sagacious ; discreet ; provident ; 
 wary ; artful ; cunning. 
 
 Po-lit'ic-al, a. 1. Pertaining to public policy or pol- 
 itics ; relating to state affairs ; especially, pertaining to a 
 state, in distinction from a city or municipality. 2. 
 Derived from office or connection with govermnent ; 
 pubHc. 
 
 Po-lit'i€-al-ly, adv. In a political manner. 
 
 Po-lit'i-cas'ter, n. A petty poHtician. 
 
 PSl'i-ti'cian (-tish'an), n. 1. One who is versed in the 
 science of government ; one devoted to politics. 2. 
 One who is devoted to the advancement of a political 
 party. 
 
 Pol'i ties, n. sing. [Gr. jroAtTt/oj (sc. en-icmj/xr)).] 1. 
 The science of government. 2. The management of a 
 political party ; in a bad sense, political trickery. 
 
 P61'i-ty, n. [Fr. politic, Lat. politia, Gr. TroAiTeta. See 
 Policy.] 1. The form or constitution of civil govern- 
 ment by which a nation or state is organized. 2. Hence, 
 the form or constitution by which any institution is or- 
 ganized. 
 
 Syn. — Policy. — Policy and polity were originally the same. 
 Polity is now confined to the structure of a government ; u, 
 civil or ecclesiastical^wWi/ ; while policy is applied to the man- 
 agement of public aflTair*; as, foreign or domestic /wir'cy. Policy 
 has the furtner sense of skillful or cunning management. 
 
 Pol'ka (20), n. [Bohem. pulka, half, from the half step 
 prevalent in it. See infra. Or perhaps from Slav, pnlka, 
 i. e., prop, a Polish woman.] A dance of Polish origin, 
 but now popular everywhere. It is performed by two 
 persons in common time. 
 
 Poll, n. [L. Ger. polle, the head, the crest of a bird, the 
 top of a tree, D. hoi, a ball, bowl, bulb, pate, poll, L. 
 Ger. holle, a bulb, ball.] 1. The head, or the back part 
 of the head ; — usually said of a person. 2. A register 
 of heads, that is, of persons. 3. Hence, the entry of the 
 names of electors who vote for civil officers. 4. An elec- 
 tion of civil officers. 5. The place where an election is 
 held. 
 
 Poll, V. t. [imp. & p. p. POLLED ; p. pr. & vh. n. POLL- 
 ING.] [Cf. Eng. bole, the body or stem of a tree. See 
 supra.] 1. To remove the poU or head of ; hence, to clip ; 
 to lop; to shear; to cut closely. 2. Hence, to strip off ; 
 to bring to naught. 3. To enter, as polls or persons, in 
 a list or register, especially for purposes of taxation ; to 
 enroll. 4. To pay as one's personal tax. 5. To de- 
 posit, as a vote ; to bring to the poUs ; to elicit or call 
 forth, as a number of votes or voters. 6. (Law.) To cut 
 or shave smooth or even. 
 
 Poll, n. 1. [From Po/^y, a name.] A parrot ; — famil- 
 iarly so called. 2. [Gr. oi TroAAot, the many, the rabble.] 
 One who does not try for honors, but is contented to ob- 
 tain a degree merely. [CaiJibridge Univ., Eng.] 
 
 Pol'lard, n. [From poll.] 1. A tree having its top cut 
 off at some height above the ground, that it may throw 
 out branches. 2. The chub fish. 3. A stag that has 
 cast his horns. 4. A mixture of bran and meal. 
 
 Pol'len, n. [Lat., fine flour, fine dust, alhed to Gr. 
 TTttAi], id.] {Bot.) The fecundating dust or powder of the 
 anthers of flowers. 
 
 PoU'er, rt. 1. One who polls or lops trees. 2. One who 
 registers voters, or one who enters his name as a voter. 
 
 Pol'li-vi^ig, ». [Probably corrupted from periwig.] A 
 tadpole. [In the U. S. vulgarly written and pronounced 
 polliwog.] 
 
 P61'locli,n. [Ger. ScD. pollack.] 
 (Ichth.) A fish ; the whiting. 
 
 Poll'- tax, n. A tax levied by' 
 
 the head or poll ; a capitation Pollock 
 
 Pol-lute', r. t. [imp. & p. p. polluted ; ;». pr. & 
 vb. n. POLLUTING.] [Lat. polluere, pollutum.] 1. To 
 make foul or unclean. 2. To defile morally ; to impair; 
 to profane. 3. To render legally or ceremonially un- 
 clean. 4. To violate by illegal sexual commerce. 
 
 SyTi.— To defile; soil; contaminate; corrupt; taint; vitiate< 
 debauch ; dishonor ; ravish ; abuse. 
 
 Pol-int'er, n. One who pollutes or profanes. 
 Pol-lu.'tioii, n. 1. Act of polluting, or state of being 
 
 polluted. 2. {Jewish Antiq.) Legal or ceremonial un- 
 
 cleanness. 
 
 Syn. — Defilement; pollutedness; contamination; vitiation; 
 
 taint; corruption; uncleanness; impurity; violation; debauch- 
 
 ment. 
 
 JPo'lo-ndi§^e', n. [Fr.] 1. The Polish language. 2. A 
 kind of Polish robe or dress, worn by ladies. 3. A kind, 
 of dance ; a polacca. 
 
 Polt, 71. [Cf. Eng. pelt.] A blow, stroke, or striking. 
 
 Pol-troon', n. [From It. poltrone, an idle fellow, coward, 
 from po/;!?-o, idle, lazy, poltrire, to lie abed lazily, from 
 O. H. Ger. polstar, bolstar, cervical, capital, Eng. bolster.} 
 An arrant coward ; a wretch without spirit or courage. 
 
 Syn. — Coward; craven; dastard. See Cowaed. 
 
 Pol-trcK>n'er-y, «. Cowardice; want of spirit. 
 
 Pol'y-a-eous'tic, a. [Gr. ttoAvs , many , and afcovCTTtKos, 
 acoustic] Tending to multiply or magnify sound. 
 
 Pol'y-an'dry, n. [Gr. noXvavSpCa, from ttoAv's, many, 
 and avrip, avSpo^, man, male.] The possession by a 
 woman of more husbands than one at the same time. 
 
 Pol'y-Jiii'tlius, n. [Gr. no\vav9o?, rich in flowers, frem 
 no\vq, many, and afdos, flower.] {Bot.) A certain orna- 
 mental plant, whose flower-stalks produce flowers in 
 clusters. 
 
 P6l'y-ar-eli'y, n. [Gr. ttoAv?, many, and apx'^, first 
 place, riile.] A government by many persons, of what- 
 ever order or class. 
 
 Po-lyg'a-mist, n. A person who practices polygamy, 
 or maintains its lawfulness. 
 
 *ood,fo"ot; &ru, rifde, puU ; pell, ^liaise, «a,ll, e«lio; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; ttii*. 
 
POLYGAMOUS 
 
 552 
 
 PONDER 
 
 Po-lygr'a -moils, n. [Gr. TroAuya/ios, living in polygamy, 
 from iroAu?, many, and ya/xo?, marriage.] 1. Of, or per- 
 tjiining to. pohgjimy. '2. Having a plurality of wives. 
 
 Po-lj'g'a-my, '»• A plunility of wives or husbands at 
 the's;inie time : usually, the condition of a man having 
 more than one wife. 
 
 P6ry-ji:ar«'li'y, «• [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and apxVy rule.] 
 Government by many rulers ; polyarchy. 
 
 P51'y-gl6t, a.' [Gr. TroAv'yAwTros, many-tongued, from 
 iroAu?, many, and yAwTra. yAwcrcra. tongue, language.] 
 Containing, or pertaining to, several languages. 
 
 P61'y-gl6t, ». 1. A person acquainted with several 
 languages. "2. A book containing the same subject- 
 matteriu several languages ; f specially^ the Scriptures in 
 several languages. 3. The text of one of the versions in 
 a proper polyglot, printed by itself. 
 
 P6l'y-g6n, /i. [Gr. TroAiryojvos, 
 from TToAv?, many, and ywi'o?, 
 ytoi'i'a. angle.] ( Geo???.) A plane 
 ngure of many angles, and con- 
 sequently of many sides : a plane 
 figure of more than four sides. 
 
 Po-lyg'o-nal, a. Having many / \ 
 angles. / \ 
 
 PolV-SrSm, n. [Gr. TroAvypo/u.- \ / 
 
 /oto5, from TToAus, many, and \ / 
 
 ypo/xfji^, line.] A figxire con- ^ ' 
 
 sisting of many lines. Polygons 
 
 Pol'y-griipli, w. [Gr. 7roAvypa</)o?, writing much, from 
 TToAus, much, many, and ypa^etv, to ^^Tite.] An instru- 
 ment for multiplying copies of a writing with ease and 
 expedition. 
 
 P6ry-gr5pli'i€, la. 1. Pertaining to, or employed 
 
 Pol'y-grSpli'ic-al, J in, polygraphy. ii. Done with 
 a pol:, graph. 
 
 Po-lj'g'ra-pliy, «. [Gr. rroAvypae^ta. i^ee supra.] The art 
 of "writing in various ciphers, and of deciphering the 
 same. 
 
 Pol'y-lie'dral, ) a. ( Geom.) Having many sides, as 
 
 PoFy-lied'ric-al, J a solid body. 
 
 Pol'y-he'droii, n. [Gr. TroAueSpog, with many seats or 
 sides, from TroAvg, many, and 'iBpa., a seat or side.] 1. 
 ( Geom.) A body or solid contained by many sides or 
 planes. 2. ( Opt.) A polyscope, or multiplying glass. 
 
 P51'y-lie'drou.s, a. Polyhedral. 
 
 Po-ljin'a-tliy, n. [Gr. irokvixaOCa, from iroAv's, much, 
 and |u.a0etv, ixavOdveiv , to learn.] The knowledge of 
 many arts and sciences. 
 
 P6ry-no'mi-al, n. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and ovofj-a, Lat. 
 nomen, name, term.] (Alg.) An expression composed 
 of two or more terms, connected by the sign plus or 
 minus. 
 
 P61'y-no'm.i-al, a. Containing^many names or terms. 
 
 Pory-o-ra'ma. or P61'y-o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. iroAu's, 
 much, many, and bpajxa, a sight, view.] A view of many 
 objects. 
 
 Pol'yp, n. [Lat. polypus, Gr. iroAuirov?, i. e., many- 
 footed, from TToAu?, many, and iroOs, foot.] An aquatic 
 animal of the radiate type, having, in general, a cylin- 
 drical body, at one extremity of which there is a mouth, 
 surrounded by one or more series of arms or tentacles. 
 It is capaVjle of multiplying by buds and artificial sections 
 as well as by ova. It forms coral by the secretion of cal- 
 careous matter. 
 
 PSl'y-plion'i-e, a. [Gr. nokv<}>oivo^ , from ttoAvs, many, 
 and (^ojvrj, .sound.] 1. Having, or consisting of, many 
 Toice^ or sounds. "2, (Mux.) Consisting of, or pertaining 
 to, counterpoint. 
 
 Po-lyi>li'o-iii§m, n. 1. Multiplicity of sounds, as in 
 the reverberations of an echo. ti. {Mus.) Composition 
 in parts. 
 
 Po-15'ph'o-nou.s, a. The same as Polyphonic. 
 
 Pol'y-pouB, a. Having the nature of the polypus. 
 
 PoPy-PUS, n. ; Eng. pi. POL'Y-POs-Eg : Lat. pi. p6l'Y- 
 pT. [Lat. pnlypus. See POLVP.] 1, Something that has 
 many feet or roots. 2. (Zool.) A polyp. [See Polyp.] 
 '•i, (Meet.) A tumor with a narrow base, somewhat re- 
 sembling a pear. 
 
 PSi'y-scope, n. [Gr. ttoAvo-kotto?. from ttoAu?, much, 
 many, and (rKeVTetrflat, aKonelv, to look carefully, to 
 Tiew.] {Opt.) A glass which makes a single object ap- 
 pear as many. 
 
 P61'y-sperm'ofis, a. [Gr. TroAvoTrep/io?, from ttoAvs, 
 many, and (nripjut, seed.] (Bat.) Containing many 
 seeds. 
 
 P61'y-style, n. [Gr. ttoAvo-tvAo?, with many columns, 
 from iToAJs, many, and trruAo?, column.] (Arch.) An 
 edifice or court surrounded by several rows of columns. 
 
 P61'y-syl-lft,b'i-e, 1 o. Pertaining to, or consistinf 
 
 Pdl'y-syl-iab'ic-al, ) of, many syllables, or of more 
 than three. 
 
 PSl'y-sj'l'la-ble, n. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and «rvAAap^, 
 syllable.] A word of many syllables, that is, consisting 
 of more syllables than three. 
 
 PSl'y-tgch'nic (-t6k'-), a. [Gr. 7roAuTex»'os, fr. ttoAvs, 
 many, and tc'xi^, an art.] Comprehending many arts; 
 — applied particularly to a school in which many 
 branches of art or science are taught. 
 
 Pol'y-tliftl'a-moii?, a. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and flaAa/xo«, 
 a chamber.] Many -chambered ; — applied to cephalo- 
 pods having multilocular shells. 
 
 Pol'y-tlie'igm, n. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and 0e6s, god.] 
 1. The doctrine or belief of a polytheist. 2. The doe- 
 trine of a plurality of gods. 
 
 Pol'y-the'ist, n. One who believes in, or maintain.s the 
 doctrine of, a plurality of gods. 
 
 P61'y-tlie-ist'i€, \a. 1. Pertaining to polytheism. 
 
 P6ry-tlie-ist'i-e-al, J 2. Holding a belief in a plurality 
 of gods. 
 
 Pom'a^e (pQm'as), n. [Lat. pomum, a fruit, an apple ; 
 L. Lat. po7?ia(ffum, po7naci7im.] The substance of ap- 
 ples, &c., crushed by grinding. 
 
 Po-ma'ceou-S, a. [Lat. pomum, an apple.] 1. Con- 
 sisting of apples. 2. Like pomace. 
 
 Po-made', n. [From Lat. pomum, an apple, because it 
 was formerly made from apples.] Perfumed ointment; 
 especially, ointment or unguent for the hair. 
 
 Po-ma'tum, 7i. [See Pomade.] A perfumed unguent 
 or composition used in dressing the hair. 
 
 Pome-^it'ron, ?i. A citron apple. 
 
 Pome-graii'ate (pum-grSn'et), n. [Lat. pomum, a 
 fruit, apple, and graiiatus, having many grains or seeds, 
 from granum, grain, seed, small kernel.] 1. (Bot.) The 
 fruit of a certain tree. This fruit is as large as an orange, 
 having a hard rind filled with a soft pulp and numerous 
 seeds. 2. An ornament resembling a pomegranate, on 
 the robe and ephod of the Jewish high priest. 
 
 Pome'roy ] (pQm'-), n. [Fr. pomme, an apple, and 
 
 Pome-roy'al f roi, ray, king, royal, royaL] A sort 
 of apple, known also as the royal apple. 
 
 Pome'-wa'ter, n. A sweet, juicy apple. 
 
 Po-mif er-oiis, a. [Lat. pomifer, from pomum, fruit, 
 apple, and/frre, to bear.] (Bot.) Apple-bearing; — an 
 epithet applied to plants which bear the larger fiodts, 
 such as melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, &c. 
 
 Pom'mel (pQm'-), n. [L. Lat. pomellus, pcmelvs, from 
 Lat. pomum, an apple, or a similar fruit. A knob or 
 ball ; as, (a.) The knob on the hilt of a sword, (b.) The 
 protuberant part of a saddle-bow. 
 
 Pom'mel (pum'-). v. t. [imp. & p. p. pommeled ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. POMMELING.] [See svpra.] To beat, as 
 with a pommel, that is, with something thick or bulky. 
 
 Po'mo-log'i-e-al, a. Belonging to pomologj'. 
 
 Po-mol'o-gist. n. One interested in pomology. 
 
 Po-mol'o-gy, n. [Lat. pomum, fruit, apple, and Gr. 
 Aoyos, discourse.] The art or science of fruits, or of 
 raising fruits. 
 
 Pomp, 71. [Gr. rron-irq, a sending, a solemn procession, 
 from TTO/u-TreZi/, to send.] 1. A procession distinguished 
 by ostentation of gi-andeur and splendor. 2. Show of 
 magnificence. 
 
 Syn. — Display ; parade; pageant; pageantry; splendor; 
 state; magnificence; ostentation; grandeur; pride. 
 
 Pom-p6s'i-ty, n. State of being pompous ; pompous- 
 ness ; ostentation : boasting. 
 
 Pomp'oils, a. 1. Displaying pomp; showy with gran- 
 deur. 2. Ostentatious ; boastful. 
 
 Syn. — Showy : splendid : magnificent ; snperb ; august; 
 grand; stately; (iignified; magisterial; lofty. 
 
 P6mp'ous-ly. adx\ With great parade or display. 
 
 Pomp'oiis-iiess, n. The state of being pompous ; mag- 
 nificence : splendor. 
 
 Pon'eho (pon'tcho), n. [Sp.] A kind of cloak worn by 
 the Spanish Americans, having the form of a blanket, 
 with a slit in the middle for the head to pass through. 
 
 P6nd,n. [Prob. from A.-S. ;77/7?</rt«, to shut in,topound.] 
 A natural, or artificial, body of fi-esh water, usually less 
 extended than a lake. 
 
 Pon'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PONDERED; p. pr. 8c vd. 
 n. PONDERING.] [Lat. ponderare, from I>at. pondus, 
 po7ideris, a weight, from pendere, to weigh.] To weigh 
 in the mind : to view with deUberation. 
 
 Syn. — To consider: muse; examine. —To co»7.«jV?er meant 
 to view or contemplate with fixed thought. To ponder denote* 
 to dwell upon with long and anxious attention, with a view to 
 some practical result or decision. To muse is simply to think 
 
 a,e, &c.,/ong^,a,6,&c.,jAort,c&re,far,asl£, all, what; 6re, veQ, term: pique, firm; s6n,dr,do, wol^ 
 
PONDER 
 
 553 
 
 POPULOUS 
 
 upon continuously with no definite object, or for the pleasure 
 it gives. We consider any subject which is fairly brought be- 
 fore us; we ponder a concern involving great interests ; we 
 mxise on the events of childhood. 
 
 Pdii'der, v. i. To think; to deliberate; to muse,— 
 usually followed by on. 
 
 P6n'der-a-ble, n. Capable of being weighed. 
 
 Pdn'der-au^e, M. Weight; gravity. 
 
 Pon'der-er, n. One who ponders ; one who deliberates. 
 
 P6n'der-6s'i-ty, n. State of being ponderous ; weight ; 
 gravity ; heaviness. 
 
 pEii'der-oiis, a. [Lat. pondfrosus., from jiondus, pon- 
 deris, a weight, from pendere, to weigh.] 1, Very heavy ; 
 weighty. '2, Important; momentous. 3. Forcible; 
 strongly impulsive. 
 
 Poii'der-ous-ly, adv. With great weight. 
 
 Po'iient, a. [From Lat pojiens, p. pr. of ponere^ to set.] 
 Western ; occidental. [Rare.] 
 
 Pon-gee', n. An inferior kind of India silk. 
 
 Pon'iard (pon'yard), n. [From Lat. pugio, pugionis, 
 from pungere, to prick.] A small dagger. 
 
 I'on'iard (pon'yard), r. t. [imp. Si, p. p. PONIARDED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ''ONIARDING.] To pierce with a pon- 
 iard ; to stab. 
 
 Pon'ta*, n. [Frou^ Pontac, a town in the south of 
 B'rance.] A kind of Constantia wine, made in the Cape 
 colony. 
 
 P6n'tage,n. [L. Lat. pontagium., from Lat. pons,pontis, 
 a bridge.] { O. Eiig. Law ) A duty paid for repauing 
 bridges. 
 
 Pon'tiff , n. [Lat. pontifex, pontijicix, said to be from 
 pons, a bridge, and facere, to make, because the first 
 bridge over the Tiber was constructed and consecrated by 
 the high priest.] A high priest ; especially, (a.) One of 
 the sacred college, in ancient Rome. (6.) (Jewish Antiq.) 
 The chief priest, (r.) (Rom. Cat/i. CliurrJi.) The pope. 
 
 Poii-ti£'i«, a. 1. Relating to, or consisting of, priests. 
 2. Pertaining to the pope. 
 
 Poii-tif'i€-aI, a. Belonging to a high priest ; hence, 
 belonging to the pope ; popish. 
 
 Poii-tif'i€-al, n. 1. A book containing the offices, or 
 formulas, used in various ecclesiastical rites. '2, pi. The 
 drees and ornaments of a priest, bishop, or the pope. 
 
 Pon-tif 'ie-al-ly, adv. In a pontifical manner. 
 
 Pon-tif i€-ate, n. [See Pontiff.] 1. State or dignity 
 of a high priest. 2. Specifically, the office or dignity of 
 the pope. 3. The reign of a pope. 
 
 Pon-toii', ) n. [Fr. & Sp. ponton, fr. Lat. po?i5, pontis, 
 
 Pon-toon', ) a bridge.] 1. A hght frame-work or 
 float, used in forming a bridge quickly for the passage of 
 troops. t2. (Naut.) A low, flat vessel, furnished with 
 cranes, capstans, _&c., used in careening ships ; a lighter. 
 
 Po'ny, n. ; pi. PO'NiEg. [Qa-el. ponaidli,^, little horse, 
 a pony, Fr. poni. Cf. Puny.] A small horse. 
 
 Pdb'dle, n. [Ger. pudel, from Prov. Ger. pudel, pool, 
 puddle.] A small dog covered with long, silky hair. 
 
 Pool, n. [A.-S. pZl, pul, Icel. pollr, allied to Lat. palus, 
 Cf. Puddle.] 1. A small and rather deep collection of 
 fresh water supplied by a spring, or occurring in the 
 course of a stream. 2. A puddle. 
 
 Pdbl'er, n. An instrument to stir a tan vat. 
 
 Pdbp. n. [Lat. pitppis.] A deck raised above the after 
 part of the spar deck, reaching forward to the mizzen 
 mast. 
 
 Pdbp, V. t. (Naut.) (a.) To strike upon the stern of, as 
 a heavy sea. (b.) To strike in the stem, as one vessel 
 that runs her stem against another's stern. 
 
 pooped (pcTopt, 60), a. (Naut.) Having a poop; fur- 
 nished with a poop. 
 
 Poor, a. [cornpar. POORER ; superl. POOREST.] [0. 
 Eng. povere, 0. Fr. poure,povre, povere, It. povero, Lat. 
 pauper.] 1. Destitute of property ; needy ; indigent. 
 2. Hence, in very various applications, destitute of such 
 qualities as are desirable, or as might naturally be expect- 
 ed ; as, (a.) Wanting in fat. plumpness, or fleshiness ; lean ; 
 emaciated; meager, (b.) Wanting in strength or vigor, 
 (c.) Of little value or worth ; not good; inferior, (d.) 
 Destitute of fertility ; barren; sterile, (e.) Destitute of 
 strength, beauty, or fitness. (/.) A'ery insufficient for an 
 end or occasion ; valueless ; paltry. 3. Worthy of pity 
 or sympathy. 
 
 Syn. — Needy ; indigent; barren; mean ; paltry ; trifling; 
 pitiable; small; lean. 
 
 Pobr'-liouse, n. A public establishment for the sup- 
 port of the poor ; an alms-house ; a work-house. 
 
 Pobr'ly, adv. 1. In a poor manner or condition. 2. 
 With little or no success. 3. Meanly ; without spirit. 
 4. Without excellence or dignity. 
 
 Pobr'ly, o. Somewhat ill ; indisposed. [Coltoq] 
 
 Poor'ness, n. The state or condition of being poor, hi 
 its various senses. 
 
 Poor'-spir'it-ed, a. Of a mean spirit ; cowardly. 
 
 Poor'-spir'tt-ed-ness, n. The state of being poor- 
 spirited ; meanness ; baseness. 
 
 P6p, n. [Cf. Gr. TroTTTru^eii/, to smack, to cluck, to whistle] 
 1. A small, smart, quick sound or report. 2. A bever- 
 age which issues with a slight explosion, from the bottle 
 containing it. 
 
 P6p, 1'. i. 1. To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound. 2. 
 To enter, or issue forth, with a quick, sudden motion. 
 3. To move from place to place suddenly. 
 
 P6p, V. t. [imp. Sep. p. POPPED (popt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 POPPING ] 1. To push or thrust suddenly; to bring 
 suddenly to notice. 2. To cause to expand and burst 
 suddenly with heat, as corn. 
 
 P6p, at/f. With sudden entrance ; suddenly. 
 
 Pope, n. [Lat. papa, father, bishop, Gr. TraTras, TraTnrflK, 
 father.] The bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman 
 Catholic church. 
 
 Pope'dom, n. 1. The place, office, or dignity of the 
 pope. 2. The jurisdiction of the pope. 
 
 Pope'-joan'(-jon'), n. A game of cards in which a board 
 having five compartments is used to hold the pool. 
 
 Pop'er-y, n. The religion of the Roman Catholic church, 
 comprehending doctrines and practices. 
 
 Pope's'-eye, n. The gland surrounded with fat in the 
 middle of the thigh. 
 
 Pop'gun, n. A child's gun, or tube and rammer, for 
 shooting pellets by the expansion of compressed air. 
 
 Pop'iii-jay, n. [0. Eng. popingay, late Gr. Tranayd^, Ar. 
 papagd, peril, fr. Lat. papa, father, bishop, and galhcs, 
 cock, or Sp. gayo, 0. Fr. gai, N. Fr. geai, a jay, be- 
 cause this bird was first and principalh' kept by clergy- 
 men.] 1. A parrot. 2. A mark in the form of a parrot, 
 put on a pole to be shot at. 3. A gay, trifling young 
 man ; a fop or coxcomb. 
 
 Pop'isli, a. Relating to the pope ; taught by the pope. 
 
 Pop'i^li-ly, adv. In a popish manner ; with a tendency 
 to popery. 
 
 Pop'lar, n. [From Lat. popidus, pop- 
 lar.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of several 
 species, as the black poplar, the aspen- 
 tree, &c. The species are all of rapid 
 growth, with soft wood. 
 
 Pop'lin, n. A textile fabric made of 
 silk and worsted, of many varieties, as 
 watered, figured, brocaded, &c. 
 
 Pop-lit'e-al, I a. [From Lat. poples, 
 
 Pop-lit'i-e, I poplitis, the ham.] 
 Pertaining to the ham , or posterior part 
 of the knee-joint. 
 
 Pop'py, 11. [A.-S. popig, papig, Lat. 
 papai-er.] (Boi.) A genus of plants of Poplar, 
 
 several species, from one of which (the white poppy) 
 opium is collected. 
 
 Pop'py, I n. [Fr. poupce, from L. Lat. popea.} 
 
 Pop'py-liead, ) (Arch.) An elevated ornament often 
 used on the summit of bench-ends, desks, &c., in the 
 middle ages. 
 
 Pop'ii-la^e, n. [From Lat. populus, people.] The com- 
 mon people ; the vulgar ; the multitude ; all persons not 
 distinguished by rank, education, office, or profession. 
 Syn. — Mob; people; commonalty. See Mob. 
 
 P6p'u-lar, a. [Lat. popularis, from populus, people.] 
 1. Pertaining to the common people. 2. Suitable to 
 common people ; easy to be comprehended ; familiar. 3. 
 Enjoying the favor of the people ; pleasing to people in 
 general. 4. Prevailing among the people. [ular. 
 
 P6p'u-lar'i-ty, n. The quality or state of being pop- 
 
 Pop'u-lar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. popularized ; p. 
 pr. & 1-6. 71. POPULARIZING.] To make common, or 
 suitable to the mind ; to spread among the people. 
 
 Pop'ii-lar-ly, adv. 1. So as to please the populace. 2o 
 According to the conceptions of the common people. 
 
 Pop'ii-late, V. t. [imp. & p. p. populated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. populating.] To furnish with inhabitants ; to 
 people. 
 
 Pop'u-late, V. i. To breed people ; to propagate. 
 
 P6p'u-la'tioii, n. [Lat. pnpulatio.] 1. Act or opera- 
 tion of peopling ; multiplication of inhabitants. 2. The 
 whole number of people in a country, or portion of a 
 country. 
 
 PSp'u-loiis, a. [Lat. populosus, from populus, people.] 
 Containing many inhabitants in proportion to the ex- 
 tent of the country. 
 
 food, t^ot ; iirii, rude, piill ; fell, ^liaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejjst ; linger, link .* this. 
 
POPULOUSLY 
 
 554 
 
 PORTLINESS 
 
 Pdpti-loiis-ly, adv. With miny inhabitants in propor- 
 tion to the extent of country. 
 
 P6p'u-loils-ness. n. The state of having many inhab- 
 itants in proportion to the extent of country. 
 
 P6r'fe-laln, n. [Orig. a kind of shell, fr. Lat. porctts, 
 the priTate parts of a female, because the opening of this 
 shell resembled them. Porcelain was called after this 
 shell, either on account of its smoothness and whiteness, 
 or because it was believed to be made from it.] A fine, 
 translucent kind of earthen ware. 
 
 Porcli, M. [A.-S. portic, Lat. porticus, from porta, a gate, 
 entrance, or pa.ssjige.] (Arch.) A kind of vestibule at the 
 entrance of temples, halls, churches, or other buildings ; 
 hence, a statelj' or ornamental entrance way. 
 
 Pdr'fine, a. [Lat. pomwHS, from /?o/-c;<s, a swine.] Per- 
 taining to swine. 
 
 ]?dr'€U-pine, n. [From Lat. 
 porcus, swine, &nd spina, thorn, 
 spine.] (Zool.) A rodent quad- 
 ruped furnished with spines or 
 sharp prickles, which are capa- 
 ble of being erected at pleasure. 
 When attacked, he rolls his 
 body into a round form, in 
 which position the prickles are Porcupine, 
 
 presented in every direction to the enemy. 
 
 Pore, n. [Lat. poms, Gr. Tropos, a passage, a pore.] 1. 
 {Anat.) A minute orifice in an animal membrane. 2. 
 An interstice between the constituent particles or mole- 
 cules of a body. 
 
 Pore, V. i. [imp. & p. p. pored ; p. p. & vb. n. por- 
 ing.] [Prob. a modification of bore, to pierce or enter by 
 boring.] To look with steady, continued attention or ap- 
 plication on or over. 
 
 Por'er, n. One who pores or studies diligently. 
 
 Por'gee, ) n. [Abbrev. from mishcuppatiog, pi. of mish' 
 
 Por'gy, ) cup, or the Indian name of the fish, from 
 mishe-kiippi, large, thick-scaled.] (Ichth.) A salt-water 
 fish much esteemed for food. 
 
 Po'rigni, 71. [Gr. nopia-fia, something deduced from a 
 previous demonstration, fr. TTopi^eiv, to bring, provide, 
 supply.] ( Geom.) A proposition having for its object to 
 fird the condition that will render certain problems inde- 
 terminate or capable of innumerable solutions. 
 
 Piork, ?i. [Lat. porcus, swine, hog, pig.] The flesh of 
 swine, fresh or salted, used for food. 
 
 Pork'er, n. A hog. [terstices. 
 
 Po-r6s'i-t\', n. Quality or state of having pores or in- 
 
 Por'oiis (89), a. [See Pore.] FuU of pores; having 
 interstices in the skin or substance of the body. 
 
 Por'pliy-rit'i-e, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or con- 
 sisting of, porphyry. 
 
 P6r'pliy-ry, n. [Lsit. porphyrites, from Gr. Tropt^uptTrj?, 
 like purple, from jrop^vpa, purple.] (Min.) A rock con- 
 sisting of a compact base, u-sually feldspathic, through 
 which crystals of feldspar are disseminated. There are 
 red, purple, and green varieties. 
 
 Por'poise (por'pus), n. [0. Eng. porcpisce, porpesse, 
 Lat. porcus piscis, i. e., hog- 
 fish.] (Ichth.) A cetaceous 
 mammal about six feet in 
 length, of a bluish -black color 
 on the back, and white beneath. 
 It preys on fish, and seeks food .p 
 
 not only by swimming, but by I'orpoise. 
 
 rooting like a hog in the sand and mud. The flesh re- 
 sembles that of the hog. 
 
 Por'ridge, n. [Either corrupted from, pottage, or from 
 porrum,porrus, leek.] A kind of food made by boiling 
 vegetables in water, with or without meat ; — often made, 
 in America, by boiling meal or flour in water, or in mUk 
 and water, to the consistency of thin paste. 
 
 Por'rin-ger, n. [Yvom. porridge, (\.y.\ or corrupted fr. 
 Fr. potager, a soup-basin.] A small metallic vessel in 
 which porridge or other liquids are warmed. 
 
 Fort, n. 1. [Lat. portiis, A.-S. port.] A place where 
 ships may ride secure from storms. 3. [Lat. porta, A.- 
 S. port.] (a.) A passage-way; a gate; a door, (b.) 
 (Naut.) An opening in the side of a ship through which 
 cannon may be discharged ; also, the lid which closes 
 Buch an opening, (c.) (Meek.) A passage leading to a 
 8t«am-way. 3. [From Lat. /(or^are, to carry.] Manner 
 in which one bears himself. 4. [From Oporto, in Port- 
 ugal.] A dark -purple a.<5tringent ^vine, made in Portugal. 
 5. [Etymology uncertain.] (Naut.) The larboard or left 
 ■ideofaebip. 
 
 Syn. — Harbor ; haven ; air ; mien ; bearing ; carriage ; 
 demeanor ; behavior ; deportment. 
 
 Portcullis. 
 
 Port, V. t. [Lat. porf are, to carry.] 1. (Mil.) To hold, 
 as, a musket, in a slanting direction upward across the 
 body. ti. (Naut. ) To turn or put to the left or larboard 
 side of a ship ; — said of the helm. 
 
 Port'a-bil'i-ty , n. The state of being portable. 
 
 Port'a-ble, a. [Lat. portabilis, from portare, to carry.] 
 Capable of being borne or carried ; conveyed without 
 difiBculty. 
 
 Port'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being portable. 
 
 Port'age, n. [See Port, t-. f.] 1. The act of carrying. 
 2. The price of carriage. 3. A narrow tract of land 
 over which merchandise, &c., is carried between two 
 bodies of navigable water. 
 
 Por'tal, n- [From Lat. porta, a gate.] 1. A small door 
 or gate ; hence, sometimes, any passage-way. 2. (Arch.) 
 (a.) The arch over a door or gate, (b.) The frame- work 
 of the gate. 
 
 Port-ciil'lis, n. [Fr. parte 
 coulisse, from porte, a gate, and 
 coulis, coulisse, from colder, 
 to flow, to glide, from Lat. co- 
 lare, to filter, to strain.] (Fort.) 
 A frame-work o/ timbers, each 
 pointed with iron, hung over 
 the gateway of a fortified town, 
 to be let down to prevent the 
 entrance of an enemy. 
 
 Porte, n. [Fr., a gate, Lat. 
 porta.] The government of the 
 Turkish empire, officially called 
 the Sublime Porte, from the 
 gate (port) of the sultan's pal- 
 ace, where justice was admin- 
 istered. 
 
 JPorte-monnaie (port/mim- 
 na'), n. [Fr., from porter, to carry, and monnaie, money, 
 q. v.] A small pocket-book or wallet for carrying money. 
 
 Por-tend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. portended ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PORTENDING.] [Lat. portendere, porttntum, fr. 
 protendere, to stretch forth, hence, to indicate, foretell, 
 from pro, forward, forth, and tendere, to stretch.] To in- 
 dicate as in the future. 
 
 Syn. — To foreshow ; foretoken ; betoken ; forebode ; au- 
 gur ; presage ; threaten. 
 
 Por-tSnt', n. [^e supra.] That which portends or fore- 
 tokens ; especially, that which portends evil ; an omen 
 of ill. 
 
 Por-tent'oxis, a. [See supra.] Serving to portend ; 
 containing portents ; foreshadowing ill ; ominous. 
 
 Por-tent'ous-ly, adv. Ominously. 
 
 Por'ter, n. [Lat. portarixts, from porta, a gate, door.] A 
 man that has the charge of a door or gate; a door- 
 keeper. 
 
 Por'ter, n. [0. Eng. port, to carry, from Lat. portare.] 
 
 1. A person who carries or conveys burdens for hire. 
 
 2. A malt liquor, of a dark brown color : — said to be so 
 called as having been first used chiefly by the London 
 porters. 
 
 Por'ter-age, n. 1. Money paid for the carriage of bur- 
 dens by a porter. 2. The business of a porter. 
 
 Port-fol'io {-t5Fyo) or Port-f o'li-o, n. [Lat. portar*, 
 to bear, carr^', nudfolivm, ipl. folia.] 1. A portable case, 
 for loose papers. 2. Hence, a collection of prints, de- 
 signs, &c. 3. Ofiice and functions of a minister of 
 state or member of the cabinet. 
 
 Port'-liole , n. The embrasuj-e of a ship of war. 
 
 Por'ti-«o, n. ,• pi. por'ti-€OE§. [It. & Sp. portico. 
 See Porch.] (Arch.) A covered space, inclosed by col- 
 umns, at the entrance of a building. 
 
 Por'tion, n. [Lat. portio, allied to pars, partis, a part.] 
 1. A part of any thing separated from it. 2. A part, 
 though not actually divided, but con.«idered by itself. 
 
 3. A part assigned ; an allotment. 4. The part of an 
 estate given to a child or heir, or descending to him by 
 law. 5. A wife's fortune. 
 
 Syn. — Division ; share; parcel; quantity; dividend? 
 part. — Par< is generic, having a simple reference to some 
 whole. Portion has the additional idea of being detached 
 from a whole, usually with a view to its being allotted to some 
 object : as, aportion of one's time ; ^.portion of the day ; ap*r- 
 tion of Scripture. 
 
 Por'tion, v. t. [imp. k,p.p. portioned; p pr. Be vb. 
 
 n. PORTIONING.] 1, To separate into portions or shares; 
 
 to divide ; to parcel. 2. To furnish or supply vrtth ek 
 
 portion ; to endow. 
 Por'tion-er, n. One who divides or apportions. 
 Por'tion-less, a. Having no portion. 
 Port'Ii-ness, n. [From portly.] Dignity of mien, or of 
 
 a,e,&c.,^ons-/&,e,&c.,5A<7r;/ cskre, far, ask, all, what; gre,Teil,teria; piique,flriu; son, dr, dQ, W9li^ 
 
PORTLY 
 
 555 
 
 POST-CAPTAIN 
 
 personal appearance, depending on size and symmetry of 
 body, with dignified manners ; also, bulkiness ; corpu- 
 lence. 
 
 Porf ly, a. [From port.] 1. Having a dignified port or 
 mien. "i. Hence, bulky ; corpulent. 
 
 Port-nian'teau (-miin/to), n. ; pi. PORT-MXN'TEAUg 
 (-maa'toz). [Fr. porte-vianteau., fr. porter, to carry, and 
 manteau, a cloak, mantle, q. v.] A bag, usually of leath- 
 er, for carrying apparel, &c., on journeys. 
 
 Por 'trait, n. [Fr., from porim/re, to portray. See POR- 
 TRAY.] That which is portrayed ; the drawn or painted 
 Ukeness of a face or person ; hence, any exact likeness of 
 a living being. 
 
 Por'trait-iire (53), n. 1. A portrait. ^. Hence, that 
 which is copied from some example or model. 3. The 
 drawing of portraits. 
 
 Por-tray', v. t. [imp. & p.p. portrayed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n, PORTRAYING.] {Sv. portraire , ivova Lat. protra- 
 here, protractum, to draw forth, from pro, forward, forth, 
 and trahere, to draw.] 1. To paint or draw the Ukeness 
 of 3. Hence, to describe in words. 
 
 Por-tray'al, n. The act of portraying. 
 
 Por-tray'er, n. One who portrays, paints, or describes. 
 
 Port'i'eeve, n. [A.-S. portgerefa, from port, a harbor, 
 and gerefa, a reeve or sheriff.] The chief magistrate 
 of a port or maritime town. [Obs.] 
 
 Por'tress, n. A female porter. 
 
 Port'-ward'eii, n. The oflScer in charge of a port ; a 
 harbor-master. 
 
 Po§e, n. [See PosE,t). t.] An attitude formally as- 
 sumed for the sake of effect. 
 
 Po§e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. POSED; p.pr. & vb. n. pos- 
 ing.] [Fr. poser, to place, to put ; to put a question, to 
 state problems or questions, from Lat. pausare, to pause.] 
 1. To bring to a stand; to puzzle. 3. To question 
 with a view to puzzling ; to embarrass by questioning or 
 scrutiny. 
 
 Pog'er, n. 1. One who puzzles by asking difficult ques- 
 tions. 3. A question, statement, or the Uke, which 
 puzzles or silences. 
 
 Po-§i'tioii (-zlsh^un), n. [Lat. positio, from ponere, 
 positum, to put, place.] 1, The manner in which any 
 thing is placed. 3. The spot where a person or thing 
 is placed. 3. Hence, the place where one plants 
 himself; the ground which any one takes in an argu- 
 ment, &c. 4. A proposition to be defended or reasoned 
 out ; a thesis. 5. Relative place or standing in society ; 
 social rank. 6. ( Gram.) The state of a vowel placed be- 
 fore two consonants, or before a double consonant. 7. 
 (Arith.) A method of solving a problem by one or two 
 suppositions. 
 
 Syn. — Situation ; station ; place ; condition ; attitude ; pos- 
 ture ; proposition ; assertion ; thesis. 
 
 Po§'i-tive, a. [Lat. positivus. See supra.] 1, Having 
 a real position, existence, or energy; real; actual. 3. 
 Not dependent on changing circumstances or relations ; 
 absolute. 3. Definitely laid down ; explicitly stated. 4. 
 Not admitting of any doubt, condition, qualification or 
 discretion; indisputable; decisive. 5. Prescribed by 
 express enactment or institution. 6. Fully assured ; 
 confident ; sometimes, dogmatic or even overbearing. 7, 
 (Photog.) Coi-responding in lights and shades to those of 
 the original from which taken. 
 
 Pog'i-tive, n. 1. ReaUty. 3. That which settles by 
 absolute or arbitrary appointment. 3. ( Gram.) A word 
 that affirms or asserts existence. 4. {Photog.) A picture 
 corresponding in its lights and shades with the original, 
 instead of being reversed. 
 
 P6§'i-tive-ly, ac/r. 1. In a positive form or manner ; 
 absolutely. 3. Inherently. 3. Certainly ; reaUy. 
 
 P6§'i-tive-Jiess, n. 1, Reality of existence ; actual- 
 ness. 3. Undoubting assurance ; peremptoriness. 
 
 P6§'i-tiv-i§m, n. A system of philosophy which ex- 
 cludes evei-y thing but the natural phenomena or prop- 
 erties of knowable things, together with their invariable 
 relations of co-existence and succession, as occurring in 
 time and space. 
 
 Po-s61'o-gy, n. [Gr. ttoo-os, how much, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] (Med.) The science or doctrine of doses. 
 
 JPds'se -€6m'i-td'ttis. [Lat. posse, to be able, to have 
 power, and L. Lat. cotnitatus, a county, q. v.] (Law.) 
 The power of the county, or the citizens who may be 
 summoned to assist an officer in suppressing a riot, &c. 
 
 i^°" The word comitatu.<! is often omitted, and posse alone ig 
 used in tlie same sense. It is also colloquially used to denote a 
 number or crowd of people ; a rabble. 
 
 Pos-s6ss' (pos-ses' or poz-zgs'), t'- i- [imp. & p. p. pos- 
 sessed (108) ; p.pr. & vb. n. possessing.] [lAt. pos- 
 
 sidere, possessum., from po, an inseparable prep., denot 
 ing power or possession, or rendering emphatic the mean- 
 ing of a verb, and sedere, to sit.] 1. To occupy in per- 
 son ; to hold in one's own keeping. 3. To have the legal 
 title to ; to have a just right to. 3. To assume the con- 
 trol of; to be the master of. 4. To obtain possession of 
 
 5. To enter into and influence; — said of evil spirits, 
 passions, &c. 6. To acquaint ; to inform. 
 
 Syn.— To have ; hold ; occupy ; control ; own. — Have Im 
 the word naturally used. To possess denotes to have " a« a 
 possession." A man does not possess his wife and children ; 
 they are (so to speak) part of himself. For the same rear- 
 son, we have (not jjossess) the faculties of reason, under- 
 standing, will, &c., an elegant taste, a sound judgment, &c. : 
 they are exercises of the mmd, not possessions. We can, how- 
 ever, in certain connections, speak of a man as possessing an 
 elegant taste or a sound judgment ; but in such cases our atten- 
 tion is commonly turned to some use he is to make of theni, 
 and hence they are naturally regarded as distinct from himself, 
 and as part of his " possession. Some overlook the fact that 
 have is tlie leading term, and use possess when there is nothing 
 specific in the case to require its use. 
 
 Pos-s6s'sion (-sesh'un or -zesh^'un), n. 1. Act of pos- 
 sessing. 3. (Law.) Actual seizin or occupancy; own- 
 ership, whether rightful or wrongful. 3. That which 
 any one owns or controls. 4. State of being possessed, 
 as by an evil spirit. 5. (International Law.) A country 
 held by no other title than mere conquest. 
 
 Pos-sess'ive (pos-ses'siv or poz^zes'siv), a. [Lat. possts- 
 sivus.] Pertaining to possession ; having possession ; 
 expressing possession or some relation of one thing to 
 another. 
 
 Pos-sess'or (pos-ses'sur or poz-zes'sur), n. One who 
 possesses ; one who owns or controls. 
 Syn. — Owner ; proprietor ; master ; holder ; occupant. 
 
 Pos-sess'o-ry (pos-ses/- or poz/zes'-), a. Relating to a 
 possessor, or to that which is possessed ; having posses- 
 sion. 
 
 Pos'set, n. [W. posel, curdled milk, posset, from pos, 
 posiaw, to gather, to heap.] Milk curdled by some strong 
 infusion, as by wine, &c., formerly much used as a bev- 
 erage. 
 
 Pos'set, V. t. [imp. & p. p. posseted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 POSSETING.] To curdle ; to turn. 
 
 P6s'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Power of being or existing ; state 
 of being possible. 3. That which is possible. 
 
 P6s'si-ble, a. [Lat. possibilis, from posse, to be able ; to 
 have power.] 1. Liable to happen or come to pass ; ca- 
 pable of existing or of being done. 3. Barely able to be 
 or to come to pass, but highly improbable. 
 Syn. — Practicable ; likely. See Pkacticable. 
 
 P6s'si-bly, adv. 1. By any power, moral or physical, 
 really existing. 3. Without involving impossibility or 
 absurdity. 
 Syn. — Perhaps ; peradventure ; perchance. 
 
 Post, n. [Lat. postis, allied to ponere, positum, to place.] 
 1. A piece of timber or other solid substance, set upright, 
 especially as a support to something else ; a pillar. 3. The 
 place at which any thing is stayed or fixed ; a station ; 
 especially, a military station. 3. An office or position of 
 service, trust, or emolument. 4. A messenger who goes 
 from station to station ; one who regularly carries letters 
 from one place to another ; a letter-carrier ; an express : 
 a postman. 5. An established conveyance for letters ; 
 the mail ; hence the carriage by which the mail is trans- 
 ported. 6. A sort of writing paper. 
 
 To travel post, to travel, as a post does, by relays of horses, or 
 by keeping one carriage to which fresh horses axe attached at 
 each stopping-place. 
 
 Post, V. i. 1. To travel with post-horses. 3. Hence, 
 to travel with speed. 
 
 'Po»t, adv. 1. With post-horses. 3. With great rapidity. 
 
 Post, V. t. [imp. & p. p. POSTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. POST- 
 ING.] 1. To attach to a sign-post or other place ; to ad- 
 vertise. 3. Especially, to advertise opprobriously. 3. 
 To assign to a station ; to set ; to place. 4. To cause to 
 go by the post ; to put in the mail. 5. (Book-keeping.) 
 To carry, as an account, from the journal to the ledger. 
 
 6. To acquaint with what has occurred ; to inform. 
 [Colloq.] 
 
 Post'age,n. [From pos^, n., 5] The established price 
 for the conveyance of a letter or other mailable matter 
 by post. 
 
 Postage-stamp, an adhesive government stamp of variable 
 value, for affixing to articles sent by mail to pay the postal 
 charge. 
 Post'al, a. Belonging to the post-office or mail service. 
 Posfboy, n. A boy that rides as post ; a courier. 
 I Post'-eap'tain, n. A captain in the British navy ; — 
 
 fcTod, f<>bt ; tLtn, r^de, pull ; 9ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; sem, get ; ag ; ejist ; lisK^r, UQk ; ttti** 
 
POST-COACH 
 
 556 
 
 POTENTIAL 
 
 «o called unofficiMly in distinction froni a commander, to 
 whon\ the title of captain is often given by courtesy. 
 
 PiJst'-coacli, "• A carriage with four wheels, for the 
 ronve\ ance of travelers. 
 
 Post'-date, v.t. [irnp. & p. p. post-dated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. POST-DATING.] [Lat. post, after, and Eng. 
 (fntf, q. v.] To date after the real time. 
 
 Post'-dl-lvi'vi-an, «• Being or happening posterior to 
 the Hood in Noahs days. 
 
 Po.«*t'-di-lu'vi-aii, n. A person who hved after the 
 tlood. 
 
 Post'- fill' try, n. 1. A subsequent entry, at the cus- 
 tom-house, of goods which had been omitted by mistake. 
 ti. (Book-keeping.) An additional or sub.«equent entry. 
 
 Post'er, «. 1. One who po.sts ; also, a courier. 5i. A 
 large bill posted for advertising. 
 
 Pos-te'ri-or, a. [Lat. posterior, compar. of postnus, 
 coming after, from /?05?,aft€r.] 1. Later, or subsequent, 
 in time. ^i. Later in the order of proceeding or moving. 
 3. Behind in po.sition. 
 
 Pos-te'ri-6r'i-ty, n. The state of being later or subse- 
 quent, [body. 
 
 Pos-te'ri-or§, n./??. The hinder parts of an animal's 
 
 Pos-t6r'i-ty, n. [Lat. posteritas. See Posterior.] 
 The race that proceeds fiom a progenitor ; offspring to 
 the furthest generation. 
 
 Pos'tern, n. [0. Fr. posterne, from Lat. post, after, be- 
 hind.] Originally, a back door or gate; a private en- 
 trance ; hence, any small door or gate. 
 
 Posf-e^-ist'eii^e, n. Subsequent or future existence. 
 
 Post'fix, n. [Lat. post, after, and fixus, p. p. of Jigere. 
 See Fix.] ( Gram.) A letter, syllable, or word, added to 
 the end of another word ; a suffix. 
 
 Post-fix', V. t. [imp. & p. p. POSTFiXED (-fiksf, 108) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. postfixinCt.] ( Gram.) To add, as a let- 
 ter, syllable. Or word, to the end of another or principal 
 word. 
 
 Post'-haste', n. Haste or speed in traveling, like that 
 of a post or courier. 
 
 Post'-haste', adv. TVith speed or expedition. 
 
 Post'-lidrse, n. A horse stationed, or intended, for 
 the post. 
 
 Post'-liouse, n.; pi. POST'-Iioug/Eg. 1. A house for 
 the convenience of the post, where relays of horses can 
 be obtained, '-i. A post-office. 
 
 Post'hu-motis, a. [Lat. post/nimus, postumus, superl. 
 of posterus, posterior. See POSTERIOR.] 1. Born after 
 the death of the father, or taken fi-oni the dead body of 
 the mother, ti. Published after the death of the author. 
 3. Continuing after one's decease. 
 
 Post'liu-moiis-ly, adv. After one's decease. 
 
 Pos-ta'ion (pos-til'yun), n. [Fr. & Sp. postilion. It 
 postiglione. See POST, 5.] One who rides and guides 
 one of the horses in a coach or post-chaise. 
 
 Post'man. n. ; pi. POST'MEN. A post or courier ; a 
 letter-carrier. [a letter. 
 
 Post'mark, n. The mark, or stamp, ef a post-office on 
 
 Post'mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. postmarked (post'- 
 markt); p pr. 8c vb. n. POSTMARKING.] To mark with 
 a post-office stamp. 
 
 Post'mas-ter, n. 1. One who supplies post-horses. 3. 
 One who has charge of a post-office. 
 
 Postmaster-general, the chief officer of the post-office depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Post'me-rid'i-an, a. [Lat. postmeridianus, from post, 
 after, and wfr/c//a«Ms, belonging to midday.] Being or 
 belonging to the afternoon. 
 
 JPost'-mor'tetn, a. [Lat., after death.] After death. 
 Poft-rnorlem examination of a body (3Icd.), an examination 
 made after the death of the patient. 
 
 Post'-note, M. (Com.) (a.) A note issued by a bank, 
 payable at some future specified time. (6.) A bank-note, 
 made payable to order, and intended to be transmitted 
 to a distant place by post. 
 
 Post'-o'bit. n. [Lat. post, after, and obitus. death.] 
 (Law.) A bond, in which the obligor, in consideration 
 of having received a certain sum of money, binds him- 
 self to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the 
 death of some specified individual from whom he has ex- 
 pectations. 
 
 Poist'-6f' fife, n. A governmental office, where letters 
 are received and distributed. 
 
 PoKt-office order, an order for money made payable by one 
 poBtmaster on any desired po8tM)ffice. 
 
 Post'-paid, a. Having the postage paid. 
 Po.st-pone', V. t. [imp. kp. p. postponed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. postponing.] [Lat postponere, from post, after, 
 
 and ;'onfre, to place, put.] 1. To defer to a future or 
 later time, "i. To set below something else in value or 
 importance. 
 
 Syn.— To adjourn ; defer ; delay; procrastinate ; retard -, 
 hinder. See Adjoukn. 
 
 Post-poiie'ment, n. Act of postponing or deferring to 
 a future time; temporary delay of business. 
 
 Post-poii'er, ?t. One who postpones. 
 
 Post's-eript, «. [From Lat. post, after, and scriptum, 
 written, p. p. of scribere, to write.] A paragraph added 
 to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer ; 
 or any addition made to a book or composition after it 
 had been supposed to be fini.shcd. 
 
 Post'-to^wn (109), «. A town having a post-office. 
 
 P6st'u-lant, n. [From Lat. postulans, p. pr. of postu- 
 lare. See infra.] One who makes a request or demand ; 
 hence, a candidate. 
 
 Post'u-late, n. [See infra.] 1. A position or supposi- 
 tion a.ssumed without proof. 2. ( Geo7n.) The enuncia- 
 tion of a_ .self-evident problem. 
 
 Post'u-late, V. t. [imp. & p. p. postulated ; p. pr. 
 & vb.n. POSTULATING.] (Lat. postulare,postulatum, 
 to demand, from poscere, to ask for urgently.] 1. To 
 beg or assume without proof. 2. To take without posi- 
 tive consent. 
 
 Post'u-la'tion, n. The act of postulating ; gratuitous 
 assumption. 
 
 P6st'u-la-to-ry , a. Assuming or assumed without proof. 
 
 Post'ure (post'yijr, 53), n. [Lat. positvra, from ponere, 
 post tum, to place.] 1. (Fine Arts.) The situation of a 
 figure with regard to the e\ e, and of the several principal 
 members with regard to each other, by which action is 
 expressed. 2. State or condition, whether of external 
 circumstances, or of internal feeling and will. 
 Syn. — Attitude; position. See Attitude. 
 
 Post'ure-mas'ter, n. One who teaches or practices ar- 
 tificial postures of the body. 
 
 Po'gy, n. [Contr. from poesy, q. v.] 1. A poetical sen- 
 tence, or a sententious maxim ; a motto ; a legend or 
 inscription. 2. Ef-pecially, a motto or verse sent with a 
 bunch of flowers ; hence, a nosegay ; a bouquet ; hence, 
 also, a single flower. 
 
 Pot, n. [D. pot, Icel. pottr, potta. W. pot.] 1. A large me- 
 tallic or earthen vessel, appropriated to an3' of a great 
 variety of uses. 2. A mug. 3. The quantity contained 
 in a pot. 4. A sort of paper, in small-sized sheets. 
 
 Pot, V. t. [imp. & p. p. POTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. POT- 
 TING.] To place or inclose in pots ; as, (a.) To preserve 
 seasoned, (b.) To set out or cover in pots. 
 
 Po'ta-ble, a. [Lat. potabilis, from potare, to drink.] 
 Fit to be drunk ; drinkable. 
 
 Po'ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being drinkable. 
 
 P6t'S.sli, n. [From Eng. pot and ash, pi. ashes.] ( Chem.) 
 A powerful alkali, the protoxide of potassium ; potassa. 
 
 Po-ta,s'sa, n. (Chem..) Pure potash, or protoxide of 
 potassium. 
 
 Po-tas'si-um, n. (Chem.) A bluish-white, lustrous 
 metal, having a strong affinity for oxygen, with which it 
 forms potassa. It is lighter than water. 
 
 Po-ta'tion, n. [Lat. polatio, from potare, to drink.] 1, 
 A drinking or drinking-bout. 2. A draught. 
 
 Po-ta'to, n. ; pi. PO-TA'TdES. [Sp. patata. batata, 
 Peruv. papa, pagny.] (Bot.) A well-known plant, and 
 its tuber, largely used for food, and in various farina- 
 ceous preparations. 
 
 Stveet potato, a climbing plant, allied to the morning-glory. 
 Its farinaceous tubers have a sweetish tuste, and are used, when 
 cooked, for food. 
 
 Pot'-bSl'lied, a. Having a prominent belly. 
 
 Po-teen', n. [Cf. Ir. potaim, poitim, I drink, poitin, a 
 small pot.] Irish whisky. 
 
 Po'ten-f y, n. [See infra.] The state of being potent ; 
 power. 
 Syn. — Strength ; might; efficacy; energy. 
 
 Po'tent, a. [Lat. potens, p. pr. of posse, to be able, to 
 have power, from 7?oi(\.';, able, capable, and esse, to be.] 
 1. Physically strong. 2. Having great authority, con- 
 trol, or dominion. 3. Powerful; in a moral sense; 
 having great influence. 
 
 Syn. — Powerful; mighty; puissant: strong; able; efficient: 
 forcible; efficacious; cogent: influential. 
 
 Po'tent-ate, n. [Low. Lat. pnteniaius. See Potent.) 
 One who is potent ; a prince ; a sovereign ; an emperor, 
 king, or monarch. 
 
 Po-ten'tial, a. Existing in possibility, not in act. 
 
 Potential mode (Gram.), that form of the verb which is used 
 to express the power, possibility, liberty, or necessity of an ac- 
 tion or of being. 
 
 », e, &c.,lone; &, 5, &c., sfiort ; c4re, far, »«l£, all, what ; 6re, veil, tSrxn ; pXque, firm ; son, 6r, do, -wgU, 
 
POTENTIALITY 
 
 557 
 
 POWERFUL 
 
 Po-t6n'ti-ai'i-ty (-shi-51/T-ty, 95), n. The state of being 
 potential; possibility; not actuality. 
 
 Po-t6ii'tial-ly , aUv. In a potential or possible manner ; 
 in possibility ; not in act ; not po.<itively. 
 
 Po'tent-ly, adv. With great force or energy. 
 
 Po'tent-ness, n. Powerfulness ; strength ; might. 
 
 P6t'-hiJlng'er, n. A pot-hook. 
 
 P6tii'er, n. Li*erh. from 0. D. poerJer, or Fr. poudre, 
 dust; but cf. also' Ir buaidhreadh, vexation, trouble. 
 See Powder.] Bustle; confusion; tumult; flutter. 
 
 P6t'-lierb (-erb), n. Any herb used in cooking for food. 
 
 Pot'-liobit, n. 1. A hook on which pots and kettles 
 are hung over the fire. ii. A letter or character like a 
 pot-hook. 
 
 P6t'-house, n. ; pi. pot'-hous/es. An ale-house. 
 
 Po'tion, n. [Lat. potio^ from potarc, to drink.] A 
 drauglit ; a dose. [ner. 
 
 Pot'-lticlc, n. What may chance to be provided for din- 
 
 Fot'slierd, n. [Eng. pot, and sherd or shard, q. v.] A 
 piece or fragment of a broken pot. 
 
 Pot'tage, n. [Fr. potay;e, from pot. See POT.] Food 
 made of meat boiled to softness in water, usually with 
 some vegetables. [vessels. 
 
 PSt'ter, n. One whose occupation is to make earthen 
 
 Pot'ter, V. i. To occupy one's self in a trifling or ineffi- 
 cient manner ; — often pronounced putter in the United 
 States. 
 
 P6t'ter-y, n. 1. The vessels or ware made by potters ; 
 earthenware. 5i. The place where earthen vessels are 
 manufactured. 
 
 Pot'tle, n. [Dim. of pot, q. v. Cf. Eng. bottle.] 1. A 
 liquid measure of four pints. 2. A pot or tankard. 3< 
 A vessel or small basket for holding fruit. 
 
 P6t'-vS,l'iant(-vaFyant), a. Courageous over the cup ; 
 heated to valor by strong drink. 
 
 Poucli, ». [A.-S. poca, pohn, pocca. See POKE.] 1. 
 A small bag ; usually, a leathern bag. 3. That which is 
 shaped like or used as a pouch; as, (a.) A protuberant 
 belly, {b.) The bag or sack of a bird, as that of the pel- 
 ican; also, the crop of a bird, (c.) {Med.) A cyst or 
 sac containing watery fluid, (d.) A membranous sac 
 in which the young of marsupials are carried. 
 
 Pouch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. POUCHED (poucht) ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. POUCHING.] 1. To pocket; to save. 2. To 
 swallow ; — said of fowls. 
 
 Pou-flioiig' (poo-shong'), n. A kind of black tea. 
 
 Pcju-drette' (poo-dref), n. [Fr., dim. of poudre, dust, 
 powder, q. v.] A manure made from the contents of 
 privies, dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, &c. 
 
 Poult, n. [Contr. from Fr. poulct, dim. of poule, hen, 
 fowl, Lat. pulliis, young of any animal.] A young 
 chicken, partridge, &c. 
 
 Poult'er-er, n. One who deals or trades in poultry. 
 
 Poul'tiQe (20), n. [Lat. puis, puUis, a thick pap, Gr. 
 ttoAtos.] a soft composition of various materials, to be 
 applied to sores, boils, and the like ; a cataplasm. 
 
 Poul'ti^e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. poulticed (pjPtist) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. poulticing.] To cover with a poultice ; 
 to dress with a poultice. 
 
 Poult'ry (20), n. [From poult, q. v.] Domestic fowls 
 propagated and fed for the table, and for their eggs, 
 feathers, &c. 
 
 Povm^e, n. [Fr. ponce, pumice, pounce, from Lat. 
 pumex, pumicis.] 1. A fine powder to prevent ink from 
 spreading on paper. '2. A colored powdered substance 
 used by embroiderers in making designs on paper. 
 
 Pounce, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pounced (pounst) ; p. pr. 
 & cb. n. POUNCING.] To sprinkle or rub with pounce. 
 
 Pounce, n. [Norm. Fr. ponce, hand, fr. Lat. pugnus, a 
 fist.] The claw or talon of a l>ird of prey. 
 
 Pounce, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. pounced (pounst) ; p. pr. 
 So vb. n. POUNCING.] To pierce with a sharp instru- 
 ment : to perforate ; to punch. 
 
 Pounce, V. i. To fall suddenly and seize with the claws. 
 
 Poiui'^et-box, n. [Fr. poncette, from poncer, to pounce.] 
 A small box with perforations on the top, to hold per- 
 fume for smelling. 
 
 Pound, n. [A.-S., Goth., & Icel. /)?mcf , Lat. pondo, al- 
 lied to pondiis, a weight, from pendere, to weigh.] 1. A 
 certain specified weight ; specifically, 16 ounces avoirdu- 
 pois, or 12 ounces troy. 2. Twenty shillings sterling, 
 equal in value to about $4.84. 
 
 Pound, n. [A.-S. p^nd, a pound, fold, from pyndan, to 
 shut up, confine.] An inclosure in which cattle or other 
 beasts are confined when taken in trespassing, or going 
 at large in violation of law. 
 
 Pound, V. t. To confine in a pound ; to impound. 
 
 Pound, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 POUNDING.] [A.-S. pwman, to bruise.] 1. To beat or 
 strike with some heavy instrument, and with repeated 
 blows. 2. To pulverize by beating. 
 
 Pound'age, n. 1, A subsidy of 12 pence in the pound, 
 formerly granted to the crown on all goods exported or 
 imported, and if by aliens, more. [Eng.] 2. (Law.) 
 The sum allowed to a sheriif or other officer upon the 
 amount made by virtue of an execution ; — estimated ia 
 England, and formerly in the U. S., at so much on the 
 pound. 
 
 Pound'er, n. 1. One who pounds. 5i. An instrument 
 for pounding. 3. A person or thing denominated from 
 a certain number of pounds. 
 
 Pour, f. t. [imp. & /;. p. POURED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 POURING.] [Scot. pere. Cf. ^V. bwrw, to cast, throw, 
 shed.] 1. To cause to flow, as a liquid, in a stream, 
 either out of a vessel or into it. 2. To send forth in c 
 flowing or profuse manner ; to emit. 3. To give vent 
 to, as strong feeling ; to utter. 
 
 Pour, V. i. To issue forth in a stream, or continued suc- 
 cession of parts ; to move impetuously, like a swift-run- 
 ning stream ; to flow. 
 
 Pour'er, n. One that pours. 
 
 Pout, w. 1. (Ichth.) (a.) A sea-fish, of the cod kind, 
 about a foot in length. It has the power of inflating a 
 membrane which covers the eyes and neighboring parts 
 of the head, (b.) An American fish called also ra^sA, 
 horned-pout, or bullhead. 3. A species of bird. 3. A 
 fit of sullenness. 
 
 Pout, V. i. [imp. & p. p. POUTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. POUT- 
 ING.] [Fr. bouder, to pout, Armor, mouza, W. poten. 
 potten, what bulges out, a paunch, belly.] 1. To thrust 
 out the lips, as in sullenness or displeasure ; hence, to 
 look sullen. 2. To protrude. 
 
 Pout'ei',n. 1. One who pouts. 2. Specifically, &\a,riety 
 of the domestic pigeon, with an inflated breast. 
 
 P6v'er-ty, n. [Lat. paupertas, from pauper, poor, q. v.J 
 1, Want of convenient means of subsistence. 2. Any 
 deficiency of resources needed or desired ; especially, a 
 lack of sentiment or words. 
 
 . Syn. — Indigence; penury; beggary; necessity; neediness: 
 rieed ; lack ; want; scaptiness ; sparingness ; rneagerness ; je- 
 juneness ; pauperism.— i-'overi/y is a relative term ; what in 
 poverty to a gentleman, would be competence for a day -laborer. 
 Indigence implies extreme distress, and almost absolute des- 
 titution. Pauperism denotes entire dependence upon public 
 charity, and is, therefore, a hopeless and degraded state. 
 
 Pow'der, n. [0. Eng. poulder, Lat. pulvis, pulveris.] 
 
 1. A dry substance in mintite particles ; dust. 2. Es- 
 pecially, a composition of saltpeter, sulphur, and char- 
 coal, mixed and granulated ; gunpowder. 3. A per- 
 fumed dust, as pulverized starch, formerly used for 
 dressing the hair. 
 
 Po"w'der, v. t. [im.p. & p. p. powdered ; p. pr. & vb 
 n. POWDERING.] 1. To i-educe to fine particles ; to 
 pulverize. 2. To sprinkle with powder, or as with pow- 
 der. 
 
 Po"w'der, v. ?. To separate into minute particles. 
 
 Pow'der-toox, n. A box in which powder is kept. 
 
 Pow'der-flask, \n. A flask or horn in which gun- 
 
 Pow'der-lidrn, ) powder is carried by sportsmen. 
 
 Pow'der- mill, n. A mill in which gunpowder is made. 
 
 Pow'der-y, a. 1. Easily crumbling to pieces; friable. 
 
 2. Sprinkled with powder ; dusty. 3. Having a resem- 
 blance to powder. 
 
 Pow'er, n. [Fr. pouvoir, from Lat. posse, potesse, to 
 be able, to have power, from potis, able, capable, and 
 esse, to be.] 1. Ability to act, regarded as latent or in- 
 herent ; faculty of doing or performing something. 2. 
 Ability, regarded as put forth or exerted; strength, 
 force, or energy in action. 3. Capacity of undergoing or 
 suffering ; susceptibility. 4. The exercise of a faculty 
 or of any kind of control ; influence ; command. 5. i .n 
 individual, institution, or government, which exer- 
 cises control. 6. A military or naval force ; an army or 
 navy. 7. (Math.) The product arising from the multi- 
 plication of a number into itself. 8. (Blerh.) A me- 
 chanical agent ; that by means of which force is applied, 
 or mechanical advantage is gained. 9. (Optics.) The 
 degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instru- 
 ment, magnifies. 10. (Law.) An authority enabling a 
 person to dispose of an interest vested either in himself 
 or another person. 
 
 Syn.— Might; force; energy; sway; strength. 
 Pow'er-f 111, a. Full of power ; capable of producing 
 great effects of any kind. 
 
 Syn. — Mighty; strong; potent; efacacious; energetic; in- 
 
 food,f<>bt; tiirn,r^de,pull; fell, phaise, «aU, e«lio; g^enai, get ; a§; e^ist; liQser, liQl&; tiiis. 
 
POWERFULLY 
 
 558 
 
 PRAXIS 
 
 Poifr'er-ful-ly, <"/i'. With great force or energy; po- 
 tently ; unghtily ; with great effect ; forcibly. 
 
 Po'w'er-f ul iiess, n. The quality of having, or exerting, 
 great power ; force ; power ; might. 
 
 Pow'er-less, a. Destitute of power, force, or energy ; 
 weak ; impotent. [some mechanical power. 
 
 Pow'er-lobni, n. A loom worked by water, steam, or 
 
 Fo'w'er-prfiss, n A printing pre-ss worked by steam, 
 wat«r. or other power than the human arm. 
 
 Pow'^vo-w, ?i. 1. A priest, or conjurer, among the North 
 American Indians, ti. Conjuration for the cure of dis- 
 eases and other purposes, attended with great noise and 
 confusion. 3. Hence, a noisy assembly, or frolic. 
 
 P6x, n. [For pocks, 0. Eng. pokkes, from A.-S. pocc, poc. 
 See Pock.] (Med.) Any one of the four diseases called 
 small-pox, chicken-pox, the vaccine disease, and the ve- 
 nereal disease. 
 
 8S- In modern language, when used without a qualifying 
 word, itsiguifies the venereal disease, or syphilis. 
 
 P6x, V. t. [imp. & p. p. POXED (pokst); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 POXING.] To infect with the pox, or venereal disease. 
 
 PSz'zo-la'na 1 (pot'so- or pot'scJo-), n. Volcanic 
 
 PSz'zu-o-la'na ) ashes from Pozzuoli, in Italy, used 
 in the manufacture of a kind of mortar which hardens 
 under water. 
 
 Prac'ti-ea-lbn'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being prac- 
 ticable; feasibihty. 
 
 Prac'ti-ea-ble, a. [From Low Lat. practicare, to act, 
 transact, from Lat. practicus, active. See Practical.] 
 
 1. Capable of being practiced or performed ; capable of 
 being done ; possible to be accomplished. '2. Admitting 
 of use, or of being passed or traveled. 
 
 Syn.— Possible; feasible. — A thing maybe possible, i. e., 
 not forbidden by any law of nature, and yet may not now be 
 practicable for want of the means requisite to its performance. 
 Archimedes thought it possible to Uft the world, but this has 
 not been found as yet practicable. 
 
 PrS-e'ti-ea-bly, adv. In a practicable manner. 
 
 Pra.<!'ti-eal, a. [Lat. practicus, Gr. Trpa/cTi/cos, fit for 
 doing or performing, practical, active, from npaaa-eiv , to 
 do, work, effect.] 1. Pertaining to practice. 2. Capa- 
 ble of being turned to use or account. 3. Evincing 
 practice or skill ; ready to apply knowledge to some useful 
 end. 4. Derived from practice. 
 
 Practical joke, a. joke put in practice; a joke the fun of which 
 consists in ttomething that is done. 
 
 Pra<;'ti-eal-ly, adv. 1. In relation to practice. 2. By 
 means of practice or use ; by experiment. 3. In prac- 
 tice or use. 
 
 Pra,«'ti-eal-ness, n. Quality of being practical. 
 
 Pra-e'ti^e, n. [Gr. TrpoucriK^ , from npoKTiico?. See PP.,AC- 
 TICAL.] 1. Frequently repeated or customary actions. 
 
 2. Customary or constant use. 3. Actual performance, 
 in distinction from theory; action. 4. Exercise of a 
 profession, or the limits within which a profession is ex- 
 ercised or practiced. 5. Skillful or artful management ; 
 art ; stratagem ; artifice. 6. A rule in arithmetic, by 
 which the operations of the general rules are abridged in 
 use. 7. (Law.) The established or prescribed form, 
 manner, and order of conducting and carrying on suits 
 and prosecutions. 
 
 Syn. — Custom; usage; habit; manner. 
 
 Prac'tifte, V. t. [imp. & p. p. practiced (prSk'tist) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PRACTICING.] [Written also practise, 
 but the orthography of the verb ought to be the same as 
 that of the noun, as in notice, and to notice.'] 1. To do 
 or perform frequently, customarily, or habituaU}'. 2. To 
 carry on in practice, or repeated action ; to apply, as a 
 theory, to real life; to exercise, as a profession, trade, 
 art, &c. 3. To commit ; to perpetrate. 
 
 Prft«'ti^e, v. i. 1. To perform certain acts frequently 
 or customarily. 53. To learn by practice. 3. To try 
 artifices or stratagems. 4. To exercise an employment 
 or profe.ssion, especially that of medicine or of law. 
 
 Pra^'ti-^er, n. 1. One who practices. 5J. One who 
 exerci.ses a profession ; a practitioner. 
 
 Pra«-ti'tion-er (-tish/un-), n. One who is engaged in 
 the actual use or exercise of any art or profession, partic- 
 ularly in law or medicine. 
 
 Pnem/ti-nl're (prem'yij-nT're), n. [Corrupted from prx- 
 monere, to forewarn, cite.] (Eng. Law.) (a.) The offense 
 of introducing foreign authority into England, (b.) The 
 writ grounded on that offense, (c.) The penalty ascribed 
 for the offense oi prxmunire. 
 
 Prae nf>''nu'n, n. ; pi. PRJE N^M*I-na. [Lat., from 
 prx, before, and notnen, name.] ( Kom. Antiq.) The first 
 name of a person, by which individuals of the same fam 
 ily were distinguished, answering to our Christian name 
 
 Prae'tor, n. See PRE tor. 
 
 Prag-mat'ie, la. [Gr. n-pay/LiaTiKos, busy, active, 
 
 Prag-inat'i«-al, J systematic, from Trpay/ixa, a thing 
 done, business, from 7rpa<r<reiv, to do.] 1. Pertaining to 
 business ; hence, material, ti. Over-forward in acting; 
 officious ; meddUng ; meddlesome ; impertinent. 
 
 Prag-mat'i«, n. 1. One who is active or skilled in 
 business. iJ. A solemn ordinance or decree issued by the 
 head of a state. 
 
 Prag-mat'io-al-ly, adv. In a pragmatic manner. 
 
 Prag-mat'ic-al -nes^, n. Quality of being pragmatic. 
 
 Prai'rie (89), n. [Fr., from Lat. pratiim, a meadow.] An 
 extensive tract of land, level or rolling, destitute of treea, 
 and covered with coarse grass. 
 
 Prai'rie-dog, n. (Zool.) A small rodent animal, allied 
 to the marmot, found on the prairies west of the Missis- 
 sijppi. It has a sharp bark, like that of a small dog. 
 
 Praige, n. [Lat. ^reifwTW, price, value, reward.] 1. Com- 
 mendation for worth ; approval of merit. 2. The joyful 
 tribute of gratitude or homage rendered to the Divine 
 Being. 3. The object, ground, or reason of praise. 
 
 Syn. — Encomium 
 applause ; acclaim 
 
 honor ; eulogy i 
 eclat. 
 
 panegyric ; plaudit ; 
 
 Praige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. praised ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 PRAISING.] [Lat. pretiare, from pretium, price, value, 
 reward.] 1. To express approbation of. 3. To extol in 
 words or song ; to do honor to. 
 
 Syn. — To commend; applaud; laud; eulogize; celebrate; 
 glorify; magnify; extol.— To praise is, literally, to raise high; 
 to applaud is to greet, with clapping; to extol is to bear aloft. 
 W^e may praise in the exercise of calm judgment; we usu- 
 ally applaud from impulse and on account of some specific 
 act ; we extol under the influence of high admiration, and 
 usually in strong, if not extravagant, language. 
 
 Praig'er, n. One who praises, commends, or extols. 
 
 Praige'-wor-thy (-wQr-tby), a. Worthy of praise or ap- 
 plause ; commendable. 
 
 Prance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pranced (pranst) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PRANCING.] [AlUed to prank, v. t.] 1. To 
 spring or bound, as a horse. 2. To ride with bounding 
 movements. 3. To walk or strut about in a showy 
 manner. 
 
 Prank, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pranked (prSnkt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. pranking.] [Gev. prangen, pruiiken, to shine, 
 to make a show ; Icel. pranga,D. pron ken.] To adorn in 
 a showy manner ; to dress or adjust ostentatiously. 
 
 Pranlc, n. [See supra, and cf. W. pranc, a prank, pran- 
 ciaio, to frolic, to play pranks.] A gay or sportive ac- 
 tion ; a playfully mischievous act. 
 Syn. — Gambol; frolic; freak; sport. 
 
 Pranfisli, a. Full of pranks. 
 
 Prage, n. [From Gr. Trpcio-ios, of a leek-green, from Gr. 
 irpdcrov, a leek.] (Min.) A variety of quartz, of a leek- 
 green color. 
 
 Prate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. prated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PRATING.] [Ij. Gev. &, J). praten,lce\.prata.] To talk 
 much and without weight, or to little purpose ; to be 
 loquacious. [ing. 
 
 Prate, v. t. To utter foolishly ; to speak without mean- 
 Prate, n. Talk to httle purpose ; trifling talk. 
 
 Prat'er, n. One who prates ; one who talks idly. 
 
 Prat'iique (prSVeek), 71. [Fr. See Practice.] (Com.) 
 The communication between a ship and the port at which 
 she arrives ; hence, a license or permission to hold inter- 
 course and trade with the inhabitants of a place, after 
 having performed quarantine, or upon a certificate that 
 the ship did not come from an infected place. 
 
 Prat'tle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. prattled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. prattling.] [Diminutive of prate.] To talk much 
 and idly ; to prat« ; hence, to talk lightly and artlessly, 
 like a child. 
 
 Prat'tle, n. Trifling or childish tattle ; prate. 
 
 Prat'tler, n. An idle talker. 
 
 Prav'i-ty, n. [Lat. pravitas, from pravus, crooked, per- 
 verse.] Deterioration ; corruption ; depravity ; especiallyj 
 moral corruption ; moral perversion. 
 
 Prawn, n. (Zool.) A small 
 crustacean, allied to the 
 shrimp. It is highly prized 
 for food. 
 
 I*rdx'is,n. [Gr. Trpa^is, fr- 
 irpacra-ei.v, to do.] 1. Use ; 
 practice ; especially, exercise 
 or di.scipline for a specific 
 purpose or object. 2. An 
 example or form to teach 
 practice. 
 
 name of a person, by which individuals of the same fam- example or form to teach Prawn. 
 
 Sly were distinguished, answering to our Christian name. practice. 
 
 e,&c.flone; a,6,&c.,«Aoi*/ c&re, far, ask, aU, what ; dre,veU, term; pique, firm; s6ii,dr, dQ, W9U 
 
PRAY 
 
 559 
 
 PRECIPITATE 
 
 Fray, v. i. [imp. & p. p. prayed ; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 PRAYING.] [Lat. precari, from prex, precis, a prayer, 
 request.] 1, To ask with earnestness or zeal, as for a 
 fevor, or for something desirable, ti. Especially, to ad- 
 dress the Supreme Being with adoration, confession, sup- 
 plication, and thanksgiving. 
 
 Syn. — To entreat; supplicate; beg; implore; beseech; pe- 
 tition. 
 
 Pray, V. t. 1. To address earnest i-equest to ; to suppli- 
 cate ; to entreat. 2. To ask earnestly for ; to request ; 
 to beseech ; to petition. 
 
 Pray'er (prii'er, i),n. One who prays ; a supplicant. 
 
 Prayer (prar), n. [From Lat. precari us, obtained by 
 prayer, from precari, to pray.] 1. Act of praying or of 
 asking a favor ; hence, an earnest memorial. 3. Especi- 
 ally, the act of addressing supplication to God. 3. The 
 form of words used in praying ; an expressed petition 
 
 Sjm. — Petition ; orison ; supplication ; entreaty ; suit ; 
 request. ^ 
 
 Pr^yer'-brfblc ( prar'b(5bk), n. A book containing 
 prayers or the forms of devotion, public or private. 
 
 Pr&yer'fiil (prar/-), a. Given to prayer ; devotional. 
 
 Pr^j'er'f ul-ly (prar'-), adv. In a prayerful manner. 
 
 Pr^yer'less (prar'-), a. Not using prayer ; habitually 
 neglecting the duty of prayer to God. 
 
 Preacli, v. i. [imp. & p. p. preached (108) ; p. pr. Sc 
 vb. n. PREACHING.] [From Lat. prxdicare, to cry in 
 pubUc, to proclaim, from prse, before, and dicare, to make 
 known, dice re, to say.] 1. To pronounce a public dis- 
 course on a religious subject ; to deliver a sermon. 3. 
 To give earnest advice on moral or religious grounds. 
 
 Preach, v t. 1. To proclaim or publish in a sermon or 
 religious discourse. 3. To inculcate in public discourse. 
 3. To deliver or pronounce. 
 
 Preach'er, n. 1. One who preaches. 3. One who in- 
 culcates any thing with earnestness. 
 
 Preach'ing, n. The act of one who preaches ; a public 
 rehgious discourse. 
 
 Preacli'ment, n. A discourse or sermon; — used de- 
 preciatingly or in contempt. [Adam. 
 
 Pre-S,d'am-ite, n. An inhabitant of the earth before 
 
 Pre'ad-mon'isli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. preadmon- 
 
 ISHED (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. pre ADMONISHING.] To 
 admonish previously. 
 Pre-3,d.'ino-ni'tion (-mo-nish'un), n. Previous warn- 
 ing or admonition. 
 Pre'am-ble, n. [L. 1,3,1. prxambulum, from Lat. prseam- 
 bulus, walking before.] An introductory portion ; an 
 introduction or preface ; specifically, the introductory 
 part of a statute. 
 Prgb'end, n. [L. Lat. prsebenda. from Lat. prsebere, to 
 hold forth, afford, allow, contr. froia preehibere, from pr3S, 
 before, and habere, to have, hold.] The maintenance 
 granted to a prebendary out of the estate of a cathedral 
 or collegiate church with which he is connected. 
 Pre-b6nd'al, a. Pertaining to a prebend. 
 Preb'end-a-ry, n. A clergyman attached to a collegi- 
 ate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend in consid- 
 eration of his officiating at stated times in the church. 
 Pre '-e ant, n. [l&t. precans,precantis, p. T^r. of precari, 
 
 to pray.] One who prays. 
 Pre-ea'ri-oiis, a. [L&t. precarius, from. precari, to pray, 
 beg, from prex, precis, a prayer.] 1. Depending on the 
 will or pleasure of another ; held by courtesy. 3. Held 
 by a doubtful tenure ; exposed to constant risk. 
 
 Syn. — Uncertain ; unsettled ; unsteady : doubtful ; dubi- 
 ous; equivocal. — /'recaWoiiS is stronger than uncertain. De- 
 rived originally from the Latin precari it first signified " grant- 
 ed to entreaty," and, hence, " wholly dependent on the will of 
 another." Thus it came to express the highest species of un- 
 certainty, and is applied to such things as depend wholly on 
 future casualties. 
 
 Pre-ea'ri-ous-ly , adv. At the vnll or pleasure of others. 
 
 Pre-<;a'ri-ous-nes.s, «. The quality or state of being 
 precarious ; uncertainty. 
 
 PrSc'a-tive, ) a. [Lat. precativus &ndprecatorius, from 
 
 Pr6«'a-to-ry, j precari, to pray.] Suppliant ; beseech- 
 ing. 
 
 Pre-eau'tion, n. [Lat. prsecautio, from prxcavere, prx- 
 cautii'm, to guard against beforehand, from j^r^E, before, 
 and cavere, to be on one's guard.] 1. Previous caution 
 or care. 3. A measure taken beforehand toward off evil 
 or secure good or success. 
 
 Pre-eau'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. precautioned; 
 p. pr". & vb. n. PRECAUTIONING.] To warn or advise 
 beforehand for preventing mischief or securing good. 
 
 Pre-eau'tion-al, a. Preventive of mischief; precau- 
 tionary. 
 
 Pre-et^u'tlon-a-ry , a. Proceeding from , or containing, 
 previous caution. 
 
 Pre-eau'tioils, a. Taking preventive meaaureo. 
 
 Pre-fede', v. t. [imp. & p. p. preceded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. PRECEDING.] [Lat. przcedere, from />r«, before, and 
 cedere, to go, to be in motion.] 1. To go before in place 
 or order of time. 3. To go before in rank or importance. 
 
 Pre-fed'en^e, \n. 1. Act or state of being precedent; 
 
 Pre-ced'en-^y, ] priority in. position, rank, or time. 
 3. State of going or being before in rank or dignity or 
 the place of honor. 
 
 Syn.— Antecedence ; priority; pre-eminence ; preference ; 
 superiority. 
 
 Pre-ped'ent, a. [Lat. prsecedens, p. pr. of prxcedere. 
 See Precede.] Going before; anterior; preceding; 
 antecedent. 
 
 Pr6^'e-dent, n. 1. Something done or said that may 
 serve as an example to authorize a subsequent act of the 
 like kind. 3. A preceding circumstance or condition ; 
 hence, a prognostic. 
 
 Syn. — Example ; antecedent. — An example is a similar 
 case which may serve as a rule or guide, but has no authority 
 out of it.self. '\ precedent is something which comes down to 
 us from the past with the sanction of usage and of common 
 consent. We quote examples in literature^ and precedents ia 
 law. 
 
 Pre9'e-dent-ed, o. Having a precedent. 
 
 Pre-fed'ent-ly, adv. Beforehand ; antecedently. 
 
 Pre-^en'tor, n. [Lat., from prxcinere, to sing before, 
 from prae, before, and canere, to sing, cantor, a singer.] 
 The leader of the choir in a cathedral. 
 
 Pre'^ept, n. [Lat. prxceptum, from praecipere, to take 
 beforehand, to instruct, from prse, before, and caper e, to 
 take.] 1. Any commandment or order intended as an 
 authoritative rule of action ; especially, a command re- 
 specting moral conduct. 3. (Laio.) A species of writ or 
 process. 
 
 S3nQ. — Commandment; injunction; mandate; order; law; 
 rule; direction; instruction; doctrine; principle; maxim. 
 
 Pre-cep'tive, a. 1. Giving precepts or commands for 
 the regulation of moral conduct. 3. Directing in moral 
 conduct ; didactic. [of a school. 
 
 Pre-^gp'tor, n. A teacher; an instructor; the head 
 
 Pre'^ep-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a preceptor. 
 
 Pre-p6p'to-ry, a. Giving precepts ; preceptive. 
 
 Pre-c6p'to-ry, n. [Low Lat. prxceptoria, an estate as- 
 signed to a preceptor, fr. Lat. prxceptor, a commander, 
 ruler, teacher. See Preceptor.] A religious house 
 of the Knights Templars, subordinate to the temple or 
 principal house of the order at London. 
 
 Pre-^ep'tress, n. A female teacher. 
 
 Pre-^es'sion (-sgsh'un), n. [From laX.prxcedere ,prse,ces- 
 sum, to go before.] The act of going before, or forward. 
 Precession of the equinoxes (Astron.\ the slow, backward 
 motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic. 
 
 Pre-^es'sion-al, a. Belonging to precession. 
 
 Pre'^inet, n. [Lat. prsecinctus, from prxcingere , to gird 
 about, to encompass, from prie, before, and cingere, to 
 gird, surround.] 1. The limit, or exterior line encom- 
 passing a place ; boundary ; confine. 3. A minor terri- 
 torial or jurisdictional division ; especially, a parish or 
 prescribed territory attached to a church, and taxed for 
 its support. 
 
 Pre'cious (prgsh'us), a. [Lat. pretiosus, from pretium, 
 price, worth, value.] 1. Of great price ; costly. 3. Of 
 great value or worth ; very valuable ; highly esteemed. 
 3. Worthless ; contemptible. 
 
 Pre'cious-ly (presh'us-), adv. 1, Valuably ; to a great 
 price. 3. Contemptibly. 
 
 Pr6'ciou.s-ness (prgsh'us-), n. Valuableness ; great 
 value ; high price. 
 
 Pre^'i-pipe, n. [L&t. prsecipitium, tcom. prxceps, head- 
 long, from prx, before, and caput, capitis, the head.] A 
 very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging place ; an 
 abrupt declivity. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-ta-ble, a. Capable of being precipitated or 
 cast to the bottom, as a substance in solution. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-tan^e, ) n. Quality of being precipitant or 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-tan-^y, J precipitate ; headlong hurry ; pre- 
 cipitation. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-tant, a. 1. Falling or rushing headlong. 2. 
 Urged with violent haste; hasty. 3. Unexpectedly 
 brought on or hastened. 
 
 Pre-fxp'i-tant, n. (Chem.) A liquor which, when 
 poured on a solution, separates what is dissolved, and 
 makes it fall to the bottom. 
 
 Pre-yip'i-tant-ly, adv. With great haste. 
 
 Pre-?ip'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. precipitatbd ; 
 
 iood,f<ibt ; fiirn, r||de, pull ; ^ell, fliaiae, «all, e«lio ; s^va., get ; a§ ; e^^iiN; ; liQser, linM ; tiUs. 
 
PRECIPITATE 
 
 5b0 
 
 PREDICT 
 
 p. pr. & rb. n. PRECIPITATING.] [Lat. prmcipitare^ 
 prxcipilatinn , from pra-crpt:, headlong.] 1, To throw 
 headlong ; to cast down from a steep height. 2. To urge 
 or press with eagerness or violence ; to hasten. 3. To 
 thnnv down or to the bottom of a vessel. 
 
 Pre-fip'i-tate, r. /. 1. To fall headlong. 3. To hasten 
 without pix'panition. 3. To tall to the bottom of a ves- 
 sel, as .sediment. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-tate, n. [Lat. prcTripitatus, p. p. of prsecipi- 
 tare.] 1. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with steep de- 
 scent. 'Z. liashlj hasty. 3. Lacking due deliberation : 
 hurried : hasty ; rapid. 4. Terminating speedily in 
 death ; violent. 
 Syn. — Steep ; headlong ; rash ; lieadstrong ; violent. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-tate, n. ( Cliem.) A substance which, having 
 been dissolved, is again separated from its solvent, and 
 thrown to the bottom of the vessel, by pouring another 
 liquor upon it. 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tate-ly, adv. In a precipitate manner ; head- 
 long ; hastily. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of precipitating, or state 
 of being precipitated. 2. A falling, flowing, or rushing 
 down with violence and rapidity. 3. Hence, great hurry ; 
 rash, tumultuous haste. 4. Act of throwing to the bot- 
 tom of a vessel any substance held in solution. 
 
 Pre-^;ip'i-ta'tor, n. One who precipitates, or urges on 
 with vehemence or rashne.=!S. 
 
 Pre-?ip'i-touis, a. [Lnt. prs;ceps,prwcipitis. See PREC- 
 IPICE.] 1. Very steep, ti. Headlong: directly or 
 rapidly descending. 3 . Hasty ; rash ; quick ; sudden ; 
 precipitate. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-tous-ly, adv. With steep descent. 
 
 Pre-^ip'i-tous-ness, n. 1. Steepness of descent. 2. 
 Rash haste. 
 
 Pre-fise', a. [Lat. prsecisus, cut off, brief, concise, p. p. 
 of prascidere, to cut off in front, to cut off, from prx. 
 before, and riedere, to cut.] 1. Not loose, vague, un- 
 certain, or equivocal, either in thought or expression. 
 2. Excessively nice ; punctilious in conduct or cere- 
 mony. 
 
 Syn. — Accurate ; exact ; definite ; correct ; nice ; scrupti- 
 louu; punctilious; particular; formal; finical. See Accurate. 
 
 Pre-^Ise'ly (110), adv. 1. In a precise manner ; nicely ; 
 accurately. 2. With excess of formality. 
 
 Pre-fise'iiess, n. 1 . Quality of being precise ; rigid 
 nicety. 2. Excessive regard to forms or rules. 
 
 Syn. — Precision; exactness; nicety; accuracy. See Pre- 
 cision. 
 
 Pre-fis'ian (-.sTzh/an), n. A person rigidly or ceremo- 
 niously exact in the observance of rules ; a formalist. 
 
 Pre-^ig'ion (-sTzh/un), ?i. [Lat. prsecisio. See supra.] 
 The quality of being precise ; exact limitation ; exact- 
 ness ; accuracy. 
 
 Syn. — Preciseness. — Precision is always used in a good 
 sense; ;yrecfsewe.ss is frequently taken in a had one, especially 
 when applied to persons or tlieir conduct, denoting an exces's 
 of nicety, formal manners, &c. Precise \:i also sometimes ap- 
 plied toindividuals in the sense ofover-strict or scrupulous in 
 trifles. 
 
 Pre-elude', v. t. [imp. & ;«•. p. precluded ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. precluding.] [Lat. pra-f/Kr/err, fr. /??■», be- 
 fore, and daudere^ dudere, to shut.] To shut out by 
 anticipative action ; to shut off : to hinder. 
 
 Pre-«lu'§ion, n. Act of precluding, or state of being 
 precluded ; a shutting out. 
 
 Pre-<;IvI'sTve, a. 1. Shutting out. 2. Precluding, or 
 tending to preclude. 
 
 Pre-elu'siive-ly, adv. In a preclusive manner. 
 
 Pre-eo'cioiis, a. [Lat. prxcox, prseroris, and prmcoquus, 
 from prairo'iuere, to cook or ripen beforehand, from pm, 
 l^fore, and royuere, to cook.] 1. Ripe before the proper 
 or natural time. 2. Having the faculties develo])ed more 
 than is natural or usual at a given age ; too forward ; 
 premature. 
 
 Pre-eo'cioiis-ly, a/Jv. In a precocious manner. 
 
 Pre-co'cious-ness, I n. Quality or state of being pre- 
 
 Pre-eop'i-ty, | cocious ; premature development. 
 
 Pre-e6g'i-tate, r. t. [Lat. p/rsecogitare, pmconitatum, 
 from prsR, before, and co^'t/are, to think.] To consider 
 or contrive beforehand. 
 
 Pre'cog-ni'tion (-nTsh'un), n. [Lat. pner.ognitio, from 
 prxcognnsrrre ^ to foreknow, fr. prx, before, and cognos- 
 r.fre, to know.] Previous cognition ; antecedent knowl- 
 edge or examination. 
 
 Pre'con-^eit', n. A previous conceit or conception ; an 
 opinion or notion previously formed. 
 
 Pre'€on-^.eive', f. t. [imp. & p. p. preconceived ; 
 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. PRECONCEIVING.] To conceive pre- 
 viously ; to form a previous notion or idea of. 
 
 Pre'con-^gp'tion, ji. The act of preconceiving; con- 
 ception or opinion previously fonned. 
 
 Pre'«on-fert'(14), r. /. [imp. & ^.;>. preconcerted; 
 p.pr. & rb. 71. PRECONCERTING.] To concert before- 
 hand : to settle by previous agreement. 
 
 Pre-e6ii'9ert, n. A previous agreement. 
 
 Pre-eoii'tract, n. A contract previous to another. 
 
 Pre-eur'sive n. Preceding and leading to, or intro- 
 ductory ; forerunning; precursory. 
 
 Pre-«ur'.sor, v. [Lat. prircursor, from prsecvrrere. , prx- 
 cxirsum, to run before, from prpp. before, and currere, to 
 run.] One who. or that which, precedes an event, and 
 indicates its approach. 
 
 Syn. — Forerunner ; harbinger ; messenger ; predecessori 
 omen : sign. 
 
 Pre-cur'so-ry, a. Forerunning ; indicating something 
 
 to folia w. 
 Pre-da^ceous, a. [Lat. pra^/a, prey.] Living by prey ; 
 
 predatory. 
 Pred'a-to-ry, a. [Lat. ;w«</aZor/i/.«, from prajrfa, prey.] 
 
 1. Characterized by plundering ; practicing rapine. 2. 
 Hungry ; ravenous. 
 
 Pred'e-^es'sor, n. [Lat. prxdecessor ., from pr^, before, 
 and dec(Ssor, a predecessor.] One who precedes; one 
 whom another follows or comes after. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-iia'ri-aii, 71. One who believes v. the doc- 
 trine of predestination. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-na'ri-aii, a. Pertaining to predestination. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-nate, a. Predestinated ; fore-ordained ; fated. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-natci". t. [imp. & p. p. predestinated : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PREDESTINATING.] [Lat. pra'def.tinare, 
 prxdestinatvm, from pr^, before, and destinare, to deter- 
 mine.] To appoint or ordain beforehand by an unchange- 
 able purpose. 
 
 S5T1. — To pi-edctermine ; foreordain ; preordain ; decree ; 
 predestine ; foredoom. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of predestinating, or of 
 fore-ordaining events. '2. (Tkecl.) The purpose of God 
 from eternit.v^respecting all events. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-iia^tor, n. 1. One who predestinates, or 
 foreordains. 2. A predestinarian. 
 
 Pre-des'tine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. predestined; p. 
 pr. Si, vb. n. PREDESTINING.] To decree beforehand; 
 to foreordain. 
 
 Pre'do-ter'nni-nate, a. Determined beforehand. 
 
 Pre'de-ter'nii-na'tion, n. Act of previous determina- 
 tion ; purpose formed beforehand. 
 
 Pre'de-ter'nime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. predeter- 
 mined; p. pr. & vb. n. predeterjkning.] 1. To 
 determine beforehand. 2. To doom by previous decree. 
 
 Pre'di-al, a. [Lat. prsedium, a farm, estate.] 1. Con- 
 sisting of, or attached to, land or farms. 2. Growii^ 
 or issuing from land. 
 
 Pred'i-ea-lbTl'i-ty, n. Quality of being predicable. 
 
 Pred'i-<;a-ble, a. [See Predicate.] Capable of being 
 aflGirmed of something. 
 
 Pred'i-ea-ble, n. 1. A general attribute or notion aa 
 affirmable of many individuals ; a general abstract notion. 
 
 2. (Logic.) One of the five mo^t general relations of at- 
 tributes involved in logical arrangements : namely, genus, 
 species, difference, property, and accident. 
 
 Pre-dic'a-nient, 7^. [See Predicate.] Class or kind 
 descrioed by any definite marks : hence, condition ; es- 
 pecially, an unfortunate or tr;, ing po.^ition or condition. 
 Syn.— Category; condition; state; plight. See Categobt. 
 
 Pred'i-cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. predicated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. predicating.] [hat. prrdicarfi^prxdicatum^ 
 to cry in public, to proclaim. See PREACH.] To assert 
 to belong to something. 
 
 i3^"Some able men among our lawyers and statesmen use 
 predicate for found ox base; as^, to predicate an argument on 
 certain princ pies ; to predicate a statement on information 
 received. This is wholly opposed to go.xl usage. Predicate 
 is a term in logic, and used f)nly iu a single case, namely, when 
 we affirm one thing o/another. 
 Syn. — To affirm ; declare ; assert. 
 
 Pred'i-eate (45), «. {Logic.) The thing or quality af- 
 firmed of the subject ; in granmiar, the word or words in 
 a proposition expressing that which is affirmed of the 
 subject. 
 
 Pred'i-ea'tion, n. Act of predicating, or of affirming 
 one thing of another ; assertion. 
 
 Prgd'i-ca-to-ry, a. Affirmative : positive. 
 
 Pre-dict', r. t. [imp. & p. p. predicted; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PREDICTING.] [Lat. prafidirere, pnrdictum, from 
 prse, before, and dicere, to say, tell.] To tell beforehand 
 
 [,e, Sec, long; &,&, See., .short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, teroi; pique, firm; s6n,dr,dQ, vir^^ 
 
PREDICTION 
 
 561 
 
 PREJUDICIAL 
 
 gyn. — To foretell; prophesy; prognosticate; presage; fore- 
 bode; foreshow ; bode. 
 
 Pre-di-e'tion, n. Act of foretelling ; that which ia fore- 
 tqld ; a previous declaration of a future event. 
 
 Syn. — Prophecy ; prognostication ; foreboding ; augury ; 
 divination ; soothsaying ; vaticination. 
 
 Pre-di«t'ive, a. Foretelling ; prophetic. 
 
 Pre-di<;t'or, n. A foreteller ; one who prophesies. 
 
 Pre'di-16«'tion, n. [Lat. prx, before, and diligere, 
 dilecti/m, to love.] A prepossession of mind in favor of 
 something; partiality. [ing- 
 
 Pre'dis-po'iient, a. Disposing beforehand ; predispos- 
 
 Pre'dis-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. predisposed ; /;. 
 pr. & vb. n. PREDISPOSING.] 1. To incline before- 
 hand, ii. To fit or adapt previously. 
 
 Pre'dis-po-gi'tion (-zTsh'un), n. 1. Act of predis- 
 posing, or state of being predisposed ; previous inclina- 
 tion or propensity. 3. Previous fitness or adaptation to 
 any change, impression, or purpose. 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nan^e, ) n. Condition or quality of being 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nan-^y, j predominant ; prevalence ; su- 
 periority ; ascendency. 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nant, a. Prevalent over others; superior 
 in strength, influence, or authority. 
 
 Syn. — Prevalent; superior; prevailing; ascendent; ruling; 
 reigning ; controlling ; overruling. 
 
 Pre-d^m'i-naiit-ly, adv. With superior strength or 
 
 influe.ice. 
 Pre-dom'i-nate, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. predominated ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PREDOMINATING.] [Lat. pr«, before, 
 and domi7iari, dominatua, to rule.] To surpass in 
 strength, influence, or authority; to have controlling 
 influence ; to_prevail ; to rule. [dominance. 
 
 Pre-dom'i-na'tion, n. Act of predominating ; pre- 
 
 Pre-^m'i-nen^e, n. State or quality of being pre- 
 eminent ; distinction above others in quality, position, 
 or the like. 
 
 Pre-gm'i-iient, a. 1. Eminent above others ; superior 
 in excellence. ''2, Surpassing others in evil or bad 
 qualities. 
 
 Pre-6m'i-nent-ly, adv. In a pre-eminent degree. 
 
 Pre-6mp^tion (8i), n. The act or right of purchasing 
 before others ; as the right of a settler on the lands of 
 the United States to purchase in preference to others, 
 when the land is sold. 
 
 Preen, n. [A.-S. preon, a clasp, bodkin, Icel. prion, a 
 knitting-needle, pin.] A forked instrument used by 
 clothiers in dressing cloth. 
 
 Preen, v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. preened ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PREENING.] To dress with, or as with, a preen ; to 
 keep in order, as the feathers ; — said of birds. 
 
 Pre'-en-gage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. pre-engage d ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PRE-ENGAGING.] To engage by previous 
 contract or influence. 
 
 Pre'-en-gage'inent, 7t. Prior engagement, as by stip- 
 ulation or promise. [hand. 
 
 Pre'-es-taib'lisli, v. t. To establish or settle before- 
 
 Pre'-es-tab'lisli-ment, n. Settlement beforehand. 
 
 Pre'-e^c-ist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. pre-existed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PRE-EXISTING.] To exist beforehand, or be- 
 fore something else. 
 
 Pre'-e^c-ist'en^e, n. 1. Existence previous to some- 
 thing else, ti. Existence of the soul before its union 
 with the body, or before the body is formed. 
 
 Pre'-ej-ist'ent, a. Existing beforehand ; preceding in 
 existence. 
 
 Prgf'a^e, rt. [Lat. prmfatio, from prxfari, to speaker 
 say beforehand, from prx, before, and fori, fatus, to 
 speak.] Something spoken as introductory to a dis- 
 course, or written as introductory to a book or essay. 
 Syn. — Introduction; preamble; proem; prelude; prologue. 
 
 Preface, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prefaced (prefest); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PREFACING.] To introduce by preliminary, 
 
 Prgf a-^er, n. The writer of a preface. [remarks. 
 
 Prgf a-to-ry (50), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
 a preface ; introductox-y to a book, essay, or discourse. 
 
 Pre'feet, n. [Lat. prsefecUis, from prssficere, prxfe.ctus, 
 to set over, from prse, before, and facere, to make.] 1. 
 A Roman officer who was over, or who superintended, a 
 particular command, charge, or department. 3. A su- 
 perintendent of a department or division of the kingdom, 
 who has the direction of its police establishment, &c. 
 [France. \ 
 
 Pre'feet-ship, 1 n. 1. The office of a chief magistrate, 
 
 Pre'fe<;t-ure, ) commander, or viceroy. 3. The ju- 
 risdiction of a prefect. 
 
 Pre-fer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. preferred \p.pr U vb. 
 
 n. PREFERRING.] [Lat. pras/erre, from prse, before, and 
 ferre, to bear or carry.] 1. To set forth ; to offer ; to 
 present ; to address. 3. To advance, as to an office or 
 dignity ; to raise ; to exalt. 3. To set above something 
 else in estimation, choice, or liking; to incline more to- 
 ward ; to choose. 
 
 Preferi-ed stock, stock which takes a dividend before other 
 capital stock. 
 Syn.— To choose; elect; select. See Choose. 
 
 Pr6f' er-a-ble, a. Worthy to be preferred before some- 
 thing else ; more desirable. [preferable. 
 
 Pref 'er-a-ble-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
 
 Pr6f' er-a-bly, ac/r. In preference ; by choice. 
 
 PrCf er-en^e, n. 1. Act of preferring one thing before 
 another ; predilection ; choice. 3. State of being pre- 
 ferred. 3. That which is preferred ; choice. 
 
 Pr6f'er-€n'tial, a. Giving, indicating, or having, a 
 preference. 
 
 Pre-f er'ment, n. Act of preferring, or advancing in 
 dignity or office, or the state of being advanced ; promo- 
 
 Pre-f er'rei', n. One who prefers. [tion ; exaltatio: . . 
 
 Pre-f ig'u-ra'tion, n. Act of prefiguring, or state of be- 
 ing prefigured ; antecedent representation by similitude. 
 
 Pre-fig'u-ra-tive, a. Showing by previous figures, 
 types, or similitudes ; prefiguring. 
 
 Pre-fig'iire (-Jig'yijr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prefig- 
 ured ; p. pr. & vb. n. PREFIGURING.] To announce 
 or suggest by types and simiUtudes. 
 
 Pre-f ig'iir e-ment, n. Act of prefiguring; prefiguration. 
 
 Pre-f ix', V. t. [imp. & p. p. prefixed (pre-Hkst'); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. prefixing.] [Lat. priefigere, prxfixuvi, 
 from prse, before, axiAfigere, to fix.] To put or fix before, 
 or at the beginning of another thing. 
 
 Pre'fix, n. A letter, syllable, or word, set before a word, 
 or combined or united with it at its beginning, to vary 
 its signification. 
 
 Pre-f iil'gen-fy, n. [Lat. praefulgcns, p. pr. of prxful- 
 gere, to shine forth, to shine greatly, from prx, before, 
 and/w/g-ere, to shine.] Superior brightness. 
 
 Preg'na-ble, a. [Fr. prenable, from prendre, to take, 
 Lat. prendere, prehendere.\ Capable of being taken or 
 won by force. [Rare.l 
 
 Preg'nan-^y, n. 1. Condition of being pregnant. 2. 
 Quality of being heavy with important contents, signifi- 
 cance, or the like ; fertility. 
 
 Preg'nant, a. [Lat. pnegnans, for prxgenans, from prx, 
 before, and g-en'^re, to beget.] 1. Being with young, as 
 a female. 3. Hence, heavy with important contents: 
 full of consequence. 
 Syn. — Teeming; big; great; fruitful; inventive. 
 
 Preg'nant-ly, adv. In a pregnant manner ; fruitfully. 
 
 Pre-li6n'si-ble, a. [Lat. prehendere, prehensum, to take, 
 seize.] Admitting of being seized. 
 
 Pre-hen'sile, a. Adapted to seize or grasp; seizing; 
 grasping. [limb. 
 
 Pre-hen'sion, n. A seizing, as with the hand or other 
 
 Pre-jiidge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prejudged; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. PREJUDGING.] To judge before hearing ; to con- 
 demn beforehand. 
 
 Pre-judg'ment, n. The act of prejudging. 
 
 Pre-ju'di-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prejudicated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PREJUDICATING.] [Lat. prsejudicare, 
 prxjudicatum, from prx, before, &ndjudicare, to judge.] 
 To determine beforehand, especially to disadvantage ; to 
 prejudge. 
 
 Pre-ju'di-eate, v. i. To form a judgment beforehand 
 or without due examination. 
 
 Pre-ju'di-ea'tion, n. Act of prejudicating, or of judg- 
 ing without due examination of facts and evidence. 
 
 Prgj'u-di^e, n. [Lat. prxjudicium, from prx, before, 
 &nd judicium, judgment.] 1, Prejudgment; an unrea- 
 sonable predilection or prepossession for or against any 
 thing; especially, &n opinion or leaning adverse to any 
 thing, formed without proper grounds, or before suitable 
 knowledge. 2. Mischief; damage; injury. 
 
 Syn. — Prejudgment; prepossession; bias; harm; hurt; d.fc* 
 riment; disadvantage. 
 
 Prej'u-di<;e, f. ^ [imp. & p. p. prejudiced (-d!st, 
 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. PREJUDICING ] 1. To prepossess 
 with unexamined opinions, or opinions formed without 
 due knowledge of facts and circumstances. 3. To ob- 
 struct or injure by prejudices ; hence, generally, to hurt; 
 to damage ; to impair. 
 
 Syn.— To damage; impair; hurt; diminish; harm. 
 
 Prgj'ii-di'cial (-dTsh/al), a. [L&t. prxjudicialis.] Tend- 
 ing to obstruct or impair. 
 
 Syn. — Injurious; hurtful; disadvantageous; mischievous. 
 
 food, fdbt ; Arn, rude, piill ; ^eU, ^liaise, call, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tills- 
 
PREJUDICIALNESS 
 
 562 
 
 PREPONDERATE 
 
 Pr^'u-di'cial-ness. «• Stnte of being prejudicial. 
 Pr^l'a-^'y (110), n. [See infrn.] 1. Oftico or dignity of 
 
 a prelate: governmeut by prelates. ^2. The order of 
 
 prelates tnkeu collectively. 
 PrCl'ate, «. [I^. Ljit. pmiatiis, from pra-frrre , prxlatum , 
 
 to prefer.] A clergynia.i of a superior order, as an arch- 
 
 lushop, bishop, &c. : a diguitjiry of the church. 
 PrSl'atf-sliip. /I. The office of a prelate. 
 
 ^^"lat'l^"' 1 I "■ Pertaining to prelates or prelacy. 
 
 Pr61'a-tist, «. An advocate for prelacy ; a high church- 
 man. 
 
 Pre-lgc'tion, h. [Lat. praelectio, from prgelegera, prxlec- 
 tuni, from i>r:t\ before, and Itgere, to read.] A lecture or 
 discourse road in public or to a select companj. 
 
 Pre-16€'tor, u. A reader of discourses ; a lecturer. 
 
 PreM-ba'tioii. n. [Lat. pnelibatio, fr. pnelibare, to taste 
 beforehand, from pnv, before, and libare, to taste.] A 
 tasting beforehand or by anticipation ; foretaste. 
 
 Pre-liin'i-iia-ry, a. [From Lat. pras, before, and limi- 
 naris, belonging to a threshold, from limen, Ihninis, 
 threshold, entrance.] Preceding the main discourse or 
 bu.siness. 
 
 Syn. — Introductory ; preparatory; proemial ; previous; 
 prior ; pricedent. 
 
 Pre-lim'i-na-ry , n . Something previous or preparatory. 
 Syn. — Introduction; preface; prelude. 
 
 Prelude, or Pr^l'ude, n. [L. Lat. prxluclium, from 
 Lat. pr.T, before, and hu/us, play.] An introductory 
 performance, preceding and preparing for the principal 
 matter : espfciaUy, a musical sti-ain, introducing the 
 theme or chief subject. 
 
 Syn. — Preface; introduction; preliminary; forerunner; 
 harbinger. 
 
 Pre-lu.de', r.f. [imp. & p. p. preluded; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PRELUDING.] 1. To introduce with a previous 
 performance ; to play before. 3. To precede, as intro- 
 ductory . 
 
 Pre-lude', v. i. [Lat. prieludere, prseluaum, from prae., 
 before, and hid erf, to play.] To serve as an introduction ; 
 to play an introduction. 
 
 Pre-lu'sive, a. Previous ; introductory ; indicating that 
 something of a like kind is to follow. 
 
 Pre-lu'so-ry, o. [See Prelude.] Previous ; introduc- 
 torj' ; prelusive. 
 
 Pre'nia-ture' (53), a. [Lat. prsematurus, from prsR, be- 
 fore, and maturus, ripe.] 1. Ripe before the natural or 
 proper time. 2. Ilappening, arriving, performed, or 
 adopted before the proper time ; too early. 3. Arriving 
 or received without due authentication or evidence 
 
 Pre'ma-ture'ly, «''/{•. 1. In a premature manner ; too 
 soon ; too early : before the proper time. 3. Without 
 due evidence or authentication. 
 
 Pre'ma-ture'ne.ss, )n. 1. Thequality of being prema- 
 
 Pre'ma-tu'ri-ty, ) ture ; ripeness before the natu- 
 ral time. 2. Too great haste. 
 
 Pre-med'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. premeditated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PREMEDITATING.] To think on and 
 revolve in the mind beforehand. 
 
 Pre-med'i-tate, v. i. To think, consider, or revolve in 
 the mind beforehand; to deliberate. 
 
 Pre-med'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of meditating before- 
 hand; previous deliberation. 3. Previous contrivance 
 or design formed. 
 
 Pre'mi-er, a. [Fr., from Lat. primarius, of the first 
 rank, from ;?/•(>« Hs, the first.] First: chief: principal. 
 
 Pre'mi-er, or Prem'ier (prem'yer), 7i. The first min- 
 ister of state : the prime minister. 
 
 Pre'mi-er-shii>. or Prgm'ier-sliip, n. The ofiice or 
 dignity of the first minister of state. 
 
 Pre-mi§e'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. premised ; p. jjt. Sc vb. 
 n. PREMISIVG.] [La.t. prienii Here, pnemi^sitm, to send 
 before, from prse, before, and mittere, to send.] To set 
 forth beforehand, or as introductory' to the main subject ; 
 to lay down premises, on which rest the subsequent rea- 
 sonings, j 
 
 Pre-mige', v. i. To make or state antecedent propositions. 
 
 Premise, n.; pi. PREM'IS-Eg. 1. A propo.«ition an- 
 tecedently supposed or proved. 3. (Logic.) Each of the ' 
 first t\tn propositions of a syllogism, from which the infer- 
 ence or conclusion is drawn. 3. pi. (Law.) The land 
 or thing demised or granted by deed ; — hence applied to-* 
 a building and its adjuncts. 
 
 Pre'mi-um, n. ; pi. PRE'MT-GMg. [Lat. prm^nium, 
 orig. what one has before or better than others, from prx . ■ 
 before.] 1. A recompense : a prize to be won by compe- '. 
 tition. 3. Something offered or given for the loan of ! 
 
 money ; sometimes synonymous with interest, butgener- 
 ally signifying a sum in advance of the capital, or sum 
 lent. 3. A sum of money paid to underwriters for in- 
 surance. 
 Syn. — Reward; prize; allowance; bounty. 
 
 Pre-moii'isli, v. t. [imp. kp.p. Premonished(108),- 
 p.pr. & vh. 71. PREMONISHING.] To forewarn ; to admon- 
 ish beforehand. 
 
 Pre'mo-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. Previous warning ; no- 
 tice, or information. 
 
 Pre-mon'i-to-ry, a. Giving previous warning or notice. 
 
 Pre'mu-iii'tion (-nTsh'un), 7i. [L&t. prsem unit io,fiova. 
 pnemunire, prxmunitum, to fortify in front, from pr«, 
 before, and munire, to fortify.] An anticipation of ob- 
 jections. 
 
 Pre-iio'men,_ji. See Pr.«;nomen. 
 
 Pre-ii6m'i-nate, v. t. [Lat. prsenominare , praenor^ina- 
 turn , from prienomen , q. v.] To forename. 
 
 Pre-nom'i-na'tion, n. Act of prenominating ; the 
 state of being prenominated. 
 
 Pre-no'tioii, n. [Lat. prsenotio, from prsenoscere , to fore- 
 know, from pra?, before, and no.^cere, to know.] A previous 
 notion or thought ; foreknowledge. 
 
 Pren'ti^e, n. [Contracted from apprentice.] An appren- 
 tice. [Colloq.] 
 
 Pre-oe'cu-pan-^y, n. Act or right of taking possessiom 
 before another. 
 
 Pre-oe'cu-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of preoccupying, or 
 state of being preoccupied ; prior occupation. 3, An- 
 ticipation of objections. 
 
 Pre-6e'eu-py, ^^ t- [imp. &,p.p. preoccupied : p.pr. 
 & vb. n. PREOCCUPYING.] 1. To take possession of 
 before another. 3. To prepossess ; to occupj^ by anticipa- 
 tion or prejudices. 
 
 Pre'or-daixi', v. t. To ordain or appoint beforehand : 
 to predetermine. [tion. 
 
 Pre-or'di-nan^e, n. Antecedent decree or determina- 
 
 Pre-or'di-na'tion, 71. Act of foreordaining ; previous 
 determination. 
 
 Prep'a-ra'tion, 71. [La.t. praeparatio. See PREPARE.] 
 1. Act of preparing or fitting for a particular purpose, 
 use, service, or condition. 3. State of being prepared or 
 got ready. 3. That which prepares ; preparatory act or 
 measure. 4. That which is prepared, made, or com- 
 pounded, for a particular purpose. 5 . (Anat. ) A part of 
 an animal body prepared and preserved as a specimen. 
 
 Pre-pJir'a-tive, a. Tending to prepare or make ready ; 
 preparatory. 
 
 Pre-par'a-tive, n. 1. That which has the power of 
 preparing ; that which prepares. 3. That which is done 
 to prepare ; preparation. 
 
 Pre-par'a-tive-ly, adv. By waj- of preparation. 
 
 Pre-par'a-to-rj', a. Preparing the way for any thing by 
 previous measures of adaptation. 
 Syn. — Previous; preliminary; antecedent; introductory. 
 
 Pre-p^re', v. t. [imp & p. p. PREPARB-D \ p. pr. Sc 
 vb. n. PREPARING.] [Lat. pratparare, fr. pra", before, and 
 parare, to make or get ready.] 1. To fit, adapt, or qual- 
 ify for a particular purpose ; to make ready. 3. To pro- 
 cure as suitable ; to get ready ; to provide. 
 
 Syn. — To fit; adjust; adapt; qualify; equip; provide; form; 
 make. 
 
 Pre-pare', v. i. 1. To make all things ready. 3. To 
 make one's self ready ; to get ready. 
 
 Pre-p^r'ed-ness, n. State of being prepared or in 
 readiness. 
 
 Pre-p&r'er, n. One who, or that which, prepares. 
 
 Pre-pay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prepaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PREPAYING.] To pay in advance or beforehand. 
 
 Pre-pay 'ment, n. Pajment in advance. 
 
 Pre-peiise', a. [Lat. prae. before, and pendere,pensum, 
 to weigh, to consider.] Devised, contrived, or planned 
 beforehand ; premeditated ; aforethought. 
 
 Pre-pol'lenfe, \n. The quality of being prepollent; 
 
 Pre-pol'len-^y, j superiority of power. 
 
 Pre-pol'lent, a. [Lat. prs-pollem., p. pr. of prarpollere, 
 to surpass in power, from prs, before, and pollere, to b« 
 strong or powerful.] Having superior influence or power ; 
 prevailing. 
 
 Pre-pon'der-an^e, ) n. State or quality of being pr&- 
 
 Pre-pon'der-an-^y, ) ponderant or preponderating ; 
 superiority of weight, influence, or power. 
 
 Pre-poii'der-ant, a. Preponderating ; outweighing. 
 
 Pre-pon'der-ate, v. t. [w?p. & p. p. preponder- 
 ated : p. pr. & vb. n. PREPONDERATING.] [Lat 
 praeponderare., praeponderatum, from prar , before, and 
 ponderare, to weigh, from pondux, ponderis, a weight 
 
 5,5, &c., long : &, 6, kc, short ; e4re, f ar, ask, all, ivliat ; 6re,veil, tgrm ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, Trolf , 
 
PREPONDERATE 
 
 563 
 
 PRESENTEE 
 
 from pendere, to weigh.] 1. To outweigh; to have 
 greater weight than. 5i. To overpower by stronger in- 
 fluence or moral power. 
 
 Pre-p6ii'cler-ate, r. i. 1. To exceed in weight ; hence, 
 to incline or descend, as the scale of a balance. i2. To 
 exceed in influence or power ; hence, to incline to one 
 side. 
 
 Pre-p6n'der-a'tion, n. Act or state of prepondera- 
 ting, of outweighing any thing, or of inclining to one 
 side. 
 
 JPrgp'o-gi'tion (-zTsh'un), 7i. [Lat. prxpositio, from 
 prxponere^prxpositum, to put before, from T^rc-e, before,' 
 and ponere^ positum, to put, but influenced by Lat. 
 pait^are, to pause. See si/prn.] (Gram.) A particle 
 governing, and generally placed before, a substantive or 
 pronoun, which is put in an oblique case (in English, in 
 the objective), and of which it expresses the relation to 
 some other word. 
 
 Prep''o-.§X'tioii-al (-zlsh'un-al), a. Pertaining to, or 
 having the nature or oflice of, a preposition. 
 
 Pre-p6§'i-tive, a. Put before ; prefixed. 
 
 Pre-p6§'i-tive, n. A word, or particle, put before an- 
 other word. 
 
 Pre'pos-?6ss' (-pos-ses' or poz-z6.s'), u. t. [imp. Sep. p. 
 PREPOSSESSED (108); p.pr. & vb. n. prepossess- 
 ing.] 1, To take previous possession of. 2. To pre- 
 occupy, as the mind or heart, so as to preclude other 
 things ; hence, to bias or prejudice. 
 
 Pre'pos-sess'ing (-pos-ses'ing or-poz-zes'ing), a. Tend- 
 ing to invite favor ; having power to secure the possession 
 of favor, esteem, or love. 
 
 Pre'pos-ses'sion (-pos-sesh'un or -poz-zesh/un), n. 1. 
 Preoccupation; prior possession. 2. Preoccupation of 
 the mind by an opinion, or impression, already formed ; 
 preconceived opinion. 
 
 Syn. — Bent ; bias ; inclination ; preoccupancy ; prejudg- 
 ment. See Bext. 
 
 Pre'pos-sess'or (-pos-ses''- or -poz-zes'-), n. One who 
 
 Pre-pos'ter-oiis, a. [Lat. pneposterus, from prie, be- 
 fore, and. posterns , coming after, latter.] 1, Having that 
 first which ought to be last. 2. Contrary to nature or 
 reason ; utterly and glaringly foolish. 
 
 Syn. — Absurd ; perverted; wrong; irrational; foolish; mon- 
 strous. 
 
 Pre-p6s'ter-ous-ly, adv. In a preposterous manner ; 
 absurdly ; foolishly. 
 
 Pre-pos'ter-oiis-ness, n. The quaUty or state of be- 
 ing preposterous ; absurdity. 
 
 Pre'pu^e, n. [Lat. pra^putiunty from prae, before, and 
 Gr. uotrOiov, dim. of ttoo-^tj, foreskin.] (Anat.) A foreskin. 
 
 Pre-req'ui-gite (-rgk/wI-zTt), a. Previously required 
 or necessary to any proposed effect or end. 
 
 Pre-rfiq'ui-gite, n. Something that is previously re- 
 quired, or necessary to an end proposed. 
 
 Pre-X'6g'a-tive, n. [Lat. prxrogativa, precedence in 
 voting, preference, privilege, from prserogare, to ask be- 
 fore another, from prx., before, and rogare., to ask.] An 
 exclusive or pecuUar privilege. 
 
 Syn. —Privilege; right. See Privilege. 
 
 Pre'sage, or Prgs'age, n. [See infra.] 1. Something 
 which foreshows a futui-e event. 2. Power to look into 
 the future, or the exercise of that power. 
 
 Syn. — Prognostic ; omen ; token; sign; foreknowledge; 
 presentiment. 
 
 Pre-sage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. presaged; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PRESAGING.] [Lat. prsesagire, from pras, before, and 
 sagire, to perceive acutely and sharply.] 1. To have a 
 presentiment of; to forebode. 2. To foretell. 
 Syn. — To foreshow; predict; prophesy. 
 
 Pre-.sa'ger, n. One who presages ; a foreteller. 
 
 Pr6§'by-ter, n. [Lat., an elder, from Gr. Trpetr/SuTepos, 
 nonipar. of 7rpecr|3us, old. Cf. PRIEST.] 1, (Anc. Church.) 
 An elder having authority to instruct and guide in the 
 church. 2. [Church of Eng.) One ordained to the sec- 
 ond order in the ministry ; — called also priest. 
 
 Preg'by-te'ri-al, ) a. 1. Pertaining to a presbyter, or 
 
 Pr6§'by-te'ri-an, I to ecclesiastical government by 
 presbyters. 2. Consisting of presbyters. 
 
 Pr6§'by-te'ri-an, n. 1. One who maintains the validity 
 of ordination and government by presbyters. 2. One 
 who belongs to a church governed by presbyters. 
 
 Pr6§'by-te'ri-an-i§iii, n. That form of church gov- 
 ernment which invests presbyters with all spiritual pow- 
 er, and admits no prelates over them. 
 
 PrggHby-ter-y, n. [See Presbyter.] 1. A body of 
 elders in the Christian church. 2. ( Presbyterian Church.) 
 
 A judicatory consisting of all the pastors of churches 
 within a certain district, and one ruling elder, a layman, 
 from each parish or church. 
 
 Pre'sci-en^e (pre'shT-ens), n. [See infra.] Knowledge 
 of events before they take place ; foresight. 
 
 Pre'sci-ent (pre'shi-ent), a. [Lat. prxsciens, p. pr. of 
 praescire, to foreknow, from prie, before, and .scire, to 
 know.] Having knowledge of events before they take 
 place. 
 
 Pre-s«ribe',t. t. [imp. Sep. p. prescribed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. prescribing.] [Lat. prxscribere, from prae, be- 
 fore, and scrihere, to write.] 1. To lay down authorita- 
 tively for direction. 2. (Meci.) To direct as a remedy to 
 be used by or for a patient. 
 
 Syn. — To appoint; order; command; dictate; ordain; in- 
 stitute; establish. 
 
 Pre-scribe', v. i. 1. To give law; to dictate; to give 
 directions. 2. (Med.) To write or give medical direc- 
 tions. 3. (Laiv.) To claim by prescription, or on the 
 ground of immemorial use. 
 
 Pre-is-erib'er, n. One who prescribes. 
 
 Pre'script, a. [See supra.] Directed ; prescribed. 
 
 Pre-s-eript'i-ble, a. Depending or derived from pre- 
 scription. 
 
 Pre-s<;rip'tion, n. 1. Act of prescribing or directing, 
 or that which is prescribed ; especially, the direction of 
 remedies for a disease, and the manner of using them. 
 2. (Law.) The claim of title to a thing by virtue of im- 
 memorial use and enjoyment. 
 
 Pre-s<;ript'ive, a. Consisting in, or acquired by, im- 
 memorial use and enjoyment 
 
 Preg'en^e, n. [See Present ] 1, State or condition 
 of being present. 2. The region in which one is pres- 
 ent ; approach face to face ; nearness. 3. Specifically, 
 neighborhood to one of superior or exalted rank. 4. The 
 person of a superior. 3. A number assembled before 
 a great person. 6. Port ; mien , air ; personal appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Presence of mind, a calm, collected state of the mind, with its 
 faculties under control. 
 
 Preg'eiit, a. [Lat. prsese7is, that is before one, in sight 
 or at hand, p. p. of prxesse, to be before, from prse, be- 
 fore, and esse.1 to be.] 1. Being at hand, within reach 
 or call, within certain contemplated limits, or the like. 
 2. Now existing, or in process. 3. Being now in view, 
 or under consideration. 4. Immediate ; instant. 3. Fa- 
 vorably attentive ; propitious. 
 
 Syn. — At hand; on hand. — We speak of a person being at 
 hand, i. e., near by, and thus virtually jure.<!ew^ We speak, also, 
 of a merchant's having goods on hand. Some persons confound 
 the two, and speak of being "on hand," at a given time or 
 place, meaning present. This confusion of things so entirely 
 dissimilar " smells of the shop." 
 
 Fre.tent tense {Gram.), the tense or form of a verb which ex- 
 presses action or being in the present time. 
 
 Prgg'ent, n. 1. Present time. 2. pi. (Law.) Present 
 letters or instrument ; a deed of conveyance, a lease, let- 
 ter of attorney, &c. 
 
 Pre-§6nt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. presented ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PRESENTING.] 1. To put or place in the presence 
 of some one, especially of a superior ; to give a formal 
 introduction to. 2. To exhibit to view or notice ; to set 
 forth; to offer. 3. To pass or make over, especially in 
 a ceremonious manner. 4. To make a gift of; to be- 
 stow ; to give ; to grant ; to confer. 5. In specific uses, 
 (a.) To nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice, (b.) To 
 lay before a court as an object of inquiry, (c.) To indict. 
 [Amer.] (d.) To point or direct, as a weapon. 
 
 Ih present arms (Mil.), to hold them out in token of respect, 
 as if ready to deliver them up. 
 
 Preg'ent, n. That which is presented or given. 
 
 Syn. — Gift; donation; donative; benefaction. See Dona- 
 tion. 
 
 Pre-§ent'a-ble, a. Capable or admitting of being pre- 
 sented ; properly prepared to be introduced to another, 
 or to go into society. 
 
 Preg^en-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of presenting, or state of 
 being presented ; a setting forth ; an offering ; bestowal. 
 2. Hence, exhibition ; representation. 3. (Eccl. Law.) 
 Act of oSering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for 
 institution in a benefice. 
 
 Pre-gent'a-tive, a. 1. (Eccl.) Having the right of 
 presentation, or offering a clergyman to the bishop for 
 institution. 2. Admitting the presentation of a clergy- 
 man. 3. (Metaph.) Capable of being directly known 
 by, or presented to, the mind ; intuitive ; — applied to 
 objects : capable of apprehending ; — applied to faculties. 
 
 Pr6§'ent-ee', n. One presented to a benefice. 
 
 iood,frfbt; ftrn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, «all, e«]io ; gem, get; ag; e$ist; linger, link ; this- 
 
presentp:r 
 
 564 
 
 PRETEND 
 
 Pre-s6nt'er, n. One -who presents. 
 
 Pre-s6n'tleut (-sen'shent), a. [Lat. prsesnitiens, p. pr. 
 of prasentire, to feel or perceive beforehand, firom prx, 
 before, and sattire, to feel, perceiTe.] Perceiving before- 
 hand. 
 
 Pre-sent'I-nient. n. 1. Previous conception, senti- 
 ment, or opinion. "2, Especially, an antecedent impres- 
 sion or conviction of something about to happen ; antici- 
 pation of evil. 
 
 Pr6§'eiit-ly, a</f. At once; without delay; instantly; 
 or, more often, soon; before long ; by and by. 
 
 Pre-g^nt'inent, n. 1. Act of presenting, or state of 
 being presented; presentation. '2. Setting forth to 
 view; delineation: representation. 3. (Law.) Notice 
 taken by a grand jury of any offense from their own 
 knowledge or observation, without any bill of indictment 
 laid before them. 
 
 Pre-§erv'a-l>le, a. Capable of being preserved. 
 
 Prgg'er-va'tion, ". Act of preserving or keeping safe : 
 state of being preserved ; security. 
 
 Pre-serv'a-tive, a. Having the power or quality of 
 preserving ; tending to preserve. 
 
 Pre-serv'a-tive, n. That which preserves, or has the 
 power of preserving ; a preventive of injury or decay. 
 
 Pre-§erv'a-to-ry, a^ Having the power or a tendency 
 to preserve ; preservative. 
 
 Pre-|erv'a-to-ry, n. That which has the power of pre- 
 serving ; a preservative. 
 
 Pre-serve' (li), f- ^ [imp. & p. p. preserved; p. 
 pr. & vb. II. PRESERVING.] [Lat. praeservare, from prse., 
 before, and servare, to save, preserve.] 1. To keep or 
 save from injury or destruction. 2. To save from decay 
 by the use of some preservative substance, as sugar, 
 salt, and the like. 3. To maintain or keep throughout, 
 as appearances. 
 
 Syn.— To keep: save ; secure ; uphold; sustain; defend ; 
 spare; protect; guard; shield. See Keep. 
 
 Pre-§erve', n. 1. Fruit, or the like, seasoned and kept 
 by suitable preparation. !i. A place for the shelter or 
 preservation of game, fish, or the like. 
 
 Pre-§erv'er, n. One who, or that which, preserves. 
 
 Pre-§ide', f. t. [imp. & p. p. presided ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PRESIDING.] [Lat. prxsidere, from prs: , before, and 
 sedere, to sit.] 1. To occupy the places of ruler, moder- i 
 ator, principal director, or the like. 2. To exercise su- i 
 perintendence. | 
 
 Prgg'i-den-fy, >i. 1. Act or condition of one who pre- | 
 sides; superintendence. 2. Office of president. 3. The j 
 term during which a president holds his office. 4. Ju- 
 risdiction of a president. 
 
 Pr6§'i-deut, «- [Lat. prsesidens, firom prsesidens, p. pr. 
 of prxsidere. See PRESIDE.] One who is elected or ap- 
 pointed to preside ; a presiding officer ; as, (a.) The chief 
 officer of a corporation, comv>any. ward, society, &c. (b.) 
 The chief executive of the republic in certain countries. 
 
 PrSs'i-den'tial. a. 1. Presiding. 2. Pertaining or 
 belonging to a president. 
 
 Pr6§'i-dent-sliip, n. 1. The office and place of presi- 
 dent 2. The term for which a president holcU his 
 office. 
 
 Pre-§id'er, n. One who presides. 
 
 Pre-sid'i-al, la. [Lat. prsesidialis, &nd. prsesidiariu.^, 
 
 Pre-sid'i-a-ry, ) friim pr3esidiu7)7,a, presiding over, de- 
 fense, guard, from prxscs, pnesidis, sitting before, pre- 
 siding, from />ra?5i«/ere. See Preside.] Pertaining to a 
 garrison; having a garrison. [Rare.] 
 
 Pre-sig'ni-fy, r. t. [imp. & p. p. presigmfied : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PRESIGMFYING.] [Lat. prassignijicare, fr. 
 prae, before, and signijicare, to signify.] To intimate or 
 signify beforehand. 
 
 Pr688, f. t. [imp. & p. p. pressed (prest); p. pr. & 
 t^. n. pressing.] [Lat.;7r<'.<!5ar<r, to ^rvss, from premere, 
 prtssum, to pres^s.] 1. To urge with force or weight : to 
 .«fiueeze ; to crush. 2. To squeeze in order to extract the 
 juice or contents of. 3. To squeeze in or with suitable | 
 instruments, in order to make smooth. 4. To embrace \ 
 closely. 5. To urge with earnestness or importunity ; 
 to force ; to compel. 6. To drive with violence ; to urge 
 on. 7. To inculcate with earnestness; to urge. 8. To! 
 force into service, particularly into naval service. ■ 
 
 83m. — To crush; gripe; squeeze; constrain; straiten; im- 
 press. 
 Pr€»t», f. i. 1, To exert pressure : to bear heavily. 2. 
 To move on with urging and crowding forward : to 
 crowd ; to throng; to encroach. 3. Hence, to urge with ; 
 vehemence or importunity. 4. To approach unseason- , 
 ably or importunately. 
 
 Prgss. n. 1. An instrument or machine by which any 
 thing is pressed or squeezed ; sometimes, the place or 
 buUding containing a press or presses. 2. SpsciJicaUy, 
 a machine for printing. 3. Hence, the art or business 
 of printing and publishing ; hence, the publications K 
 sued fh)m the press, taken collectively. 4. A case, or 
 closet, for the safe keeping of articles. 5. Act of press- 
 ing or pushing forward. 6. Urgent demands of affairs ; 
 urgency. 7. A multitude of individuals crowded to- 
 gether ; a throng. 
 
 Press'-b^d, n. A bed that may be raised and inclosed 
 in a press or closet. 
 
 PrSss'er, n. One who presses. 
 
 PrSss'-gftng, ". A detachment of seamen tinder the 
 command of an officer, empowered to impress men into 
 the naval service. 
 
 Pr6ss'iiig-ly , adv. In a pressing manner ; with force or 
 urgency ; cla«ely. 
 
 Pr6ss'-man, n. ; pi. PRfiss'-ME.v. 1. (Print.) One 
 who manages, or attends to, the press. 2. One of a 
 press-gang, who aids in forcing men into the naval par- 
 vice. 
 
 Press'-mon'ey, n. Money paid to a man impressed in- 
 to pubUc service. 
 
 Prgss'iire (presh'ijr), n. 1. Act of pres-^ing, or the con- 
 dition of being pressed ; an urging with force. 2. (Mech.) 
 The action of a force against some obstacle or opposing 
 force. 3. A constraining force or impulse. 4. Severe 
 affliction, distress, calamity, straits, difficulties, embar- 
 rassments, or the distress they occasion. 5. Urgency. 
 
 Pres'ti-dig'i-ta'tion, n. Skill in legerdemain. 
 
 Pres''ti-dig'i-ta''tor, ji. [Lat. prsesto, quickly, and Lat. 
 digitu.s, finger.] One .'killed in legerdemain. 
 
 Pres'tige, n. [Lat. pr^stigium, prsstigia.] 1, Illu- 
 sion ; fascination. 2. Weight or influence coming from 
 past success, character, or deeds. 
 
 Pr6s'to, adv. [It. & Sp. quick, quickly, ftt)m Lat. prats- 
 tus, ready.] Quickly ; rapidly ; immediately ; in haste ; 
 suddenly. 
 
 Pre-giini'a-ble, a. Such as may be presumed, or sup- 
 posed to be true. 
 
 Pre-§um'a-bly, adv. By, or according to, presumption. 
 
 Pre-gume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. presumed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PRESUMING.] [Lat. priesuwere, from prx, before, 
 and siimere, to take.] To take or suppose to be true, or 
 entitled to belief, without examination or positive proof; 
 to take for granted. 
 
 Pre-sume', v. i. 1. To suppose or assume something 
 to fe, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though 
 not amounting to proof. 2. To act in a forward or ven- 
 turesome manner ; to take Uberties. 
 
 Pre-§iim'er, n. One who presumes ; also, an arrogant 
 person. 
 
 Pre-§u.mp'tion (84), n. [Lat. prsesitmptio. See PRE- 
 SUME.] 1. Act of believing upon probable evidence, or 
 taking for granted. 2. Ground for presuming; strong 
 probability. 3. A thing believed true on satisfactory 
 evidence. 4. Forward, venturesome, over-confident, or 
 arrogant opinion or conduct ; presuniptuousnes.x. 
 
 Pre-§ump'tive, a. Taken by presumption or previous 
 supposition ; grounded on probable evidence. 
 
 Pre-giimp'tive-ly, adv. By presumption, or supposi- 
 tion grounded on probability. 
 
 Pre-siinipt'u-ou.s (-zt5mpt'yH-us, 84), a. [See Pre- 
 sume.] 1. Full of presumption ; going beyond bounds 
 of due self-appreciation or modesty. 2. Founded on 
 presumption ; proceeding from excess of confidence. 3. 
 Done with bold design, rash confidence, or in violation of 
 known duty. 
 
 Syn. — Over-confident ; foolhardy ; rash ; presuming ; for- 
 ward ; arrogant ; insolent,. 
 
 Pre-giimpt'ii-ous-ly, adv. 1. In a presumptuona 
 manner; with presumption. 2. In bold defiance of 
 conscience, or violation of known duty. 
 
 Pre-§iimpt'ii-ous-iiess, n. Quality of being pre- 
 sumptuous, or rashly confident : irreverent boldness. 
 
 Pre'siup-pog'al, n. Suppo.*:il previously formed. 
 
 Pre'sup-pof e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. presupposed : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PRESUPPOSING.] To suppo.^e as previous; 
 to take for granted ; to presume ; to as.*ume. 
 
 Pre-sup'po-si'tion (-zTsh/un), n. 1. Act of presup- 
 posing : presumption. 2. That which is presupposed ; 
 previous supposition or surmi.«e. 
 
 Pre'sur-mige', n. A surmise previously formed. 
 
 Pre-ten^e'. n. See PRETENSE. 
 
 Pre-t6nd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRETENDED : p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. PRETENDING.] [Lat. praetendtre , prate ntttm, fr. 
 prae, before, and tendere, tentum and tensum^ to stretch^ 
 
 5,e,&c.,i<mf , a,6,&c.,5iorr; c^re,far, aslc,all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,6r,do,>vol€ 
 
PRETEND 
 
 565 
 
 PREVISION 
 
 1. To practice ; to plot ; to intend. [Obs.] 2. To sim- 
 ulate in words or actions. 3. To hold out falsely ; to 
 show hypocritically or for the purpose of deceiving ; to 
 feign. 4. To allege a title to ; to pretend to. 
 
 Syn. — To feign ; counterfeit ; assume ; claim. 
 
 Pre-t6nd', v. i. To put in a claim, truly or falsely ; to 
 lay claim ; to strive after something. 
 
 Pre-t6nd.'ed-ly, •«'/{;. By false appearance or represen- 
 tation. 
 
 Pre-tend'er, n. One who pretends, simulates, or feigns ; 
 one who lays claim. 
 
 Pre-tense', ) n. [L. Lat. prxtensus, for Lat. prsstentus, 
 
 Pre-teii^e', i ^.^.oiprxtendere. See PRETEND.] 1. 
 Act of holding out or offering toothers something false 
 or feigned ; simulation, ti. That which is pretended ; 
 false, deceptive, or hypocritical show. 3. Act of pretend- 
 ing or laying claim ; assumption. 
 
 0£r~ This word ou?ht to be regiilarly spelled with an s like 
 expense and others of the same class, being derived, like them, 
 from a participle in sus, and liavinj^ its derivatives in s, not in c. 
 
 Syn. —Pretext.— A jireie/ise is something held out as real 
 when it is not so, thus falsifying the truth ; !\ pretext is some- 
 thing icoven up in order to cover or conceal one's true motives, 
 feelings, or ends of action. The piety of the Pliarisees was all 
 a pretense, and their long prayers were a pretext to conceal 
 their hypocrisy. 
 
 Pre-ten'sion, n. [See Pretend.] 1. Act of pretend- 
 ing or laying claim. 3. Claim laid ; right alleged or as- 
 sumed. 
 
 Pre-t6ii'tiou.s, a. Full of pretension ; disposed to claim 
 more than is one's due. 
 
 Pre'ter-liu-'man, a. More than human ; superhuman. 
 
 Pre'ter-im-per'fe-et, a. (Gram.) Not absolutely or 
 distinctly past. 
 
 Pr6t'er-it, or Pre'ter-it, a. [Lat. prater it us, p. p. of 
 prseterire, to go or pass by, fvom. prxter, beyond, by, and 
 ire, to go.] Past; — applied to the tense in grammar 
 which expresses an action or being perfectly past or fin- 
 ished, often that which is just past or completed, but 
 without a specification of time, and which is called also 
 the perfect tense. 
 
 Pret'er-ite, or Pre'ter-ite, a. Same as Preterit. 
 
 Pre'ter-i'tion (-ish'un), n. [l&i. prseteritio.] 1. Act of 
 going past; state of being past. 3. (Rhet.) A figure by 
 which, in pretending to pass over any thing, a summary 
 mention of it is made. 
 
 Pre'ter-mit', v. t. [imp. & p.p. pretermitted ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. pretermitting.] [Lat. prsetermittere, 
 fvova prseter, beyond, by, and mittere, to send.] To pass 
 by ; to omit ; to disregard. 
 
 Pre'ter-nat'u-ral, a. Beyond or different from what 
 is natural ; out of the regular or natural course of 
 things. 
 Syn.— See Supernatural. 
 
 Pre''ter-iifit'u.-ral-ly, adv. In a preternatural man- 
 ner, or to a preternatural degree. 
 
 Pre'ter-per'f e«t, a. ( Gram.) Expressing action or 
 being absolutely past ; perfect. 
 
 Pre'ter-plii'per-fect, a. [Lat. ^pr^Zer, beyond, t^/ms, 
 more, and perfectus, perfect.] [Gram.) Expressing ac- 
 tion or being past at or before another past event or time ; 
 pluperfect. 
 
 Pre-t6xt', or Pre'text (114), n. [Lat. prxtextum, from 
 prxteztus, p. p. of prsetexere, to weave before, from prx, 
 before, and texere, to weave.] Ostensible reason or mo- 
 tive assigned or assumed as a color or cover for the real 
 reason or motive. 
 
 Syn. — Pretense ; semblance ; disguise ; appearance. See 
 Pretense. 
 
 Pre'tor, n. [Lat. pnetor, for prasitor, from prxfre, to go 
 before, from pr«, before, and ire, to go.] A civil oSicer 
 among the ancient Romans. [cial. 
 
 Pre-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a pretor or judge ; judi- 
 
 Pre-to'ri-an, a. Belonging to a pretor or judge ; judi- 
 cial ; exercised by the pretor. 
 
 Pret'ti-ly (prit'tT-ly), adv. In a pretty manner ; pleas- 
 ingly ; -mth. neatness and taste. 
 
 Pret'ti-ness (prit'ti-nes), n. 1. Quality of being pret- 
 ty ; diminutive beauty. 2. Affectation of niceness ; pet- 
 ty artificial adornment ; sometimes foppishness ; finical- 
 ness. 
 
 Pret'ty (prit'ty), a. [compar. PRETTIER ; superl. pret- 
 tiest.] [A..-S. prdttig,prdtig, prate.] 1. Pleasing by 
 deUcacy or grace ; having slight or diminutive beauty. 
 
 2, Affectedly nice ; foppish ; petty. 3. Mean ; despica- 
 ble ; contemptible. 
 
 Syn. — Handsome ; elegant ; neat ; fine. 
 
 Pret'ty (prtt'tj^), adv. In some degree ; tolerably ; mod- 
 erately ; quite. 
 
 Pre-vail', v. i. [imp. & p. p. prevailed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. prevailing.] [Lsit. prwvalere, from prai, before, and 
 valere, to be strong, able, or worth.] 1. To overcome, 
 to gain the victory or superiority ; to succeed. 2. To be 
 in force ; to have effect, power, or influence. 3. To per- 
 suade or induce. 
 
 Pre-vail'ing, p. a. 1. Having more influence; superior 
 in power, influence, or efiicacy. 2. Predominant ; most 
 general in reception, existence, or extension. 
 
 Syn. — Prevalent; predominant; over-ruling; efficacious; 
 successful. 
 
 Pr6v'a-len^e, n. 1. Condition or quality of being preva- 
 lent; superior strength, influence, or efficacy. H. Most 
 general reception or practice ; predominance. 3. Most 
 general existence or extension. 
 
 Prev'a-lent, a [Lat prxvalens, p. pr. of prxvaltre. 
 See Prevail.] 1. Gaining advantage or superiority. 
 2. Most generally received or current. 3. Most general; 
 extensively existing. 
 
 Syn. — Prevailing ; predominant ; successful ; efficacious ; 
 powerful. — What customarily prevails is prevalent j as, a 
 prevalent fashion. What actually prevails is pirevaihng; as, 
 the prevailin(j winds are west. Hence, prevailinu is the livelier 
 and more pomted word, since it represents a thing in action. 
 It is sometimes the stronger word, since a thing may prevail 
 sufficiently to be called prevalent, and yet require greater 
 strength to make it actually prevailing. We may add, that 
 prevalent may be used either before or after its noun ; as, 
 the prevalent winds are west, or, the west winds are prevalent ; 
 while prevailing can be used only before its noun ; as the pre- 
 vailing wind is west. In other words, prevailing can not be 
 used as a predicate. 
 
 Pr6v'a-lent-ly, adv. With predominance or superiori- 
 ty ; powerfully. 
 
 Pre-var'i-«ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. prevaricated; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. PREVARICATING.] [Lat. prxvaricari, 
 prsevaricatus, to walk crookedly, to collude, from prae, 
 before, and varicare, to straddle] 1. To evade telling 
 the truth. 2. ( Civil Law.) To collude, as where an in- 
 former colludes with the defendant, and makes a sham 
 prosecution, with the purpose of defeating or destroying it. 
 
 SsTi.- To evade; equivocate; quibble; shuffle. — One who 
 evades a question ostensibly answers it, but really turns aside 
 to some other point. He who equivocates uses words which 
 liave a double meaning, so that in one sense he can claim to 
 have said the truth, though he does in fact deceive, and in- 
 tends to do it. He who prevaricates talks all round the question, 
 hoping to " dodge " it, and disclose nothing. 
 
 Pre-var'i-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of shuflling or quibbling to 
 evade the truth, or the disclosure of truth. 2. (Law.) 
 (a.) ( Civil Laiv.) Collusion of an informer with the de- 
 fendant, for the purpose of making a sham prosecution. 
 (b.) (Common Law.) A seeming to undertake a thing 
 falsely or deceitfully, for the purpose of defeating or de- 
 stroying it. 
 
 Pre-vJtr'i-ea'tor, n. 1. One who prevaricates ; a quib- 
 bler. 2. { Civil Law.) One who colludes with a defend- 
 ant in a sham prosecution. 
 
 Pre-ven'i-ent, a, [Lat. prxveniens, p. pr. of prxvenire. 
 See infra.] 1, Going before ; preceding. 2. Hence, 
 preventive, 
 
 Pre-v6iit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. prevented ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PREVENTING.] [Lat. prxvenire , praeventum, fr. 
 prx, before, and venire, to come.] 1. To be beforehand 
 with; to get the start of. [Obs.] 2. To intercept and 
 stop ; to thwart. 
 
 Syn.— To hinder ; impede ; preclude ; debar ; obstruct ; 
 anticipate. 
 
 Pre-vent'a-ble, a. Capable of being prevented. 
 
 Pre-vgnt'er, n. One who, or that which, prevents or 
 hinders ; a hinderer. 
 
 Pre-ven'tion, 71. Act of preventing or hindering; hin- 
 drance ; obstruction of access or approach 
 
 Pre-vent'ive, a. Tending to prevent ; hindering the 
 access of. 
 
 Pre-v6nt'ive, n. 1. That which prevents ; that which 
 intercepts approach. 2. (Merf.) An antidote previously 
 taken to prevent an attack of disease. 
 
 Pre'vi-oiis, a. [h&t. prasvius, going before, leading the 
 way, from prx, before, and via, the way.] Going before 
 in time ; being or happening before something else. 
 
 Syn. — Antecedent ; preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; 
 
 former. 
 Pre'vi-oiis-ly, adv. In time preceding ; antecedently. 
 Pre'vi-oils-iiess, n. Antecedence ; priority in time. 
 Pre-vig'ion (-vlzh/un), n. [From Lat. prxvidere, prxvi- 
 
 sits, to foresee ; from prive, before, and videre, to see.] 
 
 Foresight ; foreknowledge ; prescience. 
 
 food, fcJbt ; tLTJi, rude, pull ; yell, (liaise, «all, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tibis* 
 
PREY 
 
 566 
 
 PRIMEVAL 
 
 to take 
 
 Prcy.w. (Nonn. Fr. /w.v«',;'r«'i>, Lat.;/rffv/rt.] 1. Any 
 tiling, »s go<Hls, &c., taken by force In war. 'i. That 
 which U 8ei«Hi, or may bo seized, by violence, to be de- 
 voarpd. 
 
 Sjm. — S|H>il ; lH>oty; plunder. 
 Prsy, r. ♦. (»>»/». & />. ;>. PREYED; p. pr. & vb 
 PKEYING.] To take booty; to collect spoil 
 food bv violence. 
 l*re>-'er (pr.i'er), h. One who or that which preys. 
 l*rfv«», «. [\j^x. prttiutn.] 1. The amount of money at 
 which a thinji is valueil ; that for which something is 
 Iwupht or sold, or offeriHl for sale. 'i. Value ; estima- 
 tion. 3. Reward ; recouH)euse. 
 
 I'ricT-rurrtnl, or }^nci-lift, a sUitcinent or list published stat- 
 rdlv or occasionallv. of the prevailing: prices of merchandise, 
 6t<>ck«, specie, bills" of exchange, rate of exchange, &c. 
 Prife. r. /. [imp. & p. p. PRICED (prist) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 «. PRICING.) To set a price on. 
 Price'Iess, a. Too valuable to admit of being prized or 
 valued ; of inestimable worth. 
 Syn.— Invaluable ; inestimable. 
 Prick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pricked (prTkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PRICKING.] [See PRICK, n.] 1. To pierce with a 
 aharp-pointed instrument or substance. 2. To fix by 
 the point; to hang or put on b}' puncturing. 3. To 
 mark or designate by a puncture. 4. To trace by prick- 
 ing ; to form or make by pricking. 5. To spur; to 
 goad ; to incite. 6. To aEfect with sharp pain. 7. To 
 erect into a point; to raise, as something pointed; — 
 said especially of the ears of an animal ; — hence, to prick 
 up the ears, to listen sharply. 
 Prick, V. i. 1. To be pricked or punctured ; to sufifer 
 or foci penetration by a point or sharp pain. 3. To spur 
 onward. 
 Prick, M. [A.-S.prica,pricca,pricu,'D.prik.'\ 1. That 
 which pricks, penetrates, or punctures ; a pointed instru- 
 ment, "i. Hence, sharp, stinging pain. 3. A mark 
 made by a point ; a puncture. 
 Prick, V. i. To dress one's self for show ; to deck one's 
 selfout. [instrument. 
 
 Prick'er, n. One who, or that which, pricks ; a pointed 
 Prick'et, n. [Perh. so called from the state of his 
 
 horns.] A buck in his second jear. 
 Prick'ing, n. 1. Act of piercing vrith a sharp point. 
 *i. A sensation of sharp pain, or of being pricked. ^. 
 The mark or trace left by a hare's foot. 
 Prick'le (prTk'l), n. [Dim. of prick, q. v.] A little prick ; 
 
 a small, sharp-pointed projection. 
 Prick'le, v. t. To pierce with a prickle, or with fine, 
 
 sharp points; to prick slightly. 
 Prick'li-ness, n. State of being prickly, or of having 
 
 many prickles. 
 Prickly, a. Full of sharp points or prickles ; armed 
 
 with prickles. 
 Prick'ly-pe^r, n. (Bot.) A species of 
 Cactux, destitute of leaves, covered 
 with spines, and consisting of flattened 
 joints inserted upon each other. It 
 produces a purplish, edible fruit. 
 Pride, n. [A.-S. j/ryta,prijt ; Icel. pry- 
 di, honor, ornament. W. pryrJvs.] 1, 
 State or quality of being proud ; inor- 
 dinate Helf-esteem. 2. Noble self-es- _ . , , 
 teem; elevation of character. 3. Pnckly-pear. 
 InMlence or arrogance of demeanor. 4. That of which 
 one in proud ; that which excites boasting ; as, (a.) Dec- 
 oration ; ornament. (6.) Show; ostentation; honor, 
 (r. ) Klevation reached. 
 
 S>ii. " " ■■ iltation ; conceit; hauteur; haughtiness; 
 I'l: .— /'rifle in ail over-valuingof one's self for 
 
 »"• ned Bui)erionty, as rank, wealth, talents, &c. 
 
 T" ■ f Ijcinir admired (not merely approved), so 
 
 til u secret feeling of pleafiure at being 
 
 pr ich lie is perfectly conscious of not 
 
 l^i - un inflated spirit of self-importance, 
 
 wi* "gard or contempt for others. Vanitii 
 
 ii. ' iness." and the term waJ! transferred 
 
 Xtt ' . iKjcause nothing can be more empty 
 
 ox I enjoyment. If the former is more 
 
 httt-.u.,, v.. , .«,;-,. i';Cont<;mptible. 
 
 Pride, t). I. [imp. & p. p. prided ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 PRIDING.] To indulge in pride ; tn gratify in self-esteem ; 
 — used reflexively. 
 Pri'er, n. [From pry.] One who searches and scruti- 
 
 nlxex. 
 Prle.st, w. [A.-S. priogt, Icel. prestr,!). & Qer. priestn, 
 from "lAt. prfsbyter. See PRESBVTER.] 1. One who 
 ofBciateM at the altar, or perfonns the rites of sacrifice. 
 2. { (.'hriitian Church.) A presbyter or elder ; a minister. 
 
 1 (Protestant Episcopal Church.) One who belongs to the 
 ' intermediate order between bishop and deacon. 
 Priest'craft, n. The stratagems and frauds of priests; 
 ' fraud or imposition in religious concerns. 
 Priest'ess, >i. A female priest. 
 
 j Priest'lio<>d, n. 1. Office or character of a priest. 2. 
 I Priests taken collectively ; order of priests. 
 i Priest'li-ness, n. Appearance and manner of a priest. 
 ; Priest'ly, a. Pertaining to, or becoming, a priest or 
 ' priests ; sacerdotal. [governed by priests. 
 
 Priest'-rid'dfii (-rid'dn), a. [See Ride.] Managed or 
 Prig, n. [See Prig, v. t.] 1. A pert, conceited, saucy, 
 
 pragmatical fellow. 2. A thief. [ Cant.] 
 Prig, V. i. [A modification of prick, q. v.] To haggle 
 
 about the price of a commoditv. [Prov. Eng.] 
 Prig, V. t. To filch or steal. [Cant.] 
 Prig'gisli, o. Affected ; coxcomical ; conceited. 
 Prim, a. [From Lat. prinuis, the first. See PRIME.] 
 
 Formal ; precise ; affectedly nice. 
 Prim, r. t. [imp. Sep. p. primmed; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 
 PRiMailNG.] To deck with great nicety. 
 Pri'ma-fy, n. [L. Lat. primatia, from Lat. primas,pri- 
 matis, principal, chief, from primus, first.] Condition or 
 quality of being a primate ; office or dignity of an arch- 
 bishop. 
 JPr'i'rud-dfin'nd, n. [It. primo, prima, the first, and 
 donna, lady, mistress. See Donna.] The first female 
 singer in an opera. 
 Pri'mage, n. ( Com.) A charge in addition to the freight 
 belonging usually to the owners or freighters of the 
 vessel. 
 Pri'mal, a. [Low Lat. primalis, from, primus, the first. 
 See Prime.] First. [place ; originally. 
 
 Pri'ma-ri-Iy, adv. In a primary manner ; in the first 
 Pri'ma-ri-jiess, n. State of being first in time, in act, 
 
 or intention. 
 Pri'ma-ry, a. [La-t. pri7narius, from pritnus, the first.] 
 
 1. First in order of time or development. 2. Prepara- 
 tory to something higher. 3. First in dignity or impor- 
 tance. 
 
 Syn.— Original ; chief; principal ; lowest ; primitive ; ele- 
 mental. 
 
 Pri'ma-ry, n. 1. That which stands highest in rank or 
 importance. 2. pi. (Or7iith.) One of the large feathers 
 on the last joint of a bird's wing. 
 
 Pri'mate, n. [Lat. primas, priinatis, fvom primus, the 
 first.] The chief ecclesiastic in a national church ; an 
 archbishop. 
 
 Pri'mate-sliip, n. Office or dignity of a primate. 
 
 Prime, a. [l,a.t. primus, txst. Cf. Prim.] 1, Primitive; 
 primary. 2. First in i-ank, degree, dignity, or impor- 
 tance. 3. First in excellence ; of highest quality. 4. 
 Early ; blooming. 
 
 Prime meridian (Astvn.), the meridian from which longi- 
 tude is reckoned. — Prime minister, the responsible head of me 
 ministry in England. — Pnme mover, (3fech.) (a.) A natural 
 force applied by man to the production of power. (6.) An en- 
 gine, or piece of mechanism, the object of which is to receive 
 and modify force and motion as supplied by some natural 
 source, and apply them to drive other machines. — Prime niun- 
 ber(Arit/i.),a number which is divibible only by itself or unity, 
 as .5, 7, 11. — Prime vertical (Asiron.), the vertical circle which 
 passes through the east and west points of the horizon. 
 Syn. Original; early; principal; excellent. 
 
 Prime, n. 1. The first part , beginning or opening, as 
 of the day, the year, &c. ; hence, the dawn ; the spring. 
 
 2. The spring of life; youth: hence, full health, 
 strength, or beauty. 3. That which is first in quality ; 
 best portion. 4. {Rom. Cath. Church.) The fia^t canon- 
 ical hour, succeeding to lauds. 
 
 Prime, r. t. [imp. & p. p. primed: p. pr. & vb. n- 
 priming.] 1, To charge with the powder, percussion 
 cap, or other device for communicating fire to the charge. 
 2. To lay the first color in painting upon. [excellence. 
 
 Prime'ness, n. 1. State of being first. 2. Supreme 
 
 Prim'er, n. An instrument or device for priming. 
 
 Prim'er, n. [Contr. from L. Lat. primaf liber, i. e., the 
 book read at prime, the first hour.] 1. A small, element- 
 ary book for teaching children to read. 2. (Print.) A 
 kind of type, of which there are two species ; one, called 
 lonfi-primer (See LONG-PRIMER.) ; the other, calle<l 
 great-primer, larger than pica, and the largest type used 
 in printing books. 
 
 Great-primer type. 
 
 Pri-me'val, a. [Lat. primxvus. from primus, first, and 
 fevum, age.] Belonging to the first ages ; pristine ; orig- 
 inal ; primitive. 
 
 ^,9,kc.,long; &,6,kc.,$hort ; c4re,far,ask,all,virhat; dre, veil, tSrni;piique, firm ;s6n, or, do, wolf, 
 
PRIMING 
 
 567 
 
 PRISONER 
 
 Prim'lng, n. 1. The powder, percussion cap, or other , 
 device used to communicate fire to the charge in a fire- ! 
 
 . arm. ti. (Paint.) The first color laid on canvas, or on j 
 a building, &c. 3. (Steam-eng.) The act of carrying i 
 over water from the boiler into the cylinder. '■ 
 
 Prlm'i-tive, a [l^at. priviUivus, firom primus, the first.] , 
 
 1. Pertaiqing . to the beginning or origin, or to early j 
 times. 3. Formal ; affectedly solemn ; prim. 3. Orig- j 
 inal ; primary ; radical . | 
 
 Syn. — First; pristine; ancient; antique; antiquated; old- 
 fasliioned. 
 
 PrTm'i-tive, n. An original word ; a word not derived 
 from another. 
 
 Prim'i-tive-ly, adv. 1. Originally ; at first. 3. Pri- 
 marily. 3. According to the original rule or ancient 
 practice. 
 
 Prim'i-tive-ness, n. The state of being primitive. 
 
 Priin'ly, adv. In a prim or precise manner ; neatly. 
 
 Prim'ness, n. Affected formality or niceness. 
 
 iPri'mo-ge'iii-al, a. [Lat. pritnigenius, from primus, 
 first, and genere, gignere, to beget.] First born, made, 
 or generated. 
 Syn.— Original; primary; constituent; elemental. 
 
 Pri'mo-geii'i-tor, n. [Lat. primus, first, and genitor, 
 parent, father.] The first father or forefather. 
 
 Pri'mo-geii'i-ture (53), n. 1. Seniority by birth 
 among children. 2. (Eng. Law.) The exclusive right of 
 inheritance which belongs to the eldest son or daughter. 
 
 Prrmo-ggn'i-tiire-sliip, n. The state or privileges of 
 one who is the first born. 
 
 Pri-mor'di-al, a. [Lat. primordialis, from primordium, 
 the first beginning, fr. primus, first, and ordiri, to begin 
 a web, to begin.] First in order ; original ; existing from 
 the beginning ; of earliest origin. 
 
 Pri-mor'di-al, n. First principle or element ; origin. 
 
 Prim'roge, n. [Lat. prima rosa, i. e., the first or an 
 early rose in spring, Irom primus, fii-st, and rosa, rose.] 
 (Bot.) An early flowering plant closely allied to the cow- 
 slip, of several varieties, as the white, the red, &c. 
 
 Prinze, M. [From Lat. princeps, principis, the first, chief, 
 fvova. primus, first, and capere, to take, or caput, capitis, 
 the head.] 1. A person possessing highest place and au- 
 thority ; a sovereign ; a monarch, ti. The son of a king 
 or emperor, or the issue of a royal family. 3. A person 
 of rank next to the sovereign. 
 
 Priii^e'dom, n. The jurisdiction, sovereignty, rank, or 
 estate, of a prince. 
 
 Priii9e'li-iiess, n. Quality of being princely ; state, 
 manner, or dignity of a prince. 
 
 Prin^e'ly, a. 1. Of, or relating to, a prince ; regal; of 
 highest rank or authority, ij. Resembling or becom- 
 ing a prince ; of great wealth or magnificence. 
 Syn. — Royal; grand; noble; stately; magnificent. 
 
 Prin^e'ly, adv. In a prince-like manner. 
 
 Prin'^e'g-met'al (-met'al or -m&t'l), n. An alloy com- 
 posed of seventy -five parts of copper and twenty-five of 
 zinc, in imitation of gold. 
 
 Priii'^ess, «. 1. A female prince. 2. The daughter of 
 a king. 3. The consort of a prince. 
 
 Priii'fi-pal, a. [L3i,t. principalis. See Prince.] Highest 
 in rank, authority, character, or importance ; most con- 
 siderable ; chief. 
 
 Priii'^i-pal, n. 1. A chief or head ; one who takes the 
 lead; specifically, (a.) One who possesses or exercises 
 chief authority. (6.) {Law). The chief actor in a crime, 
 or an abettor who is present at it, as distinguished from 
 an accessory ; a chief obligor, promisor, or debtor, as dis- 
 tinguished from a surety ; one who employs another to act 
 for him, as distinguished from an agent. 2. A thing of 
 chief or prime consequence. 3. A capital sum of money, 
 placed out at interest, due as a debt or used as a fund. 
 
 Prin'^i-pai'l-ty, n. 1. Sovereignty ; supreme power. 
 
 2. A prince; one invested with sovereignty. 3. The 
 territory of a prince. 
 
 Priii'^i-pal-ly, adv. In a principal manner. 
 
 Syn. — Chiefly ; mainly ; essentially ; especially ; particu- 
 larly. 
 
 Prin^cip'i-d, n. pi. [Lat. princlpium. See Principle.] 
 First principles ; fundamental beginnings ; elements. 
 
 Priii'^i-ple , n. [Lat. principium, from princeps, prin- 
 cipis. See Prince.] 1. A source, or origin ; that from 
 which any thing proceeds. 2. An original faculty or 
 endowment of the soul. 3. A fundamental truth or 
 tenet; an elementary proposition. 4. A settled rule of 
 action; usually, a right rule of conduct. 5. {Chem.) 
 An original element which characterizes some substance, 
 and from which it may be obtained by analysis. 
 
 Syn. — Maxim ; axiom ; postulate ; doctrine ; element ; 
 ground; motive; tenet; rule. 
 
 Prin'^i-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. principled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PRINCIPLING.] To establish or fix in tenets; to 
 impress with any tenet, good or ill. 
 
 Prink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. prinked (prinkt) ; p. pr. & 
 ft. n. prinking.] [Allied to7)>-a»iA;, q. v.] 1. To dress 
 for show. 2. To put on stately airs ; to strut. 
 
 Prink, v. t. To dress or adjust to ostentation. 
 
 Print, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PRINTING.] [Abbrev. from imprint, q. v.] 1. To pre.'<» 
 or impress; to imprint. 2. To take an impression of; to 
 stamp. 3. Hence, specifically, to strike off an impression 
 or impressions of, by means of a press. 4. To mark by 
 pressure ; to form an impression upon. 5. To form an 
 imitation of letters made by the impression of types. 
 
 Print, V. i. 1. To use or practice the art of typography. 
 2. To publish a book. 
 
 Print, n. 1. A mark made by impression or by pressure 
 of one body or thing on another. 2. Impressions of 
 types in general, as to form, size, &c. 3. That which is 
 produced by printing ; as, (a.) A stamped likeness of any 
 thing; an engraving. (/>.) A printed sheet of news ; a 
 newspaper, (c.) A fabric figured by stamping; calico. 
 4. That which impresses its form on any thing. 
 Out of print, no longer for sale by the publisher. 
 
 Print'er, n. One who prints, impresses, or stamps ; es- 
 pecially, one who prints books, newspapers, &c. 
 
 Print'ing, n. Act, art, or practice of impressing letters, 
 characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other material ; 
 typography. 
 
 Print'ing-ink, n. Ink used in printing books, news- 
 papers, and the like. 
 
 Print'ing-press, n. A press for printing books, news- 
 papers, handbills, and the like. 
 
 Print'-shi6p, n. A shop where prints are kept for sale. 
 
 Pri'or, a. [Lat. prior, former, previous, better, superior, 
 compar., from the obs. pris.'\ Preceding in the order of 
 time ; anterior. 
 Syn. — Antecedent; precedent; pre-eminent. 
 
 Pri'or, «. [L. Lat. See swpra.] (i^cd.) The superior of 
 a priory ; one next in dignity to an abbot. 
 
 Pri'or-ate, n. Government by a prior. 
 
 Pri'or-ess, n. A female superior of a convent of nuns. 
 
 Pri-or'i-ty, n. State of being antecedent in time, or of 
 preceding something e'.se. 
 
 Syn. — Antecedence ; precedence ; pre-eminence ; prefer- 
 ence. 
 
 Pri'or-ship, n. The state or office of prior. 
 
 Pri'o-ry, n. A religious house, the head of which was 
 a prior or prioress, and which was in dignity below an 
 abbey. 
 Syn. — See Convent. 
 
 Prig'age, n. [0. Fr., a valuing, taxing, L. Lz.t. prisa- 
 gium, prisage. Cf. Fr. prise, a taking, capture, prize, 
 and see PRIZE.] The share of merchandise taken as 
 lawful prize at sea, which belongs to the king or admiral. 
 
 Prigm, n. [Lat. prisma, Gr. irpia-fi.a, from irpi^eiv, wpieiv, 
 to saw.] 1. (Geom.) A soUd whose bases or 
 ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane 
 figures, and whose sides are parallelograms. 2. 
 (Opt.) A transparent body, with, usually, three 
 rectangular plane fiices or sides, and two equal 
 and parallel triangular ends or bases. 
 
 Pri§-mat'i«, \a. 1. Resembling or related 
 
 Prig-mat'i-e-al, ) to a prism. 2. Separated 
 or distributed by a prism ; formed by a prism . 
 
 Prig-ma^t'i-e-al-ly, adv. In form or manner 
 
 of a prism. Prism, 
 
 Prig'moid, n. [Gr. npCa-fia, irpCa-fxaTO? , prism, 
 and el5o9, form.] A body that approaches to the form of 
 a prism. 
 
 Prig'on (prTz'n), n. [Fr., from Lat. prehensio, prensio, a 
 seizing, arresting, from prehendere , pre7idere , to lay hold 
 of, to seize.] 1. A building for the confinement or safe 
 custody of debtors and criminals. 2. Specifically, a 
 building for the safe custody of criminals or those accused 
 of crime ; a jail. 
 
 Prig'on (prYz'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prisoned; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PRISONING.] To shut up in a prison ; to con- 
 fine ; to restrain from liberty. 
 
 Prig'on-base, n. A kind of rural sport depending on 
 swiftness in running from goals when pursued, by a 
 player who is to catch the others. 
 
 Prig'on-er (priz'n-er), n. One who is under arrest or in 
 custody, whether in prison or not ; a captive. 
 
 iood, f<>bt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, fliaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist, linger ; link ; tills- 
 
PKISON-HOUSE 
 
 568 
 
 PROBOSCIS 
 
 A house in which prisoners are cou 
 
 Prize, f. t. [imp. & p. p. prized; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 I PRIZING.] 1, To set or estimate the value of ; to rate. 
 
 *■£. To value highly ; to esteem. 
 Prize, V. t. To raise with a lever ; to pry. See Pry. 
 Prize, 71. A lever ; also, the hold of a lever. 
 
 Prlf'on-hous*, «. 
 
 fined ; a jail. 
 Pris'tlne, «. [Lat. pristinus, from obs. pns, whence also 
 prior.] Ik'loiiging to the iH'ginuing or earliest time. i 
 
 Syn.-Orijiiiial; first; primitive; old; former. ,«-.;, rw , .c ,.. . ,. . 
 
 ■* . , ., ,1 J Prize'-figlit'er (-fit'er), n. One who fights publicly 
 
 I>rith'»'e. A corruption of pray thee : - generally used , ^j. ^ ^^^.j^^^ . _ j^ppu^^ particularly to a projfessed boxer 
 
 without the pronoun. 
 
 Pri'v«-^v, H. [From private.] 1. A state of being in 
 n'tir^-nicnt. "2. A place of sccluiJion from company or 
 obj^'rvation ; rt'tn'at ; retirement- 3. Concealment of 
 what i.< said or done : .<ecrccy. 
 
 Pri'vate. a. [Lat. jiriiatus, prop. p. p. of privare, to be- 
 reave, deprive, from prims, single, private.] 1. Belong- 
 hip to, or ooiicerniug, an individual person, company, or 
 inton'St ; peculiar to one's self. '2. Sequestered from 
 
 Priz'er, n. One who estimates the value of a thing ; an 
 
 appraiser. 
 I*ro and Con, [Lat. pro and contra.] 1. For and 
 
 against, ii, pi. Things which may be said or urged for 
 
 or against a thing. 
 Pro'a, 71. [From Lat. prom, Gr.Trpwpa.] {Naut.) Along, 
 
 narrow, sail canoe, used in the regions of the trade- windS, 
 
 with the head and stem exactly aUke, but with the sides 
 
 differently formed. 
 
 com^«iny or obsc-rvation. 3. Not invested with public | Prob'a-bil-igm, n. The doctrine of the probabilists. 
 or employment. 4. Not publicly known ; not open. Prob'a-Wl-ilt, n. 1. One of those who maintain tl 
 
 offii 
 
 Syn.— Secret; secluded; retired; separate; solitarj'. 
 .'ri'vate, »i. A common soldier ; one of the lowest rank 
 in an army. 
 
 Prrva-teer', n. An armed private ves.«;el bearing the com- 
 mission of a state to cruise during war against the com- 
 merce of its enemy. 
 
 Pri'va-teer', f. i. [imp. & p. p. privateered ; p. pr. 
 & 1-6. n. privateering.] To cruise in a privateer. 
 
 Pri'vate-ly, adv. 1. In a secret manner; not openly 
 or pubUcly. 2. In a manner affecting an individual or 
 company. 
 
 Pri'vate-ness, n. A state of living or being in retire- 
 ment : privacy. 
 
 Pri-va'tioii, n. 1, Act of depriving of rank or office ; 
 degradation in rank. 2. State of being deprived of some- 
 thing, especially of .something required or desired ; desti- 
 tution ; need. 3. Condition of being absent or wanting ; 
 ab.<ence. 
 
 Priv'a-tive (110), a. 1. Causing privation ; depriving. 
 '2. Con.«isting in the absence of something ; not positive. 
 
 Priv'a-tive, n. 1. That which derives its character from, 
 or of which the essence is, the absence of something. 2. 
 ( Gram.) A prefix or sufiix to a word which changes its 
 agnification and gives it a contrary sense. 
 
 Priv'et, n. [Scot, privie, Prov. Eng. prim-print.^ priin- 
 wort. Cf. Prim.] [Bat.) An ornamental European shrub, 
 now introduced into the United States, and much used in 
 hedges. 
 
 Priv'i-lege, n. [Lat. j/rivilegium., a law against or in 
 favor of an individual, from privies, private, and lex, legis, 
 law.] A peculiar benefit or advantage ; a right or immu- 
 nity not enjoyed by others or by all. 
 
 Syn.— Prerogative ; immunity ; franchise ; right ; claim; 
 libertv. — /'/-n(fe!;e, among the Romans, was something con- 
 ferrecl upon an individual by a private law; and, hence, it 
 denotes some peculiar benefit or advantage, some right or 
 immunity, not enjoyed by the world at large. Prerogative, 
 among the Romans, was the right of speaking first; and, hence, 
 it denotes a right of precedence, or of doing certain acts, or en- 
 joying certain privileges to the exclusion of others. It is the 
 privilege of a member of Congress not to be called in question 
 elsewhere for words uttered in debate. It is the prerogative of 
 the president to ratify treaties, with the consent of the Senate. 
 It is the pririlfge of a Christian child to be instructed in the 
 true religion. It is the prerogative of a parent to govern and 
 direct his offspring. 
 
 Priv'i-Iege, v. t [imp. & p. p. privileged ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. privileging.] 1. To grant some particular 
 
 right or exemption to. 2. To exempt ; to deliver. 
 
 Priv'i-legf'd,p. a. Invested with a privilege; eryoying 
 a peculiar right or immunity. 
 
 Priv'l-ly, a/Jv. [From privy.] Privately ; secretly. 
 
 Priv'I-ty, n. [From privy.] 1. Private knowledge ; joint 
 knowlwlge with another of a private concern. 'J. A pri- 
 vate matter; a secret. 3. (Laiv.) A bond of union be- 
 tween parties, a« to some particular transaction. 
 
 Priv'v, a. [Fr. prive, from Lat. privatus.] [See PRIVATE.] 
 1 . Pertaining to some person exclusively ; assigned to 
 private ubch ; private. 2. Not open or public ; secret ; 
 clandestine. 3. Appropriated to retirement. 4. Secretly 
 cr>gnizant. 
 
 Priv'y, n. 1. (Lfiv).) A partaker; a person having an 
 Interest in any action or thing. 2. A neces-sary house. 
 
 prize, n. [Fr. frrise, fr. pris, p. p. f,fprenfhf, to take, Lat. 
 
 //r«n///'r<,7i.r/>/t/'n</«re.] 1. Something taken from another; , 
 
 a thing seized by force, stratagem, or superior power. 2. '■ PrSbaem-at'ie-al, ] lem 
 
 that 
 
 certainty is unpossible, and that probabiUty alone is to 
 govern our faith and actions. 2, One who maintains 
 that a man may do what is probably right, or is incul- 
 cated by teachers of authority, although it may not seem 
 right to himself. 
 
 Pr6b'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. QuaUty of being probable. 2. 
 Something probable ; any thing that has the appearance 
 of reality or truth. 3. (Math.) The ratio of the whole 
 number of chances, favorable and unfavorable, to the 
 number of favorable chances. 
 
 Syn. — Verisimilitude ; likeliness; credibleness; likelihood; 
 chance. 
 
 Prob'a-ble, a. [Lat. prohabilis, from probare, to try, 
 approve, prove.] 1. Having more evidence for than 
 against ; likely. 2. Rendering probable ; giving ground 
 for belief, but not demonstrating. 
 
 Prob'a-bly, adv. In a probable manner ; with appear- 
 ance of truth ; in likelihood ; likely. 
 
 Pro'bate, n. [Lat. probatiis, p. p. of probare, to prove.] 
 (Laiv.) (a.) Official proof ; especially, proof that an in- 
 strument purporting to be the last will and testament of 
 a person deceased, is indeed his lawful act. (h.) Right or 
 jurisdiction of proving wills. 
 
 Pro'bate, a. Of, or belonging to, a probate or court of 
 probate. 
 
 Pro-ba'tion, n. [Lat. probatio, from probare, to try, ex- 
 amine, prove.] Any proceeding designed to ascertain 
 truth, to determine character, qualification, or the like ; 
 examination ; trial. ^ 
 
 Pro-ba'tion-al, a. Relating to probation ; serving for 
 trial. 
 
 Pro-ba'tion-a-ry, a. Serving for trial ; prohational. 
 
 Pro-ba'tion-er, n. One who is undergoing probation ; 
 a novice. 
 
 Pro'ba-tive, a. Serving for trial or proof ; probationary. 
 
 Pro-ba'tor, n. An examiner ; an approver. 
 
 Pro'ba-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or serving for, trial or 
 proof. 
 
 Probe, n. [See infra.] (Surg.) An instrument for ex- 
 amining a wound, ulcer, or cavity, &c. 
 
 Probe, r. t. [imp. & p. p. PROBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PROBING.] [Lat. probare, to try, examine, Ger. proben.] 
 1. To examine, as a wound, ulcer, &c., by the use of an 
 instrument thrust into the part. 2. Hence, to scruti- 
 nize ; to examine thoroughly into. 
 
 Prob'i-ty, n. [Lat. probitas, from probiis,goodi, proper, 
 honest.] Tried virtue or integrity ; approved moral ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 Syn. —Rectitude ; uprightness ; honesty ; sincerity ; ve- 
 racity ; integrity. — Probity means, etymologically, virtue 
 which has been tried and proved genuine. Hence, it denotes 
 unimpeachable honesty and virtue, shown especially by the 
 performance of those obligations called impeifect, which the 
 laws of the state do not reach, and can not enforce. Integrity 
 denotes a w^ofe-hearted honestv-, and especially that which ex- 
 cludes all injustice that might favor one's self. It has a pecul- 
 iar reference to uprightness in mutual dealings, transfers of 
 property, and the execution of trusts for others. 
 
 Prob'lem, n. [Gr. npopk-qfia, from npo^dWeiv, to throw 
 or lay before, from Trpo, before, forth, forward.] 1. A 
 question proposed for solution ; hence, a matter difficult 
 of solution or settlement. 2. (Math.) Any thing which 
 is required to be done. 
 
 Prftbaem-at'le, \ a. Having the nature of a prob- 
 
 Spt^rifically, (n.) (Lnvi.) Any thing captured'bva bel- 
 ligerent \mng the right of war : especially, a captured 
 veBsel. ih.) Any thing carried off as the result or award 
 of a contest : any thing offered to be comijeted for. (c. ) 
 That which is won in a lottery. 3. Hence, any thing 
 vorth Btaiving for. 
 
 Syn.— Questionable ; uncertain ; unsettled ; disputable; 
 doubtful. 
 
 Pr6b'lem-at'ie-al-ly, adv. Doubtfully ; dubiously. 
 
 Pro-b6s'0s, n. ; pi. PJKO-BtiS'pi-DES. [Lat.; Gr.irpo. 
 Po(tkC<;, from 7rp6, before, and ^oo-zcetv, to feed, graze] 
 An extensible hollow tube projecting from the head of 
 
 a, e.tc, long; &, 6, Sec, short; cftre, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,veU,t5rm; pique, firm; sdu,dr, do, wolf, 
 
PROCEDURE 
 
 569 
 
 PRODUCE 
 
 TariouB animals, and capable of absorbing fluids ; a 
 gnout; a trunk. The proboscis of insects is usually a 
 horny tube formed by the modified jaws. 
 
 Pro-?ed'ure (30), n. [See Proceed, ■infra.] 1. Act 
 or manner of proceeding ; progress ; management, ti, 
 A step taken ; an act performed. 
 Syn. — Process; transaction; course; conduct. 
 
 Pro-?eed', v. i. [imp. & p. p. PROCEEDED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PROCEEDING.] [Lat. procedere, fr. pro, forward, 
 and cedere, to move, go.] 1. To move, pass, or go for- 
 ward or onward ; to come forth. iJ. To pass from a 
 stated point or topic to another. 3. To issue or come 
 forth as from a source. 4. To go on in an orderly or 
 regulated manner; to act by method. 5. (Law.) To 
 commence and carry on a legal process. 
 
 Syn.— To advance ; go on ; progress ; issue ; arise; ema- 
 nate; flow. 
 
 Pro'peedg, n.;?Z. That which comes forth or results; 
 yield ; issue ; product ; sum afforded by a sale. 
 
 Pi'o-^eed'er, n. One who proceeds. 
 
 Pro-peed'ing, n. Action contemplated as in process or 
 with reference to its successive steps ; progress or move- 
 ment from one thing to another. 
 
 Syn. — Transaction ; procedure ; measure ; step. See 
 Transaction. 
 
 Prof'ess (prCs^es), n. [Lat. processus. See Proceed.] 
 1. Act of proceeding or moving forward ; procedure ; 
 progress; advance. "Z, Series of actions, motions, or oc- 
 currences ; progressive act or transaction. 3. Normal 
 or regular manner of activity. 4. [Anat.) Any protu- 
 berance ; a projecting part of any surface. 5. (Law.) 
 ■ The whole course of proceedings in a cause, real or per- 
 sonal, civil or criminal. 
 
 Pro-fes'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. processio. See Pro- 
 ceed.] 1. Act of proceeding; regular, orderly, or cer- 
 emonious progress. 2. A train of individuals advancing 
 in order ; a ceremonious train ; a retinue. 
 
 Pro-fes'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
 sisting in, a procession. 
 
 Pro-^gs'sion-al, n. A book relating to processions of 
 the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Pro-^es'sion-a-ry, a^ Consisting in procession. 
 
 Prof'i-denf e, or Pro'f i-den^e, n. [Lat. procidentia, 
 from procidere, to fall down forward, from pro, forward, 
 and cadere, to fall.] A falUng down ; a prolapsus. 
 
 Pro -claim', v. t. [imp. & p. p. proclaimed ; p. pr. 
 
 ' &vb. n. proclaiming.] [Lat. proclamare, from pro, 
 
 before, forward, and clamare, to call or cry out.] To 
 
 make conspicuously known by public announcement ; to 
 
 give wide publicity to. 
 
 Syn. — To announce; publish; promulgate; declare. See 
 Announce. 
 
 Pro-«laiiii'er, n. One who proclaims or publishes. 
 
 PrSe'la-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of publishing abroad ; 
 ofiScial or general notice or publication. 2. An official 
 public announcement or declaration ; a published ordi- 
 nance. 
 
 Pro-€liv'i-ty, n. [Lat. proclivitas, from proclivis, sloping, 
 inclined, from pro, forward, and clivus, a hill.] 1. In- 
 clination ; propensity ; proneness ; tendency. 3. Read- 
 iness; facility. 
 
 Pro-eoii'sul, n. [L&t. pro, for, and consul.] (Rom. 
 Antiq.) A Roman officer who discharged the duties of a 
 consul without being himself consul ; a governor of a 
 province. 
 
 Pro-e6n'su-lar, ) c^. 1. Pertaining to a proconsul. 
 
 Pro-eSn'su-la-ry, J 3. Under the government of a 
 proconsul. _ 
 
 Pro-e6ii'sul-ate, ) n. The office of a proconsul, or the 
 
 Pro-e6ii'sul-sliip, ) term of his office. 
 
 Pro-«ra.s'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. procrastina- 
 ted ; p. pr. & vb. n. PROCRASTINATING.] [Lat. pro- 
 crastinare, procrastinatum, from pro, forward, and cras- 
 tinus, of to-morrow, from eras, to-morrow.] To put off 
 till to-morrow, or from day to day ; to defer to a future 
 time. 
 
 Syn. — To postpone ; adjourn; defer ; delay; retard ; pro- 
 tract; prolong. 
 
 Pro-erlts'ti-iiate, v. i. To delay ; to be dilatory. 
 
 Pro-eras'ti-na'tion, n. A putting off to a future time ; 
 delay ; dilatoriness. 
 
 Pro-eras'ti-na'tor, n. One who defers the perform- 
 ance of any thing to a future time. 
 
 Pro'cre-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. procreated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. procreating.] [Lat. procreare^ procreatum, 
 from pro, forward, forth, and creare, to create.] To beget ; 
 to generate ; to engender. 
 
 i Pro'€re-a'tlon, n. Act of begetting ; generation o( 
 ' young. [beget 
 
 Pro'-ere-a'tive, o. Generative ; having the power to 
 
 Pro'-ere-a'tor, n. One who begets ; a generator ; a sire. 
 
 Pro-<;rus'te-an, a. Pertaining to or resembling Pro- 
 crustes, a celebrated highwayman of Attica, who tied his 
 victims on an iron bed, and, as the case required, either 
 stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its 
 length ; hence, reducing by violence to strict conformity 
 to a measure or model. 
 
 PrSc'tor, n [Contr. from procurator, q. v.] One who 
 is employed to manage the affairs of another ; hence, 
 specifically, (a.) (Law.) An officer employed in admiralty 
 and ecclesiastical causes, (b.) (Eng. Universities (f some 
 Amer. Colleges.) An officer who attends to the morals of 
 the students, and enforces obedience to the college regu- 
 If^ions^ 
 
 Pro€-to'ri-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a proctor. 
 
 Pr6€'tor-sMp, n. Office or dignity of a proctor. 
 
 Pro-eum'bent, a. [Lat. procumbens, p. pr. of procutn- 
 bere, to fall, bend, or lean forward, from pro, forward, 
 and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] Lying down or on 
 the face ; prone ; prostrate. 
 
 Pro-eur'a-ble, a. Capable of being procured. 
 
 Pr6«'u-ra-5y, Ji. Office or act of a proctor or procura- 
 tor ; vicarious management. 
 ' Pro-e^u-ra'tioix, «. [L&t. jjrocuratio. See PROCURE.] 
 I 1. Act of procuring ; procurement. 3. Management of 
 I another's affairs. 3. The instrument by which a person 
 I is empowered to transact the affairs of another. 4. A 
 I sum of money paid to the bishop or archdeacon by in- 
 I cumbents, on account of visitations. 
 
 Pro^'u-i-a'tor, n 1. (Law.) One who manages an- 
 other's affairs. [See PROCTOR.] 3. (Rom. Aritiq.) A 
 governor of a province under the emperors ; also, a cer- 
 tain officer who had the management of the revenue. 
 
 Pro-€ure', v. t. [imp. & p. p. procured ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. procuring.] [Lat. procurare, from Lat. pro,iov, and 
 curare, to take care, from cur a, care.] 1. To bring into 
 possession ; to acquire or provide for one's self or for 
 another, ij. To contrive and effect ; to bring about. 
 
 Syn. — To gain; get; obtain; acquire; win; earn; attract; 
 eifect ; cause. See Attain. 
 
 Pro-eiire', v. i. To pimp. 
 
 Pro-«iire'ineiit, n. Act of procuring ; obtainment' 
 I management ; agency. 
 
 Pro-eur'er, n. 1. One who procures or obtains. 2. A 
 pimp j^ a pander. 
 
 Pro-ctir'ess, n. A female procurer. 
 
 Prod'i-gal, a. [Lat. prodigus, from prodigere, to drive 
 forth, to squander away, from pro, forward, forth, and 
 agere, to drive.] 1, Given to extravagant expenditures ; 
 recklessly profuse. H, Expended to excess, or without 
 necessity. 
 Syn. — Profuse ; lavish; extravagant; free. See Profuse. 
 
 Prod'i-gal, n. One who expends money extravagantly 
 or without necessity ; a spendthrift. 
 
 Pr6d'i-gal'i-ty, n. Extravagance in expenditure, pap 
 ticularly of money ; profusion ; waste. 
 
 Prod'i-gal-ly, adv. In a prodigal manner ; extrava- 
 gantly; lavishly ; profusely. 
 
 Pro-dig'ious (-dTj'us), a. [L&t. prodigiosus, from pro- 
 dig ium, a, -pro^dgy.] 1. Of the nature of a prodigy. 2. 
 Enormous in size, quantity, extent, or the like. 
 
 Syn. — Huge; enormous; monstrous ; portentous; marvel- 
 ous; amazing; astonishing; wonderful; extraordinary. 
 
 Pro-dig'ioiis-ly (-dTj'us-), adv. 1. Enormously ; won- 
 derfully. 2. Very much ; extremely. [Colloq.] 
 
 Pro dig'ious-ness (-dij'us-), n. The state or quality of 
 being prodigious ; enormousness of size. 
 
 Pr6d'i-gy, n. [Lat. prodigium, for prodiciiim, fr. prodi- 
 cere, to foretell, predict, from pro, before, and dicere, to 
 say.] 1. Something extraordinary from which omenc 
 are drawn ; portent. 3. Anything wonderful or aston- 
 ishing, and out of the ordinary course of nature. 
 Syn. — "Wonder; miracle; portent; marvel; monster. 
 
 Pro-duf e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. produced (-dust') ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PRODUCING.] [Lat. p/roducere , productitm^ 
 from pro, forward, forth, and ducere, to lead, bring for- 
 ward.] 1. To offer to view or notice ; to exhibit. 2. To 
 bring forth ; to give birth to ; to propagate ; to furnish. 
 3. To cause to be or to happen. 4. To manufacture ; 
 to prepare for specific uses. 5. To yield or furnish. 6. 
 To draw further ; to lengthen out ; to prolong. 7. 
 (Geom.) To extend ;— applied to a line, surface, or 
 solid. 
 Syn.— To breed; bear; yield; exhibit; give; cause; make. 
 
 iood, fo^ot , ftrn, rude, puU ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, linlt ; Wiis 
 
PRODUCE 
 
 570 
 
 PROFUSE 
 
 Prftd'iice, ". That which is produced, brought forth, 
 or yielded; result of labor, esiH-cially of agricultural la- 
 Iwrs : hcuce. sprcificallt/, agriciilturnl produc^s. 
 
 Pro-dii'^'er, n. One who produces or brings forth. 
 
 PtohIu vi-*>il'i-ty . ♦' • Quality of being producible. 
 
 Fro-du'^l-ble, n." Capable of being produced. 
 
 Pro-du'vi-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being pro- 
 duciMe. 
 
 1^1 rul lift, n. [I>at. produrtutu, from profturtits, p.p. 
 
 .urerf. See I'RODl'CE.] 1. That which is pro- 
 
 i. . 1, brought forth, or effected; fruit, whether of 
 
 :!i or labor, either physical or intellectual. 3. 
 
 .) The number resulting from the multiplication 
 
 I : r . o or more numbers. 
 
 Svn.— Produce; yield ; result; effect ; production ; fruit ; 
 wiirk ; i)erforinai\ce. 
 'ro-duc'tile, a. [Lat. produrtllis, from pror/ucere, to 
 draw or stretch out. J Capable of being extended or pro- 
 longed ; c.xten.^ible ; ductile. 
 
 ro-du€'tion, H. 1. Act or process of producing. 2. 
 That which is produced or made ; product ; fruit of 
 labor. 3. A lengthening out ; a prolongation. 
 
 Syn. — Product; produce; fruit; work; perfonnance; com- 
 po&itiou. 
 
 Pro-duc'tive, a. 1. Having the quality^ or power of 
 producing ; yielding or furnishing results, 'i. Bringing 
 into being ; causing to exist; efficient. 3. Producing 
 good crops. 
 
 Pro-duc'tive-ness, »i. Quality of being productire. 
 
 Pro'em, n. fl^t. proiejiximn, Gr. -rpooitt.iov, from irpo, 
 before, and oTjuos, way. road, strain of a song.] Preface ; 
 introduction : prelude. 
 
 Pro-e'mi-nl, a. Introductory; prefatory. [Tiare.'\ 
 
 PrSf'a-na'tioii, r,. [See Profane, v. t.] 1. Act of 
 violating sacred things, or of treating them with con- 
 tempt or irreverence. 3. Act of treating with abuse or 
 dbrespect. 
 
 l*ro-f ane', a. [Lat. pro/anus, without the temple, un- 
 holy, from pro, before, and fanum, temple.] 1. Not 
 sacred or holy : hence, relating to matters other than 
 .■^cred. ti. Characterized by impurity. 3. Espfciall;/. 
 treating sacred things with contempt, disrespect, irrever- 
 ence, or undue famili:irity ; hence, specifically, taking 
 the name of God in vain ; given to swearing. 
 
 Syn. — Secular : temporal ; worldly; unsanctified ; unhal- 
 lowed; unholy; irreligious; irreverent"; ungodly; wicked; god- 
 less; impious. 
 
 Pro-fane', v. t. [imp. & p. p. profaned ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. PROFANING.] 1. To treat with abuse, irreverence, 
 obloquy, or contempt. St, To put to a wrong or un- 
 worthy use. 
 
 Syn. — To desecrate ; pollute; defile; violate ; debase; dis- 
 honor. 
 
 J'ro-fanely, adv. With irreverence to sacred things or 
 names ; with want of due respect. 
 
 Pro-fane'ness (109), 71. Quality or character of being 
 profane ; especially, the taking of God's name in vain. 
 
 Pro-fan'er, M. 1. One who treats sacred things ^vith 
 irreverence. 2. A polluter ; a defiler. 
 
 Pro-fSn'i-ty, n. 1, Quality or character of being pro- 
 lane ; profaneness : especially, the use of profane lan- 
 guage; blasphemy. 2. That which is profane ; profane 
 language. 
 
 Pro-f ess', V. t. [imp. & p. p. PROFES.SED (pro-fest') : 
 p. pr. & vh. n. PROFESSING.] [Lat. profiler! , prq/essus', 
 from pro, before, forward, andfaUri, to confess, own.] 1. 
 To make ofjen declaration of; to confess publicly. 2. 
 To make pretense to ; hence, to put on or present an ap- 
 j.earance of. 3. To pretend to knowledge of; to pro- 
 claim one's self versed in. 
 
 J'ro-f€«s', V. i. To take a profession upon one's self; to 
 (onfc'i.s. 
 
 I'ro-ffisH'ed-ly, arJv. By profession ; by avowal. 
 
 I'ro-fCs'sion '(-f^sh'un), n. 1. Act of professing ; open 
 dw;laration ; public avowal. 2. That which one pro- 
 fesws : a declaration ; an avowal ; a claim. 3. The oc- 
 cupation, if not mechanical, agricultural, or the like, to 
 which one devotes hims-elf. 4. The collective body of 
 persons engaged in a calling. 
 
 8yn.— Acknowledgment; avowal; employment; vocation; 
 fK-cupation; office. 
 Pro-f 6j»'Hion-al (-ffsh'un-), a. 1 . Pertaining to a pro- 
 fession or to a calling. 2. Professed ; being by profes- 
 -ion : avowed. [calling. 
 
 Pro-f 6«'xion-al-ly (-f6sh'un-), adv. By profession or 
 Pro-f 6«>»'or, n. 1 . One who makes open profes.«ion of his 
 sentiments or opinionB; <v-'«cja//v, one who makes a formal 
 profession of religion. 2. A public teacher of any science 
 
 or branch of learning ; especially, a college officer, wht 
 instructs students in a particular branch of learning. 
 
 Pr6f'es-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a professor. 
 
 Pro-£6ss'or-sliip, n. Office of a professor or public 
 teacher. 
 
 PrSf'fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. proffered; p. pr. & 
 vb. 11. proffering.] [hsLt.proferre. to bring forth or 
 forward, to offer, from pro, forward, and ferre, to bring.] 
 To oHer for acceptance ; to propose to give. 
 Syn. — To offer; tender; propose; essay. 
 
 Proffer, n. An offer made: something proposed for 
 
 acceptance by another. 
 I Pro-fi'cien^e (-fish'etLs), I ji. State or quality of be- 
 
 Pro-fi'cieii-9y (-fish'en-sy), ) ing proficient ; iDaprove- 
 ment : progression in knowledge. 
 
 Pro-fi'cient (-lr'Tsh''ent), a. WeW advanced in any 
 branch of knowledge or skill ; well-skilled : versed. 
 
 Pro-fi'cient (-fish/ent), n. [Lat. prqficiens, p. pr. of 
 proficere, to go forward, make progress, from pro, for- 
 ward, and facere, to make.] One who has made consid- 
 erable advances in any business, art, science, or branch 
 of learning ; an expert ; an adept. 
 
 Pro'file (pro'fil or pro'feel), n. [From Lat. pro, or/>fr,and 
 filum, a thread, an outline, shape.] 1. An outline or 
 contour. 2. {Paint. & Sculp.) A head or portrait rep- 
 resented sidewise or in a side view. 
 
 Pro'file (pro'Iil or pro'feel), r. t. [imp. & p. p. pro- 
 filed ; p. pr. & vb. 71. profiling.] To draw the 
 outline of; to draw in profile. 
 
 Pro'fil-ist, n. One who takes profiles. 
 
 Profit, V. [From Lat. profectiis, advance, progress, prof- 
 it, from proficere, profcr.tum. See Proficient.] 1. 
 Acquisition beyond expenditure; in commerce, pecuniary 
 gain in any tran.saction or occupation. 2. Valuable re- 
 sults ; useful consequences. 
 
 Syn.— "Benefit; avail; service; improvement; advancement; 
 gain; emolument. 
 
 Profit, V. t. [inip. Sep. p. PROFITED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 profiting.] To be of service to; to be good to; to 
 help on ; to benefit. 
 
 Profit, V. i. 1. To gain advantage ; to make improve- 
 ment. 2. To be of use or advantage ; to bring good. 
 
 Prof it-a-tole, a. Yielding or bringing profit or gain. 
 
 Syn. — Gainful; lucrative ; useful; advantageous; produe- 
 tive: berviceable; improving. 
 
 Prof it-a-ble-nes.s, n. Qualitv of being profitable. 
 
 Prof it-a-bly. adv. In a profitable maimer ; gainfiilly ; 
 usefully ; advantageously. 
 
 Profit-less, a. A'oid of profit, gain, or advp.ntage. 
 
 Prof li-ga-fy, n. Condition or quality of being profli- 
 gate ; a very vicious course of life. 
 
 Syn. — LavishnesB ; prodigality 
 dance; exuberance. 
 
 extravagance; overabun- 
 
 Prof li-gate, a. [Lat. proflisatus, p. p. of profligare, to 
 strike or dash to the ground, from pro, forward, and 
 fiigirre, to strike, to strike do^vn.] Abandoned to vice ; 
 openly and shamelessly immoral or vicious. 
 
 Syn. — Abandoned; corrupt: dissolute; vitiated; depraved; 
 vicious; wicked. See Abaxdoxed. 
 
 Prof li-gate, n. An abandoned man : a vicious person. 
 
 Prof li-gate-ly, adv. In a profiig;ite manner. 
 
 Pro-found', «*. [La.t. profundus, from pro, before, for- 
 ward, andfundus, the bottom.] 1. Descending far be- 
 low the surface. 2. Low bending ; very low. 3. Char- 
 acterized by intensity ; deeply felt. 4. Intellectually 
 deep ; reaching to the bottom of a matter. 5. Exhibii- 
 ing or expressing deep humility.* 
 
 Syn. — Deep ; lowly ; humble ; learned ; thorough ; pen«- 
 tratmg. 
 
 Pro-found', n. 1. The deep ; the abyss. 2. Especially, 
 the sea ; the ocean. 
 
 Pro-f ound'Iy, adv. 1. In a profound manner ; deeply. 
 2. With deep penetration or knowledge. 
 
 Pro-found'ness, n. The quahty oif being profound; 
 profunditv ; depth. 
 
 Pro-f iin'di-ty. n. Condition or quality of being pro- 
 found ; depth of place, of knowledge, of science, of feel- 
 ing, and the like. 
 
 Pro-fiise', a. [Lat. profusvs, p. p. of profundere, to pour 
 forth or out, from pro, forward, forth, &Tid fundere,to 
 pour.] 1. Very liberal ; giving without stint. 2. Lib- 
 eral to excess ; — often in a bad sen-se. 
 
 Syn. — Lnvish: exuberant: bountiful ; prodigal ; extrava- 
 gant. — /'/o/i/se denotes pouring out (as money, &c.) witk 
 great fullness or exuberance; as, j>rof'u.<ie in his expendi- 
 tures, tlianks, promi.ses, &c. Lavish is stronger, implying 
 unnecessary or wasteful excess; as, lavish of his bounties, 
 fevors, pnuse*, &c. ProUirjality is stronger still, denotuig 
 
 ;*.e,&c.,kmfi'/a,«,&c.,«Aorr; c4re,fjir,aslt,all,wliat; 6re,TeU, tigrui; pique, firm ; son, or, do, W9Lf, 
 
PROFUSELY 
 
 571 
 
 PROLIX 
 
 unineusured or reckless profusion ; as, prodigal of one's 
 8tren<ith, life, or blood, to secure some object. 
 
 Pro-f iise'ly, arJv. 1. In a profuse manner ; lavishly ; 
 prodigally, '-i. With exuberance ; with great abundance. 
 
 Pro-fuse'iiess, n. 1. Extravagant expenditures ; prod- 
 igality. "Z. Great abundance ; profusion. 
 
 Pro-fu'§ioii, n. 1. Act of one who is profuse ; prodi- 
 gality ; extravagance of exijenditures. "Z, Rich abun- 
 dance ; exuberant plenty. 
 
 PrSg, V. i- [D. pragc/un, Ger. prachen, prac/iern, to beg, 
 allied to Lat. procure, prorari, to ask.] 1. To wander 
 about and beg. 'Z. To steal ; to filch. 
 
 PrSg, n. Victuals or provisions sought by begging, or 
 found by wandering about ; food ; supplies. [Low.] 
 
 Prog, n. One who seeks his victuals by wandering and 
 begging. 
 
 Pro-gen'i-tor, n. [Lat., from progignere, progenitum, 
 to bi"iQg forth, to beget, from pro, forth, and gignere, to 
 beget.] An ancestor in the direct line ; a forefather. 
 
 Prog'e-ny, n. Descendants of the human kind, or off- 
 spring of other animals ; offspring. 
 
 Prog-iio'sis, n. [Gr. irpoyvujcn^ , from rrpoyiyvuxTKeiv, to 
 know beforehand, from npo, before, and yiyviaa-neiv, to 
 know.] (MerJ.) Act or art of foretelling the course and 
 event of a disease, by particular symptoms. 
 
 Prog-ii6s'ti€, a. Indicating something future by signs 
 or symptoms. 
 
 Prog-ii6s'ti«, n. 1. A sign by which a future event 
 may be known or foretold; hence, a prediction. 3. 
 (Med.) A symptom indicating the course and event of a 
 
 Syn. — Sign; omen; presage; token; indication. 
 
 Prog-nos'tic-ate, v. t. [imp. & ^. p. prognostic- 
 ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. PROGNOSTICATING.] [See su- 
 pra.] To indicate as future ; to foretell from signs or 
 symptoms. 
 
 Syn. — To foreshow ; foretoken ; betoken ; forebode ; pre- 
 sage; predict; prophe.<iy. 
 
 Prog-nos'ti-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of foreshowing or 
 foretelling something future by present signs. 3, A 
 foretoken ; previous sign. 
 
 Prog-iios'ti-ea'tor, n. One who prognosticates. 
 
 Pro'gram, n. Same as Programme, q. v. 
 
 Pro'gramme, n. [Lat. ; Gr. 7rp6ypa|u.ju.a, fr. irpoypa(|)etv, 
 to write before or in public, from irpo, before, forth, and 
 ypd(f)ei.v, to write.] A brief outline or explanation of 
 the order to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in 
 any public exercise. 
 
 Prog'ress, n. [Lat. progressus, from progredi, to go 
 forth or forward, from pro, forward, and grac/i, to step, 
 go.] 1. A moving or going forward ; as, (a.) In actual 
 space, &c. (b.) In the growth of an animal or plant, 
 (c.) In knowledge, (c?.) In business of any kind, (e.) 
 Toward completeness or perfection. 3. A journey of state, 
 made by a sovereign through parts of his own dominions. 
 Syn.— Advancement; improvement; proficiency; motion. 
 
 Pro-gr6ss', v. i. [imp. Sep. p. PROGRESSED (-grest'); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PROGRESSING.] 1. To make progress ; 
 to move forwai-d ; to proceed ; to advance ; to go on. 3. 
 To make improvement. 
 
 Pro-gre.s'sion (-gresh'un), n. 1. Act of moving for- 
 ward ; motion onward. 3. Course ; passage. 3. [Math.) 
 Continued propoi'tion, arithmetical, geometrical, or fiar- 
 monical. 4. (iHws.) A regular succession of chords, or 
 movement of the parts in harmony. 
 
 Arithmetical progression, a progression in which the terms 
 uicrease or decrease by equal diflFerence. - Geometrical progrea- 
 sion, a progression in which the terms increase or decrease by 
 equal ratios. — Harnionical progression, a progression in which 
 the terms are the reciprocals of quantities in arithmetical pro- 
 gression. 
 SyTi. — Improvement; advancement; course. 
 
 Pro-gre.s'sion-al, a. Tending to progress ; having ca- 
 pacity of advancing ; relating to progre'ssion. 
 
 Pro-gres.s'ive, a. 1. Moving forward; advancing; 
 evincing progress. 3. Improving. [progi-ess. 
 
 Pro-gr6ss'ive-ly, adv. In a progressive manner ; with 
 
 Pro-gress'ive-iiess, n. State or quality of being pro- 
 gressive ; an advancing ; state of improvement. 
 
 Pro-Mb'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. prohibited ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PROHIBITING.] [Lat. prohibere, prohibitum, fr. 
 pro, before, forth, and habere, to have, hold.] 1. To for- 
 bid ; to interdict by authority. 3. To hinder; to de- 
 bar ; to prevent ; to preclude. 
 
 f Syn- — To forbid. — To forbid is Anglo-Saxon, and is more 
 lamiliar; to nro/itbi? is Latin, and is more formal or official. A 
 parent/orftir/.s his child to be out late at night; YveprohUdts his 
 
 Pro-3iIb'it-er, n. One who prohibHs or forbids. 
 
 Pro'hi-bi'tion (-Msh'un), n. Act of forbidding or in^ 
 terdicting ; interdict. 
 
 Pro-liib'it-ive, I a. Tending to prohibit, forbid, or 
 
 Pro-hib'it-o-ry, ) exclude ; forbidding ; implying pro- 
 hibition. 
 
 Pro-j6€t', f. t. [imp. & p. p. projected; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PROJECTING.] [Lat. projicere, projeclum, fr. jvo, 
 forward, and jacere, to throw.] 1. To throw out ; to 
 cast forward. 3. To scheme ; to devise. 3. To draw or 
 exhibit, as the form of any thing. 4. To exhibit in r. 
 striking way by the aid of another object. 
 Syn. — To contrive; plan; purpose; design; delineate. 
 
 Pro-je«t', V. i. To shoot forward ; to extend beyond 
 something else ; to jut. 
 
 Proj'ect, n. 1. That which is projected or designed; 
 something intended or devised. 3. An idle scheme ; a 
 design not practicable. 
 
 Syn. — Design; scheme; plan; purpose.— A pro/ecMs some- 
 thing of a practical nature thrown out for consideration as to 
 its being done. A design is a project when matured and set- 
 tled, as a thing to be accomplished. An ingenious man has 
 many projects, but, if governed by sound sense, will be slow 
 in forming them into designs. See also Scheme. 
 
 Pro-j6€t'ne, a. [See Project, v. t.] 1. Impelling 
 forward. 3. Given by impulse ; impelled forward. 
 
 Pro-je«t'ile, n. 1. A body projected through the air, 
 as a cannon-ball. 3. pi. (Mech.) That part of mechan- 
 ics which treats of the motion, range, &c., of bodies 
 thrown by an impelling force above the earth. 
 
 Pro-jgc'tion, n. 1. Act of throwing or shooting for- 
 ward. 3. A part jutting out, as of a building. 3. Act 
 of scheming ; plan ; scheme. 4. Representation of 
 something ; delineation ; plan ; especially, the represen- 
 tation of any object on a perspective plane. 
 
 Pro-je-et'or, n. 1. One who forms a scheme or design. 
 3. Hence, one who forms wild or impracticable schemes. 
 
 Pro-je-et'ure (53), n. A jutting beyond the Une or sur- 
 face of something else. 
 
 Pro'late, a. [Lat. prolatus, p.p. oi proferre, to bring 
 forth, to extend.] Stretched out; extended; especially, 
 elongated in the direction of a line joining the poles. 
 
 Pro'leg, n. [Lat. pro, for, and Eng. leg.] {Entom.) The 
 fleshy prominence, which represents a leg in the hinder 
 segments of caterpillars. 
 
 Pro-lep'sis, n. [Gr. np6\ri\j/is, from TrpoAa/a/Savetv, to 
 take beforehand, fr. 7rp6, before, and Kaix^dveLv, to take.] 
 1. (Rhet.) A figure by which objections are anticipated 
 or prevented. 3. An error in chronology, when an 
 event is dated before the actual time. 3. A necessary 
 truth or assumption. 
 
 Pi'o-Iep'ti*, )a. 1. Pertaining to prolepsis, or an- 
 
 Pro-lep'ti<>-al, j ticipation. 3. Previous : antecedent. 
 
 Pro-lep'ti-e-al-ly, adv. By way of anticipation. 
 
 I'roldtaire (prd'lLdi't!ir'),7i. [Fr. See m/m.] One of the 
 common people ; a low person ; the commonalty as an 
 influence or estate in a country. 
 
 Prol'e-ta'ri-an, a. [Lat. proletarius, from proles, off- 
 spring ; belonging to the commonalty ; hence, mean ; 
 vile , vulgar. [Rare.] 
 
 Prol'i-fide, n. [Lat. proles, offspring, and csedere, to 
 cut down, kill.] The crime of destroying one's offspring 
 either in the womb or after birth. 
 
 Pro-lif 'ei'-oiis, a. [Lat. proles, offspring, and/errg, to 
 bear.] (Bot.) Bearing offspring; — applied to a flower 
 from ^vithin which another is produced, or a branch from 
 which another rises. 
 
 Pro-lif i-e, a. [hat. proles, offspring, and /acer^, to make.] 
 1. Producing young or fruit ; generative; fruitful; pro- 
 ductive. 3. Serving to produce ; fruitful of results ; 
 active. 
 
 Pro-lif i-e -al, a. Prolific. 
 
 Pro-lif 'ic-al-ly, adv. In a prolific manner ; fruitfully. 
 
 Pro-lif i-ca'tion, n. The generation of yoTin^ or of 
 plants. 
 
 Pro-lif i-e-ness, n. The state of being prolific. 
 
 Pro-lix' (114), a. [Lat. prolixus, extended, long, from 
 pro, before, forward, and laxus, loose, wide.] 1. Ex- 
 tending to a great length. 3. Indulging in proti-acted 
 discourse. 
 _ Syn. — Long; diffuse; prolonged; protracted; tedious; 
 tiresome; wearisome.— A prolix writer deliglits in circum- 
 locution, extended detail, and trifling particulars. A dif- 
 fuse writer is fond of amphfving, and abounds in epithets, 
 figures, and illustrations, fyiffu^eness often arises from an 
 exuberance of imagination ; proJixiti/ is almost always con- 
 nected with a want of it. Prolixity is one of the worst quali- 
 ties of style ; diffiuseness is not necessarily a fault, but requires 
 uncommon geriius to relieve it from being wearisome. 
 
 mtcrcour se with the profane and vicious! 
 
 food, fo^ot ; iirn, rjjde, puU ; 9©U, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; lisger, liak 
 
 tbis. 
 
PROLIXITY 
 
 572 
 
 PRONUNCIAMENTO 
 
 Pro-Ux'l-tv, « State or quality of being prolix ; great 
 lonpth ; miuuto detail. 
 
 l*ro-llx'ly, «'/(-. In a pmlix manner ; at great length. 
 
 Pr«»-llx'nVss, »i. Quality of l)eing prolix ; prolixity. 
 
 Frttl'o-<'il'tor, or rro-i64!'u-tor, «. [Lat., from pro- 
 toi/ui, prolonitus, fitnn pro, before, for, and logiii, to 
 gjK-ak.] 1. One who speaks for another. 2. The speak- 
 er or chairman of a convocation. 
 
 I*r61 o-eii'tor-sliip, or Pro-lSc'u-tor-sliip, n. The 
 ..tflce or station of a prolocutor. 
 
 Fro'lftgruo (prolog), n. [Gr. TrpoAoyos, from npokeyeiv, 
 to s;iv iH-forehand, from npo, before, and Aeyeiv, to say.] 
 The preface or introduction to a discourse or perform- 
 ance ; fsjxriaUi/, the poem spoken before a dramatic per- 
 formance or play begins. 
 
 Pro-16iig', I"- t- [imp. & p. p. PROLONGED; p. pr. & 
 t•^. ti. PROLONGING.] [Low Lat. T^ro^ong^arc, f^omLat. 
 pro, befon', forth, and longtis, long.] 1. To lengthen in 
 time; to extend the duration of. "2. To put off to a dis- 
 tant time. 3. To extend in space or length. 
 Syn. — To delay; protract; procrastinate; defer; postpone. 
 
 Pro lon-ga'tioii, «. 1. Act of lengthening in time or 
 sjKice. "2. Extension of time by delay or postponement. 
 
 Pro-15ng'er, n. One who, or that which, lengthens. 
 
 Pro-lu'§ion, n. [Lat. prolusio, from proludere, to ■pre- 
 lude : pro, before, and liidere, to play.] A trial before the 
 principal performance ; a prelude ; hence, trial, essay. 
 
 PrSm'e-nade', or Prom^e-nade', n. [Fr., from 
 promener, to lead, take for a walk, se promener, to walk, 
 from Lat. prominare, to drive forward or along, from pro, 
 forward, and minnre, to drive animals.] 1. A walk for 
 amusement or exercise, ti. A place for walking. 
 
 PrSm'e-nade', or Prom'e-iiade', v. ?'. [imp. & p. 
 p. PROMENADED ; p. pr. & vb. 11. PROMENADING.] 
 To walk for amusement or exercise. 
 
 Pro-me'the-an, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, Promethe- 
 us, fabled by the poets to hare formed men of clay, to 
 wliom he gave life by means of fire stolen from heaven. 
 ti. Having a life-giving quality : inspiring. 
 
 Pr6m'i-iienfe, In. 1. State of standing out from the 
 
 Prom'i-nen-f y, I surface of something ; conspicuous- 
 ness. 2. That which stands out or is conspicuous; a 
 protuberance. 
 
 PrSm'i-nent, a. [Lat. promineus, p. pr. of prominere, 
 to jut out, to project, from pro, before, forward, and 
 minf^re, to jut, project.] 1. Standing out beyond the 
 line or surface of something, ti. Hence, likely to attract 
 attention from size or position. 3. Eminent ; distin- 
 guished above others. 
 
 Syn. — Protuberant; full; large; conspicuous; chief. 
 
 Prom'i-nent-ly, adv. In a prominent manner ; emi- 
 nently ; conspicuously. 
 
 Pro-mis'cu-ous, a. [Lat. promiscuus, from pro, be- 
 fore, forward, forth, for, and miscere, to mix.] 1. Con- 
 fi.sting of individuals united in a body or mass without 
 order. 2. Distributed or appUed without order or dis- 
 crimination ; common. 
 Syn. — Mixed; common; indiscriminate; confused. 
 
 £»ro-mis'«u-ous-ly, adv. In a promLscuous manner ; 
 without order ; indiscriminately. 
 
 PrSm'ise, n. 1. A declaration, written or verbal, made 
 by one r)erson to another, which binds the person who 
 makes it to do or forbear a specified act. 2. A binding 
 declaration of something to he done or given for anoth- 
 er's benefit. 3. Ground or basis of hope. 4. Bestowal 
 or fulfillment of what is promised. 
 
 Pr6m'i8e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. promised (prom'ist) ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. PROMISING.] [Lat. promitlere, promissum, 
 from pro, forward, forth, and mitlere, to send.] 1. To 
 engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving 
 or making, or the like. 2. To afford reason to expect ; to 
 assure. 3. To pledge or engage to bestow. 
 
 Prdm'iHe, v. i. 1. To give assurance by a promise. 2. 
 To afford hopes or exjKi<;tation8. 
 
 Prflrn'Is-ee', n. One to whom a promise is made. 
 
 Prdm'is-er, n. One who promises. 
 
 Pr6m'lH-dr (127), n. (Law.) One who engages or un- 
 dertakes ; a prom'i.ser. 
 
 Prftm'iH-Ho-ry (T^)), a. Containing a promise or bind- 
 ing declaration of something to be done or forborne. 
 
 Promiaorji note (Tmvi.)^ a written promise to pay to some 
 penson name/1, and at a time specifiea therein, a certain sum 
 »f money, abnolutely and at all events. 
 
 P^Sia'on-to-ry, n. [I>at. promovtorium, from pro, be- 
 .ore, and mons, monti.^, mountain.] (Geo^.) A high 
 point ofland or rock projecting into the sea ; a headland. 
 
 Pro-mote', v. t. [imp. & p. p. promoted ; p. pr. & 
 
 vh. n. PROMOTING.] [Lat. promovere, promotii-m, from 
 pro, forward, and movere, to move.] 1. To contribute 
 to the growth, enlargement, or excellence of, as any thing 
 valuable ; to forward ; to advance. 2. To exalt in sta- 
 tion, rank, or honor. 
 
 Syn. — To forward ; advance ; encourage; excite ; elevate; 
 raise; prefer. 
 
 Pro-mot'er, n. One who, or that which, promotes. 
 
 Pro-mo'tioii, n. 1. Act of promoting, advancing, or 
 encouraging ; the act of exalting. 2. Condition of being 
 advanced, encouraged, or exalted in honor. 
 
 Syn. — Advancement ; encouragement ; assistance ; eleva^ 
 tion. 
 
 Pro-mo'tive, a. Tending to advance or promote; tend- 
 ing to encourage. 
 
 Prompt (84), a. [compar. PROMPTER ; superl. prompt- 
 est.] [Lat. promptus, prop, brought to light, exposed 
 to view ; hence, visible, evident, at hand, ready, p. p. of 
 promerc, to take or bring forth, from pro, forth, and 
 emere, to take.] 1. Ready and quick to act as occasion 
 demands ; acting with cheerful alacrity. 2. Quickly, 
 readily, or cheerfully perfomied. 
 
 Syn. — Ready ; expeditious ; quick ; agile ; alert ; brisk ; 
 nimble. — One who is ready is prepared at the moment. One 
 who is j)roinpt is prepared beforehand, so as to start at the 
 moment into decisive action. One who is expeditious carries 
 through an undertaking with a steady, rapid progress. 
 
 Prompt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. prompted ; p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. prompting.] 1. To move or excite to action or ex- 
 ertion. 2. To suggest to the mind. 3. Especially, to 
 assist, as a speaker or a learner when at a loss. 
 Syn.— To incite; instigate; remind; dictate. 
 
 Prompt'er, n. One who prompts ; especially, one who 
 assists speakers, or actors in a play, when at a loss. 
 
 Prompt'i-tude (30), ti. 1. Quality of being prompt; 
 quickness of decision and action when occasion demands. 
 2. Cheerful alacrity. 
 
 Prompt'ly, adv. Readily ; quickly ; expeditiously. 
 
 Prompt'ness, n. 1. Promptitude ; readiness. 2. 
 Cheerful willingness ; alacrity. 
 
 Pro-mul'gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROMULGATED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n PROMULGATING.] [Lat. promulgare, 
 promulgatum, for provulgare. Cf. DIVULGE.] To make 
 known by open declaration, as laws, decrees, or tidings. 
 
 Syn. — To announce ; pubUsh ; declare ; proclaim. See 
 Announce. 
 
 Pro'mul-ga'tion, n. Act of promulgating ; publica- 
 tion ; open declaration. 
 
 Pro'muI-ga'tor,n. One who promulgates, proclaims, 
 or publishes. 
 
 Pro-mulge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. promulged ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PROMULGING.j [See PROMULGATE.] To 
 promulgate. [Rare.] 
 
 Pro-miil'^er, n. One who promulges or promulgates. 
 
 Prone, a. [L&t.pronus.'] 1. Bending forward ; incUned; 
 2. Flat on the face ; lying with the face downward. 3. 
 Headlong ; running downward. 4. Sloping, with refer- 
 ence to a line or surface ; inclined. 5. Inclined ; dis- 
 posed ; — usually in an ill sense. 
 
 Prone'Iy, adv. In a prone manner or position. 
 
 Prone'ness (109), n. State of being prone ; inclination 
 of mind, heart, or temper ; propension ; dispo.sition. 
 
 Prong, n. [D. prangen, to pinch, press. Cf. Preen.] 
 
 1. A sharp-pointed instrument. 2. The tine of a fork 
 or of a similar instrument. 3. A pointed projection. 
 
 Pro-nom'i-nal, a. [Lat. pronominalis. See PRO- 
 NOUN.] Belonging to, or partaking of, the nature of a 
 pronoun. 
 
 Pro'noun, n. [Lat. pronomen, from pro, for, and no- 
 men, a name, noun.] ( Gram.) A word used instead of a 
 noun or name, to prevent the repetition of it. 
 
 Pro-noimpe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PRONOUNCED (pro- 
 no\m&t')\ p. pr. & vb. n. PRONOUNCING.] [Lat. /?ro- 
 nunciare, from pro, before, forth, and nvnciare, to 
 announce.] 1. To utter articulately ; to speak distinctly. 
 
 2. To utter formally, officially, or solemnly. 3. To 
 speak or utter rhetorically. 4. To declare or affirm. 
 
 Syn. — To deliver; utter; speak. See Deliver. 
 
 Pro-noun^e'a-ble, a. Capable of being pronounced or 
 uttered. 
 
 Pro-noun^edMpro-nounst'), a. [¥r.prononce.] Strong- 
 ly marked ; decided. [A Gallicism.] 
 
 Pro-noun'^er. n. One who utters or declares. 
 
 Pro-nonn'ping, p. a. Teaching or indicating pronun- 
 ciation. 
 
 Pro-niin'^i-a-mgn'to, n. [See infra.] A proclam*" 
 tion; a manifesto. See PRONUNCIAMIENTO. 
 
 »,i,kc.,lone; &,6,kc.,thort; c&re, far, a«k, all, what; 6re,veU,tSrm; pique, firm; s6n, dr,d{}, W9li^ 
 
PRONUNCIAMIENTO 
 
 573 
 
 PROPORTION 
 
 Pro-nun' ci-d' mi- en' to (-ndbn'the-a'-), n. [Sp. See 
 Pronounce.] A proclamation or manifesto ; a formal 
 announcement or declaration. 
 
 Pro-nun''ci-a'tion (-shT-a'shun), n. [Lat. pronunci- 
 atio. See Pronounce.] 1. Act of uttering with artic- 
 ulation ; utterauce. ti. Mode of uttering words or sen- 
 tences. 3 . ( Rket . ) Art or manner of uttering a discourse 
 publicly with propriety and gracefulness. 
 
 Pro-niiii'ci-a-tive (-shl-), a. Of, or pertaining to, pro- 
 nunciation. 
 
 Proof, n. [Lat. proba, from probare, to prove. See 
 Prove.] 1. Any effort, process, or operation designed 
 to establish or discover a fact or truth ; test ; trial. 3. 
 That degree of evidence which produces belief. 3. Im- 
 penetrability of physical bodies. 4. Firmness of mind ; 
 stability not to be shaken. 5. Act of testing the strength 
 of alcoholic spirits ; also, the degree of strength. 6. 
 {Print.) A trial impression from type, an engraved 
 pljte, &c., taken for correction. 
 
 Syn. — Testimony ; evidence ; reason ; argument ; trial ; 
 demonstration. 
 
 Proof, a. Firm or successful in resisting. 
 
 Proofless, a. Wanting sufficient evidence to induce 
 belief 
 
 Proof '-sheet, n. See Proof, 6. 
 
 Prop, V. t. [imp. & p. p. propped (prQpt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PROPPING.] [D. proppni, H. Ger. pfropfen, to 
 cram, stuff, thrust into, stop.] 1. To support or pre- 
 vent from falling by placing something under or against. 
 ti. Hence, to sustain ; to support. 
 Syn.— To stay; uphold. 
 
 Prop, n. That which sustains an incumbent weight; 
 that on which any thing rests for support. 
 SjTi.— Stay ; support ; staff; pillar. 
 
 Pr6p'a-ga-l>le, a. Capable of being propagated. 
 
 Prop'a-gan'cla, n. [See Propagate.] A society in 
 Rome, popularly so called, charged with the management 
 of the Roman Catholic missions. 
 
 Pr6p'a-ga,n'di§in., n. Art or practice of propagating 
 tenets or principles. 
 
 PrSp'a-gan'dist, n. One who devotes hunself to the 
 spread of any system of principles. 
 
 Prop'a-gate, v. t. [imp. Sc p.p. propagated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. propagating.] [Lat. propagare, propaga- 
 tum.] 1. To continue or multiply by generation or suc- 
 cessive production. 2. To cause to spread or extend. 
 3. To spread from person to person ; to extend the knowl- 
 edge of. 
 
 Syn. — To multiply ; continue ; increase ; spread ; difiuse ; 
 disseminate ; promote. 
 
 Pr6p'a-gate, v. i. To have young or issue; to be pro- 
 duced or multiplied by generation. 
 
 Pr6p'a-ga'tioii, n. 1. Act of propagating. 3. The 
 spreading or extension of any thing. 
 
 Syn. — Production ; generation; extension; spread; in- 
 crease. 
 
 PrSp'a-ga'tor, n. One who propagates. 
 
 Pro-pel', I', t. [imp. & p. p. propelled ;p.pr. & vb. 
 n. propelling.] [Lat. propellere, from pro, forward, 
 and pellere, to drive.] To drive forward; to urge or 
 press onward by force. 
 
 Pro-p61'ler, n. 1. One who, or that which, propels. 2. 
 A contrivance for propelling a steamboat, consisting of a 
 revolving screw placed in the stern. 3. A steamboat 
 thus propelled. 
 
 Pro-pSnd'en-^y, n. A leaning toward; inclination; 
 tendency of desire to any thing. , 
 
 Pro-pense', a. [Lat. propensus, p. p. of propetidere, fr. 
 pro, forward, forth, and pendere, to hang.] Inclined ; 
 disposed either to good or evil ; prone. 
 
 Pro-peiise'ne.ss, n. QuaUty of being propense ; pro- 
 pensity ; inclination. 
 
 Pro-peii'sion, ) n. State of being propense or inclined ; 
 
 Pro-peii'si-ty, ) natural incUnation. 
 
 Syn.— Disposition ; bias ; proclivity ; proneness. 
 
 Prop'er, a. [Lat. proprius.] 1. Belonging to as one's 
 own; own. 3. Belonging to the natural or essential 
 constitution of. 3. Especially, befitting one's nature, 
 property, &c. 4. Adapted to the ends of order, com- 
 fort, taste, beauty, morality, and the like. 5. Precise ; 
 formal ; according to usage. 6. Well formed ; hand- 
 some. [ Obs.] 7, Pertaining to one of a species, but not 
 common to the whole ; not appellative. 
 
 Syn. — Peculiar; fit; adapted; just; right; accurate, &c. 
 
 Prflp'er-ly, adv. 1, In a proper manner ; suitably ; 
 fitly. 2. In a strict sense ; strictly. 
 
 Prdp'er-ness, n. The quality of being proper. 
 
 Pr6p'er-ty, n. [LsLt. proprietas. Seo supra.] 1. That 
 which is proper to any thing ; a peculiar quality of any 
 thing. 2. An acquired or artificial quality. 3. That 
 which is peculiar to any person ; that to which a person 
 has a legal title ; thing owned. 4. Exclusive right of pos- 
 sessing ; ownership. 5. Possession held in one's own 
 right. 6. An estate, whether in lands, goods, or money. 
 7. Nearness or right. 8. A piece of land with the ap- 
 purtenant buildings. 
 
 Syn. — Attributes ; quality ; goods ; possessions ; riches : 
 wealth. 
 
 Pr6pli'e-9y, n. [Lat. prophetia, Gr. Trpoc^TjTeia, from 
 Trpo^TjTveiv, to prophesy, from 7rpo<|)ijn)?, prophet, q. v.] 
 1. A declaration of something to come ; especially, an 
 inspired foretelling. 2. (Script.) A book of prophecies; 
 a history 3. Public interpretation of Scripture ; preach- 
 ing- 
 
 Syn.— A foretelling; prediction; prognostication; exhorta- 
 tion; instruction. 
 
 Pr6pli'e-si'er, n. One who proyhesies or predicts 
 events. 
 
 Propli'e-sy (54), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prophesied ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PROPHESYING.] To foretell, aa future ; to 
 predict. 
 
 Propli'e-sy, r. ?'. 1. To utter predictions. 2. {Script.) 
 To instruct in religious doctrines ; to preach ; to exhort. 
 
 Propli'et, n. [Lat. propheta, Gr. Trpo^ijTrjs, lit. one who 
 speaks for another, esp. for a god, and interprets his will 
 to man, fr. Trpo<f>dvat, to say or speak for, from np6, for, 
 and <})a.va(., to say or speak.] 1. One who prophesies, or 
 foretells events ; a predicter ; a foreteller. 2. An inter- 
 preter. 
 
 Propli^et-ess, n. A female prophet. 
 
 Pro-pliet'i«, ) a. Containing, or pertaining to, 
 
 Pro-phet'i-e-al, j prophecy ; — used with o/ before the 
 thing foretold. 
 
 Pro-pliet'i«-al-ly, adv. In a prophetical manner. 
 
 Pro-pliet'i-e-al-ness, n. The quality of being prophet- 
 ical ; power or capacity to foretell. 
 
 Pr6pli'y-lS,<;'ti-e, n. {Med.^ A medicine which pre- 
 serves or defends against disease ; a preventive. 
 
 Propli/y-ia^'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. ttpo^vA-oktikos, from Trpo- 
 
 Pr6pli'y-13,€'ti«-al, ) (f)v\a.<r<Teiv , to guard against, 
 from 7rp6, before, and <^uAao-<7ecj', to guard.] {Med.) De- 
 fending from disease ; preventive. 
 
 Pro-pin'qui-ty (-pTnk/wi-), n. [Lat. propinquitas, from 
 propinquus, near, neighboring, fr. prope, near.] Nearness 
 in place, time, or relationship ; neighborhood ; proximity. 
 
 Pro-pi'ti-a-ble (-pish'i-), a. Capable of being propiti- 
 ated. 
 
 Pro-pi'ti-ate (-pTsh'i-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROPI- 
 TIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. PROPITIATING.] [Lat. pro- 
 pitiare,]jropitiatum, from propitius, favorable.] To ap- 
 pease and render favorable ; to make propitious. 
 
 Pro-pi'ti-a'tion (-pish^i-), n. 1. Act of propitiating 
 or making propitious. 2. ( Theol.) The atonement or 
 atoning sacrifice. 
 
 Pro-pi'ti-a'tor (-pish'i-), n. One who propitiates. 
 
 Pro-pi'ti-a-to-ry (-pish'T-), a. Having the power to 
 make propitious ; pertaining to, or employed in, propitia- 
 tion ; expiatory. 
 
 Pro-pi'ti-a-to-ry (-pish''!-), n. {Jewish Antiq.) The 
 mercy -seat ; the lid or cover of the ark of the covenant ; 
 the symbol of the propitiated Jehovah. 
 
 Pro-pi'tioiis (-pish'us), a. [Lat. propitius, probably fr- 
 prope, n&av.] 1, Favorable; kind. 2. Ready to forgive 
 sins and bestow blessings. 3. Favorable. 
 
 Syn. — Auspicious ; favorable ; kind. —Auspicious (from the 
 ancient idea of auspices, or omens) denotes " mdicative of suc- 
 cess," or "favored by incidental occurrences;" as, an auspicious 
 opening; an auspicious event. Propitious denotes that which 
 efficaciously protects us in some undertaking, speeds our exer- 
 tions, and decides our success. 
 
 Pro-pi'tious-ly (-pish'us), adv. In a propitious manner. 
 
 Pro'po-lis, n. [Lat. ; Gr. TrpoTroAis, from jrpo, before, and 
 TToAis, city.] A resinous substance of a reddish color, 
 used by bees to stop crevices in their hives, &c. 
 
 Pro-po'neiit, n. [Lat. proponens, p. pr. of proponere, to 
 propose.] One who makes a proposal, or lays down a 
 proposition. 
 
 Pro-por'tion, n. [Lat. proportio, from pro, before, and 
 ?>or^io, part or share. See PORTION.] 1, Arrangement 
 of parts ; relation of one portion to another, or to the 
 whole, with respect to magnitude or quantity. 2. Equal 
 or just share ; lot. 3. Symmetrical arrangement, dis- 
 tribution, or adjustment. 4. (Math.) (a.) EquaUty or 
 similarity of ratios, especially of geometrical ratios. (b.\ 
 
 food, fcibt ; ^n, r)|de, p^ll ; (ell^ ^liaise, «all, echo ; g^em, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tbis. 
 
PROPORTION 
 
 574 
 
 PROSODIST 
 
 The rule of tlirce, in arithmetic, in which the three given 
 tenns, together with the one souglit, are proportional. 
 In i>roi>ortu»i. acconlinn as: to the degree that 
 Syn. — Svnunetry . — The idea of tuhijitation is common to 
 birtJi these wordss biit si/>i"iirfi'!/ denotes btautiful adaptation, 
 an idea not aUays embraced in the v.onl proportion. 
 
 Pro-por'tlon, r. t. [hup. & p. p. proportioned ; 
 />. pr. & vb. n. PROPORTIONING.] 1. To adjust in a 
 suitable piMjMjrtion. 2. To form with symmetry or suit- 
 ablenea*. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being propor- 
 tiont\l or made proportional. ^2. Proportional. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-a-ble-ness, n. State of being propor- 
 tionable. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-a-bly, adv- According to proportion or 
 comparative relation. 
 
 Fro-por'tion-al, a. 1. Having a due proportion or 
 comparative relation. 2. Relating to, or securing, pro- 
 portion. 3. {Math.) Having the same or a constant, 
 ratio. 
 
 Syn. — Proportionate; corresponding; Bymmetrical; suita- 
 ble. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-al, ". 1. (Math.) Any number or quan- 
 tity in a proportion. 2. ( Chcm.) The same as equiva- 
 hnt. See EQUIV.VLENT. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-ai'i-ty, n. Quality of being in proportion. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. In proportion ; in due degree. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-ate, a. Adjusted to something else, ac- 
 cording to a proportion. 
 
 Syn. — Proportional; equal; symmetrical; corresponding. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. proportion- 
 ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. PROPORTIONATING.] To make 
 proportional ; to proportion. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-ate-ly, adv. In a proportionate manner. 
 
 Pro-por'tioii-ate-ness, n. Suitableness of proportions. 
 
 Pro-po§'al, n. That which is proposed, offered, or pro- 
 pounded for consideration or acceptance. 
 Syn. — Proposition ; offer ; proffer ; tender ; overture. See 
 
 PROI'OSITIOK. 
 
 Pro-pose', f . t. [imp. & p. p. proposed ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. "proposing.] {\j3it. p'-oponere, propositum, to 
 put forth, to set or lay out, from pro, before, forth, and 
 ponere, positum, to put, but influenced by Lat. pausare, 
 to pause.] 1. To offer for consideration, di.scussion, ac- 
 ceptance, or adoption. 2. To purpose ; to intend. [Re- 
 cent.] 
 
 Pro-po§e', v.t. 1. To lay schemes. 2. To offer one's 
 self in marriage. 
 
 Pro-po§'er. n. One who makes a proposition. 
 
 Proiyo-gi'tion (-zlsh-'un), n. 1. That which is pro- 
 posed ; that which is offered, as for consideration, ac- 
 ceptance, or adoption. 2. (Grayn. & Logic.) A com- 
 plete sentence ; a subject and predicate united by a 
 copula. 3. (Math.) A statement in terms either of a 
 truth to be demonstrated or of an operation to be per- 
 formed. 
 
 Syn. — Proposal. —Proposition and proposal mark different 
 forms or stages of a negotiation. A proposition is something 
 presented for discussion or consideration ; a proposal is some 
 definite thing offered by one party to be accepted or rejected 
 bv the other. If the pro/>o«t<ton is favorably received, it is usu- 
 ally followed by proposals which complete the arrangement. 
 
 Pr6p'o-§i'tion-al (-zlsh'un-), a. Pertaining to, or in 
 the nature of, a proposition. 
 
 Pro-pound', v. t. [imp. & p. p. propounded : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. propounding.] [Lat. proponere. See PRO- 
 POSE.] 1. To lay before; to offer for consideration ; to 
 propo.se. 2. (Congregational Churches.) To propose or 
 name as a candidate for admission to communion with a 
 church. 
 
 Pro-pound'er, n. One who propo.<!e8 or offers. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, n. [See Propriety.] 1. A proprie- 
 t<jr or owner. 2. A body of proprietors taken collec- 
 tively. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, a. Pertaining to a proprietor. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-tor, n. One who has the legal right or ex- 
 cluhive title to any thing, whether in possession or not : 
 an owner. 
 
 Pro-pri'e- tor-ship, n. State of being proprietor. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-tre««, n. A female proprietor. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-ty, n. [Lat. proprietas. See PROPERTY.] 
 
 Suitableness to an acknowledjred or correct standard or 
 
 rule; consonance with establiphe<l principles, rules, or 
 
 customs. 
 
 Syn.- Fitness; suitablenees; decorum; justnens; accuracy. 
 
 Pro-piigrn' (-pun-'), v. t. f I>at. propui>nare, from pro, for, 
 and pugnare, to fight.] To contend for; to defend ; to 
 vindicate. 
 
 Pro-pHgn'er (-pun'-), n. A defender ; a vindicator. 
 
 Pro-pul'sion, n. [See PROPEL.] The act of driving 
 forward. 
 
 Pro-pfil'sive, a. Tending or having power to propel. 
 
 Pro'ro-ga'tion, n. Continuance of Parliament from 
 one session to another ; adjournment. [Eng.] 
 
 Pro-rogue', v. t. [imp. & p. p. prorogued ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PROROGUING.] [Lat. prorogare, from Lat. prOy 
 forward, and rogare, to ask one for his opinion, vote, or 
 about a law.] 1. To protract; to prolong; to defer; 
 to delay. 2. To continue from one session to an- 
 other ; to adjourn for an indefinite time ; — applied to th« 
 English Parliament. 
 
 Syn. — To adjourn ; postpone; defer. See AnjouRif . 
 
 Pro-rup'tion, n. [Lat. proruptio, from prorumpere, pro- 
 ntptum, to break or burst forth.] Act of bursting forth. 
 
 Pro-§a'i-e, ) a. [Lat. 77ro5ajci/s, from />ro5o, prose.] 1. 
 
 Pro-§a'i<;-al, J Pertaining to, or resembling, prose.' 2. 
 Hence, dull ; uninteresting ; prosy. » 
 
 Pro-§a'i«-al-ly, adv. In a dull or prosaic manner. 
 
 Pro'§a-i§m (44), n. That which is in the form of prose 
 writing. 
 
 Pro'ga-ist, n. A writer of jprose. 
 
 Pro-Sfe'ni-um, n. [Lat. ; Gr. irpoa-icqvi.ov , from Trpo, be- 
 fore, and a-KTjm^, a tent, a wooden stage, the stage.] 1. 
 (Atic. Theater.) The stage. 2. (Modern Theater.) The 
 part of the stage in front of the drop-Fcene. 
 
 Pro-s-eribe', f. t. [imp. & p. p. proscribed; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. PROSCRIBING.] [Lat. proscribere, pjroscriptum, 
 from pro, before, and scribere, to write.] 1. To doom to 
 destruction. 2. To denounce and condemn as danger- 
 ous and not worthy of reception. 
 Syn. — To denounce; outlaw; doom. 
 
 Pro-s-erib'er, n. One who, or that which, proscribes. 
 
 Pro-s«rip'tion,«. [See supra.] 1. Act of proscriWng 
 or dooming to death, exile, or outlawry. 2. State of be- 
 ing proscribed. 
 
 Syn. — Outlawry ; banishment ; condemnation ; denunci- 
 ation. 
 
 Pro-s«rip'tive, a. Pertaining to, or consisting in, pro- 
 scription ; proscribing. 
 
 Proge, n. [Lat. 2??-05a, equiv. to Lat. prorsa (sc. oratio), 
 from prorsus, straight forward, straight on, for proversus, 
 from, p/ro, forward, and versus, p. p. of vertere, to turn.] 
 The natural language of man ; language not in verse. 
 
 Proge, V. i. 1. To write prose. 2. To talk in a dull, 
 prosy, tedious manner. 
 
 Proge, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, prose. 2. 
 Possessing or exhibiting unpoetical characteristics. 
 
 Pr6s'e-<;ut'a-ble, a. Capable of being prosecuted. 
 
 Pr6s'e-«ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prosecuted ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. prosecuting.] [Lat. prosequi, prosecutus, fr. 
 pro, forward, and sequi, to follow.] 1. To follow or pur- 
 sue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish. 2. To 
 seek to obtain by legal process. 3. (Law.) To accuse of 
 some crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress or 
 punishment, before a legal tribunal. 
 
 Syn.— To continue ; pursue ; persist ; follow ; carry on ; 
 criminate. 
 
 Pros'e-eute, v. i. To carry on a legal prosecution. 
 
 Pros'e-eu'tion, n. 1. Act or process of prosecuting, 
 or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something. 2. 
 (Law.) The institution and carrying on of a suit in a 
 court of law. 
 
 Pros'e-Gu'tor, n. One who prosecutes. 
 
 Pros'e-lyte, n. [Lat. proselytus, Gr. Trpo(7T)A.vTos. a new 
 comer, esp. one who has come over from heathenism to 
 the .Jewish religion, from Trpotre'pxfcrflai, to come to.] A 
 convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some par- 
 ticular opinion, system, or party. 
 Syn.— See Coxvert. 
 
 Pros'e-lyte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. proselyted : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PROSELYTING.] To cause to become converted 
 to some religion, opinion, or system. 
 
 PrSs'e-ly-tigm, n. Act of proselyting ; the making of 
 converts. 
 
 Pros'e-ly-tize, v. i. To make converts or proselytes. 
 
 Prog'er, n. 1. A writer of prose. 2. A tedious writer 
 or speaker. 
 
 Prog'i-ly, adv. In a prosy manner ; tediously. 
 
 Prog'i-ness, n. The quality or state of being prosy. 
 
 Pro-slav'er-y, a. In favor of slavery. 
 
 Pro-so'di-al,' ) a. [Lat. prosodiacus, Gr. 7rpo(n«»5t>c6«.] 
 
 Pro-s6d'ie-al, ) Pertaining to prosody; according to 
 the rules of prosody. 
 
 Pro-so'di-an, n. One skilled in prosody : a prosodisfe. 
 
 Pr6s'o-dist, n. One who understands prosody. 
 
 »,e,ke.,/o«g;a,g,&c.,»Aorf;c4re,far,a8k:,aU, whait; Sre, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr,dQ,w9U 
 
PROSODY 
 
 575 
 
 PROTOPLAST 
 
 Pr6s'o-dy, n. [Lat. prosodia. Gr. npoatfSia, a song sung 
 to or with, an accompanying song, the accent accompany- 
 ing the pronunciation, from Trpos, to, and (^Stj, song, 
 ode.] That part of grammar which treats of tlie quau- 
 tity of syllables, of accent, and of the laws of versifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Pr6s'o-j)0-pai'id (-p5'ya), n. [Lat. ; Gr. Trpoo-wTroTrotia, 
 from TrpoaojTroi', a face, a person, and Troieii', to make.] 
 (Rliet.) A figure by which things are represented as per- 
 sons, or an absent' person is introduced as speaking. 
 
 Pr6s'pe«t, n. [Lat. prospfctus, from prospicere, prospec- 
 tum, to look forward, fron>. pro, before, forward, and 
 specere, spicere, to look, to see.] 1. That which is em- 
 braced by the eye in vision ; view. ti. Especially, a pict- 
 uresque or widely extended view ; a landscape. 3. A 
 position which affords a fine view ; a lookout. 4. Posi- 
 tion of the front of a building. 5. Anticipation ; ground 
 or reason for hoping. 6. Expectation. 
 
 Pr6s'pe-et, v. t. [imp. & jt. p. prospected ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PROSPECTING.] To search or examine for. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 Pros'pect, V. i. To make a search ; to seek. [Amer.] 
 
 Pro-spe<;'tion, 7i. The act of looking forward, or of 
 providing for future wants. 
 
 Pros-p6€t'ive, a. 1. Looking forward in time ; acting 
 with foresight. '2. Respecting or relating to the future, j 
 
 Pro-sp6-e'tus, n. [Lat., a prospect, sight, view.] Plan 
 of a literary work, containing the general subject or de- j 
 sign, terms of publication, &c. 
 
 Pros'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. prospered ; p. pr. & j 
 vh. n. PROSPERING.] [Lat. prosperare ., from Lat. pros- 
 per or prosperus. See Prosperous.] To favor ; to 
 render successful. | 
 
 Pros'per, v. i. To be successful ; to make gain. ] 
 
 Syn.— To succeed; flourish; thrive; advance. I 
 
 Pros-per'i-ty, n. Advance or gain in any thing good or 
 desirable ; successful progress in any business or enter- 
 prise. 
 
 Syn. — Success; good fortune; thrift; prosperousness; weal; 
 welfare; well-being; happiness. 
 
 Pros'per-ous, a. [Lat. prosperus or prosper, orig. an- 
 swering to hope, from pro, according to, and sperare, to 
 hope.] 1. Tending or permitted to prosper ; succeeding 
 in the pursuit of any thing desirable. 3. Favoring 
 success. 
 
 Syn. — Fortunate; successful; flourishing; thriving ; favor- 
 able; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate. 
 
 Pr5s'per-ou.s-ly, adv. In a prosperous manner. 
 
 Pros'per-oiis-iiess, 7i. State of being prosperous. 
 
 J*r6s'tJie-sls, n. [Lat. ; Gr. 7rp6(r0e<rt?, from npocrTLOevai, 
 to put to, to add, from irpos, to, and nfleVai, to put, place.] 
 1. (Surg.) The addition of an artificial part to supply a 
 defect of the body. "Z, [Gram.) A figure consisting in 
 prefixing one or more letters to the beginning of a word. 
 
 Pros'ti-tuLte (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prostituted ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. prostituting.] [Lat. prostituere, pros- 
 titutum, from pro, before, forth, and statuere, to put, 
 place.] 1. To offer, as a woman, to a lewd iise. 3. 
 Hence, to devote to base or unworthy purposes. 
 
 Pros'ti-tiite, a. Openly devoted to lewdness ; devoted 
 to ba-se or infamous purposes. 
 
 Pros'ti-tute, n. 1. A woman given to indiscriminate 
 lewdness; a strumpet. 3. Hence, a base hireUng. 
 
 Pros'ti-tii'tion, n. 1. Act or practice of prostituting ; 
 common lewdness of a female. 3. Hence, the act of 
 setting one's self to sale, or of devoting to Infamous pur- 
 poses what is in one's power. 
 
 Pros'ti-tii'tor, n. One who prostitutes. 
 
 Pros'trate, a. [See infra.] 1. Lying at length, or with, 
 the body stretched out. 3. Occupying a humble, lowly, 
 or suppliant position. 
 
 Pros'trate, r. t. [imp. & p. p. PROSTRATED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PROSTRATING.] [Lat. prosternere, prostratum, 
 from pro, before, forward, and sternrre, to stretch out, to 
 throw down.] 1. To lay or fall flat ; to throw down. 3. 
 To cause to sink totally ; to reduce. 
 
 Pros-tra'tion, n. [See 5i(pm.] 1. Act of prostrating ; 
 act of thi-owing or falling down, or laying flat. 2. Con- 
 dition of being prostrate; great depression. 3. {Med.) 
 Great_oppression of natural strength and vigor. 
 
 Pro;^style, n. [Gr. irp6o~n;A.os, from 7rp6, before, and 
 o-TuAos, pillar, column.] {Arch.) A portico in which the 
 columns stand in advance of the building to which they 
 belong. 
 
 Prog'y, a. [compar. prosier ; superl. PROSIEST.] 1. 
 Like prose. 3. Dull and tedious in discourse or writing. 
 
 Pro-syl'lo-gi§m, n. (Logic.) A syllogism preHminary 
 
 or logically essential to another syllogism ; the conclusion 
 of such a syllogism. 
 
 Prdt'a-sis, n. [Lat. ; Gr. Trporao-is, from wporeiveiv, to 
 stretch before, forward, from npo, before, forward, and 
 reCveiv, to stretch.] 1. A proposition ; a maxim. 54. 
 ( Gram.) The subordinate member of a sentence, gener- 
 ally of a conditional sentence. 
 
 Pro'te-an, a. Pertaining to Proteus, a sea-god who had 
 the faculty of assuming diflerent shapes ; hence, readily 
 changing the form or appearance. 
 
 Pro-t6€t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. PROTECTED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PROTECTING.] [Lat. protegere, proter.tum, from 
 pro, before, and tegere, to cover.] To cover or shield 
 from danger or injury. 
 
 Syn. — To defend ; guard ; shield ; preserve ; save ; secure. 
 See Defend. 
 
 Pro-t6«'tion, n. 1. Act of protecting; preservatio; 
 from loss, injury, or annoyance. 2. State of being pro 
 tected. 3. That which protects or preserves from in 
 jury. 4. A writing that protects. 
 
 Syn. — Preservation ; defense ; guard ; shelter ; refuge ; 
 security ; safety. 
 
 Pro-te«'tion-ist, n. One who favors the protection of 
 some branch of industry by legal enactments. 
 
 Pro-te-et'ive, a. Affording protection ; sheltering. 
 
 Pro-te<;t'or, n. One who defends or shields from injury, 
 evil, or oppression. 
 Syn. — A guardian; preserver; defender; savior; supporter. 
 
 Pro-t6«t'or-ate, n. 1. Government by a protector, 
 3. The authority assumed by a superior power over an 
 inferior or a dependent one. 
 
 Pro-te«t'or-sliip, n. The office of a protector or regent. 
 
 Pro-te-et'ress, n. A woman who protects. 
 
 froteff^ (pro'ta-zha'), n. [Fr., p. p. of protcger. See 
 Protect.] One under the care and protection of 
 another. 
 
 Protegee (pro'ta'zha'), n. [Fr.] A woman or girl undei 
 the protection of another. 
 
 Pro-test' (115), v. i. [imp. & p. p. protested ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PROTESTING.] [Lat. proteslari, from pro, be- 
 fore, and testari, to testify.] 1. To affirm in a public 
 or formal manner. 2. To make a solemn declaration 
 (usually a written one) expressive of opposition. 
 
 Syn. — To affirm; asseverate; assert; aver; attest; testify; 
 declare ; profess. See Affirm. 
 
 Pro-test', V. t. To make a solemn declaration or affirma- 
 tion of. 
 
 To protest a bill or note (Law), to make a solemn written dec- 
 laration, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable, for 
 any loss or damage to be sustained by the non-acceptance or 
 the non-payment of the bill or note. 
 
 Pro'test, 71. 1. A solemn declaration of opinion, com- 
 monly against some act ; especially, a declaration iu 
 writing of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative 
 body. 3. (Law.) A solemn declaration in writing, 
 made by a notary public , on behalf of the holder of a 
 bill or note, protesting against all parties liable for any 
 loss or damage by the non-acceptance or non-payment 
 of the bill, or by the non-payment of the note. 
 
 Prot'est-ant, a. 1. Making a protest. 3. Pertaining 
 to the faith and practice of those who protest against the 
 church of Rome. 
 
 Prot'est-ant, «. One who protests against the doc- 
 trines and practices of the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Pr6t'est-aiit-i§m, ii. The Protestant religion. 
 
 Prot'es-ta'tioii, n. Act of making a protest or public 
 avowal; a solemn declaration, especially of dissent. 
 
 Pro-test'er, n. One who protests or makes a protest. 
 
 Pro-tlion'o-ta-ry, n. [Lat. protonotarius, from Gr. 
 TrpwTO?, first, and Lat. notarius, a short-hand writer, 
 scribe, notary.] 1. A chief notary or clerk. 3. A 
 register or chief clerk of a court, in particular States. 
 [Amer.] 3. (Rom. Catli. Church.) One of twelve per- 
 sons constituting a college, who receive the last wills of 
 cardinals, &c. 
 
 Pro'to-c6l, n. [Low Lat. protocolhim, from Late Gr. 
 7rpwTdKoA.A.oi/, the first leaf glued to the rolls of papyrus 
 and the notarial documents, on which the date was 
 written, from Trp"— 09. the fir.st, and KoWa, glue.] 1. 
 Original copy of any ..riting, as of a treaty. 3. Rough 
 draught of an instrument or transaction. 
 
 Pro'to-mar'tyr, n. [Gr. TrptoTO/uapTvp , from Trpairos, 
 first, and fxip-np, martvr.] 1. The first martyr, Stephen. 
 3. The first who suffers, or is sacrificed, in any cause. 
 
 Pro'to-piast, n. [Gr. ^rpwron-AacTTO?, formed or created 
 first, from Trpwros, first, and TrAao-ro?, formed.] The 
 thmg first formed, as a copy to be imitated : an original. 
 
 food, f<>bt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; pell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, linlc ; tliis- 
 
PROTOTYPE 
 
 576 
 
 PROVOKE 
 
 Pro'to-typ*', "• [t**- rrototypus, Gr. npoiTorvwo^, npu- 
 TOTvirois'tr. irpurof, first, and tvttos, type, model.] An 
 oriipnaror model after which any thing is copied ; pat- 
 tern ; exemplar ; archetype. 
 
 Pro to-zo'aii, n. [Gr. rrpwros, first, and ^woi/, an animal.] 
 (ZiKii.) An animal of the lowest class, distinguished by 
 itii simplicity of structure. The protozoans include the 
 sponges, anil many of the so-called animalcules. 
 
 Pro to-zo'i*;, <i. (Zool.) Of, or pertaining to, the pro- 
 toi<x\. 
 
 Pro-lrft'Cl', f. t. [imp. & p. p. PROTRACTED ; p. pr. 
 & f*. H. PROTR.tCTlNG.] [Lat. protraJiere, protracti(7n, 
 fipom pro, forward, and trakere, to draw.] 1. To draw 
 out or lengthen in time ; to continue. "Z, To put off to 
 a distant time. 3. (Surv.) To lay down with scale and 
 protractor. 
 Syn. — To prolong ; delay ; defer ; postpone ; retard. 
 
 Pro-trftct'er, n. One who protracts or lengthens in 
 time. 
 
 Pro-trftc'tion, n. 1, Act of drawing out or continuing 
 in time. *2. [Surv.) Act of plotting or laying down on 
 paper the dimensions of any thing, as a field. 3. That 
 which is protracted, or plotted on paper. 
 
 E*ro-tra€t'ive, a. Drawing out or lengthening in time ; 
 prolonging ; continuing ; delaying. 
 
 Pro-tract'or, »!. 1 . One who protracts. 3. A math- 
 ematical instrument for laying down and measuring 
 angles on paper. 3. (Surg.) An instrument used In 
 extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound. 
 
 Pro-trude', v. t. [iinp. & p. p. protruded ; p. pr. & 
 i-b. n. PROTRUDING.] [Lat. protrudere, protrusum, from 
 pro, forward, forth, and trudere, to thrust.] To thrust 
 out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement. 
 
 Pro-tr^cle', v. i. To shoot forward ; to be thrust forward. 
 
 Pro-trii'§ion, n. 1. Act of thrusting forward, or beyond 
 the usual limit. 2. State of being protruded. 
 
 Pro-tru'sJve, a. Thrusting or impelling forward. 
 
 Pro-tu'ber-an^e, n. [See infra.] Any thing swelled or 
 pushed beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface ; a 
 projection. [surface ; swelling. 
 
 Pro-tuHber-ant, a. Prominent beyond the surrounding 
 
 Pro-tu'ber-ate, v. i. [Lat. protuberare, protuberatum, 
 from pro, forward, forth, and tuber, a hump, swelling, 
 protuberance.] To swell or be prominent beyond the 
 adjacent surface ; to bulge out. 
 
 Pro-tu'ber-a'tion, n. The act of swelling beyond the 
 surrounding surface. 
 
 Proud a. [compar. prouder ; superl. PROUDEST.] 
 [A.-S. 'pr{it, Icel. prUdr, urbane, ciril, handsome.] 1. 
 Feehng or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense ; 
 especially, possessing or showing inordinate self esteem. 
 2. Giving reason or occasion for pride, self-gratulation, 
 or boasting. 3. Excited by the animal appetite ; — said 
 of the female of some animals. 
 
 Proud ftKsh (Med.), a fungous growth or excrescence of flesh 
 In a wound or ulcer. 
 
 Syn. — Conceited i arrogant; supercilious; lofty; splendid; 
 ostentatious. 
 
 Proudly, adv. With an inordinate self-esteem ; in a 
 proud manner ; haughtily ; ostentatiou.sly. 
 
 Prqv'a-ble, a. Capable of being jjroved. 
 
 Prove {\)T'T<jv), V. t. [imp. & p. p. proved; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. PROVING.] [Lat. 77ro6are, to try, approve, prove, 
 from probus, good, proper.] 1. To try or ascertain by 
 an exi>eriment, or by a test or standard. 2. To evince, 
 estabU-sh, or ascertain as truth, reality, or fact, by argu- 
 ment, testimony, or other evidence. 3. To ascertain the 
 genuineness or validity of. 
 
 Syn. -To argue; try; test; verify; justify; confirm ; estab- 
 lish ; evince ; manifest ; show ; demonstrate. 
 
 Prftve (prrTov), t>. t. 1. To make trial, '-i. To be found 
 by experience or trial. 3. To be ascertained by the 
 event subsequent. 
 
 Pr<>v'en (prfTov'n), p. p. The same as PROVED, p. p. of 
 prove. [A Scotticism.] 
 
 Pr5v'en-der, n. [Fr. provende, provisions, provender, 
 from IjAt. providere, Norm. Fr. provendre, a prebend, 
 provender, a prebendary, from Lat. prxbere.] Dry food 
 for beasts, as corn, hay, and oats; also, a mixture of 
 meal and cut straw or hay. 
 
 Prp'ver fprrrov'er), n. One who, or that which, proves. 
 
 Prov'erb, n. [I>at. proverbium, f-- //ro, before, for, and 
 verbum, a. \ford.] 1. An old and common saying; es- 
 pecially, a sentence briefly and forcibly expressing some 
 practical truth, ti, A striking or paradoxical assertion ; 
 an enigma. 3. A by-word ; an expression of contempt. 
 Syn. — Maxim ; aphorism ; apothegm ; adage ; saw. 
 
 Pro-vSrb'i-al, a. 1. Mentioned or comprised in a pror- 
 erb ; hence, universally acknowledged or spoken of. 3. 
 Pertaining to proverbs ; resembling, or suitable to, a 
 proverb. 
 
 Pro-verb't-al-igm, n. A proverbial phrase. 
 
 Pro-verb'i-al-ist, n. One who speaks proverbs. 
 
 Pro-verb'i-al-ly , adv. In a proverb ; hence, commonly, 
 universally. 
 
 Pro-vide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. PROVIDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. PROVIDING.] [Lat. providere, provisum, from pro, 
 before, and videre, to see.] 1. To look out for in ad- 
 vance ; to get, collect, or make ready for future use ; to 
 prepare. H. To furnish ; to supply. 
 
 Pro-vide', v. i. 1. To procure supplies or means of 
 defense, ti. Hence, to furnish j to afford. 3. To stipulat* 
 previously. 
 
 Pro-vid'ed, conj. On condition ; by stipulation ; with 
 the understanding ; if ; — followed by that. 
 
 PrSv'i-denfe, M. [See infra.] 1. Act of providing or 
 preparing for future use or application. 2. Especially, 
 the foresight and care which God exercises over his 
 creatures ; hence, God, regarded as exercising forecast, 
 care, and direction, for and on his creatures. 
 
 Pr6v'i-de»t, a. [Lat. providens, p. pr. of providere. See 
 Provide.] Foreseeing wants and making provision to 
 supply them. 
 
 Syn. — Forecasting ; cautious ; careful ; prudent ; frugal ; 
 economical. 
 
 Prov/i-den'tial, a. Effected by the providence of God; 
 referable to divine providence. 
 
 Pr6v'i-deii'tial-ly, adv. In a providential manner. 
 
 Prov'i-dent-ly, adv. In a provident manner ; with 
 prudent foresight. 
 
 Pro-vid'er, n. One who provides or furnishes. 
 
 PrSv'in^e, n. [Lat. provincia, from pro, before, for, and 
 vincere, to conquer.] 1. A country or region dependent 
 on a distant authority ; a portion of an empire, or state, 
 remote from the capital. 2, Hence, a region of country ; 
 a tract; a large-extent. 3. A region which comes under 
 the supervision or direction of any special person. 4. A 
 division in any department of knowledge or speculation. 
 5. One's proper or appropriate business, duty, or calling. 
 
 Pro-vin'cial, a. 1. Pertaining to a province, or relating 
 to it. 2. Appendant to the principal kingdom or state. 
 3. Exhibiting the ways or manners of a province ; coun- 
 trified ; rude. 
 
 Pro-vin'cial, n. 1. A person belonging to a province. 2. 
 (Rom. Catk. Church.) A monastic superior, who has the 
 direction of all the religious hoxises of the same fraternity 
 in a given district. 
 
 Pro-viii'cial-i§in, n. A peculiar word or manner of 
 speaking in a province or district, remote from the prin- 
 cipal country or from the metropolis. 
 
 Pro-vin'ci-Sl'i-ty (-shi-al'-), ri. Peculiarity of language 
 in a province. 
 
 Pro-vig'ion (-vTzh'un), n. [Lat. provisio. See PRO- 
 VIDE.] 1. Act of providing or making previous prep- 
 aration. 2. That which is provided or prepared ; meas- 
 ures taken beforehand. 3. Especially, a stock of food ; 
 eatables collected or stored ; — often in the plural. 4. A 
 condition ; a previous agreement ; a proviso. 5. A tem- 
 porary arrangement. 
 
 Pro-vig'ion (-vTzh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. provis- 
 ioned •, p. pr. & vb. n. PROVISIONING.] To supply 
 with victuals or food. 
 
 Pro-vig'ion-al (-vTzh/un-), a. Provided for present need 
 or for the occasion ; temporary. 
 
 Pro-vig'ion-al-ly, adv. By way of provision ; tem- 
 porarily. 
 
 Pro-vi§'ion-a-ry, a. [See supra.] Provisional. 
 
 Pro-vi'go, 71. ; pi. PRO-vi'§6§. [Lat., it being provided, 
 abl. of provisus, p. p. of providere. See Provide.] A 
 conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, con- 
 tract, law, grant, or the like. 
 
 Pro-vi'gor, n. [See PROVIDE.] The purveyor, steward, 
 or treasurer of a religious house. 
 
 Pro-vi'go-ry, a. 1. Containing a proviso or condition; 
 conditional. 2. Making temporary provision ; temporary. 
 
 Prov'o-ea'tion, n. [Lat. provocatio. See Provoke.] 
 1. Act of provoking. 2. That which provokes or ear 
 cites anger. 
 
 Pro-vo'<;a-tive, a. Serving or tending to provoke, ex- 
 cite or stimulate. 
 
 Pro-vo'<;a-tive,n. Anything that tends to provoke^ 
 excite, or stimulate ; a stimulant. 
 
 Pro-voke', v. t. [imp. & p. p. provoked (pro-vokf, 
 108); p. pr. k vb. n. provoking.] [Lat. provocare, 
 from /?ro, forth, and rocare, to call.] 1. To call forth; 
 
 n,^,kc.,long; &,i,kc.,8hort ; cAre, f ar, ask, ^U, wli^t ; 6re, TgU, tSrm ; pique, firm; B6n,dr,dfi,W9lI, 
 
PROVOKER 
 
 577 
 
 PTOLEMAIC 
 
 to excite or stimulate to action. 2. Especially, to aroxxsc 
 to anger or passion ; to incense ; to offend. 
 
 Syn.— To irritate ; arouse ; stir up ; awake; excite; incite; 
 aAger. See Ikiutate. 
 
 Pro-volt'er, n. One who, or that which, provokes. 
 
 Pr6v'6st (pr>)V''ust), Ji. [From Lat. prarpositus, placed 
 before, a chief, from prsrponere, to place before, from 
 prw, before, and po7iere, to set or place; A.-S. prafost, 
 prOfast.] A person who is appointed to superintend or 
 preside over something ; the chief magistrate of a city or 
 town ; the head of a college. 
 
 Provost-})iarskal (usually pronounced pro-vo') {Mil.), an 
 officer appointed to arrest and secure deserters and other crim- 
 inals, to indict offenders, &c. 
 
 Prov'ost-^hip, n. The office of a provost. 
 
 Prow (prou), n. [Fr. proue, Lat. prora, Gr. Trpwpa.] 
 The fore part of a ship. 
 
 Prow'ess (prou'es), n. [0. Fr. proece,proet'sse,proesce, 
 N. Fr. proues.se J fr. Lat. probus, good, excellent.] Dis- 
 tinguished bravery ; valor ; especially, military bravery ; 
 gallantry. 
 
 Prowl (proul), v. t. [imp. & p. p. prowled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. 11. PROWLING.] [0. Eng. prolle, prole, fr. a hypoth. 
 0. Fr. proielcr, dim. of proier, Lat. prardari, to plunder, 
 from prwrfa, pre}'.] To rove over, through, or about. 
 
 Prowl, V. i. 1. To rove or wander, especially for prey. 
 2. Hence, to prey ; to plunder. 
 
 ProTvl'er, n. One that prowls or roves about for prey. 
 
 Prdx'i-mate, a [Lat. proximatus, p. p. cf proximare., 
 to draw or come near, fr. proximiis, the nearest, next, 
 superl. of propior, nearer, and the obs. propis, near.] 
 Next immediately preceding or following. 
 Syn. — Nearest; next; closest; immediate; direct. 
 
 PrSx'i-mate-ly, adv. In a proxim.ate position or man- 
 ner. 
 
 Prox-im'1-ty, «. State of being next in time, place, 
 causation, or influence, &c. [month. 
 
 Prox'i-mo, n. [Lat., on the next.] A day of the next 
 
 PrSx'y, n. [Con tr. from /irocMracT/. Cf. ProctoR ] 1. 
 The agency of one who acts as a substitute for another 
 or his principal. 2. One who is substituted or deputed 
 to act for another. 3. A writing by which one person 
 authorizes another to vote in his place. 
 
 Prox'y-sliip. n. The office or agency of a proxy. 
 
 Pru.de, 71. [Fr. prude, prudish, orig. discreet, modest, 
 fr.'Lat. probus, good, proper, excellent, virtuous, but in- 
 fluenced by Lat. prudens, prudent.] A woman of affected 
 or over-sensitive modesty or reserve. 
 
 Prii'den^e, n. [See infra.] State of being prudent ; 
 wisdom applied to practice. 
 
 Syn. — Wisdom; forecast; providence; considerateness; ju- 
 diciousness; discretion; caution; circumspection ; judgment. 
 
 Pru'dent, n. [Lat. prudens, contr. from providens. See 
 Provident.] 1. Sagacious in adapting means to ends ; 
 practically wise ; careful. 2. Dictated or directed by 
 prudence. 3. Frugal ; economical. 
 
 Syn. — Cautious; wary; circumspect; considerate; discreet; 
 judicious; provident. 
 
 Pru-d6n'tial, a. 1, Proceeding from prudence ; dic- 
 tated or prescribed by prudence. Si. Exercising pru- 
 dence ; discretionary ; advisoiy. [prudently. 
 
 Pru-d6n'tial-ly, adv. In conformity with prudence ; 
 
 Pru'dent-ly, adv. In a prudent manner ; with pru- 
 dence ; discreetly ; wisely ; frugally. 
 
 Priid'er-y, n. [See Prude.] Quality or state of being 
 prudish ; affected scrupulousness ; coyness. 
 
 Priid'isli, a. Like a prude; very formal, precise, or 
 reserved. 
 
 Prune, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pruned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PRUNING. ] [0. ^ng.proine,proigne, fr. Fr. provigner, to 
 lay down vine stocks for pi'opagation. See Preen.] 1, 
 To lop or cut off, as the superfluous branches of trees : 
 to trim. 2. To dress or trim, as a bird its feathers. 
 
 Pi'une, v.i. To dress ; to prink. 
 
 Priine, iu [Lat. prunum, a plum, prumis, a plum-tree, 
 Gr. irpovvov, irpovfjLvov, a plum, Trpovvo?, rrpoujai/o? , 
 npovvif, the plum-tree.] A dried plum ; sometimes, also' 
 a fresh plum. 
 
 Pru-nel'la, I n. [Prob. so called from its color resem- 
 
 Prii-n61'lo, I bling that of prunes. See infra.] A 
 smooth, woolen stuff, generally black, used for' making 
 shoes or garments ; a kind of lasting. 
 
 ^''W-nel'lo, 71. [Dim. of pru7ie, Lat. prunum. See 
 Prune.] a species of dried plum. [perfluous. 
 
 Prun'er, n. One who prunes, or removes what is su- 
 
 Pru-nif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. prvmim, a plum, and ferre, to 
 Dear.] Bearing plums. 
 
 Prun'ing-hcfbk, In. A cutting instrument used 
 
 Priin'i us- knife (-nlf), ) in pruning trees. 
 Priin'ing-isliearg, n. j)l. Shears for pruning trees, &c. 
 Pr\i'ri-enve I (89), ». State of being prurient ; an 
 Pru'rl-en-^y ) itching desire or appetite for any 
 
 thing. 
 Pru'ri-ent, a. [Lat. pruriens, p. pr. of prurire, to itch.] 
 Uneasy with desire ; itching. [prurigo. 
 
 Pru-rig'i-nous, a. Tending to, or caused or affected by, 
 
 J*rtt-rl'{/o, n. [fjat., from prurire. to itch.] (Bled.) A 
 papular disease of the skin, of which itching is the prin- 
 cipal symptom. [pertaining to, Prussia. 
 Pru.s'sian (prush'an or prcTo'shan), a. {Geog.) Of, or 
 Pru.'.'iian Hue (C/icm.), cyanide of potassium and iron, a salt 
 of a beautiful deep blue, much used as a pigment. 
 
 Prus'isian (prQsh'an or prcTo'shan), n. ( Geog.) A na- 
 tive or inhabitant of Prussia. 
 
 Priis'si-ate, or Prvis'.ci-ate, n. [N. Lat. prussias, 
 prussintis.] ( C'hein . )"'One of various compound cyanides. 
 
 Prus'si-e (prQs'ik or prcTo'sik), a. Pertaining to Prussian 
 blue. 
 
 Prvssic acid, hydrocyanic acid, formerly so called because 
 obtained from prussian blue. It is a virulent poison. 
 
 Pry, V. i. [Perhaps contr. from per-eye, to eye or look 
 through.] To inspect closely ; to attempt to discover 
 that which is hidden or inaccessible. 
 
 Pry, n. [A corruption of ;?/-/ze, q. v.] A lever. 
 
 Pry, V. t. [imp. & p. p. pried ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. prying.) 
 To raise, or attempt to raise, with a lever ; to prize. 
 [Arme.] 
 
 P?alm{sam),n, [Lat. psalmus,psahna,Gv. v^oAnx65,i//aAjaa, 
 from xj/dWeLV, to play on a stringed instrument, to sing 
 to the cithara.] 1. A sacred song. 2. Especially, one 
 of the hymns by David and others, contained in one of 
 the books of the Bible ; or, a modern versification of such 
 a hymn. 
 
 Psalm'ist (sam'ist), n. A writer of sacred songs; — a 
 title particularly applied to David. 
 
 Psai'nao-dist, n. One who sings sacred songs. 
 
 Psiil'mo-dy (sSPmo-dy), n. [Gr. \j/a\fx(oSCa, from ^a\- 
 iu.6s, p.salm, and wSij, a song, an ode.] 1. Act, practice, 
 or art of singing' psalms or sacred songs. 2. Psalms 
 considered collectively. 
 
 Psal-mog'ra-phy (sal-), n. Act or practice of writing 
 psalms or sacred songs and hymns. 
 
 Psjil'ter (.^awl^ter), n. The Book of Psalms ; especially, 
 tlie Book of Psahns as printed in the Book cf Common 
 Prayer. 
 
 Pgal'ter-y (sawl'ter-y), n. [Lat psalteritrm. SeePSALM 
 and Psalter.] A stringed instrument of music used 
 by the Hebrews. 
 
 Pseu'do-nym (su'do-), n. [Gr. i^evfii??,. false and ovv/xa, 
 ovofjia, name.] A fictitious name assumed for the time, 
 as by an author. [name. 
 
 P^eu-don'y-moiis (su-), a. Bearing a false or fictitious 
 
 Pseu'do-s-eope (su'do-), n. [Gr. i/^euSij?, false, and 
 o-KOTreiv, to see.] ( Opt.) An instrument which exhibits 
 the objects with their proper relief reversed. 
 
 Pshaw (shaw), interj. Pish I pooh 1 — an exclamation 
 expressive of contempt, disdain, or dislike. 
 
 JPso'id(so'vk), n. [Lat. ; Gr. i//wpa, fr. (|/aeiv, i//aeiv, to rub.] 
 (Med.) A cutaneous disease ; especially, the itch. 
 
 Psy'elii-e )(sT'kik),a. [Lat. j».^2/f/(/r(/5,Gr. i/a^x'fos, fr. 
 
 Pf-y'-elii-e-al ) ^x^i ^^^ soul, mind.] Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, the human soul ; relating to the living principle 
 in man. 
 
 Psy'«lio-16g'i€ 1 (sPko-), a. Pertaining to psychol- 
 
 Psy'<;lio-16g'i<;-al ) ogy. 
 
 Psy-ehol'o-gist (sl-kol'-), n. One who is versed in the 
 nature and properties of the soul, or who writes on the 
 subject. 
 
 Psy-ehol'o-gy (sT-koP-), n. [Gr. ypvxn^ tt»e soul, mind, 
 and Aoyos, discourse.] A treatise on the human soul; 
 the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and 
 functions of the human soul, so far as they are known 
 by consciousness. 
 
 Psy'dio-man'^y (sT'ko-), n. [Gr. ^x^i ^^^ soul, and 
 (xavTfCa, divination.] Divination by consulting the souls 
 of the de:ul. 
 
 Ptar'mi-gan (tar'mi-gan), n. 
 [Gael, tarynachan, Ir.tarmoc/taii, 
 tar7nonar/t.] (Ornith.) A bird of 
 the grouse family, having the 
 feet feathered to the toes. Ptar- 
 migans haunt the lofty heights 
 of mountainous countries in Eu- 
 rope, Asia, and America 
 
 Ptol'e-ma'i-e (toFe-ma'ik), a. Ptarmigan. 
 
 «obd, fdbt ; ^xn., rude, puU ; ^eU, ^liaise, «aU, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link: ; tills. 
 
 37 
 
l^TYAUSM 
 
 578 
 
 PUKE 
 
 rt^ 
 
 IVrtalntBK to Ptolemv, an uncient goopraphcr and as- 
 trooomw who oupixkwd tho earth to Ih> lixcU iu the cen- 
 ter of the uuiTrn«, with the sun and stars rvvolviug 
 «n>unitit. 
 
 Ml n :i-!i.'in<. ri HtT.irTV<xXi<X}JiK,(r.vTvaXi.^(ii', 
 spittle.) (Mfrf.) A morbid 
 !v;i: salivation. 
 >, from puber,pubfs, adult.] 
 
 1 t welve in females 
 J»,, ,1. 1. <tato of a vouth who has arrived 
 
 : the state of puberty. 2. (Bot.) The 
 ■< on plant-". 
 Fu-b«>i>'vt ut, <i. [Lat. piibfscrns, p. pr. of pubescere, to 
 HMTh the *si' of pul>ort.v, to grow hairj' or mossy, from 
 pw/v.*, hair.] 1. Arriving at puberty, ii. {Bot.) Cov- 
 rrrd with pubesrence, as the leaves of plants. 
 Pflb'lir, a. (f-Ht. publiciis, j'obliciis, poplicus, contr. 
 from />f>/>i*/(>M.<, from ;>o;jm/i<s, people.] 1. Pertaining to 
 the jH-ojile : relating to a nation, state or community. 
 "2. lleiue, open to the knowledge of all. 3. Open to 
 coumu»n use. 
 Syn. — Common ; current; general; notorious. 
 
 Pilb'lii*, «. The general body of mankind, or of a na- 
 tion, state, or community ; the people, indefinitely. 
 In jiu/jlie, in open view ; before the people at large. 
 Pill»'li-«'aii, ft. [lAt. publiranus. See supra.] 1. {Rom. 
 \ fanner of the taxes and public revenues ; 
 . (olK»ctor of tribute. 2. The keeper of an inn 
 r house. 
 Ftib Ii-4-a'tion, n. [lAt. publicatio. See Publish.] 
 1. Act of publishing or m;iking known. t2. Act of offer- 
 ing a l>ook or writing to the public by sale or by gratui- 
 tous distribution. 3. Any pamphlet or book offered for 
 ■ale or to public notice. 
 
 Syn. — Proclamation ; annunciation ; disclosure ; revela- 
 tiun. 
 Pdb'li-^iKt, n. A writer on the laws of nature and na- 
 tions. 
 Pub-ll?'l-ty. n. State of being public or open to the 
 
 knowledge- of a community ; notoriety. 
 Piib1i<--ly, o'/f. 1. Without concealment. 2. In the 
 
 name of the community. 
 PfibHifih, r. /. [imp. & p.p. PUBLISHED (pub'lisht) ; 
 p. pr. & fb. n. PUBLISHING.] [Lat. publicare. See PUB- 
 LIC] 1. To make public; to divulge, as a private 
 tranaaction: to promulgate or proclaim, as a law or 
 edict. "2, To make known by posting, or by reading in 
 a church. 3. To put forth, a.s a book or other literary 
 work. 4. To utter or put into circulation. 
 
 advertise ; declare j pro- 
 
 puddling, as iron, to convert it from the condition of oast 
 iron to that of wrought iron. 
 
 Piid'dliiig:, "• 1. Act of rendering impervious to water 
 by means of clay, as a canal, ii. (Metal.) Decarbonira^ 
 tion of cast iron ; the process of converting cast iron in- 
 to wrought or malleable iron. 
 
 Pfid'dly, a. Consisting of, or resembling, paddles; 
 muddy; foul ; dirty, 
 cajui'ble of' begetting or ; Pu-dif.'i-ty, n. [Lat. pitdicitia, from pudere, to be 
 temvH'rate climates, about | ashamed.] Modesty ; chastity. 
 
 8yn.— To announce ; proclaim 1 
 multcute; diM:lo6e; divulge; reveal. See An.vounce. 
 
 Pttb'llsh-er, ». 1. One who publishes or makes known. 
 
 2. One who puts forth, or prints and ofiers a book, 
 
 pamphlet, or the like, for sale. 
 Pfib'lish-inent, n. 1, Act of making publicly kno^vn. 
 
 '2. A public notice of intended marriage. 
 Pu^«-, a. [Fr., from //MCf, a flea, Lat. //M/ea:,;jw/£m.] Of 
 
 & dark bnjwn or brownish -purple color. 
 Pa'y4f-r6n, n. [Fr., from puce., a flea. See PucE.] 
 
 ( Eni'tm.) The Aphis, vitie-fretter, or plant-louse. 
 Pttck'er, f. f. [imp. & p. p. PUCKERED ; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. PVCKEKIxo.] [Eng. poke, a pocket, small bag, q. 
 
 T.] To gather into small folds or wrinkles ; to corrugate. 
 Pftck'er, n. 1. A fold or wrinkle, or a collection of 
 
 fold*, ti. A Ktate of perplexity ; confusion ; bother. 
 
 [OoUoq. Amrr.] 
 PAd'der, n. [S*« POTHER.] A tumult; a confused 
 
 DoUe : a buxtle. 
 Pyd'dlng, r>. (Fr. fcoi/rfm, Lat. 6r>/»/ZM<t, dim. 6o^eWus, a 
 
 nMa^e.W.pnt^n.potttn. Cf. PoUT.] 1. A kind of 
 
 frxxl •oft fT rrKHJerafely hard, variously made, but often 
 
 " ' ' flour, with miJk and eggs. 2. Any thing 
 
 / ling. 
 
 Vu' iw. n. (Afm.) A c«arse rock, composed 
 
 i,i -,.r ,-,.j- .;, ..ther j>ebbUa, united by a cement; con- 
 
 giomfrate. 
 Pfid'dl'-, n. [L. Oer. piifhl. Cf. POOL.] 1. A small 
 
 quantiiv of dirty etanding water. 2. A mixture of clay 
 
 and n.n<L worked together with water, until it is imper- 
 
 TionH U) wafer. 
 Flld'dl*?, V. I. [imp. St p. p. PUDDLED : p. pr. & vb. n. j 
 
 PUDDLIWR.) 1. To make foul or muddy. 2. To make 
 
 thick or clofe with clay, «sind, and water,' so as to render ' 
 
 IroperrlouiJ to water 3. To aubject to the process of | 
 
 Pu'er-ile, a. [Lat. piterillis, from puer, a child, a boy.] 
 Boyish ; trifling ; childish. ' 
 
 Syn. — Youthful ; juvenile. — Puerile is always used in a bad 
 sense, or at least iu the sense of what is suitable to a boj' only, as 
 puerile objections, ]>uerile amusements. &c. Jitvenih is some- 
 times taken in a bad sense (though less strong than puerile), as 
 when speaking of youth in contrast with manhood, && juvenile 
 ' tricks, ajuvemle performance. Youthful is commonly employed 
 in a good sense, as youthful aspirations, or at least by way of 
 extenuating, aa youthful indiscretions. 
 
 Pu'er-il'i-ty, a. 1. Quality of being puerile ; childish- 
 ness. 2. That which is puerile ; especially, an expres- 
 sion which is flat, insipid, or childish. 
 
 Pu-er'per-al, a. [From Lat. putrpera, a lying-in woman, 
 from puer, child, boy, and parere, to bear.] Pertaining 
 to childbirth. 
 
 Piiff , n. [Ger. pu^, D. pqf, bof, a puff, blow, thump.] 
 
 1. A sudden and single emission of breath from the 
 mouth; hence, any sudden or short blast of wind ; a 
 whiff. 2. Any thing light and filled with air; as, (o.) 
 A dry, fungous ball containing dust, {b.) A certain kind 
 of hght pastry, (c.) A substance of loo.se texture for 
 sprinkling powder on the hair or skin. 3. Hence, an ex- 
 aggerated expression of praise, especially one in a public 
 journal. 
 
 Puff. V. i. [imp. & p. p. PUFFED (puft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PUFFING.] 1. To blow with short and sudden whifEs. 
 
 2. To blow, as an expression of scorn or contempt. 3. 
 To breathe with vehemence. 4. To swell with air. 5. 
 To breathe in a swelling or pompous manner ; hence, to 
 assume importance. 
 
 Puff, V. t. 1. To drive with a pufF. 2. To drive away 
 
 in scorn or contempt. 3. To dilate with air ; to blow 
 
 up. 4. To inflate with pride, flattery, or self-esteem, or 
 
 the like. 5. To praise with exaggeration. 
 Piiff '-ball, n. A fungus or mushroom full of dust. 
 Piiff 'er"n. One who puffe ; one who praises with noisy 
 
 commendation. 
 Puff ill, n. [Fr. puffin, W. picffingen, 
 
 allied to puff.] (Ornith.) A marine 
 
 diving bird, allied to the auk, and 
 
 having a short, thick beak like that of 
 
 the parrot, whence the name. 
 Piiff 'i-ness, n. The state or quality 
 
 of being puffy. 
 Piiff'y, a. l". Swelled with air or any 
 
 soft matter. 2. Inflated ; bombastic. 
 Piig, n. [Cf. Bug, and Ir. beag, small, 
 
 Uttle.] 1. A monkey. [Colloq.] 2. A 
 
 kind of small dog. 
 Pugli (pcTo ), inter j. Pshaw I pish I — a 
 
 word used in contempt or disdain. 
 Pu'gil, n. [Lat. pugillus, pugillum, a handful, dim. of 
 
 pugnus, fist.] As much as is taken up between the 
 
 thumb and two first fingers. 
 Pvi'gil-igm, n. [Lat. pvgil, a boxer, allied to pugnus, the 
 
 fist.] The practice of boxing or fighting with the fist. 
 Pu'§il-ist, n. One who fights with his fists : a boxer. 
 Pu'gil-ist'i«, a. Pertaining to boxing or fighting with 
 
 the fist. 
 Pug-na'cioiis, a. [Lat. pugnax, pugnacis, from pug- 
 
 nare, to fight.] Dispo.sed to fight ; quarrelsome. 
 Pug-na?'i-ty , n. Inclination to fight ; quarreli^omeness. 
 Piig'-noge, n. A short, thick nose : a snub nose. 
 Puis'ne (pQ/nJ-), a. [0. Fr. puisne, N. Fr. puine, fr. Fr. 
 
 puis, since, afterward, Lat. post, and Fr. ne, bom, Lat. 
 
 natus.] {Law.) Younger or inferior in rank; as, a 
 
 puisne justice. 
 Pu'is-san^e. or Pu-is'san^e, n. [See infra.] Power ; 
 
 strength ; might. 
 Pii'is-saiit, or Pu-is'.<i!ant, a. [Fr. ; Lat. potens, from 
 
 posse, to be able.] Powerful ; strong; mighty ; forcible. 
 Pu'is-sant-ly, or Pu-is'saiit-ly, adv. Powerfully. 
 Puke, r. *. [imp. & p. p. PUKED (pukt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 PUKING.] [Alhed to Ger. spucken, to spit.] To eject 
 
 the contents of the stomach ; to vomit. 
 PQke, f. t. To eject from the stomach ; to Tomit ; to 
 
 throw up. 
 
 Puffin. 
 
 »,«,fcc.,tov/a,6,&c.,»A«r/;cftre,far,a8k,alI,what; dre,veU, term; pi(que,firm; son, 6r, do. wolf , 
 
PUKE 
 
 579 
 
 PUNCTUATION 
 
 ruUey. 
 Pertaining to the 
 
 PUke, rt. A medicine which excites vomiting. 
 
 Piil'-ehrl-tude (30), n. ILat. jmlc/triiudo, from pulcher, 
 beautiful.] 1, That quality of external appearance 
 ^vhich pleuBcs the eye. 2. Hence, moral beauty. 
 Sym. — Beauty ; comeliness; grace; loveliness. 
 
 Pule, V. i. [imp. & p. p. PULEU ; p. pr. & vb. n. PUL- 
 ING.] [Fr. piauler, Lat. pipilare, from piplre, to peep, 
 pip, chirp.] 1. To cry like a chicken, ti. To cry, as a 
 complaining child ; to whimper ; to whine. 
 
 Pull, I', t. [imp. & p. p. PULLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PULLING.] [A.-S. pidliun, Gael, peall, pioL] 1. To 
 draw, or attempt to draw, toward one. 2. To draw 
 apart; to tear. 3. To gather by drawing toward one. 
 4. To move by pulling an oar. 
 Syn. — Todrag; haul; pluck; rend; demolieh. 
 
 Pull, V. i. To give a pull ; to tug. 
 
 To pull apart, to become separated by pulling.— To pwZ? up, 
 to draw the reins; to stop; to halt. 
 
 Pull, n. 1. Act of pulhng or drawing with force. 5i. 
 
 X contest ; a struggle. 
 Pullljftck, n. That which -keeps back, or restrains from 
 
 proceeding ; a drawback. 
 Pull'er, n. One who pulls. 
 Pul'let, n. [Fr. poicUt, dim. of poule, a hen, from Lat. 
 
 pullus, a young animal, a young fowl.] A young hen, or 
 
 female of the domestic fowl. 
 Pul'ley, 71.; pi. pul'leys. [From 
 
 \.-S.pitlliatt,'Eng. pidl.] (Much.) A 
 
 wheel for transmitting power from, 
 
 or imparting it to, the different 
 
 parts of machinery, or for chang- 
 ing the direction of motion, by 
 
 means of a belt, cord, or rope. 
 Pul'li-cat, In. A kind of sUk 
 Pul'li-cate, ) handkerchief. 
 Piil-mo-ua-ry, a. [Lat. pulmona- 
 
 riiis, from pidmo, pulmonis, a lung.] 
 
 lungs ; affecting the lungs. 
 Pul-m6ii'i«, a. Pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs. 
 Pul-mon'i-e, n. 1. A medicine for diseases of the lungs. 
 
 3. One who has a lung complaint. 
 Piilp, n. [Lat. pulpa.] A soft, moist, slightly cohering 
 
 mass of animal or vegetable matt«r ; as, (a. ) Marrow, (b.) 
 
 The soft, succulent part of fruit, (c.) The material of 
 
 which paper is made, &c. 
 Pul'pit, n. [Lat. pulpitum.] 1, A place in a church, 
 
 in which the preacher stands ; hence, preaching. 3. A 
 
 sort of movable desk formerly in use. 
 Pulp'oiis, a. Consisting of pulp, or resembling it. 
 Piilp'ous-iiess, n. Quality of being pulpous ; softness. 
 Piilp'y, a. Like pulp ; soft ; fleshy ; succulent. 
 J*i«?'gMe(p(5'ol'ka), n. [Sp.] A refreshing drink slightly 
 
 intoxicating, extracted from the maguey, or Agave of 
 
 Mexico. 
 Piil'sate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. pulsated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 PULSATING.] [IjSit. pulsare , pulsation, to beat, strike, 
 
 intensive form of pellere, to beat, strike, drive.] To beat 
 
 or throb ; to beat, as the heart. 
 Piil'sa-tile, a. Capable of being struck or beaten. 
 Pul-sa'tion, n. 1. Act of beating or throbbing, as of 
 
 the heart. 3. A beat or throb. 3. A stroke by which 
 
 some medium is affected. 
 Piil'sa-tive, a. Beating ; throbbing. 
 Pul'sa-to-ry, a. Capable of pulsating ; throbbing. 
 Piilse, n. [Lat. pulsus (sc. venarum), fr. pellere, pulsiim, 
 
 to beat, strike.] 1. The beating or throbbing of the 
 
 heart or blood-vessels, especially of the arteries. 2. Any 
 
 measured or regular beat ; oscillation ; vibration ; pulsa- 
 tion. 
 Piilse, V. i. To beat, as the arteries ; to pulsate. 
 Piilse, n. [Lat. puis, pultis, Gr. ttoXto?, a pottage of 
 
 meal, pulse, &c.] Leguminous plants, or their seeds ; as 
 
 beans, peas, &c. 
 Piil'sion, a. [Lat. pulsio, from pellere, pulsum, to beat, 
 
 strike, drive.] Act of driving forward. [Rare.] 
 Piil'ver-a-ble, a. Capable of being pulverized. [der. 
 Piil'ver-i-za'tion, n. Act of reducing to dust or pow- 
 Pul'ver-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. pulverized ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. PULVERIZING.] [La.t. pulverizare, fr. pulvis, 
 
 dust, powder.] To reduce to fine powder, as by beating, 
 
 grinding, or the like. 
 Piil'ver-ize, v. i. To turn to powder ; to fall to dust. 
 Pul-ver'u-len^e, n. State of being pulverulent ; dusti- 
 ness. 
 Pul-ver'\i-lent, a. [Lat. ptdveridentus , from pidvis, 
 
 ptdveris, "dust, powder.] Consisting of fine powder; 
 
 powdery ; dusty. 
 
 Ptlm'l^ie, n. [h&t. pumex, pumicis.] A light porous Bub- 
 stance of various colors, frequently ejected from vol- 
 canoes, [or resembling pumice. 
 
 Pu-mi'ceoiis (-mish'us), a. Pertaining to, consisting of, 
 
 Piiin'ma^.e, «. The same as Pomace. See Pomace. 
 
 Piim'mel, n. & v. t. The same as Po.MMEL. 
 
 Piimp, n. [It. pompa, prob. from homhare, to drink, al- 
 lied to Gr. /SoM/Seij/, to make a humming noise.] 1. A 
 machine, variously constructed, for rai.sing or transferring 
 water or other fluids. 3. [Of uncertain etymology.] A 
 low shoe with a thin sole. 
 
 Piimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. PUMPED (84) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. PUMPING.] 1. To raise 
 with a pump, as water. 3. To draw outi 
 by artful interrogatories. 3. To examine) 
 by artful questions for the purpose of 
 eliciting secrets from. 
 
 Piimp, v. I. To work a pump ; to raise 
 water with a pump. [of a pump. 
 
 Piimp'-bralce, n. The arm or handle 
 
 Piimp'er, n. One who pumps. 
 
 Piimp'ion, n. [0. Fr. pompon, from Lat. 
 pepo, Gr. TreVwi/.] (Bot.) The pumpkin. 
 
 Piimp'kin, n. [^ee supra.] (Bot.) A well- 
 known plant and its fruit. 
 
 Piin, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. pun, to pound, pumn 
 A. -^. punian, io bruise, and Eng. point.] 
 An expression in which a word is capable of different 
 meanings ; a kind of quibble or equivocation. 
 
 Piin, V. i. [imp. & p. p. punned ; p. pr. & vb. n. pun- 
 ning.] To use" the same word at once in different 
 senses ; to quibble. 
 
 Piincli, n. [Hind, pantsch, Skr. pantcha, five, because 
 this drink was orig. composed of five ingredients, viz., 
 sugar, arrack, tea, water, and lemons.] A drink com- 
 posed of water sweetened with sugar, with a mixture of 
 lemon juice and spirits. 
 
 Piincli, n. [Abbrev. from punchinello, q. v.] The buf^ 
 foon or harlequin of a puppet-show. 
 
 Piincli, n. [Abbrev. from puncheon, q. v.] 1. A tool, 
 used either for stamping, or for perforating holes in 
 metalUc plates and other substances. 3. A blow or 
 thrust. [Colloq.] 
 
 Piincli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. PUNCHED (puncht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. PUNCHING.] [From Lat. pungere, punctum^ 
 to prick.] 1. To perforate with an instrument. 3. To 
 thrust against ; to poke. 
 
 Piincli'-bowl, n. A bowl in which punch is made, or 
 from which it is drank. 
 
 Piincli'eon (punch'un), n. [From Lat. punctio,si -prick- 
 ing, from pungere, to prick.] 1. A tool or instrument 
 for piercing, stamping, or the like, used by various 
 artificers; a punch. 3. {Carp.) A short, upright piece 
 of timber in framing ; a stud. 3. A cask containing, 
 sometimes 84, sometimes 120, gallons. 
 
 Piincli'er, n. 1. One who punches. 3. A punch or 
 perforating instrument. 
 
 Piincli'y, a. [Perhaps for paunchy, from paunch, q. v. J 
 Short and thick, or fat. 
 
 Piin«'tate, i a. [From Lat. punctum, point.] 1. 
 
 Pune'ta-ted, ) Pointed ; ending in a point or points. 
 3. {Bot.) Having dots scattered over the surface. 
 
 Pun-e-til'io (-til'yo), n. [From Lat. punctum, point.] 
 A nice point of exactness in conduct, ceremony, or pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 Pune-til'ioiis (-til'yus), a. Attentive to punctilio ; ex- 
 act in the forms of behavior or ceremony. 
 
 Pun-e-til'ioiis-ly , adv. With exactness or great nicety 
 
 Pun-e-til'ious-ness, n. Exactness in the observano* 
 of forms or rules. 
 
 Pilne'to, 71. [It. punto,la.t. punctum, -point.] 1, Nice 
 point of form or ceremony. 3. The point in fencing. 
 
 Piinet'u-al, a. [Lat. punctus, punctum.a, point.] 1. 
 
 Observant of nice points ; punctilious. 3. Especially, 
 
 adhering to the exact time of an appointment ; prompt. 
 
 3. Occurring, made, or returning, at the appointed time. 
 
 Syn. — Exact ; precise ; strict ; accurate. 
 
 Piinet'u-ari-ty, n. Quality or state of being punctoal ; 
 especially, adherence to the exact time of an appoint- 
 ment, [lously. 
 
 Piinet'u-al-iy, adv. In a punctual manner ; scrupu- 
 
 Piinet'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. punctuated ; p. pr. 
 & 1-6. n. PUNCTUATING.] [Lat. punctus, punctum, a 
 point.] To separate into sentences, clauses, &c., by 
 points, which mark the proper pauses. 
 
 Piinet/u-a'tion, n. ( Gram.) The act or art of punct- 
 uating or pointing a writing or discourse. 
 
 food, toTot ; tLrUj rude, pull ; fell, (sliaise, -call, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tills 
 
PUNCTUIST 
 
 580 
 
 PURISM 
 
 Ptbicfu-lst, w . One who understands the art of punct- 
 uation. 
 Pttncl'iire (pHnkt/yijr, 53), n. [Lat. punctiira, fr. pun- 
 
 grrr, punrtiDn, to prick.] 1. Act of perforating with a 
 
 pointctl instrument. 1i. A small hole made by a point. 
 Pftnct'ure, v. i. [iwp. & p. p. punctured; p. pr. 
 
 Si'vb. n. PUNCTURING.] To pierce with a small, pointed 
 
 instrument ; to prick. 
 Piln'dit, n. [Hind, pandit. -^ A learned Brahmin. 
 PauK. "• A kind of one-horse sleigli rudely made, often 
 
 ouh a lonjr box on runners. [Amer.] 
 Pilii'geii-fy, n. State of being pungent or piercing; 
 
 acriiuouiousuess ; keenness. 
 Piln'geiit, a. [Lat. puugens, p. pr. of pungere, to prick. 
 
 See I'OIGNA.NT.] 1. Pricking ; piercing ; as, (a.) Acrid ; 
 
 biting ; — said with reference to taste. (6 ) Stimulating ; 
 
 pricking ; — .>vnid with reference to the sense of smell, (c.) 
 
 Sharply painful ; acute ; — said of pains, sensations, &c. 
 
 2. Exquisitely painful to the feelings ; severe ; — said of 
 
 discourse. 
 Syn. — Piercing; sharp; penetrating; keen; acrimonious; 
 
 stinging; severe. 
 
 Pttn'geiit-ly, adv. In a pungent manner ; sharply. 
 
 Pii'nic, a. [Lat. Punicus, pertaining to Carthage, or its 
 inhabitants, from Pani, the Carthaginians.] Pertaining 
 to, like, or appropriate to, the Carthaginians ; faithless ; 
 treacherous. 
 
 PQ'ni-ness, «. Condition of being puny ; littleness ; 
 pettiness ; smallness with feebleness. 
 
 Pun'isli, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. punished (ptin'isht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. PUNISHING.] [Lat. punire, from pczna, 
 punishment, penalty ; Gr. ttoiitj.] 1. To afflict with 
 pain, loss, or calamity for a crime or fiiult. 2. To afflict 
 with pain, &c., with a view to amendment. 3. Tore- 
 ward with pain or suffering inflicted on the offender. 4. 
 To pound or pummel. [Low.] 
 
 Syn. — To chastise ; castigate ; scourge ; whip ; lash ; cor- 
 rect ; discipline. 
 
 Pfim'isli-a-ble, a. 1. Liable to punishment; capable 
 of being punished by law or right. 3. Worthy of pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 Pun'isli-er, n. One who inflicts punishment. 
 
 PiLn'isli-inent, «. 1. Act of punishing. 2. Any pain 
 inflicted on a ix;rson because of a crime or offense. 
 
 Pu'ni-tive, a. Pertaining to, involving, awarding, or 
 inflicting, punishment. 
 
 Punk, n. [Allied to ^unk, q. v.] 1, A species of fun- 
 gus, or some decayed wood, used as tinder. S. A pros- 
 titute ; a strumpet. 
 
 Piin'ster, n. One who puns, or is skilled in punning. 
 
 Punt, «. [A.-S. pu7it. Lat. ponto, from pons, pontis, 
 bridge.] {Naut.) A flat-bottomed boat, used in calking 
 and repairing ships ; also, used for fishing and shooting 
 in shallow waters. 
 
 Pu'ny, a. [compar. PUNIER; superl. PUNIEST.] [See 
 Puisne.] Small and feeble; inferior; petty. 
 
 Pup, V. i. [imp. & p. p. PUPPED (pfipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PUPPING.] [See infra.] To bring forth whelps or pup- 
 pies. 
 
 Pup, n. [Allied to Lat. pupus, boy, child.] 1. A puppy. 
 "2, A young seal. 
 
 fu'pii, n. ; pi. pu'Pje. [Lat. pupa, girl, doll, puppet, 
 f. of pupus. See supra.] (Entom.) One of the states in 
 the complete metamorphosis of an insect. 
 
 Pu'pil, n. [Lat. pupilla, the pupil of the e3e, orig. dim. 
 of Lat. pupa, a girl.] (Anat.) The small opening in the 
 iris through which the rays of light pass to the retina. 
 
 Pu'pil, n. [Lat. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus, boy, 
 pupa, girl.] A youth or scholar of either sex under the 
 care of an instructor. 
 
 Pii'pil-age (4.5), n. State of being a pupil. 
 
 Pu'plHa-ry, a. 1 . Pertaining to a pupil or ward. 3. 
 (Anat. ) Of, or pertaining to, the pupil of the eye. 
 
 Pnp'pet, n. [Vt. poupef., a doll, from Lat. pupa, a girl, 
 doll, pupi)et.] 1. A doll. ii. A similar figure moved 
 by a wire in a mock drama. 3. One managed by the 
 will of another. 
 
 Pup'pet-nliow, n. A mock drama performed by pup- 
 pets moved by wires. 
 
 i*«P'Py. "• [From pup, q. v.] 1. A young dog ; a whelp. 
 ti. A person contemptible from insignificance and con- 
 ceit, [ceit. 
 
 Pfip'py-igm. n. Extreme meanness, affectation, or con- 
 
 Pftr, V. i. [imp. & p. p. PURRED : p. pr. & vb. n. pur- 
 ring.] To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, 
 as a cat. 
 
 PCir, V. t. To signify or express by purring. 
 
 P^, n. The low, murmuring, continued sound of a cat; 
 a kind of growl, expressive of contentment or pleasure. 
 
 Piirnblind, a. [From obs. poreblind.] Near-sighted or 
 dim-sighted ; seeing obscurely. 
 
 Pfti''blind-uess, n. Quality or state of being purblind ; 
 near-sightedness ; dimness of vision. 
 
 Ptir'chas-a-ble, a. Capable of being purchased. 
 
 Pur'chase. v. t. [imp. & p. p. purchased (pQr/chest, 
 42, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. purchasing.] [Fr. pourclias- 
 ser, to pursue, to seek eagerly : 0. Fr. porchacer, from 
 pour, por, pur, for, and chasser, charier, to pursue, to 
 chase. See Chase.] 1. To obtain by paj ing money or 
 its equivalent ; to buy. 2. To obtain by any outlay. 
 
 Pixr'cliase, n. 1. Acquisition of title to, or property 
 in, any thing for a price or equivalent. 2. A thing 
 bought ; property ; possession ; acquisition. 3. Any 
 mechanical hold, advantage, power, or force apphed to 
 the raising or removing of heavy bodies. 
 
 Piir'clias-er, n. One who purchases any thing ; a buyer ; 
 a vendee. 
 
 Pure, a. [compar. PURER ; superl. PUREST.] [Lat. 
 purvs.] 1. Separate from all extraneous matter or de- 
 filement ; free from mixture. 2. Free from that which 
 contaminates, defiles, or blemishes ; — used in figurative 
 senses. 3. Unconnected with any thing else ; mere;' 
 absolute. 
 
 Syn. — Unmixed ; clear ; simple ; real ; true ; gentiine ; un- 
 adulterated: uncorrnpted; unsullied; untarnished; unstained; 
 stainless; clean; fair; unspotted; spotless: incorrupt; chaste; 
 unpolluted; undefiled; immaculate; innocent; guiltless; guile- 
 less ; holy. 
 
 Pure'ly, adv. 1. In a pure manner ; innocently ; gen- 
 uinely ; guildessly ; chastely. 2. Without connection 
 witli, or dependence upon, any thing else ; merely ; ab- 
 solutely. 
 
 Pure'ness, n. The state of being pure ; an unmixed 
 state ; clearness ; simplicity ; purity ; innocence ; gen- 
 uineness ; guilenessness ; chasteness. 
 
 Pur'fle (pur'il) r. t. [0. Tc. pourfiler, from pour, for, 
 and^/, a thread, Lat.. ^/?<?w.] 1. To embroider. [Ois.j 
 2. {Arc/i.) To decorate richly. 
 
 Pur-ga'tion, «. [La.t. purgatio. See Purge.] Act of 
 purging ; act of cleansing or purifying ; often, the act of 
 cleansing from the imputation of guilt. 
 
 Pur'ga-tive, a. Having the power of purging ; cathartic. 
 j Pur'ga-tive, n. {Bled.) A medicine that evacuates tho 
 I intestines ; a cathartic. 
 i Pftr'ga-to'ri-al, 
 
 Pur'ga-to'ri-an, 
 
 a. Pertaining to purgatory. 
 
 j Pur'ga-to-ry, a. Tending to cleanse ; cleansing ; ex- 
 I piatory. 
 
 ' Pur'ga-to-ry, n. [L. Lat. purgatoriitm, from Lat. pur- 
 gatorius. See iy\frn.] (Rom. Catli. Church.) A place, 
 or a state believed to exist after death, in which the souls 
 ! of persons are purified, or in which they expiate such 
 offen.ses committed in this Ufe as do not merit eternal 
 damnation. 
 
 Piirge,t;.t. [imp. & p. p. PURGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 purging.] [Lat. jiwrg-are, contracted from Ijit. puruTn 
 agere, to make clean.] 1. To cleanse, clear, or purifj- 
 by separating and carrying off whatever is impure, 
 heterogeneous, foreign, or superfluous. 2. To operate 
 on as, or by means of, a cathartic medicine. 3. To clear 
 from guilt or moral defilement. 4. (Law.) To clear 
 from accusation or the charge of a crime, as in ordeal. 
 
 Purge, V. i. 1. To become pure, a.s by clarification. 2. 
 To have frequent or preternatural evacuations from the 
 intestines. 
 
 Purge, n. 1. Act of purging. 2. That which purges ; 
 especially, a medicine that evacuates the intestines ; a 
 cathartic. 
 
 Pftr'ger, n. One who, or that which, purges or cleanses. 
 
 Pu'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of purifNing; act or oper- 
 ation of cleansing or of removing foreign .substances. 2. 
 Act or operation of cleansing ceremonially. 3. A clean- 
 sing from guilt or the pollution of sin. 
 
 Pu-rif i-«a-to-ry, a. Serving or tending to purify. 
 
 Pu'ri-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, purifies. 
 
 Pu'ri-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. purified : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 purifying.] [Lat. pvrijicare, from L^i. purus, pure, 
 and/«cere, to make.] 1. To make pure or clear frons 
 material defilement, admixture, or imperfection. 2. 
 Hence, in figurative uses, (a.) To ft-ee from guilt or moral 
 defilement, (b.) To free from ceremonial or legal defile- 
 ment. _(c.) To free from improprieties or barbarisms. 
 
 Pu'ri-fy, V. i. To grow or become pure or clear. 
 
 Pur'i.gm, n. Quahty of being pure or nice, especially in 
 the choice of language. 
 
 *,e,&.c.,long; &,6,&c.,«/wrt; c^re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, dQ, iv9l^ 
 
PURIST 
 
 581 
 
 FUSlLLAxNlMULh 
 
 I»ur'ist, n. One who aims at excessive purity or nicety, 
 
 especially in the choice of language 
 Fu'rl-tan, n. [From pure] 1. (Eng. Church.) A die- 
 senter from the Church of Eugland in the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth. 2. One scrupulous and strict in his religious 
 life. 
 Pii'ri-tan, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or character- 
 
 iziuK the Puritans. 
 Pii'r!-tan'i«, I a. 1. PerUining to the Puritans, or 
 Pfi'ri-tan'ic-al, ) their doctrines and practice, -fi. 
 Precise in observance of religious re(iuiremeuts ; over- 
 scrupulous ; rigid. 
 Pii'ri-tan'i<J-al-ly, adv. In a puritanical manner. 
 Pu'ri-tan-ism, n. The notions or practice of Puritans. 
 Pu'ri-ty n. [hvit. puriln-'^, from piirus, \)ure.] Condition 
 of being pure; as, (a.) Freedom from foreign admixture 
 or heterogeneous matter, (b.) Freedom from foulness or 
 dirt, (c.) Freedom from guilt or the defilement of sin. 
 Id.) Freedom from any sinister or improper views, (e.) 
 Freedom from foreign idioms, from barbarous or im- 
 proper words or phrases. 
 
 Sjrn. — Cleanness; clearness; genuineness; chastity ; inno- 
 cence; sincerity, &c, 
 
 vhich uiAy t» 
 
 Pfkrhe'-nfit, n. A net, the mouth of 
 cl0M!d or drawn together like a purw.-. ...... 
 
 Pftrsn'-liroud , a. Proud of wealtli ; elaUid with rlchaf. 
 
 PftrH'er n. (Naiit.) A coinmiKwioucd officer who h»« 
 
 charge of the proviwionH, clothing, &c., and of the public 
 
 moneys on shipboard. 
 
 Piirs'l-ness, n. State of being pursy or bloated ; mtU- 
 
 tion ; hence, shortuesH of breath. 
 Pfirs'laln, n. The «ime a« Purslane. 
 Pftrs'laue (45), n. [From Lat. pornlara, I q. portulaca 
 corruption of porcUaca.] (Bot.) An annual plant, with 
 fleshy, succulent leaves, often used an a pot-herb, for 
 salad.**, &c. _ . , 
 
 Pur-su'a-ble, a. Capable of being, or fit to be, purHued. 
 ! Pur-su'anve, "• 1- Act of pursuing or proeecuting 
 I -Z. State of being pursuant ; consequence. 
 Pur-su'ant a. [Vnmx pursue.] Done in conBcqucnc* 
 ' or prosecution of any thing ; hence, agreeable ; conform- 
 able ; according. 
 Pur-sue', 1-- «• ['■'";'• & V- P- PUKSU^d ; p. pr. & vA. n. 
 PURSUING.! [Fr. poursuivre, I^it. prosft/ui, frr)ni J^o, 
 forward, and serpii, to follow.] 1. To follow with a view 
 to overtake '* "" 
 
 Pfirl, n. [Contr. fr. purjile., pur/le, q. v. Cf. PuRL, t;. ?.] 
 
 1. An embroidered and puckered border ; a hem or 
 fringe. 2. An inversion of stitches in knitting. J. A 
 circle made by the motion of a fluid. 4. A gentle mur- 
 mur, as of a brook. 5. Malt liquor, medicated or 
 
 pffrl! V. i. [imp. & p. p. PURLED ; p. pr. & vb.n. PURL- 
 INgI] [Sw. porta, D. borrelen.] 1. To run swiftly round, 
 as a small stream flowing among stones ; to eddy ; also, 
 to make a murmuring sound, as running water does. 
 
 2. To mantle, as in a glass. 
 Piirl V t. To decorate with fringe or embroidery. 
 Pur'iieu, n. [Fr. pur, pure, free, and lieu, place, orig. ap- 
 
 pHed to%d near a royal forest, but free from the forest 
 laws.) The outer portion of any place; environs 
 Piir'lin 1 n. [Perh. from Fr. pour, for, or par, through, 
 pSr'line and ligne, line.] [Arch.) A piece ot timber 
 extenXg from end^o end of a building or roof across 
 and under the rafters, to support them m the middle. 
 Pm--loiu', V. t. [imp. & p. p. PURLOINED ; p. pr. & 
 iS n. PURLOINING.] [0. Sr.piirloignur, porlo>gmer, to 
 retard, delay, from pur, por, pour, for, and loin, far, far 
 off.] To steal ; to filch ; to pilfer. 
 T>iir-loin'er, n. One who purloins ; a thief. 
 pSJ'pTe (pQrV), -^^ [Seein/r«.] 1. Of, orexhibiting, a 
 SJor composed ofred and blue. ti. ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 so caUed from the color having been a dlstlngul^hlng 
 token of imperial authority. ^.;„fh^nnr- 
 
 P^r'ple,n. [Lat. purpura, Gr. 7rop<^vpa,oiig. the pur 
 nle-fish a shell fr. which the color was obtained.] 1. A 
 purple color. 2. Imperial government in the Roman em- 
 K as a purple robe was the distinguishing dress of the 
 Seror li. pL {Med.) Spots of a livid color on the skin. 
 pSle ^• « ['U- & P- P- PURPLED ; p pr. Sc vb. n 
 pJrpli'ng.] To make purple; to dye of a deep red 
 pSr Wt, n. [0. Fr. , from pur, pour, for, and porter to 
 
 beai^?arry.] Design or tendency ; meaning ; import. 
 pSiiSrt, r t. [imp. & p. P- PURPORTED ; p. pr. Sc 
 S^n. purporting'] To intend; to mean: to signify, 
 pir'wose (pCir'pus), n. [0. Fr. purjws, pourpos, prof^s 
 lit mopoStum. SeepAoPOSE.] Object to be reached 
 ^accomplished ; end or aim to which the view is directed 
 inany plan, measure, or exertion. 
 
 0,/p«Vs., with previous design ; with the nund directed 
 
 to that object. _ _, 
 
 Syn.- Design; end; intention; aim. Sec Design. 
 
 ■pAr'T»o^e V t. [imp- & P- P- PURPOSED (pur/pust); 
 
 « ?r &'ti «. PURPOSING.] To determine upon, as 
 
 fom"^ end or object to be accomplished; to intend; to 
 
 pSifoU^'f 'to design ; to intend ; to mean 
 ?Sr'S6sI-lV, «^7r. By purpose or design ; intentionally ; 
 with predetermination 
 sA^'i^viK^ n. fLat. 
 
 Lu uYci.an.1, 2. To use measures to obtjiiii. .1. To pro- 
 ceed along, with a view to some end or object 4. To 
 prosecute ; to be engaged in ; to continue. 5. To foUow 
 as an example ; to imitate. 
 
 Syn, _ To follow; chase; seek; persist. Sec Follow. 
 
 Pur-sue' V. i. 1. To go on ; to proceed, especial Iv in 
 argument or di.scourse. [A Gallicism.] 2. (Lau-.) To 
 follow a matter judicially, as a complaining party. 
 
 Pur-su'er, n. One who pursues; one who follows in 
 haste, with a view to overtake. . , , ^ •», 
 
 •Pur-sGit' (30) n. 1. Act of following with haste, either 
 for sport or in hostility. 2. KndeJivor to attain to or 
 gain. 3. Course of business or occupation. 
 Syn.— Chase ; search ; proceeding ; occupation ; proeeca- 
 
 Vftv'iiilre"'^« 'fLat. purpura. See PURPLE] [Her.) 
 fSr^rrepiesented in engraving by diagonalhnes from 
 
 right to left of the escutcheon. 
 ■Piirr V i. To murmur as a cat. See fuk. 
 ?Srs4 n [Low Lat. vrsa, 6?/r5a, from Gr. ^vpcra, hide 
 ^Mn?ieathir.] 1. A kind of -->l ^ag, u^ed to carry 
 
 money in. 2. Hence, a treasury. •$. A sum ot money 
 
 offered as a prize, or collected as a present. . . 
 
 ^^^^l ^To^/utTan«' fo^ontlc^i 
 
 LtrSorvmnkles^l^ei^ 
 
 food, f o^ot ; urn.rifde, piiU 
 
 Pftr'sui-vant, n. [Fr. poursuivant, from poursuivr' . 
 See PURSUE.] A state messenger; an attendant on tlie 
 heralds. . , *. _,^f 
 
 Pfirs'v «• \^^- POiissif, from pousser, to push, thrust, 
 heave, pousse, the heaves, asthma. See Push.) 1. In- 
 flated ; swelled ; hence, fat, short, and thick. 2. Hence, 
 
 pSru'-lent (^10), a. [Lat. purulentus, from pus, puns, 
 pus,"matter.] {Med.) Consisting of, or pertaining to, pu3 
 
 Pur" ey'? f. t. [imp. & p. P- PURVE ye d ; p. pr. & t^ 
 n. PURv'eyING.] [Fr. pourvoir, Uit providere^ See 
 PROVIDE.] 1. To furnish or provide, as with pro- 
 visions, or the like. 2. To procure ; to get. 
 
 Pur-vey', v. i. To purchase or procure provisions , to 
 
 P^vt^'au^t ». 1. Act or pi^ess of providing or 
 procuring; procurement. 2. That which is provided; 
 SJSon! food. [for the table ; a caterer. 
 
 Pur-veVor, n. One whose bu..iness is to make provision 
 
 PAr'view (-vu), n. [Norm. Fr. purveu, purview, N. Fr. 
 
 "^iumf, provided, P- P- of pourvoir. See PURVEV. 1 
 (La,t,.) The body of a statute. 2. Hence, the 1 ""t or 
 scope of a statute. 3. Limit or sphere of authont) , 
 
 ^ope, ex^^^. ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ (Mfd.) The 
 y eliowish- white Uquid produced by the process of suppu- 
 
 Push'^r t. [imp. & p. p. PUSHED (po-osht) ; p. pr. tc vb 
 ^r^USHmi.] ^Fr. A«--^ Lat. p«/^-«r^ intens. form of 
 pellere, pulsum, to beat, knock, push.] 1. To preffl 
 Jgainst 4ith force ; to drive or i"^P«by pressure^ To 
 p?ess or urge forward ; to drive. 3. To embamu,s bj 
 arguments. 
 
 gyn._Tourgc; press; impel; importune. 
 Push v. i. 1. To make a thrust. 2. To make an effort^ 
 ^&ce, or attack. 3. To burst out, as a bud or shooU 
 Push n. 1. A thru.'^twiththeendofathing. - A"y 
 Sure, impulse, or force applied. 3. An assault or 
 KLck. 4. Crrcumstances which pix^^yu^^^^^ 
 gency; exigency; extremity. 5. A httle ^«tlll"Kl^ p 
 tule. 
 
 "syT-c!;:Su"-= pu.m..in,ou.„c„, o...n„™: *». 
 ^-Tf^'L„; m„ns o It.'- P".""'""""-'. <"'" '""'• 
 
 in Ol a. puiac. -— ■ .- ; **»|a. 
 
PUSILLANIMOUSLY 
 
 582 
 
 PYROXENE 
 
 boy, and animus, the mind.] 1. Destitute of a manly 
 or courageous strength and tiruiuess of mind. 2. Evinc- 
 ing weakness of mind or want of courage. 
 
 Syn. — Cowanlly, dastardly; mean-spirited: faint-hearted; 
 timid; weak; fot-ble. 
 
 Pu'sil-13Ui'i-moils-ly, adv. In a pusillanimous man- 
 ner. 
 
 Pus8, M. [D. poes, puss, and a fur tippyt ; Ir. pus, a cat ; 
 Lat. pusa, a little girl, pu^u^, a little boy.] 1. A cat ; — 
 a fondling appellation, "i. A hare; — so called by 
 sportsmen. ♦ 
 
 Puss'y, M. A puss; — a diminutive of puss, used as a 
 fondling name for a cat. 
 
 Pilst'u-late, f. f. [Lat piistulare, pustulatum, from pus- 
 tuln. See Pustule.] To form into pustules, or blisters. 
 
 Pilst'Mle, n. [Lat. pustula, i. q. pusula, from pus, pus, 
 matter.] (MecL) An elevation of the cuticle, with an 
 inflamed base, containing pus. 
 
 Pftst'u-lous, a. Full of, or covered with, pustules. 
 
 Put, I', t. [imp. & p. p. PUT ; p. pr. & vb. n. PUTTING.] 
 lories, putjc, allied to W.pwtian, pwtiaw, to butt, poke, 
 thrust.] 1. To move in any direction ; to thrust ; to 
 push. *Z, To place ; to lay ; to set ; hence, 3. To cause 
 to be or exist in a specified relation ; to bring to a mental 
 or moral condition, or to the possession of an attribute or 
 quality, or into a state that is specified. 
 
 Piit'ty, V. t. [imp. & p. p. puttied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 PUTTYING.] To cement or fill up with putty. 
 
 Piiz'zle (pQz'zl), v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. puzzled ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. PUZZLING.] [Cf. Pose.] 1. To involve in per- 
 plexity ; to put to a stand ; to nonplus, ti. To maku 
 intricate. 
 
 Syn. — To embarrass ; perplex ; confuBe ; bewilder ; con- 
 found. See Embarrass. 
 
 Piiz'zle, V. i. To be bewildered ; to be awkward. 
 Piiz'zle, n. 1. Something, especially a toy, which per- 
 plexes, ti. State or condition of being puzzled ; per- 
 plexity, [plexefl. 
 Puz'zler, n. One who, or that which, puzzles or per- 
 Pje, 71. See PiE. 
 
 Py'garg, n. [Lat. pygargus, Gr. iniyapyo^, literally white 
 rump, from irvyij, the rump, and dpyos. white.] A 
 quadruped, probably a species of antelope or gazelle. 
 [Obs.]_ 
 Pyg-me'an (124), ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, c 
 Pyg'my, ) pygmy or dwarf; dwarfish. 
 
 Pyg'my, rt. [Lat. pygm£eus,Gv. Trvy/itaios , from Trvy/i^, 
 the fist, a measure of length, about 13| inches.] 1. 
 ( Gr. Myth.) One of a fabulous race of beings inhabiting 
 Thrace, who waged war with the cranes, and were de- 
 stroyed. 3. Hence, a short, insignificant person; a 
 dwarf. 
 iKT- In these uses, the word is modified by prepositions or by ^^ti??"'**' «• ^i''''^- ^ Pertaining to the pylorus 
 adverbs ; as, with in, to introduce ; with to, to apply ; with i Jry-lo'vus, n. [hv. nvAutpos, ftom ttvAj;, a gate.] (Anat.) 
 upon, to impose, &c. I The orifice of the stomach through which the food passes 
 
 4. Toplacebeforefor judgment, acceptance, or rejection; I ^2^,^^ the intestine. 
 to bring to the attention of. 5. Especially, to state in : ^y^ "^."??*^*l' "• 
 language ; to express. 6. To incite ; to urge. 
 
 [Lat. pyramis, py 
 ramidis, from Gr. irvpofiis, irupa 
 /at'Sos, Egypt, piromi.] 1. A solid 
 body standing on a triangular, 
 square, or polygonal base, and ter- 
 minating in a point at the top. 2. 
 An edifice in the shape above de- 
 scribed. 
 Py-ra,m'i-dal, a. 1. Pyramid 
 To put about (yaut.), to chang:e direction; to tack.— 7b put \ ical ; tapering to a point. 2. Re 
 forth, to slioot. bud, or germinate.— To put up, to take lodgings; lating to the pyramids. 
 
 to lodge.— To put up with, (a.) To overlook or suflFer without Pvr'a-inid'i*, I a. Having the form of a pyramid; 
 recompense, punishment or resentment. («>•) To take without Tp^/„_™=j«^' I \ nvramidal 
 opposition or expressed dissatisfaction. KTyr a-mia i-e-al, ) pyramiUal. , ^ , .^ 
 
 I Pyre, n. [Lat. pyra,GT. irvpa, from Trvp, fire.] A funeral 
 Put, n. An action of distress. I pile ; a pile to be burnt. 
 
 To put to it, to distress ; to press hard ; to perplex ; to give , 
 difiBculty to. — To be put to it, to have difficulty. I 
 
 Syn. — To place. — To put is generic, viz.. to dispose of in I 
 any situation; to place is to put in a specific situation; a plant I 
 may be imt into a flower-pot and then x>laced in the green- | 
 house. I 
 
 3. To Steer ; to direct. 
 
 Put 
 
 1. To go or move. 
 
 4i^ 
 
 Pyramids. 
 
 Pttt, n. [Lat. putus, a boy. Cf. infra.] A rustic ; a clo^vn. \ P5'r/e-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. Tryperos, fever, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] (ille^.) A discourse or treatise on fevers, or the 
 
 Pu'ta-tive, a. [Lat. putativus, from pi(tare,pvtatum, 
 to reckon, suppose.] Commonly thought ; supposed ; 
 reputed. 
 
 Put16g, n. (Arch.) A short piece of timber, on which 
 the planks forming the floor of a scaffold are laid. 
 
 Put'-6ff , n. A shift for evasion or delay ; an evasion. 
 
 Pu-tr6d.'i-noiis, a. [From Lat. putredo, rottenness, 
 from pulrere, to be rotten.] Proceeding from, or partak- 
 ing of, putrefaction ; stinking. 
 
 PS'tre-fac'tion, n. [See Putrefy.] 1. Act or pro- 
 cess of putrefying. 3. Condition of being putrefied : 
 also, that which is putrefied. 
 
 Pli'tre-fae'tive, a. 1, Pertaining to putrefaction. 2. 
 Tending_to promote putrefaction ; causing putrefaction. 
 
 Pu'tre-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. putrefied ; p. pr. & vh. 
 
 doctrine of fevers. 
 
 Pyr'i-form, a. [Lat. pyrum, a pear, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form of a pear. 
 
 Py-ri'te§, n. [Lat., fr. Gr. TrupiTTy;, from Ttvp, fire, be- 
 cause iron pyrites gives sparks with steel.] (Miii.) A 
 combination of sulphur with iron, copper, cobalt, or 
 nickel, presenting a white or yellowish metallic luster. 
 
 Py-rit'i€, I a. Pertaining to pyrites ; consisting of, 
 
 Py-rit'i<!-al, j or resembling, pyrites. 
 
 Pyr'o-lig'ne-oiis, I a. [Gr. nvp, nvp6<;, fire, and 
 
 Pyr'o-lig'ni-e, j Lat. lignum, wood, ligneus, 
 wooden.] (Chem.) Generated or procured bj' the distil- 
 lation of wood, as a kind of acetic acid holding in solu- 
 tion oily impurities. 
 
 PUTREFYING.] [La,t. putrefacere, from putrere, to he -pY-roVo-sy, »■ [Gr. irip, irvpos, fire, and A.6709, dis- 
 
 rotten, and /acfz-e , to make.] 1. To render putrid; to 
 cause to rot. 3. To corrupt or foul. 3. To make mor- 
 bid, carious, or gangrenous. 
 
 Pu'tre-fy, v. i. To become putrid ; to decay offensively ; 
 to rot. 
 
 Pu-tr6s'f en^e, n. State of being putrescent. 
 
 Pu-tr6.s'eent, a. [Lat. piitrescens, p. pr. of putrescere, 
 to grow rotten, inchoative form of putrere, to he rotten.] 
 1. Becoming putrid. 3. Pertaining to the process of 
 putrefaction. 
 
 Pn-tr6s'9i-ble, a. Liable to become putrid. 
 
 Pu'trid, a. [Lat. putridus, from putrere, to be rotten, 
 from puter, or putris, rotten, from putere, to stink, to be 
 
 ■ rotten.] 1. Tending to dissolution or decay ; decom- 
 posed ; rotten. 3. Indicating or proceeding from a de- 
 cayed state of animal or vegetable matter. 
 
 Pu-trid'i-ty, 1 n. State of being putrid ; corruption ; 
 
 Pu'trid-ness, ( putrefaction. 
 
 Piit'ter, v. i. [imp. & //. p. puttered ; p.j/r. & vh. n. 
 PUTTERING.] To act inefficiently or idly ; to trifle ; to 
 potter. 
 
 Piit'tock, n. [Cf. Lat. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.] 
 A species of kite ; also, sometimes, the common buzzard. 
 [Eng.] 
 
 Piit'ty, n. [Fr. potee.] A kind of paste or cement of 
 whiting and linseed oil. 
 
 course.] A treatise on heat ; or the natural history of 
 heat, latent and sensible. 
 
 Pyr'o-mJin'^y, n. [Gr. Trvpofiavreia, from irvp, nvpoi, 
 fire, and ixavTeia, divination.] Divination by fire. 
 
 Pyr'o-ma,n'ti«, a. Pertaining to pyromancy. 
 
 Py-rSm'e-ter, n. [Gr. Trvp, nvpos, fire, and fierpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for measuring degrees of heat 
 above those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. 
 
 JPy-^^dpJi'o-riis, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. Trvp, Trvpos, fire, 
 and <i>ipei.v, to bear, </)op6s, bearing.] (Oum.) A sub- 
 stance which takes fire on exposure toaia-, or which main- 
 tains or retains light. 
 
 Pyr'o-.s«ope, n. [Gr. Trvp, Trvpos. fire, and (TKOTreiv, 
 a-KenTea-9ai , to look carefully, to view.] An instrument 
 for measuring the intensity of heat radiating from afire,- 
 or the cooling influence of bodies. 
 
 Pyr'o-teeli'iiie, ) a. Pertaining to fireworks, or the 
 
 Pyr''o-te«li'ni<;-al, ) art of forming them. 
 
 Pyr'o-tgeh'ni-es, n. sing. [Gr. Trvp, Trvpos, fire, and 
 Te'xi^,an art.] The art of making fireworks, especially 
 for purposes of public amusement or rejoicing : pjto- 
 techny. 
 
 Pyr'o-t6«li'iiist, n. One skilled in pyrotechny. 
 
 Pyr'o t6«Jx'ny, n. The same as Pyrotechnics. 
 
 Pyr'ox-eue, n. [Gr. Trvp, Trvpos, fire, and |eVos, a 
 stranger : — so called because it was supposed to be a 
 
 a,e, &c., long ; a, €, &c. , short ; c^re, far, ask, ^U, what ; 6re, veil, tgrm ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, woli 
 
PYRRHIC 
 
 583 
 
 QUADRUPLICATE 
 
 Btranger, or not to belong to the lava where it occurred.] 
 (Min.) A mineral; augite. 
 
 Pyr'rhi€ (pTr/rik), n. 1. (Pros.) A foot consisting of 
 two short syllables. 52. An ancient military dance, to 
 the accompaniment of the flute. 
 
 Pyr'rlii€,rt. [Gr. Tryppt^ios, belonging to the Trvppivrj, 
 (so. vpxw-^)' ^ kind of war-dance, so called from IIvppi- 
 Xos, the inventor, from TTvppixos, red.] 1. (Pro'i.) Per- 
 taining to, or containing, pyrrhics. "Z. Of, or pertaiuing 
 to, an ancient military dance. i 
 
 Pyr'rho-nigm (plr'ro-), ji. [From Pi/rrho, the founder I 
 of the skeptics.] Skepticism ; universal doubt, [thing. ' 
 
 Pyr'rlio-nist, n. A skeptic ; one who doubts of every 
 
 Pytli'a-go're-an, or Py-thUg'o-re'an, n. A fol- 
 lower of Pythagoras, the founder of the Italic sect of 
 philosophers. 
 
 Pytli'a-go're-an, or Py-thag'o-re'an, a. Of, or 
 pertaining to, Pythagoras or his philosophy. 
 
 Py-thJiK'o-rlgin, n. The doctrines of PythnKonw. 
 Pyth'1-an, a. [Lat. Pythius, Gr, lIuflio«, U-loiininic U 
 
 Pytho, tlie older iiuuie of Delphi and \ln enviroim.] \.>^. 
 
 taining to the prieste-ss of Apollo, who delivered onicl««. 
 J'j/thian t/wneii (Or. Atili)/.). oii<; of the four prerit national 
 
 festivaU of uiiciciit Greece, eelebruU'd near L)«lplii. in honor 
 
 of Apollo, the conqueror i.f the druKoii Python, at tlmt ouc« in 
 
 nine, ufterwardu once In five, yearn. 
 
 Pytli'o-ness, n. [Sec Pythian.] 1. {Gr. Autiq.) TUo 
 priestess who gave oracular answers at Delphi, in Orwre. 
 
 2. A sort of witch. 
 
 Pyx, ti. [I.rfit. pi/xis, Or. TTv^i?, a box, esp. of box-wwid, 
 fr. 7ru^05, Lat. hiij-tis, the bo.x-tre<j or iKJX-wood.) 1, 
 ( Horn. Catli. Churrli.) The box in which the hrmt i.s kept. 
 ti. A box used, in English coinage, a.^ a pliu-e of deposit 
 for certain sample coins taken for a trial of the weight 
 and fineness of metal, before they are sent from the mint 
 
 3. (Naul.) The box in which the compa«8 is BUspeudeil. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q(ku), the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet, 
 has but one sound, which is the same as that of k, or 
 c hard. It is always followed by m, the two letters togeth- 
 er being pronounced like kio., except in some words in 
 which the a is silent. See Prin. of Pron. § 86. 
 
 G@~ The English name of the letter, cue, is said to be from 
 the French queue, a tail, the form being tlie same ns that of O, 
 with a tail added. Some, however, regard the form asi a con- 
 traction of cy or CK. 
 
 Quack, V. i. [imp. & p. p. quacked (kw5kt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. QUACKING.] [Ger. qunken, D. kwakken, kwa- 
 ken, Icel. qvaka., to twitter, sigh.] 1. To cry hke the 
 common domestic duck. 2. To boast. 3. To act as a 
 quack. 
 
 Qu&clc, n. 1. The cry of the domestic duck. 5i. A boast- 
 ful pretender to medical skill ; an empiric. 3, Hence, 
 one who boastfully pretends to knowledge of any kind, 
 not po.ssessed. 
 Syn. — Empiric ; mountebank ; charlatan. 
 
 <Jua.ck, a. Pertaining to quackery ; used by quacks. 
 
 Quack'er-y, 71. Practice of a quack ; empiricism. 
 
 QuJtck'isli, a. Like a quack ; boastful; trickish. 
 
 Quad'ra-ffes'i-md, n. [Lat., from quarJrage.'iinius, the 
 fortieth, from quarlraginta, forty.] (EccL) The forty 
 days of fast preceding Easter ; Lent. 
 
 Quii<l'ra-ges'i-mal, a. Belonging to, or used in. Lent. 
 
 Quad'ran-gle (kwod^rilng-gl), ji. [Lat. quadrangulum, 
 
 from quatiwr, four, and angidus, an 
 
 angle.] 1. ( Geom.) A plane figure 
 having four angles, and consequently 
 four sides. 2. (Arch.) A square or 
 quadrangular court surrounded by 
 buildings. 
 
 Quad-ran'gu-lar, a. Having four 
 angles, and consequently four sides. 
 
 Quad'rant, n. [Lat. quadranSy a 
 fourth part, a fourth of a whole, from 
 quaiiwr, four.] 1. ( Geom.) The quarter of a circle, or 
 of the circumference of a circle ; an 
 arc of 90°. "Z. An instrument for 
 measuring altitudes, variously con- 
 structed and mounted for different spe- 
 cific uses in astronomy, surveying, gun- 
 nery, &c. 
 
 Quad-rant'al, a. Pertaining to a 
 quadrant. 
 
 Qiiad'rat, n. [See infra.] (Print.) A 
 
 piece of type-metal cast lower than a, n, Quadrants, 
 the letters, so as to leave a blank space on the paper, 
 when printed, where it is placed. 
 
 Quad'rate, a. [La,t. quadratns, sqn&red,^^. p. of qitnd- 
 rare, to make four-cornered, to square, make square, from 
 quadrus, square, from qwituor, four.] 1. Having four 
 equal and parallel sides, and four right angles ; square, "i. 
 Divisible by four. 3. Hence, square ; even ; equal ; exact. 
 4. Suited; applicable ; correspondent. [tile. 
 
 Quad'rate.n. 1. A square. 2. (Astrol.) Same as QuAR- 
 
 Quad'rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quadrated ; p. pr. & 
 r6*. n. QUADRATING.] [See QUADRATE, a.] To agree ; 
 to be accommodated : to suit : to correspond : to square. 
 
 Quad-ra,t'i€, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a 
 square ; square. 
 
 Quadrangle. 
 
 Quadratic equation (Alf/.), an equation In which the highest 
 power of the unknown quantity is a bquare. 
 
 Quad'ra-tiire (53), n. [See Quadrate, a.] 1. The 
 finding of a square having the same area as a given cur- 
 vilinear figure, as a circle. 2. A (luadrate ; a 8<4uare. 
 3. (AsCron.) The position of one heavenly body in re- 
 spect to another, when distant from it ninety degree.s. 
 
 Quad-r6n'iii-al, a. [Lat. quadrieiuiis, from quuluor, 
 four, and rtrt/iw5, year.] 1. Comprising four years. 2. 
 Occurring once in four years. 
 
 Quad'ri-iat'er-al, a. [Lat. quadrilaterus, from qua- 
 tu'or, four, and latiis, laleris, a side.] Having four sides 
 and consequently four angles. 
 
 Quad'ri-iat'er-al, J!. A plane fig- . 
 
 ure having four sides, and conse- / 
 quently four angles ; a quadrangular / 
 figure. / 
 
 Quad'ri-lit'er-al, a. [Lat. qua- / 
 
 tu'or, four, and litera, littera, let- ^ 
 
 ter.] Consisting of four letters. QuadrilateraL 
 
 Qua-drille' (kwa-di-Tl'' or ka-dril') 
 n. [Fr. , from Lat. quadriila, dim. of quadra, a square, 
 from qiiatuor, four.] 1. A game played by four persons 
 with forty cards. 2. A kind of dance made up of sets 
 of dances, four couples of dancers being in each set. 
 
 Quad-rill'ioii, n. [From Lat. qiialtr, four times, and 
 Low Lat. inillio, a million.] According to the English 
 notation, the number produced by involving a million to 
 the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit 
 with 24 ciphers annexed ; according to the French nota- 
 tion, a unit with 15 ciphers annexed. 
 
 Quad'ri-reme, n. [Lat. qua/triremis, from qnatuor, 
 foiir, and re)}ut!!, an oar.] (Ro}n. Antiq.) A galley witli 
 four benches of oars or rowers. 
 
 Quad'ri-sj'l'la-ble, n. [L&t. quat nor, four, and 5^^!- 
 ba\ syllable.] A woi-d consisting of four syllables. 
 
 Quad'ri- valve, n. [From Lat. quatuor, four, and val- 
 vd, the leaf, fold, or valve of a door.] One of a set of four 
 folds or leaves serving for a door. 
 
 Quad-rdbii', n. [Fr. quarleron, Sp. curtr/^ron , from Lat. 
 quatuor, four.] The offspring of a mulatto and a white 
 person : a person quarter-blooded. 
 
 Qiiad'ru-maiie, n. [Lat. quatuor, four, and rnanws.m 
 ha'nd.] * (Zo'dl.) An animal having four feet that corre- 
 spond to the hands of a man, as a uionkev. 
 
 Quad'ru-ped, a. [Lat. quadrupts, qua^ruptdis, from 
 qiiatuor', four, and pes, pe(/i.s, a foot.] Having four feet. 
 
 Qiiad'rij-iwd, «. (Zool.) An animal having four feet; 
 
 ^ — ^"often" restricted to the manmials. 
 
 Qliad'ru-ple, a. [Lat. quadruplus, from quatuor, four.] 
 Fo'urfol'ii ; four times told. [fourfold amount. 
 
 Quad'ru-ple, a. Four times the sum or number; a 
 
 Quad'rii-ple, r. ^ [mip. &;>./>. QUADRUPLED ; /» 
 pr. & I'b. n. QUADRUPLING.] To multiply by four; to 
 increase fourfold. 
 
 Quad'ru-ple, v. i. To be multiplied by four. 
 
 Qiiad-ru'pH-cate, n. Four-fold: four timo.-; repeated. 
 
 Quad-ru'pli-«ate, v. t. [iwp. k p.p. ijuadrupli- 
 CATEd"; p. pr. & 1-6. H. QUADKUPLIC.\TIN«i 1 [Lat. 
 quadriiplicare, quadrupliratum, from qun'/ru/4f.r, four- 
 fold, from quatuor, four, and. pUcarr, to fold.] To malM 
 fourfold ; to quadruple. 
 
 food,fdt>t; Arn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, call, eelio ; gem, get; a§; ejlst; ligser, link; 
 
QUADRUPLICATION 
 
 584 
 
 QUARRY 
 
 Common Quail, 
 subtle ; artificially 
 3. Odd and 
 
 (^»ad'rw-pll-<'i»'tion, n. Act of quadrupling, or mak- 
 ing fourfold. 
 Qmjv'rf, i\ i. [\At.] Inquire : qui'-stion ; query ; — used 
 
 as a nutnorandum Mgnifyiug doubt or the desirableness 
 
 of an inve.stigation. 
 Quaff. V. I. [ivii>. & p. r QUAFFED (kwaft) ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. Ql'AFFINH.] [Fr. coijfn, to cap or hood, to coif, 
 
 to intoxicate, make tipsy : from roiffe, a hood. See 
 
 Coif.] To drink down ; to drink copiously of. 
 QuRff . <•. *. To drink largely or hixuriously. 
 yuaf f Vr, n. One who quaffs or drtnks largely. 
 yuftg'ffv, ". (;hh^ Qi'AGMiRE.] Of the nature of a 
 
 quaginire ; trembling under the foot, as soft, wet earth. 
 Qufts'mire, n. [From 0. Eng. gvag, or gimgife, to 
 
 quake, quiver, shake, and mire J Soft, wet land, which 
 
 shakes or yields under the feet. 
 Qua'haus (kwaWhog), n. [Abbrev. from Narraganset 
 
 Iri'd. poquafiliork.] (Zoiil.) A species of clam having the 
 
 inside shell tipiied with purple. [Niic Eng.] 
 ^uail, V. i. [imp. & p. p. quailed ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 
 QUAILING.] [A.-S. ctvflan. to die, perish. Of. QUELL.] 
 
 To become quelled ; to sink into dejection ; to lose spirit ; 
 
 to shrink ; to cower. 
 Quail, n. [0. Fr. guaille, It. 
 
 quaglia, 0. II. Ger. tcalitala, N. 
 
 H. Ger. u-ac/itf/.] (Ornit/i.) A 
 
 gallinaceous bird clo.«ely allied 
 
 to the partridge of Europe. 
 es-in the United States the ._ 
 
 name is loosely used for ruffed ^ 
 
 Quaint, a. [0. Fr. cointe, culti- 
 vated, amiable, agreeable ; from 
 Lat. cogiiitiis, acquainted, and 
 partly from coDiptus, cotntus, 
 adorned, elegtint, polished.] 1. 
 Characterized by ingenuity or art 
 elegant, 'i. Hence, showing excess of art 
 antique : curious and fanciful. 
 
 Syn. — Inirenious: artful; far-fetched; affected; odd; whim- 
 sical; singular: unusual.— QuainI, in our early writers. meant 
 strange or fnrlrlen, and hence ingenious. In this sense it often 
 occurs in Shakespeare ; as. a quaint device, quaintly written, 
 &c., and is used as a term of praise. Gradually, however, there 
 sprang up a perverti-d ingenuity in such writers as Quarles, 
 and many among the Puritans", to which we now give the 
 name of qtiaiutneits. It is something queer and almost laugha- 
 ble, but not foolish. The quaint writers have usually strong 
 thought, but a strange and whimsical way of expressing it. 
 Their wit is odd as well as sly; their images are often far- 
 fetched or unnatural, and there is a strange contrast between 
 the gravity of their thoughts and the fanciful or whimsical 
 garb in which they are presented. Hence, the word became 
 a term of dispraise, denoting affected, which Johnson declared 
 to be its meaning in his day. At present (perhaps from a 
 deference to 'he old writers mentioned) it has received the 
 united sense of antique and odd. 
 
 Quaintly, ndv. In a quaint manner ; ingeniously ; art- 
 fully : affectedly ; oddly ; fancifully. 
 
 Quaint'ness, n. Quality of being quaint ; ingenuity ; 
 affected art ; oddness ; strangeness. 
 
 Quake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. quaked (kwr.kt) ■. p. pr. Sc 
 ft. n. QUAKING.] [A.-S. civadayi.] 1. To tremble ; to 
 shake with fear, cold, or emotion, 'i. To shake or 
 tremble, either from not being .«olid, as soft, wet land, or 
 from violent convulsion of any kind. 
 
 Syn.— To shake ; vibrate; tremble; quiver; shudder. 
 
 Quake, n. A tremulous agitation j a shake; a trem- 
 blmg : a shudder. 
 
 Quak'er, «. 1. One who quakes. 3. One of the relig- 
 iou/» sect the members of which are called also Friends. 
 Their early preachers were thrown by their violent en- 
 thuna-sm into quakings or convulsions and distortions of 
 the limbs. 
 
 QuaJrer fpin, an imitation of a gun. made of wood or other 
 material, and placed in the port-hole of a vessel, or the embra- 
 Bur<- of a fort, in order to deceive the enemy ; — so called from 
 it« inoffensive character, [.rimer.] 
 
 Quak'er-if:h, a. Like, or pertaining to, a Quaker. 
 
 Quak'er-igm, n. The peculiar character, manners, 
 tenets, or worship of the Quakers. 
 
 Qual'i-fi'a-Me, a. Capable of being qualified ; abata- 
 ble : modifiable. 
 
 Qual'i-fi-<;a'tion, n. 1 . Act of qualifying, or condition 
 of'beinjr qualified. 2. Any endowment or acquirement 
 which fitK a i>erson for a place, or enables him to sustain 
 any character with success. 3. Act of limiting, or stat* 
 of being limited or restricted ; hence, abatement ; dimi- 
 nution. 
 
 Qual'i-fi^d, p. «. Fitted by accomplishmenta or en- 
 do'wments ; modified : limited. 
 
 I Syn.— Competent ; fit; adapted.— A man is competent 
 
 I to a task or duty when he has the powers which are requisitv 
 
 I for its performance ; lie is qualified for it when those powers 
 
 i have been trained into an acquaintance with the business to 
 be done, and cxpertness in the mode of performing it. Many 
 
 I are competent to employments which they are utterly vn- 
 
 j qualified to enter upon at once. 
 
 Qual'i-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, qualifies. 
 
 Qual'i-f y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. qualified \ p.pr & vh. 
 !».* QUALIFYING.] [Lat. qualijicare, from Lat. qualis, 
 such, and/acfrif, to make.] 1. To make such as is re- 
 quired ; to give added or requisite qualities to ; to fit, as 
 for a place, office, occupation, or character ; to supply 
 yvith legal power or capacity. 2. To reduce, by consid- 
 eration or enumeration of qualities, from a general, un- 
 defined, or comprehensive, to a particular or restricted 
 form : to limit. 3. Hence, to soften ; to abate ; to di- 
 minish ; to assuage ; to reduce the strength of, as liquors. 
 
 Sj'ii. — To fit ; equip ; prepare ; adapt ; capacitate ; modi- 
 fy' ; restrict ; restrain. 
 
 Qual'i-f y, v. i. To be or become qualified. 
 
 Qual'i-ty (kwol'I-ty), n. [Lat. qualitas, from qualu, 
 ho'w or so constituted, such.] 1. Condition of being 
 of such and such a sort as distinguished from others , 
 nature relatively considered, ti. Special or temporary 
 character. 3. That which makes, or helps to make, any 
 thing such as it is ; distinguishing property, character- 
 istic, or attribute. 4. Superior birth or station ; high 
 rank. 
 Syn. — Attribute; property ; accomplishment; fashion. 
 
 Qualm (kwam), »j. [A.-S. cu-eaJm, cwelm, death, slaugh- 
 ter, pestilence, from civellan, to slay. Cf. QUELL.] 1, 
 A sudden attack of illness, faintness, distress, or pain. 
 3. Hence, especially, a .«udden fit or seizure of sickness 
 at the stomach. 3. Hence, a scruple of conscience. 
 
 Qualm'isli (kwjim'ish), a. Sick at the stomach ; inclined 
 to vomit ; affected with nausea. 
 
 Quan'da-ry, or Quan-da'ry (112), n. [Corrupted from 
 Fr. qu'f7i dirni-je? what shall I say of it?] A state of 
 difficulty or perplexity. 
 
 Quaii'ti-ta'tive, a. Relating to quantity. 
 
 Quan'ti-ty, n. [Lat. quantitns^ from qiiantus, how great, 
 
 "ho'w much, from quam, how.] 1. The property of being 
 measurable, or capable of increase and decrease, multipli- 
 cation and division : that which answers the question 
 " How much ? " Hence, in specific uses, (a.) {Logic.) Tha 
 extent or extension of a general conception, that is, the 
 number of species or individuals to which it may be 
 applied; also, its content or comprehension, that is, the 
 number of its constituent qualities, attributes or rela- 
 tions, (b.) ( Gram.) The relative time occupied in pro- 
 nouncing a syllable, (c.) (Mus.) The relative duration 
 of a tone. 2. That which can be increased, diminished, 
 or measured; especially, (Mat/i.), any thing to which 
 mathematical processes are applicable. 3. A certain 
 portion or part; sometimes, a considerable amount; a 
 large bulk, sum, or portion. 
 
 Quan'tum, «. [Lat., from quantvs, how great, how 
 much.] Quantity ; amount. 
 
 Quar'an-tine (liO), n. [It. quarantiixa, f orty , forty days, 
 quarantine, L. Lat. qiiarentena, qitadragintana, from 
 Lat. quadraginta, forty.] 1. A space of forty days. 2. 
 Specifically, the term during which a ship arriving in 
 port, and suspected of being infected ynth a malignant, 
 contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse 
 •with the shore : hence, inhibition of intercourse to which 
 a ship is subjected, on the presumption that she may ha 
 infected. 
 
 Quar'rel (kwor'rel), n. [0. Eng. querele, from Lat. gw- 
 rtla, querella, a complaint, from queri, to complain.] An 
 angry contest ; a falling out. 
 
 Syn.— Brawl: broil; squabble; aflfray; feud; tumult; con- 
 test; dispute; altercation: contention. 
 ' Quar'rel. n. [See Quarry.] 1. An arrow with a square 
 I head. [Obs.] 2. A diamond-shaped pane of glass. 
 
 Quar'rel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. quarreled : p. pr. k vb. 
 M. 'quarreling. See then.] 1 . To dii^pute violently 
 I to wrangle : to fall out. 2. To find fault. 
 
 Quar'rel-er, n. One yvho quarrels ; a wrangler. 
 I Quar'rel-some (kwor'rel-.sum), a. Apt to quarrel; 
 
 given to brawls and contention ; irascible. 
 ' Quar'ry (kwor'rj), n. [0. Eng! qvarre, from Lat. quad- 
 rum, something square, 0. Fr. quarrc, froxa. Lat. quadra- 
 \ «?/5, square, quadratum, a square.] An arrow with a 
 I square head ; a square or lozenge-shaped pane of glass ; 
 I a glazier^s diamond. 
 
 ' Quar'ry, n. [Fr. curee, 0. Fr. coree, fr. Lat. cor, the heart./ 
 I Game ; especially, the game hunted for by hawking. 
 
 »,e,&c.,/cm^, a,6, &c.,sAorr; cAre,far,a8k,all,wliat; fire, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, ^volf , 
 
QUARRY 
 
 585 
 
 QUEEN 
 
 ^uar'ry, n. [Low Lat. qua/Iraria, qiiatraria, a quarry, 
 wfience squared (qucvhati) stones are dug, from quadnis 
 lapis, quadratus. See QUARRV, supra.] A place where 
 stones are cut from the earth for building or other pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Quar'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quarried ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n.'uUARRYING.J To dig or take from a quarry. 
 
 Quart, n. [Lat. qitartits, quarta, the fourth, from qua- 
 tiior, four.] 1, The fourth part of a gallon ; two pints. 
 2. A vessel containing tiie fourth of a gallon. 
 
 Quar'tan, a. [Lat. qunrtanus, from quurtns, the fourth, 
 from qitatuor, four.] Of, or pertaining to, the fourth; 
 occurring every fourth da}'. 
 
 Quar'tan, n. [See sj/pm.] (Mec/.) An intermitting ague 
 that occurs every foui-th day. 
 
 Quar'ter, n. [Lat. quartarius, a fourth part, from quar- 
 tiis, the fourth, from quatiwr, four.] 1. One of four 
 equal parts into which any thing is divided, or is regarded 
 as divided ; — hence, in specific uses, (a.) The fourth of 
 a hundred-weight, being 28 or 25 pounds, according as 
 the hundred-weight is reckoned at 112 or 100 pounds. 
 (6.) The fourth of a ton in weight, or eight bushels of 
 grain ; also, the fourth part of a chaldron of coal, (c.) 
 {Astron.) The fourth part of the moon's period or month- 
 ly revolution. ((/.) One limb of a quadruped with the 
 acyacent parts, {e.) That part of a shoe which forms the j 
 side, from the heel to the vamp. ( /.) (Far.) That part 
 of a horse's foot between the toe and heel. {§-.) A term 
 of study in a seminary, college, &c. ; properly, a fourth 
 part of the year, but often longer or shorter than this 
 period, (h.) Part of a ship's .side between the aftmost end 
 of the main-chains and the sides of the stern, (i.) A re- 
 gion ; a territory, (j.) A division of a town, county, or 
 the like ; a district ; a locality. "2. Proper station ; spe- 
 cific place; assigned position. Hence, specifically, (a.) 
 (Naut.) pi. A station at which officers and men are posted 
 in battle, (b.) pi. Place of lodging or temporary resi- 
 dence ; shelter, (c.) [Mil.) pi. A station or encampment 
 occupied by troops, {d.) Hence, merciful treatment 
 shown to an enemy. 
 
 Quar'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quartered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n."QUARTERING.] 1. To divide into four equal parts. 
 2. To furnish with shelter or entertainment. 3. (Her.) 
 To bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms. 
 
 To quarter arms (Her.), to place the arms of other families 
 in the compartments of a shield, which is divided into four or 
 more parts, the family arms being placed in the first. 
 
 Quar'ter, v.i. To lodge ; to have a temporary residence. 
 
 Quar'ter-age, n. A quarterly allowance. 
 
 Quar'ter-day, n. A day regarded as terminating a 
 quarter of the year ; hence, one on which rent becomes 
 due. 
 
 Quar'ter-deck, n. (Naut.) That part of the deck of a 
 ship which extends from the stern to the mainmast. 
 
 Quar'ter-foil, «. [Eu<r. quarter and foil.] (Arck.) An 
 ornamental figure disposed in four segments of circles, 
 supposed to resemble an expanded flower of four petals. 
 
 Quar'ter-ing, n. 1. Assignment of quarters for sol- 
 diers. "2. (Her.) Division of a shield containing many 
 coats. 3. (Arch.) A series of small upright posts. 
 
 Quar'ter-ly, a. 1. Containing or consisting of a fourth 
 part. '2. Recurring at the end of each quarter of the 
 year. 
 
 Quar'tei'-ly, n. A periodical work published once in a 
 quarter of a year, or four times during a year. [yeiir. 
 
 Qviar'ter-ly, adv. By quarters ; once in a quarter of a 
 
 Quar'ter-mas'ter, n. 1. (Mil.) An officer who pro- 
 vides quarters, provisions, clothing, transportation, &c., 
 for the army, and superintends the supplies, ti. (Naut.) 
 A petty officer who attends to the lielm, binnacle, sig- 
 nals, &c., under the direction of the master. 
 
 Qu^r'tern, n. [Lat. quartarius, & fom-th part, quartern, 
 gill.] 1. The fourth part of a pint; a gill. 2. The 
 fourth part of a peck. 3. A loaf weighing about four 
 pounds. 
 
 Quar'ter-round, n. (Arch.) A molding, the section of 
 which is exactly or approximately a quadrant, or the 
 fourth part of a circle. 
 
 Quar'ter-ses'sioiig (-sesh'unz), m. pi. (E?ig. Late.) A 
 general court of criminal jurisdiction held quarterly by 
 the justices of peace of each county. 
 
 Quar'ter- staff, n. A stout staff formerly used as a 
 weapon of defense ; — so called from the manner of using 
 it, one hand being placed in tlie middle, and the other 
 half way between the middle and end. 
 
 Quar-tet' ) n. [It. quartetto, dim. of quarto, fourth, 
 
 Qujjr-tette' ] a fourth part, fr. Lat. quartus, the fourth, 
 from ^watMor, four.] (Mus.) (a.) A composition in four 
 
 part/*, each performed by a mngle voice or inatrumrat. 
 (6.) The set of four pen>on8 who perform a piece of muaiu 
 in four parts. 
 
 Quar'tile, «. [Lat. quartus, the fourth, from quutuor, 
 folir.] (Astral.) Ab aspect of the ylaneCH, when they an 
 distant from each other a quarter of the circle, or uinety 
 degrees. 
 
 Qu^r'to, n. ; pi. QUAR'TOg. [L-it., from quartus, the 
 fourth, from quatuur, four.] Originally, a b«M.k of tho 
 size of the fourth of a Kheet of printing |ia|»er ; in present 
 usage, a book of a squari.xh form, corresponding to that 
 formerly made by folding a sheet twite. 
 
 Quar'to, a. Having the form or size of a quarto. 
 
 Quartz (kworts, 108), n. [.M. & N. H. Ger. quarz, Pr. 
 quartz.] (Min.) Pure silex, occurring crvHtalllzed, and 
 also in masses of various colors, more or less transparent, 
 and sometimes opaque. 
 
 Quartz-ose' (125), i a. Containing quartz ; partaking of 
 
 Quartz'oilss, \ the nature of quartz ; n^seuibling 
 
 Quartz'y(108), ) quartz. 
 
 Qua.»^h, V. t. [imp. & p. p. quashed (kwosht) ; p. pr. 
 Si'vh. n. QUASHING.] [I.,at. quassare, to shake, shatter, 
 shiver, intensive form of quatere, quassu,n, to shake, 
 shatter.] 1. To beat down or beat in pieces 2. Hence, 
 to crush ; to subdue ; to put down summarily nnd com- 
 pletely. 3. [0. Fr. quasser, N. Fr. cnsser, fi-om Ljit. co-t- 
 sare, to annihilate, annul, from cas.'^us, empty, vain.] 
 (Law.) To abate, annul, overthrow, or make void. 
 
 Qua'sT. [Lat.] As if; in a manner; in a certain sense 
 or degree ; — used as a prefix or first member of a com- 
 pound. 
 
 QuJl.ss, n. [Russ., Pol., & Bohem. hvass.] A thin, sour 
 Ijeer, much used by the Ru.<!sians, made by pouring warm 
 water on rye or barley meal. 
 
 Quas-sa'tioii, n. [Lat. quassatio, from quassarf, to 
 shake.] Act of shaking ; concussion ; state of being 
 shaken. 
 
 Quas'sia (kw6.sh'i-a or kw5sh'T-i), n. [From the name 
 of a negro, Quassi/, or Quash, who prescribed this article 
 as a specific ] A bitter wood obtained from various trees, 
 all of which are natives of tropical America. The wood 
 and bark are employed in medicine. 
 
 Qua-ter'na-ry, M. [Lat quaternanus, cons'istiug of four 
 each, containing four, from quaterni, four each, from qua- 
 tuor, four.] The number four. 
 
 Qua-ter'iia-ry, a. Consisting of four; by fours. 
 
 Qua-ter'iii-on, n. [Lat. quatemio, from quaterni, four 
 each, from quatuor, four.] 1. The number four. 2. 
 A set of four parts, objects, or individuals. 3. ( Math.) 
 The quotient of two vectors, or of two directed right 
 lines in space, considered as depending on four geomet- 
 rical elements, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol 
 of quadrinominal form. 
 
 Qua'ter-on, n. See Quadroon. 
 
 Quat'rain (42), 7i. [Fr., from quatre, Lat. quatuor, four.] 
 A stanzti of four lines rhyming alternately. 
 
 Qua'ver, r. i. [imp. & p. p. QU.WERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. QUAVERING.] [0. Eng. quave, to shake, to tremble, 
 allied to L. Ger. quahbeln, to shake, to be soft, ftx)m 
 quabbel, quabbe, a fat lump of tiesh, a dewlap. Of. 
 Quiver.] 1. To tremble; to vibnite ; to shake. 2. 
 To shake the voice ; to .«ing with tremuloiis moilulations 
 of voice ; also, to produce a shake on a musical instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Qua'ver, w. 1. A shake or rapid vibration of the voice, 
 
 "or a shake on an instrument of music. 2. (Music.) An 
 eighth note. See KiGHTll. 
 
 Quay (ke), n [See Key.] A mole or bank formed toward 
 the sea, or on the side of a river. 
 
 Queacli'y, «■ [F'rom quearh, a modif. of quick.] Yield- 
 ing or trembling under the feet, as moist or boggy ground 
 
 Quean, n. [.\.-S. cwene, woman, harlot, Goth. qv<ns, 
 qveins, Icel. qciiiua, kona, qvtn, allied to Gr. yvimj, Ir- 
 coinne, a woman.] 1. A woman ; a girl. 2. E.<ptcmUtj, 
 a low woman ; a wench ; a slut. 
 
 Quea'§i-ness, n. State of being queasy ; nausea. 
 
 Quea'gy , a. [Icel. qveisa, belly-iiche, pains in the stom- 
 ach.] *1. Sick at the stomach ; affected with nau.-^a. 2. 
 Fastidious ; squeamish. 3. Causing nausea. 
 
 Queen, n. [0. Eng. qunie, A.-S. ru-cn, wife, qu»vn, Icel. 
 ^ta;?, 7 iwi, woman, wife. See QUEAN.j 1. The con- 
 sort of a king. 2. A woman who is the sovereign of a 
 kingdom. 3. The sovereign of a swiirm of bees. 
 
 OHfr»(-con.«o;7. the wifo of a rcittninj; kins:. - '■ • 
 
 the widow of a kin-. - quee, , -mother, a quf. - 
 
 also niotlicr of the reiirniiit: kiiij: <.'I"/V.!J','"'.V„T, 'n\ 
 
 \ y. 
 
 in knglaml, whith i> >» calK.l UuriDS 
 
 food, fd-ot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «aU, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejlst ; UQKer, UfiU ; till* 
 
QUEEN 
 
 586 
 
 QUICKSILVER 
 
 Queen-post Roof. 
 AA, queen -posts ; b, tie- 
 beam ; cc, struts or 
 braces ; dd, purlins; e, 
 straining beam ; ff, 
 common rafters ; gg, 
 wall-plates ; h, ridge- 
 piece. 
 
 the life of M queen.— Queen'n metal, an alloy imitating silver, 
 coinix)»e<l of nine n&rts of tin and one part each of lead, anti- 
 mony, and bismuth. 
 Queen, r. «". To play the queen ; to act the part or char- 
 acter of a queen. , 
 Queeu'-post, ». {Arch.) One 
 
 of two suspending pi^t.s in a 
 
 tru5!sed roof, framed below into 
 
 the tie-l>eau», and above into 
 
 the principal rafters. 
 Queer, a. [rompnr. queerer; 
 
 superl. QUEEREST.] [N. II. 
 
 Ger. queer, quer, cross, oblique, 
 
 athwart. M. & 0. II. Ger. twer, 
 
 A.-S. thweor, thweorh, Icel. 
 
 thicrr, Goth, thwairhs. Cf. 
 
 Thw.art.] Going athwart 
 
 what is usual or normal ; odd ; 
 
 singular ; quaint ; whimsical. 
 Queer'ly, adv. In an odd or singular manner ; oddly ; 
 
 singularly ; whimsically. 
 Queer'ness, n. Oddity ; singularity ; particularity. 
 Qu^Il, V. t. [imp. 8c. p. p. QUEI-Le"d ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 QUELLING.] [A.-S. cwelian, nvellan, Icel. qvelia. See 
 
 Kill.] 1. To subdue ; to put down, ti. To reduce to 
 
 peace ; to cause to cease. 
 Syn. — To crush; overpower; quiet; allay; calm. 
 Quell'er, 7i. One who quells ; one who crushes. 
 Quench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quenched (kwgncht) ; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. QUENCHING.] [A.-S. cwencan, acwencan, 
 
 allied to civinan, acivlnan, to languish, cwinca7i, acwin- 
 
 ean, to decrease, disappear.] 1. To extinguish ; to put 
 
 out, as fire. 2. Hence, to put an end to, as something 
 
 warm, ardent, burning, or the like. 
 Syn. — To extinguish; still; stifle; allay; cool; check; de- 
 
 stroj'. 
 Quench'a-ble, a. Admitting of being quenched. 
 Quench'er, n. One who, or that which, quenches. 
 Quencli'less, a. Incapable of being quenched. 
 
 Syn. — Inextinguishable; unquenchable; irrepressible. 
 Quer'^it-rou, n. [Fr. , fr. Lat. quercus, an oak, and citrus, 
 
 the citron-tree.] 1, The bark of the black oak, or dyer's 
 
 oak, which grows from Canada to Georgia, and west to 
 
 the Missis.sippi. 2. The inner bark of this tree, used in 
 
 tanning and in dyeing yellow. 
 Quer'i-mo'ni-ous, a. [Lat. querimonia, a complaint, 
 
 from queri, to complain.] Complaining ; querulous ; apt 
 
 to complain. 
 Que'rist (89), n. [Lat. qu<erere, to search for, to inquire.] 
 
 One who inquires or asks questions. 
 Quern, n. [A.-S. cweorn, cwyrn, Icel. qvorn, Goth. 
 
 qvairnus, allied to Ger. A;orn, Goth, kaurn, Eng. corn, 
 
 Lat. graiium.] A hand-mill for grinding grain. 
 Qugr'u-lou.s, a. [Lat. querulus and querulosus, from 
 
 queri" to complain.] 1. Apt to repine, or habitually 
 
 complaining. 2. Expressing complaint. 
 
 Syn.— Complaining ; bewailing; lamenting; whining; 
 mourning; murmuring; discontented; dissatisfied. 
 
 Quer'u-lous-ly, culc. In a querulous manner 
 
 Quer'ii-lous-ne.ss, n. State of being querulous ; dis- 
 position to complain. 
 
 Que'ry (89), n. [Lat. quxre, imper. of qukrere, to seek 
 for, to inquire.] A question ; an inquiry to be answered 
 or resolved. 
 
 Que'ry, v. i. To ask questions ; to make inquiry. 
 
 Que'ry, ^•. t. [imp. & p. p. queried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 QUERYING.] 1. To seek by questioning; to inquire 
 into. 3. To doubt of. 
 
 QuCst, n. [From Lat. quxrere, quxsitum, to seek for, to 
 ask.] Act of seeking, or looking after any thing ; attempt 
 to find or obtain : search. 
 
 Ques'tion (kwgsfyun, 66), n. [Lat. quasstio, from 
 quxrere, qusesitum, to seek for, ask, inquire.] 1. Act 
 ofa.eking; interrogation. 2. Discussion ; debate ; hence, 
 verbal contest. 3. Investigation ; specijically , formal 
 investigation as before a tribunal. 4. That which is 
 asked ; a query. 5. Hence, a subject of investigation 
 or examination. 
 
 In question, in debate; in the course of examination or dis- 
 cuiigion. — LecuJing question, a question which suggests the 
 answer desired. — Out of the question, not worthy of, or requir- 
 ing, consideration ; quite impossible. — I'revious qwistion, the 
 question put to a jjarlianientary assembly previously to the 
 putting or the principal question; namely, "Shall the main 
 question be now put?" Calling for the previous question cuts 
 off further debate. 
 
 Syn. — Interrogatory ; inquiry; examination; trial; dis- 
 pute; doubt. 
 
 Qu^s'tion (kwgst'yun), v. i. [imp. & p. p. questiot*- 
 ED ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. QUESTIONING.] To ask a question 
 or questions. 
 
 Qu^s'tion (kwgst'yun), v. t. 1. To inquire of by asking 
 questions ; to examine by interrogatories, '-i. To doubt 
 of; to be uncertain of. 3. To treat as not entitled to 
 confidence ; to call in question. 
 
 Syn.— To ask; interrogate; catechise; doubt: controvert; 
 dispute ; inquire. — We inquire for the sake of information ; 
 as, to inquire one's way. We question with closeness in order 
 to gain the whole truth ; as, to Question a messenger as to all 
 the particulars. We interrogate by asking questions repeated- 
 ly, and often with authority. 
 
 Qugs'tion-a-ble (kwest'yun-a-bl), a. 1. Inviting, or 
 seeming to invite, inquiry. [Rare.] 'Z. Liable to be 
 doubted or called in question. 
 
 Syn.— Disputable ; controvertible; debatable; uncertain; 
 doubtful; suspicious. 
 
 Qu6s'tion-er (kwest'yun-er), n. One who asks ques- 
 tions ; an inquirer. 
 
 QuSs'tion-less (kwesf yun-), adv. Beyond a question or 
 doubt; doubtless: certainly. [Obs or rare.] 
 
 Ques'tor, n. [Lat. quaestor, contr. from quxsitor, from 
 quxrere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask.] (Rom. Antiq.) A 
 public treasurer ; the receiver of taxes, tribute, &c. 
 
 Queue (ku),H. [Fr.] See Cue. 
 
 Quib, n. [Prob. an abbrev. oi quibble, q. t. Cf. W. gwib, 
 a quick course, a wandering, strolUng. See QuiP.] A 
 sarcasm ; a bitter taunt ; a quip ; a gibe. 
 
 Quib'ble (kwjb'bl), 7i. [Prob. from Lat. quidlibet, what 
 you please.] 1. An evasion ; a cavil ; a pretense. 3. A 
 pun ; a low conceit. 
 
 Quib'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. QUIBBLED ; p. pr. k vb. 
 n. QUIBBLING.] 1. To evade the point in question by 
 artifice, play upon words, caviling, or any conceit. 2. 
 To pun ; to practice punning. 
 
 Quib'bler, n. One who quibbles ; a punster. 
 
 Quick (kwTk), a. [compar. QUICKER; superl, QUICK- 
 EST.] [A.-S. cvnc, Icel. qvikr, Goth, qvius, allied to 
 Lat. vivus, from, vnvere, Skr. dshiw, to live.] 1. Alive; 
 living ; animate. 3. Characterized by liveliness ; ani- 
 mated; sprightly. 3. Speedy; hasty; swift; not slow. 
 
 Syn. — Expeditious; rapid; prompt; ready; active; brisk; 
 
 nimble; agile; lively. 
 Quick, adv. 1. In a quick manner ; nimbly ; with 
 
 celerity ; rapidly ; with haste ; speedily. 3. In a short 
 
 time ; without delay. 
 Quick, n. [Eng. quick, a., L. Ger. quirk. Cf. Sw. qviga, 
 
 a heifer ; Dan. quag, cattle, that is, living.] 1. A living 
 
 animal or plant ; especially, the hawthorn, quickset. 3. 
 
 Hence, the part of the body which is sensitive to pain ; 
 
 the living flesh ; hence, the sensitive part or point. 
 Quick'en (kwik'n), f. r. [imp. & p. p. quickened; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. QUICKENING.] [A.-S. cvjician, cucian. 
 
 See Quick.] 1. To make alive; to vivify ; to reinvigo- 
 
 rate. 2. To make lively, active, or sprightly. 3. To 
 
 make quick or rapid. ** 
 Syn.— To revive; resuscitate; refresh: stimulate; sharpen; 
 
 incite; hasten; accelerate; expedite; dispatch; speed. 
 Quick'en (kwik'n), v. i. 1. To become alive; to be- 
 come vivified or enlivened. 3. To move with rapidity. 
 Quick'cn-er, n. One who, or that which, quickens. 
 Quick'lime, n. [See Lime.] (Chem.) Any carbonate 
 
 of lime, as chalk, limestone, oyster-shells, &c., deprived 
 
 of its carbonic acid and aqueous matter, by exposure to 
 
 intense heat. 
 Quick'ly, adv. Speedily ; soon ; without delay. 
 Quick'ness, 71. 1. Rapidity of motion. 3. Activity; 
 
 briskness. 3. Acuteness of perception ; keen sensibility. 
 
 4. Sharpness ; pungency of taste. 
 
 Syn. — Velocity; celerity; rapidity; haste; expedition; dis- 
 patch ; swiftness ; nimbleness ; fleetness ; agility ; livelinew : 
 sagacity; shrewdness; penetration; keenness. 
 
 Quick'sand, n. Sand easily moved or readily yielding 
 to pressure ; especially, loose or moving sand mixed with 
 water, and very dangerous, from its being unable to sup- 
 port the weight of a person. 
 
 Quick'set, v. t. To plant with living shrubs or trees fbr 
 a hedge or fence. 
 
 Quick'set, a. Made of quickset. 
 
 Quick'-sight'ed (-sTt'-), a. Having quick sight or 
 acute discernment. 
 
 Quick'-ciglit'ed-ness ( -sTt'ed-nes), n. Quickness of 
 sight or discernment ; readiness to see or di.scern. 
 
 Quick'sil-ver , n. [Eng. quick and silver ; so called from 
 its fluidity. See Quick.] (Mm.) Mercury. See Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 9.,e,Si,c.,long; &, 6, Sec, short; c4re,far,ask,all,vrliat; dre , veil, term ; pique, firm; s6n,dr,do, W9l{, 
 
QUICKSTEP 
 
 587 
 
 QUIT 
 
 Quick'stSp, n. (Mus.) A lively, spirited march. 
 
 Quick. '-■wit' ted, a. Having ready wit. 
 
 Quid, n. A portion suitable to be chewed ; a cud. 
 
 Quid'di-ty, n. [L. Lat. quitJditas, from Lat. quid, what.] 
 1. The essence or nature of a thing, '-i. A trifling nicety ; 
 a captious question. 
 
 Quid-die (kwTd'dl), -u. j. [imp. 8c p. p. QUIDDLED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. QUIDDLING.] [Lat. quid, what.] To 
 spend or waste time in trilling employments ; to dawdle. 
 
 Quid'dle, ) n. One who spends time in trilling nice- 
 
 Quid'dler, ) ties. 
 
 Quid'nune, «• [Lat., What now ?] One who is curious 
 to know every thing that passes. 
 
 Qui-6sce', f. /. [imp. & p. p. QUIESCED (kwl-esf); 
 p.pr. & vb. n. QUIESCING.] [Lat. quiescere, from quies, 
 rest, quiet.] To be silent, as a letter ; to have no sound. 
 
 Qui-^s'^en^e, ( n. 1. State or quality of being qui- 
 
 Qui-gs'^eii-^y, j escent ; rest ; repose. "Z. Rest of the 
 mind. 3. ( Gram.) Silence ; the having no sound, as of 
 a letter. 
 
 Qui-es'^ent, a. [Lat. quiescens, p. pr. of quiescere. See 
 QurESCE.] 1. Being in a state of repose; still; not 
 moving, ti. Not ruffled with passion ; quiet; dormant. 
 3. [Gram.) Not sounded ; silent; mute. 
 
 Qui'et, a. [compar. quieter ; superl. QUIETEST.] 
 [Lat. quietus, p. p. of quiescere, to rest, keep quiet.] 1. 
 Being in a state of rest ; not moving, "i. Free from 
 alarm or disturbance. 3. Not giving offense or trouble ; 
 not turbulent. 
 
 Syn. — Still ; tranquil ; calm ; unruffled ; smooth ; unmo- 
 lested; undisturbed; placid; peaceful; mild; peaceable; meek; 
 contented. 
 
 Qui'et, n. [Lat. quies, quietis.] 1. State of a thing not 
 in motion ; rest ; repose. 3. Freedom from disturbance 
 or alarm ; tranquillity. 
 
 Qui'et, V. t. [imp. & p. p. QUIETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 QUIETING.] 1. To stop motion in ; to reduce to a state 
 of rest. "Z. To calm ; to appease ; to pacify. 
 
 Qui'et-er, n. One who, or that which, quiets. 
 
 Qui'et-ism, n. 1. Peace or tranquillity of mind. 2. 
 {Er.d. Hist.) The system of the Quietists, who main- 
 tained that religion consists in an internal rest or repose 
 of the mind, employed in contemplating God, and sub- 
 mitting to his will. 
 
 Qui'et-ist, n. (Ecd. Hist.) One of a sect of mystics, 
 who maintained the principles of Quietism. 
 
 Qui'et-ist'ie, a. Pertaining to a Quietist, or to Quietism. 
 
 Qui'et-Iy, adv. In a quiet state or manner. 
 
 Qui'et-ness, n. State of being quiet ; freedom from 
 agitation, disturbance, or e:icitement. 
 Syu.— Stillness; tranquillity; calmness. 
 
 Qui'e-tude (30), n. [Lat. quietudo, quietudinis. See 
 QUIET, a.] Rest; repose; quiet; tranquillity. 
 
 Qui-e'tus, n. [ha,t. quietus. See QuiET, a.] Rest ; re- 
 pose ; death ; hence, a final discharge or acquittance. 
 
 Quill, n. [M. H. Ger. kil, allied to Lat. caulis, a stalk, a 
 quill, influenced perhaps by Fr. quille, keel.] 1, A large, 
 strong feather ; — used for writing-pens, &c. 3. Hence, 
 a pen. 3. A spine or prickle, as of a porcupine. 4, A 
 piece of small reed, on which weavers wind thread. 5. , 
 (Mus.) The tube of a musical instrument. 6. Some- j 
 thing having the form of a quill. | 
 
 Quill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. QUISLED; p. pr. & vb. n. \ 
 QUILLING.] 1. To plait, or to form with .small ridges [ 
 like quills or reeds. Z, To wind on a quill, as thread or 
 yarn. i 
 
 Quill'ing, n. A narrow border or trimming of lace, and ' 
 the like, folded or plaited so as somewhat to resemble a \ 
 row of quills. ^ j 
 
 Quilt, n. [Of. Lat. culcita, a bed, cushion, mattress. Ir. j 
 cuilt, a bed, a bed-tick.] A cover or garment made by 
 putting wool, cotton, or other substance, between two I 
 cloths, and sewing them together. 
 
 Quilt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. QUILTED; p. pr. & vb. n. I 
 QUILTING.] 1. To stitch together with some soft and 
 warm substance between, or ia the interior of. "Z, To 
 sew with the stitch u.sed in a quilt. 
 
 Quilt'er, r». One who quilts. 
 
 Quilt'ing, n. 1. Act of forming a quilt. 2. Act or 
 process of making a quilt or quilts by a party of ladies, 
 especially for some charitable purpose. [Amer.] 3. A 
 figured material for bed-qnilts, toilet-covers, &c. 
 
 guin^e, «. ( Bot.) The fruit of a small tree, so named from 
 Cydoania, a town of Crete, famous for abounding with 
 this fruit. It has an acid taste and pleasant flavor, and is 
 much u.sed in making pies, tarts, and marmalade. 
 
 Quin-eun'cial. a. Having the form of a quincunx. 
 
 Quln'-eunx, n. fijat. from quinque, five, and uneia, aa 
 ounce.) An arrangement or diaixwition of thiiigB, ••- 
 pecially of trees, by fives in a square, one iK'iug place<l bi 
 the middle of the square. 
 
 Qui'niiie, or Qui-iiine', n. [Sp. quinina, from quina, 
 or quinaquina, Peruvian bark.] 1, (CUem.) A baeir 
 alkaloid obtained from various wpecieH of cinchona. 'Z, 
 (Med.) One of the Baits of quinine, especially the sul- 
 phate, used as a tonic and febrifuge. 
 
 Quin'(iua-|;6H'i-ma, n. [Ijat.. from quinquagesimiu, 
 the fiftieth, from quinquaginta, fifty.] Fiftieth. 
 
 (^uinfiuagenimn Sunday, the Sunday which it about the 
 fiftietli day before Plaster. 
 
 Quln-quJtn'gu-lar (kwin-kwSng'gu-lar), a. [Lat. yum- 
 quun{j;ulus, from quinque,hv(i, and angidus,&\i angle.] 
 Having five angles or corners. 
 
 Qulii-qu8n'iii-al, a. [Lat. quinquennaii.% &ud quiru/uen- 
 nis, from quinque, five, and annus, year.] Occurring 
 once in five years, or lasting five years. 
 
 Quin'que-vftlve, J a. [Lat. quinquf, five, and val- 
 
 Quin'que-vaiv'u-lar, ) fa, the leaf, fold, or valve of 
 a door.] (Bot.) Having five valves, as a pericarp. 
 
 Quin'§y, n. [Contracted from squinancy, q. v.] (Med ) 
 An inflammation of the throat, or part* adjacent, ac- 
 companied by inflammatory fever. 
 
 Quint, n. [Lat. quintus, quinta, the fifth, from quinque, 
 five.] A set or sequence of five, as in piquet. 
 
 Quint'ain (42), n. [L. I^t. quinlana. Cf. \V. chwintan, 
 a kind of hymeneal game.) An object to be tilted at. 
 
 Quint'al, n. [From Ar. kintar, a weight of 100 lbs., and 
 this from Lat. centenarius, consisting of a hundred, from 
 centeni,y, hundred each, from centum, & hundred.] A 
 hundred weight, either 112 or 100 pounds, according to 
 the scale used. 
 
 Quint'aii, «. (Med.) A fever the paroxysms of which 
 return every fifth day. 
 
 Quin-t6s'sen?e, 7i. [From Lat. quinta essentia, fifth 
 essence.] 1. (Alchemy.) The fifth or last and highest 
 essence or power in a natural body. [Obs.] Z. Hence, 
 pure or concentrated essence. 
 
 Quin'tes-s6u'tial, a. Consisting of quintessence. 
 
 Quin-tet', ) n. [From Lat. quintjis, the fifth, from 
 
 Quin-tette', [ quinque, five.] (Mus.) A composition 
 
 Quin-tet'to, ) for five voices or instruments. 
 
 Quint'ile, n. [From Lat. quintus, the fifth, tcoia quin- 
 que, five.] (Astron.) The aspect of planets when distant 
 from each other the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°. 
 
 Quin-till'ion (kwin-tiFyun), n. [I^at. quinque, five, 
 quintus, the fifth.] According to the English notation, a 
 number produced by involving a million to the fif^h 
 power, or a unit with 30 ciphers anne.xed ; according to 
 the French notation, a unit with 18 ciphers annexed. 
 
 Quiii'tu-ple, a. [Lat. quintupltx, ft-om quintus, fifth, 
 quinque, five, and plicare, to fold.] Multiplied by five; 
 fivefold. 
 
 Quiu'tu-ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. QUINTUPLED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. QUINTUPLING.] To make fivefold ; to mult*, 
 ply by five. 
 
 Quip. n. [See QuiB.] A smart, sarcastic turn ; a taunt; 
 a severe retort : a gibe ; a jeer. 
 
 Quip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. QUIPPED (kwTpt) ; p.pr.k vb. 
 n. QUIPPING.] To taunt; to treat with a sarcastie 
 retort. 
 
 Quip, V. i. To scoff; to manifest contempt by derision. 
 
 Quire, n. [See Choir] 1. A body of singers; a 
 choir. Z, The part of a church where the service is 
 sung. 
 
 Quire, n. [From 0. Fr. quayer, cayer, cater, N. Fr 
 caliier, a book of loose sheets, a quarter of a quire, from 
 Low Lat. qunternus, quaternum, qualerniutn, quattmio. 
 sheets of paper packed by turns, from Lat. quatemi, foui- 
 each, by fours, from quatuor, four.] A collection of pjijiei 
 consisting of twenty -four sheets, each having a single 
 fold. 
 
 Quirk (18), n. [Allied to queer, q. v.] 1. A sudden 
 turn ; hence, an artful evasion or subterfuge ; a shift ; a 
 quibble. Z, A smart tiiijnt or retort. 
 
 Quit (kwit), V. t. [imp. & p. p. QUIT or quitted ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. QUITTING.] [L. Lat. quitnre, qiiittnre, quif- 
 tnre, to dismiss, leave, cede, from Lat. quitius. .miit I 
 1. To release from obligiition, accu.sation, i^m; 
 the like ; to acquit. Z. To meet the claims up<' 
 pect.*vtions entertained of; to conduct. 3. To ii\- 
 jis an obligjition or duty. 4. To have done \nth ; htucts, 
 especially, to depart from ; to forsake : to give up. 
 
 Syn. — To leave; reliuqui!-h; resign; eurrendor: dLihan:*. 
 requite. — Z>are is the eoncric term: quit is m..i. 
 and distinctive. Being from the Low Latin qtiietai 
 
 food, fo"ot , tkiJjL, rude, piill ; ^ell, ^liaise, call, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; cjlst ; linger, link ii**- 
 
QUIT 
 
 588 
 
 RABDOMANCY 
 
 qniet or inuTishirbed, it denotes that ire go fVom a place | 
 
 . intention of never returning, or, at least, with ! 
 
 _•!» i.f so iloin^. llcnce, to say that a luau ha« 
 
 iiiiplovnicnt, diiiiles nothing iU> to Ins return- 
 
 _• it; but t») sav that he lias quit the town or the 
 
 business, is to s-av that this w"as considered aul understood, at 
 
 the time, to be a'tiual acL 
 
 Quit. It. Relwiseii from obligation, charge, penalty, or 
 
 the like ; free ; clear ; absolved. 
 
 Ofc^ This word is sometimes used in the form quits, coUoqui- 
 allv; as, to be 7i/i7*- with one, that is, to have made mutual 
 satisfaction of demands with him; to be even with him. 
 
 Quit'cl^iin, r. t. [imp. & ;;. p. QU1TCL.\IMED ; p. pr. 
 & rb. n. QriTCL-\l.MING.J [Eng. quit and claitn.] 
 ( Law.) To relea«? or relinquish a claim to by deed. 
 
 Quit'claim, n. {Law.) A relea^ or relinquishment of 
 a claim ; a deed of reie:u<e. 
 
 Quite, «c/f. I Fr. 9«/fi«^, discharged, free, clear. See Quit, 
 a.] 1. Completely : wholly ; entirely ; totally. 2. To 
 a great extent or degree ; very ; considerably. 
 
 (Quit'rCnt, «. [Eug. quit and rent.] (Law.) A rent re- 
 served in grants of land, by the payment of which the 
 tenant is quieted or quit from all other service. 
 
 Quit'taiife, H. 1. Discharge from a debt or obliga- 
 tion; acquittance, ti. Recompense; repayment. 
 
 Quiv'er, n. [0. Fr. cuiire, couire, fr. 0. H. Ger. kochar, 
 kohJiar, rhorhari, A.-S. cocor, cocur, cocer, Icel. kogur.] A 
 case or sheath for arrows. 
 
 Quiv'er, f. ». [imj/. & p. p. qui\t:red; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 QUIVERING.] [Cf. Quaver ; also, 0. D. quicker, vivid, 
 A.-S. cwiferl'icj^, anxiously.] To shake with slight and 
 tremulous motion. 
 Syn. — To quake: shudder; shiver; vibrate; tremble. 
 
 Qmv'er^d, a. [From quii-er, n.] 1. Furnished with a 
 quiver, ti. Sheathed, as in a quiver. 
 
 (?Mi rtre (ke vev). [Fr., from ^m/, who, and r?fe, pres. 
 subj. of vivre, to live.] The challenge of a French sen- 
 tinel, To what party do you belong ? i. e., for whom do 
 you cry five ; corresponding to. WTio goes there ? Hence, 
 to be on the qui ivi-^, to be on the alert, like a sentinel. 
 
 Quix-ot'i€, a. Like Don Quixote ; romantic to extrava- 
 gance. 
 
 Quiz, n . A word of no meaning coined by Daly, the man- 
 ager of a Dublin theater, in pursuance of a'wager that 
 such a word should be the common talk and puzzle of the 
 city in 24 hours. The letters q u i z were chalked by 
 him on all the walls of Dublin, with an effect that won 
 the wager.] 1. A riddle or obscure question ; an enigma. 
 2. One who quizzes others. 3. An odd fellow. 
 
 Quiz, V. t. [imp. & p. p. quizzed : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 QUIZZING.] 1. To puzzle: to ridicule or make sport 
 of. by deceiving. 2. To look sharply and mockingly at ; 
 to peer at. 
 
 ^uiz'zer, n. One who quizzes others, or makes them the 
 objects of sport by deceiving them. 
 
 Quiz'zic-al, a. Comical. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Qulz'zing-slass, n. A small eye-glass. 
 
 ^u6(l'li-bet, n. [Ut., what you please.] 1. A nkw 
 point; asubtilty. 2. {Mus.) A medley improviaed by 
 several performers. 
 
 Quoif (kwoip, n. [See COIF.] A cap or hood ; a coif. 
 
 yuoiu (kwoin or koin), 71. [See COIN.] 1. Any external 
 angle ; especially ( Arch . ), the external angle of a building. 
 2. A wedge-like piece of stone, wood, metal, or other 
 material, used for various purposes. 
 
 Quoit (kwoit), n. [D. koot, 0. D. kote, die, knuckle bone; 
 W. coitan, coeten, a quoit. J A circular ring or piece of 
 iron, stone, or other material, to be pitched at a fixed ob- 
 ject in play. 
 
 Quoit, V. i. To throw quoits ; to play at quoits. 
 
 Quon'dam, a. [Lat., formerly.] Having been formerlv ; 
 former. 
 
 Quo'rum (89), n. [Lat., geyu pi. of qui, " of whom ; "' 
 with reference to a complete body of persons, of whom 
 those who are assembled are legally sufiicient to transact 
 the business of the whole.] Such a number of the officers 
 or members of any bod\- as is competent by law or con- 
 stitution to transact business. 
 
 Quo'ta, 71. [Lat. quota (?c. pars), from quotus, which or 
 what in number, of what number, how many, from qnot, 
 how many.] A proportional part or share ; or the share, 
 part, or proportion assigned to each. [cited. 
 
 Quot'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being quoted or 
 
 Quo-ta'tion, n. [From quote.] 1. Act of quoting or 
 citing. 2. That which is quoted or cited. 3. (Com.) 
 The naming of the price of commodities; or the price 
 specified to a correspondent. 
 
 Quote (kwot), V. t. [imp. & p. p. QUOTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. QUOTING.] [0. Fr. quoter, N. Fr. coter, to letter, 
 number, to quote, Pr. quotar, Sp. & Pg. color, acotar, It. 
 quotare, from Lat. quotus. See supra.] 1, To cite, as a 
 passage from some author. 2. ( Com.) To name the 
 price of. 
 
 SyTi.— To cite: name; adduce; repeat — To CiVe was origi- 
 nally to call into court as a witness, &c.: and hence the word 
 denotes something very specific and exact in adducing evi- 
 dence. Quote is used in a more loose and general way, often 
 expressing an appeal to some one as an authority, witHout re- 
 peating his exact woi-ds. 
 
 Quot'er, n. One who cites the words of another. 
 Quoth (kwoth or kwuth), v. i. [A.-S. civedhan, imp. 
 
 cwaf/h, Goth, qvitlian, Icel. qveda.] Said ; spoke; — used 
 
 in the first and third persons in the past tenses. 
 Quo-tid'i-an, a. [Lat. quotidianus, fronx quotidie,dHily, 
 
 from quotus, how many, and dies, day.] Occurring or 
 
 returning daily. 
 Quo-tid'i-an, n. Any thing returning daily ; especially 
 
 (Med.), a fever whose paroxisms return every day. 
 Quo'tient (kwo'shent), n. [From Lat. quoties, how 
 
 often, how many times, from quot, how many.] (Arith.) 
 
 The number resulting from the division of one number 
 
 by another. 
 
 R 
 
 R(ar), the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a 
 Uquidor semi-vowel. According to .some orthoepists, 
 it hag two distinct sounds, the first heard in ran, free, 
 m.trose ; the second in her, ford, starling. Others regard 
 the «e<'ond of the two sounds as merely a guttural modi- 
 fication of the first, and not, therefore', essentially differ- 
 ing from it. By most writers, no distinction whatever is 
 admitte<J, the letter r being considered to have one un- 
 var\ ing sound in all cases. See Principles of Pronuncia- 
 tion, §§ 67-89. 
 
 HabTiet, V. t. [imp. & p.p. RABBETED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RABBETING.] [Cf. Fr. raboter, to plane, plane down, 
 TtUtot, a plane.] 1. To cut, as the edge of a board, so 
 that it may form a joint with another board, similarly 
 cut, by lapping. 2. To lap and unite the edges of, as 
 boards, &c., by a rabbet. 
 
 KabT>et, n. [See supra, and cf. Re- ■ , 
 
 BATE, 2.] A cut made upon the edge i 
 aX a board, so that it may form a joint I 
 with another board, similarly cut, by 
 lapping. 
 
 BabTji (rSb'bT or rSbnjT). ». ; pi. rXb'- 
 
 Blg or R.XB'BlEg. [Or. f,a.^^'i., Heb. ^wuutt. 
 
 rutii, my majiter, from rab, master, loid, teacher.] Master ; 
 
 lord ; sir ; — a Jcwi.'sh title of respect or honor for a 
 teacher or doctor of the law. 
 
 RAbTbin. n. The .same as Rabbi, q. v. 
 
 Kab-biii'i€, \ a. Pertaining to the rabbins, or Jew- 
 
 Kab-bin'i-e-al, ) i«h doctors of the law, or to their 
 opinions, learning, and language. 
 
 Kab'bin-ignn, n. A rabbinic e<pres.sion or phraseology. 
 
 KabTjin-iiKt, n. One among the Jews who adhered to 
 the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbins. 
 ] KabTbit. n. [0. D. robbe, robbeken.] (ZooL) A small ro- 
 dent mammal which burrows in the earth. It resemble* 
 
 ■ the hare, but is smaller, and has shorter legs and ears. 
 Kab'ble, V. [D. rapaije, 0. & Prov. Fr. rapaille. from 
 
 I rdp'^r, to grate, scrape, to wear out.] 1. A crowd of 
 vulgar, noisy people ; a mob. 2. The dregs of th« 
 I people. 
 RSbljle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. RABBLED : p. pr. & f6. n. 
 RABBLING.] To insult or drive away by a mob : to mob. 
 Jfab-dol'o-gy, n. [Gr. pa^6o9, rod, stick, and Aoyos, 
 discourse.] The method or art of performing arithmeti- 
 cal operations bj- means of little square rods, called Na- 
 pi^r^s-bo7ies. 
 
 ■ RSb'do-man'fy, n. [Gr. p<£/35o?. rod, and fj-avreia, 
 I divination.] DiVination by means of rods or wands. 
 
 a, e, &.c.,lo7ig ; i, 6, &c., short ; c&re, far, ask, all, wliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, aQ,yvq\t 
 
RABID 
 
 589 
 
 RADICAL 
 
 R&b'id, a. [Lat. rabidus, from rabies, rage, from rabere, 
 to rave.] 1. Furious ; ragiug ; mad. ti. Pertainiug to 
 hydrophobia. 
 
 K^b'icl-iiess, n. Condition of being rabid ; madness. 
 
 Kab'i-net, n. [Perh. from Fr. rahine, a kind of pear, a 
 high-grown wood.] A kind of .smaller ordnance. 
 
 Ita'-eu, a. [lleb. rakd, prob. allied to rak, thin, lean.] 
 Empty ; beggarly ; foolish ; worthless ; loose in life and 
 manners ; — a term expressing contempt. 
 
 Ka-e-<?obn', »i. [Fr. raton, < 
 
 . a Uttle rat, a raccoon. See i^v 
 Rat.] (Zoo7.) a carnivo- * 
 rous mammal inhabiting 
 North America, allied to 
 the bear, but about the size 
 of a common dog. 
 
 Ka9e, n. [From 0. II. Ger. 
 reiza, line ; not from the 
 Lat. radix, root, though in 
 some of its senses influ- 
 enced by it.] 1. The de- 
 scendants of a common an- 
 cestor ; a family, tribe, peo- Raccoon, 
 
 pie, or nation, believed or presumed to belong to the 
 same stock, 'i. Peculiar flavor, taste, or strength of 
 wine ; hence, characteristic flavor ; smack. 3. Hence, 
 characteristic quality or disposition. 4. A root. 
 
 Syn.— Lineage ; line ; family ; house ; breed ; offepring; 
 progeny; issue. 
 
 Ra^e, n. [A -S. rxs, Icel. ras, course, rasa, to run.] 1. 
 A movement or progression of any kind ; hence, a meth- 
 od or course of action or effort ; train ; process. 3. Es- 
 pecially, swift progress ; rapid course or motion. 3. Act 
 or process of running in competition ; trial of speed to 
 ■win a prize, or the like. 4. A strong or rapid current 
 of water, or the channel or passage for such a current. 
 5. A canal or watercourse leading from a dam to a water- 
 wheel which it drives. 
 
 Ra^e, V. i. [imp. & p. p. raced (rast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RACING.] To run swiftly ; to run or contend in running. 
 
 Ra^e, V. t. To cause to run rapidly, as a horse in a race. 
 
 Ra^e'-Iiorse, n. A horse bred or kept for running in 
 contest. 
 
 RS,Q'e-ma'tion, n. [Lat. racematio, from racemari, to 
 glean, from raceynus, a cluster of grapes.] A cluster or 
 bunch, as of grapes. 
 
 Ra-^eme', n. [Lat. racemus, the stalk of a cluster of 
 grapes, &c. , a bunch of berries, a cluster of grapes, allied 
 to Gr. pa^, pa-yos, a berry, especially a grape.] (Bot.) A 
 flower-cluster with short and equal lateral flowered pedi- 
 cels, as in the currant. 
 
 RJif'e-mif er-oiis, a. [Lat. racemifer, from racemus, 
 raceme, and ferre, to bear.] Bearing racemes, as the 
 currant. 
 
 Ra'^er, n. One who races, or contends in a race. 
 
 Ra-«liit'i« (ra-kit'ik), a. [From Gr. p6.xi<;, the spine.] 
 (Med.) Pertaining to, or affected by, rachitis ; rickety. 
 
 Ra-^hl'tis , n. [Gr. paxtrts {sc. voero?), from pa-xit, the 
 spine.] (Med.) Inflammation of the spine; — a disease 
 of early childhood, in which the bones soften, become 
 swollen and distorted, and the body deformed ; the 
 rickets. [piquant flavor. 
 
 Ra'^i-ness, n. Quality of being rac- ; peculiar and 
 
 R^ck, V. t. [See Rack, n., infra.] 1. To stretch or 
 strain ; hence, to subject to violent treatment ; to wrest. 
 3. Specifically, to stretch on the rack or wheel. 3. To 
 torment : to torture. 4. To harass by exaction ; to ex- 
 haust. 5. To draw off from the lees, as wine or other 
 Uquor ; to cause to fl^ow off, as pure wine, &c., from its 
 sediment. 
 
 R^ck, n. [Ger. reck, D. rek, fr. Ger. recken, to stretch, D. 
 rekken,Got\i. rakyan, Icel. rekia, rakna, A.-S. rwcan, 
 rxccan, to reach, extend.] 1. An instrument for rack- 
 ing, stretching, "or extending any thing; as, (a.) An en- 
 gine of torture, on which the body of a person is gradu- 
 ually stretched until sometimes the joints are dislocated. 
 (6.) A wooden fi-ame of open work in which hay is laid 
 for horses and cattle, (c.) A frame-work on which arti- 
 cles are arranged and deposited, (d.) (Naut.) A strong 
 frame of wood, having several sheaves, through which 
 passes the running rigging. 3. A peculiar pace of a 
 horse in which the two legs on each side are moved to- 
 gether. 3. (Mack.) A straight bar with teeth on its 
 edge to work with those of a wheel or pinion which is to 
 drive or follow it. 
 
 R^ck, V. i. [imp. & p. p. RACKED (rakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RACKING.] [See supra.] To move or travel with a 
 quick amble, as a horse. 
 
 RUck, V. i. [See infra.] To steam ; to riiw, or flr ar 
 vapor or broken cloudji. 
 
 R&ck, n. [Cf. A.-S. rucu, rain, Icel. rak, moiotur*, rakt, 
 dampness. Cf Reek.] Tliin, flying, broken cloud* or 
 any portion of floating vapor in tlie hky. ' 
 
 Rlick, n The same annrrnck. See AKKACK. 
 
 Rftck'er, n. 1. One who rack.s dr toruieutu. 3. A boras 
 tiiat racks, or moves with a nicking puce. 
 
 RUck'et, n. [It. racrhttla, for relirhnia, from Lat. rtu, 
 a net, dim. miculuin.] 1. A sort of elliptical hcwp, 
 from side to side of which a not- work of cord is utreU-hed, 
 and furnished with a handle. It is used in tennin awl 
 similar games. 3. A snow-shoe. [CunaiJn.] 3. A 
 broad wooden shoe for a horse, to enable him to Btep 
 on marshy or soft ground. 4. A confuned, clatterlag 
 noise ; clamor ; din . 
 
 R&ck'et, V. i. To make a confused noise or clawor- 
 
 Riick'tng, a. Tormenting ; excruciating. 
 
 RJlck'-rCnt, n. An annual rent niisod to the utmofft. 
 
 Rack'-rCnt'er, n. One who is subjected to pay rack-rent 
 
 Ra'fy, a. [com par. kkciis.k; buptrl. HACIEST.] [From 
 race, q. v.] 1. Having a strong flavor indicating origin ; 
 tasting of the soil ; hence, fresh ; rich. 3. Exciting to 
 the mental taste by a strong or distinctive character of 
 thought or language. 
 
 Syn. — Spicy; spirited; lively ; smart ; piquant. — /?acf 
 refers primarily to tliut litrong nnd piculiar flavor which cer- 
 tnin wines derive from the Koil ; nnd hence, we call a »tvle 
 or production racy when it "uiiiackK of the Koil." or haa an un- 
 common degree of freshness and distiiictivencRi! of thought 
 and language. 5/>ic»/, when applied to style, has ref'crtiice to 
 that pungency which belongs to the aromatics of the Ea«t. 
 
 Rad'dle (ritd'dl), v. t. [From Eng. reed. See Reed.) 
 To interweave ; to twist together. 
 
 Rad'dle,n. [Sue supra.] 1. A long stick used in hedg^ 
 ing. 3. A hedge formed by interweaving the shoots and 
 branches of trees or shrubs. 3. An instrument em- 
 ployed by domestic weavers. [New England.] 
 
 Ra'di-al, a. [From Lat. radius, a staff, rod, spoke of a 
 wheel, beam or ray. See Radius.] 1. Pertjiining to a 
 radius. 3. Pertaining to the radius, one of the bones of 
 the fore-arm of the human body. 
 
 Ra'di-an^e, I m. The quahty of being radiant ; vivid 
 
 Ra'di-an-^y, ) brightness. 
 
 Syn.— Luster; brilliancy; splendor; glare; glitter. 
 
 Ra'di-aiit, a. [Lat. radians, p. pr. of radiare, to emit 
 rays or beams, from radius, ray.] 1. Emitting or pro- 
 ceeding from acenter : radiating ; radiate. 3. EspfciaJly, 
 emitting or darting rays of light or heat ; emitting a vivid 
 light or splendor. 
 
 Ra'di-ant-ly, adv. With glittering splendor. 
 
 Ra'di-ate, n. (Zo'dl.) An animal in which all the parta 
 are arranged uniformly around the longitudinal axis of 
 tlie bo^y. 
 
 Ra'di-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. radiated ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. RADIATING.] [Lat. rai/iare, radiatum, fh)m radius, 
 ray.] 1. To issue and proceed in direct lines from a 
 point or surface, as heat or light. 3. To issue in rays, 
 as light. 3. To emit rays ; to be radiant. 
 
 Ra'di-at.e, v. t. To emit or send out in direct lines from 
 a point or surface, as heat. 
 
 Ra'di-ate, a. Formed of rays diverging from a center; 
 having the parts of a structure arranged radiately about 
 a center. 
 
 Ra'di-a'tion, n. 1. Act of radiating, or state of being 
 radiated ; emission and diffusion of niys of light. 3. 
 The divergence of any thing from a point or surface, lik* 
 the diverging rays of light. 
 
 Ra'di-a'tor, n. " That which radiates or emits rays; es- 
 pecially, that part of a heating apparatus the use of 
 which is to radiate heat. 
 
 RAd'i-eal, a. [From Lat. radix, radiris, a root.) 1. 
 Pertaining to, or proceeding directly from, the root. 3. 
 Pertaining to the root or origin ; hence, reaching to thc 
 principles ; thoroughgoing ; unsparing ; extreme. 3. 
 (Bot.) (a.) Proceeding from the stem at or below the sur- 
 face of the ground, (b.) Belonging to the root of » plant 
 4. (Gram.) Relating to a root, or ultimate source of 
 derivation. 
 
 Radicatquantitt/ (Ala.), n quantity to which the radical sij:* 
 is prefixed. —Radiad sign {Mnth.), the sign ^ (originally tha 
 letter r, the initial of rndijr, root), placed before any quantity, 
 denoting that its root is to be extracted. 
 
 Syn. — Primitive : original : natural ; undorived : funda- 
 mental : entire. — /i'a(/ic«7 and f»i/i;r are tV. (ju. ntiv inter- 
 changed in describing some marked alteratii" 'i» 
 of things. There is, however, an obvious (I: n 
 them. Aradic(d cure, reform, &c., is one " >e 
 root of the thing in question: cHh'c would i:.,.. .; <-x- 
 tcndcd to every part of the system referred to. 
 
 lobd, ftTot ; tLrn, r^de, pull ; (ell, (liaise, €all, ecko ; gem, ^et ; a; ; e^ist ; Usffer, link 
 
RADICAL 
 
 590 
 
 RAISE 
 
 fUkd'l-cal, ti. 1, {Philolo^.) (a.) A primitive word; a ; RAgr'ged (60), a. [From rag.] 1. Rent or worn Into 
 root, or simple, uuderived, uncompouuded word. (6.) tatters, tj. Broken with rough edges ; uneven: rough. 
 A letter that belongs to the root. '2. (Politics.) One who ) 3. Rough with sharp or irregular points ; jagged. 4. 
 advocates a radical reform, or cxtnnne measures in refor- j Wearing tattered clothes ; dressed in rags, 
 mation. 3. (Chrm.) An element that maybe trans- j RJig'ged-ness, n. The state of being ragged. 
 ferred from one combination to another in exchange for j Rag'lan, n. A loose overcoat with large sleeves; — m 
 one or more atoms of hydrogen or its representative*. I called from Lord Raglan. [deals in rags. 
 
 Rftd'i-€al-i§in, n. The doctrine or principle of radicals -"" • • -■' 
 
 § 
 
 Radicle. 
 
 in politics or reformation. [ally 
 
 Rftd'i-eal-ly, adv. At the origin or root ; fundament- 
 
 FAd'i-cal-iiess, »»• The state or quality of being radi- 
 cal or fundamental. 
 
 Rftd'i-«ant, a. [Lat. radicans, p. pr. of radicari, to 
 strike or take root.] (Bot.) Taking root in, or above the 
 ground. 
 
 Kftd'i-eate, t- . t. [imp. & p. p. radicated ; p. pr. & 
 r*. n. RADICATING.] [Lat. radicari, radicatus, from 
 radijc, radicis, a root.] To root; to plant deeply and 
 firmly. 
 
 R&d''i-«a'tion, n. 1. Process of taking root deeply. 
 "2. [Bot.) Disposition of the root of a plant with respect 
 to the ascending and descending caudex. 
 
 Rad'i-961,n. [Dim. of radix.] (5o<.) A little root. 
 
 Rad'i-ele (rid'I-kl), n. [Lat. radicula, dim. 
 of radix, radicis, root.] [Bot.) The rudimentary 
 stem of a plant ; the stem of the embryo. 
 
 RUd'isli, n. [From Lat. radix, radicis. a root, 
 an edible root ; especially, a radish.] {Bot.) A 
 cultivated plant, the root of which is eaten raw 
 as a salad. 
 
 Ra'di-iis, n. ; Eng. pi. RA'Dl-Os-E§ ^ 1 — ~>,,^ 
 
 [Rare.^, Lat. pi. RA'DI-I. [Lat. See /^ \ 
 
 Radial.] 1. (Gfotn.) A right line/ \ 
 
 extending from the center of a circle / \ 
 
 to the periphery. "Z. (Anat.) The ex.-[ j 
 
 tenor bone of the fore-arm . ^ ' 
 
 jRd'(li-us-ve^^tor, n. [Lat. radi 
 radius, and vfctnr, a bearer, fr. 
 to bear, carry.] (Math.) A straight 
 line connecting any point, as of a Radius, 
 
 curve, with a fixed point, or pole, round which it turns, 
 and to which it serves to refer the successive points of a 
 curve, in a system of polar co-ordinates. 
 
 Ka'dix. n. [Lat., root.] 1. (Philology.) A primitive 
 word, from which spring other words : a radical ; a root. 
 2. (MaXh.) The fundamental number of any system; 
 abase. 
 
 KM' fie (r:lf fl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. RAFFLED ; p. pr. & 
 rb. n. RAFFLING.] [Fr. rafler, to carry, or sweep away, 
 rajier tout, to sweep stakes, Icel. hrafla, to sweep away 
 with the hand, Ger. raffeln. to snatch up, to rake. See 
 Rape.] To engage in a raffle. 
 
 idius, a \ / 
 
 vehere, \^ ^^ 
 
 RAg'man, r\.; pi. rXg'MEN. A man who collects or 
 
 Ra-gftut' (ra-g(ro'), "• [Fr. ragoiit, from ragoiiter, to 
 restore one"s appetite ; as if from a Lat. word re-adgus- 
 tare, from gustus, a tasting, taste.] Fragments of meat, 
 mixed^stewed, and highly seasoned ; a stew ; a hash. 
 
 RSg'stone, n. A dark-gray silicious sandstone. 
 
 RS.g'- -wheel, n. (Mach.) A wheel fumL<hed with pro- 
 jecting pins on the rim, which fit into the links of a 
 chain. 
 
 Raid, 71. [A.-S. rad, a riding, traveling on horseback, 
 from rrdan, to ride.] A hostile or predatory incursion; 
 especially, an inroad or incursion of mounted men. 
 
 Rail, n. [0. H Ger. rigil. rigel, bar, bolt : D. rigchel, Lat. 
 regula.] 1. A piece of timber, iron, or other substance, 
 extending from one post or support to another, ti. (Rail- 
 ways.) A bar of iron, forming the upper part of the su- 
 perstructure on which the wheels of vehicles roll. 3. 
 (Naiit.) (a.) A narrow plank on a ship's upper worka. 
 (6.) A curved piece of timber extending from the bow* 
 of a ship to the continuation of its stem, to support tba 
 knee of the head, &c. 
 
 By rail, by railroad or railway. 
 
 Rail, n. [S. Lat. rallus, Fr. rale, fr. rSUer, to have a rat- 
 tling in the throat : Eng. rattle.] 
 (Ornith.) A bird of a greenish- 
 brown color above, and ashy blue 
 with white markings below, found 
 m the United States. 
 
 Rail, V. t. [imp. & p.p. RAILED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RAILING.] To 
 inclose with rails. 
 
 Rail, V. i. [Fr. railler, to swagger, 
 
 bluster, scold, as if from a Lat. word radiculare, from 
 radere, to scrape, grate. Cf. RALLY.] To use insolent 
 and reproachful language ; to scoff. [censures. 
 
 Rail'er, ?!. One who rails; one who scoffs, insults, or 
 
 Rail'ing. n. 1. A series of rails ; a fence. 2. Rails In 
 general ; or the materials for rails. 
 
 RaUler-y (ral'ler-y), n. [Tt. raillerie, from raiUer. See 
 Rail, v. i.] Good-humored pleasantry or slight satire; 
 banter. 
 
 Rail'road, ]n. A road or way on which iron rails are 
 
 Rail'way, ) laid for wheels to run on, for the convey- 
 ance of heavy loads in vehicles. 
 
 Rail. 
 
 KM 'fie (raffl), 71.' [See supra.] A game of chance, or Rai'ment, n. [Abbrev. from arrai/wjen/, q. v.] Clothii^ 
 
 lottery, in which several persons deposit or furnish a > ip general ; vestments ; garments. 
 
 part of the value of something, and it is determined bv Rain, v. ?. [imp. & p. p. rained : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 chance which of them shaU become sole possessor. ' i Raining.] [See Rain, n.] 1. To faU in drops firom 
 
 Raft, n. [Icel. ra/ir, a rafter, spar, 0. H. Ger. rqfo, ravo, | tlie clouds, as water, ii. To fall or drop Uke water from 
 
 ab«im, rafter.] A collection of boards, planks, &c., j the clouds. 
 
 fastened together, either to serve as a support upon the Rain, r. t. To pour or shower down from above like 
 
 water, or to move the materials from one place to an 
 
 other. 
 
 Baft, f. t. [imp. & p. p. rafted ; p. pr. & vb. n. RAFT- 
 ING.] To carry on or in a rafl. 
 
 Baft'er, n. [A. -S. rafter, J), rafter. See RAFT.] A roof- 
 timber of a building. 
 
 B^g. n. [Gael. & Ir. rag, a rag, wrinkle, allied to Gr. 
 poxof, a tattered garment, rag, wrinkle: A.-S. hratod, 
 raked, ragged, hracian, to rake, tear.] 1. A piece of cloth 
 torn off; a tattered fi^gment; a shred: hence, a frag- 
 ment ; a bit ; a patch. 2. -pi. Hence, mean or tatt«red 
 attire. 3. { Gfol.) A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cel- 
 lular in texture. 
 
 R&g'a-muff^in, n. [Eng. rag and Prov. Ger. mufen, 
 to Kmell musty, moldy, or rank.] A paltry fellow ; a 
 mean wretch. 
 
 B«ge, n. [I^at. rabies, from rahere, to rave.] 1. Tiolent 
 cxcitenjent : eager passion. 2. Espen'ally, violent anger 
 accompanied with furious word«, gestures, or agitation. 
 3. Vehemence of anv thing painful or destructive ; ex- 
 treme violence. 4. The subject of eager desire. 
 
 Syn. — Anger ; vehemence ; excitement ; paMion ; fury. 
 f5ce AiroEB. 
 
 _ V. i. [imp. & p. p. RAGED: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RAGING.] 1. To be furious with anger. 2. To be 
 violent and tumultuous ; to act or move furiously. 3. 
 To prevail without restraint, or with fatal effect. 
 
 fiyn,— To btorm ; fret ; chafe ; fume ; rava^. 
 
 rain fi^m the clouds. 
 Rain, n. [A.-S. regen, ten, Goth, rign, Icel. regn, allied 
 to Icel. rnk, hvunor.] Water falling in daops from th« 
 atmosphere. 
 RainTboAV, n. A bow or arch exhibiting the several 
 colors of the spectrum, and formed by the refraction and 
 reflection of the sun's rays in drops of falling rain. 
 Rain'-gaixge, n. An instrument for measuring the 
 quantity of rain that falls at any given place in a given 
 
 I Rain'i-ness, n. The state of being rainy. [time. 
 
 ' Rain'-wa'ter, n. Water that has fallen from th« 
 
 I clouds in'rain. 
 
 1 Rajn'y, a. Abounding with rain ; wet; showery. 
 
 'RSi§e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. raised: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 ' RAISING.] [A.-S. rasian, arasian, from risan, arisan, to 
 ri.ee, Goth, raisyan, urraisyan, to raise, rouse, excite, 
 Icel. rei.^a.] 1. To cause to ri.«e ; to bring from a lower 
 to a higher place : hence, used in derived sen.=es, as, (a.) 
 To bring to a higher condition or situation : to elevat« 
 in rank, dignity, and the like, (b.) To increase the 
 strength, vigor, or vehemence of. (c.) To recall from 
 death ; to give life to. 2. To cause to rise up, or assume 
 an erect position or posture; hence, (a.) To cause to 
 spring up from a recumbent position, from a state of 
 quiet, or the like : to awaken, (b.) To rouse to action; 
 to stir up. 3. To cause to arise, grow up, or come into 
 being or to appear ; to give rise to : hence, used with 
 specific or derived senses, as. (a.) To build up ; to erect. 
 (b.) To bring together ; to collect, (c.) To cause to grow ; 
 
 «,e,&c.,Zong-; &, 6, Sec, short; dire, far, aslc,aU,'virliat; dre,Teil,t€rm; pique, firm; son, dr,do,TroI^ 
 
RAISER 
 
 591 
 
 RANCH 
 
 to procure to be produced, bred, or propagated, {d.) To 
 bring into being ; to produce, (e.) To give vent or utter- 
 ance to ; to utter. 4. To cau e to rise, as by the effect 
 ofleaven; to make light and spongy, as bread. !i.{Naut.) 
 To.cause to seem elevated, as an object by a gradual ap- 
 proach to it. 6. (Laiv.) To create or constitute. 
 
 To raise a blockade (Mil), to remove or broak up a blockade. 
 To yaise a purchase (Naiit.), to dispose iustruineiits or iiiacliiiu's 
 In such a manner as to exert any mechanical force required. — 
 To raise a siege, to relinquish an attempt to take a place by 
 besieging it, or to cause the attempt to be relinquished. 
 
 Syn.— To lift ; exalt ; elevate ; enhance ; erect ; originate ; 
 cause ; produce ; heighten ; aggravate ; excite; grow ; rear. — 
 The English never speak, as we do, of raifing wheat, &c., 
 but of growing it, and so of all vegetable uroductionn. It is a 
 peculiarity of the Southern States to apply the word raise to 
 the rearing or bringing up of men, as "I was raised in Ken- 
 tucky." In England, as well as at the North, raise in this 
 sense is applied only to animals; though we do speak oi' raising 
 a sickly child, where the reference, however, is to the weak- 
 ness of his animal frame. 
 
 Rai§'er, n. One who, or that which, raises. 
 
 Rai'gin (ra'zn), n. [From Lat. racewMs. See RACEME.] 
 A grape dried in the sun, or by artificial heat. 
 
 Raif'ing, n. 1. Act of lifting, setting up, elevating, 
 exalting, producing, or restoring to life. '•£. Operation 
 of setting up the frame of a building, or any structui-e 
 of timber. [Amer.] 
 
 Raisonn^ (rd'zo-na'), a. [Fr. raisonnc, p. p. of raison- 
 ner, to reason, q. v.] Having proofs, illustrations, or 
 notices; arranged analytically or systematically. 
 
 Rd'Jati, or Rd'Jah, n. [Hind, raja, Skr. radjan, nom. 
 rarjjd, from radj, to shine, to rule.] A native prince or 
 king. [India.] 
 
 Rake, n. [A.-S. race, Icel. rfka, 0. H. Ger. recho, from 
 Icel. raka, to scrape, collect.] An instrument for col- 
 lecting hay or other light things which are spread over a 
 large surface, or for breaking and smoothing the earth. 
 
 Rake, n. [Cf. Ger. racker, a cur, villain, rascal, rdckel, 
 rakel, rekel, a cur, a clumsy fellow.] A loose, disorderly, 
 vicious man. 
 
 Rake, n. [Cf. A.-S. rxcan, to reach, extend.] (Naut.) 
 (a.) The projection of the upper parts of a ship, at the 
 height of the stem and stern, beyond the extremities of 
 the keel, (b.) The inclination of a mast from a perpen- 
 dicular direction. 
 
 Rake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. raked ; (rakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RAKING.] [See Rake, n.] 1. To smooth, to clear, 
 to gather, &c., with a rake. 3. Hence, to collect or 
 draw together with laborious industry ; to scrape to- 
 gether. 3. To scour ; to ransack. 4. To pass over 
 with violence or rapidity. 5. (Mil.) To enfilade ; to fire 
 in a direction with the length of. 
 
 Rake, v. i. 1. To use a rake for searching or collecting ; 
 to scrape. '2. To pass with violence or rapidity. 3. To 
 incline from a perpendicular direction. 
 
 Rak'er, n. One who, or that which, rakes. 
 
 Rak'ing:, n. 1. Act of using a rake. 3. The space of 
 ground raked at once ; or the quantity of hay, &c., col- 
 lected by using a rake once. , 
 
 Rak'isli, a. 1. Given to a dissolute life; lewd; de- 
 bauched. "2. (iVawf.) Having a great rake, or backward 
 inclination of the masts. 
 
 Rak'isli-ness, n. Dissolute practices. 
 
 R."1,l'ly, V. t. [imp. & p. p. rallied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RALLYING.] [Fr. rallier, as if from a Lat. word re-ad- 
 ligare, from ligare, to bind.] To collect and reduce to 
 order, as troops dispersed or thrown into confusion ; to 
 gather again ; to reunite. 
 
 Rai'ly, V. t. [See Rail.] To attack with raillery. 
 
 Syn. — To banter ; joke ; ridicule; satirize; deride; mock; 
 See Bantek. 
 
 R&l'ly, V. i. 1. To come into orderly arrangement ; to 
 assemble ; to unite. 2. Hence, to renew wasted force or 
 power ; to recuperate. 
 
 Rai'ly, f. i. To use plea.santry or satirical merriment. 
 
 Rai'ly, n. 1. Act of bringing disordered troops to their 
 ranks. tJ. Exercise of good humor or satirical merri- 
 ment. 3. Act or process of regaining lost- strength or 
 vigor. 
 
 Ram, n. [A.-S. ramm, rarn, 0. H. 
 Ger. & D. ram, perhaps allied to 
 Icel. ramr, strong.] 1. The male 
 of the sheep and allied animals, tj. 
 (Astron.) (a.) Aries, the .sign of the 
 aodiac which the sun enters about 
 the 21st of March. (6.) The con- 
 stellation Aries, which does not 
 now, as formerly, occupy the sign Ram. 
 
 of the same name. 3. An engine of war, used for but- 
 
 ting or battering ; a battering-ram ; a^TciwcI, arm«d with 
 a heavy beak for piercing and destroying othi^r vomcIji 
 4. A machine for raiwing water by meano of the mo- 
 mentum or moving force of the water of which a i*art i< 
 to be raised. 
 
 Ram, V. t. [imp. & p. p. HAM.MED; p. pr. & vb. n, 
 RAMMING.] 1. To butt or strike against, like a nim , 
 to thruHt or drive with violence, ii. To fill or couipa^-t 
 by pounding or driving. 
 
 lit'nn'a-ddn' (110), n. [Ar. ramatJhn or ramazan, prop 
 the hot month, from ramida or ramiza, to be very hot 
 from the iutlucnce of the Hun.] 1. The ninth Moham- 
 medan month. '2. The great annual fji-^t, or l.*nt, of 
 the Mohammedans, kept through the nirjth month. 
 
 Kam'ble (nlm'bl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rambled; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. RAMBLING.] [Cf. Ger. rat/imetn, to tumble, 
 to romp ; or Lat. re-ambulare, Eng. an if re-ar/ible, or it 
 may be a dim. of roarn.] 1. To walk, ride, or wail from 
 place to place, without any determinate object in vj«w. 
 "2. To go out, expand, or grow without conhtraiut or 
 direction. 
 Syn.— To rove ; roam ; wander ; range ; stroll. 
 
 Kam'ble, n. A going or moving from place to plaoa 
 without any determinate business or object. 
 
 Ram'bler, M- One who rambles ; a rover ; a wanderer. 
 
 Kam'i-fi-ea'tion, n. [See Ramify.] 1. Frocesti of 
 branching, or shooting branches from a stem, or the 
 mode of their arrangement. 2. A small divi.«ion pro- 
 ceeding from a main stock or channel ; a subordinate 
 branch. 3. A division into principal and subordinate 
 classes or heads. 4. {Bot.) The manner in which a tree 
 produces its branches. 5« Production of figures re- 
 sembling branches. 
 
 Ram'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. ramified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ramifying.] [L. Lat. ra7nijicare , from Lat. ramus, 
 a branch, and /acere, to make.] To divide into branchea 
 or parts^ [divided or subdivided. 
 
 Ram'i-fy, v. i. 1. To shoot into branches. 2. To be 
 
 Ram'mer, n. One who, or that which, rams or drives. 
 
 Ram'mish, a. [From ram ; prop, like a ram, especially 
 in odor.] Ram-like ; rank ; strong-scented. 
 
 Ka-mo.se' (125), I a. [Lat. ramosus, from ramus, a 
 
 Ra'mous, j branch.] [Bot.) Branched, as a stem 
 
 or root ; consisting of branches ; branchy. 
 
 Ramp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. ramped (nlmpt, 84) ; p. pr- 
 & vb. n. RAMPING.] [Fr. raw/)fr, to creep, 0. Fr., to 
 climb. It. rampere, to paw, rampicare, to creep, rampa, 
 a paw.] 1. To climb, as a plant: to creep up. 2. To 
 spring ; to leap ; to bound ; to prance ; to frolic ; to 
 romp. 
 
 Ramp, n. A leap ; a spring ; a bound. 
 
 Ramp'age, n. Violent or riotous behavior ; a state of 
 e-xcitement or pa.ssion. [Prov. Eng.] 
 
 Ramp'an-^y, n. Quality or state of being rampant; 
 excessive growth or practice ; exuberance ; extravagance. 
 
 Ramp'ant, a. [Fr. rampant, p. pr. of raniprr, to creep, 
 to be servile or mean; A.-S. rrmpend, headlong, msh.J 
 1. Springing or climbing unchecked ; overgrowing the 
 usual bounds ; exuberant. 2. Overleaping restraiut. 
 3. (Her.) Standing upright on his hind legs, as if at- 
 tacking a person. 
 
 Rampant arch, an arch whose abutments or sprinpings ar* 
 
 not on the same level.— Ramiutnt gnrdant {//cr.), standing 
 
 upright on the hinder legs, with the face turned to tlie front. — 
 
 Rampant regardant, standing upright and looking backward. 
 
 Syn. — Wanton ; frisky ; exuberant ; unrestrained. 
 
 Ram'part, n. [Fr. rempart, 0. Fr. rempar, ftt)m retn- 
 pari-r, to fortify, L. Lat. amparare, to protect, occupy, an 
 if from a Lat. word imparare, adimpararr, from parare, 
 to prepare, provide, equip.] 1. That which fortifies and 
 defends from assault. 2. (Fort.) An elevation or mound 
 of earth round a place, upon which the pjirapct is raised. 
 Syn. — Bulwark. — The rampart of a fortrei-s is the cntir* 
 wallwhich surrounds it ; a huhpark is more prt)perlv sonnf- 
 thlng which projects (as a bastion) for the defense of the main 
 work. Hence we speak of a distinguished individual as the 
 bulwark, not the rampart of the state. 
 
 Ram'part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ramparted: p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. RAMPARTING.] To fortify with raniparf.s. 
 Ram'rdd, n. The rod used in nimmingdown thecbarg* 
 
 in a mu.sket, pistol, or other fire-arms. 
 Ram'shack-le (-shXk'l), a. Loose; old; fiiUiug U 
 
 pieces. [Prov. Eng.] 
 Ran, »V"p. of r/m. See Run. 
 Ran-^es'f ent, rt. [Lat. rancfscens, -p. \>t. otrancfscere., 
 
 to grow rancid, inchoative form ofrancere, to be raucid.] 
 
 Becoming rancid or sour. 
 Rancli, 71. The same as Rancho. 
 
 f«>bd, f<^t ; iiru, r^de, p^; ^ell, ^aise, call, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^^t, llacer ; link ; tiilH. 
 
RANCHERO 
 
 592 
 
 RAPID 
 
 Ean-rhe'ro (ran-cha'ro), «. [Sp.] A herdsman : a 
 
 H««u«nt~emplo.ved on a raucho. [Aft.j/ro.] 
 Kdnrh'o, n. fSp.] A rude hut, as of posts, covered with 
 branches or thatch, when* herdsmen or farm-laborers 
 may hve or lotlge at night; also, a large farming estab- 
 hshment on which are many ranchos ; especially, an 
 establishment for rearing cattle and horses. [Mexico 
 anti California.] 
 R&ii'^id, a. [Lat. ranci(lus,fr. rancere, to be rancid or 
 rank.] Having a rank smell; strong-scented; sour; 
 uiustv. 
 Raii-^id'i-ty, «- Quality of being rancid ; a strong, 
 
 sour scent, as of old oil. 
 RJiii'yid-ness, n. Quality of being rancid: rancidity. 
 KftiiVor (nlijk'ur). n. [Lat. rancor, rancidity, rankness, 
 tropically an old grudge, rancor, from rancere, to be rank 
 or rancid.] The deepest malignity or spite ; inveterate 
 hatred. 
 
 Syn. — Enmity ; hatred ; ill will ; malice ; epite ; grudge ; 
 animosity ; malignity. — Eninitij and rancor both describe 
 hostile feelings : but enniHi/ may be generous and open, while 
 rniicnr is deep-seated and mulignant. It implies personal mal- 
 ice of the worst and most enduring nature, and is the strongest 
 word in our language to express hostile feelings. 
 RSn'cor-ous (r;1nk'ur-us). a. Full of rancor ; evincing 
 rancor ; implacably spiteful or malicious. 
 
 Syn.— Malignant; malicious; bitter; spiteful; malevolent; 
 virulent 
 RJin'-eor-oiis-ly, adv. With deep malignity. 
 R&n'doin. n. [0. Kng. randon, A.-S. randun, force, 
 violence, rapidity, from Ger. & Eng. rand, border, edge ; 
 Icel. r'Ond, margin, extremity. See supra.] 1. A roving 
 motion ; course without definite direction ; hazard ; 
 chance. 2. Distance to which a missile is thrown : 
 range ; reach. 
 R^u'dom, a. Done at hazard, or without settled aim or 
 
 purpose ; left to cliance. 
 Raiie'deer, n. The same as reindeer. See Reindeer. 
 Range, v. t. [imp. & p. p. banged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RANGING.] [Fr. ranger, from rang, a row, Eng. rank, 
 q. v.] 1. To set in a row or in rows ; to dispose in the 
 proper order ; to rank. 2. To dispose in a classified or 
 in systematic order. 3. To rove over , to pass over. 4. 
 To sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near. 
 Range, v. i. 1. To wander without restraint or direc- 
 tion. 2. To be capable of projecting, or to admit of 
 being projected, especially as to horizontal distance. 3. 
 To be placed in order; to admit of arrangement or class- 
 ification. 4. To have a particular direction ; to be in a 
 line with. 5. To sail or pass near or in the direction of. 
 Syn. — To rove ; roam; ramble; wander; stroll. 
 Range, n. 1. A series of things in a line; a row; a 
 rank. ti. An aggregate of individuals of like rank or 
 degree; an order; a class. 3. A cooking apparatus of 
 cast iron, set in brick work, and containing pots, oven, 
 &c. 4. A wandering or roving: a ramble; an expedi- 
 tion. 5. Compass or extent of excursion ; hence, natu 
 ral or acquired power to comprehend or master a greater 
 or less variety of knowledge ; also, the variety of truth or 
 compass of knowledge in possession; scope. 6. (Gun.) 
 The horizontal distance to which a shot or other projectile 
 is carried. 7. That which may be traversed or ranged 
 •ver : e.speciallij, a region of country in which cattle may 
 wander and pasture. 8. In the land system of the 
 United States, a row or line of townships lying between 
 two buccessive meridian lines six miles apart. 
 Ran'ger (ran'jer), n. 1. One who ranges. 3. A dog 
 that beats the ground. 3. One of a body of mounted 
 troops, who range over the country, and often fight on 
 foot. 4. A keeper of a forest or park. 
 R&nk, n. [Fr. rang, from 0. H. Ger. Ar/ng-, a circle, a 
 circular row, a ring.] 1. A row or Hne ; a range, ti. 
 {Mil ) A line of soldiers: a row of troops reckoned from 
 gide to side ; — opposed to file. 3. (Mil. & Naval.) De- 
 gree, grade. 4. An aggregate of individuals together; 
 an order; a division. 5. Degree of dignity, eminence, or 
 excellence. 6. High degree; high social position. 
 Syn. — Division; degree; grade; class; order; dignity. 
 R£ink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ranked (rSnkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. RANKING.] 1. To place abreast, or in a line. 3. 
 To range in a particular cla.ss, order, or divi.sion ; to class. 
 3. To dij'poge methodically. 4. To take precedence of; 
 to outrank [Receni.] 
 R&nk, V. i. 1. To be ranged or set, as in a particular 
 degree, class, order, or division, ti. To have a certain 
 jjrade or degree of elevation in the orders of civil or mili- 
 tary life. 
 R&nk,a. [cow/^or. ranker ; 5i/;)e//. RANKEST.] [A.-S. 
 
 ranc. Cf. RANCID.] 1. Luxuriant in growth ; exuber- 
 ant. 2. Raised to a high degree. 3. Causing vigorous 
 growth ; very rich and fertile. 4. Strong to the smell; 
 rancid; sour; musty. 5. Strong to the taste; high- 
 tasted. 
 Syn. — Luxuriant; rich; excessive; violent ; coarse. 
 
 RJink'er, n. One who ranks, or disposes in ranks. 
 
 R^nk'le (n^nk'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rankled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RANKLING.] [From rank, a.] 1. To grow 
 more rank or strong ; to be inflamed ; to fester. 3. 
 Hence, to become more violent ; to rage. 
 
 RSnk'ly, adv. With vigorous growth ; luxuriantly; 
 hence, coarsely ; grossly. 
 
 Rliuk'ness, n. Condition or quality of being rank. 
 
 RJin'sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ransacked (sakt) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. RANSACKING.] [Icel. ranmka. to explore, 
 examine, fi-om rann, rannr, an oblong house, Goth, razn, 
 hou.se, and AaX;m, to seek.] 1. To search thoroughly; 
 to search every place or part of. 3. To plunder ; to pil- 
 lage completely. 
 
 Ran'som, n. [Fr. rangon, 0. Fr. raengon, raangon, fi-om 
 Lat. redemptio. See REDEMPTION.] 1. Release from 
 captivity, bondage, or the possession of an enemy. 54, 
 The money or price paid for the redemption of a prisoner, 
 or for goods captured by an enemy. 
 
 RJln'soni, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ransomed \ p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. RANSOMING.] [Fr. rangonner. See supra.] To re- 
 deem from captivity, punishment, or forfeit, by paying 
 an equivalent. 
 
 Ran's6m-er, n. One who ransoms or redeems. 
 
 Riint, V. i. [imp. & p. p. RANTED; p. pr. & vb. n 
 RANTING.] [South Ger. rant, noise, noisy mirth. Cf. 
 Gael. & Ir. ran, a loud cry, shriek, roar, to cry out, to 
 roar, make a noise.] To rave in violent, high-sounding, 
 or extravagant language. 
 
 Rant, n. Boisterous, empty declamation. 
 
 Rant'er, n. A noisy talker ; a boisterous preacher. 
 
 Rant'i-pole, n. [Eng. rant, to make a great noise, and 
 Prov. Eng. pole, the pole or plank in the childish game 
 of see-saw.] A wild, romping child. 
 
 Rjint'i-pole, a. Wild ; roving ; rakish. [Low.] 
 
 Ra-niin'-eu-lus, n. ; Eng. pi. RA'-NON'€Tr-LUS-Eg : Lat. 
 pi. RA-NUN'€V-LX. [Lat., a httle frog, a medicinal 
 plant, perh. crow-foot, dim. of rana, a frog.] (Bat.) A 
 genus of plants, embracing many species, some of them 
 beautiful flowering plants, diversified with many rich 
 colors ; crow-foot ; butter-cup ; — so called by Pliny, be- 
 cause the aquatic species grow where frogs abound. 
 
 Manz-des-vaches (rongz'da'vash'). [Fr., the ranks or 
 rows of the cows, the name being given from the fact 
 that the cattle, when answering the musical call of their 
 keeper, move toward him in a row, preceded by those 
 wearing bells.] A simple melody of the Swiss mountain- 
 eers, commonly played on a long trumpet called the Al- 
 pine horn. 
 
 RSp, V. i. [Sw. rappa, to strike, L. Ger. & D. rapen, to 
 snatch up, A.-S. hrejiian, hrejrpian, to touch, H. Ger 
 raff en, to snatch up. See RAP, «.] To strike with a 
 quick, sharp blow ; to knock. 
 
 r4p, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RAPPED (riipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RAPPING.] To strike with a quick blow ; to knock on. 
 To rap out, to utter with sudden violence. 
 
 Ra,p, V. t. [imp. & p. p. RAPPED, usually written RAPT; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RAPPING.] [See supra.] 1. To snatch 
 away ; to seize and h urry off. 2. To transport out of 
 one's self; to affect with ecstasy or rapture. 
 
 Rap, n. A quick, smart blow. 
 
 Ra-pa'cious, a. [Lat. rapax, rapacis, from rapere, to 
 seize and carry off, to snatch away.] 1:. Given to plun- 
 der ; seizing by force, ti. Subsisting on prey or animals 
 seized by violence. 
 Syn. — Greedy ; ravenous; voracious. 
 Ra-pa'cious-ly, adv. In a rapacious manner ; by rap- 
 ine. 
 Ra-pa'cious-ness, n. Quality of being rapacious : (Us- 
 
 position to plunder, or to exact by oppression. 
 Ra-pa^'i-ty, n. 1. Quahty of being rapacious ; rapa- 
 ciousness ; ravenousness. 2. Exorbitant greediness of 
 gain. 
 Rape, n. [L. Ger. & D. rapen, to snatch away, allied to 
 hat. rapere. See RAP, f. t.] Sexual intercourse with* 
 
 I woman against her will. 
 
 j Rape, «. [li&t. rapa,rapum, Gt. pdirvi, pa(j>v<;.] (Bot.) 
 
 I A plant of several species, belonging to the cabbage tribe, 
 
 i two of which are much cultivated for their roots, and 
 
 I also for their seeds, from which oil is extracted. 
 
 I Rap'id, a. [Lat. rapidus, from rapere, to seize and cany 
 
 n, e,&c., long; &,6,k(i.,short; c&re, far, ask,all, virhat; 6re, veil, ternt; p][que,firnA; s6n,6r,do,\v9U, 
 
RAPID 
 
 593 
 
 RATE 
 
 off, to snatch or hurry away. 1, Very swift or quick ; 
 
 moving with celerity, a. Advancing with haste or speed ; 
 
 in quick sequence. 3. Of quick utterance of words. 
 Syn. — Swift; quick; violent; fast; expeditious; hurried. 
 B&p'id, n. A sudden descent of the surface of a stream 
 
 without actual waterfall or cascade. 
 Ba-pld'i-ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being rapid. 
 
 2. Quickness of progression or advance. 
 
 Syn.— Rapid n ess; haste; speed; celerity; velocity; swift- 
 ness; fleetness; agility. 
 
 R&p'id-ly, adv. With great speed, celerity, or velocity. 
 
 Rap'id-ness, n. Tlie state or quahty of being rapid; 
 swiftness; speed; celerity; rapidity. 
 
 Ra'pi-er, n. [Fr. rajAcre, from L. Ger. rapen,rappen, II. 
 Ger. raffen, raufen, to snatch away, to pluck, to fight.] 
 A light sword with a very narrow blade, and formerly 
 worn by gentlemen on all occasions. 
 
 Rap'ine, n. [Lat. rapina, from rapere, to seize and carry 
 off by force.] 1. Act of plundering ; spoliation; pillage. 
 2. Violence ; force. 
 
 JEiap'pa-ree', n. [See Rapier.] A wild Irish plun- 
 derer ; — so called from his carrying a half-pike, called a 
 rapery. 
 
 Rap-pee', n. [Fr. rape, from raper, to grate, to rasp. 
 See Rasp.] A kind of snuff, of either a brown or black 
 color. 
 
 Rap'per, n. One who, or that which, raps, or knocks ; 
 specifically, the knocker of a door. 
 
 Rap-s-eaU'ioii (-skril'yun), n. [See RXscAL.] A low 
 villain ; a rascal ; a wretch. 
 
 R&pt, imp. of rap. \Sin'. Rap. 
 
 Rap-to'ri-al, a. [Lat. raptor, from rapere, to carry off 
 by force, to ravish.] Rapacious; living upon prey; — 
 said especiallj' of certain birds. 
 
 Ra,pt'iire (rilpt'yjjr, 53), n. [Lat. rapere, raptum, to 
 carry off by force.] The state or condition of being rapt, 
 or carried away from one's self by agreeable excitement ; 
 extreme joy or pleasure. 
 
 Syn. — Bliss; ecstacy; transport; delight; exultation. 
 
 R3.pt'ur-ous, a. Ecstatic ; transporting ; ravishing. 
 
 R^re (4), a. [compar. barer; sm/^cW. rarest.] [Lat. 
 rarus, thin, rare.] 1. Of loose texture ; not thick or 
 dense ; tliin. 2. Thinly scattered ; dispersed. 3. Not 
 frequent ; seldom met with ; unusual. 4. Unusually 
 excellent ; valuable to a degree seldom found. 
 
 Syn. — Scarce; infrequent; unusual; uncommon; singu- 
 lar; extraordinary ; incomparable.— We call a thing rare when 
 but few of the kind are ever to be met with. We speak of a 
 thing as scarce, which, though usually abundant, is for the 
 time being to be had only in diminished quantities. A bad 
 harvest makes corn scarce. 
 
 Rare, a. [compar. rarer; superl. RAREST.] [A.-S. 
 hrcre, raio, Icel. hrar, 0. H. Ger. rawer. Cf. REAR and 
 Raw.] Nearly raw ; imperfectly cooked ; underdone. 
 
 «S@~ This word is in common use in the United States, but it 
 is not, at present, in good use in England. 
 
 RAr'ee-sliow, n. [Contracted from rarity-show.] A 
 
 show carried about in a box by a showman. 
 Rar'e-fJle'tion, n. [See Rarefy.] Act or process of 
 
 making rare, or of expanding or distending bodies, by 
 
 separating the parts. 
 Rar'e-fi^a-ble, a. Capable of being rarefied. 
 Rar'e-fy, r. t. [imp. & p. p. rarefied ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. RAREFYING.] [Lat. rarefacere, from rarus, thin, rare, 
 
 and facere, to make.] To make rare, thin, porous, or 
 
 less dense. 
 Rar'e-fy, v. i. To become thin and porous. 
 Rare'ly, adv. 1. In a rare manner or degree ; seldom ; 
 
 not often. 2. Finely ; nicely. 
 Rare'iiess, n. 1. State of being rare ; thiinness ; tenuity. 
 
 2. Uncommonness ; infrequency. 
 R4re'ripe, a. [From rare and ripe, or from rath-ripe, 
 
 q. v.] Early ripe ; ripe before others, or before the usual 
 
 R&re'ripe, n. An early fruit ; especially, a kind of 
 peach which ripens early. 
 
 Ra,r'i-ty, «. [Lat. raritas. See Rare.] 1. Quality or 
 state of being rare ; rareness; tenuity. 2. Uncommon- 
 ness; infrequency. 3. A rare or uncommon thing; a 
 thing valued for its scarcity. 
 Syn. — Infrequency; uncommonness ; thinness; subtilty. 
 
 Riis'-eal (6), n. [A.-S. rascal, a lean, worthless deer. Cf. 
 Fr. racaille, the rabble.] A mean fellow ; a scoundrel ; a 
 worthless fellow ; a trickish, dishonest person ; a rogue. 
 
 Ras-«&ll'ion (ras-kai'yun), n. [From rosea/.] A low, 
 mean wretch. 
 
 I Ra8-€ftl'l-ty, n. Quality of being nwcally, or a rucal: 
 mean trickiahnesfl or dishonesty. (^t. 
 
 Rfts'eal-ly, a. Like a niscal ; meanly trickish or dlj»hon 
 
 Rage, V. I. [imp & p. p. rased ; p. pr. & rb. n. kab- 
 IN(i.] [L. \jii.t. rasare, to «craj)e often, frecjuentativc fonii 
 of ra^/i-r.", r«.M«rt, to scrape, shave.] 1, To graze. [Iiiirr.\ 
 2. To cancel ; to erase. 3. To level with the ground; 
 to raze. 
 
 Rftsli, a. [compar. RASHER ; superl. RASllEST.j [D. & 
 N. II. Ger. rasck, 0. II. Ger. rasr, Icel. r'dskr.] 1. Iiaj<ty ; 
 quick ; sudden ; rapid. 2. Especially, hafty in coumwl 
 or action ; entering on a project or uiea8ure without due 
 deliberation and caution. 3. Uttered or undertaken with 
 too much haste or too little retlectiou. 
 
 Syn. — Precipitate ; headlong ; hi-adi-trong ; foolhardy ; 
 hahtv ; indiscreet ; heedless ; thouglitless ; incoiiftiderttt« ; 
 careless; incautious; unwary ; adveiiturouH. — A man in uil- 
 veiituroiut who incurs rink or hazard from a love of the arduou* 
 and the bold. A man is rash wlio does it from the mere im- 
 pulse of his feelingH, witliout counting the cost. A man is 
 foolhardy who throjvs himself into danger iu disregard or de- 
 fiance of the consequences. 
 
 Rlisli, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. rasirare, from railere, 
 rusum, to scrape, scratch.] (Med.) An eruption or efflo- 
 rescence on the body, with little or no elevation. 
 
 Rftsli'er, 71. A thin .slice of bacon ; a thin cut. 
 
 Rash'ly, adv. In a rash or hasty manner ; hastily. 
 
 RJlsli'ness, n. The quality of being ra«h ; ovcr-haate in 
 resolving on, or in undertaking, a measure. 
 
 Syn. — Temerity ; foolhardiness ; precipitancy ; precipita- 
 tion ; hastiness ; indiscretion; heedlessness ; inconsidcration : 
 carelessness. See Temerity. 
 
 Rasp, n. [See infra.] A species of coarse file, on which 
 the cutting prominences are distinct, being raised by the 
 oblique stroke of a sharp punch. 
 
 Rasp (3), V. t. [imp. & p. p. rasped (raspt) ; p. pr. f; 
 vb. n. RASPING.] [From 0. II. Ger. raspdti, to .scrape 
 together.] 1. To rub or file with a rasp or a rough fik'. 
 2. Hence, to grate harshly upon. 
 
 Rasp'a-to-ry, n. A surgeon's rasp. 
 
 Ra§p'ber-ry (raz'ber-ry), ii. [From Eng. rasp, so named 
 from the roughness of the fruit.] (Bot.) (a.) The fruit 
 of a species of bramble. (6.) The shrub itself. 
 
 Rag'ure (razh'jjr), n. [Lat. rasura, from radere, rasum, 
 to scrape, to shave.] 1. Act of scraping, shaving, or 
 erasing ; obliteration. 2. An erasure. 
 
 Rat, n. [A.-S. ra^t, 0. II. Ger. raio, Fr. rat, Ir. & Gael. 
 radan.] 1. (Zool.) One of several species of small, rodent 
 mammals, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, and 
 ships. 2. One who de.«erts his party or associates ; hence, 
 among printers, one who works at less than the estab- 
 lished prices. 
 
 To smell a rat, to be suspicious; to be on the watch from su»- 
 picion ; as a cat by the scent or noise of a rat. 
 
 Rat, V. i. [imp. & p. p. RATTED ; p. pr. & vb. «. BAT- 
 TING.] 1. (Eng. Politics.) To de.^sert one's former party 
 or associates from interested motives. 2. To work at 
 less than the established prices ; — a term used among 
 printers. 
 
 Rat'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being rated, or set at a oer 
 tain value. 2. Liable or subjected by law to taxation. 
 
 Rat'a-bly, adv. By rate or proportion ; proportionally 
 
 Rat'a-fi'a (-i5'-\), n. [From Malay, arak, arrack, and 
 tafia, a spirit distilled from molasses.] A fine spirituoun 
 liquor, flavored with cherries, apricots, peaches, or other 
 fruit, and sweetened with sugar. 
 
 Ra-tan', n. See Rattan. 
 
 Ratch, n. A ratchet. See Ratchet. 
 
 Ratch'et, n. [Yr. rochet. It. rocchetto,a, spindle, firom 
 rocca, a distaff; 0. H. Ger. rocko, Icel. rockr, Eng. rock, 
 rack.] A bar or piece of mechanism turning at one end 
 upon a pivot, while the other end falls into the teeth of a 
 wheel or rack, allowing the latter to move in one direc- 
 tion only ; pawl ; click ; detent. 
 
 Ratch'et- wheel, n. (Mach.) A circular wheel, hav- 
 ing angular teeth, by which it may be moved forward, n^J 
 by a lever and catch, or pawl, into which a pawl may 
 drop to prevent the wheel from running back. 
 
 Rate, n. [Lat. rata (sc. pars), fr. ratiis, reckoned, fixe4 
 by calculation, p. p. of reri, to reckon, to calculate.] 1 . 
 Established portion or measure ; fixed allowance. 2. 
 Degree: standard; proportion; ratio; value; pric.-; 
 rank ; movement, as fast or slow, or the like. 3. -\ Uix 
 or sum assessed by authority on property for public us«». 
 
 Rate, V. t. [ijfip. & p. p. rated : p. pr. & vb. n. R.\T- 
 ING.] 1. To set a certiiin e.-itimate on; to value at »^ 
 certain price or degree. 2. To settle the relative ucaJe,* 
 rank, or position of. 
 
 Syn.— To value; appraise: estimate; compute; reckon. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; ftrn, rude, puU ; fell, (haise, «all, e€ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejlst ; linger, link ; «ii«. 
 
RATE 
 
 594 
 
 RAVEN 
 
 Rate, r. t. 1. To be sot or considered in a class ; to have 
 
 rank, "i. To make an estimate. 
 
 Riite, r. t. [En>j. rate, v. t., to value at a certain rat«, to 
 
 estimate. Cf. S\v. rata, to blame, despise, Icel. reitn, to 
 
 pluck, pull.] To chide with vehemence; to reprove ; to 
 
 scold. [mate. 
 
 Rat'er, n. One who rates, sets a value, or makes an esti- 
 
 Rfttli, I a. [A.-S. Jird'//i. hrdci, quick, hasty, Goth, raths, 
 
 Rfttlie, I easy. Cf. Ready.] Coming before others or 
 
 before theusuld time ; early. 
 
 Kiitlie ("''''• Early i be*''"®^- 
 
 Rfttii'er, a>lv. [A.-S. rn'/hOr, hradhOr, compar. of radhe, 
 rdJIif, quickly, immediately. See supra.] 1. More 
 readily or willingly ; preferably. 'Z. On the other hand ; 
 on the contrary. 3. Somewhat; moderately; tolerably. 
 4. Jlore properly ; more correctly speaking. 
 The rather, the sooner; the more so; especially. 
 G6S~ Had rather, had ax lief, had better, origin ally mere blun- 
 dering interpretations of the abbreviated form of would, as in I'd 
 
 rather, &c., arc forms too well supported to be stigmatized as 
 
 English; but trow/c/ is generally to " 
 where the auxiliary hare follows, hadhave being too barbarous 
 
 bad English; but would is genera 
 where the auxiliary hare folio 
 a combination to be tolerated. 
 
 be preferred, especially 
 
 Rat'i-fi-«a'ti6n, n. Act of ratifying; the state of 
 being ratified ; confirmation. 
 
 Rftt'ifi'er, n. One who, or that which, ratifies. 
 
 Rat'i-fy, r- t. [imp. & p. p. r.\tified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RATIFYING.] [From Lat. ratvs, fixed by calculation, 
 firm, valid, and facere., to make.] To approve and sanc- 
 tion ; to make valid ; especially, to give sanction to, as 
 something done by an agent or servant. 
 
 Syn.— To confirm ; approve; establish; sanction. 
 
 Ra'ti-o (rl'shi-o or ra'sho), n. [Lat., from reri, ratus, 
 to reckon, to believe, think, judge.] 1. {Math.) The 
 relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another 
 of the same kind, as expressed by the quotient of the 
 second divided by the first. 5i. Fixed relation of num- 
 ber, quantity, or degree. 
 
 Syn. — Proportion ; rate; degree; quota. 
 
 Ra'ti-o^'i-nate (rash'T-osl-nat), v. i. [Lat. ratiocinari, 
 ratiocitiaius, from ratio, reason. See REASON.] To 
 reason deductively ; to offer reason or argument. 
 
 Ra'ti-o^'i-na'tion (rash'i-os'T-na'shun), n. Act or pro- 
 cess of reasoning. See Reasoning. 
 
 Ra'tion (ra'shun or v&six'un}, n. [From Lat. ratio, a 
 reckoning, calculation, relation, reference, L. Lat., ra- 
 tion. See Ratio.] 1. A portion or fixed allowance 
 of provisions, drink, and forage, ti. A certain portion 
 or fixed amount dealt out ; allowance. 
 
 RJl'tion-al (nlsh'un al), a. [Lat. rationales. See Ra- 
 tio.] 1. Relating to the reason; not physical. "Z. 
 Having reason, or the faculty of reasoning ; endowed 
 with reason. 3. Agreeable to reason ; not absurd, pre- 
 posterous, extravagant, fooUsh, fanciful, or the like. 
 
 Syn. — Sane_; sound; intelligent; reasonable; sensible; 
 wise; discreet; judicious. — Rational has reference to reason 
 as a faculty of the mind, and is opposed to ii-rational ; as, a 
 rational being, a rational state of mind, rational views, &c. In 
 these cases, the speculative reason is more particularly referred 
 to. Rea.v>nahle has reference to the exercise of this faculty for 
 practical purposes, and denotes governed or directed by reason ; 
 as reasonaWe desires, plans, &c.; a reasonable charge; a, reason- 
 able prospect of success. 
 
 RJi'tion-a'le (rash'un-a'le), n. [From Lat. rationalis. 
 Rational.] 1. A series of reasons assigned. 3. An 
 explanation of the principles of some opinion, action, 
 hypothesis, phenomenon, &c., or the principles them- 
 selves. 
 
 Ra'tion-al-igm (rash/un-), n. A system of opinions 
 deduced froui reason, as distinct from, or opposed to, 
 revelation : an excessive reliance on reason. 
 
 Ra'tion-al-L^t (nlsh/un-), n. 1. One who proceeds 
 wholly upon reason. '2. One who relies on his reason 
 as the sole or the supreme authority in matters of relig- i 
 ion, and rejects supernatural guidance and aid 
 
 RJl'tlon-al-i.st'i€ ) (rS.sh'un-), a. Belonging to, or I 
 
 Kft'tion-al-ist'i€-al ) in accordance with, the princi- I 
 pies of rationalism. | 
 
 Ra'tion-ai'i-ty (rSsh'un-), n. Quality of being rational ; 1 
 due exerci.se of reason ; reasonableness. 
 
 Rft'tion-al-ly (rash'un-), adv. In a rational manner ; 
 in consistency with reason ; reasonably. 
 
 Rat'lin, I n. (Naut.) A small line traversing the shrouds \ 
 
 Rat'line, I of a ship, making the step of a ladder for I 
 ascending to the mast-heads. i 
 
 Ra-tobn', n. [Sp. n-toho, retonar, to sprout or shoot ; 
 again, applied to a plant which has been cut, from Lat. i 
 
 re, again, and tumidus, swollen, swelling.) A sprout 
 from the root of the sugar-cane, which has been cut. 
 
 Rats'bane, n. Poison for rats ; arsenious acid. 
 
 Rat-tSn', n. [Malay. rOtan; Javan. rotlan^.] The stem 
 of a plant growing in India, which is without branches, 
 cylindrical, jointed, very tough and strong, and from 60 
 to 100 feet in height. It is used for wicker-work, seat» 
 of chairs, walking sticks, withes, he. 
 
 Rat-te6n', n. [Fr. ratine, from 0. Fr. ratin, ratis, iera; 
 Fr. ratiner, to friz, to nap cloth.] A thick woolen stuff 
 quilled or twilled. / 
 
 KAt'tle (raftl), r. i. [imp. & p. p. RATTLED ; p. pr. &. 
 vb. n. RATTLING.] [L. Ger. ratteln, ratein, D. ralelen, 
 H. Ger. rasseln.] 1. To make a quick,' sharp noised 
 rapidly repeated, by the collision of bodies not very 
 sonorous ; to clatter. '■Z, To speak eagerly and noisily ; 
 to jabber. 
 
 Rat'tle, V. t. 1. To cause to make a rapid succession of 
 sharp sounds. 2. To stun with noise. 3. To scold. 
 
 Rat'tle, n. 1. A rapid succession of .«harp, clattering 
 sounds. 'Z, Loud, rapid talk ; clamorouR chiding. 3. 
 An instrument with which a clattering sound is made. 
 4. A jabberer. 5. pL Noise produced by the air in 
 passing through mucus of which the lungs are unabl* 
 to free themselves. 
 
 Kat'tle-head'ed, a. Noisy ; giddy ; unsteady. 
 
 Rat'tle-siiake, n. {Zoil.) A poison- 
 ous snake having a series of horny 
 joints at the. end of the tail which 
 make a rattling sound, whence the 
 name. ^ 
 
 Rau'^i-ty, n. [Lat. raucitas, fr. rnu- 
 CMS, hoarse, rough. See infra.] Harsh- 
 ness of sound ; hoarseness. 
 
 Rau'-eous, a. [Lat. raitcus, for ravi- 
 cus, from rai-M.^, gray -yellow, hoarse.] 
 Hoarse ; harsh. 
 
 Rav'age, «. [Fr. rar«g-e, as if from a 
 
 Lat. rapagium, rapaticum, from ra- Kattle-snake. 
 pere, to carry off by force, to ravish.] Desolation by vio- 
 lence ; violent ruin or destruction. 
 
 Syn. — Despoilment ; devastation 
 plunder ; spoil ; waste ; ruin. 
 
 desolation ; pUlage ; 
 
 Rav'age, V. t. [i*np. & p. p. ravaged ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 RAVAGING.] To lay waste by force. 
 
 Syn. — To despoil ; pillage ; plunder ; sack ; spoil ; devaa- 
 tate; desolate; destroy; waste; ruin. 
 
 Ra,v'a-ger, n. A plunderer ; one who lays waste. 
 
 Rave, V. i. [imp. & p. p. raved ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 raving.] [Fr. rerer, to rave, to be delirious, to dream ; 
 Lat. rabere, to rave, rage, be mad or furious.] 1, To 
 wander in mind or intellect ; to be deUrious. ti. To rush 
 like a madman. 
 
 Rave, V. t. To utter in madness or frenzy ; to say wildly. 
 
 RSv'el (rSv'l), f. t. [imp. & p. p. raveled : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. raveling.] [0. D. ravelen, N. D. rafelen, L. 
 Ger. rebeln, rebbeln, reffeln.] 1, To undo the texture 
 of; to take apart ; to unsew or 
 unknit. 2. Hence, to disen- 
 tangle. 3. To pull apart, as a 
 texture, so that the threads fall ' 
 into a tangled mass ; hence, to 
 entangle ; to make intricate ; 
 to involve. 
 
 Rav'el (riiv/1), v. i. To be .sepa- 
 rated in texture ; to be un- 
 twisted or unwoven ; to be dis- 
 entangled. 
 
 Rave'lin (rav'lin), n. [Fr., 
 from Lat. re, again, against, 
 and vallum, a, rampart, wall.] itaveun. 
 
 (Fort.) A detached work with bb, ravelin; a, redoubt? 
 two embankments which make ^o^^re^^ft^^r^.^^ f™™ 
 a salient angle. 
 
 Ra'vt'H (ra^-n), n. [A.-S. hrdfen, 
 hrefn, Icel. hrafn, 0. H. Ger. hra- 
 ban, allied to Lat. corvus, Skr. 
 karava.] ( Ornith.) A bird of a 
 black color, alUed to the crow, but 
 larger. 
 
 RavVn (rav'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 RAVENED; p. pr.&f6. n. raven- 
 ing.] [Seeinfra,n.] 1. To obtain 
 by violence. 2. To devour with 
 great eagerness. 
 
 Rav'rn (i^v'n), v. i. To prey with rapacity ; to be greedy. 
 
 RavVn (rav'n), n. [Written also ravin, fr. rapine, q. v. 
 
 Baven. 
 
 ^,e,tt>c.,long; Si, 6, kc, short; cd^re,far,ask,all, vi^liat ; ere, veil, term; piique, firm; son, 6r,d<j,"W9lf« 
 
HAVENER 
 
 595 
 
 READING-ROOM 
 
 1. Rapine ; rapacity. 3. Prey ; food obtained hy vio- 
 lence, [or ))lundcr8. 
 
 Rav'en-er (rav'n-er), ji. One who, or that wliich, ravens 
 
 Kav'en-ing (riiVn-iug), n. Eagerness for plunder. 
 
 Ra,v'en-ous (riiv'n-us), a. [From raven, prey, rapine. J 
 1. Furiously voracious ; hungry even to rage. 3. Kager 
 for prey or gratification. 
 8yn. — Voracious'; rapacious; greedy. 
 
 liftv'en-oiis-ly (riiv'n-us-), adv. In a ravenous manner ; 
 voraciously. 
 
 Ka,v'en-ou.s-ness, n. Extreme voracity ; rage for prey. 
 
 Kav'er, n. One who raves or is furious. 
 
 Rav'in (riiv'^n), n. [See Raven.] Food obtained by vio- 
 lence ; plunder ; prey. 
 
 KH-vine' (ra-ven', 126), n. [Fr., from ravir, Lat. rapere, 
 to snatch or tear away.] A deep and narrow hollow, 
 usually worn by a stream or torrent of water ; a gorge. 
 
 K&v'isli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. KAVLshed (raVisht) ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. RAVISHING.] [Fr. ravir, l.at. rapere, to snatch 
 or tear away, to ravish.] 1. To seize and carry away by 
 violence, '-i. To carry away with joy or delight. 3. To 
 commit rape upon. 
 
 Syn. — To transport; entrance ; enrapture; delight; vio- 
 late; deflour; force. 
 
 KS,v'isIi-er, n. 1. One who ravishes or takes by vio- 
 lence. 2. One who transports with deUght. 3. One 
 who forces a woman to his carnal embrace. 
 
 Kav'isli-meiit, 71. [See Ravish.] 1 . Act of carrying 
 away by force or against consent ; abduction. 2. State 
 of being ravished ; rapture ; transport of delight ; ec- 
 stacy. 3. Forcible violation of chastity ; rape. 
 
 Raw, a. [compar. RAWER ; siipert. RAWEST.] [A.-S. 
 hreaw,!). raauw,0.ll. Gqv. raw,roiv.ra,r!j.] 1. Not 
 cooked. 2. Hence, unprepared for use or enjoyment ; 
 unfinished ; immature ; unripe ; hence, unpracticed ; 
 untried. 3. Untouched by art ; unwrought ,• — specif- 
 ically, [a.) Not spun or twisted, {h.) Not mixed or 
 adulterated, (c.) Not tried, or melted and strained. 
 [d.) Not tanned. 4. Deprived of skin; galled. 5. 
 Causing sensations as of raw flesh ; hence, piercingly 
 damp or cold. 
 
 Syn.— Crude ; sore ; unseasoned; unexperienced ; new ; 
 chilly; bleak. 
 
 Raw, n. A raw, sore, or galled place. [bound- 
 
 Rawljoiied, a. Having little flesh on the bones ; hide- 
 
 Raw'hlde, n. A cowhide, or coarse riding- whip, made 
 of untanned leather twisted. 
 
 Raw'ly, o'/f. 1. In a raw manner ; unskillfuUy ; with- 
 out experience. 3. Hastily ; newly. 
 
 Raw'ness, n. 1. State of being raw ; uncooked. 3. 
 Unskillfulness ; inexperience. 3. Hasty manner. 4. 
 Chilliness with dampness. 
 
 Ray, n. [From Lat. radius, a beam or ray.] 1. One of 
 a number of lines or parts diverging from a common 
 point or center, like the radii of a circle, 'i. (Bot.) A 
 radiating part of a flower or plant. 3. (Ic/tth.) One of 
 the radiating bony spines forming the framework of the 
 fins of fishes. 4. (P/u/sics.) (a.) A line of light or heat 
 proceeding from a i-adiant or reflecting point, (b.) One 
 of the colored portions of the spectrum. 5. Hence, in- 
 tellectual Ught ; perception ; apprehension. 
 
 Ray, V. t. [ijnp. & p. p. rayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. RAY- 
 ING.] To send forth or shoot out ; to cause to shine out. 
 Syn. — Glimmer; beam; gleam; light; luster. 
 
 Ray, n. [Lat. raia. Cf. Roach.] 
 (ic/tth.) A genus of fishes including 
 the skate, the thornback, and the 
 torpedo. 
 
 Ray'less, a. Destitute of light; 
 dark ; not illuminated. 
 
 Raze. V. t. [imp. & p. p. razed ; Ray. 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. razing.] [See 
 Rase.] 1. To erase; to efface; to obhterate ; to extir- 
 pate. 2. To lay level with the ground. 
 
 Syn. — To demolish; level; prostrate; overthrow; subvert; 
 destroy; ruin. See Demolish. 
 
 Ra-zee', n. [B'rom Fr. raser, to raze, to cut down ships. 
 See Raze.] (Naut.) An armed .ship having her upper 
 deck cut down , and thus reduced to the next inferior 
 rate. 
 
 Ra-zee', v. t. [imp. & p. p. razeed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 razeeing.] To cut down to an inferior rate or class, 
 as a ship ; hence, tc^rune or abridge by cutting off or 
 retrenching parts. 
 
 Ra'zor, n. [Lat. msormm. See Raze.] Aninstrument 
 for removing the beard or hair. 
 liazors of a boar, a boar's tusks. 
 
 ;lit; luster. 
 
 food, f o^bt ; urn, rvide, pull ; yell, fliais©, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ 
 
 Ra'zor-bill, n. (Omith.) An aquatic fowl, cummoD ta 
 the arctic regions ; the common auk. 
 
 Raz'ure (ruzh'ijr), n. [See Ka.sijke.] 1. Actoferwdng 
 or effacing ; obliteration. 2. That which \a razed ; 
 enwure. 
 
 Reach, f. /. [imp. & p. p. REACHED (rocht); p. jn. k 
 vb. n. REACHING.] [A.-S. rascan, rieecan, to extend, 
 stretch out, and recian, recean, rrccan, to extend, D. 
 reiken, to reach, rekken, to Htretch, extend, 0. H. Ucr. 
 reichjan, reicliOn ; redijan, rar.hjan, Icel. rtikia, rakna, 
 Goth, rakyan, allied to Ljit. reijire, to lead straight, Or 
 opeyeii', to reach.] 1. To extend ; to 8tretch ; to tliruHt 
 out. 2. Hence, to deliver by stretching out a member, 
 especially the hand : to pa.s8 to another ; to hand over. 
 
 3. To attain or obtnin by stretching forth tlie hand. 
 
 4. Hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to; 
 to penetrate to. 5. To extend to ; to stretch out hb far 
 as. 6. To arrive at ; to get as far &». 7. To attain U>; 
 to gain. 
 
 Syn. — To extend; secure; hand; tranBfer. 
 
 Reach, i'. i. 1. To stretch out the hand. 2. To strain 
 after something. 3. To be extended in dimennion, time, 
 action, influence, &c., so as to touch, attain to, or be 
 equal with something. 
 
 Reach, w. 1. Act of stretching or extending ; extension ; 
 power of reaching. 2. Power of stretching out or ex- 
 tending action, influence, or the like ; extent of force or 
 capacity. 3. Extent; stretch; expanse; hence, appH- 
 cation ; influence ; result. 4. An extended portion of 
 land or water ; a stretch. 5. An artifice to obtain an 
 advantage ; a fetch. 
 
 Re-S.-et', V. t. [imp. & p.p. reacted ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 reacting.] To act or perfonn a second time; to do 
 over again. 
 
 Re-a,<;t', I', i. 1. To resist the action of another l)ody 
 by an opposite force. 2. To exercise a reciprocal or a 
 reverse effect. 
 
 Re-a*;'tion, n. 1. Any action in resisting other action 
 or power ; counter tendency or movement. 2. ( Chem.) 
 The mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon 
 each other. 3. ( Med. ) Depression or exhaustion of vital 
 force consequent on over exertion or over-stimulation. 
 4. [Meek.) The force which a body subjected to th« 
 action of a force from another body exerts upon that 
 body in the opposite direction. 5. (Pofti(C5.) Backward 
 tendency from revolution, reform, or progress. 
 
 Re-S.e'tion-a-ry, a. For, or implying, reaction. 
 
 Re-aet'ive, a. Having power to react ; tending to re- 
 action. 
 
 Read, v. t. [imp. & p. p. r*:ad (r<5d) ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 reading.] [A.-S. redan, to r«id, declare; 0. H. Ger. 
 redidn, redOn, Icel. rddu, Goth, rodjan, to speak, tm 
 read.] 1. To go over, as characters or words, and utt«r 
 aloud, or recite to one's self ii^udibly ; to take in the 
 sense of, as language; to peruse. 2. Hence, to know 
 fully ; to comprehend. 3. To gather the meaning of 
 by inspection ; to learn by observation. 
 
 Read, v. i. 1. To perforiii the act of reading. 2. To be 
 studious. 3. To learn by reading. 4. To ajjpear in 
 reading. 
 
 Rgad, a. Instructed or knowing by reading ; versed in 
 books ; learned. 
 
 Read'a-ble, a. Capable of being read ; fit, legible, or 
 suitable to be read ; worth reading. 
 
 Read'er, n. 1. One wlio reads; specifically, {a.) One 
 whose distinctive office is to read prayers in a church. 
 (b.) ( University of Oxford, Eng.) One who readfl lecture* 
 on scientific subjects" (c.) A proof-reader; a corrector 
 of the press. 2. A book containing exercises in reading ; 
 a reading-book. [Amer.] 
 
 Read'er-ship, n. 1. The office of reading prayers in a 
 church. 2. ( University of Oxford, Eng.) The office of 
 a lecturer on scientific subjects. 
 
 Read'i-Iy, adv. 1. In a nnidy manner; quickly; 
 promptly. 2. Without delay or objection ; cheerfullv 
 
 R6ad'i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being ready; 
 
 preparedne.'ss. 2. Quickness ; promptness; pronipt>t"**« 5 
 
 facility ; freedom from hindrance or obstruction. 3. 
 
 Alacrity ; freedom from reluctance. 
 
 Syn. — Facility ; quickness ; expedition ; promptitude ; 
 
 Sromptness ; aptitude : aptness ; knuok ; skill ; cxpcrtneM j 
 exterity ; ease ; cheerfulness. See Facility. 
 Read'iug, n. 1. Act of one who reads : jwriLsal. ». 
 Study of books. 3. The way in which any thing reaOB ; 
 lection ; version. 
 Rcad'iiis-robm, n. A room provided with papen, 
 periodicals, &c., to which persons resort for readi ng- 
 
 tjist; linger, link i thl». 
 
RE-ADJUST 
 
 596 
 
 RE-ASSEMBLE 
 
 Re'-ad-jftst', V. t. [imp. & p. p. re-adjusted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. KE-ADJUST1N«.] To adjust or put in order 
 Rgniu. 
 
 Kc'-»d-inis'sion (-uilsh'uu), h. Act of admitting 
 j^raii), or state of In-ing re-adiiiitt«d. 
 
 Ke-ad-mit'. c /• [""/>• & p- P- RE-admitteu ; p. pr. 
 Si vb. II. KE-ADMITTING.] To admit again. 
 
 Ke'-ad-init'taiife, «. A second admittance; allow- 
 ance to enter again. 
 
 KCad'y, «. [co?«;jar. readier; «/;?«•;. readiest.] 
 [A.-S.*rdr/, rade, hraci, hr.rd, Icel. hradr, Goth, gardids, 
 fixed, arranged, rnth.t, vnsy. Cf. RATH.] 1. Prepared 
 at the monieut ; not behindhand or backward when 
 called upon, "i. Prepared in mind or disposition. 3. 
 Not slow, hesitating, or awkward; quick in action of 
 any kind. 4. Not occasioning delay ; offering itself at 
 once. 5. On the point; about; — with a following in- 
 finitive, j 
 
 Syn. — Prompt ; expeditious ; speedy ; unhesitating ; dex- 
 teunis ; apt ; skillful ; handy ; expert ; facile ; easy ; oppor- 
 tune : fitted ; prepared ; disposed; willing; free; cheerful. 
 See Pkomtt. 
 
 KSad'y , adv. In a state of preparation so as to need no 
 delay. 
 
 R6ad'y-made, a. Already provided ; kept on hand to 
 answer demands ; not made to order. 
 
 Ke'-af-firm', v. t. [i77ip. &. p. p. re-affirmed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. V. RE-AFFIRMING.] To afiirm a second time. 
 
 Ke-a'gent, 71. (Ckem.) A substance employed to detect 
 the presence of other bodies ; a test. 
 
 Ke'al, a. [L.Lat. rfa/(5, from Lat. res, re?, a thing.] 1. 
 Actually being or existing. ^. Not artificial, counter- 
 feit, or factitious. 3. (Law.) Pertaining to things fixed, 
 permanent or immovable, as to lands and tenements ; as, 
 real estate. 
 
 Syn.— Actual; true; genuine; authentic. — i?eaZ represents 
 a thing to be a substantive existence ; as, area/, not imaginary 
 occurrence. Actual refers to it as acted or performed; and, 
 hence, when we wish to prove a thing reaJ, we often say, " it 
 rtc<MoWi/ exists," it has actwa/?!/ been done." Thus its reality 
 is shown by its actuality. Actual, from this reference to being | 
 acted, has recently received a new signification, namely, 
 present; as the actual posture of affairs : since what is now in 
 action or going on, has of course a. present existencer 
 
 Ke'al, n. [Sp. & Pg.,from real, equiv. to Lat. regalis, 
 royal.] A small Spanish denomination of money vary- 
 ing in value from 12^ to 5 cents. 
 
 Ke-ai'gar, «. [Fr. realgar, rcalgal, N. Lat. risigallum.] 
 (Min.) A combination of sulphur and arsenic, of a bril- 
 liant red color ; red orpiment. 
 
 Ke'al-igm, n. The doctrine of the reaUsts. 
 
 Ke'al-ist, n. One who maintains that generals, or the 
 terms used to denote the genera and species of things, 
 represent real existences, and are not mere names, as 
 maintained by the noininnlists. [realists. 
 
 Ke'al-i.st'i«, a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the 
 
 Ke-ai'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being real ; actual 
 being or existence of any thing, in distinction from mere 
 appearance ; fact. 3. That which is real ; an actual ex- 
 istence. 
 
 Syn.— Truth ; fact ; verity ; actuality ; certainty. 
 
 Re'al-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being realized. 
 
 lle'al-i-za'tion, n. Act of realizing or making real, or 
 state of being reaUzed. 
 
 Ke'al-ize, t-. «. [imp & p. ;>. realized ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. realizing.] 1. To make real; to convert from 
 imaginary or fictitious into actual. 2. To cause to seem 
 real ; to impress upon the mind as actual. 3. To convert 
 into real property. 4. To obtain as the result of plans 
 and efforts ; to gain ; to get. 
 Syn. — To accomplish ; eflFect ; complete ; consummate. 
 
 Re'al-ize, v. i. To receive value or property, especially 
 in money. 
 
 Ke'al-ly, adv. In a real manner ; ^vith or in reality ; 
 actually ; in truth. 
 
 K^alm, n. [0. Fr. realms, reanme, roialme, N. Fr. roy- 
 aume, from Lat. regalis, royal.] 1. A royal jurisdic- 
 tion or regal government ; kingdom. 3. Hence, in gen- 
 eral, province: region; domain; department. 
 
 Ke'al-ty, 71. [Contncted from reality.] (Lar^.) Immo- 
 bility, or the fixed, permanent nature of real property. 
 
 Beam. n. [It. risma, a ream of paper, number of persons, 
 faction, sect, from Gr. apt0/ios, a number, quantity.] A 
 package of paper, consisting of twenty quires. 
 
 Keam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reamed; p. j/r. & vh. n. 
 REAMING.] [Ger. raumen, to remove, clear away, from 
 raum, room. See ROOM.] To enlarge or dress out, as a 
 hole. 
 
 Be-&ii'i-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-animated; 
 
 p. pr. & vb. 71. RE-ANIMATING.] To animate anew ; to 
 infuse new life, vigor, spirit, or courage into. 
 
 Re'-an-n6x', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-annexed (108); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RE-ANNEXING.] To annex again ; to re- 
 unite. 
 
 Reap, V. t. [imp. & p. p. reaped (reept); p. pr. & vh. 
 n. REAPING.] [A.-S. ripan, to seize, reap, rip, harvest.] 
 1. To cut with a sickle, as grain. 2. Hence, to gather ; 
 to obtain ; to receive as a reward, or as the fruit of labor 
 or of works. 3. To clear of a crop by reaping. 
 
 Reap, V. i. 1. To perform the act of reaping. 5i. To 
 receive the fruit of labor or works. 
 
 Reap'er, n. 1. One who reaps or cuts grain with a 
 sickle. 2. A machine for cutting grain. 
 
 Re'-ap-pear', v. i. [imp. & p.p. re-appeared; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. re-appearing.] To appear a second time. 
 
 Re'-ap-pear'an^e, n. A second appearance. 
 
 Re'-ap-point', v. t. [imp. & p.p. re -.appointed; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. re-appointing.] To appoint again. 
 
 Re'-ap-point'xnent, n. A second appointment. 
 
 Rear, n. [From Lat. retro, behind, backward.] 1. Th« 
 back or hindmost part. 2. Specifically, the part of an 
 army or fleet which comes last, or is behind the rest. 
 
 Rear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reared : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 rearing.] [A.-S. rseran, to raise, rear, elevate, allied 
 to rasian, arasian, to raise, q. v.] To bring up or to 
 raise to maturity, as young. 
 
 Syn. — To raise ; lift ; elevate ; erect ; set up ; establish. 
 See Kaise. 
 
 Rear, a. Being behind or in the hindmost part; hind- 
 most. 
 
 Rear, v. i. To rise up on the hind legs, as a horse. 
 
 Rear'-Jid'mi-ral, n. An oflBcer next in rank after the 
 vice-admiral. 
 
 Rear'-guard (72), n. The body of an army that march- 
 es in the rear of the main bod^* to protect it. 
 
 Rear'moiise, n. [A.-S. hreremus, aUied to hreran, to 
 agitate.] The leather-winged bat. [of troops. 
 
 Rear'-ranlc, n. {Mil.) The hindermost rank of a body 
 
 Rear'-'tvard, n. [From rear.] 1. The last troop ; the 
 rear-guard. 2. The hind or latter part ; the end ; the 
 tail. 
 
 Re'-as-^end', v. t. To rise, mount, or cUmb again. 
 
 Rea'gon (re'zn), n. [Fr. raison, Lat. ratio, from reri, ra- 
 tus, to reckon, beUeve, think.] 1. A thought or a con- 
 sideration, as bearing on a determination or an opinion ; 
 that which is viewed as a reasonable account or explana- 
 tion. 2. The faculty or capacity of the human mind by 
 which it is distinguished from the inferior animals ; the 
 higher as distinguished from the lower cognitive faculties. 
 3. Due exercise of the reasoning faculty : that which la 
 dictated or supported by the common sense of mankind; 
 propriety ; justice ; order. 4. The truths and laws by 
 which the universe is supposed to be constructed and 
 governed. 
 
 By reason of, by means of; on account of. — In reason, in aU 
 reason, iu justice ; with rational ground. 
 
 Syn. — Motive ; argument ; ground ; consideration ; prin- 
 ciple; sake; account; object; purpose; design. See MoTivt, 
 Sense. 
 
 Re'agon (re'zn), f. i. [imp. & p. p. reasoned ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. REASONING.] 1. To exercise the rational 
 faculty ; to ratiocinate. 2. Hence, to carry on a process 
 of deduction in order to convince, or to confute ; to de- 
 bate. 
 
 SjTi. — To discuss ; argue ; examine; prove. 
 
 Rea'gon (re'zn), V. t. 1. To examine or discuss by ar- 
 guments ; to debate or discuss. 2. To persuade by rea- 
 soning or argument. 
 
 Rea'gon-a-tole (re'zn-a-bl), a. 1. Having the faculty of 
 reason. 2. Governed by reason ; being under the influ- 
 ence of reason : agreeable to reason. 3. Within due lim- 
 its. 4. Considerable. 
 
 Syn. — Rational ; just ; honest ; equitable ; fair ; suitable ; 
 moderate ; tolerable. See Rational. 
 
 Rea'§oii-a-ble-ness, n. The quaUty of being reasona- 
 ble : agreeableness to reason : moderation. 
 
 Rea'§oji-a-bly, adv. In a reasonable manner ; in con- 
 .si.«tency ^rith reason; moderately ; tolerably. 
 
 Rea'.5on-er, ti. One who reasons or argues. 
 
 Rea'son-ing, n. 1. Act or process of deriving conclu 
 sions from premises. 2. Proofs'or reasons when ar- 
 ranged and developed. 
 
 Syn. — Argumentation ; argument. 
 
 Re'-as-.s6m'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-assembled: 
 
 si^e, ice. long ; &,6,&c., short; c&re,far,ask,all,vpliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son.or.do.wolt 
 
RE-ASSEMBLE 
 
 597 
 
 RECEIVE 
 
 p.pr. & vb. n. RE-ASSEMBLING.] To Msemble or col- 
 lect again. 
 
 Re'«as-s6in'ble, t>. t. To assemble or convene again. 
 
 Re'-as-sert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-asserted ; p. pr. 
 & t'6. n. RE-ASSERTING.] To assert again. [thing. 
 
 Re'-as-ser'tion, n. A second assertion of the same 
 
 Re'-as-sign' (-sin'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-assigned ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. re-assigning.] To assign or transfer 
 back or again. 
 
 Re'-as-.suine', v. t. To resume ; to take again. 
 
 Re^-as-sur'an^e (-shijr/ans), n. 1. Assurance or con- 
 firmation repeated. 2. (Laiv.) A contract by which an 
 insurer of property obtains indemnity against loss by his 
 insurance from some other insurer. 
 
 Re'-as-sure' (re'ash-shijr'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. re- 
 assured; p. pr. & vb. n. RE-.\SSURING.] 1. To as- 
 sure anew ; to free from fear or tei-ror. "Z. To obtain 
 insurance from another of what one has already insured. 
 
 Re'-at-tadi'ment, n. A second or renewed attach- 
 ment of the same person or thing. 
 
 Reave, r. <. [A..-'&.reafian, D. rooven. See ROB.] To 
 rob; to deprive; to bereave. [Rare.] 
 
 Re'bap-tize', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rebaptized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. rebaptizing.] To baptize a second time. 
 
 Re-bate', v. t. [Fr. rehattre, from re, again, against, back, 
 and battre, Lat. battuere, batuere, to beat, strike.] 1. To 
 beat to obtuseness ; to blunt, i. To make a discount 
 from for prompt payment. 3. To cut a rebate in ; to 
 rabbet. See Rabbet. 
 
 Re-bate', n. A groove or channel sunk on the edge of a 
 board or piece of timber ; a rabbet. 
 
 Re-bate', I n. [Cf. supra and ABATE.] 1, Dimin- 
 
 Re-bate'ment, ) ution. '-i. {Com.) Deduction of in- 
 terest, or any sum, &c., on account of prompt payment ; 
 abatement. 
 
 Re'be€, n. [From Ar. rabab, a musical instrument of a 
 round form.] (3Iiis.) An instrument formerly used, hav- 
 ing catgut strings, and played with a bow. 
 
 Reb'el, n. [From Lat. rebellis, making war again, rebell- 
 ious. See Rebel, v. i.] One who rebels ; one who re- 
 volts from the government to which he owes allegiance. 
 
 Syn. — Revolter ; insurgent. —Insurgent marks an early, and 
 rebel a more advanced, sta^e of opposition to government. The 
 former rises up against his rulers, the latter makes war upon 
 them. A French writer remarks that out of a hundred insur- 
 gents, not more than ten usually hold out and become confirmed 
 rebels. 
 
 Reb'el, a. Acting in revolt ; rebellious. 
 
 Re-bel', v. i. [imp. & p. p. REBELLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REBELLING.] [Lat. rebellare, to make war again, from 
 re, again, and bellare, to make vfar, belUcm, war.] To 
 revolt ; to take up arms traitorously against the state 
 or government. 
 
 Re-b611'ion, n. [Lat. rebellio. See supra. Among the 
 Romans rebellion was originally a revolt by nations that 
 had been subdued in war. It was a renewed war.] 1. 
 Act of rebeUing ; open and avowed renunciation of the 
 authority of the government to which one owes alle- 
 giance. 2. Open resistance to lawful authority. 
 
 Syn. —Insurrection ; sedition; revolt; mutiny; resistance; 
 contumacy. See Insurrection. 
 
 Re-bell'ious, a. Engaged in, or marked by, rebellion ; 
 violently resisting government or lawful authority. 
 
 Re-belFioiis-ly, adv. In a rebellious manner. 
 
 Re-bound.', v. i. [imp. & p. p. rebounded ; p. pr. & 
 vb.n. REBOUNDING.] To spring back, to start back; 
 to be reverberated. 
 
 Re-bound', v. t. To drive back ; to reverberate. 
 
 Re-botmd', n. Act of flying back upon collision with 
 another body ; resilience. 
 
 Re-buff, n. [See infra.] 1. A beating back ; a quick 
 and sudden resistance. '/J. Sudden check. 
 Syn. — Repercussion; repulse; defeat; refusal. 
 
 Re-buff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rebuffed (re-bHftO; p- 
 pr. & vb. n. REBUFFING.] [Prefix re and buff, q. v.] 
 To beat back; to check; to repel violently, harshly, or 
 uncourteously. 
 
 Re-build' (-btld'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. REBUILT ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. REBUILDING.] To build or construct, as some- 
 thing which has been demolished. 
 
 Re-buk'a-ble, a. Worthy of rebuke or reprehension. 
 
 Re-buke', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rebuked (re-bQkf) ; ;;. 
 pr. & vb. n. rebuking.] [Norm. Fr. rebuquer, 0. Fr. 
 reboiiquer, to enfeeble, diminish, bouquer, to grumble, 
 murmur, kiss or embrace by force, partly from 0. Fr. 
 bouque, N. Fr. bouclie, the mouth, and partly from Ice.. 
 burka, to subdue.] To check, silence, or put down with 
 reproof; to reprehend sharply and summarily. 
 
 Syn. — To reprove ; chide ; check ; cha«t«n ; rMtr»iB i A. 
 lence. See Admonish. 
 
 Re-buke', n. A direct and pointed reproof ; reprimand: 
 also, chastisement ; punishment. 
 
 Re-buk'er, n. One who rebukes ; a chider. 
 
 Rc-bur'y (rc-bgr'ry), v. t. To bury or inter aji;ain. 
 
 Re'bus, n. ; pi. RE'EUS-Eg. [From Lat. rehux, by things, 
 abl pi. of res, a thing.] Enigmatical repn-sentation of 
 words by figures ; hence, a peculiar form of riddle inad« 
 up of such repres<ent4itionH. 
 
 Re-biit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rebutted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REBUTTING.] [See UUTT.] 1. To drive back ; to repel 
 by force, ti. {Law.) To oppose by argument, plea, or 
 countervailing proof. 
 
 Re-bilt'. V. i. { Law.) To make an answer, aa to a plaln- 
 tiffs surrejoinder. 
 
 Re-biit'ter, n. {Law.) The answer of a defendant ia 
 matter of fact to a plaintifF'H surrejoinder. 
 
 Re-cai'^I-trant, a. Kicking back ; hence, showing re- 
 pugnance or opposition. 
 
 Re-eiil'fi-trate, f . /. [Lat. recalcitrare, remldtmtum ; 
 re and calcitrare, to kick ; calx, heel.] To kick back ; to 
 kick against any thing ; hence, to express repugnance. 
 
 Re-cJll'fi-tra'tion, n. A kicking back again ; opposi- 
 tion ; repugnance. 
 
 Re-«all', V. t. [imp. & p. p. recalled; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RECALLING.] 1. To call back ; to summon to re- 
 turn. 3. To revoke ; to annul by a subsequent act. 3. 
 To call to mind ; to recollect ; to remember. 
 
 Re-call', n. A calling back; revocation. 
 
 Re-cJint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recanted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RECANTING.] [Lat. recanlare, to recall, recant, from 
 re, again, back, and cantare, to sing, to sound.] To con- 
 tradict, as a former declaration ; to take back by one's 
 self. 
 
 Syn.— To retract ; recall ; revoke ; abjure ; disown; disa- 
 vow. 
 
 Re-cSnt', V. i. To revoke a declaration or proposition. 
 
 Re'-eant-a'tion, «. Act of recanting ; retraction. 
 
 Re^'ca-pit'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recapitu- 
 lated; p.pr. & vb. n. RECAPITULATING.] [Lat. re- 
 capitulare,recapitulatum, from re again, and capitulum, 
 a small head, chapter, section.] To give a summary of 
 the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to relate in 
 brief. 
 
 Syn. — To reiterate; repeat; rehearse; recite. 
 
 Re'«a-pTt'u-late, v. i. To sum up what haa been pre- 
 viously said or_defended. [mary. 
 
 Re'-ea-pit'u-la'tion, n. Act of recapitulating ; a sum- 
 
 Re'-ea-pit'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Repeating again ; con- 
 taining recapitulation. 
 
 Re-eJlp'tion, »i. Act of retaking ; reprisal; the retak- 
 ing of one's own goods, chattels, wife, or children, with- 
 out force or violence, from one who has taken them and 
 who Avrongfully detains them. 
 
 Re-<;Jlpt'ure (53), »i. 1. Act of retaking; esptciaUy, 
 the retaking of a prize or goods from a captor, ti. A 
 prize retaken. 
 
 Re-«itpt'ure, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. RECAPTURED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RECAPTURING.] To retake ; esptciaUy, to re- 
 take a prize which had been previously taken. 
 
 Re-east', t'. t. [imp. &, p. p. recast; p. pr. & vb.n. 
 RECASTING.] 1. To throw again, ij. To mold anew ; 
 to throw into a new form or shape. 3. To compute a 
 second time. 
 
 Re-?ede', v. i. [imp. & p. p. receded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RECEDING.] [Lat. receelere, from re, again, b*ck, 
 and cerfere, to go, to go along.] 1. To move back; to 
 retreat. 2. Specifically, to withdraw a claim or preten- 
 sion . 
 Syn. — To retire; return; retrofi^rade; withdraw; desist 
 
 Re-?ede', v. t. To cede back ; to yield to a former pos- 
 sessor. 
 
 Re-^eipt' (re-seef), n. [From Lat. recipere, receptum, to 
 receive.] 1. Act of receiving ; reception, ii. Power of 
 receiving or containing : capacity. 3. Place of receiv- 
 ing. 4. A plan or fornuilivry according to the directioiji 
 of which things are to be combined ; a riH-ijK*. !i. A 
 written acknowledgment of payment. 6. That which U 
 received. 
 
 Re-?eipt' (re-seef), f. t. [imp. & /'• ;>• reckipteu; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RECEIPTING.] To give a nveipt for. 
 
 Re-^eipt' (re-sect/), v. i. To give n. receipt. 
 
 Re-oeiv'a-ble, a. Capable of being nn-eived. 
 
 Re-ceive', v. t. [ifnp. & ;». ;>. received \ p.pr. k **. 
 n. RECEIVING.] [Fr. recevoir, Lat. rfciprrfy from re. 
 
 food fo^ot; lirn, rude,p\ill; feU, ^liaise, «aU, echo; gem, get', ag; exist; liueer, Unk; tibl« 
 
RECEIVER 
 
 598 
 
 RECLAIM 
 
 a reciprocal kindness, reciprocal reproaches, &c. Love is re- 
 ciprocal when the previous affection of one party hus drawn 
 forth the attachment of the other. To niake it iimtiial in tl>e 
 strictest sense, tlie two parties should have fallen in love at 
 once; but as the result is the same, the two words arc here 
 used interchangeably. The ebbing and flowing of the tide is 
 a case where the action is reciprocal, but not mtitual. 
 
 Re-^ip'ro-cal, n. 1. That which is reciprocal to an- 
 other thing. 5i. [Arith. & Alg.) The quotient arising 
 from dividing unity by any quantity. 
 
 Re-9ip/ro-«ai'i-ty, n. State or quality of being re- 
 ciprocal. 
 
 Re-^ip'ro-«al-ly, adv. 1. In a reciprocal manner ; in- 
 terchangeably ; mutually. 3. In the manner of recipro- 
 cals. 
 
 Ke-^ip'ro-eal-ness, n. The quality of being recipro- 
 cal ; mutual return ; alternateness. 
 
 Ke-^ip'ro-«ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. reciprocated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RECIPROCATING.] [Lat. reciprornre, rt- 
 ciprocatum. See Reciprocal.] To act interchange- 
 ably ; to alternate. 
 
 Re-9ip'ro-«ate, v. t. To give and return mutually ; to 
 make return_for ; to requite ; to interchange. 
 
 Re-^ip'ro-ca/tion, n. 1. Act of reciprocating ; inter- 
 change of acts. 2. Alternation. 
 
 Ke^'i-pro^j'i-ty, n. 1. Mutual action and reaction. 2. 
 Reciprocal advantages, obligations, or rights. 
 Syn. — Reciprocation: interchange; exchange; mutuality. 
 
 Ke-^ig'ioii (^izh'un), n. {Lat. recisio, from reridere, to 
 cut off, from re and csedere, to cut.] The act of cutting 
 off. 
 
 Re-^it'al, n. 1. Act of reciting ; repetition of the words 
 of another, or of a writing, ii. Narration. 3. That 
 which is recited ; a story ; a narration. 4, {Law.) The 
 formal statement or setting forth of some matter of fact 
 in any deed or writing. 
 
 Syn. — Account; rehearsal; recitation; narration; descrip- 
 tion; explanation; detail; narrative. See Account. 
 
 Ke^'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of reciting ; rehearsal, ti, 
 A public reading or reproduction , especially as an elocu- 
 tionary exhibition. 3. The rehearsal of a lesson by pu- 
 pils before their instructor. 
 
 Ke^'i-ta-tive', n. A species of musical recitation in 
 which the words are delivered in a mat ner resembling 
 that of ordinary declamation ; also, the recitation itself, 
 or a piece of music intended for recitation. 
 
 Re-fite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recited ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RECITING.] [Lat. recitare, from l^at. re, again, and ci- 
 tare, to call or name, to cite.] 1. To repeat, as some- 
 thing already prepared, written down, committed to 
 memor}', or the like. 3. To tell over ; to go over in par- 
 ticulars. 3. To rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor. 
 
 Syn. — To rehearse; narrate; relate; describe; recapitulate; 
 detail: number; count. 
 
 Re-?ite', v. ?'. To repeat, pronounce, or rehearse some- 
 thing prepared or committed to memory. 
 
 Re-^it'er, n. One who lecites or rehearses. 
 
 Reck, V. i. [A.-S. recall, to care for, 0. 11. Ger. ruochan, 
 rolijan^ Icel. rdkta, rdkia.] To make account ; to take 
 heed ; to care. 
 
 Reck'le.«;s, a. Rashly or indifferently negligent. 
 
 Syn. — Heedless ; careless ; mindless ; thoughtless ; negli- 
 gent; indifferent ; regardless; unconcerned ; inattentive ; re- 
 miss. 
 
 Rgck'less-ness, n. State or quaUty of being reckless ; 
 heedlessness. 
 
 Reck'on (rek'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. reckoned ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. RECKONING.] [A.-S. recnan, rer.nian, Goth. 
 ralnijan, Icel. reikna.] 1. To make or render account 
 of ; to tell one by particulars, ti. To count as in num- 
 ber, rank, or series. 
 
 Syn.— To number; enumerate ; compute; calculate; esti- 
 mate; value; esteem; account; repute. 
 
 Rgck'on, V. i. 1. To make account ; to go through with 
 a calculation. 2. To make up accounts ; to examine 
 and strike the balance of debt and credit. 3. To think ; 
 to suppose; to imagine. [Prov. and vulgar.] 
 
 R6ck'on-er. n. One who reckons or computes. 
 
 R6ck'oii-ing (rek'n-ing), n. 1. Act of one who reckons, 
 counts, or computes; calculation; — ?»j specific uses. 
 Adjustment of claims and accounts ; hence, exaction of 
 penalty incurred. 2. Charges or account made by a 
 host. 3. Esteem; account; estimation. 4. (Naviga- 
 tion.) A calculation of the ship's position from observa- 
 tions made and recorded in the log-book. 
 Syn.— Calculation; estimation; charge; bill. 
 
 Re-claim', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RECLArMED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RECLAIMING.] [Lat. reclamare, from re, again, 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, «, &c., short ; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, ^KQU, 
 
 ngain, and rnperr, to take, i<eize.] 1. To take, as some- 
 thing that is olTortHl, givou. connnittcd. .sent, paid, or the 
 like. 2. To gjiiu the knowledge of; to accept, as an 
 opinion, notion, &c. 3. To give credence or acceptance 
 to. 4. To give adniittiince to, in an otticial capacity, as 
 an embassador, or as an associate, a guest, or the like. 
 5. To Imvc capacity for; to hold; to' contain. 6. To 
 l)car; to sutler. 7. To take, as goods, from a thief, 
 knowing them to be dishonestly cbtixined. 
 
 Syn. — To accept. — To receive describes simply the act of 
 taking; to accept, the taking cordially or for the purpose for 
 which n thing is offered. A hidy may receive the proposal of a 
 suitor without accejitiiKj his suit. 
 
 Ke-^eiv'er, n. One who, or that which, takes or re- 
 ceive.-* in any manner. 
 
 Re'^cn-^y, >i. State or quality of being recent; newness ; 
 fnshness. 
 
 Re-c-{^n'.>*ioii, ?». [Lat. recensio, recensere, from re, again, 
 and riH.Sf'rf, to value, estimate.] 1. Act of reviewing or 
 revising; rcviesv ; examination; enumeration. 2. Espe- 
 riallii, the review of a text by an editor or editors. 3. 
 Hence, a text established by critical revision. 
 
 Re'^ient, n. [\i9.t. receiis, recentis.] 1. Of late origin, 
 existence, or occurrence; not already known, familiar, 
 worn out, trite, &c. 5J. ( Geol.) Of a date subsequent to 
 the creation of man. 
 Syn. — Modern; new; novel; fresh; late. See Modern. 
 
 Re'^,eiit-ly, adv. Newly ; lately ; freshly ; not long since. 
 
 Re'^ent-ne.ss, n. QuaUty of being recent or new ; new 
 ness ; freshness ; lateness of origin or occurrence. 
 
 Re-^6p'ta-€le (113), n. [Lat. receptaculum, from re- 
 reptare, intens. form of recipere, to receive.] 1. That 
 which receives, or into which any thing is received and 
 held; a receiver or holder ; a reservoir. 3. (Bat.) The 
 apex of the flower-stalk from which the organs of the 
 flower grow or into which they are inserted. 
 
 R6f'ep-t.a.c'u-lar (110), n. (Bot.) Pertaining to the 
 receptacle, or growing on it, as the nectary. 
 
 Re-^ep'ti-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being receptible ; 
 receivableness ; capacity of receiving. 
 
 Re-^ep'ti-ble, a. Admitting reception ; receivable. 
 
 Re-pep'tion, n. [Lat. receptio, from ren'pire, receptum.] 
 1. Act of receiving ; admission, ti. State of being re- 
 ceived. 3. A receiving or manner of receiving for en- 
 tertainment ; entertainment ; hence, an occasion or cere- 
 mony of receiving guests. 4. Admission, as of an opin- 
 ion or doctrine.* 
 
 Re-^;6p'tive, a. Having the quality of receiving ; able 
 or inclined to take in, hold, or contain. 
 
 Re-^S.s.s', ti. [Lat. recessus, from reredere, recessum.. See 
 Recede.] 1. A withdrawing or retiring; retirement; 
 retreat. "Z, A withdrawing from public business or no- 
 tice. 3. State of being withdrawn ; seclusion ; privacy. 
 4. Remission or su.spension of business ; intermission, 
 as of a legislative body or school. 5. Part of a room 
 formed by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, niche, 
 &c. 6. Place of retirement or secrecy. 7. Secret or 
 abstruse part. 
 
 Re-96s'Kion (-se.sh/un), n. [Lat. recessio, from recedere, 
 recessum. See Recede.] 1. Act of receding or with- 
 drawing, {IS from a place, a claim, or demand. 5J. Act 
 of ceding back ; restoration. 
 
 Ite-charge', v. t. 1. To charge or accuse in return. 5J. 
 To attack again. 
 
 Ile-cliar'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reciiartered ; p. 
 pr. & 7)b.n. rechartering.] To charter again; to 
 tf rant another charter to. 
 
 HcrJierche (ruh-sher'sha'), a. [Fr.] Sought out with 
 care ; hence, of rare attraction ; of studied elegance. 
 
 Re-chooge', v. t. To choose a second time. 
 
 K6?'i-pe, n.; pi. Rfir^'i-PEg. [Lat., imper. of recipere, 
 U) take back, to take in, to receive.] A prescription for 
 making some combination ; especially, a prescription for 
 medicine. 
 
 Rir-^;ip'i-en-^y, n. State or quality of being recipient. 
 
 R«!-^ip'i-ent, a. Receiving. 
 
 Rtv^ip'i-ent, n. [Lat. recipiens, receiving, p. pr. of 
 recipere, tr> receive.] A receiver ; the person or thing 
 that receives. 
 
 Ke-fip'ro-eal, a. [1a.t. reciprocus.] 1. Recurring in 
 ?iciK«itiide. 2. Done by each to the other : given and 
 received. 3. Mutually interchangeable. 4. (Gram.) 
 Reflexive ; — applied to pronouns and verbs. 
 
 Syn. — Mutual; alternate. —The distinctive idea of mutual 
 in, that the parties unite by interchange in the same act; as, a 
 mutual covenant, mutunl affection, &c. The distinctive idea 
 of recif/rocal is that one party acts by way of return or re- 
 •ponsfc to something previously done by the other party ; as, 
 
RECLAIMABLE 
 
 599 
 
 reconqup:r 
 
 back, and damare, to call or cry aloud.] 1. To reduce 
 from a wild lo a tamed state ; to bring under discipline. 
 2j To reduce by discipline, labor, cultivation, or the 
 like, to a desired state. 3. To call back from moral 
 wandering or transgression to rectitude. 4. To claim 
 back ; to demand as a right the return of. 
 
 Syn. — To reform s recover; restore; amend; correct. 
 
 iie-claim'a-ble, rt. Capable of being reclaimed, [tion. 
 
 Ke-t;laim^aiit, n- One who reclaims ur makes reclama- 
 
 R6-e'la-ma'tioii, 7t. [Lat. redmnntio. See RECLAIM.] 
 
 1. Recovery. 2. Demand of something to be restored. 
 
 3. Exception takeji. [leaf. 
 
 Syn.— Memory; reminiscence; rcnienibrance. Rt-e Mbm- 
 oitv. 
 
 Ke'com-bine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recombined ; p 
 ;^r. & it. n. RECOMBINING.) To combine ;iK':iiii. 
 
 Ke'^om-mCn^e', v. i. [imp. & p. p. I!ecom.mk\ckd 
 (re'kom-menst'); p.pr. & vh. n. RECO.M.ML.ncing.] 
 To commence again ; to begin unew. 
 
 K6€'oin-mCnd', «•■ ^ [im)>. & p. p. recom.me.>deu; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. RECOMME.NDING.j 1. To commend t« 
 the favorable notice of another : to bestow commeniL-i- 
 tion on. "2. To make acceptablo. 3. To commit : to 
 give in charge. 4. To advise, us an action, pnictice, 
 mesusure, remedy, &c. |or pniiM; 
 
 5f«;}!-"5f*:' «• (^"'1 Reclined, or bent downward, as a R6<;/om-'m6nd'!»-l.ie, «. Worthy of recommendation 
 
 Kdo'li-iia'tion, n. Act of leaning or reclining 
 
 Ke-€liMe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recliived ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. RECLINING.] [l.at. rfdinare, from Lat. re, again, 
 back, and dinarc, to lean, incline, Gr. kKLv^lv.] To lean 
 back ; to lean to one side, or sidewise. 
 
 Re-«lme', v. i. To rest or repose ; to tsike a recumbent 
 position : to lean. 
 
 Ke-elo§e'. v. t. [imp. & p.p. reclosed; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. RECLOSING.] To clo.se or .''hut again. 
 
 Re-eluse'. a. [Lat. redu.'nif!, from rrdiKJere, redustim, to 
 unclose, open, but with a signification directly opposite.] 
 Shut up ; sequestered ; retired from the world or from 
 public notice ; solitary. 
 
 Re-eliise'. n. A person who lives in retirement or seclu- 
 sion ; a religious devotee. 
 
 Re--eluse'ly, adv. In retirement or seclusion. 
 
 Re-eluse'iiess, n. Rftirement ; seclusion from society. 
 
 Re-elu'§ioii, n. A state of retirement from the world ; 
 seclusion. 
 
 Re-elfi'sive, a. Affording retirement from society. 
 
 R6€'om-ni»'ii-<la'tion, n. 1 . Act of rccommendini^ 
 or of commending, ti. That which recommendti, or 
 
 conmiends to favor. 
 R6«'oin-ni6ncl'a-to-ry (50). a. Serving to recommeodK 
 
 recommending ; commendatory. 
 RCc'cm-m^^nd'er, n. One who recommend.*. 
 Re'«oin-mit', r. t. [imp. &. ;;. p. recommitted, 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RECO.MMITTING.] To commit again; 
 
 specifically, to refer again to a committee. 
 Re'com-imt'ment, \ n. A second or renewed com- 
 Re'<;om-nnit'tal, ) mitment ; a renewed reference 
 
 to a committee. 
 R6€'oin-i>6iise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recompense u 
 
 (rek'om-penst) ; p. pr, & vb. ii. recompensing.] [L. 
 
 Lat. recompensare, from Lat. re, again, and cotDprusart , 
 
 to compensate] 1. To make a return to , to render an 
 
 equivalent to, for service, loss, &c. '-i. To make up to 
 
 any one ; to pay for. 
 
 Syn. — To repay; requite; compensate; reward; remuner- 
 ate. 
 
 Re-«6<:'tioii, n. [Lat. recodus, p. p. of recoqmre, to Re<:'om-pense. n. An equivalent returned for any 
 
 cook or boil over again, from re, again, and coquere, to 
 
 cook or boil.] A second coction or preparation. 
 Rec'og-ni'tion (rek'og-nlsh'un), n. Act of recognizing, 
 
 or state of being recognized: acknowledgment; formal 
 
 avowal : knowledge confessed or avowed. 
 Re-e'og-iiiz'a-l>le, or Re-«6g'ui-za-ble, a. Capable 
 
 of being recognized or acknowledged. 
 Re-«6s'ni-zanfe (re-kog'ni-zans or re-konl-zans), n, 
 
 [See infra, and cf. Cognizance.] 1. Acknowledg- 
 ment of a person or thing ; avowal ; recognition 'i, 
 
 (Law.) (a.) An obligation of record entered into before 
 
 some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, with 
 
 condition to do some particular act. (b.) The verdict of 
 
 a jury impaneled upon assize. 
 
 E@~ Among lawyers, the fir in this and the related words (ex- 
 cept recognize) is usually silent. 
 Re-«6g'ni-za'tion. n. Act of recognizing. 
 Re«'og-iiize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recognized ; p. pr. 
 
 & L'h. n. reco&NIZING.] [Lat. recog)iosr.ere, from re, 
 
 again, and cognoxcere, to kno-.v.] 1. To know again : to 
 
 recover or recall knowledge of. ii. To avow knowledge 
 
 of; to allow that one knows; to admit with a formal : R^«'on-9»l**'n»«'"t (l^^.V " 
 
 the state ot being reconciled 
 
 thing given, done, or suffered. 
 
 Syn. — Repayment; compensation; remuneration; amends: 
 satisfaction; reward; requital. 
 
 Re'-eom-pose', v t. [iinp. & p. p. recomposed ; p 
 pr. & vb. n. RECOMPOSING.] 1. To compose again; 
 to form anew. 2. To tranquilize. 
 
 R6-e'oii-cil'a-bIe (110), a. 1. Capable of being recon 
 ciled. "2, Capable of being made to agree or be con- 
 sistent. 
 
 Re<!'oii-9il'a-ble-ness, n. 1. The quality of being 
 reconcilable ; consistency, ti. Possibility of being re- 
 stored to friendship and hamionj'. 
 
 Re«'oii-9ile' (110), v. t. [imp. "& p. p. reconciled ; 
 Ji.pr. & vb. n. RECONCILING.] [Lat. reconciliare, from 
 re, again, back, and conciliare, to bring together, to 
 unite.] 1. To conciliate anew ; to restore to friendship 
 or favor after estrangement. 2. To bring to accjuie-s- 
 cence, content, or quiet submission. 3. To make con- 
 sistent or congruous. 4. To adjust ; to settle. 
 
 Syn. — To reunite; conciliate; propitiate; pacify; appease. 
 The act of reconciling, or 
 reconciliation. 
 
 Rec'oii-^'il'er, n. 1. One who reconciles: one who 
 brings parties at variance into renewed friendship. 2. 
 One who discovers the consistence of propositions seem- 
 ingly contradictory. 
 
 R6-e'on-^'il'i-a'tion, n. 1. Act of reconciling, or stite 
 of being reconciled : restoration to harmony, i. Reduc- 
 tion to congruence or coni*istency. 
 
 Syn. —Reconcilement ; reunion; pacification; appease- 
 ment; propitiation; atonement; expiation^ 
 
 acknowledgment. 
 
 Syn. — To acknowledge; avow; confess; own: allow; con- 
 cede. See Acknowledge. 
 
 Re«'og-iiize, v. /. (Laiv.) To enter an obligation of 
 record before a proper tribunal. 
 
 Re-«6g''iii-zee' (re-kog'nT-zee' or re-kon'T-zee'), n. 
 (Laiv.) The person to whom a recognizance is made. 
 
 Re-^og'ni-zoi'' (re-kog'ni-z5r' or re-kon'i-zor'), n. 
 (Law.) One who enters into a recognizance. 
 
 Re-€oir, f. «. [(w/j & p. p. RECOILED ; ;7.;)r. & r6.n. , _,., ^ ,_., „ . ^ •• » 
 
 RECOILING.] [From Lat. rc, again, back, and r«/».S the Re«'«»V^'il'i-a-to-»'y (5^), a. Serving or tending to 
 posteriors or fundament.] 1. To start, roll, bound, or | reconcile. 
 
 fall back. 2. To draw back as from any thing rcpug- i R6<"'on-dite, or Re-e6n'dite, a. [Lat. reconditus,Y> 
 nant, distressing, alarming, and the Hke ; to shrink. ! P- "^ reconrhre, to put up again to lay up, to conceal 
 
 Re-coil', n. 1. A starting or falling back. 2. Specif- \ ^om re, again, and condere, to bring or lay together ] 
 tca«//, the reaction of fire-arms when discharged. 1- "'dden from the view or intellect. 2. Dealing in 
 
 Re-«oil'er, n. One who recoils. tl"°gs abstruse. 
 
 Re-eoin', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RECOINED; p. pr. & vb. I Syn. -Secret; abstruse; profound; deep; unfathomable. 
 7J. RECOINING.] To coin anew. \ Jie-^6ti'un'i!<-san^e,\n. [Fr.] The act of reconnoi- 
 
 S.e<!'ol-le€t'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. RECOLLECTED : p. \ Se-^6tt'uolK-sntn:(\ I tcring: Uie examination of :i 
 pr. & vh. n. RECOLLECTING.] [Prefi.x re and rolled, j tract of country, either in warlike movement.-J or for tho 
 Lat. recoUigere^ recollectiim.] To recover or recall the ! purpose of carrying on public works, as canals, rail-road-, 
 knowledge of; to bring back to the mind or memory ; to i and the like, 
 remember. i Rgc'on-noi'ter. \ v. t. fFr. reronnnttre, rrrntmaittr 
 
 Re'-«ol-16«t', V. t. To collect again : to gather what has : R6<;'oii-iioi'tre, I See Recog NIZE.] To examine b> 
 been scattered. 
 
 Re-e'ol-le€'tion, n. 1. Act of recollecting, or recall- 
 ing to the memory. 2. Power of recalling ideas to the 
 mind, or the period within which things can be recol- 
 lected ; remembrance; memory. 3. That which is 
 recollected ; reminiscence. 
 
 food, fcTot ; Urn, r^de, pull ; (tell, (liaise, «all, e<:]io ; gem, get ; a? ; e^ist ; liuser, liok 
 
 the eye ; to make a preliminary survey of: to survey with 
 a ^iew to military or engineering opt>rations. 
 Re-€6n'quer (-koiik'er), c. /. [imp. & p. p. RECO- 
 QUERED; p. pr. & vb. II. RECONQUERING.] 1. To 
 conquer again ; to recover by conquest. 2. To recover ; 
 to regain. 
 
 tiil« 
 
RECONSECRATE 
 
 600 
 
 RECTITUDE 
 
 Re-c5n'se-erato, v. t. [imp. & ;». p. reconse- 
 crated ; p.pr. & 1-6. H. RECONSECRATING. 1 To COn- 
 ^ Kvrate anew. 
 
 •Kecou-sid'er. r. t. [imp. & p.p. reconsidered, 
 /). pr. & to. n. RECONSIDERING.] 1. To consider 
 again: to rvview. *2. (Parliamentary Practice.) To take 
 up for renewiti consideration, as that which has been 
 previously acted u{K)n, a motion, vote, or the like. 
 
 Re <"on-sid er-a'tioii, n. Act of reconsidering, orstate 
 of Winn reconsidered ; renewed consideration or review. 
 
 Kc'von-strili't', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RECONSTRUCTED ; 
 ;>. pr. & vb. n. RECONSTRUCTING.] To construct again ; 
 to rebuild. 
 
 Re'con-strfic'tion, n. Act of constructing again. 
 
 Be -con-vey', i-. t. [imp. & p. p. reconveyed ; p.pr. 
 & fb. n. RECONVEYING.] 1. To convey back or to 
 the former place. *2. To transfer to a former owner. 
 
 Be'<'on-vey'aiiv^. "• Act of reconveying or transfer- 
 ring a title'to a former proprietor. 
 
 Be-eord', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recorded ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. RECORDING.] [Lat. recordari, to remember, from re, 
 again, back, and cor, cordis, the heart or mind.] To pre- 
 serve the memory of, by committing to wiiting, to print- 
 ing, to inscription, or the like ; to make note of. 
 
 K6e'ord, n. A register : an authentic copy of any writ- 
 ing, or an account or memorial of any facts and proceed- 
 ings, entered in a book for preservation. 
 
 Ke-eord'er, n. 1. One who records: specificalli/, aifeTSon 
 whose official duty it is to register writings or transac- 
 tions. 2. The chief judicial oflBcer of some cities and 
 boroughs. 3. {3Iw5.) A kind of wind instrument resem- 
 bling the flageolet. [Obs.] 
 
 Ke-eord'er-sliip, h. The office of a recorder. 
 
 Ke-eoxiiit'. v. t. [ityip. & p. p. recounted ; p. pr. & 
 1-6. n. RECOUNTING.] [Fr. reconler, to relate again or 
 over again, raconter, to relate, to recount. See COUNT, 
 v.] To relate in detail ; to tell or narrate the particu- 
 lars of. 
 
 Syn. — To relate; narrate ; rehearse; enumerate; describe; 
 recite. 
 
 Ke-eourse', n. pLat. reciirsus, from recurrere, recuraum, 
 to run back, from re, back, and currere, ciirsum, to run.] 
 
 1. Return ; recurrence. 2. Recurrence in difficulty, 
 perplexity, need, or the like : a going for help ; resort. 
 
 Ke-eov'er (-kQv/er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. recovered ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. RECO^^:RlNG.] [0. Fr. recovrer, N. Fr. 
 recouvrer, Lat. recuperare , from re, back, and caper e, to 
 take, seize.] 1. To get or obtain again : to win back. 
 
 2. To make up for ; to repair the loss or injury of. 3. 
 To bring back to Ufe or health. 4. (Laiv.) To gain as 
 a compensation : to obtain in return for injury or debt. 
 
 Syn.— To regain ; repossess ; resume ; retrieve ; recruit ; 
 heal; cure. 
 
 JBe-eov'er, f. i. 1. To regain health after sickness : to 
 grow well. 2. To regain a former state or condition 
 after misfortune. 3. (Law.) To obtain a judgment ; 
 to succeed in a lawsuit. 
 
 Re-«6v'er-a-ble (-kuv'er-a-bl), a. Capable of being 
 recovered or restored. 
 
 Re-eov'er-y (-kuv/er-), n. 1, Act of recovering, re- 
 fraining, retaking, or obtaining possession. 2. Restora- 
 tion from sickness, weakness, misfortune, or the like. 
 
 3. The obtaining of a right to something by a verdict 
 and judgment of court from an opposing party in a suit. 
 
 Syn. — Reetoration. — Recovery \& active, restoration is pas- 
 tive. I must tnyself be instrumental in the recovery of my 
 property thai is fctolc-n; not so in re.Htoration, for which I am 
 wholly indebted to the act of anotlier. 
 
 Rfi'C're-an-fy, n. Quahty of being recreant. 
 
 Rfie're-ant, o. [Norm. &. 0. Fr. rccreanf, cowardly ; 
 L. I^t. recredere xe. to declare one's .self conquered in 
 combat : hence, those are called recrediti or recreanti who 
 are considered infamous, from Lat. re, again, back, and 
 credere, to l>e of opinion ; hence, orig. to di.«avow one's 
 opinion.] 1. Crying for mercy, as a combatant in the 
 trial by battle ; cowardly ; craven. 2. Apo.state ; false ; 
 unCiithful. 
 
 Zrl6<;'re-ant, n. One who yields in combat, and begs for 
 mercy; a mean-spirited, cowardly wretch. 
 
 B6€'re-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. recreated : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RECREATING.] [Lat. recreart, recreatum, to 
 create anew, to refresh, from re, again, and rreare, to cre- 
 ate ] To give fresh life to : to re-animate : to re%ive ; 
 esperinUy, to revive the exhausted strength or languid 
 hpiritd of: to refresh from weariness. 
 
 Syn. — To enliven ; animate ; gratify ; amuse ; entertain ; 
 divert; cheer. 
 
 R6«'re-ate, v. i. To take recreation. 
 
 I Re'cre-ate', v. t. To create or form anew. 
 j RCc're-a'tion, n. Act of recreating, or state of being 
 recreated ; refireshment of the strength and spirit* after 
 toil. 
 Syn. — Amusement ; diversion ; entertainment ; pastime ; 
 I sport. 
 
 I Re'-ere-a'tion, n. A forming anew ; a new creation. 
 I Rgc're-a'tive, a. Tending to recreate or refresh; rec- 
 reating ; amusing ; diverting. 
 I R6€'re-meiit, n. [Lat. recrementum, from re, again, 
 j and cernere, ere turn, to separate, sift.] Superfluous 
 ! matter separated from that which is useful ; dross. 
 Rec're-nient'al, )a. Consisting of su- 
 
 ' Re«'re-iiieii-ti'tioiis (-tish'us), ) perfluous matter 
 
 separated from that which is valuable ; drossy. 
 ; Re-erim'i-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. recriminated; 
 i p. pr. & yb. n. RECRIMINATING.] [Lat. re, again, and 
 j criminari, to accuse of a crime.] To return one accuea- 
 I tion with another ; to retort a charge. 
 Re-erim'i-nate, v. t. To accuse in return. 
 I Re-eriin'i-iia'tion, n. Act of recriminating; return 
 ■ of one accusation with another. [natory. 
 
 Re-erim'i-na'tive, a. Retorting accusation ; recrimi- 
 Re-erim'i-iia'tor, n. One who recriminates. 
 Re-erim'i-na-to-ry (50), a. Recriminating ; retorting 
 i accusation. 
 
 Re'eru-de.s'pent, a. [Lat. recrudescens, p. pr. of recru- 
 ! descere, to become raw again, from re, again, and crw- 
 descere, to become hard or raw.] Growing raw, sore, or 
 painful again. * 
 
 Re-eriiit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. recruited ; p. pr. 8c 
 vb. ?j.'recruiting.] [Fr. recruter, from recroitre, p. p. 
 recrti, to grow again, fr. re, again, and croitre, to grow ; 
 Lat. crescere.] 1. To repair by fresh suppUes, as any 
 thing wasted : to supply lack or deficiency in. 2. Hence, 
 to renew in strength or health ; to re-invigorate. 3. To 
 supply with new men, as an army. 
 
 Syn. — To repair; recover; regain; retrieve. 
 Re-eriiit', v. i. 1. To gain new supplies of any thing 
 wasted : to gain flesh, health, spirits, and the like. 2. 
 To gain new supplies of men for military or other service- 
 Re-eriiit', n. 1. Supply of any thing wasted, 2. 
 ; Specifically , a newly -enlisted soldier. 
 Re-eriiit'er, n. One who recruits. 
 Re-criiit'meiit, n. Act or business of recruiting. 
 Reet'an-gle, n . [Lat. rectus, rig^nt, 
 and rtH^i</i/.<, angle.] A four-sided 
 I figure, having only right angles ; a 
 j right-angled parallelogram. 
 : Re<;t-an'gu-lar, a. Right-angled; 
 I having one or more angles of ninety Rectangle. 
 
 I degrees. 
 
 : Reet-an'gu-lar-ly, adv. In a rectangular manner; 
 with or at right angles. [rected, or set right. 
 
 Ree'ti-fi'ajtjle, a. Capable of being rectified, cor- 
 \ Re«'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of rectifying, 
 i or of correcting, amending, oV setting right. 2. (C%f»7i.^ 
 j Process of refining or purifying anj' substance by repeated 
 ! distillation. 3. ( Gf or??.) The determination of a straight 
 line, whose length is equal to a portion of a curve. 
 Re<;'ti-fi'er, n. One who, gr that which, rectifies. 
 Ree'ti-fy, v. t. [iynp. & p. p. rectified : p. pr. k 
 vb. n. rectifying.] [L. Lat. rectificare, fr. Lat. rectus, 
 \ right, and facere, to make.] 1. To make straight or 
 right : to correct from a wrong, erroneous, or false state. 
 2. ( Chetn.) To refine by repeated distillation or subli- 
 mation. 
 
 To rectify a glohe, to adjust it in order to prepare for the 
 solution of a proposed problem, 
 I SyTi. — To amend; emend; correct: better; mend; reform; 
 
 I redress; adjust; regulate; improve. See Amend. 
 
 ' Rgf'ti-lin'e-al, I a. [Lat. rectus, right, and /?nfa,line.] 
 Ree'ti-lin'e-ar, j Right-hned : consisting of a right 
 
 line, or of right-hnes : bounded by right lines. 
 R6e'ti-tiide (30), n. ' [Lat. rectitudo. from rectus, right 
 
 straight.] Rightness of principle or practice ; upright 
 
 ness ; integrity ; honesty. 
 
 Syn. — Justice. — Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of th* 
 most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute 
 conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Jtis- 
 tice refers 'more especially to the carrying out of law. and has 
 been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1.) Commuta- 
 tive justice, which gives every man his own property, includ- 
 ing things pledsred by promise, &c. (2.) Distributive justice, 
 which gives every man his exact deserts. (-3.) General justice, 
 which carries completely out all the ends of law, though not in 
 every case through the precise channels of commutative or dis- 
 tributive justice, as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in 
 his dealings with those who are subjected to his control. 
 
 »,e,&c.,long; &, 6, Sec, short ; c&re,far,asl£,all,-virliat ; 6re, veil, term; piique, firm; s6n,dr,d{},wolf, 
 
RECTOR 
 
 601 
 
 REDRESSER 
 
 R««'tor, n. [Lat., from regere, rectum, to lead straight, 
 to rule.] 1. (Episcopal Church.) A clergyman who has 
 the charge and cure of a parish ; a pastor. 2. The head 
 master of a public school. 3. The chief elective officer 
 of some universities. 4. The superior officer or chief of 
 a convent or religious house. 
 
 Ke<;'tor-ate (45), n. The office, rank ©r station of a 
 rector ; rectorship. 
 
 Re€-to'ri-al (89), o. Of, or pertaining to, government ; 
 relating to a rector. 
 
 Ke-e'tor-sliip, n. Office or rank of a rector; rectorate. 
 
 K.6<;'to-ry, n. 1, A parish church, parsonage, or spir- 
 itual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes. 2» A 
 rector's mansion or parsonage-house. 
 
 116-e'tuiti, n. [Lat. (sc. intestinum), fr. rectus, straight, 
 as, by the old anatomists, it was thought to be so.] 
 (Anat.) The terminal part of the large intestines. 
 
 Ke-eflm'ben^ e, n. The state of being recumbent ; the 
 act of reposing or resting. 
 
 Re-ciim'beii-^y, n. Recumbence. 
 
 Ke-«uiii'beiit, a. [Lat. recumbens, p. pr. of recumbere, 
 from re, back, and cumbere. cubare, to He down.] 1. 
 Leaning; reclining, 'i. Reposing; inactive; idle. 
 
 Ke-€u'per-ate, v. i. [Lat. recitperare, recuperatum. 
 See Recover.] To recover health. 
 
 Ke-eu'per-a-tive, )a. Tending to recovery ^ pertain- 
 
 Ke-eii'per-a-to-ry, j ing to recovery. 
 
 Ke-eiir', v. i. [imp. Sep. p. recurred; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. RECURRING.] [Lat. recurrere, from re, again, back, 
 and currere, to run.] 1. To come back ; to return again 
 or repeatedly. 2. To occur at a stated interval, or ac- 
 cording to some regular rule. 3. To resort ; to have re- 
 course. 
 
 Re-eur'ren^e, \n. Act of recurring, or state of being 
 
 Ke-eiir'reii-^y, J recurrent ; return ; resort. 
 
 Re-«ur'reiit, a. Returning from time to time ; recur- 
 ring. 
 
 Ke-eiirv'ate, v. t. [Lat. recurvare, recurvatum, from re, 
 again, back, and curvare, to bend.] To bend or curve 
 back ; to recurve. [outward. 
 
 Ke-elirv'ate, a. (Bot.) Bent or curved backward or 
 
 Re'-eur-va'tion, n. Act of recurving, or state of being 
 recurved ; a bending or flexure backward. 
 
 Re-€fxrve', f. ^ [See Recurvate.] To bend back. 
 
 Re-eurv'i-ty, n. Recurvation. 
 
 Re-eiirv'ous, a. [Lat. recurvus, from re, again, back, 
 and curvus, bent, curved.] Bent or curved backward. 
 
 Re-cuL'gant, a. [Lat. recusans, p. pr. of recusare, to re- 
 fuse, to object to, from re, again, against, and causa, a 
 cause, pretext.] Ob.^tinate in refusal ; specifically, ( Eng. 
 Hist.) refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the 
 king, or to conform to the established rites of the church. 
 
 Re-eii'§aiit, n. 1. One obstinate in refusal. 2. (Eng. 
 Hist.) One who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy 
 of the king in matters of religion. 3. A non-con- 
 formist. 
 
 |Sed, a. [compar. REDDER ; superl. REDDEST.] [A.-S. 
 redd, redd, Icel. riodhr, rawVir, Goth, rauds, W. rhudd, 
 Skr. rOhita, Gr. epv6p6s, Lat. rutilus.] Of the color of 
 blood, or of a tint resembling that color; — a general 
 term, including many different shades or hues, as scarlet, 
 crimson, vermilion, orange, red and the like. 
 
 Red, n. The color of blood, or a tint resembling this. 
 
 Re-da.<;'tion, n. [Lat. redigere, redactum, from red, re, 
 again, back, and agt're, to put in motion, to drive.] 1. 
 The act of digesting, or reducing to order, as literary or 
 scientific materials. 2. A digest. 
 
 Re-dan', n. [Fr., for 0. Fr. 
 redent, a double notching, as 
 in the teeth of a saw, from 
 Lat. re, again, against, back, 
 and dens, a tooth.] (Fort.) 
 A work having two faces, 
 uniting so as to form a salient 
 angle toward the enemy. 
 
 Red'-bobk, n. A book containing the names of all the 
 persons in the service of the state. [Eng.] 
 
 Red'breast, n. A bfrd so called from the color of its 
 breast ; the robin. See ROBIN. 
 
 Red'den (red'dn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. REDDENED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. REDDENING.] To make red. 
 
 Rgd'den (red'dn), i'. i. To grow or become red ; hence, 
 to blush. 
 
 Red'dish, a. Somewhat red ; moderately red. 
 
 Red'disli-ness, n. Redness in a moderate degree. 
 
 Red-di'tioii (-dish/un), n. [Lat. redditio, from reddere, 
 to give back, to return.] A returning of any thing ; res- 
 titution ; surrender. 
 
 Redans. 
 
 Re-deem', v. t. [imp. & p.p. redeemed; p. pr. ft 
 vb. n. REDEEMING.] [I^t. rediintri-, froiu re,&ga,iu back 
 and emere, to buy.] 1. Topurchane back ; to repurrhaae' 
 "Z. Hence, specifically, (a. ) (Law.) To recall, a* an e.-tate, 
 or to regain, as mortgaged property, by paying what may 
 be due. (b.) ( Com.) To receive back by paving the obli- 
 gation, as any promissory note, bond, or other evideuct 
 of debt. 3. To ransom or rescue from captivity, bond- 
 age, or the like, by paying an equivalent. 4. (Thrul.) 
 Hence, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and 
 its penalties. 5. To discharge, as a penalty or obliga- 
 tion ; to make good by performance, as a promiM^ 
 Syn. —To rescue; ransom; free; deliver; save. 
 
 Re-deem'a-ble, a. Capable of being redeemed. 
 
 Re-deen\'er, «. 1. One who redeems or ransoms. 2. 
 Specifically, the Savior of the world, .Jesu.s Christ. 
 
 Re'de-liv'er, I'. «. [imp. &/a />. redem vered ; v.pr. 
 & vb. n. redelivering.] 1. To deUver back. 2. To 
 liberate a second time. 
 
 Re'de-liv'er-y, n. 1. Act of delivering back. 2. A 
 second delivery or liberation. 
 
 Re'de-maiid', v. t. To demand again. 
 
 Re-dfimp'tion (84), «. [Lv^t. re f I emptio. f'ee Redeem.] 
 Act of redeeming, or state of l>eing redeemed ; specific- 
 ally, (a.) (Law.) The liberation of an estate from a 
 mortgage ; also, the right of redeeming and re-entering 
 upon an estate mortgaged, (b.) (Coin.) Repurchase by 
 the issuer, of notes, bills, or other evidences of debt by 
 making payment to the holder, (c.) ( Theol.) The deliv- 
 erance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penal' 
 ties of God's violated law. 
 
 Re-d€mp'tioii-er, n. One who redeems himself. 
 
 Re-d6mp'tive, a. Serving or tending to redeem. 
 
 Re-dCmp'to-ry, a. Paid for ransom ; serving to redeem. 
 
 R6d'-gu.in, n. 1. (Med.) An eruption of red pimples in 
 early infancy ; tooth-rash. 2. A disease of grain, a kind 
 of bUght. 
 
 Red'-hot, n. _Red with heat ; heated to redness. 
 
 Re-din'te-grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. redintegra- 
 ted; p.pr. & vb. n. REDINTEGRATING.] [Lat. redin- 
 tegrare, fr. red, re, again, and inlegrare, to make whole, 
 to renew, from integer, whole.] To make whole again ; to 
 renew ; to restore to a perfect state. 
 
 Re-diii'te-gra'tion, w. Restoration to a whole or 
 sound state ; renovation. 
 I Red'-l^ad, n. ( Chein.) A preparation of lead of a fine 
 j red color, used in painting, and for various purposes in 
 1 the arts. 
 
 Red'-let'ter day. One that is a fortunate or aus- 
 picious day ; — so called because the holy days, or saints' 
 days, were marked in the old calendars with red lettera. 
 
 Red'ness, n. Quality of being red ; red color. 
 
 Red'o-len^e, \n. Quahty of being redolent ; sweetneea 
 
 Red'o-16u-fy, j of scent. 
 
 Red'o-lent, a. [Lat. redolens, p. pr. of redolere, to emit 
 a scent, from red, re, again, and olere, to emit a smell.] 
 Dififusiug odor or fragrance ; scented ; odorous. 
 
 Re-doub'le (-dub'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. redoubled; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REDOUBLING.] To double again or re- 
 peatedly ; to augment greatly ; to multiply. 
 
 Re-doub'le, v. /. To become greatly or repeatedly in- 
 creased ; to be multiplied. 
 
 Re-doubt' (re-douf), n. [L. I^at. reductus, lit. a retreat 
 from Lat. reductus, reducta, drawn back, retired, p. p. o/ 
 reducere, to lead or draw back, fr. re, again, back, and 
 ducere, to lead.] (Fort.) (a.) An inclosed work of any 
 polygonal form without re-entering angles, (b.) An out- 
 work placed within another outwork. 
 
 Re-doubt'a-ble (-dout'-), a. [From Lat. w, again, and 
 dubitare, to doubt.] Formidable ; terrible to foes ; hence, 
 valiant. 
 
 Re-dound', v. i. [irnp. &, p. p. redounded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. redounding.] [Lat. redundare, from red, re, 
 again, back, and undare, to rise in waves or surges, from 
 unda, a wave.] 1. To roll back as a wave or flood. 2. 
 To come back as a consequence or result ; to have effect. 
 3. To be in excess ; to be redundant. 
 
 R6d'ow-a, n. A slow and graceful dance in trip'o tiuio 
 
 Re-dr6ss', t-. t. [imp. & p. p. redressed (n 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REDRESSING.] 1. To put in or i 
 [Bare.] 2. To set right, as a wrong; to makr 
 for; to remedy. 3. To make amends orcompens;\Tii>ii to. 
 
 Re-drCss', H."l. lieformation. [Rar, .] 2. Deliveranc* 
 from wrong, injurj', or oppression. 
 
 Syn. — Relief ; reparation ; indemnification 5 amendment ; 
 remedy. 
 
 Re-dr6ss'er, n. One who gives redress. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; firn, rude, puU; feU, (liaise, «all, e€lio; gem, get ; ag; ejist ; liu^r, IM|lt ; tliis^ 
 
REDRESSIVE 
 
 602 
 
 RE-EXPORT 
 
 Re-drCsslTe, a. Giving redress ; affording relief. 
 KCcl-sear', v. i. To break or crack when red-hot, as iron 
 under tlie hammer. [streaks. 
 
 R^d'streuk, n. A sort of apple ; —so called from its red 
 Rdd'tdp, »■ {Boi.) A kind of gnis.* highly valued in the 
 -^Uuit*Hl States for pasturage and ha\ for cattle. 
 Re-duve', r. /. [(/;)/). & p. j>. reduced (re-dusf); P- 
 pr. & 1-6. ;i. REDUCING.] [I«it. rfc/iictre, from re. again, 
 back, and ihicfre, to lead. J 1. To bring, that is, to a state 
 or condition specified, usually inferior or weaker, .some- 
 times indiderent ; to bring ; to convert. 'Z, To bring to 
 an inferior state, with respect to size, rank, quantity, 
 V3\lue, or the like. 3. To bring into subjection. 4. To 
 bring into a cert^iin order, arrangement, classification, 
 &c. 5. (Arit:i.) To change, as numbers, from one de- 
 nomination into another without altering their value. 6. 
 (Mttnl.) To separate, as a metal, from other substances 
 «ith which it is combined. 7. (Surg.) To restore to its 
 proper place or condition, as a displaced organ or part. 
 
 S>'n. — To diminish; lessen: decrease; abate; shorten; cur- 
 tail; impair; lower; subject; subdue: subjugate; conquer. 
 
 Re-diife'ment, n. Act of reducing ; reduction. 
 
 Re-du'?eiit, «. That which reduces. 
 
 Re-dii'^er, n. Oue who reduces. 
 
 Re-du'^'i-ble, a. Capable of being reduced ; convertible. 
 
 Re-duc'tion, n. [Lat. redurUo. See REDUCE.] 1. 
 Act of reducing, or state of being reduced ; conversion 
 to a given state or condition ; conquest. 2. (Arith.) {n.) 
 Art or operation of changing numbers from one denom- 
 ination to another without altering their value, (b.) Act 
 or process of changing the form of a quantity or expres- 
 sion without altering its value. 'S.JAfg.) Act or oper- 
 ation of solving an equation hy bringing the unknown 
 quantity by itself on one side, and all the known quan- 
 tities on the other side, without destroying the equation. 
 4. Process of making a copy of something, on a smaller 
 scale, preserving the proper proportions. 5, (Metal.) 
 Operation of separating a metal from other substances 
 with which it is combined. 6. (Surg.) Operation of re- 
 storing a dislocated or fractured part to its former place. 
 Syn. — Diminu'ion ; decrease; abatement; curtailment; 
 subjugation; conquest; subjection. 
 
 Re-due'tive, a. Having the power of reducing. 
 Re-dun'dan^e, ) n. 1. Qualityof being redundant ; 
 Re-dun'daii-f y, ) superfluity ; superabundance. 3. 
 
 An\ thing superfluous. 
 Re-duix'dant, n. [Lat. redtinfJanf:, p. pr. of redunrfare. 
 
 .See Redound.] 1. Exceeding what is natural or neces- 
 
 .^ary. ii. Using more words or images than are necessary 
 
 or useful. 
 Syn.— Superfluous: superabundant; excessive; exuberant; 
 
 overflowing: plentiful; copious. 
 
 Re-duii'dant-ly, arlv. Superfliiously; superabundantly. 
 
 Re-du'i>li-€ate, v. t. To redouble ; to multiply ; to re- 
 peat. _ [being doubled. 
 
 Re-dii'i>li-ea'tioii, n. Act of doubling, or state of 
 
 Re-du'pli-ca-live, a. Double. 
 
 Re-6<;li'o (r3-ek'o), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RE-ECHOED; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. RE-ECHOING.] To echo back ; to rever- 
 berate again. 
 
 Re-ech'o (r3-6k'o), v. i. To return back, or be rever- 
 VKjrated, as an echo ; to resound. 
 
 Re-e<;U'o (r3-ek'o), v. The echo of an echo. 
 
 Reed, n. [A.-S. Iireod, kredd, reod, 0. H. Ger. Jiriod, 
 hreod, rfod,riet.] 1. (Bot.) One of a large family of 
 plants, mostly aquatic plants, being chiefly large grasses, 
 with hollow, jointed stems, such as the common reed, 
 the bamboo, &c. 'Z. A musical instrument made of the 
 hollow joint of some plant : a rustic or pastoral pipe. 3. 
 An arrow, as made of a reed. 4. (Mus.) (a.) A thin 
 piece of wood attached to the mouth-piece of instruments 
 of the clarionet species, (h.) One of the thin pieces of 
 metal, the vibrations of which produce the tones of a me- 
 lodeon, a^.-cordeon, &c. 5. ( \Veaving.) A ft-ame of par- 
 :dlel Hat Btrips of wood through which the warp-threads 
 pass. 
 
 Rp.ed-organ (Jfioi.),awind instrument of music, in which the 
 wind acts on a set or reeds, as the nielodcon. 
 
 ReedV-n (reed'n ), n. Consisting of a reed or reeds. 
 Re-6d'i-f i-«a'tion, n. Act or operation of rebuilding ; 
 
 state of being rebuilt. 
 Re-6d'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-edified \ p. pr &, 
 
 vb. n. re edifying.] To rebuild ; to build again after 
 
 destruction. 
 Reed'y, n. 1. Abounding with reeds, ti. Having the 
 
 quality of a reed in tone, that is, harsh and thick, as a 
 
 Reef, n. [D. reef,rif; A.-S. red/", a garment, clothing, 
 rtft, ri(fl, reft, a garment, wrapping, cloth, vail.] ( Naut.) 
 A certain portion of a Niil which is folded or rolled up to 
 contract the sail, when the violence of the wind x-enders 
 it necessary. 
 Reef, 7!. [D. rif, Ger. riff, Icel. rif, prob. allied to rib, q. 
 v.] A chain or range of rocks l^ing at or near the sur- 
 face of the water. 
 Reef, V. t. [imp. & p. p. reefed (rC-ft) : p.pr. &c vb. n. 
 REEFING.] [From the n.] (Naut.) To contract or re- 
 duce the extent of, as a sail, by roUing or folding. 
 Reek, n. [A.-S. rcc, rece, reac, Icel. reylcr.] Vapor; 
 
 steam : smoke. 
 Reek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. reeked (rekt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REEKING.] To emit vapor, usually that which is 
 warm and moist ; to steam ; to fmoke. 
 Reek'y, a. Soiled with smoke or steam : smoky. 
 Reel, n. [A.-S. hreol, reol, Icel. iirall. ' Cf. ROhl..] 1. 
 A frame on which jarn, thread, lines, &c., are wound. 
 2. (Mu.<:.) A lively dance characterized by a reehng or 
 whirling movement. 
 Reel, r. t. [imp. & p. p. reeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REELING.] To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread 
 from the spindle. 
 Reel, V. i. [See REEL, n.] To move in walking, first to 
 
 one side and then to the other ; to vacillate ; to stagger. 
 Re'-e-le-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-elected; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. RE-ELECTING.] To elect again. 
 Re'-e-lg«'tion, n. Election a second time, or repeated 
 
 election. 
 Re-61'i-gi-lble, a. Capable of being elected again to the 
 
 same ofiice. 
 I Re'-em-liark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-embarked 
 ! (-barkf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. RE-EMBARKING.] To embark 
 I or put on board again. 
 
 I Re'-em-bark', v. i. To embark or go on board again. 
 ! Reem'ing, n. [Cf. Ream, v. /.] (Art««.)'The opening 
 I of the seams between the planks of vessels, for the pur- 
 I pose of calking. 
 
 I Re'-en-a-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-enacted ; p. pr. 
 I & r6. n. re-enacting.] To enact again. 
 ' Re'-en-Jtcfment, n. T^e enacting or passing of a law 
 j a secondjime ; the renewal of a law. 
 ' Re'-en-f or^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-enforced 
 f (-forst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. RE-ENFORCING.] To strengthen 
 I with new force, assistance, or support ; especially, to 
 I strengthen, as an army or a fort, with additional troops, 
 I or a navy with additional ships. 
 
 Re'-eix-f or9e', n. (Anil. ) Part of a gun near the breech 
 I which is stronger than the rest of the piece. 
 iRe'-en-for^e'ment, w. 1. Act of re-enforcing. 2. 
 That which re-enforces ; additional force : especially, ad- 
 ditional troops or ships, to strengthen an army or navy. 
 I Re'-en-gage', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-engaged ; p. pr, 
 j & vb. n. re-engaging.] To engage a second time. 
 Re'-en-gage', v. i. To engage again or anew ; to enlist 
 I a second time. 
 
 j Re'-en-list', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. re-enlisted ; 
 I p. ;7r. & ffc. n. RE -ENLISTING.] To enli.>t again. 
 jRe'-en-list'ineiit, «. A renewed enlistment. 
 I Re-eii'ter, v. t. [iiyip. & p. p. re-entered \ p.pr. h 
 j (-6. n. RE-ENTERING.] 1. To enter again or anew. 2. 
 I (Engraving.) To cut deeper, as tho.se incisions of the 
 ' plate which the acid has not bitten in sufficiently. 
 Re-6ii'ter, v. i. To enter anew or 
 again. 
 
 Jie-entering angle, an angle of a polvgon 
 pointing inward, as a, in the cut. 
 Re'-en-throne'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 I re-enthroned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ! re-enthroning.] To replace on Re-entering Angle, 
 
 a throne. 
 Re-en'tran^e, n. Act of entering again. 
 Re'-es-tato'lish, v. t. To establish anew ; to fix or con- 
 firm again. 
 Re'-es-tab'lisli-inent, n. Act of establishing again; 
 I state of being re-established ; renewed confirmation; 
 j restoration. 
 
 I Reeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ROVE; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 I REEVING.] [Cf Reef, n. & v. t.] (Naut.) To pass, 
 ' as the end of a rope, through any hole in a block, thim- 
 j ble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, or the like. 
 Re'-ej-am'i-na'tion, n. A repeated examination. 
 Re'-e^-am'ine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-examined: 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RE-EXAMINING.] To examine anew. 
 , Re'-ex-port', f. t. [imp. & p. p. re-exported ; /-. 
 pr. & vb. n. RE-EXPORTING.] To export again, a« what 
 1 has been imported. 
 
 », e,kc.,long; &, 6, Sec, short; c&re,far, ask, all, what; Sre, veU, term; pique, firm; 6dn,5r,d<t,W9l{. 
 
REFASHION 
 
 603 
 
 REFRACTORY 
 
 Re-fa.sli'ion(-Ksh/un), u. ^ [hup. & p. p. refash- 
 ioned; p.pr. & vb. n. REFASHIONING.] To fashion, 
 form, or uiold into shape a second time. 
 
 Ke-f6«'tioii, w. [Lat. re/ectio, from reftcere, re/ectmn, 
 from re, again, und/acere, to maite.] Refreshment after 
 hunger or fatigue ; a simple repast ; a lunch. 
 
 Re-f6<;'tive, n. That which refreshes. 
 
 Re-f6c'to-ry, n. [Low Lat. refectorium. See supra.] A 
 room of refreshment ; originally, a hall or apartment in 
 convents and monasteries, where a moderate repast is 
 taken. • 
 
 Re-fer' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. referred ; p. pr. & 
 ■u6. 71. REFERRING.] [Lat. referre, from r^, again, and 
 ferre, to bear.] 1. To carry or send back ; to pass over ; 
 to give in charge, ii. Hence, specifically, to pass over 
 to another tribunal or authority for decision. 3. To 
 assign to as a class, a cause, a motive, reason, or ground 
 of explanation. 
 
 Syn. — To allude ; advert ; suggest ; appeal. 
 
 Ke-fer', v. i. 1. To have recourse ; to apply ; to betake 
 one's self. 2. To have reference or relation ; to relate. 
 
 3. To make reference or allusion ; to direct attention. 
 
 4. To direct to apply for information or a guarantee of 
 any kind. 
 
 Kef'er-a-l>le, a. Capable of being referred ; assignable; 
 ascribable ; imputable. 
 
 Ref'er-ee', 71. One to whom a thing is referred ; a per- 
 son to whom has been referred a matter in dispute in 
 order that he may settle it. 
 
 Syn. — Judge; arbitrator; umpire. See Judge. 
 
 KSf'er-eii^e, n. 1. Act of referring, or state of being 
 referred ; a directing, delivering, making over, or sending, 
 as for treatment, deci.sion, information, and the like. ii. 
 Respect ; heed ; concern taken. 3. Allusion ; intima- 
 tion. 4. One of whom inquiries can be made as to the 
 integrity, capacity, and the like, of another. 5. A pas- 
 sage in a worlc to which the reader is referred from 
 another passage. 
 
 Ke-f er'ri-ble, a. Admitting of being referred ; referable. 
 
 Re-fine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. refined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REFINING.] 1, To reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure 
 state; to free from impurities. 2. (Metal.) To reduce, 
 as metals, from the ore. 3. To purify from what is 
 gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like. 
 Syn. — To purify ; clarify ; defecate; polish. 
 
 Re-fine', v. i. 1. To become pure ; to be cleared of 
 feculent matter. 2. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, 
 or excellence of any kind. 3. To affect nicety or subtilty 
 in thought or language. 
 
 Re-fin'ed-ly, adv. In a refined manner; also, with 
 affected nicety or elegance. 
 
 Re-fin'ed.-iie.ss, n. State of being refined ; purity; re- 
 finement ; also, affected purity. 
 
 Re-fiiie'mejit, n. 1. Act of refining, or state of being 
 refined. 2. High cultivation ; culture ; elegance. 3. 
 An over-nicety ; an affected subtilty. 
 
 Syn. — Purification ; clarification ; polish ; politeness ; gen- 
 tility ; cultivation ; oivilization. 
 
 Re-fin'er, n. One who, or that which, refines. 
 
 Re-f iii'er-y, n. The place and apparatus for refining 
 metals, sugar, and the like. 
 
 Re-fit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. refitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REFITTING.] 1. To fit or prepare again; to repair. 
 2. To fit out or provide a second time. 
 
 Re-fit', V. i. To repair damages. 
 
 Re-fit'ment, n. A second fitting out. 
 
 Re-fleet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reflected; p. pr. & 
 vh. 71. REFLECTING.] [Lat. reflectere, reflexiim, from 
 re, again, back, And flectere, to bend or turn.] 1. To 
 bend or throw back ; especially, to caitse to return after 
 striking upon any surface. 2. To give back an image 
 of; to mirror. 
 
 Re-fleet', v. i. 1. To throw back light, heat, or the 
 like. 2. To rebound as from a surface. 3. To turn 
 back the thoughts upon any thing ; specifically, to at- 
 tend earnestly to what passes within the mind ; to think 
 in relation to moral truth or rules. 4. To cast reproach. 
 Syn. — To consider ; think ; cogitate ; meditate ; contem- 
 plate ; ponder ; muse ; ruminate. 
 
 Re-fle«'tioii, n. [Written also reflexion.'] [Lat. reflexio. 
 See Reflect.] 1. Act of reflecting, or state of being 
 reflected ; as, (a.) The return of rays, beams, sound, or 
 the like, from a surface, (b.) The reverting of the mind 
 to that which has already occupied it ; hence, the capacity 
 forjudging rationally, especially in view of a moral rule 
 or standard. 2. That which is produced by reflection ; 
 
 [From refluent.] A flowing back. 
 
 as, (ffl.) An image given back from a reflecting surfccr 
 (b.) Result of meditation ; <"sp«/«%, thoughtu HugK«i»<ted 
 by truth. 3. Censure ; reproach ca«t. 
 
 Syn.— Meditation; coiiteniplution; rumination ; cogitation, 
 coniiiderutiun ; muHing ; tliinklng. 
 
 Re-fl6€t'Ive,a. 1. Throwing back imHges. 2. CttijaWfe 
 of exercising tliought or judgment. 3. (Gram.) lU- 
 flexive ; reciprocal. * 
 
 Re-fl6et'or, /». 1. One who reflects. 2. Somcthlnif 
 having a polished surface for reflecting light or heat, iw 
 a mirror, a speculum, and the like. 
 
 Re'flex, a. [Lat. rtflexus, p. p. oi reflerlere. See RE- 
 FLECT.] 1. Directed back ; retroactive; introK]jective. 
 2. Produced in reaction, in resistiincc, or in return. 3. 
 (Bot.) Bent back; reflected. 4. (FItysiol.) Produced 
 by stimulus without the necessary intervention of con- 
 sciousness. 5. (Paint.) Illuminated by light reflected 
 from another part of the .sjime picture. 
 
 Re-fl6x'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being reflexible, or 
 capable of being reflected. [back. 
 
 Re-ifl6x'i-ble, a. Capable of being reflected or thrown 
 
 Re-fl6x'ive, a. 1. Rending or turned backward ; re- 
 flective. 2. ( Gram.) Having for its direct oVyect a pro- 
 noun which refers to the agent or subject as its antece- 
 dent ; — said of certain verbs. 
 
 R6f'lu-en?e, 
 
 Ref'lu-en-Qy, 
 
 R6f 'lu-eiit, a. [Lat. rrfluens, p. pr. of refluere, to flow 
 back, from re, back, Sind fluere, to flow.] Flowing back ; 
 returning ; ebbing. 
 
 Re'flux, a. Returning or flowing back ; reflex. 
 
 Re'flux (126), n. A flowing back, as the return of a 
 fluid ; ebb. 
 
 Re'fo-meiit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. re fomented; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. REFOMENTING.] To foment anew. 
 
 Re-fdrm', v. t. [Lat. reformare, from re, again, and 
 formare, to form, fvonx forma, form.] 1. To fonn again ; 
 to create or shape anew. 2. Especially, to restore to a 
 former good state, or bring from bad to good. 
 
 Syn. — To amend; correct; emend; rectifv: mend; repair; 
 better; improve; restore; reclaim. Sec Amend. 
 
 Re-f 6rm', v. i. To return to a good state ; to be amended 
 
 or corrected. 
 Re-form', n. Amendment of what is defective, vicious, 
 
 corrupt, or depraved. 
 Syn. —Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. 
 
 SeeKE FORMATION. 
 
 Re-f6rin', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REFORMED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REFORMING.] To form anew or a second time; 
 to give a new form to. 
 
 Refor-mJi'tioii, n. 1. Act of reforming, or state of 
 being reformed ; change from worse to better. 2. (Erct. 
 Hist.) The religious movement jit tlie beginning of the 
 sixteenth century, which resulted in the .separation of 
 the Protestant church from the Romish see. 
 
 Syn. — Reform ; amendment ; correction ; rectification. — 
 Refoniuition is a more tliorough and comprehensive cliang« 
 than rej'orm. It is applied to subjects that are more import- 
 ant, and results in changes wliich are more lusting. A refor- 
 mation involves and is followed by many particular re/ornts. 
 
 Re'f or-ma'tion, n. Act of forming anew ; a second 
 
 forming in order. 
 Re-f orin'a-tive, a. Forming again ; having the quality 
 of renewing form ; I'eformatory. [tion. 
 
 Re-form'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to produce refomi;i- 
 Re-form'er, 71. 1. One who eflects a reformation i>r 
 j Amendment. 2. (Feci Hist.) One of those who com- 
 I menced the reformation of religion in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 I Re-f orm'ist, n. 1. One who is of the reformed religion. 
 
 2. One who proposes or fiivors a political rcfonn. 
 Re-fi-aet', v. I. [imp. & p. p. refracted; p. pr. k 
 j vb. n. refracting.] [Lat. refringere, refractum, from 
 I »e, again, back, and frangere , to bi"e;ik.] 1. To bend 
 I sharply and abruptly back. 2. (Opt.) To cause to 
 ! deviate from a direct course, as rays of light. 
 I Re-frie'tion, n. 1. Act of refnicting, or state of being 
 I refracted. 2. The change in the direction of a ra\ of 
 I light, heat, or the like, when it enters obliquely a metUum 
 ] of a different density from that through which it has 
 
 previously moved. 
 Re-f rJiet'ive, a. Serving or having power to refract or 
 
 turn from a direct course ; pertaining to n-fmction. 
 Re-fi'Set'o-ri-ness, >i. 1. Quality or condition of 
 being refractory ; perverse or sullen obstinncy ; nnmaa- 
 ageableness. 2. Difliculty of fusion : — said of metals. 
 Re-friet'o-ry, a. [Lat. refractnrius, from re/ringtre. 
 
 idbd, febt ; firn, rude, piiU ; fell, (iliaise, «aU, echo ; gem, get ; a; i ejist ; linger, UqIc ; till* 
 
REFRAGABLE 
 
 604 
 
 REGENCY 
 
 S« Refract.] 1. Sullen or perverse in opposition or 
 disobodieuce. 'Z. Not readily yielding to heat, or to tiie 
 hammer, as metals ; difficult of fusion, reduction, or the 
 hke. 
 Syu. — Perverse ; contuinncious ; unruly ; stubborn ; ob- 
 • »tinato ; ungovcruuble ; uuniauageable. 
 
 Ri^f'rji-Bii-ble, a. [Low Lat. re/mgabilis, from Lat. re- 
 frat^ari, to oppose, to resist, from re, again, aud/rangere, 
 to break.] Capable of being refuted ; refutable. 
 
 Ke-fraln', r. t. [imp. & p. p. refrained; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REFRAINING.] [Low Lat. refrangere, for Lat. re- 
 rrini:>rf, from re, again, back, and /mng-fre, to break.] 
 To liold back : to restrain ; to keep within prescribed 
 bounds ; to curb : to govern. 
 
 Ke-£rain'. v. i. To keep from action or interference. 
 S5T1. — To hold back ; forbear ; abstain ; withhold. 
 
 I^e-frJiiii', n. The burden of a song or a phrase or verse 
 recurring at the end of each of the separate divisions of 
 a lyrical poem. 
 
 Re-frame', v. t. [?>«;>. & p. p. REFRAMED; p.pr. & 
 f6 n. RE FRAMING.] To frame again. 
 
 Ke-frSii'gi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being reftungible ; 
 disposition of rays of light to be turned out of a direct 
 course, in passing out of one transparent body or medium 
 into another. 
 
 Ke-frSn'gi-ble, a. [See Refrain, v., and Refract.] 
 Capable of being refracted or turned out of a direct 
 course in passing from one medium to another, as rays 
 of light. 
 
 Ke-frgsh', v. t. [imp. & p. p. refreshed (-fresht') ; 
 p.pr. 8c vb. n. REFRESHING.] To make fresh again; 
 to restore strength, spirit, animation, or the like, to. 
 
 Syn. — To cool; refrigerate; invigorate; revive; reanimate; 
 renovate ; renew ; restore ; recreate ; enliven ; cheer. 
 
 Ke-fr6sli'er, n. One who, or that which, refreshes. 
 
 Ke-fr6sli'ineiit, n. 1. Act of refreshing, or state of 
 being refreshed ; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, or 
 liveliness. "Z. That which refreshes ; especially, food 
 taken for the sake of fresh strength or vigor. 
 
 Syn. — Food ; rest ; repose ; quiet ; peace ; comfort ; sym- 
 pathy, &c. 
 
 Ke-frig'er-ant, a. [See REFRIGERATE.] Cooling; 
 allaying heat. 
 
 Ke-f ri^'er-ant, n. That which abates heat, or cools. 
 
 Ke-frie'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. refrigerated ; 
 p.pr.li, vb. n. REFRIGERATING.] [Lat. refrigerare, 
 refrigeratum., from re, again, and. frigerare, to make cool, 
 from frigus,frigoris, coolness.] To allay the heat of; 
 to cool ; to refresh. 
 
 Ke-frig'er-a'tion, n. Act of cooling; abatement of 
 heat; state of being cooled. 
 
 Ke-f rig'er-a-tive, a. Allaying heat ; cooling. 
 
 Re-fri^'er-a-tive, n. A cooling medicine. 
 
 Re-frJg'er-a'tor, n. That which refrigerates, or keeps 
 cool; as, (a.) A box for keeping articles cool in sum- 
 mer by means of ice. (6.) An apparatus for rapid cool- 
 ing, connected with a still, &c. 
 
 Kfif'uge, n. [Lat. refiigium, from refugere , to flee back, 
 from re, back, and fugere, to flee.] 1. Shelter or pro- 
 tection from danger or distress. 'Z. That which shelters 
 or jjrotects ; a place inaccessible to an enemy. 3. An 
 exjicdient to secure protection or defense. 
 Syn.— Shelter ; asylum ; retreat ; covert. 
 
 K6£'u-gee', n. 1. One who flies to a shelter or place of 
 safety . ti. Especially, one who flees to a foreign power 
 or country for safety. 
 
 Ke-ful'^en^e, \ n. Quality of being refulgent; bril- 
 
 Ke-f ul'gen-fy, J liancy ; splendor ; radiance. 
 
 Re-£ul'gent, a. [Lat. refulgens, p. pr. of refulgere^ to 
 flash back, to shine bright, from re, again, back, &nd.ful- 
 gt-re, to shine.] Casting a bright light ; radiant ; brilliant ; 
 rcKplenderit ; shining ; splendid. 
 
 Ke-ful'gent-ly, adv. With great brightness. 
 
 JEte-fund', v.t. [imp. &cp.p. REFU.VDED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REFUNDING.] [Lat. refundere, fr. re, again, back, 
 &n(\ fund ere, to pour.] To return in payment or com- 
 pensation for what has been taken ; to repay ; to restx)re. 
 
 Ke-fiig'a-ble, a. Capable of being refused; admitting 
 refusal . 
 
 Re-fu§'al, n. 1. Act of refusing; denial of any thing 
 demanded, solicited, or offered for acceptance. i2. The 
 right of taking in jjreference to others. 
 
 Syn. — Denial ; rejection ; option ; preference ; pre-emp- 
 tion. 
 
 Re-fuge', V. t. [imp. & p. p. refused ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 REFUSING.] [Corrupted partly from Lat. refutare, to 
 
 drive back, to repel, refute, partly from reeusare, to de- 
 cUne, refuse.] 1. To deny, as a request, demand, invi- 
 tation, or command, ti. To decline to accept ; to rtgect 
 
 Re-f iige', v. i. To decline to accept something offered. 
 
 Refuge, a. Refused; rejected; hence, of no value; 
 worthless. 
 
 Refuge, n. That which is refused or rejected as useless; 
 waste matter. 
 
 Syn. — Dregs ; sediment ; scum ; recrement ; dross ; trash. 
 
 Re-f iig'er, n. One who refuses or rejects. 
 
 Re-fut'a-ble, a. Admitting of being refuted or dis- 
 proved. 
 
 R6f 'u-ta'tion, n. Act or process of refuting or disprov- 
 ing, or state of being refuted ; proof of falsehood or error. 
 
 Re-fut'a-to-ry, a. Tending to refute ; refuting. 
 
 Re-fute', V. t. [imp. &• p. p. REFUTED; p. pr. & vb- 
 n. REFUTING.] [Lat. refutare, from re, again, back, 
 axiAfutare, obs., to argue.] To prove to be false or erro- 
 neous. 
 Syn. — To confute ; disprove ; repel. See Cokfute. 
 
 Re-fut'er, n. One who, or that which, refutes. 
 
 Re-gain.', v. t. [imp. & p. p. regained ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. regaining.] To gain anew ; to recover, as what has 
 escaped or been lost. 
 Syn. — To recover ; re-obtain ; repossess ; retrieve. 
 
 Re'gal, a. [Lat. regalis, from rex, reg-is, a king.] Pertain- 
 ing to a king ; kingly ; royal. 
 Syn. — See Kingly. 
 
 Re-gale', n. [See,m/ra.] A royal or princely enter- 
 tainment ; a magnificent repast. 
 
 Re-gale', v. t. [imp. & p. p. regaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REGALING.] [Either from Lat. regalis, royal, or from 
 Sp. gala, graceful, pleasing address, choicest part of a 
 thing. Cf. Goth, gailjan, to rejoice.] To entertain in a 
 royal, princely , or sumptuous manner ; hence to gratify ; 
 to refresh. [ification. 
 
 Re-gale'inent, n. Refreshment; entertainment; grat- 
 
 Me-g(i'li-d,v. pi. [L. Lat., from Lat. reg-aZis, regal.] 1. 
 Ensigns of royalty ; regal symbols or paraphernalia. 2. 
 Hence, decorations or insignia of an office or order. 
 
 Re-gai'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. regalitas, from Lat. regalis, re- 
 gal, royal. Cf. Realty.] Royalty ; sovereignty ; sover- 
 eign jurisdiction. 
 
 Re'gal-ly, adv. In a regal or royal manner. 
 
 Re-gard', v. t. [imp. & p.p. regarded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REGARDING.] [Fr. regarder, from re, and garder^ 
 to guard, q. v.] 1. To observe; to notice or remark 
 particularly. 3. To pay respect to ; to treat as of pecul- 
 iar importance. 3. To hold and treat ; to look upon. 
 
 Syn. — To consider ; observe ; remark ; heed ; mind ; re- 
 spect ; esteem ; estimate ; value. 
 
 Re-gard', n. 1. Look ; aspect ; view ; gaze. 2. Atten- 
 tion of the mind with a feeling of interest. 3. That 
 view of the mind which springs from value, estimable 
 qualities, or any thing that excites admiration. 4. Re- 
 spect; relation; reference. 
 
 0^ The phrase in regard of, was formerly used as equiva- 
 lent in meaning to on account of, but in modern usage, is often 
 very improperly substituted for in respect to, or tw regard to. 
 Syn. — Respect; consideration; notice ; observance ; heed; 
 care ; concern ; estimation ; esteem ; attachment ; reverence. 
 See Respect. 
 
 Re-gard'ant, a. 1. Looking behind. 3. (Her.) Look- 
 ing behind pr backward. 
 
 Re-gard'er, n. One who regards or observes. 
 
 Re-gard'f 111, a. Taking notice ; observing with care- 
 Syn. — Mindful ; heedful ; attentive ; observant. 
 
 Re-gard'f ul-ly, adv. Attentively ; heedfully. 
 
 Re-gard'less, a. Not looking or attending. 
 
 Syn.— Heedless ; negligent ; careless ; indifferent ; uncoiv- 
 cerned ; inattentive ; unobservant ; neglectful. 
 
 Re-gard'less-ly, adv. In a regardless manner ; heed- 
 lessly ; carelessly ; negligently. 
 
 Re-gard'less-ness, n. State or quality of being regard 
 less ; heedlessness ; inattention ; negligence. 
 
 Syn. — Negligence ; inattention ; carelessness ; heedless- 
 ness. 
 
 Re-gat'ta, n. ,• pi. re-gXt/ta§. [It. regatta, rigatta, 
 from riga, a line, row, 0. H. Ger. riga, rige, N. H. Ger. 
 reilie.] A rowing match in which a number of boats are 
 rowed for a prize. 
 
 Re'gen-^y, n. [Lat. regentia. See Regent, a.] 1. 
 The office of a regent or ruler ; rule; authority; gavem- 
 ment. 2. Ss/^ecm/Zy, the office, jurisdiction, or domin^ 
 ion of a vicarious ruler. 3. The body of men intrusted 
 with vicarious government. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; a, 6, kc.,thort ; c&re, far, ask, all, ^vhat ; 6r«, veil, term ; p'ique,firiu ; sdn, 6r, do.^roKi 
 
REGENERACY 
 
 605 
 
 REHABILITATE 
 
 Re-^6n'er-a-9y , n. State of being regenerated. 
 Re-gen'er-ate, v.t. [imp. Sep. p. regenerated . 
 
 p.pr. & vb. n. REGENERATING.] [Lat. regtnernre, re- 
 generatum, from re, again , and generare, to beget, create.] 
 1. To generate or produce anew. "Z. ( Theol.) To cause 
 to be spiritually born anew ; to cause to become a Chris- 
 tian. 
 
 Ke-g6n'er-ate, a. 1. Reproduced. 2. (Theol.) Born 
 anew ; changed from a natural to a spiritual state. 
 
 Ke-^6ii'er-ate-ness, n. State of being regenerated. 
 
 Ke-gen'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of regenerating, or state 
 of being regenerated; reproduction, ti. (Theol.) The 
 entering into a new spiritual life. 
 
 Ke-gfin'er-a-tive, a. Of, or belonging to, regeneration. 
 
 Ke'gent, a. [Lat. regens, p. pr of regere, to rule.] 1. 
 Ruling ; governing ; regnant. 2. Exercising vicarious 
 authority. 
 
 Ke'gent, n. 1. One who rules or reigns. 3. One who 
 governs a kingdom in the minority, absence, or disability 
 of the sovereign. 3. One of a governing board ; a trus- 
 tee or overseer. 
 
 Re'gent-sliip, n. The power of governing ; or the office 
 of a regent; regency. [anew. 
 
 Re-ger'mi-na'tion, n. A sprouting or germinating 
 
 Keg'i-fide, n. [From Lat. rex, regis, a king, and cxdere, 
 to kill.] 1. One who murders a king ; specifically (Eng. 
 Hist.), one of the judges who condemned Charles I. to 
 death, ti. The killing or murder of a king. 
 
 J2<5//i»n-e (ra'zheem'), M. [Fr. See infra.] Mode or style 
 of rule or management ; administration. 
 
 Reg'i-meii, «. [Lat., from r^g-er^, to guide, to rule.] 1. 
 Orderly government. 2. Any regulation or remedy in- 
 tended to produce beneficial effects by gradual operation. 
 3. (Med.) The systematic use of food and drink, and 
 the necessaries of life. 4. (Gram.) (a.) A relation of 
 syntax between two words ; government, (b.) The words 
 governed. 
 
 Keg'i-ment, n. [Lat. regimentum,fvova. regere, to guide, 
 rule.] (Mil.) A body of men, commanded by a colonel, 
 and consisting of a number of companies, usually ten. 
 
 Reg'i-ment'al, a. Belonging to, or concerning, a reg- 
 iment. 
 
 Reg'i-m.6nt'al§, n. pi. The uniform worn by the troops 
 of a regiment. 
 
 Re'gion {r5'jun), n. [Lat. regio, a direction, a bound- 
 ary-line, region, from regere, to guide, direct.] 1. A 
 portion of space or territory of indefinite extent ; coun- 
 try ; province ; district ; tract. 3. Neighborhood ; vicin- 
 ity ; sphere. 
 
 Reg'is-ter, n. [Low Lat. registrum, from Lat. regerere, 
 regestum, to carry back, to register, from re, back, and 
 gerere, to carry.] 1. A written account or entry ; a me- 
 morial record. 3. The officer or person whose business 
 it is to keep such an account. 3. That which registers 
 or records ; specifically, a contrivance for noting down or 
 calculating the performance of a machine or the rapidity 
 of a process. 4. A lid, or sliding plate, in a furnace, 
 stove, &c., for regulating the admission of air and the 
 heat of the fire : also, an arrangement for admitting or 
 excluding heat from a hot-air chamber. 5 . ( Print .) Cor- 
 respondence of pages or columns on the opposite sides of 
 the sheet. 6. { Co?n.) A document issued by the cus- 
 tom-house, always to be kept on board a vessel on a for- 
 eign voyage, as evidence of its nationality. 7. (Mus.) 
 (a.) Compass of a voice or instrument ; a portion of the 
 compass of a voice, (b.) A stop or set of pipes in an organ. 
 
 Syn. — List ; catalogue ; roll ; record ; schedule ; archives ; 
 chronicle ; annals. See List. 
 
 R6g'is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. registered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. registering.] 1. To enter in a register ; to re- 
 cord. 3. To enroll ; to enter in a list. 
 
 Reg'is-ter, ■«. i. (Print.) To correspond in relative po- 
 sition, as the columns or pages of a printed sheet. 
 
 R6g'is-ter-sliip, n. The office of register. 
 
 Reg'is-trar, n. [L. Lat. registrarius. See supra.] One 
 who registers ; a recorder ; a keeper of records. 
 
 Reg'is-tra'tion, n. Act of inserting in a register. 
 
 Reg'is-try, u. 1. Act of recording or writing in a reg- 
 ister. 3. Place where a register is kept 3. A series of 
 facts recorded. 
 
 Rfig'let, n. [Fr. reglet, dim. of regie, a rule ; Lat. regula. 
 See Rule.] 1. (Arch.) A kind of flat, narrow molding. 
 3. (Print.) A lead; also a thin strip of wood used in- 
 stead of a lead. 
 
 Rgg'nant, a. [Lat. regnans, p. pr. of regnare, to reign.] 
 1. Exercising regal authority; reigning. 3. Predomi- 
 
 Re-g;dr|;e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REGOKged ; p.pr.tt 
 vb. n. REGORGING.] 1. To voujit up. 3. ToBwalloi* 
 again. 3. To swallow eagerly. 
 
 Re-grant', I', t. [imp. & p. p. regranted; p.pr.k 
 i'6. /i._regrantiNG.] To grant back. "^ 
 
 Re-grate', v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. regrated; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. REGRATING.j [Fr. rtgralttr, to scratch or scrape' 
 again, to drive a hucksters trade.] \, (Masonry.) To 
 remove the outer surface of, as of an old hewn stone, no 
 as to give it a fresh appearance. 3. To buy, a,s provifl. 
 ions, in order to sell again in or near the same market or 
 fair. 
 
 Re-grat'er, n. One who buys provisions and selU them 
 in the same market or fair. 
 
 Re'gres.s, n. [Lat. regressu.^, regredi, regressum, from rr. 
 back, and gradi, to step, to go, gradus, a step, pace.] 1. 
 Passage back ; return. 3. The power or liberty of re- 
 turning or passing back. 
 
 Re-gr6s'sion (-grfsh'un), n. Act of returning ; retro- 
 gression ; retrogradation. 
 
 Re-gr6ss'ive, a. Passing back ; returning. 
 
 Re-gr6t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. regretted ; p. pr.tc vb. 
 n. regretting.] [Fr. regretler, Lat. re, again, back, 
 and queritari, to complain vehemently, intcns. form of 
 queri, to complain.] 1. To grieve over ; to be sorry for. 
 3. To look back at with sorrowful longing. 
 
 Syn. — To lament ; sorrow; repent; bewail ; bemoan. 
 
 Re-gr6t', n. 1. Pain of mind at something causing un- 
 happiness ; sorrowful longing. 3. Pain of conscience ; 
 remorse. 
 
 Syn.— Grief; concern ; sorrow; lamentation ; repentance; 
 penitence ; remorse : self-condemnation. — We do not apply 
 the word rcfjret to that sorrow for the past which involves a 
 sense of jtuilt ; this belongs to vemorKe or repentance. We re- 
 gret the loss or absence of friends, &c., but the word is now 
 more commonly applied to the pain we feel for lost opportu- 
 nities, or for early follies, for carelessness, &c. 
 
 Re-gr6t'ful, a. Full of regret. 
 
 Re-gret'ta-ble, a. Admitting of, or deserving, regret. 
 
 R6g'u-lar, a. [Lat. regularis, from regula, a rule, from 
 regere, to guide, rule.] 1. Conformed to a rule ; agreea- 
 ble to an established rule, law, principle, or mode. 3. 
 Governed by rule or rules ; steady or yniform in course, 
 practice, or occurrence. 3. Instituted or initiated ac- 
 cording to established forms or discipline. 4. Belonging 
 to a monastic order. 
 
 Regular troops, troops of a permanent army ; — cn)posed to 
 militia. 
 
 Syn. - Normal 
 
 NOKMAL. 
 
 orderly ; methodical ; periodical. Sec 
 
 Exercising regal 
 nant ; prevalent. 
 
 Reg'u-lar, n. 1. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A member of 
 any reUgious order who has taken the vows of poverty, 
 chastity, and obedience, and who has been solemnly rec- 
 ognized by the church. 3. (Mil.) A soldier belonging 
 to a permanent or standing army. 
 
 Keg'u-iar'i-ty, n. Condition or quahty of being regu- 
 lar; method; steadiness; uniformity. 
 
 Reg'u-lar-ly, adv. In a regular manner ; in due order. 
 
 Reg'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. regulated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REGULATING.] [Lat. regulnre,regiilatum, from 
 regula, a rule.] 1. To adjust by rule, method, or estab 
 lished mode ; to subject to governing principles or laws- 
 3. To put in good order. 
 
 Syn. — To adjust ; dispose , methodize ; arrange ; direct i 
 order ; rule ; govern. • 
 
 R6g/u-la'tion, «. 1. Act of regulating, or state of being 
 regulated or reduced to order. 3. A prescribed rule or 
 order. 
 
 Syn. — Law ; rule ; method ; principle ; order. See Law, 
 
 Rgg'u-la'tor, n. 1. One who regulates. 3. (MecJi.) 
 A contrivance to produce uniformity of motion or regu- 
 late it, as a watch-spring, &c. 
 
 R6g'u-lu§, n.; Eng. pi. RfiG'u-LCs-E§ ; Lat. pi. R^o- 
 U-LI. [Lat., a petty king, prince, dim. of rex, fegis, a 
 king.] 1. ( Chem.) The pure metal, which in the melt- 
 ing of ores, falls to the bottom of the crucible. 3. (As- 
 tro7i.) A star of the first magnitude in the coustellatiau 
 Leo, or the lion 
 
 Re-giir'gi-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. regurgitated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REGURGITATING.] [L. Lat. rfgurgitare, 
 regurgitatum, from Lat. re, again, Iwick, and guri;fs, 
 gurgitis, a gulf.] To throw or pour back in great quaa- 
 
 Re-gflr'gi-tate, v. i. To be thrown or poured back. 
 Re-giir'gi-ta'tion, h. 1. Act of flowing or pouring 
 back by the orifice of entrance. 3. The act of swallow- 
 
 ing agam. 
 Re'lia-bU'i-tate, v. t. 
 
 [imp. & p. p. REIIABLLITAT- 
 
 fdbd, foot ; ftrn, rude, puU ; feU, chaise, «aU, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link j «iils 
 
REHABILITATION 
 
 G06 
 
 RELATION 
 
 KD; p. pr. & fb. n. REHABILITATING.] To re-in state ; 
 to restoiv, as a delinqiicut, to a loruier right, rank, or 
 privilege U>st or forfeited. 
 
 Ke'hs»-biy-ta'tioii, »■ Act of rt'-instating in a former 
 rank or capacity : restoration to former rights. 
 
 Ke-hear', r. t. ' [hup. & p. p. reheard; p. pr. & vb. 
 It. REHEARING.] To hear again ; to try a .second time. 
 
 K«»-lidars'al (re-hr-rs'al, 14), ;i. 1. Act of rehearsing, 
 or state of lieing ri'hejirsed ; recital ; narration. 3. 
 The recital of a piece before the public exhibition of it. 
 
 Re-liearse' (re-hers'), v. t. [imp. & p. p.jtEHEARSED ; 
 (-hcrsf); /). pr. & vb. n. REHEARSING.] [Prob. from 
 prefix re and Jirar say.] 1. To repeat, as what has been 
 already Kiid. tj. To narrate ; to recount ; to relate. 3. 
 To recite in private for experiment and improvement, 
 before a public representation. 
 Syn. — To recite; recapitulate; detail; describe; tell. 
 
 Re-liears'er, n. One who rehearses or narrates. 
 
 Rei, n. See Ree. 
 
 Rei'gle (rj'gl), n. [0. Fr., a rule, a line, N. Fr. regie, fr. 
 Lut. regu!a. See RULE.] A hollow cut or channel for 
 guiding any thing. 
 
 Seign (ran), n. [Lat. regnum, from rex, regis, a king,fr. 
 regere, to guide, rule.] 1. Royal authority ; supreme 
 power. "Z. The time during which a king, queen, or 
 emperor, possesses the supreme authority. 
 
 Syn. — Rule; empire; dominion; kingdom; power; influ- 
 ence; prevalence. 
 
 Reign (ran), v. i. [imp. & p. p. reigned ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. REIGNING.] 1. To possess or exercise sovereign 
 
 power or authority. 2. Hence, to be predominant ; to 
 
 prevail. 3. To have superior or uncontrolled dominion. 
 
 Syn. - To rule; govern; direct; control; prevail. 
 
 Re'-im-biirse', r. t. [imp. & p. p. re-imbursed (rS'- 
 im-bQrst'); p. pr. & vb. n. RE-IMBURSING.] 1. Tore- 
 place in a treasury or purse ; to pay back. 2. To pay- 
 back to ; to indemnify. 
 Syn. — Refuna; repay; makeup; restore. 
 
 Re'-im-bixrse'ineiit, n. Act of repaying or refund- 
 ing ; repayment. 
 
 Re'-im-bfirs'er, n. One who re-imburses or refunds. 
 
 Rein (ran), n. [Z,. Lat. retina, Lat. retinaculum, from re- 
 tinere, to hold back.] 1. The strap of a bridle, fastened 
 to the curb or snaflBe on each side, by which to restrain 
 and govern the horse, &c. 2. An instrument of curbing, 
 restraining, or governing. 
 
 Rein (ran), v. t. [i?np. & p. p. REINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REINING.] 1. To govern by a bridle. 2. To restrain ; 
 to control. 
 
 Rein'deer (ran'-), n. [Writ- 
 ten also raindeer and rane- 
 deer.] [A.-S. hrandeor, Icel. 
 hreindyr, Lap. & Finn, rain- 
 go.] (Zo'ol.) A naminant 
 mammal of the deer kind, of 
 several species, found in the 
 colder part of both hemi- 
 spheres. [ENFORCE. 
 
 Re'-in-for^e', n. [See Re- 
 
 Reing. n. pi. [Lat. reji, pi. 
 reyies.] 1. The kidneys. 2. 
 the lower part of the back, 
 being the ribs and hip-bone, 
 over the kidneys. 3. The affections and passions; — 
 formerly supposed to have their seat in that part of the 
 body. 
 
 Re'-ln-gp6€-tion, n. The act of inspecting a second time. 
 
 Re'-in-stall', r. t. [imp. & /;. p. re-installed ; p. 
 pr. & vb". n. RE-INSTALLING.] To install again ; to 
 wiat anew. 
 
 Re'-in-Ktate', r. t. [imp. & p. p. be-instated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RE-INSTATING.] To place again in possession, 
 or in a former state. 
 
 Re'-in-mir'an^e (-shjjr'-), n. 1. A contract of indem- 
 nity to a party, who has insured property , against loss by 
 his insurance. 2. Insurance a second time or again. 
 
 Re'-in-sure' (rCMn-shijr'), 7.-. t. [imp. & p. p. re-in- 
 sured ;"p- pr- & vb. n. re-insuring.] To insure 
 prof>erty in favor of one who has previously insured it. 
 
 Re-in'te-grate, v. t. To renew with regard to any state 
 or quality ; to restore. 
 
 Re'-in-vCst', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RE-INVESTED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RE-INVESTING.] To invest anew. 
 
 Re'-in-v6Kt'ment, n. The act of investing anew ; a 
 K<;cond or repeated investment. 
 
 Re'-in-vig'or-ate, v. t. To revive vigor in. 
 
 Meiffmeffendi (rez'ef-ffin'de), n. [At. reis, ries, head. 
 
 Reindeer 
 
 chief. See Effendi.] A Turkish minister for forelg» 
 affairs. 
 
 Re-is'sne (-Tsh'shij), v. t. To issue a .second time. 
 
 Re-is'sue (-Ish'shij), n. A .second or repeated issue. 
 
 Re-it'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reiterated ; p. pr. 
 & f6. n. reiterating.] To repeat again and again; 
 to say or do repeatedly. 
 
 Syn. — To repeat ; recapitulate ; rehearse. — To repeat b 
 to utter or express a second time. To reiterate ig to repeat 
 again and airain; as, he was not satisfied with repeating him 
 declaration, out went on to reiterate it in various forms. 
 
 Re-it'er-a'tion, n. Repetition. 
 
 Re-j6-et', V. t. [imp. & p. p. rejected ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. rejecting.] [Lat. rejicere, rejeclum., from re, back, 
 and yacerf, to throw.] 1. To cast from one; to throw 
 away. 2. To refuse to receive ; to decline haughtily or 
 harshly. 3. To refuse to grant. 
 
 Syn.— To repel ; discard ; slight ; despise ; renounce ; re- 
 pudiate; rebuff; decline. 
 
 Re-ject'a-ble, a. Capable of being rejected ; worthy or 
 suitable to be rejected. 
 
 Re-je«t'er, n. One who rejects or refuses. 
 
 Re-je-e'tion, n. Act of rejecting, throwing away, cast^ 
 ing off, or forsaking ; refu.sal to accept or grant. 
 
 Syn. — Dismission ; refusal ; renunciation ; forsaking : re- 
 pulse; slight, &c. 
 
 Re-joice', v. i. [imp. & p. p. rejoiced (re-joisf) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REJOICING.] [0. Eng. rejoisse, Fr. re- 
 jouir, from re and jouir, to enjoy, from Lat. gaudere, to 
 rejoice.] To feel joy ; to experience gladness in a high 
 degree. 
 Syn.— To delight; joy; exult; triumph. 
 
 Re-joi^e', v. t. To give joy to ; to make joj-fiil. 
 
 Syn. — To gladden ; please; cheer; exhilarate; delight. 
 
 Re-join', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rejoined ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REJOINING.] To join again ; to unite after separation. 
 
 Re-join', v. i. To answer to a reply. 
 
 Re-join'der, n. 1. An answer to a reply ; or, in gen- 
 eral, an answer. 2. (Law.) The defendant's answer to 
 the plaintiffs replication. 
 Syn. — See Reply. 
 
 Re-joint', v. t. [imp. k p. p. rejointed ; p. pr. & 
 -1-6. »?. REJOINTING.] 1. To re-unite the joints of. 2. 
 Specifically, to fill up the joints of, as stones in build- 
 i_ngs. 
 
 Re-jtidge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. rejudged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REJUDGING.J To judge again ; to re-examine ; to 
 review. 
 
 Re-jti've-nate, v. t. [Lat. re, again, and juvenis, young, 
 youthful.] To render young again. 
 
 Re-jU've-ngs'^en^e, ) n. A renewing of youth ; the 
 
 Re-jvi've-ngs'^en-fy, J state of being or growing 
 young again. 
 
 Re-jii've-nes'5ent,a. Becoming, or causing to become, 
 rejuvenated ; rejuvenating. 
 
 Re-ju've-nize, v. t. To render young again. 
 
 Re-kin'dle (-kin'dl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. rekindled ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REKINDLING.] 1. To kindle again ; to 
 set on fire anew. 2. To excite or rouse anew. 
 
 Re-laid', imp. & p. p. of relay. See Relay. 
 
 Re-iand', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. relanded , p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RELANDING.] To land again. 
 
 Re-iapse', f. i. [imp. & p.p. relapsed (re-lSpsf) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RELAPSING.] [Lat. relabi, relapsus, from 
 re, again, back, and labi, to fall, slip, slide.] 1. To slip 
 or slide back. 2. To fall back ; to return to a former 
 state or practice ; — generally in a bad sense. 
 
 Re-ia,pse', n. A sliding or falling back, particularly in- 
 to a former bad state, either of body or morals. 
 
 Re-iaps'er, n. One who relapses into vice or error. 
 
 Re-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. RELATED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RELATING.] [Lat. referre, relatum, from re, again, 
 back, and/frr.?, to bring or bear.] 1. To recount; to 
 narrate ; to recite ; to tell over. 2. To ally by eonnee- 
 tion or kindred. 
 Syn. — To rehearse; report; detail; describe. 
 
 Re-late', v. i. To stand in some relation ; to have bear- 
 ing or concern ; to pertain ; to refer. 
 
 Re-lat'er, n. One who relates, recites, or narrates. 
 
 Re-la'tion, n. 1. Act of relating or telling ; also, that 
 which is related ; narrative of facts. 2. State of being 
 related or of referring ; relative quality or condition. 3. 
 Connection by consanguinity or aflinity. 4. A person 
 connected by consanguinity or aflSnity. 
 
 Syn. — Recital; rehearsal; narration; account* narrative; 
 tale ; detail ; description ; kindred ; consanguinity ; affinity ; 
 kinsman; kinswoman. 
 
 S,e,&c.,2<mg^,-&,£,&c.,<Aorr;c&re,far,ask,aU,wliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, fif , dQ, W9lf 
 
RELATIONAL 
 
 607 
 
 RELINQUISH 
 
 Re-la'tion-al, a. 1. Having relation or kindred. 2. 
 Indkating or specifying some relation. 
 
 Re-la'tion-ship, n. The stj- ^ of being related by kin- 
 dred, affinity, or other alliance. 
 
 R61'a-tive, a. 1. Having relation; respecting; per- 
 taining. *^. Arising from relation, or from connectioa 
 with, or reference to, something else ; not absolute. 3. 
 ( Gram.) Indicating or expre.'^sing relation. 
 
 R61'a-tive, n. One who, or that which, relates to, or is 
 considered in its relation to, something else ; speciJicaUy, 
 (a.) A person connected by blood or affinity, (b.) ( Gram.) 
 A word relating to or representing another word or phrase, 
 called its antecedent. 
 
 R61'a-tive-ly, a'ti\ In a relative manner ; in relation or 
 respect to something else ; not absolutely. 
 
 Rel'a-tT.ve-ness, n. State of being relative, or bearing 
 ix'lation . 
 
 Ke-lat'or, n. 1. One who relates ; a relater. 2. (Ixiiv.) 
 An informant at whose relation an information is filed by 
 the attorney-general. 
 
 Re-iax', V. t. [imp. & p. p. relaxed (re-hlkst') ; p. pr. 
 & rb. n. RELAXING.] [Lat. ri-laxare, from re, again, 
 back, and laxare, to loose, to slacken.] 1. To make less 
 close, firm, rigid, ten.se, or the like. 2. To make less 
 severe or rigorous ; to abate the stringency of. 3. To 
 relieve from attention or effort. 4. To relieve from con- 
 stipation ; to open. 
 
 Syn. — To slacken; loosen; loose; remit; abate; mitigate; 
 ease; unbend; divert. 
 
 Re-15.x', V. J. 1. To become loosenecj or feeble; to be 
 made lax. 2. To abate in severity. 3. To remit in close 
 attention or effort. 
 
 Re-lJtx'a-ble, a. Capable of being relaxed or remitted. 
 
 Re'lax-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of relaxing, or state of being 
 relaxed or slackened ; remission of closeness, firmness, 
 tension, rigor, effort, or constipation. 2. Remission from 
 attention and effort. [tive. 
 
 Re-iax'a-tive, a. Having the quality of relaxing ; laxa- 
 
 Re-lay', n. [Vr. relais, laxatiou, discontinuance, from 
 Lat. relazare. See RELAX.] A supply of any thing, as 
 of horses, arranged beforehand for affording relief from 
 time to time, or at successive stages. 
 
 Re-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. relayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RELAYING ] To lay again, or a second time. 
 
 Re-leas'a-ble, a. Capable of being released. 
 
 Re-lease', v. t. [imp. & p. p. released (re-leesf); p. 
 pr. &cvb.n. RELEASING.] [See Relay, ?i., and Relax.] 
 1. To set free from restraint or confinement ; to give 
 liberty to. 2. To relieve from something that confines, 
 burdens, or oppresses. 3. To let go, as a legal claim. 
 Syn.— To free; liberate; loose; discharge; quit; acquit. 
 
 Re-lease', n. 1. Act of letting loose or freeing, or state 
 of being let loose or freed. 2. Relief from care, pain, or 
 any burden. 3. Discharge from obligation or respon.si- 
 bility. 4. (Law.) A giving up or relinquishment of 
 some right or claim ; a quitclaim. 
 
 Syn. — Liberation ; freedom; acquittance; discharge. See 
 Death. 
 
 Re-lease'ment, n. The act of releasing. 
 
 Re-leas'er, n. One who releases. 
 
 R61'e-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. relegated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RELEGATING.] [Lat. relegare, relegatum, from 
 re, again, back, and legare, to send with a commission or 
 charge.] To remove ; to dispatch ; to consign ; to re- 
 mand ; to transfer ; specijically, to send into exile ; to 
 banish. 
 
 Rgl'e-ga'tion, n. Act of relegating ; removal ; con- 
 signment ; banishment ; exile. 
 
 Re-lent', v. i. [imp. & p. p. relented ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. relenting.] [Fr. ralentir, 0. Fr. alentir, firom Lat. 
 lentus, pliant, flexible, slow.] To become less harsh, 
 hard, cruel, or the like ; to become more mild and ten- 
 der : to feel compassion. 
 
 Re-lent'less, a. Unmoved by appeals to sympathy or 
 forgiveness ; insensible to the distress of others ; destitute 
 of tenderness. 
 
 Syn. — Unpitying; implacable; unmerciful; pitiless; cruel. 
 
 Re'les-see', n. One to whom a release is executed. 
 
 Re'les-s6r', n. The person who executes a release. 
 
 Rel'e-van^e, ) n. State of being relevant, or of afford- 
 
 Rel'e-van-^y, ( ing relief or aid. 
 
 Syn. — Pertinence; applicableness; fitness; propriety; ap- 
 positeness. 
 
 R61'e-vant, a. [Ft. relevant, p. pr. of relever, to raise 
 again, to relieve, q. v.] Bearing upon, or properly ap- 
 plying to, the case in hand ; pertinent ; applicable. 
 
 Re-ira-bil'l-ty, n. State or quality of being reliable 
 reliableness. 
 
 Re-li'a-ble, a. Suitable or fit to be relied on ; worthy of 
 dependence or reliance ; trustworthy. 
 
 tttS" To the use of this word, which is of recent intrtKluctioB 
 into the lunf^uaKC, many take exccptioo. It is, however, • 
 useful synonym for trustworlhy, ai\d is sufficiently rFKuliir in 
 ita furmatiun, as it follows the analogy of laufjhufile, avuiUibU, 
 indiapemable, &c. 
 
 Re-li'a-ble-nes8, n. The state or quality of being re- 
 liable ; trustworthiness. 
 
 Re-li'aii^e, h. 1. Act of relying, or condition or qual- 
 ity of being reliant ; repose of mind on what is deemed 
 sufficient support or authority. 2. Any thing on which 
 to rely ; ground of tru.st. 
 Syn. — Trust; depondence; confidence; faith. 
 
 Rfil'ie, n. [Lat. relif/uise, pi., from relinquere, to leave 
 behind.] 1, That which remains after loss or decay. 2. 
 A corpse ; speciJicaUy, the body, or some part of the 
 body, of deceased saints or martyrs. 3. Hence, a me- 
 morial ; any remembrancer. 
 
 Rel'iet, n. [Lat. re'irta, f. of rflir.tus, p. p. of relinr/iure, 
 to leave behind.] A woman whose husband is dead ; a 
 widow. 
 
 Re-lief, n. [Eng. relieve, q. v.] 1, Act of relieving, or 
 state of being relieved ; the removal of any evil, or of 
 any thing oppressive or burdensome. 2. Release from a 
 post, or from the performance of duty. 3. That which 
 relieves or gives succor, aid, or comfort. 4. (Srulp. tc. 
 Arch.) Prominence of a figure above or beyond the 
 ground or plane on which it is formed. 5. (Paint.) The 
 appearance of projection, which a figure exhibits to the 
 eye at a distance. 
 
 Syn. — Alleviation; mitigation; aid; help; succor; assist- 
 ance; remedy; redress; iudeuiuification. 
 
 Re-li'er, n. One who relies, or has full confidence. 
 
 Re-liev'a-ble, a. Capable of being relieved. 
 
 Re-lieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. relieved : p. pr. tc vb. 
 n. relieving.] [Lat. relevare, to lift up, to raise, to 
 make light, to relieve, from re, again, and ievare, to 
 raise.] 1. To cause to rise ; hence, to cau.se to seem to 
 rise ; to set off by contrast. 2. To raise or remove, as 
 any thing which depresses, weighs down, or crushes ; to 
 render less burdensome or afflicting. 3. To free from any 
 burden, trial, evil, disti-ess, or the like. 4. To release 
 from a post or station by substitution of others. 5. To 
 ease of any burden, wrong, or oppression by judicial or 
 legislative interposition, by the removal of a grievance, 
 by indemnification for losses, &c. 
 
 Syn.— To alleviate ; assuage ; succor ; assist ; aid ; help; 
 support; sustain; ease; mitigate; lighten; diminish; remove; 
 free; remedy; redress; indemnif>'; right. 
 
 Re-lie v'er, n. One who, or that which, relieves. 
 
 Re-lig'ion (-llj'un), n. [Lat. religio, either from relegere, 
 to gather or collect again, to go throujih or over again in 
 reading, in speech, or in thought, religens, revering the 
 gods, pious, religious : or from rtligare, to bind anew or 
 back, to bind fast.] 1. The recognition of God as an 
 object of worship, love, and obedience. 2. Any system 
 of faith and worship. 
 
 Syn. — Piety; sanctity. — 7?e?»V;io« is a high sense of moral 
 obligation and spirit of reverence or worship which affect the 
 heart of man with respect to the Deity. Pittij first ex|irt-!>!M>d 
 the feelings of a child toward a parent, and wa.s henct- used for 
 that filial sentiment of veneration and love which we owe to 
 the Father of all. Sanctily denotes primarily that purity of 
 heart and life which springs from habitual coniniuniou with 
 God, and a sense of his continual presence. 
 
 Re-lig'ion-i§in(-ITj'un-), >i. 1. Practice of, or adhei^ 
 ence to, religion. 2. Affected or false religion. 
 
 Re-lig'ion-ist (-llj'un-), n. One earnestly or bigotedly 
 devoted to a religion. 
 
 Re-lig'ious (-ITj'us), a. 1 . Pertaining or relating to 
 religion ; concerned with religion. 2. Pwisessing, acting 
 according to, or agreeing with , religion. 3. Scrupulously 
 faithful or exact. 
 
 Syn.— Pious: godly: holy; devout; devotional; conscien- 
 tious; strict; rigid; exact. 
 
 Re-lig'ioiis-ly (-ITj'us-), adv. 1. In a religious manner. 
 2. According' to the rites of religion ; reverenf.y. 3. 
 In accordance with religious principles or dcH"trine.«. 
 Syn. — Piously; devoutly; sacredly; exactly; strictly. 
 
 Re-liii'quii*hi (-ITnk'wi.sh), r. t. [imp. & ?>. /'• Rf.i.i':- 
 QUISIIED (-llnk'wisht); />. pr. & rh. n. kelimji i>i.- 
 ING.] [Lat. relinqutre, to leave behind, from rf.:i.im. 
 back, and linquere, to lejivo.] 1. To withdraw from . to 
 leave behind. 2. To give up : to renounce a claim to. 
 
 Syn.— To resign; leave: quit: forsake; abandon: desertj 
 renounce; forbear; forego. SeeRKSioN. 
 
 foed, f dbt ; drn, ri(de, puOl ; (ell, (liaise, «aU, eclio ; gem, get ; as ; e^st : linger, li«|lc : tiiia- 
 
RELINQUISHER 
 
 608 REMISS 
 
 Re-Hn'q\»isli-er, n. One who relinquishes. 
 
 Re-llu'quisli-iueiit, ;i . The act of leaving or quitting ; 
 a forsiikiu}: ; the renouncing a claim to. 
 
 R61'i-ciua-ry, »•• [L. Lat. reliquiariion, reliquiare, from 
 rdiijuicv. See Kelic and infra.] A small chest, box, 
 or ca.<ket in which relics are kept. 
 
 B^rish, V r. [imp. & p. p. relished (rSl'isht) ; p. pr. 
 & rb. n. RELISHING.] [0. Fr. relecher, to lick or taste 
 anew, from re^ again, and lecher, to lick, from 0. 11. Ger. 
 lecehOn, A.-S. Iiccian, Eng. lick.] 1. To taste or eat 
 with pleasure ; to like the flavor of; hence, to eiyoy ; to 
 be pleased with or gratified by. ti. To give a pleasing 
 flavor to. 
 
 B^l'isli, V. i. 1. To have a pleasing taste; to give 
 pleasure, gratification, or satisfoction. 2. To have a 
 flavor. 
 
 ligl'ish, n. [See the verb.] 1. A pleasing taste. 2. 
 Enjoyable quaUty; power of pleasing. 3. Savor ; qual- 
 ity ; "characteristic tinge. 4. Inclination or taste for ; 
 fondness. 5. The smallest perceptible quantity ; tinge. 
 6. That which is used to impart a flavor; specifically, 
 something taken with food to render it more palatable. 
 
 Syn. — Taste; savor; flavor; appetite; zest; gusto; liking; 
 delight. 
 
 B61'isli-a-ble, a. Having an agreeable taste ; worthy 
 of being relished. 
 
 Re-lu-et', r. i. [Lsit. reluctari, rehictaUts, from re, again, 
 against, and luctari, to struggle.] To strive or struggle 
 against any thing ; to make resistance. 
 
 Ke-lu-e'taii^e, \n. State or quality of being reluctant ; 
 
 Re-lu-e'tan-^y, ) aversion of mind. 
 
 Syn. — Aversion ; repugnance ; unwillingness ; dislike. 
 See Aversion. 
 
 Re-lii€'tant, a. [Lat. reluctans, -p. -pr. of reluctari. See 
 Reluct.] 1. Striving against ; much opposed in heart. 
 2. Proceeding from an unwilling mind ; granted with 
 reluctance. 
 
 Syn. — Averse ; unwilling ; loth ; disinclined ; backward ; 
 coy. See Averse. 
 
 Re-luc'tant-ly, adv. In a reluctant manner; unwill- 
 ingly. 
 
 Re-lume', v. t. [imp. & p. p. relumed ; p. pr. & i-b. 
 n. RELUMING.] [Lat. reluminare, from re, again, and 
 luminare, to light, from lumen, hght.] To rekindle ; to 
 light again. 
 
 Re-ly', V. i. [ijnp. & p. p. relied ; p. pr. & vb. n. RE- 
 LYING.] [Prefix re and lie.] To rest with confidence, 
 as the mind when satisfied of the veracity, integrity, or 
 ability of persons, or of the certainty of facts. 
 Syn. — To trust ; depend ; confide ; repose. 
 
 Re-main', v. i. [imp. & p. p. remained ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REMAINING.] [Lat. remanere, from re, again, back, 
 and manere, to stay, remain, Gr. ueVeiv.] 1. To stay 
 Ijehind while others withdraw or are removed ; to be left 
 as not included or comprised. 2. To continue in a fixed 
 place, an unchanged form or condition, an undiminished 
 quantity. 
 
 Syn. — To continue ; stay ; wait ; tarry ; rest ; sojourn ; 
 dwell : abide ; last ; endure. 
 
 Re-main', n. 1. That which is left ; relic ; remainder; 
 — chiefly in the plural. Si. S/?ec(^ca%, a dead body : a 
 corpse : — only in the plural. 3. The literary works of one 
 who ij dead. 
 
 Re-main'der, n. 1. Any thing that remains, or is 
 left, after the separation and removal of a part. 2. 
 (Laiv.) A remnant of an estate in land, depending upon 
 a particular prior estate, and Umited to arise immediately 
 on the determination of that estate. 
 
 Syn. — Balance ; rest ; residue : remnant ; remains ; leav- 
 ingTB : relics. — We may speak of " the balance of an account; " 
 but to use this word for remainder, as "the balance of the 
 week," " the ftoZonce of the company," &c., is a gross vulgarism, 
 to l>e avoided by every one who does not mean to "smell 
 of tlie Bhop." 
 
 Re-make', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REMADE ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RE.MAKING.] To make anew. 
 
 Re-mand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. remanded \ p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. REMANDING.] [Lat. rerruindare, from re, again, 
 back, and mandare, to commit, order, send word.] To 
 recommit or send back. 
 
 Re-mark', n. [.See infra.] 1. Act of remarking or 
 attentively noticing. 3. The expression, in speech or 
 writing, of something remarked or noticed ; hence, a cas- 
 ual observation. 
 Syn.— Observation; note; comment: annotation. 
 
 Re-mark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. remarked (-markf); 
 p. pr. k, vb. n. REMARKING.] [Fr. re?narquer, from re, 
 
 again, and tworgi/er, to mark. See MARK.] 1. To ta3<i 
 notice of. 2. To express in words or writing, as observtd 
 or noticed ; to call attention to. 
 
 Syn.— To observe ; notice ; heed ; regard; note ; say.— To 
 observe is to keep or hold a thing distinetli' before the mind. 
 To remark- is simply to mark or take note of whatever may 
 come up. To twtice implies still less continuity of attention. 
 When we turn from these mental states to the" exijression of 
 them in language, we tind the same distinction. An obserixt- 
 tio7i is properly the result of somewhat prolonged thought ; a 
 remark is usually suggested by some passing occurrence ? a 
 notice is in most cases something cursory and short. This dis- 
 tinction is not, however, always observed as to remark and 
 obse7-ve, which are often used interchangeably. 
 
 Re-mark', v. i. To say or observe. 
 
 Re-mark'a-ble, a. A\orthy of or capable of being le 
 marked or noticed. i 
 
 SjTi. — Observable ; noticeable ; extraordinary ; unuBual ; 
 rare; strange; wonderful; notable; distinguished; famous; 
 eminent. 
 
 Re-mark'a-ble-ness, n. State of being remarkable; 
 observableness ; worthiness of remark. [gree. 
 
 Re-mark'a-bly, adv. In a remarkable manner or de- 
 
 Re-mark'er, 71. One who remarks ; an observer. 
 
 Re-me'di-a-ble, a. Capable of being remedied or cured. 
 
 Re-me'di-al, a. Affording a remedy ; intended for a 
 remedy. 
 
 Re-m6d'i-less, or Rem'e-di-less (113), a. 1. Inca- 
 pable of being restored, changed, or prevented. 2. Not 
 answering as a remedy ; hence, ineffectual ; powerless. 
 
 Syn. — Incurable ; cureless ; irremediable ; irrecoverable ; 
 irretrievable ; irreparable ; desperate. 
 
 R6m'e-dy, n. [Lat. remedium, from re, again, and 
 mederi, to heal, to cure.] 1. That which cures a dis- 
 ease. 2. That which counteracts an evil of any kind. 
 
 3. [l-aw.) The legal means to recover a right, or to ob- 
 tain redress for a wrong. 
 
 Svn.— Cure ; restorative ; counteraction ; reparation ; re- 
 dress ; relief ; aid ; help ; assistance. 
 
 Rem'e-dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. remedied ; p. pr. & 
 rb. n. REMEDYING.] To apply a remedy or cure to ; to 
 restore to soundness, health, integrity , and the hke. 
 
 Syn. — To heal : redress ; relieve ; help ; aid ; counter- 
 act, &c. 
 
 Re-m^m'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. remembered ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. REMEMBERING.] [Lat. reinemorare, from 
 re, again, KnA.'inemorare, to bring to remembrance.] 1. 
 To bring to mind again ; to recall. 2. To keep in mind ; 
 to preserve fresh in the memorj" ; to keep from being 
 forgotten. 
 
 Re-mem'ber-er, n. One who remembers. 
 
 Re-mem'bran^e, n. 1. Act of remembering. 2. 
 State of being remembered, or held in mind ; memory ; 
 recollection. 3. That which serves to keep in or bring 
 to mind ; a memorial ; a token ; a memento ; a souvenir. 
 
 4. Power of remembering ; time within which a fact can 
 be remembered. 
 
 Syn. — Memory; recollection ; reminiscence. See Mem- 
 ory. 
 
 Re-mem'bran-^er, n. One who, or that which, serves 
 to bring to or keep in mind ; a memento : a memorial. 
 
 Rem'i-grate, or Re-mi'grate, v. i. [Lat. remigrare, 
 reinigratum, from re, again, back, and migrare, to re- 
 move, migrate.] To migrate again ; to return. 
 
 Rgm'i-gra'tion, or Re'mi-gra'tion, n. Migration to 
 a former place. 
 
 Re-mind', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reminded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REMINDING.] To put in mind: to bring to the re- 
 membrance or to the notice or consideration of. 
 
 Re-mind'er, n. One who, or that which, reminds. 
 
 Rem'i-nis'fen^e, n. [S^q infra.] 1. State of being 
 reminiscent, or incUned to call to mind. 2. Power of 
 recalling to mind. 3. That which is remembered or 
 recalled to mind. 
 
 Syn. — Memory ; rememb»ance ; recollection. See Mem- 
 ory. 
 
 R6m'i-nis'?ent, a. [Lat. reminiscens, p. pr of remi- 
 nisei, to recall to mind, to recollect.] Capable of, or in- 
 clined to, call to mind. 
 
 Re-mi§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REMISED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REMISING.] [Lat. reynittere, remissum, to send back, 
 from re, back, and mittere, to s«nd.] To release a claim 
 to ; to resign or surrender by deed. 
 
 Re-miss', a. [Lat. remissm, p. p. of remittere, to send 
 back, to relax. See svpra.] 1. Not enei^tic or exact 
 in duty or business ; not careful or prompt in fulfilling en- 
 gagements. 2. Lacking earnestness or activity ; languid. 
 Syn. — Slack; dilatory: slothful; neghgent ; careless; 
 neglectful ; inattentive ; heedless ; thoughtless. 
 
 a,e,&c.,20fi£-- &,<B,&c.,«Aorf/ c&re,far,ask,all,ivli9t; dre, vgil, tSrm ; pique,firm; son, or, d«, 1^9!! 
 
REMISSIBLE 
 
 609 
 
 RENDER 
 
 Re-mis'sl-ble, a. Capable of being remitted or for- 
 given. 
 
 Re-mis'sion (-mlsh/un), n. [Lat. remissio, fr. rfmittcre, 
 remissnm. See REMIT.] 1. Act of remitting, surrender- 
 ing, or giving up. a. Especially, discharge from tiiat 
 which is due ; relinquishment of a claim, right, or obli- 
 gation. 3. (Med.) A temporary subsidence of the force 
 or violence of a disease or of pain. 
 
 Syn. — Pardon ; forgiveness ; abatement ; release ; dis- 
 charge. 
 
 Re-mi.ss'ly, adv. In a remiss or negligent manner. 
 
 Ke-miss'nes.^, n. State of being remiss ; want of ardor 
 or vigor; want of punctuality ; slackness; negligence. 
 
 Ke-mit', i". /. [imp. & p. p. remitted ; /;. pr. & vh. n. 
 REMITTING.] [Lat. remittere, to send back, to slacken, 
 relax. See Remise.] 1. To send back; to refer, 'i. 
 To give up; to surrender; to resign. 3. To relax in 
 intensity. 4. To forgive. 5. To transmit to a distance, 
 as money, bills, or the like. 
 
 Syn.— To relax; release ; abate ; relinquish ; pardon; ab- 
 solve. 
 
 Re-mit', v. i. To abate in force or in violence ; to grow 
 less intense ; to become moderated. 
 
 Re-mit'meiit, n. 1. Act of remitting. 2. State of 
 being remitted. 
 
 Re-mit'tal, M. A remitting; a giving up ; surrender. 
 
 I{e-mit'taii9e,n. 1. ( Co /n.) Act of transmitting money, 
 bills, or the like, to a distant place. 3. The sum or thing 
 remitted. [as a disease. 
 
 Re-mit'tent, a. Having remissions from time to time, 
 
 Re-mit'ter, n. 1. One who remits or makes remit- 
 tance, ti. (Law.) The sending or placing back of a 
 person to a title or right he had before. 
 
 Re-rait'tor, n. (Law.) One who makes a remittance. 
 
 Rgin'uant, n. [0. Fr. reuianant, remainant, p. pr. of 
 rernainoir, remai7idre,fr. La.t.remanere. See Rem.aIN.] 
 
 1. What remains after a part is removed, performed, 
 &c. £. Hence, a small portion ; a slight trace ; a frag- 
 ment. 
 
 SyTi. — Residue; rest; remains; remainder. 
 
 Re-mod'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. remodeled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. remodeling.] To model or fashion anew. 
 
 Re-mold', \v.t. To mold or shape anew ; to make 
 
 Re-mould', j over; to remodel. 
 
 Re-mon'stran^e, n. 1. Act of expostulation. 3. 
 The terms in which one remonstrates ; earnest advice or 
 reproof. 
 
 Re-mon'strant, a. Inclined or tending to remon- 
 strate ;- expostulatory. 
 
 Re-mon'strant, n. One who remonstrates. 
 
 Re-mon'strate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. re3I0nstrated ; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. REMONSTRATING.] [Low Lat. remon- 
 strare, remonstratitm, from Lat. re, again, back, and 
 mo7istrare, to show.] To exhibit or present strong rea- 
 sons against an act, measure, or any course of proceed- 
 ings. 
 
 Syn. — To expostulate; reprove. — We expostulate when we i 
 unite argument and entreaty to dissuade some one from the ' 
 course he has chosen. When we remonstrate, we go further, 
 and show or set forth, in the strongest terms, the danger or the 
 guilt of his pursuing it. We remonstrate with a person, and 
 against the course he has adopted. 
 
 Re-mon'stra-tor, n. One who remonstrates. 
 
 Re-morse', n. [L. Lat. remorsiis, from Lat. remordere, 
 remorsum., to bite again or back, to torment, from re, 
 again, back, and mordere, to bite, vex.] The keen or 
 gnawing pain or anguish excited by a sense of guilt. 
 
 Syn. — Compunction; regret; anguish; compassion. See 
 Compunction and Regret. 
 
 Re-morse'fiil, a. 1. Full of remorse or compunction. 
 
 2. Compassionate; feeling tenderly. [Obs.\ 3. Pitia- 
 ble. [Obs.] 
 
 Re-morse'Iess, a. Without remorse or sen.sibility ; 
 cruel ; insensible to distress. 
 
 Syn.— Unpitying ; pitiless ; reienuess ; unrelenting ; im- 
 placable; merciless; unmerciful; savage. 
 
 Re-morse'less-Iy, adv. Without remorse. 
 
 Re-mote', a. [compar. REMOTER ; sitperl. remotest.] 
 [Lat. remotus, p. p. of retnovere, to remove. See RE- 
 MOVE.] 1. Removed to a distance ; not near; faraway; 
 — said in respect to time or place. 3. Hence, removed ; 
 not agreeing, according, or being related ; — in various 
 figurative uses. 
 
 Syn. — Far .• foreign ; alien ; primary ; abstracted ; slight ; 
 inconsiderable. 
 
 Re-mote'ly, adv. In a remote manner ; at a distance 
 in space, time, consanguinity, and the like. 
 
 Rt^-mote'ne.ss, n. State of being remote or distant In 
 
 space, time, consanguinity, or the like ; diHtanco. 
 Rc-mount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ke mounted ; ]>. pr. 
 
 & rb. n. REMOU.NTING.] To mount again. 
 Re-mount', f . i. To mount again ; tore-ascend. 
 Ke-mov'a-bil'1-ty, 7t. The capacity of being remora- 
 
 ble from an office or station. 
 Re-mov'a-ble, n. Admitting of being removed, as from 
 
 an office or station, or from one place to another. 
 Re-mo v'al, »i. 1. Act of removing from a place, office 
 
 &c. '2, Act of remedying or taking away. 3. State of 
 
 being removed ; change of place. 4. Act of putting an 
 
 end to. 
 
 Syn. — Dismission ; migration ; displacing ; departure : 
 
 death. 
 
 Re-mqve', I', r [imp. & p. p. removed; p. pr. &, 
 vb. /(."removing.] [Lat. retnovere, from re, again, back, 
 and movere, to move.) 1. To cause to change place ; to 
 move away from the position occupied. 3. To cause t« 
 leave a person or thing; to cau.'^e to cease to l)e; hence, 
 to banish. 3. To carry from one court to another. 
 
 Syn. — To displace ; dismiis ; depose ; set aside ; banish ; 
 emigrate. 
 
 Re-move', v. i. To change place in any manner, or to 
 
 make'a change in place. 
 Re-move', «. 1. Act of removing ; removal. 2. State 
 of being removed. 3. That which is removed, as a disli 
 removed from table to make way for something else. 4. 
 Distance or space through which any thing is removed ; 
 interval. 5. A step in any scale of gradation. 
 
 Syn.— Removal; departure; step; space; distance, ice. 
 
 Re-mov'er, n. One who removes. 
 Re-mu'n«r-a-ble, a. Capable of being remunerated; 
 
 tit or proper to be recompensed. 
 Re-mu'ner-ate, L". <. [imp. &, p p remunerated, 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REMUNERATING.] [Lat remunerare, 
 rem.uneratum , from re, again, back, and tnunerare, to 
 give, present, from miuius, muneris, a gift, present.] To 
 pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or 
 other sacrifice. 
 
 Syn. — To reward ; recompense ; compensate ; satisfy; re- 
 quite; repay; pay; re-imburse. 
 
 Re-mu'ner-a'tion, n. 1. Act of remunerating, ti. 
 That which is given to remunerate. 
 Syn. — Reward ; recompense ; compensation ; repayment; 
 
 satisfaction; requital. 
 
 Re-mu'ner-a-tive, a. Intended or fitted to remuner- 
 ate ; yielding a proper remuneration. 
 
 Re-mii'ner-a-to-ry, a. Affording recompense. 
 
 Re'nal, a. [Lat. renalis, from renes, the kidneys or 
 reins.] Pertaining to the kidneys or reins. 
 
 Ren'ard, n. [From H. Ger. Reinhard, 0. H. Ger. Rag^in- 
 hart, Reginhart, Reinhart, i.e., strong in counsel, the 
 name of the fox in a celebrated German epic poem.] A 
 fox ; — so called in fables or familiar tales, and in poetrr. 
 
 Re-nS,s'?en(!e, 1 n. The state of being renascent, or of 
 
 Re-nas'^en-yy, j being produced again. 
 
 Re-nJts'^ent, a. [Lat. renascens, p. pr. of renasci, to be 
 born again, from re, again, and iiasci, to be born.] 1, 
 Springing or rising into being again ; reproduced. t2. 
 Able or likely to be re-born, renewed, or reproduced; 
 rejuvenated. 
 
 Ren-€6n'tre, ) n. [Fr. rencontre, Eng. re and encoun- 
 
 Ren-«oun'ter, I ter, q. v.] 1. A meeting of two per- 
 sons or bodies. "Z, Hence, a meeting in opposition or 
 contest ; action or engagement. 3. A sudden contest 
 without premeditation, as between individuals or small 
 parties. 
 Syn. — Combat; fight; conflict: collision; clash. 
 
 Ren-€Oun'ter, v. i. To meet an enemy unexpectedly ; 
 to come into collision ; to skirmish. 
 
 R6nd,r. t. [imp. & p. p. RENT ; p.pr. & vb. n. REND- 
 ING.] [A.-S. remlnn, hrendnn, to cut, rend. Icel. r.rmti, 
 nena, to spoil, destroy.] 1. To separate into parts with 
 force or sudden violence ; to tear asunder, "i. To part 
 or tear off forcibly. 
 
 SjTi. — To tear; burst; break; rupture; lacerat<r: fpacture* 
 crac*k; split. 
 
 Rgn'der, n. One who rends or tears. 
 
 Rgn'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rendered ; />. pr. k vb, 
 n. rendering.] [Low Lat. rendere, from Lat. reddere, 
 with n inserted, from re, agiiiu, back, and dare, to give.) 
 1. To return ; to pay back ; to n>store. '2. To inflict, 
 as a retribution. 3. To give on demand ; to surrvnder. 
 4. Hence, to furnish, to contrihuto. 5. To make up; 
 to state ; to dehver. 6. To cause to be, or to Inx-ome. 7. 
 
 food, fcJbt ; tLrn, rude, pull j fell, ^liaise, «all, e«bo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; liuser, UiiU. ; tlila. 
 
.^ir ■T>«"^;*< 
 
 RENDERABLE 
 
 610 
 
 REPAY 
 
 To translate from one language into another ; to inter- 
 pret, or bring into full expression to others, thejiiean- 
 iBg, spirit, and full effiH't of 8. To boil down and 
 clarify. 9. To plaster roughly. 
 
 Kdn'cier-a-ble, a. Capable of being rendered. 
 
 R6ii'dt'Z-vous(r^n''de-vol)), n.:pl. [Rare.] RfeN'DEZ- 
 voi!$-E§ (ronde-vouz-ez). [Fr. rendez vous, render 
 yourst>lves, repair to a place.] 1. A place for meeting. | 
 \i. Esf>fcial!!/, the appointed place for troops, or for the 
 ships of a tleet, to assemble. 3. A meeting by appoint- 
 ment. I 
 
 Kdn'dez-TOUS (ren'de-TcTb), r. i. [imp. & p. p. REN- ' 
 DEZvorsED : p. pr. & vb. n. rendezvousing.] To 
 assemble or meet at a particular place, as troops, ships, J 
 and the like. j 
 
 Kdn'dez-voiis (rea'de-Tob), v. t. To assemble or bring J 
 together at'a certain place. j 
 
 Ben-di'tiou (-dish'un), n. 1. Act of rendering, or re- 
 turning ; surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at the 
 claim of a foreign government. 2. Translation ; ren- 
 dering. 
 
 R^n'e-gade, 1 h. [Low Lat. renegatus, from renegare. 
 
 R6n'e-ga'do, ) See infra.] One faithless to principle 
 or party -, especially, (a.) An apostate from a religious 
 faith. (6.) One who deserts from a military or naval 
 post; a deserter, (c.) A common vagabond. 
 
 Re-new' (re-nu'), v. t. [inip. & p. p. renewed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RENEA\;iNG.] 1, To make over as good as 
 new; to give new life to. 3. To begin again. 3. To 
 repeat, either exactly or almost exactly. 4, To furnish 
 again. 5. ( TheoL] To make new spiritually ; to unplant : 
 holy affections in the heart. j 
 
 Syn. — To renovate: transform; repair; rebuild; re-estab- j 
 lish; confirm; revive; repeat. i 
 
 Re-new' (re-nu'), v. i. To be made new; to grow or | 
 commence again. ! 
 
 Re-ne-»v'a-ble (-nu'a-bl), a. Capable of being renewed. 
 
 Re-ne>v'al (re-nu'al), »i. 1. Act of renewing; act of i 
 formiug anew. '2, That which is renewed. I 
 
 Re-new'ed-ly (-nu'-), adv. Again ; once more. [Amer.] i 
 
 Re-ne>v'er (re-nu'er),7i. One who renews. i 
 
 R6n'i-f6rm, a. [Lat. renes, the kidneys, and forma, j 
 form.] 1. Having the form or shape of a kidney. 2. 
 {Bot.) Having the form of a section of a kidney. 
 
 Re-ni'ten^e, )n. State of being renitent; resistance; 
 
 Re-ni'ten-^y, J reluctance. 
 
 Re-nl'tent, a. [Lat. renitens, p. pr. of reniti, to strive 
 or struggle against, to resist.] 1. Resisting pressure or | 
 the effect of it. 'i. Persistently opposed. I 
 
 R^n'net, n. [A.-S. geriiuian, to curdle or coagulate, fr. \ 
 rinnan, rennan, to run.] The inner membrane of the 
 fourth stomach of the calf, or an infusion or preparation 
 of it, used for coagulating milk. 
 
 Re-noun^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. renounced (re- 
 nounsV); p. pr. & vb. n. RENOUNCING.] [Lat. renun- 
 ciare, from re, again, back, and niinciare, to announce.] 
 1. To declare against ; to reject, as a title or claim. 2. 
 To cast off or reject, as a connection or possession ; to 
 give up. 
 
 . Syn. — To cast off ; disavow; disown; disclaim; deny; ab- ' 
 jure : recant ; abandon ; forsake; quit ; forego; resign; 'relin- 
 quieh: give up; abdicate. — We renounce when we make it 
 publicly known that we give up a thing finally and forever; as, j 
 to renounce one's claims; to renounce a profession; to renounce j 
 the world. We abjure when we renounce in the most solemn ] 
 manner; as, to affjure one's faith, allegiance, &c. We recant 
 when we openly and formally disavow some principle we had '< 
 previously maintained, and adopt the contrary one. 
 
 Re-nonn^e'ment, n. Act of disclaiming; renunciation. \ 
 
 Re-noun'fer, n. One who renounces or disclaims. ■ 
 
 R6n'o-vate, v. t. [Lat. renovare, renovatum, from re, ; 
 again, back, and novare, to make new, from novus, new.] | 
 T© make over again ; to render as good as new. 
 Syn. — To renew ; regenerate; recreate; revive. ' 
 
 R€n'o-va'tion, M. 1. Act of renovating ; renewal. 2.' 
 State of being renovated or renewed. j 
 
 Re-nown', n. [From re, again, and Lat. nomen, name.] 
 The state of being much known and talked of; fame: 
 celebrity. ' 
 
 Re-no wn#!d', a. Celebrate*! for great and heroic achieve- : 
 
 ments, for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur. i 
 
 Syn.— Famous: famed ; distinguished : noted ; eminent ; I 
 
 celebrated; remarkable; wonderful. See Famous. I 
 
 Re-nowTi'ed-ly, adv. In a renowned manner. | 
 
 R6nt, imp. & p^p. of rend. Se<^ Rend. 
 
 R£nt, n. [From rend.] 1. An opening made by rend- 
 ing : a break or breach made by force. 2. A schism ; a 
 teparation. 
 
 Syn.— Fissure; breach; dlsrupture; rupture; tear; dilace- 
 ration; break: fracture. 
 
 Rgnt, 71. [From Lat. reddita, pi. of redditian, fr. reddere, 
 to give back, to pay ; A.-S. rent. See Render.] 1. A 
 certain periodical profit in money, provisions, chattels, 
 or labor, issuing out of lands and tenements in retribu- 
 tion for the use. 2. Capital invested in pubUc funds, 
 stocks, &c. [French usage.] 
 
 Rgnt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. rented : p. pr. & vh. n. 
 RENTING.] 1. To grant the possession and enjoyment 
 of; to lease. 2. To take and hold by lease the posses- 
 Rent, r. '. To be leased, or let for rent. [sion of. 
 
 R6nt'a-ble, a. Admitting of being rented. 
 
 R6nt'al, n. [L. Lat. rentale, from renta.] A schedule 
 or account of rents, with the names of th» tenants, &c. ; 
 a rent-roll. 
 
 Rent'er, n. One who rents or leases an estate ; more 
 generally, the lessee or tenant who takes an estate or 
 tenement on rent. 
 
 Ren'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rentered : p. pr. k, vb. 
 n. RENTERING.] [From Lat. re, again, back, and in- 
 trahere, to draw into or along, fi-om in, into, in, and tra- 
 here, to draw.] To sew together so that the seam is 
 scarcely visible ; to fine-draw. 
 
 Rent'-roU, n. A list of rents ; a rental. 
 
 Re-niin'ci-a'tion (-shT-a'shun), n. [Lat. renunciatio. 
 See Renounce.] Act of renouncing. 
 
 Syn. — Renouncement; disownment; disavowal; disavow- 
 ment: disclaimer: rejection; abjuration; recantation; denial; 
 abandonment; relinquishment. 
 
 Re-6r'gan-i-za'tion. n. The act of organizing anew. 
 
 Re-6r'gan-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re-organized; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. RE-ORGANIZING.] To organize anew ; 
 to reduce again to an organized condition. 
 
 Rep, a. [Prob. a corruption of rib.] Foimed with a sur- 
 face closely corded, or of a cord-hke appearance. 
 
 Rep, n. A kind of stuff having a surface appearing as if 
 made of small cords. 
 
 Re-paclc', V. t. [ivip. & p. p. REPACKED {re-pSkt'); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REPACKING.] To pack a second time. 
 
 Re-p&ir' (4), v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPAIRED: p. pr. & 
 vb. 71. REPAIRING.] [Lat. reparare, from re, again, back, 
 and parare, to prepare.] 1. To restore to a sound or 
 good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial 
 destruction. 2. To make amends for, as for an iiyury, 
 by an equivalent ; to indemnify for. 
 
 Syn. — To restore ; recover ; renew ; amend ; mend ; re- 
 trieve; recruit. 
 
 Re-pair', n. Restoration to a sound or good state after 
 decay, waste, injury, or partial destruction ; reparation. 
 
 Re-pair', v. i. [Lat. repatriare, to return to one's coun- 
 try, to go home again, from re. back, and patria, native 
 country.] Togo; to betake one's self; to resort. 
 
 Re-pair 'a-ble, a. Capable of being repaired. 
 
 Re-pair'er, n. One who repairs, restores, or makes 
 amends. [repaired. 
 
 R6p'a-ra-ble, a. [Lat. reparabilis.] Capable of being 
 Syn. — Restorable; retrievable; recoverable. 
 
 Rep''a-ra'tion, 7!. 1. Act of repairing; restoration to 
 soundness or a good state. 2. State of being repaired. 
 3. That which is done or made in order to repair ; in- 
 demnification for loss or damage. 
 
 Syn. — Restoration ; repair ; restitution ; compensation ; 
 amends. 
 
 Re-pSr'a-tive, a. Tending to repair : restoring to a 
 sound state ; tending to amend defect, or make good. 
 
 Re-pHr'a-tive, n. That which restores to a good state ; 
 that which makes amends. 
 
 Rep'ar-tee', n. [Fr. repartie, from repartir, to reply, to 
 depart again, to divide, from re, again, and partir, to 
 part, depart.] A smart, ready, and witty reply. 
 Sj-n. — Retort; reply. See Retort. 
 
 R6p'ar-tee', v. i. [imp. & p. p. reparteed : p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. REPARTEEING.] To make smart and witty 
 replies. 
 
 Re-pass', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repassed (re-pastO ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. REP.A^SSING.] To pass again ; to pass or 
 travel back ; to pass a second time. 
 
 Re-pass', v.' i. To pass or go back : to move back. 
 
 Re-past'. 71. [L. Lsit. repast us, fi-om Lat. repascere, to 
 feed again, from re, again, and pascere, pastum, to pas- 
 ture, feed.] 1. Act of taking food. 2. That which is 
 taken as food or a meal ; victuals. 
 
 Re-pay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPAID : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REPAYING.] 1. To pay back. 2. To make return oi 
 requital for. 3. To pav anew, or a second time, as a 
 debt. 
 
 5, e, ate, /(m|r/ ^,6, he, short; e4re,far,ask,all, wliat; 6re, veil, term; piique.firm; s6n,6r,do, W9lii 
 
REPAYABLE 
 
 611 
 
 REPORT 
 
 Syn. — To refund; restore; return; recompense; compen- 
 sate; remunerate; satisfy; re-iniburse; reward; requite. 
 
 Re-pay'a-ble, a. That is to be repaid or refunded. 
 
 Re-pay'ment, «. 1. Act of paying back; re-iniburse- 
 ment. ti. The money or other tiling repaid. 
 
 Be-peal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repealed ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. REPEALING.] -[Lat. re &nd appellare.] To recall, as 
 a deed, will, law, or statute ; to abrogate by authority. 
 
 Syn. — To abolish; revoke; rescind; recall; annul; abro- 
 gate; cancel; reverse. — We revoke what has been declared or 
 established ; properly speaking, a law is repealed only by a 
 Legislature which has power to do so. An edict or power of 
 attorney is revoked, statutes are repealed. We speak of the 
 revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and of the agiUition which 
 was so long carried on for the repeal of the Irish Union. 
 
 Re-peal', n. Revocation ; abrogation. 
 
 Ke-peal'a-ble, a. Capable of being repealed. 
 Syn. — Revocable; abrogable; voidable; reversible. 
 
 Re-peal'a-lble-ness, n. Capability of being repealed. 
 
 Re-peal'er, n. One who repeals or seeks a repeal ; 
 specifically , an advocate for the repeal of the Articles of 
 Union between Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 Re-peat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. repeated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REPEATING.] [Lat. repetere. from re, again, andpe- 
 tere, to fall upon, to attack.] 1. To go over a second 
 time ; to do, try, make, attempt, or utter again. 3. To 
 do or say what one has already done or said. 
 
 Syn. — To reiterate; iterate; renew; recite; relate; rehearse; 
 recapitulate. See Reitekate. 
 
 Re-peat', «. 1. Act of repeating ; repetition. 3. That 
 which is repeated. 3. That which ia to be repeated. 4. 
 (Mus.) A mark, or .series of dots, placed before and after 
 a passage to be repeated in performance. 
 
 Re-peat'ed-ly, adv. Again and again ; indefinitely. 
 
 Re-peat'er, n. One who, or that which, repeats; 
 specifically, (a.) One who recites or rehearses. (6.) A 
 watch that strikes the hours at will at the touch of a 
 spring, (c.) A fire-arm that may be discharged many 
 times in quick succession. 
 
 Re-p61', V. t. [imp. & p. p. repelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REPELLING.] [Lat. repellere, from re, back, Andpel- 
 lere, to drive.] 1. To drive back ; to force to return. 
 a. To encounter or assault with effectual resistance, as 
 an encroachment. 
 
 Syn.— To repulse; resist; oppose; reject; refuse. 
 
 Re-pel'len^e, )n. Quality or capacity of repelling; 
 
 Re-pel'leii-^y, j repulsion. 
 
 Re-pel'lent, a. Driving back ; able or tending to repel. 
 
 Re-pel'lent, n. That which repels or scatters. 
 
 Re-pel'ler, n. One who, or that which, repels. 
 
 Re'pent, a. [Lat. repens, p. pr. of repere, to creep.] 
 Creeping, as a plant. 
 
 Re-p6iit', V. i. [imp. & p. p. repented ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. repenting.] [L. Lat. repanilcre, from Lat. re, again, 
 andi?CEw/<ere, to make repent, from poena, punishment, 
 Gr. Troivfj.] 1. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for wiiat 
 one has done or omitted to do. 3. To change the mind 
 or course of conduct on account of dissatisfaction with 
 what has occurred. 
 
 Re-pent', v.t. To feel pain on account of; to remem- 
 ber with sorrow. 
 
 Re-pent'an^e, n. Act of repenting, or state of being 
 penitent ; sorrow for what one has done or omitted to 
 do ; especially, contrition for sin. 
 
 Syn.— Contrition ; regret ; penitence ; contriteness ; com- 
 punction. See CoNTKiTioN and Regret. 
 
 Re-p6nt'ant, a. 1. Inchned to repent ; sorry for sin. 
 2. Expressing or showing sorrow for sin. 
 
 Re-p6nt'ant, M. One who repents ; a penitent. 
 
 Re-pent'er, n. One who repents. 
 
 Re-peo'ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPEOPLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REPEOPLING.] To people anew ; to furnish again 
 with inhabitants. 
 
 Re'per-eus'sion (-kQf5h/un), n. [Lat. repercussio, from 
 repercutere, repercussum, from re, again, back, and per- 
 cutere, to strike through and through, from per, through, 
 and quatere, to shake, beat, strike.] Act of driving back ; 
 reverberation. 
 
 RS'per-eiiss'ive, a. 1. Having the power of sending 
 
 . back ; causing to reverberate. 3. Driven back ; reA'er- 
 berated. 
 
 R6p'er-to-ry, w. [Lat. repertorium,frovcYreperire, to find 
 again, from re, again, and/iarerf, to bring forth, procure.] 
 1. A place in which things are disposed in an orderly 
 Hianner, so that they can be easily found. 3. A treas- 
 ury ; a magazine. 
 
 Rep'e-tSnd.', n. [Lat. repetendus, from repetere. to re- 
 
 peat, q. v.] {Math.) That part of a repeatinK declm*l 
 which recurs continually. 
 Rep'e-ti'tlon (-tTRh'un), n. [I^at. repriliio. Scf. Rf- 
 PEAT.] 1. Act of repeating. 3. EspeciaUy , t^i\m.\ intm 
 memory. 
 Syn. — Tautology; iteration; rehearsal. See Tal roi.o(ir. 
 
 RCp'e-ti'tlon-al M-tTsh/un-) a. Containing reijcti- 
 
 Rep/e-ti'tlon-a-ry j tion. [Rare.] 
 
 Rep'e-ti'tious (-tish/us), a. Repeating; contoining 
 repetition. [Amer.] 
 
 Re-pine', v. i. [imp. & p. p. repined ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 REPINING.] To continue pining ; to indulge in envy or 
 complaint ; to murmur. 
 
 Re-pin'er, n. One who repines, or murmurs. 
 
 Re-pla^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. replaced (rc-plasf ); 
 p.pr. & vb. n. replacing.] 1. To place agjiin ; to re- 
 store to a former place, position, condition, and the like. 
 3. To refund; to repay. 3, To supply or substitute an 
 equivalent for. 4. To supply the want of; to fulfill the 
 end or oflice of. 
 
 Re-plaf e'ment, n. The act of replacing. 
 
 Re-pia,nt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. replanted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REPLANTING.] To plant again. 
 
 Re'plant-a'tion, 7i. The act of planting again. 
 
 Re-pl6n'ish,r. t. [imp. & p.p. replenished (-plgn^- 
 isht) ; p.pr. & vh. n. REPLENISHING.] [From liat. re, 
 again, and plenus, full.] To fill up again ; hence, to fill 
 completely. 
 
 Re-plgn'ish-ment, n. 1. Act of replenishing, or .state 
 of being replenished. 3. That which replenishes ; sup- 
 ply- _ 
 
 Re-plete', a. [Lat. repletus, p. p. of replere, to fill again, 
 to fill up, from re, again, &n<i plere, to fill.] Filled again ; 
 completely filled ; full. 
 
 Re-ple'tion, n. 1. State of being replete ; superabun- 
 dant fullness. 3. (Med.) Fullness of blood; plethora. 
 
 Re-ple'tive, a. Tending to replete; replenishing. 
 
 Re-plev'iii, «. [L. hat. replevina. See REPLEVY.] 1. 
 (Laiv.) A personal action which lies to recover possession 
 of goods and chattels wrongfully taken or detained. 3. 
 The writ by which goods and chattels are replevied. 
 
 Re-pl6v'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. replevied ; ;;. pr. & 
 vb. n. replevying.] [L. Lat. replevire, reples:iare. See 
 Pledge.] 1. To take or get back, by a writ for that 
 purpose, goods and chattels wrongfully taken or de- 
 tained, upon giving security to try the right to them in 
 a suit at law, and, if that should be determined against 
 the plaintiff, to return the property replevied. 3. To 
 
 Rep'li-eant, n. One who replies. [bail. 
 
 Rep'li-ea'tion, «. [Lat. replicatio. Sec Reply.] 1, 
 An answer ; a reply. 3. (Laio Pleadings.) The'reply of 
 the plaintiff, in matters of fact, to the defendant's plea. 
 Syn. — Answer; response; rejoinder. 
 
 Re-pli_'er, n. One who replies, or answers. 
 
 Re-ply', v. i. [imp. & p. p. replied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REPLYING.] [Lat. repUcare, to fold back, to make a 
 reply, from re, again, back, and p/iVare, to fold.] 1. To 
 make a return to in words or writing. 3. (. iic.) To 
 answer a defendant's plea. 
 
 Syn.— To answer; respond; rejoin. 
 
 Re-pl^', V. t. To return for an answer. 
 
 Re-ply', n. That which is said or written in answer to 
 what is said or written by another. 
 
 Syn. — Rejoinder; answer. — A reply ia a distinct response 
 to a formal question or attack; a rejoinder is a second reply (a 
 reply to a reply) in a protracted discussion or controversy. The 
 word rtnsifer is used in two senses, viz., (1.) in the most gen- 
 eral sense of a mere response, as the aitswer to a question, or, 
 (2.) in the sense of a decisive and satisfactory confutation of 
 an adversary's argument, as when we say that was a reply^ but 
 was no answer. 
 
 Re-p51'isli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. repolished (-poF- 
 isht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. REPOLISHING.] To polish again. 
 
 Re-port', V. t. [imp. k p. p. reported; ;;. pr. & (''. 
 n. REPORTING.] [Lat. reportare, to bear or bring hack, 
 from re, agjiin, back, and portare, to bear or bring.) 1. 
 To bear or bring back, as an answer or an account of 
 something. 3. To give an account of: to circulate pub- 
 licly. 3. To give a formal or official account of. 4. To 
 make minutes of, as a speech , or the doings of a public 
 body. 
 
 SyTi.— To relate; narrate; tell; recite; describe; detail. 
 
 Re-port', V. i. 1. To make a return or statement that 
 is expected or desired. 3. To furnish in writing an ac- 
 count of a speech, or the proceedings of a public assem- 
 bly. 3. To betake one's self as to a superior officer, and 
 to be in readiness for orders or to do service. 
 
 food, fcK>t ; ^rn, rude, pull ; $ell, ^haise, «all, e«Iio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; liUKcr, liijk; tliU. 
 
REPORT 
 
 G12 
 
 REPRODUCE 
 
 Re-port', M. That which is reported ; as, (n.) An ac- 
 count received; story; relation, (h.) Rumor; repute; 
 n<putation. (c) Soiiml ; noise. ((/.) An official state- 
 ment of fiicts, verbal or written. (i\) An account or 
 statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of a case 
 arguetl and determined. (./.) A sketch, or fully written 
 account, of a sptH>ch, or a public meeting. 
 
 Svn.— Account: relation ; narration j detail ; description ; 
 n-citol; narrative; story; rumor; hearsay. | 
 
 Re-port'er, n. One who reports; especially, (a.) One 
 who makes statements of law proceedings and decisions, 
 •r of loiTisIative debates, {b.) One who reports the pro- 
 ceediny:s of public meetins?s, &c., for the newspapers. ; 
 
 Re-po§'al. ti. Act of reposing or resting. j 
 
 Ke-|>o§e', r. t. [imp. & p. p. REPOSED; p. pr. & vb. n. \ 
 KCPOSING.] [From Lat. rf, again, and 7Ja»«5arf, to pause ; 
 ri I'otiere, reposititm, to replace, from re, again, back, i 
 imdponere, to place.] 1. To lay at rest ; to cause to be | 
 calm or quiet ; to compose. 3. To place in confidence. ! 
 Syn. — To rest; settle; recline; reposit; deposit; lodge. 
 
 Ke-po§e', V. i. 1. To lie ; to rest. 2. To lie for rest or 
 refre.'^hment. 3. To rest in confidence. 
 Syn. — To recline ; couch ; sleep ; settle ; lodge ; abide. 
 
 Ke-po§e', ?i. 1. A lying at rest; sleep. 3. Tranquil- 
 lity; freedom from uneasiness. 3. (Fine Arts.) That 
 harmony or moderation which affords rest for tlie eye. 
 
 Syn. — Rest; recumbency; reclination; ease ; quiet; quiet- 
 ness; tranquillity; peace. See Rest. 
 
 Re-po§'ecl-nes.s, n . State of being at rest. 
 
 Re-p6§'it, r. t. [imp. & p. p. REPOSITED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REPOSITIXG.] [Lut. reponere, repositum. See 
 Repose.] To lay up, or lodge, as for safety or preserva- 
 tion. 
 
 Re'po-§i'tioii, (-zTsh'un), n. Act of repositing. 
 
 Re-p6§'i-to-ry, n. [Lat. repositorium, repostorium. See 
 Repose.] A place where things are or may be deposited 
 for safety or preservation ; a depository. 
 
 Re'pos-s6ss' {-pos-ses' or -poz-zes'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 REPOSSESSED (108); p.pr. & vb. n. repossessing.] 
 To possess again. 
 
 Re'po.s-.sSs'sion (-pos-s6sh'un or -poz-zesh'un), n. Act 
 of po.ssessing again ; state of possessing again. 
 
 KCp're-hdnd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reprehended; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. reprehending.] [Lat. reprehend ere, to 
 check, to blame, from re, again, back, &nd prehenclere , to 
 lay hold of] To accuse ; to charge ; to chide ; to re- 
 prove. 
 
 K6p're-li6iid'er, 7i. One who reprehends; one who 
 blames or reproves. 
 
 R6p're-li6n'si-ble, a. Worthy of reprehension or 
 blame ; culpable ; censurable. 
 
 R6p're-li6n'.sii-ble-ness, n. The quality of being rep- 
 rehensible ; blamableness ; culpableue.ss. 
 
 Rgp're-li6ii'si-toly, adv. In a reprehensible manner. 
 
 RCp're-hgn'sioii, «. Reproof: censure; open blame. 
 
 Bfip'r .-g6nt', V. t. [imp. & p. p. represented ; p. 
 pr. ^vb. n. REPRESENTING.] [Lat. reprxsentare, from 
 re, again, and prxsentare, to place before, to present.] 1, 
 To exhibit the counterpart or image of. ti. TodeUneate ; 
 to reproduce. 3. To act the part or character of; to 
 personate. 4. To supply the place or perform the duties 
 of. 5. To exhibit to another mind in language ; to bring 
 before the mind. 6. To serve as a sign or symbol of. 
 
 Re'pre-gfiiit', v. t. To present a second time, especially 
 by a mental transcript or picture. 
 
 K6p'rt;-§en-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of representing, de- 
 scribing, or showing, 'i. That which represents ; as, 
 [a.) A picture, model, or other fac-simile. (b.) A dra- 
 matic perfonnance. (c.) A description or statement. (</.) 
 A body of representatives. 
 
 Syn. — Description ; show; delineation ; portraiture ; like- 
 ncim; rcBemblance; exhibition; sight. 
 
 'R6p're-§6nt'H-tive, a. 1. Fitted or qualified to rep- 
 resent. 3. Bearing the character or power of another. 
 
 R<;p're-»j6nt'a-live, n. 1. One who, or that which, 
 represents, or exhibits the likeness of, another. 3. An 
 agent, deputy, or suhstitute, who suppUes the place of 
 another, or others. 3. A member of the lower or popu- 
 lar house, in a State legislature, or in the national Con- 
 gress. [Amer.] 
 
 Rfip're-ggnt'er, n. One who represents. 
 
 B<;-pr6«s', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPRESSED (re-prgsf) ; 
 p. iir. & vb. n. REPRESSING.] [I^at. reprimere, repres- 
 sum.] To press back or down effectually, or a second 
 time ; to crush down or out. 
 
 Syn. — To crush; overpower ; subdue ; suppress; quell; re- 
 stram; curb; check. 
 
 Re-pr6ss'er, n. One who represses. 
 
 Ke-pr6s'sioii (-pre.sh'un), w. 1. Act of repressing. 2. 
 That which represses ; check ; restraint. 
 
 Re-pr6ss'ive, a. Having power or tending to repress. 
 
 Re-prieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reprieved ]p. pr. &. 
 vb. n. REPRIEVING.] [Lat. reprobare, to reject, con- 
 demn, from re, again, back, and probare, to try, prove.] 
 To ti-y over again ; to delay the punishment of. 
 
 Re-prieve', n. 1. Temporary su.spension of the execu- 
 tion of sentence, especially the sentence of death 2. 
 Interval of ease or relief; respite. 
 
 Rep'ri-maml (110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPRIMANDED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REPRIIVIANDING.] [See infra.] 1. To 
 reprove severely ; to chide for a fault. 2. To reprove 
 publicly and ofllcially, in execution ot a sentence. 
 
 Syn. — To reprove ; reprehend ; chide ; rebuke ; censure ; 
 blame. See Admonish. 
 
 Rep'ri-maiid, n. [Lat. reprimenrhis, reprimenda, to be 
 checked or suppressed, from reprimere, to check, repress, 
 q. v.] Severe reproof for a fault ; reprehension, private 
 or public. 
 
 Re-print', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reprinted; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. reprinting.] To print again ; to print a second 
 or any new edition of. 
 
 Re'print, n. A second or a new impression or edition of 
 any printed work ; specifically, the publication in one 
 country of a work previously published in another. 
 
 Re-pri§'al, n. [L. Lat. reprensalise, fr. Lat. reprehendere, 
 reprehensum., from re, again, back, -Andprehendere, to lay 
 hold of, to take. See infra.] 1. Act of reprising or 
 retaking ; especially, the act of taking from an enemy by 
 way of retaliation or indemnity. 2, That which is re- 
 taken, especially from an enemy by way of retaliation 
 or indemnity. 3. Act of retorting on an enemy by in- 
 flicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken from him, 
 in retaliation for an act of inhumanity. 
 
 Re-prise', n. [Fr. reprise, fromreprendere , repris, to take, 
 to take again or hack, to take back again ; Lat. repre- 
 hendere. See 5w/ira.] pi. (Law.) Deductions and duties 
 which are yearly paid out of a manor and lands. 
 
 Re-proach', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reproached (re- 
 prochtO;p. pr. & vb. n. REPROACHING.] [Fr. re- 
 procher, as if from a Lat. repropiare, from re, again, 
 against, back, and prope, near. Cf. APPROACH.] To 
 censure with severity, and sometimes with contempt; to 
 charge with a fault in severe language. 
 
 Syn.— To upbraid; censure; blame ; rebuke; condemn; re- 
 vile: vilify. 
 
 Re-proacli', n. 1. An expression of blame or censure ; 
 censure mingled with contempt or derision. 2. An oc- 
 casion of blame or censure. 3. An object of blame, 
 censure, scorn, or derision. 
 
 Syn. — Disrepute ; discredit ; dishonor ; scandal ; oppro- 
 brium; invective ; contumely ; reviling ; abuse ; vilification ; 
 scurrility ; insolence ; insult ; scorn ; contempt ; ignominy ; 
 shame; disgrace; infamy. 
 
 Re-proach'a-ljle, a. 1. Deserving reproach. 2. Op- 
 probrious ; scurrilous. 
 
 Re-proacli'ful, a. 1. Expres.sing reproach. 2. Oc- 
 casioning or deserving reproach. 
 
 Syn. — Opprobrious ; contumelious ; abusive ; offensive ; 
 sarcastic; insulting; contemptuous ; scornful ; insolent; scur- 
 rilous : disreputable ; discreditable ; dishonorable ; shameful- 
 disgraceful; scandalous; base; vile; infamous. 
 
 Re-proacli'f iil-ly, adv. In a reproachful manner ; op- 
 probriously ; disgracefully ; contemptuously. 
 
 R6p'ro-bate, r. ^ [imp. Sep. p. reprobated : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. REPROBATING.] [Lat. reprobare, reprola- 
 tum. Cf Reprieve.] 1. To di.sapprove with detesta- 
 tion or marks of extreme dislike. 2. To abandon to pun- 
 ishment without hope or pardon. 
 
 Syn.— To condemn; reprehend; censure; disown; abandon; 
 reject. 
 
 R6p'ro-bate, a. Abandoned to rice or punishment; 
 morally abandoned and lost. 
 
 Syn. — Abandoned ; vitiated; depraved ; corrupt; wicked- 
 profligate; base; vile; castaway. Sec Abandoned. 
 
 R6p'ro-bate, n. A person abandoned; one morally 
 lost. 
 
 R6p'ro-bate-ness, n. State of being reprobate. 
 
 Rfip'ro-ba'tion, n. 1. Act of reprobating. 2. State 
 of being reprobated. 
 
 Re'pro-diife', v. t. [imp. & p. p. REPRODUCED (108) ; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. REPRODUCING.] 1. To produce again ; 
 to bring to the memory or the imagination. 2. To re- 
 new the production of; to generate, as offspring. 
 
 a,e, Sic, long; &,6, Sec, short; cftre,far,ask,all,wliat;6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,dft, w9lf» 
 
REPRODUCTION 
 
 613 
 
 RESAIL 
 
 Be'i>ro-du«'tioii, n. Act or process of reproducinR. 
 Re'pro-du«'tive, la. Pertaining to, or employed in, 
 Re'pro-du€'to-ry, ) reproduction. 
 Re-proof, >i. [From rejirore.] Expression of blame or 
 rensure ; censure for a fault. 
 
 Syn. — Adniouition'; reprehension; chiding; reprimand; 
 rebuke; censure; blame. 
 
 Re-prov'a-ble, a. Worthy of reproof ; deserving cen- 
 sure. 
 
 Syn. — Blamable ; blameworthy ; censurable; reprehensi- 
 ble; culpable; rebukable. 
 
 Re-prov'al, 71. The act of reproving, or that which is 
 
 said iu reproving ; reproof. 
 Re-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reproved; p. pr. & 
 
 i'6. 71. REPROVING.] [¥v. reprouver,LsLt. reprobare. See 
 
 Reprieve ] To chide as blameworthy to the face ; to 
 
 accuse as guilty. 
 
 Syn. — To reprehend; chide ; rebuke ; scold ; blame; cen- 
 sure. — Reprove, rebuke, and reprimand all signify the expres- 
 sion of disapprobation. To reprove implies greater calmness 
 and self-possession. To rebuke unplies a more excited and per- 
 sonal feeling. A reproof may be administered long after the 
 oftense is committed, and is usually intended for the reforma- 
 tion of the offender; a rebuke is commonly given at the moment 
 of the wrong, and is administered by way of punisliment and 
 condemnation. A reyjrimanc/ proceeds from a person invested 
 with authority, and is always a formal and official act. 
 
 Re-prov'er, n. One who, or that which, reproves. 
 
 Rep'tiie, a. [Lat. reptilis, from repere, reptmn, to creep.] 
 1. Creeping, moving on the belly, or by means of small, 
 short legs. 2. Groveling ; lov. ; vulg-ar. 
 
 RSp'tae, n. 1. An animal that crawls or moves on its 
 belly, or by means of small, short legs. ti. (Zo'dl.) A 
 vertebrate animal, oviparous, like birds and fishes, cold- 
 blooded, like fishes, and air-breathing, Uke birds. 3. A 
 groveling or very mean person. 
 
 Rep-til'i-an, a. Belonging to the reptiles. 
 
 Re-pub'lie, re. [Lat. respublica, froui res, a thing, an 
 affair, and publicus, publica, public] A state in which 
 the sovereign power is exercised by representatives elected 
 by the people ; a commonwealth. 
 
 Repvblic of letters, the collective body of literary or learned 
 men. 
 
 Re-pub'li€-an, a. 1. Pertaining to a republic. 2. 
 Consonant with the principles of a republic. 
 
 Re-pu.l>'li<!-aii, n. One who favors or prefers a repub- 
 lican form of government. 
 
 Re-pul>'lie-aii-i§in, n. 1. A republican form or sys- 
 tem of government. 3. Attachment to a republican 
 form of government. 
 
 Re-pub'lie-an-ize, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. republican- 
 IZED; p. pr. & vb. n. REPUBLICANIZING.] To con- 
 vert to republican principles. 
 
 Re-piib'li-«a'tion, n. A second publication, or a new 
 publication of something before published ; specificalUj., 
 the publication in one country of a work first issued in 
 another ; a reprint. 
 
 Re-piib'lisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. republished (re- 
 pQbaisht) ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. republishing.] To pub- 
 lish anew ; often specifically applied to the publication in 
 one country of a work first published in another. 
 
 Re-pu'di-a-ble, a. Admitting of repudiation ; fit or 
 proper to be put away. 
 
 Re-pu'di-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. repudiated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. repudiating.] [Lat. repuditvp, reptuiialum, 
 from re, again, and pudere, to be ashamed.] 1. To cast 
 off and disavow. 2. To put away; to divorce. 3. To 
 refuse any longer to acknowledge or to pay. 
 Syn. — To renounce; discard; reject; disclaim. 
 
 Re-pu'di-a'tion, re. 1. Act of repudiating or disclaim- 
 ing, ti. State of being repudiated. 
 
 Re-pu'di-a'tor, re. One who repudiates. 
 
 Re-pug'nan?e, 1 re. Act of opposing, or state of being 
 
 Re-pug'iiaii-^y, ) repugnant ; opposition or contra- 
 riety, as of mind, passions, principle.><, &c. 
 
 Syn.— Aversion : reluctance ; unwillingness : dislike ; an- 
 tipathy; hatred; hostility: irreconcilableness; contrariety; in- 
 consistency. See Aversion. 
 
 Re-piie'nant, n. [Lat. repugnans, p. pr. of repugnare, 
 from re, again, against, and pugnare, to fight.] Opposite ; 
 contrary ; hostile ; inconsistent ; and also distasteful in 
 a high degree ; offensive. 
 Syn. —Opposed; adverse; irreconcilable; inimical. 
 
 Re-pug'nant-Iv, adv. In a repugnant manner. 
 Re-pulse', re. [Lat. repulsa, from repellere, repiilsum.] 
 1. Condition of being repelled or_driven ba^. 3. Act 
 
 denial. 
 
 of repelling or driving back. 3. Refusal 
 
 Re-pillse', i-. t. [imp. 8c p. p. repulsed (re-p&M/); 
 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REPULSING.] [Lat. repfUtre, reputsum, 
 from re, again, back, and pellere, to drive.] To reiwl ; to 
 beat or drive back . ( nipuhsed . 
 
 Re-pul'sloii, re. Act of repulsing, or Htate of l^eiug 
 
 Ke-piil'sive, a. 1. Inclined, serving, or able to repel ; 
 repelling. 3. Cold ; reserved ; forbidding. 
 
 Re-piir'chase, f. t. [imp. & p. p. repurchased 
 (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. REPURCHASING.] To buy ttgean ; 
 to buy back. 
 
 R6p'u-ta-ble, a. Worthy of repute or diHtincfion ; 
 held in esteem. 
 Syn. — Respectable; creditable; honorable; estimable. 
 
 R6p'u-ta-bly, adv. In a reputable manner. 
 
 R6p'u-ta'tion, n. 1. Condition in which one is reputed 
 to be ; estimation in which one i.s held. 3. Public es- 
 teem ; general credit ; good name. 
 
 Syn. — Credit; repute; regard; estimation; esteem; honor; 
 fame. 
 
 Re-pute', V. t. [imp. & p. p. reputed ; p. jn. & vb. n. 
 REI^TING.] [Lat. reputnre, to count over, ia think 
 over, from re, again, and putare, to count, to think.] 1. 
 To account; to hold ; to reckon. 3. To attribute. 
 
 Re-piite', re. 1. Character attributed ; established 
 opinion; estimate. 3. Good character ; reputation. 
 
 Re-put'ed-ly, adv. In common opinion or estimation ; 
 by repute. 
 
 Re-qu6st', re. [L. Lat. requesta, for requisitu, from Lat. 
 requirere, reqidsitum, to seek again, to ask for.] 1. Act 
 of asking for any thing desired ; ejirnest desire or de- 
 mand; hence, solicitation. 3. That which is asked for 
 or requested. 3. A state of being desired or held in such 
 estimation as to be sought after or pursued. 
 
 Syn. — Asking ; petition ; prayer ; supplication ; entreaty; 
 suit. 
 
 Re-qu6st', v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. REQUESTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REQUESTING.] To ask for earnestly ; to express 
 desire for. 
 
 Syn. — To desire; beg; ask; solicit; entreat; beseech. See 
 Desiee. 
 
 Re-quest'er, re. One who requests ; a petitioner. 
 
 Re'qiii-em, re. [Accusative of requies, rest, the first 
 words of the prayer being " Requiem xternam dona eis, 
 Dom/ref," give eternal rest to them, Lord.] I. (Rom. 
 Cat/i. Ckurck.) A hymn or mass sung for the dead, for 
 the rest of his soul. 3. A grand musical composition, 
 performed in honor of some deceased person. 
 
 Re-quir'a-ble, a. Capable of being required. 
 
 Re-quire', v. t. [i7np. & p. p. required; p. pr. & vh. 
 II. REQUIRING.] [Lat. requirere, from re, again, back, 
 and qiiwrere, to seek.] 1. To insist upon having; to 
 claim as by right and authority. 3. To make necessary ; 
 to claim as indispensable. 
 
 Syn. — To claim; exact ; enjoin ; prescribe ; direct; order; 
 demand; need. 
 
 Re-quire'nxent, n. 1. Act of requiring ; demand ; 
 requisition. 3. That which is required; an essential 
 
 Re-quir'er, re. One who requires. [condition 
 
 R6q'ui-§ite (rek^vl-zit), a. [Lat. requi.'iitus, p. p. of 
 requirere. See REQUIRE.] Required by the nature of 
 things, or by circumstances. 
 Syn. — Necessary; needful; indispensable; essential. 
 
 R6q'ui-§ite, n. That which is necessary ; something 
 indispensable. 
 
 RCq'ui-§ite-ness, n. The state of being requisite or 
 necessary ; necessity. 
 
 R^q'ui-gi'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. Act of requiring. 2. 
 Application made as of right ; demand. 3. A written 
 call or invitation. [Eng.] 4. A formal demand mad« 
 by one state or government upon another for the sur- 
 render of a fugitive from justice. 5. That which is 
 required by authority ; especially, a quota of supplies or 
 necessaries. 
 
 Re-quit'al, n. That which requites or repays; return 
 for any office, good or bad. 
 
 Syn.— Compensation; recompense; remuneration: reward; 
 satisfaction; payment; retribution; retaliation; puijisluneut. 
 
 Re-quite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. requited ; ;). pr. & isb. 
 re. REQUITING.] [Prefix re and quit, q. v.] To r«pay ; 
 to return an equivalent in good, or evil for evil. 
 
 Syn. — To repay; reward; pay; i-ouipeusatc; remuneral»| 
 satisfy; recompense; retaliate; piinich. 
 
 Re-quit'er, n. One who requites. 
 Rere'ward, n. The rearguard. 
 
 Re-sail'",' f. t. or i. [imp. & p.p. RESAILEU; p. pr. K 
 vb. re. RESAILING.] To sail back. 
 
 £ood,fc»bt; iir 11, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «aU, echo; gem, get ; a§; e^ist; linger, link: 
 
RESALE 
 
 614 
 
 RESIGNATION 
 
 Re-saile'. «. A sale at second hand ; a second sal*. 
 
 Ke-s^ind', r. t. [imp. & p.p. rescinded; p. pr. & 
 lb. M. RESCINDING.] [Lat. nsciiic/erf, from re, again, 
 Ivack. and scimterf, to cut. split.] 1. To cut off, to 
 abix^gjite. *2. Sptcificali!/, to vacate, as an act, by the 
 enacting authority or by superior authority. 
 
 Syn.— To revoke; repeal; annul; recall; reverse; vacate; 
 void. 
 
 Ke-$9i§'§ion (-sTzh'un), ?i. [Lat. resrissio. from rescin- 
 drrt . See supra.] Act of rescinding, abrogating, annul- 
 ling, or vacating. 
 
 Ke-st-i|'§o-ry, «. Tending to rescind ; having power to 
 cut off or to abrogate. 
 
 Ee'script, n. [Lat. rescriptu)}i, rescribere, from re, again, 
 back, iiudscribert , to write.] ( Rom. Antiq.) The answer of 
 an emj^eror, when consulted by particular persons on some 
 difficult qucstiou ; hence, an edjct or decree. 
 
 Ke-scrip'tioii, ». [h^t. rescriptio. See swpra.] A writ- 
 ing liack ; the answering of a letter. 
 
 Kds'<'U-a-ble, a. Capable of being rescued. 
 
 KCs'ciie, r. t. [imp. & p. p. rescued ; p. pr. & fh. n. 
 RESCUING.] [From Lat. re, again, back, and excutere, 
 to shake or drive out, from ex, out, and quatere., to 
 shake.] To ft«e or deliver from any confinement, vio- 
 lence, danger, or evil. 
 Syu. — To retake; recapture; fret; deliver; liberate; save. 
 
 R6s'«ii e,n. Act of rescuing ; deliverance from restraint, 
 violence, or danger. 
 
 R6s'-eu-er, n. One who rescues or retakes. 
 
 Re-searcli' (114), n. Diligent inquiry or examination in 
 seeking facts or principles. 
 Syn. — Investigation; examination; inquiry; scrutiny. 
 
 Re-seai'cli', f. t. [imp. & p. p. researched (108) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. RESEARCHING.] 1. To search or examine 
 with continued care ; to seek diligently, ii. To search 
 again ; to examine anew. 
 
 Be-seat', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reseated ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. reseating.] To seat or set again. 
 
 Ke-seize', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reseized ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RESEIZING.] 1. To seize again, or a second time. 2. 
 {Laiv.) To take possession of, as lands and tenements 
 which have been disseized. 
 
 Re-seiz'ure, n. A second seizure ; act of seizing again. 
 
 Re-sell', V. t. [ivip. & p. p. resold ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RESELLING.] To Sell again : to sell what has been 
 bought or sold. 
 
 Re-ggm'blan^e (-zem'-), n. [See Eesemble.] 1. 
 State of resembling or being like. 2. That which resem- 
 bles, or is similar. 
 
 Syn.— Likeness; similarity! similitude; semblance; repre- 
 sentation; image. 
 
 Re-§6m'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. resembled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RESEMBLING.] [Fr. ressembler, from re and 
 sembler, to .seem, to resemble, from Lat. siinilare, simii- 
 lare, to imitate.] 1. To be Uke to ; — said of one thing 
 as compared with another ; to be alike or similar to ; — 
 said of two or more objects with respect to one another. 
 2. To liken ; to compare. 
 
 Re-ggnt', v. I. [imp. & p. p. resented ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. resenting.] [From Lat. re, again, and sentire, to 
 feel.] To take ill ; to consider as an injury or affront ; to 
 be in some degree provoked at. 
 
 Re-§6nt'er, n. One who resents. 
 
 Re-§6nt'f ul, n. Inclined to resent ; easily provoked. 
 
 Re-§6nt'meiit, n. 1. Act of resenting. 2. Displeasure ; 
 indignation ; irritation. 
 
 Syn. — Anger. — ReKentment, ctymologically, is that re-sen- 
 txment or reaction of mind which we instinctively feel when we 
 think ourbtlves wronged. Pride and selfishness are apt to ag- 
 gravate thiii feeling until it changes into a criminal animosity, 
 and thu u now the more common signification of the term. 
 Being founded in a sense of injury, this feeling is hard to be re- 
 moved, and hence tlie expressions hitter or implacable resent- 
 ment. 
 
 .R^g'er-va'tion, n. [Lat. reservatio. See Reserve.] 
 
 ' 1. Act of reserving, or keeping back. 2. Something 
 withheld. 3. A tract of the public land reserved for 
 some special use, as for schools. [Amer.] 4. (Laiv.) (a.) 
 A clause in an instrument by which some new thing is 
 i-ewrved out of the thing granted, and not in esse before. 
 (b.) A proviso. 
 
 Ke-ggrv'a-to-ry, n. A place in which things are re- 
 served or kept. 
 
 Re-ggrve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reserved ; p. pr. Sc vb. 
 n. reserving.] [Lat. reservare, from re, again, and 
 .'^ervare, to keep.] To keep in store for future or other 
 uKe ; to withhold from present use for another purpose. 
 Syn. To keep; retain; withhold. 
 
 Re-§5rve', n. 1. Act of reserving or keeping back. it. 
 That which is reserved. 3. Restraint of freedom in 
 words or actions. 4. A tract of land reserved or set 
 apart for a particular purpose. 5. [Mil.) A body of 
 troops kept for an exigency. 
 
 In reserve, in keeping for other or future use; in store. 
 
 Syn. Reser\-ation ; retention ; limitation ; backwardnew ; 
 reservedness ; coldness; shyness; coyness; modest}-. 
 
 Re-§erved', p. a Restrained from freedom in words or 
 actions ; not fi-ee or fi^nk. 
 
 Syn.- Restrained; cautious ; backward ; cold ; shy ; cov; 
 modest. 
 
 Re-§grv'ed-ly, adv. With reserve ; cautiously. 
 
 Re-§erv'ed-ness, ?i. The state of being reserved ; want 
 of frankness, openness, or freedom. 
 
 Re-§erv'er, n. One who reserves. 
 
 Re§'er-voir' (rez'er-vwor'), n. [See Reserve.] A 
 place where water is collected and kept for use when 
 wanted ; a cistern ; a basin. 
 
 Re-set', V. t. [imp. & p. p. reset ; p. pr. k, vb. n. re- 
 setting.] 1. (Print.) To set over again, as a page of 
 matter. 2. To furnish with a new setting, border, or 
 adornment. 
 
 Re-set'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. resettled : p. pr. k 
 r6. ?!. resettling.] 1. To settle again. 2. To install 
 again as a minister of the gospel. 
 
 Re-set'tle, v. i. To settle in the gospel ministry a sec- 
 ond time ; to be installed again. 
 
 Re-set'tle-ment, n. ?. Act of settling or composing 
 again. 2. State of settUng or subsiding again. 3. A 
 second settlement in the gospel ministry. 
 
 Re-glde', v. i. [imp. & p. p. resided : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 residing.] [Lat. residcre,fiom.re, again, back, and 5e<:/er«, 
 to sit. ] 1. To dwell permanently or for a length of 
 time ; to have one's dwelling or home. 2. To have a seat 
 or fixed po-sition ; to lie or be as an attribute or element. 
 Syn.— To dwell; inhabit ; sojourn ; abide ; remain ; live: 
 domiciliate; domicile. 
 
 Reg'i-den^e, n. 1. Act of residing, abiding, or dwelling 
 in a place for some continuance of time. 2. The place 
 where one resides. 
 
 Syn. — Domiciliation; inhabitancy; sojourn; stay; abode; 
 home; dwelling; habitation; domicile; mansion. 
 
 Reg'i-dent, a. Dwelling or having an abode in a place 
 
 for a continued length of time ; fixed ; residing. 
 Reg'i-dent, n. 1. One who resides or dwells in a place 
 for some time. 2. A public minister who resides at a 
 Re§'i-dent-er, n. A resident. [foreign court. 
 
 Re§'i-deii'tia-ry (-den'sha-), a. Having residence. 
 Re§'i-deii'tia-ry (-den'sha-), n. 1. One who is resi- 
 dent. 2. An ecclesiastic who keeps a certain residence. 
 Syn.— Inhabitant; inhabiter; dweller; sojourner. 
 Re-§id'er, n. One who resides in a particular place. 
 I Re-§id'u.-al, a. Remaining after a part is taken. 
 I Re-§id'u-a-ry, a. [See infra.] Pertaining to the residue, 
 ! or part remaining. 
 
 Resiiluarij legatee, the i)erson to whom the residue of personal 
 I estate is bequeathed. 
 
 R6§'i-du.e, n. [Lat. residuum, fr. residuus, that is left 
 behind, remaining, fr. residere, to remain behind.] 1. 
 That which lemains after a part is taken. 2. Balance 
 or remainder of a debt or account. 
 Syn. — Rest; remainder; remnant; balance; residuum. 
 
 Re-§id'u-u.i«i,«. [Lat. See supra.] That which is left 
 after any process of separation or purification ; residue. 
 
 Re-gign' (re-zTn'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RESIGN^ED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RESIGNING.] [Lat. resignare, from re, again, 
 back, and signare, to sign.] 1. To return by a formal 
 act ; to yield to another ; hence, to yield ; to give up. 2. 
 To withdraw, as a claim. 
 
 Syn. — To abdicate ; surrender; submit: leave; relinquish; 
 forego ; quit ; forsake ; abandon : renounce. — To resign is to 
 give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; 
 hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relitir- 
 quish is less formal, but always implies that the thing given up 
 has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has 
 been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or 
 considered as our own, as an office, employment, &c. We 
 speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquis/nHg some advantage 
 we had sought or enjoyed, of relinqvis/ting a subject we had 
 been discussing, of relinquishing some right or privilege, &C 
 See Abdicate. 
 
 Rgg'ig-na'tion. n. 1. Act of resigning or giving up, 
 as a claim, possession, wish, or the hke. 2. State of 
 being resigned or submissive 
 
 Syn. --Patience ; surrender : rehnquishment ; forsaking: 
 abandonnWnt ; abdication ; renunciation ; submiBsion ; ac- 
 quiescence ; endurance. See Patience. 
 
 a,S, &c., ions'/a, e,&c.,5Aor<;c4re,far,asl£, all, what; Sre,veU, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,do, W9II, 
 
RESIGNED 
 
 615 
 
 RESPELL 
 
 Re-sigrn<'d' (-zTnd'),/'. a. Submissive; not disposed to 
 murmur. 
 
 Re-gigrn'er (re-zTn'er), ji. One who resigns. 
 
 Re-gil'i-eiipe, I n. Act of .*<priagiug back, or of re- 
 
 Re-gil'i-en-^y, j bounding. 
 
 Be-gil'i-ent, a. [Lat. resiliens, p. pr. of resilire, to leup 
 or spring back, fr. re, again, back, and salire, to leap, 
 spring.] Inclined to leap or spring back ; rebounding. 
 
 R6§'i-li'tion (rez'i-lTsh'un), n. Act of springing back ; 
 resilience. 
 
 Rgg'in, n. [Lat. reshia, prob. allied to Gr. pTjriioj, from 
 peeiv, to flow.] A solid, inflammable substance, of 
 vegetable origin, a non-conductor of electricity, and in- 
 soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and in essential 
 oils. 
 
 Ii6s'iii-if' er-ous, a. [Lat. resinn, resin, and ferre, to 
 bear.] Yielding resin. 
 
 R6§'in-ou.s, a. Partaking of the qualities of resin, or 
 resembling it ; pertaining to, or obtained, from, resin. 
 
 Hesinous electricity, electricity which is excited by rubbing 
 bodies of the resinous kind ; — called also negative electricity. 
 
 Re-gist' (re-zistO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. resisted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RESISTING.] [Lat. resistere, from Lat. re, 
 again, and sistere, to stand.] 1. To stand against. 3. 
 To strive against ; to act in opposition to. 3. To coun- 
 teract as a force by inertia or reaction. 
 
 Syn. — To withstand ; oppose ; hinder ; check ; thwart ( 
 baffle ; disappoint. 
 
 Re-gist'an^e, n. 1, Act of resisting. 3. Quality of 
 not yielding to force or external impression. 
 Syn.— Opposition ; rebuff; hiutirance ; check. 
 
 Re-gist'ant, n. One who, or that which, resists. 
 
 Ke-gist'er, n. One who opposes or withstands. 
 
 Re-gist'i-l>il'i-ty, n. Quality of being resistible. 
 
 Re-gist'i-l»le, a. ^Capable of being resisted or of re- 
 sisting. 
 
 Re-gist'less, a. Incapable of being resisted ; irresistible. 
 
 R6g'o-lu-ble, a. [L^iit. resolubilis. See RESOLVE.] Ad- 
 mitting of being resolved or melted. 
 
 Rgg'o-lute (30), a. [See Resolve. The Latin resolu- 
 tus has a different signification, for it means relaxed, 
 enervated, effeminate.] Having a decided purpose ; hence, 
 constant in pursuing a purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Determined; decided; fixed; steadfast; steady; con- 
 stant; persevering; firm; bold; unshaken. 
 
 R6g'o-lute-ly, adv. In a resolute manner ; with fixed 
 purpose ; firmly ; steadily ; boldly. 
 
 Rfig'o-lute-ness, n. The state or quality of being reso- 
 lute ; fixed purpose ; firm determination ; unshaken firm- 
 ness. 
 
 R6g'o-lu.'tioii, n. [L&t. resolutio. See Resolve.] 1. 
 Act, operation, or process of resolving; as, (a.) Act of 
 separating a compound into its elements or parts, (b. ) 
 The act of analyzing a complex notion, or solving a vexed 
 question, or difficult problem. 2. State of being re- 
 solved, made clear, or determined. 3. That which is 
 resolved or determined ; especially, the decision of a court, 
 or the vote of an assembly. 4. (Matk.) Act or process 
 of solving; solution. 
 
 Syn. — Decision ; analysis ; separation ; disentanglement ; 
 dissolution ; resolvedness; resoluteness; firmness; constancy; 
 perseverance; steadfastness; fortitude; boldness; purpose; re- 
 solve. See Decision. 
 
 Re-g61v'a-tole, a. Capable of being resolved. 
 
 'Tte-golve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resolved ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RESOLVING.] [Lat. resolvere, resolutum, fr. re, again, 
 and solvere, to loo.sen, dissolve.] 1. To separate the 
 component parts of; hence, sometimes, to melt. 2. To 
 dissolve and reduce to a different form. 3. To reduce to 
 simple or intelligible notions ; to make clear or certain ; 
 to free from doubt. 4. To cause to perceive or under- 
 stand. 5. To form or constitute by resolution, vote, or 
 determination. 6. {Math.) To solve, as a problem; to 
 find the answer to, or the result of. 7. (Med.) To dis- 
 perse or scatter. 
 Syn. — To solve; analyze; explain; unravel; disentangle. 
 
 Re-g61ve', v. i. 1. To be separated into its component 
 
 Sarts, or distinct principles, '•i. To melt ; to dissolve. 
 >. To form a resolution or purpose. 
 Syn. — To determine ; decide ; conclude ; purpose. 
 
 Re-g61ve', n. 1. Act of resolving or making clear. 2. 
 That which has been resolved on or determined ; decisive 
 conclusion : also, legal or official determination ; legisla- 
 tive act or declaration. 
 
 Re-g61v'ed-ness, n. Fixedness of purpose-, firmness. 
 
 Re-s61v'ent, n. 1. That which ha.s the power of re- 
 
 \ solving, or causing solution. 2. (Med.) That which haa 
 power to disperse inflammation. 
 
 Re-gdlv'er, n. One who resolves, or fonns a firm pur- 
 pose. 
 
 R^g'o-nan^e, n. State of being resonant ; act of r»- 
 sounding. 
 
 R^g'o-nant, a. [I>at. resonans, p. pr. ofresonare, to re- 
 sound, q. v.] Able to return sound ; engaged iu re- 
 sounding ; echoing back. 
 
 Re-sorb'eiit, a. [Lat. resorbens, p. pr. of resorbere , frf)m 
 re, again, and sorbere, to suck or drink in.] Swallowing 
 up. 
 
 Re-gort' (re-zorf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. resorted ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. RESORTING.] [Fr. ressorlir, to go or come 
 out again.] 1. Togo; to repair; to betake one's self. 
 2. To have recourse. 
 
 Re-gort', M. 1. Act of going to, or making application ; 
 a betaking one's self. 2. A place to which one betak«M 
 himself habitually ; a haunt. 
 
 Re-gort'er, n. One who resorts or frequents. 
 
 Re-gound', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resounded ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. RESOUNDING.] [Lat. resonare, from re, again, 
 back, and sonare, to sound.] 1. To sound again, or 
 repeatedly. 2. To praise or celebrate with the voice or 
 the sound of instruments ; to spread the fame of. 
 Syn. — To echo ; re-echo ; reverberate ; sound. 
 
 Re-gound', v. i. 1. To sound loudly. 2. To be filled 
 with sound ; to ring. 3. To be echoed. 4. To echo or 
 reverberate. 
 
 Re-sound', v. t. To sound again. 
 
 Re-sour^e' (114), n. [Fr. ressource, from 0. Fr. rrs- 
 sourdre, to spring forth or up again, from re, agiiin, and 
 sourdre, to spring forth. See SOURCE.] 1. That from 
 which any thing springs forth ; hence, that to which one 
 resorts, or on which one depends for supply or support. 
 2. pi. Pecuniary means ; funds ; money, or any prop- 
 erty that can be converted into supplies ; available means 
 or capabilities of any kind. 
 
 Syn.— Expedient; resort; means; contrivance; device. 
 
 Re-spget', v. t. [imp. & p. p. respected ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RESPECTING.] [Lat. respectare, intens. form of 
 respicere, respectum, to look back, to respect, from re, 
 again, back, and specere, spicere, to look, to view.] 1. 
 To look back upon ; to notice with special attention ; 
 to regard as worthy of particular notice. 2. To relate to. 
 Syn. — To regard; esteem; honor; revere; venerate. 
 
 Re-sp6et', n. 1. Act of respecting, or noticing with 
 attention. 2. Act of holding in high estimation. 3. 
 pi. An expression of respect or deference. 4. That which 
 respects or pertains to any person or thing. 5. Relation ; 
 reference. 
 
 In respect of, in comparison with; in reference to. 
 
 Syn. — Deference ; attention ; regard; consideration ; esti- 
 mation. —The phrases in respect to and tn regard to n\a\\\n 
 most or all cases, be interchanged for the sake of variety. !?onie 
 have endeavored to introduce the expression " in that regard," 
 corresponding to "in that respect; but this has not been 
 sanctioned by general usage. See Deferenck. 
 
 Re-sp6et'a-bil'i-ty, 71. The state or quality of being 
 respectable ; the state or quality which deserves or com- 
 mands respect. 
 
 Re-sp6et'a-ble, a. 1. Worthy of respect; fitted to 
 awaken esteem ; deserving regjird. 2. Moderate in degree 
 of excellence or in number, but not despicable. 
 
 Re-sp6et'a-ble-iiess, n. Respectability. 
 
 Re-sp6et'a-bly, adv. In a respectable manner ; in 2, 
 manner to ment respect. 
 
 Re-spget'er, n. One who respects. 
 
 Re-sp6<!t'ful, a. Marked or characterized by respect. 
 
 Re-sp6et'ful-ly, adv. In a respectful manner; in a 
 manner coniporting with due estimation. 
 
 Re-sp6€t'ful-ness, «. The quality of being respectful. 
 
 Re-sp6€t'ing, p- pr., but commonly called a prt position. 
 Having regard or relation to; regarding; concerning. 
 
 Re-.«ip6-et'ive, a. [Fr. respectif\ L. Lat. respectii-us. Seo 
 Respect.] 1. Noticing with attention ; hence, careful; 
 warv ; considerate. 2. Looking toward ; having refer- 
 ence to ; relative, not absolute. 3. Relating Ui partic- 
 ular persons or things, each to each ; particular ; own. 
 4. Fitted to awaken respect. [Obs.] 5. Rendering re- 
 spect ; respectful. [06s.] 
 
 Re-sr6-et'ive-ly, adv. ' 1. As relating to each ; partic- 
 ularly ; as each belongs to each. 2. Relatively ; not 
 absolutely. [Obs.] 3. Partially ; with resi>cct to privato 
 views. [Obs.] 4. With respect. [0'*.<.] 
 
 Re-sp611', r. t. [imp. & p. p. RESPELled. or RB- 
 SPELT ; p. pr. & vb. n. respelling.] To si>eU again. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; tixn, rude, puU ; ^eU, ^liaise, <!all, echo ; ifsm, get ; ag ; ejist ; liQser, llQlc; 
 
RESPIRABLE 
 
 616 
 
 RESULT 
 
 Re-splr'a-ble, a. Capable of being breathed; fit for 
 rejspinitjon. 
 
 B6s pi-ra'tion, n. [Lat. rtspimtto. See Respire.] The 
 act of brmthing. or drawing breath. 
 
 R^s'pi-ra tor, »i. An instrument covering the mouth 
 thrv>ugh which persons of weak lungs can breathe with- 
 out injury. 
 
 Ke-spir'a-to-ry, a. Serving for re.'jpuration ; pertaining 
 to rvspiration. 
 
 Kf-spire', f. i. [imp. & p. p. respired ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. RESPIRING.] [From Lat. rfspirare, from re, again, 
 and spirare, to breathe.] 1. To take breath again ; hence, 
 to take rest or refreshment. 'Z, To breathe ; to inhale 
 air with the lungs. 
 
 Ke-spire', v- t. To breathe in and out ; to inspire and 
 expire, as air ; to breathe. 
 
 I-lt's'pite, n. [From Lat. respectus, respect, regard, de- 
 lay , the deferring of a day.] 1. A postponement or delay. 
 'i. Temporary intermission of labor, or of any process or 
 operation. 
 
 Syn. — Pause ; interval ; stop ; cessation ; delaj- ; stay ; re- 
 prieve. 
 
 Kds'pite, V. t. [imp. & p. p. RESPITED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. RESPITING.] To give or grant a respite to. 
 Ke-splen'den^e, 1«. State of being resplendent; 
 Ke-spl^n'den-fy, j vivid brightness ; splendor. 
 Ke-splen'dent,'a. [Lat. resplendens, respleiulfntis, p. 
 
 pr. of resplendere , to shine brightly ; from re , again, back, 
 
 and splendere, to shine.] Shining with brilliant luster ; 
 
 very bright. 
 Ke-splen'dent-ly, adv. TTith great brightness. 
 Re-sp6nd', v. i. [imp. & p. p. responded \ p. jw. Sc 
 
 vb. 71. RESPONDING.] [Lat. respotidere, responsum, from 
 
 re, again, back, and spondere, to promise.] 1. To answer ; 
 
 to reply. 2. To correspond; to suit. 3. To render 
 
 satisfacdon ; to make payment. 
 Ke-spoiid'ent, a. Disposed or expected to respond: 
 
 answering. 
 Ke-s^pond'ent. n. One who responds; as, (a.) (Law.) 
 
 One who answers in certain suites or proceedings. (6.) 
 
 One who maintains a thesis in reph'. 
 Ke-sponse', n. 1. Act of responding. 2. An answer 
 
 or reply. 
 Ke-spon'si-ljil'i-ty, n. 1. State of being responsible, 
 
 accountable, or answerable. 2. That for which any one 
 
 is responsible or accountable. 3. Ability to answer in 
 
 payment. 
 Ke-spon'si-ble, a. 1. Liable to respond; likely to be 
 
 called upon to answer. 2. Able to respond. 
 Syn.— Accountable ; answerable ; amenable. 
 
 Ke-spon'si-ble-ness, n. State of being responsible ; 
 
 responsibility. 
 
 Ke-sp6n'sive, a. 1. Able, ready, or inclined to re- 
 spond. 2. Suited to something else ; correspondent. 
 
 Ke-spon'so-ry, a. Containing or making answer. 
 
 K6st. n. [A.-S. rest, rdst, Icel. rost, Goth. & 0. H. 
 Ger. rcw/a, a league, pause, quiet.] 1. A state of quiet 
 or repose ; a cessation from motion or labor. 2. Freedom 
 from every thing which wearies or disturbs. 3. That on 
 which any thing rests or leans for support. 4. A place 
 where one may rest. 5. (Mus.) (a.) A pause; an 
 interval during which voice or sound is intermitted, (b.) 
 The mark of such iutermission. 
 
 m 
 
 g^ 
 
 Rests (J/tts.). 
 
 Syn. — Rep<^>5c; cegsation; pause; intermission: stop; stay; 
 ■lumber; quiet; ea«;; quietness; stillness; tranquillity; peace- 
 fulneM; peace.— Afcrt is a ceasing trom labor or exertion; re- 
 fxtte 18 a mode of resting which Rives relief and refreshment 
 ■fter tflil and labor. We may rest in a standing posture ; we 
 usually rejjouc in a reclining one. 
 
 R£st, V. i. [i7np & p. p. RESTED ; p. pr. k vb. n. REST- 
 ING.] 1. To cease from action or motion of any kind. 
 2. To be free from whatever wearies or disturbs. 3. To 
 lie: to repose: to recline. 4. To stand on : to be sup- 
 ported by. 5. To Bleep : to slumber. 6. To sleep the 
 final sleep : to die. 7. To lean ; to trust ; to rely. 
 
 K^ftt. V. t. 1. To lay or place at rest ; to quiet. 2. To 
 place, a« on a support. 
 
 |»6st, rt. [Lat. restctre, to stay back, to remain, from r", 
 
 again, back, and .<'tare. to stand, stay.] 1. That which 
 
 is left, or which remains after the separation of a part. 
 
 2. Those not included in a proposition or description. 
 
 Syn. — Beraainder ; overplus ; remnant ; residue ; others. 
 
 , Itestniirant Cr6s'to-r6ng' or rCs'to-rant), n. [Fr. Sm 
 I Restore.] An eating-house. 
 
 j Jiestaurateui' (res'tor'a'tijr'), n. [Fr.] The keeper of 
 I an eating-house, or house for occasional refreshment. 
 
 K6st'iff, a. The same as Restive, q. v. 
 
 R6st'iff-ness, n. The same as Restiveness. 
 
 R6s'ti-tu'tioii, n. [I.at. restitutio.] 1. The act of 
 restoring ; especially, the act of restoring any thing to its 
 rightful owner, or of giving an equivalent for any loss, 
 damage, or injury. 2. That which is offered in return 
 for what has been lost, injured, or destrojed. 
 
 SjTi. — Restoration ; return ; indemnification ; reparation ; 
 compensation ; amends ; remuneration. 
 
 R6st'ive, a. [From Lat. restore, to stay back, withstand, 
 resist, from re, again, back, and stare, to stand, stay.] 1. 
 Inclined or disposed to rest or stand still ; especially, un- 
 willing to go, or only running back ; stubborn. 2. Im- 
 patient under coercion, chastisement, or opposition; un- 
 easy. ^ 
 
 R6st'ive-ness, n . Quality or state of being restive. 
 
 Rest'less, a. 1. Never resting; continually moving. 
 2. Passed in unquietness. 3. Not affording rest : hard. 
 4. Not satisfied to be at rest or in peace. 5. Discon- 
 tented with one"s lot, residence, or the like. 
 
 Syn. — Unquiet; uneasy; disturbed: disquieted; sleepless; 
 agitated; anxious; unsettled; roviug; waudering. 
 
 Rest'less-ly, adv. In a restless manner ; unquietly. 
 
 Re.«t'less-iiess, n. The quaUty or state of being rest- 
 less ; uneasiness; agitation. 
 
 Re-stor'a-ble, a. Admitting of being restored. 
 
 Res'to-ra'tion. n. [Lat. restauratio. See RESTORE.] 
 
 1. Act of restoring or bringing back to a former place, 
 station, or condition, or the event of being restored. 2. 
 state of being restored. 3. That which is restored or 
 made anew. 
 
 Syn. — Recovery ; replacement ; renewal : renovation ; re- 
 dintegration : re-instatemcnt : re-establishment ; return ; re- 
 vival; restitution; reparation. See Recoveey'. 
 Res-'to-ra'tion-iiit, n. One who believes in a temporary 
 future punishment, but in a final restoration of all to 
 the favor and presence of God. 
 Re-slor'a-tiTe, a. Having power to renew strength, 
 
 vigor, and the like. 
 Re-stor'a-tive, n. A medicine efficacious in restoring 
 
 strength and vigor. 
 Res'to-ra'tor, n. A restaurateur. 
 Re-store', v. t. [imp. & p.p. Restored: p. pr. & vb. 
 n. restoring.] [Lat. restaiirare.] 1. To bring back 
 from a state of ruin, decay, and the like. 2. To give or 
 bring back, as that which has been lost. 3. To bring 
 back to health or strength. 4. To give in place of, or as 
 satisfaction for. 
 
 Syn. — To return ; replace; refund; repay; re-instate; re- 
 establish; renew; repair; revive; recover; heal; cure. See 
 I Returx. 
 
 i Re-stor'er, n. One who, or that which, restores. 
 ' Re-strain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. restrained : p. pr. & 
 ft. w. restraining.] [¥t. restreindre,Lat. restringere, 
 ! restrictum, from re, again, back, and stringere, to draw, 
 i bind, or press together.] 1. To hold from acting, pro- 
 ceeding, or advancing, either by physical or moral force, 
 or by any interposing obstacle. 2. To hinder from un- 
 limited enjoyment. 
 
 Syn. —To check: hinder: stop; withhold; repress; curb; 
 tuppress; coerce; abridge; restrict; limit; confine. 
 
 Re-straln'a-ble, a. Capable of being restrained. 
 Re-strain'ed-ly, adv. With restniint : with limitation. 
 Re-strain'er. »i. One who, or that which, restrains. 
 Re-straiut', n. 1, Act of restraining ; hindrance of 
 the will, or of any action, physical, moral, or mental. 
 
 2. That which restrains. 
 
 Syn. — Repression ; hindrance ; check : stop ; curb ; co- 
 ercion; confinement; limitation; restriction. 
 
 Re-stri<;t'. v. t. [imp. & p. p. RESTRICTED; p.pr. k 
 vb. n. RESTRICTING.] [Lat. restringere, restrictum. Se» 
 Restrain.] To restrain within bounds ; to limit ; t* 
 confine. 
 
 Syn. — To bound; circumscribe; press; curb; coerce. 
 
 Re-stri-e'tion, n. 1. Act of restricting, or state of be- 
 ing restricted : confinement within bounds. 2. That 
 which restricts : a restraint. [strict. 
 
 Re-stri^tlve, a. Having the power or tendency to re- 
 
 Re-stri^tlve-lv, adv. In a restrictive manner. 
 
 Re-§uilt', V. i. [imp. & p. p. RESULTED: p.pr. & vb. 
 71. RESULTING.] [From Lat. resultare, to spring or leap 
 back, intens. form of resHire. See RESILIENT.] 1. To 
 come out, or have an Issue. 2. To proceed or spring, a« 
 
 *;C,&c.,Z»n^;a, 6, &c.,5/u>rt,-c4re, far, ask., all, what; fire, veil, term : pique. fim* •• son, fir, do, iivoli^ 
 
RESULT 
 
 617 
 
 RETORTION 
 
 a consequence, from facts, arguments, premises, combi- 
 Bfttion of circumstances, consultation, thought, or en- 
 deaTor. 
 Syn. — Torise; arise; originate; ensue; terminate. 
 Be-gu.lt', n. The conclusion or end to which any course 
 or condition of things leads, or which is obtained by any 
 process or operation. 
 
 Syn. — Effect; consequence; conclusion; inference; issue; 
 event. See Effect. 
 
 Re-gult'an^e, n. The act of resulting. 
 Re-§ult'ant, n. (Meek.) A force which is the joint effect 
 
 of two or more forces. 
 Re-§ult'aiit, a. Resulting or issuing from a combination. 
 Ke-gum'a-ble, a. Capable of being resumed. 
 Risuni4 (r;Vzu/ma'), n. [Fr., from resumer. See infra.] 
 
 A summing up ; an abridgment or brief recapitulation. 
 Re-gume', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resumed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RESUMING.] [Lat. resumere., resumption, from re, 
 again, back, and sumere, to take.] 1. To take back. ii. 
 To enter upon or take up again. 3. To begin again, as 
 something which has been interrupted. 
 
 Re-gump'tion. (84), n. Act of resuming, taking back, 
 or taking again. 
 
 Re-gump'tive, a. Taking back or again. 
 
 Re-su'pi-nate, a. [Lat. resiipinatus, p. p. of resupinare, 
 to bend or turn back, from resupinus, lying on the back.] 
 1. Turned upside down. a. (Bot.) Inverted in position 
 by a twisting of the stock. 
 
 R6g'ur-r6c'tioii, n. [Lat. resurrectio, from resurgere, 
 resurrtctum, to rise again, from re, again, and surgere, to 
 rise.] 1. A rising again. 2. ^5pec/a%, the rising again 
 from the dead ; resumption of life. 3. The future state. 
 
 Reg'ur-re«'tioii-i.st, n. One whose business it is to 
 steal bodies from the grave, especially for dissection. 
 (Low.) 
 
 Re''sur-vey', v. t. [imp. & p. p. resurveyed; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. RESURVEYING.] To survey anew ; to reviesv. 
 
 Re-siis'^i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. resuscitated ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. RESUSCITATING.] [Lat. resuscitare, re- 
 suscitatum, from re, again, and suscitare, to raise, rouse.] 
 To revivify ; to revive ; especially, to recover from appar- 
 ent death. 
 
 Re-siis'^i-tate, v. i. To come to life again. 
 
 Re-su.s''9i-ta'tioii, n. Act of reviving from a state of 
 apparent death ; state of being revivified. 
 
 Re-sus'^i-ta'tive, a. Tending to resuscitate ; reviving; 
 revivifying. 
 
 Re-tail' (114), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RETAILED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RETAILING.] [Fr. retainer, from re, again, and 
 tailler, to cut. See TALLY and DETAIL.] 1. To cut 
 up and dispose of in small parcels ; to sell at second 
 hand. tJ. To deal out or tell in small portions. 
 
 Re'tail (114), ?i. The sale of commodities in small quan- 
 tities or parcels, or at second hand. 
 
 Re-tail'er, or Re'tail-er, «. One who sells goods at 
 retail, or by small quantities or parcels. 
 
 Re-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retained; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RETAINING.] [Lat. retinere, retention, from re, again, 
 back, and tenere, to hold, keep.] 1. To continue to hold ; 
 to keep in possession, ti. To keep in pay ; to employ by 
 a fee paid. 
 
 Syn. — To keep; hold; restrain. See Keep. 
 
 Re-taiii'er, n. 1. One who retains. 2. One who is 
 retained or kept in service ; an attendant ; an adherent ; i 
 a dependent. 3. A fee paid to engage a lawyer or coun- 1 
 selor. j 
 
 Re-take', v. t. [imp. RETOOK; p. p. RETAKEN; p. ' 
 pr. & vb. n. RE TAKING.] 1, To take or receive again. < 
 ti. To recapture. j 
 
 Re-tai'i-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. retaliated; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. RETALIATING.] [Lat. retaliare, relaliatum, ' 
 from re, again, back, ".nd lalio, talion, retaliation, from ! 
 talis, such, such like.] To return the like for ; to repay [ 
 or requite by an act of the same kind as has been re- 1 
 ceived ; especially, to return evil for evil. 
 
 Re-tai'i-ate, v. i. To return like for like. 
 
 Re-tari-a'tion, n. Act of retaliating, or of returning ' 
 like for like. 
 
 Syn. — Requital ; reprisal ; repayment ; retribution ; pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 Re-ta,l'i-a-tive, a. Tending to retaliate; involving re- 
 taliation ; retaliatory. 
 
 Re-tal'i-a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to or involving re- 
 taliation ; retaliative. 
 
 Re-tard', v. t. {imp. & p. p. retarded ; p.pr. Sc vb. 
 n. retarding.] [Lat. retardare, from re, again, back, 
 and tardare, to delay, from tardus, slow.] 1. To con- 
 
 I tinue to hinder ; to prevent from progrend. St. To pot 
 I off ; to render more late. 
 
 j Symr— To impede ; hinder ; obutruct ; detain ; deUy: dh>- 
 
 cra-slinute; defer. *^ 
 
 ] Re'tar-da'tlon, /I. 1. Act of retarding or delayingi 
 hindrance. 2. That which retards ; hindrance ; obttU- 
 
 1 cle; obstruction. 
 Re-tard'er, n. One who retards or delays. 
 RCtch, V. i. [imp. & p. p. retched (rCtcht) ; p. pr. & 
 to. n. RETCHING.] [A.-S. Iiriecan ; hraca, cough, throat, 
 Ice). /(raXrf, .spittle.] To make an effort to vomit. 
 Re-t611', V. t. To tell again. 
 
 ! Re-t6n'tion, n. [Lat. reieiitio. See Retain.] 1. Act 
 ' of retaining or keeping ; state of being retained or con- 
 fined ; cu^stody. '2. I'ower of retainiug; the faculty of 
 the mind by which it retains ideas. 
 Re-t6n'tive, a. Uaving the power to retain. 
 I Ret'i-feu^e, «. [See /w/m.] State of being reticent, or 
 ! observing continued silence. 
 Ret'i-fent, a. [Lat. reticens, p. pr. of reticere, to keep 
 I silence, from rf, again, and tacere, to be silent.] Inclined 
 I to keep silent ; reserved ; taciturn. 
 
 . R6t'i-ele (rCt^I-kl), n. [See Reticule J A small net 
 I or bag. 
 1 Re-tie'u-lar, a. '[See Reticule.] Having the form 
 
 of a net, or of net-work ; formed with interstices. 
 Re-ti«'u-iate, )a. [Lat. reticuintus. See Reticule.] 
 I Re-tie'u-la'ted, ) 1. Resembling net-work ; netted. 
 I ri. Having distinct veins, fibers, or hues crossing Uke 
 [ net- work. 
 
 ' Re-tie'u-la'tion, n. State of being reticulated, or net- 
 1 like ; that which is reticulated ; net-work. 
 R6t'i-€ule (30), n. [Lat. reticulum, dim. ofrete, a net.] 
 j A little bag of net-work ; a lady's work-bag. 
 j R6t'i-f orm, a. [Lat. rete, a net, Siud for7na, form ] Ilav- 
 ! ing the form of a net in texture ; composed of crossing 
 
 lines and interstices. 
 Ret'i-na, M. [N. Lat., from Lat. rete, a net] {Anal.) 
 1 The semi-transparent, internal nervous tissue of the eye 
 i . which receives the impressions resulting in the sense of 
 1 vision. 
 
 j Ret'i-nCie, n. [Fr., from retenir, to retain, engage, hire. 
 1 See Retain.] A body of retainers , a train of attend- 
 ! ants ; a suite. 
 
 I Re-tire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. retired ; p pr &. vb. n. 
 1 retiring.] [Fr. retirer, from re, again, back, and tirer, 
 I to draw, from Goth, tairan, Eng. tear.] 1. To draw 
 back or away ; to keep aloof "Z, To retreat from action 
 I or danger. 3. To withdraw from a pubUc station. 4. 
 
 To fall back. 
 , Syn. — To withdraw ; leave; depart; secede; recede; retro- 
 
 cede. 
 Re-tire', v. t. 1. To pay up and withdraw from circu- 
 lation. 2. To cause to retire ; specifically, to designata 
 as no longer qualified for active service. 
 Re-tired'Iy (re-tTrd'lJ')- odv. In a retired manner. 
 Re-tirf'd'ne.ss, n. A state of retirement ; solitude. 
 Re-tire'in.ent, n. 1. Act of retiring or withdrawing 
 ft-om company or from public notice or station. '<i. State 
 of being retired or withdi-awn. 3. The place to which 
 any one retires ; private abode. 
 
 Syn.— Solitude ; witlidrawment; departure; retreat; ee- 
 clusion; privacy. 
 
 Re-tir'ing, p. a. 1. Reserved; not forward or obtru- 
 sive. 2. A>signed or suitable to one who retires, or is le- 
 tired, from a public office or station. 
 
 Re-tort', V. t. [imp. & p. p. retorted \ p.pr. k vk 
 n. RETORTING.] [Lat. relorqiiere , retortum, from r#, 
 again, back, and torquere, to turn, twist.] 1. To bend 
 or curve back. "2, To throw back ; to reverberate. 3. 
 To return, as an argument, accusation, censure, or in- 
 civility. 
 
 Re-tort', V. i. To return an argument or charge. 
 
 Re-tort', n. 1. Th > return of an 
 argument, charge, or iucivilitv in re- 
 ply ; a quick and witty response, "i. 
 A vessel in which substances are sub- 
 jected to distillation or decomposition 
 by heat, made of different forms and 
 materials for different uses. itetori. 
 
 Syn.— Repartee; answer. — A re^or< is o short and jn^inted 
 reply, turning back on an assailant the censure.* or derision he 
 had thrown out. A repartee is usually " Kood-natun;d return 
 to some witty or sportive observation of another, m which 
 "diamond cuts diamond" without any loss of good-humor oa 
 either side. 
 
 Re-tort'er, n. One who retorts. 
 
 Re-tor 'tion, n. Act of retortiug or throwing back. 
 
 ; or cnarge. 
 
 food, foot; -urn, rvide, piiU," fell, yhaise, eall, eelio; gem, get; 
 
 e^ist; liyser, link; tWs. 
 
RETOUCH 
 
 618 
 
 REVEAL 
 
 He-toAcli', V. t. [itnp. & p. p. RETOUCireD (108) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. RETOUCHING.] To improve by new touches. 
 
 Re-trace', f. f. [imp. & p.p. retraced (re-trast'); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RETRACING.] 1. To track back, as a 
 line. 'i. To trace back : to carry or conduct back in the 
 -■^me path or course ; to reverse. 
 
 Re-trftft', V. t. [imp. & ;;. p. RETRACTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RETRACTING.] [Lat. retraclare, from retrahere, 
 rttrartum, to draw back.] 1. To draw back, as claws. 
 'Z. To recall, as a declaration, words, or saying. 
 
 Sj-n. — To recal'- withdraw; revoke; unsay; disavow; re- 
 cant': abjure: disown. 
 
 Re-trft-et', v. i To take back vrhat has been said. 
 
 Re-trft*,'t'il-ble, a. Capable of being retracted or drawn 
 back : retractile. 
 
 Re-trSt-t'ile, a. Capable of being drawn back. 
 
 lie-trj\«'tioii, 71. 1. Act of retracting or drawing back, 
 or the state of being drawn back. 3. Act of withdraw- 
 ing something advanced, claimed, or done ; recantation. 
 3. (Mtd.) A drawing up or shortening. 
 
 Re-trJlct'ive, a. Able or ready to retract ; retractile. 
 
 Re-tra€t'ive, n. That which withdraws or takes from. 
 
 Re-treat', n. [Ft. retraite, from rftraire, to withdraw. 
 See Retract.] 1. Act of retiring or withdrawing one's 
 self, especially from what is dangerous or disagreeable. 
 "i. The place to which any one retires. 3. The retiring 
 of an army or body of men from the face of an enemy ; 
 the %vithdrawing of a ship or fleet from an enemy. 
 
 Syn. — Retirement; departure; withdrawment; seclusion; 
 solitude; privacy; asylum; shelter; refuge. 
 
 Re-treat', v. i. [imp. & p. p. retreated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RETREATING.] 1. To retire from any position 
 or place : to ^vithdraw ; to retire, ii. To retire from an 
 enemy, or from any advanced position. 
 
 Re-treiicli' (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. retrenched (re- 
 trencht') ; p. pr. & vb. n. retrenching.] [0. Fr. re- 
 trencher, N. Fr. retranclier, from re, again, and trencher., 
 trancher, to cut. See TRENCH.] 1. To cut off; to 
 pare away. ti. To lessen; to abridge; to curtail. 3. 
 {Mil.) To furnish vrith a retrenchment. 
 
 Re-trencli', v. i. To Uve at leso expense. 
 
 Re-trencli'ment, n. 1. Act ofretrenching or ©flopping 
 off; removal of what is superfluous. 3. Act of lessening 
 or abridging. 3. (Mil.) A work constructed ^vithin an- 
 other, to prolong the defense of the latter when the en- 
 emy has gained possession of it, or to protect the defend- 
 ers till the}' can retreat or obtain a capitulation. 
 
 Syn. —Lessening; curtailment; diminution; abridgment. 
 
 Be-trib'iite (30), v. t. [Lat. retribuere, retributum, from 
 re, again, back, and tribuere, to bestow, assign, pay.] To 
 pay back ; to make compensation or reward in return to. 
 
 Ret'ri-bu'tion, n. 1. Act of retributing or repaying. 
 2. State of being paid back. 3. Return suitable to the 
 merits or de.serts of, as an action. 4. Specifically , re- 
 ward and punishment, as distributed at the general 
 judgment. 
 
 Syij. — Repayment ; requital ; recompense ; payment; re- 
 taliation. 
 
 Re-trib'u-tive, ) a. Tending to retribute; involving, 
 
 Re-trib'u-to-ry, j or pertaining to, retribution. 
 
 Re-triev'a-ble, a. Capable of being retrieved. 
 
 Re-triev'al, n. The act of retrieving. 
 
 Re-trieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. retrieved -jp.pr.k. vb. 
 n. retrieving.] [Fr. 7•e^rou^•«7•, to find again, to recover, 
 from re, again, and trouver, to find] 1. To find again ; 
 to restore from loss or injury. 3. To remedy the evil con- 
 sequences of. 
 
 Syn.— To recover; regain; recruit; repair; restore. 
 
 Re'tro-ftet', or Rgfro-aet', v. i. [From Lat. retro, 
 backward, back, and Eng. act.] To act backward, in re- 
 turn or in opposition. 
 
 Re'tro-ae'tion, or R6t'ro-a,e'tioii, n. 1. Action 
 returned, or action backward. t2. Operation on some- 
 thing pa.st or preceding. 
 
 i;ie'tro-a,et'ive, or Rfifro-aet'ive, a. Fitted or de- 
 signed toretroact; affecting what is past ; retrospective. 
 
 Re'tro-^;ede, or Rfit'ro-^ede, v. t. [imp. & p. p. re- 
 TROCEDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. RETEOCEDING], [See in- 
 fra.] To cede or grant back^ 
 
 Re'tro-^ede, or R6t'ro-?ede, v. i. [Lat. retrocedere, 
 fr. r«iro, backward, back, and cedere, to go.] To go back. 
 
 Re'tro-fgs'Kion, or RCt'ro'<;6§'sion (-s6.sh'un), n. 
 1. Act of retroceding. ii. State of being retroceded or 
 grante<l back. 
 
 Re'tro-flfix, or R6t'ro-fl6x, ) a. [Lat. retro- 
 
 Re'tro-fiexed, or R6t'ro-fl6x<»d, ) flexus, p. p. 
 
 of retroflectere, to bend back, from re, agj."n, back, and 
 flectere,flexum, to bend, to turn.] {Bot.) Suddenly bent 
 backward. 
 
 Re'tro-fract, or R6t'ro-fra.-et, ) a. [Lat. re- 
 
 Re'tro-fra-et'ed, or Ret'ro-fract'ed, j tro, back- 
 ward, back, KnA. fractus, p. p. of f rangers, to break.| 
 ( Bot.) Bent backward, as it were by force, so as to appear 
 as if broken ; refr.icted. 
 
 Re'tro-gra-da'tion, or R6t'ro-gra-da'tion, n. 1. 
 Act of retrograding or moving backward. 3. (Astron.) 
 The apparent motion of the planets contrary to the order 
 of the signs, that is, from east to west. 3. State of being 
 retrograded ; a going backward. 
 
 Re'tro-grade, or Ret'ro-grade, a. 1. Tending or 
 serving to move in a backward or contrary direction ; 
 contrary. *i. Declining from a better to a wor.se state. 
 3. (Astron.) Apparently moving backward, as a planet. 
 
 Re'tro-grade, or Ret'ro-grade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 RETROGRADED ; p. pr. & vb. n. RETROGRADING.] 
 [Lat. retrogradare, retrogradi, fr. retro, back, and gradi, 
 to step, go.] To go or "move backward. 
 
 Re'tro-gres'sion, or Ret'ro-gres'sion, n. [Lat. re- 
 trogresses, fr. retrogradi. See supra.] The act of going 
 backward ; retrogradation. 
 
 Re'tro-gres'sive, or Ret'ro-gres'sive, a. Going or 
 moving backward. 
 
 Re'tro-spe«t, or Ret'ro-spe-ct, v. i. [Lat. retrospi- 
 cere, from retro, back, and specere, spectum, to look.] To 
 look back ; to affect what is past. 
 
 Re'tro-spe-et, or Ret'ro-spe<;t, n. View or contem- 
 plation of something past. 
 Syn. — Review; survey; re-survey; re-examination. 
 
 Re'tro-spec'tion, or Ret'ro-spec'tion, n. Act or 
 faculty of looking back on things past. 
 
 Re'tro-sp6et'ive, or Ret'ro-spe<;t'ive, a. 1. Tend- 
 ing or fitted to look back ; looking back. 3. Having 
 reference to what is past. 
 
 Re'tro-sp6«t'ive-ly, or Rgfro-spg-efive-ly, adv. 
 By way of retrospect. [or falhng backward. 
 
 Re'tro-ver'sion, or Ret'ro-ver'sioii, n. A turning 
 
 Re'tro-vert, or R6t'ro-vert, v. t. [Lat. retro, back, 
 and vertere, to turn.] To turn back. 
 
 Re-turn', v. i. [imp. & p. p. RETURNED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. returning.] [Fr. retourner, from re, again, back, 
 and towrner, Lat. tornare, to turn.] 1. To go or come 
 again to the same place or condition. 2. Hence, to 
 come again, as a visitor. 3. To answer ; to reply. 
 
 Re-tftrn', v. t. 1. To bring, carry, or send back. 3. 
 To repay. 3. To requite or recompense. 4. To give 
 back in reply. 5. To report ofi&cially. 6. To render 
 back to a tribunal, or to an office. 
 
 Syn.— To restore ; requite ; repay ; recompense ; render ; 
 remit ; report. — "We return a thing when we turn it back to 
 its appropriate place ; we restore a thing when we put it back 
 to its former state and condition. A man returns what he 
 borrowed, and restores what he stole. A present is returned; 
 a deposit is restored. "We are restored to health by being 
 brought back to our former state. 
 
 Re-turn', n. 1. Act of returning, or coming back to 
 the same place or condition. 2. Act of returning, or 
 sending back to the same place or condition. 3. That 
 which is returned; as, (a.) A payment; a remittance. 
 (b.) An answer, (c.) A formal account or report, (d.) 
 The profit on labor, on an investment, and the like. 4. 
 (Law.) The delivery of a writ, precept, or execution, t» 
 the proper officer or court ; or the certificate of the officer, 
 stating what he has done in execution of it, indorsed. 
 Syn. — Restitution; repayment; requital; retribution. 
 
 Re-tiirn'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being returned or 
 restored. 3. (Law.) Legally require! to be returned, 
 delivered, given, or rendered. 
 
 Re-tuse', a. [Lat. retusus, p. p. of retundere, to blunt, 
 from re, again, back, and tundere, to beat, strike with 
 repeated strokes.] (Bot.) Terminating in a round end, 
 the center of which is somewhat indented. 
 
 Re-un'ion, n. 1. A second union ; union formed anew 
 after separation or discord. 3. An assembling or assem- 
 bly of famiUar friends. 
 
 Re'u-nite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. reunited; p. pr. h 
 vb. n. REUNITING.] To Unite again ; to join after sepa- 
 ration or variance. [here again. 
 
 Re'u-nite', v. i. To be united again ; to join and co. 
 
 Re-veal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revealed ; p. pr. k vb. 
 n. REVEALING.] [Lat. revelare, from re, again, back, 
 and velare, to vail, from velum, a vail.] To make known 
 after having been concealed ; — used especially of what 
 could not be known or discovered without divine or 
 supernatural instruction. 
 
 %,e, tea., long; Si,6,&c., short; c4re,far, ask,all,VFliat; 6re,veil, tSrxn.; pique, firm; a6n,dr,do,-vr9lf, 
 
REVEILLE 
 
 619 
 
 REVILE 
 
 Syn.'— To communicate ; disclose; divulee ; unvail ; un- 
 cover; open; discover; impart; show. See Communicate.— 
 To reveal is literally to lift the vail, and thus make known 
 what was previous concealed; to divulge, is to scatter abroad 
 among the people, or make j)ublicly known. A mystery or 
 hidden doctrine may be revealed ; something long confined to 
 the knowledge of a few is at length divulged. 
 
 Ke-veil'le (re-vaPye), n. [Fr. rdveil, from rdveiller, to 
 awake, from re, again, and veiller, to awake, to watch, 
 from Lat. f/g-fVar^, to watch.] (Mil.) The beat of drum 
 about break of day. 
 
 B@~In the United States service, commonly pronounced 
 revia-W. 
 
 Rgv'el, V. i. [imp. & p. p. REVELED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REVELING.] [0. Fr. reveler, to revolt, to rebel, from 
 Lat. rehellare. See REBEL.] To feast in a riotous and 
 lawless manner ; to carouse. 
 
 Kev'el,2^• A riotous feast : a carousal. 
 
 ligVe-la'tioii, 71. 1. Act of revealing, or disclosing or 
 discovering, to others, what was before unknown to them. 
 3. That which is revealed. 3. The last book of the 
 New Testament ; the Apocalypse. 
 
 R6"v'el-er, n. One who revels. 
 
 Kev'el-rout, n. 1. Tumultuous festivity. 'Z, A rab- 
 ble tumultuously assembled; a mob. 
 
 Rev'el-ry , n. Act of engaging in a revel ; noisy festivity. 
 
 Re-veiige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revenged; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. revenging.] [0. Fr. revenger, from re, again, 
 and vengier, vanger, Lat. vindicure, to vindicate.] 1. 
 To inflict punishment in vindication of; to exact satis- 
 faction for, under a sense of injury. 2. To inflict injury 
 for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit. 
 Syn.— To avenge; vindicate. See Avexge. 
 
 Re-venge', n. 1. Act of revenging. 3. The disposi- 
 tion to revenge. 
 
 Ke-veiige'ful, a. Full of revenge ; wreaking revenge. 
 
 Sj"^!!. — Vindictive ; vengeful ; resentful ; spiteful ; mali- 
 cious. 
 
 Re-veii^e'f iil-ly, adv. By way of revenge ; vindictively. 
 
 Ke-venge'ful-ness, n. State of being revengefuL 
 
 Ke-ven.'gei*,*/i. One who revenges. 
 
 R6v'e-iiiie, n. [0. Fr., from revenir, to return, to pro- 
 ceed, Lat. revenire, from re, again, back, and venire, to 
 come.] That which returns, or comes back, from an in- 
 vestment ; income ; hence, especially, the annual produce 
 of taxes, customs, duties, &c., which a nation or state 
 collects for public use. 
 
 Re-ver'ber-ant, a. Tending to reverberate ; resounding. 
 
 Re-ver'ber-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. reverberated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. REVERBERATING.] [Lat. reverberare, 
 reverberatum, from re, again, back, and verberare, to lash, 
 whip, from verber, a lash, whip, rod.] 1. To return or 
 send back, as sound ; to echo. 3. To reflect, as light or 
 heat. 3. To repel from side to side. 
 
 Re-ver'ljer-ate, t;.t. 1. To resound, ii. To be driven 
 back ; to be repelled, as rays of light ; to echo, as sound. 
 
 Re-ver'ber-a'tioii, n. Act of reverberating or sending 
 back ; especially, the act of reflecting light and heat, or 
 re-echoing sound. 
 
 Re-verHber-a-to-ry, a. Producing reverberation ; act- 
 ing by reverberation ; returning, or driving back. 
 
 Re-vere', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revered ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. 
 REVERING.] [Lat. revereri, from re, again, and vereri, 
 to fear.] To regard with fear mingled with respect and 
 afifection. 
 
 Syn. — To venerate; adore; reverence. 
 
 Rfiv'er-en^e, n. 1. Continued manifestation of fear 
 mingled with respect and esteem. tJ. An act or token 
 of respect or veneration. 3. State of being reverent ; a 
 disposition to venerate. 4. A person entitled to be re- 
 vered ; — a title applied to priests or ministers. 
 
 Syn. — Awe; honor; veneration; adoration. See Awe. 
 
 Rgv'er-en^e, v. t. [hnp. & p. p. reverenced (r6v'- 
 er-enst) ; ;}. pr. & vb. n. REVERENCING.] To regard 
 ■with reverence. 
 
 Rev'er-eii-^er, n. One who regards with reverence. 
 
 Rev'er-end, a. [Lat. reverendus, from revereri. See 
 Revere.] Worthy of reverence. 
 
 tsa- This word is often employed as a title of respect given 
 to the clergy or ecclesiastics. 
 
 Rev'er-ent, a. [Lat. reverens, p. pr. of revereri. See 
 Revere.] 1. Expressing reverence, veneration, or 
 submission. 2. Disposed to revere ; submissive ; humble. 
 
 Rgv^er-eii'tial, a. Proceeding from, or expressing, 
 reverence. 
 
 R6v'er-6n'tial-ly, adv. In a reverential manner ; with 
 reverence, or show of reverence. 
 
 R6v'er-ent-ly, adv. In a reverent manner. 
 R6v'er-Ie', I n. [Fr. reverie, from rever, to dfMa, 
 RCv'er-y, J to rave. Sec Rave.) 1. A loone or ir- 
 regular tmin of thoughtH, occurring in musing or medi- 
 tation. 2. A chimera ; a vision. [iug. 
 Re-ver'sal, n. [From reverse.] A change or overthrow- 
 Re-verse' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. re versed (r»- 
 vCrst^); p. pr. & vb. n. reversing.] [Lat. revtrtere 
 reversum, from re, again, back, and verlere, to turn. Of. 
 Revert.] 1. To turn back ; to cautse to return or de- 
 part. 2. Hence, to change totally. 3. To turn end for 
 end, or upside down. 4. Hence, to overthnjw ; to sub- 
 vert. 5. (Law.) To maktt void; to undo or annul for 
 error. 
 
 Syn. — To overturn ; overset; invert; repeal; annul; re- 
 voke. 
 
 Re-v6r.se', n. 1. That which appears or is presented 
 when any thing is reverted or turned back. 2. That 
 which is directly oppositt^ or contrary to something else. 
 3. Complete change; especially, a change from better to 
 worse; misfortune. 4. The backside. 
 
 Re-verse', a. Turned backward ; having a contrary or 
 opposite direction. [hand. 
 
 Re-verse'Iy, adv. In a reverse manner ; on the other 
 
 Re-vers'er, n. One who reverses. 
 
 Re-vers'i-ble, a. Capable of being reversed. 
 
 Re-ver'sion, n. [Lat. reversio. See REVERT.) 1. 
 (Law.) The returning of an estate to the grantor or hia 
 heirs, after the grant is determined: hence, the residue 
 of an estate left in the proprietor or owner thereof, to 
 take effect in possession, after the determination of >• 
 limited or less estate carved out of it and conveyed hj 
 him. 2. Hence, a right to future possession or enjoy 
 ment ; succession. 3. (Annuities.) A payment not due 
 till the occurrence of some contingent event. 
 
 Re-ver'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, or Involring, tk 
 reversion. 
 
 Re-ver'sion-er, n. One who has a reversion. 
 
 Re-vert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. reverted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REVERTING.] [Lat. revertere, from re, again, 
 back, and verier e, to turn.] 1. To turn back, or to the 
 contrary ; to reverse. 2. To drive or turn back ; to 
 reverberate. 
 
 Re-vert', v. i. 1. To return; to fall back. 2. (Latv.) 
 To return to the proprietor, after the determination of a 
 particular estate granted by him. 
 
 Re-vert'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, reverts. 2. 
 (Laiv.) Reversion. 
 
 Re-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being reverted. 
 
 Re-vert'ive, a. Tending to revert : changing ; reversing. 
 
 Rev'er-y, n. See Reverie. 
 
 Re-v6.st', V. t. [imp. & p. p. revested; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REVESTING.] [Lat. revestire, from re, again, and 
 vestire, to clothe, from vestis, garment.] 1. To clothe 
 again. 2. To vest again with po.«session or office. 3. 
 To lay out in something less fleeting than money. 
 
 Re-vest', v. i. To take effect again, as a title ; to return 
 to a former owner. 
 
 Re-vet'meiit, n. [Fr. revetement, the lining of a ditch, 
 from revctir, to clothe. See Revest.] (Fort.) A facing 
 of wood, stone, or any other material, to sust^iiu an em- 
 bankment when it receives a slope steeper than the natu- 
 ral slope. 
 
 Re-view' (re-vu'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. reviewed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. REVIEWING.] To go over and examine 
 critically or deliberately, as (a.) To go over with critical 
 examination , in order to discover the excellences or de- 
 fects of. (b.) To make a formal or official examination of 
 the state of, as troops, &c. 
 
 Re-view' (re-vu'), n. [Fr. revue, from revu, p. p. of 
 revoir, Lat. revidere, to see again, from re, again, and 
 Fr. voir, Lat. videre, to see.] 1. A second or rei)eated 
 view; a retrospective survey. 2. (Lit.) A critical ex- 
 amination of a new publication, with remarks : criticism; 
 critique. 3. (Mil.) An examination or inspection of 
 troops under arms, by a genenil or connnander, for ascer- 
 taining the state of their discipline, equipments, &e. 4. 
 A periodical pamphlet containing examinations or analy- 
 ses of new publications. 
 
 Syn. — Re-examination ; resurvey ; retrospect ; »urvey : 
 reconsideration; revival; revise; revision. 
 
 Re-vie-w'er (re-vii'er), n. One who reviews or pp-ex«m- 
 ines ; one who critically examines a new publication, and 
 publishes Bis opinion upon its merits. 
 
 Re-vile', r. t. [imp. & p. ;>. reviled ; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 REVILING.] To treat as vile or common ; to assail with 
 opprobrious language. 
 Syn. — To reproach; vilify; upbraid; calumniate. 
 
 food, f c»bt ; tkxn, rude, pull ; foil, (haise, call, echo ; gem, get ; as i ejist ; linger, llgk ; tlUs. 
 
■ ryf:^'fr7^c^:';^wy^?l^. 
 
 KEVILER 
 
 620 
 
 RHEUMATISM 
 
 Kc'-'vll'er, n. One who reviles another. 
 
 Ke-vi§'al, n. Act of revising, or re-examining for cor- 
 rection and improvement ; revision. 
 
 Re-vi§e', f. t. [iwp. & p. p. REVISED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REVISING.] [Lat. revidere, revis'ini, to see again, from 
 re, again, and vidtre, vismn, to see.] 1, To look at 
 aicain ; to re-e.xamine ; to look over with care for correc- 
 tion. '2. To review, alter, and amend. 
 
 Ke-vi§e', n. (Print.) A second proof-sheet; a proof- 
 sheet taken after the first correction. 
 
 Ke-vig'er, »i. One who revises, or re-examines for cor- 
 rection. 
 
 R«--vi§'ion (-vTzh/un), n. 1. Act of revising ; re-exami- 
 nation for correction. '2, That which is revised. 
 Syn. — Re-exaniiuation; revisal; revise; review. 
 
 Ke-vi§'ion-al ( (-vizh'un-), a. Pertaining to revision : 
 
 Ke-vi§'ion-a-ry i revisory. 
 
 Kc-vi§'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. REVISITED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REVISITING.] To visit again. 
 
 Ke-vi§'it-a'tioii, n. Act of revisiting. 
 
 Ke-viv'al, n. Act of reviving, or state of being revived ; 
 )vs, (a.) Renewed attention, [b.) Renewed performance 
 of, or intere.st. (c. ) Renewed interest in religion after 
 indifference and decline, (c/.) Re-animation from a state 
 of languor or depression, [e.) Renewed pursuit or culti- 
 vation, or flourishing state of. (_/".) Renewed prevalence 
 of, as a practice or fashion, {g.) {Law.) Restoration of 
 force, validity, and effect to ; renewal. 
 
 Ke-viv'al-ist, n . A minister of the gospel who promotes 
 revivals of religion : an advocate for reUgious revivals. 
 
 Re-vive', v. i. [imp. 8c p. p. revived; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 REVIVING.] [Lat. revivere, from re, again, and vivere, 
 to live.] 1. To return to life ; to become re-animated or 
 re-invigorated, ti. Hence, to recover from a state of 
 neglect, oblivion, obscurity, or depression. 
 
 Be-vive', v. t. 1. To bring again to life; to re-animate. 
 '2. To recover from a state of neglect or depression. 3. 
 To renew in the mind or memory ; to awaken. 
 
 Ke-\T;v'er, n. One who, or that which, revives. 
 
 Ke-viv'i-fi-ea'tion, «. Renewal of life ; restoration of 
 life. 
 
 Be-viv'i-fy, v. t. [imp. kp.p. revivified ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. REVIVIFYING.] To cause to revive; to re-ani- 
 mate. 
 
 KSv'i-vis'^enf.e, J n. State of being revived ; renewal 
 
 KeVi-vis'^en-^y, ) of life. 
 
 Bev'o-ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quahty of being revocable. 
 
 Kt5v'o-ea-ble, a.' Capable of being recalled or revoked. 
 
 K6v'o-ea-ble-ness, n. Quality of being revocable. 
 
 K6v'o-ea'tion. m. [Lat. revocatio, revocare, revocatum, 
 from re, again, back, and vocarc, to call.] 1. Act of 
 calling back, ti. State of being recalled. 3. Repeal ; 
 reversal. 
 
 Ke-Toke', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revoked (re-vokf) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. REVOKING.] [See REVOCATION.] To an- 
 nul by recalling or taking back ; to reverse, as any thing 
 granted by a special act. 
 
 Syn. — To abolish; recall; repeal ; rescind; cotintennand; 
 annul; abrogate; cancel; reverse. See Abolish. 
 
 Ke-voke', v. i. (Card-playing.) To fail to follow suit; 
 to renounce. 
 
 Be-voke', n. ( Card-playing.) Act of revoking, or of 
 neglecting to follow suit. 
 
 Be-volt', or Re-volt' (20), v. i. [From Lat. revolvere, 
 revolutum, to roll back. See REVOLVE.] 1. To turn 
 away, ti. Hence, to renounce allegiance or subjection. 
 3« To be grossly offended or shocked. 
 
 Be-volt', or Re-v61t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. revolted ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. revolting.] 1. To put to flight; to 
 overturn. 2. To do violence to ; to shock. 
 
 Be-volt', or Re-v61t', n. Act of revolting ; especial- 
 ly, a renunciation of allegiance and subjection to one's 
 prince or government. 
 8yn. — Insurrection ; sedition; rebellion; mutiny. See 
 
 I.VSLUUECTIOK. 
 
 Re-volt'er, or Re-v61t'er, n. One who revolts. 
 
 Bfiv'o-lS'tion, n. [Lat. revolutio. See Revolve.] 1, 
 Act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center ; 
 rotation, ti. Return to a point before occupied. 3. Space 
 measured by the regular return of a revolving body ; 
 the period made by the regular recurrence of a meas- 
 ure of time, or by a succession of similar events. 4. A 
 total or radical change. 5. (Astron.) The motion of any 
 body, as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, 
 until it returns to the same point again. 6. { Geom.) 
 The motion of a point, line, or surface, about a point or 
 Bne &M its center or axis, in such a manner that a mov- 
 
 ing point generates a curve, a moving line a surface, and 
 a moving surface a solid. 7. (Politics.) A revolt suc- 
 cessfully or completely accomplished. 
 
 B6v'o-lii'tion-a-ry, a. Tending or pertaining to a rev- 
 olution in government. 
 
 B6v'o-lu'tion-ist, n. One engaged in effecting a 
 change of government. 
 
 Rev'o-lu'tioii-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. revolution- 
 ized ; p. pr. & vb. n. REVOLUTIONIZING.] To chang* 
 completely', as by a revolution. 
 
 Re-v61ve', v. i. [imp. & p. p. revolved ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. REVOLVING.] [Lat. revolvere, revolutum, from re, 
 again, back, and volvere, to roll, turn round.] 1. To 
 turn or roll round on an axis. 2. To move round a 
 center. 
 
 Re-v61ve', v. t. 1. To cause to turn, as upon an axis ; 
 to rotate. 2. Hence, to turn over and over ; to reflect 
 repeatedly upon. 
 
 Re-volv'en-^y, n. State, act, or principle of revolving. 
 
 Re-v61v'er, n. One who, or that which, revolves ; spe- 
 cifically, a fire-arm with several loading chambers or 
 barrels so arranged as to revolve on an axis and be dis- 
 charged in succession by the same lock. 
 
 Re-vul'sion, n. [Lsit: revulsio, from revellere,revulsum, 
 to pluck or pull away, from re. again, back, and vellere, 
 to puU.] Act of holding or drawing back; marked re^ 
 pugnance or hostility. 
 
 Re-vul'sive, a. Tending to revulsion ; repugnant. 
 
 Re-ward', ■«. t. [imp. & p. p. rewarded; p.pr. & 
 vb. wVrevi^arding.] [0. Fr. rewerdoner, reguerredoner. 
 Norm. Fr. regarder. See Guerdon.] 1. To give in 
 return, whether good or evil; — commonly in a good 
 sense. 3. Hence, to repay ; to recompense ; to compen- 
 sate. 
 
 Re-ward', n. 1. That -which is given in return for 
 good' or evil received; especially, that which comes in 
 return for some good; a token of regard. 2. (Laiv.) 
 Compensation for services. 
 
 Syn. — Recompense ; remuneration ; pay ; requital ; retri- 
 bution ; punishment. 
 
 Re-war d'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being re- 
 warded 
 
 Re-ward'er, n. One who rewards or recompenses. 
 
 Rey'ii'ard, or Reyn'ard, «. [SeeRENARD.] A fox ; 
 renard. 
 
 Rlialb-dol'o-gy (riib/-), n. Same as Rabdology, q v. 
 
 Rhiib'do-man^^y, n. Same as Rabdomancy, q. v. 
 
 Rliap-s6d'i«, I a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 
 Rliap-sod'i-e-al, ) rhapsody ; unconnected 
 
 Rlia,p'so-dist, n. X, (Aiitiq.) One who recites or com- 
 poses a rhapsody ; especially, one whose profession was to 
 recite the verses of Homer and other poets. 2. One who 
 writes or speaks in a disconnected manner, with great 
 excitement or afiectation of feeling. 
 
 Rliap'so-dy (rap'-), n. [Gr. pai//ajSia, from pameiv, to 
 sew, stitch together, to unite, and'cJSij, a song.] 1. A 
 portion of an epic poem fit for recitation at one time, as 
 a book of Homer was rehearsed by a rhapsodist. 2. A 
 wild, rambling composition or discourse. 
 
 Rhen'isli (ren'ish), a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, the 
 river Rhine. [Rhine. 
 
 RliSn'isli, n. Wine made from the vineyards along the 
 
 Rliet'o-ri-e (ret'o-rik, 123), n. [Gr. py\TopLKri (sc. rexvr)), 
 from prjTopLKOs, rhetorical, oratorical, from pT^jiop, a rhet- 
 orician, from pe'io, epw, I speak.] 1. Art of elegant and 
 accurate composition, especially in prose. 2. Science 
 of oratory ; art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and 
 force. 3. Artificial eloquence, as opposed to that which 
 is real. 4. The power of persuasion or attraction ; that 
 which allures or charms. 
 
 Rlie-t6r'i«-al (re-), a. Of, pertaining to, or involving, 
 rhetoric ; oratorical. 
 
 Rlie-t6r'i€-al-ly (re-), adv. In a rhetorical manner ; 
 according to the rules of rhetoric. 
 
 Rli6t'o-ri'cian (ret/o-rish'an), n. 1. One well versed in 
 the rules and principles of rhetoric. 2. One who teaches 
 the art of rhetoric. 3. An artificial orator, as opposed 
 to one who is genuine. 
 
 Rheum (rijm), n. [Gr. pevfj-a, from pelv, to flow.] 1. 
 An increased action of the excretory vessels of any organ. 
 2. A thin serous fluid, secreted by the mucous glands, 
 &c., as in catarrh. 
 
 Rheu-mat'i€ (rij-mSt/ik, 126), a. [Gr. pevjutariKos. Se« 
 .tupr'a.] Pertaining to rheumatism, or partaking of ita 
 nature. 
 
 Rlieii'ma-tigm (ry'ma-), n. [Gr. pevixaTtapiOi, from 
 pevil'aTi^ea-daL, to have or sufler from a flux, from pevfia. 
 
 ^,e,kc.,long; &,6,kc., short; c&re, far, ask, »11, what; ere, veil, term; pique.firm; son^or, do, W9lfii 
 
RHEUMY 
 
 621 
 
 RICKETY 
 
 Rhinoceros. 
 
 See RiiEUM.] {Med.) A painful inflammation affecting 
 musdes and joints of the human body. 
 
 Klieum'y (rjjm'y), a. Pertaining to, abounding in, or 
 causing, rheum. 
 
 Klii'iio (rl'no), n. [Scot, rino, W. ariati.] Gold and sil- 
 ver, or money. [ Cant.] 
 
 Rhl-noy'e-i'os, n. [Lat. rhi- 
 noceros^ Gr. pivoxepws, fr. pi?, 
 or piV, gen. pivd?, the nose, 
 and Ke'pas, a horn.] ( Zool ) A 
 pachydermatous mammal, — 
 nearly allied to the elephant, 
 the hippopotamus, the tapir, 
 &c., and characterized by 
 having a very strong horn 
 (sometimes two) upon the nose. 
 
 Rlii'no-plJis'ti*;, a. [Gr. pis, pii/os, the nose, and 7rA.a<r- 
 TiKos, fit for molding, from TrAao-o-eij', to mold, form.] 
 Forming a nose. 
 
 Rlii'no-pias-ty, M. [^Qe supra.] ( 57fro-. ) The process 
 of forming an artificial nose, by bringing down a piece of 
 flesh from the forehead, and causing it to adhere to the 
 anterior part of the remains of the nose. 
 
 Bhi-zo'ma (rT-zo'ma), n. [Gr. pi'^to/aa, that which has 
 taken root, from pi^ovv, to make to strike root, pass, to 
 take root, from pt'fa, a root.] (Bot.) A creeping stem or 
 branch growing beneath the surface of the soil and 
 partly covered by it. 
 
 Rho'di-iiin, n. [From Gr. poSoi/, the rose ; so called 
 from the rose-red color of its salts.] ( Client. ) A metal of 
 a white color and metallic luster, extremely hard and 
 brUtle. It is used for forming the nibs of gold pens. 
 
 Rlio'do-d^ii'dron, n. [Gr. pohohevhpov. i. e., rose-tree, 
 from pobov, rose, and SeVSpov, tree.] (Bot.) A genus of 
 shrubs or small trees having handsome evergreen leaves, 
 and beautiful rose-colored or purple flowers. 
 
 Rliod'o-mon-tade', n. The same as Rodomontade. 
 
 Rliomb (62), n. [Lat. rhombus., Gr. po/a/Bos, from peV/Seii/, 
 to turn or whirl round.] ( Geom.) A figure of four equal 
 sides but unequal angles. 
 
 RIidiii'bi« (rom'bik), a. Having the figure of a rhomb. 
 
 Rlidm'boid (r5m'boid), n. [Gr. po/a^oei6^s, from pofx- 
 /3os, rhomb, and elSos, shape.] [Geom.) 
 An oblique-angled parallelogram like a 
 rhomb, but having only the opposite sides 
 equal, the length and width being dif- 
 ferent. Bhoi 
 
 RIidinHboid ) (rom'-), a. Having the 
 
 Rliom-boid'al ) shape of a rhomboid. 
 
 Rh.om'bus (rom'bus), n. The same as RHOMB. 
 
 Rbu'barb (rij/barb), n. [Gr. pa, rhubarb, 
 and /3ap/3apos, foreign, strange, Per. & Ar. 
 raioand, Syr. raiborig.] A plant of several 
 species. The fleshy and acid stalks of the 
 common species are much used in cookery 
 The roots of several other species furnish 
 a valuable cathartic medicine. iniui..ui.o. 
 
 Rhumb (62), n. [See Rhomb.] (Navigation.) Any given 
 point of the compass ; a line making a given angle with 
 the meridian ; a rhumb-line. 
 
 To sail on a rliutnb, to sail continuously on one course. 
 
 Rliumb'-liiie, n. (Navigation.) The course of a ves- 
 sel which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. 
 
 Rhyme (rini), n. [0. Eng. ryine, rime, rym, from 0. H. 
 Ger. /i/-?9n, r?w, series, number, A.-S. rim, id.] 1. Poetry. 
 
 2. (Poet.) Correspondence of sound in the terminating 
 words or syllables of verses. 3. Verses, usually two, in 
 rhyme with each other ; a couplet ; a triplet. 4. A 
 word answering in sound to another word. 
 
 Female rhi/me, agreement in sound of the last two syllables 
 ofverses, the final syllable being unaccented, as in endeavor, 
 forever, &c. — Mule rhyme, agreement in sound of only the final 
 svllables of verses, as in remain, complain, and the like. — 
 bhyme or reason, sound or sense. 
 
 Rhyme (rTm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rhymed \ p.pr. k. 
 rb. n. RHYMING.] 1. To make verses. 3. To accord 
 in sound. 
 Rhyme (rim), v. t. 1. To put into rhyme. 2. To influ- 
 . ence by rhyme. [fier. 
 
 Rliym'er (rim'er), n. One who makes rhymes ; a versi- 
 Rhym'ster (rim'-), n. One who makes rhymes ; a poor 
 
 or mean poet. 
 Rhythm (rithm or rit!im), n. [Gr. pvfljuos, L&t. rhyth- 
 mus.] 1. A dividing of time into short portions by a reg- 
 lar succession of motions, impulses, sounds, &c., produc- 
 ing an agreeable eff'ect, as in music, dancing, or the like. 
 
 3. (Mus.) Movement in musical time, or the periodical 
 
 LEJ 
 
 recurrence of accent. 3. A division of lines Into short 
 portions by a regular succession of percussions and n- 
 niissions of voice on words or syllables. 4, The banuo- 
 nious flow of vocal sounds. 
 
 Rhyth'mle, or Rhyth'mle, I a. Pertaining to 
 
 Rhyth'mie-al, or Rhyth'mi<;-al, ) rhythm. 
 
 R'i'al, /I. A Spanish coin. See Real. 
 
 Rib, n. [A.-S. lib, ribb, Icel. rif\ 0. H. Ger. ribbi, ribha, 
 rip/ji,rippa.] 1. (Anal.) One "of the long bones inclos- 
 ing the thoracic cavity. 2. That which resembles a rih 
 in form or use ; as, (a.) A piece of timber which forms or 
 strengthens the side of a ship, (b.) (Arch.) An arch- 
 formed piece of timber for supporting the lath and plas- 
 ter work of a vault ; also a projecting piece on the inte- 
 rior of a vault, &c. (c.)(Bot.) Any marked nerve or vein 
 of a leaf, (d.) A prominent line or rising, like a rib in 
 cloth. 
 
 Rib, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ribbed; p. pr. & vb. n. RIB- 
 BING.] 1. To furnish with ribs. 2. To inclose with 
 ribs; to shut in. 
 
 Rib'ald, n. [Of. Bawd and 0. U. Ger. hriba, hripa, 
 prostitute, M. II. Ger. ribe.] A low, vulgar, brutal, foul-* 
 mouthed wretch ; a lewd fellow. 
 
 Rib'ald, a. Low ; base ; mean ; filthy ; obscene. 
 
 Rib'ald-ry, 7i. The talk of a ribald; low, vulgar lan- 
 guage ; obscenity. 
 
 Rib'and, v. t. To adorn with ribbons; to ribbon. 
 
 Ribnband, n. See Ribbon. 
 
 Rib'bon, ?i. [Fr. ruban, orig. a red ribbon, from I^at. 
 rubens, rubentis, red, p. pr. of rubere, to be red. fr. ruber, 
 red.] 1. A fillet of fine cloth, commonly of silk or satin. 
 2. A narrow strip or shred. 3. ;;/. The reins, or lines, 
 by which a horse is guided and held. [ Cant or CoUoq.] 
 
 Rib'bon, v. t. [imp. & //. p. ribboned ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. ribboning.] 1. To adorn with ribbons. 2. To 
 mark with stripes resembling ribbons. 
 
 Rib'roast, v. t. To beat soundly ; — a burlesque word. 
 
 Ri^e, n. [Ar. aroz, aruz, Lat. oryza, Gr. 
 opv^a, opv^ov.] (Bot.) A plant cultivated 
 in all warm climates ; and its seed, which 
 forms an important article of food. 
 
 Rlpe'-pa'per,Ji. A kind of thin, delicate 
 paper, brought from China, and used for 
 painting upon, and for the manufacture 
 of fancy articles. It is said to be made 
 from the pith of a plant. 
 
 Rich, a. [compar. RICHER ; siiperl. RICH- 
 EST.] [A.-S. ric, Goth, reiks, Icel. rilcr.] 
 1. Abounding in material possessions; 
 possessed of an unusually large amount K'^^- 
 
 of property. 2. Hence, in general, well supplied. 3. 
 Aff^ording abundant supplies ; productive or fertile. 4. 
 Composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients ; 
 highly valued. 5. Abounding in agreeable or nutritive 
 qualities ; also, highly seasoned or flavored. 6. Not 
 faint or delicate; vivid; bright. 7, Full of sweet and 
 harmonious sounds. 8. Abounding in beauty. 9. 
 Abounding in humor ; exciting amusement. 
 
 Syn.— Wealthy; affluent; opulent; ample; copious; abun- 
 dant ; fruitful ; costly; sumptuous ; precious ; generous; lus- 
 cious. 
 Rich'eg, n. pi. [Fr. richesse.] 1. That w^hich makes 
 one rich ; abundant possessions or trea.surea. 2. Thai 
 which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, and the like. 
 
 i^- This word is really in the singular number, but is very 
 rarely so used. The old Engli.«h form is Hchcsse, which is the 
 same as the French word, and it is from this that the modern 
 word riches received its form. The termination being the same 
 as that of plural words, caused it to be regarded and used lu 
 plural. 
 
 Syn. — Wealth; opulence; affluence; wealthines*; richnesA; 
 plenty; abundance. 
 
 Rich'ly, adv. In a rich manner ; with riches ; plftj- 
 teously ; abundantly. 
 
 Rich'ness, n. 1. The state of being rich. 2. That 
 which constitutes any thing rich ; any good quality ex- 
 isting in abundance. 
 
 Rick, n. [A.-S. hredc, a heap, Icel. hraukr, id., hreykia, 
 to heap, erect.] A heap or pile of grain or hay in the 
 field or open air, sheltered with a covering of some kind. 
 
 Rick'ets, n. />;. [Probably from \.-^.r,rg, hr,c, back, 
 spine. Of. Ger. rvcken.] (Mai.) A diseaj^e which affects 
 children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, a 
 crooked spine, depressed ribs, tumid abdomen, short 
 stature, flabby and wrinkled flesh, together with clew 
 and often premature mental faculties. 
 
 Rick'et-y, a. 1. Affected with rickets. 2. Feeble In 
 the joints ; imperfect ; weak. 
 
 food, foot ;&rn, r^fde, pull ; fell, 9haise, call, e«ho; geiu, get ; »§\ e^iet; linger, Ilolt 
 
"^^if.'i^-y.-?*' 
 
 -■^?^ 
 
 RICOCHET 
 
 622 
 
 RIGHT 
 
 Blcochet (rlk/o-sha' or rIk/o-sh?t'), «. [Fr.] 1. Re- 
 bound or skipping, as of a ball fired at a low angle of 
 eJevatiou. '2. ( Gun.) The firing of guns, or howitzers, 
 so as to cause the balls or shells to rebound or roll along 
 the ground on which thev fall. 
 
 Rid, r. t. [imp. & />. p. RID, or RIDDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RIDDINiT.] [0. Eng. red, A.-S. hreddan, 0. H. Ger. 
 retjan,reitan.] To free; to deliver; to clear; to disen- 
 euniber. 
 
 To get rid of, to free one's self from. 
 
 Bld'danve, «• 1. The act of ridding or freeing; de- 
 liverance ; a clearing up or out. 2. The state of being 
 rid or free ; freedom ; escape. 
 
 Kid'deu, p. p. of ride. See RiDE. 
 
 Rid'dle (ridMl), n. [A.-S. hriddel, 0. H. Ger. ritra, rit^ra, 
 a sieve: A.-S. hridrian, to sift, winnow.] A sieve with 
 coarse meshes, for separating coarser materials from finer, 
 AS chaBf from grain, gravel from sand, &c. 
 
 Kid'dle (rld^l), v. t. [ijjip. & p. p. RIDDLED ; p. pr. k 
 vb.n. RIDDLIN&.] 1. To separate, as grain from the 
 chaff, wUh a riddle. '2. To perforate with balls go as to 
 make like a riddle. 
 
 Rid'dle, n. [A.-S. rxdels, 0. H. Ger. ratisal, ratsal, from 
 A.-S. rxdan, Ger. rat/ien., to counsel or advise, also to 
 guess. Cf. Read.] 1. Something that is to be solved 
 by conjecture ; a puzzling question ; an enigma. 12. Any 
 thing ambiguous or puzzling. 
 
 Rid'dle, v. t. To solve ; to explain ; to unriddle. 
 
 Rid'dle, v. i. To speak ambiguously, obscurely, or enig- 
 matically. 
 
 Rid'dler, n. One who speaks in riddles, or ambiguously. 
 
 Ride, V. i. [imp. rode, or rid ; p. p. RID, or RIDDEN ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. RIDING-,] [A.-S. ridaii, Icel. rtda, ridha, 
 0. H. Ger. rttan.] 1. To be carried on the back of any 
 animal, as a horse. 2. To be borne in a carriage. 3. To 
 be borne on or in the water. 4. To be supported in 
 motion ; to rest on something. 5. To manage a horse 
 well. 6. To support a rider, as a horse. 
 
 Ride, V. t. 1. To sit on, so as to be carried. 2. To 
 manage insolently at will. 3. To cause to ride ; hence, 
 to carry. [ Vulgar.] 
 
 Syn.— Drive. — i?tc/e originally meant Cand it is so used 
 throughout the English Bible) to be carried either on horse- 
 back or in a vehicle of any kind. At present, in England, 
 drive is the word applied in most cases to motion in a carriage, 
 as, a drive round the po?-i-, while ride is appropriated to motion 
 on a horse, so that a " ride on horseback " would be tautology. 
 This distinction, though gaining ground in America, does not 
 prevail among us to any considerable extent. 
 
 Ride, n. An exciorsion on horseback or in a vehicle. 
 
 Ri-deau' (re-do'), ?i. [Fr., from riVie, wrinkle, fold, curl, 
 rider, to wrinkle, fold, crisp, curl, from 0. H. Ger. ridan, 
 garidan, to twist, or A.-S. wridhan, Eng. writhe.] A 
 small mound of earth. 
 
 Rid'er, n. 1. One who rides. 2. An agent who goes 
 out with samples of goods to obtain orders. [Eng.] 
 3. An addition to a manuscript or other document, in- 
 serted after its completion, on a separate piece of paper ; 
 an additional clause, as to a bill in Parliament. 
 
 Ridge, n. [A.-S. hrycg, hrirg, hricc, back, pediment; 
 Icel. hryggr, 0. H. Ger. hrucki, N. H. Ger. rucken, alUed 
 to Gr. paxts, the back, a ridge.] 1. The back, or top of 
 the back. 2. The top or upper part of any elongated 
 elevation, great or small, as of a mountain, house, or 
 the like. 
 
 Ridge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ridged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RIDG ING.] 1. To form a ridge of ; to make into a ridge 
 or ridges. _ 2. To wrinkle. 
 
 Ridge'-pole, n. (Arch.) The timber or board forming 
 the ridge, or upper angle, of a roof. 
 
 Ridg'y,_a. Having a ridge or ridges ; rising in a ridge. 
 
 Rid'i-eule (30), n. [Lat. ridiculum, from ridiculus, 
 laughable, from r/>/«r«, to laugh.] 1. The expression of 
 laughter, especially when mingled with contempt. 2. 
 That species of writing which excites contempt with 
 
 . laughter. 
 
 Syn. — Derifiion; wit; banter; raillery; burlesque; mock- 
 ery; irony; satire; sarcasm; gibe; jeer; sneer. 
 Rid'i-«iile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ridiculed ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. RIDICULING.] To laugh at with expressions of 
 contempt. 
 
 Syn. — To deride; banter ; rally; burlesque; mock; satir- 
 ize; lampoon. See Debiue. 
 
 Rid'i-eul'er, n. One who ridicules. 
 Ri-di<;'u-loiiH, a. Fitted to excite ridicule ; contemptu- 
 ous and laughable. 
 
 Syn.— Ludicrous; laughable; riiibls ; droll; abstird) pre- 
 potierous. See Ludicbous. 
 
 Ri-dic'u-loils-ly, adv. In a ridiculous manner. 
 
 Ri-die'u-loiis-ness, n. Quality of being ridiculous ; 
 laughableness. 
 
 Rid'ing;, n. 1. The act of one who rides. 2. A road made 
 for the diversion of riding. 3. [Corrupted from trithwg 
 or triding, third.] One of the three jurisdictions into 
 which the county of York, in England, is divided. 
 
 Rid'ing-Iiobd, n. A hood used by females when they 
 ride ; a kind of cloak with a hood. 
 
 Rid'ing-s-elidbl (-skobl), n. A school or place where 
 the art of riding is taught. 
 
 It'i-ddt'to , 71 . [It., from L. Lat. red/2<c«M5, a retreat.] A 
 favorite Italian pubhc entertainment, consisting of musie 
 and dancing. 
 
 Rife, a. [A.-S. ryf, rife, prevalent, Icel. rifr, munificent.] 
 Prevailing ; prevalent ; abounding. 
 
 Rif e'ly, adv. In a rife manner ; prevalently. 
 
 Rif e'ness, n. Quality of being rife ; fi-equency ; preva- 
 lence. 
 
 Riffraff, n. [See Raff. It. rvffa-raffa, Prov. It. riffe- 
 rafa, scramble.] Sweepings; refuse; the lowest order 
 of society. 
 
 Ri'fle (ri'fl), V. t. [imp. & p.p. rifled ; p. pr. & t*. 
 n. RIFLING.] [0. II. Ger. rifildn, to pluck, to saw, rifil, 
 rijila, a sawing beak.] 1. To seize and bear away by 
 force ; to carry off. 2. To strip ; to rob ; to pillage ; to 
 plunder. 
 
 Ri'fle (ri'fl), n. [Ger. riefelen, riefen, riffeln, riffen, to 
 chamfer, groove.] 1. A gun, the inside of whose barrel 
 is formed with spiral grooves or channels, thus securing 
 for the ball a rotary motion, and great precision. 2. 
 A whetstone for a scythe. [Amer.] 
 
 Ri'fle, V. t. 1. To groove ; to channel ; especially, to 
 groove internally with spiral channels. 2. To sharpen, 
 as a scythe, with a rifle. [a rifle. 
 
 Ri'fle-man, n. ; 7»Z. RI'FLE-MEN. A man armed with 
 
 Ri'fler, n. One who rifles ; a robber. 
 
 Rift, 11. [From rive, to rend.] 1. An opening made by 
 riving or splitting ; a cleft ; a fissure. 2. A fording- 
 place. 
 
 Rift, V. t. [imp. & p. p. RIFTED ;p.pr. k vb. n. RIFT- 
 ING.] To cleave ; to rive ; to split. 
 j Rift, V. i. To burst open ; to spHt. 
 
 i Rig, V. t. limp. & p. p. RIGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. RIG- 
 GING.] [A.-S. ivrigan, lurihan, to cover, clothe, 0. H. 
 Ger. rihan.] 1. To dress ; to clothe ; especially, to clothe 
 in an odd or fanciful manner. 2. To furnish with appa- 
 ratus or gear ; tackling. 
 
 Rig, n. 1. Dress; clothing; especially, odd or fanciful 
 clothing. 2. The peculiar manner of fitting the masts 
 and rigging to the hull of a vessel. 3. A sportive trick ; 
 a frolic. 
 
 To run the rig, to play a wanton trick. 
 
 Rig'a-dobii', n. [Fr. rigodon, rigaudon, so called from 
 the refrain, ric-din-don, of an old dancing song.] A gay. 
 brisk dance, performed by one couple. 
 
 Ri-ga'tion, n. [Lat. rigatio, from rigare, to water.] The 
 same as IRRIGATION. 
 
 Rig'ger, n. 1. One who rigs or dresses ; one whose occu- 
 pation is to fit the rigging of a ship. 2. A cylindrical 
 pulley or drum in machinery. 
 
 Rig'ging, n. Dress ; tackle ; especially, the ropes which 
 support the masts, extend and contract the sails, &c., 
 of a ship. 
 
 Right (rlt), a. [A.-S. riht, reht, Goth, raihts, Icel. rettr, 
 Lat. rectus, p. p. of regere, to keep straight, to guide, to 
 rule.] 1. Straight ; not crooked ; hence, most direct. 
 
 2. Upright ; erect ; not oblique. 3. According with 
 truth and duty ; unswerving ; just ; true. 4, Fit ; suit- 
 able. 5. Characterized by reality or genuineness : real ; 
 actual ; unquestionable. 6. Passing a true judgment ; 
 not mistaken or wrong. 7, Not left, but its opposite; 
 most convenient or dexterous. 8. Being on the same 
 side as the right hand. 9. Well placed, disposed, or ad- 
 justed ; orderly. 10. Being on the right hand of a per- 
 fion whose face is toward the mouth of a river. 11. 
 Designed to be placed or worn outward. 12. {Math.) 
 Upright from a base ; having an upright axis. 
 
 Bight and left, in both or all directions; on all sides. [Colloq.] 
 Syn.— Straight ; direct; perpendicular; upright: lawful; 
 rightful; true; correct; just; equitable; proper; becommg. 
 
 Right (rlt). adv. 1. In a right manner ; especially, in a 
 right or straight line ; directly. 2. According to the law 
 or will of God, or to the standard of truth and justice. 
 
 3. According to any rule of art. 4. According to fact 
 or truth. 5. In a great degree ; very. 6. Very ; ex- 
 tremely ; — prefixed to titles. 
 
 »,e,kc.,long; &,6,kc.,short; cftre, far, ask, all, what; 6re,Tgil,tSrm;piqu«,tIriii; sdn, dr, dQ.'wflt 
 
RIGHT 
 
 628 
 
 RIOTOUS 
 
 In a righteous man- 
 The quality of being 
 
 Biglit (rlt), n. 1. That which is right or correct; as, IUll, n. [Either from L. Qer. rilU, a small channel tc 
 (a.) A straight course; adherence to duty. (6.) A true j brook, a furrow, a chamfer; or from G. Eng. rigol, » 
 etatement; adherence to truth or fact, (c.) Ajustjudg-I small brook; or from ImI. rivulus, a small brook, J A 
 ment; justice; uprightness; integrity, ii. That to small brook ; a rivulet ; a streamlet. 
 
 Kim, n. [A.-S. rivia, reovm, edge, lip ; W. rhim, rkim/i, 
 a rim, edge, boundary, termination ] The border, ftdge, 
 or margin of something circular or curving. 
 
 Rim, V. t. [hup. & //. //. rIxM.MED ; p. pr. & vb. n. RIM 
 .MING.] To furui-sh with u rim. 
 
 Kime, n. [A.-S. & Icel. hrhn. Cf. GRIME.] White or 
 hoar frost ; congealed dew or vapor. 
 
 Rl-mose' (125), a. [Lat. rimosus, from ri7na, a chink.] 
 Full of rimes or chinks, hke those in the bark of trees. 
 
 Rim'ple (-pi), ". [A.-S. hrympele, D. rimpel.] A fold 
 or wrinkle. See Rumple. 
 
 liim'ple, V. t. {imp. 8c p. p. RIMPLED ; p. pr. & vb. ; . 
 RIMPLING.] To rumple ; to wrinkle. 
 
 Rim'y, a. Abounding with rime ; frosty. 
 
 Rind, n. [A.-S. rind, hrind, 0. H. (Jor. riiu/a, rinta, Gi. 
 ptvos, the skin ; perh. from A.-S. & 0. II. Gcr. hrhian. t* 
 touch.] The external covering or coat. Specifically, [a.) 
 The external cover of flesh ; the skin, {b.) The external 
 covert)f fruit; peel, (c.) I3ark. (d.) The external coat 
 of a nut ; shell. 
 
 Rin'dle, n. [From Goth, r^nnan, A.-S. rennan, to run, 
 flow.] A small water-course or gutter. 
 
 Ring, n. [A.-S. firing, hrinr, Icel. hringr, 0. II. Ger. 
 hring, a circle.] A circle, or a circular hue, or any thing 
 in the form of a circular line or hoop. 
 
 Ring, 1'. «. [imp. & p. p. ringed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RINGING.] 1, To surround with a ring, or as with a 
 ring; to encircle, ii. (Hon.) To cut out a ring of, as 
 bark. 
 
 Ring, V. t. [imp. RANG, or RUNG ; p. p. RUNG ; p. pr. & 
 t'6. n. RINGING.] [A.-S. hringnn, lce\. hritigia.] 1. To 
 cau.se to sound, especially by striking, as a metallic body. 
 2. To produce by ringing, as a sound or peal. 3. To 
 repeat often, loudly, or earnnptly. 
 
 Ring, V. i. 1. To sound, as a bell, or other sonorous 
 body. 2. To sound ; to resound. 3. To continue to 
 .sound or vibrate ; to resound. 4. To be filled with re- 
 port or talk. 
 
 Ring, n. 1. A sound; especially, the sound of metals. 
 2. Any loud sound, or sound continued, repeated, or 
 reverberated. 3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically 
 tuned. 
 
 Ring'-bolt, n. An iron bolt, with an eye at its head, 
 and a ring through the eye. 
 
 Ring'dove (-diiv), n. A species of pigeon, so called from 
 white upon the neck which forms a portion of a ring 
 about it ; the cushat. 
 
 Ring'er, n. One who rings ; especially, one who rings 
 chimes on bells. 
 
 Ring'lead-er, »i. The leader of a ring; especially, the 
 leader of an association of men engaged in violation of 
 law or an illegal enterprise. 
 
 Ring'let, n. [Diminutive of nng.] A curl ; *5p^na%, 
 a curl of hair. 
 
 Ring'- streaked (-streekt), a. Having circular streaks 
 or lines on the body. 
 
 Ring'- tall, 71. (Ornith.) A bird having a white tail; 
 the female of the hen-harrier. 
 
 Ring'worm (-wQnu), «. (Med.) A vesicular eruption 
 of the skin, forming rings, whose area is slightly dis- 
 colored. 
 
 Rinse, v. t. [imp. & p.p. rinsed (rTnst); p. pr. k rb. 
 n. RINSING.] [Icel. hreinsa, A.-S. hrxnan, Goth, hrain- 
 jan, to purge; Goth, hrains, lce\. hreiun, AS. hrxnr, 
 rein, pure.] 1. To cleanse with a second application of 
 water after washing. 2. To cleanse by the introduction 
 of water. 
 
 Rins'er, n. One who rinses. 
 
 Ri'ot, «. [0. Fr. riote, It. riotta. Armor, riot.] 1. 
 Wanton or unrestrained behavior. 2. (Laic) The d«nng 
 of an act in a violent and tumultuous manuer against 
 the peace, by three or more persons assembled together 
 of their own authority for that purpose. 
 
 To run riot, to act or move without control or restraint 
 Syn.— Tumult; uproar; row; sedition. 
 
 Ri'ot, v.i. [imp. & p. p. RIOTED; />. pr. k vb. n. RI- 
 OTING.] 1. To engage in riot : to act in an uiire.^tmm- 
 ed or wanton manner ; to indulge in excess ot luxury, 
 feasting, behavior, &c. 2. To bo highly excit^Hl. J. !• 
 raise an uproar or sedition. 
 
 Ri'ot-er, n. One who indulges in a riot, or engages Jn % 
 
 Ri'ot-oiis " "* Tnvnivintr or cuesfflne in riot. 2« 
 
 mtegnty. 
 which one has a claim ; as, (a.) That which one has a 
 natural claim to exact, (b.) That which one has a legjil 
 or social claim to do or to exact ; legal power ; author- 
 ity, (c.) That which justly belongs to one ; title ; claim ; 
 property; interest, (d.) Privilege or immunity granted 
 by authority. 3. That which is on the right side, or 
 opposite to the left. 4. The outward or most finished 
 surfiice. 
 
 To set to rights, to put to rights, to put into good order; to ad- 
 just; to regulate, as what is out of order. 
 
 Rlglit (rlt), V. t. [imp. & p. p. RIGHTED ; p. pr. k vb. 
 n. RIGHTING.] 1. To set upright ; to make right or 
 straight, as having been wrong or crooked, 2. To do 
 justice to ; to relieve from wrong. 
 
 Right (rlt), V. i. To recover the proper or natural con- 
 dition or position ; to become upright. 
 
 Riglit'-an'glfd (rlt'^ng'gld), a. Containing a right 
 angle or right angles. 
 
 Riglit'eous (rl/chus), a. [0. Eng. rightioys, rightwi.se, 
 A.-S. riktwis, from ri/it, right, and ivls, wise, having 
 wisdom, prudent.] According with, or performing, that 
 which is right ; especially, free from guilt or sin. 
 
 Syn. — Upright ; just ; godly; holy; nncormpt ; virtuous; 
 honest; equitable; rightful. 
 
 Riglit'eous-ly (rFchus-ly), adv. 
 
 ner ; equitably ; justly. 
 Riglit'eous-ness (rl'chQs-nes), n 
 
 righteous ; exact rectitude ; purity. 
 
 Syn. — Uprightness ; holiness ; godliness ; equity; justice; 
 
 rightfulness; integrity; honesty; faithfulness. 
 
 Riglit'er (rit'er), n. One who sets right. 
 
 Right'ful (rit^fi^il), a. 1. Consonant to justice. 2. 
 Having *the right or just claim. 3. Being by right, or 
 by just claim. 
 — Syn. — Just; lai^ful; true; honest; equitable; proper. 
 
 Riglvt'f ul-ly (tW-), adv. According to the right ; accord- 
 ing to law or justice. 
 
 Righit'fnl-ness (rlt^-), n. State of being rightful. 
 
 Right'-hJlnd'ed (rlt'-), a. Using the right hand ha- 
 bitually or more easily than the left. 
 
 Riglit'iy (rlt^-), adv. 1. According to justice ; honestly ; 
 uprightly. 2. Properly ; fitly ; suitably ; appropriately. 
 3. According to truth or fact. 
 
 Right'ness (rlt'-), n. 1, Straightness. 2. Rectitude ; 
 righteousness. 
 
 Big'ld, a. [Lat. rigidus, to be stiff or numb, allied to 
 Gr. piyeiv, to shiver or shudder with cold.] 1. Having 
 become so firm as not to be eaeily bent. 2. Not lax or 
 indulgent ; severe ; inflexible. 
 
 Syn.— Stiff; unpliant ; unyielding; strict; exact; austere; 
 stern; rigorous; unmitigated. 
 
 Ri-gid'1-ty, n. 1. Want of pliability ; quality of re- 
 sisting change of form. 2. Stiffness of appearance or 
 manner. 
 Syn. — Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibihty. 
 
 Ri^'id-ly, adv. In a rigid manner ; stiffly ; inflexibly. 
 
 Rig'ld-nejs, n. Quality of being rigid ; rigidity. 
 
 Rig'ma-role, n. [See Ragman's-rolL.] A succes- 
 sion of confused or nonsensical statements ; fooUsh talk ; 
 nonsense. [Colloq.] 
 
 Rig'oi^, n. [Lat., from rigere, to be stiff. See RIGID.] 
 1. The state of being rigid. 2. (Med.) A convulsive 
 shuddering or sUght tremor, as in the cold fit of a fever. 
 3. Severity of chmate or season. 4. Stiffness of opinion 
 or temper ; severity. 5. Voluntary submission to pain, 
 abstinence, or mortification. 6. Exactness without al- 
 lowance, latitude, or indulgence. 
 
 Syn. — Stiffness ; rigidness ; inflexibility; austerity; stern- 
 ness; harshness; strictness; exactness. 
 
 Rig'or-oiis, a. Manifesting, exercising, or favoring 
 rigor ; severe. 
 
 Syn. — Rigid; inflexible; unyielding; stiff; austere; stem; 
 harsh; strict; exact. 
 jfcig'or-oiis-ly, arff. In a rigorous manner; without 
 relaxation, abatement, or mitigation. 
 
 Syn. — Severely ; rigidly ; austerely ; strictly ; exactly. 
 
 Rig'or-oiis-ness, n. State of being rigorous ; severity ; 
 
 austerity ; strictness. 
 Rile, V. t. [See Roil.] [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 1. 
 
 To render turbid ; to roil. 2. To make angry ; to vex. 
 
 1. Involving or engaghig in riot. 
 
 ftfbd.fdbt; ^rn,ri|de,puU; f «U, 9li»i8«, «aU, e«lio; ^em,t«t; a| ; e^>t ; lUlser, UqIc ; thiiu 
 
RIOTOUSLY 
 
 624 
 
 ROAD 
 
 Partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly; 
 seditious. 
 
 Ri'ot-oils-ly, nil v. In a i-iotous manner. 
 
 Ri'ot-ofts-iiess, n. State or quality of being riotous. 
 
 Rip, r. t. [imp. & p. p. ripped (rlpt) ; ;;. pr. & vb. n. 
 RIPPING.] [A.-S. rypan, ryppan, lirypnn. Cf. REAP, 
 andRiVE.] 1. To divide or separate the parts of, by 
 cutting or tearing; to tear off or out by Tiolence. 3. 
 To take out or away by cutting or tearing. 
 
 To rip out, to give veut to hastily and violently. [Anier.] 
 See RAr, v. t. 
 
 Rip, ;i. A rent made by ripping ; a tear ; a place torn ; 
 laceration. 
 
 Ri-pa'ri-aii, a. [Lat. riparius, from ripa, a bank.] Per- 
 taining to the bank of a river. 
 
 Ripe, «. [ro7>7par. rifie:r ; siiperl. RiVEST.] [A.-S. ripe, 
 
 0. II. Ger. nfi, allied to A.-S. rip, harvest, ri/Jan, to reap.] 
 
 1. R«ady for reaping; having attained perfection, as 
 grain, fruit, &c. ti. Advanced to the state of fitness for 
 u.se. 3. Having attained its utmost development. 4. 
 Hence, characterized by completeness or finish ; consum- 
 mate; perfected. 5. Ready for action or effect; pre- 
 pared. 6. Resembling ripened fruit in ruddiness and 
 plumpness. 
 
 Syn. — Mature ; mellow ; complete ; finished. See Ma- 
 ture. 
 
 Ripe'ly, adv. Maturely ; at the fit time. 
 
 Rip'en (rip'u), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ripened ; p.pr. & 
 f6. ?i. RIPENING.] 1. To grow ripe. 3. To approach, 
 or come to perfection ; to be fitted or prepared. ! 
 
 RipV'ii (rlp'n), v. t. 1. To make ripe, as grain or fruit. ! i^i^, 
 
 Risk, n. [From Lat. resecare, to cut off.] 1. Hazard-, 
 peril ; sometimes, the degree of peril or danger, ti. ( Com.) 
 (a.) Liability to loss in property, (b.) That which ia 
 liable to loss. 
 
 To run a risk, to incur hazard. — To take a risk, to assume 
 danger; hence (Com.), to insure. 
 Syn. — Danger; peril; jeopardy; exposure. See Danoeh. 
 Risk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. risked (rlskt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RISKING.] To expose to risk, haaard, or peril. 
 Syn.— To hazard; peril; endanger; jeopard; ventur*. 
 Risk'er, n. One who risks or hazards. 
 Risk'y, a. Attended with danger ; hazardous. [Amer.] 
 Rite, n. [Lat. ritiis.] Formal act of religion, or other 
 solemn duty ; a religious ceremony or usage. 
 Syn. — Form; ceremony; observance; ordinance. 
 Rit'or-nfille', ) M. [It., dim. of ritorno, return, from 
 IVi'tdr-neVlo, ) ritornare, to return.] {Mus.) (a.) A 
 short introductory or concluding symphony to an air. 
 (b.) A short intermediate symphony, or instrumental 
 
 2. To mature ; to fit or prepare ; to bring to perfection. 
 Ripe'ness, n. The state of being ripe, or brought to a 
 
 state of perfection ; maturity; completeness. 
 Rip'per, it. One who rips, tears, or cuts open. 
 Rip'ple (rTp'pl), y i. [i7np. 8c p. p. RIPP1,t:t) ; p. pr. 8c 
 
 f6. 7j. RIPPLING.] [Diminutiveof r/p, q. v.] To become 
 
 Rit'u-al, a. [Lat. ritunlis, from ritus, a rite.] 1. Per- 
 taining to, or consisting of, rites ; ceremonial ; ceremo- 
 nious ; formal. 2. Prescribing rites. 
 
 Rit'u-al, 71. 1. The manner of performing divine ser- 
 vice in a particular church or communion. 2. A book 
 containing the rites to be observed. 
 
 Rit'u-al-i§m,w. 1. Prescribed forms of religious worship. 
 3. Observance of prescribed forms in reUgion. 3. Con- 
 fidence in mere rites or external ceremonies. 
 
 Rit'U'al-ist, n. One skilled in, or devoted to, a ritual. 
 u-al-ly, adv. By rites, or by a particular rite. 
 
 Ri'val, n. [Lat. rivales, two neighbors having the same 
 brook in common, rivals, from rivalis, belonging to a 
 brook, from rivus, a brook.] One in pursuit of the same 
 object as another. 
 Syn.— Competitor; emulator; antagonist. 
 
 fretted or dimpled on the.«urface, as water ; to be covered Ri'val, a. Having the same pretensions or claims ; stand- 
 
 with small waves or undulations. ing in competition lor superiority. 
 
 Rip'ple (rTp/pl), v. t. To fret or dimple, as the surface Ri'val, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rivaled ; p. pr. & vb 
 
 of running water. "" 
 
 Rip'ple, n. 1, The fretting or dimpling of the surface 
 
 of water. 2. A little wave or undulation. 3. A kind 
 
 of comb, through which flax plants are passed to remove 
 
 the seed vessels. 
 Rip'rSp ,n. ( Ewg-m . ) A foundation or parapet of stones 
 
 thrown together without order, as in deep water, or on a 
 
 soft bottom. 
 Rige (rlz), v. i. [imp. ROSE ; p. p. risen ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. rising] [A.-S. rtsan, (trisan, Goth, reisan, urreisan, 
 
 Icel. rha. Cf. RAISE.] 1. To move or pass in any man- 
 ner from a lower position to a higher ; to ascend ; to 
 
 mount up ; to become elevated, from whatever cause : 
 
 RIVALING.] 1. To stand in competition with ; to 
 
 strive to gain some object in opposition to. 2. To strive 
 
 to equal or excel ; to emulate. 
 Ri'val-ry, ) n. Act of rivaling, or state of being a 
 Ri'val-skip, ) rival. 
 
 Syn. — Emulation ; competition ; rivalship ; strife. Set 
 
 Emulation. 
 Rive, V. t. [imp. KIVED ; p. p. rived, or riven ; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. RIVING.] [A.-S. red/an^ to break, split, 
 Icel. riufa,ryf, to loose, break, hrifa, nfa, to tear.] To 
 rend asunder by force ; to split ; to cleave. 
 
 Rive, V. i. To be split or rent asunder. 
 
 'Rrv'eTa.,p.p.ofrive. SeeRlVE. 
 
 to attain a height. 2. To have the aspect or the effect Riv'er, n. [From Lat. riparius, belonging to a bank or 
 of rising; to seem to rise; to become apparent ; to emerge shore, from ripa, a bank or shore.] 1. A stream of 
 into sight; to have a beginning. 3. To increase in size, j water, larger than a rivulet or brook, flowing in a chan- 
 
 force, value, price, or the like. 4. Hence, in various 
 figurative senses; as, (a.) To become excited, opposed, or 
 hostile, (h.) To attain to a better social position, (c.) 
 To become more and more dignified or forcible ; to in- 
 crease in interest or power, (d.) To come to mind ; to be 
 suggested, (e.) To come to hand; to offer itself. (/.) 
 To come to life ; to revive. 5. To close a session ; to 
 adjourn. 
 .Syn.— To arise ; mount; ascend; climb; scale; appre- 
 ciate.— Some in America use the word appreciate for "rise in 
 value; a.», stocks appreciate, money appreciates, &c. This is 
 never done in England, and by only a few in this country. It 
 IB undesirable, because rise, sufficiently expresses the idea, and 
 
 nel on land toward the ocean, a lake, or another river. 
 
 2. A copious flow ; abundance. 
 Riv'ered, a. Supplied with rivers. 
 Riv'er-lidrse, n. The hippopotamus, an animal inhab- 
 iting rivers. 
 Riv'et, n. [Fr. rivtt, a rivet ; river, to rivet. It. ribadire.\ 
 
 A pin of metal clinched at one or both ends by being 
 
 hammered «nd spread. 
 Riv'et, V. t. [imp. & p. p. RIVETTED ; p.pr. 8i. vb. n. 
 
 RIVETTING.] 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets. 
 
 2. To clinch. 3. Hence, to fasten firmly ; to naeke firm 
 
 or strong. 
 
 appreciate lias its own distinctive meaning, which ought not RiVu-let, n. [Lat. rivulvs, dim. of rivus, a brook.] A 
 
 to be encroaclied upon by one so entirely diverse 
 
 RiHe (rTs), n. 1. Act of rising, or state of being risen ; 
 ascent. 2. Distance through which any thing rises. 3. 
 That which ri.ees or seems to rise ; an acclivity ; a steep ; ' 
 an ascent. 4. Spring ; source ; origin. .5. Increase ; 
 augmentation, as of price, value, rank, property, fame, 
 &c. 6. Increase of Bound. 7. (M/s.) Elevation or as- 
 cent of the voice. 
 
 Rig'er, n. 1. One who rises. 2. {Arch.) The upright 
 piece in a stair. 
 
 Rif'i-bil'i-ty , n. Quality of being risible. 
 
 Ri^'i-ble, a. [I^at. risihili.%, from rid ere, ri stmt , to laugh.] 
 Capable of exciting laughter ; worthy to be laughed at. I 
 
 ..^yS'"/'"'^'?'"*'"'" laughable; amusing; ridiculous.- /eis/- ! 
 '/te differs from Iwlicrow, as species from genus; ludirrom ex- ' 
 pressing tliat which is playful and sportive: ri.'<itjle, that I 
 which may excite laughter. Risible differJi from ridiculow, as 
 the latter miplies bomething mean or contemptible, and risOAe 
 doe* not. 
 
 small river or brook ; a streamlet. 
 
 Rix'-dol^lar, n. [Ger. reichsthaler, i. e., dollar of the 
 empire or realm.] A silver coin of Germany, Holland, 
 Denmark, and Sweden, of different value in different 
 places, and varying from 60 cents to $1.08. 
 
 Roacli,n. [A.-S. reohha, reohche, 
 hreoce, H. Ger. roche.] 1. (Ichth.) 
 A gregarious fresh- water fish of 
 the carp family. It is of a silver- 
 white color, with a greenish back, 
 having the dorsal fin opposite the Roach, 
 
 ventral. 2. A cockroach. 
 
 Road (20), n. [A.-S. rad, a riding, that on which one 
 rides, a road, from ridan, to ride.] An open way or pub- 
 lic passage ; a public track for traveling. 
 
 To take to the road, to engage in robbery upon the highways. 
 Syn.— Way: highway; street: lane; pathway; route: pas- 
 sage ; course. — Wai/ is generic, denoting any hne for paesag* 
 or conveyance; a highway is literally one raised for the sak« 
 
 », e, &c., lon^; a, e, &c., short; cftre, far, ask, all, what ; dre, veU, tSrm ; pique, firm ; sdn, dr, dg, w^lf. 
 
ROAD 
 
 625 
 
 RODOMONTADE 
 
 of dryness and convenience in traveling; a, road (fW)m ride) ! 
 is a way for horses and carriages; a street (Lat. via lapidibus ' 
 strata) IS etyrnologically a pared way, as early made in towns } 
 and cities, and hence the word is distinctively applied to roads 
 or highways in compact settlements. 
 
 Road, n. [Either fropi A.-S. rad, or from Icel. reida, 
 preparation, equipment, fitting out (of ships).] A place 
 where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from 
 the shore ; a roadstead. 
 
 Road'stgad, " . A place where ships may ride at anchor, 
 at some distance from the shore. 
 
 Road'ster, n. 1. {Naut.) A vessel riding at anchor in 
 a road or bay. ti. A horse fitted for traveling. 
 
 Roam, f. /. [imp. & p. p. roamed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ROAMING.] [Orig. to go on a pilgrimage to Kome.] To 
 walk or move about from place to place without any cer- 
 tain purpose or direction. 
 
 Syn.— To wander ; rove; range; stroll; ramble; stray. 
 
 Roam, V. t. To range or wander over. 
 
 Roam'er, n. One who roams ; a wanderer ; a rover. 
 
 Roan, a. [Fr. rouan, Sp. roano, from Lat. mvj«, gray- 
 yellow.] Having a bay, sorrel, or dark color, with spots 
 of gray, or white, thickly interspersed ; — said of a liorse. 
 
 Roan, n. 1. The color of a roan horse. 5J. A roan 
 horse. 3. A kind of leather for book -binding, made 
 from sheep-skin, in imitation of morocco. 
 
 Roar, V. i. [imp. & p. p. roared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ROARING.] [A.-S. rdrian, Prov. Ger. reren, riirren, roren, 
 0. H. Ger. reren, reran.] 1. To cry with a full, loud, 
 continued sound, as a lion, or one in pain. 5i. To make 
 a loud , confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, 
 and the like. 3. To engage in riotous conduct ; to be 
 disorderly. 4. To laugh out loudly and continuously. 
 
 Roar, n. The sound of roaring ; a loud continuous noise, 
 as of billows, a wild beast, or the like. 
 
 Roar'er, n. One who, or that which, roars ; specifically, 
 a riotous fellow ; a roaring boy. 
 
 Roar'ing, n. A loud, continuous sound, as of a beast, 
 or of one in distress, anger, mirth, and the like. 
 
 Roast, V. t. [imp. & p. p. roasted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ROASTING.] [0. H. Ger. rostjan, 0.' Fr. rostir, N. Fr. 
 rotir, It. arrostire, W. r/iostiaiv.] 1, To cook, dress, or 
 prepare, as meat for the table, by exposure to heat, be- 
 fore the fire. 3. To prepare for food by exposure to heat. 
 3. To dry and parch by exposure to heat. 4. Hence, 
 to heat violedtly, or to excess. 
 
 Roast, V. i. To be cooked by exposure to heat before a 
 fire; to be roasted. 
 
 Roast, n. That which is roasted. 
 
 To rule the roast, to take the lead ; 
 of uncertain origin. 
 
 domineer; — a phrase 
 
 Roast, a. [For roasted.] Roasted. 
 
 Roast'er, w. 1. One who roasts meat. 3. A contriv- 
 ance for roasting. 3. A pig, or other animal or article, 
 for roasting. 
 
 Rob, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ROBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ROB- 
 BING.] [From Goth, rnubon, biraiibon, A.-S. reafian, 
 Eng.reore.j 1. To take away from by force ; to strip by 
 stealing; to plunder; to steal from. 3. (Law.) To take 
 property from the person of, feloniously, forcibly, or by 
 putting in fe-ar. 
 
 RSb'ber, n. One who commits a robbery ; one who takes 
 property feloniously, and by violence. 
 
 Syn.— Thief; depredator; despoiler ; plunderer; pillager; 
 rifler ; brigand ; freebooter ; pirate. 
 
 RSbnber-y, n. The crime of robbing or stealing by force. 
 Syn. — Depredation ; spoliation; despoliation; despoilment; 
 plunder; pillage; freebooting; piracy. 
 
 Robe, n. [L. Lat. raiiba, raupn, a gown, dress, garment, 
 orig. booty, plunder. See ROB, i-. «.] 1. An outer gar- 
 ment for man or woman ; especially, one of a rich, flow- 
 ing, or elegant style or make; hence, a dress of state, 
 rank, office, and the like. 2. A skin of the wolf, buffalo, 
 &c., dressed and prepared for 
 use. [Amer.] 
 
 Robe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 ROBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ROB- 
 I5fG.] To invest with a robe ; 
 to dress ; to aiTay. 
 
 R5b'in, n. [Prop, an abbre- 
 viation of Robert.] ( Ornith. ) 
 (a.) A European singing bird, 
 having a reddish breast ; the 
 ruddock. (6.) An American 
 singing bird, having the breast Robin, 
 
 of a somewhat dingy orange- 
 red color ; — called also migratory thrush. 
 
 Rttb'ln-r£dnbreaBt,n. Same aa ro6in. See UoBIN. 
 
 R5b'o-railt, a. [I^at. rohoruns, p. pr. of ruborare, to 
 strengthen, from robur, robot i^,, a very hard kind of oak, 
 and hardness, strength.] Strengthening. (t<jnle. 
 
 Rdb'o-rant, n. {Med.) A Ktrengtheuiug medicine ; a 
 
 Ro-biist', a. [Lat. robuslus, oaken, hard, Htroug, from 
 robur, strength.] 1. Evincing strength ; indicating vigor- 
 ous health. 3. Requiring strength or vigor. 
 
 Syn. — Strong ; lusty ; sinewy ; sturdy ; muscular; liulc ; 
 hearty ■ vigorous ; forceful ; sound. — Jiohmt means, literally, 
 made of oak; and hence implies great compactnew and tough- 
 
 ness of muscle, connected with a thick-Kct fraine and grT'at 
 powers of endurance. Strung denotes the power of exerting 
 great physical force. The robimt niun can bear heat or coleC 
 excess or privation, and toil on through every kind of hard- 
 ship; the stronij man can lift a great weight, can give a hear/ 
 blow, and a hard grijje. 
 
 Ro-bust'ness, n. The quality of being robust ; strength; 
 soundness. 
 
 Roelie'-M^um, n. [Called also, and more properljj 
 rock-alum.] [Fr. roc/jf, rock.] A pure kind of alum. 
 
 Ro-^lieile' Pow'derg (ro-shel'). The same as Sei>- 
 LiTz Powders. 
 
 R6cli'et (rotch'ct), n. [From 0. H. Ger. & A.-S. roc, 
 Icel. rockr, L. Lat. roccus, a coat, garment.] A linen 
 garment resembling a surplice. 
 
 Rdck, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. rupica, from rapes, a 
 rock.] 1. A large mass of stony material. 2. ( <}eol.) 
 Any natural deposit of stony material, whether con- 
 solidated or not, thus including sand, earth, or clay, 
 when in natural beds. 3. That which resembles a rock 
 in firmness. 
 
 Syn. — Stone. — ifoc*- always denotes a large and heavy 
 mass of stone. Some, however, in certain parts of our coun- 
 try, apply the term to a stone of any size, and speak of bovs 
 as throwmg rocks at each other. This has been truly called 
 a " supremely ridiculous expression." 
 
 Rock, n. [Icel. rockr, 0. H. Ger. rocco, rocho, roccho.] 
 A distaff used in spinning. 
 
 Rock, V. t. [imp. & p. p. rocked (rokt); p.pr. & vb. 
 n. ROCKING.] [Icel. riukandi, wavering, smoking, A.-S. 
 reocan, to waver, exhale, smoke, 0. H. Ger. rukjan, to 
 move, push, pull.] 1. To move backward and forward 
 as a body resting on a support beneath. 3. To put to 
 sleep by rocking ; hence, to still : to quiet. 
 
 Rock, V. i. To be moved backward and forward ; to reel ; 
 to totter. 
 
 R6ck'-S,rum, n. The purest kind of alum. See 
 ROCHE-ALUM. 
 
 RSck'a-way, n. A low, four-wheeled, two-seated pleas- 
 ure-carriage', with full standing top. 
 
 Rock'-erys'tal, n. (Min.) Limpid quartz. 
 
 Rock'er, n. 1. One who rocks the cradle. 3. The 
 curving piece of wood on which a cradle or chair rocks. 
 3. Any implement capable of a rocking motion 
 
 R6ck'et, M. [It. rocchetta, from rocca, a distaff: (Jer. 
 rackets, rakete. See ROCK.] An artificial firework, which 
 being tied to a stick and fired, is projected through tho 
 air by a force arising from the combustion. 
 
 RSck'et, n. [From Lat. enira.] (Bot.) A plant of the 
 genus Eruca. The garden rocket is sometimes eaten as 
 a salad, when young and tender. 
 
 R6ck'i-ness,_n. The state of being rocky. 
 
 R6ck'ing- -Stone, n. A large stone, resting upon another 
 stone, and so exactly poi.<;ed that it can be rocked, or 
 slightly moved, with but little foi'ce. 
 
 R6ck'-oil, n. The same as Petroleum. 
 
 K6ck'-salt, n. (Min.) Chloride of sodium or common 
 salt occurring in rock-like masses in mines. 
 
 C@" In the United States, this name is sometimes given to 
 salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea-water. 
 
 R5ck'-work (-wQrk), n. Stones fixed in mortar hi 
 imitation of natural masses of rock. 
 
 RSck'y, a. 1. Full of rocks. 3. Formed of rocks. 3. 
 Resembling a rock. 4. Unfeeling; obdurate. 
 
 R6d, n. [A.-S. rUd, 0. II. Ger. ruota, allied to Lat. nidis, 
 a slender stick or rod, and Skr. ridh, to grow.] 1. Tho 
 shoot or long twig of any woody plant ; a branch , or tho 
 stem of a shrub. 3. Any long slender stick ; a wand ; 
 as, (rt.) An instrument of punishment or correction, (b.) 
 A kind of scepter, or badge of office ; hence, power ; 
 authority ; tyranny ; oppression. 3. A moa.<!uro of 
 length, containing sixteen and a half feet; a perch; a 
 pole. 
 
 Rode (20), imp. of ride. See RiDE. 
 
 Ro'dent, a. [Lat. rodens, p. pr. of rodcre, to gnaw.| 
 Gnawing. 
 
 Ro'dent, »i. (Zobl.) An animal that gnaws, as a rat 
 
 R6d'o-niont-ade', n. [From Rodonwnt, a boastinf 
 
 food, fot>t; iirn, rude, pull ; 9ell, ^liaise, «all 
 
 eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link : this. 
 
UOIK)MONTADE 
 
 62G 
 
 ROMPISH 
 
 h«rotiilh«Orln;. 
 
 ctnply bluntrr ov 
 
 TA*! .» nmnf r».1. 
 
 K5< 
 
 «-■ 
 Boi:t 
 
 : Arlwto.) Vaiu boasting ; ; 
 
 .nf. I 
 
 -nvt ; to brajr; to hhisttfr. j 
 
 1 1 1 \ siHT Itfs of Jeer . . 
 
 N. U. Uer. rugrii, . 
 
 „ hsh. I 
 
 .hutitiu-8 culled *w/K ror. 
 
 lool. ra, X. H. GiT. rfh, 
 
 lU s^iKH-ios of decT, hnviug , 
 
 IS, forkitl at tlu' sumuiit. i 
 
 tmui rouarf, rosatutn, to ; 
 
 ; •). Anii(/.) The demand, I 
 
 > >. ut" H law to be passed by the j 
 
 I'plicution. I 
 
 I tlmn- dav8 ininicdiatoly before the 
 
 lalktl as beinK dovs of special sup- 
 
 . the second week before Whit-Sun- 
 
 1/ 
 
 A 
 
 Ot 
 
 K5ki 
 
 fr. 
 
 B5ki 
 
 <hr: 
 
 . [Kr. ro^ir, proud, haughty, super 
 . n brave, proud, or haughty man.] 1. i 
 t ; !i sturdy beggar: a vagjibond. 2. | 
 -r |H.'rson ; a knave ; a cheat. 3. j 
 - or frolicsome. I 
 
 1. Knavi.<h tricks ; cheating ; 
 l.r,ntice.-5. *2. Rogue-like actions; 
 icks ; miscbievousne.<s. j 
 
 -n\,a. 1. Resembling a rogue; proper: 
 ». Waggish ; slightly mischievous. 
 RoKu'i-h-lv (nVi^'h-). «'^i'- ^'^^^ » rogue; knavishly. | 
 K5Ku'i«<h-u«'Ks (rog'ish-l. »i. Quality or state of being 
 
 ri»?ui«h ; knuverv : mixhievousness ; archness. 
 Koll I't^'. ••■ '• I""/'- & ]'■ P- roiled; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 Roit.tN'; ' ' Ki'hcr abbrev. from broil, or from 0. Eng. 
 f,,, -. Broil.] 1. To render turbid 
 
 t\ .-- or sedmient of. 2. To excite 
 
 t., r [Prov. Eitg. Local, Amer.] 
 
 Roliil .-HI.' .\KoVNT. 
 
 Kol-'t«r, ( «. [I'robably from Fr. Txistre, a boor, a 
 Kul'»'l«T-<T, \ clown, clownish, from Lat. rusticus, rus- 
 tic I A Udd, blu»tering, turbulent fellow. 
 Jtdfr (n'.lt, n. (Fr. Sw; ROLL.] A part performed by 
 an »rti,r in » dmma : hence, any conspicuous action or 
 
 di:- 
 Roll 
 
 b\ th« 
 B5II 1 
 
 4. 
 
 >iy any one. 
 
 . .' & ;/. p. ROLLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 Lat. rotiilarf, frfjm I>iit. rotulus, rotula, 
 
 1 . To cause to revolve by turning over 
 
 \e b> turning on an axis, "i. To wrap 
 
 to form into a spherical or cylindrical 
 
 I <■•■ involve by winding. 4. To drive 
 
 a swift and easy motion, as of 
 
 r level with a roller. 6. To move 
 
 ■ rs or small wheels. 7, To beat 
 
 I drum. 
 
 by turning on a surface ; to re- 
 
 '£. To keep falling over and over. 
 
 i periodical revolution. 4. To turn ; to 
 
 a. To move up and down, as waves 
 
 f'l ri- k '.r move from side to side, as a 
 
 7. To Im; formed into a 
 
 ^ id und<r a roller or rolling- 
 
 ' 1 0. To beat a drum with 
 
 rapid liiil they can scarcely be distinguished 
 
 Vrini ]M 
 
 Hjn.-l. 
 Li»i. 
 
 itulfi. a little wheel, dim. of rota, a 
 '>r st;»te of being rolled. "Z, 
 
 ■ l. That which in rolled up ; 
 i-rifirnllij, (n.) A document 
 
 roll, {b.) Hence, an official 
 ' r : aW), a catalogue ; a list. 
 nd into a cylindrical form. 
 
 ide from dough rolled up. 
 
 drum with strokes so rapid 
 
 ■ 1 by the ear. 
 
 1< ; 'ataliygue; rcj{i*tcr; Inventory. See 
 
 lt511''«{»ll. n. The art or Ume of calling over a list of 
 
 naoM!*, HM among i^^ldierR. 
 BSircr. n. I. Tliat which rolls; that which turns on 
 
 k 
 
 I • 
 
 Rr>ij 
 
 foon 
 
 I aTi= : > y,*ri„n,i^ a cylinder of wofxJ, st^me, metal, 
 Iry and the artu 'i. A long and 
 Kurgery 
 
 An lrii««f(Wjrial or jHjrching bird, 
 
 In i.iir',]* . A>-ia,Hnd Afri'-a. The colors of the 
 
 plaoiaffe In adult* are brilliant blue and green, mixed 
 
 with cbeiftnut 
 
 BA111«, V. i. [imp. k p. p. rollicked (rfd'lTkt) ; p. 
 
 pr. h vt. n. ROLLICKING.] [An abbreviatioc and mod- 
 
 ification of frolic, with an allusion to roll.] To move 
 in a careless, swaggering manner, with a frolicsome air. 
 lColto(/.] 
 
 Koiriiig-inill, n. A mill furnished with heavy rollers, 
 through which heated metal is passed, to form it into 
 sheets or mils, &c. 
 
 I{uII'lii$;-piii^ Ji. A cylindrical piece of wood to roll 
 out paste or dough with. 
 
 Koll'.v-poll'y, ". [Said to be from roll sxnd pool.] A 
 game in which a ball, rolling into a certain place, Avins. 
 
 Ko-uia'i«,". [Mod. Gr. 'Pw/iaiKos.] The modern Greek 
 language. 
 
 Ro-nia'i€, a. Of, or relating to, modern Greece, or lt» 
 language. 
 
 Ko'man, a. 1. Pertaining to Rome, or to the Roman 
 people. "Z. Pertaining -to, or professing, the Roman Cath- 
 olic religion. 3. (Print.) (a.) Upright; erect ; — said of 
 the letters ordinarily u.-cd, as distinguished from Italic 
 characters, {b.) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as 
 I., IV., i., iv., &c. ; — said of numerals, as distinguished 
 from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, &c. 
 
 Jioman Catholic, of, pertjuning to, or adhering to, the religion 
 of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head. 
 
 Ro'mau, n. A native, citizen, or permanent resident, of 
 Rome. 
 
 Ko-inaii?e' (114), 72. [L. Lat. romancium, the common 
 vulgar language, which sprung from the Roman and Latin 
 language, and a species of fictitious composition which 
 was first written in this language.] 1. A species of fic- 
 titious writing, originally composed in meter in the ro- 
 mance dialects, and afterward in prose ; hence, any ficti- 
 tious and wonderful tale ; a sort of novel. 2. The 
 language, or dialects which were formed from a mixture 
 of the Latin with the languages of the barbarians, and 
 from which have sprung the languages now prevalent in 
 the south of Europe. 
 Syn. — Fable; novel; fiction; tale. 
 
 Ro-mJiii^e', v. i. [imp. & p.p. romanced (ro-m3nst/) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ROMANCIN&.] To write or tell romances ; 
 to deal in extravagant stories. 
 Ko-m.an'?er, »i. One who romances. 
 Ko'maii-6sque' (-esk'), «■ 1. (Paint.) Representing 
 subjects and scenes appropriate to romance. 2. (Arch.) 
 Somewhat resembling the Roman ; especially, character- 
 ized by the debased style adopted in the later Roman 
 empire. 
 Ro'man-gsque', n. 1. (Paint.) A style of art in which 
 
 I fantastic and imaginary representations of animals and 
 foliage are employed. 2. (Arch.) The debased style of 
 architecture and ornament adopted in the later Roman 
 empire. 3. (Lit.) The common dialect of Languedoc 
 
 I and some other districts in tlie south of France. 
 
 ' Ro-man'i«, a. 1. Pertaining to Rome or its people. 
 
 I 2. Pertaining to any or all of the various languages 
 
 ] which , during the middle ages, sprung out of the old Ro- 
 man. 3. Related to the Roman people by descent. 
 Ro'man-igm, n. The tenets of the church of Rome. 
 Ro'man-i.st, n. An adherent to the Roman Catholic 
 
 j religion ; a Roman Catholic. 
 
 ] Ro'man-ize, v. t. [imp. Si, p. p. Romanized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. ROMANIZING.] To convert to the Roman Cath- 
 
 I olic religion or opinions. 
 
 j Ro'man-ize, v. i. To conform to Roman Catholic opin- 
 
 I ions, customs, or modes of speech. 
 Ro-mJins^li', ) n. [Oris, rumansch, rumauntsch, ru- 
 
 j Ro-mansh', ] monsch, romonsch, ramonsch.] The 
 
 ! language of the Orisons in Switzerland ; a corruption of 
 
 I the Latin. 
 
 ; Ro-miln'tic, a. 1. Pertaining to, involving, or resem- 
 
 j bling romance ; hence, fictitious ; fanciful. 2. Charac- 
 
 ' terized by novelty, strangeness, or variety, as scenery. 
 
 I Syn. ^Sentimental; extravagant; wild i chimerical. See 
 
 I Sentimental. 
 
 Ro-inan'ti<;-al-ly, adv. In a romantic manner. 
 Ro-mftii'ti-figin, n. The state of being romantic or 
 fantastic. 
 
 I Ro-man'ti^-ness, n. The state of being romantic ; 
 wildnesH ; extravagance ; fancifulness. 
 Roin'iKli, a. [From Rome.] Belonging or relating to 
 
 Rome, or to the Roman Catholic church. 
 Rfimp, n. 1. A rude girl who indulges in boisterous play. 
 
 2. Rude play or frolic. 
 R5inp, V. i. [imp. & p.p. ROMPED (86) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 , RO.MPING.] [A different spelling of raw;?. See RAMP, 2.] 
 
 I To play rudely and boisterously ; to leap and frisk about 
 in play. 
 
 I RSmp'isli, a. Given to rude play ; inclined to romp. 
 
 , thoTt ; cftre, far, ask, all, what ; ^re, veil, tSnu ; piique, firm ; son, 6r, do, W9U, 
 
R0MP1811NESS 
 
 627 
 
 KOSE-BUG 
 
 BSmp'ish-ness, n. The quality of being rompish ; 
 rudeness ; boisterousness. 
 
 Bon-deau'(ron-do'), n. [Fr., from rone/, round.] [Written 
 . also rondo.] 1. A species of lyric poetry so composed as 
 to contain a refrain or repetition, which occurs according 
 to a fixed law. ti. (Mus.) A composition, in which the 
 first strain is repeated at the end of each of the other 
 strains. 
 
 R6n'ion(rttn^yun), n. [Cf. Fr. rognon, roignon, kidney ; 
 (from Lat. ren, rejiis,) and Fr. rogne, itch, mange, sc. b.j 
 1. A mangy or scabby animal. 2. A fat, bulky woman. 
 
 Kood, n. [See Roo.] The fourth part of an acre, or 
 forty square rods. 
 
 Rood,M. [A. -S. roe/, rod, cross. See ROD.] A represen- 
 tation of the cross with Christ hanging on it ; or more 
 generally of the Trinity. 
 
 Roof, 71. [A.-S. hrOf, top, roof. Cf. Gr. opo^os, 0. Sax. 
 hrOst, Goth, hrot, roof.] 1. The cover or upper part of 
 any house, barn, and the like. 
 
 —b 
 
 Mansard Roof. 
 
 Shed Roof. Curb Root. M Roof. 
 
 3. That which resembles or corre- 
 sponds with the covering of a house. 
 Roof, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ROOFED ; 
 (rcToft) ; p.pr. & vb. n. roofing.] 
 
 1. To cover with a roof, 'i. To in- 
 close in a house ; to shelter. 
 
 Roofing, n. 1. Act of covering 
 
 with a roof. 2. Materials of or for 
 
 a_roof. 3. Hence, the roof itself. 
 Roofless, a. 1. Having no roof. 2. Having no house 
 
 or home; unsheltered. 
 Roof let, n. A small roof, covering, or shelter. 
 Roof -tree, n. 1. The beam in the angle of a roof. 3. 
 
 Hence, the roof itself. 
 Rc>bk, n. [From Per. & Ar. rokh, or rvkh, a fabulous 
 
 bird of enormous size and strength, and the rook or tower 
 
 at chess; Skr. ra^Aa, a car, a war-car.] (Chess) One 
 
 of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the 
 
 board ; a castle. 
 Ro^ok (27), n. [A.-S. hrdc, 0. H. Ger. 
 
 hruoh, ruok, ruo/io, Icel. hraukr, 
 
 hrokr, Cf. 0. Sax. roiica, chattering, 
 
 Gr. Kopol^jLat. graculus, Eng. crow, 
 
 and Goth, hrukjan, to croak, Icel. 
 
 kriinkr, crow, krUnka, to croak.] 
 
 ( Ornith.) A gregarious bird resem- 
 
 i)ling the crow, but differing from it 
 
 in feeding chiefly on insects and 
 
 grain, instead of carnon and the like. 
 Ro^k, V. i. 1. To cheat ; to defraud. 
 
 2. To squat or sit close. 
 
 Rd^k, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ROOKED (rdbkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ROOKING.] To cheat ; to defraud by cheating. 
 
 Robk'er-y, n. 1. A place where rooks congregate and 
 build their nests, as a wood, &c. 2. An overcrowded, 
 dilapidated building, or cluster of buildings. 
 
 Robk'y, a. Inhabited by rooks. 
 
 Room. (29), n. [A.-S. rUm, Icel. riim., Goth, rums.] 1. 
 Space which has been or may be set apart or appropri- 
 ated to any purpose. 2. An apartment in a house. 3. 
 Possibility of admission ; freedom to act. 4. Place un- 
 obstructed. 5. Place or stead left by another. 
 Syn.— Space; compass; scope; latitude. 
 
 Room, i'. i. [i7np. & p. p. roomed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ROOMING.] To occupy a room or apartment ; to lodge. 
 
 Robm'i-ness, n. State of being roomy; spaciousness; 
 space. 
 
 Room'y, a. Having ample room ; spacious ; wide. 
 
 Roost, Vi. [A.-S. hrdst, D. roest, roost, roesten, to roost.] 
 1. The pole on which birds rest at night' a perch. 2. 
 A_collection of fowls roosting together. 
 
 Roost, V. i. [imp. & p. p. roosted ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 Rook. 
 
 roosting.] To sit, rest, or sleep, an birds on a j>olc «r 
 tree ; to |)erch. 
 
 RooHt'er, n. The male of the domestic fowl, conKidei*4 
 as the head or chief of tlie roost ; a cock . [Amer. ] 
 
 Root, n. [Iceland & Fries., alli^jd to 
 Lat. raf//x, Gr.pifa.] 1. {Bot.) The 
 descending axis of a plant, which iu- ' 
 creases in length by growth at or 
 near its end only, and which usually A - 
 gives off' similar branching parts, 
 called rootlets. 2. An edible or es- 
 culent root. 3. That which resem- 
 bles a root as a source of nourish- 
 ment or support ; that from which c 
 
 any thing proceeds as if by growth 
 
 or development ; especiatli/, (a.) An 
 
 ancestor or progenitor ; hence, an onnt n\ 
 
 early race. (6.) A word from which ^^ ^ ^" 
 
 other words are formed; a radical. «' «. "own or lieadof 
 
 (c. ) The cause or occasion by which c?^, flberi. ' 
 
 any thing is brought about. (U.) 
 
 (Math.) That fector of a quantity which when multiplied 
 
 into itself will produce that quantity. 4. That which 
 
 resembles a root in position ; the lowest place, position 
 
 or part. ' 
 
 Root, V. i. [imp. & p. p. rooted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ROOTING.] 1. To enter the earth, as roots. 2. To be 
 firmly fixed or established. 
 
 Root, V. t. 1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or 
 as in the earth ; hence, to make deep or radical. 2. To 
 tear up by the root ; to eradicate ; to extirpate. 
 
 Root, V. i. [Icel. rota., A.-S. ivrdtaji, wrCtian, to turn up 
 with the snout, to root, wrGt,B, snout, trunk.] 1. To 
 turn up the earth with the snout, as swine. 2. To fawn 
 j servilely. 
 
 I Root, V. t. To turn up with the snout, as swine. 
 I Roofer, n. One who, or that which, roots; one that 
 
 tears up by the roots. 
 I Roof let, n A radicle ; a little root. 
 
 Roof y, a.. Full of roots. 
 
 Rope, n [A.-S. & 0. Fries, rap, Icel. reip, Goth, raip, 
 raips.] 1. A large, stout, twisted cord, of not less, usu- 
 ally, than an inch in circumference. 2. A row or string 
 consisting of a number of things united. 
 
 Rope, V. i. [iinp. & p. p. roped (ropt); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ROPING.] To be formed into rope ; to draw out or ex- 
 tend into a filament or thread. 
 
 Rope, V. t. To draw by, or as by, a rope. 
 
 Rope'-daii^^er, n. One who walks or dances on a rope 
 extended through the air. 
 
 Rope'-iad'der, n. A ladder made of ropes. 
 
 Rop'er-y, n. A place where ropes are made. 
 
 Rope'-vvalk (-wawk), n. A long, covered walk, or 
 building where ropes are manufactured. 
 
 Rop'i-ness, n. Quality of being ropy ; viscosity. 
 
 Rop'y, a. [From rope.] Stringy; adhesive; viscous; 
 tenacious ; glutinous. 
 
 R6q'ue-laure (rok'e-lor), n. [Fr. roquelaure, from a 
 Due de Roquelaure, who first introduced it.] A surtout 
 formed to button from top to bottom in front. 
 
 Ro-rif er-ous, a. [Lat. rorifer, from ros, rori5,dew, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Generating or producing dew. 
 
 Ror'qual, n. [Norw. rorqualus, a whale with folds.] 
 (Zo'dl.) A cetaceous mammal or whale resembUng the 
 common whale, but having a more slender body. Itia 
 chai-acterized by longitudinal folds on the throat and 
 undev parts. 
 
 Ro-§a'ceous, a. [Lat. rosaceus, from rasa, rose.] {Bot.) 
 (a.) Composed of several petals, arranged like those of the 
 rose, (b.) Pertaining to the rose family of plants. 
 
 Ro'§a-ry, n. [Lat. rosarium, a place planted with rosea, 
 from rosarius, of roses, from rosa, a rose.] 1. A bed of 
 roses, or place where roses grow. 2. (Ro7)i. Cath. 
 Church.) A series of prayers, and a string of beads by 
 which they are counted. 
 
 Ro§e, n. [Lat. rosa, allied to Gr. pohov.] 1. A well- 
 known plant and flower of many species and varieties. 
 2. A rosette. 
 
 Under the rose (Lat. sub rosa), in secret ; privately ; in a 
 manner that forbids disclosure ; — the rose being, among th« 
 ancients, the symbol of secrecv, and hung up at cnU-Ttainnieuto, 
 as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. 
 
 Ro§e, i7}ip. of rise. See RISE. 
 
 Ro'§e-ate, a. [Lat. roseus, rosatus, prepared from rose*, 
 L. Lat. ro.se-colored, ornamented with rtv*es. from rosa, a 
 rose.] 1. Full of roses; rosy. 2. Of a rose color; 
 blooming. 
 
 Ro§e'-biig, n. (Entom.) A species of diurnal beetle, 
 
 food, fo^ot ; tkrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, eaU, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^cist ; linger, Ilijk ; tiil». 
 
HOSE-COLORED 
 
 628 
 
 ROUND 
 
 which fc«ds on the bUvwmns of tho n>st«, and ou various 
 
 (>lh«T pl»nt«. 
 Ko8o'.<^61 orrd i-kniiml), a. I. Having the color of a 
 
 nvM- 'i. I lui.nnnoDlv Ustiitiful ; — hence, exaggerat- 
 
 «\ll\ liiif or j>li-;».siiij; ; tntnivajpiut. 
 Ko$t''iua-ry, »i. 10. Knii. rosrnarnif, Ljit. roftuarinvs, 
 
 fnni r,..i, dew, and tmirinus. marine.] (Bol) A plant 
 
 k-n>v«iiii: in south H«.<tcrn KurojH'. also in Asia Minor 
 I i,ina. It ha* a fragrant smell, and a warm, pun- 
 it teri^ih taste, 
 i;.. ~> ii»-', «. (Fr.,diui. of m-i^, a rose. ?ee supra.] 1. 
 
 Kote, w. (0. Fr. rote, N. Fr. route, road, path. See RouTE.| 
 A frequent i-epetition of forms of speech without atten- 
 tion to the meaning ; mere repetition. 
 
 K6t't<'n (rot'tu), a. [See IlOT.] Having rotted ; putrid; 
 decayed; hence, (a.) Ofifeusive to the smell, (b.) Not 
 firm or trusty. 
 
 Syn. — Putrefied ; carious ; defective ; unsound ; corrupt; 
 deceitful ; treacherous. 
 
 R6t't('ii-iiess (109), n. The state of being rotten. 
 KSt'teii- stone, w. (Min.) A soft stone used for polish- 
 ing, and for cleaning metalhc substances. 
 
 ttion 
 
 of a n,v« made of ribbon or other material, I Ro-tiiiid', o. [Lat. rotimdus, wheel-shaped, round, fit)m 
 
 - ;iu ornament, "im (Arch.) An ornament in the 
 ; :i rrx*. [tillation. 
 
 i:r>s»-'-\*a ttT. n. Water tinctured with roses by dis- 
 
 Koge'-wai'ttT, <i. Having the odor of rose-water ; hence. 
 antx-U-dlv nice or delicate : sentimental. 
 
 K6gt«'-\vIirdow, It. (Arch.) A circular window with a 
 .•n'ries of niullioius diverging from the center, forming di- 
 visions which bear a general resemblance to the leaves of 
 a ro-se. 
 
 Koge'-wdbd, n. The wood of several dififerent kinds of 
 trees, growing in warm climates. It is much used in 
 cabinet-work. 
 
 Kdg'i-cru'cian, n. [Lat. ros, dew, and crux, cross; 
 (Irxc beiiip, according to those philosophers, the most 
 powerful dissolvent of gold, and the cross the emblem of 
 hght.] One of a sect of hermetical philosophers which 
 came into being about the close of the 17th century. 
 They made great pretensions to a knowledge of the 
 secrets of nature. 
 
 Rdf'i-eru'cian, a. Pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or 
 their arts. 
 
 I£5§'iu, 71. [A different orthography of resin, q. v.] The 
 resin left after distilling off the volatile oil from the dif- 
 ferent species of turpentine. 
 
 K5.§'in, f. t. To rub with rosin. 
 
 K6g'in-y, a. Like rosin, or partaking of its qualities. 
 
 Kdwi. n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. grus, graus, coarse sand, gravel, 
 rubbish.] The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the 
 I'ark of trees. 
 
 Kds'ter, n. [A corruption of register.] (Mil.) A list of 
 officers. 
 
 Rds'tral, a. [Lat. rot^ra/j^, from josfrwrn, a beak.] 1. 
 ReoembUng, or pertaining to, a rostrum, ii. Pertaining 
 to the beak. 
 
 K6s'trate, \ a. [Lat. rostrattis, from rostrum, a beak.] 
 
 H5K'tra-ted, J 1. (Bot. & Conch.) Having a process 
 resembling the beak of a bird ; beaked. t2. Furnished 
 or adorned with beaks. 
 
 Rd)«'truin, n. [I^t., from rorlere, to gnaw.] 1. The 
 beak or bill of a bird. 2. The beak of a ship. 3. (Rom. 
 Anliq.) An elevated place in the forum, for public speak- 
 ers. 4. Hence, any elevated platform from which a 
 speaker addresse-s an audience. 
 
 Rog'y, a. [r.omjiar. rosier ; superl. ROSIEST.] Re- 
 sembling a ro.se in color, form, or quaUties ; blooming ; 
 red; blushing; charming. 
 
 R5t, V. I. [imp. & ;/. p. ROTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ROT- 
 TING.] [A.-S. rotian, Icel. rotna.] To be decomposed 
 into simple parts ; to go to decay. 
 Syn. — To putrefy ; corrupt; decay ; Bpoil. 
 
 Rdt, v. /. To make putrid ; to bring to corruption. 
 
 R5t, n. The process of rotting; decay; putrefaction; 
 spenfirally, (a.) A fatal distemper incident to sheep, (b.) 
 A form of defray which attacks timber; — usually caUed 
 rlry-rot. (c.) A disease very injurious to the potato 
 
 rota, a wheel.] 1. Round ; circular ; spherical. 2, 
 
 Hence, complete ; entire. 
 Ro-tun'da, «. [From Lat. ro<7/rjcfj<s, round. See SKTwa.] 
 
 Any building that is round both on the outside and in- 
 side. 
 Ro-tuiid'i-fo'li-ous, a. [Lat. rotundus, round, and 
 
 folium, a, leaf.] (Bot.) Having round leaves. 
 Ro-tilnd'i-ty, n. State of being rotund; roundness; 
 
 sphericity ; circularity. 
 Mouche '(r<5'osh), n. [Fr. See Ruche.] A goffered 
 
 quilling of lace, ribbon, &c. [Written also ruche.] 
 Mone (rdo-A'), n. [Fr., prop. p. p. of rouer, to break upon 
 
 the wheel, from Fr. roue, equiv. to Lat. rota, a wheel.] A 
 
 debauchee ; a rake. 
 Rouge (rcTozh), n. [Fr. ro?ij°'e,from Lat. rubeus, red, from 
 
 ruhere, to be red, from ruber, red ] A cosmetic used for 
 
 giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. 
 
 Rouge (roozh),r. 
 
 [imp. & p. p. ROUGED ; p. pr. & 
 To paint the face or cheeks with 
 
 vb. n. ROUGING.] 
 rouge. 
 
 Rouge (robzh), v. t. To paint or tinge with rouge. 
 
 Rough (ruf), a. [cowpar. rougher ; ^w/jeW. rough- 
 est.] [A.-S. hreoh, hreog, rUh, rUg,' rUw, 0. H. Ger. 
 rft/i, 0. Eng. row, rowe.] 1. Having inequalities, small 
 ridges or points on the surface; hence, (a.) Not level; 
 uneven. (6.) Not polished ; uncut, as a gem. (c.) Tossed 
 in waves ; boisterous, (d.) Marked by coarseness ; shag- 
 gy ; ragged ; disordered. 2. Hence, figuratively, lacking 
 refinement, gentleness, or polish ; rude ; uncivil ; harsh ; 
 hard ; austere ; boisterous ; stormy. 
 
 In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition, or in the 
 original material. 
 
 Roiigli (rQf), n. A rude, coarse fellow ; a swaggerer ; & 
 
 RtWigli (ruf), V. t. To render rough ; to roughen, [bully. 
 I'o rough it, to have or pursue a roush or rugrged course ; t« 
 encounter and overcome difficulties or hardships. 
 
 Rougli'-«ast (rQf'kast), r. t. [imp. & p. p. rough- 
 cast ; p. pr. & vb. n. ROUGH-CASTING.] 1. To form 
 or mold rudely, ii. To plaster with a mixture of lime 
 and shells or pebbles. 
 
 Rougli'-east (rtifkast), n. 1. A rude jnodel. 2. A 
 mixture of lime with shells or pebbles, used for covering 
 buildings. [ly. 
 
 Rougli'-draTf (ruf-), v. t. To draw or deUneate coarse- 
 
 Rougli'en (rQf'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. roughened ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. ROUGHENING.] To make rough. 
 
 RoilgliVii (riif^n), v. i. To grow or become rough. 
 
 Rougli'-lie%v (rSf/hu), v. t. [imp. rough-hew^d; 
 p. p. rough-hewn ; p.pr. & vb. n. ROUGH-HEWING.J 
 To hew coarsely, wifhout smoothing.. 
 
 Rougli'ly (rQf^ly), adv. In a rough manner ; imevenly; 
 harshly ; rudely ; severely ; austerely. 
 
 Roiigli'ness (ruf nes), n. The quality or state of being 
 rough ; unevenness ; harshness ; rudeness ; asperity ; se- 
 veritv. 
 
 Ro'ta-ry, a. [\ja.t., from rota, wheel.] Turning, as a | Roiigli'-rid^er (rUfrld'er), n. One who breaks horses. 
 
 wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembUng, the mo- I Rougli'-sliod (rut''-), a. Shod with shoes armed vaiYx 
 
 tion of a wheel on its axis ; rotatory. points. 
 
 R^'tate a. [I>at., rotatus p p. ofrotare, to turn round | To ride rough-shod, to pursue a course regardless of the pahi 
 
 nke_a wheel, from ro<a, wheel.] (JBo<.) A\ heel-shaped. | or distress it may cause others. 
 *!^'*J^'x;^';J; , ^'r^ ^ ^- K- ^^'^^^'^'^'^ P- ?"■• ^ ^•^- ; Houleau (ro-o-lo/), n. ; pi. rouleaux (vooAoz'). [Fr., 
 
 HT^jr, -^ i^T ■'"^'■"■\ }' J" "^"""ll" °^ ""T a ™1' . from ^ouler\ to roll. See Roll.] A Uttle roll ; ■' 
 
 round a center. 2. Togo out of office, and be succeed- ' -'--■' J ' 
 
 fc«l by another or by others. 
 
 Ro'tate, V. t. To cause to revolve. 
 
 Ro-ta'tton, n. [\ja.t.rotatio,iTomrotare. See ROTATE, 
 w. »-] ] . Act of rotating or turning, as a wheel or solid 
 J>ody on \t* axi.-i. 2. Any return or succession in a se- 
 ries. 3. Frequent change of crop on any piece of land. 
 
 R«'ta-tive, a. Turning as a wheel ; rotary. 
 
 K^^ta-to-ry ('/j), a. 1. Turning on an axis, as a wheel. 
 ti. Going in a circle ; following in succession. 
 Hyn.— Rotary ; rotatire : rotating. 
 
 Rot«*, n. [0. H. Ger. rota,hrota,JT. crot,cruit, W. crwth.] 
 (Mui.) An instrument simUar to the hurdy-gurdy. 
 
 roll of coins in paper. 
 
 Roulette (roo-Kf), n. [Fr., prop, a little wheel or ball, 
 from rouler, to roll. See ROLL.] 1. A game of chance, 
 in which a small ball is made to roll round on a circle 
 divided off into red or black spaces. 2. A small toothed 
 wheel used by engravers to roll over the surface of a plate 
 to produce dots. 
 
 Rouiife, n. [Cf. Fr. ronre, bramble, brier, thorn, ranche, 
 a round step, rack.] (Print.) The handle of a printing- 
 press. 
 
 Round, a. [From Lat. rotundus. See ROTUND.] 1. 
 Having every portion of the surface or of the circimifer- 
 ence equally distant from the center ; or having a form 
 
 a, e, tc.,/on^, ft, g, kc, short ; c&re, f ar, ask, aU, what ; 6re, veil, term ; piique, firm ; son, or, do, wolt 
 
ROUiSD 
 
 629 
 
 ROYSTERKU 
 
 approaching this. 2. Having the form of a cylinder. 
 3. Having a curved form. 4. Full; complete. 5. 
 Not inconsiderable ; large. 6. Fully or plumply stated ; 
 positive ; decided. 
 
 Round number, a number that may be divided by 10 witliout 
 a remainder ; also, sometimes, a whole number approximately 
 near the ixMih. — Round robin, a written petition, Jnemorial, 
 remonstrance, or instruniont, sif;ned liy names in a. ring or 
 circle, so as not to sliow who sijrned it first.— AVx/h^/ trol,\il\\\\ 
 brisk, quick trot. — Round turn (Sunt.), one turn of 
 round a timber. — yl< a round rale, rapidly. 
 
 Syn. — Circular ; Ri)hcrieal ; globular; globose ; orbicular ; ' 
 orbed ; cylindrical ; full ; plump ; rotund. | 
 
 Kound, n. 1, That which is round, as a circle, a globe, 
 a sphere. 2. A series of events ending where it began ; | 
 a cycle. 3. A course of action or conduct, performed by j 
 a number of persons in turn, or one after another. 4. | 
 A series of duties to be performed in turn, and then re- 
 peated. 5. A circular dance. 6. That which goes 
 round a whole circle or company. 7. Rotation, as in 
 office; succession. 8. The step of a ladder. 9. (Mus.) 
 A. short, vocal piece, in which three or four voices follow 
 each other round in a species of fugue in the unison. 
 10. (Mil.) A general discharge of fire-arms by a body of 
 troops, in which each soldier fires once. 
 
 Roimd of beef, a cut of the thigh through and across the 
 bone. 
 
 Rout, rt. [From Lat. ruptus, rupta, p. p. of lumpnt to 
 break. Cf. supra.] Defeat of an army or band of i ' 
 or the disorder and confusion of troops tbuii defeatixl i 
 put to flight. 
 
 Iluut, V. t. [imp. & p. p. routed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ROUTING.] To defeat and throw into coufualoD. 
 
 Syn. — To defeat; discomfit; Ijcat; ov«rpoweri overthrow: 
 conquer. 
 
 rope j Route (r(Jl)t or rowt, 40), n. [Fr. route, from f-at. rupta 
 (fic. via), from ruptus, p. p. of rumpere, to break ; hence, 
 lit. a broken or beaten way or path.] The courw or way 
 which is traveled or passed, or to be passed ; a passiog : 
 a course ; a march. 
 
 I^-Walker gives the preference " to the pronunciation rowt.' 
 Most of the_orthoepiht« wlii> have sueeeeded him give the pref- 
 erence to root; but rowt is pcrlwps the more common pronun- 
 ciation in the United States. 
 
 berant. 4. To move about ; to go round 
 
 Round, V. i. To grow or become round or full. 
 
 To round to (^Naut.), to turn the head of the ship toward the 
 wind. 
 
 Round'a-bout, a. Indirect ; going round ; loose. 
 
 Round'a-bout, ?i. 1. A sort of surtout. 2. An arm- 
 chair with a rounded back. 3. A jacket worn by boys, 
 sailors, and others. [Amer.] 
 
 Roun'del, n. [Fr. rondelle., a round, a round shield.] 
 1. A round form or figure ; a circle ; specifically, (a.) A 
 small circular shield, in the 14th and 15th centuries. (6.) 
 (Her.) A circular spot; an ordinary in the form of a 
 small circle. 2. (Mus.) [See Roundelay.] A round- 
 elay. 
 
 Roun'de-lay, n. [0. Fr. rondelet, fr. rond, round.] A 
 sort of ancient poem, in which certain parts are repeated, 
 and that, if possible, in an equivocal or punning sense. 
 
 Round'Iiead, n. A Puritan ; — formerly so called from 
 the practice which prevailed among them of cropping the 
 hair. 
 
 Round'house, n. 1. A constable's prison. 'i,(Naut.) 
 (a.) A cabin or apartment in the after part of the quar- 
 ter-deck, (b.) A privy near the head of the vessel. 
 
 Round'ing; 
 
 Round'isli, 
 
 Round'let, n. A little circle. 
 
 Round'ly, a«/v. 1. In a round form or manner. 2. 
 Openly; boldly; plainly. 3. Briskly; with speed. 
 
 Round'iiess, n. 1. Quahty or state of being round ; 
 cylindrical form. 2. Smoothness of flow. 3. Plain- 
 ness ; boldness ; positiveness. 
 
 Syn. — Circularity ; sphericity ; globosity ; globularity ; 
 globularness ; orbicularness ; cylindricity ; fullness ; plump- 
 ness; rotundity. 
 
 Rou-tine' (rcJlj-teen'), u. [Fr., from route, a path, way, 
 road. See suj/ra and Rote.] 1. A round of buuinwM, 
 amusements, or pleasure, daily or frequently pumaed. 
 2. Any regular course of action adhered to by men* 
 force of habit. 
 
 Rove, V. i. [imp. & p. p. roved ; p.pr. k vb. n. ROT- 
 ING.] [Orig. to rob, and hence, from the rambling, wan- 
 dering mode of life of a robber, to ramble, to range, 
 to wander. See Rob.] To wander; to ramble; t4> 
 Round, adv. 1. On all sides ; around. 2. Circularly. '^"^^ ' *° S**' "^°^«' ^"^ P^«» without certain direction in 
 3. From one side or party to another. 4. By or in a t,^^' ^ii^nper. 
 circuit ; back to the starting point. 5. Through a cir- \ ■'^«ve, v. t. To wander over. 
 cle, as of friends or houses. Syn. — To wander; roam; range; ramble; stroll. 
 
 Round, prep. 1. On every side of; around. 2. About. | Rove, v. t. [Perh. from reeve.] To draw through an eye 
 Round, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. \ or ajjerture ; to draw out into flakes ; to card, a& wool. 
 rounding.] 1, To make circular, spherical, or cyliu- j Rov'er, n. 1. A wanderer. 2. A fickle or inconstant 
 drical. 2. To complete. 3. To make round and protu- person^ 3. A robber or pirate ; a freebooter. 
 
 Row (fo), n. [A. -S. mu', 0. H. Ger. ri^a.] 1. A series 
 of persons or things in a continued line ; a line ; a rank ; 
 a file. 2. An excursion taken in a boat with oars. 
 
 Row, V. t. [imp. & p. p. rowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. ROW- 
 ING.] [A.-S. rowan, Icel. roa, H. Ger. rudern. Cf. 
 Rudder.] 1. To impel, as a boat or vessel, along the 
 surface of water by oars. 2. To transport by rowing. 
 
 Row, V. i. 1. To labor with the oar. 2. To be moved 
 by oars. 
 
 Row (rou), n. [Abbreviated from rout, q. v.] A riot- 
 ous, noisy disturbance. 
 
 Row'dy (rou'dy), n. [From rout, or row.] One who 
 engages in rows, or riots ; a riotous, turbulent fellow. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 Row'el (rou''el), n. [Fr. rouelle, equiv. to Lat. rotttla, a 
 little wheel, dim. of rota, a wheel.] 1, The little wheel 
 of a spur, formed with sharp points. 2. (Far.) A roll 
 of hair or silk, answering to a seton in surgery. 
 
 Row'el (rou'el), v. t. [imp. & p. p. roweled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. roweling.] (Far.) To insert a rowel in. 
 
 Row'en (rou'en), n. [Called also rowet, rowett, rowings., 
 roughings, from roug/i, 0. Eng. row, rowe.] 1. A field 
 kept up till after Michaelmas, that the corn left on the 
 ground may sprout into green. 2. The second growth 
 of grass in a season. 
 
 Row'er, n. One who rows or manages an oar. 
 
 Row'loclc (colloif. rul'uk), n. (Naut.) A contrivance or 
 arrangement for supporting an oar in rowing. 
 
 Roy'al, a. [Fr. royal, fr. Lat. regaiis. See Regal.) 1. 
 Kingly ; pertaining to the crown. 2. Becoming a king 
 or queen. 3. Noble ; illustrious. 
 
 Syn. — Regal; monarchical; imperial; king-like; princely; 
 august; majestic; superb; splendid; magnanimous. 
 
 Roy'al, n. 1. A large kind of paper, usually 20 by 25 
 inches or more. 2. (Naut.) A small sail above the top- 
 gallant-sail. 
 
 Roy'al-i§m, n. Principles or conduct of royalists. 
 
 Roy'al-ist, n. An adherent to a king, or one attached 
 
 to a kingly government. 
 
 .... p_ ^^ 
 
 a. Somewhat round ; nearly round. 
 
 Round'-shoul'dered, a. Having the shoulders pro- 
 jecting behind ; round-backed. 
 
 Rou§e, V. t. [imp. & p.p. roused; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 rousing.] [A.-S. rasian, arasian. See RAISE and 
 Arouse.] 1. To wake from sleep or repose. 2. To 
 
 excite to lively thought or action. 3. To awaken into Roy'al-ize, y. t. [iinp. 8c p. p. ROY.\LIZED 
 activity, as the attention, or some passion, emotion, or j vb. n. ROYALIZING.] To make royal 
 faculty. 4. To put into motion ; to agitate. 5. To \ Roy'al-ly, adv. In a royal or kingly manner 
 
 startle or surprise. 
 
 Rouge, f. t. 1. To awake from sleep or repose. 2. To 
 be excited to thought or action. 
 
 Rouse, n. [Icel. rUss, N. H. Ger. rausck ; Icel. rhssa, to 
 get drunk.] A carousal ; a festival ; a drinking frolic. 
 
 Roug'er, n. One who, or that which, rouses or excites. 
 
 Roust, V. t. To rouse ; to disturb ; to vex. 
 
 Rout (40), n. [0. Fr. route, rote, troop, company, from 
 Lat. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere, to break.] 1. A fashion- 
 able assembly, or large evening party. 2. A tumultuous 
 crowd ; a rabble. 3. An uproar ; a noise. 
 
 Roy'al-t'y, n. [0. Fr. roialtc, royaultc, N. Fr. royauti.] 
 1. State of being royal; kingship; kingly office. 2.. 
 The person of a king or sovereign. 3. Royal preroga- 
 tive. 4. Kingdom ; domain ; province ; spliere. 3. A 
 tax or duty paid to the crown or government, «s on the 
 produce of a mine. 6. Hence ( Com.), a duty paid by 
 one who uses the patent of another, at a certain rate ft>r 
 each article manufactured : or a percentage paid to the 
 owner of an article or privilege bv one who hires the U)»e 
 of it. 
 
 Roys'ter-er, n. The same as Roisterer. 
 
 fo'nrt.f'^bt; Arn, rii.de, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e<;lio; gem, get; ag; ejlst; lingrer, llQk: ttil*- 
 
RUB 
 
 G30 
 
 RUFFLE 
 
 /<) nib out, to remove or sepa- 
 
 ruh up, (n.) To burnish; to 
 
 (■•.' io ixiiio; to owakeu; to rouse to ac- 
 
 Rttb, f.r. [imp. k p. p. RI'BBKD; p. p. & I'ft. »• KUB- 
 BINO • [>V r^tr6irtir. Had. mh, 0. U. tier, riban, Iccl. 
 ri- 111. To move with pivssurv or friction ; 
 
 h. toclwn; tost-our. 'i. To spread a sub- 
 
 »t.n ■ r tlio surfni-o of; to smear. 
 
 •l>ing ! to comb or curry.— 7b 
 /<) i-vb outy to remove or sepa- 
 
 tioo. 
 Kab. r. ». 1. To move aloug the surface of a body with 
 
 pn««!un>. '-i. To fn-t ; to chafe. 3. To move or pass 
 
 wich difficult V. 
 KAb. t 1. Act of rubbing; friction. 3. That which 
 
 rii" , a difficulty or obstruction hard to over- 
 
 o, 3. Something grating to the feelings ; 
 
 KAb in T. 'I i. One who, or that which, rubs. ii. In 
 .•<>uic pinics of chance, as whist, &c., the decisive game 
 or pimes, being the best of three, or two out of three 
 Kauie«. 3. pi. Overshoes made of India-rubber. 
 [Atnrr.] 
 
 India ruhb^, caoutchouc; — so called as having been origi- 
 nally used to rub out pencil marks. See Caoutchouc. 
 
 Riib'bi.«ih, >i. [From rub; orig. that which is rubbed 
 off.] W:u<te or nyected matter; any thing worthless; 
 fnigment.s ; ruins ; debris. 
 
 RiibHOlo, H. Water-worn or rough stones, broken bricks, 
 &c., used in cairse masonry, or to fill up between walls. 
 
 Itub'ble-st43ne, ». 1. Rubble. 2. ( Gfo/.) A kind of. 
 conglomerate rock composed of fragments of different 
 kinds of nx-k cemented together by some substance. 
 
 Ru'be-fa'cient, a. Making red. 
 
 Kii'be-fa'cient, «. [La.t. rubefaciens, p. pr. of ?-M6«/a- 
 arf, to make i-ed. from rubere, to be red, and_/tecf?-t?, to 
 make.] (M>d.) A substance which produces redness of 
 
 Ku-b^s'^-enfe, M. A reddening ; a flush. [the skin. 
 
 Ku-b5s'f ent, n. [Lat. rubescens, p. pr. of rubescere, to 
 grow red, inchoative form of rubere, to be red.] Growing 
 or becoming red ; tending to a red color. 
 
 K|inbi~cund. a. [Lat. rubicundus, from rubere, to be 
 red, from ruber, red.] Inclining to redness. 
 
 Ku-bif'i€, n. [Lat. ruber, red, and facere, to make.] 
 Making red. 
 
 K^'bi-f i-<-a'tion, ii. 1. Act of making red. 3. That 
 which serves to make red. 
 
 Klilji-form, a. [Lat. ruber, red, and forma, form.] 
 liavingjthe form or nature of red. 
 
 KuTji-fy, V. t. [See RUBiFic] To make red; to red- 
 den. [Hare.] 
 
 J{u-fn'{/o, n. [Lat. rubigo, robigo, rust of metals, mildew 
 on grain.] (Bot.) A kind of rust on plants, consisting 
 of a parasitic fungu-s or mushroom ; mildew. 
 
 R^Hble (rij'bl), n. [Iluss. rubl, orig. a piece cut off, from 
 rub'ilj, to cut.] 1. A silver coin of Russia, worth from 
 about 80.75 to about SO. 86. 3. A gold coin of Russia, 
 100 of which are held equal to 103 of the silver ruble. 
 
 Rfi^rie, n. [Lat. rubrica, from ruber, red.] That part 
 of any work which in the early manuscripts and typog- 
 raphy was colored red; hence, specifically, (a.) {Law- 
 books.) The title of a statute ; — so called as being an- 
 ciently written in red letters. (6.) {Prayer-books of the 
 Episcr/pal Church.) The directions and rules for the con- 
 duct of service, formerly printed in red ; hence, an epis- 
 cof>al injunction, {r.) Hence, also, that which is estab- 
 lii»he<J or settled, a.s by authority. 
 
 K^'brlt, la. 1. Colored in red ; placed in rubrics. 
 
 U^'hrioal, j 2. Pertaining to the rubric 
 
 Ru'brloate, v. t. [I.dit. ruMcare, rubricatum. See 
 iupra.\ To mark or dUstinguish with red ; to arrange as 
 in a rubric. 
 
 Ru'by <32), n. [From Lat. rubeus, red, reddish, from ru- 
 fjfr, red.) 1. {Mill.) A precious stone or mineral, of a 
 camiinc- red color. 2. {Print.) A size of printing type 
 »<maller tlian nonfjarell ; — go called in England. In the 
 United States it is called agate. 
 
 6^' Thin line is printed In Ruby, or Agate. 
 
 Rw'by , a. Having the color of the ruby ; red. 
 
 Hit rhe { r(7oHh ). n . [ Fr. , from ruche, a beehive, which was 
 formerly made of the bark of trcnss, Pr. rusca, rnscha, 
 f>ark.) A kind of plaited or goffered quilling ; rouche. 
 
 Bfick, V. t. [imp. &, p. p. RUCKED (rCikt); p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. Ri.'CKiNO.] [If*l. hrucka, to wrinkle, r/iwc/fca, wrinkle, 
 tiM, alliwl to Lat. roffare, to wrinkle, to fold, ruga, wrin- 
 kle, fold.] To draw into wrinkles or folds ; to crease. 
 
 Rfick, V. i. To t>e drawn into wrinkles or folds. 
 
 Rfick, n. A wrinkle, fold, or plait in a piece of cloth. 
 
 Ru€-ta'tion, n. [From Lat. ructare, to belch.] Act of 
 
 belching wind from the stomach. 
 Ri&dd, n. [A.-S. rud, red.] {Ichth.) 
 
 A fresh-water European fish of 
 
 the carp family ; it has red irises. 
 Riid'der, n. [0. Eng. rolher, 
 
 A.-S. rOfJher. 0. H. Ger. ruo/Iar. 
 
 Of. Row.] i. {Naut.) The in- 
 strument by which a ship is Rudd. 
 
 steered. "2. That which resembles a rudder as a guide 
 
 or governor. 
 Riid'di-iiess, n. State of being ruddy ; redness, or 
 
 rather a lively flesh color. 
 Rud'dle,». [A.-S. rud, red; W. rhuddell.] (Miti.) A 
 
 species of red earth ; red ocher. 
 Kud'dy, a. [compar. RUDDIER ; .superl. RUDDIEST.] 
 
 [A.-S. rud, reid, red. See RED.] 1. Of a red color; 
 
 red. 2. Of a lively flesh color. 
 Kiide (32), a. [compar. ruder; superl. rudest.] [Lat 
 
 r'udis.] Characterized by roughness ; uneven ; rugged ; 
 
 lacking delicacy or refinement ; coarse. ' 
 
 Syn. — Impertinent ; rough ; shapeless; unfashioned ; art- 
 less; unpolisiicd; uncouth; inelegant; rustic; vulgar; clown- 
 ish; raw; unskillful; untaught; illiterate; ignorant; uncivil; 
 impolite; saucy ; impudent; insolent; surly; currish; churlish; 
 brutal; uncivilized; barbarous; savage; violent; fierce; tumul.. 
 tuous ; turbulent ; impetuous; boisterous ; harsh; inclement; 
 severe. See Impektinekt. 
 
 Rude'ly, adv. In a rude manner ; coarsely ; unskiU- 
 fully ; uncivilly ; violently. 
 
 Riide'iiess, n. The condition of being rude ; uneven- 
 ness ; coarseness ; inelegance ; unskillfulness ; incivility ; 
 violence ; impetuosity ; boisterousness. 
 
 Rii'di-ment (32), n. [Lat. rudimentum, from rudis, un^ 
 wrought, ignorant, rude.] 1. That which is unformed 
 or undeveloped ; unfinished beginnings. 2. Hence, an 
 element or first principle of any art or science. 3. {Nat. 
 Hist.) An organ not fully formed. 
 
 Ku'di-ment'al, la. 1. Pertaining to rudiments, or 
 
 Rif/di-ment'a-ry, ) consisting in first principles ; in- 
 itial. 2. {TSat. Hist.) Imperfectly developed. 
 
 Rue (32), V. t. [imp. & p. p. rued; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 RUIN&.] [A.-S. hreoican, D. rouive^i, 0. II. Ger. hriu. 
 wan.] To lament ; to regret ; to grieve for. 
 
 Riie, n. [Lat. ruta, Gr. pvnj ; A.-S. riide, TV. rhuw, 
 rhut.] {Bot.) A plant, having a strong, heavy odor, and 
 a bitter taste. 
 
 K^je'f ul, a. 1. Causing one to rue or lament ; woful ; 
 mournful ; sorrowful. 2. Expressing sorrow. 
 
 Rue'f ul-ly, adv. In a rueful maimer ; mournfully. 
 
 Rtiff , n. [0. Eng. ruj^, equiv. to 
 rough, q. Y.] 1 . A muslin or linen 
 collar plaited, crimped, or fluted. 
 2. Something formed in plaits or 
 flutings, like the collar of this 
 name. 3. {Ornith.) (a.) A bird, 
 allied to the woodcock and sand- 
 piper. The male has a tuft of 
 feathers around the neck during 
 the breeding season. (&•) A cer- 
 tain species of pigeon. 
 
 Rtiff , V. t. [imp. & p. p. RUFFED 
 (ruft) ; p. pr. & vb. n. RUFFING.] 
 To rufile ; to disorder. 
 
 Ruffian (rufyan or rdffi-an), n. [Probably from Ger. 
 raufen, to pluck, scuflBe, fight. It. ar-ruffare, to ruffle the 
 hair, arruffarsi, to take each other by the hair.] A 
 boisterous, brutal fellow ; a fellow ready for any desper- 
 ate crime. [boisterous. 
 
 Ruffian (riifyan or rUf fi-an), a. Brutal ; savagely 
 
 Riif fian-igm (rQfyan- or riif fi-an-), n. Act or con- 
 duct of a rufiian. 
 
 Ruf f ian-ly (rufyan- or rCf fi-an-), a. Like a ruffian ; 
 bold in crimes ; violent ; licentious. 
 
 Ruffle (rdf tl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. RUFFLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. RUFFLING.] [From 0. Eng. ruff, equivalent to 
 rough.] 1. To make into a ruff; to draw or contract 
 into wrinkles, open plaits, or folds. 2. To furnish with 
 ruffles. 3. To roughen or disturb the surface of. 4. 
 To discompose ; to agitate. 5. To throw into disorder 
 or confusion. 
 
 Ruffle (rdf H), v. i. To play loosely ; to flutter. 
 
 Ruffle (rHffl), n. 1. A strip of plaited cambric, or 
 other fine cloth, attached to some border of a garment ; a 
 frill. 2. A state of being ruffled or disturbed ; agitation ; 
 commotion. 
 
 Rftf fie (rdf fl), n. {Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, 
 not so loud as a roll. 
 
 EufF. 
 
 ' ' » " y""' ■" - I'n^v^ <^i viui/ii. uoi so loua as a rou. 
 
 m.,e,kc.,long; &,ii,kc., short; cftre, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm ; s6n,dr,dQ,woU< 
 
RUFFLE 
 
 631 
 
 RUN 
 
 Ruffle (rHffl), v. t. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruf- 
 fle, as a drum. 
 
 Ru'foiis, a. [Lat. rufiis.] Reddish ; brownish-red. 
 
 Riig, n. [A.-S. rftg-, riili, rtiiu, rough, shaggy. See 
 Rough.] A coarse, nappy, woolen fabric, used for pro- 
 •tectiug a carpet, and for various purposes. 
 
 Kug'ced (60), a. [From the root of rug, rough, q. v.] 
 1. i uU of asperities on the surface. 3. Not neat or reg- 
 ular. 3. Rough with bristles or hair. 4. Harsh ; 
 crabbed; austere. 5. Stormy; turbulent; tempestu- 
 ous ; — said of weather, wind, storms, and the like. 6. 
 Rough to the ear. 7. Sour; surly; frowning. 8. Vio- 
 lent; rude; boisterous. 9. Vigorous; robust; hardy. 
 
 Syn. — Rough ; uneven ; wrinkled ; cragged ; coarse ; 
 hard ; severe ; tumultuous ; turbulent ; stormy ; tempestu- 
 ous; inclement. 
 
 Riig'ged-ly, odv. In a rough or rugged manner. 
 
 Kiig'ged-iiess, n. Quahty or state of being rugged. 
 
 KVj.'gme, n. [Fr., from ruginer, to rasp, Lat. runcinare, 
 to plane off.] A surgical instrvmient used for rasping 
 bones to detach the periosteum, either in certain surgical 
 operations or for anatomical purposes. 
 
 Ru-gose' (125), a. [Fr. rugosus, from ruga, a wrinkle.] 
 Wrinkled ; full of wrinkles. 
 
 Ru-gos'i-ty, n. State of being rugose or wrinkled. 
 
 R^'in (32), n. [Lat. ruina, from ruere, to fall with vio- 
 lence, to rush or tumble down.] 1. That change of 
 any thing which destroys it, or entirely defeats its object, 
 or unfits it for use. ii. That which is fallen down and 
 become worthless ; especially, in the plural, the remains 
 of a destroyed or desolate house, fortress, city, &c. 3. 
 The state of being decayed, or worthless. 4. That which 
 promotes injury, decay, or destruction. 
 
 Syn. — Destruction; downfall; perdition; fall; overthrow; 
 subversion; defeat; bane; pest; mischief. 
 
 Ru'in, V. t. [imp. & p. p. EUINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 RUINING.] To bring to ruin ; to impair seriously ; to 
 
 damage essentially . • 
 
 Ru'in, J". /. To fall to ruins ; to perish. 
 Ru'in-a'tioii, >i. Subversion; overthrow; demolition. 
 Rii'iu-er, n. One who ruins or destroys. 
 Rii'm-oiis, a. 1. Bringing, or tending to bring certain 
 
 riiin. 3. Characterized by ruin. 3. Composed of, or 
 
 «onsisting in , ruins. 
 
 Syn. — Dilapidated ; decayed ; demolished ; pernicious ; 
 
 destructive ; baneful ; wasteful ; injurious ; mischievous. 
 
 Ru'in-ous-ly, adv. In a ruinous manner ; destructively. 
 
 Ru'in-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being ruinous. 
 
 Rul'a-ble, a. Accordant or conformable to rule. 
 
 Rule (32), n. [Lat. regiila, a i-uler, rule, model, from 
 r'egere, rectmn, to lead straight, to direct ; A.-S. regol, re- 
 gid, reogoL] 1. Au instrument which serves as a guide 
 in drawing a straight line. 2. That which is prescribed 
 or laid down as a guide to conduct or action ; a minor 
 law. 3. The administration of law ; government ; au- 
 thority ; control. 
 
 Rule of three (Arith.), that rule which directs, when three 
 terms are given, how to find a fourth; proportion. 
 
 Syn. — Regulation; law; precept; maxim; guide; canon; 
 order ; method ; direction ; control ; government; sway ; em- 
 pire. 
 
 Rule, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ruled ; p. pr. & vb. n. RUL- 
 ING.] 1. To mark with lines by a ruler. 3. To exercise 
 authority over ; to govern. 3. To establish or lay down 
 as a rule, a decree, or decision. 4. (Laiv.) To require 
 or command by rule ; to enter a rule against. 
 
 Rule, V. i. 1. To have power or command ; to exercise 
 s'iipreme authority. 3. (Law.) To decide ; to order by 
 rule ; to enter a rule. 3. ( Com.) To stand or maintain 
 on a level. 
 
 Rul'er, n. 1. An instrument with straight edges or 
 sides, for drawing lines ; a rule. 3. One who rules ; a 
 governor. 
 
 Rvjl'ing,!?. a. 1. Marking with a ruler, or as with a 
 ruler. 2. Predominant ; reigning. 
 
 Syn. — Chief ; controlling ; governing ; prevailing ; preva- 
 lent. 
 
 Rum, n. [Said to be a West Indian or American word.] 
 A kind of spirit distilled from cane juice, or from treacle 
 or molasses. 
 
 Rum, a. [Prov. Eng., old-fashioned rubbish, rummel, 
 fragments of bricks and mortar.] Old-fashioned ; queer ; 
 odd. [Cant.] 
 
 RumOble, n. 1. A boot with a seat above it for servants, 
 behind a carriage. 3. A low, heavy sound ; a rumbling. 
 
 Rum'lble, v. i. To make a low, heavy, continued sound. 
 
 Riim'bler, n. One who, or that which, rumbles. 
 
 Ru'mi-nant, a. [Lat. ruminant, p. pr. of ruminare^ to 
 chew over again, to chew thecud, from rumen, the throat.] 
 Chewing the cud. 
 
 Rli'mi-nant, «. An animal that chews the cud, m the 
 
 camel, deer, goat, and bovine kind. 
 
 Ru'mi-nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ruminated; p. pr. 
 kvh.n. RUMINATING.] 1. To chew the cud. 3. To 
 muse ; to meditjite ; to ponder. 
 
 Ru'mi nate, r. /. 1. To chew over again. t4. Tomune 
 on ; to meditate. 
 
 Ru'mi-ii.T.'tion, n. 1, Act of ruminating, or chewing 
 the cud. ii. Deliberate meditation or reflection. 
 
 Ru'mi-na'tor, n. One who ruminates or muses. 
 
 Rum'ma^o, n. [Fr. ri-muage, a moving or Htirring, fr. 
 remuer, to move, to stir, from Lat. re, again, and mutare, 
 to move away from its place, to change.) A searching 
 carefully by looking into every corner, and by turning 
 things over. 
 
 Riiin'mage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. rummaged \ p. pr. k 
 vb. n. RUMMAGING.] 1. To search or exauiinine thor- 
 oughly. 2. (Naiit.) To remove, as goods or luggage, from 
 one place to another. 
 
 Rum'mage, v. i. To search a place narrowly. 
 
 Riim'ma-ger, n. One who rummages. 
 
 Ru'mor, n. [Lat. rumor.] 1. A current story passing 
 from one person to another, without any known author- 
 ity for the truth of it. ti. A story well authorized. 3. 
 Fame ; reputation. 
 Syn. — Report; hearsay ; story. 
 
 Ru'mor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. RUMORED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RUMORING.] To report by rumor ; to tell. 
 
 Ru'mor-er, n. A reporter ; a teller of news. 
 
 Rfimp, n. [H. Ger. nimpf, D. romp, Icel. rumpr, Sw. 
 rumpa, a tail.] 1. The end of the back-bone of an ani- 
 mal, with the parts adjacent. 3. The buttocks. 
 
 Riim'ple (rum^pl), I', i. [imp. & p. p. RUMPLED; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. RUMPLING.] [See RiMPLE.] To make 
 uneven ; to wrinkle. 
 
 Riim'ple, n. An irregular fold or plait. 
 
 Rtim'pus, n. A disturbance; noise and confusion. 
 [ Colloq. Eng. & Ayner.] 
 
 Riin, V. i. [imp. RAN, or RUN ; p. p. RUN ; p. pr. & vb. 
 M. RUNNING.] [A.-S. mi Haw (imp. rami), runnon,run~ 
 nen, and more commonly irnan, itrnon, also rennnn, 
 Goth. & 0. H. Ger. rinnan.] 1. To go with a lighter 
 or more rapid gait than by walking ; hence, — said of in- 
 animate things, — to move with an easy or rapid move- 
 ment. 3. To move or go ; — said of voluntary or personal 
 action; as, (a.) To ha.sten ; to hurry, (b.) To retreat. 
 (c.) To steal off; to quit ; to depart, (d.) To contend in 
 a race ; hence, to enter, as a candidate, into a contest. 
 [e.) To go from onc^tate to another, (f.) To proceed. 
 (§■) To pass, in thought or conversation, from one sub- 
 ject to another, [h.) To press for payment, as upon a 
 bank, with numerous demands. 3. To be moved; to 
 pass; to go; — said of involuntary motion ; as, (a.) To 
 flow, as a hquid ; to descend, as a stream, (b.) To pro- 
 ceed along a surface ; to extend; to spread, (c.) To turn, 
 as a wheel, [d.) To move on wheels or runners, (e.) 
 To extend through a period of time. (/.) To go back and 
 forth from place to place, as a stage, a packet, and the 
 like, (g.) To make progress; to pass, (/i.) To continue 
 in operation. (/.) To have a course or direction, (j.) 
 To be in form thus, as a combination of words, (k.) To 
 have growth or development. (/.) To tend; to incline. 
 (m.) To spread and blend together. («.) To continue 
 without falling due ; to hold good. 
 
 Run, V. t. 1. To cause to run, in the various senses of 
 the word. 3. To pursue in thought. 3. To cause to 
 enter; to thrust. 4. To drive or force. 5. To shape; 
 to mold ; to cast. 6. To cause to be drawn ; to mark 
 out ; to determine. 7. To smuggle. 8. To be exposed 
 to the risk of; to hazard; to venture. 9. To sew by 
 passing the needle through cloth back and forth in a 
 continuous line. 
 
 To run dotvn, (a.) {Xaitt.) To run against and sink, as a 
 vessel. (6.) To crush ; to overthrow ; to overbear. — To rttn 
 hard, (a.) To press with jokes, sarcasm, or ridicule, (b.) To 
 urge or press importunatelv-— To run through, to expend ; to 
 waste.— To ntn up, (n.) To thrust up. (b.) To increase ; to 
 enlarge by additions, as an account. 
 
 Run,n. 1. Act of running. 3. That which runs ; also, 
 a method or rate of running ; mode of conduct or pro- 
 cedure. 3. State of being current; currency : prevalence. 
 4. A small stream; a brook; a creek. [Prov. Eng. 
 Local, Amer.] 5. A pressure on a bank or treasury for 
 payment of its notes. 
 In the long run, in or during the whole process or couree of 
 
 food, fdbt; <irn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^haise, <;all. echo; gem, get; ag; e$ist ; linger, link i tills 
 
RUNAGATE 
 
 632 
 
 RYOT 
 
 thinr* •«'mi» t.HTthfT ; in the fln«l irsult. — To let go Jn/ the 
 
 ,- - X T „ ns linos, »o «s to let Uiat which they 
 
 ■ .1 conipletol.v. 
 R ,, , nr. N F. «: A DE .] A fUgitiTe ; a vag- 
 
 ai , :» rem'ptdc. 
 
 Ou« who dws fhjm danger or restraint ; 
 
 a fuirjtiviv 
 
 A 
 
 Kii. 
 
 a\i^. 
 ine 
 
 1 . Fleoing from danger or restraint. '2. 
 \ or during Hight. 
 
 ':\\ n. (Eng. round, Ger. rund.] 1. A 
 fa ladder. '2, Something put round an 
 
 Runr i»- (A.-S. rftn, a magical letter, a mystery, Icel. ] 
 ritn, ritna, O. U. Oer., Ooth.. & Sw. rilna.] One of the 
 letters or characters of a peculiar alphabet in use among 
 the Norsemen. j 
 
 Rtlnic, '"»/'• & ;•• P- of ring. See Ring. | 
 
 Hilnir. M- [Ger. runsf, a short, thick piece of iron or 
 
 " ».H^. O. D. rorn^he, tnmme, a prop, support, Goth. 
 /irMiTiTii, a rod.] 1. (A'aM/.) A floor timber in a ship. "2. 
 One of the rounds of a ladder. 3. One of the stakes of 
 a cxrt. 
 
 Bii'nii", ft. Of, or pertaining to, the Runes, or the lan- 
 puagt« and letters of the ancient Norsemen. [brook. 
 
 Kiln'let, M. [Dim. of run.] A little run or stream; a 
 
 Kiiu'uel. n. [From run.] A rivulet or small brook. 
 
 Kiln'ner, «. 1. One who, or that which, runs ; a racer. 
 "Z. Hence, one employed to solicit custom, as for a steam- 
 iHVJt, railroad, &c. 3. (Bot.) A slender branch running 
 along the ground, and forming at its extremity roots and 
 a young plant. 4. One of the curved pieces on which 
 a sle<i or sleigh slides. 
 
 Riin'nt't, «. Same as Rennet, q. v. 
 
 KAiit. n. [Scot, runt, an old cow, an old withered woman, 
 a hardened stem or stalk, the trunk of a tree, D. ru7i(l, a 
 bullock, an ox or cow.] Any animal small below the | 
 natural or usual size of the species. 
 
 Ku-pee', n. [Hind, and Per. rUpiyak, rUpah, silver, a 
 rupee, from Skr. rfipya, silver, wrought silver or gold, i 
 handj>ome.] A coin and money of account in the East 
 Indies. 
 
 03~ The gold rupee of Bombay and Madras is worth about I 
 <r.i(». The filver ru/ipe. coined by the E. I. Company at Cal- j 
 cutta, is worth nearly $()..50. 
 
 Riip'tion, n. [Lat. ruptio, from riimpere, ruptuvi, to 
 break.] A breaking or bursting open ; breach. I 
 
 Rupt'ure (53), n. [L. Lat. ruptura, from Lat. rumpere, \ 
 r«/>/i/wj, to break.] 1. Act of breaking or bursting. 2. j 
 State of being broken or violently parted, 3. Breach of 
 fteace or concord ; between nations, open hostility or war. 
 4. (Mfd.) Hernia. 
 
 Syn. — Fracture; breach; break ; J)urst ; disruption; disso- 
 lution. See Fkactcek. 
 
 Rupt'ure, v. t. [imp. kp. p. ruptured ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. RUPTURING.] To part by violence; to break; to 
 bur.'^t. 
 
 Ru'ral, a. [Lat. n<ra^(>, from rus, riirts, the country.] 
 1. Pertaining or belonging to the country, as distin- 
 puii'hed from a city or town. 3. Pertaining to farming j 
 or agriculture. 
 
 Syn.— RuMc — Jiural refers to the country itself; as, f-u- I 
 r'd -cene^, proBpfccts, delights, &c. Eustic refers to the charac- 
 Ur, Ci.iidition, tajste, &c., of the original inhabitants of the ! 
 country, who were generally uncultivated and rude. i 
 
 Ru'ral-i8t, n. One who leads a rural life. I 
 
 Ruge (.32). n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. reiiser, rehuser, to turn 
 ande, to nhnffle. allied to refuser, refusar. See REFUSE.] 1 
 Artifice; trick; stratagem; wile; fraud; deceit. | 
 
 RttHh, n. [A.-S. risre, ricse, Lat. ruscum, aUied to Goth, j 
 rau.i, reed.] 1. (Bot.) .\ plant of manv species, growing j 
 in wet ground. 2. The merest trifle ; a straw. j 
 
 RdHh, ».-. i'. [imp. & p. p. RUSHED (rtisht) ; p. pr. & ^-6. ' 
 n. RU.SHING.] [A.-S. hriscian, to shake, vibrate, hiisian 
 if} pa^h, hit, hrysinn. to cast down, to .shake, hreosan, to 
 rush, Hhake. fail down, Goth, hri.ynn, to shake, Icel. rus- 
 ka, to disturb.] 1. To move or drive forward with im- 
 petuo«ity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity. 2. To 
 enter with undue eagerness. 
 
 Ra^h, r. t. To puHh forward with violence. 
 
 Itii^h, n. A driving forward with eagerness and haste. 
 
 Ku**h'«r, n. One who rushes. 
 
 ROAh'i-neBB, n. State of abounding with rushes. 
 
 Riish'-ligrht (-lit), n. A rush-candle, or its light ; hence, 
 a small, feeble light. 
 
 Rtlsli'y, a. Abounding with, or made of, rushes. 
 
 Rusk, n. [Prob. from L. Ger. rusken, to creak, crackle.] 
 A kind of light, soft cake, or a kind of soft, sweetened 
 biscuit. 
 
 Russ, or Riiss, ?i. 1. A Russian. 2. The language of 
 the Russians. [dish color. 
 
 Riis'set, a. [A dim. from Lat. russus, red.] Of a red- 
 
 Riis'set, )n. A kind of apple of a russet color and 
 
 Ru.s'set-ing, ) rough skin. 
 
 Rus'set-y, a. Of a russet color ; russet. 
 
 Riis'siaii {rnsh'an or ri}'shan), a. (Geog.) Of, or per- 
 taining to, Russia. 
 
 Riis'sian (rdsh^an or rii'shan), n. 1. ( Geog.) A native 
 or inhabitant of Russia. i4. The language of Russia ; 
 Russ. 
 
 Rust, n. [A.-S. rust, Icel. ryd, W. rhwd, prob. from it« 
 color, and aUied to rud, ruddy, red.] 1. An oxide of 
 iron which forms a rough, reddish coat on the surface of 
 that metal ; hence, sometimes, any metallic oxide. 3. 
 That which resembles rust in appearance or effects ; es- 
 pecially, a dust-hke parasitic fungus or mushroom which 
 forms on the leaves and stalks of many kinds of grain. 
 
 Riist, t'. /. [imp. & p. p. rusted ; p. pr. & tb. n. RUST- 
 ING.] 1. To be oxidized, and contract a roughness on 
 the surface. 3. To become dull by inaction. 
 
 Rust, V. t. 1, To cause to contract rust; to corrode 
 with rust. 2, To impair by time and inactivity. 
 
 Riis'tic, a. [Lat. rusticus, from rus, ruris, the country.] 
 1. Pertaining to the countr^^ 2. Rude ; unpolished. 
 3. Coarse ; plain. 4. Simple ; artless. 
 
 Syn. — Rural; inelesant; untaught; awkward; rough; un- 
 adorned; honest. See Rural. 
 
 Riis'ti-e, n. An inhabitant of the country ; a clown. 
 
 Rus'ti<;-al-ly, adv. In a rustic manner ; rudely. 
 
 Riis'ti-e-ate, t'. i. [imp. Sap. p. rusticated; p. pr. 
 & vb. ?/. RUSTICATING.] To dwell in the country. 
 
 Rus'ti<;-ate, v. t. To compel to reside in the country; 
 to banish from a town or college for a time. 
 
 Rus'ti-ea'tion, n. Act of rusticating, or state of being 
 rusticated. 
 
 Rus-ti^'i-ty, n. State of being rustic ; rustic manners ; 
 rudeness ; coarseness ; simplicity ; artlessness. 
 
 Riist'i-ly, adv. In a rusty state. 
 
 Rust'i-ness, n. The state of being rusty. 
 
 Riis'tle (rQs'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. rustled ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. RUSTLING.] [A.-S. hristlan, to rustle, hruxl,& 
 rustling, H. Ger. rasseln, to settle in the throat. Cf. 
 Rattle.] To make a quick succession of small sounds, 
 like the rubbing of silk cloth or dry leaves. 
 
 Riis'tle (rus'l), n. A quick succession of small sounds 
 like those made by rubbing silk ; a rustling. 
 
 Rust'y, a. [compar. RUSTIER ; superl. RUSTIEST.] 1. 
 Covered or affected with rust. 2. Impaired by inaction 
 or neglect of use. 3. Covered with a substance resem- 
 bling rust ; rubiginous. 
 
 Riit, a. [From Lat. rugitus, a roaring, from rugire. to 
 roar ; — so called fi:om the noise made by deers in rutting 
 time.] The copulation of animals, especially of deer. 
 
 Riit, V. i. [imp. & p. p. RUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. RUT- 
 TING.] To seek copulation. 
 
 Rut, a. [L. Lat. ruta, rutta, ntpta (sc. via, sc. rotse). See 
 Route.] A furrow or track worn by a -wheel. 
 
 Ru'ta-ba'ga, n. (Bot.) A variety of turnip. 
 
 Riith, n. [From rue.] Sorrow for the misery of an- 
 other ; pity ; tenderness. [Obs., except in poetry.] 
 
 Rutli'less, a. Having no ruth or pity ; cruel ; pitiless. 
 
 Riitli'less-ly, <7</v. In a ruthless manner ; cruelly. 
 
 Riitli'less-ness, n. The state of being ruthless ; want 
 of compassion. 
 
 Rut'ty, a. [From rut.] 1. Lustful. 2. Full of ruts. 
 
 Rye (fl), n. [A.-S. ryge, rige, Icel. rugr, 0. H. Ger. rocco, 
 roggo, W. rhyg, Lith. ruggei, Russ. rozhj.] (Bot.) A 
 hardy plant, closely allied to wheat ; also, the grain or 
 fruit of this plant. 
 
 Rye'-grass, n. (Bot.) (a.) A grass-like plant, some- 
 times cultivated for cattle in England ; the darnel, (b.) 
 A species of barley . 
 
 Ry'ot, n. [At. &'Hind. ra''lyat, a subject, tenant, peas- 
 ant.] A cultivator of the soil ; a peasant ; — so called in 
 Hindostan. 
 
 i,e,&,c.,tong; &,6,kc.,short; cAre, far, ask, aU, what: gre, veU, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do,wolf, 
 
SACKAMEJSTAKY 
 
 s. 
 
 S(ess), the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is 
 a consonant, and is often called a sibilant, from its 
 hissing sound. It has two uses ; one to express a mere 
 hissing, as in sin, this ; the other a vocal hissing or a buzz- 
 ing, precisely like that of z, as in muse, wise, ipronovinced 
 muze, wize. It generally has its hissing sound at the 
 beginning of all proper English words, but in the middle 
 and end of words its sound is to be known only by 
 usage. See Principles of Pronunciation, §§ 90-94. 
 
 SS,b'a-6tli, or Sa-ba'oth, n. pi. [Heb. sebaOth, pi. of 
 sabct, an army, from saba, to go forth to war.] Armies ; 
 hosts ; — used only in the phrase, Lord of Sabaotli. 
 
 Sab'ba.-ta'ri-an, n. [From Sabbath.] 1. One who re- 
 gards the seventh day of the week as holy , agreeably to 
 the letter of the fourth commandment in the decalogue. 
 S. A strict observer of the Sabbath. 
 
 SJlb^ba-ta-'ri-an, a. Pertaining to the Sabbath, or to 
 the tenets of Sabbatarians. 
 
 SS.b'batli, a. [Heb. shabhath, from shabath, to rest from 
 labor.] 1. The sev.enth or last day of the week, the ob- 
 servance of which as a day of rest or worship, was en- 
 joined upon the Jews in the decalogue ; among Christians, 
 the first day of the week, the day on which Christ arose 
 from the dead. 3. The seventh year, observed among 
 the Israelites as one of rest and festival. 3. Intermission 
 of pain, effort, sorrow, or the like. 
 
 Syn.— Sunday. — Sabbath is not strictly synonymous with 
 Sunday. Sabbat7i denotes tlie institution ; Sunday is the name 
 of the first day of the week. The Sabbath of the Jews is on Sat- 
 urday, and the Sabbath of the Christians on Sunday. In New 
 England, the first day of the week has been called "the Sab- 
 bath," to mark it as holy time; Sunday is the word commonly 
 used in the southern parts of our country and in England. 
 
 SS,b'batli-brealc'er, n. One who breaks or profanes 
 the Sabbath. 
 
 Sab-ba,t'i€, \a. Pertaining to the Sabbath; resem- 
 
 Sab-bat'ic-al, ] bling the Sabbath. 
 
 S3.b'ba-ti§m, n. [Gr. o-a8)3aTia-ju.6s, from a-a/SjSaTt'^eiv, to 
 keep the Sabbath. See Sabbath.] Intermission of la- 
 bor, as upon the Sabbath ; rest. 
 
 Sa'ber, ) n. [Fr. sabre, Ger. sdbel, 
 
 SaHbre, ) Hung, szdblyn. Cf. L. 
 Gr. fajSos, crooked, curved, and 
 Ar. sei/,asword.] A sword with ^^°^^- 
 
 a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and a Uttle 
 curved toward the point ; a cavalry sword. 
 
 Sa'ber, ) v. t. [imp. & p. p. sabered, or sabred ; 
 
 Sa'bre, ) p.pr. & i-b. n. sabering, or sabring.] To 
 strike, cut, or kill with a saber. 
 
 Sa'bi-an, a. Relating to the religion of Saba, in Arabia, 
 or to the worship of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 Sa'bi-an, n. An adherent of the Sabian religion; a 
 worshiper of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 Sa'bi-an-i§m, n. The doctrine of the Sabians; that 
 species of idolatry which consisted in worshiping the 
 sun, moon, and stars. 
 
 6a'ble (-hi), n. [L. Lat. sabelli- 
 nus, sabellum, zibellinus, zebel- 
 inus,!). sabel, Ger. zobel, Russ. ^^ 
 sdbolj.] 1. (Zool.) A carnivo- ^^^ 
 rous animal of the weasel fam- ^ 
 ily, found in the northern lati- 
 tudes of Europe and Asia. 3. 
 the fur of the sable, consisting of a downy under-wool, 
 with a dense coat of hair over-topped by another still lon- 
 ger. This upper covering will lie in any direction, back- 
 ward or forward ; and a skin is valued in proportion as 
 this coat is abundant, black, and glossy. The American 
 sable is the pine marten. 3. A mourning garment ; a 
 funeral robe. 4. (Her.) The tincture or color black ; — 
 represented by vertical and horizontal lines crossing each 
 other. 
 
 Sa'ble, a. [From the noun.] Of the color of the sable's 
 fur ; black ; — chiefly in poetry. 
 
 Sa'ble, V. t. [iinp. & p. p. sabled ; p. pr. & vb. n. SA- 
 BLING.] To render sable or dark in color. 
 
 Sabot (sa-boO, n. [Fr. ; Bisc. zapata, shoe, zapatu, to 
 tread.] A kind of wooden shoe, worn by the lower classes 
 in some European countries. 
 
 Sa'bre (sa'ber), n. See Saber. 
 
 Sable. 
 
 Site, n. {Nat. Hist. ) A bag or receptacle for a liquid. 8m 
 Sack. 
 
 Sae-eade', n. [Fr. sacrade, from 0. Fr. saquer, sachier, 
 to remove, to pull or draw out, from Ijit. snccus, niick.) 
 (Horsemanship.) A sudden, violent check of a horse by 
 drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with 
 one pull. 
 
 SS.«'<;ha-rif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. saccharum, sugar, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Producing sugar. 
 
 SJie'eba-rine (-rln or -rln), a. [Lat. saccUarum, su^r, 
 Gr. aaKxap, aaKxapi, <Ta.Kxa.pov, Skr. ^arkura.] Pertain- 
 ing to sugar ; having the qualities of sugar. 
 
 SS,e'€ha-roid, ) a. [Gr. <Ta.Kxo.p, sugjir, and eifio?, 
 
 Sae'clia-roid'al, ) form.] Having a texture resemb- 
 ling that of loaf-sugar. 
 
 Sa,e'-elia-r6m'e-ter, n. [Gr. <ra»cx*P> sugar, and pLerpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity 
 of saccharine matter in any solution. 
 
 SJi^/er-do'tal (110), a. [Lat. sacerdotalis, from sacerdos, 
 a priest, from sacer, holy, sacred.] Pertaining to priests, 
 or to the order of priests ; priestly. 
 
 Sa'chem, n. A chief of a tribe of the American Indians ; 
 a sagamore. See Sagamore. 
 
 S^ck, n. [A.-S. .tacc, sdcc, Goth, sakkus, Lat. saceus, Gr 
 a-oLKKos, Heb. sak, W. sach, Hung, zsdk.] A bag for 
 holding and carrying goods of any kind ; a large pouch. 
 
 S^ck, n. [Lat. sagurn, sagus, Gr. o-ayo?, a coarse woolen 
 blanket or mantle, according to Polybius a Celtic word.] 
 A loosely hanging garment for men or women, worn 
 like a cloak about the shoulders. 
 
 sack, V. t. To put in a sack ; to bag. 
 
 S5,ck, n. [Fr. sec, Lat. siccus, dry, harsh.] A Spanish 
 wine of the dry kind ; sherry. 
 
 SS-ck, n. [From Lat. saceus, sack, bag ; the original 
 meaning was pack, packet, booty packed up.] The pil- 
 lage or plunder, as of a town or city ; devastation ; ravage. 
 
 sack, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sacked (sSkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SACKING.] To plunder or pillage, as a town or city ; 
 to devastate ; to ravage. 
 
 Sack'age, n. Act of taking by storm and pillaging ; sack. 
 
 Sack'but, n. [From Sp. sacabitche, a sackbut, the tube 
 or pipe of a pump, fr. sacar, to draw, and buche, stomach, 
 because they who blow this instrument draw up their 
 breath with great force, as it were from the stomach.] 
 (Mus.) A brass wind instrument of music, like a trum- 
 pet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened. 
 
 Sack'-eloth, n. Cloth such as sacks are made of; coarse 
 cloth ; often a cloth or garment worn in mourning, dis- 
 tress, or mortification. 
 
 Sack'er, n. One who sacks or captures and plunders a 
 town. 
 
 Sack'f ul, n. ; pi. sXcR/FULg. As much as a sack will 
 hold. * 
 
 Sack'ing, n. [A.-S. sdccing, from sdcc, sacc, sack, bag.] 
 1. Cloth of which sacks or bags are made. ti. The 
 coarse cloth or canvas fastened to a bedstead for sup- 
 porting the bed. 
 
 Sack'-pos'set, n. A posset made of sack, milk, and 
 some other ingredients. 
 
 Sa«'ra-ment, n. [Lat. sacramentum , an oath, a saci-ed 
 thing, a mystery, from sacrare, to declare as sacred, from 
 sacer, sacred.] [Theol.) One of the solemn religious 
 ordinances enjoined by Christ, the head of the Christian 
 church, to be observed by his followers. 
 
 Syn. — Eucharist. — Protestants apply the term facrament 
 to baptism and the Lord's Supper, especially the latter. Th« 
 Romish and Greek churches have five other sacranieuts. viz., 
 confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme 
 unction. As sacrament denotes an oath or vow, the wonl has 
 been applied by way of emphasis to the Lord's huppcr, where 
 the most sacred vows are renewed by the Christian in com- 
 memorating the death of his Redeemer. EurhariM denotixi the 
 giving of thanls; and this term also has been applioil to the 
 same ordinance, as expressing the grateful reiiicnibrance of 
 Christ's sufferings and death. 
 
 Sa-e'ra-m6nt'al, a. 1. Belonging or relating to, or 
 constituting a sacrament ; sacredly or solemnly bmdmg. 
 ti. Boilnd by a sacrament. [ment. 
 
 Sae'ra-m6nt'al-ly , adv. After the manner of a sacra- 
 
 Sa«'ra-ment-a'ri-an, ) «■ Pertaining to the sacra- 
 
 Sae'ra-m6iit'a-ry, ) ments. 
 
 fobdjfd'ot; firn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, <;all, echio ; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, li^k ; tfcls- 
 
SACRED 
 
 634 
 
 SAGE 
 
 Wrrrd, 
 
 fOH^^nnHv ^ p. of O. Eng. sacre, to conse- I Sftd'-i'ron (-T/Qm), n 
 
 ml, holy, rurstvi.] 1. Set ' -•--'---'>-* 
 
 oownuniy ; t<i/>fcinlh/, in a 
 
 ajvirt to rvligioiis use. 2. 
 
 1- u' ilio stTvicos of n>ligion. 3. 
 
 -' title to n'siHTt, n'veronce, or ven- 
 
 uot to Ih' profaueil or violated. 5, 
 
 ..MnaU-»i. 
 <Hvine : hallowed ; devoted ; religious 
 
 ven- 
 
 Syu. 
 Ar'rI-nce (.<Clk'rT-fi«, (U), 
 
 An instrument for ironing 
 olothes ; a flat iron. [rowfully. 
 
 Sftd'ly, (ufv. In a sad manner ; darkly ; glo«mily ; sor- 
 Sftd'iiess, n. The state or quality of being sad. 
 
 Syn.— Sorrow; heaviness; grief; dejection. See Gbief. 
 Safe, a. [rowipar. SAFER ; 5Mpfr/. SAFEST.] [Lat. «aZrj/s, 
 prob. allied to servare, to save, preserve.] 1. Free from 
 harm; injury, or risk. 2. Conferring safety ; securing 
 from harm ; to be relied upon. 3. In secure care or 
 custody. 
 Syn.— Secure; unendangered; sure. 
 Safe, «. 1 . A place for safety ; specifically, a fire-proof 
 chest or closet for containing money, valuable papers, or 
 the like. 2. A chest or cupboard for meats ; a re- 
 frigerator. 
 Safe'-«6ii'duct, n. That which gives a safe passage; 
 either a convoy or guard, or a writing, pass, or warrant 
 of security. 
 Safe'guard, n. 1. That which defends or protects; 
 defense ; protection. *Z. A convoy or guard. 3. A 
 warrant of security given by a sovereign or military com- 
 mander to protect any one. 
 Safe'-keep'ing, n. Act of keeping or preserving in 
 
 safety from injury or from escape. 
 Safe'ly, culv. 1. In a safe manner. 3. Without injury. 
 
 3. Without escape ; in close custody. 
 Saf e'ness, n. Condition or quality of being safe ; free- 
 dom from harm or danger ; security : safety. 
 Saf e'ty, n. 1. Condition or state of being safe ; exemp- 
 tion from hurt, injury, or loss. iJ. Quality of making 
 safe or secure, or of giving confidence, insuring against 
 loss, &c. 3. Close custody. 
 I Safe'ty-lSmp, n. A lamp surrounded with a cylinder 
 of wire gauze, to give light in mines, without the danger 
 ,-,.,-. , . , , , of setting fire to inflammable gases. 
 
 sacrum, tha which is sacred, fr. 5acer, sacred, and legare, ■ Safe'ty-vaive, n. ( Steam-eng.) (a.) A valve fitted to 
 to gather, pick up.] The crime of violating or profamng , ^^^^ ^^-^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ l^^s out the steam when the 
 sacHHl things . , . : pressure within becomes too great for safetv. [b.) A 
 
 Sac'ri-le'gious, a. A lolating sacred things ; involving , ^^^ ^ j j^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^-^^ tj^^ ^-^ ^^^ prevent the 
 saonlege: profane ; impious , ^^^jj^^ ^^^^ y^^^ crushed or injured by the pressure of 
 
 Sft€ ri-le'gious-ly, adv. In a sacrilegious manner ; | ^j^^ atmosphere as the steam cools. 
 
 with .^aenlege^ . i SSfflow-er, ti. [Itooi .saffron and fiower.] 1. (Bot.) 
 
 Sa€'ri-le'gious-ne.ss, n. The quahty of being sacri- _». l __.//_.. y j . \ > 
 
 Sii't r«il l\ ■ ' •'•■ !• '" * sacred manner; religiously. 
 " i. Invi-'hiMv ; strictly. 
 
 s5'«T«'d-ii«'ss. II. State or quahty of being sacred. 
 Uoliiicss; sanctity; iu viola blcness. 
 
 f. t. [ivip. & p. p. SACRI- 
 
 - - : ;i. pr. K lb. n. SACRIFICING.] [From the 
 
 I . To make au offering of ; to consecrate or 
 
 bv wav of expiation or propitiation, or as a token 
 
 .1 ;nMio« Icdjrment or thank.«giving, to some divinity. 
 
 "i. Hence, to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for 
 
 the sake of obtaining something. 
 
 Sftc'rl-fice (-iTz), f. i- To make offerings to God, or to 
 
 a deitv, of things consumed on the altar. 
 Sftc'ri-fice (-fiz), n. [Lat. sacrificiiim, from sacer, sacred, 
 holy.] 1. The offering of any thing to God or to a god. 
 'i. Any thing con.«ecratetl and offered to a divinity. 3. 
 Destruction or surrender of any thing made for the sake 
 of something else ; hence, aLso, the thing so devoted or 
 given up. 
 Sftc'rl-fic'er (-fiz'er), n. One who .sacrifices or immolates. 
 SSe'ri-f i'cial ( -fish'al), a. Relating to, concerned Avith, I 
 
 or consisting in, sacrifice. 
 Sftc'ri-ldge (-lej). ;». [Lat. sacrilfgium., from sacrilegus 
 that steaL-i. prop, gathers or picks up, sacred things, fr 
 
 legions : disposition to sacrilege 
 SS«'ri-Ie'gist, n. One who is guilty of sacrilege. 
 Sfte'ris-taii, ". [Low Lat. sacristanus, from Lat. sacer, 
 
 sacred.] An officer of the church who has the care of its 
 
 utensils or movables ; a sexton. 
 Sft«'ri.s-ty, n. An apartment in a church where the 
 
 sacred utensils, vestments, &c., are kept ; vestry. 
 Hhd., a. [rojnpar. SADDER ; superl. SADDEST.] [A.-S. 
 
 sad, satisfied, sated, weary, sick ; 0. Sax. sad, Icel. sadr, 
 
 .'■addr, saturated, sated ; Goth, satlis, sads, id.] 1. 
 
 Heavy : dull : grave : dark ; — said of colors. 2. Serious ; 
 
 grave. 3. Affected with grief or unhappiness. 4. Causing 
 
 sorrow. 5. Hence, bad: naughty ; troublesome. [Colloq.'] 
 
 An annual plant, the flowers of which are used as a dye- 
 stuff and in making rouge. 2. A deep-red substance 
 separated from orange-colored flowers. 
 
 SSf'fron, n. [Turk, za'feran, from Ar. & Per. za'farSM.'] 
 (Bot.) A bulbous plant of the genus Crocus, having 
 flowers of a deep yellow color. 
 
 saffron, a. Having the color of saffron flowers ; deep 
 yellow. 
 
 sag, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SAG- 
 GING.] [D. zakken, allied to A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. sigan, 
 to fall, incline, sink down. Cf. Sink and Swag.] To 
 lean, incline, bend, hang away, in consequence of un- 
 supported or insufficiently supported weight ; to give 
 
 way : to yield. 
 Syn,— Sorrowful; mournful; gloomy; dejected; depressed; [ Sag, V. t. To cause to bend or give way ; to load or burden. 
 
 cheerless; downcast; sedate; grievous; afflictive; calamitous. ! Sa'fjd, n. ; pi. SA'GA^. [See SAY.] A northern European 
 Sad'd'-n, V. t. [imp. & p. p. saddened ; p. pr. & vb. ' popular historical or religious tale of olden time. 
 
 n. SADDENING.] To make sad ; to make melancholy or Sa-ga'cioiis, a. [Lat. sagax, sagacis, from sagire, to 
 
 Borrowful. i perceive quickly or keenly.] Of keen i)enetration and 
 
 Sad'dle (-dl), n. [A.-S. sadul, sadel, sadl, Icel. soduU,' judgment; discerning and judicious. 
 
 Ger. mttfl, W. sadelt, Lat. sella, for sedla, sedula, from ! Syn. — Shrewd ; quick ; discerning ; wise ; sage. See 
 
 the root of Eng. sit, Lat. sedere.] 1. A seat to be placed 1 Shrewd. 
 
 ..^ „ I. ,.-..,.•= v.„^i. <•„_ i.1 :.,-_ ^. -r. 2. Hence, ' Sa-ga'cious-ly, arfi'. In a sagacious manner. 
 
 on a horde's back for the rider to sit on. 
 
 something resembling a .saddle in form, use, or the Uke ; 
 especially, a piece of meat containing a part of the back- ! 
 bone of an animal with the ribs on each side. | 
 
 8&d'dle (-dl), v. t. [Imp. & p. p. saddled: p. pr. & I 
 vb. n. saddling.] 1. To put a saddle upon. 3. ! 
 Hence, to fix as a cliarge or burden upon : to encumber. , 
 
 8&d'dle-bag9, n. pi. Bags, united by straps, for trans- 
 portation on horseback, one bag being placed on each 
 t'ide. 
 
 Sad'dle-bow, n. The bow or arch in front of a saddle, 
 or the pieces which fonn the front. 
 
 Sftd'dler, n. One whose occupation is to make saddles. 
 
 Sad'iUer-y, n. 1. Materials for making saddles and 
 hameases ; the articles usually offered for sale in a sad- 
 dler's shop. 2. The trade or employment of a saddler. 
 
 Sad'dle-tree. n. The frame of a saddle. 
 
 Sad'du-^ee (s^d'yij-see), n. [From Sadok. the founder 
 of the ftect 
 
 Sa-ga'cious-ness, n . Quality of being sagacious ; acute- 
 ness of discernment ; sagacity. 
 
 Sa-ga^'i-ty, 71. [See supra.] Quality of being sagacious ; 
 keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness 
 of judgment. 
 
 Syn. — Penetration ; shrewdness ; judiciousness. — Penetra- 
 tion enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, 
 to detect motives, plans, &c. Sagacitu adds to penetration a 
 keen, practical judgment, which enables one to guard against 
 the designs of others, and to turn every thing to the best possi- 
 ble advantage. The Essays of Lord Bacon show a degree of 
 sagacity, as well as penetration, which are found in scarcely 
 any other work. 
 
 Sag'a-more, n. [Cf. Sachem.] The head of a tribe, 
 among the American Indians ; — generally used as syn- 
 onymous with sachem, but some writers distinguish be- 
 tween them, making the sachem a chief of the first rank, 
 and a sagamore one of the second rank. 
 
 t, who hved about 2.00 years b. c] One of a : Sage, n. [Lat. salvia, from 50/11/5, saved, salvare, to 
 
 (u.-<tamong the ancient Jews, who denied the resurrection, I save; X.-'&. salwige.] (Bot.) A plant of several species. 
 
 future state, and the existence of ancrelo. I xhe common sage is mostly employed in cookery as a 
 
 ^ondiment. 
 Sage, a. [compar. SAGER ; superl. sagest] [From a 
 
 ire state, and the existence of angel< 
 Sad'du-fiee'iSin, I n. The doctrines or tenets of the 
 Sad'da-figm, j Sadducees. 
 
 i,e,&c.,iony; &,&,kc.,9hort; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do, W9U, 
 
SAGE 
 
 635 
 
 SALIVA 
 
 hypoth. Lat. sapius, sabius, savius, ft-om sapere, to be 
 wise.] 1. Having nice discernment and powers of judg- 
 ing. 5i. Proceeding from wisdom ; well adapted to the 
 purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Wise ; sagacious ; sapient ; grave ; prudent ; judi- 
 cious. 
 
 Sage, 11. A wise man ; especially, a grave philosopher, 
 venerable for his years. 
 
 Sage'ly, aflo. In a sage manner ; wisely. 
 
 Sage'iiess, n. Quality of being sage; wisdom. 
 
 Sa,g'it-tal, a. [N. Lat. sagittalis, from Lat. sagitta, an 
 arrow.] Pertaining to an arrow ; resembling an arrow ; 
 furnished with an arrow-like appendage. 
 
 Say' it-td' fi-as , n. [Lat., an archer, fr. Sagittarius, be- 
 longing to an arrow, from sagitta, an arrow.] (Astron.) 
 One of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun 
 enters about November 22. 
 
 Sftg'it-ta-ry, n. [See supra.] (Myth.) A centaur, an 
 animal half man, half horse, armed wiLh a bow and 
 quiver. 
 
 Silg'it ta-ry, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. 
 
 Sag'it-tate, a. [Nat. Hist.) Shaped like an arrow-head. 
 
 Sa'go, n. [Malay. & Jav. sagu.] A dry, granulated 
 stiirch, imported from the East Indies. It is the pre- 
 pared pith of several different palms. 
 
 Sa-goin', n. [The indigenous South American name.] 
 (Zo'dl.) A monkey of South America, having a long, 
 hairy tail. 
 
 Sa'i«,M. [Turk. shaika,'Ru!>s. tshdika.] (Naitt.) A Turk- 
 ish or Grecian vessel, very common in the Levant. 
 
 Said (sed), a. Before mentioned ; already spoken of or 
 specified ; aforesaid ; — used chiefly in legal style. 
 
 Sail, n. [A.-S. segel, segl, 0. H. Ger. sekal, segal, Icel. 
 segl, Ir. & Gael. 
 seal.] 1, A sheet 
 of canvas, or of 
 some other sub- 
 stance, spread 
 to the wind, to 
 assist the prog- 
 ress of a vessel 
 in the water, ti. 
 (pi. Sail.) A 
 sailing vessel ; 
 a ship of any 
 kind ; a craft. 
 3. A journey or 
 excursion upon 
 the water. 
 
 1, flying jib ; 2, jib 
 
 Sails. 
 3, foretop-mast-stay sail; 4, 
 
 fore-course; 5, 
 'fovetop"sail; 6^ fbretop'-gallant sail; 7, fore-royal; 8, fore sky-sail; 
 9, fore-royal studding sail; 10, foretop-gallant studding sail; 11, 
 foretop-mast studding sail ; 12, main-course ; 1.3, maintop sail ; 
 14, maintop-gallant sail; 15, main-royal; 16, main sky sail; 17, 
 main-royal studding sail; 18, maintop-gallant studding sail; 19, 
 maintop-mast studding sail; 20, mizzen-course; 21, niizzen-top 
 sail; 22, mizzen-top-gallant sail ; 23, mizzen-royal ; 24, mizzen 
 sky-sail; 25, mizzen-spanker. 
 
 Sail, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SAIL- 
 ING.] 1, To be impelled or driven forward by the ac- 
 tion of wind upon sails, as a ship on water. 3. To be 
 conveyed in a vessel on water. 3. To set sail ; to begin 
 a voyage. 4. To move smoothly through the air. 
 
 Sail, t'. t. 1. To pass or move upon in a ship, by means 
 of sails. '2. To tly through. 3. To direct or manage 
 the motion of, as a vessel. [igable. 
 
 Sail'a-l>le, a. Admitting of being passed by ships ; nav- 
 
 Sail'-clotli, n. Duck or canvas used in making sails. 
 
 Sail'er, n. A ship or other vessel ; — with qualifying words 
 descriptive of speed or manner of saiUng. 
 
 Sail'iiig, «. 1. (Naut.) Act of a person or thing that 
 saiLs. '2. Art or method of directing a ship's way on 
 the ocean ; navigation. [and made. 
 
 Sail'-16f t, n. A loft or apartment where sails are cut out 
 
 Sail'or, n. [Another form of sailer.] One who follows 
 the business of navigating ships «r other vessels. 
 Syn. — Mariner; seaman; seafarer. 
 
 Sail'-yard, n. (Naut.) The yard or spar on which sails 
 are extended. 
 
 Saiu'foin, n. [Fr.,from sain, wholesome, and/ot«,hay, 
 Lat. sanum fcenum.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant culti- 
 vated for fodder. 
 
 Saint, n. [Fr. saint, Lat. sanctus, sacred, prop. p. p. of 
 sanr.ire, to render sacred by a religious act.] 1. A holy 
 or godly person. 3. One of the blessed in hearen. 3. 
 (Eccl.) One canonized by the church. 
 
 Saint Vitus's dance (Med.), a disease aCFecting the voluntary 
 musclei with constant, irregular movements; cnorea. 
 
 Saint, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sainted; p. pr. 8c vb. n. 
 SAINTING.] To make a saint of; to »j«atify ; to canoniae 
 
 Salnt'ed, a. 1. Consecrated ; sacred ; holy ; pious, ri. 
 Gone to heaven. 
 
 Salnt'ly, a. [compar. saintlieR; superl. saint- 
 LIEST.] Like a saint ; becoming a holy person. 
 
 Saint'8liip, n. The character or qualities of a gaint. 
 
 Sake, n. [A.-S. sacu, sac, strife, a cause or suit at law, 
 from A.-S. sacan, Goth, sakan, to contend, strive, defend 
 one's right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, allied to seek, q. 
 v.] Final cause ; end ; purpose ; reason ; account ; re- 
 gard or respect. 
 
 Sfif, n. [iMt. See Salt.] Salt ; — a word much used iu 
 ^hemistry and pharmacy. 
 
 Sal'a-ble, a. [From .<;«/?.] Capable of being sold ; find- 
 ing a ready market ; in good demand. 
 
 Sal'a-ble -ness, n. The .state of being salable. 
 
 Sal'a-bly, adv. In a salable manner. 
 
 Sa-la'cioiis, a. [Lat. salax, salads, fond of leaping, 
 lustful, from satire, to leap.] Lustful ; lecheipus. 
 
 Sa-la^!'i-ty, n. Lust; lecherousness. 
 
 Sai'ad, n. [Fr. salade, from Lat. sal, salis, salt.] 1, 
 Uncooked herbs, dressed with stilt, vinegar, oil, or spices, 
 and eaten as a relish. 3. A dish composed of some kind 
 of meat, chopped fine, and mixed with uncooked herbs, 
 as lettuce, &c., seasoned with mustard and other condi« 
 ments. 
 
 Sa-ldrn', n. [Ar. salam, peace, safety.] A salutation oi 
 compliment of ceremony or respect in the East. 
 
 Sai'a-man'der (110), n. 
 [Lat. salamandra. Gr. 
 (raXafjidi'Spa, Skr. sala- 
 
 mandala.] (Zoo/.) Age- _:^^^ ^BJ iMg^P!gr=~j} 
 nus of batrachian reptiles ^^^ie^MKfe=>~^^^^i^i^. 
 having some afiBnities 
 with lizards, but more 
 with frogs. Salamander. 
 
 i^~ The popular belief that the salamander is able to endure 
 fire, is a mistake. 
 
 SJtl'a-mJtn'drine , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
 
 salamander ; enduring fire. 
 Sai'a-ry, n. [Lat. salariuvi, orig. salt money, from sal, 
 
 salt.] Recompense or consideration stipulated to be paid 
 
 to a person for services. 
 Syn. — Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance. 
 Sai'a-ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. salaried ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 _SALARYING.] To fix or pay a salary to one. 
 Sale,«. [A.-S. 5«//aH, to give, to sell. See Sell.] 1. 
 
 Act of selling ; the transfer of property for a price in 
 
 money. H. Opportunity of selUng ; demand ; market. 
 
 Syn.— Sales hi/ auction; sales at auction. — In America the 
 more prevalent expression has been "sales a< auction," as if 
 referring to the place where they are made. In England the 
 form has always been "sales b;/ auction," i. e., by an increase 
 of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is now' coming iuto 
 use in our leading newspapers. 
 
 Sa,Fe-ra'tus, n. [N. Lat. 5a/ a'cratus. See Sal and Aer- 
 ated.] A bi-carbonate of potash, much used in cookery 
 
 Saleg'man, n. ; pi. sale§'men. One whose occupation 
 is to sell goods or merchandise. 
 
 Sale'worlc (-wurk), n. Work or things made for sale; 
 hence, work carelessly done. 
 
 SJtl'i«, a. [From the Salian Franks, who in the 5th cen- 
 tury formed a body of laws, by the 62d paragraph of 
 which females were excluded from succession to the 
 crown.] Designating a law by which, as in France, 
 males only can inherit the throne. 
 
 Sa'li-ent, a. [Lat. saliens, p. pr. of satire, to leap.] 1. 
 Moving by leaps. 2. Shooting out or up; projecting; 
 springing. 3. Hence, figuratively, forcing itself on the 
 attention; prominent; conspicuous. 4:. (Math. kFort.) 
 Projecting outwardly, as an angle. 
 
 Sa-lif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. sal, salt, and/erre, to bear.] Pre- 
 ducing or bearing salt. 
 
 Sai'i-fi'a-ble, a. [See Salify.] (Chem.) Capable of 
 combining with an acid to form a salt. 
 
 Sari-fi-ea'tion, n. The act of sahfying. 
 
 Sai'i-fy, V. t. [imp. &, p. p. SALIFIED ; p.pr. k vb. n. 
 SALIFYING.] [Lat. 5<i/, salt, and /acfrt, to make.] To 
 form into a salt, as a base, by combining it with an acid. 
 
 Sa-line', or Sa'line, a. [Lat. salinus, from sal, ^\\t.\ 
 1, Consisting of, or containing, salt. 3. Partaking of 
 the qualities of salt. 
 
 Sa-line', or Sa'line, n. A salt spring, or a place wher* 
 salt water is collected in the earth. 
 
 Sa-lin'ofis, a. Consisting of, or containing, salt ; saline 
 
 Sa-li'va,n, [Lat., allied to Gr. (tIoXov.] The transparent, 
 
 food, lo^t ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, 9liaise, €aU, e€lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tills. 
 
SALINAL 
 
 636 
 
 SALVE 
 
 alknUne liquid J»creted by certain glands in the mouth 
 R31 ll'val, a. Pert«ininp to saliva ; sulivary 
 
 S:>l 
 
 <i. 
 
 I'erUiuing to saliva; 
 
 secreting or con- 
 
 & 
 
 Salmon. 
 (Ichth.) A smaU fish 
 
 S , f. [imp. & p. p. salivated; p. pr. 
 
 v\TING.) \\jit. salivtirf^ snlivatum. See 
 . \.j {,Mfd ) To prtnUice an abuoruial secretion of 
 , .til l>v the use of nien-ury. [of saliva. 
 
 >» il I xfi'tlon, »•• {Mf(l-) A confinned^mnatural flow 
 
 » . li %oa>». a. Pertaiuing to saliva; partaking of the 
 \ of saliva. 
 
 ^il I .^v,«. {A.-i5. snlis:, srnlh, seal, Lat. salix.] (Bot.) 
 t certain trees or low shrubs of the Avillow kind. 
 
 ^1 . >v, a. [compnr. SALLOWER : superl. SALLOWEST.J 
 > - vvj/m, D. zaJuH\ 0. II. Ger. salo, salaiv.] Of a 
 l.a>. -ii'kly color, tinged with a diirk .yellow. 
 
 fUvriow-ness, n. Paleness, tinged with a dark yellow. 
 
 SAl'ly, n- ISee the verb.] 1. A leaping forth. 2. A 
 judilen eruption : sptcifiralh/, an issuing of troops from 
 a place lH?siegetl to attack the besiegers. 3. Excursion 
 from the usual track ; digression ; deviation. 4. A flight 
 of fancy, liveUness, wit, or the like. 5. Act of levity ; 
 wild gayety ; frolic ; escapade. 
 
 Sftl'ly, t\ »". [imp. Si p. p. SALLIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SALLYI\<T.] [From Lat. salire, to leap, spring.] To 
 lc«ip or rush out ; to issue suddenly, as a body of troops 
 from a fortified place to attack besiegers. 
 
 Sftl'lj-port, »■ (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage 
 under ^Tound, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie. 
 
 Sftl'nia-giui'di, «. [From Lat. salgama condita, pL. 
 from so/^awifl, pickles, and conc/ita, preserved, p. p. of 
 condire, to pre.«erve : or from the Countess Salmagondi , 
 lady of honor to Maria de Medici, who invented it.] 1. 
 A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring with oil, 
 vinegar, pepper, and onions, ti. Hence, a mixture of 
 various ingredients ; an olio or medley. 
 
 Sl^lin'on (Silm'un), n. [Lat. 
 ^almo, snl7nonis.] {Ichth.) A 
 fish of a yellowish-red color, 
 fif northern climates. It is 
 highly esteemed for food. 
 
 SAItu'on-trout (sSm'un-), n 
 n-sembling the common salmon in color. 
 
 Salon (sa'long'), n. [Fr.] An apartment for the recep- 
 tion of company; hence, in the pi., fashionable parties ; 
 circles of fashionable society. 
 
 Sa-ldbn', n. [Fr. & Sp. snloti, from 0. H. Ger. sal, house, 
 hall, A.-S. sel, seat, dweUing, hall.] (Arch.) A spacious 
 and elegant apartment for the reception of company, or 
 for works of art ; — applied also to halls and apartments 
 for specific pubhc uses. 
 
 Sai'si-£y, n. [Fr. salsijis, Sp. saJsifi.] (Bot.) A plant 
 having a long, tapering root, of a mild, sweetish taste 
 like the parsnip, often called the oyster-plant, from its 
 ta£te when fried. 
 
 f>^l'-f»o'da, n. ( Com.) Impure carbonate of soda. 
 
 Bftlt, n. [A.-S. sealt, salt, Goth. & Icel. salt, Lat. sal, Gr. 
 
 oA?.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for 
 
 seaBoning certain kinds of food, for the preservation of 
 
 meat, &c. 2. Hence, flavor ; taste ; savor ; smack ; 
 
 seasoning. 3. Piquancy ; wit. 4. A salt-cellar. 5. 
 
 A sailor; especially, am old sailor. [Colloq.] 6. (Chem.) 
 
 A combination of an acid with a ba.'^e, forming a com- 
 
 r"'ind which has properties dififering from those of either 
 
 uent. 
 
 ' [rompar. SALTER; superl. SALTEST.] Fur- 
 
 ! or impregnated with, abounding in, or containing, 
 
 halt ; prepared with, or tasting of, salt. 
 
 Halt, V. t. [imp. & p.p. SALTED ; p.pr. & vb. n. SALT- 
 l.NG.] To Hprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt. 
 
 S^rtant, a. [Lat. saltans, p. pr. of saltare, to dance, 
 intent^ive form of salire, to leap.] Leaping; jumping; 
 'I iii'irig. 
 
 -■■'■•' it Ion, n. [Lat. saltatio, from saltare, to dance. 
 era.] 1. A leaping or jumping. 2. Beating or 
 tion. 
 
 iiA rt a-to-ry (f/i), a. Leaping or dancing ; or having the 
 IK>wer of Iwiping or dancing ; UKcd in leaping or dancing. 
 
 Kalt'-^;6Mar. n. A Hmall dish for salt at table. 
 
 Kalt'«r, n. One who salts ; one who gives or applies salt. 
 
 Hi»It'«rn, n. A salt-work ; a place where salt is made. 
 
 Hftl'tfer, n. [From Lat. saltare, to leap.] 1. (H/r.) A 
 Ht. Andrew's croHH, or cross in the form of an X. 2. One 
 who leaps or dances. 
 
 B&rtl-grrade, a. [From Lat. saltus, a leap, and gradi 
 Uj walk, go.] (ZoUl.) Having feet or legs formed for 
 leaping. 
 
 Salt'ing, M. 1. The act of sprinkling or impregnating 
 "with sjilt. 2. A marsh subject to be overflowed with 
 salt water ; a salt-marsh. 
 
 Salt'lsh, a. Tinctured with salt ; somewhat salt. 
 
 Salt'-jiink, n. Hard salt beef for use at sea. 
 
 Siilt'-lick, n. See LiCK, n. 
 
 Salt'-inarsli, n. Grass-land subject to the overflow of 
 'salt or sea- water. 
 
 Salt'- mine, n. A mine where rock-salt is obtained. 
 
 Salt'ness, n. 1. Quality of being salt, or impregnated 
 'with salt. 2. Taste of salt. [or made. 
 
 Salt'-pSn, n. A pan, basin, or pit, where salt is obtained 
 
 Siilt-pe'ter, ) n. [N. Lat. sal petrie, i. e., rock-salt, or 
 
 Salt-pe'tre, ) stone-salt, so called because it exudea 
 'from rocks or walls.] ( Chem.) A salt consisting of nitric 
 acid and potassa ; nitrate of potassa ; — called also niter 
 
 Salt'-pit, n. A pit where salt is obtained or made. 
 
 Salt'-rlievim (-rijm), n. (Med.) A kind of herpes, or 
 'skin disease ; — a vague and indefinite popular name, ap- 
 plied to almost all the non-febrile cutaneous eruptions 
 which are common among adults, except ringworm and 
 itch. 
 
 Salt'- wort (-wnrt), n. (Bot.) A certain plant found on 
 the sea-shore and other places where the ground is moist 
 and saline. 
 
 Sa-lu'bri-oiis, a. [Lat. salubris, or saluber, from salus, 
 health, from salvus, safe, sound, well.] Favorable to 
 health ; promoting health. 
 
 Syn. — Healthful ; wholesome ; healthy ; salutary. 
 
 Sa-lu.'bri-ou.s-ly, adv. In a salubrious manner. 
 
 Sa-lii'bri-ty, n. Quality of being salubrious ; whole- 
 someness ; healthfulness. 
 
 Sal'u-ta-ri-ness, n. Quality of being salutary. 
 
 Sal'u.-ta-ry, a. [Lat. saiutaris, fr. salus, health, safety.] 
 1. Promoting health. 2. Promotive of public safety ; 
 contributing to some beneficial purpose. 
 
 Syn. — "Wholesome; healthful ; salubrious; beneficial ; use- 
 ful ; advantageous ; profitable. 
 
 Sai'u-ta'tion, n. Act of saluting or paying respect or 
 reverence by the customary words or actions ; act of 
 greeting ; that which is uttered in saluting or greeting. 
 
 Syn. — Greeting ; salute ; address. — A greetijig is literally 
 an outcry or exclamation, and hence usually denotes some 
 warm expression of feehng when one meets another. Saluta- 
 tion and salute signify literally a wishing of health. Saluta- 
 tion, however, is the act of the person saluting, while salute is 
 the thing given ; that is, the thing received by the person ad- 
 dressed. A bow is given by way of salutation, and a lady 
 sometimes receives the salute of a kiss. Salute is used also for 
 something more formal ; as, the firing of guns by way of 
 salute. 
 
 Sa-lu'ta-to'ri-an, n. The student of a college who pro- 
 nounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commence- 
 ment. [Amer.] 
 
 Sa-lix'ta-to-ry (50), a. Containing or expressing saluta- 
 tions ; speaking a welcome ; greeting. 
 
 Sa-lu'ta-to-ry, n. The salutatory or opening oration at 
 the commencement of a college. [Amer.] 
 
 Sa-liite', v. t. [imp. & p. p. saluted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SALUTIN&.] [Lat. salutare, from salus, health, safe- 
 ty. See Salubrious.] 1. To address with expressions 
 of kind wishes ; to greet ; to hail. 2. Hence, to greet 
 with a kiss ; to greet with a wave of the hand. 3. (Mil. 
 & Naval.) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by 
 a discharge of cannon or small arms, by striking colors, 
 by shouts, or the like. 
 
 Sa-lute', n. 1. Act of saluting or expressing kind 
 wishes or respect ; salutation ; greeting. 2. A kiss. 3. 
 A discharge of cannon or small arms in honor of some 
 distinguished personage, or on the anniversary of some 
 festival ; — sometimes also performed by lowering the 
 colors or beating the drums. 
 
 Sa-lut'er, n. One who salutes. 
 
 Sa.l'va-ble, a. [From Lat. salvare, to save, from salvus, 
 safe.] Capable of being saved ; admitting of salvation. 
 
 Sai'vage, n. [Fr. salvage, sauvage, from Lat. salvare, to 
 save.] 1, The compensation allowed to persons who 
 voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from 
 peril. 2. That part of the property that survived the 
 peril and is saved. 
 
 Sal-va'tion (110), n. 1. Act of saving ; preservation 
 from destruction, danger, or great calamity. 2. ( Theol.^ 
 Redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liabil- 
 ity to eternal death. 
 
 Sai'va-to-ry, n. A place where things are preserved. 
 
 Salve (siv), n. [A.-S. seal/, 0. H. Ger. salba, Goth, sal- 
 bons.] An adhesive composition or substance to be ap- 
 plied to wounds or sores. 
 
 Salve (sav), v. t. [imp. icp. p. salved ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 
 »,e,kc.,loiig; li,,6,8i,c.,short; cAre, far. aslt,aU, what; fire, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do, woU 
 
SALVER 
 
 637 
 
 SANGUINARY 
 
 SALVING.] To heal by applications or medicaments; 
 to apply salve to. 
 
 Sai'ver, n. [0. Eng. salve, to save, preserve, Lat. salvare, 
 to save, from salvus, safe.] A plate or waiter on which 
 any thing is presented. 
 
 S&l'vo, n. ; pi. sXL'vos. [Lat. salvo jure, an expression 
 used in reserving rights.]- 1. An exception ; reserva- 
 tion, ii. (Mil.) A general discharge of fire-arms not 
 intended for a salute; a volley. 
 
 Sd^m'bo, n. [Written also zambo, q. v.] The offspring 
 of a black person and a mulatto ; — hence, humorously 
 or in contempt, a negro. 
 
 Same, a. [A.-S. sa}ne, Goth, sama, Tcel. samr.] 1. Not 
 different or other ; identical. 3. Of like kind, species, 
 sort, dimensions, or the like ; corresponding ; similar ; 
 like. 3. Just, or just about to be, mentioned. 
 
 Same'ness, n. 1. State of being the same ; identity ; 
 near resemblance ; correspondence ; similarity. 3. Tedi- 
 ous monotony. 
 
 Sa'ml-el, n. [Ar. samUm, fr. samma, to poison, samm, 
 poison; Turk, sam-yeli, from Ar. .samm, poisom, and 
 Turk, yel, wind.] A hot and destructive wind that 
 sometimes blows in Arabia and the adjacent countries, 
 from the desert ; the simoom. 
 
 S&mp, n. [From the Mass. s&pac, saupac, made soft or 
 thinned.] Maize broken or bruised, cooked by boiling, 
 and often eaten Avith milk. 
 
 Sdm'pan, n. (Naut.) A Chinese boat from twelve to fif- 
 teen feet long. 
 
 SS,m'pliire (sSm'fir or sSm'fur), n. [Fr. I'herbede Saint 
 Pierre, from which the English word is corrupted.] (Bat.) 
 A fleshy herb which grows on rocks near the sea-shore, 
 where it is washed by the salt water ; its leaves are used 
 in the form of a pickle as an article of diet. 
 
 Sa,m'ple, n. [See Example.] A part of any thing pre- 
 sented for inspection, or intended to be shown, as evi- 
 dence of the quaUty of the whole. 
 
 Syn.— Specimen ; example ; illustration. See Specimen. 
 
 Sa.m'pler, n. 1. One who distributes things into sam- 
 ples for inspection. 3. A pattern of work ; especially.! a 
 collection of needle-work patterns. 
 
 San'a-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being sanable. 
 
 Sa,n'a-ble, a. [Lat. sanabilis, from sanare, to make 
 sound, to heal, from sanus, sound, healthy.] Capable of 
 being healed or cured. 
 Syn. — Remediable ; curable ; healable. 
 
 SSn'a-tive, a. [From Lat. sanare, to heal.] Having the 
 power to cure or heal ; curative ; healinf ; sanatory. 
 
 San'a-to-ry, a. [From Lat. sanare, to heal.] Condu- 
 cive to health ; healing ; curative ; sanative. 
 
 SS.ii€'ti-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of sanctifying or making 
 holy ; state of being sanctified. 3. Act of setting apart 
 for a sacred purpose ; consecration. 
 
 Sa,n-e'ti-fi'er, n. One who sanctifies or makes holy ; 
 specifically, the Holy Spirit. 
 
 San^'ti-fy, '('. t. [imp. & p. p. sanctified ; p. pr. 8c 
 ■vb. n. SANCTIFYING.] [Lat. sanctificare, from sanctus, 
 holy, and/acere, to make.] 1. To make sacred or holy ; 
 to set apart to a holy or religious use ; to hallow. 2. To 
 make holy or free from sin. 3. To render productive 
 of holiness or piety. 4. To secure from violation; to 
 give sanction to. 
 
 Sa.is-e'ti-ino'ni-ous, a. 1. Possessing sanctimony ; sa- 
 cred ; saintly . 3. Making a show of sanctity ; hypo- 
 critically devout or pious. [ner. 
 
 SJlii«'ti-mo'm-ou.s-ly, adv. In a sanctimonious man- 
 
 Sa|i€'ti-ino']tii-ous-ness, n. State of being sanctimo- 
 nious ; sanctity, or the appearance of it. 
 
 S^nc'ti-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. sanctimonia, from sanc- 
 \ Zms, holy.] Holiness; devoutness ; sanctity; especially, 
 artificial saintliness ; hypocritical devoutness. 
 
 Sa.ii€'tion, n. [Lat. sanctic, from sancire, sanctum., to 
 render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably.] 1. Sol- 
 emn or ceremonious ratification ; approbation and accept- 
 ance. 3. Any thing done or said to enforce the will, law, 
 or authority of another. 
 
 Syn. — Ratification ; authorization ; authority ; counte- 
 nance ; support. 
 
 S^nc'tion, v. t. [imp. &,p. p. SANCTIONED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SANCTIONING.] To give vaUdity or authority to. 
 Syn.— To ratify ; confirm ; authorize ; countenance ; sup- 
 port. 
 
 San«'ti-tude (30), n. Hohness ; sacredness ; sanctity. 
 
 Sanc'ti-ty, n. [Lat. sanctitas, from sanctus, holy .J 1. 
 State or quality of being sacred or holy. 3. Rehgious 
 binding force. 
 
 & vb. n. 
 
 Sandals. 
 
 Syn. — Religion ; holiness; godlincM ; piety i devotion i 
 good n ens ; purity ; religiouBneus; sucreduess ; solemuity. M«e 
 Religion. 
 
 San€t'u-a-ry (s?lnkt/yij-a-r5^), n. [I^at. sanctuuriuvi, fr. 
 sanctus, sacred, holy.] 1. A sacred place ; a consecrat- 
 ed spot. 3. Hence, a place of refuge and protection ; 
 shelter; refuge. 
 
 San«'tuin, n. [Lat., p. p. of .mncire, to conflecrate.] A 
 sacred place ; hence a retreat for privacy. 
 
 Sanctum aanctoi-um [Lat.J, the holy of holies i mout holy 
 place. 
 
 sand, n. [A.-S. sand, Icel. sandr, 0. H. Ger. snni, Or. 
 i|/afAju,os, \j/dLixa6o<; , a/m/AOs.] 1. Fine particles of t^tone, 
 especially of silicious stone, but not reduced to powder 
 or dust. 3. Hence, from the use of sand in the hour- 
 glass, a moment ; a measured interval. 3. pi- Tracts ot 
 land consisting of sand. 
 
 sand, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sanded ; p. pr. 
 SANDING.] To .sprinkle or cover with sand. 
 
 Sau'dal, 71. [Lat. sandalium, 
 Or. crai'fiaAoi', dim. o-ai'SaAioi', 
 perh. for aavLBaXov, from crai/ts, 
 travtSos, a board, plank, and any 
 thing made thereof.] A kind of 
 shoe consisting of a sole fastened 
 to the foot; a kind of slipper; 
 also, an overshoe with parallel 
 openings across the instep. 
 
 San'dal-wobd, n. [Ar. sandal, sanddil^ jandal, from. 
 Skr. tshandana.] (Bot.) The wood of a low tree, having 
 a general resemblance to the privet, or prim. AVhen old 
 it has a yellow color and great fragrance. 
 
 San'da-ra«, ) n. [Lat. sandaracha, Gr. aavSapaKy), 
 
 San'da-racli , I a-avSapdxr}, Ar. sandarfls, Per. sanda- 
 rah, sandar, Skr. sindiira.] 1. A resin in white, trans- 
 parent tears, obtained from a ti-ee growing in Barbary. 
 3. Realgar. 
 
 Sand'ed,;?. a. 1. Covered with sand. 3. Marked with 
 small spots ; speckled. [Prov. Ens;.] 
 
 Sand'-eel, n. (Iclith.) A small eel-like fish. It buries 
 itself in the moist sand after the retiring of the tide. 
 
 Sand'-Iieat, n. The heat of warm sand in chemical 
 operations. 
 
 Sand'i-ne.ss, n. State of being sandy, or of being of a 
 sandy color. 
 
 San'di-ver, n. [Corrupted from Fr. sel de verre, salt of 
 glass.] A whitish substance cast up, as a scum, from 
 the materials of glass in fusion. 
 
 Sand'-pa'per, n. Paper covered on one side with a 
 fine gritty substance, for smoothing and polishing. 
 
 Sand'-pi-per, »». (Ornith.) A 
 wading bird of the snipe family. 
 It inhabits sea-shores and ma- 
 rine marshes. 
 
 Sand'stone, n. ( Geol.) A rock 
 made of sand more or less firmly 
 united. 
 
 Sand'wlcli, n. Two pieces of 
 
 bread and butter, with a thin Sand-piper. 
 
 slice of meat between them ; — said to have been a favoFv 
 
 ite dish of the Earl of Sandwich. 
 
 Sand'wicli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sandwiched (sXnd'- 
 wicht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. SANDWICHING.] To make into 
 a sandwich ; hence, to form of alternate parts or alter- 
 nating layers of different nature. 
 
 Sand'y, a. 1. Consisting of, abounding with, or resem- 
 bling sand ; full of sand. 3. Of the color of sand ; of a 
 yellowish red color. 
 
 Siine, a. [Lat. sanus, allied to Gr. <raos,o-a)s,safe, sound.] 
 1. In a sound condition ; not disordered or shattered. 
 3. Especially, not disordered in intellect ; in one's right 
 mind ; of sound reason. 
 Syn. — Sound ; healthy ; underanged. 
 
 sang, imp. of sing. See Sing. 
 
 San'ga-ree', n. [Sp. sangria, the incision of a vein, a 
 drink, from sangre, Lat. sanguis, blood.] Wine and 
 water sweetened and spiced. 
 
 Sanf/-froid{s6ng-frv!:\'),n. [Fr., cold-blood.] Freedom 
 from agitation or excitement of mind ; coolness ; indif- 
 ference. » 
 
 San-guif' er-oils, a. [Lat. sanguis, blood, and ./err?, to 
 bear.] Conveying blood. 
 
 San'gui-f i-ea'tion, n. ( Physiol. ) Production of blood ; 
 conversion of the products of digestion into blood. 
 
 San'gui-fi'er, n. A producer of blood. 
 
 San'gui-fy, v. i. [From Lat. sanguis, blood, and /««■«, 
 to make.] To produce blood, 
 
 San'gui-na-ry, a. [Lat. sanguinarius, from sanguis. 
 
 food, fcK>t ; firn, r|fde, p^ ; fell, ^haise, -eall, eisho ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; liuser, link ; tiii»< 
 
SA.NCillM^: 
 
 G38 
 
 SARDONIC 
 
 Eager 
 
 hUod.] I. Attcudedwith much bloodshed 
 to sbwi blwHl. 
 
 Syn. - H!<H¥ly : imirdcrt>im ; bloodthirsty ; savnge ; cruel. 
 
 s,, M . [\M. saiivitinei'!', from sanguis, h\ood.\ 
 
 . ciilor of bkHxl : red. 'I. Characterized by 
 
 ul active cin-ulution of blood. 3. Warm ; 
 
 ;.;,j,nt I. AuticijKitiug the best; feeliug assured; full 
 
 of bo^K'. 
 
 Syn.— Aniiimtod: lively; confident; hopeful. 
 
 Sftn'Ruino-ly, fl'/c In a sausruine manner; ardently. 
 
 Sftn'swiiu'-iiess (109), n. Condition or quality of being 
 .•Ntmruine- 
 
 Saii-KuiiiV-oiis, a. 1. Abounding with blood; san- 
 puine. •. Of, or pertiiining to blood. 3. Constituting 
 blood. 4. lUood-red ; crimson. 
 
 Sftii'l»e-<iriiu, ". [lleb. sntiludrin, from Gr. o-ave'fipioi/, 
 from <Tv\\ with, together, and e'fipa, a seat.] The gi'eat 
 council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, 
 to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction 
 of religious matters. 
 
 Sftii'i-ele (s:ln'T-kl), n. [\. Lat. sanicula, from Lat. 5a- 
 7iare, to heal.] {Bot.) A plant of several species; black 
 snake-root ; — so called from its reputed heaUng quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Sn'ni-e.f, n. [Lat., prob. a vreakened form of sanguis, 
 blood. ]"^ {Med.) A thin, serous fluid commonly exhaled 
 at the surface of ulcers. 
 
 Sa'iii-ous, a. [Lat. saniosus, from sanies. See supra.] 
 1. Thin and serous with a slight bloody tinge. 2. Ex- 
 creting or effusing a thin, serous, reddish matter. 
 
 San'i-ta-ry, a. [From Lat. sanitas, health. See infra.] 
 Pertaining to, or designed to secure sanity or health ; 
 relating to the preservation of health ; hygienic. 
 
 San'i-ty. n. [Lat. sanitas, from sa7tus, sound, healthy.] 
 Condition orquality of being sane ; soundness or health- 
 iness of body or mind, especially the latter. 
 
 S^nk, imp. of -mik. See SINK. 
 
 SSn's-erit. n. The same as Sanskrit, q. v. 
 
 tian.s-^ulotte (song'ku-lof), n. [Fr., without breeches.] 
 1. A ragged fellow ; — a name of reproach given in the 
 first French revolution to the extreme republican party, 
 who rejected breeches a« an emblem or badge peculiar to 
 the upper classes or aristocracy, ti. Hence, an extreme 
 or radical republican. 
 
 S&u'skrit, n. [Skr. sansh-ita, the Sanskrit language, i. e., 
 the perfect, polished or cla.ssical language, from sanskri- 
 ta, prepared, wrought, made, excellent, perfect.] The 
 ancient language of the Hindoos. 
 
 S^p, n. [A.-S. sap, 0. II. Ger. sqf, Icel. saft, Lat. sapa, 
 must or new wine boiled thick.] 1. The juice of plants 
 of any kind, ti, (Bot.) The alburnum of a tree; sap- 
 wood. 
 
 sap, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SAPPED (sSpt) ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 .SAPPING.] [Fr. saper, prob. from Gr. crKaLTreiv, a-Kairretv, 
 to dig.] 1. To subvert by digging or wearing away ; to 
 mine; to undermine. i5. {Mil.) To pierce with saps. 
 
 SSp, V. i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly under- 
 mining. 
 
 sap, n. (Mil.) An approach made to a fortified place by 
 digging under cover of gabions, &c. 
 
 SSp'-^een, n. A light-green pigment prepared from 
 the juice of the ripe berries of the buckthorn. 
 
 Sap'id, a. [Lat. sapidus, from sapere, to taste.] Posses- 
 sing savor or flavor ; having a relish ; savory. 
 
 SaiPid-ness, | "" ^"^1'*^ of being sapid ; savoriness. 
 Sa'pi-en^e, n. Quahty of being sapient; wisdom; sage- 
 
 jiess : knowledge. 
 Sa'pi-ent, a. [Lat. sapiens.^ p. pr. of sapere, to taste, to 
 have sense, to know.] 1. Having wisdom ; discerning. 2, 
 Would-be wise ; t-upposing one's self sage. 
 Syn. — Sage; Ka;?aciou8; knowing; wise; discerning. 
 
 SSp'IeKK, «. 1. Destitute of sap ; not juicy. 2. Dry; 
 
 old ; withered. 
 Sai>'ling. n. [From sap.] A young tree. 
 Sap'o-diria, n. [Mexic-d.n cochit-zapotL] (Bot.) A tree, 
 
 growing in the West Indies, and in some parts of South 
 
 America. 
 Sftp'o-na'ceotiH, a. [From I>at. sapo, saponis, soap.] 
 
 Resembling soap ; having the qualities of soap ; soapy. 
 Sa-p6n'i-f i-«a'tlon, n. Act of converting into soap, or 
 
 Htate of being converted into soap. 
 Sa-p6ii'l-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. .saponified ; p.pr. Si, 
 
 1-b. n. SAp'o.MFYlNG.] [Lat. sapo, saponis, soap, and 
 
 facere, to make.] To convert into soap. 
 Sap'o-nule, n. [From Lat. sapo, saponis, soap.] { Chem..) 
 
 An imperfect soap, formed by the Action of an alkaU up' 
 on an essential oil. 
 
 Sa'por,7i. [Lat., from sapere, to taste.] Taste; relish; 
 flavor ; savor. 
 
 Sap'o-rif'i«, a. [Lat. sapor, taste, and/acere, to make.] 
 Having the power to produce taste. 
 
 SJlp'o-roils, a. [Lat. saporus, savory, from sapor, taste.] 
 Having taste ; yielding some kind of taste. 
 
 Sap'per, n. 1. One who saps. 3. (Mil.) One who is 
 employed in working at saps. 
 
 SSp'plxic (siifik), a. 1. Pertaining to Sappho, a Gre- 
 cian poetess. 2. (Pros.) In the manner of Sappho ; — 
 used of a certain kind of verse (said to have been invented 
 by Sappho). 
 
 Sap'pliire (saf'Tr or sSfur), v. [Lat. sapphirus, Gr. <ra.Tr- 
 <t>eipu^, Heb. sappir, Ar. safir.] (Min.) Pure, crystallized 
 alumina, a precious stone used in jewelry. The name is 
 usually restricted to the blue crystals. [sapphire 
 
 Sa,p'pliir-ine (saFvir-), a. Res^embling sapphire ; made of 
 
 Sap'pi-ness, n. State or quahty of being sappy or full 
 of sap; succulence; juiciness. 
 
 SJip'py, a. [compar. sappier ; superl. SAPPIEST.] 1. 
 Abounding with sap ; juicy ; succulent. 2. Hence, 
 young ; weak. 3. Weak in intellect. 
 
 Sap'-rot, n. The dry rot, a disease of timber. 
 
 Sap'sa-go, n. [Ger. schabzieger, from s/iaben, to shave, 
 to scrape, and zieger, a sort of whey or sour milk.] A kind 
 of cheese, made in Switzerland, having a dark-green color. 
 
 sap'- "wood, 71, (Bot.) The alburnum or exterior part 
 of the wood of a tree, next to the bark. 
 
 Sar'a-1l>and, n. [From Per. serbend, a kind of song.] 
 (Mus.) (a.) A grave Spanish dance, to an air in triple 
 time. (6.) The air itself. 
 
 Sar'a-^eii, n. [From Ar. sharki, pi. sharkim, Oriental, 
 Eastern, from sharaka, to rise, of the sun.] An Arabian ; 
 a Mussulman ; an adherent or propagator of Mohamme- 
 danism in countries further west than Arabia. 
 
 Sar'a-yeii'ic, \a. Of, or pertaining to, the Sara- 
 
 Sar'a-^en'i-e-al, ) cens. 
 
 Sar'<;a§m, n. [Gr. o-ap/caa/aos, from aapKa^eiv , to tear 
 flesh like dogs, to bite the lips in rage, to sneer, from 
 <Tap^, crapKos, llesh.] A satirical remark uttered with 
 some degree of scorn or contempt. 
 
 Syn. — Satire; irony; ridicule; taunt; gibe. 
 
 Sar-eas'ti«, ) a. Bitterly satirical ; scornfully severe ; 
 
 Sar-eas'ti«-al, j taunting. 
 
 Sar-eas'ti-e-al-ly, adv. In a sarcastic manner. 
 
 Sar^e'net, n. [L. Lat. saracenicum, cloth made by Sar- 
 acens.] A species of fine, thin, woven silk, used for rib- 
 bons, linings, &c. 
 
 ilr^lo^lsl/ital, } «• ^f; °^ Ver^'^^r.^ *«> ^^rcology. 
 
 Sar-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. a-dp^, aapKos, flesh, and \6yo^, 
 discourse.] That part of anatomy which treats of the 
 soft parts of the body. 
 
 Sar-eo'md, n. ; pi. SAR-eoM' a-ta. [Gr. crdpKOifia, 
 from a-dp^, <rap/c6s, flesh.] (Med.) A tumor of fleshy 
 consistence. 
 
 Sar-edpli'a-goiis, a. [See Sarcophagus.] Feeding 
 on flesh ; flesh-eating. 
 
 Sar-eopli'a-gus, n. [Gr. aapKo<|>ayos, eating flesh, from 
 a-dp^, a-apKo^, flesh, and <f)ayeiv, to eat.] 1. A species of 
 hmestone used among the Greeks for making cofiins ; — 
 so called because it consumed the flesh of bodies depos- 
 ited in it within a few weeks. 2. Hence, a coflSn, or 
 tomb, of this kind of stone; and, generally, a stone 
 coffin. [flesh. 
 
 Sar-eopJi'a-gy, n. [See supra.] The practice of eating 
 
 Sar-eot'i-e, n. [Gr. o-apKiori/cos, producing flesh, from 
 o-ap^, <rap/f6?, flesh.] {3Ied.) A medicine or application 
 Avhich promotes the growth of flesh. [Rare.] 
 
 Sar'dine, n. [So called from the island of Sardinia, near 
 which it is caught.] (Iclith.) A Mediterranean fish, of 
 the herring family ; — often prepared or put up with olive 
 oil as a delicacy. 
 
 Sar'dine, \n. [See .^Twa.] A precious stone, probably 
 
 Sar'di-iis, j a carnelian, of which one was set in Aaron's 
 breastplate. 
 
 Sar-don'ic , a. [Lat. sardonius, sardonicus, Gr. <rapSdvio?, 
 crapS6t/i05, either from a-aipeiv, to grin Uke a dog, or from 
 <Tap56viov, a plant of Sardinia, Gr. SapSto, which was said 
 to screw up the face of the eater.] Forced, heartless, or 
 bitter ; — said of a laugh or smile ; concealing bitterness 
 of heart ; mocking. 
 
 Sardonic laugh, a spasmodic affection of the muscles of th« 
 face, giving it a horrible appearance of laughter, and said to 
 hava been first noticed as the effectof eating the Herba sardon- 
 a species of Ranunculus, that grows in Sardinia. 
 
 A,e,kc.,long; &,ii, Sec, short; c&re,far,aek,all, wliat; Sre, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, dg, w<^ 
 
SARDONYX 
 
 Sar'do-nyx, n. [Gr. aapSoi/o^, from Sapfiios, Sardian, or 
 SapScpas, Sardinian, and ofvf, a nail, a veined gem.] 
 (Min.) A silicious stone or gen, nearly allied to onyx, of 
 a reddish yellow. 
 
 Sar-gas'so, n. [Sp. sargazo, sea-weed.] {Bot.) The 
 floating sea -weed of the North Atlantic. It often accu- 
 mulates so as to cover large areas. 
 
 Sar'ment-ose', \ a. [Lat. sarmentosus, sarmenliim, a 
 
 Sar-ment'oiis, )' tirii^, from sarpere, to cut off, to 
 trim.] (Bot.) Long and filiform, and almost naked, or 
 having only leaves in bunches at the joints or knots where 
 it strikes root. 
 
 Sar'sa-pa-ril'la, n. [Sp. zarzaparrilla, from zarza, 
 Bisc. zartzia, a bramble, and parrilla, a vine, or Pan'llo., 
 the name of a physician wlio i.s said to have discovered it.] 
 (Bot.) A Mexican pluut, whose root is valued in medicine 
 for its mucilaginous and farinaceous or demulcent qual- 
 ities. 
 
 Sar-to'ri-iis, n. [L. Lat. sartoriu.'^, a tailor, fr. Lat. sar- 
 tor, a patcher, tailor, from sarcire, sartum, to patch, 
 mend.] (Anat.) The muscle which throws one leg across 
 the other, reaching from above the hip to below the 
 knee. 
 
 Sd^sli, n. An ornamental belt; a band worn about th-^ 
 waist or over the shoulder. 
 
 $3,sli, n. [Low Lat. cncia, from Lat. capsa, a chest, box, 
 case.] The frame of a window in which the panes of 
 glass are set. * 
 
 Sasli, V. t. [imp. & p.p. SASHED (s5sht); p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SASHING.] To furnish with sashes, or frames for 
 glass. 
 
 Sas'.sa-frS,s, n. [Lat. saxifraga (sc. herba), from saxum, 
 rock, stone, and frangere, to break.] (Bot.) A tree of 
 the laurel family, whose bark has an aromatic smell and 
 taste. 
 
 sat, imp. of sit. See SiT. 
 
 Sa'tsna. (formerli/ pron. sSt^an), n. [Reb. satcln, an ad- 
 versary, from satan, Ar. shatana, to be adverse, to per- 
 secute.] The grand adversary of man ; the devil. 
 
 Sa-tJlii'i«, ) a. Having the quaUties of Satan ; re- 
 
 Sa-tlln'l-e-al, ) sembling Satan ; devilish ; infernal. 
 
 Sa-tan.'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a satanic manner ; with the 
 wicked and maUcious spirit of Satan ; diabolically. 1 
 
 Satcli'el, n. [Lat. sacellus, dim. of sacchus, sack, bag.] j 
 A little sack or bag. j 
 
 Sate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sated \ p. pr. & vb. n. SAT- 
 ING.] [0. II. Ger. satian, sattOn, to satiate, from sat, 
 A.-S. sad, sated, sadian.] To satisfy the desire or appe- 
 tite of. ! 
 
 Syn. — To satiate; to glut; to surfeit. j 
 
 Shte(siit),old imp. of sit, for sat. See SiT. I 
 
 Sate'less, a. Not capable of being satisfied ; insatiable. 
 
 Sat'el-lite, n. [Lat. satelles, saCellitis.] 1. A small 
 planet revolving round another ; a moon. i2. An obse- 
 quious dependent or follower. 
 
 Sat'el-li'tious (-llsh'us), a. Pertaining to, or consisting 
 of, satellites. 
 
 Sa'ti-ate (sa^shi-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. satiated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. satiating.] [Lat. satiare, satiatum, 
 from sat, satis, enough.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or 
 desire of; to feed to the full. 3. To fill to repletion or 
 k)athing. 
 
 Syn. 
 overfill ; surfeit 
 principally in degree. To 
 though every desire or appi 
 appease fully the longings of desire, 
 
 and fill so completely that it is not possible to receive or enjoy 
 more. What satisjie's gives us pleasure; what satiates produce's 
 disgust. 
 ■^a'ti-ate (sa'shl-, 45, 95), a. [Lat. satiatus, p. p. of sati- 
 are. See supra.] Filled to satiety ; glutted . 
 
 Sa'ti-a'tiou (sa'shi-a'shun), n. State of being satiated. 
 
 Sa-ti'e-ty, n. [Lat. satielas, from sat, satis, enough.] 
 The state of being satiated or glutted ; fullness of gratifi- 
 cation even beyond desire. 
 
 Syn. — Repletion ; satiation; surfeit; cloyment. 
 
 Sat'in, n. [From It. & L. Lat. seta, silk, originally seta 
 serica, i. e. , silk-hair, from Lat. seta, thick, stifiF hair.] A 
 glossy silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot 
 woof. 
 
 Sat'i-net'(llO), n. [Srom. satin. See supra.] 1, A thin 
 species of satin. 2. A certain kind of cloth made of 
 cotton warp and woolen filling. 
 
 sat'in- spar, n. (Min.) A fine fibrous variety of carbo- 
 nate of lime, having a pearly luster. 
 
 Sat'in-y, a. Like, or composed of, satin. 
 
 satire (in Eng. often pron. sSt'ur), n. [Lat. satira, sa- 
 
 639 SAUCE 
 
 tura, fr. satura. sc. lanx, a dish filled witji variouH kindu 
 of fruits, a medley, from satur, full of food, from *«/, ja/t.i 
 enough.) 1. A composition, generally pfj<-tical, holding 
 up vice or folly to reprobation ; an invective piM-in. 2. 
 Keenness and severity of remark ; trenchant wit. 
 
 Syn. — Lampoon ; sarcasm ; irony; 
 burlesque; wit; humor. See Lami'uox 
 
 To satisfy ; content ; 
 glu 
 
 every desire or appetite is not gratified. To satw/i/ is to 
 To satiate is to go further, 
 
 suffice ; cloy ; gorge ; 
 
 glut — iSatiate, satist}/, and content differ 
 
 1 content is to make contented, even 
 
 ampoon ; sarcasm ; irony; ridicule; pasquinade; 
 vit; humor. See Lami'uo.v. 
 
 Sa-tir'ie, ( a. 1. Belonging to, or conveying, sjitire; 
 Sa-tir'ie-al, ) of the nature of satire, a. Ceufiorious ; 
 severe in language. 
 
 Syn. — Cutting ; poignant ; sarcastic ; bitU-r ; reproactiful ; 
 abusive. 
 
 Sa-tir'ie-al-ly, adv. In a satirical manner. 
 
 Sat'ir-ist, n. One who writes satire. 
 
 Sat'ir-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. satirized; p. pr. & 
 1-6. n. SATIRIZING.] To make the object of satire ; to 
 censure with keenness or severity. 
 
 Sat'is-fae'tioii, «. [Lilt, satisfactio.] 1. Act of satis- 
 fying, or state of being satisfied ; gratification of de>ire. 
 'i. Settlement of a claim, due, demand, &c. 3. That 
 which satisfies or gratifies. 
 
 Syn. — Contentment; content; gratification; pleasure; re- 
 compense; compensation ; amends; remuneration ; indemni- 
 fication; atonement. 
 
 Sat'is-fa«'to-ri-ly, adv. In a satisfactory manner. 
 
 Sat'is-f ae'to-ri-iiess, n. QuaUty or condition of bcin% 
 satisfied or satisfactory. 
 
 Sat'is-fae'to-ry, a. 1. Giving or producing satisfac- 
 tion ; yielding content. 2, Making amends, indemnifi- 
 cation, or recompense. 
 
 Sat'is-fFer, n. One who gives satisfaction. 
 
 Sat'is-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. satisfied ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SATISFYING.] [Lat. satisfacere, fr. sat, satis, enough, 
 and facere, to make.] 1. To gratify fully the desire of; 
 to make content. 2. To comply with the rightful de- 
 mands of; to answer or discharge, as ii claim, debt, legal 
 demand, or the like. 3. To free from doubt, suspense, 
 or uncertainty ; to give assurance to. 
 
 Syn. — To satiate ; content ; please ; gratify ; sate ; recom- 
 pense; compensate; remunerate; indemnify. See Satiate. 
 
 sat'is-fy, V. i. 1. To give satisfaction or content. 2. 
 To feed or supply to the full. 3. To make payment , to 
 _atone. 
 
 Sa'trap, or Sat'rap, n. [Gr. <raTpair7js, orig. a Persian 
 word, kkskatrapavan, ruler.] The governor of a prov- 
 ince. [Ancient Persia.] 
 
 Sat'ra-pal, a. Pertaining to a satrap or a satrapy. 
 
 Sat'ra-py, n. The government or jurisdiction of a satrap. 
 
 Sat'u-ra-ble, a. Admitting of being sjiturated. 
 
 Sat'u-raiit, a. Impregnating to the full : saturating. 
 
 Sat'ii-rant, n. (])Ied.) A substance which neutnUizes 
 the acid in the stomach. 
 
 Sat'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SATURATED : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SATURATING.] [Lat. saturare, saturatutn, from 
 satur, full of food, sated.] To cause to become com- 
 pletely _penetrated, impregnated, or soaked. 
 
 Sat'u-ra'tioii, n. [Lat. saturatio.] Act of saturating, or 
 state of being saturated ; complete penetration or im- 
 pregnation. 
 
 Sat'ur-day, n. [A.-S. Sdterddg, Sdternddg, Satemes 
 dan, Saturn-s day.] The seventh or last day of the week. 
 
 Sat'iim, n. [Lat. Saturnus.] 1. (Mi/th'.) One of the 
 oldest and principal deities, the son of Coelus and Terra 
 (heaven and earth), and the father of Jupiter. 2. (Astron.) 
 One of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude 
 to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. 
 
 Sdt'uf-na'H-d,n.pl. [Lat. Seesupra.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) 
 The festival of Saturn, celebrated as a period of unre- 
 strained license and merriment for all classes. 2. Hence, 
 a period or occasion of general license or excess. 
 
 Sat'iir-na'Ii-an, «. 1. Pertaining to the Saturnalia. 2. 
 Of unrestrained and intemperate jollity : riotously merry. 
 
 Sa-tur'ni-an, a. (Myth.) Pertaining to Saturn, whose 
 age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his gov- 
 ernment, is called the golden age. 
 
 Sat'ur-iiine, a. [From Lat. Snt u nut s,equ\\. to Satumi 
 Stella, the planet Saturn.] 1. Under the influence of th« 
 planet Saturn. 2. Hence, not re;tdily su.sceptible of ex- 
 citement ; phlegmatic ; dull : heavy ; grave. 
 
 SJi'tyr (sa'tur), n. [T^at. sati/rus, Gr. craLTupo<;.] (Mj/lfi.) 
 One of a class of sylvan deities, repre.-iented as monsters, 
 part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous 
 merriment and lasciviousuess. 
 
 Sa-t5'r'ie, a. Pertaining to satyrs. 
 
 Sau^e, n. [Fr. sauce, L. Lat. salsa, properly salt-pickl«, 
 ■from Lat. salsus, salted, salt.] A mixture or composition 
 to be eaten with food for improving its relish. 
 
 food, ftjbt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; pell, (haise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$i.st ; linger, link ; tills 
 
^Al LI'. 
 
 640 
 
 SAY 
 
 that which is 
 
 gMor. 'hnp. k r.y. SAUCED (sawst): p. pr. & vb. 
 
 1. To aoctlUl^>auv with si\uieth)ng in- 
 , a hiphorn-lish. '2. To give rest, flavor, 
 3. To Ih' iuipuilent or saucy Uv [Low.] 
 St(UY4'b6x, n. [See Sauce aud Saucy.] A saucy, im- 
 pudent fellow. „ o 1 i 
 S«u'r»T, H. [Fr. sancien, from 5aM«. See Sauce.] A 
 aish, Uke a detp plate, ia which a t«a-cup or coflfee- 
 
 s.ui » i Iv. arfr. In a saucy manner ; impudently 
 :>{iu'(-i-u«-s«, n. Quahty of bemg saucy 
 «sucy . 
 
 Svn. — Impudence ; iuipertinence ; rudeness ; insolence. 
 
 ■ 1 IDK.NCK. 
 
 •- : \ , (I. [cotnpar. sAUCIEB ; superl. SAUCIEST.] [Eng. 
 from Lat. salsiis, salt, sharp. See SAUCE.] 1. 
 1).j1J to excess ; transgressing the rules of decorum. 2. 
 Expre.«sire of impudence, 
 si yn.— Impudent; insolent; impertinent; rude. 
 
 hraut (sour'krout), »i. [Oer., from sawer, sour, 
 ■lit, herb, cabbage.] Cabbage preserved in brine, 
 owed to ferment ; — a German di.sh. 
 
 Sauii'tcr (san'ter), v. i. [hnp. & p. p. SAUNTERED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SAUNTERING.] [From Fr. sainte terre, 
 the holy land, from idle people who roved about the 
 country and asked charity under pretense of going d la 
 sainie terre, to the holy land.] To wander about idly. 
 Sj-n. — To loiter; linger; stroll; wander. See Loiter. 
 
 Saun'ter-er, n. One who saunters, or wanders about 
 idly. 
 
 Sau'ri an, a. [Gr. o-avpa, a-avp<K, a lizard.] (Zo'dl.) 
 'Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a saurian. 
 
 Sau'ri-an. n. (Zo'dl.) An animal of the order of reptiles 
 'which includes all that are covered with scales, and have 
 four legs, as the lizard. 
 
 Sau'sage, »i. [Fr. saucisse, L. Lat. salcitia, salsicia, fr. 
 "i'r. sauce. See SAUCE .] An article of food made of meat 
 minced and highly seasoned, and inclosed in a cylindrical 
 case or skin. 
 
 Sav'a-ble, a. [From save.] Capable of being saved. 
 
 Siv'age, a. [0. Eng. salvage, from Lat. silvaticus, be- 
 longing to a wood, wild, from silva, a wood.] 1. Per- 
 taining to the forest ; remote from human residence and 
 improvements, ".i. Wild; untamed. 3. Uncivilized; 
 unpolished. 4. Chai-acterized by cruelty. 
 
 Syn. — Ferocious ; uncultivated ; untaught ; rude ; brut- 
 ish: brutal; heathenish; barbarous; cruel; inhuman; fierce; 
 pitiless; merciless; unmerciful; murderous. See Ferocious. 
 
 Sav'age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of 
 rudeness. 2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cru- 
 elty ; a barbarian. 
 
 Sav'a|fe-ly, adv. In a savage manner ; cruelly. 
 
 ^Jiv'age-ness, n. State or quahty of being savage. 
 
 Sav'age-ry, n. 1. State or condition of being savage; 
 a wild, uncultivated condition ; barbarism, ti. An act 
 of cruelty; barbarity. 
 
 SJiv'ag-igm, n. State of being savage; savageness. 
 
 Sa-vftn'na, n. [Sp. savana, sabana, a sheet for a bed, a 
 large plain covered with snow, from Lat. sabanum,GT. 
 aa^avov, a linen cloth.] An extensive open plain or 
 meiidow, or a plain destitute of trees, and covered with 
 grass. 
 
 Savant (sa'vSng'), n. ; pi. SAVANTS (sa^'vong'). [Fr., 
 lrr»m savoir, to know, Lat. sapere.] A man of learning ; 
 ^ne versed in literature or science. 
 
 Save, V. t. [imp. & p. p. saved ; p. pr. & vb. n. SAV- 
 ING.] [Lat. salvare, from sa/ri<.s, saved, safe.] 1, To 
 make safe: to preserve from injurj', destruction, or evil 
 of any kind. ti. To keep from being spent or lost ; to 
 lay up. 3. To insure against ; to spare. 4. To hinder 
 from occurrence ; to prevent. 5. To catch ; to be in 
 time for. 
 
 To mre aMtnaranrtif, to preserve a decent outside ; to avoid 
 exp<^ure of any thing disgraceful or embarrassing. 
 8yn. — To preeer^e; rescue; deliver; protect; reserve. 
 
 Save, r. i. To hinder expense ; to he economical. 
 
 H^\*t,T'rep. Except; excepting: not including. 
 
 Save'-^ll. n. [From save and all.] Any contrivance 
 intended to prevent wa«te or loss. 
 
 Sav'er. n. 1. One who saves, preserves, or rescues, ii. 
 One frugal in expenB«;s ; an economist. 
 
 8&v'in, n. [Lat. sahina.] (Bot.) An evergreen tree or 
 (•hrub, with dark-colored foliage and producing small 
 Ijftrries. 
 
 bav'LnK, P- o,. 1, Avoiding unnecessary expen-ses ; fru- 
 gal ; economical. 2. Incurring no loss, though not 
 gainful. 
 
 Sav'lng, ;>. pr.j but commonly called a prep. TVith the 
 exception of ; in favor of ; excepting. [is saved 
 
 Sav'ing, »i. 1. Exception ; reservation. 2. That which 
 
 Sav'iiig-ness, n. Frugality; parsimony. 
 
 Sav'ing;§-bank, n. A bank in wliich savings or earn- 
 ings are deposited and put to interest. 
 
 Sav'ior ) (sav'yjjr), n. [Lat. salvator, from salvare, to 
 
 Sav'iour ) save.] 1. One who .saves or delivers fivom 
 destruction or danger. *i. Specifically, Jesus Christ, the 
 Redeemer. 
 
 Sa'vor, n. [Lat. sapor, from sapere, to taste, savor.] 1. 
 Quality affecting the organs of taste or smell. 2. Hence, 
 specific flavor or quality ; characteristic property. 
 Syn. — Taste; flavor; relish; odor; scent; smell. 
 
 Sa'vor, r. i. [imp. & p. p. savored ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SAVORING.] 1. To have a particular smell or taste. 
 3. To indicate the presence or influence. 
 
 Sa'vor-i-ly, adv. In a savory manner. 
 
 Sa'vor-i-iiess, n. Quality or condition of being savory. 
 
 Sa'vor-less, a. Having no savor ; insipid. 
 
 Sa'vor-y, a. Having savor or relish ; pleasing to the 
 oi-gans'of taste or smell. 
 
 Sa'vor-y, n. [L&t. satureia.] (.Bof.) An aromatic plant, 
 much used in cooking. 
 
 Sa-voy', n. (Bot.) A variety of the common cabbage, 
 having curled leaves, much cultivated for winter use. 
 
 Sa-*v, i7?rp. of see. * See See. 
 
 Sa-»v, n. [A.-S. sage, Icel. s'dg, 0. H. Ger. saga.] An 
 instrument for cutting, consisting of a thin blade or 
 plate of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on one edge. 
 
 Saw, v. t. [imp. sawed ; p. p. SAWED, or SAWN ; p. pr. 
 "& vb. n. SAWING.] [0. H. Ger. sagon, segOn, allied to 
 Lat. secare, to cut.] 1. To cut or separate with a saw. 
 3. To form by cutting with a saw. 
 
 Saw, V. i. 1. To use a saw ; to practice sawing. 3, To 
 "cut with a saw. 3. To be cut with a saw. 
 
 SaAv'diist, n. Dust or small fragments of wood, stone, or 
 'other material, made by the attrition of a saw. 
 
 Saw'.fisli, n. {Ichth.) A car- 
 'tilaginous fish, closely allied to 
 the sharks. It has the upper 
 jaw prolonged into a long beak 
 or snout, with teeth arranged 
 along both edges. 
 
 Saw'-f ly, n. ( Entom . ) One of 
 'a family of insects, the females 
 of which are furnished with an 
 ovipositor toothed like a saw, 
 for boring holes for eggs in the 
 twigs and stems of plants. Saw-fish. 
 
 Saw'-mill, n. A mill for sawing timber or marble, &c. 
 
 SaAv'-pit, n. A pit over which timber is sawed by two 
 'men, one standing below the timber and the other 
 above. 
 
 Sa^v'-set, n. An instrument used to set or turn the 
 'teeth of a saw a little outward. 
 
 Sa^v'yer, n. [From ^air, like laicyer from law, and bow- 
 "yer from bow.] 1. One who saws timber into planks or 
 boards, or wood for fuel. tj. A tree which , having fallen 
 into a stream, lies fast by the roots, with its branches 
 rocking above and below the surface of the water, like 
 the motion of a saw. [Anier.] 
 
 Sax'i-frage, n. [Lat. saxifraga, froWi saxum, rock, and 
 frangere, to break.] {Bot.) A plant which embraces 
 many species, mostly hardy herbs, growing naturally on 
 or among rocks. 
 
 Sax-if'ra-gous, a. [See supra.] Dissolving stone ; espe- 
 cially, dissolving stone in the bladder. 
 
 Sax'on (or sSks'n), n. [A.-S. Seaxa, pi. Seaxe, Seaxan, 
 from seax, a knife, a short sword, a dagger.] 1. ( Geog.) 
 (a.) One of a people who formerly dwelt in the northern 
 part of Germany, and who invaded and conquered Eng- 
 land in the 5th and 6th centuries ; an Anglo-Saxon, (b.) 
 A native of Saxony. 3. The language of the Saxons; 
 Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 SSx'on. (or sSks'n), a. ( Geog.) (a.) Pertaining to the 
 Saxons, to their country, or to their language ; Anglo- 
 Saxon. (6.) Of, or pertaining to. Saxony or its inhal> 
 itants. [guage. 
 
 Sax'on-igm (or sSks'n-), n. An idiom of the Saxon Ian- 
 Say, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SAID (contr. from sayed) ; p. pr. 
 Si. vb. n. SAYING.] [A.-S. secgan, seggan, 0. H. Ger. 
 sagon, smgen, sagjan, segjan, Icel. segia.] 1. To utter 
 in words ; to tell ; to speak. 3. To repeat ; to rehearse;- 
 to recite. 3. To announce as a decision or opinion; 
 hence, to be sure about. 
 
 Say, n. A speech ; something said. 
 
 S,e,&o.,/ong^; h, 6, Sec, short; c4re, far, ask, ^11, what; 6re,veilvterm; pique, firm; sdn,dr,dQ,W9U. 
 
SAYING 
 
 641 
 
 SCANDALOUSLY 
 
 Say'ing, n. That which is said ; an expression ; especial- 
 ly, a proverbial expression. 
 
 Syn.— Declaration ; speech : adage ; maxim ; aphorism ; 
 apothegm; saw; proverb; by-word. 
 
 S-ei&'b, n. [A.-S. scabb, sreahb, scebb, Laf.. scabies, allied to 
 A.-S. scafan, Goth, skaban, Tcel. skafn, Eng. shave, Lat. 
 scabere, to scratch.] 1. (Merl.) An incrustation over a 
 sore or wound, ti.. A contagious disease of sheep. 
 
 S-eablia^cl, n.^ [0. Eng. scauberk, scaubfrk, perh. from 
 Icel. sknfn, chisel, and biar^^a, Goth, bairgan, to conceal. 
 Cf. Icel. skalpr, scabbard.] The case in which the blade 
 of a sword, &c., is kept ; a sheath. 
 
 S«ai>'betl (60), a. 1. Abounding with scabs: diseased 
 with scabs. 2. Hence, mean ; paltry ; vile : worthless. 
 
 S«JibTbecl-ness, n. The state of being scabbed. 
 
 S^ablii ness, n. State or quahty of being scabby. 
 
 S-eabTjy, a. ['•owpor. scabbter ; superl. sc.\BBiEST.] 
 I. Affected with scabs ; full of scabs. 2. Diseased with 
 the scab or mange ; mangy. 
 
 C-eaTbi-oiis, a. [Lat. scabiosus, from scabies, the scab.] 
 Consisting of scabs ; rough; itchy; leprous. 
 
 S^aTbrous, a. [Lat. scabrosus, from scaber, rough.] 
 Having hard, short, rigid points ; rough ; rugged. 
 
 S-ea'brous-ness, 7i. Roughness ; ruggedness. 
 
 S«af'fold, n. [0. Fr. eschafauU, It. catafalco, L. Lat. 
 escafaldus, from the Romansch catar, to view, from Lat. 
 captare, to strive to seize (sc. ocitUs) with the eves, and 
 It. falco, for palm, a scaffold, stage, from 0. H. Ger. 
 palcho, balco, beam.] 1. A temporary structure of tim- 
 ber, boards, &c., for various purpovses, as for supporting 
 workmen and the materials, in building. &c. 2. Espe- 
 cially, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a 
 criminal. 
 
 S-eaf'foId, V. t. [imp. k. p.p. scaffolded ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SCAFFOLDING.] To furnish with a scaffold. 
 
 Scaf'fold-ing, n. 1. A fi-ame or structure for tempo- 
 rary suj»port : a scaffold. 3. Materials lor scaffolds. 
 
 ScSg-Iio'la (skal-yo'lii), n. [It. scagliuoln, dim. o'i scag- 
 lia, a scale, shell, chip of stone.] An imitation of mar- 
 ble, formed by studding the surface of a substratum of 
 gypsum mixed with glue, with spUnters of stone of dif- 
 ferent colors, and then polishing it. 
 
 S-eal'a-ble, a. Capable of being scaled. 
 
 &ea-lade', n. [See Scale, r. /.] (M(7.) An assault on 
 a besieged place with ladders to mount the walls ; an 
 escalade. 
 
 S-eald, V. t. [imp. & p. p. scalded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCALDING.] [Lat. excaldare, from e.r and caldus, cali- 
 dus, warm, hot.] 1. To burn with hot liquid. 3. To 
 expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in water 
 or other liquor. 
 
 S-eald, «. [See supra.] Ahum, or injury to the skin 
 and flesh by some hot liquid, or by steam. 
 
 &eald, n. [Originally scall., q. v.] Scurf on the head; 
 scab. 
 
 S-eaid, n. [Icel. skald, Ger. skalde, allied to 0. H. Ger. 
 scellan, to sound.] A reciter and singer of heroic poems, 
 eulogies, &c., among the Norsemen. 
 
 S-eald'-liead, n. [See Scald.] (Med.) A pustular 
 eruption of the hairy scalp. 
 
 S-e^ld'i«, a. Pertaining to the scalds or poets of antiquity. 
 
 Jeale, n. [A.-S. scalu, scealu, dish of a balance, balance, 
 Icel. skal, balance, dish, 0. H. Grer. scala, dish, shell.] 
 The dish of a balance ; hence, the balance itself; an in- 
 strument or machine for weighing ; — chiefly in the plural 
 when appUed to the whole instrument. 
 
 &eale, n. [A.-S. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings.] 1. One 
 of the small, thin, membranous or bony pieces which 
 form the covering of many fishes and reptiles. 2. Hence, 
 any thin layer or leaf of metal or other material. 3. An 
 incrustation deposited on the inside of a vessel in which 
 water is heated. 
 S«ale, n. [Lat. seals, scala.] 1. A ladder; series of 
 steps. 2. Hence, any thing graduated, especially when 
 emploj ed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines or 
 degrees at regular intervals ; especiallij, (Mus.) The 
 gamut, or graduating series of all the tones, ascending or 
 descending, from the key-tone to its octave. 3. Hence, 
 gradation ; scheme of comparative rank or order. 4. 
 Relative dimensions, without difference in proportion of 
 parts. 
 
 Scale, V. t. [imp. & p. p. scaled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCALING.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; 
 to clamber up. 
 S«ale, f. t. [From 5cfl/e, the covering of a fish.] 1, To 
 strip or clear of scales. "Z. To take off in thin layers ov 
 scales. [laminae. 
 
 S-eale, v. i. To separate and come off in thin layers or ' 
 
 Sca-lene', a. [Lat. .uaUnus. Or. ffiroAj^K,.. , (,,,,„ , 
 (a.) Having the sides and aii;:le.s unequal ; — m,i.| <,f ^ 
 triangle. (6.) Having the axi/s indiuid U> the l-.i-c-, us a 
 <"one. [iiiiglen uiifc-jual. 
 
 Sea-lene', n. (Genm.) .K triangle haviug itd eidex and 
 
 Seal'er, n. One who scales. 
 
 Sc-a'li-nes8, n. [From scaly.] The stato of being waly ; 
 roughness. [leprosy. 
 
 S<:all, n. [See Scald and Scale.] Scab ; 8cabbine«s ; 
 
 Sciill'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. cxpa Asralonia, from Asra- 
 ton, a town in Palestine.] ( Bot.) A plant, which gn>nn 
 about Ascalou, in Palestine. It is allied to the garlic 
 and onion. 
 
 S-eal'Iop (skuHup), n. [See EscalOP.] 1. (Conch.) 
 A marine shell-fiish or bivalve nioUusk, often used for 
 food. The shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a 
 niark that they liad been to the Holy I^nd. *i. A curv- 
 ing of the edge of any thing, like the segment of a cir- 
 cle. 3. A kind of dish for baking oysters in. 
 
 Scallop (skol'lup), V. t. [imp. Sep. p. scalloped 
 (skol'lupt): p. pr. & vb. n. SCALLOPING.] To mark or 
 cut the edge or border of into segments of circles. 
 
 Scal'loped (skol'lupt), a. 1. Made or done with or in a 
 scallop. "2. Having the edge or border cut or marko*! 
 with segments of circles. 
 
 Scalloped oj/nfers (Cunken/-), oysters baked with crumbs of 
 bread strewed over the surface. This was, at first, done in scal- 
 lop shells, and afterward in a dish for the purpose called a*-rt/- 
 lop. 
 
 S-eaip, n. [Cf. Lat. scalpere, to cut, carve, sralprum, a 
 sharp, cutting instrument.] That part of the integu- 
 ment of the head usually covered with hair ; hence, the 
 skin of the head, or a part of it, with the hair belonging 
 to it, torn off, as by Indian warriors, as a token of vic- 
 tory over an enemy. 
 
 Seaip, r. t. [imp.' & p. p. scalped (skSlpt) ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. SCALPING.] To deprive of the scalp, or integu- 
 ments of the head. 
 
 Scal'pel, 11. [Lat. scalpellum, dim. of sralprum. See 
 supra.] (Surg.) A knife used in anatomical dissections 
 and surgical operations. 
 
 ScJilp'er, )n. (Surg.) An instrument 
 
 Scalp'ing-Fron (-Fum), ) used in scraping foul and 
 carious bones. 
 
 S-eal'y, a. 1. Covered or abounding with scales ; rough. 
 2. Resembling scales, laminae, or lajers. 3. Mean; 
 scabby. [CoUoq. and vulgar.] 
 
 Scam'ble, v. i. [0. D. schampelen, to deviate, to slip, 
 schampen, to go away, escape, slip.] 1. To stir quick; 
 to be busy ; to scramble. 'Z. To be awkward. 
 
 S-ejlm^ble, v. t. To mangle ; to maul. 
 
 Scam'bler, n. 1. One who scanibles. 2. A bold in- 
 truder upon the generosity or hospitaUty of others. 
 
 Sc^in'mo-ny, n. [Lat. scammonia, scammonea, Gr. 
 a-Ka/jifjioivCa.] A certain plant and an inspissated sap ob- 
 tained from it, having a blackish-gray color, a nauseouB 
 smell, and a bitter and acrid taste. 
 
 S-eamp, n. [See in/rn.] A great rascal ; a scoundrel ; a 
 mean villain. [ CoUocj.] 
 
 S-eam'per, f. i. [imp. & p. p. scampered; p. pr. h 
 vb. n. scampering.] [0. Fr. escamper, to escape, to 
 save one's self, as if from a Lat. excampare, from ear, 
 from, and campus, the field (sc. of battle).] To run with 
 speed ; to hasten escape. 
 
 Scan, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SCANNED ; p.pr. & vh. n. SCAN- 
 NING.] [Lat. scar^ere, to cUmb, to scan.] 1. TomounI 
 by steps ; specifically, to go through with, as a verse, 
 marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is com- 
 posed. 2. To go over and examine point by point ; to 
 scrutinize. 
 
 Scan'dal, n. [Lat. scandalum, Gr. a-KavBaXov, the stick 
 or spring in a trap, a snare laid for an enemy, offense, 
 scandal.] 1. Reproach or i-eprobation called forth by 
 what is regarded as wrong, heinous, or flagrant ; imputed 
 disgrace. 2. Reproachful aspersion ; defamatory speech 
 or report. 
 
 Syn. — Defamation; detrsiction ; slander; calumny; oppro- 
 brium; reproach; shame; disgrace. 
 
 Scan'dal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scandalized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. scandalizing.] 1. To give offense to; 
 to excite the reprobation of. 2. To reproach, to defame. 
 
 Scan'dal-ous, a. 1. Giving offen.«e : exciting i^proba. 
 tion ; calling out condemnation. 2. Disgraceful to rep- 
 utation ; bringing shame or infemy. 3. Defiunatory; 
 libelous. 
 Ssm.— Opprobrious; disgraceful; shamef\il: base. 
 
 Scan'dal-oiis-ly, adv. In a manner to give offense ; 
 shamefully. 
 
 food, f cfbt ; tkxTL, rude, pull ; fell, f haise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ 
 
 e-iist ; linger, link ; tltis. 
 
SCANDALOUSNESS 
 
 642 
 
 SCENERY 
 
 riinibing, or adapted to climb- 
 
 ai order of birds. 
 
 «;,,,, ■ , cv y . -'. scanted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 stM>Tl>G.j itrv>ni the adjective] 1. To limit; to 
 
 RtraiU'ii: to trt>at iiliUTJilly. 2. To make small, nar- 
 
 
 and&lou?. ScAre'crow, n. Knj thing set up to frighten crows or 
 
 iAl of mag- other fowls fh)m cornfields : hence, any thing terrifying 
 
 iii; made or without danger; a vain terror. 
 
 II 01 aiL:i)u\ ; — usually Scarf, >i. [Prob. fromO. H. Get. scarbon, A.-S. scearpan^ 
 
 I Fr. escharper, echarper, to cut, carve; A.-S. scearf, a 
 
 p. pr. of scandere. to fragment, and hence, also, a strip cut oflF.] A light arti- 
 
 with spiral tendiUs for ^ cle of diess, worn loosely over the shoulders or about tii« 
 
 :i stalk. neck 
 
 J scatuhre, scansum, to Scarf, f. t. [imp. & p. p. scarfed (skarft): p. pr. h 
 • vb. n. SCARFING.] To throw loosely on ; to put on lika 
 
 a scarf. 
 Scarf, V. t. [Ger. scharben, to r__ " " t 
 
 notch, indent. See supra.] To I 
 cut a scarf on, as for a joint in 
 timber. 
 Scarf, n. [?ee supra.] (Carp.)^ 
 (a.) The part cut away from 
 each of two pieces of timber to "^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 t. T.« riil. or become less. [row, or scanty. 
 
 .; ar. SCV.NTEK ; suprrl. SCAXTEST. 
 
 \ -"■ ' -nui, seined, p. p. of sc-xnan, scenan, 
 
 '.v.d. destroy, Icel. .^keinn, to wound slightly.] 
 
 ieut ; less than is wanted for the purpose. 
 
 '- f. lu a scanty manner; not fully. 
 
 >^ ..... . i.v >.>.. n. Quality or condition of being scanty ; 
 
 n:irrc« nes.< ; want of sufficiency. 
 Sciliit'linf;, n. [Fr. cckantUlon, a sample, pattern, fjx)m 
 canstl. chrinifL corner, side, piece. See Cantle.] A 
 
 piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, ' ing, especially with the cupping instrument. [ping. 
 
 rails, &c. i Scar'i-fi-caitor, n. ( Surg.) An instrument used in cup- 
 
 Scftntly, adv. In a scant manner; not folly or suffi- j ScSr'i-fi'er, h. 1. One who scarifies. 2. The instru- 
 
 ciently*; narrowly ; penuriously. meat used for scarifying. 3. (Agric.) An implement 
 
 Scftnl'ness, n. Condition or quality of being scant. | for stirring and loosening the soil. 
 
 Scant'y. a. [compar. scantier ; superl. scantiest.] ' Scar'i-fy. r. t. [imp. & p. p. SCARIFIED : p. pr. & vb. 
 
 [From scant.] 1. Wanting amplitude or extent. 2. 1 ?«. SCARIFYING] [Lat. scarijicare,fr. Gt. cncapKfyaxT^ia^ 
 
 Not abundant for use or necessity ; hardly sufficient. 3. to -scratch up. from a»cdpi</)o?, a pointed instrument.] 1. 
 
 Sparing ; niggardly. To scratch or cut the skin of: to make small incisions in, 
 
 Syn.— Scant; narrow; small; poor; deficient; Bcarce; par- by means of a lancet or cupping instrument. 2. To stir 
 
 be joined longitudinally, so that i ' 
 
 the corresponding ends may fit j H * 
 
 together in an even joint, (b.) ,, ^ 
 
 The joint so formed. ^"^^^ ^^ Scarfing. 
 
 Scarf 'skin. n. (Anat.) The outer thin integument 
 of the body : the cuticle ; the epidermis. 
 
 ScJiri-fi-ca'tiou, n. {Surg.) The operarion of scarify- 
 
 sunoniuus; penurious. 
 
 Scape, r. t. or t. To escape. [Obs. or poet.] 
 
 Scape, fi. [Lat. scapus, Gr. aid-oi, o-^oj-os, aierJTrrpov.] 
 {Bot.) A peduncle rising from the ground or a subterra- 
 nean stem, as in the stemless violets, the bloodroot, and 
 the like. _ 
 
 Scape'-goat, n. (Jewish Antig.) A goat upon whose 
 head were sjmbolically placed the sins of the people, 
 after which^be was suffered to escape into the wUdemess. 
 
 Scape'-gra^e, n. A graceless, hair-brained fellow. 
 
 Scape'ment, n. A kind of mechanism . See Esc.VPE- 
 ment. 
 
 Scdph'oid, a. [Gr. (rjta<^ij, or aya/fxK, a boat, and elSos, 
 likeness.] Resembling a boat in form. 
 
 S^tip'ti-ld, n.; pi. S€AP'v-LJE. [lat.] (^n<U.) The Scarp 
 shoulder-blade. vb. n 
 
 the surface soil of. 
 Scarla-fi'na, n. [N. Lat. See SCARLET.] ^Med.) 
 
 Scarlet fever. See Sc.a.rlet Fever. 
 Scarlet, n. [Low Lat. scarlatum, Turk, iskerlet, Per. 
 
 sakarldt.] 1. An orange-red color, of many tints, hues 
 
 and shades. 2. Cloth of a scarlet color. [color. 
 
 Scarlet, a. Of the color called scarlet : of an orange-red 
 
 Scarlet/ever (3Ied.), a contaarious febrile disease, character- 
 ized by inflammation of the fauces, and a scarlet rash, appear- 
 ing usually on the second day, and ending in desquamation 
 about the sixth or seventh dav. 
 
 Scarp, n. [See Escarp.] 1. A perpen<Mcnlar, or nearly 
 perpendicuLir, slope. 2. (Fort.) The interior slope of 
 the ditch nearest the parapet. 
 
 t. [imp. k p. p. SCARPED (skarpt); p. pr. & 
 SCARPING.] To cut down perpendicularly, or 
 
 ScSp'u-lar, a. [Lat. scapularis. from scapula.] Per- nearly so 
 
 taining to the shoulder or to the scapula. Scatli, n. [A.-S. scedh. for scadhi, Goth, skathis, IceL 
 
 ScSp'u-Iar, In. [See supra.] A part of the habit skadi.] Damage; iryury ; waste; harm. 
 ScSp'u-la-ry, ) of certain religious orders in the Ro- Scatli, \ v. t. [imp. & p. p. scathed (skStht or 
 
 man Cathobc church, consisting of two bands of woolen Scatiie, ) skathd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. scathing (skSth'- 
 
 Btuff worn over the gown, of which one crosses the back ing or skath'ing).] To do harm to ; to injure ; to damage ; 
 
 or shoalJers, and the other the stomach. to waste ; to destroy. 
 
 Scar, n. [Dan. skaar, a cut, notch, slash, from skiire, ScStli'fiil, a. Injurious; harmful; destructive. 
 
 tkiare, to cut. Cf. Fr. escarre, an e«char, a dry slough, Scatli'less, a. Without waste or damage. 
 
 Gr. iaxapa.] 1. A mark remaining after a wound or ScSt'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SCATTERED .p.pr.h c6 
 
 ulcer \s healed : a cicatrix ; a blemish. 2. A bare and 
 
 broken place on a side of a mountain, or in the high 
 
 bank of a river. 
 Scar. f. t. [imp. & p. p. SCARRED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 scARRtNG.] To mark with a scar, or scars. 
 Sciir'a-iiioucli' (-mowch'i. n. [Originally the name of 
 
 a celebrated lUlian comedian.] A personage in the old 
 
 p.pr. 
 
 n. SCATTERING.] [A.-S. scateran, alUed to sceddan, to 
 shed. Cf. Shed.] 1. To strew about ; to sprinkl« 
 around. 2. To cause to separate in different direction* 
 3. Hence, to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow. 
 Syn. — To disperse; dJBsiiwte: spread; strew; sprinkle. 
 ScSt'ter, V. i. To be dispersed or dissipated. 
 
 ItaliHn comedy, characterized by great boastfulness and ScSt'ter-'braiii. n. A giddy or thoughtless person. 
 f>o!trr>onery ; a buffoon ; bence,'a person of like charac- ^■*^?VUJPi "• -^ precipitous bank or rock ; a scar. See Scar. 
 
 • , o. [compar. SCARCER; supeH. SCARCEST.] 
 . esean, tsrhars^ from Low Lat. scarpsus, excarpsus, 
 IT i^t. frrfrptus. p. p. of exterp^re., to pick out, and 
 hence to contract, to shorten.] Not plentiful or abun- 
 dant : not easily to Ije procured. 
 
 *>\ n.— Rare: infVequent: deficient: uncommon. See Rare. 
 -'.-'<•, kadv. With difficulty; hardly; scantlv 
 ^' > < <-ly. ( barely : but ju>t. 
 
 S" . ; < «-'ne>.s. ) n. 1. Condition of being scarce; defect 
 -. <-ri-ty, ) of plenty. 2. Infrwjuency. 
 
 ^\n.- Deficiene/; lack; want; penurv; dearth; rareness: 
 ra.n ty . 
 
 I^eftre (4), tr. t. [imp. h. p. p. scared \ p.pr.k. vb. n. 
 SCARING.] flcel. skirra, to drive away, skiarr, fleeine 1 
 To terrify suddenly ; to make afraid. 
 Syn. — Tofrii^ten; affiright: alarm; terrify. 
 
 Scav'en-ger, h. [A.-S. sca/en, to shave, to scrape. Se« 
 Sh.WE.] a person whose employment is to clean the 
 streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying 
 off the filth. 
 
 Sfene (seen), n. [Lat. scena, from Gr. aKrjvyj, a covered 
 place, a tent, a stage.] 1. The structure on which aspec- 
 tacle or play is exhibited ; stage. 2. One of the slides, 
 hangings, or other devices, used to give an appearance of 
 reality to the action of a play. 3. A separate portion of 
 a play, subordinate to the act. 4. Place, time, circum. 
 stances, &c.. in which any thing is imagined to occur, or 
 where the action of a storj-, play, poem, or the like, ij 
 laid. 5. An assemblage of objects presented to the view 
 at once : spectacle : show : exhibition ; view. 6. A dra- 
 matic or striking exhibition of passionate feeling, or an 
 interview, or the like ; often, action, or course of action, 
 done for effect. 
 
 Sf en'er-y, n. 1. The paintings and hangings repreaeni- 
 
 , e, k,c.,l<me; 4, 6, kc.,a/iort; cftre, far, ask, aU, what ; gre, veU, term ; piq«e, firm ; son. or, do, wqU, 
 
SCENIC 
 
 643 
 
 SCHOONIMi 
 
 ing the sceues of a play. 3. General aspect, as regjirds 
 variety and beauty or reverse in a landscape ; combina- 
 tion, of natural views. 
 Syn. — Representation; imagery. 
 
 Sfgn'ic, or S^,en'i«, 1 a. Pertaining to, or of the 
 
 S?6n'i«-al (s6n'ik-al, 110), ) nature of, scenery, espe- 
 cially the scenery of a theater ; theatrical. 
 
 S96n'o-grS,ph'i<!, ) a. Pertaining to scenography ; 
 
 S^6n'o-gra,pli'i€-al, J drawn in perspective. 
 
 •ife-nSg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. <TKr)voypa4>Ca, from o-zctj^tj, 
 scene, stage, and ypd<f)eLv, to write.] The representation 
 of a body on a perspective plane ; or a description of it, 
 in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. 
 
 S^^nt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. scented; p. -pr. & vb. n. 
 SCENTING.] [0. Eng. also sent, from Fr. sentir, to feel, 
 to smell, Lat. sentire.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory 
 organs ; to smell. 3. To imbue or fill with odor ; to per- 
 fume. 
 
 Sffint, n. [From the verb.] 1. Odor; smell. 2. Power 
 of smelling ; .sense of smell. 3. Chase followed by the 
 scent ; course of pursuit : track 
 
 I 
 
 SfSnt'iess, a. Having no scent ; inodorous 
 Sffip'ter, I n. [Lat. sceptrum, from Gr. a-KrjiTTpov, 
 Sffip'tre, ) a staff to lean upon, a scepter, from 
 
 (TKijnTetv, to lean.] 1, A staff borne by kings, as a 
 
 badge of authority ; a royal mace. "2, Hence, royal 
 
 power or authority. 
 S^ep'ter, H'. t. [imp. & p. p. sceptered, or 
 S^ep'tre, ) sceptred ; p. pr. & vb. n. scepter- 
 
 ING, or SCEPTRING.] To invest with royu ar.thor- 
 
 ity, or wth the ensign of authority. 
 S-eep'tl-e, n. See Skeptic ; and for Sceptical, 
 
 ScEPTicisivi, &c., see Skeptical, Skepticism, Scep- 
 
 &c^ ter. 
 
 S<:lie'di-Jl§m(ske'dT-Szm), «. [Gr. <rxeStWju.a, an extem- 
 pore .speech or action, from trxeSid^etv, to do off-hand, 
 from crxe'fitos, sudden, oif-hand.] Cursory writing on a 
 loose sheet. [Rare.'] 
 
 S-eli6d.'ule (sked'yi}!,. 30), n. [Lat. schedula, dim. of 
 scheda, a strip of papyrus bark, a leaf of paper, Gr. 
 (txcStj, a tablet, leaf, allied to (rxi^eiv, to cleave.] A writ- 
 ten or printed scroll of paper ; a document ; especially, 
 an official or formal list or inventory, 
 cer* In England, commonly pronounced shed'yul. 
 Syn. — Catalogue; list; inventory. — A Z(s< is a bare record 
 of names, titles, &c., set down with or without regular order. 
 A catalogue is a list arranged according to some prmciple, and 
 is usually designed to describe things more or less particularly. 
 A schedule is a formal list or inventory prepared for legal or 
 business purposes. A Zist must be complete; ncataloe/uenwist 
 be property arranged; a schedule must have the titles and de- 
 Bcnptions explicitly given, and be properly attested. 
 
 S^lieilc (sheek), n. The same as sAecA:. See Sheik. 
 
 S-eliein.'a-ti§m (ske'ma-), n. [Gr. crxrj/^aTta-^ios, the as- 
 suming of a shape or posture, a dressing up, from (rxt)- 
 fiarC^eiv, to form, shape, dress up.] Particular form or 
 disposition of a thing ; outline; figure. 
 
 Sdiem'a-tist (skem'a-tTst), n. One given to forming 
 schemes ; a projector ; a schemer. 
 
 S-elieme (skem), n. [Lat. schema, Gr. <rxT)ju.a, form, 
 shape, outline, plan, from crxeu^ ex^tv, to have or hold.] 
 1. A combination of things connected and adjusted by 
 design. 3. A plan of something to be done. 3. Any 
 lineal or mathematical diagram. 
 
 Syn. — Plan ; project ; design ; contrivance ; purpose ; de- 
 vice ; plot. — 5c^fi)ne and p^an are subordinate to design; they 
 Sropose modes of carrying our designs into effect. Scheme is 
 le least definite of the two, and lies more in speculation. A 
 plan is drawn out into details with a view to being carried into 
 effect. As schemes are speculative, they often prove visionary ; 
 hence the words schemer and scheming.- Flans, being more 
 practical, are more frequently carried into effect. 
 
 Scheme, v. t. [imp. & p. p. schemed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCHEMING.] To plan ; to contrive ; to project. 
 
 Sclieme, v. i. To form a plan or project ; to contrive. 
 
 S«liem.'er, n. One who schemes or contrives. 
 
 Scliem'ist, n. A schemer ; a projector. 
 
 S-ehe'sis (ske'sis), n. [Gr. crxe<n^, from (rxeti/, ex^LV, to 
 have or hold.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby a cer- 
 tain affection or inclination of an adversary or opponent 
 is feigned for the purpose of answering it. 
 
 Scliir'rhus, n. See Schirrus. 
 
 Scliigin (sizm), n. [Lat. sckis7Jia, Gr. (rxtV/ua, from ax^- 
 ^eiv, to split.] Division or separation : specifically, per- 
 manent division or separation in the Christian church, 
 occa.sioned by diversity of opinions, or any other reason. 
 
 Scliig-niat'i-e (siz-mat'ik, 123), \ a. Pertaining to or 
 
 Schig-mat'i-e-al (siz-mat^ik-al), ) implying, schism ; 
 partaking of the nature of schism ; tending to schism. 
 
 Schig-mat'i-e (siz-), n. One who separates from an 
 
 £obd,fo"ot; iirn, rvide, puU; fell, fliaise, «aU, echo, gem, get ; ag ; ejist, Unger ; U^^ 
 
 established church or religious faith on account of a 
 diversity of opinions. 
 Syn. — Heretic ; partisan. Sec Heretic. 
 
 Sf^hist (shTst), n. [From Gr. (rxioros, divided, diviribl*, 
 from (Txi^eti/, to divide.) (Geol.) A rock having a Blaty 
 structure ; — used especially in the cane of cryfltaliine or 
 metaniorphic rocks. 
 
 S<;hist-ose' (125), I a. ( Geol.) Admitting of division by 
 
 S(;hist'oils, ) natural cleavage into tlagH, slabn, or 
 
 slates ; — used only with reference to metamorphic rocka 
 
 SehSl'ar (skol'ar), n. [L. Lat. 5f/io/a;-/'.v. See .School.) 
 1 . One who attends a school ; one who learns of a teacher. 
 3. A learned person ; one versed in any branch of knowl- 
 edge. 3. One acquainted with books only ; a pedant. 
 
 Syn. — Pupil ; learner; diRciple. — Scholar refers to the in- 
 struction, and pupil to the care and government of a teacher. 
 A scholar is one who is under instruction ; apupH in one who 
 is under the immediate and personal care of un inhtructori 
 hence we speak of a bright scholar and an obedient pupil. 
 
 Sch61'ar-ly, a. Like a scholar ; becoming a .scholar. 
 
 SehSl'ar-sliip, n. 1. Character and qualities of a 
 scholar ; attainments in science or literature. 3. A 
 foundation for the support of a student. 
 Syn. — Learning ; erudition ; knowledge. 
 
 S€lio-ias'ti<;, n. One who adheres to the method or 
 subtilties of the schools. 
 
 Scho-lS-s'tic, 1 a. [Gr. (rxoAaoriJco^, from 07(oA^, 
 
 S€lio-13,s'ti«-al, ) leisure, a lecture, a school. See 
 School.] 1. IPertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a 
 school, or schools. 3. Pertaining to the schoolmen, or 
 philosophers and divines of the middle ages, who spent 
 much time on points of nice and abstract speculation. 
 
 3. Hence, pedantic ; formal. 
 S«ho-lS.s'ti<;-al-ly, adv. In a scholastic manner ; ac- 
 cording to the niceties or method of the schools. 
 
 S-elio-ias'ti-^igm., n. The method or subtilties of th« 
 schools of philosophy ; scholastic formality. 
 
 S«ho'li-ast (sko'li-ast), n. [Gr. <rxoXiaa-T^?, from <7x6- 
 A.ioj', a scholium. See SCHOLIUM.] A commentator or 
 annotator. [suits. 
 
 S«lio'li-ast'i-e, a. Pertaining to a scholiast or hispup- 
 
 Scho'li-um, n. ; Lat. pi. iS€HO'Ll-A, Eng. pi. SCHO'LI- 
 tJMg. [N. Lat. scholium, fr. Gr. o-xoA.toi/, fr. <rxoA^. See 
 School.] 1. A marginal annotation ; — so caUed as be- 
 ing the fruit of the leisure hours of the writers. 3. {Math.) 
 A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration. 
 
 S-elidbl (skool), n. [Lat. schola, from Gr. crxokri, leisure, 
 time given to literary studies, a school.] 1. A place for 
 learned intercour.se and instruction ; an institution for 
 learning. 3. An institution of learning of a lower grade, 
 below a college or university ; a place of elementary in- 
 struction. 3. A session of an institution of instruction 
 
 4. One of the mediaeval seminaries for teaching logic, 
 metaphysics, and theology, which were characterized by 
 academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning. Ji, 
 An assemblage of scholars ; a body of pupils. 6. Th« 
 disciples or followers of a teacher ; a sect or denomina- 
 tion in philosophy, theology, science, &c. 
 
 Sclidbl, n. [0. Eng. scull, fr. A.-S. sceol, a multitucte.] 
 
 A shoal or compact body, as of fish. 
 School, v. t. [imp. &, p. p. schooled; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. SCHOOLING.] 1. To train in an institution of leam- 
 
 ing._ 3. To tutor ; to chide and admonish. 
 School'-lhoy, n. A boy who attends a school. 
 S€hobl'-dame, n. The female teacher of a school. 
 Scliobl'-f el'lovv, n. One bred at the same school an4 
 
 at the same time as another. 
 S€liobl'-house, n. ; p/. scHO'bL'-HOUg'Eg. A houie 
 
 appropriated for the use of schools, or for instruction. 
 Sclidbl'iiig, n. 1. Instruction in school ; tuition. 3. 
 
 Reproof; reprimand. 3. Cojnpeusation for instruction. 
 Sclidbl'-man, n. ,• pi. S€H00L'-MEN. One versed ia 
 
 the niceties of academical disputation , or of the school 
 
 divinity of the middle ages. 
 S€lidbl'-inas''ter, n. A man who presides over and 
 
 teaches a school ; a male teacher or instructor. 
 S<;hdbl'-mis'tress, n. A woman who governs and 
 
 teaches a school. 
 Schdbn'er (skoljn/er), n. [From 
 
 scoon, a word popularly used in some 
 
 parts of New England to denote the 
 
 act of making stones skip along the 
 
 surface of the water. Cf. Scot, scon, 
 
 id. ; also A.-S. scunian, to avoid, 
 
 shun, Prov. Eng. scun. The word was 
 
 originally written scooner.] {^^aut.) 
 
 A small, sharp-built vessel, usually Schooner. 
 
 having two masts, with fore-and-aft sails. 
 
SCHORL 
 
 644 
 
 SCORE 
 
 tichArl (lOiftri), n. (Ocr. srhUrl, Sw. skifrl, perh. from fkor, 
 Ikui.jA-for, brittle] (M«m.) Hluck toimualiuo. 
 
 Sri-iUr'rA-ltliv. ri. ((Jr. axiaypoc^ia, fr. a»cia, a shadow, 
 juid Yp«i^i.-.V. vrito, .loMTibo.) 1. The art or sciouce 
 uf i>rMjwtJnK or.Kliu.-atini; shadows as the.v foil iu nature. 
 V8. {ArcA.) The itrotile or v.'rti»al seetiou of a building. 
 
 tH>I-*t'lt>, I «. [Frt.ui (.Jr. ia-xia£tto«, subject to pains 
 
 hvi-At'I-4'a, I in the hips and loius, from ta-;(ia?, Icrxia- 
 6o«, ivuu in tlie loius and hips, from l(rx,i^ov, the hip 
 joint.) (M<ii.) {(1.) Xeuntlgia of the sciatic nerve. (6.) 
 A rhounmtic alTecliou of the hip joint, or of the parts 
 surrounding it. 
 
 S^I-At'l«-, «• Pertaiuiug to. or affecting, the hip. 
 
 kci'f ii^t>, »i. [Lrfit. scitntia, from scire, to know.] 1, 
 reiK'trsting and comprehensive information, skill, or ex- 
 iK>rtuoss. t2. Investigation of truth for its own sake. 
 ,1. That which is known 4. Knowledge duly arranged, 
 and referred to general truths and principles on which it 
 i« fouudi*d, and from which it is derived. 
 
 Sj-n. — Literature : art. — Science is literally knowledge, but 
 HOW dtiiotes a systematic and orderly arranffemeiit of knowl- 
 edj;f, and hence we speak of reducing a subject to a science. 
 In.i more distinctive sense, sciV/ire embraces those branches 
 of knowledjre wliich give a positive statement of truth as 
 founded in the nature of things or established by observation 
 Aiul exiieriment. The term literature sometimes denotes all 
 compositions not embraced under science, but is usually con- 
 fined to the belles-lettres. [See I.itekatike.] Art is that 
 which depends ou practice and skill in performance. 
 
 Svi'en-tif' i€, a. [L&t. scientia, science, and. facere, to 
 make.] Agreeing with, or depending on, the rules or 
 principles of science. 
 
 Sfi'en-tif i€-al, ) adv. In a scientific manner ; accord- 
 
 Sfi'ou-tif'ic-al-ly, ) ing to the principles of science. 
 
 iSfl/'i-f^f (sTl'i-set). [Lat., contracted from scire licet, 
 3ou may know.] To wit ; namely; — often abbreviated 
 t0 5f., or 55. 
 
 Svim'i-ter, )n. A short sword with a convex edge or 
 
 S^nu'i-tar, I recurved point. See GiMETER. 
 
 S^'iii'til-lant, a. [Lat. srintiUaiis, p. pr. of srintillare, to 
 sparkle.] Emitting sparks, or fine igneous particles; 
 sparkling. 
 
 Sf ill 'til-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. scintillated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SCINTILLATING.] [Lat. scintillare, scin- 
 tiUatum, from scinlilla. a, apavk.] 1. To emit sparks, or 
 fine igneous particles. 2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars. 
 
 Sf in'til-la'tion, n . Act of scintillating ; act of emitting 
 sparks, or of twinkling. 
 
 S^I-6g'ra-pliy, v. The same as Sciagraphy. 
 
 Svi'o-ligm (si'o-lizm), n. The knowledge of a sciolist : 
 superficial science. 
 
 Sfi'o-list (sFo-lTst), n. [Lat. sciolus, dim. of 5cm5, know- 
 ing, from scire, to know.] One who knows any thing 
 superficially ; a smatterer. 
 
 8fi-6ni'a-<;hy, n. [Gr. o"*ctafiaxta, cncto^axta, fr. cr/cia, 
 a shadow, and /oiaxi?) battle.] A mock contest with one's 
 own shadow or with shadows ; imaginarv or futile com- 
 bat. 
 
 Sfi'o-inaii'fy, n. [Gr. a-Kid, a shadow, and /u-avreta, 
 divination.] Divination by means of shadows. 
 
 f»(i'on, n. [See ClON.] 1. A shoot or twig of a plant, 
 especially when cut for ingrafting in a stock ; a cion. 
 "2. A dcj^ccudant ; an heir. 
 
 fi^ii-ftp'tie, I a. [Gr. aKia, shadow, and otttikos, belong- 
 
 Kfi-Sp'trie, ) ing to seeing or sight, from the root ott, 
 future b\f/oixax, to see.] Of, or pertaining to, a certain 
 optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened 
 room. 
 
 tiftre-faciag (sT're-fii'shj-as), n. [Lat., cause you to 
 know.] (Imiv.) a judicial writ, founded upon some 
 record, and requiring the party proceeded against to 
 fchow cause why the party bringing it should not have 
 •dvantage of Buch record, or why the record should not 
 beunuulled. 
 
 K«.lr-rli6s'l-ty (t^kTr-ros'l-ty), n. [See SciRRHUS.] 
 {.yh'J.) A morbid induration, as of a gland. 
 
 8»'lr'rhofts(8kTr'ru.«), a. [See /n/ra.] Proceeding from 
 «-irrhuJ4; of the nature of scirrhus; indurated ; knotty. 
 
 K«;ir'rtiu«« (HkTr'ms), «.,- Lat. pi. nelH'RuI, Eng. pi. 
 .seTE'KHUS-Eg. [N. I>at. scirrhus, Gr. o-»ctppos, o-Kipos.] 
 (Med.) (a.) An indolent induration, particularly of the 
 glands. (*.) A hard, cancerous growth, which emits a 
 creaking fiound when incise*!. 
 
 SfiH'Kel (61), n. [.See ScissiLE.] Clippings of met- 
 al.^ made in various mechanical operations. 
 
 f^WnW*: (bTb/sII), a. [Lat. scissilis, from scindere, scis- 
 mm, to cut, to split.] Capable of being cut or divided 
 by a Kharp infitrum«nt. 
 
 8vis'!»l»n (slzh'un), n. [Lat. scissio, from scindere, scis- 
 
 sum, to cut, to split.] Act of cutting or dividing by an 
 
 edged instrument. 
 Sfis'gor, V. t. To cut with scissors or shears. 
 S^ig'gorg (sTz'zurs), ?}. pi. [Lat. scissor, one who cleavM 
 
 or divides, from scindere, sctssum, to cut, split.] A cut- 
 ting instrument consisting of two cutting blades mova- 
 ble on a pin in the center- 
 Sfig'giire (sizh'yyr), ?i. [Lat. .tcissura, from scindere, 
 
 scissii?)!, to cut, split.] A longitudinal opening made bj 
 
 cutting ; a cleft ; a fissure. 
 Sela-vo'iii-aii. a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Sclavo- 
 
 nia, or the country inhabited by the Slavic race. 
 S*;la-vo'iii-an, a. (Geog.) (a.) A native or inhabitant 
 
 of Sclavonia. (b.) The language of the Slavic race. 
 S-ele-re'md, n. [From Gr. o-KAijpos, hard.] (Med.) In- 
 
 dumtion of the cellular tissue. 
 Scle-rot'ic, a. [From Gr. «j->cAijp6s, hard.] Hard ; firm. 
 S€le-r6t'i-e, n. (Aiiat.) The firm, white outer coat of 
 
 the eye. 
 S-e6b§, n. sing. & pi. [Lat. 5fo65, or scobis, from scabere, 
 
 to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, metala, 
 
 &c. 2. The dross of metals. 
 Scoff, V. i. [imp. & p. p. scoffed (skoft) •,p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. SCOFFING.] [Icel. skitppa, to laugh at ; 0. H. Ger. 
 
 scoph, sport.] To show insolent ridicule, mockery, or 
 
 contumelious language. 
 Syn.— To sneer ; mock ; gibe ; jeer. See Sneeb. 
 S«6f f , V. t. To treat with derision or scorn ; to mock at. 
 Scoff, It. Expression of scorn or contempt. 
 Scoffer, 71. One who scoffs ; one who mocks or derides. 
 Scoff 'ing-ly, adv. In a scoffing manner ; with mockery. 
 Scold, v.i. [imp. 8c p. p. scolded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SCOLDING.] [D. schetden, 0. H. Ger. sceltan.] To find 
 
 fault ; to chide sharply or coarsely. 
 Scold, V. t. To chide with rudeness and boisteroua 
 
 clamor ; to rate ; also, to rebuke or reprove with severity. 
 Scold. «. 1. One who scolds ; fspec/a^///, a rude, clamor- 
 ous, foul-mouthed Avoman ; a shrew, ti. A scolding. 
 Scold 'er, n. One who scolds or rails. 
 Sc61'lop,«. 1. A kind of shell-fish. [See SCALLOP.] 2. 
 
 An indenting like those of a scollop shell. [LOP. 
 
 Scol'lop, V. t. To form or cut with scollops. See SCAL- 
 Scon^e, n. [D. schans, Icel. 5Ara«5, N. H. Ger. schanze.] 
 
 1. A fortification ; a fort. 2. Hence, a helmet. 3. 
 
 Hence, the head ; the skull ; and also, 
 
 brains; sense; discretion. [Colloq.] 
 
 4, A protection for a light : hence, a 
 fixed hanging or projecting candlestick. 
 
 5. Hence, the circular tube, with a 
 brim, in a candlestick, into which the 
 candle is inserted. 
 
 Scoop, n. [D. schop, a shovel, Dan. 
 
 skiiffe, a shovel, allied to Ger. schieben, 
 
 schuppen, Eng. shove.'] 1. A large 
 
 ladle ; a vessel for bailing boats. 2. 
 
 ( Surg. ) A spoon-shaped vessel, used to 
 
 extract certain foreign bodies. 3. A 
 
 basin-like cavity. 4. A sweep ; a stroke ; 
 
 a swoop. 
 Scdbp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. scooped (sk(5"opt),p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. scooping.] 1. To take out with a scoop, or 
 
 with a sweeping motion. 2. To empty by lading. 3. 
 
 To make hollow, as a scoop or dish ; to excavate. 
 Scobp'-net, n. A hand-net, so formed as to fish froni a 
 
 river. 
 Scope, n. [Gr. o-kotto?, from a-KeirTeirOai, a-Konelv, root 
 
 a-Ke-rr, to view.] 1. That at which one aims ; the thing, 
 
 or end, to which the mind directs its view. 2. Room 
 
 or opportunity for free outlook or aim ; ampUtude of 
 
 opportunity ; free course or vent. 3. Length ; extent ; 
 
 sweep. 
 
 Syn. — Space ; room ; design ; aun ; purpose ; intention ; 
 
 object; tendencj'i drift. 
 
 Scor-bii'tic, ) a. [N. Lat. scorbutiais, D. scheurbuik, 
 
 Scor-bil'tic-al, ) H. Ger. scharbock,schorbock. scurvy.] 
 Pertaining to, resembling, or affected with, scurvy. 
 
 Scorch, r. ?. [imp. Sep. p. SCORCHED (scorcht); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SCORCHING.) [L. Lat. excorticare, fr. Lat. 
 ex, from, and cortex, corticis, bark ; because the skin, 
 which is, as it were, the bark of the body, falls off when 
 scorched.] 1. To burn superficially ; to parch, or 
 shrivel by beat, the surface of. 2. To affect painfully 
 with heat, or as with heat. 
 
 Scdrch, V. i. To be burnt on the surface ; to be parched ; 
 to be dried up. 
 
 Score, 7t. [A.-S. scor, a notch ; a score, from sceran, to 
 shear, cut, divide.] 1, A notch or incision ; especially, 
 
 Sconce, (4). 
 
 i, e.&c, ^<mfi'/a,C,&c.,«Aor//cftre, far, ask, all, what ;6re,veU,tSrm; piique,firm; s6ii,6r, do.woH 
 
SCORE 
 
 645 
 
 SCRAPE 
 
 a mark made for the purpose of keeping account of 
 gomething ; a tally -mark. '2. An account or reckoning ; 
 bill ; hence, indebtedness. .*i. Reason ; motive ; sake. 
 4, The number of twenty, as being marked off by a 
 special score or tally. 5. {Mus.) The original and en- 
 tire draught, or its transcript, of a musical composition, 
 with the parts for all the different instruments or voices ; 
 — so called from the bar, which was formerly drawn 
 through all the parts. 
 
 Score, V. t. [imp. & p. p. scored; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCORING.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches or notches. 
 *2, Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, 
 for keeping account of .something. 3. To mark or signify 
 by lines or notches ; to set down ; to charge. 4. To 
 write down, as music, in proper order and arrangement. 
 
 8-ed'ri-d, n. ; pi. seo'Ri-Ai. [Gr. aicuipia, from o-Kcip, 
 dung, ordure.] 1. The recrement of metals in fusion; 
 slag; dross. '2. The cellular, slaggy lavas of a volcano. 
 
 S^jc'ri-a'ceoiis, a. Pertaining to dross ; partaking of 
 the nature of scoria. [into scoria. 
 
 S«o'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. (Metal.) Act of reducing a body 
 
 6«o'ri-f6rm, a. [Lat. scoria, dross, and /oz-wia, form.] 
 Like scoria ; in the form of dross. 
 
 S€o'ri-£y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scorified ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SCORIFYINtr.] [Lat. scoria, dross, and facere, to 
 make.] To reduce to scoria or drossy matter. 
 
 S-edrn, n. [0. Fr. escorner, to humiliate, outrage, N. Fr. 
 ecorner, to break off the horns, to curtail, to diminish, 
 fr. Lat. ex, from, and cornu, a horn.] 1. Extreme and 
 passionate contempt. H, That which is scorned ; an ob- 
 ject of extreme disdain. 
 
 Syn.— Contempt; disdain; derision; contumely; despite; 
 slight; dibhonoi-; contempt. 
 
 S«6rn, I', t. [imp. & p. p. scorned ; ]>. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCORNING.] To hold in extreme contempt. 
 
 Syn.— To contemn; despise; slight; disdain; neglect; dis- 
 regard. See CoxTEMX. 
 
 S-c6rn'er,n. 1. One who scorns; a contenmer. 2. A 
 scoffer ; a derider. 
 
 Scorn'ful, a. Full of scorn or contempt. 
 
 Syn. — Contemptuous; disdainful; contumelious; reproach- 
 ful; insolent. 
 
 ScSrii'ful-^y, a'^/f. In a scornful manner; with con- 
 tempt of contumel}'^. 
 
 S«6r'pi-on, 7i. [Lat. scorpio, 
 scorpius, Gr. a-KopnCo?, tTKopmuiv, 
 allied to A.-S. scearp, Eng. sharp.] 
 
 1, A sort of spider, having an 
 elongated body, terminated by a 
 long, slender tail formed of six 
 joints, the last of which termi- 
 nates in a very acut« sting, which 
 effuses a venomous liquid, ii. Scorpion. 
 (Script.) A painful scourge. 3. (Astron.) The eighth 
 sign of the zodiac. 4. ( Tc/it/i.) A certain sea-fish. 
 
 Scor'ta-to-ry, a. [From Lat. scortator, a fornicator, 
 from scortari, to fornicate, from scortum.,a, prostitute.] 
 Pertaining to, or consisting in, fornication or lewdness. 
 
 S«6t,7i. [A.-S. SCO*, N. H. Ger. sc/iosz, scot, tax, from 
 schieszen, to shoot, geld schitszeii, to count money by 
 casts.] A portion of money assessed or paid ; a tax or 
 contribution ; a mulct : a fine. 
 
 Sedt, n. ( Geos;.) A native or inhabitant of Scotland. 
 
 S«5tcli, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Scotland or its 
 inhabitants ; Scottish. 
 
 S«6tcli, t". <• [imp. &, p.p. scotched (skotcht); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. scotching.] [Cf. Armor, skoaz, the shoul- 
 der, skdazia, to shoulder up, to prop, to support ; W. 
 ysgwydd, a shoulder, ysgwipldaw, to shoulder.] To 
 support, as a wheel, by placing some obstacle to prevent 
 its rolling. 
 
 S«5tcli, V. t. [Gael, sgoch, to make an incision, to slit.] 
 To chop off a bit of the bark, skin, or surface of; to 
 ■wound superficially. 
 
 S«6tcli, n. A slight cut ; a shallow incision. 
 
 &e6tcli'-«61'lops, ) n. pi. Veal cut into 
 
 S-e6tcli^d'-e61'lops (skotcht'-), I small pieces. 
 
 Sc6tcli'man, n. ; pi. seoTCH'^IEN. ( Geog.) A native 
 or inhabitant of Scotland : a Scot ; a Scotsman. 
 
 Scot'- free, a. 1. Free from payment or scot ; untaxed. 
 
 2. Hence, "unhurt ; clear ; safe. 
 Seot'o-grJlpli, 71. [Gr. o-jcotos, darkness, and -ypaf^eii/, 
 
 to write.] An instrument for writing in the dark, or 
 without seeing. ^ . 
 
 Scot'o-my, n. [Gr. cTKoruiixa., dizziness, from o-kotovv, to 
 darken, from o-kotos, darkness.] Dizziness or swimming 
 of the head, with dimness of sight 
 
 ScStK, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Scotch ; Bcoteh; 
 Scottish. 
 
 Scdt'ti-^ism, n. An idiom or expression peculiar to th« 
 natives of Scotland. 
 
 Sedt'tish, n. ( Geog.) Pertaining to the inhabitant* of 
 Scotland, or to their country or languago. 
 
 Scouii'drel, n. [Corrupted from Ger. sckandkerl, a 
 scoundrel, from sc/tunde, disgrace, infamy, and ktrl, 
 fellow.] A mean, worthless fellow ; a nuical ; a base 
 villain. 
 
 Seoun'clrel, a. Low; baae ; mean; unprincipled 
 j S-eouii'drel-igin, M. Baseness; turpitude; rascality. 
 i Scour, f. t. [imp. & p. p. scoured ; p. jir. & vb. n. 
 j SCOURING.] [A.-S. .scftr, a scouring. D. sr/iuren, sehue- 
 ren, to scour, N. 11. Ger. sc/uutrn, N. Fr. rcurer, from 
 Lat. ex and curare, to take can; of.] 1. To rub hard 
 with something rough, for the purpose of cleaning ; to 
 cleanse from grease, dirt, &c. 2. To purge violontly. 
 3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing. 4. To paw 
 swiAly over ; to i-ange ; to traverse thoroughly. 
 
 Scour, f. t. 1. To clean any thing by rubbing. t2. To 
 clean ; to cleanse. 3. To be purged to excess. 4. To 
 run with celerity. 
 
 Scour'er, w. One who, or that which, scours. 
 
 ScoArge, n. [Fr. escourgre, for escouriee, from Lat. ea- 
 coriata (sc. scutica), from ex and corm/??, leather.] 1. 
 A lash; a strap or cord, especially one used to inflict 
 pain or punishment ; a whip. 2. Hence, a punishment, 
 or a means of inflicting punishment. 
 
 Scofirge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. scourged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SCOURGING.] [From the n.] 1, To whip severely; 
 to lash. 2. To afflict for sins or faults, and with ths 
 purpose of correction. 
 
 Scour'ger, n. One who scourges or punishes. 
 
 Scout, n. [0. Fr. escout, spy, from tscouler, escolter, N. 
 Fr. ccouter, to listen, to hear, Lat. auscidtare, to hear 
 with attention, to listen to.] A person sent out to gain 
 and bring in tidings, especially of the movements and 
 condition of an enemy ; a spy. 
 
 Scout, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SCOUTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCOUTING] [Cf. Prov. Eng. scout, to pelt.] 1. Tospy 
 out ; to watch for. ti. To pass over or through , for th» 
 purpose of spying out ; to reconnoiter. 3. To sneer at ; 
 to treat with contempt. 
 
 Scout, i". i. To act as a scout. 
 
 Sco'w(skou), n. [D. schouiv, fr. schouwen, Ger. schautn, 
 to look, to see, prob. because it was visible by a flag s«i 
 up.] (Naut.) A large, flat-bottomed boat. 
 
 Scowl, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SCOWLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCOWLING.] [H. Ger. schielen, to squint ; A.-S. scdl- 
 eaged, sceoleged, scowl-eyed] 1. To wrinkle the brows, 
 as in frowning or displeasure, ti. Hence, to look gloomy, 
 dark, or tempestuous. 
 
 Scowl, n. 1. The wrinkUng of the brows in fix»wning. 
 '-i. Hence, gloom ; dark or rude aspect. 
 
 Scr&bnble {skra.b'bl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. scrabbled ; 
 p. pr. & vb. »i. SCRABBLING.] [Diminutive of 5crap«.] 
 
 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands ; toscram- 
 ble. [Local and Colloq.] 2. To scribble; to scrawl. 
 
 Scrab'ble, n. The act of scrabbling ; a scramble. 
 Scrag, n. [Contr. from Ir. & Gael, scrabach, .fgrabaek, 
 
 rough, rugged.] Something thin or lean with roughneat ; 
 
 especially, a neck piece of meat. 
 Scrftg'ged, a. 1. Rough with irregular points ; scraggy. 
 
 2. Lean with roughness. 
 
 ScrJtg'ged-ness, n. State or quality of being scragged. 
 
 ScrJtg'gy, a. [compar. scraggier; superl. SCRAG- 
 GIEST.] 1. Rough with irregular points; scragged- 
 2. Lean and rough. 
 
 ScrarnHble,!-. i. [imp. 8c p. p. scrambled ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. SCRAMBLING.] [Dim. of Prov. Eng. scramb, to 
 rake together with the hands, or scramp, to snatch at. 
 Cf. Scrabble.] 1. To go on all-fours; to clamber 
 with hands and knees. 2. To struggle with others for 
 something thrown upon the ground. 
 
 Scram'ble, v. t. To mix and cook in a confused mass. 
 
 ScrarnHble, n. 1. Act of scrambling ; climbing on all- 
 fours, or clambering. 2. Act of jostling and pushing 
 for something desired. 
 
 Scramnbler, n. One who scrambles. 
 
 Scrap, n. [0. Eng. scrape, from scrape, v. t.] 1. Some- 
 thing scraped off; hence, a small piece; a bit ; a frag- 
 ment. 2. pi. The ^nny subsUnce that remains afUr 
 trying animal fat. 
 
 Scrap'-bo"bk, n. A blank book in which extractfl cut 
 from books and papers may be pasted and kept. 
 
 Scrape, V. t. [imp. & p.p. scraped (skrapt); p.pr. » 
 vb. n. scraping.] [A.-S. screpan,screopan, Icel. skrapa. 
 
 food, f dot; ftrn, rude, pi,»^^ ; jeU, 9liaise, caU, echo; gem, get; ag; e$isti linger, lieU ; tJ^** 
 
SCRAPE 
 
 UQ 
 
 SCRIVENER 
 
 »o cr»cK, WRVor. 1 1 . To rub the surface of with a sharp 
 or n>ugh iiistnuuout ; to abrade, 'i. To i-emovo by rub- 
 
 Ub 
 
 phniM. 11 
 
 3. To oiilUvt by hai-sh, course, aud 
 I. To e.\pa>ss disapprobatiou of by 
 of the ftvt upou the Hoor. 
 NM.KT. to iiinkc one's self acquainted;— a 
 vHliKcd liom the practice of scraping in bowiug. 
 
 To rub over tlio surfiice of auy thing 
 ^ith souiethiug which rougheus or ixniioves it. iS. 
 llenn>, to plav awkwardly aud inharuiouiously ou a vio- 
 lin, &c. ij. To uKike au awkward bow, with a drawing 
 Imck of tlie foot. 
 
 8«<riipe, N. [See .vi/;)ra.] 1. A rubbing over with some- 
 thing harsh ; hence, the efl'ect produced by rubbing, as 
 of a sonipitig instruiueut, of the foot, &c. 5i. Au awk- 
 wardly ob.-setiuious bow. 3. A disagreeable and embar- 
 rassing prwiieameut. 
 
 S«Tap'fr, H. 1. An instrument with which any thing 
 is .scra^KHl. 'i. One who scrapes. 
 
 Svriip'iiiK, n. Something scraped off. 
 
 Ki^rAtcli, f. t. [imp. & /). j>. scratched (skratcht) ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. SCRATCHING.] [0. Eng. cratch, cmcc/ien, 
 O. U. Ger. krnzjan, hazon.] 1. To rub and tear the 
 surface of with something sharp or ragged, ti. To dig 
 or excavate with the claws. 
 
 To scratch out, to erase; to rub out; to obliterate. 
 
 Scriitcli, V. i. To use the claws in tearing or digging. 
 
 Scr&tcli, n. 1. A break in the surface of a thing made 
 by scratching ; a slight incision, ti. (Pugilistic Matches.) 
 A Une across the prize ring, up to which boxers are 
 brought when they join fight ; hence, test, trial, or proof 
 of courage. [Colloc^.] '3. pi. (Far.) A disease in horses 
 consisting of dry chaps or scabs, between the heel and 
 pastern joint. 4. A kind of wig covering only a portion 
 of the bead. 
 
 S«rawl, I', t. [imp. & p. p. SCRAWLED ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. SCRAWLING.] [Cf. D. schravelen, scrafelen, to scratch 
 or scrape ; Eng. scrabble and crawl.'] To draw or write 
 awkwardly and irregularly ; to scribble. 
 
 Scrawl, V. i. To write unskillfuUy and inelegantly. 
 
 Scrawl, n. 1. Unskillful or inelegant writing ; or apiece 
 of hasty, bad writing, ti. A ragged, broken branch of 
 a tree ; brush. {Local., Amer.] [writer. 
 
 Serawl'er, n. One who scrawls ; a hasty or awkward 
 
 Screak, v.i. [imp. & p. p. screaked (skreekt); p. 
 pr. k vb.n. sort: A-KlTSG.] [lce\. skroekia. Cf. SHRIEK 
 and Sc REEC H.] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound 
 or outcry ; to scream ; to creak, as a door or wheel. 
 
 Screak, n. A creaking ; a screech. 
 
 Scream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. screamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 screaming.] [Cf. A.-S. hrSman, hrtjman, to cry out ; 
 Icel. hreima, to resound.] To utter a sudden, sharp out- 
 cry, as in a fright or extreme pain ; to shriek. 
 
 Scream, n. A shriek, or sharp, shrill cry, uttered sud- 
 denly, as in terror or in pain ; a shriek ; a screech. 
 
 Screecli, 'J', i. [imp. & p. p. screeched (skreecht); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SCREECHING.] [Icel. s/;rQ?Ana. tohowl, 
 tkrikja, to twitter; W. ysgrechian, ysgreckiaw, to 
 scream.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry, as in terror or 
 Acute pain ; to scream ; to shriek. 
 
 Screech, n. 1. A harsh, shrill cry, uttered in acute 
 pain, or in a sudden fright. 3, A harsh, shrill cry, as 
 of a fowl. [greeable cry. 
 
 Screech'-owl, n. An owl that utters a harsh, disii- 
 
 Rcreed,n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. screei^, a shred, the border 
 of a cap ; A.-S. srreade, a shred, leaf. See Sheed.] 
 (Arch.) A wooden rule for running moldings. 
 
 Mcreen, n. [N. II. Ger. schirm, a screen ; 0. II. Ger. 
 scirm, scerm.] 1. Any thing that shelters or protects 
 from danger, prevents inconvenience, shuts off view, &c. 
 2. A long, coarse riddle or sieve. 
 
 •ereen, r. <. [imp. &, p. ;?. screened ; 
 n. SCREENING.] 1. To provide with a 
 fihelt«r or means of concealment ; to pro- 
 tect by hiding; to conceal, tj. To pass 
 through a screen. 
 
 8yn. — To cover; shelter; protect; defend; 
 •hicid; hide. 
 
 S€rew^(»krij), n. [0. Eng. srrw., Icel. skrti- 
 fa, D. sckroef, 0. D. .schroeve, II. Ger. 
 ickrautji; .] 1. A cylinder, or a cylindrical 
 [perforation, having a continuous rib or Screw. 
 thread winding round it spirally ; — used «. nut; f>,han- 
 for various purposes. It is one of thrj six die, or lever; 
 mechanical powers. 2. Any thing shaped <^> "crew. 
 or acting like a screw ; e.sptcially, .•< form of wheel forpro- 
 peUing Hteam-vessels. 3. A miser ; a skinflint ; a sharp 
 
 & vb. 
 
 Screw-pine. 
 
 bargainer ; also, a harsh, inexorable instructor ; a per- 
 sistent questioner. 4. A small quantity of tobacco 
 twisted up in a piece of paper. 5. A steam-vessel pro- 
 pelled by a screw instead of wheels. 
 
 Screw (skrij), v. t. [imp. & p. p. screwed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SCREWING.] 1. To press, fasten or make firm 
 by a screw, ii. To force ; to squeeze ; to press. 3. To 
 use violent means toward. 4. To deform by contortions; 
 to distort. 5. To examine minutely, as a student. [Cant. 
 Amer. Colleges.] 
 
 Screw'-driv'er (skrij'-), n. An implement for turning 
 screws, resembling a blunt chisel. 
 
 Scre-w'-jack (skrjj/jilk), n. A contrivance for raising 
 great weights through short lifts by means of a screw, or 
 more usually a powerful combina- 
 tion of toothed wheels, working 
 in a stock or frame. 
 
 Screw'-pine (skry'-), n. (Bot.) 
 A tree or bush having long, lance- 
 olate leaves, like those of the pine- 
 apple, arranged spirally about the 
 trunk, whence the name. It grows 
 in loose, sandy, or marshy places, 
 and often shoots down aerial roots. 
 There are several species. They 
 abound on tropical islands of the , 
 Old World and the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Screw'-pro-pgrier (skry/-), n. 
 A steam - vessel propelled by a 
 screw ; also the screw , or spiral- 
 bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam -vessels. 
 
 Scrib'ble (skrib-'bl), v. t. [imp. 
 & p. p. SCRIBBLED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SCRIBBLING.] [From 
 Lat. scribere, to write.] 1. To 
 write with haste, or without 
 care or regard to correctness or 
 elegance. 2. To fill or cover 
 with worthless writing. 
 
 Scrib'ble, v. i. To write with- 
 out care, elegance, or value ; to 
 scrawl. Screw-propeller. 
 
 Scrib'ble, n. Hasty or careless writing. 
 
 Scrib'bler, n. One who scribbles ; a writer of no rep- 
 utation. 
 
 Scribe, n. [Lat. scriba, from Lat. scribere, to write.] X. 
 One who writes ; a writer ; especially, an official or public 
 writer. 2. (Jewish & Sacred Hist.) A writer and a doctor 
 of the law ; one who read and explained the law to the 
 people. 
 
 Scribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scribed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCRIBING.] ( Carp.) To mark or fit by a rule or com- 
 passes ; to fit, as one edge of a board, &c., to another 
 edge, or to a surface. 
 
 Scrim'mage, n. [Probably a corruption of skirmish.'] 
 A general row or fight. 
 
 Scrimp, v. t. [imp. & p.p. scrimped (skrimt, 84); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. scrimping.] [II. Ger. schrumpfen, D. 
 krimpen, to crumple, shrivel, ^rink.] To make too small 
 or short; to Umit or straiteh; to scant. [Prov. Eng. 
 Local, Amer.] 
 
 Scrip, n. [L. Lat. scrippum, Icel. skreppa, W. ysgrab, 
 dim. ysgrepan.] A small bag ; a wallet ; a satchel. 
 
 Scrip, n. [Abbrev. from script, q. v.] 1. A small writ- 
 ing, certificate, or schedule. 2. A certificate of stock 
 subscribed to a bank or other company, or of a share of 
 other joint property ; one of the forms of certificate given 
 in exchange for a loan. 
 
 Script, n. [Lat. scriptum, something written, from scrib- 
 ere, scriptum, to write.] (Print.) A kind of type mada 
 in imitation of handwriting. 
 
 ^^Q/nid- tcnc id /ittmlec^ in Q^criM- 
 
 ^tmlec^ 
 
 'ifii 
 
 Scrip'to-ry, a. [Lat. scriptorius , Sxqxdl scribere, scrip- 
 tum, to write.] Expressed in writing. 
 
 Script'ur-al, a. Contained in the Scriptures ; accord- 
 ing to the Scriptures. 
 
 Script'tire (53), n. [Lat. scriptura, from scribere, scrip- 
 tum, to write.] 1. Any thing written; a writing. 2. 
 The books of the Old and New Testament ; the Bible ; — 
 chiefly in the plural. 
 
 Script'iir-ist, n. One strongly attached to, or versed 
 in, the Scriptures. 
 
 Scrive'ner (skrlv/ner), n. [0. Fr. e.icrivain., N. Fr. ecri- 
 vain, from Lat. scribere, to write.] 1. One who«e occu- 
 pation is to draw contracts or other writings. 2. One 
 whose business is to place money at interest. 
 
 a, «, &c. , long ; a, 6, Sec. , short ; cftre, far, ask, aU, what ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, dr, dft, w^lf, 
 
SCROFULA 
 
 647 
 
 SCUTCH 
 
 ScrSf u-la, n. ;;Lat. scro/uLx, from scro/a, a breeding [ Sciil'ler-y, n. [0. Fr. exrulier, excueilUfr, from earuri 
 
 sow, because swine are frequently subject to that com 
 plaint, or by a fanciful comparisou of the glandular 
 sweUings to little pigs.] (Med.) A constitutional disease, 
 generally hereditary, which affects the lymphatic glands, 
 oftenest those of the neck ; king"s-evil. 
 
 S«r6f'ix-lous, a. 1. Pertaining to scrofula, or partak- 
 ing of its nature. '2. Diseased with scrofula. 
 
 S-eroU, n. [0. Fr. escrol, escroii, escroue^ N. Fr. ccrou, 
 ccrouc, fr. Lat. ex, con, and rotidus, rotuln. See llOLL.J 
 1. A roll of paper or parchment ; a schedule '2. (Arch.) 
 (a.) A convolved or spiral ornament, variously intro- 
 duced, (b.) The volute of the Ionic and Corinthian 
 capital. 3. A mark or flourish added to a person's sig- 
 nature to a writing. 
 
 i5<;ro'ti-f6rin, a. [Lat. scrotum and/onna, form. See 
 Scrotum.] Purse-shaped ; pouch-shaped. 
 
 S-ero'tuin, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) The bag which contains 
 the testicles. 
 
 3-eru.b, V. t. [imp. & p. -p. scrubbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCRUBBING.] [D. schrobben, L. Ger. schrubben, to scrub, 
 Gael, sgrob to scratch or sci-ape with the nails.] To rub 
 hard ; usually, to rub with a brush, or with something 
 coarse or rough. 
 
 S-erub, v. i. To be diligent and penurious. 
 
 S-erub, n. [See the verb.] 1. One who labors hard and 
 lives meanly. 3. Something small and mean. 3. A 
 worn-out brush. 4. Close, low growth of bushes. 
 
 g^rub'bed, a. Dwarfed or stunted ; scrubby. 
 
 iS-erub'by, a. [compar. scrubbier ; superl. SCRUBBI- 
 EST.] Small and mean ; stunted in growth. 
 
 S«ru'ple, n. [From Lat. scrupulus, a small, sharp stone, 
 the 24th of au ounce, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus, 
 a rough or sharp stone.] 1. A weight of 20 grains, the 
 third part of a dram. '2. Hence, a very small quantity. 
 3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of deter- 
 mining what is right or expedient. 
 
 S<!rii'ple, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SCRUPLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SCRUPLING.] To be reluctant as regards decision or 
 action ; to doubt or hesitate. 
 
 S^rii'pler, n. One who scruples or hesitates. 
 
 S-erYi''pu-16s'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being scrupu- 
 lous ; doubt ; doubtfulness respecting decision or action. 
 
 S-erii'pu-loiis, a. 1. Full of scruples ; cautious in de- 
 cision from a fear of offending or doing wrong, a. Care- 
 ful; cautious; exact. 
 
 6-erii.'pu-lou.s-ly, adv. In a scrupulous manner ; -with 
 a nice regard to minute particulars or to exact propriety. 
 
 Scrii'pu-lous-iiess, n. The state or quality of being 
 scrupulous ; niceness, exactness, or caution in determin- 
 ing or in acting, from a regard to truth, propriety, or ex- 
 pedience. 
 
 Scru'ti-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scrutinized ; p. 
 pr''Sc vb. n. SCRUTINIZING.] [From scrutiny.] To 
 search closely ; to examine or inquire into critically. 
 
 S-erii'ti-ny, n. [Lat. scrutinium, from scrutari, to search 
 carefully, orig. to search even to the rags, from scruta, 
 9\}io gruta, Gr. ypuTTj, trash, trumpery.] Close search ; 
 minute inquiry ; critical examination. 
 
 S-eru-toire' (skru-tworO, n. [See Escritoib.] A kind 
 of desk or cabinet, with a lid opening downward for 
 writing on it. 
 
 S<;ud, V. i. [imp. & p. p. scudded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 scudding.] [A.-S. sceotan, to shoot, dart, rush, haste 
 away. See Shoot.] 1. To be driven or to flee or fly 
 with haste ; to fly. 2. (Naut.) To be driven with pre- 
 cipitation before a tempest, with little or no sail spread. 
 
 Scild, V. t. To pass over quickly. 
 
 S-eiid, n. 1. Act of scudding; a driving along. 9. Loose, 
 Tapory clouds driven swiftly by the wind. 
 
 S-eiif' fie (skCLflfl), n. [A.-S. sciifan, to shove, push, thrust. 
 See Shove, and cf Shuffle.] 1. A contention or trial 
 of strength between two persons, who embrace each 
 other's bodies. 3. Hence, a confused contest ; a fight. 
 
 S-euf'fle, V. i [imp. & p. p. scuffled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. scuffling.] 1. To strive or struggle with close 
 grapple. 3. Hence, to strive or contend tumultuously. 
 
 S«iif' fler, n. One who scuffles. 
 
 S-eullc, V. i. See Skulk. 
 
 S-eull, n. (Naut.) (a.) A boat. [See ScULLER.] (b.) An 
 oar so short that one man can work a pair ; especially, a 
 •ingle oar used in propelling a boat, it being placed over 
 the stem. 
 
 S«iill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sculled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SCULLING.] (Naut.) To impel a boat by moving and 
 turning an oar over the stern. 
 
 S€u.ll'er, n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls, 
 or short oars. 3. One who sculls, or rows with sculls. 
 
 Sculpii. 
 fr. sculpere, sevlp- 
 
 f(r#€l, fcTot i lirn, rude, pull ; fell, ^liaise, -call, e<;liu ; gem, get ; as ; ejlst } liaffer, Ii»lt 
 
 escudelle, a dish, a porringer, fr. Lat. scuttUa, 
 salver.] 1. A place where dishes, kettlei^, &c.,' are ki|.L 
 ii. An apartment attached to the kitchen, wherti tUe 
 dirty work is done. 
 
 S<;ull'iou (sktlKyun), n. [0. Kr. sculirr, from 0. Fr. 
 escuelle. See SCULLERY.] A servant who doeii uieuial 
 services in the kitchen. 
 
 Sciil'pin, n. (Ichtli.) A cer- 
 tain small tish furnished with 
 spines. 
 
 S-eulp'tor, n. One who sculpt- 
 ures ; one who carves images 
 or figures. 
 
 S«ulpt'ur-al, a. Pertaining 
 to sculpture. 
 
 Sciilpt'ure (53), n. [Lat. sculptura, 
 turn, to carve, allied to Gr. ykv^eiv.] 1. The art oj 
 carving or cutting wood, stone, or other material lnt» 
 images, ti. Carved M'ork. 
 
 Seulpt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sculptured ; p. pr 
 & vb. n. sculpturing.] To form with the chisel oa 
 wood, stone, or metal ; to carve ; to engrave. 
 
 Scum, n. [Iccl. skU)n, 0. H. Ger. scftm, Gael, sg^m, 0. 
 Fr. escume.] 1, The impurities which rise to the sur- 
 face of liquids, in boiling or fermentation, or which form 
 on the surface by other means ; also the scoria ; dross. 
 2. Hence, refuse ; that which is vile or worthless. 
 
 S-eiim, v. t. [^mp. &>. p. scummed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 SCUMMING.] To take the scum from ; to skim. 
 
 S-eum'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. scumbled; p. pr. k 
 i"6. n. SCUMBLING.] [Dim. of in/m.] To cover lightly, 
 or spread thinly, as a painting, drawing, and the like, 
 with opaque or semi-opaque colors. 
 
 Seuin'mer, n. Excrement ; dung ; scumber. 
 
 S«u,ni'mer, n. An instrument used for taking off the 
 scum of liquors ; a skimmer. 
 
 S^up'per, n. [Probably from scoop, v. t.] (Naut.) Tlio 
 channel cut through the water-ways and side of a ship, 
 for carrying off the water from the deck. 
 
 S«up'per-ho§e, n. (Naut.) A pipe attached to the 
 mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to pre- 
 vent the water from entering. 
 
 S€u.p'per-iiail,n. (Naut.) A nail with a broad head, 
 for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. 
 
 S-eurf, n. [A.-S. scurf, from sceorfan, to gnaw, bite.] 
 1. A dry scab or mealy crust formed on the skin of an 
 animal. 2. Any thing adhering to the surface. 
 
 Scftrf i-ness, n. The state of being scurfy. 
 
 S<;1irf'y, a. [compar. SCURFIER ; superl. SCURFIEST.J 
 Having scurf ; covered with scurf ; resembling scurf 
 
 S-eur'rile, a. [Lat. scurrilis, from scurra, a buffoon, 
 jester.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester ; gross- 
 ly opprobrious in language ; scurrilous ; low ; mean. 
 
 S-eur-ril'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being scurrile or scur- 
 rilous ; mean, vile, or obscene jocularity. 2. Gross car 
 obscene language or behavior. 
 
 Syn. — Scurrilousnesa ; abuse ; insolence ; vulgaritj ; in- 
 decency. 
 
 S-eiir'ril-ous, a. [See Scurrile.] 1. Using low and 
 indecent language. 2. Containing low indecency or 
 abuse. 
 
 Syn.— Opprobrious ; abusive; reproachful; insulting; 
 insolent ; offensive ; gross ; vile ; vulgar ; low ; foul ; foul- 
 mouthed ; indecent ; scurrile ; mean. 
 
 S-eiii-'ril-oiis-ly, adv. In a scurrilous manner. 
 
 Seur'ril-ous-ness, n. Quality of being scurrilous ; that 
 which is scurrilous. 
 
 S-eftr'vi-ly, ac/f. In a scurvy manner ; basely; meanly. 
 
 S-e^r'vi-ness, n. State of being scurvy ; vileness ; mean- 
 ness. 
 
 S-e-ar'vy, n. [See Scurf and Scorbutic] (Med.) A 
 disease characterized by livid spots of various sizes, pale- 
 ness, languor, depression of spirits, general exhaustion, 
 pains in the limbs, spongy and bleeding gums, and bleed- 
 ing from almost all the mucous membranes. 
 
 S«<i.r'vy, a. [coynpar. scurvier; sivperl. scurviest.^ 
 1. Covered or affected by scurf or scabs ; scurfy ; sprci fir- 
 ally, diseased with the scurvy. 2. Tile ; mean ; low ; 
 contemptible. 
 
 S-efir'vy-grass, n. (Bot.) A plant growing on rock* 
 near the sea, often used as a remedy for the scurvy. 
 
 S«xit, n. [Icel. skott, allied to W. c«-r, a rump or tall, 
 Lat. Cauda.] The tail of a hare or other animal whos« 
 tail is short. 
 
 S-eutcb, V. t. [imp. & p. p. scuTcriED (skutcht), p. pr. 
 & vb. n. scutching.! [Same as SCOTCH, to cat slight- 
 ly.] 1. To beat or whip slightly. 2. To dre^a by b«tt- 
 
SCUTCHEON 
 
 648 
 
 SEARCH 
 
 wwHly fiber flwin, as flax. 3. ( Cot- 
 it Huil luoM'U Uic fiber of, «£ the fila- 
 
 ■ ' ' I V. from esculchfon.] 1. An 
 il fbicld. '2. Au ornamental 
 \v..v-holc. 
 a V n/M/?i, shield, and/onna, form.] 
 : :i butkliT or shield. 
 
 [Fn»m Lat. scuiilla, diminutive of 
 r jiJiiter.] 1. A broad, shallow basket. 2. 
 . wjdc-mouthed ves.«el for holding coal. 
 0. Fr. fscoutiUe, N. Fr. ccoutiUe. from es- 
 
 
 to listen, to hear 
 
 fscotilla. See ' 
 
 Seal, n. [A.-S. seal, siol, syl, 
 seolh. Icel. stir, 0. U. Ger. 
 selach.] {Zoiil.) An aquatic 
 carnivorous mammal inhab- 
 iting sea-coasts, and found 
 principally in the higher lat- 
 itudes of both hemispheres. 
 
 Seal, n. [From Lat. sigillum, 
 a little figure or image, a 
 seal, dim. of signu7n, a mark, 
 sign, figure.] 1. Au en- 
 graved or inscribed stamp, 
 for making an impression in 
 
 wa.\ or other soft substance. 2. Wax, or other tenacioui 
 substance, .«et to an instrument and stamped •with a seal. 
 3. Hence, the wax or wafer that makes fast a letter oi 
 other paper. 4. Hence, that which confirms, ratifies, 
 makes stable, or authenticates. 
 
 Seal, r. t. [imp. & p. p. sealed ] p. pr. Sc vh. n. seal- 
 ing.] 1. To set or affix a seal to ; to confirm ; to ratify. 
 2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard 
 exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality. 3. To 
 fasten with a seal. 4. Hence, to shut or keep close; to 
 make fast ; to keep secure or secret. 
 
 Seal. 
 
 .'^COlT.] 1. A email opening in an outside wall or cov- 
 
 eriup, fumi.-5bed with a lid. "2. The lid or door which 
 
 Clivers or closes an opening in a wall, roof, or the like. 
 Scat'tle, r. r. [hyip. & p.p. SCUTTLED; p.pr. & vb.n. 
 
 SCUTTLING. J [From the n.] 1. To cut large holes' 
 
 t'lr^uirh the bott im. deck, or sides of, as a ship, for 
 
 iii\ I'lirpose. *2. To sink, as a ship, by making holes 
 
 !hn uirh the bottom. 
 <». ^ Mre-tar,n. See CiMETER. 
 
 > I \ ( in- (sirii), rt. [A.-S. sidlit, for sigdhe, Icel. sigdh, al- 
 1 ■■< Lat secare, Eng. saw, q. ▼.] An instrimient 
 . :^u«ing grass, grain, or the like, composed of a long, | Sea'-leg§, «. pi- Legs able to maintain their possessor 
 
 curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a handle. ■ upright in stormy weather at sea ; abiUty to walk steadily 
 S^ vtlie'mau, n. ; pt. S9VTHE/MEN. One who uses a j on deck in a rough sea. 
 
 a mower. Seal'er,«. One who seals ; e5//ecjaJZ^, an officer whose duty 
 
 *«( < tli'i-an, a. {Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Scythia, a 
 ^iven to the northern part of Asia, and Europe ad- 
 j :: i-.ig to Asia. 
 
 Sv>ll»'i-aii, H. {Geog.) (a.) Anative or inhabitant of 
 _Soyt.ua. (b.) The language of the Scythians. 
 
 Sea, n. [A.-S. sse, seo. 0. H. Ger. sco, Icel. xser, Goth. 
 fairs.] 1. One of the larger bodies of salt water, less 
 than an ocean, found on the earth's surface, 'i. An in- 
 land body of water ; a lake. [Hare.] 3. The ocean. 4. 
 The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a tem- 
 {•est. 5. A high wave or billow ; a surge. 
 
 Half seas orer, half drunk. [CoUoq.]— On the high seas, in 
 •he open »ea, the common highway of nations. 
 
 Sea'-a-n6m'o-ne, n. {Zoill.) A kind of polyp resem- 
 bling a flower. 
 
 Sea'-b^nk. n. 1. The sea-shore. 3. A hank or mole 
 t') defend against the sea. 
 
 Sea'-board, n. [From sea and board, Fr. bord, side.] 
 The sea-shore. 
 
 Sea'-board, adv. Toward the sea. 
 
 Sea'-boat, n. A Te«?el considered with leference to her 
 jower of resisting a storm. 
 
 Sea'-born, a. 1. Born of the sea : produced by the sea. 
 2. Born at sea. ' [banks. 
 
 Sea'-breach, n. Irruption of the sea by breaking the 
 
 Sea'-breeze. n. A wind, or ciurrent of air, blowing from 
 the sea upon land. 
 
 Sea'-ealf, «. ,• pi. sea'-caltes (-kivz). (ZoUl.) A ma- 
 jnne animal, the common .seal. 
 
 Sea'-eSp'taiii (42), n. The captain of a vessel. 
 
 bea'-eoal, n. Coal brought by sea; — a name formerly 
 used for mineral coal. [to the sea or ocean. 
 
 Sea'-eoast, n. The shore or border of the land adjacent 
 
 Sea'-ere-pliaiit, n. (Zodl.) A species of seal, of great 
 size, and remarkable for the prolongation of the nose, in 
 the male, into an erectile, soft, elastic snout. [.sailor. 
 
 ■f4r'er. n. One who follows the seas ; a mariner ; a 
 
 Kea' 
 
 Sea'-f ar'ing, a. Following the business of a seaman ; 
 
 ^-•UBtomarily c-mplojed in navigation. 
 Kea'-fight (-iTt), n. An engagement between ships at 
 
 B*a : a naval action. 
 Sea'- fish, n. Any fish that lives usually in salt water. 
 hea'-fowl, n. A marine fowl ; any bird that lives by the 
 
 fe&, and pn^ures ifs fooil from salt water. 
 Sea'-uage. n. The depth that a vessel sinks in the water. 
 s«. S4 '. t^ A.I „ A marine deity ; a fabulous being supposed 
 r the wrean or sea, &b Neptune. 
 'i. Going upon the sea ; esperiaUy, sailing 
 - ;j sea. 
 KfcH'-KreeM, «. Having the color of sea-water ; being 
 
 of a laint green color, with a slightly bluish tinge 
 Sea'-hftg, n. {Z(M.) The porj^oise. 
 S«-:t'.liorKe, n. 1. {Zool.) (a.) The walrus, (b.) The 
 
 1. potamuH, or river-horse. 2. (Irhih.) A fish allied i Sear 
 J', •h'_pipe-fi«h, and having a jjrehenHle tail. ' 
 
 Sea'«kale. n. (Bot.) A plant found growing along sandv 
 Bbore«, the young uhoot* and leaf-stalks of which are 
 used a*< fr>od. 
 Sfa'-king, n. One of the leadera of piratical squadrons 
 among the Danes or Normans ; a Norse pirate chief. 
 
 it is to seal writs, to stamp weights and measures, and 
 the like. 
 
 Seal'ing-wax, n. A compound of the resin lac, with 
 some less brittle resin, used for sealing letters. 
 
 Sea'-li'on, n. (Zoiil.) A seal of large dimensions, as the 
 sea-elephant ; — especially applied to certain large, ear- 
 less seals, with manes somewhat like those of the lion. 
 
 Seam, 7i. [A.-S. seam, seom, sem, from seowian, to sew.] 
 1. The fold or line on the surface of cloth formed by the 
 sewing together of two dififerent pieces. 2. Hence, a line 
 of junction; a suture. 3. {Geol. & Mining.) A narrow 
 vein between two thicker ones. 4. A scar ; a cicatrix. 
 
 Seam., n. [A.-S. sedtn, 0. H. Ger. soum,l.oyf. Lat. sauma, 
 Lat. sagma, Gr. adyfx.a.] A denomination of weight or 
 measure ; rs, (a.) The quantity of eight bushels of grain. 
 (6.) The quantity of 120 pounds of glass, (r.) A horse- 
 load of timber, of about three hundred weight. [Eng.] 
 
 Seam. v. t. [imp. & p. p. seamed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SEAM !>■&.] 1. To form a seam upon or of; to join by 
 sewing together. 2. To mark with something resem- 
 bling a .=eam ; to scar. 3. To knit with a certain stitch. 
 
 Sea'-maid, n. 1. TJie mermaid. 2. A sea-nymph. 
 
 Sea'-man, n.: pi. sea'-men. A mariner; a sailor; — 
 applied both to officers and common mariners. 
 
 Sea'man-sliip, n. The skill of a good seaman ; the art, 
 or skill in the art, of working a ship. 
 
 Sea'-mark, n. Any elevated object on land which serves 
 for a direction to mariners ; a beacon visible from the sea. 
 
 Sea'-me%v (-mu), n. ( OrnUh.) A gull ; the mew. 
 
 Seam'less. a. Without a seam. 
 
 Sea'-mon'ster, n. A huge marine animal. 
 
 Seam'.stress, or S6am'.«tregs, n. [For senmsteress.] 
 A woman whose occupation is sewing ; a needle-woman. 
 
 Seam'y, a. Containing seams, or showing them 
 
 Sea'-n'a'vel, 71. (Zo'Cl.) A kind of small shell-fish. 
 
 Stance (sa'ongss'), n. [Fr.,from Lat. 5(=c/fti5, p. pr. of 
 sedere, Fr. seoir, to sit.] Session, as of some public body. 
 
 Sea'-n6t'tle, n. (Zoiil.) Any medusa which has the 
 property of stinging when touched. 
 
 Sea'-nj'J'ipli, n. A nymph or goddess of the sea. 
 
 Sea'-ot'ter, n. (Zoiif.) An aquatic, mammiferous ani- 
 mal found in the northern parts of the Pacific Ocsan, 
 _the fur of which is highly yalued. 
 
 Sea'- pie, n. A dish of food consisting of paste and meat 
 boiled together ; — so named because common at sea. 
 
 Sea'-pie^e, n. A picture representing a scene at sea. 
 
 Sea'-port, n A port on the sea-.ehore ; an ocean harbor. 
 
 Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. seared ; p. pr. & vb. n. SEAR- 
 ING.] [A.-S. sedrian. 0. H. Ger. sCren, to dry, allied to 
 Gr. ^Tjpo?, dry, $r)paiveiv, to dr\ , parch.] 1. To wither; 
 to dry up. 2. To expose to a degree of beat such as 
 changes the color or hardness of the surface ; to scorch ; 
 I to make callous. 
 
 Dry ; withered. [Written also sere.] 
 Search, i-. t. [imp. & p. p. searched (sercht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. searching.] [L. Lat. cercare, circare, to go 
 about, seek, from Lat. circum, circa, around.] 1. To 
 look over or through, for the purpose of finding some- 
 thing. 2. To inquire after ; to look for. 3. To try or 
 put to the test. 
 
 ^,e,&c.,ton-, &,6,&.c.,shori; care,far,ask,aU, what; 6re,veil,tgrm; pique,firmj s6n,dr,d9, wol^ 
 
SEARCH 
 
 649 
 
 SECRECY 
 
 Syn. — To explore; examine; ecrutiuize; seek; investigate; 
 pry into; inquire. 
 
 Sea^cli, V. i. To seek ; to look ; to make inquiry or ex- 
 ploration ; to hunt. 
 
 Search, n. Act of seeking or looking for something. 
 
 Syn.— Scrutiny; examination; exploration ; investigation ; 
 research; inquiry; quest: pursuit. 
 
 Search'a-ble, a. Capable of being searched, examined, 
 or explored. 
 
 Searcli'er, n. One who, or that vrhich, searches, ex- 
 plores, or examines ; a seeker ; an inquirer ; an examiner; 
 a trier. 
 
 6earcli'-"*var'rant,«. {Laiv.) A warrant legally issued, 
 authorizing* persons to search houses, or other places, for 
 goods stolen, secreted, or concealed. 
 
 8ear'-€l6tli, n. [A.-S. sdr-dddh, a sore cloth. See 
 Soke.] A cloth to cover a sore ; a plaster. 
 
 Sear'ed-ness, n. The state of being seared, cauterized, 
 or hardened; hardness; hence, insensibihty. 
 
 gea'-room, n. Ample space or distance from land, 
 shoals, or rocks, sufficient for a ship to drive or scud 
 without danger of shipwreck. 
 
 Sea'-ser'pent, «. 1. A serpent-like animal of great 
 size, supposed to dwell in the sea ; now commonly reck- 
 oned as fabulous. 2. A kind of eel found in the Medi- 
 terranean. 3. A large marine serpent found in the Aus- 
 tralian seas. [sea. 
 
 Sea'-sliell, «- A marine shell ; a shell that grows in the 
 
 Sea'-Sihore, n. 1. The coast of the sea. "i. (Law.) 
 All the ground between the ordinary high-water and low- 
 water marks. 
 
 Sea'sick, a. ASected with sickness or nausea, by means 
 of the pitching or rolling of a vessel. 
 
 Sea'sick-ness, n. The sickness or nausea occasioned by 
 the pitching and rolling of a ship. 
 
 Sea'-side, n. The land bordering on the sea. 
 
 Sea'gon (se'zn), ?^. [Fr. sat^on, from Lat. satio, a sowing, 
 a planting, from serere, saturn, to sow, plant.] 1. One 
 of the four divisions of the year, spring, summer, au- 
 tumn, winter, ii. A suitable or convenient time ; proper 
 conjuncture. 3. A certain period of time not very long ; 
 a while ; a time. 
 
 In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. 
 — Out of season, beyond or out of the proper or usual time. 
 
 Sea'fon (se'zn), i*. t. [imp. & p. p. seasoned ; p. pr. 
 & f6. n. SEASONING.] 1. To render suitable or appro- 
 priate ; to prepare. 2. To habituate ; to accustom. 3. 
 To prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natu- 
 ral juices. 4. To render palatable ; to give zest or relish 
 to ; to spice. 5. To fit for enjoyment ; to render agree- 
 able. 6. To qualify by admixture ; to temper. 7. To 
 imbue; hence, to communicate first instruction to. 
 
 Sea'gon (se'zn), v. i. 1. To become mature ; to grow fit 
 for use ; to become adapted to a climate. 3. To become 
 dry and hard, as timber. 
 
 Sea'§on-a-ble (se'zn-a-bl), a. Occurring in good time, 
 in due season, or in proper time for the purpose. 
 Syn. — Opportune; timely; fit; convenient. 
 
 Sea'gon-a-ble-ness (se'zn-), n. Opportuneness. 
 
 Sea'gon-a-bly (s5'zn-), adv. In due time ; in time con- 
 venient; sufficiently early. 
 
 Sea'§on-er (sS/zn-), n. One who, or that which, seasons. 
 
 Sea'§oii-ing (s5''zn-ing), n. 1. That which is added to 
 any species of food, to give it a higher relish ; a condi- 
 ment. 2. Hence, something added or mixed, to enhance 
 the pleasure of enjoyment. 
 
 Seat, n. [A.-S. siot, set, seat, a setting. See SiT.] 1. 
 The place or thing upon which one sits. 2. The place 
 where any thing is situated, resides, or abides ; station ; 
 site ; abode. 3. Something made to be set in or upon. 
 
 4. That part of a thing on which a person sits. 5. A 
 right to sit ; regular place of sitting. 6. Posture or way 
 of sitting of a person on horseback. 7. {Mach.) A part 
 on which another part rests. 
 
 Seat, t'. t. [i7np. & p. p. seated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SEATING.] 1. To place on a seat ; to cause to sit down. 
 2. To station ; to locate ; to establish ; to fix. 3. To 
 assign a seat to, or the seats of. 4. To fix ; to set firm. 
 
 5. To repair by making the seat new. 
 
 Sea'- term, n. A word or term used appropriately by 
 seamen, or peculiar to the art of navigation. 
 
 Sea'-u-'ni-eorn, n. (Ichth.) The narwhal. See Nar- 
 whal. 
 
 Sea'ward, a. Directed toward the sea. [sea. 
 
 Sea'ward, adv. Toward the sea ; in the direction of the 
 
 Sea'-weed, n. (Bot.) A marine plant of the class of 
 Algx. 
 
 Sea'-wor'tiiy (-wQr'th^^), a. Fit for a rovage ; wortlw 
 of b_eing trusted to transport a cargo with safety. 
 
 Se-ba'ceoiis, a. [N. Lat. ."itbartu^, from Ijit. sebum 
 tallow.] 1. Made of, or pertaining to, tallow or fat. 2l 
 (Bot.) Looking Hke wax, tallow, or grease. 3, ( Physiol.) 
 Affording fatty .secretions. 
 
 Se^cant, a. [I^t. secans, p. pr. of secure, to cut.] Cut. 
 I ting ; dividing into two parts. 
 
 Se'cant, n. 1. (Geoni.) A Hne 
 that cuts another 2. ( Trigonom- 
 etry.) .\ right line drawn from 
 the center of a circle through one 
 end of an arc, and terminated by 
 a tangent drawn through the 
 other end. Thus the line c d is 
 the secant of the arc a b. 
 
 Se-^ede', v. i. [imp. & p. p. se- 
 ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. seceding.] [Lat. seredere, 
 secessum, from se, aside, and cedere, to go, to move.) To 
 withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association; 
 especially, in the United States, to withdraw, as a State, 
 from the National Union. 
 
 Se-^ed'er, n. One who secedes. 
 
 Se-^ern', v. t. [imp. & p. /;. secerned : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SECERNING.] [Lat. secernere, from se, aside, and 
 cernere, to separate, sift.] 1. To separate ; to distinguish. 
 2. (Physiol.) To secrete. 
 
 Se-fern'ment, n. The process or act of secreting. 
 
 Se-(;6s'sion(-sesh'un),7i. [Lat. ifrfis/o. See Secede.] 
 1. Act of seceding ; separation from fellowship or a.sso- 
 ciation. 2. ( (J. S. Hist.) The withdrawal, or attempt 
 to withdraw, from the National Union. 
 
 Se-96s'sion-ist, n. One who upholds secession. 
 
 S^clt'el (sek'l), n. A small, pulpy variety of pear of 
 delicious flavor. 
 
 Se-«lude', v. t. [imp. & p. p. secluded ; p pr. & i-6. 
 n. secluding.] [Lat. secludere, .<:erlusiim, fr. se, aside, 
 and claudere, to shut.] 1. To shut up apart from oth- 
 ers ; to withdraw into solitude. 2. To shut out ; to pre- 
 vent from entering ; to exclude. 
 
 Se-elu.'§ioii, n. Act of secluding, or state of seclusion ; 
 separation from society or connection. 
 
 Syn. — Solitude ; separation ; withdrawment ; cetirement ; 
 privacy. See Solitude. 
 
 S6«'ond a. [h&t. secimdus, the second, from sequi, to 
 follow. J 1. Immediately following the first ; next to the 
 first in order of place or time. 2. Next in value, power, 
 excellence, dignity, or rank. 
 
 S6-e'ond, n. 1. One who follows or comes after; one 
 next and inferior in place, time, rank, or the hke. 2. 
 One who attends another for his support and aid ; specif- 
 ically, one who acts as another's aid in a duel. 3. Tha 
 sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a degree, that is, 
 the second regular division next to the hour or degree. 
 4. (Mus.) (a.) The interval between any tone and the 
 tone represented on the degree of the staff ne.xt above it. 
 (h.) The second part in a concerted piece ; — often popu- 
 larly applied to the alto. 5. pi. A coarse kind of flour. 
 
 S6€'ond, i". t. [imp. & p. p. SECO.NDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SECONDING.] 1. To follow or attend for the pur- 
 pose of assisting ; to support ; to back ; to assist ; to for- 
 ward ; to encourage. 2. Specifically, to support, as a 
 motion or proposal, by adding one's voice to that of th« 
 mover or proposer. 
 
 S6«'ond-a-ri-ly, adv. In a secondary manner or de- 
 gree ; not primarily. 
 
 S6<j'ond-a-ry, a. 1. Succeeding next in order to the 
 first; of second place, origin, rank, and the like. 2. 
 Acting by deputation or delegated authority. 
 Syn.— Second; second-rate; subordinate; inferior. 
 
 Se-e'ond-a-ry, n. 1. One who occupies a subordinate, 
 inferior, or auxiliary place. 2. (vl>"^''>«) A satellite. 3. 
 ( Ornili.) A quill growing on the second bone of a bird's 
 wing. 
 I S6«'ond-er, n. One who seconds or supports what 
 i another attempts, affirnis, moves, or jiroposcs. 
 I Sgc'ond-band, n. The hand marking the seconds in 
 a clock or watch. 
 
 S6«'ond-liaiid, n. Po-ssessLn obtained by transfer 
 from a previous owner. 
 
 S6«'ond-liftnd, a. 1. Not oilginnl or primary. 2. 
 Not new ; previously possessed or used by another. 
 
 S6-e'oiid-Iv, adv. In the second place. [value. 
 
 S6€'ond-rate, a. Of the second sico, rank, quality, or 
 
 Sg-e'ond-sigbt (-sit), n. The power of seeing things 
 future or distant : prophetic vision. 
 
 Se'-ere-?y, n. 1. State of being secret ; separaUon ; n- 
 
 fobd, fdbtj iirn, rude, p^ ; feU, ^liaise, call, e«lio ; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, linlc; tiil»^ 
 
SECRET 
 
 650 
 
 SEDATELY 
 
 Secretary-bird. 
 
 dwnwnt ; privacy ; concealment. 2. Fidelity to a 
 secret. 
 SeVret, a. [Lat. sfcrfliis, p. p. ofsecemcre, to put apart, 
 to-'^'ivHrate.) 1. Separate; hence, hid ; concealed from 
 penenil notice or knowledge, 'i. Kept from general 
 knowledge or solution ; known only to one or to few. 
 
 Svn.— Hidden: concealed; secluded : retired; unseen; 
 unk'iiown: private: obscure; recondite; latent; covert; clan- 
 dosliue; privy. See Uiudem. 
 Se'<T«»t, «. 1. Something studiously concealed ; a thing 
 kept from general knowledge. 2. A thing not discov- 
 ered ; a mystery. '3. pi. The genital organs. 
 
 ^1 itecrct. in a private place; in privacy or secrecy; in a state 
 or place not seen ; privately. 
 Sd^-'re-ta-ry (44), n. [L. Lat. secretarius, from Lat. se- 
 cr(ni»i,& secret: originally a confidant, one intrusted with 
 A-crets.] 1. A person employed to write orders, letters, 
 dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the 
 hkc. '2. An officer whose busine.«;s is to superintend and 
 manage the affairs of a particvUar department of govern- 
 ment. 3. A piece of furniture with conveniences for 
 writing : an escritoire. 
 Sff-'re-ta-ry-bird, n. [So 
 called fromthe tufts of feathers 
 at the back of its head, which 
 were fancifully thought to re- 
 semble pens stuck behind the 
 ear.] ( Ornith.) A bird of South 
 Africa, with an aquiline head 
 and beak, the legs of a crane, 
 and a lengthened crest and tail. 
 S6«'re-ta-ry-sliip, «. The of- 
 fice of a secretary. 
 Se-erete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 secreted; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SECRETING.] [Lat. secernere, 
 to separate, p. p. secretus, separated, secret, hidden. See 
 Secret.] 1, To deposit in a place of hiding; to re- 
 move from observation. 2. {Physiol.) To separate by 
 the processes of the vital economy, from the circulating 
 fluids, as the blood, sap, &c. 
 Syn.— To conceal; hide. See Conceal. 
 Se-ere'tion, n. 1. Act of secreting ; especially, pro- 
 duction from the general nourishing substance, of partic- 
 ular substances in the vital economy. 2. The matter 
 secreted. [tion. 
 
 Se'<;re-ti'tious ( -tish'us), a. Produced by animal secre- 
 Se-eret'ive, a. Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or 
 
 private. 
 Se-eretlve-ness, « . The quality of being secretive. 
 Se'-eret-ly, adv. In a secret or clandestine manner. 
 
 Syn. — Privately; privily; latently; covertly. 
 Se'-eret-ness, n. State or quality of being secret. 
 Se'-ere-to-ry, or Se-eret'o-ry, a. Performing the 
 
 office of secretion. 
 S6«t, n. [Lat. ser.ta, from secare, sectum, to cut off, to 
 separate.] A body of persons who have separated from 
 others in virtue of some special doctrine, or set of doc- 
 trines, which they hold in common ; a school or denom- 
 ination : especially, a religious denomination. 
 Se«-ta'ri-aii (89), a. Pertaining or peculiar to a sect, or 
 
 to sects. 
 Se«-ta'ri-an, n. One of a sect ; a member or adherent 
 of a special school, denomination, or religious or phUo- 
 eophical party. 
 Syn. — Heretic; partisan; schismatic. See Heretic. 
 Se«-ta'rl-an-i§in, n. The quality or character of a 
 
 sectarian ; devotion to the interests of a party. 
 S6«'ta-ry, n. [See Sect.] A sectarian ; a member or 
 
 adherent of a sect. 
 S6€'tile, a. [Lat. sectilis, from secare, sectum, to cut.] 
 1. Capable of being cut. 2. (Min.) Capable of being 
 cut smoothly. 
 S6«'tion, n. [Lat. sectio, from secare, sectum, to cut 
 off.] 1. Act of cutting, or of separation by cutting. 2. 
 A part separated from the rest ; a division ; a portion ; 
 a«, specijicfdly, (a.) A distinct part of a book or writing ; 
 the sultdivision of a chapter, law, or other writing ; 
 hence, the character §, often used to denote such a 
 division, (b.) A distinct part of a country or people, 
 community, class, or the like, (c.) One of the portions, 
 of one square mile each, into which the public lands of 
 the United States are divided. 3. ( Geom.) The intersec- 
 tion of two superficies, or of a superficies and a solid. 
 4. Representation of any thing as it would appear if cut 
 through by any intersecting plane ; profile. 
 
 acb, sectoi. 
 
 Syn. — Part. — The English apply the word section to a 
 part or portion of a body of men, as " a section of the clergy," 
 " a sniafl sectio7i of the Whigs," &c. We have no such use of 
 the word in this country, but use it abundantly in a way never 
 known in England, as m the phrases, " the eastern section of 
 our country ,'*'^&c., giving the same sense also to the adjective 
 sectional, as, sectional teelinjjs, interests, &c. This perhaps 
 arose from our public lands being surveyed and divided into 
 squares of 640 acres each, called sections, which has made th« 
 term in this sense prevalent throughout the United States. 
 
 S6-e'tion-al, a. Pertaining to a section ; partial. 
 
 S6«'tor, n. [Lat. , a cutter, from secare, 
 section, to cut.] 1. (Geom.) A part 
 of a circle comprehended between two 
 radii and the included arc. 2. A 
 mathematical instrument, used for/ 
 plotting, &c., to any scale. 3. An' 
 astronomical instrument, used for 
 measuring differences of declination 
 too great for the compass of a microm- 
 eter. 
 
 Se-e'u-lar, a. [Lat. secularis, from sec- 
 ulum, a generation, age, the times, the world.] 1. 
 Coming or observed once in an age or century. 2. Pei- 
 taining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long 
 period of time. 3. Pertaining to this present world, or 
 to things not spiritual or holy; worldly 4. (Rom. 
 Cath. Churc/i.) Not bound by monastic vows or rules. 
 
 Sec'ii-lar, n. 1. An ecclesiastic not bound by monastic 
 rules. 2. (Eccl.) A church officer whose functions ar* 
 confined to the vocal department of the choir. 
 
 Se^'u-lar'i-ty, n. Supreme attention to the things of 
 the present life ; worldiiness. 
 
 S^^'u-lar-i-za'tion, n. Act of rendering secular, or 
 state of being rendered secular ; conversion from relig- 
 ious to lay possession and uses. 
 
 Se«'u-lar-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. secularized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SECULARIZING.] 1. To convert fit)m 
 regular or monastic into secular. 2. To convert from 
 spiritual to secular or common use. 3. To make worldly 
 or unspiritual. 
 
 S6«'u-lar-ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner. 
 
 Sec'u-lar-ness, n. Quality of being secular; worldii- 
 ness. 
 
 S6<;'iui-diiie, n. 1. (Bot.) The second coat of an ovule. 
 2. pi. ( Obstet.) The several coats or membranes in which 
 the fetus is wrapped in the womb ; the after-birth. 
 
 Se-eur'a-tole, a. Capable of being secured. 
 
 Se-eure', a. [Lat. securus, from se, for sine, without, 
 and cum, care.] 1. Free from care or anxiety ; easy in 
 mind. 2. Over-confident. 3 . Confident in opinion ; 
 not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, 
 doubt. 4. Not exposed to danger. 
 
 Syn. — Safe ; undisturbed ; easy ; sure ; certain ; assured; 
 confident; careless; heedless; inattentive. 
 
 Se-eure', v. t. [imp. & p. p. secured ; p.pr. tc vb. n. 
 SECURING.] 1. To make safe; to guard; to protect. 
 2. To make certain ; to assure ; to insure. 3. To make 
 fast ; to close, inclose, or confine effectually. 4. To get 
 possession of; to make one's self secure of. 
 
 Se-eiire'ly, adv. In a secure manner ; without fear or 
 apprehension ; without danger ; safely. 
 
 Se-eure'ness, n. Condition or quality of being secure ; 
 confidence of safety ; want of vigilance. 
 
 Se-eii'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of being secure; a«, (a.) 
 Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care, (b.) Over- 
 carelessness ; negligence, (c.) Freedom from risk ; safety. 
 2. That which secures or makes safe; specifically, (a.) 
 Something given or deposited to make certain the fulfill- 
 ment of an obUgation, the payment of a debt, or the like. 
 (h.) One who becomes surety for another. 3. An evi- 
 dence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of 
 stock, and the like. 
 
 Syn. — Protection ; defense ; guard ; 
 tainty ; ease ; assurance ; carelessness ; 
 pledge. 
 
 Se-d.an', n. [Said to be named 
 from Sedan, in France, where it 
 was first made.] A portable 
 chair or covered vehicle for car- 
 rying a single person. 
 
 Se-date', a. [Lat. sedatus, p. p. 
 of sedare, to allay, calm.] Un- 
 ruffled by passion. 
 
 Syn.— Settled; composed; calm; 
 quiet; tranquil; still; serene; un- 
 ruffled ; undisturbed ; contempla- 
 tive; sober; serious. 
 
 shelter ; safety ; eer- 
 confidence ; surety i 
 
 I Se-date1y, adv. 
 
 Sedan. 
 In a sedate manner ; soberly. 
 
 »,e, Sec, long; a, 6, &c., short; c^re, f ar, ask, all, wliat ; ere,T^eil,terxni; pique, firm; son, 6r.de, 'vr^^m 
 
SEDATENESS 
 
 651 
 
 SEESAW 
 
 Se-date'ness, n. Condition or quality of being sedate ; 
 freedom from agitation ; composure ; serenity ; tran- 
 quillity. 
 
 S6d.'a-tive,a. [From Lat. se</are. See SEDATE. J Tend- 
 ing to calm, moderate, or tranquilize ; specifically, allay- 
 ing'irritability and irritation. 
 
 S6d'a-tive, n. {Med.) A remedy which allays irritabil- 
 « ity and irritation, and irritative activity or pain. 
 
 Sfid'eii-ta-ri-ness, n. State or quality of being seden- 
 tary. 
 
 S6d'en-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. sedentarius, from sedere, to 
 sit.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long, ii. Requiring 
 much sitting. 3. Passed for the most part in sitting. 
 
 Sedge, n. [A.-S. xecg, It. 8o Gael seisg,W. hesg.] {Bot.) 
 A plant growing in dense tufts, generally in wet grounds. 
 
 Sedg'y, a. Overgrown with sedge. 
 
 Sed'i-ment, 7i. [Lat. sediment urn, fiom. sedere, to sit, to 
 settle.] The matter which subsides to the bottom, from 
 water or any other liquid. 
 
 Syn.— Settlings; lees; dregs; feculence. 
 
 S6d'i-m6iit'a-ry, a. Pertaining to, formed by, or con- 
 sisting of, matter that has subsided. 
 
 Se-di'tioii (-dish'un), n. [Lat. seditio, from se, sed, 
 aside, and ilio, a going, from ire, itum, to go.] The rais- 
 ing of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrec- 
 tion ; excitement of resistance to lawful authority. 
 
 Syn. —Insurrection; tumult; uproar; riot; rebellion; re- 
 volt. See Insurkection. 
 
 Se-di'tion-a-ry (-dish'un-), n. An inciter or promoter 
 of sedition. 
 
 Se-di'tious (-dish'us), a. 1. Pertaining to, or partaking 
 of the nature of, sedition, '-i. Tending to excite sedition. 
 3. Turbulent ; factious, or guilty of sedition. 
 
 Se-di'tious-ly (-dish'us-), adv. In a seditious manner. 
 
 Se-di'tioiis-ness (-dish'us-), n. The quahty of being se- 
 ditious ; disposition to excite popular commotion in oppo- 
 sition to law, or the act of doing so. 
 
 S^d'Iitz Pow'derg (108). [From Sedlitz, in Bohemia.] 
 Certain aperient powders which are dissolved separately 
 in water, and, when mixed, form an effervescing drink. 
 
 Se-du^e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. seduced (se-dusf) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SEDUCING.] [Lat. seducers, from se, aside, and 
 ducere, to lead.] 1. To draw aside from the path of rec- 
 titude and duty. 3. To induce to surrender chastity. 
 
 Syn. — To allure; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; decoy; 
 inveigle. See Allure. 
 
 Se-dufe'ineiit, n. 1. Act of seducing ; seduction, ti. 
 The means employed to seduce. 
 
 Se-du'Qer, n. One who seduces ; specifically, one who 
 prevails by art and persuasions over the chastity of a 
 woman. 
 
 Se-du'^i-ble, a. Capable of being seduced or led astray. 
 
 Se-du-e'tion, n. 1. Act of seducing, or of enticing from 
 the path of duty ; specifically, the act or crime of per- 
 suading a female to surrender her chastity. 3. That 
 which seduces ; means of leading astray. 
 
 Se-du«'tive, a. Tending to lead astray. 
 
 Se-du'li-ty, n. [Lat. sediditas. See infra.] Quality of 
 being sedulous ; unremitting industry. 
 
 SSd'u-lous, a. [Lat. sedulus, from sedere, to sit.] Dili- 
 gent in application or pursuit ; steadily industrious. 
 
 Syn. — Assiduous; diligent; industrious; laborious; unre- 
 mitted. 
 
 S6d'u-loiis-ly, adv. In a sedulous manner ; assiduously. 
 
 Sed'u-lous-ness, n. Assiduity ; assiduousness ; steady 
 diligence. 
 
 See, n. [From Lat. sedes, a seat, from sedere, to sit.] 1. 
 A diocese ; the jurisdiction of a bishop. "2. The seat of 
 an archbishop ; a province or jurisdiction of an arch- 
 bishop. 3. The seat, place, or office of the pope or Ro- 
 man pontifif. 4. The pope or court of Rome. 
 
 See, V. t. [imp. saw ; p. p. seen ; p. pr. & vb. n. see- 
 ing.] [A.-S. seon, for sehwan, Goth, saihvan, Icel. sia.] 
 1. To perceive by the eye. 3. To perceive by mental 
 vision ; to form an idea or conception of. 3. To regard 
 or look to; to take care of; to beware. 4. To have an 
 interview with ; especially, to make a call upon ; to visit. 
 5. To fall in with; to meet or associate with. 6. To 
 make acquaintance with ; to experience. 
 Syn. — To behold; discern; perceive; descry. 
 
 See, V. I. 1. To have the power of sight. 2. To have 
 intellectual apprehension. 3. To be attentive ; to pay 
 regard ; to give heed. 
 
 Seed, n. [A.-S. sxd, from sawan, to sow ; Goth, seds, 
 set/is, Icel. sad.] 1. (Bot.) The embryo, with its en- 
 velop or envelops, or the matured ovule, the growth of 
 which gives origin to a new plant. 3. [Physiol.) The 
 
 generative fluid of the male ; semen. 3. That from 
 which any thing springs ; first principle. 4. The prin- 
 ciple of production. 5. Progeny ; offspring; children; 
 descendants. 6. Race ; generation ; birth. 
 
 Seed, V. i. 1. To grow to maturity, so as to produce 
 seed. 3. To shed the seed. 
 
 Seed, V. t. [imp. & p. p. seeded ; p. pr. & vb. n. SEED- 
 ING.] To sprinkle with seed, or as if with seed ; to sow 
 
 Seed'-biid, n. (Bot.) The germ, germen, or rudiment of 
 the fruit in embryo ; the ovule. 
 
 Seed'--eake, n. A sweet cake containing aromatic seeds. 
 
 Seed'ling, n. A plant reared from the seed, as distin- 
 guished from one propagated by layers, buds, or the like. 
 
 Seedg'man, n. ; pi. SEEDg-'MEN. A person who dealn 
 in seeds ; also, a sower. 
 
 Seed'- time, n. The season proper for sowing. 
 
 Seed'-ves'sel, n. {Bot.) The case which contains tho 
 seeds ; a pod. 
 
 Seed'y, a. [cowpar. seedier ; 5Mper/. seediest.] 1, 
 Abounding with seeds ; bearing seeds. 3. Old and worn 
 out ; poor and miserable looking ; shabbily clothed. 
 [Collo(/.] 
 
 See'ixis, p. pr., hut commonly regarded as a conj. In 
 ■view of the fact that ; considering ; taking into account 
 that ; inasmuch as ; since. 
 
 Seek, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sought (sawt); p. pr. & vb, 
 n. SEEKING.] [A.-S. secan, secean, sxcan, Goth. sOkjan, 
 Icel. s'dkia, from A.-S. sacan, to contend, strive, Goth. 
 sakan, Icel. saka, allied to Lat. sequi, to follow.] 1. To 
 go in search or quest of; to try to find. 3. To endeavor 
 to find or gain by any means. 
 
 Seek, V. i. 1. To make search or inquiry. 3. To en- 
 deavor ; to attempt ; to strive. 
 
 Seek'er, n. 1. One who seeks ; an inquirer. 3. One 
 of a sect who profess no determinate religion. 
 
 Seel, v.t. [imp. Sep. p. seeled ; p.pr. & vb. n. SEEL- 
 ING.] [Fr. siller, ciller, from cil, Lat. cilium, an eyelash.] 
 1. To render incapable of seeing by sewing the eyelids 
 together. 3. Hence, to shut the eyes of; to render 
 blind. 
 
 Seem, v. i. [imp. & p. p. seemed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SEEMING.] [Prov. Eng. seem., to think, imagine; 0. 
 Eng. seem, to become, befit ; A.-S. seman, to judge, ap- 
 pease ; Goth, samjan, to please ; Icel. soma, to become, 
 beseem.] To have a show or semblance ; to present an 
 appearance. 
 
 Syn.— To appear; look. — To appear has reference to a 
 thing's being pre.'jented to our view; as, the sun appears; to 
 seem is connected with the idea of semblance, and usuallj^ im- 
 plies an inference of our mind as to the probability of a thing's 
 being so; as, a storm seems to be coming. " The story appears 
 to be true " means that the facts, as presented, go to show its 
 truth: " the story seems to be true " means it has the semblance 
 of being so, and we infer that it is true. 
 
 Should seem, would seem. — These phrases differ only in 
 strength. "We use " shoidd seem " when the case is so strong as 
 to render the inference almost a necessary one; we use ^"^ would 
 seem " to express a prevailing semblance or probability, with 
 perhaps a slight implication that the case may be-otherwise. 
 Mr. Pickering supposed '■'would seem" to be a peculiarity of 
 America; it is used, however, by English writers in the sense 
 given above. 
 
 SeemL'er, n. One who seems ; one who carries an appear- 
 ance or semblance. [of. 
 
 Seem'iug, p. a. Appearing like ; having the semblance 
 Syn. — Apparent; specious. See Apparent. 
 
 Seem'ing, n. Appearance ; show ; semblance ; fair ap- 
 pearance, [sibly. 
 
 Seem'ing-ly, adv. In appearance ; apparently ; osten- 
 
 Seem'ing-ness, n. Fair appearance ; plausibility. 
 
 Seem'li-ness, n. State or quahty of being seemly, 
 comeliness ; grace ; fitness ; propriety ; decency. 
 
 Seem'ly, a. [compar. seemlier; superl. seemliest.] 
 [From seem,Y. t.] Suited to the object, occasion, pur- 
 pose, or character. 
 
 Syn.— Becoming; fit; suitable; proper; appropriate; coa- 
 gruous; meet; decent; decorous. 
 
 Seen, p. p. of see. See See. 
 
 Seer, n. [From see.] A person wh© foresees events; a 
 prophet. 
 
 See'saw, n. [Prob. a reduplication of sato, expressing 
 the motion to and fro, in the act of sawing.] 1. A play 
 among children, in which two persons, seated upon the 
 opposite ends of a board which is supported in the mid- 
 dle, move alternately up and down. 3. A board adjust- 
 ed for this purpose. 3. A vibratory or reciprocating 
 motion. 
 
 See'sa-w, v. i. {imp. & p. p. seesawed ; p.pr.k vb. n. 
 SEESAWING.] To move backward and forward, or up- 
 ward and downward. 
 
 food, f<>bt; Arn, rude, pull; (ell, (haise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; ejlst; linger, Unit ; tbla- 
 
SEESAW 
 
 652 
 
 SELF-SUFFICIENT 
 
 See's^'W. a. Moving up and down or to and fro ; having 
 a rwripiwnting motion. 
 
 Soetlie, r. I. [ittiji. seethed (sod, obs.)\ p. p. SEETH- 
 ED, SODDEN ; /). pr. & i-b. n. SEETHING.] [A.-S. sed- 
 tiftan, sid(Oian, 0. II. licr. siu(/au, Icel. siOda.] To decoct 
 or prepjire for food in hot liquid ; to boil. 
 
 Seetiie, i-. i. To be iu a stute of ebullition ; to boil. 
 
 SJ^tc'iueiit, n. [Lat. scgvunlui/i, from /-"^ 
 
 strare, to cut, out off.] " 1. One of the«Z_— - X^ 
 
 pjirti! into wliioh uuy body naturally 
 sejKiratt'.s or i.s divided ; a.«ection ; a por- 
 tion. '■£, {Gtoni.) A part cut off from 
 a figure by a line or plane ; i specially, 
 that i>art of a circle contiiined between 
 a chonl and au arc of that circle. 
 
 Si'g're-gate, v. t. I'vip. & p. p. SEG- Segment (2). 
 KEGATED;/).pr. & vh. n. SEGKEGAT- a b, chord; a c b, 
 I.NG.] [Lat. Sfgrfgare, segregatiim, fr. segment. 
 
 Sf, aside, and grfgare, to collect into a flock or herd, from 
 grejr, gregis, a flock or herd.] To separate from others ; 
 to set apart. 
 
 S^S're-ga'tion, n. Act of segregating, or state of being 
 segregated : separation from others ; a parting. 
 
 Seid'litz (sTd'lits). See Sedlitz. 
 
 Seign-eii'ri-al (scen-yjj'-), a. [Fr., from se/g-newr. See 
 i^EiGMOR.] 1. Pertaining to the lord of a manor; 
 manorial. 2. Vested with large powers ; independent. 
 
 Seigii'ior (seen'yur), n. [Fr. seigneur, 0. Fr. seignor, 
 from Lat. senior, elder, compar. of senex, senis, old.] A 
 lord ; the lord of a manor ; — the English equivalent of 
 the Spanish Senor and Italian Sig7ior, titles of address 
 corresponding to Sir or Mr. 
 
 Grand Seif;7iior, the sultan of Turkey. 
 
 Seign'ior-age (seen'yur-, 45), 7?. 1. Something claimed 
 or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative ; specifically, 
 a certain toll or deduction on bullion brought to a mint 
 to be coined, ti. Profit or percentage, as the money paid 
 on a copy -right by a publisher to an author. [Eng.] 
 
 6eign'ior-y (seen'yur-y), n- 1. Power or authority of 
 a lord ; dominion. '2. A lordship ; a manor. 
 
 Seiue (seen), n. [Fr. seiiie, A.-S. segene, It. & Lat. 
 sagena, Gr. aayiji/r;.] A large net for catching fish. 
 
 Sei§'in, «. The same as seizin. See Seizin. 
 
 Seiz'a-ble, a. Capable of being seized ; liable to be taken. 
 
 Seize, v. c. [imp. & p. p. seized ; p. pr. & vb. n. SEIZ- 
 ING.] [From 0. H. Ger. sazjan, to set, bi-sazjan, to 
 occupy, to seize.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and 
 lay hold on. 2. To take possession of by force. 3. To 
 come upon suddenly. 4. To take possession of by virtue 
 of a warrant or legal authority. 5. (Naut.) To bind or 
 fasten together, as ropes. 
 
 Syn.— To catch ; grasp ; clutch; snatch ; apprehend ; ar- 
 rest; take; capture. 
 
 Seiz'er, n. One who, or that which, seizes. 
 
 Seiz'in, n. [See Seize.] 1. {Laiv.) Possession of an 
 estate of freehold. 2. The thing possessed ; possession. 
 
 Seiz'or, n. (Laiv.) One who seizes, or takes possession. 
 
 Seiz'iire, n. 1 . Act of seizing, or state of being seized ; 
 sudden and violent grasp or gripe. 2. Retention within 
 one"s gra.sp or power ; possession. 3. Thing laid hold of 
 or possessed. 
 
 8e-jii'gofts, a. [Lat. sejugis (sc. currus), a team of six 
 horses, from sex, six, and jugum, yoke, team.] (Bot.) 
 Having six pairs of leaflets. 
 
 Se'lfih, n. [Ileb., from salah, to repose, to be silent.] 
 (Script.) A word of doubtful meaning, occurring very 
 frequently in the Psalms ; by some supposed to signify 
 silence or a pause in the musical performance of the 
 song : by others, to call special attention to the subject. 
 
 S6Va6m, adv. [A.-S. seldan, seldon, selduni, 0. H. Ger. 
 seltnn.^ Ilarely ; not often ; not frequently. 
 
 8e-l€et', v. t. [imp. & p. ;>. selected ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SELECTING.] [Lat. seligere, selectum, from se, aside, 
 apart, and legere, to gather.] To choose and take from 
 a number ; to pick out ; to cull. 
 
 Je-16et', «. Taken from a number by jjreference ; of 
 special value or excellence. 
 Syn.— Selected; chosen; picked; choice. 
 
 Se-lfie'tion, n. 1. Act of selecting, or state of being se- 
 lected ; choice, by preference, from many others. 2. 
 That which is wdected ; something chosen or culled ; also, 
 the collection of things culled. 
 
 Se-lget'inAn, n. ; pi. SE-LfecT/MEN. [From .select and 
 man.] A town officer chosen annually, in the New Eng- 
 land States, U> manage the concerns of the town, pro- 
 vide for the poor, &c. 
 
 Se-16<5t'ness, n. State of being select or well choaen. 
 
 Se-16et'or, n. [Lat.] One who selects or chooses. 
 
 S61'e-nite, n. [Lat. selenites, Gr. o-eATji/iTrj? (sc. \C0of), 
 from a-eKrjvrj, the moon ; — so called from a resemblance 
 in luster or appearance to the moon.] (Min.) A va- 
 riety of sulphate of lime or gypsum , occurring in transpa- 
 rent crystals, or crvstalline masses. 
 
 S61'e-n6s'ra-i>liy, n. [Gr. creA^i^j, the moon, and ypd- 
 (ftetv, to describe.] A description of the surface of the 
 moon. 
 
 S6lf, n.,- pi. sfiLVEg. [A.-S. silf, sylf, self, seolf, Icel. 
 sialfr, 0. II. Ger. selb, Goth, silba, silbG, prob. contracted 
 from si-liba, from sik, one's self, and lip, body, life, hav- 
 ing one's own body.] 1. The individual as an object to 
 his own reflective consciousness ; a person as a distinct 
 individual. 2. Hence, personal interest, or love of pri- 
 vate interest. 
 
 iK?" Self is united to certain personal pronouns and pro- 
 nominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. Thus, 
 for emphasis, I myself -win write; I will examine for myself. It 
 is also used reflexively. 
 
 S€lf '-a-base'ment, n. Humiliation or abasement pro- 
 ceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or shame. 
 
 Self'-a-touse', n. 1. Abuse of one's own person or 
 powers. 2. Masturbation ; onanism. 
 
 S6If'-«oii-?eit'. n. Conceit of one's self; a high opinion 
 of one's powers or endowments ; vanity. 
 
 Seif'-^on-^eit'ed, a. Having a high or overweening 
 opinion of one's own person or merits ; vain ; puffed up ; 
 conceited. 
 
 Self'-eon'fi-den^e, n. Confidence in one's own opinion 
 or powers, without extraneous aid ; self-reliance. 
 
 SSlf'-eon'scioiis, a. 1. Conscious of one's acts or 
 states as belonging to, or originating in, one's self. 2. 
 Conscious of one's self as an object of the observation of 
 others. 3. Estimating too highly one's capacities, claims, 
 or importance. 
 
 Self'-eon-trol', n. Control of one's self; restraint ex- 
 ercised over one's self. 
 
 S6If '-de-f ense', I n. The act of defending one's own 
 
 Self'-de-f^n^e', ) person, property, or reputation. 
 
 Self'-de-ni'al, n. The denial of one's self; the for- 
 bearing to gratify one's own appetites or desires. 
 
 self -es-teem', n. The esteem or good opinion of one's 
 self; complacency. 
 
 S61f '-ev'i-dent, a. Evident without proof or reasoning ; 
 producing certainty or clear conviction upon a bare 
 presentation to the mind. 
 
 Self'-e^c-ist'ent (-egz-), a. Existing of or by himself, 
 independent of any other being. 
 
 SSlf''-g6v'erii-inent, n. 1. The government of one's 
 self; self-control. 2. Hence, government by the mass 
 of the nation, or the people; democracy. 
 
 Seif'-in'ter-est, 7i. Private interest; the interest or 
 advantage of one's self. 
 
 Seif'isli, a. Regarding one's own good in disregard, or 
 at the expense, of that of others. ^ 
 
 S€lf'isli-ly, adv. In a selfish manner; with r^ard to 
 private interest only or chiefly. 
 
 Self isli-iiess, n. The quality of being selfish ; excluBiT* 
 regard to one's own interest or happiness. 
 SyTi. — See Self-love. 
 
 S61f'-16ve (-IHv), 71. The love of one's self; tendency t* 
 seek one's own benefit or advantage. 
 
 Syn.— Selfishness. — The term self-love is used in a twofold 
 sense: (1-) It denotes that longing for good or for well-beiny 
 which actuates the breasts of all, entering into and characteriz- 
 ing every special desire. In this sense, it has no moral quality, 
 bemg, from the nature of the case, neither good nor evd. (2.) 
 It is applied to avoluntary regard for the gratification of special 
 desires. In this sense, it is morally good or bad according at 
 these desires are conformed to duty or opposed to it. Selfish- 
 ness ia always voluntary and always wrong, being that regard 
 to our own interests, gratification, &c., which is sought orui- 
 dulged at the expense and to the injury of others. 
 
 Self -made, a. Made by one's self. 
 
 Self-ma/le man, a man who has risen from poverty, ignoranct, 
 or obscurity, to wealth, learning, fame, or power, by meani of 
 his owu talents or energies. 
 
 S61f-pos-s6s'sion (-pos-s6sh'uu or poz-zgsh'un), n. 
 The possession of one's powers ; cabnness ; self-command; 
 presence of mind. 
 
 S61f -re-proach', n. The act of reproaching or con- 
 demning one's self. 
 
 S61f -same, a. Precisely the same ; the very same ; 
 identical. 
 
 S6If -suf-fl'cient (-fTsh-'ent), a. Having full confidence 
 in one's own strength, abiUties, or endowments ; hence, 
 haughty ; overbearing. 
 
 %,e,8ttt.,long; &,iS,k,c.,short,- c&re, fax, ask, all, what; ere,ireil,t§rin; pique, firm; 8on,6r,do,W9lj; 
 
SELF-WILL 
 
 653 
 
 SENlbATED 
 
 S61f '-will, n. One's own will ; obstinacy. 
 S61£'-'will<'d', a. Governed by one's own will; not 
 
 yielding to the will or wishes of others. 
 sen, V. t. [imp. & p.p. sot-v; p. pr. & vb.n. SELLING.] 
 
 [A.-S. sellan, syllan, to give, to sell ; Goth, saljan, Icel. 
 
 sella.] 1. To transfer to another for an equivalent; to 
 
 dispose of in return for something, especially for money. 
 
 2. Hence, to accept a price or reward for, as for a breach 
 
 of duty, trust, or the like; to betray. 3. To impo.se 
 
 upon or betray ; to make a fool of ; to cheat. 
 S611, V. i. 1. To practice selling. 2. To be sold. 
 S611, n. An imposition or trick, as in a case where con- 
 fidence has been reposed, or expectation excited. 
 Sgl'lan-derg, I n. /3^. [¥v. solandres, solandre.] {Far.) 
 SCI'Ien-clcrg, j A skin disease on the front of a horse's 
 
 hock, owing to a want of cleanliness. 
 Seil'cr, n. One who sells ; a vender. 
 S61'vage, I n. [Prob. from seLfaxxdi edge, as if its own 
 Sfil'vedgc, I proper edge.] The edge of cloth, woven 
 
 in such a manner as to prevent raveling ; list. 
 Seive.2,/»/._ofse//'. See Self. 
 Sgm'a-pliore, n. [Gr. oTJ/aa, a sign, and <^epetv, to 
 
 bear.] An apparatus for exhibiting signals to convey 
 
 information from a distance ; a telegraph. 
 Sfim'a-phor'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to a semaphore, or 
 S6m'a-i)li6r'i-e-al, J to semaphores ; telegraphic. 
 S^mnblaiife, n. [Fr. from seynbler, to seem, resemble, 
 
 from Lat. nimilare., simulare, to imitate, from shniiis, 
 
 like, resembling.] 1. Seeming; appearance ; show ; form. 
 
 2. Likeness ; resemblance ; simihtude. 
 Se'men,n. [Lat., from the root se, yvhence serere, sevi, 
 
 satiim, to sow.] Seed, especially the male generative 
 
 product of animals ; sperm. 
 Se-mes'tevy n. [Ger., from Lat. semestris, half-yearly, fr. 
 
 sea;, six, and mensis, a month.] A period or term of 
 
 six months. [ Ger. Universities.] 
 Sem'i-an'nu-al (-an/yij-), a. Half yearly. 
 S6m'i-aii'nu-al-ly (-Sn'yu-), adv. Every half year. 
 Sem'i-an'nu-lar (-iin^yi}-), a. Having the figure of a 
 
 half circle ; half-round. 
 S6ni'i-breve, n. ( Mus.) A note, of half the time of the 
 
 breve ; — called also a whole note. It is the longest note 
 
 now in general use. 
 SSm'i-eho'rus, n. [Lat. semichorus, Gr. rifju-xopiov.] 
 
 (Mus.) A short chorus performed by a few singers. 
 Seni'i-fir'-ele, «. 1. The half of a . .-...^^ 
 
 circle. 5J, A body in the form of half /^ n. 
 
 of a circle. / \ 
 
 Sem/i-^ir'-eu-lar, a. Having the form / \ 
 
 of half of a circle. 
 Sfim'i-eo'lon (110), n. A point or 
 
 sentential mark [;] used to indicate a 
 
 separation between parts or members 
 
 of a sentence, more distinct than that 
 
 marked by a comma, and a pause in 
 
 reading usually of longer duration. 
 Sem'i-di-a,in.'e-ter, n. Half of a diameter ; a right 
 
 line, or the length of a right line, drawn from the center 
 
 of a circle, sphere, or other curved figure, to its circum- 
 ference ; a radius. 
 S6m'i-di-apli'a-nou.s, a. Half or imperfectly diaph- 
 anous or transparent ; translucent. 
 Sem'i-flu'id, a. Imperfectly fluid. 
 
 sim'i-m'nate j "^^ ^®^^™^li°g ii^ form a half moon. 
 SdroL'i-iial, a. [Lat. sfminalis, from semen, seminis, 
 
 seed.] 1. Pertaining to seed. 2. Contained in seed; 
 
 holding the relations of seed, source, or first principle. 
 Syn. — Germinal; radical; rudimental; original. 
 
 S6m'i-iia'ri-an, ) n. One educated in a seminary ; 
 
 S6m'i-na-rist, ) specifically, a Roman Catholic priest 
 educated in a foreign seminary. 
 
 Sem'i-na-ry (44), n. [Lat. seminarium, from seminarius, 
 belonging to seed, from semen, seminis, seed.] An in- 
 stitution of education ; a school, academy, college, or 
 university, in which young persons are instructed in the 
 branches of learning. 
 
 Sem'i-iia'tion, n. 1. Act of sowing. 3. (Bot.) Nat- 
 ural dispersion of seeds. 
 
 S6wi'i-nif' i€, ) a. [Lat. semen, seminis, seed, and 
 
 Sem''i-nif' i<;-al, ) face.re, to make.] Forming or pro- 
 ducing seed, or the originative principle. 
 
 Sem'i-or'di-nate, a. ( Conic Sections.) Th« half of an 
 ordinate. See ORDINATE. 
 
 Se-mip'e-dal, a. Containing a half foot. 
 
 Sgm'i-qua'ver, n. {Mus.) A note of half the duration 
 of the quaver ; a sixteenth note 
 
 Semicircle. 
 
 S6in'i-sph6r'i€, ) a. Having the figure of a half 
 
 S6m'i-spli6r'i-e-al, ) sphere. 
 
 Se-mit'i-e, a. Pertaining to the family of nations or 
 languages of which the Hebrews, the Syrians, and the 
 Arabs are the chief members ; — so called beciiuse iu the 
 Bible genealogies they are chiefly ranked as descendant* 
 of Shem, the son of Noah. 
 
 S6in'i-tone, n. {Mus.) Half a tone ; — the name com- 
 monly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic 
 scale. 
 
 S6in'i-tftn'i€, a. Pertaining to a semitone ; consisting 
 of a semitone or of semitones. 
 
 S6i:n.'i-vow'el, n. (Gram.) (a.) A sound intermediate 
 between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the 
 nature of both, and sometimes u.sed in language with 
 the value of a voweL (6.) The sign representing such a 
 sound. 
 
 S6in.''pi-ter'nal, a. [Lat. sempiternus, from semper, 
 always.] Of never-ending duration ; everlasting ; end- 
 less ; having beginning, but no end. 
 
 S6m'pi-ter'ni-ty, n. Future duration without end. 
 
 S6mp'stress, n. See Seamstress. 
 
 Sen'a-ry, a. [Lat. .senarius, from seni, each, from sex, 
 six.] Of six ; belonging to six ; containing six. 
 
 Sen'ate, n. [Lat. scnatus, from senex, senis, old, an old 
 man.] An assembly or council of citizens distinguished 
 by birth, dignities, wealth, influence, &c., and invested 
 with a share in the government; as, (a.) (Anc. Rome.) 
 A body of elders chosen from the nobles of the nation, 
 and having supreme legislative authority, (b.) The up- 
 per or less numerous branch of a legislature in various 
 countries, as in France and in the United States. Hence, 
 in general, a legislative body ; a state council. 
 
 Senate-house, a house in which a senate meets, or a place of 
 public council. 
 
 Seii'a-tor, n. A member of a senate. 
 
 Seii'a-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to or becoming a sen- 
 ator or a senate. 3. Entitled to elect a senator. [Amer.] 
 
 Sen'a-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a senate ; 
 with dignity or solemnity. 
 
 Sen'a -tor-ship, n. The ofiice or dignity of a senator. 
 
 Send, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sent ; p. pr. & vb. n. send- 
 ing.] [A.-S. sendan, Goth, sandjan, Icel. senda, alUed to 
 Goth, sinth, A.-S. sidk, way, journey.] 1. To cause to go 
 in any manner; to dispatch. 3. To procure the going, 
 carrying, transmission, &c.,of. 3. To emit; to cast; 
 to throw ; to hurl. 4. To commission or direct to go and 
 act. 5. To cause to happen; to inflict. 6., To grant; 
 to bestow. 
 
 Send, V. i. To dispatch an agent or messenger. 
 
 Se-nes'fen^e, n. [From Lat. senescens, p. p. of senes- 
 cere, to grow old. inch, form of seiiere, to be old.] The 
 state of growing old ; decay by time. [of time. 
 
 Se-nes'pent, a. Growing old ; decaying with the lapse 
 
 Sen'es-^lial (sen'e-shal ; formerly sen'es-kal, 95), n. [L. 
 Lat. seniscalcus, siniscalcus, 0. Ger. senescalc, seneschalt, 
 from the root sin, signifying strength, duration, age (cf- 
 Lat. senex, senis, old), and scale, scalh, a servant.] A 
 steward ; an officer in the houses of princes and digni- 
 taries, who has the superintendence of feasts and domes- 
 tic ceremonies. 
 
 Se'nile, a. [Lat. senilis, from senex, senis, old ; an old 
 man.] Pertaining to old age ; proceeding from age. 
 
 Se-nil'i-ty, n. State of being senile ; old age. 
 
 Sen'ior (seen'yur), a. [Lat. senior', compar. of senex, 
 senis, old.] 1. More advanced in age or rank ; elder. 
 3. Belonging to the fourth year of the collegiate course 
 in American colleges, or the third year in professional 
 schools. 
 
 Sen'ior, n. 1, One who is older than another. 3. One 
 older in office ; one prior in gi-ade or rank. 3. An aged 
 person. 4>« One in the fourth year of his collegiate 
 course at an American college ; — also, one in the third 
 yearj)f his course at a professional school. 
 
 Sen-ior'i-ty (seen-yor'i-ty), n. 1. QuaUty or condition 
 of being senior ; priority of birth. 3. Priority or supe- 
 riority in office or rank. 
 
 S^n'na, n. [Ar. sana or sena.] (Bot.) A leguminous 
 plant, and especially its letives, which last are largely 
 used in medicine as a cathartic. 
 
 Sgn'niglit (sgn'nit), n. [Contracted from sevennight, as 
 fortnight, from, four teennight.] The space of seven nights 
 and days ; a week. 
 
 Se-n6«'ii-lar, a. [Lat. seni, six each, from sex, six, 
 and oculus, eye.] Having six eyes. 
 
 Sgn'sate, ) a. [Lat. sensatus, gifted with sense, intel- 
 
 Sen'sa-ted, ) ligent, from sensus, sense.] Perceived by 
 the senses. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; ikrn, rude, pull ; fell, {;liaise, «all, e€lio ; gem, get ; »$; ejist ; UQser, liak ; tiiU. 
 
SENSATION 
 
 654 
 
 SENTIMENTALISM 
 
 8en-»ation, n. (From I>at. smsus, sense.] 1. An im- 
 rression made upon the uiiud through the medium of the 
 organs of seuse. 'i. Agnn'tiblo or disagreeable feelings 
 occasioned hv objects not corporeal or material. 3. A 
 state of excited interest or feeling. 
 
 Syn.— Perception.— The distinction between sensation and 
 pfritytion, when ustnl iu nieutul philosophy, may be thus 
 »t«UHl: If I Binipl^v smell a rose, 1 have a sensation ; if I refer 
 that smell to the external object which occasioned it, I have a 
 jtrcKjtioH. Thus the former is mere feeling, without the idea 
 of nn nbject; the latter i» the mind's apprehension of some ex- 
 ternal object as occasioning that feeUng. * 
 
 Ben-sa'tioii-rtl, «■ 1 . Pertaining to the sensations, ti, 
 Attcudi\l bv, or titted to excite, great interest. 
 
 Sen-sa'tion-al-i§iu, «• The doctrine that our ideas 
 origiuate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations 
 transformed. 
 
 S£nse, n. [Lat. sensus, fr. sentire, sensum, to perceive, to 
 fcel.] 1. Perception by the bodily organs; sensation; 
 ftvliug. '2. Perception through the intellect; appre- 
 hension : discernment ; appi-eciation. 3. Perception, or 
 the capacity of gaining a knowledge of the exterior world 
 by means of the bodily organs : — often used in the pi., 
 and especially of the five senses of feeling, sight, hearing, 
 smell, and taste. 4. Sound perception and reasoning. 
 5. Judgment; notion; opinion. 6. Meaning; import; 
 signification. 
 
 Common nense, " such ordinary complement of intelligence, 
 that, if a person be deficient therein, he is accounted mad or 
 foolish." 
 
 Syn. — tTnderstanding; reason.— Some philosophers have 
 eiven a technical signification to these terms, which may here 
 be stated. Sense is' the mind's acting in the direct cognition 
 either of material objects or of its own mental states. In the 
 first case, it is called the outer, in the second, the inner, sense. 
 Understanding is the logical faculty, i. e., the power of appre- 
 hending under general conceptions, or the power of classitying, 
 arranging, and making deductions. Beason is the power of 
 apprehending those first or fundamental truths or principles 
 which are the conditions of all real and scientific knowledge, 
 and which control the mind in all its processes of investigation 
 and deduction. These distinctions are given, not as established, 
 but simply because they otten occiur in writers of the present 
 day. 
 
 Sfinse'less, a. 1. Destitute of sense ; incapable of feel- 
 ing : insensible, i. Wanting appreciation or sympathy ; 
 v,ithout sensibility. 3. Destitute of understanding ; 
 foolish ; stupid. 4. Contrar}- to reason or sound judg- 
 ment ; unwise ; ill-judged ; foolish. 
 
 86nse'less-ly, adv. In a senseless manner. 
 
 SCnseless-ness, n. The state or quality of being sense- 
 less ; unreasonableness ; folly ; stupidity. 
 
 S6n'.si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
 sensible; capacity to feel or perceive. 3. The capacity 
 of the soul to exercise, or to be the subject of, emotion 
 or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the 
 wiU ; also, the capacity for any specific feeling or emo- 
 tion. 3. Acuteness of sensation or of perception ; quick 
 emotion or sympathy. 4. That quality of an instru- 
 ment which makes it indicate very slight changes of con- 
 dition ; delicacy. 
 Syn. — Taste; susceptibility; feeling. See Taste. 
 
 bfin'-fii-ble, a. [Lat. sensibilis, fr. sensus, sense.] 1. Ca- 
 pable of being perceived by the senses ; hence, also, per- 
 ceptible to the mind. 2. Having the capacity of receiv- 
 ing impres.siouB from external objects. 3. Easily affected ; 
 having nice perception or acute feeling ; also, readily 
 moved or affected by natural agents. 4. Perceiving or 
 having perception, either by the senses or the mind ; cog- 
 nizant ; satisfied ; persuaded. 5. Having moral percep- 
 tion. 6. Posses.'iing or containing sense or reason ; char- 
 acterized by good sense. 
 
 Syn. — Intelligent; wise. — "We call a man sensible whose 
 judgments and conduct are marked and governed by sound 
 judgment or good common sense. We call one intelligent who 
 li quick and clear in his understanding, t.c, who discriminates 
 readily and nicely in respect to diflRcult and important distinc- 
 tions. The sphere of the sf:7isihle man lies in matters of prac- 
 tical concern; of the irUelligent man, in subjecte of intellectual 
 interest. 
 
 SCn'si-ble-ness, n. 1. Condition or quality of being 
 sen-^ible ; sensibility ; susceptibility, ii. Intelligence ; 
 reasonablenee*. 
 
 S€n'si-bly. arJv. 1. In a sensible manner ; perceptibly 
 to the senses. i2. With intelligence or good sense. 
 
 Sen-sif i€, a. [Lat. s/^nsificus , from .sensus, sense, and 
 farere, to make.] Producing sensation. 
 
 Bfin'si-tivft, a. 1. Having sense or feeling. 3. Espe- 
 civMy, having quick and acute sensibility ; highly suscep- 
 tible : easily and acutely affected. 3. Having a capacity 
 of being easily affected or moved. 4. Pertaining to, or 
 depending on, sensation. 
 
 S6n'si-Hve-ly, adv. In a sensitive manner. 
 
 SCii'si-tive-iiesSj n. The state or quality of being sen- 
 sitive ; acute sensibility. 
 
 Sen-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the sensory or sensorium, 
 
 Sen-so'ri-um, ( n. [From Lat. sentire, sensum, to dis- 
 
 S6ji'so-ry, ) cern or perceive by the senses.] 1. 
 
 The whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is 
 susceptible of common or special sensations. 3. An or- 
 gan of sense. 
 
 S6ii'.so-ry, a. Of, or connected with, the sensory, or 
 with sensation. 
 
 S6n'su-al (s6n/shi}-al), a. [Lat. se7tsualis, from sensus, 
 sense.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, tht 
 j senses, or bodily organs of perception. 3. Carnal; 
 fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification 
 of sen.«e, or the indulgence of appetite. 3. Devoted to 
 the pleasures of sense and appetite ; luxurious ; voluptu- 
 ous. 4. Pertaining or peculiar to sensualism, as a phil- 
 osophical doctrine. 
 
 Sen'su-al-igm (sen'shij-al-), n. 1. Condition or char- 
 acter of one who is sensual; sensuality. 3. (Philos.) 
 The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the 
 understanding, not only originate in sensation, but an 
 transformed sensations, copies, or relics of sensations ; 
 sensationalism. 
 
 S6n'su-al-ist (sgn'shji-al-), n. One given to the indul- 
 gence of the appetites or senses. 
 
 S6ii'su-ai'i-ty (sen'sh})-), n. Quality of being sensual ; 
 free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures. 
 
 Sen'su-al-ize (sen^shH-al-), v. t. {imp. & p.p. sensu- 
 alized ; p. pr. & vh. n. SENSUALIZING.] To mak« 
 sensual ; to debase by carnal gratifications. 
 
 Seii'su-al-ly (sen^sh^-al-), adv. In a sensual manner. 
 
 Sen'su-ous (sen'shi}-), a. Pertaining to, or addressing, 
 the senses ; connected with sensible objects. 
 
 Sen'ten^e, n. [Lat. sententia, for sentientia, from sen- 
 tire, to discern by the senses and the mind, to feel, to 
 think.] 1. An opinion ; a decision ; especially, a philo- 
 sophical or theological opinion. 3. {Law.) In the civil 
 and admiralty law, the judgment of a court pronounced 
 in a cause ; in the common law, a judgment parsed on a 
 criminal by a court or judge. 3. ( Gram.) A combina- 
 tion of words, which is complete as expressing a thought. 
 
 Sen'ten^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sentenced (sen'tenst) : 
 p.pr. &,vb. n. SENTENCING.] To pass or pronounce 
 judgment upon : to doom. 
 
 Sen-t6n'tial, a. 1. Comprising sentences. 3. Pertain- 
 ing to a sentence, or full period. 
 
 Seii-ten'tioiis,a. Abounding with sentences, axioms, 
 and maxims ; short and energetic. 
 
 Sen-ten'tiou-S-ly, adv. In a sententious manner ; in 
 short, expressive periods ; with striking brevity. 
 
 Sen-ten'tious-ness, n. Quality of being sententious. 
 
 Sen'ti-ent (.sen'shi-ent), a. [Lat. sentiens, p. pr. of sf*;- 
 tire, to discern or perceive by the senses.] Having a 
 facility of sensation and perception. 
 
 Sen'ti-ent (s6n'shi-ent), n. One who has the faculty of 
 perception. 
 
 Sen'ti-ment, n. [From Lat. sentire, to perceive, feel, 
 think.] 1. A thought prompted by passion or feeling; 
 feeling toward or respecting some person or thing. 3. 
 The decision of the mind formed by deUberation or rea- 
 soning. 3. A sentence, or passage, considered as the ex- 
 pression of a thought ; a maxim ; a toast. 4. Sensibil- 
 ity ; feeling ; tender susceptibiUty. _ 
 Syn. — Thought ; opinion ; notion ; sensibility ; feeling. — 
 An opinion is an intellectual judgment in respect to any and 
 every kind of truth. Feeling describes those affections of pleaa- 
 ure and pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient 
 and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in the plural) 
 lies between them, denoting settled opinions or principles in 
 regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, and are 
 presented more or less constantly in practical life. Hence it i» 
 more appropriate to speak of our religious sent i7rients than qjiin- 
 t'ons, unless we mean to exclude all reference to our feelings. 
 The word sentiment, in the singular, leans ordinarily more to 
 the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensibility on subject* 
 affecting the heart. 
 
 Sen'ti-ment'al, a. 1. Abounding with sentiments or 
 reflections. 3. Hence, having an access of sentiment or 
 sensibility ; artificially or affectedly tender. 
 
 Syn. — Romantic. — Sentimental usually describes an error 
 or excess of the sensibilities; romon?!C, a vice of the imagina- 
 tion. The votary of the former gives indulgence to his sensi- 
 bilities for the mere luxury of their excitement; the votary of 
 the latter allows his imagination to rove for the pleasure of 
 creating scenes of ideal enioyment, and gazing on the creationj 
 which he has made. One who is sentimental is apt to be laughed 
 at; one who is romantic not unfrequently falls into fatal errors. 
 
 Sgn'ti-menfal-igm, n. Character or behavior of a sen- 
 timentalist ; sentimentality. 
 
 u.e,4c,,ionir; &,6,&c., short; eftre, far, ask, aU, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do,'vr9l>. 
 
SENTIMENTALIST 
 
 655 
 
 SEQUESTRABLE 
 
 S6n'ti-iia6nt'al-ist, n. One who affects sentiment, fine 
 
 feeling, or exquisite sensibility. 
 
 S6n'ti-m6ii-tai'i-ty, «• Atf';ctation of fine feeling or 
 exquisite sensibility. 
 
 S6n'ti-in6iit'al-ize, v. i. To affect exquisite sensibility. 
 
 Sgn'tiringnt'al-ly, adv. In a sentimental manner. 
 
 S6n'ti-nel, n. [From Lat. sentina, bottom of a ship, 
 where filthy water collects, and which the sentinator was 
 obliged to watch, and take care of, on account of the sea- 
 water continually entering ; afterward transferred from 
 the nayy to the army.] (Mil.) A soldier set to watch or 
 guard an army, camp, or other place, from surprise. 
 
 66n'try, n. [Abbreviated and corrupted from sentinel.] 
 1. A soldier on guard; a sentinel. ^, Guard; watch; 
 the duty of a sentinel. 
 
 S6ii'try-b6x, n. A box to cover a sentinel at his post, 
 and shelter him from the weather. 
 
 Se'pal, n. [N. Lat. sepalum.] 
 (Bot.) A leaf or division of the 
 calyx. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-bll'i-ty, n. QuaUty of 
 being separable. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-ble, a. Capable of being -^^^^mm^ 
 separated, disjoined, disunited, or ^t^^H^^ \ff 
 rent. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-ble-ness, n. Quality 
 of being separable. 
 
 Sep'a-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 55 5, Sepals. 
 
 SEPARATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SEPARATING.] [Lat. 
 separate, separatum, from se, aside, and parare, to make 
 ready, prepare.] 1. To part in any manner. 2. To 
 sever, as by an intervening space ; to hold apart. 3. To 
 set apart ; to select from among others. 
 
 Syn. — To part ; disunite ; sever : disjoin; divide; discon- 
 nect. 
 
 S6p'a-rate, v. T. To part; to become disunited; to be 
 disconnected ; to vrithdraw from each other. 
 
 S6p'a-rate (45), a. 1. Divided from another or others ; 
 disconnected ; separated. 3. Unconnected ; not united ; 
 distinct. 3. Disunited from the body ; incorporeal. 
 
 S6p'a-rate-Iy, adv. In a separate state; apart; dis- 
 tinctly; singly. 
 
 S6p'a-rate-ness, n. The state of being separate. 
 
 Sfip'a-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of separating ; disjunction. 
 ti. State of being separate ; disunion ; disconnection. 
 3. Chemical analysis. 4. Disunion of married persons. 
 Syn. — Divorce. — In England, a distinction is made be- 
 tween a separation and a divorce in the proper sense of the 
 term. The former may be granted by the Ecclesiastical Court, 
 but allows neither of the jjarties to marry again; the latter can 
 be granted only by a special act of Parhament. 
 
 S6p'a-ra-ti§iTi, n- Disposition to withdraw from a 
 church ; the practice of so withdrawing. 
 
 S6p'a-ra-tist, n. One who withdraws or separates him- 
 self ; especially, one who withdraws from a church to 
 which he has belonged. 
 
 Syn. — A dissenter; a non-conformist; a schismatic; a sec- 
 tary. 
 
 S6p'a-ra'tor, n. One who, or that which, separates or 
 disjoins ; a divider. 
 
 86p'a-ra-to-ry (50), n. 1. A chemical vessel for sepa- 
 rating liquors. "Z, A surgical instrument for separating 
 the pericranium from the cranium. i 
 
 Se-pa-vm', n. A species of food, consisting of meal of j 
 maize boiled in water ; hasty pudding. [Local, Amer.] ! 
 
 Se*pi-d,n. ; pi. se'pi-JE. [Lat., from Gr. oTp-ia, the 
 cuttle-fish or squid.] 1. (Zool.) The cuttle-fish. 5i. A, 
 pigment, formerly supposed to be prepared from the ink 
 of the cuttle-fish ; Indian ink. i 
 
 Se'poy, n. [Hind, sipahee.] A native of India, employed 
 as a soldier in the service of a European power. i 
 
 Sept, n. [A.-S. sib, consanguinity, alUance ; 0. H. Ger. i 
 sippea, M. H. Ger. sippe, sipt, Icel. si/i, line of consan- i 
 guinity.] A clan, race, or family, proceeding from a 
 common progenitor ; — used of the races or famihes in 
 Ireland. 
 
 Sept'an'gle, n. ( Geom.) A figure with seven sides and 
 seven angles ; a heptagon. 
 
 Sept-S.ii'gu-lar, a. [From Lat. septem, seven, and an- 
 g^llus, an angle.] Having seven angles. 
 
 Sep-teinHber, «. [Lat., from septem, seven, as being 
 the seventh month of the Roman year, which began with 
 March.] The month following August ; the ninth month 
 of the year, reckoning from January. 
 
 S6p'ten-a-ry, a. [Lat. septenarius, from septem, seven.] 
 1. Consisting of, or relating to, seven. 2. Lasting seven 
 years. 
 
 Sep-ten'iii-al, o. [Lat. septennis, from septem, seven. 
 
 and annus, year.] 1. Continuing seven years. 2. Hap- 
 pening once in every seven years. 
 
 Sep-t6n'tri-on, n. [Lat. seplentrio, the northern re- 
 gions, the north, septentriones, the seven stars near th* 
 north pole, called the Great Bear, or those called the Lit- 
 tle Bear, properly, the seven plow-oxen, because they wer« 
 compared to a wagon with oxen yoked to it, fr. septem, 
 seven, and trio, a plow-ox.] The north or northern re- 
 gions, [northern. 
 
 Sep-t6n'tri-on-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, the north : 
 
 S6p'ti€, la. [Gr. oTjTTTiKos, from oTjTreiv, to make pu- 
 
 S6p'ti-e-al, ) trid.] Having power to promote putre- 
 faction. 
 
 Sep-tif'lu-oiis, a. [Lat. septem, seven, and /uere, to 
 flow.] Flowing in seven streams. 
 
 S6p'ti-iat'er-al, a. [Lat. septem, seven, and latus,la- 
 teris, a side.] Having seven sides. 
 
 Sep-till'lou, n. [From Lat. 5ef>rem, seven.] According 
 to the English notation, the product of a million involved 
 to the seventh power, or the number expressed by a unit 
 with forty-two ciphers annexed ; according to the French 
 notation, the number expressed by a unit with twenty- 
 four ciphers annexed. See Note under NUMERATION. 
 
 Sep-tin'su-lar, a. [Lat. septem, seven, and insula, isl- 
 and.] Consisting of seven islands. 
 
 Sep'tu-ag'e-na'ri-an, n. A person who is seventy years 
 of age; a septuagenary. 
 
 S6p'tu-ag'e-na-ry, a. [Lat. septuagenarius , from sep- 
 tiiageni, seventy each, from septuaginta, seventy.] Con- 
 sisting of seventy ; also, seventy years old. 
 
 Sep''tu-ag'e-na-ry, n. A person seventy years of age ; 
 a septuagenarian. 
 
 Sep'tu-a-ges'i-nid, n. [From Lat. septuagesimus , the 
 seventieth, from 5e/»?z<ag-mta,sevent3'.] (Eccl.) The third 
 Sunday before Lent; — so called because it is seventy 
 days before Easter. 
 
 SSp'tu-a-ges'i-mal, a. Consisting of seventy, or of 
 seventy jears. 
 
 Sgp'tu-a-gint, n. [From. Lat. septuaginta, seventy.] A 
 Greek version of the Old Testament ; — so called because 
 it was said to be the work of seventy, or rather of seventy- 
 two, interpreters. 
 
 Sep'tum, n. ; pi. sep'ta. [Lat., an inclosure, hedge, 
 fence, from sepire, to hedge in, to inclose.] A partition ; 
 specifically, (a.) (Bot.) A partition that separates the 
 cells of the fruit. (6.) {Anat.) A partition which sepa- 
 rates two cavities. 
 
 Sep'tu-ple, a. [Gr. eirraTrAoOs, late Lat. septuplum, a 
 septuple.] Seven times as much ; sevenfold. 
 
 Sep'tu-ple, V. t. [imp. & p. p. septupled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SEPTUPLING.] To multiply by seven. 
 
 SSp'ul-eJier, ) n. [Lat. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, from 
 
 Sep'ul-elire, ) sepelire, to bury.] A place in which th« 
 dead body of a hizman being is interred, or a place des- 
 tined for that purpose ; a grave ; a tomb. 
 
 Se-pul'eber, j ^ ,j, ^ ^ ■ ^^ ^ entomb. 
 
 Se-pul'elire, ) •' ' ' 
 
 Se-pu.l'<;liral, a. Pertaining to burial, to the grave, Or 
 to monuments erected to the memory of the dead. 
 
 Sep'ul-tu.re (53), n. [Lat. sepultura, from sepelire, se- 
 pultum, to biiry.] Act of depositing the dead body of a 
 human being in the grave ; burial ; interment. 
 
 Se-qua'cioiis, a. [Lat. sequax, sequacis, from sequi, to 
 follow.] 1. Inclined to follow a leader ; following ; at- 
 tendant. 2. Having or observing logical sequence. 
 
 Se'quel (se'kwel), n. [Lat. sequela, from sequi, to follow.] 
 1. That which follows ; a succeeding part ; continua- 
 tion. 2. Consequence ; event. 
 
 Se'quen^e, n. [See wi^a.] 1. State or quality of being 
 sequent ; succession . 2 . That which follows or succeeds ; 
 consequence. 3. {Mus.) A succession of similar har- 
 monic steps. 
 
 Se'quent, a. [Lat. sequens, p. pr. of sequi, to follow ; 
 It. seguente.] Following ; succeeding. 
 
 Se-ques'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sequestered ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SEQUESTERING.] [Lat. sequestrare, to give up 
 for safe keeping, from Lat. sequester, a depositary, trus- 
 tee.] 1. (Law.) To separate from the owner for a time; 
 to take possession of, as property belonging to another, 
 and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for 
 which it is taken or till he has performed the decree of 
 court or clears hunself of contempt. 2. To take from 
 or set aside from, as parties in controversy, and put into 
 the possession of an indifferent person. 3. To set apart ; 
 to separate from other things. 
 Se-ques'ter, v. i. ( Law.) To renounce, as a widow, anj 
 
 concern with the estate of her husband. 
 Se-qu6s'tra-ble, a. Capable of being sequestered. 
 
 food, fdbt ; tirn, rude, pijLll ; fell, pliaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; liaser, liols; ; tiiis 
 
SEQUESTRATE 
 
 656 
 
 SERVANT 
 
 §te-<iuf s'trate, t\ t. [iwr- & r- P- sequestrated ; 
 
 /'. ;'r. & vb. »i. SEQUESTRATING.] To sequester. 
 
 S<yC|'ucs-tra'tiou,»». 1. (Civil k Common Lnv\) Act 
 ol sepjiratiug or setting aside a thing in controversy from 
 the possession of both the parties that contend for it, to 
 be aeliver.>d to the one adjudged entitled to it. ( Chnncerij. ) 
 A prcn>gative pnx-ess empowering certain commissioners 
 to take and liold a defendants property, and receive the 
 rents and profits thereof, till he clears himself of a con- 
 tempt or performs a decree of the court. (Ecd. Law.) 
 A kind of execution for a i-ent, as in the ca.<e of a bene- 
 ficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have 
 satisfied some debt established by decree. (Intertiational 
 L(iu\) The seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due 
 from its sulijects to the enemy. 'Z. State of being sepa- 
 rated or set aside ; retirement ; seclusion from society. 
 
 S^q'm-s-trator, n. [Lat. See supra.] 1. One who 
 stviuesters property, 'i. One to whom the keeping of 
 sequestered property is committed. 
 
 Se'quin, ?i. [It. zi-c'chino, from zecca, the mint, from Ar. 
 sfk-k'ah,sik/i:aJi,(\. die,astamp.] Agoldcoiuof Italy worth 
 about 82.30, and of Turkey worth about S1.85. 
 
 8e-rftgl'io (-ral'jo), Ji. [It. scrraglio, an inclosure of 
 paUsades, from It. serrare, to shut, from L. Lat. serra, 
 Lat. sera, a bar for fastening doors ; afterward used for 
 the Per. .'terai, a palace.] 1. The palace of the grand 
 seignior, or Turkish sultan, in which are confined the fe- 
 males of the harem. '2. Hence, a harem ; and hence, a 
 house of debauchery . 
 
 SSr'apli, «. / Eng. jjL ser'aphs ; Heb.pl. SER'A-PHIM. 
 [From llcb. sarapli, to burn, to be eminent.] An angel 
 of the highest order. 
 
 Se-rSph'ie, \a. 1. Pertaining to, becoming or suit- 
 
 Se-raph'ic-al, ) able to, a seraph ; angelic ; sublime. 
 t2. liurning or inflamed with love or zeal. 
 
 S6r'a-pliim, ?i.f<L [See Seraph.] Angels of the high- 
 e.st order in the celestial hierarchy ; — sometimes improp- 
 erly written seraphim.i, as in the common English version 
 of the Bible. 
 
 Sfr'apli-me, n. [Trom. seraph.] (Hf7«.) A wind instru- 
 ment of the organ kind whose sounding parts are metal- 
 lic reeds. 
 
 Se-ras'kier, n. [Per. ser'asker, from ser, head, chief, and 
 Ar. asker,a.n army.] A general or commander of land 
 forces in the Turkish empire. 
 
 Sere, «. Dry; withered; sear. See Sear. 
 
 .Sfir'e-nade', n. [Fr., from soir, It. -ffra, evening, from 
 Lat. seriis, late.] {Hits.) Music performed in the open 
 air at night in compliment to some person, especially to a 
 lady. 
 
 S6r''e-nade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. serenaded ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SERENADING.] To entertain with nocturnal 
 music. 
 
 Ser'e-nade', v. i. To perform nocturnal music. 
 
 Se-rene', a. [L&t. serenus.] 1. Clear and calm; fair; 
 bright. '2. Unruflaed ; undisturbed. 
 
 OS" Serene is given as a title to several princes and magis- 
 trates in Europe; as, serene highness; xaoiX serene. 
 
 Se-rene'ly, adv. 1. In a serene manner; calmly; 
 quietly. 2. With unruffled temper ; coolly. 
 
 Se-reue'ness, n. State of being serene ; serenitj-. 
 
 Se-r6n'i-ty, n. 1. Condition or quality of being serene ; 
 clearness and calmness ; quietness ; stillness ; peace. 3. 
 Calmness of m.ind. 
 
 Sgrf (14), ?£. [Fr. 5er/", Lat. SCT-t'US.] A servant or slave 
 employed in husbandry. 
 
 Syn. — Slave.— A slave is the absolute property of his mas- 
 ter, and may be sold in any way; a. serf is usually one bound 
 to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil, though 
 VBL some countries serfs are mere slaves. 
 
 SSrf dom, n. The state or condition of serfs. 
 
 SSrge, n. [Ix)w l.At. sargia, sargium, from Lat. serir.us, 
 flilken ; originally a silken stuff.] A woolen twilled stuff , 
 the warp of which is worsted and the weft woolen. 
 
 Ser'gean-^y (sar'jen-sy or Bt'r'jen-.sy), n. The office of 
 a sergeant ; sergeantship. 
 
 Ser'geant (sar'jent or sCr'jent), n. [From Lat. serviens, 
 p. pr. of sfrvire, to serve.] [Written also serjeavt.] 1. 
 Formerly, an officer in England, nearly answering to the 
 more modem bailiff of the hundred. 2. (Mil.) A non- 
 commissioned officer, next in rank above the corporal, in 
 a company of infantry or troop of cavalry, whose duty is 
 to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, &c. 
 JJ. A lawyer of the highest rank. [Eng.] 
 
 Ser'geant-at-armg' (sir'- or sCr'-), n. (Legislative 
 Bodies.) An officer who executes the commands of the 
 
 body in pre«erving order and punishing offenses 
 iir^eeaiit-ma'jor (sir'- or 85r'-), n. (Mil.) 
 
 .) A non- 
 
 commissioned officer who acts as assistant to the ad- 
 
 I jutant. 
 
 Ser'geant-ship (sir'jent-shYp or ser'jent-ship), n. The 
 { office of a Serjeant. 
 
 ; Se'rl-al, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a series ; ap- 
 pearing in successive parts. 
 j Se'ri-al, n. A work appearing in a series or succession of 
 [ parts ; a tale, or other writing, published in successiv* 
 numbers of a periodical. 
 Se'ri-d'tim, adv. [Lat.] In regular order. 
 Se-ri'ceous (-rish'us), a. [Lat. .«(=r/«t/.<, equiv. to sericux, 
 silken, sericum., Seric stuff, silk, from i:eres, Gr. Sijpe?, 
 the Chinese, celebrated for their silken fabrics.] Pertain- 
 _ing to silk ; consLsting of silk; silky. 
 Se'rieg (se'rez or sc'ri-ez, 89). n. (Lat. ."Sfr/V.?, fr. serere, 
 sertitm, to join or bind together.] 1, A number of things 
 or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected 
 I by a like relation ; a line or row of things, ti. (Na>. 
 j Hist.) An order or subdivision of sen e class of natural 
 bodies. 3. (Math.) An indefinite number of terms suc- 
 ceeding one another, each of which is derived from one or 
 more of the preceding by a fixed law. 
 Se'ri-o— eom'i-e, ]a. Having a mixture of seriousness 
 ' Se'ri-o-eom'i-e-al, ) and comicality. 
 ; Se'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. serius.] 1. Grave in manner or dis- 
 i position; earnest; not light, gay, or volatile. 2. Really 
 I intending what is said ; being in earnest. 3. Important ; 
 i not trifling. 4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension ; at- 
 1 tended with danger. 
 
 Syn.— Grave; solemn; weighty. See Ge ate. 
 
 I Se'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a serious manner ; gravely ; soU 
 ': emnly ; in earnest ; without levity. 
 ' Se'ri-oiis-ness, ?!. Condition or quaUty of being serious : 
 i gravity of manner or of mind ; solemnity. 
 ' Ser'jeaiit, n. A sergeant. See Sergeant. 
 I Ser'mon (14), «. [Lat. serr7io, ser7no7iis,a speaking, dis- 
 I course, from serere, sertuni, to join, connect, i. q. serta 
 j oratio, a connected speech.] 1. A discourse dehvered in 
 public, for the purpose of religious instruction, and 
 j grounded on some text or passage of Scripture. 2. 
 ' Hence, a serious address ; a set exhortation or reproof. 
 Ser'mon -ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sermonized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SERMONIZING.] To compose or write a ser- 
 j mon or sermons ; to preach. 
 i Ser'mon-iz'er, n. One who sermonizes. 
 Se-ron' ) (-ro"on'), «. [Fr. serron, Sp. seron, a hamper, 
 Se-roon' j pannier, augm. of sera, a large pannier or 
 basket.] 1. A bale or package of skin or leather for 
 I drugs or the like. 3. (Co?n.) A weight, varying with 
 the substance to which it is applied. 
 Se-ros'i-ty, n. 1, The thin, waterj- liquid forming the 
 chief constituent of most animal fluids ; serum. 2. A 
 fluid which exudes from the albumen of the serum of the 
 blood when coagrdated by heat. 
 Se'roiis, a. [See Serum.] 1. Thin; watery; likewhey; 
 said of that part of the blood which separates in coagu- 
 lation from the red part ; also, of the fluid which lubri- 
 cates a serous membrane. 2. Pertaining to serum. 
 Ser'pent, n. [Lat. serpens, serpentis (sc. be.<;tia),fr. ser- 
 pens, p. pr. of serpere, Gr. epnetv, to creep.] 1. (Zobl.) 
 A snake ; an ophidian reptile without feet, with an ex- 
 tremely elongated body, and moving by means of the folds 
 it forms when in contact with the gi-ound. 2. Figura- 
 tively, a subtle or maUcious person. 3. A species of 
 firework having a serpentine motion. 4. (Astron.) A 
 certain constellation. 5. (Mus.) A bass wind instru- 
 ment ; — so called from its form. 
 Ser'pen-tine, a. ResembUng a serpent; having the 
 shape or qualities of a serpent ; moving like a serpent ; 
 meandering ; crooked ; spiral. 
 Ser'pen-tine, 71. (iVJm.) A mineral or rock usually of 
 an obscure green color, with shades and spots, whick 
 give it a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a ser- 
 pent's skin. 
 Ser'rate, \a. [Lat. serratus, from serra, a saw.] 
 Ser'ra-ted, ) Notched on the edge, like a saw. 
 S6r'ra-ture (53), n. [Lat. serratura, a sawing, from ser- 
 rare, to saw.] A notching like that between the teeth 
 of a saw, in the edge of any thing. 
 Se'rutn, n. [I.at., allied to Gr. opos, or oppos-] (Physiol.} 
 (a.) The liquid portion of the blood, after the separation 
 of the coagulum or clot. (b. ) A fluid of sunilar natur* 
 exuded from the blood-vessels. 
 Serv'ant, n. [Lat. serviens, p. pr. of servire.] 1. One 
 who serves, or does services, voluntarily or involuntarily. 
 2. One in a state of subjection. 3. A person of baa* 
 condition or ignoble spirit. 
 
 Ser'geant- 
 
 si,e,kc.,long; &, 6, be, short; c&re,far,ask,all,virhat; Sre,Teil, tgrm; pique,firm; son, or, do, -w^H 
 
SERVE 
 
 657 
 
 SETTER 
 
 Tow humble servant, your obedient servant, phrases of civility, 
 used more especially in closing a letter, and expressing the 
 willingness of the speaker or wnter to do service to the person 
 addressed. 
 
 Sy n. — Serf ; menial ; drudge ; slave. 
 Serve (14), v. t. [iwp. & p. p. served ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SERVING.] [Lat. servire, from Lat. sertnis, a servant or 
 slave.] 1. To work for ; to labor in behalf of ; to act as 
 servant to ; to be in the employment of; specifically, to 
 render spiritual obedience and worship to. )i. To be 
 Bubservient or suboi-dinate to ; to minister to. 3. To 
 attend at meals. 4. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, 
 deal, distribute ; as, a portion of any thing, especially of 
 food prepared for eating. 5. To do the duties required 
 in or for. 6. To contribute or conduce to ; to be left 
 suflacient for; to satisfy. 7. To treat; to behave one's 
 ■elf to. 
 
 To serve an attachment, execution, &c., (Law), to levy it. 
 — To serve a process or writ, to read it, so as to give due notice 
 to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him 
 or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode.— To serve a 
 warrant, to read it, and to seize tne person against whom it is 
 issued. — To serve a rope (yaut.), to wind something, as spun- 
 yam, &c., tight round it, to prevent friction. 
 
 Syn.— To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; 
 assist; benefit; succor. 
 Serve, r.i. 1. To be a servant or slave. 3. To wait; 
 to attend. 3. To discharge the requirements of an office 
 or employment ; specifically, to act as a soldier, seaman, 
 &c. 4. To be of use ; to be sufficient ; to answer. 
 Ser'vi^e, n. 1. Act of serving ; occupation of a servant ; 
 performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at 
 another's command. 3. Labor performed for another ; 
 assistance or kindness rendered ; office. 3. Official 
 religious duty performed. 4. A musical composition 
 for use in churches. 5. Duty performed in, or appro- 
 priate to, any office or charge ; hence, specifically , military 
 or naval duty. 6. Useful oiB&ce ; advantage conferred ; 
 benefit ; avail. 7. Profession of respect uttered or sent. 
 
 8. A set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table. 
 
 9. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, as 
 spun-yarn, &.c. 10. [Bat.) A tree and its fruit, the 
 European mountain-ash, or roan-tree. 
 
 Ser'vi^e-a-tole, a. 1. Doing service ; promoting hap- 
 piness, interest, advantage, or any good ; beneficial ; ad- 
 vantageous. *Z. Prepared for rendering service ; hence, 
 active ; diligent ; offi-cious. 
 
 Ser'vi^e-a-ble-iiess, n. 1. State or quaUty of being 
 serviceable ; beneficialness. 3. Readiness to do service ; 
 diligence. 
 
 Ser'vif e-a-toly, adv. In a serviceable manner. 
 
 Ser'vile, a. [Lat. servilis, from servire, to serve.] 1. 
 Pertaining to, or befitting, a servant or slave ; slavish ; 
 mean. 3. Held in subjection; dependent. 3. Meanly 
 submissive; cringing; fawning. 4. {Gram.) (a.) Not 
 belonging to the original root, {b.} Not itself sounded, 
 but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. 
 
 Ser'vile-ly, adv. In a servile manner ; slavishly. 
 
 Ser'vile-ness, ) n. State or quality of being servile ; the 
 
 Ser-vU'i-ty, ) condition of a slave or bondman; 
 slavish deference. 
 
 Syn. — Slavery ; baseness ; obsequiousness. 
 
 Ser'ving-niaid., n. A female servant ; a menial. 
 
 Ser'vi-tor, n. [Lat., from servire, to serve.] 1. A 
 servant ; an attendant ; a follower or adherent. 3. 
 ( University ofi Oxford. ) An undergraduate, who is partly 
 supported by the college funds. They formerly waited 
 at table. 
 
 Ser'vl-tor-sliip, n. Office or condition of a servitor. 
 
 Ser'vi-tude (14), n. [Lat. servitudo, from servire, to 
 serve; servus, a slave.] 1. State of voluntary or in- 
 voluntary subjection to a master ; service ; slavery ; 
 bondage. 3. (Law.) A right, whereby one thing is sub- 
 ject to another thing or person, for use or convenience, 
 contrary to the common right. 
 
 Sfis'a-me, n. [Lat. sesamum, sesama, Gr. oTjcra/otoi/, 
 <n7<raju,rj, Ar. simsim.] (Bat.) An annual herbaceous 
 plant, from the seeds of which an oil is expressed. 
 
 Ses-quip'e-dal, I n- [Lat. sesqiiipedalis , from ses- 
 
 Ses-quip'e-da'li-aii, ) qui, one and a half, and pes, 
 pedis, a foot.] Measuring or containing a foot and a 
 half; — sometimes humorously or derisively appUed to 
 long words. 
 
 S6s'8ile, a. [Lat. sessilis, low, dwarf, from sedere, sessum, 
 to sit.] 1. Attached without any sensible projecting 
 support. 3. (Bat.) Issuing directly from the main stem 
 or branch, without a footstalk. 
 
 S6s'sion, 71. [Lat. sessio, from sedere, sessum, to sit.j 
 1. Act of sitting, or state of being seated. 3. Actual 
 
 sitting of a court, council, legislature, &c., for the trans- 
 action of business. 3. The time or term during which 
 a court, council, legislature, and the like, meet daily for 
 
 S6s'sioii-al, a. Pertaining to a session, or to sessions. 
 
 S6ss'-pobl, n. [From A.-S. sess, a settle, a seat, sessian, 
 to settle, sit. Cf CESS-POOL.] A cavity sunk in the 
 earth to receive the sediment of water conveyed in drains ; 
 a cess-pool. 
 
 S^s'ter^e, n. [Lat. sestertius (sc. nummus), from sester- 
 tiu.s, two and a half, from semis, half, and tertius, third. J 
 (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, in value originally con- 
 taining two asses and a half, afterward four asses ; — 
 equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents. 
 
 i®~ The sestertiuni was equivalent to one thousand sesterces, 
 equal to about |40. 
 
 set, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SET ; p. pr. & vb. n. SETTING.] 
 [A.-S. settan, Goth satjan, Icel. setia. Cf. sit, of which 
 set is prop, the causative verb.] 1. To cause to sit ; to 
 seat ; to make to assume a specified position ; to place ; 
 to put ; to fix. 3. To attach to ; to put or place on. 3. 
 To put in a condition or state ; to cause to be. 4. To 
 make fast, permanent, or stable ; to render motionless. 
 Hence, specifically, (a.) To cause to stop; to obstruct; 
 hence, to embarrass, (b.) To determine ; hence, to make 
 unyielding or obstinate ; to render stiff or rigid, (c.) To 
 plant, (d.) To fix, as a precious stone in metal ; hence, 
 to place in or amid something which embellishes and 
 shows off. (e.) To convert into curd. 5. To appoint; 
 to assign. 6. To put into a desired position or condition ; 
 to adjust ; to regulate ; to adapt. Hence, specifically, (u.) 
 To put in due order, as an instrument, (b.) To extend, 
 as the sail of a ship, (c.) To give a pitch to, as a tune. 
 (d.) To reduce from a dislocated or fi-actured state, as a 
 limb. 7. To stake at play ; to wager ; to risk. 8. To 
 adapt, as words to notes ; to prepare for singing. 9. To 
 variegate with objects placed here and there. 
 
 Set, V. i- 1. To pass below the horizon; to go down. 
 3. To strike root ; to begin to germinate. 3. To become 
 fixed or rigid. 4. Hence, to congeal or concrete. 5. 
 To have a certain direction in motion ; to move on ; to 
 tend. 6. To indicate the position of game ; — said of a 
 dog. 7. To apply one's self. 
 
 Set,^. a. 1. Fixed; firm; obstinate. 3. Regular; uni- 
 form ; formal. 3. Established ; prescribed. 
 
 S6t, n. 1. Act of setting; descent below the horizon. 
 3. That which is set, placed, or fixed; as, (a.) A young 
 plant for growth, (b.) (Mech.) Permanent change of 
 figure, in consequence of pressure 3. A number of 
 things of the same kind, ordinarily used together ; an 
 assortment; a suit. 4. A number of persons associated 
 by custom, office, common opinion, or quality, or the 
 like ; a clique. 5. Direction or course. 
 Syn. — Pair; collection; series. See Paik. 
 
 Se-ta'ceou.s, a. [From Lat. .<ceia, a bristle.] 1. Set with, 
 or consisting of, bristles ; bristly. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Hav- 
 ing the slender form of a bristle. 
 
 Se-tig'er-oiis, a. [Lat. seta, bristle, and gerere, to bear.] 
 (Nat. Hist.) Covered with bristles. 
 
 S6t'-6ff , n. 1. That which is set off against another 
 thing ; an offset. 3. A decoration ; an ornament. 3. 
 (Laiu.) A counter-claim ; a distinct claim filed or set up 
 by the defendant against the plaintifts demand. 4. 
 (Arch.) The part of a wall, &c., which is exposed horizon- 
 tally when the portion above it is reduced in thickness. 
 Syn. — Offset. — Offset originall;jr denoted " that which 
 branches off or projects," as a shoot from a tree, but has long 
 been used in America in the sense of set-off, or equivalent. 
 This use is beginning to obtain in England, though Macaulay 
 \ises set-off', and so, perhaps, do a majority of English writers. 
 Set-off is'the appropriate term in legal proeeudiiiKs. 
 
 Se'ton (colloq. se-ou,, /■,. [Lat. seta, a thick, stiff hair, a 
 bristle.] (Surg.) A few horse hairs, or a twist of silk or 
 fine linen, drawn through the skin by means of a large 
 needle, by which a small opening is made and continued. 
 
 Se-tose' (125), ^ a. [Lat. setosus, from seta, bristle.] 
 
 Se'tous, ) (Nat. Hist.) Having the surface £•■•<: 
 
 with bristles ; bristly. 
 
 Set-tee', n. [From set.] A 
 long seat with a back ; a 
 kind of arm-chair for several 
 persons to sit in at once. 
 
 Sfit'ter, n. 1. One who, or 
 that which, sets. 3. A sport- 
 ing dog of the hound kind, 
 that indicates, by sitting or 
 crouching, the place^where 
 game lies hid. 
 
 Setter (2;. 
 
 food, fo"bt; firn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, -eaU, e<;lio; gem, get; a§; e^st ; linger, liilk; ; tliis. 
 
SETTING 
 
 658 
 
 SEXENNIAL 
 
 SJ<t'tinK, n. 1. Act of putting, placing, fixing, or e^tab- 
 lishinj:. 2. Act of linking, or sci'ming to sink, below 
 the horiron. 3. (<».) Something set in or inserted, (b.) 
 That in which sometbiug, as a geui, is set. 4. The direc- 
 tion of acurrvnt, .*ea, or wind. 
 
 Sfit'tle (set'tl), n. [A.-S. sitel, sftel, sftl, from sittan, to 
 sit.) 1. A wide step or platform lower than some other 
 part. 2. A bench with a high back. 
 
 S^t'tle, r. f. [imp. & p. p. SETTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SETTLING.] [From si-t.] 1. To place in a fixed or per- 
 manent condition ; to make firm, steady, or stable, hence, 
 spectjicaUy^(a.) To estabHsh m business, in situation, and 
 the like. (6.) To establish in the pastoral ofiRce. [Amer.] 
 '■Z, To render quiet, clear, and the like; to still. Hence, 
 spfcifiraJly, (a. ) To clear of dregs and impurities ; to ren- 
 der pure or clear. (6.) To restore to a smooth, dry, or 
 passable condition. 3. To cau.«e to sink; to lower; to 
 depress. 4. To fi-ee from uncertiunty or wavering ; to 
 make sure, firm, or constant. 5. To adjust, as some- 
 thing in discussion or controversy ; to adjust, as accounts ; 
 to liquidate ; to balance. 6. To plant with inhabitants ; 
 to colonize ; to people. 
 
 Syn. — To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; ad- 
 just; determine: decide. 
 
 Sfit'tle, f. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent ; to es- 
 tablish one's self ; to assume a lasting form or con- 
 dition, "i. Specijicallt/, to fix one's place or residence ; 
 to take up habitation ; also, to be established in an 
 employment or profession. 3. To become quiet or clear ; 
 to become dry and hard, as the ground after rain or 
 fiost ; to clarify and deposit dregs, as a liquid. 4. To 
 sink gradually; to subside. 5, To become calm; to 
 cease from agitation. 6. To adjust dififerences or ac- 
 counts. 
 
 S6t'tle-ment (sef tl-), n. 1. Act of settling, or state 
 of being settled; as, specifically, (a.) Establishment in 
 business, condition, or the like ; ordination or installa- 
 tion as pastor, (b.) Establishment of inhabitants; colo- 
 nization, (c.) Act or process of adjusting or determining ; 
 composure of doubts or differences : liquidation of ac- 
 counts, (d.) Bestowal or giving possession under legal 
 sanction, (e.) {Law.) A disposition of property for the 
 benefit of some person or persons, usually through the 
 medium of trustees, 'i. That which settles, or is settled, 
 established, or fi.xed ; as, (a.) Matter that subsides; set- 
 tlings; lees; dregs, (h.) A colony newly established ; a 
 place settled, (c. ) The sum secured to a person ; especially, 
 a jointure made to a woman at her marriage. 3. (Law.) 
 A settled place of abode ; residence ; legal residence. 
 
 S6t'tler, «. 1. One who settles. ^, Especially, one yiho 
 establishes himself in a colony ; a colonist. 
 
 SSt'tling, n. 1. Act of making a settlement. 2. Act 
 of subsiding, as lees. 3. Adjustment of differences. 4. 
 pi. Lees ; dregs ; sediment. 
 
 S6t'-to, n. A conflict in boxing, argument, or the like. 
 
 S6v'eii'(sev'n), a. [A.-S. seofon, seofan, seofen^ Goth. & 
 0. H. Ger. sibun. allied to Lat. septem, Gr. errra, Skr. 
 saptan.'^ One more than six. 
 
 Sgv'en, n. 1 . The number greater by one than six. 2. 
 A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii. 
 
 Sfiv'en-fold, a. Repeated seven times ; increased to 
 seven times the size or amount. 
 
 Sgv'en-night (sen'nlt, 101), n. A week; the period of 
 seven days and nights. 
 
 S6v'en-teeii, a. [A..-^. seofontine,\. g , seven-ten.] One 
 more than sixteen or less than eighteen. 
 
 SCv'en-teen, 7i. 1, The sum of ten and seven. 3, A 
 symbol representing seventeen units, as 17, or xvii. 
 
 S6v'en-teentli, a. 1. One next in order after the six- 
 teenth. 2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal 
 parts. 
 
 S6vV'n-teenth, n. 1. One of seventeen equal parts. 
 2. The next in order after the sixteenth. 
 
 Sev'enth (seventh), rt. 1. One next in order after the 
 sixth, ti. Constituting or being one of seven equal 
 parts. 
 
 Sgv'entli, n. 1. One of seven equal parts. 2. One next 
 in oi-der after the sixth. 3. (Mus.) [a.) The interval be- 
 tween any tone and the tone represented on the seventh 
 degree of the staff next above. (6.) A certain chord. 
 
 SCv'enth-ly. adv. In the seventh place. 
 
 86v'en-ti-eth, a. 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth. 
 2. CoDt-tituting or being one of seventy equal parts into 
 which any thing is divided. 
 
 S6v'en-ti-eth, n. 1. One of seventy equal parts. 2. 
 One next in order after the sixty -ninth. 
 
 b6v'eii-ty (s^v'n-ty), a. [K.-^.^seofontig.] Seven times 
 ten ; one more than sixtv-nine. 
 
 S6v'rii-ty, Ji. 1. The sum of seven times ten. 2. A 
 
 ] symbol representing seventy units. 
 
 ■ SCv'er, 1'. t. [imp. & p. p. severed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 ! SEVERING.] [From Lat. separare. See SEPARATE.] 
 
 { 1. To separate, as one from another. 2. To cut or break 
 open or apart. 3. To keep distinct or apart ; to make a 
 di.stinctiou respecting. 4. (Law.) To part possession of. 
 
 I Syu. — To divide; part; disjoin; distinguish; discriminate; 
 
 j except; disunite; disconucct. 
 
 1 S6v'er. v. i. 1. To make a separation or distinction ; to 
 distinguish. 2. To be parted or rent asunder. 
 
 1 Sev'er-al, a. [L. Lat. st^paralis. See supra.] 1. Sepa- 
 
 j rate ; distinct ; not common to two or more ; single. 2. 
 Diverse ; different , various. 3. Consisting of a number; 
 
 ] more than two, but not very many ; diverse ; sundry. 
 
 I Sev'er-al-ly, adv. Separately ; distinctly ; apart 'from 
 
 I others. 
 
 j Sev'er-al-ty, n. A state of separation from the rest, or 
 
 I from all others. 
 
 ; S6v'er-anf e, n. Act of severing or dividing ; separa- 
 tion. 
 Se-vere', a. [compar. severer ; superl. SEVEREST.] 
 [Lat. sprerK5.] 1. Serious in feeling or manner ; exter- 
 
 I nally sedate. 2. Aery strict, in judgment, discipline, or 
 government. 3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule 
 or principle ; exactly conformed to a standard. 4. Diffi- 
 cult to be endured. 
 
 i Syn. — Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; 
 
 j rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; 
 
 sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; crueL See 
 
 Steict. 
 
 ] Se-vere'ly, adv. In a severe manner ; gravely ; rigidly ; 
 I strictly; painfully; extreme!}"; fiercely. [ity. 
 
 I Se-vere'ness, n. State or quality of being severe ; sever- 
 j Se-ver'i-ty, n. Quality of being severe ; as, (a.) Gravity 
 j or austerity ; extreme strictness, (b.) Quality or power 
 of distres.siug or paining, (c.) Extreme coldness or in- 
 j clemency, (r/.) Harshness ; cruel treatment. (c.)Exact- 
 i ness ; rigorousness. (/.) Strictness; rigid accuracy. 
 jSew (so), V. t. [imp. sewed; p. p. sewed, rarely 
 I sewn; p. pr. & vb. n. SEWING.] [A.-S. siu-ian, seo- 
 i wian, suwan, Goth, siujan, allied to Lat. suere.] To 
 j unite or fasten together with a needle and thread. 
 ! Se-w (so), V. i. To practice sewing. 
 
 ! Sew'age (sii^ej, 45), ?i. 1. The contents of a sewer: 
 j sewerage. 2. A systematic arrangement of sewers ; gew- 
 ; erage. 
 
 Se-^v'er (su'er), n. [From 0. Eng. sew, to drain, ft. A.-S 
 sihan, contr. sedn, to strain, fi^lter, flow down, descend, 
 0. H. Ger. sihan, Icel. s'la.] A drain or passage to cori- 
 I vey off water and filth under ground. 
 ; Se'w'er (su'er), n. [From 0. Eng. sew., to follow, to bring 
 j on and remove meat at table. 0. Fr. sevre, sitvre, seme, 
 I sievre, suire, sivre, siiire, N. Fr. suivre. from Lat. sequi.] 
 ' Au upper servant who set on and removed the dishes at 
 I a feast. 
 
 Sew'er (so'er), ri. One who sews, or uses a needle. 
 Se-w'er-age (su'er-, 45), n. 1. Construction of a sewer. 
 2. The system of sewers in a city, town, &c. ; the gen- 
 eral drainage of a place by sewers. 3 . The materials col- 
 lected in, and discharged by, sewers ; sewage. 
 Sex, «. [Lat. 5fx«5.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity 
 of male or female ; the physical difference between male 
 and female. 2. One of the two groups of organic beings 
 formed on the distinction of male and female. 3. (Bot. ) 
 (a.) The distinguishing peculiarity of plants, as stami- 
 nate or pistillate, (b.) One of the groups founded on 
 this distinction. 4. Womankind; females; — so used 
 by way of emphasis. 
 Sex'a-ge-na'ri-an, n. A person of the age of pixty years. 
 Sex-ag'e-na-ry, or Sex'a-ge-na-ry, a. [Lat. sex- 
 agenarius, from sfxagejii, sixty each, from sexaginta. 
 sixty.] Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixt;. 
 proceeding by sixties. 
 Sex'a-gt'S'i-rnd, n. [Lat. sexagesimus, sixtieth, fr. se.r. 
 aginta, sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent, 
 the next to Shrove-Tuesday, so called as being about the 
 sixtieth day before Easter. 
 Sdx'a-gSs'i-iiial, a. Pertaining to, or founded on, the 
 
 number sixty. 
 Sex-Sn'gru-lar, a. [Lat. sexatigvlus, sexangular, fix)m 
 sex, six, and angulus, angle.] Having six angles ; hexa^ 
 onal. [Rare.] 
 Sex-an'gu-lar-ly, adv. With six angles ; hexagonally. 
 Sex-6ii'iii-al, a. [Lat. sexennis, from sex, six, and an- 
 nws, a year.] Lasting six years, or happening once in sLs 
 years. 
 
 a,e,&c.,ion^/&,g,&c..5/torr;c4re,far,a8lE,all,wliat: Sre, vfiil, term; pique, firm; son, or^ dQ, wolf , 
 
SEXFID 
 
 659 
 
 SHAKE 
 
 Sextant. 
 
 S^x'fid, ) a. [Lat. sex, six, and Jindere, Jidi, tc •leave 
 
 S&t'i-fid, J or split.] (iJof.) Six-cleft ; divided into six 
 parts. 
 
 SSx'tain, n. [It. sestina, from Lat. sextus, sixth, from 
 sex, six.] A stanza of six lines. 
 
 S^x'taiit, n. [Lat. sextans, sextantis, 
 the sixth part of an as, from sex, six.] 
 1, (Math.) The sixth part of a circle. 
 'Z. An instrument of reflection for 
 measuring angular distances between 
 objects, especially at sea. 
 
 Sgx'tile, n. [From Lat. sextus, the 
 sixth, from se.-c,six.] {Astrol.) Aspect 
 or position of two planets M'hen dis- 
 tant from each other sixty degrees, or 
 two signs, marked thus,*. 
 
 Sex-till'ion (seks-til'yuu), n. [From Lat. sex, six, sex- 
 tus, the sixth.] According to the English notation, the 
 product of a million involved to the sixth power, or the 
 number expressed by a unit with 36 ciphers annexed ; ac- 
 cording to the French notation, the number expressed by 
 a unit with 21 ciphers annexed. See Note under NU- 
 MERATION. 
 
 Sex'to-def'i-ino, a. [Lat. sextusdecimus, the sixteenth, 
 from sextus, the sixth, sex, six, and decbnus, the tenth, 
 decern, ten.] Formed of sheets folded so as to make six- 
 teen leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of sheets so folded. 
 
 Sgx'to-dgp'i iiio,n. ; pi. sex/tode^'i-mos. [See 6m- 
 pra.\ 1. A book composed of sheets folded so as to make 
 sixteen leaves, or thirty -two pages. 2. The size of a book 
 thus composed ; — usually indicated thus : 16mo. , 16°. 
 
 S^x'ton, n. [Contr. from sacristan, q. v.] An under 
 officer of the church, who takes care of the vessels, vest- 
 ments, &c., of the church, attends on the officiating 
 clergyman, digs graves, and the like. 
 
 S6x'ton-sliip, n. The office of a sexton. 
 
 S6x'tu-ple, a. [Low Lat. sextuplus.] 1, Six times as 
 much; sixfold. 2. {Mus.) Having six parts. 
 
 Sex'u-al (sek^shij-al), a. [Lat. sexualis, from sexus, sex.] 
 Pertaining to sex or the sexes ; distinguishing sex ; re- 
 lating to the distinct organs of the sexes. 
 
 S6x'u-al-lst (sgk^shi}-), n. {Bot.) One who believes and 
 maintains the doctrine of sexes in plants. 
 
 SSx'u-ai'i-ty (sek/sh}}-), n. The state or quality of be- 
 ing distinguished by sex. 
 
 Sli&b, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SHABBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHABBiNG.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks ; to 
 act shabbily. [meanly ; raggedly. 
 
 SliJtb'bi-ly, adv. [From shabby.] In a shabby manner ; 
 
 SliS,b'bi-iiess, n. The quality of being shabby ; mean- 
 ness ; raggedness. 
 
 Sliab'bv, a. [compar. shabbier ; superl. SHABBIEST.] 
 [D. schabbig, H. Ger. schdbig, from sliaben, to shave, 
 scratch, schabe, a shaving tool, scab. Cf. ScABBY and 
 Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rags ; poor; mean; ragged. 
 3. Clothed with ragged or soiled garments. 3. Mean; 
 paltry ; despicable. 
 
 Sba^clc, n. [Prov. Eng. shach, to shake, to shed, the 
 grain left after gleaning. See Shake.] 1, Liberty of 
 winter pasturage. 3. Grain left after harvest or glean- 
 ing ; fiillen mast or acorns. 3. A shiftless fellow; a 
 vagabond. 
 
 Shack'le, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shackled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. shackling.] [See infra.] 1. To tie or confine the 
 limbs of, so as to prevent free motion ; to fetter ; to join 
 by a link or chain, as rail -road cars. 3. To confine so as 
 to obstruct or embarrass action ; to impede. 
 
 SliS.clt'le, n. [Generally in the pi.] [A.-S. scactd, sceacul, 
 a shackle, from scacan, to shake.] 1, A fetter; gyve; 
 chain. 3. Hence, that which obstructs or embarrasses 
 free action. 3. A link for con- 
 necting railroad cars. - 
 
 Sli&d, n. sing. & pi. [Prov. Ger. x.: 
 schade ; Ir. & Gael, sgadan, 
 W. ysgadan, a herring. Cf. 
 Skate.] (7c/u/t.) A fish, highly | 
 prized for food. 
 
 Sliad'doclc, n. [Said to be so 
 called from Captain Shaddock, 
 who first brought this fruit 
 from the East Indies.] (Bot.) 
 
 Shad. 
 
 A tree and its fruit, whieh is a large species of orange. 
 8Iiade, n. [A.-S. scadu, scado, sceadu, scad, scead, Goth.. 
 shadus, Tcel. skuggi, W. ysgaiod, allied to Gr. o-Kia, a 
 shade, shadow, o-/c6to?, darkness.] 1. Comparative ob- 
 scurity owing to the interception of the rays of light. 3. 
 Darkness ; obscurity. 3. An obscure place ; a secluded 
 retreat. 4, Protection ; shelter ; cover. 5. Figure of 
 
 any thing formed by interception of the rays of light ; a 
 shadow. 6. The soul, after its separation from the body ; 
 a spirit ; a ghost. 7. (Paint.) The darker portion of a 
 picture. H. Degree or variation of color, as darker or 
 lighter. 9. A very minute difference ; degree. 10. A 
 screen ; something that intercepts light or heat. 
 Shade,!", t. [imp. & p. p. shaded; p. pr. &c vb. n. 
 SHADING.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the 
 rays of light. 3. To cover from injury ; to protect ; to 
 screen. 3. To overspread with darkness or obscurity ; 
 to obscure. 4. To paint in ob.scure colors ; to darken. 
 
 5. To mark with gradations of light or color. 
 Shad'er, n. One who, or that which, shades. 
 Sbad'i-ness, n. State of being shady ; umbrageousness 
 Shiid'ow, w. [A.-S. scadu, gen. scaduives. See Shade.] 
 
 1. Shade within defined limits, representing the form of 
 a body which intercepts the rays of light. 3. Darkness ; 
 shade ; obscurity. 3. Obscure place ; secluded retreat; 
 shelter. 4. The darker or less illuminated part of a 
 picture. 5. That which follows or attends a person or 
 thing, like a shadow. 6. An imperfect and faint repre- 
 sentation ; adumbration ; indistinct image ; hence, mysti- 
 cal representation ; type. 7. Something unsubstantial ; 
 phantom ; mockery. 
 
 Shad'ow, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shadowed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SHADOWING.] 1. To cut off light from ; to put 
 in shade ; to shade. 3. To protect ; to screen from 
 danger. 3. To paint in obscure colors. 4. To mark 
 with slight gradations of color or light ; to shade. 5. T© 
 represent faintly or imperfectly ; to adumbrate ; hence, 
 to represent typically. 6. To cloud ; to darken. 
 
 Sliad'oiv-y, a. 1. Full of shade ; serving to shade. 3. 
 Hence, dark ; obscure ; gloomy. 3. Faintly light. 4. 
 Faintly representative ; typical. 5. Unsubstantial ; un- 
 real. 
 
 Sbad'y, a. [compar. shadier ; superl. shadiest.] 1. 
 Abounding with shade or shades ; overspread with shade. 
 3. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. 
 
 Sbaft, n. [A.-S. scea/t, scaft, 0. H. Ger. scaft, Icel. skapt, 
 allied to Lat scopus. Gr. a-»cairos, o-/cTJ7ros.] 1. A body of 
 a long cylindrical shape ; the cylindrical, column-shaped 
 part of any thing. 3. Hence, the stem of an arrow ; and 
 hence, an arrow ; a missile weapon. 3. (Arch.) (a.) Th« 
 body of a column, (b.) The part of a chimney above the 
 roof, (c.) The spire of a steeple. 4. The handle of a 
 weapon. 5. The stem, or stock, of a feather or quill. 
 
 6. The pole or one of the thills of a carriage. 7. (Mach.) 
 A bar having one or more journals on which it rests and 
 revolves. 8. [Upper Ger. schaft, H. Ger. schacht, allied to 
 Gr. o-Ka(|)os, that which is dug, a trench, a pit, crKdnreiv, 
 to dig.] (Mining.) A well-like excavation in the 6arth., 
 through which the inner cavitv of a mine is reached and 
 the ore is brought to the surface. 
 
 Sb^g, n. [A.-S. sceacga, a bush of hair, that which is 
 rough or shaggy, Icel. skegg, the beard.] 1. Coarse 
 hair or nap, or rough, woolly hair. 3. A kind of cloth 
 having a long^ coarse nap. 
 
 Sb^s;, V. t. [tmp. & p. p. SHAGGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 shagging.] 1. To make rough or hairy. 3. To make 
 shaggy ; to deform. 
 
 Sh^g'barlc, n. (Bot.) (a.) A species of hickory; — so 
 called from its shaggy bark ; called also shellbark. (b.) 
 The nut of this tree ; a hickory-nut. 
 
 SbS,g'g;ed-iiess, ) n. State of being shagged or shaggy ; 
 
 Sha,g'gi-ness, J roughness, with long, loose hair or 
 wool. 
 
 Shag'gy, a. [compar. shaggier ; superl. shaggiest.] 
 [From shag, n.] 1. Rough with long hair or wool. 3. 
 Rough ; rugged. 
 
 Sba-green', n. [From Turk. & Per. sagri, the back of 
 a horse or other beast of burden, the leather of a horse'g 
 back, the skin of a certain fish.] A kind of leather pre- 
 pared without tanning, from the skins of horses, asses, 
 and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small 
 round pimples or granulations. 
 
 Shah, n. [Per. shah, a king, sovereign, prince.] Th* 
 king or monarch of Persia. 
 
 Shake, v. t. [imp. shook ; p. p. shaken; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. shaking.] [A.-S. scacan, sceacan, Icel. skaka,A.-9). 
 ofscacan, to escape.] 1. To cause to move with quick 
 vibrations ; to make to tremble or shiver ; to agitate. 3. 
 To weaken the stability of; to endanger. 3. To cause to 
 waver ; to impair the resolution of. 4. To give a trem- 
 ulous note to ; to trill. 5. To move or remove by agitat- 
 ing ; to rid one's self of. 
 
 Shake, v. t. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory 
 motion ; to tremble ; to shiver ; to quake ; to totter. 
 
 Shake, n. 1. A vacillating or wavering motion ; a rapid 
 
 food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; $ell, ^haise, «ali, echo; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 
 
SHAKER 
 
 660 
 
 SHARK 
 
 motion one way and the other ; agitation, ti. A fissure 
 or rent in tiniher. 3. A fissure in rock or earth. 4. 
 (Mw.v.) A rapid alternation of two tones represented on 
 contiguous dwtrees of the staff; a trill. 
 
 Shak'er, h. 1. A person or thing that shakes or agi- 
 tates. '2. One of a sect of Christians, popularly so 
 called from the agitations or movements in dancing 
 which chanicterize their worship. 
 
 Shak'y, a. [ro;;j;>ar. shakier; SM;>eW. SHAKIEST.] 1. 
 Full of shakes, slits, or clefts ; unsound ; wanting in co- 
 heiuon. *2. Shaking or trembling. 
 
 Shale, »i. [Ger. schale. See Shell.] 1. A shell or husk ; 
 a cod or j>od. '2. ( Geol.) A fine-grained rock, having a 
 slaty structure. 
 
 Sh&II, v. t. & auxiliary. [imp. SHOULD.] [A.-S. seal, 
 sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, scfotcte, inf. scuiaji, scea- 
 /an. Goth, akuiati, pres. skal, im\>. skiilda, Icel. sJculu, 
 pres. skal, imp. skuldi.] [Sfiall is defective, having no in- 
 finitive, imperative, or participle.] As an auxiliary, shall 
 indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived 
 from the person speaking ; as, you shall go ; he shall go. 
 It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third per- 
 sons, a command, a threat, or a promise- It is also em- 
 ployed in the language of prophecy. In shall with the first 
 person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as 
 residing elsewhere than in the speaker, as, I shall suffer ; 
 we shall see ; and there is always a less distinct and po.-i- 
 tive assertion of his volition than is indicated by u-ill. " I 
 shaU go ■' implies nearly a simple futurity ; more exactly, 
 a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, 
 naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention 
 may be included. In a question, the relation of speaker 
 and source of obligation is of course transferred to the 
 person addressed. After a conditional conjunction, as 
 if, whether, shall is used in all persons to express futuri- 
 ty simply. Should is every where used in the same con- 
 nection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It 
 also expresses duty or moral obligation. See Will. 
 
 Shal-Idbn', n. [From Chalons, in France, where it was 
 first made.] A certain kind of worsted stuff. 
 
 Sli&llop. n. [H. Ger. schalitppe, sddupe, from schlMpfen, 
 to glide, to slip. Cf. Sloop.] {Naut.) A sort of large 
 boat with two masts, and usually rigged like a schooner. 
 
 Shal-16t', n. [See Eschalot and ScALLiON.] (Bot.) 
 A bulbous plant resembUng the garlic ; eschalot. 
 
 Sli&I'low, a. [compar. SHALLOW-ER; superl. shal- 
 lowest.] [From the noun.] 1. Having little depth; 
 shoal, ti. SUght ; not of low, heavy, or penetrating 
 sound. 3. Simple ; ignorant ; superficial ; emptiness ; sil- 
 liness. 
 
 Sh&l'lovr, n. [From shelf, 2.] A place where the water 
 of a river, lake, or sea is of little depth ; a shoal ; a fiat ; 
 a sand-bank ; a shelf. 
 
 Shailow-ness, »i. 1. State of being shallow ; want of 
 depth, 'i, Superficialness of intellect; emptiness; sillines.s. 
 
 Sh&m, n. [See infra.] Any trick, firaud, or device that 
 deludes and disappoints. 
 
 Syn. — Delusion ; imposture ; feint ; humbug. 
 
 Sh&m, a. [Cf. Icel. skam^nr, 0. H. Ger. scamm, short, 
 skemmi, shortness, skemman, to shorten ; Icel. skem-ma, 
 to shorten, corrupt. Cf. also Shame.] False ; counter- 
 feit ; pretended. 
 
 Sh&m, V. t. [imp. & p.p. SHAMlilED; p.pr. & vh. n. 
 SHAMMING.] 1. To deceive expectation; to trick; to 
 cheat. 2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. 3. To 
 imitate ; to ape. 
 
 Sb&m, V. i. To make false pretenses ; to deceive. 
 
 Sha'man, n ; pi. SflA-MANg. [From Per. & Hind, sha- 
 man, pi. shatnandn, an idolater.] A wizard or conjurer 
 in some northern Asiatic regions. 
 
 Sha'tnan-igm, n. The superstitious religion of the 
 northern nations of A.'^ia. consi.sting in a belief in evil 
 Hpirits, and in the influence of magic spells and rites. 
 
 Sha'man-igt, n. A believer in, or adherent to, Sha- 
 manism. 
 
 Sli&m^le, r. t. [imp. & p. p. shambled : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SHAMBLING.] [Cf. 0. D. schaynpelen, to slip, scham- 
 pen, to Blip away, escape. Cf. SCAMBLE.] To walk 
 awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak ; to 
 phuffle along. 
 
 Shftm'blfg, n. pi. [A.-S. scamol, scamul, scamel, scea- 
 m.ol, sc-arnd, a bench, form, stool, from Lat. scamnum.^ 
 dim. srjihMum., from scandere, to climb, ascend.] The 
 place where butchers meat is sold. 
 
 Shame, n. [A.-S. scamu, sceamu, Icel. skbnim, skam, 
 0. H. Ger. scama.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a 
 consciousness of guilt, or of having done something which 
 
 injures reputation ; hence, decency ; decorum. !i. Be. 
 
 proach incurred or suffered ; dishonor. 3. The cause or 
 
 reason of shame. 4. The parts which modesty require 
 
 to be covered. 
 For shame.' you should be ashamed ; shame on you. 
 Syn. —Reproach ; ignominy ; disgrace. 
 Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. shamed ; p.pr. & f6. n. 
 
 SHAMING.] 1. To make ashamed. 2. To cover with 
 
 reproach or ignominy ; to dishonor ; to disgrace. 
 Shame'f aced (-fast), a. Easily confused or put out of 
 
 countenance ; difl&dent ; bashful. 
 ts^' '• Shama/'accd was once shnme.r'ast, like steadfast, but the 
 
 ordinary manifestations of shame being by the f»ce, have 
 
 brought it to its present orthography." 
 Shame'f ul, a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace: iiyuri- 
 
 ous to reputation. 52. Raising shame in others. 
 
 Syn. —Disgraceful; reproachful : indecent : unbecoming 
 
 degrading ; scandalous ; ignominious ; infamous. 
 Shame'f ul-ly, adv. Tn a shameful manner ; with in- 
 dignity of indecency ; disgracefully. 
 Shame'less, a. Destitute of, or indicating an absence 
 
 of, shame ; wanting modesty. 
 
 Syn. -Impudent ; brazen-faced ; unblushing; aadadous; 
 
 immodest ; indecent ; indelicate. 
 
 Shame'less-ly , cdv. In a shameless manner ; without 
 
 shame ; impudently. 
 
 Sliame'les;s-ne.ss, n. Destitution of shame ; want of 
 sensibilit3' to disgrace or dishonor ; impudence. 
 
 Sham'er, n. One who, or that which, makes ashamed. 
 
 Sham'my, «. [See Ch.amois.] A kind of leather pre- 
 pared originally from the skin of the chamois, and much 
 esteemed for its softness and pliancy. 
 
 Sham-pob', v. t. [Hind, tshampna, to press, to squeeze.] 
 1. To rub and percuss the whole surface of the body of, 
 in connection with the hot bath. ti. iTo wash thorough- 
 ly and rub the head of, with soap or a soapy preparation. 
 
 Shain'roclc, n. [Ir. seamrog, seamar.] (Bot.) A plant 
 u,<ed by the Irish as their national emblem ; white tre- 
 foil : white clover. 
 
 Shank:, n. [A.-S. scanc, sceanc, 0. H. Ger. scinca,sdnkel.] 
 1. The lower joint of the leg from the knee to the foot; 
 the shin ; hence, sometimes the bone of the leg ; the 
 whole leg. 3. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, 
 or other thing, which connects the acting part with a 
 handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. 
 
 Shan'ty-, n. [Said to be from Ir. sfan, old. and tig, a 
 house.*] A mean dwelling ; a temporar)- building ; a hut. 
 
 Shape, V. t. [imp. sh.aped (shapt) ; p. p. SHAPED, or 
 suapen ; p. pr. & vb. n. SHAPING.] [A.-S. scapan,scea- 
 pan,sr.eppan, Goth, skapan, skapjan, lce\. skapa, skepia.] 
 
 1. To form or create : to make ; to produce, ti. To 
 mold or make into a particular form. 3. To adapt to a 
 purpose : to regulate ; to adjust ; to direct. 4. To im- 
 age ; to conceive : to beget. 
 
 Shape, 71. 1. Character or construction of a thing as 
 determining its external appearance. 2. That which has 
 form or figure. 3. Form of embodiment, as in words. 
 Syn. — Make ; figure ; form ; guise. 
 
 Shapeless, a. Destitute of shape or regular form. 
 
 Shapeless-ness, n. The state of l>eing shapeless. 
 
 Shape'ly, a. [compar. sh.U>elier : superl. SH.\PELI- 
 EST.] Havinga regular shape ; symmetrical ; well-formed. 
 
 Shard, n. [A.-S. sceard, from sceran, to shear, cut, share, 
 part.] 1. Apiece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or 
 of a like brittle substance. 2. The hard wing-case of 
 a beetle. 
 
 Sh^re, n. [A.-S. scar, scear, seer, 0. H. Ger. scaro, scar.] 
 The broad iron or blade of a plow which cuts the ground. 
 
 Share (4), »i. [k.-ri. scearu, scaru.] 1. A certain portion; 
 a part ; a division. 2. jE'^T^fcfo^/y, the part allotted or 
 belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a 
 number. 3. One of a certain number of equal portions 
 into which any property or invested capital is divided. 
 To go shares, to partake ; to be equally concerned. 
 
 Share, v. t. [imp. &, p. p. shared; p. pr. & vb. r.. 
 SHARING.] [A.-S. scerian, scirian, scyrian, frova sceran. 
 See .supra.] 1. To part among two or more ; to divide. 
 
 2. To partake or enjoy with others. 
 
 Share, v. i. To have part ; to receive a portion. 
 
 Sh&re'-hold'er, n. One who holds or owns a share in 
 a joint fund or property. 
 
 Shar'er, n. One who' shares; 
 one who participates in any- 
 thing with another; a par- 
 taker. 
 
 Shark, n. [Lat. carchants, Gr. 
 Kopxapia?, SO called from its 
 
 Shark, 
 
 ».,e,kc.,lons; SL,6,8tc.,short; c&re, far, ask, all, -what ; ere, veil, term; p'ique.firm; son, or, do, woU, 
 
SHARK 
 
 661 
 
 SHEEP-COT 
 
 sharp teeth, from ^apxapo?, with sharp or jagged teeth.] 
 1. (Icktii.) A cartilaginous fish having a long, round 
 body, tapering from the head, the surface set with 
 minute osseous granules in place of scales, and the gill- 
 oponings placed upon the pides of the neck. The mouth 
 is set with successive rows of sharp teeth. 3. A rapa- 
 cious, artful fellow ; a sharper. [Low.] 
 
 SharJk, v. t. To pick up hastily, slyly, or in small quan- 
 tities. [Low.] 
 
 Sliark, V. i. [imp. & p. p. sharked (sharkt); p.pr. & 
 vb. n. SHARKING.] 1. To play the petty thief; to swin- 
 dle. 2. To live by shifts and stratagems. 
 
 Sliarlt'er, n. One who lives by sharking. 
 
 Sharp, a. [compar. sharper; siiperl. SHARPEST.] 
 [A.-S. scearp, Icel. skarpr, 0. H. Ger. ."carf, from the root 
 of shear.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point, ti. 
 Terminating in a point or edge ; peaked or ridged. 3. 
 Affecting the senses as if pointed or cutting; keen; pen- 
 etrating. 4. (Mus.) (a.) High in pitch. (6.) Raised a 
 semitone in pitch, (c.) So high as to be out of tune or 
 above true pitch. 5. Very trying to the feelings. 6. 
 Cutting iu language or import. 7. Eager in pursuit; 
 impatient for gratification. 8. Violent ; impetuous. 9. 
 Of keen perception ; quick to discern or distinguish ; not 
 dull. 10. Keenly attentive to one's own interest. 11. 
 Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, as cer- 
 tain consonants ; whispered. 
 
 Syn.— Keen; acute ;)iiercing; penetrating; quick; sagacious; 
 discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious; sour; acid; tart; pun- 
 gent ; acrid ; severe ; poignant ; biting ; acrimonious ; sarcas- 
 tic ; cutting ; bitter ; painful ; afflictive ; harsh ; fierce ; 
 ardent; fiery. 
 
 Sliarp, «. 1. (Mus.) (a.) An acute sound ; especially, a 
 note raised a semitone a^ove its proper pitch, (b.) The 
 character [S] which directs that a note be thus raised. 
 3. A portion ot a stream where the water runs very rap- 
 idly. 
 
 Sliarp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sharped (shiirpt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. sharping.] 1. To make keen, acute, penetrat- 
 ing, and the like ; to sharpen. ^. (Mus.) To raise above 
 the proper pitch; especially, to raise a semitone above 
 the natural tone. 
 
 SliarpVn (shirp'n), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. sharpened; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. SHARPENING.] [K.S.scerpan^scyrpan.] 
 To make sharp; as, (a.) To give a keen edge or fine 
 point to. (6.) To render more quick or acute in percep- 
 tion, (c.) To make more quick, acute, or ingenious, (d.) 
 To make more eager, (e.) To make more pungent and 
 painful. (/.) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe, [g.) 
 To render less flat, or more shrill or piercing, (h.) To 
 make more tart or acid ; to make sour. {/.) [Mus.) To 
 raise, as a sound by means of a sharp. 
 
 Sharp'en, v. i. To grow or become sharp. 
 
 Sliarp'er, n. A shrewd man in making bargains. 
 Syn. — Swindler; cheat; deceiver. See Swindler. 
 
 Sliarp'ly, adv. In a sharp manner ; keenly ; acutely ; 
 severely ; violently. 
 
 Sliarp'nes-s, n. The condition or quality of being sharp, 
 in any of its senses. 
 
 Sliarp'-set, a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratifica- 
 tion; ravenous. 
 
 Sharp'- sliobt'er, n. One skilled in shooting at an ob- 
 ject with exactness ; a good marksman. 
 
 Sliarp'-.siglifed (-sTt'ed), a. 1. Having quick or acute 
 sight. '2. Of quick discernment or acute understanding. 
 
 Sharp'- AVifted, a. Having an acute or nicely discern- 
 ing mind. 
 
 Shds'ter, )n. A treatise for authoritative instruction 
 
 Shds'ti'd, ) among the Hindoos ; especially, a treatise 
 containing religious instructions and precepts. 
 
 Sli3,t'ter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shattered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SHATTERING.] [A.-S. scateran.] 1. To break at 
 once into many pieces ; to rend ; to crack ; to split. 2. 
 To disorder ; to derange ; to render unsound. 
 
 SliS,t'ter, V. i. To be broken into fragments. 
 
 ShJtt'ter, n. A fragment of any thing forcibly rent or 
 broken ; — used generally in the plural. [pieces. 
 
 Shat'ter-y, a. Easily breaking and falling into many 
 
 Shave, v. t. [imp. shaved ; p. p. shaved, or shaven ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. shaving.] [A.-S. scnfan, Icel. skafa, 
 Goth, skaban, allied to Lat. srabere.] 1. To cut or pare 
 off from the surface of a body by a razor or other edged 
 instrument. 2. To make bare or smooth by cutting'off 
 closely the surface or surface covering of. ^. To cut off 
 thin slices, or to cut in thin slices. 4. To skim along or 
 Bear the surface of. 5. To strip ; to fleece. 
 _ To shave a note, to purchase it at a great discount, or to take 
 interest upon it much beyond the legal rate. [CoUoq.] 
 
 Shave, v. i. To use a razor for removing the beard ; t* 
 cut closely ; hence, to be hard in a bargain ; to cheat. 
 
 Shave n. 1. A thin slice ; a shaving. 2. A cutting of 
 the beard ; the operation of shaving. 3. An exorbitant 
 cutting down or discount on a note, &c., for cash in 
 hand. [Amer.] 4. A tool with a long blade and a handle 
 at each end, for shaving wood, as hoops, &c. 
 
 Shave'liiig, n. A man shaved ; hence, a monk, or other 
 person of a religious order. 
 
 Shav'er, n. 1. One who shaves. 2. One who is close in 
 bargains; a cheat. 3. One who fleeces; a pillager; a 
 plunderer. 4. A little fellow. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Shav'ing. n. 1. Act of paring the surface. 2. A thin 
 slice pared off with a shave, a knife, a plane, or other 
 cutting instrument. 
 
 Shavi'l, M. [Per., Hind., and Turk. sIiSlL] A cloth of 
 wool, cotton, 3ilk, or hair, used as a loose covering for 
 the neck and shoulders. 
 
 Shawm, n. [From Lat. calamus, a reed, reed-pipe.] 
 (iilus.) A wind instrument of music, formerly in use. 
 
 Slie, proii. [nam. SHE ; pass. HER, or HERs; obj. HER; 
 pi. nam. they ; poss. their, or theirs ; obj. them ] 
 [A.-S. seo, lied, Goth, si, A.-S. m. se, he. The possessive 
 her or hers, and the objective her, are from a different 
 root. See Her,] 1. This o»* that female ; the woman 
 understood or referred to. 2. A woman ; a female ; — 
 used humorously as a noun. 
 
 Sheaf, n. ; pi. SHEAVEg. [A.-S. seed/, from sciifan, 
 sceofan, to shove.] 1. Stalks of wheat, rye, oats, or 
 other grain, bound together. 2. Any similar bundle or 
 collection. 
 
 Sheaf, v. i. To collect and bind ; to make sheaves. 
 
 Shear, v. t. [imp. sheared (shore, 065.); p. p. 
 
 SHEARED, or SHORN; p. pr. & vb. n. shearing.] 
 
 I. To cut or clip with shears, scissors, or a like instru- 
 ment. 2. To cut or clip from a surface. 
 
 Shear, n. [From the verb.] 1. pi. A cutting instrument 
 consisting of two blades with a bevel edge, movable on a 
 pin, used for cutting cloth and other substances. 2. Any 
 thing in the form of shears. Especially, an apparatus 
 for raising heavy weights, as, the lower masts of ships. 
 It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fast- 
 ened together near the top, and furnished with the neces- 
 sary tackles. 
 
 Shear'er, n. One who shears. 
 
 Shear'ling, n. A sheep that has been but once sheared. 
 
 Shear'-steel, n. Steel suitable for shears, scythes, and 
 other cutting instruments. 
 
 Sheath, n. [A.-S. sciedh, sce&dh, 0. H. Ger. scfi'^a, Icel. 
 skeidhir, pi., prob. from Skr. tshid, to cover.] 1. A case 
 for a sword or other long and slender instrument; a 
 scabbard. 2. Any thin covering for defense or protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Sheathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sheathed ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. sheathing.] 1. To put into a sheath, case, or 
 scabbard. 2. To fit or furnish with a sheath. 3. To 
 case or cover with boards or with sheets of copper. 4. 
 To cover or line. 
 
 Sheath'er, n. One who sheathes. 
 
 Sheath'ing, n. That which sheathes ; especially, the 
 casing or covering of a ship's bottom and sides ; or the 
 materials for such covering. 
 
 Sheave, n. [0. D. schijve, orb, disk, wheel, N. D. schijf, 
 
 II. Ger. scheibe. Cf. Shive.] A wheel in a block, rail, mast, 
 yard, &c., on which a rope works ; the wheel of a pulley. 
 
 Shgd, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. shed- 
 ding.] [A.-S. sceddan, 0. H. Ger. scutian, scuttan.] 1. 
 To cause to emanate, proceed, or flow out ; especially., 
 to throw off or give forth from one's self; to emit; dif- 
 fuse. 2. To throw off, as a natural covering of hair, 
 feathers, shell, and the like. 3. To cause to flow oft 
 without penetrating. 
 
 Sh6d, V. i. To let fall the parts ; to throw off a covering 
 or envelope. 
 
 Shed, n. [Sw. skydd, a defense, skydda, to protect, to 
 shelter. Cf. Shade.] A slight or temporary erection 
 built to shelter something ; an out-building ; a hut. 
 
 Shed'der, n. One who sheds or causes to flow out. 
 
 Sheen, a. [A.-S. seine, scin, scene, bright, splendid, beau- 
 tiful, 0. H. Ger. scdni, Goth, skauns. See Shine. J 
 Bright; glittering; showj\ [Rare, except in jjoetry.] 
 
 Sheen, n. Brightness ; splendor. 
 
 Sheep, 71. sing. & pi. [A.-S. sccrp, scip, sce&p, 0. H. Ger. 
 sr.qf.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A small ruminant quadruped, valued 
 for its flesh and wool. 2. The people of God, as being 
 under the government and protection of Christ, the 
 great Shepherd. 
 
 Sheep'-e6t, n. A small inclosure for sheep ; a pen. 
 
 iood,fo^ot; ^n, rude, pull; ^ell, fhaise, €all, e<;ho ; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; this. 
 
SHEEP-HOOK 
 
 662 
 
 SHIELD 
 
 Rheep'-hcfbk, ». A hook fastonetlto a pole, by which 
 
 shopliorvls hiy hold on tho K^ of their sheep. 
 Slieop'ish, <». l^ikea sheep : bashful ; timorous to excess. 
 Sln*»»p'isli-ly, (/(/(•. In a sluvpish manner ; bashfnlly. 
 Slieep'isli-iioss, ii. The qiialitv of being sheepish ; ex- 
 cessive nuulestv or difflilenoe ; bashfulness. 
 Sl»et'i»'s'-eyo (-T), n. A modest, diffident look; a loving 
 or dcsirini; V'^"'"*'- [sheep. 
 
 Sli«'ei»'-."il»ear'er, ti. One who shears the wool from 
 Sheep'-slieariiis, "• !• Act of shearing sheep. 2. 
 Time of shearing sheep ; also, a feast made on that occa- 
 sion. 
 Sh*'»'p'-skiii, M. The skin of a sheep, or leather pre- 
 
 jvireil from it. 
 Sheep'- ^valk (-wawk), n. Pasture for sheep. 
 Sheer, «. "[A.-S. scir,sc!/)\ Icel. sklr, sk'irr, .«Mr, Goth. 
 skiirs.] 1. Separate from any thing foreign ; pure ; clear. 
 'Z. Being only what it seems to be; simple; mere. 3. 
 Clear ; thin. 4. Perpendicular ; straight up and down. 
 Sheer, r. ?. [/?«;>. & p. p. sheered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHEERING.] [See Shear, the sense of which is, to vsep- 
 arate.] To dechne or deviate from the line of the proper 
 course ; to turn aside. 
 Sheer, n. (Naut.) (a.) The longitudinal curve or bend 
 of a ship's deck or sides, (b.) The position in which a 
 ship is sometimes kept at single anchor, to keep her clear 
 of it. 
 Sheet, n. [A.-S. scete, scyte, from sceotnn, to shoot, dart, 
 cast, extend.] In general, any broad, uninterrupted ex- 
 panse ; hence, specifically, (a.) Abroad piece of cloth 
 used as a part of bed furniture, next to the body. (6.) 
 A broad piece of paper, folded or unfolded, (c.) pi. 
 Hence, a book or pamphlet, (d.) A broad expanse of 
 water, or the like. \e.) A broad, thinly expanded portion 
 of metal or other substance. 
 Sheet, n. [Gev . scJwte . See SM/>m.] (iVawt.) A rope fast- 
 ened to the lower corner of a sail, to extend and retain it 
 in a particular situation. 
 Sheet, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. sheeted ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 sheeting.] 1. To fold in a sheet. 5i. To cover as 
 with a sheet. 3. To draw or expand, as a sheet. 
 Sheet'-Jtii-eh'or, n. [0. Eng. skoot-anchor.] 1. (Naut.) 
 The largest anchor of a ship, which, in stress of weather, 
 is sometimes the seaman's lar,t refuge to prevent the ship 
 from going ashore. 3. Hence, the chief support ; the 
 last refuge for safety. 
 Sheet'ing, n. Cloth for sheets. 
 
 Sheik (.sheek), n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a venerable old 
 man, a chief, from shakha, to grow or be old.] A chief, 
 a lord, a man of eminence ; — so called among the Ara- 
 bians and Moors. 
 Shfik'el (shek'l), n. [Heb., from sMAraZ, to weigh.] An 
 ancient weight and coin among the Jews, tqual in weight 
 to about half an ounce avoirdupois, and in value equal 
 to about 62^ cents. 
 She-ki'nah, n. [Heb., presence of God, from sliakan, to 
 inhabit.] {.Tew isk Hist.) That miraculous light or vis- 
 ible glory which was a symbol of the divine presence. 
 Shei'drake, n. [Prov. Eng. sheld, variegated, and 
 drake.] (Ornith.) A species of duck somewhat resem- 
 bling a goose in its shape, and found in Europe. It has 
 a green or greenish -black head, and its body is variegated 
 with white. 
 Sheif , ". ,• pi. SHELVES. [A.-S. scelfe, schylfe.] 1. A 
 board, or platform, elevated above the floor, and fixed or 
 set horizontally on a frame, or contiguous to a wall, for 
 holding vessels, books, &c. 'i, A sand-bank in the sea, 
 or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow 
 and dangerous to ships. 
 3h61f'y, a. Abounding in, or composed of, shelves ; full 
 
 of dangerous shallows. 
 Shell, n. [A.-S. .sce«, Icel. 5A;e/. See Sc ALE.] 1. A hard 
 outside covering ; <" sped ally, that serving as the natural 
 protection of certain fruits and animals ; also, the cover- 
 " ing or outside layer of an egg. 2. (Zoo7.) (a.) The hard 
 organized substance forming the skeleton of many inver- 
 tebrate animals, usually external, but sometimes internal. 
 {h.) The hard covering of some vertebrates, as the arma- 
 dillo, tortoise, &c. 3. (Mil.) A hollow sphere of iron, 
 which, iKiing filled with gunpowder, and fired from a 
 mortar or cannon, bursts into pieces when the powder 
 explodes; a bomb. 4. Any frame-work or exterior 
 structure regarded as not complete or filled in. 5. 
 Uenco, outward show without inward substance. 6. 
 An instrument of music, as a lyre. 7. pi. The husks 
 of the cacao-nut, a decoction of which is often used as a 
 substitute for chocolate, cocoa, &c. 
 Shell, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SHELLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SHELLING.] 1. To strip or break off the shell of; or, 
 to take out of the shell. "2. To separate from the ea», 
 3. To throw shells or bombs upon ; to bombard. 
 
 Shell, V. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, or exterior 
 coat. 2. To cast the shell or exterior covering. 
 
 ShSl'lft,*, ) n. The resin lac spread into thin plates, 
 
 ShCll'-lft,*, ) after being melted and strained. 
 
 Sheil'-hark, n. ( Bot . ) A species of hickory whose balk Is 
 loose and peeling ; shag-bark. 
 
 Sheil'-fish, n. An aquatic animal, whose external cov- 
 ering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, 
 clams, &c., or crustaceous, as in the lobster. 
 
 ShCU'-Tvork (-wQrk), n. Work composed of shells, or 
 adorned with them. 
 
 Sheil'y, a. 1. Abounding with shelli. 2. Consisting 
 of shells, or of a shell. 
 
 Shel'ter, n. [See Shield.] 1. That which covers or 
 •defends from injury or annoyance. 3. Hence, one who 
 protects ; a guardian. 3. State of being covered and 
 protected. 
 
 Syn. — Asylum; refuge; retreat; covert; sanctuary; protec- 
 tion; defense; security. 
 
 Shei'ter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sheltered ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. sheltering.] 1. To furnish a shelter for ; to covei 
 from harm or injury, ti. To betake to cover, or a safe 
 place ; — used reflexively. 3. To cover from notice. 
 Syn. — To shield; to protect; to disguise. 
 
 Shel'ter, v. i. To take shelter. 
 
 Shel'ter-less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection. 
 
 Shel'tie, n. A Shetland pony ; one of a breed of small 
 ponies ; — so called from Shetland, where they originated. 
 
 Shelve, ■«. t. 1. To furnish with shelves. 2. To plac« 
 on a shelf; hence, to put aside with a view to prevent re, 
 appearance. 
 
 Shelve, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SHELVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 shelving.] To incline ; to be sloping. 
 
 Shelv'y, a. Full of rocks or sand-banks ; shallow. 
 
 Shep'herd (shep/erd). n. [From sheep and herd.\ 1. 
 A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep. 
 2. A rural lover. 3. The pastor of a parish, church, oi 
 congregation. 
 
 Shep'herd-ess (shep'erd-), n. A woman that tends 
 sheep ; hence, a rustic lass. 
 
 Sher'bet, n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly one 
 drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba, to drink.] 
 A drink used in the East, composed of water, lemon-juice, 
 and sugar, with an infusion of some drops of rose-water 
 or other ingredient, to give it an agreeable taste. 
 
 Sherd, n. A fragment. See Shard. 
 
 Sher'iff, n. [0. Eng. shereve, A.-S. scir-gerifa, scire- 
 gerefa, from scir, scire, a shire, and gercfa, a reeve. See 
 Reeve.] The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom 
 is intrusted the execution of the laws. 
 
 rO~ The office of sheriif in England is judicial and ministe- 
 rial. In the United States, it is mostly ministerial. 
 
 Sher'iff -al-ty, 
 
 Sher'iff -ship, 
 
 Sher'iff-wick, 
 
 Sher'ry, n. A strong wine of a deep amber color, and 
 having, when good, an aromatic odor; — so called frooi 
 Xeres, near Cadiz, in Spain, where it is made. 
 
 Shew (sho), \ 
 
 Shewed (shod), [ See Show, Showed, Shown. 
 
 Shewn (shon), ) 
 
 i£@~ The use of shew for shewed or showed, common in some 
 
 Earts of the United States, is a gross vulgarism, which can not 
 e too carefully avoided. 
 
 Shito'bo-leth, n. [Heb shibbdleth, an ear of corn, or a 
 stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the crite- 
 rion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the 
 Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pro- 
 nounce the letter 12;, sh, pronounced the word sibboleth. 
 See Judges, xi. and xii. 2. Hence, that which distin- 
 guishes one party from another; usually, some peculiar- 
 ity in things of little importance. 
 Shield, n. [A.-S. srild, sceld, scyld, Goth, skildus, Icel. 
 I skiiildr, from skyla, to cover, to defend.] 1. A broad 
 ' piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm ; a buckler. 
 I 2. Any thing which protects or defends ; defense ; shel- 
 ter ; protection. 3. Figuratively, a person who protects 
 or defends. 4. (Bot.) A little colored cup or line, with 
 a hard disk, surrounded by a rim, and containing the 
 fructification of hchens. 5. (Her.) The escutcheon or 
 field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. 
 6. (Mining.) A framework used to protect workmen in 
 making an adit under ground, and capable of being 
 pushed along as the excavation progres.ses. 
 
 n. The ofiice or jurisdiction of sheriff. 
 See Shrievalty. 
 
 Sky e, Sec, long; &,6^&e.f short; c&re, far, ask, all, -what; 6re, veil, term; pXque,firm', son, dr, do, wolt 
 
SHIELD 
 
 663 SHIRE 
 
 Shield, V. t. [imp. &, p. p SHIELDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHIELDING.] To cover as with a shield ; to cover from 
 danger ; to defend ; to protect. 
 
 Shift, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shifted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHIFTING.] [A.-S. sciftan, to divide, to order, declare, 
 appoint, to verge, decline, drive away ; Icel. skipta, to 
 divide, distribute, change.] 1. To change ; to alter. 2. 
 To transfer from one place or position to another. 3. To 
 put off or out of the wa,y by some expedient. 4. To 
 change, as clothes. .5. To dress in fresh clothes. 
 
 Sliift, V. i. 1. To vary from one point or direction to 
 another ; to change about ; to move. 2. To change one's 
 occupation or principles. 3. To change one's clothes, 
 especially the under garments. 4. To satisfy one's wants 
 by changing. 5. To resort to expedients for accomplish- 
 ing a purpose. 
 
 Shift, n. 1. A turning from one thing to another; a 
 change ; hence, an expedient tried in difficulty. 3. A 
 temporary or deceitful expedient ; fraud ; artifice ; a 
 trick to escape detection or evil. 3- An under garment ; 
 tspecially, a woman's under garment ; a chemise. 
 To make shi/l, to contrivo for the moment; to manage. 
 
 Shift'er, 7t. One who shifts ; one who plays tricks or 
 practices artifice ; a cozener. 
 
 Shift'lcss, a. Characterized by failure, through negli- 
 gence or incapacity, to provide for one's self, or to use 
 means requisite for success. 
 
 Shif t'less-ness, n. A state of being shiftless. 
 
 Shil-la'lah, I n. An oaken sapling or cudgel, said to be 
 
 Shil-la'ly, ) from a wood in Ireland of that name, 
 famous for its oaks. [Irish.] 
 
 Shil'ling, n. [A.-S. & 0. Sax. scilling, Icel. skillingr, 
 Goth, skilliggs, probably from A.-S. scillan, to sound.] 
 
 1. An English silver coin, equal to twelve pence, or the : 
 twentieth part of a pound, equivalent to about 24 cents. 
 
 2. In the United States, a denomination of money difier- j 
 ing in value, relatively to the dollar, in different states, 
 but below that of the English shilling in all ; as, in 
 New York, one eighth of a dollar or 12^ cents ; in New 
 England, one sixth of a dollar, or 16f cents ; — a term 
 used in trade, though no corresponding coin exists. 
 
 Shi'loh, n. [Heb. sInlCh, i. e., quiet, rest, from shalah, 
 to rest.] ( Script.) The Messiah ; — so called by Jacob on 
 his death-bed. See Gen. xlix. 10. 
 
 Shi'ly, adv. See Shyly. 
 
 Shini'mer, v. i. [A.-S. scimeriaii., from scimian, scvman, 
 to glitter.] To shine faintly ; to gleam ; to glisten ; to 
 glimmer. 
 
 Shim'mer, n. A gleaming ; a glunmering. 
 
 Shin, n. [A.-S. scinu, Ger. schiene.] The fore part of the 
 leg, especially of the human leg, between the ankle and 
 the knee. 
 
 Shin, V. t. To chmb by the aid of the hands and legs 
 alone. [ Colloq. or low. Amer.] [a riot. 
 
 Shin'dy, n. An uproar or disturbance ; a spree ; a row ; 
 
 Shine, v.i. [imp. s?ione, or shined; p. p. shone, 
 or SHINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SHINING.] [A.-S., 0. Sax., 
 & 0. H. Ger. sclnan, Goth, ske.inan, Icel. skina.] 1. 
 To emit rays of light ; to give hght. 2. To be lively and j 
 animated ; to be brilliant. 3. To be glossy or bright, as 
 silk. 4. To be gay, splendid, or beautiful. 5. To be 
 eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished. 
 
 Shine, n. 1. Fair weather. 2. State of shining ; bright- 
 ness ; splendor ; luster ; gloss ; polish. 3. A liking for 
 a person ; a fancy. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Shin'er, n. 1. That which shines ; as, a bright piece of 
 money. [Cant.] 2. {Ichth.) A brilliant, small fresh- 
 water fish of the minnow kind. 
 
 Shi'nes.s, n. See Shyness. 
 
 Shin'gle (shing/gl), n. [0. Eng. shingle and shindle, Lat. 
 scindula, scandula, from sciiidere, to split.] 1. A piece 
 of wood sawed or rived thin and small, with one end 
 thinner than the other, in order to lap lengthwise, used 
 in covering buildings, especially the roof. 2. ( Geol.) 
 Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, on 
 shores and coasts. 
 
 Shin'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SHINGLED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SHINGLING.] 1. To cover with shingles. 2. To 
 cut, as hair, so that one portion overlaps another, like 
 shingles. 
 
 Shin'gleg (shing'glz), n. [From Lat. cingulum, a girdle, 
 from cingere, to gird.] (Med.) A kind of herpes, which 
 spreads around the body like a girdle. 
 
 Shin'ing, ;?. a. 1. Bright; splendid; radiant. 2. Illus- 
 trious ; distinguished ; conspicuous. 
 
 Syn. — Glistening ; resplendent ; effulgent ; lustrous ; bril- 
 liant; glittering; sparkling. — 5^ jninsr describes the emission 
 
 of a strong light from a clear or polished surface. Brilliant 
 denotes a shming of great brightness, but with gleams or 
 flashes. Sparklittg implies a shining intensely from radiant 
 points or sparks, b/ which the eve is dazzled. The same dis- 
 tinctions obtain when these epithets are figuratively applied. 
 A man of shining talents is made conspicuous by p- ssessing 
 them; if they flash upon the mind with a peculiarly striking 
 effect, we call them hriUiant ; if his brilliancy is marked by 
 great vivacity and occasional intensity, he is sparkling. 
 
 Shin'-plas'ter, n. A bank-note of low denomination ; 
 a piece of paper money ; —a name originally given, dur- 
 ing a suspension of specie payments, to notes under one 
 dollar, designed to take the place of small change, which 
 had disappeared. [Amer.] 
 
 Shin'y, a. [compar. SHINIER ; superl. SHINIEST.] 
 Bright ; luminous ; clear ; unclouded. 
 
 Ship, n. [A.-S. scip, Icel. & Goth, skip, perh. fr. A.-S. 
 scyppan, sceppan, to mold, form, shape. Cf. Gr. a-Ka^ri, 
 Lat. scapha, a boat, from Gr. a-KanTeiv, to dig, scoop 
 out.] 1. Any large sea-going vessel. 2. Especially, 
 a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts, each 
 of which is composed of a lower mast, top-mast, and 
 topgallant-mast, and is square rigged. 
 
 Ship's husband, one who attends to the requisite repairs of a 
 ship while in port, and does all the other necessary acts prepar- 
 atory to a voyage. 
 
 I 
 
 Ground Plan of a Ship. 
 ;3, prow; I, larboard or port; s, starboard; 1, round-house; 2, 
 tiller ; 3, grating : 4, wheel ; 5, wheel-chains ; (5, binnacle; 7, 
 mizzen-mast ; 8, skylight ; 9, capstan ; 10, main-mast ; 11, 
 pumps; 12, galley or caboose; 1.3, main h tchway; 14, windlass; 
 15, fore-mast ; 16, fore-hatchway ; 17, bitts ; 18, bowsprit ; 19, 
 head-rail ; 20, boomkins ; 21, bows; 22, fore-chains ; 23, main- 
 chains ; 24, mizzen-chains. 
 
 Ship, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SHIPPED (shipt) ; p. pr. k, vb. 
 n. SHIPPING.] 1. To put on board of a ship or vessel 
 of any kind for transportation; hence, to dispose of; to 
 get rid of. 2. To engage for service on board of a ship. 
 3. To receive on board of a ship or vessel. 4. To fix 
 any thing in its place. 
 
 Ship, V. i. To engage for service on board of a ship. 
 
 Ship'board, adv. Upon or within a ship ; aboard. 
 
 Ship'-huild'er (-bild'er), n. A man whose occupation 
 is to construct vessels ; a naval architect. 
 
 Ship'-«ar/pen-ter, n. A carpenter who works at ship- 
 building. 
 
 Ship'-chan^dlei*, n. One who deals in cordage, canvas, 
 and other furniture of ships. [of a ship. 
 
 Ship'-mas'ter, n. The captain, master, or commander 
 
 Ship'mate, n. One who serves on board of the same 
 ship ; a fellow sailor. 
 
 Ship'ment, n. 1. Act of putting any thing on board 
 of a ship or other vessel ; embarkation. 2. That which 
 is shipped. 
 
 Ship'-mon'ey, ». [Eng. H(5^.) An imposition formerly 
 charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and cotm- 
 ties of England, for providing and furnishing certain 
 ships for the king's service. 
 
 Ship'per, n. One who ships, or places goods on board a 
 ship for transportation. 
 
 Ship'ping, n. The collective body of ships in one place ; 
 vessels of navigation generally ; tonnage. 
 
 Ship'- shape, adv. In a .«;eaman-like manner; hence, 
 properly ; according to usage ; well put. 
 
 Ship'wreck (-rek), n. 1. The breaking in pieces of a 
 ship or other vessel by being driven against rocks, shoals, 
 and the like. 2. A ship destroyed upon the water, or 
 the parts of such a ship. 3. Hence, total destruction; 
 ruin. 
 
 Ship'vvrgclc (-rek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. shipwrecked 
 (-rekt); p. pr. & vb. n. SHIPWRECKING.] 1. To destroy, 
 as a .ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sand- 
 banks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest. 2. 
 To e-xpose, as sailors, to destruction by the loss of a ship. 
 
 Ship'-wright (-rTt). n. One whose occupation is to con- 
 struct ships ; a builder of ships or other vessels. 
 
 Shire, or Shire, n. [A.-S. scire, sc(>, a divi.siou, prov- 
 ince, county, from sciran, sceran , to shear, cut off, divide.} 
 1. A portion of the kingdom, originally under the super- 
 vision of an earl ; a territorial division, usually identical 
 with a county, but sometimes comprising a smaller dis- 
 trict. [Eng.] 2. A division of a state, embracing sev- 
 eral contiguous townships ; a county. [Arner.] 
 
 food, frfbt ; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, call, echo-, gem, get ; a§ ; ejist; linger, linlc ; this. 
 
SHIRE-TOWN 
 
 664 
 
 SHORE 
 
 Shire'-town, or Sliire'-town, n. The capital town 
 <>t;i county : a countv town. 
 
 Shirk, i IS )," f. /. [Cf.SuAKK.] To avoid or get off from ; 
 to slink aw-nv. 
 
 Shirk, n. One who seeks to avoid duty ; one who lives 
 bv shifts and tricks. 
 
 Shirr (shir), n. An insertion of cord (usually elastic) be- 
 tween two pieces of cloth ; also, the cord itself, or the 
 cloth made with it. 
 
 Shirrrd (shTrd). a. [Cf. 0. Ger. schirren, to prepare.] 
 Ilavins; lines or cords iuserti>d between two pieces of cloth. 
 
 Shirt (IS), rt. [\ce\. skirta, skt/rta, a .«hirt, D. schort, a 
 petticoiit, an apron, N. II. Ger. srhiirz, schitrze, an apron, 
 pn-ibably from the root of short, q. v. Cf. SKIRT.] A 
 IcHise gtimient of linen, cotton, or other material, worn 
 by men and boys next the body. 
 
 Shirt, '•■ ^ [imp. & p. p. SHIRTZD; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 ."snmxiNG.] 1, To cover or clothe as with a shirt. U. 
 To ohanpe the shirt of. 
 
 Shirt'ing. n . Cloth of the right width for shirts. 
 
 S/ilt'tali^ { n. [Ileb. sliittal^ pi. shitt'im.] A sort of 
 
 Sfiif'tim, \ precious wood, of which the tables, altars, 
 and boards of the tabernacle were made among the Jews. 
 It is supposed to have been the wood of a species of 
 Acacia. 
 
 f'hive, «. [L. Ger. sckieve, H. Ger. scheibe, Icel. s/dfa, 
 from 5i-|/a, to split. Cf. SHEAVE.] 1. A slice. 3. A 
 Uttle piece or fragment. 
 
 Shiv'er, n. [N. H. Ger. schiefer, a splinter, slate, 0. H. 
 Ger. scivero, from Icel. sk'ifa. Cf. ShivE.] 1. A small 
 piece or fragment into which a thing breaks by sudden 
 violence. 5i. A thin slice. 
 
 Shiv'er, f. t. [i^np. & p. p. shivered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHlvERIXft.] [Ger. 5c/i(f/fr?i, to shiver, to scale, 0. D. 
 scheveren,schdfere7i.] 1. To break into many small pieces 
 or spUnters ; to shatter ; to dash to pieces bj'^ a blow. 2, 
 {Xaut.) To cause to shake in the wind; — applied to sails. 
 
 Shiv'er, v. i. [Cf. 0. D. sc/ioeveren, 0. Ger. schnren, 
 schiicren, H. Ger. schauern.] 1. To quake ; to tremble ; 
 to vibrate. 2. To quiver from cold ; to be affected with 
 a thrilling sensation, like that of chilliness. 3. To fall 
 at once into many small pieces or parts. 
 
 Shiv'er, n. Act of shivering ; a shaking or shuddering 
 caused by cold, pain, fear, or the Uke ; a tremor. 
 
 Shiv'er-y, a. 1. Full of, or inclined to, shivers ; trem- 
 bling. 2. Easily falling into many pieces. 
 
 iSlioal, 71. [A.-S. scCtu, sceChi.. a school, a band, a com- 
 pany , multitude, crowd.] 1. A crowd ; a throng ; — said 
 especially of fish. 2. [Cf. Shelf, Shallow, and N. 
 H. Ger. schoUe, a clod, glebe, 0. H. Ger. scollo, scolla.] 
 A sand-bank , or bar ; a shallow. 
 
 Shoal, V. i. [imp. & p. p. shoaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHOALING.] 1. To assemblein a multitude ; to crowd ; 
 to throng. 2. To become more shallow. 
 
 Shoal, V. t. To cause to become more shallow ; to come 
 to a more shallow part of 
 
 Shoal, a. Of little depth ; shallow. 
 
 Shoal'i-ness, n. The state of being shoaly; shallow- 
 ness : little depth of water. 
 
 Slioal'y, a. Full of shoals or shallow places ; shallow. 
 
 Shoat, n. A young hog. See SnoTE. 
 
 Shock, n. [0. H. Ger. scoc, a swing, D. schok, a bounce, 
 jolt, or leap ; Fr. choc, a shock, collision ; alUed to 
 shake.] 1. A collision ; a sharp concussion of one thing 
 against another. 2. That which surprises or offends the 
 intellect or the moral sense; a blow; an offense. 3. 
 [M. II. Ger. schoc, N. H. Ger. schock, a heap, quantity, a 
 score, threescore ] A pile or as.semblage of sheaves of 
 wheat, rye, and the like. 4. (MerJ.) A violent agitation 
 or derangement of any organ or organs, or of the nervous 
 system . 
 
 Syn. — Concussion ; collision. — A ahock is literally a violent 
 Aake or agitation; a concvssion is a phaking of things together. 
 A shock may affect the body or tlic mind; a concussion properly 
 pffects only the body or material objects: as, a cuncvL.«sion of the 
 brain ; a concvjunon of the elements. The effects of a shock 
 may or may not be violent and lasting; those of a concvssion 
 are usually severe and permanent. 
 
 Sh5ck, n. [From shag. See Shough.] 1. A dog with 
 long hair or shag. 2. Hence, a thick mass of short 
 hair. 
 
 Shock, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shocked (sh5kt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SHOCKING.] 1. To strike against suddenly ; to 
 encounter. 2. To strike with surprise, horror, or dis- 
 gust : to offend : to disgust. 3. To make or collect into 
 shocks, tis sheaves of grain. 
 
 Sh6ck'ing. a. Striking, as with horror; causing to re- 
 coil with horror or disgust ; extremely offensive or dis- 
 gusting. 
 
 Sh6ck'ing-ly, adv. In a manner to shock, or to strik* 
 with horror or disgust. 
 
 Shdd, imp. & p. p. of shoe. See SHOE. 
 
 Shdd'dy, n- A fibrous material obtained by deviling or 
 tearing into fibers refuse woolen goods, old stockings, 
 rags, druggets, &c. 
 
 Shoe (shoo), n.; pi. shoes (shooz). [A.-S. .'^coh, sc6, 
 seed, Goth. skOhs, Icel. s'kOr, 0. II. Ger. scuoh, N. H. Ger. 
 schuh.] 1. A covering for the foot, usually of leather; 
 also, any thing resembling a shoe in form or use. 2. A 
 plate of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it 
 from injury. 3. A plate of iron, or slip of wood, nailed 
 to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh or sled. 4. Some- 
 thing in the form of a shoe, or answering a purpose anal- 
 ogous to that of a shoe. 
 
 Shoe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shod \ p. pr. &, vb. n. SHOE- 
 ING.] 1. To furnish vrith shoes ; to put shoes on. 2. 
 To cover at the bottom. [boots. 
 
 Shoe '-black;, n. One who cleans and blacks shoes or 
 
 Shoe'ing-horn, n. 1. A curved piece of horn used to 
 facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe. 2. Hence, 
 anj' thing by which a transaction is facilitated. 
 
 Shoe'-mak'er, n. One who makes shoes and boots. 
 
 Sho'er, n. One who fits shoes to the feet. 
 
 Shoe'- tie, n. A ribbon or string used for fastening a 
 shoe to the foot. 
 
 Shone, or Shone, imp. & p. p. of shine. See Shine. 
 
 Shoo, interj. [Cf. N. H. Ger. scheuchen, to scare, drive 
 away.] Begone; away; — used in scaring away fowls 
 and other animals. 
 
 Shook, imp. of shake. See Shake. 
 
 Shook:, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. shook, split, as wood is by 
 shrinking, shake, a crack in wood, a fissure in the earth.] 
 (Co7n.) (a.) A set of staves suflScient in number for one 
 hogshead, cask, barrel, and the like. (6.) A set of boards 
 for a sugar-box. 
 
 Shdbt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shot : p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 SHOOTING.] [A.-S. sceotan, scotian, Icel. skiOta, 0. H. 
 Ger. sciozan; Skr. tskiid, to send.] 1. To let fly oi 
 cause to be driven with force, as an arrow or bullet. 2. 
 To discharge and cause to be driven with violence. 3. 
 To strike with any thing shot ; to hit with a missile. 4. 
 To send out or forth, especially with a rapid or sudden 
 motion ; to discharge ; to emit ; to hurl. 5. To push or 
 thrust forward. 6. To pass rapidly through or under. 
 7. To variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling. 
 
 Shoot, r. t. 1. To perform the act of discharging, send- 
 ing with force, or driving any thing by means of an 
 engine or instrument. 2. To be shot or propelled forci- 
 bly ; to be emitted, sent forth, or driven along. 3. To 
 be felt, as if darting through one. 4. To germinate ; to 
 bud ; to sprout. 5. Hence, to make progress ; to grow ; 
 to advance. 6. To form by shooting. 7. Hence, to 
 spread over ; to overspread. 8. To be pushed out ; to 
 jut ; to project. 
 
 Shoot, n. 1. Act of propelling or driving any thing with 
 violence ; di.schurge of a fire-arm or bowl. 2. Act of 
 striking, or endeavoring to strike, with a missive weapon. 
 3. A young branch. 4. [Ex. chute. See Chute.] An 
 inclined plane, either artificial or natural, down which 
 timber, coal, &c., are caused to slide; also, a narrow 
 passage, either natural or artificial, in a river , where the 
 water rushes rapidly. [Amer.] 
 
 Shobt'er, n. 1. One who shoots ; an archer ; a gunner ; 
 a shot. 2. That which shoots ; as, afire-arm. [Amer.] 
 
 Shobt'ing-star, n. A star-like, luminous meteor, which, 
 appearing suddenly, darts quickly across some portion 
 of the sky and as suddenly disappears. 
 
 Shop, n. [A.-S. sreoppa, a. treasury, a storehouse.] 1. 
 A building in which goods, wares, drugs, &c., are sold 
 by retail. 2. A bmlding in which mechanics work. 
 Syn. — Store ; warehouse. See Stoee. 
 
 Shop, V. i. [imp. & p. p. shopped (shopt) ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. SHOPPING.] To visit shops for purchasing goods. 
 
 Shop'-tiobk, n. A book in which a tradesman keeps 
 
 j his accounts. [or by retail. 
 
 I Sliop'-keep'er, n. A trader who sells goods in a shop, 
 
 j Sli6i>'-lif t'er, n. One who steals any thing in a shop, 
 or takes goods privately from a shop. 
 
 1 Shop'-lif t'ing, n. Larceny committed in a shop. 
 
 \ Shop'-nxan, n.; pi. shop'-MEN. 1. A petty trader ; a 
 
 j shop-keeper; a tradesman. 2. One who serves in a 
 shop : a salesman. 
 
 I Shop'per, n. One who shops. 
 
 1 Shore, n. [A.-S. score, from sceran, sciran, to shear, 
 
 j divide.] The coast or land adjacent to a large body of 
 
 I water, as a sea or lake. 
 
 »,e,&c.,/o7i^,-a,6,&c.,sAorf/c4re,far,ask,all,\vliat; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; s6n, 6r,do,"wol£ 
 
SHORE 
 
 665 
 
 SHOW-BILL 
 
 Shore, n. [D. schoor, Icel. skorda.] A prop, or timber, 
 placed as a brace or support on ohe side of a building or 
 other thing. 
 
 Sliore, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shored ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SHORING.] To support by a post or buttress ; to prop 
 
 Sli6rl,n. [See Schorl.] (Min.) Black tourmaline. 
 
 Slior'ling, »i. The skin of a sheep shorn living. 
 
 Sliorn, p. p. of s/uar. See Shear. 
 
 Slidrt, a. [compar. SHORTER ; superl. SHORTEST.] 
 [A.-S. scort^ sceort, prt)b. from the root of shear; 0. H. 
 Ger. scurz, kurz, kurt, Icel. kortr, Lat. curtus.] 1. Not 
 long ; having brief length. ^. Not extended in time ; 
 having very limited duration. 3. Limited in quantity ; 
 inadequate ; insufficient ; scanty. 4. Insufficiently pro- 
 vided ; inadequately supplied; lacking. 5. Deficient; 
 defective ; imperfect ; not coming up, as to a measure or 
 standard. 6. Near at hand. 7. Limited in intellectual 
 power or grasp ; not tenacious, as memory. 8. Less 
 important, efficacious, or powerful ; not equal or equiv- 
 alent ; less. 9. Abrupt ; petulant. 10. ( Cookery.) 
 Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth : crisp. 11. 
 Brittle; friable. 13. (Stock Exchange.) Engaging to 
 deliver what is not possessed. 13. {Pron.) [a.) Pro- 
 nounced with a less pi-olonged utterance, and with a 
 somewhat thinner and more slender sound ; — said of 
 vowels, in English, as distinguished from the same >vhen 
 having the "long" sound; as, a in bat, e in met, i in 
 pin, o in not, u in hut, and the like. (6.) Less prolonged, 
 simply, and distinguished from the same sound as of 
 long quantity ; — said of the vowels in many languages, 
 and sometimes of vowel sounds in English. 
 
 Slidrt, n. 1. A summary account. 2. pi. The part 
 of ground grain sifted out which is next finer than the 
 bran. 
 
 In short, in few words; briefly; to sum up or close in a few 
 words. — The long and short, the whole. 
 
 Short, adv. In a short manner, as briefly, limitedly, 
 abruptly, suddenly, and the like. 
 
 SIi6rt'-i>reatlied (-bretht), a. Having short breath, 
 or quick respiration. 
 
 Slidrt'-- eom'ing, n. Act of failing or coming short ; 
 as, (a.) Failure of a crop, or the hke. (6.) Neglect of, or 
 failure in, performance of duty. 
 
 Slidrt'en (shorten), t;. (. [imp. & p. p. SHORTENED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SHORTENING.] [See SHORT, a.] 1. 
 To make short in measure, extent, or time. ^. To re- 
 duce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent. 3. 
 To make deficient in respect to. 4. To make short or 
 friable, as pastry, with butter or lard. 
 
 Syn. — To lessen ; to abridge ; to curtail ; to contract ; to 
 restrain ; to deprive. 
 
 Sliort'en (short'n), v. i. 1. To become short or shorter. 
 2. To contract. 
 
 Sliort'eii-er, n. One who, or that which, shortens. 
 
 Slidrt'en-ing, n. 1. A making or becoming short or 
 shorter. 3. ( Cookery. ) That which renders pastry short 
 or friable, as butter or lard. 
 
 Slidrt'-li^nd, n. A compendious method of writing by 
 substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for 
 words ; stenography. 
 
 Sliort'-lived, a. Not living or lasting long ; being of 
 short continuance. 
 
 Slidrt'ly, ac/t'. 1. In a short or brief time or manner. 
 2. In few words ; briefly. 
 
 SliSrt'ness, n. Quality of being short; brevity; con- 
 ciseness ; limited extent ; deficiency. 
 
 Sli6rt'-siglit (-sTt), n. Short-sightedness. 
 
 Sliort'-siglit'ed (-sTt'ed), a. 1. Not able to see far ; 
 near-sighted. 2. Not able to look far into futurity ; of 
 limited intellect. 3. Having little regard for the future ; 
 heedless. 
 
 Slidrt'-siglifed-nessl-sTt/ed-), n. 1. Inability to see 
 things at a distance, or at the distance to which the sight 
 ordinarily extends ; myopy. 3. Defective or limited 
 intellectual sight. 
 
 Sliort'-waist'ed, a. 1. Short from the armpits to the 
 waist ; — said of persons, ti. Short from the shoulder 
 to the commencement of the skirt, to the part about the 
 waist, or to the narrowest and smallest part ; — said of 
 garments. 
 
 Slidrt'-wind'ed, a. Affected with shortness of breath. 
 
 Slidrt'- wit'ted, a. Having little wit ; not wise. 
 
 Shot, imp. & p. p. of shoot. See Shoot. 
 
 ^'h.ht,n. ; pi. shot, or shots. [A.-S. scyte, a blow; 
 
 Icel. .5to«, a throwing, a javelin. See Shoot.] 1. Act 
 
 of shooting ; discharge of a missile weapon. 3, A mis- 
 
 • sile weapon, particularly a ball or bullet. 3. Small 
 
 globular masses of lead, for killing birds and other small 
 animals. 4. Flight of a missile weapon, or the distance 
 which it passes from the engine. 5. A marksman ; one 
 who practices shooting. [scot. 
 
 Sh6t, n. [See Scot.] Share or proportion ; reckoning ; 
 
 Slidt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SHOTTED; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 SHOTTING.] To load with shot over a cartridge. 
 
 Sliote, n. [A.-S. scedta, a shooting or darting fish, a 
 trout, from scedtan, to shoot.] 1. A fish resembUng the 
 trout. 3. A young hog ; a shoat. 
 
 Sh6t'-f ree, a. Free from charge ; exempted from any 
 share of expense ; scot-free. 
 
 Sliot'-prop, n. {Naut.) A wooden prop covered with 
 tarred hemp, to stop a hole made by the shot of an 
 enemy in a ship's side. [spawn. 
 
 Shot'ten (shot'tn), a. [From shoot.] Having ejected the 
 Shotien herrinri, a gutted herring dried for keeping; hence, a 
 mean, meager fellow. 
 
 Sliough (shok), n. A kind of shaggy dog ; a shock. 
 
 Slionld (shdbd), imp. of shall. See Shall ; also Ought. 
 
 Shoul'der, n. [0. Eng. shulder, A.-S. sculdor, 0. H. 
 Ger. scultarra, scultirra, scultra, sculdra, probably from 
 Icel. skyla, to cover, defend, and allied to shield.] 1, 
 [Anat.) The joint by which the arm of a human being, 
 or the fore leg of a quadruped, is connected with the 
 body. 3. The flesh and muscles connected with the 
 shoulder-joint ; and hence, the upper part of the back. 
 
 3. Hence, that which supports or sustains ; support. 
 
 4. That which resembles a human shoulder, as any 
 protuberance or projecting appendage from the body of 
 a thing. 5. The fore leg of an animal dressed for 
 market. 
 
 Slioul'der, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. shouldered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SHOULDERING.] 1. To push or thrust with the 
 shoulder ; to push with violence. 3. To take upon the 
 shoulder. . 
 
 SliouI'der-ljelt, n. A belt that passes across the 
 shoulder. 
 
 Slioul'der-tolade, n. (Anat.) The flat bone of the 
 shoulder, or blade-bone. 
 
 Slioul'der- knot (-not), n. An ornamental knot of 
 ribbon or lace, worn on the shoulder ; a kind of epaulet. 
 
 Slioul'der- str5.p, n. A strap worn on or over the 
 shoulder; specifically (Mil. & Naval.), a narrow strap 
 worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicat- 
 ing, by suitable devices, the rank he holds. 
 
 Sliout, V. i. [imp. & p. p. shouted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHOUTING.] [Perhaps originally a contraction from 
 shoot out.] To utter a sudden and loud outcry, usually 
 in joy, triumph, or exultation. 
 
 Shout, V. t. 1. To utter with a shout; to cry. 3. To 
 treat with shouts or clamor. 
 
 Shout, n. Aloud burst of voice or voices; a vehement 
 and sudden outcry, especially of a multitude. 
 
 Shove (shtiv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. shoved ; p. pr. it 
 vb. n. shoving.] [A.-S. scehfan, scHfan, Icel. skufa, 
 0. H. Ger. & Goth, skiuban.] 1. To drive along by the 
 direct application of strength, vrithout a sudden impulse ; 
 to push. 3. To push along, aside, or away, in a care- 
 less or rude manner ; to jostle. 
 
 Shove (shuv), v.i. 1. To push or drive forward. 3. To 
 push off; to move in a boat or with a pole. 
 
 Shove, n. The act of shoving, pushing, or pressing. 
 
 Shov'el (shuv/1), n. [A.-S. scofl, sceoji, from sceo/an, to 
 shove.] A familiar instrument for throwing earth or 
 loose substances. 
 
 Shov'el, V. t. [imp. & p.p. shoveled; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. shoveling.] 1. To take up and throw with a 
 shovel. 3. To gather in great quantities. 
 
 Show, V. t. [imp. showed ; p. p. shown, or showed ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. showing.] [A.-S. scaiuian, sceawian, 
 scewian, to look, see, view, 0. H. Ger. scawon, scouivdn, 
 Goth, scavjan, Icel. skoda.] 1. To exhibit or present to 
 view ; to exhibit. 3. To cause to see ; to enable to per- 
 ceive. 3. To teach ; to inform ; to point out to. 4. Hence, 
 to usher or guide ; to conduct. 5. To make apparent or 
 clear by evidence, testimony, or reasoning ; to prove ; to 
 evince ; to explain. 6. To bestow ; to confer ; to afford. 
 
 Show, V. i. To appear ; to look ; to seem. 
 
 To show off, to make a show; to display one's self. 
 
 Show, n. 1. Act of showing or bringing to view ; ap- 
 pearance ; exhibition. 3. That which is shown or 
 brought to view ; a spectacle. 3. Proud or ostentatious 
 display; parade; pomp. 4. Semblance: likeness; ap- 
 pearance. 5. Pretext; specious plausibility. 
 
 Show'- Mil, n. A broad sheet containing an advertise- 
 ment, in large letters, placed at shop doors, windows, &c. 
 
 iood,£<>bt: iirn, rude, p\ai; ^ell, (haise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, li^k; this. 
 
SHOW-BREAD 
 
 666 
 
 SHUDDER 
 
 Shoi;v'-brdad. n. (Jficish i4Hn'9.) Loaves of bread which 
 
 the priest of the week placed before the Lord, on the 
 
 jrolden table in the sauctunry. 
 Show'er, fi. One who shows or exhibitj?. 
 Show'««r, M. [A.-S. srhr, scror, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. skdr, 
 
 Goth . skiira.] 1 . A fall of niin or bail of short duration. 
 
 'i. That which resembles a shower in falling through the 
 
 air copiously and rapidly. 
 Show'er, r'. l. [imr. & p. p. SHOWERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 »i. SHOWERING.] 1. To water with a .shower; to wet 
 
 copiously with rain, ^i. To bestow liberally. 
 Slio'»v'er, c. i. To rain in showers. 
 Sliow'cr-biitli, «. A bath in wh\ch water is showered 
 
 utK»n the person, by some contrivance, from above ; also, 
 
 a contrivance for effecting this. 
 SliovVr-y, fl. 1. Haiuing in showers. 2. Pertaining 
 
 to, or produced by, showers. 
 Sho>v'i-ly, fi'/i'. In a showy manner ; pompously. 
 Sho>v'i-ness, «. Quality or state of being showy. 
 Nliow'y, a. [co>72par. SHOWIER; superl. SHOWIEST.] 
 
 Shaking a show : attracting attention ; presenting a 
 
 marked appearance. 
 Syn. — Splendid; gay: gaudy; gorgeous; fine; magnificent; 
 
 grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous: ostentatious. 
 Shrank, imp. of shrink. See SHRINK. 
 Shr^d, V. t. [imp. & p. p. shred; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 
 SHREDDING.] [A.-S. screddian,0. II. Gev.scrdtan., Goth. 
 
 skreitan.] To cut or tear into small pieces, particularly 
 
 narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. 
 Slired, n- 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a 
 
 strip. 2. A fragment ; a piece. 
 olire'w (shri] ), n. [Prop, a brawler, from L. Ger. schrauen, 
 
 to cry harshly and noisily, to bawl, brawl, D. schreeuiven.'\ 
 
 1. A brawling, turbulent, vexatious woman; a scold. 
 
 2. [A.-S. scrfdrcn.] A shrew-mouse. 
 
 Shrewd (.shnjd), a. [compar. shrewder: superl. 
 SHREWDEST.] [Originally the p. p. of shrew, v. t.] 1. 
 Disposed to be critical and censorious. 2. Astute ; pene- 
 trating ; discriminating. 3. Involving or displaying an 
 astute or sagacious judgment. 
 
 Syn. — Keen : vexatious ; troublesome ; critical ; subtle ; 
 artful : discerning ; acute ; sagacious. — Shrewd originally 
 meant keen, hnt fault -finding or contentious. This latter sense 
 is now dropped, and j'et, perhaps, it slightly influences tlie 
 present application of the word. One who is shrewd is keen to 
 detect errors, to penetrate false disguises, to foresee and guard 
 against the selfishness of others. It is not, therefore, a word 
 of as much dignity as sagacious, which leads us to think of a 
 man as possessing a comprehensive as well as penetrating 
 mind, whereas shrewd does not. 
 
 Shrewd'ly (shrjjd'ly)} ouJv. Archly : sagaciously ; with 
 
 good guess. 
 Slire-wd'ness (shryd'-), n. Quality or state of bemg 
 
 shrewd ; astuteness ; sagacity. 
 Shrov'isli (shrjj'ish), a. Having the qualities of a 
 
 shrew ; froward : peevish ; petulantly clamorous. 
 Shrew'isli-ly (shrij/ish-), adv. In a shrewish manner ; 
 
 peevishly ; clamorously : turbulentlj'. 
 Shre-vv'isli-ness (shrii'ish-), n. The state of being 
 
 shrewish ; frowardness ; petulance : clamorousness. 
 Shre-w'-mousetshrij'-), ?i. {Zobl.) An insectivorous an- 
 imal which burrows in the ground. 
 Shriek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shrieked (shreekt) ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. shrieking.] [See Screak and Screech.] 
 
 1. To utter a loud, sharp, shrill cry ; to scream, as in a 
 
 sudden fright, in horror or anguish. 2. To mourn with 
 
 sharp, shrill cries. 
 Shriek, v. t. To utter sharply and .shrilly. 
 Shriek, n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream, such as is 
 
 produced by sudden terror or extreme anguish. 
 Shriev'al-ty, n. [Contracted from sheriffalty.] Office 
 
 or sphere of jurisdiction of a .sheriff : sheriffalty. 
 Shrift,". [A. -S. .vcr;'/(!, from scr?/a7t, to shrive.] Confes- 
 sion made to a priest. 
 Shrike, n. [From .sAnVi, q. v.] ( 0«/iA.) A rapacious 
 
 bird. It is common in Europe. 
 Shrill, a. [compar. SHRILLER; superl. SHRILLEST.] 
 
 [L. Ger. srArill, schreU.] Uttering an acute sound ; sharp ; 
 
 piercing. 
 ShrOl, V. i. [imp. & p. p. shrilled : p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 
 SHRILLING.] 1. To utter an acute, piercing sound ; to 
 
 Bound in a sharp, shrill tone. 2. To have an acute or 
 
 piercing effect. 
 Shrill, V. t. 1. To cause to make a shrill sound; to 
 
 utter in a shrill tone. 2. To pierce ; to penetrate ; to 
 
 wound. 
 Shrill'neHs, n. The state of being shrill or acute in 
 
 j^ound ; sharpness or fineness of voice. [or voice. 
 
 Shrilly, adv. In a shrill manner; with a sharp sound 
 
 Shrilly, a. Somewhat shrill or piercing ; sharp. [Poet. 
 
 Shrimp, 7i. [Prov. Eng. shrimp, 
 any thing very small ; A.-S. scrim- 
 man, to dry, dry up, wither.] 1. 
 (Zoo7.) A long-tailed, decapod 
 crustacean. There are numerous 
 species, some of which are used fori 
 food. 2. A little, wrinkled man 
 a dwarf; — in contempt. 
 
 Shrine, m. [See Scrine.] 1. A Shrimp, 
 
 case, box, or receptacle, especially 
 
 one in which .sacred relics are deposited. 2. Hence, any 
 sacred or hallowed place ; an altar : a place of worship. 
 
 Shrink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shrunk ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 shrinking. The old i7np. SHRANK, and p. p. shrunk- 
 en, are nearly obsolete.] [A.-S. scrincan.] 1. To be- 
 come wrinkled by contraction ; to shrivel ; to contract ; 
 to dry up. 2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; 
 to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. 
 
 Shrink, v. t. To cause to contract. 
 
 Shrink, «. Act of shrinking ; contraction; recoil. 
 
 Shrink'age, n. 1. Contraction into a less compass. 
 
 2. Reduction in the bulk or dimensions of any thing by 
 shrinking. 
 
 Shrink'er, n. One who shrinks. 
 
 Shrive, v. t. [imp. &. p. 7?. shrived ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 shriving.] [A.-S. scrtfan, 1cg\. skr if ta.] 1. To hear 
 or receive the confession of ; — said of a priest. 2. To 
 confess ; — used reflexively. 
 Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions. 
 Shriv'el (shrivel), v. i. [Cf. Icel. skriji, a thing torn, and 
 ! Eng. rivel.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles. 
 Shriv'el, r. t. [imp. & p. p. shriveled; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SHRIVELING.] To cause to .«hrink or contract. 
 ■ Shroud, n. [A.-S. ,tcr&/'/, a garment, .<;hroud, Icel. skrfld, 
 adorned, clothed, skrei/ta. to adorn.] 1. That which 
 ! clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. H, Es- 
 pecially, a winding-sheet. 3. 
 j Hence, that which clothes, cov- 
 I ers, or shelters, like a shroud. 
 4:, pi. (Naut.) A set of ropes 
 ! reaching from the mast-heads to 
 j the sides of a vessel, to support 
 
 the masts. 
 
 ' Shroud, V. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 ! SHROUDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 I SHROUDING.] 1. Tocoverwith 
 
 a shroud ; especially, to inclose 
 
 I in a winding-sheet. 2. To cover, 
 
 as with a shroud ; to hide ; to 
 
 veil. 
 
 Shrove'- tide, ) n. [From 
 
 Shrove'-Tueg'day, | shrove, 
 
 imp. of shrive, to take a confession. See Tide and 
 I Tuesday.] The Tuesday following Quinquagesima Sun- 
 day, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash-Wed- 
 i nesday. 
 
 ' C@~ It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for 
 I the people to confess their sins to their parish priests. 
 Shriib, n. [A -S. scrob, scrohb, scrybe.] A low, dwarf 
 ; tree ; a woody plant of a size less than a tree, 
 i Shruh, n. [See SiRUP and Sherbet.] A liquor com- 
 ' posed of acid and sugar, with spirit to preserve it. 
 Shrilbnber-y, n. 1. A collection of shrubs taken as a 
 
 whole. 2. A place where shrubs are planted. 
 ShrubTbi-ness, n. State or quality of being shrubby. 
 I Shriib'by, a. [compar. shrubbier ; superl. SHRITB- 
 BIEST.] 1. Full of shrubs. 2. Resembling a shrub. 
 
 3. Consisting of shrubs or brash. 
 
 Shriig, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SHRUGGED \ p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 shrugging.] [AWied. to shrink, t^. -p. shrunk.] To draw 
 up ; to contract, especially by way of expressing dislik«, 
 I dread, doubt, or the like. 
 
 Shriig, V. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in ex- 
 pressing horror, dissatisfaction, aversion, dread, doubt, 
 or the like. 
 
 Shrug, n. A drawing up of the shoulders — a motion 
 usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt. 
 
 Shriink'en, p. p. of shrink. See SHRINK. 
 
 Shuck, n. [Allied to Ger. schote, a husk, pod, sheU.] A 
 shell or covering; a husk or pod ; especiaUy, the covering 
 of a nut. 
 
 Shild'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. shuddered ; p. pr. ti 
 
 vb. n. SHUDDERING.] [0. D. schudderen, schudden, H. 
 
 ; Ger. schaudern, from D. schudden. 0. H. Ger. scutian, 
 
 '' scuttan, scuten, to shake.] To tremble orshake with fear, 
 
 horror, or aversion ; to shiver with cold ; to quake. 
 
 Shud'der, n. A shaking with fear or horror ; a tremo*. 
 
 Shrouds. 
 
 a,e, &c.,/t>B^, Jl,«,&c.,5Aor<,carc,£ar,a8k,all,vKhat; gre.veU, term; piique,firm; s6n,dr,dQ, W9I4 
 
SHUFFLE 
 
 667 
 
 SIDEROGRAPHICAL 
 
 Shiif'fle (shQf/fl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. shuffled ; p. 
 ;jr. & r6.n. SHUFFLING.] [Dim. of s/jorc. SeeSHOVE.] 
 1. To shove ODC way and the other; to push from one 
 to another, ti. To mix by pushing or shoving ; to con- 
 fuse ; to throw into disorder; especially, to change the 
 relative positions of, as cards in the pack. 
 
 Shuffle, V. i. 1. To change the relative position of 
 cards in a pack. 3. To shift ground ; to practice shifts 
 to elude detection. 3. Hence, to use arts or expedients ; 
 to make shift ; to struggle. 4. To move in a slovenly, 
 dragging manner. 
 
 Syn.— To equivocate; prevaricate; quibble; cavil; evade; 
 sophisticate. 
 
 Shuffle, »i. 1. Act of shuflaing; act of mixing and 
 throwing into confusion by change of places, ti. An 
 evasion ; a trick ; an artifice. 
 
 Shuffler, n. One who shuffles or prevaricates. 
 
 Shun,!', t. [imp. & p. p. shunned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHUNNING.] [A.-S. sctuiian, sceonian, allied to D. 
 schuinen, to slope.] To avoid ; to keep clear of ; to get 
 out of the way of; to escape from ; to neglect. 
 
 Shunt,f. ^ [i7np. & p. p. shunted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SHUNTING.] [See Shun, and also Shunt, 71., ui/ra.] To 
 turn off to one side ; especially , to turn off, as a railway car- 
 riage upon a side track ; to switch off; hence, to put off 
 
 Shunt, V. i. To go aside ; to turn off. [upon one. 
 
 Shunt, n. [D. sclniinte, slopeness ; declivity; or contr. 
 from shun if.] (Railways.) A turn off to a side or short 
 rail that the principal rail may be left free. 
 
 Shiit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SHUT ; p. pr. & vb. n. SHUT- 
 TING.] [A.-S. scyttan, scittan, to shut or lock up, prob. 
 allied to Ger. shvtzen, to defend, protect, shut.] 1. To 
 close, as the fingers ; to contract. 3. To close so as to 
 hinder ingress or egress. 3. To forbid entrance into ; to 
 prohibit ; to bar. 
 
 Shiit, V. i. To close itself; to become closed. 
 
 Shut, 7?. re. (Pron.) Having the sound suddenly inter- 
 rupted or stopped by a succeeding consonant, as the i in 
 pit, the o in hop. 
 
 Shiit'ter, n. 1. One who shuts or closes. 2. A close 
 cover for a window or other aperture. 
 
 Shiit'tle, n. [A.-S. scedtel, sceadhel, a weaver's shuttle, 
 from sceotan, to shoot.] 1. An instrument used by 
 weavers for passing the thread of the woof from one side 
 of the cloth to the other, between the threads of the 
 warp. *:i, A shuttlecock. 
 
 Shiit 'tle-eoclc, \n. A cork stuck with feathers, used 
 
 Shiit'tle-corlc, j to be struck by a battledoor in play ; 
 also, the play itself. 
 
 Shy, a. [compar. SHYER; superl. SHYEST.] [A.-S. 
 sceoh, Icel. skijggr, 0. H. Ger. sciuhan, to shun, avoid, 
 be shy.] 1. Sensitively timid ; reserved, ti. Easily 
 frightened ; timid. 3. Cautious ; wary ; suspicious. 
 
 Syn. — Coy.— Coy (originally from Lat. quietus) has refer- 
 ence to that quiet caution and reserve with which a delicate fe- 
 male shrinks from the approach of the otlier sex; shyness is a 
 characteristic of sensitive minds, leading them to avoid society 
 from the pain it gives them to meet others. This pain often 
 springs from " an excessive self-consciousness, and a continual 
 impression that every one is looking at them." It therefore 
 usually produfces awkwardness, and sometimes a reserve or 
 stateliness of manner which is too often mistaken for pride. 
 
 Shy, V. i. [imp. & p. p. shied ; p. pr. & vb. n. SHY- 
 ING.] To start suddenly aside, as if a Uttle frightened. 
 
 Shy'ly , adv. In a shy or timid manner ; not familiarly ; 
 with reserve. 
 
 Shy'ness, n. The quality or state of being shy. 
 Syn. — Bashfulness; reserve; coyness; timidity. 
 
 Sii. (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to the sev- 
 enth tone of the major diatonic scale. 
 
 Si-ai'o-gogue, n. [Gr. aiaXov, spittle, saliva, and dyw- 
 •yos, leading, from ayetv, to lead.] (Med.) A medicine 
 that promotes the flow of saliva. 
 
 Sib'i-lant, a. [Lat. sibilans, p. pr. of sibilare, to hiss.] 
 Making a hissing sound ; uttered with a hissing sound ; 
 hissing. 
 
 Slb'i-lant, n. A letter that is uttered with a hissing of 
 the voice, as s and z. [the sound itself. 
 
 Sib'i-la'tion, n. Utterance with a hissing sound ; also, 
 
 Sih'yl, n. [Lat. sibylla, Gr. <rCfivWa, a prophetess, prop- 
 erly she that tells the will of Jupiter, from Doric 2t6s 
 /SdAAa,, from Std?, Doric for Aids, gen. of Zevs, Jupiter, 
 and /36AAa, for /SouAij, counsel.] 1. (Pagan Antiq.) A 
 woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prophecy. 
 3. Hence, a female fortune-teller, or gypsy. 
 
 Snb'y 1-line, a. Pertaining to the sibyls; uttered, writ- 
 ten, or composed by sibyls ; like the productions of 
 sibyls. 
 
 Sihjilline hooks, books or documents of prophecies in vereo, 
 supposed to contain the fate of the Roman einpire. and said to 
 have been purchased by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. 
 
 Si-e'^i-ty, n. [Lat. siccitas, from siccus, dry.] Dryness ; 
 aridity ; destitution of moisture. [dice. 
 
 Sice (sTz), n. [From Lat. sex. six.] The number six at 
 
 Sick, a. [compar. sicker; super'. SICKEST.) [0. Eng. 
 seke,q. v., A.-S. syc, sidc,se6c, Goth, siuks, Icel. siuhr.] 
 1. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; inclined to 
 vomit, "i. Having a strong dislike ; disgusted. 3. Af- 
 fected with disease of any kind. 
 
 Sick headache {Med.), a variety of headache attended with 
 disorder of the stomach and nausea. 
 
 Syn. — Diseased; ill; disordered; distempered; indispose*: 
 weak; ailing; feeble; morbid. 
 
 Siclt'en (sTk'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SICKENED ; p. pr. & 
 ri!). rt. SICKENING.] 1. To make qualmish ; to disgust. 
 3. To make sick ; to disease. 
 
 Sick'en, v. i. 1. To be filled to disgust ; to be filled with 
 abhorrence ; to be satiated. 2. To become disgusting or 
 tedious. 3. To become sick. 
 
 Sick'ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased. 3. Excit- 
 ing sickness or disgust ; nauseating ; nauseous. 
 
 Sick'ish-ness, n. Quality of being sickish, or of ex- 
 citing disgust. 
 
 Sick'le (sik'l), n. [A.-S. ^col, sicel, 0. H. Ger. sihhila, 
 Lat. secida, from secure, to cut, Gr. ^ayxXTj, ^dyKKov, 
 orig. a Sicilian word.] A reaping-hook ; a hooked instru- 
 ment with teeth, used for cutting grain. 
 
 Sicl£'le-nia,n, n.; pi. sick'le-men. One who uses a 
 sickle ; a reaper. 
 
 Sick'less, a. Free froni sickness or disease. 
 
 Sick'li-ness, n. 1. State of being sickly ; state of be- 
 ing habitually diseased. 2. State of producing sickness 
 extensively. 3. Disposition to generate disease extensively. 
 
 Siclc'ly, a. [compar. sicklier; superl. SICKLIEST.] 
 1. Somewhat sick ; disposed to illness ; tending to dis- 
 ease. 2. Producing or tending to disease. 3. Appear- 
 ing as if sick. 
 
 Syn. — Diseased ; ailing; infirm; weakly; unhealthy; 
 healthless; weak; feeble; languid; faint. 
 
 Sick'ness, n. [A.-S. seocness, equiv. to suht, Ger. sue/it.] 
 1. State of being sick or diseased. 2. A disease or 
 malady ; especially, nausea. 
 Syn. — Dlness; disease; malady. See Illness. 
 
 Side, n. [A.-S. side, Icel. sida, 0. H. Ger. slta, from A.-S. 
 sidan, to be extended, sld, large, spacious, Icel. sidr, 
 loose.] 1. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a sur- 
 face ; especially, one of the longer edges. 2. One of the 
 surfaces which define or limit a solid, especially one of 
 the longer surfaces. 3. Any outer portion of a thing 
 considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest ; 
 also, any part or position viewed as opposite to or con- 
 trasted with another. 4. One half of the body consid- 
 ered as opposite to the other half ; the part of the body 
 about the ribs. 5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill. 
 6. Position of a person or party regarded as opposed to 
 another person or party ; a body of advocates or parti- 
 sans. 7. The interest or cause which one maintains 
 against another ; a doctrine opposed to another doctrine ; 
 hence, interest ; favor. 8. A line of descent traced 
 through one parent, as distinguished from that traced 
 through another. 
 
 Side, a. 1. Being on the side ; or toward the side ; lat- 
 eral. 2. Hence, indirect ; oblique; collateral. 
 
 Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SIDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SID- 
 ING.] To embrace the opinions of one party, or engaga 
 in its interest, when opposed to another party. 
 
 Side'hoard, n. A piece of cabinet work, placed on on« 
 side in a dining-room to hold dishes, and the like. 
 
 Sid'ed, a. Having a side ; — used in composition. 
 
 Side'ling, a. Inclining to one side ; directed toward on 
 side ; sloping ; inclined. 
 
 Side'long, a. Lateral ; oblique ; not directly in front. 
 
 Side'long, adv. 1. Laterally ; obUquely ; in the direc- 
 tion of the side. 2. On the side. 
 
 Sid'er-al, a. [See infra.] Relating to the stars ; hence, 
 affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the 
 stars ; baleful. 
 
 Si-de're-al (89), a. [Lat. sideralis, and sidereus, from 
 sidus, sideris, a constellation, a star.] 1. Relating to 
 the stars; starry; astral. 2. (u4.srron.) Measured by 
 the apparent motion of the stars ; pertaining to, or desig- 
 nated, marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the 
 same position in respect to the stars. 
 
 Sid'er-o-graph'i€, ) a. Pertaining to siderography, 
 
 Sid'er-o-graph'i«-al, j or performed by engraved 
 plates of steel. 
 
 food, foot; Urn, rifde, p\l11 ,- 9ell, fhaise, «ii]l, eeho ; i^em, get ; a;; ejist ; linger, link ; thia. 
 
SIDEROGRAPHY 
 
 668 
 
 SILENCE 
 
 «ffd'er-ftR'rn-phv, n. [Or. o-(.'fi»jpo?, iron, and ypa(f>etv, 
 to onpnivo. write.] Art or pniotioe of steel engmving. 
 
 lSlcl'*»rH>-scoi>f, »i. (Or. o-ifi^jpos, iix>n, and vKeirrecrBai, 
 cncoiTftv, to view, explore.] An instrument for detecting 
 MuiUl quantities of iroti in any substiince. 
 
 Sido'-sftfi'dle (-s:"ld'dl), n. A saddle for a woman to sit 
 upon when on horseback. 
 
 Siilt'S'man, «. ; ;'/. siDEg/MEN. An assistant to the 
 churchwarden. 
 
 STdo'walk. (-wawk), n. A raised way for foot-passengers 
 at the side of a street or road. [A7}ier.] 
 
 Side'wjlvg. adv. The same as SiDEWISE. 
 
 JSidf'wigp, cifh'. 1. Toward one side; inclining. 2. 
 I>jiterally ; on one side. 
 
 Si'dle (sf'dl) r. r. [irfip. & p. p. SIDLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SIDLING.] To go or move side foremost. 
 
 Siege, n. [Ft. sic^e, a seat, a siege, from Lat. sedes,& 
 seat, set/ere, to sit~) 1. The setting of an army around 
 or before a fortified place for the purpose of compelling 
 the gtirrisou to surrender, ti. Hence, a continued at- 
 tempt to gain possession. 
 
 SI'«»n-ite, n. See Syenite. 
 
 Si-eii'na, n. [From Sinina, in Italy.] An earthy pig- 
 ment of a brownish -yellow color ; — it is a silicate of iron 
 and alumina. 
 
 S'i-i''i''rd, n. [Sp., from Lat. serra, a saw, from the resem- 
 blance to the teeth of a saw.] A saw-like ridge of moun- 
 tains and craggy rocks. 
 
 Si-vs'tdyTi. [Sp., from Lat. sexta (sc. hora)^ the sixth 
 hour, sc. of the day after sunrise.] A short sleep taken 
 about the middle of the day , or after dinner. 
 
 Sieve, n. [A.-S. si/e, L. Ger. seve, sef^ D. zeef, zift, 0. 
 II. Ger. sip, N. H. Ger. &ieb, Dan. sie,sigte, Icel. sia, Sw. 
 sikt.] 1. A utensil for separating the fine part of any 
 pulverized or fine substance from the coarse. 2. A kind 
 of coarse basket. 
 
 Sift, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sifted ; p. pr. & vb. n. SIFT- 
 ING.] [A.-S. si/tan, from sife, sieve.] 1. To separate by 
 a sieve, as the fine part of a substance from the coarse. 
 3. To separate or part as if by a sieve, 3« To separate 
 the good or bad of; to analyze ; hence, to scrutinize. 
 
 Sif t'er, n. One who sifts ; that which sifts ; a sieve. 
 
 Sigli (sT), V. i. [imp. & p. p. SIGHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SIGHING.] [A.-S. sican, siccettan, seqfian, siqfinn, 0. 
 H. Ger. sfifCOn.] ,1. To make a deep single respiration, 
 especially as the result or involuntary expression of fa- 
 tigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, or the like. 2. Hence, 
 to lament ; to grieve. 3. To make a sound like sighing. 
 
 Sigh (si), V. t. 1. To utter sighs over; to lament or 
 mourn over. 3. To express by sighs. 
 
 Sigli (sT), n. 1. A single deep respiration ; a long breath. 
 3. Hence, a manifestation of grief or sorrow. 
 
 Sigli'er (sFer), n. One who sighs. 
 
 Siglit (sit), n. [A.-S. siht, gesiht, from the root of see, 
 q. v.] 1. Act of seeing; perception of objects by the 
 eye; view. '2. Power of seeing; the faculty of vision. 
 3. State of admitting unobstructed vision : visibility ; 
 region which the eye at one time surveys. 4. Tliat 
 which is seen. 5. Inspection ; examination. 6. In- 
 strument of seeing; the eye. 7. A small aperture 
 through which objects are to be seen, and by which the 
 direction is settled or ascertained. 8. A piece of metal 
 near the muzzle, or another near the breech, of a fire- 
 arm, to guide the eye in taking aim. 9. A great num- 
 ber, quantity, or sum. [ Colloq., Eng. & Amer.] 
 
 Syn. — Vision; view; show; spectacle; representation; ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 Sight (sit), V. t. [imp. & p.p. SIGHTED; p.pr. & vb. 
 M. SIGHTING.] 1. To get sight of; to see. 3. To look 
 at through a sight; to see accurately. 3. (Mil.) To 
 give the proper elevation and direction to by means of a 
 sight. 
 
 Sight (sTt), V. i. 1. To obtain a distinct view. 3. {Mil.) 
 To take aim by a sight ; to take sight. 
 
 Sight'less (slfles), a. 1. Wanting sight; blind. 3. 
 Offensive or unpleasing to the eye ; unsightlj-. 
 
 6ight'li-ne8»(filt/-), n. State of being sightly; comeli- 
 ness. 
 Jightly (sTt'ly), a. 1. Open to sight ; conspicuous. 3. 
 Pleasing *(y the sight ; comely. 
 
 Sight'-se'i'ing (sTt'-), a. Given to seeing sights ; eager 
 for novelties or curiosities. 
 
 Big'moid, \a. [Or. o-t-yjixoeiSjjs, from a-Cyfxa, sigma, 
 
 Sig-moid'al, ) and e!3o?, form, likeness.] Curved in 
 two directions, like the letter S. or the Greek ?. 
 
 Sign (sTn), n. [Lat. signum.] That by which any thing 
 is made known or represented ; that which furnishes evi- 
 
 dence ; hence, specifically, [a.) A remarkable event, con- 
 sidered by the ancients as indicating the will of a deity. 
 (b.) Hence, something serving to indicate the existence, 
 or preserve the memory, of a thing, (c.) Any symbol or 
 emblem which prefigui-es, typifies, or represents, an idea. 
 Id.) A word regarded as the outward manifestation of 
 thought, (e.) A motion, action, or gesture, by which 
 a thought is expressed, or a command or wish made 
 known. (/.) Hence, one of the conventional manual 
 motions by which conversation is carried on, as by the 
 deaf and dumb. (g. ) A conspicuous notice placed before 
 a house to advertise the business there transacted, (k.) 
 {Astro7t.) The twelfth part of the ecliptic or zodiac, (i.) 
 (Alg.) A character indicating the relation of quantities, 
 or an operation performed upon them, (j.) (Mvs.) Any 
 character, as a fiat, sharp, dot, &c. 
 
 Sign-manual (Eng. Law.), the royal signature superscribed at 
 the top of bills of grants and letters-patent; the signature of 
 one's name in his own handwriting. 
 
 Syn. — Token; mark; note; symptom; indication; symboh 
 type; omen; prognostic; presage; manifestation. 
 
 Sign (sTn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. signed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SIGNING.] 1. To represent by a sign ; to signify. 3. 
 To affix a signature to ; to notify by hand or seal. 
 
 Sign (sin), v. i. To make a sign or signal ; to communicate 
 intelligence by signs. 
 
 Sig'nal, n. [Low Lat. signale, from Lat. signum. See 
 Sign.] 1. A sign which has been agreed upon to give 
 notice of some occurrence, command, or danger, to a 
 person at a distance, or, as the occasion of concerted ac- 
 tion. 3. Hence, a token ; an indication. [is ordinary. 
 
 Sig'nal, a. [From the noun.] Distinguished from what 
 Syn.— Eminent: remarkable ; memorable ; extraordinary; 
 notable; conspicuous. 
 
 Sig'nal, V. t. [imp. & p. p. signaled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SIGNALING.] To commimicate by signals. 
 
 Sig'nal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. signalized; p. pr. 
 &>vb.n. signalizing.] [From signal.] 1. To make 
 signal or eminent. 3. To communicate with by means 
 of a signal. 3. To indicate the existence, presence, or 
 fact of, by a signal. 
 
 Sig'nal-ly, adv. In a signal manner ; eminently ; re- 
 markably. 
 
 Sie:'na-ture (53), n. [Low Lat. signatura, from Lat. sig- 
 nare, signatum. See Sign, v. t.] 1. A sign, stamp, or 
 mark impressed. 3. Especially, the name of any person 
 written with his own hand ; a sign-manual. 3. (Mus.) 
 The flats or sharps at the beginning of a composition, 
 which indicate the key or scale. 4. (Print.) A letter 
 or figure by which the sheets of a book or pamphlet are 
 distinguished and their order designated. [name. 
 
 Sign'er (singer), n. One who signs or subscribes his 
 
 Sig'net, n. [0. Fr., diminutive of signe. See Sign, n.J 
 A seal ; especially, the seal used by the sovereign in seal- 
 ing private letters, and grants that pass by bill under the 
 sign-manual. [Eng.] 
 
 Sig-nif'i-ean^e, \n. 1. State of being significant. 3. 
 
 Sig-nif i-ean-fy, ( That which is signified. 3. Mo- 
 ment ; weight ; consequence. 
 
 Syn.— Meaning; import; importance; force. * 
 
 Sig-nif 'i-«ant, a . [Lat. signijicans, p. pr. of signifi- 
 care.] 1. Fitted or designed to signify or make known 
 something ; standing as a sign or token. 3. Deserving 
 to be considered ; important ; momentous. 
 
 Sig-nif i-<;ant-ly, adv. In a significant manner. 
 
 Sig'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of signifying or making 
 known. 3. That which is signified or made known. 
 
 Sig-nif' i-ea-tive, a. 1. Betokening or representing by 
 an external sign. 3. Having signification or meaning. 
 
 Sig'ni-fi-ca'tor, n. One who, or that which, signifies. 
 
 Sig'ni-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. signified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. signifying.] [Lat. signijicare, from 5?gnw7w , a sign, 
 B,ndi facere, to make.] 1. To make known by a sign ; to 
 communicate by any conventional token. 3. To convey 
 the notion of. 3. To make known. 
 
 Syn. — To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; be- 
 token; denote; imply; mean. 
 
 Sig'ni-fy, v. i. To express meaning with force. 
 
 Sign'ior ) (seen'yur), n. Sir ; Mr. ; — a title of respect 
 
 S'iffn'or \ or of address among the Italians. 
 
 S'if/n-d'rd (seen-yo'ra), n. [It.] Madam ; Mrs. ; — a title 
 of address or respect among the Italians. 
 
 Sign'-post (sTn'-), n. A post on which a sign hangc, or 
 on which papers are placed to give public notice of any 
 thing. 
 
 Si'len^e, n. [See Silent.] 1. State of being silent; 
 entire absence of sound or noise. 3. Forbearance from, 
 
 »,e.8cc.,long; &,6,&.c.,short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,dr, do,'<v9lt 
 
SILENCE 
 
 669 
 
 SIMOOM 
 
 tiint, quartz, 
 
 or absence of, speech. 3. Secrecy. 4. Cessation of 
 rage, agitation, or tumult ; calmness ; quiet. 5« Ab- 
 sence of ineution ; oblivion. 
 Syn. — Stillness; muteness; taciturnity. 
 
 ^'lerife, interj. Be silent; — used elliptically for let 
 there be silence, or keep silence. 
 
 iSrien^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SILENCED (108); p. pr. & 
 vh.ii. SILENCING.] 1. To compel to silence ; to cause 
 to be still ; to still. !ij. To put to rest ; to quiet. [Amer.] 
 
 61'lent, a. [Lat. silens, silentis, p. pr. of silere, to be 
 silent.] 1. Free from sound or noise ; absolutely still. 
 
 2, Indisposed to talk ; speechless ; mute ; habitually 
 taciturn. 3. Keeping at rest; inactive. 4. {Pron.) 
 Not pronounced ; having no sound ; quiescent. 5. Not 
 engaged in actives business, or not generally known to be 
 so engaged ; dormant. 
 
 Syn. — Mute ; taciturn ; dumb ; speecliless ; quiet; still. 
 See Mute and Tacit urx. 
 
 Si'lent-ly, adv. In a silent manner ; quietly. 
 
 Si'lent-ness, n. State of being silent ; silence. 
 
 Si-le'si-a (-iG'shi-a, 95), m. A kind of thin, coarse linen 
 cloth, originally made in Silesia. 
 
 SS'lex, n. [Lat., a flint.] (Min.) Silicic acid, generally 
 impure, as it is found in nature, constituting tiint, quartz, 
 and most sands and sandstones. 
 
 Sil'lioij-^tte (.^iVob-6t), 71. [Fr., so called 
 froni'Etienne Silhouette, a French minister 
 of finance, about 1757, who tried to arrange 
 every thing in the most economical way, so 
 that every new, and not very expensive, 
 fashion at that time was called a la Silhou- 
 ette.] A representation of the outlines of 
 an object filled in with a black color ; a „.„ 
 profile. ' ^"^ ^' 
 
 Sn'i-ea, «. [N. Lat., from Lat. silex, silicis, a flint.] 
 ( Chem.) Silicic acid in a state of purity. See SILICIC. 
 
 Si-li'ceous ) (si-llsh'us), a. [Lat. siliceus, from silex, 
 
 Si-li'cious I s(7/c/s, a flint.] Pertaining to, or contain- 
 ing, silica, or partaking of its nature and quaUties. 
 
 Si-lif'i-e, a. [From Lat. silex, silicis, a, flint.] (Chem.) 
 Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, flint or quartz. 
 
 Silicic acid, an acid composed of one equivalent of silicon 
 and three of oxygen. When pure, it is a light, white powder. 
 Rock-crystal, flint, and other varieties of quartz, are nearly 
 pure silicic acid. 
 
 Si-li'ci-ilm(si-lish/i-um),»i. SiUcon. See SILICON. 
 
 Sxl'i-cle (sil'i-kl), n. [Lat. silicula, dim. of siliqua, a pod 
 or husk.] {Bot.) A seed-vessel resembling a silique, but 
 about as broad as long. 
 
 SU'i-eon, n. [See Silica.] ( CAewi.) A dark, nut-brown, 
 elementary substance, destitute of metallic luster, and a 
 non-conductor of electricity. It is the base of silex, or 
 siUca. 
 
 Sil'i-qua, n. / pi. siL'l-QUiE. The same as SILIQUE, q. v. 
 
 Sil'iqu.e (sTl'ik or si-lek'),*7i. [Lat. siliqua, a pod or 
 husk, a very small weight ormeasure.] (Bot.) An oblong 
 seed-vessel, consisting of two valves, and a dissepiment 
 between, and opening by sutures at either margin, with 
 the seeds attached to both edges of the dissepiment, and 
 alternately upon each side of it. 
 
 SU'i-quoiis, a. (Bot.) Bearing siliques ; pertaining to or 
 resembling siliques. 
 
 Snk, n. [A.-S. seolc, seoloc, from Lat. sericum, Seric stuff, 
 silk. See Sericeous.] 1. The fine, soft thread, pro- 
 duced by various species of caterpillars in the form of a 
 cocoon, especially that produced by the silk-worm. 3. 
 Hence, thread spun, or cloth woven, from the above- 
 named material. 3. The filiform styles of the female 
 flower of maize. 
 
 Sllk'en (sTlk'n), a. 1. Made of, resembling, or pertain- 
 ing to, silk. iJ. Hence, soft, delicate, tender, smooth. 
 
 3. Dressed in silk. 
 
 Silk-'i-ness, n. State of being silky or silken ; softness 
 and smoothness. 
 
 SUU'-mer'^er, n. A dealer in silks. 
 
 suit'- worm (-wQrm), n. (Entom.) The caterpillar 
 which produces silk ; the larve of a white or cream-col- 
 ored moth. 
 
 Sak'y, a. [compar. silkier ; superl. SILKIEST.] 1. 
 Made of, resembling, or pertaining to, silk ; silk -like. 'Z. 
 Hence, soft and smooth ; also, pliant ; yielding. 
 
 Sai, n. [A.-S. syl, syll, 0. H. Ger. suelli, prob. from Goth. 
 suljan, gasuljan, to lay a foundation, to found.] The 
 basis or foundation of a thing ; as, the sills of a hou-se, 
 of a bridge, of a loom, and the like; hence, (a.) The 
 timber or stone at the foot of a door ; the threshold, (b.) 
 The timber or stone on which a window-frame stands. 
 
 Sil'ia-bilb, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. sile, to strain, and hub^ 
 liquor.] A mixture of wine or cider with milk, forming 
 a soft curd. 
 
 Sil'li-ly, adv. In a silly manner ; foolishly. 
 
 Sil'li-iiess, n. State of being silly ; want of sound sense 
 or judgment. 
 
 Sil'ly, a. [compar. SILLIER; superl. SILLIEST.] [0. 
 Eng. seebj, sely, A.-S. sxlig, gesxlig, happy, good; IceL 
 salig,0.\l.GQv.salig.] 1. Weak ; helpless ; frail. [Obs.\ 
 "2. Weak in intellect ; destitute of ordinary strength of 
 mind. 3. Proceeding from want of understanding or 
 common judgment. 
 
 Syn. — Simple ; brainless ; witless ; shallow ; foolish ; un- 
 wise ; indiscreet ; imprudent. — One who is simple is uncon- 
 scious of his own ignorance, and falls into mistakes either from 
 a deficiency of intellect or want of experience and intercourse 
 with mankind. One who is sill;/ is not only weak in intellect, 
 but is self-satisfied or pleased with his folly, and even mistakes 
 it for wisdom. One who is stupid is like one stupefied, dull 
 of apprehension, and slow to feel. 
 
 Silt, n. [From Prov. Eng. sile, to strain, from Sw. *ila, 
 to filter.] Mud or fine earth deposited from running or 
 standing water. 
 
 sat, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SILTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SILT- 
 ING.] To choke, fill, or obstruct with mud. 
 
 Silt, V. i. To flow into, or percolate through, crevices or 
 narrow places, as muddy water ; to ooze. 
 
 Si-lu'rl-an (89), a. (Geol.) Of, or pertaining to, the 
 country of the ancient Silures, who inhabited a part of 
 England and Wales : — a term applied to the earliest of 
 the Paleozoic ages, and also to the strata of the age. 
 
 Sil'va, n. [Written also sylva.] [Lat.] 1. A collection 
 of poems, ti. (Bot.) The natural history of the forest 
 trees of a country. 
 
 Sil'van, a. [Written also sylvan.] [From Lat. silva, 
 sylva, a wood or grove.] Pertaining to, or composed of, 
 woods or groves ; woody. 
 
 Sil'ver, n. [A.-S. silfor, sylfer, Goth, silubr, Icel. silfr, allied 
 to Slav, srebro, 'Rise, cilarra.] 1. (3Iin.) A soft, white, 
 metallic element, very malleable and ductUe, and capable 
 of a high polish. 2. Coin made of silver ; silver money. 
 3. Any thing having the luster or appearance of silver. 
 
 Sa'ver, a. 1. Made of silver. '2. Resembling silver. 
 
 Sil'ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. silvered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SILVERING.] 1. To cover with silver, ii. To polish 
 like silver ; to cause to resemble silver ; to make smooth 
 and bright. 3. To make hoary, or white and shining, 
 like silver. 
 
 Sil'ver-ing, n. 1. Art, operation, or practice of cover- 
 ing the surface of any thing with silver, ti. The silver 
 thus laid on. 
 
 Sil'ver-smitli, n. One who works in silver. 
 
 Sil'ver-y, a. 1. Resembhng, or having the luster of, 
 silver, 'ii. Besprinkled or covered with silver. 
 
 Si-marre', n. A woman's long dress or robe ; also, a 
 light covering ; a scarf. 
 
 Siin'llar, a. [From Lat. smzzYw, like, similar.] 1. Ex- 
 actly corresponding ; precisely alike, ti. Somewhat like : 
 nearly corresponding. 
 
 Similar figures (Geom.), figures ■which diflFer from each other 
 only in magnitude, being made up of the same number of like 
 parts similarly situated. 
 
 Siin.''i-15.r'i-ty, n. State of being similar ; perfect or par- 
 tial resemblance. [ner ; with resemblance. 
 
 Sim.'i-lar-ly, adv. In a similar manner; in like man- 
 
 Sim'i-le, n. ; pi. slMa-LE§. [Lat., from similis. See 
 Similar.] (Rhet.) A word or phrase by which any thing 
 is Ukened in one of its aspects to another ; a similitude. 
 
 Si-mil'i-tude (30), n. [Lat. similitudo, from similis, 
 similar.] 1. State of being similar or like ; resemblance; 
 Ukeness. 2. Act of likening one thing to another; fan- 
 ciful or imaginative comparison ; simile. 
 
 Sim'i-tar, n. See C I meter. 
 
 Sirn'mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. simmered ; p pr. k vb. 
 n. simmering.] [Prov. Eng. also simper; — an ono- 
 matopoetic word.] To boil gently, or vnth a gentle hisa 
 ing. 
 
 Sirn'mer, v. t. To cause to boil gently. 
 
 Si-mo'ni-a«, n. One who practices simony, or who buys 
 or sells preferment in the church. 
 
 Sim'o-ni'ac-al, a. Guilty of, consisting of, involving, 
 or pertaining to, sunony. 
 
 Sim'on-y, n. [From Simon Magus, who wished to pur- 
 chase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] 
 The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment. 
 
 Si-mdbm', ) ra. [Ar. sa^nhm, from samina, to poison. 
 
 Si-mdbii', I Cf. Samiel.] A hot, dry wind, that blows 
 occasionally in Arabia, Syria, and the neighboring coun- 
 
 lood, fcTot ; ^u, r\ide, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; af ; exist ; ItQser, ligk ; Hiisk 
 
SIMPER 
 
 670 
 
 SINGLY 
 
 Slm'per.r. t. [Prov. Ger. timprm, zimpf In, to he i^tfect- 
 i«dly coy.] To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited 
 umiiuer. 
 
 8Iiii'per, n. A cmile with an air of silliness, afioctation, 
 
 tr conceit. 
 
 Sim'i>er-«T, ft. One who simpers. 
 
 Sliu'ple, a. [cotnpar. SIMPLER: superl. SIMPLEST.] 
 [l-at. fitnt>ifT, sintpiicis, perh. from semel, once, a single 
 time, and }4icnrt, to fold ; or from sine, without, and 
 f>iica,a. fold ] 1. Single : not complex ; not compounded. 
 *2. Plain ; unadorned. H. Not piven to artifice, strat- 
 agem, or duplicity. 4. Unmistakable; clear; intelligi- 
 ble. 5. Artless in manner ; straightforward. 6. Weak 
 in intellect : not wise or sagacious. 7. (Bot.) Without 
 subdivisions ; entire. 
 
 Sjm. — Unconipounded ; unmin^led ; unmixed ; mere ; 
 uncoinbined : eleaicnurv ; artless ; sincere ; harmless; unde- 
 signing: frank: open: unaffected: inartificial; credalou6; silly; 
 foolish; shallow; unwise. 
 
 Sim'ple, n. 1. Something not mixed or compounded. 
 'i. {Med.) A medicinal plant; — so called because each 
 Tcgetable is supposed to possess its particular virtue and 
 therefore to constitute a simple remedy. 
 
 Sim'ple-ness, n. State or quahty of heing simple ; sim- 
 plicity. 
 
 Sini'ple-ton (sTm'pl-tun), n. A silly person; a person 
 of weak iutellect : a foolish person. 
 
 Sim-plif'i-ty, n. 1. Quahty of being simple, unmixed, 
 or uncom pounded, "i. Quality of being not complex, 
 or of consisting of few parts. 3. Artlessness of mind ; 
 freedom from duphcity; sincerity. 4. Freedom from 
 artificial ornament; plainness. 5. Freedom from sub- 
 tlety or abstruseness ; clearness. 6. Weakness of intel- 
 lect ; silliness. [simple. 
 
 Sim pli-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of simplifSing, or making 
 
 Sim'pli-fy. v. t. [imp. & p. p. simplified : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SI3IPL1FYIXG.] [L. Lat. simpHficare, from simplex, 
 simple, and /arfrf, to make.] To make simple ; to reduce 
 from the complex state by" analysis : to show an easier or 
 shorter process for doing or making. 
 
 Sim'plist, H. One skilled in simples, or medical plants. 
 
 Sim'ply, adv. 1. In a simple manner; without art; 
 without subtlety ; artlessly; plainly. 2. When consid- 
 ered in or by itself; merely ; solelv ; barelv. 3. Weakly ; 
 fooUshly. 
 
 Sim'u-late, c. t. [imp. & p. p. simulated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SIMULATING.] [Lat. simulare. simvlatum^tcom. 
 similis, Uke, similar.] To assume the mere appearance of 
 without the reahty ; to counterfeit ; to feign. 
 
 Sim'ii-late, a. Feigned; pretended. i 
 
 Sim'u-la'tion. n. Act of simulating, or putting on what ; 
 is not true. 
 Syii. — Counterfeiting: feint; pretense. 
 
 Si'mul-ta'ne-ou.*:. a. [Low Lat. simultnneus, from Lat. ' 
 simul. at the same time, together.] Existing or happen- I 
 ing at the same time. [ 
 
 Si'mtiI-ta'ne-ou.s-ly. adv. At a amultaneous time or ; 
 in a simultaneous manner. I 
 
 Si'mul-ta'ne-ous-ness, n. The state or quality of I 
 being simultaneous. i 
 
 Sin, n. [A.-S. synn, syii, sin. Icel. synd, H. Ger sun- \ 
 tia, sunta.] 1. Tram^gression of the law of God ; dis- 
 obedience of the divine command ; moral deficiency in 
 the character. 2. A sin-offering : a sacrifice for sin. 
 
 Dtadly or mortal sim (Rom. Cath. Church.), willfol and de- 
 liberate transgrefj-ions. which take awav divine grace. The 
 Kven dtadly rim are murder, lust, covetocsness, gluttonv, 
 pride, envj-, and idleness. 
 Syn. — Crime; iniquity: wickedness; wrong. See Cbime. 
 
 Sim, r. I. [imp. & p. p. SISXED; p. pr. & vb n SIX- i 
 MXG.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty 
 prescribed by God to man : to violate any known rule of 
 duty. 2. To violate human rights, law', or propriety. 
 
 Sin'a-pism , n. [Gr. o-n'ttTrio-^xis. from (rivajruTeii', to apply 
 a mustard blister, fr. o-iVaTri. (rivaTrv. mustard.] {Med.) 
 Mustard M*d pulverized, with some other ingredients, 
 used as an external application. 
 
 Sinfco/Zr. [0. Enp. silh^nc^, from A.-S. stdhthan. after- 
 ward, then, since, after, from sidh, late, lately, afterward 
 and than, for thdm, to the, to this, to that.] In the time 
 past, counting backward from the present ; before this 
 or now : ago. 
 
 SXn^e. prep. From the time of; subsequentlv to : after: 
 — with a pa«t event or time for the object. 
 
 Sin^e, ronj. 1. Since the time when: from the (past) 
 time that. '2. From (inferentially), or in view of, the 
 feet that ; Meing that ; because : considering. 
 
 Sin-^ere', a. [compar. siNCERER ; superl. SINCEREST.] ' 
 
 I [Lat. sincerus, said to be composed of sine, without, anfl 
 cfra, wax. as if applied originally to pure honey.] 1. 
 Pure ; unmixed ; unadulterated", ti. Being in reality 
 
 I what it appears to be ; not simulated or falsely assumed. 
 Syn.— Heartj- : honest: unfeigned: unvarnished; real; 
 
 I true: unaffectev*,. Inartificial; frank; upright; undissemblin* 
 See Heakty. •' 
 
 Sin-f erely, adv. In a sincere manner : honestlv ; un- 
 feiguedly [sinceritv. 
 
 Sin-^ere'ness, n. State or quahty of being sincere; 
 
 Sin-^er'i-ty, n. State or quality of" being sincere ; hon- 
 esty of mind or intention. 
 
 -Sl«'fi-i>«f, ». [Lat., fi^m semi, half, and caput, the 
 head] {Anat.) The fore part of the head from tha 
 forehead to the coronal suture. ^-- -d 
 
 Siiie,»J. [From Lat. 5i;i 1/5, a bent surface, 
 a curve.] (Trigonometry.) (a.) The 
 length of a perpendicular drawn from le 
 one extremity of an arc to the diame- 1 
 ter drawn through the other extremity. 
 (4.) The perpendicular itself. 
 
 Si'iie-eu.re, n. [From Lat. sine, with- 
 out, and cura, care. Low Lat. a cure.] Sine. 
 1. An ecclesiastical benefice, without db, sine-, rfc, arc; 
 the care of souls. 2. An office or po- cae, diameter, 
 sition which requires or involves no labor or active service. 
 
 Si'ne-CTxr'ist, n. One who has a sinecure. 
 
 Sin'eAV (sin'yH), n. [A.-S. sineue, and sinu. 0. H. Ger. 
 seneica, senatca, sentca, Icel. sin.] 1. {Anat.) That 
 which unites a muscle to a bone : a tendon. 2. That 
 which suppUes strength. 
 
 Sin'ew (sm^ jj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SIXEWED ; p. vr. & 
 vb. n. SIXEWIXG.] To knit as by sinews. 
 
 Sin'e-tved (sln^yHd), a. 1. Furnished with sinews. 2. 
 Strong : firm : vigorous. 
 
 Sin'etv-lesg (sin'yy-), a. Having no sinews, and hence 
 no strength or vigor. 
 
 Sin'ew-y (sTn'yij-y), a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, 
 or resembling a sinew or sinews. 2. AVell braced with 
 sinews; nervous: strong: vigorous: firm. 
 
 Sin'ftxl, a. 1. Full of sin ; wicked; iniquitous: crim- 
 inal ; unholy. 2. Containing sin, or consisting in ein. 
 
 Siii'f ul-ly, adv. In a sinful manner ; wickwlly ; m- 
 iquitously. 
 
 Sin'ful-ness, n. Quahty or state of being sinful, or 
 contrary to the divine will ; wickedness : iniquity. 
 
 Sing, V. I. [imp. suxg, or saxg (ohsoU scent) : p. p. 
 SUXG : p.pr. & vb. n. SIXGIXG.] [A.-S. singan, Goth. 
 siggvan, Icel. syngia.] 1. To utter sounds with music- 
 al inflections or melodious modulations of vcice. 2. To 
 utter sweet or melodious sounds, as birds. 3. To make 
 a small shrill sound. 4. To celebrate something in 
 poetry. 
 
 Sing, V. t. 1. To utter with musical modulations of 
 voice. 2. To celebrate in song : to praise in verse. 
 
 Singe. V. t. [iinp. & p. p. siXGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SIXGEIXG.] [A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. sengan, orig. to cause 
 to sing. fi«m singan, to sing, because the sound pro- 
 duced by burning slightly seems to be a kind of sing- 
 ing.] To bum slightly or superficially : to bum the 
 surface of. 
 
 Singe, n. A burning of the surfece ; a slight bum. 
 
 Sing'er,n. 1. One who sings. 2. One whose profesaon 
 is to sing. 
 
 Sing'ing-btJbk, n. A book containing music for sing- 
 ing ; a book of tunes. 
 
 Sing'ing-nias'ter, n. One who teaches vocal music. 
 
 Sin'gle (sing/gl, 82), a. [Lat. singitlus.] 1. One only, 
 as dlstingtiished fi^m many, or the whole ; individual : 
 separate. 2. Alone ; having no companion. 3. Hence, 
 unmarried. 4. Not twisted or combined with others. 
 5. Performed by one person, or one on each side. 6. 
 Tncompounded : pure : uiunixed. 7. Hence, impreju- 
 diced : imbiased : sincere. 
 
 Sin'gle (sing/gl). v. t. [imp. & p. p. SIXGLED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SIXGLIXG.] To select, as an individual person 
 or thing, from among a number. 
 
 Sin'gle-Ii^nd'ed. a. 1. Having one hand or work- 
 man only. 2. Alone : by one's self: unassisted. 
 
 Sin'gle-iieart'ed, a. Having a single or honest heart 
 without duphcity. 
 
 Sin'gle-ness, «." 1. State of being single, or separate 
 from all others. 2. Freedom fitjm duphcity, or secondary 
 and selfish ends ; purity of mind and purpose : simpUcitr ; 
 sincerity. 
 
 Sin'gly, adv. 1. Individually ; particularly. 2. Only ; 
 by one's self. 3. Without partners, companions, or a»- 
 Bociates. 
 
 a,6,kc.,/<wi«^/ft,«,fcc.,*Aort,care,£»r,a»lt,aU,wliat; fire, v§U, tgrm : piqae,firmi sdn,dr,dtt,w9U, 
 
SING-SONG 
 
 671 
 
 SIT 
 
 8Xng'-s6ng, n. A drawling tone, as of a monotonous or 
 
 badly executed song. 
 Sin'gu-lar, a. [Lat. si^igularis, from singulus, single.] 
 r. (Logic.) Existing by itself; single; individual. 2. 
 {Oram.) Denoting one person or thing. 3. Standing by 
 itself;- out of the ordinary course of things. 4. Distin- 
 guished as existing in a very high degree ; rarely equaled. 
 5. Distinguished as departing from general usage or ex- 
 pectations. 6. Being alone ; unique. 
 
 Syn. — Unexampled; unprecedented; eminent; extraordi- 
 nary ; remarkable; uncommon; rure ; unusual; peculiar; 
 strange; odd; whimsical; eccentric; fantastic. 
 
 Sin'gu-lar, n. {Gram.) The singular number. 
 
 Siii''gu-ia,r'i-ty, n. 1, State of being singular; some 
 character or quahty of a thing by which it is distinguished 
 from all, or from most, others ; peculiarity, 'i. Posses- 
 sion of a particular or exclusive privilege, prerogative, or 
 distinction. 
 
 Sin'gu-lar-ly, adv. 1. In a singular manner ; peculiar- 
 ly ; strangely ; oddly. i2. So as to express one, or the 
 singular number. 
 
 Sin'is-ter, a. [Lat. sijiisler.] 1. On the left hand, or 
 the side of the left hand ; left. 2. Unlucky ; inauspi- 
 cious ; disastrous ; injurious ; evil ; — the left being usually 
 regarded as the unlucky side. 3. Wrong, as spi-inging 
 from indirection or obliquity of purpose ; dishonest. 
 
 Sin'is-tror'sal, a. [Lat. sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, to- 
 ward the left side, from sinister, left, and vertere, vortere, 
 versimi..vorsum, to turn.] Rising from left to right, as 
 a spiral line, or helix. 
 
 Siii'is-trous, a. [See Sinister.] 1. Being on the left 
 side ; inclined to the left. 2. Wrong ; absurd ; per- 
 verse. 
 
 Sink (82), v. i. [imp. & p. p. sunk (imp. SANK, nearly 
 obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. SINKING.] [A.-S. sincan, Goth. 
 siggqva7i, Icel. siga.] 1. To fall by the force of gravity ; 
 to descend lower and lower ; to subside. 3. To enter deep- 
 ly ; to fall or retire beneath or below the surface. 3. Hence, 
 to enter so as to make an abiding impression. 4. To be 
 overwhelmed or depressed. 5. To fail in strength ,• to 
 decline ; to decay ; to decrease. 6. To decrease in volume, 
 as a river. 
 
 Sink, V. t. 1. To cause to sink; to immerse in a fluid. 
 J5. To depress ; to degrade. 3. To plunge into destruc- 
 tion. 4. To make, by digging or delving. 5. To bring 
 low ; to reduce in quantity. 6. To cause to decUne or 
 fall. 7. To keep out of sight ; to suppress. 8. To low- 
 er in value or amount. 9. To reduce in amount ; to 
 diminish or annihilate by payment. 
 
 Sinkiriff fund (Finance), a fund created for sinWngor pay- 
 ing a public debt, or purchasing the stock for the government. 
 
 Syn. — To fall; subside; drop; droop; lower; decline; de- 
 cay; decrease; lessen. 
 
 Sink, n. 1, A drain to carry off filthy water. 3. A shal- 
 low box, connected with a drain, and used for receiving 
 filthy water, &c., as in a kitchen. 
 
 Sink'er, n. A weight on something, as on a fish-line, 
 to sink it. 
 
 Sin'less, a. 1. Free from sin ; pure ; perfect. H. Inno- 
 cent of transgression or trespass. 
 
 Sin'less-ly, adv. In a sinless manner ; innocently. 
 
 Sin'less-ness, n. State of being sinless ; perfect inno- 
 cence. 
 
 Sin'ner, n. One who has sinned ; especially, one who has 
 sinned without repenting of it ; a persistent or unrepent- 
 ing transgressor. 
 
 Sin'o-logue, n. [Sinim, China, or the Chinese, and Gr. 
 Aoyo?.] One versed in the Chinese language, literature, 
 history, and the like. 
 
 Sin'o-ple, n. [Gr. crtvtoTri's, o'li'WTrtK^ , a red earth or ocher 
 found in Sinope, a town on the Black Sea.] (Min.) Red 
 ferruginous quartz. 
 
 Sin'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sinuated ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. SINUATING.] [Lat. sinuare, sinuatum., from sinus, a 
 bending, a curve.] To bend in and out ; to wind ; to 
 turn. 
 
 Sin'u-a'tion, n. A winding or bending in and out. 
 
 Sin'u-6s'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being sinuous, or bend- 
 ing in and out. 2. A series of bends and turns in arches 
 or other irregular figures. 
 
 Sin'u-ous, a. [Lat. sinitosus, from sinus, a bent surface, 
 a curve.] Bending in and out ; of a serpentine or undu- 
 lating form ; winding ; crooked. 
 
 Si'nus,n.; h&t. pi. spjvus ; Eng. pi. si'NUS-E§. [Lat., 
 a bent surface, a curve, the folds or bosom of a garment, 
 &c.,abay.] 1. An opening ; a hollow. 2. A recess in 
 the shore, or an opening into the land. 3. (Anat.) A 
 
 cavity in a bone or other part, wider at the bottom than 
 at the entrance. 
 
 Sip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SIPPED (sTpt); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SIPPING.] [A.-S. sipan, allied to shpan, to sip, suck up, 
 drink, drink to excess.] 1. To drink or imbibe in small 
 quantities ; to take in with the lips in small quantities. 2. 
 To draw into the mouth ; to extract. 3. To drink out of. 
 
 Sip, V. i. To drink a small quantity. 
 
 Sip, «. 1. The taking of a liquor with the lipe. 2. A 
 small draught taken with the lips. 
 
 Si'plion, n. [Lat. sip/io, sipkonis, Gr. ^ ^^^^ 
 
 vi<^iav.] A bent tube or pipe with arms //^ "^ 
 
 of unequal length, by which a liquid 
 can be transferred from one vessel to 
 another, over an intermediate eleva- 
 tion, by means of the pressure of the 
 atmosphere forcing the liquid up the 
 branch immersed in it, while the ex- - - gipjjons 
 
 cess of weight of the liquid in the „ ^ „:*„i,,^ 
 
 ., , ^ , 1 Jii IX a. common siphon 
 
 other branch (when once tilled ) causes '5 improved si 
 a continuous flow. pKon with ex- 
 
 Sip'per, n. One who sips. hausting tube. 
 
 Sii* (18), n. [0. Fr. sire, contr- from senre,fvova. Lat. senior^ 
 an elder, elderly person, compar. of senex, senis, an aged 
 person.] 1. A man of social authority and dignity; a 
 master ; a gentleman ; — applied as a title of deference or 
 respect to any man of position. 2. A knight or baronet ; 
 — often applied as a prefix to the first or Christian name. 
 3. A priest or curate. [Obs.] 4. A master of arts in 
 American colleges ; — applied also to a bachelor of arts. 
 [Obs.] 
 
 Sire, n. [0. Fr. sire, from Lat. senior. See SiB.] 1. A 
 father ; a progenitor. 2. One who stands in the rela- 
 tion of a father, as a king or emperor. 3. An author ; 
 an originator. 4. The male parent of a beast ; — ap- 
 plied especially to horses. 
 
 Sire, V. t. {imp. & p. p. SIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SIRING.] 
 To beget ; to procreate ; — used especially of stalUons. 
 
 Si'ren (89), n. [Lat. siren.] 1. (Myth.) One of three 
 damsels, — said to dwell near the Island of Caprea, and 
 to sing with such sweetness that they who sailed by 
 forgot their country and died in an ecstasy of delight. 
 2. Hence, an enticing or alluring woman. 3. Some- 
 thing which is insidious or deceptive. 
 
 Si'ren, a. Pertaining to a siren, or to the dangerous en- 
 ticements of music ; bewitching ; fascinating ; alluring. 
 
 Sir'i-u.s,n. [Lat. ; Gr. Setpios, from o-etptos, o-eipds, hot, 
 scorching.] (Astron.) The large and brightstar called the 
 Dog-star, in the mouth of the constellation Canis 
 Major. 
 
 Sir'loin, «. [0. Eng. surloin, surloine, surloyne, from 
 Fr. surlonge, from sur, upon, super, over, and longe, 
 loin.] A loin of beef. [Written also5Mr/oin.] 
 
 Sir'name, n. See Surname. 
 
 Si-roe'eo, n. ,• pi. si-r6€'€6§. [Ar. shoruk, from shark, 
 the rising of the sun, the east, from sharaka, to rise, as 
 the sun.] An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan 
 deserts, chiefly experienced in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. 
 
 Sir'rah, n. [0. Eng. sirrha, from sir, ha, or sir, ho, or 
 from Ir. sirreach, poor, sorry, lean.] Sir; — a word of 
 reproach and contempt, or of familiarity and playfulness. 
 
 Sir'up, n. [From Ar. sharab, sharUb, sharbat, pi. sh&ra- 
 bat, drink, beverage, sirup, from shariba, to drink.] The 
 sweet juice of vegetables or fruits, or sugar boiled with 
 vegetable infu.sions ; also, sweetened liquid of any kind- 
 
 Sir'up-y, a. Like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. 
 
 Sis'kin, n. [Dan. sisgen, sisken, sise, Sw. siska, Ger. 
 zeisig.] (Ornith.) A certain singing bird. 
 
 Sis'ter, n. [A.-S. siveostor, suster, Icel. systir, systur, 
 systr, Goth, svistar, 0. H. Ger. 5u;e5«ar, Russ. sesird, Skr. 
 swasri, Lat. sorer.] 1. A female whose parents are the 
 same as those of another person. 2. A female closely 
 allied to, or associated with, another person, as in the 
 same faith, society, and the like. 
 
 Sis'ter-liot)d, n. 1. A society of sisters, or of women 
 united in one faith or order. 2. State of being a sister 
 
 Sis'ter-in-law^, w. ; pi. sis'ter^-in-law. A husband" 
 or wife's sister ; also, a brother's wife. 
 
 Sis'ter-ly, a. Like a sister ; becoming a sister ; affec- 
 tionate. 
 
 Sit, V. i. [imp. sat ; p. p. SAT (SITTEN, ohs.) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SITTING.] [A.-S. sittan, for sitian,\ce\. sitia, Goth, si- 
 tan, allied to Lat. sedere, Gr. e^eo-eai, Skr. sad.] 1 . To rest 
 upon the haunches. 2. To perch, as birds. 3. Tore- 
 main in a state of repose ; to rest ; to abide. 4. To b" 
 adjusted ; to fit. 5. Hence, to He, rest, or bear. 6. T« 
 incubate ; to cover and warm eggs for hatching, as a 
 fowl. 7. To be ofificially engaged in public business, as 
 
 food, t&ot i tkxrt, rude, puU ; ^eU, ^liaise, caU, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, liijk ; tlilfr 
 
SIT 
 
 672 
 
 SKEWER 
 
 jiulRw, legislators, or officers of any kind. 8. To have 
 paction, as at the point blown from. 
 
 Bit, r. /. 1. To keep the seat upon, ii. To cause to be 
 seated; ^ used rerie>dTely. 
 
 Site, 11. [IJit. situs, from sinere, sittnn, to let, put, lay, 
 or set down, siVm.'s, placed, lying, situate.] 1. Place 
 where any thing is fixed ; situation ; local position. "Z. 
 A place fitted or chosen for an edifice. 
 
 Sitlie, n. A scythe. See SCYTHE. 
 
 SiVU'n,p. p. of sit, for sat. See SlT. [Obs.] [bates. 
 
 Sifter, n. 1. One who sits. '2. A bird that sits or incu- 
 
 Slt'tiug, n. 1. Posture of being on a seat. ii. Act of 
 placing one's self on a seat. 3. A seat, or the space oc- 
 cupied by a person in a church. 4. Act or time of rest- 
 ing in a posture for a painter to take the likeness. 5. 
 Actual presence or meeting of any body of men in their 
 seats, clothed with authority to transact business. 6. 
 A time for which one sits, as at play, at work, or on a 
 visit. 
 
 Sit'u-ate, a. [L. Lat. situatus, from situate, to place, fr. 
 Lat. 5itj/.^, situation, site. See Site.] 1. Permanently 
 fixed : placed, ti. Placed ; residing. 
 
 Sit'u-a'ted, a. Having a situation ; seated, placed, or 
 permanently fixed ; residing. 
 
 Sit'u-a'tioii, n. I. Location in respect to something 
 else, ii. Position with respect to society or circumstances. 
 
 3. Relative position ; circumstances ; temporary state. 
 
 4. Permanent position. 
 
 Syn. — State ; position ; seat ; site ; station ; post ; place ; 
 ofiBce ; condition ; ease ; plight ; predicament. See State. 
 
 Six, a. [A.-S. six, seox, sex, Goth, saihs, Icel. & Lat. sex, 
 
 Gr. e|, Per. shesh, Lith. szessi, Russ. shestj, Skr. shash, 
 
 Heb. sliesk.] Twice three ; one more than five. 
 Six, n. 1. The sum of three and three. 3. A symbol 
 
 representing six units, as 6, or vi. 
 
 To be at six and seven, or at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder. 
 Six'f old, a. Six times as much or many. 
 Six'pen^e, n. 1. An English silver coin of the value of 
 
 six pennies ; half a shilling, or about twelve cents. 2. 
 
 The value of six pennies or half a shilhng. 
 Six'teen, a. Six and ten ; consisting of six and ten. 
 Six'teen, n. 1. The siun of ten and six. 2. A s^Tubol 
 
 representing sixteen units, as 16, or xvi. 
 Six'teentli, a. 1. Sixth after the tenth ; next in order 
 
 after the fifteenth. 2. Being one of sixteen equal parts 
 
 into which any thing is divided. 
 Six'teentli , n. 1. One of sixteen equal parts. 2. The 
 
 next in order after the fifteenth. 3. {Mus.) An interval 
 
 comprising two octaves and a second. 
 Sixth, a. 1. Next in order after the fifth. 2. Being one 
 
 of six equal parts into which any thing is divided. 
 Sixth, n. 1. One of six equal parts. 2. The next in 
 
 order after the fifth. 3. (Mus.) The interval of four 
 
 tones and a semitone, embracing six diatonic degrees of 
 
 the scale. 
 Sixth'ly, adv. In the sixth place. 
 Six'ti-etli, a. 1. Next in order after the fifty-ninth. 
 
 2. Being one of sixty equal parts into which any thing 
 
 is divided. 
 Six'ti-etli, n. 1. One of sixty equal parts. 2. The 
 
 next in order after the fifty -ninth. 
 Six'ty, a. Six times ten ; threescore. 
 Bix'ty, n. 1. The sum of six times ten. 2. A symbol 
 
 representing sixty units, as 60, or Ix., or LX. 
 Biz'a-ble, a. 1. Of considerable size or bulk. 2. Being 
 
 of reasonable or suitable size. 
 SI'zar, n. {University of Cambridge, Eng.) One of a 
 
 body of students next below the pensioners, who eat at 
 
 the public table, after the fellows, free of expense. 
 
 09^ They were probably so called from being employed in 
 distributing the size, or provisions. See Size, 3. 
 
 Size, n. [Abbrev. from assize, q. v.] 1. Extent of super- 
 ficies or volume. 2. A settled quantity or allowance. 
 [Obs.] 3. ( University of Cambridge, Eng.) An allow- 
 ance of food and drink from the buttery, aside from the 
 regular dinner at commons. 4. A conventional relative 
 measure of dimension, applied to shoes, gloves, and the 
 like. 
 
 Syn. — Dimension ; bigness ; largeness ; greatness ; mag- 
 nitude. 
 
 Size, n. [W. syth, glue, starch, size, from syth, stiff, rigid.] 
 A kind of weak glue made from the clippings of parch- 
 ment, glove-leather, fish-skin, and the like. 
 
 Size, r. t. [imp. & p. p. sized ; p. pr. & vb. n. SIZING.] 
 1. To arrange, according to size or bulk. 2. To cover 
 with size; to prepare with size. 3. (Mining.) To sift, 
 as pieces of ore or metal, through a wire sieve. 
 
 on skates. 
 latina, A.-S. sceadda. C£ 
 
 Siz'i-ness, n. State of being sissy ; glutinousness j tI». 
 cousness. [arts, &c. ; size. 
 
 Siz'tng, n. A kind of weak glue used in manufactures, 
 
 Siz'y, a. Size-like; glutinous; thick and viscous ; ropy; 
 having the adhesiveness of size. 
 
 Siz'zle (sTz'zl), v. i. To make a hissing sound, as a piecB 
 of hot metal when dipped into water to cool. 
 
 Siz'zle (sTz'zl), n. A hissing sound. 
 
 Sk^ld, n. See Scald. 
 
 Skate, n. [D. schaais.] A frame for the foot like tha 
 sole of a shoe, furnished with a metallic runner or some- 
 times with small wheels, for moving rapidly on ice, ot 
 other smooth surface. 
 
 Skate, V. ?. [imp. & p. p. SKATED; p. pr. Sc vb.n. 
 SKATING.] To slide or move on skates. 
 
 Skate, n. [Lat. sqvatus, squatina, A.-S. sceadda. C£ 
 Shad.] (/cA«/i.) A cartilagi- 
 nous fish having the body 
 flattened, the skin set above 
 with spines or thoins, and 
 pectoral fins which form 
 broad lateral expansions, and 
 give the whole body a rhom- 
 boid form. 
 
 Skat'er, n. One who skates. 
 
 Ske-dad'dle, v. i. [Said to be 
 
 of Swedish and Danish origin.] Skate. 
 
 To betake one's self to flight ; to run away with precipi- 
 tation, as if in a panic. [CoUoq., Amer.} 
 
 Skein (skan), n. [0. Fr. escaigne, N. Fr. ecagne, Ir. 
 sgainiie, Gael, sgeinn, sgeinnidh.] A knot or a number of 
 knots, of thread, silk, or yarn ; a quantity of yarn after 
 it is taken from the reel. 
 
 Sk61'e-ton, n. [Gr.^aKeXeTov (sc. crw/Lta), a dried body, 
 a mummy, from o-KeAeros, dried up, parched, from <rKeX.- 
 Aeij/, to dry.] 1. (Physiol.) The united system of tis- 
 sues that give support and protection to the softer parts, 
 and transfer motion in an organized body, as bones, 
 shells, the woody tissue of leaves, and the like. 2. Hence, 
 a very thin or lean person. 3. The general structure or 
 frame of any thing. 4. The heads and outline of a lit- 
 erary performance, especially of a sermon. 
 
 Skep'ti-e, n. [Written also sceptic.] [Gr. o-zceTrriKos, 
 thoughtful, reflective, from a-Keinea-eaL, to look carefully 
 or about, to view, consider ; Lat. scepticiis.] 1. One who 
 is yet undecided as to what is true ; an inquirer after 
 facts or reasons. 2. (Metapli.) A doubter as to whether 
 any fact or truth can be certainly known ; a universal 
 doubter. 3. (Theol.) One who disbelieves the divine 
 origin of the Christian religion. 
 Syn. — Infidel ; unbeliever ; doubter. See Ikfidel. 
 
 Skgp'ti«, \a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or being, a skep- 
 
 Skep'ti«-al, ) tic ; hesitating to admit the certainty 
 of doctrines or principles. 2. Doubting or denying the 
 truth of revelation. 
 
 Skep'ti-^igm, n. [Written also scepticism.] 1. An 
 undecided, inquiring state of mind ; doubt ; uncertainty. 
 2. (Metaph.) The doctrine that no fact or principle can 
 be certainly known ; universal doubt. 3. ( Theol.) A 
 doubting of the truth of revelation, or a denial of the 
 divine origin of the Christian rehgion, or of the being, 
 perfections, or truth of God. 
 
 Sketcli, n. [From Lat. schedium, (sc. carmen), an ex- 
 temporaneous poem, schedius, Gr. axeSio^, made sud- 
 denly or off-hand, hastily put or thrown together.] A 
 first rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design. 
 
 Syn.— Outline ; delineation. — Outline explains itself; a 
 sketch fills up the outline in part, giving broad touches by 
 which an imperfect idea may be conveyed : a delineation goea 
 further, carrying out the more striking "features of the picture, 
 and going so much into detail as to furnish a clear conceptioa 
 of the whole. 
 
 Sketcli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sketched (skecht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SKETCHING.] 1. To draw the outline or 
 general figure of; to make a rough draught of. 2. To 
 plan by giving the principal points or ideas of. 
 
 Syn. - To delineate ; design ; draught j depict ; portray ; 
 paint. 
 
 Skgtcli'y, a. Containing only an outUne or rough form , 
 in the manner of a sketch ; incomplete. 
 
 Skew'-back (sku^bak), n. ( Civil engin.) The course o( 
 masonry forming the abutment for the voussoirs of a 
 segmental arch, or in iron bridges, for the ribs. 
 
 Skew'er (sku'er), n. [Prob. allied to the root of sAmj* 
 See Askew.] A pointed rod for fastening meat to a 
 spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting ; — formerljr 
 used instead of pins. 
 
 a,e,&c.,/(mf / &,£,&c.,4^ort/ c^reifariaskjallj-vrliat; dre, reil, term ; pique, firm; s6n, dr,dQ,'vr9li. 
 
SKEWER 
 
 673 
 
 SLAB 
 
 Skew'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. skewered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SKEWERING.] To fasten with skewers. 
 
 Skid, n. [Prov. Eng. shif/e, a splinter, A.-S. scide, Icel. 
 skid, from A.-S. sc'idan, to cleave.] 1. (Naut.) A 
 piece of timber used to protect the side of a vessel from 
 injury by heavy bodies hoisted or lowered against it. ii. 
 A chain for fastening the wheel of a wagon, to prevent 
 its turning when descending a steep hill. 3. A piece of 
 timber for supporting any thing, or along which some- 
 thing is rolled or caused to move. [Amer.] 
 
 Skiff, n. [0. II. Ger. skif. Cf. SHIP.] A small, light 
 boat. 
 
 Skiff, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SKIFFED (sktft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. sklFFING.] To sail upon in a skiff. 
 
 Skill, 71. [A.-S. scilian, scijlan, to separate, to distin- 
 guish, Icel. skilia, to discern, understand, Sw. skiljn, 
 Dun. skille,'!). sc/ieelen; A.-S. scile, scijle, a difference, 
 distinction, Icel. skil, distinction, right, Dan. skiel, Sw. 
 skjdl, skfil, reason, right, justice.] 1. Knowledge ; un- 
 derstanding. *£. Familiar knowledge of any art or sci- 
 ence, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or 
 performance ; ability to perceive and perform. 
 
 Syn. — Dexterity.— .SMZ is more intelligent; dexterity is 
 more mechanical. Skill involves superior capacity and culti- 
 vation of the intellect ; dexterity implies a greater talent for 
 imitation, and asleiglit of hand obtained by practice. 
 
 Skilled, a. Having familiar knowledge united with readi- 
 ness and dexterity in its application ,' expert ; skillful. 
 
 Skil'let, n. [0. Fr. escuellette, dim. of escuelle, N. Fr. 
 ecuelle, a porringer, from Lat. scutella, dim. of scutra, a 
 dish.] A small vessel with a handle, used for heating 
 and boiling water, &c. 
 
 Skill'ful, a. Possessed of, or displaying skill. 
 
 Syn. — Expert ; skilled ; dexterous ; adept ; masterly ; 
 adroit ; clever. 
 
 Skill'f ul-ly, adv. In a skillful manner ; with skill. 
 
 Skill'f ul-ness, n. Quality of possessing skill ; dexter- 
 ousness ; knowledge and ability derived from experience. 
 
 Skim, V. t. [A different orthography of scum, q. v.] 
 [imp. & p. p. skimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. SKIMMING. ] 
 1, To clear as a Hquid from scum. 2. To take off by 
 skimming. 3. To pass near the surface of. 
 
 Skim, v. i. 1. To pass lightly ; to glide along near the 
 surface. 2. To hasten along superficially. 
 
 Skim'mer, n. A utensil for skimming liquors. 
 
 Skim'-milk, n. Milk from which the cream has been 
 taken ; skimmed milk. 
 
 Skim'ming, «. 1. Act of taking off that which floats 
 upon a liquid, as scum, cream, or the like. 2. pi. That 
 which is removed from the surface of a liquid by skim- 
 ming. 
 
 Skin, n. [A.-S. scin7i, Icel. skiim, 0. L. Ger. schin, 
 schinn.] 1. (Physiol.) The external membranous en- 
 velope of animal bodies. 2. Skin of an animal sepai-at- 
 ed from the body ; a hide ; a pelt. 3. The exterior coat 
 of fruits and plants. 
 
 Skill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SKINNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SKINNING.] 1. To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay ; 
 to peel. 2. To cover with skin, or as with skin. 
 
 Skin, I', i. To be covered with skin. 
 
 Skincli, V. i. To squeeze or pinch in order to effect a 
 saving. [Prov. Eng. Colloq. Amer.] 
 
 Skin'-deep, n. Superficial ; slight. 
 
 Skin'-flint, n. [From .tim andjlint.] A very penuri- 
 ous person ; a miser ; a niggard. 
 
 Skin'less, a. Having no skin or a very thin skin. 
 
 Skin'ner, n. 1. One who skins. 3. One who deals in 
 skins, pelts, or hides. [ing flesh. 
 
 Skin'ny, a. Consisting of skin, or of skin only ; want- 
 Skip, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SKIPPED (skipt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SKIPPING.] [Cf. Icel. skopa, skoppa, to run.] To 
 leap ; to bound ; to spring as a goat or lamb. 
 
 Skip, v. t. To pass over or by ; to omit ; to miss ; to leap 
 over. 
 
 Skip, ?i. 1. A leap; a bound; a spring. 2. Act of 
 passing over an interval from one thing to another ; an 
 omission of a part. 
 
 Skip'-jUck, n. 1. An upstart. 2. (Entom.) One of a 
 family of coleopterous insects remarkable for leaping to a 
 considerable height when placed upon their backs. 
 
 Skip'per, n. [D. & L. Ger. schipper. See Skipper 
 and Skip.] 1. I Naut.) The master of a small trading 
 or merchant vessel. 2. [From skip.] A dancer. 3. 
 The cheese maggot. 
 
 Skip'ping-rope, n. A small rope used by young per- 
 sons in skipping, or leaping up and down. 
 
 Skir'misli (18), n. [0. Eng. scarmishe, scarmoge, scry- 
 mishe, It. scaramuccia, shermugio, from scher>nire, to 
 
 food, fot>t 
 
 fence, fight, from 0. H. Ger. skerman, skirman, to do- 
 fend.] I. A slight fight in war; a light combat, rspe- 
 cially, between detachments and small parties, ti. A con- 
 test ; a contention. 
 
 Skir'miKh, v. i. [imp. & p. p. skirmished (skTr^- 
 misht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. skirmishing.] To fight slightly 
 or in small parties ; to engage in a skirmish. 
 
 Skir'misli-er, n. One who skirmishes. 
 
 Skir'ret, n. [Contracted from skirwort, its older name, 
 a corruption of sugarwort.] (Bot.) A plant, cultivated 
 in Europe for the sake of its esculent root, which some- 
 what resembles the parsnip in flavor. 
 
 Skir'rliu.s, Ji. See SciRRHUS. 
 
 Skirt (18), n. [A.-S. scyrtan, gescyrtan, to shorten ; Icel. 
 skirta, skyrta, an under-garment, a shirt. Cf. Shirt.] 
 1. The lower and loose part of a coat or other garment. 
 ti. The edge of any part of dress. 3. Border; margin; 
 extreme part. 4. A woman's garment like a petticoat. 
 
 Skirt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SKIRTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SKIRTING.] To border ; to form the border, or edge of; 
 or to run along the edge of. [ity. 
 
 Skirt, V. i. To be on the border ; to live near the extrem- 
 
 Skit'tisli, a. [From A.-S. sceotan, sritan, to shoot, dart, 
 cast, send forth.] 1. Easily frightened ; shunning fa- 
 miliarity ; timorous ; shy. 2. Wanton ; volatile ; hasty. 
 
 Skit'tisli-ly, ac/r. In a skittish manner ; shyly. 
 
 Skit'tisli-ness, n. 1. State of being skittish: timid- 
 ity ; shyness. 2. Fickleness ; wantonness. 
 
 Skit'tles (skit'tlz), n. pi. [See Skittish.] Ninepins. 
 
 Ski'ver*«. [See Shiver, n.] An inferior quality of 
 leather, made of split sheep-skin, tanned by immersion 
 in sumac, and dyed. 
 
 Skiilk, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SKULKED (skQlkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SKULKING.] [Dan. skuike, to spare or save one's 
 self, to play the truant, allied to skiule, to hide, conceal, 
 Icel. skyla.] To get out of the way in a sneaking man- 
 ner ; to lurk. 
 
 Skulk, In. A person who skulks ; one who avoids 
 
 Skulk'er, | duty ; a lurker ; a shirk. 
 
 Skiill, n. [0. H. Ger. sciidla, skull, Ger. schddel, schedel, 
 0. H. Ger. scctela, Icel. koUr, skull. Cf. Scale and 
 Shell.] 1. (Anat.) The bony case which incloses the 
 brain. 2, An emptj^, brainless head. 
 
 Skull'-eap, 71. 1. A close-fitting 
 cap. 2. (Bot.) An herbaceous 
 plant, the calyx of whose flower, 
 when inverted, appears like a hel- 
 met with the vizor raised. 
 
 Skiink, n. [Contracted from the 
 Abenaki seganku.] (ZooL) A fetid, 
 carnivorous animal, found over a 
 very wide extent of country in North 
 America. It is nearly allied to the 
 weasel on the one hand, and to the 
 otter on the other. 
 
 Skiink'-bird, ) n. ( Or7iith. ) The bobolink ; — 
 
 Sku.nk'-Tbiack''bird, ) popularly so called from the 
 resemblance of the colors of the male, at certain periods 
 of the year, to those of a skunk. 
 
 Skiink'— eJib'bage, n. (Bot.) An endogenous plant, 
 so named from its odor, which strongly resembles that of 
 the skunk. 
 
 Sky (72), n. [Icel. sky, 0. Sax. scio, sceo, the region of 
 clouds. Cf. A -S. sc^a, sc^wa, shadow ] 1. The appar- 
 ent arch cr vault of heaven ; the heavens. 2. The 
 weather ; the climate. 
 
 Sky'-«61'or, n. The color of the sky; a particular 
 species of blue color ; azure. 
 
 Sky'ey, a. Like the sky ; ethereal. 
 
 Sky'-lark, n. (Oniith.) A spe- 
 cies of lark that mounts and sings 
 as it flies. It is common in Eu- 
 rope and in some parts of Asia, 
 and is celebrated for its melodious 
 song. 
 
 Sky'-lark'ing, n. (Nant.) Act of 
 running about the rigging of a 
 vessel in sport ; frolicking ; ca- 
 rousing. 
 
 Sky'-light (-lit), n. A window in ' 
 the roof of a building, or ceiling 
 of a room, for the admission of 
 light fi-om above. 
 
 Sky'-rock/et,JJ. A rocket that Sky-lark, 
 
 ascends high and burns as it flies ; a species of fireworks. 
 
 Sky'-sail (colloq. skT'sel), Ji. (Naut.) The sail set next 
 above the royal. 
 
 SlS.b, 71. [Cf. AV. yslab, llab, a thin slip.] 1. A thin piec« 
 
 se which incloses the 
 d. 
 
 Skunk. 
 
 ^n, r\ide, pull ; yell, (liaise, «all, e€ho ; gem, get : 
 
 43 
 
 ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tiiia- 
 
SLABBER 
 
 674 
 
 SLAVERY 
 
 of any thiuu, «»«!peciall.Y of marble or other stone, having 
 plane surfaces. ^Z. An outride piece taken from a log in 
 sawing it into boards or planks. 
 
 Slftb'boT (colloij. sliib'bor), f. i. [i»ip. & p. p. SLAB- 
 BERED ; /). pr. & vh. u. SLABBERING.] [U. Ger. schlab- 
 fcfr;i, frequentative form of srhlabben, to lap.] To let the 
 saliva or other liquid fall from the mouth carelessly ; to 
 drivel. 
 
 Blhli'her (cflllpq. slob'ber), v. t. 1. To wet and foul by 
 liquids suffered to foil carelessly from the mouth, or by 
 liquid spilled. 'Z. To shed ; to spill. 
 
 SlJibTber (colloq. slob'ber), n. Moisture let fall from the 
 mouth in a careless manner ; slaver. [an idiot. 
 
 SlRblter-er (colloq. sl6b'er-er), n. One who slabbers ; 
 
 SlAck.a. [ro;«/>ar. SLACKER; 5K/>fV-/. SLACKEST.] [A.- 
 S. slitnc, side, Icel. slakr.] 1. Not tense; not hard 
 drawn. "2. Not holding fast. 3. Not using due dili- 
 gence ; not earnest or eager. 4. Not violent ; not rapid. 
 Slacli: irater, the time when the tide runs slowly, or the water 
 is at rest; or tlie interval between the flux and reflux of the 
 tide. 
 
 Sjm.— Ix)ose; relaxed; weak; remiss; backward; abated ; 
 dinunished; inactive; slow; tardy. 
 
 SlJick:, (I'/v. In a slack manner ; partially. 
 
 SlJick, n. The part of a rope that hangs loose, having no 
 strain upon it. 
 
 Slack, n. [Cf. Slag.] Small coal; coal broken into 
 small pieces. [Eng.] 
 
 SlJick, 1 V. i. [h}ip. & p. p. SLACKED (slakt), 
 
 SiackVn (shik'n), I slackened ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SLACKING, SLACKENING.] [A.-S. sUacian, slacian, D. 
 5Za^fn, Icel. dalcna.] 1. To become slack: to be made 
 less tense, firm, or rigid. 2. To be remiss or backward ; 
 to neglect. 3. To lose cohesion, or the quality of adhe- 
 sion. 4. To abate ; to become less violent. 5. To be- 
 come more slow. 6. To languish ; to flag. 
 
 Smck, J t". t. 1. To render slack ; to make less tense 
 
 Siack'en, ) or tight. tJ. Especially, to render less 
 earnest, violent, energetic, rapid, or decided. 3. To 
 withhold; to use less liberally. 4. To deprive of cohe- 
 sion by combining with water ; to slake. [See Slake.] 
 5. To repress ; to check. 
 
 SlJick'ly, adv. In a slack manner ; loosely ; remissly. 
 
 Slfick'ness, n. State of being slack ; want of tightness 
 or rigidness ; negligence ; inattention ; slowness ; tardi- 
 ness ; want of tendency ; weakness. 
 
 SI&S, n. [Sw. slags, L. Ger. slacke,TS.. Ger. schlacke.'\ 1. 
 The dross or recrement of a metal ; also, vitrified cinders. 
 i2. The scoria of a volcano. 
 
 Slake, V. t. [imp. & p. p. slaked (slakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. SLAKING.] [Allied to slack, q. v.] 1. To quench ; 
 to extinguish. 2. To mix with water, so that a true 
 chemical combination shall take place ; to slack. 
 
 Slake, V. i. To go out ; to become extinct. 
 
 SlAin, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SLAJIMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SLAMMING.] [Cf. 0. Eng. lam, to beat, Icel. lemia, to 
 beat, strike, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. slahan, Ger. scklagen. 
 See Slay.] To shut with violence. 
 
 SlRm, I", i. 1. To strike violently and noisily. 3. {Mach.) 
 To strike hard, as a moving part upon its seat. 
 
 SlJIm, n. A violent driving and dashing against; a vio- 
 lent shutting of a door. 
 
 SlJin'der, n. [0. Eng. esclaundre, Fr. esclandre, from Lat. 
 scandalum, Gr. o-icai/SaAoj/. See Scandal.] A false 
 tale or report maUciously uttered, and tending to injure 
 the reputation of another. 
 
 Sian'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sl.vndered ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. SLANDERING.] To injure by maliciously uttering a 
 false report. 
 
 Syn. — To auperse; defame; calumniate; vilify; Bcandal- 
 ire; reproach. See Aspekse. 
 
 Sian'der-er, n. A defamer ; a calumniator. 
 Sian'der-ous, a. 1. Given or disposed to slander. 2. 
 
 Embodying or containing slander ; calumnious. 
 Sian'der-ous-ly , adv. In a slanderous manner ; calnm- 
 
 iiiously. 
 Sl^ng, n. [Said to be of Gypsy origin; but cf. Lingo.] 
 
 Low, vulgar, unauthorized language ; a colloquial mode 
 
 of expression ; — especially, such as is in vogue with some 
 
 particular class in society. 
 Slant, a. [Prov. Eng. sleyit, slen, to slope, slide, Sw. slin- 
 
 ta, to slide, W. ysglentiaw, to slide.] Inclined from a 
 
 direct line ; sloping ; oblique. 
 Slant, V. t. [imp. & p. p. slanted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SLANTING.] To turn from a direct line; to give an 
 
 oblique or sloping direction to. 
 Slant, V. i. To be turned or inclined from a right line; 
 
 to lie obliquely ; to slope. 
 
 1 Slant, n. A slanting direction or plane ; a slope. 
 
 I llAnt'wige, } °^^- ^° ^^ incUned direction ; obliquely. 
 
 Sliip, n. [L. Ger. slappe, H. Ger. schlappe, from slappen, 
 I scUlappen, to slap.] A blow given with the open hand, 
 
 or with something broad. 
 1 Sl^p, 1-. t. [imp. & p. p. slapped (sliipt) ] p. pr. 8c vb. 
 71. SLAPPING.] To stiike with the open hand, or with 
 something broad. 
 
 SlAp, adv. With a sudden and violent blow; hence, 
 quickly ; instantly. 
 
 Sl^p'dksli, adv. [From slap and dash.] 1, In a bold, 
 cjireless manner ; at random. 2. With a slap ; all at 
 once; slap. [Colloq.] 
 
 Sl^p'jSck, n. A sort of flat cake baked upon a griddle ; 
 a flapjack. [Local, Amer.] 
 
 Slit!«li, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SLASHED (slSsht) \p.pr.8c vb. 
 n. SLASHING.] [Cf. Icel. slasa, to injure, wound.] To 
 cut by striking violently and at random ; to cut in long 
 cuts. 
 
 Sl^sli, V. i. To strike violently and at random with an 
 edged instrument. 
 
 Slash, 71. 1. A long cut ; tf. cut made at random. 2. A 
 large slit in the thighs and arms of old costumes, mjide 
 to show a brilliant color through the openings. 
 
 Slsit, n. [See Sloat.] A narrow piece of board or tim- 
 ber used to fasten together larger pieces, or to support 
 something. 
 
 Siat.r. ?. [Prov. Eng. Colloq. 4.mer.] To slap; to strike; 
 to beat ; to throw down violently. 
 
 Slate, n. [0. Eng. sclate, sclat ; 6. Fr. esclat, N.Fr. eclat, 
 a shiver, splinter, from 0. H. Ger. sleizan, for skleizan, 
 to slit, split.] 1. (Mi?i.) An argillaceous stone which 
 readily splits into plates. 2. Any rock or stone having 
 a slaty structure. 3. A prepared piece of such stone ; 
 especially, (a.) A thin, flat piece, for roofing or covering 
 houses, &c. (6.) A tablet for writing upon. 
 
 Slate, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SLATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SLAT- 
 ING.] To cover with slate, or plates of stone. 
 
 Slat'er, 71. One who slates buildings. 
 
 Slat'ing, n. 1. Act of covering with slates. 2. The 
 covering thus put on. 3. Slates taken collectively ; the 
 material for slating. 
 
 Slat'tern, 71. [Ger. 5c/iZo«er7i, to hang or fit loosely. Cf. 
 Slut.] A woman who is negligent of her dress or house. 
 
 Sliit'tern-ly, a. Resembling a slattern ; sluttish ; neg- 
 ligent ; dirty. 
 
 Slat'tern-ly, arft\ Negligently; awkwardly. 
 
 Slat'y, a. Resembling slate ; having the nature or prop- 
 erties of slate : composed of thin, parallel plates, capable 
 of being separated by splitting. 
 
 Slaugli'ter (slaw'ter), 7!. [Icel. sZair, slain flesh, 5W«r, 
 a blow, Goth, slauhts, slaughter, butchery.] 1. Exten- 
 sive and unnecessary destruction of human life. 2. Act 
 of kilUug, as a matter of business. 
 
 Syn. — Carnage; massacre; butchery; murder; havoo. 
 
 Slaugli'ter (slaw'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. slaugh- 
 tered ; p. pr. & vb. n. SLAUGHTERING.] 1. To kill ; 
 to slay in battle. 2. To butcher. 
 
 Slaugli'ter-er (slaw'ter-), n. A person employed in 
 s'iaughtering. 
 
 Slauglx'ter-house (slaw'ter-), n. A house where beasts 
 are butchered for the market. 
 
 Sl^ugli'ter-man (slaw'ter-), n. : pi. slaugh'TER-me-Y 
 (slaw'ter-). One employed in kUling. 
 
 Slangli'ter-ous (slaw'ter-), a. Destructive ; murderous. 
 
 Slave, 71. [From the Slavonians or Sclavonians, L. Lat. 
 Slavi or Sclavi, who were frequently made slaves by the 
 Germans.] 1. A person who is held in bondage to an- 
 other ; one who is wholly subject to the will of another. 
 2. One who has lost the power of resistance. 3. A 
 drudge ; one who labors like a slave. 
 
 Syn.— Bond-servant ; bondman; bond-slave; captive; 
 henchman ; vassal ; dependent ; drudge. See Seef. 
 
 Slave, V. i. To drudge ; to toil ; to labor as a slave. 
 
 Slave'-liold'er, n. One who holds slaves. 
 
 Slav'er, n. 1. A vessel engaged in the slave-trade. 2. 
 A. person engaged in the purchase and sale of slaves. 
 
 Siav'er, 71. [See Slabber.] Saliva driveling from the 
 mouth. 
 
 Siav'er, V. i. [imp. & p. p. slavered ; p. pr. U vh. n. 
 SLAVERING.] 1. To suffer the spittle to issue from the 
 mouth. 2. To be besmeared Avith saliva. [mouth. 
 
 Siav'er, V. t. To smear with saliva issuing from the 
 
 Siav'er-er, n. A driveler ; an idiot. 
 
 Slav'er-y, n. Condition of a slave ; state of entire sub- 
 jection of one person to the will of another. 
 
 a, c,8tc., long; &,^, See, short; c^re, far,ask,all,VFliat; 6re,v§il,term; pique.firm; s6n,6r, do.vr^lf. 
 
SLAVE-SHIP 
 
 675 
 
 SLIDE 
 
 gyn. — Bondage : servitude ; inthrallment ; enBlaveraent ; 
 captivity ; bond-service ; vassalage. 
 
 Slave'-sliip, n. A ship employed in the slave-trade ; a 
 ship used for transporting slaves ; a slaver. 
 
 Slave'- trade, n. The barbarous and wicked business of 
 dealing in slaves, especially of buying them for trans- 
 portation from their homes to be sold elsewhere. 
 
 Slav'isli, a. 1. Pertaining to slaves ; such as becomes 
 a slave. 2. Servile ; laborious ; consisting in drudgery. 
 
 Slav'isK-ly, adv. In a slavish manner ; servilely ; mean- 
 ly ; basely. 
 
 Slav'ish-ness, n. The state or quality of being slavish ; 
 servility ; meanness. 
 
 Slav-6€'ra-9y, n. [Eng. slave and Gr. Kparelv, to rule.] 
 The persons, or interest, representing slavery politically, 
 or wielding political power for the preservation or ad- 
 vancement of Slavery. [ Amer. ] 
 
 Sla-vo'iii-an, n. ( Geog.) A native or inhabitant of 
 Slavonia. [Written also Sdavqnian.] 
 
 Sla-vo'ni-an, ) a. ( Geog.) (a.) Pertaining to Slavonia, 
 
 61a-v6ii'ie, ) or to its inhabitants, (b.) Pertaining 
 to the Sdavi, who anciently inhabited the country be- 
 tween the Save and Drave ; — applied especially to the 
 language now spoken, in its various dialects, in Russia, 
 Poland, Bohemia, &c. [Written also Sclavonian and 
 Sclavonic] 
 
 Bl(iw, n. [D. sla, slaa, contr. from salade. See SALAD.] 
 Sliced cabbage, served cooked, or uncooked, as a salad. 
 
 Slay, V. t. [imp. slew ; p. p. slain ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SLAYING.] [A.-S. slahan, sleahan, slogan, contr, slean, 
 sl&n, to strike, beat, slay, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. slahan, 
 Sw. sla, Icel. sla..] To put to death by a weapon, or by 
 violence ; hence, to kill ; to destroy. 
 
 Syn. — Tokili; murder; assassinate; slaughter; butcher. 
 
 SlSy'er, n. One who slays ; a killer ; a murderer. 
 
 Sleave, n. [Icel. slefa, a slender thread, Ger. schleife, a 
 knot.] The knotted or entangled part of silk or thread ; 
 silk or thread untwisted. [weavers. 
 
 Sleave, v. t. To separate, as threads ; — a term used by 
 
 Slea'zy, a. [Ger. schleiszig, schlissig, worn out, thread- 
 bare, from scMeiszen, to slit, split, decay.] Wanting 
 firmness of texture or substance ; thin ; flimsy. 
 
 Sl^d, n. [Icel. sledi, 0. H. Ger. slito ; A.-S. slidan, to 
 slide.] 1. A vehicle, moved on runners, used for con- 
 veying heavy loads over the snow ; — in England, called 
 sledge. 'Z, A light seat mounted on runners, used for 
 sliding on snow and ice. 
 
 Sl^d, V. t. [irnp. & p. p. SLEDDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SLEDDING.] To convey or transport on a sled. 
 
 Sludge (slej), n. [A.-S. slecge, from slahan, to strike, 
 beat ; Icel. sleggia.] A large, heavy hammer. 
 
 Sludge (slt'j), n. A vehicle moved on runners, or on low 
 virheels ; as, (a.) A hurdle on which, formerly, traitors 
 ■were drawn to the place of execution. {Eng.} (6.) A 
 sleigh for riding upon snow. 
 
 Sleek, a. [compar. sleeker ; superl. sleekest.] [0. 
 Eng. slick; Icel. ■'^likia, to smooth, polish.] Having an 
 even, smooth surface ; smooth; hence, glossy. 
 
 Sleek, v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. sleeked (slekt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SLEEKING.] 1. To make even and smooth. 2. 
 To render smooth, soft, and glossy. 
 
 Sleek'ly, adv. In a sleek manner ; smoothly. 
 
 Sleek'ness, n. The state or quality of being sleek ; 
 smoothness and glossiness of surface. 
 
 Sleep, V. i. [imp. & p. p. slept ; p.pr. & vb. n. sleep- 
 ing.] [A.-S. slaepan, slapan, Goth, slcpan ; Icel. sofa, 
 Skr. svap, to sleep, Lat. sop ire, to lull to sleep.] 1. To 
 take rest by a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the 
 powers of the body and mind, and an apathy of the or- 
 gans of sense, "i. Hence, to be careless, inattentive, or 
 unconcerned. 3. Hence, also, to be dead. 4. To be 
 unemployed, unused, or unagitated ; to rest. 
 
 Sleep, n. [A.-S. slxp, Goth, sleps, 0. H. Ger. slap.] A 
 natural and healthy, but temporary and periodical sus- 
 pension of the functions of the organs of sense, as well as 
 those of the voluntary and rational soul. 
 Syn. — Slumber; repose; rest. 
 
 Sleep'er, n. 1. One who sleeps ; also, a drone, or lazy 
 person. 3. A piece of timber or stone, on or near the 
 level of the ground, for the support of some superstruct- 
 ure, as joists, &c., or to steady rails or frame-work. 3. 
 {Naut.) One of the knees which connect the transoms to 
 the after-timbers on the ship's quarter. 
 
 Sleep'i-ly, adv. In a sleepy manner ; drowsily. 
 
 Sleep'i-ness, n. State of being sleepy ; drowsiness. 
 
 Sleep'ing,^- «• !• Occupied with sleep, ti. Occupied 
 for sleeping. 
 
 Sleeping partner, a dormant partner. See Dormant. 
 
 Sleep'less, a. 1. Having no sleep ; wakeful. 2. Hav- 
 ing no rest ; perpetually agitated. 
 
 Sleep'Iess-ness, n. Want or destitution of sleep. 
 
 Sleep'-W3,lk'er (-wawk'-), n. A somnambulist, or noc- 
 tambulist ; one who walks in his sleep. 
 
 Sleep'- walk'ing ( -wawk'-), n. Somnambulism ; walk- 
 ing in one's sleep ; noctambulism. 
 
 Sleep'y, a. [compar. SLEEPIER; superl. SLEEPIEST.] 
 1. Drowsy ; inclined to, or overcome by, sleep. 2. Tend- 
 ing to induce sleep ; soporiferous ; somniferous. 
 
 Sleet, n. [A.-S. sliht, from slahan, to strike.] A fall of 
 hail or snow mingled with rain, usually in fine particles. 
 
 Sleet, V. i. To snow or hail with a mixture of rain. 
 
 Sleet'y, a. Consisting of sleet, or bringing sleet. 
 
 Sleeve, n. [A.-S. slef, slyf, slefe, slyfe, from slefan, sly- 
 fan, to put on, to clothe.] 1. The part of a garment 
 that is fitted to cover the arm, 2. Any thing resembling 
 a sleeve. 
 
 To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh privately or unperceived, es- 
 pecially while apparently preserving a grave or eerious de- 
 meanor; that is, perhaps, originally, by hiding the face in th* 
 wide sleeves of former times. 
 
 Sleeve, v. t. To furnish with sleeves ; to put sle«ves 
 into. 
 
 Sleeve'less, a. Having no sleeves. 
 
 Sleid (slad), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SLEIDED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SLEIDING.] [See Sley.] To sley or prepare for use 
 in the weaver's sley. 
 
 Sleigh (sla), n. [L. Ger. slede, slee, slie. See SLED.] A 
 vehicle moved on runners, and used for transporting per- 
 sons or goods on snow or ice ; — in England commonly 
 called a sledge. 
 
 Sleigh'ing (sla'ing), n. 1, State of the snow or ice in 
 winter which admits of running sleighs. 2. Act of 
 riding in a sleigh. 
 
 Sleight (slit), n. [Eng. s/y; Icel. siag'i^, cunning.] 1. 
 An artful trick ; a feat so dexterously performed that the 
 manner of performance escapes observation. 2. Dexter- 
 ous practice ; dexterity. 
 Sleight of hand, legerdemain. 
 
 Slen'der, a. [compar. slenderer; superl. slender- 
 est.] [0. D. slinder, thin, slender, slinderen, slidderen, 
 to creep.] 1. Thin or narrow in proportion to circum- 
 ference or width. 2. Weak ; feeble ; not strong, 3. 
 Moderate ; trivial ; inconsiderable. 4, Small ; inade- 
 quate ; meager. 5. Spare; abstemious; simple. 
 
 S16n.'der-ly, adv. In a slender manner ; slightly ; feebly ; 
 inadequately ; sparely. 
 
 Slen'der-ness, n. State or quality of being slender ; 
 thinness ; weakness ; slightness ; feebleness ; smaUnesa ; 
 insufficiency ; spareness. 
 
 S16pt, imp. & p. p. of sleep. See Sleep. 
 
 Slew, imp. of slay. See Slay. 
 
 Sley (sla), n. [A.-S. slie.] A weaver's reed. 
 
 Sley (sla), v. t. To part the threads of, and arrange them 
 in a reed ; — a term used by weavers. 
 
 Sli^e, V. t. [imp. Sc p. p. SLICED (slTst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SLICING.] [0. H. Ger. slizan, sleizan, to slit, A.-S. 
 slitan.] 1. To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, 
 broad piece from. 2. To cut into parts. 
 
 Sli^e, w. 1. A thin, broad piece cut off. 2. That which 
 is thin and broad, like a slice ; as, (a.) A broad, short- 
 handled fire-pan, for use about fires. (6.) A salver, plat- 
 ter, or tray, (c.) A broad, thin knife for taking up or 
 serving fish, (d.) A spatula, (e.) (Ship-building.) A 
 tapering piece of plank to be driven between the timbers 
 before planking. 
 
 Slick, a. Sleek ; smooth. See Sleek. 
 
 Slick, V. t. To make sleek or smooth. 
 
 Slid, imp. &, p.p. of slide. See SLIDE. 
 
 Slid'den (slidMn), p. p. of slide. See SLIDE. 
 
 Slide, V. i. [imp. slid ; p. p. SLID, SLIDDEN ; p. pr. 
 &f6.n. SLIDING.] [K.-%. sl'idan, GotYi. sliuthan.] 1. 
 To move along the surface of any body by slipping ; to 
 slip ; to glide. 2. Especially, to move over snow or 
 ice with a glib, uninterrupted motion. 3. To pass inad- 
 vertently. 4. To move gently onward without frictioa 
 or hindrance. 5. To slip ; to fall. 
 
 Slide, t'.?. 1. To thrust along; or to thrust by slip- 
 ping. 2. To pass or put imperceptibly ; to slip. 
 
 Slide, n. 1. A smooth and easy passage. 2. One who, 
 or that which, slides ; a slider. 3. Descent of a detached 
 mass of earth or rock down a declivity. 4. (Mus.)A 
 grace consisting of two small notes moving by conjoint 
 degrees, and leading to a principal note either above or 
 below. 
 
 food, f<fbt ; tlrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^haise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiila- 
 
SLIDER 
 
 676 
 
 SLOPE 
 
 Slld'er, fi. Oho who, or that which, slides. 
 
 81id'liiK-r)il4>. n. A luatheniatioal iustrunieut consist- 
 ing of two parts, one of which sliilt^ upon the other, for 
 the mechanical performauco of addition, subtraction, 
 nuiltiplication, and division. 
 
 Slid'liiK-st'ale, «. 1. A scale for raising or lowering 
 imposts in proportion to the fall or rise of prices, ii, A 
 sliding-rule. 
 
 Slight (slit), a. [compar. slighter; sjiperl. SLIGHT- 
 EST.) [Goth, slnihts, smooth, even ; 0. II. Ger. sle/it, 
 smooth, simple ; Icel. slellr.] 1. Not decidedly marked ; 
 inconsiderable ; uuimportaut ; weak ; gentle ; — applied 
 in a great variety of circumstances. "2. Not stout or 
 heavy ; slender. 
 
 Slight (slit), 71. A moderate degree of contempt, mani- 
 fested chieHy by neglect or oversight. 
 
 Syu. — Neglect ; disregard ; inattention ; contempt ; dis- 
 dain ; scorn. 
 
 Sliglit(slit), V. t. [imp. & p. p. SLIGHTED ; p. pr. & 
 1-6. «. SLIGHTING.] To disregard, as of little value and 
 unworthy of notice. 
 
 Syn. — To neglect; disregard; disdain; scorn.— TosZ/g/ii is 
 stronger than to neglect. We may neglect a duty or person 
 from inconsideration, or from being over-occupied in otiier 
 concerns. To slight is always a positive and intentional act, 
 resulting from feelings of disliicc or contempt. We ought to 
 put a kind construction on what appears neglect on the part of 
 a friend; but when he slights us, it is obvious that he is our 
 friend no longer. 
 
 Slight'er (slTt'er), ?». One who neglects. 
 
 Slight'ly (slTt'ly), of/f. In a slight manner; weakly; 
 superficially ; negligently. 
 
 Sliglit'uess (slTt'-), 71. Quality or state of being slight ; 
 weakness ; want offeree or strength ; superficialness. 
 
 SlVly,adv. See Slyly. 
 
 Slim, a. [cow/)a7-. SLIMMER ; sM/jerZ. SLIMMEST.] [D. 
 & M. U. Ger. slim, Icel. slatiir, ill, bad.] 1. Of small 
 diameter or thickness in proportion to the height ; slen- 
 der. 2, U'eak : slight ; unsubstantial. 
 
 Slime, 71. [A.-S. & Icel. slim, 0. H. Ger. slhn, sli/wio.] 
 Soft, moist earth, or clay, having an adhesive quality ; 
 vi-scous mud. 
 
 Slim'i-ness, ". The quality, of being slimj . 
 
 Slim'nes.s, «. State of being sUm ; slenderness. 
 
 Slim'y, a. [cojw/^ar. slimier ; swper^ slimiest.] 1. 
 Abounding with slime ; consisting of slime. 3. Over- 
 spread with slime. 3. Resembling slime ; viscous ; 
 glutinous. 
 
 Sli'ness, n. See Slyness. 
 
 Sling, n. [0. 11. Gev. slinga, Icel. sr67igva,daungva.] 1. 
 An instrument for throwing stones, consisting of a strap 
 and two strings. 2. A throw ; a stroke. 3. A kind of 
 hanging bandage put round the neck, in which a wound- 
 ed arm or hand is sustained. 4. [Naut.) A rope, with 
 hooks, by which a cask or bale is swung in or out of a 
 ship ; also, a rope or iron band used for securing the 
 center of a yard to the mast. 
 
 Sling, n. [Cf. L. Ger. slingen, II. Ger. schlingen, to swal- 
 low.] A drink composed of equal parts of spirit (usually 
 gin) and water sweetened. 
 
 Sling, V. t. [ii7ip. & p. p. slung ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 slinging.] 1. To throw with a sling. 2. To throw; 
 to hurl; to cast. 3. To hang so as to swing. 4. 
 (Naut.) To put in ropes, or suspend, as a cask, gun, or 
 the like. 
 
 Sling'er, n: One who slings, or uses a sling. 
 
 Slink, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SLUNK (SLANK, obs. or rare.) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. ». SLINKING.] [A.-S. slinca7i, 0. II. Ger. 
 slihhan.] 1. To creep away meanly ; to steal away ; to 
 sneak. 2. To miscarry, as a beast. 
 
 Slink, V. t. To cast prematurely ; to miscarry of, as the 
 female of a beast. 
 
 Slip, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SLIPPED (slipt) ; p. pr. & vb n. 
 SLIPPING.] [A.-S. slipan, Goth, sliupan, Icel. sleppa ] 
 1. To move along the surface of a thing without bound- 
 ing, rolling, or stepping ; to slide ; to glide. 2. To move 
 or liy out of place. 3, Tosneak; to slink ; to depart or 
 withdraw secretly. 4. To err ; to fall into error or fault. 
 5. To pass unexpectedly or imperceptibly. 6. To enter 
 by oversight. 7, To escape insensibly ; to be lost. 
 
 Slip, t'. t. 1. To convey secretly. 2. To part from the 
 branches or st<jm, aa a branch of a tree ; to take off. 3. 
 To let loose. 4. To throw off; to disengage one's self 
 from. 5. To suffer abortion of. 
 7b dip OTi, to put on in haate or loosely. 
 
 Slip, n. 1. Act of slipping. 2. An unintentional error 
 or fault. 3. A twig separated from the main stock. 4. 
 A leash or string by which a dog is held. 5. An escape ; 
 
 a secret or unexpected desertion. 6. A long, narrow 
 piece. 7, {Pri7it.) A portion of the columns of a news- 
 paper or other work struck off by itself. 8. Any thing 
 easily slipped on ; as, (a.) A loose garment worn by a fe- 
 male. (6.) A child's pinafore, (c.) An outside covering 
 or case. 9. An opening or space left between wharves 
 or in a dock. [Amer.] 10. A long seat or narrow pew 
 in churches. [A77ier.] 
 
 Slip'-kn5t (-not), n. A knot which slips along the rope 
 or line around which it is made. 
 
 Slip'per,n. 1. One who, or that which, slips. 2. A 
 kind of light shoe, which may be slipped on with easf. 
 3. A kind of iron slide or s^hoe for the wheel of a wagon. 
 
 Slip'per-i-ly, adv. In a slippery manner. 
 
 Slip'per-i-ness, «. 1/ State or quality of being slip- 
 pery ; lubricity ; smoothness ; glibness. 2. Uncertainty ; 
 want of firm footing. 
 
 Slip'per-y, a. 1, Allowing or causing any thing to slip 
 or move smoothly, rapidly, and easily upon the surface 
 of; smooth ; glib. 2. Not affording fiim footing or con- 
 fidence. 3. Liable or apt to shp away. 4. Liable to 
 slip; not standing firm. 5. Unstable; changeable; un- 
 certain. 
 
 Slip'.sli6d, a. 1. "Wearing shoes like slippers, without 
 pulling up the quarters or heels. 2. Hence, careless in 
 manners, style, &c. ; shuflfling. 
 
 Slip'slop, n. [A duplication of slop.] Bad liquor. 
 
 Slit, V. t. [imp. SLIT ; p. p. SLlT, or slitted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. SLITTING.] [A.-S. slitun, slsctan, Icel. slita, 0. 
 II. Ger. slizan, sleizjan.] 1. To cut lengthwise; to cut 
 into long pieces or strips. 2. To cut or make a long fis- 
 sure in or upon. 3. To rend; to spHt ; to cut. 
 
 Slit, n. A long cut ; or a narrow opening. 
 
 Slit'ter, n. One who slits. 
 
 Slit'ting-mill, n. A mill where iron bars, or plates, are 
 slit into narrow strips, as nail-rods, and the like. 
 
 Sliv'er, or Sli'ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. slivered ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SLIVERING.] [Prov. Eng. slive, A.-S. 
 sUfan, to split, cleave.] To cut or divide into long, thiu 
 pieces, or into very small pieces. 
 
 Sliv'er, or Sli'vex*, «. A long piece cut or rent off, or 
 a piece cut or rent lengthwise. 
 
 Sloat, 71. [Cf. L. Ger. slot, slat, D. slot, 0. H. Ger. sloz, 
 a lock, sluz, a shutting, the thing which closes or shuts, 
 and the place where a thing closes or shuts, from L. Ger. 
 sliUe7t,0. H. Ger. sliuzan, to shut, lock, end.] A nar- 
 row piece of timber which holds together large pieces ; 
 
 Slob'ber, 7i. & v. See Slabber. [a slat. 
 
 S16b'lber-y, a. Wet ; sloppy. 
 
 Sloe, n. [A.-S. sla, slahe, 0. H. Ger. sleha ; D. sIeeuu-,'N. 
 11. Ger. schleh, harsh, blunt, dull.] A small, bitter, wild 
 plum, the fruit of the black-thorn. 
 
 Slo'gan, 71 . [Gael, slogan, contr. from sluaghghairm, i. e. , 
 an army-cry.] The war-cry, or gathering-word, of a 
 Highland clan in Scotland. 
 
 Sloop, n. [L. Ger. ship, slitpe, D. 
 sloep, H. Ger. sclihtpe, schalvppe.] 
 (Naut.) A vessel with one mast, the 
 mainsail of which is attached to a 
 gaff above, to a boom below, and to 
 the mast on its foremost edge. 
 
 Slop, 11. [Cf. Ir. & Gael, slaib, mud, 
 dirt.] 1. Water carelessly spilled 
 or thrown about ; a puddle. 2. 
 pi. Dirty water ; water in which 
 any thing has been washed or 
 rinsed. 
 
 Slop, 71. [A.-S. s/o;>, a frock, froms/ft- 
 pa7i, sledpaii, to enter secretly, Icel. 
 sloppr, slipra, a thin garment, 0. H. Ger. slauf, slouph,A 
 garment.] 1. A lower garment, as breeches, trowsers, 
 &c. ; — chiefly in the plural. 2. pi. Hence, ready- 
 made clothes, bedding, and the like. 
 
 Slop, V. t. 1. To cause to overflow, as a liquid, by the 
 motion of the vessel containing it ; to spill. 2. To spill 
 liquid upon. 
 
 Slop, V. i. To overflow or be spilled, as a liquid, by th« 
 motion of the vessel containing it. 
 
 Slope, a. [Allied to A.-S. sloptn, a slipping, sliipan, 
 dsliipa7\, to slide or slip away.] Inclined, or inclining, 
 from a horizontal direction. [Rare.] 
 
 Slope, 71. 1. A line or direction inclining from a hori- 
 zontal line ; properly, a direction downward. 2. Any 
 ground whose surface forms an angle with the plane of 
 the horizon ; a declivity or acclivity. 
 
 Slope, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sloped (slopt) ; p. pr. & i^. 
 71 . SLOPING.] To form with a slope ; to du«ct obliquely ,■ 
 to incline. 
 
 Sloop. 
 
 l,e,&c.,;o7ig-,' h, 6, Sec, short; c^re,far,aslc,all, wliat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,dQ,iv9li^ 
 
SLOPE 
 
 677 
 
 SLUTTISHLY 
 
 Slope, V. i. To take an oblique direction ; to be inclined. 
 
 Slop'ing:, ;?• a. Inclining, or inclined, from a horizontal 
 or other right line ; oblique ; declivous. 
 
 BlSp'py, a. [cowpar. SLOPPIER ; superl. SLOPPIEST.] 
 [Krom slop.] Wet, so as to spatter easily ; muddy ; 
 plashyi [sold. 
 
 SI5p'-sli5p, n. A shop where ready-made clothes are 
 
 SI5sh,n. Thesame as a/maA. See Slush. 
 
 Slot, n. [L. Ger. slot, slat, D. slot, a lock. See Sloat.] 
 A broad, flat, wooden bar ; a slat or sloat. 
 
 S15t, n. [Scot, sleuth, Cf. Icel. slodi, a path, Sax. slating.] 
 {Mack.) A depression or mortise in a plate of metal, or a 
 Blit or aperture through it, for the reception of some part 
 of a machine, either fixed as a key-bolt, or movable as a 
 sliding adjustment. 
 
 S16th,or Slotli(20), n. [A.-S. slewdh, 
 slatvdk, from slaw, slow, q. v.] 1, 
 Slownes.s ; tardiness. 2. Disinclina- 
 tion to action or labor ; sluggishness ; 
 laziness. 3. [Zo'ol.) A South-Amer- 
 ican mammal of about the size of a 
 common cat, so called from the re- 
 markable slowness of its motions. 
 
 S15tli'f ul, or Slotli'f ul, a. Addicted 
 to slotli ; inactive ; sluggish ; lazy ; 
 indolent ; idle. 
 
 SlStli'f ul-ly, or Slotli'f ul-ly, adv. 
 In a slothful manner ; lazily ; slug- 
 gishly ; idly. 
 
 Sldtli'ful-ness, or Slotli'ful- 
 ness, n. State or quality of being 
 slothful ; inactivity ; laziness. Sloth. 
 
 Slouch, n. [See infra.] 1. A depression of the head or 
 of some other part of the body. 3. An awkward, heavy, 
 clownish fellow. 
 
 Slouch, V. i. [imp. & p. p. slouched (sloucht); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SLOUCHING.] [Cf. Eng. slug, slack, and D. 
 slus, slims, slo7is, loose.] To hang down ; to have a down- 
 cast, clownish look, gait, or manner. 
 
 Slouch, V. t. To depress ; to cause to hang down. 
 
 Slough (slou), n. [A.-S. slog, a hollow place, W. yslwch, 
 a slough.] A place of deep mud or mire ; a hole full of 
 mire. 
 
 Slough (siaf), n. [M. H. Ger. slUch, the skin of a serpent, 
 0. D. slooue.] 1, The cast skin of a serpent, ii. (Med.) 
 The part that separates from a foul sore. 
 
 Slough (sluf), V. i. (Surg.) To separate from the sound 
 flesh ; to come off, as the matter formed over a sore. 
 
 Slough'y (slufy), a. Resembling, or of the nature 
 of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from 
 flesh. 
 
 Slov'en (sluv'en or sliiv'n, 58), n. [Prov. Ger. schluf or 
 schluff, 0. D. sloef, slow, squalid, negligent.] A man 
 or boy careless of his dress, or negligent of cleanliness. 
 
 S16v'en-li-ness (siav'en- or .slav/n-), n. State or quality 
 of being slovenly ; habitual want of cleanliness. 
 
 S16v'en-ly (sluv/en- or sluv^n-), a. 1. Negligent of dress 
 or neatness. 3. Loose ; disorderly ; not neat. 
 
 S16v'en-ly (sluv'en- or sluv'n-), adv. In a slovenly 
 manner. 
 
 Slow, a. [cowipar. SLOWER ; swpfrZ. SLOWEST] [A.-S. 
 slaw, sleaw, 0. II. Ger. sleo, slitvo, Icel. slior, sliar, sldr, 
 sld, sldft, allied to Goth, slavan, to be silent ] 1, Not 
 swift ; not quick in motion ; deliberate. 'Z, Not happen- 
 ing in a short time ; late 3. Not read/ ; not prompt. 
 4. Acting with deliberation. 5. Indicating a time later 
 than the true time. 6. Not advancing, growing, or im- 
 proving rapidly. 7. Heavy in wit ; not alert, prompt, or 
 spirited ; wearisome. [Colloq.] 
 
 Syn. — Dilatory; late; lingering; tardy; sluggish; dull; in- 
 active.— S/ojy is the wider term, denoting either a want of 
 rapid motion or inertness of intellect. Dilntory signifies a 
 proneness to rf^/er, a habit of delaying tlie performance of wliat 
 we know must be done. Tardi/ denotes the iiabit of being be- 
 hindhand; as, tardy in making up one's accounts. 
 
 Slo^v, V. t. To render slow ; to retard. 
 
 Slow'ly, adv. In a slow manner ; moderately ; not rap- 
 idly ; not early ; not rashly ; not readily ; tardily. 
 
 Slow'ness, n. The state or quality of being slow ; want 
 of readiness or promptness ; dullness ; deliberation ; dila- 
 toriness; tardiness. 
 
 Slow'- -worm (-wfirm), n. (Zo'ol.) A harmless reptile, 
 having a very brittle body : the blind-worm. 
 
 Sliib, n. A roll of wool slightly twisted. 
 
 Blub, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SLUBBED ; p. pr. be vb. n. 
 BLUBBING.] To draw out and slightly twist ; — applied 
 to wool. 
 
 Sliib'toer, v. t. [D. slobberen, Prov. Ger. schlubbern. 
 
 sMubhen, to work negligently, to lap. Cf. SLABBER.; 
 To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely. 
 
 Sliidge,n. [See Slougii.] 1. Mud; mire; soft mud-, 
 slush, ti. Small floating pieces of ice or snow. 
 
 Slue, V. t. [imp. & p. p. slued ; p. pr. & t*. n. SLU- 
 ING.] [Prov. Eng. shw, to turn round. Cf. Icel. sniia, 
 to turn, bend.] 1. (Naut.) To turn about a fixed point, 
 usually, the center, as a spar or piece of timber, ij. To 
 turn about ; to twist. 
 
 Slue, V. i. To turn about ; to slip or slide and turn from 
 an expected or desired course. 
 
 Slug, n. [Allied to slack.] 1. A drone ; a slow, heavy, 
 lazy fellow. "Z, (Zo'ol.) A kind of snail, very destructive 
 to plants. 
 
 Slug, n. [Prob. from the root of slay, q. v.] A cylin- 
 drical or oval piece of metal, used for the charge of a gun. 
 
 Slug'gard, n. [From slug and the termination ard.] A 
 person habitually lazy, idle, and inactive ; a drone. 
 
 Sliig'gish, a. 1. Habitually idle and lazy. 2. Having 
 little motion. 3. Having no power to move one's self or 
 itself. 4. Stupid; tame; simple. 
 
 Syn. — Inert; idle; lazy; slothful; indolent; dronish; slow; 
 dull; drowsy; inactive. See Inert. 
 
 Slug'gish-ly, adv. In a sluggish manner ; lazily. 
 
 Slug'gish-ness, n. 1. State of being sluggish ; sloth; 
 dullness. 2. Inertness ; slowness. 
 
 Sluice, n. [0. Fr. escluse. Low Lat. excln-ia, sclusa, from 
 Lat. excludere, exclusum, to shut out.] 1. An artificial 
 passage for water fitted with a sliding valve or gate, for 
 regulating the flow. U. Hence, any opening ; that from 
 which any thing flows. 3. The stream which flows 
 through a flood-gate. 4. Hence, any stream, or any thing 
 regarded as flowing in a stream. 
 
 Sluice, V. t. [imp. & p.p. sluiced (slust) ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. sluicing.] To wet copiously, as by opening a sluice ; 
 to overwhelm. 
 
 Slui'^y , a. Falling in streams, as from a sluice. 
 
 Sliizn., n. [Said to be a contr. of asylum, as vulgarly pro- 
 nounced with the accent on the first syllable ; but cf. 
 Slump.] A back street of a city, especially one filled 
 with a poor, dirty, and vicious population. 
 
 Sliiin'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. SLUMBERED; p. pr. & 
 f6. n. slumbering.] [0. Eng. slomber, slomer, A.-^. 
 slumerian, from sluma, slumber ; Icel. slyma, to remain 
 at ease.] 1. To sleep lightly ; to doze. 2o To sleep. 3. 
 To be in a state of negligence, sloth, supineness, or inac- 
 tivity, [sound; repose 
 
 Slunti'ber, n. Light sleep ; sleep that is not deep or 
 
 Slum'ber-er, n. One who slumbers ; a sleeper. 
 
 Slum'ber-ous, a. Inviting slumber ; soporiferous. 
 
 Slump, r. i. [imp. & p. p. slumped (sliimpt, 84); j>. 
 pr. & vb. n. slumping.] [Scot, slump, a dull noise 
 produced by something falHng into a hole, a marsh 
 swamp. Cf. Icel. slumpaz, slembaz, to be jolted sud- 
 denly.] To fall or sink suddenly through or in, as when 
 walking on snow, ice, a bog, &c 
 
 Slung, imp. & p. p. of sling. See Sling. 
 
 Sliing'-shot, n. A metal ball of small size, with a string 
 attached, used for striking. 
 
 Sliink, imp. & p. p. of slink. See SLINK. 
 
 Sliir, V. t. [imp. & p. p. slurred ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SLURRING.] [Prov. Ger. schlvren, schl'dren, schlurren, 
 L. Ger. sluren, sloren, slurren, D. sleuren,slor€n, to train, 
 drag, to do negligently and slovenly.] 1. To soil; to 
 sully ; to contaminate ; to disgrace. 2. To pass lightly ; 
 to conceal. 3. (Mus.) To sing or perform in a smooth, 
 gliding style. 
 
 Sliir, K. 1. A mark or stain ; hence, slight reproach or 
 disgrace; also, a reproachful intimation; an innuendo 
 2. A trick played upon a person. 3. (Mus.) A mark, 
 thus [^^^^ or ^-^-^N ], connecting notes that are to be 
 sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued 
 breath ; a tie. 
 
 Sliish, n. [See Sludge and Slough.] 1. Soft mud; 
 sludge; slosh. 2. A mixture of snow and water. 3. 
 A soft mixture of grease and other materials, for lubri- 
 cation. 4. Refuse grease and fat, especially from salt 
 meat. 5. (Mach.) A mixture of white lead and lime, 
 with which the bright parts of machines are painted to 
 be preserved from oxidation. 
 
 Slush, V. t. 1. To smear with slush or grease. 2. (Mach.) 
 To paint with a mixture of white lead and lune. 
 
 Slut, n. [Prov. Ger. schlutte, schlutze, schlotte ; D. slet, a 
 rag, a slut, 0. D. slodde, a slut.] 1. An untidy woman ; 
 a slattern. 2. A female dog ; a bitch. 
 
 Sliit'tish, a. Like a slut ; untidy ; careless ; disorderly. 
 
 Sliit'tish-ly, adv. In a sluttish manner ; negligently. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, phaise, eali, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link ; this- 
 
SLirmSHNESS 
 
 678 
 
 sivnx 
 
 Klilt'tlsli-ness, m. Quality or stat* of bt>iug sluttish. 
 Slv. a. [coffiixtr. SLYER; .M//)<r.'. SLYEST.] [H. Ger. 
 Sfklau, Ict'l. slagr. Of. SLEIGHT.] 1. Dexterous in 
 IMTforuiing au action so as to osoa^H) notice; nimble; 
 skillful; cautious; shn^wd ; knowing. "2. Artfully cun- 
 uuig ; secretly mis^-hievous ; iusidious. 3. Done with, 
 and marked by, artful and dexterous secrecy. 
 Oh the s/v. i" « sly or secret inauner. 
 Syn. — Cunning; crafty; subtile; wily. See CuNNlNO. 
 
 Slr'-bdots, n. A sly, cunning, or waggish person. 
 
 Slj^ly, adv. In a sly manner ; craftily ; insidiously. 
 
 Sly'iiess, n. State or quality of being sly ; cunning. 
 
 t!>mftrk, f. t. [imp. & p. p. smacked (smjtkt) ; p. pr. & 
 t'6. »i. SMACKING.] [A.-S. smeccan, to taste, Icel. S7)mcka, 
 0. 11. Ger. smtcchan.] 1. To kiss with a loud sound; 
 to buss. "2. To make a noise by the separation of the 
 lips, after tasting any thing. 3. To be tinctured with 
 any p.nrticular taste. 4. To have, or exhibit, natural 
 indications of the presence or influence. 
 
 Ie>iii:\ck, f . t. 1. To kis.^ with a sharp noise ; to buss. 2. 
 To make a noise with, as the lips, by separating them in 
 the act of kissing or after tasting. 3. To make a sharp 
 noise by striking ; to crack. 
 
 Sinftck, n. 1. A loud kiss ; a buss. 3. A quick, sharp 
 noi.se, as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a ! 
 whip. 3. Taste ; flavor ; savor. 4. A quick, smart j 
 blow ; a slap. 
 
 Sni^ck, n. [D. stnak, H. Ger. sch77iacke, schmake, Fr. 
 sewaquf, A.-S. .snacc, Icel. S7mkr, f:neckia.] (Naut.) A 
 small coasting or fishing vessel, commonly rigged as a ■ 
 .sloop. 
 
 Small, a. [compar, SMALLER; superl. SMALLEST.]! 
 [A.-S. smdl, smal, smeal, Goth, smals, Icel. smar, allied i 
 to Slav. mal\] 1. Not large or extended in dimensions ; j 
 httle in quantity or degree ; minute in bulk. 2. Being 
 of slight consequence ; feeble in influence or importance. | 
 3. Evincing httle worth or ability. 4. Not prolonged in j 
 duration. 5. Weak ; slender ; gentle ; not loud. 
 
 Small bfer, a kind of weak hcer.— Small talk, light or tri- | 
 fling conversation; chit-chat. 
 
 ness; keenness ; quickness ; vigor ; liveliness ; briskness : tL 
 vncity; wittmess. 
 
 Smlish, V. t. [imp. & p.p. smashed (smSsht); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SMASHING.] [From the root of smite, q. v.j 
 To break in pieces by violence ; to dash to pieces ; to 
 crush. 
 
 Smiish, n. A breaking to pieces ; utter destruction. 
 
 Smat'ter, v. i. [Ger. schmetlern, to dash, crash, to 
 warble, quaver; from the root of smite.] 1. To talk 
 superficially or ignorantly. '2. To have a shght taste, or 
 a slight, superficial knowledge. 
 
 SmJit'ter, n. Slight, superficial knowledge. 
 
 Smat'ter-er, n. One who has only a slight, superficial 
 knowledge ; a sciolist. 
 
 Smitt'ter-ing, n. A slight, superficial knowledge. 
 
 Smear, v. t. [ijiip. & p. p. smeared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SMEARING.] [A.-S. smeru'ian, smerian, smirian, smyri- 
 gan, from smeru, fat, grease.] 1. To overspread with 
 any thing unctuous, viscous, or adhesive; to besmear; to 
 daub. '2. To soil ; to pollute. 
 
 Smear, n. A spot made by an unctuous or adheeiv* sob- 
 stance, or as if by such a substance. 
 Syn. — Blot; blotch; patch; daub; stain. 
 
 Sm^Il, V. t. [imp. & p. p. smelled, smelt \ p.pr. &, 
 vb. »i. SMELLING.] [L. Ger. sme/len, smelen, smolen, 
 schmelen, to smoke, to reek: D. smeule7i,to smolder.] 
 1. To perceive by the nose ; to have a sen.sation excited 
 of, by means of the nasal organs. 2. To perceive as if 
 by the smell ; to give heed to. 
 
 Smell. V. i. 1. To affect the olfactory nerves ; to have 
 an odor or particular scent. 2. To have a particvdar 
 tincture or smack of any quality. 3. To exercise the 
 sense of smell. 
 
 Sm^ll, n. 1. Sense by which certain quaUties of bodies 
 are perceived through the instrumentaUty of the olfac- 
 tory nerves. 2. The quality of any thing, or emanation 
 therefrom, which affects the olfactory organs. 
 Syn.— Scent; odor; perfume; fragrance. 
 
 Smfill'er, n. 1. One who smells. 2. The organ of the 
 sense of smell ; the nose. 
 
 Syn. — Diminutive ; unimportant ; trivial ; insignificant ; Smgll'ing, 7i. The sense by which odors are perceived : 
 
 paltry; mean; short; fine. the .sense of smell. 
 
 Small, n. The small or slender part of a thing. ' Sm61t, imp. & p. p. of smell. See Smell. 
 
 Small'-arm§, n. pi. Muskets, rifles, pistols, &c., in I Smelt, n. (IcA</i.) A small ; 
 
 distinction from cannon. j allied to the salmon. It is of 
 
 Small'ness, tj. The state of being small; littleness; a silvery white color, and is 
 
 diininutiveness ; inconsiderablene.ss. I highly esteemed as delicate ' 
 
 Small'-pox, n. [From s772aU, and pox, pocks.] {Med.)\ food. It emits a peculiar odor, Smelt 
 
 A disease consisting of a constitutional febrile affection, i whence the name. 
 
 and a cutaneous eruption ; variola. ■ Smelt, ^•. t. [imp. & p. p. SMELTED; p. pr. & vb. v. 
 
 Smalt, n. [From 0. II. Ger. S7naltja7i, smalzja7i, for i SMELTING.] [M. D. smeUen, Icel. sinelta, 0. H. Ger. 
 
 srrielzan, to melt. See SMELT.] Common glass tinged i smelzan. Cf. Melt.] To melt as ore, for the purpo.se 
 
 of a fine deep blue, by the protoxide of cobalt ground j of separating the metal from extraneous substances. 
 
 fine, and iLsed as a pigment in various arts. Smelt'er, n. One who melts ore. 
 
 Sma-rag'diiie, a. [Gr. cr/xapaySn/os, from crfxapayfio?, Smelt'er-y, n. A house or place for smelting ores. 
 
 emerald.] Pertaining to emerald ; consisting of emerald, Smerk, n. An affected smile. See Smirk. 
 
 or resembling it. 
 
 Smick'er, v. i. [Icel. smeikr, slippery, 0. Ger. schmeichen, 
 
 Smart, n. [D. smart, smert, 0. H. Ger. smerza, allied to ' to flatter.] To look amorously or wantonly. 
 RuJss. smertj, Lat. mors, death.] 1. Quick, pungent, SmVlaac, n. [Lat. ; Gr. ajxlka^.] (Bot.) A genus of 
 i:™i.. „„:„ n a ^ — :„„f_:„j , evergreen, climbing shrubs, found in the Warm and tem- 
 
 perate parts of both hemispheres. 
 
 Uvely pain. 2. Severe, pungent pain of mind. 
 
 Smart, v. i. [imp. & p. p. smarted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SMARTING.] 1. To feel a lively, pungent pain, particu- 
 larly a pungent, local pain from some piercing or irritat- 
 ing appUcation. 2. To feel a pungent pain of mind. 
 3. To be punished. 
 
 Smart, o. [compar. smarter ; superl. SMARTEST.] 
 1. Causing a keen, local pain. 2. Severe; poignant. 
 3. Vigorous : sharp. 4. Accomphshing, or able to ac- 
 complish, results quickly ; active ; efficient. 5. Marked 
 
 . by acutene-ss or shrewdness ; quick in suggestion or re- 
 ply ; vivacious ; witty. 6. Showy ; dashy ; spruce. 7, 
 Brisk ; fresh. 
 
 Syn. — Pungent ; quick ; lively ; keen ; clever. —Smart 
 ha* been much used in New England to describe a person who 
 18 uiU'lligent, vigorous, and active; an, a. smart young fellow, 
 a gmart workman, &c , coinciding very nearly with the Eng- 
 JjKh sense of clever. The nearest approach to this in England 
 
 Smile, V. ?. [i77ip. & p. p. smiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. smil- 
 ing.] [0. Ger. schmielen, schmiereTi, allied to Skr. smi, 
 to laugh.] 1. To contract the features of the face in 
 such a manner as to express pleasure, moderate joy, or 
 love and kindness. 2. To express slight contempt by a 
 look implying sarcasm or pity. 3. To look gay and 
 joyous. 4. To be propitious ; to favor ; to coui^tenance. 
 Smile, V. t. To express by a smile. 
 Smile, 71. 1. Act of smiling ; a peculiar contraction of 
 the features of the face, which naturally expresses pleas- 
 ure, moderate joy, approbation, or kindness. 2. A some- 
 what similar expression of countenance, indicative of 
 satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings, as con- 
 tempt, scorn, &c. 3. Favor; countenance ; propitious- 
 ness. 4. Gay or joyous appearance. 
 
 is in such expressions as, he was «marr(pungent o7 wrtfy)'in i Smil'iiig-ly, adv. In a smiling manner ; with a smUe or 
 
 his reply, Ac. But smart and smartness, when applied to per- ' look of pleasure. 
 
 bfjns, are more commonly used in reference todress; a«, a smart \ Smirch (18), v. t. [From the root of smear, q. v.] To 
 
 appearance, &c. j ^j^^^ . ^^ ^^^^ . ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 Smart ly, adv. In a smart manner ; keenly; sharply ; ; Smirk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. smirked (smTrkt) ; p. pr. &, 
 actjvcy ; wittily ; showily. j ri. n. SMIRKING.] [K.-^.S7nercian, smearicia7i. Cf. M. 
 
 bmart -monkey (-mun'-), n. Money paid by a person to | H. Ger. smieren, S7nielen, 0. Ger. sch7nieren, schmielen, 
 buy himself off from some unplea.sant engagement or; to .smile.] To look affectedly soft or kind ; to smUe in an 
 w.rne painful situation. affected or conceited manner. [per. 
 
 »mart'neHg. n. Quality of being smart or pungent. | Smirk, n. An affected, conceited, or silly smile ; a sim- 
 
 S yn.— Pungency; poignancy; tartness; sharpness ; acute- '■ Smit, p. p. of smite. See SMITE. 
 
 a, e, tcc.^loTig; a, g, &e.,4hort; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veU, tSrm ; pique, firm ; s6n, &r, do, wolt 
 
SMITE 
 
 679 
 
 SNAP 
 
 Smite, V. t. [imp. smote ; p. p. smitten, rarely 
 SMIT ; p. pr. & vb. n. SMITING.] [A.-S. s^nitan, 0. II. 
 Ger. smizan.] 1. To throw, drive, or force the fist or 
 hand, or stone or weapon, against; to strike. t2. To 
 slay by a blow ; to kill. 3. To beat oi put to rout in 
 battle. 4. To blast. 5. To afflict; to chasten; to 
 punish. 6. To strike or affect with passion, as love or 
 
 Smite, V. i. To strike ; to collide. [fear. 
 
 Smit'er, n. One who smites or strikes 
 
 Smitli, n. [A.-S. smidh, Goth, smitha, Icel. smidhr, 0. 
 H. Ger. smit^ smid.] One who forges with the hammer ; 
 one who works in metals. 
 
 Smitli'er-y, n. 1. The workshop of a smith ; a smithy. 
 
 2. Work done by a smith. 
 
 Smitli'y, n. [A.-S. smidhdhe, Icel. smidia, 0. H. Ger. 
 
 smitta.] The shop of a smith ; a smithery. 
 Smitt, n. [H. Ger. schmitz, schmitze, from smitten, 
 
 schmitzen, to besmear.] Fine clay or ocher made up 
 
 into balls, used for marking sheep. 
 SmXt'ten (smTt'tn), p. p. of smite. 1. Struck; killed. 
 
 3. Affected with some passion ; especially, affected by 
 the passion of love ; enamored. 
 
 Sm5ck, n. [A.-S. smocc, 0. H. Ger. smoccho, Icel. 
 smokkr.] 1. A woman's under garment ; a shift ; a 
 chemise. 2. A blouse. 
 
 Sm5ck'-frock, n. A coarse linen frock or shirt worn 
 over the coat by farm -laborers. 
 
 Smoke (20), n. [A.-S. stnocca, smeoc, sm.8c, smyc, from 
 syneocan, to smoke.] 1. The exhalation, visible vapor 
 or substance that escapes or is expelled from a burning 
 body. 3. That which resembles smoke, as vapor or 
 watery exhalations. 
 
 Smoke, v. i. [imp. & p. p. smoked (smokt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SMOKING.] 1. To emit smoke. 2. Hence, to 
 burn; to be kindled; to rage. 3. To raise a dust or 
 smoke by rapid motion. 4. To use tobacco in a pipe or 
 cigar. 
 
 Smoke, v. t. 1. To apply smoke to : to scent, medicate, 
 or dry by smoke. 2. To burn and draw into the mouth 
 and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco ; to burn or use 
 in smoking. 3. To subject to the operation of smoke, 
 for the purpose of annoying or driving out. 
 
 Smoke'-jack, n. A contrivance for turning a spit by 
 means of a fly or wheel turned by the current of ascend- 
 ing air in a chimney. 
 
 Smok'er, n. 1. One who dries by smoke. 2. One who 
 uses tobacco by inhaling its smoke from a pipe or cigar. 
 
 Smok'i-ly, adv. In a smoky manner. 
 
 Smok'i-ness, n. The state of being smoky. 
 
 Smok'j^, a. [rompar. SMOKIER ; superl. SMOKIEST.] 
 1. Emitting smoke. 2. Having the appearance or na- 
 ture of smoke. 3. Filled with smoke, or with a vapor 
 resembling it. 4. Subject to be filled with smoke from 
 the chimneys or fire-places. 5. Tarnished with smoke. 
 
 Smol'cler, ) v. i. [Prov. Ger. schtnolen, for schmoren, 
 
 Smoiil'der, f D. smeu^ew, to smolder.] To waste away 
 by a slow and suppressed combustion. 
 
 Smdbtii, a. [coinpar. SMOOTHER; superl. SMOOTH- 
 EST.] [A.-S. smcdke, smsedhe.] 1. Having an even 
 surface ; not rough. 2. Gently flowing ; not ruffled 
 or obstructed. 3. Flowing or uttered without stops, 
 obstruction, or hesitation. 4. Bland ; mild ; soothing. 
 
 Syn. — Even ; plain ; level ; flat ; polished ; glossy ; sleek; 
 soft; voluble; flattering; adulatory; deceptive. 
 
 Smobtb, V. t. [imp. & p. p. smoothed \ p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. smoothing.] To make smooth ; to make even on 
 the surface by any means; hence, (a.) To make easy. 
 {b.) To make flowing. 
 
 Smobtii'ly, adv. In a smooth manner; evenly ; unob- 
 structedly ; blandly ; flatteringly. 
 
 Smobtli'ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
 smooth ; evenness of surface ; softness or mildness ; gen- 
 tleness ; blandness. 
 
 Smote, imp. of smite. See SMITE. 
 
 Smdtii'er (smuth/er), t>. ^ [imp. & j9. |9. smothered ; 
 p.pr. & vb. 71. smothering.] [Allied to 0. Eng. smoor, 
 smore, to suffocate, A.-S. smorian.] 1. To destroy the 
 life of by suffocation. 2. To affect as by suffocation; 
 to stifle. 3. Hence, to repress the action of; to cover 
 from the view of the public ; to suppress. 
 
 Smdtt'er (smuth/er), ^•. i. 1. To be suffocated or 
 stifled. 2. To be suppressed or concealed. 3. To burn 
 slowly, without sufficient air and smoke- to smolder. 
 
 Smoul'der, v. i. See Smolder. 
 
 Szaiig, a. [L. Ger. smuck, R. Ger. schmuc]^.] Studiously 
 neat or nice ; spruce ; affectedly nice. 
 
 Smug'gle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. smuggled ; p.pr. 8c 
 
 vb. n. smuggling.] [L. Ger. smvggeln,T>. smokkelen, 
 II. Ger. schmuggeln, from Sw. smyga, to introduce or 
 convey secretly, A.-S. smedgan, sm^gan, smiian, to 
 creep, to flow or spread gradually, Icel. smiiiga, to pen- 
 etrate, creep.] 1. To import or export secretly, contrary 
 to the law ; or without paying the duties imposed by 
 law. 2. To convey, or introduce, clandestinely. 
 
 Smug'gler, n. 1. One who imports or exports goods 
 privately and contrary to law. 2. A vessel employed in 
 smuggling. 
 
 Smut, rt. [M. H. Ger. smuz, A.-S. smitta; D. smet, a 
 spot or stain, smodderen, to smut.] 1. Foul matter, liki; 
 soot or coal-dust, or the spot or soil which this makes. 
 2. (Bot.) A parasitic fungus, which forms on grain, 
 blasting it. 3. Obscene or filthy language ; ribaldry ; 
 obscenity. 
 
 Smut, V. t, [imp. & p. p. smutted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 smutting.] 1, To stain or mark with smut. 2. To 
 taint with mildew, as grain. 3. To blacken ; to tarnish. 
 
 Smut, V. i. 1. To gather or be converted into amut. 
 2. To give off smut ; to crock. 
 
 Smutch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. smutched (smiicht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. smutching.] [From smoke, q. v.] To 
 blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. 
 
 Smutcli, n. Stain ; dirty spot. 
 
 Smiit'ti-ly, adv. 1. In a smutty manner ; smokily ; 
 foully. 2. AVith obscene language ; obscenely. 
 
 Smut'ti-iiess, n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
 smutty. 2. Obsceneness of language. 
 
 Smut'ty, a. [compar. SMUTTIER ; superl. SMUTTIEST.] 
 1. Soiled with smut, coal, soot, or the like. 2, Tainted 
 with mildew. 3. Obscene. 
 
 Sn3,ck, n. [0. & Prov. Eng. snack, to snatch, allied to 
 sjiap.] A share ; an equal part or portion ; — obsolete, 
 except in the colloquial phrase, go snacks, to take part. 
 
 Sniffle, n. [L. Ger. snuff, snuffe,S7ivff, a snout, nose, 
 snuffeln, to snuffle, 0. H. Ger. snabul, beak, biU, snout.] 
 
 1. A bridle consisting of a slender bit-mouth, without 
 ^*>branches. 2. A snaffle-bit. 
 
 Snaffle, V. t. [imp. & p.p. SNAFFLED; p.pr. & vb. 
 
 n. SNAFFLING.] To bridle ; to hold or manage with a 
 
 bridle. 
 Snaf fle-lbit, n. A kind of slender bit, having a joint in 
 
 the part to be placed in the mouth. 
 Snig, 71. [From Gael. & Ir. snaigli,S7iaidh, to cut down, 
 
 to prune, to sharpen, p. p. snaigkthe, snaidhte, cut off, 
 
 lopped.] 1. A short branch, or a sharp or rough branch. 
 
 2. A tooth, in contempt ; or a tooth projecting beyond 
 the rest. 3. The trunk of a large tree fixed to the bot- 
 tom of a river at one end, and rising nearly or quite to 
 the surface at the other end, by which vessels are often 
 pierced and sunk. [Amer.] 
 
 Snag, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SNAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SNAGGING.] To injure or destroy by or upon a snag. 
 [Ainer.^ 
 
 Snag'ged, a. Full of snags ; snaggy. 
 
 Snag'gy, a. Full of snags ; full of short, rough branches 
 or sharp points ; abounding with knots. 
 
 Snail, n. [A.-S. snagel, snegel, 
 sndgl. S7tsel, dim. of snaca, 
 snake.] 1, {Zoo I.) An air- 
 breathing mollusk, which ' 
 moves very slowly by creeping. 
 The eyes of this animal are in 
 the horns, one at the end of* 
 each, which it can retract at 
 pleasure. Some of them have 
 shells, others do not. 2. Hence Snail, 
 
 a^one ; a sluggard ; a lazy, slow-moving person. 
 
 Snail'-like, adv. In the manner of a snail ; slowly. 
 
 Snake, >i. [A.-S. snaca, from S7iacan, snica7i, to creep, to 
 sneak.] A serpent of the oviparous kind, distinguished 
 from a viper. 
 
 Snake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snaked (snakt), p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SNAKING.] 1. To drag or draw, as a snake from 
 a hole. itAmer.] 2. (iVai^^.) To wind round spirally, ae 
 ajarge rope -with a smaller one, or with cord. 
 
 Snake'robt, Ji. (JSot.) One of several plants of differ- 
 ent genera and species, most of which are, or were for- 
 merly, reputed to be efficacious as remedies for the bites 
 of serpents. 
 
 Snak'y, a. 1. Pertaining to a snake, or to snakes; re- 
 sembling a snake ; serpentine ; winding. 2. Sly ; cun- 
 ning ; insinuating. 3. Covered with serpents ; having 
 
 Snap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snapped (snapt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SNAPPING.] [L. Ger. & D. snappeti, Icel. snapa.] 
 1. To break short, as substances that are brittle. 2. 
 
 food, f obi; iirn, rude, pull ; (ell, pliaise, -eaU, e«lio, gem, g:et; a§; ejist; linger, link; tiiU. 
 
8NAr 
 
 G80 
 
 SNOW-BALL 
 
 To strike with a 8b»rp soiuul. :l. To bite or seize sud- , 
 
 denlv.espwially with the teeth. 4. To ci-ack; as, to j 
 
 snap & wtiip. | 
 
 r«> ,«m«/' onf w/), to treat with sharji wortls; to interrupt sud- j 
 
 Buftp, <•• •• 1. To bn»ak short : to part asuuder sudden- i 
 Iv. 'i. To make ail effort to bite. 3. To utter sliarp, j 
 harsh, augrv words. 1 
 
 Suftp, M. 1. A sudden brenking of any substance. "2, . 
 A sudden leeiiiug. or effort to seize, with the teeth. 3. j 
 A crack of a whip, or a siuiihir sound. 4. A sudden ; 
 and seYeri' interval, as of cold weather. [Amrr.] 5. A ! 
 Fuiall catch or fastening, as of a bracelet. 6. A crisp 
 kind of ginp»>rbread nut or cake. 
 Snftp'-tlrftg-oii, II. 1. (Bot.) A plant, the showy corol- j 
 las of some sj>ecies of which resemble the face of an ani- j 
 uial or a ma.<k. ii. A play in which raisins or sweet- ' 
 meats are snatched from burning brandy, and put into 
 the mouth. 
 £«nap'pish,«. 1. Eager to bite ; apt (o snap. 2. Sharp 
 
 iu reply ; apt to speak angrily or tartly. 
 Su;'\p'pish-ly, adv. In a snappish manner ; peevishly ; 
 
 angrily ; tartly. 
 Siiftp'pisli-iiess, n. The quality of being snappish. 
 SiiSre (4), n. [Icel. snnra, snare ; 0. II. Ger. snare, sner, 
 a string, .<f7i«ra/(/ia, a noose; Goth. s?ior;'o, a string.] 1, 
 A contrivance consisting often of a noose of cords, by 
 which a bird or other creature may be entangled ; a trap ; 
 a catch ; a wile. ti. Hence, any thing b^" wliich one is 
 entangled and brought into trouble. 3. The gut or : 
 string stretched across the lower head of a drum. j 
 
 Siiftre, V. t. [imp. & p. p. snared ; p. pr. & vb. n. j 
 SN.^RlNG.] To catch with a snare ; to entangle ; to bring 
 into unexpected evil, perplexity, or danger. 
 Suarl, V. I. [imp. & p. p. snarled ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SNARLING.] [L. Ger. & 0. D. snarren.] 1. To growl, 
 as an augry or surly dog ; to gnarl. 2. To speak roughly. 
 Suarl, V. t. [From snare, \. t.] 1. To entangle ; to 
 
 complicate. 2. To embarrass ; to insnare. 
 Snarl, n. A knot or complication of liair, thread, or the 
 hke, which it is difficult to disentangle; hence, embar- 
 rassing difficulty. 
 Suarl'er, v. One who snarls ; a surly, growling animal ; 
 
 a grumbling, quarrelsome fellow. 
 SxUltcli, V. I. [imp. & p. p. SNATCHED (sniicht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SNATCHING.] [0. & Prov. Eng. snack, to 
 snatch. See Snack, 7i.] 1. To .seize hastily, abruptly, 
 or without permission or ceremony. 2. To seize and 
 transport away. 
 
 Sjii. — To twitch ; pluck; pull; catch; grasp; gripe. 
 Snatch, n. 1. A hasty catch or seizing. 2. A catching 
 at or attempt to seize suddenly. 3. A short period of 
 vigorous action. 4. A small piece, fragment, or quan- 
 tity. 
 Suatcli'-bloclc, n. (Naut.) A kind of block used in 
 ehips, having an opening in one £id« to receive the bight 
 of a rope. 
 Snatch'er, n. One who snatches or takes abruptly. 
 Su&tli, n. [K.-^. snxd.] The handle of a scj'the. [New 
 
 Eng.] 
 t»iieak, V. i. [imp. & p. p. sneaked (108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. sneaking.] [\.-S. snican, snacan, 0. H. GeT.snalian, 
 sna/ihan. Of S.nake.] 1. To creep or s^eal away pri- 
 vately. 2. To behave with meanness and servility. 
 Sneak, n. A mean, sneaking fellow. 
 Sneak'ing, p. a. 1. Marked by cowardly concealment ; 
 
 mean : servile ; crouching. 2. Covetous ; niggardly. 
 Sueak'ing-ly, adv. In a sneaking manner ; meanly. 
 Sneer, f. t. [itnp. & p. p. sneered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 sneering.] [Cf. 5no/<, to laugh loudly.] 1. To show 
 contempt by turning up the nose, or l)y a particular cast 
 of couritenance. 2. To insinuate contempt by a covert 
 expression. 
 
 Syn. — To Rcoff" ; jeer ; %uy^. — The verb to me.tr implies to 
 •a«t conttTii t indirectly or bj' covert expressions. To jaer is 
 etronger. and denotes the use of severe sarcastic reflections. 
 To «coi^in Fironger ttill, imply ing the use of insolent mockery 
 and derision. 
 Sneer, n. 1. A look of contempt, disdain, derision, or 
 
 ridicule. 2. An expression of ludicrous scorn. 
 Sneer'er, n. One who sneers. 
 
 Sneer'ing-ly, adv. With a look of contempt or scorn. 
 Sneez<;, f . »'. [imp. & p. p. sneezed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SNEEZING.] [Cf. A.-S./nf<5.<an, to Bneo/.e, fnedsun^, 
 a sneezing.] To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audi- 
 bly and violently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive 
 force, occasioned by irritation of the inner membrane of 
 the nose. 
 
 Snipe. 
 
 yot to be sneezed at, not to be despised or contemned ; Hd 
 
 to be treated lightly. {Colloq.'\ 
 Sneeze, n. A sudden and violent jyection of air, chiefly 
 
 through the nose, with an audible .sound. 
 Snick'er, r. /. [I'rov. Ger. sdmicktrn, from schnicken, 
 
 to move quickly.] 1. To laugh slyly. 2. To laugh 
 
 with small, audible catches of voice, as when persons at 
 
 tempt to suppress loud laughter. 
 Snick'er, 7i. A half-suppressed broken laugh. 
 Sniff, V. i. [See Snuff.] To draw air audibly up th« 
 
 nose ; to snuff. 
 Sniff, V. t. 1. To draw in with the breath through the 
 
 nose. 2. To perceive as by sniffing ; to scent ; to smell : 
 
 to snuff. 
 Sniff, n. Perception by sniffing ; that which is taken by 
 
 sniffing. 
 Snift, V. i. [From sni^, supra.] To sniff; to snuff; tc 
 
 smell. 
 Snig'ger, v. i. To laugh in a half-suppressed broken 
 
 manner ; to snicker. 
 Snig'ger, n. [See Snicker.] A half-suppressed broken 
 
 laugh ; a snicker. 
 Snip. V. t. [imp. & p. p. snipped (snipt) ; p. pr. & vh. 
 
 n. snipping.] [D. snippen, Ger. schnippen, srhnippsen.J 
 
 To cut off the nip of, or to cut off at once with shears or 
 
 scissors ; to cut off; to nip. 
 Snip, 7t. 1. A single cut, as with shears or scissors, a 
 
 clip. 2. A small shred ; a bit cut off. 
 Snipe, 71. [From L. Ger. snebbe, 
 
 snibbe, H. Ger. sclinebbe, sc/inibbe, 
 
 schneppe, bill, beak ; — so named 
 
 from its long bill.] (Ornitli.) A 
 
 bird that frequents the banks of 
 
 rivers and the borders of fens, dis- 
 tinguished by its long, straight, 
 
 slender bill. 
 Snip'per-snsip/per, n. A small 
 
 insignificant fellow. [ Colloq.] 
 Sniv'el (snifv'l),n. [A.-S. snyfling., 
 
 snofel. Cf. Sniff and Snuffle.] 
 
 Mucus running from the nose ; snot. 
 Sniv'el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sniveled ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 
 sniveling.] 1. To run at the nose. 2, To cry or 
 
 whine as children. 
 Sniv'«l-er, n. 1. One who cries with sniveling. 2. On* 
 
 who weeps for slight causes. 
 Snob, n. [Prov. Eng. snob, snot, snot, a miserable fel- 
 low. See Sniff.] An affected and pretentious person ; 
 
 esper.ially, a vulgar person, who apes gentility, or affects 
 
 the intimacy of noble or distinguished persons ; an up- 
 start ; a parvenu. 
 SnSb'bisli, a. Belonging to, or resembling, a snob. 
 Snob'bisli-ness, n. The quality of being snobbish ; the 
 
 character or habits of a snob. 
 Snooze, n. [Scot, snooze, to sleep, a modification of Eng. 
 
 5rtMjf, to snort.] A short sleep ; a nap ; slumber. [Prov, 
 
 Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 
 Snooze, v. i. To sleep; to doze ; to drowse. [Colloq.'\ 
 Snore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. snored ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SNORING.] [A.-S. 5nora, a snoring ; M. II. Ger. .marken^ 
 
 N. H. Ger. srhnarchen, allied to schnarrtn, to rattle ; Icel. 
 
 snarka, to crackle.] To breathe with a rough, hoars* 
 
 noise in sleep. 
 Snore, n. A breathing with a harsh noise in sleep. 
 Snort, V. i. [imp. & p. p. snorted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SNORTING.] [From snore.] 1. To force the air with 
 
 violence through the nose, so as to make a noise, as high- 
 spirited horses. 2. To laugh out loudly. [Prov. Eng 
 Colloq., Amer.] 
 Snot, Ji. [A.-S., D., & Dan. snot, 1cq\. snita.] Mucv. ; 
 
 secreted in, or discharged from, the nose. 
 Snot'ty, a. Foul with snot ; hence, mean ; dirty. 
 Snout, n. [L. Ger. snute, Icel. sniidr, ^V. ysnid.] 1. 
 
 The long, projecting nose of a beast, as that of swine. 2. 
 The nose of a man; — in contempt. 3. The nozzle or 
 
 end of a hollow pipe. 
 Snout, V. t. To furnish with a nozzle or point. 
 Snow, n. [A.-S. snaw, Goth, snaivs, Icel. snidr, allied 
 to Ir. & Gael, sncarhd, Bohemian snih, Lat. nix, Gr. 
 vi^, ace. vi(|)a, W. mjf.] Watery particles congealed into 
 white or transparent crystals, or flakes, in the air, and 
 falling to the earth. 
 SnoAV, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SNOWED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SNOWING.] To fall in snow; — chiefly used imperson- 
 1 ally. 
 
 j Snow, V. t. To scatter like snow. 
 
 j Snow'-ball, n. A round mass of snow, pressed or rolled 
 I together." 
 
 S,5, &c.,ion^,a,e,&c.,sAor//cAre,far,a.sk, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm ; s6n,6r,d«,woli^ 
 
SNOW-BALL 
 
 681 
 
 SOCIABLENESS 
 
 Snow-slioe. 
 
 Snoiv'-ball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. snow-balled ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. 'snow-balling.] To pelt with euow-balls. 
 Siio"w'-bird , n. ( Ornitk.) A bird which appears in the 
 
 time of snow ; — the popular name of various birds. 
 Sii3w'-bliiid, a. Affected with snow-blindness. 
 SnoAv'-blind'ness, n. Blindness, or dimness of sight, 
 
 caused by the light reflected from snow. 
 Siiow'-drift, n. A bank of snow driven together by 
 
 the wind. 
 Snow'-dr5p, n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant bearing white 
 
 flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the 
 
 ground. 
 Sno-w'-sboe, n. A light 
 
 shoe, or racket, worn by men 
 
 traveling on ?now, to prevent 
 
 their feet from sinking into 
 
 the snow. 
 Snow'-wbite, a. 'Vrhite as 
 
 snow ; very white. 
 Ciiow'y, a. 1. White hke snow. ti. Abounding with 
 
 snow. 3. Pure ; unblemished. 
 Snub, n. [See infra.] A check or rebuke. 
 Siiilb, V. t. [irnp. & p. p. SNUBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SNUBBING.] [Tcel. snubba, to rebuke. Cf. SNIP.] 1. To 
 
 clip or break off the end of. 2. To check, stop, or rebuke, 
 
 with a tart, sarcastic reply or remark. 3. To slight de- 
 signedly, [or Hat nose. 
 Sniib'-noge, n. [Prov. Eng. snub., to stunt.] A short 
 Siiiiff , n. [Ger. sc/inuppe, from schnuppen, for schnupfen.] 
 
 1. The part of a candle-wick charred by the tiame, 
 whether burning or not. 2. [D. siiuif, Dan. & Sw. 
 .<;nM,s.] Pulverized tobacco or other substance, snuffed 
 up or prepared to be snuffed up into the nose. 
 
 Up to snvff, not likely to be imposed upon; knowing; acute. 
 
 [Colloq.] 
 
 Suiiff , V. t. [imp. & p. p. snuffed (snQft) ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. SNUFFING.] 1. To draw in with the breath ; to 
 
 inhale, ii. To perceive by the nose ; to scent ; to smell. 
 
 3. To take off the c:id of the snuff of. 
 
 Suiiff, t". i. 1. To inhale air with violence or with noise. 
 
 2. To turn up the nose and inhale air, as an expression 
 of contempt ; hence, to take offense. 
 
 Suiiff'-box, n. A box for carrying snuff about the 
 person. 
 
 Suiiff'er, n. 1. One who snuffs. 'H, pi. An instrument 
 for cropping the snuff of a candle. 
 
 Sniiffle (snuffl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. snuffled ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. snuffling.] [L. Ger. snuffeln, II. Ger. sclinvf- 
 feln., D. snuffelen.] To speak through the nose; to 
 breathe hard through the nose, especially when it is 
 obstructed ; to sniffle. 
 
 Suiif'fle, n. 1. A sound made by the passage of air 
 through the nostrils. 3. An affected nasal twang ; 
 hence, cant. 
 
 Sniif 'fler, n. One who snuffles, or speaks through the 
 nose when obstructed. [mucus. 
 
 Suiif'fleg (snttf''flz), n. pi. Obstruction of the nose by 
 
 Suuff 'y, a. Soiled with snuff. 
 
 Snug, v. i. [See infra.] To lie close ; to snuggle. 
 
 Sniig, a. [compar. snugger ; superl. snuggest.] 
 [Prov. Eng. snug, tight, handsome, Icel. snoggr, sn'dg, 
 smooth, neat, Ger. schniegen, schniegeln, to smooth, 
 polish, to dress smart, alhed to A.-S. sntcan, to creep.] 
 1. Closely pressed. 3. Close ; concealed. 3. Compact, 
 convenient, and comfortable. 
 
 Sniig'gle, v. i. [itnp. & p. p. snuggled ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. SNUGGLING.] [From snug.] To move one way and 
 the other to get a close place ; to lie close for convenience 
 or warmth. 
 
 Bniig'ly, adv. In a snug manner ; closely ; safely. 
 
 Sniig'ness, n. The state of being snug. 
 
 Bo, adv. [A.-S. sit-a, Goth, sva, Icel. sva, svo, so.] 1. 
 In that manner or degree ; as indicated in any waj', or 
 as implied, or as supposed to be known. 3, In like 
 manner or degree ; thus ; with equal reason ; — used cor- 
 relatively, following as. 3. In such manner ; to such 
 degree ; — used correlatively with as or that coming after. 
 
 4. Very ; in a high degree ; that is, in such a degree as 
 can not well be expressed. 5. In the same manner ; in I 
 this or that condition ; under these circumstances ; in 
 this way ; — with reflex reference to something just as- 
 serted or implied ; used also with the verb to be, as a 
 predicate. 6. Therefore , on this account ; for this 
 reason. 7, It is well; let it be; be it so; — used to 
 express assent. 8. Well ; the fact being so ; — used as 
 an expletive. 
 
 So forth, further in the same or a similar manner. — .So that, 
 to the end that; in order that. 
 
 So, conj. Provided that ; on condition that ; in case that 
 
 Soak, V. t. [imp. & p. p. soaked (sokt); p. pr. & vb 
 n. SOAKING.] [A.-S. Sudan, to soak, steep, shcan, sUgati, 
 to suck. Cf. Suck.] 1. To cause or suffer to lie in a 
 fluid till the substance has imbibed what it can contain ; 
 to steep. 2. To drench; to wet thoroughly. 3. To 
 penetrate by wetting thoroughly. 
 
 Soak, V. i. 1. To lie steeped in water or other fluid. 2. 
 To enter into pores or interstices. 
 
 Soak'er, n. 1. One who soaks in a liquid, ti. A hard 
 drinker. [Low.] 
 
 Soap (20), n. [A.-S. sape, Lat. sapo, Or. a-dnwv; W. 
 scbon.] A compound of one or more of the acids ob- 
 tained from ftitty bodies, with alkalies or oxides. 
 
 Soap, V. t. [imp. & p. p. soaped (sopt) ; p. pr, & vb. n 
 SOAPING.] To rub or wash over with soap. 
 
 Soap'-boil'er, n. One whose occupation is to make soap. 
 
 Soap'-bub'ble, n. A spherical film of soap-suds formed 
 by inflation. 
 
 Soap'-stone, n. (Mi7i.) A soft magnesian mineral; 
 steatite ; — so called from its soapy or greasy feel. 
 
 Soap'-Tvort (-wQrt), n. (Bot.) A plant; — so called from 
 its bruised leaves producing a lather, like soap, when 
 agitated in water. 
 
 Soap'y, a. 1, Resembling soap ; having the quaUties of 
 soap. 3. Smeared with soap. 
 
 Soar, V. i. [imp. & p. p. soared ; p.pr. & vb. n. SOAR- 
 ING.] [Fr. essorer, to soar, essor, a flight ; It. sorare, from 
 Lat. ex and aura, the air.] 1. To fly aloft, as a bird ; 
 to mount upward on wings, or as on wings. 2. To rise 
 or tower in thought or imagination. 
 
 Soar, n. A towering flight. 
 
 Sob, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SOBBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. sob- 
 bing.] [A.-S. seqfian, sidfian, to complain, bewail, seob^ 
 gende, i. e., seofgende, complaining, sobbing, 0. II. Ger. 
 stiftZn, to groan ; Goth, svogjan, A.-S. swOgan.] To sigh 
 with a sudden heaving of the breast, or a kind of con- 
 vulsive motion. 
 
 Sob, n. 1. A convulsive sigh or catching of the breath 
 in sorrow. 2. Any sorrowful cry or sound. 
 
 So'ber, a. [compar. soberer ; superl. soberest.] 
 [Lat. sobrius; A.-S. syfer, sifer, sober, pure.] 1, Ha- 
 bitually temperate in the use of spirituous liquors. 2. Not 
 intoxicated by spirituous liquors. 3. Exercising cool, 
 dispassionate reason ; self-controlled. 4. Not proceeding 
 from, or attended with, passion. 5« Serious in demeanor, 
 habit, or appearance. 
 
 Syn. — Grave; temperate; abstinent; abstemious; moderate; 
 regular ; steady ; calm ; cool ; collected ; dispassionate ; un- 
 impassioned ; sedate ; Btaid ; serious; solemn ; somber. See 
 Gkave. 
 
 So'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sobered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SOBERING.] To make sober ; to cure of intoxication- 
 
 So'ber, v. i. To become sober. 
 
 So'ber-ly, adv. In a sober manner ; temperately. 
 
 So'ber-mind'ed, a. Having a disposition or temper 
 habitually sober, calm, and temperate. 
 
 So'ber-ness, n. State of being sober ; freedom from in- 
 toxication ; temperance ; gravity ; calmness. 
 
 So-bri'e-ty, n. 1. Habitual soberness or temperance as 
 to the use of spirituous Uquors. 2. Habitual freedom 
 from enthusiasm, inordinate passion, or over-heated 
 imagination. 3, Gravity without sadness or melancholy. 
 Syn.— Soberness; temperance; abstinence; abstemiousness; 
 moaeration; regularity; steadiness; calmness; coolness; sober- 
 mindedness ; sedateness ; staidness ; gravity ; seriousness ; 
 solemnity. 
 
 Sobriquet (s,o'hre-\i3.'), n. [Fr., from sof, foolish, silly, 
 and 0. Fr. briquet, id.] An assumed name ; a nickname. 
 
 Soe, n. [A.-S. sZc, the power of holding court, sway, 
 domain, L. Lat. soca.] {Eng. Laiv.) (a.) The power or 
 privilege of holding a court in a district, as in a manor- 
 {b.) Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from cus 
 tomary burdens. 
 
 S6«'age, n. [From sac, supra.] {'Eng. Law.) A tenure 
 of lands and tenements by a certain or determinate ser- 
 vice, as to hold by fealty and twenty shillings rent. 
 
 So'cia-bil'i-ty (sS'sha-), n. Quality of being sociable j 
 sociableness. 
 
 So'cia-ble (so'sha-bl), a. [Lat. sociabilis, from sociare, 
 to associate, from 5orm5, a companion.] 1. Inclined to, 
 or adapted for, society ; especially, disposed to company. 
 
 2. Hence, ready to converse ; inclined to talk with others- 
 
 3, Affording opportunities for conversation. 
 
 Syn. — Social ; companionable : conversible ; friendly ; 
 familiar ; communicative ; accessible. 
 
 So'cia-ble-ness (so'sha-bl-), n. QuaUty of being socia- 
 ble ; incUnation to company and converse. 
 
 iood, fc»bt : urn, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, <!all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; tbis. 
 
ISOCIABLY 
 
 682 
 
 SOL 
 
 So'cln-bly (so'sha-blj), adv. In a sociable manner ; with 
 
 free intercourse ; conversibly ; familiarly. 
 Bo'cial, n. [l^t. .sor»n/».v, from sociiis, a companion.] 1. 
 
 Pertaining to society ; relating to men living in society. 
 
 •J. Ready or iiis|H>sod t<i mixiu friendly converse. 3. 
 
 Consisting in union or mutual converse. 4. (Bot.) 
 
 Naturally growing together. 
 
 Svn. — Sociable ; companionable ; conversible ; friendly ; 
 famuiar ; eomniuuicative ; convivial ; festive. 
 
 S5'clal-i§in, »•■ A theory of society which advocates a 
 better arrangement of the social ix>lations of mankind 
 than that which has hitherto prevailed ; communism. 
 
 So'cijil-ist, n. One who advocates socialism. 
 
 So'cial-ist'ic, a- Relating to, or like, socialism. 
 
 So'ci-ftl'i-ty (siyshl-tll'i-tj-, 95), «. Quality of being 
 social ; sociableness. 
 
 So'cial-ize, v. t. [imp. & ji. p. SOCIALIZED ; p. pr. & 
 r6. H. SOCIALIZING.] 1. To render social. Ji. To sub- 
 ject to, or regulate by, the principles of socialism. 
 
 3o'cial-ly, adv. In a social manner or way. 
 
 So-^i'e-ty, n. [Lat. societas, from socius, a companion.] 
 1. A number of persons associated for any temporary or 
 permanent objects ; a partnership, ii. The persons, col- 
 lectively considered, who live in any region or at any 
 period ; speciJicaUy, the more cultivated portion of any 
 community in its social relations and influences. 3, 
 Companionship ; fellowship ; company. [creed. 
 
 So-^in'i-an, a. Pertaining to Socinus or his religious 
 
 So-fin'i-an, « . One of the followers of Socinus. 
 
 So-cin'i-aii-i§m, n. (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets or doc- 
 tnnes of Faustusand Laelius Socinus, Italian theologians 
 of the 16th century, who denied the Trinity, the deity 
 of Christ, the personality of the devil, the native and 
 total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the 
 eternity of future punishment. 
 
 So'ci-Si'o-gy (so'shi-), 71. That branch of philosophy 
 which treats of human society' ; social science. 
 
 Sdck, n. [Lat. soccus, a kind of low-heeled, light shoe.] 
 A covering for the foot; especially, (a.) The shoe worn 
 by an ancient actor of comedy ; hence, comedy, in dis- 
 tinction from tragedy, {b.) A knit or woven covering for 
 the foot, rather shorter than a stocking. 
 
 Sock'et, «. [From sock., supra.] 1. An opening into 
 which any thing is fitted. 2. Especially, the little hol- 
 low tube or place in which a candle is fixed in the can- 
 dlestick. 
 
 So'-ele (so'kl or sok'l), n. [Lat. socculus, dim. of soccus. 
 See Sock.] {Arch.) (a.) A plain block or plinth, form- 
 ing a low pedestal to a statue, column, &c. (b.) A plain 
 lace or plinth at the lower part of a wall. 
 
 Sdc'man, 71. ; pi. soc^jien. [See Socage.] ( O. Eng. 
 Lavj.) One who holds lands or tenements by socage. 
 
 So-erat'i«, I a. Pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian 
 
 So-erat'ic-al, j sage, or to his manner of teaching and 
 philosophizing ; i. e. by series of questions leading to the 
 desired result. 
 
 So-«rat'i«-aI-ly, adv. In the Socratic method. 
 
 S6cl, 71. [D. zode, zoo, 0. D. sode, soode.] Earth filled 
 with the roots of grass ; turf; sward. 
 
 S5d, f. t. [imp. & p. p. SODDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SOD- 
 _piNG.] To cover with sod ; to turf. 
 
 So'da, n. [From Lat. salsus, salted, salt.] The protoxide 
 of the metal sodium. 
 
 Carbonate o/soda, a salt compounded of carbonic acid and 
 Boda, chiefly obtained by the conversion of sea-water into sul- 
 phate of boda. It is largely used in arts and manufactures. 
 
 So-d&I'i-ty, n. [Lat. sodalitas, fr. sodalis, a comrade, 
 
 companion.] A fellow.ship or fraternity. 
 » So'da- Ava'ter, n. A very weak solution of soda in water, 
 
 or more often simple water highly charged with carbonic 
 
 acid. 
 Sdd'd*"!!, p. p. of seethe. See Seethe. 
 S6d'dy, a. Consisting of, or covered with, sod ; turfy. 
 So'di-iim, n. [N. Lat., from soda, q. v.] (Chem.) A 
 
 yellowish-white metallic element, soft like wax, and 
 
 lighter than water ; the metallic base of soda. 
 Sdd'otn-ite, n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom. 2. One 
 
 guilty of sodomy. [ner. 
 
 SSd'om-y, n. Carnal copulation in an unnatural man- 
 So-6v'er. A word compounded of 50 and ever, used in 
 
 composition with who, v) hat, where, when, how, &c., and 
 
 indicating a selection from aU possible or supposable 
 
 persons, things, places, or times. It is sometimes used 
 
 separate from the pronoun. 
 60'fa (20), 71. ; jd. so'FAg. [Ar. soffah, from saffa, to 
 
 dispose in order.] A long omameDtal seat, usually with 
 
 a stuffed bottom. 
 
 So'fi, n. ; pi. SO'Flg. [Per. sUfi, or sofi, prob. frOm Or. 
 <ro(/>6s, wise.] One of a certain rehgious order in Persia; 
 a dervish. 
 
 So'fignx, 71. The doctrine or principles of the Sofis. 
 
 SSf'fit, 71. [It. soffitta, soffitlo, from Lat. sujfixus, p. p 
 of sujfigere, to fasten beneath or below, from sub, under, 
 beneath, and Jigere, Jiximi, to fix, fasten.] (Arch.) A 
 ceihng; especially, the under side of the subordinate 
 parts and members of buildings, such as staircases, afch- 
 ways, cornices, &c. 
 
 S6ft (21), a. [compar. SOFTER 1 sxiperl. SOFTEST.] 
 [A.-S. sofle, Soft, sifte, 0. II. Ger. samft. samfii, sanfti, 
 N. H. Ger. sanfti, L. Ger. sacht, Dan. sagte, Sw. sakta, 
 allied to Icel. sifa, to mitigate, soothe.] 1. Easily yield- 
 ing to pressure ; easily impressed or cut. ti. Not rough, 
 rugged, or harsh to the touch. 3. Agreeable to perceive 
 or feel. 4. Not harsh or offensive to the sight ; pleasing 
 to the eye. 5. Not harsh or rough in sound ; gent£ 
 and pleasing to the ear. 6. Easily 3 ielding ; susceptible 
 to influence. 7. Effeminate ; not courageous or manly. 
 S. Gentle in action or motion. 9. Nottinged with salts, 
 so as to decompose soap. 10. Easy ; quiet ; undis- 
 turbed. 11. (Pron.) Not pronounced with an abrupt 
 or explosive utterance ; — said of certain consonants. 
 
 Sjni. — Impressihle; yielding; smooth; delicate; fine; flex- 
 ible; mild; gentle; kind; delicate; weak; quiet; easy. 
 
 Soft, adv. Softly ; gently ; quietly. 
 
 Soft, intcrj. Be soft; hold; stop ; not so fast. 
 
 SoftVn (sofn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. softened ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. softeMxg.] To make soft or more soft, in 
 any of the senses of that word. 
 
 Soft'cn (sof n), v. i. To become soft or more soft. 
 
 S6ft'en-er (sofn-er), n. One who, or that which, soft- 
 ens. 
 
 Soft'-lieart'ed, a. Having softness or tenderness of 
 heart ; gentle ; meek. [quietly ; mildly. 
 
 Sof t'ly, adv. In a soft manner ; not hard ; gently ; 
 
 Soft'ness, n. QuaUty of being soft; as, (a.) Impressi- 
 biUty, smoothness, fineness, delicacy, and the hke ; — said 
 of material objects, (b.) Acceptableness to the senses, 
 feeling, sight, hearing, &c., arising from delicacy or from 
 the absence of harshness, hardness, &c. (c.) Mildness ; 
 gentleness ; — said of manners, language, temper and 
 the like, (d.) Hence, effeminacy ; weakness ; simplici- 
 ty, (e.) Susceptibility; tenderness. (/.) Hence, timo- 
 rousness ; pusillanimity. 
 
 S6g'gy,a. [co7n/>ar. soggier; swpfT-Z. soggiest.] [IceL 
 s'dggr, damp. Cf. SoAK.] Filled with water ; soft with 
 moisture ; wet. 
 
 So-lio', interj. Ho ! — a word used in calling from a dis- 
 tant place ; a sportsman's halloo. 
 
 Soi-disant (swjVde'zCng'), a. [Fr.] Calling himself ; 
 self-styled ; pretended ; would-be. 
 
 Soil, V. t. [imp. & J), p. soiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. SOIL- 
 ING.] [A.-S. sylian, selan, to soil, stain, Goth, saidjan, 
 Icel. sola.] 1, To make dirty on the surfhce. 2. To 
 cover or tinge with any thing extiraneous. 3. To cover 
 with soil or dung ; to manure. 
 
 Syn.— To foul; dirt; dirty; begrime; bemire; bespatter; b«- 
 smear; daub; bedaub; stain; tarnish ; sully ; defile; pollute. 
 
 Soil, V. t. [0. Fr. saoler, saouler, to satiate, Lat. satullare, 
 from satullus, dim. of satur, sated.] To feed, as cattle or 
 horses in the barn or an inclosure with fresh grass or 
 green food cut for them ; hence, to purge by feeding upom 
 green food. 
 
 Soil, n. 1. Anj' foul matter upon another substance; 
 dirt ; foulness ; spot. 2. Stain : tarnish. 
 
 Soil, n. [Lat. solum, bottom, soil.] 1. The upper stra- 
 tum of the earth ; mold. 2. Land ; country. 3. Dung; 
 compost ; manure. 
 
 Soiree (swa'ra'), 71. [Fr., from soir, evening, from Lat. 
 seriis, late.] An evening party. 
 
 So'journ (so-'jum), v. i. [imp. & p. p. SOJOURNED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SOJOURNING.] [0. Fr. sojorner, sejomer, 
 from Lat. sub, under, about, and divrnus, belonging to 
 the day.] To dwell for a time ; to hve in a place as a 
 temporary resident, or as a stranger. 
 
 So'journ (so'jurn), n. A temporary residence, as that of 
 a traveler in a foreign land. 
 
 So'journ-er, n. A temporary resident ; a stranger or 
 traveler who dwells in a place for a time. 
 
 So'journ-ment (so'jum-), n. Temporary residence. 
 
 S6l, n. [Lat.] 1. The sun. 2. (Her.) The color of 
 gold in the coats of sovereign princes. 
 
 Sftl (20), 71. (Mus.) (a.) A syllable applied in sohnira^ 
 tion to the fifth tone of the diatonic scale, (b.) The tone 
 itself. 
 
 ii,e, ice, long; &, 6, Sec, short; c4re,far,as]£,all,\rliat; Sre,Teil,tgrixi; pique, firm ; s6ii,dr,Ao,-wqii, 
 
SOLACE 
 
 683 
 
 SOLIFIDIANISM 
 
 aaVA^e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. solaced (sol'est) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SOLACING.] 1. To cheer in grief, or under ca- 
 lamity ; to relieve in affliction, ti. To assuage. 
 Syn. — To comfort ; alleviate; allay; console. 
 
 SSl'a^e, n. [Lat. solatium, from solari, to comfort, con- 
 sole.] Comfort in grief; alleviation of grief or anxiety ; 
 also that which relieves in distress. 
 Syn. — Comfort ; alleviation ; relief. See Comfort. 
 
 S61'a?e-ment, n. The act of solacing or comforting ; 
 the state of being solaced. 
 
 So'lan-gdbse, n. [Norw. sidf., Icel. sula, ha/sula.] 
 (Ornith.) The gannet, a web-footed sea-fowl, found on 
 the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, Ijabrador, &c. 
 
 So'lar, a. [Lat. Solaris, from sol, the sun.] 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the sun ; proceeding from the sun. '-i. Measured 
 by the progress of the sun, or by its revolution. 3. Pro- 
 duced by means of the sun. 
 
 Sold, imp. & p. p. of sell. See Sell. 
 
 Sol'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. soldered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SOLDERING.] [From Lat. solidare, from solidus, firm, 
 solid.] To unite the surfaces of, as metals, by the inter- 
 vention of a more fusible metal or metallic cement. 
 
 SSl'der, n. A metal or metallic composition for uniting 
 the surface of metals ; a metallic cement. 
 
 Sol'dier (s51'jer, 77), n. [From Lat. solidus, a piece of 
 money, the pay of a soldier.] 1. One who is engaged in 
 military service, as an officer or private, '-i. Especial- 
 ly, a private in military service as distinguished from an 
 officer. 3. A brave warrior. 
 
 Sol'dier-ly (sol'jer-), a. Like or becoming a real soldier ; 
 brave ; martial ; heroic ; honorable. 
 
 Sol'dier-y (s51'jer-y), n. A body of soldiers collectively 
 considered ; the military. 
 
 Sole, n. [A.-S. sole, Icel. soli, Goth, sulja, Lat. solea.] 1. 
 The bottom of the foot; hence, also, rarely, the foot 
 itself. 2. The bottom of a shoe or boot, or the piece of 
 leather which constitutes the bottom. 3. The bottom 
 or lower part of any thing, or that on which any thing 
 rests in standing. 
 
 Sole, n. [Lat. solea.] (Ichth.) A 
 marine flat fish which has both 
 eyes placed on one side of the head, 
 namely, that side which is upper- 
 most when they are swimming. 
 
 Sole, V. t. [imp. & p. p. soled ; 
 p. pr. & vb. SOLING.] To furnish 
 _with a sole. 
 
 Sole, a. [Lat. solus.] 1, Being or acting without an- 
 other, ti. (Law.) Unmarried. 
 
 Syn. — Single ; individual ; only ; alone ; solitary. 
 
 SSl'e-pigm, n. [Gr. troA.oi(ct<r|«.65, from o-oAoiiciiCetv, to 
 speak or write incorrectly, from the corruption of the 
 Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of 26A.ot, in 
 Cilicia.] 1. Impropriety in language, or a gross devia- 
 tion from the rules of syntax 3. Hence any unfitness, 
 ibsurdity, or impropriety. 
 
 Syn. — Barbarism. — These terms have come down from 
 f.ie ancient rhetoricians. A barbarism is a word either./brei^« 
 or uncongenial to a language, and not yet received into it. 
 Solecism is derived from the Soli, a people of Attica, who, hav- 
 ing colonized in Cilieia, lost the purity of their language. Hence, 
 the term solecism was applied to a violation of the laws of si/ii- 
 tnx ; and at a subsequent period, to any expression involving 
 an absurdity or violation of the necessary laws of thought. The 
 term has also been applied figuratively to absurdity of conduct. 
 
 SSl'e-fist, n. One who commits a solecism. 
 
 S61'e-9ist'i<;, 1 a. Pertaining to, or involving, a sol- 
 
 S5re-^ist/i*;-al, ) ecism. 
 
 Sole'ly (109), adv. Singly ; alone ; only ; without an- 
 other. 
 
 Sol'enm (sol'em), a. [0. Fr. sole^npne, Lat. solemnis, so- 
 lennis, from Oscan sollus, all, and Lat. annus, a year, 
 prop, that which takes place every year, used e.sp. of re- 
 ligious solemnities.] 1. Marked with religious rites and 
 pomps ; enjoined by religion. 2. Fitted to awaken or 
 express serious reflections. 3. Affectedly grave or seri- 
 ous. 4. [Law.) Made in legal form. 
 
 Syn. — Grave ; formal ; ritual ; ceremonial ; sober ; serious ; 
 reverential ; devotional ; devout. See Grave. 
 
 So-lgm'ni-ty, n. 1. A rite or ceremony performed with 
 religious reverence. 3. A ceremony adapted to impress 
 awe. 3. Gravity ; steady seriousness. 4. Hence, af- 
 fected gravity or seriousness. 5. Appearance calculat- 
 ed to inspire with solemn feelings. 6. (Laiv.) A proceed- 
 ing according to due form . 
 
 S6rem-ni-za'tion, ?i. Act of solemnizing ; celebration. 
 
 Sol'em-iiize, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. solemnized; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SOLEMNIZING.] 1. To perform with solemn 
 
 Sole. 
 
 or ritual ceremonies and respect, or according to legal 
 forms. 2. To dignify or honor by ceremonies ; hence, 
 to celebrate ; to make famous. 3. To make grave, seri- 
 ous, and reverential. [This sense is not well authorized.] 
 
 SSl'einn-ly (sol'em-ly), a^v. In a solemn manner ; with 
 gravity ; s'eriously ; formally ; truly. 
 
 Sol-fa', V. i. [imp. & p. p. SOL-FAED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SOL-FAING.] [It. & Sp. sol/a, the gamut, from the syl- 
 lables fa, sol.] To pronounce the notes of the gamut, 
 ascending or descending. 
 
 Sol-fef'/'f/io (sol-fGd-'jo), 71. [It., from snlfa, the gamut.] 
 (Mms.) The system of arranging the scale by the names 
 do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught. 
 
 So-li?'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. solicited; p. pr. & vb 
 n. SOLICITING.] [Lat. sollicitare , solir.itare , from sollic- 
 itits, wholly (i. e., violently) moved, from Oscan soWms, 
 whole, and citus, p. p. of ciere, to move, excite.] 1. To 
 ask from with earnestness ; to make petition to. 2. To 
 endeavor to obtain ; to seek. 3. To awake or excite to 
 action ; to invite. 
 
 Syn. — To beseech ; ask ; request ; crave ; supplicate ; en- 
 treat ; beg ; implore ; importune. See Beseech. 
 
 So-li^'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act of soliciting ; earnest re- 
 quest; importunity. 2. Excitement; invitation. 
 
 So-lif'it-or, n. 1. One who solicits or asks with earnest- 
 ness. 2. ( Laiv.) An attorney or advocate ; one admitted 
 to practice in a court of chancery or equity ; a title some- 
 times given to the law officer of a city, town, or govern- 
 ment. 
 
 So-lif'it-or-gen'er-al, n. An officer of the crown, 
 associated with the attorney-general in managing the 
 legal business of the crown and public offices. [Eng.] 
 
 So-lif'it-oiis, a. [Lat. sollicitus, solid tus.] Disposed to 
 solicit ; eager to obtain, as something desirable ; anxious 
 to avoid, as any thing evil ; concerned ; careful. 
 
 So-li<;'it-ous-ly,a£?r. In a solicitous manner ; anxiously. 
 
 So-lif'it-ress, n. A woman who solicits or petitions. 
 
 So-li^'i-tude (30), n. [Lat. soUicitudo.] State of being 
 solicitous ; uneasiness of mind occasioned by the fear of 
 evil or the desire of good. 
 
 Syn. 
 
 Care. 
 
 Care ; carefulness ; concern ; anxiety ; trouble. See 
 
 Sol'id, a. [Lat. solidus, fr. solum, the bottom, ground ] 
 1. Having the constituent parts so firmly adhering as 
 to resist the impression or penetration of other bodies. 2. 
 Not hollow ; full of matter ; not spongy ; dense. 3. Hav- 
 ing all the geometrical dimensions ; cubic. 4. Firm ; 
 compact; strong. 5. Worthy of credit, trust, or esteem- 
 
 Solid angle (Geom.), an angle formed by three or more plane 
 angles, which are not in the same plane, meeting in a point. 
 
 Syn. — Hard; substantial ; stable; sound; real; valid; true; 
 just; weighty; profound; grave; important. — 5oZiV/ and hard 
 both relate to the internal constitution of bodies; but ?iard de- 
 notes a firmer adherence of the component parts than solid. 
 Hard is opposed to soft, and solid to fluid or liquid. Wood is 
 always solid; but some kinds of wood are hard, and others are 
 soft. 
 
 Sol'id, n. 1. A substance held in a fixed form by cohe- 
 sion among its particles. 2. ( Geom.) A magnitude 
 which has length, breadth, and thickness. 
 
 S61'i-dar'i-ty, n. [Fr. solidarite, from solide, solid.] An 
 entire union or consolidation of interests and responsibili 
 ties ; fellowship. 
 
 So-lid''i-fi;-ea'tion, n. The act of making solid. 
 
 So-lid'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p.p. solidified; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SOLIDIFYING.] [Lat. solidus, solid, and facere, 
 to make.j To make solid or compact. 
 
 So-lid'i-fy, v. i. To become solid ; to harden. 
 
 So-lxd'i-ty, n. 1. The state of being solid; fullness of 
 matter. 2. Moral firmness or soundness. 3. ( Geom.) 
 The solid contents of a body ; volume. 
 
 Syn. —Firmness ; solidness ; hardness; density; com- 
 pactness ; strength ; soundness ; validity ; certainty. 
 
 S61'id-ly, adv. In a solid manner ; densely ; compactly ; 
 
 firmly ; truly. 
 Sol'id-iiess, n. 1. The quality of being solid ; solidity, 
 
 as of material bodies. 2. Soundness ; vaUdity, as of ar- 
 guments, reasons, principles, &c. 
 Sorid-firi'gu-late, n. [Lat. solidus, solid, aad ungttla, 
 
 a hoof.] {Zool.) One of a tribe of mammals having a 
 
 single or solid hoof on each foot. 
 Sol'id-un'gu-lous, a. (Zool.) Having hoofs that are 
 
 not cloven. 
 Sol'i-fid'i-an, n. [Lat. solus, alone, and _fides, faith.] 
 
 (Eccl.) One who maintains that faith alone, without 
 
 works, is sufficient for justification. 
 Sol'i-fid'i-aii, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Sclifidians. 
 S61'i-f id'i-an-igm, n. The tenets of Solifidians. 
 
 food, fckbt; Arn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link: ; tiiia- 
 
SOLILOQUIZE 
 
 G84 
 
 SON 
 
 Bo-in'o-qulio, t-. I. [imp. & ;>.;>. soLiLOQinzED ; p. 
 pr. k rb. n. SOLILOQITIZING.J To utter a soliloquy. 
 
 So-IlI'o-quy, n. [Lat. solilo<^uiuvi, fami solus, alone, 
 aud /oym, to sp*»ak.J 1. A talking to one's self. "2, A 
 written con»piu:itioiJ, recitiug what it is supposed a per- 
 tk^n .tpeaks to himself. 
 
 S5ri-pi^d,n. [l>at. solus, alone, and pes, pedis, a foot.] 
 ( ZiHJt. ) An animal whose hoof is not cloven ; a solidun- 
 pilato. 
 
 Sdl i-lftire', ft. [Fr. Sec SoLlTAKY.] A" certain game 
 which one jHTson can play alone. 
 
 S6ri-ta-rl-u»'ss. u. 1. State of being solitary; retire- 
 ment, or habitual retin'uient. *Z. Destitutiou of com- 
 piinv, or of aniumted Ixnngs ; solitude ; loneliness. 
 
 Sdl'i-ta-ry (44), a. [!,i\t. solitariiis, from solus, alone.] 
 1. Inclined to be alone ; destitute of associates ; alone; 
 liTiug alone. '2, Not much visited or frequented ; retired. 
 3. Gloomy: still; dismal. 4. Single; individual. 5. 
 (iiir.) Being one only in a place; separate. 
 
 r'61'i-ta-ry, n. One who lives alone or in solitude ; a 
 hermit ; ii recluse. 
 
 Sdl'i-tude (30), «. [I.At. solitude, from solus, alone.] 
 1. A state of being alone ; a lonely Ufe. ti. Remotene.«s 
 fix)m society ; Destitution of company. 3. A lonely 
 place ; a desert. 
 
 Syn. — Loneliness ; eolitariness ; loneness ; retiredness ; re- 
 cluscness.—Jittireiiient is a witlidrawal from general society, 
 implying that a person has been engaged in its scenes. Solitude 
 describes the fact that a person is aloue ; seclusion, that he is 
 shut out from others, usually by his own choice ; loneUnes.^, 
 that he feels the pain and oppression of being alone. Hence, 
 retirttnent is opposed to a gay or active life ; solitude, to socie- 
 ty ; seclusion to freedom of access on the part of others ; and 
 loneliness to that of society, which the heart demands. 
 
 8drinl-za'tiou. n. [Fr. sobnisation, from sohniser, fir. 
 the musical notes sol, mi. See Sol-fa.] (Mxis.) The 
 act of sol-faing. 
 
 So'lo, n. ; Eng. pi. s6'l6§; Lat. so' LI. [It., from Lat. 
 solus, alone.] (.Vm.n.) A tune, air, or strain, played by a 
 ringle instrument, or sung by a single voice. 
 
 Sdl'stife, n. [Lat. solstitium, from sol, the sun, and .<!Kf- 
 tere, stiti, to cause to stam'..] (Astron.) (a ) The point 
 in the echptic at which the sun is furthest from the equa- 
 tor, north or south, namely, the first point of Cancer and 
 the first point of Capricorn, the former being called the 
 summer solstice , the latter the winter solstice, {b.) The 
 time of the sun's entering the solstices or solstitial points, 
 namely about the 21st June and the 21st December. 
 
 Sol-sti'tial (sol-stTsh'al), a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a 
 polstice. 2. Happening at a solstice ; especially (^vith ref- 
 erence to the northern hemisphere), happening at the 
 summer .solstice. 
 
 S61'u-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of a body which renders it 
 susceptible of solution. 
 
 S61'u-ble, a. [Lat. solubilis, from solvere, solutum, to 
 loosen, to dissolve.] Susceptible of being dissolved in a 
 fluid ; capable of solution. 
 
 S6'lus,a. [Lat.] Alone; — chiefly used in the directions 
 of plays, and the like. 
 
 So-lu'tion, n. [Lat. solutio, from solvere, solutum, to 
 loosen ; dissolve.] 1. Act of separating the parts of 
 any body ; di.<ruption ; breach. ti. The disentangle- 
 ment of any intricate problem or question; — used espe- 
 cially in mathematics. 3. State of being solved or disin- 
 tegrated; disintegration. 4. Action of an attraction be- 
 tween one or more .<;olids and a fluid when brought in 
 contact, by which the former become themselves fluid, 
 and are diffu.sed through the latter ; state of a body as 
 thus diffused. 5. The preparation made by dissolving a 
 solid in a liquid. 6. ( Law.) Relea.se from an obligation ; 
 e specially, T<'\iiix?e from a debt by payment. 7. {Med.) 
 (a.) Termination of a dLsea.se. (6.) Acrisis. 
 
 Solution of continuity, the Beparation of connection or of con- 
 nected subftances or parts ; — applied, in surgery, to a fracture, 
 laceration, and the like. 
 
 S5l'u-tive, a. Tending to dissolve. 
 
 S61v'a-bil'i-ty, «. Ability to pay all just debts. 
 
 S61v'a-ble, a. [From I>at. solvere, to dissolve, pay.] 1. 
 Capable of Wing solved, resolved, or explained. 3. Ca- 
 pable of being paid. [ity. 
 
 86Iv'a-ble-nesK, «. Quality of being solvable ; solvabil- 
 
 8dlve, V. t. [imp. & p.p. solved; p. pr. & vh. n. SOLV- 
 IXG.] [Vat. .solvere.] 1. To loo.sen or .separate the parts 
 of; to dissipate. 2. Tn clear up, as what is obscure, or 
 difficult to l>e understood. 
 Syn. — To explain; resolve; unfold; clear up; remove. 
 
 861 v'en-^y , n. State of being Bolvent ; ability to pay all 
 debtfl or just claims. 
 
 I Solv-Cnd', n. [Lat. solvendvs, solvendum, from solvert. 
 
 See Solution.] A substance to be dissolved. 
 ; SSlv'ent, a. [Lat. solvens, p. pr. of solvere. See Solv- 
 able.] 1. Having the power of dissolving, ii. Able 
 to pjiy all just debts. 3. Suflicient to pay all just debts. 
 Sdlv'eiit, >i. A fluid that dissolves any substanoc ; a 
 
 menstruum. 
 S61v'er, »j. One who rolves, or explains. 
 So-mat'ics, 71. sing. The science which treats of the 
 
 genei-al pi-operties of matter; somatology. 
 So'nia-tist, 71. One who admits the existence of corpo- 
 real or material beings only. 
 I S6'nia-t61'o-gy, n. [From Or. o-to/u-a, o-oi/xaTos, the body, 
 I and Ao-yo?, discour.«!e.] The doctrine of tVie general prop- 
 erties of bodies or material substances. 
 Sftm'ber, ) a. [Froni Lat. sub vmbra, under shadt.] 
 ! SSmnbre, I Dull ; dusky ; cloudy ; gloomy ; melan- 
 choly ; sad ; grave. 
 SbrnTbroiis, a. Gloomy ; somber. 
 
 : Some (stim), a. [A.-S. sum, Goth. 51/7775, Icel. sumr.] 1. 
 I Consisting of a greater or less portion or sum. i2. A cer- 
 tain ; — indicating a person, thing, event, &c., as not 
 known individually or more specifically. 3. Not much ; 
 a little; moderate. 4. About; near: more or less. 5. 
 Certain ; this, not that ; these ; not those ; — in distinction 
 [ from others. 6. A part ; a portion ; — used pronominaUy. 
 i Gg|f~ The illiterate of our country often use some as an adverb 
 
 I instead of somewhat, or an equivalent expression, as, "I am 
 j some tired;" " he is some better;" " it rains sofwe," &c. This 
 I blunder is rarely if ever heard in England, and ia a decided 
 Americanism. 
 
 j Somenbod-y (sum'-), n. 1. A person unknown or un- 
 certain ; a person indeterminate. 3. A person of con- 
 ! sideration. [not yet known. 
 
 ' Some'how, adv. In one way or another ; in some way 
 ^ Som'er-gault ( (siim/er-), n. [Corrupted from Fr. sou- 
 I Som'er-set j hresaut, from Lat. supra, over, and 
 I saltus, a leap.] A leap in which a person turns with his 
 j heels over his head, and lights upon his feet. 
 I Some'thiiig, 7!. 1, Any thing unknown or undeter- 
 i mined. 2. A part ; a portion, more or less ; an indefinite 
 
 quantity or degree. 
 I Some'thiiig, adv. In some degree ; somewhat. 
 Some'time, adv. 1. At a past time indefinitely re- 
 i ferred to ; once ; formerly. 3. At one time or other 
 
 hereafter. 
 j Some'time, a. Having been formerly : former. 
 Some'timeg, adv. 1. At times ; at intervals ; not al- 
 ) ways ; now and then. 2. At one time. 
 S6me'"*vliat (.<um/hw6t), n. More or less; a certain 
 
 quantity or degree, indeterminate ; something. 
 S6me'"\vliat (stim'hwot), adv. In some degree or quan- 
 tity. See Some. 
 S6me'"»vli6re. adv. In some place tmknown or not speci- 
 fied ; in one place or another. 
 Som-nam'bu-la'tioii, n. [Lat. somnus, sleep, and 
 
 ambulatio, a walking about.] Act of walking in sleep. 
 Som-naniTbu-lic, a. "Walking in sleep ; pertaining to 
 
 somnambulism. 
 Som-namTbti-ligm, ti. A state of sleep in which some 
 of the senses and voluntary powers are partially awake. 
 Som-nSm'bu-list, n . A person who walks in his sleep ; 
 
 a sleep-walker. 
 Som-iiif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. somnifer, from 507777iJ<5, sleep, 
 &xid.ferre, to bring.] Causing or inducing sleep ; soporific. 
 Som-iiif'i*, a. [Lat. somnijints, from somnus, sleep, 
 andyacfT-e, to make.] Causing sleep ; tending to induce 
 sleep. 
 Som-nil'o-qiienfe, n. The act of talking in sleep. 
 Som-iiil'o-qiiist, 7!. One who talks in his .<:leep. 
 Som-nil'o-quous, a. [Lat. somnus, sleep, and loqui, to 
 
 speak.] Apt to talk in sleep. 
 Som-iiil'o-qiiy, 71. A talking or speaking in sleep. 
 Som-iiip'a-thy, 7!. [Lat. somnus, sleep, and Gr. naSo^, 
 a sufifering of the body.] Sleep from sympathy, or by the 
 process of mesmerism. 
 Sftm'iio-len^e, ) n. [Lat. somnolentia.] 1. Sleepi- 
 S6m'no-len-f y, J ness ; drowsiness ; incUnation to 
 sleep. 2. (3Ied.) A state intermediate between sleeping 
 and waking. 
 S6m'no-lejit, a. [Lat. somnolentus, from somnus, sleep.] 
 
 Sleepy ; drowsy ; incUned to sleep. 
 SSmi'iio-lent-iy, adv. In a somnolent manner. 
 Son (.sun), 71. [.\.-S. 5«7Ji/, Goth, sunus, Icel. 5o?(r, SlaT. 
 51/71, Skr. 5ft7iM, from 5ft, to beget.] 1. A male child ; the 
 male i.ssue of a parent. 2. A male descendant, however 
 distant; hence, in the plural, descendants in general. 
 3. Any young male person spoken of as a child. 4. A 
 
 a,e,&.c.,long; &,&, Sec, short; cSre, far, ask, all, what; Sre, veil, term; pique,firm; s6n,6r,do, vr9l4 
 
SONANT 
 
 G8o 
 
 SORITES 
 
 native or inhabitant of some specified place. 5. The 
 produce of any thing. 6. Jesus Christ, the Savior. 
 
 So'naiit, a. [Lat. sonans, p. pr. of .sonnre, to sound.] 
 1, Pertaining to sound ; sounding. '2. (Pron.) Uttered 
 with intonated or resonant breath ; intonated ; vocal, not 
 surd ; — said of certain articulp.tions of alphabetic sounds. 
 
 So-na'td, n. [It., from It. and Lat. sonare, to sound.] 
 (Mus.) An extended conipo.sitiou for one or two instru- 
 ments, consi.stiug usually of three or four movements. 
 
 S5ng, n. [A.-S. song, sang^ sane, from singan, to sing.] 
 1. That which is sung. 'X A short poem to be swng ; a 
 
 lay ; a 
 5. Ai 
 
 sition ; poetry. 5. An object of derision. 6. A mere trifle. 
 Syn. — Sonnet ; ballad ; canticle ; carol ; canzonet; ditty; 
 hymn; descant; lay; strain; poesy; verse. 
 
 Song'ster, n. [From Eng. song.] ■ One who sings; one 
 skilled in singing ; especially, a bird that sings. 
 
 SSng'stress, n. A female singer. 
 
 So-nif 'er-ous, a. [From Lat. sonus, sound, and ferre, 
 to produce.] Sounding ; producing sound. 
 
 Son'-iii-la-w, n. / pi. s6n§'-in-i.aw. A man married to 
 one's daughter. 
 
 Son'iiet, n. [It. sonetto, from It. swono, a. sound, a song, 
 from Lat. sonus, a sound.] A poem of fourteen lines, 
 the rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule. 
 
 SSn'net, v. i. To compose sonnets. 
 
 S6n'net-eer', n. A composer of sonnets or small poems ; 
 a small poet ; — usually in contempt. 
 
 Son'o-rlf '!<;, a. [From Lat. sonor, sonoris, a sound, and 
 facere, to make.] Producing sound. 
 
 So-no'rous (118), a. [Lat. sonorus, from sonor, sonoris, 
 a sound, from sonars, to sound.] 1. Giving sound when 
 struck. 2. Giving a clear or loud sound. 3. Yielding 
 sound ; characterized by sound ; vocal. 4. High-sound- 
 ing ; magnificent in respect of sound. 
 
 So-no'rous-ly, adv. In a sonorous manner. 
 
 So-no'rous-ness, n. Quality or state of being sonorous. 
 
 Son'ship, n. 1, State of being a son, or of having the 
 relation of a son. i5. Character of a son ; filiation. 
 
 Soon (28), adv. [A.-S. sona, suna, sones, Goth, suns.] 
 
 1. In a short time ; shortly after any time specified or 
 supposed. '2. Without the usual delay ; early. 3. 
 Readily ; willingly. 
 
 Soot (sdbt or soot), n. [A.-S. & Icel. sdt, Gael, suith, Ir 
 
 suth, suithche, W. swta.] A black substance formed by 
 
 combustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process of 
 
 combustion. 
 Soot (scTot or scTot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SOOTED ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. SOOTING.] To cover or foul with soot. 
 Soot'er-kin, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. sutlern, to boil gently.] 
 
 A kind of false birth, fabled to be produced by the Dutch 
 
 women from sitting over their stoves. 
 Sdbtli, n. [A.-S. sodk, for sanadh, Icel. sannr, Goth. 5m- 
 
 nis.] Truth ; reality. 
 Soothe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. soothed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SOOTHING.] [A.-S. ge-sddkian, to soothe, to flatter ; 
 
 Goth, sutlijan, sulhjon, to tickle, as the ears.] 1. To 
 
 please with blandishments or soft words ; to flatter. 3. 
 
 To soften ; to assuage ; to cahn. 3. To gratify ; to please. 
 
 Syn.— To allay; compose; mollify; tranquilize ; pacify; 
 mitigate. 
 
 Sobtii'er, w. One who, or that which, soothes. 
 
 Sootli'say, v. i. To foretell ; to predict. 
 
 Sootli'say-er, n. One who undertakes to foretell 
 events ; a foreteller ; a prognosticator. 
 
 Sobth'say-ing, n. The foreteUing of events. 
 
 Soot'i-ness (sobt'- or soot'-), n. Quality of being sooty, 
 or foul with soot. 
 
 Soot'y (sobt'y or sobt^y), a. [compar. SOOTIER ; superl. 
 SOOTIEST.] Producing, pertaining to, consisting of, or 
 soiled by, soot ; dusky ; dark ; dingy. 
 
 Sop, n. [A.-S. sype, a wetting, sop, soup, from A.-S sft- 
 pan, to sip, taste, soak ; Icel. setup, sUp, soup.] 1, Any 
 thing steeped, or dipped and softened, in any liquid, es- 
 pecially in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten. 
 
 2. Any thing given to pacify ; — so called from the sop 
 given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. 
 
 S6p, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SOPPED (s5pt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SOPPING.] To steep or dip in liquor. 
 
 Soph, n. 1. {Eng. Univ.) A sophister ;— abbreviated 
 fvom sop/lister. [See SOPHISTER.] 2. (Ajner. Colleges.) 
 A sophomore ; — abbreviated from sophomore. 
 
 Sdph'igm, n. [Lat. soplnsma, Gr. (r6<f>i.(riJ.a, from<ro</)t- 
 ^e<T6ai, to be or become wise, to play the sophist, from 
 ao^og, wise.] The doctrine or avowed mode of reasoning 
 practiced by a sophist ; hence, any fallacy designed to 
 deceive. 
 
 S6ph'Ist, ». [Gr. a-offx-arrj^. See supra.] 1, One of» 
 class of men who taught eloquence, philosophy and poli- 
 tics in ancient Greece, and were noted for tbeir falla- 
 cious but plausible mode of reasoning, ii, lience, r. 
 captious or fallacious reasoner. 
 S6ph'i.st-er, n. [See supra.] {Eng. Univer.$ities.) A 
 student who Is advanced beyond the first year of hie 
 residence. 
 
 ©3^ In the older American colleges, the Junior and Senior 
 classes were originally called— and in some of them are still 
 called — Junior Sophisters and Senior Sophisters. 
 So-phist'i«, \a. Pertaining to a t'ophist, or embody- 
 So-phi!>t'i€-al, j ing sophistry ; fallaciously subtle. 
 So-phist'ic-al-ly, adv. In a sophistical manner. 
 So-phi.st'i-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sophisticated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. sophisticating.] To render worthlesa 
 by admixture ; to pervert. 
 Syn. — To adulterate; debase; corrupt; vitiate. 
 So-phist'i-«ate, ) a. Adulterated ; not pure ; no:! 
 So-phist'i-<;a'ted, ) genuine. 
 
 So-phist'i-«a'tioii, w. Act of adulterating ; a counter- 
 I feiting or debasing the purity of any thing by a foreign 
 
 admixture. 
 So-phist'i-ca'tor, n. One who adulterates. 
 S6ph'ist-ry, n. The practice of a sophist ; fallacious 
 ' reasoning . 
 
 Soph'o-more, n. [Prob. from Soph or Sophister (q. v.) 
 I and Gr. nxwpos, foolish.] One belonging to the second of 
 
 the four classes in an Amei-ican college. 
 S6ph'o-in6r'i€, \a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
 Soph'o-mSr'i^-al, ) sophomore ; inflated in style or 
 
 manner. [Amer.] 
 Sop'o-rif 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. soporifer, from sopor, a heavy 
 j sleep, and ferre, to bring.] Causing sleep, or tending to 
 I produce it. 
 
 I Syn.— Somniferous; narcotic; opiate; anodyne. 
 
 Sop'o-rif 'i-e, a. [Lat. sopor, a heavy sleep, and /acer^, 
 j to make.] Causing sleep ; tending to cause sleep ; sopo- 
 1 riferous. 
 
 Sop'o-rif'i-e, n. A medicine , drug, plant, or other thing 
 I that has the quality of inducing sleep. 
 Sop'o-rose' (125), 1 a. [Lat. soporus, from sopor, a heavy 
 Sop'o-rous, I sleep.] Causing sleep : sleepy. 
 
 So-prd'no, n. [It., from soprano, superior, highest, from 
 i sopra, equiv. to Lat. supra, above.] {Mus.) The treble; 
 I the highest female voice. 
 
 Sdr'^er-er, 7i. [Low Lat. sortiarius, from Lat. sors, sortis^ 
 a lot, decision by lot, fate, destiny.] A conjurer ; an en- 
 I chanter; a magician. 
 Sor'^er-ess, n. A female sorcerer. 
 Sor'^er-ous, a. Pertaining to sorcery. 
 S6r'9er-y, n. Divination by the assistance, or supposed 
 I assistance, of evil spirits ; magic ; enchantment ; witch- 
 I craft. 
 
 Sor'did, a. [Lat. sordidus, from sordere, to be filthy or 
 dirty.] 1. Vile; base; mean. 3, Meanly avaricious. 
 
 Syn. — Filthy ; foul ; dirty ; gross ; avaricious ; covetous; 
 niggardly. 
 
 S6r'did-ly, adv. In a sordid manner ; meanly ; basely ; 
 
 covetously. 
 Sor'did-iiess, n. The state of being sordid ; filthiness ; 
 
 baseness ; meanness ; niggardliness. 
 Sor'dine, n. [It. sordina, sordino, from sordo, Lat. sur- 
 dus, deaf, dull-sounding.] {Mus.) A small (iimper in 
 the mouth of a trumpet, or on the bridge of a violin, 
 violoncello, &c. , to make the sound fainter. 
 Sore, n. [A.-S. & Icel. sdr, Goth, sair.] 1. A place where 
 the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to bo 
 tender or painful. 3. An ulcer; aboil. 3. Grief; afllic- 
 tion ; trouble ; difiiculty. 
 Sore, a. [compar. SORER; superl. sOREST.] [A.-S & 
 I Icel. 5ar.] 1. Tender; painful; inflamed. 3. Tender, 
 j as the mind; easily pained, grieved, or vexed. 3. Violent 
 I with pain ; severe ; afliictive ; distressing. 
 Sore, aryr. 1. In a sore manner ; with pain. 3. Greatly: 
 I violently ; deeply. 
 
 Sor'el, n. [Dim. of sore, a buck.] 1. A buck of the 
 third year. 3. A yellowish or reddish-brown color ; sorrel. 
 , Sore'ly, adv. In a sore manner ; grievously ; greatly. 
 Sore'ness, n. State of being sore ; tenderness ; painful* 
 1 ness. 
 
 Sdr'ghutn (sor'gum), n. {Bot.) A genus of tall grasses 
 j or canes, of which some species are used as fodder, and 
 have a sweetish ju :e, which has been used for the man- 
 I ufacture of sugar. 
 Sd-in,'te^, n. [Gr. owpecTTj; (so. oT'XAoyio-fx.os), properly, 
 1 heaped up ; hence, a heap of syllogisms, from axopos, a 
 
 food, fo^t; Orn, r\(de, p\ill ; 9ell, fhaise, -eall, e«ho; gem, get; ag; e^st; linger, link ; thi* 
 
SORORICIDE 
 
 686 
 
 SOUNDLY 
 
 heap.] (LojrrV.) An al>ridg*'d fomi of statinp a perios of Sttt'tisli-ly, adv. In a sottish manner; stupidly. 
 •jUogianis, in a series of pniix^sitions so arrann:cd that the SSt'tii^li-uess, n. State or quaUty of being sottish ; ptn- 
 predicat« of each one that proetxies forms the subject of pidity ; esperially, stupidity from intoxication, 
 each one tliat follows, and the couchisiou from all afflnus I So^fo I 'ore (sot' to-vo'cha). [It.] (Miw.) With a re. 
 
 the predicate of the last of the sulyect of the first propo- 
 Kition. 
 
 Bo-rflr'l-c5de, »i- [Lat. sororicida, from .'soror, a sister, and 
 crJrre, to kill.] The murder, or murderer, of a sister. 
 
 Sfir'rel. <i. (0. Fr. sor, sore, yellowish brown, It. sauro, 
 soro, from Bisc. ztiria, churia^ white.] Of a yellowish or 
 reddish brown color. 
 
 Sir'rel. n. A yellowish or reddish brown color. 
 
 Sdr'rel. n. [From 0. H. Ger., A.-S., & Icel. sQr, 80ur.] 
 {Bot.) One of various plants ha\iug a sour juice. 
 
 S6r'ri-ly, adv. In a sorry or pitiful manner. 
 
 Sdr'ri-ness, n. The state of being sorrj- or pitifvil ; mean- 
 ness ; poorness ; daepicableness. 
 
 .Sftr'ro'w, n. [0. Eng. ."ionce, sorewe, A.-S. .'^org, sorh, 
 Goth, sattrsa, Icel. sor^ : allied to sore.,q. y.] Uneasiness 
 or pain of mind produced by the loss of any good, real 
 or supposed, or by disappointment in the expectation of 
 good : regret ; unhappiness. 
 
 Syn. — Affliction; grief; sadness; mourning.— 5orroio de- 
 rotes suffering of mind, either from the loss of some good, real 
 or supposed, or disappointment in our expectation of good. 
 Gri^/ expresses a poignant or uncontrollable degree of sorrow, 
 which weighs or presses down the mind under a sense of loss. 
 Sadness is that depression of thought and feeling wliich is a 
 frequent but not invariable result of sorrow. See Grief. 
 
 SSr'row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. sorrowed ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 
 n. SORROWING.] To feel pain of mind in consequence 
 
 of evil experienced, feared, or done ; to grieve ; to be sad. 
 S6r'row-f 111, a. 1. Full of sorrow ; exhibiting sorrow. 
 
 a. Producing sorrow. 3 . Expressing sorrow. 
 Ssm.— Sad; mournful: dismal: disconsolate; drear; dreary; 
 
 grievous; lamentable; doleful; baleful; distressing. 
 
 66r'ro'%v-fiil-ly, adv. In a sorrowful manner 
 
 S6r'ro>v-f ul-ness, n. State of being sorrowful ; grief. 
 
 SSr'ry, a. [cojnpar. sokribr; sup''rl. sorriest.] [Al- 
 lied to sorrow a.n(\. sore .] 1. Grieved for the loss of some 
 good ; pained for some evil. 3. Melancholy ; dismal. 3. 
 Poor; mean; vile; worthless. 
 Syn. — Hurt; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined. 
 
 Sdrt, n. [Lat. 5or5, sor«f5, a lot, part.] 1. A kind or spe- 
 cies ; any number or collection of individual persons or 
 things characterized by the same or Uke qualities. 3. 
 Manner ; form of being or acting. 3 . Degree of any 
 quality. 4. pi. (Print.) Letters, points, marks, spaces, 
 or quadrats of particular kinds. 
 
 Out of sorts (.Print.), with some letters, or sorts of type, in 
 the font, deficient or exhausted; hence, in ill-humor; unwell. 
 [CoUoq.]— To run ujjon sorts (Print.), to use or require a 
 greater number of some particular letters or marks than the 
 regular proportion. 
 
 SyTi.- Kind; species; rank; condition. — .KTnd originally 
 denoted things of the same family, or bound together by some 
 natural affinity: and hence, a class. Sort signifies that which ; 
 constitutes a particular lot or parcel, not implying, necessarily, I 
 the idea of affinity, but of mere assemblage. The two words ] 
 are now used to a great extent interchangeably, though sort \ 
 (perhaps from its original meaning of lot) sometimes carries 
 with it a slight tone of disparagement or contempt, as when we 
 •ay, that sort of people, that sort of language, &c. 
 
 86rt, f. t. [imp. & p. p. SORTED ; p. pr. & vi. n. SORT- 
 ING.] 1. To separate, as things having like qualities, 
 from other things, and place in distinct classes or divis- 
 ions. 3. To reduce to order from a state of confusion. 
 3. To conjoin ; to put together in distribution. 4, To 
 select ; to cull. 
 
 Sort, V. i. 1. To be joined with others of the same spe- 
 cies ; to agree. 3. To consort ; to associate ; to conjoin. 
 3. To suit ; to fit. 4. To terminate ; to have success ; 
 to fall out. 
 
 Sdrt'a-ble, a. Capable of being sorted. 
 
 Sdrt'er, n. One who sorts ; one who arranges by sorts. 
 
 Sdr'tie, n. [Fr., from sortir, to go out, to issue.] (MU.) 
 The issuing of a body of troops ftoia. a besieged place to 
 attack the besiegers ; a sally. 
 
 Sdr'ti-16ge, n. [Lat. sors., sortis, a lot, and legere, to 
 gather, to select.] Act or practice of drawing lots ; 
 divination by drawing lots. 
 
 8o'-so, a. Neither very good nor very bad; passable; 
 tolerable ; indifferent. 
 
 B6t, n. [A.-S. sot, L. Lat. sottus, from Chald. & N. Heb. 
 skoteh, foolish.] A person stupefied by excessive drink- 
 ing ; an habitual drunkard. 
 
 85t'ti^li, a. 1. Doltish; very foolitu. 3. Duller Btu- 
 pid with intemperance. 
 Syn.- Dull; stupid; senseleM; infatuate. 
 
 strained voice or moderate force. 
 
 Sou (sub), n. ; pi. SOUS {»6b). [Fr. sou, sol, from Lat 
 .solidus. See SOLDIER.] A French money of account, 
 and a copper coin, in value the 20th part of a Uvre, or of 
 a franc. 
 
 SftU-fhSng', 71. [Chin, se ou chong, i. e., small, good 
 quality.] A kind of black tea. 
 
 Sougll (stif), V. I. [0. D. soeffen, to blow, A.-S. sfdjian, 
 siojian, to groan. Cf. SiGH and SoB.] To whistle or 
 sigh, as the wind. 
 
 Soiigli (sQf), n. 1. A hollow murmur or roaring ; a buz- 
 zing. 3. Hence, a rumor or flying report. 
 
 Sought (sawt), imp. & p. p. of seek. See Seek. 
 
 Soul, n. [A.-S. snivel, sawl, saul, Goth, saivala, Icel. 
 sala, sal.] 1, The spiritual, rational, and immortal part 
 in man ; — sometimes, in distinction from the mind, the 
 moral and emotional part of man's nature, in distinction 
 from intellect ; — sometimes, the intellect only ; the un- 
 derstanding. 3. The seat of real life or vitality ; the 
 animating or essential part. 3. Hence, the leader ; the 
 inspirer of any action. 4. Any noble manifestation of 
 the heart or moral nature. 5. A human being; a per- 
 son ; a man. 6. A pure or di.^embodied spirit. 
 Syn.— Spirit; life; courage; fire; ardor. 
 
 Soul'less (109), a. "Without a soul, or without greatness 
 or nobleness of mind ; mean ; spiritless. 
 
 Sound, a. [compar. sounder; svperl. SOUNDEST.] 
 [A.-S. sund, gesund, 0. H. Ger. gisitnt, allied to Lat. 
 sanits.] 1. Entire ; unbroken ; free from imperfection, 
 defect, or decay. 3. Healthy ; not diseased; — said of 
 body or mind. 3. Firm ; strong ; vigorous. 4, Founded 
 in truth ; supported by justice or law ; weighty ; solid. 
 5. Heavy ; laid on with force. 6. Profound ; unbro- 
 ken ; undisturbed. 7. Free from error ; correct. 8. 
 Founded in right and law ; legal ; valid. 
 
 Sound, adv. Soundly ; heartily. 
 
 Sound, n. [A.-S. & Icel. sund, a swimming. See infra.] 
 The air-bladder of a fish. 
 
 Sound, n. [A.-S. & Icel. sund, a narrow sea or strait, 
 ft'om Icel. synda, A.-S. swimman, to swim; A.-S. sund, 
 for swtimd.] (Geog.) A naiTow passage of water; a 
 strait between the main land and an isle, or connecting 
 two seas, or connecting a sea or lake Avith the ocean. 
 
 Sound, n. [A.-S. sundgerd, sundline, a sounding line.] 
 ( Surg. ) A probe of any kind ; especially, a probe to be 
 introduced into the bladder, in order to discover whether 
 there is a stone in that organ. 
 
 Soiuid, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SOUNDED : p. pr. k, vb. n. 
 SOUNDING.] 1. To measure the depth of; especially, 
 to ascertain the depth of by means of a line and plum- 
 met. 3. To seek to interpret or discern the intentions or 
 secret wishes of; to examine; to test. 3. {Surg.) To 
 introduce a sound into the bladder of, as a patient, in 
 order to ascertain whether a stone is there or not. 
 
 Sound, V. i. To use the line and lead in searching the 
 depth of water. 
 
 Sound, n. [0. Eng. soun, A.-S. sdn, Lat. sonus, from 
 sonare, to sound.] 1. A sensation or perception of the 
 mind received b}' means of the ear, and produced by the 
 impulse or vibration of the air or other medium with 
 which the ear is in contact ; noise ; report. 3. The im- 
 pulse or vibration which would occasion sound to a per- 
 cipient if present with unimpaired organs. 3. Noise 
 without signification ; noise and nothing else. 
 
 Sound, V. i. 1. To make a noise ; to utter a voice. 3. 
 To be conveyed in sound ; to be spread or published. 
 
 Sound, V. t. 1. To cause to make a noise ; to play on. 
 3. To utter audibly. 3. To give a signal for by a cer- 
 tain sound. 4. To celebrate or honor by sounds ; to 
 cause to be reported. 5. To spread by sound or report. 
 
 Sound'-board, n. A sounding-board. 
 
 Souud'ing, p. a. 1. Sonorous ; making a noise. 3. 
 Having a magnificent sound. 
 
 Sound'ing, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
 sounds. 3. pi. ( "Naut. ) Any place or part of the ocean 
 or other water where a sounding-line will reach the bot- 
 tom. 
 
 Sound'ing-board, n. 1. A thui board which propa^ 
 gates the sound in an organ, vioUn, &c. 3. A board, or 
 structure with a flat surface, suspended behind or over a 
 pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness and effect to a 
 speaker's voice. 
 
 Sound'ly, adv. In a sound manner ; healthily ; heaiftily; 
 
 a, e, k,9.,long; &,&, Sf.fShort; c4re, far, aslc, ^, wh^ ; dre, v§il, tSrm ; pique, firm ; s6n, dr, do, wgU, 
 
SOUNDNESS 
 
 687 
 
 SPAN 
 
 Bcverely ; smartly ; traly ; without error ; firmly ; fast ; 
 closely. 
 Sound'ness, n. State of being sound or firm ; freedom 
 from error or fallacy. 
 
 Syn. — Wholeness ; entireness ; firmness; strength; solid- 
 ity; healtliiness; truth; rectitude; orthodoxy. 
 
 SQiip, n. [Ft. soupe, Icel. setup, sup, 0. H. Ger. sou/, sUf. 
 See Sop and Sup.] A decoction of flesh for food, highly 
 seasoned ; strong broth. 
 
 Sour, a. [co?«/7ar. SOURER ; 5M/3er^. SOUREST.] [A.-S., 
 "O. H. Ger., & Icel. stir, W. & Fr. sur.] 1. Having a 
 pungent taste ; sharp to the taste, ti. Turned or coagu- 
 lated, as milk ; rancid. 3. Harsh of temper. 4. Disa- 
 greeable to the feelings ; producing discontent ; hard to 
 bear. 5. Exptessing discontent or peevishness. 
 
 Syn. — Acid ; sharp ; tart ; acetous ; acetose ; harsh ; acri- 
 monious; crabbed; dogged; currish; peevish. 
 
 Sour, n. A sour or acid substance ; an acid. 
 
 Sour, V. t. [imp. & p. p. soured ; p. pr. & vb. n. SOUR- 
 ING.] 1. To make acid. 2. To make harsh, cold, or 
 unkindly. 3. To make cross, crabbed, peevish, or dis- 
 contented. 4. To make unhappy, uneasy, or less agree- 
 able. 
 
 Sour, V. i. 1. To become acid or tart. 3. To become 
 peevish or crabbed. 
 
 Source, n. [Fr. source, for sourse, from 0. Fr. sors, p. p. 
 of sourdre, to spring forth or up, from Lat. surgere, to lift 
 or raise up, to spring up.] 1. That person or place from 
 which any thing proceeds. 2. Especially, the spring or 
 fountain from which a stream of water proceeds ; any 
 collection of water in which a stream originates. 
 ISyn.— Origin ; rise; spring; fountain; beginning. See 
 Origin. 
 
 Sour'-crout, ) n. [Ger. sauer-lcraut , i. e., sour-cabbage.] 
 
 Sour'-lcrout, ) Cabbage cut fine, and suffered to fer- 
 ment till it becomes sour. 
 
 Sour'ly, adv. In a sour manner ; acidly ; peevishly ; ac- 
 rimoniously ; discontentedly. 
 
 Sour'ness, n. State of being sour ; acidity ; harshness ; 
 peevishness ; discontent. 
 
 Souse, n. [A modification of sauce.} 1. Pickle made 
 with salt. 3. Something kept or steeped in pickle ; es- 
 pecially, the ears, feet, &c., of swine pickled. 3. Act of i 
 plunging suddenly into water. 
 
 Souse, V. t. [imp. & p. p. soused (soust) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 «. SOUSING.] 1. To plunge into water. 3. To steep in 
 pickle. 
 
 Souse, V. i. [Cf. Ger. sausen, to rush, bluster.] To plunge, 
 as a bird upon its prey ; to fall suddenly. 
 
 South, n. [A.-S. sUdh, for sund/i, siiniiadh, froTa sunne, 
 the sun ; 0. H. Ger. sund, Icel. shdhr, sunnr.] 1. The 
 point of compass directly opposite to the north. 2. Any 
 particular land considered as opposed to the north. 
 
 South, a. Lying toward the south ; situated at the 
 south , or in a southern direction from the point of obser- 
 vation or reckoning. 
 
 South, adv. 1. Toward the south ; southward ; as, to 
 go south. 3. From the south. 
 
 South, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SOUTHED (southd) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SOUTHING (south/ing).] 1. To turn or move 
 toward the south. 2. (Astron.) To come to the merid- 
 ian ; to cross the north and south line ; — said chiefly 
 of the moon. 
 
 South-east', n. The point of the compass equally dis- 
 tant from the south and east. 
 
 ioSthliaS'er-ly, j ''^,.1^^!^^''^,^^ f VTOcee^ng 
 
 South-east'ernf j ^°°^' '^« south-east. 
 
 South'er-li-ness (stith/er-), n. The state or quality of 
 being southerly. 
 
 Soiitii'er-ly (suth'er-ly), ) a. Pertaining to, situated in, 
 
 Soiith'ern (sQth/ern), J or proceeding from, the 
 south ; situated, or proceeding, toward the south. 
 
 Sotith'ern-er (sHth/em-er), n. An inhabitant or native 
 of the south or Southern States. 
 
 South'eru-most (stltii/ern-most 20), a. Furthest to- 
 ward the south. 
 
 South'ern-wo'bcl (suth/em-wtrod), n. (Bot.) A com- 
 posite fragrant plant, used in making beer. 
 
 South'ing, n. 1. Tendency or motion to the south. 2, 
 The time at which the moon passes the meridian. 3. 
 (Navigation.) Course or distance south. 
 
 Soiith'ron (stith''-), n. An inhabitant of the more 
 southern part of a country ; a southerner. 
 
 South'ward. {or siSth'ard), adv. Toward the south. 
 
 South'ward (or sQtii/ard), n. The southern regions or 
 countries. 
 
 South-wSst', n. The point of the compass equally dis- 
 tant from the south and west. 
 
 Soutii-Av6st', I a. Pertaining to, or proceeding 
 
 South-'w6st'er-ly, ) from, the south-west; lying in 
 the direction of the south-west. 
 
 South- \v6st'er, n. A storm or gale from the south-west. 
 
 Soutli-vv6st'ern, a. In the direction of south-west, or 
 nearly so ; in that direction from the central part. 
 
 Souvenir (.soov'neer'), n. [Fr., from souvenir, to remem- 
 ber, from Lat. subvenire, to come up, to come to mind.] 
 A remembrancer ; a keepsake. 
 
 Sov'er-eign (s6Ver-in or sQv'er-in, 22,) a. [0. Fr. sove- 
 rain, suverain, as if from a Lat. superanus, from superus, 
 upper, higher, fr. super, above.] 1. Supreme in power ; 
 superior to all others; chief; pos-sessing, or entitled to, 
 original authority or jurisdiction. 2. Efficacious in tho 
 highest degree ; effectual ; controlling ; predominant. 
 
 Sov'er-eign (s6v'er-in or siiv'er-in), n. 1. One who 
 
 exercises supreme control. 2. A gold coin of England, 
 
 bearing an effigy of the head of the reigning king or 
 
 queen, and valued at one pound sterling, or about $4.84. 
 
 Syn. — King; prince; monarch; potentate; emperor. 
 
 Sov'er-eign-ty (sov/er-in- or siiv'er-in-), n. Exercise of, 
 or right to exercise, supreme power ; dominion. 
 
 So^w, n. [A.-S. sugu, 0. H. Ger. 5ft, Icel. 5yr, allied to Lat. 
 sus ; Skr. silkara.] The female of the hog kind, or of 
 swine. 
 
 Sow (so), V. t. [imp. SOWED ; p. p. sowed, or sown ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SOWING.] [A.-S. s&ivan, Goth, saian, 
 Icel. 5a, soa, allied to Lat. serere, sevi.] 1. To scatter, 
 as seed, upon the earth ; hence, to plant in any way. 2. 
 To supply or stock with seed ; to scatter seed upon. 3. 
 To spread abroad ; to propagate. 4. To scatter over ; to 
 besprinkle. [of a crop. 
 
 Sow, V. i. To scatter seed for growth and the production 
 
 Sowf e, n. & V. t. The same as souse. See SousE. 
 
 Sow'er, «. 1. One who sows or scatters. 2. A breeder j 
 a promoter. 
 
 Soy. n. 1. A kind of sauce for fish, brought chiefly from 
 Japan, said to be produced from a species of bean. 2. 
 The plant from which this sauce is obtained. 
 
 Spa, n. A spring of mineral water; — so called from a 
 place of this name in Belgium. 
 
 Spa^e. n. [Lat. spatium, space, spatiari, to walk about.] 
 1. Extension, considered independently of any thing 
 which It may contain ; room ; extension. 2. The inter- 
 val between any two or more objects. 3. Quantity of 
 time ; also, the interval between two points of time. 4. 
 (Print.) [a.) Distance or interval between lines, or be- 
 tween words in the lines, as in books, (b.) K small piece 
 of metal cast lower than a letter, used to separate words 
 or letters. 
 
 Spa^e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spaced (spast) ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. SPACING.] (Print.) To arrange the spaces and inter- 
 vals in or between. 
 
 Spa'cioiis, a. [Lat. spatiosus. See supra.] 1. Inclos- 
 ing an extended space ; vast in extent. 2. Having large 
 or ample room ; roomy. 
 
 Syn. — Ample; capacious. — .4nip?e implies largeness in 
 quantity or amount, as, ample stores, ample room, ample re- 
 sources, &c. ; spacious denotes wide physical extent oi space, 
 as, a. spacious hall, the spacious ocean, &c. ; capacious denotes, 
 literally, the power of holding much, and hence wide or com- 
 prehensive, as, a capacious harbor, a capacious mind. 
 
 Spa'cious-ly, adv. In a spacious manner ; widely ; ex- 
 tensively. 
 
 Spa'cious-ness, n. The quality of being spacious ; large- 
 ness of extent ; extensiveness ; roominess. 
 
 Spade, n. [A.-S. spadu, spada, spad, Icel. spadi, 0. H. 
 Ger. spato, spado, Lat. spatha, Gr. oTra^rj.] 1. An in- 
 strument for digging or cutting the ground. ^. pi. A 
 suit of cards, each of which bears one or more figpires re- 
 sembling a spade. 
 
 Spade, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spaded; p. pr. & vb. n 
 SPADING.] To dig with a spade. 
 
 Spa-di'ceous (-dish/us), a. [N. Lat. spadiceus, from 
 spadix, spadicis, a date-brovm or nut-bro\vTi color.] Oi 
 a Ught red color, usually denominated bay. 
 
 Spa-dnie', n. [Sp. espadilla, dun. of espada, a sword.] 
 The ace of spades at omber and quadrille. 
 
 Sp^n, n. [A.-S. spann, sponn, 0. H. Ger. spanna, Icel. 
 5poMn, from A.-S. & 0. H. Ger. spannan, to span.] 1. 
 The space from the end of the thumb to the end of the 
 little finger when extended ; nine inches. 2. Hence, a 
 brief extent or portion of time. 3. (Arch.) Extent of an 
 arch between its abutments. 4. (Naut.) A rope secured 
 at both ends to any object, the purchase being hooked to 
 the bight. 5. [D. span, Ger. gespann, from A.-S. & 0. 
 
 iood, t6bt ; ittu, r^de, p^jJl ; ^eU, yliaise, «a]l, e«ho ; ^em, get ; as ; ejist ; lisge», liak ; tiUs- 
 
SPAN 
 
 G88 
 
 SPATTER 
 
 H. G«r. spoMHan, to span, join.] A pair of horses driven Spftre'-rib, n. [Eug. spare, a. , and rib.] The pitce of 
 
 togptlier. [Amrr.] 
 
 Spftn, r. /. [imp. & ;>. />. spanned; ;>. pr. & r6. n. 
 SPANNING.] 1. To nieaiiure by the hand with the fin- 
 gers extendeil, or witli the finiiers encouipaissiug the ob- 
 ject, 'i. To measure, or reach, from one side of to the 
 other ; to measure ; to comjviss. 
 
 SpAii, «'";>. of spin, for spun. [ Obs.] See SPIN. 
 
 Spftirdrrl, M. [Eng. .^pan, 0. Eug. .'^pnniU.] (Arch.) 
 The irregular tri.Hngular .<;piice between the curve of an 
 arch and the nn'taugle iucloj^iug it ; or the space between 
 tljc outer moldings of two contiguous arches, and a 
 horizontal line above them, or another arch above and 
 inclosing them. 
 
 SpAn'i;le (siang'gl), n. [0. Eng. spang, Prov. Ger. span- 
 ff'/, pn>b. from A.-S. & 0. II. Ger. spannan, to span, 
 clasp, join.] 1. A small plate or boss of shining metal, 
 u.<ed as an ornament. 'Z. Any thing small and brilliant. 
 
 •^pftij'gle (spilng'gl), V. t. [iinp. & p. p. SPANGLED ; p. 
 }>r. & vb. n. SPANGLING.] To Set or sprinkle with span- 
 gles. 
 
 Spftn'iard (spSu'yard), «. ( Geog.) A native or inhabi- 
 tant of Spain. 
 
 Spsln'iel (-yel), n. [Lat. his- 
 pnniolus, from Hispaniola, or 
 Hay ti, where was the best breed 
 of this dog.] A dog used in 
 sports of the field, remarkable 
 for his sagacity and obedience. 
 
 Spftn'ish, «. (Geog.) Of, or 
 
 jiertiiiniiig to, Spain. 
 
 ypaniel. 
 
 Spi&n'isli, n. The language of 
 Spain. 
 
 Sp&nk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPANKED (spSnkt); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SPANKING.] [From span.] To strike on the 
 breech with the open hand ; to slap. 
 
 SpSnlt'er, Ji. 1. [From spank.] (Nnut.) The after-sail 
 of a ship or bark. ti. One who takes long strides in 
 walking; also, a stout person. [Eng.] 3. Something 
 very large, or larger than common. [ Colloq.] 
 
 SpJlnk.'ing, p. a. Moving with a quick, lively pace. 
 Sitanking breeze, a strong breeze. 
 
 SpJin'-long, a. Of the length of a span. 
 
 Span'ner, n. 1. One who spans. 3. An instrument 
 
 used in the manner of a lever to tighten the nuts upon 
 
 screws. 
 SpJln'-worm (-warm), n. (Entom.) The canker-worm ; 
 
 — so called from the way in which it spans or measures 
 
 the distance over which it passes. 
 Spar, n. [Prov. & 0. Eng. spaad., spat. Cf. M. H. Ger. 
 
 spat, a chip, a splinter, and A.-S. spar-stan, chalk-stone.] 
 
 (Min.) Any earthy mineral that breaks with regular sur- 
 
 facei<, and has some degree of luster. 
 Spar, /J. [D. spar, Icel. sparra, 0. H. Ger. 5joarro, a beam, 
 
 bar.] ( Naut. ) A long beam ; — a general term for mast, 
 
 yard, boom, and gafT. 
 Spar, V. i. [imp. & p. p. sparred; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SPARRING.] [Prov. Eng. ^ar, to inquire. Cf. A.-S. 
 
 spyrian, to inquire, argue, dispute ; 0. H. Ger. spnirian.] 
 
 1. To contend with the fists for exercise or amusement ; 
 
 to box. '^. To dispute ; to quarrel in words ; to 
 
 wrangle. 
 Spar,>i. 1. A feigned blow. 3. A contest at sparring 
 
 or boxing. 
 Spir'a-ble, n. [Corrupted from sparrow-bill, q. v.] A 
 
 small nail u.sed by shoemakers. 
 SpAre (4), V. t. [imp. & p. p. spared ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SPARING.] [A.-S. sparian, 0. H. Ger. sparen, sparOn, 
 
 Icel. spara.] 1, To hold as scarce or valuable ; to use 
 
 frugaUy ; to save. 2. To part with reluctantly ; to aUow 
 
 to be taken away ; to give up. 3. To do without ; to 
 
 dispense with. 4. To omit; to forbear. 5. To save 
 
 from danger or punishment; hence, to treat tenderly. 
 
 6. To withhold from. 7. Tosave or gain, as fromsome 
 
 engroa.sing occupation or pressing necessity. 
 :;pare, v. i. 1. To be frugal. 2. To live frugally ; to 
 
 Ije parsimonious. 3. To forbear ; to be scrupulous. 4. 
 
 To use mercy or forbearance ; to be tender. 
 8p4r(^, a. [compar. sparer ; .svp^rl. sparest-— not 
 
 used in all the senses of the word.] 1. Not abundant 
 
 or plentiful. 2. Parsimonious; sparing 3. Over and' 
 
 above what is necessary, or which may bedispen.sed with. 
 
 4. Held in reserve, to be used in an emergency. 5. 
 
 \ Van ting flesh. 
 
 Scanty; parsimonious; Buperfluous; lean; meager; 
 
 hog taken from the side, consisting of the ribs with 
 little tlesh on them. 
 
 SpAr'liig, n. 1. Scarce; little. 2. Scanty; not plenti- 
 ful ; not abundant. 3. Saving; parsimonious; chary. 
 
 Spar'ing-ly, adv. In a sparing manner ; not abundant- 
 ly ; frugally ; parsimoniously ; abstinently. 
 
 Spark. H. [A.-S. spparca, from A.-S. and 0. H. Ger. 
 springan, to spring, or allied to Lat. spnrgere, to scatter.] 
 1. A small particle of fire or ignited substance emitted 
 from bodies in combustion. 2. A small, shining bodv, 
 or tran.-sient light. 3. That which, like a spark, may te 
 
 * kindled into a flame or action; a feeble germ ; an ele- 
 mentary principle. 4. A brisk, showy, gay man. 5. A 
 lover ; a gallant ; a beau. 
 
 Spark, V. i. To play the spark or lover. 
 
 Spark'i^Ii, a. 1, Like a spark ; airy ; ga3% 2. Show} ; 
 well-dressed ; fine. 
 
 Spark'le (spArk'l), n. [Diminutive of spark.] A little 
 spark ; a scintillation. 
 
 Spark'Ie (spark'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. sparkled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SPARKLING.] 1. To emit sparks. 2. To 
 appear like sparks. 3. To twinkle. 4. To flash as with 
 sparks. 5. To emit little bubbles, as certain kinds of 
 liquors. 
 Syn. — To shine; glisten; scintillate; radiate; coruscate. 
 
 Spark'le (spark'I), v. t. To shine with; to emit, as light 
 j or fire. 
 j Spark'ler, n. One who, or that which, sparkles. 
 
 Spark'Hng, p. a. Emitting sparks. 
 
 Syn. — Glittering; brilliant; shining. See Shining. 
 
 Spar'ro"»v, n. [0. Eng. spanve, 
 
 Sparrow. 
 
 Syn. 
 
 thin. 
 
 Sparely, adv. In a spare manner ; gparingly. 
 
 A.-S. spearwa, speara, Goth. 
 spariva, Icel. sporr.] ( Orjiith.) 
 One of .several species of small 
 passerine birds, having conical 
 bills, and feeding on insects and , 
 seeds. 
 
 Spar 'row- grass, n. [Corrupt, 
 from asparagus.] Asparagus. 
 [ Vulgar.] See ASPARAGUS. 
 
 Spa.r'ro\v-ha\vk, 71. ( Ornith.) 
 A small species of short-winged 
 hawk. 
 
 Spar'ry, a. Resembling spar, or consisting of spar ; hav- 
 ing a confused crystalline structure. 
 
 Spar.se, a. [compar. sparser; superl. sparsest.] 
 [Lat. spnrsus. p. p. of spargere, to strew, scatter.] Thinly 
 scattered ; set or planted here and there. 
 
 Sparse'ness, n. State of being sparse ; thinness. 
 
 Spdr'sim, adv. [Lat., from spargere, to strew, scatter.] 
 Sparsely ; scatteredly ; here and there. 
 
 Spar'tan, fl. [La.t. Spartnnus.] ( Geog'. ) Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, Sparta, especially to ancient Sparta ; hence, 
 hardy ; undaunted. 
 
 SpS§m, n. [Gr. cr7rao-/a6s, from cnraeiv, <nrav, to draw, to 
 cause convulsion.] 1 . ( Med. ) An involuntary and mor- 
 bid contraction of one or more muscles or muscular 
 fibers. 2. A sudden, violent, and perhaps fruitless 
 effort. 
 
 Spa§-mod'i«, \a. 1. Relating to spasm; consisting 
 
 Spa§-in6d'i«-al, { in spasm. 2. Soon relaxed or ex- 
 hausted ; convulsive. 
 
 Spa§-in6d'i«, n. (Med.) A medicine good for removing 
 spasm ; an anti-spasmodic. 
 
 SpSs'tic, a. [Gr. o-TraoTiKos, from oTraeiv, to draw.] Re- 
 lating to spasm ; spasmodic. 
 
 Spat, imp. of spit. [Rare.] See SPIT. 
 
 Sp^t, «. [From the root of 5pif ; that which is ejected.] 
 1. The young of shell-fish. 2. [Cf. Pat.] A slight 
 blow. 3. Hence, a little quarrel or dissension. [Local, 
 Amer.] [.spathe. 
 
 Spa-tlia'ceoiis, a. (Bat.) Having or resembling a 
 
 Spatiie, 71. [L-dt. spatha,Gr. a-ndBri.] (^of.) A sheath- 
 formed involucre, as in the Indian turnip. 
 
 SpatU'ic, a. [From Ger. spatJi, spar.] Like spar ; foli- 
 ated or lamellar ; spa those. 
 
 Spath'i-form, a. [N. Lat. spathum, spar, and Lat. 
 forma, form.] Resembling spar in form. 
 
 Spatli'ose, \a. 1. ( .Bo^) Having a spathe ; resembling 
 
 Spatlx'oiis, ) a spathe ; spathaceous. 2. (Min.) Hav- 
 ing the characters of spar ; sparry. 
 
 Spat'ter, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spattered ; p. pr. & vh 
 n. SPATTERING.] [From the root of spit.] 1. Ta 
 sprinkle with a liquid or with any wet sub.stance, as 
 water, mud, or the like. ** '^" 5-;.,-« k^ »=r^»«.i«.,. 
 to defame. [Obs.] 
 
 2. To injure by aspersion; 
 
 »,&,8cc.,long; a,«,&c.,*A(7r<; car«,far,a8k,all,wlxat; 6re, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; s6ii,6r,dft, WQlf. 
 
SPATTER-DASHES 
 
 689 
 
 SPECTACULAR 
 
 SpJlt'ter-dJtsli'eg, n. pi. [From spatter and dash.] 
 
 Coveriugs for the legs, to keep them clean from water 
 
 and mud. 
 Spa.t'u-la, n. [Lat. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha. 
 
 Of. Spade.] A thin, broad-bladed knife, used for 
 
 spreading plasters, &c. ^ 
 
 SpJit'u-late, a. (Nat. Hist.) Shaped like a spatula, or 
 
 like a battledoor ; roundish, with a long, narrow, linear 
 
 base. 
 Spa,v'iii, n. [From 0. II. Ger. sparioari.,a, sparrow-hawk, 
 
 .because this disease makes the horse raise the infirm leg, 
 
 like a sparrow-hawk.] ( Far.) A swelling in or near some 
 
 of the joints of a horse, by which lameness is produced. 
 Spa.v'iiiecl, a. Affected with spavin. 
 Sp3.wn, n. [0. II. Ger. .spwnni, udder, A.-S. spanu, spana, 
 
 Pi'ov. Eng. spean., spene, a teat, from 0. 11. Ger. spanian, 
 
 spenian, spenen, to milk.] 1. The eggs of fish or frogs 
 
 when ejected. ». Any product or offspring; — in con- 
 tempt. 3 . Buds or branches produced from underground 
 
 stems. 4. {Bot.) The white fibrous matter forming the 
 
 matrix from which fungi are produced. 
 Spawn, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spawned; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SPAWNING.] 1. To produce or deposit, as fishes do 
 
 their eggs. 3. To bring forth; to generate; — used 
 
 contemptuously. 
 Spa-wii, V. i. 1. To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs. 3. 
 
 To issue, as offspring ; — used contemptuously. 
 Spawn'er, n. The female fish. 
 Spay, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SPAYING.] [Cf. W. yspaddu, to exhaust, to empty, 
 
 dyspaddu, to geld, Lat. spado, a eunuch, Gr. <nrdSo)v, 
 
 from cTTraetv, awau, to draw out.] To extirpate the ova- 
 ries of; to castrate ; — said only of female animals. 
 Speak, V. i. [imp. spoke (spake, nearly obsolete) ; p. 
 
 p. spoken (spoke, collog. or rare); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SPEAKING.] [A.-S. sprecan, spreocan, specan, 0. H. 
 
 Ger. sprelihan.] 1. To utter words or articulate sounds, 
 
 as human beings; to express thoughts by words. 3. 
 
 To express opinions. 3, To utter a speech, discourse, 
 
 or harangue. 4. To make mention. 5. To give sound ; 
 
 to sound. 
 Syn. — Tosay; tell; talk; converse; discourse; articulate; 
 
 pronounce. 
 Speak, V. t. 1. To utter with the mouth ; to pronounce. 
 
 3. To declare ; to proclaim. 3. To talk or converse in. 
 
 4. To address ; to accost. 5. To exhibit ; to make 
 known. 6. To express silently, or by signs. 7. To 
 communicate. 
 
 To speak a ship (iVctut.), to hail and speak to her commander. 
 
 Speak'a-ble, a. Capable of being spoken. 
 
 Speak'er, n. 1. One who speaks. 3. Espeeially, one 
 who utters or pronounces a discourse. 3. One who pre- 
 sides over, or speaks for, a deliberative assembly, pre- 
 serving order and regulating the debates : a chairman. 
 
 Speak'er-shiip, n. The office of speaker. 
 
 Speak'iiig, n. 1, Act of uttering words ; discourse. 3. 
 Public declamation. 
 
 ^pear, n. [A.-S. spere, speore, spiore, Icel. spior, Lat. 
 sparus.] 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and 
 hunti.ig, by thrusting or throwing; a lance. 3. A 
 sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stabbing 
 fish, &c. 3. A shoot, as of grass ; a spire. 
 
 Spear, r. t. [imp. & p. p. speared; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPEARING.] To pierce or kill with a spear. 
 
 Spear, v. i. To shoot into a long stem, as some plants. 
 
 Spear'man, n.; pi. spear'men. One who is armed 
 with a spear. 
 
 Spear'miut, n. {Bot.) A plant; a species of mint. 
 
 Sp6'cial (spesh'al), a. [Lat. specialis, fr. species, a par- 
 ticular sort, kind, or quality.] 1. Pertaining to, or 
 constituting, a species or sort. 3. Dififerent from others ; 
 extraordinary ; uncommon. 3. Designed for a partic- 
 ular purpose or person. 4. Limited in range ; confined 
 to a definite field of action or discussion. 
 
 In special, particularly. — Special pleading, the allegation of 
 special or new matter as distinguished from a direct denial of 
 matter previously alleged on the other side. The popular de- 
 nomination of the whole science of pleading. The phrase is 
 Bometimes popularly applied to the specious, but unsound, 
 argumentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth. 
 
 Syn. — Peculiar ; appropriate ; specific ; distinctive. See 
 Peculiar. 
 
 Spe'cial-ist (spesh'al-ist), n. One who devotes himself 
 to a specialty. 
 
 Spe'ci-ai'i-ty (spgsh'i-), n. 1. A particular or peculiar 
 case. 3. The special or peculiar mark or characteristic 
 of a person or thing ; a special occupation or object of 
 attention; a specialty. 
 
 fobd,fo"bt; &ru, rude, piiU ; ^ell, pliaise, «all, echo.- 4ein, get; a§; e^st; linger, link; 
 
 44 ~ 
 
 Sp6'cial-Iy (BpSsh'al-iy), adv. 1. In a special manner ; 
 particularly ; especially. 3. For a particular purpose. 
 
 Sp6'cial-ty (spesh'al-t^-), n. 1. Particularity. 3. A 
 particular or peculiar case. 3. (Law.) A contract, or 
 obligation, under seal ; a contract by deed. 4. That for 
 which a person is distinguished, or which he makes an 
 object of special attention ; speciality. 
 
 Spe'cie (spe'shj'), n. [Cf. obs. species, coin; also. It. in 
 ispecie, in cash or i-eady money.] Copper, silver, or gold 
 coin ; hard money. 
 
 Spe'cieg (spe'shez), n. sing. & pi. [Lat., from specere, 
 to look, behold.] 1. Appearance ; image. [Rare.] 3. 
 (Logic.) A conception subordinated to another concep- 
 tion, called a genus, or generic conception, from which 
 it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, 
 and extending to fewer individuals. S. {Nat. Hist.) A 
 permanent class of existing things, or beings, associated 
 according to attributes, or properties deterudned by 
 scientific observation. 4. Sort ; kind ; variety. 5. ( CivU 
 Law.) The form or shape given to materials; fashioa 
 or shape ; form ; figure. 
 
 Spe-9if'i€, 1 a. [N. Lat. specijicus, from Lat. species, 
 
 Spe-pif i€-al, I a particular sort or kind, and facere, to 
 make.] 1, Pertaining to, characterizing, or constituting 
 a species. 3. Tending to specify or make particular ; 
 definite; limited; precise. 3. (Med.) Exerting a pecu- 
 liar influence over any part of the body. 
 
 Specific gravity (.Physics'), the weight that belongs to an 
 equal bulk of each body. — Specific name (Nat. Hist.), the 
 name which, appended to the name of the genus, constitutes 
 the distinctive name of the species. 
 
 Spe-^if'ic, n. (Med.) A remedy which exerts a special 
 action in the prevention or cure of a disease ; a remedy 
 supposed to be infallible. 
 
 Spe-fif i<; -al-ly, adv. In a specific manner ; according 
 to the nature of the species ; definitely ; particularly. 
 
 Spe-cif 'i«-al-ness, n. State or quality of being specific. 
 
 Spe^'i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of specifying, or determin- 
 ing, by a mark or limit. 3. Designation of particulars ; 
 particular mention. 3. A written statement containing 
 a minute description or enumeration of particulars. 4. 
 Any article or thing specified. 
 
 Spe^'i-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. specified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SPECIFYING.] [L. Lat. specificare. See SPECIFIC] 
 To mention or name, as a particular thing. 
 
 Spg^'i-men, n. [Lat., from specere, to look, to behold.] 
 A part, or small portion, of any thing, or number of 
 things, intended to exhibit the kind and quality of the 
 whole, or of what is not exhibited. 
 
 Syn. — Sample; model; pattern. — A specimen is a repre- 
 sentative of the class of things to which it belongs; as, a speci- 
 men of photography. A sample is a part of the thing itselfc 
 designed to show the quality of the whole; as, a sample of 
 sugar or of broadcloth. A cabinet of minerals consists of 
 specimens; if a part be broken off from any one of these speci- 
 mens, it is a samjjle of the mineral to which it belongs. 
 
 Spe'cious, a. [Lat. speciosus, from species, look, show, 
 appearance, from specere, to look, to behold.] 1. Obvi- 
 ous ; showy ; manifest. 3. Apparently right ; super- 
 ficially fair, just, or correct ; appearing well at first view. 
 Syn. — Plausible ; ostensible ; colorable ; feasible. See 
 Plausible. 
 
 Spe'cioiis-ly, adv. In a specious manner ; with a fair 
 appearance ; with show of right. 
 
 Spe'cioils-ness, n. The quality of being specious ; 
 plausible appearance ; fair external show. 
 
 Speck, n. [A.-S. specca, L. Ger. spaak.] 1. A small 
 place in any thing that is discolored by foreign matter, 
 or is of a color different from that of the main substance. 
 3. A very small thing. 
 Syn. — Spot ; stain ; flaw ; blemish. 
 
 Speck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. specked (spgkt); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. specking.] To stain in spots or drops ; to spot. 
 
 Speckle (spfik'!), n. [Dim. of speck.] A little spot in 
 any thing, of a different substance or color from that of 
 the thing itself; a speck. 
 
 Spgck'le (spek'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. speckled; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. speckling.] To mark with smaU spots 
 of a different color ; to variegate with spots. 
 
 Spe<;'ta-ele, n. [Lat. spectaculum, from spectare, to 
 look at, to behold, intens. form of specere, id.] 1. Some- 
 thing exhibited to view ; — usually, as extraordinary, or as 
 unusual and worthy of special notice. 'H. pi. An optical 
 instrument used to assist or correct some defect of vision. 
 Syn. — Show ; sight ; exhibition ; representation ; pageant 
 
 Spe-e'ta-eled, a. Furnished with spectacles ; wearing 
 spectacles. 
 
 Spe-e-tac'u-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to shows ; of the 
 
SPECTATOR 
 
 690 
 
 SPERMATOCELE 
 
 A female beholder or looker-on. 
 
 n&tare of a show. 5i. Of, or pertaining to, spectacles, 
 or glasses) for the eyes. 
 
 Spe<'-ta'tor, n. One who see^s or beholds ; one personally 
 pre.-ieiit at any exhibition. 
 Syn.— iAK>kcr-on ; beholder; observer! witness. 
 
 Spe^'-tii'trt'ss, ( 
 
 Spw-ta'trix, ) 
 
 Spi^i-'ttT, I n. [Lilt, spfclrurn, an appearance, image, 
 
 Sp6i*'tre, I from 5/jrr^rc, to look.] 1. An apparition ; 
 a pha*t. 'i, Something made preternaturally visible. 
 
 Sl>d«''tral, rt. 1. Pertaining to a specter ; ghostly. 2. 
 Pertaining to a spectrum. 
 
 Spi^^'trtim, n. : )>l. spke'TRA. [Lat. See Specter.] 
 1. A visible form; something seen. 2. (Opt.) The 
 several colored and other rays of which light is com- 
 pOi>ed, separated by the refraction of a prism or other 
 means. 
 
 Sp6«'u-lar, a. [Lat. spectilaris. See SPECULUM.] Hav- 
 ing the qualities of a speculum or miiTor; having a 
 smooth, retiecting surface. 
 
 Si>eciil(ir iron {^fin.), an ore of iron occurring frequently in 
 crystals of a brilliant metallic luster. 
 
 Sp6c'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. speculated : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SPECULATING.] [Lat. specidari, speculatus, to 
 spy out, observe, from specula, a lookout, from specere, 
 to look.] 1, To consider by turning an object in the 
 mind, and viewing it in its different aspects and relations ; 
 to meditate. 2. (Com.) To purchase with the expecta- 
 tion of a contingent advance in value, and a consequent 
 sale at a profit. 
 
 SpSCu-la'tioii, n. [Lat. speculatio.] 1. The act of 
 speculating; as, (a.) Mental view of any thing in its 
 various aspects and relations; contemplation, (b.) (Com.) 
 Act or practice of buying land or goods, &c., in expecta- 
 tion of a rise of price and of selling them at an advance, 
 as distinguished from a regular trade. 2. Conclusion 
 to which the mind comes by speculating ; mere theory ; 
 view ; conjecture. 3. Act or result of scientific or ab- 
 stract thinking. 
 
 Spe-e'u-Ia-tist, n. A speculator; a theorist. 
 
 Sp6€'u-la-tive, a. 1. Given to, or concerning, specu- 
 lation ; involving, or formed by, speculation ; ideal ; 
 theoretical. 2. Pertaining to speculation in land, goods, 
 and the like. 
 
 Sp6-e'u-la'tive-ly, adv. 1. In a speculative manner ; 
 ideally ; theoretically. 2. In the way of speculation in 
 lands, goods, and the hke. 
 
 Sp6«'u-la'tor, n. 1. One who speculates or forms 
 theories. 2. (Com.) One who buys goods, land, or 
 other things, with the expectation of a rise of price, and 
 of deriving profit from such advance. 
 
 Sp6€'u-la-to-ry, a. 1. Exercising speculation ; specu- 
 lative. 2. Intended or adapted for viewing or espying. 
 
 SpS-e'u-lum,n. ; pi. spe€'U-Za. [La^t., from, specere, 
 to look, behold.] 1. A mirror or looking-glass. 2. A 
 reflector of polished metal, especially such as is used in 
 reflecting telescopes. 3. (Surg.) An instrument for 
 dilating certain passages of the body, and throwing the 
 Ught within them. 
 
 Sp6d, imp. & p. p. of speed. See Speed. 
 
 Speecli, n. [A.-S. spraec, spxc, 0. H. Ger. sprdhha. See 
 Speak.] 1. The faculty of uttering articulate sounds 
 or words, as in human beings ; power of speaking. 2. 
 That which is spoken ; words, as expressing ideas. 3. 
 A particular language ; a tongue ; a dialect. 4. Talk ; 
 common saying. 5. A formal discourse in pubUc. 6. 
 Any declaration of thoughts . 
 
 Syn. — Ilaranffue ; language ; address ; oration. See Ha- 
 EAXGL'E and Language. 
 
 Speechi'i-fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. speechified ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. speechifying.] [Eng. speech and Lat. 
 facere, to make.] To make a speech; to harangue; — 
 u.sed derisively or humorously. 
 
 Speecli'leKS, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of the faculty 
 of Bpeech ; dumb. 2. Not speaking for a time ; mute ; 
 Bilent. 
 
 Speechless-ness, n. The state of being speechless ; 
 muteness. 
 
 Speed, '•. i. [imp. & p. p. sped, speeded : p. pr. & 
 vb. 71. SPEEDING.] [A.-S. spcdan, from spOwan, 0. H. 
 Ger. spuoan, spuCan, spuOn, to succeed, A.-S. sped, 0. 
 H. Ger. spuol, prosperity, haste. Cf. Gr. anevSeivl to 
 make ha«te.] 1. To make haste. 2. To attain what 
 one seeks for ; to prosper ; to succeed. 3. To have any 
 condition, good or ill ; to fare. 
 
 Speed, V. t. 1. To cause to make haste; to dispatch 
 ■with celerity. 2. To help forward ; to cause to succeed. 
 
 3. To hasten to a conclusion ; to bring to a result. 4. 
 To bring to destruction ; to ruin. 
 Syn. — To dispatch ; hasten ; accelerate ; hurry. 
 Speed, n. 1. The moving or causing to move forward 
 with celerity. 2. Prosperity in an undertaking; favor- 
 able issue; success. 3. Start; advance. 
 
 Syn. — Haste ; swiftness ; celerity ; quickness ; dispatch ; 
 expedition; hurry; acceleration. See IIaste. 
 
 Speed'er, n. One who, or that which, speeds. 
 
 Speed'i-ly, adv. In a speedy manner ; quickly. 
 
 Speed'i-iiess, n. The quality of being speedy ; quick- 
 ness ; celerity ; haste ; dispatch. 
 
 Speed'y, a. [compar. speedier ; superl. speediest.] 
 Not dilatory or slow ; quick ; swift ; nimble ; hasty ; 
 rapid in motion. 
 
 Speiss, n. [Ger. speise, food ; mixed metal, for bells, &c.] 
 (M/?i.) Copper nickel, consisting of nickel and arsenic. 
 
 Sp€ll, n. [See Spell, v. t.] 1. The relief of one person 
 by another in any piece of work. 2. A gratuitous help- 
 ing forward of another's work. [Amer.] 3. A short 
 period ; a brief time ; a season. 
 
 Spgll, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPELLED ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 SPELLING.] [A.-S. spelian, to supply another's place, 
 speling, spelung, a turn, change.] To supply the place 
 of; to relieve ; to help. 
 
 Spgll, n. [A.-S. spell, history, tale, speech, a magic charm 
 or song, 0. H. Ger. spel, spil, Icel. spiall^ conversation, 
 Goth, spill.] A verse or phrase repeated for its magical 
 power; hence, any charm. 
 
 Spell, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPELLED, or SPELT ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SPELLING.] [A.-S. spellian, Goth. spiUon, to 
 relate, narrate.] 1. To discover by characters or marks ; 
 to read ; — with out. 2. To tell or name the letters of, 
 as a word. 3. To write or print with the proper letters. 
 
 Spell, V. i. To form words with the proper letters, either 
 in reading or writing. [charm. 
 
 Spell'-bound, a. Arrested or locked up by a spell or 
 
 Spell'er, n. 1. One who spells ; one .skilled in spelUng. 
 2. A book containing exercises in speUing ; a spelling- 
 book. [Amer.] 
 
 Spell'ing, n. 1. Act of naming the letters of a word, or 
 of writing or printing words with their proper letters. 
 2. Manner of forming words with letters ; orthography. 
 
 Spell'ing-ljobk; (27), n. A book for teaching children 
 to spell and read ; a speller. 
 
 Spelt, «. [A.-S. spelt, 0. H. Ger. spelza, spelzo, spelta, 
 spelt, from 0. H. Ger. spaltan, to split, on account of th» 
 deep splits or cuts of the ears.] (Bot.) A species of grain, 
 much cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland. 
 
 Spel'ter, n. [L. Ger. spinlter, H. Ger. & D. spiauter. See 
 Pewter.] Zinc. 
 
 Spen^e, n. [0. Fr. despense, buffet, buttery, from des- 
 pendre, to spend, distribute, Lat. dispendere, dispensum. 
 See DISPENSE.] A place where provisions are kept; a 
 buttery ; a larder ; a pantry. 
 
 Spen'^er, n. 1. [From Lord Spencer, who first wore it, 
 or brought it into fashion.] A short over-jacket worn 
 by men or women. 2. (iN'aw^.) A fore-and-aft sail, abaft 
 the fore and main masts, set with a gaff and no boom ; 
 a tr5-sail carried at the foremast or mainmast. 
 
 Spend, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spent ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPENDING.] [A.-S. spcndan, dspendan, from Lat. ex- 
 pendere or dispendere, to weigh out, to expend, dispense.] 
 1. To weigh or lay out ; to dispose of; to part with. 2, 
 To bestow for any purpose. 3. To consume ; to waste ; 
 to squander. 4. To pass, as time; to suffer to pa.ss 
 away. 5. To exhaust of force or strength ; to waste. 
 
 Spend, V. i. 1. To make expense ; to make disposition 
 of money. 2. To be lost or wasted ; to be dissipated or 
 consumed. 
 
 Spend'er, n. One who spends. 
 
 Sp^nd'thrift, n. One who spends money profusely or 
 improvidently ; a prodigal ; one who lavishes his estate. 
 
 Sperm (14), n. [Gr. anepixa, gen. cr7rep/u.aT0?, from (meC- 
 peLv, to sow.] 1, Animal seed. 2. Spermaceti. [A col- 
 loquial contraction.] 3. Spawn of fishes or frogs. 
 
 Sperm'a-9e'ti, n. [Lat. sperma, sperm, and cetus,GT. 
 KrJTO?, any large sea-animal, a whale.] A fatty matter 
 obtained chiefly from the head of the cachalot, or sperm- 
 aceti whale. 
 
 Sperm'a-ry, n. (Anat.) The spermatic gland or glands 
 I of the male. 
 i Sper-ma,t'i€, 1 a. Pertaining to, or con.sieting of, 
 
 Sper-mat'i-e-al, j the semen, or conveying it ; sem- 
 , inal. 
 
 I Sper-mS,t'o-cele, n. [Gr. (nrepfia, sperm, and »ojA.ij, a 
 I tumor.] (iVlec/.) A swelling of the spermatic vessels. 
 
 ^e,k,c.,long; &, 6, Sec, short; c4re, far, afsk, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6u,dr,do, W9U» 
 
SPERM-OIL 
 
 691 
 
 SPINE 
 
 8pSrm'-oil, n. Oil obtained from the cachalot, oi 
 spermaceti whale 
 
 Spew (spu), V. t. {imp. & p. p. spewed ; p.pr. k, vb. n 
 SPEWlNGr.] [A.-S. speoivian, spiioan, Goth, speivan 
 spevari, Icel. spya, allied to Lat. spuerc] 1. To eject 
 from the stomach ; to vomit, ti. To cast forth with ab' 
 horrence. 
 
 Spew, V. i. To discharge the contents of the stomach 
 to vomit. 
 
 Spliic'e-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sphacelated; p 
 pr. & vb. n. SPHACELATING.] [N. Lat. spliacelare _ 
 spAace/aiMw, from Gr. <r<|)a/ceAo9, gangrene.] 1. To mor- 
 tify; to become gangrenous, as tlesh. )i. To decay or 
 become carious, as a bone. 
 
 SpliJi?/e-la'tioii, n. (Med.) The process of becoming, 
 or making, gangrenous ; mortification. 
 
 Spliene, n. [Gr. (T^t-qv, a wedge.] (Min.) A mineral com- 
 posed of silica, titanic acid, and lime. It is found usually 
 in thiu, wedge-shaped crystals. 
 
 Splie'noid, ) a. [Gr. (T(|>^v, o-c^tji/o?, a wedge, and 
 
 Splie-noid'al, ) etSos, likeness.] Resembling a wedge. 
 
 Sphere, n. [Lat. sphera, Gr. o-^aipa.] 1. (Geom.) A 
 body contained under a single surface, which, in every 
 part, is equally distant from a point within, called its 
 center. 2. Any orb or star. 3. (Astron.) (a.) The 
 apparent surface of the heavens, which seems to the eye 
 spherical and every where equally distant, (b.) One of 
 the concentric and eccentric revolving spherical transpa- 
 rent .shells, in which the stars, sun, planets, and moon 
 were once supposed to be set, and by which they were 
 carried. 4. Circuit of action, knowledge, or influence. 
 5. Rank; order of society. 
 
 Syn. — Globe ; orb ; circle ; compass ; province ; employ- 
 ment. See Globe. 
 
 Sphere, v. t. 
 
 SPHERING.] 
 roundness. 
 Sph6r'i€, 
 Sph6r'i« al, 
 
 [imp. &. p. p. SPHERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 1. To place in a sphere. 2. To form into 
 
 ]• 
 
 Having the form of a spheroid ; 
 approaching the form of a sphere. 
 
 a. 1. Having the form of a sphere ; 
 globular. 3. Pertaining to a sphere. 
 3. Relating to the heavenly orbs. 
 
 Sph6r'i«-al-ly, adv. In the form of a sphere. 
 
 Sphgr'ie-al-ness, ) n. State or quality of being spher- 
 
 Sphe-ri^'i-ty, j ical ; roundness. 
 
 Sphfir'i-es, n. sing. The science of the properties and 
 relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of 
 a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it. 
 
 Sphe'roid, n. [Gr. <r(^atpoet5rjs , ball-like, spherical, 
 firom <r<f>aipa, sphere, and el8o<;, form.] A body nearly 
 spherical ; especially, a solid generated by the revolution 
 of an ellipse about one of its axes. 
 
 Sphe-roid'al, 
 
 Sphe-roid'i«, 
 
 Sphe-roid'i«-al, . 
 
 Sphgr'iile (ster'cTol, 53), 7i. [Lat. sphxrula.] A httle 
 sphere *6r spherical body. 
 
 Sphinx, n. [Lat. sphinx, Gr. o-<|)ty^, 
 from a-(j>Cyyei.v, to bind tight or to- 
 gether, as if the throttler.J ( Myth. ) 
 A monster usually represented 
 having the winged body of a lion, 
 and the face and breast of a young 
 woman. It proposed riddles and, 
 put to death all who were unable Sphinx 
 
 to solve them. 
 
 Sphra-gis'ti«s, n. sin^. [Gr. o-</)payicrTiKds, of or for 
 sealing, fi:om a-4)pa.yi^, a seal.] The science of seals, 
 their history, age, and distinctions. 
 
 Spi^e, n. [Ln.t. species, a particular sort or kind, a species. 
 Late Lat. spices, drugs, &c.,of the same sort.] 1. A 
 vegetable production, fragrant or aromatic to the smell 
 and pungent to the taste. 2. Hence, that which resem- 
 bles spice, or enriches or alters the quality of a thing in 
 a small degree ; hence, also, a small quantity. 
 
 Spi5e,^•. t. [imp. & p. p. spiced (splst) ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. SPICING.] 1. To season with spice, or that which re- 
 sembles spice. 3. To fill or impregnate with the odor 
 of spices. 
 
 Spi'^er, n. 1. One who seasons with spice. 2. One who' 
 deals in spice. [spices. 
 
 Spi'^er-y, n. 1. Spices in general. 2. A repository of 
 
 Spick, n. [See Spike.] A .spike or nail. [Prov. Eng.^ 
 Sinckand span new, quite new: that is, as new as a spike or 
 nail jnst made and a chip just split. 
 
 Spi<;'u-lar, a. [From lAt. spiculvm, a dart.J Resem- 
 
 bUng a dart ; having sharp points. 
 Spi-e'u-late, v. t. [Lat. sjriculan , spindatum, from 
 
 spicuhcm, a little point ; a dart.] To sharpen to a point. 
 
 Spi«'ule, n. [Lat. spiculum, dim. of spicum, spica, a 
 point, a dart.] A minute, slender granule or point. 
 
 Spi'^y, a. [compar. SPICIER; superl. SPICIEST.] 1. 
 Producing, pertaining to, or abounding with, spices. 2. 
 Hence, pungent ; pointed. 
 
 Ssrn.— Racy ; aromatic ; fragrant ; smart ; pungent. Set 
 Racy. 
 
 Spi'der, n. [For spinder, from spin, so named from 
 spinning his web.] 1. (Zo'dl.) An animal of the class 
 Araclinida, some of which are remarkable for spinning 
 webs for taking their prey and forming a convenient hab- 
 
 j itation. 2. A frying-pan, somewhat resembUng, in form, 
 
 I a spider. 
 
 i Spig'nel, n. SeeSpiCKNEL. 
 
 I Spig'ot, n. [From spick, for spike.] A pin or peg used 
 to stop a faucet, or to stop a small hole in a ca«k of 
 
 I liquor. 
 
 I Spike, n. [D. spijke.r, Icel. sp'iknri, a spike, allied to Lat 
 spica, a point, a dart.] 1. A sort of very large nail. 2. 
 An ear of corn or grain. 3. A shoot. 4. (Bot.) A spe- 
 cies of inflorescence, in which sessile flowers are alternate 
 
 I on a common .simple peduncle, as lavender, corn, and. 
 
 the like. 
 Spike, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPIKED (splkt) ; p. pr. ia vb. 
 
 I n. SPIKING.] 1. To fasten with spikes, or long and 
 
 I large nails. 2. To set with .spikes. 3. To stop the vent 
 
 j of with a spike, nail, or the like. 
 Spiked (spikt),^. a. Furnished with spikes, as com; 
 
 fastened with spikes ; stopped with spikes. 
 Spike'let, n. {Bot.) A small spike making a part of a 
 large one. 
 
 I Spike'nard (colloq. spikenard), n. [See SPIKE and 
 Nard.] 1. (^of.) An aromatic plant. The spikenard 
 
 I of the ancients is a species of valerian. 2. A fragrant 
 
 ! essential oil. 
 
 j Spik'y, a. 1. Having a sharp point or points. 2. Pur-. 
 
 j nished or armed with spikes. 
 Spile, n. [L. Ger. spile, D. spijl.] 1. A small peg or 
 
 j wooden pin, used to stop a hole. 2. A stake driven 
 into the ground as a support for some superstructure ; a 
 
 1 pile. 
 
 ! Spill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPILLED, or SPILT ; p. pr. & 
 
 j vb. n. SPILLING.] [A.-S. spilLan, Icel. spilla, 0. H. Ger. 
 spildan.] 1. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel ; to 
 
 ' lose or suffer to be scattered. 2. To cause to flow out 
 
 ( or lose ; to shed, or suffer to be shed, as in battle or in 
 manslaughter. 
 Spill. V. i. To be shed ; to run over ; to faU out, be lost, 
 
 or wasted. 
 Spin, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPUN ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. spin- 
 ning.] [A.-S., Goth., & 0. H. Ger. spinnan, IceU 
 spinna, allied to span.] 1. To draw out and twist into 
 
 I threads, either by the hand or machinery. 2. To draw 
 
 I out tediously ; to extend to a great length ; — with o%u. 
 
 3. To protract; to spend by delays. 4. To turn oi 
 cause to whirl; to twirl. 5. (Mach.) To shape, as 
 metal, by revolving as in a lathe, and pressing against it 
 with a roUer or hand-tool. 
 
 Spin, V. i. 1. To practice spinning. 2. To perform the 
 act of drawing and twisting threads. 3. To whirl, as a 
 top or a spindle. 4. To stream or issue in a thread or 
 smaii current. 
 
 Spin'ach ) (spm'ej), n. [L. Lat. spinachium, spinachia, 
 
 Spin'age ) spinacia, fr. Lat. spitia, a thorn, prickle, so 
 called from its pointed leaves.] (Bot.) A plant whose 
 leaves are used for greens and other culinary purposes. 
 
 Spi'nal, a. Pertaining to the spine or back-bone of aa 
 animal. 
 
 Spin'dle, n. [A.-S. spindel, spinl, from spinnan, to spin.] 
 
 1. The long, slender rod in spinning-wheels by which 
 the thread is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it in 
 wound. 2. A slender, pointed rod or pin on which any 
 thing turns ; an axis, or arbor. 3. The fusee of a watch. 
 
 4. A long, slender stalk. 
 
 Spin'dle, v. i. [imp. & p.p. SPINDLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SPINDLING.] To shoot or grow in a long, slender stalk 
 
 or body. 
 Spin'dle-legged, a. Having long, slender legs. 
 Spin'dle- shacked (-shSnkt), a. Having long, slender 
 
 legs. 
 Spin'dle- shanks, n. A tall, slender person; — used 
 
 humorously or in contempt. 
 Spine, n. [Lat. spina, a thorn, the spine.] 1. {Bot.) A 
 
 sharp process from the woody part of a plant ; a thorn. 
 
 2. IZool.) A rigid, jointed spike upon any part of an 
 animai. 3. The back-bone or spinal column of an 
 animal. 
 
 *ood, f <>bt ; tLrn, rude, pull ; fell, fhaise, <:all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tliiS* 
 
SPINEL 
 
 692 
 
 SPITE 
 
 Spl'nel, or Spl-nel', \ «• [1^- Lat. spmellus, from Lat. 
 
 Sl»i-nf lit'' (spl-nM'), ) spina, a thorn, a prickle, prob. 
 socAlleti fnm\ \ts pointtHi crysUvls.] (Min.) A miueml 
 iK^ourriug in ot'tohodtvns, of grfat hardness. 
 
 Spln'et, or Spi-nt't', n. I From Lat. spina, a thorn, be- 
 c«ui>t» itj! quills ivstmible thorns.] (Mus.) An instrument 
 of music n\>!t>mbling a harpsichord, but smaller; a vir- 
 ginal ; — now superseded b> the piano-forte. 
 
 Spi-iiif't*r-oiis, a. [Lat. spini/er, fr. spina, a thorn, and 
 fftrf, U> bear, produce.] Producing spines; bearing 
 thorns ; thorny . 
 
 Spui'ner.M. 1. One who spins. 2. A spider. 
 
 Spin'ner, \n. (Zou7.) An organ with which spiders 
 
 Spiii'ii«>r-Ct, I and some insects form their silk or webs. 
 
 Spin'ning-jf'n'iiy, n. An engine or machine for spin- 
 ning wool or cotton. 
 
 Spin'niiig-^vlieel, n. A machine for spinning yarn or 
 thread, in which a wheel drives a single spindle. 
 
 Spi-iiose' (125), a. [Lat. spinosus, from spina, a thorn.] 
 Full of spines ; armed with thorns ; thorny. 
 
 Spi-n6s'i-ty, n. The state of being spiny or thorny. 
 
 Sprnou!!i, a. Spinose. 
 
 Spin'ster, n. [From spin and the termination ster.] 1. 
 A woman who spins. '2. (Law.) An unmarried woman ; 
 a single woman ; — used in legal proceedings as an addi- 
 tion to the surname. 
 
 Spin'y, a. 1. Full of spines ; thorny. 2. Like a spine ; 
 slender. 3. Perplexed; difficult; troublesome. 
 
 Spir'a-«le (spTr'a-kl or spT/ra-kl, 89), n. [Lat. spiraru- 
 lum, from spirare, to breathe.] 1. (Anat.) A small aper- 
 ture in animal and vegetable bodies, by which air or 
 other fluid is exhaled or inhaled. 2. Any small aper- 
 ture, hole, or vent. 
 
 SpH-rse'd, n. [Lat. ; Gr. cnreipata, from a-nelpa, spire.] 
 (Bot.) A genus of plants including the meadow-sweet and 
 the hardback. 
 
 Spi'ral (89), a. [From Lat. spira, a coil, aspire.] Winding 
 round a cylinder or other round body, or in a circular 
 form, and at the same time rising or advancing forward ; 
 winding like a screw. 
 
 Spi'ral, n. ( Geom.) A curve described by a point called 
 the generatrix, moving along a straight line according to 
 a mathematical law, while the line is revolving about a 
 fixed point called the pole. 
 
 Spi'ral-ly, adv. In a spiral form or direction. 
 
 Spi'rant, n. [Lat. spiralis, spirantis. p. pr. of spirare, 
 to breathe.] (Pron.) A consonant sound uttered with 
 perceptible expiration, or emission of breath ; — said of 
 /, V, th surd and sonant, and the German ch. 
 
 Spire, n. [Lat. spira, Gr. o-Treipa, a coil, a spire ; L. Ger. 
 spier, a Uttle point or sharp enu ; Icel. spira, a pinnacle.] 
 1. A winding hne like the threads of a screw ; any thing 
 wreathed or contorted ; a curl ; a twist ; a wreath. 2. 
 A body that shoots up or out to a point in a conical or 
 pyramidal form ; a steeple. 3. A stalk or blade of grass 
 or other plant. 
 
 Spire, V. i. [Lat. spirare.] 1, To shoot up in a conical 
 form. 2. To sprout, as grain in malting. 
 
 Spir'it, n. [Lat. spiritus, from spirare, to breathe, to 
 blow.] 1. Air set in motion by breathing ; breath ; 
 hence, sometimes, life itself. 2. Life, or living substance, 
 considered independently of corporeal existence 3. The 
 intelligent, immaterial , and immortal part of man; the 
 Boul. 4. A disembodied soul. 5. Hence, a supernat- 
 ural apparition; a specter; a ghost; ali^o, sometimes, a 
 sprite; a fairy. 6. Any remarkable manifestation of 
 life or energy. 7. One who evinces great activity or pe- 
 caliar characteristics of mind or temper. 8. Temper or 
 dispo-sition of mind ; intellectual or moral state ; often, 
 in the pi., animation ; cheerfulness. 9. pi. Hence, a 
 liquid produced by distillation ; especially, alcohol. 10. 
 pi. Hence, rum, whisky, brandy, and other distilled 
 liquors having much alcohol. 11. Intent ; real mean- 
 ing ; — opposed to the letter, or to formal statement ; 
 also, characteristic quality. 
 
 Holy Spirit, or T/ie Spirit (Theol), the Spirit of God, or the 
 third person of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. — Spirit of wine, 
 pure alcohol, so called because formerly obtained only from 
 wine. 
 8yn. — Life; ardor; fire; courage; vivacity; enterprise. 
 Spir'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spirited; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPIRITMVG.] 1. To animate with vigor; to excite ; to 
 encourage; to inspirit. 2. To convey rapidly and se- 
 cretly, or mysteriously, as if by the agency of a spirit ; 
 to kidnap. [fire. 
 
 Spir'it-ed, p. a. Animated ; full of life ; full of spirit or 
 8yn. — Livelr ; rlvaciouB ; ardent ; active ; bold ; coura- 
 geous. 
 
 Spir'it-ed-ly, adv. In a spirited manner ; with spirit. 
 
 Spir'it-igm, n. Belief or doctrine of the spiritists ; spir- 
 itualism. 
 
 Spir'it-ist, n. One who believes in direct intercours; 
 with departed spirits through persons called inediums, 
 a spiritualist. 
 
 Spir'it-less, a. 1. Destitute of spirits ; wanting anima- 
 tion ; dejected; depressed. 2. Wanting life, courage, or 
 fire. 
 
 Spir'it-less-ly, adv. In a spiritless manner ; lifelessly. 
 
 Spir'it-less-iiess, n. The state of being spiritless; 
 dullness ; want of life or vigor. [ardent. 
 
 Spir'it-ous, a. 1. Like spirit ; refined ; pure. 2. Fine; 
 
 Spir'it-ii-al, a. 1. Consisting of spirits; incorporeal. 2. 
 Pertaining to the intellectual and higher endowments of 
 the mind ; mental ; intellectual. 3. Pertaining to thp 
 moral feelings or states of the soul. 4. Pertaining t- 
 the soul or its affections, as influenced by the Spirit ; 
 proceeding from the Holy Spirit ; pure ; holy ; divine. 
 5. Relating to sacred things ; ecclesiastical. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-igm, n. 1. State of being spiritual. 2. 
 (Phi las.) The doctrine in opposition to the matei-ialists, 
 that all which exists is spirit or soul. 3. A belief in the 
 frequent communication of intelligence from the world of 
 spirits, by means of physical phenomenft, commonly 
 manifested through a person of special susceptibility, 
 called a medium. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-ist, n. 1. One who professes a regard for 
 spiritual things only. 2. One who maintains the doc- 
 trine of spirituaUsm. 3. One who believes indirect in- 
 tercourse with departed spirits, through the agency of 
 persons called mediums. 
 
 Spir'it-u-ai'i-ty, n. 1. State of being spiritual. 2. 
 That which belongs to the church, or to a person as an 
 ecclesiastic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-i-za'tion, n. The act of spiritualizing. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spiritualized ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SPIRITUALIZING.] 1. To refine intellec- 
 tually or morally. 2. To imbue with spirituality or life 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-ly, adv. In a spiritual manner ; with puri- 
 ty of spirit or heart. 
 
 Spir'it-u-ous, a. 1. Having the quality of spirit ; ten- 
 uous in substance, and having active powers or prop- 
 erties ; active ; pure. 2. Consisting of, or containing, 
 refined spirit ; ardent. 
 
 Spi-roni'e-ter, n. [Lat. spirare, to breathe, and Gr. 
 fjierpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
 vital capacity of the lungs. 
 
 Spirt, V. t. & i. To spurt. See Spurt. 
 
 Spir'y, a. 1. Of a spiral form; wreathed; curled. 2. 
 Having the form of a pyramid ; pyramidical. 3. Fur- 
 nished or abounding with spires. 
 
 Spis'si-tiide (30), n. [Lat. spissitudo, from spissus, 
 dense.] Thickness of soft substances ; denseness or com- 
 pactness belonging to substances not perfectly liquid nor 
 perfectly solid. 
 
 Spit, n. [A.-S. spitu, D. spit, 0. H. Ger. spiz, Icel. spita, 
 a wooden nail, spiot, a spear.] 1. A pointed iron prong 
 or bar on which meat is roasted. 2. A email point of 
 land running into the sea. 
 
 Spit, n. [See the verb.] The secretion formed by the 
 glands of the mouth ; saliva. 
 
 Spit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPITTED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 SPITTING.] [From the noun.] 1. To thrust a spit 
 through ; to put upon a spit. 2. Hence, to thrust 
 through ; to pierce. 
 
 Spit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPIT (SPAT, obs.) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SPITTING.] [A.-S. spittan, spartan, Icel. spyta, 
 0. Ger. spritzen. Cf. Lat. sputare, from spuere.] 1. To 
 eject from the mouth, as saliva or other matter. 2. To 
 eject or throw out with violence. 
 
 Spit, V. 7. To throw out saliva from the mouth. 
 
 Spit'al, n. [Also 5/i/«/e, abbreviated from /(ospjifl/.j [O. 
 Ft. ospital, hospital.] A hospital. See HOSPITAL. [ObsJ 
 
 Spite, n. [Abbreviated from despite^ q. v.] Hatred; mal 
 ice ; malignity. 
 
 In spite of, in opposition to all efforts of ; in defiance or con- 
 tempt of. — To owe one a spite, to entertain a mean hatred for 
 him" 
 
 Syn.— Pique ; rancor; malevolence ; gruige ; malice.— 
 Malice has more reference to the disposition, and spite to the 
 manifestations of it in words and actions. Malice denotes a 
 spirit which desires evil to other.s. Spite is n temper which de- 
 lights to express itself in bitter and cuttinR languagre, or in low 
 and irritatinsf actions. It is, therefore, meaner than malice, 
 though not always more criminal. 
 
 Spite, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spited ; p. pr. & vb. n. spit- 
 ing.] 1. To be angry or vexed at : to hate. 2. To 
 treat maliciously ; to injure ; to thwart. 
 
 Si,e,&.c.,long; &,6,&o.,short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; dre,vgil, term; pique, firm; s6ii,dr,dQ,'VF9li« 
 
SPITEFUL 
 
 693 
 
 SPONGY 
 
 Spite'f ul, a. Tilled with spite ; having a desire to vex, 
 annoy,* or injure ; malignant ; malicious. 
 
 Spite'f »il-ly, adv. In a spiteful manner ; malignantly. 
 
 Spite'f iil-iiess, n. State of being spiteful ; malice. 
 
 Spit'fire, n. A violent, irascible, or passionate person. 
 [ CoUoq.] 
 
 Spit'ter, n. 1, One who puts meat on a spit. ^. One who 
 ^ects saliva from his mouth. 3. A young deer whose 
 horns begin to shoot or become sharp. 
 
 Spit'tle (spTt'tl), n. [From Eng. spit.] The thick, moist 
 
 ■ matter which is secreted by the salivary glands ; saliva. 
 
 Spit-toon', n. A vessel to receive spittle. 
 
 Splash, V. t- [imp. Sep. p. splashed (splSsht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SPLASHING.] [Allied to plash, q. v.] To 
 spatter with wat<;r, or with water and mud. 
 
 SplJtsli, V. i. To strike and dash about water. 
 
 Spia.shi, n. Water, or water and dirt thrown upon any 
 thing, or thrown from a puddle and the like. 
 
 SplS,«sli'y, a. Full of dirty water ; wet and muddy, so as 
 to_be easily splashed about. 
 
 Splay, a. [Abbrev. from display, q. v.] Displayed : 
 spread ; turned outward. 
 
 Splay, n. A slanted or sloped surface; especially, the 
 expansion given to doors, Avindows, and the like, by slant- 
 ing their sides. 
 
 Splay'-f dot, n. A foot having the sole flattened instead 
 of concave ; flat-foot. 
 
 Splay'-f oj»t, ) a. Having the foot turned outward ; 
 
 Splay'-f o~ot'ed, ) having a wide foot. 
 
 Splay'- moutli, n. ; pi. splay'-mouths (-mouthz). A 
 wide mouth ; a mouth stretched in derision. 
 
 Spleen, n. [Gr. cnrArji/, the milt or spleen, affection of 
 the spleen.] 1. {Anat.) A glandular organ, situated in 
 the upper portion of the abdominal cavity to the left 
 of the stomach ; the milt. The ancients supposed it to be 
 the seat of anger and melancholy, tj. Anger ; latent 
 spite; ill humor. 3. Melancholy; hypochondriachal 
 affections. 
 
 Spleen'isli, a. Spleeny ; affected with spleen. 
 
 Spleen'y, a. 1. Angry ; peevish ; fretful, ii. Affected 
 with nervous complaints ; melancholy. 
 
 Splen'dent, a. [Lat. splendens, p. pr. of splendere, to 
 shine.] 1. Shining ; beaming with Ught. 2. Yery con- 
 spicuous ; illustrious. 
 
 Splen'did, a. [Lat. splendidus, from splendere, to shine j 
 1. Possessing or displaying splendor ; sliining ; very 
 bright. "Z, Showy ; magnificent ; sumptuous. 3. Il- 
 lustrious : heroic ; brilliant ; celebrated ; famous. 
 
 Splen'did-ly, adv. In a splendid manner; brightly; 
 magnificently ; sumptuously. 
 
 Splen'dor, n. [Lat., fi-om splendere, to shine.] 1, 
 Great brightness ; briUiant luster. 3. Great show of 
 richness and elegance. 3. Eminence. 
 
 Syn. — Luster ; splendor ; brilliancy ; magnificence ; gor- 
 geousness ; display ; showiness ; pomp ; parade. 
 
 Splen'e-ti€ (123), a. Affected with spleen. 
 
 Syn. — Morose ; gloomy ; sullea ; peevish ; fretful. 
 
 Spi5n'e-ti€, n. A person affected with spleen. 
 
 Splice, I', t. [iynp. &, p. p. SPLICED (splist) ; p. pr. Sc 
 vb. n. SPLICING.] [D. splitsen, splitten, Ger. splitsen, 
 splizzen, splissen, spleisztn, aUiei to split.] 1. To unite 
 as two ropes or parts of a rope, by a particular manner of 
 interweaving the strands. 2. To unite, by lapping two 
 ends together, and binding, or in any way maJking fast. 
 3. (Mack.) To scarf. 
 
 Splice, n. 1. The union of ropes by interweaving the 
 strands. 3. {Mach.) A connection between pieces of 
 wood or metal by means of overlapping parts ; a scarfing. 
 
 Splint, n. [Ger. splint, splinien, splittpr, D. splint, splin- 
 ter. See infra.] 1. A piece split off; a splinter. 3. 
 (Surg.) A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to 
 hold or protect a broken bone when set. 
 
 Splint, V. t. [imp. & p. p. splinted ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 
 . SPLINTING.] To fasten or confine with splints, as a 
 broken hmb. 
 
 Splin'ter, n. A thin piece of wood, or other solid sub- 
 stance, rent from the muin body. 
 
 Spiin'ter, v. t. [L. Ger. splinien, spliten, splitten, split- 
 tern. D. splinteren. See SPLIT.] To spUt or rend into 
 long thin pieces ; to shiver. 
 
 Splin'ter, v. i. To be split or rent into long pieces. 
 
 Splin'ter-y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, splinters. 
 
 Split, r. t. [iynp & p. p. split (SPLITTED, rare); p.pr. 
 & vb. n. SPLITTING.] [Icel. splita, 0. H. Ger. splizan.] 
 1. To divide longitudinally or lengthwise ; to rive ; to 
 cleave. 2. To tear asunder by violence; to burst; to 
 rend. 3. To separate into parts or parties. 
 
 Split, V. i. 1. To part asunder ; to burst. 3. To burst 
 with laughter. 3. To be dashed to pieces. 
 
 Split, n. 1. A crack, rent, or longitudinal fissure. 3, 
 A breach or separation, as in a political party. [CoUoq.\ 
 
 Splut'ter, n. A bustle ; astir. [CoUoq. and low.} 
 
 Splut'ter, V. i. [imp. & p. p. spluttered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SPLUTTERING.] [Prov. Eng. splutter, equiv. to 
 splutter, q. v.] To speak hastily and confusedly. [CoUoq 
 and low.] 
 
 Spoil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spoiled; p. pr. & vb.n. 
 SPOILING.] [Lat. spoliare, from spolium. See SPOIL, n.] 
 1. To plunder; to strip by violence ; to rob. 3. To seize 
 by violence; to take by force. 3. To cause to decay and 
 perish ; to vitiate ; to mar. 4. To render useless by in- 
 jury ; to ruin ; to destroy. 
 
 Spoil, 1". t. 1. To practice plunder or robbery. 3. To 
 lose the valuable qualities ; to be corrupted ; to decay 
 
 Spoil, n. 1. That which is taken from others by violence; 
 especially, the plunder taken from an enemy ; pillage; 
 booty. 3. That which is gained by strength or effort. 
 3. Act or practice of plundering ; robbery. 4. Corrup- 
 tion; cause of corruption. 
 
 Spoil'er, n. 1. One who spoils ; a plunderer ; a pillag- 
 er ; a robber. 3. One who corrupts, mars, or renderc 
 useless. 
 
 Spoke (20), imp. of speak. See Speak. 
 
 Spoke, n. [A -S. spaca, 0. H. Ger. speihko, speihha.] 1. 
 One of the small bars inserted in the hub, or nave of a 
 wheel, and serving to support the rim or felly. 3. The 
 round of a ladder. 3. A contrivance for fastening the 
 wheel of a vehicle, to prevent it from turning in going 
 down a hill. 
 
 Spoke, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPOKED (spokt) ; p pr. & vb 
 n. SPOKING^] To furnish with spokes. 
 
 Spok'en (spoken, 20), p. p. of.'tpeak. See SPEAK. 
 
 Spoke'sliave, n. A kind of drawing-knife for dressing 
 the spokes of wheels, and other curved work. 
 
 Spokes'man, n. ;pl. spokes^men. [From speak, spoke^ 
 and mail.] One who speaks for another. 
 
 Spo'li-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. spoliated; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. spoliating.] [Lat. spoliare, spoliatum. See 
 Spoil.] To plunder; to pillage; to destroy. 
 
 Spo'li-ate, v. i. To practice plunder; to commit rob- 
 bery 
 
 Spo'li-a'tion, n. 1. Act of plundering ; robbery; de- 
 struction ; deprivation ; despoliation. 3. Robbeiy in 
 war ; especially, the act or practice of plundering neutrals 
 at sea, under authority. 
 
 Spo'li-a/tor, n. One who spoliates. 
 
 Spon-da'i€, \a. 1. Pertaining to a spondee; con- 
 
 Spon-da'i«-al, .1 sisting of spondees. 3. Composed 
 of spondees in excess. 
 
 Spon'dee, n. [Lat. spondeus, Gr. cnroi'Seto? (sc. ttovs), 
 from oTTovSij, a libation, so called because at libations 
 slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in this meter.] 
 (P)os.) A poetic foot of two long syllables. 
 
 Spon'dyl, In. [La.t. spondylies, Gr. <nr6vSv\o^, (t^mv- 
 
 Spon'dyle, j SvAo?.] (^naf.) A joint of the back-bone, 
 a vertebra. 
 
 Sponge (spQnj), n. [Lat. spongia, Gr. oTroyyta, oTrdyyos-] 
 1. A fibrous substance, regarded as of the nature of a 
 compound animal, found adhering to rocks, shells, &c., 
 under water. It is so porous as to imbibe a great quan- 
 tity of water, and is used for various purposes in the 
 arts and in surgery. 3. One who hves upon others ; a 
 sponger. 3. Any sponge-like substance ; especially, 
 dough before it is kneaded and formed, and while being 
 converted into a light, spongy mass by the agency of the 
 yeast or leaven. 4. ( Gun.) An instrument for cleaning 
 cannon after a discharge. 
 
 Sponge (spQnj), v. t. [imp. & p.p. SPONGED; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. sponging.] 1. To cleanse or wipe with a 
 sponge. 3. To wipe out with a sponge ; to efface ; to 
 destroy all trace of. 
 
 Sponge, V. i. 1. To suck in or imbibe, as a sponge. 3. 
 To gain by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on. 3. 
 To be converted, as dough, into a light, spougy ma£B by 
 the agency of yeast or leaven. 
 
 Spon'ger, n. 1. One who uses a sponge. 3. A parasit- 
 ical dependent ; a hanger-on. 
 
 Spon'gi-ness, n. The quaUty or state of being spongy, 
 or porous like sponge. 
 
 Spon'ging-lioiise, n. (Laiv.) A bailiff's house to put 
 debtors in before being taken to jail, or until they com- 
 promise with their creditors. 
 
 Spon'gy, a. 1. Soft and full of cavities. 2. Wet; 
 drenched; soaked and soft, like sponge. 3. Having the 
 quality of imbibing fluids, Uke a sponge. 
 
 food, fc»bt; iim, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag; ejist; linger, link; ti»i* 
 
SPONSAL 
 
 694 
 
 SPRAY 
 
 fe|>dn'sAl, (I. iLAt. sj)ottsalis, from sponsjis, a betrothal, 
 t'nym spondfrr, sponsum , to betioth.] Relating to mar- 
 riage, or to a sptiuse. 
 
 Sl>du'sioii, n. ILat. sponsio, from sf>ondere, sponsmti, to 
 premise solomnly.] Act of becoming surety for another. 
 
 Sptiu'sor, u. fl^t., from .•ipomhre, sponsum, to engage 
 one's st'lf.l 1. A surety. '2. One who, at the baptism 
 of an infiint. professes the Christian faith in its name, 
 and guanuitees its religious education ; a godfather or 
 godmother 
 
 Spdn'tH-iio'i-ty, ». Quality or state of being sponta- 
 neous, or acting; from native feeling, proneness, or tem- 
 Vwnuncnt, without constraint or external force. 
 
 Spoii-ta'iie-ofis, n. [Lat. spoiitaiiciis, from sponte, of 
 frc<' will, voluntarily.] 1. Proceeding from natural feel- 
 ing, teinpenunont, or disposition, or from a native inter- 
 nal proneness, readiness, or tendency. H. Proceeding 
 ftvm internal impulse, energy, or natural law, without 
 e.xternal force. 3. Produced without being planted, or 
 without human labor. 
 
 Sjni. — Voluntary ; uncompelled ; willing. — What is vol- 
 vntary is the result of a volition, or act of choice; it therefore 
 implies some degree of consideration, and may be the result of 
 mere reason without excited feelin";. What is spontaneom 
 Bprings wholly from fcelinfj by a kind of outburst of the mind 
 which admits" of no reflection; as, a spontatiemts burst of ap- 
 plause. Hence, the term is sometimes applied to things inan- 
 imate. 
 
 Spon-ta'ne-ofis-ly, adv. 1. In a spontaneous man- 
 ner ; of one's own accord, ti. By its own force or en- 
 ergj-- 
 
 Spon-toon', n. [Fr. sponton, espontoii , It. spontone, fr. 
 sjnintare, to break off the point, to blunt, from punta., a 
 point, top, end, from piingere, pu^iere, p. p. j)iinto, Lat. 
 ]>unffere, to prick, sting.] (3Iil.) A kind of half pike, 
 borne by inferior officers of infantry. 
 
 Spool, n. [D. spoel, 0. H. Ger. spuolo, spuola.] A piece 
 of cane or reed with a knot at each end, or a hollow cyl- 
 inder of wood with a ridge at each end, used to wind 
 thread or yarn upon. 
 
 Spool, r. t. [imp. & p. p. SPOOLED; p. pr tc vb. n. 
 SPOOLING.] To wind on spools. 
 
 Spdbm, V. i [Prob. from spume, foam. See Spume.] 
 {Nnut.) To be driven steadily and swiftly as before a 
 strong wind. 
 
 Spdbn, 11. [A.-S. spoil, spoon, a chip, Icel. spdnn,sp6nn, 
 a chip, a spoon.] An instrument consisting of a small 
 concave basin with a handle, used in preparing or par- 
 taking of food. 
 
 Spobn'bill, n. ( Ornitk.) A cer- 
 tain wading bird, so named 
 from the shape of the biU. In 
 form and habits it is alUed to 
 the heron. 
 
 Spdbn'- drift, n. {Naut.). A 
 showery sprinkling of sea-wa- 
 ter, swept from the tops of the 
 waves, and driven upon the 
 surface in a tempest. _ 
 
 Spoon'ful, n. ; pi. SPOON'- 
 FUL^. 1. The quantity which 
 a spoon contains, or is able to 
 contain. 2. Hence, a small 
 quantity. 
 
 Spoon'-meat, n. Food that is or must be taken with 
 a spoon ; liquid food. 
 
 Spo-rJid'i«, I a. [Gr. a-iropaSiKog, scattered, from 
 
 Spo-rJid'i«-al, j o-iropas, o-Tropo^os, id. , from o-jretpeiv, 
 to sow seed, to scatter like seed.] Occurring singly or 
 apart from other things of the same kind ; separate ; 
 single. 
 
 Spore, n. [Gr. a~ir6pos, a sowing, seed, from <nreipeiv, to 
 sow.] (Bot.) One of the minute grains in flowerless 
 plants which y)erforms the function of seeds. 
 
 Sport, n. [Abbrev. from disport, q. v.] 1. That which 
 diverts and makes mirth. ^. Contemptuous mirth. 3. 
 That with which one plays or which is driven about ; a 
 toy. 4. Diversion of the field, as fowUng, hunting, fish- 
 ing, and the Uke. 
 
 Syn. — Play; game; diversion; frolic; mirth; mock; mock- 
 ery; jeer. 
 
 Sport, V. t. 1. To divert ; to make merry ; — used reflex- 
 ively. 2. To represent by any kind of play. 3. To ex- 
 hibit or bring out in public. [ Col/or/.] 
 
 Sport, f. /. [imp. & p. p. sported; p. pr. k vb. n. 
 SPORTING.] 1. To play ; to frolic ; to wanton. 3. To 
 practice the diversionfl of the field. 3. To trifle. 
 
 Sport'er, n. One who sports ; a sportsman. 
 
 Spoonbill. 
 
 Sport'ful, o. 1. Full of sport; merry; froUcsome. 3, 
 Done in* jest or for mere play. 
 
 Sport'ive, a. Tending to, or provocative of , sport ; gay,- 
 frolicsome ; playful. 
 
 Sport'ive-ly, adv. In a sportive manner ; gayly ; mer- 
 rily ; playfully. 
 
 Sports'inaii, M. ; p^ sports'men. Ons who pmrsuea 
 or is skilled in the sports of the field ; on« who hunts, 
 fishes, and fowls. 
 
 Sport.s'inau-!<liip, n. The practice of sportsmen ; skill 
 in field sports. 
 
 Sp6t, «. [D. spat, from the root of spit ; 0. II. Ger. spot, 
 Icel. spott, mockery, derision.] 1. A mark on a sub- 
 stance made by foreign matter. 3. Hence, a stain on 
 character or reputation. 3. A small extent of space ; 
 any particular place. 4. A place of a different color 
 from the ground upon which it is. 
 
 Sym. — Stain; flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; reproach; fault; 
 blemish; place; site; locality. 
 
 Spot, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPOTTED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 SPOTTING.] 1. To make visible marks upon with somo 
 foreign matter. 2. To marker note so as to insure recog- 
 nition. [Colloq.] 3. To blemish ; to tarnish, as repu- 
 tation. 
 
 Spotted fever (2fed.), a species of fever accompanied by a rask 
 or eruption of red spots ; tj'phus. 
 Syn.— To mark; blot; stain; discolor; disgrace. 
 
 Spot'less, a. Without a spot ; especially, free from re- 
 proach or impurity. 
 
 Syn. — Blameless ; unspotted ; unblemished ; pure ; im- 
 maculate; irreproachable. See Blameless. 
 
 Sp6t'less-Iy, adv. In a spotless manner. 
 
 Spot'less-ness, n. State or quality of being spotless ; 
 freedom from spot or stain ; freedom from reproach. 
 
 Spot'ted, a. Marked with spots. 
 
 Spot'ti-ness, n. State or quality of being spotty. 
 
 Spot'ty, a. Full of spots; marked with disccdored 
 places. 
 
 Spoug'al, a. [See Espousal, Sponsal, and Spouse.] 
 Pertaining to a spouse, or to a marriage. 
 
 Syn. — Nuptial; matrimonial; conjugal; connubial; bridal. 
 
 Spoug'al, n. Marriage ; nuptials ; —generally used in the 
 plural. 
 
 Spouge, n. [0. Fr. espoits, espos, fem. espouse, spouse, 
 Lat. sponsus, sponsa, from spondere, sponsum, to prom- 
 ise solemnly, to engage one's self.] A man or woman 
 engaged or joined in wedlock; a married person, hus- 
 band or wife. ' 
 
 Spougs'less, a. Destitute of a spouse ; having no hus- 
 band or wife ; unmarried. 
 
 Spout, n. [D. spuit, a spout, spuiten, to spout, allied to 
 spit, q. v.] 1. A pipe or tube for conducting a fluid. 
 3. A pipe, or a projecting mouth of a vessel, used in di- 
 recting a stream of a liquid poured out. 
 
 To put, or shove up the spout, to pawn or pledge at a pawn- 
 broker's. [Cant.^ 
 
 Spout, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spouted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPOUTING.] 1. To throw out, as liquids through a 
 narrow orifice, or pipe. 3. To throw out, as words, with 
 affected gravity ; to mouth. 
 
 Spout, V. i. 1, To issue with violence, as a liquid through 
 a narrow orifice or from a spout. 3. To utter a speech, 
 especially in a pompous manner. 
 
 Sprain, v. t. [imp. & p.p. sprained ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 SPRAINING.] [0. Fr. espreindre, N. Fr. epreindre, to 
 press, to force out, from Lat. exprimere. See EXPRESS.] 
 To weaken, as a joint or muscle, by sudden and excessive 
 exertion ; to overstrain. 
 
 Sprain, n. An excessive strain of the muscles or liga- 
 ments of a joint, without dislocation. 
 
 Sprang, imp. of spring, for sprung. See SPRING. 
 
 Sprat, n. [0. Eng. & D. sprot, H. Ger. sprotte.] (Ichth.) 
 A small fish, closely allied to the herring and pilchard. 
 
 Spra"wl, V. i. [imp. & p. p. sprawled \ p. pr. Sc vb. 
 n. SPRAWLING.] [Dan. spr'allt, sj/ralde, Sw. sprattla, to 
 palpitate, D. spartelen, spertelen, to palpitate.] 1. To 
 lie with the hmbs stretched out or struggling. 3. To 
 spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or trees. 3. To 
 move, when lying down, with awkward extension and 
 motions of the limbs. 
 
 Spray, n. [A.-S. spree, a twig, branch, Icel. sprek, id., 
 0. H. Ger. spraioh, twigs, from sprah/iGn, to cut Cf. 
 Sprig.] 1. A small shoot or branch ; a twig. 3. A 
 collective body of small branches. 
 
 Spray, n. [A.-S. sprigan, to pour, geondsprcgan to 
 pour through, D. spreijen, spreiden, to sprinkle.] Water 
 
 a, e, &c., long ; h, 6, &c., short; cftre, far, ask, all, vrhiait ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, do, -wqU, 
 
SPREAD 
 
 695 
 
 SPUNGE 
 
 flying in small drops or particles, as by the force of 
 wind, the dashing of waves, &c. 
 
 Spread, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spread; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPREADING.] [A.-S. sprxda7i,0.ll. Qer. spreitan.] 1. 
 To extend in length and breadth, or in breadth only. ii. 
 To extend so as to cover something. 3. To divulge ; to 
 publish, as news or fame. 4. To cause to affect great 
 numbers. 5. To emit ; to diffuse, as emanations or ef- 
 fluvia. 6.- To scatter over a larger surface. 7. To pre- 
 pare ; to set and furnish with provisions. 
 
 Syn.— To open; unfurl; diffuse; propagate; disperse; pub- 
 lish; distribute; scatter; circulate; disseminate; dispense. 
 
 Spread, v. i. 1. To extend in length and breadth in all 
 directions, dt in breadth only. 2. To be extended by 
 drawing or beating. 3. To be made known more ex- 
 tensively. 4. To be propagated from one to another. 
 
 3pread, n. 1. Extent; compass. "Z. Expansion of 
 parts. 3. A table, as spread or furnished with a meal. 
 
 [Colloq.] 
 
 Spread'er, 7i. One who, or that which, spreads. 
 
 Spree, ?i. [Fr. spre, a spark, animation, spirit.] A merry 
 frolic ; especially, a drinking froUc ; a carousal. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Sprig, n. [A.-S. spree. See SPRAY.] 1. A small shoot 
 or twig of a tree or other plant. ^. A youth ; a lad ; — 
 used as a term of shght disparagement. 
 
 Sprig, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sprigged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPRIGGING.] To mark or adorn with the representa- 
 tion of small branches. 
 
 Sprig'gy, a. Full of sprigs or small branches. 
 
 Spriglit (sprit), n. [Contracted from spirit, q. v.] A 
 spirit ; a shade ; a soul ; an incorporeal agent ; an ap- 
 parition. 
 
 Spright'less (sprit'-), a. Destitute of life ; dull. 
 
 Spriglit'li-ness (sprit'-), n. Quahty of being sprightly ; 
 liveliness. 
 Syn. —Life; briskness; vigor; activity; gayety; vivacity. 
 
 Spright'ly (sprit'-), a. Spirit-like, or spright-like ; live- 
 ly ; brisk ; animated ; vigorous ; airy ; gay. 
 
 Spring, ^'. «. [imp. SPRUNG (SPRANG, obsolescent); p. 
 p. SPRUNG ; p. pr. & vb. n. SPRINGING.] [A.-S. sprin- 
 gan, sprincan, 0. H. Ger. springan, Icel. springa.] 1. 
 To leap ; to bound ; to jump. ti. To issue with speed 
 and violence. 3. To start or rise suddenly fi:om a cov- 
 ert. 4. To fly back ; to start. 5. To bend or wind 
 from a straight direction or plane surface. 6. To shoot 
 up, out, or forth ; to come to the light ; to begin to ap- 
 pear. 7. To issue or proceed, as from a parent or an- 
 cestor ; to result, as from a cause, motive, reason, or 
 principle. 8. To grow ; to thrive. 
 
 'Spring, V. t. 1. To cause to spring up ; to start or 
 rouse, as game. 2. To produce quickly or unexpectedly. 
 
 3. To contrive, or to produce or propose on a sudden. 
 
 4. To cause to explode. 5. To burst ; to cause to open. 
 
 6. To crack or split ; to bend or strain so as to weaken. 
 
 7. To cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a trap. 8. 
 To insert, as abeam in a place too short for it, by bending 
 it so as to bring the ends nearer together, and allowing 
 it to straighten when in place. 
 
 Spring, ». 1. A leap; a bound; ajump, asof an ani- 
 mal, 'i, A flying back ; resilience. 3. Elastic power or 
 force. 4, An elastic body, as a steel rod, plate, or coil ; 
 amass, or strip, of India rubber, &c. ; — used for va- 
 rious mechanical purposes. 5, Any source of supply ; 
 especially, the source from which a stream proceeds ; a 
 fountain. 6. That by which action, or motion, is pro- 
 duced or propagated ; cause; origin. 7. The season of 
 the year when plants begin to vegetate and rise ; the 
 months of March, April, and May. 
 
 Springe, «. [From, spri^ig, y. i.] A noose, which, being 
 fastened to an elastic body, is drawn close with a sud- 
 den spring, by which means it catches a bird or other 
 animal. 
 
 Spring'er, n. 1. One who springs; one who rouses 
 game. 2. A young plant. 3. (Arch.) (a.) The impost, 
 or point at which an arch unites with its support, and 
 from which it seems to spring, (b.) The bottom stone 
 of an arch, which hes on the impost, (c.) The rib of a 
 groined roof. 
 
 Spring'- Iialt, n. (Far.) A kind of lameness in which 
 a horse suddenly twitches up his legs. 
 
 Spring'-liead, n. A fountain or source. 
 
 Spring'i-ness, n. 1. State of being springy ; elasticity ; 
 also, power of springing. '2. State of abounding with 
 springs ; wetness or spouginess, as of land. 
 
 Spring'- tide, ?i. 1. The tide which happens at, or soon 
 after, the new and full moon, which rises higher than 
 common tides, ti. The time of spring ; spring time. 
 
 Spring'y, a. [compar. SPRINGIER ; superl. sPRin©- 
 lEST.] 1. ResembHng, or pertaining to, a spring ; elas- 
 tic ; hght ; nimble, ii. Abounding with springs or fouB- 
 tains : wet ; spongy. 
 
 Sprink'le (sprirjk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sprinkled; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SPRINKLING.] [Diminutive of 0. & Prov. 
 Eng. sprinke, springe, sprenge, A.-S. sprengan, sprencan, 
 to sprinkle.] 1. To scatter, or disperse, in small drops 
 or particles, as water, .seed, &c. ti. To scatter on ; te 
 disperse over in small drops or particles. 3. To baptiz* 
 by the application of a small quantity of water ; hence, 
 to cleanse ; to purify. 
 
 Sprink'le (sprlnk'l), v. i. 1. To perform the act of scat- 
 tering a liquid, or anj' fine substance. '2, To rain mod- 
 erately, or with drops falling now and then. 
 
 Sprink'le (sprlnk'l), 71. 1. A small quantity scattered ,• 
 a sprinkling. 2. A utensil for sprinkling. 
 
 Sprink'ler, n. One who, or that which, sprinkles. 
 
 Sprink'ling, n. 1. Act of scattering in small dropsoT 
 parcels. 3. A small quantity falling in distinct drops 
 or parts. 3. Hence, a moderate number or quantity, 
 distributed like separate drops. 
 
 Sprit, n. [A.-S. spredt, a sprit, spear, pike.] (Naut.) A 
 small boom, pole, or spar, crossing the sail of a boat diag- 
 onally from the mast to the upper aftmost comer, which 
 it is used to extend and elevate. 
 
 Sprite, n. [Contracted from spirit. This is the preferable 
 orthography, but is less common than spright.] A spirit ; 
 a soul ; a shade ; an apparition. 
 
 Sprit'-sail, n. (Naut.) (a.) The sail extended by a sprit. 
 (b.) A sail attached to a yard which hangs under the 
 bowsprit. 
 
 Sprout, V. i. [imp. & p. p. SPROUTED ; p. pr. &:, vb. n. 
 SPROUTING.] [H. Ger. sprossen, sprieszen, A.-S. spreotan, 
 sprytan, spryttan.] 1. To shoot, as the seed of a plant ; 
 to germinate ; hence, to grow like shoots of plants. 3. 
 To shoot into ramifications. 
 
 Sprout, n. The shoot of a plant. 
 
 Spruce, a. [compar. SPRUCER; superl. SPRUCEST.] 
 [Perhaps from spruce, a sort of leather from Prussia, 
 which was an article of finery. Cf. also Prov. Ger. spreus- 
 zen, spreuzen, sprilzen, sprutzen, H. Ger. spreizen, to 
 prop, to boast of, gespreiczt, gespreizt, stiff, prim, boast- 
 ing.] Neat, without elegance or dignity. 
 Syn. — Finical; neat; trim. See Finical. 
 
 Spruce, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spruce d (spnist) ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb!'n. SPRUCING.] To dress with affected neatness. 
 Spruce, V. i. To dress one's self with affected neatness. 
 Sprii^e, 71. [0. Eng. Spruce or 
 
 Priise , Prussia, Prussian ; so 
 
 named because it was first known 
 
 as a native of Prussia.] (Bat.) A 
 
 coniferous tree, especially the 
 
 species called Norway Spruce, a 
 
 native of the north of Europe ; 
 
 — appUed in the United States to 
 
 the hemlock spruce. 
 Sprupe'-beer, n. A kind of beer 
 
 which is tinctured or flavored 
 
 with spruce. 
 Spruce 'ly, adv. In a spruce 
 
 manner ; with affected neatness. 
 Sprupe'ness, «. The state or Norway Spruce. 
 
 j quality of being spruce ; trimness ; fineness. 
 j Sprung, imp. & p. p. of spring. See Spring. 
 Spry, a. [cotnpar. SPRYER ; superl. SPRY'EST.] Having 
 j great power of leaping or running ; nimble ; active ; vig- 
 I orous. [Prov. Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 
 \ Spiid, n. [Dan. spyd. a spear.] 1. An implement some- 
 I what like a chisel, with a long handle, used for destroy- 
 j ing weeds. 2. Any short and thick thing. [Amer.] 
 Spumo, OT. [Lat. spuma, from spuere, to spit, to spew.] 
 1 Frothy matter raised on liqviors or fluid substances by 
 ' boiUng, effervescence, or agitation; froth; foam; scum. 
 Spume, r. i. [imp. & p. p. SPUMED; p. pr. & vb./i. 
 \ SPUMING.] To froth : to foam. 
 
 Spu-mes'^en^e, n. State of being foamy ; frothiness. 
 j Spu-mes'pent, a. [Lat. spm7iescens, p. pr. of spmnes- 
 j cere, to grow foamy, from spuma, foam.] Resembling 
 j froth or foam. 
 
 I Spiirn'oiis, ) a. [Lat. spianosus, from spiana, foam ] 
 ; Spum'y, ) Consisting of froth or scum ; foamy. 
 I Spiin, hnp. & p. p. of spin. See Spin. 
 
 Spjin hay, hay twisted into ropes for convenient carriage, as 
 on a military expedition. 
 
 Spungtp, n. See SPONGE. 
 
 tood, t&bt ; firn, rude, s>ull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e€lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; ttiis. 
 
SPLtNK 
 
 696 
 
 SQUARE 
 
 SlifYnU. fi. ii.;.v.. ."fOHg, Ir. sjwnc. tinder, spongi. ; A.-S. 
 - , a sjKingp, spun, spoon, a ohi|>, tinder, touch- 
 Cf. ri:\K.] 1. Wood that ivadily tttkes fire; 
 .^•v.^ll\vtXHi; also, a kind of tindor made from a species 
 of fungus ; punk ; amadou. '2, Au iuHammable tem- 
 per; spirit; pluck. [Colloq.] 
 
 Spftnk'y, a. [rompar. SPUNKIER ; superl. SPUNKIEST.] 
 FulTofVpunk; quick; spirited. [Colloq.] 
 
 Spiln'-yjini, n. (yam.) A Hue or cord formed of two 
 or thnv roj>e-yarns twisted. 
 
 Spfir, ». [A.-S. spi'ra. spora, Icel. .spori, 0. H. Ger. sporo, 
 allii'd to spear.] 1. An instrument having a little wheel, 
 with sharp points, worn on a horseman's heels, to prick 
 a horse in order to hasten his pace. !i. Incitement ; in- 
 stigation. 3. Something that projects ; a snag. 4. The 
 largest or principal root of a tree. 5. Tlie hard, pointed 
 projection on a cocks leg. C ( Geog.) A mountain that 
 shoots from any other mountain, or range of mountains, 
 and extends to some distance in a lateral direction. 7. 
 (Carp.) A bnice; a strut. S. (Bol.) {a.) Any projecting 
 appendage of a flower looking like a spur, (b.) A seed 
 of rye, and some other grasses, affected with a species of 
 fungus : ergot. 
 
 Spiir. V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPURRED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPURRING.] [From the noun.] 1. To prick with spurs ; 
 to incite to a more hasty pace. 2. To urge or encourage 
 to action , or to a more vigorous pursuit of an object. 
 Syn. — To incite; to instigate; to impel; to drive. 
 
 ^pftr, r. /. 1. To travel with great expedition ; to hasten. 
 'Z. To press forward. 
 
 Spiir'-gall, t-. t. To gall or wound with a spur. 
 
 Spur'-gall, n. A place galled or excoriated by much 
 using of" the spur. 
 
 Spiirge, n. [0. Fr. espiirg, from Lat. expurgnre , to purge. 
 See Expurgate.] {Bot.) A plant having an acrid, 
 milky juice. 
 
 Spxi'ri-ous. a. [Lat. spurius.] 1. Not proceeding from 
 the true source, or from the source pretended; not gen- 
 uine. t2. Not legitimate. 
 
 Syn.— Counterfeit ; false; adulterate; supposititious; ficti- 
 tious; bastard. 
 
 Spu'ri-otis-ly, adv. In a spurious manner ; falsely. 
 
 Spu'ri-oils-ness, n. State or quality of being spurious, 
 counterfeit, or illegitimate. 
 
 Spfirn, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SPURNED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SPURNING.] [A.-S. sptirnan, speorumi, to kick, ofifend, 
 allied to .^;?!;ra, heel. See SPUR.] 1. To drive back or 
 away, as with the foot ; to kick. 2. To reject with dis- 
 dain : to treat with contempt. 
 
 Spurn, v. i. 1. To kick or toss up the heels. 3. To 
 manifest disdain in rejecting any thing. 
 
 Spurn, w. 1. A kick. [Rare.] 3. Disdainful rejection : 
 contemptuous treatment. 
 
 Spurred (spurd), p. a. 1. "Wearing spurs, or having 
 shoots like spurs. 3. Affected with spur or ergot. 
 
 Sptir'rer, n. One who uses spurs. 
 
 Sp<xr'ri-er, n. One who makes spurs. 
 
 Spfir'-roy'al, n. A gold coin, first made in the reign of 
 Edward IV., and having a star on the reverse, resem- 
 bling the rowel of a spur. Its value was about 15 shil- 
 hngs. 
 
 Spurt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. spurted ; p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 SPURTING.] [Written also spirt, formed from 0. Eng. 
 sjjrit, to sprout, to bud, by a transposition of the letters 
 i and r. Cf. Sprout.] To throw, drive, or force out, vio- 
 lently , as a liquid in a stream , from a pipe or small orifice. 
 
 Spfirt, V. i. To gush or issue out in a stream, as Uquor 
 from a cask. 
 
 Spfirt, n. A sudden or violent gushing of a liquid sub- 
 stance from a tube, orifice, or other confined place ; a jet. 
 
 Sput'ter, V. i. [imp. & p. p. sputtered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SPUTTERING.] [From the root of .t;30«« and .«;/>/«. See 
 Spatter.] 1. To spit, or to emit saliva from the mouth 
 in small or scattered portions, as in rapid speaking. 3. 
 To throw out moisture in small, detached parts. 3. 
 To fly off in small particles with some crackling or noise. 
 4. To utter words hastily and indi.'^tinctly. 
 
 ^ut'ter, V. t. To throw out with haste and noise; to 
 utter with indistinctness. 
 
 Si>ut'ter, n. Moist matter thrown out in small particles. 
 
 Sput'ter-er, n. One who sputters. 
 
 Sp.v. «• [See Espy.] 1. One who keeps a constant watch 
 of the conduct of others. 3. {Mil.) A person sent into 
 an enemy's camp to inspect their works, ascertain their 
 strength or their movements, and secretly communicate 
 intelligence to the proper officer. 
 Syn.— See Emissaet. 
 
 Spy, V. t. [imp. & p.p. SPIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SPTINe.^ 
 [See ESPY, V. t.] 1. To gain sight of; to discover at a 
 distance, or in a state of concealment ; to espy ; to see , 
 3. To discover by close search or examination. 3. To 
 view, inspect, and examine secretly. 
 
 Sp^, I", i. To search narrowly ; to scrutinize. 
 
 Spy'-boat, n. A boat sent to make discoveries and bring 
 iirtelligence. 
 I Spy'-glass, n. A small telescope for viewing distant 
 j terrestrial objects. 
 
 Squab (skwob), a. [Prov. Sw. sqvab, a eoft and fat body, 
 sqy'nbba, allied to Icel. qvap, soft, fat, qvapa, to tremble 
 with loose fat, D. kuab, Ger. quabbe, a dewlap, a fat 
 lump of flesh.] 1, Fat; thick; plump; bulky. 3, 
 Unfledged ; unfeathered. 
 
 Squab (skwob), n. 1. A young pigeon or dove. 3. A 
 person of a short, fat figure. 3. A thickly stuffed cush- 
 ion for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair. 
 
 Squab'ble (skw6b/bl),f. t. [imp. & p.p. SQUABBLED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SQUABBLING.] [Allied to L. Ger. kab- 
 beln, Sw. kdbbla, to quarrel.] 1. To contend for supe- 
 riority. 3. To debate peevishly. 
 
 Syn. — To dispute ; contend ; scuffle ; wrangle ; quarrel; 
 struggle. 
 
 SquabTble (skwob'bl), v. t. (Print.) To disarrange or 
 mix, so that the letters of one line get into any of the 
 adjacent lines ; —said of lines or a page or form of type. 
 
 Squab'ble (skwob/bl), n. A scuffle ; a wrangle ; a brawl ; 
 a petty quarrel. [son. 
 
 Squab'bler, n. One who squabbles ; a contentious per- 
 
 SquabHby, a. Short and thick ; squabbish. 
 
 Squad (skwod), ?i. [Fr. escouade, It. squadra, from Lat. 
 ex and quadra, a square, from qvatuor, four.] 1. (Mil.) 
 A small party of men assembled for drill, inspection, or 
 other purposes. 3. Hence, any small party. 
 
 Squad'ron, »!. [See supra.] 1. A square body of troops. 
 [Rare.] 3. (Mil.) A body of cavalry comprising two 
 companies or troops, averaging from 150 to 200 men. 3« 
 (Naut.) A detachment of vessels under the command of 
 the senior officer. 
 
 Squal'id (sqwol'id), a. [Lat. squalidus, from sqitalere, to 
 be foul or filthy.] Dirty through neglect ; foul ; filthy. 
 
 Squa-lid'i-ty, n. State of being squaUd; foulness; 
 tilthiness. 
 
 Squal'id-ly, adv. In a squalid, filthy manner. 
 
 Squal'id-ness, n. State or quaUty of being squalid. 
 
 Squall, V. i. [imp. & p. p. squalled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SQUALLING.] [Sw. sqvdla, to cry out, Ir. & Gael, sgal, 
 to shriek.] To scream or cry violently, as a woman 
 frightened, or a child in anger or distress. 
 
 Squall, n. [See svpra.] 1. A loud scream ; a harsh cry. 
 3. "a sudden and violent gust of wind, often attended 
 with rain or snow. 
 
 Squall'er, n. One who squalls or cries aloud. 
 
 Squall'y, a. Abounding with squalls; disturbed often 
 with sudden and violent gusts of wind 
 
 Squa'loid, a. [Lat. squalus, a shark, and tlSos, likeness.] 
 Like a shark ; resembling a shark. 
 
 Sqiid'l6r,n. [Lat., from squalere, to be foul or filthy.] 
 Foulness ; filthiness ; squalidity ; squalidness. 
 
 Squa-mose' (125), I a. [Lat. squamosus, from squama, 
 
 Squa'mous, j a scale.] Covered \vith, or consist- 
 
 ing of, scales ; scaly. 
 
 Squan'der (skwon/-),^•. ?. [imp. &p.^. SQUANDERED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SQUANDERING.] [0. & Prov. Ger. 
 schwenden, now only verschivenden,0. H. Ger. suandian, 
 suentan, from swindan, swintan, to vanish, dwindle.] 
 To spend lavishly or profusely ; to spend prodigally. 
 Syn. — To spend; expend; waste; scatter; dissipate. 
 
 Squan'der-er, n. One who squanders : a prodigal. 
 
 Square (4), a. [See infra.] 1. Having four equal sides 
 and four right angles. 3. Forming a right angle. 3. 
 Having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal am 
 angular rather than curving outlines. 4. Exactly suit- 
 able or correspondent ; true ; just. 5. Rendering equal 
 justice ; fair ; honest. 6. Even ; leaving no balance. 7o 
 (Naut.) (a.) At right angles with the mast or the keel, 
 and parallel to the horizon, (b.) Of greater length than 
 usual ; as, a square sail. 
 
 Square measure, the measure of a superficies or surface, 
 which depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. — 
 Square number. See Square, n., 5. — .9f/uore root of a quan- 
 tity (3fath.), that number or quantity which, multiplied by it- 
 self, produces the given quantity. — Three-square, Jive-square, 
 &c., having three or five equal sides. 
 
 Squ&re, n. [From Lat. earand quadra, a square.] ( Geom.) 
 1. A rectilineal figure having four equal sides and four 
 right angles. 3. Hence, that which is square, or nearly sov 
 
 a, e, &c., Icmg; a, 6, &c., short; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veU, tSrm ; piique,firiu ; son, 6r, do, woli, 
 
SQUARE 
 
 697 
 
 STAB 
 
 sure. 3. An area 
 
 J 
 
 oris reckoned by squares or square measure. 3. An area 
 of four sides, with houses on each side ; 
 Bometiuies, a solid bloclc of houses; 
 also, sometimes, an open place formed 
 by the meeting or intersection of two 
 or more streets. 4. [Carp. &, Joinery.) 
 An instrument used to lay out or test- 
 square work. It is of several forms. 5. 
 The product of a number or quantity 
 multiplied by itself. 6. (Mil.) A Carpenter's 
 ' square body of troops used to resist the oquare. 
 
 charge of cavalry on critical occasions, y. Relation of 
 harmony or exact agreement ; equality ; level. 
 
 On the square, or upon the square, \n an open, fair manner; 
 honestly, or upon honor. 
 
 SquS,re, I', t. [imp. & p.p. SQUARED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 SQUARING.] 1. To &rm with four equal sides and four 
 right angles, tj. To reduce to a square ; to form to 
 right angles. 3. To turn squarely or completely, as in 
 dislike, anger, &c. 4. To compare with, or reduce to, 
 any given measure or standard. 5. To adjust ; to reg- 
 ulate; to fit ; to accommodate. 6. To make even, so as 
 to leave no difference or balance. 7. (Math.) To mul- 
 tiply by itself. 8. {Naut.) To place at right angles with 
 the mast or keel. 
 
 To square the circle (Math.), to determine the exact contents 
 of a circle in square measure. The solution of this famous 
 problem is now generally admitted to be impossible. 
 
 Square, v. i. 1. To accord or agree exactly ; to conform 
 or agree ; to suit ; to fit. "2. To take a boxing attitude. 
 
 SquA,re'ly, adv. In a square form or manner. 
 
 Square'ness, n. The state of being square. 
 
 Squftre'-rigged, a. (Naut.) Having the chief sails ex- 
 tended by yards, suspended by the middle, and not by 
 stays, gaffs, booms, and lateen yards. 
 
 Squar-rose', a. [Lat. squarrosus, perhaps scurfy, scab- 
 by.] {Nat. Hist.) Ragged, or full of loose scales or pro- 
 jecting parts ; rough ; jagged. 
 
 Squashi (skwosh), v. t. [Eng. quash, q. v., or from O. Fr. 
 escacher, esquackier, to squash, to crush.] To beat or 
 press into pulp, or a flat mass ; to crush. 
 
 Squ^sli, n. 1. Something soft and easily crushed, es- 
 pecially, an unripe pod of pease, d. A sudden faU of a 
 heavy, soft body. 
 
 Squash, n. [Mass. Indian asq, pi. asquash, raw, green, 
 immature, applied to fruit and vegetables used when 
 green, or without cooking; askutasquash, vine-apple.] 
 {Bat.) A plant and its fruit, of the gourd kind. 
 
 Squat (skwot), v. i. [imp. & p. p. squatted ; p. pr. & 
 vb.'n. squatting.] [From Prov. Eng. guat, to squat 
 down. Cf. It. quatto, squat, cowering, from Lat. coactus, 
 p. p. of cogere, to drive or urge together.] 1, To sit down 
 upon the hams or heels, as a human being, 'ii. To stoop 
 or lie close to escape observation, as a partridge or rabbit. 
 3. To settle on another's land without title. [Amer.] 
 
 Squat (skwot), a. 1. Sitting on the hams or heels ; sit- 
 ting close to the ground ; cowering, tj. Short and thick, 
 like the figure of an animal squatting. 
 
 Squat (skwot), n. The posture of one that sits on his 
 hams, or close to the ground. 
 
 Squat'ter, n. 1. One who squats or sits close. 3. One 
 who settles on new land, particularly on public land, 
 ■without a title. [Amer.] 
 
 Squaw, n. [Massachusetts squa, eshqua, Narragansett 
 squavjs.] A woman ; — in the language of Indian tribes 
 of the Algonquin family. 
 
 Squeak, v. i. [imp Sep. p. SQUEAKED (skwekt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SQUEAKING.] [Sw. sqvdka, to cry like a frog, 0. 
 Sw. to cry out, H. Ger. quieken, to squeak, squeal.] To 
 utter a sharp, shrill cry, usually of short duration ; or to 
 makeasharpnoise,asa pipe or quill, a wheel, a door, &c. 
 
 Squeak, n. A sharp, shrill sound suddenly uttered, 
 either of the human voice or of any animal or instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Squeak'er, n. One who, or that which, squeaks. 
 
 Squeal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. squealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SQUEALING.] [Sw. sqvdla, to cry out. See Squall.] 
 To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as certain 
 animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain. 
 
 Squeal, n. A shrill, sharp, and somewhat prolonged cry. 
 
 Squeamlsli, a. [From qualmish. See Qualm.] Hav- 
 ing a stomach that is easily turned, or that readily nau- 
 seates any thing ; hence, nice to excess in taste ; easily 
 disgusted. 
 
 Syn. — Fastidious; dainty; over-nice; scrupulous. See 
 Fastidious. 
 
 Squeam'isli-ly, adv. In a squeamish manner. 
 
 Squeam'isli-ness, n. The state of being squcamiah, 
 fastidiousness ; excessive scrupulousness. 
 
 Squeeze,!^, t. [imp. &;?./). SQUEEZED; p.pr.Scvb.n. 
 squeezing.] [A.-S. cwisan, cwissan, cwysan, tocrush, 
 squeeze, 0. H. Ger. quezzon.] 1. To press between two 
 bodies ; to press closely. *Z, To oppress with hardships, 
 burdens, and taxes. 3. To force between close bodies ; 
 to compel, or cause to pass. 
 Syn. — To compress; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd. 
 
 Squeeze, v. i. To urge one's way ; to pass by pressing ; 
 to press ; to crowd. 
 
 To squeeze through, to pass through by pressiujj and urging 
 forward. 
 
 Squeeze, n. Act of one who squeezes ; compression. 
 
 Squ61cli (66), v. t. [Allied to Prov. Eng. quelch., a blow, 
 and quell, to crush.] To crush ; to put down. [Colloq.] 
 
 Squib, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. squib, a child's syringe.] !» 
 A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of paper, filled with pow- 
 der, or combustible matter, and sent into the air burn- 
 ing, and bursting with a crack ; a cracker, ti, [Allied 
 to quip.] A sarcastic speech ; a petty lampoon ; a brief, 
 witty essay. 
 
 Squid, n. The cuttle-fish ; — often used as bait by fisher- 
 men. 
 
 Squill, n. [Lat. squilla, scilla, Gr. orKtAAa.] 1. (Bot.) 
 A lily-like plant, having a bulbous root,' of acrid and 
 emetic properties, ti. (Zo'dl.) A crustaceous sea animal, 
 called also sea-onion. 3. (Entom.) An insect having a 
 long body covered with a crust, the head broad and 
 squat. 
 
 Squin'an-^y, n. [0. Fr. squinance, from Lat synanche, 
 Gr. (Tuvayx^i fi'ODi <r6v, with, and a.yx'ii-v, to strangle, 
 throttle, the same as Kvvdyxq, strictly a dog-throttling; 
 
 0. Eng. squinacy, squincy.] The quinsy. [06s.] 
 Squint, a. [D. schuinte, a slope, schuin, schuinsch, 
 
 sloping, obhque, schuins, slopingly. Cf. Askant.] 
 
 1. Looking obliquely. 3. Not having the optic axes 
 coincident; — said of the eyes. 3. Looking with sus- 
 picion. 
 
 Squint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SQUINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 squinting.] 1. To see obliquely, ii. To have the 
 
 axes of the eyes not coincident. 3. To run obliquely ; 
 
 to slope. 
 Squint, v. t. 1. To turn to an oblique position. 3, To 
 
 cause to look with non-coincident optic axes. 
 Squint, n. 1. Act, or habit, of squinting. 3. A want 
 
 of coincidence of the axes of the e^es. 3. (Arch.) An 
 
 oblique opening in the wall of a church. 
 Squint'-eje (-1), n. An eye that squints. 
 Squint'-ey«'d (-id), a. 1. Having eyes that squint. 3. 
 
 Oblique ; indirect ; malignant. 3. Looking obliquely, 
 
 or by side glances. 
 Squire, n. The same as esquire. See ESQUIRE. 
 Squire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SQUIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SQUIRING.] 1. To attend as a squire. 3. To attend 
 
 as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protection. [ CoHoq.] 
 Squir-een', n. One who is half squire and half farmer ; 
 
 — used humorously. [Eng.] 
 Squirm (18), v. i. or t. [imp. & p. p. squirmed ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. SQUIRMING.] [Allied to Lith. kirm, Skr. 
 
 krimi, a worm. Cf. SWARM, oj. i., 5.] 1. To move, or 
 
 cause to move, like a worm or eel. 3. To climb, by em- 
 bracing and clinging with the hands and feet, as to a 
 
 tree. 
 Squir'rel (skwir'rel or skwiir/rel), 
 
 n. [L. Lat. squirelus, squirolus, 
 
 dim of Lat. sciurus, Gr. o-Ktovpos, 
 
 from o-Kia, shade, and ovpa, tail.] 
 
 (Zo'dl.) A small, rodent mammal 
 
 having a bushy tail, and very 
 
 nimble in running and leaping on 
 
 trees. 
 Squirt (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 squirted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 SQUIRTING.] [Cf. L. Ger. syfirt- 
 
 jen, to squirt, 0. Sw. squdtta, id., g - , 
 
 squdttra, to scatter.] To eject or quirr 
 
 drive out of a narrow pipe or orifice, in a stream. 
 Squirt, v. i. To throw out liquid from a narrow orifice, 
 
 in a rapid stream. 
 Squirt, n. 1, An instrument with which a liquid 18 
 
 ejected in a stream with force. 3. A small , quick stream. 
 Squirt'er, n. One who, or that which, squirts. 
 Stab, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STABBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 stabbing.] [O. D. staven, to fix, fasten, from stave, 
 
 sta,f\ a staff, rod, Ger. stab, a staff, stick.] 1. To pierce 
 
 with a pointed weapon. 3. To kill by the thrust of a 
 
 lood, f <^t ; taxiy rude, pull ; (ell, ^liaise, «all, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e:3dist ; linger, link ; ttiis. 
 
STAB 
 
 698 
 
 STAKE 
 
 pointed instrument 3. To iiyure secretly or by ma- 
 licious falst'hoixl or slander. 
 
 Stftb, f. r". 1. To give a wound with a pointed vreapon. 
 *2. To give a mortal wound. 
 
 StAb, H. 1. The thrust of a jwinted weapon, ti. A 
 wound with a shsu-p-poiuted weapon. 3. An iiyury 
 given in the dark. 
 
 Sta hat Ma'tcr. [Ut.] A celebrated Latin hymn, be- 
 ginning with these words. 
 
 Stftb'b*«r. II. One who stabs ; a privy murderer. 
 
 Sta-bil'i-ty. n. (Lat. stabilitny, fi-om stabilire, to make 
 tinu or sta'ble, from l^it. stabilis.] 1. St«te of being sta- 
 ble or timi ; strength to stand without being moved or 
 overthro\vn. *i. " Steadiness or firmness of character, 
 resolution, or purpose. 
 
 Syn. — Steadiness ; stableness ; constancy ; immovability; 
 firiuness. 
 
 Sta'ble (sta'bl), a. [liat. stabilis, from stare, to stand.] 
 1. Firmly established; not easily moved, shaken, or 
 overthrown. '2. Steady in purpose ; firm in resolution. 
 3. Not subject to be overthrown or changed. 
 Syn. — Fixed; steady; constant; abiding; strong. 
 
 Sta'ble, a. [Lat. stabithim, from stare, to stand.] A 
 house, shed, or building, for beasts to lodge and feed in. 
 
 Sta'ble, V. t. [imp. &"p. p. stableb ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STABLING.] To put or keep in a stable. 
 
 Sta'ble, V. i. To dwell or lodge in a stable. 
 
 Sta'ble-ness, «. Quality or state of being stable; fix- 
 edness ; firmness of position or establishment. 
 
 Sta'bling:, n. 1. Act or pnictice of keeping cattle in a 
 stable. 2. A house, shed, or room for keeping horses 
 and cattle. [ily. 
 
 Sta'bly, adv. In a stable manner ; firmly ; fixedly ; stead- 
 
 Sfa-€-€a'to, a. [It., p. p. of staccare, equiv. to distac- 
 care. See DETACH.] (.IIws.) Disconnected ; separated ; 
 distinct ; — a direction to perform the notes of a passage 
 in a short, distinct, and pointed manner; — often indi- 
 cated by heavy accents written over or under the notes. 
 
 St&ck, ". [Icel. stackr, a heap, Prov. Ger. stock, from 
 the root of stick.] 1. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, 
 and the like. ti. A number of funnels or chimneys 
 standing together. 3. The chimney of a locomotive or 
 steam-vessel. 
 
 Stack of arms (Jfil.), a number of muskets or rifles set up 
 togcther.with the bayonets crossing one another, forming a 
 conical jjile. 
 
 St&ck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STACKED (sttlkt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. STACKING.] To lay, as hay or grain, in a conical or 
 other pile ; to make into a large pile. 
 
 Stad'dle (stad'dl), n. [A.-S. stadkol, stadhul, stadhel, a 
 foundation, firm seat, from the root of stead, steady.] 
 1. Any thing which serves for support ; especially, the 
 frame or support of a stack of hay or grain. [Eng.] 5J. 
 A small tree of any kind, especially a forest tree. 
 
 Std'di-um, n. ; pi. STA'DI-A. [Lat., from Gr. o-raSiov, 
 strictly, that which stands fast, hence, a fixed standard 
 of length, from oTaSios, standing, fast and firm, from 
 ioravai, to stand.] A Greek measure of length, equal to 
 C06 feet 9 inches English. 
 
 Stadt'liold-er (stat^-), n. [D. stadhouder, from stud, a 
 city, a town, and koiider, a holder.] Formerly, the chief 
 magistrate of the United Provinces of Holland ; or the 
 go7emor or lieut^enant-governor of a province. 
 
 Staff, n. ; pi. stave§ or staffs (in the first five senses). 
 STAFFS (in the last two senses). [A.-S. stdf, a stafFJ 
 prop, steb, a stump ; Icel. stafr.] 1. A pole or stick, 
 used for many purposes. 2. A stick carried in the hand 
 for support or defense ; hence, a support. 3. (Mus.) The 
 five lines and the spaces on which music is written. 4. 
 A pole or stick borne as an ensign of authority. 5, A 
 pole erected in a ship, or elsewhere, to hoist and display 
 a flag upon. 6. [From staff, as an ensign of authority 
 and .oupreme command.] {Mil.) An establishment of 
 officers in various departments attached to an army, or 
 to the commander of an army. 7. Hence, a corps of 
 executive officers connected with some large estabUsh- 
 ment, who act in carrjing out its designs. 
 
 St&g, n. [Icel. steggr, the male of several animals.] 1. 
 The male red deer ; the male of the hind ; a hart. 2. 
 The male of the bovine genus, castrated at such an age 
 that he never gains the full size of an ox. 
 
 Sta^e, n. [0. Fr. '-stage, estaige, N. Fr. c.tage, as if from 
 a I^at. staticus, from stare, to remain.] 1. A platform 
 slightly elevated, on which an orator may speak, a play 
 be i>erformed, &c. 5i. A scaffold ; a staging. 3. The 
 floor for scenic performances ; hence, the theater ; hence, 
 also, the dramatic profession ; the drama, as acted or 
 
 exhibited. 4. A place where any thing is publicly «x- 
 hibited ; the scene of any noted action or career. 5. A 
 place appointed for the relay of horses, tt. The distance 
 between two places of rest on a road. 7. A degree of 
 advancement in any pursuit, or of progress toward an 
 end or result. S. Any large vehicle running from sta- 
 tion to station for the accommodation of the public. 
 
 Stage'-eoacli (20), n. A coach that runs regularly 
 from one stage to another, for the convenience of pas- 
 sengers, [coach. 
 
 Sta^e'-driv'er, n. One who drives a stage or stage- 
 
 Stajje'-play, n. A dramatic or theatrical entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 Sta 'ger, n. 1. One who has long acted on the stage of 
 Hfe ; a person of skill derived from long experience. 2. 
 A horse used in drawing a stage. 
 
 StSg'ger, V. i. [imp. & p. p. staggered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 11. staggering.] [0. D. staggeren, to stagger, from 
 staken, staecken, to stop.] 1. To move to one side and 
 the other in standing or walking ; to reel ; to vacillate. 
 ti. To cease to stand firm ; to begin to give way. 3. T« 
 begin to doubt and waver in purpose ; to hesitate. 
 
 StSg'ger, V. t. 1. To cause to reel. ii. To make less 
 steady or confident. 
 
 Stag'ger-ing-ly, adv. In a staggering manner. 
 
 Stag'ger§, >i. pi. (Far.) A disease of horses and other 
 animals, by which they fall down suddenly without sense 
 or motion ; apoplexy. 
 
 Sta'ging, n. 1. A structure of posts and boards for sup- 
 porting workmen, &c., in building, 'ii. The business of 
 running, managing, or of journeying in, stage-coaches. 
 
 Stag'naii-9J', n. The state of being stagnant. 
 
 StSg'nant, a. [Lat. stagnans, p. pr. of stagnare. Seo 
 Stagnate.] 1. Inclined to stagnate ; motionless ; im- 
 pure from want of motion. 2. Not active ; didl ; not 
 brisk. 
 
 Stag'nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stagnated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. stagnating.] [Lat. stagnare, stagnatum, from 
 stagnum, a piece of standing water.] 1. To ceEise to 
 flow ; to be motionless. 2. To cease to be brisk or 
 active. 
 
 Stag-na'tion, n. 1. Condition of being stagnant; ces- 
 sation of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid. 2. Cessa- 
 tion of action, or ofbri.sk action ; state of being dull. 
 
 Staid, imp. & p. p. of stay. See Stay. 
 
 Staid, a. [From stay, to stop.] Sober ; not wild, volatile, 
 flighty, or fanciful. 
 Syn. — Grave; steady; composed; regular: sedate, 
 
 Staid'ness, n. The state or quality of being staid. 
 
 Syn. — Sobriety; gravity ; steadiness; regularity; constancy; 
 firmness; stability. 
 
 Stain, f. t. [imp. & p. p. stained; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 staining.] [Abbrev. from distain, q. v.] 1. To dis- 
 color by the application of foreign matter. 2. To color, 
 as wood, glass, &c., by processes affecting the material 
 itself. 3. To tinge with a different color. 4. To im- 
 press with figures, in colors different from the ground. 
 5. To spot with guilt or infamy ; to bring reproach on. 
 
 Syn. — To paint; dye; blot; soil; sully; discolor; disgrace; 
 taint. 
 
 Stain, n. 1. A discoloration from foreign matter. 2. A 
 natural spot of a color different from the ground. 3. 
 Taint of guilt. 4. Cause of reproach. 
 
 Syn. — Blot ; spot ; taint ; pollution ; blemish ; tarnish i 
 color; disgrace; infamy; shame. 
 
 Stain'er, n. One who stains, blots, or tarnishes ; a dyer. 
 
 Stain'less. a. 1. Free from any stain. 2. Free from 
 the reproach of guilt ; free from sin. 
 Syn. — Blameless; spotless; faultless. 
 
 Stair (4), n. [A.-S. stssger, from A.-S. & O. H. Ger. 
 stigan, to ascend, rise.] 1. One step of a series, for as- 
 cending or descending to a different level. 2. A series 
 of steps, as for passing from one story of a house to an- 
 other ; — commonly in the plural. 
 
 Pair ofstaira, a set or flight of stairs ; — a legitimate expres- 
 sion, ^jair, in this phrase, having its ancient meaning of a set. 
 
 Stair'-ease, n. A flight of stairs with their supporting 
 framework, casing, balusters, &c. 
 
 Sta,ir'-way, n. A flight of stairs or steps. 
 
 Stake, n. [A.-S. staca, from the root of stick.] 1. A 
 stick, pointed at one end so as easily to be pushed into 
 the ground. 2. Especially, the piece of timber to which 
 a marty^ was affixed while he was burning ; hence, mar- 
 tyrdom, especially by fire. 3. That which is laid dow» 
 as a wager. 
 Atatake, in danger ; hazarded; pledged. 
 
 ». e, &c., long ; a, 6, &,c., short ; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, tSrm; p'ique, firm ; son, dr, dQ.-vr^lf^ 
 
STAKE 
 
 699 
 
 STAND 
 
 stake, f. t. [imp. & p. p. STAKED (stalct) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STAKING.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with 
 stakes. ^. To mark the liuuts by stiikes. 3. To put at 
 hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future 
 contingency ; to wager. 
 
 Sta-lii€'ti«, I a. Pertaining to stalactite ; resembUng 
 
 Sta-lii<j'ti«-al, j a stalactite; stalactitic. 
 
 Sta-ia«'tite, n. ; pi. sta-lX€'tites. [From. Gr. ora- 
 AcucTOs, oozing out in drops, dropping, from oToAa^eic, to 
 drop.] (Miti.) A pendent cone or cy Under of carbonate 
 
 ■ of Hme, resembling an icicle in form. 
 
 Starac-tit'ic, ) a. Having the form or characters 
 
 Stai'a€-tit'i€-al, ) of a stalactite. 
 
 Sta-iag'mite, n. [From Gr. ardKayixa, that which 
 drops, a drop,' from a~Ta\d^eiv, to drop.] A deposit of 
 earthy or calcareous matter, made by calcareous water 
 dropping on the floors of caverns. 
 
 Stai'ag-mit'ie, 1 a. Having the form of stalag- 
 
 Starag-mit'i-e-al, ) mites. 
 
 Stale, a. [From stale, urine, first used of beer and simi- 
 lar fermented liquors.] 1. Vapid or tasteless from age. 
 
 2. Not new ; not freshly made. 3. Having lost the life 
 or grajces of youth ; decayed. 4. AVom out by use ; 
 trite ; common ; having lost its novelty and power of 
 pleasing. 
 
 Stale, 7». [See infra.] 1. Old vapid beer. [Obs.] 2. 
 Urine, especially that of beasts. [Obs.] 
 
 Stale, V. i. [Ger. & D. stallen, from 0. H. Ger. stal, 
 A.-S. steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] To make water ; to 
 discharge urine ; — said especially of horses and cattle. 
 
 Stale'-mate, n. (Chess-playing.) The position of the 
 king, when, being required to move, though not in 
 check, he cannot move without being placed in check. 
 
 Stale'ness, n. 1. State of being stale; vapidness. 2. 
 Triteness; commonness. 
 
 Stalk (stawk), n. [Icel. stilkr, allied to A.-S. steak, 
 s'tselc, high, steep.] 1. The stem or main axis of a 
 plant. 'J. The petiole, pedicel, or peduncle of a plant. 
 
 3. The stem of a quill. 
 
 Stalk (stawk), v. i. [imp. & p. ;?. stalked (stawkt) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. STALKING.] [A.-S. steelcan,stealcian, to 
 go slowly, from stielc, steak, high, elevated.] 1. To walk 
 with high and proud steps. 2. To walk behind some- 
 thing as a screen, for the purpose of taking game. 
 
 Stalk (stawk), I'. ^. To approach under cover of a screen, 
 or by stealth. 
 
 Stalk'er (stawk'er), n. 1. One who stalks. 3. A kind 
 of fishing-net. 
 
 Stalk'ing-lidrse (stawk'-), n. 1. A horse, or a figure 
 resembling a horse, behind which a fowler conceals him- 
 self from the sight of the game which he is aiming to 
 kill. 2. Hence, a pretense ; a mere pretext. 
 
 Stalk'y (stawk/y^), a. Hard as a stalk ; resembling a 
 s'talk. 
 
 Stall, n. [A.-S. steall, stall, a place, seat, or station, a 
 stable, state, condition, D. & 0. H. Ger. stal, Icel. stallr, 
 from the root stal, Skr. sthal, to stand, whence 0. H. 
 Ger. stallan, stellan, to place.] 1. A stand ; a station; 
 hence, the place where a horse or an ox is kept and fed. 
 2. A stable ; a place for cattle. 3. A small apartment 
 or slight shed in which merchandise is exposed for sale. 
 
 4. The seat of an ecclesiastical dignitary in the choir of 
 a church. 
 
 Stall, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stalled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STALLING.] 1. To put into a stall or stable ; to keep 
 in a stable. 2. To plunge into mire so as not to be able 
 to proceed. 
 
 Stall'age, n. Right of erecting stalls in fairs ; rent paid 
 for a stall. 
 
 Stair-feed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stall-fed ; p. pr. & 
 t"L n. STALL-FEEDING.] To feed and fatten in a sta- 
 ble, or on dry fodder. 
 
 Stairion (stSl'yun), n. [From 0. H. Ger, stal, A.-S. 
 steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] A horse not castrated, used 
 for raising stock. 
 
 Stal'wart, a. [Cf. A.-S. stselweordh, worth stealing or 
 taking, and afterward extended to other causes of estima- 
 tion, stealweard, help, aid, stelferhdh, a man of iron 
 mood, stadkolferlidh, firm-minded, brave.] Brave ; bold ; 
 strong; redoubted; daring ;_ vehement ; violent. 
 
 Sta'men, n. ; Eng. pi. STA'MENg (used only in * 
 the fourth sense) ; Lat. pi. stam'i-na (in the Bl 
 first three senses). [Lat. stamen, the warp, a ^a 
 thread, fiber, from Gr. on-^ju.a)v, the warp, from ^ 
 torai/ai, to stand.] 1, A thread ; especially, a. vfAT-p \ 
 thread. 2. pi. The fixed, firm part of a body Sta- 
 ■which supports it or gives it its strength and men. 
 solidity. 3. pi. Whatever constitutes the pnncipal 
 
 strength or support of any thing. 4. (Bot.) The mal* 
 organ of flowers for secreting and furnishing the poller 
 or fecundating dust. 
 
 St&m'i-nal, a. Pertaining to stamens or stamina ; con- 
 sisting in stamens or stamina. 
 
 Stiim't-uate, a. (Bot.) Furnished with, or producing 
 stamens. 
 
 Sta-miii'e-al, 1 a. [Lat. stamineus, from stamen, q. 
 
 Sta-niin'e-ous, ) v.] 1. Consisting of stamens or 
 threads. 2. (^'o/.) Of, pertaining to, or attached to, the 
 stamens. 
 
 Stam'mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stammered ; p.pr. Sc 
 vb. n. STAMMERING.] [0. H. Ger. stammaldn, stam- 
 men, Icel. stama, A.-S. stomm.ettan, to stammer; sta- 
 mor, stamur, stamer, one who stammers, Icel. stamr, 0. 
 H. Ger. stam, stamm, Goth, stamms.] To hesitate o:- 
 falter in speaking ; and hence, to speak with stops anu 
 difficulty ; to stutter. 
 
 Stam'mer, v. t. To utter, or pronounce, with hesita- 
 tion, or imperfectly. 
 
 Stam'mer, n. Defective utterance, or involuntary in- 
 terruption of utterance ; a stutter. 
 
 Stanx'mer-er, «. One who stutters, or hesitates, in 
 speaking. 
 
 Stamp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stamped (84) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. stamping.] [0. H. Ger. stamphon, to stamp, pound, 
 beat.] 1. To strike, beat, or press forcibly with the bot- 
 tom of the foot. 2. To impress with some mark or fig- 
 ure. 3. To impress ; to imprint ; to fix deeply. 4. To 
 coin; to mint; to form. 5. To cut out into variou^s 
 forms with a stamp. 6. (Metal.) To crush by the 
 downward action of a kind of heavy hammer. 
 
 StUmp, V. i. To strike the foot forcibly downward. 
 
 Stkmp, n. 1. Act of stamping. 2. Any instrument 
 for making impressions on other bodies. 3. The mark 
 made by stamping ; an impression. 4. That which is 
 marked ; a thing stamped. 5. An official mark set upon 
 things chargeable with duty to government, as evidence 
 that the duty is paid. 6. Hence, a stamped or printed 
 device, issued by the government, and required by law 
 to be affixed to certain papers, as evidence that the gov- 
 ernment dues are paid. 7. An instrument for cutting out 
 materials, as paper, leather, &c., into various forms. 8. 
 A character of reputation, good or bad, fixed on any 
 thing. 9. Current value derived from sufh^ge or attes- 
 tation; authority. 10. Make; cast; form; character. 
 11. (Metal.) A kind of hammer, or pestle, for beating 
 ores to powder. 
 
 Stai)a.p'-a,<;t, n. An act of the British Parliament, im- 
 posing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used 
 in the British American colonies, and declaring all writ- 
 ings on unstamped materials to be null and void. 
 
 Stam-pede', n. [From Stamp, q. v.] A sudden ftight 
 seizing upon large bodies of cattle or horses, and leading 
 them to run for many miles ; hence, any sudden flight 
 in consequence of a panic. 
 
 Stam-pede', v. t. To disperse by causing sudden fright, 
 as a herd, troop, or teams of animals. 
 
 Stamp'er, n. An instrument for pounding or stamping. 
 
 Stanch (66), v. t. [Formerly written staunch.] [imp. & 
 p. p. STANCHED (stancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. STANCH- 
 ING.] [L. Lat. stancare, stagnare, to stanch, from Lat. 
 stagnare, to be or make stagnant.] To stop the flowing 
 of, as blood ; to dry up. 
 
 Standi, V. i. To stop, as blood ; to cease to flow. 
 
 Stanch, a. [compar. stancher; superl. stanchest.] 
 [From stanch, v. t., and hence, lit. stopped or stayed.] 
 1. Strong and tight ; sound ; firm. 2. Firm in princi- 
 ple ; constant and zealous ; hearty ; steady. 
 
 Stanch'er, n. One who, or that which, stanches or stops 
 the flowing, as of blood. 
 
 Stan'fhion (st5n''shun), n. [See STANCH, v. t.] A 
 prop or support ; a small post. 
 
 Stanch'ness, n. The state of being stanch ; soundness ; 
 firmness in principle ; closeness of adherence. 
 
 Stand, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stood; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STANDING.] [X.-S. standan, stondan, Goth, standan, 
 Icel. standa.] 1. To remain at rest in an erect position ; 
 as, (a.) To rest on the feet, neither lying nor sitting, (b.) 
 To continue upright, fixed by the roots or fastenings, 
 (c.) To remain firm on a foundation. 2. To occupy, as 
 its place; to be situated or located. 3. To cease from 
 progress ; to stop ; to pause ; to halt. 4. To remain 
 without ruin or injury ; to endure ; hence, to find endur- 
 ance, strength, or resources. 5. To maintain one's 
 ground; to be acquitted. 6. To maintain an invinci- 
 ble or permanent attitude ; to be fixed, steady or firm. 
 7. To adhere to fixed principles ; to maintain moral rec- 
 
 food, fobt ; Arn, rude, pull ; 9ell, ^haise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; aj ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tJii». 
 
STAND 
 
 •00 
 
 STAR-LIGHT 
 
 Utude. S. To hnve or maintain a position, order, or 
 rank. 9. To l>e in some parrtcular state; to be. 10. 
 (A'<iMf.) To lioUl a course at sea. 11. (Ltiw.) (a.) To be 
 or remain as it is ; to continue in force. (6.) To appear 
 iu court. 
 
 To stanii bv, (a.) To be near ; to be present. (6.) To main- 
 tain ; to defend ; to support. — 7o.'!r<iii(//(>r, (a.) To offer one's 
 m\f M a candidate. (,h.) To side witli ; to support ; to main- 
 tain, or to prolV.«s or iittonipt to maintain. (,c.) To be in the 
 place of. (,</.) (Sttut.) To direct the couj-se toward. — To stand 
 m kfuni, to be conducive to one's interest ; to be serviceable or 
 advantageous.— To stoiul out, (.a.) To project; to be promi- 
 nent- (,f>.) To persist iu opposition or resistance. — To .«ttt(u£ 
 to, (a.) To plv ; to urge ; to persevere in usins- (&•) To re- 
 niiiin fixed in a purpose or opinion, (c.) To adhere to, as to a 
 contract, assertion, promise, and the like. ((/.) To maintain 
 the jrround. (e.) To be consistent with. — To stand up for, to 
 difi nd ; to justify ; to support or attempt to support. 
 
 9t&nd, r. f. 1. To endure; to sustain ; to bear. "Z. To 
 resist, witliout yielding or receding ; to witlistand. 3. To 
 yield to ; to abide by ; to admit. 
 
 To stand fire, to receive the fire of arms from an enemy with- 
 out giving wav. — I'o stand it, stoutly to endure ; to maintain 
 one's ground "or state. [CoUoq.]— To stajid one's ground, to 
 maintain one's position. — To stand trial, to sustain the trial or 
 examination of a cause. 
 
 StJiiid, n. 1. A place, or post, where one stands. 2. 
 Uence, a station in a city for carriages, cabs, and the like. 
 
 3. A stop ; a halt. 4. An erection for spectators. 5. 
 Something on which a thing rests or is laid. 6. Any 
 frame on which vessels and utensils may be laid. 7, The 
 place where a witness stands to testify in court. 8. Act 
 of opposing ; resistance. 
 
 Toheat a stand, to stop on account of some doubt or difficul- 
 ty ; hence, to be perplexed ; to be embarrassed. — To make a 
 stand, to halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a pursu- 
 ing enemy. 
 
 Syn. — Rest ; interruption ; obstruction ; perplexity ; diffi- 
 culty ; embarrassment ; hesitation. 
 
 Stilnd'ard, n. [From Lat. extend f re, to spread out, ex- 
 tend.] 1. An ensign of war ; a stafif with a flag or colors ; 
 a banner. 2. That which is established by authority as 
 a rule or mea.sure of quantity ; hence the original weight 
 or measure sanctioned by government. 3. That which 
 is estabUshed as a rule or model; criterion. 4. (Coin- 
 age.) Proportion of weight of fine metal and alloy estab- 
 Ushed by authority. 5. A standing tree or stem. 6. A 
 tree not dwarfed by grafting upon a stock of a smaller 
 species. 7. ( Carp') An upright support, as the poles of 
 a scaffold ; any upright in framing. 
 
 Stand'ard, a. 1. Having a fixed or permanent value. 
 2. Not of the dwarf kind. [ard. 
 
 Stllnd'ard-bear'er, n. An officer who bears a 8tand- 
 
 Stand'er, n. One who stands. 
 
 StSnd'ing, p. a. 1. Established, either by law or by 
 custom, or the like ; settled ; permanent ; not tempora- 
 ry. 2. Not flowing ; stagnant. 3. Not movable; fixed. 
 
 4. Remaining erect; not cut down. 
 
 StUnd'ing, n. 1. Act of stopping or coming to a stand ; 
 state of being erect upon the feet ; stand. 2. Duration 
 or existence; continuance. 3. Possession of an office, 
 character, or place. 4. Power to stand. 5. Condition 
 in society ; reputation ; rank. 
 
 Stand'isli, n. [From stand and dish.] A stand or case 
 for pen and^ink. 
 
 Stand'-point, n. A fixed point or station ; a basis or 
 fundamental principle ; point of view. 
 
 Stand'-stOl, n. A standing without moving forward ; 
 a stop. 
 
 Stftn'liope (colloq. stSn^up), n. A light, two-wheeled, 
 or sometimes four-wheeled, carriage, without a top ; — so 
 called from Lord Stanhope. 
 
 6tan'na-ry, a. [From Lat. stannum, tin.] Of, or per- 
 taining to, titi-mines, or to tin-works. 
 
 Stau'na-ry, n. 1. A tin-mine ; or tin-works. 2. Cer- 
 tain royal rights or prerogatives in respect to tin-mines 
 in a district. [Eng.] 
 
 Ktan'nie, a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
 from, tin. 
 
 Stan-nif' er-oiis, a. [Lat. stannum, tin, and /erre, to 
 bear.] Containing or affording tin. 
 
 St an'notlB, a. Of. pertaining to, or containing, tin. 
 
 Staii'za, n. ; pi. STXN'ZAg. [It. stanza, a room, habita- 
 tion, a stanza, t. e., a stop, from Lat. stans, p. pr. of 
 stare, to stand.] {Poet.) A combination or arrangement 
 of lines of verse usually recurring, whether like or unlike, 
 in measure. 
 
 Bta'ple (sta^pl), n. [A.-S. stapul, stapol, stapel, a step, a 
 prop, post, table, from stapan, to step, go, raise.] 1. A 
 Bettled mart or market; an emporium. [06s.] 2. A 
 
 principal commodity or production of a country or dis. 
 trict. 3. Hence, the principal element; the chief ingre- 
 dient. 4. The thread or pile of wool, cotton, or flax. 
 5. A loop of metal formed with two points, to be driven 
 into wood, to hold a hook. 6. Unmanufactured mate* 
 rial ; raw material. 
 
 Sta'ple (sta'pl), a. 1. Pertaining to, or being a market 
 or staple for, commodities. [Rare.] 2. Established in 
 commerce ; settled. 3. llegularly produced or made for 
 market ; chief ; principal. 
 
 Sta'pler, n. 1. A dealer in staple commodities. 2. One 
 employed to assort wool according to its staple. 
 
 Star, n. [0. Eng. sterre, A.-S. sleorra,lcQ\. stiarna, Goth. 
 stairno, Gr. a<rT^p, Lat. Stella, for sterna, or sterla, sterula, 
 ■\V. seren, Skr. stri, tard, for stdr&, Basque izarra.] 1. 
 One of the innumerable luminous bodies seen in the heav- 
 ens. 2. That which resembles the figure of a star, as 
 an ornament worn on the breast to indicate rank or hon- 
 or. 3. Especially, the figure of a star [thus *] used in 
 writing or printing, as a reference to a note in the margin, 
 and for other purjioses ; an asterisk. 4. A person of brill- 
 iant and attractive qualities, especially on public occa- 
 sions ; a distinguished theatrical performer, anc^the like. 
 
 Star, V. t. [iinp. & p. p. starred; p. prr. & vh. n. 
 STARRING.] To set or adorn with stars, or bright, ra- 
 diating bodies. 
 
 Star, V. i. To be bright, or attract attention, as a star; 
 to shine like a star ; hence, to figure prominently, espe- 
 cially as a theatrical performer. 
 
 Star'bcard {colloq. star'burd), n. [A.S. steorhord ,irova. 
 steoran, to steer, and bord, a board, plank, border.] 
 (Na^it.) The right hand side of a ship or boat, to a per- 
 son looking forward. 
 
 Star'board (colloq. star'burd), a. (Naut.) Pertaining 
 to the right-hand side of a ship ; being or lying on the 
 right side. 
 
 Starch, a. [A.-S. stearc, stark, strong, rough. See 
 Stark.] Stiff; precise; rigid. 
 
 Starch, n. [From starch, stiff ; Ger. st'drke, from stdrken, 
 to strengthen, stiffen, starch, from stark, strong.] A 
 granular substance, chiefly of vegetable origin, used for 
 stiffening cloth. 
 
 Starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. starched (starcht) ;/7.yr. 
 & vb. n. starching.] To stiffen with starch. 
 
 Star'-chatn''ber, n. [So called either fr. A.-S. steoran, 
 styran, to steer, govern, or from being held in a room at 
 the exchequer where the chests containing certain Jewish 
 contracts and obligations called starrs {from the Hebrew 
 shetar. pronounced shtar) were kept.] An ancient court 
 of criminal jurisdiction in England, which sat without 
 the intervention of a jury. It was abolished during th« 
 reign of Charles I. 
 
 Starched (starcht), p. a. 1. Stiffened with starch. 2. 
 Stiff ; precise ; formal. 
 
 Starcli'ed-ness, n. The state of being starched; stiff- 
 ness in manners ; formality. 
 
 Starch'er, n. One who starches. 
 
 Starch'ly, adv. In a starch manner ; formally. 
 
 Starch'ness, n. State or quaUty of being starch ; stiff- 
 ness of manner ; preciseness. 
 
 Starch'y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, starch ; stiffl 
 
 Stare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stared : p. pr. & vb. n. star- 
 ing.] [A.-S. starian, 0. H. Ger. staren, Icel. stara.] To 
 look with fixed eyes wide open ; to fasten an earnest look 
 on some object. 
 Syn.— To gaze; to look earnestly. See Gazk. 
 
 StS,re, V. t. To look earnestly at ; to gaze at. 
 
 St^re, n. Act of staring; a fixed look with eyes vride 
 open. 
 
 Sta.r'er, n. One who stares or gazes. 
 
 Star'-finch (66), n. (Ornith.) A certain bird; — the 
 red-start. 
 
 Star'-fi!sh, n. A marine animal. 
 
 Star'-gaz'er, n. One who gazes at the stars ; some- 
 times, in contempt, an astronomer. 
 
 Star'-gaz'ing, n. Act or practice of observing the stars 
 with attention ; astrology. 
 
 Stark, a. [compar. starker ; svperl. STARKEST.] 
 [A.-S. stearc, 0. H. Ger. starach, Icel. sterkr, styrkr^ 
 strong, rough ; formed on the root of Ger. starr, stiff.] 
 1. Stiff; strong; rugged. 2. Mere; sheer; pure; 
 downright ; unmistakable. 
 
 Starlt, adv. Wholly ; entirely ; absolutely. 
 
 Star'less, a. Having no stars visible, or no starlight. 
 
 Star'light (-lit), n. The light proceeding from the stare 
 j Star'light (-lit), a. Lighted by the stars, or by the stars 
 I only 
 
 »,e, kc.flong; a. 6, &e., short; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; piique,fiTin ; son, dr, do, wolf 
 
STARLING 
 
 701 
 
 STATUE 
 
 St&r'ling, n. [See Stare.] 
 (Chnith.) A small bird, com- 
 mon in Europe. It is sociable, 
 and builds about houses, old 
 towers, and the like. 
 
 Star'ry, a. 1. Abounding with 
 stars ; adorned with stars. 3. 
 Consisting of, or proceeding 
 from, the stars; stellar; stel- 
 • lary. 3. Shining like stars; 
 resembling stars. 
 
 Start, V. i. [imp. & p. p. 
 STARTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STARTING.] • [0. Eng. stirte. Starling. 
 
 sterte, 0. II. Ger. sturzan, to hurl, rush, fall, allied to 
 the root of stir, q. v.] 1. To move suddenly, as with a 
 spring or leap, from any sudden feehng or emotion, ii. 
 To shrink ; to wince. 3. To set out ; to begin. 
 
 Start, V. t. 1. To cause to move suddenly ; to alarm ; to 
 rouse. 2. To produce suddenly to view or notice. 3. 
 To bring within pursuit. 4. To move suddenly from 
 its place; to dislocate. 5. (Naut.) To quicken or give 
 a start to by punishing -with a rope's end. 
 
 Start, n. 1. A sudden spring, leap, or motion, occa- 
 sioned by surprise, fear, pain, or the like, ti, A con- 
 vulsive motion, twitch, or spasm. 3. A wanton or unex- 
 pected movement ; a sally. 4. Act of setting out ; outset. 
 
 Start, n. [A.-S. steort, a tail, an extremity, Icel. stertr, 
 N. H. Ger. sterz, a tail.] A projection ; a push ; a horn ; 
 a tail. 
 
 Start'er, n. One who starts. 
 
 Start'ing-post, n. A post, stake, barrier, or place, 
 from which competitors in a race start, or begin the race. 
 
 Start'le (start'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. startled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. STARTLING.] [Diminutive of start.] To 
 shrink ; to move suddenly, or be excited, on feeling a 
 sudden alarm. 
 
 Start'le (start'l), v. t. To excite by sudden alarm, sur- 
 prise, or apprehension. 
 Syn.— To start; shock; fright; frighten; alarm; surprise. 
 
 Start'le (start'l), n. A sudden motion or shock occa- 
 sioned by an unexpected alarm, surprise, or apprehen- 
 sion of danger. 
 
 Start'-up, n. 1. An upstart. [Ohs.] 2. A kind of high 
 rustic shoe. [being starved. 
 
 Star-va'tion, n. The act of starving, or the state of 
 
 Starve, ^'. i. [A.-S. steorfan, stearfian, to perish with 
 hunger or cold, N. H. Ger. sterben, to die, either by dis- 
 ease or hunger, or by a wound, 0. H. Ger. sterban.] 1. 
 To perish or die with cold. [En^.] 2. To perish with 
 hunger ; to suffer extreme hunger or want ; to be very 
 indigent. 
 
 Starve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. starved; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STARVING.] 1. To kill with cold. [Eng.] "ii. To kill 
 with hunger. 3. To distress or subdue by famine. 4. 
 To destroy by want. 5. To deprive of force or vigor. 
 
 Starve'ling (starveling), a. Hungry ; lean ; pining with 
 want. 
 
 Stai've'ling, n. An animal or plant made thin, lean, 
 and weak through want of nutriment. 
 
 State, n. [Lat. status, a standing, position, from stare, 
 statum, to stand.] 1. Circumstances or condition of a 
 being or thing at any given time. 2. Rank ; quality. 
 3. Condition of prosperity or grandeur; wealthy or 
 prosperous circumstances. 4. Any body of men united 
 by profession, or constituting a community of a particu- 
 lar character. 5. The bodies that constitute the legisla- 
 ture of a country. 6. A body politic ; the whole body 
 of people united under one government, whatever may 
 be the form of the government. 7, In the United 
 States, one of the commonwealths or bodies politic, the 
 people of which make up the body of the nation, and 
 which stand in certain specified relations with the na- 
 tional government. 8. Appearance of greatness ; pomp. 
 
 Syn.— Situation; condition. — 5<a«e is generic; the sittia- 
 tion of a thing is its state in reference to external objects and in- 
 fluences; its condition is its internal state, or what' it is in itself 
 considered. Our situation is good or bad as outward things 
 bear favorably or unfavorably upon us; our condition is good 
 or bad, according to the state we are actually \n as respects our 
 persons, families, property, and other things which comprise 
 our sources of enjoyment. 
 
 State, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stated; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 STATING.] To express the particulars of; to represent 
 
 fully in words ; to narrate ; to recite. 
 Stat'ed, a. 1. Settled ; established; regular; occurring 
 
 at regular times. 2. Fixed ; estabUshed. 
 Stat'ed-ly, adv. At stated or appointed times. 
 
 State'-house, n. ,• pi. STATE'-noug'Eg. The building 
 in which the legislature of a state holds its sessions ; u 
 state capitol. [grandeur. 
 
 State'li-ness, n. Condition of being stately ; dignity; 
 
 State'ly, a. [compur. statelier; superl. STATELI- 
 EST.] Evincing state or dignity. 
 
 Syn. — Lofty ; dignified ; majestic ; magnificent ; graad: 
 august. 
 
 State'ly, adv. Majestically ; loftily. 
 
 State'ment, n. 1. Act of stating, reciting, or present- 
 ing, verbally or on paper. 2. A narrative ; a recital. 
 
 State'-robm (28), n. 1. A magnificent room in a pal- 
 ace or great house. 2. An apartment for lodging in a 
 ship's cabin. 
 
 States'man, n.; pi. STATES'MEN. 1. A man versed 
 in the arts of government ; especially, one eminent for 
 pohtical abilities. 2. One employed in public affairs. 
 
 State s'man-ly, adv. In a manner becoming a states- 
 man, [ments of a statesman. 
 
 States'man-sliip, n. The qualifications or employ- 
 
 Sta,t'ie, [a. [Gr. o-TttTtKo?, from lordvai, to cause to 
 
 StJtt'ie-al, ) stand.] 1. Pertaining to bodies at rest, 
 or in equilibrium. 2. Resting; acting by mere weight. 
 
 St9,t'i€S, n. sing. [Gr. arranKri, (sc. 67ricrT^jU.rj, Ir. arari.- 
 Kos.] That branch of mechanics which treats of the 
 equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest 
 by the forces acting on them. 
 
 Sta'tion, n. [Lat. static, from stare, statum,, to stand.] 
 1. The spot or place where any thing stands, esi)e- 
 cially, where a person or thing habitually stands, or is 
 appointed to remain for a time; hence, specifically , {a.) 
 A stopping-place where railroad trains take in passen- 
 gers, &c. (b.) The place where the police force of any 
 precinct is assembled when not on duty, (c.) (Surv.) 
 The place at which an instrument is planted, and obser- 
 vations are made. 2. Post assigned; office. 3. Situa- 
 tion ; position. 4. Employment ; occupation ; busi- 
 ness. 5. Character; state; condition of life. 6. {Eccl.) 
 (a.) The fast of the fourth and sixth days of the week, 
 Wednesday and Friday, in memory of the council which 
 condemned Christ, and of his passion, {b.) A church, 
 among the Roman Catholics, where indulgences are to be 
 had on certain days, (c.) One of the places at which 
 ecclesiastical processions pause for the performance of an 
 act of devotion. 
 
 Syn. — Depot. — It is unfortunate that, in America, the 
 stopping-places on our railways first received the name of 
 depot — a gross misapplication of the term, since it means sim- 
 ply a store-house, or magazine. In England, the name has al- 
 ways been "station," or " station-house; " and there is now a 
 strong tendency to adopt this in America as the only proper 
 word. 
 
 Sta'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stationed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. STATIONING.] To place ; to set ; to appoint to the 
 occupation of a post, place, or office. 
 
 Sta'tioii-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a station. 
 
 Sta'tion-a-ry, a. 1. Not moving, or not appearing to 
 move ; stable ; fixed. 2. Not improving ; not growing 
 wiser, greater, or better. 
 
 Sta'tion-er, n. One who sells paper, quills, inkstands, 
 pencils, and other furniture for writing. 
 
 Sta'tioii-er-y, n. The articles usually sold by stationers, 
 as paper, ink, quills, and the like. 
 
 Sta'tion-er-y, a. Belonging to a stationer. 
 
 Sta'tist, n. [From state.] A statesman; a politician; 
 one skilled in government. 
 
 Sta-tis'ti«, \a. Pertaining to the condition of a 
 
 Sta-tis'ti-e-al, ) people, their economy, their property, 
 and resources ; pertaining to statistics. 
 
 Sta-tist'i-e-al-ly, adv. In the way of statistics. 
 
 Stat^is-ti'ciaii (-tish'an), n. A person who is familiar 
 with the science of statistics. 
 
 Sta-tist'i-es, n. sing. 8c pi. [From Eng. statist, a statesman, 
 from state, Lat. status.] 1. A collection of facts ar- 
 ranged and classified, respecting the condition of the peo- 
 ple in a state, or respecting any particular class or inter- 
 est. 2. The science which has to do with the collection 
 and classification of such facts. 
 
 Sta'tive, a. [Lat. stativus, from stare, statum, to stand.] 
 Pertaining to a fixed camp, or military posts or quarters. 
 
 StS,t'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. staiuaria (sc. ars), from statua, 
 statue.] 1, Art of carving statues or images. 2, One 
 who practices the art of carving images or making stat- 
 ues. 3. A statue, or collection of statues. 
 
 Stat'lie (stSt/yy), n. [Lat. statua, i. e., stativa effigies, 
 from Lat. stativus, standing still, from stare, statum, to 
 stand.] A sohd substance formed by carving into the 
 Ukeness of a whole living being ; an image. 
 
 food, foot; dfu, rude, p\ill; ^ell, ^haise^ -eall, ecino; gem, get; a§; e^st; linger, link; tlu* 
 
STATUESQUE 
 
 702 
 
 STEEP 
 
 Itft t u-dsque' ( -fek'), «• Partaking of, or exemplifying, 
 tho ohanioUTistics of a statue. 
 
 StsM »»-^ttt>'. H. IFr.] A small statue. 
 
 Stftt'ure. ft. [Lilt, siatura, orig. an upright posture, 
 hence height or sia^ of the body, from stare, statum, to 
 stand.] The natural height of an animal body ; —gen- 
 erally used of the human body. 
 
 Sta'ttis, n. [l^t.] State ; condition. 
 
 Stil'tus In Quo. \ [Lat.] A treaty between belligerents, 
 
 Sta'tun Qiiii. ) which leaves each party in statu 
 quo anti' Mlum, that is, in the state in which it was be- 
 
 Sta'tu Quo. See Status Quo. [fore the war. 
 
 Stftt'u-ta-ble, a. [From statute.] 1. Made or intro- 
 duciHi by statute. ^. Made or being in conformity to 
 statute. " 
 
 Stftt'ute (stSt'yijt), ;i. [L. Lat. statutum, from statutus, 
 p. p. of statti^re, to set, ordain, from stare, statum, to 
 stand.] 1. An act of the legislature of a state or coun- 
 try, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something ; 
 a positive law. *2. The act of a corporation, or of its 
 founder, intended as a permanent rule or law. 
 
 Statute of limitations (Law.), a statute nssigtiing a certain 
 time, after which rights cannot be enforced by aotion. 
 Syn. — Law; act; regulation; edict; decree. See Law. 
 
 Stftt'ii-to-ry, a. Enacted by statute ; depending on 
 
 8tauucli, a. See Sta>X'H. [statute for its authority. 
 
 StaTe, n. [Eng. staff", Ger. stab.] 1. A thin, narrow 
 piece of wood, of wliich casks are made. 2. A part of a 
 psalm appointed to be sung in churches. 
 
 Stave, V. t. [imp. & p. p. staved, or STOVE ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. STAVING.] [From stave, staff, n.] 1. To 
 thrust through with a staff; to break a hole in ; to 
 burst, "i. To push, as vrith a staff. 3. To delay forci- 
 bly ; to drive away; — with q^. 4. To pour out. 5. 
 To render solid by compressing with a pointed or edged 
 tool. 
 
 Stay, t'. i. [imp. & p. p. STAYED, or STAID; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STAYING.] [Dan. staae, Sw. std, to stand. Cf. 
 Lat. stare, to stand.] 1. To remain ; to continue in a 
 place ; to stop ; to stand still, ti. To continue in a state. 
 3. To wait ; to attend. 4. To dwell ; to tarry. 5. To 
 rely ; to confide ; to trust. 
 
 Stay, I', t. 1. To hold from proceeding ; to withhold ; to 
 restrain; to stop. 2. To delay ; to obstruct. 3. [0. Fr. 
 estayer, to prop, from 0. D. staede, staeye, a prop, staeden, 
 to establish, Icel. stedia, to confirm ; A.-S. stede,a place, 
 stead.] To stop from motion or falling ; to prop ; to hold 
 up ; to support. 4. To sustain %vith strength ; to sat- 
 isfy in part. 5. {Naut.) To tack, as a vessel, so that the 
 wind, from being on one side, is caused to blow on the 
 other. 
 
 Stay, n. 1, Continuance in a place ; abode for a time 
 indefinite; sojourn. 2. Cessation of motion or progres- 
 sion ; stand ; stop. 3. [Fr. estai, etai, support, a large 
 rope, estaie, etaie, a prop, Icel. stag, a strong rope to 
 support the mast.] That which serves as a prop or sup- 
 port. 4. pi. A bodice; a corset. 5. (Naut.) A large, 
 strong rope, employed to support a mast. 
 
 In stays, or hove in stays {Navt.), in the act or situation of 
 staying, or going about from one tack to another.— To miss 
 stays, to fail in the attempt to go about. 
 
 Stay'er, n. One who, or that which, stays, stops, or re- 
 strains ; one who upholds or supports. 
 
 Stay'-sail, n. (Naut.) Any sail extended on a stay. 
 
 Stead, n. [0. Eng. stede, A.-S. stede, a place, station, 
 Icel. stadr, Goth, staths.] Place or room which another 
 had, or might have. 
 
 To stand in stead, to be of use or great advantage. 
 
 Stfiad'fast, a. [From stead anOifast, i. e., fast in place.] 
 1. Firmly fixed or established; fast fixed; firm. 2, 
 Constant ; firm ; resolute. 
 
 StCad'f ast-ly, adv. In a steadfast manner ; firmly. 
 
 Stfiad'fast-ness, n. The state of being steadfast ; firm- 
 ness ; fixedness ; constancy. 
 
 S'tfiad'i-Iy, oflv. In a steady manner ; firmly. 
 
 Stfiad'i-ness, n. State of being steady ; firmness. 
 
 Syn. — Constancy ; steadfastness ; resolution ; immutabil- 
 ity ; unchangeableness. 
 
 St6ad'y, a. [compar. steadier; superl. STEADIEST.] 
 1. Firm in standing or position ; fixed. 2. Constant in 
 feeling, purpose, or pursuit ; not fickle, changeable, or 
 wavering. 3. Constant ; uniform. 
 
 Syn. —Fixed; regular; undeviating; unremitted; stable. 
 
 Stfiad'y, V. t. [imp. & p. p. steadied: p. pr. & cb. n. 
 .STEADYING.] To hold or keep from shaking, reehng, 
 or falling ; to support. [tion. 
 
 Stfiad'y , V. i. To be firm ; to maintain an upright posi- | 
 
 Steak, n. [Icel. steik, broiled meat, steikia, to broil. CC 
 A.-S. stycce, sticce, a part, piece, steak.] A slice of beef, 
 pork, venison, or the like, broiled or cut for broiling. 
 
 Steal, V. t. [imp. STOLE ; p. p. STOLEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STEALING.] [A.-S. stela7i, stu'la?}, Goth, stilan, Icel. 
 stela.] 1. To take without right or leave. 2. To with- 
 draw or convey without notice, or clandestinely. 3. To 
 gain or win by address or gradiial and imperceptible 
 means. 4. To accomplish in a concealed or unobserved 
 manner. i 
 
 To steal a march, to gain an advantage unobserved. 
 Syn.— To filch; pilfer; purloin. 
 
 Steal, V. i. 1. To practice theft. 2. To slip in, along, 
 
 or away, unperceived. 
 Steal'er, n. One who steals ; a thief. 
 Stealth, n. The bringing to pass any thing in a secret 
 
 or concealed manner ; a secret or clandestine procedure. 
 St6altli'i-Iy, adv. In a stealthy manner ; by stealth. 
 St6altli'i-ness, n. The state, quality, or character of 
 
 being stealthy ; stealth. 
 Stfialtli'y, a. [compar. stealthier ; stiperl. STEAL5H- 
 
 lEST.] Done by stealth ; accomplished clandestinely ; 
 
 unperceived ; secret ; private ; sly. 
 Steam, n. [A.-S. steam, stem, stym, L. Ger. stum, 
 
 weather when snow or rain is drifted by the wind.] 1. 
 
 The elastic, aeriform fluid into which water is converted, 
 
 when heated to the boiling point. 2. Mist formed by 
 
 condensed vapor ; visible vapor. 3. Any exhalation. 
 Steam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. steamed ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 
 STEAMING.] 1. To rise or pass ofif in vapor, or like 
 
 vapor. 2. To rise in steam -like vapor. 3. To move or 
 
 travel by the agency of steam. 
 Steam, v. t. 1. To exhale ; to evaporate. 2. To apply 
 
 steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing. 
 Steam'-ljoat, n. A boat, especially one of large size, 
 
 propelled through the water by steam. 
 Steam'-boiFer, n. A boiler for generating steam, or 
 
 for subjecting objects to the operation of steam. 
 Steam'- gn^gine (-en'jin), n. An engine moved by 
 
 Steam'er, n. 1. A vessel propelled by steam. 2. A 
 
 fire-engine, the pumps of which are worked by steam. 
 
 3. A vessel in which articles are subjected to the action 
 
 of steam, as in washing or cookery. 
 Steam'-gauge, n. An instrument for indicating the 
 
 pressure of the steam in a boiler. 
 Sleam'i-ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
 
 steamy ; vapor ousness ; mistiness. 
 Steam'-pack^et, n. A packet or vessel propelled by 
 
 steam, and running periodically between certain ports. 
 Steam'-sliip, n. A ship propelled by the power of 
 
 Steam'-tiig, n. A steam-vessel used in towing ships. 
 
 Steam'- ves'sel, n. A ves.sel propelled by steam. 
 
 Steam'y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, steam ; full 
 of steam; vaporous; misty. 
 
 Ste'a-rine, n. [From Gr. o-reap, tallow, suet.] ( Chem.) 
 (a.) One of the proximate principles of animal fat. (b.) 
 An acid produced by the action of alkalies on stearine. 
 
 Ste'a-tite, n. [From Gr. areap, a-reajos, fat, tallow.] 
 (Min.) A soft magnesian rock having a soapy feel. It is 
 also called soap-stone. 
 
 Sted'fast, a. See Steadfast. 
 
 Steed, n. [A.-S. steda, stcdha, from stdd, a stud of breed- 
 ing steeds. Cf. Icel. stedda, a mare.] A horse; especially., 
 a spirited horse for state or war. 
 
 Steel, n. [A.-S. stel, styl, for .■^tshel, Icel. stdl, 0. H. Ger. 
 stahal.] 1. Iron combined with a .«mall portion of car- 
 bon. It is used in making a great variety of instruments. 
 2. Hence, an instrument made of steel, as a sword, knife, 
 or the like. 3. Specifically , an instrument of steel for 
 sharpening table knives upon. 4 . Hardness ; sternness ; 
 rigor. 
 
 Steel, f. t. [imp. & p. p. steeled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STEELING.] 1. To overlay, point, or edge with steel. 
 2. To make hard or extremely hard ; to make insensible 
 or obdurate. 3. To cause to resemble steel, as in smooth- 
 ness, polish, or other qualities. 
 
 Steel'y, a. 1. Made, or consisting of, steel. 2. Hence, 
 resembling steel ; hard; firm. 
 
 Steel'yard {colloq. stlPyard), n. A 
 form of balance in which the body 
 to be weighed is suspended from the ' 
 shorter arm of a lever. 
 
 JSteep, a. [compar. steeper ; su- 
 perl. STEEPEST.] [A.-S. steap. Cf. ^ . , 
 Icel. steypir, a precipice, steypa, to steelyard. 
 
 1-^ 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c., short ; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sou, 6r, dft, woli, 
 
STEEP 
 
 703 
 
 STEREOTYPOGRAPHY 
 
 hurl down, disturb.] Ascending or descending with 
 great inclination ; precipitous. 
 
 Steep, n. A precipitous place, hill, mountain, rock, or 
 ascent. 
 
 Steep, f. t. [imp. & p. p. steeped (steept); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STEEPING.] [Ger. sti]fpen, to steep, dip, Icel. 
 steypa, to overthrow.] To soak in a liquid ; to macerate. 
 
 Steep'er, n. A vessel, vat, or cistern, in which things 
 are steeped. 
 
 Stee'ple, n. [A.-S. stepel, stypel, allied to steep, a.] A 
 . tower or turret of a church, ending iu a point ; a spire. 
 
 Stee'ple-cliase, n. A race between a number of hoi-se- 
 men, to see which can first reach some distant object (as 
 a church steeple) in a straight course. 
 
 Steep'ly, adv. . In a steep manner ; with steepness. 
 
 Steep'ness, n. State of being steep ; precipitous de- 
 clivit}'. 
 
 Steep'y, a. Having a precipitous decUvity ; steep. 
 [Poet.] 
 
 Steer, n. [A.-S. steor, Goth, stittr, Skr. sthaurin, sthOrm, 
 Gr. TavfyK, Lat. taunts, Icel. tliior, \V. tarw.] A young 
 male of the bovine genus ; especially, a castrated taurine 
 male from two to four years old. 
 
 Steer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. steered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STEERING.] [A.-S. stedran, sti6ra7i, Tcel. styra, Goth. 
 stiurjan, to establish.] To control the career of; to di- 
 rect ; to guide ; to govern ; — applied especially to a ves- 
 sel in the water. 
 
 Steer, v. i. 1. To direct and govern a ship or other ves- 
 sel in its course. 2. To be directed and governed. 3. 
 To conduct one's self. 
 
 Steer'a^fe, n. 1. Act or practice of directing and gov- 
 erning in a course, "i. ( Nmit.) (n.) The manner in which 
 an individual ship is affected by the helm, (b.) An 
 apartment in the space between decks forward of the great 
 cabin ; also, an apartment in a ship for an inferior class 
 of passengers. 3. That by which a course is directed. 
 
 Steerg'man, n.,- pZ. STEERg'MEN. One who steers ; the 
 helmsman of a ship. 
 
 Steeve. v. i. [Cf. 0. D. sieve, staff.] (Ship-building.) 
 To make an angle with the horizon, or with the Une of a 
 vessel's keel ; — said of the bowsprit. 
 
 Steg'a-nog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. (neyav6%, covered, from 
 CTTeyetv, to cover closely, and ■ypac^eti', to write.] The art 
 of writing in ciphers, or characters not intelUgible except 
 to the persons who correspond with each other. 
 
 Stgl'lar, J a. [Lat. stellaris, from stella, a star.] 1, 
 
 Stel'la-ry, ) Pertaining to stars ; astral. 2. FuU of 
 stars ; set with stars ; starry. 
 
 Stel'late, ) a. [Lat. stellatus.-p. p. of stellare, to set or 
 
 St61'la-ted, ) cover with stars, from stella, a star.] 1. 
 Resembhng a star ; radiated. 3. (Bot.) Arranged in the 
 form of a star. 
 
 Stel-lif' er-oiis, a. [Lat. stellifer, from stella, a star, 
 and /erre, to bear.] Having, or abounding with, stars. 
 
 St61'li-f orm, a. [Lat. stella, a star, and forma, a form.] 
 Like a star ; radiated. 
 
 St61'lu.-lar (stel'yjj-), a. [From Lat. stellula, dim of stella, 
 a star.] Having the shape of little stars ; radiated. [ 
 
 Ste-16g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. a-rqkr], a post, slab, pillar, and ! 
 ypa.<l)eiv, to write, <m)A.o-ypa<^ia, an inscription on a tab- 
 let.] Art of writing or inscribing characters on pillars. 
 
 Stem, n. [A.-S. steinn, stefn, stdfn, Icel. stofn, 0. H. Ger. 
 stamme; allied to the root of staff.] 1. The principal 
 body of a tree, shrub, or plant of any kind. 'i. A little 
 branch which connects a fruit or flower with a main 
 branch. 3. The stock of a family. 4. A descendant ; 
 progeny. ^, [A..-?,, stefn, lce\. stafn.] (iVai<«.) A curved 
 piece of timber to which the two sides of a ship are united 
 at the fore end. Hence, the forward part of a vessel. 6. 
 Hence, the leading position; the lookout. 7, (Mas.) 
 The short, perpendicular line added to the body of a 
 note. 
 
 Stem, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stemmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STEMMING.] 1. To oppose, or cut, as with the stem 
 of a vessel ; to make progress against, as a current. 2. 
 To oppose ; to check, as a stream or moving force. 
 
 Stem'son, rt. (Ship-building.) A piece of timber, fixed 
 on the after part of the apron inside. 
 
 Stencil (66), n. [A.-S. stenc, stnnc, fr. stincan, to stink.] 
 An ill smell ; offensive odor ; stink. 
 
 St^n'^il, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. stencil, the post of a door, 
 A.-S. stenge, a bar of wood, stake, pole.] A thin plate 
 of metal, leather, or other material, used in painting, 
 marking, &c. The pattern is cut out of the plate, which 
 is then laid flat on the surface to be marked, and the 
 color brushed over it. 
 
 St6n'§il, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. stenciled ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 
 To paint or color in figure* witli 
 
 Stgn'o-grapli'ie , 
 St6ii'o-graph'ie-al, . 
 Ste-ii5g'ra-phist, n. 
 Ste-nog'ra-pliy. 
 
 rt. stenciling.] 
 stencils. 
 
 Ste-nftg'ra-pher, n. One skilled in stenography. 
 
 a. Of, or pertaining to, stenog- 
 raphy. 
 A stenographer. 
 
 [Gr. orei/o?, narrow, close, and 
 ypai^iLv, to write.] The art of writing in short-hand, by 
 using abreviations or characters for whole words. 
 
 Steii-to'ri-an, a. [Gr. orevTopeio?, fr. STfiVrajp, a herald, 
 spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice.] 1. Ex- 
 tremely loud. 2. Able to utter a very loud sound. 
 
 Step, V. i. [imp. & p. p. stepped (stgpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. STEPPING.] [A.-S. steppan, stapan, 0. H. Ger. 
 stephan, allied to Gr. a-reCpeiv, to tread.] 1. To advance 
 or recede by a movement of th* foot or feet. 'Z. To walk 
 a little distance. 3. To walk gravely, slowly, or reso- 
 lutely. 
 
 St6p, r. t. 1. To set, as the foot. 2. To fix the foot of, 
 as a mast, in its step. 
 
 St6p, n. 1. An advance or movement made by one re- 
 moval of the foot ; a pace. 2. One remove in ascending 
 or descending ; a stair. 3. Space passed by the foot in 
 walking or running. 4, A small space or distance. 5. 
 Gradation ; degree. 6. Act of advancement ; progres- 
 sion ; decisive gain or advantage. 7. A print of the 
 foot; footprint; track; trace; vestige. 8. Gait; man- 
 ner of walking. 9. Proceeding; measure; action. 10. 
 The round or rundle of a ladder. 11. (Mus.) A degree ; 
 — a name sometimes given to one of the larger diatonie 
 degrees or intervals of the scale, as between one and two. 
 12. pi. A portable frame-work of stairs. 13. (Naut.) 
 (a.) A block of wood, or a solid platform on the keelson, 
 supporting the heel of the mast, (b.) A piece of wood in 
 which another is fixed upright. 14. (Mach.) A kind of 
 bearing in which the lower extremity of a spindle or a 
 vertical shaft revolves. 
 
 Step'-brotii'er (-brtith'er), n. A brother by marriage. 
 
 Step'-daugli'ter (-daw'ter), n. A daughter by mar. 
 riage only. 
 
 Step'-f a'tiier, n. A father by marriage only. 
 
 Step'-motli'er (-muth'er), n. A mother by marriage 
 only. 
 
 Steppe (step), n. [Russ. stepj.] One of the vast plains 
 in South-eastern Europe and Asia, generally elevated, 
 and free from wood. 
 
 Step'ping- stone, n. 1. A stone to raise the feet above 
 the water or mud in walking. 2. Hence, a means of 
 progress or further advancement. 
 
 Step'-sis^ter, n. A sister b}' marriage only. 
 
 Step'-s6n (-sttn), n. A son by marriage only. 
 
 Ster^eo-ra'ceous, a. [Lat. stercus, stercoris, dung.] Of, 
 or pertaining to, dung, or partaking of its nature. 
 
 Stere (ster), n. [Fr.. from Gr. orepeos, firm, solid.] The 
 French unit for solid measure, commonly used for bulky 
 articles, being equal to a cubic meter, equivalent to 
 35.3166 EngUsh, or 31.31044 American cubic feet. 
 
 Ste're-o-grftpli'ie, ) a. Made or done according to 
 
 Ste're-o-grapli'ie-al, { the rules of stereography ; 
 delineated on a plane. 
 
 Ste'x'e-og'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. o-repeos, firm, soUd, and 
 ypa4)€Lv. to write.] The art of delineating the forms of 
 solid bodies on a plane ; a branch of solid geometry 
 which shows the construction of all solids which are 
 regularly defined. 
 
 Ste're-om'e-try, n. [Gr. crrepeos, firm, solid, and jxer- 
 pov, a measure, fj-erpetv, to measure.] The art of meas- 
 uring solid bodies, and finding their solid contents. 
 
 Ste're-o-seope, n. [From Gr. trrepeds, firm, solid, and 
 a-KOireli', to view.] An optical instrument for giving to 
 pictures the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. 
 
 Ste''re-o-se6p'ie, \ a. Pertaining to the stereoscope ; 
 
 Ste^re-o-seop'ie-al, ) adapted to the stereoscope. 
 
 Ste're-6t'o-my, n. [Gr. arepeo^, firm, solid, and reVveiv, 
 to cut, TO/U.17, a cutting.] The science or art of cutting 
 soUds into certain figures or sections, as arches, and the 
 like. 
 
 Ste're-o-type, n. [Gr. (rrepeo?, firm, solid, and -nJntJ?, 
 type.] 1, A plate of type-metal, i-esembling the sur- 
 face of a page of type. 2. The art of making plates oi 
 type-metal in imitation of pages of tvpe. 
 
 Ste're-o-type, v. t. [imp. & p. 'p. stereotyped 
 (108; ; p. pr. & vb. n. stereotyping.] To make stere- 
 otype plates for, as for a book. 
 
 Ste're-o-typ'er, n. One who makes stereotype plates. 
 
 Ste^re-o-ty-p6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. crrepeos, firm, sohd, 
 TuVos, a type, and ypa^eii/, to write.] The art or prac- 
 tice of printing from stereotype plates. 
 
 food, f obt ; firn, rude, pull ; jell, ^liaise, eall, e«lio ; gem, get ; af ; e^dst ; li^gei^, U^ik ,' tlii*. 
 
STERILE 
 
 U4 
 
 STIFF-NECKED 
 
 Sl^r'Ue, a- [Lat. sterUis. allied to Gr. trrtppo?, mtpot, ^ 
 stiff, barrvn.) 1. Produciug little or no ci\ip ; barren: 
 unfruitful ; not fertile, 'i. Producing no young. 3. 
 Destitute of ideas or sentiment. 4. (Bot.) Bearingonly 
 
 >«< ril'l-ty, n. Quality or condition of being sterile; 
 . rx nne^ ; unproductiTeness ; unfruitfulness. , 
 
 Mer'linK. a. [O. Eng. stfrlynge, starling, from Eastrr- i 
 iin^, once the popular name of Cierman traders in Eng- ' 
 land, whose money was of the purest quality.] 1. Be- ' 
 
 SteTr*lsli (stu'-), o. Suiting a stew, or brothel. 
 Ste-tv'-pftii, n. A pan in which things are stewed. 
 Stib'i-al, a. [From Lat. stibium, antimony.] Like, or 
 
 havin? the qualities of, antimony : antimonial. 
 Stib'i-iim, n. [I>at. stibium, stibi, stinmii, Gr. ortBu 
 
 oTififii.] {Min.) (a.) Antimony. (6.) Antimony glanor 
 Sticli (stTk), n. [Gr. cttixos. a row, line, from vreixcu , 
 
 to ascend.] 1. A Terse, of whatever measure or number 
 
 of feet. 2. A line in the Scriptures. 3. A row or rank 
 
 of trees. 
 
 longing to. or relating to, the British money of account, Stick, n. [A.-S. sticca, allied to strcan, stician, to stab, 
 or to the British coinage. "2, Genuine ; pure ; of excel- j prick, pierce : Icel. siiki, a staff, sticki, a dagger; 0. h! 
 
 1. Thesmall shoot, orbranch,ofatreeor 
 
 or 
 
 lent quality. 
 Stern (141, a. [comprtr. STERVER : suprrl. STERVEST.] 
 [A.-S. sit me, stymr, allied to N. H. Ger. starr, 0. H. Ger. 
 mar, stiff, storncn, to be stiff, astonished.] 1. Fixed, 
 with an aspect of severity and authority. ^. Severe of 
 manner. 3. Rigidly steadfsist. 
 
 Syn.— Severe: austere; rigid; rigoroos; harsh; cruel; un- 
 relenting: immovable. 
 
 Ger. steccAo.] 
 
 shrub, cut off ; a rod : also, a staff. 2. Any stenii or brancli 
 of a tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber. 3. Any thiiyj 
 shaped like a stick. 4. (Print.) An instrument of adjust- 
 able width in which type are arranged in word^ »nt} 
 lines. 5. A thrust ; a stab. 
 
 GoM-fiicl\ a title of the colonels of the two re^ments of lift 
 Guards in England, whose dutj- it is to attend the sovereign ok 
 all state occasions.— 5i7rer-5/idl\ a title given to the field-<^l- 
 cer of the Life Guards when on duty at the palace. 
 
 Stem, n. [A.S. steam, equiv. to stedr, stidr, helm, 
 
 sttorfm, equiv. to steorsetl, steamsetl, stem, steorn, a j Stick, v. J. [iynp. & p. p. STUCK : p. pr. & vb. n. STICK- 
 
 steering.] 1. (.\a«r.) The hind part of a ship or other | 
 
 vessel, or of a boat. 3. The hinder part of any thing, i 
 Stern'al. a. Pertaining to the sternum, or breast-bone. " 
 Stern'-board, M. (A'awf.) The backward motion of a 
 
 vessel ; hence, a loss of way in making a tack. 
 Stern'-cliase, n. A chase in which two vessels sail on , 
 
 one and the same course, one following in the wake of the ; 
 
 other. _ I 
 
 Stern'-cliase, In. [Naut.) A cannon placed in a 
 Stern'-chas'er, ) ship's stem, pointing backward, and 
 
 intended to annoy a ship that is in pursuit of her. 
 Stern'ly, adv. La a stem manner ; austerely. 
 Stern'ness (109). n. The quality or state of being stem : \ 
 
 rigidity : rigor : severity. | 
 
 Stern'-p6«:t, n. (Naut.) A straight piece of timber, ' 
 
 erected on the extremity of the keel to support the rud- i 
 
 der and terminate the ship behind. 1 
 
 Stern'-slieets^ n. pi. \yaut.) That part of a l>oat i 
 
 which is between the stem and the aftermost seat of the 
 
 rowers 
 
 I>'G.] 1. To cause to enter, as a pointed instrument; 
 to pierce ; to stab : hence, to kill by piercing. 2. To 
 fasten or cati.=e to remain by piercing. 3. To set ; to 
 fi-x in. 4. To set with something pointed. 5. To fix 
 on a pointed instrument. 6. To attach by causing to 
 adhere to the surface. 7. (Print.) To compose, or ar- 
 range in a composing-stick. [ CoUoq.] 
 
 Stick, V. i. 1. To hold to, by cleaving to the snr&ce,as 
 by tenacity or attraction ; to adhere. 2. Hence, to re- 
 main where placed : to cling : to be united closely. 3. 
 To be hindered from proceeding; to stop. 4. To be 
 embarrassed or puzzled : to hesitate. 5. To cause diffi- 
 culties or scruples. 6. To adhere closely in friendship 
 and affection. 
 
 To stick at, to hesitate. — To stick by, (a.) To adhere cloeelr; 
 to be constant: to be firm in supporting. (6.) To !« trouble- 
 eome by adhering. — To stick ovt, to project; to be prominent. 
 — To stick to, to be firm ; to be persevering. 
 
 Stick'i-ness, n. Quality of being sticky ; adhesiveness: 
 viscousuess : glutinousness ; tenacity. 
 
 Ster'num, n. [S. Lat., fit)m Gr. <7Te'pvov.] (Anat.) A ; Stick'-lSc, n. Lac in its natural state, incrusting small 
 flat, symmetrical bope on the median Une of the chest ; twigs. 
 m front : the breast-bone. I Stickle (stikl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. stickled ; p. pr. 
 
 Ster'nu-ta'tion, n. [Lat. 5tmtMXa/io, from stemutare,\ & ^•^- '»• STiCKLlTfG.] [From the practiie of prize- 
 to sneeze, intensive form of sternu^re, id.] The act of fighters, who placed seconds with staffs or sticks to inter- 
 sneezing, j pose occasionally.] 1. To take part with one side or the 
 
 Ster-nS'ta-tiTe, a. Having the quality of provoking ' other. 2. To contend, contest, or altercate, in a perti- 
 to sneeze. ' [to sneeze. ' nacious manner on insufficient grounds. 
 
 Ster-nti'ta-to-ry (oO), a. Having the quality of exciting I Stickle-back, n. [0. & Prov. 
 A substance that provokes sneez- 
 
 Ster-nu'ta-to-ry. 
 
 ing. 
 Stern '- -way, n. (Naut.) The movement of a ship back- 
 ward, or with her stem foremost. 
 Ster-to'ri-oiiS; I a. [From Lat. stertere, to snore.] ' 
 Ster'to-rous, ( Characterized by a deep snoring, | 
 
 which accompanies inspiration in some diseases, espe- I 
 
 cially apoplexy : hence, hoarsely breathing : snoring. 
 Bt6tli'o-s<;ope. «. [Gr. arffio^, the breast, and aKOTrelv. 
 
 to examine.] An instrument used to distinguish sounds , 
 
 in the human chest, so that the operator may judge of ; 
 
 the regular action or condition of the part thtis exam- i 
 
 ined, as the heart, the Itings, &c. I 
 
 Steve, r. i. [From the root of sroic.] To stow, as cotton 
 
 or wool in a ship's hold. ! Stiff, a, 
 
 Ste've-dore', n. One whose occupation is to load and , 
 
 unload vessels in port. 
 Stew fstu), V. t. [imp. & p. p. ste^tED : p. pr. k. rb. n.\ 
 
 8TEWi:>fG.] [O. Fr. fstuver, L. Ger. stoicen or sloven, I 
 
 D. sloven. See STOVE.] To boil slowly, in a moderate 
 
 manner, or with a .simmering heat : to seethe. j 
 
 .Stew (stu). V. I. To t-e seethed in a slow, gentle manner, j 
 
 or in heat and moLsture. j 
 
 Stevr (stu ), fi. 1. A house for bathing, sweating, cupping, i 
 
 tec. 2. -A. house of prostitution : a brothel. 3. A dish i Stiffen (stTfn). r. t 
 
 that has been cooked by stewing. 4. A state of agitat- 
 ing excitement : confusion. [CoUog.] 
 Stew'ard (stu'ard). n. [O. Eng. stivard, A.-S. stigeweard, 
 
 sthceard. Cf. A.-S. stigu, st'ig, a way. path, stige, SiSty, 
 
 Icel. siia, a box. recess, and Eng. icard ] 1. A man em- 
 ployed to manage domestic concerns, superintend other 
 
 eerraote, collect rents, keep acci>unt«, &c. 2. (Naut.) 
 
 A waiter on board a ship or other vessel. 3. A fiscal 
 
 Stickleback. 
 
 Eng. slirkle, a prickle, spine. 
 
 sting, and fea«i'.] (Ichlh.) AsmaUi 
 
 fi5h : — so called fix)m the spines 
 
 which arm their back, ventral 
 
 fins, and other parts. 
 Stickler, n . One who stickles : 
 
 as, (a.) One who arbitrates a duel : a second : an nrnpire. 
 
 ( b. ) One who pertinaciously contends for some trifling 
 
 thing. 
 Stick'y, o. [cmnpar. STICKIER : suprrl. stickiest.] 
 
 IncUiied to stick ; having the quality of adhering to a 
 
 surfece. 
 
 gluey ; ^scous ; visdd ; glatinona ; 
 
 agent of certain bodies. 
 StevF'ard-eRS, n. A female waiter on shipboard. 
 Stevr'ard-slup, n. The office of a steward. 
 
 Syn. — Adheave ; 
 tenacious. 
 
 [compar. STIEFER : superl. STIFFEST.] [A.-S. 
 stlf, Icel. sit/tr, 0. H. Ger. .':f|^.] 1. Not easilvbent: 
 not flexible or pliant. 2. Not liquid or fluid : thick and 
 tenacious: inspissated. 3. Impetuous in motion. 4. 
 Not easily subdued : firm in resistance or perseverance. 
 5. Not nattiral and easy ; formal in manner. 6. ( JV'ojrf.) 
 Bearing a press of canvas without careening much. 
 
 Syn. — Rigid: inflexible ; strone; hardy: stubborn : obsti- 
 nate : )'>ertinacious ; harsh ; formal ; constrained ; affected : 
 Etarched ; rigorous. 
 
 [fmp. fc p. p. STIFrE>TEp : p. jr. 
 & tb. n. STIFFEXING.] 1. To make sttff : to make le = 
 pliant or flexible. 2. To inspissate ; to make more thitk 
 or viscous. 
 
 Stiffen (stif^n), r. i. 1. To become stiff: to become 
 more rigid or less flexible. 2. To become more thick, 
 or less soft: to be inspissated. 3. To become less 8ii»- 
 eeptible of impression ; to grow more obstinate. 
 
 Stiffly, adv. In a stiff manner; firmly; strong .- 
 
 rigidlv ; obstinately. 
 
 Stiff -ngcked (-n6kt), 
 
 Date: contumacious. 
 
 a. Stubborn ; inflexible : obsti- 
 
 ai,e,k,c.,long; a,g,&c.,4/uw/; c&re,far,ask,all,ifvliat; Sre, Tell, term; pique, firm; son.dr.do.-woLt 
 
STIFFNESS 
 
 705 
 
 STIPULATE 
 
 Sti'fle (sti'n), V. t. 
 vb. n. STIFLING.] 
 styja, to repress, 
 breath ; to choke. 
 
 Stiff ness, n. State of being stiff ; rigidness ; thickness; 
 torpidness ; tension ; obstinacy ; constraint ; rigorous- 
 ness ; harshness. 
 
 [imp. & p. p. stifled; p. pr. & 
 [Diminutive of stive. Cf. Icel. stijia, 
 sty/a, to cut off.] 1. To stop the 
 ti. To extinguish ; to deaden ; to 
 quench. 3. To suppress the manifestation or report of; 
 to conceal ; to destroy. 
 
 Sti'fle, n. [From stiff".] 1. (Far.) The joint on the 
 bind leg of a horse next to the flank, and corresponding 
 to the knee in man. 5J. A disease in the knee-pan of a 
 hor.*;e or other animal. 
 
 Stig'ma, n. ; Eng. pi. STtG/MAg ; 
 ha,t. pi. STIG'MA-TA. [Gr. (rTiy/aa, 
 prick or mark of a pointed instru- 
 ment, spot, mark burned in, from 
 <rri^eiv, to prick, brand.] 1. A 
 mark with a burning iron ; a brand. 
 ti. Any mark of infamy. 3. (Bot.) 
 That vascular part ofthe pistil which „,. ,„.n 
 
 receives the pollen. *• St>g"^»- (^^t.) 
 
 Stig-ina,t'i€, 1 a. 1. Marked with a stigma, or with 
 
 Stlg-inat'i«-al, ) something reproachful to character. 
 '.i. Impressing with infamy or reproach. 
 
 Stig'ma-tize, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stigmatized; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. STIGMATIZING.] 1. To mark with a stig- 
 ma or brand. ^. To set a mark of disgrace on. 
 
 Stile, w. [See Style.] A pin set on the face of a dial to 
 form a shadow ; a style. 
 
 Stile, n. [A.-S. stigel, a step, a ladder, from stigan, to 
 ascend.] A step, or set of steps, for ascending and de- 
 scending, in passing a fence or^wall. 
 
 Sti-16t'to, n. ; pi. STt-LfiT'TO^. [It., dim. of stilo, a 
 dagger, from Lat. stilus, stylus, a pointed instrument.] 
 i. A small dagger with a round, pointed blade. 3. A 
 pointed instrument for making eyelet holes in working 
 muslin. 
 
 Sti-let'to, V. t. [imp. Sop. p. stilettoed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STILETTOING.] To stab or pierce with a stiletto. 
 
 Still, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STILLING.] [A.-S. stillan, from stille, still, quiet, firm ; 
 0. H. Ger. stilljan, Icel. stilla.] 1. To stop, as noise. 
 2. To stop, as motion or agitation; to make quiet. 3. 
 To quiet, as tumult, agitation, or excitement. 
 
 Syn. — To calm ; allay; lull; pacify; appease; subdue; sup- 
 press; silence; check; restrain. 
 
 Still, a. [compar. STILLER ; superl. STILLEST.] 1. 
 Uttering no sound ; silent, ti. Not disturbed by noise 
 or agitation. 3. Motionless. 
 Syn.— Quiet; calm; noiseless; serene; inert; stagnant. 
 
 Still, n. Freedom from noise ; calm; silence. [Poet.] 
 
 Still, adv. 1. To this time; until and during the time 
 now present. 3. Habitually ; always ; uniformly. 3. 
 By an additional degree ; with repeated and added efforts. 
 4. Uence, notwithstanding what has been said or done ; 
 in spite of what has occurred ; nevertheless ; — some- 
 times used as a conjunction. 5. After that. 
 
 Still, n. [From the v. infra.] 1. A vessel, used in the 
 distillation of liquors. 3, A distillery. 
 
 Still, V. t. [Abbrev. from distill, q. v.] 1. To cause to 
 fall by drops 3. To distill. 
 
 Stil'la-ti'tioiis i-tish'us), a. [Lat. stillatitius, from 
 stillare, to drop, from stilla, a drop.] Falling in drops ; 
 drawn by a still. 
 
 Stil'la-to-ry, n. [From still, for distill. Cf. Distil- 
 latory, a.] [Rare.] 1. An alembic ; a vessel for dis- 
 tillation. 3. A laboratory. 
 
 Still'-birtli, n. A thing born without life. 
 
 Still'-born, a. 1. Dead at the birth. 3. Abortive. 
 
 Still'-burn, v. t. To burn in the process of distillation. 
 
 Still'- life, n. [Painting.) The class or style of painting 
 which represents objects not having animate existence, 
 as fruits, flowers, dead game or animals, &c. 
 
 Still'ness, n. State or quality of being still ; freedom 
 from noise, motion, agitation, excitement, and the like. 
 
 Still'y, a. Still ; quiet ; calm. 
 
 StUay(109),arA-. 1. Silently ; without noise. 3. Cahnly; 
 quietly ; without tumult. 
 
 Stilt, n. [D. stelt, 0. H. Ger. stelza.] 1. A piece of 
 wood constructed to raise the foot above the ground in 
 walking. 3. A root which rises above the surface of the 
 ground. 
 
 Stilt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stilted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 stilting.] 1. To raise on stilts; to elevate. 3. To 
 raise by unnatural means. 
 
 Stim'u-lant, a. [Lat. stim.ulans, p. pr. of stimulate. 
 
 See Stimulate.] 1. Serving to stimulate. ^, (Med.) 
 Producing increased vital action in the organism, or any 
 of its parts. 
 
 Stim'u-lant, n. 1. That which stimulates, provokes, 
 or excites. 3. (Med.) An agent which produces an in- 
 crease of vital activity in the organism , or any of its parts. 
 
 Stim'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stimulated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. STIMULATING.] [I^at. stim.ulare, stimulatum, 
 to prick or goad on, to incite, from stimulus, a goad.] 
 1, To excite, rouse, or animate to action or more vigor- 
 ous exertion by some pungent motive, or by persuasion. 
 3. (Med.) To produce an exaltation of vital activity in. 
 
 Syn. — To animate ; incite ; encourage ; impel ; urge ; in- 
 stigate; irritate; exasperate; incense. 
 
 Stim'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of stimulating, or state of 
 being stimulated. 3. ( Med. ) An exaltation of organie 
 action. 
 
 Stim'u-la'tive, a. Having the quality of stimulating. 
 
 Stim'u-la''tive, n. That which stimulates ; that which 
 rouses into more vigorous action. 
 
 Stim'u-la'tor, n. One who stimulates. 
 
 Stlm'u-lus, n.; pi. STiM'u-Li. [Lat., for stigmulus, 
 allied to Lat. instigare, to stimulate, Gr. o-ri^etc, to prick, 
 root o-Tiy.] 1, A goad ; hence, something that rouses 
 the mind or spirits. 3. (Med.) That which produces an 
 increase of vital action. 
 
 Sting, n. [A.-S. sting, stincg, Icel. stingr, stimga. Cf. 
 Stick.] 1. A sharp-pointed weapon or instrument with 
 which certain animals are armed by nature for their 
 defense, and which they thrust from the hinder part of 
 the body , to pierce any animal that annoys or provokes 
 them. 3. The thrust of a sting into the flesh. 3. Any 
 thing that gives acute pain. 4. The point of an epigram, 
 or other pointed, sarcastic saying. 
 
 Sting, V. t. [imp. h p. p. STUNG (STANG is obsolete); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. STINGING.] 1, To pierce with a sting. 
 3. To pain acutely. 
 
 Sting'er, n. One who, or that which, stings. 
 
 Stin'gi-ness, n. State or quality of being stingy ; ex- 
 treme avarice ; niggardliness. 
 
 Stin'go, n. [From sting, on account ofthe sharpness of 
 the taste.] Old beer ; sharp or strong liquor. [Low.] 
 
 Sting'y, «. Having power to sting or produce pain. 
 
 Stin'gy, a. [compar. stingier; superl. STINGIEST.] 
 [Originally, eager, greedy, pricked on, stimulated, from 
 sting, supra.] Extremely close and covetous ; meanly 
 avaricious ; niggardly. 
 
 Stink, V. i. [imp. sTANK, or STUNK ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STINKING.] [A.-S. stincan, 0. H. Ger. stinchan.] To 
 emit a strong, offensive smell. 
 
 Stink, n. A strong, offensive smell ; a disgusting odor. 
 
 Stink'ard, n. 1. A mean, stinking, paltry fellow. 3. . 
 ( Zool. ) A carnivorous animal allied to the skunk, found 
 in Java and Sumatra. 
 
 Stint, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STINTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STINTING.] [A.-S. stintan, styntan, to blunt, dull. Cf. 
 Stunt.] 1. To restrain within certain limits; to bound; 
 to confine ; to limit. 3. To assign a certain task iu 
 labor to. [ Colloq. Amer.] 
 
 Stint, 71. 1. Limit ; bound ; restraint ; extent. 3. Quan- 
 tity assigned ; proportion allotted. 
 
 Stint'er, n. One who, or that which, stints. 
 
 Stipe, n. [Lat. stipes, a stock, post, branch ; Gr. orrvTros.] 
 (Bot.) (a.) The base of a frond, as of a fern, (b.) The 
 stalk of a pistil, (c.) The trunk of a tree, (d.) The 
 stem of a fungus or mushroom when any exists. 
 
 Sti'pend, n. [Lat. stipendium, from stips, stipis, a gift, 
 donation, given in small coin, and pendere, to weigh or 
 pay out.] Settled pay or compensation for services, 
 whether daily or monthly wages, or an annual salary. 
 
 Sti-pend'i-a-ry, a. Receiving wages or salary. 
 
 Sti-p6nd'i-a-ry, n. One who receives a stipend. 
 
 Stip'ple (stip/pl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. STIPPLED ; p. pr, 
 Scvb. n. STIPPLING.] [D. stippelen, to make points, to 
 spot, dot, dim. of stippen, to dip, point, dot, stip, stippel, 
 a dot, spot.] To engrave by means of dots. 
 
 Stip'ple, n. A mode of engraving in imitation of chalk 
 drawings, in which the effect is produced by dots instead 
 of lines. 
 
 Stlj)'n-la,n.; pi. STiP'V-L^. [Lat.] (Eo<.) A stipule, 
 
 Stip'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stipulated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. stipulating.] [Lat. stipulari, stipulatus, 
 orig. to conclude a money transaction, from stips, stipis, 
 a gift in small coin.] To make an agreement or covenant 
 with any person or company to do or forbear any thing; 
 to bargain ; to contract. 
 
 Stip'u-late, a. (Bot.) Furnished with stipules. 
 
 food, f€»bt ; vLvn, r^de, pull ; $ell, ^liaise, «all, eclio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist, linger ; link ; tliis. 
 
 4.5 
 
STIPULATION 
 
 706 
 
 STOLE 
 
 Stip u-Iil'tioii, n. 1. Act of stipulating : a contracting 
 or bargainiug. '2, That which is stipulated or agreed 
 upon. 
 Syn.— Covenant; BKrceniont; contract; engagement 
 
 Stip'u-lai'tor, n. Ou« who stipulates, contracts, or 
 
 ' covenants. 
 
 Stip'iilo, M. [Lat- sllpula, a stalk, stem, 
 straw, dim. of .<M>«.] (B<u.) An appendage 
 at the base of petioles or leaves, usually some- 
 what resembling a small leaf iu textUF^ and 
 apvHvirance. i n^ 
 
 Stir (IS), r. t. [ii7ip. & p. p. STIRRED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. «. STIRRING.] [A.-S. sti/rian, 0. H. 
 Ger. storjan, scGraii.] 1. To change the 
 place of "in any manner, ti. To bring into 
 debate ; to agitate. 3. To incite to action ; 
 to instigate ; to prompt. 
 
 Syu. — To njove ; incite ; awaken ; rouse ; ani- „ . , 
 mate; stimulate; excite; provoke. htipuie. 
 
 Stir, V. i. 1. To move one's self; to change one's position. 
 "2. To be in motion ; to be active. 3. To become the ob- 
 ject of notice or conversation. 4. To rise in the morning. 
 
 Stir, n. 1. Agitation ; tumult ; bustle, ti. Public dis- 
 turbance or commotion ; seditious uproar. 3. Agitation 
 of thoughts. 
 
 Stir'rer, n. 1. One who stirs, or is in motion, ti. One 
 who puts in motion. 3. A riser in the morning. 4. 
 An exciter ; an instigator. 
 
 Stir'rup (stur^rup or stTr^rup), n. [A.-S, stigerap, 
 stigrap, stirap, from stigan, to mount, ascend, and rap, 
 a rope.] 1. A kind of ring, for receiving the foot of a 
 rider, and attached to a strap which is fastened to the 
 saddle. 2. (Macli.) Any piece resembling, in shape and 
 functions, the stirrup of a saddle. 
 
 Stitcli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STITCHED (sticht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STITCHING.] [A.-S. stician, to prick, pierce. Cf. 
 Stick.] 1. To form stitches in ; especially, to sew in 
 such a manner as to show on the surface a continuous 
 line of stitches. 2. To sew or unite together. 
 
 Stitcli. V. i. To practice stitching. 
 
 Stitcli, n. 1. A single pass of a needle in sewing ; the 
 loop or turn of the thread thus made. 2. A single turn 
 of the thread round a needle in knitting. 3. A ."pace 
 between two double furroivs in plowed ground. 4. An 
 acute lancinating pain, like the piercing of a needle. 
 
 Stitii'y, n. [Icel. stedki, Sw. stdd, an anvil.] 1. An. 
 anvil. 5i. A smith's shop ; a smithy. 
 
 Stive, V. t. [Allied to stew, stow, stuff, and Lat. stipare, 
 to press together.] 1. To stuff up close. 2. To make 
 hot, sultry, and close. 
 
 Sti'ver, n. [D. stuiver.] A Dutch coin and money of 
 account, of the value of two cents, or about one penny 
 sterling. 
 
 Stoak, V. t. [Cf. Ger. stocken, to stop, and sticken, to 
 choke.] {'Naul.) To stop; to choke. 
 
 Stoat, n. [Cf. Stote and Stot.] [Zo'dl.) The ermine ; 
 — so called when of a reddish color, as in summer. 
 
 Sto«-ead.e', n. See Stockade. 
 
 Stock, n. [A.-S. stocc, a stock, trunk, stick, fr. stecan, 
 to strike, prick ; 0. H. Ger. stoc, stock, Icel. stockr. See 
 Stick.] 1. The stem or main body of a tree or plant ; 
 the fixed, strong, firm part. 2. The stem or firm branch 
 in which a graft is inserted. 3. Something fixed, soUd, 
 and senseless ; a post. 4. Hence, one who is as dull and 
 lifeless as a post. 5. The principal supporting part ; the 
 part in which others are inserted, or to which they are 
 attached; as, specifically, (a.) The wood to which the 
 barrel, lock, &c., of a fire-arm are secured ; also, a long, 
 rectangular piece of wood, which is an important part of 
 several forms of gun-carriage. (&.) The wooden handle 
 or contrivance by which bits are held in boring ; a brace, 
 (c.) The block of wood which constitutes the tsody of a 
 plane, (</.) The piece of timber in which the shank of 
 an anchor is in.serted. («.) The block in which an anvil 
 is fixed. (/.) An adjustable wrench for holding dies for 
 cutting screws, (g.) The part of a tally struck in the 
 exchequer, which is delivered to the person who has lent 
 the king money on account, the other part being kept by 
 an officer in that court. [Eng.] 6. The original pro- 
 genitor ; also, the race or line of a family ; lineage ; 
 femily. 7. Money invested in business ; capital of a 
 bank or other company ; money funded in government 
 eecurities; pi. property consisting of shares in joint- 
 stock companies [Amer.], or in the obligations of a gov- 
 ernment for its funded debt. [Eng.] H, (Book-keeping.) 
 The account which is debited with all the sums con- 
 tributed or added to the capital of the concern, and 
 
 credited with whatevei is at any time withdrawn. 9. 
 Supply provided ; store. 10. (Agric.) Domestic animals 
 or beasts collected, used, or raised on a farm. 11. A 
 kind of stiff, wide band or 
 cravat for the neck. 12. 
 pi. A frame, with holes in 
 which the feet or the feet 
 and hands of criminals were 
 confined by way of punish- 
 ment. 13. pi. The frame 
 or timbers on which a ship 
 rests while building. 14. 
 (Bot.) A flowering, crucifer- 
 ous plant, several species of 
 which are cultivated for 
 ornament. 
 
 Dead stock (Agric), the im- 
 plements of husbandry, and Stocks (12), 
 produce stored up for use; — in 
 
 distinction from live stock, or the domestic animal&on a farm, 
 — To take stock, to make an inventory of stock or goods on 
 hand. 
 
 Syn. —Fund; capital; store; supply ; accumulation ; hoard; 
 provision. 
 
 Stock, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stocked (stokt) \ p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. STOCKING.] 1. To lay up for future use, as 
 merchandise, &c. 2. To provide with material requi- 
 sites ; to store ; to fill ; to supply. 3. To put into a 
 pack, as cards. 
 
 Stock, a. Used or available for constant service or 
 application, as if constituting a portion of a stock or 
 supply ; standard ; permanent ; standing. 
 
 Stock-ade', n. [See Stoccade.] 1. 
 [Mil.) A line of posts or stakes set in the 
 earth as a fence or barrier. 2. An in- 
 closure or pen made with posts and 
 
 Stock-ade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. stock- 
 aded; p. pr. & vb. n. STOCKADING.] 
 To surround or fortify with sharpened 
 posts fixed in the ground. Stockade. 
 
 Stock'-bro'ker, n. A broker who deals in the purchase 
 and sale of shares or stocks. 
 
 Stock'-dove (-dtiv), n. (Ornith.) The wild pigeon of 
 Europe, so called because at one time believed to be the 
 stock of the domestic pigeon, or else from its breeding 
 in the stocks of trees, 
 
 Stock'-ex-change', n. 1. The building or place where 
 stocks are bought and sold; hence transactions of all 
 kinds in stocks. 2. Au association or body of stock- 
 brokers. [Eng.] 
 
 Stock'-fisli, n. Cod dried in the sun without being 
 salted ; — so called from its hardness. 
 
 Stock'hold-er. n. One who is a proprietor of stock in 
 the public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other 
 company. • 
 
 Stock'ing, n. [From stock.] A close-fitting covering 
 for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven, 
 
 Stock'ish, a. Hard; stupid; blockish. 
 
 Stock'-job'ber , n. One who speculates in stocks for gain. 
 
 Stock'-job'bing, n . Act or art of dealing in stocks. 
 
 Stock'-still, a. Still as a fixed post ; perfectly still. 
 
 Stock'y, a. [From stock.] Thick and firm : stout ; rather 
 thick than tall or corpulent. 
 
 Sto'i-e, n. [Gr. otwikos, from crToa, a roofed colonnade, a 
 porch, esp. a porch in Athens where Zeno and his suc- 
 cessors taught.] 1. A di.sciple of the philosopher Zeno, 
 who taught that men should be unmoved by joy or grief, 
 and submit without complaint to the unavoidable neces- 
 sity by which all things are governed. 2. Hence, a 
 person not easily excited ; an apathetic person. 
 
 Sto'i-e, ) a. 1. Of, pertaining to. or resembling, the 
 
 Sto'i-e-al, ) Stoics or theur doctrines. 2. Unfeeling ; 
 manifesting indifiference to pleasure or pain. 
 
 Sto'i<;-al-ly, adv. In the manner of the Stoics ; without 
 apparent feeling or sensibility. 
 
 Sto'i-e-al-ness, n. The state of being stoical. 
 
 Sto'i-^igm, n. 1. The opinions and maxims of the 
 Stoics. 2. A real or pretended indifiference to pleasure 
 or pain. 
 
 Stok'er, n. [From Prov. Eng. stoke, to stir the fire, 
 from stoke, a stock, stick, post.] One who is employed 
 to tend a furnace and supply it with fuel, especially that 
 of a locomotive, or marine steam-engine. 
 
 Stole, imp. of steal. See Steal. 
 
 Stole, n. [Gr. o-toX^, equipment in clothes, dress, robe, 
 from areWfiv, to array, equip.] 1. A long, loose gar- 
 ment reaching to the feet. 2. (Rom. Catli. Church.) A 
 
 a)e,&c., long; Si,, 6, See, short; c^re, far, ask, all, -vrliat ; dre, Tell, term; pique,firiu.; s6u,dr, dQ,\v9lf, 
 
STOLE 
 
 707 
 
 STORE 
 
 narrow band of silk or stuff, worn on the left shoulder 
 of deacons, and across both shoulders of bishops and 
 priests, pendent on each side nearly to the ground. 
 
 Groom of the stole, the first lord of the bed-chamber, in tHe 
 household of the king of England. 
 
 Stole, n. [Lat. stole, stolotiis.] (Bot.) A lax, trailing 
 stem given off at the summit of the root, and taking root 
 at intervals ; a sucker. 
 
 StoKm (stoln, 58), p. p. of steal. See Steal. 
 
 Stdl'id, a. [Lat. stolidus.] Hopelessly insensible or 
 stupid : dull ; foolish. 
 
 Sto-lid'i-ty, n. State or quaUty of being stolid; duU- 
 ne.ss of intellect; stupidity. 
 
 Stdnd'a-eli (stiim'ak), n. [Lat. stomachus, Gr. oro/oiaxo?, 
 from oTO/aa, a mouth, any outlet or entrance.] 1. 
 {Anat.) A musculo-membranous reservoir, situated im- 
 mediately beneath the diaphragm. It is one of the prin- 
 cipal organs of digestion. '2, Appetite. 3. Inclination; 
 liking ; desire. 
 
 Stdm'a«Ii (stQm'ak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. stomached 
 (stum'akt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. STOMACHING^.] [See supra; 
 Lat. stomachari, to be angry or vexed at a thing.] 1. 
 To resent, ti. To receive or bear without repugnance ; 
 to brook. [Collar/.] 
 
 Stom'a-cher (stfim/a-cher), n. An ornament or support 
 to the breast, worn by women. 
 
 Sto-mS.€li'i€, ) a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, the 
 
 Sto-mS,-eli'i€-al, j stomach. 2. Strengthening to the 
 stomach ; exciting the action of the stomach. 
 
 Sto-maeh'i-e (sto-mik/ik), n. (Med.) A medicine that 
 strengthens the stomach and excites its action. 
 
 Stomp, V. i. To stamp with the foot. [ Vulgar.] 
 
 Stone (20), n. [A.-S. sta7i, Icel. steinn, Goth, stains.] 
 1. A mass of concreted earthy or mineral matter. 3. 
 A precious stone ; a gem. 3. A monument erected to 
 preserve the memory of the dead. 4. (Med.) A calcu- 
 lous concretion in the kidneys or bladder ; the disease 
 arising from a calculus. 5. A testicle. 6. The nut of 
 a drupe or stone fruit. 7. A weight which legally is 14 
 pounds, but in practice varies with the article weighed. 
 [Eng.] 
 
 tS3^ The stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs. ; 
 of cheese, 16 lbs.; of hemp, 32 lbs.; of glass, 5 lbs. 
 8. Torpidness and insensibility. 
 
 Philosopher's stone, a pretended substance formerly supposed 
 to have the property of turning any other substance into gold. 
 — Roclcing-stone,A large stone so balanced upon another stone 
 that it can be set in motion, or made to oscillate, by a slight 
 force. — To leave no stone unturned, to use all practicable means 
 to effect an object. 
 Syn. — See Rock. 
 
 Stone, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STONING.] 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with stones. 2. 
 To free from stones. 3. To wall or fiice with stones. 
 
 Stone'-eoal , n. Hard coal ; anthracite coal. 
 
 Stone'-eiit'ter, n. One whose occupation is to cut or 
 hew stones. 
 
 Stone '-friiit, n. Fruit whose seeds are covered with a 
 hard sheU'enveloped in the pulp, as peaches, cherries, 
 plums, and the like ; a drupe. 
 
 Stone'- mar'ten, n. ( Zool. ) A species of marten, found 
 in stony or mountainous regions. 
 
 Ston'er, n. 1. One who beats or kills with stones. 2. 
 One who walls with stones. 
 
 Stone'§'-east, ) n. The distance which a stone may 
 
 Stone'g'-tlirow, j be thrown by the hand. 
 
 Stone'- -ware, n. A species of potter's ware of a coarse 
 kind, glazed and baked. 
 
 Stone'- work (-wurk), n. Mason's work of stone. 
 
 Ston'i-ness, n. Quality or state of being stony, or 
 abounding with stones. 
 
 Ston'y, a. 1. Relating to, made of, abounding in, or 
 resembling, stone. 'Z. Converting into stone ; petrifying. 
 3. Inflexible ; cruel ; pitiless ; obdurate. 
 
 Ston'y-lieart'ed, a. Hard-hearted ; cruel ; unfeeling. 
 
 Stcibd, imp. of stand. See Stand. 
 
 Sto^k, n. [L. Ger. stTtke, a heap, bundle, H. Ger. 
 staurhe, a truss, bundle of flax.] A small collection of 
 sheaves set up in the field ; — in England, 12 sheaves. 
 
 Stobk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STOOKED (stcJbkt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. STOCKING.] To set up, as sheaves of grain, in 
 stooks. 
 
 Stool, n. [A.-S. stdl, Icel. stOll, Goth, stols, allied to 0. 
 H. Ger. stellan, staljan, to put, set, place.] 1. A seat 
 without a back, intended for one person. 2. The seat 
 used in evacuating the contents of the bowels ; hence, a 
 discharge from the bowels. 
 
 Stool, n. [Lat. stolo. See STOLE.] The root or stem 
 
 of a tree or plant, cut off near the ground, from which 
 shoots spring up ; also, the set of shoots thus produced. 
 
 Stobl'-pig'eon (-pTj'un), n. A pigeon used as -decoy, 
 to draw others within a net ; hence, a person used as a 
 decoy for others. 
 
 Stoop, V. i. [imp. & p. p. STOOPED (sttTopt) ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. STOOPING.] [A.-S. stupian, 0. D. stuypen, 
 stoepen.] 1. To bend the body downward and forward ; 
 to incline forward in standing or walking. 2. To bend 
 by compulsion. 3. To descend from rank or dignity. 
 
 4. To come '"wn on prey, as a hawk ; especially^ to 
 come down » . a height with closed wings ; to swoop. 
 
 5. To alight from the wing ; to sink. 
 
 Syn. — To lean ; yield ; Bubmit ; condettccnd ; descend ; 
 cower ; shrink. 
 
 Stoop, n. 1. Act of stooping. 2. Descent from dignitj 
 or superiority ; condescension. 3. The fall of a bird on 
 its prey ; a swoop. 
 
 Stoop, n. [D. stoep, ft. 0. D. stoepen, to sit.] The steps 
 of a door ; often, a porch with a balustrade and seats on 
 the sides. [Amer.] 
 
 Stoop, n. [A.-S. stoppa, a large cup, D. sfoo;?, a measure 
 of about two quarts, Icel. staup, a cup, 0. U. Ger. stouph^ 
 stopha.] A vessel of liquor ; a flagon. 
 
 Stdbp'er, n. One who stoops, or bends the body forward. 
 
 Stop. V- 1. [imp. & p. p. STOPPED (stopt) ; p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. STOPPING.] [Icel. stoppa, 0. H. Ger. stophOn, L. 
 Lat. stopare, stupare, from Lat. stupa, stuppa, the coarse 
 part of flax, tow, oakum.] 1. To close, as an aperture, 
 by filhng or by obstructing. 2. To obstruct; to render 
 impassable. 3. To arrest the progress of. 4. To hinder 
 from acting or moving. 5. To regulate the sounds of, 
 as musical strings, by pressing them against the finger- 
 board. 6. To punctuate. 
 
 Syn. — To obstruct ; hinder ; impede ; repress ; suppress ; 
 restrain; delay; interrupt. 
 
 Stop, V. i. 1. To cease to go forward. 2. To cease from 
 any motion or course of action. 3. To spend a short 
 time ; to stay ; to tarrj'. [Collog., Amer.] 
 
 St6p, n. 1. Act of stopping or state of being stopped ; 
 hindrance of progress, of operation, or of action. 2. 
 That which stops, impedes, or obstructs. 3. Any con- 
 trivance by which the sounds of a musical instrument 
 are regulated. 4. A mark of punctuation. 
 
 Sana. — Cessation ; check ; obstruction ; hindrance ; inter- 
 ruption ; obstacle; impediment. See Cessation. 
 
 St6p'-e6ck, n. A pipe for letting out a fluid, stopped 
 by a turning-cock. 
 
 St6p'-gS,p, ". 1. That which clo-ses or fills up an open- 
 ing, gap, or chasm. 2. Hence, a temporary expedient. 
 
 Stop'page, 71. Act of stopping or arresting progress or 
 motion, or state of being stopped. 
 
 Stop'per, n. 1. One who, or that which, stops, closes, 
 shuts, or hinders ; that which closes or fills a vent or hole 
 in a vessel. 2. (Naiit.) A short piece of rope having 
 a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard under the 
 knot, used to secure something. 
 
 Stop'per, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stoppered ; p. pr. h 
 vb. n. stoppering.] To close or secure with a stopper. 
 
 Stop'ple (stop'pl), n. [Dim. of stop, n.] That which 
 stops or closes the mouth of a vessel ; a stopper. 
 
 Stor'age (stnr/ej, 45), n. [From store.} 1, Act of de- 
 positing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping ; or the 
 safe keeping of goods in a warehouse. 2. The price for 
 keeping goods in a store. 
 
 Sto'rax, n. [Lat. storax, styrax, Gr. orvpa^.] A fragrant 
 resin resembling benzoin. In medicine, it is used as an 
 expectorant. 
 
 Store, n. [L. Lat. storia, storium, a certain quantity of 
 a thing, staurum, any necessity. Cf. A.-S. & Icel. st6r, 
 great, large, vast.] 1. A source from which supplies 
 may be drawn ; hence, a great quantity, or a great num- 
 ber. 2. A place of deposit for large quantities ; a store- 
 house ; a magazine. 3. Hence, any place where goods 
 are sold, whether by wholesale or retail. [Amer.] 4. 
 pi. Articles, especially of food, accumulated for some 
 specific object. 
 
 In store,\n a state of accumulation ; hence, in a state of readi- 
 ness. — To set store hy. to value greatly. [Colloq.'] 
 
 Syn. — Fund; supply; .abunrlance; plenty; accumulation; 
 provision ; shop.— The English call the place where goods 
 are sold (however large or splendid it niav be) a shop, and 
 confine the word store to its original meaning ; viz., a ware- 
 house or place where goods are stored. Our American ap- 
 plication of the word store to all places, except the lowest, 
 where goods are sold, marks a tendency to " icale upward " in 
 the use of terms, which we have in common with the French, 
 among whom boutique has, in like manner, given place to 
 magasin as a place for the sale of goods. 
 
 lood,fo"ot; turn, rude, pull; 9ell,9haise,-eall, e«lio; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, li^k ; tiiia 
 
STORE 
 
 708 
 
 STRAIT 
 
 stork. 
 
 StSre, f. t. [imp. k ,n. ;>. STORED; ;;. ;>r. & vh. n. 
 STORING.] 1. To colUTt a5 a reserved supply; to ac- 
 cuinulaU>; to furuish ; to supply. 'Z. To stock or furuisb 
 against a fiiture time. 3. To" deposit iu a store, ware- 
 house, or other building, for pi-eservatiou. 
 
 Btor(>'-liunst>, «. A building for keeping goods of any 
 kind, esiH«oiftlly provisions ; a magazine ; ware-house. 
 
 StSre'-robiu, n. A n>om in which articles are stored. 
 
 Sto'rl«-d (sto'rid), ;>. a. [ From slori/.] 1. Told in a story. 
 'i. Having a history ; interesting fi-©m the stories which 
 (^rtain to it. 3. Furnished with, or having, stories ; — 
 chiefly in composition. 
 
 Stdrk, »i. [.\.-S. store, Icel. storkr, 
 0.11. Oer. stor/i, slorah.] (Oniith.) 
 A large wading bird with a long, 
 straight, conical bill, allied to the 
 liei-on. 
 
 Stdrm, n. [A.-S. storm, Icel. stonnr. 
 
 0. & N. II. Oer. s/wr;??, from the root 
 of stir.] 1. A violent disturbance 
 of the atmosphere, producing wind, 
 rain, snow, hail, or thunder and 
 hghtning ; hence, often, a fall of 
 rain or snow. 2. Hence, a violent 
 agitation of human society ; a civil, 
 poUtical, or domestic commotion. 
 3. Tumultuous force ; adversity ; 
 distress. 4. ( Mil. ) A violent assault on a fortified place. 
 
 Syn. — Tempest; violence! agitation; calamity. — 5iorm is 
 violent agitation, a commotion of the elements by wind, &c., 
 but not necessarily implying the fall of any thing from the 
 clouds. Hence, to call a mere fall of rain without wind a 
 storm (though common iu this country), is a departure from 
 the true sense of the word. A tempest is one of those sudden 
 and violent storms common on the coast of Italy, where the 
 term originated, and is usually attended by a deluge of rain, 
 with lightning and thunder. 
 
 Storm, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stormed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STORMING.] ( Mil.) To attack and attempt to take by 
 scaling the walls, forcing gates or breaches, and the like. 
 
 Storm, V. i. 1. To raise a tempest, ti. To blow with 
 violence ; also, to rain, hail, snow, or the like, especially 
 in a violent manner ; — used impersonally. 3. To rage ; 
 to fume. 
 
 Stdrm'-beat, a. Beaten, injured, or impaired by storms. 
 
 Storm'i iicss, n- The state of being stormy; tempest- 
 uousness ; impctuousuess. 
 
 Storm'y, a. [cow7/?ar. stormier; sM/>erZ. stormiest.] 
 
 1. Characterized by, or proceeding from, storm; agi- 
 tated vnth furious winds ; boisterous. tJ. Proceeding from 
 violent agitation or fury. 3. Violent ; passionate ; rough. 
 
 Stdrth'iuff (stort'ing), n. [Norw. storting, from .ftor, 
 great, and ting, court, court of justice.] The Parliament 
 of Norway, elected once in three years, but holding an- 
 nual sessions. 
 
 Sto'ry (20), n. [l'"rom Lat. historia. See HISTORY.] 1. 
 A narration or recital of that which has occurred ; his- 
 tory. 5i. JEA/^ma^, the relation of an incident or minor 
 event; a short narrative; a tale. 3. More especially, 
 a fictitious narrative, less elaborate than a novel. 4. A 
 falsehood. [Colloq.] 
 
 Sto'ry, n. [Either from store, a store-house, ware-house, 
 or allied to stair.] A set of rooms on the same floor or 
 level ; a loft ; a floor. 
 
 Sto'ry, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STORIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STORYING.] To make the subject of a story or tale ; to 
 narrate or describe. 
 
 Sto'ry- teil'er, n. One who tells 
 stories ; a narrator of a series of inci- 
 dents or fictitious tales. 
 
 StQup (stcTop), n. [See Stoop.] 1. 
 A* flagon . [Scot.] 2. ( Eccl. ) A basin 
 for holy water at the entrance of Ro- 
 man Catholic churches. 
 
 Stout, a. [compar. STOUTER ; superl. 
 STOUTEST.] [Icel. stoltr, D. Stout, 0. 
 & N. H. Oer. stolz, bold, stout, proud.] 
 
 1. Strong ; lusty ; vigorous ; robust. 
 
 2. Bold ; intrepid ; valiant ; brave. 3. 
 Big in stature ; large. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Syn. — Corpulent. — .Sfow<, in our early writers (as in the 
 English Bible;, was used chiefly or wholly in the sense of 
 etnjng othoM ; as, a «<om< champion, a »<om« heart, a s^o?t« resist- 
 ance, &c. At a later period it was used for thickset or bulky ; 
 and more recently, especially in England, the idea has been 
 carried still further, so that Taylor says in his Synonyms, " The 
 gtout man has the proportions of an ox; he is corpulent, fat, and 
 fleshy in relation to his size." Few in America entirely drop the 
 original sense; ani many who have read Washington Irving's 
 story of the " Stout Gentleman " never suspected that he was 
 merely a very fat man. 
 
 Stoup. 
 
 Stout, n. A strong kind of beer. 
 
 Stout'ly, adv. In a stout manner ; lustily ; boldly,- 
 
 obstinately. 
 Stout'ness, n. The condition of being stout. 
 
 Syn. — Strength; bulk: courage ; force ; valor; lustineaa; 
 brawniuess; boldness; fortitude; stubbornness. 
 
 Stove, n. [A.-S. stofe, a stove, bath, Icel. stofa, a room, 
 D. slooj, 0. D. stove, 0. H. Qer. stupa, sluba, L. Lat 
 stuba.] 1. A house or room artificially warmed ; a hot- 
 house for plants. [Obs.] 2. Especially, &n apparatus 
 in which a fire is made for warming a room or house, or 
 for cuhnary or other purposes. 
 
 Stove, imp. of stave. See Stave. 
 
 Sto'ver.n. [0. Fr csZoiy/-, <-s^oi'o/r, necessity, provisions.] 
 Fodder, and all kinds of provision for cattle. 
 
 Stow, t'. t. [imp. & p. p. stowed; p. pr. & vb. jz. 
 STOWING.] [D. stoHiven, stuiven, M. II. Ger. stonwen. 
 Cf. A.-S. sCov, a place, a fixed place or mansion, Icel. 
 stO.] 1. To place or arrange in a compact mass. ti. To 
 fill, by packing closely. 
 
 Stow'age, «. 1. Act or operation of placing in a .suita- 
 ble position ; or the suitable dispo.sition of several things 
 together. 'Z, Room for the reception of things to be re- 
 posited. 3. State of being laid up. 
 
 Stra-big'mus, n. [N. Lat. strabismus, Gr. orTpa/3i<r/ui6s, 
 from a-Tpa^C^eiv, to squint, from a-Tpa^div, oTpa/36s, dis- 
 torted, squinting, from <npej>eiv, to twist, turn.] (Med.) 
 An afi'ection of one or both eyes, in which the optic axes 
 cannot be directed to the same object ; squinting. 
 
 Strad'dle (strad'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. straddled; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. STRADDLING.] [From the xootof stride.] 
 To stand or walk with the legs far apart. 
 
 Strad'dle, tJ. t. To stand or sit astride of. 
 
 Strad'dle,n. 1. Act of standing, sitting, or walking 
 with the feet further apart than usual. 2. Position, or 
 distance between the feet, of one who straddles. 
 
 Strag'gle (strag'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. STRAGGLED ; 
 p. pr. & vb.n. STRAGGLING.] [From stray; Prov. Eng. 
 strage.] 1. To wander from the direct course or way ; 
 to rove. 3. To wander at large without any certain di- 
 rection or object. 3, To escape or stretch beyond proper 
 limits, as the branches of a plant. 4. To occur at inter- 
 vals or apart from one another. 
 
 Stra.g'gler, n. One who straggles ; a vagabond. 
 
 Straight (strat), a. [compar. STRAIGHTER; superl. 
 STRAIGHTEST.] [A.-S. strelit, p. p. of streccan, to 
 stretch, extend.] 1. Passing from one point to another 
 by the nearest course ; direct ; not deviating or crooked. 
 
 2. (J5of.) Not much curved. 3. According with justice 
 and rectitude; upright. 
 
 Straiglit (strat), a. Narrow ; close ; tight ; — properly 
 written strait. See STRAIT. 
 
 Straiglit (strat), adv. Immediately; directly; in the 
 shortest time. 
 
 Straiglit'en (strat'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. straight- 
 ened ; p. pr. & vb. n. straightening.] 1 . To make 
 straight ; to reduce to a straight form. 2. To reduce to 
 difficulties or distress. 
 
 Straiglit'cu-er (strat'n-er), n. One who, or that which , 
 straightens. 
 
 Straiglit'f 6r-ward (strat'-), a. Proceeding in a straight 
 cour.«e ; not deviating. [edly. 
 
 Straight'ly (strat'ly), adv. In a right line ; not crook- 
 
 StraigUt'iiess (strat'-), n. The quality or state of Ijeing 
 straight ; rectitude. 
 
 Straiglit 'way (strat'-), adv. Immediately ; without loss 
 of time ; without delay. 
 
 Strain, v. t. {imp. & p. p. strained ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 straining.] [0. Fr. straindre, estraindrt, estreindre, 
 Lat. stringere, to draw or bind tight.] 1. To draw with 
 force ; to stretch. 2. To put to the utmost strength ; 
 to exert to the utmost. 3. To harm by over-exertion ; 
 to injure by drawing or stretching; to sprain. 4. To 
 make tighter. 5. To make uneasy or unnatural; to 
 force ; to constrain. 6. To filter. 
 
 Strain, v. i. 1. To make violent efforts. 2. To be 
 filtered. 
 
 Strain, n. 1. A violent effort. 2. Especially, an inju- 
 rious tension of the muscles, or hurtful over-exertion. 
 
 3. A continued course of action. 4. A particular por- 
 tion of a tune ; especially, one with a peculiar interest or 
 expression. 5. The subject or theme of a poem or dis- 
 course ; style. 6. Turn ; tendency ; inborn dispo.sition. 
 
 Strain'er, n. 1. One who strains. 2. That through 
 
 which any liquid passes for purification. 
 Strait, a. [compar. STRAITER; superl. STRAITEST.] 
 I [0. Fr. estreit, estroit, stroit, from Lat. strictus, drawn 
 
 a,e, he, long; li,6,8ic.,short; cftre, far, ask, all, what ; dre,veil, tSrm; pique, firm; son, dr, do, vr^I^ 
 
STRAIT 
 
 709 
 
 STREAKY 
 
 together, close, tight, p. p. of strtTigere, to draw tight.] 
 
 1. Narrow; close; not broad. 14, DiflScult; distress- 
 ful. 
 
 Strait, n.; pi. straits. [See supra.] 1. (Geog.) A 
 uarrow pass or passage, either in a mountain or in the 
 ocean ; — chiefly in the plural. i2. Distress ; difficulty ; 
 distressing necessity. 
 
 Strait'en(strat/n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. straitened; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. STRAITENING.] 1. To make strait; to 
 .narrow ; to confine, ti. To make tense or tight. 3« To 
 distress ; to press with poverty or other necessity. 
 
 Strait'-jiclfet, n. A strait-waistcoat. 
 
 Strait'-la^f'd (-last), re. 1. Bound tightly with stays. 
 
 2. Strict in manners or morals. 
 
 Strait'ly, af/t\ In a straight manner ; narrowly ; closely ; 
 strictly ; rigorously ; intimately. 
 
 Strait'ness, n. State or quality of being strait ; nar- 
 rowness ; strictness ; rigor ; distress ; difficulty ; want ; 
 scarcity. 
 
 Strait'-walst'-eoat, n. A dress used for restraining 
 maniacs, or those laboring under violent delirium, and 
 having long sleeves which are tied behind the back, so 
 that the arms can not be extricated from them. 
 
 Strake, n. [See Streak.] 1. An iron band by which 
 the felloes of a wheel are secured to each other. "2. 
 ( Ship-building ) A continuous range of planks on the 
 bottom or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the 
 stern ; a streak. 
 
 Stra-min'e-oiis, a. [Rare.] [Lat. stramineux, fr.stra- 
 men, straw, from slernere, stratum, to spread out, to 
 strew.] 1. Consisting of straw. 2. ChafiFy ; like straw ; 
 straw-colored. 
 
 Stra-mo'nl-um, n. [N. Lat. stramonium, Russ. dur- 
 vidn.J {Bot ) A plant having rank leaves, and large 
 trun^et-shaped flowers. It is used in medicine as a 
 narcotic. 
 
 StrSin'o-ny, «• {5o^) Stramonium. 
 
 StrSjid, n. [A.-S., Ger., & D. strand, Icel. str'dnd, strind.] 
 1. The shore or beach of the sea or ocean, or of a large 
 lake. 2. One of the twists of which a rope is composed. 
 
 Strand, V. t. [imp. Scp.p. stranded; p. pr. & vb.n. 
 stranding.] 1. To drive or run aground on a shore 
 or strand, as a ship. 2. To break one of the strands of, 
 as a rope. 
 
 Strand, V. i. To drift or be driven on shore ; to run 
 aground. 
 
 Strange, o. [compar. stranger ; superl. STRANGEST.] 
 [0. Fr. estrange, fr. Lat. extraneus, that is without, ex- 
 ternally.] 1. Belonging to another country. 2. Not 
 domestic ; belonging to other persons. 3. Not before 
 known, heard, or seen. 4. Not according to the com- 
 mon way. 5. Causing surprise ; exciting curiosity. 
 
 Syu. — Foreign ; new; outlandish; wonderful; astonishing; 
 marvelous; unusual; odd; uncommon; irregular; queer; ec- 
 centric; particular. 
 
 Strange'ly , adv. In a strange manner ; in a manner or 
 degree to excite surprise or wonder. 
 
 Strange'ness, n. 1. Condition of being strange. 2. 
 Distance in behavior ; reserve ; coldness. 3. Uncouth- 
 ness. 4. Ahenation of mind; estrangement. 5. The 
 power of exciting surprise and wonder ; wonderfulness. 
 
 Stran'ger, n. One who is strange ; as, (a.) a foreigner. 
 (6.) One whose home is at a distance from the place where 
 he is, but in the same country, (c.) One who is unknown 
 or unacquainted. 
 
 Stran'gle (striing/gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. strangled : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. strangling.] [Lat. strangulare, Gr 
 aTpayyakav, oTpayyoAi^eij', from orpayyoATj, a halter, 
 from oTpa-jryeiv, to draw or bind tight, to squeeze, Lat! 
 stringere.] 1. To destroy the life of by stopping respira 
 tion ; to suffocate ; to choke. 2. To suppress. 
 
 Stran'gler, n. One who strangles. 
 
 Sti-aii'glf'i (strang'glz), n. (Far.) A tumor or swelling 
 in a horse's throat. 
 
 Stran'gu-la'ted, a. {Surg.) Having the circulation 
 stopped in any part by compression . 
 
 Stran'su-la'tioii, n. 1. Act of strangling ; suffoca- 
 tion. 2. {Med.) Inordinate compression or constriction. 
 
 Stran-gvi'ri-ous, a. Laboring under strangury ; of the 
 nature of strangury. 
 
 Straii'gu-ry, n. [Lat. stranguria, Gr.crrpayyovpia, from 
 arpdy^, <rrpay-yo5, a drop, and oupeiv, to make water, 
 oipov, urine.] {Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop 
 by drop. 
 
 Strap, n. [Lat. stroppus, struppus, Gr. oTpo<|)09, from 
 <rTpe'(|)eiv, to twist. Cf. STROP.] 1. A long, narrow 
 shp of cloth, leather, or other material, of various forms 
 and for various uses. 2. An instrument for sharpening 
 
 a razor ; a strop. 3. ( Carp.) An iron plate for connect- 
 ing two or more timbers, to which it is screwed by bolts. 
 4. (Mach.) A band or strip of metal, usually curved, to 
 cla.sp and hold other parts. 5, (Naui.) A piece of 
 rope formed into a circle, used to retain a block in ita 
 position. 
 
 Strap, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STRAPPED (str^pt); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STRAPPING.] 1. To beat or chastise with a strap. 
 2. To fasten or bind with a strap. 3. To sharpen by 
 rubbing on a strap, or strop, as a razor. 
 
 Strap-pa'do, n. [It. strappata, a pull, the strappado, 
 from strappare, to pull.] A military punishment, which 
 consisted in drawing an offender to the top of a beam, 
 and lettmg him fall. [pado. 
 
 Strap-pa'do, v. t. To punish or torture by the strap- 
 
 Slrap'ping, a. Tall ; lusty. 
 
 Stra'ta, n. ; pi. of stratum. See STRATUM. 
 
 Strat'a-gem, n. [Gr. crTpaTTjyi}ju.a, from oTpaTTjyeti/, to 
 be leader of an army, from o-rpanj^o?, a comniander.J 
 
 1. A plan or scheme for deceiving an enemy. 2. Any 
 artifice. 
 
 Strat'e-ggt'ics, n. sing. {Mil.) The science of military 
 
 movement ; generalship. 
 Stra-te'^€, J a. Pertaining to strategy ; effected by 
 Stra-te'gic-al, ) artifice. 
 
 Strategic point, any point or region in the theater of warlik* 
 
 operations which affords to its possessor an advantage over hia 
 
 opponent. 
 Strat'e-gist, n. One skilled in strategy, or the science 
 
 of directing great military movements. 
 Strat'e-gy, n. Science of military command, or science 
 
 of directing great military movements ; generalship. 
 Strafi-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. State of being formed into 
 
 layers in the earth. 2. Act of laying in strata 3. 
 
 Process of being arranged in strata or layers. 
 Strat'i-fdrm, a. [Lat. stratum and forma, form.] Hay- 
 ing the form of strata. 
 Strat'i-fy, I', t. [imp. & p. p. stratified; p.pr k, 
 
 vb. n. STRATIFYING.] [Lat. stratum and facere, to 
 
 make.] 1, To form or deposit in layers, as substances 
 
 in the earth. 2. To lay in strata. 
 Stra-tog'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. crTpar6<;, an army, and ypa- 
 
 'i>eiv, to write.] Description of an army, or what belongs 
 
 to an army. 
 Stra'tuirij n. ; Eng. pi. STRA^TUMg {Rare) ; Lat pi. 
 
 STRA'TA. [Lat., from sternere, stratum, to spread.] 1. 
 
 ( Geol.) A bed of earth or rock of any kind, formed by 
 
 natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers. 
 
 2. A bed or layer artificially made. 
 
 Straiv, n. [A.-S. straiv, streaio, streoto, strewn, streu, 
 sirea, from the root of streic] 1, The stalk or stem of 
 certain species of grain, pulse, &c. 2. A mass of the 
 stalks of certain species of grain when cut, and after 
 being thrashed. 3. Any thing proverbially worthless. 
 
 Man of straic, an image of straw, &c., resembling a man; 
 hence, an imaginary person. — Straw bail, worthless bail, as 
 being given by irreBponsible persons. — 2b fce m the straw, to 
 be brought to bed, as a pregnant woman, beds having been for- 
 merly made of straw. 
 
 StrawHber-ry, n. [From straw and berry.] (Bot.) A 
 plant and its fruit of many varieties. 
 
 Stra\v'-<;61'or (-kHl'ur), n. The color of dry straw ; a 
 delicate, yellowish color. 
 
 Straw'y, a. Pertaining to, made of, or like, straw. 
 
 Stray, I". V. [imp. & p. p. strayed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STRAYING.] [0. Fr. estrayer, to stray, L. Lat. extrava- 
 gare, from Lat. extra, on the outside, without, and va- 
 gare, vagari, to stroll about, to ramble.] 1. To wander, 
 as from a direct course. 2. To wander from company, 
 or from the proper limits. 3. To wander from the path 
 of duty or rectitude. 
 Syn. — To deviate ; err; swerve; rove;jmmble; depart. 
 
 Stray, a. Having gone astray ; strayed , wandering. 
 
 [Colloq.] 
 
 stray, n. Any domestic animal that wanders at large, or 
 is lost ; an estray . 
 
 Streak, n. [A.-S. strica, a line, stroke, course, fr. strican, 
 to go, 0. H. Ger. strichan.] 1. A line or long mark, of 
 a different color from the ground ; a stripe. 2. ( Ship- 
 building.) A uniform range of planks on the side or bot- 
 tom, reaching from the stem to the stern. 
 
 Streak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. streaked (streekt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. STREAKING.] To form streaks or stripes in ; 
 to stripe. 
 
 Streaked (streekt or streek'ed, 60), a. Marked or vari- 
 egated with stripes of a different color. 
 
 Streak'y, a. Having streaks ; striped ; variegated with 
 lines of a different color. 
 
 food, f o^t ; xir-n., rude, pull ; yell, (liaise, -eall, e-eno ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, liijk ; tliis*- 
 
STREAM 
 
 10 
 
 STRIKli: 
 
 Stream, ". lA.-S. strrdm, Ii-el. strainttr, 0. II. Ger. 
 siroum.] 1. A current of water or other tluid ; speciji- 
 f.a/v, (n.) A current of water in the ocean, {b.) A cur- 
 rent of melted metal or other substance, (c.) A current 
 or How of air or fpis. iJ. An issuing in beams or i-ays, 
 as of light. 3. Anv thing issuing from a source, and 
 monng with a continued succession of parts. 4. Drift ; 
 teudeuc.v ; series of tending or moving causes. 
 
 Svii. — Current.— ('(()•>•< "f gives us but one idea, that of 
 rwwing ; sttxam adds the idea of this onward flow being the 
 result of some uniform force ; hence we speak of a slutting 
 runxnt and a steady stt-emii. There are many cttrrcnts m the 
 ocean, but there is only one Gulr' Stream. The stream of the 
 Mississippi rolls on with increasing force; but where it is most 
 rapid there are reflex currents on tlie side which run iu a con- 
 trary direction. 
 
 Stream, v. i. [ivjp. & p. p. STREAMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STKE.^MlNG.] 1. To issue in a stream; to flow in a 
 current, as a tiuid or whatever resembles fluids. 2. To 
 jHjur out or emit an abundant stream, as of tears. 3. 
 To is.«iue in streaks or rays ; to radiate. 4. To extend ; 
 to stretch in a long line. [pour. 
 
 Stream, v. t. To send forth in a current or stream ; to 
 
 Stream'er, «. 1. An ensign or flag ; a pennon. iJ. An 
 auroral stream or column of light shooting upward from 
 the horizon. 
 
 Stream'let, n. A small stream ; a rivulet ; a rill. 
 
 Stream'y, a. 1. Abounding voth streams or running 
 water. "Z. Flowing with a current. 
 
 Street, n. [L. Lat. strata (sc. via), a paved way, fi-om 
 Lat. slerncre, stratum, to spread, pave.] A paved way or 
 road ; a city road ; hence, a main way, in distinction from 
 a lane or alley. 
 Syn. — Road; way. See Bo ad. 
 
 Street'-\valk.'er (-wawk'-), n. A common prostitute 
 who ofifers" herself to sale in the streets. 
 
 Strength, n. [A.-S. strengdhu, strengdho, strength, from 
 strenge, strong. See Strong.] 1. Quality or state of 
 being strong ; capacity for exertion or endurance, whether 
 physical, intellectual, or moral, ii. Quality of bodies by 
 which they endure the application of force without break- 
 ing or yielding. 3. Power of resisting attacks. 4. 
 Efifective power in an institution or enactment ; legal or 
 moral force 5. One who, or that which, is regarded as 
 embodying force, strength, or firmness. 6. Amount or 
 numbers of any body, as of an army, a navy, and the 
 like. 7. Vigor of style ; force of expression ; — said of a 
 literary work. 8. Intensity or degree of the distinguish- 
 ing and essential element 9. Vehemence; force. 
 
 Sjrn.— Force; robustness; toughness; hardness; stoutness; 
 brawniness; lustiness; firmness; puissance; support; spirit; 
 validity; confidence; authority. See Force. 
 
 StrCngtli'en (strgngth'n), v. t. [imp. & p.p. strength- 
 ened ; p. pr. & vb. n. STRENGTHENING.] 1. To make 
 strong or stronger; to add strength to. 3. To fix in 
 resolution. 3. To cause to increase in power or se- 
 curity. 
 
 Syn. - To invigorate; confirm; establish; fortify; animate; 
 encourage. 
 
 Strgngtli'eii (strgngth'n), v. i. To grow strong or 
 stronger. 
 
 Str6ngrtli'en-er (strength'n-er), n. One who, or that 
 which, increases strength, physical or moral. 
 
 Strgn'u-oiis, a. [Lat. strenuus, allied to Gr. o-rprji/^?, 
 
 strong , hard , rough , harsh . ] Eagerly pressing or urgen t . 
 
 Syn. — Zealous; ardent; bold; earnest; valiant; intrepid. 
 
 Str6n'u-oii8-ly, adv. In a strenuous mariner ; ardently ; 
 boldly ; vigorously ; actively. 
 
 Strfin'u-oits-ness, n. Condition or quality of being 
 strenuous ; eagerness ; earnestness ; active zeal. 
 
 Stress, n. [Abbrev. from distress.] 1. That which bears 
 with force or weight, or the force or weight itself; that 
 whi<^ constrains ; pressure ; urgency ; importance ; vio- 
 lence. 2. {Mech.) Force exerted in any direction or 
 manner between contiguous bodies or parts of bodies. 
 
 Stretch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stretched (strecht); 
 p. pr. & vh. n. STRETCHING.] [A.-S. streccan, 0. H. 
 Ger. strecclian.] 1. To draw out: to extend, especially 
 in length, ii. To extend in breadth; to spread; to ex- 
 pand. 3. To reach out; to put forth. 4. To make 
 tense; to render tight. 5. To strain. 6. To exaggerate ; 
 to extend too far. 
 
 StrStcli, V. i. 1. To be drawn out in length or in 
 breadth, or both. a. To be extended; to spread. 3. 
 To be extended, without breaking, as elastic substances. 
 4. To strain beyond the truth ; to exaggerate. 5. 
 {Naut. ) To direct a course ; to sail. 6. To make violent 
 efforts in running. 
 
 Strgtcli, M. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being 
 stretched ; reach ; effort ; struggle ; sti-ain. ti. Extent 
 to which any thing may be stretched ; hence, any ex- 
 tended portion or division. 3. {Naut.) Reach or extent 
 of progress on one tack; a tack. 4. Course; direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Stretcli'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, stretches. 
 "Z, ( Masonry. ) A brick or stone laid with its longer di- 
 mension in the hne of direction of the wall. 3. A piece 
 of timber in building. 4. (Naitt.) A narrow piece of 
 plank for rowers to set their feet against. 5. A litter or 
 frame for carrying sick, wounded, or dead persons. 
 
 Strew (strj) or stro), v. t. [imp. & p. p. strewed; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. strewing.] [A.-S. strewian, stredtvian, 
 slredwian, Icel. strd, Goth. s«mi/;an, allied to Lat. ster- 
 nere,stravi, stratum, and Gv. <T^pi»vvvval,(rTO(ievvvva^.^ 
 1. To scatter; to spread by scattering. "Z, To scatte, 
 loosely. 3. To cover by scattering something over. 
 
 StrVd, n.; pi. strPjE. [Lat.] (Nat. Hist.) A sma' 
 channel, or thread-like line, in the surface of a shell, t 
 crystal, or other object. 
 
 Sti'i'ate, ) a. [Lat. striatus, p. p. of striare, to furnish 
 
 Stri'a-ted, ) with channels-, fi-om stria. See supra.] 
 Formed with small channels ; finely channeled. 
 
 Strick'eii (striken), p. p. of strike, and p. a. 1. Struck ; 
 smitten. [See Strike.] '.i. Brought under influence or 
 control. 3. Worn out; advanced. 4. ^Miole ; entire; 
 — said of the hour as marked by the striking of the 
 clock. 
 
 Strick'le (strIk/1), n. 1. An instrument to strike gr&in 
 to a level with the measure. 3. An instrument for whet- 
 ting scythes ; a rifle. 
 
 Strict, a. [compar. STRICTER ; superl. STRICTEST.] 
 [Lat. strictus, p. p. of slringere, to draw or bind tight, to 
 strain.] 1. Strained; drawn close; tight. 2.^ense; 
 not relaxed. 3. Exact; accurate; rigorously nice. 4. 
 Governed or governing by exact rules ; observing exact 
 rules ; rigorous. 5. Rigidly interpreted ; exactly limited ; 
 restx'icted. 
 
 Syn. — Severe. — Strict points to a person or thing, as one 
 that binds closely or keeps under control, as strict in discipline, 
 .ftrict rules, &c. ; severe marks a readiness or disposition to in- 
 flict pain. Strict is therefore ordinarily taken in a good sense; 
 severe in a bad one, except where peculiar circumstances de- 
 mand punishment. 
 
 ^tri<^Vly, adv. In a strict manner ; tightly; closely; ex- 
 actly ; precisely ; rigorously^ 
 
 Stri€t'ness, n. 1. Quality or condition of being strict; 
 closeness ; tightness. Z. Exactness in the observance of 
 rules, laws, rites, and the like. 3. Rigor; harshness; 
 
 Stri<;t'ure (53), n. 1. A touch of adverse criticism ; 
 critical remark; censure. 2. {Med.) A drawing ; a 
 morbid contraction of any passage of the body. 
 
 Stride, n. [See in/ra.] A step, especially one that is 
 long, measured, or pompous. 
 
 Stride, v. i. {imp. STRID, strode ; p. p. strid, 
 STRIDDEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. STRIDING.] [A.-S. stridan, 
 to walk about, gestridati, to stride, mount.] 1. To walk 
 with long steps. 2. To straddle. 
 
 Stride, v. t. To pass over at a step. 
 
 Stri'deiit, a. [Lat. stridens, p. pr. of stridere, to make a 
 grating or creaking noise.] Characterized by harshness ; 
 grating. 
 
 Str^'d6r, n. [Lat., from stridere, to make any harsh, 
 grating, or creaking sound.] A harsh, shrill, or creak- 
 ing noise. 
 
 Strid'u-loiis, a. [Lat. stridulus. See supra.] Making 
 a small, harsh sound, or a creaking. 
 
 Strife, «. [See Strive.] 1. Exertion or contention for 
 superiority, either intellectual or physical. 2. Conten- 
 tion in battle ; struggle for victory. 3. That which is 
 contended against. 
 
 Syn. — Contention; contest; struggle; quarrel. See Con- 
 tention. 
 
 Stri-gose', ) a. [Lat. strigosus, from stringere, to scrape.] 
 Stri'goiis,! (Bot.) Set with stiff, lanceolate bristles; 
 
 hispid. 
 Strike, v t. [imp. STRUCK ; p. p. STRUCK, stricken 
 (STROOK, obs.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. STRIKING. Struck is 
 more commonly used, in the p. p., than stricken.] [A.-S. 
 strican, astrican, Icel. strikia.] 1. To touch or hit with 
 some force ; to give a blow to. 2. To give, as a blow ; 
 to impel viith or as with a blow. 3. To stamp with a 
 stroke ; to coin. 4, To cause to enter or penetrate. 5. 
 To graze in successive hits or touches. 6. To punish ; to 
 smite. 7, To cause to sound by one or more beats. 8. 
 To lower ; to let or take down. 9. To impress strongly 
 
 a,e,&c ,long; &,&, Sec, short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; dre, veil, term :piique, firm; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
STRIKE 
 
 711 
 
 STRUCTURAL 
 
 10. To affect in some particular manner by a sudden 
 impression or impulse. 11. To produce by a sudden 
 action. 12. To make and ratify. 13. To level, as a 
 measure of grain , salt, &c., by scraping off with a straight 
 instrument what is above the level of the top. 
 
 To strike hands with, to make a compact or agreement 
 with.— To strike off', (a.) (Print.) To impress; to print. (6.) 
 To separate by a blow or any sudden action.— To strike out, 
 (a.) To produce by collision; to force out. (6.) To blot out; to 
 efface; to erase, (c ) To devise ; to invent ; to contrive. — To 
 .strike sail, to take in sail; hence, to cease to advance. — I'o 
 strike up, (a.) To cause to sound. (6.) To begin to sing or 
 play. 
 
 Strike, v. i. 1. To make a quick blow or thrust. 3. To 
 hit ; to dash ; to clash. 3. To sound by percussion, with 
 blows, or as if with blows. 4. To make an attack. 5. 
 To touch, fi. To be stranded. 7. To pass with a quick 
 or strong effect ; to penetrate. 8. To quit work in order 
 to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages. 
 [Recent.] 9. To lower a flag or colors in token of re- 
 spect, or to signify a surrender of the ship to an enemy. 
 10. To break forth ; to commence suddenly. 
 
 Strike, n. 1. An instrument with a straight edge for 
 leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like. iJ. Act 
 of combining and demanding higher wages for work. 3. 
 (Geol.) The horizontal direction of the out-cropping 
 edges of tilted rocks. 
 
 Strik'er, 7i. One who, or that which, strikes. 
 
 String, n. [A.-S. string, strenge, streng, Icel. strengr.] 
 1. A small or slender rope, line, or cord. 3. A ribbon. 
 
 3. A thread on which any thing is filed ; and hence, a 
 line of things. 4. The cord of a musical instrument. 
 5. A nerve or tendon of an animal body. 6. A series 
 of things connected or following in succession. 7. {Ship- 
 building.) The highest range of planks in a ship's 
 ceiling. 
 
 String, V. t. [imp. STRUNG ; p. p. strung, rarely 
 STRINGED; p.pr. & vb. n. STRINGING.] 1. To furnish 
 with strings, ti. To put in tune the strings of, as a 
 stringed instrument. 3. To put on a string or thread. 
 
 4. To make tense ; to strengthen. 5 . To deprive of 
 strings ; to strip the strings from. 
 
 Stringed (strlngd, 60), a. Having strings. 
 
 Strin'gen-?y, n. State of quality of being stringent ; 
 severe pressure. 
 
 Strin'gent, a. [Lat. stringens, p. pr. of stringere, to 
 draw or bind tight.] Binding strongly ; urgent ; making 
 severe requirements. 
 
 String'er, n. 1. One who strings; one who makes or 
 provides strings, especially for bows. ii. (Railway En- 
 gin.) A longitudinal sleeper. 3. A streak of planking 
 carried round the inside of a vessel on the under side of 
 the beams. 
 
 String'- lialt, n. ( Far. ) A sudden and convulsive twitch- 
 ing of the hinder leg of a horse. [Corruptly called 
 spring-halt.] 
 
 String'iness, n. The state of being stringy. 
 
 String'y, a. 1. Consisting of strings or small threads ; 
 fibrous ; filamentous, tj. Capable of being drawn into 
 a string, or strings ; ropy ; viscid. 
 
 Strip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stripped (stript) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STRIPPING.] [A.-S. strypan.] 1. To pull or 
 tear off, as a covering. *Z, To deprive of a covering ; to 
 skin ; to peel. 3. To deprive ; to bereave ; to make des- 
 titute. 4. To uncover or unsheathe. 5. To press out 
 the last milk of, at a milking. 
 
 Strip, V. i. To take off clothes or covering ; to undress. 
 
 Strip, n. A narrow piece, comparatively long. 
 
 Stripe, n. [L. Ger. stripe, Ger. streif, streifen. See STRIP, 
 v.t.] 1. A line, or long, narrow division of any thing, 
 of a different color from the ground. 2. A long, nari-ow 
 piece attached to something of a different color. 3. A 
 stroke or blow, especially one made with a rod, strap, or 
 scourge. 4. A long, narrow discoloration of the skin 
 made by the blow of a lash or rod. 
 
 Stripe, V. t. [imp. & p. p. striped (strTpt); p.pr. & 
 vb. n. STRIPING.] To make stripes; to form with lines 
 of different colors ; to variegate with sti-ipes. 
 
 Strip^U (stript, 60), a. Having stripes of different colors. 
 
 Strip'ling, n. [Dim. of strip ; as if a small strip from 
 the main stock or stem.] A youth just passing from boy- 
 hood to manhood ; a lad. 
 
 Strip'pingg, n. pi. The last milk drawn from a co'sr at 
 a milking. 
 
 Strive, v. i. [imp. STROVE, p p. striven ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STRIVING.] [0. Fr. estriver, 0. H. Ger. streban.] 
 1. To make efforts ; to use exertions ; to labor hard. 2. 
 To struggle in opposition. 3. To contend reciprocally. 
 
 I Syn. — To contend; vie; emulate; struggle; endeavor; aim; 
 contest. 
 
 ' Striv'er, n. One who strives or contends. 
 Strob'ile, n. [Gr. o-Tp6/3i\os, from (rrpe(t>eiv, to t\vi.'<t.\ 
 1. (Bot.) A multiple fruit in the form of a coue or head, 
 as that of the hop or pine ; a cone. ti. (Physiol.) An in- 
 dividual producing, non-.sexuaily, sexual individuals dif- 
 fering from itself also in other respects, as the tape-worm. 
 Stroke, n. [From strike.] 1. A blow ; the striking of 
 one body against another. iJ. A hostile blow or at- 
 tack. 3. A sudden attack of disease or affliction ; ca- 
 lamity. 4. Fatal attack. 5. The sound of the clock. 
 
 6. A dash in writing or printing ; the touch of a pen or 
 pencil. 7. A masterly effort. 8. An effort suddenly or 
 unexpectedly J) rod need. 9. Series of operations. [Col- 
 loq.] 10. (iVa((i.) The sweep of an oar in rowing. 11, 
 (Steam-eng.) The entire movement of the piston from 
 one end to the other of the cyHnder. 
 
 Stroke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stroked (strokt) \p.pr.k 
 vb. 11. STROKING.] [A.-S. stracian, from strican, t» 
 strike, Icel. 5ir(ug-a. See STRIKE.] 1. To rub gently 
 with the hand ; especially, to rub gently in one direction ; 
 to soothe. 2. To make smooth. 
 
 Strok'er, n. One who strokes ; one who pretends to 
 cure by stroking. 
 
 Strokes'nian, n. ; pi. strokes'MEN. (Rowing.) The 
 man who rows the aftermost oar, and whose stroke is to 
 be followed by the rest. 
 
 Stroll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. strolled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STROLLING.] [Prov. Ger. strollen, strolen, strielen, 
 strolchen.] To wander on foot ; to ramble idly or leis- 
 urely. 
 
 Syn. — To rove; roam; range; stray. 
 
 Stroll, n. A wandering on foot ; a walking idly and leis- 
 urely ; a ramble. 
 
 Stroll'er, n. One who strolls ; a vagabond ; a vagrant. 
 
 Strong, a. [compar. STRONGER; superl. STRONGEST 
 (82).] [A.-S. strung, strong, strenge, from the root of 
 string ; Icel. strangr, 0. H. Ger. strnngi, strengi, severe, 
 tight, strong.] 1. Having physical active power, or 
 great phy.sical power to act ; vigorous. 2. Having phys- 
 ical passive power ; having abiUty to bear or endure. 
 
 3. Able to sustain attacks ; not easily subdued or taken. 
 
 4. Having great mihtary or naval force. 5. Having 
 great wealth, means, or resources. 6. Keaching a cer- 
 tain degree or limit, in respect to strength or numbers. 
 
 7. Moving with rapidity ; violent : impetuous. 8. Nat- 
 urally secure against the attacks of disease ; sound ; ro- 
 bust. 9. Adapted to make a deep or effectual impres- 
 sion on the mind or imagination. 10. Ardent ; zealous ; 
 earnestly engaged. 11. Having virtues of great effi- 
 cacy ; or having a particular qualit}' in a great degree. 
 12. Full of spirit ; intoxicating. 13. Affecting the 
 sight forcibly ; bright ; vivid. 14. Affecting the taste 
 forcibly. 15. Affecting the smell powerfully. 16. Not 
 of easy digestion ; soUd. 17. Well estabhshed ; not 
 easily overthrown or altered. 18. Violent ; vehement ; 
 earnest. 19. Having great force, vigor, power, or the 
 like, as the mind, intellect, or any faculty, 20. Com- 
 prising much in few words ; energetic. 
 
 Syn. — Robust ; vigorous ; powerful ; stout ; solid ; firm ; 
 hardy; muscular; forcible; cogent; valid. See Robust. 
 
 Strong'hold, n. A fastness ; a fort or fortress ; a forti- 
 fied place ; a place of security. 
 
 Strong'ly, adv. In a strong manner ; vrith strength ; 
 with great force or power ; firmly ; forcibly ; eagerly. 
 
 Stron'ti-a (stron'shl-a), ) n. [From Strontian, in 
 
 Stron'ti-an (stron'shi-an), ) Argyleshire, where it was 
 first found.] (Min.) An earth of a white color, resem- 
 bling baryta in many of its properties. 
 
 Strop, 71. [See STRAP.] A strip of leather, or of wood 
 covered with leather or other suitable material, used for 
 sharpening razors. 
 
 Strop, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STROPPED (stropt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. STROPPING.] To draw over a strop with a vieR- 
 to sharpen. 
 
 Strop, n. [From Lat. struppus, stropus.] (Naiit.) K 
 piece of rope spliced circularly, and put round a block 
 for hanging it. 
 
 Stro'phe, n. ; pi. STRQ/pHEg. [Gr. <n-po(^ij, fr. arTpe<}>eir, 
 to twist, to turn.] (Anc. Poet.) That part of a song, or 
 dance, which was performed by turning from the right 
 to the left of the orchestra. 
 
 Strove, imp. of strive. See STRIVE. 
 
 Strow, V. t. The same as Strew, q. v. 
 
 Striick, imp. & p. p. of strike. See Strike. 
 
 Striiet'ur-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, structure. 
 
 food, fobt ; tirn, rude, pi.Ol ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lLo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; Ugger, link; tiiis. 
 
STRUCTUKE 
 
 712 
 
 STUMBLE 
 
 Strii«t'Cire, «. [Lat. stnirtttra, from stnurf, structum, 
 to joiu togi'thor, to construct.] 1. Act of bujldiug. 
 [Rarf.] 'Z, Manner of building; form; construction. 
 
 3, .\rr»nccnicnt of parts, or of constituent particles. 
 
 4. Manner of organization. 5. A building of any kind ; 
 an edifice. 
 
 Strilg'gle (strttg^gl), r. t. [ivip. & p. p. struggled; 
 p.pr. & f6. II. STKlGULING.] [Cf. Prov. Ger. slrucfuln, 
 straufheln, to scold, quarrel, Iccl. striti^r, a. hostile dis- 
 pcK<itiou.] 1. To strive, or to make eCForts with contor- 
 tions of the body. "2. To use great efforts ; to labor 
 hard. 3. To be in agony ; to labor in any kind of diffi- 
 culty or distress. 
 
 Syn. — To strive; contend; labor; endeavor. 
 
 Striksr'sle, n. 1. Great labor ; forcible effort to obtain 
 an object, or to avoid an evil. Ji. Contention; strife. 
 3. Contortions of extreme distress ; agony. 
 Syn. — Endeavor ; effort ; contest ; labor ; difficulty. See 
 
 .EsOtAVOR. 
 
 Striig'sler, n. One who struggles, strives, or contends. 
 
 A7ra'm«,n. [Lat.] 1. (.Ufr/.) The same as Scrofula, 
 q. V. '2. {Bot.) The swelling or protuberance of any 
 organ. 
 
 Stru-mose', ) a. Scrofulous ; having struma, or swell- 
 
 Strii'mous, i ings in the glands. 
 
 Strfim'pet, n. [Prov. Eng. strutn, striimp, a prostitute, 
 Lat. stiiprata, from stuprare, to debauch, stuprum, de- 
 bauchery.] A prostitute ; a harlot. 
 
 Strung, imp. & p. p. of siring. See STRING. 
 
 Strtit, t-. i. [imp. & p. p. STRI.'TTED; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 STRUTTING.] [Dan. striate, Ger. strotzeii.] To walk 
 affectedly with a lofty, proud gait and erect head. 
 
 Strut, n. 1. Affectation of dignity in walking. 3. 
 {Arch.) A piece of timber obliquely placed from a king 
 or queen post to strengthen a rafter or a horizontal piece ; 
 a brace. 3. (Mark.) Any part of a machine or structure, 
 of which the principal function is to hold things apart. 
 
 Striit'ter, n. One who struts. 
 
 Stry<rli'ni-a, \ n. [From Lat. strychnos, Gr. arpvxvcK, 
 
 Strycli'nme, ) a kind of nightshade, a family of 
 plants, of which the ancients knew three or four species.] 
 (Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid, having an intensely bitter 
 taste. It is a valuable medicine, but when taken in ex- 
 cess is very poisonous. 
 
 Stub, n. [A.-S. stybb, steb. Icel. stubbr, sttcbbi, stobbi, al- 
 lied to Lat. stipes.] The stump of a tree, especially of a 
 small tree, or shrub. 
 
 Stub. f. t. [imp. & p. p. STUBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STUBBING.] 1. To grub up by the roots ; to extirpate. 
 ti, [L. Ger. stubbeti.] To strike, as the toes, against a 
 stump, stone, or other fixed object. [Amer.] 
 
 Stiibnbed (60), a. Short and thick. 
 
 Stub'bed-ness, n. State or quality of being stubbed. 
 
 Stiib'ble (stub'bl), n. [Dmi. of stub, 0. H. Ger. sliipfila, 
 Lat. stipida, dim. of stipes.] The stumps of wheat, rye, 
 barley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground. 
 
 Stub'born, a. [0. Eng. stubbome, stibborne, stibbern, fr. 
 stub.] 1. Unreasonably obstinate : not to be moved or 
 persuaded by reasons. 2. Persevering i steady ; con- 
 stant. 3. Stiff; not flexible. 4. Enduring without 
 complaint ; hardy ; firm. 5. Not easily melted or worked. 
 Syn. — Obstinate; inflexible ; obdurate ; headstrong; stiff; 
 hardy; firm; refractory; intractable ; rugged ; contumacious; 
 heady. —Stnt>honi describes a high degree of obstinacy. He 
 •who is oh^tinute is one who will not yield to the appeals we 
 make to his reason and his better feelings. He who is stiibbo)-n 
 grows more obstinate the more clearly nis unreasonableness is 
 •xposed, and the more powerfully his feelings are addressed. 
 
 Stub'born-ly, adv. In a stubborn manner ; obstinately. 
 
 Stub'born-neiss (109), n. State or quality of being 
 stubborn ; obstinacy ; contumacy ; refractoriness. 
 
 8tub'by, a. 1. Abounding with stubs. '2. Short and 
 thick ; short and strong. 
 
 Stub'- nail, n. A nail broken off; a short, thick nail. 
 
 Stu€'€0, n. [It., from 0. H. Ger. 5rMrc/((, shell, stucco.] 
 1. Plaster of any kind u«;d as a coating for walls ; espe- 
 cially, a fine plaster, used for internal decorations and 
 nice work. '2. Work made of stucco. 
 
 Stu<;'€0, V. t. [imp. & ;/. p. STUCCOED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STUCCOING.] To overlay with stucco or fine plaster. 
 
 Stuck, imp. & p. p. of stick. See STICK. 
 
 Stud, n. [A.-S. studu, D. stut, Icel. stod, stytta.] 1. 
 (Arck.) A small piece of timber or joist inserted in the 
 siibH and beams, between the posts, to support the beams 
 or other main timbers. 2. A kind of ornamental nail 
 with a large head. 3. A kind of ornamental button or 
 catch for a shirt. 4. {Mack.) A short rod, fixed in and 
 projecting from something. 
 
 Stad, n. [A.-S. & Icel. 5^0^/, 0. II. Ger. stuat, stuot, a 
 mare. Cf. STEED.] A collection of breeding horses 
 and mares ; or the place where they are kept. 
 
 Stad, r. t. [imp. & p. p. STUDDED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STUDDI.NG.] 1. To adorn with shining studs or knobs. 
 2. To set thickly, as with studs. 
 
 Stud'ding, n. Material for studs or joists ; studs or 
 joists cousidei-ed collectively ; studs. 
 
 Stud'diug-sail, n. (Naut.) A light sail set outside of 
 a principal or square sail of a vessel in free winds to in- 
 crease her speed. 
 
 Stu'dent, n. [Lat. stiidens, p. pr. of studere, to study.] 
 
 1. A person engaged in study ; a scholar. 2. A man 
 dp voted to books ; a bookish man. 
 
 Stud'ifd (.stud-'id), p. a. [Vrom study.] 1, Closely ex- 
 amined ; well considered. 2. AVell versed in any branch 
 of learning; qualified by study. 3. Premeditated. 
 
 Stu'di-o, H., ^J/. STU/Di-6§. [It., study, school.] The 
 workshop of an artist. 
 
 Stu'di-ous, a. 1. Given to study. 2. Given to thought, 
 or to the examination of subjects by contemplation ; 
 contemplative. 3. Eager to discover something, or to 
 effect some object ; diligent. 4. Attentive to ; careful. 
 5. Planned with study; studied. 6. Favorable to 
 study. [Poet.] 
 
 Stu'di-oiis-ly , adv. In a studious manner ; with study ; 
 diligently, caVefuU}' ; attentively. 
 
 Stu'di-ous-ness, n. The quality of being studious : 
 addictedness to books ; thoughtfulness ; diligence. 
 
 Stiid'y, n. [Lat. stuUium, from studere, to study.] 1. 
 Application of mind to books, to arts or science, or to 
 any subject, for the purpose of learning what is not be- 
 fore known. 2. Ab.sorbed or thoughtful attention ; 
 meditation ; contrivance. 3. Any particular branch of 
 learning that is studied ; any object of attentive consider- 
 ation. 4. A buUding or an apartment devoted to study 
 or to Uterary employment. 5. {Fine Arts.) (a.) A work 
 undertaken for improvement in the art, and often left 
 incomplete. (6.) A sketch from nature, to be used in 
 the composition of larger and more finished works. 
 
 Stud'y, V. i. 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; 
 to muse. 2. To apply the mind to books or learning. 3. 
 To endeavor diligently. 
 
 Stud'y, V. t. [imp. & p.p. studied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STUDYING.] 1. To apply the mind to. 2. To con- 
 sider attentively. 3. To con over ; to commit to memory. 
 
 Stu'fd, n. [It. stufa, a stove, hot-house. See STOVE.] 
 A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth. 
 
 Stuff, n. [Probably from I^at. stuppa. tow, oakum.] 1, 
 Material to be worked up in any process of manufacture. 
 
 2. Especially, woven material ; cloth not made into gar- 
 ments. 3. Specifically, a textile fabric made entirely of 
 worsted. 4. Refuse or worthless matter; hence, fool- 
 ish or irrational language ; nonsense. 
 
 Stuff, V. t. [imp. & p. p. stuffed (stuft) \p. pr. k, vb. 
 n. stuffing.] 1. To fill by crowding ; to load to ex- 
 cess. 2. To thrust or crowd ; to pres.s. 3. To fill by 
 being put into. 4. Specifically, to fill with seasoning. 
 5. To obstruct, as any of the organs. 6. To fill the 
 skin of, for the purpose of preserving as a specimen ; — 
 said of animals. 7. To form or fashion by stuffing. 
 8. To crowd with facts : to cram the mind of. 
 
 Stuff, V. i. To feed gluttonously. 
 
 Stuff 'i-ness. n. State of being stuffy, sulky, or obsti- 
 nate. 
 
 Stuffing, n. 1. That which is used for filling any 
 thing. 2. Seasoning for meat. 
 
 Stuff 'ing-box au arrangement for rendering a 
 
 joint tignt where a movable rod passes into a vessel of 
 some kind, as the cylinder of a steam-engine. 
 
 Stuffy, a. Angry and obstinate; sulky. [Amer.] 
 
 Stul'ti-fy, V. t. [i7np. & p. p. stultified: p.pr. & 
 vb.n. stultifying.] [Lat. 5/m;«m5, foolish, and/acfre, 
 to make.] 1. To make foolish ; to make a fool of. 2. 
 {Law.) To allege or prove to be insane, for avoiding 
 some act. 
 
 Stum, n. [D. stem. Cf. Stoom.] 1. rnfermented 
 grape-juice or wine ; must. 2. AVine revived by new 
 fermentation, from the admixture of must. 
 
 Stum, V. t. To renew, as wine, by mixing must with it, 
 and raising a new fermentation. 
 
 Stum'ble. v. i. [imp. & p. p. stumbled •. p.pr. 8c vb. 
 n. STUMBLING.] [Prov. Eng. stummer, to stumble, 
 stump, to walk or step very heavih.] 1. To trip in 
 walking or moving in any way upon the legs. 2. To 
 walk in a bungling or unsteady manner. 3. To slide 
 into a crime or an error ; to err. 4. To fall or light by 
 chance. 
 
 ■*,0,8cc.,lo7ie; &,6,&.c.,short; c^re, far, aslt, all, what; gre, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,6r,do, wol4 
 
STUMBLE 
 
 713 SUASION 
 
 StttaAHble, n. 1. A trip in walking or running. 2. A 
 blunder ; a failure. 
 
 Stumnbler, n. Qne who stumbles or makes a blunder. 
 
 Stfim'bling-blSclt, ) n. A block or stone that causes 
 
 Stiim'bling-stoiie, j stumbling; any cause of stum- 
 bling or error. 
 
 Stump, n. [L. Ger., Dan., & Sw. stump, D. siomp, II. 
 Ger. stump/.] 1. The part of a tree or plant remaining 
 in the earth after the stem or trunk is cut off. "2. The 
 part of a Umb or other body remaining after a part is 
 
 ■ amputated or destroyed. 3. pi. Legs. [CoUoq.] 4. 
 A rod, or fi-ame of rods, used in the game of cricket. 5. 
 A short, thick roll of leather or paper, cut to a point, 
 and used to shade or color a crayon or pencil drawing. 
 
 Stump-orator, one who harangues the populace from the 
 stump of a tree, or other elevaticm. [Anu;r.] — To take the stump, 
 to make public addresses for electioneering purposes. lAiutr.^ 
 
 Stump, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STUMPED (84, 108); p. pr. 
 & vb. n. STUMPING.] 1. To strike, as any thing fixed 
 and hard, with the toe. [ Vulgar.] "Z. To cut off a part 
 of; to reduce to a stump. 3. To challenge. [Colloq. 
 and low, Amer.] 4. To travel over, delivering speeches 
 for electioneering purposes. [Colloq. Amer.] 5. To 
 knock down, as the stump or wicket in cricket-playing. 
 
 Stump'y, a. 1. Full of stumps. '2. Short and thick ; 
 stubby. [Low.] 
 
 Stun, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STUNNED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STUNNING.] [A.-S. slunian; M. H. Ger. stfintn, to be 
 astonished.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy with a blow 
 on the head. 3. To overcome ; especially, to overpower 
 the sense of hearing of. 3. To surprise completely. 
 
 Stung, imp. & p.p. of sting. See Sting. 
 
 Stunk, imp. & p. p. of stink. See STINK. 
 
 Stun'ner, n. One who, or that which, stuns; — often 
 vulgarly applied to whatever overpowers by astonish- 
 ment. 
 
 Stunt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. STUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STUNTING.] [A.-S. stintan, styntan, to blunt, stwit, 
 blunt, foohsh. See Stint.] To hinder from growth ; 
 to prevent the growth of. 
 
 Stunt, n. A check in growth, or that which has been 
 checked in its growth ; a stunted animal or thing. 
 
 Stupe, n. [Lat. stitpa, stuppa, tow, Gr. otvttj}, orvTrTrrj. 
 Cf. Stuff.] {Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm 
 medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore ; fomentation. 
 
 Stu'pe-f ae'tion, n. 1. Act of stupefying. 3. A stupid 
 or senseless state ; insensibihty ; stupidity. 
 
 Stu'pe-fa.«'tive, a. Causing insensibility ; deadening 
 or blunting the sense of feeling or understanding. 
 
 Stu'pe-fi'er, n. One who, or that which, stupefies. 
 
 Stu'pe-f y, V. t. [Written also stupify, especially in Eng- 
 land, but with obvious impropriety.] [imp. & p. p. 
 stupefied ; p. pr. & vb. n. stupefying.] [Lat. 
 stupefacere, from stupere, to be struck senseless, and 
 facere, to make.] To make stupid ; to blunt the faculty 
 of perception or understanding in. 
 
 Stu-p6n'dous, a. [Lat. stuperuius, astonishmg, p. future 
 pass, of stupere, to be astonished at.] Astonishing ; won- 
 derful ; amazing ; especially, of astonishing magnitude or 
 elevation. 
 
 Stu-pen'doiis-ly, adv. In a stupendous manner. 
 
 Stu-pdn'dous-ness, n. The quaUty or state of being 
 stupendous or astonishing. 
 
 Stu'pid, a. [Lat. stupidus, from stupere, to be stupefied.] 
 1. Very dull ; wantiug in understanding ; — said of per- 
 sons, tj. Resulting from, or evincing, stupidity ; — said 
 of things. 
 
 Syn. — Simple ; insensible ; sluggish ; senseless ; doltish ; 
 sottish; dull; heavy. See Silly. 
 
 Stu-pid'i-ty, n. State or quality of being stupid ; ex- 
 treme dullness of perception or understanding. 
 
 Syn. — Insensibility; sluggishness; sottishness; doltishness ; 
 blockishness; senselessness. 
 
 Stti'pid-ly, adv. In a stupid manner ; sottishly.^ 
 
 Stvi'pid-^iess, n. Stupidity. 
 
 Stvi'pi-fy, V. t. See Stupefy. 
 
 Stii'por, n. [Lat., from stupere, to be struck senseless.] 
 1. Great diminution or suspension of sensibility ; numb- 
 ness, ti. Intellectual insensibility ; moral stupidity. 
 
 Stu-pra'tion, n. [From Lat. stuprare, stupratum, to 
 ravish.] Violation of chastity by force ; rape. 
 
 St<ir'di-ly, adv. In a sturdy manner ; hardily ; stoutly. 
 
 Stur'di-ness, n. Condition or quality of being sturdy 
 or stout ; stoutness. 
 
 Stvir'dy, a. [compar. STURDIER ; superl. sturdiest.] 
 [0. Fr. estourdi, N. Fr. ctourdi, stunned, giddy, thought- 
 less, rash, p. p. of estourdir, ctourdir, to stun, to render 
 
 Sturgeon. 
 
 giddy, to amaze. Cf. Icel. styrdr, rigid, hard.] 1. Foot 
 isLly obstinate ; implying coarseness or rudeness. *-4. 
 ChaiMCterized by strength or force. 3. Stiff ; stout ; 
 strong. 
 
 Syn. — Hardy ; stout ; Btrong ; firm ; robust ; obstinate; 
 forcible. 
 
 Stfir'geon (stQr/jun), n. [L. ' 
 Lat. sturio, sturgio, 0. H. Ger. 
 sturo, sturio, sturi,A..S. styria, 
 styriga.] ( M/A .) A large car- 
 tilaginous fish, several species 
 of which are found in Northern Europe, in the Black and 
 Caspian Seas and their tributaries, in the lakes of North 
 America, &c. 
 
 Stut'ter, V. I. [imp. & p. p. STUTTERED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. STUTTERING.] [H. Ger. stottern, D. stotteren, from 
 D. stooten, H. Ger. sloszen, to thrust.] To hesitate in 
 uttering words ; to stammer. 
 
 Stut'ter, n. The act of stuttering ; stammer. 
 
 Stut'ter-er, 7^. One who stutters ; a stammerer. 
 
 Sty, Ji. [A.-S. stigend, a tumor on the eyelid, from stigan, 
 to ascend, rise.] (Med.) An inflamed tumor on the edge 
 of the eyeUd. 
 
 Sty, n. [A.-S. stige, 0. H. Ger. stiga, Icel. stia.] 1. A 
 pen or inclosure for swine, ti. A place of bestial de- 
 bauchery. 
 
 Sty, V. t. To shut up in a sty. 
 
 Styg'i-an, a. [Lat. Stygius, from Gr. 2tv|, Srvyo?, the 
 Styx, i. e., the Hateful, from o-rvyeii', to hate.] Of , or 
 pertaining to, Styx, fabled by the ancients to be a river 
 of hell over which the shades of the dead passed, or the 
 region of the dead ; hence, helUsh ; infernal. 
 
 Sty'Iar, a. Of, or pertaining to, the stile of a dial ; stilar. 
 
 Style, n. [Lat. stylus, stilus, Gr. o-tvAos, 
 a pillar, a writing instrument.] 1. An 
 instrument used by the ancients in writ- 
 ing on tablets covered with wax. ti. 
 Hence, any thing resembling the ancient 
 style ; as, (a.) A sharp-pointed tool used 
 in engraving. (&.) A pointed surgical 
 instrument, (c.) The pin or gnomon of 
 a dial, (d.) (BH.) The cylindrical and 
 tapering portion of the pistU between the 
 ovary and the stigma. 3. Mode of ex- 
 pressing thought in language, whether 
 oral or written ; choice of words. 4. Mode 
 of presentation , especially in music or any j, style*7jBo<.). 
 of the fine arts. 5. Regard to what is * 
 deemed elegant and appropriate, especially in literary 
 composition or in social demeanor ; fashion. 6. Mode 
 or phrase by which any thing is formally designated ; the 
 title; official designation. 7. {Citron.) A mode of reck- 
 oning time. 
 
 t^' Style is Old or New. The Old Style follows the manner 
 of computing the months and days established by Juliug 
 Caesar, according to which every fourth year consists of 366 
 days, and the other years of 365 days. This is about 11 minutes in 
 ayear too much. Pope Gregory XIII. reformed the calendar by 
 retrenching 10 days in October, 1582, in order to bring back the 
 vernal equinox to the same day as at the time of the council of 
 Nice, .\. D. 323. This reformation was adopted by act of Par- 
 liament in Great Britain in 1751, by which act 11 days in Sep- 
 tember, 1752, were retrenched, and the 3d day was reckoned 
 the 14th. This mode of reckoning is called New Style, accord- 
 ing to which every year divisible Dy 4, (unless it is divisible by 
 100 without being divisible by 400), has 366 days, and any other 
 year 365 days. 
 Syn. — Diction ; phraseology; manner ; course ; title. See 
 
 DiCTIOX. 
 
 Style, V. t. [imp. & p. p. styled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 STYLING.] To give a title to in addressing. 
 
 Syn. — To call ; name ; denominate ; designate ; term ; 
 characterize. 
 
 Styl'et, 71. [Diminutive of style, q. v.] A small poniard 
 or dagger ; a stiletto. 
 
 Styl'i.sli, a. Given to, or fond of, the display of style ; 
 highly fashionable ; modish; genteel. [Colloq.] 
 
 Styl'ist, n. One who is attentive to style; a critic of 
 style ; one who is a master or model of style. 
 
 Styp'tie, 11. {Med.) Something which serves to arrest 
 hemorrhage ; — often used synonymously with astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 Styp'tie, ) a. [Lat. stypticus, Gr. orvTrTtKo?, from 
 
 Styp'tie-al, ) a-rv^eiv, to contract.] Producing con- 
 traction ; having the quality of restraining hemorrhage ; 
 astringent. 
 
 Styp-ti?'i-ty, n. Quality of being styptic ; astringency. 
 
 Su|[_a-ble, a. [From ««<!.] (I-aw;.) Capable of being sued. 
 
 Sua'gion, 71. [Lat. suasio, from Lat. suadere, suasum, 
 to advise, persuade.] Act of persuading ; persuasion. 
 
 food, f<^t; &rn, r^de, pull ; (tell, ^liaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get; a§ ; e^cist ; linger, link; tliis- 
 
JSUASIVE 
 
 714 
 
 SUBLET 
 
 SnJi'sive, n. Ilnvinsc power to persuade ; influencing the 
 uiiiul or j>asiiions ; i^H>rsuasiTe. 
 
 SuS'so-ry, a. Toiuiing to persuade. 
 
 Suftv'1-ty (swj'ivi-tv), ;i. ll>Jit. suavitas, from suavis, 
 swwt, allieii to Or. oot)?, ^<rv5, Eng. sirot, Skr. svadit, 
 from .styi//. to tasto.] That which is sweet or pleasing to 
 the mind ; agreeableness ; softness ; pleasantness ; gentle- 
 ness. 
 
 Silb-ftv'*<*- "• Mod'^rately acid or sour. 
 
 Silb-ftf'rid, a. Moderately sharp, pungent, or acrid. 
 
 Silb'ftrpliie, a. Approximately alpiue; belonging to a 
 region on anv high mountain next below alpine. 
 
 Sub-rtrterii"(113), a. [L. Lat. siibaltenius, from Lat. 
 .«M6,'"under, and nliernua, one after another.] Ranked or 
 rangi\l below ; subordinate ; inferior. 
 
 Sub-al'terii, >i . A person holding a subordinate position ; 
 .v/'f-fV/jVa/Zv, a commissioned military officer below the 
 rink of captain. 
 
 3ub'5»l-tcr'iiate, a. 1. Succeeding by turns ; succes- 
 sive. 2. Subordinate ; inferior. 
 
 Sub-a'qiie-ous. a. 1. Being under water, or beneath 
 the surface of water. JJ. (Geol.) Formed in or under 
 water. 
 
 Siib-as'tral, a. Beneath the stars or hearens ; terrestrial. 
 
 Sub'as-trin'gent, a. Astringent in a small degree ; 
 moderately astringent. 
 
 Siib'au-di'tioii (-dish'un), n. [Lat. subauditio, from j 
 subaudire^ to understand or supply a word omitted, from 
 pretix sub, under, and audire, to hear.] Act of under- 
 standing something not expressed. 
 
 Siib'-base (109), I n. (Mux.) The deepest pedal stop, or 
 
 Siib'-bass, ) the lowest tones of an organ ; the I 
 
 fundamental base. 
 
 Sub-cliant'er, n. {Ecd.) An underchanter ; a deputy 
 of the precentor of a cathedral. 
 
 Sub'com-niit'tee, n. An under committee; a part or 
 division of a committee. 
 
 Siib-cSn'tra-ry, a. 1. Contrary in an inferior degree. 
 
 2. {Geo7?i.) Having, or being, in a contrary order; — 
 said of a section of an oblique cone on a circular base by 
 a plane not parallel to the base, but inchned to the axis, 
 so that the section is a circle ; — applied also to two 
 similar triangles when so placed as to have a common 
 angle at the vertex, the opposite sides not being parallel. 
 
 3. {Logic.) Characterizing the relation of opposition be- 
 tween the particular affirmative and particular negative ; 
 also, applied to the relation between two attributes which 
 co-exist in the same substance, yet in such a way that 
 the more there is of one, the less there is of the other. 
 
 Sub-e6ii'tra-ry,?i. (Logic.) A subcontrary proposition ; 
 a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower degree. 
 
 Sub'cu-ta'ne-ous, a. Situated under the skin. 
 
 Sub-dea'con (-de'kn), n. (Eccl.) A deacon's servant, in 
 the Roman Catholic church. ♦ 
 
 Siib-dean', n. An under dean ; a dean's substitute or 
 vicegerent. 
 
 Siib-dean'er-y, n. The office and rank of subdean. 
 
 Siib'di-vide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subdivided ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SUBDIVIDING.] To divide the parts of into 
 more parts ; to divide again, as what has already been 
 divided 
 
 Siib'di-vide', v. i. To be subdivided. 
 
 Sub'di-vig'ion (-vizh'un), n. 1. Act of subdividing, or 
 separating a part into smaller parts. 2. Part of a thing 
 made by subdividing. 
 
 Siib-dSin'I-nant, n. (Mus.) The fourth tone above the 
 tonic ; — so called as being under the dominant. 
 
 Sub-du€t', V. t. [Lat. subducere, subductum, from sub, 
 under, and ducere, to lead, to draw.] 1. To withdraw ; 
 to take away. 2. To subtract by arithmetical operation. 
 
 Sub-diiij'tion, n. 1. Act of subducting, taking away, 
 or withdrawing. 2. Arithmetical subtraction. 
 
 Sub-due', V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBDUED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUBDUING.] [From Lat. sub, under, and ducere, to 
 lead.] 1. To bring under ; to conquer by force or the 
 exertion of superior power, and bring into permanent 
 subjection. 2. To overpower so as to disable from 
 further resistance. 3. To overpower and destroy the 
 force of. 4. To break, by conquering a refractory tem- 
 per or evil passions. 5. To overcome by persuasion, or 
 other mild means. 6. To reduce to tenderness. '7. To 
 make mellow; to break, as land; also, to destroy, as 
 weeds. 
 
 Syn.— To conquer; overpower; overcome; surmount; 
 ▼anquish. See Conquer. 
 
 Snb-du'er, n. One who, or that which, conquers and 
 brings into subjection ; a tamer. 
 
 Su-b6r'l-e, a. [From Lat. suber, the cork-tree.] ( Chem.) 
 Of, pertaining to, or extracted from, cork. 
 
 Silb'£ftm'i-ly, n. (Nat. Htst.) A subordinate family; 
 a division of a family. 
 
 Silb'ge'nus, n. (Nat. Hist.) A subdivision of a genus, 
 conipreheuding one or more species. [rapidly. 
 
 Stl'bi-to. adv. [It. and Lat.] (Mus.) In haste; quickly; 
 
 Sub-ja'^ent, a. [Lat. subjacens, p. pr. of subjacere, to 
 lie under, from prefix sub, under, and jacere, to lie.] 1, 
 Lying under or below. 2. Being in a lower situation, 
 though not directly beneath. 
 
 Siib'je-et, a. [Lat. subjectus, lying under, subjected, p. p. 
 of subjicere, to throw, lay, place, or bring under, from 
 prefix *h/;, under, and ^'«f ere, to throw.] 1. Placed or 
 situate under. 2. Placed under the power and dominion 
 of another. 3. Exposed; disponed. 
 
 Syii.— Liable; subordinate; inferior; obnoxious; tributary. 
 See Liable. 
 
 Su.b'je«t, «. [Lat. subjectus. See supra.] 1. That which 
 is placed under the authority, dominion, or influence of 
 something else. 2. Especially, one who is brought un- 
 der the authority of a ruler. 3. That which is brought 
 under any physical operation or process. 4. That which 
 is brought under thought or examination ; that which 
 is taken up for discussion. 5. The person who is treated 
 of. 6. (Logic & Gravi.) That of which any thing is 
 affirmed or predicated ; that which is spoken of. 7 . That 
 in v.'hich any quality, attribute, or relation, whether 
 spiritual or material, inheres, or to which any of these 
 appertain; substance. 8. Hence, that substance or being 
 which is conscious of its own operations ; the thinking 
 agent or principal. 9. (Mus.) The principal melody or 
 theme of a movement. 10. (Anat.) A dead body for 
 the purposes of dissection. 
 
 Sub-je-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBJECTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 71. SUBJECTING.] 1. To bring under the control, power, 
 dominion, or action of; to subdue; to enslave. 2. To 
 expose ; to make liable. 3. To submit ; to make account- 
 able. 4. To make subservient. 5. To cause to undergo. 
 
 Sub-j6<;'tion, n. 1. Act of subjecting or bringii)g un- 
 der the dominion of another. 2. State of being subject, 
 or under the control and government of another. 
 
 Sub-je-et'ive, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a subject. 2. 
 Especially, pertaining to, or derived from, one's own con- 
 sciousness, in distinction from external observation. 
 Syn.— See Objective. 
 
 Sub-je-et'ive-ly, adv. In a subjective manner ; in rela- 
 tion to the subject. 
 
 Sub-je-et'ive-ness, n. The state of being sTibjective. 
 
 Sub'je-et-iv'i-ty, n. 1. State of being subjective. 2. 
 That which is treated in a subjective manner. 
 
 Sub'ject-mafter, n. The matter or thought presented 
 for consideration in some statement or discussion. 
 
 Sub-join', V. t. [imp. & p. p. subjoined ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUBJOINING.] To add after something else has been 
 said or written. 
 Syn. — To add; annex; join; unite; coalesce. See Ann. 
 
 Stib'ju-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subjugated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SUBJUGATING.] [Lat. subjugare, siibjugatum, 
 from prefix sub, under, and jugum, a yoke.] To subdue 
 and bring under the yoke of power or dominion ; to 
 compel to submit to the absolute control of another. 
 Syn.— To conquer; vanquish; subdue; overcome. 
 
 Sub-Ju-ga'tioii, n. Act of subjugating or bringing un- 
 der the power or absolute control of another. 
 
 Sub-juji«'tion, n. Act of subjoining, or state of being 
 subjoined. 
 
 Sub-jun<;'tive, a. [Lat. subjunctivus, from suhmngere, 
 to subjoin.] Subjoined or added to something before said 
 or written. 
 
 Subjunctive mode (Gram.), that form of a verb which ex- 
 presses condition, hypothesis, contingency, and is subjoined or 
 added as subordinate to some other verb, and often counected 
 with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, except, imtil, &c. 
 
 Sub-junc'tive, n. ( Gram.) The subjunctive mode. 
 
 Sub'lap-sa'ri-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Sublap- 
 sarians, or to their opinions. 
 
 Sub'lap-sa'ri-an, n. [From Lat. prefix sub, under, be- 
 low, after, and lapsus, fall.] One of that class of Cal- 
 vinists who consider the decree of election as contem- 
 plating the apostasy as past, and the elect as being in a 
 fallen and guilty state. 
 
 Sub-la'tion, n. [Lat. sublatio, from tollere, sublatum,\a 
 take away.] Act of taking or can-ying away. 
 
 Sub-16t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBLET ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 SUBLETTING.] To underlet ; to lease, as a lessee to an- 
 other person. 
 
 »,e,&ic.,long; a, 6, See, short; c&re,far,as]i:,all,inriiat; dre,Tsil,tSrtii; pique, firm; B6ik,dr,Act,wQlf, 
 
SUBLIMABLE 
 
 715 
 
 SUBSCRIPT 
 
 oub-lim'a-ble, a. Capable of being sublimated. 
 
 Siib'li-mate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. SUBLIMATED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SUBLIMATING.] [Lat. suhlininre, sublimatum, 
 to raise, elevate, from sublimis, high.] 1. To bring by 
 heat into the state of vapor, which, on cooling, returns 
 again to the solid state, 'i. To refine and exalt ; to 
 heighten ; to elevate. 
 
 Siib'll-mate, n. ( Ckem.) The product of a sublimation. 
 
 Sub'li-itiate, a. Brought into a state of vapor by heat, 
 ^nd again condensed, as solid substances. 
 
 Sfi.b'li-iiia'tioii, n. 1, Act of sublimating, or state of 
 of being sublimated, tj. Act of heightening or improv- 
 ing ; exaltation ; elevation. 
 
 Sub-lime', a. [cQmpar. SUBLIMER ; superl. sublimest.] 
 [h2Lt. sublimis., fvom sublevare, to \\ftn\>.] 1. Lifted up 
 high in place, ii. Distinguished by lofty or noble traits ; 
 eminent. 3. Awakening or expressing the emotion of 
 awe, adoration, veneration, heroic resolve, and the like. 
 4. Elevated by joy ; elate. 
 Syn.— Grand; exalted; lofty; noble; majestic. See Gband. 
 
 Sub-lime', n. A grand or lofty style. 
 
 Sub-lime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBLIMED ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. SUBLIMING.] 1. To bring to a state of vapor by 
 heat, and condense again by cold ; to sublimate, ii. To 
 exalt ; to heighten ; to improve. 3. To dignify ; to en- 
 noble. , 
 
 Sub-lime', v. i. To be brought or changed into a state 
 of vapor by heat, and then condensed by cold, as a solid 
 substance. 
 
 Sub-lime'ly, adv. In a sublime manner ; with elevated 
 conceptions : loftily. 
 
 Sub-lime'ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
 sublime ; sublimity. 
 
 Sub-lim'i-ty, n. 1. State of being sublime ; as, (a.) 
 Elevation of place; lofty height, (b.) Nobleness of nature 
 or character; eminence, (c.) An elevated feeling of as- 
 tonishment and awe, at the contemplation of great scenes 
 and objects, or of exalted excellence. 2. Loftiness of 
 sentiment or style. 
 
 Syn. — Grandeur; magnificence. — The mental state indi- 
 cated by these two words is the same, namely, a mingled emo- 
 tion of astonishment and awe. In speaking of the quality 
 which produces this emotion, we call it grandeur when it 
 springs from what is vast in space, power, &c.; we callitsu?)- 
 limiUi when it springs from what is elevated far above the ordi- 
 nary incidents of humanity. An immense plane is armul. The 
 heavens are not only grand, but sublime (as the predominatinjr 
 emotion), from their immense height. Exalted intellect, and 
 especially exalted virtue under severe trials, gives us the sense 
 of moral sublimity, as in the case of our Savior, in his prayer 
 for his murderers. We do not speak of Satan, when stiinding 
 by the fiery gulf, with his " unconquerable will and study of 
 revenge," as a subZime object; but there is a melancholy grran- 
 deur thrown around him, as of " archangel ruined." 
 
 Sfib-lin'e-a'tion, n. A mark of a line or lines under a 
 word in a sentence, or under another line. 
 
 Sub-lin'gual , a. Situated under the tongue. 
 
 Sub-lii'iiar, ) a. Situated beneath the moon ; terres- 
 
 Sub'lu-na-ry, j trial ; earthly ; pertaining to this 
 world. 
 
 Siib'ma-rine', a. Being, acting, or growing, under 
 water in the sea. 
 
 Sub-me'di-aiit, n. {Mus.) The sixth tone of the scale ; 
 the predominant. 
 
 Sub-merge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. submerged ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. submerging.] {Lat. siibmergere , summergere , 
 from prefix sub, under, and mergere, mersum, to plunge.] 
 1. To put under water ; to plunge. 3. To cover or 
 overflow with water ; to drown. 
 
 Sub-merge', v. i. To plunge, as into water or other 
 fluid ; hence, to be completely included or incorporated. 
 
 Sub-mer'gen^e, n. Act of submerging, or state of 
 being submerged. 
 
 Sub-merse' (14), ) a. [See supra.] (Bot.) Being 
 
 Sub-mersed' (-mersf), ) or growing under water, as 
 the leaves of aquatic plants. 
 
 Sub-mer'sion, n. 1. Act of submerging, or putting 
 under water or other fluid, or of causing to be over- 
 flowed. 3. State of being put underwater or other fluid. 
 
 Sub-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat. sitbmissio. See SUB- 
 MIT.] 1. Act of submitting ; act of yielding to power 
 or authority ; obedience. 3. State of being submLssive ; 
 acknowledgment of inferiority or dependence ; meekness ; 
 resignation. 3. Acknowledgment of a fault ; confession 
 of error. 4. {Law.) An agreement by which parties 
 engage to submit any matter of controversy between 
 them to the decision of arbitrators. 
 
 Sub-mis'sive, a. Inclined or ready to submit. 
 
 Syn. — Obedient ; compliant ; yielding ; obsequious ; sub- 
 servient; humble; modest; passive. 
 
 Sub-TOiis'sXve-Iy, adv. In a submissive manner ; with 
 
 submission ; humbly. 
 
 Sub-mis'sive-ness, n. Quality or condition of being 
 submissive ; humbleness ; dependence • penitence. 
 
 Sub-mit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBMITTED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUBMITTING.] [Lat. siib77iittere, from prefix sub, 
 under, and mittere., to send.] 1. To yield, resign, or 
 surrender to power, will, or authority. 2. To leave or 
 commit to the discretion or judgment of another or oth- 
 ers ; to refer. 
 
 Sub-mit', V. i. 1. To yield one's person to the powtr of 
 another, ti. To yield one's opinion to the opinion or 
 authority of another. 3. To acquiesce in the authority of 
 another. 4. To be submissive ; to yield without mur- 
 muring. 
 
 Syn. — To surrender; bend; stoop; acquiesce; comply. 
 
 Sub-miil'ti-ple, n. (Math.) A number or quantity 
 which is contained in another an exact numbar of times, 
 or is an aliquot part of it. 
 
 Siib-nas'^ent, a. [Lat. subiiascens, p. pr. of suhnmsci, 
 to grow under, from prefix sub^ under, and nasci, to be 
 born ; to arise.] Growing underneath. 
 
 Sub-or'di-na-^y, n. [Lat. prefix sub, under, and ordi- 
 nans, p. pr. of ordinare, to set in order, to arrange.] 
 State of being subordinate, or subject ':o control. 
 
 Sub-6r'di-nate, a. 1. Placed in a lower class or rank ; 
 holding a lower position. 2. Inferior in order, in nature, 
 in dignity, in power, importance, or the like. 
 
 Sub-or'di-nate, n. One who stands in order or rank 
 below another. 
 
 Sub-or'di-iiate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subordinated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SUBORDINATING.] [Lat. prefix sub, un- 
 der, and ordinare, to set in order, to arrange.] 1. To 
 place in a lower order ; to make, or consider as, of less 
 value or importance. 2. To subject or subdue. 
 
 Sub-6r'di-iiate-ly, adv. In a subordinate manner. 
 
 Sub-or'di-ua'tion, n. 1. Act of subordinating, plac- 
 ing in a lower order, or subjecting. 2. State of being 
 subordinate ; inferiority of rank or dignity ; subjection. 
 3. Place of rank among inferiors. 
 
 Sub-6rii', V. t. [i^np. & p. p. SUBORNED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUBORNING.] [Lat. subornare, from prefix sub, under, 
 secretly, and ornare, to furnish, provide.] 1. (Law.) 
 To procure or cause to take a false oath amounting to 
 perjury. 2. To procure privately, or by collusion. 
 
 Siib'or-iia'tion, 71. 1. (Laiv.) Act of suborning; crime 
 of procuring a person to take such a false oath as con- 
 stitutes perjury. 2. Crime of procuring one to do a 
 criminal or bad action. 
 
 Sub-orn'er, n. One who suborns. 
 
 Siib-o'val, a. Somewhat oval ; nearly oval. 
 
 Sub-poe'na,M. [Lat. .w6, under, and /^^r^a, punishment.] 
 (Law.) A writ commanding the attendance in court of 
 the person on whom it is served, as a witness, &c., under 
 a penalty. [Written also subpe^ia.] 
 
 Sub-poe'iia, v. t. [imp. & p. p. subpoenaed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. subpcenaing.] (Law.) To serve with a writ of 
 subpoena ; to command attendance in court by a legal 
 writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience. 
 
 Sub-re-e'tor, n. A rector's deputy or substitute. 
 
 Sub-rep'tion, n. [Lat. subreptio, from subripere, sttb- 
 reptum , to snatch or take away secretly ; from prefix 
 si<6, under, secretly, and rapere, to snatch away.] Act 
 of obtaining a favor by surprise or unfair representation. 
 
 Sub'salt, n. (Cliem.) (a.) An oxysalt containing a less 
 number of equivalents of the acid than of the base, or 
 in which the latter is a suboxide, (b.) A haloid salt, or 
 analogous compound, in which the number of equiva- 
 lents of the electro -negative constituent is less than that 
 of the electro-positive constituent. 
 
 Sub-s-eribe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subscribed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SUBSCRIBING.] [Lat. subscribere, from prefix sub, 
 under, and scribere, to write.] 1. To write underneath ; 
 to sign with one's own hand ; to bind one's self by writ- 
 ing one's name beneath. 2. To attest by writing one's 
 name beneath. 3. To promise to give, by writing one's 
 name. 
 
 Sub-s«ribe', v. i. 1. To give consent to something 
 written, by signing one's name; hence, to assent; to 
 agree. 2. To promise to give a certain sum by setting 
 one's name to a paper. 3. To enter one's name for a 
 newspaper, a book, and the like. 
 
 Sub-s<;rib'er, n. 1. One who subscribes ; one who con- 
 tributes to an undertaking by subscribing. 2. One who 
 enters his name for a paper, book, map, and the like. 
 
 Sub's-eript, n. Any thing underwritten. 
 
 Sub's-eript, a. Written below or underneath. 
 
 food, fd'ot ; ftrn, r^fde, pull ; fell, (liaise, -eall, echo j gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tMs. 
 
SUBSCRIPTION 
 
 716 
 
 SUBTILE 
 
 Snik-scrlp'tion, n. 1. Act of subscriblnR. 2. That 
 which is subscrilxHl ; as, (n.) A paper to which a signa- 
 tuiv is attacheii. (h.) The sipuature attachwl to a paper, 
 (f.) Consent or attestation jiiven by underwriting the 
 name. (</.) Sum subscribed; amount of sums sub- 
 scribed. 
 
 Silb'se-quen^e, \n. State of being subsequent, or of 
 
 Si\l»'s»»-<|ueii-^y. I coming after something. 
 
 Sill»'st'-qu«'iit/a. [Lat. subse(/uem, p. pr. of subsequi.] 
 1. Following in time; coming or being after something 
 else at any time. "i. Following in order of place. 
 
 Siib'se-<i\»ei»t-ly, «'/f. In a subsequent time, manner, 
 position, or the iike. 
 
 Snb-serve', r. t [imp. & p.p. SUBSERVED •. p. pr. k 
 vh. n. SUBSERVING.] [Lat. subservire, fi'om prefix sub, 
 under, and ."iervirfi, to serve.] To ser^'e in subordination 
 or instrumentally ; to be subservient to ; to help forward ; 
 to promote. 
 
 Sub-serve', v. »'. To be subservient or subordinate. 
 
 Snb-serv'l-eii?e, In. Condition of being subservient ; 
 
 Sub-serv'i-en-fy, I use or operation that promotes 
 some purpose. 
 
 Sub-serv'i-ent, a. Fitted or disposed to subserve ; use- 
 ful in an inferior capacity ; subordinate. 
 Syn.— Subject ; inferior ; submissive. 
 
 Sub-side', r. i- [ivip. & p. p. SUBSIDED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUBSIDING.] [Lat. subsidere, from prefix suby under, 
 below, and sidere, to sit down, to settle.] 1. To sink or 
 fell to the bottom, ti. To fall into a state of quiet; to 
 become tranquil ; to abate. 3. To tend downward ; to 
 descend ; to sink. 
 Syn.— See Abate. 
 
 Sub-sid'eii^e, ) n. 1. Actor process of subsiding or 
 
 Sub-sid'en-f y , ) falUng, as in the lees of liquors, ti. 
 Act of sinking or gradually descending, as ground. 
 
 Sub-sid'i-a-ry (44), a. [Lat. subsidiarius. See SUBSI- 
 DY.] Furnishing a subsidy ; serving to help ; assistant ; 
 auxiliary. 
 
 Sub-sid'i-a-ry, n. One who, or that which, contributes 
 aid ; an assistant ; an auxiUary. 
 
 Siib'si-dize, f. r. [i77ip. & p.p. subsidized; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. subsidizing.] [From subsidij.] To purchase 
 the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy. 
 
 Sfib'si-dy, n. [Lat. siibsidium, orig., troops stationed in 
 reserve in the third line of battle, from stibsidere, to sit 
 down. See Subside.] 1. Support; aid ; espfcfrt^/y, ex- 
 traordinary aid in money rendered to a sovereign, or to 
 a friendly power. 3. Specifically, a sum of money paid 
 by one prince or nation to another, to purchase the ser- 
 vice of auxiliary troops. 
 
 Syn. — Tribute. — A suhsid// is voluntary ; a tribute is exact- 
 ed. A sub.<nd!/ is paid to an ally for his services ; a tribute is 
 given in acknowledgment of dependence or subjection. Eng- 
 land gave subsidies to most of the German powers for carrying 
 on the war against Bonaparte ; tnhute was paid to the Roman 
 republic by most of the nations of the earth. 
 
 Sub-sist', V. i. [imp. & p. p. subsisted \ p. pr. k, vb. 
 n. SUBSISTING.] [Lat. subslstere, from pref. sub, under, 
 and sistere, to stand, to be fixed.] 1. To be ; to have 
 existence; to inhere. 3. To continue. 3. To be sup- 
 ported; to live. [maintain. 
 
 Sub-sist', V. t. To support with provisions ; to feed ; to 
 
 Sub-sist'en^e, n. 1. Real being. 2. State of being 
 subsistent ; inherency. 3. Means of support ; provis- 
 ions, or that which procures provisions. 
 
 Sub-sist'ent, a. 1. Having real being. 2. Inherent. 
 
 Sub'soil, 71. The bed or stratum of earth which lies 
 immediately beneath the surface soil . 
 
 Sub-spe'cie§ (-spe'shez), n. A subordinate species ; a 
 division of a species. 
 
 Slib'stan^e, n. [Lat. substantia, from substare, to be 
 under or present, to stand firm, from prefix sub, un- 
 der, and stare, to stand.] 1. That which underlies 
 all outward manifestations ; substratum ; that which 
 constitutes any thing what it is ; nature ; real or exist- 
 ing essence, ti. The most important element in any 
 existence; the characteristics of any thing. 3. Any 
 thing which has a material form ; body ; matter. 4. 
 Estate; property. 
 
 Snb-KtS.n'tial, a. 1. Belonging to substance; actually 
 existing. 2. Not seeming or imaginary ; teal ; true. 
 3. Corporeal ; material. 4. Having good substance ; 
 strong ; stout ; solid. 5. Possessed of goods or estate ; 
 moderately wealthy. 
 
 Sub-stan'ti-ai'i-ty (-shi-SLll-ty), n. The state of being 
 substantial : corporeity ; materiality. 
 
 Bub-Ktan'tial-ly, a//v In a substantial manner ; really ; 
 solidly ; truly ; essentially ; competently. 
 
 Sub-stftn'tial-ness, n. State or quality of being sub- 
 stantial ; firmness ; strength ; power of holding or last- 
 ing. 
 
 Sub-stft.n'tial§, n. pi. Essential parts. 
 
 Sub-stan'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [imp. & p.p. substan- 
 tiated; p. pr. & vb. n. substantiating.] 1. To 
 make to exist. 2. To establish by proof or competent 
 evidence ; to verify. 
 
 Sfib'stan-tiv'al, a. Of, pertainiag to, or in the nature 
 of a substantive. 
 
 Sub'stan-tive, a. Betokening, or expressing existence. 
 
 Siib'stan-tive, n. ( Gram.) A noun ; the part of speech 
 which designates something that exists, or some object of 
 thought, either material or immaterial. 
 
 Sub'staii-tive-ly, adv. 1, In a substantive manner; 
 in substance; essentially. 2. (Gram.) Asa substan- 
 tive name, or noun. 
 
 Siib'sti-tCite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. substituted : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. substituting.] [Lat. siibstituere, substitu- 
 tvm, from prefix sub, under, and statnere, to put, place.] 
 To put in the place of another ; to exchange. 
 
 Siib'sti-tiite, n. One who, or that which, is substituted 
 or put in the place of another. 
 
 Sub'sti-tii'tioii, n. 1. Act of substituting or putting 
 one person or thing in the place of another. 2. State 
 of being substituted for another person or thing. 3. 
 ( Theol. ) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously. 
 
 Sub'sti-tu'tion-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, substitution. 
 
 Sub'strate, a. Having very slight furrows. 
 
 Sub-stra'tum, n. ; pi. sub-stra'ta. [Lat. substrains, 
 p. p. of substernere, to strew under, fr. prefix sub, under, 
 and sternere, to strew.] 1. That which is laid or spread 
 under; a layer of earth lying under another. 2. (Agric.) 
 The subsoil. 3. [Metapli.) The permanent subject or 
 cause of phenomena ; substance. 
 
 Sub-strii-e'tion, n. [Lat. substructio, from substruert . 
 substruclum, to under-build, from prefix sub, under, and 
 struere, to build.] Under-building ; foundation. 
 
 Sub-strii-et'ure, n. An under-structure ; a foundation. 
 
 Siib'style, n. A right line, on which the style or gno- 
 mon of a dial is erected. 
 
 Sub-siil'to-ry, a. [Lat. subsilire, subsultum, to spring 
 up, from prefix sub, under, and satire, saltum, to leap, 
 spring.] Bounding ; leaping ; moving by sudden leaps 
 or starts. 
 
 Su.b-t9,n'geiit, n. {Geom.) The part of the axis con- 
 tained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the 
 same point in a curve. 
 
 Sub-t6nd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subtended ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. subtending.] [Lat. subtendere, fr. prefix .sm6, 
 under, and tendere, to stretch, extend.] To extend under, 
 or be opposite to. 
 
 Sub-t6iise', n. [Lat. subtendere, subtentum, or subten- 
 sum, to stretch underneath.] ( Geom.) The line subtend- 
 ing or stretching across ; the chord. 
 
 Sub-ter'flu-ent, I a. [Lat. subterfuens, p. pr. of sub- 
 
 Sub-ter'flu-ous, j terfluere, to flow beneath; from 
 prefix subter, under, beneath, 2,n^fluere, to flow.] Run- 
 ning under or beneath. 
 
 Sub'ter-fuge, n. [L. Lat. stibterfugium, fr. Lat. subter- 
 fugere, to flee secretly, to escape, fr. prefix subter, under,- 
 and fugere, to flee.] That to which a person resorts for 
 escape or concealment; hence, a shift ; an evasion. 
 Syn. — Prevarication ; quibble ; excuse. 
 
 SuVter-ra'ne-aii (124), ) a. [Lat. subterraneus, from 
 
 Siib'ter-ra'ne-ous, ) prefix sub, under, and terra, 
 earth.] Being or lying under the surface of the earth ; 
 situated within the earth, or under ground. 
 
 Stib'tile, a. [Lat. subtilis, from prefix sub, under, some- 
 what, slightly, and tela, a web, warp, and therefore 
 properly woven fine.] 1. Thin ; not dense or gross; 
 rare. 2. Delicately constituted or constructed : nice ; 
 fine; delicate. 3. Acute: piercing. 4, Characterized 
 by acuteness of mind; refined. 5. Sly; crafty; insinu- 
 ating. [In the last two senses commonly written subtle.] 
 Syn.— Acute; shrewd; artful; cunning.— In acute the 
 image is that of a needle's point : in subtile that of a thread 
 spun out to extreme fineness. Hence, he who is acute has a 
 piercing judgment, which enables him to discern and discrim- 
 mate with the nicest accuracy ; he who hR!< a subtile intellect 
 can »f)in the finest thread of thought, and follow out a subject 
 in its most complicated relations, without letting go his hold, 
 or becoming lost or perplexed in its utmost intricacies. Acute- 
 ne.'is guards against error ; suhtilty carries forward our investi- 
 gations into tenuous and recondite truths. The former belongs "^ 
 more to speculative and abstract inquiries : the latter to the 
 philosophy of the heart and of social life. Edwards was singu- 
 larly acute ; Lord Bacon had a subtilty of in tellect which seemed 
 to spread itself throughout every part of a subject like a kind 
 
 of 
 
 ifFusive touch.' 
 
 a,,e,kc.,long; &, 6, Sec, short; c&re,tar,SLBlL,a,U.,wlcia.t; 6re, veil, term; piique,firin.; s6n,dr,do,'woIf, 
 
SUBTILELY 
 
 717 
 
 SUCH 
 
 Siib'tne-ly (109), arlv. In a Bubtile manner ; thinly ; 
 finely ; artfully ; cunningly ; craftily. 
 
 Sub'tile«iess, n. State or quality of being subtile ; 
 thinness ; rareness ; fineness ; acutenesa ; cunning ; art- 
 fulness. 
 
 Sub-til'i-ty, n. Quality of being subtile ; subtilty. 
 
 Sub'til-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of making subtile, fine, or 
 thin. 2. (Chem.) The operation of making .so volatile 
 as to rise in steam or vapor, 3. Refinement ; extreme 
 acuteness. 
 
 I^b'til-ize, V. t. [imp. & p. p. subtilized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SUBTILIZING.] 1. To make thin or fine ; to 
 make less gross or coarse, ii. To refine. 
 
 Sub'til-ize, r. V. To refine in argument ; to make very 
 nice distinctions. 
 
 Siib'til-ty, n. [Contr. from suhtility, q. v.] 1. State or 
 quality of being subtile ; thinness ; fineness. "Z. Refine- 
 ment ; extreme acuteness. 3. Slyness; cunning; arti- 
 fice. [In the last two senses, the word is more commonly 
 written subtlety.] x 
 
 Siibt'le (sQt^), a. [cornpar. SUBTLER ; superl. SUBT- 
 LEST.] [Contr. from subtile, q. v.] 1, Sly in design ; 
 artful; cunning; insinuating; subtile. 2. Cunningly 
 
 Silbt'le-ness (sSfl-nes), n. Quality of being subtle. 
 
 Siibt'le-ty (sut'l-ty), n. 1. Quality of being subtle, or 
 sly ; cunning ; craftiness ; artfulness. 2. Acuteness of 
 intellect ; shrewdness. 
 
 Sfibt'ly (sfit'ly), adv. 1. In a subtle manner ; slyly ; 
 artfully. 3. Nicely ; delicately. 
 
 Sub-t6ii'i€ , M. ( Pron.) An elementary sound or element 
 of speech having a partial vocality ; a vocal or sonant 
 consonant. 
 
 Sub-tra<;t', ^•. t. [imp. & p. p. SUBTRACTED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SUBTRACTING.] [Lat. subtrahere, .fubtractum., fr. 
 prefix .tub, under, and trahere, to draw.] To withdraw 
 or take from the rest, as a part ; to deduct. 
 
 Sub-trS,-et'er, n. One who subtracts. 
 
 Sub-tra.«'tioii, n. 1. Act or operation of subtracting 
 or deducting. 2. (Math.) The taking of a lesser number 
 or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomi- 
 nation. 
 
 Sub-trS.«'tive, a. 1. Tending or having power to sub- 
 tract. 2. (Math.) Preceded by the sign minus. 
 
 Sub'tra-hend', n. [Lat. suhtrahendus, p. fut. pass, of 
 subtrahere. See SUBTRACT.] (Math.) The sum or num- 
 ber to be subtracted or taken from another. 
 
 Siib'-trea§'u-ry, n. A subordinate treasury or place 
 of deposit, as for the income derived from various sources 
 of revenue in different places remote from the capital of 
 a state or nation. 
 
 Siib'iirb, n. [Lat. suburbium, from prefix sm6, under, 
 below, near, and urbs, a city.] 1. The region on the 
 confines of any city or large town, including buildings, 
 streets, or territory. 3. Hence, the confines; the out 
 part. 
 
 Sub-ilr'ban, a. Pertaining to, inhabiting, or being in, 
 the suburbs of a city. 
 
 Sub-Hr'ban, n. A dweller in the suburbs of a city. 
 
 Sub'va-ri'e-ty, n. A subordinate variety. 
 
 Sub-vene', v. i. [imp. & p. p. subvened ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUBVENING.] [Lat. prefix sub, under, and venire, to 
 come.] To come under or happen. 
 
 Sub-veii'tion, n. [Low Lat. subventio, from Lat. subve- 
 rt ire, to assist, from prefix sub, under, and venire, to 
 come.] 1. Act of coming under. 2. A government aid or 
 bounty. 
 
 Sub-ver'sion, n. Act of subverting, or state of being 
 subverted ; entire overthrow ; utter ruin. 
 
 Sub-ver'sive, a. Tending to subvert or overthrow and 
 ruin. 
 
 Sub-vert', v. t. [imp. & p. p. subverted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SUBVERTING.] [Lat. subvertere, subver sum, from 
 pi-efix sub. under, a.ndvertere,totum.] 1. To overthrow 
 from the foundation ; to ruin utterly. 2. To pervert, as 
 the mind, and turn it from the truth. 
 
 Syn. — To overturn ; overthrow; destroy; invert; reverse ; 
 extinguish ; corrupt ; confound. 
 
 Sub-vert'er. n. One who subverts ; an overthrower. 
 
 Sub-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being subverted. 
 
 Sub-Tivork'er (-wQrk'er), n. A subordinate worker. 
 
 Suc'fe-da'ne-ous, a. [See Succeed.] Pertaining to, 
 or acting as, a succedaneum ; supplying the place of 
 something else. 
 
 Sii^'ge-dd'ne-iim, n. ; pi. su€'PE-da'ne-a. [Lat. See 
 irifra.] That which is used for something else ; a sub- 
 stitute. 
 
 Su«-5eed', v. t. [imp. & p. p. succeeded; p.pr. & 
 
 vb. n. succeeding.] [Lat. succedere, successum, from 
 prefix sub, under, and cedere, to go, to go along, to go 
 from.] 1. To follow in order ; to take the place of. 2. 
 To come after ; to be subsequent or consequent. 
 Syn. — To follow ; pursue. See Follow. 
 
 Su-e-^eed', v. i. 1. To come next in order. 2. To 
 come in the place of another. 3. Hence, to ascend the 
 throne after the removal or death of the occupant. 4, 
 To obtain the object desired ; to have a prosperous ter- 
 mination. 5. To be received with general favor. 
 
 Suc-^eed'er, n. One who succeeds ; one who follows or 
 comes in the place of another ; a successor. 
 
 Suc-^^ss', n. [hdLt. succes.'sus. See SUCCEED.] Act of 
 succeeding, or state of having succeeded ; favorable ter- 
 mination of any thing attempted ; prosperous issue. 
 
 Su«-9ess'f ul, a. Resulting in, assuring, or promotive of 
 success ; accomplishing what was proposed. 
 
 Syn. — Happy ; prosperous ; fortunate ; auspicious ; lucky. 
 
 Su€'96ss'ful-ly, adv. In a successful manner; pros- 
 perously ; favorably. 
 
 Su-e-^6ss'ful-ness, n. Condition of being successful; 
 prosperous'conclusion ; favorable event ; success. 
 
 Su-e-fgs'sion (-sesh/un), n. [h&t. successio. See SUC- 
 CEED.] 1. Act of succeeding ; a following of things in 
 order of time or place, or a series of things so following ; 
 sequence. 2. A series of persons or things according to 
 some established rule of precedence. 3. An order of de- 
 scendants ; lineage ; race. 4. Power or right of acced- 
 ing to the station or title of a father, or other predeces- 
 sor. 5. The right to enter upon the possession of the 
 property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or preceding 
 in an estabhshed order. 
 
 Su«-9es'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Pertaining to, or exist- 
 ing in, a regular order or succession ; consecutive. 
 
 Su«-96s'sive, a. Following in order or uninterrupted 
 course ; coming after without interruption or interval. 
 
 Sue-^es'sive-ly, adv. In a successive manner; in a 
 series or order. 
 
 Su^-^es'sive-ness, n. State of being successive. 
 
 Su«-96s'sor, n. One who succeeds or follows ; one who 
 takes the place and part which another has left. 
 
 Su<!-9iii-et', a. [Lat. succinctus, p. p. of succingere, to 
 gird below, or from below, to tuck up, from sub, under, 
 below, and cjjig-ere, to gird.] 1. Girded or tucked up; 
 bound. [Rare.] 2. Compressed into a narrow compass. 
 Syn. — Short; brief ; concise ; compendious ; summary ; 
 laco"nic ; terse. 
 
 Su^-fin-et'ly, adv. In a succinct manner; briefly; 
 concisely. 
 
 Su«-piB<!t'ness, n. State or quality of being succinct; 
 brevity ; conciseness. 
 
 Su«-5iii'i«, a. [Lat. SMccmwrn, amber.] (C%em.) Of, or 
 pertaining to, amber; drawn from amber. 
 
 Su«'?i-iiou.s, a. [See supra.] Of, pertaining to, or re- 
 sembling, amber. 
 
 Su«'<;or, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUCCORED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUCCORING.] [0. Fr. sucurre, soucourre. It. soccor- 
 rere, Lat. succurrere, from sub, under, and currere, to 
 run.] To help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or dis- 
 tress. 
 Syn. — To aid; assist; relieve; deliver; cherish; comfort. 
 
 Su«'«or, n. 1. Aid; help; assistance; especially, as- 
 sistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, want, 
 or distress. 2. The person or thing that brings relief. 
 
 Su<!'-eor-er, n. One who affords succor ; a helper. 
 
 Sii<;'<!0-ry, n. [Corrupted from chicory, q.\.] (Bot.) A 
 plant ; chicory. 
 
 Sii-e'-eo-tasli, n. [Narraganset Ind. msickquatash, com 
 boiled whole.] Green maize and beans boiled together- 
 [Amer.] 
 
 Su-e'^u-len^e, | n. The condition of being succuler :; 
 
 Su.«'-eu-len-^.y, ) juiciness. 
 
 Su.«'-eu-lent, a. [Lat. succidentus, from succus, juice, 
 from sugere, to suck.] Full of juice ; juicy. 
 
 Su-e-eumb' (62), v. i. [imp. & p. p. succumbed ; p. 
 pr. 8c vb. n. SUCCUMBING.] [Lat. succmnbere , from sub, 
 under, and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] To yield; 
 to submit ; to sink unresistingly. 
 
 Su<;-eus'sioii (-kash''un), n. [Lat. succussio, from suc- 
 cutere, intens. form of succussum, to shake below, from 
 sub, under, below, and quatere, to shake. See supra.\ 
 1. Act of shaking ; a shake. 2. (Med.) A mode of as- 
 certaining the existence of a Uquid in the thorax, by 
 shaking the body. 
 
 Such, a. [0. Eng. swiche, swilch, swilk, A.-S. swelic, sit^ile, 
 sulic, Icel. slikr, for svalikr, Goth, svaleiks, from sva, so, 
 and leiks, like.] 1. Of that kind ; of the like kind ; like ; 
 
 food, f <>bt ; &ru, rude, pull ; 9ell, 9]iaise, -eall, e-ebo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; li^^ger, lii^k ; tliia. 
 
SUCK 
 
 718 
 
 SUGAR 
 
 —followed by as before the thing to which it relates. 
 8. Of that particular quality or character specified. 3. 
 The same that ; — with as. 
 
 Such and fuch, or siich or .•mcA, certain ; some ;— used to 
 represent the object indefinitely. 
 
 Silclc, t-. t. [imp. & /). p. SUCKED (sukt); p. pr. & vb. 
 «. SUCKING.] [A.-S. sttcan, sftgau, 0. H. Ger. silgan, 
 Icel. siu^a, allied to Lat. stigere.] 1. To draw up, in, or 
 out, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth and tongue. 
 "i. To draw milk from, with the mouth. 3. To draw in 
 or imbibe, by any process which resembles sucking ; to 
 iuhalc : to absorb. 4. To drawer drain. 5. To draw 
 in, a* a whirlpool ; to ingulf. 
 
 Sfick, f. ('. 1. To draw by exhausting the air, as with 
 the mouth, or with a tube. 2. To draw the breast. 3. 
 To draw in ; to imbibe. 
 
 Silck,n. 1. Act of drawing with the mouth. 2. Milk 
 drawn from the brea.«t by the mouth. 
 
 Siick'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, sucks or draws 
 with the mouth, "i. The piston of a pump. 3. A pipe 
 through which any thing is drawn. 4. (Bot.) Theshoot 
 of a plant from the roots or lower part of the stem. 5. 
 (Ichth.) {a.) A fish; the lump-sucker or lump-fish, (b.) 
 A fresh-wat«r fish of the carp family. 6. An inhabitant 
 ofllhnois. [CoUoq., Amer.] 
 
 Siick'er, t". t. [imp. & ;;. ;;. SUCKERed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SUCKERING.] To strip off the suckers or shoots from. 
 
 Sttck'le, I", t. [imp. & p. p. suckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SUCKLING.] [Dim. of 5ucAr.] To give suck to ; to nurse 
 at the breast. [breast. 
 
 Siick'Iiug, n. A young child or animal nursed at the 
 
 Suc'tion, n. [From Lat. siigere, suctnm, to suck.] Act 
 of sucking or drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air. 
 
 Su-e-to'ri-al, a. 1. Adapted for sucking; living by 
 sucking, ii. Capable of adhering by suction. 
 
 6u'da-to-ry, n. [See i7i/ra.] A sweating-bath ; a vapor 
 bath. 
 
 6u'da-to-ry , a. [Lat. sudatorius, from sudare, to sweat.] 
 Sweating ; perspiring. 
 
 Sud'den (58), a. [A.-S. soden, 0. Fr. sodain, sudain, 
 soiibdain, fr. Lat. subitvs, that has come on suddenly, 
 sudden, from subire, subitum, to come on, to steal upon, 
 from sub, under, secretly, and ?Ve, to go.] 1. Happening 
 without previous notice ; coming unexpectedly. iJ. 
 Hastily prepared or employed ; quick ; rapid. 
 
 Syn. — Unexpected; unanticipated ; unusual; abrupt; un- 
 looked-for. 
 
 Bud'den, n. An unexpected occurrence ; surprise. 
 
 Sud'den-ly, adv. In a sudden, unexpected manner; 
 unexpectedly ; hastily. 
 
 Sud'den-ness, M. State of being sudden; a coming or 
 happening without previous notice. 
 
 Su'dor-if' er-oiis, a. [Lat. sudor, sweat, and ferre, to 
 bear.] Producing or secreting perspiration. 
 
 Su'dor-if !«, a. [Lat. sudor, sweat, smd/acere, to make.] 
 Causing sweat. 
 
 Su'dor-if'i*, /J. (Med.) A medicine that produces sweat. 
 
 Su'dor-ip'a-rous, a. (P/i7/.s.) Producing sweat. 
 
 Sudoriparovs (/lands, glands consisting of a minute tube 
 coiled in a globular form, situated in the subcutaneous areolar 
 tissue, and secreting the sweat. 
 
 Siidg, n. sing. [Ger. sud, a seething, from sieden, to 
 seethe.] Water impregnated with soap. 
 
 Sue (64), V. t. [imp. & p. p. sued ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. SU- 
 ING.] [See Sew.] 1. To follow up; to prosecute; to 
 endeavor to win. ti. {Law.) (a.) To seek justice or 
 right from, by legal process; to prosecute judicially. 
 {b. ) To proceed with, as an action, and follow it up to its 
 proper termination. 3. (Naut.) To leave high and dry on 
 shore. 
 
 To sue out (Law), to petition for and take out, or to apply for 
 and obtain. 
 
 Sfie, r.t. 1, To seek by request; to make application; 
 to petition ; to plead. 2. To prosecute ; to make legal 
 claim. 3. (Naul.) To be left high and dry on the shore, 
 as a ship. 
 
 SU'et, n. [Fr. sui/, Lat. sebum, sevum.] The harder and 
 less fusible fat of an animal about the kidneys and loins. 
 
 Su'et-y, a. Consisting of suet or resembling it. 
 
 Suffer, V. t. [imp. & p. p. suffered; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 SUFFERING.] [Lat. sufferre, from pref. sub, under, and 
 firrf., to bear.] 1, To feel or endure with pain, annoy- 
 ance, and the like ; to undergo. i2. To endure without 
 sinking. 3. To be affected by. 4. To allow; not to 
 forbid or hinder. 
 
 Syn. — To permit; bear; endure; support; austain; admit; 
 tolerate. See Peemit. 
 
 Siif f er, t'. t. 1. To feel or undergo pain of body or mind. 
 
 5i. To undergo punishment. 3. To be iqjured. 
 Silf fer-a-ble, a. Capable of being suffei-edor permitted ; 
 
 allowable ; tolerable. 
 Silf 'fer-a-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 
 sufferable ; tolerableness. 
 Suf fer-a-bly,nc/i'. In a sufferable manner ; tolerably. 
 Suf'f er-an^e, n. 1. State of suffering ; pain endured. 
 
 2. Submission under difficult or oppressive circum- 
 stances. 3. Negative consent by not forbidding or hin- 
 dering. 
 
 Syn. — Endurance; pain; misery; inconvenience; patienot; 
 moderation; toleration; permission. 
 
 Siif fer-er, n. 1. One who suffers ; one who endures 
 suffering. 2. One who permits or allows. 
 
 S&f fer-ing, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or 
 loss ; pain endured ; distress, loss, or injury incurred. 
 
 Suf -fice' (-itz', 64), v. i. [imp. & p. p. sufficed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. 71. sufficing.] [Lat. sufficere, to holdout, to be 
 sufficient, from prefix sicb, under, amd facere, to make.] 
 To be enough or sufficient. 
 
 Suf-flce' (suf-fTzO, V. t. To satisfy; to content; to be 
 equal to the wants or demands of. 
 
 Suf-fi'^ien-fy (-tlsh'en-), n. 1. State of being suffi- 
 cient, or adequate to the end proposed. 2. Qualification 
 for any purpose ; ability ; capacity. 3. Adequate sub- 
 stance or means ; competence. 4. Ample stock or fund. 
 
 Suf-fi'cient (-fish'ent), a. [Lat. sufficiens, p. pr. of 
 sufficere.} 1. Adequate to suffice ; equal to the end pro- 
 posed. 2. Possessing adequate talents or accomplish- 
 ments ; of competent power or ability. 
 
 Syn. — Enough ; adequate ; competent; full ; satisfactory; 
 ample: qualified; fit; responsible. 
 
 Suf-f i'cient-ly (-fish'ent-), adv. To a sufficient degree ; 
 enough. 
 
 Suffix, «. [See ??7/ra.] A letter or syllable added to the 
 end of a word ; an affix ; a postfix. 
 
 Suf-fXx', V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUFFIXED (suf-fikst'); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SUFFIXING.] [Lat. svffigere, suffixum, to fix 
 below or on, from prefix sub, under, below, and^g-ere, to 
 fix.] To add or annex to the end, as a letter or syllable 
 to a word. 
 
 Suf-f late', V. t. [Lat. svfflare, sujfffatvm, from sub, under, 
 and flare, to blow.] To blow up ; to inflate. 
 
 Suf-f la'tion, n. Act of blowing up or inflating. 
 
 Siiffo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. suffocated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. SUFFOCATING.] [Lat. suffocare, svffocatum, 
 from sub, under, a.x\difaux,faucis. pi. /a?/ce.«, the throat.] 
 1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration ; to stifle ; to 
 smother. 2. To destroy ; to extinguish. [ered. 
 
 Siiffo-eate, v. i. To become choked, stifled, or smoth- 
 
 Siif fo-«a'tioiJ, n. 1. Act of suffocating, choking, or 
 stifling. 2. Condition of being suffocated. 
 
 Suf 'f o-«a'tive, a. Tending or able to suffocate. 
 
 Suf -f os'sion, n. [Lat. suffiosio, fr. suffodere, suffossum, 
 to dig under, fr. svb, under, and fudere, to dig.] A dig- 
 ging under ; an undermining. 
 
 Sfif fra-gan, a. [Lat. suffragans, p. pr. of suffragari, 
 to support with one's vote, to be favorable, from suffra- 
 gium, a vote, suffrage.] Assisting. 
 
 Siif fra-gan, n. (Ecd.) A bishop considered as an as- 
 sistant, or as subject, to his me^opolitan ; an assistant 
 bishop. 
 
 Siiffrage, n. [Lat. suffragium. See supra.] 1. A 
 voice given in deciding a controverted question, or in the 
 choice of a man for an office or trust ; vote. 2. Testi- 
 monial ; attestation. 3. United response or prayer. 
 
 Suf-fii'mi-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUFFUMIGATED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SUFFUMIGATING.] [Lat. suffumigare, 
 suffumigatum, from sub, under, below, and/MwVg^are, to 
 smoke, to fumigate.] To apply fumes or smoke to the 
 parts of, as to the body in medicine. 
 
 Suf-fu'mi-ga'tion, n. The operation of smoking any 
 thing, especially the parts of the body ; fumigation. 
 
 Suf-fvi§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. suffused •.p.pr.k, vb. n. 
 SUFFUSING.] [Lat. suffundere. suffusvm, from sub, 
 under, and fundere, to pour.] To overspread, as with a 
 fluid or tincture. 
 
 Suf-fii'§ion, n. 1. Act or operation of suffusing, a« 
 with a fluid or with a color. 2. State of being suffused. 
 
 3. That which is suffused. 
 
 Sug'ar (shcTog/ar), n. [Lat. saccharvm, Gr. a-6.Kxa^, 
 'aaKxapi, a-aKxapof, Ar. sukkar, assukkar, Skr. sarkara, 
 Pracrit. sakknra.] 1. A sweet, crystalline substance, 
 obtained from certain vegetable products, as the sugar- 
 cane, maple, beet, sorghum, &c. 2. That which resem- 
 bles sugar in taste, appearance, or the like ; as sugar of 
 
 u,9,Sf.,l<me; &, 6, Sec, short; cftre, far, ask, {)11, -what; dre,Tsil,tSrm; p'ique,firiu; 86n,dr,do,tv9li, 
 
SUGAR 
 
 19 
 
 SUMACH 
 
 lead, that ie, acetate of lead, so called because It has a 
 close resemblance to sugar in appearance, and tastes sweet. 
 3. Figuratively, compliment c? flattery employed to dis 
 guise or render acceptable something obnoxious. 
 
 gug'ar (shoog'ar), v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUGARED ; p. pr. 
 '& vb. n. SUGARING.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, 
 sprinkle, or mix with sugar, "i. To disguise by flattery 
 or soft words ; to compliment ; to sweeten. 
 
 8ug'ar-<5an'dy (shdbg'ar-), n. Sugar clarified and con- 
 creted or crystallized. 
 
 Syg'ar-eane (shdt)g/ar-), n. 
 (Bot.) The cane or plant from 
 whose juice sugar is obtained 
 
 Sug'ar-loaf (shoog'ar-), Ji. A 
 mass of refined sugar, usually 
 in the form of a truncated cone. 
 
 Sug'ar-plum (sho'og'ar-), w. A 
 species of candy made up in 
 small, flattened balls or disks. 
 
 Siig'ar-y (shcTGg'ar-y), a. Re- 
 'sembhng or containing sugar; 
 sweet. 
 
 Sug-g6st' (sug-jgst' or sud-j6sV), 
 V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUGGEST- 
 ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUGGEST- ^ „^„„„ 
 
 ING.] [Lat. suggerere, suggest- Sugar-c^ne. 
 
 um, from sm6, under, and gerere, to carry, to bring.] 1. 
 To introduce indirectly to the thoughts. 3. To propose 
 with diflidence or modesty. 
 
 Syn. — To hint; allude; refer to; glance at; insinuate. 
 
 Sug-gest'er (sug- or sud-), n. One who suggests. 
 
 Sug-ges'tion (sug-jest^yun or sud-jest/yun), n. 1. Act 
 of suggesting, 'i. That which is suggested ; a diffident 
 proposal or mention ; also, formerly, a secret incitement. 
 S'yn, — Hint — A hint is literally a nod, and is the briefest 
 mode of calling one's attention to a subject ; a suggestion is lit- 
 erally a throwing of something before the mind, a modest or 
 delicate mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usu- 
 ally something slight or covert, and may be merely negative in 
 its "character; a suggestion is ordinarily intended to famish us 
 with some practical assistance or directions. " He gave me 
 a hint of my danger, and added some kind suggestions as to 
 the means of avoiding it." 
 
 Sug-gest'ive (sug-jesf- or sud-jgsf-), a. Cont-ainlng a 
 
 suggestion, hint, or intimation. 
 Sii'i-^id'al (110), a. Partaking, or in the nature of, the 
 
 crime of suicide. 
 SS'i-?ide (92), n. [L. Lat. suicidium, fc. Lat. sui, of one's 
 ■ self, and cxdere., to slay, to kill.] 1. Act of designedly 
 destroying one's own life, committed by a person of years 
 of discretion and of sound mind ; self-murder. 3. One 
 guilty of self-murder. [ing. 
 
 Su'i-^i-digm, n. State of being suicidal, or self murder- 
 Suit, n- [Er. suite, from suivre, to follow. See SUE.] 
 1. Act of suing; the process by which one endeavors to 
 gain an end or object ; endeavor. 3. Especially, the at- 
 tempt to win a woman in marriage; courtship. 3. 
 {Law.) An action or process for the recovery of a right 
 or claim ; prosecution of right before any tribunal. 4. 
 A retinue ; a company of attendants or followers. 5. 
 The individuals collectively considered which constitute 
 a series, as of rooms, buildings, cards, and the like. 6. 
 A number of things used together, and in a degree neces- 
 sary to be united, in order to answer the purpose ; a set ; 
 sometimes with less dependence of the particular parts 
 on each other, but still united in use. 
 Suit, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUIT- 
 ING.] 1. To fit ; to adapt ; to make proper. 3. To be 
 fitted to ; to become. 3. To please ; to make content. 
 Suit, V. i. To agree ; to accord. 
 
 Syn. — To comport; tally; correspond; match; answer. 
 Suit'a-ble, a. Capable of suiting; likely to suit. 
 
 Syn. — Proper; fitting; becoming; accordant; competent; 
 correspondent. 
 
 Siiit'a-ble-ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
 
 suitable ; fitness ; propriety. 
 
 Suit'a-toly, adv. In a suitable manner ; fitly ; agreeably. 
 
 Suite (sweet), n. [Fr. See SUIT, /i.] 1. The retinue or 
 attendants of a distinguished personage. [See SuiT, n. 
 4.] "Z, A connected series or succession, as of objects ; 
 a set ; a series ; a collection ; as, a suite of rooms. [See 
 SUIT, n. 5.] 
 
 Suit'or, n. 1. One who sues ; a petitioner ; an appli- 
 cant. 2. Especially , one who solicits a woman in mar- 
 riage ; a wooer ; a lover. 3. (Law.) (a.) One who sues 
 or prosecutes a demand in court. (6.) One who attends 
 a court, whether plaintiff, defendant, petitioner, appel- 
 lant, witness, juror, or the like. 
 
 Sttl'cate, 1 a. [Lat. sulcatus, p. p. of sulcare, to fut^ 
 Sul'«a-ted, ) row, from sm/ci«, a furrow.] (Nat. Hist.\ 
 Scored with deep, broad channels longitudinally ; far- 
 rowed ; grooved. 
 Sulk'i-ly , adv. In a sulky manner ; sullenly ; morosely. 
 Siillc'i-ness, n. State or quality of being sulky ; sullen- 
 Sulks, «./>/. A sulky mood or humor. [ness. 
 Sillk.'y, a. [compar. SULKIER ; superl. SULKIEST.] 
 
 [From sidk.] Sullen ; sour ; obstinate ; morose. 
 Sulk'y, n. [From sulky, a., so called from the owner's 
 desire of riding alone.] A two-wheeled carriage for a 
 single person. 
 Sill'len, a. [0. Eng. solein, 5o/ain, lonely, sullen, as if 
 from Lat. solanus, from solus, alone.] 1. Gloomy ; dis- 
 mal, ti. Mischievous ; malignant. 3. Gloomily angry 
 and silent ; cross ; affected with ill humor. 4. Obsti- 
 nate ; intractable. 5. Heavy ; dull ; sluggish. 
 Syn. — Sulky; sour ; cross; ill-natured. 
 
 Sul'len-ly, adv. In a sullen manner ; gloomily ; obsti- 
 nately ; intractably ; with moroseness. 
 
 Sul'len-ness (109), n. The state or quaUty of being sul- 
 len ; ill nature with silence. 
 
 Syn. — Moroseness ; gloominess ; malignity ; intractable, 
 ness ; intractability ; sulkmess. 
 
 Stil'ly, V. t. [iT?jp. & p. p. SULLIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SULLYING.] [Fr. souilter. See Soil.] 1. To soil ; to 
 dirt ; to spot. 2. To tarnish ; to darken. 3. To stain ; 
 to injure, as the purity of reputation. 
 
 Sill'ly, V. i. To be soiled or tarnished. 
 
 Sul'ly, n. Soil ; tarnish ; spot. 
 
 Sul'pliate (45), n. [From Lat. sulphur, sulfur, brim- 
 stone, sulphur.] ( Chem.) A salt formed by sulphuric 
 acid in combination with any base. 
 
 Sul'pliur, n. [Lat.] A simple mineral substance, of a 
 yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, burning with a 
 blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. 
 
 Sul'phu-rate, a. Belonging to, or resembling sulphur. 
 
 SuFpliu-ra'tion, n. (Chem.) The subjecting a thing 
 to the action of sulphur, especially of sulphurous gas. 
 
 Sul-phu're-oiis, a. Consisting of sulphur ; having the 
 qualities of, or impregnated with, sulphur 
 
 Siil'pliu-rgt, n. ( Chem.) A combination of sulphur 
 with another element, or with a body which may take 
 the place of an element. 
 
 Sul'pliu-ret'ed, a. (Chem.) Having sulphur in com- 
 bination ; containing, or combined with, sulphur. 
 
 Sul-pliu'ric, a. ( Chem.) Of, pertaming to, or obtained 
 from, sulphur. 
 
 Sulphuric acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur 
 combined with three equivalents of oxygen. 
 
 Sul'pliur-ous, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, 
 
 sulphur ; containing sulphur. 
 
 Sulphurow) acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur 
 combined with two equivalents of oxygen. 
 
 Siil'pliur-y, a. Partaking of sulphur ; having the qual- 
 ities of sulphur. 
 
 Siil'tan ( Oriental pron. syl-tan'), n. [Ar. sultan, sidutan, 
 power, prince, king. It. salita, to be hard, strong.] The 
 emperor of the Turks ; the grand seignior. [sultaness. 
 
 Sul-ta'na, or Sul-ta'na, n. The wife of a sultan ; a 
 
 Sul'tan-ess, n. A sultana. [or close air. 
 
 Siil'tri-ness, n. State of being sultry ; heat with a moist 
 
 Sul'try, a. [compar. sultrier: superl. sultriest.] 
 [Corrupted fi:om sivellry, q. v.] 1. Very hot, burning, 
 and oppressive. 3. Hot, close, stagnant, and oppres- 
 sive, as air. 
 
 Sum, n. [Lat. summa, from summus, highest, from su- 
 pents, upper, higher, from super, above.] 1. The aggre- 
 gate of two or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or 
 particulars. 2. A quantity of money or currency ; any 
 amount, indefinitely. 3. The principal heads or thoughts, 
 when viewed together ; the amount ; the substance ; com- 
 pendium. 4. Height; completion. 5. A problem to 
 be solved, or example to be wrought, in arithmetic. 
 
 Sum, V. t. [imp. & p. p. summed ; p.pr. &, vb. n. SUM- 
 MING.] 1. To bring together into one whole ; to cast 
 up, as a column of figures. 2. To bring or collect into 
 a small compass. 3. (Falconry.) To supply or furnish, 
 with feathers full grown. 
 
 Syn. — To coUect; comprise; condense; comprehend; com- 
 pute. 
 Su'ma«, ) (colloq. shij'mak), n. [From Ar. summak, 
 Su'ma«li, ) from samaka, to be high, tall, or long.] 
 '(Bot.) A plant or shrub of many species, some of which 
 are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medi- 
 
 food, fc»bt -, ^n, r^de, p^ ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e^lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^t ; ItQger, liok ; tiiis. 
 
SUMMARILY 
 
 720 
 
 SUPERANNUATION 
 
 gjlin'ina-ri-ly, adv. 1. In a summary manner ; briefly ; 
 concisely, ^i'. In a short way or method ; without delay. 
 
 Siiiii'nia-ry, a. [From l^t. siinima. See Sum. J 1. 
 Foruied into a sum ; sumuuHi up ; reduced into a nar- 
 row compass, or into few words. 2. Hence, rapidly 
 perfonuod : quickly executed. 
 Syn. — Short; brief; concise: compendious; succinct. 
 
 Siim'ma-ry, u. An abridged account ; an abstract, or 
 compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller 
 account. 
 
 Sum-nia'tion, n. 1. Act of summing, or forming a 
 sum, or total amount, ii. An aggregate. 
 
 Suui'iuer, n. [A.-S. smnor, sioner, 0. H. Ger. & Icel. 
 sumar.] The warmest period of the year ; north of the 
 equator, the months of June. July, and August. 
 
 Indian summer, in the Tnited States, a period of warm 
 weather late in autumn.— Sumtuer-complaint (Med.), diarrhea 
 occurring in summer ; — often applied also to dysentery and 
 cholera infantum. 
 
 Siim'mer, r. ?. [hnp. k p. p. SUMMERED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SUMMERING.] To pass the summer. 
 
 Siim'nier, n. [Fr. sommier^ a rafter. See SuMPTER.] 
 (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on 
 columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various 
 uses. 
 
 Surn'mer-f ai'low, n. A fallow made during the warm 
 months, to kill weeds. 
 
 Sfim'mer-lioiise, n. ; pi. sOm'MER-HOU§/e§. 1. A 
 house or apartment in a garden, to be used in summer. 
 "2. A house for summer residence. 
 
 Sum'mer-sault, I n. See SOMERSAULT, Somer- 
 
 Siim'iner-s6t, ) sex. 
 
 Suin'mit, n. [From Lat. siimmum, from summus, high- 
 est.] 1. The top; the highest point. 3. The highest 
 degree ; utmost elevation. 
 
 Suin'mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. summoned ; p. pr. & 
 1-6. H. SUMMONING.] [From Lat. summonere, to give a 
 hint, from sub, under, secretly, and monere, to warn.] 
 1. To call, cite, or notify to appear. 3. To give notice 
 to, or command to appear, as in court. 3. To call up ; 
 to excite into action or exertion. 4, (Mi7.) To call upon 
 to surrender. 
 
 SyTi. — To convene ; convoke ; excite ; invite ; bid. See 
 Call. 
 
 Siiin'mon-er,n. One who. ^summons or cites byauthority. 
 
 Sum'inoug, 7i. ; pi. stJM/.MON2-E§. [With a pi. termina- 
 tion, but used in the singular number.] 1. The com- 
 mand of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to 
 attend to some public duty. ti. {Law.) A warning or 
 citation to appear in court at a day specified. 3. {Mil.) 
 A call or invitation to surrender. 
 
 Siimp'ter, n. [\. Fr. sommier, a beast of burden, Lat. 
 sagtnarius, a pack-horse, from Fr. somtne. from Lat. 
 sag?na, Gr. a-ayfxa, a pack-saddle, L. Lat. sagma, load.] 
 An animal, especially a horse, that carries packs or bur- 
 dens ; — chiefly in composition. 
 
 Sumpt'u-a-ry, a. [Lat. sumptuariiis, from sumptus, 
 expense, cost, fr. s^imere, sumptum, to take, use, spend.] 
 Relating to expense ; regulating expense or expenditure. 
 
 Sumptuari/ laws, such as restrain or limit the expenses of cit- 
 izens in apparel, food, furniture, or the like. 
 
 Sftmpt'u-otis (84), a. [Lat. sumptuoms, from sumptus, 
 expense, cost.] Involving large outlay or expense. 
 Syn. — Costly; splendid; magnificent; princely. 
 
 Suinpt'u-oii.s-ly, adv. In a sumptuous manner. 
 
 Sumpfu-oiis-iiess, n. State of being sumptuous ; cost- 
 liness ; expensiveness ; splendor. 
 
 Siin, n. [A.-S. sunna, sunne, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. sunna, 
 Goth, sunna, Skr. syUna, syona, Goth, sau'il, Icel. sol, 
 Lat. sol, Gr.-^A.to9, ae'Aio?, Skr. s'krya, from svar, heaven.] 
 1. The luminous orb, the light of which constitutes 
 day, and its absence night : the central body round which 
 the earth and planets revolve. 2. Any heavenly body 
 which forms the center of a system of orbs. 3. The sun- 
 j*hine. 4. Whatever resembles the sun in splendor or 
 importance. 
 
 Sun, V. t. [imp. & p. p. sunned ; p. pr. & vh. n. sun- 
 ning.] To warm or dry in the light of the sun. 
 
 Sun'-beam, n. A beam or ray of the sun. 
 
 Sun'-bdii''net, n. A bonnet projecting in front of the 
 face, worn as a protection against the rays of the sun . 
 [Amer.] 
 
 Sun'biirn, f. t. [imp. & p. p. SUNBURNED, or sun- 
 burnt ; p. pr. & vh. n. SUNBURNING.] To burn, dis- 
 color, or scorch by the sun. j 
 
 Sun'day, n. [From sun and day ; — so called because j 
 this day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or to its 
 
 worship.] The first day of the week ; the Christian Sab 
 bath ; the Lord's day. 
 Syn.— See Sabbath. 
 
 Siin'day- school, n. A school for religious instructioa 
 on the Lord's day. 
 
 Sfin'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUNDERED ; p. pr. & vb 
 n. SUNDERING.] [A.-S. sunderian, sundrian, syndrian, 
 firom suiidor, sunder, sunder, separate, apart.] To disu- 
 nit« in almost any manner, either by rending, cutting, oi 
 breaking ; to part ; to .separate ; to divide ; to sever. 
 
 Sun'der, n. A separation into parts ; a division or sev- 
 erance. 
 
 Siin'-dew (sun'dQ), n. {Bat.) A plant, the leaves of 
 which are furnished with small, bristle - like glands, 
 which exude drops of a clear fluid, glittering hke dew- 
 drops. 
 
 Sun'-di'al, n. An instrument to show the time of day 
 by means of the shadow of a gnomon or style on a plate. 
 
 Sun'down, n Sun,set ; sunsetting. 
 
 Sun'drieg, n. pi. Many different or small things; sun- 
 dry things. 
 
 Sun'dry, a. [A.-S. synderig, syndrig, sundrig, fr. sun- 
 dor, sunder, separate. See SUNDER, v.] Several; di- 
 vers ; more than one or two. 
 
 Sun'fisb, n. {Ichth.) (a.) A laige, .soft-finned sea-fish, 
 supposed to be so named from its nearly circular forn? 
 and shining surface, {b.) A small, fresh-water fish of 
 the perch family. [Amer.] (c.) A species of shark. 
 
 Siin'flow-er, n. A plant; — so called from the form 
 and color of its flower, which is a large disk with yellow 
 rays, or from its habit of turning to the sun. 
 
 Sling, imp. & p. p. of .sing. See SiNG. 
 
 Sunk, itnp. & p. p. of .■^ink. See Sink. 
 
 Siinlc'en {sunken), a. Lying on the bottom of a river or 
 other water ; sunk. 
 
 Siln'less, a. Destitute of the sun or its rays. 
 
 Sun'ligbt (-lit), n. The light of the sun. 
 
 Siln'ny, a. [compar. SUNNIER ; superl. SUNNIEST.] 1. 
 Pertaining to, proceeding from, or resembling, the sun. 
 
 2. Exposed to the rays of the sun. 3. Colored by the 
 sun. 
 
 Siin'rige, ) n. 1. First appearance of the sun above 
 
 Sun'rig-ing, j the horizon in the morning ; more gen- 
 erally, the time of such appearance. 2. Hence, the east. 
 
 Sun'set, 1 n. 1. The descent of the strn below 
 
 Sun'set-ting, 3 the horizon ; or the time when the sun 
 sets ; evening. 3. Hence, the west. 
 
 Siin'sliine, n. 1, The light of the sun, or the place 
 where it shines. 2. State of being warmed and illumi- 
 nated by the rays of the sun, or as if by its rays. 
 
 Sun'shin-y, a. 1. Bright with the rays of the sun •, 
 clear, warm, or pleasant. 3. Bright like the sun. 
 
 Siin'- stroke, n. {Med.) Any affection produced by the 
 action of the sun on some region of the body ; especially, 
 a sudden prostration of the physical powers, with symp- 
 toms resembUng those of apoplexj', occasioned by expo> 
 sure to excessive heat. 
 
 Sup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SUPPED (supt) ; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 SUPPING.] [A.-S. silpan, to sip, drink, Icel. supa. See 
 Sip.] To take into the mouth with the Ups, as a liquid ; 
 to sip. 
 
 Sup, V. i. [Fr. souper. See supra and Soup.] To eat 
 the evening meal ; to take supper. 
 
 Sup, n. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth ; a little 
 taken vslth the lips ; a sip. 
 
 Su'per-a-ble, a. [Lat. superabilis, from superare, to go 
 over, to surmount, from super, above, over.] Capable 
 of being overcome or conquered. [berant. 
 
 Su'per-a-bound', v. i. To be very abundant or exu- 
 
 Su'pei--a-bun'dan9e, n. State of being superabun- 
 dant ; more than enough. 
 
 Su'per-a-bun'dant, a. Abounding to excess; being 
 more than is sufficient. 
 
 Su'per-a-biin'dant-ly, adv. More than .sufficiently. 
 
 Su'per-Jldd', v. t. [imp. &, p. p. superadded; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. superadding.] 1. To add over and above. 
 
 3. To add or annex, as something extrinsic. 
 Su'per-ad-di'tion (-dTsh/un), n. 1. Act of adding to 
 
 something, or of adding something extraneous. 3. That 
 which is added. [angels 
 
 Su'per-an-|f61'i«, a. Superior in nature or rank to the 
 Su'per-an'nu-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. superannu- 
 ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUPERANNUATING.] [Lat. .su- 
 per, above, over, and annus, a year.] To impair or dis- 
 qualify by old age and infirmity. 
 Su'per-S,n'nu-a'tion, n. State of being superannu- 
 ated, or too old for office or business, or of being disqual- 
 ified by old age ; decrepitude. 
 
 a;e,&c.,/o«g^; &,6,&c.,short; c^re, far, ask, all, what; gre, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr, do, ^9!^ 
 
SUPERB 
 
 721 
 
 SUPERSCRIBE 
 
 Su-pSrb', a. [Lat. superbus, from super, above, oyer.] 1. 
 Grand ; magnificent ; august ; stately. 5i. Rich ; ele- 
 gant. 3. Showy ; pompous. 
 
 Su-perto'ly, arJv. In a superb or gplendid manner ; mag- 
 nificently ; elegantly ; showily ; pompously. 
 
 Su'per-€ar'go, n. An officer or person in a merchant 
 ship, whose business is to manage the sales and superin- 
 tend all the commercial concerns of the voyage. 
 
 Su'per-fil'i-ous, a. [Lat. superciliosus, from supercili- 
 um, an eyebrow, pride, from super, above, over, and cili- 
 u/n, an eyelid.] 1. Lofty with pride; haughty; dicta- 
 torial, ti. Manifesting haughtiness, or proceeding from 
 it ; overbearing. 
 
 Su'per-?il'i-ous-ly, adv. In a supercilious manner; 
 haughtily : dogmatically. 
 
 Su'per-cil'i-ous-ness, n. State of being supercilious ; 
 an overbearing temper or manner ; haughtiness. 
 
 Su'per-dSm'i-nant, n. {Mus.) The sixth tone of the 
 scale ; that which is next above the dominant ; — called 
 also sub-mediant. 
 
 Stt'per-em'i-nen^e, ) n. State of being supereminent ; 
 
 Six'per-6m'i-iieii-9y, ) distinguished eminence. 
 
 Su'per-em'i-neiit, a. Eminent in a superior degree; 
 surpassing others in excellence. 
 
 Su'per-6m'i-nent-ly, adv. In a supereminent man- 
 ner ; in a superior degree of excellence. 
 
 Su'per-6r'o-gate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. supererogat- 
 KD ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUPEREROGATING.] [Lat. super- 
 erogare, super erogatum, to spend or pay out over and 
 above, from super, over, above, and erogare, to expend 
 money from the pubhc treasury after asking the consent 
 of the people.] To do more than duty requires. 
 
 Su'per-6r'o-ga'tioii, 7i. Act of supererogating ; per- 
 formance of more than duty or necessity requires. 
 
 Su'per-e-rog'a-to-ry, a. Performed to an extent not 
 enjoined or not required by duty or necessity. 
 
 Su.'per-6x'9el-leii?e, n. Superior excellence. 
 
 Sli'per-Sx'^el-lent, a. Excellent in an uncommon de- 
 gree. 
 
 Su'per-fe-ta'tion, n. [Lat. superfetare, superfetatum, 
 from super, above, over, and fetare, to bring forth.] A 
 second conception after a prior one, and before the birth 
 of the first, by which two fetuses are growing at once in 
 the same womb. 
 
 Su'per-f i'cial (-fish'al), a. [Lat. superjicialis. See SU- 
 PERFICIES.] 1. Lying on, or pertaining to, the sur- 
 face ; shallow ; not deep. tJ. Reaching or comprehend- 
 ing only what is obvious or apparent ; not profound ; 
 shallow. 
 
 Su'per-f i'cial-ly (-fish'al-), adv. In a superficial man- 
 ner ; on the surface only. 
 
 Sii''per-fi'cial-ness (-fish'al-nes), n. 1. State of being 
 superficial ; shallowness, ti. Slight knowledge ; sciohsm. 
 
 Su.'per-fi'cieg (-fish'ez), n. [Lat., from super, above, 
 over, and /acics, make, figure, shape.] 1. The surface ; 
 the exterior part or face ot a thing. '2. {Civil Law.) 
 Every thing on the surface of a piece of ground, or of a 
 building, so closely connected by art or nature as to con- 
 stitute a part of it. 
 
 Su.'per-fiiie (110), a. Yery fine, or most fibie ; surpass- 
 ing others in fineness. 
 
 Su'per-f lu'i-ty, n. [Lat. superfluitas.] 1. A greater 
 quantity than is wanted, ti. State of being superfluous ; 
 something beyond what is wanted. 
 
 Syn. — Superabundance; excess; redundancy. 
 
 Su-per'flu-oiis, a. [Lat. superjiims, overflowing, from 
 superfluere, to overflow, from super, over, and fluere, to 
 flow.] More than is wanted or sufficient. 
 
 Syn. — Unnecessary ; useless ; exuberant ; redundant ; 
 needless. 
 
 Su.-per'flu-ou.s-ly, adv. In a superfluous manner. 
 
 Su-per'flu-ous-ness, n. The state of being superflu- 
 ous, or beyond what is wanted. [divine. 
 
 Su'per-Iiii'inan, a. Above or beyond what is human ; 
 
 Su'per-iin-poge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superimposed ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SUPERIMPOSING.] To lay or impose on 
 something else. [thing else. 
 
 Su'per-iii-cum'bent, a. Lying, or resting, on some- 
 
 Su'per-iii-dufe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superinduced 
 (-dust') ; p.pr. & vh. n. SUPERINDUCING.] To bring in, 
 or upon, as an addition to something. 
 
 Six'per-iii-du.«'tioii, n. Act of superinducing, or state 
 of being superinduced. 
 
 Su'per-in-tend', 1). t. [imp. & p.p. superintended ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. superintending.] To have or exer- 
 cise the charge and oversight of ; to take care of with 
 authority. 
 
 Su'per-in-tfind'en^e, )n. Act of superintending: 
 
 Su'per-in-t6nd'eii-9y, j care and oversight for the 
 purpose of direction. 
 
 Syn. — Inspection ; oversight ; care ; direction ; control j 
 guiuance. 
 
 Su'per-in-t^nd'ent, n. One who has the oversight and 
 charge of something, with the power of direction. 
 S.vn. — Inspector; overseer; manager; director; curator. 
 
 Su-pe'ri-or (89), a. [Lat. superior, conipar. of superus, 
 being above, from super, above, over.] 1. More elevated 
 in place ; higher; upper, ti. Higher in rank or office. 
 3. Surpassing others in the greatness, goodness, or value 
 of any quality. 4. Beyond the power or influence of. 5. 
 {Bol.) (a.) Belonging to the part of an axillary flower 
 which is toward the main stem. (6.) Pointing toward the 
 apex of the fruit ; — said of the radicle. 
 
 Su-pe'ri-or, n. 1. One who is more advanced in age. 2. 
 One who is more elevated in rank or office. 3. One who 
 surpasses others in dignity, excellence, or qualities of any 
 kind. 4. The chief of a monastery, convent, or abbey. 
 5. (Print.) A small letter or figure used as an exponent, 
 or as a mark of reference, or for other purposes ; — so 
 called from its position, standing above or near the top 
 of the Hue, as, a or ^. 
 
 Su-pe'i'i-6r'i-ty (89), n. State or quality of being su- 
 perior. 
 
 Syn. — Pre-eminence ; excellence ; predominancy ; preva- 
 lence; ascendency; odds; advantage. 
 
 Su per'la-tive (14), a. [Lat. superlativics , from super- 
 latus, p. p. of superferre , from super, over, and/erre, latum, 
 to carry, to bear. See supra.] 1. Most eminent; sur- 
 passing all other ; supreme. iJ. (Gram.) Expressing, as 
 a form of the adjective or adverb, the highest degree of the 
 quality, as among the objects that are compared. 
 
 Su-per'la-tive, n. 1. That which is highest or most 
 eminent, ti. (Gram.) (a.) The highest degree of com- 
 parison of adjectives and adverbs, (b.) A word in the 
 superlative degree. 
 
 Su-per'la-tive-ly, adv. In a superlative manner. 
 
 Su-perMa-tive-ness, n. The state of being superlative, 
 or in the highest degree. 
 
 Su'per-lu'iiar, I a. Being above the moon ; not sub- 
 
 Su'per-lu'na-ry, | lunary, or of this world. 
 
 Su-per'nal, a. [Lat. supernus, from super, above.] 1. 
 Being in a higher place or region. ^. Relating to things 
 above; celestial; heavenly. 
 
 Su'per-na'taut, a. [Lat. supernatans, p. pr. of super- 
 natare, to swim above, from super, above, and natare, to 
 swim.] Swimming above ; floating on the surface. 
 
 Su'per-na,t'u-ral, a. Being beyond, or exceeding, the 
 powers or laws of nature ; miraculous. 
 
 Syn.— Preternatural. — Prefej-na<M7-aZ signifies beside na- 
 ture, and supernatural, above or beyond nature. What is very 
 greatly aside from the ordinary course of things is preternatu- 
 ral ; what is above or beyond the established laws of the uni- 
 verse is supernatural. The dark day whicli terrified all Europe 
 nearly a century ago was preternatural ; the resurrection of tha 
 dead is supernatural. 
 
 Su'per-Jiat'u-ral-igm, n. 1. State of being super- 
 natural, ii. Doctrine of a divine and supernatural 
 agency in the production of the miracles and revelations 
 recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which renews and 
 sanctifies men. 
 
 Su'per-nat'u-ral-ist, n. One who holds the prin- 
 ciples of supernaturalism. 
 
 Su'per-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In a supernatural manner. 
 
 Su'per-nu'mer-a-ry, a. 1. Exceeding the number 
 stated or p»escribed. 3. Exceeding a necessary, usual, 
 or required number or quantity. 
 
 Su'per-nu'mer-a-ry, n. A person or thing beyond 
 what is necessary or usual ; especially, a person emplojed 
 to fill the place of another, as of an officer killed in bat- 
 tle, an actor upon the stage, or the like. 
 
 Su'per-po-§i'tion (-zish/un), n. 1. A being placed or 
 situated above or upon something. 2. That which ia 
 situated above or upon something else. 
 
 Su'per-roy'al, a. Larger than royal; — denoting tho 
 largest species of printing paper. 
 
 Su'per-salt, n. (Chem.) A salt with a greater number 
 of equivalents of acid than of the base. 
 
 Su'per-sat'u-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. supersatu- 
 rated ; p. pr. & vb. n. SUPERSATURATING.] To add 
 to beyond saturation. 
 
 Su'per-s«rlbe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. superscribed ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. SUPERSCRIBING.] [Lat. superscribere , fr. 
 super, over, and scribere, to write.] To write or engrave 
 on the top, outside, or sui-face ; or to \mte the name or 
 address of a person on the outside or cover of. 
 
 food, fCK>t 
 
 tLrn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, «all, e<:]io; gem, get ; 
 
 46 
 
 ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tliis> 
 
SUPEHSCIUPTION 
 
 722 
 
 SUPPORT 
 
 Sii'p^r-scrlp'tion, n. 1. Act of superscribing. "2. 
 That which is written or ougraved on the surface, out- 
 siilo, or above something else. 
 
 Super-sede', «•• '■ (»»'•;'. & /'• P- superseded ; p. pr. 
 & r6. n. SI'PEKSEOIMt.] [Ljit. ^wp^nsff/fr* , to sit above, 
 to be superior to. to forbear, omit, from .<»//>fr, above, and 
 Sf tfre, to sit.] 1. To come or be placed in the room of; 
 to displace ; to replace. 2. To set aside ; to render un- 
 necessary. 
 Syn. — To suspend; set aside; overrule; succeed. 
 
 S%l'iK-f-!ie'de-as,n. [Lat., suspend, set aside, stay, 2d 
 person present subjunctive of suptrsef/ere. See supra.] 
 (Ltiic.) A writ or command to suspend the powers of an 
 officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings under an- 
 other writ. 
 
 Su per-sed'ure, n. The act of superseding. 
 
 Su'per-sti'tioii (-stish'un), 7i. [Lat. superstitio, orig. 
 a standing still over or by a thing: hence, amazement, 
 wonder, esp. of the divine or supernatural, from super- 
 stare, to stand over, from super, over, and stare, to stand.] 
 1, An excessive reverence or fear of that which is un- 
 known or mysterious. "Z. Especially, an ignorant or ir- 
 rational worship of the Supreme Deity ; excessive ex- 
 actness or rigor in religious opinions or practice. 3. The 
 worship of false gods ; false religion. 4. Belief in the 
 direct agency of superior powers, in certain extraordinary 
 or singular events, or in omens and prognostics. 
 
 Sym. — Fanaticism.— 5(/per.«<iVion springs from the ima^- 
 nation in a eloomy state; fanaticisin from this same facult\' in 
 a state of Ingh-wfought and self-confident excitement. The 
 former leads to weak fears or excessive scrupulosity as to out- 
 ward observances; the latter to an utter disregard of reason 
 under the false assumption of enjoying a direct guidance from 
 on high. 
 
 Sn'per-sti'tioiis (-stTsh'us), a. 1, Pertaining to, or 
 proceeding from, superstition. 2. Evincing superstition : 
 addicted to superstition ; full of idle fancies and scruples 
 in i-egard to religion. 3. Scrupulous beyond need. 
 
 Su'per-sti'tious-ly (-stlsh'us-), adv. In a superstitious 
 manner. 
 
 Su'per-sti'tioiis-ness (-sti'tious-), n. The quality of 
 being superstitious : superstition. 
 
 Su'per-stra'tum, n. ; pi. su'per-stra'ta. A stratum 
 or layer above another, or resting on something else. 
 
 Sii'per-stru-e'tion, 7i. [Lat. superslruere, superstructum, 
 from super, over, and struere, to build.] 1. Act of build- 
 ing upon . 2. That which is built upon some foundation ; 
 a superstructure. 
 
 Su'per-struct'ure (53), n. 1. Any material structure 
 or edifice built on something else ; especially, the build- 
 ing raised on a foundation. 'Z, Any thing erected on a 
 foundation or basis. 
 
 Su'per-pub-sttln'tial, a. Being more than substance. 
 
 Su'per-vene', v. i. [iwp. & p. p. supIsrvened ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SUPERVENING.] [Lat. supervenire, to come 
 over or upon, from super, over, and venire, to come.] To 
 come upon as something extraneous ; to take place ; to 
 happen. [ditional or extraneous. 
 
 Su.'per-ven'ient, a. Coming upon as something ad- 
 
 Su-'per-ven'tion, n. The act of supervening. 
 
 Sti'per-vig'al, n. Act of supervising ; supervision. 
 
 Su'per-vige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. supervised; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SUPERVISING.] [Lat. super, over, and visere, 
 to look at attentively, to view, survey, intens. form of 
 vid ere, visum, to Skie.] To oversee for direction; to su- 
 perintend ; to inspect. 
 
 Su'per-vig'ion (-vizh'un), n. Act of overseeing; in- 
 spection ; superintendence. 
 
 Su'per-vig'or, n. One who supervises ; an overseer; an 
 inspector ; a superintendent. 
 
 SCper-vi'go-ryja. Pertaining to, or having, supervision. 
 
 Su.'pi-na'tion, n. [Lat. supinatio. See Supine.] Act 
 of lying, or state of being laid, with the face upward. 
 
 Su'pine, n. [Lat. supinum (sc. verbum), from suphtus, 
 bent or thrown backward, prob. because, although fur- 
 nished with substantive case-endings, it throws itself 
 back, as it were, on the verb.] ( Gram.) A verbal noun ; 
 or a substantival modification of the infinitive mood, in 
 Latin. 
 
 Su-pine', a. 1. Lying on the back, or vrith the face 
 upward. 2. Leaning backward, or inclining with ex- 
 posure to the sun. 3. Neghgent; heedless. 
 
 Syn. — Indolent ; thoughtless ; inattentive ; listless ; care- 
 less; drowsy. 
 
 6u-pine'ly, adv. In a supine manner ; carelessly ; in- 
 dolently ; drow.sily ; in a heedless, thoughtless state. 
 
 Sn-pine'ness (109), n. The state of being supine ; in- 
 dolence ; drovsrginesa ; heedlessness. 
 
 Siip'per, n. [Fr. souper. See SouP and Sup.] That 
 which is supped ; a meal taken at the close of the day. 
 
 Siip'per-less, «. Wanting supper ; being without supper. 
 
 Sup-plftnt', c. ;. [i7np. & }>. j). supplanted; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. supplanting.] [Lat. sitf/p/euifare , to trip up 
 one's heels, to throw down, from sub, under, and plantar 
 the sole of the foot.] 1. To remove or displace by strata- 
 gem ; or to displace and take the place of. 2. To over- 
 throw ; to undermine. 
 
 Syn.— To remove ; displace ; overpower ; force away; bu- 
 pcrscdc. 
 
 Sup'plan-ta'tion, n. Act of supplanting. 
 
 Sup-plfiiit'er, «. One who supplants. 
 
 Sup'ple (sup'pl), a. [From Lat. suppler, bending the 
 
 knees, from sub, under, and plicare, to lold.] 1. Easily 
 
 bent. 2. CompUant; not obstinate. 3. Bending to the 
 
 humor of others ; obsequious. 
 Syn. — Pliant ; flexible ; yielding ; bending ; flattering ; 
 
 fawning ; sett. 
 
 Sup'ple (sup'pl), V. t. [imp. & p. p. suppled; p. pr- 
 & vb. n. suppling.] 1. To make soft and pliant; to 
 render flexible. 2. To make compliant or submissive. 
 
 Sup'ple ^dp'pl), V. i. To become soft and pliant. 
 
 Sup'ple-ment, n. [Lat. supplementum , from supplere, 
 to till up.] That which fills up, completes, or perfects 
 something to which it is added ; specifically, something 
 added to a book or paper to make good its deficiencies or 
 correct its errors. 
 
 Siip'ple-meiit, v. t. [imp. Sc p.p. SUPPLEMENTED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SUPPLEMENTING.] To fill up or sup- 
 ply by additions ; to add to. 
 
 Siip'ple-meiit'al, ) a. Added to supply what is 
 
 Sup'ple-meiit'a-ry, | wanted ; additional. 
 
 Sup'ple-ness (sQp/pl-nes), «. [Yrom. supple .] 1. Qual- 
 ity of being supple, or easily bent. 2. Quality of easily 
 yielding. 
 
 Syn. —Pliancy; pliableness ; flexibility ; facility ; compli- 
 ance. 
 
 Siip'ple-tive, 1 a. Supplying what is lacking ; filling- 
 
 Sup'ple-to-ry, ) up deficiencies ; supplemental. 
 
 Sup'pli-ant, a. [Fr. suppliant, p. pr. of supplier, to en- 
 treat. See Supplicate.] 1. Asking earnestly and 
 submissively. 2. Manifesting entreaty ; expressive of 
 humble supplication. 
 
 Syn.— Entreating ; beseeching; suing; begging; suppli- 
 cating ; imploring. 
 
 Siip'pli-ant, n. A humble petitioner ; one who entreats 
 submi«isiTely. 
 
 Sup'pli-ant-ly, adv. In a suppliant manner. 
 
 Sup'pli-<;aiit, n. One who supplicates; a petitioner 
 who asks earnestly and .submissively. 
 
 Siip'pli-cate, v. t. [imp. & j>. p. supplicated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SUPPLICATING.] [Lat. supplicare, supplica- 
 tum, from supplex, supplicis, kneeling down.] 1, To 
 entreat for ; to seek by earnest prayer. 2. To address 
 in prayer. 
 
 Syn. — To beseech ; entreat ; beg ; petition ; implore ; im- 
 portune ; soUcit ; crave. 
 
 Sup'pli-eate, v. i. To petition with earnestness and 
 
 submission ; to implore. 
 Sup^pli-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of supplicating ; humble 
 
 and earnest prayer in worship. 2. Humble petition ; 
 
 earnest request. 
 Syn. — Entreaty ; petition ; solicitation ; craving. 
 
 Siip'pli-ea-to-ry, a. Containing supplication ; submis- 
 Sup-pli^er, n. One who supplies. [sive. 
 
 Sup-ply', V. t. [imp. & p. p. supplied : p. pr. & vh. 
 n. supplying.] [Fr. suppleer, Lat. supplere, from sub, 
 under, andp/fre, to fill.] 1. To fill up, as any deficien- 
 cy happens ; to furnish with what is wanted. 2. To 
 serve instead of. 3. To bring or furnish. 
 
 Syn. — To provide ; administer ; minister ; contribute ; 
 yield ; accommodate. 
 
 Sup-ply', n. 1. Sufficiency of things for use or want. 
 
 2. Especially, the food, &c., which meets the daily ne- 
 cessities of an army or other large body of men ; store ; 
 — chiefly in the plural. 
 
 Sup-port', f. t. [imp. & p. p. SUPPORTED; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SUPPORTING.] [Lat. supportare, from 5m6, under, 
 and jsoriare, to carry.] 1. To keep from falling : to sus- 
 tain , in a literal or physical sense. 2. To endure with- 
 out being overcome, exhausted, or changed in character. 
 
 3. To keep from fainting or sinking. 4. To assume and 
 carry successfully, as the part of an actor. 5. To fur- 
 nish with the means of sustenance or livelihood. 6. To 
 carry on ; to enable to continue. 7. To verify ; to make 
 
 a, e, &c. ,long; a, 6, Sec. .short; c4re, far, ask, all, wliat ; ^e, veil, term ; piique,firin ; son, 6r, do, -wolf * 
 
SUPPORT 
 
 723 
 
 SURFEITER 
 
 good. 8. To defend successfully. 9. To uphold by aid 
 or countenance. 10. To attend as an honorary assist- 
 ant. 
 
 Ssm. —To maintain ; endure ; substantiate ; countenance; 
 patronize; help; back; second; succor; relieve: uphold ; en- 
 courage ; favor ; Jiurture ; nourish ; cherisli ; shield ; defend ; 
 protect ; stay ; assist ; forward. 
 
 Sup-port', n. 1. Act or operation of supporting, up- 
 holding, or sustaining, '-i. That which upholds, sustains, 
 or keeps from falling. 3. That which maintains or pre- 
 sefves from being overcome, failing, yielding, sinking, 
 fiving way, &c. 
 
 Syn. — Stay ; prop; maintenance; subsistence; assistance; 
 favor; countenance; encourajiement ; patronage; aid; help; 
 succor ; nutriment ;• sustenance ; food. 
 
 gup-port'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being supported, 
 borne, or sustained ; endurable ; tolerable. 2. Capable 
 of being maintained. 
 
 Sup-port'er, n. One who, or that which, supports. 
 
 Sup-po-s'a-ble, a. Capable of being supposed, or im- 
 agined to exist. 
 
 Sup-po§'al, n. Position without proof ; supposition. 
 
 Sup-po§e', V. t. [imp. & p. p. supposed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUPPOSING.] [From Lat. sk6, under, and pa«sare, to 
 pause; or from Lat. supponere, sitppositum, from sub, 
 under, and ponere, to put, to place.] 1. To imagine or 
 admit to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration ; 
 to assume to be true. 'i. To receive as true. 3. To re- 
 quire to exist or be true ; to imply by the laws of thought 
 or of nature. 
 
 Syn. — To imagine ; believe ; conclude ; judge ; consider ; 
 view ; regard; conjecture ; assume. 
 
 Sup-poge', V. i. To make supposition ; to think ; to be- 
 Ueve or imagine. 
 
 Sup-pog'er, n. One who supposes. 
 
 Siip'po-gi'tion (-zish/uii), n. 1. Act of supposing. 3. 
 That which is supposed ; hypothesis. 
 
 Sup/po-gi'tion-al (-zTsh'un-), a. Hypothetical. 
 
 Sup-p6g'i-ti'tious (-tlsh^us), a. [Lat. supposititius, fr. 
 supponere, suppositum, to put in the place of another, to 
 substitute.] Put by trick in the place or character be- 
 longing to anouher ; spurious ; counterfeit. 
 
 Sup-p6g'i-ti'tious-ly (-tlsh/us-ly), adv. In a supposi- 
 titious manner ; spuriously. 
 
 Sup-pftg'i-ti'tioiis-iiess (-tish'us-nes), n. The state 
 of being supposititious. 
 
 Sup-pog'i-tive, a. Including or implying supposition. 
 
 Sup-p6g'i-tive ly, adv. With, by, or upon, supposition. 
 
 Sup-pr6ss', V. t. [imp. & p. p. SUPPRESSED (-presf) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SUPPRESSING.] [Lat. supprimere, sup- 
 pressum, from siih, under, and premere, pressum, to press.] 
 1. To overpower and crush ; to put down. 'Z. To keep 
 in; to restrain from utterance or vent. 3. To retain 
 without disclosure or making public. 4. To obstruct 
 from discharges. 
 
 Syn. — To repress ; restrain ; put down ; overthrow; over- 
 power; overwhelm; conceal; stifle; stop; smother. 
 
 Sup-pr6s'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act of suppressing, 
 or state of being suppressed. 3. Stoppage or obstruction 
 of excretions or discharges, or of a cutaneous eruption. 
 3. (Gram.) Omission. 
 
 S3rn. — Overthrow ; destruction ; concealment ; detention ; 
 retention ; obstruction. 
 
 Sup-pr6ss'ive, a. Tending to suppress; subduing; 
 concealing. 
 
 Sup-press'or, n. [Lat.] One who suppresses. 
 
 Sup'pu-rate, y. i. [imp. & p.p. SUPPURATED; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. SUPPURATING.] [Lat. suppurare, suppuratum, 
 from sub, under, and pus, puris, matter.] To generate 
 pus. 
 
 Sup'pu-ra'tion, n. 1. Process of suppurating, or form- 
 ing pus, as in a wound or abscess, "i. The matter pro- 
 duced by suppuration. 
 
 Sup'pu-ra-tive, a. Tending to suppurate ; promoting 
 suppuration. [suppuration. 
 
 Sup'pu-ra-tive, n. (Med.) A medicine that promotes 
 
 Su'pra-Iap-sa'ri-aii, n. [Lat. supra, above, beyond, 
 and ^apsMs, fall.] (Ecd. Hist.) One of that class of Cal- 
 vinists, who believed that God's decree of election deter- 
 mined that man should fall, in order that the opportu- 
 nity might be furnished of securing the redemption of a 
 part of the race. 
 
 Su'pra-mun'dane, a. Being, or situated, above the 
 world or above our system. [ISM, q. v. 
 
 Sii'pra-nat'u-ral-i§in, n. Same as Supernatukal- 
 
 Su-pr6m'a-9y, n. [See Supreme.] State oV being 
 supreme, or in the highest station of power; higher 
 authority or power. 
 
 Su-preme' (92), a. [Lat. svpremus, vuperl. of supents, 
 that is above, upper, from super, above.] 1 . Holding the 
 highest place in government or power. '>i. Highest, 
 greatest, or most excellent. 3. Utmost; greatest pos- 
 sible. 
 
 Su-preme'ly, adv. In a supreme manner ; in the high- 
 est degree ; to the utmost extent. 
 
 Su'ral, a. [Lat. sura, the calf of the leg.] (Anat.) Being 
 in, or pertaining to, the calf of the leg. 
 
 Siir'base, n. (Arch.) A cornice or series of moldings on 
 the top of the l3ase of a pedestal, podium, &c. 
 
 Sur-bas«'nient. n. {Arch.) The trait of any arch or 
 vault which describes a portion of an ellip.se. 
 
 Sur-charge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surcharged ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. surcharging.] [Fr. surcharger. See CHARGE.] 
 1. To overload ; to overburden, ii. {Law.) {a.) To over- 
 stock ; especially, to put more cattle into, as a common, 
 than the person has a right to do, or more than the herb- 
 age will sustain. (6.) {Equity.) To show an omission iu 
 for which credit ought to have been given. 
 
 Sur-cliarge', n. An excessive load or burden ; a load 
 greater than can be well borne. 
 
 Sur-cbar'ger, n. One who surcharges or overloads. 
 
 Sur'fin-gle (-sTng-gl), n. [Prefix swrand cin^Le.] 1. A 
 belt, band, or girth, which passes over a saddle, or over 
 any thing laid on a horse's back, to bind it fast. t2. 
 ( Eccl. ) The girdle of a cassock. 
 
 SAr'-eoat, n. [Prefix sur and coat.] 1. A short coat 
 worn over the other garments ; especially, the long and 
 flowing drapery of knights, anterior to the introduction 
 of plate armor. Ji. A short robe worn by females, at 
 the close of the 11th century, over the tunic. 
 
 Siird, a. [Lat. surdus.] 1. Deaf. [Obs.] 'Z. (Math.) 
 Not capable of being expressed in rational numbers ; 
 radical. 3. (Pron.) Uttered with simple breath; not 
 sonant ; unintonated ; toneless ; atonic. 
 
 Sfird, n. (Math.) A quantity which cannot be expressed 
 by rational numbers. 
 
 Sure (shijr), a. [compar. SURER ; superl. SUREST.] [Fr. 
 sftr, 0. Fr. seilr, segur. See SECURE.] 1. Certainly 
 knowing and believing; confident beyond doubt. "Z. 
 Certain to find or retain. 3. Certain not to fail or dis- 
 appoint expectation. 
 
 To be su7-e, or be sure, certainly ; without doubt. — To make 
 sure, to make certain ; to secure so that there can be no fail- 
 ure of the purpose or object. 
 
 Syn.— Certain ; unfailing ; infallible ; safe; firm ; perma- 
 nent; steady; stable; strong; secure; indisputable; confident; 
 positive. 
 
 Sure (shur), adv. Certainly ; without doubt ; doubtless ; 
 surely. 
 
 Sure'-fobt'ed (shijr'-), a. Not apt to stumble or fall. 
 
 Siire'ly (shijr/-), adv. 1. In a sure or certain manner ; 
 certainly ; infallibly ; undoubtedly. "Z. Without danger 
 of falling ; steadily. 
 
 Sure'uess (shur'-), n. State of being sure ; certainty. 
 
 Siire'ty (shiir'ty), n. 1. State of being sure ; cectainty ; 
 security. Z. That which makes sure ; ground of confi- 
 dence or security. 3. Security against loss or damage. 
 4. (Law.) One who engages to answer for another's ap- 
 pearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for 
 the performance of some act ; a bondsman ; a bail. 
 
 Sure'ty-sliip (shijr/ty-), n. State of being surety ; obli- 
 gation of a person to answer for the debt, default, or 
 miscarriage of another. 
 
 Sftrf , n. [Cf. 0. Fr. surflot, the rising of billow upon bil- 
 low, and Prov. Ger. surfen, surfen, to suck in , to swallow.] 
 The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, or 
 upon sand-banks or rocks. 
 
 Siir'fa^e, n. [Fr. surface. See SUPERFICIES, and 
 Face.] 1. The exterior part of any thing that has 
 length and breadth ; superficies ; outside. Z. Hence, 
 outward or external appeai-ance. 3. (Geom.) A magni- 
 tude that has length and breadth without thickness; 
 superficies. 
 
 Sur'f eit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. SURFEITED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SURFEITING.] [From the noun.] 1. To overfeed, 
 and produce sickness or uneasiness. Z. To fill to satiety 
 and disgust ; to cloy. 
 
 Sfir'f eit, v. i. To be fed, or to feast, till the system ia 
 oppressed, and- sickness or uneasiness ensues. 
 
 SAr'feit, n. [0. Fr. surf ait, excess, arrogance, crime, fr. 
 surfaire, to augment, exaggerate, fr. sur, over, &xid /aire, 
 to make, do, Lat. facer e.] 1. Excess in eating and drink- 
 ing. 2. Fullness and oppression of the system, occa- 
 sioned by excessive eating and drinking. 3. Hence, dis- 
 gust caused by excess ; satiety. 
 
 Sftr'f eit-er, n. One who surfeits or riots ; a glutton. 
 
 iood, fcTot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e<:lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; tlii* 
 
SURGE 
 
 724 
 
 SURVEY 
 
 SArge, H. [From Lat. sur^erf, to rise. See SOURCE.] 
 A Urge vrave or billow ; a groat, rolliug swell of water. 
 
 SArge, r. t. [•"i;'- & /'• P- sukitEd; i>. pr. & vb. n. 
 SURGING.] (iVtiM/.) To let go, as a portion of a rope, 
 ."uddeuly ; or to render, as a rvpa, rouud a pin. 
 
 SAr^e, f. I. 1. To swell ; to rise high aud roil, as waves. 
 'irt.VdMt.) To slip back. 
 
 Sftr'geon(sur'juu), »i. [0. Eng. surg^ian, 0. Fr. surgien, 
 contr. {mm c/iirurgi en. Sec CniRUKGEON.] Onevvhose 
 pn^fessiou or occupation is to cure diseases or ipjuries of 
 the boiiv by manual operation. 
 
 SAr'eeon-fy, n. Office or employment of a surgeon. 
 
 Sfir'gtT-y, /i. [Contr. from 0. Eng. surgeonry.] 1. Art 
 of healing by manual operation ; that branch of medical 
 .science which treats of manual operations for the heahng 
 of diseases or iiyuries of the body. 2. A place where 
 surgical operations are performed, or medicines prepared. 
 
 SAr'ei*;-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, surgeons or surgery. 
 
 Silr'gy, a. Rising in surges or billows; full of surges ; 
 resembUng surges in motion or appearance. 
 
 Sftr'li-ly, adv. [From surly.] In a surly manner. 
 
 Siir'li-ness, n. State of being surly ; gloomy morose- 
 ness ; crabbed ill nature. 
 
 Sflr'loLu, n. [Fr. surlonge, from sur, upon, and longe, 
 loin.] A loin of beef, or the upper part of the^ loin. 
 See Sirloin, the more usual, but not the preferable or- 
 thography. 
 
 SAr'ly, a. [compar. SURLIER ; sitperl. SURLIEST.] [From 
 sour.] 1, Gloomily morose; ill-natured, abrupt, and 
 rude ; sour ; crabbed ; cross and rude. "Z, Rough ; 
 dark ; tempestuous. 
 
 Snr-mige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surmised ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SURMISING.] [From the noun.] To imagine 
 without certain knowledge ; to infer or suppose. 
 
 Sur-mige', n. [0. Fr. surmise, accusation, from surmet- 
 tre, p. p. surmis, to impose, accuse, from sur, over, upon, 
 and mettre, to put, set.] The thought or imagination 
 that something may be, on feeble or scanty evidence. 
 Syn. — Conjecture; supposition; suspicion; doubt. 
 
 Sur-mlg'er, n. One who surmises. 
 
 Sur-mount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surmounted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SURMOUNTING.] [Fr. sumionter, from sur, 
 over, and m.onttr, to mount.] 1. To rise above, or higher 
 than. 2. To overcome. 3. To surpass ; to exceed. 
 Syn. — To conquer; vanquish; subdue. 
 
 Sur-mouiit'a-l>le, a. Capable of being surmounted. 
 
 Sur-mouut'er, n. One who, or that which, surmounts. 
 
 Sur-mill'let, «. [Fr. surmulet, from saur, saure, brown- 
 ish yellow, red, and mulet, a mullet.] (Ichth.) A fish al- 
 Ued to the perch. 
 
 Sdr^name, n. [Prefix sur and name.] 1. A name or 
 appellation added to, or over and above, the baptismal 
 or Christian name, and which becomes a family name. 
 3. An appellation added to the original name. 
 
 Sur-name', v. t. [imp. & p. p. surnamed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SURNAMING.] To name or call by an appellation 
 added to the original name. 
 
 Stir-pass', V. t. [imp. & p. p. surpassed (sur-pa-st') ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SURPASSING.] [Fr. surpasser, from sur, 
 over, and passer, to pass.] To go beyond in any thing 
 good or bad. 
 
 Syn. — To exceed; excel; outdo; outstrip. 
 
 Sur-pass'a-ble, a. Capable of being surpassed. 
 
 Sur-pass'ing, p. a. Excellent in an eminent degree ; 
 exceeding others. 
 
 SAr'pli^e, n. [Fr. surplis, L. Lat. superpellieium, from 
 super, over, and pellicium, pelliceum, a robe of fur. See 
 Pelisse.] (Ecd.) A white garment worn over another 
 dress by the clergy of certain churches. 
 
 Sfir'pli^e-feeg, n. pi. (Ecd.) Fees paid to the English 
 clergy for occasional duties. 
 
 Sftr'plus, n. [Fr. surplus, from sur, Lat. super, over, 
 and Fr. & Ijat. plus, more.] That which remains when | 
 u«e is satisfied ; excess beyond what is prescribed or I 
 wanted. j 
 
 Sfir'plus-age, n. [See supra, and cf. SUPERPLUSAGE.] I 
 1. Surplus; excess. 2. (Law.) Matter in pleading not 
 necessary or relevant to the case, and which may be re- 
 jected. 
 
 Sur-prig'al, n. Act of surprising, or coming upon sud- 
 denly and unexpectedly ; or state of being surprised. 
 
 Sur-prige', ^'. t. [imp. & p. p. surprised; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. surprising.] [Fr. surprendre , p. p. surpris, frova 
 Lat. super, supra, over, and praidere, prehendere, to 
 tak».] 1. To come or fall upon suddenly and unexpect- 
 edly. 2. To strike with %vonder or astonishment by 
 something sudden, unexpected, or remarkable. 3. To 
 
 throw the mind of into disorder by something suddenly 
 presented to the view or to the mind ; to confuse. 
 
 Sur-prige', n. [Fr. surprise, from surprendre, surpris. 
 See supra.] 1. Act of coming upon unawares, or of tak. 
 ing suddenly and without preparation, ti. (Law.) State 
 of being surprised, or taken unexpectedly. 3. A mod- 
 erate degree of sudden wonder and astonishment. 
 Syn. — Wouder; astonishment; amazement. 
 
 Sur-prig'er, n. One who surprises. 
 
 Sur-prig'iiig, p. a. Exciting surprise. 
 
 Syn.— Wonderful ; extraordinary ; astonishing. 
 
 Sur-prig'ing-ly, adv. In a surprising manner or degree. 
 
 Sur're-but', y. X. [Prefix 5Mr and rf^Kt.] (Zaiw.) To re- 
 ply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. 
 
 Sur're-biit'ter, n. (Laiv.) The plaintiflF's reply in mat- 
 ters of fact to a defendant's rebutter. 
 
 Sur^re-join', r. V. [Prefix sur and rejoin.] (Law.) To 
 reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 
 
 Sur''re-joiii'der, n. (Law.) The answer of a plaintiff 
 in matters of fact to a defendant's rejoinder. 
 
 Sur-ren'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. surrendered ; p. 
 pr. & vb. It. SURRENDERING.] [0. Fr. Surrender, to 
 deliver, from sur, over, and rendre, to render, q. v.] 1. 
 To give or deUver up possession of upon compulsion or 
 demand. 2. To yield to the possession of another ; to 
 give up ; to resign. 3. (Law.) To give up, as a principal 
 by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a foreign state, &c. 
 4. To yield to any influence, passion, or power ; — used 
 reflexively. 
 
 Sur-ren'der, v. i. To give up one'f self into the power 
 of another ; to yield. 
 
 Sur-ren'der, n. Act of surrendering ; the act of yielding 
 or resigning one's person, or the possession of something, 
 into the power of another. [surrender. 
 
 Sur-ren'der-or (127), n. (Law.) One who makes a 
 
 Sur-rep'tion, n. [Lat. surreptio, or subreptio. See SUB- 
 REPTION.] Act or process of getting in a surreptitious 
 manner. 
 
 Siir'rep-ti'tious (-tish'us), a. [Lat. surreptitius, or sub- 
 reptitius. See SUBREPTION.] Done by stealth, or with- 
 out proper authority. 
 
 Sur'rep-ti'tioiis-ly (-tlsh^us-ly), adv. In a surrepti- 
 tious manner ; by stealth ; fraudulently. 
 
 Siir'ro-gate, n. [Lat. surrogatus, p. p. of surrogare, to 
 substitute, fr. pref. sub, under, and rogare, to ask, pro- 
 pose.] 1. A deputy; a delegate; a .substitute. 3. The 
 deputy of an ecclesiastical judge. [ETig.] 3. Insomeof 
 the States of the Union, an officer who presides over the 
 probate of wills and testaments. 
 
 Sur-round', v. t. [imp. & p. p. SURROUNDED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SURROUNDING.] [Prefix sur and round.] 1. 
 To inclose on all sides. 2. To he or be on all sides of. 
 
 Syn. — To encompass; encircle; environ ; invest; hem in; 
 fence about. 
 
 Sur-round'ing, n. 1. An encompassing. 2. pi. Things 
 which surround; external or attending circumstances. 
 
 [Recent.] 
 
 Sur-s61'id, n. (Math.) The fifth power of a number. 
 
 Sur-tout' (-to'ot'), n. [Fr. surtout, from sur, over, and 
 tout"a]l.] A man's coat worn over his other garments ; 
 an overcoat, especially when long and fitting closely. 
 
 Surveillance (sur-val'yongss'), ji. [Fr., from surveiller, 
 to watch over, from sur, over, and veiller, Lat. vigUare, 
 to watch.] Watch ; inspection. 
 
 Sui'veillant (sur-val'yong'), n. ; pi. SURVEILLANTS. 
 [See supra.] One who watches over another ; an over- 
 seer ; a spy. 
 
 Sur-vey' (115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. surveyed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SURVEYING.] [0. Fr. surveoir, from sur, over, 
 and veoir, Lat. videre, to see.] 1, To inspect or take a 
 view of, as from a high place. 2. To view with a scru- 
 tinizing eye. 3. To examine with reference to condition, 
 situation and value. 4. To determine the form, extent, 
 position, &c., of, as a tract of land, a coast, harbor, or 
 the like, by means of linear and angular measurements. 
 
 Snr'vey, n. [Formerly accented universally on the last 
 syllable, and still so accented by many speakers.] 1. A 
 general view, as from an elevated place. 2. A particular 
 view ; an examination ; especially, an official examina- 
 tion of all the parts or particulars of a thing, with a de- 
 sign to ascertain the condition, quantity, or quality. 3. 
 Operation of finding the contour, dimensions, position, 
 or other particulars of, as any part of the earth's sur- 
 face ; also, a measured plan and description of any hne 
 or portion of country. 4. A district for the collection 
 of the customs. [Amer.] 
 
 Syn. — Review; retrospect; examination; prospect. 
 
 »,e,&c,,fong:; &,6,&c., short; c^re,far,ask,all,wliat; gre, Ygil, term ; piique.firin-, s6n,5r,do, W9lf, 
 
SURVEYING 
 
 725 
 
 SWADDLE 
 
 Sur-vey'ing, n. That branch of applied mathematics 
 which teaches the art of determining the area of any 
 portion of the esirth's surface, with an accurate delinea- 
 tion of the same on paper. 
 
 Sur-vey'or (sur-va'ur), H. 1. An overseer; a superin- 
 tendelit. 'i. One who views and examines for the purpose 
 of ascertaining the condition, quantity, or quality of any 
 thing. 3. One who measures land, or practices the art 
 of surveying. 4. ( Customs.) (a.) An officer who ascer- 
 tains the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors 
 subject to duty ; a gauger. (b.) In the United States, an 
 officer who ascertains the weight and quantity of goods 
 subject to duty. 
 
 Sur-vey'or-sliip, n. The office of a surveyor. 
 
 Sur-viv'al, n. A living longer than, or beyond the life 
 of, another person, thing, or event. 
 
 Sur-vive', i'. t. [imp. & p. p. SURVIVED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SURVIVING.] [Fr. survive, from sur (Lat. super), 
 above, beyond, and vivre (Lat. vivere), to live.] To live 
 beyond the life or existence of ; to outlive ; to live lon- 
 ger than. 
 
 Siir-viA-e', V. i. To remain alive ; to continue to live. 
 
 Sur-viv'or, n. One who survives or outlives another 
 person, or any thing. 
 
 Sur-viv'or-sliip, n. 1. State of being a survivor. 3. 
 {Law.) Right of a joint tenant, or other person who has 
 a joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate upon 
 the death of the other. 
 
 Sus-^ep'ti-bil'i-ty, a. 1. State or quality of being 
 susceptible ; capability of receiving impressions, or of 
 being affected. 2. Specifically , capacity for feeling or 
 emotional excitement. 
 
 Syn. — Capability; sensibility: feeling; emotion. 
 
 Sus-^Sp'ti-ble, a. [From Lat. suscipere, to take up, to 
 support, undertake, suffer, admit, from sus, from subs, 
 for sub, under, and capere, to take.] 1. Capable of ad- 
 mitting any thing additional, or any change, affection, or 
 influence. 'Z. Capable of impression ; impressible ; ten- 
 der. 3. Having nice sensibility. 
 
 Sus-ffip'tive, a. Capable of admitting ; readily admit- 
 ting. 
 
 Sfis'^ep-tiv'i-ty, n. Capacity of admitting. 
 
 Sus-^ip'i-eut, a. [Lat. suscipiens, p. pr. of suscipere, to 
 take up, admit.] Receiving : admitting. 
 
 Sus-^ip'i-ent, n. One Avho takes or admits. 
 
 Sus-pe-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. suspected ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SUSPECTING.] [Lat. suspicere, siispectum, from 5m6, 
 under, and specere, to look, view.] 1. To imagine to 
 exist, often upou weak evidence, or no evidence at all. 2. 
 To imagine to be guilty upon slight evidence, or without 
 proof. 3. To hold to be uncertain. 
 Syn.— To mistrust; distrust: surmise; doubt. 
 
 Sus-pe-et', V. i. To imagine guilt ; to have a suspicion. 
 
 Sus-p6€t'a-ble, a. Capable of being suspected; open, 
 or liable to, suspicion or distrust. 
 
 Sus-pe«t'ed-iiess, n. State of being suspected or 
 doubted. 
 
 Su.s-p6€t'er, n. One who suspects. 
 
 Sus-pend', i'. t. [imp. & p. p. SUSPENDED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. SUSPENDING.] [Lat. suspendere, suspensum, fr. 
 sus, from subs, for sub, under, and pendere, to hang.] 1. 
 To attach to something above. 2. To make to de- 
 pend. 3. To cause to cease for a time ; to hinder from 
 proceeding. 4. To hold in a state undetermined. 5. 
 To debar from any privilege, from the execution of an 
 office, or from the enjoyment of income. 6. To cause to 
 cease for a time from operation or effect. 
 
 Syn. — To hang: interrupt; delay; intermit; stay; hinder; 
 debar. 
 
 Sus-p6nd', v. i. To cease from operation or activity ; 
 especially, to stop payment, or be unable to meet ob- 
 ligations or engagements. 
 
 Sus-p6nd'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, suspends. 
 2. pi. Straps for holding up pantaloons ; braces ; gal- 
 lowses. 
 
 Sus-pense', n. [See supra.'^ 1. A state of uncertainty ; 
 indetermination ; indecision. 2. Cessation for a time ; 
 stop. 
 
 Sus-pen'sion, n. 1, Act of suspending, or state of 
 being suspended. 2. Especially, temporary delay, in- 
 terruption, or cessation, as of labor, judgment, payment, 
 punishment, &c. 3. A conditional withholding, inter- 
 ruption, or delay. 
 
 Syn. — Delay; interruption; intermission; stop; withhold- 
 ing. 
 
 Sus-pen'so-ry, a. 1. Suspended ; hanging ; depending. 
 2. Fitted or serving to suspend : suspending. 
 
 Sus-p6n'80-ry, n. That which suspends, or holds up, 
 as a truss ; specifically, a bandage for suspending the 
 scrotum. 
 
 Sus-pi'cioii(-pTsh''un), /I. [Ij&t. suspicio. See Suspect.] 
 Act of suspecting ; imagination of the existence of some- 
 thing without proof, or upon very sUght evidence, or 
 upon no evidence at all. 
 Syn. -Jealousy; distrust; mistrust; diffidence; doubt. 
 
 Sus-pi'cious (-pTsh'us), a. 1. Inclined to suspect. 2. 
 Indicating suspicion or fear. 3. Liable to suspicion; 
 adapted to raise suspicion. 4. Given to suspicion. 
 
 Syn. — Jealous ; distrustful ; mistrustful ; doubtful ; ques- 
 tionable. See Jealous. 
 
 Sus-pi'cious-ly (-pish'us), adv. In a suspicious manner. 
 
 Sus-pi'cious-ness (-plsh/us), n. QuaUty or state of 
 being suspicious. 
 
 Sus-pir'al, n. [From suspire.] 1. A breathing-hole; 
 a vent or ventiduct. 2. A spring of water passing under 
 ground toward a cistern or conduit. 
 
 Siis'pi-ra'tiou, n. [See infra.} Act of sighing ; a sigh. 
 
 Sus-pire', v. i. [Lat. suspirare, to breathe out, to sigh, 
 from sub, under, and spirare, to breathe.] To fetch a 
 long, deep breath ; to sigh. 
 
 Sus-tain', v. t. [imp. & p.p. sustained ; p. pr. & vb. 
 11. sustaining.] [Lat. siistinere, from sus, fr. subs, for 
 sub, under, and tenere, to hold.] 1. To keep from fall- 
 ing ; to bear. 2. Hence, to keep from sinking in de- 
 spondence. 3. To maintain ; to keep alive ; to nourish. 
 4. To aid, vindicate, comfort, or relieve. 5. To endure 
 without failing or yielding. 6, To suffer ; to undergo. 
 7, To allow the prosecution of; to sanction. 8. To 
 prove ; to establish by evidence ; to be conclusive of as 
 evidence. 9. {Mus.) To continue as the sound of notes 
 through their whole length. 
 Syn. — To support; uphold; subsist; assist; relieve. 
 
 Sus-tain'a-tole, a. Capable of being sustained. 
 
 Sus-tain'er, n. One who, or that which, sustains. 
 
 Su-s'te-nan^e, n. [0. Fr. sustenance. See Sustain.] 
 1. Act of sustaining ; support ; maintenance. 2. That 
 which supports life ; food ; provisions. 
 
 Sus'ten-ta'tion , n. [Lat. sustentatio, from sustentare, 
 to support, maintain, intens. form of sustinere. See 
 Sustain.] 1. Preservation from falling; support. 2. 
 Use of food or provisions. 3. Maintenance of life. 
 
 Sut'ler, n. [D. zoetelaar, 0. D. soeteler, a small trader, 
 especially in camps, from soetelen, to undertake low of- 
 fices ; H. Ger. sudeln, to do dirty work, to sully, soil.] A 
 person who follows an army, and sells to the troops pro- 
 visions, liquors, &c. 
 
 Sut-tee', n. [Skr. sati, f. of sat, existing, real, true, 
 good, p. pr. of sat, to be.] 1. A widow who immolates 
 herself on the funeral pile of her husband. 2. The sac- 
 rifice of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her hus- 
 band. [India.] 
 
 Sut-tee'igm, n. The practice of self-immolation among 
 widows in Hindostan. 
 
 Sut'tle (stit'tl), n. [From subtle, stibtile.] (Com.) The 
 weight when the tare has been deducted, and tret is yet 
 to be allowed. 
 
 SHfur-al, a. Of, or relating to, a suture or seam. 
 
 Svit'iire (53), n. [Lat. sutura, from suere, sutum, to sew 
 or stitch.] 1. Act of sewing ; also, the line along which 
 two things or parts are sewed together, or are united so 
 as to form a seam, or that which resembles one. 2. 
 (A7iat.) The seam or joint which unites the bones of the 
 skull. 
 
 Su'ze-rain, n. A superior lord, to whom fealty is due. 
 
 Su'ze-rain-ty, n. [Fr. suzerainete, from suzerain, par- 
 amount, a lord paramount, from Fr. sus, above, over, 
 Lat. susum, sursum. See Sovereign.] Dominion or 
 authority of a suzerain ; paramount authority. 
 
 Swab (swob), n. [From the root of sweep.] 1. A mop 
 for cleaning floors, &c. 2. A bit of sponge, cloth, or 
 the hke, fastened to a handle for cleansing the mouth. 
 
 Swab (swob), v. t. [imp. & p. p. swabbed ; p. pr. & 
 vb'. n. swabbing.] To clean with a mop or swab. 
 
 Swab'ber (swob'ber), n. 1. One who uses a swab to 
 cle'an a floor or deck. 2. An inferior officer on board of 
 ships of war, whose business it is to see that the ship is 
 kept clean. 
 
 S-wad'dle (swod/dl), v. t. [imp. kp.p. swaddled; 
 p.'pr. ec vb. n. SWADDLING.] [Prom the noun. See 
 infra.] To bind, as with a bandage ; to swathe, as an 
 infant. 
 
 S'wad'dle (swod'dl), n. [A.-S. sivsedhil, swedhil, stvedhel, 
 a Ibundle, from swedhian, to bind.] Clothes bound tight 
 round the body. 
 
 food, **fbt-, tiru, rude, pvLll ; ^ell, ^liaise, call, eclio , gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; tliis- 
 
SWADDLING-BAND 
 
 726 
 
 SWEATINESS 
 
 See SwEAL. 
 
 Swallow. 
 
 S'«v^'dllii|c-l>ftnd. ( H. A band or cloth wrapped 
 
 Swad'dllnie-vl&tli, \ round an infant, especially 
 round a new-born infant. 
 
 Stvfte, f. t. [ivtp. & p. p. SWAGGED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SWAGGING.] [Prov. Eng. suag, to hang loose and 
 heavy, to swing about, allied to Ger. schwanken, to tot- 
 ter, to reel, from sc/nringfn, Eng. swiitg.] To sink down 
 by its weight ; to lean. 
 
 Swa^^e, «. A tool, variously shaped or grooved on the 
 end or face, used by workers in metals, for shaping their 
 work. 
 
 S«'age, V. I. To shape by means of a swage ; to fashion, 
 Hs a piece of iron, by dm wing it into a groove or mold 
 having the required shape. 
 
 Swft^ger, V. f . [mi;?. & p. p. SWAGGERED ; p. pr. & 
 ff>. n. SWAGGERING.] [Of. A.-S. sivigati, to make a 
 noise, to rattle, siregian, to prevail.] To boast or brag 
 noisily ; to bluster ; to bully. 
 
 Swfte'S^r, »'. Boastfulness or insolence of manner. 
 
 Swftg'ger-er, n. A blusterer ; a bully ; a boaster. 
 
 Swft^'gy, a. Inclined to swag; sinking, hanging, or 
 leaning by its weight. 
 
 Swain, fi. [A.-S. siv&ti, 0. H. Ger. su^in, Icel. svetjuz.] 
 A rustic ; esperialh/, a countrj- gallant or lover. 
 
 Swale, n. [Gael. & Ir. sgail, a shade, a shadow.] An 
 interval or vale ; a tract of low, and usually wet land. 
 [Loml, Arner.] 
 
 Sw^ale, V. t. k i. To waste ; to sweal 
 
 SM^al'lovi', n, [A.-S. siocleice, 
 stvealu-e, 0. II. Ger. sualmva, Icel. 
 svala.] {Ornitli.) A small bird 
 with long wings, a forked or point- 
 ed tail, and small, hooked feet. 
 
 S'»val'lo'»v, 7'. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 swallowed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SWALLOWING.] [A.-S. swelgan, 
 stcilgan, 0. H. Ger. suelaJia7i, 
 su^Win, Ic«l. st-elgja, scelgr, 0. 
 Ger. schwalg, the throat, gullet.] 
 1 . To take into the stomach. S. 
 To draw into an abyss or gulf. 3. To receive or em- 
 brace, as opinions or belief, without examination or .scru- 
 ple. 4. To appropriate. 5. To occupy ; to employ. 6. 
 To seize and waste ; to exhaust. 7. To retract ; to recant. 
 Syn. — To absorb; imbibe; ingulf; engross; consume. 
 
 Sw^allo^v, n. 1. The gullet or esophagus ; the throat. 
 3.' As much_as is, or ca,n be, swallowed at once. 
 
 S'lval'lo^v- tailed, a. Like a swallow's tail in form , 
 having narrow and tapering or pointed skirts. 
 
 Sw&m, i7np. of sivim. See Swim. 
 
 Sw^amp (swomp), n. [Allied to sump, from the root of 
 sicim.] Low ground filled with water; land wet and 
 spongy, but not usually covered with water. 
 
 Swamp (swomp), v. t. [imp. & p.p. swamped (84); 
 p.'pr. & vb. n. SWAMPING.] 1, To plunge, whelm, or 
 sink in a .swamp, or as in a swamp, ti. {Naut.) To 
 overset, sink, or cause to become filled, as a boat, in 
 water. 3. To plunge into inextricable difiiculties. 
 
 S^vamp'y, a. Consisting of swamp ; like a swamp, 
 
 Swan, n. [A.-S. smoh, 0. H. Ger. suan 
 Icel. svanr.] (Ornilh.) A large web- 
 footed bird, like the goose, but hand 
 ftomer, and more graceful, having also 
 a longer neck and beak, and being gen- 
 erally larger and stronger. 
 
 S^van'g'-down, n. A fine, soft, thick 
 cloth of wool mixed with silk or cot- 
 ton; a sort of twilled fustian, like Swan. 
 moleskin. 
 
 Sw^^n'-gkin, n. A species of flannel of a soft texture, 
 thick and warm. 
 
 STvap (swop), V. t. [imp. & p. p. swapped (swopt); p. 
 l/r'. & vh. n. SWAPPING.] [0. & Prov. Eng., to strike; 
 Ger. schvmjijien. Cf. to strike a bargain.] To exchange ; 
 to barter ; to swop. [ CoUorj.] 
 
 S'wap (swop), n. An exchange; barter. [Colloq.] 
 
 S'w^rd, n. [A.-S. sivearcl, Icel. sv'ordr.] The grassy sur- 
 face of land ; turf. 
 
 Sward, v. t. [imp. & p. p. swarded ; p. pr. & rfe. n. 
 SWARDING ] To cover with sward. 
 
 8'»vare, imp. of swear. [Ohs.] See SWEAR. 
 
 Swarm, n. [A.-S. swearm, 0. H. Ger. swarm, Icel. 
 svhmr, from the root of Ger. schjuirren, to make a sharp, 
 BhrilL, or piercing noise, Skr. swar, to sound.] 1. A 
 large number of small animals or insects, especially 
 when in motion ii. SpeciJUally, a great number of 
 honey bees which emigrate from a hive at once, under 
 
 like a swamp. 
 
 the direction of a queen ; or a like body of bees united 
 and settled permanently in a hive. ' 3. Henoe, any 
 great number or multitude. 
 
 S'Wjirm, V. i. [imp. & p. p. swarmed ; p. pr. & vb. »t. 
 SWARMING.] 1. To collect and depart from a hive bv 
 flight in a body, as bees. 'i. To appear or collect in a 
 crowd ; to throng together. 3. To be crowded : to be 
 thronged. 4. To abound ; to be filled, as with a num- 
 ber or crowd of objects. 5. [Allied to 7rorr«.] To climb, 
 as a tree, by embracing it with the arms and legs, and 
 scrambling ; to shin. 
 
 Sw^art, \a. [A.-S. sweart, Goth, svarts, Icel. svartr, 
 
 Stvarth, ) 0. H. Ger. su-arz.] Being of a dark hue ; 
 moderately black ; tawny. 
 
 Sw^artli'i-ly, adv. In a swarthy manner ; with a tawny 
 hue : duskily. 
 
 S-wartli'i-ness, n. The state of being swarthy. 
 
 S-warth'y, a. [compar. swarthier ; superl. SWARTH- 
 Ie"'st. [From snarth or swart.] Being of a dark hue 
 or dusky complexion ; black or tawny. 
 
 Swasli (sw5sh), ?j. [See ?jj/ra.] 1 . A swaggering fellow. 
 3,* [From wash, with 5 prefixed.] Impulse of water 
 flowing with violence ; a dashing of water. 3. A narrow 
 channel of water Ijing within a sand-bank, or between 
 that and the shore. [Local. Amer.] 
 
 Swasli, V. i. [Sw. svassa, to bully, to rodomontade, Ger. 
 scliivaizen, to talk, prattle, prate.] 1. To bluster; to 
 make a great noise. 2. [See 5!<|>ro, n., 2.] To dash or 
 flow noisily, as water ; to splash. 
 
 S^vatli (swawth), n. [A.-S. su-adhu.] 1. A band or 
 fillet. 2. A line of gi-ass or grain cut and thrown to- 
 gether by the scythe. 3. The whole sweep of a scythe, 
 or the whole breadth from which grass or grain is cut 
 by it. 
 
 Swatlie, V. t. [imp. k,p. p. swathed : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SWATHING.] [A.-S. .^U'e<//»a??, to bind. Cf SWADDLE.] 
 To bind with a swath, band, bandage, or rollers. 
 
 Swathe, «. A bandage. 
 
 S-way, V. t. [imp. & p. p. swayed \ p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 SWAYING.] [Prov. Eng. sweg, sweigh. sway, to swing, 
 incline, Icel. sveigia, L. Ger. swajen, to be turned by 
 the wind, A.-S. ^weg'jajj , to prevail. Cf. Swag.] 1. To 
 move or wield ^vith the hand. 2. To influence or direct 
 by power and authority', or by moral force. 3. To cause 
 to incline to one side. 4. (Naut.) To hoist ; to raise. 
 
 Syn. — To bias ; rule ; govern ; direct ; influence ; swing ; 
 move ; wave. 
 
 Sway, V. i. 1. To bear rule ; to govern. 2. To have 
 weight or influence. 3. To be drawn to one side by 
 weight. 
 
 S^vsiy, K. 1. Power exerted in governing. 2. Influence, 
 weight, or authority that inclines to one side. 3. Pre- 
 ponderation. 4. Swing or sweep of a weapon. 
 
 Syn.— Rule ; dominion ; power ; empire ; control ; influ- 
 ence ; direction ; preponderance ; ascendency. 
 
 Sweal, V. i. [imp- & p. p. sw:ealed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 S WEALING.] [A.-S. swelan, to bum slowly and without 
 
 aflame, 0. H. Ger. suelun, suelen, suiUcn, Icel. svdla.] 
 
 To melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle. 
 Sw^ear (4), v. i. [imp. swoRE (formerly sware) ; p. p. 
 
 sworn; p. pr. & vb. n. SVSTEARING.] [A.-S. & 0. H. 
 
 Ger. swerian, Goth, svaran, lce\. sre/- /a, allied to A.-S. 
 
 sivarian, to afiirm, to answer, Icel. svara, to answer, q. 
 
 v.] 1. To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an 
 
 appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. 2. 
 
 (Laiv.) To give evidence on oath. 3. To use the name 
 
 of God or sacred things profanely. 
 Sw^ear, v. t. 1. To utter or affirm with a solemn appeal 
 
 to God for the truth of the declaration. 2. (Law.) To 
 
 cause to take an oath ; to administer an oath to. 3. To 
 
 declare or charge upon oath. 
 STi'ear'er, n. One who swears ; eypecfa%, one who uses 
 
 profane language. ' 
 S^veat, n. [A.-S. swat, Icel. sveiti. 0. H. Ger. sweiz, 
 
 allied to Skr. svedas, Lat. sudor, Gr. ifipci?.] 1. The 
 
 fluid or sensible moisture which is excreted from the skin 
 
 of an animal. 2. State of one who sweats : hence, labor; 
 
 toil ; drudgery. 3. Moisture issuing from any substance. 
 Sw^gat, v. I. [imp. & p. p. saveat. or sweated: p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. S'WEATING.] 1. To excrete sensible moist^ 
 
 ure from the skin. 2. To toil : to labor ; to drudge. 3. 
 
 To emit moisture, as green plants in a heap. 
 Swgat, V. t. 1. To cause to excrete moisture from the 
 
 skin. 2. To emit or suffer to flow from the pores ; to 
 
 exude. 
 S-weat'er, n. One who sweats. [sweat. 
 
 Sw6at'i-ness, n. State of being sweaty, or moist with 
 
 a, e. Sec, long; &, 6, &c., short; c&re, far, ask, all, vrliat ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; piiqae,flnn ; son, 6r, dQ, VT^lfc 
 
SWEATY 
 
 727 
 
 SWINDLE 
 
 SwSat'y, a. [compar. SWEATIER ; superl. SWEATIEST.] 
 1. Moist with sweat. '2. Consisting of sweat. 3. La- 
 borious ; toilsome ; difficult. 
 
 Swed'isli, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Sweden. 
 
 Swed'lsli, n. The language of the Swedes. 
 
 Sweep, V. t. [imp. & p. p. swept; //. pr. & vh. n. 
 SWEEPING.] [A.-S. swapan, Icel. sopa, Goth, sveipan.] 
 
 1. To brush, or rub over with a brush, broom, or besom, 
 for t^moving loose dirt. '-i. To drive or carry along or 
 off by a long, brushing stroke, or force, or by flowing on 
 the earth. 3. To drive, destroy, or carry off many at a 
 stroke, or with celerity and violence. 4. To move over 
 in strides or with a train. 5. To carry with a long, 
 swinging, or dragging motion. 6. To strike with a long 
 stroke. 7. (iVawr.) To draw or drag over. 8. To pass 
 rapidly over, as with the eye or other instrument of ob- 
 servation. 
 
 G'weep. V. i. 1. To pass with swiftness and violence, as 
 something broad, or brushing the surface of any thing. 
 
 2. To pass over or brush along with celeritj' and force. 
 
 3. To pass with pomp. 4. To move with a long reach. 
 5. To include or comprehend many individuals or par- 
 ticulars in a single act or assertion. 
 
 S^tveep, n. 1. Act of sweeping, ti. Compass of a stroke. 
 3. Compass of any turning body or motion. 4. Com- 
 pass of any thing flowing or brushing. 5. Violent and 
 general destruction. 6. Direction and extent of any 
 motion not rectilinear. 7. One who sweeps ; a sweeper. 
 8. The pole moved on a fulcrum or post, used to raise 
 and lower a bucket in a well. 
 
 S"weep'er, n. One who sweeps ; a sweep. [bish. 
 
 Sweep'ingg, n. pi. Things collected by sweeping; rub- 
 
 Sweep'stakes, n. siiig. or pi. 1. The whole money or 
 other things staked or won at a horse-race. 3. One who 
 wins all. 
 
 Sweep'y, a. Passing with speed and violence over a 
 great compass at once. 
 
 Sweet, a. [compar. sweeter ; superl. SWEETEST.] 
 [A.-S. swcte, Goth, sutis, for svotis, Tcel. sotr, allied to 
 Lat. suavis, for suadvis, Gr. ^Sws, Skr. svadu, from suad, 
 sv&d, to be of a sweet taste, to taste.] 1. Having a 
 taste or flavor resembling that of honey or sugar. H, 
 Pleasing to the smell ; fragrant. 3. Pleasing to the ear ; 
 soft ; melodious ; harmonious. 4. Pleasing to the eye ; 
 beautiful. 3. Fresh; noi salt. 6. Not changed from a 
 sound or wholesome state. 7. Mild; soft; gentle. 
 Syn. — Sugary; saccharine; dulcet; luscious. 
 
 S-weet, n. 1. That which is sweet to the taste ; — used 
 chiefly in the plural. 3. That which is sweet or pleasant 
 in odor ; a perfume. 3. That which is pleasing or grate- 
 ful to the mind. 4. A darling ; — a term of endearment. 
 
 Sweet'-brfiad, n. The pancreas of an animal, used 
 for food. 
 
 S'w^eet'-bri'er, n. (Bot.) A shrubby plant of the rose 
 kind, cultivated for its fragrant smell. 
 
 S'weet'eii(swet'n), v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. SWEETENED ; p. 
 pr. & vb.n. SWEETENING.] 1. To make sweet to the 
 taste. 3. To make pleasing to the mind. 3. To make 
 mild or kind. 4. To make less painful. 5. To increase 
 the agreeable qualities of. 6. To make delicate. 7. To 
 make pure and salubrious by destroying noxious matter. 
 8. To make warm and fertile. 9. To restore to purity. 
 
 Sweet'en, v. i. To become sweet. 
 
 Sweet'eii-er, n. One who, or that which, sweetens. 
 
 Sw^eet'-fern, n. {Bol.) A small North American shrub, 
 having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern- 
 leaves. 
 
 Sweet'heart, n. A lover or mistress. 
 
 Sweet'ing, n. 1. A sweet apple. H. A darling; — a 
 word of endearment. 
 
 Sweet'isli, a. Somewhat sweet or grateful to the taste. 
 
 Sweet'ly, adv. In a sweet manner ; gratefully. 
 
 S'tveet'meat, n. Fruit preserved ^\^th sugar, as peaches, 
 pears, melons, nuts, orange peel, and the like. 
 
 Swreet'ness, n. Quality of being sweet, in any of its 
 senses ; as, gratefulness to the taste, or to the smell ; fra- 
 grance ; agreeableness to the ear, melody ; agreeableness 
 of manners ; softness : mildness ; amiableness. 
 
 Sw^eet'-oil, n. Olive-oil. 
 
 Sw^eet'-po-ta'to, n. (Bnt.) A trailing plant and its 
 sweetish starchy tubers, which are much used for food. 
 
 Sweet'- VFill'iam, n. (Bot.) A species of pink of many 
 varieties. 
 
 Sw^ell, V. i. [imp. SWELLED; p. p. swelled (swol- 
 len, or SWOLN, is less usual) ; p. pr. & vb. n. SWELL- 
 ING.] [A.-S, sivellan, switlan, Icel. svella.] 1. To grow 
 larger by matter added within, or by expansion of the i 
 
 inclosed substance. 2. To increase in size or extent by 
 any addition. 3. To rise or be driven into waves or bil- 
 lows. 4. To be puffed up or bloated. 5. To be inflated; 
 to belly. O. To be turgid or bombastic. 7, To bulge 
 out. 8. To be elated ; to rise into arrogance. 9. To 
 grow upon the view. 10. To become larger in amount. 
 11. To act in a pompous, ostentatious, or arrogant man- 
 ner ; to strut. 
 
 SwCll, V. t. 1. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions 
 of. 2. To aggravate ; to heighten. 3. To raise to arro- 
 gance. 4. (Mus.) To augment in force or loudness, as 
 the sound of a note. 
 
 Sw611, n. 1. Act of swelling. 2. Grsidual increase ; as, 
 (a.) Augmentation in bulk. (6.) Elevation; rise; — said 
 of height, (c.) Force; intensity ; power; — said of sound. 
 (d.) Increase of power in style, or increase of rhetorical 
 force. 3. A gradual ascent or elevation of land. 4. A 
 wave or billow ; especially, a succession of large waves. 
 
 5. The fluctuation of the sea after a storm. 6. (Mus.) 
 A gradual increase and decrease of the volume of sound; 
 — generally indicated thus -==:nm;;=-. 7. A showy, 
 dashing, boastful person. 
 
 Swell'mg, n. 1. Protuberance ; prominence. 2. A 
 tumor. 3. A rising or enlargement by passion. 
 
 Swgll'-mob, n. Well-dressed thieves, taken collectively. 
 
 Sw^elt'er, v. i. \imp. & p. p. sweltered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. sweltering.] [A.-S. sweltan, Goth, sviltan, 
 gasviltan, to perish, Icel. svelta., to hunger.] To be over- 
 come and faint with heat ; to be ready to perish with 
 heat. 
 
 Swglt'er, V. t. To oppress with heat. 
 
 Swgpt, imp. & p. p. oi sweep. See SWEEP. 
 
 Swerve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. swerved •. p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 swerving.] [L. Ger. swarven, D. zwerven, to swerve, 
 to rove, M. H. Ger. swerben, to be whirled, to wander, 0. 
 H. Ger. suerban, Goth, svairbnn, to wipe. Cf. SwARM.J 
 1. To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule 
 of duty ; to deviate, ii. To climb or move forward by 
 winding or turning. 
 
 Swfift, a. [compar. swifter ; superl. swiftest.] 
 [A.-S. swift, from swifan, to move quickly, to whirl, to 
 wander, Icel. svifa, to be moved, 0. H. Ger. sueibdn, to 
 wave, hover. Cf. Sweep.] 1. Moving with celerity or 
 velocity. 3, Ready ; prompt. 3. Coming without de- 
 lay. 
 
 Syn.— Quick; fleet; speedy; nimble; rapid; expeditious. 
 
 Swift, n. 1, A reel, for winding yarn, thread, &c. ; — 
 chiefly in the plural. 3. ( Ornith.) A small bird, like the 
 swallow, but having a shorter bill and very long wings. 
 3. (Zool.) The common newt or eft ; a species of lizard. 
 
 Swif t'ly, adv. In a swift manner ; with celerity. 
 
 Swift'ness, n. State or quality of being swift ; speed ; 
 rapid motion ; quickness ; celerity ; velocity ; rapidity. 
 
 S"wiS, V. t. & i. [A.-S. sivilgdn, sivelgan, to swallow, 
 devour.] To drink by large draughts. [Colloq. and 
 vulgar.} 
 
 Swig, n. A large draught. [Colloq. and vulgar.} 
 
 Sw^ill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. SWILLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SWILLING.] [A.-S. swilgan, swelgan, to swallow, de- 
 vour ; swilian, to wash.] To drink grossly or greedily. 
 
 Swill, V. i. To drink greedily or swinishly ; to drink to 
 excess. 
 
 Swill, n. 1. Large draughts of liquor. 2. The wash, or 
 mixture of liquid substances, given to swine. 
 
 Swill'er, n. One who swills, or drinks voraciously. 
 
 Svi^im, V. i. [imp. swam ; p. p. swuM; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SWIMMING.] [A.-S.* & 0. II. Ger. swimman, Icel. 
 svema.] 1. To be supported in water or other fluid ; to 
 float. 3. To move progressively in water by means of 
 the hands and feet, or of fins. 3. To be borne along by 
 a current. 4. To glide along with a smooth motion, or 
 with a vv'aving motion. 5. To be dizzy or vertiginous. 
 
 6. To be overflowed or drenched. 7. To abound ; to 
 have abundance. 
 
 Sw^im, V. t. 1. To pass or move over, or on, by swim- 
 ming. 3. To immerse in Avater that the lighter parts 
 may swim. 3. To cause or compel to swim ; to make to 
 float. 
 
 Swim, n. 1. Act of swimming ; a gliding motion, lik« 
 that of one swimming. 3. The time or distance one 
 s%vims, or can swim. 3. The air-bladder of a fish ; th« 
 sound. 
 
 Swim'mer, 71. One who swims. 
 
 SAvini'ming-ly, adv. In an easy, gliding manner, aa 
 if swimming ; smoothly ;. hence, successfully. 
 
 Swin'dle (swTn/dl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. sw'indled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SWINDLING.] [N. II. Ger. sciiwindeln, to 
 
 food, f<>bt; Urn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem., get; a§; e^dst; linger, link; tliis- 
 
SWINDLE 
 
 728 
 
 SYLLABLE 
 
 be diny or giddy, to choat, from sclncindfl, dizKlness, 
 jriiidiness, from ,^fh\vin<ltn, to vanish, to dwindle.] To 
 cheat and defraud grossly, or with deliberate artifice. 
 
 Swin'dlf , n . Act or proees* of defrauding by systematic 
 imptvsition. 
 
 Sivin'dler, n. One who swindles ; a cheat. 
 
 Syn. — Sharper. — One who obtains money or goods under 
 fiilse pretenses is ^strindUr,- one who cheats by sharp practice, 
 Ks in plK>'ing at curds, or staking what he can not pay, is a 
 shaijxr. 
 
 Swine, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. & 0. II. Ger. swhi, Icel. 
 .<:i-/;i, (loth svein, Pol. sicinia.] (Zoiil.) A well-known 
 ivu-hvdermatous animal: a hog; a pig. The male is 
 calliHi boar, and the female sow. 
 
 Swino'-lierd. n. A keeper of swine. 
 
 S^viue'-p6x, ". (Mfil.) A variety of the chicken-pox, 
 with acuminated vesicles containing a watery fluid. 
 
 Swing. V. »• [imp. & p. p. SWUNG ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 SWINGING.] [A.-S. SH'iugan, sivengan, 0. H. Ger. 
 .'ncingan.] 1. To move to and fro, as a body suspended 
 in the air ; to wave ; to vibrate, "i. To practice swing- 
 ing. 3. [Naut.) (a.) To move or float, (b.) To turn 
 round an anchor. 4. To be hanged. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Swing, f. t. 1. To cause to wave, or vibrate, as a body 
 suspended in the air. "i. To move to and fro ; to flour- 
 ish ; to brandish. 
 
 Swing, n. l.Act of swinging ; vibratory motion; os- 
 cillation. 2. Motion from one side to the other. 3. A 
 line, cord, or other thing suspended and hanging loose, 
 upon which any thing may swing. 4. Influence or 
 power of a body put in motion. 5. Free course ; unre- 
 strained liberty or hcense ; tendency. 
 
 Swinge (swTnj), r. «. [A.-S. 5i«/ng^an, to swing, whip.] 
 To beat soundly ; to whip ; to chastise. 
 
 Swinge'ing (swinj'ing),a. Huge ; very large. [Vulgar.] 
 
 Swin'gf'l (swTng'gl), n. [A.-S. svitigel, svingele, whip, 
 scourge. See Sw^ing.] That part of a flail which falls 
 on the grain in thrashing; swiple. 
 
 S^wiug'er, n. One who swings ; one who hurls. 
 
 S^vin'gle (swing'gl), v. t. [Yrom swing ; A.-S. swing- 
 lung, a whipping, from swinglan, sioi^igelian, to whip.] 
 1. To clean as flax, by beating it with a swingle. 2. To 
 cut off the tops of, without pulling up the roots ; — said 
 of weeds. 
 
 S^vin'gle, n. [See Swingle, v. t.] A wooden instru- 
 ment like a large knife, used for cleaning flax. 
 
 Swin'gle-tree, 72. A whifle-tree. See Single-tree. 
 
 Swing'- tree, n. The bar of a carriage to which the 
 traces are fastened ; the whiffle-tree or whipple-tree ; 
 swingle- tree. 
 
 S'win'isli, a. Befitting swine ; like swine ; gross ; hog- 
 gish ; brutal. 
 
 Swipe, n. A sweep. See Sweep. 
 
 S'wip'le (swTp/1), n . That part of a flail which strikes the 
 grain in thrashing ; a swingle. 
 
 Swirl, ?i. [Icel. swirra, to whirl.] An eddy, as of water, 
 wind, or snow : a whirl ; a gyration. 
 
 Swiss, n. sing. &i pi. (Geog.) A native or inhabitant 
 of Switzerland ; the people of Switzerland. 
 
 S'wiss, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Switzerland. 
 
 Switcli, n. [From, swing, swinge.] 1. A .small, flexible 
 twig or rod. ti. (Railways.) A movable part of two 
 opposite rails, for transferring a car from one track to 
 another. 
 
 Sw^itch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. switched (swicht) ; p. pr. 
 &,vb. n. SWITCHING.] 1. To strike with a small twig 
 or rod ; to beat ; to lash. 3. To turn from one railway 
 track to another : to transfer by a switch. 
 
 Switch'man, n.'; pi. swItch/men. One who tends a 
 switch on a railway. 
 
 Swiv'el (swiv'l), n. [A.-S. swlfan, to move quickly, to 
 revolve, Icel. sveijia, to whirl, 
 Bhake. Cf. Swift.] 1. (Mech.) 
 A ring, link, or staple, that turns 
 round on a pin or neck, ''i, (Mil.) „ . , ^ ^ . 
 A small cannon fixed in a swivel , ^^^^^^ ^"^^^ <=^^- 
 or in a socket, or turning on a pivot. 
 
 Swiv'el (swiv'l), V. i. To turn on a staple, pin, or pivot. 
 
 Sw^db, n. & V. The same as swab. See Swab. 
 
 Swollen (swoln, 58), I p. p. of swell ; — irregular and less 
 
 Swoln, ) common than swelled. 
 
 Swdbn, V. i. [imp. & p. p. swooned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 swooning.] [A.-S. swunan, aswunan, to fail in intel- 
 lect, allied to svoknian, ftswanian, to faint, svima^ verti- 
 go, failure.] To sink into a fainting fit ; to faint. 
 
 Swdbn, n. A fainting fit ; syncope. 
 
 Swdbp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. swooped (swcTopt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. swooping.] [AlUed to sweep.] 1. To fall 
 
 on at once and seize ; to catch while on the wing. 2. 
 Toj-atch up with a sweep. 
 
 Swoop, V. i. To descend with closed wings from a height 
 upon prey, as a hawk ; to stoop. 
 
 Sw^oop, n. A falling on and seizing, as of a rapacious 
 fowl on his prey. 
 
 S'wdp, V. t. The same as swap. See Swap. 
 
 Sword (sord), 7i. [A.-S. sweord, sword, Icel. sverd, 0. H. 
 Ger. swert.] 1. An offensive weapon having a long, 
 strong, and usually sharp-pointed blade, for cutting or 
 thrusting. 2. Hence, the emblem of judicial vengeance 
 or punishment, or of authority and power. 3. Destruc- 
 tion in battle. 4. The military power of a country. 
 
 Sword'-b61t (sord'-), n. A belt to suspend a sword by. 
 
 S-word'ed (sord'ed), a. Girded with a sword. 
 
 S'word'-fish (sord'-), n. (Ic/ith.) A large fish, allied to 
 the mackerel, and having the 
 upper jaw elongated into a 
 sword-shaped process. 
 
 Sword '-knSt (s6rd/n6t),n. A 
 ribbon tied to the hilt of a Sword-fish. 
 
 sword. 
 
 Sw^ord'-play/er_(sord'-), n. A fencer; a gladiator. 
 
 Sw^ordg'man (sordz'-), n. ; pi. sw6rd§/men. 1. A 
 soldier ; a fighting man. 2. One skilled in the use of 
 the sword. 
 
 STVore, imp. of swear. See Swear. 
 
 S"»vorn, p. p. or p. a. from swear. See SWEAB. 
 
 S wound, n. A swoon. [Rare.] 
 
 Sw^um, imp. & p. p. of sioim. See SwiM. 
 
 Swung, fwp. 8c p. p. of swing. See Swing. 
 
 Syb'a-rite, n. [From Lat. Sybaris, Gr. SvjSotpi?, a city 
 in Italy , noted for the effeminacy and voluptuousness of 
 its inhabitants.] A person devoted to luxury and pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 Syb'a-rit't-e, )a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the 
 
 Syb'a-rit'i-e-al, ) Sybarites ; luxurious ; wanton. 
 
 Sy«'a-niine, n. [Lat. sycam.inus, Gr. <n;Kdju.ivos.] The 
 mulberry -tree. 
 
 Sy<!'a-more, n. [Lat. sycamorus, Gr. 
 <TVKOfx.6pos , the fig-mulberry, from ovkop, 
 a fig, and /xopov, the black mulberry ; 
 Heb. sik' mah.] (Bot.) A large tree al- 
 lied to the common fig. It is found in 
 Egypt and Syria. 
 
 i^~In America, the plane tree, or but- 
 tonwood, is often called by this name. In 
 England, the name is given to a large Sycamore, 
 maple. 
 
 Sy-^ee', ) n. Silver in the fprm of small masses, 
 
 Sy-yee'-sil'ver, ] Ixmips, or ingots, and used as a cur- 
 rency. [ China.] 
 
 Sy-^'o-plian-^y) "• Character or characteristic of » 
 sycophant; hence, obsequious flattery ; servilitj'. 
 
 Sy-e'o-pliant, n. [Lat. sycophanta, Gr. trvfco^iavnj?, fr. 
 (TVKov, a fig, and ^aiveiv, to show.] 1. Originally, an 
 informer in Athens, who sought favor by denouncing 
 those who stole figs, or exported them contrary to law. 
 2. Hence, a base parasite ; a mean flatterer ; especially, 
 a flatterer of princes and great men. 
 
 Sy-e'o-pliant'i-e , ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
 
 Sy«'o-plia,nt'i-e-al, ) a sycophant ; obsequiously flat- 
 tering ; parasitic. 
 
 Sy'e-nite, n. (3Iin ) A crystalline rock composed of 
 quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, taking its name from 
 Syene, in Upper Egj'pt, where it is found. It differs 
 from granite only in containing hornblende in the place 
 _of mica. 
 
 Sy'e-nit'i«, a. Relating to, or like, syenite. 
 
 Syl-ia,b'i€, \a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a syl- 
 
 Syl-iab'i-e-al, ) lable or syllables. 
 
 Syl-liib'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a syllabic manner. 
 
 Syl-iab'i-eate, 1'. t. [imp. & p. p. syllabicated; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. syllabicating.] To form into sylla- 
 bles; to syllabify. 
 
 Syl-iab'i-<;a'tion, n. Act or method of dividing wordc 
 into syllables. 
 
 Syl-ia,b'i-fi-ea'tion, n. Same as Syllabication, q. v. 
 
 Syl-iab'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. syllabified : /;. pr. 
 & vb. n. SYLLABIFYING.] To form or divide into syl- 
 
 ;Kaju.ivos.J ihe 
 
 Syl'la-ble, n. [Lat. syllaba, Gr. <ruXAa/3»j, that which is 
 held together, a syllable, from avkXaixfidveiv, to take to- 
 gether, from avv, with, and Aa/a/Sdi/eti/, to take.] 1. An 
 elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, 
 uttered together, or at a single effort or impulse of the 
 voice, and constituting a word or a part of a word. 2. 
 In writing and printing, a part of a word separated from 
 
 ajej&c.j/oTtg-; &,, 6, See, short; c^re,f^r, ask, all, what; gre, veil, term; pique,firm; s6n,6r,dQ,'*voIf 
 
SYLLABUB 
 
 729 
 
 SYNCHRONICAL 
 
 the rest, and capable of being pronounced by a single 
 impulse of the voice. [See Prin. of Pron. § 129.] 3. A 
 small part of a sentence or discourse ; a particle. 
 
 Syl'la-bub, n. A compound drink made of wine and 
 milk. 
 
 Syl'la-toiis, n. ; Eng. pi. stL'LA-BUS-E§ ; L&t. pi. SYl/- 
 LA-Bi. [Lat., from the same source as syllable.] A com- 
 pendium containing the heads of a discourse ; an ab- 
 stract. 
 
 Syl-lep'sis, n. [Lat. ; Gr. <rv\Ai7»//i?, a taking together, 
 from (TuAAaju-Sdi/eiv. See SYLLABLE.] ±. {Rhet.) The 
 use of words in a literal and metaphorical sense at the 
 same time. ^. {Gram.) The agreement of a verb or 
 adjective with one, rather than another, of two nouns, 
 with either of which it might agree in gender, number, &c. 
 
 Syl-16p'ti€, ) a. Of, pertaining to, or containing, 
 
 Syl-lep'ti-e-al, J syllepsis. 
 
 Syl'lo-glgm, n. [Lat. syllogismus, Gr. o-iiAAoyio-ju.6j, a 
 reckoning all together, a reasoning, from <rvK\oyi^e(T0aL, 
 to reckon all together, to bring at once before the mind, 
 to infer, from (niv, with, together, and \oyl^ecrOai, to 
 reckon, to conclude by reasoning.] (Logic.) The regular 
 logical form of every argument, consisting of three prop- 
 ositions, of which the first two are called the premises, 
 and the last the conclusion. 
 
 Syl'lo-gi.s'ti€, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, a syllogism ; 
 
 Syl'lo-gis'ti€-al, ) consisting of a syllogism, or of the 
 form of reasoning by syllogisms. 
 
 Syno-gis'ti«-al-ly, adv. In the form of a syllogism ; 
 by means of syllogisms. 
 
 Syl'lo-gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p- SYLLO&IZED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SYLLOGIZING.] To rea.son by syllogisms. 
 ; Sylpli, n. [From Gr. <TCk<f>-q, a kind of grub, beetle, or 
 ^ moth!] An imaginary being inhabiting the air ; a fairy. 
 
 Sylpli 'id, n. A Uttle' sylph ; a young sylph. 
 
 Spl'vd, n.; pi. s^L'r^. [Lat. sylva.silva.] 1. The 
 forest trees of any region or country. '2. (Bot.) A work 
 containing a botanical description of the forest trees of 
 any region or country. 3. (Poet.) A collection of poet- 
 ical pieces of various kinds. 
 
 Sylvan, a.- 1. Of, or pertaining to, asylva ; forest-like ; 
 hence, also, rural ; rustic. 2. Abounding in forests or 
 in trees ; woody. 
 
 Syl'van, n. [Lat. Sylvanus, from sylva, a wood or for- 
 est.] A fabled deity of the wood; a satyr; a faun; 
 sometimes, a rustic. 
 
 Symlbol, n. [Lat. symbolus, symbolum, Gr. <ru^/3oA.ov, 
 sign by which one knows or infers a thing, fr. <ni/u,/3aAAeiv, 
 to throw or put together, to compare, from crwi/, with, and 
 /BoAAeii', to throw.] 1. The sign or representation of 
 something moral or intellectual by the images or proper- 
 ties of natural things. 2. A letter or character which 
 is significant. 3. (Math.) Any character used to rep- 
 resent a quantity, an operation, a relation, or an abbre- 
 viation. 
 
 Syn. — Emblem; figure; type; representation. 
 
 Syin-b61'i«, n. ( Tkeol.) That branch of historic theolo- 
 gy which treats of creeds. 
 
 Sym-b61'i«, J a. Of, pertaining to, or in the nature 
 
 Syin-b61'i«-al, ) of, a symbol ; representative. 
 
 Sym-b61'i«-al-ly, adv. In a symbolical manner; by 
 signs ; typically. 
 
 Sym-b61'i«s, n. sing. The same as Symbolic, q. v. 
 
 Sym'bol-ism, n. 1. A system of symbols or represen- 
 tations, "i, (Chem.) A combining together of parts or 
 ingredients. 3. (Tkeol.) The science of creeds; sym- 
 bolic, [in properties. 
 
 Sym'bol-i-za'tioii, n. Act of symbolizing ; resemblance 
 
 SyrnHbol-ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. symbolized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SYMBOLIZING.] To have a resemblance of qual- 
 ities or properties. 
 
 Symnbol-ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties or 
 qualities, 'i. To make representative of something. 3. 
 To represent by a symbol. 
 
 Sym-bol'o-gy, n. [For symbolology , from Gr. orvju,/3o\ov, 
 symbol, and Aoyos, discourse.] The art of expressing by 
 symbols. 
 
 Synn-in6t'ri«-al, a. 1. Involving or exhibiting sym- 
 metry ; proportional in its part?. 3. (iVfat/i.) Having cor- 
 responding parts or relations. 
 
 Syin-inet'ri<;-al-Iy , adv. In a symmetrical manner. 
 
 Sym'me-trize, r. i. [imp. & p. p. symmetrized; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. SYMMETRCZING.] To reduce to sym- 
 metry. 
 
 Sym'me-try, n. [Lat. symmetria, Gr. avufjieTpCa, from 
 aijv, with, together, and ixirpov, measure.] A due pro- 
 portion of the several parts of a body to each other ; or 
 
 the union and conformity of the members of a work V 
 the whole. 
 
 Syin'pa-tli6t'l€, la. 1. Inclined to or exhibitiur 
 
 Sym'pa-th6t'i«-al, i sympathy. 3. (Mec/.) Produced 
 by sympathy. 
 
 Sym'pa-tli6t'i€-al-Iy, adv. With or by sympathy. 
 
 Syin'pa-tliize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. sympathized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. SYMPATHIZING.] 1. To have a common 
 feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain. 3. To feel in con- 
 sequence of what another feels. 
 
 Sym'pa-tliy, n. [Lat. sympatkia, Gr. aviJ.ira.QeLa., from 
 <Tvv, with, and Traflos, suffering, passion, from Traaxeii/, 
 Traderv, to suffer.] 1, Feeling corresponding to that which 
 another feels ; feUow-feeUng. 2. An agreement of afifec- 
 tions or inclinations, or a conformity of natural tempera- 
 ment, which makes two persons pleased with each other. 
 3. Pity; commiseration. 4, (Med.) The reciprocal in- 
 fluence exercised by the various parts of the body on one 
 another. 
 
 Syn. — Pity; fellow-feeling; compassion; commiseration; 
 tenderness; condolence; agreement.— 6'(//«/>a<A,v is literally a 
 fellow-feeling with others in their varied conditionB of joy or of 
 grief. This term, however, is now more commonly applied to 
 a fellow-feeling with others under affliction, and then coincides 
 very nearly with commiseration. In this ease it is commonly 
 followed by for; as, to feel si/mjiat/nj for a friend when we see 
 him distressed. The verb sympathize is followed by with ; as, 
 to sympathize with a friend in his distresses or enjoyments. See 
 PitY. 
 
 Sym-pbo'iii-oiis, a. Agreeing in sound; accordant; 
 harmonious. 
 
 Sym'plio-ny, n. [Lat. symphotiia, Gr. <rvix.(j)(ouCa, from 
 (Tvv, with, andc^tutoj, a sound, the voice.] 1. A conso- 
 nance or harmony of sounds, agreeable to the ear. 2. 
 (Mus.) (a.) An elaborate instrumental composition for a 
 fuU orchestra, consisting usually of three or four con- 
 trasted j-et inwardly related movements, (b.) An instru- 
 mental passage at the beginning or end, or in the course 
 of, a vocal composition. 
 
 Syni'2>hyf-sls, n. [Lat., from Gr. cru/ti<|)v<n9, fr. avfj-^veiv, 
 to grow together, from crvV, with, and <f>vetp, to grow.] 
 (Aiiat.) (a.) Union of bones by cartilage, (b.) Union or 
 coalescence of parts previously separate, (c.) Insertion 
 of diffei-ent parts, as tendons. 
 
 Sym-po'§i-Jt«, a. [Lat. symposiacus, Gr. <rv/u.7ro(rtouco?. 
 See Symposium.] Of, or pertaining to, drinking to- 
 gether and merry-making. [Rare.] 
 
 Syin-po'§i-a<;, n. A conference or conversation, as of 
 philosophers at a banquet. 
 
 St/m-po'si-tiin, n. ; pi. SYM-PO'si-A. [Lat. ; Gr. <rv(j.- 
 TTocriov, from a-ufj-niveiv, to drink together, from <rvv, with, 
 and TiLveiv, to drink.] A drinking together ; a merry 
 feast. 
 
 Symp'tom (84), n. [Gr. <rv|u.7rTWju,a, from a-v(j.ninTeiv, to 
 fall together, from otJi/, with, and TriVretv, to fall, irrw/xa, 
 a fall.] 1. (3Ied.) A perceptible change in the body or 
 its functions, which indicates disease, ti. That which in- 
 dicates the existence of something else. 
 Syn.— Mark; note; sign; token; indication. 
 
 Syinp'tom.-a,t'i«, ) a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, symp- 
 
 Symp'tom-at'ie-al, j toms ; indicating the existence 
 of something else. 2. According to symptoms. 
 
 Syiiip'tom-at'i<;-al-ly, adv. By means of symptoms. 
 
 Syn-ser'e-sis, 1 n. [Gr. o-waipeo-is , a taking or drawing 
 
 Syn-er'e-sis, ) together, from a-vvaipelv, to take to- 
 gether, from 0-vv, with, and alpelv, to take with the hand, 
 to grasp.] ( Gram.) A figure by which two vowels that 
 are ordinarily separated are drawn together into one 
 syllable. 
 
 Syii'a-g6g'i-e-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a synagogue. 
 
 Syn'a-gSgue, n. [Lat. synagoga, Gr. a-uva.yo>yri, an as- 
 sembly, fr. (Tvvayetv, to bring together, fr. <ruv, with, and 
 ayeiv, to lead.] 1. A congregation or assembly of Jews 
 met for the purpose of worship. 2. A Jewish place of 
 worship . 
 
 Syn'a-le'plia, n. [Gr. <rvi/oiXoi4)7j, a melting together, 
 from (TvvaXeC^eiv , to melt together, from (rvv, with, to- 
 gether, and aAei<|)6t(/, to besmear, anoint.] (Gram.) A 
 contraction of syllables by suppressing some vowel or 
 diphthong at the end of a word, before another vowel or 
 diphthong. 
 
 Syn'a-loe'plia, n. See Synalepha. 
 
 Spn'ar-thro'sis, n. [Gr. o-uvdpepwcrts, a being jointed 
 together, from <rvva.p9povv. to link or join together, from 
 (Tvv, with, and dp^pov, a joint.] (Anat.) Union of bones 
 without motion. 
 
 Syn'cliro-iial (sTnk/ro-), ) a. [See Synchronous.) 
 
 Syu-ebroii'i-e-al, j Happening at the same 
 
 time ; simultaneous. 
 
 feod, fc»bt ; urn, rude, pull ; ^ell, (liaise, -eall, e-ebo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ,- tiii!< 
 
SYNCHRONISM 
 
 730 
 
 SYSTEMATIZE 
 
 Sj^'chro-nigin, «. [Or. <nryxpo»'ifM«>?. from avyxpovC- 
 ^eiv, to be conUMiiporary with, fmm <n>-y,\po»'Os, synchro- 
 nous.] 1. Couourrvnco of two or moiv events in time; 
 8imultAneousness. '^. The tabular jirnmsiement of his- 
 torical event.* and poi-sonage:s, according to their dates. 
 
 SyiiVhro-nize, r. i. [i»ip. & /'• /'• synchronized ; 
 p. /'r. & vb. n. SYNCIIKOMZING.] To agree in time; 
 to Ih« .simultaneous. [multaneous. 
 
 S5-)»'4-liro-iioils. a. Happening at the same time ; si- 
 
 S5n'«'o-pate (siijk'o-pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. synco- 
 pated; p. pr. S^ vb. n. SYNCOPATING.] [L. Lat. syn- 
 copnrf, .^tincoi>atiim. See SYNCOPE.] 1. To contract, 
 as a woni, by taking one or more letters or syllables from 
 the middle. " '2. (Mas.) To commence, as a tone on an 
 unaccented pnrt of a measure, and continue into the 
 following unaccented part. 
 
 Sju'^'o-pa'tion, n. 1. Contraction of a word by taking 
 'a letter, letters, or a syllable, from the middle, "i. [Mus.) 
 Performance of a pas.sage by syncopating the notes. 
 
 iiffn'^ti-pt', n. [Lat. syncope, si/ncopa, Gr. (rvyKonri, from 
 trvyKOTTTfiv , to l>eat together, to wearj', from <rvv, with, 
 and KOTTTfiv. to strike, cut off.] 1. (Mus.) Same as SYN- 
 COPATION, q. v. 2. {Gra7?i.) An elision or retrench- 
 ment of one or more letters, or a syllable, from the mid- 
 dle of a word. 3. (Med.) A fainting or swooning. 
 
 Syn'cre-tigm, n. [Gr. (rvyKpTjTKr/xds, from (Tvy/cprjTi^etv, 
 to make two parties join against a third, from crvv, with, 
 together, and »cpi)Tt^eti/, to behave like a Cretan, i. e., to 
 lie.] Attempted union of principles or parties irrecon- 
 cilably at variance with each other. 
 
 Sjii'die, n. [Lat. .'njjirficus, Gr. o-uvSlko?, helping in a 
 "court of justice, an advocate, from (rvv, with, and 6i»oj, 
 justice.] An officer of government, invested with differ- 
 ent powers in difTeront countries ; also, one chosen to 
 transact bu.«iness for others. 
 
 Stfii'drn-nuu «• [Gr. o-ufSpofii?, fi:om <tvv, with, and 
 6p6fios, acourse, a running.] (Med.) The concourse or 
 combination of symptoms in a disease. 
 
 Syn-6-e'do-clie, n. [Lat. synecdoche, Gr. (TvveKhoxn, fr. 
 ovveKBexecrBaL^ to receive jointly, from <rvv, with, and 
 e«5exe<Tdai, to receive.] (RJiet.) A figure or trope by 
 which the whole of a thing is put for a part, or a part for 
 the whole. 
 
 Syn'e€-d6«li'i€-al (-dok'-), a. Expressed by synec- 
 doche : implying a synecdoche. [ner. 
 
 Syn'ec-doeii'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a synecdochical man- 
 
 Syn'od, n. [Lat. synodus, Gr. <ruvo6o?, a meeting, from 
 o-ui', with, and 666s, a way.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A council 
 or meeting of ecclesiastics to consult on matters of re- 
 ligion. 2. A meeting, convention, or council. 
 
 Syn-6d'i€, la. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a synod; 
 
 Syii-6d'i-e-al, ) transacted in a synod. 3. (Astron.) 
 Pertaining to conjunction, especially to the period be- 
 tween two successive conjunctions. 
 
 Syn-od'ic-al-ly, adv. In a synodical manner ; by the 
 authority of a synod. 
 
 Syn'o-iiym, n. [See Synonymous.] One of two or 
 more word.s in the same language which are the precise 
 equivalents of each other, or which have very nearly the 
 same signification, and therefore are liable to be confound- 
 ed together. 
 
 Syn'o-nym'i«, n. (Gram.) The science, or the scien- 
 tific treatment, of synonymous words. 
 
 Syn-Sn'y-mist, n. One who collects and explains syn- 
 'onymous words. 
 
 Syn-6n'y-mize, I', t. [imp. 8c p. p. synonymized; 
 "p. pr. & vb. n. SYNONYMiziNG.] To express in difi^er- | 
 ent words of the same meaning. 
 
 Syn-Sn'y-mous, a. [Gr. <tvv<owij.o£ , from aiiv, with, 
 together, and oj/o/xa, oi^ju.a, name.] Expressing the same 
 thing ; conveying the same idea ; pertaining to syn- 
 onyms. 
 
 Syn.— Identical ; interchangeable. — If no -words are «j(/n- 
 onymoux except thoKe which are identical in uce and meaning, 
 BO that tlie one can in all cases be substituted for the other, we 
 have ecarcelv ten such words in our language. But the term 
 more properly denotes that the words in question approach so 
 near to each other, that, in many or most cases, they can be 
 used interchangeably. 1. Words may thus coincide in cerioin 
 connections, and so be interchanged, when they cannot be in- 
 terchanged in other connections; thus we may speak either of 
 strength of mind or (>S force of mind, but we say the force (not 
 Klrenqlh) of gravitation. 2. Two words may differ slightly, but 
 this difference may be unimportant to the speaker's object, so 
 that he may freely interchange them; thus it makes but little 
 difference, in most cases, whether we speak of a man's having 
 »f,cvrcd liis object or having attained his oV)iect. For these and | 
 other causes we have numerous words which may, in many 
 ca«c8 or connections, be used interchangeably, and these are | 
 properly called gynonyms. I 
 
 8yn-6n'y-naou8-ly, adv. In a synonymoiw manner. I 
 
 Syii-6n'y-my, n. 1. Quality of being eynonymous. 2. 
 
 (Rliet.) A figure by which synonymous words are used to 
 
 amplify a discourse. 
 Syn-6p'sis, n. ; pi syn-op'ses. [Lat., fr. Gr. crvvo^n, 
 
 from <rvvs with, together, and 6i//t9, a sight, view.] A 
 
 general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged 
 
 as to exhibit a general view of the whole. 
 
 Syn. — Conspectus ; abridgment ; compendium ; epitome s 
 abstract. See Abkidgment. 
 
 Syn-6p'ti«, ) a. Affording a general view of the whole, 
 
 Syii-6p'ti€-al, ) or of the principal parts of a thing. 
 
 Syii-6p'ti€-al-Iy, adv. In such a manner as to present 
 'a general view in a short compass. 
 
 Syn-o'vi-d, n. [From Gr. avv, with, and Lat. ovum, Gr. 
 tool', an egg.] (Anat.) A fluid secreted within the syno- 
 vial capsules of the joints, serving as a lubricating fluid 
 to the latter. 
 
 Syn-o'vi-al, n. Of, or pertaining to, the synovia, or lu- 
 bricating fluid of the joints. 
 
 Syn-ta.€'ti«, la. Of, or pertaining to, syntax; a©- 
 
 Syn-ta.-e'ti«-al, ) cording to the rules of syntax. 
 
 Syn'tax, n. [N. Lat. syntaxis. Gr. (tuvto^l^, fr. crvcTao-o-eiF, 
 to put together in order, fi-om crvv, with, and rdtra-eiv, to 
 put in order.] ( Gram.) The construction of sentences ; 
 the due arrangement of words in sentences in their neces- 
 sary relations, according to established usage. 
 
 Syn'the-sis, n. ; pi. s^n^the-ses. [Lat., fr. Gr. avvBe- 
 <rt?, from mjvTiOivai, to place or put together, from crvv, 
 with, and nfleVai, to place, 6eai<;, a placing.] 1. Compo- 
 sition, or the putting of two or more things together 2. 
 ( Chem. ) The uniting of elements to form a compound. 3. 
 (Logic.) The combination of separate elements of thought 
 into a whole. 
 
 Syii-tliet'i«, \ a. Pertaining to synthesis ; consisting 
 
 Syn-thet'ic-al, ) in synthesis or composition. 
 
 Syn-tli6t'i-e-al-ly, adv. By synthesis. 
 
 Sypli'i-lis, n. [From Syphilus, a shepherd in a Latin 
 'poem " Syphilus, sive morbus Gallicus," published in 
 1530 : from Gr. <rv?, hog, swine, and (^tAos, dear, loving.] 
 (Med.) An infectious venereal disease. 
 
 Sypli'l-Iifi*, a. Of, or pertaining to, syphilis ; infected 
 with syphilis, 
 
 Sy'phon, n. The same as SiPHON, q. v. 
 
 Sy'ren, n. The same as siren. See SiREN. 
 
 Sj^'i-a-e,n. The language of Syria; especially, the an- 
 cient language of that country. [language. 
 
 Syr'i-a«, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Syria, or its 
 
 Sy-rin'ga, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. trOpiy^, trvpiyyos, a 
 pipe, tube.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; the lilac. 
 
 C@~ The mock orange is popularly so called because its stems 
 were formerly used as pipe-stems. 
 
 Syr'inge, n. [From Gr. avpiy^, a pipe or tube. Cf. su- 
 pra.] A tube terminating in a small orifice, and filled, 
 by the action of a piston, with a liquid, which is first 
 drawn in and then expelled in a stream, as for injecting 
 animal bodies, &c. 
 
 Syr'inge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. syringed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. SYRINGING.] 1. To inject by means of a syringe. 
 2. To wash and cleanse by injections from a syringe. 
 
 Syx'in-got'o-my, n. [Gr. trvpiyf , a pipe or tube, a hol- 
 low sore, and re'/aveiv, to cut.] ( Surg.) The operation of 
 cutting for the fistula. 
 
 Syr'tis (ser'-), n. [Lat. syrtis, Gr. crvpris, from avpeiv, 
 to draw along.] A quicksand. 
 
 Syr'up, n. See SlRUP, the preferable, but perhaps less 
 usual, orthographj'. 
 
 Sys'tem, n. [Lat. systema, Gr. <Tva-rr)iJ.a. from (rvvKrravcu., 
 to place together.] 1. An a-ssemblage of objects arranged 
 in regular subordination, or after some distinct method, 
 usually logical or scientific. 2. Hence, the whole scheme 
 of created things regarded as forming one complete plan 
 or wkole ; the universe. 3. Regular method or order. 
 4. (BIus.) An interval compounded, or supposed to be 
 compounded, of several lesser intervals. 5. (Physiol.) 
 The totality of parts in the body, performing the same, 
 or an analogous or a connected function ; hence, also, the 
 body as a functional unity or whole. 
 
 Sys'tem-at'i-e, la. 1. Of, or pertaining to, system ; 
 
 S^s'tem-at'i«-al. ) consisting in system ; method- 
 ical. 2. Proceeding according to sjstem or regular 
 method. 
 
 Sys'temi-S.t'i«-aI-ly, adv. In a systematical manner. 
 
 Sys'tem-a-tist, n. One who forms a system, or reduce* 
 to system. 
 
 Sys'tem-a-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. systematized; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. SYSTEMATIZING.] To reduce to system; 
 to arrange methodically. 
 
 ^■Ji, tec, long; &,6,&c., short; c&re,far,a»lc,all,wliat; 6re, veil, term; piqtEe,firni; s6n,dT,d.^,\rQiJU 
 
SYSTEMATIZER 
 
 731 
 
 TABOR 
 
 Sys'tem-a-tiz'er, n. One who systematizes, or reduces 
 things to system. 
 
 Sys'tem-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. systemized; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. SYSTEMIZIN&.] To reduce to system ; to sys- 
 tematize. 
 
 Sys'tem-iz'er, n. One who systemizes ; a systematizer. 
 
 Sys'to-le, 11. [Gr. (tvotoAij, from o-uo-Te'AAeiv, to contract, 
 from aHv, with, and <TTek\eiv, to set. place.] 1. ( Gram.) 
 The shortening of a long syllahle. 2. (Physiol.) The 
 contraction of the heart and arteries for expelling the 
 biood and carrying on the circulation. 
 
 Sys'tyle, n. [Gr. <rv(rTvKo<;, from otjv, with, and orvXot, 
 a column.] (Arch.) (a.) The arrangement of columns 
 in such a manner that they are two diameters apart. 
 (b.) A temple, or other edifice, having a row of column* 
 set close together around it, as in the Parthenon at 
 Athens, 
 
 Syz'y-gy, n. [Lat. syzygia, Gr. av^vyia, union, from 
 {Tv^evyvvvai , to yoke together, fr. aiiv, with, and ^evyvv- 
 vai, to yoke.] (Asiron.) The point of an orbit, as of the 
 moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunction or oppo- 
 sition ; — commonly used in the plural. 
 
 T. 
 
 T(te), the twentieth letter of the English alphabet, is a 
 simple consonant, allied to both D and iST, all three 
 of these letters being dental elements. A¥hen t is fol- 
 lowed by h, as in think and that, the combination really 
 forms a distinct sound, for which we have no single char- 
 acter. This combination has two sounds in English ; 
 surd or whispered, as in think, and sonant or vocal, as in 
 that. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 96 — 100. 
 
 To suit or fit to a T, to suit exactly ; to answer perfectly; — 
 perhaps so used with reference to a carpenter's T-square. 
 
 Tab, n. A border of lace, resembUng in form and position 
 the border of a cap, worn on the inner front edges of 
 ladies' bonnets. 
 
 T3.b'ard, n. [W. tabar, L. Gr. rafxirapiov , L. Lat. tabar- 
 dus, tabardum, tabarrus.] A sort of tunic or mantle for- 
 merly worn over the armor, covering the body before and 
 behind, and reaching below the loins, but open at the 
 sides, from the shoulders downward. 
 
 TS,b'ard-er, n. One who wears a tabard. 
 
 Tab'a-sbeer', n. [Cf Per. tabshir, clay.] A concretion 
 
 in the joints of the bamboo, consisting chiefly of pure 
 
 silex. It is used in the East Indies as a medicine. 
 
 «* Tab'by, a. [See the noun.] 1. Having a wavy or watered 
 
 appearance. 3. Brinded ; brindled ; diversified in color. 
 
 Tab'by, n. [From Per. utabi, a kind of rich, undulated 
 silk.] 1. A kind of waved silk, usually watered. 2. 
 A mixture of lime with shells, gravel, or stones, and 
 water, forming a kind of artificial rock. 3. A cat of a 
 tabby color. 
 
 Tab'by, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tabbied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TABBYING.] To water, or cause to look wavy by the 
 process of calendering, 
 
 Tab'e-f ae'tioii , n. A wasting awaj' by disease. 
 
 Xab'e-fy, V. i. [imp. & p. p. tabEFIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TABEFYING.] [Lat. tabefacere, from tabes, a wasting 
 away, and facer e, to make.] To waste gradually ; to lose 
 flesh. 
 
 Tab'er-na-ele, n. [Lat. tabernaculum, dim. of taberna, 
 a hut, shed, from the root of tabula, a board.] 1. A sUght- 
 ly built or temporary habitation ; a tent, ti, A portable 
 structure used by the Jews during the exodus as a place 
 of worship. 3. Hence, the Jewish temple ; and, more 
 rarely any other place of worship. 4. Any small cell, 
 or like place, in which some holy or precious thing was 
 deposited or kept. 
 
 Feast of Tabernacles, a Jewish festival lasting seven days, 
 during which the people dwelt in booths formed of the boughs 
 of trees, in commemoration of the habitation of their ances- 
 tors in similar dwellings during their pilgrimage in the wilder- 
 ness. 
 
 Tab'er-iia-«le, v. i [imp. & p. p. tabernacled; 
 p. pr. & vb. n TABERNACLING.] To dwell or reside for 
 a time. 
 
 Tab'er-na«'u-lar, a. Pertaining to a tabema«le, or to 
 the Jewish tabernacle. 
 
 Ta'bes, n. [Lat., from tabere, to waste away.] (Med.) 
 Progressive emaciation of the whole body, accompanied 
 with hectic fever, and with no well-marked local symp- 
 toms. 
 
 Tab'id, a. [Lat. tabidus. See Tabes.] Relating to, or 
 wasted by, tabes. 
 
 Tab'id-ness, n. The state of being wasted by tabes. 
 
 Tab'la-ture (53), n. [From Lat. tabula, a board, a tab- 
 let. ] 1. (Paint.) A painting on a wall and ceiling; 
 hence, a picture in general. 3. (Mus.) An ancient 
 mode of indicating musical sounds by letters instead of 
 notes. 
 
 TaThle, n, [From Lat. tabula, a board, tablet, a painting.] 
 1. A smooth, flat surface like the side of a board : a 
 
 thin, flat, smooth piece of any thing. 3. Hence, a slab, 
 leaf, or flat superficies, of wood, stone, metal, or other 
 material, on which any thing is cut or written ; a tablet ; 
 hence, sometimes, a memorandum-book. 3. That which 
 is cut, drawn, or written on a smooth, flat surface ; an in- 
 scription ; a drawing; sometimes, a painting. 4. Hence, 
 in a great variety of applications, a condensed statement 
 which maybe comprehended by the eye in a single view ; 
 the presentation of many items or particulars in one con- 
 nected group ; a scheme ; a schedule ; a synopsis ; an in- 
 dex. 5, An article of household furniture used for a 
 great variety of purposes, as to eat, work, or write upon. 
 ti. Hence, food placed on a table to be partaken of; fare. 
 Tf. The company assembled round a tabic. 
 The Lord's Table, the communion of the Lord's Supper. 
 
 To lay on the table (.Parliamentary Usage.), to lay, as a report, 
 motion, and the like, on the table of the presiding officer,— 
 that is, to postpone, by a vote, the consideration of.— To turn 
 
 the tables, to change the condition or fortune of contending 
 parties; — a metaphorical expression taken from the vicissi- 
 tudes of fortune in gaming. 
 
 Ta'ble,'?;. t. [imp. & p. p. tabled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TABLING.] 1. To form into a table or' catalogue ; to 
 tabulate. 3. (Carp.) To scarf. 3. (Parliamentary 
 Usage.) To lay on the table, that is, to postpone the 
 conrideration of, till called for, or indefinitely, by a 
 formal vote. 4. (Presbyterian Church.) To enter upon 
 the docket. 
 
 Tableau (tab-lo'), n. ; pi. tableaux' (tab-loz'). [Fr., 
 from Lat. tabula, a painting. See Table.] A striking 
 and vivid representation ; especially, the representation of 
 some scene by means of persons grouped in the proper 
 manner, placed in appropriate postures, and remaining 
 silent and perfectly still. 
 
 Ta'ble-beer, n. Beer for the table, or for common use. 
 
 Ta'ble-bt>blc (27), n. A memorandum-book ; a tablet. 
 
 Ta'ble-«16th, n. A cloth for covering a table. 
 
 Table-d'hote (ta'bl-dot), n. [Fr. , literally table of the 
 landlord.] A common table for guests at a French hotel ; 
 an ordinary. 
 
 Ta'ble-iand (109), n. Elevated flat land ; a plateau. 
 
 Ta'ble-spoon, n. One of the larger or largest spoons 
 used at the table. 
 
 Ta'ble-spdbn'f ul, n. / ;?L TA'BLE-SPOON/FULg. As 
 much as a table-s'poon will hold. 
 
 Tab'let, n. [Diminutive of table.] 1. A small table or 
 flat surface. 3. A small, flat piece of any thing on 
 which to write, paint, draw, or engrave. 3. pi. A kind 
 of pocket memorandum-book. 4, (Med.) A solid kind 
 of confection, commonly made of dry ingredients, usu- 
 ally with sugar, and formed into little flat squares ; — 
 called also lozenge and troche. [meals. 
 
 TaHble-tallc (-tawk), n. Conversation at table, or at 
 
 Ta'ble-ti'p'ping, ) n. Certain movements of tables or 
 
 Ta'ble-turn'ing, ) other objects, attributed by some 
 to the agency of departed spirits, by others to the devel- 
 opment of latent vital or spuitual forces, but more com- 
 monly ascribed to the muscular force of persons in con- 
 nection with the objects moved. 
 
 Ta'bling, n. 1. A forming into tables. 3. (Carp.) The 
 letting of one timber into another by alternate scores ojr 
 projections. 
 
 Ta-bob', n. A political prohibition and religious conse- 
 cration interdict, formerly of great force among the in- 
 habitants of the islands of the Pacific ; hence, a total 
 prohibition of intercourse with or approach to any thing. 
 
 Ta-bdb', v. t. [imp. & p. p. tabooed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TABOOING.] To forbid, or to forbid the use of ; to in- 
 terdict approach or use. 
 
 Ta'bor, n. [From Ar, & Per. tumbilr, timbar, tamb^r, a 
 
 idbd, fdbt ; flrn, rude, pull -, fell, ^liaise, «all, e-elio ; ^em, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, lii;ik ; tills- 
 
TABORET 
 
 732 
 
 TAINTURE 
 
 «lnd of \\ite or guitar, a drum.] A small drum used as 
 an accompaniment to a pipe or fife. 
 
 Tftb'o-ret, n. [From tabor.] A small tabor. [Rare.] 
 
 Tftb'o-rfne, I «. [Of. TAMBOURINE.] A small, shallow 
 
 Tftb'o-riii, ( drum; a tabor. 
 
 Tftb'ou-r6t, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. tabor, labour, a 
 dw-uiii ; so called fix)m its resemblance to a drum. See 
 Tabor.] 1. A seat without anns or back, cushioned 
 and stufifed ; a stool, '-i. An embroidery frame. 
 
 Tftb'ret, n. [See Tabor.] A small tabor ; a taboret. 
 
 Tabu', ri. & V. See TABOO. 
 
 Tftb'u-Iar. a. [Lat. tabularis, from tabula, a board, ta- 
 ble.] Having the form of, or pertaining to, a table, in 
 any of the uses of the word. 
 
 Tftb'u-late, v t. [imp. & p. p. tabulated ; p. pr. & 
 vh. n. TABULATING.] [L. Lat. tabidare, from Lat. tab- 
 ula, a board, table.] 1. To reduce to tables or synopses. 
 ii. To shape with a flat surface. 
 
 T&c'a-ma-liac(110), In. 1. (Bot.) A tree of North 
 
 Ta-e'a-uia-ha'«a, ( America, commonly called bal- 
 sam poplar. 2. A resin yielded by certain plants. 
 
 Ta-eli6m'e-ter, n. [From Gr. raxos, swiftness, speed, 
 from Taxys, quick, and fierpov, a measure.] An instru- 
 ment for measuring Telocity, as of running water or of 
 machines. 
 
 Ta-ehvg'ra-pby, n. [From Gr. raxyypa4>etv, to write 
 fast, from Taxv<;, quick, fast, and ypd4>eiv, to write.] The 
 art or practice of rapid writing; stenography; short- 
 hand writing. 
 
 TS?'it, a. [Lat. taritus, from tacere, to be silent.] Im- 
 plied, but not expressed ; silent. [cation. 
 
 TS^'it-ly, arJv. In a tacit manner ; silently ; by impli- 
 
 TSc'i-tiirn, a. Habitually silent ; not free to converse ; 
 not apt to talk or speak. 
 
 Syn. — Silent; reserved. — 5t7en< has reference to the act; 
 taciturn, to the habit. A man may be silent from circum- 
 Etances; he is faci<H»-K from disposition.' The loquacious man 
 is at times silent ; one who is taciturn may now and then make 
 an effort at conversation. 
 
 Ta?'i-tftrn'i-ty, n. Habitual silence or reserve in speak- 
 ing. 
 
 Tack, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TACKED (takt) ; p. pr. 8c vb. 
 n. TACKING.] [0. D. tacken, to touch, take, seize, fix, 
 allied to Eng. take.] 1. To fasten or attach. 2. Es- 
 pecially, to attach or .secure in a sUght or hasty manner, 
 as by stitching or naiUng. 
 
 Tack, n. [D. tak, H. Ger. zacke, Gael, tacaid.] 1. A 
 small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usually having a broad 
 head. 2. (Naut.) (a.) A rope to confine the foremost 
 lower comers of the courses and stay-sails, when the wind 
 crosses the ship's course obliquely ; also, a rope to pull 
 the lower corner of a studding-sail to the boom, {b.) The 
 part of a sail to which the tack is usually fastened, (c.) 
 The course of a ship in regard to the position of her 
 sails. 
 
 Hard tack, a large kind of hard crackers, much used for food 
 by sailors and soldiers. 
 
 Tack, V. i. {Naut.) To change the course of a ship by 
 shifting the tacks and position of the sails and rudder. 
 
 Tack, f. t. (Naut.) To change the cour.se of, as a ship, 
 by shifting the position of the sails and rudder. 
 
 Tack'le (tak'l), n. [D. takel, alUed to Goth, tahjan, Icel. 
 taka, Eng. take.] 1. A machine for raising or lowering 
 heavyweights. 2. Instruments of action ; weapons. 3. 
 (Naut.) The rigging and apparatus of a ship. 
 
 0^ SometimeB improperly pronounced td'kle, especially by 
 Beamen. 
 
 Tack'le (tak'l). V. t. [imp. & p. p. TACKLED ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. TACKLING.] 1. Tohame.ss. [Prov. Eng. Colloq., 
 Amer.] 2. To seize ; to lay hold of. 
 
 T&ck'lLng, n. 1. Furniture of the masts and yards of 
 a ship. 2. Instruments of action. 3. The straps and 
 fixtures by which a horse draws a carriage ; harness. 
 
 Ta«t, n. [Lat. tactus, from tangere, tactvm. to touch.] 
 Peculiar skill or faculty ; nice perception : ready power 
 of appreciating and doing what is required by circum- 
 stances. 
 
 Ta«'ti«, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, the art of military 
 
 Ta«'ti€-al, I and naval dispositions for battle, evolu- 
 tions, &c. 
 
 Ta«-ti'cian (-tTsh'an). n. One versed in tactics; hence, i 
 a maneuverer ; an adroit manager. 
 
 Ta«'ti«s, n. .^ing. [Gr. to-ktiko., pi., and Ta»fTiKi7 (sc. I 
 Tex«^), from To/fTiKo?, fit for ordering or arranging, from 
 r6.<T(Tti.v, TttTTeir, to put in order, to arrange.] The 
 science and art of disposing military and naval forces in 
 order for battle, and performing military and naval evo- 
 lutions. 
 
 Ta«'tile, a. [Lat. tactilis, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch.] 
 Capable of being touched ; pertaining to the organs, or 
 the sense, of touch. [by touch. 
 
 Tac-til'i-ty, n. The state of being tactile ; perceptibility 
 
 Xa-e'tion, n. [Lat. tactio, from tangere, tactum, to touch.] 
 Act of touching ; touch ; contact. 
 
 Ta«t'u-al, a. Pertaining to the sense, or the organs, of 
 touch ; consisting in, or derived from, touch. 
 
 Xad'pole, n. [0. Eng. tadde, now toad, and the root of 
 Gr. TTwAos, Lat. pullus, a young animal, "Eng. foal, JUly.] 
 The young of a frog, in its first state from the spawn ; a 
 polliwog. 
 
 Tae'di-fim, n. [Lat.] Weariness ; tedium. See TEDIUM. 
 
 Ta"f?n (tan). A contraction of iaA^en. [Poet.] 
 
 Xaf 'f er-el, n. See Taffrail. 
 
 Xaf'fe-ta, In. [From Per. taftah, i.e., orig., twisted, 
 
 xaf 'f e-ty, ) woven, from tdftan, to twist, to spin.] A 
 fine, smooth stuff of silk, having usually a remarkably 
 wavy luster. 
 
 Xaff'rail, n. [D. tafereel, a panel, picture, from tafel, 
 table.] {Naut ) The upper part of a ship's stern, which 
 is flat like a table on the top, and sometimes ornamented 
 with carved work ; the rail around a ship's stem. 
 
 xaf 'f y, n. A kind of candy made of molasses boiled down 
 and poured out in shallow pans. 
 
 Xag, n. [Allied to tark, q. v.] 1. A metallic point at 
 the end of a string. 2. Hence, any slight appendage, as 
 to an article of dress ; specifically, a direction-card, or 
 label. 3. Something mean and paltry; the rabble. 
 [Low.] 
 
 xag, V. t. [imp. &,p. p. TAGGED ; p.pr. 8c vb. n. tag- 
 ging.] 1. To fit with a point or points. 2, To fit, as 
 one thing to another. 
 
 xag, V. i. To follow closely, as it were an appendage. 
 
 xag, n. [Allied to tack, to fasten, attach.] A play in 
 which one person runs after and touches another, and 
 then in turn runs away to avoid being touched. 
 
 Taglia (taFya), n. [It. taglia, a cutting, a pulley, from 
 tagliare, to cut.] {Meek.) A pecuMar combination of 
 pulleys. 
 
 Xag'-rag, n. or a. [See TAG, n., 4. and Rag.] The 
 lowest class of people ; the rabble. [Loic] 
 
 Xail, n. [A.-S. txgel, tsegl, Icel. tagl, O. H. Ger. zagil, 
 zagal. from Goth, tagl, hair.] 1. Any long, flexible, 
 terminal appendage ; the part of an animal which termi- 
 nates its body behind. 2. Hence, the back, lower, or 
 inferior part of any thing. 3. The side of a coin oppo- 
 site to that which bears the head or effigy. 4. Whatever 
 resembles, in shape or position, the tail of an animal, as 
 a catkin. 
 
 Xail, n. [0. Fr. tail, a cutting, from Fr. tailler, to cut] 
 {Law.) Limitation; abridgment. 
 
 Estate in tail, an estate limited to certain heirs, and from 
 which the other heirs are precluded. 
 
 Xail, a. [See supra.] (JLaw.) Limited ; abridged; reduced; 
 curtailed. 
 
 To tail in or on (Arch.), to fasten by one of the ends into a 
 wall or some other support. 
 
 Xail'age, n. [Ft. taillage, from tailler, to cut. See supra.] 
 A share ; hence, a tax or toll ; tallage. 
 
 Xai'lor, n. [Fr. tailleur, from tailler, to cut.] Onewho« 
 occupation is to cut out and make men's garments. 
 
 Xai'lor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tailored : p. pr. & vb. «. 
 tailoring.] To practice making men's clothes. 
 
 Xai'lor-ess, n. A woman who makes garments for men 
 or boys. 
 
 Xail'-piepe, n. 1. An appendage. 2. {Print.) An or- 
 nament placed at the bottom of a short page to fill up 
 the space, or at the end of a book. 
 
 Xail'-ra^e, n. The stream of water which runs from the 
 mill after it has been applied to move the wheel. 
 
 Xaint, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tainted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 tainting.] [Fr. teindre, to dye, tinge, p. p. teint, 0. 
 Fr. taindre, p. p. taint, from Lat. tingere. See Tinge.] 
 1. To imbue or impregnate, as with some extraneous 
 matter which alters the sensible qualities of the sub- 
 stance. 2. More generally, to impregnate with some- 
 thing odious, noxious, or poisonous. 3. To stain ; to 
 sully ; to tarnish. 
 
 SyTi. — To contaminate ; defile ; pollute ; corrupt ; infeet; 
 disease; vitiate; poison. 
 
 Xaint, V. i. 1. To be infected or corrupted. 2. To be 
 affected with incipient putrefaction. 
 
 Xaint, n. 1. Tincture; stain. 2. Infection; corrup- 
 tion. 3. A blemish on reputation. 
 
 Xaint'iire (53), n. Taint ; tinge ; defilement : stain. 
 [Rare.] 
 
 n.,h, fee, long; &,i,kc., short; e&re,far,aflk,all,-virbat; Sre,Teil, tSrm; pique, firm; s6ii,dr,dQ,vroIf 
 
TAKE 
 
 733 
 
 TALL 
 
 Take, v. t. [imp. TOOK ; p. p. taken ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TAKING.] [A.-S. tacan, Icel. taka, allied to Goth, tekan, 
 Lat. tangere, root tag, to touch.] 1. In a more active 
 sense, to lay hold of; to seize with the hands, or other- 
 wise ; to get into one's hold or possession ; hence, specif- 
 ically, (a.) To obtain possession of by force or artifice ; 
 to capture ; also, to come upon or befall ; to attack ; to 
 seize. (6.) To captivate; to interest ; to charm. (c.)To 
 make selection of; to choose ; also, to have recourse to ; 
 — in this latter sense often intransitive, {d.) To employ ; 
 to use; hence, to demand ; to require, (e.) To form a 
 likeness of; to delineate ; to picture. (/".) To assume ; 
 to acquire, as shape ; to permit to one's self ; to enjoy or 
 experience, as rest, revenge, d^ight, shame ; to form and 
 adopt, as a resolution ; — used in general senses, limited 
 by the following complement, in many rather idiomatic 
 phrases, ti. In a more passive sense, (a.) To accept, as 
 something offered; to receive, (b.) To partake of; to 
 swallow, [c.) To undertake readily; to surmount or 
 leap, [d.) To submit to; to tolerate; to endure, (e.) 
 To admit, as something presented to the mind ; also, to 
 receive in thought ; to understand ; to interpret ; to sup- 
 pose. (/.) To admit ; to receive ; to bear ; to submit to ; 
 to agree with ; — used in general senses. 3. With prep- 
 ositions, take means to convey, move, or remove ; to con 
 duct ; to transfer ; to recover ; to assume, &c. 
 
 To take advantage of, to catch by surprise; to make use of a 
 favorable state of things to the prejudice of. — To take aim, to 
 aim. — To take air, to be divulged or made public. — To take 
 arms, to commence war or hostilities. — To take breath, to stop, 
 as from labor, in order to breathe or rest. — To take care, to be 
 careful. — To take care of, to have the charge or care of. — To 
 takedown, (a.) To reduce; to bring lower; to depress, (b.) To 
 swallow, (c.) To pull down; to pull to pieces, (rf.) To record; 
 to write down, (e.) To attack; to make an attack upon. — To 
 take effect, to have the intended effect; to be efficacious. — To 
 take fire, to become ignited or inflamed. — To take heart, to 
 gain confidence or courage. — To take heed, to be careful or 
 cautious. — Tb taAre m, (a.) To inclose; to fence, (b.) To en- 
 compass or embrace; to comprise, (c.) To draw into a smaller 
 compass; to contract; to furl, (rf.) To cheat; to circumvent ; 
 to deceive. [Colloq.'\ (e.) To admit; to receive. — To take in 
 hand, to undertake; to attempt to execute.— To take in vain, 
 to employ or utter, as in an oath. — To take leave, to bid adieu 
 or farewell. — To take notice, (a.) To observe, or to observe 
 with particular attention, (ft.) To show by some act that ob- 
 servation is made. — To take oath, to swear with solemnity, 
 or in a judicial manner. — To take off, (a.) To remove, as 
 from the surface, top, or outside. (&.) To cut off. fc.) To 
 destroy, (r?.) To remove; to invalidate, (e.) To withdraw ; to 
 call or draw away. (/) To swallow, (gf.) To purchase; to 
 take in trade, (h.) To copy; to reproduce, (i.) To imitate ; 
 to mimic— To take out, (a.) To remove from within a place; 
 to separate: to deduct, (b.) To draw out; to remove; to clear 
 or cleanse from. — To take a paper, or the like, to receive regu- 
 larly, on paying the price of subscription. — To take part, to 
 share; to partake. — To take part wth, to unite with; to join 
 with. — To take place, to happen ; to come, or come to pass. — 
 To take root, (a.) To live and grow, as a plant. (6.) To be 
 established, as principles. — To take the aavcmtacie of, to use 
 any advantage offered by; to employ to advantage. — To take 
 the air, to walk or ride in the open air.- To take the field (Ml J, 
 to encamp; to commence the operations of a campaign. — To 
 take to heart, to be sensibly affected by ; to feel sensibly. — To 
 take tip, (a.) To lift; to raise. (6.) To buy or borrow, (c.) To 
 begin, (d.) To engross; to employ, (e.) To seize; to catch; 
 to arrest. (/.) To admit; to believe, (g.) To reprimand, (h.) 
 To begin where another left off. (i.) To occupy ; to fill. (./•) 
 To assume; to carry on or manage for another, (k.) To com- 
 prise; to include. (Z.) To adopt; to assume, (to.) To receive, 
 accept, or adopt for the purpose of assisting; to favor, (n.) To 
 collect; to exact, as a tax. (o.) To pay and receive. — To take 
 up one's connection, to terminate one's relations. — To take 
 ■upon one's self, («•) To assume; to undertake. (&.) To appro- 
 priate to one's self; to allow to be imputed to one's self. 
 
 Take, v. i. 1. To catch ; to fix, or be fixed. 3. To have 
 the intended or natural effect. 3. To please ; to gain re- 
 ception. 4. To move or direct the course ; to betake 
 one's self; to go. 
 
 To take after, (a.) To learn to follow; to copy: to imitate. 
 (b.) To resemble. — To take on, to be violentlv affected. — To 
 take to, (a.) To apply to: to he fond of. (b.)'To resort to; to 
 betake to. — To take up with, to be contented to receive; to re- 
 ceive without opposition. 
 
 Take, n. 1. The quantity of fish captured at one haul 
 or catch. 2. {Print.) the quantity of copy taken in 
 hand by a compositor at one time. 
 
 Take'-off , n. ; pi. TAKE'-OFFS. An imitation, espe- 
 cially in the way of caricature. 
 
 Tak'er, n. One who takes, receives, or apprehends. 
 
 Tak'ing, p. a. Alluring ; attracting. 
 
 Tak'ing, n. 1, Act of gaining possession. 2, Agita- 
 tion ; excitement; distress of mind. 
 
 TalTbot (tawl'bot), n. A sort of dog, noted for his qmck 
 scent and eager pursuit of game. 
 
 B@~ The figure of a dog is said to be borne in the arms of the 
 Talbot family; whence, perhaps, the name. 
 
 TWbo-type, n. [From the name of the inventor.] A 
 process of taking pictures by the camera obacura on chem- 
 ically prepared paper. 
 
 Taie, n. [From Ar. talk.] {Min.) A soft magnesian 
 mineral, of a soapy feel, and usually of greenish, whit- 
 ish, or grayish colors. [talc. 
 
 Xaick'y, a. Containing, consisting of, or resembling, 
 
 Tal-eose', I a. Pertaining to, composed of, or resem- 
 
 Taie'ous, j bling, talc ; talcky. 
 
 Tale, n. [A.-S. talu, from telian, tellan, to tell. See 
 Tell.] 1. That which is told ; an oral relation. 2. A 
 reckoning by count ; an enumeration ; a number reck- 
 oned or stated. 3- A written rehearsal of what has oc- 
 curred. 
 
 Syn. — Anecdc e; story; fable; incident; memoir; relation; 
 account; legend; narrative. 
 
 Tale'-beAr'er, n. One who officiously tells tales. 
 
 Tale'-toear'ing, n. The act of informing officiously : 
 communication of secrets maliciously. 
 
 Tai'ent, n. [Lat. talentum, fr. Gr. raKavrov, a balance, 
 any thing weighed, a definite weight, a talent, from rAaj/, 
 for rakav, to bear.] 1. Among the ancient Greeks, a 
 weight and denomination of money. The Attic talent, 
 as a weight, was nearly equal to 57 lbs. avoirdupois ; as 
 a denomination of silver money, .£243 15s. sterling, or 
 about $1180. 3. Among the Hebrews, a weight and de- 
 nomination of money. As a weight it was equal to about 
 93| lbs. avoirdupois ; as a denomination of silver, it has 
 been variously estimated at from £340 to £396 sterUng, 
 or about S1645 to $1916. 3. Intellectual ability, nat- 
 ural or acquired ; a special gift, particularly in business, 
 art, or the hke ; — a metaphorical use of the word, prob- 
 ably originating in the Scripture parable of the talents. 
 Matt. XXV. 
 
 Syn. — Genius ; ability ; faculty ; gift ; endowment. Sea 
 
 GEIflUS. 
 
 Tai'ent-ed, a. Furnished with talents or skill. 
 
 O®^ This word has been strongly objected to by Coleridge 
 and some other critics, but, as it would seem, upon not very 
 good grounds, as the use of talent or talents to signify mental 
 ability, although at first merely metaphorical, is now fully es- 
 tablished, and talented, as a formative, is just as analogical and 
 legitimate as gifted, bigoted, turreted, targeted, and numerous 
 other adjectives having a participial form, but derived directly 
 from nouns, and not from verbs. 
 
 Td'les, n. pi. [Lat., pi. of talis, such.] (Law.) A supply 
 of persons from those in or about the court-house to make 
 up any deficiency in the number of jurors regularly sum- 
 moned, being like, or such, as the latter. 
 
 Taleg'man, 7i. ; pi. tale^'men. {Law.) A person 
 called to make up the deficiency in the number of jurors 
 when a tales is awarded. 
 
 Tai'ig-man, n. ; pi. TALTg-MANg. [From Ar. tilism, 
 tilsa7n, a magical image, pi. talasim, tilsamat, from Gr. 
 rekecTfJia, tribute, tax, Late Gr., an initiation, incanta- 
 tion, fi-om rekelv, to perform, to pay tax, to initiate, es- 
 pecially in the mysteries.] 1. A magical figure cut or 
 engraved under certain superstitious observances of the 
 configuration of the heavens, to which wonderful effects 
 are ascribed, '-i. Hence, something that produces ex- 
 traordinary effects, especially in averting or repelling 
 evil ; a charm. 
 
 Tai'ig-Hian'ie, ) a. Pertaining to. or having the 
 
 Tai'i§-man'ie-al, ) properties of, a talisman ; magical- 
 Talk (tawk), V. I. [ijnp. & p. p. talked (tawkt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TALKING.] [Prov. Ger. talken, to speak indis- 
 tinctly ; Icel. tulka, to interpret, allied to tell.] 1. To 
 converse familiarly ; to speak, as in familiar discourse. 
 ''Z. To confer; to reason. 3. To prate; to speak im- 
 pertinently. 
 
 Talk (tawk), v. t. 1, To speak freely ; to use for con 
 versing or communicating, "i. To mention in talking : 
 to utter. 3. To consume or spend in talking. 
 
 Talk (tawk), n. 1. Familiar converse : mutual discourse 
 ii. Report; rumor. 3. Subject of discourse. 
 
 Syn. —Conversation: colloquy; discourse; chat; dialogac; 
 conference ; communication. See Conveksation. 
 
 Talk'a-tive (tawk'a-tiv), a. Given to much talking. 
 Syn. — Garrulous ; loquacious ; prating. See Garrulous. 
 
 Talk'a-tive-ness (tawk'-), n. The quality or condition 
 of being talkative ; loquacity ; garrulity. 
 
 Talk'er (tawk'er), n. 1. One who talks ; especially, one 
 who is noted for his power of conversing readily or agree- 
 ably. 2. A loquacious person ; also, a boaster ; a brag- 
 gart. 
 
 Tall, a. [compar. taller ; superl. tallest.] [W. 
 t'&l, tal&u, to make or grow tall. Cf. Sw. tall, a pine- 
 tree.] High in stature ; long and comparatively slender. 
 
 food, f <^t ; 
 
 rt|de, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -call, echo ; gent, gtjt ; a§ ; ejlst ; linger, link •, tills- 
 
TALLAGE 
 
 734 
 
 TANGLE 
 
 Syn.— High: lofty.— //ij/A is the ecneric term, and is prob- 
 ably allied to the verb to hanij, a» hung up. Tail describes 
 that which has a siuhU diameter in proportion to its hei(;ht; 
 hence, we >peakof a tall man. a tall steeple, u tall mast, &c., 
 but not of a tall hill or a tall house. Lojtt/ has a special ref- 
 erence to the expanse above us, and mav be applied to exten- 
 sion in breadth as well as heijiht; as, a loft!/ mountain, a lo/ti/ 
 room. Tall is applied only to phvsicul objects; high and lo/ti/ 
 have a morul accept;Uion, as. hitjft thought, purpose, &c., lofty 
 aspirations, a /q^V// genius. Lortyis, the strontrer word, and is 
 usually coupled wiUi the grand, or that which excites admi- 
 ration. 
 
 Tftl'lage, \ n. [Written also tailage.] [See Tailage.] 
 
 Tftl'li-aee, I ( O- Eng. Laie.) A certain rate or tax 
 paid b\ barons, kuights, aud inferior tenants, toward the 
 public expense?. 
 
 Tall'ness, n. The quality or state of being tall. 
 
 TJil'low, «. [A.-S. telg,'tdlg,'leel. tdlg,t6;k.] 1. The 
 suet or fat of animals of the sheep and ox kinds, ti. The 
 fot of some other animals, or the fat obtained from cer- 
 tain plants, or from other sources resembUng that of 
 animals of the sheep and ox kind. 
 
 Jai'low, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TALLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TALLOWING.] 1. To grease or smear with tallow. 
 2. To fatten. 
 
 T&l'low-cliaiid''ler, n. One who makes or sells tal- 
 low candles. 
 
 Xai'lo^v-isli. a. Having the properties or nature of tal- 
 low ; re.«embling tallow. 
 
 TJil'low'y, a. Having the qualities of tallow; greasy. 
 
 Tai'ly, n. [Ft. taille, a cutting, cut, tally, from tailler, to 
 cut.] 1. A piece of wood on which notches or scores are 
 cut, as the marks of number, "i. One thing made to 
 suit another ; a match ; a mate. 
 
 T&l'ly, t'. t. [iynp. & p. p. TALLIED; p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 TALLYING.] 1, To score with correspondent notches; 
 to make to correspond. '2. (Naut.) To pull afl, as the 
 sheets or lower corners of the main and fore-sail. 
 
 TSl'ly, V. I. To be fitted ; to .«uit : to correspond. 
 
 TJil'ly-lio, interj. & n. The huntsman's cry to incite or 
 urge on his hounds. 
 
 Tai'ly-man, n. ; pi. tal'ly-men. 1. One who keeps 
 the tally. 2. One who keeps a tally-shop. 
 
 T&l'ly-slidp, n. A shop at which goods or articles are 
 sold to customers on account, the account being kept in 
 corresponding books, one called the tally, kept by the 
 buyer, the other the counter-tally ,ke-pt by the seller, pay- 
 ments being made weekly or otherwise by agreement. 
 
 T&l'ma, n. ; pi. T.XL'MAg. A kind of large cape, or short, 
 full cloak, worn by ladies and also by gentlemen. 
 
 T&l'mud, n. [Chald. talmtid, instruction, doctrine, fir. 
 lAmad, to learn, limmad, to teach, talmid, a scholar.] 
 The body of the Hebrew laws, traditions, and explana- 
 tions, or the book that contains them. 
 
 Tal-mud'ic, I a. Of, pertaining to, or contained in, 
 
 ral-mud'i€-al, j the Tahnud. 
 
 Xai'mud-ist, n. One versed in the Talmud. 
 
 Xarmud-ist'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Talmud; 
 resembling the Talmud ; Talmudic. 
 
 Tai'on, n. [L. Lat. talo, from Lat. talus, the ankle, heel.] 
 1. The claw of a fowl. 2. (Arck.) A kind of molding ; 
 ogee. 
 
 Ta'lus, n. [Lat. talus, the ankle.] 1. (Anat.) That 
 bone of the foot which articulates with the leg. 2. 
 (Arch. & Fort.) The slope or inclination of a work. 3, ! 
 ( Geol.) A sloping heap of fragments of rocks at the foot ! 
 of a precipice. i 
 
 Tam'a-ble, a. Capable of being tamed or subdued. | 
 
 Xam'a-rack, n. (Bot.) The larch, a coniferous tree j 
 having deciduous leaves. i 
 
 T&m'a-rind, n. [From At. tamar-liindi, i.e., Indian' 
 date, from tamar, a dried date.] (Bot.) (a.) A legumi- 
 nous tree, cultivated in tropical countries for its shade 
 and its fruit. (6.) One of the preserved seed-pod.s of the 
 tamarind, which abound with an acid pulp of refrigerant i 
 and laxative properties. 
 
 Tftm'a-rTgk, n. [Lat. tamarisnis, tamaricum, Gr. (ivpi- 
 KTj.] {Bot.) A tree or shrub of several species. 
 
 XftinT>a«, n. 1. An alloy of copper. 2. Aloes-wood. 
 
 Xam'bqur, n. [Fr. tambour, a drum. See Tabor.] 1. 
 A kind "of small flat drum ; a tambourine. 2. A small 
 circular frame, somewhat resembling a drum, for work- ' 
 ing embroidery upon ; also, a species of embroidery in I 
 which threa/is of gold and silver are worked in leaves, ! 
 flowers, &c. 3. (Arch.) (a.) The vase on which the' 
 leaves of the Corinthian and Composite capitals are 
 place^L (b.) The wall of a circular temple surrounded 
 with columns, (c.) The circular vertical part above or 
 below a cupola, id.) A lobby or veatibule, inclosed with 
 folding doors. ' 
 
 Xft,in1>ftur-"ine', n. [Fr. tam- 
 bourin', It. taynburino. See 
 supra.] 1. A shallow drum, 
 with only one skin, played on 
 with the hand, and having 
 bells at the sides. 2. A live- 
 ly French dance, formerly in 
 vogue in opera,s. 
 
 Xame, u. \ compar. tamer : 
 super'. TAMEST.] [See/70-a.i 
 1. Having laid aside, or be- 'iumbouiino. 
 
 come changed from, native wildnesa and shyness ; accus- 
 tomed to man. 2. Crushed; subdued; spiritless. 3, 
 Deficient in animation ; dull ; flat. 
 
 Syn. — Gentle ; mild ; meek. See GeKtle. 
 
 Tame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TAMING.] [A.-S. tamian,temian,Goth^tamjan..,galam- 
 jan, Icel. temia, 0. H. Ger. znrnon, znwjan., zemjan. 
 allied to Skr. dam, Gr. Safxav, Lat. domare.] 1. To 
 reduce from a wild to a domVstic state ; to reclaim ; to 
 domesticate. 2. To subdue ; to conquer. 
 
 Xame'ly, adv. In a tame manner; with unresisting 
 submission ; meanly ; servilely. 
 
 Tame'ness, n. The quality of being tame or gentle ; a 
 state of domestication ; want of spirit. 
 
 Xam'er, n. One who tames or subdues. 
 
 Xam'is, )n. A kind of woolen cloth highly glazed, 
 
 Xam'my, j often used for straining sauces. 
 
 XSmp, r. f. [See Tampion.] 1. To fill up, as a hole 
 bored in a rock for blasting, especially by driving ih 
 something with frequent strokes. 2. To drive in or 
 down by frequent gentle strokes. 
 
 Xam'per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tampered ; p. pr.k, vb. 
 n. tampering.] [A modif. of temper, q. v.] To meddle ; 
 to try Uttle experiments. 
 
 Xam'pi-on, n. [Fr. tampon, tapon, tape, Sp. tapon, fr. 
 L. Ger. tappe, D. & Eng. tap. See Tap, n., 2.] [Written 
 also tampion.] 1. The stopper of a cannon or other 
 piece of ordnance. 2. A plug to stop the upper end of 
 an organ-pipe. 
 
 Xan, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tanned : p. pr. 8c vb. n. tan- 
 ning.] [See infra.] 1. To convert into leather, as the 
 skins of animals. 2. To make brown by exposure to 
 the rays of the sun. 
 
 xan, V. i. To become tanned. 
 
 xan, M. [Fr. tan, 0. D. tane, tanne, prob. from Armor. 
 tanji, an oak, and oak-bark, allied to Ger. tanne, a fir.] 
 1. The bark of the oak, and some other trees, bruised 
 and broken by a mill, for tanning hides. 2. A yellow- 
 ish-brown color, like that of tan. 3. A browning of the 
 skin by exposure to the sun. 
 
 Xan'dem, adv. [Lat. tandem, at length.] One after 
 another ; — said of horses harnessed and driven one be- 
 fore another, instead of side by side. 
 
 Xang, n. [Prov. Eng. tang, part of a knife or fork which 
 passes into the haft, prong of a fork, a sting, a bad taste 
 or flavor, Icel. tangi, id., Gr. rayyd?, rancid.] 1, A 
 strong or ofifensive taste ; especially, a taste of something 
 extraneous to the thing itself. 2. Relish ; taste. 3. 
 Something that leaves a sting or pain behind. 4. A pro- 
 jecting part of an object by means of which it is secured 
 to a handle, or to some other part ; any thing resembling 
 a tongue in form or position. 
 
 Xan'gen-^y, n. State or quality of being tangent ; a 
 contact or touching. ^ „ 
 
 Xan'gent, n. [Lat. tangens, p. pr. 
 of tangere, to touch.] ( Geom.) A 
 right line which touches a curve, 
 but which, when produced, does 
 not cut it. 
 
 xan'gent, a. 1. Touching. 2. Tangent. 
 
 ( Geom.) Touching at a single point, ac, tangent; ad, tangen- 
 
 Xan-g6n'tial. a. Of, or pertain- tial radius ; &c, arc. 
 ing to, a tangent; in the direction of a tangent. 
 
 Xan'gi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being tangible, or per- 
 ceptible to the touch. 
 
 Xan'gi-ble, a. [Lat. tangibilis, from tangere, to touch.] 
 1. Perceptible by the touch ; palpable. 2. Capable of 
 being possessed or realized ; readUy apprehensible by the 
 mind. 
 
 Xan'gle (tSng/gl), v. t. [imp. & p- P- tangled : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TANGLING.] [Prob. allied to Goth, tagl, hair. 
 See Tail.] 1. To unite or knit together confusedly ; to 
 interweave or interlock, as threads. 2. To insnare ; to 
 entrap. [fusedly 
 
 xan'gle (tSng/gl), f. i. To be entangled or united con- 
 
 Xan'gle (tSng/gl), n. 1. A knot of threads, or other 
 
 a,e, tec, long; a, g, &c., short ; c&re,far, ask, all, 'vrbat ; 6re,Teil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, 'vr^li 
 
TANK 
 
 735 
 
 TARNISH 
 
 things, so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged. 2. 
 [Ger. & Dan. tang, Sw. tang.] (Bot.) An edible sea- 
 weed, having long, ribbon-shaned fronds. 
 
 T&ak, n. [Vv. ctang, 0. Fr. estanc, Lat. stagnum.] A 
 large basin or cistern. 
 
 T&nk'ard, n. [0. Fr. tanquart, 0. D. tanckaerd, perh. 
 by a metathesis, from Lat. cantharus, Gr. Ka.v9apo<;. Cf. 
 supra.} A large. vessel for liquors, or a drinking vessel, 
 with a cover. 
 
 Tan'ner, n. One whose occupation is to tan hides. 
 
 TS,n'ner-y, n. The house and apparatus for tanning. 
 
 Taii'iii«, a. { Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, 
 tan. 
 
 Tan'iiin, n. [Fr. tannin, N. Lat. tanninum. See Tan.] 
 ( Ckem.) The astringent principle of oak-bark, nut-galls, 
 &c. 
 
 Tftn'gy, n. [Fr. tanaisie, N. Lat. athanasia, from Gr. 
 kQavaaia, immortality, from aflai/aros, immortal.] (Bot.) 
 An extremely bitter plant used for medicinal and culina- 
 ry purposes. 
 
 Ta,n'ta-li§m, n. The punishment of Tantalus ; a teas- 
 ing with vain hopes. 
 
 Tan'ta-li-za'tion, n. The act of tantalizing. 
 
 Tan'ta-lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tantalized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TANTALIZING.] [From Tantalus. See infra.] 
 To tease or torment with a prospect of good that can not 
 be realized. 
 
 Syn.— To disappoint; tease; vex; irritate;' provolte.— 
 To dimppoint is literally to do away what was (or was taken to 
 be) appointed; hence, the peculiar pain from hopes thus 
 dashed to the ground. To tantalize describes a most distress- 
 ing form of disappointment, as in the case of Tantalus, a Phry- 
 gian king in fabulous history, who was condemned to stand up 
 to his chin in water, with a tree of fair fruit over his head, both 
 of which, as he attempted to allay his hunger or thirst, fled 
 from his approach. Hence, to tantalize is to visit with the 
 bitterest disappointment, — to torment by exciting hopes or ex- 
 pectations which can never be realized. 
 
 TSn'ta-liz'er, n. One who tantalizes. 
 
 T&n'ta-moiiiit', a. [Lat. tantus,?.o much, and Eng. 
 amount, from Fr. amont, on high.] Equivalent in value 
 or signification ; equal. 
 
 Tan-tiv'y, or Tftii'ti-vy, adv. [Said to be from the 
 note of a hunting-horn.] Swiftly ; speedily ; rapidly ; — 
 a hunting term. 
 
 T&n'trum, n. A whim or burst of ill-humor ; an affect- 
 ed air. [Colloq.] 
 
 Tiii'-yard, n. An inclosure where the tanning of leath- 
 er is carried on. 
 
 Tftp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TAPPED (tXpt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TAPPING.] [Fr. taper, to strike, tape, a slap, tap, from 
 Prov. Ger. tapp, tapps, a blow, tappe,a, paw, fist.] 1. To 
 strike with something small, or to strike with a very 
 gentle blow. 2. To put a new sole or heel on, as a shoe 
 or boot. 
 
 TJlp, n. [See supra.] 1. A slight blow with a small 
 thing. 2. The piece of leather fastened upon the bottom 
 of a boot or shoe, in repairing the sole or heel. 
 
 Ta.p, V. i. To strike a gentle blow. 
 
 Ta.p, V. t. [A.-S. tdppan, tappiaii, Icel. tappa.] 1. To 
 pierce so as to let out a fluid, as a cask, a tree, a humor, 
 or any thing containing a pent-up fluid. 2. Hence, to 
 draw from in any analogous way. 
 
 Tap, n. [A.-S. lappa, Icel. tappi, 0. H. Ger. zapfo. Cf. 
 Tampion.] 1. A hole or pipe through which liquor is 
 drawn. 2. A plug or spile for stopping a hole pierced 
 in a cask. 3. Liquor measured out, as through a tap. 
 
 4. A place where liquor is drawn for drinking ; a bar. 
 
 5. (Mech.) A conical screw grooved longitudinally, for 
 cutting threads in nuts. 
 
 Tape, n. [A.-S. tdppe, a fillet. Cf. 0. H. Ger. tepi, teppi, 
 tepih, a cloak, and Eng. tippet.] A narrow piece of woven 
 fabric used for strings and the Uke. 
 
 Ta'per, «. [A.-S. tapur, taper, taper, Ir. tapar.] 1. A 
 small wax-candle, or a small light. 2. A gradual dimi- 
 nution of thickness in an elongated object. 
 
 Ta'per, a. [Supposed to be from the form of a taper.] 
 Regularly narrowed toward the point ; conical ; pyra- 
 midical. 
 
 Ta'per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TAPERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TAPERING.] To diminish or become gradually smaller 
 toward one end. 
 
 Ta'per, v. t. To make or cause to taper. 
 
 TS,p'es-try, n. [Fr. tapisserie, from tapisser, to carpet, to 
 cover with tapestry, from tapis, a carpet, carpeting; fr. 
 Lat. tapes, or tapete, tapetis, carpet, tapestry ; Gr. rdirrts, 
 TttTrts.] A kind of woven hangings of wool and silk, often 
 enriched with gold and silver, representing various 
 figures. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. TAr 
 
 Tapettn/ carpet, an elegant kind of two-ply or ingrain car- 
 pet, in which the warp or weft is printed before weaving, «o a« 
 to produce the figure in the cloth. 
 
 Tap'es-try, v. t. To adorn with tapestry, or as if with 
 tapestry. 
 
 Tape'-worm (-wQrm), n. {Med.) A broad, flat, many- 
 jointed worm, often many feet in length, found in the 
 intestines of man and other vertebrate animals. 
 
 Tap'-house, n. A house where liquors are retailed. 
 
 Tap'i-o'ca, ". A coarsely granular substance obtained 
 by heating the moistened starch obtained from the roots 
 of a Brazilian plant. 
 
 Ta'pir, n. [Braz. tapyha.] 
 {Zo'6l.) A hoofed mammal, 
 somewhat like a pig, but hav- 
 ing a short proboscis. 
 
 Ta'pis (or ta-pe'), n. [Fr. See 
 Tapestry.] Carpeting ; tap- 
 estry ; formerly, the cover of a 
 council-table. Tapir. 
 
 Upon the tapis, on the table, or under consideration. 
 
 Tap'pet, n. (Mac/i.) A small lever or projection intended 
 to tap or touch lightly something else, with a view to 
 change or regulate motion. 
 
 Tap'-robt, «■ (Bot.) The root of a plant which pene- 
 trates the earth directly downward. 
 
 Tap'ster, n. [From Eng. tap, to pierce, broach, or open 
 
 a cask.] One whose business is to draw ale or other 
 
 liquor. 
 
 I Tar, 71. [A.-S. teru, tear, Icel. tiara, H. Ger. theer.] 1. A 
 
 thick, impure, resinous substance, of a dark color, ob- 
 
 I tained from pine and fir-trees, by burning the wood with 
 
 I a close, smothering heat. 2. A sailor ; — so called from 
 
 i his tarred clothes. 
 
 Tar, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TARRED : 
 ring.] To smear with tar. 
 
 Ta-rant'u-la, n. [From Ta- 
 ranto, in the south of Italy.] 
 ( Zo'ol. ) A species of spider. Its 
 bite sometimes produces a tri- 
 fling effect, about equal to the 
 sting of a wasp. 
 
 Tar'di-Iy, arff. In a tardy man- 
 ner ; slowly. 
 
 Tar'di-iiess, n. Quality of be- 
 ing tardy ; slowness ; lateness. 
 
 Tar'dy, a. [cow^ar. tardier; 
 
 super'l. TARDIEST.] [Lat. tardus, slow.] 
 
 with a slow pace or motion. 2. Not being in season ; 
 
 late. 
 
 Sym. — Slow; dilatory; tedious; reluctant. See Slow. 
 
 Tare, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. tare, brisk, eager.] 1. A weed 
 growing among wheat and other grain ; — alleged by mod- 
 ern naturalists to be the darnel. 2. (Bot.) (a.) A plant 
 of several species, which are troublesome weeds, (b.) A 
 plant of the vetch kind, cultivated in England for fodder ; 
 vetch. 
 
 Tare, n. [From Ar. tarah, thrown away, removed, from 
 taralia, to reject, remove.] ( Com.) Allowance or abate- 
 ment of a certain weight or quantity from the weight or 
 quantity of a commodity sold in a cask, chest, bag, &c., 
 which the seller makes to the buyer. 
 
 Tare, imp. of tear, for tore. [Obs.] See TEAR. 
 
 Tar'get, n. [Fr. targe, A.-S. targe, Icel. tiarga, 0. H. 
 Ger. targa, Ar. & Per. turs, dark, dirk, darkali, darkik. 
 Cf. 0. H. Ger. zarga, frame, border, edge.] 1. A kind 
 of small shield or buckler. 2. A mark for marksmen to 
 fire at in their practice. 
 
 Tar-'get-eer', 
 
 Tar'get-ier', 
 
 Tar'gum, n. [Chald. targdm, interpretation , from tor- 
 gc7n, to interpret.] A translation or paraphrase of the 
 Scriptures in the Chaldee language. 
 
 Tar'iif, n. [From Ar. ta'r'if, information, explanation, 
 definition, from a''rafa, to know, to inform, explain.] 
 (Com.) (a.) Properly, a list or table of goods with the 
 duties or customs to be paid for the same, either on im- 
 portation or exportation, (b.) A list or table of duties or 
 customs to be paid on goods imported or exported. 
 
 Tar'la-tan, n. A kind of thin, transparent muslin, used 
 for ladies' dresses, and the like. 
 
 Tarn, n. [Icel. tijorn.] 1. A small lake among the moun- 
 tains. 2. A bog ; a marsh ; a fen. 
 
 Tar'nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tarnished (-nisht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TARNISHING.] [Fr. ternir,p. pr. ternissantf 
 to tarnish, from 0. H. Ger. tamjan, A.-S. dernan, dt/rnan. 
 to hide, 0. H. Ger. tarni, hidden.] 1. To duninish or 
 
 Tarantula. 
 
 1. Moving 
 
 n. One armed with a target or shield. 
 
 idbd,f<^t; Aru, r^de,pull; fell, ^liaise, <;all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; e$ist; linger, link; tliis- 
 
TARNISH 
 
 736 
 
 TATTOO 
 
 destroy the luster of. 2. To dimiuish or destroy the 
 purity of. 
 Syn. — To sully; stain; dim. 
 
 Tar'iiisli, v. i. To lose luster ; to become dull. 
 
 Tar'iiish, n. State of being soiled or tarnished; soil; 
 hlouiish. 
 
 Tar-pau'lin, n. [Written also tarpauling, and tarpaw- 
 lins;. " Cf 0. Eng. pall^ a sort of fine cloth, and Prov. 
 Eng. pauling, a covering for a cart.] 1. A piece of can- 
 yas covered with tar, or a composition, to render it water- 
 proof 'i. A hat covered with painted or tarred cloth, 
 worn by sailors and others. 3. Hence, a sailor. 
 
 Tftr'ra-g6n, n. [0. Fr. targon, from L. Lat. draco, for 
 Lat. dracuncuhis, dim. of draco, a dragon.] (Bat.) A 
 plant used in France for perfuming vinegar. 
 
 Tftr'ras,«. See Trass. 
 
 Tftr'ri-an^e, n. Act of tarrying ; delay; lateness. 
 
 TJir'ry (5), v. i. [imp. & p. p. tarried ; p. vr. & vb. n. 
 TARRYING.] [0. Eng. largest, 0. Fr. larger, tarjer, tar- 
 gier, as if from a Lat. word tardicare, from tar dare, to 
 make slow, to tarry, ftova. tardus, slow.] 1. To stay be- 
 hind ; to remain in arrear. ti. To delay ; to put off 
 going or coming. 3. To stay ; to remain. 
 Syn.— To abide; continue; lodge; await; loiter. 
 
 TJir'ry, n. Stay ; stop ; delay. 
 
 Tar'ry (5), a. Consisting of, covered with, or like, tar. 
 
 Tart,' a. [A.-S. teart, from tearan, to tear, split.] 1. 
 Sharp to the taste ; acidulous. 2. Keen ; severe. 
 
 Tart, n. [From Lat. tortus, p. p. of torquere, to twist, 
 bend, wind, because tarts were originally made of a 
 twisted shape.] A species of small open pie or flat piece 
 of pastry, containing jelly or conserve. 
 
 Tar'tan, n. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey, Sp. tiritana, 
 tiritaira, a sort of thin silk, from tiritar, to shiver with 
 cold.] Woolen cloth, checkered with threads of various 
 colors, much worn in Scotland. 
 
 Tar'tar, n. [Low Lat. tartarum, L. Gr. Taprapoi'.] 1. 
 ( Chem.) An acid concrete salt, deposited from wines com- 
 pletely fermented. When pure, it is called cream of 
 tartar, and when crude, argal, or argol. 3. A concre- 
 tion which often incrusts the teeth. 3. (Geog.) A na- 
 tive or inhabitant of Tartary. 
 
 Tartar-emetic (Chem.), a double salt, consisting of tartaric 
 acid in combination with potassa and protoxide of antimony.— 
 To catch a Tartar, to lay hold of or encounter a person who 
 proves too strong for the assailant. 
 
 Tar-ta're-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, Tartarus ; hellish ; 
 Tartareous. 
 
 Tar-ta're-oiis, a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, tar- 
 tar, or partaking of its properties. 3. Of, or pertaining 
 to, Tartarus ; Tartarean. 
 
 Tar-tar'i<;, a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
 from tartar. 
 
 Tartaric acid, an acid obtained from tartar, soluble, white, 
 and crystalline. 
 
 Tar'tar-ize. v. t. [imp. & p. p. tartarized ; p. pr. 
 & vh. n. tartakizing.] To impregnate with tartar; 
 to refine by means of the salt of tartar. 
 
 Tar'ta-rus. n. [Lat.: Gr. Taprapos.] (Gr. Myth.) The 
 infernal regions ; the place of punishment for the spirits 
 of the wicked. 
 
 Tart'ly, adv. In a tart manner ; sourly ; sharply. 
 
 Tart'ness, n. The quality of being tart or sharp. 
 
 Syn. — Acrimony; sourness; keenness; poignancy; severi- 
 ty; abperity; acerbity; harshness. 
 
 Tar'trate, n. { Chem.) A salt formed by the combina- 
 tion of tartaric acid with a base. 
 
 Tar-tuffe', r.. [Vt. tartvfe.] An hypocritical devotee ; 
 — a nickname derived from the name of the hero in a 
 celebrated comedy of Moliere. 
 
 Tar'-wa'ter, n. 1. A cold infusion of tar in water, 
 used as a medicine. 2. The ammoniacal water of gas- 
 works. 
 
 Task, n. [L. I^at. tasca, taxa, from Lat. taxare, to rate, 
 appraise, estimate. Cf. Tax.] 1. Business or study 
 imposed by another. 2. Business ; undertaking. 3. 
 Burdensome employment. 4. A lesson ; a fixed portion 
 of study imposed by a teacher. 
 
 To take to tank, to rtprove; to reprimand. 
 
 Syn. — Work; labor; business; study; toil; drudgery. 
 
 Task, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tasked (taskt) ; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. TASKING.] 1. To impose a task upon. 2. To oppress 
 with severe or excessive burdens. 
 
 Task'er, n. One who imposes a task. 
 
 Task'-mas'ter, n. One who imposes a task, or burdens 
 with labor ; an overseer. 
 
 Ti«'»el, n. [From Lat. taxillus, a little die, dim. of talus. 
 
 a die of a longish shape, rounded on two sides and marked 
 only on the other four.] 1. A sort of pendent ornament, 
 attached to cushions, curtains, &c., ending in teose 
 threads. 2. The pendent flower or head of some plants. 
 
 Tfts'sel, V. i. [imp. & p. p. tasseled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TASSELING.] To put forth a tassel or flower. 
 
 TJis'sel, V. t. To adorn with tassels. 
 
 Tast'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy of being tasted ; sa- 
 vory ; relishing. 
 
 Taste, V. t. [imp. &. p. p. tasted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TASTING.] [0. Fr. taster, as if from a Lat. word taxi- 
 tare, from taxare, to touch sharply, to estimate, intensive 
 form of tangere, to touch.] 1. To try by the touch of 
 the tongue : to perceive the relish or flavor of by taking 
 a small quantity into the mouth. 2. To eat a smau 
 quantity of. 3. To become acquainted with by actual 
 trial; to experience; to undergo. 4. To partake of; to 
 participate in ; — usually with an implied sense of relish 
 or pleasure. 
 
 Taste, V. i. 1. To try food with the mouth; to eat or 
 drink ; sometimes to eat or drink a little only. 2. To 
 excite a particular sensation, by which the quality or 
 flavor is distinguished ; to have a particular quality or 
 character. 3. To have perception, esperience, or enjoy- 
 ment ; to partake. 
 
 Taste, n. 1. Act of tasting. 2. A particular sensation 
 excited by the application of a substance to the tongue. 
 3. The sense by which the savor of bodies is ascertained, 
 having its principal seat in the tongue. 4. Intellectual 
 relish. 5. Nice perception, or the power of perceiving 
 and relishing excellence in human perforr" xnces ; criti- 
 cal judgment; discernment. 6. Manner, with respect 
 to what is pleasing ; style. 7. A small portion given as 
 I bit. 8. A kind of narrow ribbon. 
 
 Syn. — Savor; relish; flavor: sensibility; judgment.— Some 
 consider taste as a mere sensibiliti/, and others as a simple exer- 
 cise of judgment ; but a union of both is requisite to the exist- 
 ence of any thing which deserves the name. An original sense 
 of the beautiful is just as necessary to esthetic judgments, as a 
 sense of right and wrong to the formation of any just conclu- 
 sions on moral subjects. But this " sense of the beautiful" is 
 not an arbitrary pnnciple. It is under the guidance of reason ; 
 it grows in delicacy and correctness with the progress of the 
 individual and of society at large ; it has its laws, which are 
 seated in the nature of man ; and it is in the development of 
 these laws that we find the true " standard of taste." 
 
 Taste'ful, a. 1. Having a high relish; savory. 2. 
 Having* or exhibiting, good taste ; tasty. 
 
 Taste'f ul-ly, adv. In a tasteful manner ; with good 
 taste. 
 
 Taste'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being tasteful. 
 
 Taste'less, a. 1. Having no taste ; insipid. 2. Having 
 no power of giving pleasure. 
 
 Taste'less-ness, n. The state of being tasteless, or in 
 bad taste. 
 
 Tast'er, n. 1. One who tastes. 2. One who first tastes 
 food or liquor. 
 
 Tast'i-ly, adv. In a tasty manner ; ^vith good taste. 
 
 Tast'y, a. [cow^jar. tastier ; .<M/)fr/. tastiest.] 1, 
 Having a good taste, or nice perception of excellence. 2. 
 Being in conformity to the principles of good taste ; ele- 
 gant. 
 
 Tat'ter, V. t. & i. [Cf. Icel. tetr, tetur, a torn garment, 
 totr, a cento, tatter.] To rend or tear into rags ; to be in 
 tatters or rags ; — obsolete, except in the p.p. 
 
 TSt'ter, n. A rag, or a part torn and hanging to the 
 thing. 
 
 Tat'ter-de-mai'ion, n. [From Eng. tatter and 0. Fr. 
 maillon, long-clothes, swaddling clothes.] A ragged fel- 
 low ; a ragamuflin. 
 
 Tat'ting, n. A kind of lace edging woven or knit from 
 common sewing thread, with a peculiar stitch. 
 
 Tat'tle (tSt^l), V. i. [imp. & p. p. tattled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. tattling.] [L. Ger. tattln, tdteln, tatern. Up. 
 Ger. tattern, D. tateren.] 1. To prate; to use many 
 words with little meaning. 2. To tell tales ; to commu- 
 nicate secrets. 
 
 Tat'tle, n. Idle talk or chat ; trifling talk ; prate. 
 
 Tat'tler, n. One who tattles; an idle talker. 
 
 Tat-tdb', n. [D. taptoe, from tap, a tap, faucet, and toe. 
 to shut (i. e., the taps, or drinking-houses, shut from the 
 soldiers).] (Mil.) A beat of drum at night, giving notice 
 to soldiers to repair to their quarters or tents. 
 
 Devil's tattoo, a beating or drumming with the fingers, op 
 foot, as from listles-sness, fatigue, or the like. [CoUoq.] 
 
 Tat-tob', V. t. [imp. & p. p. tattooed ; p. pr. ^ vb. 
 n. TATTOOING.] [Prob. by reduplication of the Poly- 
 nesian word ta, to strike.] To color indelibly, as the 
 flesh, by pricking in fluids or dye-stuSis. 
 
 a, e,kc.,long; ii, 6, Sec, short; c4re, far, ask, aU, what; dre, veU,term; pique, firm; sdn,dr,ds,W9i£, 
 
TATTOO 
 
 737 
 
 TEARFUL 
 
 Tat-t<JT»', n. Indelible marks or figures made by punc- 
 turing the body and introducing some pigment. 
 
 Taught (tawt, 75), a. [Written also taut.] [From the 
 root of tight.] Tightly drawn or strained. 
 
 Tauglit (tawt, 75), imp. & p. p. of leach. See Teach. 
 
 Taunt, a. [0. Fr. tant, Lat. tantus, of such size, so great 
 in extent.] (Naut.) Very high or tall, as the masts of a 
 ship. 
 
 Taunt, V. t. [imp. & p, p. taunted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TAUNTING.] [0. Sw. tanta, danta, to reproach, tant, 
 land, mockery, 0. D. tanden^ to attack, danten, to trifle. 
 Cf. Fr. tancer, to taunt, upbraid,] To reproach with 
 severe or insulting words ; to revile ; to upbraid. 
 Syn. — To deride; ridicule; mock; censure. See Dekide. 
 
 Taunt, n. Upbraiding words ; bitter or sarcastic re- 
 proach ; insulting invective. 
 
 Tsiunt'er, n. One who taunts, reproaches, or upbraids. 
 
 Taunt'ing-ly , adv. In a taunting manner ; insultingly ; 
 scoffingly. 
 
 Tau'ri-form, a. [Lat. tauriformis, from taurus, a bull, 
 and /brwza, a form.] Having the form of a bull. 
 
 Tau'rine, a. [Lat. taurinus, from taurus, a bull.] 1, 
 Relating to a bull. Si. Of, or relating to, the common 
 bull, ox, and cow. 
 
 Tau/rus, n. [Lat. ; Gr. ravpos.] {Astron.) (a.) The Bull, 
 one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. (6.) The second 
 zodiacal constellation. 
 
 Taut, a. Tight. See TAUGHT, a. 
 
 Tau-tog', n. [The plural of taut, the Indian name.] 
 I'lchth.) A fish found on the coast of New England, val- 
 ued for food ; the blackfish. 
 
 Tau'to-I6g'i€, 1 a. Involving tautology ; having the 
 
 Tau'to-16g'ic-aI, ) same signification. 
 
 Tau-tol'o-gist, n. One who uses different words or 
 phrases, in succession, to express the same sense. 
 
 Tau-tol'o-gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tautologized ; 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. tautologizing.] To repeat the same 
 thing in different words. 
 
 T3.u-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. TaiiToAoyia, from rauTO, the same, 
 and Kiyeiv, to say, speak, Aoyos, speech.] A repetition 
 of the same meaning in different words. 
 
 Syn.— Repetition. — There may be frequent repetitions Caa 
 in legal instruments) whicli are warranted either by necessity 
 or convenience ; but tautology is always a fault, being a same- 
 ness of expression which adds nothing either to the sense or the 
 sound. 
 
 Tau'to-pli6n'i€-al, a. [Gr. ravToi^tovos, from ravro, 
 the same, and (|)<ov^, sound, voice.] Repeating the same 
 sound. 
 
 Tau-topli'o-ny, n. Repetition of the same sound. 
 
 Tav'ern, n. [Lat. taberna, from the root tab, whence 
 tabula, a board.] A public house where entertainment 
 and accommodation for travelers and other guests are 
 provided ; an inn ; a hotel. 
 
 Tj^tv, V. t. [iynp. & p. p. TAVVTED ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. TAW- 
 ING.] [A.-S. tawian, teagen, to prepare, to taw, Goth. 
 taiijan, to do.] To dress and prepare ia white, as the 
 skins of sheep, lambs, goats, and kid.s, for gloves, &c., by 
 imbuing them with alum, salt, and other materials. 
 
 Taw, n. [See supra.] 1. A large marble to be played 
 with. 3. A game at marbles. 
 
 Taw'dri-ly, adv. In a tawdry manner. 
 
 TaAv'dri-ness, n. State or quality of being tawdry ; ex- 
 cessive finery. 
 
 Taw'dry, a. [compar. tawdrier ; superl. tawdri- 
 est.] [Corrupted from Saitit Audrey or Auldrey, mean- 
 ing Saint Ethelreda, and orig. implying, bought at tlie 
 fair of St. Audrey, where laces and gay toys of all sorts 
 were sold.] Very fine and showy in colors, without taste 
 or elegance. 
 
 Taw'er, n. One who taws ; a dresser of white leather. 
 
 Taw'ny, a. [roynpar. TAWNIER; superl. TAWNIEST.] 
 [D. tanig, Fr. tanne, p. p. of tanner, to tan, D. tanen.] 
 Of a dull yellowish-brown color, like things tanned, or 
 persons who are sunburnt. 
 
 Ta,x, n. [L. Lat. taxa, for Lat. taxatio, from taxare, to 
 value, estimate.] 1. A charge, especially a pecuniary 
 burden imposed by authority ; as, (a.) A levy made upon 
 property for the support of a government, (h.) Especially, 
 the stun laid upon a specific thing, as upon polls, lands, 
 houses, income, &c. (c.) A sum iDiposed on the members 
 of a society, to defray its expen>ies. ti. A task exacted 
 from one who is under control- I? . A disagreeable or 
 burdensome duty or charge. 
 
 Syn. — Impost: tribute; contribution; duty; toll; rate; as- 
 Bcssment; exaction; custom; demand. 
 
 Tax, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TAXED (tSkst); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TAXING.] 1. To subject to pay a tax or taxes ; to lay 
 
 a burden upon .; especially, to exact money from for the 
 support of government, ii. To assess, fix, or determine 
 judicially, as the amount of cost on actions in court. 3. 
 To charge ; to censure ; to accuse. 
 
 Tax'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being taxed ; liable by law 
 to the assessment of taxes. 3. {Law.) Capable of being 
 legally charged by a court against the plaintiff or defend- 
 ant in a suit. 
 
 Tax'a-bly, adv. In a taxable manner. 
 
 Tax-a'tion, n. 1. Act of laying a tax, or of imposing 
 taxes. 3. Act of assessing a bill of cost. 
 
 Tax'er, n. One who taxes. 
 
 Tax/i-der'mi€, a. Pertaining to the art of preparing 
 and preserving the skins of animals. 
 
 TS,x'i-der'mist, n. A person skilled in taxidermy. 
 
 Tax'i-der'iny, n. [Gr. rd^ts, arrangement, and Sep/u,a, 
 a skin.] Art of preparing and preserving the skins of 
 animals, so as to represent their natural appearance. 
 
 Tea, n. [Chin, tsha, Prov. Chin, tha, the.] 1. The leaves 
 of a shrub or small tree, a native of China and Japan. 
 ii. A decoction or infusion of the dried leaves of tea in 
 boiling water. 3. Any infusion or decoction, especially 
 when made of the dried leaves of plants. 4. The even- 
 ing meal, at which tea is usually served ; supper. 
 
 Teacli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. taught ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TEACHING.] [A.-S. tascan, to show, teach, allied to tlhan, 
 teon, to say, accuse, Goth, teihnn, Icel. tia, allied to Gr. 
 8eLKvvvai, to show, and Lat. docere, to teach.] 1. To im- 
 part the knowledge of ; to inculcate as true or important ; 
 to exhibit impressively ; to tell. 3. To direct as an in- 
 structor ; to guide the studies of. 3. To admonish; to 
 counsel. 
 Syn. — To instruct; tell; guide. See Learn. 
 
 Teacli'a-lble, a. Capable of being taught ; also, readily 
 receiving instruction ; docile. 
 
 Teach'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being teachable. 
 
 Teacli'er, n. 1. One who teaches or instructs ; an in- 
 structor ; a tutor. 3. One who instructs others in re- 
 ligion ; a preacher ; a minister of the gospel. 
 
 Teacli'ing, n. Act or business of instructing. 
 
 Syn. — Education ; instruction ; breeding. See Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Tea'-eiip, n. A small cup for drinking tea from. 
 
 Teague, n. [W. taeog, taeaivg, taiaivg, rustic, rude, a 
 vassal, villain, peasant, clown. Cf. TiKE.] An Irish- 
 man ; — in contempt. 
 
 Teak, n. [Malabar theka, tekka.] {Bat.) A tree of th« 
 East Indies, which furnishes very excellent ship timber ; 
 also, the timber of the tree. [making tea. 
 
 Tea'-ket'tle, n. A kettle in which water is boiled for 
 
 Teal, n. [D. teling, feeling, tal- _~^=- . - ^= ^- 
 ing.] (Ornith.) A web-footed 
 water-fowl, nearly allied to the . 
 common duck, but smaller. 
 
 Team,n. [A.-S. team, fox tedham, 
 offspring, progeny, race of de- ; 
 scendants, any thing following ' 
 in a row, order, or team, from 
 tedmian, teman, tyman, to bear, 
 to teem.] 1. A number of ani- 
 mals moving together. 3. Two 
 or more horses, oxen, or other beasts harnessed together 
 to the same vehicle for di-awing. 
 
 Team'ster, n. [From team and the termination ster.] One 
 who drives a team. 
 
 Tea'-p6t, n. A vessel with a spout, in which tea is 
 made, and from which it is poured into tea-cups. 
 
 Tear, n. [A.-S. txher, tser, tear, Goth, tagr, Icel. tar, W. 
 daigr; Gr. SaKpv, Sa.<pvov, SdKpvfxa, Lat. lacrima, for 0. 
 Lat. dacrima.] 1 . A drop of the limpid fluid secreted 
 by the lachrymal gland, and appearing in the eyes, or 
 flowing from them. 3. Something in the form of a 
 transparent drop of fluid matter ; also, a solid, transpa- 
 rent, tear-shaped drop, as of some balsams or resins. 
 
 Te^r (tfir), v. t. [imp. tore (tare, obs.) ; p. p. torn; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. TEARING.] [A.-S. teran. Goth, tairaii, 
 allied to Lat. terere, Gr. reipeti/.] 1. To separate by vio- 
 lence ; to pull apart by force ; to i"end ; to lacerate. 3. 
 Hence, to divide by violent measures ; to shatter ; to 
 rend. 3. To pull with violence. 4. To move violently. 
 
 Tear, v. i. To move and act with turbulent violence ; to 
 rush with violence ; hence, to rage ; to rave. 
 
 TeA,r, n. A rent ; a fissure. 
 
 Te^r'er, n. 1. One who tears or rends any thing. 3. 
 One who rages or raves with violence. 
 
 Tear'f ul, a. Abounding with tears ; weeping ; shed- 
 ding tears. 
 
 Teal. 
 
 food, foot ; turn, rude, pull ; fell, (liaise, «aU, e«lio ; 
 
 47 
 
 gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link; tliis- 
 
TEARLESS 
 
 738 
 
 TELLER 
 
 Tf arless, a. Shoilding no tears ; without tears. 
 
 Teaje, r. /. [imp. & />. /'. TEASEU; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TEASING.) [.\.-S. tasan, to pluck, tease, 0. H. Ger. 
 zfisan, to pluck, pull. Cf. TousE.] 1. To comb or 
 card, as wool or flax. 'Z. To scratch, as cloth in dress- 
 insi, for the purpose of misiug a nap. 3. To harass, an- 
 noy, disturb, or irritate, by petty requests, or by jests 
 and raillery. 
 
 Svn. — To vox ; plague; torment; mortify; tantalizes 
 chagrin. — Totalise isliterally to pull or scratch, and implies 
 a pmlonfTod annoyance in respect to little things, which is 
 often more irritating and hanler to bear than severe pain. Vex 
 meant originally to seize and bear away hither and thither, and 
 hence, to disturb; as, to ve.v the ocean with i^torms. This sense 
 of the term now rarely occurs; but rex is still a stronger word 
 than tc(u<e, denoting the disturbance or anger created by minor 
 provocations, losses, disappointments, &c. We are teased by 
 the buzzing of a fly in our ears; we are vexed by the careless- 
 ness or stupidity of our servants. 
 
 Xea'grl (te'zl), n. [A.-S. tsesel, tiesl, the fuller's herb. 
 See supra.] 1. ( Bot.) A plant, of which one species bears 
 a large bur used for raising a nap on woolen cloth, ti. 
 The bur of the plant. 3. Any contrivance intended as 
 a substitute for teasels in dressing cloth. 
 Tea'§<'l (tri'zl), V. t. [imp. & p. p. TEASELED ; p. pr. k. 
 vb. n. TEASELING.] To subject as woolen cloth, to the 
 action of teasels. 
 Teag'er, n. One who teases or vexes. 
 Tea'-spdbii, n. A small spoon used in drinking tea and 
 
 other beverages. 
 Teat, 11. [A.-S. tit, titt (not unusually so pronounced to 
 this day), H. Ger. zitze, W. teth, didi, Gr. TtT0i}, tit06s.] 
 That organ, in female mammals, through which their 
 j'oung draw the milk from the breast or the udder. 
 Tea'-ta'ble, n. A table on which tea furniture is set. 
 Tea-to'tal, a. See Teetotal. 
 Tea'-ixm, n. A vessel in the form of an urn or vase, for 
 
 supplying heated water for tea. 
 Tea'zle, n. & v. t. The same a,s teasel. See TEASEL. 
 T6<;li'ni€, ) a. [Gr. rexviKos, fr. Te'xvTj,an art.] 1. Of, 
 Te*;li'ni€-al, ) or pertaining to, the useful or mechanic 
 arts ; also, to any science, business, or the like. '2. 
 Specially appropriate to any art, science, or business. 
 T6-eli'm-ea.l'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being tech- 
 nical, ti. That which is technical, or peculiar to any 
 trade, profession, sect, or the like. 
 T6€h'iii€-al-ly , adv . In a technical manner. 
 T6«li'iii«-al-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
 
 technical, or peculiar to the arts ; technicality. 
 T^eh'nics, 7i. sing, or pL The doctrine of arts in gen- 
 eral ; such branches of learning as respect the arts ; in 
 the plural, technical terms or objects. 
 Te«h'no-16g'i<; , la. Of, or pertaining to, technol- 
 T6cli'iio-16g'i«-al, j ogy. 
 Te-eh-nol'o-gist, n. One who discourses or treats of 
 
 arts, or of the terms of art. 
 ^le«h-n61'o-gy, n. [Gr. rexvy], an art, and A.6yos, dis- 
 course.] 1. A description of, or a treatise on, the useful 
 arts. *Z. An explanation of technical terms. 3. A col- 
 lection and explanation of terms peculiar to an art or 
 science. 
 T6ch'y, a. [Corrupted from iowc/iy.] Peevish ; fretful. 
 Te«-t6n'i«, a. [Gr. reKTOViKo?, from reKTiav, reKTOvog, a 
 carpenter, builder.] Of, or pertaining to, building or 
 construction. 
 Tfid, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tedded ; p. pr. & vb. n. TED- 
 DING.] [W. tfdu, to stretch out, distend, teddu, to 
 spread out, display.] To spread, or turn, as new-mowed 
 grass from the swath, and scatter it for drying : — chiefly 
 in the p. p. [TETHER. 
 
 T6cl'der, n. [0. D. tudder, Icel. tiodhr.] A tether. See 
 Te JJe'um. [Lat.] An ancient Christian hymn, often 
 sung in churche.'^ on occasions of special worship or 
 thanksgiving: — so called from the first words, " Te De- 
 um laudamus '' — W'e praise thee, God. 
 Te'dl-ouH (or ted'yus), a. [Lat. tsediosus, from tsediiim. 
 iieeirtfra.] Involving tedium ; tiresome from continu- 
 ance, prolixity, or slowne.ss which causes prolixity. 
 
 Syn. — Irksome; wearisome; fatiguing; sluggish; dilatory; 
 tardy. See Ikksome. 
 Te'di-otts-ly (or t."d'yup-lj), adv. In a tedious manner. 
 Te'di-ouH-neK8 (or t^d'yus-nes), n. Quality of being 
 
 tedious : wearisomeness : tiresomeness ; prolixity. 
 Te'di-um, n. [Lat. Updium, from tirdet, it disgusts, 
 
 wearies one.] Irksomeness ; wearisomeness. 
 Teem. r. t'. [imp. & p. p. teemed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TEEMING.] [A.-S. tyman, leman, tedmian, to produce. 
 Cf. Team.] 1. To bring forth, as an animal; to pro- 
 duce ftniit, as a plant ; to bear. ti. To be pregnant ; to 
 
 ^ conceive. 3. To be full ; to be stocked to overflowing ; 
 to be prolific. 
 
 Teem, v. t. To produce ; to bring forth. 
 
 Teem'er, n. One who teems, or brings forth young. 
 
 Teeiig, n. pi. [From teen, ten.] The years of one's age 
 having the termination «e«n , beginning with thirteen and 
 ending with nineteen. 
 
 Teeth, n. ; pi. of tooth. See Tooth. 
 
 Teeth, v. i. [imp. & p. p. teethed ; p. pr. & vb. v. 
 TEETHING.] [From the noun.] To breed teeth. 
 
 Teeth'ing, n. The process by which first teeth make 
 their way through the gums ; dentition. 
 
 Tee-to'tal, a. Entire ; total. [Colloq.] 
 
 Tee-to'tal-er, n. One pledged to entire abstinence from 
 all intoxicating drinks ; — a cant word formed in England, 
 by reduplicating, for the sake of emphasis, the initial 
 letter of the adjective total. [ance. 
 
 Tee-to'tal-i§m, n. Principle or practice of strict temper- 
 
 Tee-to'tum, »i. A child's toy, somewhat resembling r. 
 top, and twirled by the fingers. 
 
 Teg'u-lar, a. [L. Lat. tegidaris, from tegvla, a tile, from 
 tegere, tectum, to cover.] Pertaining to, or resembhng, a 
 tile, or arranged like tiles. 
 
 Teg'u-ment, n. [Lat. tegumentum, from tegere, to 
 cover.] 1. A cover or covering. 2. J?s/'cc/aZ/y, the cov- 
 ering of a living body, or of some part or organ of such 
 a body. [teguments. 
 
 Teg'u-ment'a-ry, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 
 Teil (teel), 1 n. [Lat. tilia, Ir. & Gael, teile.] (Bot.) The 
 
 Teil'-tree, J lime-tree or linden. 
 
 Tel'a-ry (110), a. [L. Lat. telaris. fr. Lat. tela, a web, for 
 texela, fr. texere, to weave.] Of, or pertaining to, a web. 
 
 Tfil'e-grfim, n. [Gr. rijAe, far, and ypdixfia, that which 
 is written, from ypd(f)eLv, to write.] A message sent by 
 telegraph ; a telegraphic dispatch. [Recent.] 
 
 Tel'e-graph, n. [Gr. rrjAe, far, far off, and ypa^eiv, to 
 write.] An apparatus, or a process, for communicating 
 intelUgence rapidly between distant points, especially by 
 means of preconcerted visible signals representing words 
 or ideas, or by means of words and signs transmitted by 
 electro-magnetism. 
 
 Tel'e-grHph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. telegraphed (108) ; 
 jT.pr. & vb. n. TELEGRAPHING.] To convey or announce 
 by telegraph. [ist. 
 
 T61'e-grS,ph'er, n. A telegraphic operator ; a telegraph- 
 
 Tcl'e-graph'ic, 1 a. Of, or pertaining to, the tele- 
 
 Tel'e-grltph'i<;-al, ) graph ; made, or communicated 
 by, a telegraph. 
 
 Te-leg'ra-phist, or Tel'e-gra-ph/ist, n. One who ope- 
 rates on a telegraph ; a telegraphic operator ; a telegrapher. 
 
 Te-leg'ra-phy , n. Science or art of constructing, or of 
 communicating by means of, telegraphs. 
 
 Te'le-61'o-gy (110), n. [Gr. tcAos, reAeos, the end or issue, 
 and Xoyos, discourse.] The science or doctrine of the final 
 causes of things. 
 
 Tel'e-s-eope, n. [Gr. TTjAeo-KOTro?, viewing afar, far-see- 
 ing, fr. TTJAe, far, far off, and aKonelv, to view.] An op- 
 tical instrument employed in viewing distant objects, as 
 the heavenly bodies. 
 
 Tel'e-s-e6p'i€, 1 a. 1. Pertaining to, or performed 
 
 T€l'e-s<;6p''i€-al, ) by, a telescope. 2. Seen or dis- 
 coverable only by a telescope. 3. Able to discern ob- 
 jects at a distance ; far-seeing. 4. Having the power of 
 extension by joints shding one within another, like the 
 tube of a pocket telescope. 
 
 Te-16s'ti-eh, n. [Gr. tcAos, the end, and cttCxo?, a line, 
 verse.] A poem in which the final letters of the Unes 
 make a name ; — the reverse of an acrostic. 
 T61'i«, a. [Gr TeXiKos, from Te'Aos, the end.] (Gram.) 
 
 Denoting the final end or purpose. 
 T611, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TOLD ; p. pr. & vb. n TELL- 
 ING.] [A.-S. telian, tellan, Icel. tala, telin, O. H. Ger. 
 zeljan, zellan.] 1. To enumerate; to number; to 
 count. 2. To utter or recite in detail : to give an ac- 
 count of. 3. To make known ; to publish ; to betray. 
 4. To give instruction to; to teach. 5. To ascertain 
 by observing ; to find out ; to discover. 
 
 SsTi.— To communicate; impart; reveal; disclose; inform; 
 acquaint; report; repeat; rehearse; recite; narrate. 
 
 Tell, f. i. 1. To give an account, to make report. 2. 
 To produce a marked effect. 
 
 T611'er, n. 1. One who tells, relates, or communicates ; 
 as, (a.) A recounter; an enumerator, (h.) A narrator 
 or describer. 2. In the English Exchequer, one of four 
 officers whose business it is to receive and pay all moneys 
 due or belonging to the crown. 3. An officer of a bank, 
 who counts over money received, and pays it out on 
 
 *«©, &e,, long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; c^re, far, ask, all, ivhat ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, dr , do, wolf, 
 
TELL-TALE 
 
 739 
 
 TENANT 
 
 checks. 4. One who is appointed to count the votes 
 given in a public meeting, assembly, and the like. 
 
 Till'- tale, a. Telling ta,les ; babbling. 
 
 TClf-tale, n. 1. An officious informer ; one who tells 
 that which prudence should suppress. 'Z. (Mack.) A 
 machine or contrivance for indicating or recording some- 
 thing. 
 
 Tel-lu'ri«, a. [Lat. tellus, telhtris, the earth.] 1. Per- 
 taining to, or proceeding from, the earth, 'i. Pertain- 
 ing to, or containing, tellurium. 
 
 Tel-lu'ri-um. n. [From Lat. tellus, telluris, the earth.] 
 ( Chem.) A metal of a silver-white color, and in its chem- 
 ical properties closely resembling sulphur and selenium. 
 
 T61'o-type, n. [Gr. rrjAe, afar, and tvttos, impression.] 
 An electric telegraph which prints the messages. 
 
 Te-mer'i-ty, n. [Lat. temeritas, from temere, by chance ; 
 rashly.] Unreasonable contempt of danger; extreme 
 venturesomeness. 
 
 Syn. — Rashness. — Temerity refers to the disposition, rash- 
 ness to the act. We hIiow temeriti/ in our resolutions, conclu- 
 Bions, &c. We show rashness, from time to time, in the actions 
 of life. 
 
 TCm'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tempered ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. TEMPERING.] [Lat. temperate, from tempus, time, 
 orig. a piece cut off, a part, from the root tern, Gr. re'/u.- 
 veiv, to cutoff.] 1. To mingle in due proportion; to 
 modify, as by adding some new element. "Z. Hence, to 
 Boften ; to mollify ; to assuage. 3. To bring to a proper 
 degree of hardness. 4. (Founding.) To moisten to a 
 proper consistency. 5. (Mtts.) To adjust, as the math- 
 ematical scale to the actual scale, or that in actual use. 
 
 TCm'per, n. 1. Due mixture of different qualities ; just 
 combination. 2. Constitution of body ; temperament. 
 3. Disposition of mind ; constitution of the mind, par- 
 ticularly with regard to the passions and affections. 4. 
 Calmness or soundness of mind ; moderation. 5. Heat 
 of mind or passion ; proneness to anger. [ Collog.] 6. 
 State of a metal or other substance, especially as to its 
 hardness, produced by some process of heating or cooling. 
 
 Tfim'per-a-meiit, n. 1. Internal constitution ; tem- 
 perature, ti. Act of tempering or modifying ; adjust- 
 ment, as of clashing rules, interests, passions, &c. 3. 
 (Mus.) A system of compromises in the tuning of organs, 
 piano fortes, &c., whereby the tones generated with the 
 vibrations of a ground-tone, are mutually modified and 
 in part canceled, until their number is reduced to the 
 actual practicable scale of twelve tones to the octave. 4. 
 {Med.) The peculiar physical and mental character of 
 an individual ; natural organization or constitution. 
 
 Tfim'per-an^e, n. [Lat. temperantia. See Temper.] 
 Habitual moderation in regard to the indulgence of the 
 natural appetites and passions ; sedateness. [Rare.] 
 
 T6m'per-ate, a. [Lat. temperatus, p. pr. of temperare. 
 See Temper.] I. Moderate; not excessive. 3. Mod- 
 erate in the indulgence of the appetites and passions. 
 3. Not marked with passion ; not violent. 
 Ss'V. — Abstemious; sober; calm; cool; sedate. 
 
 Tgm'per-ate-lytac/i;. In a temperate manner ; moder- 
 ately ; without excess; calmly. 
 
 Xem'per-ate-iiess, n. State or quality of being tem- 
 perate ; moderation ; calmness ; temperance. 
 
 T^m'per-a-ture (53), n. 1. Constitution; state; de- 
 gree of any quality. 2. (Pliysics.) Condition with re- 
 spect to heat or cold ; degree of heat or cold. 
 
 Tfim'pest, n. [Lat. tempestas, a portion of time, a sea- 
 son, weather, storm, from tempus, time.] 1. A storm of 
 extreme violence, ti. Hence, any violent tumult or com- 
 motion. 
 Syn.— Storm; agitation; perturbation. See Storm. 
 
 Tem-pgst'u-oiis, a. Involving, resembling, or pertain- 
 ing to, a tempest ; turbulent; violent; stormy. 
 
 Tem-pSsfu-oiis-ly, adv. In a tempestuous manner ; 
 turbulently ; violently. 
 
 Tem-p6st'u-ou.s-iiess. n. The state or quality of being 
 tempestuous; turbulence; storrainess. 
 
 T^m'plar, n. 1. One of a religious military order, first 
 established at Jerusalem to protect pilgrims traveling to 
 the Holy Land ; they occupied an apartment of the pal- 
 ace of IBaldsvin II., near the Temple. 2. A student of 
 law, so called from having apartments in the Temple at 
 London, which originally belonged to the Knights Tem- 
 plars. 
 
 Tem'plate. n. A templet. See TEMPLET. 
 
 Tem'ple (tem'pl), n. [Lat. templiim, a space marked out, 
 a temple, for tempidum , as a dim. of tempns, according 
 to its primary signification, a piece or portion cut off.] 1. 
 An edifice in honor of some deity, or for his worship. 2. 
 
 [Jewish Antig.) The edifice erected at Jerusalem for th« 
 worship of Jehovah. 3. A place of public Christian 
 worship ; a church. 4. Any place in which the divine 
 presence specially resides. 5. In London, an edifice once 
 occupied by the order of Knights Templars, and now ap- 
 propriated to the chambers of two inns of court. 
 
 TCm'ple, n. [From Lat. tempora, tempiis, properly the 
 right place, the fatal spot, from tempus, temporis, the 
 fitting or appointed time.] The flat portion of the head 
 between the forehead and ear. 
 
 T6m'plet, n. [L. Lat. templatits, •vaulted, from Lat. tem- 
 plum, a small timber.] 1. A mold used by bricklayers 
 and masons in cutting or setting out their work. 2. A 
 thin mold or pattern used by machinists, millwrights, 
 &c. 3. (Arcli.) A short piece of timber under a beam 
 to distribute the weight or pressure. 
 
 T6m'po-ral, a. [Lat. temporalis, from tem.pus, temporis, 
 time.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, time, that is, to the pres- 
 ent life, or this world ; secular. 2. Civil or political. 
 Syn.— Transient; fleeting; transitory. 
 
 T6m'po-ral, a. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the temple 
 or temples of the head. [porality. 
 
 Tgm'po-ral, n. Any thing temporal or secular ; a tem- 
 
 T6m'po-rai'i-ty, n. 1. (Eng. Lmw.) State or quality 
 of being temporary. 2. pi. That which pertains to tem- 
 poral welfare ; especially, revenues of an ecclesiastic pro- 
 ceeding from lands, tenements, or lay-fees, tithes, and the 
 like. 
 
 T6m'po-ral-ly, adv. In a temporal manner. 
 
 Tem'po-ra-ri-ly, adv. In a temporary manner. 
 
 T6m'po-ra-ri-ness, n. State of being temporary. 
 
 Tem'po-ra-ry (44), a. [Lat. temporarius, from tempus, 
 temporis, time.] Lasting for a time only ; existing or 
 continuing for a limited time. 
 
 Tgm'po-ri-za'tion, n. Act of temporizing. 
 
 Tem'po-rTze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. temporized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. temporizing.] [From Lat. tempus, temporis, 
 time.] To comply with the time or occasion ; to humor 
 or yield to the current of opinion or to circumstances. 
 
 Tempt (84), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tempted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. tempting.] [Lat. tentare, temptare, intens. form of 
 tendere, to stretch.] 1. To endeavor to accomplish or 
 reach ; to try. 2, To endeavor to persuade ; to incite ; 
 to instigate. 3. To put to trial ; to test ; to prove. 4. 
 To lead, or endeavor to lead, into evil. 
 Syn. — To entice; allure; attract; decoy; seduce. 
 
 Tempt'a-ble, a. Liable to be tempted ; capable of being 
 
 tempted. 
 
 Temp-ta'tion (84), n. 1. The act of tempting ; entice- 
 ment to evil. 2. State of being tempted. 3. That 
 which tempts ; an allurement. 
 
 Tempt'er, n. 1. One who tempts or entices. 2. Espe- 
 cially, Satan or the Devil, regarded as the great enticer 
 to evil. 
 
 Tempt'ress, n. A woman who entices. 
 
 Ten, a. [A.-S. ten, tin, tyn, for tehon, Goth, taihun, Icel. 
 tiu, AV. deg, Gr. Beita., Lat. decern, Skr. dagan.] Twice 
 five ; nine and one. 
 
 Ten, n. 1. The number consisting of nine and one ; the 
 sum of five and five. 2. A symbol representing ten units, 
 as X or 10. 
 
 Ten'a-ble (t6n'a-bl, 110), a. [Fr. tenable, from tenir, 
 Lat. tenere, to hold.] Capable of being held, maintained, 
 or defended against an assailant. 
 
 Ten'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being tenable. 
 
 Te-na/cious, a. [Lat. tenax, tenacis, from tenere, to 
 hold.] 1. Holding fast, or inclined to hold fast ; apt to 
 retain ; retentive. 2. Apt to adhere to another sub- 
 stance ; adhesive. 3. Holding stoutly to one's opinion 
 or purpo.se ; obstinate ; stubborn. 
 
 Te-na'cioiis-ly, adv. In a tenacious manner; reten- 
 tively ; firmly ; adhesively. 
 
 Te-na'cious-ness, n. The quality or state of being 
 tenacious ; retentiveness ; firmnes:: ; adhesiveness. 
 
 Te-nJi^'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being tenacious; reten- 
 tiveness ; adhesiveness. 2. That quality of bodies which 
 keeps them from parting without considerable force j co- 
 hesiveness. 
 
 Ten'an-^y, n. [L. Lat. tenentia, tenantia.] {Lata.) A 
 holding, or a mode of holding, an estate : tenure ; the 
 temporary possession of what belongs to another. 
 
 Ten'ant, n. [Fr. tenant, p. pr. of tenir, Lat. tenere, to 
 hold.] 1, (Law.) One who has the occupation or tem- 
 porary possession of lands or tenements, whose title is in 
 another. 2. A dweller ; an occupant. 
 
 Tgn'ant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tenanted ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. tenanting.] To hold or possess as a tenant. 
 
 tood, foot ; lirn, rude, pull ) 9ell, $liaifse, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st *, linger, ILgk ; this 
 
TENANTABLE 
 
 740 
 
 TENTH 
 
 "Wii'ant-a-ble, a. Fit to be rented ; in a sf^Ue of repair 
 suit-iible for a tenant. 
 
 Tfn'Hnt-less, a. Having no tenants ; unoccupied. 
 
 Tfn'unt-ry, n. The bodv of tenants. 
 
 Tf ncli (tW)', n. [0. Fr. tenrhf, Lat. tinea.] [Ichtli.) A 
 Kuroj>ean fresh-wator lish, of the carp family, very tena- 
 cious of life. 
 
 T*nd, «•• t. [imp. & p. p. tended; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 TENDING.] [Abbrev. from o//f;ic/.] 1. To accompany 
 as an assistant or protector : to care for the wants of; to 
 watch ; to guard, ti. To be attentive to ; to note care- 
 fully ; to attend to. 
 
 T£nd, f. /. [Ijat. tendere, Gr. reiVeiv, Tavu/uiai, Goth. 
 ihnnjan.'^kr. tan.] 1. To move in a certain direction. 
 »-i. To l>e directed, a^ to any end or purpose ; to aim ; to 
 exert ;ictivity or influence. 3. To act as a means : to 
 contribute. [ance. 
 
 Ttfnd'ain'e, «. State of attending or waiting; attend- 
 
 Tend'eii-^-.y, »i. Direction or course toward any place, 
 object, effect, or result. 
 
 Syn.— I)i!<position ; inclination ; proneness ; drift ; scope ; 
 aim. .*^ee Disposition. 
 
 Tfind'er, n. [From tend.] 1. One who tends or takes 
 care of another, ti, (Naut.) A small vessel employed to 
 attend a larger one, for supplying her with provisions, 
 &c. 3. A car attached to locomotives, to supply them 
 with fuel and water, while making a trip. 4. [See Tend- 
 er, V. t.] [Law.) An offer, either of money to pay a 
 debt, or of service to be performed, in order to save a 
 penalty or forfeiture. 5. Any offer for acceptance ; es- 
 pecially, a proposal for performing a service advertised 
 for. 6. The thing offered. 
 
 Tfind'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tendered ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. tendering.] [Fr. tendre, to stretch, stretch out, 
 reach, I>at. tendne. See Tend, v. ?.] 1. To offer in 
 payment or satisfaction of a demand, for saving a pen- 
 alty or forfeiture. 3. To offer in words ; to exhibit or 
 present for acceptance. 
 
 T6n'der. a. [compar. tenderer : superl. tender- 
 EST.] [Fr. tendre, Lat. tener.] 1. Easily impressed, 
 broken, bruised, or injured : not firm or hard. H. Sen- 
 sible to impression and pain; ea,sily pained. 3. Not 
 hardy, or able to endure hardship. 4. Not yet strong 
 and mature ; weak and feeble. 5. Susceptible of the 
 softer pas.sions, as love, compa.ssion, kindness : easily ex- 
 cited to pity, forgiveness, or favor. 6. Exciting kind 
 concern: precious. 7. Careful to save inviolate, or not 
 to injure. 8. Unwilling to cause pain. 9. Apt to give 
 pain. 10. Adapted to excite feeling or sympathy ; ex- 
 pressive of the softer passions. 
 
 Syn. — Delicate ; effeminate : soft ; compassionate ; kind ; 
 humane; merciful; pitiful; pathetic. 
 
 Tgn'der-lieart'ed, a. Having great sensibility ; sus- 
 ceptible of impres.«ions or influence. 
 
 T6n'der-loin, n. A tender part of flesh in the hind 
 quarter of beef. 
 
 T6n'der-ly, adv. In a tender manner ; with tenderness ; 
 mildly ; gently ; softly ; kindly. 
 
 Ten'der-ness, n. State or quality of being tender. 
 
 Syn. — Delicacy; softness; hrittleness; soreness; sensibility; 
 beni{riiity; humanity; benevolence; kindness; pity; clemency; 
 scrupulousness; caution. 
 
 T€n'di-nous, a. 1. Pertaining to, or partaking of the 
 nature of, a tendon. 2. Full of tendons ; sinewy. 
 
 Tfin'don, n. [N. Lat. tendn, fr. Lat. tendere, to .stretch, 
 extend ; Or. Tevmv, from retVeii', to stretch.] (Aiiat.) A 
 hard, insensible cord or Vjundle of fibers, by which mo- 
 tjon vi communicated from a muscle to a bone. 
 
 T6n'dril, n. [From tender, properly the tender branch 
 or sprig of a plant.] (Bat.) A filiform, spiral shoot of a 
 plant that winds round another body for the purpose of 
 suppf)rt. 
 
 Te-ne1>ri-ous, I a. [Lat. tenehrosvs, from te7iebrx, dark- 
 
 T6n'e-brous, i ness.] Dark ; gloomy ; dusky ; ob- 
 scure. 
 
 T^n'e-ment, n. [L. Tjat. tenrmentum, from Lat. tenere, 
 to hold.] 1. A house or lands depending on iv manor. 
 a. A dwelling house ; a building for a habitation ; or an 
 apartment in a building, u.sed by one family ; often, in 
 modem usage, an inferior dwelling hou.-^e rented to poor 
 pfirsoni?. 3. {Law.) Any species of permanent property 
 that may be held, so as to create a tenancy, as lands, 
 bouHeA, rent, an office, a peerage, &c. 
 
 Syn. — House; dwellinf;: habiUUion.— There may be many 
 houKex underone roof, but they are completely geparatedfrom 
 each other by party-walls. A tr.nement may be detached by 
 itM«lf, or it may be part of a house divided off for the use of a 
 dii<tirict family. 
 
 Tfin'e-mgnt'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a tenement; 
 capable of being held by tenants. 
 
 Tgii'et, n. [Lat. tenet, he holds, from tenere, to hold.[ 
 Any opinion, principle, dogma, or doctrine, which a per 
 son holds or maintains as true. 
 Syn.— See Dogma. 
 
 T6n'fold, a. Ten times more or ten times as many. 
 
 Tfin'iiis, n. [Fr. tenez, hold or take it, from te7iir, Lat 
 tenere, to hold.] A play in which a ball is driven contin- 
 ually, or kept in motion by striking it with rackets or 
 with the open hand. 
 
 Tgii'on, n. [Fr., from tenir, Lat. tenere, to hold.] The 
 end of a piece of wood cut into form, for insertion into a 
 cavity in another piece called a mortise, in order to unit* 
 the two pieces. 
 
 Tgn'oii, V. t. To fit for insertion into a mortise, a» tho 
 end of a piece of timber. 
 
 Teii'on-saw, n. A saw with a thin blade usually stiff- 
 ened by a'brass or steel back, for cutting tenons. 
 
 TSii'or, n. [Lat. tenor, from tenere, to hold ; that is, a 
 holding on in a continued course.] .1. Stamp ; charac 
 ter. '^. The general drift, course, or direction of thought j 
 purport ; intent ; general meaning. 3- [Fr. tenor. It 
 tenore.] (Mns.) (a.) The higher of the two kinds of 
 voices usually belonging to adult males ; hence, the pari 
 of a tune adapted to this voice, (b.) A pei-son who singa 
 the tenor, or the instrument that plays it- 4. {Law.) 
 An exact copy of a writing, set forth in the words and 
 figures of it. 
 
 Ten'-pin§, n. A game played with ten pins, usually of 
 wood, and a ball. 
 
 Tense, a. [Lat. tensus, p. p. of tendere, to fltretch.] 
 Stretched ; strained to stiffness ; rigid ; not lax. 
 
 Tense, «. [Yv. temps, l,ait. tempiis,time, tense.] {GroTn.) 
 One of the forms which a verb takes to indicate the time 
 of the action or event signified. 
 
 T^nse'ness, n. The state of being tense, or stretched to 
 stiffness ; stiffness. 
 
 Ten'sile, a. [From Lat. tendere, tensum, to stretch.) 
 
 1. Of, or pertaining to, extension, ij. Capable ol ex- 
 tension. 
 
 Ten'sion, n. [Lat. tensio, from tendere, ten.wm, to 
 stretch.] 1. Act of stretching or straining, ii. State 
 of being stretched or strained to stiffness ; the state of 
 being bent or strained: hence, high intellectual effort; 
 strong excitement of feeling. 3. The degree of stretching 
 to which a wire, cord, beam, &c., is strained by drawing 
 it in the direction of its length. 4. {Mech.) The force by 
 which a bow or string is pulled when forming part of 
 any system in equilibrium or in motion. 5. {Physics.) 
 Expansive or elastic force. 
 
 T6n'si-ty, n. State of being tense, or strained to stiff- 
 ness ; tension. 
 
 Tent, n. [L. Lat. tenta, for Lat. tentorivm, prop, some- 
 thing stretched out. from tendere, tensum, to stretch.] 1. 
 A pavilion or portable lodge of canvas or other coar.se 
 cloth, stretched and sustained by poles. 2. [From Lat. 
 tentare, to handle, feel, trj.] {Surg.) A roll of lint or 
 linen, used to dilate an opening in the flesh, or to prevent 
 the healing of a wound. 
 
 Tent, V. t. 1. To cover with tents ; to pitch tents upon. 
 
 2. To probe ; to search as with a tent. 
 Ten'ta-ele, n. [N. Lat. tentacidiim, from Lat. tentare, 
 
 to handle, feel.] {Zobl.) A filiform process or organ, pro- 
 ceeding from the head of an invertebrate animal, as polyp, 
 snail, insect, crab, &c., being either an organ of feeling, 
 prehension, or motion. 
 
 Ten-tslc'u-lar, a. Pertaining to tentacles ; in the na- 
 ture of a tentacle or tentacles. 
 
 T6n'ta-tive, a. [From Lat. tentare, to try.] Trying; 
 essaying ; experimental. 
 
 Tgnt'ed,/'. a. 1. Covered or furnished with tents, a^ 
 soldiers. 2. Covered with tents. 
 
 T6n'ter, n. [From Fr. tendre, Lat. tendere, tentum, to 
 stretch.] A machine or frame for stretching cloth, by 
 means of hooks, so that it may dry even and square. 
 
 To he on the tenters, to be on the stretch ; to be in distresv 
 uneasiness, or suspense. 
 
 Tfin'ter, v. t. To hang or stretch on tenters. 
 
 Ten'ter-lidblc, n. A sharp, hooked nail, used in stretch- 
 ing cloth on a tenter. 
 
 Tgntli, a. [From ten.] 1. Next in order after the ninth 
 2. Being one of ten equal parts into which any thing is 
 divided. 
 
 T€ntli,n. 1. One of ten equal parts. 2. The tenth 
 part of any thing, as of annual produce or increase; 
 tithe. 3. {Mus.) The interval between any tone and 
 
 a, 5, &c. , lov^; &, 6, tcc^skort ; c&re, far, ask, all, M^hat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firui ; son. or, d<>, -wolf. 
 
TENTHLY 
 
 741 
 
 TERRIBLY 
 
 the tone represented on the tenth degree of the staff 
 above it. 
 
 Teftth'ly, adv. In the tenth place. 
 
 Te-nii'i-ty, n. [Lat. tenuitas, from tenuis, thin.] 1. 
 SmaDnesa in diameter; thinness, applied to a broad sub- 
 stance, and sleuderness, applied to one that is long. ti. 
 Rarity ; rareness; thinness, as of a tiuid. 
 
 T€n'u-ou.s, a. [From Lat. tenuis, thin.] 1, Thin ; 
 slender; small; minute, ti. Rare; subtile; not dense. 
 
 TSn'ure, n. [L. Lat. teniira, from Lat. tenere, to hold.] 
 1. Act or right of holding, as property, especially real 
 estate, ii. {Eng. Law.) The manner of holding lands 
 and tenements of a superior. iJ. The consideration, con- 
 dition, or service which the occupier of laud gives to his 
 lord or superior for the use of his land. 4. Manner of 
 holding in general. [or moderately warm. 
 
 Tep'e-fa<;'tion, n. Act or operation of making tepid, 
 
 Tep'e-f y, t\ «. {imp. & p. /?. tepefied; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TEPEFYING.] [Lat. tepefacere, from tepere, to be 
 tepid, and facere, to make.] To make moderately warm. 
 
 Tfip'e-f y, V. i. To become moderately warm. 
 
 Tep'id, a. [Lat. tepidus, from tepere, to be warm.] 
 Moderately warm ; luke-warm. 
 
 Te-picl'i-ty, I n. State or quality of being tepid ; mod- 
 
 Tep'id-ness, ) erate wartath ; lukewarmness. 
 
 Te'por, n. [Lat., from tepere, to be tepid.] Gentle heat ; 
 moderate warmth. 
 
 T^r'a-pliim, n. jo^. [Heb. teraphhn.] Household deities 
 or images ; tutelary domestic divinities. 
 
 T6r'a-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. repas, Teparog, a wonder, mon- 
 ster, and Ao-yos, discourse.] The science which treats of 
 malformations and monstrosities. 
 
 Ter^'.e, n. The same as fierce. SeeTlERCE. 
 
 Ter^e'-ma'jor, n. See tierce. {Card-playing.) A se- 
 quence of the three best cards. 
 
 T^r'e-blntli, n. [Lat. terebinthus, Gr. repe/Sivdos.] The 
 turpentine-tree. 
 
 Ter'e-bTn'tliine, a. Of, or pertaining to, turpentine. 
 
 Ter'e-bra'tion, n. [Lat. terebratio, fr. terebrare, terebra- 
 tum, from terebra, a borer, from terere, to rub.] Act of 
 terebrating or boring. 
 
 Te-rete', a. [Lat. teres, teretis, rounded off, prop, rubbed 
 off, from terere, to rub.] (Bot.) Cyhndrical and sUghtly 
 tapering; columnar, as some stems of plants. 
 
 Ter-g6in'i-nou.s, a. [Lat. tergeminus, from ter, thrice, 
 and geminus. twin-born.] Threefold. 
 
 Ter'gi-ver-sa'tion, n. [Lat. tergiversatio,tergiversari, 
 tergiversatus, to turn one's back, to shift, from ^erg«<w, 
 the back, and versare, intens. form of vertere, to turn.] 
 1. A shifting ; shift ; subterfuge ; evasion. 5J. Fickle- 
 ness of conduct ; change. 
 
 Term (14), n. [Lat. termen, terminis, and terminus, al- 
 hed to Gr. repixa, Tep/u-wi/.] 1. A bound or boundary ; 
 the extremity of any thing ; a limit. '2. The time for 
 which any thing lasts; any limited time. !{. Especially, 
 in universities and colleges, the time during which in- 
 struction is regularly given to students. 4. {Law.) (a.) 
 The whole duration of an estate, as for the term of a 
 Ufe, or for a term of years. (6.) A space of time granted 
 to a debtor for discharging his obligation, (c.) The time 
 in which a court is held or open for the triiil of causes. 
 5. (Logic.) One of the three component parts of a syllo- 
 gism, each one of which is used twice. 6. Hence, a word 
 or expression ; specifically, one that denotes something 
 peculiar to an art. 7. (Alg.) A member of a compound 
 quantity. 8. pi. (Law.) In contracts, propositions 
 stated or promises made ; conditions. 
 
 To bring to terms, to make to submit or agree.— To make 
 terms, to come to terms; to make an agreement; to agree. 
 
 Syn. — Word.— TferDt signifies a word of specific meaning, 
 applicable to a definite class of objects. It is therefore more 
 determinate and technical than ivord, which denotes an ut- 
 terance that represents or expresses our thoughts and feelings. 
 Hence we speak of a scientific term ("not word), and of stating 
 things in distinct terms, &c. Still, in a looser sense, it is used 
 to a great extent interchangeably with word, for variety of ex- 
 pression. 
 
 Term, ^".^. [i77ip. & p. p. TERMED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TERMING.] To apply a term to ; to name ; to call ; to 
 denominate. 
 
 Ter'ma-gaii-9y, n. The state or quality of being ter- 
 magant ; turbulence ; tumultuousness. 
 
 Ter'ma-gant, a. [See infra.] Tumultuous ; turbulent ; 
 boisterous or furious : quarrelsome ; scolding. 
 
 Ter'ma-gant, n. [Orig. a kind of supposed deity of the 
 Mohammedans, extremely vociferous and tumultuous in 
 the ancient moralities, farces, and puppet shows ; 0. Eng. 
 Trivigant, Termagant.] A boisterous, brawling, turbu- 
 lent woman. 
 
 TSrm'er, n. (Law.) One who has an estate for a term 
 of years or for hfe. 
 
 Ter'tnes, n. ; pi. TER'MJ-TEi^. [Lat. termes, tarmes, 
 gen. tarmitis, a wood-worm.] A species of ant mostly 
 found within the tropics, and very destructive to trees 
 and wood-work. 
 
 Ter'mi-iia-ble, a. Capable of being bounded ; limitable. 
 
 Ter'mi-nal, a. [h&t. terminalis. See TERM.] 1. Per- 
 taining to, or forming, the end or extremity. "Z, (Bot.) 
 Growing at the end of a branch or st«m. 
 
 Ter'mi-iiate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. terminated; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. terminating.] [Lat. terminare, ter^ninatum. 
 See Term.] 1. To set a term or Imiit to ; to limit. 2. 
 To put an end to. 
 Syn. — To complete; finish; end; bound. 
 
 Ter'mi-nate, v. i. 1. To be limited in space by a point, 
 
 line, or surface ; to stop short; to cease, ti. To come 
 
 to a limit in time ; to end ; to clo.se. 
 Ter'mi-na'tioii, n. 1. Act of terminating ; act of end- 
 ing or concluding, ti. Limit in space or extent ; bound. 
 
 3. End in time or existence. 4. Effect; consequence; 
 
 conclusion; result. 5. (Gram.) The end or ending of a 
 
 word. 
 Ter'mi-na'tion-al, a. Of, pertaining to, or forming, a 
 
 termination. 
 Ter'mi-na-tive, a. Tending or serving to terminate ; 
 
 terminating ; determining ; absolute ; definitive. 
 Ter'mi-ner, n. [Fr. terminer, to bound, limit, end. See 
 
 Terminate.] A determining ; as, in oyer&xxA term-iner. 
 
 See Oyer. 
 Ter'mi-nol'o-gy, n. [Lat. terminus, term, and Gr. 
 
 Ao-yos, discourse.] 1. The doctrine of terms; a treatise 
 
 on terms. "Z. The terms actually used in any business, 
 
 art, science, or the like ; nomenclature. 
 Ter'nii-nus, n. ; pi. ter'mi-nT. [Lat. Cf. Term.] 
 • 1. Literally, a boundary; a border. Z, Any post or 
 
 stone marking a boundary. 3. The extreme point at 
 
 either end of a piece of railway ; also, the station-house 
 
 at either end. 
 Ter'mite, n.;/??. t£r/Mite«. (Entom.) The white ant. 
 
 See Termes. 
 Term'or, M. (Law.) One who 
 
 has an estate for a term of 
 
 years or life ; a termer. 
 Tern, n. [Dan. terne, tame, 
 
 Icel. therna, sea-swallow, maid- 
 servant.] (Ornith.) A long- 
 
 wnged aquatic fowl, closely* 
 
 allied to the gulls. 
 Ter'na-ry, a. [Lat. ternarius' 
 
 from terni, three each, three, 
 
 fr. tres, tria, three.] Proceed- 
 ing by threes ; consisting of 
 
 three. 
 Ter'na-ry, n. The number three ; three things taken 
 Ter'rd,n. [Lat.] The earth ; earth. 
 
 Terracotta, [It.] Baked clay; a kind of pottery made from 
 
 fine clay hardened by heat, and used for statues, vases, and 
 
 the like. 
 
 Ter'ra^e, n. [From Lat. terra, the earth.] 1. A raised 
 level space or platform of earth, supported on one or 
 more sides by a wall or bank of turf, or the hke. Z. The 
 flat roof of a house. 
 
 Ter'ra-pin, n. [Fr. terrapene.] (Zo'dl.) A large kind 
 of turtle or tortoise, living in sea-water, the flesh of 
 which is highly valued as an article of food. 
 
 Ter-ra'que-ous, a. [Lat. terra, the earth, and aqua, 
 water.] Consisting of land and water, as the globe or 
 
 Ter'ras, n. See Trass. [earth. 
 
 Ter-rene', a. [Lat. terrenus, from terra, the earth.] 1, 
 Of, or pertaining to, the earth; earthy. Z. Earthly; 
 terrestrial. 
 
 Ter-r6s'tri-al, a. [Lat. terrestris, from terra, the earth.] 
 1. Of, or pertaining to, the earth ; existing on the earth; 
 earthly. Z. Representing, or consisting of, the earth, 
 3. Pertaining to the present state ; sublunary. 4. Con- 
 sisting of, or belonging to, land, in distinction from 
 water. [manner. 
 
 Ter-res'tri-al-ly, adv. After a terrestrial or earthly 
 
 Ter'ri-ble, a. [Lat. terribilis, from terrere, to frighten.] 
 1. Adapted to excite terror, awe, or dread. Z. Exces- 
 sive ; extreme ; severe. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Syn.— Terrific ; fearful ; frightful ; formidable ; dreadful; 
 horrible: shocking; awful. 
 
 T6r'ri-ble-ness, n. Quality or state of being terrible. 
 Ter'ri-bly, adv. 1. In a manner to excite terror. Z. 
 Violently ; very greatly. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Tern. 
 
 [together. 
 
 food, ftTot ; nrn, rude, puU ; fell, (liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, llnlc ; <*!»- 
 
TERRIER 
 
 742 
 
 TESTIMONY 
 
 Tt^r'ri-er, n. (0. Fr., fi-om Lat. 
 It rra, the earth.] 1. A dog or 
 little houuil, remarkable for 
 going into the ground after an- 
 imals that hurrtnv. "2, A lodge 
 or hole where foxes, rabbits, 
 badgers, &c., and the like, se- 
 cure themselves. 
 
 Ter-rif'i€, a. [Lat. terrijicii.s, 
 from lerrer^, to frighten, and 
 facfre, to make.] Causing terror ; adapted to excite great 
 fear or dread. 
 
 T6r'ri-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TERRIFIED; p. pr. & vh. 
 n. TERRIFYING.] [See *M/^ra.] To alarm or shock with 
 fear ; to frighten ; to alarm. 
 
 TCr'ri-to'ri-al, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, territory or 
 land. 'Z. Limited to a certain district. 
 
 TCr'ri-to-ry (110), n. [Lat. territorium, from terra, the 
 eartn.] 1. The extent of land within the bounds, or 
 belonging to the jurisdiction, of any state, city, or other 
 body. ii. A tract of land belonging to, or under the do- 
 minion of, a prince or state, lying at a distance from the 
 parent country or from the seat of government. 3. Es- 
 pecially, in the United States, a portion of the country not 
 included within the limits of any State, and not yet ad- 
 mitted as a State into the Union, but organized with a 
 separate legislature, under a territorial governor and 
 other officers appointed by the President and Senate of 
 the United States. 
 
 T6r'ror, n. [Lat. terror, from terrere, to frighten.] 1. 
 Extreme fear; fear that agitates the body and mind; 
 Tiolent dread. "2. The cause of extreme fear. 
 
 Syn.— Alarm; fright; consternation; dread; dismay. See 
 Alarm. 
 
 T6r'ror-i§m, n. A state of being terrified, or a state 
 impressing terror. 
 
 T6r'ror-ist, n. (Fr. Hist.) An agent or partisan of the 
 revolulaonary tribunal of 1793-94. 
 
 Terse (14), a. [compar. terser ; superl. tersest.] 
 [Lat. tersus, p. p. of tergere, to rub or wipe off.] Elegantly 
 concise ; compact with smoothness, grace, or elegance. 
 
 Syn. — Concise. — Terse was defined by Johnson "cleanly 
 written," i. e., free from blemishes, neat, or smooth. Its pres- 
 ent sense is "free from excrescences," and hence compact, 
 with Bmoothness, grace, or eleirance, as in the following lines 
 ofWTutehead:- " ° 
 
 "In eight terse lines has Phasdrus told 
 (So frugal were the bards of old) 
 A tale of goats; and closed with grace. 
 Plan, moral, all, in that shoit space." 
 It differs from concur in not implying perhaps quite as much 
 condensation, but chiefly in the additional idea of "grace or 
 elegance." 
 
 TSrsely, adv. In a terse manner ; neatly ; concisely. 
 
 T§rse'nes.s, n. The state or quality of being terse ; | 
 neatness ; conciseness ; succinctness. 
 
 Ter'tial, w. [From Lat. tertiiis, third, because they are 
 feathers of the third row.] (Ornith.) One of the quills or 
 large feathers near the junction of the wing with the 
 body. 
 
 Ter'tian, a. [Lat. tertianus, from tertius, the third.] 
 Occurring every third day. 
 
 Ter'tian, n. [hut. tertiana (sc. febris).] (Med.) A dis- 
 ease or fever whose paroxysms return every third day. 
 
 Ter'ti-a-ry (tCr'shl-a-r^', 44, 95), a. [Lat. tertianus, 
 from tertius, the third.] Of the third formation, order, 
 or rank ; third. 
 
 Ter'ti-ate (-shT-at), v. t. [Lat. tertiare, tertiatum, from 
 tertius, the third.] 1. To do or perform for the third 
 time. 'Z. To examine the thicknes.s of, as ordnance, in 
 order to ascertain its strength. 
 
 Tfis'Kcl-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tessellated; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TESSELLATING.] [Lat. tessellare, from tes- 
 tella, a little cube, dim. of tessera, a square piece of stone, 
 wood, &c., from Or. reVcrepes, Te<T<Tap€(;, four.] To form 
 intfj squares or checkers ; to lay with checkered work. 
 
 TCK'nel-la'tecl, p. a. 1. F'ormed in little squares or 
 mo:-<aic work ; checkered, ti. (Bot.) Spotted like a chess- 
 board. 
 
 TfiK'Hel-la'tlon, n. Mosaic work, or the operation of 
 making it. 
 
 T6«t, n. [From Lat. testum, an earthen vessel, fr. testa, an 
 earthen pot.] 1, (Metal.) A cupel, in which metals are 
 melted for trial and refinement. Z. Examination by the 
 cupel; hence, any critical trial and examination. 3. 
 Means of trial. 4. Tnat with which any thing is com- 
 pared for proof of its genuineness : a standard. 5. 
 Ground of admission or exclusion. 6. Judgment; dis- 
 tinction; diM:rimination. 7. (Ckem.) A substance em- 
 
 ployed to detect any unknown constituent of a com- 
 pound, by causing it to exhibit some characteristic prop- 
 erty ; a re-agent. 
 
 Test-act i^Eng. Law), an oath and declaration against tran- 
 substantiation, which all officers, civil and military, were 
 formerly obUged to take within six months after their admis- 
 sion. 
 
 Syn.— Criterion; standard; experience; proof; experiment: 
 trial. — Trial is the wider term; test is a searching and decisive 
 trial. It is deri\'%d from the Latin testa (earthen pot), which 
 term was early applied to the Jining-pot, or crvcihie, in which 
 metals are melted for trial and refinement. Hence the necuUar 
 force of the word, as indicating a trial or criterion of the most 
 decisive kind. 
 
 T6st, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TESTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TESTING.] 1. (Metal.) To refine, as gold or silver, by 
 means of lead, in a test. 3. To put to the proof ; to prove 
 the truth or genuineness of by experiment, or by soma 
 fixed principle or standard. 3. (Chem.) To examine or 
 try by the application of test-paper, or some re-agent. 
 
 Test'a-ble, a. [Lat. teslahilis, from testari, to testify, to 
 publish one's last will.] (Law.) Capable of being devised, 
 or given by mil. 
 
 Tes-td'ce-d(-she-),)n. pi. [Lat. testaceum, a shelled 
 
 Tes-ta'cean§, ) animal, from t/staceus.] (Zo'dl.) 
 Marine animals covered with shells, especially moUusks ; 
 shell-fish. 
 
 Tes-ta'ceoiis, a. [Lat. teslaceus, from testa, a shell.] 
 Consisting of a hard shell, or having a hard, continuous 
 shell. 
 
 Testaceous animals (Zool.), animals having a strong, thick, 
 entire shell, as ovsters and clams, thus distinguisned from 
 erustaceous aiiimah, whose shells are more thin and soft, and 
 consist of several pieces jointed, as lobsters. 
 
 Tes'ta-ment, n. [Lat. testam,entum , fr. testari, to be a 
 witness, to make one's last will, fr. testis, a witness.] 1. 
 (Law.) A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by 
 which a person declares his will as to the disposal of his 
 estate ^nd effects after his death. 
 
 13@°- This is otherwise called a will, and Bometimes a last uriil 
 and testament. 
 
 2. One of the two general divisions of the canonical 
 books of the sacred Scriptures ; as, the Old Testament ; 
 the New Testament; — often limited, in colloquial lan- 
 guage, to the latter. 
 
 Tds'ta-meiit'al. a. Of, or pertaining to, a testament ; 
 testamentary. 
 
 Test'a-mgnt'a-ry, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a will 
 or testament. Z. Bequeathed by will ; given by testa- 
 ment. 3. Done, or appointed by, or founded on, a 
 testament or will. 
 
 Tes'tate, a. [Lat. testatus,.-^. p. of testari. See TESTA- 
 MENT.] Law. ) Having made and left a will. 
 
 Tes-ta'tor. '. A man who makes and leaves a will or 
 testament at death. 
 
 Tes-ta'trix, n. A woman who makes and leaves a will 
 at death ; a female testator. 
 
 Tes'ter, n. [From Lat. testa, an earthen pot, the skull.] 
 
 1. A flat canopy, as over a pulpit, tomb, and the like. 
 
 2. The top covering of a bed, consisting of some species 
 of cloth, supported by the bedstead. 
 
 Tes'ter, n. [0. Fr. teston, from te.^te, the head, the head 
 of the king being impressed upon the coin.] An old 
 French silver coin, of the value of about sixpence ster- 
 ling. 
 
 T6s'ti-ele, n. [Lat. testiculus, dim. of testis, a testicle.] 
 (Anat.) One of the glands which secrete the seminal fluid 
 in males. 
 
 Te.s'ti-f i-ea'tion, n. Act of testifying, or ^ving testi- 
 mony or evidence. [mony. 
 
 Tes'ti-f i'er, n. One who testifies ; one who gives t«sti< 
 
 Tes'ti-fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. testified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. testifying.] [Lat. testijicari, from testis, a wit- 
 ness, andyacere, to make.] To make a solemn declara- 
 tion, verbal or written, (and in law under oath or affir- 
 mation ) to establish some fact ; to give testimony ; to 
 bear witness. 
 
 Tes'ti-fy, v. t. To bear witness to ; to support the truth 
 of by testimony; to affirm or declare solemnly, or imder 
 oath. 
 
 Tgs'ti-ly. adv. In a testy manner ; fretfully ; peevishly. 
 
 Tes'ti-mo'iii-al, n. A writing or certificate which bears 
 testimony in favor of one's character or good conduct. 
 
 T6s/ti-m5'iii-al, a. Relating to, or containing, testi- 
 mony. 
 
 T6s'ti-ino-ny (50), n. [Lat. testimonium, from testari, 
 to be a witness, to testify, to atttst. See TESTAMENT.] 
 1. A solemn declaration or affirmation made for the 
 purpose of establishing or proving some fact. Z. Affir- 
 
 a,e,SiC..,long; &,6,Stc.,short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; gre,veU, term; pique, firm; s6ii,6r,do, W9l^ 
 
TESTINESS 
 
 743 
 
 THANE 
 
 mation ; declaration. 3. Open attestation ; profession. 
 4. Witness; proof of some fact. 5. Manifestation; ex- 
 p^ression or correct manifestation. 6. (Jeivisk A}iti(/.) 
 The two tables of the law. 7. Hence, the whole divine 
 revelation ; the Scriptures. 
 
 Syn. — Proof ; evidence. — Proof, being Anglo-Saxon, is 
 most familiar, and is used more frequently (though not ex- 
 clusively) as to facts and things which occur in the ordinary 
 concerns of life. Evidence is a word of more dignitv, and is 
 more generally applied to that which is moral or intellectual ; 
 as, tlie evi'lences of Christianity, &c. Testiinoni/ is strictly the 
 evidence of a witness given under oath; when used figuratively 
 or ill a wider sense, the word testimony has still a reference to 
 some living agent as its author, as when we speak of the testi- 
 monu of conscience, or of doing a thing iu testimony of our 
 affection, &c. 
 
 Ces'ti-ness, n. The state of being testy ; fretfulness ; 
 peevishness ; petulance. 
 
 Tes-tdbii', n. [It. testone, Sp. & 0. Fr. teston. See 
 Tester.] An ItiUian silver coin. The testoon of Kome 
 is worth Is. 3d. sterling, or about 30 cents. 
 
 Tes-tu'di-nal, a. Pertaining to the tortoise, or re- 
 sembling it. 
 
 Tes-tu'di-iiate, ) a. [Lat. testudiiiatus, fr. Lat. tes- 
 
 Tes-tu'di-na'ted, ) tiido, testudinis, a tortoise, an 
 arch or vault.] Shaped like the back of a tortoise ; 
 roofed : arched ; vaulted. 
 
 T6s'tu-dIn'e-ous, a. [Lat. testudineus.] Resembling 
 the shell of a tortoise. 
 
 Tes-tii'do, n. [Lat., from testa, the shell of shell-fish, or 
 of testaceous animals.] 1. (Zo'dl.) The tortoise. Si. 
 Among the ancient Romans, a cover or screen which a 
 body of troops formed with their shields or targets, by 
 holding them over their heads when standing close to 
 each other. 3. (Med.) An encysted tumor, supposed to 
 resemble a tortoise in form. 
 
 Tes'ty, a. [cowj^ar. testier ; sw^jerZ. testiest.] [0. 
 Fr. testu, N. Fr. tetu, from teste, tcte, the head. See 
 Tester.] Fretful ; peevish ; petulant ; easily irritated. 
 
 Tet'a-nus, n. [Lat. ; Gr. reVavos, fr. reravo?, stretched, 
 fr. TeiVeiv, to stretch.] [Med.) A painful and usually 
 fatal disease, resulting generally from a wound, of which 
 the principal symptom is persistent spasm of the volun- 
 tary muscles. 
 
 re««(tat), 71. [Fr., the head. See Tester.] False hair; 
 a kind of wig of false hair. 
 
 Tete-d-tefe (tat'a-taf), n. [Fr., head to head.] 1. 
 Private conversation. Si. A form of sofa for two persons, 
 so curved that they are brought face to face whale sitting 
 on different sides of the sofa. 
 
 Tfitii'er, n. [See Tedder.] A rope or chain by which 
 a beast is confined for feeding within certain limits. 
 
 Tgtii'er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. tethered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TETHERING.] To confine, as a beast, with a rope or 
 chain, for feeding within certain limits. 
 
 T6t'ra-€li6rd, n. [Lat. tetrachordon, Gr. TerpaxopSoi', 
 fr. TerpaxopSos, four-stringed, fr. rerpa, for TeVopa, tc't- 
 Tapa, TeVcrapa, fr. re'crcrapes, four, and xopSrj, a chord.] 
 {Anc. Mus.) A series of four sounds, of which the ex- 
 tremes, or first and last, constituted a fourth. 
 
 Tet'rad, n. [Lat. tetras, tetradis, Gr. rerpas, TcrpaSos.] 
 The number four ; a collection of four things. 
 
 T6t'ra-g6ii,n. [L&t. tetrag07ium, 
 Gr. TeTpdyoji/ov, from rerpa. 
 and yujvCa, corner, angle. 
 (Geom.) A plane figure, having 
 four angles ; a quadrangle. 3. 
 {Astral.) An aspect of two planets 
 with regard to the earth, when 
 they are distant from each other 
 90°, or the fourth of a circle. 
 
 Te-tra,s'o-nal, a. 1. Of, or per- 
 taining to, a tetragon ; having 
 four angles or sides. 2. (Bat 
 Having prominent longitudinal 
 angles, as a stem. Tetragons. (Geom.) 
 
 Tet'ra-he'dral, a. [See TETRAHEDRON.] Having 
 or composed of, four sides. 
 
 Tet'ra-lie'dron, n. [Gr. rirpa, four, 
 and eSpa, seat, base, from e^ecrOai, tc 
 Bit.] ( Geom.) A solid figure inclosed 
 by four triangles. 
 
 Te-tram'e-ter, n. [Lsit. tetramefrus, 
 Gr. TerpafxeTpos, from rerpa, four, and 
 fterpov, a measure.] (Anc. Poet.) A 
 verse consisting of four measures, 
 that is, in iambic, trochaic, and ana- 
 pestic verse, of eight feet 
 four feet. 
 
 •:onum, j ] 
 
 I, four. 
 
 nnj 
 
 Tetrahedron, 
 in other Wnds of verse, of 
 
 Tfit'ra-pfit'al-oiis, a. [Gr. rirpa, four, and iriraKov, a 
 
 leaf] (Bot.) Containing four distinct petals or flower 
 leaves. 
 
 Te-trSpli'yl-loiis, or Tfit'ra-pliyl'loiis (117), a. [Gr. 
 rerpa, four, and ^vXXov, a leaf] (Bot.) Having four 
 leaves ; consisting of four distinct leaves or leaflets. 
 
 T6t'rap-tote, or Te-trSp'tote, n. [Lat. tctraptotum, 
 Gr. rerpanroJTOv , fr. Gr. rerpa, four, and tttwtos, falling, 
 TTToxri?, a falling, a case, fr. nCirreiv, to fall.] { Gram.) A 
 noun that has four cases only. 
 
 Te'trarch, n. [Gr. rerpdpxri<;, rerpapxo<;, fr. rerpa, four, 
 and apxos, a ruler, apxf'-v, to lead, rule.] ( Rom. Antiq.) 
 A Roman governor of the fourth part of a province ; 
 hence, any petty king or sovereign. 
 
 Te-trarcli'ate, n. (Rom. Antiq.) The fourth part of a 
 province under a Roman tetrarch ; office or jurisdiction 
 of a tetrarch. 
 
 Te-trar-eli'i<;-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a tetrarchy. 
 
 Tet'rarch-y, n. A tetrarchate. 
 
 Te-tras'tie*li (-trSs'tik), n. [Gr. TeTpaortxov, fromreVpa, 
 four, and a-Ti'xos, a row, verse.] A stanza, epigram, or 
 poem, consisting of four verses. 
 
 Tet'ra-style, n. [Lat. tetrastylon, Gr. rerp6L(rru\ov., fr. 
 rerpa, four, and crTiiA.os, a column.] (Anc. Arch.) A 
 building with four columns in front. 
 
 T6t'ra-syl-iab'i€, la. Consisting of, or having, four 
 
 T6t'ra-syl-iab'i-e-al, ) syllables. 
 
 Tet'ra-syl'la-ble, n. [Gr. rerpaa-uWapo^ , of four sylla- 
 bles, from TeVpa, four, and crvAA-ajS^, syllable.]- A word 
 consisting of four syllables. 
 
 Tet'ter, «. [A.-S. teter, tetr, 0. II. Ger. zittaroch. Cf 
 Tatter.] A vesicular disease of the skin; herpes; a 
 cutaneous disease. 
 
 Tet'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TETTERED ; p.pr. &, vb. n. 
 tettering.] To affect with tetter. 
 
 Teii-toii'i*, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Teutons, a peo- 
 ple of ancient Germany ; or to their descendants, among 
 whom are included all who are of Anglo-Saxon ancestry. 
 
 Te"w (tu), V. t. [imp. & p. p. tewed ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 tewing.] [A.-S. frtiomn. See Taw.] 1. To work at; 
 to prepare by working ; hence, to work hard ; to fatigue. 
 2. To beat or dress, as leather, hemp, and the like ; 
 to taw. 
 
 T6xt, n. [Lat. textus, texture, structure, context, from 
 texere, textum, to weave, to compose.] 1. A discourse 
 or composition on which a note or commentary is writ- 
 ten ; the original words of an author, in distinction from 
 a paraphrase or commentarj'. 'Z. A verse or passage of 
 Scx-ipture quoted as the subject of a discourse, or in 
 proof of a doctrine. 
 
 Text'-btiok, n. A volume, as of some classical author, 
 on which a teacher lectures or comments ; hence, any 
 manual of instruction ; a school-book. 
 
 Text'-bS-nd, n. A large hand in writing; — so called 
 because it was the practice to \vrite the text of a book in 
 a large hand, and the notes in a smaller hand. 
 
 Text'ile, a. [Lat. textilis, fvora. texere, to weave.] "Woven, 
 or capable of being woven ; formed by weaving. 
 
 Tex-to'ri-al, a. [Lat. textorius, from textor, a weaver, 
 from texere, textum, to weave.] Of, or pertaining to, 
 weaving. 
 
 Text'u-al, a. Pertaining to, or contained in, the text. 
 
 Text'ii-a-rist, 1 n. One who is well versed in the Script- 
 
 Text'u-a-ry, j ures, and can readily quote texts. 
 
 Text'u-a-ry, a. 1. Contained in the text ; textual. 3. 
 Serving as a text ; authoritative. 
 
 Text'ure (53), n. [Lat. textura, from texere, textum, to 
 weave.] 1. Act of weaving. 2. That which is woven ; 
 a fabric formed by weaving. 3. The disposition or con- 
 nection of threads, filaments, or other slender bodies in- 
 terwoven. 4. The disposition of the several parts of any 
 body in connection with each other. 
 
 TbJln, conj. [A.-S. thnnne, thonne, tkenne, 0. H Ger. 
 dayine, denni. See Then.] A particle expressing com- 
 parison, used after certain adjectives and adverbs which 
 express comparison or diversity. It is usually' followed 
 by the object compared in the nominative case. Some- 
 times, however, the object compared is placed in the ob- 
 jective case, and than may then be considered as a prep- 
 osition. 
 
 Thftn'a-tSp'sis, n. [Gr. Oai/aTos and o>/^is, view.] A 
 view of, or meditation on, death. 
 
 Thane, M. [A.-S. thesen, thegn, theng, then, ^ rmmstev 
 or servant, a servant of the king, a obleman. a soldier, 
 officer. Icel. thegn, a freeman, 0. II. Ger. degan, a disci- 
 ple, soldier, master.] A dignitary under the Anglo-Sax- 
 ons and Danes iu England. After the Conquest, this 
 title was disused, and baron took its place. 
 
 food, fobt ; Urni rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, <;all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tbis 
 
THANE8111P 
 
 744 
 
 THEOCRATICAL 
 
 [Lat. theatrum, Gr. Bearpov, ft . Oeaa^ttn, 
 ) see, view.] 1. AnionK the ancients. 
 
 The'a-ter, 
 
 Tlie'a-tre, ) to see, view.] 1. Among the ancients, 
 an edifice in which spectacles or shows were exhibited. 
 li. In modern times, a house for the exhibition of dra- 
 matic performances; a playhouse. 3. A nj room adapted 
 to the exhibition of any performance before an as.«embly, 
 as for public lectures, for anatomical demonstrations bo- 
 fore a class, and like purposes. 4. That which resem- 
 bles a theater in form, u.se, and the like. 
 
 Tlie-at'ri*; , {a. Of, or pertaining to, a theater, or to 
 
 resembling 
 
 Tliane'sliip, «. The state or dignity of a thane. 
 Thftnk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. thanked (th:\nkt) ; ;?. pr. 
 
 & 1^. »i. THANKING.] [See infra.] To express gratitude 
 
 to for a fiivor or for kindness bestowed 
 Tli.'Ink, n.; p/. th.\nks. [Generally in the plural.] 
 
 [A.-S. thane, thonr, thought, will, thanks, Goth, thanks, 
 
 thanks, Ice!, thaclcir, pi., allied to Goth, tliagkjnn, A.-S. 
 
 tfiencenn, l.'ifnrait, to think, to remember. See THINK.] 
 
 Expression of gratitude ; acknowledgment expressive of 
 
 a .<ense of fiivor or kindness received. 
 Tliftnk'ful, o. Impresi^ed with a sense of kindness re- The-itt'ri«-al, I scenic representations 
 
 ci'ivod, Mud ready to acknowledge it ; grateful. the manner of dramatic performers. 
 
 TliJ\nk'f ul-ly. adv. In a thankful manner ; gratefully. ; Tlie-at'ri<;-al-ly, afJv. In a theatrical manner 
 Tliftnk'ful-ness, n. State of being thankful ; expres- ! manner suiting the stage. 
 
 .<iou (if thanks. Tlie-at'ri-e-al§, n. pi. Dramatic performances. 
 
 Thftnk'less, a. Not acknowledging favors, or expressing i Tlie'baii, n. ( Geog.) A native or inhabitant of Thebes ; 
 
 thankfulness for them ; unthankful ; ungrateful. j also, a wise man. 
 
 Tlilink'less-iiess, n. The state of being thankless ;; Tlie'ban, a. (Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Thebes. 
 
 ingratitude. Thchan year (^Anc. Chro7t.), the Egyptian year of 365 davs 
 
 TliSnks-giv'er, n. One who gives thanks, or acknowl- andC liours. 
 
 edges a khidness. Tliee, pron. ; objective case of thou. [A.-S. the, thee, 
 
 Thanks'giv-iug, «. 1. Act of rendering thanks, or | Goth, thuk.] See Thou. 
 
 expressing gratitude for favoi-s or mercies. '2. A public Theft, «. [A.-S. theofc/h, thyfdh. See Thief.] The 
 
 celebration of divine goodness ; also, a day set apart for I act of stealing ; (Laiv.) the private, unlawful, felonious 
 
 in 
 
 Hich celebration. 
 Tliank'-'wor'tliy (-wfir'thy), a. Deserving thanks : | 
 
 worthy of gra^ tit ude ; meritorious. j 
 
 Thilt (128), pron. or conj. ; — pi. THOSE, when used as a I 
 
 pron. [A.-S. the, se, m., theo, seo, f., that, n., Goth, .^a, | 
 
 so, 
 
 thata : Icel. that. 
 
 taking of another person's goods or movables, with an in- 
 tent to steal them. 
 Tlie'lne,7!. [From N. loit. thea. See supra.] (Chem.) 
 A bitter, fusible, and volatile principle, obtained from 
 tea and coffee. 
 
 Cf. THE.] 1. A pronoun refer- Their (tiiar, 12), a. pron. [A.-S. thara, thsera, properly 
 
 ring usually to something before mentioned or under 
 stood, or to something more remote, and used, (a.) As a 
 demonstrative pronoun, pointing out a person or thing 
 before mentioned, or supposed to be understood. Hence, 
 it often designates a specific thing or person emphatically. 
 i^- In these cases, that is an adjective. Th(tf is also used 
 in opposition to this, or by way of distinction. When this and 
 that refer to forejjoing words, this refers to the latter, and that 
 to the former. | 
 
 gen. pi. of the, se. See That.] Of them ;— employed 
 in the sense of a pronominal adjective, denoting of or be- 
 longing to, or the po.?se.«sion by two or more. ^Vhen 
 standing alone, that is, when the word qualified by it is 
 omitted, it has the form theirs ; and, being used as a sub- 
 stitute for the adjective and the noun to which it refers, 
 may be the nominative to a verb, or the object of a verb 
 or preposition. 
 
 (6.) As a relative pronoun, equivalent to who or which, The'igm, n. [From Gr. ©eos, God.] The belief or ac 
 
 knowledgment of the existence of a God, as opposed to 
 
 atheism. 
 The'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a God ; 
 
 especially, one who believes in a personal God. 
 The-ist'i€, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, thei.sm, or to a 
 The-ist'i-e-al, j theist ; according to the doctrine of 
 
 a demonstrative pronoun, (a.) Introducing a clause, as i _„„^ ,■ ^- ^ ,, mt_ 
 
 t.hPohWfnfth^nrprpriino-v^rh [TliGm, pron. ; objccttve casc of they . Tho.se persons or 
 
 serving to point out and make definite a person or thing 
 spoken of or alluded to before. In such cases it is used i 
 both in the singular and plural, (c.) Referring to an en- j 
 tire sentence or paragraph, and not merely to a word, j 
 2. [A.-S. that, Goth, thatei, contracted from ihata and ei, ' 
 that.] A conjunction, having still much of the force of 
 
 the object of the preceding verb 
 I®" Thatvras formerly used for thai which, like what. 
 
 (6.) Introducing a reason or pupose, and sometimes a 
 
 result. 
 In that, for the reason that; because ; — a phrase denoting 
 
 Bome particular attribute, cause, or reason. 
 Th&tch, n. [A.-S. thdc, thac, theac, Icel. thak, 0. H. Ger. 
 
 dah.] Straw or other substance used to cover the roofs 
 
 of buildings, or stacks of haj' or grain. 
 Thatch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. thatched (thacht) ; p.pr. 
 
 & vb. n. THATCHING.] To cover with straw, reeds, or 
 
 some similar substance. 
 Thatch'er, n. One who thatches. 
 Thau'ma-tfir'eio , 
 Thau'ina-t<ir'gi«-al, 
 
 Exciting wonder. 
 
 Thau'ma-tfir'gus, n. [Gr. 0aviJ.aTovpy6<;, wonder-work- 
 ing, from OoMixa, a wonder, and epyeiv, epSeiv, to work, 
 
 ep'/ov, work.] A miracle-worker. 
 Thau'ma-tiir'gy, n. Act of performing something 
 
 wonderful. 
 Thaw, V. 1. [imp. & p. p. thawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 THAWING.] [A.-S. thaican, Icel. thdma, to consume, 
 
 digest, Goth, daujan, to unloose, enfeeble.] 1. To melt, 
 
 dissolve, or become fluid, as ice or snow. 'Z. To become 
 
 so warm as to melt ice and snow. 
 Thaw, V. t. To cause to melt ; to dissolve, as ice, snow, 
 
 bail, or frozen earth. 
 Thaw, n. The melting of ice or snow; liquefaction by 
 
 heat of any thing congealed by frost. 
 The (128), definite article, or definitive a. [A.-S. the or se, 
 
 theo or seO, that, Goth, sa, sQ, thata, Icel. .fa, sft, that.] A 
 
 word placed before nouns, and used, («.) To designate or 
 
 Bi>ecifv a general conception, or to limit a meaningmore or [ Tlien^e'f orth, adv. From that time 
 
 less definitely. (6. ) To personify- or individualize a speciec. Th6in;e-f or'ward, adv. From that time onward. 
 
 (c.) [A.-S. thy, the, e||uiv. to Lat. eo, instrumental case The-oc'ra-^y. n. [Gr. OeoKpaTia, from ©eos, God, and 
 
 of the, that; Grth. the, 0. H. Ger. thiu. See That.]! KpaTeif, to be strong, to rule, from xpoiTo?, strength.] 1. 
 
 Before adjectives in the comparative and superlative de- 1 Government of a state by the immediate direction or ad- 
 
 f?TMi, U) heighten or make more complete the contrast, j ministration of God. 2. The state thus governed. 
 The'ar-ehy, >i. [From Gr ©eos, God, and apxetv, to ^ The'o-crat'if;, I a. Of, or pertaining to, a theocracy ; 
 
 be first, to rule; Gr. Oeapx^a.] Government by God; j The'o-«rat'ic-al, ) administered by the immediat* 
 
 theocracy. | direction of God. 
 
 a,e, &c.j/ong^; a,6,&c.,sAori; c4re, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique,firiu; s6n,dr,do,w^ol^ 
 
 things ; those. See They. 
 
 Theme, M. [Lat. thema,Gv. Be/xa, from ri^eVou, to set, 
 place.] 1. A subject or topic on which a person ^vrites 
 or speaks. 2. A short dissertation, usually on some as- 
 signed topic. 3. ( Gram.) A radical verb, or the verb in 
 its primary, absolute state, not modified by inflections, 
 as the infinitive mode in English. 
 
 Them-selve§', pron. ; pi. of himself, herself, or itself. 
 See HmsELF, Herself, and Itself. 
 
 Then, adv. [A.-S. thonne, thanne, thenne, Goth. than. 
 Cf. Than.] 1. At that time, referring to a time speci- 
 fied, either past or future. 2. Soon afterward, or im- 
 mediately ; afterward. 3. Therefore; for this reason. 
 4. At another time. 
 By then, by the time that. — Till then, until that time. 
 l®~ Then is often used elliptically, like an adjective, for th* 
 then existing; as, the theti administration. 
 
 Then, conj. In that case ; in consequence. 
 
 Syn, — Therefore. — Both these words are used in reaBon- 
 ing; but tfiere/ore takes the lead, while then is rather subordi- 
 nate or incidental. Therefore states reasons and draws infer- 
 ences in form ; then, to a great extent, takes thepoint as proved, 
 and passes on to the general conclusion. " Therefore, being 
 justified by faith, we have peace with God." " So. then, faitn 
 Cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." 
 
 Tlien^e, adv. [0. Eng. thenne, or with the termination 
 of a genitive, thennes, thens, A.-S. thanan. thanon, tha- 
 nun, thanone, thanonne, Icel. thadhan, Goth, thathrdh, 
 thathro. Cf. supra.] 1. From that place. 
 
 i^~It is not unusual, though a pleonasm, to n&efrom before 
 thence. 
 2. From that time. 3. For that reason. 
 
THEODOLITE 
 
 745 
 
 THESIS 
 
 Tl^codolite. 
 
 Tbe-5d.'o-lite, n. [Of obscure ori- 
 gin ; probably ill-formed either from 
 Gr.' OeaofjLai, flew/otat, I see, or Oeut, I 
 run, and SoAixo?, long.] An instru- 
 ment, variously constructed, used, 
 especially m trigonometrical survey- 
 ing, for the accurate measurement 
 of horizontal angles, and also usu- 
 ally of vertical angles. 
 
 The-og'o-ny, n. [Lat. theogonia, Gr. 
 Oeoyovia, from 0e6s, a god, and voi/tj, 
 y6i/os,y€Vo5, race, birth, from yeueLv, 
 yiyvecrOaL, to bring forth, to be born.] 
 The generation of the gods ; that 
 branch of heathen theology which 
 taj.ight the genealogy of their deities. 
 
 Tlie'o-lo'gi-aii, n. [Lat. theologus, 
 from Gr SeoAoyos, a theologian, from 
 ©eos, God, and Agyetv, to speak ] A person well versed in 
 theology : a professor of divinity ; a divine. 
 
 Tlie'o-16g'i«, la. Of, or pertaining to, divinity, 
 
 Tlie'o-16g'i«-al, J or the science of God and of di- 
 vine things. 
 
 The'o-16g'i«-al-ly, adv. According to the principles 
 of theology. 
 
 Tlie-61'o-^lst, n. One versed in theology. 
 
 Tlie-6l'o-gize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. theologized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. THEOLOGIZING.] To render theological. 
 
 Tlie-61'o-gize, v. i. To frame a system of theology ; to 
 theorize or speculate upon theological subjects. 
 
 The'o-logue (-log), n. The same as Theologist. 
 
 Tlie-61'o-gy, n. The science which treats of the exist- 
 ence, character, and attributes of God, his laws and gov- 
 ernment, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties 
 we are to practice. 
 
 Natural theology, the knowledge of God from his works, by 
 the light of nature and reason. 
 
 Tlie-6m'a-eliy, n. [Gr. OeofiaxCa, from ^eds, a god, and 
 Ixa-xea-Oai, to fight, fia.xr),a, battle ] 1. A fighting against 
 the gods. ti. Opposition to the divine will. 
 
 Tlie-op'a-tliy, n. [Gr. ©eds, God, and Traces, suffering, 
 violent feeling, from ifacrxeii/, Traeelv, to suffer.] Capacity 
 for religious affections or worship. 
 
 Tlie-6pli'a-ny, n. [Gr. 0eo(f>6ii/eia, from ©eds, God, and 
 ^aiveadai., to appear.] A manifestation of God to man 
 by actual appearance. 
 
 Tlie-or'bo, n. [Fr. theorbe, teorbe, tuorbe, It. tiorba.] 
 {Mus.) A musical instrument made like a large lute, but 
 with two heads, to each of which some of the strings 
 were attached. 
 
 Tlie'o-rem, n. [Lat. theorema, Gr. Oediprina, fr. Oeiopelv, 
 to look at, from fletopds, a spectator.] 1. That which is 
 considered and established as a principle ; hence, some- 
 times, a rule. li. {Math.) A statement of a principle to 
 be demonstrated. 
 
 Tlie'o-re-mft,t'i«, 'j a. Of, or pertaining to, a the- 
 
 TliLe'o-re-in?it'i«-al, > orem ; comprised in a theorem ; 
 
 Tlie'o-rem'i*, ) consisting of theorems. 
 
 Tlie'o-ret'i«, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, depending on,, 
 
 The'o-ret'ic-al, ) or confined to. theory ; speculative. 
 '2^ Terminating in theory or speculation ; unpractical. 
 
 Tlie'o-ret'i<;-al-ly, adv. In a theoretical manner ; by 
 theory ; in speculation ; speculatively ; not practically. 
 
 Tlie'o-rist, n. One who forms theories ; one given to 
 theory ; a theorizer. 
 
 Tlie'o-rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. theorized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. THEORIZING.] To form a theory or theories ; to 
 speculate. 
 
 The'o-riz'er, n. One who theorizes ; a theorist. 
 
 Tlie'o-ry, n. [Lat. tkeoria, Gr. Oeiapia, from Oempeiv, to 
 look at.] 1. A doctrine, or scheme of things, which ter- 
 minates in speculation or contemplation, without a view 
 to practice ; speculation. 3. An exposition of the gen- 
 eral principles of any science. 3. The science distin- 
 guished from the art. 4. The philosophical explanation 
 of phenomena, either physical or moral. 
 
 Syn.— Hypothe.s's. —A hypothesfxis, literally, & supposition, 
 and IS b -ought forward to account for certain phenomena; it 
 rests for its proof soleiy on the fact that it explains the phenom- 
 ena. T/teori/ is a deduction from established truths, from 
 which it follows as a necessary consequence. Hi/potfiesis might 
 attempt to explain the tides by assuming a magnetic virtueUn 
 the sun and mooTi; theory does it by deducing them from the 
 known laws of gravitation. 
 
 The'o-jsoph'i^j, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, theoso- 
 Tlxe'o-s6pli'i€-al, ) phy. 
 
 Tlie-os'o-phism, n. Theosophy, or a process of it. 
 The-o-s'o-pliist, n. One addicted to theosophy. 
 
 The-6s'o-pliy, n. [Gr. dfoao^Ca, from 0ed<ro<^os, wiao 
 in the things of God, ©eds, God. and o-o^ds, wise.] 
 Supposed intercourse with God and superior spirits, and 
 consequent attainment of superhuman knowledge by 
 physical processes ; also, a direct, as distinguished from 
 a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be attained by 
 extraordinary illumination. 
 
 ThCr'a-peu'ti*;, 1 n. [Gr. 0epa7revTi/cds, fr. deparreu- 
 
 Ther'a-peu'ti^-al, ) eti/, to serve, to take care of, to 
 heal.] Of, or pertaining to, the healing art ; curative. 
 
 Tlier'a-peu'tic*!, n. sing. That part of medicine 
 \\^ich respects the discovery and application of remedies 
 for diseases. 
 
 Tliere (12), adv. [A.-S. thxr, t/icr, Icel. & Goth, thar.] 
 In that place. 
 
 t^^Thei-e is used to begin sentences, or before a verb, with- 
 out adding essentially to the meaning. It is also much used in 
 composition, and then has the seuatof a pronoun. 
 
 Th^re'a-bout', ) adv. 1. Near that place, ti. Near 
 
 Tiiere'a-lboiits', j that number, degree, or quantity ; 
 nearly. 
 
 Tliere-af t'er, adv. After that ; afterward. 
 
 Tliere-at', adv. 1. At that place. 3. At that occur- 
 rence or_event ; on that account. 
 
 There-l>y', adv. By that ; by that means ; in conse- 
 quence of that. 
 
 Thei'e-fdr', adv. For that, or this, or it. 
 
 Tliere'fore (thSr'for or thar'tor), fo«y. & adv. [From 
 there and /or.] 1. For that or this reason, referring to 
 something previously stated ; for that. ii. Consequently ; 
 by consequence. 3. In return or recompense for this or 
 that. 
 Syii»— See Then. 
 
 There -from', adv. From this or that. 
 
 Tli6re-in', adv. In that or this place, time, or thing ; 
 in that particular. 
 
 There'in-to', adv. Into that, or that place. 
 
 Th6re-6f' (ther-off' or ttier-Ov', 71), adv. Of that or 
 this. 
 
 ThSre-on', adv. On that or this. 
 
 Th^re-out', adv. Out of that or this. 
 
 Tli6re-to', adv. To that or this. 
 
 There-u'ii'to, adv. Unto that or this ; thereto. 
 
 Tli^re'vip-oii', adv. 1. Upon that or this. ti. On ac- 
 count of that ; in consequence of that. 3. Immediately ; 
 without delay. 
 
 Tli^re-witli' (tber-with' or ther-wTth', 99), adv. With 
 that or this. 
 
 Tlie'ri-a€, n. [Lat. theriaca, from theriacus, Gr. dtfpta- 
 Kos, of wild or venomous beasts, good against the poison 
 of animals, from Q-qpiov, a beast.] An ancient composi- 
 tion of pulverized drugs and honey, esteemed efiicacious 
 against the effects of pbison. 
 
 ?hf '*'V/o^." oi I «• Of' ^^ pertaining to, theriac ; having 
 
 Tlii'ri-al ) '^® properties of theriac ; medicinal. 
 
 Ther'mal, a. [From Lat. thermpp, Gr. Oepixai., hot 
 springs, from 6epp.r], heat, from depixo?, hot, warm.] Of, 
 or pertaining to, heat ; warm. [electricity 
 
 Tlier'mo-e-le«'tri€, a. Of, or pertaining to, thermo- 
 
 Tlier'mo-e'le-e-trif'i-ty, n. [From Gr. 0epju.ds, warm, 
 hot, and Eng. electricity.] Electricity developed by the 
 action of he;it. 
 
 Tlier-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 0e'pju,Tj, heat, Oepfxo?, hot, and 
 jueVpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring tem- 
 perature, founded on the principle that <'hanges of tem- 
 perature in bodies are accompanied by .proportional 
 changes in their volume or dimensions. 
 
 Ther'mo-ntiet'ri-e, )a. 1. Of, or pertaining to. a 
 
 Tlier'mo-met'ri<;-al, ( thermometer, ti. Made ny 
 means of a thermometer. 
 
 Ther'rp^o-s^ope, n. [Gr. Oepfirf, heat, ^epju-ds, hot, and 
 a-KOTrelv, to view.] Any instrument for indicating changes 
 of temperature without indicating the degree of heat by 
 which it is affected. 
 
 The-sn.ti'ri(.s, n. [Lat.] A treasury or storehouse : — 
 often applied to a comprehensive volume, like a diction- 
 ary or cyclopedia. 
 
 Thege, pron.; pi. of this. [A.-S. this, Ihas, gen. pi. 
 thises, thisse, thisere.] See THIS. 
 
 The'sis, n. ; pi. THE'SEg. [Lat. thesis, Gr. fleVis, from 
 TiOevoii., to place, set.] 1. .\ position or proposition 
 which a person advances and offers to maintain, or wliich 
 is actually maintained by argument ; a theme : espfcially, 
 a subject or proposition for a school or university exer- 
 cise, or the exercise itself. 2. Hence, an essay upon a 
 specific theme. 3. (Mus.) The unaccented part of the 
 
 food,fdbt; ^rn, rude, pull; ?ell, ^liaise, €all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, liuk , tliis- 
 
THESPIAN 
 
 746 
 
 THIRD 
 
 measure. 4. (Pros.) (n.) The depression of the voice 
 in prououncing tho syllables of a word, (b.) The part 
 of the foot upon which such a depre.'ssiou falls. 
 Th6s'pi-an, a. [From T/iespis, Or. 0e'oTTi5, the founder 
 of the (.Jreek drama.] Of, or relating to, tragic acting. 
 
 Tr^-ftr'^i€-al } **• ^^' °^ Pertaining to, theurgy. 
 
 Tlie'wr-gist, »i. [Lat. thfurgus;, Gr. ^eovpyos, doing the 
 works of God, from ©eds, God, and epynv, epdeiv, to 
 work, (pyov, work.] One who pretends to, or is addicted 
 to, theurgy. 
 
 The'ur-gy, n. [Lat. theurgia^ Gr. eeovpyta.. ^gq sv^ra.] 
 1. Among the Egyptian Platonists, an imaginary science 
 supposed to havebeen revealed to men by the gods them- 
 selves in very ancient times ; also, the ability, by means 
 of certain acts, words, and symbols, to move the gods to 
 impart to us secrets which surpass the powers of reason, 
 and to render themselves visible, ii. That species of 
 magic in which effects are produced by supernatural 
 agency. 
 
 Thew (thii), n. [Chiefly used in the plural.] [A.-S. 
 t/iedic, t/imu thaiv.] Muscle or strength ; nerve ; brawn. 
 
 Tliey (tha), pron. pL ; poss. THEIRS, obj. THEM. [A.-S. 
 Via, Goth, tlidi.] The plural of he, she, or it; denoting 
 more than one person or thing. 
 
 JSS" They is sometimes used indefinitely, as our ancestors 
 used man, and as the French use on. 
 
 Thick, a. [compar. thicker; superl. THICKEST.] 
 [A.-S. thicce, Icel. thyckr, 0. H. Ger. thiki, dicchi. Cf. 
 Tight.] 1. Dense; not thin; inspissated. ^. Not 
 transparent or clear ; hence, turbid, muddy, or misty. 
 3. Abundant, close, or crowded in space ; frequently re- 
 curring. 4. Measuring in the third dimension other 
 than length and breadth, or in general dimension other 
 than length ; — said of a solid body. 5. Having more 
 depth or extent from one surface to its opposite than 
 usual. 6. Not having a good articulation. 7. Some- 
 what deaf ; dull. 8. Intimate ; very friendly ; familiar. 
 [CoUoq.] 
 Syn. — Dense; close; compact; solid; gross; coarse. 
 
 Tliick, n. The thickest part, or the time when any thing 
 is thickest. 
 
 Tliroitgh ilnch and thin, through whatever is in the way; 
 through all obstacles or impediments. 
 
 TMck, adv. 1. Frequently; fa.st; quick. 3. Closely. 
 3. To a great depth, or to a thicker depth than usual. 
 
 Thiclt'en (thlk'n), r. «. [imp. &, p. p. thickened; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. thickening.] To make thick, in any 
 of the senses of the word ; as, (a.) To render dense ; to 
 inspissate. (6.) To make close ; to fill up interstices in. 
 
 Tliiclt'eu (thik'n), v. i. To become thick in any of the 
 senses of the word ; as, (a.) To become more dense ; to 
 be inspissated. (6.) To become consoUdated ; to concrete, 
 (c.) To become dark or obscure, (d.) To become close, 
 or more close or numerous ; to crowd ; to press, (e.) To 
 become quick and animated. 
 
 Thick'en-ing (thik'n-ing), n. Something put into a 
 liquid or mass to make it thicker. 
 
 Thick'et, n. A wood or collection of trees or shrubs 
 closely set. 
 
 Thick'ish, a. Somewhat thick. 
 
 Tliiclt'ly, adv. In a thick condition or manner ; deeply ; 
 closely ; quickly. 
 
 TliicU'ness, n. The quality or state of being thick ; 
 denseness ; density ; consistence ; spissitude ; grossness ; 
 dullness. 
 
 Tliicli'Kgt, a. 1, Close planted. 2. Having a short, 
 thick body ; stout. 
 
 Thiclt'sgt, n. 1. A clo.«e or thick hedge. 3. A kind 
 of stout, twilled cotton cloth. 
 
 Thick'- skill ned, a. 1. Having a thick skin. 3. Not 
 sensitive : dull ; obtu.se. [head. 
 
 Tliick'-skull, n. Dullness, or a dull person ; a block- 
 Thief, n.; pi. thieves. [A.-S. thfof, thidf, tkef, Icel. 
 thidfr, Goth, thiuh.s.] One who secretly, unlawfully, 
 and feloniously takes the goods or personal property of 
 another. 
 
 Syn. — Robber: pilferer. — A ^Ziie/" takes out property by 
 Bteaith : a roWmr attacks us openly, and Ktrips us by main force. 
 The roVter braves the law»; the i/a'e/ endeavors to evade them. 
 
 Thieve, v. i. To practice theft : to steal. 
 Thiev'er-y, n. 1. The practice of stealing ; theft. 2. 
 
 That which is stolen. 
 Thiev'ish, a. 1. Given to stealing; addicted to the 
 
 practice of theft. 2. Like a thief: acting by stealth; 
 
 sly : secret. 3. Partaking of the nature of theft. 
 Thiev'ish-ly, adv. In a thievish manner ; by theft. 
 
 Thiev'ish-nes9, n. State or quality of being thievish. 
 
 Thigh (thT), n. [A.-S. thcdh, Icel. thi6, 0. H. Ger. dioh, 
 thioh.] (Anat.) The thick, lieshy portion of the leg, be- 
 tween the knee and the trunk. 
 
 Thill, n. [A.-S. tkile, thill, u board, plank, beam, thill, 
 Icel. thil, thili, tkilia, a table, allied to Eng. deai, q. v.] 
 A shaft of a cart, gig, or other carriage. 
 
 Thim'ble (thim'bl), n. [Prob. a diminutive of thumb.] 
 
 1. A kind of metallic cap or cover, or sometimes a ring, 
 for the finger, used in sewing to protect the finger from 
 the needle. 2. (Meek.) Any thimble-shaped appendage 
 or fixture. 3. (Navt.) An iron ring with a groove round 
 its circumference, to receive the I'ope which is spliced 
 about it. 
 
 Thim'ble-lbgr'ry, n. { Bot.) A kind of black raspberry, 
 common in America. 
 
 Thim'ble-rig, n. A sleight-of-hand trick played with 
 three small cups, shaped like thimbles, and a small ball. 
 
 Thim'ble-rig, v. t. To cheat by means of small cups 
 or thimbles, and a pea or small ball placed under one of 
 the thimbles, and quickly shifted to another. 
 
 Thin, a. [ro»y;?o?-. thinner; sw/^er/. thinnest.] [A.-S. 
 thynne, thyn,thin, Icel. thun7ir,0.'H.. Ger. t/wnn?, allied to 
 Lat. tenuis, Skr. tanu, Gr. tvvpos, Celt, tanas, tana^ tene, 
 and A.-S. thenian, to extend, Goth, thanjan, Icel. thenia, 
 Gr. retVetv, Lat. tendere.] 1. Having little thickness or 
 extent from one surface to the opposite. 2. Rare ; not 
 den!-e ; — applied to fluids or soft mixtures. 3. Not close ; 
 not crowded ; not filling the space ; hence, not abundant. 
 4. Not full or well grown. 5. Slim; small; slender; 
 lean ; gaunt. 6. Small ; fine ; not full. 7. Slight ; 
 flimsy ; not sufficient for a covering. 
 
 Tttin., adv. Not thickly or closely ; in a scattered state. 
 
 Thin, V. t. [imp. & p. p. THINNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 THINNING.] To make thin in any of its senses ; as, (a.) 
 To make rare or less thick ; to attenuate, (b.) To make 
 less close, crowded, or numerous, (c.) To attenuate; to 
 rarefy ; to make less dense. 
 
 Thin, V. i. To grow or become thin. 
 
 T£iiin.e, pronominal a. [A.-S. i/iiw, prop, and orig. gen. 
 of thu or t/tft,-thou ; Goth, theina, theins, Icel. thinn.] 
 Belonging to thee ; relating to thee ; thy ; — formerly 
 used for thy before a vowel. 
 
 e®~ Thine is used when the substantive to which it belongs 
 is separated from the pronoun, cr when the noun is not ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 Thing, n. [A.-S. thing, thincg, Icel. thing, 0. H. Ger. 
 ding,a,\hed to A.-S. thingan, to become heavy ; hence, 
 orig. a heavy thing.] 1. An inanimate object ; any life- 
 less material. 2. Whatever exists or is conceived to ex- 
 ist, as a separate being, whether animate or inanimate. 
 3. A transaction or occurrence ; an event : a deed. 4. 
 A portion or part ; something 5. A diminutive or 
 slighted object ; any object viewed as merely existing. 6. 
 pi. Clothes; furniture; appurtenances. [CoUoq.] , 
 
 Think, v. i. [imp. & p. p. thought (thawt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. THINKING.] [A.-S. thencean, thfnran, thyncean, 
 thyncan, Icel. thenkja, Goth, thagkjan, thnggkjan,tha7ik- 
 jan.] To employ any of the intellectual powers except 
 sense and perception ; hence, specifically, (n.)1o call any 
 thing to mind; to remember (6.) To reflect upon any 
 subject ; to consider ; to deliberate. ( c. ) To form an 
 opinion ; to judge, {d.) To purpose ; to intend ; to design, 
 (e.) To presume; to venture. 
 
 Syn.— To expect ; guess ; cogitate ; reflect ; ponder ; con- 
 template ; meditate ; muse ; imagine ; suppose ; beUeve. Se« 
 Expect. 
 
 Think, V. «. [See supra.] 1. To conceive; to imagine. 
 
 2. To plan or design ; to plot ; to compass. 3. To be- 
 lieve ; tocon.sider; to esteem. 
 
 Think'er, n. One who thinks ; especially and chiefly , 
 one who thinks in a particular manner. 
 
 Think'ing, p. a. Having the faculty of thought ; cogi- 
 tative ; capable of a regular train of ideas. 
 
 Think'ing, n. Imagination ; cogitation ; judgment. 
 
 Think'ing-ly, adv. , By thought. 
 
 Thin'ly, adv. In a thin, loose, scattered manner. 
 
 Thin'ness (109), n. State of being thin, in any of the 
 senses of the word ; .smallness of extent from one side or 
 surface to the opposite ; tenuity ; rareness ; fluidity. 
 
 Thin '-skinned, a. 1. Having a thin skin. 2. Hence, 
 sensitive; irritable. 
 
 Third (18), a. [0. Eng. thridde, A.-S. thridda, for tkri- 
 dia, Goth, thridja, Icel. thridie, Gr. rpiTO?, Lat. terlius. 
 See THREE.] 1. The next after the .second; coming 
 after two of the same class. 2. Constituting or being 
 one of three equal parts into which any thing is divided. 
 Third estate, (n) In England, the commons, or the com- 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c., short; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, dg, w^lf , 
 
THIRD 
 
 747 
 
 THOUGHTFUL 
 
 monalty, who are represented in Parliament by the Commons. 
 (h.) In France, the oody of the people, exclusive of the nobil- 
 ity and titled classes ; the commons ; — so called previously to 
 the Revolution of 1789. 
 Tliird, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by three ; 
 one of three equal parts. "2. The sixtieth part of a 
 second of time. 3.- (Mws.) The interval of a tone and a 
 semitone, embracing three diatonic degrees of the scale ; 
 — called also, sometimes, third sound. 4. pL. (Law.) 
 The third part of the estate of a deceased husband, which, 
 by some local laws, the widow is entitled to eiyoy during 
 Third'ly, adv. In the third place. [her life. 
 
 Tliir.st (18), n. [See infra.] 1. The desire, uneasiness, 
 or suffering, occasioned by want of drink. t2. A want 
 and eager desire after any thing. 
 TMrst, V. i. [imp. & p.p. thirsted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 THIRSTING.] [A.-S. tkyrstan, Goth, tkaiirsjan, Icel. 
 thyrsta, allied to Goth, thairsan, to be dry, thaursus, 
 dry, Gr. Tepa-eaQai, to be or become dry, Lat. torrere, to 
 dry, Skr. trish, to thirst.] 1. To experience a painful 
 sensation of the throat, or fauces, for want of drink. 5J. 
 To have a vehement desire. 
 Thirst'i-ly, adu. In a thirsty manner. 
 Tliirst'i-jiess, n. State of being thirsty ; thirst. 
 Tliirst'y, a. [compar. thirstier ; superl. THIRST- 
 IEST.] 1. feeling a painful or distressing sensation from 
 want of drink, ti. Deficient in moisture ; dry ; parched. 
 3. Having a vehement desire of any thing. 
 Tliir'teen, a. [A.-S. threotyne , from t/iri, Tn.,thre6, f. and 
 neut., three, and tyn, tin, ten, ten.] One more than 
 twelve ; ten and three. 
 Tliir'teen, n. 1. The sum of ten and three. 2. A 
 
 symbol representing thirteen units, as 13, or xiii. 
 Thir'teentli, a. 1. Next in order after the twelfth ; the 
 third after the tenth. 'Z. Being one of thirteen equal 
 parts into which any thing is divided. 
 TMr'teentli, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by 
 thirteen; one of thirteen equal parts, ti. (Mus.) The 
 interval comprising an octave and a sixth. 
 Tliir'ti-eth, a. 1. Next in order after the twenty-ninth ; 
 the tenth after the twentieth. 3. Being one of thirty 
 equal parts into which any thing is divided. 
 Tliir'ti-eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by thirty ; 
 
 one of thirty equal parts. 
 Tliir'ty, a. [0. Eng. thritty, A.-S. thrUig, thrittig.] Three 
 
 times ten ; one more than twenty-nine. 
 Thir'ty, n. 1. The sum of three times ten, or twenty 
 and ten. 2. A symbol representing thirty units, as 30, 
 or XXX. 
 TtHSjpron.; pi. TSE^^. [A.-S. «/ies, m., theos, f., this, 
 n., Icel. thessi , thetta.] A pronoun, used, (a.) As a de- 
 monstrative, denoting something that is present or near 
 in place or time, or something just mentioned, or that is 
 just about to be mentioned ; — thus used as a pronoun 
 proper, or as a pronominal adjective. (6.) Denoting the 
 last part, as a period of time, (c.) As opposed or correl- 
 ative to that, and .sometimes as opposed to other. 
 This'tle (this'sl), n. [A.-S. thisiel, Icel. ihistill, allied to 
 Eng. teasel, q. v.] (Bat.) One of numerous prickly plants 
 of the class Syngtnesia, and several genera. The name 
 is also given to other prickly plants not of the class Syn- 
 genesia. 
 This'tly (this'ly), a. Overgrown with thistles. 
 Tliitli'er, adv. [A.-S. thider, thyder, Icel. thadhra, Goth. 
 thathrd, allied to A.-S. the, theo, that. See THAT and 
 The.] 1. To that place ;-— opposed to hither. "Z, To 
 that point, end, or result. 
 
 Syn. —There. — Thither denotes motion toward a place ; there 
 denotes rest in a place ; as, I am going thither, and shall meet j'ou 
 there. But thither has now become obsolete, except in poetry, 
 or a style purposely conformed to the past, and hence there has 
 taken the p\a.ce oi thither ; as, I shall go there to-morrow; we 
 shall go together. 
 Till tli'er- ward, adv. Toward that place. 
 Thole, n. [A.-S. thol, Icel. thollr, post, pin.] A pin in- 
 serted into the gunwale of a boat, to keep the oar in the 
 rowlock, when used in rowing. 
 Thole'-piii, n. The same as Thole, q. v. 
 Tliom-so'iii-aii-i§m (tom-so/ni-an-), n. (Med.) A med- 
 ical system, of which one of the leading principles is, 
 that the human body is composed of four elements, 
 earth, air, fire, and water ; and one of its apothegms, that 
 metals and minerals are in the earth, and, being extract- 
 ed from the depths of the earth, have a tendency to carry 
 all down into the earth who use them ; that the tendency 
 of all vegetables is to spring up from the earth, and there- 
 fore to uphold man from the grave ; — so called from the 
 founder, Dr. Samuel Thomson, of Massachusetts. 
 Tbong, n. [0. Eng. thwang, A.-S. thwang, thwong, from 
 
 0. Sax. thuingan, Tcel. thvinga, 0. H. Ger. dwingan, to 
 press, force.] A strap of leather, used for fastening any 
 thing. [or breast. 
 
 Tho-riQ'io, a. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the thorax 
 
 Tlio'ral, a. [From Lat. thorus, torus, a couch, bed.] Of, 
 or pertaining to, a bed. 
 
 Tho'rax (89), n. [Lat., from Gr. 0a>pa|.] 1. (Anat.) 
 The portion of the trunk between the neck and ab- 
 domen ; the chest. 5i. (Entom.) The second general seg- 
 ment of insects. 
 
 Thorn, n. [A.-S. thorn, thyrn, Icel. thorn, Goth, thaur- 
 nus ; Pol. tarn, W. draen.] 1. A sharp, ligneous, or 
 woody shoot from tJie stem of a tree or shrub ; a spine ; 
 — popularly, but incorrectly, a prickle, ti. A tree or 
 shrub armed with spines, or sharp, ligneous shoots ; — 
 sometimes incorrectly applied to a bush with prickles. 3. 
 Hence, any thing troublesome ; trouble ; care. 
 
 Thorn 'bJlck, n. (Ichth.) A fish of the ray kind, which 
 has prickles on its back. 
 
 Thorn'-hedge, n. A hedge or fence consisting of thorn. 
 
 Thorn'y, a. [compar. thornier ; superl. THORNIEST.] 
 
 1. Full of thorns or spines. 2. Sharp ; pricking. 3. 
 Troublesome ; vexatious ; harassing. 
 
 Thor'ough (thur'o), a. [A.-S. thuruh, thurh, 0. H. Ger- 
 duruh, durah, durih, durh. See THROUGH.] Passing 
 through or to the end ; hence, complete ; perfect. 
 
 Thor'ough (thGr/o), prep. The same as Through, 
 q. V. _[065.] 
 
 Thor'ough-base (thur'o-bas), n. (Mus.) Representa- 
 tion of chords by figures placed under the base ; — some- 
 times used as synonymous with harmony. 
 
 Thor'ough-bra^e (thur'o-), n. A leather strap sup- 
 porting the body of a carriage, and serving the purpose 
 of a spring. 
 
 Thor'ough-hred (thQr'o-), a. 1. (Horsemanship.) 
 Bred from the best blood, as horses. 3. Hence, com- 
 pletely bred or accompUshed. 
 
 Thor'ough-f^re (thiir^o-), n. A passage through; a 
 passage from one street or opening to another ; an unob- 
 structed way ; hence, a frequented street. 
 
 Thor'ough- go'ing (thur'o-), a. Going through, or to 
 the end or bottom ; very thorough ; complete. 
 
 Thor'ough-ly (thQr'o-), adv. In a thorough manner ; 
 fully ; entirely ; completely. 
 
 Thor'ough-ness (thQr'o-), n. State or quality of being 
 thorough; completeness; perfectness. 
 
 Thor'ough-pa^ed (thur'o-past), a. Perfect in what is 
 undertaken ; complete ; going all lengths. 
 
 Thor'ough -Tvort (thQr/o-wQrt), n. (Bot.) A North 
 American plant found in low or wet grounds, and valued 
 for its medicinal properties ; boneset. 
 
 Tho§e,/>?-o?i.,- pi. of t/iat. [A.-S. tha, nom. and ace. pi. 
 of the, theo, that, thas, nom. and ace. pi. of thes, theos, 
 this, this. See These.] See That. 
 
 Thou, pron. [nom. THOU ; poss. thy, or thine ; obj. 
 thee ; pi. nom. you ; poss. your or yours ; obj. YOU.] 
 [A.-S. thU, thu, Icel. fM, Goth, thu, allied to Lat. tu, Gr. 
 crv, Slav, ty, Celt, ti, Skr. tvam.] The second personal 
 pronoun, in the singular number, denoting the person 
 addressed ; — used in the solemn or poetical style. 
 
 Though (tlio, 75), adv. & co7ij. [A.-S. thedh, theh, Goth, 
 than, thauh, Icel. thd, thdat.] 1. Granting; admitting; 
 notwithstanding. 2. However ; — used in famiUar lan- 
 guage at the end of a sentence. 
 
 As though, as if ; of the same kind, or in the same manner, 
 that it would be, if. 
 
 Syn.— Although. — These words diflFer only in one respect; 
 although is the stronger and more emphatic of the two, and is 
 therefore usually chosen to be^in a sentence, as, ''Although I 
 have many competitors, I still hope to succeed." See Whilb. 
 
 Thought (thawt), imp. & p. p. of think. See Think. 
 
 Thdught (thawt), n. [A.-S. theaht, thoht, gethoht, from 
 thencean, thencan, to thm^.] 1. Act of thinking : exer- 
 cise of the mind in any way except sense and perception ; 
 reflection. 2. Meditation; serious consideration. 3. 
 That which is thought, (a.) An opinion ; a conclusion ; 
 a judgment, (b.) A conceit; a fancy. 4. Design; pur- 
 pose; intention. 5. A small degi-ee or quantity. [Colloq.'\ 
 Syn. — Idea ; conception ; imagination ; notion ; supposi- 
 tion ; reflection ; coiisideration ; meditation ; contemplation ; 
 cogitation; deliberation. 
 
 Thought'ful (thawt/-), a. 1. Full of thought; em, 
 ployed in m'editation. 2. Having the mind directed to 
 an object. 3. Promoting serious thought ; favorable t« 
 musing or meditation. 
 
 Syn.— Considerate ; deliberate; contemplative; attentive; 
 careful; wary; circumspect; reflective; discreet. — He who is 
 habitually thoughtful rarely neglects his duty or his true inter- 
 
 food, foot ; ^kxn, rude, p^ ; ^ell, ^haise, «»11, e«lio ; gem, get ; ajf ; e^st ; linger, li«lc ; tibi«. 
 
THOUGHTFULLY 
 
 '48 
 
 THROAT 
 
 «t; he who is considerate pauses to reflect and punrd himself 
 ■^nst error. t)no who is not tfioug!iinil by nature, if he can 
 be made coi»siilera(t, will usually be guarded against serious 
 mistakes. 
 
 Thouglit'f ul-ly (thuwt'-), adc. In a thoughtful man- 
 ner. 
 
 Thoiiglit'ful-ness (thawt'-), n. State or quaUty of 
 beiiis: thouitlitful ; deep meditation ; solicitude. 
 
 Thoiiglit'less (thawt'-), a. Lacking or free from 
 thought ; careless ; negligent. 
 
 Tliouslit'less-ly (thuwt'-). ar/v. In a thoughtless man- 
 ner : without thought ; carelessly; stupidly. 
 
 Tliouglit'less-uess (thawt'-), 71. State or quaUty of 
 being t hough tle.<s ; heedlessness ; carelessness. 
 
 Tliou'sand, a. [A.-S. thUsend, Icel. titusund, thusun- 
 drud, Goth. iJiiisiindi, i. e., ten tunes a hundred, from 
 thus, for tigiis, tnihun, ten, and hund, hundred.] 1. 
 Con.<5isting of ten hundred ; being ten times one hundred. 
 2. llence, consisting of a great number indefinitely. 
 
 Thoii'sand, n. 1. The number of ten hundred. 2. 
 Heuce, indefinitely, a great number. 3. A symbol repre- 
 senting one thou.siind units ; as, 1000, M, or CIO. 
 
 Tliou'§andtli, a. 1. Next in order after nine hundred 
 and ninety -nine ; — the ordinal of thousand. "Z. Con- 
 stituting one of a thousand equal parts into which any 
 thing is divided. 
 
 Tliou'sandtli, n. The quotient of a unit divided by a 
 thousand ; one of a thousand equal parts. 
 
 Tlirall, n. [A.-S. tliral, thrall, t/ireal, Icel. thrall, from 
 thrala, to serve, drudge, toil.] 1. A slave ; a bondman. 
 '-2. Slavery ; bondage ; servitude. 
 
 Tlirall, V. t. To enslave ; to inthrall. 
 
 Tlirall'dom, »». Condition of a thrall; slavery; bond- 
 age": state of servitude. 
 
 Tlirasli, V. t. [hnp. & p. v. thrashed (thrasht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. THRASHING.] [A.-S. thriscan, threscan, Goth. 
 thriskan, Icel. threskia.] 1. To beat out grain from ; to 
 thresh the husk of with a flail. 5i. To beat soundly ; to 
 drub. 
 
 Thrasli, V. i. 1. To practice thrashing, '-i. Hence, to 
 labor ; to drudge. 
 
 TlirSsli'er, n. [A.-S. thriscere, therscere.] 1, One who 
 thrashes grain, "i. The fox-shark or sea-fox, a large spe- 
 cies of shark. 
 
 Thrslsli'iiig-flobr, n. [From thrash and Jioor.] A 
 floor or area on which grain is beaten out. 
 
 Tlira-s6n'j€-al. a. [Lat. Thrasonianus. from Thraso, 
 the name of a braggart soldier in Terence's Eunuch.] 1. 
 Given to bragging ; boasting, ti. Implying ostentatious 
 display ; boastful. 
 
 Tlira-son'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a thrasonical manner ; 
 Ijoastfully. 
 
 Tlirgad, n. [A.-S. thrsed, Icel. thradr, 0. H. Ger. drat, 
 for dr&had, from A.-S. thrawan, 0. H. Ger. drajan, dra- 
 han, trahan, to twist.] 1. A verj' small twist of flax, 
 wool, cotton, silk, or the like, drawn out to considerable 
 length. 2. A filament, as of a flower, or of any fibrous 
 substance, as of bark : also, a line of gold or silver. 3. 
 Something continued in a long course or tenor. 4. The 
 prominent spiral part of a screw or nut. 
 
 Tlir^ad, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. threaded ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. THREADING.] 1. To pass a thread through the eye 
 of. 3. To pass or pierce through, as a narrow way or 
 channel. 
 
 TlirgadTtj^re, a. 1. "Worn to the naked thread; hav- 
 ing the nap worn off. 2. Hence, worn out ; trite ; hack- 
 neyed : u-sed till it has lost its novelty or interest. 
 
 Tlirfiad'y, a. 1. Like thread or filaments ; slender. 3. 
 Containing or consisting of thread. 
 
 Threat, «. [See infra.] Declaration of an intention or 
 determination to inflict punishment, loss, or pain on 
 another. 
 
 Syn. — Menace ; denunciation. — Threat is Anglo-Saxon, 
 and menace is Latin. As often happens, the former is the more 
 femiliar term; the latter is employed only in the liigher kinds 
 of style. We are threatened With a drought ; the country is 
 menaced with war. 
 
 Thr6at'^n(thr€t''n), v. t. [itTip. & p. p. threatened : 
 p. pr. & vb. n. threatening.] [A.-S. thredtian, to 
 urge, threaten, Icel. threyta, to weary ; 0. H. Ger. dri\i- 
 zan,driozan,to vex, Goth. thriutnn,usthriutan, to grieve. 
 ▼ex.] 1. To hold up to, as a terror, the expectation of 
 evil; to menace. 2. To exhibit the appearance of some- 
 thing evil or unpleasant as approaching to or toward. 
 
 Thrfiat'en, v. i. To use threats or menaces. 
 
 ThrCat'^n-er (thr6t'n-er). n. One who threatens. 
 
 Thr6at'en-tng (thrgt'n-ing), p. a. 1. Indicating a 
 threat or menace. 2. Indicating something impending. 
 8yn. — Imminent; impending. See Imminent. 
 
 Thrfeafful, a. Full of threats ; having a menacing 
 
 appearance. 
 
 Three, a. [A.-S. thrl, m.,thrfd, f. and neut., Goth, threis, 
 thrijOs, tlirija, Icel. tkr'ir, thriar, thriU, a,\lied to Lat. tres, 
 tria, Gr rpeis, rpia, Ir., Gael., & \\. tri, Pol. trzy, Skr. 
 tri.] Two and one. 
 
 Three, n. 1. The sum of two and one ; the number next 
 above two. 2. A symbol representing three units, as 3 
 or iii. 
 
 Tliree'-cor'nered, a. Having three corr ers or angles. 
 
 Tliree'-deck''er, n. (h'aut.) A vessel of war carrying 
 guns on three decks. 
 
 Three'f old, a. Consisting of three, or thrice repeated 
 
 Three 'peii^e (thrip'ens), j/. A small silver coin of 
 three times the value of a penny. 
 
 Tliree'pen-uy (thrip'en-ny), a. Worth three pence 
 only ; hence, worth but little; poor; mean. 
 
 Three'-ply, fl. [From //iree and />///, a fold.] Consistftir 
 of three di.-<tinct webs inwrought together in weavmg, ii£ 
 cloth or carpeting. 
 
 Three'-sid'ed, a. Having three sides, especialiv three 
 plane sides. / 
 
 Threii'o-dy, n. [Gr. flprjvwSta, from 6prjvo<; and i^h-q, a 
 song.] A song of lamentation ; a short funereal poem ; 
 a dirge ; a threnode. 
 
 Thresh, v. t. To thrash. See Thrash. 
 
 Thresh'er, n. One who thre.<hes; a thrasher. 
 
 Thresh'old, n. [0. Eng. tnrtswold, A.-S. threscwald, 
 thersavald, prob. fr. thnscan, therscaii, to thresh, thra.sh, 
 and icnld, iveald, wood, forost.] 1. The door-sill ; the 
 plank, stone, or piece of timber which lies at the bottom 
 or under a door ; hence, entrance ; gate ; door. 2. The 
 place or point of entering or beginning : outset. 
 
 Thre-w- (thrij), imp. of throw. See Throw. 
 
 Thrive, adv. [0. Eng. tliries, from three, \\ith the termi- 
 nation of a genitive.] 1. Three times. 2. Repeatedly ; 
 earnestly; emphatically; very. 
 
 Thrid, v. t. [imp. & p.' p. thridded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 THRIDDING.J [From thread, v. t.] To .slide through, 
 by a narrow passage ; to pass, as a thread through the 
 eye of a needle ; to thread. 
 
 Thi'ift, n. [From thrive.] 1. A thriving state or con- 
 dition ; economical management in regard to property. 
 
 2. Success and advance in the acquisition of property. 
 
 3. Vigorous growth, as of a plant. 
 
 Syn. — Frugality ; economy; prosperity; gain; profit 
 
 Thrift'i-ly, adv. In a thrifty manner; frugally; suc- 
 cessfully ;" prosi)erously. 
 
 Thrift'i-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being thrifty ; 
 frugaUty ; good husbandry. 2. Prosperity in business. 
 
 Thrift'less, a. Not thrifty ; deficient in thrift : profuse ; 
 extravagant ; not thriving. 
 
 Thrift'y, a. [rompar. THRIFTIER ; superl. THRIFT- 
 IEST.] 1. Given to, or evincing, thrift ; using economy 
 and good management of property. 2. Thriving by in- 
 dustry and frugality ; increasing in wealth. 3. Growing 
 rapidly or vigorously, as a plant ; thriving. 
 
 Syn. — Frugal; sparing; economical; saving; careful. 
 
 Thrill, n. [See the verb.] 1. AdrHl. 2. A warbling; 
 a trill. [See Trill.] 3. A breathing place or hole. 4. 
 A thrilUng sensation. 
 
 ! Thrill, V. t. [imp. & p. p. THRILLED ; p. prr. & vb. n. 
 THRILLING.] [A.-S. thyrhelian, thyrlian^Ger. drillen, 
 trillen, Prov. Ger. tirlen, tirreUn. See THIRL and 
 Drill.] 1. To perforate by turning a pointed instru- 
 ment ; to bore ; to drill. 2. Hence, to pierce ; to pene- 
 trate ; to affect, as if by something that pierces or pricks, 
 or that causes a tingUng sensation. 
 Thrill, r. ». 1, To pierce, as something sharp ; to pen- 
 etrate ; especially, to cause a tingling sensation that runs 
 through the system with a shght .«hivering. 2. To feel 
 a sharp, shivering .«ensation, running through the body. 
 Thrive, v. i. [imp. thrived : p. p. thrived or 
 THRIVEN; p. pr. & vb. n. thriving.] [Icel. thr'ifa, 
 to care, thrifaz, to grow, flouri.«h, thrif. n. pi., good suc- 
 cess, care, threifa, to touch, A.-S. thrajian, to urge, impel, 
 allied to Gothi. dreiban, A.-S. dr'ifan, Eng. drive, q. v.| 
 1. To prosper by industry, economy, and good manage- 
 
 I ment of property. 2. To prosper in any business. 3. 
 
 ! To grow vigorously or luxuriantly, as a plant ; to flour- 
 
 I i.sh. 
 
 ! Thriv'er, n. One who thrives or prospers. 
 
 i Throat (20). n. [A.-S. throte, throtn, 0. H. Ger. droza^^ 
 1. {Anat.) The portion of the neck anterior to the spinal 
 column, with its cavities or passages. 2. Hence, the 
 
 I passage through which any thing is ejected upward from 
 
 i the lungs or stomach. 3. Any thing long and deep. 
 
 a,e,&c.,&>iig^;&,6,&c.,«Aorf,c4re,far,a8lt,all,what; dr*, veil, term*, p'iqae,firm; son, 6r, do, W9l^ 
 
THROB 
 
 749 
 
 THUNDER 
 
 riir5b, V. i. [imp. & p. p. throbbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 THROBBING.] [Probably contracted from throw tip, or 
 allit^d to Gr. 0opv/3eii^, to make a noise.] To beat, as the 
 heart or pulse, with more than usual force or rapidity ; 
 to palpitate. 
 
 TlirSb, n. A beat, or strong pulsation ; a violent beating 
 of the heart and arteries ; a palpitation. 
 
 Tliroe, n. [A.-S. threa, for thrediv, chiding, menace, 
 affliction, from thredivan, to suffer.] Extreme pain; 
 violent pang ; anguish ; agony ; especially, the anguish 
 of travail in childbirth, or parturition. 
 
 Throne, n. [Lat. thronus, Gr. Opovo';, allied to flpafos, 
 a bench, and Oprjvv;, a footstool, from Opdui, to set, aorist 
 middle Opijcrao-^ai, to set one's self, to sit.] 1. A chair 
 of state, commonly a royal seat. tj. Hence, sovereign 
 power and dignity. 3. Hence, one who is invested with 
 power or authority. 
 
 Throne, r. t. [imp. & p. p. throned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 THRONING.] 1. To place on a royal seat ; to enthrone, 
 Z, To place in an elevated position ; to exalt. 
 
 Throng, n. [A.-S. thrang, throng, Icel. thraung, from 
 A.-S. thringan, to press.] A multitude of living beings 
 pressing or pressed into a close body or assemblage. 
 
 Syn. — Multitude; crowd. — Any great number of persons 
 form a multitude : a throng is a larjie number of persons who 
 press together mto a collective body; a crowd is a mass of per- 
 »ons who press so closely together as to bring their bodies into 
 immediate or inconvenient contact. A dispersed multitude ; 
 the thronged streets of a city ; a crowded coach ; a crowded 
 table. 
 
 Thrdng, v. i. [imp. & p. p. thronged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. thronging.] To crowd together ; to press into a 
 close body, as a multitude of persons. 
 
 Thrdng, v. t. To crowd, or preob, as persons. 
 
 Thros'tle (thros'l), n. [A.-S. throstle, throsle, Icel. throstr, 
 allied to Lat. turdus.] (Ornitk.) See THRUSH. 
 
 Thros'tle (thros'l), n. A machine for spinning wool, 
 cotton, &c. 
 
 Throt'tle (throt'tl), n. [Dim. of throat, q. v.] The wind- 
 pipe or trachea ; the weasand. 
 
 Throt'tle, v. i. 1, To have the throat obstructed so as 
 to endanger suffocation ; to choke ; to suffocate, ti. To 
 breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated. 
 
 Throt'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. throttled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. throttling.] To choke; to strangle. 
 
 Through (throb, 21), prep. [A.-S. thurh, thuruh, Goth. 
 tha'irh, \V. trw, trwy.] 1. From end to end of, or from 
 side to side of. '2, Between the sides or walls of; within. 
 3. By means of; by the agency of. 4. Over the whole 
 surface or extent of. 5. Among or in the midst of. 6. 
 From beginning to end ; to the end or conclusion. 
 
 Through (throb), adv. 1. From one end or side to the 
 other. "Z. From beginning to end. 3. To the end ; to 
 the ultimate purpo.se. 
 
 To fall through, to be given up. as a project or plan, before 
 being brought to an issue; to be abandoned; to fail. 
 
 Through-out' (throb-), jorep. Quite through ; in every 
 part of; from one extremity to the other of. 
 
 Through-out' (throb-), adv. In every part. 
 
 Thr5w, V. t. [i7np. THREW; p. p. thrown ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. throwing.] [A.-S. thrawan, to twist, turn, 
 throw. 0. H. Ger. drajan, drakan., to turn, twist.] 1. 
 To fling or cast in a winding direction ; to hurl. 3. 
 Hence, to fling or cast in any manner ; to propel ; to pro- 
 ject ; to send. 3. To wind or twist two or more filaments 
 of , as silk, so as to form one thread. 4. (Pottery.) To 
 form or shape roughly on a potter's wheel. 5. To ven- 
 ture at dice. 6. To divest or strip one's self of ; to put 
 off. 7. To put on ; to spread carelessly. 8. To over- 
 turn ; to prostrate in wrestling. 
 
 To throw awaii, (a.) To lose by neglect or folly; to spend in 
 vain, (fc.) To reject.— To throw back, (a.) To retort ; to cast 
 back, as a reply. '(6.) Toreject; to refuse. — Z'o </(row 6?/, to lay 
 aside or neglect as usele.ss.— Tb <A/-o(w f/o WW, (a.) To subvert"; 
 to overthrow ; to destroy, (b.) To bring down from a high 
 station ; to degrade. — 7o throw in, (a.) To inject, as a fluid. 
 ib.) To depo.sit with others ; to add without enumeration or 
 valuation, (c.) To give up or relinquish.— To throw off, (a.) 
 To expel; to clear from. (6.) Toreject; to discard. — 7b //i»-ow 
 on, to cast on ; to load. — 7b throw one's self'^own, to lie down. 
 — To throw one's self on or upon, to resign one's self to the favor, 
 clemency, or sustaining power of. — To throw out, (a.) To cast 
 out; to reject or discard ; to expel. (6.) To utter; to give utter- 
 ance to; to speak. — 7b throiv up, (a.) To resign ; to give up. 
 (6.) To discharge from the stomach. 
 
 Throw, V. i. To perform the act of casting ; to cast ; spe- 
 cifically, to cast dice. 
 
 Throw^, n. 1. Act of hurling or flinging ; a driving or 
 propelling from the hand, or from an engine. 'Z, A cast 
 of (Uce ; the manner in which dice fall when cast. 3. The 
 distance which a missile is or may be thrown. 
 
 Thrush. 
 thrust ; p. pr. & 
 
 Throw'er.n. One who throws; specifically, (a.) One 
 who throws or twists silk : a throwster, (b.) One who 
 shapes vessels on a potter's wheel . 
 
 Throw'ster, n. [From throw and ster.] One who throws, 
 twists, or winds silk. 
 
 Thrum, n. [icel. thrbm, edge, lip, 0. H. Ger. drum, 
 end.] 1. One of the ends of weavers' threads ; a tuft. 
 2. Any coarse yarn. 
 
 Thrum, v. i. [Icel. thruma, to groan, to sigh, to thun- 
 der, equiv. to H. Ger. trommeln, to drum.] To play 
 rudely or monotonously on an instrument with tbJe 
 fingers. 
 
 Thriim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. THRUMMED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. THRUMMING.] [See THRUM n.] 1. To furnish 
 with thrums ; to insert tufts in. 2. To play, as an in- 
 strument, in a rude or monotonous manner. 
 
 Thrush, n. [A.-S. thrysce, 0. 
 H. Ger. drosca, droscha, 
 throsga, Icel. throstr. Cf. 
 Throstle.] I. (Omith.) 
 A small, plainly-colored sing- 
 ing bird, of various species. 
 2. [From thrust.] (Far.) An 
 inflammatory and suppurat- 
 ing affection in the feet of the 
 horse and some other ani- 
 mals. 3. (Merf.) Minute ul- 
 cers in the mouth, fauces, 
 and esophagus. 
 
 Thrust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 thrusting.] [Icel. thrista, to force, urge, A.-S. thrist. 
 jan, to hear.] To push or drive with force ; to drive, 
 force, or impel. 
 
 To thrust one's self, to obtrude; to intrude ; to enter whe^ 
 one is not invited or not welcome.— 7b thrust through, to pierce; 
 to stab. 
 
 Thrust, V. i. 1, To make a push ; to attack with a 
 pointed weapon. 2. To enter by pushing ; to squeeze 
 in. 3. To push forward ; to press on ; to intrude. 
 
 Thrust, n. 1. A violent push or driving, as with a 
 pointed weapon or with the hand or foot. 2. Attack ; 
 assault. 3. (Arch.) A horizontal, outward pressure, as 
 of an arch against its abutments. 
 
 Syn.— Push ; shove ; assault ; attack.— Pusho-wAshove are 
 distinguished from thrust. The two former imply the applica- 
 tion of force by one body already in contact with the body to 
 be impelled. Tlirust, on the contrary, often implies the impulse 
 or application of force by a moving body— a body in motion 
 before it reaches the body to be impelled. This distinction 
 does not, however, extend to every case. 
 
 Thriist'er, n. One who thrusts or stabs. 
 
 Thiid, n. [A.-S. thoden, noise, din.] 1. A stroke or 
 single impetus of a tempestuovis wind. 2. A stroke, or 
 blow, causing a blunt, dull, and hollow sound. 
 
 Thiig, n. [Hind, thag, a deceiver, robber, from thagna, 
 to deceive.] One of a Hindoo sect who practiced mur- 
 der stealthily and from religious motives. 
 
 Thixmh (thtim), n. [A.-S. thuma or thtima, Icel. thumal- 
 fingr, 0. H. Ger. ditino.] The short, thick finger of the 
 human hand, or the corresponding member of other 
 animals. 
 
 Thumb (thQm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. thumbed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. THUMBING.] 1. To handle awkwardly ; to 
 play with the fingers. 2. To soil or wear with the 
 thumb or the fingers. 
 
 Thumb (thum), v.i. To play with the thumbs, or with 
 the thumbs and fingers ; to thrum. 
 
 Thumb'- s«rew (thttm/skry), n. A screw having the 
 head flattened in the direction of its length, so that it 
 may be turned by the thumb and fore finger. 
 
 Thiimb'-stall (thum'-), n. A kind of thimble or ferulo 
 of iron, horn, or leather, for protecting the thumb. 
 
 Thiiin'mrm, n. pi. [See URIM.] Perfections ; — a He- 
 brew word. 
 
 E@~The urim and thummim were worn as ornaments in the 
 breastplate of the high priest when he attended the altar ; but 
 what they were has never been ascertained. 
 
 Thximp, n. [An onomatopoetic word.] 1. The sudden 
 fall of a heavy weight. 3. The sound made by the sud- 
 den fall of a heavy body, as of a hammer, or the like. 
 
 Thiimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. thujiped (84) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. THUMPING.] To strike or beat with something 
 thick or heavy, or so as to cause a dull sound. 
 
 Thump, v. i. To strike or fall with a heavy blow. 
 
 Thiimp'er, n. One who, or that which, thumps. 
 
 Thun'der, n. [A.-S. thunor, thunder, Icel. duiir, 0. H. 
 Ger. donar. Per. tundur, W. & Corn, taran, Lat. tonitru.\ 
 1. The sound which follows a flash of lightning. 3. A 
 
 lo*^, i&ot -, vkxTk, rude, pull ; ^ell, fhaise, «all, e«ho -, gem, get ; a§ ; e^^st ; linger, li|^ ; this- 
 
THUNDER 
 
 750 
 
 TIDE 
 
 thander-bolt. [Obs.] 3. Any loud noise. 4. An alarm- 
 hig or startling threat or denunciation. 
 
 Than'der, v. i. [imp. & ;'. p. thundered ; p. pr. & 
 1-6. n. THUNDERING.] 1. To sound, rattle, or roar, as 
 an expli»sion of electricity. '2. To make a loud noise, 
 eepeciallv, a heavy sound, of some continuance. 
 
 Tliiiu'der, r. t. "To emit with noise and terror ; to pub- 
 lish, as a threat or denunciation. 
 
 Thiln'der-bolt, »i. 1 . A shaft of lightning. 3. Hence, 
 a daring or irresistible hero. 3. Ecclesiastical denunci- 
 ation : fulmiDatiou. 
 
 Thilii'der-clftp, n. A burst of thunder ; sudden re- 
 port of an explosion of electricity. 
 
 Thiln'der-er, n. One who thunders; — an epithet 
 applied bv the ancients to Jupiter. 
 
 Tl»fiii'dt'r-ous, a. 1. Producing thunder. [Rare.] 3. 
 Making a uoi.se like thunder ; sonorous. 
 
 Thuu'der-slio'w'er, n. A shower accompanied with 
 thunder. 
 
 Tliiin'der-storm, n. A storm accompanied with light- 
 ning and thunder. 
 
 Tliiin'der-struck, p- a. Astonished : amazed ; struck 
 dxmib by something surprising or terrible suddenly pre- 
 sented to the mind or view. 
 
 Thuii'der-tube, n. A fulgurite. See FULGURITE. 
 
 Thii'ri-ble, n. [Lat. tliuribulum, fr. J//M5, thuris, frank- 
 incense, fir. Gr. ^os, a sacrifice, an offering, from Oveiv, to 
 sacrifice.] A censer of metal, for burning incense, held 
 in the hand or suspended by chains, used in solemn ser- 
 vices of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Tliu-rif 'er-ous, a. [Lat. thurifer,t[OTa. thus, thuris, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Producing or bearing frankincense. 
 
 Tliii'ri-fi-ea'tion, «. [From Lat. thus, thuris, and 
 /acere, to make.] The act of fuming with incense ; or, the 
 act of burning incense. 
 
 Thurg'day, n. [A.-S. thitnres dag, from thunres,gem- 
 tive of thunor, thunder, and diig, day ; — so called from 
 its being orig. consecrated to Thor, Icel. Thorr, the god 
 of thunder.] The fifth day of the week ; the day after 
 Wednesday and before Friday. 
 
 "BaxLS,, adv. [A.-S. & 0. Low G. thus, 0. H. Ger. 5?/.^.] 1. 
 In this or that manner ; on this wise. 3. To this degree 
 or extent; so. 
 
 HiwJick;, V. t. [imp. & p. p. thwacked (thwSkt) : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. THWACKING.] [A.-S. thacr.ian, to touch 
 gently, to stroke. Cf. Whack.] To strike with some- 
 thing flat or heavy. 
 Sjnti. — To bang ; to beat or thrash ; to thump. 
 
 Thvt^ack:, n. A heavy blow with something flat or 
 heavy ; a thump. 
 
 Tli>vart, a. [A.-S. thweork, thweorg, thweor, adv. thwe- 
 </r^5,"'lcel. thvfT. adv. thvert, Goth, tvairhs, angry. Cf. 
 Queer.] Across something else : transverse. 
 
 Thwart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. thwarted ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. thwarting.] 1. To move across or counter to ; to 
 cross. 2. To cross, as a purpose ; to oppose ; hence, to 
 fhistrate or defeat. 
 
 Thwart, v. i. To move or go in an oblique or crosswise 
 manner. 
 
 Thwart, n. (Naut.) The seat or bench of a boat on 
 which the rowers sit, placed athwart the boat. 
 
 Thwart'-ships, ac/f. (Naut.) Across the ship. 
 
 Tixy, "f/ron. [Abbrev. from thine, q. v.] Of thee, or be- 
 longing to thee: the possessive of thee; — used in the 
 solemn or grave style, and in poetry. 
 
 Thylne-wobd, 7i. [Gr. fvAov Ovivov, ft^m 9viv(k, adj., 
 pertaining to the tree Qvui, or Ova, an African tree with 
 sweet-smelling wood, from Ovslv. to sacrifice, to smell.] A 
 precious wofd, mentioned R^v.xxm. thought to be from 
 a tree which ia a native of Barbary, and allied to the 
 pines 
 
 Thyme (tTm). n. [Lat. thymum, thymus, Gr. evyuov, Bv- 
 fjMt, from 9vtiv, to sacrifice, to .«mell, because of its sweet 
 smell, or because it was first u.sed to burn on the altar.] 
 {Bol.) A certain plant. The garden thyme Ls a warm, 
 pungent aromatic, much used to give a relish to .'eason- 
 inp and soups. 
 
 Thym'y (tim'y), a. Abounding in thvme : fragrant. 
 
 Thy'roid, a. [Gr. 9vpeofi6ri<;. shield-shaped, fr. 0upe6s, a 
 large, oblong shield, from &vpa. a door, and elios, form.] 
 Resembling a shield. 
 
 TfitfrovJ cartilnr/e (Atvat.), a cartilage constituting the ante- 
 rior, superior, and largest part of the larynx, and gometimes 
 IKipularly called Adam's ajrple. 
 
 Thy-fi^lf , pron. An empha.sized form of the personal pro- 
 noun of the second person ; — used as a subject with thy, 
 to express dLitinction with emphasis. 
 
 Tiara (2.) 
 
 Ti-a'ra, n. [Lat. ; Gr. Ttdpa.Tiapas, 
 TiTjpTj?.] 1. A form of nead-drees 
 resembling a hat with a high crown, 
 worn by the ancient Persians. 2. 
 The pope's triple crown. 
 
 Tlb'i-d, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) The 
 shin-bone ; the larger of the two 
 bones which form the second seg- 
 ment of the leg. 
 
 Tib'i-al, a. [Lat. tibialis, fr. tibia, 
 the shin bone, and a pipe or flute 
 orig. made of bone.] 1. Pertaining 
 to the large bone of the leg. 2. 
 Pertaining to a pipe or flute. 
 
 Ti€, n. [See»>j/ra.] ( jl/e</. ) A local and habitual convul- 
 sive motion of certain muscles ; especially, such a motion 
 of some of the muscles of the face ; twitching ; vellica- 
 tion. 
 
 Tic-dotiloureux (tTk'dfTo-lcJb-rcro'), n. [Ft., from tic, 
 a knack, and douloureux, painful.] (Med.) Neural^a 
 in the face : a painful affection of a nerve, coming on in 
 sudden attacks, usually in the head or face. 
 
 Tick, n. [Probably abbrev. from ticket, q.y.} Credit; 
 trust. 
 
 Tick, n. [Fr. tique, D. teek, M. & N. H. Ger. zerlce.] 
 (Entom.) A Uttle insect, of a livid color, that infest* 
 sheep, dogs, goats, cows, and other animals. 
 
 Tick, «. [From Lat. theca, ca.se, Gr. 0^*oj.] 1. The 
 cover or case of a bed. containing feathers, wool, or 
 other material. 2. A kind of cloth, woven in stripes of 
 different colors, of which the tick or cover of a bed ii 
 made. 
 
 Tick, V. i. [From tick, credit.] 1. To go on trust or 
 credit.' 2. To give tick ; to trust. 
 
 Tick, V. i. [imp. & p. p. ticked (tlkt) ; p.pr. k, vb. n. 
 TICKING.] To make a small noise, as a watch or clock: 
 ! to beat; to click. 
 
 I Tick, }i. 1. The distinct, quick beat, as of a watch »r 
 I clock. 2. Any small mark to direct attention to some- 
 ! thing else, or to serve as a check. 
 
 Tick'en, n. [From, tick.] Cloth for bed-ticks, or cases 
 for beds ; ticking. 
 
 Tick'et. n. [For stirket, from 0. Fr. esticguette, N. Fr. 
 etiquette, a label, ticket, a small pointed piece of wood, 
 from L. Ger. stikke, a tack, pin, peg, stikken, H. Ger. 
 stecken, to stick, to fix.] A small piece of paper serving 
 as a notice, certificate, or distinguishing token of some- 
 thing : — u.«ed for various purpo.«es ; as, (a.) A certifi- 
 cate of right of admission to a place of assembly, or to be 
 carried in a public conveyance, (b.) A. label to show th« 
 character or price of goods in a parcel, (c.) A certificate 
 or token of a share in a lottery, &c. 
 
 Ticket of leave, a license given to a convict or prisoner of the 
 crown to be at large, and to labor for himself. [Eng.\ 
 
 Tick'et, f. t. [imp. & p. p. ticketed: p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TICKETING.] 1. To distinguish by a ticket. 2. 
 To put a ticket on, as goods, &c. 3. To furnish with & 
 ticket. [Amer.] 
 
 Tick'iiig, n. [From tick. See TrcKEN.] A closely- 
 woven cloth used for making bed-ticks : ticken. 
 
 Tickle (ttk/l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tickled : p.pr. & 
 vb. n. TICKLING.] [Diminutive of tick, to beat, pat.] 
 
 1. To touch lightly, so as to cause a peculiar thrilling 
 sensation, which commonly causes laughter. 2. To 
 please by slight gratification. 
 
 Tick'le {tik'l), v. i. 1. To feel titillation. 2. To excite 
 the sensation of titillation. 
 
 Tick'ler, n. One who, or that which, tickles or plea.«>e8. 
 
 Ticklish, a. 1. Sensible to slight touches: easily 
 tickled. 2. Standing so as to be liable to totter and fall 
 at the slightest touch. 3. Difiicult : nice : critical. 
 
 Tick'li«h-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being ticklish. 
 
 2. The state of being tottering, or liable to fall. 3. 
 Criticalness of condition or state. 
 
 Tid'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, tides: periodically rising 
 and falling, or flowing and ebbing. 
 
 TidTbit, n. A delicate or tender piece of any thing eat- 
 able. [Written aI.«o titbit.] 
 
 Tide, n. [A.-S. tid, for tihadh, time, from tihan. to say, 
 show, Goth. ««'//ia?j.] 1. Time: sea.<on. [Obs.] 2. The 
 alternate rising and falling of the waters of the ocean, 
 and of bays, rivers, &c., connected therewith. 
 
 tl&~ The flow or rising of the water is called flood-tifle. «nd 
 the reflux, ebb-tide See also Spri.vg-tide and Neap-tidb. 
 
 3. Stream ; current. 4. Tendency or direction of 
 causes, influences, or events ; course : current : some- 
 times, favorable concurrence of causes or influences. 
 
 ( 
 
 a. e, kc.jlong; &. 6, &c. , short ; c&re, far, a«k., all, 'what ; 6re, Tell, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, 6r. do. w^9lf 
 
TIDE 
 
 751 
 
 TILT 
 
 Tide, V. t. To drive with the tide or stream. 
 
 Tide, V. i. 1. To pour a tide or flood, ti. {Naut.) To 
 work. in or out of a river or harbor by favor of the tide, 
 and anchor when it becomes adverse. 
 
 Tide'-16ck, n. A lock situated between an entrance- 
 basin and a canal, harbor, or river, and forming a com- 
 munication between them, being furnished witli double 
 gates, so that craft can pass either way at all times of the 
 tide ; — called also guarf/4ock. 
 
 Tide§'-inft.n, n. ; pi. tidej^'-men. An officer who re- 
 mains on board of a merchant ship till the goods are 
 landed, to prevent the evasion of the duties. 
 
 Tide'-wait'er, n. An officer who watches the landing 
 of goods, to secure the payment of duties. 
 
 Ti'di-ly, adv. In a tidy manner ; with neat simplicity. 
 
 Ti'di-iiess, n. State or quality of being tidy ; neatness. 
 
 Ti'dingg, n.pl. [From O. Eng. tiden, A.-S. tidian, to 
 happen, Eng. betide, from A.-S. ttd, Eng. tide.] Account 
 of what has taken place, and was not before known. 
 
 Sjrn. — News; advice; information; intelligence. — The 
 term news denotes recent intelligence from any quarter ; the 
 term tidings denotes intelligence expected from a particular 
 quarter, showing what has there betided. We may be indiffer- 
 ent as to news, but are always more or less interested in tidings. 
 We read the news daily in the public print* ; we wait for ti- 
 dings respecting an absent or sick friend. We may be curious 
 to hear the news ; we are always anxious for tidings. 
 
 Ti'dy, a. [compar. tidier; superl. tidiest.] [From 
 ti/le, time, season.] Arranged in good order ; neat ; kept 
 in proper and becoming neatness, or habitually keeping 
 things so. 
 
 Ti'dy, «. 1. A cover, often of ornamental work, for the 
 back of a chair, the arms of a sofa, and the like. 2. A 
 child's pinafore. [Eng.] 
 
 Tie, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TIED ; p. pr. &, vb. n. TYING.] 
 [A.-S. tigean, tygan, contr. ti/an, tian.] 1. To fasten 
 •with a band or cord and knot ; to bind. 2. To fold and j 
 make fast ; to knit ; to complicate. 3. To unite so as j 
 not to be easily parted ; to fasten. 4. To hold or con- i 
 strain by authority or moral influence ; to constrain ; to i 
 restrain ; to confine. 5. {Miis.) To unite, as notes, by j 
 a cross line, or by a curve line drawn over them. j 
 
 Tie, n. 1. A knot; fastening. 3. Bond; obligation, 
 moral or legal. 3. A knot of hair. 4. An equahty 
 in numbers, as of votes, &c., which prevents either party 
 from being victorious. 5. {Arch. & Eng.) Any part, 
 as a beam, a rod, or the Uke, for holding two bodies 
 or parts together. 6. {Miis.) A line 
 drawn across the stems of notes, or a 
 curved line written over or under the 
 notes, signifying that they are to be 
 slurred, or closely united in the per- 
 formance. Tie (Mus.) 
 
 Ti'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, ties. 2. A child's 
 apron without sleeves, and covering the upper part of the 
 body ; a pinafore. 
 
 Tier (ter), n. [A.-S. tier, rank, series, heap, attire, tir, tyr, 
 splendor, brightness, 0. H. Ger. ziarl, zieri, ornament. 
 See Tire.] A row or rank, especially when two or more 
 rows are placed one above another. 
 
 Tiers of a cable, the ranges of windings of a cable, laid one 
 within another when coiled. 
 
 Tierce (terss or terss), n. [Ft. tierce, a third, fr. tiers, tierce, 
 third, from Lat. tertius, the third.] 1. A cask whose 
 content is one third of a pipe, that is, 42 wine gallons ; 
 also, a liquid measure of 42 wine, or 3-5 imperial, gallons. 
 2. A cask for packing salt provisions for shipping, con- 
 taining 336 pounds. 3. {Mm.) A third. [See Third.] 
 4. [Cf. Terce.] {Card-playing.) A sequence of three 
 cards of the same suit. 5. A particular sort of thrust 
 in fencing. 
 
 Tier'^el, ) n. [L. Lat. tertiohts, from Lat. tertius, the 
 
 Tier^e'let, ) third, so called because the third in the 
 nest is said to be a male.] The male hawk, or goshawk. 
 See Tercel. 
 
 Tier'^et (tSr'set or ter'set), n. [From Lat. tertitts, the 
 third. Cf. Tierce.] (Poetry.) A triplet; three lines 
 rhyming together. 
 
 Tiers-etat (te-erz/a'ta'), n. [Fr.] The third estate, or 
 commonalty, answering to the commons in Great Brit- 
 ain; — so called in distinction from, and as inferior to, 
 the nobles and clergy. [France.] 
 
 Tiff, n. [Allied to Prov. Eng. tip, lift, a, draught of liquor, 
 tipe, to pour liquor from one vessel into another.] 1. 
 Liquor, or rather a small draught of liquor. 2. A fit 
 of anger or peevishness. 
 
 Tif 'fa-ny, n. [0. Eng. tiffenay. Cf. 0. Fr. tiffe, orna- 
 ment, tiffer, to adjust, adorn.] A species of gauze, or 
 very thin silk. 
 
 Ti'ger, n. [Lat. tigris, Gr. Tiypi?.] 
 1. {Zobl.) A fierce and rapacious 
 animal found in the warmer parts 
 of Asia, chiefly in India, and the 
 Indian islands. 2. A servant in 
 livery, who rides with his master 
 or mistress. 3. A kind of growl 
 or screech, after cheering. [Col- 
 loq., Amer.] ' 
 
 American tiger (Zooi.), the panther/^^^^^^S??"5i~^ 
 See Panther. Bengal Tiger. 
 
 Ti'ger-cat, n. {Ziiol.) A carnivorous animal resembling 
 the tiger, but of smaller size, as the ocelot. [flowers. 
 
 Ti'ger-lil'y, n. {£ot.) A species of lily having spotted 
 
 Tight (tit), a. [compar. tighter ; superl. TIGHTEST.] 
 [0. Eng. tight, p. p. of tie, to bind; A.-S. tyged, tyd.] 
 1. Firmly held together ; compact. 2. Close so as not 
 to admit the pas.«age of a fluid ; not leaky. 3. Clos« so 
 as not to admit the entrance of air. 4. Fitting close to 
 the body. 5. Not ragged; whole; neat. 6. Close; par- 
 simonious; saving. [Colloq., Amer.] 7. Not Sljick or 
 loose ; taut ; — applied to a rope extended or stretched 
 out. 8. Somewhat intoxicated. [Colloq.^ Amer.] 9. 
 Pressing or stringent. [Ajner.] 
 
 Tight'en (tTt'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tightened ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. TIGHTENING.] To draw tighter; to straight- 
 en ; to make more close in any manner. 
 
 Tight'ly (tit'ly), adv. In a tight manner; closely. 
 
 Tiglit'ness (tit'nes), n. 1. Quahty or condition of being 
 tight ; closeness ; compactness ; neatness. 2. Strin- 
 gency. 
 
 Tights (tits), n. pi. Close-fitting pantaloons. 
 
 Ti'gress, n. [From tiger.] The female of the tiger. 
 
 Ti'grish, a. Resembhng a tiger. 
 
 Tilce, n. [Armor, tick, a housekeeper, farmer, ftcm ti, a 
 house, W. ty, Gael, tigh, teach.] 1. A countryman or 
 clown. 2. [Icel. ?5 A;, a bitch, cur.] A dog; a cur. 
 
 Til'bu-ry, n. [Prob. from Tilbury fort, in the County 
 of Essex, in England.] A kind of gig or two-wheeled 
 carriage, without a top or cover. 
 
 Tile, 71. [A.-S. tigul, tigol, tigel, from Lat. tegula, from 
 tegere, to cover.] A plate or thin piece of slate-stone or 
 of baked clay, used for covering the roofs of buildings, 
 for floors, for drains, &c. 
 
 Tile,r. t. [imp. & p. p. tiled ; p.pr. & vb. n. TILING.] 
 
 1. To cover with tiles. 2. To cover, as tiles. 
 Til'er, n. 1. A man who covers buildings with tiks. 3* 
 
 A doorkeeper at a lodge of freemasons. 
 
 Til'er-y, n. A place where tiles are made or burned. 
 
 Till, n. [A.-S. tilian, to prepay, provide, seek, tell, com- 
 pute.] A money-box in a shop ; a drawer. 
 
 Till, prep. [A.-S. til, prob. accusative of til, till, an end, 
 object, station, 0. H. Ger. zll, end, limit, object.] 1, To 
 the time of; until. 2. Up to the time; — that is to 
 the time specified in the sentence or clause following. 
 Till now, to the present time. — Till then, to that time. 
 
 THI, r. t. [imp. & p.p. TILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TILL- 
 ING.] [A.-^. tilian, teolian,0. '3.. Ger. zilun,zilen. Cf. 
 Till, «., and Toil.] To plow and prepare for seed, and 
 to dress crops of ; to cultivate. [arable. 
 
 TUl'a-ble, a. Capable of being tilled ; fit for the plow ; 
 
 Till'age, n. 1. The operation, practice, or art of tilUng. 
 
 2. A place tilled or cultivated. 
 
 Syn. — Cultivation ; culture ; husbandry ; farming ; agri- 
 culture. 
 
 Till'er, n. 1. One who tills; a husbandman; a culti- 
 vator. 2. {Naut.) The bar or lever used to turn the 
 rudder of a ship or boat. 3. {Agric.) {a.) The shoot of 
 a plant, springing from the root of the original stalk. 
 {b.) The sprout or young tree that springs from the root 
 or stump. 
 
 Till'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tillered : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 tillering.] To put forth new shoots from the root, 
 or round the bottom of the original stalk. [Sometime)^ 
 written tilloiv.] 
 
 Tilt, n. [A.-S. teld, geteld , geteald , Icel. tiald,Yi. Ger. 
 zelt, fr. A -S. teldan, to cover, shut in.] 1. A covering 
 over head ; a tent. 2. The cloth covering of a cart oi 
 wagon. 3. A small awning extended over the stem^ 
 sheets of a boat. 
 
 Tilt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tilted ; p.pr. %c vb. n. TILT. 
 ING.] To cover with a tilt, or awning. 
 
 Tilt, r. ?. [A.-S. tealtrian. tealtian, to waver, tealt, in. 
 constant, Icel. tolt, a trotting, tolta, to trot.] 1. T« 
 raise one end of, as a cask, for dischargiug liquor from, 
 2. To point or thrust, as a lance. 3. To hammer o) 
 forge with a tilt-hammer, or tilt. 
 
 *«o«l, f <fbt ; tixjk, rude, pull ; pell, phaise, €all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, li:{ik ; this 
 
TILT 
 
 752 
 
 TINGE 
 
 Tilt, V. I. 1. To run, or riilo, ami thrust with a lance. ] Time'ly, adv 
 
 2. To fight with rapiers. 3. To rush, as in combat 4. | Time'-pie? e 
 To play ur -.ttfadily ; to ride, float, and toss. 5. To lean; ' 
 to fell, Rf on one side. 
 
 Tilt, fi. 1. A thrust, as with a lance. '2. A military 
 exercise on horseback, in which the combatants attacked 
 each other with lances ; a tournament. 3. A tilt-ham- 
 mer. 4. Inclination forward. 
 
 Tilt'er, ». 1. One who practices the exercise of pushing 
 a lance on horseback. "2. One who hammei-s with a tilt, 
 or tilt-hammer. 
 
 Tiltli, >i. [A.-S. ti/dh, from tilinn, to till.] State of being 
 tilled or prepared for a crop ; culture. 
 
 Tilt'-hani'mer, n. A heavy hammer, used in iron- 
 works, which is lifted or tilted by projections or wipers 
 on the axis of a wheel ; a trip-hammer. 
 
 Tijn'ber, »■ [A.-S. timbor, timber, wood, building, Icel. 
 timbr, beams, 0. II. Ger. zinibar, wood, edifice ; A.-S. tim- 
 bfrian, timbrnn, to build, Goth, timrjan, timbrjan, Icel. 
 tinibra.] 1. That sort of wood which is proper for build- 
 ings or for tools, utensils, furniture, carriages, fences, 
 ships, and the like, 'i. The body or trunk of a tree. 
 
 3. Material for any sti-ucture. 4. A single piece or 
 squared stick of wood for building, or already framed. 
 
 5. Woods or forest; wooded land. [Western U. S.] 
 
 6. (Naut.) A rib of a curving piece of wood, branch- 
 ing outward from the keel and bending upward in a 
 verticiil direction. 7. [Sw. timber, M. H. Ger. zimber, 
 Fr. tijnbre, a bundle of firs, 0. D. timmer, timber, top, 
 apex.] A legal quantity of fur-skins, as of martens, er- 
 mines, sable.-;, and the like, being in some cases 40 skins, 
 in others 120. ' 
 
 Tim'ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TIMBERED : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TIMBERING.] To furnish with timber. See Tim- 
 bered. 
 
 Tim'bered (tim'heTd),p. a. 1. Furnished with tim- 
 ber. 2. Covered with growing timber. [Amer.] 
 
 Early ; soon ; in good season. 
 
 i. A clock, watch, or other instrument, 
 
 to measure the progress of time ; a chronometer. 
 Time'-serv'er, n. One who adapts his opinions and 
 
 manners to the times ; one who obsequiously complied 
 
 with the ruling power. 
 Time'-serv'ing, a. Obsequiously complying with the 
 
 spirit of the times, or the humors of men in power. 
 Time'-serv'ing, n. An ob.sequious compliance with 
 
 the spirit of the times, or the humors of men in power. 
 
 which implies a surrender of one's independence, and 
 
 sometimes of one's integrity. 
 
 Syn. — Temporizing. — Both these words are applied totbo 
 conduct of one who adapts himself servilely to times and sea- 
 sons. A time-aerver is rather active, and a tetii]torizer, passive. 
 One whose policy is time-sen-ing comes forward to act upon 
 principles or opinions which may promote liis advancement; 
 one who is ieiiiporizing yie\(ls to the current of public senti- 
 ment or prejudice, and shrinks from a course of action which 
 might injure him with others. The former is dishonest; the 
 latter is weak; and both are contemptible. 
 
 Time'-ta''ble, n. A tabular statement of the time at 
 which, or within which, something is to ta,ke place. 
 
 Tim'id, a. [Lat. timidus, from tim.ere, to fear.] V 
 ing courage to meet danger. 
 
 .] Want- 
 
 Tim'bre (tim/ber), n. [Fr. timbre. _ See TIMBER.] 1. 
 {Her.) A rank or row, as of ermine ;' also, the crest on a 
 coat of arms. 2. {Mas.) The quality of tone distin- 
 guishing voices or instruments. 3. A legal quantity of 
 small skins, varying from 40 to 120. 
 
 Timnbrel, n. [It. tambitrello, dim. of tamburo, a tabor.] 
 An instrument of music; a kind of drum, tabor, or 
 tabret. ' [timbrel. 
 
 Timnbreled (tlm/breld), a. Sung to the sound of the 
 
 Tune, n. [A.-S. tima, for tihama, from tihan, to say, 
 Icel. ihni, time, Ir. & Gae].tim, time.] 1. A particular 
 period or part of duration, whether past, present, or fu- 
 ture. 2. A proper season ; an opportunity. 3. Abso- 
 lut3 or unmeasured dm*ation. 4. The duration of ones 
 life; hours and days one has at his disposal. 5. The 
 period at which any definite event occurred, or person 
 lived ; age ; period. 6. Allotted period. 7. Partu- 
 rition ; delivery. 8. Performance or occurrence of an 
 action or event, con.sidered with reference to repetition ; 
 repetition. 9. pi. State of things at a particular period. 
 10. The present life ; existence in this world. 11. 
 (Mus.) Measure of sounds •, measure; tone. 
 
 Ajrpumnt time, the time of day reckoned by the sun, or so 
 that twelve o'clock at the place is the instant of the transit of 
 the sun's center over the meridian. — ^t times, at distinct in- 
 tervals of duration; now and then. — Common time (Mil.), the 
 ordinary time of marching, in which 90 steps, each 28 inches 
 in length, are taken in one minute.— Quick time, time of march- 
 ing, in which 110 steps, of the same length as in common time, 
 are taken in one minute. — /« time, (at) In good season ; suf- 
 ficiently earK-. (6.) After a considerable space of duration ; 
 eventually: finally. — J/«m golar time, or mean time, time reg- 
 ulated by the average or mean motion of the sun ; time as indi- 
 cated by a uniformly-going clock once rightly adjusted.— 
 Time of flan, salutation appropriate to the times of the day, as 
 good-riioming. good evening, greeting, &c.— Time out of mem- \ Tin'der, n 
 fn-ii, or tune immemorial (Loii;\ time beyond memory : time to 
 which memory does not extend.— 7*0 fci7?<m^,tobusy one's self 
 with something which occupies the attention, so as to make the 
 t»me pass plea-santly, or without tediousness. — To lo.<^. time, 
 (<i.) To delay, (h.) To go too slow. — 2'rw time, {a.) Mean time 
 a» kept by a uniformly-going clock, (h.) (Astron.) Apparent 
 time a* reckoned from the transit of the sun's center over the 
 meridian. 
 
 Syn.— Fearful; timorous; afraid; cowardly; pusillanimous; 
 faint-hearted; shrinking; retiring. 
 
 Ti-jtnid'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being timid ; want 
 of courage ; timorousness ; fearfulness. 
 
 Tim'id-ly, adv. In a timid manner ; weakly ; without 
 courage. 
 
 Tim'ist, n. {Mus.) {a.) A performer who keeps good 
 time. (6.) A performer spoken of with reference to hif 
 ability to keep good time. 
 
 Tim'o-rous, a. [L. Lat. timorosus, from Lat. timor, 
 fear, from timere, to fear.] 1. Fearful of danger ; timid ; 
 destitute of courage. 2. Indicating fear ; full of scru- 
 ples. 
 
 Tiin'o-rou..s-ly, ndv. In a timorous manner ; fearfully. 
 
 Tim'o-rous-ness, n. The state or quality of being tim- 
 orous ; fearfulness ; timidity ; want of courage. 
 
 Tim'o-tliy, ) n. [From Timothy Hanson, who 
 
 Tiin'o-tliy-grass, J carried it to England from Amer- 
 ica about 1780.] {Bat.) A kind of grass much prized for 
 fodder ; herds-grass. 
 
 Tin, n. [A.-S. & Icel. tin, 0. H. Ger. zin; Jr. staii, W. 
 ystaen, Jj&t. stannum.] 1. {C/iem.) A white, soft, non- 
 elastic metal, very malleable. 2. Thin plates of iron 
 covered with tin. 3. Money. [Cant.] 
 
 Tin, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TINNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TIN- 
 NING.] To cover with tin or tinned iron, or to overlay 
 with tin-foil. 
 
 Tin-e'al, n. [Malay, tingkal, Hind, tinkdr, tankdr, Per. 
 tinkar, tinkal, tangar.] Crude borax. 
 
 Tinct, n. Stain ; color ; tinge ; tincture. 
 
 Tin-e-to'ri-al, a. [Lat. tinrtorius, from tinctor, a dyer, 
 tingere, tinctum, to dye.] Of, or relating to, color; serv- 
 ing to color. 
 
 Tinct'ure (53), n. [Lat. tinctum, fr. tingere, tinctum, to 
 tinge, dye. See Tinge.] 1. A tinge or shade of color. 
 2. {Her.) One of the metals, colors, or furs used in ar- 
 mory. 3. The finer and more volatile parts of a sub- 
 stance, separated by a solvent. 4. {Med.) A spirit con- 
 taining medicinal substances in solution. 5. Slight 
 taste superadded to any substance. 6. Slight quality 
 added to any thing. 
 
 Tin^t'iire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TINCTURED ; p. pr. 8c 
 r6. ?!. TINCTURING.] 1. To tinge : to impregnate with 
 some extraneous matter. 2. To imbue the mind of; to 
 communicate a portion of any thing foreign to. 
 
 [A.-S. tender, tynder, tyndre, from tendan. 
 
 tindan, Goth, tandjan, tindan, Icel. tendra. to kindle.] 
 Something very inflammable, used for kindling fire from 
 a spark. 
 Tin'der-box, n. A box in which tinder is kept. 
 Tine, n. [A.-S. tind, a prickle, tindas, a harrow, Icel. 
 tindr, a tooth or prickle, 0. H. Ger. zinnu, wing, zinko, 
 I prong, spike, summit, pinnacle] The tooth or spike of 
 Time, v. t. [imp. & p. p. timed; p. pr. & vb. n. TIM- ' a fork ; a prong ; also, the tooth of a harrow or drag. 
 ING.] 1. To adapt to the time or occasion. 2. To reg- i Tin'-foil, n. Tin reduced to a thin leaf, 
 ulate as to time. 3. To ascertain the time, duration, or I Ting, n. [An onomatopoetic word. Of. Lat. tinnire, to 
 rate of. 4. To measure, as in music or harmony. ring, jingle, tinkle, Eng. ding-dong, din, link.] A sharp 
 
 Tim<;, v. i. To keep or beat time ; to proceed in "time. | sound, as of a bell ; a tinkhng. 
 
 Tinf»e'-keep'er,n. Aclock, watch, or other chronometer. Tinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tinged; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 Time'li-neHH, 71. State or quality of being timely ; sea- ' TINGEING.] [Lat. tingere , Gv . reyy^iv .] To imbue or 
 wmableness; a being in good time. , impregnate with something foreign; especially, to colot 
 
 Time'ly, a. [compar. timelier ; superl. timeliest.] ' slightly. 
 Being m good time ; sufficiently eariy ; seasonable. gyn. - To color; dye; stain. 
 
 a, e, &c., long ; &, 6, &c.,a/uwt , cftre, far, aelc, all, what ; 6re, veU, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, or, dcj.woU, 
 
TINGE 
 
 753 
 
 TITLE 
 
 Tiiige, n. A slight degree of some color, taste, or some- 
 thing foreign, infused into another substance or mixture, 
 or added to it. 
 
 Syn.— Tincture; color; dye; taste. 
 
 Tin'ger, n. One who, or that which, tinges. 
 
 Tin'gle (tlng'gl), v. i. [hnp. & p. p. tingled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TINGLING.] [Dim. of ting, q. v.] 1. To feel 
 a kind of thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound. 
 ii. To feel a sharp, thrilling pain. 3. To have a sharp, 
 thrilling sensation , or a slight pricking sensation 
 
 Tiiilt'er,,7i. [From link, becau.se their way of proclaim- 
 ing their trade is to beat a kettle, or because in their 
 work they make a tinkling noise.] A mender of brass 
 kettles, pans, and other metal ware. 
 
 Tink'er, v. t. To mend or solder, as metal wares ; 
 hence, more generally, to mend. 
 
 Tinlt'er, v. i. To busy one's self in mending old vessels ; 
 to be occupied with small mechanical works. 
 
 Tinlc'le (tinka), i". i. [Dim. of tink. See TiNK and 
 Tingle.] 1. To make small, quick, sharp sounds, as 
 by strildng on metal ; to clink. ^. To hear, or resound 
 with, a small, sharp sound. 
 
 Tink'le, v. t. \i.mp. & p. p. tinkled ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 TlNKLllfG.] To cause to cUnk, or make sharp, quick 
 sounds. 
 
 Tinlc'le, n. A small, sharp, quick sound, as that made 
 by striking metal. 
 
 Tin'man, n. ; pi. tIn'men. A manufacturer of tin ves- 
 sels ; a dealer in tin ware. 
 
 Tin'ner, n. 1. One who works in the tin-mines. 52. One 
 who works in tin ware ; a tinman. 
 
 Tin'ny, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, abounding with, 
 or resembling, tin. 
 
 Tin'-plate, n. Thin sheet-iron coated with tin. 
 
 Tiii'sel, n. [Ft. etincelle, 0. Fr. estincelle, a spark, Lat. 
 scintilla.] 1. A shining material used for ornamental 
 purposes, ti. Something very shining and gaudy, or 
 having a false luster, and more gaj- than valuable. 3. 
 A kind of ornamental lace. 
 
 Tin'sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tinseled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TINSELING.] To adorn with tinsel ; to deck out with 
 cheap but showy ornaments. 
 
 Tint, n. [Fr. teinte, teint, from Lat. tinctus, p. p. of tin- 
 gere, to dye.] A slight coloring distinct from the princi- 
 pal color ; a feeble dye. 
 
 Tint, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tinted ; p. pr. & vb. n. TINT- 
 ING.] To give a slight coloring to ; to tinge. 
 
 Tin'tin-na,b'u-la-ry, a. [From Lat. tintinnabulum, a 
 little bell, fr. tintinnare, to ring, jingle, a reduplicated 
 form of tinnire, id.] Having or making the sound of a 
 bell. 
 
 Tin'tin-nab'u-la'tion, n. A tinkling sound, as of a 
 bell or bells. 
 
 Tin'tin-na.b'u-lous, a. Of, pertaining to, or resemb- 
 ling, the tinkling of a bell ; having a tinkling sound. 
 
 Ti'ny, a. [compar. tinier : superl. TINIEST.] [Prob. 
 a dim. of thin, Dan. tynd.] Very small ; little ; puny. 
 
 Tip, n. [D. & Dan. tip, Icel. typpi.] The point or ex- 
 tremity of any thing small ; the end. 
 
 Tip, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TIPPED (tipt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TIPPING.] 1. To form a point upon ; to cover the 
 tip. top, or end of. 2. [L. Ger. tippen, Sw. tippn.] To 
 strike slightly , or with the end of any thing small ; to tap. 
 
 3. To bestow a gift or douceur upon ; to give to. [Eng.] 
 
 4. To lower one end of, or to throw upon the end. 
 [Amer.] 
 
 To tip the wink, to direct a wink, or to wink to another for 
 notice. 
 
 Tip, V. i. To faU on or toward one side ; to throw off ; to 
 fall headlong ; to die. 
 
 Tip'pet, n. [A.-S. tdppet, from tdppe, tape. See TAPE.] 
 A narrow covering for the neck, made of fur or cloth. 
 
 Tip'ple (tlp'pl), f. z. [imp. & p. p. tippled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TIPPLING.] [Dim. of tip, v. t. See TiPSY.] 
 To drink spirituous or strong liquors habitually ; espe- 
 cially, to drink frequently, without absolute drunkenness. 
 
 Tip'ple (tip'pl), V. t. To drink, as strong Uquors, in lux- 
 ury or excess. 
 
 Tip'pler, n. One who habitually indulges in the exces- 
 sive use of spirituous liquors ; often one who does so 
 vrithout absolute drunkenness. 
 
 Tip'staff , n. 1. An officer who bears a staff tipped with 
 metal ; a constable. 3. A staff tipped with metal. 
 
 Tip'sy, a. [Prov. Ger. tips, drunkenness. Cf. TIPPLE.] 
 1. Affected with strong drink, but not absolutely or 
 completely drunk ; fuddled ; intoxicated. 3. Staggering, 
 as if from intoxication. 
 
 Tip'toe, n. The end of the toe. 
 
 Tip'-t6p, n. The highest or utmost degree. 
 
 Tip'-t6p, a. Very excellent ; most excellent or perfect. 
 
 Ti-rade', M. [Fr., from ifVer, to draw. See Tire, v. r.] 
 A strain of censure or invective ; a series of violent decla- 
 mation. 
 
 Tire, n. [See Tier.] 1. A row or rank. 3. A head* 
 dress; a tiara. 3. Attire; apparel. 4. A child's apron, 
 covering the breast and having no sleeves ; a tier. [See 
 Tier.] 5. A band or hoop of iron, used to bind the fel- 
 lies of wheels. 
 
 Tire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TIRED; p. pr. & vb. n. TIR- 
 ING.] [A.-S. terian, tirian, to vex, irritate, teorian, 
 ateorian, geteorian, to weary, from teran, io tear; Fr. 
 tirer, to draw. It. tirare, from Goth, tairan, A.-S. terrni, 
 Eng. tear.] To exhaust the strength of, by toil or labor. 
 Syn. — To jade; weary ; fatigue; exhaust; harass. See J.\dk. 
 
 Tire, v. t. To become weary ; to be fatigued ; to have tho 
 strength fail ; to have the patience exhausted. 
 
 Tire, v. i. [Fr. tirer, to draw or puU.] To seize, pull, 
 and tear prey, as a bird does. 
 
 Tired'ness, n. State of being wearied ; weariness. 
 
 Tire'some, a. Fitted or tending to tire ; exhausting the 
 strength or patience ; wearisome ; fatiguing ; tedious. 
 
 Tire'some-ness, n. Quality or state of being tiresome ; 
 wearisomeness ; tediousness. 
 
 Tire'-wom'an, n. ; pi. tire'-WOM''en (-wlm'en). 1. 
 A woman who makes head-dresses. [ Obs.] 2. A dresser 
 in a theater. [dress for the stage. 
 
 Tir'ing-robm, n. The room or place where players 
 
 Ti'ro, n. [Lat.] A beginner ; a tyro. See Tyro. 
 
 Ti-ro'ni-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, Tiro, the learned 
 freedman and amanuensis of Cicero. 
 
 Tironian notes, the short-hand of Roman antiquity. 
 
 Tig'i-e, n. [See supra.] Consumption; morbid waste; 
 phthisis. See Phthisis. 
 
 Tis'sue (tLsh'shu), n. [Fr. tissu, from tissu, p. p. of tis- 
 ser, 'iistre, to weave, from Lat. texere.] 1. Cloth inter- 
 woven with gold or silver, or with figured colors. 3. 
 (Anat.) The texture of anatomical elements of which 
 any part of the body is composed. 3. A connected 
 series. 
 
 Tissue-paper, very thiu, gauze-like paper. 
 
 Tis'sue (tTsh'shH), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TISSUED; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TISSUING.] To form tissue of; to interweave- 
 
 Tit, n. A teat. See Teat. 
 
 Tit, n. [Cf. Icel. tita, a tender thing.] 1. A small horse ; 
 also, in contempt, a woman. 2. [Cf. Eng. Teat and 
 Titmouse.] A small bird : a titmouse, or tomtit. 
 Tit for tat, an equivalent. 
 
 Ti-ta'ni-um, n. [So called from the Titans ; 6r. Tiraves, 
 giants of the Greek mythology.] ( Che7n. ) A metal of a 
 deep-blue color, found in various parts of the world. 
 
 Tlfbit, n. A tender piece. See Tidbit. 
 
 Titii'a-ble, a. Subject to the payment of tithes. 
 
 Titlie, n. [A.-S. teddha, the tenth.] 1. A tenth ; the 
 tenth part of any thing ; specifically, the tenth part of 
 the increase arising from the profits of land and stock, 
 allotted to the clergy for their support. 2. Hence, a 
 small part or proportion. 
 
 Titiie, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TITHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TITHING.] To tax to the amount of a tenth. 
 
 Titli'ing, n. 1. Act of levying or taking tithe ; that 
 which is taken as tithe ; a tithe. 2. (Anglo- Sax. Laiv.) 
 A number or company of ten householders dwelling near 
 each other, and sureties for each other's good behavior •, 
 a decennary. 
 
 Titii'lng-mSn, n. ; pi. TiTHaNG-MEN. 1. (A7iglo- 
 Sax. Law.) The chief man of a tithing. 2. {La7v.) A 
 peace officer; an under constable. 3. A parish officer 
 annually elected to enforce the observance of the Sab- 
 bath. [Local, Amer.] 
 
 Tit'il-late, f. i. [imp. & p. p. titillated; p. pi-. & 
 vh. n. titillating.] [Lat. titillare, titillatum.] To 
 tickle. 
 
 Tit'il-la'tion, n. 1. Act of tickling, or state of being 
 tickled. 2. Any pleasurable sensation. 
 
 Tit'lark, n. ( Ornith.) A small bird : a species of lark. 
 
 Ti'tle (ti'tl), n. [Lat. titulns.] 1. An inscription put 
 over any thing as a name by which it is known. 2. 
 The inscription in the beginning of a book, containing 
 the subject of the work, and sometimes the author's 
 name. 3. ( Civil & Canon Laws.) A chapter or division 
 of a book. 4. An appellation of dignity, distinction, or 
 pre-eminence given to persons. 5. A name ; designation. 
 6. (Law.) (a.) That which constitutes a just cause of 
 
 food,f(><>t; ftrn, riide, pull ; ^ell, pliaise, «all, eclio; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link.; tbis 
 
TITLE 
 
 754 
 
 TOGGLE 
 
 excIusiTo possession ; right. 
 is eTidenc« of h right. 
 
 Syn. — £pitl)et ; name ; appellation ; denomination. 
 EiiTiiKT and Name. 
 
 (b.) The instrument which 
 
 Sec 
 
 Titmouse. 
 
 Tl'tle, V. t. [iwp. & p. p. TITLED: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TITLING.] [Lat. tittilare.] To call by a title ; to name ; 
 to e title. [title. 
 
 Ti'tle-i>:lge, n. The pajro of a book which contains its 
 
 Tit'mouse, n. : pi. TlT'MirE. 
 [From lit, small, httle, and A.-S. 
 tndsf, a, tituiou.sp.] (Oniith.) A 
 email pen-hing bird : the tit, or 
 tomtit. There are uuiuerous spe-^y 
 oies. ^ 
 
 Tit'tor, r. i. [imp. & p. p. TIT- 
 TERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TITTER- 
 ING.] [Cf. Icel. titra, to tremble, 
 N. II. Ger. zittern, to tremble, 
 kichfrn, to titter. See Didder.] 
 To laugh with the tongue striking 
 agaiu.'st the root of the upper teeth. 
 
 Tit'ter, n. A restrained laugh. 
 
 Tit'tle (tU'tl), 71. [Apparently a 
 dim. of tit, small.] A small particle ; a minute part ; a 
 jot ; an iota. 
 
 Tit'tle-tat/tle, n. [A reduplication of tattle.] Idle, 
 tritiiug talk ; empty prattle. 
 
 Tit'u-lar, a. [From Lat. titulus. See Title.] Exist- 
 ing in title or name only ; nominal ; having the title to 
 an office or dignity without discharging its appropriate 
 duties. 
 
 Tit'u-lar-ly, adv. In a titular manner ; nominally. 
 
 Tit'li-Ia-ry, n. A person invested with a title, in Virtue 
 of which he holds an office or benefice, whether he per- 
 forms the duties of it or not. 
 
 Tit'u-la-ry, a. 1. Con.«isting in a title; titular. 3. 
 Of. or pertaining to, a title. 
 
 Tme'sis (mS'sis), n. [Lat. ; Gr. t^^o-i?, from refxveiv, to 
 cut.] ( lihet.) A figure by which a compound word is sep- 
 arated, by the intervention of one or more words. 
 
 To (too vjlieii emphasized , or standing alone, hut tcTo lolien 
 not emphatic), prep. [A.-S. to, Goth, du, for tu, Ir. & 
 Gael, do.] 1. It primarily indicates approach and arri- I 
 val, motion made in the direction of a place or thing and | 
 attaining it, access : and, al.*o, motion or tendency with- ; 
 out arrival ; it is opposed to from. "i. Hence, it indi- | 
 cates motion, course, or tendency toward a time, a state [ 
 or condition, an aim, or any thing capable of being re- 
 garded as a limit to movement or action. 3. Hence, ! 
 further, in a vers' general way, and with innumerable i 
 varieties of application, it connects transitive verbs with 
 their remoter or indirect object, and adjectives, nouns, 
 and neuter or passive verbs with a following noun which 
 limits their action. 4. As sign of the infinitive, to had 
 originally the usejust defined, governing the infinitive as a 
 verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a ' 
 preceding verb or adjective. But it has come to be the 
 almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situa- 
 tions where it has no prepositional meaning. 5. In i 
 many phrases, and in connection with many other words, ' 
 to ha.s a pregnant meaning, or is u.^ed elliptically : thus ! 
 it denotes or implies, (a.) Extent : limit ; degree of com- 
 prehension, (h.) Effect: end; consequence, (c.) Appo- '■ 
 eition : connection : antithesis ; opposition, (d.) Accord ; \ 
 adaptation, (e.) Comparison. (/.) Addition ; union. : 
 ig.) Accompaniment. 
 
 aefTo-f/a)/. to-nif/ht. to-morrow, are peculiar phrases derived ] 
 from our ancestors. To, in the two first, has the sense or force i 
 of t/ria; thisf/nu, this nit/ht. In the last, it i.s equivalent to in ■ 
 or on ; in or on the morrow. j 
 
 To and fro, backward and forward. In this phra.se to is ad- ! 
 verbial. — To thiface, in presence of ; not in the absence of. — j 
 Totcit, to know; namely. 
 
 0^ To is often used adverbially to modify the sense of verbs; I 
 aa, to come to ; to heave to. 
 
 Toad (20), n. [A.-S. ta/lif, tadige, perhaps allied to 
 Icel. tad. dung, so called from its ugly appearance.] A 
 small bafrachian reptile, having a warty and thick body. 
 U i" u^eful in gardens by feeding on noxious insects. 
 
 Foad'-eat'er, n. [Said to be from an old practice I 
 among mountebanks' boys of eating toads (vulgarly .^up- | 
 posefl to be poisonous), in order that their masters might 1 
 have an opportunity of pretending to effect a cure.] A \ 
 Ciwning, obsequious parasite ; a mean sycophant ; a 
 toady. j 
 
 Toad'-f'tone, n. 1. (Min.) A variety of trap-rock, of 
 a brownish-gray color. , 
 
 G^~ The name is said by some to be derived from tke Ger- I 
 
 man todt stein, meaning dead stone, that is, stone which con- 
 tains no ores. 
 
 2. A kind of jewel or precious stone formerly popularlv 
 supposed to be contained in the head of a toad. 
 
 Toad'-.o^tool, n. A mushroom, a plant which commonly 
 grows in moist and rich ground. 
 
 Toad'y, «. [See Toad-eater.] A toad-eater , a sjco- 
 phant. [ CoUoq. and vulgar.] 
 
 Toad'y, v. t. [imp & p. p. toadied; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 TOADVING.] To fawn upon with mean .sycophancy. 
 
 Toast, V. t. [imp. & p. p. toasted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TOASTING.] [Lat. torrere, tostnm, to parch, roast.] 1. 
 To dry and scorch by the heat of a fire. M. To warm 
 thoroughly. 3. To name when a health is drank ; to 
 drink to the health of, or in honor of. 
 
 Toast, n. 1. liread dried and scorched by the fire, 
 sometimes put into milk or melted butter, and, formerly, 
 into liquor. 2. A lady in honor cf whom persons arc 
 invited to drink ; — so called from the toasts formerly 
 put into liquor, which were considered a great delicacy. 
 
 3. Hence, the name of any person, especiallj- a person 
 of distinction, in honor of whom health is drunk ; hence, 
 also, any thing con.«idered worthy to be commemorated 
 in a simUar way ; a sentiment. 
 
 Toast'er, n. 1. One who toasts. 3. An instrument for 
 toasting any thing. 
 
 Toast'- mas''ter, n. One who, at public dinners, an 
 nounces the toasts, and directs or times the cheering. 
 
 To-toac'-eo, n. [From the Indian tabaro, the tube or 
 pipe in which the Indians or Caribbees smoked the plant, 
 transferred by the Spaniards to the herb itself] 1. A 
 plant, a native of America, much used for smoking and 
 chewing, and in snuff. As a medicine, it is narcotic, 
 emetic, and cathartic. 2. The leaves of the plant pre- 
 pared for smoking, chewing, &c. 
 
 To-ba<;'<;o-mst, n. A dealer in tobacco ; also, a manu- 
 facturer of tobacco. 
 
 To-eol'o-gy, n. [Gr. toko?, a birth, from riKreiv, to 
 bring forth, and Ad-yog, discourse.] (Med.) The science 
 of obstetrics or midwiferj . 
 
 T6«'sm, n. [Fr.,fi-oni 0. Fr. tocriter, to touch, strike, 
 and sein, seint, a bell, L. Lat. signion, from Lat. signum, 
 a sign, signal.] An alarm-bell, or the ringing of a bell 
 for the purpose of alarm. 
 
 Tod, n. [Icel. toddi, a piece of a thing, tota, a little 
 branch, Ger. zotte, zote,a. tuft of hair, hanging together, 
 a shag.] 1, A bush : a thick shrub. [Rare.] 2. A 
 quantity of wool, being 28 pounds. 
 
 To-day', n. [From to and day.] The present day. 
 
 To-day', adv. On this day ; on the present day. 
 
 Tod'dle, V. i. [Allied to totter, daddle, and toj/ple.] To 
 walk with short steps, as a child. 
 
 Tod'dler, n. One who toddles ; an infant or young 
 child. 
 
 Tod'dy, n. [From Hind, tari, the juice of the palmyra 
 tree, vulgarly toddy.] 1. A juice drawn from various 
 kinds of the palm in the East Indies ; or a spirituous liquor 
 prepared from it. ij. A mixture of spirit and water 
 sweetened. 
 
 To-do', n. Bustle; stir: commotion; ado. [Colloq.] 
 
 Toe, n. [A.-S. tah, ta, Icel. ta, 0. H. Ger. zcha.] 1. One 
 of the small members which form the extremity of the 
 foot. 2. The fore part of the hoof of a horse, and of 
 other hoofed animals. 3. The member of a beast's foot 
 corresponding to the toe in man. 
 
 Toe, V- t. [imp. & p. p. TOED; p. pr. & vb. n. TOE- 
 ING.] To touch or reach with the toes ; t» come fully 
 up to. 
 
 Toffy, n. The same as TAFFY, q. v. 
 
 To'ga< n. [Lat. tegere, to cover.] (Rom. Antiq.) The 
 loo.se outer garment worn by the ancient Romans, con- 
 sisting of a single broad piece of cloth, and wrapped 
 around the body. 
 
 To'ga-ted, I a. [Lat. togatus, from toga, a covering, 
 
 To'ged, ) gown, from tegere, to cover.] Dressed in 
 a gown : wearing a gown. 
 
 To-geth'er, adv. [A.-S. to gddere, i, e'., at gaxlere, on- 
 geador, together, from gador, at once. Cf. GATHER.] 
 1. In the same place. 2. In the same time; contempo- 
 raneously. 3. In company : unitedly. 4. In or into 
 union; into junction. 5. In concert. 
 
 Together with, in union with; in company or mixture with. 
 
 TSs'ger-y, n. [From 0. Eng. loge, a toga. gown. Sec 
 TOGATED.] Clothes; garments; articles of dress. [Col- 
 loq.] 
 
 T6g'!s:le, n. [Cf. Eng. tug, and Ger. sfockel, a little stick.] 
 1. (Naut.) A small wooden pin tapering toward both 
 ends with a groove around its center. 2. A button. 
 
 a, e, &c. , long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; clkre, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dQ, -vir9lf , 
 
TOGGLE-JOINT 
 
 755 
 
 TONE 
 
 TSg'gle-JoInt, n. An elbow or knee joint, con- 
 sisting of two bars so connected that they may 
 be brought into a straight hne, smd made to 
 produce great end-wise pressure. 
 
 Toil, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TOII.ED ; ;;. pr. & vb. 
 n. TOILING.] [A.-S. teolian,tilian, to study, toil. 
 See TILL, V. t. & n.] To exert strength with 
 pain and fatigue of body or mind ; to labor ; to 
 wo^k hard. 
 
 Toil, n. Labor with pain and fatigue; labor that ToKsle- 
 oppresses the body or mind. joint. 
 
 SyiiA — Labor : drudgery ; work ; exertion ; occupation ; 
 employment ; task ; travail. — Z«hor implies strenuous exer- 
 tion, but not necessarily such as overtasks the faculties ; toil 
 denotes a severity of labor which is painful and exhausting ; 
 drmlgern implies mean and degrading work, or, at least, work 
 which wearies or disgusts from its minuteness or dull uniform- 
 ity. 
 
 Toil, n. [Fr. toiles, pi., toils, nets, from toih, cloth, can- 
 vas, fr. Lat. ie/fa, any woven stuff, a web, conti'acted from 
 texela, fr. texere., to weave.] A net or snare ; any thread, 
 web, or string spread for taking prey. 
 
 Toil'er, n. One who toils, or labors with pain. 
 
 Toi'let, n. [Fr. toilette, from loile, cloth, linen. See 
 supra.] 1. A covering spread over a table in a chamber 
 or dressing-room. "i. A dressing-table. 3. Mode of 
 dressing, or that which is arranged in dressing ; attire ; 
 dress. 4. A bag or case for night-clothes. 
 
 To make one's toilet, to adjust one's dress with care. 
 
 Toil'some, a. Attended with toil, or fatigue and pain ; 
 laborious ; wearisome. 
 
 Toil'some-ness, n. The quality or state of being toil- 
 some ; laboriousness ; wearisomeness. 
 
 Toi§e (toiz), n. [Fr. toise. Cf. It. tfsa, ten.^ion, from Lat. 
 tendere, ten.iium, to stretch, extend.] A fathom or long 
 measure in France, containing six French feet, or about 
 6.39459 English feet. 
 
 To-kay', n. A kind of wine produced at Tokay, in Hun- 
 gary, made of white grapes, and having a remarkable 
 aroma. 
 
 To'ken (to'kn), n. [A.-S. taco7i, tacim, tacen, tascen, fr. 
 tsscan, to teach, show; Goth, tdikns, Tcel. takn, teilcn.] 
 1. Something intended or supposed to represent or indi- 
 cate something else ; a sign. 2. A memorial of friendship ; 
 a souvenir. 3. A piece of metal intended for currency, 
 and issued by a private party, redeemable by the issuer 
 in lawful money. 4. {Print.) Ten quires of paper. 
 Syn. — Sign; note; symbol; badge. 
 
 Told, imp. & p. p. of tell. See Tell. 
 
 Tole, V. t. [imp. & p. p. toled ; p. pr. & vb. n. TOL- 
 ING.] [Prob. from toll, to call by the sound of a bell.] 
 To allure by some bait. 
 
 T61'er-a-ble, a. [Lsit. tolerabilis.'] 1. Capable of being 
 borne or endured ; supportable, either physically or 
 mentally. 2. Fit to be tolerated ; sufferable 3. Mod- 
 erately good or agreeable ; not contemptible ; passable. 
 
 Tol'er-a-ble-ness, n. The state of being tolerable. 
 
 T61'er-a-bly, adv. 1. In a tolerable manner; sup- 
 portably, ij. Moderately well; passably ; not perfectly. 
 
 Tol'er-an^e, n. The endurance of offensive persons or 
 opinions ; toleration. 
 
 T61'er-ant, a. [Lat. tolerans, p. pr. of tolerare.^ In- 
 clined to tolerate ; forbearing ; indulgent. 
 
 T61'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & /;. p. tolerated; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. TOLERATING-.] [Lat. tolerare, toleratum, fr. the 
 root tol, whence tollere, to lift up, and tuli, perfect of 
 ferre, to bear.] To suffer to be or to be done without 
 prohibition or hindrance ; not to restrain. 
 
 TSrer-a'tion, rt. [\ja.t. tolerntio.] 1. Act of tolerating; 
 allowance of that which is not wholly approved, ti. Spe- 
 cificalUi, the allowance of religious opinions and modes 
 of worship in a state, when contrary to or different from 
 those of the established church or belief. 3. Freedom 
 from bigotry and severity, especially in respect to mat- 
 ters of religion. 
 
 Toll, n. [A.-S. toll, fr. Lat. telonitrm, teloneum, Gr. reXw- 
 vioi/, a toll-house, custom-house, from re'Ao?, a tax, duty, 
 toll.] 1. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, partic- 
 ularly for the privilege of passing over a bridge or on a 
 highway, ti. A portion of grain taken by a miller as a 
 compensation for grinding. 
 
 Syn. — Tax ; custom ; duty ; impost. 
 
 Toll, V. t. [Lat. tollere.] 1. (Laiv.) To take away ; to 
 vacate; to annul. 2. To draw. See Tole. 
 
 Toll, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TOLLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TOLL- 
 ING.! [Cf- W. tol, tola, a loud sound, a din.] To sound 
 or ring, as a bell, with strokes uniformly repeated at 
 intervals, as at funerals. 
 
 Tomahawks. 
 
 Toll, I* t. 1. To cause to sound, as a bell, with strokM 
 slowly and uniformly repeated, ti. To strike, or to indi- 
 cate by striking, as the hour. 
 
 Toll, n. The sounding of a bell with strokes slowly and 
 uniformly repeated. 
 
 Toll'bdbtli, n. [From toll und booth.] [Written also 
 tolbooth.] 1. A place where goods are weighed to ascer- 
 tain the duties or toll [Obs.] 2. A prison. 
 
 Toil'-bridge, n. A bridge where toll is paid for pass- 
 ing it. 
 
 Toil'er, n. 1. A toll-gatherer. 3. One who tolls a bell. 
 
 Toll'-g5,tii'er-er, n. The man who takes or gathers 
 toll. 
 
 Toll'-house, n. ; pi. TdLL'-HOUg-'Eg. A house erected 
 or occupied by a receiver of tolls. 
 
 Toll'naait, n. ; pi. TOLL'MEN. One who receives or col- 
 lects toll ; a toll-gatherer. 
 
 To-lu', "• A resin, or oleo-resin, produced by a tree of 
 South America. It is said to have been first brought 
 from Santiago de Tolu, in New Granada. 
 
 Tona'a-ha-wk, n. [Indian.] 
 A kind of war-hatchet used by 
 the American Indians. It was 
 originally made of stone, but 
 afterwards of iron. 
 
 Tom'a-bawk, v. t. [imp. & 
 
 p.p. TOMAHAWKED (108); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TOMAHAWKING.] 
 To cut or kill with a hatchet 
 called a tomahawk. 
 
 To-ma'to, or To-ma'to, n. 
 [Of American origin.] {Bot.) 
 A plant and its fruit, which 
 
 - is called also love-apple, and is 
 eaten either raw or cooked. 
 
 Tomb (tobm), n. [Late Lat. tumba, from Gr. tv/ui/So?, 
 a tomb, grave.] 1. A pit in which the dead body of a 
 human being is deposited ; a grave, ti. A house or 
 vault for the reception of the dead. 3. A tombstone. 
 
 Tomb (tobm), v- t. [imp. & p. p. TOMBED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. TOMBING.] To place in a tomb; to bury; to 
 inter. 
 
 Tom'ba-e, n. [From Malay, tambaga, copper, Jav. tem- 
 baga.] An alloy of copper and zinc. 
 
 Tomb'less (tcTom'les), a. Destitute of a tomb or sepul- 
 chral monument. 
 
 Tom'boy, n. [From Tom, for Thomas, and boy.] A 
 rude, boisterous boy ; also, and more commonly, a 
 romping girl. [Colloq.] 
 
 Tomb'stone (t6"om/-), n. A stone erected over a grave, 
 to preserve the memory of the deceased ; a monument. 
 
 T6m'<;fit, n. A male cat, especially when full grown or 
 of large size. 
 
 T6m'«6d, n. [From Towz. for Thomas, and cod. Cf. 
 Fr. tacnud, whiting-pout, Ind. tacaud, i. e. plenty-fish.] 
 (Ichth.) A small fish which is abundant on the American 
 coast soon after frost commences, and hence often called 
 frost-Jish. 
 
 Tome, n. [Lat. tomits, from Gr. t6/u,os, a piece cut off, a 
 part of a book, a volume, from Teixveiv, to cut.] A pon- 
 derous volume ; a book. 
 
 To-mor'row, n. [From to and morrow. See To.] The 
 day after the present ; the next day. 
 
 To-mor'row, adv. On the day after the present day ; 
 on the mt)rrow. 
 
 Tom'pi-on, n. The stopper of a cannon. See TAMPION. 
 
 Tom'rig, «. [From Tom, for Thomas, and rig.] A rude, 
 wild, wanton girl ; a tomboy. 
 
 Tom'tit, or Tom-tit', n. [From Tom, for Thomas, 
 and tit.] A little bird ; the titmouse. 
 
 Tiin, n. [Fr. See TONE.] The prevailing fashion or 
 mode ; vogue. 
 
 Ton (ttin), n. [A.-S. tunne, a tun, tub, a large vessel, H. 
 Ger. tonne. See TUN.] ( Com.) (a.) The weight of twenty 
 hundred gross, or 2240 pounds. In the United States 
 the ton is commonly estimated at 2000 pounds, this being 
 sometimes called the short ton. (b.) A certain weight or 
 space, — in the latter case about forty cubic feet, — by 
 which the burden of a ship is estimated, (c) A certain 
 quantity of timber, consisting of 40 solid feet, if round, or 
 54 feet, if square. 
 
 Syn. — Tun. — The spelling ton has long been appropriated 
 to the dry measure, and tun to the wet measure, denotm§ a 
 large cask, and also a certain measure for liquids, which vanes 
 in different countries. Although the words were origmally 
 derived from the same Saxon word tmmn, tliis distinction ia a 
 convenient one, and is now generally prevalent. The word 
 tun is falling out of use even as to liquids. 
 
 Tone, n. [Lat. tonus, a sound, tone, from Gr. tovos, a 
 
 food,f<>bt; firn, rude, pull; ^ell, 9liaise,<;all, e-elio; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist; linger, link; <Ais< 
 
TONE 
 
 756 
 
 TOP 
 
 Btretching, straining, raising of the voice, a tone, accent, 
 trom TeiVeir, to stretch or strain.] 1. Sound, or the 
 character of a sound, or a sound considered as of this or 
 that character. '2. ( /v/«f.) Intiection or modulation of 
 the voice. 3. A whining or utt'ected style of speaking. 
 
 4. ( Mus.) (a.) A sound cousidoix'd iis to pitch, (b.) The 
 larger kind of intt>rval between contiguous sounds in the 
 diatonic si^ale. the smaller being called a s(7nitone. (c.) 
 The peculiar quality of sound in any voice or instrument. 
 
 5. (Mf(L) llealthy and vigorous state of the body, or of 
 any of its organs or part^. 6. St<ite of mind ; temper ; 
 mood. 7. Tenor ; character ; spirit; drift. 8. General 
 or prevailing character or style, as of morals, manners, 
 or sentiment, in reference to a scale of high and low. 9. 
 ( Paint. ) Prevailing color of a picture, or its general effect. 
 
 Tone, f. /. [itnp. & p. p. toned ; p. pr. & vb. n. TON- 
 ING.] 1. To utter mth an affected tone. ii. To tune. 
 See Tdne. 
 
 To tone doicn, (a.) To give a lower tone or sound to ; hence, 
 to diminish or weaken the striking characteristics of; to soften. 
 (6.) (Faint.) To bring the colors of into harmonious relations 
 as to Ught and shade. 
 
 Tone'less, a. Having no tone ; unmusical. 
 
 Tdng§, «- pi- [A.-S. tange, Icel. taung, long, 0. H. Ger. 
 zanga.] An instrument, consisting of two long shafts 
 joined at one end, used for handling fire or heated metals. 
 
 Tdng^ue (ttlng), n. [A.-S. tunge, Icel. titnga, Goth, tug- 
 g-S, 0. Lat. dingua, afterward lingua.] 1. {Anat.) A 
 muscular organ, attached by one end to the floor of the 
 mouth, serving as the instrument of taste, and in man 
 of articulation also. ti. Hence, speech, discourse ; some- 
 times, fluency of speech. 3. Power of articulate utter- 
 ance ; speech. 4. A language. 5. Words or declara- 
 tions only. 6. A nation, as distinguished by language. 
 7. That which is considered as resembling an animal's 
 tongue, in position or form ; as, the tongue of a buckle ; 
 a tongue of land, &c. 
 
 To hold the tongue, to be silent; to keep one's peace. 
 Syn. — See Language. 
 
 Tongue (tting), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tongue d ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TONGUING.] 1. (Mus.) To modulate or mod- 
 ify with the tongue, as notes, in playing the flute, &c. 
 2. To join by means of a tongue and groove. 
 
 Tongue (tQng), v. i. {Mus.) To use the tongue in form- 
 ing the notes, as in. playing the flute, and some other 
 wind instruments. 
 
 Tongued (tiingd), a. Having a tongue. 
 
 Tongue'less (tQng/-), a. 1. Having no tongue. 3. 
 Hence, speechless ; mute. 
 
 Tongrue'-tied (tHng'tid), a. 1. Destitute of the power 
 of distinct articulation ; having an impediment in the 
 speech. 3. Unable to speak freely, from whatever 
 cause. 
 
 TSn'ie, a. [Gr. tovikos. See Tone.] 1. Of, or relating 
 to, tones or sounds. 5i. Increasing tension ; hence, 
 increasing strength. 3. {Med.) Increasing strength, or 
 the tone of the animal sjstem. 
 
 Ton'ie, n. 1. {Med.) A medicine that increases the 
 strength, and gives vigor of action to the system. 2. \ 
 {Mus.) The key-tone, or first tone of the scale. 
 
 To-night' (-nit), n. [From to and night. See To.] The 
 present night, or the night after the present day. 
 
 To-night' (-nit), adv. On this night. 
 
 Ton'nage (tQn'naj, 45), w. [From ion.] 1. The weight 
 of goods carried in a boat or ship. 2. The cubical con- 
 tent or burden of a ship in tons ; or the amount of 
 weight which one or several ships may carry. 3. A 
 duty or impost on ships, estimated per ton, or a duty, 
 toU, or rate payable on goods per ton, transported on 
 canals. 4. The whole amount of ehipping estimated by 
 tons. See Ton. 
 
 TSn'sll, n. [Lat. tonsillag, pi.] {Anat.) One of two gland- 
 ular bodies in the throat or fauces. 
 
 Tdn'sUe, a. [Lat. tomitis, from tondere, tonsum, to 
 shear, clip.] Capable of being clipped. 
 
 Ton-Ko'ri-al, a. [Lat. tonsorius, from tonsor, a shearer 
 barber, from tondere, tonsum, to shear.] Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, a barber, or to shaving. 
 
 T6n'Kure (ton'shijr), n. [Lat. tonsura. See supra.] 1. 
 Act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the crown of the 
 head ; or the state of being shorn. 2. ( Rom . Cath . Ch urch ) 
 The corona or crown which priests wear as a mark of 
 their order, and of their rank in the church. 
 
 Ton-fine' (-ten'), n. [So called from its inventor, Tonti, 
 an Italian, in the 17th century.] An annuity or survi- 
 vorship ; or a loan raised on life-annuities, with the ben- 
 efit of surrivorship. 
 
 Too, adv. [A.-S. td, Ger. dazu. See To.] 1. Over, 
 more than enough. 2. Likewise ; also ; in addition. 
 
 Syn. — Also ; likewise. See Also. 
 
 TcJolc (27), i7np. of take. See Take. 
 
 Tool, n. [A.-S. tdl, for tawil, from tawian, to make, 
 prepare. See Taw.] 1. An instrument, used in the 
 manual arts, to facilitate mechanical operations ; any 
 instrument used by a craftsman or laborer at his* work ; 
 an implement. 2. Hence, any instrument of use or 
 service. 3. A person used as an instrument by another 
 person. 
 
 Tool, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TOOLED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TOOLING.] To shape, form, or finish with a tool. 
 
 Tool'ing, n. AVorkmanship performed with a tool. 
 
 Toot, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TOOTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TOOTING.] [D. toften, tuiten, tui/ten,GeT. tiiten, tuten 
 to blow the horn ; Icel. tauta, to murmur.] To make 
 peculiar noise by contact of the tongue with the root 
 of the upper teeth at the beginning and end of the sound ; 
 a^lso, to sound a horn in a similar manner. • 
 
 Toot, V. t. To cau.<;e to sound, a.s a horn, the note heing 
 modified at the beginning and end as if by pronouncing 
 the letter t ; hence, to blow ; to sound. [or horn. 
 
 Toot'er, n. One who toots ; one who plays upon a pip« 
 
 Tooth, n. ; pi. TEETH. [A.-S. tddk, 
 pi. tedh, Icel. tonn, Goth., tunthus. 
 allied to Lat. dens, dentis, Gr. 66ovs, 
 oBovTOs, W. dant, Skr. danta, from 
 dnn^, dag, to bite, Gr. Bditveiv.] 1. 
 {Anat.) One of the series of small 
 bones attached to the jaws of verte- 
 brate animals which serve the pur- 
 po.'^e of taking and chewing food. 2. 
 Hence, taste ; palate. 3. Any pro- 
 jection corresponding to the tooth 
 of an animal, in shape, position, or 
 office. 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 In the teeth, directlv; in direct opposi- 
 tion ; in front. — Shin of the teeth, a 
 phrase occurring in Job xix. 20, of which 
 various explanations have been given. 
 By some it is thought to signify the enam- 
 el of the teeth, by others the gums ; but 
 Gesenius regards it as a proverbial ex- 
 pression, meaning, "I have scarcely a 
 sound spot in my body."— Jo cos* in 
 the teeth, to retort reproachfully. — Tooth and nail, as it were 
 by biting and scratching; with one's utmost power. — To show 
 the teeth, to threaten ~- . • . - 
 directly to one's face. 
 
 [, a, incisors ; 6, 
 canine, cuspid, or 
 dog tooth ; c, c, 
 bicuspids, or les- 
 ser molars ; d, rf, 
 d, molars, or great 
 molars. 
 
 To the teeth, iu open opposition 
 
 Tooth, V. t. [imp. & p. p. toothed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 TOOTHING.] 1. To furnish with teeth. 2. To indent; 
 
 to cut into teeth. 
 Tooth'aehe (-ak), 71. Pain in the teeth. 
 Tooth'-draw'er, n. One who extracts teeth with 
 
 instruments. 
 Tobth<?d (tobtht), p. a. 1. Having teeth or jags. 2. 
 
 {Bot.) Having projecting points, remote from each other, 
 
 about the edge ; dentate. 
 Tobth'-edge, n. The sensation excited by grating 
 
 sounds, and by the touch of certain substances, as keen 
 Tooth'less, a. Having no teeth. [acids. 
 
 Tooth'-pick, \n. An instrument for cleaning the 
 Tootli'-picfer, ) teeth of substances lodged between 
 
 them. [dentifrice. 
 
 Tobth'-po-vv^der, n. A powder for cleaning the teeth ; a 
 Tooth'some, a. Grateful to the taste ; palatable. 
 Top, n. [A.-S. top. Icel. toppr, W. 
 
 top, tob.] 1. The highest part of 
 
 any thing ; the upper end, edge, or 
 
 extremit}' ; the upper side or surface. 
 
 2. The utmost degree. 3. The high- 
 est rank ; the most honorable posi- 
 tion. 4. The chief person. 5. The 
 
 crown of the head, or the hair upon 
 
 it ; the head. 6. {Naut.) A sort of 
 
 platform, surrounding the head of t x. Top (A'airf.). 
 
 the lower mast, and projecting on all sides. 
 Top, n. [M. H. Ger. & Up. Ger. top/.] A child's toy, 
 
 commonly pear-shaped, made to spin on its point. 
 Top, v. i. [imp. & p. p. topped (108): p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 TOPPING.] 1. To rise aloft; to be eminent. 2. To 
 
 predominate. 3. To excel ; to rise above others. 
 T6p, r. t. 1. To cover on the top ; to tip ; to cap. 2. 
 
 To rise above. 3. To rise to the top of. 4. To outgo ; 
 
 to surpass. 5. To take off the top or upper part^f; to 
 
 crop. 6. To perform eminently. 
 
 To top off, to complete by putting on, or finishing, the top or 
 uppermost part of ; hencej to eomplete; to finish; to adorn. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c., short; c^re, far, ask, ^U, what ; Sre,TgU, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 
 
TOPARCH 
 
 757 
 
 TORTIVE 
 
 To'parell, n. [Gr. roTrapxo?, T07rapxT)5, from tottos, a 
 place, and apx'st-v.) to govern, to rule.] The ruler or prin- 
 cipal man in a place or country. 
 
 To'par-eli-y, n. A small state, consLsting of a few cities 
 or towns ; a petty country governed by a toparch. 
 
 To'paz, n. [Gr. roTra^o?, roTi-a^ios, Tojra^ioi', prob. from 
 Skr. tapus, fire, the sun, from tap, to heat.] (Mm.) A 
 mineral occurring in rhombic prisms , generally yellowish 
 and pellucid. It is highly valued as a gem. 
 
 Top'-bobts, n. pi. Boots with an ornamental band of 
 bright-colored leather around the upper part. 
 
 T6p'-«16tli, n. {Naut.) A piece of canvas used to cover 
 the hanmiocks which are lashed to the top in action. 
 
 Tope, V. i. [i?np. & p. p. TOPED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TOPING.] [Of. Prov. & 0. Eng. to top of, to empty at 
 one draught.] To drink hard ; to drink spirituous Uquors 
 to excess. 
 
 To'per, n. One who drinks to excess ; a drunkard ; a sot. 
 
 Top'-gJil'lant, a. {Naut.) Situated above the topmast 
 and below the royal mast ; being the third of the kind 
 in order from the deck. 
 
 T6p'-li6av/y, a. Having the top or upper part too 
 heavy for the lower. 
 
 To'phet, n. [Heb. tophet, literally, a place to be spit 
 upon, an abominable place, from tflph, to spit out.] A 
 place lying east or south-east of Jerusalem, in the val- 
 ley of Hinnom, where fires were continually kept to burn 
 dead carcasses, and where all the filth of the city was 
 poured ; hence, in symbol, hell. 
 
 T6p'i-a-ry, a. [Lat. topiarius, belonging to ornamental 
 gardening, from topia (sc. opera), ornamental gardening, 
 from Gr. TOTTOS, a place.] Shaped by cutting. 
 
 T6p'i€, n. [Lat. topica, Gr. roniKa. See infra.] 1. (Rhet. 
 & Logic.) One of the various general forms of argu- 
 ment to be employed in probable as distinguished from 
 demonstrative reasoning ; also a prepared argument, or 
 point of argument, of a sort applicable to a great variety 
 of cases, (pi.) A treatise on, or a system or scheme of, 
 forms of argument or oratory. 5i, An argument or rea- 
 son. 3. The subject of any distinct portion of a dis- 
 course, argument, or literary composition ; also, the 
 main subject of the whole ; a matter treated of; a point : 
 a head. 4. [See infra.] {Med.) An external local 
 remedy, applied as a plaster, a poultice, &c. 
 
 T5p'i€, ia. [Gr. TonLKog, belonging to a place, from 
 
 T6p'i<5-al, } TOTTOS, a place, topic, commonplace.] 1. 
 Of, or pertaining to, a place ; limited ; local. 3. Per- 
 taining to, or consisting of, a topic or topics. 3. Not 
 demonstrative, but merely probable. 
 
 T6p'i«-al-ly, adv. In a topical manner ; with applica- 
 tion to, or limitation of, a particular place or topic. 
 
 Tdp'-kndt (-not), n. A crest of feathers on the head or 
 top, as of a bird ; also, an ornamental knot or bow worn 
 on the top of the head, as by women. 
 
 Top'mast, n. (Naut.) The second mast, or that which 
 is next above the lower mast, and above which is the top- 
 gallant-mast. 
 
 T6p'iiiost, a. Highest ; uppermost. 
 
 To-p6g'ra-plier, n. One skilled in the science of topog- 
 raphy. 
 
 Top-'o-grJipli'i-e, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, topogra- 
 
 T6p'o-gra.pli'i€-al, ) phy ; descriptive of a place. 
 
 T6p'o-sraplx'i€-al-ly, adv. In a topographical man- 
 ner. 
 
 To-p6g'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. TOTroypa<^ia,from tottos, a place, 
 and ypd(f>etv, to describe.] The description of a particular 
 place, city, town, manor, parish, or tract of land ; espe- 
 cially, the exact and scientific delineation and description 
 in minute detail of any place or region. 
 
 Top'ping, p. a. 1. Rising above ; surpassing. 3. 
 Hence, assuming superiority ; proud. 
 
 Top'ple (top/pl), V. i. [imp. & p. p. topplej) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TOPPLING.] [Dim. of top.] To fall forward ; 
 to pitch or tumble down. 
 
 Top'-sail, ?i. (Naut.) A sail extended across the top- 
 mast, above which is the top-gallant-sail. 
 
 Top'sy-tiir'vy, adv. [ Tops, or heads, in the turf.] In 
 an inverted posture ; with the top or head downward ; 
 with the bottom upward ; upside down. 
 
 Toque (tok), J 7i. [Fr. toque, toquet, "W. toe, from 
 
 To-quet' (to-ka'), ) tociaiv, tivciaw, to curtail, clip, 
 dock, trim.] A kind of bonnet or head-dress. 
 
 Torch, n. [Fr. lorche, L. Lat. tortisius, from Lat. tor- 
 quere, tortum, to twist, because it is twisted like a rope, 
 Lat. tortum.] A light formed of some combustible sub- 
 stance ; a large candle or tiambeau. 
 
 Torcli'-toear'er, n. One who carries a torch. 
 
 Tdrchi'-liglit (-lit), n. 1. The light of a torch, or of 
 
 ssive motion ; a hurri- 
 
 torches. 2. A light kindled to supply the want of th* 
 sun. 
 
 Tore, imp. of tear. See Tear. 
 
 To-reu'ti€, a. [Gr. TopeuTtKos, belonging to work in 
 relief jVopevTos, elaborate.] (Sculp.) Highly finished or 
 polished ; —applied properly to figures in hard wood, 
 ivory, and the like. 
 
 Tor'meiit, n. [L&t. tormentum, an engine for hurling 
 missiles, an instrument of torture, torture, prop, an in- 
 strument with which any thing is turned or twisted, 
 from torquere, to turn, to twist.] 1, Extreme pahi ; 
 anguish ; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or 
 mind. 'Z, That which gives pain, vexation, or misery. 
 
 Tor-i«,6nt', v. t. {imp. & p. p. tormented ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. tormenting.] 1. To put to extreme pain 
 or anguish, either of body or mind. 2. To pain ; to 
 distress ; to afflict. 3. To tease ; to vex ; to harass. 
 
 Tor-ment'er, 1 n. One who, or that which, tormento 
 
 Tor-ntignt'or, ( or tortures. 
 
 Torn,_p. p. of tear. See Tear. _ 
 
 Tor-na'do, n. ; pi. tor-na/d6e§. [From Sp. tomar. 
 It. & L. Lat. tornare, to turn, that is, a whirling wind. 
 See Turn.] A violent gust of wind, or a tempest dis- 
 tinguished by a whirling, progressive motion ; a hurri- 
 cane. 
 
 Tor-pe'do.n.;;??. TOR-PE'DOEg. 
 [Lat., from torpere, to be stiff, 
 numb, or torpid.] 1. (Ichth.) A 
 species of ray, having electric 
 power. It is Silsoc&lledcr amp-fsh. 
 ti. An engine or machine used 
 for destroying ships by blowing Torpedo (1.) 
 
 them up. 3. A small ball or 
 
 pellet, which explodes when thrown upon a bard ob- 
 ject. 
 
 Tor-pes'^ent, a. [Lat. torpescens, p. pr. of torpescere, 
 to grow stiff, numb, or torpid, inchoative form of tor- 
 pere.] Becoming torpid or numb. 
 
 Tor'pid, a. [Lat. torpidus, from torpere, to be stiff, 
 numb, or torpid.] 1. Having lost motion, or the power 
 of exertion and feeling ; numb. tj. Dull ; stupid ; slug- 
 gish ; inactive. 
 
 Tor-pid'i-ty, n. Torpidness ; numbness ; dullness. 
 
 Tor'pid-ness, ) n. 1. The state of being torpid ; numb- 
 
 Tor'pi-tude, ) ness. 58. Dullness ; inactivity ; slug- 
 gishness; stupidity. 
 
 Tor'por, n. [Lat., from torpere, to be numb or torpid.] 
 1. The state of being torpid ; loss of motion, or of the 
 power of motion ; numbness ; inactivity. 52. Dullness ; 
 laziness ; sluggishness ; stupidity. 
 
 Tdr'por-if i-e, a. [From Lat. torpor &nAfacere, to make.] 
 Tending to produce torpor. 
 
 Tor're-fJt^'tion, n. Operation of torrefying, or state 
 of being torrefied. 
 
 T6r're-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. torrefied ; p. pr. &, 
 vb. n. TORREFYING.] [Lat. torrefacere, from torrere, to 
 dry by heat, and./acere, to make.] 1. To dry by a fire ; 
 toparch. 3. (Metal.) To roast or scorch, as metaUic 
 ores. 
 
 Tor'rent, n. [Lat. torrens, torrentis, from torrens, burn- 
 ing, roaring, boiling, p. pr. of torrere, to dry by heat, to 
 burn.] 1. A violent stream, as of water, lava, or the 
 like. 3. A violent or rapid flow ; a strong current. 
 
 T6r'rid, a. [Lat. torridus, fvom. forrere, to parch.] 1. 
 Parched ; dried with heat. 3. Violently hot ; burning 
 cr parching. 
 
 Torrid zone (Geog.), that space or broad belt of the earth in- 
 cluded between the tropics, where the heat is always great. 
 
 Tor'sion, n. [Late Lat. torsio, from Lat. torquere, torsi, 
 tortum, to twist.] 1. Act of turning or twisting. 3. 
 (Mec/i.) That force with which a thread, wire, or rod of 
 any material, returns, or tends to return, to a state of 
 rest after it has been twisted. 
 
 Tor'so, n. ; Eng. pi. TOR'SOg ; It. pi. xdR'Sl. [It. 
 torso, from Lat. thyrsus, Gr. Bvpcrog, a light, straight 
 staff, a stalk, stem.] (Scidp.) The trunk of a statue, 
 mutilated of head and Umbs. 
 
 Tort, n. [From Lat. tortus, twisted, crooked, p. p. of 
 torquere, to twist, bend.] ( Laiv. ) Any wrong or injury ; 
 a wrongful act, for which an action will lie ; a form of 
 action, in some States, for a wrong or injury. 
 
 T6rt'ne,a. [Lat. tortilis, fr. torquere, tortum, to tviist, 
 wind.] Twisted ; wreathed ; coiled. 
 
 Tor'tioiis, a. [From ^o?7.] 1 . Injurious ; done wrong- 
 fully. 3. (Law.) Implying tort, or iryury for which the 
 law gives damages. 
 
 Tdrt'ive, a. [From Lat. tortus, p. p. of torquere, to twist, 
 wind.] Twisted; wreathed. 
 
 food,i<^t; urn, rude, pull; fell, fliaise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; ag ; ejist; linger, linlc ; tliis- 
 
TORTOISE 
 
 758 
 
 TOURNAMENT 
 
 Tortoise. 
 
 reach : to attain to. 4. To relate to ; to concern. 5, 
 To handle, speak of, or deal with gently or slightly. 6. 
 To meddle or interfere with. 7. To affect the senses or 
 the sensibility of; to move. 8. To mark or delineate 
 slightly. [Rare.] 9. To make an impression on. 10. 
 To strike, as an instrument of music. 11. To perform, 
 as a tune ; to play. 1^. To influence by impulse. 13. 
 To afflict or distress. 
 
 I'o touch vp, to repair, or to improve by slight touches or 
 emendations. 
 
 Toucli (tuch), V. i. 1. To be in contact, ij. To treat 
 any thing slightly in discourse. 
 
 To touch and go (\uut.), to touch bottom, as a Fhip in sail- 
 ing, with much decrease of speed. — To touch at, tocome or go 
 to, without tarrj'ing. 
 
 Toilcli, n. 1. Act of touching, or state of being touched : 
 contact. i5. The sense of feeling or common sensation, 
 one of the five .«enses. 3. Power of exciting the affec- 
 tions. 4. An emotion or affection. 5. Personal refer- 
 ence or application. 6. A stroke : hence, animadver- 
 sion ; censure ; reproof. 7. A single stroke on a draw- 
 ing or picture. 8. Feature ; lineament. 9. Act of the 
 hand on a musical instrument ; hence, musical notes. 
 10. A small quantity intermixed : a Httle. 11. A hint ; 
 suggestion ; slight notice. 12. Examination or trial by 
 some decisive standard: test; proof. 13. (Mus.) Par- 
 ticular or characteristic mode of action ; also, the man- 
 ner of touching, striking, or pressing the keys of a piano- 
 forte. 
 
 Toficli'a-ble, a Capable of being touched ; tangible. 
 
 Toiicli'-liole, n. The vent of a cannon or other species 
 of fire-arms, by which fire is communicated to the pow- 
 der. 
 
 Touch 'i-ness, n. The quality of being touchy ; peevish- 
 ness ; irritability ; irascibilitj". 
 
 Touch'iiig, P- n. Affecting ; moving • pathetic. 
 
 Toiicli'mg, prep. Concerning ; relating to ; wifh re- 
 spect to. 
 
 Toucli'-me-not, n. (Bat.) (a.) A plant of the genu? 
 Itnpatiens. (6.) The squirting-cucumber. 
 
 Toucli'- stone, n. 1. (Mil.) A variety of extremely 
 compact silicious schist, used for ascertaining the purity 
 of gold and silver by the streak impressed on the stone. 
 'i. Hence, any test or criterion. 
 
 Toucli'- "*vobcl, n. Decayed wood, used like a match for 
 taking fire from a spark. 
 
 Toilcli'y, a. Peevish ; irritable ; irascible ; apt to take 
 fire. [Colloq.'] 
 
 Tougli (tuf), a. [corrpar. TOUGHER : svperl. TOUGH- 
 EST.] [A.-S. toh, for tah, tseh, 0. H. Ger. zah, zahi, zack, 
 Icel. aegr.} 1. Having the quality of flexibility withoii: 
 brittleness. 2. Not easily broken ; able to endure hard- 
 ship ; firm ; strong. 3. Not easily separated : tenaciou:^ ; 
 ropy. 4. Stiff; rigid; not flexible. 5. Severe; vio- 
 lent. [Colloq.^ ' 
 
 Toiigli'^'ii (tQFn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. TOUGHE^TED : p. 
 pr.Sc 1-6. 71. TOUGHENING.] To grow tough, or tougher. 
 . , TougliVii (tQf n), f. J. To make tough or tougher. 
 
 The whole sum; whole quantity or , rj,jj^|j^,jjg^j, (tufnes), n. 1. The quality of being 
 
 ' tough ; flexibility, with a firm adhe.'sion of parts, ti. 
 
 Tdr'tolse (U'ir'tis), w. [0. Fr. 
 fi:x)m toriis, Iprtissr. crooked, 
 fr. Lat. tortus, twisted, crook- 
 ed, contorted, p. p. of tor- 
 gufTf, tortum, to twist, to 
 wind ; — so called from its 
 crooked feet.] 1. (Zool.) A 
 
 reptile inclosed in a case formed by two leathery or scaly 
 shields, and having horny jaws in the place of teeth. 
 
 aS~ The name is sometimes restricted to the land tortoises, 
 the terra turtle being applied to the marine species. 
 2. (Autiq.) A defense used by the ancients ; ates^tudo. 
 
 Tdrt'u-ous, a [Lat. tortuosm, from tortux, twisted, 
 crooked, p. p. of torqurn. to twist, wind.] 1. Bent in 
 different directions : wreathed ; twisted ; \vinding. 2. 
 Deviating from rectitude ; erroneous : wrong ; deceitful. 
 
 Tort'ure (tSrt'yyr, 53), «. [Lat. forij/ra, from Lat. <or- 
 tjuerc, fortuni. to twist, rack, torture.] 1. Extreme pain ; 
 ;iuguL<h of bod3 or mind ; pang : agony ; torment. 2. 
 EspfciaUy, severe pain inflicted judicially, either as a 
 punishment for a crime, or for the purpose of extorting 
 a confession. 
 
 Tdrt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tortured : p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. TORTURING.] 1. To put to torture ; to pain extreme- 
 ly. 2, To punish with torture. 
 
 T6rt'ur-er, n. One who tortures; a tormentor. 
 
 To'ru^,n. [Lat., an elevation, protuberance.] {Arch.) A. 
 large molding used in the bases of columns. Its profile 
 is semicircular. 
 
 To'ry, «. [Said to be an Irish word, denoting a robber 
 or a savage, or firem toree, give me (sc. your money).] 1. 
 {Eng. Politics.) A member of the conservative party, as 
 opposed to the whig or progressive party. 2. (Amer. 
 Hist.) One who, in the time of the Revolution, favored 
 the claims of Great Britain against the colonies. 
 
 To'ry, o. Of^ or pertaining to, the tories. 
 
 To'ry-ism, n. The principles of the tories. 
 
 Toss (21), f. t. [imp. & p. p. tossed (less properly 
 TOST) ; p. pr. & vb. n. TOSSING.] [\V. tosiaw, tosio, to 
 jerk, toss, snatch, tos,a quick jerk, a toss, a snatch.] 
 1. To throw with the hand; to throw upward. 2. To 
 lift or throw up with a sudden or violent motion. 3. To 
 cause to rise and fall. 4. To agitate; to make restless. 
 To toss off, to drink hastily. 
 
 Toss, V. i. 1. To roll and tumble ; to be in violent com- 
 motion. 2. To be tossed. 
 
 To toss for, to gamble for.— To toss up, to throw a coin into 
 the air, and wager on what side it will fall. 
 
 T5s.s, n. 1. A throwing upward, or with a jerk. 2. A 
 throwing up of the head with a jerk. 
 
 Toss'pot, n. A toper; an habitual drunkard. 
 
 Tost, imp. & p. p. of toss. See Toss. 
 
 Tot, n. Any thing small ; — used as a term of endearment. 
 
 To'tal, a. [L. Lat. totalis, firom Lat. totus, all, whole.] 
 1. Full ; complete. 2. Not divided. 
 Syn. — Whole; entire; complete; integral; See Whole. 
 
 To'tal, n. The whole ; the whole sum or amount 
 
 To-tai'i-tj', n 
 amount. 
 
 To'tal-ly, adv. In 
 fully ; completely. 
 
 Tote, V. t. [imp'. & p. p. toted ; p. pr. & vb. n. TOT- 
 ING.] [Said to be of African origin.] To carry or bear. 
 [CoUoq.., Southern States.] 
 
 Tot'ter, V i. [imp. & p. p. tottered; p.pr. & x-b. n. 
 TOTTERING.] [Allied to Prov. Ger. tattern, dattern, 
 dottern, to tremble, shake, Eng. titter, didder, dadder.] 
 1. To shake so as to threaten a fall. 2. To shake ; to 
 reel ; to lean. 
 
 TSt'tle, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TOTTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TOTTLING.] To walk in a wavering, unsteady manner; 
 to toddle. [Prov. E?ig. Colloq., Amer.] 
 
 Tpu'ean {t'To'kan), />. [Sp. & S. American tuca, tulcdn, 
 Pg. & Braz. tucano.] { Ornith.) 
 
 I A bird of tropical America, of 
 several 8pe<;iey, remarkable for 
 the large size of its bill. 
 
 Touch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 TOUCHED (108) : p. Jir. & vb. 
 n. TOUCHING.] [Fr. toucher. 
 It. toccare. Cf. Goth, teknn, 
 taitokj. taitokun, to touch ; 
 Ijat. iangere, tactum, orig. Toucan. 
 
 taf(er>',iil.,0. U. Ger. zurh&n, zochdn, to pluck, seize, 
 move quickly.] 1. To come in contact with ; to extend | 
 the hand, foot, &c., so as to reach or rest on. 2. To 
 perceive by the sense of feeling. 3. To come to ; to ! 
 
 total manner ; wholly ; entirely ; 
 
 Strength of constitution or texture. 3. Viscosity : te- 
 nacity ; clamminess. 
 
 Tou-iiee', I «• [Fr. toiipet. dim. of O. Fr. top, 
 
 Tou-pet'(t(>o-pa'), ) a tuft, allied to Eng. <o/7.] 1. A 
 little tuft ; a curl or artificial lock of hair. 2. A small 
 wig. 
 
 Tour (tcTor), n. [Fr., from Gr. ropvos, a carpenter's tool, 
 a turaer's chisel, a circle, a round.] 1. A going round ; 
 hence, a journey in a circuit. 2. (37/7.) Any thing done 
 successively, or by regular order ; a turn. 
 
 S>Ti. — Journey ; excursion ; pilgrimage. See JorEXET. 
 
 Tour, V. i. [imp. & p. p. toured ; p. pr. & vb. n. TOUR- 
 ING.] To make a tour. 
 
 Tour-bai'iou (toor-bil'yun), 7i. [Fr. tourbiUon, a whirl- 
 wind, whirlpool, tourbillion, from Lat. tuj^o. turbinis,a. 
 whirl, whirlwind.] An ornamental fire-work, turning 
 round, when in the air, so as to present the appearance 
 of a scroll of fire. 
 
 Tpur'i.«t (to"or'ist), n. One who makes a tour, or performs 
 a journey in a circuit. 
 
 Tour'ma-liiie, n. [From toumamal, a name given to 
 this stone in Cevlon.] (Min.) A mineral occurring usu- 
 ally in black three-sided or six-sided prisms, terminated 
 bv' three-sided pyramids. 
 
 Toiar'iia-ment'(tQr/na-ment), n. [See Tourney.] A 
 mock-fight or military sport, in which a number of 
 combatants were engaged. 
 
 a, e,&., long; &Ji, Sec, short; c&re, far, ask, aU, what; dre, veil, term; pique, firm: sdn,dr,dQ, W9tfi 
 
TOURNEY 
 
 759 
 
 TRACTATE 
 
 Toftr'ney (tftr'ny), n. [See infra.] A tournament. 
 
 Tofir'ney, v. i. [0. Fr. tottrnoier, tonioier, torneier, fr. 
 the foot of turn, q. v.j To perform tournaments ; to tilt. 
 
 Toftr-iii'<iu6t (tQr'nl-ket), n. [Fr., from toiirnfr, to 
 turn.] A surgical instrumeut or bandage which is tight- 
 ened or relaxed with a screw, and used to check the tiow 
 of blood, as from svounds, by external pressure. 
 
 Tournure (tiror-ncror/), n. [Fr., from loinner, to turn.] 
 1, Turn; contour; figure. 'Z, A part of the dress of a 
 ladi' used for expanding the skirt ; a bustle. 
 
 Touge, v.'t. & /. [L. Gef. thxen, N. H. Ger. zausen, 
 zeisen. Cf. TEASE.] To pull; to haul; to tear; to 
 rave. 
 
 Toug'er, n. One who touses. 
 
 Tou'sle (tou'zl), V. t. [Dim. of touse ; L. Ger. tuse/n.] 
 To put into disorder; to tumble; to touse. [Coilog. 
 ami low.] 
 
 Tout-ensemble (t(rot'()ng's5ng'bl), n. [Fr., all together.] 
 (Fine Arts.) The general effect of a work as a whole. 
 
 Tow, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TOW- 
 ING.] [A.-S. teolian, tJoii, to lead, draw.] To drag, as 
 a boat or ship, through the water by means of a rope. 
 
 Tow, n. [A.-S. taw, tow, tow ; Icel. taic^, H. Ger. tau, 
 a rope.] 1. The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp. 
 3. Act of towing, or state of being towed. 
 
 Tow'age, n. 1. Act of towing, tj. Price paid for 
 towing. 
 
 To'ward (to'ard), )prep. [A..-S. tdweard, toweardes. 
 
 To'ward§(t5'ardz), I See To and Ward.] 1. In the 
 direction of. 3. With direction to, in a moral sense ; 
 with respect to ; regarding. 3. Nearly ; about. 
 
 To'ward (to'ard), ia'/c. Near; at hand; in a state 
 
 To'wardg (to'ardz), ) of preparation. 
 
 To'ward (tj'ward), a. [A.-S. tuweard. See supra.] 
 Ready to do or learn ; not froward ; apt. 
 
 To'ward-li-ness (to'ward-), n. Quality of being to- 
 ward : readiness to do or learn ; aptne.ss ; docility. 
 
 To'i«vard-ly (to'ward-), a. Ready to do or learn ; apt ; 
 docile; tractable; compliant with duty. 
 
 To'w^ard-ness (to'ward-), n. Towardliness. 
 
 Tow'-ljoat, w. 1. A boat which is towed. 3. A steamer 
 used for towing other ves.*;els. 
 
 Tow'el, 11. [From 0. II. Ger. duahilla, dwahilla, from 
 dwahan, Goth, thvahan, A.-S. dkvahan, dhvean, Icel. 
 thvo, to w;ish.) A cloth used for wiping the hands, and 
 for other purposes ; a napkin. 
 
 Tow'er, n. [A.-S. torr, Lat. turris, Gr. ruppts, rvpcrts.] 
 1. A lofty building much higher than broad, and vari- 
 ously shaped, standing alone or forming part of another 
 edifice, as of a church, castle, &c. 3. A citadel ; a fort- 
 ress ; hence, a defender. 3. A high head-dress formerly 
 in vogue. 
 
 Tow'er, v. i. limp. & p. p. towered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TOWERFNGr.] To be lofty or very high ; hence, to soar. 
 
 Tow'ered, n. Adorned or defended by towers. 
 
 To-w^'er-ing, p. a. 1. Very high ; elevated. 3. Ex- 
 treme; violent; surpassing. 
 
 Tow'er-y, a. Adorned or defended by towers. 
 
 Tow'-line, n. (Nauti) A small hawser, used to tow a 
 ship, &c. 
 
 Tow'-path, n. A path used by men or horses that tow 
 boats. 
 
 Tow^n, n. [A.-S. iftre, inclosure, garden, house, village, 
 town, tynan, to inclose, shut, Icel. tUn, 0. II. Ger. zUn.] 
 1. A collection of houses inclosed by fences or walls. 
 [Obs.] 3. Hence, any collection of houses larger than 
 a village, and not incorporated as a city. 3. Any num- 
 ber of houses to which belongs a regular market, and 
 which is not a city or the see of a bishop. [Eng.] 4. 
 The body of inhabitants resident in a town. [Amer.] 
 5. A township. [Lnrnl, Amer.] 6. The court end of 
 London. 7. The metropohs or its inhabitants. 
 Syn.— Village; hainlet. See "Village. 
 
 Tovpn'-€lerlc, n. An officer who keeps the records of a 
 town, and enters all its official proceedings. 
 
 To'wn'-^iri'er, 7i. A public crier. 
 
 Town'-liall, n. A public room or building for trans- 
 acting the business of a town. 
 
 Towu'-liou'^e, n. ; pi. TOWN'-HOUs'Eg. 1. The house 
 where the public business of the town is transacted by 
 the inhabitants. [A77ier.] 3. A house in town, in op- 
 position to a house in the country. 
 
 Town'-meet'ing, n. A legal meeting of the inhabi- 
 tants of a town for the transaction of business. 
 
 To'wng'-f oik (-^ok), n. The people of a town ; especially, 
 the inhabitants of a city. 
 
 Town'sliip, n. The district or territory of a town. 
 
 Tovnig'man, n. ,• pi. TOWNg'MEiv. An inhabitant of 
 a town ; one of the same town with another. 
 
 Town'-talk (-tAwk), n. The common talk of a place, 
 or the subject of common conversation. 
 
 Tow'ger, n. [From touse.] A familiar name for a dog. , 
 
 T6x'i-*;o-16g'i€-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, toxicology. 
 
 T6x'i-<;6I'o-gy, n. [Gr. to^ikov, poi.son, and Aoyos, a 
 discourse] The science which treats of poisons, their 
 effects, antidotes, and recognition. 
 
 Toy, n. [D. tool, tire, attire, ornament, tooijen, to attire, 
 adorn, allied to toogen, toon, to shosv.j 1. A plaything 
 for children ; a bawble. 3. A thing for amusement, but 
 of no real value ; a trifle. 3. Matter of no importance. 
 4. Wild fancy ; folly ; trifling opinion or hufhavior. 5. 
 Amorous dalliance. 
 
 Toy, t-. i. [imp. Sep. p. TOYED; p.pr. & vb. n. TOY- 
 ING.] To dally amorously ; to trifle ; to play ; to wanton. 
 
 Toy'er, n. One who toys ; one who is full of trifling 
 tricks. 
 
 Toy'man, n. ; pi. TOY'r.iiEN. One who deals in toys. 
 
 Toy'-.sliop, n. A shop where toys are sold. 
 
 Tra^e, n. [See Trace, v. t.] 1. A mark left by any 
 thing passing; a footprint; a track. 3. A mark, im- 
 pression, or visible appearance of any thing left when 
 the thing itself no longer exists. 
 Syn. — Vestige ; mark; token. See Vestige. 
 
 Tra^e, n. [See infra.] One of the two straps, chains, or 
 ropes, by which a carriage or sleigh is drawn by horses. 
 
 Tra^e, v. t. [imp, &,p. p. traced (trust) ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 TRACING ] [Fr. tracer, as if from a Lat. tractiare, from 
 tractus, p. p. of trahere, to draw.] 1. To walk over; to 
 pass through. 3. To draw or delineate with marks ; es- 
 pecially, to copy, as a drawing, by following the lines and 
 marking them on a sheet superimposed. 3. To follow 
 by footsteps or tracks, or some mark that has been 
 left by a person or thing which has preceded. 4. Hence, 
 to follow the trace or track of. 5 . To follow with exact- 
 
 Tra'f er, n. One who, or that which, traces. [ness. 
 
 Tra^e'a-tole, a. Capable of being traced. 
 
 Tra'^er-y, n. {Goik. Arch.) (a.) An ornamental diver- 
 gency of the muUions of a window, into arches, curves, 
 &c. (b.) The subdivisions of groined vaults, and the 
 lijce. 
 
 Tra'<;lie-a (tra'ke-a, Lat. pron. tra-ke'a), n. ; pi. TRA'- 
 €HE-iE (Lat. pron. tra-kS'e). [Lat. trachia. N. Lat. 
 trachea, Gr. rpaxela (sc. apnjpia), from Tpa\v(;, rough, 
 rugged.] 1. (Anat.) The windpipe, or canal conveying 
 air to the lungs ; the weasand. 3. The air-tubes of the 
 body in insects and similar animals. 
 
 Tra'-elie-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. rpaxela, the windpipe, and 
 refjivsLv, to cut.] (Surg.) Operation of making an open- 
 ing into the windpipe. 
 
 Tra'-eliyte (tra'klt), n. [Gr. rpaxv£, rough, rugged.] A 
 nearly compact, feldspathic, volcanic rock, breaking with 
 a rough surfixce. 
 
 Track, M. [0. Fr. trac, track of horses, mules, trace of 
 animals, B. tr£ck, trek, a drawing, trecken, trekken, to 
 draw.] 1. A mark left by something that has passed 
 along. 3. A mark or impression left by the foot, either 
 of man or beast ; trace ; vestige ; footprint. 3. A road ; 
 a beaten path. 4. Course; way. 5. (Railways.) The 
 permanent way. 
 
 Track, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TRACKED (trakt); p.pr. & 
 vb. n. TRACKING.] 1. To follow when guided by a 
 trace, or by footsteps. 3. (Naut.) To draw or tow, as a 
 vessel. 
 
 Track'age, n. A drawing or towing, as of a boat. 
 
 Track'less, a. Having no track ; marked by no foot- 
 steps. 
 
 Tra^Jt, n. [Lat. tractus, from trahere, trartum, to draw.] 
 1. Something drawn out or extended. 3. A region, or 
 quantity of land or water, of indefinite extent. 3. A 
 written discourse or dissertation , generally not of great 
 extent; especially, n, short treatise on practical religioi!. 
 4. Continued or protracted dui-ation ; length ; extent. 
 
 Syn. — Rfigion ; district ; quarter ; essay ; treatise ; disser- 
 tation. 
 
 Tract'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or state of being tractable 
 or docile ; docility ; tractableness. 
 
 Tra«t'a-ble, a. [Lat. tractnbilis, from trartare, to draw 
 violently, to handle, treat.] 1. Capable of being easily 
 led, taught, or managed ; docile ; manageable. 3. 
 Capable of being handled ; practicable : feasible. 
 
 Tra«t'a-l>le-ness, n. State or quality of being tracta- 
 ble; docility. 
 
 Tra«t'a-bly, adv. In a tractable manner. 
 
 Tra<;t'ate, n. [L%t. tractatus.] A treatise ; a tract. [Obs.] 
 
 food, f<»bt ; firu, r^de, pull ; 9ell, (liaise, «a]l, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist; linger, lii}k ; tiiiA* 
 
TRACTILE 
 
 760 
 
 TRAIN 
 
 Trf^ft'ile. a. [From Lat. trahfre, iractutn, to draw.] 
 Oiijvible of being drawn out in length ; ductile. 
 
 Trac-tiri-ty, «. Quality of being tractile; ductility. 
 
 Tiii<.*'tioii, n. [FrvmhAt. trahfrt,tractittn, to draw.] 1. 
 Ac* of tlrawing, or state of being drawp. "2. Attraction ; 
 a drawing toward. 
 
 Trftvt'ive, a. Serving to draw ; pulling; attracting. 
 
 Trftft'or, n. [From LjU. trahtre, tractum, to draw.] 1. 
 That which draws, or is used for drawing, "i. pi. 
 (Mrd.) Two small, pointed bars of brass and steel, which, 
 being drawn over diseased parts of the body, were, at one 
 tinieT supposed to give relief through the agency of elec- 
 tricity or magnetism. 
 
 Trlict'o-ry. ( n. [Lat. iractorius, of drawing, and a 
 
 Trftcfrix, ) hypoth. Lat. word tractrix, from trahere, 
 tractum, to dmv. {Geom.) The curve described on a plane 
 by a heavy point attached to a string and drawn along by 
 moving the other end of the string. 
 
 Trade, n. [Fr. traite, conveyance of com, wine, &c., 
 transportation, trade ; fh)m trailer, to handle, to treat, 
 to trade, Lat. tractare.] 1. Act or business of exchang- 
 ing commodities by barter ; the business of buying and 
 selling for money ; commerce ; traffic ; barter, ti. The 
 business which a person has learned, and which he car- 
 ries on; e.!7J€cia/^y, mechanical employment. 3. Business 
 pursued. 4. Instruments of any occupation. 5. Cus- 
 tom ; habit. 6. A company of men engaged in the same 
 occupation. 7. pi. The trade-winds. 
 
 Syn. — Profession; occupation; office; calling; avocation; 
 employment; commerce; dealing; traffic. 
 
 Trade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TRADED; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 TR.\DING.] 1. To barter, or to buy and sell ; to traffic ; 
 to bargain. 2. To buy and sell or exchange property, in 
 a_single instance. 
 
 Trade, v. t. 1. To sell or exchange in commerce. 2. 
 To barter ; to exchange. 
 
 Trade'-mark;, n - A distinguishing mark or device used 
 by a manufacturer on his goods or labels, the legal right 
 in which is recognized by law. 
 
 Trad'er, n. One engaged in trade or commerce ; a traf- 
 ficker ; a merchant. 
 
 Trade'-sale, n. An auction by and for the trade, especial- 
 ly that of the booksellers. 
 
 Trades'inan, ti. ; pi. trade^'men. 1. One who 
 trades'; a shopkeeper. 2. Any mechanic or artificer. 
 
 Trades'-un'ion, n. A combination among workmen for 
 the purpose of maintaining their rights and privileges, 
 with respect to wages, hours of labor, customs, and the 
 like. 
 
 Trade'- wind, n. A wind in or near the torrid zone, 
 which blows from the same quarter throughout the year, 
 — so called because of great advantage to navigators, and 
 hence to trade. 
 
 Tra-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. traditio, from tradere, 
 transdere, traditum, to give up, transmit, fr. trans, over, 
 and dare, to give.] 1. Act of delivering into the hands 
 of another ; delivery. 2. Unwritten or oral deliver}- of 
 opinions, doctrines, practices, rites, and customs, from 
 father to son, or from ancestors to posterity. 3. Hence, 
 knowledge or belief transmitted without the aid of writ- 
 ten memorials. 
 
 Tra-di'tion-al (-dish'un-al), a. Of, pertaining to, or 
 derived from, tradition; communicated from ancestors 
 to descendants by word onh'. 
 
 Tra-di'tion-al-ly (-dish'un-), adv. In a traditional 
 manner ; by tradition. 
 
 Tra-di'tion-a-ry (44), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived 
 from, tradition: traditional. 
 
 Tra-di'tion-er ( (-dTsh'un-), n. One who adheres to 
 
 Tra-di'tion-ist i tradition. 
 
 Trad'i-tive, a. Transmitted or transmissible from father 
 to son. or from age to age, by oral communication. 
 
 Tra-du<;e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. traduced (-dust', 108) ; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. TRADUCING.] [Lat. traducere, to lead 
 along, to exhibit as a snectacle, to disgrace, to transfer, 
 to derive, fr. trans, across, over, and ducere, to lead.] To 
 represent aji blamable; willfully to misrepresent. 
 
 Syn. —To calumniate; vilify; lefame; dL>parage; detract; 
 depreciate; decry; elarider. 
 
 Tra-du'?er, n. One who traduces; a calumniator; a 
 plunderer. 
 
 Tra-du«'tion, n. 1. Derivation from one of the same 
 kind ; propagation. 2. Tramsmission from one to another ; 
 tradition; al.so, a translation into another language. 3. 
 Act of transferring: conveyance; transportation. 
 
 Trftf fie, n. [.See irifra.] 1. Commerce, either by bar- 
 ter or by buying and selling; trade. 2. Business done 
 
 on a railway with reference to the number of pasMngers 
 or the amount of freight. 
 Syn. — Commerce; dealing; barter. 
 
 Trftf'fie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trafficked (triSf^'flkt); 
 p. pr. & 1-6. n. TRAFFICKING.] [L. Lat. traficare, traf- 
 Jigare, either from Lat. tra, for trans, acro.ss, over, and/«- 
 cere, to make, or from Lat. transfretare, to pass over the 
 sea, to ferry over, L. Lat. corrupted into transfegare .] 
 To pass goods and commodities from one person to an- 
 other for an equivalent in goods or money ; to barter ; to 
 trade. 
 
 Traffic, V. t. To exchange in traffic. 
 
 TrSf 'f icic-er, n. One who traffics : a trader : a merchant. 
 
 Trag'a-eantli, n. [Gr. rpayaKavOa, from Tpdyos, a he- 
 goat, and ojcavOa, a thorn.] The concrete juice or giun 
 of several species of shrubby or herbaceous plants, 
 found in various parts of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Tra-ge'di-an, n. 1. A writer of tragedy. [Rare.] 2. 
 A tragic actor or actress. 
 
 Trag'e-dy, n. [Lat. tragadia. Gr. rpayoj^ia, orig. a goat- 
 song, from Tpayo?, a goat, and oJSiJ, a song, either from the 
 oldest tragedies being exhibited when a goat was sacri- 
 ficed, or because a goat was the prize, or because the ac- 
 tors were clothed in goat-skins.] 1. A dramatic poem 
 representing some signal action performed by illustrioua 
 persons, and generally having a fatal issue. 2. A fatal 
 and mournful event ; any event in which human Uvea 
 are lost by human violence. 
 
 Tra^'i€, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
 
 Trag'i<;-al, ) tragedy. 2. Fatal to life ; calamitous. 
 3. Mournful ; expressive of tragedy, loss of life, or of 
 sorrow. 
 
 Tra^'i«-al-ly, adv. In a tragical manner : moumfolly. 
 
 Tra^'i<;-al-ness, n. Quality of being tragical ; sadne.«8. 
 
 Trag'i-eom'e-dy, n. [See' Tragic and Comedy.] A 
 composition partaking of the nature both of tragedy and 
 comedy. 
 
 Tra^'i-e6m.'i«, ) o. Pertaining to tragi-comedy ; 
 
 Trag'i-com'ic-al, j partaking of a mixture of grava 
 and comic scenes. 
 
 Trail, r. t. [imp. & p. p. trailed: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TRAILING.] [Norm. Fr. trailler, to search after, 0. Fr. 
 trailler, to hunt a deer on a cold scent, also to pursue him 
 with a lime-hound, Fr. trailler, tirailler, to traU a fishing- 
 line ; D. treilen, to draw with a rope, to tow, treil, a rope for 
 drawing a boat.] 1. To hunt by the track. 2. To draw 
 along the ground. 3. ( Mil. ) To carrj, as a fire-arm, with 
 the breech near the ground and the'upper part inclined 
 forward, the piece being held by the right hand near the 
 middle. 4. To tread down, as grass, by walking through. 
 
 Trail, v. i. 1. To be drawn out in length 2. To grow 
 to great length, especially when slender and creeping 
 upon the ground, as a plant. 
 
 Trail, n. 1. Scent left on the ground by an animal pur- 
 sued. 2. Any thing drawn to length. 3. Any thing 
 drawn behind in long undulations : a train. 4. The en- 
 trails of a fowl, especially of game ; — also, sometimes, the 
 entrails of sheep. 5. {Mil.) That part of the stock of a 
 gun-carriage which rests on the 'ground when the piece ia 
 unlimbered. 
 
 Train, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trained : p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 TRAINING.] [L. Lat. trahinare, trainare, fr. trahina, ft. 
 Lat. traha, a drag, sledge, fr. Lat. trahere, to draw.] 1. 
 To draw along; to trail. 2. To draw by persuasion, 
 artifice, &c., to entice ; to allure. 3. To teach and form 
 by practice ; to exercise ; to discipline. 4. To break, 
 tame, and accustom to draw, as oxen. 5. (Hort.) To 
 lead or direct, and form to a wall or espaUer j to form by 
 growth, lopping, or pruning. 
 
 To train a ffun {Mil.), to point it at some object either forward 
 or else abaft the beam, that is, not directly on the side. 
 
 Train, v. i. To do duty in a militarj- company. [ Colloq.] 
 Train, n. 1. That which draws along ; especially, per- 
 suasion, artifice, or enticement. 2. That which is drawn 
 along in the rear of or after something ; that which is in 
 the hinder part or rear; as, (a.) That part of a gown 
 which trails behind the wearer ; (6.) The after part of a 
 gun-carriage, (c.) The tail of a bird. 3. A number of 
 followers ; a retinue. 4. A succession of connected 
 things ; a series. 5. Regular method ; proce-ss ; course. 
 6. A line of gunpowder, laid to bad fire to a charge, or 
 to a quantity intended for execution. 7. A continuous 
 or connected line of cars or carriages on a railroad. 
 
 Syn.— Cars. — Train is the word universally used in Eng- 
 land with reference to railway traveling : as, I came in the 
 morning train, &c. In the United States, the phrase the can 
 has been extensively introduced in the room of train; as, tht 
 cars are late; I came in the cars. Sic, though, in fact, a person 
 
 &,e,kc.,long; a, 6, &,c., short; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re,TeU,term;piLque,fImi; son, dr, do, wolf, 
 
TRAINABLE 
 
 761 
 
 TRANSCENDENTALISM 
 
 treTela in onlj^ one car. The English expression is obviously 
 more appropriate, and is prevailing more and more among 
 Americans, to the exclusion of the cars. 
 
 Train'a-ble, a. Capable of being trained. 
 
 Train'-bJlnd, n. A band or company of militia. 
 
 Train'-bear'er, n. One who holds up a train, as of a 
 robe. 
 
 Train'er, n. 1. One who trains ; especially., one who 
 trains or prepares men, horses, &c., for athletic exer- 
 cises, 'i. A militia-man when called out for exercise or 
 discipliu?. [Amer.] 
 
 Train'-oil, n. [D. traan, N. H. Ger. thran, allied to D. 
 traan, Ger. thrdne, a tear, drop.] Oil from the blubber 
 or fat of whales. 
 
 Traipse, v. i. [Ger. trapsen, trappsen, to tread noisily, 
 to walk stamping, intens. form of trappen, id.] To walk or 
 run about sluttishly or thoughtlessly. [ Colloq. and low.] 
 
 Trait (trat), n. [Fr. ; Lat. tractus., from trahere, to draw.] 
 1, A stroke ; a touch. \i» A distinguishing or marked 
 feature or pecuharity. 
 
 Trai'tor, n. [0. Fr. traitor., traiteur, traditeur, Lat. tra- 
 ditor, fr. iradere, traditiitn, to deliver, to give up, to be- 
 tray.] 1. One who violates his allegiance and betrays 
 his country ; one guilty of treason. [See TREASON.] 3. 
 One who betrays his trust ; a betrayer. 
 
 Trai'tor-ess, n. A woman who betrays. 
 
 Trai'tor-oiis, a. 1, Guilty of treason ; treacherous ; 
 perfidious ; faithless. 3. Consisting in, or partaking of, 
 treason. 
 
 Trai'tor-oris-ly, adv. In a traitorous manner. 
 'Trai'tor-ous-ness, n. Quality of being traitorous; 
 treachery. 
 
 Trai'tress, n. A female traitor ; a traitoress. 
 
 Tra-je<;t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. trajected ; p.pr.k, vb. 
 n. TRAJECTING.] [Lat. trajicere, frajectitm, fr. trans, 
 across, a,nd.jacere, to throw.] To throw or cast through. 
 
 Tra-jg^'tion, n. Act of trajecting ; a throwing or cast- 
 ing through or across ; also, emission. 
 
 Tra-jeet'o-ry. n. The curve which a moving body de- 
 scribes in space. 
 
 Trara-ti'tioii(tr5Pa-tTsh'un),n. [Seein/m.] A change, 
 as in the use of words ; a metaphor. 
 
 Trara-ti'tious (trSl'a-tish'us), a. [Lat. tralatitius. 
 translatitius, from transferre, translatum, or tralatum, 
 See Tr.\nsfer.J Metaphorical ; figurative ; tropical ; 
 not literal. 
 
 Tram, n. [Prov. Eng. tram, a train, shaft of a vehicle, 
 beam or bar. See Train, and cf. 0. Sw. tram, trum, 0. 
 Ger. tram, a beam.] 1. A coal wagon used in some parts 
 of England, especially at Newcastle. 3. One of the rails 
 or tracks of a tram-road. 
 
 Tram'mel, n. [Fr. tramail, L. Lat. tramallum, tramela, 
 a kind of net for taking fish, fr. Lat. tres, three, and macu- 
 la, Fr. maille, spot.] 1. A kind of long net for catching 
 birds or fishes. 3. A kind of shackles for regulating the 
 motions of a horse. 3. Whatever impedes activity, pro- 
 gress, or freedom. 4. An iron hook, used for hanging 
 kettles and other vessels over the fire. 5. ( -VecA .) An in- 
 strument for drawing eUipses ; also, another name for 
 beam-compasses. 
 
 Tra,m'mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trammeled; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. TRAMMELING.] To confine; to hamper; to 
 shackle. 
 
 TrSni'inel-er, n. 1. One who, or that which, trammels 
 or restrains. 3. One who uses a trammel-net. 
 
 Tra-mon'tane, or Tram'on-tane, a. [It. tramon- 
 tano, Lat. transmontanus, fr. trans, across, beyond, and 
 mons, montis, mountain.] Lying or being beyond the 
 mountain ; foreign ; barbarous. 
 
 Tramp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tramped (84); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. tramping.] [Icel. trampa, Goth, trimpnn, pret. 
 tramp, D. & Ger. trappen.] To tread forcibly and re- 
 peatedly ; to trample. 
 
 Tramp, V. i. To travel ; to wander or stroll. 
 
 Tramp, H. 1. A foot-journey. 3. A foot traveler ; a 
 tramper. 
 
 Tramp'er, n. One who tramps ; a stroller; a vagrant. 
 
 Tram'ple (triim'pl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. trampled ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. TRAMPLING.] [Ger. trampeln, fr. tramp- 
 en, D. trampelen, trappelen. See sitpra.] 1. To tread 
 under foot ; especially, to tread upon with pride, con- 
 tempt, triumph, or scorn. 3. To prostrate by treading. 
 3. To treat with pride, contempt, and insult. 
 
 Tram'ple, i\ /. 1. To tread in contempt. 3. To tread 
 with force and rapidity. 
 
 Tram'pler, n. One who tramples or treads down. 
 
 Tram'-road, ) n. [See TRAM.] A road prepared for 
 
 Tram'-way, J easy transit of trains or wagons, by 
 
 forming the wheel- tracks of smooth beams of wood, blocks 
 of stone, or plates of iron. 
 
 Trance, n. [Fr. transe, fright, Lat. transitus, a passage, 
 from transire, to pass over ; trans, across, over, and ire, 
 to go.] 1. A state in which the so'A seems to have 
 passed out of the body into another state of being ; an 
 ecstasy. 3. (Med.) Total suspension of mental power 
 and voluntary motion, pulsation and breathing contin- 
 uing ; catalepsy. 
 
 Tran'quil (tr^nk'wil), a. [Lat. tranquillus.] Quiet; 
 calm : undisturbed ; peaceful ; not agitated. 
 
 Tran'quil-ize I (trilnk'wil-) v. t. [imp. & p. p. tran- 
 
 Tran'qiiil'lize I quilized, or TRANQUILLIZED; 
 p.pr. & f6. n. TRANQUILIZING,or TRANQUILLIZING.] 
 To render tranquU ; to allay when agitated. 
 
 Syn. — To quiet ; comjMse ; still ; soothe ; appease; calm ; 
 pacify. 
 
 n. One who, or that which, tran- 
 quihzes, or makes calm and peace- 
 
 [Lat. tranquillitas .] State or qual- 
 freedom from dis- 
 
 Tran'quil-iz'er, 
 Tran'quil-liz'er, 
 
 ful. 
 Tran-quiI'li-ty, n 
 
 ity of being tranquil ; a calm state 
 turbance or agitation ; quietness. 
 
 Traii'quil-ly, adv. In a tranquil manner ; quietly. 
 
 Tran'qiiil-ness, n. The state or quality of being tran- 
 quil ; quietness ; peacefulness. 
 
 Trans-a«t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transacted; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TRANSACTING.] [Lat. transigere, transactum; 
 trans, across, through, and agere, to lead, act.] To do ; 
 to perform ; to manage. 
 
 Trans-aet', v. i. To conduct matters ; to manage. 
 
 Trans-a-e'tion, n. 1. The doing or performing of any 
 business ; management of any affair. 3. That which is 
 done ; an affair. • 
 
 Syn. — Proceeding ; action ; process. — A transaction is 
 something alreadjr done and completed: z. proceeding is either 
 something which is now goinp: on, or, if ended, is still contem- 
 plated with reference to \tA progress or successive stages. The 
 proceedings at the trial of Lord Russell were marked by deep 
 mjustice, and they led to a transaction, in his beheading, of 
 flagrant enormity. 
 
 Trans-aet'or, n. [Lat.] One who transacts or performs. 
 
 Trans- aiplne, a. [Lat. transcUpinus, from trans, across, 
 beyond, and Alpiniis, Alpine, of the Alps.] ( Geog. ) Lying 
 or being beyond the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on 
 the north or west of the Alps : — opposed to Cisalpine. 
 
 Trans'at-ian'ti-e, a. Lying or being beyond the Atlan- 
 tic. 
 
 Tran-s^end', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transcended ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TRANSCENDING.] [Lat. transcendere, from 
 trans, beyond, over, and scandere, to climb.] 1. To rise 
 above ; to surmount. 3. To pass over ; to go beyond. 
 3. To surpass; to outgo ; to excel ; to exceed. 
 
 Tran-s^Siid'eiife, I n. State of being transcendent ; 
 
 Tran-s^end'en-^y, J superior excellence ; superemi- 
 nence. 
 
 Tran-s^end'ent, a. 1. Very excellent ; superior or 
 supreme in excellence ; surpassing others. 3. (Kantian 
 Philos.) Transcending or going beyond the bounds of 
 human knowledge. 
 
 Tran'sfend-eiit'al, a. 1. Supereminent ; surpassing 
 others. 3. (Kantian Philos.) Of, or pertaining to, that 
 which can be determined a priori, in regard to the funda- 
 mental principles of all human knowledge. 
 
 Transcendental quantity (Math.), a quantity which can not 
 be represented by an algebraic expression of a finite number 
 of terms. 
 
 Syn. — 'Empirical.— Transcendental and empirical, with the 
 corresponding nouns, transcendentalism and empiricism, are 
 of comparatively recent origin. Empirical refers to knowledge 
 which is gained by the experience of actual phenomena, with- 
 out reference to the principles or laws to which they are to be 
 referred, or by which they are to be explained. Transcendental 
 has reference 'o those beliefs or principles which are not derived 
 from experience, and yet are absolutely necessary to make ex- 
 perience possible or useful. Such, in the better sense of the 
 term, is the transcendental philosophy, or transcendentalism. 
 Each of these words has also been used in a bad sense. Empi- 
 ricism, in this case, is applied to that one-sided view of knowl- 
 edge which neglects or loses sight of the truths or principles 
 referred to above, and trusts to experience alone. Transcend- 
 entalism has been applied to the opposite extreme, which, in 
 its depreciation of -experience, loses sight of the relation which 
 facts and phenomena sustain to principles. Hence the term 
 has been applied to a kind of investigation, or a use of lan- 
 guage, which is vague, obscure, fantastic, or extravagant. 
 
 Tran'scend-ent'al-igm, n. (Kantian Philos.) The 
 transcending or going beyond empiricism, and ascertain- 
 ing a priori the fundamental principles of human knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 il@~ The word is also sometimes used for that which is vague 
 and illusive in philosophy. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; ^rn, rude, pull ; 9ell, ^liaise, «all, ecKo ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist, liiiger ; link ; tills 
 
TRANSCENDENTALIST 
 
 762 
 
 TRANSLUCENCY 
 
 Tr;\n's^encl-6nt'al-ist, n. One who belipves in tran- 
 >;cendent;ilism. [ner. 
 
 Tr:\ii's<>eiifl-Cnt'al-ly. ailv. In a transcendental man- 
 
 Trj4n-sv»>nd'«>iit-ly, «f/i-. In a transcendent manner ; 
 very exiillontl.v ; sup«'reminently. [lence. 
 
 Trau-svC'iitl'ent-ness, a. Superior or unusual excel- 
 
 Tran-scribe'. v. i. [hup. & p. ]>. transcribed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TRANSCRIBING.] [Lat. traiiscribere , from 
 trans, across, over, and srribere, to write.] To write over 
 again, or in the SJinie words ; to copy. 
 
 Traii-s<?rib'er, n. One who transcribes ; a copyist. 
 
 Trftn'st'ript, n. [Lat. transcriptum, from transcriptu^, 
 p. p. of tmnsrribere. See supra.] 1. That which has 
 been transcribed ; a written copy. ti. A copy of any 
 kind : an imitation. 
 
 Tran-scrip'tion, n. 1. Act of transcribing or copy- 
 ing. '^. (.I/h.s.) A kind of free translation of a Tocal into 
 a piano-forte or an orchestral work. 
 
 Xrans-ei'e-men-ta'tion, «. [From Lat. trans, over, 
 and '^/#w?fH/M7n, element.] (Ecd.) Transubstantiation. 
 
 TrJln'sept, n. [From Lat. tran^, across, beyond, and 
 septH7n,an inclosure.] {Arch.) Any part of a church that 
 projects at rij;;ht angles to the body (that is, the high 
 central portion of either nave or choir), and is of equal, 
 or nearly equal, height to this; ia a cruciform church, 
 one of the arms of the cross. 
 
 Trans-fer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transferred ; p. pr. 
 & vb. II. transferring.] [Lat. transferre, from trans.^ 
 across, over, and/err^, to bear.] 1. To convey from one 
 place or person to another. 2. To make over the posses- 
 sion or control of. 3. To remove from one substance to 
 another. 
 Sjni. — ToBell; give; alienate; e^range; sequester. 
 
 TrSns'f er, n. 1. Act of transferring, or of being trans- 
 ferred, ti. Conveyance of right, title, or property, either 
 real or personal, from one person to another. 3. That 
 which is transferred. 
 
 Tran.s-fer'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being transferred or 
 conveyed from one place or person to another. 3. Nego- 
 tiable, as a note, bill of exchange, &c. [made. 
 
 Trans'fer-ee', n. The person to whom a transfer is 
 
 Trans'fer-en^e, »i. Act of transferring ; transfer. 
 
 Traus-fdr'ren^e, n. See Transference. 
 
 Trans-f er'rer, n. One who makes a transfer. 
 
 Trans-fer'ri-ble, a. Capable of being transferred ; 
 transferable. See Transferable. 
 
 Trans-fig'u-ra'tion, n. 1. A change of form ; espe- 
 ciallij, the supernatural change in the personal appearance 
 of our Savior on the mount. 2. A feast on the 6th of 
 August, in commemoration of this miraculous change. 
 
 Trans-f ig'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. transfigured ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. TRANSFIGURING.] [Lat. transfgurare, 
 from trnns, across, over, and ^g-wmre, to form, shape, 
 from Jii^iira. form, figure.] 1. To change the outward 
 form or appearance of; to transform. 2. Especially, to 
 change to something very elevated and glorious. 
 
 Trans-fix', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transfixed (trans- 
 flkst') : p. pr. & vb. n. TRANSFIXING.] [Lat. transfigere, 
 transfixiim, from tratis, across, through, and ^^g'frf, to 
 fix, fasten. ] To pierce through , as with a pointed weapon. 
 
 Trans-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transformed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TRANSFORMING.] [Lat. transformare. from 
 trans, across, over,&nA/ormn7f, to form.] 1. To change 
 the form of; to metamorphose. 2. To change into 
 another substance; to tran.smute. 3. (Theol.) To 
 change the disposition and temper of, from a state of 
 enmity to fiod and his law into a disposition and temper 
 conformed to the will of God. 4. { Math.) To change into 
 another form without altering the value, or changing the 
 area or volume. 
 
 TrSns'f or-ma'tion, n. Act of transforming, or state 
 of l^ing transformed ; change of form or condition ; met- 
 aniory>hosis ; transmutation. 
 
 Trans-form'ing, p. a. Effecting, or able to effect, a 
 change of form or state. 
 
 Trans-fuge', v. t. [imp. &, p. p. transfused; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. transfusing.] [Lat. transfunrJnf, trnns- 
 fusum, from trans, over, across, and fvndert, to pour, 
 pour out.] 1. To pour, as liquor, out of one vessel into 
 another. 2. (Med.) To transfer, a.s blood, from the 
 veins or arteries of one animal to those of another. 3. 
 To cause to pass from one to another. 
 
 Trans-fu§'i-ble, a. Capable of being transfused. 
 
 Trans-fu'gion, n. 1. Act of transfusing, or pouring, as 
 liquor, out of one vessel into another. 2. {Med.) Act of 
 tranaferring the blood of one animal into the vascular sys- 
 tem of another by means of a tube. 
 
 Trans-grSss', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transgressed 
 (108); p. pr. So vb. n. transgressi.ng.] [I^t. trans- 
 gredi, travsgressus, from trans, across, and gradi, to pa&s, 
 walk.] To overpass, as any rule prescribed as the limit 
 of duty ; to break or violate, as a law, civil or moral. 
 
 Trans-gr6ss', v. i. To offend by violating a law ; to sin. 
 
 Trans-grjgs'sion (-gresh'un), n. 1. Act of transgress- 
 ing ; violation of a law or known principle of rectitude. 
 2. Fault ; offense. 
 
 Syn. — Crime ; infringement ; misdemeanor ; misdeed ; 
 aft'ront. 
 
 Trans-grCsslve, a. Disposed to transgress; faulty; 
 culpable. 
 
 Trans-grr6ss'or, n. One who breaks a law or violates a 
 command ; a sinner. 
 
 Tran-sWp', v. t. See Transship. 
 
 Trftn'sient (-shent), a. [Lat. transiens, p. pr. of transire, 
 to go or pass over, from trans, across, over, and ire. to 
 go.] 1, Passing, as it were, over or across a space or 
 scene viewed, and then disappearing ; hence, of short 
 duration ; not permanent or stationary. 2. Hasty ; 
 momentary ; imperfect. 
 
 Syn. — Transitory i fleeting; evanescent. 
 
 Tran'sient-ly (-shent-), adv. In a transient manner; 
 in passage ; for a short time. 
 
 Tr Jin'sient-ness (-shent-), n. State of being transient ; 
 speedy passage. 
 
 Tran-sil'i-en^e, | n. [Lat. trnnsiliens, p. pr. of tran- 
 
 Tran-sil'i-en-^y, ) si lire, to leap across or over, from 
 trans, across, over, and salire, to leap.] A leap across or ■ 
 from thing to thing. 
 
 TrSn'sit. n. [Lat. transitus, from transire, to go over. 
 See Transient.] 1. Act of passing ; passage through 
 or over. 2. Act^r process of causing to pa.^^s ; convey- 
 ance. 3. A line of passage or couve.Aance through a 
 country. 4, {Astron.) (a.) The-pa.^sage of a heavenly 
 body over the meridian of a place, or through the field 
 of a telescope, {b.) The passage of a .•^mailer body across 
 the disk of a larger, (r.) A tran.sit-instrument. 
 
 Tran'.sit-in'stru-nient, n. A kind of telc-^^cope, used 
 in connection with a clock for observing the time of 
 transit of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place. 
 
 Tran-.si'tion (tran-slzh'un or tran-zlsh'un, 109). n. 
 [Lat. transitio. See supra.] 1, Passa,i:e from one place 
 or state to another; change. 2. {Mvs.) A passing di- 
 rectly from one key to another. 3. {Rktt.) A passing 
 from one subject to another. 
 
 Tran-.ssi'tion-al ( -sTzh'un- or -zTsh'un-), a. Containing, 
 involving, or denoting tran.«ition. 
 
 Tran'.si-tive, a. [Lat. transitivus.] Effected by trans- 
 ference of signification. 
 
 Transitive verb {Gram.), a verb which is or may be followed 
 by an object. 
 
 Tr&n'si tive-ly, adv. In a transitive manner. 
 
 TrSn'si-to ri-ly, adv. In a transitory manner ; of short 
 continuance. 
 
 Tran'si-to-ri-ness, n. The state of being transitory ; 
 speedy departure or evanescence. 
 
 Tr&n's;i-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. transitorius. See supra.] 
 Continuing only for a short time ; speedily vanishing or 
 ceasing to be. 
 
 Syn. — Transient ; fleeting ; evanescent ; short-lived. Se« 
 Flekting. 
 
 Trans-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. translated ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. translating.] [Lat. transfnre, translatum. 
 See Transfer.] 1. To remove from one place to an- 
 other. 2. To cause to remove from one part of the body 
 to another. 3. To change to another condition , position, 
 office, or form ; to transform : hence, to remove as by 
 death. 4. To render into another language; to inter- 
 pret ; hence, to explain or recapitulate in other words. 
 
 Trans-Ia'tion, n. 1. Act of translating, removing, or 
 transferring; removal. 2. State of being translated or 
 removed. 3. Act of rendering iuro another language ; 
 interpretation. 4. That which is translated ; aversion. 
 5. {Mech.) Motion in which all the points of the moving 
 body have the same velocity or move in parallel straight 
 lines. 
 
 Trans-lat'or, n. One who tran.slates. 
 
 Trans-ITt/er-af e. v. t. [Lat. trans, across, and Utera, a 
 letter, literate, literally.] To express by means of diffier- 
 ent, and u.sually simpler, alphabetic characters. 
 
 Trans'lo-ea'fion, n. [Lat. trans^ acro.«s, and Incatio, a 
 placing.] Removal of things reciprocally to each other'* 
 places. 
 
 Trans-lu'^en^e, \n. State of being tran.<!lucent; clear- 
 
 Trans-lu'fen-^y, ) ne.s8 ; partial transparency. 
 
 a, e,&c., long; Sl,6, Sec, short; c4re,far,as]£,all,-wliat; £re, veil, term; p'ique.furm; s6n,dr, dQ.w^l^ 
 
TRANSLUCENT 
 
 763 
 
 TRANSVERSE 
 
 Trans-lii'cent, a. [Lat. translucens, p. pr. of translu- \ 
 cere, to shine through, from trans, across, through, and ' 
 lucere, to shine.] 1. Traiisniirting rays of light without 
 permitting objects to be distinctly seen ; pellucid. i2. , 
 clear. 
 
 Syn.— Transparent.— A thins is transhicent when it merely 
 admite the pissu^'e of light without enabling us to distinguish I 
 objects through it : it is trumiKuent wlien we can clearly dis- 
 cern obiects |)l;iced on the other side of it. Glass, water, ic, 
 are tiahspannt ; ground glass, horn, &c., are translucent. 
 
 Trans'mn-rine' {-reen'), a. [Lat. transmarivii^, from 
 trans, across, beyond, and marinas, marine, from mare, 
 the sea.] Lying or being beyond the sea. 
 
 Trftns'mi-gTant, a. (Lat. transmi^rans,j>. pr. of trnns- 
 migrare. See TRANSMIGRATE.] Migrating or passing 
 from one place or state to another. 
 
 Trans'mi-grate, v. i. [ivip. kp.p. transmigrated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. TRANS.MTGRATtNG.] [Lat. transrniscrare, 
 transmigratum, from trans, across, and migrare, to mi- 
 grate.] 1. To pass from one country or jurisdiction to 
 another for the purpose of residence ; to migrate. ^. To 
 pass from one body or state into another. 
 
 Trans'mi-gra'tioii, 7J. 1. Act of transmigrating. S. 
 Especial'i/, the passing of the soul into another body. 
 
 Trftns'mi-gra'tor, ?i. One who transmigrates. 
 
 Trans-mis'si-ble, a. Capable of being transmitted or 
 passed from one to another ; capable of being passed 
 through any substance. 
 
 Traiis-mis'sion (-mlsh'un), n. 1. Act of transmitting, 
 or state of being transmitted. 2. (Laiv.) The right pos- 
 ses-sed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his .succes- 
 sor or successors any inheritance, legacy, right, or priv- 
 ilege, to which he is entitled. 
 
 Trans-mis'sive, a. Capable of being transmitted. 
 
 Trans-mit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transmitted ; p.pr. 
 & vb. n. TRANSMITTING.] [Lat. transmittere, from 
 trans, across, over, and mittere, to send.] 1. To cause to 
 pass over or through : to send from one person or place 
 to another. 3. To suffer to pass through. 
 
 Trans-mit'ter, n. One who transmits. 
 
 Tran.s-mit'ti-ble, a. Capable of being transmitted; 
 transmissible. 
 
 Trans- mut'a-ble, a. Capable of being transmuted or 
 changed into a different substance. 
 
 Trans-mut'a-bly, adv. In a transmutable manner. 
 
 Traiis'inu-ta'tioii, n. 1. Act of transmuting, or state 
 of being transmuted. 2. ( Geom.) Change or reduction 
 of one figure or bodv into another of the same area or 
 solidity, but of a different form. 
 
 Trans-mute', v. t. [iynp. & p. p. TRANSMUTED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TRANSMUTING.] [Lat. transmiUare, fr. trans, 
 across, and m-itare, to change.] To change from one nat- 
 ure, form, or substance, into another ; to transform. 
 
 Trans-miit'er, n. One who transmutes. 
 
 TrS,n's6m, n. [From Lat. trans, across, 
 and siimere, suniptum, to take. Cf. 
 Lat. transenna, a rope, noose, springe, 
 L. Lat , a lattice, \vindow.] 1. (Arch.) 
 (a.) A horizontal mullion or cross-bar 
 in a window, (b.) A. Untel over a door. 
 "Z. (Naut.) A beam or timber across «,„,«. Transoms, 
 the stern-po>t of a ship. 3. {Gun.) 
 The piece of wood or iron connecting the cheeks of some 
 gun-carriages. 
 
 Transom-uindow (Arch.), a window divided into two parts 
 by a transom. 
 
 Trans-p^r'en-^y, n. 1. Quality or condition of being 
 transparent. 2. That which is transparent ; especialti/, 
 a picture on thin cloth, glass, porcelain, or the like, to be 
 viewed by natural or artificial light, which shines through 
 it. 
 Syn. — Clearness; translucency ; diaphaneity. 
 
 Trans-par'ent, n. [L. Lat. trnnsparens, p. pr. of trans- 
 parere. to be transparent, fr. Latin trans, across, through, 
 audparerp, to appear.] Having the property of transmit- 
 ting rays of light, so that bodies can be distinctly seen 
 through. 
 
 Syn.— Translucent; pellucid: clear; bright; limpid; lucid; 
 diaphanous. See Translucent. 
 
 . Trans-par'ent -ly, adv. In a transparent manner; 
 clearly. 
 
 Trans-par'ent-ness, n. The quality of being trans- 
 parent : transparency. 
 
 Tran-spie'u-oiis, a. [From Lat. transpicere, to see or 
 look through, from trans, through, and specere, spicere, 
 to look, see.] Transparent; pervious to the sight. 
 
 Trans-pierce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transpierced 
 
 (perst') \ p. pr. &, vb. n. TRANSPIERCING.] To pierce 
 through ; to penetrate ; to permeate. 
 
 TrJlns'pl-ra'tion, n. Cutaneous exhalation. 
 
 Trans-pire', v- t. [imp. & p. p. transpired ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TRANSPIRING.] [From Lat. trans, acro.ss, 
 through, and spirare, to breathe.] To emit through the 
 excretories of the skin ; to send off in viipor. 
 
 Trans-pire', v. i. 1. To pass off in insensible perspira- 
 tion 'Z. To escape from secrecy ; to become public. 3. 
 To happen or come to pass. 
 
 C@~This sense of the word, which is of recent introduction, 
 is ooniinon in the United States, especially in the language of 
 conversation and of newspaper writers, and is used, to some 
 extent, in England. Its use, however, is censured by critics of 
 both countries. 
 
 Trans-pla^e', v. t. To remove : to put in a new place. 
 Trans-plftnt', I', t. [imp. & p. p. transplanted: 
 p.pr. &. vb. n. TRANSPLANTING.] 1. To remove and 
 plant in another place. 5i. To remove and settle or es- 
 tiiblish for residence in another place. 
 Trans'plan-ta'tion, n. State of being transplanted. 
 Trans-piant'er, n. One who transplants. 
 Trans-port', v. t. [imp. & p. p. TRANSPORTED : p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TRANSPORTING.] [Lat. transportare, fr. trans, 
 across, and portare, to carry.] 1. To carry or convey 
 from one place to another ; to remove. 2. To carry into 
 banishment, as a criminal. 3. To carry away with tc- 
 hement emotion ; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy. 
 Tra,ns'port, n. 1. Transportation: carriage; convey- 
 ance. 2. A ship or vessel employed for transporting, 
 especially for carrying soldiers, warlike stores, &c., from 
 one place to another, or to conve.v convicts to the place 
 of their destination. 3. Vehement emotion ; passion ; 
 ecstasy ; rapture. 4, A convict transported or sen- 
 tenced to exile. 
 Trans-port'a-ble, a. Capable of being transported. 
 Trans'por-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of transporting from 
 one place to another ; removal ; conveyance. 2. State 
 of being transported. [if transported. 
 
 Trans-port'ed-ly, adv. In a transported manner ; as 
 Trans-port'er, n. One who transports or removes. 
 Trans-port'ing, p. a. Carrying away with vehement 
 emotion ; passionate ; ecstatic. [transposed. 
 
 Trans-pog'al, n. Act of transposing, or state of being 
 Trans-po§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. transposed: p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TRANSPOSING.] [Lat. transponere , transposi- 
 tum, fr. trans, across, and ponere, to put, place.] 1. To 
 change the place or order of; to substitute one for the 
 other of. 2. (Alg.) To bring, as any term of an equa- 
 tion, from one side over to the other, without destroying 
 the equation. 3. [Mas.) To change the key of. 
 Trans'po-§i'tion (-zTsh'un), n. Act of transposing, or 
 state of being transposed; especially, (a.) (Alg.) The 
 bringing of any term of an equation from one side over 
 to the other, without destroying theequation. (6.) (Mus. ) 
 A change in the composition, by which the whole is re- 
 moved into another ke\-. 
 Trans'po-§i'tion-al (-zish'im-al), a. Of, pertaining to. 
 or involving, transposition. [conveyance to another. 
 
 Trans-sliip', v. t. To transfer from one ship or other 
 Trans-sliip'ment, n. Act of transshipping, or trans- 
 ferring, as goods, from one ship or other conveyance to 
 another. 
 Tran'sub-stan'ti-ate (-stSn'shT-at, 91), v. t. [Lov 
 Lat. transubstantiare, transubstantiatum , fr. Lat. trai^f. 
 across, over, and substantia, substance.] (Ro}n. Cath 
 Theol.) To change, as the sacramental bread and wine, 
 into the flesh and blood of Christ. 
 Tran'sub-stan'ti-a'tion (-stSn'shi-), 7?. 1. A change 
 into another substance. 2. (Rom. Cath. Theol.) The 
 doctrine that the bread and wine in the eucharist is con- 
 verted into the body and blood of Christ. 
 Tran'su-da'tion, w. The act or process of transuding; 
 
 — { Ckem.) the same as ExoSMOSE, q. v. 
 Tran-sude', v. i. [imp. k p. p. transuded : p. pr. & 
 vb. n TRANSUDING.] [From Lat. ^mns, across, through, 
 and siidare, to sweat.] To pass through the pores or in- 
 terstices of texture, as perspirable matter or other fluid. 
 Trans-ve-e'tion, n. [Lat. transvectio. from transvehere, 
 to carry across, from pref. trans, across, over, and vehere, 
 to carry.] Act of conveying or carrying over. 
 Trans-ver'sal, a. Running or lying across. 
 Trans-ver'sal, n. (Geom.) A straight or curved line 
 
 which intersects any system of other lines. 
 Trans-verse', a. [Lat. transversns, p. p. of transvertere, 
 to turn or direct across, fr. prefix trans, across, and ver- 
 tere, to turn.] Lying or being across, or in a cross^vise 
 direction. 
 
 food, frfbt ; tiirn, rude, pull ; jell, (liaise, call, eelio ; gem, get ; as ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tills- 
 
TRANSVERSE 
 
 764 
 
 TREAD 
 
 Trftns'verse, n. ( Gfotn.) The longer axis of an ellipse. 
 
 Trans-versf'ly, a/iv. In a transverse manner. 
 
 Trftp, n. [.\.-S' irrppt, trnppe, 0. U. Ger. irapo, L. Lat. 
 trappa.] 1. A contrivance that shut^ suddenly or with 
 a spring, used for taking puiie. "2. An ambush ; a strat- 
 agem. 3. A wooden iustrumeut shaped somewhat like 
 a shoe, used in the game of trap ball. 4. A drain-pipe 
 for sinks, siphons, and the like 5. pi. [See Trap- 
 pings, and Trap, 3.] Small or portable articles for 
 dre.'?s, furniture, or use ; goods ; furniture. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Trftp, n. [Sw. trapp, fr. trappa, Dan. trappe, Grer. treppe, 
 stairs, because the rocks of this class often occur in large, 
 tabular masses, rising above one another, like steps.] 
 (Min.) A heavy, igneous rock, of a greenish-black or 
 grayish color, consisting of an intimate mixture of feld- 
 spar and hornblende or pyroxene. 
 
 Trftp. V. t. [imp. & p. p. TRAPPED (trSpt) \ p.pr. &, vb. 
 n. TRAPPING.] 1. To catch in a trap. 2. Toinsnare; 
 to take by stratagem. 3. To adorn. [Rare.] 
 
 Tra-p&n', v. t. [i}np. & p. p. TRAP ANNE D ; p. pr. &, 
 cb. n. TRAPANNING.] To Insnare ; to catch by strat- 
 agem. 
 
 Tra-pSn', n. [Fr. trappe, a trap, and pan, a piece of 
 string, noose. See TRAP, and cf. Trepan.] A stiare ; 
 a stratagem. 
 
 Tra-pan'iier, n. One who trapans or insnares. 
 
 Trftp'-door, n . A door, as in. a floor or roof, which shuts 
 close, like a Talve. 
 
 Tra-peze', n. A trapezium. . 
 
 Tra-pe'zi-iim, n.; Eng. pi. TRA-PE'ZI- ^^\ 
 Cm§ ; Lat. pi. TRA-PE'zi-A. [N. Lat., fr. .^ \ 
 
 Gr. TpaTTc'^ioi', a Uttle table, an irregular ^^v^^^^^^ 
 four-sided figure, diminutive of rpdwe^a, Trap^^i^ 
 a table.] ( Geojw.) A plane figure contained 
 under four right lines, of which no two are parallel. 
 
 Trap'e-zoid, n. [Gr. Tpa-n-e^oeiSri? , fr. rpd- V ~~7 
 
 ire^a, Tpane^iov, and eiSos, shape, likeness.] \ / 
 
 {Geom.) A plane, four-sided figure, haying ^ ' 
 
 two of the opposite sides parallel to each Trapezoid, 
 other. 
 
 TrSp'per, n. One who sets traps to catch animals, usu- 
 ally for furs. 
 
 Trap'pimgg, n. pi. [From trap, v. t., 3.] 1. That which 
 serves to trap or adorn ; ornaments ; external decora- j 
 tions. 2. Especially, ornaments put on horses. j 
 
 Tr&sli, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. trdsch, trust, grounds, husk of ' 
 grapes, trasch, that which is thrashed. See Thrash.] i 
 1. That which is worthless ; stuff which is good for ! 
 nothing, ii. Especially, loppings of trees, bruised canes, ' 
 and the like. 
 
 TrSsli'y, a. [compar. trashier-, superl. TRASHIEST.] 
 Like trash ; waste ; rejected ; worthless : useless. 
 
 TrS.ss, n. [Ger. trass, tarrass, prob. alUed to Fr. terrasse, 
 earth- work, from terre, Lat. terra, earth.] (Min.) A vol- 
 canic earth resembling puzzolana, used as a cement ; or 
 a coarse sort of mortar, durable in water, and used to 
 line cisterns, &c. 
 
 Trau-iii&t'i-e, a. [Gr. Tpav/xaTi»c6s,fr. rpaviut, rpav/xaro?, 
 a'wound.] {Med.) (a.) Pertaining, or applied to, wounds. 
 (6.) Adapted to the cure of wounds ; vulnerary, (c.) Pro- 
 duced bj- wounds. 
 
 Trau-tn.Jlt'i€, n. {Med.) A medicine useful in the cure j 
 of wounds. ' 
 
 Tr&v'ail (42), v. i. [imp. & p.p. travailed; p.jrr. 
 & vb. n. travailing.] [Fr. travailler, to labor, to toil, I 
 to torment, to dbstract ; Pg. trabalhar. It. travagliare, fr. 
 Pg. travar, to stop, check, from Lat. trabs, a beam.] 1. 
 To labor with pain ; to toil. 5J. To suffer the pangs of ; 
 childbirth. [turition. , 
 
 Trav'ail, n. 1. Labor with pain : severe toil. 3. Par- i 
 
 Trav'el, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TRAVELED ■. p.pr. 8c vb. n. ! 
 traveling.] [A different orthography and application 
 of travail.] 1. To go or march on foot^ to walk. ti. To ' 
 pass by riding, or in any manner, to a distant place ; to ; 
 journey. 3. To pass : to go : to move. 
 
 Triv'el, V. t. To journey over : to pass. 
 
 TrSv'el, n. 1. Act of traveling from place to place : a 
 journey, ti, pi. An account, by one who travels, of oc- 
 currences and oVjservations made during a journey. 
 
 Tr&-v'elf'A, p. a. 1. Gained or made by travel. 3. Hav- 
 ing gained knowledge or experience by traveling; hence, 
 knowing. 
 
 TrSv'el-er, n. 1. One who travels in any way. 2. Spe- 
 cifiraUy, a, commercial agent who travels for the purpose 
 of receiving orders for merchants, making collections, &c. 
 3. ( Naut. ) An iron ring made to travel on a rope or boom. 
 
 TrSv'erH-a-ble, a. Capable of being traversed ordenied. 
 
 Triv'erse, a. [It. trasverso, Lat. transversus, p. p. of 
 
 transvertere, to turn or direct across, fr. trans, across, and 
 vertere, to turn.] Lying across; being in a direction 
 across something else. 
 
 Trftv'erse, n. Any thing that traverses or crosses ; espe- 
 cially, (a.) Something that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs. 
 (6.) A barrier, movable screen, or curtain, (c.) (Arch.) 
 A gallery or loft of communication in a church or other 
 large building, (d.) (Fort.) A work thrown up to intercept 
 an enfilade, or reverse fire, along any line of work or pas- 
 sage exposed to such a fire, (e.) (Laiv.) A formal denial 
 of some matter of fact alleged by the opposite party in 
 any stage of the pleadings. (/.) (Naut.) The series of 
 zigzag courses made by a ship in passing from one place 
 to another, (g.) ( Geom.) A line lying across a figure or 
 other lines, (h.) (Gun.) The turning a gun so as to 
 make it point in any desired direction. 
 Traverse jury (Law), a jury that tries cases; a petit jury. 
 
 Trav'erse, v. t. [imp. &, p.p. traversed (trav'erst); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. traversing.] 1. To lay in a cross 
 direction; to cross, ti. To thwart ; to obstruct. 3. To 
 wander over; to cross in traveling. 4. To pass over 
 and view. 5. ( Gun.) To turn to the one side or the 
 other, in order to point in any direction. 6. ( Carp.) To 
 plane in a direction across the grain of the wood. 7. 
 (Laio Pleadings.) To deny formally, as, what the oppo- 
 site party has alleged. 
 To traverse a yard (Naut.), to brace it aft. 
 
 Trav'erse, v. i. 1. To use the posture or motions of 
 opposition or counteraction, as in fencing. 2. To turn, 
 as on a pivot ; to swivel. 
 
 Tra.v'ers-er, n. 1. One who, or that which, traverses 
 or moves, as an index on a scale. 2. (Law.) One who 
 traverses or denies. 3. (Railways.) A platform for shift- 
 ing cars, &c., from one track to another. 
 
 Trav'erse-sairimg, n. (Naut.) The method of finding 
 the resulting course and distance from a series of different 
 shorter courses and distances actually passed over by a 
 ship. 
 
 Trav'er-tine, n. [Fr. travertin, Lat. lapis Ttburtinus, 
 from Tibur, an ancient town of Latium, now Tivoli-] 
 (Min.) A white concretionary limestone, deposited from 
 water, holding lime in solution. 
 
 Trav'es-ty, n. [Fr. travestir, to disguise, to travesty, fr. 
 Lat. tra, trans, sl-ctoss, over, and restire, to dress, clothe.] 
 A burlesque translation or imitation of a work ; a parody. 
 
 Trav'es-ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. travestied ; p. pr. k 
 vb. n. travestying.] To translate or parody so as to 
 render ridiculous or ludicrous. 
 
 Tra'tvl, n. 1. A trawl-net. 2. A long line, sometimes 
 extending a mile or more, having short lines with baited 
 hooks attached to it, used for catching certain fish. 
 
 Tratvl, V. i. To take fish with a trawl. 
 
 Trawl'er, n. [Cf. Trail.] One who, or that which, 
 trawls. 
 
 Tra'vvl'-iigt, n. A kind of drag-net for catching fish that 
 live near the bottom of the water. 
 
 Tray, n. [The same as trough, differently written] 1. A 
 small trough or wooden vessel, for various domestic uses. 
 2. A waiter or salver. 
 
 Treacli'er-ous, a. Like a traitor ; involving treachery ; 
 
 traitorous to the state or sovereign ; betraying a trust. 
 
 Syn. — Faithless ; perfidious ; false ; insidious ; plotting. 
 
 Treach.'er-ou<i-ly, adv. In a treacherous manner; 
 faithlessly ; perfidiously. 
 
 Treacli'er-oiis-ness, n. Quality or state of being 
 treacherous ; faithlessness ; perfidiousness. 
 
 Treacli'er-y , n. [Fr. tricherie, a cheating, trickery, fitim 
 tricher, to cheat, to trick. See TRICK.] Violation of alle- 
 giance, or of faith and confidence ; treasonable or perfid- 
 ious conduct. 
 
 Trea'«Ie (tre'kl), n. [0. Fr. triarle, N. Fr. theriaque, 
 Lat. theriaca, Gr. OrfpioKov (sc. <f>a.pp.aKov), an antidote 
 against the bite of poisonous animals, from &r}piov, a 
 beast, a wild beast.] 1. A medicinal compound former- 
 ly used as a preventive of, or cure for, the effects of poi.*on 
 or the bites of venomous animals. 2. A viscid, uncrys- 
 tallizable sirup, which drains from the sugar-refiner's 
 molds. The word is often used for molasses. 
 
 Tr6ad, v. i. [imp. trod: p.p. TROD, trodden: p. 
 pr. & vb. n. treading.] [A.-S. tredan, Icel. irodha, 
 Goth, trudan allied to Lat. trudere, to thrust, shove for- 
 ward.] 1. To seethe foot. 2. To walk or go. 3. To 
 copulate, as birds. 
 
 To tread on or upon, to follow closely. — To tread upon the 
 heels of, to follow close upon. 
 
 Tr6ad, v. t. 1. To step or walk on. 2. To beat or 
 press with the feet. 3. To crush under the foot ; to 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c., short ; c&re, far, ask, all, ^Brbat ; 6re, veil, term ; piique, firm ; sdn, dr. do, woLt 
 
TREAD 
 
 765 
 
 TRENCH 
 
 trample. 4. To copulate with; to feather; to cover; 
 — said of the male bird. 
 
 Tr6ad, «■ 1. A step or stepping. 3, Act of copulation 
 in birds. 3. Manner of stepping ; gait. 4. (Arch.) 
 Horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is placed. 
 5« (Fort.) Top of the banquet on which soldiers stand 
 to fire. 6. (Mach.)(a.) The part of a wheel that bears 
 upon the road or rail. (6.) The part of a rail upon which 
 car-wheels bear. 
 
 TrSad'er, n. One who treads. 
 
 Tr6ad'le ttred'l), n. The part of a loom, or other ma- 
 chine, which is moved by the foot. 
 
 l^rfiad'-mill, n. A mill worked by persons treading 
 on steps upon the periphery of a wide horizontal wheel. 
 It is used chiefly as a means of prison discipline. 
 
 Trea'gon (tre'zn), n. [0. Fr. trdison, trauson, Lat. tra- 
 ditio, from. Fr. trakir, 0. Fr. tra'ir, Pr. trahir., tra'ir, Lat. 
 tradere, to give up, surrender, betray.] The offense of 
 attempting to overthrow or betray the government of the 
 state to which the offender owes allegiance ; disloyalty ; 
 treachery. 
 
 B@~ In England, t& imagine or compass the death of the 
 king, or of the prince, or or the queen consort, or of the heir 
 apparent of the crown, is high treason, as are many other of- 
 fenses created by statute. In the United States, treason is con- 
 fined to tlie actual levying of war against the United States, or 
 in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 
 Trea'§on-a-ble (tre^zn-a-bl), a. Pertaining to, or con- 
 sisting of, treason ; involving the crime of treason, or 
 partaking of its guilt. 
 Syn. — Treacherous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; insidious. 
 
 Trea'gon-a-lble-ness (tre^'zn-a-bl-) «. State or quality 
 of being treasonable. 
 
 Trgag'ure (trezh'ijr), n. [Lat. thesaurus, Gr. Orjo-avpog, 
 a store laid up, treasure, from Be, the root of riBivai, to 
 put, place.] 1. Wealth accumulated ; especially, a stock 
 or store of money in reserve. 3, A great quantity of 
 any thing collected for future use. 3, That which is 
 very much valued. 
 
 Treag'ure (trezh'ijr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. treasured ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. TREASURING.] To collect and lay up, 
 as money or other things, for future use ; to hoard. 
 
 Trea§'ur-er (trezh'ijr-er), n. One who has the care of 
 a treasure or treasury ; one who has charge of collected 
 funds. 
 
 Treag'ure-trove (trezh'ijr-), n. [From treasure, and 
 trove, trouve, p. p. of 0. Fr. trover, N. Fr. trouver, to find.] 
 Any money, buUion, &c., found hidden, the owner of 
 which is not known. 
 
 Treag'ur-y (trezh'ijr-y), n. 1. A place or building in 
 which stores of wealth are reposited ; especially, a place 
 where pubhc revenues are deposited and kept ; hence, 
 also, the place of deposit and disbursement of any col- 
 lected funds. 2. i^5/7ec<a%, that department of a govern- 
 ment which has charge of the finances. 3. A repository 
 of abundance. 
 
 Treat, v. t. [imp. & p.p. treated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TREATING-.] [Fr. trailer, fr. Lat. tractare, to draw vio- 
 lently, to handle, manage, treat, intens. form of trahere, 
 tractum, to draw.] 1. To manage ; to use. 3. To 
 handle in a particular manner, in writing or speaking. 
 3. To entertain with food or drink, especially the latter, 
 as a compliment or expression of regard. 4, To manage 
 in the application of remedies. 5. To subject to the 
 action of. 
 
 Treat, v. i. 1. To discourse ; to handle a subject in 
 writing or speaking, ii. To come to terms of accommo- 
 dation. 3. To give an entertainment of food or drink, 
 especially the latter. 
 
 Treat, n. 1. An entertainment given as an expression of 
 regard. 2. Something given for entertainment ; some- 
 thing which affords much pleasure. 
 
 Treat'er, n. One who treats ; one who entertains. 
 
 Trea'tise, n. A written composition on a particular sub- 
 ject, in which the principles of it are discussed or ex- 
 plained. 
 
 Treat'ment, n. 1. Manner in which a subject is treat- 
 ed ; manner of mixing or combining, of decomposing, &c. 
 3. Manner of using ; behavior toward a person; usage. 
 3. Mannerof applying remedies to cure. 4. Manner of 
 applying remedies to. 
 
 Trea'ty, n. [Fr. traitc, Lat. tractatus. See Treat.] 1. 
 Act of treating for the adjustment of differences : negoti- 
 ation. 3. A formal agreement, league, or contract be- 
 tween two or more independent nations or sovereigns. 
 
 Tri51b'le (treb'l), a. [0. Fr. ; N. Fr. triple. See Triple.] 
 1. Threefold; triple. 3. (Mim.) (a.) Acute ; sharp. (6.) 
 Playing or singing the highest part or most acute sounds. 
 
 Trfib'le (trgb'l), n. (Mus.) Highest of the four principal 
 parts in music ; the part usually sung by women ; so- 
 prano. 
 
 B3~ This is sometimes called the^r.-!* treble, to distinguish it 
 from the second treble, or alto, which is sung by lower female 
 voices. 
 
 Trfib'le (treb'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. TREBLED; p. 
 pr. & vb. 71. TREBLING.] To make thrice as much ; to 
 make threefold. 
 
 Trgb'le (trgb'l), v.i. To become threefold. 
 
 Trgb'ly, adv. With a threefold number or quantity. 
 
 Treb'u-^bet, I n. [Fr. trebuchet, a gin, trap, 0. Fr. 
 
 Tre'buck-et, ) trebuquet, trabuchet, an engine of war 
 for hurling stones.] 1. A cucking-stool ; a tumbrel, ti. 
 A kind of trap. 3. A machine used in the Middle Ages 
 for throwing stones, &c. 
 
 Tree, n. [A.-S. treoio, tred, tre, Icel. tre, Goth. triu. al- 
 lied to Gr. Spus, Slav, drews, Skr. taru.] 1. (Bot.) A 
 plant which is woody, branched, and perennial, like a 
 shrub, but of larger size, generally exceeding ten feet 
 in height, and of a single stock instead of a cluster. 3. 
 Something constructed in the form of, or considered a« 
 resembling, a tree. 3. A piece of timber, or something 
 usually made of timber ; — used in composition. 4. A 
 cross. [Obs.] 
 
 Tree of a saddle, the frame of it. 
 
 Tree, v. t. [imp. & p. p. TREED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TREEING.] 1, To drive to a tree ; to cause to ascend a 
 tree. 2. To place upon a tree ; to fit with a tree ; to 
 stretch upon a tree. 
 
 Tree'-f rog, n. ( Zo'61. ) A frog having the extremities of 
 its toes expanded into rounded, viscous surfaces, by 
 means of which it climbs trees. 
 
 Tree'iiail (commonly pronounced tTVin'nel), n. [From 
 tree and nail.] (Naut.) A long, wooden pin, used in fas- 
 tening the planks of a ship to the timbers. 
 
 Tree'-toad, n. The same as Tree-frog, q. v. 
 
 Tre'foil, «. [Lat. trifoliu7n, fr. 
 tres, tria, three, and folium, a 
 leaf.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of 
 many species, of the genus Tri- 
 folium., which includes the t f -i 
 
 white clover, red clover, &c. iretoUs. 
 
 2. (Arch.) An ornament of three cusps in a circle, re- 
 sembling three-leaved clover. 
 
 Trgil'lage, n. [Fr. treillage, from treillis, trellis. See 
 infra.] (Hort.) A sort of rail-work, for supporting es- 
 paliers, and sometimes for wall- trees. 
 
 Trel'lis, n. [Fr. treillis, from treille, fi-om Lat. trichila,& 
 bower, arbor, summer-house.] A frame of cross-barred 
 work or lattice-work, used for various purposes. 
 
 Trel'lised (-list), a. Having a trellis or treUises. 
 
 Trenti'ble (trem'bl), v. i. [imp. & p.p. trembled; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. TREMBLING.] [From Lat. tremulus, 
 trembhng, tremulous, ft-om tremere, to shake, tremble.] 
 1. To shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weak- 
 ness ; to quake ; to quiver ; to shiver ; to shudder. 2. 
 To totter ; to shake ; — said of a thing. 3. To quaver; 
 to shake, as sound. 
 
 Trem'ble, n. An involuntary shaking or quivering. 
 
 Trem'bler, n. One who trembles. 
 
 Tre-itien'doiis, a. [Lat. Jretnendus, that is, to be trem- 
 bled at, fearful, fr. tremere, to tremble.] Fitted to excite 
 fear or terror ; such as may astonish or terrify by its 
 magnitude, force, or violence. 
 
 Syn. — Terrible ; dreadful ; frightful ; terrific ; horrible ; 
 awful. 
 
 Tre-men'doiis-ly, adv. In a tremendous manner. 
 
 Tre-meii'dous-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 tremendous, teri-ible, or violent. 
 
 Trem'o-Iite (49), n. [From Tremola, a valley in the 
 Alps, where it was discovered.] (Min.) A white variety 
 of hornblende. 
 
 Tre'mor, or Trem'or, n. [Lat., fr. trem.ere, to tremble.] 
 An involuntary trembling ; a shivering or shaking ; a 
 quivering or vibratory motion. 
 
 Tr6m'ix-lou.s, a. [Lat. tremulus, from tremere, to trem- 
 ble.] Shaking; shivering; quivering. 
 
 Trem'u.-lous-Iy, adv. In a tremulous manner. 
 
 Trem'tt-Ioiis-iiess, n. State of being tremulous or 
 quivering. 
 
 Trench (66), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. trenched (trencht); 
 p.pr. &, vb. n. TRENCHING.] [Prob. from Lat. trun- 
 care, to cut off, to truncate.] To cut or dig, as a ditch, a 
 channel for water, or a long hollow in the earth. 
 
 Trench, v. i. To encroach. See Intrench. 
 
 Trench, n. 1. A long, narrow cut in the earth ; a ditch. 
 
 food, fdbt ; liru, rude, pull ; fells ^haise, <;ali, e<;ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link. ; this* 
 
TRENCHANT 
 
 766 
 
 TRIBRACH 
 
 2. (Fort.) An excavation made during a siege, for the 
 purjwst'of covoiing the troops as they advauce toward 
 tlie Ivsieged pla«e. 
 
 Trf ncli'aiit, <«. [0. Fr. trenchant, p. pr. of trancher, 
 trfucnrr. St^v snprn.] 1. Fitted to trench or cut; cut- 
 ting: sharp. 2. Unsparing; severe. 
 
 Tr^ncli'er, />. I. One who trenches, or digs ditches. 
 'i. A large wooden plate or platter. 3. The table ; 
 hence, the pleasures of the table : food. 
 
 Trt'iicli'er-inaii, n. : pi. tr£ngh'er-men. A feeder; 
 a givHt eater ; a gormandizer. 
 
 Tr^'iicli'-plo^v. I «. A plow for opening land to a 
 
 Trt^ncli '-plough, I greater depth than that of com- 
 mon furrows. 
 
 Tr^iicli'-plo-vv, ( V. t. To plow with deep furrows, 
 
 TrCncli'-pIoiigh, I for the purpose of loosening the 
 land to a greater depth than usual. 
 
 Trdnd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TRENDED \ p. pr. Sc vb. n. 
 TRENDING.] [Orig. to bend round, from Dan. & Sw. 
 trinJ, round.] To have a particular direction ; to run ; 
 to tend. 
 
 Tr^iid, n. Inclination in a particular direction; ten- 
 dency : direction. 
 
 Tren'dle, n. [A.-S. trendel, tryndel., circle, ring, from 
 Fries., Dan., & Sw. trind, round. See TREND, v. i. and 
 cf. Trundle.] A little wheel ; the hoop of a wheel : a 
 trundle. 
 
 Tr6ii'tal, n. [L. Lat. trentale , from trenta, Lat. triginta, 
 thirty.] 1. An office for the dead in the Roman Catho- 
 lic service, consisting of thirty masses rehearsed for thirty 
 days successively, 'i. A dirge ; an elegy. 
 
 Tre-pSn', n. [L. Lat. trepanitm, fr. Gr. rpvnavov, a borer, 
 auger, from Tpvirav, to bore.] [Surg.) A cylindrical saw 
 for perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a gim- 
 blet. 
 
 Tre-pan', v. t. [imp. & p. p. TREPANNED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. TREPANNING.] To perforate the skull with a 
 trepan, and take out a piece. 
 
 Tre-pan', v. t. [See TRAP AN.] To insnare ; to trap ; to 
 trapan. 
 
 Tre-pan', n. A snare ; a trapan. 
 
 Tre-pan'ner, n. One who trepans. 
 
 Tre-phine', or Tre-ph'ine', n. [Dim. of trepan, q. v.] 
 ( Surg.) An instrument for trepanning, more modern than 
 the trepan. 
 
 Tre-phine', or Tre-phine', v. t. [imp. &.p. p. tre- 
 phined ; p. pr. 8c vb. n. TREPHINING.] To perforate 
 with a trephine ; to trepan. 
 
 Trep'i-da'tion, n. [Lat. trepidatio, from, trepidare, to 
 hurry with alarm, to tremble, fr. trepidiis, trembling.] An 
 involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, 
 but usually caused by terror or fear ; hence, a state of 
 terror. 
 Syn. — Tremor ; agitation ; disturbance ; emotion ; fear. 
 
 TrSs'pass, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trespassed (tres'past) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. TRESPASSING.] [0. Fr. trespasser, trans- 
 passer. Low Lat. transpassare , from trans, across, over, 
 and pas.sare, to pass, from Lat. passus, step.] 1. To pass 
 unlawfully over the boundary line of another's land. 2. 
 To go too far; to intrude. 3. To commit any offense, 
 or to do any act that injures or annoys another ; hence, 
 in a moral sense, to violate any known rule of duty. 
 
 Tr6s'pas.s, n. 1. Any injury or offense done to another. 
 ti. Any voluntary transgression of the moral law ; any 
 violation of a known rule of duty. 3. {Law.) (a.) An 
 unlawful act committed with force and violence on the 
 person, property, or relative rights of another, (b.) An 
 action for injurie<( accompanied with force. 
 
 Syn. — Offense ; breach ; infringement ; transgression ; 
 misaenieanor ; misdeed ; sin. 
 
 Tr6s'pass-er, 71. 1. One who commits a trespass. 2. A 
 transgressor of the moral law ; a sinner. | 
 
 Tr6sK, n. [From Or. rpCx"-, threefold, because a tress is i 
 usually formed by interlacing three pieces.] A braid, j 
 knot, or curl of hair ; a ringlet. 
 
 TrCs'tle (tres'l), n. [From D. firiestal, a tripod, fr. drie, | 
 three, and slal,u. place, stall.] 1. A movable frame or | 
 support for any thing, consisting of three or four legs I 
 secured to a top-piece, and forming a sort of stool or 
 horse ; also, a kind of frame-work of strong posts or piles, ; 
 and cross-beams, for supporting a bridge, &c. 2. The ' 
 frame of a taV>Ie. j 
 
 TreMle-fioord, a board used by architects, draughtsmen, and I 
 the like, for drawing designs upon ; so called because formerly | 
 kupported by trestles. I 
 
 Tret, n. [Norm. Fr. trett, draught, N. Fr. trait, fr. 0. Fr. | 
 traire, Lat. trahere, to draw.] (Com.) An allowance to i 
 
 purchasers for waste or refuse matter, of 4 pounds od 
 every 104 pounds of weight, after tai-e is deducted. 
 
 Trgv'et, n. [From Lat. tripes, tripedis, having three 
 feet, from tres, tria, three, and pes, pedis, a foot.l A 
 stool or other thing supported by three legs. 
 
 Trey (tra ), n. [0. Fr. trei, troi, trois. Lat. tres, tria, three.^ 
 A three at cards ; a card of three spots. 
 
 Tri'a-ble, a. 1. Fit or possible to be tried ; liable to be 
 subjected to trial or test. 2. Liable to undergo a judi- 
 cial examination. 
 
 Tri'a-ble-ness, n. The state of being triable. 
 
 Tri'fjd, n. [Lat. trios, triadis, Gr. rpids, rptdSo?, from 
 Tpets. Tpi'a, three.] 1. The union of three : three objects 
 united. 2. (Mus.) The common chord, consisting of a 
 tone with its third and fifth. 
 
 Triads of the Welsh hards, poetical histories, in which three 
 facts or circumstances are mentioned together. 
 
 Tri'al, n. [See Try.] 1. Act of tr\ing or testing in 
 any manner; specijically. (a.) Any exertion of strength 
 for the purpose of ascertaining what it is capable of ef- 
 fecting, (b.) Act of testing by experience; experiment, 
 (c.) Examination by a test. 2. That which tries or 
 afilicts ; that w hich tries the character or principle ; that 
 which tempts to evil. 3. State of being tried or tempted. 
 4. (Law.) The formal examination of the matter in issue 
 in a cause before a competent tribunal. 
 
 Syn. — Test ; attempt ; endeavor ; eflbrt ; experiment y 
 proof; essay. See Test. 
 
 Tri'an-gle,n. [l&t. triangxi- 
 lum, fr. tres, tria, three, and 
 anguhis, corner, angle.] 1. 
 {Geom.) A figure bounded 
 by three lines, and contain- 
 ing three angles. 
 
 HS^ A triangle is either plane, 
 spfie7-ical, or curvilinear, ac- 
 cording as its sides are straight 
 lines, or arcs of great circles of a 
 sphere, or apy curved lines 
 whatever. A plane triangle is 
 designated as scalene, isosceles, 
 or equilateral, according as it 
 has no two sides equal, two 
 sides equal, or all sides equal ; 
 and also as right-angled, or oh- Triangles. 
 
 liqne-angled, according as it has j equilateral triangle; 2, isos- 
 one right-angle or n9ne; and 'celes triangle ; .< right-an- 
 an obhque-angled tnan-le is j^j triangle; 4, obtuse-an- 
 either acute-angled or obtuse- fled triangle; 5, scalene tri- 
 angled, according as all the % ^^^ 1,2, and 5, are also 
 angles are acute, or one of them acute-angled triangles, 
 obtuse. The terms scalene, isos- *" '^ 
 
 celes, equilateral, right-angled, acute-angled, and obtuse-an- 
 gled, are applied to spherical in the same sense as to plane 
 triangles. 
 
 2. (Mits.) A bar of steel bent into the form of a tri- 
 angle, and struck with a small rod. 
 
 Tri'an-gled (-ang-gld), a. Having three angles; tri- 
 angular. 
 
 Tri an'gu-lar, a. 1. Having three angles. 2. (Bat.) 
 (a. ) Flat or lamellar, and having three sides, (b. ) Oblong, 
 and having three lateral faces. 
 
 Tri-an'gu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. triangulated: 
 p. pr. & vb. n. triangulating.] 1. To survey by 
 means of a series of triangles properly laid down and 
 measured. 2. To make triangular. 
 
 Tri-an'gii-la'tion. n. ( Survey. ) The series of triangles 
 with which the face of a country is covered in a trig- 
 onometrical survey ; the operation of measuring the ele- 
 ments necessary to determine the triangles into which 
 the country to be surveyed is supposed to be divided. 
 
 Tri'ar<;h-y, n. [Gr. rpiapxia, from rpi and apxv, sover- 
 eignty, apxeiv, to be first, to rule.] Government by three 
 persons. 
 
 Tribe, n. [Lat. tribns, orig. a third part of the Roman 
 people, afterward a tribe, perhaps from ^olic TpL-n-ni^, 
 equiv. to TpinTv<;, a third part.] 1. A family, race, or 
 series of generations, descending from the same progen- 
 itor. 2. (Nat. Hist.) A number of things having certain 
 characters or resemblances in common. 3. A nation of 
 savages or uncivihzed people, united under one leader or 
 government. 4. Any division, class, or distinct portion 
 of people or persons. 
 
 Trib'let, I n. [Fr. triboidet.] 1. A goldsmith's tool 
 
 Trib'o-let, ) for making rings. 2. A steel cylinder 
 round which metal is bent in forming tubes. 
 
 Tri-b6m'e-ter, n. [Gr. rpt/Setv, to rub, and p-erpov, 
 measure.] An instrument to a.scertain the degree of fric- 
 tion in rubbing surfaces. 
 
 Tri'braeh, n. [Gr. rpi/Bpaxvs, fr. rpi and /Spax^'s, short-I 
 (Pros.) A poetic foot of three short syllables. 
 
 a,e,&c.,/ong-; a,€,&c.,5Aori; c^re, far, ask, all, what; dre,Tfiil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, w^lf , 
 
TRIBULATION 
 
 767 
 
 TRIGONOMETRICALLY 
 
 Trib'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. tribulatio, from tribulare, to j 
 press, afflict, from tr(6M/wTn, a thrashing-sledge.] That I 
 which occasions distress or vexation ; severe affliction. ! 
 
 Tri-I»u'iial, >i. [L,it. tnbuna' . tribunals, from tribunus, 
 a tribune who adiministered justice.] 1. The bench on 
 which a judge and his associates sit for administering 
 justice. "Z. Hence, a court of justice. 3. In France, a 
 gallery or eminence where musical performers are placed ' 
 for a concert. ' 
 
 Trib'une. n. [Lat. tribunus, prop, chief of a tribe, from j 
 tribits, tribe.] 1. ( Horn. Aiilit/.) An officer or magistrate j 
 chosen by the people, to protect them from the oppression | 
 of the patricians or nobles. '2. Anciently, a bench or • 
 elevated place, from which speeches were delivered ; in 
 France, a pulpit or elevated place in a legi.<lative assembly, . 
 where a speaker stands while making an address. 
 
 Trib'uiie-.«liip, n. The office of a tribune. | 
 
 Trib'u-ni'tial (-nTsh'al), a. 1. Pertaining to tribunes, i 
 ti. Suiting a tribune. i 
 
 Trib'u-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. tributarius.] 1. Paying j 
 tribute to another. '2. Hence, subordinate ; inferior. | 
 3. Paid in tribute. 4. Yielding suppUes of any thing ; I 
 contributing. 
 
 Trib'u-ta-ry, n. One who pays tribute or a stated sum j 
 to a conquering power. ! 
 
 Trib'ute, n. [Lat. Iribiitum, from tribuere, tributmn. to , 
 bestow, grant, pay.] 1. An annual or stated sum of \ 
 money or other valuable thing, paid by one prince or , 
 nation to another, either as an acknowledgment of sub- ; 
 mission, or as the price of peace and protection, or by j 
 virtue of some treaty. '2. A personal contribution in 
 token of services rendered, or as that which is due or | 
 deserved. j 
 
 Tri^e, c. t. [Ger. trissen, to brace the sprit-sail and sprit- I 
 top-sail, trisse, brace.] (Xaut.) To haul or tie up by | 
 means of a rope. i 
 
 Trife, n. [Perh. from thrice, while one can count thrpe; 
 but cf. Sp. tris, noise made by the breaking of glass, trice, 
 an instant, en un tri.'<, in an instant.] A very short time ; 
 an instant : a moment. 
 
 Tri-^en'iii-al, a. [Lat. tricennalis, ft. tricennium, thirty 
 years, fr. trlg^inta, thirty, and onyiiis, year.] Of, pertain- i 
 ing to, or consisting of, thirty years ; occurring once in i 
 every thirty years. I 
 
 Trl-ehl'iid, n. ; pi. TRi-eJii'JV^. [Gr. Tpi'xcvtK, hairy, ; 
 made of hair, from 0pi.^, Tpt^o?! hair.] An animal par- ; 
 asite found in the voluntary muscles of animals, and 
 sometimes in man. pi-oducing death by its presence. 
 
 Tri'«li6rd, n. [Gr. rpCxop&ov, fr. rpe?-, three, and x°P^V< 
 cord, or string.] {Mm.) An instrument, as a lyre or 
 harp, having three strings. \ 
 
 'j^Tick, n. [D. trek, a pull, or drawing, a trick, trekken, | 
 to draw, 0. Fr. tricher, trickier, trec/ier, to cheat, to trick.] , 
 1. Artifice or stratagem ; a sly procedure, usually with j 
 a dishonest intent implied. '2, A sly, dexterous, or in- j 
 genious procedure fitted to puzzle or amuse. 3. ilis- j 
 chievous or annoying behavior. 4. A particular habit | 
 or manner; a peculiarity. 5. {Card-playing.) The, 
 whole number of card.-* played in one round, and consist- . 
 ing of as many cards as there are players. | 
 
 Syn. — Stratagem ; wile ; fraud ; cheat ; jus^le ; finesse ; ' 
 sleiglit; deception; imposture; delusion; imposition. i 
 
 Trick, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tricked (trikt) ; p. pr. & vb. I 
 n. TRICKING.] To deceive ; to impose on ; to cheat. ! 
 
 Trick, r. t. [Cf. W. treciaio, to furnish, to equip out. i 
 tree, an implement, harne.ss, gear.] To dress ; to deco- I 
 rate ; to set off: to adorn fantastically. I 
 
 Trick, f. i. To live by deception and fraud. ' 
 
 Trick'ish, a. Given to tricks ; full of deception and 
 cheating; knavish. 
 
 Trick'i«;li-iiess, n. State of being trickish or deceitful. 
 
 Trick'le (trlk'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. trickled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. TRICKLING.] [Cf. Prov. Ger. trippfln, equiv. 
 to H. Ger. tropfeln, to fall in small drops, to trickle. Cf. 
 Dribble.] To flow in a small, gentle stream; to run 
 down. ' [cheat. 
 
 Trick'ster, n. One who tricks : a deceiver ; a tricker ; a 
 
 Triek'- track, n, [Fr. trictrac. Cf. Trictack.] A 
 game resembling backgammon. [Lsh. 
 
 Trick'y, a. Given to tricks : practising deception ; knav- 
 . Tri'-eoi-or, ;i. [From Lat. tri, q. v., and color, color.] 1. 
 The national French banner, of three colors, blue, white, 
 and red, adopted at the ficrst revolution. '2, Any three- 
 colored flag. 
 
 Tri-eor'po-ral, ) o. [Lat. tricorpor, from tri, tris, three, 
 
 Tri-c6r'po-rate, ) thrice, and corpus, corporis, body.] 
 Having three bodies. 
 
 Tri-eiis'pid, a. [Lat. tricuspis, tricuspidis, from tri, tris, 
 three, thrice, and cuspis, cuspidis, a point.] Having thret 
 cusps or points. 
 
 Tri-dft€'tyl, I a. [Gr. rptSaxTvAo?, from rpi, Tpt's, 
 
 Tri-dac'tyl-ous, ) three, thrice, and Sojc-rvkos, finger, 
 toe.) Having three toes. 
 
 Tri'dent, n. [Lat. tridens, tridentis, fr. tri, and a 
 dens, tooth.] 1. {Anc. Mifth.) A kind of scepter \ ^ 
 or spear with three prongs, the common attri- *— ;|— '1 
 bute of Neptune. 2. A three-pronged fish- 
 spear. ^ 
 
 Tri'dent, a. Having three teetn or prongs. 
 
 Tri-d6nt'ate, I a. Having three teeth or 
 
 Tri-dent'a-ted, ) prongs ; trident. 
 
 Tri-dent'ine, a. [From Lat. r/-/'-/'^;i/w»j, Trent.] 
 Pertaining to Trent, or the celebrated council 
 held in that city. 
 
 Tri-en'ni-al, a. [Lat. triennium (sc. spatium), 
 
 the space of three years, from tri, tris, three, Trident, 
 thrice, and annus, year.] 1. Continuing three years 
 2. Happening, or appearing, once in ever^- three years. 
 
 Tri-eii'ni-al-ly, ndc. Once in three years. 
 
 Tri'er,7i. 1. One who tries; one who makes experiments. 
 2. One who tries judicially. 3. {Law.) A person ap- 
 pointed to try challenges of jurors. 
 
 Tri'fal-lo-w, f. f. [iitip. & p. p. trtfallowed; p. 
 pr. & 1-6. n. TRIFALLOWING.] [Prefix tri, tris, three, 
 thrice, and falloic] To plow the third time before sow- 
 ing, as land or a field. 
 
 Tri'fid. a. [Lat. trijidits, from tri, tris, three, thrice, and 
 Jindere, fidi, to split.] {Bot.) Divided half way into three 
 parts ; three-cleft. 
 
 Tri'fle (trT'fl), n. [See ?n/ra.] 1. A thing of very little 
 value or importance. 2. A dish composed of sweetmeats 
 and cake, with syllabub. 3. A certain sort of cake. 
 
 Tri'fle, i-. i. [irnp. & p. p. trifled; p. pr. & vb. ». 
 TRIFLING.] [0. D. frpj//>/en, to trifle. Cf. A. -S. tri/elau. 
 trifolian, tribulan, to break, grind, pound ] To act or 
 talk with levity ; to indulge in Ught amusements. 
 
 to 
 
 To trifle with, to treat without respect or seriousness 
 mock; to make sport of. 
 
 Tri'fle, v. t. To spend in vanity; to -waste to no good 
 purpose : to dissipate. 
 
 Tri'fler, n. One who trifles, or acts with levity. 
 
 Tri'fling, p a. Being of small value or importance; 
 trivial ; inconsiderable. 
 
 Tri'f Itng-ly, adv. In a trifling manner ; with levity. 
 
 Tri-f lo'ral. ) a. [Lat. tri, three. and^05,^ar/s, flower.] 
 
 Tri-flo'i-ous, I {Bot.) Bearing three flowers. 
 
 Tri-f o'li-ate, \a. [From Lat. /n, and /o.'/ktt;, leaf.] 
 
 Tri-f o'li-a'ted. ) {Bot.) Having three leaves, as clover^ 
 
 Tri'forni, a. [Lat. tri form is, from tri, tris. three, thrice, 
 and forma, form.] Having a triple form or shape. 
 
 Trig, V. t. [Dan. tnjkke, to press, Icel. thrykia, A. -55. 
 thrycran, 0. H. Ger. drtickjan; W. trigaic, to stay, to 
 tarry.] To stop, as a wheel, by placing something under 
 it ; to scotch. 
 
 Trig, «. [Allied to trick, to dress, to decorate.] Full ; 
 trim ; neat. 
 
 Trig'a-my, n. [Gr. Tpiyofiia. from rpi, rpis, three, thricr, 
 and ya/xeir, to marry, -youos, marriage.] State of beh : 
 married three times, or state of having three husbands or 
 three wives at the same time. 
 
 Trig'ger, n. [From trig: Ger. driicker, the trigger of a 
 gun.] 1. A catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a 
 dc-clivity. 2. The catch of a musket or pistol, which. 
 being pulled, looses the lock for striking fire. 
 
 Tri-gln'tal, n. The same as Trental, q. t. 
 
 Tri'glypli, n. [Lat. trislyphus, Gr. 
 TptyAu^os, fr. Tpi, rpt?, three, thrice, 
 and •yAu<^etv, to carve. -yAv^^, a carv- ^^^^ 
 
 ing.] {Arch.) An ornament in the | Jl f ^Hl I' II 
 frieze of the Doric column, repeated "w 
 at equal intervals. Triglyphs. 
 
 Tri-glypli'i-e, ) a. Consisting of, or pertaining to, 
 
 Tri-glypli'i-e-al, ) triglyphs. 
 
 Tri'gon, n. [Gr. rpiydivov, from rpi, rpi's, three, thrice, 
 arfd ■yton'a, a comer, angle.] 1. A triangle. 2. (Astral.) 
 Trine, an aspect of two planets distant 120 degi-ees from 
 each other. 
 
 Trig'o-nal (110), a. 1. Having three angles or comers : 
 triangular. 2, {Bot.) Having three promiueut longitu- 
 dinal angles. 
 
 Trig'o-no-met'ri-e, ) n. Of. or pertaining to^ trig- 
 
 Trig'o-no-mSt'rie-al, I onometry ; performed by, or 
 according to, the rules of trigonometry. 
 
 Trig'o-no-mgt'rie-al-ly, adv. In a trigonometrical 
 
 food, fdbt; arn, r9de,puU; pell, 9]iaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; ligger, link; tl»is. 
 
TR1G0^'0METRY 
 
 768 
 
 TRIPLE 
 
 manner ; according to the rules or principles of trigo- 
 nometry. 
 
 Trig'o-iiSm'e-try, m. [Or. rpt'-ywroi', a triangle, and 
 ti(Tf>oi\ measure, ixerpelv, to nieasui-e.] That branch of 
 mathematics which treats of the relations of the sides 
 and angles of triangles, with the methods of deducing 
 fh.>m certain parts given other parts required. 
 
 Tri'jrrapli, »•• [t«r. rpi, rpi's, three, thrice, and ypa^Tj, a 
 writing.] Three letters united in pronunciation so as to 
 have but one sound, or to form but one syllable, as ieu in 
 at/it u. 
 
 Tri-he'dral, a. Having three equal sides or faces. 
 
 Tri-lie'droii, n. [Gr. rpi, rpi?, three, thrice, and 'J'Spa, 
 a seat, base.] A figure having three equal sidey' 
 
 Trvi'u-gotts, or Tri-ju'gous, a. [Lat. trijugus, triple- 
 yoked, threefold, from Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and 
 Jm^mw, a yoke.] (£o/.) In three pairs. ' • ■ 
 
 Tri-lftt'er-al, a. [Lat. trilaterus, from tri, tris, tbree, 
 thrice, and tatii^, lateris, side.] Having three sides. 
 
 Tri-lit'er-al, a. [From Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and 
 litera, letter.] Consisting of three letters. 
 
 Tri-lit'er-al, n. A word consisting of three letters. 
 
 Trill, n. [See infra.] (Mus.) A shake or quaver of the 
 voice in singing, or of the sound of an instrument. 
 
 Trill, V. t. [iynp. & p. p. TRILLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TRILLING.] [It. trillare, Fr. triller : D. trillen, drillen, 
 to tremble, to shake. Cf. Thrill, r. r., 2.] To utter 
 with a quavering or tremulousness of voice ; to shake. 
 
 Trill, V. i. 1. To flow in a small stream : to trickle. 3. 
 To shake or quaver. 
 
 Trill'ion (tril/yun), 7i. [From Lat. tri, and L. Lat. mil- 
 lio, Fr. million, a million.] According to the English 
 notation, the product of a milUon involved to the third 
 power, or the number represented by a unit with 18 
 ciphers annexed ; according to the French notation, the 
 number expressed by a unit with 12 ciphers annexed. 
 See Note under NUMERATION. 
 
 Tri-lo'bate, or Tri'lo-toate, a. [From Gr. rpi, rpts, 
 three, thrice, and XojSos, a lobe.] Having three lobes. 
 
 Tri'lo-bite, n. [See supra.] (Paleon.) One of an ex- 
 tinct family of crustaceans. 
 
 Tri-16«'u-lar, a. [Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and loc- 
 idus, a little place, a cell or compartment, diminutive 
 of locus, a place.] (Bot.) Having three cells for seeds ; 
 three -celled. 
 
 Tril'o-gy, n. [Gr. rpiKoyla, from rpt, rpt's, three, thrice, 
 and Aoyos, speech, discourse.] A jries of three complete 
 dramas, which bear a mutual relation, and form parts of 
 one historical and poetical picture. 
 
 Trim, a. [compar. TRIMMER ; superl. TRIMMEST.] 
 [A.-S. trum, firm, strong. See infra.] Fitly adjusted ; 
 being in good order, or made ready for service or use. 
 Syn.— Firm; compact; snug; neat; fair. 
 
 rrim, r. t. [imp. & p. p. trimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TRIMMING.] [A.-S. trymian, trymman, to prepare, dis- 
 pose, make strong.] 1. To make trim : to put in order 
 for any purpose ; to adjust. 2. To dress ; to decorate ; 
 to adorn. 3. To make ready or right by cutting or 
 shortening; to clip or lop. 4. (Carp.) To dress, as 
 timber ; to make smooth. 5. (Naut.) (a.) To adjust, as 
 a ship, by disposing the weight of persons or goods so 
 that she shall sit well on the water and sail well, (b.) To 
 arrange in due order for sailing. 
 
 Trim, v. i. To balance ; to fluctuate between parties, so 
 as to appear to favor each. 
 
 Trim, »i. 1. Dress; gear; ornaments. 2. Disposition; 
 state or condition. 3. State of a ship or her cargo, bal- 
 last, masts, &c., by which she is well prepared for 
 sailing. 
 
 Tri-m6s'ter, n. [From Lat. trimestris, of three months, 
 from tri, tris, three, thrice, and mensis, month.] A term 
 or period of three months. 
 
 Trim'e-ter, n. [Lat. trimctrus, Gr. Tpi'/Lterpos. rpCfierpov, 
 from Tpi. Tpts, three, thrice, and fitrpov, measure.] ( Pros.) 
 A practical division of verse, consisting of three measures. 
 
 Tri-mfit'ric-al. a. Consisting of three poetical measures, 
 
 Trim'ly, arJv. In a trim manner ; nicely ; in good order. 
 
 Trim'mer, n. 1. One who trims, arranges, fits, or or- 
 naments. 2. One who fluctuates between parties, so as 
 to appear to favor either ; a time-server. 
 
 Trim'ming, n. 1. Act of one who trims. 2. That 
 which serves to trim, adjust, ornament, and the like ; es- 
 pecially, the necessary or the ornamental appendages, as 
 of a garment ; hence, sometimes, the concomitants of a 
 dish : a relish ; — usually in the plural. 
 
 Trim'ness, n. State of being trim ; compactness ; snug- 
 
 Tri'nal, a. [From Lat. trinus, trini, three each, throe- 
 fold, from tres, tria, three.] Threefold. 
 
 Trine, n. [See5M;jra.] (Astrol.) The aspect of planets 
 distant ftom each other 120 degrees, or one third of the 
 zodiac. 
 
 Trin'gle (tring'gl), n. [Fr. tringle, L. Lat. taringa, ta- 
 rinca, of Celtic origin.] 1. (Arch.) A little square mem- 
 ber, as a hstel, reglet, &c.. but especially a little member 
 fixed exactly over every triglyph. 2. A lath or rod be- 
 tween the posts of a bed. 
 
 Trin'i-ta'ri-aii, a. Of, or pertaining to, the Trinity. 
 
 Trin'i-ta'ri-an, n . One who beUeves the doctrine of the 
 Trinity ._ 
 
 Trin'i-ta'ri-an-i§ni, n. The doctrine of Trinitarians. 
 
 Trin'i-ty, n. [Lat. trinitas, from trini, three each.] 
 ( Theol.) The union of three persons (the Father, the Son, 
 and the Holy Spirit) in one Godhead, so that all the three 
 are one God as to substance, but three persons as to indi- 
 viduahty. 
 
 Trinity term (Eng. Courts), the sitting of the law courts be- 
 tween May 22 and June 12. 
 
 Trinlc'et, n. [Perh. orig. tricket, from Prov. Eng. trick, 
 
 trig, elegant, neat, trim.] 1. A small ornament, as ?. 
 
 jewel, ring, or the like. 2. A thing of little value ; tackle ; 
 
 tools. 
 Tri-no'mi-al, n. [From Gr. rpi, rpi's, three, thrice, and 
 
 vofx-q, division, distribution, from veju.eii', to distribute.] 
 
 (Math.) A quantity consisting of three terms, connected 
 
 by the sign | or — . 
 Tri'o, or Tri'o, n. [It., Sp., & Fr., from Lat. tres, tria, 
 
 three.] 1. Three persons in company or acting together. 
 
 2. (Miis.) A composition for three parts. 
 Tri'or, n. [From try.] The same as TRIER, q. v. 
 Trip, V. i. [imp. & p.p. tripped (tript) ; p. prr. & vb. 
 
 n. TRIPPING.] [D. trippen, trippelen, Ger. trippen, trip- 
 peln, Goth, trimpan, 0. Fr. triper, treper, W tripiaw.] 
 1. To move with light, quick steps ; to skip ; to move 
 nimbly. 2. To take a brief or sudden journey ; to traveL 
 
 3. To make a false step ; to lose footing ; to make a 
 false movement. 4 . To commit an offense against moral- 
 ity, propriety, or rule ; to err. 
 
 Trip, V. t. 1.' To cause to take a false step ; to cause to 
 lose the footing, stumble, or fall. 2. To overthrow by 
 depriving of support ; to supplant. 3. To detect in a 
 misstep; to catch ; to convict. 4. (Naut.) To loo.se, as 
 the anchor, from the bottom, by its cable or buoy-rope. 
 
 Trip, n. 1. A quick, light step ; a .«kip. 2. A brief 
 journey or voyage ; an excursion or jaunt. 3. A false 
 step ; a misstep; a loss of footing or balance. 4. A 
 shght error; a failure ; a mistake. 5. A stroke, or 
 catch, by which a wrestler supplants his antagonist. 
 
 Trip'ar-tite, or Tri-parfite, a. [Lat. tripartiivs, fr. 
 tri, tris, three, thrice, and partitus, p. p. of partiri, to part, 
 to divide, from pars, partis, a part.] 1. Divided into 
 three parts. 2. Having three corresponding parts or 
 copies. 3. Made between three parties. 
 
 Trip'ar-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. A division by threes, or 
 into three parts. 
 
 Tripe, n. [Fr. tripe, 0. D. tripe, W. tripa.] The entrails; 
 also, the large stomach of ruminating animals, when pre- 
 pared for food. 
 
 Trip'e-dal, a. [Lat. tripedalis, from tri, tris, three, 
 thrice, and pes, pedis, a foot.] Having three feet. 
 
 Tri-per'son-al, a. [From Lat. tri, and persona, a per- 
 son.] Consisting of three persons. 
 
 Tri-per'son-ai'i-ty, n. The state of existing in three 
 persons in one Godhead ; tri uity. 
 
 Tri-p6t'al-ous, a. [From Gr. rpt, rpis. three, thrice, and 
 ireTaKov, a leaf.] (Bot.) Having three petals or flower 
 leaves. 
 
 Trip'-ham/mer, n. A heavy hammer at the end of a 
 beam, which is raised, tilted, or tripped, by projecting 
 teeth, on a revolving shaft ; a tilt-hammer. 
 
 Tripli'thoiig (trif'thonj^ or triphthong). 7i. [From Gr 
 rpi, Tpi's, three, thrice, and <^0oyyij, (f)d6yyo<;, the voice, 
 a sound.] (Pron.) A combination of three vowels in a 
 single syllable, forming a simple or compound sound; a 
 union of three vowel characters, representing together 
 a single sound, as ieu in adieu; a trigraph. 
 
 Triph-thdn'gal (trif- or trip-, 82). a. Of, or pertaining 
 to, a triphthong ; con.sisting of three letters pronounced 
 together in a single syllable. 
 
 Tripae (trip'l), a. [Lat. triplex, from tri, tris, three, 
 thrice, and plicare, to fold, Lat. triplus, Gr. rpiTrAou?. 
 Cf. Treble.] 1. Consisting of three united; multi- 
 plied by three. 2. Three times repeated ; treble. See 
 Treble. 
 
 a.,e,&.c.,l(mg; &,6,&c.,short; cftre,far,ask,all,wliat; dre, veil, term; piique, firin ; son, 6r , dg, woU^ 
 
TRIPLE 
 
 769 
 
 TROLL 
 
 Triple (trYp/l), v. t. [unp. & p. p. tripled ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. TRIPLING.] To make thrice as much or as many ; 
 to treble. 
 
 Trip'l'et, n. [Yvova triple .] 1. Three of a kind, or three 
 united, ii. (Poef.) Three verses rhyming together. 3. 
 (Mus.) Three tones or notes sung or played in the tune 
 of two. 
 
 Trip'li-eate, a. [LJat. triplicatux, p. p. of triplicare.] 
 Made thrice as much ; threefold ; tripled. 
 
 Trip'li-«ate, «. A third paper or thing corresponding 
 to two others of the same kind. 
 
 Trip'li-ca'tioii, n. The act of tripling or making three- 
 fold ; the state of being tripled. 
 
 Tri-pli^'i-ty, n. State or quality of being triple, or three- 
 fold ; trebleness. 
 
 Tri'pod, n. [Lat. tripus, tripodis, Gr. rptVovs, Tpi7ro5o5, 
 from Tpi, Tpt's, three, thrice, and ttoCs, ttoSos, a foot.] 1. 
 Any utensil or vessel supported on three feet. ti. ( Surv.) 
 A three-legged frame or stand, for supporting a theodo- 
 lite, compass, or the like. 
 
 Trip'o-li, n. {Min.) An earthy substance (originally 
 brought from TripoU), used in polishing stones and 
 metals. 
 
 Tri'pos, n. ; pi. TRi/pos-Eg. [See Tripod.] A univer- 
 sity examination of candidates for honors. [ Cambridge 
 University, Eng.] 
 
 C®~ The word tripos is supposed to refer to the three-legged 
 Btool formerly used at the examination for these honors, though 
 some derive it from the three brackets formerly printed on the 
 back of the printed list of the successful candidates. 
 
 TrXp'per, «. One who trips or supplants ; one who walks 
 nimbly. 
 
 Trip'piiig, n. 1. Act of one who trips. 3. A light 
 kind of dance. 3. ( Naut. ) The loosing of an anchor from 
 the ground by its cable or buoy-rope. 
 
 Trip'ping-ly, a'/r. In a tripping manner ; nimbly. 
 
 Trip'tote, n. [Lat. triptotum, Gr. TpiirTWTOv, from rpt, 
 rpi's, three, thrice, and tttwtos, falling, from TiVTeti/, to 
 fall.] ( Grmn.) A name or noun having three cases only. 
 
 Tri'reme, n. [Lat. triremis, from tri, tris, three, thrice, 
 and remits, an oar.] ( Gr. Antiq. ) A galley or vessel with 
 three benches or ranks of oars on a side. 
 
 Tris-dg'i-dn, n. [Gr. rpio-ayios, thrice holy, from rpis, 
 thrice, and ayios, holy.] An anthem or hymn in which 
 the word " holy " is thrice repeated. 
 
 Tri-s6«t', V. t. [imp. & p. p. trisected ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TRISECTING.] [From Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, 
 and secure, sectum, to cut.] To cut or divide into three 
 equal parts. 
 
 Tri-se«'tioii, n. [Lat. tri, tris, three, thrice, and sectio, 
 a cutting, from secure, to cut.] The division of a thing, 
 as an angle, into three equal parts. 
 
 Tri-siil'-eate, a. [Lat. trisulcus, from tri, tris, three, 
 thrice, and sulcus, a fork.] Having three furrows, forks, 
 or prongs. 
 
 Tris'yl-iab'ic, ) a. [Lat. trisyllabus, Gr. rpicrvAAa/So?, 
 
 T^is'yl-iab'i€-al, j from rpt, rpis, three, thrice, and 
 avWa^-q, a syllable.] Of, or pertaining to, a trisyllable ; 
 consisting of three syllables. 
 
 Tri-syl'la-lble, n. A word consisting of three syllables. 
 
 Ti'ite, a. [Lat. tritus, p. p. of terere, to rub, to wear out.] 
 Worn out ; used until so common as to have lost its nov- 
 elty and interest ; hackneyed. 
 
 Trite'ly, adv. In a trite or common manner. 
 
 Trite'hess, n. Quality of being trite ; commonness ; 
 
 Tri'tlie-igm, n. [Prefix tri, tris, three, thrice, and the- 
 ism.] (Theol.) The opinion that the Father, Son, and 
 Holy Spirit are three distinct Gods. 
 
 Tri'tlie-ist, n. (Eccl.) One who believes that the three 
 persons in the Trinity are three distinct Gods. 
 
 ?r?ihe-iS'lc-al, 1 "• ^f, or pertaining to, tritheism. 
 Trl'tone, n. [Gr. TpLrovos, of three tones, from rpt, three, 
 
 and Toi/Qs, a tone.] {Mus.) A superfluous or augmented 
 
 fourth. i , 
 
 Trit'u-ra-ble, a. Capable of b'ekig reduced to a fine 
 
 powder by rubbing or grinding. 
 Trit'u-rate,'f. t. [imp. & p. p. triturated ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. TRITURATING.] [Lat. triiurare, trituratum, to 
 
 thrash, fi'om terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces.] 1. To 
 
 rub, grind, bruise, or thrash. 2. To rub or grind to a 
 
 Ter}' fine powder. 
 Trit'u-ra'tioii, n. Act of triturating, or reducing to a 
 
 fine powder by grinding. 
 Tri'unnpli, n. [Lat. triumpkus, allied to Gr. 0ptaju,jSos, 
 
 a procession in honor of Bacchus.] 1. [Rom. Antiq.) 
 
 A magnificent ceremonial performed in honor of a general 
 
 who had gained a decisive victory. 2. Joy or exultation 
 for success. 3. Success causing exultation ; victory. 
 
 Tri'umpli, v. i. [imp. & p. p. triumphed (108) ; p.//r. 
 & vb. n. TRIUMPHING.] 1. To celebrate victory with 
 pomp ; to exult in an advantage gained. "Z, To obtain 
 victory ; to meet with success ; to prevail. 
 
 Tri-umpli'al, a. Of, or pertaining to, triumph ; indi- 
 cating, or in honor of, a triumph. 
 
 Tri-umpli'aiit, a. 1. llejoicing for victory ; triumph- 
 ing. '^. Celebrating victory. 3. Graced with conquest ; 
 victorious. 
 
 Church triumphant, the church in heaven, enjoying a state 
 of triumph, her warfare with evil being over ; — distinguished 
 from chi:rch militant. 
 
 Tri-ump 'ant-ly, adv. In a triumphant manner. 
 
 Tri'umph-er, ii. One who triumphs. 
 
 Tri-umvir, n. / Lat./?/. tri-um'vi-rT; Eng. pi. trI- 
 OM'ViRg. [Lat., from tres, gen. trium, three, and vir,a, 
 man.] One of three men united in ofiBce. 
 
 Tri-um'vi-rate, n. 1. Government by three in coali- 
 tion or association, ti, A coalition or association of three 
 in oflfice or authority. 
 
 Tri'une, a. [Lat. tri, three, and unus, one.] Being three 
 in one ; —an epithet used to express the unity of the 
 Godhead in a trinity of persons. 
 
 Tri-ii'iii-ty, n. State or quality of being triune ; trinity. 
 
 Triv'et, n. A three-legged stool, table, or other support. 
 See Trevet. 
 
 Triv'i-al, a. [Lat. trivialis, properly that which is in or 
 belongs to the cross-roads or pubUc streets, hence that 
 which maybe found every where, common, from trivium, 
 a place where three roads meet, a cross-road, the public 
 street, from tri, tris, three, thrice, and via, a way.] Of 
 little worth or importance ; inconsiderable ; trifling. 
 
 Triv'i-S.l'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being trivial ; 
 trivialness. 2. That which is trivial ; a trifle. 
 
 Triv'i-al-ly, arf-u. In a trivial manner ; commonly. 
 
 Triv'i-al-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being trivial ; 
 triviality. 2. A trifle. 
 
 Trtv'i-iim, n. [L. Lat. See TRIVIAL.] The three arts 
 of grammar, logic, and rhetoric; — so called because 
 they constitute a triple way, as it were, to eloquence. 
 
 Tri'-week'ly, a. Performed, occurring, or appearing 
 three times a week ; thrice-weekly. 
 
 g@~ This is a convenient word, but it is not legitimately- 
 formed. It should, according to its formation, mean once in 
 three weeks, as triennial means once in three years. 
 
 Tro'-ear, n. [Fr. troc't^i^. or trois quarts, i. e., three 
 quarters, ft-om trois, Lat. tres, three, and quart, a fourth, 
 Lat. quartus, so called from its triangular point.] A sur- 
 gical instrument for evacuating fluids from cavities, as in 
 dropsy. 
 
 Tro-€lia'i«, n. A trochaic verse or measure. 
 
 Tro-eIia'i<;, la. (P/-05.) Pertaining to, or consisting 
 
 Tro-elia'i-e-al, ) of, trochees. 
 
 Tro'-elie (tro'kee), n. [Gr. rpoxos, anj^ thing round or 
 circular, a wheel, from Tpe'xeiv, to run.] A form of med- 
 icine in a circular cake, intended to be gradually' dissolved 
 in the mouth, and slowly swallowed, as a demulcent. 
 
 Tro'-eliee (tro'kee), n. [Lat. trochieus, Gr. rpoxaios (so. 
 TTOus), from Tpoxatos, running, from rpex^i-v, to run.] 
 (Pros.) A foot of two syllables, the first long and the 
 second short, or the first accented and the second un- 
 accented. 
 
 Tro'-eliil, n. [Lat. trochilus, Gr. rpoxiAos, from Tpe'xetv, 
 to run.] ( Ornith.) An aquatic bird with long legs, and 
 capable of running very swiftly. 
 
 Tro-eliil'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. rpoxiXta, rpoxaAia, a cylin- 
 der revolving on its own axis, from rpoxaAos, running, 
 from Tpixeiv, to run.] The science of rotary motion, or 
 of wheel-work. 
 
 Tro'-ehiiig, n. [From (obs.) troche, to branch.] One of 
 the small branches on the top of a deer's head. 
 
 Trd-eJi'le-fi, n. [Lat. trochlea, Gr. rpoxa^ia, a case ot 
 sheaf containing one or more pulleys. See Trochilics.J 
 1. (ilfacA.) A pulley. [Obs.] "Z. (Anat.) A pulley-like 
 cartilage. 
 
 Trocli'le-a-ry, a. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the 
 trochlea. 
 
 Trod, imp. of tread. See Tread. 
 
 Tr6d'd(>n, I P' P- ^^ *^^'^'^- ^^® Tread. 
 Tr6g'lo-dyte, n. [Gr. Tpco-yA.o6uTTjs, one who creeps into 
 
 hole.*, from TpwyAr/, a hole, cavern, frou Tptoyetv, to gnaw, 
 
 and tvetv, to enter.] One dwelling in a subterraneous 
 
 cave. 
 Troll, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TROLLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 TROLLING.] [Ger. trollen, to roll, to troll, W. trdliaiv, 
 
 *<rod, f cTot 
 
 ftrii, rude, piiU ; 9ell, ^liaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; 
 
 49 
 
 a§ ; e^ist; linger, link; this 
 
TROLL 
 
 770 
 
 TRUANT 
 
 to troll, trundle, trpcll, a wheel, a i-eel.] 1. To move 
 circuliirly or volublv ; to roll ; to turn. 5J. To circulate, 
 as a vesst'l in drinking. 3. To sing tbe parts of in suc- 
 cession, as of a round or catch ; also, to sing loudly or 
 freelv. 4. To angle for with a hook drawn along the sur- 
 fiiceof the water; hence, to allure; to entice. 5. To 
 fish in ; to seek to catch fish fi-om. 
 
 Troll, t". f. 1. To roll ; to run about. 3. To fish with 
 a n>d' whose line runs on a wheel or pulley, or by draw- 
 ing the hook through the water. 
 
 Troll, ". (Scandinavian Mijtii.) A supernatural being 
 of diminutive size, said to inhabit caves, hills, and like 
 places. 
 
 Trdl'lop, n. [From troll, to roll, to stroll.] A woman 
 looselv dressed ; a slattern ; a slut. _ 
 
 Troni'bone (It. pron. trom-bo'na), 
 ;i. [It. trombone, augm. of tromha, a 
 trumpet.] (Mus.) A deep-toned brass 
 instrument of the trumpet kind, con- 
 sisting of three tubes. Trombone. 
 
 TrSmp, n. [Fr. trombe, a water-spout, a water-blowing 
 machine. See Trumpet.] A blowing apparatus, used 
 in furnaces. 
 
 Troop, n. [Fr. troupe, L. Lat. troppus, prob. from Lat. 
 turba, a crowd, throng, troop ; Gr. TupjSrj.] 1. A collec- 
 tion of people ; a company ; a number ; a multitude. iJ. 
 pi. Soldiers taken collectively ; an army. 3. Specifical- 
 ly, a small body or company of cavalry, light-horse, or 
 dragoons, commanded by a captain. 
 
 Troop, V. i. {imp. & p. p. trooped (troopt, 108) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TROOPING.] 1. To move in numbers; to 
 come or gather in crowds. 3, To march on ; to go for- 
 ward in haste. [soldier. 
 
 Trdbp'er, n. A soldier in a body of cavalry ; a horse- 
 Trope, n. [Lat. tropus, Gr. Tpojros, from rpineLV, to 
 turn.] (R/iet.) (a.) Use of a word or expression in a dif- 
 ferent sense from that which properly belongs to it. (6.) 
 The expression so used. 
 
 Tro'pliy, n. [Lat. tropxum^ Gr. Tpoiraiov, strictly a mon- 
 ument of the enemy's defeat, fr. rpoTnj, a turn, a rout, fr. 
 TpeTretv, to turn.] 1. {Antiq.) (a.) A pile of arms, taken 
 from a vanquished enemy. (6.) The representation of 
 such a pile in marble, on medals, &c. 3. Any thing 
 taken from an enemy, and preserved as a memorial of 
 victory. 3. Evidence of victory. 
 
 Trop'i*, n. [Lat. tropicus, i. e., where the sun turns 
 back, Gr. rporriKos (sc. kvkAos), fr. rpeVeti/, to turn.] 1. 
 (Astron.) One of the two small circles of the celestial 
 sphere, situated on each side of the equator, at a distance 
 of 23° 28', and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches 
 at its greatest declination north or south. 3. (Geog.) 
 (a.) One of the two corresponding parallels of terrestrial 
 latitude, (b.) pi. The regions lying between the tropics, 
 or near them on either side. 
 
 Trop'ic, I a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, the tropics ; 
 
 Trop'ic-al, ) being within the tropics. 3. Incident 
 to the tropics. 3. [From trope.] Rhetorically changed 
 from its proper or original sense ; figurative. 
 
 Tr6p'i€-al-ly, adv. In a tropical or figurative manner. 
 
 Trop'o-log'if!, \a. Characterized or. varied by 
 
 Tr6p'o-16g'i-e-al, j tropes ; changed from the orig- 
 inal import. 
 
 Tro-p61'o-gy, n. [Gr. rpoTro?, a trope, and A.6yos, dis- 
 course.] A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes. 
 
 Trot. V. i. [imp. & p. p. TROTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TROTTING.] [Fr. trotter. It. trottare, a.s\f from a Lat. 
 trotare, tlutare, toluture, from tolutim ire, to trot, toluta- 
 rius, going on a trot, Ger. trotten, W. trotiaw.] 1. To 
 move faster than in walking, as a horse or other quadru- 
 ped, by lifting one fore foot and the hind foot of the oppo- 
 site side at the same time, ti. To walk or move fast ; to 
 run. 
 
 Tr6t, V. t. To cause to move, as a horse or other animal, 
 in the jjace called a trot. 
 
 Tr6t, n. The pace of a horse or other quadruped, more 
 rapid than a walk, when he lifts one fore foot and the 
 hind foot of the opposite side at the same time. 
 
 TrStli (21), n. [The old orthography of truth, q. v.] 1. 
 Belief; faith; fidelity. 2. Truth; verity; veracity. 
 
 TrSt'ter, n. 1. A beast that trots, ii. The foot of an 
 animal, especially that of a sheep ; — applied humorous- 
 ly to the human foot. 
 
 Trou-'ba-dottr' (110), n. [Fr. troubadour, 0. Fr. trou- 
 vere, trovmr, from Fr. trouver, 0. Fr. trover, trouver, to 
 find, invent, compose.] One of a school of poets who 
 flourished from the 11th to the latter end of the 13th 
 century, principally at Provence, in the south of France. 
 
 Troub'le (trdb'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. troubled ; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. TROUBLING.] [From Lat. turbare, to dis- 
 turb, fr. turba, a disorder, tumult, crowd] 1. To put 
 into confused motion ; to agitate. 2. To give disturb- 
 ance or distress to. 3. To give occasion for labor to. 
 
 Syn. — To disturb ; perplex; afflict; distress; grieve; har- 
 ass ; annoy ; tease ; vex ; molest. 
 
 Troub'le, n. [From Lat. turbula, a disorderly group, a 
 little crowd of people, dim. of turba, a crowd.] 1. The 
 state of being troubled or disturbed. 3. That which 
 gives disturbance, annoyance, or vexation. 
 
 To take the trouble, to be at the pains ; to exert one's self. 
 Syn. — Affliction ; disturbance ; perplexity ; annoyance ; 
 molestation ; vexation ; inconvenience ; calamity ; misfortune; 
 adversity ; embarrassment ; anxiety ; sorrow ; misery. 
 
 Troub'ler, n. One who troubles or disturbs. 
 
 Troub'le-some, a. Giving trouble, disturbance, or in- 
 convenience. 
 
 Syn. — Uneasy; vexatious; perplexing; harassing; an- 
 noying ; disgusting ; irksome ; afiBlictive ; burdensome ; tire- 
 some ; wearisome ; importunate. 
 
 Troub'Ie-s6me-ly, adv. In a way to give trouble ; 
 vexatiously. [troublesome! 
 
 Troub'le-some-ness, n. State or quality of being 
 
 Troub'loiis, a. 1. Full of trouble or commotion ; agi- 
 tated ; tumultuous. 3. Full of trouble or disorder ; 
 troublesome ; full of affliction. 
 
 Trough (trawf, 21), n. [A.-S. trog, troh, Icel. trog. Cf. 
 Tray.] 1. A long, hollow vessel, generally for holding 
 water or other liquid ; also, a wooden channel for con- 
 veying water, as to a mill-wheel. 3. Hence, a channel, 
 receptacle, or depression, of a long and narrow shape. 
 
 Trounce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trounced (108) ; p. pr. 
 & vb.'n. TROUNCING.] [0. Fr. troncer, to cut, tros, 
 irons, tronce, tranche, a stump, piece of wood.] To pun- 
 ish or beat severely ; to castigate. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Troupe (trooT^), n. [Fr., troop. See Troop.] A com- 
 pany or troop ; especially, the company of performers in 
 a play or opera. 
 
 Trou'gerg, n. pi. [0. Fr. trousses, breeches worn by 
 pages, from trousse, trosse, a bundle, a truss, q. v.] A 
 loose garment worn by males, extending from the-wais* 
 to the knee or to the ankle, and covering the lower limbs. 
 Syn. — Pantaloons. — In the United States, the original 
 word trousers is almost laid aside, the term being only applied 
 to the loose garment of sailors or laborers, while pantaloons is 
 used in all other cases. The English adhere to the old term in 
 respect equally to the dress of gentlemen and all others, mak- 
 ing much less use than we do of the word jjantatoons in speak- 
 ing of this part of the dress. 
 
 Trousseau (ivoo' so'), n. [Fr., from trousse, a bundle, 
 truss. See TRUSS.] The collective lighter equipments 
 or outfit of a lady when about to be married. 
 
 Trout, n. [A.-S. truht, Lat. 
 tructa, tructus, fr. Gr. rpajK- 
 rrjs, a sea-fish with sharp 
 teeth, from rpto-yetv, to gnaw.] 
 ( Ichth. ) A fresh-water fish va- 
 riegated with spots, and es- t t 
 teemed most delicate food. ™" " 
 
 Tro'ver, n. [0. Fr. trover, trunjer, N. Fr. trouver, to find.] 
 (Laiv.) (a.) The gaining possession of any goods, wheth- 
 er by finding or by other means, (b.) An action to re- 
 cover damages against one who found goods, and would 
 not deliver them to the owner on demand. 
 
 Trow (tro), v. i. [A.-S. treowian, trilwian, trywian, 
 treowan, trywan, to trust, believe, Goth, trauan, Icel- 
 tr^a.] To believe ; to trust ; to think or suppose. [Obs.] 
 
 TroAv'el, n. [Lat. trulla, truella, dim. of trua, a ladle.] 
 1. A mason's tool, used in spreading and dressing mor- 
 tar, and breaking bricks. 3. A gardener's tool, some- 
 what like a mason's trowel. 
 
 Trow'gerg, n. pi. The same as Trousers, q. v. 
 
 Troy, ) n. [Said to have been named 
 
 Troy'-weiglit (-wat), ) from Troyes, in France, where 
 it was first adopted in Europe. Some, however, say that 
 the original name was tron.] The weight by which gold 
 and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. 
 
 I^-In this weight, the pound is divided into 12 ounces, the 
 ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the pennyweight into 24 
 grains. 
 
 Trti'an-^y , n. Act of playing, or state of being, truant. 
 
 Trii'ant, a. [See infra.] Wandering from business; 
 lo'i'tering ; idle, and shirking duty. 
 
 Tru'ant, n. [Fr. truand, 0. Fr. truant, a vagrant, beg- 
 g/i'r, of Celtic origin ; W. tru, truan, wretched, misera- 
 ble.] One who stays away from business or duty; an 
 idler; a loiterer; a shirk; especially, & pupil who stays 
 away from school without leave. 
 
 To play truant, to stray away ; to idle ; to loiter. 
 
 u,e,&c.,2on£'/&,e,&c.,4Aor;;c4re, far, ask, all, What; ^re, Tgil,term; pique,firia; s6ii,6r,do,w9ll, 
 
TRUCE 
 
 771 
 
 TRUSS 
 
 Tru^e, n. [0. Eng. trewis, trewse, treive, from 0. H. 
 Qer. triwa, trimva, faith, compact, A.S. tredio, tredwa, 
 trfliv.a, Goth. triggL-a. See TRUE.] 1. (M(7.) A tempo- 
 raiy cessation of hostilities, for negotiation oi- other pur- 
 pose ; an armistice, ti. Hence, intermission of action, 
 pain, or contest ; short quiet. 
 
 Flag of truce ( J/j?.). a white flag exhibited by one of the 
 hostile parties, during the flying of which hostihties are sus- 
 pended. 
 
 Tr^f e'-break'er, n. One who violates a truce. 
 
 Tritck, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TRUCKED (trukt) \ p.-pr. Sc 
 vb. n. TRUCKING.] [B'r. troquer, Sp. & Pg. trocar.] To 
 exchange commodities ; to barter ; to deal. 
 
 Truck, V. t. To exchange ; to give in exchange ; to barter. 
 
 Triiclt, n. 1, Exchange of commodities ; barter. 3. 
 Commodities appropriate to barter; hence, small com- 
 modities, and sometime?, luggage. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Truck, n. [Gr. rpoxos, a wheel, from rpexeiv, to run.] 
 
 1. A small, wooden wheel, not bound witli iron. 3. A 
 low carriage for carrying heavy articles. 3. (Railway 
 Mack.) A swiveliug frame with wheels, springs, &c., to 
 carry and guide one end of a locomotive or car. 4. 
 [Naut.) A small wooden cap at the summit of a tlag-staflf 
 or mast-head. 5. A small, solid wheel, as for a gun- 
 carriage. 
 
 Triick'age, n. 1. Practice of bartering goods; ex- 
 change; barter. ^, Money paid for conveyance on a 
 truck. 
 
 Truck'er, n. One who traffics by exchange of goods. 
 
 Triick'le, n. [Dim. of truck., a wheel.] A small wheel 
 or caster. 
 
 Truck'le, v. i. [L. Ger. truggeln, to flatter ; to fawn ; 
 A.-S. trucia7i, to fail, diminish.] To yield or bend 
 obsequiously to the will of another ; to submit ; to 
 creep. 
 
 Triick'le-bed, n. A bed that runs on wheels, and may 
 be pushed under another : a trundle-bed. 
 
 Truck'man, n. ; pi. trOck/jvien. 1. One who does 
 business in the way of barter. tJ, One who conveys 
 goods on a truck. [Amer.] 
 
 Tru'-eu-leiife, ) n. 1. Quality of being truculent ; fero- 
 
 Trii'cu-len-fy, / ciousness. ti. Terribleness of coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 Tru'-eu-lent (110), a. [Lat. truculentus, fr. trtiz, truci.s, 
 wild, fierce.] 1, Fierce; savage ; barbarous. 3. Of fe- 
 rocious aspect. 3. Cruel ; destructive ; ruthless. 
 
 Trudge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. trud&ed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TRUDGING.] [Allied to tread.] 1. To go on foot. 
 3. To travel or march with labor ; to jog along. 
 
 True, a. [compar. truer ; superl. TRUEST.] [A.-S. 
 treowe, triive, tryive, faithful, Icel. tryggr, tr'ur, Goth. 
 triggvs. Cf. Trow.] 1. Conformable to fact ; in ac- 
 cordance with the actual state of things. 2. Conforma- 
 ble to a rule or pattern ; exact. 3. Steady in adhering 
 to friends, to promises, to a prince, or the Uke ; faithful ; 
 loyal. 4. Actual ; not counterfeit, adulterated, or pre- 
 tended ; genuine; pure; real. 
 
 True'-lblue, a. Of inflexible honesty and fidelity ; — a 
 term derived from the true or Coventry blue, formerly cel- 
 ebrated for its unchanging color. 
 
 True '-blue, n. A person of inflexible integrity and 
 fidelity. 
 
 True'-born, a. Of genuine birth ; having a right by 
 birth to any title. 
 
 True'-bred, a. 1. Of a genuine or right breed. 3. 1 
 Being of real breeding or education. [cere, i 
 
 True'-lieart'ed, a. Of a faithful heart ; honest ; sin- 
 
 TriiClove'-knot (-IQv'not-), n. A knot composed of i 
 lines united with many involutions ; the emblem of inter- : 
 woven atiection or engagements. 
 
 True'ness, n. Quality of being true; truth; reality; ; 
 genuineness; faithfulness; sincerity; exactness. j 
 
 True'-pen'ny, n. An honest fellow. 
 
 Triif'fle (tr}j'fl), n. [0. Fr. trufle, N. Fr. truffe, Lat. | 
 tuber.] A kind of mushroom found buried in the soil i 
 of woods at a depth of several inches, much esteemed as 
 an esculent. 
 
 Tru'Igm, n. An undoubted or self-evident truth. 1 
 
 Triill, n. [H. Ger. trolle, troll, L. Ger. tridle. See Trol- ! 
 LOP and Troll.] A drab ; a strumpet ; a harlot ; a j 
 trollop. I 
 
 Tru'ly, adv. 1. In a true manner ; according to truth. 1 
 
 2. Exactly ; justly ; precisely. 3. Sincerely ; honestly ; 
 faithfully. 4. In fact ; in reaUty. 
 
 Trump, n. [Fr. trompe, It. tromba, Lat. tuba, 0. H. Ger. 
 trumba, trumpa, Icel. trumba, drum.] A wind instru- 
 ment of music ; a trumpet. 
 
 Triimp, n. [See Triumph.] 1. One of the suit of 
 
 cards which takes any of the other suitg. 2. A good 
 
 feUow. [Colloq.] 
 
 To put to the trumps, to reduce to the last expedient, or to the 
 
 utmost exertion of power. 
 Trump, V. i. [imp. & p. p. trumped (84) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 TRUMPING.] To play a trump card when another suit 
 
 has been led. 
 Trump, V. t. To take with a trump card. 
 Trump, V. t. [Fr. tromper.] 1. To trick or impose on. 
 
 2. To impose unfairly ; to obtrude. 
 
 To trump up, to devise ; to collect with unfairness ; to fabri- 
 cate. 
 
 Trump'er-y, a. [Fr. tromperie, deceit, from tromper, to 
 deceive.] Something serving to deceive by false show or 
 pretenses; worthless but showy matter; hence, things 
 worn out and of no value ; rubbish. 
 
 Triimp'er-y, n. Worthless or deceptive in character. 
 
 Triimp'et, n. [See TRUMP.] A wind instru- 
 ment of music, often used in war and miUtary 
 exercises. 
 
 Ear -trumpet, an instrument, usually trumpet- 
 shaped, used as an aid to hearing, by partially deaf 
 persons. — Speaking-trumpet, an instrument for con- 
 veying articulate sounds with increased force. 
 
 Trump'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. trumpeted; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. trumpeting.] To publish by 
 sound of triunpet ; to proclaim. 
 
 Triimp'et-er , n. 1. One who sounds a trump- 
 et. 2. One who proclaims, pubUshes, or de- ■'^'^"'Pct- 
 nounces. 3. (Ornith.) (a.) A variety of the domestic 
 pigeon. (6. ) A bird of South America, somewhat resem- 
 bhng both the pheasants and the cranes ; — so called from 
 its uttering a noise resembling that of a trumpet. 
 
 Trune'ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. truncated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. truncating.] [Lat. truncare, truncatum, from 
 truncus, maimed, cut short, fr. iruncMS, a trunk of a tree.] 
 To cut off ; to lop ; to maim. 
 
 Trun-e'ate, a. [Lat. truncatits, p. p. of truncare. See 
 supra.] (Bot.) Appearing as if cut off at the tip. 
 
 Tru.ii«'a-ted, p. a. Cut off ; cut short ; maimed. 
 
 Truncated cone or pyramid ( Geom.), a cone or pyramid whose 
 vertex is cut off by a plane parallel to its base. 
 
 Trun-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of truncating, lopping, or 
 cutting off. ti. State of being truncated. 3. (,Min.) 
 Replacement of an edge by a plane equally inclined to 
 the adjoining faces. 
 
 Trun'^lieon (trun'shun), n. [Fr. trongon, 0. Fr. tron- 
 chon, tronce, tros, from Lat. thyrsus, a stalk, stem, staff, 
 Gr. 6vp<TOs.] 1. A short staff; a club. 3. A baton, or 
 staff of command. 3. A stout stem, as of a tree, with 
 the branches lopped off. 
 
 Truii'dle, n. 1. A little wheel. 3. A kind of low cart 
 with small wooden wheels.. 3. A motion as of something 
 moving upon little wheels. 4. {Mac/i.) (a.) A wheel or 
 pinion having its teeth formed of cylinders or spindles, 
 as in mill- work, (b.) One of the bars of such a wheel. 
 
 Trun'dle, v. t. 1. To roU, as a thing on little wheels- 
 2. To cause to roll. 
 
 Trun'dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. TRUNDLED; p. pr. & vb. 
 11. TRUNDLING.] [A.-S. tyndeled, made round, from 
 tryndel, trendel, a sphere, an orb, a circle.] 1. To roll, 
 as on little wheels. tJ. To roll, as a hoop. 
 
 Trun'dle-bgd, n. A low bed that is moved on little 
 wheels, so that it can be pushed under a higher bed ; a 
 truckle-bed. 
 
 Trunk, 71. [La,t. trvncus, 0. Lat. troncus.] 1. The stem or 
 body of a tree, apart from its limbs and roots ; stock. 3. 
 The body of an animal, apart from the limbs. 3. The 
 main body of any thing. 4. The snout or proboscis of 
 an elephant. 5. A box or chest covered with leather <x 
 hide, for containing clothes, &c. ; a portmanteau. 
 
 Trunk '-lio§e, n. Large breeches 
 formerly worn, reaching to the 
 knees. 
 
 Trun'nel, n. A wooden pin or 
 plug ; a treenail. 
 
 Triinn'ion (triSn'yun), n. [0. Fr. 
 trognon, the stock, stump, or ' 
 trunk of a tree. See TRUNK.] 
 ( Gu7i.) A knob projecting on each 
 side of a piece, and serving to sup- 
 port it on the cheeks of the car- 
 riage. Trunk-hose. 
 
 Truss, n. [Fr. troitsse, 0. Fr. trosse, L. Lat. trossa, from 
 Fr. trousser, 0. Fr. trosser, trusser, torser, to pack, pack 
 up ; It. torciare, to twist, to tie fast, from Lat. tonpiere, 
 torlum, to twist.] 1. A bundle, as of hay or straw. 2. 
 
 food,fc»bt; &rn,r^de,pull; pell, 9baise,«all, e€ho; gem, get ; ag ; e^cist; linger, link; tJhis- 
 
TRUSS 
 
 772 
 
 TUFTY 
 
 i&irg.) A b»udage or apjviratus used in cases of hernia. 
 
 3. (Naut.) The rope or iron used to keep the center of 
 ayard to the mast. 4. (Arch.) A framed assemblage of 
 timbers for fastening or binding a beam, or for supporting 
 a roof, &c. 5. (Ensrin.) A tririuguhir frame, or a polyg- 
 onal frame, to which rigidity is given by staying and 
 bracing. 
 
 TrtLss, V. t. [imp. & p. p. trussed (108) t;?. pr. & vb. 
 «. TRUSSING.] 1, To bind or pack close, 'i. To skewer, 
 as a fowl for cooking it. 3. To execute by hanging ; to 
 hang. 
 
 Trilst, M. [Icel. traust, confidence, security, Goth, trausti, 
 a convention, covenant. See infra.] 1. Reliance on the 
 integrity, venicity, justice, friendship, or other sound 
 principle of another, ii. Credit given : especially, de- 
 livery of pro^Hjrty or merchaudi.<e in reUance upon future 
 IVHyiiient. 3. Dependence upon something future or 
 contingent, as if present or actual. 4. That which is 
 coumiitted or intrusted to one. 5. Responsible charge 
 or office. 6. That upon which confidence is reposed ; 
 ground of reliance. 7. (Law.) An estate held for the 
 use of another. 
 
 Syn. — Confidence ; belief ; faith ; hope ; expectation ; 
 charge; deposit. 
 
 Trfist, r. t. [imp. & p. p. TRUSTED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TRUSTING.] [0. D. troesten , troosten , to instigate, in- 
 cite; troosten, to console; Icel. treysta. to confide, con- 
 firm, tmiwir, faithful, firm; 0. Sax. trostian, gitroston, 
 Oer. tr'dsten, to console. See supra.] 1. To place con- 
 fidence in ; to rely on. 2. To give credence to ; to be- 
 lieve ; to credit. 3. To show confidence by intrusting. 
 
 4. To commit, as to one's care ; to intrust. 5. To give 
 credit to ; to sell to upon credit. 6. To venture confi- 
 dently. 
 
 Trust, V. i. 1. To be credulous. 2. To be confident, 
 as of something pre.sent or future. 3. To sell, exchange, 
 or alienate, in reliance upon a promise to pay. 
 
 Trust-ee', v . A person to whom property is legally com- 
 mitted in trust, to be apphed either for the benefit of 
 specified individuals or for public uses. 
 
 Trustee process (Law.), a process by which a creditor may 
 attach his debtor's goods, effects, and credits in the hands of a 
 third person. 
 
 Trii.st'er, n. One who trusts, or gives credit. 
 
 Truii^t'f ul, V. Full of trust ; trusting. 
 
 Tril.st'i-iy, a</i-. In a trusty manner ; faithfully; hon- 
 estly, [faithfulness. 
 
 Trust'i-ne.<«s, n. QuaUty of being trusty ; fidehty ; 
 
 Trust'wor-tiii-ness (-wOr'thi-nes), n. State orquaUty 
 of being trustworthy. 
 
 Tribit'wor-tiiy (-wQr'th5')i «• Worthy of trust or con- 
 fidence ; trusty . 
 
 Trust'y, a. [coinpar. TRUSTIER ; superl. trustiest.] 
 1. Admitting of being safely trusted ; fit to be confided 
 in ; trustworthy ; reUable. 2. Hence, not Uable to faU ; 
 strong; firm. 
 
 Truth, «. ,;?/. TRUTHS (99). [See True, and cf. Troth.] 
 1*.' The quality of being true ; as, (a.) Conformity to fact 
 orreaUty. (6.) Conformity to rule; exactness, (c.) Fidel- 
 ity; constancy, (/i.) The practice of speaking truth ; ve- 
 racity, (e.) Honesty; virtue. 2. Real state of things ; 
 verity; reality. 3. A verified fact ; an established prin- 
 ciple, fixed law, or the Uke. 
 
 Trutli'ful,a. Full of truth ; veracious; reUable. 
 
 Triith'f iil-Iy, adv. In a truthful manner. 
 
 Truth'ful-ness, n. The state of being truthful. 
 
 Try, V. i.'[imp. & />. p. TRIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TRYING.] 
 [See infra.] To exert strength ; to endeavor ; to attempt. 
 
 Try, V. t. [Fr. trier, to cull, to pick out, as if from a Lat. 
 word tritare, fr. terere, triluyn, to rub, bruise, grind.] 1. 
 To prove by experiment; to make experiment of; to ; 
 prove ; to test. 2. To purify or refine, as metals ; to 
 melt out and procure in a pure state, as oil, tallow, lard, 
 &c. 3. To subject to severe trial ; to put to the test. 
 4. (fytio.) To examine judicially. 5. To experience; 
 to have knowledge of by experience. C To essay. 
 
 To trtj on, (a.) To put on, as a garment, to ascertain whether 
 it fits the penton. C'y.) To attempt; to undertake. [Col I or/, and 
 low.]— To try tallow, &c., to melt and separate it from the 
 membranes.— To trj/ the eyex, to over-exert tliem; to strain. 
 
 Syn. — To attempt; endeavor; strive; aim: examine. — To 
 ir>/ 18 the generic, U) attempt is the specific, term. When we 
 tni, we are usually uncertain as to success; when we attempt, 
 we have always some definite object in view which we seek to 
 accomplish. We maj' be indifferent as to the result of a trial, 
 but we rarely attempt any thing without a desire to succeed. 
 
 Try'ing, p. a. Adapted to try, or put to severe trial ; 
 Kevere; afflictive. 
 
 Tttb, n. [D. tobbe ; N. H. Ger. zubar, 0. H. Ger. zuipar, 
 
 from zw^, two, and beran, to bear.] 1. An open wooden 
 vessel formed with staves, heading, and hoops; — used 
 for various domestic purposes. 2. Hence, the amount 
 which a tub contains, as a measure of quantity. 
 
 Tub, V. t. [ijnp. & p. p. tubbed ; p. pr. Si, vb. n. TUB- 
 BING.] To plant or set in a tub. 
 
 Tube, «. [l.&t. tubus.] 1. A hollow cyhnder, of any ma- 
 terial, used for various purposes ; a pipe ; a conduit. 2. 
 A vessel of animal bodies or plants which conveys a 
 fluid or other substance. 
 
 Tube, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tubed ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUB- 
 ING.] To furnish with a tube. 
 
 TuHber, n. [Lat., a hump, knob, prob. fr. lumber, from 
 tumere, to swell.] (Bot.) A fieshy, rounded stem or root, 
 usually containing starchy matter, as the potato. 
 
 TUTber-ele, n. [Lat. tuberculum, dim. of tuber.] 1. 
 (Anat.) A natural small projection or mass. 2. (Med.) 
 A small mass or aggregation of diseased matter : especial- 
 ly, the deposit which accompanies scrofula or phthisis. 
 
 Tu-ber'«u-lar, a. 1. Having httle knobs or tubercleB. 
 2. Affected with tubercles ; tuberculous. 
 
 Tube'roge, or TuTber-ose, n. [From Lat. tuberosum, 
 tuberous.] A plant with a tuberous root much culti- 
 vated for the beauty and exquisite fragrance of its flow- 
 ers. 
 
 Tu'ber-os'i-ty, n. 1. State of being tuberous. 2. 
 (Anat.) A knob-like prominence on a bone, to which 
 muscles and ligaments are attached. 
 
 TuTber-ous, a. [Lat. tuberosus. See Tuber.] 1. Cov- 
 ered with knobby or wart-like prominences. 2. (Bot.) 
 Consisting of, or containing, tubers. 
 
 TUb'ing, n. 1. Act of making tubes. 2. A series of 
 tubes ; a piece of a tube ; material for tubes. 
 
 TSHbu-lar, a. [From Lat. tubulus. dim. of tubus, a tube 
 or pipe.] Having the form of a tube or pipe ; consisting 
 of a pipe ; fistular. 
 
 Tu'bu-late, a. Tubular; tubulated; tubulous. 
 
 Tii'bu-la''ted, a. [Lat. tubulatus, from tubulus. See 
 infra.] 1. Made in the form of a small tube. 2. Fur- 
 nished with a tube. 
 
 Tu'bixle, n. [Lat. tubuhts, dim. of tubus, a tube, pipe.] 
 A small pipe : a little tube. 
 
 Tu-bu'li-f6rlll^ a. [Lat. tubulus, a little tube, and 
 forma, form.] Having the form of a small tube. 
 
 TuTbu-loiis, a. [See Tubule.] 1. Resembling, or in 
 the form of, a tube. 2. Containing small tubes ; com- 
 posed wholly of tubulous florets. 
 
 Tixek, n. [W. ticca, a kind of knife, tivc, a cut, or chip ; 
 L. Lat. stocus, stoclnis, fr. Ger. stock, a stick, staff. ^ 
 infra.] 1. A long, narrow sword ; a rapier. 2. (Naut.) 
 The part of a ship where the ends of the bottom planks 
 are collected under the stem. 3. A horizontal fold 
 made in the garment. 
 
 Tu.«l£, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tucked (tfikt) ; p.jrr. & vb. 
 n. TUCKING.] [L. Ger. tucken, H. Ger. zucken, to draw 
 with a short and quick motion.] 1. To thrust or press 
 in or together ; to fold under. 2. To inclose by pushing 
 the clothes closely around. 
 
 Tucli'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, tucks. 2. A 
 small, thin piece of the dress for covering the breast of 
 women or children. 
 
 Tueg'day (tuz'dr). n. [A.-S. Tiwesddg, from Titv, gen. 
 Tiices, Goth. Tius, Tivis, the Mars of our ancestors, the 
 god of war, and A.-S. dag, a day.] The third day of the 
 week, following Monday. 
 
 Tu'fa, or Tu'fa, ». [It t?(/b, soft, sandy stone.] (Min.) 
 (a.) A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from 
 water, (b.) A volcanic sand-rock, rather friable, formed 
 of agglutinated, volcanic earth ; also, a similar rock of 
 trap or basaltic material. 
 
 Tiiff , n. Tufa. See Tufa. 
 
 Tuft, n. [Prov. Eng. tuff, Tr. touffe, for toitppe, Prov. 
 Fr. touffette, W. tuf, L. Lat. tiifa, Icel. toppr, a curl, 
 tuft of hair, Fr. toupet.] 1. A collection of small, flex- 
 ible, or soft things in a knot or bunch. 2. A cluster; c 
 clump. 3. A nobleman , or person of quaUty , especially 
 in the English universities : — so called from the tuft in 
 the cap worn by them. [ Cant or coUoq., Eng.] 
 
 Tiift, V. t. [imp'. & p. p. TUFTED : p. pr. 8c vb. n. TUFT- 
 ING.] 1. To separate into tufts. 2. To adorn with 
 tufts or with a tuft. 
 
 Tiift'ed, p. a. 1. Adorned with a tuft. 2. Growing in 
 a tuft or clusters. 
 
 Tiift'-bunt'er, n. A hanger-on to noblemen, especially 
 in English universities. See TUFT, 3. [Cant or colloq., 
 Eng.] 
 
 Tuft'y, a. 1. Abounding wit*, tufls. 2. Growing in 
 tufts or clusters. 
 
 a,e,&c.,(ong^, &,6,&c.,5Aor/, c&re, far, ask, aU, what ; dre,veil, tSrm; piique, firm ; s6u,dr, do, wol^ 
 
TUG 
 
 773 
 
 TURBAN 
 
 Tilg, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TUGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUG- 
 GING.] [A.-S. tedhan, tedn (p. tedh, tiigon, p. p. togen), 
 teohhian, tedgan, to pull, draw, tug, Icel. toga, Goth. 
 tiuhan.] To pull or draw with great effort; to drag 
 along with continued exertion ; to haul along. 
 
 TugyV.i. 1. To pull with great effort. ti» To labor; 
 to strive ; to struggle. 
 
 Tug, n. [See supra.] 1. A pull with the utmost effort. 
 'i. A steam-Tessel used to tow ships. 3. A trace, or 
 drawing-strap, of a harness. 
 
 Tug'ger, n. One who tugs or pulls with great effort. 
 
 Tu-i'tion (-Tsh'un), n. [Lat. tiiitio, from tueri, tuitus, 
 to see, watch, protect.] 1. Superintending care over a 
 young person ; guardianship. "Z. Especiallij, the act or 
 business of teaching the various branches of learning ; 
 instruction. 3. The money paid for instruction. 
 
 Tu-i'tioii-a-ry (tu-Tsh'un-), a. Of, or pertaining to, 
 tuition. 
 
 Tu'lip, n. [From Turk. & Per. tulbend, dulbend, i. e., a 
 turban ; — so called from the resemblance of the form of 
 this flower to a turban.] A bulbous plant, producing 
 flowers of great beauty and of a variety of colors. 
 
 Tulle, n. [Ft., so called from the town of Ttdle, in 
 France, where it was first made.] A kind of silk open 
 work or lace. 
 
 Ttim'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. tumbled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. tumbling.] [0. II. Ger. fUmildii, t^m,on, D. tui- 
 melen,0. D. tumen, Icel. tiimba, tru>nba,A.-S. tumbian.] 
 1. To roll about by turning one way and the other. "Z. 
 To roll down ; to be precipitated. 3. To play mounte- 
 bank tricks by various librations and movements of the 
 body. 
 
 Tum'ble, v. t. 1. To turn over, or throw about for 
 examination ; to roll or move in a rough, coarse, or un- 
 ceremonious manner ; to precipitate. Z, To disturb ; to 
 rumple. 
 
 Tum'ble, n. Act of tumbling or rolling over ; a fall. 
 
 Tum'bler, n. 1, One who tumbles ; one who plays the 
 tricks of a mountebank. 'Z. That part of a lock which 
 detains the shot-bolt in its place, until a key lifts it and 
 leaves the bolt at liberty. 3. A drinking glass originally 
 made without a foot or stem, with a pointed base, so that 
 it could not be set down with any liquor in it. 4. A small 
 variety of the domestic pigeon ; — so called from its habit 
 of tumbling or turning over in flight. 5. A sort of 
 dog used for inveigling game ; so called froili his habit 
 of timibling before he attacks his prey. 
 
 Tum'brel, I n. [0. Fr. tomberel, from tomber, to fall, to 
 
 Tum'bril, j tumble.] 1. A ducking-stool for the pvm- 
 ishment of scolds. '.J. A rough cart. 3. A cart with 
 two wheels, for conveying the tools of pioneers, car- 
 ti-idges, &c. 4. A kind of cage of osiers, willows, or the 
 like, for keeping hay and other food for sheep. [Eng.] 
 
 Tu'me-f a-e'tion, n. Act or process of tumefying ; a 
 tumor ; a swelling. 
 
 Tu'me-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tumefied ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TUMEFYING.] [Lat. tumefacere, from tiimere, to 
 swell, and /acere, to make.] To swell ; to cause to swell. 
 
 Tu'me-fy, v. i. To rise in a tumor ; to swell. 
 
 Tu'mid, a. [Lat. tumidus, from tiimere, to swell.] 1. 
 Swelled, enlarged, or distended, ii. Rising above the 
 level; protuberant. 3. Swelling in sound or sense ; 
 pompous ; bombastic ; turgid. 
 
 Tu-mid'i-ty, n. State of being tumid ; turgidity. 
 
 Tu'mid-ness, n. State or quality of being tumid. 
 
 Tu'mor, n. [Lat. tumor, from tumere, to swell.] (Med.) 
 A morbid swelling, or growth, on any part of the body. 
 
 Tiimp, n. [W. tivmp, tium, a round mass or heap, a 
 hillock.] A httle hillock ; a knoll. 
 
 Tump, V. t. [im.p. & p. p. tumped (84) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TUMPING.] To form a mass of earth or a hillock 
 round, as a plant. 
 
 Tu'mu-lar, a. [From Lat. tumulus, a mound, fr. tumere, 
 to swell.] Consisting in a heap ; formed or being in a 
 heap or hillock. 
 
 Tu'mu-lose', a. Tumulous. [Rare.] 
 
 Tu'mult, n. [Lat. tumultus, from tumere, to swell, as 
 if a restless swelling up, a ferment.] 1. Commotion, 
 disturbance, or agitation of a multitude, usually accom- 
 panied with great noise, uproar, and confusion of voices. 
 ti. Violent commotion or agitation, with confusion of 
 sounds. 3. Irregular or confused motion ; high excite- 
 
 IIl£Ut. 
 
 Syn. — Uproar ; hurly-burly ; ferment ; disturbance ; tur- 
 bulence; disorder; confusion ; noise ; bluster ; hubbub; bus- 
 tle; stir; brawl; riot. 
 
 Tu-mult'u-a-ri-ly, adv. In a tumultuary manner. 
 
 Tu-miilt'ii-a-ri-ness, n. State or quality of being tu. 
 multuary ; turbulence ; disposition to tumult. 
 
 Tu-miilt'u-a-ry (44), o. Attended by or producing a 
 tumult. 
 
 Syn. — Disorderly ; riotous ; promiscuouB ; confuied ; tu- 
 multuous; restless; agitated; unquiet. 
 
 Tu-miilt'u-ous, a. 1. Full of tumult ; conducted 
 with tumult. 5i. Greatly agitated. 3. Agitated ; dis- 
 turbed. 4. Turbulent ; violent. 
 
 Syn. — Disorderly; irregular; noisy; confused; boisterous; 
 lawless; riotous; seditious. 
 
 Tu-mult'u-ous-ly, adv. In a tumultuous or disorderly 
 manner ; by a disorderly multitude. 
 
 Tu-mulfu-oiis-ness, n. The state of being tumultu- 
 ous ; disorder ; commotion. 
 
 IWniu-liis, n. ; pi. TU'MV-lT. [Lat., a mound, a se- 
 pulchral mound.] An artificial hillock, especially one 
 raised over the grave of a person buried in ancient timesj 
 a barrow. 
 
 Tun, n. [A.-S. tunne, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. tunna, Jr. & 
 Gael, tunna, tonna, W. tynell, Fr. tonne, tonneau.] 1. 
 A large cask. ti. A certain measure for liquids, as for 
 wine, consisting of two pipes or four hogsheads, or 252 
 gallons. 3. A large quantity ; — used proverbially. 
 
 Tun, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tunned ; p. pr. & vb. n. TUN- 
 NING.] To put into tuns or casks. 
 
 Tun'a-ble, a. Capable of being tuned, or made har- 
 monious ; hence, harmonious ; musical ; tuneful. 
 
 Tfine, n. [A different spelling of tone, q. v.] 1. (Mus.) 
 (a.) A rhythmical, melodious series of musical tones 
 for one voice or instrument, or for any number of voices 
 or instruments in unison, or two or more such series 
 forming parts in harmony ; a melody ; an air. {b.) State 
 of giving the proper sound or sounds ; pitch of the voice 
 or an instrument, ij. Hence, order ; harmony ; concord ; 
 fit disposition, temper, or humor. 
 
 Tune, V. t. [imp. & p. p. tuned ; p. pr. & vb. n. tun- 
 ing.] 1. To put into a state adapted to produce the 
 proper sounds ; to harmonize. 2. Hence, to put into a 
 proper state or disposition. 3. To give tone to ; to adapt 
 in style of music. 4. To sing with melody or harmony. 
 
 Tune, V. i. To form accordant musical sounds. 
 
 Tune'ful, a. Harmonious; melodious; musical. 
 
 Tune'less, a. 1. Without tune; unharmonious ; un- 
 musical, ti. Not employed in making mu.sic. 
 
 Tiing'sten, n. [Sw. tungsten, Ger. tungstein, from Sw. 
 tung, heavy, and sten, Ger. stein, stone.] A metal of a 
 grayish-white color, and considerable luster. It is brittle, 
 nearly as hard as steel, and is fused with extreme diffi- 
 culty. Its specific gravity is near 17.6. 
 
 Tu'nio, n. [Lat. tjinica.] 1. (Antiq.) An under-gar- 
 ment worn by both sexes in ancient Rome and the East. 
 3. (Anat.) A membrane that covers or composes some 
 part or organ. 3. (Bot.) A natural covering ; an in- 
 tegument. 
 
 Tu'ni-«le (tu'ni-kl), n. [Lat. tuniada, dim. of tunica, 
 a tunic] 1. A natural covering. (Ecd.) "i. A kind of 
 long robe. 
 
 Tun'ing-f6rlc, n. [Mus.) A steel instrument consist- 
 ing of two prongs and a handle, which, being struck, 
 gives a certain fixed tone ; — used for tuning instruments, 
 or for ascertaining the pitch of tunes. 
 
 Tiin'nage, n. See Tonnage. 
 
 Tun'nel, n. [From tun. See TUN.] 1. A vessel with a 
 broad mouth at one end, and a pipe or tube at the other, 
 for conveying liquor into casks, bottles, or other vessels. 
 3. A flue for the passage of smoke. 3. An artificial 
 arch or passage under ground for railways, &c. 4. 
 (Mining.) A level passage driven across the measures, or 
 at right angles to the veins which its object is to reach. 
 
 Tun'nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tunneled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TUNNELING.] 1. To form into a tunnel, or like a 
 tunnel. 2. To catch in a tunnel net. 3. To make an 
 opening way for passage through, as a hill or mountain, 
 or under, as a river. 
 
 Tiin'ny, n. [Lat. thunnus, 
 t/iynnus, Gr. Ovvvos, 6vvo<;, fr. 
 dvveiv, dveiv, to rush or dart 1 
 along.] ( Ickth.) A fish of the 
 mackerel family, similar in i 
 form to the mackerel, but 
 much larger, rounder, and 
 with a shorter snout. 
 
 Tiir'ban, n. [0. Eng. tin- 
 
 band, turbant, tidibnnt, tulipant, fi*om Per. dulband, d6l- 
 band, from dulai, double, from rfft, two, and lai, a fold, 
 and band, a band, bandage.] 1. A head-dress wora 
 
 Tun 
 
 fonod, f tJbt ; tLrxi, rude, pull ; ^ell, fhaise, call, e«lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, liijk ; tJii* 
 
TURBARY 
 
 774 
 
 TURN 
 
 by •ome Orientals, consisting of a cap, and a sash or 
 •carf wound alwut the cap. 3. A head-dresa worn by 
 ladies. 
 
 TtlrTba-ry, m. [L. IM. fiirbaria, from turba, turf.] (Eng. 
 Laiw.) a right of digging turf on another man's land; 
 the ground where turf is dug. 
 
 TftrTbld, a. [Lat. turbiUus, from litrba, tumult, disturb- 
 ance, ttirbare, to disturb.] Having the lees disturbed ; 
 foul with extraneous matter ; roiled ; muddy ; thick. 
 
 TftrTbid-iiess, n. The state or quality of being turbid ; 
 muddiness ; foulness. 
 
 TftrTbi-iiate, 1 a. [Lat. turbinatus, from turbo or 
 
 TArTbi-na'ted, ) turbe7t, turbinis, nv/hirl, top.] Shaped 
 like a top, or cone inverted ; narrow at the base, and 
 broad at ^he apex. [top. 
 
 Tftr'bi-na'tlon, n. Act of spinning or whirling, as a 
 
 TvirTbine, n. [Lat. turbo, turbinis, that which whirls 
 round, whirl.] A horizontal water-wheel, usually con- 
 structed \rith a series of curved floats upon the periph- 
 ery, against which the water strikes with direct impulse, 
 as it rushes from all sides of an inner flume, and after 
 expending its force upon the floats, passes out at the cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Tfir'bit, n. [N. Lat.] 1. A variety of the domestic 
 pigeon, remarkable for its short beak. 3. The turbot. 
 
 Tur'bot, n. [Fr. turbot, W. 
 torbivt, perhaps from Lat. tur- 
 bo, a top.] A flat fish, with a 
 body nearly circular. 
 
 TikrHbu-len^e, n. State or 
 quality of being turbulent ; a 
 disturbed state. 
 
 Syn.— Agitation; tumult : tu- 
 muUuousness; unruliness: insub- T>„rhnf 
 
 ordination ; rioting. iurooi. 
 
 Tfkr'bu-lent, a. [Lat. turbulentus, from turba, disorder, 
 tumult.] 1. In violent commotion. 2. Disposed to in- 
 subordination and disorder. 3. Producing commotion. 
 Syn. — Disturbed; agitated; tumultous; riotous; seditious; 
 restless; unquiet; refractory. 
 
 Tur'bu-len.t-ly, adv. In a turbulent manner ; tu- 
 multuously ; with violent agitation. 
 
 Tfir'^igm, n. The character, belief, religion, manners, 
 or the like, of the Turks. 
 
 Tu-reen', n. [From Fr. terrine, from terre, Lat. terra, 
 earth.] A large, deep vessel for holding soup, or other 
 liquid food, at the table. 
 
 Tfirf , n. ; pi. TORFg. [A.-S. turf, Icel. torf, 0- H. Ger. 
 zurf, zurft, zurba, allied to Ir. & Gael, tarp, a clod, 
 lump.] 1. That upper stratum of earth which is filled 
 with roots ; sward ; sod. 3. Peat, especially when pre- 
 pared for fuel. 3. Race-ground ; or horse-racing. 
 
 Tiirf , V. t. [imp. & p. p. turfed (tfirft) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. TURFING.] To cover with turf or sod. 
 
 Ttlrfi-ness, n. State or quality of being turfy. 
 
 Tiirf y, a. [compar. TURFIER ; superl. TURFIEST.] 1, 
 Abounding with turf; made of, or covered with, turf. 
 3. Having the appearance or qualities of turf. 
 
 Tfir'gent, a. [Lat. turgens, p. pr. of turgere, to swell.] 
 1. Rising into a tumor, or puify state ; sweUing. 2. 
 Inflated ; bombastic. 
 
 Tur-ijCs'^en^e, in. 1. Act of swelling, or state of 
 
 Tur-gfis'^en-^y, ) being swelled. 3. (Med.) Super- 
 abundance of humors in any part. 3. Empty magnifi- 
 cence or pompousness ; bombast. 
 
 Tur-g^s'^eiit, a. [Lat. turgescens, p. pr. of turgescere, 
 to begin to swell, inchoative form of turgere, to swell.] 
 Swelling ; growing big. 
 
 TO.r'gid,a. [Lut. turgidux, from turgere, to sweW.] 1. 
 Distended beyond the natural state by some internal 
 agent or expansive force ; swelled ; bloated. 3. Swell- 
 ing in style or language ; vainly ostentatious. 
 Syn. — Tumid; pompous; Inflated; bombastic. 
 
 Tur-]^id'i-ty, n. Stat« of being turgid ; tumidness. 
 
 Tfir'gid-neHH, n. The quality of being turgid. 
 
 Tiir'kC'y, n. [So called because it was erroneously be- 
 lieved tfj have come originally from Turkey.] ( Ornith.) A 
 large gallinaceous fowl, a native of America. The flesh 
 is highly va'uid for food. 
 
 Tftr'key-biiz'zard, n. (Ornith.) A common American 
 species of vulture, having a distant resemblance to a 
 turkey. [Turquois, q. v. 
 
 Tur-lcolg' (-koiz/ or -kee?/, 38), n. (Min.) The same as 
 
 Tftr'mer-i«; (123), n. [N. Lat. terra^nerita, turrnerica.] 
 1. (Sot.) An East Indian plant. 3. (Med.) The root 
 or root-stock of the same plant. It is used for dyeing, 
 and aliio as a medicine. 
 
 Turmeric paper (Chcni.), a kindof tmsized paper stained yel- 
 low with a decoction of turmeric, used as a test for free alkali, 
 which changes its color to brown. 
 
 Tftr'moil, n. [See injra.] Harassing labor; trouble ,• 
 molestation by tumult; disturbance. 
 
 Tftrn, V. t. [imp. & p. p. TURNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TURNING.] [From Lat. tornare, to turn in a lathe, to 
 round off, from tornus, a lathe, Gr. Topics, a turner's 
 chisel, Topveveiv, to turn, to work with a lathe and chisel ; 
 A.-S. tyrnan, to turn, Icel. turna, to invert, Goth, af- 
 taurnan.] 1. To form in a lathe. 3. Hence, to give 
 form to ; to shape ; to put in proper condition. 3. To 
 cause to move upon a center, or as if upon a center ; to 
 give circular motion to ; to cause to revolve. 4. To 
 cause to present a different side uppermost or outmost. 
 
 5. To give another direction, tendency, or inclination to- 
 to incline differently ; — both literally and figuratively 
 
 6. To change from a given use or ofi&ce ; to divert, as to 
 another purpose or end : to use or employ. 7. To change 
 the form, quaUty, aspect, or effect of; to alter ; to trans- 
 form ; to translate. 
 
 To be turned of, to be advanced beyond. — To turn a comer, 
 to go round a corner. — To turn, the enenii/'sjfank (.Mil.), to pass 
 round and take a position upon the side of it. — To turn aside, 
 to avert. — To turn, as milk, cider, wine, &c., to cause to fer- 
 ment and become sour. — To turn away, (a.) To dismiss from 
 service; to discard. (6.) To avert. — To turn down, to fold or 
 double down.— To turn in, to fold or double under.— 2'o turn 
 in the mind, to revolve, ponder, or meditate upon. — To turn 
 off, (a.) To dismiss contemptuously. (6.) To give over ; to 
 reduce, (c.) To divert ; to deflect, (d.) To accomplish : to 
 perform, as work. — To turn one's money or goods, to twn a 
 Venn J/, and the like, to exchange in the course of trade ; to 
 Keep in lively exchange or circulation. — To turn out, (a.) To 
 drive out; to expel. (6.) To put to pasture, as cattle or horses, 
 (c.) To produce, as the result of labor, or any process of manu- 
 facture ; to furnish in a completed state. — 7'o turn over, (a.) 
 To cause to change the sides of; to cause to roll over. (6.) To 
 transfer, (c.) To open and examine one leaf of after another, 
 as a book, (a.) To overset; to overturn. — To turn tail, to re- 
 treat ignominiously. — To turn the back, to Gee ; to retreat. — 
 To turn the back on or upon, to treat with contempt; to reject or 
 refuse unceremoniously. — To turn the edge of, to make dull ; 
 to deprive of sharpness.— To tm-n the head or brain of, to make 
 giddy, wild, insane, or the like; to infatuate. — To turn the 
 scale, to change the preponderance; to give superiority or suc- 
 cess. — To turn the stomach of, to nauseate; to sicken. — To 
 turn the tables, to reverse success or superiority. — To turn to, 
 to have recourse to ; to refer to.— 7'o turn to profit, advantage, 
 or the like, to make profitable or advantageous. — To turnupon, 
 to retort; to throw back. 
 
 Tftrn, V. i. 1. To move round ; to have a circular mo- 
 tion; to revolve, entirely, repeatedly, or partially; to 
 change position, so as to face differently. 3. Hence, to 
 revolve as if upon a point of support ; to hinge ; to de- 
 pend. 3. To result or terminate; to issue. 4. To be 
 deflected ; to take a different direction or tendency ; to 
 be differently applied. 5. To be changed, altered, or 
 transformed ; to become transmuted ; also, to become by 
 changes. 6. To undergo the process of turning on a 
 lathe. 7. In specific uses, (a.) To become acid; to 
 sour; — said of milk, ale. &c. (b.) To become giddy ; — 
 said of the head, (c.) To be nauseated; — said of the 
 stomach, (d.) To become inclined in the other direc- 
 tion ; — said of scales, (e.) To change from ebb to flow, 
 or from flow to ebb ; — said of the tide. 
 
 To turn about, to move the face to another quarter. — To turn 
 away, (a.) To deviate. (6.) To depart ; to remove. — To turn 
 in, (a.) To bend inward, (h.) To enter for lodgings or enter- 
 tainment, (c.) To go to bed. —To twn off, to be diverted : to 
 deviate from a course. — To turn on or upon, (a.) To reply or 
 retort. (6.) To depend on. — To turn out, (a.) To move from 
 its place, as a bone, (b.) To bend outward : to project, (c.) To 
 rise from bed. (d.) To come abroad; to prove m the result; to 
 issue ; to result. — To turn over, to turn from side to side : to 
 roll; to tumble. — To turn to account, profit, ailvantage, and the 
 like, to be made profitable ; to become worth the while. — To 
 turn under, to bend or be folded downward or under.— To turn 
 up, (a.) To bend or be doubled upward, (b.) To come to light; 
 to occur; to happen. 
 
 T<irn,n. 1. Act of turning ; movement or motion about 
 a center, or as if about a center ; revolution. 3. Change 
 of direction; different order, position, aspect of affairs, 
 &c. 3. Hence, change; alteration: vicissitude. 4. 
 Successive portion of a course ; reckoning from change 
 to change ; hence, a winding ; a bend ; a brief walk. 5o 
 Successive course ; alternate or incidental occa.<;ion ; ap- 
 propriate time. 6. Incidental or opportune deed or 
 office. 7. Convenience; occasion; purpose. 8. Form; 
 cast ; shape ; manner ; fashion ; — used in a literal or 
 figurative sense ; hence, form of expression. 9. One 
 round of a rope or cord. 10. pi. (Med.) Monthly 
 courses; menses. 11. (Mus.) An embellishment, 
 marked thus. <^^, formed of appoggiaturas,and consist- 
 ing of the principal note, together with the note above, 
 
 a,e,&c.,;on^/ &,1i,&c.,sfiort; c4re, far, ask, all, what; dre, veil, term ;piique, firm j s6n,6r,d9,^v9lf, 
 
TURNCOAT 
 
 775 
 
 TWEAK 
 
 »nd the semitone below, the note above being sounded 
 fii'st, the principal note next, and the semitone below 
 last, the thi-ee being performed very quickly. 
 
 By tw-ns, (a.) One after another ; alternately, (h.) At inter- 
 vals. — In turn, in due order of succession. — 7'o a <«/-/», exartly; 
 perfectly i — from tlie practice of cooking on a revolving spit. — 
 To take turns, to alternate ; to succeed one another in due or- 
 der. — 7\irn and turn about, an alternate share of duty. — Turn 
 of life {Med.), the time of the final cessation of the menses in 
 ■women. 
 Tfirn'-eoat, n. One who forsakes his party or principles ; 
 a renegade ; an apostate. 
 
 Tfirn'er, n. 1. One who turns; especially, one whose 
 occupation is to form articles with a lathe. *<i. A variety 
 of pigeon. 3. A person who practices athletic or gym-, 
 nastic exercises ; — so called among the Germans. 
 
 T<irii'er-y, n. 1. Art of fashioning solid bodies into 
 various forms by means of a lathe. !2. Things or forms 
 made by a turner, or in the lathe. 
 
 TiirH'ing, n. 1. A winding ; a bending course ; flexure ; 
 a corner, as of a street or i-oad. "2. Deviation from the 
 way or proper course. 3. Act of forming solid sub- 
 stances into farious forms by means of a lathe. 4. pi. 
 Pieces detached in the process of turner3^ 5. (Mil.^ A 
 maneuver by which an enemy, or position, is turned. 
 
 TfiLi'n'iiig-point, n. The point upon which a question 
 turns, and which decides a case. 
 
 Tur'nip, n. [Ir. turnapa, perhaps from TV. turn, round, 
 and meipen, maip, a turnip, A.-S. nape, Lat. napus.] 
 (Bot.) A plant, much cultivated on account of its solid, 
 bulbous root, which is valued as an article of food. 
 
 TArn'key, n. ,• pi. TORN^KEYg. A person who has 
 charge of the keys of a prison. 
 
 Tiirn'-out, n. .-"pl. tOrn'-outs. 1. Act of coming 
 forth. 2. A short side track on a railroad ; a-shunt. 3. 
 An equipage. 
 
 Tiirn'-o'ver, n. 1. Act or result of turning over. 2. 
 A semicircular pie made by turning one half of a circular 
 crust over the other. 
 
 Turn'pike, n. 1. A frame consisting of two bars 
 (originally with sharpened ends), crossing each other at 
 right angles, and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the 
 passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass between 
 the arms. [Obs.] ii. A toll-gate, or gate set across a 
 road. 3. A turnpike-road. 
 
 Tiirii'pike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. turnpiked (-pikt) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. TURNPIKING.] To form, as a road, in 
 the manner of a turnpike-road. 
 
 Tfi.rii'pik.e-road, n. A road on which turnpikes, or 
 toll-gates, are established by law. 
 
 Tiirn'sole, n. [Ft. tournesol, from tourner, to turn, and 
 Lat. sol.] 1. (Bot.) A heliotrope; — so named because 
 its flower is supposed to turn toward the sun. 2. A 
 kind of dye obtained from certain lichens. 
 
 Tiirii'spit, n. 1. One who turns a spit ; hence, one en- 
 gaged in some menial office. 3. A variety of dog ; — so 
 called from being formerly employed to turn a spit. 
 
 Tftrii'stile, n. A revolving frame 
 in a footpath ; a turnpike. 
 
 Tii.ru'- ta'ble, n. A large revolv- 
 ing platform, for turning railroad 
 cars, locomotives, &c.,in a diEFer- 
 ent direction. 
 
 Tfir'peii-tlne, n. [Fr. tereben- 
 tkine, from Lat. terebinthinus , of 
 the turpentine-tree, from terebin- 
 thus. See Terebinth.] An 
 oleo-resinous substance, exuding naturally or on incision 
 from several species of trees, chiefly those of the conifer- 
 ous kind. 
 
 Tiir'pi-tude (53), n. [Lat. turpitude, from turpis, foul, 
 base.] Inherent baseness or vileness of principle, words, 
 or actions. 
 
 Tur-quoi§' (-koiz' or -keez', 38), n. [Fr. turquoise, so 
 called because it came first from Turkey.] (Min.) A 
 mineral, of a peculiar bluish-green color. It is suscepti- 
 ble of a high polish, and used in jewelry. 
 
 Tur'rel, n. [Cf. 0. Fr. touroul, a little wooden tourni- 
 quet to fasten doors or windows.] A certain tool used 
 by coopers. 
 
 Tfir'ret, n. [0. Fr. tourette, dim. of tower, Lat. turris, 
 tower.] A small eminence or spire attached to a building 
 and rwing above it. [with turrets. 
 
 Tur're,t-ed, p. a. 1, Formed like a tower. 2. Furnished 
 
 THr'tle (tQr'tl), n. [A.-S. turtle, Lat. turtur, dim. tur- 
 turilla] (Ornith.) A gallinaceous bird; — called also 
 turtle-dove and turtle-pigeon. Its note is plaintive and 
 tender, and it is celebrated for the constancy of its affec- 
 tion. 
 
 Turnstile. 
 
 Turtle. 
 
 Tuscan Order. 
 
 Tiir'tle, n. [Prob. corrupted, 
 from tortoise, but thought by 
 some to be the .same word as 
 the preceding, tran.'^ferred to 
 the Kea-tortoi.se on account of 
 its affection for its mace in 
 pairing-time. See Tortoise .] 
 {Zo'dl.) A tortoise ; — often re- 
 stricted to the large sea-tor- 
 toise. 
 
 Tfir'tle-dove, n. See Turtle. 
 
 Tur'tler, n. One who catches turtles or tortoises. 
 
 Tus'-ean, a. (Geog.) Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, Tuscany, in Italy; — specific- 
 ally apphed to one of the orders of 
 architecture, the most ancient and 
 simple. 
 
 Tiisli, interj. Pshaw! — an exclama- 
 tion indicating check, rebuke, or con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Tusk, n. [A.-S. tusc, tux.] The long, 
 pointed, and often protruding tooth of 
 certain rapacious animals. 
 
 Tusked (tQskt), a. Furnished with 
 tu.«ks. 
 
 Tiis'sle (ttis/sl), n. [See Tousle and 
 TousE.] A sti'uggle ; a conflict; a 
 scuffle. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Tiis'sle (tQs'sl), v. i. To struggle, as in sport or wrest- 
 ling ; to scuffle. [Colloq.] 
 
 Tilt, interj. Be still ; — an exclamation used for checking 
 or rebuking. 
 
 Tii'te-lage, n. [From Lat. tutela, protection, from tuta- 
 ri, to guard, from tueri, to watch, defend.] 1. Guardian- 
 ship ; protection; — applied to the person protecting, ii. 
 State of being under a guardian. 
 
 Tii'te-lar, ( a. Having the charge of protecting a per- 
 
 Tii'te-la-ry, ) son or a thing ; guardian ; protecting. 
 
 Tii'te-nag, ?i. [N. Lat. tutenago,tutajiego. Cf. TUTTY.) 
 1. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. 2. Zinc, or 
 spelter ; — so called in India. 
 
 Tii'tor, n. [Lat. tutor, from tueri, to watch, defend.] 
 One who protects, watches over, or has the care of, an- 
 other ; hence, specifically , {a.) (Civ. Law.) A guardian. 
 (b.) A private or public teacher, (c.) (Eng. Univ. and 
 Colleges. ) An officer or member of some hall, who has 
 the charge of hearing the lessons of the students, and 
 otherwise giving them instruction, {d. ) {Amer. Colleges.) 
 An instructor of a lower rank than a professor. 
 
 Tvi'tor, V. t. [imp. & p.p. tutored; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TUTORING.] 1. To have the guardianship or care of ; 
 to teach; to instruct. 2. To treat with authority or 
 severity. 
 
 Tvi'tor-age, n. Office or occupation of a tutor ; tutor- 
 ship ; guardianship. [erness. 
 
 Tii 'tor-ess, n. A female tutor ; an instructress ; a gov- 
 
 Tvi-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor. 
 
 Tiitti (tobt'te), n. pi. [It., from Lat. totus, pi. toti, all.] 
 (Mus.) All ; — a direction for all the singers or players to 
 perform together. 
 
 Tiit'ty, n. [Fr. tutie, L. Lat. tutia, Per. tUtiyct.] An im- 
 pure protoxide of zinc, collected from the chimneys of 
 smelting furnaces. 
 
 Twad'dle (twod'dl), ^•. t. [See Twattle.] To talk in 
 a weak and silly manner ; to prate. 
 
 T'wad'dle,n. Silly talk ; senseless verbiage ; gabble. 
 
 Twad'dler, n. One who prates in a weak and silly man- 
 ner. 
 
 Tvi'ain, a. or n. [A.-S. tioegen, twct, two, 0. H. Ger. 
 zioene, zwo, zwei. See Two.] Two ; — nearly obsolete. 
 
 Twang, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TWANGED; p.pr. & I'b. n. 
 TWANGING.] [Cf. TANG, 4, and Prov. Eng. twang, a 
 quick pull, a sudden pang, a sharp taste. 0. H. Ger. & D. 
 dwang, N. H. Ger. zwang, constraint, force.] To make 
 the sound of a string which is stretched and suddenly 
 pulled. 
 
 Twang, V. t. To make to sound, as by pulling a tense 
 string and letting it go suddenly. 
 
 T-wang, n. 1. A harsh, quick sound, like that made by 
 a stretched string when palled and suddenly let go. 2. 
 A kind of nasal sound of the voice. 
 
 Twat'tle (twot'tl), •?;. t. [See TATTLE.] To prate; to 
 talk much and idly ; to chatter ; to twaddle. 
 
 T-w^eak, v. t. [A.-S. tivicciaji, to twitch, pull. It is radi- 
 cally the same word as twitch.] To pinch and pull with 
 a sudden jerk and twist ; to twitch. 
 
 T-weak, «. 1. A sharp pinch or jerk. 2, Trouble; dis- 
 tress. 
 
 «ood, fcK>t ; firn, rifde, p^dl i fell, ^liaise, «all, e<;lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; li^gger, liiik ; tliis 
 
TAVEED 
 
 776 
 
 TWOFOLD 
 
 iDreed, n. A light, twilled cotton or woolen stuff, used 
 for summer clothing. 
 
 rn-eo'dle (twC- dl), v. l. [<T. Ger. dudeln, to play badly 
 on an instrument.] To handle lightly ; — said with refer- 
 ence to awkward fiddling ; hence, to influence as if by 
 fiddling ; to cotvx ; to allure. 
 
 T-wee'zerg, n. ;)/. [0. Eug. (weeze, tioeese, a surgeon's 
 box of instruments, from Ft. ctiii.^, pi. of etui, a case, 
 sheath, box.] Small pincers used to pluck out hairs, &c. 
 
 Twelfth, a. 1. The second after the tenth ; next suc- 
 ceeding the eleventh ; — the ordinal of twelve. "2. Con- 
 stituting one of twelve equal parts into which any thing 
 is divid^^d. 
 
 Twelfth, «. 1. One of twelve equal parts. 2. (Mus.) 
 An interval comprising an octave and a fifth. 
 
 Tw^lftli'-iiiglit (-nit), n. The evening of the twelfth 
 day after Christmas, or Epiphany, observed as a festival. 
 
 Tw'61ve. a. [A.-S. twelf, Icel. tolfj Goth, tvalif, from 
 tva, two, and -/(/, ten, 0. H. Ger. lif, Icel. levu.] One 
 more than eleven ; two and ten ; twice six ; a dozen. 
 
 Twglve, n. 1. The sum of ten and two, or of twice six. 
 'Z. A symbol representing twelve units, as 12, or xii. 
 
 Twglve'niontli (-mQnth, 101), n. A year, which con- 
 sists of twelve calendar months. 
 
 Twfilve'-peii^e, n. A shiUing sterhng, being about 
 twenty-four cents in United States currency. 
 
 Twelve'score, a. & n. Twelve times twenty ; two hun- 
 dred and forty. 
 
 Tw6n'ti-etli, a. 1. Next in order after the nineteenth ; 
 — the ordinal of twenty. 3. Constituting one of twenty 
 equal parts into which any thing is divided. 
 
 TAvgn'ti-etli, n. 1. One of twenty equal parts. 3. 
 {Mus.) An interval comprising two octaves and a sixth. 
 
 T'*v6n'ty, a. [A.-S. twcntig, twentig, for twantig, Goth. 
 tvaitigjus; composed of Goth, tvai, A.-S. tivegen, two, 
 and Goth, tigjus, tigus, A.-S. tig, a decade.] 1, One 
 more than nineteen ; twice ten. 3. An indefinite num- 
 ber ; — used proverbially. 
 
 Tweii'ty, M. 1. The number next following nineteen ; 
 twice ten. 3. A symbol representing twenty units, as 
 20, or XX. 
 
 T-wi'bil, n. [A.-S. twibill, from Uvi, twy, tweo, two, and 
 bill, bil, an ax, hoe, bill.] 1. A kind of mattock, or ax. 
 3. A reaping-hook. 
 
 T'wi^e, adv. [0. Eng. txvies, from two, with the termi- 
 nation of a genitive. Cf. THRICE.] 1. Two times; 
 once and again. 3. Doubly ; in twofold quantity. 
 
 T-»vid'dle, V. t. To touch lightly, or play with; to 
 tweedle ; to twirl with the fingers. 
 
 Twi'fai-low, V. i. [imp. & p. p. TWIFALLOWED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. TWIFALLOWING.] [A.-S. tzvi, two, and 
 Eog. fallow.] To plow a second time ; — said of land that 
 is fallowed. 
 
 Twig, n. [A.-S. twig, from tivi, twig, two, t. e., the 
 bisection or division of the trunk.] A small shoot or 
 branch of a tree or other plant, of no definite length or 
 size. 
 
 Twig, V. t. To beat with twigs. 
 
 Twig, r. r. 1. To understand the meaning of. {Colloq. 
 and low.] 3. To observe slyly. 
 
 Twig'gy, a. Full of twigs ; abounding with shoots. 
 
 Tw^'light (-lit), n. [From A.-S. twi, two, and Eng. 
 light ; A.-S. tweonleoht, i. e., doubtful light, fr. twcona, 
 doubt, fr. twedan, tvjedgan, to doubt, fr. twi, tivig, two, 
 and leoht, light.] 1. The faint light perceived before the 
 rising and after the setting of the sun. 3. Hence, a du- 
 bious or uncertain view. 
 
 Twi'light (-lit), a. 1. Imperfectly illuminated ; shaded ; 
 obscure. 3. .Seen or done by twilight. 
 
 TwOl, V. t. [See QuiLL. Cf. L. Ger. twillen, to separate 
 into two parts.] To weave, as cloth, so as to produce the 
 appearance of diagonal lines or ribs, on the surface of. 
 
 Twill, n. 1. An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs 
 produced in textile fabrics. 3. A fabric woven with a 
 twill. 
 
 Twin, n. [A.-S. twin, double, from twi, two, getwinne, 
 pi., twins. See TwiBiL, and cf. Twine.] 1. One of 
 two produced at a birth by an animal that ordinarily 
 brings forth but one at a birth; — used chietiy in the 
 pi. 3. pi. (Astron.) A constellation and sign of the 
 zodiac ; Gemini. 3. One very much re.s<;mbling another. 
 
 Twin, a. 1. Being one of two born at a birth. 3. Be- 
 ing one of a pair much resembling one another. 
 
 Twine, I- . t. [imp. & p. p. twined; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TWININtt.] [A.-S. twlnan, from twi, two.] 1. To twi.st 
 together ; to form by twisting or winding of threads. 3. 
 To' wind about; to embrace ; to entwine. 
 
 Twine, v. i. 1. To unite closelv, or by complication 
 
 of parts. 3. To wind ; to bend ; to make turns ; to 
 meander. 
 
 Twine, n. [D. twijn, Icel. tvinni, a double thread, A.-S. 
 twin, fine linen. See supra.] 1. A twist; a convolu- 
 Aon. 3. Act of twining or winding round. 3. A .strong 
 thread composed of two or three smaller threads or 
 strands twisted together ; a small cord or string. 
 
 Twinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. twinged ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TWINGEING.] [Allied to tweak, twitch, 'dnd twang, q. 
 v.] 1. To pull with a twitch ; to pinch ; to tweak. 3, 
 To torment with pinching or sharp pains. 
 
 T-%vinge, v. i. To have a sudden, sharp, local pain, like 
 a twitch. 
 
 Twinge, n. 1. A pinch; a tweak; a twitch. 3. A 
 darting, local pain of momentary continuance. 
 
 Twinli'le (twink^l), f. /. [imp. & p. p. twinkled; 
 ;?.;??•. &f6. n. TWINKLING.] [A.-S. tivi7iclian.] 1. To 
 open and shut the eye rapidly ; to blink ; to wink. 3. 
 To sparkle ; to flash at intervals ; to scintillate. 
 
 Twink'le, n. 1. A closing or opening, or a quick mo- 
 tion of the eye; a wink. 3. The time of a wink; a 
 twinkling. 
 
 Tv ink'ling, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, 
 twinkles; a wink. 3. A scintillation ; a sparkling. 3. 
 The time of a wink ; a moment ; an instant. 
 
 Twin'ling, n. [From twin.] A twin lamb. 
 
 Twirl (18), V. t. [imp. & p. p. twirled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TWIRLING.] [A. S. thwiril, a churn-staff, a flail, 0. H. 
 Ger. diviril, A.-S. thweran, athweran, to agitate, twirl. 
 Cf. Thwart, Queer, Quirl.] To move or whirl 
 round ; to move and turn rapidly with the fingers. 
 
 Twirl, V. i. To revolve with velocity ; to be whirled 
 round rapidly. [tation. 
 
 Twirl, n. A rapid circular motion ; a whirling ; quick ro- 
 
 Twist, V. t, [imp. & p. p. twisted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TWISTING.] [A.-S. twist, two, cloth of double thread, 
 from twi, two ; Icel. tvistr. id.] 1. To contort ; to com- 
 plicate ; to convolve. 3. Hence, to turn from the true 
 form or meaning ; to pervert. 3. To wreathe; to wind ; 
 to unite by intertexture of parts. 4. Hence, to form ; 
 to weave. 5. To wind in; to insinuate; — used reflex- 
 ively. 6. To unite by winding one thread, strand, or 
 other flexible substance round another. 7. To form into 
 a thread from many fine filaments. 
 
 Twist, v.i. To be contorted or united by wining round 
 each other. 
 
 Tvi^ist, n. 1. A contortion ; a flexure ; a convolution ; 
 a bending. 3. Form given in twisting. 3. Specifically, 
 that which is formed by twisting, convoluting, or uniting 
 the parts. 
 
 Tw^ist'er, n. 1. One who twists. 3. The instrument 
 used in twisting, or making twi.sts. 
 
 Tw^it, t". t. {imp. & p. p. twitted; p. jrr. & vb. n. 
 TWITTING.] [A.-S. dtw'itan, to reproach, blame, from 
 at. at, to, and wUan, to know, to impute, reproach.] To 
 vex by bringing to notice or reminding of a fault, defect, 
 misfortune, or the hke. 
 Syn.— To revile; reproach; upbraid; taunt. 
 
 Twitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. twitched (twicht) ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. n. TWITCHING.] [A.-S. twiccian, to pluck, twitch.] 
 
 To pull with a, sudden jerk ; to pluck with a short, quick 
 
 motion ; to snatch. 
 Tw^itch, n. A pull with a jerk ; a short, sudden, quick 
 
 pull or contraction. 
 Tw^itch'- grass, n. (Bot.) A species of grass which it 
 
 is difficult to exterminate. 
 Tw^it'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. twittered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. TWITTERING.] [0. 11. Ger. zivizarCn, D. kwetteren, 
 
 Sw. qvittra. Cf. TITTER.] 1. To make a succession of 
 
 small, tremulous, intermitted noises. 3. To haveashght 
 
 trembling of the nerves. 3. To titter; to giggle. 
 Twit'ter, n. One who twits, or reproaches. 
 Twit'ter, n. 1. A small, tremulous, intermitted noise, 
 
 like that made by a singing-bird. 3. A slight trembling 
 
 or agitation of the nerves. 3. A half-suppressed laugh ; 
 
 a titter ; a giggle. 
 'Twixt. A contraction of betwixt. 
 Two (t(ro), a. [A.-S. ticegfn, twa, two, Goth, tvai, tvos, 
 
 tva, Icel. tveir, tvdr, tvo, W. dau, dwy, Lat.(/MO, Gr. &vo, 
 
 Skr. divi.] One and one. 
 In two, asunder; into two parts; in halves; in twain. 
 Tw^o (tcTo), n. 1. The sum of one and one. 3. A symbol 
 
 representing two units, as 2, or ii. 
 Two'-6dg«?d (tc7o'-ejd), a. Having two edges, or edges 
 
 on'both sides. [two. 
 
 Two'fold (t(5"o/-), a. Double; duplicate; multiplied by 
 Two'fold (t(Jb/-), arf^■. In a double degree ; doubly. 
 
 9L,e,kc.,long; a, 6, kc, short ; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dp, wol^ 
 
TWO-HANDED 
 
 777 
 
 UBIQUITY 
 
 Two'-h3,ncl'ed(t(5l)/-), a. 1. Having two hands ; hence, 
 stout ; strong ; powerful, ti. Used with both hands. 
 
 Two'ip6iice (toc)/-), n. A small coin and money of ac- 
 count, in England, equivalent to two pennies. 
 
 Two'-i>6n'ny (too'-), a. Of the value of two-pence. 
 
 Twft'-ply {Ufo'-), a. [From two and jdy, q. v.] 1. Con- 
 sisting of two thicknesses, as cloth ; double. '2. Woven 
 double, as cloth or carpeting, by incorporating two sets 
 of threads of the warp and two sets of the weft. 
 
 Tyke, n. [See Tike, 2.] A dog, or one as contemptible 
 as a dog; "a tike. 
 
 Tym'bal, n. [It. timballo, timpano, Lat. tympanum, Gr. 
 TviJ.Travov, Tvnavov, fr. TUirreiv, to beat.] A kind of ket- 
 tle-drum. 
 
 Tym'pan, n. [From Lat. tympanum, a kettle-drum, a 
 panel of a door.] 1, (Arch.) A panel ; a tympanum. '2, 
 (Print.) A frame covered with parchment or cloth, on 
 which the blank sheets are put, in order to be laid on the 
 form to be impressed. 
 
 Tym'pa-num, n. [Lat. ; Gr. TOfxirapov, a kettle-drum, 
 a drum or wheel in machines, the triangular area in a 
 pediment, the panel of a door.] 1. (Anat.) (a.) The 
 middle hollow portion of the ear, separated by a mem- 
 brane from the external passage ; also, this membrane 
 itself, on which atmospheric vibrations act directly in 
 producing sound ; — the drum of the ear. (6.) In birds 
 and reptiles, the flat scale or membrane which forms the 
 external organ of hearing. 2. [Arch.) (a.) The naked 
 face of a pediment, (b.) The die of a pedestaL (c.) The 
 panel of a door. 
 
 ryn*'P3.-iiy5 n. [Gr. Tvixiraviag, from rvfxnavov, a kettle- 
 drum. See Tympanites.] 1. (Med.) A flatulent dis- 
 tention of the belly, ti. Hence, inflation ; conceit ; 
 bombast ; tumidity ; turgidness. 
 
 Type, n. [Lat. typus, Gr. tuttos, fr. rvirreiv, root tutt, to 
 beat, strike.] 1. The mark or impression of something ; 
 stamp: emblem. 2. Impressed form; kind; sort. 3. 
 The aggregate of characteristic qualities ; the represent- 
 ative; and specifically, (a.) {Nat. Hist.) The ideal rep- 
 resentation of a species or group, combining its essential 
 characteristics, (b.) (Med.) The order in which the 
 symptoms of a disease exhibit themselves and succeed 
 each other. 4. A figure or representation of something 
 to come ; a token ; a sign ; a symbol. 5. ( Typog.) (a.) 
 A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, cast in 
 metal or cut in wood. (6.) Types in general; — spoken 
 of collectively. 
 
 8@~ The types which compose an ordinary book-font consist 
 of Roman CAPITALS, sm.4LL capitals, and lower-case 
 letters, and Italic CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with 
 accompanying figures, points, and reference-markSj-— in all 
 about two hundred characters. Besides the ordinary Roman 
 and Italic, the most important varieties of face are 
 
 ®lb (f nglbl}, or Black Cdter, 
 
 Full-face, Antique, QTcicfil, 
 
 Old Style, gothic. 
 
 Type'-fouiicl''er, n. One who casts or manufactures 
 type. 
 
 Type'-m6t'al (-m^t'al or -met'l), n. A compound of lead 
 and antimony, used for making type. 
 
 Ty'phoid, a. [Gr. tv^wSt)?, fr. tOc^os, stupor from fever, 
 and elSos, form, likeness.] Of, pertaining to, or resem- 
 bling, typhus ; like typhus of a low grade. 
 
 Ty-phobn', n. [Lat. typhon, Gr. ru^aic, Tvc^oij, a violent 
 whirlwind, that raises vast whirling clouds of dust ; — 
 prob. so called because it was held to be the work of 
 Typhon, -A giant struck with lightning by Jupiter, and 
 buried under Mount .^tna.] 1. A violent tornado or 
 hurricane occurring in the Chinese seas. ii. Sometimes, 
 the simoom. 
 
 Ty'phus, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. ri!<^o?, smoke, cloud, stu- 
 por arising from fever, from tv^^lv, to smoke.] (Med.) 
 A continuous fever attended with great prostration and 
 cerebral disorder. 
 
 Typ'i-e, I «• [Lat. typicus, Gr. rvTrt/cos, from tuVos, 
 
 Typ'i-e-al, j type.] Of the nature of a type ; represent- 
 ing something by a form, model, or re.semblance; emblem- 
 atic ; figurative. 
 
 Typ'i«-al-ly, adv. In a typical manner ; figuratively. 
 
 Typ'i-e-^l-ness, n. State or quahty of being typical. 
 
 Typ'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. typified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 TYPIFYING.] [From Gr. tvttos, type, and Lat. facere, 
 to make.] To represent by an image, form, model, or 
 resemblance. 
 
 Ty-p6g'ra-pher, or Ty-p6g'ra-pher, n. A printer. 
 
 Typ'o-gi'aph'i«, or Ty'po-grapli-ic, ) a. Of, 
 
 T5T?''o-grapli'i<;-al, or Ty'po-grapli'i€-al, j or per- 
 taining to, typography or printing. 
 
 Typ'o-grapli'i«-al-ly, or Ty/po-grapli'l«-al-ly, 
 adv. In a typographical manner ; by means of type ; 
 after the manner of printers. 
 
 Ty-p6g'ra-pliy, or Ty-p6g'ra-pliy, n. [From Gr. 
 ruTTO?, type, and ypa(|)eti/, to write.] The art of printing, 
 or the operation of impressing type on paper. 
 
 Ty-ran'ni-e, \a. [Lat. tyrannicus, Gr. r'-pavviKo?.] 
 
 Ty-ran'ni-e-al, j Of, or pertaining to. <k i,yrant ; un- 
 justly severe in government. 
 
 Syn. — Imperious; despotic; cruel; arbitrary. 
 
 Ty-rJln.'ni«-al-ly, adv. In a tyrannical manner. 
 
 Ty-ran'ni-^Tde, w. [Lat. tyrannicidium, the killing of 
 a tyrant, tyrannicida, the killer of a tyrant, fr. tyrannus, 
 a tyrant, and caedere, to kill.] 1. Act of kiUing a tyrant. 
 
 2. One who kills a tyrant. 
 
 Tyr'an-nize; v. i. [imp. & p. p. tyrannized ; p. pr. 
 &f6. M. TYRANNIZING.] To act the tyrant ; to exercise 
 arbitrary power. 
 
 Tyr'an-nize, v. t. To subject to arbitrary, oppressive, 
 or tyrannical treatment ; to oppress. 
 
 Tyr'an-nous, a. Tyrannical ; arbitrary ; despotic. 
 
 Tyr'an-ny, n. [Gr. rvpavvia. See Tyrant.] 1. Gov- 
 ernment or authority of a tyrant ; arbitrary or despotic 
 exercise of power, ti. Cruel government or discipline- 
 
 3. Severity; rigor; inclemency. 
 
 Ty'rant, n. [Lat. tyrannus, Gr. rvpavvog, orig. an abso- 
 lute sovereign, but afterward a severe or cruel ruler, 
 prop. Doric for KoCpavog, fr. Kupos, /cuptos, a lord, master.] 
 1. An absolute ruler, or one unrestrained by law or con- 
 stitution, ti. A monarch, or other ruler or master, who 
 uses power to oppress his subjects ; a despotic ruler ; a 
 cruel master ; an oppressor. 
 
 Tyr'i-an, a. 1. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, "lyre or its 
 people. 'Z. Being of a purple color, hke a celebrated dye 
 formerly prepared at Tyre from certain shell-fish, and 
 called Tyrian pur ph. 
 
 Ty'ro, n. ; pi. ty'ro§. [Lat. tiro, a newly-levied soldier, 
 a beginner.] 1. A beginner in learning ; one in the ru- 
 diments of any branch of study ; a novitiate. 3. Hence, 
 a person imperfectly acquainted with a subject. 
 
 Tzar(zar), «. The emperor of Russia. See Czar. 
 
 Tza-ri'na (za-re'na), n. The empress of Russia. See 
 Czarina. 
 
 U. 
 
 U{j<To) is the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel in 
 the English alphabet. Its true primary sound, in 
 Anglo-Saxon, was the sound which it still retains in most 
 of the languages of Europe —that of oo in cool, tool. 
 This sound was changed to that heard in the words use, 
 tube, &c., probably in consequence of the attempt made 
 to introduce the Norman-French language into common 
 use in England. Besides these two sounds, u has also 
 two other sounds, as exemplified in the words but, bidl. 
 See Prin. of Pron. §§ 29-34, and §§ 52, 53. The vowel 
 
 U has a close aflSnity to the consonant v, and these two 
 
 _ letters were formerly confounded in writing and printing. 
 
 U-bi'e-ty, n. [N. Lat. ubietas, fr. Lat. ubi, where.] Sta(/i 
 
 _ of being in a place ; local relation. 
 
 U-biq'ui-ta-ry, a. [From Lat. ubique, every where, 
 from ubi, where.] Existing every where, or in all places ; 
 
 _ ubiquitous. [nipresent. 
 
 IJ-biq'ui-tou.s, a. Existing, or being, every where ; om- 
 
 U-toiq'ui-ty, n. [From Lat. iibique, every where.] Ex- 
 istence in all places at the same time ; omnipresence. 
 
 «ood, fc^t ; ttrxk, rude, pull ; gell, (liaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^lst ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
UDDER 
 
 778 
 
 UN 
 
 Cd'der, n. fA.-S. ft</<r, Or/r, 0. II. Ger. (itnr, Maro, Icel. 
 jugr^jufr. Or. ovGap, ov^ap, I>.Jit. i/ii'r, Skr. ilti/iar, iidhan, 
 iuihas, Y'lnn. utar.titm a, Ir. uit,uitch.] Theglaudofa 
 feniHle uianimal in which the milk is secreted for tlie 
 nourishment of the young. 
 
 D-dSin'e-ter. »i. [Frtim Lat. udiis, wet, moist, and Gr. 
 fifTpof. a measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
 quantity of rain which falls; a rain-gauge. 
 
 ©S'li-ness, »■ 1. Quality of being ugly ; want of 
 beauty. "2. Turpitude of mind ; moral depravity ; also, 
 ill-nature ; crossne.<5s. 
 
 Ce'ly,(t. [compar.VGL.JER; superl. VGl.l'ES'r.] [A.-S. 
 egle, eaele, troublesome, hateful, Goth, agls, base, aglus, 
 difficult; Goth, agb, A.-S. fi^a, Icel. dgn, terror; Goth. 
 6gan, to fear, Ogjan, to frighten.] 1. Offensive to the 
 sight ; of disagreeable or loathsome aspect. 3. Ill- 
 natured ; cross-grained. 
 
 dJ-lcase', n. [Russ. vkds, from kasdtj, to show, to say.] 
 In Russia, an imperial order having the force of law. 
 
 l&l'fer, V. [Lat. ulcus, nlceris, Gr. eAicos.] (Med.) A sore 
 discharging pus, originating generally in a constitutional 
 disorder. 
 
 d'f.er-ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ULCERATED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. ULCERATING.] To become ulcerous. 
 
 C^l'^er-ate, v. t. [Lat. tdcerare, ulceratum , froxa. ulcus, 
 ulcer.] To affect with an ulcer or with ulcers. 
 
 Cl'^er-a'tioii, n. 1. Process of forming into an ulcer ; 
 state of being i\lcerated. 2. An ulcer. 
 
 tJI'^ered, a. Having become ulcerous ; ulcerated. 
 
 tJl'^er-oiis, a. 1. Having the nature or character of an 
 ulcer. )i. Affected with an ulcer or with ulcers. 
 
 tJr?er-ous-ness, n. The state of being ulcerous. 
 
 U-le'ina, n. [Ar. ulema, the wise or learned men, pi. of 
 
 " alhn, wise, learned, fr. alima, to know.] A corporation, 
 in Turkey, composed of imams, or ministers of religion, 
 muftis, or doctors of law, and cadis, or administrators of 
 justice. 
 
 U-lig'i-noiis, a. [Lat. uliginosus, from uligo, moisture, 
 contr. from uviligo, from uvere, to be moist.] Muddy ; 
 oozy ; slimy. 
 
 tJI'lage, n. [Prob. from D. vullen, to fill.] { Com.) What 
 a cask wants of being full. 
 
 tfl'nd, n. [Lat. ulna, Gr. wXei/Tj, the elbow.] {Anat.) The 
 larger of the two bones of the fore-arm. 
 
 t5"l'iiar, a. {Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the ulna. 
 
 Ul-te'ri-or, a. [Lat. ulterior, comp. of ulter, that is be- 
 yond, or on the other side.] 1, Situated beyond, or on 
 the further side. 3. Further ; remoter ; more distant ; 
 succeeding. 
 
 tll'ti-mate (45), a. [L. Lat. ultimatus, last, extreme, fr. 
 Lat. uUimare, to come to an end, fr. idtimus, the furthest, 
 last, superl. of w/^er, that is beyond.] 1. Furthest ; most 
 remote. 2, Last in a train of progression or conse- 
 quences. 3. Incapable of further analysis, division, or 
 separation ; constituent. 
 
 Syn. — Final ; last ; extreme ; conclusive. See Fikal. 
 
 t!Vti-m"A.e, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. ULTIMATed; p. 
 jjT. & vb. n. ULTIMATING.] 1. To come or bring to an 
 end or issue; to end. 3. To come or bring into use or 
 practice. 
 
 tJl'ti-mate-Iy, adv. Finally ; at last ; in the end. 
 
 tJl'ti-ma'tion, n. State of being ultimate ; ultimatum. 
 
 tyi'tv-ma'tum, n. [N. Lat.] A final proposition or con- 
 dition ; especially, the final propositions, conditions, or 
 terms, offered as the basis of a treaty. 
 
 tjl'ti-mo, n. [Lat. (sc. mense), in the last month.] The 
 last month preceding the present ; — often contr. to ult. 
 
 ■Cl'tra, a. [Lat., from ulter, that is beyond or on the 
 other side, from uls, beyond, from the pronominal root 
 t7, whence ilh, that.] Disposed to go beyond others, or 
 beyond due limit ; radical ; extreme. 
 
 tJl'tra, n. One who advocates extreme measures ; an 
 ultraist. [measures. 
 
 tJI'tra-igm, n. Principles of men who advocate extreme 
 
 Cl'tra-iKt, n. One who pushes a principle or measure to 
 extremes ; a radical or ultra. 
 
 d'tra-ma-riine', a. [Lat. ultra, beyond, and marinus, 
 marine.] Situated or being beyond the sea. 
 
 d'tra-ma-rine', n. [See supra. It was so called be- 
 cause the lapis-lazuli was orig. brought from beyond the 
 sea, — from Asia.] {Paint.) A blue pigment "obtained 
 ori(?inally by powdering the lapis-lazuli, but now made 
 artificially. 
 
 Ul'tra-inhn'tane, a. [L. Ijat. ultramnntanus, fr. Lat. 
 ultra, beyond, and montanus, belonging to a mountain, 
 from mons, mnntis, mountain.] Being beyond the moun- 
 tains, or Alps, in respect to the one who speaks. 
 
 t)'l^tra-ni5n'ta-]il§m, n. The principles of those wh» 
 maintain extreme views as to the pope's supremacy ; — so 
 used by those living north of the Alps. 
 
 tJl'tra-mun'dane, a. [Lat. idtramimdanus, from Lat. 
 ■ultra, beyond, and jnundanus, belonging to the world, 
 from mundus, the world.] Being beyond the world, or 
 beyond the limits of our system. 
 
 tJl'u-late, V. i. [Lat. ululare, idulatum, allied to Gr- 
 oAoAu^eii/.] To howl, as a dog or wolf. 
 
 tJl'u-la'tion, 7i. A howl, as of the wolf or dog. 
 
 t&m'bel, n. [Lat. umbella, a 
 little shadow, umbrella, dim. 
 of umbra, shade.] {Bot.) A 
 kind of flower cluster in which 
 the flower-stalks spread mod- 
 erately from a common point, 
 and form a common plane or 
 convex surface above, as in 
 the carrot. 
 
 tl^mnbel-lar, a. Of, or per- 
 taining to, an umbel ; having 
 the form of an umbel. 
 
 tJm'bel-late, I a. {Bot.) ^^ ^ , 
 
 tJm'bel-la'tf^d, ) Bearing Umbel, 
 
 umbels ; pertaining to an umbel ; umbel-like. 
 
 ^m'bel-let, ii. {Bot.) A little or partial umbel. 
 
 "Um'bel-Iif'er-oiis, a. [N. Lat. umbellifer, from wm- 
 6e/;a and/frre, to bear.] {Bot.) Producing the inflores- 
 cence called an umbel ; bearing umbels. 
 
 tJmnber, n. [N. Lat. umbra, from Lat. umbra, shade, or 
 from JJmbria, a district in Italy, where it is said to have 
 been first obtained.] {Min.) An ocherous ore of iron, of 
 a brown or blackish-brown color, often used as a pig- 
 ment. 
 
 TJm-bil'i*, ) a. [Lat. umbilicus, Gr. oja^oAos.] Of, 
 
 Um-bil'i-e-al, { or pertaining to, the navel. 
 
 Uni-MVi-eiis, n. [Lat.] 1. {Anat.) A round cicatrix 
 about the median line of the abdomen ; the navel. 2, 
 {Bot.) The scar left where the stalk of the seed separates 
 from the base ; hilum. 
 
 tJmTbleg (Qm/blz), n. pi. [See Humbles and NoM- 
 BLES.] The entrails of a deer; hence, sometimes, en- 
 trails in general. 
 
 tJm'brage, n. [Prom Lat. umbra, a shade.] 1. Shade ; 
 shadow ; hence, that which affords a shade, as a screen 
 of trees. 2. The feeling of being overshadowed ; jealousy 
 of another, as standing in one's light or way ; hence, 
 suspicion of injury ; offense ; resentment. 
 
 Um-bra'geoiis, a. [Lat. umbraticus, fr. umbra, a shade.] 
 1. Forming, or affording, a shade ; shading. 2. Shady : 
 shaded. 
 
 Um-bra'geous-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 umbrageous ; shadiness. 
 
 Um-brel'la, n. [Lat. Mw&ra, a shade. Cf. Lat. umbella , 
 a sun-shade, a parasol. See Umbel.] A shade or screen, 
 carried in the hand for sheltering the person from the 
 rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. 
 
 t3^m'pi-rage, n. 1. Power, right, or authority of an um- 
 
 ^ pire to decide. 2. Decision of an umpire ; arbitrament. 
 
 tJm'pire, n. [0. Eng. impier, umpier, also 7iompe'ip; 
 nounpere, fr. Fr. impair, nomparr, uneven, i. e., a third, 
 from pair, 0. Fr. par, per, peer, pair, even, peer, Lat. 
 par.] 1. A third person, to whose sole decision a con- 
 troversy or question between parties is referred. 2, 
 (Law.) A third person, who is to decide a controversy or 
 question submitted to arbitrators, in case of their dis- 
 agreement. 
 
 Syn. —Judge ; arbitrator ; referee. See Judge. 
 
 tJm'pire-sliip, n. Office or authority of an umpire. 
 
 tJn. [A.-S. un, and sometimes on, Goth., 0. & H. Ger. 
 un, Icel. o, equiv. to on, allied to Gr. av, a. Skr. an, a, 
 Celtic an, Lat. in.] A negative prefix of very wide ap- 
 plication. It may be attached at will to almost any 
 English adjective, or participle used adjectively, from 
 which it may be desired to form a corresponding negative 
 adjective, while it is also prefixed to less numerous classes 
 of nouns and verbs. Its uses may be classified as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 I. It is prefixed to adjectives, or to words used adjectively ; 
 as, (a.) To adjectives, to denote the absence of the quality 
 designated by the adjective ; as, vnuccordant, vnalterahle, tm- 
 amhitiom, unancrious, imappreciahle, unapproachable, unarti/l- 
 cial, unattainable, vnhearahle, wihrotherly, vncandid, uncanon- 
 icnl, unchangeable, uncheerfvl, unclaxxical, uncommercial, un- 
 congenial, uncordial, uncourtly, ^indefinable, undemocratic, un- 
 desirable, undevovt, undistinguishable, undutiful, unendurabU, 
 un-English, unenviable, uneventful, unfamiliar, unfeminine, to»- 
 fratemal, ungenial, ungenteel, ungentle. ungentlemanly. ungram 
 matical, unimportant, uninhabitable, unintelligible, uf\}ustijiable. 
 
 », e , &c. , long ; &,6,8i,c.,sh$-t; c^re, far, ask, all, what; £re,veU,tSrm; pique, firm; son, dr, ds, W9II, 
 
UNABLE 
 
 779 
 
 UNBLEMISHED 
 
 vnkingly, unmaidenli/, unmanageable, unmeet, unmelodious, 
 uiimmi(ful,tinmotherly, unmusical, unobservant, unpardonable, 
 vnpatrhtic, unphilanthropic, unphilosophic, unpoetic, unpro- 
 nounceable, unquenchable, unrational, unremunerative, unro- 
 inantic, unsalable, unsatisfactory, unscholarly, unscientific, un- 
 lulfislt, unserviceable, unsubstantial, unsuspicious, untenable, un- 
 thankful, untidy, unvocal, unwarlilce, unwatchful, unweary, un- 
 welcome, unwomanly, umvorldly, and the like. (6.) To past 
 pussive participles, to indicate tlie absence of the condition or 
 state expressed by the particle ; as, unabated, unalrridyed , un- 
 (iccentea, unadorned, iinadidterated, unaided, unaltered, un- 
 answered, unappreciated, unarmed, unasked, unassisted, unat- 
 tcmpted, un&ttended, wibaplized, unbiased, unbleached, un- 
 bovght, uncalled, unchanged, unchecked, uncircumcised, un- 
 clouded, uncompounded, unconfined, uncongealed, unconquered, 
 unconstrained, uncultivated, undecided, undefended, undefiled, 
 undeserved, undesigned, undigested, undiminished, undimmed, 
 undisguised, undisturbed, uneducated, unemployed, unenlight- 
 ened, unexhausted, unexplained, unexplored, un^fathomed, un- 
 foreseen, unfulfilled, ui\fumished, unguarded, unguessed, un- 
 harmed, U7iheeded, unhelped, unhonored, unimpeached, unin- 
 closed, uninhabited, uninspired, unleavened, unlettered, unloved, 
 vnmari-ied, unmasked, unmatched, unmingled, unmitigated, un- 
 ntixed, unmoved, tmnerved, unnoticed, unobserved, unobstructed, 
 wiomamented, unperceived, unpolished, unpracticed, unpre- 
 meditated, unprepared, unprotected, unprovoked, unpunished, 
 vni-ead, unreconciled, unrefined, unrelated, unrepresented, un- 
 resisted, unrewarded, unsatisfied, unscathed, unsettled, un- 
 thared, unsheltered, unshod, unshorn, unskilled, unsolicited, un- 
 tought, unstinted, unstttdied, unsidlied, utisurpassed, unsuspected, 
 untasted, untaught, unterrified, untried, xintutored, unvaried, un- 
 tvar ranted, unweddcd, unwept, and the like (c.) To present par- 
 ticiples which come from intransitive verbs, or are themselves 
 employed as adjectives, to mark the absence of the activity, 
 disposition, or condition implied by the participle ; as, unac- 
 commodating, unaspiring, unavailing, vnblenching, uncalculat- 
 ing, unchanging, uncomplaining, unconsuming, unconvincing, 
 undeserving, undiminishing, undiscerning, undoubting, unedify- 
 ing, unenvying, unfading, unfaltei-ing, unflinching, ungrudging, 
 unheeding, uninteresting, uninviting, unloving, unmoving, unob- 
 serving, unoffending, unpitying, unpleasing, unquestioning, un- 
 repiniiig, unresisting, unresting, unsearching, unseeing, unshrink- 
 ing, unsuspecting, unsympathizing, unvarying, unwavering, and 
 the like. This class of words is unlimited in extent, and such 
 compounds may be formed by any writer or speaker at will, 
 
 from almost all the adjectives or participles in the language, 
 excepting those which have a recognized and usual negative 
 correspondent with the prefix in. No attempt will be made. 
 
 therefore, to define them all in this Dictionary ; many will be 
 omitted from its vocabulary which are negations of the simple 
 word, and are readily explained by prefixing a not to the latter. 
 Derivatives of these words in -ly and -ness will also, for the 
 most part, be omitted for the same or similar reasons. There 
 will be inserted as separate articles with definitions, only such 
 as the following: 1. Those which have acquired an opposing 
 or contrary, instead of a merely negative, meaning; as, un- 
 friendly, ungraceful, unpalatable, unqidet, and the like; or else 
 an intensive sense more than a prefixed not would express; as, 
 unending, unparalleled, undisciplined, undoubted, unsafe, and 
 the like. 2. Those which have the value of independent words, 
 inasmuch as the simple words are either not at all, or rarely, or 
 at least much less frequentlv, used; as, unavoidable, uncon- 
 scionable, undeniable, unspeakable, unprecedented, unruly, and 
 the like; or inasmuch as they are used in a different sense from 
 the usual meaning of the primitive, or especially in one of the 
 significations of the latter ; as, unaccountable, unalloyed, un- 
 believing, unpretending, unreserved, and the like ; or inasmuch 
 as they are in so frequent and familiar use that they are hardly 
 felt to be of negative origin; as, uncertain, uneven, and the 
 like. 
 
 II. Un is prefixed to a much smaller class, consisting of 
 verbs, to express the contrary, and not the simple negative, of 
 the action indicated by the verb. Their participles not un- 
 frequently coincide in form with compounds of un with the 
 participles or participial adjectives ; as, undone, from undo, 
 meaning unfastened, or ruined; but undone, from un and done, 
 means not done, unfinished. 
 
 III. Un is prefixed to a few nouns to express the absence or 
 the contrary of th:it which the noun signifies; as, unbelie/', un- 
 dress, unrest, and the like. 
 
 Compounds of the last two classes are given in full in their 
 order. 
 
 Uii-aTble (-a'bl), a. Not able ; not having sufficient 
 strength, means, knowledge, skill, or the like ; impotent. 
 
 tJii'a-e-^ept'a-ble, a. Not acceptable ; not pleasing ; 
 not welcome ; unpleasant ; displeasing ; offensive. 
 
 tJn'a-e-eom'plislied (-plisht), a. Not accomplished or 
 performed ; also, not refined or polished by culture. 
 
 ttn'ae-count'a-ble, a. 1. Not accountable or respon- 
 sible, ti. Not to be accounted for ; inexplicable ; strange ; 
 mysterious. [ner ; strangely. 
 
 tJii'a«-<!ouiit'a-bly, adv. In an unaccountable man- 
 
 C^n'ad-vig'a-ble, a. Not advisable ; not to be recom- 
 mended ; inexpedient ; contrary to prudence or wisdom. 
 
 tJii'ad-vigf^d.', a. 1. Not advised ; not discreet. 3. 
 Done without due consideration ; imprudent ; rash ; in- 
 considerate. 
 
 tJii'ad-vi§'ed-ly, adv. Without due consideration ; im- 
 prudently ; indiscreetly. 
 
 tJn'ad-vig'ed-iiess, n. Imprudence ; rashness. 
 
 tJn'af-f e-et'ed, a. 1, Not affected or moved ; destitute 
 cf affection or emotion. 2. Not affected, artificial, or 
 formal ; plain ; simple ; natural. 
 
 t5^n^af-f 6€t'ed-ly, adv. In an unaffected manner ; with- 
 out affectation ; really ; without disguise. 
 
 t)^n'af-f6ct'ed-ness, n. State of being unaffected. 
 
 Cn^al-loyed', a- Not alloyed ; not reduced by foreign 
 admixture ; hence, unmixed ; pure. 
 
 tJn'am-big'u-ous, a. Not ambiguous ; not of doubt- 
 ful meaning ; plain ; clear ; certain. 
 
 Un-a'iTii-a-ble, a. Not amiable : not conciliating love ; 
 not adapted to gain affection ; unlovely ; ill-natured. 
 
 tln'a-neled', a. [un and 0. Eng. anele, to administer 
 extreme unction.] Not having received extreme unction. 
 
 _[Obs.] 
 
 U'na-mm'i-ty, n. [Lat. nnanimitas.] State or quality 
 of being unanimous ; agreement in opinion or determina- 
 tion. 
 
 U-nan'i-mous, a. [Lat. unanimus, unanimis, fr. unus, 
 one, and animus, mind.] 1. Of one mind ; agreeing in 
 opinion or determination ; harmonious, ti. Formed with, 
 or indicating, unanimity ; with the agreement of all. 
 
 U-nSn'i-mous-ly, adv. In a unanimous manner. 
 
 Un-S.n'swer-a-ble (-iXn'ser-a-bl), a. Not answerable; 
 not capable of refutation. 
 
 Un-an'swer-a-bly (-an'ser-), adv. In an unanswerable 
 manner ; in a manner not to be answered. 
 
 Un-apt', a. Not apt ; inapt ; dull ; unskillfui ; not qual- 
 ified or fit ; unsuitable. 
 
 TJn-apt'ly, adv. In an unapt manner ; inaptly. 
 
 tJii'as-sum'mg, a. Not assuming ; not bold or forward ; 
 not arrogant ; humble ; mo Jest. 
 
 tjn'a-vail'ing, a. Of no avail ; not having the effect 
 desired; ineffectual; useless; vain. 
 
 tjn'a-void'a-ble, a. 1. Not avoidable ; incapable of 
 being made null or void. 2. Not to be shunned ; neces- 
 
 ^ sary ; inevitable. 
 
 tJn'a-void'a-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of 
 being unavoidable; necessity; inevitableness. 
 
 ttn'a-void'a-bly, adv. Necessarily ; inevitably. 
 
 'Cii'a-'ware', a. Not aware ; not noticing ; giving ne 
 heed ; without thought ; inattentive. 
 
 tln'a-Avare', \ adv. Without previous design or prep- 
 
 tJn'a-Tvareg', ) aration ; suddenly ; unexpectedly. 
 
 Un-bai'aiiped (-bSl'anst), a. 1. Not balanced ; not in 
 equipoise. 2. (Com.) Not adjusted ; not brought to an 
 equality of debt and credit. 3. Not in equipoise or equi- 
 librium ; unsteady ; unsound ; not sane. 
 
 Un-bill'last-ed, p. a. 1. Not furnished with ballast; 
 not kept steady by ballast ; unsteady. 2. Freed from 
 ballast ; having the ballast discharged or unloaded. 
 
 Un-bar', v. t. To remove a bar or bars from ; to unfast- 
 en; to open. 
 
 tJii'be-«6in'ing(-kum'ing), a. Not becoming; hence, 
 improper for the person or character ; unsuitable ; inde- 
 cent ; indecorous. 
 
 tJii'be-got', \a. Not begot ; not generated ; especial- 
 
 tJii'be-got'ten, J ly, having never been generated ; 
 having always been self-existent ; eternal. 
 
 tJii'be-ltnowxi' (-non'), a. Not known ; unknown. [Col- 
 loq.] 
 
 tJn'be-Iief , n. 1. The withholding of belief; incredu- 
 lity. 2. Especta^, disbelief of divine revelation, or in 
 a divine providence or scheme of redemption ; skepticism ; 
 infidelity. 
 
 Syn. — See Disbelief. 
 
 ttn'be-liev'er, n. 1. One who does not believe ; an in- 
 credulous person. 2, Especially, one who discredits 
 revelation, or the mission, character, and doctrines of 
 Christ. 
 
 Syn. — Infidel ; disbeliever ; freethinker ; deist ; skeptie. 
 See Infidel. 
 
 t5^n'be-liev'ing, a. 1. Not believing ; incredulous. 2. 
 Discrediting divine revelation, or the mission, character, 
 and doctrines of Christ ; infidel. 
 
 TJn-b6iid', V. t. [imp. & p. p. unbent ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. UNBENDING.] 1. To free from flexure ; to make 
 straight. 2. To remit from a strain or from exertion ; 
 to set at ease for a time; to relax. 3. (Naiit.) (a.) To 
 unfasten from the yards and stays, as sails. (6.) To cast 
 loose or untie, as a rope, and the like. 
 
 Un-b6nd'ing, 75. a. 1, Not suffering flexure. 2. Un- 
 yielding ; resolute ; rigid ; inflexible. 
 
 Uii-bi'as, f. t. [imp. Sep. p. unbiased (un-bT'ast) ; p.pr- 
 & vb. n. UNBIASING.] To free from bias or prejudice. 
 
 Un-biiid.', V. t. [imp. & p. p. unbound ; ;). pr. & vb. 
 n. unbinding.] To remove a band from ; to untie ; to 
 unfasten ; to loose. 
 
 TJn-bl6ui'isliPd (-blem'isht), a. Not blemished; free 
 from turpitude, reproach, or deformity ; pure ; spotless. 
 
 food, foot; ^rn, ry.de, pull; 9ell, 9liaise, «all, eclio; gem, get ; a§; e jist ; linger, li^k ; tlii». 
 
UNBLEST 
 
 780 
 
 UNDER 
 
 tTn-blfist', a. 1. Not blest ; excluded from benediction. 
 ti. Wretched; unhappy. 
 
 Un-bolt', f. *. To remove a bolt from ; to unfasten ; to 
 open. 
 
 Un-born' (126), a. Not born; not brought into life; 
 still to appear ; future. [dence. 
 
 tTn-bo'§om, v. t. To disclose freely ; to reveal in confi- 
 
 lJu-l>o'§oin-ev, n One who unbosoms or discloses. 
 
 Un-bouiicl'ed, a. 1. Having no bound or limit; un- 
 limited in extent ; infinite ; interminable, ti. Having 
 no check or control ; unrestrained. 
 
 XJn-bo'*v'el, f. ^ To deprive of the entrails ; to exenter- 
 ate ; to eviscerate. 
 
 Un-braid', v. t. To separate the strands of; to undo, as 
 a braid ; to disentangle. 
 
 Un-bri'dled, p. a. Loosed from the bridle, or as from 
 the bridle ; hence, unrestrained ; violent. 
 
 Un-bfir'dcM, v. t. 1. To relieve from a burden or bur- 
 dens. 2. To throw off, as a burden ; to unload. 
 
 Un-^er'taiii, a. 1. Not certain ; not positively known. 
 t2. Not to be depended upon. 3. Not having certain 
 knowledge. 4. Not sure of the direction or the result. 
 
 Syn. — Precarious ; doubtful; dubious; unreliable; inse- 
 cure. SeePKECARious. 
 
 Un-^er'taiii-ty. n. 1. Quality or state of being uncer- 
 tain ; doubtfulness ; dubiousness. 'Z. Contingency. 3. 
 Want of certainty : want of precision. 4. Something 
 unknown or undetermined. 
 
 Un-chain', v. t. To free from chains, confinement, or 
 slavery. 
 
 Un-cli3,r'i-ta-ble, a. Not charitable ; contrary to char- 
 ity ; severe in judging ; harsh ; censorious. 
 
 Un-chaste', a. Not chaste; not continent; not pure; 
 Ubidinous ; lewd. 
 
 Un-clia,s'ti-ty, n. Want of chastity ; lewdness. 
 
 Un-cliris'tian (-krist'yan), a. 1. Not Christian ; not 
 converted to the Christian faith ; infidel, ti. Contrary 
 to Christianity ; unbecoming a Christian. 
 
 Un-cbiircli', v. t. To expel from a church ; to deprive 
 of the character and rights of a church. 
 
 tn'cial (iin'shal), a. [Lat. uncialis, amounting to the 
 12th part of a pound or a foot, from micia, the 12th part 
 of a pound or a foot, an ounce, an inch.] Of, pertaining 
 to, or denoting, a species of character of a large size, com- 
 pounded between the capital and smaller characters, 
 some of the letters resembUng the former, and others the 
 latter. 
 
 tJn'cial, n. An wncial letter. 
 
 tJn'^i-form, a. [From Lat. uncus, a hook, B,nd forma, 
 form.] Having a curved or hooked form. 
 
 Un-?ir'-eum-ci§'ion, n. 1. Absence or want of cir- 
 cumcision. ». Those who are not circumcised. 
 
 Un-^iv'il, a. 1. Not civil or civilized, ti. Not civil; 
 not complaisant ; not courteous. 
 
 Syn. — Uncourteous ; impolite ; discourteous ; uncourtly ; 
 rude ; clownish ; unmannered. 
 
 Cn-^iv'il-ized, a. Not civilized; not reclaimed from 
 savage life : rude ; barbarous. 
 
 Un-fiv'il-ly, adv. In an uncivil manner ; rudely. 
 
 tFn-clasp', V. t. To open or loose, as what is fastened 
 with a clasp. 
 
 Cn'-ele (unk/1), a. [0. Fr. uncle, from Lat. avunculus, 
 a maternal uncle, dim. of avus, a grandfather.] The 
 brother of one's father or mother. 
 
 Cn-clean', a. 1. Not clean; foul; dirty; filthy, ti. 
 (Jewish Lavj.) <jeremonially impure. 3. Morally im- 
 pure ; sinful. 
 
 Un-elincli', r. t. To cause to be no longer clinched ; to 
 Of}€n , as the closed hand. 
 
 Un-eloije', v. t. 1. To open ; to break the seal of. M, 
 To disclose ; to lay open. 
 
 lrn-*;dnfx'fort-a-bl«, a. 1. Not comfortable ; affording 
 no comfort : gloomy. 2. Giving uneasiness. 
 
 Un-<i6in'fort-a-bly, adv. In an uncomfortable man- 
 ner : without comfort or cheerfulness. 
 
 Un-cftm'mon, a. Not common ; not usual; and hence, 
 remarkable ; strange. 
 
 Syn. — Rare ; fscarce ; infrequent ; unwonted ; unusual. 
 Jn-<iiSm'iirion-ly, adv. In an uncommon manner or 
 degree ; unu.sually ; rarely. 
 
 Un-edm'mon-neKS (109), n. State or quality of being 
 uncommon ; rareness of occurrence : infrequency. 
 
 Un-<;6m'pro-inig'ing, a. Not a^lmitting of compro- 
 mise ; not agreeing to terms ; making no truce or con- 
 cession ; obstinate ; unyielding ; inflexible. 
 
 tJn'«on-<;5rn', a. Want of concern; absence of anxie- 
 ty ; freedom from eoUcitude. 
 
 tJ'n/^on-^Srned', a. Not concerned ; not anxious ; feiu 
 ing no solicitude ; easy in mind ; carelessly secure. 
 
 ■di'-eon-^,ern'ed-ly, adv. In an unconcerned manner; 
 without anxiet}'. 
 
 tl^n'-eon-di'tion-al (-dish'un-), a. Not conditional, lim- 
 ited, or conditioned ; absolute ; unreserved. 
 
 tTn'-eoii-di'tioii-al-ly, adv. In an unconditional man- 
 ner ; without conditions; without reservation. 
 
 Un-e6n'scioii-a-bIe, a. 1. Not consciohable ; not 
 conformed to reason ; unreasonable ; inordinate. 3. 
 Enormous ; vast. 
 
 Uii-€6n'scioii-a-bly, adv. Unreasonably. 
 
 Uii-eon'scious, a. 1. Not conscious ; not having con- 
 sciousness. 2. Not made the object of consciousness or 
 of distinct perception ; imperceptible. 
 
 Un-eSn'scious-ly, adv. In an unconscious manner. 
 
 Un-eon'scioiis-ness, n. State or quaUty of being un- 
 conscious. 
 
 Uii-eoii'sti-tu'tion-al, a. Not constitutional; not 
 agreeable to the constitution, or contrary to it. 
 
 tJn'<;on-vert'ed, a. Not converted ; not changed, as in 
 opinion, or from one faith to another; especially, not 
 persuaded of the truth of the Christian religion ; hence, 
 unregenerate ; sinful ; impenitent. 
 
 Uii-eoup'le, V. t. To loose, as dogs from their couples ; 
 to set loose ; to disjoin. 
 
 Un-<;otxrt'e-ous, a. Not courteous ; uncivil; unpolite; 
 not kind and complaisant ; rude. 
 
 Un-couth' (-kcToth/), a. [A.-S. unciidh, fr. un, not, and 
 ciidk, known, equiv. to gecMli, p. p. of cujinari, to know.] 
 Having awkward manners ; not pleasing in appearance. 
 
 Syn. —Unfamiliar ; unusual ; strange ; odd ; unseemly ; 
 awkward ; boorish ; clumsy. 
 
 Un-<;outb'Iy, adv. In an uncouth manner ; strangely. 
 
 Uii-eovith'ness (-kobth'nes), n. State or quaUty of 
 being uncouth ; oddness ; strangeness. 
 
 Un-edv'er (-kuv'er), ^•. t. 1. To take the cover from; 
 to divest of covering ; to lay open. 3. To take off the 
 hat or cap of ; to bare the head of. 
 
 Un-<;6v'er, v. i. To take off the hat ; to bare the head 
 in token of respect. 
 
 tJii-e'tioii, n. [Lat. unctio, from ungere, unctum, to 
 anoint.] 1. Act of anointing, smearing, or rubbing with 
 an unguent, oil, or ointment, especially for medical pur- 
 poses, or as a symbol of consecration. 2. An unguent; 
 an ointment. 3. Hence, that quality in language, ad- 
 dress, or the like, which excites emotion, especially strong 
 devotion ; religious fervor and tenderness. 
 
 lication of sa- 
 dying person. 
 
 tln-et'u-os'i-ty , n. State or quality of being unctuous ; 
 greasiness ; oiliness ; fatness. 
 
 tJn-et'u-ous (Qnkt'yi}-us), a. [L. Lat. unctuosus, fr. Lat. 
 unctus, an ointment, from ungere, unctum, to anoint.] 
 Fat ; oily ; greasy. 
 
 Un-ciilt'ure, n. Want of culture or education. 
 
 tjn'da-ted, a. [Lat. undatus, p. p. of undare, to rise in 
 waves, to undulate, fr. unda, a wave.] (Bot.) Rising and 
 falling in waves toward the margin , as a leaf. 
 
 Uii-daunt'ed, a. Not daunted; not to be subdued or 
 depressed by fear. 
 
 Syn. — Bold; fearless; brave; courageous; intrepid. 
 
 Un-de«'a-g6n, n. [Lat. undecim, eleven, and Gr. ymvia, 
 an angle.] ( Geom.) A figure of eleven angles, and con- 
 sequently of eleven sides. 
 
 tJn'de-^eive', v. t. To cause to be no longer deceived ; 
 to free from deception, cheat, fallacy, or mistake. 
 
 tJn'de-ni'a-ble, a. Not deniable ; incapable of denial ; 
 palpably true ; obvious. 
 
 t5^n'de-ni'a-bly, adv. In an undeniable manner ; so 
 plainly as to admit no contradiction or denial. 
 
 thn.'Ae^v,preji. [A.-S. under, Goth, undar, Icel. undir, allied 
 to Lat. inter, Skr. aiitar.] 1. In a lower position with re- 
 spect to ; so as to be covered, overhung, or overtopped by; 
 beneath; below. 2. Hence, in many figurative uses, which 
 may be classified as follows: {a.) In relation to some 
 thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, oppresses, 
 bows down, governs, directs, powerfully influences, or 
 the Hke. (b.) In relation to something that exceeds in 
 rank or degree, in number, size, weight, and the like, (c.) 
 In relation to something that comprehends or includes, 
 that represents or designates, that furnishes a cover, pre- 
 text, pretense, or the like, {d.) Less specifically, in the 
 relation of being subject, of undergoing regard, treat- 
 ment, and the like. 
 
 Under arms (Mil.), drawn up in readiness to use arms. — Un- 
 der Jire, with exposure to fire; exposed to an enemy's shot. — 
 
 Extreme unction {Rom. Cath. Church), the ap 
 cred oil to the head, the hands, and the feet, of 
 
 S,e,&e.,iong';a,6,fcc.,iAor<;cAre,far,aBl£,all,'*irhat; 6re, vgil, t§rm ; pique, firm; son, or, dg, W9lf , 
 
UNDER 
 
 781 
 
 UNDISCIPLINED 
 
 Under one's signature. See Over.— Under sail (I^aut.), moved 
 by sails ; in motion. — Under sentence, having sentence pro- 
 nounced against. — f/?»f/er the bieath, with low voice; very 
 softly.— Under the lee (A'an«.), to the leeward.— Under the 
 rose. See Rose. — Under loay {Naut.), in a condition to make 
 progress; hence, in progress; having started. 
 
 tJn'der, adv. In a lower, subject, or subordinate con- 
 dition ; in subjection ; — used chiefly in a few phrases. 
 
 ttn'der, a.' Lower in rank or degree ; subject ; subordi- 
 nate, [auctions 
 
 t5^n'der-Wd', v. t. To bid or offer less than, as in 
 
 ■Cn'der-briisli, n. Shrubs and small trees in a wood or 
 forest, growing beneath large trees ; undergrowth. 
 
 tJii'der-cliarge', v. t. To charge below or under ; to 
 charge less than is usual or suitable. 
 
 tJn'der-«lotiie§ (-klothz, colloq. -kl5z), n. pi. Clothes 
 worn under others. 
 
 tJn'der-ciir'reiit, n. A current below the surface of 
 water, sometimes flowing in a contrary direction to that 
 on the surface. 
 
 tJn'der-do', f. i. [imp. underdid; p. p. under- 
 done ; p''pr. & vb. n. UNDERDOING.] 1. To act be- 
 low one's abilities. 3. To do less than is requisite. 
 
 ttii'der-do', v. t. To do less than is requisite ; to cook 
 insufficiently. 
 
 di'der-drain, n. A covered drain or trench below the 
 surface of the ground, with joints or openings through 
 which the water may percolate from the soil or ground 
 above. 
 
 tJii'der-drain', v. t. To drain by forming a covered 
 channel below the surface. 
 
 tJn'der-go', v. t. [imp. underwent ; p. p. under- 
 gone ; p. pr. & vb. n. UNDERGOING.] To be subjected 
 to ; to bear ; to pass through : to suffer ; to sustain. 
 
 ■Cn'der-grad'ii-ate.n. A student or member of a uni- 
 versity or college, who has not taken his first degree. 
 
 C'n'der-gi'ound, a. Being below the surface of the 
 ground. 
 
 tJn'der-growtli, n. That which grows under trees ; 
 shrubs or small trees growing among large ones. 
 
 tjn'der-liaiid, adv. 1, By secret means ; in a clandes- 
 
 _tine manner. '2, By fraud ; by fraudulent means. 
 
 Un'der-liaud, a. Secret; clandestine; — usually im- 
 plying meanness or fraud, or both. 
 
 tJn'der-lxand'ed, a. Underhand ; clandestine. 
 
 tJn'der-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. underlaid ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. underlaying.] To lay beneath ; to support by 
 something laid under. [or lessee. 
 
 tJii'der-lease, n. (Law.) A lease granted by a tenant 
 
 t5"n'der-let', v. t. 1. To let below the value. 3. To 
 let or lease at second hand ; to let under a lease. 
 
 tjn'der-lie', v. t. [imp. underlay ; p. p. under- 
 lain ; p. pr. & vb. n. underlying.] 1. To lie under ; 
 to rest beneath ; to be situated under. 3. To be at the 
 
 ^ basis of: to form the foundation of; to support. 
 
 tJn'der-lie', v. i. To lie below or under. 
 
 tJn'der-line', v. t. To mark a line below, as words ; to 
 underscore. [sorry fellow. 
 
 Uii'der-ling, n. An inferior person or agent ; a mean, 
 
 tJn'der-mine', v. t. 1. To excavate the earth beneath, 
 especially for the purpose of causing to fall or be over- 
 thrown ; to sap. "2, To remove the foundation or sup- 
 port of by clandestine means ; to ruin in an underhand 
 way. 
 
 Dn'der-inia'er, n. One who undermines, saps, or ex- 
 cavates ; one who secretly overthrows. [dition. 
 
 tJn'der-most, a. Lowest in place, rank, state, or con- 
 
 tJn'der-neatii', or 'di'der-neatli', adv. [A.-S. uti- 
 derneodhan, fr. under, under, and neodhan, nidhan, be- 
 neath, downward.] Beneath ; below; in a lower place. 
 
 ■Cii'der-neath.', or tJn'der-neath.', prep. Under ; 
 beneath. 
 
 t)n'der-pay', v. t. To pay too li*^tle. 
 
 t5^n'der-pm', v. t. 1. To lay stones under, as the sills 
 of a building, on which it is to rest. 3. To place some- 
 thing underneath for support. 
 
 tJsi'der-piii'ning, n. 1. Act of one who underpins. 
 'Z. The stones on which a building immediately rests. 
 
 t5^ii'der-pl6t, n. 1. A series of events in a play, pro- 
 ceeding collaterally with the main story, and subservient 
 to it. 3. A clandestine scheme. 
 
 tJu'der-pi-op', v. t. To prop from beneath ; to support. 
 
 tJii'der-rate', v. t. To rat« too low ; to rate below the 
 value ; to undervalue. 
 
 jtJn'der-ruii', v. t. To run or pass under ; especially, to 
 pass along and under, as a cable, for the purpose of tak- 
 ing in, or of examining, the condition of it. 
 
 iJn'der-s-eore', v. t. To draw a mark or line under. 
 
 Cn'der-s611', v. t. [imp. & p. p. undersold; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. UNDERSELLING.] To sell the same article* 
 at a lower price than ; to sell cheaper than . 
 tJn'der-sli6t, a. Moved by water passing beneath ; — 
 
 said of a water-wheel, and opposed to overshot. 
 t^r 'der-sign' (-sin'), v. t. To write one's name at the 
 
 foot or end of, as a letter or any legal instrument. 
 tJn'der-sized', a. Of a size less than is common. 
 tJn'der-stand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. UNDERSTOOD; 
 p.pr. & 1-6. n. UNDERSTANDING.] 1. To have just and 
 adequate ideas of; to apprehend the meaning or intention 
 of; to know. 3. To be apprised; to have information 
 of. 3. To hold or suppose to mean; to interpret; to 
 ascribe intention to. 4. To mean without expressing ; 
 to imply. 
 
 Syn. — To comprehend.— To understand is simply to re- 
 ceive into the intellect; to compreliend a subject is to embrace 
 it in all its relations and dependencies. It is easy to understand 
 that there is a God, but impossible to comprehend the vastnew 
 of his existence, wisdom, and power. 
 iJii'der- stand', v. i. 1. To have the use of the intellect- 
 ual faculties. 3. To be informed by another ; to learn. 
 tJii'der-stS.nd'ing, n. 1. Act of a person who under- 
 stands any thing (in the several sen.ses of the word). 3. 
 An agreement of opinion or feeling ; adjustment of dif- 
 ferences ; any thing mutually understood or agreed upon. 
 3. Power to understand ; the intellectual faculty ; power 
 to distinguish truth from falsehood, and to adapt means 
 to ends. 4. Specifically, the discursive faculty ; th» 
 faculty of knowing by the medium or use of general con- 
 ceptions or relations. 
 
 Syn. — Knowledge; discernment; interpretation; explana- 
 tion ; belief ; harmony ; sense ; reason ; intelligence ; percep- 
 tion. See Sense. 
 tJn'der-state', v. t. To state or represent less strongly 
 
 than the truth will bear. 
 tJn'der-stobd', hnp. & p. p. of understand. 
 tJn'der-strap'per (110), n. A petty fellow ; an in- 
 ferior agent. 
 tJn'der-take', v. t. [imp. undertook ; p. p. under- 
 taken ; p. pr. & vb. n. UNDERTAKING.] 1. To take 
 upon one's self; to engage in; to enter upon; to set 
 about ; to attempt. 3. Specifically , to lay one's self 
 under obligations, or enter into stipulations, or covenant 
 or contract, to perform or to execute. 
 tJn-der-talce', v. i. 1. To take upon or assume any 
 ^ business or province. 2. To promise ; to be bound. 
 I Un'der-tak'er, n. 1, One who undertakes. 3. Specific- 
 ally, one who takes the charge and management of 
 i ^funerals. 
 
 i tjn'der-tali'ing, n. That which is undertaken ; any 
 1 business, work, or project which a person engages in, or 
 
 attempts to perform. 
 j Syn. — Enterprise; attempt; engagement. 
 
 tJn'der-ten'aiit, n. The tenant of a tenant ; one who 
 
 holds lands or tenements of a tenant. 
 , C^ii'der-tone, n. A low or subordinate tone or utterance. 
 I tJii'der-t<)blc', imp. of undertake. See UNDERTAKE. 
 ! tJn'der-toTV, n. A current of water below, in a differ- 
 ent direction from that on the surface. 
 tJ^n'der-vai'iie, v. t. 1. To value, rate, or estimate be- 
 low the real worth. 3. To esteem lightly ; to treat as of 
 \ ^little worth ; to despise. 
 
 i tJn'der-went', imp. of undergo. See Undergo. 
 tjii'der-wobd, n. Small trees that grow among large 
 
 trees ; coppice. 
 ' tJn'der-Avork' (-wurk'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. UNDER- 
 WORKED, or UNDERWROUGHT ; p. pr. & vb. n. UN- 
 j DERWORKING.] 1. To do like work at a less price than. 
 
 3. To undermine ; to destroy by clandestine measures. 
 
 tJn'der-Avork' (-wflrk^, v. i. To work or labor upon 
 
 j less, or for a less price than is sufficient or proper. 
 
 I tJn'der-Avorld (-wQrld), ?i. The lower or inferior world. 
 
 tD"ii'der--*vrite' (-rlf), v. t. [imp. underwrote ; p. p. 
 
 I UNDERWRITTEN; p. pr. & f6. «. UNDERWRITING.] 
 
 I 1. To write under something else ; to subscribe. 3. To 
 ! set one's name to, as a policy of insurance, for the purpose 
 ; of becoming answerable for loss or damage, for a certain 
 
 premium per cent. 
 ■Cii'der-wi-it^er (-rit'er, 110), n. An insurer ; — socalled 
 because he underwrites his name to the conditions of the 
 policy. 
 lJn'de-§ign'mg(-de-zTn''-),p. a. Sincere; upright; art- 
 I less ; having no artful or fraudulent purpose. 
 1 Uii-dine'(un-deenO, «• [From Lat. unda., a wave, water.] 
 j One of a class of fabled water-spirits. 
 Un-dis'fi-plined, a. 1. Not di.sciplined ; not duly ex- 
 I ercised and taught ; raw. 3. Not instructed ; untaught. 
 
 food, foot i Urn, r^de, p\ill ; fell, (baise, «all, o«]io ; ^em, fet ; af ; eiist ; linger, Unit ; tiiis. 
 
UNDO 
 
 782 
 
 UNFURL 
 
 Un-AQ\ f . t. [imp. UNDID ; p. p. UNDONE I p. pr. Sc 
 rt>. n. UNDOING.] 1. To reverse, as what has been 
 done ; to annul. *i. To loot^e ; to open ; to take to pieces ; 
 to unfasten ; to untie. 3. To bring to poverty ; to ruin, 
 a.< in reputation, morals, or the Uke. 
 
 Un-do'er, n. One who undoes or brings destruction. 
 
 Uii-d6ne' (-4Qn'). p- /'• of undo. See Undo ; also UN, II. 
 
 Vn-doiibt'ed (-dout'-), a. Not doubted ; not called in 
 question ; indubitable : indisputable. 
 
 Uii-doubt'ed-ly (-dout'-), adv. In an undoubted man- 
 ner ; without do'ubt ; without question ; indubitably. 
 
 Un-drdss', v. t. 1. To divest of clothes; to strip. 2. 
 To deprive of ornaments; to disrobe. 3. (Med.) To 
 take the dressing or covering from, as a wound. 
 
 Cn'dresis, n. 1. A loose, negligent dress, ii. {Mil. & 
 \avaJ. ) Authorized habitual dress of oflBcers and soldiers, 
 but not full uniform. 
 
 Un-due', a. 1. Not due ; not yet owing. 3. Not agree- 
 able to a rule or standard, or to duty. 
 
 Syn. — Dbproportioned ; excessive ; immoderate ; inordi- 
 nate. 
 
 Cn'du-late, f. t. [imp. & p. p. undulated : p. pr. 8c 
 vb. n. UNDULATING.] [N. Lat. undulare, undulatutn, 
 from undula, a little wave.] To move backward and 
 forward, or up and down, as waves ; to cause to vibrate. 
 
 tJn'du-late, v. i. To vibrate ; to move back and forth ; 
 to wave. 
 
 tJ^n'du-la'tion, n. 1. A waving motion or vibration. 2. 
 (Med.) The movement of a fluid collected in any natural 
 or artificial cavity, which is felt by pressure or by per- 
 cussion. 3. (3/1/5.) A rattling or jarring of sounds, 
 as when discordant tones are sounded together. 4. 
 (Physics.) Amotion to and fro, up and down, or from 
 side to side, in any fluid meilium, propagated continu- 
 ously among its particles, but with no translation of the 
 particles themselves corresponding to the propagation of 
 the wave ; a vibration. 
 
 Un'du-la-to-ry (50), a. Moving in the manner of waves ; 
 resembling the' motion of waves, which successively rise 
 or swell and fall ; pertaining to a propagated alternating 
 motion, as of waves. 
 
 Undulatory theory (Opt.), that theory of light which regards 
 its various phenomena as due to undulations in an ethereal 
 medium, propagpted from the radiant with immense, but 
 measurable, velocities, and producing different impres.<ions on 
 the retina according to their amplitude and frequency. The 
 theory of ethereal undulations is applicable not only to the 
 phenomena of light, but also to those of heat, eliemical power. 
 Sec. The undulatory theory is opposed to the corpuscular or 
 emanation theory of light, according to which Ught is a material 
 fluid or substance of exti-eme subtiity. 
 
 Un-dii'ly, adv. In an undue manner; not according to 
 duty or propriety ; not in proper proportion ; excessively. 
 
 Un-eartli', v. t. To drive or draw from the earth ; tv 
 uncover ; hence, to bring out from concealment ; to bring 
 to light : to disclose. [natural. 
 
 Un-earthly, a. Not terrestrial ; supernatural ; preter- 
 
 Un-ea'gi-ly, adv. In an uneasy manner ; with uneasi- 
 ness or pain. 
 
 Uii-ea'gi-ness, n. The quality or condition of being 
 uneasy ; want of ease : disquiet ; perturbation. 
 
 Un-ea'8y,a. 1. Not easy; restless ; disturbed ; unquiet: 
 disturbed by pain, anxiety, or the like. 2. Not easy in 
 manner: constrained: stiff: awkward. 3. Occasioning 
 want of ease ; cramping : disagreeable : uoplea^ing. 
 
 Un-find'ing, a. Not ending; everlasting: eternal. 
 
 Un-e'qual, a. 1. Not equal : not matched : not of the 
 game f-ize. length, breadth, quantitv, strength, talents, 
 acquirements, age, station, or the like. 2. Not uniform : 
 not regular. 
 
 Un-e'qualed, a. Not equaled or to be equaled ; xmpar- 
 klleled ; unrivaled. 
 
 Un-e'qual -ly. adv. In an unequal manner ; not equally ; 
 in different degrees. 
 
 Un-Srr'fng, a. 1. Committing no mistake ; incapable of 
 error. 2. Incapable of failure: certain. 
 
 Un-e'v*?n (-e'vn), a. 1. Not even : not level : not uni- 
 form ; rough. 2. Not equal; not of equal length. 
 
 Uneven number, a numl>cr not divisible by two without a 
 remainder; an odd number. 
 
 Un-e'ven-ness (109), n. Quality of being uneven ; want 
 of uniformity. 
 
 Cn'e j-am'plf d, a. Having no example or similar case : 
 without precedent : unprecedented : unparalleled. 
 
 tJu'ex-^-fip'tion-a-ble, a. Not liable to any exception 
 or objection ; unobjectionable ; faultless ; good ; excel- 
 lent. 
 
 tJn'ex-^6p'tion-a-bly, adv. In an imexceptionable 
 
 ; t5^n'ex-p6€t'ed, a. Not expect«d ; coming without warn 
 ing : not provided against ; sudden. [suddenh 
 
 Cn'ex-pect'ed-ly, adv. In an unexpected manner ; 
 \ Un-fail'iiig, p. a. Not failing ; not liable to fail ; not 
 I capable of being exhausted. 
 
 I Un-f Air' (4). a. Not fair; not honest; not impartial; 
 j disingenuous ; using or involving trick or artifice. 
 j Un-f&ir'Iy, adv. In an unfair or unjust manner. 
 { Un-fAir'ness, n. State or quality of being unfair; dis- 
 honest or disingenuous conduct or practice. 
 I Un-f aitli'ful, a. Not faithful ; not observant of prom- 
 ^ ises, vows, allegiance, or duty ; violating trust or confi- 
 I dence. 
 I Sym. — Perfidious; treacherous; disloyal; undutiful. 
 
 I Un-f aith'f iil-ly. adv. In an ujifaithful manner ; in 
 i violation of'proinises, vows, or duty : treacherously. 
 , Un-f aithi'f iil-ness, n. QuaUty of being unfaithful; 
 neglect or violation of vows, proniises, allegiance, or other 
 i duty ; treachery. 
 j Un-f as'ten (-fas'n), v. t. To loose ; to unfix : to untie. 
 
 Un-fath'om-a-ble, a. Not fathomable ; not to be 
 ' sounded with a line of ordinary length. 
 
 Un-fa'vor-a-ble,o. Not favorable : not propitious ; not 
 I disposed or adapted to countenance or support. 
 
 Syn. — Unpropitious; adverse; contrary; discouraging. 
 I Un-f a'vor-a-bly, adv. In an unfavorable manner ; un- 
 i propitiously ; unkindly. 
 
 i Un-feel'ing, a. 1. Destitute of feeling: void of sensi- 
 I bility : insensible. 2. Without kind feelings; cruel; 
 I hard-hearted. 
 
 Un-f et'ter, v. t. 1. To loose from fetters ; to unshackle. 
 ; 2. To free from restraint : to set at liberty. 
 
 Un-fil'ial (-fil'yal), a. Unsuitable to a son or child ; un- 
 dutiful ; not becoming a child. 
 i Un-fin'islied (-fin'isht), a. Not finished; not brought 
 I to an end ; imperfect ; incomplete. 
 
 Un-fit'. a. Not fit ; unquaUfied : improper ; tinsuitable. 
 I Un-fit', V. t. [imp. & p. p. unfitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 UNFITTING.] 1. To make unsuitable ; to deprive of 
 ! the strength, skiU, or proper qualities for any thing. 2. 
 j To disqualify. [suitably. 
 
 I Un-fit'ly. adv. In an unfit manner ; not properly ; nn- 
 
 Un-fit'ne.ss, n. Quality of being tinfit ; want of suita- 
 j ble powers or qualifications. 
 
 Syn. — Improper ; unsuitable ; imseasonable ; untimely ; 
 ] inexpedient; incompetent. 
 
 ■ Un-fix', V. t. To loosen from a fastening ; to detach from 
 j any thing that holds : to unhinge. 
 
 i Un-f old', t". t. 1. To open the folds of; to expand ; to 
 
 j spread out. 2. To open, as any thing covered or close; 
 
 I to lay open to view or contemplation. 3. To release 
 
 I from a fold or pen. 
 
 Syn. — To display ; disclose; reveal; declare; tell. 
 Un-f6rmed',p. a. 1. Having the form destroyed. 2. 
 
 I Not formed ; not arranged into regular shape, order, or 
 
 I relations. 
 
 I Unformed stars (_Astron.), stars not grouped into any con- 
 
 stellation. 
 Un-f ort'u-nate, a. Not fortunate : not prosperous : 
 unlucky ; attended with misfortune : unhappy. 
 
 ; Un-fort'u-nate-ly, adv. In an unfortunate manner. 
 
 j Un-f6rt'u-nate-nes<5, n. Condition or quality of being 
 
 ; unfortunate: ill fortune; failure of success. 
 
 i Un-found'ed, a. 1. Not founded : not built or estab- 
 lished. 2. Hence, having no foundation ; baseless : vain ; 
 idle. [infrequent. 
 
 ■ Un-fre'quent, a. Not frequent ; not happening often ; 
 Cn'f re-qiient'ed, a. Rarely visited ; seldom resorted 
 
 to by human beings. 
 
 Un-fre'quent-ly,a£?f. Not often; seldom: infrequently. 
 [ Un-fri6nd'ed, a. Wanting friends ; not countenanced 
 or supported. 
 
 Un-friend1i-nes8, n. The quality of being unfriendly ; 
 disfavor ; unkindness. 
 
 Un-friend'ly, a. 1. Not friendly ; not kind or benevo- 
 lent : hostile*. 2. Not favorable ; not adapted to pro- 
 mote or support any object. 
 
 Un-fruifful, a. 1. Not producing fruit: barren. 2. 
 Not p'foducing offspring : not prolific ; barren. 3. Not 
 producing good effects or works. 4. Unproductive : not 
 fertile. 
 
 Un-frnit'ful-ness, n. Quality of being nnfrultfol-r 
 barrenness *; infeoundity ; unproductiveness. ^ 
 
 Un-fiirl', v. t. [imp. & p.p. unfurled ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 UNFURLING.] To loose from a furled state. 
 Syn.— To unfold; expand; open; spread. 
 
 », e, lte.,:M^; &,£, &e., jAof^; •Are, far, aslc, aU, wh^t ; dre.vgU, term ; pique, firm ; 86n, dr, d«, wolf 
 
UNFURNISH 
 
 783 
 
 UNIONIST 
 
 Un-fftr'nlsli, v. t. 1, To strip of furniture ; to divest ; 
 to strip, ti. To leave naked. 
 
 Un-gain'li-ness, n. Clumsiness ; awkwardness. 
 
 Un-gain'ly, a. [0. Eng. unguin, A.-S. ungsegne, un- 
 gengne, of no effect, vain, from un and genge, strong, fr. 
 gangan, to go.] Not expert or dexterous ; clumsy ; awk- 
 ward ; uncouth. 
 
 Un-ggii'er-ous, a. Not generous; illiberal; ignoble; 
 unkind; dishonorable. 
 
 Un-g6ii'er-ous-ly, adv. In an ungenerous manner. 
 
 Un-gird', i'. t. [imp. & p. p. UNGIRDED, or UNGIRT; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. UNGIRDING.] To loose from a girdle or 
 band; to unbind. 
 
 Un-gliie', v. t. To separate, as any thing that is glued or 
 cemented. 
 
 Uii-g6d.'li-ness, n. Quality of being ungodly ; impiety ; 
 wickedness ; disregard of God and his commands. 
 
 TJn-god'ly, a. 1, Not godly ; neglecting the fear and 
 worship of God ; wicked; impious; sinful. '^. Polluted 
 by sin or wickedness. 
 
 Un-gov'ern-a-ble, a. Not capable of being governed, 
 ruled, or restrained ; licentious ; wild ; unbridled. 
 
 Uii-gov'erii a-bly, w/tj. In an ungovernable manner; 
 without restraint ; wildly. 
 
 Un-gra^e'f ul, a. Not graceful ; not marked with ease 
 and dignity*; wanting beauty and elegance ; awkward ; 
 clumsy . 
 
 Un-gra^e'f ul-Iy, adv. In an ungraceful manner ; awk- 
 wardly ; inelegantly. 
 
 Un-gra'cious, a. Not gracious; showing no grace or 
 kindness of heart ; without good will ; offensive ; unpleas- 
 ing ; unacceptable ; not favored. 
 
 Un-grate'ful, a. 1. Not grateful; not thankful for 
 favors. ii.'Unpleasing ; unacceptable; disagreeable. 
 
 Un-grate'f iil-Iy, adv. In an ungrateful manner. 
 
 Cn'gual (uti'gwal), a. [From Lat. unguis, a nail, claw, 
 or hoof.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling a nail, 
 claw, or hoof. 3. Having a nail, claw, or hoof attached ; 
 — said of certain bones of the feet. 
 
 Un'guent (Qng'gwent), n. [Lat. unguentum, from un- 
 guere, ungere, to anoint.] A soft composition used as a 
 topical remedy, as for sores, burns, and the like ; oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Un-guie'u-lar, a. [N. Lat. unguicularis, from Lat. un- 
 guiculus, diminutive of zmguis, a nail.] Of, or pertaining 
 to, a claw or nail. 
 
 Un-gui-e'u-late, ) a. [N. Lat. unguiculatus, from Lat. 
 
 Uii-gui€'u.-la'ted, ) unguiculus, diminutive of unguis, 
 a nail or claw.] 1. Having claws; clawed. 3. (Bot.) 
 Furnished with a claw, that is, a narrow base, as the 
 petal in some flowers. 
 
 "Cii'gu-late, a. [Lat. ungulatus, from ungula, a hoof.] 
 1. Shaped like a hoof. ij. Having hoofs. 
 
 Un-liS-l'low, V. t. To profane ; to desecrate. 
 
 Un-lia,nd'i-ly, adv. In an unhandy manner ; awkward- 
 ly ; clumsily. 
 
 Uii-ii3.iid's6me (-hSn'sum), a. 1. Not handsome ; not 
 beautiful ; ungraceful ; unbecoming ; unsuitable. 3. 
 Unfair; illibe^l; disingenuous. 3. Not generous or 
 decorous ; uncivil ; unpolite. 
 
 Un-liS,nd's6me-ly (-han'sum-), adv. In an unhand- 
 some manner ; inelegantly ; ungracefully ; illiberally. 
 
 Un-hand'y, a. 1. Not handy ; not dexterous ; not 
 ready in the use of the hands ; awkward. 3. Not con- 
 venient. 
 
 Un-liJtp'pi-ly, adv. In an unhappy manner ; unfortu- 
 nately ; miserably ; calamitously. 
 
 Un-liap'pi-ness, n. State or quality of being unhappy ; 
 misfortune; ill luck; infelicity; misery. 
 
 Un-lia.p'py, a. 1. Not happy or fortunate ; unfortu- 
 nate ; unlucky. 3. In a degree miserable or wretched ; 
 not happy. 3. Marked by infelicity. 
 
 Syn. — Distressed ; evLl ; afflicted ; calamitous ; miserable; 
 wretched. 
 
 tJn'har-mo'ni-oiis, a. Not harmonious ; inharmonious. 
 
 Uii-liar'ness, v. t. J.. To strip of harness. 3. To dis- 
 arm ; to divest of armor. 
 
 Un-lxealth'ful-ness, n. Quality of being unhealthy ; 
 unwholesomeness ; insalubriousness. 
 
 Un-li6altli'i-Iy, adv. In an unhealthy or unsound 
 manner. 
 
 Un-li6altli'i-ness, n." 1. Quality or condition of being 
 unhealthy ; want of health. 3. Unsoundness ; want of 
 vigor. 3. Unfavorableness to health. 
 
 Un-Jhfialtli'y, a. 1. Wanting health ; habitually weak 
 or indisposed ; unsound ; wanting vigor. 3. Abounding 
 with disease ; unfavorable to the preservation of health. 
 
 3. Insalubrious ; unwholesome. 4. Not indicating 
 
 health or resulting from health ; morbid. 
 
 Un-li5ard', a. 1. Not heard ; not perceived by the ear. 
 3. Not known by fame ; not illustrious ; obscure. 
 
 Un-liinge', v. t. 1. To take from the hinges. 3. To 
 displace ; to unfix by violence. 3. To render unstable 
 or wavering. 
 
 Un-liitcli', V. t. To free from being hitched, or as if 
 from being hitched. 
 
 Un-ho'li-ness, n. Quality of being unholy ; impiety. 
 
 Uii-lio'ly, a. Not holy ; not hallowed ; not consecrated ; 
 profane ; kicked ; impious. 
 
 Un-li6rse', -u. t. To throw from a horse; to cause to 
 dismount. 
 
 Un-liou§e', V. t. To drive from the house or habitation ; 
 to dislodge ; hence, to deprive of shelter. 
 
 Un-houg'eled {-houz'ld), a. Not having received tho 
 sacrament. 
 
 Un-liiirt', a. Not hurt ; not harmed ; free from wouoA 
 
 _ or injury ; safe and sound. 
 
 U'ni-corn, n. [Lat. unicomuus, 
 from unicornis, one-horned, hav- 
 ing a single horn, from um^, one, 
 and cornu, a horn.] 1. A fabulous 
 animal with one horn ; — often 
 represented in heraldry as a sup- 
 porter. 3. An animal of some 
 unknown kind, so called in the 
 
 ■ Scriptures. It was probably some 
 
 _ species of wild ox. 
 
 U/iii-fi-<;a'tioii, n. Act of so 
 uniting with another as to make 
 one being ; act of unifying, or state '■ 
 
 _ of being unified. 
 
 U'ni-form, a. [Lat. uniformis, fr. Unicorn Q.)- 
 
 unus, one, am^ forma, form.] 1. Having always the 
 same form, manner, or degree. 3. Of the same form 
 with others ; conforming to one rule or mode ; consonant. 
 
 _3. Consistent with itself at all times. 
 
 U'lii-fdrm, n. A dress of the same kind", by which per- 
 sons are purposely assimilated who belong to the same 
 
 _body, whether military, naval, or any other. 
 
 U''iii-f6rm.'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being uniform ; re- 
 semblance to itself at all times. 3. Conformity to a 
 pattern or rule ; resemblance, consonance, or agreement. 
 3. Consistency ; sameness. 4. Similitude between the 
 parts of a whole. 3. Continued or unvaried sameness 
 or likeness. 
 
 tj 'iii-f6rm''ly, adv. In a uniform manner ; without va- 
 
 _riation. 
 
 U'ni-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. unified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 UNIFYING.] [Lat. M71MS, one, andyace?-e, to make.] To 
 cause to be one ; to make into a unit ; to unite ; to view 
 as one. 
 
 tJn'im-peacli'a-lble, a. Not to be impeached ; exempt 
 from liability to accusation ; free from stain, guUt, or 
 fault ; irreproachable ; blameless. 
 
 Un-in'ter-est-ed, a. 1, Not interested ; not having 
 any interest or property in ; having nothing at stake. 3. 
 Not having the mind or the passions engaged. 
 
 Un-in'ter-rupt'ed, a. Not interrupted or broken*, 
 
 _ continuous. 
 
 Uii'ion (yun'yun), n. [Lat. unio, from unus, one.] 1. 
 Act of uniting or joining two or more things into one ; 
 or state of being united or joined. 3. Agreement ; and 
 conjunction of mind, spirit, will, affections, or the like; 
 harmony. 3. Something formed by a combination or 
 coalition of parts or members ; a confederation ; a con- 
 solidated body. 4. The upper, inner corner of an en- 
 sign, in distinction from the rest of the flag, which is 
 called the^y. 
 
 C^" The union of the United States ensign is a blue field with 
 white stars, denotinff the union of the States, and, properly, 
 equal in number to that of the States. The t»n'o)j of the Brit- 
 ish ensign is a like field bearing the three crosses of St. George, 
 St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, in combination, denoting tne 
 union of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Union doum, a signal of distress at sea made by reversing the 
 flag, or turning its union downward. 
 
 Syn. — Unity : junction ; connection ; concord ; alliance; 
 coalition ; combination ; confederacy.— Uniori is the act of 
 bringing two or more things together so as to make but one^ 
 Unity is a state of simple oneness, either of essence, as the uui- 
 ty of God or of action, feeling, &c., as unity of design, of affec- 
 tion, &c. Thus, we may speak of effecting a tmion of interests 
 which shall result jn a perfect unity of labor and interest in 
 securing a given object. 
 
 tJn'ion-ist, n. One who advocates or promotes union ; 
 especially, a loyal supporter of a federal union, as that 
 of the United States. 
 
 ftfod, toTot ; ^n, r^de, pyJl ; ^eU, (haise, «aU, e«]io ; gem, get ; ag ; e^^st ; linger, ll^k ; tfcU. 
 
UNION-JACK 
 
 784 
 
 UNLIKELY 
 
 r'n'lon-jftck, n. (Naut.) A small flag containing only 
 the union, without the Hy. 
 
 IT-nip'a-roils, n. [Lat. unus, one, and parere, to bring 
 forth.] Producing one at a birth. 
 
 D'nl-pCd, a. [Lat. units, one, and pes , pedis , foot.] Hav- 
 ing only one foot. 
 
 U-nXque' (yij-neek'), a. [Vr. unique, Lat. U7ticus, from 
 vnus, one.] Without a like or equal ; unmatched ; sin- 
 gle in kind or excellence. 
 
 F-iiique', 'i. Something unequaled or unparalleled. 
 
 Uni-ra'cll-a'ted, a. [N. Lat. vniradiatus, from Lat. 
 unus, one, and radius, a ray.] Having one ray. 
 
 I^'ni-se'ri-al, a. Having only one row or series. 
 
 Ciii-s6n, «. [Low Lat. unisonus, from Lat. ira^s, one, 
 and soiiiis, a sound.] 1. Harmony; agreement; con- 
 cord; union. 2. {Mus.) An accordance or coincidence 
 of sounds proceeding from an equality in the number 
 
 _of vibrations made in a given time by a sonorous body. 
 
 U'm-.s6n, a. 1. Sounding alone. 3. {Mus.) Sounded 
 
 U-nis'o-nan^e, Jt. Accordance of sounds. [together. 
 
 U-nis'o-naiit, a. [Lat. unus, one, and sonans, p. pr. of 
 sonnre, to sound.] Being in unison ; having the same 
 degree of gravity or acuteness. 
 
 U-nls'o-nous, a. Being in unison. 
 
 'D'nit, n. [Lat. xiniUmi, from unitus, p. p. of unire, to 
 unite, from w«k5, one.] A single thing or person; the 
 
 _ least whole number ; one. 
 
 U'Jii-ta'ri-aii, n. [From Lat. unitas, unity.] 1. One 
 who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that 
 God exists only in one person, ti. One opposed to dual- 
 ism, in philosophy, science, and the like. 
 
 tJ^ni-ta'ri-an, a 1. Of. or pertaining to. Unitarians, 
 or to their doctrines. 2. Of, or pertaining to, a system 
 of philosophy, science, and the like, which is opposed to 
 
 _ dualism. 
 
 IJ'iii-ta'ri-an-igm, n. Doctrines of Unitarians. 
 
 U'nit-a-ry, a. Of the nature of a unit ; not double. 
 
 U-nite', r. t. {imp. & p. p. united; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 UNITING.] [Lat. unire, unitum, from unus, one.] 1. 
 To put togetlfer or join, as two or more constituents, to 
 form a whole ; to cause to adhere. "Z. Hence, to join 
 by a legal or moral bond, as families by marriage, na- 
 tions by treaty, men by opinions ; to associate. 
 
 Syn. — Add; join; annex; coalesce; attach; continue; con- 
 nect. See Add. 
 
 U-nite', V. i. 1. To become one ; to be cemented or 
 consolidated ; to coalesce ; to grow together. 3. To 
 join in an act ; to act in concert. 
 
 U-nit'ed-ly, adv. With unioi or joint efforts. 
 
 U-nit'er, n. One who, or that which, unites. 
 
 U'lii-ty, n. [Lat. unitas, from unus, one.] 1. State of 
 being one ; oneness, "i. Conjunction ; agreement ; uni- 
 formity. 3. (Matk.) Any definite quantity, or aggre- 
 gate of quantities or magnitudes, taken as one, or for 
 which 1 is made to stand in calculation. 4. (Poet. & 
 Rhet. ) One of the principles by which a uniform tenor 
 of story and propriety of representation are preserved ; 
 conformity in a composition to these principles. 
 
 OS" In the Greek drama, the three unities required were those 
 oi action, oi time, and o^ place ; in other words, that tliere should 
 be but one main plot; that the time supposed should not ex- 
 ceed 24 liours; and that the place of the action before the epec- 
 tators should be one and the same throughout the piece. 
 
 5. {Fine Arts & Mus.) Such a combination of parts as 
 to constitute a kind of symmetry of style and character. 
 
 6. (Lmw.) The peculiar characteristic of an estate held 
 by several, or joint-tenancy. 
 
 Syn. — Union; onenesg; junction; concord; harmony. See 
 Ukio.n. 
 
 tj 'ni-vaive, n. {Zo'ol.) A moUusk whose shell is com- 
 po.M^d of a single piece, as the snail. 
 
 C'lii-vaive, I n. [From Lat. unus, one, and valva, a 
 
 t''ni-vaived, i valve.] Having one valve only, as a 
 
 _ shell or pericarp. 
 
 U'ni-vftlv'u-lar, a. Having one valve only. 
 
 tj'ni-vers'al, a. 1. Extending to, or afifecting, the 
 whole number, quantity, or space; unlimited. 3. Con- 
 stituting or considered as a whole ; total ; whole. 3, Com- 
 prising particulars, or all the particulars. 
 Syn. — General; all; whole; total. See General. 
 
 t>/ni-v6rs'al, n. (Logic.) (a.) A general abstract con- 
 ception, so called from being universally applicable to, 
 or predicable of, each individual or species contained un- 
 der it. ih.) A universal propo.sition, or one in which the 
 subject is taken in its widest extent, and the predicate 
 
 _ applies to every thing which the subject can denote. 
 
 U'ni-vgrn'al-igm, n. { Theol.) The doctrine or belief 
 
 that all men will be saved or made happy in a futun 
 
 _ life. 
 
 U'ni-vers'al-ist, n. (Theol.) One who holds the doc- 
 
 _ trine that all men will be saved. 
 
 U'ni-ver-sJll'i-ty, n. State or quality of being univer- 
 sal ; unlimited extension or application. 
 
 fj'ni-vers'al-ly, adv. In a universal manner ; with ex- 
 
 _ tension to the whole ; without exception. 
 
 U'ni-verse, n. [Lat. universum, fr. U7iiversus, universal, 
 fr. unus, one, and vertere, versitm, to turn, i.. e., turned 
 into one, combined into one whole.] All created things 
 
 _ viewed as constituting one system or whole ; the world. 
 
 U''iii-ver'si-ty, n. [From Lat. vniversitas, all together, 
 the whole, the universe, a society, corporation, fr. uni- 
 v^rsiis, all together, universal.] A universal school, in 
 which are taught all branches of learning, or the four 
 faculties of theology, medicine, law, and the sciences 
 and arts ; an assemblage of colleges established in any 
 place, with professors for instructing students in the 
 sciences and other branches of learning, and where de- 
 grees are conferred. 
 
 U-niv'o-eal, a. [Lat. univocus, from tmus, one, and vox, 
 t'ocfs, a voice, word.] 1. Having one meaning only. 2. 
 Having unison of sound, as the octave in music, and its 
 replicates. 
 
 U-niv'o-eal, n. (Aristotelian Logic.) 1. A generic term 
 applicable in the same sense to all the species it embraces. 
 3. A word having but one meaning. 
 
 U-mv'o-«al-ly, adv. In a univocal manner ; in one 
 term ; in one sense. 
 
 Uii-joint', V. t. To disjoint. 
 
 Un-joiiit'ed, p. a. Having no joint or articulation. 
 
 Un-jiist', fit. 1. Acting contrary to the standard of right 
 established by the divine law ; not animated or controlled 
 by justice. 2. Contrary to justice and right ; wrong- 
 
 Un-jiist'ly, adv. In an unjust manner. [ful. 
 
 Un-ltind', a. Wanting in kindness or benevolence ; 
 cruel ; harsh. 
 
 Un-lcind'li-ness, n. The quality of being unkindly ; 
 unkindness ; unfavorableness. 
 
 Un-kind'ly, a. 1. Not kind ; unkind. 2. Unnatural; 
 contrary to nature. 3. Unfavorable ; maUgnant. 
 
 Un-kiiid'ly, adv. 1. In an unkindly manner ; without 
 affection ; cruelly. 2. Unnaturally. 
 
 Un-kind'ness, n. Quality of being unkind ; want of 
 kindness ; want of natural affection ; disfavor. 
 
 Un-knit' (un-nit', 109), v. t. [imp. & p. p. UNKNIT, or 
 UNKNITTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. UNKNITTING.] To Sep- 
 arate, as threads that are knit ; to open ; to loose, as 
 work that is knit or knotted. 
 
 Un-laye', v. t. 1. To loose from lacing or fastening by 
 a cord or strings passed through loops and holes. 2. To 
 loose the dress of. 3. (Naut^ To loose and take off, as 
 a bonnet from a sail, or to cast off, as any lacing in any 
 part of the rigging of a vessel. 
 
 Un-lade', v. t. [imp. unladed; p. p. unladed, or 
 UNLADEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. UNLADING.] 1. To unload ; 
 to take out the cargo of. 2. To remove, as a load or 
 burden ; to discharge. [or tied down. 
 
 Un-iasli', V. t. (Naut.) To loose, as that which is lashed 
 
 Un-iatcli', V. i. To open or loose by lifting the latch. 
 
 Un-law'ful, a. Not lawful; contrary to law ; illegal; 
 not permitted by law. 
 
 TJji-law'f ul-ly, adv. In an unlawful manner ; in vio- 
 lation of law or right ; illegally. 
 
 Un-law'f ul-ness, n. Contrariety to law ; illegality. 
 
 Un-lay', %'. t. [imp. & p. p. unlaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 UNLAYING.] (Naut.) To untwist. 
 
 Un-learn'ed, a. 1. Not learned ; ignorant; illiterate; 
 not instructed. 2. Not gained by study ; not known. 
 3. Not suitable to a Uarned man. 
 
 Un-16ss', conj. [Prefix un and less. Cf. 0. Eng. lesse 
 than and Fr. d moins que . . . ne.] Except, that is, re- 
 move or dismi.ss the fact or thing stated in the sentence 
 or clause which follows ; if not ; supposing that not. 
 
 Syn. — Except. — Except and unless were formerly con- 
 founded, as, " I will not let thee go except thou bless me." In ' 
 present usage, except has alwaj's reference to some general 
 fact, rule, &c., of which the speaker goes on to state an " ex- 
 ception," as, "none can enter except by permission." Utilesshas 
 reference to some rexult as aflectcd by our taking away or set- 
 ting aside some specified thing, as, " Unless vrc eat, we shall 
 die;" that is, if we take away the fact or supposition of our 
 eating, the certain result is death. 
 
 Un-like', a. Not like; dissimilar; diverse; having n* 
 
 resemblance. 
 Un-like'ly, a. 1. Not likely ; improbable ; not to be 
 
 reasonably expected. 2. Likely to fail ; unpromising. 
 Un-like'ly, adv. In an unlikely manner ; improbably. 
 
 a,e,&c.,ion|r; &,i, See., short; c&re,far,ask,9ll,vrbat; £re, veil, term; pXque.firm; sdn, dr, d{{, w^li^ 
 
UNLIKENESS 
 
 785 
 
 UNRIP 
 
 Un-lil«e'ness, n. Want of resemblance ; dissimilitude. 
 
 Un-lim'ber, v. t. (Mil.) To detach the limber from. 
 
 Un-liin'it-ed, a. 1. Not limited; having no bounds; 
 boundless. 'Z. Undefined ; indefinite ; not bounded by 
 proper exceptions, '.i, Unconfined ; not restrained. 
 
 Un-load', v. t. 1. To take the load from ; to discharge 
 of a load or cargo ; to disburden. 3. Hence, to relieve 
 from any thing onerous or troublesome. 
 
 Un-16ck.', t . t. 1. To unfasten, as what is locked. 2. 
 To open, in general ; to lay open. 
 
 Un-lobse', v. t. To make loose. 
 
 Un-lobse', v. i. To fall in pieces ; to lose all connection 
 or union. 
 
 Un-lobs'en, v. t. To loosen ; to unloose. 
 
 eg- Tlie words unloose and unloosen are not necessary, the 
 idea being expressed by loose and loosen. 
 
 Un-love'li-ness, n. State or quality of being unlovely ; 
 want of loveUness ; unamiableness. 
 
 Un-love'ly (-IQv'ly), a. Not lovely ; destitute of the 
 qualities which attract love, or possessing qualities that 
 excite dislike ; disagreeable ; displeasing. [nately. 
 
 Un-luck'i-ly, adv. In an unlucky manner ; unfortu- 
 
 Un-luck'i-ness, n. State or quality of being unlucky. 
 
 Uii-lu.ok.'y, a. 1. Not lucky ; unfortunate ; not suc- 
 cessful ; unhappy. 5J. Ill-omened; inauspicious. 3. 
 Slightly mischievous ; mischievously waggish. [Colloq.] 
 
 Un-make', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unmade ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. UNMAKING.] To destroy the form and qualities of; 
 to deprive of being ; to uucreate. 
 
 Un-mai'le-a-tole, a Not malleable; not capable of 
 being hammered into a plate, or of being extended by 
 beating. 
 
 Un-man', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unmanned ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. UNMANNING.] 1. To emasculate ; to deprive of 
 viriUty. "2. To deprive of the courage and fortitude of a 
 man ; to dishearten ; to deject. 3. To deprive of men. 
 
 Uii-m3,n'ly, a. 1. Unsuitable to a man ; effeminate. 
 2 . Not worthy of a noble mind ; ignoble ; base ; ungen- 
 erous ; cowardly. 
 
 Un-in3,n'ner-ly, a. Not mannerly ; not having good 
 manners ; ill bred ; rude in behavior. 
 
 Un-mask', v. t. To strip of a mask, or of any disguise ; 
 to lay open ; to expose. 
 
 Un-mean'ing, a. 1. Not meaning; destitute of mean- 
 ing or signification, ti. Inexpressive ; not indicating in- 
 telligence. 
 
 Un-mer'9i-ful, a. 1. Not merciful; indisposed to 
 mercy or grace ; cruel ; inhuman, ii. Unconscionable ; 
 exorbitant. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Un-mer'^i-ful-ly, adv. In an unmerciful manner; 
 without mercy or tenderness ; cruelly. 
 
 Un-mer'Qi-f ul-ness, n. The quaUty of being unmer- 
 ciful ; want of mercy ; cruelty. 
 
 tJn'm.is-tak'a-ljle, a. Incapable of being mistaken or 
 misunderstood ; clear ; evident ; pronounced ; distinct. 
 
 Un-mobr', V. t. (Naut.) (a.) To cause to ride with a 
 single anchor, after having been moored by two or more 
 cables. (6.) To loose from anchorage. 
 
 Un-muf'fle, v. t. 1. To take a covering from, as the 
 face. ti. To remove the muflling of, as a drum. 
 
 Uii-iBiu.z'zle, V. t. To loose from a muzzle ; to remove a 
 muzzle from. 
 
 Un-iiat'u-ral (109), a. 1, Not natural ; not in con- 
 formity to nature ; contrary to the laws of nature ; con- 
 trary to the natural feelings. 5J. Acting without the 
 natural affections. 
 
 Syn. — See Factitious. 
 
 Un-nJlt'u-ral-ly, adv. In an unnatural manner ; in 
 opposition to natural feelings and sentiments. 
 
 Un-nS^'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. In an unnecessary manner ; 
 without necessity ; needlessly. 
 
 Un-ne^'es-sa-ri-ness, n. State of being unnecessary ; 
 
 needleasness. 
 Un-1169'es-sa-ry. a. Not necessary ; not required by 
 
 the cii-cumstances of the case ; useless ; needless. 
 Uii-neighnbor-ly (-na'bur-), o. Not suitable to the du- 
 ties of a neighbor ; unfriendly ; unkind. 
 Un-nerve' (109), v. t. To deprive of nerve, force, or 
 
 strength ; to weaken ; to enfeeble. 
 Un-Ss'ten-ta'tioiis, a. 1, Not ostentatious ; not 
 boastful ; not making show and parade ; modest ; unas- 
 suming. 5i. Not glaring ; not showy. 
 Un-pS,ck', v.t. To open, as things packed. 
 Un-pai'at-a-l>le, a. Not palatable ; offensive to the 
 
 taste; nauseous. 
 Un-par'al-leled, a. Having no parahel or equal ; un- 
 equaled ; unmatched. 
 
 Un-paraia-ni6nt'a-ry, a. 1. Contrary to the usage* 
 or rules of proceeding in Parliament. 5i, Contrary to 
 the rules or usages of legislative bodies. 
 
 Uu-piii', V. t. To loose from pins ; to unfasten, as what 
 is held together by pins. 
 
 Un-pl6a§'aiit, a. Not pleasant ; displeasing. 
 
 Un-plea§'ant-ly, adv. In an unpleasant manner. 
 
 Uii-pl6a§'ant-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 unpleasant ; disagreeableness. 
 
 Uu-p6p'u-lar, a. Not popular; not having the public 
 favor ; disliked by the people and community. 
 
 Un-pdp'u-lJlr'i-ty, n. State of being unpopular. 
 
 Un-prfif'e-dent-ed, a. Having no precedent or exam- 
 ple ; not preceded by a like case ; not having the author- 
 ity of prior example ; novel ; new. 
 
 Uii-pre9'e-dent-ed-ly, adv. In an xmprecedented 
 manner; without precedent. 
 
 Un-prdj'u-di^ed, a. 1. Not prejudiced ; free from un- , 
 due bias or prepossession ; impartial. 2. Not warped 
 by prejudice. 
 
 Cii'pre-tend'ing, a. Not pretending ; making no pre- 
 tense ; not claiming distinction ; modest. 
 
 tJn'pre-tend'ing-ly, adv. In an unpretending lAan- 
 ner ; without pretension ; modestly . 
 
 Un-prin'fi-pled, a. 1. Not having settled principles. 
 2. Having no good moral principles ; destitute of vir- 
 tue; profligate. 
 
 tJii''pro-du.«'tive, a. 1. Not productive ; barren. 2. 
 Not producing large crops; not making profitable re- 
 turns for labor. 3. Not profitable ; not producing profit 
 or interest, as capital. 4. Not efficient ; not producing 
 any effect. 
 
 Uii-prof 'it-a-l>le, a. Not profitable ; bringing no prof- 
 it ; producing no gain, improvement, or advantage ; use- 
 less. 
 
 Un-prof'it-a-lbly, adv. In an unprofitable manner; 
 without gain ; without any good effect or advantage. 
 
 Un-prom'is-ing, a. Not promising; not affording a 
 favorable prospect of success, of excellence, of profit, or 
 the like. [with success ; unfortunate. 
 
 Un-pros'per-ous, a. Not prosperous ; not attended 
 
 Un-qual'i-fied (-kw61/i-fld), a. 1. Not qualified ; not 
 having the requisite talents, abilities, or accomplish- 
 ments. "2, Not having taken the requisite oath or 
 oaths. 3. Not modified or restricted by conditions or 
 exceptions ; absolute ; unconditional. 
 
 Un-ques'tioii-a-ble, a., Not questionable; not to be 
 questioned ; not to be doubted ; indubitable ; certain. 
 
 Un-ques'tion-a-lbly, adv. In an unquestionable man- 
 ner ; without doubt ; indubitably ; questionless. 
 
 Un-qui'et, a. Not quiet ; not calm or tranquil ; rest- 
 less ; uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. 
 
 Un-qui'et-ness, n. State, condition, or quality of be- 
 ing unquiet ; want of quiet ; restlessness ; uneasiness. 
 
 Un-ra,v'el (-rXv'l), v. t. 1. To disentangle ; to disen- 
 gage or separate, as threads that are knit. tj. Hence, to 
 clear from complication or difficulty ; to unfold ; to 
 solve. 3. To separate the connected or united parts of; 
 to throw into disorder ; to confuse. 
 
 Un-read'y, a. Not ready or prepared ; not prompt or 
 quick ; slow ; awkward ; clumsy. [ance only. 
 
 Un-re'al, a. Not real ; unsubstantial ; having appear- 
 
 Uii-rea'§on-a-ble (-re'zn-a-bl), a. 1. Exceeding the 
 bounds of reason ; claiming or insisting on more than is 
 fit. '•Z. Immoderate ; exorbitant ; inordinate. 
 
 Un-rea'gon-a-lble-ness, n. State or quality of being 
 unreasonable. 
 
 Un-rea'§on-a-bly, adv. In an unreasonable manner. 
 
 t5"n''re-li'a-ble, a. Not reliable; not to be depended 
 upon ; not trustworthy. See Reliable. 
 
 ttn're-mit'ting, a. Not abating ; not relaxing for a 
 
 time ; incessant ; continued ; persevering. 
 tJn're-gerved', a. 1. Not reserved ; not retained when 
 a part is granted, ii. Not limited or restrained ; not 
 withheld in part; full: entire. 3. Concealing or with- 
 holding nothing ; free ; open ; frank. [easiness. 
 Un-r6st', n. Want of rest or repose ; unquietness ; un- 
 Un-rid'dle, v. t. To read the riddle of; to solve or ex- 
 plain. 
 Uii-riglit'eoiis (-rl'chus), a. 1. Not righteous; not 
 just ; evil ; wicked. i2. Contrary to law and equity ; 
 uiyust. 
 Un-rigtit'eotts-ness (-rl'chus-), n. Quality of being 
 
 unrighteous; injustice; wickedness. 
 Un-rip', V. t. To rip. 
 
 09°* The prefix in this word is superfluous, as rmrip signifiak 
 simply to rip. 
 
 food, f<>bt ; Arn, rude, pull 
 
 " 60 • 
 
 9ell, (liaise, <:all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
UNRIPE 
 
 786 
 
 UNTWINE 
 
 Un-rlpe', a. 1. Not ripe ; not mature ; not brought to i Uii-speak.'a-ble, a. Not speakable ; incapable of beinj} 
 
 uttered or adequately described. 
 Syn. — Inexpressible; unutterable; ineffable. 
 Uii-speak'a-bly, adv. Inexpressibly ; unutterably. 
 Uii-sp6t'ted, «. 1. Notspotted; free from spot. 3. 
 Esptcially, free from moral stain ; untainted with guilt ; 
 unblemished ; immaculate. 
 Un-stead'i-ly, adv. In an unsteady manner. 
 Un-stead'i-ness, n. The quality or state of being un- 
 steady ; unstableness ; inconstancy ; want of firmness ; 
 irresolution ; mutableness. 
 Un-sad'dle, v. t. 1. To strip of a saddle; to take the I Un-stead'y, a. Not steady; not constant; mutable; 
 
 sjiddle from. 'i. To throw from the saddle : to unhorse. I variable ; changeable. 
 Un-safe', a. Not safe ; not free fi-om danger ; exposed ' Un-stoclt', v. t. 1. To deprive of a stock ; to remove the 
 
 to pS-il ; dangerous ; perilous ; hazardous. | stock from. "Z, To remove from the stocks, as a ship. 
 
 Un-sa'vor-y, «. 1. Not savory; having no savor ; taste- i Un-stop', i". t. " "" " ~ 
 
 less; insipid. 2. Disagi-eeable to the taste or smell; cask. 'i. To free from any obstruction 
 
 a state of perfection. 2. Not seasonable ; not yet proper 
 3. Not prepaivd; not completed. 
 
 Un-roll', v. t. 1. To open, as what is rolled or con- 
 volved. "Z. To display ; to lay open. 
 
 Uu-ruf fled, a. Not ruffled; calm; tranquil; peaceful; 
 quiet. 
 
 Un-ru'ly, rt. 1. Not submissive to rule; disregarding 
 restraint ; disposed to violate law. ti. Apt to break over 
 fences and escape from inclosures. 
 Syn. — Vngovcrnable; licentious; turbulent; refractory. 
 
 ' offensive ; disgusting, 
 Un-say', v. t. [imp. & p.p. UNSAID; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 
 UNSA*yiN&.] To recant or recall, as what has been 
 
 said ; to retract ; to take back again. 
 UiijS-erevv' {-skrij'')) ^'- '• To draw the screws from; to 
 
 loosen or withdraw, as a screw, by turning it. 
 Un-s-erii'pu-lous, a. Not scrupulous ; having no 
 
 scruples ; unprincipled ; unrestrained ; ruthless. 
 Un-seal', v. t. To break or remove the seal of; to open, 
 
 as what is sealed. 
 Un-searcli'a-ble, a. Not searchable; impenetrable by 
 
 searching or exploring ; inscrutable ; hidden ; myste- 
 rious. 
 IJn-sea'gon-a-ble, a. 1. Not seasonable; not in the 
 
 1. To free from a stopple, as a bottle or 
 to open. 
 
 Un-striiig', v. t. [imp. & p. p. unstrung : p. pr. & 
 vb. n. UNSTRINGING.] 1. To deprive of strings, a. To 
 relax the tension of; to loosen. 3. To take from a 
 string. 
 
 Un'su-e-cess'fu.1, a. Not successful : not producing the 
 desu'ed event ; not fortunate; meeting with, or resulting 
 in, failure : unhappy. 
 
 Un-siiit'a-ble, a. 1. Not suitable ; notadapted; unfit. 
 2. Unbecoming ; improper. 
 
 Un-siiit'a-bly, adv. In an unsuitable manner ; incon- 
 gruously. 
 
 tJii-s\veS,r', V. t. & t. [imp. unswore ; p. p. un- 
 sworn; p. pr. & vb. n. UNSWEARING.] To recant or 
 recall, as an oath : to recall after having sworn. 
 
 proper season or time ; ill-timed ; untimely. 2. Beyond | Uii-tHn'gle (-tang'gl), v. t. To loose from tangles or io- 
 the usual time ; late. 3. Not suited to the time or occa- j tricacy : to disentangle. 
 
 sionj unfit. 4. Not suited to the time of the year. { Uii-teacb', v. t. [ijiip. & p. p. untaught; p. pr. h 
 Un-sea'gon-a-bly, a</i-. In an unseasonable 'manner : i i-i. ?i. unteaching.] To cause to forget, or lose from 
 not seasonably ; not in due time, or not in the usual memory, as what has been taught. 
 
 time. [seat. 
 
 Uii-seat', V. t. To throw ft^m the seat ; to deprive of a 
 
 Un-sea'^vor-tliy (-wur-thy), a. Not in a fit state, as to 
 repairs, equipments, crew, and all respects, to encounter 
 the ordinary perils of a sea-voyage. 
 
 Un-seem'ly, a. Not seemly ; not fit or becoming; un- 
 comely ; unbecoming ; indecent. 
 
 Un-seem'ly, adv. In an unseemly or unbecoming man- 
 ner : indecently . 
 
 Un-seen', a. Not seen ; not discovered, invisible ; not 
 discoverable. 
 
 Un-.set'tle (-set-'tl), v. t. To move or loosen from a fixed 
 state : to unhinge ; to make uncertain or fluctuating ; 
 to unfix. 
 
 Syn. — To disconcert; discompose; displace; remove; con- 
 fuse; disorder. 
 
 Un-tlimlt'iiig, a. 1. Not thinking; not heedful; 
 thoughtless ; inconsiderate. "Z. Not indicating thought 
 or reflection ; thoughtless. 
 Uii-tliread', v. t. 1. To draw or take out a thread 
 from. Z. To deprive of ligaments; to loose the liga- 
 ments or threads of. 
 Uii-tie', V. t. [itnp. & p. p. untied; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 UNTYING.] 1. To loosen ; to disengage the parts of, as 
 a knot. Z, To free from any fastening ; to let loose ; to 
 unbind. 3. To loosen from coUs or convolution. 4. 
 To free from hindrance or obstruction . 5. To resolve; 
 to unfold ; to clear. 
 
 I Un-til', prep. [Goth, und, vnte, Icel. uns,unz, unst, A.-S. 
 
 I odh, odh, 0. H. Ger. unz, nnzi^ unzan. to, unto, till, 
 until, and Eng. till.] To; till; as far as; — in respect 
 
 I to time. 
 
 TJn-set'tle, v. i. To become unfixed. I Un-tH', cory . As far as ; to the pom t that ; to the place 
 
 Un-.sback'le (-shak'l), v. t. To loose from shackles or or degree that ; espeaally up to tne time that ; tiU. 
 
 bond-s : to set free from restraint ; to unfetter. Un-time'ly a. Not timely : happening before the usual 
 
 m-.^heatbe'. v. t. To draw from the sheath or scab- ' ^,'''' ^^^'''^} ^'^^^^ / premature ; unseasonable. 
 
 bard, as a sword ; hence, to unsheathe the sword some- \ Un-time'ly, adv. Before the natural or usual time ; 
 
 times signifies to commence or make war. ! Prematurely ; unseasonably^ 
 
 Un-sliip', V. t. 1. To take out of a ship or other water- ^n'to prejK [Goth^ vnte, 0. Sax. unU to till, and Eng. 
 
 craft. Z. To remove, as any part or implement, from 1 f ' ^f« Until ] To ; -now used only in anuquated, 
 
 the place in a ship or post where it is fixed or fitted. J^'T-h^^ scriptural style See To 
 
 Un-sight'ly(-.slt/ly),a. Not sightly ; disagreeable to the 1 ^?J-*«lf' ""^ 1* ^"* told; not related; not revealed. 
 
 eye ; ugly ; deformed. '' ■' ' » , '>. Not numbered or counted. 
 
 Un-skiU'ful, a. Not skillful; wanting the knowledge , ^'Y"^**'''''^'''* "" Iv^^^^S:^^^' perverse: refractory. 2. 
 
 and dexterity which are acquired by observation, use, ^ "'"'' "" 
 
 and experience; awkward; bungling : clumsy. i .j^. ^_, ° , , j x ^ j 
 
 rn-8kill'f ul-ness, n. QuaUty of being unskillful ; awk- ' «^»-*«^^''*iy, °'^^"- ^'^ *^ untoward manner; per- 
 
 wardness : 'clumsiness. •' ^ , versely ; ungainly. 
 
 Un-so'cia-bil'i-ty (-so'sha-), n. The state or quality of ! Un-to'ward-ly a. Perverse ; froward ; awkward ; un- 
 
 being unsociable ; unsociableness. 
 
 Awkward ; ungraceful. 3. Inconvenient; troublesome; 
 unmanageable. 
 
 Un-80'cia-ble (-so/sha-bl), a. Not sociable ; not inclined 
 to society ; averse to companionship or conversation ; 
 Bolitar}' : reserved. [edly. 
 
 Un-8o'cia-bly, adv. In an unsociable manner ; reserv- 
 
 Un-M>und'. a. 1. Not sound ; wanting anv thing es.«*en- 
 tial : deficient : defective Z. Infirm : sickly. 3. Not 
 orthodox ; defective. 4. Not sound in character ; not 
 honest; not faithful; not to be trusted : deceitful. 5. 
 Not close ; not compact. 6. Not sincere : not faithful. 
 7. ErroneouB ; wrong ; deceitful ; sophistical. 8. Not 
 Btrong. 9. Not fast; not cahn.' 10. Not well estab- 
 lished : defective ; questionable. 
 
 Un-soundly, adv. In an unsound manner. 
 
 Un-sound'nef»fJ. n. The quality or state of being un- 
 sound : defectiveness. 
 
 Un-spftr'ing, a. Not sparing' ; not parsimonious ; lib- 
 eral ; profuae. 
 
 toward. 
 
 Un-to'vrard-ness n. State or quality of being un- 
 toward ; frowardness ; perverseness ; awkwardness. 
 
 Un-trav'eled, a. 1. Not traveled: not trodden by pas- 
 sengers. Z. Having never seen foreign countries ; not 
 having gained experience by travel. 
 
 Un-tr\ie', a. 1. Not true ; false ; contrary to the fact. 
 Z. Not faithful ; inconstant ; not fulfilling duties ; false ; 
 disloyal. 
 
 Un-tru'ly, adv. In an untrue manner ; not truly : 
 falsely : not according to reality. 
 
 Un-trutb', n. 1. The quality of being untruie ; contra- 
 riety to truth ; falsehood : want of veracity ; treachery ; 
 want of fidelity. Z. That which is untrue ; a false asser- 
 tion. 
 Syn. — Lie ; falsehood. See Lie. 
 
 Un-twine', v. t. To untwist ; to disentangle ; to sepa- 
 rate, as that which winds or clasps. 
 
 m,e,hc.,l<me; i,6,kc.,skort; e4re,far, a8k,aU,wliat; dre.Tgil, tSrm; p'iQue.firm; sdn,dr,d<), W9U. 
 
UNTWIST 
 
 787 
 
 UPPISH 
 
 Un-t-wist', f. t. or i. 1. To separate and open, as 
 threads twisted; to turn back that which is twisted, or 
 ad that which is twisted. 2. To open ; to disentangle, 
 aa intricacy. 
 
 Un-ii'gu-ai (-yjj'zhjj-al), a. Not usual; uncommon; 
 rare. 
 
 Un-u'gii-al-ly (-yi}/zhii-), a/iv. In an unusual manner ; 
 not commorly ; not frequently ; rarely. 
 
 Un-ut'ter-a-ble, a. Incapable of being uttered or ex- 
 pressed ; ineffable ; inexpressible. 
 
 Un-vail', v. t. To remove a vail from. 
 
 Un-vUl'ued, a. 1. Not valued ; without value ; hav- 
 ing no value. 3. Invaluable. [ Obs.] 
 
 Un-var'nislied (-var''nisht), a. 1, Not overlaid with 
 varnish. 3. Not artificially colored or adorned ; not 
 artfully embellished ; plain. 
 
 Un-veil', v. t. To remove a veil from ; to divest of a veil ; 
 to uncover ; to disclose to view. 
 
 Un-wa'ri-ly (89), adv. In an unwary or careless man- 
 ner ; heedlessly. 
 
 Uii-wa'ri-ness, n. Carelessness ; heedlessness. 
 
 Un-virarp*?!!' (-worpt^), a. Not warped ; not biased ; not 
 turned from the true direction ; impartial. 
 
 Un-Tvar'rant-a-'ble (-wor'rant-), a. Not warrantable ; 
 indefensible ; not vindicable ; not justifiable ; illegal ; 
 unjust ; improper. 
 
 Uii-Avar'rant-a-lbly, adv. In an unwarrantable man- 
 ner; improperly ; unjustly. 
 
 Un-wa'ry (89), a. Not vigilant against danger; not 
 cautious ; unguarded ; precipitate. 
 
 Uii-wea'rirtl (89), a. Not wearied; not fatigued or 
 tired ; persistent ; not tiring or wearying ; indefatigable. 
 
 Uii-weave', v. t. To unfold ; to undo, as what has been 
 woven. 
 
 Uii-w611', a. 1. Not -well ; indisposed ; not in good 
 health ; somewhat ill ; ailing, 'i. 111 from menstrua- 
 tion ; affected with, or having, catamenial discharges; 
 menstruant. 
 
 Uii-wh.ole'sdme (-hol'sum), a. 1. Not wholesome; 
 unfavorable to health ; insalubrious. 3. Pernicious ; 
 injudicious. 
 
 Un-'wliole'some-ness (-hol'sum-), n. The state or 
 quality of being unwholesome4| insalubrity. 
 
 Uii-^wield'y, a. Not wieldy ; movable with difficulty ; 
 unmanageable ; bulky ; ponderous. [luctant. 
 
 Un-"will'iiig, a. Not willing ; loath ; disinclined ; re- 
 
 Un-will'ing-ly, adv. In an unwilling manner; not 
 cheerfully ; reluctantly. 
 
 Un-will'ing-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 unwilling ; disinclination ; reluctance. 
 
 Uii-"wind', V. t. {imp. & p. p. unwound ; p. pr. & vb, 
 n. UNWINDING. ] 1. To wind off; to loose or se^larate, 
 as what is wound or convolved. 3. To disentangle. 
 
 Uii-wind' V. i. To be or become unwound ; to be capa- 
 ble of being unwound. 
 
 Uii-M^ge', a. Not wise ; defective in wisdom ; injudi- 
 cious ; indiscreet; foolish. 
 
 Un-'wige'ly, adv. In an unwise manner ; not wisely.- 
 
 Un-wit'ting-Iy, adv. Without knowledge or conscious- 
 ness ; ignorantly. 
 
 Cn-Avont'ed (-wQnt-'-), a. 1. Not wonted ; unaccus- 
 tomed ; unused ; not made familiar by practice. 2. Un- 
 common ; unusual ; infrequent ; rare. 
 
 |jn-w6nt'ed-ly (-wunt'ed-), adv. In an unwonted or 
 unaccustomed manner. 
 
 Uii-w6nt'ed-nes.s (-wunt'ed-), n. Quality of being un- 
 wonted ; uncommonness ; rareness ; rarity. 
 
 TJn-wor'tiii-ly (-wur/thT-), adv. In an unworthy man- 
 ner ; not according to desert. 
 
 Uii-wor'tiii-iies!« (-wfir'thi-), n. The quality of being 
 unworthy ; want of worth or merit. 
 
 Un-wor'tiiy (-wfir'thy), a. 1. Not worthy ; undeserv- 
 ing ; wanting merit, ii. Having no worth or value ; 
 worthless; ill; base. 3. Unbecoming; discreditable; 
 not becoming or suiting. [wrapped or folded. 
 
 Un-wrJlp' (-nip'), v. t. To open or undo, as what is 
 
 Un-virreatiie' (-reeth^), v.t. To untwist or untwine; 
 to untwist or undo, as any thing wreathed. l 
 
 Un-virrit'teii (-rtt'tn), a. 1. Not written ; not reduced ' 
 to writing ; verbal. 3. Containing no writing ; blank, i 
 
 Un-yield'ing, a. Not yielding ; unbending ; unpliant ; 
 stiff : firm ; obstinate. 
 
 Un-yoke', v. t. 1. To loose or free from a yoke. 3. To 
 part ; to disjoin ; to disconnect. 
 
 Up, adv. [A.-S. up, vpp, uppe., Icel. upp, Goth, tup.'] 1. 
 Aloft ; on high ; toward a higher place ; in a higher posi- 
 tion; above. 3. Hence, in many derived uses; as, (a.) 
 From a lower to a higher position, literally or figurative- 
 
 ly ; — used with verbs of motion expressed or implied, (b.) 
 In a higher place or position, literally or figuratively ; — 
 used with verbs of rest, situation, condition, and the 
 like, (c.) To or in a position of equal advance or equal- 
 ity ; not short of, back of, less advanced than, away 
 from, or the like ; — usually followed by to or with. (d.\ 
 To or in a state of completion ; completely ; wholly ; 
 quite. 
 
 The time is up, the allotted time is past ; the appointed mo- 
 ment is come. — To blow up, (a.) To mflate ; to aistend. (b.) 
 To destroy by an explosion from beneath, (c.) To reprove an- 
 grily ; to Bcold. [C'ouoq. and low.^ — To come up with, t<:) reach 
 m following ; to overtake. — 2'o draw up, to arrange in due 
 order ; to put in proper form. — To f/row up, to grow to maturi- 
 ty. — Up to snuff, experienced ; alert and knowmg. [(Jolloq.']-' 
 Up ana down, from one place, state, or position, to another ; 
 backward and forward. 
 
 tJp, n. The state of being up or above ; a state of eleva- 
 tion, prosperity, and the like. 
 
 Ups and downs, alternate states of elevation and depression, 
 
 or of prosperity and the contrary. [t'oWog.] 
 fjp, prep. From a lower to a higher place; on or along ; 
 
 at a higher situation upon ; at the top of. 
 Up sound (^Naut.), from the sea. — Up stream, from the mouth 
 
 toward the head of a stream: against the stream.— (/p the 
 _ country, in a direction toward the head of a stream or river. 
 U'pas, n. [Malay. pUhn-tpas, from pUhn, a tree, and 
 
 Upas, poison.] (Bot.) A tree common in the forests of 
 
 Java and of the neighboring isles, the secretions of which 
 
 are poisonous. It has been fabulously reported that the 
 
 atmosphere surrounding it is deleterious. 
 Up-befti*', V. t. [imp. upbore ; p. p. upborne ; p. pr. 
 
 & vb. 11. upbearing.] To bear up; to raise aloft ; to 
 
 elevate ; to sustain. 
 Up-braid', ^^ t. [imp. Sc p. p. upbraided; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. upbraiding.] [A.-S. upgebredan, upgebregdan, 
 
 to upbraid, reproach, from up, up, and gehredati, gebreg- 
 
 dan, bredan, bregdan, to braid, twist.] 1. To charge 
 
 with something wrong or disgraceful, ii. To reprove 
 
 severely ; to bring reproach on ; to chide. 
 Syn. — To reproach ; blame ; censure ; condemn. 
 Up-braid'er, n. One who upbraids or reproves. [up. 
 Up-Ueav'al, n. Act of upheaving ; a heaving or lifting 
 Up-lieave', v. t. To heave or lift up from beneath. 
 Up-li61d', imp. & p. p. of uphold. See Uphold. 
 tJp'liill, a. 1. Ascending; going up. 3. Attended with 
 
 labor ; difficult. 
 Up-bold', V. t. {imp. & p. p. upheld (upholden, 
 
 obs.); p.pr. & vb. n. UPHOLDING.] 1. To hold up; 
 
 to lift on high ; to elevate. 3. To support ; to sustain ; 
 
 to keep from falling ; to maintain. 3. To give moral 
 
 support to ; to countenance. 
 Up-bold'er, n. One who, or that which, upholds ; a 
 
 supporter ; a defender ; a sustainer. 
 Up-bol'ster, v. t. To supply with curtains, &c., as a 
 
 window ; to cover anew and repair, as furniture. 
 Up-bol'ster-er (20), n. [A corruption of upholder.^ and 
 
 formerly also written vpholster, upholdster, iipholderer.] 
 
 One who furnishes houses with furniture, beds, curtains, 
 
 and the like. [sterers- 
 
 Up-hol'ster-y (20), n. Furniture supplied by uphol- 
 tJp'Iand, n. High land ; ground elevat«d above the 
 
 meadows and intervals which lie on the banks of rivers, 
 
 near the sea, or between hills. 
 tJp'land, a. 1. High in situation ; being on upland. 
 
 3. Of, or pertaining to, uplands. 
 Up-lift', V. t. To lift or raise aloft ; to raise ; to elevate. 
 ttp'most, a. Highest; topmost; uppermost. 
 Up-on', prep. [From «;; and on; A.-S. uppan, uppon.] 
 
 On ; — used in all the senses of that word, with Avhieh 
 
 it is interchangeable. 
 tJp'per, a. ; comp. of up. [0. H. Ger. obaro, oboro, obero, 
 
 opardro, A.-S. ufor, higher, from tifa, above.] Further 
 
 up, literally or figuratively ; higher in situation, position, 
 
 rank, dignity, or the like ; superior. 
 
 Upper case, the top one of a pair of compositor's cases, used 
 
 to hold capitals, small capitals, and references. — Upper ten 
 
 thousand, the ten thousand highest in wealth or position ; the 
 
 upper class ; the aristocracy ; — often abbreviated to upper ten. 
 
 [Colloq., Amer.'] 
 
 ttp'per-blind', n. Ascendency ; superiority. 
 tJp'per-leatb'er, n. The leather for the vamps and 
 
 quarters of shoes ; — often colloquially abbreviated t» 
 
 upper. 
 Up'per-most, a. [superl. of up, or upper.] Further up; 
 
 upmost; highest in situation, position, rank, power, or 
 
 the like ; supreme. 
 tJp'pisb, a. [From wp.] Proud; arrogant; assuming; 
 
 putting on airs of superiority. [ Colloq.] 
 
 food, foot; ilru, rude, pull; 9ell,9liaise,«all, e«lio; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, linJt ; tbis. 
 
UPRAISE 
 
 788 
 
 USE 
 
 Up-rSlf e', r. t. To raise ; to lift up. 
 
 ITp-rear', v. t. To rear ; to raise. 
 
 ffp'right (up'rit), a. 1. In an erect position or posture ; 
 pointing directly upward : perpendicular. 2. Adhering 
 to rectitude in all social intercourse ; honest ; just. 3. 
 t'onforuiable to moral rectitude. 
 
 Cp'riglit (tip'rit), n. Something standing erect or per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 Cp'right-ly (Qp^rlt-), adv. In au upright manner; per- 
 pendicularly. 
 
 Cp'right-ness (Qp'rTt-), n. 1. Quality or condition of 
 being upright ; perpendicular erection ; erectness. ti. In- 
 tegrity in principle or practice: honesty. 
 
 Up-ri§e'. V. i- limp, uprose ; p. p. UPRISEN : p. pr. 
 & vb. H. UPRISING.] To rise up : to get up : to rise. 
 
 tJp'roar, n. [D. uproer, 0. Ger. nffruor, N. H. Ger. auf- 
 nihr, from op, upp, auf, up. and D. rotten, Icel. hrora, 
 y. H. Ger. riihren, 0. H. Ger. rdrjan, hniorjan, A.-S. 
 hreran, to Stir, agitate.] Great tumult ; violent disturb- 
 ance and noise : bustle and clamor. 
 
 Up-roar'i-ous, a. Making, or accompanied by, a great 
 uproar, or noise and tumult. 
 
 Up-rdbt', V. t. To root up ; to tear up by the roots, or 
 as if by the roots ; to eradicate. [awake. 
 
 Up-rou§e', V. t. To rouse up ; to rouse from sleep : to 
 
 Up-S6t', V. t. [i)7ip. & p. p. UPSET ; p. pr. & vb. n. UP- 
 SETTING.] 1. To set up ; to put upright. 2. To over- 
 turn, overthrow, or overset. 
 
 tJp'set, n. An overturn ; an overthrow, as of a carriage. 
 
 tJp'shdt, n. Final issue : conclusion ; end. 
 
 t&p'side, n. The upper side : the part that is uppermost. 
 Upside doum, with the upper part undermost ; hence, in con- 
 fnsion ; in complete disorder ; topsy-turvy. 
 
 TJp-start', V. i. To start or spring up suddenly. 
 
 tJp'start, n. 1. Something that starts or springs up 
 suddenly. 2. One suddenly arisen from low life to 
 wealth, power, or honor ; a parvenu. 
 
 Up-tfirn', V. t. To turn up ; to direct upward ; to 
 throw up. 
 
 Cp'>varcl, a. Directed to a higher place. 
 
 tJp'^vard, ) adv. 1. In a direction from lower to 
 
 Up'wardg, ) higher ; toward a higher place : toward 
 the source or origin. 3. In the upper parts ; above. 3. 
 Yet more ; indefinitely. 
 
 U-ra'ni-itm, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. oipavos, heaven, in 
 mythology, the son of Erebos and Gaia, and father of 
 Saturn; or from Uranus, the planet.] (Miii.) A metal 
 of a reddish-brown color, commonly obtained in a crystal- 
 line form . 
 
 fj'ra-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ovpavoypa4>Ca., from ovpav6<:, 
 heaven, and •ypa</)eiv, to describe.] A description of the 
 heavens, and the heavenly bodies : uranology. 
 
 ©'ra-n61'o-gy, n. [Gr. ovpavo^, heaven, and Aoyos, di.5- 
 course.] A discourse or treatise on the heavens and the 
 _heavenly bodies. 
 
 Vr€t-niis, n. [Lat. Uranus, Gr. Ovpoi/o?, the father of 
 Saturn.] {Astron.) One of the primary planets. It is 
 about 1,800,000,000 miles fix)m the sun. 
 
 'O^r'baii, a. [Lat. urbanus, fr. urbs, urbis, a city.] Of, or 
 belonging to, a city. 
 
 Ur-bane', a. [See supra.] Courteous in manners ; polite ; 
 courteous ; refined. 
 
 Ur-bin'i-ty, n. Quality of being urbane; civility or 
 courtesy of manners. 
 8yn. — Politeness; suavity; affability; courtesy. 
 
 Ofr'clllii, n. [0. Eng. urchone, hirchen, Fr. herisson, 0. 
 Fr. eri^on, ire^on, from Lat. ericius, equiv. to erinaceus.] 
 1. A hedgehog. 2. A mischievous elf supposed some- 
 times to take the form of a hedgehog. 3. A child ; a 
 pert or rough Uttle fellow. [Jocose.] 
 
 U-re'ter, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. oiiprfnjp, same as ovp^Opa, 
 the passage of the urine, but also the urinary duct, from 
 ovfxlv. to make water, from ovpov, urine.] (Anat.) One 
 of the excretory ducts of the kidney, a tube conveying 
 the urine from the kidney to the bladder. 
 
 U-re'thra, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. ovprjOpa, from ovpelv, to 
 make water.] (Anat.) The canal by which the urine is 
 conducted from the bladder and discharged. 
 
 U-re'thral, a. Of, or r>ertaining to, the urethra. 
 
 O^rge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. urged: p. pr. & vh. n. 
 URGING.] [Lat. urgere, urguen.] \. To press ; to push ; 
 to drive ; to imfiel ; to force onward. 2. To ply with 
 motives, arguments, persuasion, or importunity. 3. To 
 pref« bard upon ; to follow closely. 4. To present in an 
 argent manner; to press upon attention. 5. To treat 
 with forcible means ; to take severe or violent measures 
 with. 
 
 Syn. — To animate ; incite ; impel ; instigate ; stimulate; 
 encourage. 
 
 ^r'gen-f,y, n. 1. Quality of being urgent ; importunity, 
 
 earnest solicitation. 2. Pre8.sure of necessity. 
 tTr'gent, a. [Lat. urgens, p. pr. of urgere. See URGE.j 
 Urging; pressing: besetting; plying with importunity; 
 instantly important. 
 Ur'^ent-ly, adv. In an urgent manner: pressingly. 
 Ur'ger, n. One who urges : one who importunes. 
 TT'nm, n. [Heb. urhn, pi. of fir, flame, fire, or, light, and 
 thumtJi'im, pi. of t/iGm, perfection, innocence] A part 
 of the breastplate of the high -priest among the ancient 
 Jews, in connection with which Jehovah revealed hia 
 will on certain occasions. Its nature is not distinctly 
 _ understood. 
 ! U'rin-al, n. [Lat. urinal, from urina, urine.] 1. A 
 I vessel for containing urine. 2. A convenience, either 
 I _ public or private, for urinating purposes. 
 ! U'rin-a-ry, a. 1, Of, or pertaining to, urine. 2. R»- 
 I _sembling, or of the nature of, urine. 
 U'rin-ate, v. i. To discharge urine : to make water. 
 j U'rtu-a'tive, a. Provoking the flow of urine ; diuretic. 
 C^'rin-a'tor, n. [Lat., from urinari, to plunge under 
 ! water, to dive.] One who plunges and sinks in water in 
 ! _ search of something, as for pearL*; ; a diver. 
 U'rine, n. [Lat. urina, Gr. oipov. allied to GJer. ham, 
 urine, and Skr. vari, water.] An animal fluid secreted 
 I by the kidneys, whence it is conveyed into the bladder 
 j _by the ureters, and through the urethra discharged. 
 I U'riii-ose', I a. Pertaining to urine, or partaking of its 
 U'rin-ous, j quaUties ; having the character of urine. 
 tTrn, n. [Lat. urna.] A vessel of various forms, usually 
 I largest in the middle, and furnished with a foot or 
 j pedestal, employed for different purposes. 
 ^rn, v. t. To inclose in an urn, or as if in an urn. 
 i 'Cr'sd, n. [Lat. ursa, a she-bear ; also, as a constellation, 
 j f. of ?/ysi«;, a bear.] A bear. 
 
 ! Ursa Major (Astron.), the Great Bear, one of the most con- 
 
 i spicuous of the northern constellations, situated near the pole. 
 I — Ursa ilinor, the Little Bear, the constellation nearest the 
 j north pole. It contains the pole-star. 
 
 ; tJr'si-forin, a. [Lat. ursus, ursa, a bear, and forma, 
 
 ^ form.] In the shape of a bear. 
 
 tTr'sine, a. [Lat. ursinus, from ursus, a bear.] Of, per- 
 
 ^ taining to, or resembling, a bear. 
 
 tjr'su-line, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of an order 
 of nuns, so called from St. Ursula, under whose protec- 
 tion it was placed. 
 
 t^s, pron. pi. [A.-S. fts, ftsjc, Icel. oss, Goth, uns, unsis.'\ 
 
 _The objective case of we. See I and We. 
 
 IJ§'a-ble, a. Capable of being used. 
 
 Ug'age, n. [L. Lat. usagium, usaticum, from Lat. usus, 
 use, usage, fr. uti, usus, to use.] 1. Act of using ; mode 
 of using or treating : treatment : conduct with respect to 
 a person or thing. 2. Long-continued practice: ha- 
 ! bitual use ; method. 3. Customary use. as of a word in 
 a particular sense or signification, or the signification 
 
 _ itself. 
 
 Us'an^e, n. [See USE, v. f.] {Com.) The time which, 
 by usage or custom, is allowed in certain countries for 
 ' _the payment of a bill of exchange. 
 
 Use, n. [Lat. usus, from vti, usus, to use.] 1. Act of 
 employing any thing, or of applying it to one's service ; 
 applicarion : employment ; conversion to an act or pur- 
 j pose. 2. Occasion or need to employ ; necessity. 3. 
 I Advantage derived : usefulness : utility. 4. Continued 
 or repeated practice : customarj- employment ; usage ; 
 custom. 5. (Laic.) The benefit or profit of lands and 
 tenements. 
 
 Syn.— Custom.— Cvstom is the frequent repetition of the 
 same act either by one or many; usage belongs to the great 
 body of a people, and implies a use or practice which is so rulljr 
 established as to have decisive authority. Hence we speak of 
 mage (not custom) as the law of language. 
 
 U§e(yi}z), V. t. [imp. & p. p. used: p. pr. & vb. n. 
 USING.] [From Lat. uti, vsus, to u.«e.] 1. To make 
 use of ; to convert to one's service : to put to a purpose. 
 
 2. To behave toward ; to act with regard to : to treat. 
 
 3. To practice customarily. 4. To accustom ; to 
 habituate. 
 
 Syn. — Employ. — We use a thing, or make vse of it. when 
 we derive from it some enjoyment or service. We enwjoy it 
 when we turn that se^^•ice into a particular channel. We vse 
 words to express onr general meaning: we e7»;>/ov certain tech- 
 nical terms in reference to a given subject. To make use oj 
 implies a kind of passive agency : a.*, to make use o/"a pen : and 
 hence there is often a material difference between the two 
 words when applied to p«rpons. To speak of *" making use of 
 another" generally implies a degrading idea, a.s if we had used 
 him as a tool: while employ has no such sense. A confidential 
 
 s, e, &c., long; &, g, kc, short; c4re, far, ask, all, wb^t ; dre, vgil, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, or, do, w9li^ 
 
USE 
 
 789 
 
 UXORICIDE 
 
 fnerxi is employed to negotiate; an inferior agent is made use 
 of to carry on an intrigue. 
 
 U§e,v. i- To be wont or accustomed; to practice cus- 
 tomarily. 
 
 C^se'ful, a. Full of use, advantage, or profit ; producing, 
 or having power to produce, good ; beneficial ; prolita- 
 
 _ble. 
 
 Use'f ul-ly,, adv. In a useful manner ; profitably. 
 
 Use'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being useful ; con- 
 duciveness to some end, properly to some valuable end. 
 
 Syn. — Utility ; serviceableness ; value ; advantage ; profit. 
 See Utility. 
 
 tJse'less, a. Having no use; unserviceable; producing 
 no good end ; answering no valuable purpose. 
 
 Sym. — Fruitless ; ineffectual. — "We speak of an attempt, 
 tec, as useless (not capable of being used to effect) when there 
 are in it inherent difficulties which forbid the hope of success ; 
 as, it is useless to contend against the decisions of Providence. 
 We speak of it as fruitless when it fails, not from any such dif- 
 ficulties, but from some unexpected hindrance or calamity aris- 
 ing to frustrate it; as, the design was rendered fruitless by the 
 death of its projector. It is useless to attempt any thing with- 
 out adequate means; and even when we do possess them, our 
 efforts are often fruitless. Ineffectual nearly resembles fruit- 
 less, but implies a failure of a less hopeless character; as, after 
 Beveral ineffectual efforts, I at last succeeded. 
 
 fJse'less-ly, adv. In a useless manner ; without profit 
 
 _or advantage. 
 
 Use'less-ness, n. State or quality of being useless ; un- 
 
 _ serviceableness. 
 
 Ug'er, n. One who uses, treats, or occupies. 
 
 tJsh'er, n. [0. Fr. ussier, uissier, oissier, kussier, huissier, 
 firom MS, K(s, ois, hus, huis, hues, huix, tvuis, a door.] 
 1 . An officer or servant who has the care of the door of a 
 court, hall, chamber, or the like ; hence, an officer whose 
 business it is to introduce strangers, or to walk before a 
 person of rank. 2. An under-teacher or assistant to the 
 preceptor of a school. 
 
 Usli'er, V. t. [imp. & p. p. ushered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 USHERING.] To introduce, as an usher, forerunner, or 
 harbinger ; to forerun. 
 
 Us'que-baiigli (tis'kwe-baw), n. [Ir. uisge beatha, i. e., 
 water of life, from w/sge, water, and beatha., life.] 1, A 
 kind of whiskey made in Ireland and Scotland. 5i. A 
 liquor compounded of brandy, raisins, cinnamon, and 
 other spices. 
 
 ■Cst'ion (ust/yun), n. [Lat. xtstio, from urere, nstum, to 
 
 _burn.] Act of burning ; state of being burned. 
 
 "Ug'u-al (yij^zhij-), a. [Lat. ttsualis, from usus, use.] In 
 use ; such as occurs in ordinary practice, or in the 
 ordinary course of events ; customary ; ordinary ; fre- 
 
 _ quent. 
 
 Ug'u-al-ly (y^'zhu-al-), adv. In the usual manner ; 
 
 _ commonly ; customarily; ordinarily. 
 
 U^gu-eJip'tioii, n. [Lat. ztsucapio, fr. usiicapere, usucap- 
 tum, to acquire by long use, from usu, abl. of usus, use, 
 and co/>ere, to take.] (Civil Law.) Acquisition of the 
 title or right to property by the uninterrupted and undis- 
 puted possession of it for a certain term prescribed by 
 law. 
 
 ■D'su-frii-et, n. [Lat. usufructus, ususfructus, usus et 
 fiuctus, irova. usus,Vi&e,?ixidLfructus,fc\x\t.] (Law.) The 
 right of using and enjoying the profits of a thing belong- 
 ing to another, without impairing the substance. 
 
 tJ'su-fru-et'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. usufructuarius.] A person 
 who has the use of property and reaps the profits of it. 
 
 ■p'su-frft^t'ii-a-ry, a. Of, pertaining to, or in the 
 
 _ nature of, a usufruct. 
 
 U'gu-rer (yu'zhj}-), n. 1. A person accustomed to lend 
 money and take interest for it. [Obs.] tj. One who 
 lends money at a rate of interest beyond that established 
 by law. 
 
 tT-gu'ri-oiis (-zhu'ri-), a. [l&t. tisurarius.] 1. Practicing 
 usury ; taking exorbitant interc-it for the use of money. 
 3. Partaking of, or containing, usury. 
 
 U-gArp', V. t. [imp. & p. p. USURPED (yy-zurpf) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. USURPING.] [Lat. nsurpare, contr. from 
 Lat. usurapr.re, i. e., to seize to one's own use, firom usv^, 
 use, and rapere, to seize.] To seize and hold in possession 
 by force or without right. 
 
 Syn. — To arrogate ; assume ; appropriate. 
 
 tT'gur-pa'tion, n. Act of usurping, or of seizing, or 
 occupying and enjoying, the power or property of another 
 without right. 
 
 U-gftrp'er, n. One who usurps; one who seizes or oc- 
 _cupies power or property without right. 
 U'su-ry (yu'zhi}-), n. [Lat. usura, from uti, usus, to use.] 
 1. Interest. [Obs.] 3. Practice of taking interest. 
 [Obs.] 3. Illegal interest; exorbitant interest. 
 
 U-tfin'sil (113), rt. [Lat. ustensile, from ustensilis, fit for 
 use, from uti. usus, to use.] An instrument ; an imple- 
 ment ; especially, an instrument or vessel used in a 
 
 _ kitchen, or in domestic and farming business. 
 
 U'ter-ine, a. [Lat. uterinus, from uterus, the womb.] 
 1. Of, or pertaining to, the womb ; belonging to the 
 uterus. 3. Born of the same mother, but by a different 
 _father. 
 
 JJ'te-iHis, n. [Lat. uterus.] (Atiat.) The womb. 
 
 U-til'i-ta'ri-an (89), a. [From Lat. utilitas, utility.] 
 Consisting in, or pertaining to, utility ; pertaining to 
 utilitarianism. 
 
 U-tiri-ta'ri-an, n. One who holds the doctrine of 
 utilitarianism. 
 
 U-til'i-ta'ri-aii-igm, n. 1. The doctrine that the 
 greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the 
 end and aim of all social and political institutions. 3. 
 The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility. 3. Thft 
 doctrine that utility is the sole standard of virtue, so thai 
 virtue is indicated and tested by its apparent useful* 
 ness. 
 
 U-til'i-ty, n. [Lat. utilitas, from utilis, useful.] State oi 
 quality of being useful ; production of good. 
 
 S3 
 
 ■Usefulness; advantageousness ; benefit; profit i 
 
 yn. — useiuiness ; aavaniageousness ; oeneni ; pronn 
 avail; service. — Usefulness is Anglo-Saxon, and utility is Latin; 
 and hence the former is used chiefly of things in the concrete^ 
 while the latter is employed more in a general and abstract 
 sense. Thus, we speak of the utility of an invention, and the 
 usefulness of the thing invented; of the utility of an institu^ 
 tion, and the usefulness of an individual. So beauty and utility 
 (not usefulness) are brought into comparison. Still, the word* 
 are, in many cases, used interchangeably. 
 
 U'til-i-za'tion, n. Act of utilizing, or state of being 
 
 _ utilized. 
 
 UCtil-ize,^. t. [imp. & p. p. utilized; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. utilizing.] To make useful ; to turn to profitable 
 
 ^ account or use. 
 
 tJt'inost, a. [A.-S. titemdst, Utemest, from ^te, Ht, out, 
 outward, and mxst, mest, most.] 1. Situated at the 
 furthest point or extremity ; furthest out ; most distant ; 
 extreme ; last. 3, Being in the greatest or highest de-. 
 
 ^gree._ 
 
 tJt'most, n. The most that can be ; the greatest power, 
 degree, or effort. 
 
 U-to'pi-a, «. [From 6r. ou, not, and tottos, a place.] 1. 
 An imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in 
 a work caUed Utopia, as enjoying the greatest perfection 
 in politics, laws, and the like. 3. Hence, a place or stata 
 of ideal perfection. 
 
 U-to'pi-an, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Utopia ; 
 hence, ideal ; chimerical ; fanciful. 
 
 U-to'pi-an -igm, n. Quality or practice of any Utopian 
 
 _ person or scheme ; a chimerical scheme. 
 
 TJ'tri-ele, n. [Lat. utriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a bag, 
 or bottle made of an animal's hide.] 1. A little bag or 
 bladder ; a little cell , as the air-cell of a fucus or sea- 
 weed. 3. ( P/iy.'?foZ. ) A microscopic cell in the structure 
 of an egg, or animal, or plant. 
 
 ■Ct'ter, a. [Positive ivanting; superl. UTTERMOST, or 
 UTMOST.] [A.-S. utter, iiter, exterior, from Ut, 'Hie, out, 
 compar. utdr.] 1. Situated ou the outside, or remote 
 from the center ; outer. [Obs.] 3. Complete; perfect; 
 total ; final. 3. Peremptory ; absolute. 4. Perfect ; 
 mere ; entire ; quite. 
 
 ttt'ter, I', t. [imp. & p. p. UTTERED; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 UTTERING.] [From utter, supra.] 1. To put in circu- 
 lation, as money ; to put off, as currency; to cause to 
 pass in trade. 3. To give expression to ; to disclose ; to 
 publish ; to speak. 
 
 Syn. — To deliver ; give forth ; liberate ; discharge ; pro- 
 nounce. See Deliver. 
 
 tt'ter-a-lble, a. Capable of being uttered, pronounced, 
 
 or expressed. 
 tJt'ter-anf e, n. Act of uttering ; sale ; circulation ; ex- 
 pression ; pronunciation ; manner of speaking ; vocai 
 
 expression. 
 frt'ter-er, n. One who utters. 
 Ut'ter-Iy , adv. In an utter manner ; to the full extent, 
 
 fully ; perfectly ; totally. 
 tJt'ter-most, a. Extreme; utmost; being in the fur. 
 
 thest, greatest, or highest degree. 
 tJt'ter-most, n. Utmost; highest degree of measure; 
 
 extremest thing or degree possible. 
 tJ've-ous, a. [N. Lat. uveus, from Lat. uva, a bunch of 
 
 cluster of grapes, a grape.] Resembling a grape. 
 TI'vH-ld, n. [N. Lat., dim. of Lat. uva, a grape.] (Anat.\ 
 
 The tleshy conical body suspended from the middle of 
 
 the lower border of the soft palate. 
 U$-6r'i-9ide, n. [Lat. wccor, wife, and cxdere, to kill.! 
 
 f<R>d, f c»bt ; ftrn, ri)de, pull ; pell, (liaise, «all, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, UqIk ; tliis- 
 
UXORIOUS 
 
 790 
 
 VALANCE 
 
 1, The murder of a wife bj' her husband. 5i. One who i Uj-o'ri-oiis-ly, adv. With fond or servile submissioB 
 murders his wife. to a wife. 
 
 Ux-o'rl-oiis (89), a. [Lat. uxoriiis, from uxor, a wife.] U$-o'ri-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being uxori^ 
 Submiaaivcly or excessively foud of a wife. 1 ous ; excessive and foolLsh fondness for a wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 V(Te), the twenty-second letter of the English alphabet, 
 represents a uniform consonant sound, as heard in 
 vain, eve. Its form is only a variety of the character by 
 which the vowel U is denoted, the latter being in its origin 
 the cursive character employed with soft materials, while 
 V is better adapted for engraving on stone. The two letters 
 wore formerly used indiscriminately, the one for the 
 other. See W. See also Prin. of Pron., § 101. 
 
 Va'«an-9y, n. 1. Quality of being vacant; emptiness; 
 hence, freedom fTX)m employment ; leisure ; idleness. 2. 
 That which is vacant; as, (a.) Empty space ; vacuity. 
 (6.) A space between bodies or things ; chasm ; gap. (c.) 
 Unemployed time; interval of leisure, (d.) A place or 
 post unfilled ; an unoccupied office. 
 
 Va'cant. a. [Lat. vacans, p. pr. of vacare, to be empty ; 
 to be free from labor.] 1. Deprived of contents ; empty ; 
 not filled, ij. Hence, unengaged with business or care; 
 unemployed ; unoccupied. 3. Not filled or occupied 
 viith an incumbent, possessor, or officer. 4. Not occu- 
 pied with study or reflection. 5. {Law.) Abandoned; 
 having no heir, possessor, claimant, or occupier. 
 
 Syn. — Empty ; void ; devoid ; free ; unincumbered ; un- 
 crowded; idle. — A thing is empty when there is nothing in it; 
 as, an empty room, or an empty noddle. Vacant adds the idea 
 of a thing'6 having been previously filled, or intended to be 
 filled or occupied; as, a vacant seat at the table; a vacant space 
 between houses; vacant hours, &c. When we speak of a vacant 
 look or a vacant mind, we imply tliat the thought naturally to 
 be expected has vacated its proper place or office. 
 
 Ta'-eant-ly, adv. In a vacant manner. 
 
 Va'-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vacated ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VACATING.] [Lat. facar«, raca^M?n, to be empty.] 1. 
 To make vacant ; to leave empty. 3. To annul ; to make 
 void ; to make of no authority or validity. 
 
 Va-ea'tion, n. [Lat. vacatio, a being free from a duty, a 
 service, &c.,from vacare. See supra.] 1. The act of 
 vacating, making void, or of no force. 3. Intermission 
 of a stated employment, procedure, or office ; intermis- 
 sion ; rest; hence, specijically, (a.) (Law.) Intermission 
 of judicial proceedings ; the space of time between the 
 end of one term and the beginning of the next ; non- 
 term, (b.) The intermission of the regular studies and 
 exercises of a college or other seminary, when the stu- 
 dents have a recess, (c.) The time when a see or other 
 spiritual dignity is vacant. 
 
 Tae'fi-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vaccinated ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. VACCINATING.] [From Lat. vaccinus, belonging 
 to a cow, from vacca, a cow.] To inoculate with the 
 cow-pox or kine-pox, by means of a virus, taken either 
 directly or indirectly from cows. 
 
 Va^'^i-na'tion, n. Act, art, or practice of vaccinating, 
 or of inoculating persons with the cow-pox or kine-pox. 
 
 Va«'f i-na'tor, n. One who inoculates with the cow-pox 
 or kine-pox. 
 
 Vae'fiiie (vSk'sTn or vSk'sTn), a. [Lat. vaccinus, from 
 vacca, a cow.] Pertaining to cows, or to vaccination. 
 
 "V&<;'^i-nist, n. A vaccinator ; one skilled in vaccination. 
 
 V&9'il-lant, a. [Lat. vacillans, p. pr. of vacillare.] 
 Vacillating; wavering; fluctuating; unsteady. 
 
 Vi^5'il-late, V. i. [ijnp. & p. p. vacillated ; p. pr. &, 
 vk. n. vacillating.] [Lat. vacillare, vacillatum.] 1. 
 Tt) move one way and the other ; to reel. 2. To fluctu- 
 ate in mind or opinion ; to be unsteady or inconstant. 
 Syn. — To fluctuate; waver; stagger. See Fluctuate. 
 
 Va?'il-la'tion, n. 1. Act of vacillating ; a wavering; 
 a reeling or staggering. "Z. Fluctuation of mind ; un- 
 steadinesB ; inconstancy. [in nature. 
 
 ■Vft«;'u-iHt, n. One who holds to the doctrine of a vacuum 
 
 Va-cii'i-ty, n. lljat. vacu I tas, from vacuus, empty .] 1. 
 Quality or condition of being vacuous ; a state of being 
 unfilled ; emptiness. 2. Space unfilled or unoccupied, 
 or occupied with an invisible fluid only ; emptiness ; 
 void ; vacuum. 
 
 V&e'u-iim, n. [Lat., from vacuus.] Space emptv or 
 devoid of all matter or body. 
 
 Va'de-iiie'€um, n. [Lat., go with me.] A book or 
 
 other thing that a person carries with biiri m a constant 
 companion ; a manual. 
 
 Vag'a-b6nd, a. [Lat. vctgabiindus , fr. vagari, to stroll 
 about, from vagus, strolling.] 1. Floating about with- 
 out any certain direction ; driven to and fro. ii. Mov- 
 ing from place to place without any settled habitation ; 
 wandering. 
 
 Vag'a-lboiid, n. One who wanders from town to town 
 or place to place, having no certain dwelling, .or not 
 abiding in it, and usuallj^ without the means of honest 
 livelihood ; a vagrant. 
 
 Va,g'a-b6nd'age, n. Condition of a vagabond; a state 
 or habit of wandering about in idleness. 
 
 vllS-bsSd^rr' ) "• '^^^ ^"^^ ^ VAGABONDAGE. 
 
 Ta-ga'ry, n. [Lat. vagari, to stroll about.] A wandering 
 of the thoughts ; a wUd freak ; a whim ; a whimsical 
 purpose. 
 
 Va-gVnd, n. ; pi. va-gi'n^. [Lat. vagina, a scabbard 
 or sheath.] (Anat.) (a.) The canal which leads from the 
 external orifice to the uterus or womb, (b.) Any part 
 which serves as a sheath or envelope to another. 
 
 Vag'i-iial, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a vagina or sheath, 
 or resembling a sheath. 3. (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, 
 the vagina. 
 
 Vag'i-iiant, a. [N. Lat. vaginans, from Lat. vagina, a 
 sheath.] Serving to invest or sheathe. 
 
 Va'gran-fy, n. State of a vagrant ; a wandering with- 
 out a settled home. 
 
 Va'grant, a. [Norm. Fr. vagarant, 0. Fr. vagant, from 
 Fr. vaguer, to stray, Lat. vagari. See Yagary.] 1. 
 Moving without certain direction ; wardering , unset- 
 tled. 3. Wandering from place to place without any 
 settled habitation. 
 
 Va'grant, n. One who strolls from place to place ; an 
 idle wanderer ; a sturdy beggar ; a vagabond, [manner. 
 
 Va'grant -ly, adv. In a vagrant, wandering, unsettled 
 
 Vague (vag), a. [compar. vaguer; superl. VAGUEST.] 
 [L&t. vagus.] 1. Unsettled; unfixed; undetermined. "Z. 
 Proceeding from no known authority. 
 Syn. — Indefinite ; loose; lax; uncertain; flying. 
 
 Vague'ly (vag'ly), a</f. In a vague manner ; unfixedly. 
 Vague'ness (vag'nes), n. Quality or condition of being 
 
 vague ; uncertainty ; ambiguousness. 
 Vail, n. [Written also veil.] A concealing screen or en- 
 velope ; a cover ; a veil. 
 Vail, V. t. [From 0. Eng. avale, avail, to let down, from 
 Fr. avaler, L. Lat. avalare, fr. Lat. o</and vallis. valley.] 
 To lower in token of infeiiority, reverence, submission, or 
 the like. 
 Vain, a. [compar. VAINER ; superl. vainest.] [Lat. 
 vanus.] 1. Having no real sub.stance, value, or impor- 
 tance. 3. Destitute of force or efficiency ; to no pur- 
 pose. 3. Elated with a high opinion of one's own ac- 
 complishments, or with things more showy than valuable. 
 4. Showy ; ostentatious. 
 
 In vain, to no purpose; without eflTect; ineffectual.— To take 
 the name of God in vain, to use the name of God with levity or 
 profaneness. 
 
 Syn. — Empty ; worthless ; fruitless; ineffectual; idle; un- 
 real"; shadowy; unsatisfying; light; inconstant; false; deceit- 
 ful; delusive; unimportant; trifling. 
 Vain-glo'ri-ous, a. Feeling or indicating vainglory ; vain 
 to exce.'ss of one's own achievements ; boastful ; vaunting. 
 Vain-glo'ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a vainglorious manner. 
 j Vain-glo'ry, n. Exce.«sive vanity excited by one's own 
 ; performances ; empty pride ; undue elation of mind. 
 : Vain'ly, adv. In a vain manner ; without effect ; ineflFect- 
 ually ; boastingly ; proudly ; arrogantly ; idly : foolishly. 
 : Vain'ness (109), n. The state or quality of being vain ; 
 i inefficac}^ ; ineffectualness ; empty pride : vanity. 
 I VJtl'an^e, n. [From Norm. French valaunt, Fr. aval- 
 I ant, descending, hanging down, p. pr. of avaler, to get 
 ' down, to go down with the current, or stream, .slavaler, 
 j to hang or fall down, to flag. See Vail.] Hanging 
 I drapery for a bed, a couch, a window, &c. ; especially 
 
 si,e,kc.,long: &,ii,kc., short; c4re,far,a8l&,^U,\rhat ; dre, vell,tSrni;p'ique,£irui; son, dr,dff,'vr9li, 
 
VALANCE 
 
 791 
 
 VAN-COURIER 
 
 that which hangs around a bedstead, from the bed to the 
 floor. 
 
 VWan^e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. valanced (vSLl'anst) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. VALANCING.] To furnish with a val- 
 ance. 
 
 Vale, n. [Lat. vallis. Cf. ValleyJ 1. A tract of low 
 ground, or of land between hills. 2. A little trough or 
 canal. 
 Syn. — Valley; dingle; dell; dale. 
 
 Vai'e-die'tioii, n. [From Lat. valedicere, valedictum, 
 to say farewell ; from vale, farewell, and dicere, to say.] 
 A farewell, a bidding farewell. 
 
 Vai'e-di^-to'ri-aii, n. One who pronounces a valedic- 
 tory address. 
 
 Vai'e-die'to-ry, a. Bidding farewell ; taking leave ; 
 suitable, or designed, for an occasion of leave-taking. 
 
 Vare-diii'to-ry, n. A farewell oration or address spoken 
 at commencement in American colleges, usually by one 
 of the graduating class. 
 
 Va-lSn'gi-ennes% n. [Fr.] A rich kind of lace made 
 at Valenciennes j^ in France. 
 
 Vai'en-tine, n. 1. A sweetheart chosen on St. Valen- 
 tine's day. 2. A letter containing professions of love or 
 affection, sent by one young person to another on St. 
 Valentine's day. 
 
 St. Valentine's day, a day sacred to St. Valentine; the 14th of 
 February. 
 
 Va-le'ri-an, n. [Either from some distinguished indi- 
 vidual called Valerius, or from Lat. valere, to be strong, 
 powerful, on account of its medicinal virtues.] (Bot.) 
 A plant of many species. The root of the officinal vale- 
 rian has a strong smell, and is much used in medicine 
 as an antispasmodic. 
 
 Vai'et (vaPet or vaFil), n. [Fr. valet, Low Lat. vasletus, 
 varletus, vassus, from W. gwas, a youth, lad, page, serv- 
 ant. Cf. Varlet and Vassal.] A servant who at- 
 tends on a gentleman's person. 
 
 Valet de chambre (val'a de shom'br). [Fr.] A body servant, 
 or personal attendant. 
 
 Vai'e-tCi''di-na'ri-aii, a. [Lat. valetudinarius , fr. val- 
 etudo, state of health, health, fr. valere, to be strong or 
 well.] Of infirm health ; seeking to recover health ; 
 sickly ; weakly ; infirm. 
 
 VS,l^e-tii'di-na'ri-an, n._ A person of a weak, infirm, 
 or sickly constitution ; one who is seeking to recover 
 health. 
 
 Vare-tu'di-na-ry (44), a. Infirm ; sickly ; valetudina- 
 rian. 
 
 Tare-tu'di-na-ry, n. An infirm person ; a valetudi- 
 narian. 
 
 Variant (vSVyant), a. [Fr. vaillant, Lat. valens, p. pr. 
 of valere, to be strong.] 1. Intrepid in danger ; heroic; 
 courageous ; brave. 3. Performed with valor ; bravely 
 conducted ; heroic. 
 
 Vai'iant-ly, adv. ■ In a valiant manner ; stoutly ; vigo- 
 rously ; courageously ; bravely ; heroically. 
 
 Vai'iant-ness, n. State or quality of being valiant ; 
 stoutness ; strength ; valor ; bravery ; intrepidity in 
 danger. 
 
 Vai'id, a. [Lat. validus, from valere, to be strong.] 1. 
 Having sufficient strength or force ; founded in truth ; 
 capable of being justified, defended, or supported. 3, 
 (Law.) Having legal strength or force ; executed with the 
 proper formalities. 
 
 Syn.— Prevalent; available; efficacious; just; good; weighty ; 
 sufficient. 
 
 Va-lid'i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being valid; 
 strength ; force ; especially, power to convince ; justness ; 
 soundness. 3. {Law.) Legal strength or force; that 
 quality of a thing which renders it supportable in law or 
 equity. 
 
 Va-rise', n. [L. Lat. valisia, valixia, valesia, vallegia. as 
 if from a Lat. word valitia, vidulitia, from Lat. vlduhis, 
 a leathern trunk, knap.sack.] A small sack or case, for 
 containing the clothes, &c., of a traveler ; a portmanteau. 
 
 Val-la'tioii, n. [From Lat. vallare, to surround with a 
 rampart, fr. vallum, rampart, fr. vallus, stake, palisade.] 
 A rampart or intrenchment. 
 
 Vai'ley, n.; pi. val'ley§. [From Lat. vallis, valles. 
 See Vale.] 1. The space inclosed between ranges of 
 hills or mountains. 3. (Arch.) The gutter or internal 
 angle formed by two inclined sides of a roof. 
 Syn. — Vale; dale; dell; dingle; hollow. 
 
 Vai'or, n. [L. Lat. valor, fr. Lat. valere, to be strong, to 
 be worth.] Strength of mind in regard to danger ; per- 
 sonal bravery ; warlike courage. 
 
 Syn. — Courage; heroism; bravery; intrepidity; prowew; 
 gallantry; boldness; fearlessness. See Courage and Ubk- 
 
 OISM. 
 
 Vai'or-oiis, a. Possessing or exhibiting valor ; intrepid. 
 Syn.— Stout; bold; brave; courageous. 
 
 Vai'or-oiis-ly, adv. In a valorous manner ; heroically. 
 Vai'u-a-ble, a. 1. Having value or worth ; possessing 
 
 qualities which are useful and esteemed. 3. Worthy ; 
 
 deserving esteem. 
 Syn.— Precious; costly; estimable. 
 
 Vai'u-a-ble, n. A thing of value ; a precious possession. 
 
 Vai'u-a'tion, n. 1. The act of valuing, or of estimating 
 the value or worth ; act of setting a price ; estimation ; 
 appraisement. 3. Value set upon a thing ; estimated 
 worth. 
 
 Vai'u-a'tor, n. One who sets a value on any thing ; an 
 appraiser. 
 
 Vai'ue, n. [0. Fr., from valoir, p. p. valu, to be worth, 
 from Lat. valere, co be strong, to be worth.] 1. The 
 property or properties of a thing which render it useful ; 
 or the degree of such property or properties ; utility. 3. 
 Hence, precise signification. 3. Rate or estimated 
 worth ; amount obtainable in exchange for a thing. 
 Syn. — Worth; price; rate; importance; import. 
 
 Vai'iie, V. t. [imp. & p. p. VALUED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 valuing.] 1. To estimate the worth of; to rate at a 
 certain price ; to appraise ; to reckon with respect to 
 number, power, importance, and the like. 3. To rate at 
 a high price ; to have in high esteem ; to hold in respect 
 and admiration. 
 Syn. — To compute; rate; esteem; respect; regard; prize. 
 
 Vai'tie-less, a. Of no value ; having no worth. 
 
 Vaiv'ate, a. Resembling or serving as a valve ; consist- 
 ing of, or opening by, a valve or valves. 
 
 Vaive, n. [Lat. valva, the leaf, fold, or valve of a door.] 
 1. A door ; especially, a folding door, or one of the leaves 
 of such a door. 3. A lid or cover to an aperture, so 
 formed as to open a communication in one dii-ection, and 
 close it in the other by lifting, turning, or sliding. 
 
 Vaived, a. Having valves ; composed of valves. 
 
 Vaiv'u-lar, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, valves. 3. Con- 
 taining valves ; serving as a valve ; opening by means of 
 
 Vaiv'ule, n. A little valve. 
 
 vamp, n. [Abbrev. fr. Fr. avant-pied, forefoot and vamp, 
 
 fr. avant, before, fore, and pied, foot.] The upper leather 
 
 of a shoe. 
 vamp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. VAMPED (84) ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 VAMPING.] To provide, as a shoe, with new upper 
 
 leather ; hence, to piece, as an old thing, with a new 
 
 part ; to repair. 
 Vainp'er, n. One who vamps, or pieces an old thing 
 
 with something new. 
 Vam'pire,n. [Ger. & D.vam- 
 
 pir, Serb, ivampir, wampira.] 
 
 1. A dead person superstitious- 
 
 ly believed to return in body 
 
 and soul from the other world, 
 
 and to wander about the earth 
 
 doing every kind of mi.schief 
 
 to the living, and to suck the 
 
 blood of persons asleep. 3. 
 
 Hence, one who lives by prey- ' ^^^ 
 
 ing on others ; an extortioner. ^^^ _.^ .__^^^^— 
 
 3. (Zool.) A large species of . i-::iv==' 
 
 bat found in tropical America. Vampire (3). 
 
 This bat has been fabulously reported to cause the death. 
 
 of men and brute animals by sucking their blood. 
 Vam'pir-i§m, n. 1 . Belief in the existence of vampires ; 
 
 the practice of blood-sucking. 3. Hence, figuratively, 
 
 the practice of extortion. 
 van, n. [Abbreviated from van-gvard, q. v.] The front 
 
 of an army ; or the front line or foremost division of r 
 
 fleet, either in sailing or in battle. 
 van, n. [Lat. vannus, a van, or fan.] 1. A fan for 
 
 cleansing grain or the like ; a winnowing machine. 3. 
 
 A wing with which the air is beaten. 3. A large, light, 
 
 covered wagon, for the transportation of goods, and th» 
 
 like. 
 Van'-eou'ri-er (-kc~o/r?-er, 89), n. [Fr. nvant-rourrier, 
 
 avant-'c'ovreur , from avant, before, fore, and courier, cour- 
 
 rier, coureur, a runner. See COURIER.] One sent in 
 
 advance ; a precursor ; especially, one of a body of light- 
 armed soldiers sent before armies to beat the road upon 
 
 the approach of an enemy. 
 
 food, f<jbt ; firn, r^de, pull ; (ell, ^liaise, -eall, e€lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, lifik ; tliis* 
 
VANDAL 
 
 792 
 
 VARIETY 
 
 Tftn'tkil, n. 1. (Anr. Hist.) Ouo of the most barba- 
 rous of the northera nations that invadtni Rome in the 
 5th century, notorious for destroying the monuments of 
 art aud literature. 'Z. Hence, one hostile to the arts and 
 literature ; one who is ignorant aud barbarous. 
 
 Vftu'dal, ( a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the 
 
 Van-dai'ii>, ) Yaudals : hence, ferocious ; rude ; bar- 
 barons. 
 
 Tftii'clal-i§ni, »i. Spirit or conduct of Vandals ; fero- 
 cious cruelty : hostility to the arts and literature. 
 
 Vaii-tlyke', H. An iudented and scolloped cape for the 
 neck, 'worn by females, as seen in the portraits of persons 
 painted by Vandyke in the reign of Charles I. 
 
 Tane, n. [A.-S. fana, 0. H. Ger. fano, banner, Goth, 
 yhiin, cloth.] 1. A fixture attached to some elevated 
 object for the purpose of showing which way the wind 
 blows. "Z. Any flat, extended surface moved by the 
 wind : hence, a similar fixture moved in or by water. 3. 
 The thin, membranous part or web of a feather, on the 
 
 ' side of the shaft. 
 
 VJin'-guard, «. [Fr. ai-ant-garde, from avant, before, 
 fore, and garde , guard.] (Mil.) The troops who march 
 in front of an army ; the first line. 
 
 Va-nil'la, n. [\. Lat. ; Sp. vainilla and vainica, dim. of 
 Sp. vaina, a sheath, a pod. Lat. vagina, because its 
 grains of seed are contained in little pods.] (Bot.) (a.) 
 A genus of plants of the orchis group, natives of tropical 
 America, {b. ) The capsule of the species of this genus, re- 
 markable for its delicate and agreeable odor, and for the 
 volatile, odoriferous oil extracted from it. 
 
 Van'isli, V. i. [imp. & p. p. VAMSHED (vSn^isht) ; 
 p. pr. & vh. n. VANISHING.] [Fr. s^ivanouir, vanoyer, 
 Lat. vanescere, evanescere, fr. vanus, emptj', null, vain.] 
 1. To pass from a visible to an invisible state ; to be lost 
 to view ; hence, to disappear gradually, ii. To be an- 
 nihilated or lost ; to pass away ; to disappear. 
 
 VSn'ish, n. {Elocution.) The final or closing portion of 
 a syllable, or of a vocal element. 
 
 VJln'i-ty, n. [Lat. vanitas, fr. vanus, empty, vain.] 1. 
 State or quality of being vain ; want of substance to 
 satisfy desire. ^. Especially, an inflation of mind upon 
 slight grounds; emptj- pride; ostentation. 3. That 
 wlSch is vain; any thing empty, visionary, or unsub- 
 stantial ; fruitless desire or effort. 4. One of the estab- 
 lished characters in the old moralities and puppet- 
 shows. 
 
 Syn. — Egotism ; pride ; emptiness ; unsubstantialness ; 
 worthlessness ; Belf-suificiency ; ostentation. See Egotism 
 and Pride. 
 
 Van'quisili (v§lnk/wiah), v. t. [imp. & p.p. vanquished 
 (vaijk'wisht); p. pr. & vb. n. VANQUISHING.] [Fr. 
 vaincre, pret. vainquis, Lat. vincere.] 1. To subdue in 
 battle, as an enemy. 2. Hence, to defeat in any con- 
 test; to get the better of; to put down; to refute in 
 argument. 
 
 Syn. — To conquer; surmount; overcome; confute; silence. 
 See CoxQUEK. 
 
 A'^ftn'quish-a-ble, a. Capable of being vanquished or 
 conquered. 
 
 VSn'quish-er, 71. One who vanquishes ; a conqueror. 
 
 Vftii'qui.sli-inent, n. The act of vanquishing, or the 
 state of being vanquished or subdued. 
 
 Van'tage, n. [See Advantage.] Superior or more 
 favorable situation or opportunity ; advantage. [Rare.] 
 Vantaqe-around, superiority of state or place; place or con- 
 dition which gives one an advantage over another. 
 
 TSp'id, a. [Lat. vapidus, having emitted steam or vapor, 
 ?'. «., having lo.st its life and spirit, from vapor, steam, 
 vapor.] Having lost its hfe and spirit. 
 
 Syn.— Dead; Bpiritless; insipid; flat; dull; vmanimated. 
 
 Vftp'ld-ly, adv. In a vapid manner. 
 
 Vftp'id-neKS, I n. State or quality of being vapid-, dead- 
 
 Va-pid'i-ty, j ness ; dullness; want of life or spirit. 
 
 Va'por, n. [Lat. vapor.] 1. (Physics.) Any substance in 
 the gaseous or aeriform state, the condition of which is 
 ordinarily that of a liquid or solid, ii. In a loose and pop- 
 ular sense, any visiible diffused substance floating in the 
 atmosphere and impairing its transparency , as smoke, fog, 
 or the hke. 3. Something unsubstantial, fleeting, or tran- 
 sitory. 4. pi. A disease of nervous debility, in which a 
 variety of strange images float in the brain, or appear as 
 if visible ; hence, hypochondriacal affections ; dejection ; 
 spleen. [Obs. or rare.] 
 
 Va'por, V. i. [imp. & p. p. vapored \ p. pr. &, vb. n. 
 VAPORING.] [From the noun, supra; l^t. vaporare.] 
 1. To pass off in fumes, or a moist, floating substance; 
 to steam ; to be exhaled ; to evaporate. 2. To boast 
 
 j or vaunt with a vain, ostentatious display of worth ; to 
 
 brag. 
 I VSp'o-ra-bil'i-ty, n. QuaUty of being vaporable. 
 I VSp'o-ra-ble, a. Capable of being converted into vapor 
 I by the agency of heat. 
 
 i Vap'o-ra'tion, n. Act or process of converting into 
 I vapor, or of passing off in vapor ; evaporation. [Rare.] 
 [ Va'por-bath, n. Application of vapor to the body in s 
 
 close place ; also, the place itself. 
 I Va'por-er, n. A braggart ; a boaster. 
 j VJlp'o-rif 'i«, a. [Lat. vapor, vapor, and/acere, to make.] 
 I Forming into vapor ; converting into steam. 
 Va'por-ing-ly, adv. In a vaporing or boasting manner. 
 Va'por-isb, a. Full of vapors ; affected by hysterics. 
 
 Syn.— Splenetic; peevish; humorsome; hypochondriacal. 
 VS.p'o-ri-za'tion, n. Act of vaporizing, or state of be- 
 ing converted into vapor ; the artificial formation of 
 vapor. 
 Vap'or-ize (110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. vaporized ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. vaporizing.] To convert into vapor by 
 the application of heat. 
 V5p'or-ize, v. i. To pass off in vapor. 
 Va'por-oiis, a. 1. Full of vapors or exhalations. 2. 
 Windy ; flatulent. 3. Proceeding from the vapors ; un- 
 real ; vain. 
 Va'por-y, a. 1. Full of vapors ; vaporous. 2. Hypo- 
 chondriacal ; splenetic ; peevish. 
 Va/ri-a-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being variable; 
 
 variableness. 
 Va'ri-a-ble, a. [Lsit. variabilis.] 1. Having the capacity 
 of varying or changing ; capable of alteration in any 
 manner. 2. Over-susceptible of change ; liable to 
 change. 
 
 Syn.— Changeable; mutable; fickle; wavering; unsteady; 
 versatile; inconstant. 
 
 Va'ri-a-ble, n. 1. (Math.) A quantity which may in- 
 crease or decrease ; a quantity which admits of an in- 
 finite number of values in the same expression. 2. 
 (Naut.) A shifting trade-wind. 
 
 Va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being variable ; 
 susceptibihty of change ; liableness or aptness to alter. 
 
 Va'ri-a-bly, adv. In a variable manner ; changeably. 
 
 Va'ri-an^e, n. 1. Act or state of being variant ; change 
 of condition. 2. (Laiv.) A disagreement or difference 
 between two parts of the same legal proceeding, which, 
 to be effectual, ought to agree together. 3. Difference 
 that produces controversy ; disagreement ; dissension ; 
 discord. 
 
 At variance, in disagreement ; in a state of dissension or 
 controversy; at enmity. 
 
 Va'ri-ate, v. t. [Lat. variare, variatum. See VARY.] 
 To alter ; to make different ; to vary. 
 
 Va'ri-a'tioii, «. 1. Act of varying ; a partial change in 
 the form, position, state, or quaUties of the same thing. 
 2. The extent to which a thing varies ; amount or rate 
 of change. 3. (Miis.) Eepetition of a tune or melody 
 vrith various embellishments and fanciful changes. 
 
 Syn. — Change; vicissitude; variety; mutation; deviation; 
 alteration; diversity. 
 
 VJlr'i-co-^ele, a. [Lat. varix, varicis, a dilated vein, fr. 
 varus, bent, and Gr. /ojAtj, tumor.] (Surg.) A varicose 
 enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord. 
 
 Var'i-«ose' (125), I a. [See stipra.] Pretematurally en- 
 
 Var'i-eoiis, ) larged, or permanently dilated ; — 
 
 applied only to veins. 
 
 Va'ri-e-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VARIEGATED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. VARIEGATING.] [Lat. variegare, variegatum, 
 fr. varius, various, and agere, to move, make.] To di- 
 versify in external appearance ; to mark with different 
 colors. 
 Syn. — To vary; streak; stripe; checker; dapple. 
 
 Va'ri-e-ga'tion, n. Act of variegating or diversifying, 
 I or state of being diversified, by different colors ; diversity 
 I of colors. 
 
 Va-ri'e-ty, n. 1. Quality of being various ; intermixt- 
 ure or succession of different things. 2. That which i 
 various; as. (a.) A number or collection of different 
 things, (b.) Something varying or differing from others 
 of the same general kind. 
 
 Syn. — Diversity : difference; kind. —A man has a variety of 
 employments when he does many things which are not a mere 
 
 j repetition of the same act: he has a divei-sity of employments 
 when the several acts performed are unlike eatfh other, that 
 is, diverge. In most cases, where there is variety there will be 
 more or less of diversity, but not always. One who sells rail- 
 way tickets performs a great variety of ictsin a daj-, while there 
 
 I is but little diversity in his employment. 
 
 W,9,kc.,long; &,6,kc.,short; c^re, far, ask, all, what; 6re,Teil,tSrin;pique,firmis6n, 6r,do, wolf 
 
VARIOLOID 
 
 793 
 
 VEGETATION 
 
 Va'ri-o-lold', or var'i-o-loid', a. (Med.) Resembling 
 small-pox ; pertaining to the disease called varioloid. 
 
 ■Va'ri-o-lold', or VHr'i-o-loid', n. [L. Lat. variola., the 
 emall-pox, from Lat. t-arms, various, and Gr. elSos, form.] 
 (Med.) The small-pox as modified by previous inocula- 
 tion or vaccination . 
 
 Va-ri'o-lou9, a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the 
 small -pox. 
 
 Td'H-o'rum. [Lat., abbrev. from cum nods variorum, 
 with notes of various persons.] Of various persons or 
 things ; espt^cially (used as an adjective), containing notes 
 by different persons. 
 
 Va'ri-ous, a. [Lat. varius.] 1, Different; diverse ; sev- 
 eral ; manifold. 2. Changeable; uncertain ; unfixed. 3. 
 Variegated ; diversified. 
 
 Va'i'i-oiis-ly, adv. In various or different ways. 
 
 Var'let, ?i. [0. Fr. varlet, vaslet, vallet. See VALET.] 
 JL. A servant ; a valet. [ Obs.] 2. Ilence, a low fellow ; 
 a scoundrel ; a rascal. 
 
 Var'nisli, n. [See infra.] 1. A thick, viscid liquid, 
 laid on work to give it a gloss, ti. Glossy appearance. 
 3. An artificial covering to give a fair appearance to any 
 act or conduct ; outside show. 
 
 Var'nisli, v. t. [imp. & p. p. varnished (var'nisht) ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. VARNISHING.] [Fr. vernir, vernisser, It. 
 vernicare, verniciare, as if from a Lat. word vitrinire, to 
 glaze, from L. Lat. vitrinus, for Lat. vitreus, of or like 
 glass, glassy, from vitrum, glass.] 1. To lay varnish on. 
 3. To cover with something that gives a fair external 
 appearance. 3. To give a fair coloring to. 
 
 Var'nish-er, n. One who varnishes. 
 
 Va'ry (89), v. t. [imp. & p. p. varied ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VARYING.] [Lat. variare, from varius, various.] 1. 
 To change the aspect of; to alter in form, appearance, 
 substance, or position, tj. To change to something else ; 
 to exchange ; to alternate. 3. To diversify ; to variegate. 
 
 Ta'ry, v. i. 1. To alter, or be altered in any manner ; 
 to suffer a partial change. 3. To differ or be different. 
 3. To alternate. 4. To deviate ; to depart. 5. To dis- 
 agree ; to be at variance. 
 
 V5,s'-eu-lar, a. [From Lat. vascuhim, a small vessel, 
 dim. of vas, vessel.] 1. Consisting of vessels, or con- 
 taining them, as an essential part of a structure, '-i. 
 Operating by means of, or made up of, an arrangement 
 of vessels. 3. Pertaining to the vessels of animal or 
 vegetable bodies. 
 
 Vas'<;u-ia,r'i-ty, n. State or quality of being vascular. 
 
 Vase, n. [Lat. vas, vasum.] 1. A 
 vessel, of various forms and materials, 
 for domestic purposes, and anciently 
 for sacrificial uses. '^. (Arch.) (a.) 
 An ornament of sculpture, placed on 
 a pedestal, representing one of the 
 vessels of the ancients, (b.) The body 
 or naked ground of the Corinthian 
 and Composite capital. 
 
 e@~ Down to the tune of Walker, this 
 word was made to rhyme with base, case, 
 &c., and it is still so pronounced, to a great 
 extent, in the United States. In England, 
 it is more commonly pronounced, as Walker gives it, vaze, 
 though by some vdz, and by a few vaicz. 
 
 VJts'sal, n. [L. Lat. vassallus, vasallus, from W. gwasawl, 
 serving, from gwasau, to serve, from gwds, a youth, 
 page, servant.] 1. One who holds land of a superior, 
 and who vows fidelity and homage to him ; a feudatory. 
 ti. A dependent ; a servant ; a bondman ; a slave. 
 
 Vas'sal-age, n. 1. State of being a vassal. 5J. Political 
 servitude ; dependence ; slavery. 
 
 Tast, a. [compar. vaster ; superl. vastest.] [Lat. 
 i'a5*ws, empty, waste, vast.] 1. Waste; desert. [Obs.] 
 2. Being of great extent ; very spacious or large. 3. 
 Very great in numbers or amount. 4. Very great in 
 force. 5. Very great in importance. 
 Syn. — Enormous; huge; immense; mighty. 
 
 Vast, n. A waste region ; boundless space. ' 
 
 Vas-ta'tion, n. [Lat. vastatio, from vastare, to lay 
 waste, from t"a5«MS, empty, waste.] A laying waste; de- 
 population ; devastation. 
 
 Vast'ly, adv. To a vast extent or degree ; very greatly. 
 
 Vast'ness, n. State or quality of being vast ; enormous 
 magnitude, amount, or importance. 
 
 Vast'y, a. Very spacious ; immense ; vast. 
 
 Vat, n. [A.-S. fat, fat, Icel. fat, 0. II. Ger./az, M. H. 
 Ger. vaz.] 1. A large vessel or cistern ; a large cask- 
 like receptacle. 3. A measure for liquids, and also a 
 dry measure of varying capacity. 
 
 Vat'i-ean, n. A magnificent assemblage of bull dings in 
 
 Vase. 
 
 Rome, including one of the pope's palaces, a museum, a 
 library, &c. ; hence, the papal authority. 
 
 Thundem of the Vatican, the anatliemas or denunciationB of 
 the pope. 
 
 Vat'i-fide, rt. [Lat. vates, a prophet, and casdere, to 
 kill.] 1. Themurderof a prophet. 3. One who murders 
 a prophet. 
 
 Va-ti9'i-nal, a. Pertaining to, or containing prophecy. 
 
 Va-ti^/i-nate, v. t. & i. [Lat. vaticinari, vaticinatus, 
 from vaticinus, prophetical, fi:om vates, a prophet.] T» 
 prophesy ;_to foretell. [prophecy. 
 
 Va-ti^/1-na'tion, n. [Lat. vaticinatio.] Prediction ; 
 
 Va-ti9'i-na''tor, n. One who vaticinates ; a prophet. 
 
 Vaude'villc (vod'vil), n. [Fr., from Vau-de-vire, a village 
 in Normandy, where Olivier Bassehn, at the end of the 
 14th century, composed such songs.] 1. A kind of song 
 of a Uvely character, sung to a familiar air in couplets 
 with a refrain, ti. A theatrical piece, the dialogue of 
 which is intermingled with light or satirical songs, sung 
 in familiar airs. 
 
 Vault, n. [L. Lat. volta, valuta, volutio, from Lat. vol- 
 vere, volutum, to roll, to turn about.] 1. A continued 
 arch, or an arched roof or ceiling. 2. An arcTied apart- 
 ment ; especially, a subterranean room, used for storing 
 articles, for a prison, for interment, and the like ; a cell ; 
 a cellar. 3. A leap or bound; especially, the bound or 
 leap of a horse. 
 
 Vault, V. t. [imp. & p. p. vaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VAULTING.] 1. To form with a vault, or to cover with 
 a vault ; to give the shape of an arch to ; to arch. 2. 
 To leap on ; to mount by leaping 
 
 Vault, v.i. 1. To leap ; to bound ; to jump ; to spring. 
 5i. To exhibit feats of tumbling or leaping. 
 
 Vault'ed, a. 1. Arched ; concave. 2. Covered with 
 an arch or vault. 
 
 V^ult'er, n. One who vaults ; a leaper ; a tumbler. 
 
 Vaunt, V. i. [imp. & p. p. vaunted; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. VAUNTING.] [Fr. vanter, L. Lat. vanitare, from Lat. 
 vanus, vain.] To boast ; to talk with vain ostentation ; 
 to brag. 
 
 Vaunt, V. t. To boast of; to make a vain display of. 
 
 Vaunt, n. A vain display of what one is, or has, or has 
 done ; boast. 
 
 Vaunt'er, n. One who vaunts ; a boaster ; a braggart. 
 
 Veal, n. [0. Fr. veel,vedel, Lat. vitellus, dim. of vilulus, a 
 calf, Gr. ItoXos.] The flesh of a calf killed for the table. 
 
 Vfic'tor, n. [Lat., a bearer, carrier, from vehere, vectum, 
 to carry.] Same as Radius Vector, q. v. 
 
 Ve'da, or Ve'da, n. [Skr. vMa, prop, knowledge, from 
 vid, to know.] The ancient sacred literature of the Hin- 
 doos ; also, one of four collections, constituting the most 
 ancient portions and members of that literature. 
 
 Ve-dette', n. [Fr. vedette, It. vedetta, for veletta, as if 
 from veclere, to see, Lat. videre, but really fi*. It. veglia, 
 Lat. vigilia, watch.] A sentinel, usually on horseback ; 
 a vidette. 
 
 Veer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. VEERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VEERING.] [Fr. virer, It. & L. Lat. virare.] To change 
 direction ; to turn. 
 
 Veer, v. t. To direct to a different course ; to turn. 
 
 Veg'e-ta-tole, n. [See infra.] 1. An organized body 
 destitute of sense and voluntary motion, deriving its 
 nourishment through pores on its outer surface, or ves- 
 sels in most instances adhering to some other body, as 
 the earth, and in general, propagating itself by seeds. 3. 
 In a more limited sense, a plant used for culinary pur- 
 poses. 
 
 V6g'e-ta-ble, a. [Lat. vegetabilis, enlivening, fromreg-e- 
 tare, to enliven.] 1. Belonging or relating to plants. 3. 
 Consisting of, or comprising, plants. 3. Having the 
 nature of plants. 
 
 Veg'e-tal, a. 1. Pertaining to, or in the nature of, a vege- 
 table; vegetable. 3. (Physiol.) Of, or pertaining to, a class 
 of vital phenomena common to plants and animals. 
 
 Vgg'e-ta'ri-an (89), n. One who holds that vegetables 
 constitute the only proper food for man. 
 
 V6g'e-ta'ri-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, vegetarianism. 
 
 V6g'e-ta'ri-an-i§m, n. The theory and practice of 
 living solely on vegetables. 
 
 V6g'e-tate, v. i. [imp. Sep. p. vegetated; p.pr. & 
 vb. n. VEGETATING.] [Lat. vegetare, vegetatum, to en- 
 liven, from vegetus, enlivened, animated.] 1. To grow, 
 as plants ; to sprout ; to germinate. 3. Ilence, figura- 
 tively, to lead a life too low for an animate creature ; to 
 do nothing but eat and grow. 
 
 V6g/e-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or process of vegetating ; veg- 
 etable growth. 3. The sum of vegetable life ; vegeta- 
 
 food,fcfbt; &ru, ri}de, pull; ^ell, (liaise, «all, e<!lio ; gem, ftet; a§; e^ist; liiiger, link ; tills 
 
VEGETATIVE 
 
 794 
 
 VENETIAN 
 
 blM or plants in g?eneral. 3. (Mfd.) {a.) A morbid ex- 
 crescence on the valves of the heart, in syphilis, (b.) A 
 fleshy granulation at the surface of a wound or ulcer. 
 
 V6g'e-ta tive, a. 1. Growing, or having the power of 
 growing, as plants. 2. Having the power to produce 
 growth in plant*. 3. (Zool.) Partaking of simple growth 
 and enlargement of the systems of nutrition and gener- 
 ation, apart from the sensorial or distinctively animal 
 functions. 
 
 Vfg'e-ta'tive-ness, n. The quality of being vegetative. 
 
 Ve'lie-nieu^e, ". 1. Quality of being vehement; im- 
 petuous fon-e ; impetuosity; violence; — applied also to 
 any kind of forcible action. 2. Violent ardor ; anima- 
 ted fervor. 
 
 Telie-men-fy, n. Vehemence. [Rare.] 
 
 Ve'lie-inent,'a. [Lat. vehtmens, prob. a protracted form 
 of vernens, from ve, an inseparable particle denoting pri- 
 vation, and mens, the mind, and thus properly not very 
 reaiionable, i. e., very eager, violent, vehement.] 1. Act- 
 iug with great force ; forcible ; mighty, t}. Very ar- 
 dent; very eager, urgent, or fervent. 
 
 Syn. — Furious ; violent; impetuous ; passionate; ardent; 
 hot. 
 
 Te'he-ment-ly, adv. In a vehement manner ; forcibly. 
 
 Te'hi-fle (ve'hi-kl), n. [Lat. vehiculum, from vehere, to 
 carry.] 1. That in which any thing is or may be car- 
 ried, as a coach, wagon, cart, carriage, or the like; a 
 conveyance. 2. That which is used as the instrument 
 of conveyance or communication. 3. [Pharmacy.) A 
 substance in which medicine is taken. 4. (Paint.) A 
 liquid with which the various pigments are applied. 
 
 Ve-liic'u-lar, 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or serving as, a 
 
 Ve-liic'u-la-ry, ) vehicle. 
 
 Veil, n. [Lat. velum, a sail, covering, curtain, vail, contr. 
 from vehulum, from vehere, to bear, carry, and thus. 
 originally that which bears the ship on.] 1. Something 
 to intercept the view, and hide an object ; especially, a 
 screen, usually of thin gauze or similar material, to hide 
 or protect the face. 2. A cover ; a disguise. 
 
 To take the veil, to receive, or be covered with, a veil, as a 
 nuD, in token of retirement from the world. 
 Syn. — Amask; cloak; blind; cover; curtain. See Vail. 
 
 Veil, t". t. [imp. & p. p. VEILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VEIL- 
 ING.] 1. To throw a veil over; to cover with a veil. 
 3. To invest; to cover; to hide ; to conceal. 
 
 Vein, n. [Lat. vena.] 1. (Anat.) A vessel in animal 
 Bodies, which receives the blood from the capillaries, and 
 returns it to the heart; a blood-vessel. 2. (Bot.) A 
 small rib or branch of the frame-work of leaves, &c. 3. 
 ( Geol. or Mining.) A .seam or layer of any substance, 
 more or less wide, intersecting a rock or stratum, and 
 not corresponding with the stratification. 4. A fissure, 
 cleft, or cavity, as in the earth or other substance. 5. 
 A streak or wave of different color, appearing in wood, 
 in marble, and other stones. 6. A train of valuable as- 
 sociations, thoughts, and the Uke ; a current ; a course. 
 7. Peculiar temper; tendency orturn of mind; humor; 
 strain ; quality. [with veins. 
 
 Vein, V. t. _ To form or mark with veins ; to fill or cover 
 
 Veined (vilnd), a. 1, Full of vein.s ; streaked; varie- 
 gated. 2. (Bot.) Having vessels branching over the 
 surface, as a leaf. 
 
 Vein'y, a. Full of veins ; veined. 
 
 Ve-lif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. velifer, from velum,, a sail, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Bearing, or carrying, sails. 
 
 Vel-le'i-ty, n. [From Lat. velle, to will, to be willing.] 
 The lowest degree of desire ; imperfect or incomplete 
 volition. 
 
 V61'li-eate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. velltcated ; 
 p.pr- &^vb. n. VELLICATING.] [hat. vellicare, vellira- 
 tiim, from vellere, to pluck, pull.] To move spasmodic- 
 ally ; to twitch. 
 
 Vei'li-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of twitching, or of causing 
 to twitch. 2. (Med.) A local twitching or convulsive 
 motion of a muscular fiber, especially of the face. 
 
 Vfil'lum, 71. [Fr. velin, from 0. Fr. veel, Lat. vitellus, 
 vitulus, a calf.] A fine kind of parchment. 
 
 Vfil'o-^im'e-ter, n. [Lat. velox, ve.locis, rapid, and 
 metrum, from Gr /xeVpov, measure.] An apparatus for 
 measuring the speed of machinery. 
 
 Ve-16p'i-pede, n. [From Lat. velox, swift, and Lat. pes, 
 pedis, It. piede, a foot.] A light road-carriage for a sin- 
 gle f>erson, usually propelled by means of a bar or pedal 
 which puts in motion the cranked axle of the wheels. 
 
 Ve-l6f'I-ty, n. [Lat. veloritas, from velox, velocis, swift, 
 quick.] 1. Quickness of motion. 2. (Mech.) Rate of 
 motion ; relation of motion to time, measured by the 
 
 number of units of space passed over by the moTing body 
 in a unit of time. 
 
 Syn. — Swiftness; celerity; rapidity; fleetness; speed. 
 
 Vei'vet, n. [0. Eng. velouette, velvet, vellct, L. Lat. vet- 
 luetum, veUvtum„ as if from a Lat. word vUlutus, for 
 villosus, shaggy, fr. villus, shaggy hair.] A soft material 
 of silk, or of silk and cotton mixed, having a loose pile 
 or short shag of thread on the surface. 
 
 V61'vet-een', n. A kind of cloth made of cotton, in 
 imitation of velvet; cotton velvet. 
 
 V61'vet-ing, n. The fine shag of velvet ; a piece of vel- 
 vet ; velvet goods. [smooth ; delicate. 
 
 V61'vet-y, a. Made of velvet, or like velvet ; soft ; 
 
 Ve'nal, a. [From Lat. vena, a vein.] Of, or pertaining 
 to, a vein, or to veins ; contained in the veins ; venous. 
 
 Ve'nal, a. [Lat. venalis, from venus, sale, venire, to be 
 sold.] To be bought or obtained for money or other 
 valuable consideration ; held for sale. 
 
 Syn. — Mercenary; hireling; vendible. — One is mercertcery 
 who is either actually a hireling (as. mercenary soldiers, a 
 merceriai-y judge, &c.), or is governed by a sordid love of ijain; 
 hence, we speak of mercenary motives, a mercenary marriage, 
 &c. Venal goes further, and supposes either an actual purchase, 
 or a readiness to be purchased, which places a person or thing 
 wholly in the power of the purchaser: as, a venal press. Brissol 
 played ingeniously on the latter word in his celebrated saying, 
 " Mj' pen is venal that it may not be mercenar-y," meaning thai 
 he wrote books and sold them to the publishers, in order to 
 avoid the necessity of being the hireUng of any poUtical party, 
 
 Ve-nai'i-ty, n. State or quality of being venal or pur- 
 chasable ; mercenariness. 
 
 Ven'a-ry, a. [L. Lat. venariiis, fr. Lat. venari, venatus, 
 to hunt.] Of, or relating to, hunting. 
 
 Vend, V. t. [imp. & p. p. vended; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VENDING.] [hat. vend ere.] To dispose of by sale ; to sell. 
 
 Vend-ee', n. The person to whom a thing is vended or 
 
 Vend'er, n. One who vends : a seller. [sold. 
 
 Vend'i-bil'i-ty , n. State of being vendible or salable. 
 
 Vend'i-ljle, a. [Lat. vendibilis, from vendere, to sell.] 
 Capable of being disposed of as an object of trade ; sal- 
 able, [vendibility. 
 
 Vend'i-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being vendible ; 
 
 Vend'i-bly, adv. In a Aendible or salable manner. 
 
 Ven-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. venditio, from vendere, 
 venditum., to sell.] Act of vending or selling ; sale. 
 
 Vf nd'or, n. [See Vender.] A vender ; a seller. 
 
 Ven-due', n. [0. Fr. vendue, fr. Fr. vendre, p. p. vendu, 
 vendue, to sell.] A public sale of any thing, by outcry, 
 to the highest bidder ; an auction. 
 
 Ve-neer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. veneered \ p.pr.h vb. 
 n. VENEERING.] [Ger. furnieren, fourniren, from Fr. 
 fournir, to furnish, q. v.] To overlay or plate with a 
 thin layer of wood or other material for outer finish or 
 decoration. 
 
 Ve-neer', n. A thin leaf or layer of a more valuable or 
 beautiful material for overlaying an inferior one. 
 
 Ve-neex*'ing, n. The act or art of overlaying a coarse 
 or inferior wood with thin leaves of a superior material, 
 or the covering thus laid on. [venom. 
 
 Ven'e-na'tion, n. 1. Act of poisoning. 2. Poison ; 
 
 Ven'er-a-ble, a. [Lat. venerabilis.] 1. Capable of 
 being venerated : worthy of venei-ation or reverence. 2. 
 Rendered sacred by religious or other associations. 
 
 V6n'er-a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being vener- 
 able. 
 
 V6n'er-a-bly, adv. In a venerable manner. 
 
 Ven'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. venerated : p. pr. Se 
 vb. n. VENERATING.] [Lat. venerari, veneratus.] To 
 regard with respect and reverence. 
 Syn. — To reverence; revere; adore. 
 
 Ven'er-a'tion, n. Act of venerating, or the state of 
 I being venerated ; respect mingled with awe. 
 I Syn. — Awe; reverence: dread. See Awe. 
 
 i Ven'er-a'tor, n. One who venerates and reveremces. 
 
 Ve-ne're-al (89), a. [Lat. venereus, venerius, from Venus, 
 I Fener('5, Venus, the goddess of love. Ci. infra.] 1. Of, 
 or pertainiDg to, venery, or sexual love. 2. Arising 
 I from sexual intercourse. 3. Adapted to the cure of 
 j venereal diseases. 4. Adapted to excite venereal desire j 
 
 i aphrodisiac. 
 
 } V6n'er-y, n. [Lat. Venus, Veneris, the goddess of love.] 
 
 I Sexual love ; sexual intercourse. 
 
 ; V6n'er-y, n. [Fr. venerie, from 0. Fr. vener, veneir, 
 Lat. venari, to hunt.] Act or exercise of hunting ; sporti 
 of the chase. 
 
 Ve'ne-.se-e'tion, n. [From Lat. vena, a vein, and sectio, 
 a cutting.] Act or operation of opening a vein for letting 
 blood ; blood-letting. 
 
 \ Ve-ne'tian, n. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Venice. 
 
 a,e, &c.,/o7i^/ft,6,&c.,«Aort,care,far,ask, all, what; 6re,Tsil, term; pique, firm ; 86n,6r,dft,w9lf, 
 
VENGEANCE 
 
 795 
 
 VERBENA 
 
 Venetian blind, a blind for windows, doors, &c., made of thin 
 ■lats set in a frame, and so disposed as to overlap each other. 
 
 Vgnge'an^e, n. [From Lat. vindicare, to avenge. See 
 AvEJfGE.] Punishment inflicted in return for an in- 
 jury or offense ; retribution ; — often, in a bad sense, pas- 
 sionate or unrestrained revenge. 
 
 ■VSiige'ful, a. Vindictive; retributive; revengeful. 
 
 Venge'f iil-ly, adv. In a vengeful manner ; vindictively. 
 
 Ve'ni-alj'a. {LSit.venialis, fr. ve)iin, forgiveness, pardon.] 
 1. Capable of being forgiven; not heinous ; excu.sable; 
 pardonable, ii. Allowed ; permitted. 
 
 Ve'ni-ai'i-iy, n. State or quality of being venial, or 
 pardonable. 
 
 Ve'iii-al-ly, adv. In a venial manner ; pardonably. 
 
 Ve'ni-al-ness, n. State or quality of being venial. 
 
 Ve-nt're, or Ve-nVve Fa'ci-ds (I'a'shi-iis), n. [Lat., 
 make or cause to come.] (Law.) (a.) A judicial writ or 
 precept directed to the sheriff, requiring him to cause a 
 certain number of qualified persons to appear in court at 
 a specified time, to serve as jurors in said court, (b.) A 
 writ in the nature of a summons to cause the party in- 
 dicted on a penal statute to appear. 
 
 Ven'i-gon (v6n'i-zn, or ven'zn), n. [0. Fr. venison, 
 veneison, N. Fr. venaison, from Lat. venatio, hunting.] 
 The flesh of edible beasts of chase ; game. 
 
 E®~In England, the word is more especially applied to the 
 flesh of deer, hares, and certain bu-ds called game. In the 
 United States, it is applied exclusively to the flesh of the deer, 
 or cervine genus of animals. 
 
 V^n'om, n. [Lat. -uenenum.] 1. Matter fatal or iiyuri- 
 ous to life ; poison. 3. Spite ; malice ; malignity. 
 Syn.— See Poisojr. 
 Veii'om-ous, a. fb. Eng. venemous; Fr. venimevx, 
 Lat. venenosus, fr. venemim, poison.] 1. Full of venom ; 
 noxious to animal life ; poisonous. 3. Noxious. 
 Syn. — Mischievous ; malignant; spiteful. 
 
 Ven'oiu-ous-ly, adv. In a venomous manner ; poison- 
 ously ; malignantly ; spitefully. 
 
 Ven'om-ous-iiess, n. Quality of being venomous. 
 
 Ve'noiis, a. [Lat. venosus., from vena., a vein.] 1, Of, or 
 pertaining to, a vein, or to veins ; contained in veins. 3. 
 (Bot.) Marked with veins ; veined. 
 
 Vent, n. [Prob. from Fr. vent, wind, Lat. ventus.] 1. 
 A small aperture ; a hole, or passage for air or any fluid 
 to escape. 3. Hence, specifically, (a.) The opening at 
 which the excrements are discharged, (b.) (Mil.) The 
 opening at the breech of a fire-arm; touch-hole, (r.) 
 (Arch.) A loop-hole, (d.) {Steam-boilers.) The sectional 
 area of the passage for gases divided by the length of the j 
 same passage in feet. 3. Hence, figuratively, oppor- 
 tunity of escape from confinement or privacy ; emission ; I 
 escape. I 
 
 Vent, V. t. [imp. & p. p. vented ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VENTING.] 1. To let out at a vent, or small aperture. 
 3. To suffer to escape from confinement ; to let out. 
 
 Vent'ail, n. [0. Fr. ventaille, from Lat. ventus, wind.] 
 That part of a helmet made to be lifted up for the admis- 
 sion of air or for breathing. 
 
 Vent'er, n. One who vents ; one who utters or reports. 
 
 Vent'-liole, n. 1. A small hole for the pas.sage of air, 
 as in a cask; a vent. 3. (Casting.) A hole pierced 
 through a mold for the escape of air and gas. 
 
 Ven'ti-du€t, n. [From Lat. ventus, gen. venti, wind, 
 and ductus, a leading, conduit, from ducere, ductum, to 
 lead.] A passage or pipe for ventilating apartments. 
 
 V6n'ti-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ventilated ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. VENTILATING.] [Lat. ventilare, ventilatum, j 
 fr. ventubis, a slight wind, dim. of ventus, wind.] 1. To 
 fan with wind ; to open and expose to the free passage ! 
 of air or wind ; to air. 2. To winnow ; to fan. 3. To I 
 sift, and examine ; to expose to examination and discus- ! 
 sion. _ I 
 
 Ven'ti-la'tlon, n. 1, Act of ventilating, or state of 
 being ventilated ; free exposure to air. "Z, Act of fan- 
 ning or winnowing, for the purpose of separating chaff 
 and dust from the grain. 3. Act of sifting and bringing ; 
 out to view or examination ; public exposure. i 
 
 Ven'ti-la/tor, n. A contrivance for drawing off or ex- j 
 pelling foul or stagnant air from an)' close place or apart- | 
 
 ment, and introducing that which is fresh and pure. 
 Ven-t6s'i-ty, n. [Lat. ventositas, from ventosus, windy, 
 
 fr. ventus, wind.] 1. State or quality of being ventose; 
 
 windiness ; flatulence, ti. Vainglory ; pride. 
 V6n'tral, a. [Lat. ventralis, from venter, the belly.] 1. 
 
 Belonging to the belly. 2. (Bot.) Of, or pertaining to, 
 
 that side of an organ, &c. , which faces toward the center 
 
 of a flower. 
 
 V6n'trl-€le, n. [Lat. ventriculus, the stomach, a ven- 
 tricle, dim. of venter, the belly.] (Anat.) A cavity of the 
 animal body, as of the brain, or larynx ; especially, either 
 of the two cavities of the heart which communicate with 
 the auricles. 
 
 Ven-tril'o-quigm, n. [Lat. ventriloquus , speaking from 
 the belly.] Act, art, or practice of speaking in such a 
 manner that the voice appears to come, not from the 
 person, but from some distant or different place. 
 
 Ven-tril'o-quist, n. One who practices ventriloquism. 
 
 Ven-tril'o-quize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. VENTRILO- 
 QUIZED; p. pr. & vb. n. VENTRILOQUIZING.] To 
 practice ventriloquism. 
 
 Ven-tril'o-quous, a. [Lat. ventriloquus, fr. venter, the 
 belly, and ioqui, locutus, to speak.] Speaking in such 
 a manner as to make the sound appear to come from :. 
 place remote from the speaker. 
 
 Vent'ure (vent'yjjr), n. [Sp. & Pg. aventura, ventura, 
 It. avventura, Ventura. See ADVENTURE.] 1, An un- 
 dertaking of chance or danger ; a hazard. 3. An event 
 that is not, or can not be, foreseen ; chance ; contingency ; 
 luck. 3. The thing put to hazard; a risk; especially, 
 something sent to sea in trade. 
 
 Vent'ure (53), v. i. [iynp. & p. p. VENTURED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. VENTURING.] 1. To have the courage or 
 presumption to do, undertake, or say something ; to dare. 
 3. To run a hazai-d or risk. 
 
 Vent'ure, v. t. 1. To expose to hazard ; to risk. 3. To 
 put or send on a venture or chance. 
 
 Vent'ur-er, n. One who ventures or puts to hazard ; 
 an adventurer. 
 
 Vent'ure-some (vent'yijr-sum), a. Inclined to vent- 
 ure ; not loath to run risk or danger. 
 Syn. — Venturous; bold; daring; intrepid. 
 
 Vent'ure-some-ly, adv. Boldly ; daringly. 
 
 Vent'ur-oiis, a. Daring : bold ; hardy ; fearless ; advent- 
 urous. 
 
 V6nt'ur-otis-ly, adv. Daringly ; fearlessly ; boldly ; 
 intrepidly. 
 
 Ven'ue, n. (Law.) A neighborhood or near place ; the 
 place or county in which an act or fact is alleged to have 
 happened ; the place where an action is laid. 
 
 Ve'nus, n. 1. (Myth.) The goddess of female beauty and 
 of love. 3. (Astron.) One of the planets, the second in 
 order from the sun. As the morning-star, it was called 
 by the ancients Lucifer ; as the evening-star, Hesperus. 
 
 Ve-ra'cious, a. [Lat. verax, veracis, from verus, true.] 
 1. Observant of truth ; habitually disposed to speak 
 truth ; truthful. 3. Characterized by truth ; true. 
 
 Ve-ra'cious-ly, adv. In a veracious manner ; truttv- 
 fuUy. 
 
 Ve-ra^'i-ty, n. State or quality of being veracious; 
 habitual observance of truth ; truthfulness ; truth. 
 
 Ve-ran'dla, n. [An Oriental word ; Malay, baranda, 
 buranda, Skr. waranda, Hind. & Per. baramadah, from 
 Per. bar, up, and amadah, p. p. of amadan, to come.] 
 (Arch.) (a.) A kind of open portico, formed by extending 
 a sloping roof beyond the main building, (b.) A Jight, 
 open portico or outer gallery, with a sloping roof. 
 
 Ve-ra'tri-a, ) n. [From Lat. veratrum, hellebore.] 
 
 Ver'a-tri'na, > ( Chem . ) A vegetable alkaloid, generally 
 
 Ve-ra'trine, ) obtained as a crystalline powder, nesirly 
 white, acrid and poisonous. 
 
 Verb (14), ?i. [Lat. verbu7n, a word, verb.] (Gram.) A 
 word which affirms or predicates something of some per- 
 son or thing ; a part of speech expressing being, action, 
 or the suffering of action. 
 
 Ver'bal, a. [Lat. verbalis, from verbuni, a word.] 1. 
 Expressed in words ; addressed to the ear ; spoken : oral ; 
 not written. 3. Consisting in, or relating to, words only ; 
 dealing with words rather than things. 3. Having word 
 answering to word ; literal. 4. ( Gram.) Derived directly 
 from a verb. 
 
 Ver'bal-i§m, n. Something expressed verbally or orally. 
 
 Ver'bal-ist, n. A literal adherent to, or a minute critic 
 of, words. 
 
 Ver'bal-ize, /u. t. [imp. & p. p. verbalized; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. verbalizing.] To convert into a verb ; to 
 make verbal. 
 
 Ver'bal-ly, adv. 1. In a verbal manner; by words 
 spoken ; orally. 3. Word for word. 
 
 Ver-hd'ihn, adv. [Low Lat., from Lat. verbum, word.] 
 Word for word ; in the same words. 
 
 Ver-be'na, n. [Lat. verbenaca, vervain. Low & N. Lat. 
 verbena, id., from Lat. verbena, a bough or branch of 
 laurel, olive, or myrtle, a sacred bough.] (Bot. ) A genus 
 of plants, of which several species are extensively culti- 
 
 food, f<^t; tucn, r^ide, pull ; (ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; sem, get ; ag ; eiist ; linger, link ; tliis* 
 
VERBERATION 
 
 796 
 
 VERONICA 
 
 T»ted, some for their lenion-soented, fragrant foliage, and 
 others for the groat boiiuty of their flowers ; vervain. 
 
 Vgr'ber-a'tion, n. [L&i. verberatio.] 1. Act of beat- 
 ing, or striking blows. '2. Impulse of a body, which 
 c«uses pound. 
 
 V5r'bl-age, n. [See Verb.] The use of many words 
 without necessitj' ; superabundance of words ; verbosity ; 
 wordiness. 
 
 Ver-bose', a. [Lat. i-crbosus, from verbum, a word.] 
 Abounding in words; using or containing more words 
 than are necessary ; tedious by a multiplicity of words ; 
 prolix ; wordy. 
 
 Ver-bSs'i-ty, n. [Lat. verbositas.] Quality of being 
 verbose ; use of more words than are necessary ; prolixity. 
 
 VSr'dan-fy, n. [See VERDANT.] 1. Quality or condi- 
 tion of being verdant ; greenness, ti. Hence, rawness ; 
 inexperience ; foolishness. 
 
 Ver'dant, a. [Lat. viridare, p. pr. viridans, to grow 
 green, fr. viridis, green, fr. virere, to be green.] 1, Cov- 
 ered with growing plants or grass ; green ; fresh. 2. Green 
 in knowledge ; ignorant of the ways of the world. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Terd'-an-tique' (-an-tek'), n. [Fr., from verd, vert, 
 green, and antique, ancient.] 1, A green incrustation 
 on ancient coins, brass or copper, produced by the action 
 of time. 2. (Min.) (a.) A mottled-green serpentine 
 marble, (b.) A green porphyry, used as marble. 
 
 Ter'dant-ly, adv. In a verdant manner ; freshly. 
 
 Ver'der-er, ) n. [L. Lat. viridarius, from Lat. viridin, 
 
 Ver'der-or, I green.] (Eng. Law.) An officer who 
 has the charge of the king's forests to preserve the vert 
 and venison, &c. 
 
 Ver'di^t, n. [L. Lat. verdictmn, veredictum, fr. Lat. vere, 
 truly, and dictum, a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, 
 to say.] 1. (Law.) The answer of a jury given to the 
 court, concerning any matter of fact in any cause, civil or 
 criminal, committed to their examination and determina- 
 tion, ti. Decision ; judgment ; opinion pronounced. 
 
 Ver'di-griis (-grees), n. [Fr. verd-de-gris, vert-de-gris, 
 apparently from verd, vert, green, de, of, and gris, gray, 
 but really a corruption of N. Lat. viride seris, green of 
 brass, equivalent to Lat. serugo.] (Chem.) The bibasic 
 acetate of copper, much used as a green pigment. 
 
 Ter'di-ter, n. [Fr. verd-de-terre , i. e., earth green.] 
 ( Chem..) An azure-blue substance made by the decompo- 
 sition of nitrate of copper by chalk. 
 
 Terd'ure (53), n. [Fr. , fr. verd, vert, Lat. viridis, green.] 
 Green; greenness; freshness of vegetation. 
 
 Verd'CLr-oiis, a. Covered with verdure. 
 
 Verge (14), n. [Fr. ; Lat. virga, from virere, to be 
 green.] 1. A kind of rod carried as an emblem of au- 
 thority ; the mace of a dean. 2. (Arch.) The shaft of a 
 column ; or a small ornamental shaft. 3. The spindle 
 of a watch-balance. 4. (Eng. Law.) The compass or 
 extent of the king's court. 
 
 Verge, n. [See Verge, v. i., and ViRGE.] The ex- 
 treme side or end of any thing which has some extent of 
 length. 
 
 Syn. — Border ; edge ; rim ; brim ; margin ; brink. 
 
 Verge, v. i. {imp. & p. p. verged ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. VERGING.] [h&t. vergere.] 1. To tend downward; 
 to bend ; to slope. 2. To border upon ; to tend ; to 
 approach. 
 
 VSr'ger, n. [Fr., from t>erge, a rod. See Verge.] 1. 
 One who carries a verge or emblem of office ; an attend- 
 ant upon a dignitary, as on a bishop, a dean, a justice, 
 and the hke. [Eng-.] 3. The beadle of a cathedral 
 church. 
 
 V6r'i-fi/a-*le, a. Capable of being verified. 
 
 V6r'i-fi-€a'tion, n. Act of verifying or proving to be 
 true or correct, or state of being verified ; confirmation ; 
 authentication. 
 
 V6r'l-fFer, n. One who verifies or proves. 
 
 V6r'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. verified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VERIFYING.] [L. Lat. verificare, from Lat. verus, true, 
 andfacere, to make.] 1. To prove to be true or correct ; 
 to confirm. 2. To confirm or establish the authenticity 
 of; to authenticate. 
 
 V6r'i-ly, adv. [From very.] 1. In a true manner; in 
 truth ; in fact. 3. \V'ith great confidence ; really ; truly 
 
 Ver'i-sim'i-lar, a. [Lat. verisimilis, fr. verus, true, and 
 similis, like, resembling, similar.] Having the appear- 
 ance of truth ; probable ; likely. 
 
 Ver'i-si-mil'i-tude, n. Appearance of truth ; proba- 
 bility ; likelihood. 
 
 V6r'i-ta-ble, a. [From Lat. Veritas, truth.] Agreeable 
 to truth or to fact ; actual ; real ; true. 
 
 V6r^i-ta-bly, adv. In a veritable manner ; really ; truly. 
 
 V6r'i-ty, n. [Lat. Veritas, from verus, true.] 1. Quality 
 of being very true or real ; consonance of a statement, 
 proposition, or other thing to fact. 3. A true assertion 
 or tenet. 
 Syn. —Truth ; certainty ; reality ; assurance. 
 
 Ver'juif e, n. [Fr. verjus, that is, the juice of green 
 fruits from verd, t;er<, green, sintXjus, juice.] The sour 
 juice of crab-apples, of green or unripe grapes, apples, 
 &c. ; also, a kind of vinegar made from such juice. 
 Ver'tne^, n. pi. [Lat. vermes, pi. of vermis, a worm.] 
 Worms. See Worm. 
 
 Ver/mi-^ei'li (ver/me-chel'll or ver'me-sel'lT), n. [It., 
 pi. of vermicello, strictly a little worm, Lat. vermiculus, 
 dim. of vermis, a worm.] A kind of wheat paste, made 
 into a slender, worm-like form, whence the Italian name. 
 
 Ver-mi-e'u-lar, a. [N. Lat. vermindaris, from ivrw/cM- 
 Zm5, a little worm, dim. of vermis, a,ifiovm.] Pertaining to, 
 or resembling, a worm ; shaped like a Avorm ; especially, 
 resembling the motion of a worm ; peristaltic. 
 
 Ver-mic'ii-Iate. v. t. [imp. & p.p. vermicui.iATED*, 
 p. pr. & vb. n. VERMICTJLATING.] To inlay ; to form, as 
 ■work, by inlaying which resembles the tracks of worms, 
 or appears as_if formed by the motion of worms. 
 
 Ver-mi-e'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of moving 
 in the form of a worm ; continuation of motion from 
 one part to another, as in the peristaltic motion of the 
 intestines. 3. Act of forming so as to resemble the 
 motion of a worm. 
 
 Vei*-mi<;'u-lose', ) a. 1. Containing worms ; full of 
 
 Ver-mi-e'u-lotis, j worms or grubs. 2. Resembling 
 worms. 
 
 Ver'mi-f orin, a. [From Lat. vermis, a worm, and/or- 
 ma, form.] Having the form or shape of a worm. 
 
 Ver'mi-fuge, n. [N. Lat. vermifugum, fr. Lat. vermis, 
 a worm, and, fugare, to drive away, fv.fugere, to flee.] 
 (Med.) A medicine or substance that expels worms from 
 animal bodies. 
 
 Ver-mil'ion (-miVyun), n. [L. Lat. vermilixtm, from ver- 
 miculus, from Lat. vermiculus, a little worm, N. Lat. that 
 little worm which furnishes the scarlet color, from Lat. 
 vermis, a, viovm..] 1. A sub.stance consisting of sulphuret 
 or sulphide of mercury, especially when in the form of a 
 fine powder. It is of a bright, beautiful red color. 2. 
 The cochineaL [See Cochineal.] 3. A beautiful red 
 color. 
 
 VeT'min, n. sing. & pi. ; used chiefly as pi. [L. Lat. 
 vermen, a worm, from Lat. vermis, a worm.] 1. An an- 
 imal in general. [065.] 2. A noxious or mischievous 
 animal; e^/^fic/'cWy, collectively, petty noxious little ani- 
 mals or insects, as squirrels, rats, mice, worms, grubs, 
 flies, &c. 3. Hence, noxious human beings; — in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Ver'mi-nate, v. i. [Lat. verminare, to have worms, fr. 
 vermis, a worm.] To breed vermin, 
 
 Ver/mi-na'tion, n. 1. Generation or breeding of ver- 
 min. 2. A griping of the bowels. 
 
 Ver'min-ous, a. [Lat. verminosus, fr. vermis, & worm.] 
 1. Tending to breed vermin ; full of, or infested by, 
 vermin. 2. Caused by, or arising from the presence of, 
 vermin. 
 
 Ver-mip'a-roiis, a. [Lat. vermis, a worm, and parere, 
 to bring forth.] Producing worms. 
 
 Ver-miv'o-rous, a. [Lat. ^"e/•w?^5, a worm, and t'orare, 
 to devour.] Feeding on worms. 
 
 Ver-iia«'u-lar, a. [Lat vernaculus, bom in one's house, 
 native, from verna, a slave born in his master's house, a 
 native.] Belonging to the country of one's birth ; native. 
 
 Ver-na,«'u-lar, n. The vernacular language ; one's 
 mother tongue. 
 
 Ver-nac'u-lar-igm, n. A vernacular idiom. 
 
 Ver'nal, a. [Lat. vernalis, from ver, spring.] 1. Be- 
 longing to, or appearing in, spring. 2. Hence, belong- 
 ing to youth, the spring of life. 
 
 Vernal equinox (Astron.) the equinox in spring or March. 
 
 Ver-na'tion, n. [N. Lat. ^•ema^^o.] (jBo<.) Dispositiom 
 of the leaves within the bud ; prefoliation. 
 
 Ver'nier, n. [From the inventor, Pierre Vernier.] A 
 short graduated scale made to slide along the divisions of 
 a graduated instrument, for measuring parts of its small- 
 est spaces. 
 
 Ve-r6ii'i-€a, n. [From Santa Veronica, who, accord- 
 ing to an old legend, as Christ was carrying tne cross, 
 wiped his face with a cloth, which received an impres- 
 sion of his countenance ; Veronica, M. Gr. Bepovi'/crj, from 
 Macedonian BepevUri, for Gr. ^epevt/crj, i. e., carrying off 
 victory, victorious ; usually but erroneously, derived from 
 Lat. and Gr. verum icon, i. e., a true image.] A portrait 
 
 *,i,&c.,loitg; a,, 6, ^c, short; c&re, far, ask, aU, what; 6re,veil,tSrm; p'ique,firm; s6n,6r,do, W9lf, 
 
VERSATILE 
 
 797 
 
 VESTAL 
 
 or representation of the face of our Savior on handker- 
 chiefe. 
 VSr'sa-tUe, a. [Lat. versatilis, from versare, to turn 
 aroutfd.] 1. Liable to be turned in opinion. 2. Turn- 
 ing with ease from one thing to another ; readily applied 
 to a new task, or to various subjects. 3. (Nat. Hist.) 
 Capable of revolving ; freely movable. 
 Syn. — Variable ; changeable ; unsteady ; fickle. 
 
 Ver'sa-tile-ness, n. State or quality of being versatile ; 
 versatility. 
 
 Ver'sa-til'^-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being versatile ; 
 aptness to change ; variableness, '-i. Faculty of easily 
 turning one's mind to new tasks or subjects. 
 
 Verse (14), n. [Lat. versus, a furrow, a row, a line in 
 writing, and, in poetry, a verse, from vertere, versum. to 
 turn, to turn round.] 1. A line consisting of a certain 
 number of long and short syllables, disposed according 
 to metrical rules, ti. Metrical arrangement and lan- 
 guage ; poetry. 3. A short division of poetical composi- 
 tion ; a stanza ; stave. [Common, but hnproper.] 4. A 
 short division of any composition, especially of the chap- 
 ters in the Old and New Testaments. 5 . A piece of poetry. 
 
 Blank verse, poetry in which the lines do not end in rhymes. 
 — Heroic verse (.iVos.), a kind of verse usually consisting of 
 ten syllables, or in English, of five accented syllables, consti- 
 tuting five feet. 
 
 Versed (verst), p. a. [From Lat. versatus, p. p. of versari, 
 to turn about frequently, to turn over, to be engaged in 
 a thing.] Acquainted or familiar, as the result of experi- 
 ence, study, practice, and the like ; skilled ; practiced. 
 
 Verg'er, n. A maker of verses ; a versifier. [verse. 
 
 Ver'si-<;le, n. [Lat. versiculus, dim. of versus.] A little 
 
 Ver'si-eol'or (-kul'ur), ) a. [Lat. versicolor, from 
 
 Ver'si-«6rored. (-ktil/urd), ) versare, to turn, to 
 change, and color, color.] Having various colors ; change- 
 able in color. [metrical composition. 
 
 Ver'si-fi-ea'tion, n. Act, art, or practice of versifying ; 
 
 Ver'si-fi'er, n. 1. One who makes verses. 2. One 
 who expresses in verse the ideas of another written in 
 prose. 
 
 Ver'si-fy, v. i- [imp. & p. p. VERSIFIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. VERSIFYING.] [Lat. versificare, from versus, a verse, 
 and /acere, to make.] To make verses. 
 
 Vgr'si-fy, v. t. 1, To relate or describe in verse. 3. To 
 turn into verse. 
 
 Ver'sion, n. [N. Lat. versio, from Lat. vertere, versum, 
 to turn, to change, to translate.] 1. Act of translating, 
 3. A translation ; that which is rendered from another 
 language. 
 
 Verst, n. [Russ. versta.] A Russian measure of length 
 containing 1501 feet ; a werst. 
 
 Ver'sus, prep. [Lat., toward, turned in the direction of, 
 from vertere, versum., to turn.] Against ; — chiefly used 
 in legal language. 
 
 Vert, n. [Fr. vert, green, Lat. viridis, from virere, to be 
 green.] 1. (Eng. Forest Laio.) Every thing that grows 
 
 and bears a green leaf within the forest. ^ ^ 
 
 3. [Her.) A green color, represented in ^ ^ 
 
 a drawing or engraving by parallel lines 
 sloping downward toward the right. 
 
 Ver'te-brd,n.; pi. ver'te-brje. [Lat. 
 from vertere, to turn.] (Anat.) A joint 
 or segment of the back-bone or spinal 
 column in a fish, reptile, bird, or quadru- v f /'• 
 ped, and in man. ^®" w- 
 
 Ver'te-bral, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, the joints of 
 the spine or back-bone. 2. Having a back-hone. 
 
 Ver'te-brate, n. An animal having an internal jointed 
 skeleton, the back-bone in which is called the vertebral 
 or spinal column. 
 
 Ver'te-brate, ) a. [Anat.) Having a back-bone, or 
 
 Ver'te-bra'ted, j vertebral column, containing the 
 spinal marrow. 
 
 Ver^tex, n. / Eng. pi. vEr'tex-ej ; Lat. pi. vSr'ti- 
 fES. [Lat., prop, that which turns or revolves about 
 itself, from vertere, to turn.] 1. Principal or highest 
 point; top; summit; crown; hence, specifically, (a.) 
 The crown of the head, {b.) The zenith, or point of the 
 heavens directly overhead. 2. [Math.) The point in any 
 figure opposite to, and furthest from, the base; the top 
 pr point opposite the base. 
 
 Ver'ti«-al, a. 1. Situated at the vertex or highest 
 point ; directly overhead, or in the zenith ; perpendicu- 
 larly above one. 3. Perpendicular to the plane of the 
 horizon ; upright ; plumb. 
 
 Ver'ti<5-al-ly, adv. In a vertical manner ; from above 
 downward. 
 
 VSr'ti€-al-ness, n. The state of being vertical. 
 
 Ver-ti^'il-late, \a. [N. Lat. verticillatus, fr. verten. 
 
 Ver-tif'il-la/ted, I See Vertex.] (£o^) Arranged 
 in a ring or whorl ; arranged around a stem or pedicel, 
 like the rays of a wheel. 
 
 Ver-ti^'i-ty, n. [See Vertex. J Power of turning; 
 revolution ; rotation. [Rare.] 
 
 Ver-tig'i-noiis, a. [Lat. vertiginosus, fr. vertigo, giddi- 
 ness.] 1. Turning round; whirling; rotary. 3. Af- 
 fected with vertigo ; giddy ; dizzy. 
 
 Ver-tig'i-nous-ly, adv. With a whirling or giddiness. 
 
 Ver-tig'i-nous-ness, n. State or quality of being ver- 
 tiginous ; giddiness. 
 
 Ver'ti-go, n. [Lat., from rertere, to turn.] Dizziness ol 
 swimming of the head ; giddiness. 
 
 Ver'vaiii (42), n. [Fr. i-en-eme. See Verbena.] (Bot:, 
 A plant of the genus Verbena. 
 
 Ver'y, a. [0. Eng. veray, verray, from Lat. verax, true, 
 veracious, q. v.] True ; real ; actual. 
 
 V6r'y, adv. In a high degree; to no small extent; ex- 
 ceedingly ; excessively. [cation. 
 
 Ves'i-«aiit, n. [See m/m.] (Mei^.) A blistering appli- 
 
 V6s'i-<;ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vesicated; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. VESICATING.] [N. Lat. vesicare,vesicatum, from 
 Lat. vesica, a bladder, blister.] To raise little bladdem 
 or blisters upon ; to blister. [Rare.] 
 
 V6s'i-ca'tion, n. Process of vesicating, or of raising 
 blisters on the skin. 
 
 VSs'i-ea-to-ry, n. A blistering application or plaster. 
 
 V6s'i-ea-to-ry, a. Having a power to blister. 
 
 V6s'i-«le, n. [Lat. vesicula, dim. of vesica, a bladder.] A 
 bladder-Hke vessel ; a membranous cavity ; a cyst ; a 
 cell ; especially, (a.) (Bot.) A small bladder-like body in 
 the substance of a vegetable, or upon the surface of a 
 leaf, (b.) (Med.) A small orbicular elevation of the cuti- 
 cle containing lymph ; also, any small cavity or sac in 
 the human body. 
 
 Ve-si«'u-lar, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 vesicles. 5i. Full of interstices ; hollow. 3. Having 
 little bladders or glands on the surface, as the leaf of a 
 plant. 
 
 Ve-si«'u-late, a. Bladdery ; full of bladders ; vesicular. 
 
 Ves'per, n. [Lat. vesper, the evening, the evening star, 
 the west, vespera, the evening, allied to 6r. eo-Trepos, ear- 
 nepa.] The evening star; Hesper; Venus; hence, the 
 evening. 
 
 V6s'per§, n. pi. The evening song, or evening service, in 
 the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Ves'per-tine, a. [Lat. vespertinus.] Pertaining to th« 
 evening ; happening, or being, in the evening. 
 
 Ves'sel, n. [Lat. vascellum, dim. of vasculum, dim. of 
 vas, a vessel.] 1. A utensil proper for holding any thing ; 
 a hollow dish of an/ kind. 3. Any structure made to 
 float upon the water, for purposes of commerce or war. 
 3. (Anat.) Any tube or canal in which the blood and 
 other fluids are contained, secreted, or circulated. 4. 
 (Bot.) (a.) A canal or tube, of very small bore, in which 
 the sap is contained and conveyed, (b.) An elongated 
 tubular cell, with spiral deposits. 5. Figuratively, 
 something receiving or containing ; hence, one into whom, 
 or that into which, any thing is conceived as poured. 
 
 V6st, n. [Lat. vestis, a garment, vest, allied to Gr. e<rfli7?, 
 eo-flos, dress, clothes, Goth, vasti, garment, Skr. vasas, id., 
 Goth, vasjan, to clothe, Skr. vas, to be clothed.] 1. An 
 article of clothing covering the person ; an outer garment 
 3. Hence, any outer covering. 3. Specifically, a waist- 
 coat or body garment for men, without sleeves, and worn 
 under the coat. 
 
 Syn.— Garment ; vesture ; dress ; robe ; vestment ; waist- 
 coat.— In England, the original word waistcoat is always used 
 for the garment worn immediately under a coat. In the United 
 States, vest has been universally substituted, while waistcoat 
 is more generally used for an under garment ; as, a flannel 
 waistcoat. 
 
 Vest, V. t. [imp. & p. p. vested ; p. pr. &, vb. n. VEST- 
 ING.] [See supra.] 1. To clothe with a garment, or as 
 if with a garment, to cover, surround, or encompass 
 closely. 3, Hence, to put in possession ; to furnish ; to 
 endow. 3. (Laiv.) To give an immediate fixed right of 
 present or future enjoyment. 
 
 Vest, V. i. To come or descend ; to be fixed ; to take 
 effect, as a title or right. 
 
 Vgs'tal, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, Vesta, the goddess 
 of fire among the Romans, and a virgin. 3. Hence, 
 pure ; chaste. 
 
 Ves'tal, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A virgin consecrated to Vesta, 
 and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which was 
 to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar. 
 
 food, fo^ot i <lrn, r^de, p«U ; fell, ^liai^e, «aU, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, liiilt ; this. 
 
VESTED 
 
 798 
 
 VICE 
 
 Vfst'ed, p. a. Not in a sUte of contingency or suspen- 
 sion : fixed. 
 
 Tes-tib'u-lar, a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a vestibule. 
 
 V6s'tl-bule, «. [L&t. vestibtilum.] The porch or entrance 
 into a house ; an antechamber between the hall and the 
 outer doors ; a lobby ; a porch ; a hall. 
 
 Syn.— Hall: passase. — A vestibule is a small apartment 
 within the doors of a building: a hall is the first large apart- 
 ment beyord the vestibule, and, in this country, is usually 
 long and narrow, serving as a passage to the several apartments. 
 In England, the hall is generally square or oblong, and a long, 
 narrow space of entrance is called a passage, not a hall. 
 
 VCs'tiee, H. [Lat. vfsligiutn.] The mark of the foot 
 left on the earth ; a track or footstep ; trace ; sign ; hence, 
 feint mark of something which has been oris present, but 
 is lost or has perished. 
 
 Svn. — Trace. — Vestige is literally a foot-print ; a trace is 
 •omething drawn out in a line. Vestige, therefore, always sup- 
 poses something left behind, while a trace is a mere indication 
 that something has been present or is present; as, traces of for- 
 mer population; a truce of poison in a given substance. 
 
 Vfist'ing, "• Cloth for Tests ; a vest pattern. 
 
 V6st'ment, n. [Lat. vestimtntum, fr. vestire, to clothe, 
 fr. vfsiis, a garment, clothing.] A covering or garment ; 
 some part of clothing or dress ; a dress ; a robe. 
 
 VCs'try, n. [Lat. vestiariuin, fr. vestis, a garment, cloth- 
 ing.] 1. A room appendant to a church, in which the 
 sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are usually kept, 
 and where parochial meetings are held. 2. ( Church of 
 Eng.) An assembly of persons who manage parochial 
 affairs; — so called because held in a vestry. 3. {Epis- 
 copal Chttrch, A7ner.) A committee chosen annually by 
 the parish, who, in conjunction with the church-wardens, 
 manage its temporal concerns. 
 
 V6s'try-man, ti. : pi ves'try-men. (Episcopal 
 Church.) One belonging to a select number of persons in 
 each parish, who manage its temporal concerns. See 
 Vestry. 
 
 Test'ure (53), n. [L. Lat. vestitiira, from Lat. vestire, to 
 clothe, dress.] 1. A garment : a robe ; clothing; dress: 
 apparel ; vestment ; habit ; covering ; envelope. 'Z. 
 {Law.) The corn with which land was covered. 
 
 VStcli, 71. [Lat. vicia, Gr. jSiKtoi/, 0. H. Ger. ivicce, D. & 
 Lith. wikke.] {Bot.) A leguminous plant, some species 
 of which are valuable for fodder. 
 
 Vetdi'ling, n. [From vetch.] {Bot.) A small, legumi- 
 nous plant ; everlasting pea. 
 
 Vfitch'y, fit. 1. Con.«isting of vetches or of pea straw. 3. 
 Abounding with vetches. 
 
 Vet'er-an, a. [Lat. veteranus, from vetus, veteris, old.] 
 Long exercised in any thing, especially in military life and 
 the duties of a soldier. 
 
 Vet'er-an, n. One who has been long exercised in any 
 service or art, particularly in war. 
 
 Vgt'er-i-na'ri-an, n. [Lat. veterinarius, from veterina- 
 rius, belonging to beasts of burden or draught, from vete- 
 rinus, contracted from vehiteri-aus, from vekere, to bear, 
 carry.] One skilled in the diseases of cattle or domestic 
 animals. 
 
 V6t'er-i-na-ry, n. Pertaining to the art of healing or 
 treating the diseases of domestic animals, as oxen, horsas, 
 sheep, and the like. 
 
 to, n. ; pi. VE'TOEg. [Lat. veto, I forbid.] 1. Any 
 authoritative prohibition : especially, the power possessed 
 by the executive branch of a legislative body, as a king, 
 president, governor, &c., to negative a bill which has 
 pa£sed the other branches of the legislature ; also, the 
 act of exercising this power. 3. Hence, any authorita- 
 tive prohibition. 
 
 Ve'to, V. t. [imp. & p. p. VETOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VE- 
 TOING.] To withhold assent to, especially to a bill for a 
 law, and thus prevent its enactment. 
 
 Vit'tti-r'i'no, n. [It., from Lat. fecfwra, a bearing, convey- 
 ance, from vehfre, vecluni, to carry.] One who carries 
 travelers from one place to another in a vettura, or four- 
 wheeled carriage, at a price agreed on. [Italy.] 
 
 VSx., V. t. [imp. Si, p. p. VEXED (vekst): p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VEXING.] [I>at. vexnre, orig. to shake, toss, in carrying, 
 int^^nsive form of vehere, vectum, to carry.] 1. To make 
 angry by little provocations : to irritate : to plague ; to 
 torment : to harass ; to afflict ; to trouble. 3. To dis- 
 turb ; to disquiet ; to agitate. 
 
 8vn. —To tca«e : irritate ; provoke ; trouble ; disquiet ; 
 haraeg ; afflict. See Tease. 
 
 Tex-a'tlon, n. [I>at. veralio. See supra.] 1. Act of 
 vexing, or state of being vexed. 2. Cause of trouble or 
 disquiet. 3. A harasfling by law : a vexing or troubling, 
 ae by a malicious suit. 
 
 Syn. — Irritation ; chagrin ; agitation ; mortification ; uneasi- 
 
 ness; trouble 
 
 ORIN. 
 
 grief ; sorrow ; distress ; affliction. See Ch.' 
 
 Vex-a'tious, a. 1. Causing vexation ; disturbing or 
 agitating to the mind ; causing disquiet. 2. Distressing; 
 harassing 3. Full of vexation, trouble, or disquiet; un- 
 steady. 
 
 Syn.— Afflictive; provoking; troublesome; teasing; irritat- 
 ing; annoying. 
 
 Vex-a'tioiis-ly, adv. In a vexatious manner ; so as tu 
 
 give trouble or annoyance. 
 Vex-a'tious-ness, n. The quality of being vexatious, or 
 
 of giving trouble and di.squiet. 
 Vex'er, n. One who vexes, irritates, or troubles. 
 Vex'ing-ly, adv. In a vexing manner ; so as to vex, 
 tease, or irritate. [as, via Boston. 
 
 Vi'a, adv. [Lat., ablative of via, way.] By tbe way of; 
 Vi'a-bil'i-ty, «. 1. Quality of being viable : capacity 
 of living after birth. 3. Capacity of living or l>eing dis- 
 tributed over wide geographical limits. 
 Vi'a-ble, a. [Fr. f(n6/e,from vie, life, Lat. f!/a,for victa, 
 I from vivere, victum, to live.] Capable of living ; bom 
 i alive in such a state of formation as to be capable of Ut- 
 I ing, as a new-born infant or premature child. 
 I Vi'a-du-et, n. [L. Lat. viaduc- 
 \ tus, from Lat. via, a way, and 
 ! rfMc?w5, a leading.] A structure 
 j of considerable magnitude, and 
 usually of masonry, for carry- 
 > ing a railwaj' across a vallej" or 
 I river. 
 Vi'al, n. [See PHIAL.] A 
 small bottle, usually of glass ; 
 
 ^ P^^^- Viaduct 
 
 ! Vi'al, V. t. [imp. & p. p. VI- «uu».u 
 
 ALED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VIALING.] To put in a viSl or 
 
 ! vials. 
 
 j Vi-Sm'e-ter, n. [Lat. via, a way, and metrum, a meas- 
 
 i ure.] An instrument for measuring distances traveled 
 
 ! over ; an odometer. 
 
 I Ti'and, n. [Fr. viande, meat, food. Low Lat. vianda, 
 
 j vivanda, vivenda, from Lat. vivere, to live.] An article 
 
 I of food ; provision for eating ; food ; victuals : — chiefly 
 
 1 in the plural. 
 
 I Vi-at'i*, a. [Lat. f/a«?cM5, from ^•^a, a way.] Of, or per- 
 
 I taining to, a journey, or to traveling. 
 
 j Vi-at'i-«um, n. [Lat., from vialicus, from via, a way.] 
 
 ! 1. Provisions for a journey. 3. {Rom. Cath. Church.) 
 The communion or eucharist, given to persons in their 
 last moments. 
 Tinbrate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. VIBRATED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. VIBRATING.] [L&t. vibrare, vibralvm.] 1. To move 
 to and fro, or from side to side, as a pendulum, an elas- 
 tic rod, or a stretched string, when disturbed from its 
 position of rest. 2. To have the constituent particles 
 move to and fro, with alternate compression and dilation 
 of parts, as the air, or any elastic body. 3. To produce 
 a vibratory effect. 4. To pass from one state to another- 
 SyTi. — To swing; oscillate; sound. 
 Vint>rate, v. t. 1. To brandish ; to move to and fro ; to 
 swing. 3. To mark or measure by moving to and fi«. 
 
 I 3. To affect with vibratory motion. 
 
 , Syn. —To swing; oscillate; brandish; quiver. 
 
 Vi-bra'tion, n. Act of vibrating, or state of being vi- 
 brated, or in vibratory motion : quick motion to and fro ; 
 oscillation. 
 Vinbra-to-ry (50), a. 1. Consisting in vibration or oacil- 
 
 i lation ; vibrating. 3. Causing to vibrate. 
 
 1 "Vi-e'ar, «. [L&t. vicarius. See VICARIOUS.] {Eng. Ecel. 
 
 \ Law.) The incumbent of an appropriated benefice. 
 
 j ■^Ic'ar-age, n. 1. The benefice of a vicar. 3. The 
 
 j residence of a vicar. 
 
 I Vi-ea'ri-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, a vicar: small. 
 Vi-ea'ri-ate, a. Having delegated power, as a vicar; 
 
 ; vicarious. [the offire or oversight of a vicar. 
 
 ' Vi-<;a'ri-ate, n. Delegated office or power: vicarship; 
 Vi-<;a'ri-ou.s, a. [Lat. i*/car/!/5, from i-/f(5, change, alter- 
 
 I nation, turn, the position, place, office of one person a£ 
 
 I assumed by another.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, a vicar, 
 
 substitute, or deputy ; deputed : delegated. 3. Acting 
 
 or suffering for another. 3. Performed or suffered in the 
 
 place of another ; substituted. • 
 
 Vi-ea'ri-ous-Iy, adv. In a vicarious manner : in the 
 
 place of another; by substitution. 
 Viye, n. [Lat. vitium.] 1. A defect; a fault: a blem- 
 ish : an imperfection. 2. A moral fault or feUing ; espt- 
 cially, immoral conduct or habit ; unworthy or undesira- 
 ble custom . 3. A character or personage in the old Eng- 
 
 %,e,tcc.,lorig; &,6,kc.,sh&rt; c^re,far,ask,f^, wbat; 6re,TgiI, term; pique, firm; s6n,dr,d(t, wylf, 
 
VICE 
 
 799 
 
 VIGNETTE 
 
 Heh moralities, or moral dramas, having the name some- 
 times of one vice, sometimes of another, or of Vice itself. 
 Syn. — Crime ; sin ; iniquity ; fault ; wickedness. See 
 Crimb. 
 
 Ti^e, n. A smith's instrument consisting of two jaws, 
 closing by a screw, for holding work, as in filing, &c. 
 
 "Vi^e, t". t. [imp. & p. p. viced (vist); p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VICING.] To press closely or squeeze with a Tice, or as 
 if with a vice. 
 
 Vi^e. [Lat. vice, in the place of, instead of, for, from vicis, 
 change, turn, place.] A prefix used in composition, 
 chiefly in vords signifying per.sons, and denoting one 
 who acts in the place of another, or who is second in 
 rank or authority. 
 
 VV^e, prep. In the place of; instead of. 
 
 Vlfe'-S-d'nii-ral, n. 1. (British Navy.) The second 
 officer in command, ti. A civil officer, in Great Britain, 
 appointed by the lords commis.sioners of the admiralty 
 for exercising admiralty jurisdiction within their respec- 
 tive districts. 
 
 Vi^e^-3,d'nii-ral-ty, n. The office of a vice-admiral. 
 
 Vi^e'-clian'^el-lor, n. 1. (Law.) An officer next in 
 rank to a chancellor. 3. An officer in a university, in 
 England, annually elected to manage the affairs in the 
 absence of the chancellor. 
 
 Vi^e-ge'ren-^y, n. The office of a vicegerent ; deputed 
 power; lieutenancy. 
 
 Vi^e-ge'rent (89), n. An officer deputed by a superior, 
 or by proper authority, to exercise the powers of another ; 
 a lieutenant ; a vicar. 
 
 Vi^e-ge'rent, a. Having, or exercising, delegated power. 
 
 Vi^e'-leg'ate, n. A legate second in rank to, or acting 
 in place of, another legate. 
 
 Vi^e'-prdg'i-deii-^y, n. The office of vice-president. 
 
 Vi^e'-prSg'i-deiit, n. An officer next in rank below a 
 president. [royalty. 
 
 Vi^e'-re'gal, a. Of, or pertaining to, a viceroy or vice- 
 
 Vi^e'roy, n. [Fr. iwce-ro/, from Fr., Lat., & Eug. vice, 
 in the place of, and Fr. roi, roy, Lat. rex, a king.] The 
 governor of a kingdom or country who rules as the king's 
 substitute. 
 
 Tipe-roy'al-ty, ) n. Dignity, office, or jurisdiction of a 
 
 Vife'roy-sMp, ) viceroy. 
 
 Vi^'i-nage, n. [Lat. viciaiis, neighboring, a neighbor, 
 from vicus, a row of houses, a village.] The place or 
 places adjoining or near ; neighborhood ; vicinity. 
 
 Vi^'i-nal, I a. [Lat. vicinalis, vicinus.] Near ; neigh- 
 
 Vi^'ine, | boring. 
 
 Vi-^in'i-ty, n. [Lat. vicinitas. See supra.] 1. QuaUty 
 of being near, or not remote ; nearness ; propinquity ; 
 proximity. 2. That which is near, or not remote ; that 
 which is adjacent to any thing ; near place. 
 
 Syn. — Neighborhood; vicinage. See Neighborhood. 
 
 Vi'cioiis (vish'us), a. [Lat. vitiosus, from vitiiim, vice.] 
 1. Characterized by vice or defects, ti. Addicted to 
 vice ; corrupt in principles or conduct. 3. Lacking 
 purity. 4. Not genuine or pui-e. 5. Not well tamed or 
 broken ; given to bad tricks. 
 
 Syn. — Corrupt; faulty; wicked; depraved; defective ; im- 
 perfect; foul ; bad; unruly; refractory. 
 
 Vi'cious-ly (vlsh^us-), adv. In a vicious manner ; fault- 
 ily ; corruptly ; incorrectly. [vicious. 
 
 Vi'cioiis-ness (vTsh^us-), n. State or quaUty of being 
 Syn. — Corruptness; wickedness; immorality; profligacy; 
 unruliness. 
 
 Vi-^is'si-tude ^53), n. [Lat. vicissitudo, from vicis, 
 change, turn.] 1. Regular change or succession from 
 one thing to another; alternation; mutual' succession. 
 ti. Change ; mutation, as in human affairs. 
 
 Vi^'tim, n. [Lat. victima, a beast of sacrifice adorned 
 with the fillet or vitta, from viere, to bind, bind around.] 
 1. A living being sacrificed to some deity, or in the per- 
 formance of a religious rite. 2. A person or thing de- 
 stroyed or sacrificed in the pursuit of an object, or grati- 
 fication of a passion. 3. A person or living creature 
 destroyed by, or suffering, grievous injury. 4. Hence, 
 one who is caught or cheated ; a dupe ; a gull. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Vi€'tim-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. victimized; p. pr. 
 & 1-6. n. VICTIMIZING.] To make a victim of. [ Colloq.} 
 
 Vic'tor, n. [Lat., from vincere, victum, to vanquish, to 
 conquer.] One who gets the better of another in any 
 struggle ; especially, one who conquers in war ; one who 
 defeats an enemy in battle. 
 Syn. — Conqueror; vanquisher; winner; gainer. 
 
 Vl«'tor, a. Gaining the victory ; victorious. 
 
 Vie'tor-ine' (-een'), n. 1. A lady's fur tippet. 2. A 
 fruit allied to the peach. 
 
 Vl€-lo'rI-oiis, a. [Lat. victoriosus.] 1. Belonging or 
 relating to victory, or a victor; having conquered in 
 battle or contest ; having overcome an enemy. 2. Pro- 
 ducing conquest. 3. Emblematic of conquest ; indicat- 
 ing victory. 
 
 Syn. — Conquering; vanquishing; triumphant; successful. 
 
 Vi€-to'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a victorious manner. 
 
 Vi*;-to'ri-ous-ne.ss, n. State of being victorious ; tri- 
 umph. 
 
 Vi<;'to-ry, n. [hdi^t. victoria, irova victor, a. \\cior.] The 
 defeat of an enemy in battle, or of an antagonist in con- 
 test ; conquest ; triumph. 
 
 Vict'ual (vlt^l), f. t. [imp. & p. p. victualed ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. victualing.] [See infra.] To supply with 
 provisions for subsistence ; to provide with food. 
 
 Vict'ual-er (vit'l-er), »i. 1. One who furnishes victuals 
 or provisions. 2. One who keeps a house of entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 Vict'ualg (vit'lz), n. pi. [Low Lat. victualia, from Ijat. 
 victualis, belonging to living or nourishment, from victus, 
 nourishment, from vivere, victum, to five.] Food for hu- 
 man beings, prepared for eating ; that which supports 
 human life ; provisions ; meat ; sustenance. 
 Syn. — Provisions ; sustenance ; subsistence ; meat ; food. 
 
 Wde, V. imper. [Lat., imper. of videre, to see.] See ; — 
 used to direct attention to something. 
 
 V\-del'i-^et, adv. [Lat., contr. from videre licet, i. e., it 
 is easy to see, one may or can see.] To wit ; namely ; — 
 often abbreviated to viz. 
 
 Vid'u-al, a. [L. Lat. vidualis, fr. vidua, a widow, from 
 viduus, widowed.] Of, or pertaining to, the state of a 
 widow ; widowed. 
 
 Vie, v.i. [imp. & p.p. VIED; p. pr. & rb. n. VYING.] 
 [A.-S. ivigian, iviggan, to contend, to fight, Goth, veigan, 
 veihan.] To strive for superiority ; to contend ; to use 
 emulous effort, as in a race, contest, competition, rival- 
 ship, orstrife. 
 
 View (vu), V. t. [imp. & p. p. viewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VIEWING.] [From the n.] 1. To look at with atten- 
 tion, or for the purpose of examining ; to behold ; to in- 
 spect ; to explore. 2. To survey intellectually ; to ex- 
 amine with the mental eye ; to consider. 
 Syn. — To behold; look; eye; survey. 
 
 View (vii), n. [0. Fr. veue, N. Fr. vue, fr. veoir, voir, to 
 see, p. p. veu, vu, fr. veue, vue, from Lat. videre, id.] 1, 
 Act of seeing or beholding ; sight ; survey. 2. Hence, 
 mental survey ; intellectual examination. 3. Reach of 
 the sight ; power of seeing ; either physically or mentally. 
 4. That which is seen or beheld ; scene ; display as ap- 
 prehended by one who looks. 5. The representation of 
 a scene ; a sketch, either drawn or painted. 6. Mode of 
 looking at or receiving any thing ; manner of apprehen- 
 sion. 7. That which is looked toward or kept in sight, 
 as object, aim , intention, purpose, design. 8. Appear- 
 ance ; show> 
 
 View'er (vQ/er), n. One who views, .surveys, or examines. 
 
 View'less (vQ'les), a. Not to be viewed, beheld, or seen ; 
 not perceivable by the eye ; invisible 
 
 Vi-ges'i-mal, a. [Lat. vigesimus, twentieth, from vi- 
 ginti , twenty .] Twentieth; divided into, or consisting 
 of, twenties or twenty parts. 
 
 Vig'il, n. [Lat. vigilia, fr. vigil, awake, watchful, from 
 vigere, to be lively or vigorous.] 1, Abstinence from 
 sleep, either usual sleep or at the customary time ; sleep- 
 lessness ; watch. 2. Hence, watching or waking for re- 
 ligious exercises. 3. The evening before any feast; 
 hence, a religious service performed in the evening pre- 
 ceding a holiday ; also, a fast observed on the day preced- 
 ing a holiday ; a wake. 
 
 Vig'i-laii^e, n. [Lat. vigilantia.] State or quality of 
 being vigilant ; forbearance of sleep. 
 
 Syn.— Watchfulness; caution; guard; watch. 
 
 Vig'i-lant, a. [Lat. vigilans, p. pr. of vigilare, to watch, 
 fr. vigil, awake.] Attentive to discover and avoid dan- 
 ger, or to provide for safety. 
 Syn. —Wakeful; watchful; circumspect. 
 
 Vig'i-lant-ly, adv. In a vigilant manner ; watchfully. 
 
 Vignette (vin-yef or vin^yet), n. [Fr. vignette, from 
 vigne, a vine, fr. Lat. vinea, id., fr. viiieus, belonging to 
 wine, fr. i>m«<m, wine.] 1. (Arch.) A running ornament 
 consisting of leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architect- 
 ure. 2. A capital letter in ancient manuscripts. 3. 
 (Print.) Formerly, any kind of printers' ornaments, as 
 heads, flowers, and tail-pieces ; — more recently , any kind 
 of wood-cut, engraving, &c., not inclosed within a defi- 
 nite border. 
 
 food, foot ; &rii, r^de, pi^U ; pell, pbaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; as ; e^st, linger ; lii}k ; 
 
VIGOR 
 
 800 
 
 VIOLACEOUS 
 
 Vlg'or, n. [Lat. vis:or, fr. vigfre, to bo lively or strong.] 
 1, Active strength or fort^ of body ; physical force, ti. 
 Strength of niiml ; iutollootual force. 3. Strength or 
 force in animal or vegetable nature. 4. Strength ; en- 
 ergy : efficacy. 
 
 Vijc'or-oils. rt. 1. Possessing vigor; full of physical 
 strength or active force. '2. Exhibiting strength, either 
 of iKidy or mind ; powerful ; strong. 
 
 TIg'orH>us-ly, adi\ In a vigorous manner ; forcibly. 
 
 Vig'or-otts-iiess. n. The quality of being vigorous, or 
 possessed of active strength. 
 
 '\Tklng, H. / pi. VI'KINGR or vi'KlNGg. One of the pi- 
 rate chiefe from among the Northmen, who plundered 
 the coasts of Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries. 
 
 Tile, a. [co)?ipar. VILER; superl. VILEST.] [Lat. vilis.] 
 1. Humble ; low ; despicable. '^. Morally base or im- 
 pure ; depraved by sin ; hateful in the sight of God and 
 men. 
 Syn. — Base; mean; bad; sinful; wicked. See Base. 
 
 '\"ile'ly (109), arfv. 1. In a vile manner ; basely; mean- 
 ly : shamefully. 2. In a cowardly manner. 
 
 Viie'ness, n. 1. The quality of being vile; baseness; 
 meanness. 2. Moral baseness or depravity ; extreme 
 vrickedness ; badness. 
 
 Syn.— Baseness ; wickedness ; worthlessness ; despicable- 
 ness. 
 
 Til'i-fi-ea'tioii, n. Act of vilifying or defaming. 
 
 Tn'i-fi'er, n. One who vilifies or defames. 
 
 Vn'i-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. vilified ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VILIFYING.] [Lat. viUficare, from vilis, vile, and /ocere, 
 to make.] To attempt to degrade by slander. 
 Sjrn. — To debase; defame; revile; abuse; tiaduce. 
 
 "\Tl'la, «.; p/. vlL^LAg. [Lat. & It. w«a. ?,Qe supra.] 
 A country-seat ; a country residence, usually of a 
 wealthy person. 
 
 TXI'la^e, n. [From Lat. villa, q. v.] A small inhabited 
 place ; an assemblage of houses in the country, less than 
 a town or city, and inhabited qhiefly by farmers and 
 other laboring people. 
 
 Syn. — Hamlet; town ; city. — In England, a /iaj?iZet denotes 
 acouection of houses too small to have a parish church. A 
 village has a church, but no market. A town has both a mar- 
 ket and a church or churches. A citu is, in the legal sense, an 
 incorporated borough town, which is, or has been, the place 
 of a bishop's see. It is hardly necessary to say, that the last 
 three words have a different acceptation m the United States. 
 
 Vil'la-ger, n. An inhabitant of a village. 
 
 Villain (42), n. [0. Fr. inllain, vilain, vilein, N. Fr. vilain, 
 L. Lat. villanus, fr. villa, a village, fr. Lat. villa, a farm.] 
 1. {Feitdal Law.) A feudal tenant of the lowest class ; a 
 bondman or servant. 2. A vile, wicked person ; a de- 
 liberate scoundi-el ; a designing rascaL 
 Syn. —Rascal; scoundrel; knave; scamp; profligate. 
 
 Vlllain-ous, a. [Written also villanous.] 1. Suited 
 to a villain ; like a villain. 2. Proceeding from extreme 
 depravity. 3. Sorry; mean; mischievous. 
 
 Syn. — "Wicked; base; depraved; rascally; vile; infamous. 
 
 \TQ'laui-ous-ly, adv. In a -villainous manner; with 
 extreme wickedness or depravity ; basely. 
 
 Vil'lain-ous-ness, n. Quality of being villainous ; ex- 
 treme depravity ; baseness. 
 
 ATl'lain-y, n. [Written also villany.] 1. Quality of 
 being a villain, or villainous ; extreme depravity ; atro- 
 cious wickedness. 2. Depraved or infamous talk. 3. j 
 The act of a villain ; a deed of deep depravity ; a crime. 
 
 Viiaan-age, n. [0. Fr. villenage, L. Lat. villanagium, 
 viUenagium, villanaticum. See VILLAIN.] State of a 
 villain ; tenure on condition of doing the meanest serv- 
 ices for the lord. [Usually ^v^itten villenage.] 
 
 Villan-ous, a. [From villain.] See VILLAINOUS. 
 
 vn'lan-y, n. See Villainy. 
 
 Vil-lftt'ie, a. [Lat. villaticus, belonging to a country- 
 house, from villa, a country-house.] Of, or pertaining 
 to, a village. 
 
 VlVn, n. pi. [Plural of Lat. villus, shaggy hair.] 1. 
 (Anat. ) Minute papillary elevations on animal membranes, 
 giving them a velvety appearance. 2. {Bot.) Fine hairs 
 on plants. 
 
 Villi-f 6rm, a. [Lat. villus, shaggy hair, and forma, 
 form.] Having the form or appearance of villi; like 
 close-set fibers, either hard or soft. 
 
 Vil-lose' (125), J a. {Bot.) [I^at. villosus. See swpm.] 
 
 Vil'loils, I 1. Abounding or covered with fine 
 
 hairs, or woolly substance; nappy. 2. (Anat.) Fur- 
 nished with fine, fibril-like projections over a surfiice ; 
 downy. 
 
 Vim'I-nal, a. [From Lat. vimen, a pliant twig, fr. viere, 
 
 to bend Or twist together.] Pertaining to, consisting olj 
 or producing, twigs. 
 
 Vi-min'e-ofts, a. [Lat. vimineus, fr. vimen, a pliant 
 twig.] Made of, or producing, twigs or shoots. 
 
 Vi-na'ceoiis, a. [Lat. vinacevs, fr. vinum, wine.] 1, 
 Belonging to wine or grapes. 2. Of the color of wine. 
 
 VTn'ai-(jrette',n. [Fr., from tv/ia/gre, vinegar.] 1. A 
 sauce, of which vinegar, oil, &c., are ingredients. 2. A 
 small box, or bottle, used as a smelling- bottle, for hold- 
 ing aromatic vinegar, or smelling-salts. 
 
 Tin'^ i-bil'i-ty, " State or quality of being vincible. 
 
 Vin'fi-ble, a. [Lat. vincibilis, fv. vincere, to con(^\xeT.\ 
 Capable of being overcome or subdued ; conquerable. 
 
 Vin'fi-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of being vinci- 
 ble ; capabilit}' of being conquered ; vincibility. 
 
 Vln-e'H-Hnn,n. : pi. riNe'u-zA. [Lat., from LvnciV^, 
 vinctum, to bind.] 1. A bond of union. 2. (Math.) 
 A straight, horizontal mark placed over several memben 
 of a compound quantity, which are to be subjected to tha 
 same operation. 
 
 Vin-de'mi-al, a. [L-dt. vindemialis, from vindemia,Vk 
 vintage, from vinum. wine, and demere, to take away.] 
 Pertaining to a vintage. 
 
 Vin'dli-«a-l>le, a. Capable of being vindicated. 
 
 Viii'cli-«ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vindicated ; p. pr. 
 & vb n. vindicating.] [I>at. vindicare , vindicatum.] 
 
 1. To defend with success : to prove to be just or valid. 
 
 2. To support or maintain as true or correct, against 
 denial, censure, or objections. 3. To maintain, as a law, 
 or a cause, by overthrowing enemies. 
 
 Syn.— To assert; maintain; claim; defend; justify. 
 
 Vin'di-ea'tion, n. Act of vindicating, or state of being 
 vindicated ; claim ; defense ; support, as by proof, legal 
 process, or the like. 
 
 Vin'di-ea'tive, a. Tending to vindicate ; vindicating. 
 
 Vin'di-ca'tor, n. One who vindicates; one who justi- 
 fies, maintains, or defends. 
 
 Vin'di-ea-to-ry (50), a. 1. Tending to vindicate ; jus- 
 tificatory. 2. Inflicting punishment ; avenging ; pu- 
 nitory. 
 
 Vin-di«'tive,a. [From Lat. vindicta, revenge, punish- 
 ment. Cf. Vindicative.] Given to revenge ; revengefiiL 
 
 Yin-di«'tive-ly, adv. In a vindictive manner i revenge- 
 fully. [ness. 
 
 Vin-di-e'tive-nes.s, n. Revengeful temper ; revengeful- 
 Vine, n. [Lat. vinum, wine, grapes, vinea., a vine, from 
 rme?/5, belonging to wine.] (Bot.) (a.) The plant from 
 which wine is made ; the woody, climbing plant, that 
 produces grapes. (6.) Hence, a climbing or trailing plant ; 
 a creeper. 
 
 Vine'-dr6ss'er, n. One who cultivates vines. 
 
 Vine'-f rafter, n. A small insect that injures vines ; 
 an aphis. 
 
 Vin'e-gar, 7J. [Tr. vinaigre,fr. vin, Lat. z-mww, wine, 
 and aigre, Lat. acer, sour.] 1. An acid liquor obtained 
 from wine, cider, beer, and the like, by the acetous fer- 
 mentation. 2. Hence, any thing sour: — used also 
 metaphorically. 
 
 Vin'er-y, n. A structure usually inclosed with glass for 
 rearing vines. 
 
 Vine'yard (vin'yard), n. [From vine and yard.] An 
 •inclosure or yard for grape-vines ; a plantation of vines 
 producing grapes. 
 
 Vi'noiis, «. [Lat. vinosus, ftova. vinum, wine.] Having 
 the qualities of wine ; pertaining to wine. 
 
 Vint'age (45), M. [From r/ne. See VlNDEMlAL.] 1. 
 The produce, in grapes or in wine, of the vine for the 
 season. 2. The time of gathering the crop of g»apes. 
 
 Vint'a-ger, n. One who gathers the vintage. 
 
 Vint'ner, n. [0. Eng. vintener, Lat. vinitor, fr. vinum, 
 wine.] One who deals in wine. 
 
 Vin'y, a. 1. Belonging to vines ; producing grapes. 2. 
 Abounding in vines. 
 
 Vi'ol, n. [Fr. viole, It. viola, L. Lat. vituia.] 1. (Mus.) 
 A stringed musical instrument formerly in use, of the 
 same form as the violin, but larger. 
 
 ear The name is now applied as a general term to design^ 
 jnstrumente of the violin kind, as tenor viol, base-viol, and the 
 like. 
 
 2. (Naut.) A large rope sometimes used in weighing 
 anchor. 
 
 Vi'o-la,n. [See supra.] (Mus.) An instrument resem- 
 bling the violin, but somewhat larger, and a fifth lower 
 in compass. [ble of being violated. 
 
 Vi'o-la-ble, a. [loit. violabilis. See Violate.] Cap»- 
 
 VFo-la'ceoiis, a. [Lat. violaceus, from viola, a violet J 
 Resembling violets in color. 
 
 S> e, tec, long; a, 6, kc, short; c4re, lar, ask,^ll,Trlt^t; dre, vgil, tSriu; pique, firmyti&n,6T, A^j-wgUt 
 
VIOLATE 
 
 801 
 
 VISCERAL 
 
 Vi'o-late,v. t. [imp. & p.p. violated , p. pr. & vb. 
 n. VIOLATING.] [Lat. violare, violatum, fr. vis, sti-eugth, 
 force.] 1. To treat in a violent manner ; to abuse ; to 
 iiyure." ti. To do violence to, as to any thing that should 
 be held sacred or respected. 3. To commit rape on ; to 
 ravish. 
 
 Syn.— To injure: disturb; interrupt; infringe; transgress; 
 profane; deflour; debauch. 
 
 Vi'o-la'tion, n. 1. Act of violating, or state of being 
 violated; interruption, as of sleep or peace. ^. Infringe- 
 ment ; transgression ; non-observance. 3. Profanation 
 or contempcuous treatment of sacred things. 4. Rav- 
 ishment; rape. 
 
 Vi'o-la'tXve, a. "Violating, or tending to violate. 
 
 Ti'o-la'tor, n. 1. One who violates, injures, interrupts, 
 or disturbs. 3. One who infringes or transgresses. 3. 
 One who profanes, or treats with irreverence. 4. One 
 who debauches ; a ravisher. 
 
 \T0-len9e, n. [Lat. viof.entia.] 1. Quality of being 
 violent ; highly excited action, whether physical or 
 moral. '2. Injury done to that which is entitled to re- 
 spect, reverence, or observance ; uiyust force. 3. Rav- 
 ishment ; rape. 
 
 Syn.— Vehemence; outrage; fierceness ; eagerness; viola- 
 tion; infraction; infringement; transgression; oppression. 
 
 "%'1'o-leiit, a. [Lat. violentus, violens, fr. vis, strength, 
 force.] 1. Moving or acting with physical strength ; 
 excited by strong feeling or passion. 3. Committing 
 outrage; breaking law or right. 3. Produced or effected 
 by force. 
 
 Syn. — Fierce ; vehement ; outrageous ; boisterous; turbu- 
 lent; furious ; impetuous ; passionate ; severe ; extreme ; un- 
 natural; abnormal. 
 
 Vi'o-lent-ly, adv. In a violent manner ; forcibly. 
 
 Vi'o-let, n. [Lat. viola, a violet.] 1. (Bot.) A plant 
 and flower of many species. They are generally low, 
 herbaceous plants, and the flowers of many of the species 
 are of some shade of blue. 3. The color seen in a vio- 
 let, being one of the seven primary colors of the solar 
 spectrum. [combined. 
 
 Vi'o-let, a. Dark blue, inclining to red ; red and blue 
 
 Vf/o-lin', n. [Sp. violin, Fr. violon. See 
 Viol.] (Mus.) An instrument with, four 
 strings, played with a bow ; a fiddle. 
 
 Vi'o-lin'ist, n. A player on a violin. 
 
 Vi'ol-ist, n. A player on the viol; a vio- 
 linist. 
 
 Vi'o-lon-cel'llst, n. One who plays on the 
 violoncello. 
 
 V^ii/o-lon-cel'lo (ve/o-lon-ch61'lo or ve'o-lon- ^lolm. 
 sel'lo), n. [It., dim. of violone, a bass-viol.] {Mus.) A 
 bass-viol of four strings, or a bass-violin with long, large 
 strings, giving sounds an octave lower than the tenor 
 violin. 
 
 Violotie (ve'o-lo'na), n. [It. violone, augm. of viola, a 
 viol.] (Mus.) The largest instrument of the bass-viol 
 kind, having strings tuned an octave below those of the 
 violoncello. 
 
 Tl'per, n. [Lat. vipera, prob. contr. 
 from vivipera, from vivus, alive, and 
 parere, to bring forth, because it was 
 believed to be the only serpent that 
 brings forth living young.] 1. ( Zool.) 
 One of a family of poisonous reptiles 
 belonging to the order of the snakes. 
 
 2. Hence, a malignant person. Viper. 
 
 Vi'per-iiie, a. Of, or pertaining to, a viper, or to vipers. 
 
 Vi'per-oiis, a. Having the qualities of a viper ; malig- 
 nant ; venomous. 
 
 A'i-ra'go, n. ; pi. vT-RA'g5e§. [Lat. virago, from vir, a 
 man.] 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, 
 and courage ; a female warrior. 3. Hence, a bold, im- 
 pudent, turbulent woman ; a termagant ; a vixen. 
 
 Vir'e-lay, n. [Fr. virelai, from virer, to turn, and lai, a 
 song, a lay, q. v.] An ancient French song, or short 
 poem, wholly in two rhymes, and composed in short- lines, 
 with a refrain. 
 
 Vi-res'peiit, a. [Lat. virescens, p. pr. of virescere, to 
 grow green, inchoative form of virere, to be green.] 
 Slightly green ; beginning to be green ; greenish. 
 
 yir'gate (45), a. [Lat. virs;atus, fr. virga, a twig, rod.] 
 
 ' '{Bot.) Having the shape of a rod or wand. 
 
 Vir'gin (18), n. [Lat. virgo, virginis, from virere, to be 
 green, to flourish.] A female of unspotted purity ; she 
 who has preserved her chastity ; a maiden. See VIRGO. 
 
 Tir'gin, a. 1. Chaste ; pure ; undefiled ; fresh ; new. 
 
 3. Becoming a virgin ; maidenly ; modest ; indicating 
 modesty. 
 
 ed and blue 
 
 VIr'gin-al, n. [Probably so called from being used by 
 young girls, or virgins.] (Mus.) An instrument formerly 
 in use, somewhat resembling the spinet, but having a 
 rectangular form, like the small piano-forte. 
 
 Vlr-gin'i-ty, n. The quality of a virgin ; maidenhood. 
 
 Vtr'ffo, n. [Lat., a virgin.] (Astron.) (a.) A sign of the 
 zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of August. 
 (b.) A con.stellation of the zodiac, now occupying chiefly 
 the sign Libra. 
 
 Vir'i-cles'fenfe,n. Stateorquality of being viridescent. 
 
 Vir-'i-dfis'^ ent, a. (Bot.) Slightly green ; greenish. 
 
 Vi-rid'i-ty, I n. [Lat. viriditas, from viridis, green, fr. 
 
 Vir'id-ncss, ) virere, to be green.] Greenness ; verdure. 
 
 Vi'rile, or Vir'ile, a. [Lat. virilis, from vir, a man.] 
 1. Of, or pertaining to, a man, in the eminent sense of 
 the word (not to man, in the sense of the human race); 
 belonging to the male sex. 3. Masculine. 
 
 Vi-ril'i-ty , or Vi-ril'i-ty , n. 1. Quality of being virile ; 
 manhood ; manly character. 3. Power of procreation. 
 
 Vir-tu', n. [It. virtu, virtue, from Lat. virtus. See Vir- 
 tue".*] 1. A love of the fine arts ; a taste for curiosities. 
 3. Objects of art or antiquity, taken collectively. 
 
 Virt'u-al, a. [L. Lat. virtualis, from Lat. virtus, strength, 
 power.] Being in essence or effect, not in fact. 
 
 Virt'u-al-ly, adv. In a virtual manner ; in efiicacy or 
 effect only. 
 
 Virt'ue (18), n. [Lat. virtus, strength, courage, excel- 
 lence, virtue, from vir, a man.] 1. Active quality or 
 power; strength; force ; efficacy. 3. Natural excellence; 
 worth. 3. Moral excellence ; morality ; uprightness. 4. 
 A particular moral excellence. 5. Especially, female 
 chastity ; virginity ; purity. 6. One of the orders of 
 the celestial hierai-chy. 
 
 Cardinal virtues. See Caedijtal. —In or hy virtue of, 
 through the force of ; by authority of. 
 
 Tir'tu-o'so, n.; Eng. pi. vlR^TU-o'sog ; li.pl. VIR'TU- 
 o'-s'i. [It. See Virtuous.] One devoted to virtu ; a 
 person skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, curiosities, 
 and the like. 
 
 Virt'u-oiis, a. [See Virtue.] 1. Possessing or ex- 
 hibiting virtue. 3. Showing moral virtue or excellence ; 
 excellent ; good ; blameless ; morally right ; righteous. 
 3. Chaste; pure; — applied to women. 
 
 Virt'u-oiis-ly, adv. In a virtuous manner. 
 
 Virt'u-oiis-ness, n. State or character of being virtuous. 
 
 "Vir'ii-lenfe , )n. 1. Quality of being virulent ; in- 
 
 "Vir'ii.-IeiiL-py, ) jurious activity ; poisonousness. 2. 
 Acrimony of temper ; extreme bitterness or malignity. 
 Syn.— Malignancy; acrimony; bitterness; rancor; venom; 
 spite. 
 
 "Vir'Ti-lent, a. [Lat. virulentus, from virus, q. v.] 1. 
 Extremely poisonous or venomous ; very active in doing 
 injury. 3. Very bitter in enmity. 
 
 Syn.— Malignant; venomous; poisonous; rancorous; bit- 
 ter; spiteful. 
 
 Vir'ii-lent-ly, adv. In a virulent manner. 
 
 Vi'riis, n. [Lat., a slimy liquid, a poisonous liquid, 
 poison.] 1. (Med.) (a.) Contagious or poisonous mat- 
 ter, as of specific ulcers, the bite of snakes, &c. (b.) The 
 special contagion of a disease. 3. Hence, the spirit, 
 aim, or drift of any thing injurious, especially any thing 
 of a moral nature. 
 
 Vis, n. [Lat.] Force ; power. 
 
 Vis inertix, (a.) The resistance of matter, as when a body 
 at rest is set in motion, or a body in motion is brought to rest, 
 or has its motion changed either in direction or in velocity, (b.) 
 Inertness: inactivity. —Vis mortua {Mech.), dead force ; force 
 doingnowork, butonly producing pressure. — Fwrtra {Mech.), 
 living force; the force of a body moving against resistance, or 
 doing work, in distinction from vis mortua, or dead force. 
 
 V'i'sd, n. [Fr.] An official indorsement on a passport ; a 
 vise. See Vise. 
 
 Vii'|a, V. t. To indorse, after examination, with the word 
 vise, as a passport ; to vise. 
 
 Vi§'age (45), n. [L. Lat. visagium,iroxa. Lat. visus, & 
 seeing, a look, from videre, visum, to .<;ee.] The face, 
 countenance, or look of a person, or of other animals ; — • 
 chiefly applied to human beings. 
 
 Vig'a^ed, a. Having a visage or countenance. 
 
 Vis~a-vis {Yiz'?i-\v:'),n. [Fr., opposite, face to face.] 1. 
 One who, or that which, is opposite, or face to fivce with, 
 another. 3. A carriage in which two persons sit face to 
 face. 
 
 Ws'^.e-rk, n. ; pi. of viscus. [Lat.] (Anat.) The con- 
 tents of the great cavities of the body, as of the head, 
 thorax, and abdomen ; but especially those of the ab- 
 domen ; bowels. 
 
 Vis'^er-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, the viscera. 
 
 f dbd, f tfbt ; ftrn, rude, piUl ; ^ell, ^haise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§; ejist; liijger, link ; tiiis- 
 
VISCERATE 
 
 802 
 
 VITRIFACTURE 
 
 Vls'fer-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. viscerated; p. pr. 
 k vb. n. VISCERATING.] To deprive of the en trails or 
 viscera ; to eviscerate : to euibowel. 
 
 Vls'fid, a. [Lat. visci'Jus, from Lat. viscum, the mistle- 
 toe, bird-lime made from the berries of the mistletoe.] 
 Sticking or adhering, and having a ropy or glutinous 
 consistency. 
 Syn. — Glutinous; adhesive; sticky; tenacious. 
 
 Tls-^-id'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being viscid ; glutinous- 
 ness : tenacity ; stickiness. 2. That which is viscid ; 
 glutinous concretion. 
 
 Vis-e6s'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. viscositas.] Quality of being 
 viscous ; viscidity. 
 
 Vis'coiuit (vT'kount), n. [0. Fr. viscomte, vicecomte, 
 vicovite, L. Lat. vicecojnes, ft. Lat. vice,q. v., and cowes, 
 a companion, L. Lat, a count.] 1. (O. Eng. Law.) An 
 oflBcer who formerly supplied the place of the count or 
 earl. 5i. A nobleman next in rank below an earl ; also, 
 his degree or title of nobility. [Eng.] 
 
 Vis'€ovuit-ess (vl'kount-), n. The lady of a viscount; 
 a peeress of the fourth order. [vi.scount. 
 
 Tls'coimt-y { v?kount-y), n. The quality and oflBce of a 
 
 Vis'*:ous, a. [Lat. fJ5co5i<5, from ff'scwwz, bird-lime. See 
 Viscid.] Adhesive or sticky, and having a ropy or glu- 
 tinous consistency. 
 Syn. — Glutinous; clammy; sticky; adhesive; tenacious. 
 
 Vis'-etts.n.; pi. r1s'pE-RA. [Lat.] (^7ia«.) One of the 
 organs contained in the great cavities of the body ; any 
 one of the contents of the cranium, thorax, or abdomen ; 
 — chiefly in the plural. 
 
 Vise (vis), n. [Fr. vix, a screw, vise, 0. Fr. vis, Pr. vilz, 
 T^inding-stairs.] 1. (Arch.) A spiral staircase, the steps 
 of which wind round a perpendicular shaft or pillar. 
 [ Obs.] 2. An instrument for griping and holding things, 
 closed by a screw. 
 
 Visi (ve-zS''), n. [Fr. vise, p. p. of viser, to put a visa to, 
 from Lat. visu.^, seen, p. pr. of videre, to see.] An in- 
 dorsement made by the police ofl&cers of certain countries 
 on the continent of Europe, on a passport, denoting that 
 it has been examined, and that the person who bears it 
 is permitted to proceed on his journey.^ 
 
 Tige (ve-zaO, v. t. [imp. & p. p. VISEED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. vls:£lNG.] To examine and indorse, as a passport ; to 
 visa. 
 
 Vif'i-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. visibilitas.] State or quality of 
 being visible or perceivable by the eye ; perceptibility. 
 
 Vig'i-ble, a. [Lat. visibilis, fr. videre, visioji, to see."] 1. 
 Perceivable by the eye ; to be seen ; perceptible ; in view. 
 2. Noticeable; apparent; open; conspicuous. 
 
 Vi§'i-ble-iiess, n. State or quality of being visible; 
 visibility. 
 
 Vig'i-bly, a<f»!. In a visible maimer; noticeably; appa- 
 rently ; clearly. 
 
 Tig'ion (vTzh-'un), n. [Lat. visio, from videre, vision, to 
 see] 1. Act of seeing external objects : actual sight. 2. 
 Faculty of seeing; sight. 3. That which is seen; an 
 object of sight. 4. Especially, that which is seen other- 
 wise than by the rational eye ; an apparition ; a phantom. 
 5. Ilence, something imaginary; a creation of fancy. 
 
 Vis'ion (vizh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. VISIONED ; j). pr. 
 & vb. n. VISIOMXG.] To see in vision ; to dream. 
 
 Tig'ion-a-ry (vTzh'un-), a. 1. Affected by phantoms; 
 disposed to receive impressions on the imagination : given 
 to reverie. 2. Existing in imagination only ; having no 
 solid foundation. 
 Syn. —Fanciful; fantastic; unreal. See Faxcifcl. 
 
 Vlg'ion-a-ry (vTzh'un-), n. 1. One whose imagination 
 i-s disturbed. 2. One who forms impracticable schemes. 
 
 Vig'it, V. t. [imp. & p. p. VI.SITED; p. pr. & vb. n. VIS- 
 ITING.] [Fr. visiter. It. & Lat. visitare, from Lat. visere, 
 to go to see, to visit, from videre, visu7n. to see.] 1. To 
 go or come to see : to attend. 2. Hence, specifically, to 
 go or come to see for inspection, examination, correction 
 of abu.«ef», or the like: to examine. 3. Ilence, chiefly in 
 .-Scripture language, to come to for the purpose of cha.s- 
 tising, rewarding, comforting, or the Uke ; to appear be- 
 fore or judge, [.salutations. 
 
 Vig'it, V. i. To keep up the interchange of civilities and 
 
 ViB'it, n. 1. Act of visiting, or going to see a person or 
 thing: a brief stay of business, friendship, ceremony, 
 curiosity, and the like. 2. Art of going to view or in- 
 spect : official or formal inspection ; examination ; visit- 
 ation, [spected. 
 
 Vig'it-a-ble, a. Liable or subject to be visited or in- 
 
 Vig'it-ant, n. One who visits ; one who goes or comes to 
 see another. 
 
 VTg'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act of visiting, or the state of be- 
 ing visited ; access for inspection or examination. 2. 
 Communication of divine favor and goodness, or, more 
 usually, of divine wrath and vengeance ; retribution. 3. 
 A church festival in honor of the visit oif the Virgin Mary 
 to Elizabeth, celebrated on the second of July. 
 
 Alg'i-ta-to'ri-al, a. See Visitorial. 
 
 Vi-giite' (-zeet'), n. [Fr ] A light cape or short cloak of 
 silk or lace worn by ladies in summer. 
 
 Vig'it-or, n. 1. One who visits, or who comes or goes to 
 see another. 2. A superior, or person authorized to 
 visit a corporation, or any institution, for the purpose of 
 seeingjthat the laws, regulations, &c., are observed. 
 
 Vig'it-o'ri-al, a. Belonging to a judicial visitor or su- 
 perintendent. 
 
 Viisiie (veen or vee'ne), n. [Norm. Fr., from Lat. vicinia, 
 neighborhood.] Neighborhood ; venue. See Venue. 
 
 Vig'or, or Vi'gor, n. [From Lat. videre, visum, to see.) 
 
 1. A part of a helmet, perforated for the purpo.ee of see- 
 ing through. 2. A mask used to disfigure and disguise- 
 3. The forepiece of a cap, projecting over and protect 
 ing the eyes. 
 
 Vis'orcd, a. "Wearing a visor ; masked ; disguised. 
 
 Vis'ta, n. ; pi. vis'TAg. [It., sight, view, from vedere, p. 
 p. visto, veduto, to see, from Lat. videre, visum, id.] A 
 view, especially a distant view, through or between in- 
 t«rveniDg objects, as trees ; hence, the trees or other 
 things that form an avenue. 
 
 Vig'u-al ( vTzh/H-al), a. [L. Lat. visualis, from Lat. visus, 
 a seeing, sight, from videre, visum, to see.] Belonging 
 or relating to sight ; used in sight. 
 
 Visual angle (Opt.), the angle formed at the eye by the raya 
 of light coming from the extremities of the object. — Visual 
 point, a point in the horizontal line in which the visual rays 
 unite. —FisuoZ ray, a line of light supjwsed to come to tht 
 eye from a point of the object seen. 
 
 Vi'tal, a. [Lat. vitalis, fr. vita, life, for victa, fr. vivere, 
 victiim, to live.] 1. Belonging or relating to life, either 
 animal or vegetable. 2. Contributing or necessary to 
 life. 3. Containing life ; living. 4. Being the seat of 
 life ; being that on which life depends. 3. Very neces- 
 sary ; highly important. 
 Syn. — Essential; necessary; immediate; absolute. 
 
 Tl-tai'i-ty, n. [Lat. vitalitas.] State or quality of be- 
 ing vital ; the principle of life ; animation. 
 
 Vi'tal-ize v. t. [imp. & p. p. vitalized ; p.pr. k, vb. 
 n. vitalizing.] To make vital or alive ; to give life to. 
 
 \ I'tal-ly , adv. 1. In a vital manner : so as to give life. 
 
 2. Essentially. 
 
 Vi'tal g, n. pi. 1. Parts of animal bodies essential to life, 
 
 such as the viscera dependent upon the great sympathetic 
 
 nerve. 2. Hence, the part essential to life, or to a sound 
 
 state. 
 
 i Vit'el-la-ry, n. [From Lat. vitellus, a little calf, the 
 
 j yolk of an egg.] The place where the yolk of an egg 
 
 I swinis in the white. 
 
 Vi'ti-ate (vish'T-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. vitiated ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. VITIATING.] [Lat. vitiare, vitiatum, ft. 
 vitium,a, fault, vice.] 1. To make vicious, faulty, or 
 imperfect ; to render defective. 2. To cause to fail of 
 effect, wholly or in part ; to destroy, as the binding force 
 of an instrument or transjiction. 
 
 Syn. — To corrupt ; deprave ; defile ; pollute ; taint ; con- 
 taminate. 
 
 Vi'ti-a'tion (vIsh'T-a'shun), n. Act of vitiating, or Ptat« 
 of being vitiated ; depravation ; corruption ; invalidation. 
 
 Vi'ti-os'i-ty (vish'T-). n. Quality of being vicious ; cor- 
 rupt state ; depravation. 
 
 Vi'tious, a. 
 
 Vi'tioiis-ly, adv. 
 
 ATt'tioiis-ness, n. 
 
 "^It're-ous, a. [Lat. vitreus, fr. vitrum, glass.] 1. Of, 
 pertaining to, or derived from, glass. 2. Consisting of 
 glass. 3. Resembling glass. 
 
 Vitreous electricity, the kind of electricity excited by rubbing 
 gl ss with certain substances, as distinguished from that de- 
 veloped by the friction of resinous substances; — called also 
 positive electricity. 
 
 Alt're-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being vitreous. 
 
 Vi-tres'^en^e, «. State or quality of being vitreous; 
 the quality of being capable of conversion into glass. ' 
 
 Vi-trgs'^ent. a. [From Lat. vitrum, glass.] Capable of 
 being formed into glass : tending to become glass. 
 
 Vit'ri fa«'tion, n. Act. process, or operation of vitrify- 
 ing, or of converting into glass by heat. 
 
 Vit'ri-f a«t'ure. «. [From Lat. vitrum, glass, and/ocCT-*, 
 to make.] The manufacture of glass and pottery. 
 
 See Vicious, Viciously, Vicious- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 a, e, tea., long; a, g, &c., thort; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firiu ; son, dr, dg, wolf , 
 
VITRIFIABLE 
 
 803 
 
 VOICED 
 
 vox, vocis, a voice, a word.] A word ; a term ; a naoie ; 
 specifically, a word considered as composed of certain 
 sounds or letters, without regard to its meaning. 
 Vo-e&b'u-la-ry, n. [L. Lat. vocabularium , vocabuicmiu. 
 See supra.] 1. A list or collection of word.s arranged in 
 alphabetical order and explained. "2, Sum or stock of 
 words employed, 
 by fusion, or the action I Vo'cal, a. [Lat. vocalis, fr. vox, vocis, voice.) 1. Hav- 
 I ing a voice. 2. Uttered or modulated by the voice. 3. 
 Of, or pertaining to, a vowel or voice-sound ; — also, 
 spoken with tone, intonation, and reeonance ; sonant ; — 
 said of certain articulate sounds. 
 
 Vlt'rl-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of being ritrified, or con- 
 verted into glass. 
 Vit'ri-fi-ea'tion, n. Vitrifaction. 
 Vit'ri-f6rm, a. [Lat. vitrum, glass, and forma, form.] 
 
 Having_the form or appearance of glass ; resembling glass. 
 Vlt'ri-fy, V. t. ' [imp. & p. p. vitrified ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 n. VITRIFYING.] [From Lat. vitrum, g\aiss,&nd facere, 
 
 to make.] To convert' into gl; 
 
 of heat_^ I 
 
 Vit'ri-fy, v. i. To become glass ; to be converted into glass. 
 Vit'rt-ol, n. [N. Lat. vitriolum, from Lat. vitrum, glass; ! 
 
 from its crystalline form, or its translucency, or perhaps j 
 
 from its color.] ( Ciiem.) A soluble sulphate of either of 
 
 the metals. I 
 
 0(7 of vitriol, sulphuric, or vitriolic acid ; — popularly so i 
 
 called, because, like oil. when poured from one vessel into ' 
 • another, it makes no noise. 
 Vit'ri-o-late, r. t. [imp. & p. p. VITRIOLATED; p. 
 
 pr. & vb. n. VITRI0L.\TING.] To convert into a vitriol, 
 VIt'ri-51'i€, a. Pertaining to vitriol ; having the qual- 
 ities of vitriol, or obtained from it. 
 
 Vitriolic acid {Chem.), sulphuric acid; oil of vitrioL 
 Vit'ri-ol-ize, t'. «. To vitriolate. 
 Vit'u-line, a. [Lat. vitulinus, from vitulus, a calf.] Of, 
 
 or pertaining to, a calf, or to veal. 
 Vi-tii'per-ate, v. t. [Lat. vituperare,vituperatum, from j 
 
 vitium, a fault, and parare, to prepare.] To find fault 
 
 with; to overwhelm with abuse ; to censure. j 
 
 Vi-tu'per-a'tion, n. Act of vituperation ; abuse ; severe | V5>«al-iy, adv. 1. In a vocal manner; with voice 
 
 censure: blame. orally. 3. In words ; verbaUy. 
 
 Vi-tu'per-a-tive, a. Uttermg or writing censure ; Vo-ea'tion, n. [Lat. vocatio, from Lat. vocare, to caU 
 
 Vocal chords, or cords (Anat.), two thick and strong flbrou* 
 bands in the larynx, covered externally by a thin and delicate 
 mucous nembrane, and specially concerned with the formation 
 of sound. — Vocal mu.oic, music made by the voice, in distinc- 
 tion from instvumental music. 
 
 Vo-eari€, a. [From Lat. vocalis (sc. litera), a vowel.] 
 Consisting of the voice, or vowel sounds. 
 
 "Vo'«al-L«it, n. A singer, or vocal musician, as opposed 
 to an instrumental performer. 
 
 Vo-eai'i-ty, n. Quality of being vocal ; utterableness ; 
 resonance. 
 
 Vo'€al-i-za'tioii, n. 1. Act of vocalizing. 2. Forma- 
 tion and utterance of vocal sounds. 
 
 Vo'«al-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vocalized; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. VOCALIZING.] 1. To form into voice; to make 
 vocal or sonant. "Z, To practice singing on the vowel 
 
 abusive 
 
 Vi-va'cioiis, n. [Lat. vivax, vivacis, fr. vivere, to live.] 
 Sprightly in temper or conduct. 
 
 Svn. — Sprightly ; activ^; animated; sportive; gay; merry; 
 light-hearted. 
 
 jocund 
 Vl-va'cioiis-ness, 
 Vl-va^'i-ty, 
 
 of life and activity. 
 Syn. — Liveliness 
 
 Liveliness. 
 Vivandi^re (ve'vong'de-er'), n 
 
 female sutler. 
 
 Vt-va'ri-iint, ) n. [Lat. vivarium, fr. vivarius, belong 
 Vi'va-ry, j ing to living creatures, fr. vivus, alive 
 
 71. 1. Life ; spiritedness. 3. Spright- 
 liness of temper or behavior ; air 
 
 gayety; animation; sprightliness. See 
 
 [Fr. See Viand.] A 
 
 from roar, foc/.«, voice.] 1. Call; summons; citation; es- 
 pecially, designation to a particular state or profession. 
 2. Hence, destined or appropriate employment. 3. 
 (Tlieol.) The bestowment of God's distinguishing grace 
 upon a person or nation, by which that person or nation 
 Ls put in the way of salvation. 
 
 Syn. — Calling; trade; profession ; occupation ; designation ; 
 destination. 
 
 T6«'a-tive, a. [Lat. vocativus, fr. vocare, to call.] Re- 
 lating to, or used in, calling or address ; — said of that 
 case of the noun, pronoun, or adjective, in which a per- 
 son or thing is addressed. 
 
 V6€'a-tive, «. (Gram.) The case in which a word is 
 put when the person or thing is addressed. 
 
 Uving, fir. vivere, to live.] A place artificiaUy arranged i Vo-^if'er-ate, v. i. [Lat. vociferare, vociferari, voci/er- 
 
 for keeping or raising living animals 
 Viv'id, a. [Lat. vividus, fr. vivere, to live.] 1. True to 
 
 the life ; exhibiting the appearance of life or freshness ; 
 
 animated. 3. Forming brUliant images, or painting in 
 
 lively colors ; lively. 
 Syn. — Clear ; I ucid : bright ; strong ; striking ; lively ; quick ; 
 
 sprightly; spirited; active. 
 Viv'id-ly, adv. 1. In a vivid manner ; with life. 3. 
 
 With brightness; in bright colors. 3. With animated 
 
 exhibition to the mind. 
 \1v'id-iiess, n. 1. Quality of being vivid ; life ; spright- To-fif'er-oiis, a. 
 
 liness. 3. Strength of coloring ; brightness. ■ noisy. 
 
 Vi-vif'i€, )a. [La.t. vivificus, from vivus, alive, and "Vo^'ule, n. [Lat. voctda, dim. of voz, voice.] A faint 
 Vi-vif' 1-e-al, ) facere, to make.] Giving life ; reviving ; \ or feeble sound, as that heard on separating the lips in 
 
 enlivening. pronouncing p, t, or k. 
 
 Vi-vif'i-eate, v. t. [Lat. vivificare, vivijicatum. See Vogue (vog), n. [From 0. H. Ger. wogtn, for wag8n, 
 
 supra.] To give life to; to animate; to revive; tore- i M. H. Ger. wag^en, to move.] Temporary mode, custom, 
 
 cover : to vivify. i or practice ; popular reception ; — used now exclusively 
 
 Viv'i-fi-ea'tion, n. Act of vivifying, or state of being as part of the phrase in vogue. 
 
 vivified ; restoration of life ; revival. ^ Voi^e, «. [Lat. vox, vocis, allied to Gr. oi/«.] 1, Sound 
 
 Vlv'i-f i-ea'tive, a. Able to vivify, animate, or give life, i or audible noise uttered by the mouth ; utterance ; hence. 
 
 atum, from vox, vocis, voice, and ferre, to bear.] To cry 
 out with vehemence ; to exclaim. 
 Vo-?if'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. vociferated ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. VOCIFERATING.] To Utter with a loud 
 voice. 
 Syn. — To exclaim; bellow; bawl; roar; hoot; clamor. 
 Vo-^ifer-a'tion, n. Act of vociferating ; a violent out- 
 cry. 
 
 Syn. — Exclamation ; clamor; bawling; bellowing. 
 
 Making a loud outcry ; clamorous ; 
 
 Viv'i-fy, f. t. [imp. & p. p. vivified ; p. pr. & vb 
 VIVIFYING. See ViviFiCATE.] To eudue with life ; to 
 quicken ; to animate. ; 
 
 Tl-vJp'a-rous, a. [T^at. vivipants. fr. vivtix, alive, and 
 parere, to bear, bring forth.] Producing young in a living t 
 state, as all mammals. ! 
 
 Viv'i-s6-e'tioii, n. [From Lat. vivus, alive, and sectio, \ 
 a cutting, from secare, sectum, to cut.] The dissection ■ 
 of an animal while alive, for the purpose of making phys- 
 iologiciil investigations. 
 
 Vix'en(vlk'.sn), ». [A.-S.J?.ren, a she-fox. See Fox.] 1. ! 
 A fox's cub of either sex. 3. A ' cross, tU-tempered 
 woman. 
 
 VixVii-ly, a. Having the qualities of a vixen. 
 
 Viz'ier (vTz'yer), or Vi-zier', n. [Ar. wezir, wazir, 
 prop, a bearer of burdens, a porter, from icazara, to bear | 
 a burden.] A councilor of state ; a high executive officer ! Voice 
 in Turkey and other Oriental countries i ^ ' 
 
 the tone or sound emitted by any thing, sometimes, in- 
 tonated quality of utterance, as distinguished from mere 
 breath sound. 3. Mode of speaking, singing, or other- 
 wise producing sound ; distinctive character or quality 
 of tone. 3. Language ; words ; expression ; .signification 
 of feeling or opinion. 4. Opinion or choice expressed ; 
 a vote. 5. Command; precept; — chiefly in scriptural 
 language. 6. ( Gram.) A particular form of a verb, by 
 means of which the relation of the subject of the verb to 
 the action expressed by it is indicated. 
 
 Active voice (Gram.), that form of the verb bj' which iti aub- 
 iect is represented as the agent or doer of the action expressed 
 Dy it. — Middle voice, that form of the verb by which its subject 
 is represented as both the agent, or doer, and the obiect of the 
 action, that is, as performing some act to or upon himself.- 
 
 Pa.'t.nve voice, that form of the verb by which its subject is rep- 
 resented as the object, or person aflfected by the action. 
 
 t. [imp. & p. p. VOICED (voist) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 VOICING.] To fit for producing the proper sounds; 
 
 Grand vizier, the chief minister of the Turkish empire. I to regulate the tone of. 
 
 Vo'«a-ble, n. [Lat. vocabulum, fr. vocare, to call, fr. I Voiced (voist ), p. n. Furnished with a voice. 
 
 food, fo^t ; tan., rude, pull -, ^ell, ^haise, -eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, link ; tliiB. 
 
VOICELESS 
 
 804 
 
 VOLUPTUOUS 
 
 VoleolesSj, a. Having no voice, utterance, or vote. 
 Void, a. [0. Fr. fo»V/, voide, vuit, vuiil, rwiV/e, ft. Lat. 
 mdu%ts, widowed, deprived of, with the first m transposed.] 
 
 1 . VftcAnt : not occupied, ti. Being without ; destitute ; 
 ftee. 3. Having no iucunibeut : unoccupied. 4. Hav- 
 ing no legal or binding force ; null ; not sufficient to 
 produce it« effect. 5. Unsubstantial ; vain. 
 
 Syn. — Empty ; devoid ; wanting ; unfurnished ; unsup- 
 plied. 
 
 Toid, r>. An empty space ; a vacuum ; emptiness. 
 
 Void, V. t. [w}p. & p. p. VOIDED ; p.pr. &. vb. n. VOID- 
 ING.) 1. To make or leave vacant or empty; to quit; 
 to leave. 2. To throw, emit, or send out ; to evacuate. 
 3. To render of no validity or effect ; to vacate ; to 
 annul. 
 
 Vold'a-ble, rt. 1. Capableof being voided or evacuated. 
 
 2. {Imw.) Capable of being adjudged void, invalid, and 
 of no force ; capable of being avoided. 
 
 Vold'an^e, n. 1. Act of voiding or emptying ; ejection ; 
 especially, ejection from a benefice. 2. State of being 
 void ; vacanc}', as of an incumbent in a benefice. 
 
 Void'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, voids, or 
 empties, vacates, or annuls. 2. A tray, or basket, used 
 to receive or convey that which is voided or cleared 
 away from a given place. 
 
 Void'ness, n. State or quality of being void ; emptiness ; 
 vacuity ; destitution ; nullity ; inefiicacy. 
 
 Vo'lant, a. [Lat. volans, p. pr. of volare, to fly.] 1. 
 Pafising through the air upon wings, or as if upon wings ; 
 flying ; hence, passing from place to place ; current. 2. 
 Nimble ; light and quick ; active ; rapid. 
 
 Vol'a-tOe, a. [Lat. volatilis, from volare, to fly.] 1, 
 Capable of wasting away, or of easily passing into the 
 aeriform state. 2. Lively ; gay ; full of spirit ; airy ; 
 hence, fickle ; apt to change. 
 
 V61'a-tile-ne.ss, I M. 1. Quality of being volatile ; dis- 
 
 V61'a-til'i-ty, ( position to exhale or evaporate. 2. 
 Great sprightUness ; mutability. 
 
 Sjii. — Lightness ; giddiness; liveliness; levity; fickle- 
 ness. See Levitv. 
 
 Vol'a-til'i-za'tion, n. Act or process of volatilizing, or 
 rendering volatile. 
 
 V6ra-til-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. volatilized; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. VOLATILIZING.] To render volatile ; to 
 caase to exhale or evaporate. 
 
 Vol-«liii'i-e, a. 1. Of, or pertaining to, a volcano, or to 
 volcanoes. 2. Produced by a volcano. 3. Changed or 
 affected by the heat of a volcano. 
 
 V61'«an-ist, w. 1. One versed in the history and phe- 
 nomena of volcanoes. 2. One who believes in the effects 
 of eruptions of fire in the formation of mountains. 
 
 Vol-ea'no, 7!. ,-77?. VOL-CA'NOEg. [From Lat. Vulcanus., 
 Vulcan, the god of fire; It. volcano, vulcano, a burning 
 mountain.] (Geol.) A mountain from which lava, steam, 
 sulphureous gases, and the like, are ejected. 
 
 Vole, n. [¥r. vole, from voler, to steal, to steal away ; to 
 rob, abbrev. from Lat. involare, to fly at, to seize.] 1. 
 A deal at cards that draws all the tricks. 2. (Zo'dl.) An 
 animal of the rat or mouse kind. 
 
 Vol4e (vo'lJi'), 71. [Ft., a flight, from voler, Lat. volare, to 
 fly.] (Mus.) A rapid flight of notes. 
 
 Vo-li'tion (-ITsh'un), n. [L. Lat. volitio, from Lat. volo, 
 VfUe, to will, be willing, allied to Gr. /SoA, 86Ao/xai, 
 fiovKonai. Cf. Will.] 1. Act of willing or choosing; 
 exercise of the will. 2. Power of willing or determining. 
 Syn. — Will; choice; preference; determination; purpose. 
 — Choice is Anglo-Saxon, and volition Latin. Th« former is 
 the familiar, and the latter the scientific, term for the same 
 state of the will; viz., an "elective preference." When we 
 have " made up our minds" (as we say) to a thing, i. e., have 
 a settled Ktate of choice respecting it, tfiat state is called an im- 
 manent X'Olition ; when we put forth any particular act of choice, 
 that act is called an emnnant, or executive, or imperative, voli- 
 tion. When an immanent, or settled state of choice, is one 
 which controls or governs a series of actions, we call that state 
 a firedoininant volition ; wliile we give the name of subordinate 
 volitions to those particular acts of choice which carry into 
 effect the object sought for by the governing or " predominant 
 volition." 
 
 Vdlley, n. ; pi. VOL'LEYS. [Fr. volee, a flight, a volley 
 or discharge of several guns, from voler, to fly.] 1. A 
 flight of shot ; the discharge of many small arms at 
 once. 2. A burst or emission of many things at once. 
 
 Vdlley, v. t. [imp. & p. p. volleyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 VOLLEYING.] To discharge with a volley. 
 
 Vftl'ley, V. i. To be thrown out or discharged at once ; 
 to be di«chajrged in a volley, or as if in a volley. 
 
 Vc4-ta'i«, a. 1. Pertaining to, originated by, or named 
 in honor of, VoUa, who first devised apparatus for devel- 
 oping electric currents by chemical action, and estab- 
 
 lished this branch of electric science. 2. Pertaining to 
 voltaism, or voltaic electricity. 
 
 Voltaic battert/, an apparatus, consisting of a series of plat*s 
 or pieces of dissmiilar metals, as copper and zinc, arranged in 
 pairs, and subjected to the action of a saline or acid solutioa, 
 by which a current of electricity is gene^ted whenever the 
 two poles, or ends of the series, are connected by a conductor; 
 a galvanic battery. [See Battkky.]— Voltaic electricity, that 
 form of electricity which is developed by chemical action, as ia 
 a voltaic pile or battery : galvanism. — Voltaic pile, the form 
 of battery first devised by Volta, consisting of a column fonned 
 by successive pairs of metallic disks, as silver and zinc, with 
 moistened clotli between every two contiguous pairs. 
 
 V61'ta-i§m (44), n. That form of electricity which is 
 developed by the chemical action between metals and 
 different liquids ; also, the branch of science which treats 
 of this form of electricity ; — called also galvanism. 
 
 Voltigeur ( voFte-zhQr'), n. [Fr., from voltiger, to vault.] 
 
 1. A leaper, or vaulter. 2, (Mil.) A light infantry 
 soldier, in distinction from a grenadier. 
 
 V61'u-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. volubilitas.] State or quality of 
 being voluble; as, (a.) Aptness to roll. (6.) Act of 
 rolling, (c.) Fluency of speech. 
 
 V61'u-ble, a. [Lat. volubilis, from volvere, volutum, to 
 roll, to turn round.] 1. Easily rolling or turning; 
 rotating ; apt to roll. 2. Moving with ease and smooth- 
 ness in uttering words ; of rapid speech ; fluent. 
 
 V61'u-bly, adv. In a voluble, rolling, or fluent manner. 
 
 Vol'unae (vol'jum, 53), n. [From Lat. volumen, prop, 
 a thing rolled or wound up, hence a roll of writing, a 
 book, volume, fr. volvere, volutvm, to roll.] 1. A roll; 
 a scroll. [ Obs.] 2. Hence, a book ; a tome ; e.^peciaJly, 
 that part of an extended work which is bound up together 
 in one cover. 3. Any thing of a rounded, or swelling 
 form ; a contortion ; a whirl. 4. Dimensions ; compass ; 
 space occupied, as measured by cubic inches, feet, jards, 
 and the like. 5. (ISlus.) Power, fullness, quantity, or 
 caliber of voice or tone. 
 
 V6ru-in.et'ri«, a. [From Eng. volume, and Gr. /LteVpov, 
 a measure.] [Analytical Chem.) Performed by measured 
 volumes of standard solutions of re-agents. 
 
 Vo-lu'ini-riou.s, a. 1. Consisting of many coils or com- 
 plications. 2. Consisting of many volumes or books. 
 3. Having written much, or made many volumes ; 
 copious ; diffuse. 
 
 Vo-lu'ini-iious-ly, adv. In a voluminous manner ; in 
 many volumes ; very copiously. 
 
 Vo-lu'iiii-iiou.s-iiess, n. State or quahty of being 
 voluminous. 
 
 Vol'uii-ta-ri-ly, adv. In a voluntary manner ; in the 
 exercise of volition; spontaneously. 
 
 V61'un-ta-ri-ness, « . State or quality of being volun- 
 tary ; spontaneousness. 
 
 Vol'un-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. vohmtarius, fr. voluntas, yi\W, 
 choice, fr. voUns, p. pr. of volo, velle, to will.] 1. Pro- 
 ceeding from the will ; produced in or by an act of choice. 
 
 2. Unconstrained by the interference of another ; of his 
 or its own accord ; spontaneous. 3. Done by design or 
 intention; purposed; intended. 4. Subject to the will ; 
 regulated by the will. 5. Endowed with the power of 
 willing. 6. i:Laiv.) Free ; without compulsion ; without 
 consideration ; gratuitous. 
 
 V61'uii-ta-ry, n. (Mus.) A piece played by a musician 
 often ex temporarily, according to his fancy ; now gener- 
 ally used to indicate the organ-playing at the opening 
 of church service. 
 
 V5I'un-teer', 7?. 1. One who enters into any service of 
 his own free will. 2. (Mil.) One who enters into ser- 
 vice voluntarily, but when in service is subject to disci- 
 pline and regulations like other soldiers. 3. (Late.) One 
 to whom a conveyance is made without valuable consid- 
 eration. 
 
 Vol'un-teer', a. Entering into service of free will ; 
 composed of volunteers. 
 
 VoPun-teer', v. t. [imp. & p. p. volunteered : p. 
 pr. & vb. n. VOLUNTEERING.] To offer or bestow vol- 
 untarily, or without solicitation or compulsion. 
 
 Vol'un-teer', v. i. To enter into any service of one's 
 free will, without solicitation or compulsion. 
 
 Vo-liipt'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. voluptuarius or voluptarius, 
 fr. voluptas, pleasure.] A voluptuous person ; one who 
 makes his own bodily enjoyments his chief object or 
 care. 
 Syn. — Sensualist ; epicure. 
 
 Vo-liipt'u-a-ry, a. Addicted to, or affording, pleasure. 
 
 Vo-lupt'u-oiis, a. [Lat. voluptuosus, from voluptas, 
 pleasure.] 1. Full of delight or pleasure ; ministering 
 to sensual gratification ; exciting sensual desire ; sensuaL 
 2. Given to the enjoyments of luxury and pleasure. 
 
 a, e,&c ,long; Sk.,6,8LC.,short; cSrre, far, ask, all, -what; 6re, veil, term; piqae,firiu; g6n,dr,dQ,\v9lfr 
 
VOLUPTUOUSLY 
 
 805 
 
 VULGAR 
 
 Vo-liipt'u-oiis-ly , adv. In a voluptuous manner ; with 
 
 free indulgence of sensual pleasures; luxuriously. 
 Vo-ltlp.t'u-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being vo- 
 luptuous ; luxuriousness. 
 Vo-lute', n. [From Lat. volvere, volutum, to roll.] 
 
 {Arch.) A kind of spiral scroll, used in the Ionic and 
 
 Composite capitals. 
 VHm'i-^d, n. [Lat. fr.' vomere, to throw up, vomit forth.] 
 
 {Med.) (a.) An abscess in the lungs, (b.) An abscess in 
 
 other soft, spongy organs. 
 VSm'it, V. 1. [imp. & p.p. vomited; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 VOMITING.] [Lat. vomere, vomitum., and v. intens. 
 
 vomitare, allied to Gr. e/jLelv, Skr. warn, Lith. we772ti.] To 
 
 tject the contents of the stomach by the mouth ; to puke ; 
 
 to spew. 
 VSm'it, V. t. 1. To throw up ; to disgorge ; to puke; 
 
 'i. Hence, to eject from any hollow place ; to belch forth ; 
 
 to emit. 
 VSm'it, n. [Ii2t,t. vomitus^iv. vomere, vomitum.] 1. The 
 
 matter ejected from the stomach. 5J. {Med.) An emetic. 
 
 Black vomit {Med.), a copious vomiting of dark-colored mat- 
 ter, resembling coffee grounds, — one of the most fatal accom- 
 paniments of the yellow fever. 
 
 Vo-mi'tion (-mish'un), n. Act or power of vomiting. 
 
 Vom'i-tive, a. Causing the ejection of matter from the 
 stomach ; emetic. 
 
 Fo-»m'«o (vo-me'to), n. [Sp.,from Lat. vomitus. See 
 Vomit, n.] (Med.) The yellow fever in its worst form, 
 when it is usually attended with the black vomit. 
 
 VSm'i-to-ry, a. Procuring vomiting ; causing to eject 
 from the stomach ; emetic ; vomitive. 
 
 V6m'i-to-ry, n. 1. An emetic ; a vomit. 3. A princi- 
 pal door or entrance of a large building, as of an amphi- 
 theater. 
 
 Vo-ra'cioiis, a. [Lat. vorax, voracia, from vorare, to de- 
 vour.] Greedy for eating ; very hungry ; eager to devour 
 or swallow. 
 
 Syn. — Ravenous ; rapacious ; greedy. 
 
 Vo-ra'cious-ly, adv. In a voracious manner; with 
 greedy appetite ; ravenously. 
 
 Vo-ra'ciou.s-n.ess, n. Quality of being voracious ; greed- 
 iness of appetite ; ravenousness ; rapaciousness. 
 
 Vo-ra^'i-ty, n. Quality of being voracious ; greediness 
 of appetite; voraciousness. 
 
 Vo-rJlg'i-nou.s, a. [Lat. voraginosus , from vorago, an 
 abyss, gulf, from vorare, to swallow up, devour.] Full of 
 gulfs. 
 
 Vdr^tex, ».,- Eng. pi. v6r'tex-e§ ; Lat. pi. vor'ti- 
 PES- [Lat. vortex, vertex, fr. vortere, vertere, to turn.] 
 1. A whirling or circular motion of any fluid, forming a 
 kind of cavity in the center of the circle ; a whirlpool. 'Z. 
 A whirling of the air ; a whirlwind. 
 
 V6r'tl-«al, a. [From Lat. vortex, vorticis. See supra.] 
 Pertaining to or resembling a vortex in form or motion ; 
 whirling. 
 
 VSr'ti-^el, n. [N. Lat. vorticella, fr. vortex, vorticis. See 
 supra.] (Zool.) One of certain wheel-animalcules, which, 
 by the rapid rotary motion of the organs round the 
 mouth, create a vortex in the water, and thus obtain 
 their food. 
 
 Vo'ta-ress, n. [See Votary, n.] A female devoted to 
 any service, worship, or state of life ; a female votary. 
 
 Vo'ta-rist, n. One devoted or given up to any person or 
 thing, to any service, worship, or pursuit ; a votary. 
 
 Vo'ta-ry, a. [From Lat. votus, p. p. ofvovere, to vow, 
 to devote.] Consecrated by a vow or promise ; conse- 
 quent on a vow ; devoted ; promised. 
 
 Vo'ta-ry, n. One devoted, consecrated, or engaged by a 
 vow or promise. 
 
 "Vote, n. [Lat. volum, a vow, wish, will, from vovere 
 votum, to vow.] 1. Wish, choice, or opinion, of a per- 
 son or body of persons, expressed in some received and 
 authorized way ; suffrage. 3. That by which will or pref- 
 erence is expressed in elections, or in deciding proposi- 
 tions. 3. Expression of will by a majority. 
 
 V'ote. v. i. [imp. & p. p. voted ; p. pr. & vb. n. VOT- 
 ING.] [Fr. voter.] To express or signify the mind, will, 
 or preference. 
 
 Vote, V. t. 1. To choose by suffrage ; to elect. 2. To 
 enact, establish, grant, or the like, by a vote ; to deter- 
 mine, [vote. 
 
 Vot'er, n. One who votes ; one who has a legal right to 
 
 Vo'tive, a. [Lat. votivus, fr. votum, a vow.] Given by 
 vow ; devoted. 
 
 Vo'tive-Iy, adv. In a votive manner ; by vow. 
 
 Voxicli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. VOUCHED (voucht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. VOUCHING.] [Norm. Fr. voucher, from Lat. 
 
 vocare, to call, from vox, vocis, a voice, cry.] 1, To call 
 upon to witness, ti. To warrant ; to maintain by affir- 
 mations. 3. To back ; to support ; to establish. 4, 
 (I^i^.) To call into court to warrant and defend, or to 
 make good a warranty of title. 
 
 Syn.— To obtest ; declare ; affirm ; attest ; confirm ; as- 
 severate ; aver ; protest ; afisurc. 
 
 Vouch, v.i. To bear witness ; to give testimony or full 
 attestation . 
 
 Voucli-ee', n. {Law.) One who is called into court to 
 make good his warranty of title in the process of common 
 recover}'. 
 
 Voucli'er, n. 1. One who vouches, or gives witness or 
 full attestation to any thing. 2. A book, paper, or doc- 
 ument which serves to vouch the truth of accounts, or to 
 confirm and establish facts of any kind. 3. {Law.) Act 
 of calling in a person to make good his warranty of title. 
 
 Voucli'er, \n. (Lat^.) One who calls in another 
 
 Voucli'or (127), j to establish his warranty of title. 
 
 Voucli-safe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. vouchsafed (vouch- 
 saftO; p. pr. & vb. n. vouchsafing.] [From vouch, 
 and scife, to vouch or answer for safety.] 1. To permit 
 to be done without danger. 2. To condescend to grant. 
 
 Voucli-safe', t'. i. To condescend; to deign ; to yield; 
 to descend or stoop. 
 
 Vow, n. [Lat. votum, from vovere, votum, to vow.] 1, 
 A solemn promise made to God, or to some deity ; a devo- 
 tion of one's self. ti» Specifically , a promise of fidelity ; 
 a pledge of love or afifectipn. 
 
 Vow, V. t. [imp. & p. p. VOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. VOW- 
 ING.] 1. To give, consecrate, or dedicate to God by a 
 solemn promise, ii. To assert solemnly ; to asseverate. 
 
 Vow, V. i. To make a vow, or solemn promise. 
 
 Vo'w'el, n. [Lat. voccdis (sc. litera), from vocalis, sound- 
 ing, from vox, vocis, a voice, sound.] { Gram.) An utter- 
 ance of the human voice made through a more op^ 
 position of the organs than that with which a consonant 
 is uttered; also, a letter or character which represents 
 such a sound. 
 
 Vow'el, a. Of, or pertaining to, a vowel ; vocal. 
 
 Vow'elt'd, a. Furnished with vowels. 
 
 Vow'er, n. One who makes a vow. 
 
 Voy'age {colloq. voij), n. [Fr. voyage, 0. Fr. voiage, voi- 
 atge, veiage, L. Lat. viaticum, fr. Lat. viaticum, travel- 
 ing-money, provision for a journey, fr. inaticu!>. belonging 
 to a road or journey.] Originally a passage on the way ; 
 a journey in general ; but now chiefly confined to a pass- 
 ing by sea or water from one place, port, or country, 
 to another ; especially, a passing or journey by water to 
 a distant place or country. 
 
 G©* As a in the unaccented termination age often sinks, in 
 pronunciation, into the sound of short i (See Prin. ofPron. 
 § 45), and as the first syllable of the present word ends with the' 
 same sound, the vowel of the termination is apt to be omitted, 
 and the word pronounced voij, in one s;s;llable, though some, 
 aiming to keep it a dissyllable, say vaxv'rj. 
 
 Voy'age {colloq. voij), v. i. [imp. & p. p. VOYAGED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. VOYAGING.] To take a voyage or journey ; 
 especially, to sail or pass by water. 
 
 Voy'age (colloq. voij), v. t. To travel ; to pass over. 
 
 Voyageur (vwo'ya'zhQr'), n. [Fr., from voyager, to 
 travel, ^gq xitpra.] A traveler ; — the Canadian name 
 of a class of men employed by the fur companies, &c., 
 in transporting goods by the rivers and across the land, 
 to and from the remote stations at the north-west. 
 
 Vul-ca'ni-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, Vulcan, or t« 
 works in iron or other metols. 
 
 Viil'ean-ist, n. A volcanist. See Volcanist. 
 
 Vul'can-i-za'tion, n. The art or process of imparting 
 new properties to caoutchouc by causing it to combine 
 with sulphur. 
 
 Vul'«an-ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. vulcanized ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. VULCANIZING.] To change the properties of, 
 as caoutchouc, or India rubber, by the process of vul- 
 canization. 
 
 Vul'gar, a . [Lat. vulgaris, from vulgus, the multitude, 
 the common people.] 1. Of, or pertaining to, the mass 
 or multitude of people ; common ; general ; ordinary ; 
 public ; hence, in general use ; vernacular. 2. Belong- 
 ing or relating to the common people ; pertaining to 
 common life ; plebeian ; hence, sometimes of little or no 
 value. 3. Hence, lacking cultivation or refinement ; 
 rustic; boorish; also, offensive to good taste, refined 
 feelings, or delicacy. 
 
 Vulgar fraction (AritJi.), a fraction expressgd by a numera- 
 tor and denominator ; a common fraction ; thus, |. 
 Syn. — Common ; ordinary ; mean ; rustic ; unrefined. 
 
 Vul'gar, n. The common people. 
 
 food, fo'bt; iirn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^haise, «all, eeho; gem, get; a§ ; e^ist; linger, link ; tills. 
 
VULGARISM 
 
 806 
 
 WAGER 
 
 Tjll'fcar-Ifni, n. 1. Grossness of manners ; Txilgarity. 
 'i. A vulgar phrafse or expression. 
 
 V»a-jcftr'l-tv, n. 1. Quality of being vulgar ; the state 
 of the lower ola5i*# of society. 'Z. Grossness or clown- 
 ishnetts of manners or language. 
 
 VtU'g:ar-ize, r. /. [imp. & r- /'• vulgarized ; p. pr. 
 4 1-6. n. VULGARIZING.] To make vulgar. 
 
 Viil'pftr-ly, adv. 1. In a vulgar manner; in the ordi- 
 nar\ manner among the common people ; commonly. 
 'i. Meanlv : rudely ; clownishly. 
 
 ViLl'gate"(4.5), n. [From Ljit. r«Zg^a/t«!, usual, conunon, 
 p. p. of vuU'are, to make general or common, fr. vidgiis, 
 the multitude.] A very ancient Latin version of the 
 Scriptures : — so called from its common use in the Latin 
 church. 
 
 Vill'grate. a. Of, or pertaining to, the old Latin version 
 of the Scriptures. 
 
 Vul ner-a-bO'l-ty, n. State of being vulnerable. 
 
 Viil'ner-a-ble, a. [Lat. vuhierabilis, from vulnerare, to 
 wound] 1. Capable of being wounded; susceptible of 
 external injuries, "i. Liable to iryury ; subject to be af- 
 fected iryuriouBly ; assailable. 
 
 Viil'ner-a-ble-neS8, n. State of being vuhierable : txA. 
 
 I nerabiUty. 
 
 I Vul'ner-a-ry, a. [Lat. vuitterarius, fr. vidnus, vulneris, 
 a wound.] Useful in healing wounds ; adapted to the 
 
 I cure of external injuries. 
 
 I Vul'ner-a-ry, n. ( Med. ) Any plant, drag, or cconpoa- 
 
 tion, useful in the cure of wounds. 
 Viirpme, a. [Lat. vuipinits, from vulpes, a fox.] Of, per- 
 
 I taining to, or resembhng, the fox ; cunning ; crafty ; arUtil. 
 
 ; Vult'ure (vult/yHr. 53), n. [Lat. 
 
 I fultiir.] ( 0«»l/i. ) A rapacious 
 bird belon^ng to a certain genus 
 
 j included in the same order as the 
 
 I hawks and the owls. Proper vul- 
 tures have hitherto been found 
 only on the eastern continent. 
 Tu.lt'ur-ine(vult^yijr-in), n. Of, 
 or pertaining to. the vulture ; 
 having the qualities of, or resem- 
 bling, the vulture; rapacious. 
 Tult'iir-ous, a. Like a vult- 
 ure ; rapacious. Vulture. 
 
 W. 
 
 W (double u), the twenty-third letter of the English 
 alphabet, takes its written form and its name from 
 the repetition of a V, this being the form of the Roman 
 capital letter which we call U. In English, it performs 
 the double office of a consonant and a vowel, being a con- 
 «onant at the beginning of words and syllables, as in 
 icail, forward, and a vowel at the end of syllable.s, as in 
 netc, vow ; but it never occurs at the end of a syllable 
 except when united to another vowel. See Principles of 
 Pronunciation §§ 100-liJ3. 
 
 "WabTjle (wob^bO, v. i. [Prov. Ger. icahbeln, the same 
 a^ quubbeln, sckwaAbeln, watkeln.] To move staggeringly 
 from one side to the other ; to vacillate ; — said of a turn- 
 ing or whirUng body. 
 
 "WabTble, n. A hobbling, unequal motion, as of a wheel 
 unevenly hung. 
 
 WSclc'e, I n. [Ger. vjacke, graitivackt, 0- H. Ger. uag- 
 
 "WSclt'y, ) go, a kind of stone, a flint, a pebble.] [Geol. ) 
 A rock nearly allied to basalt, of which it may be r^ard- 
 ed as a more soft and earthy variety. 
 
 Grot/ veacke (Geo/.), a kind of conglomerate grit-rock, com- 
 poeed of rounded pebbles and sand. 
 
 "Wad (wod), 7». [D. & Ger. vsatte. allied to A.-S. wsed, 
 garment, clothing, weeds, 0. H. Ger. wat, garment.] 1. 
 A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. 2. Es- 
 pecially, a little mass of some soft or flexible material 
 for stopping the charge of powder in a gun and pressing 
 it close to the shot, or for keeping the powder and shot 
 close ; hence a soft mass of some loose fibrous substance, 
 used for various purposes, as for stopping an aperture. 
 
 W^, V. t. [imp. & p. p. wadded; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 WADDING.] 1. To form into a mass or wad, or into 
 wadding, ti. To insert or crowd a wad into. 
 
 "Wad, In. {ISlin.) An earthy oxide of manganese: — 
 
 Wadd, J sometimes applied also to plumbago or black- 
 ly. 
 
 'Wad'dtng (wod'ding), n. [See Wad, supra.'l 1. A 
 wad, or the materials for wads. 2. A kind of soft stuff 
 of loose texture, used for stuffing garments ; also, sheets 
 of carded cotton prepared for the same purpo.«e. 
 
 "Wad'dle (wod'dl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. waddled ; p. 
 fir. Sc vb. n. WADDLING.] [A.-S. wikllian, to wander, 
 beg, from vjodan, to go.] To walk with short steps, 
 throwing the body to one side and the other, like a duck, 
 or a very fat person. 
 
 Wade, V. i. [imp. & p. p. waded ; ;?. pr. & vh. n. 
 WADING.] [A.-S. uadan, Icei. vada, 0. H. Ger. v:atan. 
 allied to Lat. voder e, to go, walk.] 1. To walk through 
 any gubstance that yields to the feet, as water, mud, 
 sand, &c. 2. To move or pass with difficulty or labor. 
 
 Wade, v.t. To pass or cross by walking in or through a 
 lijuij, or other yielding substance. 
 
 Wad'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, wades. 2. (O- 
 nith.) One of an order of long-legged birds that wade in 
 the water in search of food. 
 
 Wad'y (wod'y) n. [Ar. v:adi, a valley, a channel of a 
 river, a river.] The channel of a water-course, which is 
 dry, except in the rainy season. 
 
 TVa'fer, n. [From L. Ger. & D. v:afel. See Waffle.] 
 1. A thin cake or leaf of flour and other ingredients. 2. 
 A thin leaf-like bread, used by the Roman Catholics in 
 the Eucharist. 3. A thin leaf of paste, used in sealing 
 letters, &c. 
 ; "Wa'f er, v. t. [i7np. Sc p. p. wafered : p. pr. &■ vb. n. 
 : WAFERING.] To seal or close with a wafer. 
 jWaf'fle (woffl). n. [X. H. Ger. u-afffl, L. Ger. & D. 
 I wafel. See Wafer.] A thin cake baked hard and roUed, 
 ! or a soft indented cake baked in an iron utensil on coals. 
 TTaft (6). V. t. [imp. & p. p. wafted : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WAFTING.] [Allied to u-ave, q. v.] To bear through s 
 fluid or buoyant medium : to convey through water or air. 
 Syn. —To float ; swim ; fly. 
 Waft, V. i. To be moved or to pass in a buoyant medi- 
 um : to float. 
 Waft, n. A signal made by moving something, as a flag 
 
 in the air. 
 Waft'age. n. Conveyance through a buoyant medium, 
 , as air or water ; transportation : carriage. ' 
 Waft'er, n. One who. or that which, wafts. 
 ] wag, V. t . [ii/ip. &- p. p. WAGGED : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 i WAGGING.] [A.-S. icfgan, uecgan, ua^an, to cslttv, 
 i move, wag, Goth, vigan, gavigan.] To move one way 
 and the other with quick turns ; to cause to vibrate as a 
 part of the body. 
 wag. V. i. 1. To move oneway and the other: to be 
 shaken to and fro ; to vibrate. 2. To be in action or 
 motion ; to move : to stir. 
 wag, n. [From the verb.] A man full of sport and 
 
 hxunor : a ludicrous fellow : a humorist ; a wit. 
 Wage, V. t. [imp. & p. p. waged : p. pr. &. vb. n. 
 WAGING.] [0. Fr. wager, gager, to pledge, promise, N. 
 Fr. gager, to wager, lay, bet, fi. 0. Fr. uage, gage, guar- 
 antee, engagement, L. Lat. ucdnnn, vadium, giiadium, 
 firom Goth. vadi. A.-S. uedd. ued,a pledge, promise.] 1. 
 To pledge : to hazard on the event of a contest : to stake ; 
 to bet ; to lay : to wager. 2. To expose one's self to, aa 
 a ri'sk : to venture. 3. To carr\- on as a war. 
 Wage, n. [From Goth. vadi.'O. H. Ger. uetti, A.-S. 
 vjed, jcedd, pledge, security, promi.=e.] That for which 
 one labcirs : stipulated payment for service performed ; 
 at present almost solely in the plural. 
 
 Syn. — Hire : reward : stipend : salary ; allowance ; pay : 
 compensation ; remuneration ; fruit. 
 
 Wa'ger, n. [See supra.] 1. Something dept^ted or haz- 
 arded, on the event of a contest or some unsettled ques- 
 tion : a bet ; a stake ; a pledge. 2. That on which beta 
 are laid. 
 
 Wager of battle (Anc. Lav;.), the pivins of gage or pledge foF 
 trjing a cause by single combat, formerly allf.we*! in military, 
 cnminal, and civil causes. In writs of rijrlit where the trikl 
 was by champions, the tenant prrKiuced his champion, who, 
 by throwing down his glove as a gage or pledge, thus tcoged oi 
 stipulated battle with thechawipiou of the demandant, who, by 
 taking up the glove, accepted the challenge. 
 
 j Wa'ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wagered; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 I wagering.] To hazard on the issue of a contest, at 
 
 a, e, kc.,tong; &,6, &c. , short; c&re, far, ask, all, v^hat ; 6re, veU, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, woll, 
 
WAGER 
 
 807 
 
 WALL 
 
 on some question that is to be decided, or on some casu- 
 alty ; to lay ; to bet. 
 
 Wa'^er, v. i. To make a bet ; to lay a wager. 
 
 Wa'^er-er, n. One who wagers or lays a bet. 
 
 Wa'ge§, n. [Plural in termination, but singular in sig- 
 nification. See Wage.] A compensation given to a hired 
 person for his or her services. 
 Syn. — Hire; stipend; salary; pay; recompense. 
 
 Wilg'ger-y, n. Manner or action of a wag ; sarcasm in 
 good tiumor ; pleasantry. 
 
 Wa.g'gisli, a. 1, Like a wag ; roguish in merriment or 
 good humor, ii. Done, made, or laid in waggery or for 
 sport. 
 
 Syn. — Sportive; merry; roguish; droll; frolicsome. 
 
 WS,g'gish-ly, adv. In a waggish manner ; in sport. 
 
 AVa,g'§:isli-ness, n. State or quality of being waggish. 
 
 WS^g'gle (w5g/gl), V. i. [Dim. of ivag ; allied to Lat. 
 vaciltare.] To reel or move from side to side ; to waddle. 
 
 \Va,g'gle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. waggled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WAGGLING.] To move one way and the other ; to 
 wag. 
 
 WUg'on, n. [A.-S. wdgen, ivdgn, ivsen, Icel. vagn, 0. 
 H. Ger. loagan, Skr. va/ia, vahana, Lat. vehes, vehicu- 
 lum, from Skr. vah, Lat. vehere, to bear, carry.] A 
 four-wheeled carriage ; especially, one used for carrying 
 freight. 
 
 G®~In the United States, light toagons are used for the con- 
 veyance of persons, and for carrying light commodities. 
 
 Wag'on-age, n. Money paid for carriage in a wagon. 
 
 Wa,g'oii-er, n. 1. One who conducts a wagon ; a 
 wagon-driver. 2. {Astron.) A constellation; Ursa Major. 
 
 Wag'tail, n. ( Ornith.) A small bird, of several species, 
 so named from the incessant motion of its long tail. 
 
 Waif, n. [From waive, wave, q. v.] 1. {Eng. Law.) 
 Goods found of which the owner is not known, ii. 
 Hence, any thing found, or without an owner ; that which 
 comes along, as it were, by chance. 
 
 Wail, V. t. [imp. & p. p. wailed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WAILING.] [Icel. vdla, to lament, Ir. waill, W. wylaw, 
 gwylaw.] To lament; to moan; to bewail; to grieve 
 over. 
 
 Wail, V. i. To express sorrow audibly ; to lament ; to 
 weep. 
 
 Wain, w. [A.-S. w!en,ivdgn, wdgen. See Wagon.] 1. 
 A carriage for the transportation of goods on wheels ; a 
 wagon, ti, (A-stron.) A constellation ; Ursa Major. 
 
 Waiii'-rope, n. A rope for binding a load on a wagon ; 
 a cart-rope. 
 
 Waiii's-eot, n. [0. D. waeghe-.tchot, N. D. wagen-schot, 
 a clapboard.] (Arch.) A wooden lining or boarding of 
 the walls of apartments, made in panels. 
 
 Wain's<;ot, v. t. [imp. & p.p. wainscoted; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WAINSCOTING.] To line with boards or panel- 
 work, or as if with panel-work. 
 
 Wain's-eot-ing, n. 1. Act of covering or lining with 
 boards in panel. 3. The material used to wainscot a 
 house, or the wainscot as a whole. 
 
 Waist, n. [A.-S. wdstin, fovm, figure, stature, 0. H. Ger. 
 walist, increment, stature, Goth, vahstus, from A.-S. 
 weaxan, Goth, va/isjan, 0. H. Ger. wahsan, to grow.] 1. 
 That part of the human body which is immediately below 
 the ribs or thorax. 3. Hence, the middle part of other 
 bodies; especially (Naut.), that part of a ship which is 
 between the quarter-deck and forecastle. 
 
 Waist'band, n. 1. The band or upper part of breeches, 
 trousers, pantaloons, or the like, which encompasses the 
 waist. 3. A sash worn by ladies around the waist. 
 
 Waist '<;16 til, n. 1. A cloth or wrapper worn about 
 the waist. 3. (Naut.) A covering of canvas or tarpaul- 
 ing for the hammocks, stowed on the gangways, between 
 the quarter-deck and the forecastle. 
 
 Waist'-eoat (colloq. wes'kut), n. A short coat or gar- 
 ment, without sleeves, worn under the coat, extending 
 no lower than the hips, and covering the waist ; a vest. 
 Syn. — See Vest. 
 
 Wait, V. i. [imp. & p. p. WAITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WAITING.] [From 0. H. Ger. wahten, Icel. vakta, to 
 keep, watch.] 1. To stay or rest in expectation ; to stop 
 or remain stationary till the arrival of some person or 
 event; to rest in patience. 3. To lie in ambush, as an 
 enemy. 
 
 To wait onfff upon, (a.) To attend, as a servant, (fc.) To go 
 to see; to visit on business or for ceremony, (c.) To follow, as 
 a consequence; to await. 
 Syri.— To attend; expect; watch; etay. 
 
 Wait, V. t. To stay for ; to await. 
 
 Wait. n. 1, Ambush. 52. pi. Musicians who perform 
 at night or in the early morning ; serenaders. 
 
 Wait'er, n. 1. One wbo waits ; an attendant. 3. A 
 salver ; a vessel on which something is carried, as tea- 
 furniture, &c_. 
 
 Wait'iiig-inaid, In. A female servant who attend* 
 
 Wait'ing-wom'an, ) a lady. 
 
 Waive, v. t.' [imp. & p. p. waived; p.pr- & vb.v. 
 WAIVING.] [See Wave.] 1. To relinquish; to give up 
 claim to ; not to insist on or claim ; to refuse ; to forego. 
 3. To throw away ; to cast off ; to reject ; to desert. 
 
 Waiv'er, n. (Law.) The act of waiving, or not insisting 
 on, some right, claim, or privilege. 
 
 Wake, V. i. [imp. & p. p. waked (wakt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WAKING.] [A.-S. wacan, wacian^ Goth, vakan, Icel. 
 vaka.] 1, To be or to continue awake; to watch ; nut 
 to sleep. 3. To hold a night revel. 3. To awake; *o 
 be awakened ; to cease to sleep. 4. To be stirred up 
 from a dormant, torpid, or inactive state. 
 
 Wake, v. t. 1. To rouse from sleep. 3. To put in mo- 
 tion or action ; to arouse ; to excite. 3. To bring to life 
 again ; to re-animate ; to revive. 4. To sit up, or watch 
 with at night, as a dead body. 
 
 Wake, n. 1. Act of waking, or being awaked. 3. State of 
 forbearing sleep ; vigils. 3. Hence, specifically, (a.) An 
 annual parish festival in commemoration of the dedica- 
 tion of the church, (b.) The sitting up of persons with a 
 dead body, chiefly among the Irish. 4. The track left 
 by a vessel in the water. 
 In the wake of, immediately rfter; hence, in the train of. 
 
 Wake'f ul, a. Indisposed to sleep ; watchful ; vigilant. 
 
 W^ake'fiil-iiess, n. Quality or condition of being 
 wakeful*; indisposition to sleep ; want of sleep. 
 
 Wak'cn (wAk'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. wakened ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WAKENiN^^.] [Sec WAKE, v. i.] To wake ; to 
 cease to sleep ; to be awakened. 
 
 Wak'eii (wak'n), v. t. 1. To excite or rou.se from sleep ; 
 to awaken. 3. To excite to action or motion. 3. To 
 rouse into action ; to stir up. 
 
 Wak'en-er (wak'u-er), n. One who wakens. 
 
 Wak'er, n. One who wakes or watches. 
 
 W^ale, n. [A.-S. walu, a mark of stripes or blows, Goth. 
 valus, a rod, staff, Icel. voir, a staff.] 1. The mark of a 
 rod or whip on animal flash. 3. A ridge or streak rising 
 above the surface of cloth, &c. 3. (Naut.) One of the 
 strong planks extending along a ship's sides, throughout 
 the whole length, at different heights. 
 
 Wale, v. t. To mark with wales or stripes. 
 
 Walk (wawk), v. i. [imp. k p. p. walked (wawkt); 
 p. pr. & vb. n. WALKING.] [A.-S. wealcan, to roll, turn, 
 revolve, 0. H. Ger. walkan, gawalchan, to revolve, Icel. 
 velkia.] 1. To move along on foot ; to advance by steps ; to 
 go on at a slower or faster rate, but without running. 3. 
 To move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement. 3. 
 To be stirring ; to be abroad : to go restlessly about ; — 
 said of things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a 
 sleeping or dead person. 4o Hence, to behave ; to con- 
 duct one's self. 
 
 W^alk (wawk), v. t. 1. To pass through or upon : to 
 perambulate. 3. To cause to walk or step slowly ; to 
 lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace. 
 
 To walk the plank, to walk oft the plank into the water and 
 be drowned; — from the practice of pirates who extend a 
 plank from the side of a ship, and compelled those whom they 
 would drown to walk oft' into the water; figuratively, tovacata 
 an office by compulsion. 
 
 W{|,lk (wawk), n. 1. Act of walking ; advance without 
 running or leaping. 3. Act of walking for air or exer- 
 cise. 3. Manner of walking- ; gait ; step. 4. That in 
 or through which one walks . place or distance walked 
 over ; hence, a place or region in which animals may 
 graze. 5. Frequented track: habitual place of action ; 
 sphere. 6. Conduct ; course of action ; behavior. 
 Syn.— Carriage; way; path; range. 
 
 Walk'er (wawk'er), n. One who walks. 
 
 W^alk'ing- staff (wawk'-), n. A staff carried in tbm 
 hand for support or amusement in walking ; a cane. 
 
 Wall (wawl), n. [A.-S. wtall, wall, allied to Lat. vallum, 
 vallus.] 1. A solid and permanent inclosing fence, a« 
 around a field, a park, a town, or the like ; al.-so, one of 
 the upright inclosing parts of a building or room. 3. 
 pi. Fortifications in general ; works for defen.se. 
 
 To drive to the wall, to bring to extremitirs: to push to ex- 
 tremes. — To go to the wall, to be hnrd pressed or driven; to be 
 the weaker party. — To take the wall, to take tlic inner side of 
 r. walk, that is, 'be side next the wall; hence, to take the pre- 
 cedence. 
 
 food, frfbt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; pell, phaise, <5all, e«lio ; gem, get ; a; ; ejist ; linger, link; tlii«. 
 
WALL 
 
 808 
 
 WARD 
 
 ; to flog ; to whip. 
 
 p. WALLOWED ;/>. 
 En?, icalice, A.-S. 
 
 Willi, f. t. [imp. & p. p. M'ALLED; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 WALLING.] 1. To iuclose with a wall, or as with a 
 wall. 'i. To defend by walls, or as if by walls. 3. To 
 close or till with a wall. 
 
 ■\Val-la'<'lii-aM, a. (Gtog.) Of, or pertaining to, Wal- 
 lachia, or to its inhabitants. 
 
 "\V}»l-laVlii-aii, >i. [Geog.) A native or inhabitant of 
 NVallaehia, in Northern Turkey ; a Wallach. 
 
 AVal'Iet (wol'let), n. [Fr. maUelle, maletie, valise, wal- 
 let, provision-bag, dini. of malle, a mail, a trunk, from 
 0. 11. Ger. maUia, inalaha, wallet, cloak-bag, portman- 
 teau, Ur. fioAyos, an o.K-hide, a skin.] 1. A bag or sack 
 for carrying about the per.^ou, as for carrying the neces- 
 saries for a journey : a peddler's pack ; a bag-like purse ; 
 a pocket-book for keeping money about the person, '-i. 
 Any thing protuberant and swagging. 
 
 Wall'-eye (wawl'T), ;i. 1. An eye in which the iris is of a 
 very light gray or whitish color ; — said usually of horses. 
 'i. An eve in which the white is very large and distorted. 
 [Prov. Eng.] 
 
 Wall'-eyt'd. (-Id), a. Having a "wall-eje ; hence (in 
 Shakespeare), liaving an eye which is utterly and incura- 
 bly perverted ; or one that knows no pity. 
 
 TTall'-floAv'er, n. (Bot.) A cruciferous, evergreen 
 plant, which grows in old walls, &c. ; a stock gillyflower. 
 
 "Wall'-friiit, n. Fruit which, to be ripened, must be 
 planted against a wall. 
 
 Wal'lop (woVlup), V. i. [imp. & p. p. WALLOPED 
 (woFlupt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. WALLOPING.] [Formed on 
 A.-S. weallmi, ivyllan, wellan, to spring up, to boil or 
 bubble, Eng. to icell. Cf. Well.] [Prov. Eng.] 1. To 
 boil with a continued bubbling. 3. To waddle. 3. To 
 gallop. 4. To be slatternly. 
 
 "Wal'lop, V. t. To beat soundly 
 [^rov. Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 
 
 "Wal'loAV (wol'lo). l\ I. [i}7ip. & p 
 pr. & vb. n. WALLOWING.] [0 
 tcealoivian , iveahcian, ivalwian, Goth, valiigjan, allied 
 to Skr. valg, to move one's self or itself.] 1. To roll 
 one's .self about, as in mire or on other substance ; to 
 flounder. "2, To live in filth or gross vice. 
 
 "Wal'lo^v-er, »i. 1. One who wallows. 3. {31ach.) A 
 lantern-wheel. 
 
 "Wal'nut (woFnut), n. [A.-S. wealk-hiut, a Welsh or 
 foreign nut, a walnut, from iveal/i, a foreigner, stranger, 
 a Welshman, Celt, and hnut, a nut.] (Bot.) A tree, and 
 its fruit, comprehending .several species, of which some 
 are natives of the United States. 
 
 ■Wal'rus (wol'rus), n. [D. wal- 
 rus, from Jval, in u-alvisch, a 
 whale, and rox, a horse.] (Zool.) 
 An aquatic mammal, resem- 
 bling the seal, and allied to it. 
 
 Waltz (wawlts), n. [D. ivals, 
 Ger. tvalzer, from walzen, to 
 roll, revolve, dance, 0. H. Ger. 
 tcalzan, to roll.] A dance per- 
 formed by two persons in circu- 
 lar figures with a w hirling mo- 
 tion ; also, a piece of music composed for this kind of 
 dance. 
 
 Waltz (wawlts), v. i. [imp. & ;;. p. waltzed (108); p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WALTZING.] To dance a waltz. 
 
 Waltz'er (wawlts'er), n. A person who waltzes. 
 
 Wam'ble (wom-'bl), v. i. [Fries, vominelen, Dan. vam- 
 mtl, squeami-sh, fa.stidious, Icel. vama, to nauseate.] 1. 
 To be disturbed with nausea. [Vidgar.] 3. To move 
 irregularly to and fro ; to roll. 
 
 Wana'pum (wom'pum), n. [Ind. wampum, tvompam, 
 from the Ma.ss. wompi, Del. wape, white.] Small beads 
 made of shells, used by the North American Indians as 
 money, and also wTought into belts, &c.,asan ornament. 
 
 Wan (won), a. [A.-S. wann,wonn,wnn. ?<'OH,pale, lurid, 
 livid, dusky, foul, orig., worn out by toil, from ivinnan, 
 to labor, strive.] Having a pale or sickly hue ; pale. 
 
 Wan, V. i. To grow wan ; to become pale or sickly in looks. 
 
 Wand (wond), n. [Icel. v'ondr, Goth, vandus.] 1. A 
 email stick ; a rod. 2. lltuce, spfcifiral/y, {a.) A staff 
 of authority, (b.) A rod u.«ed by conjurers or diviners. 
 
 Wan'der (wfin'der). v. i. [imp. & p. p. wandered ; 
 p'. jir. & vb. n. WANDERING.] [A.-S. wanrhian, wan- 
 dorian, Icel. andra, to wander ; A.-S. vjandlian, to be 
 changeable, to change; 0. H. Ger. wandaldn, wantalOn, 
 to be changed ; allicKl to A.-S. vendan, to change, to go, 
 to come ; vindan, to be borne around ; Eng. wend and 
 wind, q. v.] 1. To ramble here and there; to range 
 about. 3. To go away; to stray off; to go astray. 3. 
 To be delirious. 
 
 Walrus. 
 
 Syn. — To roam; rove; range; stroll; gad; stray: straggle; 
 err; swerve; deviate; depart. 
 
 Wan'der-er (w6n'der-er), n. One who wanders ; a ram- 
 bler ; one who roves. 
 
 Wane, f. /. [i7np. & p. p. WANED; p. pr'. & vb. n. 
 WANING.] [A.-S. wanian, wonian, 0. H. Ger. tt-an&n, 
 Icel. vana.^ from A.-S. tvan, won; Icel. van, vatir, 0. H. 
 Ger. wan. deficient, vain, wanting.] 1. To be dimin- 
 ished ; to decrease ;— especially applied to the illunu- 
 nated part of the moon. '2. To decline ; to fail : to sink. 
 
 AVane, n. 1. Decrease of the illuminated part of the 
 moon to the eye of a spectator. 2. Decline ; failure ; 
 decrease ; declensiott. 
 
 Wan'uess (109), n. The state or quality of being wan ; 
 a'sallow, dead, pale color ; paleness. 
 
 Wan'nish, a. Somewhat wan ; of a pale hue. 
 
 Want (wawnt), n. [See infra.] 1. State of not having ; 
 absence or scarcity of what is needed or desired. 2. In 
 a general sense, destitution ; poverty. 3. That which is 
 needed or desired : a thing of which the loss is felt. 
 
 Syn.— Indigence; deficiency; defect; lack; failure; dearth; 
 scarcity; scarceness. See Ixdigexce. 
 
 Want (wawnt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wanted ; p. pr. k, 
 vb.n. WANTING.] 1. To be without; to be destitute 
 of; to lack. 2. To have occasion for, as useful, proper, 
 or requisite; to require; to need. 3. To feel need of; 
 to wish or long for ; to desire. 4. To be lacking in re- 
 spect of, or to the amount of. 
 
 Want, V. i. [Icel. vaiita, to be wanting, allied to A.-S. 
 wanian, Eng. wane, q. v.] 1. To be deficient or lack- 
 ing ; to fail ; to fall short. 2. To be missed ; not to be 
 present. 3. To omit ; to neglect ; to fail. [ficient. 
 
 Want'ing, p. a. 1. Absent; deficient. 2. Slack; de- 
 
 Wan'ton (won'tun), a. [W. gica^itan, variable, fickle, 
 w'anton, gwanttvy. apt to move away, fickle, gtcantu, to 
 sever, to thrus'.] 1. Moving or flying loosely; hence, 
 wandering or roving in gayety or sport. 2. Running to 
 excess ; loose ; unrestrained. 3. Luxuriant ; overgrown. 
 4. Xot turned or formed with regularity. 5. Wander- 
 ing from moral rectitude ; licentious ; dissolute. 6. Es- 
 pecially, deviating from the rules of chastity. 
 
 Syn.— Sportive; frolicsome; airy; skittish; frisky; coltish; 
 lecherous; lascivious; libidinous. 
 
 Wan'ton, n. A lewd person ; a lascivious man or woman. 
 
 Wan'ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wantoned ; p. jar. & vb. 
 n. wantoning.] 1. To rove and ramble without re- 
 straint, rule, or limit ; to revel; to frolic. 2. To sport 
 in lewdness or lasciviously. 
 
 W^gn'ton-ly, adv. In a wanton manner ; loosely ; sport- 
 ively ; gayly ; lasciviously. 
 
 Wan'ton-ness (109), n. Quality of being wanton. 
 
 SjTi. — Levity ; frolicsomeness ; sportiveness ; lascivious- 
 ness: extravagance. 
 
 WSp'en-take, n. [A.-S. wsepengtiace. wsepenlace , so 
 called, as some think, because the inhabitants within 
 such divisions were taught the use of arms, from tvsepen, 
 a weapon, and la'can, to teach. According to others, this 
 name had its origin in a custom of touching lances or 
 spears when the hundreder, or chief, entered on his 
 office.] In some northern counties of England, a division 
 or district, answering to the Hundred in oth«r counties. 
 W^ar, n. [0. Eng. & A.-S. werre. mcerre, from 0. H. Ger. 
 iverra, scandal, quarrel, sedition, from tcerran, to con- 
 found, mix.] 1. A state of opposition or contest ; en- 
 mity ; hostility^ 2. A contest between nations or states, 
 carried on by force ; armed conflict of sovereign powers. 
 3. The profession of arms : art of war. 
 War, V. i. [imp. & p. p. warred ; p. pr. & vb. n. WAR- 
 RING.] 1. To contend ; to strive violently ; to fight. 2. 
 To make war ; to carry on hostilities ; or to be in a state 
 
 ' of contest by violence. 
 
 I Wfir'ble (wor'bl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WARBLED : p. pr. 
 
 \ & vb. n. WARBLING.] [0. Eng. icerbelle, from Ger. wir- 
 
 j beln, to turn, to warble ; D. wervelen. Eng. whirl.] 1. 
 
 I To .sing in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory manner ; 
 
 ' to trill. 2. To utt€r musically ; to carol. 3. To cause to 
 
 j quaver or vibrate. 
 
 ' War'ble, v. i. 1, To be quavered or modulated ; to be 
 
 I uttered melodiously. 2. To sing in a trilling manner, 
 
 ' or with many turns and variations. [song. 
 
 W"arni>le, n. A qtiaveiing modulation of the voice; a 
 AVar'bler, n. One who, or that which, warbles ; a singer ; 
 a'songster ; — applied chiefly to birds. 
 
 j War'-«ry, n. A cry or signal used in war. 
 
 I War'-dan^e, n. A dance among .savages preUminary t« 
 going to war. 
 
 I W^ard, V. t. [ijnp. & p. p. warded ; p. pr. & vb. n- 
 
 ajej&Cjtorig-; a, 6, &c., sAorf; c&re,far,asl£,alJ„ what; Sre, veil, term ; piique,firui; son, or, do, wolii 
 
WARD 
 
 809 
 
 WARRANTY 
 
 WARDING.] [A.-S. weardian, to keep, protect, allied to 
 werian, werigan, to defend ; 0. H. Ger. ivarten, gaivar- 
 tin. See Guard.] 1. To keep in safety ; to watch ; to 
 guard, ti. To defend; to protect. 3. To fend off; to 
 repel ; to turn aside, as any thing mischievous that ap- 
 proaches. 
 
 Ward, «.. [A.-S. weard, f.^guard, weard, m., keeper, 
 guard, Goth, vardja, vards, gGard. See supra.] 1. Act 
 of guarding ; watch ; guard ; guardianship. '-J. One 
 whose business is to guard, watch, and defend. 3. State 
 of being under guard or guardianship ; custody ; the 
 cendition of a child under a guardian. 4. Means of 
 guarding; one who, or that which, guards; defense; 
 protection; defender; protector. 5. A guarding or de- 
 fensive motion or position in fencing. 6. One who, or 
 that which, is guarded ; as, specifically , (a.) A minor or 
 person under the care of a guardian, (b.) A certain di- 
 vision or quarter of a town or city, under the charge of 
 an alderman, (c.) A division of a hospital. 7. A pro- 
 jecting ridge of metal in the interior of a lock. 
 
 Syn.— Watch; stronghold; custody; imprisonment; guard- 
 ianship. 
 
 TVard'en (word'n), n. [See Guardian and supra.] A 
 keeper; a guardian. 
 
 Ward'en-ry, \ n. The office or jurisdiction of a 
 
 Ward'en-siiip, ) warden. ♦ 
 
 Ward'er, n. 1. One who wards or keeps; a keeper: a 
 guard. 2. A truncheon or staff of command, the throw- 
 ing down of which was a solemn act of prohibition to 
 stay proceedings. 
 
 Ward'robe, n. 1. A room, apartment, or portable 
 closet, where clothes are kept, or wearing apparel is 
 stored, '-i. Wearing apparel in general. 
 
 Ward'robm, n. (Naut.) A room occupied as a mess- 
 room by the commissioned officers of a war-vessel. 
 
 Ward'ship, n. 1. Office of a ward or keeper ; guardian- 
 Bhip ; right of guardianship, ti. State of being under a 
 guardian ; pupilage. 
 
 Ware, f. i. (iVawi.) To wear ; to veer. See Wear. 
 
 Ware, n. [A.-S. tvaru, Icel. vara.] Article of merchan- 
 dise ; the sum of articles of a particular kind or class; 
 especially, in the plural, goods : commodities ; merchan- 
 dise, [for goods. 
 
 Ware'house, n.; pi. wARE/HOU§-Eg. A storehouse 
 
 Ware'liouge, ^^ t. [imp. & p. p. warehoused; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. warehousing.] 1. To deposit or secure in 
 a warehouse. 3. To place in the warehouse of the gov- 
 ernment or custom-house stores, to be kept until duties 
 are paid. 
 
 WA,re'liouse-maii, n. ; pi. ware'house-men. 1. 
 One who keeps a warehouse. 3. One who keeps a whole- 
 sale shop or store for Manchester or woolen goods. [Eng.] 
 
 Wareg, n. ; pi. See Ware. 
 
 War'f are, n. [From war and fare, to go, to pass, A.-S. 
 /dru.] 1. Military service; war; hostilities. 3. Con- 
 test ; struggle. 
 
 War'-liorse, n. A horse used in war ; especially, a 
 strong, powerful, spirited horse for military service ; 
 a charger. 
 
 Wa'ri-ly (4, 89), adv. In a wary manner ; cautiously. 
 
 Wa'ri-ness, n. State or quality of being wary ; prudent 
 care to foresee and guard against evil. 
 
 Syn.— Caution; watchfulness; circumspection; foresight; 
 care; vigilance; scrupulousness. 
 
 Wartlike, a. 1. Fit for war ; disposed for war. 3. Be- 
 longing, or relating, to war. 
 Syn.— Martial; hostile; soldierly; soldier-like. See Mae- 
 
 TIAL. 
 
 W^ar'lock, n. [A.-S. ivarloga, a belier or breaker of his 
 agreement, word, or pledge, from loga, a liar.] A male 
 witch ; a wizard ; a sprite ; an imp. 
 
 Wjirm, a. [compar. warmer; superl. WARMEST.] 
 [A.-S. wearm, Goth, varms, Tcel. t-anr.r, allied to Skr. 
 gharma, heat, Gr. depfATj, 0epja6?,06'pfX6tv, Lat. fervere, 0. 
 Lat. formus, warm.] 1. Having heat in a moderate 
 degree ; not cold. 3. Subject to heat. 3. Hence, not 
 cool, indifferent, lukewarm, or the like, in spirit or tem- 
 per. 4. Vehement; excited; passionate. 5. [Paint.) 
 Having yellow or yellow-red for a basis. 
 
 Syn. — Ardent; zealous ; fervent; glowing ; cordial; keen;' 
 violent; furious. 
 
 Warm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. warmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 "vi^^RMlNG.] 1. To communicate a moderate degree of 
 heat to. 3. To make engaged or earnest ; to excite in- 
 terest, ardor, or zeal in. 
 
 Warm, v. i. 1. To become moderately heated. 3. To 
 become ardent or animated. 
 
 Warm'- bloodied (-blud'ed), a. Having warm blood; 
 — applied especially to birds and mammals. 
 
 Warm'-heart'ed, a. Possessing lively interest or 
 affection ; cordial ; sincere ; hearty. 
 
 Warm'ing-pftn, n. A pan with a long handle, and a 
 perforated cover used for warming a bed with ignited coals. 
 
 Warm'ly, adv. 1. In a warm manner. 3. Eagerly.; 
 earnestly ; ardently. 
 
 Warmth, n. 1 . State or quality of being warm ; gentle 
 heat. 3. A state of lively and excited interest. 3. 
 Earnestness; eagerness; enthusiasm. 4. (Paint.) The 
 glowing effect which arises from the use of warm colors, 
 and also from the use of transparent colors, in the proc- 
 ess of glazing. 
 
 Syn. — Zeal; ardor; fervor; fervency; heat; glow; cordial- 
 ity; animation; excitement; vehemence. 
 
 Warii,r.f. [imp. &/>./>. warned ; p. ?)r. &f6.n. WARN- 
 ING.] [A.-S. warnian, wearnian, Icel. varna, 0. H. Ger. 
 warndn, gawarnOn, allied to Eng. tvare, wary, q. v.] 1. 
 To make ware or aware ; to give previous information or 
 notice to ; to admonish ; hence, to notify or summon by 
 authority. *2. To caution against any thing that may 
 prove injurious. 
 
 Wam'er, n. One who warns ; an admonisher. 
 
 Warn'ing, 7i. 1. Caution against danger, or against 
 faults or practices wiiich incur danger ; admonition. 5i. 
 Previous notice. 
 
 Wg,rp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. WARPED (warpt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WARPING.] [A.-S. weorpan, werpan, loyrpan, 
 wurpan, to throw, to cast, Goth, vairpan, Icel. varpa, 
 verpa.] 1. To turn, twist, or be twisted out of a straight 
 direction, as a board in seasoning or by .shrinking. 2. 
 To turn or incline from a straight, true, or proper cour.<e ; 
 to deviate ; to swerve. 3. To fly with a bending or wav- 
 ing motion. 
 
 Warp, V. t. 1. To turn or twist out of shape, or out of 
 a"straight direction. 3. To turn aside from the true 
 direction ; to pervert.' 3. (Naut.) To tow or move with, 
 as a vessel, a line or warp attached to buoys, to anchors, 
 or the like. 4. (Rope-making.) To run off the reel into 
 hauls to be tarred, as yarns. 
 
 Warp, n. 1. (Weaving.) The threads which are ex- 
 tended lengthwise in the loom , and crossed by the woof. 
 
 3. ( Naut. ) A towing-line ; a warping-havvser. 
 Warp, n. The state of being warped or twisted. 
 Warp'ing, n. 1. Act or operation of one who, or that 
 
 which, warps. 3. Art or occupation of preparing the 
 warp of webs for the weaver. 
 War'raiit (wor/rant), v. t. [imp. & p. p. warranted ; 
 p'. pr. & vb. n. WARRANTING.] [0. Fr. warantir, gar- 
 antir, guarantir, from 0. Fries, wara, wera, to warrant, 
 0. H. Ger. weren, N. H. Ger. gewahren.] 1. To make 
 secure ; to guaranty safety to. 3. To support by author- 
 ity or proof; to justify. 3. To declare with assurance. 
 
 4. (Law.) (a.) To secure to, as a grantee, an estate 
 granted; to assure. (6.) To indemnify against loss, (c.) 
 To secure to, as a purchaser, the quality or quantity of 
 the goods sold, as represented, (d.) To assure, as a thing 
 sold, to the purchaser ; — that is, to engage that the 
 thing is what it appears or is represented to be. 
 
 War'rant (wor'rant), n. 1. That which warrants or 
 authorizes; a commission giving authority, or ju.stifying 
 the doing of any 'ling. 3. (Law.) A precept author- 
 izing an officer to seize an offender and bring him to jus- 
 tice. 3. That which vouches or insures for anj" thing ; 
 guaranty ; security. 4. That which attests or proves ; 
 a voucher. 5. A writing which authorizes a person to 
 receive money or other thing. 
 
 War'raiit-a-ble, a. Authorized by commission , precept, 
 oi- right ; justifiable ; defensible. [ble. 
 
 War'raiit-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being warranta- 
 
 War'raiit-a-bly, adv. In a warrantable manner ; justi- 
 fiably. 
 
 War'ran-tee', n. The person to whom land or other 
 t^ing is warranted. 
 
 War'rant-er, n. 1, One who warrants, gives authority, 
 or legally empowers. 3. One who assures, or covenants 
 to assure ; one who contracts to secure another in a right, 
 or to make good any defect of title or quality. 
 
 War'rant-or (127), n. One who warrants. 
 
 War'raii-ty, «. 1. (Modem Laiv & Law of Contracts.) 
 An engagement or undertaking, express or implied, that 
 a certain fact regarding the subject of a contract is, or 
 shall be, as it is expressly or impliedly declared or prom- 
 ised to be. 3. ( Insurance Law.) A stipulation or engage- 
 ment by a party insured, that certain things, relating to 
 the subject of insurance, or affecting the risk, exist, or 
 
 food,f<>bt; iirn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, e<5lio,' gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tbis- 
 
WARRANTY 
 
 810 
 
 WATCH 
 
 shall exist, or have been, or shall 1k> done. 3. Security ; 
 warrant ; guarantee. 
 
 "War'ran-ty, f . /. To warrant ; to guaranty. 
 
 War'ren (wor'ren), n. [From 0. II. Ger. toardn, A.-S. 
 icarian, Goth, varjan, to beware, guard, defend.] 1. 
 (Eng. Lair.) (a.) A place privileged, by prescription or 
 grant from the king, for kwpiug certain beasts and fowls. 
 (b.) A privilege which one ha.-! in his lands, by royal grant 
 or pre^scription, of hunting and taking wild beasts and 
 birds of icarren, to the exclusion of any other person not 
 entering by his permission, ti. A piece of ground for the 
 breeding and preservation of rabbits. 3. A place for 
 keeping fish, in a river. 
 
 War'ren-er, «. The keeper of a warren. 
 
 Trar'rior (wor'yur orwor'rT-ur), n. [See War.] A man 
 eng-aged in war or military life ; a soldier ; a champion. 
 
 "WartT 11. [A.-S. weart, Icel. varta, 0. H. Ger. warza, 
 IJat. vern(ca.] 1. A small, hard excrescence on the skin. 
 a. (Bot.) A glandular excrescence or hardened protuber- 
 ance on plants. 
 
 Wart'y, a. 1. Having warts ; full of warts; overgrown 
 with warts. 2. Of the nature of warts. 
 
 AVar'-'wliobp (-hoop), n. [B'rom ivar and whoop.] The 
 cry or shout uttered by Indians in war. 
 
 Wa'ry (4, 89), a. [compar. -warier ; superl. wariest.] 
 [See Ware, a.] Cautious of danger ; carefully watching 
 and guarding against deception, artifices, and dangers. 
 
 Syn. — Scrupulous; timorously prudent; circumspect. See 
 Cautious. 
 
 Wag (woz), [A.-S. luds.'] The past tense of the substan- 
 tive verb to be. 
 
 Wasli (wosh), V. t. [imp. & p. p. washed (wosht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. washing.] [A.-S. ivasran, wacsan, waxan, 
 0. H. Ger. wascan, tvaxgan, wazkan.] 1. To cleanse 
 by ablution, or by dipping or rubbing in water ; to scrub 
 with water, &c. ^. To cover with water ; to wet ; hence, 
 to overflow or dash against. 3. To waste or abrade by 
 the force of water in motion. 4if To remove by washing ; 
 to take away by the action of water. 5. To tint lightly 
 and thinly. 6. To overlay with a thin coat of metal. 
 
 "Wasli (wosh), V. I. 1. To perform the act of ablution. 
 2*. To perform the business of cleansing clothes in wa- 
 ter. 3. To bear the operation of being wa.shed. [Colloq.] 
 4. To be wasted or worn away by the action of water. 
 
 Wasli (wosh), n. 1. Act of washing, or ablution; a 
 cl'eansing, wetting, or dashing with water ; hence, the 
 quantity of clothes washed at once. 2. A piece of 
 ground washed by the action of a sea or river, or some- 
 times covered and sometimes left dry ; also, the shallow- 
 est part of a river or arm of the sea; also, a bog; a 
 mar.sh ; a fen. 3. Substances collected and deposited by 
 the action of water. 4. Waste liquor, the refuse of food, 
 &c., from a kitchen. 5. {Distilling.) The fermented 
 wort from which the spirit-is extracted. 6. That with 
 which any thing is washed, or wetted, smeared, tinted, 
 coated, &c., upon the surface ; as, (a.) A cosmetic for the 
 complexion ; also, a liquid dentrifrice ; also, a preparation 
 for the hair, {b.) A lotion, (c.) A thin coat of color, 
 spread over spaces of a picture, (d.) A thin coat of metal, 
 laid on any thing for beauty or preservation. 7. (Naut.) 
 The blade of an oar. 
 
 "Wash'-ball, v. A ball of soap, to be used in washing 
 tlie hands or face. 
 
 Wash'-board, n. 1. A board with a fluted or ribbed 
 surface on which clothes are rubbed in being washed. 
 2. A board running round the walls of a room, next to 
 the floor; mop-board. 3. (Naitt.) A broad, thin plank, 
 fixed on the top of a boat or other small vessel's side, to 
 prevent the sea from breaking over; also, a piece of 
 plank on the sill of a lower deck port, for the same pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Wash'er (wosh'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
 washes. 2. A ring of metal, leather, or other material, 
 used to relieve friction, to secure tightness of joints, or 
 for other purposes. 
 
 Wasli'er-woin'an, n. ; pi. v/ash'er-wom/en (-wim'- 
 en). A woman who washes clothes for others, or for hire. 
 
 ■Wash'ing (wosh'ing), n. 1. Act of one who washes; 
 ablution. 2. Clothes washed, especially those washed at 
 one time ; wash. 
 
 ■Wash'-16atii''er fwosh'-), n. Split sheep-skin dres-sed 
 w'ith oil, in imitation of chamois or shammy ; also, buff 
 leather for regimental belts. 
 
 Wasli'-i»6t ( wosh'-), n. A pot or vessel in which any thing 
 is* washed. 
 
 Wash'y (wosh'^), a. 1. Watery ; damp ; soft. 2. Lack- 
 ing substance or solidity ; watery ; weak ; thin. 
 
 Wasp (wosp), n. [A.-S. w'dsp, tv'dps, wesp, 0. H. Qer. 
 
 tvq/'sa, we/sa, L&t. vespa.] (Entom.) A hymenopteroua 
 
 insect, allied to the hornet, and capable of stinging ■©- 
 
 verely. 
 Wasp'isli (wosp'ish,) a. 1. Having a slender waist, like 
 
 a' wasp. 2. Quick to resent a trifling affront. 
 
 Syn. — Snappish ; petulant ; irritable ; irascible ; peevish i 
 
 eaptious. 
 
 Wasp'isli-ly (w6sp'ish-lj), adv. In a waspish or snap- 
 pish manner ; irritably ; petulantly. 
 
 Wasp'isli-ness (wosp'ish-), n. State or quality of being 
 w'aspish ; irritability ; irascibility ; snappishness. 
 
 TVas'sail (wos'sil, 42), n. [A.-S. wes-hd.1, be in health.] 
 1'. An ancient expression of good wishes on a festive 
 occasion, especially in drinking to one. 2. A festive 
 season ; roistering festivity ; intemperate indulgence. 3. 
 A liquor compo.sed of wine or ale, sugar, nutmeg, toast, 
 and roasted apples. 4. A song or glee sung at a festiv* 
 gathering. 
 
 TVas'sail (wos'sil), v. i. To hold a festive occasion, 
 e-specially one at which there was much drinking of 
 healths ; to carouse. 
 
 Was'sail (wos'sil), a. Of, pertaining to, or used for, 
 wassail. 
 
 Was'sail-er (wos'sil-er), n. One who drinks w^assail ; a 
 reveler. '' 
 
 Wast (wost), imp. of the substantive verb to be, in the 
 second person singular, indicative. 
 
 Waste, V. t. [imp. & p. p. wasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 wasting.] [A.-S. loestan., 0. H. Ger. wastjan, wOstjan, 
 witostjan, allied to Lat. vastare.] 1. To bring to ruin ; 
 to devastate; to destroy. 2. To wear away by degrees; 
 to impair gradually. 3. To spread unnecessarily or care- 
 lessly ; to employ prodigally ; to lavish vainly. 4. {Law.] 
 To damage, impair, or injure, as an estate, voluntarily, 
 or by suSering the buildings, fences, &c., to go to decay. 
 Syn. — To squander; dissipate; lavish; desolate. 
 
 Waste, V. i. To be diminished; to be consumed by any 
 cause ; to dwindle. 
 
 W^aste, a. 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; 
 hence, dreary ; di.smal. 2. Lying unused ; of no worth; 
 valueless. 3. Lost for want of occupiers. 
 
 Syn. — Destitute ; worthless ; Buperfluous ; unproductive; 
 wild; uncultivated. 
 
 Waste, n. 1. Act of wasting, devastating, desolating, 
 squandering, lavishing, expending unnecessarily, care- 
 lessly, and the like. 2. That which is wasted or deso- 
 late ; devastated ; uncultivated or wild country : unoc- 
 cupied or unemployed space ; desert. 3. That which is 
 of no value; worthless remnant; refuse. 4. {Latv.) 
 Spoil, destruction, or injury, done to houses, woods, 
 fences, lands, &c., by a tenant. 
 
 Syn. - Prodigality; diminution; loss; dissipation; destruc- 
 tion; devastation; havoc; desolation; ravage. 
 
 W^aste'-b«>bl£, n. {Com.) A book in which rough en- 
 tries of transactions are made, previous to their being 
 carried into the journal. 
 
 W^aste'f 111, n. 1. Full of waste ; destructive to property. 
 2. Expending property, or that which is valuable, with- 
 out necessity or use. 
 
 Syn. — Lavish; profuse; prodigal; extravagant. 
 
 Waste'fiil-ly, adv. In a wasteful manner ; lavi.shly. 
 
 Waste'ful-ness, n. The quality of being wasteful; 
 lavishness ; prodigality. 
 
 Waste'- pipe, n. A pipe for conveying off waste water, 
 and the like. 
 
 Wast'er, n. One who wastes ; one who squanders prop- 
 erty ; one who consumes extravagantly or without use. 
 
 Watch (wotch), n. [A.-S. ivdrce, Goth. va/itvG, Icel. 
 v'akt. See AY^AKE and infra.] 1. Act of watching ; for- 
 bearance of sleep ; vigil : close observation ; guard ; pre- 
 servative or preventive vigilance ; formerly, a watching or 
 guarding by night. 2. One who watches, or tho.se who 
 watch ; a sentry ; a guard. 3. ' Post or office of a watch- 
 man ; also, the place where he is posted. 4. The period 
 of the night in which one person, or one set of persons, 
 stand as sentinels ; hence, a divi.sion of the night. 5. A 
 small timepiece or chronometer, to be carried in the 
 pocket. 6. {Naut.) (a.) An allotted portion of tune, 
 usually four hours, for watching, or being on duty. (6.) 
 That part of the officers and crew of a vessel who together 
 attend to working her for an allotted time. 
 
 C@- Watch was formerly distinguished from ward, the foi^ 
 mer signifying a watching or guarding hynifiht, and the latter a 
 watching, guarding, or protecting by day. — Watch and icatch, 
 an arrangement by which the watches are alternated every 
 other four hours. 
 
 i,,e,kc.,long; &,ii,8cc., short; c^re,far,ask,aU, wliat ; 6re,Teil, tSrm; p'ique, firm ; s6n,dr, d<», W9lf, 
 
WATCH 
 
 811 
 
 WATER-TIGHT 
 
 Watcli (wotch), V. i. 1. To be awake ; to be or continue 
 without sleep ; to keep vigil. 2. To be attentive or 
 vigilant ; to be on the lookout ; to keep guard. 3. To 
 be expectant ; to wait ; to seek opportunity. 4. To re- 
 main awake with any one as nurse or attendant. 5. 
 (Naiil.) To float on the surface of the water, as a buoy. 
 
 Watch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. watched (wotcht) ; p. pr. 
 8c vb. n. WATCHING.] 1. To give heed to ; to keep in 
 view; not to lose from sight and observation. *2. To 
 tend ; to guard ; to have in keeping. 
 
 "Watcli '-d6g, n. A dog kept to guard premises or prop- 
 erty, and to give notice of the approach of intruders. 
 
 Watcli'er, n. One who watches ; especially, one who at- 
 tends upon the sick during the night. [observe. 
 
 AVatch'ful (wCtch'fyl), a. Full of watch; careful to 
 Syn. —Vigilant ; attentive ; cautious ; observant ; circum- 
 spect ; wakenil ; heedful. 
 
 Watcli'f ul ly, adv. In a watchful manner; yigilantly. 
 
 Watcli'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being watchful ; 
 indisposition to sleep ; hence, careful and diligent ob.ser- 
 vation for the purpose of preventing or escaping danger, 
 or of avoiding mistakes and misconduct. 
 
 Syn.— Vigilance; heedfulness; wakefulness; circumspec- 
 tion; cautiousness. 
 
 Watcli '-house, n. ; pi. watch'-hou2/e§. 1. A house 
 in which a watch or guard is placed, ij. A place where 
 persons under temporary arrest by the police of a city are 
 kept ; a lock-up. 
 
 Watch'-light (w5tch'-l!t), n. A light used for watching 
 or sitting up in the night ; especially, a candle formerly 
 used for this purpose, having a rush wick. 
 
 Watch'man, n. ; pi. watch/men. 1. One set to 
 Watch ; a sentinel. 3. One who guards the streets of a 
 city or building by night. 
 
 Watch'- to'w'er, n. A tower on which a sentinel is 
 placed to watch for enemies or the approach of danger. 
 
 Watch '-woi'd (wotch'wurd), n. The word given to 
 sentinels, and to such as have occasion to visit the guards, 
 used as a signal by which a friend is known from an ene- 
 my ; a countersign ; pass-word. 
 
 Wa'ter, n. [A.-S. ivdter, Icel. vatn, Goth, vato, Slav. 
 woda, Gr. vhtap ; Lat. unda, a wave, udus, uvidus, wet, 
 uvor, moistness, Skr. 2tda the sea, mid, to flow.] 1, The 
 fluid which descends from the clouds in rain , and which 
 forms rivers, lakes, seas, &c. 2. A body of water, stand- 
 ing or flowing. 3. One of various liquid secretions, hu- 
 mors, &c. ; — so named from their resemblance to water ; 
 especially, urine. 4. The color or luster of a diamond. 
 
 To make water, (a.) To pass urine. (6.) (Naut.) To admit 
 water; to leak. 
 
 Wa'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. watered ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WATERING.] 1. To wet or overflow mth water. 2. To 
 supply with water for drink. 3. To wet and calender, as 
 cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance in wavy 
 lines. [get or take in water. 
 
 Wa'ter, -y. i. 1. To shed water or liquid matter. 2. To 
 The moulh waters, a phrase denoting that a person has a 
 longing desire, the sight of food often causing an increased 
 flow of saliva. 
 
 Wa'ter-hail'iff , n. An ofl&cer of the customs, in Eng- 
 land, for searching ships. 
 
 Wa'ter-toear'ei', n. (Astron.) A sign of the zodiac, and 
 the constellation from which it is named ; Aquarius. 
 
 Wa'ter-<;art, n. A cart bearing water ; especially, one 
 by means of which water is sprinkled, as in the streets, 
 &c. [draulic cement. 
 
 Wa'ter-^em-'ent, or Wa'ter-^e-ment', n. Hy- 
 
 Wa'ter-elog'et, n. A privy ; especially, a privy fur- 
 nished with a contrivance for introducing a stream of 
 water to cleanse it. 
 
 Wa'ter-^oFor (-kQl'ur), n. (Paint.) A color ground 
 with water and gum or size ; a color the vehicle of which 
 is water. 
 
 Wa'ter-«ourse, n. 1. A stream of water. 2. A chan- 
 nel or canal for the conveyance of water, especially in 
 draining lauds. 
 
 Wa'ter-eress, n. {Bot.) A small, creeping plant, grow- 
 ing in watery places ; — one kind is much cultivated as a 
 relish or salad, and as a preventive of scurvy. 
 
 Wa'ter-cure, n. (Med.) The mode or system of treat- 
 ing diseases with water ; hydropathy ; — applied also to 
 an establishment where such treatment is employed. 
 
 Wa'ter-dog, n. 1. A dog accustomed to the water; 
 especially, a variety of the common dog, generally of- a 
 black color, with some white, remarkable for its aquatic 
 habits, which render it valuable to sportsmen. 2. A 
 small floating cloud, supposed to indicate rain. 3. A 
 Bailor. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Wa'ter-er, n. One who waters. 
 
 Wa'ter-f all, n. 1. A fall or perpendicular descent of tb« 
 water of a river or stream , or a descent nearly perpen- 
 dicular ; a cascade ; a cataract. 2. A kind of female 
 head-dress or arrangement of the long hair at the back of 
 the head. 
 
 Wa'ter-fowl, n. A bird that frequents the water, or 
 lives about rivers, lakes, or on or near the sea ; an 
 aquatic fowl. 
 
 Wa'ter-gauge, n. An instrument for measuring or as- 
 certaining the depth or quantity of water, as in the boiler 
 of a steam-engine. 
 
 Wa'ter-gild'ing, n. The gilding of metallic surfaces 
 by covering them with a thin coating of amalgam of gold, 
 and then volatilizing the mercury by heat. 
 
 Wa'ter-grii'el, n. A liquid food, composed of water 
 and a small portion of meal, or other farinaceous sub- 
 stance boiled. 
 
 W^a'ter-i-ness, n. The state or quality of being watery. 
 
 Wa'ter-ing-plape, TC. 1. A place where water may be 
 obtained, as for a ship, for cattle, &c. 2. A place to 
 which people resort for mineral water, or for the use of 
 water in any way, as bathing, drinking, &c. 
 
 Wa'ter-ish, a. 1. Kesembling water ; thin ; watery. 2. 
 S'omewhat watery ; moist. [wateriness. 
 
 Wa'ter-ish-ness, n. State or quality of being waterish ; 
 
 Wa'ter-lev'el, n. 1, The level formed by the surface 
 of still water. 2. A leveling instrument in which water 
 is employed for determining the horizontal line. 
 
 Wa'ter-lil'y, n. (Bot.) An aquatic plant, distinguished 
 for its beautiful, and usually very fragrant, flowers, and 
 large, floating leaves ; — applied also to the yellow pond- 
 lily. 
 
 Wa'ter-line, n. (Naut.) A horizontal line supposed to 
 be drawn about a ship's bottom at the surface of the water. 
 
 W^'ter-loggcd, o. (Naut.) Rendered log-like, heavy, 
 or clumsy in movement, in consequence of being filled 
 with water. 
 
 Wa'ter-man, n. ; pi. w^a'ter-men. 1. A man who 
 manages water-craft ; a boatman ; a ferryman. 2. An 
 attendant on cab-stands, &c., who supplies water to the 
 horses. [Eng.] 
 
 Wa'ter- mark;, n. 1. A mark indicating the height to 
 vfhich water has risen, or at which it has stood. 2. A 
 letter, device, &c., wrought into paper during the pro- 
 cess of manufacture. 
 
 Wa'ter-meFon, 77,. (Bot.) A plant, and its pulpy fruit, 
 which abounds with a sweetish liquor resembling water 
 in color. [water. 
 
 Wa'ter- mill, n. A mill who.se machinery is moved by 
 
 W^a'ter-ou'gel (-Sb'zl), n. ( Ornitk.) An aquatic bird ; 
 tiie dipper. 
 
 Wa'ter-pot, n. A vessel for holding or conveying water, 
 or for sprinkling water on cloth in bleaching, or on 
 plants, &c. 
 
 Wa'ter-poTv'er, n. 1, The power of water employed 
 to move machinery, &c. 2. A fall of water which may 
 be used to drive machinery ; a source of power from 
 water ; a place where water may be readily used to drive 
 machinery. 
 
 Wa'ter-priv/1-lege, n. 1. The right to use water for 
 mills, or to drive machinery. 2. A stream of water ca- 
 pable of being employed to drive machinery, as for a 
 mill. [mit water. 
 
 Wa'ter-prdbf , a. So firm and compact as not to ad- 
 
 Wa'ter-probf , ) n. A substance or preparation 
 
 W^a'ter-probf 'iiig, ) for rendering any thing, as cloth, 
 leather, &c., impervious to water. 
 
 Wa'ter-rJim, n. A machine by means of which water 
 is' raised by the momentum of a larger stream than the 
 one which is raised ; an hydraulic ram. 
 
 W^a'ter-rSt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WATER-ROTTED ; p.pr. 
 &'r6. n. WATER-ROTTING.] To rot 
 by steeping in water. 
 
 Wa'ter-shed, n. A range of high 
 land between two river-basins, and 
 discharging its waters into them from 
 opposite directions. 
 
 Wa'ter- soak, v. t. To soak in 
 vrater ; to fill the interstices of = 
 with Avater. 
 
 Wa'ter- spout, n. A meteorological 
 phenomenon, of the nature of a tor- 
 nado or whirlwind, usually observed 
 over the sea. 
 
 Wa'ter- tight (-tit), a. So tight as to 
 retain or not to admit water, or to 
 suffer it to escape ; not leaky. Water-spout. 
 
 lood, ftJbt ; ftrn, rude, pull ; yell, (thaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; as ; e$ist ; lisser, link ; this. 
 
WATER-WHEEL 
 
 812 
 
 WEAK 
 
 Wa't or- wheel, n. Any wheel for 
 propelling machinery or other pur- 
 poj»ei!, that is wade to rotate by the 
 direct action of water ; — called an 
 oi-frshot-irhttl wlieu the water is ap- 
 plied at the top, an utuhrshot-tvhttl 
 when at the bottom, a bntislwhefl 
 •when at an intermediate point, and 
 a turbine-tvked, when its axis is ver- 
 tical, and the water acts upon differ- 
 ent sides 
 
 draulic Undershot-wheel. Breast-wheel, 
 
 machine ; a work, or collection of works, by which a 
 supply of water is furnished for useful or ornamental 
 purposes ; — chieliy in the plural. 
 
 Wa'ter-y, a. 1, llesembling water ; thin or transparent, 
 as a liquid. '2. Hence, abounding in thin, tasteless, or 
 insipid tluid. 3. Abounding with water ; wet. 4. Of, 
 or pertaining to, water. 5. Consisting of water. 
 Syn. — Aqueous; humid; wet; damp; dark; washy. 
 
 Wat'tle (wot'tl), n. [A.-S. ivaiel, tvdtel, ivdll, hurdle, 
 covering, wattle, allied to ivillie, q. v.] 1. A twig or 
 flexible rod; hence, a hurdle made of such rods. t2. A 
 rod laid on a roof to support the thatch. 3. The fleshy 
 excrescence that grows under the throat of a cock or 
 turkey, or a like substance on a fish. 
 
 Wat'tie (wot'tl), V. t [imp. & p. p. wattled ; p. pr. 
 8c vb. n. WATTLING.] 1. To bind with twigs, ii. To 
 twist or interweave, as twigs, one with another ; to plat. 
 3. To form of platted twigs. [squall. 
 
 "W^ul, t". /. [Allied to wail, q. t ] To cry as a cat; to 
 
 Wave, n [A.-S. wxg, weg, Goth, vegs, from vigan, 
 A.-S. wegan, to move.] 1. An advancing ridge or swell 
 on the surface of a liquid ; an undulation, tj. (Physics.) 
 A state of vibration propagated from particle to particle 
 through a body or elastic medium, as in the transmis- 
 sion of sound. 3. Water. 4. Inequality of surface. 
 5. The undulating line or streak of luster on cloth wa- 
 tered and calendered. 6. A waving or undulating motion 
 Syn. — Billow; surge; breaker; inequality; unevenness. 
 
 "Wave, V. t. [imp. Sc p. p waved; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WAVING.] 1. To move like a wave, one way and the 
 other ; to undulate. "Z, To be moved, as a signal. 
 
 Wave, r. f. 1. To raise into inequalities of surface. M. 
 To move one way and the other ; to brandish. 3. To 
 signal by a waving motion ; to beckon. 
 
 Wave, V. t. [Norm. Fr. weywer, to wave or waive, 0. Fr. 
 guever, guesve.r, to abandon, 0. Sw. wdga, wdgia, to 
 shun, from ivcig, way. Cf A.-S. loafian, to hesitate, 0. 
 H. Ger. weibOyi, to flow, wibjan, to destroy.] [Usually 
 written twaffe.] To put off ; to cast off ; to cast away ; 
 to r^ect ; to relinquish, as a right, claim, or privilege. 
 
 W^ave'less, a. Free from waves ; undisturbed ; un- 
 
 Wave'let, n. A little wave ; a ripple. [agitated. 
 
 Wave'-of'f er-ing, n. An offering in the Jewish services 
 by waving the oVjject, toward the four cardinal points. 
 
 Wa'ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wavered ; p. pr. Sc vb. n 
 WAVERING.] [D. iveifden, to totter, hesitate, A.-S. wa- 
 fian, id. Cf. Wave, v. t.'] 1. To play or move to and 
 fro. 12. To be unsettled in opinion. 
 Syn. — To fluctuate ; reel ; vacillate. See Fluctuate. 
 
 Wa'ver-er, n. One who wavers. 
 
 Wav'y, a. 1. Rising or sweUing in waves, ij. Playing 
 to and fro ; undulating. 
 
 wax, n. [A.-S. Wf.ax, ufix, Icel. vax, 0. H. Ger. wahs., 
 Slav, wosk.] 1. A fatty, solid substance, produced by 
 bees. M. Hence, any substance resembling wax in con- 
 eistency or appearance : as, («.) A thick, tenacious sub- 
 stance, secreted in the ear. (*.) A wax-like composition 
 used for uniting surfaces, or for excluding air, and like 
 jjurposes. (c.) A composition used by shoemakers for 
 rubbing their thread, id.) (Bot.) A wax-like product 
 secreted by certain plants, (f.) (Min.) A substance, 
 found in connection with certain deposits of rock-salt 
 and coal. 
 
 W4x, V. t. [imp. WAXED (w&kst) ; p. p. waxed (wSkst), 
 or WAXEN ; p. jn. & vb. n. WAXING.] To smear or rub 
 with wax ; to treat with wax 
 
 wax, t-. 7. [A.-S. weaxan, Goth, vahsjan, Tcel. vaxa.] 
 1. To inci-ease in size ; to grow ; to become larger or 
 fuller. *2. To pass from one state to another ; to become. 
 
 Wax'-ean'dle, n. A candle made of wax. 
 
 Waxed'-Siid, n. A thread pointed with a bristle and 
 covered with shoemaker's wax, used in sewing leather, 
 as for boots, shoes, and the Uke. 
 
 Wax'en (wiiks'n), a. 1. Made of wax. 2. Resembling 
 wax ; hence, soft ; yielding. 3. Covered with wax. 
 
 W^ax'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being waxy. 
 
 Wax'-wing, n. (Ornith.) A bird, 
 about six or eight inches long. There 
 are several beautiful species, so named 
 because most of them have small, oval, 
 horny appendages on the secondaries 
 of the wings, of the color of red sealing- 
 wax. 
 
 wax'- work (-wCirk), n. Work made; 
 of wax; especially, a figure or figures J]^ 
 formed of wax, in imitation of real 
 beings. Wax-wing. 
 
 W^ax'y,a. Resembling wax in appearance or consistency; 
 viscid ; adhesive ; soft ; hence, j ielding ; pliable. 
 
 Way, 11. [A.-S. weg, from wegan, to move, Icel. vegr, 
 Goth, vigs, Lat. via.] 1. A moving ; passage ; progres- 
 sion. 'Z. That by which one passes or progresses ; road 
 or path of any kind. 3. Length of space ; distance ; in- 
 terval. 4. Course, or direction of motion or progress. 
 5. Means by which any thing is reached, or any thTngIs 
 accomplished ; scheme ; device. 6. Manner ; method ; 
 mode; fashion. 7. Regular course; habitual -method 
 of life or action. 8. Determined course ; resolved mode 
 of action or conduct. 9. [NaiU.) (a) Progress. (6.) 
 pi. The timbers on which a ship is launched. 
 
 By the way, in passing; apropos; aside, as a thing apart from, 
 though connected with, the main object or subject. — By' 
 
 of, as for the purpose ot ; as being; in character of. - Jn the 
 family w;a//, pregnant; with child. [Colloq.']— In the way, so 
 as to meet, fall in with, obstruct, hinder, and the like.— 0«i of 
 
 the ivay, (a.) So as not to fall in with, obstruct, hinder, or the 
 like, (b.) Apart; aside; away from the usual or proper course; 
 odd; unusual; wrong. — Bight of way {Law), a. right of pri- 
 vate passage over iinother's ground. — To be under way, to have 
 wuy(^Naut.), to be in motion, as when a ship begins to move. — 
 To give way, to recede; to make room; or to yield; to concede 
 the place or opinion to another. (.Vowi.) To row or ply the oars 
 vigorously. — To make one's way, to advance in life by efforts; 
 to advance successfully. — To make tcay, to give room for pass- 
 ing, or to make a vacancj'. 
 
 Syn.— Street; highway: road. —Way is generic, denoting 
 any line for passage or conveyance; a highway is literally one 
 
 aised for the sake of dryness and convenience in travelling; i 
 road is, strictly, a way for horses and carriages; a street is, ety- 
 mologically, a paved way, as early made in towns and cities; 
 
 and, hence, the word is distinctively applied to roads or high 
 ways in compact settlements. 
 
 W^ay'-biQ, n. A list of passengers in a public vehicle, 
 or of the baggage or amount of goods transported/by it. 
 
 W^ay'far-er, n. A traveler ; a passenger. [ney. 
 
 Way'far-ing, a. Traveling ; pas.'^ing ; being on a jour- 
 
 W^ay'lay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. avaylaid ; p. pr. & vb. n 
 WAYLAYING.] [From way and lay.] To lie in wait for ; 
 especially, to watch insidiously in the way of, with <i 
 view to seize, rob, or slay. 
 
 W^ay'lay-er, n. One who waylays or lies in wait. 
 
 Way'-mark, n. A mark to guide in traveling. 
 
 W^ay'-side, n. The edge or border of a road or path. 
 
 Way'-sta'tion, 7i. An intermediate station on a line of 
 travel, especially on a railroad. 
 
 Way'ward, a. [A.-S. wxivdrdlace, wseivyrdlice, wan- 
 tonly, from wed, woe, evil, malice.] Liking one's own 
 way ; full of humors ; froward ; perverse ; willful. 
 ! Way'ward-ly, adv. In a wayward manner ; perversely 
 
 Way'ward-ness, n. The quality of being wayward. 
 
 Way'wode, n. [Pol. & 'R,\xf^i^.woyew6da,fr. Russ. woi. 
 an army, and wodity, to lead.] A military commander 
 in various Slavonic countries ; afterward applied to gov- 
 ernors of towns or provinces, and also in Russia as a high 
 military title. 
 
 We, pron. ; pi. of I. [pass. OUR, or OURS ; obj. us. See 
 I.] [A.-S. we, Icel. ver, Goth, vets.] land others; a 
 number in whom I am included. 
 
 H^We is often used by individuals, as authors, editors, and 
 the like, in speaking of themselves, in order to avoid the ap- 
 pe^ance of egotism in the too frequent repetition of the pro- 
 noun 7. The plural style is also in use among kings and other 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Weak., a. [compar. weaker ; superl. -wtsakest. [A.-S. 
 ^vac, from wican, to yield, to totter ; Goth, ^•ahs, Icel. 
 veikr.] 1, Wanting physical strength : as, (a.) Feeble; 
 I infirm; sickly; exhausted, {b.) Not able to sustain a 
 
 a,S,&c.,2(mg^; SL,6,ii,f short; c4re, fartafskjalljWliat; 6re, veil, term; piLque,firiu; sou, or, do, wolf 
 
WEAKEN 
 
 813 
 
 WEAVE 
 
 §reat weight, (c.) Easily broken or separated into pieces ; 
 not compact. (</.) Not stiff; pliant; frail; soft, (e.) 
 Easily subdued or overcome. (/. ) Lacking force of utter- 
 ance or sound; low; small; feeble, ig.) Of less than 
 the usual strength or spirit. (A.) Lacking ability for an 
 appropriate function or office. 3. Not possessing, or 
 manifesting, intellectual, logical, moral, or political 
 strength, vigor, or the like; as, (a.) Feeble of mind ; 
 spiritless. (6.) Unwise; injudicious ; hence, foolish, (c.) 
 Not having full confidence or conviction, (d.) Not able 
 to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, or the 
 like, (e.) Not having power to convince ; not supported 
 by force of reason or truth. (/.) Wanting in point or 
 vigor of expression, (g.) Not prevalent or effective, or 
 not felt to be prevalent ; feeble. (A. ) Not wielding or 
 having authority or energy ; deficient in the resources 
 that are essential to a ruler or nation. 
 
 Weak'en (wek'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. weakened ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WEAKENING.] 1. To make weak ; to lessen 
 the strength of ; to debilitate ; to enfeeble; to enervate. 
 i. To reduce in strength or spirit. 
 
 Weak:'<?u-er, n. He who, or that which, weakens. 
 
 Weak'liiig, n. A weak or feeble creature. 
 
 "Weali'ly, adv. In a weak manner ; feebly ; with little 
 strength. 
 
 Weak'ly, o. [compar. weaklier ; superl. weak- 
 liest.] Not strong of constitution ; infirm. 
 
 Weak'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being weak ; want 
 of physical strength. 3. Want of sprightliness or force. 
 3. Want of steadiness or resolution. 4. Want of moral 
 force or effect upon the mind. 5. Want of judgment; 
 weak trait or characteristic. 6. Defect ; failing ; fault. 
 
 Syn. — Feebleness; debility; languor; imbecility; unfirm- 
 ness; infirmity; decrepitude; frailty; faiutness. 
 
 Weal, n. [A.-S. ivela, wsela, 0. II. Ger. wela, ivola. See 
 Well..] A sound, healthy, or prosperous state of a 
 person or thing ; prosperity ; happiness. 
 
 TVeald'en (weeld'n), a [A.-S. weald., wald, a forest, a 
 wood, so called because this formation occurs in the 
 ivealds or woods of Kent and Sussex.] (Geol.) Of, or 
 pertaining to, the upper part of the oolitic series. 
 
 Wealtli, n. [Eng. iveal, 0. H. Ger. tvelida, welitha, 
 riches.] Large possessions of money, goods, or land. 
 Syn. —Riches; affluence; opulence; abundance. 
 
 TV6alth'i-ly, adv. In a wealthy manner ; richly. 
 
 T\^6altli'i-ness, n. State of being wealthy, or rich. 
 
 Wealth'y, a. [compar. wealthier ; superl. WEALTH- 
 IEST.] Ilaving great wealth, or large possessions in 
 lands, goods, money, or securities, or larger than the 
 generality of men ; opulent ; affluent ; rich. 
 
 Wean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. weaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WEANINft.] [A.-S. weniati, ivennan, to accustom, wean, 
 hweniati. d.wennan, to wean.] 1. To accustom and rec- 
 oncile to a want or deprivation of the breast. 3. Hence, 
 to detach or alienate, as the affections, from any object 
 of desire. 
 
 Weaii'ling, n. A child or animal newly weaned. 
 
 Weap'on, n. [A.-S. wsepen, wcpen, wsepun, Icel. vap^i, 
 vopn, Goth, vepna, pi.] 1. An instrument of offensive 
 or defensive combat; something to fight with. 3. Hence, 
 that with which one contends against another. 
 
 Weap'on-less, a. Having no weapon ; unarmed. 
 
 Wear (4), v. t. [imp. wore ; p. p. worn ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WEARING.] [A.-S. weria>i, iverigean^weran, to carry, 
 to wear, as arms or clothes, Goth, vasjan, to clothe.] 1. 
 To carry or bear upon the person, as an article of cloth- 
 ing, decoration, warfare, or the Uke ; to have on. 3. To 
 have or exhibit an appearance of. 3. To consume by 
 use ; to use up. 4. To impair, waste, or diminish, by 
 continual attrition, scraping, percussion, and the like. 
 5. To cause or occasion by friction or wasting. 6. To 
 affect by degrees. 7. [Cf. Ware.] (iVawJ.) To put on 
 another tack, as a ship, by turning her round, with the 
 stern toward the wind ; to veer. 
 
 Syn. — To waste; impair; bear; consume; spend; diminish; 
 veer. 
 
 We&r, V. i. 1. To endure or suffer use ; to bear the 
 
 consequences of use, as waste, consumption, or attrition. 
 
 3. To suffer injury by use or time. 3. To be consumed 
 
 b\' slow degrees. 
 "Wear, n. 1. Act of wearing, or state of being worn ; 
 
 consumption by use. 3. The thing worn ; style of dress ; 
 
 the fashion. 
 
 fVear and tear, the loss by wearing, as of machinery in use ; 
 mjury to which any thing is subject by use, accident, &c. 
 
 Wear, n. [A.-S. wasr, wer, an inclosure, a fish-pond, the 
 sea, a wave, from war an, warian, werian, to defend, pro- 
 
 tect; Icel. ver, 0. H. Ger. ivari, iveri.] 1. A dam m a 
 
 river to stop and raise the water, for conducting it to a 
 
 mill, for taking fish, &c. 3. A fence of stakes or twigs 
 
 set in a stream for catching fish. 
 We&r'a-ble, a. Capable of being worn ; suitable to be 
 
 worn. 
 Wear'er, n. 1. One who weai-s or carries as appendant 
 
 to the body. 3. That which wastes or diminishes. 
 W^ea'ri-less, a. Incapable of being wearied. 
 Wea'ri-ly (89), adv. In a weary manner. 
 Wea'ri-iiess (89), n. State of being weary or tired; 
 
 lassitude; exhaustion of strength ; fatigue. 
 Wea'ri-some (89), a. Causing weariness. 
 
 Syn. — Irksome; tiresome ; tedious; fatiguiiig; annoying; 
 
 vexatious. 
 
 Wea'ri-s6me-ly, adv. In a wearisome manner. 
 
 W^ea'ri-.s6ine-ness, n. The state or quaUty of being 
 wearisome ; tiresomeness ; tediousness. 
 
 Wea'ry (89), a. [compar. WEARIER; superl. Wea- 
 riest.] [A.-S. ivcrig, 0. Sax. tvuorig.] 1. Having the 
 strength exhausted by toil or exertion. 3. Causing wea- 
 
 Weasel. 
 
 Syn. — Tired; fatigued; tiresome; irksome; wearisome. 
 
 Wea'ry (89), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wearied ; p.pr. & vb. 
 n. WEARYING.] 1. To reduce or exhaust the physical 
 strength or endurance of. 3. To make impatient by con- 
 tinuance. 3. To harass by any thing irksome. 
 To weary out, to subdue or exhaust by fatigue. 
 Syn.— To jade; tire; fatigue; fag; dispirit. See Jade. 
 
 Wea'gand, n. [A.-S. xvxsend, tvasend, prob. allied to 
 Icel. vdsa, to hope.] The windpipe ; the canal through 
 which air passes to and from the lungs ; the throttle- 
 
 Wea'gel, n. [A.-S. wesle, 0. 
 H. Ger. wisala, wisila, wisida.] 
 {Zo'dl.) A small quadruped, 
 about 6 inches in length, with 
 a tail about 2 inches long. It 
 is remarkable for its slender 
 form and agile movements. 
 
 Weatb'er, n. [0. Eng. & A.- 
 S. weder, Icel. vedr, 0. H. Ger. 
 wetar, Lith. wetra, Slav, ivietr, 
 from Skr. zm, to blow.] The air or atmosphere with re- 
 spect to its state as regards heat or cold, wetness or dry- 
 ness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, &c. ; me- 
 teorological condition of the atmosphere. 
 Stressof iveather, violent winds; force of tempests. 
 
 Weatii'er, v. t. [i?np. & p. p. weathered ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WEATHERING.] 1. To expose to the air ; to air ; 
 to season by exposure to air. 3. [Naut.) To sail to 
 the windward of; to pass between the wind and. 3. 
 Hence, to sustain the trying effect of; to endure ; to re- 
 sist. 
 
 Weatli'er-beat'eii (-bet'n), a. Beaten or harassed by 
 the weather ; worn by exposure to the weather. 
 
 Weatii'er-boarcl, n. 1. {Naxit.) (a.) That side of a 
 ship which is toward the wind. 3. (Arch.) A board ex- 
 tending from the ridge to the eaves, and forming a close 
 junction between the shingling of a roof and the side of 
 the building beneath, usually at the ends where there is 
 no cornice. 
 
 Weatii'er-board, v. t. (Arch.) To nail boards upon so 
 as to lap one over another, in order to exclude rain, snow, 
 and the like. 
 
 Weatii'er-bound, a. Delayed by bad weather. 
 
 Weatii'er-«6clc, n. 1. A vane, or weather-vane ; — so 
 called because originally often in the figure of a cock. 
 3. Hence, any thing or person that turns easily and 
 frequentlj'. 
 
 Weatli'ered, a. 1. (v4rcA.) Made sloping, so as to thrrw 
 off water. 3. ( Geol. ) Having the surface altered in 
 color, texture, or composition, or the edges rounded off 
 by exposure to the elements. 
 
 WeatJi'er-gage, n. Position of a ship to the wind- 
 ward of another ; hence, a position of advantage or su- 
 periority. 
 
 Weatii'er- glass, n. An instrument to indicate the 
 state of the atmosphere, especially changes of atmos- 
 pheric pressure, and hence, changes of weather. 
 
 Weatii'er-mold'ing, ) n. ( ^rc A.) A canopy or cor- 
 
 W^eatix'er-mould'iiig, j nice over doors or windows, 
 to throw off the rain. 
 
 Weatii'er-probf , a. Proof against rough weather. 
 
 Weatli'er--wi§e, a. Skillful in foreseeing the changes 
 or state of the weather. 
 
 Weave, v. t. [imp. wove ; p.p. woven, wove ; p. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; ttrxL, r\Lde, puU ; ^ell, (liaise, «aU, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, liak ; tliis. 
 
WEAVE 
 
 8U 
 
 WELCOME 
 
 pr. h vb. n. WEAVING.] [A.-S. w/hn, Icel. rf /a, Goth. 
 vriban; Per. ba/lan, Gr. v4>aiyei.v, Skr. loap.] 1. To 
 unito, as threads of any kind, in such a manner as to 
 form a texture ; heuce, to unite intinuitely, or by close 
 connectiou or intermixture. *2. To form, as cloth, by 
 interlacing threads ; heuce, to form into a fabric ; to 
 compose. 
 
 Weave, v. i. 1. To practice wearing; to work with a 
 loom, 'i. To become woven or interwoven. 
 
 Weav'er, »i. One who weaves. 
 
 Wea'z<*n (we'zu), «. [Of. Wizen.] Thin ; sharp. 
 
 W6b, ". [A.-S. tvebh, 0. II. Ger. weppi, tooppe, giweppi, 
 Icel. vffr, vaf. See Weave.] 1. That which is woven ; 
 texture ; textile fabric, ii. The texture of very fine 
 thread spun by a spider; a cobweb. 3. An opaque film 
 covering the cornea of the eye. 4. ( Ornith.) The mem- 
 brane which unites the toes of many water-fowls. 
 
 W6b, t". t. [imp. & p. p. webbed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 webbing.] To unite or surround with a web, or as if 
 with a web ; to envelop ; to entangle. 
 
 ■\V6bb<'d, a. [From web.] Having the toes united by 
 a membrane, or web. 
 
 WfibHbing, 7i. A strong and narrow fabric of hemp, 
 used for suspenders, straps, &c., and for supporting the 
 seats of stuffed chairs, sofas, &c. 
 
 W6b'-fobt, n. ; pi. w£b'-feet. A foot the toes of 
 which are connected by a membrane. 
 
 W6b'-f cfbt'ed, a. Having webbed feet ; palmiped. 
 
 wed, V. t. [imp. & p. p. wedded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 wedding.] [A.-S. weddian, to covenant, promise, to 
 wed, marry; 0. H. Ger. wetan, wetian, wettan, Icel. 
 vedhja. See WED, n.] 1. To take for husband or for 
 wife ; to marry. 3. To join in marriage ; to give in 
 wedlock. 3. To unite closely in affection; to connect 
 indissolubly or strongly. 
 
 wed, V. i. To contract matrimony ; to marry. 
 
 TV6d'ded, a. Of, or pertaining to, wedlock or marriage. 
 
 "Wed'diug, n. Nuptial ceremony ; nuptial festivities ; 
 marriage; nuptials. 
 
 Golden wedding, the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of 
 a marriage when the husband and wife are both living.— iSi^ver 
 wedding, the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary. — 
 Vnistal wedding, the celebration of the fifteenth anniversary. 
 — Tin wedding, the celebration of the tenth anniversary. — 
 Wooden wedding, the celebration of the fifth anniversary. 
 
 Wfidge, n. [A.-S. wecg, wdcg, Icel. veggr, 
 
 0. H. Ger. wekhi, tveggi.] 1. A piece of 
 metal, or other hard material, thick at one 
 end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, 
 used in splitting wood, rocks, &c. It is one 
 of the m.echanical powers, "i. Any thing in 
 the form of a wedge, as a body of troops 
 drawn up in such a form. 
 
 "Wedge, V. t. [imp. & p. p. wedged; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WEDGING.] 1. To cleave or wedge, 
 separate with a wedge ; to rive. 2. To force or drive as 
 a wedge is driven. 3. To force, as a wedge forces its 
 way. 4. To fix in the manner of a wedge. 5. To fasten 
 with a wedge, or with wedges. 
 
 Wfid'lock., n. [A.-S. wedlac, a pledge, fr. ivedd, a pledge, 
 and lac, a gift, an offering.] Marriage ; matrimony. 
 
 W6dne§'day (wgnz'dy), n. [A.-S. WOdnesdag, from 
 Wdden, 0. H. Ger. Wuotan, Icel. Odhinn, the highest 
 god of the Germans and Scandinavians, and A.-S. dag, 
 day.] The fourth day of the week. 
 
 W^eed, n. [\.-Swe6d,wi6d.SeeW'E-ED,v.t.] 1. Any 
 plant that is u.«e;es8 or troublesome. 2. Whatever is 
 unprofitable or troublesome ; any thing useless. 
 
 W^eed, n. [A.-S. wsed, Icel. vod, 0. H. Ger. ivat, gaw&ti, 
 from Goth, vidan, to bind.] 1. A garment ; clothing ; 
 especifdly, an upper or outer garment. 2. An article of 
 dress worn in token of grief; especially in the plural, 
 mourning garb, as of a female. 
 
 Weed, V. t. [imp. & ji. p. weeded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WEEDING.] 1. To free from noxious plants, ij. To 
 take away, a« noxious plants. 3. To free from any thing 
 hurtful or offensive. 
 
 W^eed'er, n. One who, or that which, weeds. 
 
 Weed'y, a. [cowpar. weedier; 5!a/;«W. weediest.] 
 
 1. Relating to, or consisting of, weeds. 2. Abounding 
 with weeds. 
 
 "A'^eek, n. [A.-S. wfoce, wice, wuce, Icel. vika, Goth. 
 viko.] A period of seven days, usually that reckoned 
 from one Sabbath or Sunday to the next. 
 
 Week'-day, n. Any day of the week except the Sab- 
 bath or Sunday. 
 
 Week'ly, a. 1, Pertaining to a week, or to week-days. 
 
 2. Happening, or done, once a week ; hebdomadary. 
 
 f 
 
 I Week'ly, n. A publication issued once in seven days, 
 or appearing once iu a week. 
 
 Week'ly, adv. Once a week ; by hebdomadal periods. 
 
 Ween, f . r. [A.-S. wSnan, wiennn, Goth, ff n;a«, Icel. 
 vana, vo7ia, vanta; A.-S. r^n, •u^na, hope, expectation, 
 opinion, Goth, vins, Icel. van, von.] To think ; to im- 
 agine ; to fancy. [Obs. or poet.] 
 
 Weep, V. i. [imp. & p. p. wept ; p. pr. & vb. n. WEEP- 
 ING.] [A.-S. ivcpan, Goth, vopjan, Icel. bpa. Of 
 Whoop.] 1. To show grief or other passions by shed- 
 ding tears ; to shed tears; to cry. 2. To lament; to 
 complain. 3. To flow or run in drops. 4. To drop 
 water ; to drip ; to be very wet. 5. To hang the branches, 
 as if in sorrow ; to droop. 
 
 Weep, v. t. 1. To lament ; to bewail ; to bemoan. 2. 
 To shed or pour forth, as tears ; to shed drop by drop, 
 as if tears. 
 
 Weep'er, n. One who weeps. 
 
 Weep'ing-wil'low, n. (Bot.) A species of willow 
 whose branches grow very long and slender, and hang 
 down nearly in a perpendicular direction. 
 
 Wee'vil (we'vl), n. [A.-S. wifel, wibil, 0. H. Ger. 7vibil, 
 wibel, alUed to A.-S. ivefan, 6. H. Ger. weban, to weave.] 
 (Entom.) A small insect of the beetle tribe, with a long, 
 beaked head. 
 
 Weft, n. [A.-S. wift, weft, wefta, fr. wefan, to weave.] 
 
 1. The woof of cloth ; the threads that cross the warp 
 from selvage to selvage. 2. A thing woven. 
 
 Weigh (wa), v. t. [imp. 8s, p. p. weighed; p. pr. Scvb. 
 n. WEIGHING.] [A.-S. wegan, to bear, move, to weigh, 
 Icel. vega, allied to Lat. vekere, to carry, Skr. vak.] 1. 
 To bear up ; to raise ; to lift so that it hangs in the air. 
 
 2. To examine by the balance ; to ascertain the weight 
 of. 3. To be equivalent to in weight; to counterbal- 
 ance. 4. To pay, allot, or take by weight. 5. To pon- 
 der in the mind ; to estimate deliberately and maturely. 
 
 W^eigli (wa), v. i. 1. To have weight; to be heavy. 2. 
 Hence, to be considered as important. 3. To bear 
 heavily ; to press hard. 
 
 Weigb (wa), n. A certain quantity estimated by weight; 
 an English measure of weight. 
 
 Weigh.'a-ble_(wa'-), a. Capable of being weighed. 
 
 Weigh'er (wa'er), n. 1. One who weighs. 2. An offi- 
 cer whose duty it is to weigh commodities. 
 
 Weight (wat), n. [See Weigh.] 1. The quality of 
 being heavy ; that property of bodies by which they tend 
 toward the center of the earth. 2. Quantity of heavi- 
 ness ; quantity of matter as estimated by the balance ; 
 that which any thing weighs. 3. Hence, pressure; 
 importance ; influence ; consequence. 4. A scale or 
 graduated standard of heaviness. 5. A ponderous mass ; 
 something heavy. 6. A definite mass of iron, lead, brass, 
 or other metal, to be used for ascertaining the weight of 
 other bodies. 7. {Meek.) The resistance against which 
 a machine acts, as opposed to the power which moves it. 
 
 Syn. — Ponderousness ; gravity; heaviness ; burden; load; 
 power; efficacy; moment; impressiveness. 
 
 Weight (wat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. weighted ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. weighting ] To load with a weight or 
 weights ; to load down ; to attach weights to. 
 
 Weight/i-ly (wat'-), adv. 1. In a weighty manner; 
 ponderously. 2. With force or impressiveness. 
 
 W^eight'i-iiess (wat'-), n. 1. State or quality of being 
 weighty ; ponderousness ; heaviness. 2. SoUdity ; im- 
 pressiveness ; importance. 
 
 Weight'less (wat'les), a. Having no weight ; impon- 
 derable ; light. 
 
 Weight'y (wat'y), a. [compar. WEIGHTIER; superl. 
 WEIGHTIEST.] 1. Having weight ; heavy. 2. Hence, 
 important ; adapted to turn the balance in the mind, or 
 to convince. 
 
 Syn. — Ponderous ; burdensome ; onerous ; forcible ; mo- 
 mentous; efficacious. 
 
 Weir, n. [See Wear.] 1. A dam in a river to stop and 
 raise the water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking 
 fish, and the like. 2. A fence of stakes or twigs set in 
 a stream for taking fish ; a wear. [See WEAR.] 
 
 Weird, a. [A.-S. wyrd, fate, fortune, one of the Fates.] 
 1. Skilled in witchcraft. 2. Caused by , or suggesting, 
 magical influence ; supernatural ; unearthly ; wild. 
 Weird sisters, the Fates. 
 
 Wei'-eome (wgl'kum), a. [A.-S. wilcuma, a welcome 
 guest, i^!7cMm«, inievy, wilcumiav, to welcome, fr. wil, 
 for ivel,v!e\\, and ciiman, to come.] 1. Received with 
 gladness. 2. Producing gladness in its reception ; grate- 
 ful ; pleasing. 3. Free to have or enjoy gratuitously. 
 
 5,«,&c,,/onfi:; a,6,&c.,iAor«; cftre, far, ask, ^, what ; 6re,Tsil,tgrm; piique,firm; s6n,dr,dQ, W9lf 
 
WELCOME 
 
 815 
 
 WHACK 
 
 ■Wfil'cAme, n. 1. Salutation of a new comer. 2. Kind 
 reception of a guest or new comer. 
 
 Wgl'<:6iiie, V. t. [imp. & p. p. welcomed ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WELCOMING.] To salute with kindness, as a new 
 comer ; to receive and entertain hospitably and cheerfully. 
 
 Wfil'-eom-er, n. One who welcomes. 
 
 WeW, n. [Prov. Ger. waude, iviedt, D. woutv, wouwe, 
 Fr. gaucle, Sp. gualda.] 1. {Bot.) A plant growing in 
 England and various European countries ; woad ; — used 
 by dyers to give a yellow color. "Z, The color or coloring 
 matter extracted from this plant. 
 
 Weld, f. i. [imp. & p. p. welded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WELDING.] [Ger. & D. ivellen. Cf. WIELD.] To press 
 or beat into intimate and permanent union, as two pieces 
 of iron when heated almost to fusion. 
 
 Weld, n. State of being welded ; joint made by welding. 
 
 Weld'er, ji. One who welds, or unites by welding. 
 
 Wel'fS,re,n. [From loell and /are, to go, to be in any 
 state, good or bad, to proceed, to happen.] Well-doing 
 or well-being in any respect ; enjoyment of health and 
 the common blessings of life. 
 Syn.— Prosperity; happiness. 
 
 Wei'kin, n. [A.-S. wolcen, ivelcn, cloud, air, sky, 
 heaven, 0. H. Ger. wolchan, Skr. valahaka, a cloud.] 
 The vault of heaven ; the sky. 
 
 Well, n. [A.-S. welL wyll, wella, wyUa, fr. weallan, to 
 boil.] 1. An issue of water from the earth ; a spring ; a 
 fountain, ii. Hence, a source. 3. A cyUndrical hole sunk 
 into the earth to such a depth as to reach a supply of 
 water. 4. {Naut.) (a.) An inclosure in the middle of a 
 ship's hold, around the pumps, from the bottom to the 
 lower deck, to preserve them from damage, (b.) An 
 apartment in the hold of a fishing- vessel, having holes 
 in the bottom to let in fresh water for the preservation 
 of fish. 5. (Mil.) A hole or excavation in the earth, in 
 mining, from which run branches or galleries. 
 
 Well, V. i. [imp. & p. p. welled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WELLING.] To issue forth, as water from the earth; 
 to flow ; to spring. 
 
 Well, a. [compar. aud superl. wanting, the deficiency 
 being supplied by better and best, from another root.] 
 [See infra.] 1. Good in condition or circumstances ; de- 
 sirable, either in a natural or moral sense, ti. Being in 
 health ; sound in body ; not ailing, diseased, or sick. 3. 
 Being in favor ; favored. 
 
 Syn. — Fortunate ; convenient; advantageous; happy. 
 
 W611, adv. [A.-S. ivela,toel, Goth, vaila, Icel. vel.] 1. 
 In a good or proper manner ; justly ; rightly. 2. Suit- 
 ably to one's condition, to the occasion, or to a proposed 
 end or use ; suitably ; abundantly ; fully ; adequately ; 
 thoroughly. 3. In such manner as is desirable ; favor- 
 ably; advantageously; conveniently. 4. Considerably; 
 not a little ; far. 
 
 Well ofT, in good condition; estpecially, in good condition as 
 to property or any advantages; thriving; prosperous. — IFeZZ to 
 do, well off; prosperous; — used also adjectively. 
 
 W611'a-day, interj. [Comnpt.ft.ivelaway, A.-S.wiUaw&, 
 fr. ivd, woe, Id, lo, oh, and w&, woe.] Alas I 
 
 Well'-be'ing, n. Welfare ; happiness ; prosperity. 
 
 Well'-bom, a. Born of a noble or respectable family. 
 
 Well'-bred, a. Educated to polished manners ; polite ; 
 cultivated ; refined. 
 
 Well'-do'ing, n. A doing well ; performance of duties. 
 
 W611'-fa"'vored, a. Handsome; well formed; beauti- 
 ful ; pleasing to the eye. 
 
 Well'-liead, n. A source, spring, or fountain. 
 
 Wgll'-liole, n. (Arch.) The open space in the middle 
 of a staircase, beyond the ends of the stairs. 
 
 Well'-maii'nered, a. Polite ; well-bred ; complaisant. 
 
 ■Well'-iiiean'iiig, a. Having a good intention. 
 
 Well'- me ant, a. Rightly intended ; kind ; friendly. 
 
 Well'-nigli (-nl), adv. Almost ; nearly. 
 
 Well'-spok'en (-spok'n), a. 1. Speaking well ; speak- 
 ing with fitness or grace ; or speaking kindly. 2. 
 Spoken with propriety. 
 
 Well'-spring. n. A fountain; a spring; a source of 
 continual supply. 
 
 Well'-sweep, n. A long pole balanced upon a high 
 post and used in drawing water by means of a bucket 
 from a well. 
 
 Well'-wisli'er, n. One who wishes another well ; a 
 person benevolently or friendlily inclined. 
 
 Welsh, a. (Geog.) Belonging or relating to Wales, or 
 its inhabitants. 
 
 Wglsli, n. sing, or pi. 1. sing. The language of Wales, 
 or of the Welsh. 2. pi. ( Geog.) The natives or inhabi- 
 tants of Wales. 
 
 W61t, n. [A.-S. weltan, to roll, or more pre*, from W. 
 givald, a hem, a welt, givaldu, to welt or to hem, from 
 gwaliaw, to inclose.] That which, being folded or 
 brought round, serves to guard, strengthen, or adorn 
 something ; as, (a.) A small cord covered with cloth and 
 sewed on a seam or border to strengthen it ; an edge of 
 cloth folded on itself and sewed down, (b.) A narrow 
 strip of leather around a shoe, between the upper leather 
 and sole. 
 
 Welt, v. t. [imp. & p. ;j. welted ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WELTING.] To furnish with a welt ; to sew a welt on. 
 
 Wei'ter, V. i. [imp. & p. p. WELTERED; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WELTERING.] [A.-S. tveltan, wallan, to roll, to 
 welter, Icel. velta, Goth, valtjan, valvjan.] 1. To roll, 
 as the body of an animal ; to wallow ; to tumble about, 
 especially in any thing foul or defiling. "Z, To rise and 
 fall, as waves ; to tumble over, as billows. 
 
 Wen, n. [A.-S. wenn, Y). wen,!,. Gev. loenne.] {Med.\ 
 A circumscribed, indolent tumor, without inflammation 
 or change of color of the skin. 
 
 Wencli (66), n. [Cf. A.-S. wencle, a maid, a daughter, 
 wencel, a pupil, orphan, xuincel, windu, children, off- 
 spring.] 1. A low, vicious, coarse young woman ; a 
 drab ; a strumpet, ii. A black woman ; a colored female 
 servant ; a negress. [Amer.] 
 
 Wench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wenched (wgncht) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. wenching.] To frequent the company of 
 wenches, or women of ill fame. 
 
 Wench'er, n. One who wenches ; a lewd man. 
 
 Wend, V. i. [A.-S. wendan, to turn, to go, Icel. venda, 
 Goth, vandjan, to turn.] To go ; to pass ; to betake 
 
 W^end, V. t. To direct ; to betake. [one's self. 
 
 Wgn'nish, ) a. [From tve7i.] Having the nature of a 
 
 W6n'ny, j wen ; resembling a wen. 
 
 'W^nt, imp. of ivend; — now used as the preterit of go, 
 but in origin having no connection with it. 
 
 Wept, i^np. & p. p. of iveep. See Weep. 
 
 Were (wer, 57), imp. ind. pi. & imp. subj. sing. & pi. of 
 be. [A.-S. tvxre,tvxron; Icel. vera, to be. See Was.] 
 It is united with be to supply its want of tenses, as went 
 is with go . See Be . 
 
 TVerst, n. A certain Russian measure of length ; a verst. 
 See Verst. 
 
 Wert. The second person singular of ivere, used as the 
 subjunctive imperfect tense of be. See Were. 
 
 We'gand, n. See Weasand. [Obs.] 
 
 West, n. [A.-S. west, Icel. vestr, 0. H. Ger. ivest, westan.] 
 
 1. The direction or quarter of the heavens where the 
 sun sets ; the point, direction, or region, opposed to east. 
 
 2. A country situated in a region toward the sunsetting, 
 with respect to another. 
 
 West, a. 1. Situated toward the west, or in the direction 
 
 of the setting sun ; relating to the west. 2. Coming or 
 
 moving from the west, or western region. 
 W6st,ar/r. [A.-S. zt'fsi.] To the western region ; at the 
 
 westward ; more westward. 
 West'er-ing, a. Passing to the west. 
 West'er-ly, a. 1. Being toward the west ; situated in 
 
 the western region. 2. Moving from the westward. 
 West'er-ly, adv. Tending, going, or moving, toward 
 
 the west. 
 TTest'ern, «. 1. Situated in the west; being in that 
 
 quarter where the sun sets. 2. Moving toward the west 
 West'ward, adv. Toward the west. , 
 
 West'ward-ly, adv. In a direction toward the west. 
 Wet, a. [cowyjar. wetter ; sit/jer^. WETTEST.] [A.-S. 
 
 wxt, weaht, Icel. vatr, votr, allied to Goth, vato, Icel. 
 
 vatn, water.] 1. Containing water; full of moisture. 
 
 2. Very damp ; rainy. 
 Syn. — Nasty; humid; damp; moist. See Nasty. 
 
 Wet, n. 1, Water or wetness ; moisture or humidity in 
 considerable degree. 2. Rainy weather ; foggy or misty 
 weather. 
 
 Wet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wet (rarely wetted) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WETTING.] [A.-S. ivxtan, geiosetan, Icel. & 
 Sw. vdta, Dan. vdde.] To fill or moisten with water or 
 other liquid ; to dip or soak in liquor. 
 
 Weth'er, n. [A.-S. wedher, Icel. vedhr, Goth, vithrus.] 
 A castrated ram . 
 
 Wet'ness, n. 1. State of being wet; moisture; hu- 
 midity. 2. A watery or moist state of the atmosphere. 
 
 Wet'-nvirse, n. A nurse who suckles a child, especially 
 the child of another woman. 
 
 Wet'-shod, a. Having the feet wet with the shoes or 
 boots on. 
 
 Whack, V. t. [From thwack, q. v.] To strike ; to givev 
 heavy or resounding blow to. [ Collog. or vulgar.] 
 
 iood, jJaTot ; <irn, ri^de, pyJl ; fell, (haise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st ; linger, link ; ttii«. 
 
WHACK 
 
 816 
 
 WHEREAS 
 
 Wliftck, V. i. To strike any thiug with a smart blow, 
 
 Wh&ck, n. A smart, rosoiinding blow. 
 
 WliSle, n. [A.-S. hiccil, led. /ivnir, 0. II. Gor. wal, allied 
 to Or. 4>d\yj. 4)aL\at.i'a,lAit. baUr II n.] (Zoiil.) An animal 
 iuhnbitiug the ocean, of the class of Mammals, and 
 fomily of Cttacmns. 
 
 ay The Groeiilaiul nhalc, or right uliak; when fully grown, 
 is from tit^v to sixty-tive or sev- 
 enty feet in lenjith, and from 
 thirty to forty feet in its fcreatest 
 circumtenMH-e. Tlie whale fur- 
 nishes oil, whiileboue. &e. The 
 fin-backed whnle. called also 
 fj)fat tiort/ieni ronjnal, is prob- 
 ably the lonfiest animal in crea- 
 tion, sometimes exceeding one 
 hundi-ed feet in length. Greenland Whale. 
 
 Wlialenboiie, n. A firm, elastic substance resembling 
 bone, taken from the upper jaw of the right whale, used 
 !is a stiffening in stays, fans, screens, and for various 
 other purposes. 
 
 Wliale'man, «.; pi. whale'men. A man emploj'ed 
 in the whale-fishery. [fishery. 
 
 "Wlial'er, n. A ship or a person employed in the whale- 
 
 Wliap, n. [A.-S. Iiiveop, a whip, hiveopian, to whip, 
 scourge.] A blow, or quick, smart stroke. 
 
 Wliap'per (hwop/per), n. [See supra.] Something un- 
 conimonly large of the kind ; — applied especially to a 
 bold lie. [ Colloq. and vulgar.] 
 
 Wharf (hworf ), « ■ ; pi. properly wharfs, but "WHARVE§ 
 is often used, especially in the United States. "[A.-S. 
 Iiwearf, hweorf, hwarf. from laoeorfan^ to turn.] A per- 
 pendicular mound of timber or stone and earth, raised on 
 the shore of a harbor, river, canal, or the hke, or extend- 
 ing into the water, for the convenience of lading and un- 
 lading vessels ; a mole ; a pier. 
 
 Wharfage, n. 1. The fee paid for the privilege of using 
 a wharf. i2. A wharf, or wharves in general ; whai-fing. 
 
 Wharf'in-g^er, n. [From wharfing.] A man who has 
 tlie'care of a wharf; or the proprietor of a wharf. 
 
 W^hat (hwot), pron. [A.-S. Iiwdt,lce\. hvad, Goth, hva, 
 allied to Lat. quid. See Who.] 1. An interrogative 
 pronoun, used (both substantively and adjectively) in 
 asking questions as to things or inanimate objects, cor- 
 responding thus to tvho, which is used for persons, ti. 
 Hence, used as an exclamatory word, meaning kow re- 
 markahle, or how great; — sometimes prefixed to ad- 
 jectives in an adverbial sense, as nearly equivalent to how ; 
 also, used independently, and meaning generally, how 
 strange a thing.' 3. A compound relative, equivalent, 
 substantively, to that which; adjectively, to the . . . which; 
 the sort or kind of the . . . which; and, rarely, to the . . . 
 071 or at which ; used also in a corresponding adverbial 
 sense. 4. Whatever ; whatsoever ; — used indefinitely. 
 5. In part; partly; — with repetition, and followed by 
 with. 
 
 WTiat-gv'er, pron. Any thing soever which ; being this 
 or that ; all that. 
 
 WTiat'-n6t, n. [From the abbreviated phrase what not, 
 often used at the close of an enumeration of several par- 
 ticulars or articles; hence, used substantively, to denote 
 a miscellany, a variety.] A kind of stand or piece of 
 household furniture, having shelves for books, orna- 
 ments, &c. 
 
 "Wh^t'so-ev'er, a. Whatever. 
 
 AVheal, n.* [A.-S. hwcle, putrefaction, A?^^Zaw, to putrefy. 
 Cf. Wale.] A mark raised by a stroke ; a wale. 
 
 Wheat, n. [A.-S. hwsete, allied to hwit, white ; Goth. 
 hvaiti,hvaiteis.] (Bot.) A plant and the seed of the plant, 
 which furnishes a white flour for bread. 
 
 Wheat'-ear, n. 1. An ear 
 of wheat. 5i. (Ornith.) A 
 small bird common in Europe, 
 and found in Greenland ; — 
 called also fallow-chat, or fal- 
 low-finch. See Fallow- 
 
 FINCH. 
 
 *Vheat'«n,a. [A..-?), hwxten.] 
 
 Made of wheat. 
 Whee'dle (hwg/dl), v. t. 
 
 [imp. & p. p. WHEEDLED; 
 p.Jtr- & Vb.n. WHEEDLING. 
 [Cf. A.-S. wadlian, to be poor, 
 to beg, and 0. H. Ger. wada- 
 Um, to wander.] 1, To entice by soft words 
 gain or get away by flattery. 
 Syn. — To flatter; coax; cajole. 
 Wheel, n. [A.-S. hwedl, hweohl, Icel. hiol. hvel, wheel; 
 allied to Goth, valvjan, to roll.] 1, A circular frame 
 
 Wheat-ear. 
 
 3. To 
 
 turning on an axis ; a rotating disk. 3, Any in.strumenl 
 having a similar form to that described above, or chiefly 
 consisting of a wheel ; as, (a. ) A spinning-wheel, (h.) An 
 instrument for punishing criminals, formerly, but now 
 no longer used, (c.) (Nnut.) A circular frame having 
 handles on the rim, used in steering a ship, (d.) {Pot- 
 tery.) A round, wooden disk revolving horizontally at the 
 top of a vertical shaft or spindle, on which the clay is 
 shaped. 3. A rolling or revolving body; a disk; an 
 orb. 4. A turn or revolution ; rotation ; compass. 
 
 Wheel, V. t. [imp. & p. p. wheeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WHEELING.] 1. To convey on wheels. 3. To put into 
 a rotatory motion ; to cause to turn or revolve. 
 
 Wheel, V. i. 1. To turn on an axis, or as on an axis; 
 to revolve ; to rotate. 3. To go round in a circuit. 3. 
 To roll forward. 
 
 Wheel'bar-row, n. A light frame with a box for con- 
 veying articles, supported by one wheel, and rolled by a 
 single person. 
 
 W^heel'-car'riage, n. A carriage moved on wheels. 
 
 Wheel'-house, n.; pi. wheel'-hous/e§. (Naut.) 
 (a.) A small house or shelter on deck, which contains the 
 steering-wheel, (b.) The paddle-box of steam-vessels. 
 
 Wheel'ing, n. 1. Act of conveying on wheels. 3. 
 Adaptation to wheel-carriages; convenience for passing 
 on wheels. 
 
 Wheel'-work (-wQrk), n. A combination of wheels, 
 and their connection in a machine. 
 
 Wlieel'-wright (hweel/rlt), n. A man who makes wheels 
 and wheel-carriages. 
 
 Wheeze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. wheezed; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WHEEZING.] [A.-S. hweosan. Icel. hvdsa, vdsa, to 
 hiss, whiz.] To breathe hard, and with an audible sound, 
 as persons affected with asthma. 
 
 Whelk, n. [A.-S. hwyka, varicose vein, hyka, heolca, a 
 bend.] 1. A wrinkle ; an inequality on the surface; a 
 protuberance. 3. A stripe or mark ; a streak. 3. (Zoiil.) 
 A mollusk having a one-valved, spiral, and gibbous shell, 
 with an oval aperture ending in a short canal or gutter. 
 
 Whglm, V. t. [imp. & p. p. whelmed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WHELMING.] [Cf. A.-S. for-we.lman, to overwhelm, 
 to sufi'ocate, hwelfan,hwylfan, to overwhelm, cover over.] 
 1. To cover with water or other fluid. 3. To cover com- 
 pletely ; to immerse deeply ; to overburden. 
 
 Whelp, n. [A.-S. hwelp, Icel. hvelpr, 0. II. Ger. hwelfy 
 welf.] 1. The young of the canine species, and also of 
 beasts of prey ; a puppy ; a cub. 3. A child ; a youth ; 
 — jocosely or contemptuously so called. 
 
 Wfielps of a windlass, capstan, or the like (Naut.), short, up- 
 right pieces of wood, &c., placed round the barrel, to prevent 
 it from being chafed. 
 
 Whelp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. whelped (hwelpt) ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WHELPING.] To bring forth young, as the 
 female of the canine species and some beasts of prey. 
 
 When, adv. [A.-S. hwenne, hwanne, hivanne, hwonne^ 
 Goth. Aran.] 1. At what time ; — used interrogatively. 
 3. At what time ; at the time that ; — used relatively. 
 3. While ; whereas ; — used in the manner of a conjunc- 
 tion. 4. Which time; then; — elUptically and inaccu- 
 rately used as a substantive. 
 
 When as, at the time that; when. [Obs.] 
 
 Whenpe, adv. [0. Eng. whennes, whens, with the ter- 
 mination of a genitive. Cf. Hence and Thence.] 1. 
 From what place ; hence, from what or which source, 
 origin, antecedent, premise, &c. : how; — used inter- 
 rogatively. 3. From what or which place, source, &c. ; 
 the place, source, &c., from which ; — used relatively. 
 
 When^e'so-ev'er, relative adv. or conj. From what 
 place soever ; from what cause or source soever. 
 
 W^hen-6v'er, relative adv. or conj. At whatever time. 
 
 Wh6n'so-6v'er, relative adv. or conj. At what time so- 
 ever ; at whatever time ; whenever. 
 
 Whdre (4), adv. [A.-S. hwar, hwdr, Goth. & Icel. hvar.'\ 
 1. At what place; in what situation, position, or cir- 
 cumstances ; — used interrogatively. 3. At which place ; 
 at the place in which ; — used relatively. 3. To what or 
 which place ; whither ; — used interrogatively and relsi- 
 tively. [Recent.] 
 Syn.— See Wuither. 
 
 Where'a-bout', ) adv. 1. About where ; near what 
 Wh^re'a-toout.si', | or which place; — used interroga» 
 
 tively and relatively. 3. Concerning which ; about 
 
 which. 
 
 C@" Whereabout, or whereabouts, is often used colloquially as 
 a noun. 
 
 Wh6re-Jl§', conj. 1. Considering that; since; — weed 
 
 a,e,&c.,ion^,' &,ii,itc., short; c&re, far, ask, all, what; 6re,vgil,tSrm; pique, firm; son, 5r,do, w^U, 
 
WHEREAT 
 
 817 
 
 WHIMWHAM 
 
 to introduce a preamble. 2. When in fact ; the case 
 being in truth tliat ; — implying opposition to something 
 that precedes ; or implying a recognition of facts. 
 
 ■Wli6re-at', adv. 1. At what; — used relatively. 2. 
 At what ; — used interrogatively. 
 
 "Wliere-by', arff. 1. By which ; — used relatively. 2. 
 By what ; — used interrogatively. 
 
 Wli^re'fore, adv. [From where and for.l 1, For 
 which rea^n ; — used relatively. 2. For what reason ; 
 why ; — us6d interrogatively. 
 
 Wligre-iii', adv. 1. In which ; in which thing, time, 
 respect, book, or the like ; — used relatively. 2. In 
 what : — used interrogatively. 
 
 Wh^re'iii-to', a<^t'. 1. Into which; — used relatively. 
 2. Into what ; — used interrogatively. 
 
 TVli6re-6f' (hwer-6ff' or hwer-ov'), ad)v. 1. Of which; 
 — used relatively. 2. Of what ; — used indefinitely . 3. 
 Of what ; — used interrogatively. 
 
 Wliere-on', adv. On which : — used relatively. 
 
 Wli6re'so-6v'er, adv. In what place soever ; in what- 
 ever place, or in any place indefinitely ; wherever. 
 
 'WYi^re-to' , adv . 1. To which; — used relatively. 2. 
 To what ;' to what end : — used interrogatively. 
 
 "WTi^re'up-on', ac^t;. Upon which; in consequence of 
 w hich. [place. 
 
 TVli6r-ev'er, adv. [From where and ever.] At whatever 
 
 "Wliere-witli', or 'Wlidre-witii' (99), adv. 1. With 
 which; — used relatively. 2. With what; — used in- 
 terrogatively. 
 
 Wliere'witii-aF, adv. [From where, with, and all. 
 See Withal.]" The same as Wherewith. 
 
 Wli^re'Tvitii-al', n. The means wherewith to accom- 
 plish any purpose. [Colloq.'] 
 
 Whier'ry (hwer'ry), n. [Allied io ferry , q^. \ .] (Naut.) 
 A shallow, light boat, built long and narrow, and sharp 
 at both ends, for fast rowing or sailing. 
 
 "Wliet, V. t. [imp. & p. p. WHETTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WHETTIN&.] [A.-S. hwettan, Icel. hvetja, hvessa, 0. 
 H. Ger. hvazzan, wezzen, from A.-S. hwat, Icel. hvattr, 
 Goth, hvass, 0. H. Ger. hwas, sharp.] 1. To rub for 
 the purpose of sharpening, as an edge-tool. 2. To make 
 sharp, keen, or eager ; to stimulate. 3. To stir up ; to 
 excite ; to provoke. 
 
 "WTiet, n. 1. The act of sharpening by friction. 2. 
 Something that provokes or stimulates the appetite. 
 
 Wli6tii'er, pron. [A.-S. hvjddher, Goth, hvathar. Icel. 
 hvarr, allied to Lat. uter, Gr. Korepo?, irorepos, Skr. kata- 
 ras, from kas, Goth, hvas, who.] Which of two ; which 
 one of two ; — used interrogatively and relatively. [ 05s. 
 or antiquated.] 
 
 Wtt^tii'er, conj. Used to introduce the first of two or 
 more alternative clauses, the other or others being con- 
 nected by or, or by or luhether ; it also frequently intro- 
 duces each one, except the last, of several alternatives ; 
 sometimes, when the second of two objective alternatives 
 is the simple negative of the first, the second is omitted, 
 an d lohether stands singly, with no correlative. 
 
 "WTiet'stone (20), n. A stone used for sharpening edged 
 instruments by friction. 
 
 "Wliet'ter, n. One who, or that which, whets. 
 
 "Wliew, n. or interj. A sound like that of a half-formed 
 whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or dislike. 
 
 "Whey (hwa), n. [A.-S. hwseg, M. H. Ger. wezzich. Cf. 
 Whig.] The serum or watery part of milk, separated 
 from the more thick or coagulable part, particularly in 
 the process of making cheese. 
 
 Wliey'ey (hwa^y), a. Partaking of, or resembling, whey. 
 
 "Wliey'isli (hwa'ish), a. Having the qualities of whey ; 
 resembling whey ; wheyey. 
 
 "Wliicli, pron. [0. Eng. whilke, whiche, A.-S. hwylic, 
 hwylc, hwilc, Icel. hvilikr, Goth, hvileiks^ hveleiks, from 
 hvc, dative of hvas, who, and leiks, like, equal.] 1. An 
 interrogative pronoun, used both substantively and ad- 
 jectively, to ask for an individual person or thing among 
 several of a class, being more demonstrative than who or 
 what; — in this use signifying who, or what one of a 
 number, sort, kind, or the like. 2. A relative, used 
 generally substantively, but sometimes adjectively, in all 
 niunbers and genders, and for all objects excepting per- 
 sons. 3. A compound relative, standing for that which, 
 those which, the . . . which, and the like. 
 ffiS* The which was formerly sometimes used for which. 
 
 Wliicli-gv'er , \pron. Whether one or the other; 
 
 ■Wliicli''so-6T-'er, j which. 
 
 WHiff , n. [Cf. W. ch7iW, a whifiF, a hiss, Icel. veifa, to 
 
 shake, whirl.] A sudden expulsion of air from the mouth ; 
 
 a quick puff of air. 
 
 Whiff, V. t. [imp. & p. p. whiffed (hwlft) ; p. pr. 8c 
 vb. n whiffing.] 1. To throw out in whiffs ; to 
 consume in whiffs ; to puflf. 2. To convey by a puff; 
 to blow. 
 
 Whiff, V. i. To emit whiffs, as of smoke ; to puff; to 
 smoke. 
 
 Whiffle (whif/fl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. whiffled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. whiffling.] [A.-S. wxflan, wxflian, to 
 babble, to whiffle, Icel. veifla, to shake often.] To waver 
 or shake, as if moved by gusts of wind ; to change from 
 one opinion or course to another ; to be fickle and un- 
 
 Syn. — To shift; evade; shuffle; prevaricate. 
 
 WTiif 'fler, n. One who whiffles, or frequently changes, 
 his opinion or course. 
 
 Whiff le-tree, n. The bar to which the traces of a car- 
 riage are fastened for draught ; a whippletree. 
 
 Whig, n. [From whig, whey, which the Scottish Oov 
 enanters used to drink, and hence a name given to them, 
 or from whiggam., a term used in Scotland in driving 
 horses, whiggamore, one who drives horses, contr. to 
 whig. In 1648, a party of these people marched to Edin- 
 burgh to oppose the king and the duke of Hamilton ; and 
 hence the name of witig was given to the party opposed 
 to the court.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) One of apolitical party 
 which had its origin in England in the seventeenth cent- 
 ury, advocated popular rights, and was opposed to the 
 tones. Those who supported the king in his high claims 
 were called tories, and the advocates of popular rights 
 were called whigs. 2. (Amer. Hist.) (a.) A friend and 
 supporter of the American Revolution and the war ensu- 
 ing ; — opposed to tory and royalist, {h.) One of a polit- 
 ical party in the United States from about 1829 to 1853, 
 opposed in politics to the so-called democrats. 
 
 WTiig, a. Pertaining to, or composed of, whigs ; adhering 
 to the principles of the whigs. 
 
 W^hig'ger-y, n. The principles of a whig. 
 
 Whig'gish, a. Pei'taining to whigs ; partaking of the 
 principles of whigs. 
 
 Whig'gigm, n. The principles of a whig. 
 
 While, n. [A.-S. hivil, Icel. hvila, Goth, hveila.] Space 
 of time, or continued duration ; time. 
 
 Worth while, vrorth the time which it requires; worth the 
 lime and pains; hence, worth the expense. 
 
 While, adv. 1. During the time that; as long as ; at 
 the same time that. 2. Hence, under which circum- 
 stances ; in which case. 
 
 Syn. — Though. — Both these words are used in comparinjj 
 things or drawing parallels between them ; but though also im- 
 plies contrast, which while does not. For instance, we may 
 say, " TFhile I admire his courage, I honor him for his self- 
 command;" and " Though I admire his courage, I detest his 
 ferocity." While might, indeed, be used in both cases; but 
 if we mean distinctly to imply a contrast, we must use though. 
 
 While, V. t. [imp. & p. p. whiled; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WHILING.] [See supra.] To cause to pass away with- 
 out irksomeness or disgust ; to spend or pass. 
 
 W^hileg (hwilz), adv. While. 
 
 Whi'lom, adv. [A.-S. hwilum, hwilon, formerly, prop, 
 dative pi. of AfiZ.] Formerly ; once ; of old. [Obs.] 
 
 Whilst, adv. The same as While, q. v. 
 
 Whim, n. [Icel. hvim., a quick movement, hvima, to 
 move quickly, W. chivim,, a brisk motion.] A sudden 
 turn or start of the mind ; a fancy ; a capricious notion ; 
 a humor. 
 
 Syn.— Freak.— A freak is literally a sudden start or change 
 of place, and hence denotes some particular act which is hasty 
 or fanciful, perhaps humorous or childish; a whim is dictated 
 by caprice, and usually implies a state of mind more or less 
 permanent. The young are apt to have th.e.\x freaks, and the 
 old to indulge themselves in whims. 
 
 Whim'per, v. i. [imp. & p.p. WHIMPERED ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WHIMPERING.] [Scot, whimmer, N. H. Ger. 
 wim.mern.] To cry with a low, whining, broken voice. 
 
 Whim'per, v. t. To utter in a low, whining tone. 
 
 Whim'per-er, n. One who whimpers, or whines. 
 
 Whim'gey (hwim^zy), n. [From whim.] A whim ; a 
 freak ; a capricious notion . 
 
 Whim'§i-<;al, a. 1. Full of whims or whimseys ; hav- 
 ing odd fancies. 2. Hence, singular ; curious ; odd. 
 
 Syn. — Quaint ; freakish; capricious; fanciful; fantastical 
 See Quaint. 
 
 Whim^§i-eai'i-ty, n. State or quality of being whim- 
 sical ; whimsicalness. 
 
 Whim'§i-eal-ly, adv. In a whimsical manner. 
 
 Whim'gi-eal-ness, n. State or quality of being whim- 
 sical ; freakishness ; whimsical disposition. 
 
 Whim'wham,«. [From whim by redupUcation.] A 
 whim or whimsey ; a freak. 
 
 food, f ot>t 
 
 firn, ru'^e, pu.ll ; ^ell, ^haise, -eall, e-eho ; 
 
 52 
 
 gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. 
 
^vnm 
 
 818 
 
 WHISTLE 
 
 Whin, n. [W. chiryn, weeds, a single weed.] (Bot.) 
 Gorso ; furae ; — applied also to a leguminous plant, bav- 
 iug voUow tiowers. 
 
 Wlilu'cliJ^t. »i. [From u'A UK and cAaf.] (Ornith.) Asmall 
 singiusi-bird ; a species of warblei" common in Europe. 
 
 Wliiue, t". «. [imp. & p. p. WHINED; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WilIMNtt.] [Icel. hviiKi, to creak, veiiia, kveina, to la- 
 ment. 0. II. Oer. wtintui, to deplore, A.-S. ivaniaHy cioa- 
 Miaii, to mourn, bowl, Gotb. (/yniiiGii, to groan.] To ut- 
 ter a plaintive cry ; to complain in a sbrill, long-drawn 
 tone : beuce, to complain in a mean, unmanly way. 
 [Rare.] 
 
 Wliiiie, n. A plaintive tone ; tbe nasal puerile tone of 
 mean complaint : mean or affected complaint. 
 
 Wliiii'er, n. One wbo wbines. 
 
 A^liiu'ny, V. i. [itnp. & p. p. WHINNIED ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WHINNYING.] [From tbe root of loliine, and alUed 
 to Lat. AinniVc] To utter tbe sound of a borse ; to 
 neigb. 
 
 TVliin'ny , n. The cry or note of a borse ; a neigb. 
 
 "Wliin'ny, a. Abounding in whins, gorse, or furze- 
 busbes. 
 
 Wliiu'- stone, n. [From wAm and s^one.] {GeoZ.)Trap 
 or green-stone ; — a provincial name given to basaltic 
 rocks, and applied by miners to any kind of dark-colored 
 an d bard, unstratified rock. 
 
 WMp, V. t. [imp. & p. p. WHIPPED (hwipt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WHIPPING.] [A.-S. hweopian, to whip, Icel. vippa, 
 to whirl.] 1. To strike with a lash, a cord, a rod, or 
 any thing bthe ; to lash; to beat. 2. To drive with 
 lashes. 3. To punish with tbe whip; to flog ; to beat. 
 4. To lash, as with sarcasm, abuse, or tbe like. 5. To 
 strike ; to thrash ; to beat out, as grain, by striking. 6. 
 To sew hgbtly ; specifically., to form into gathers by over- 
 casting a rolled edge and drawing up the thread. 7. To 
 overlay, as a cord, rope, &c., with other cords ; to wrap ; 
 to inwrap. 8. To take or move by a sudden motion ; to 
 jerk; to snatch. 9. {Naul.) To hoist or purcliase by 
 means of a whip ; to secure the end of from untwisting 
 by overcasting it with yarn. 
 
 To whip in, to drive in or keep from scattering, as hounds in 
 a hunt; hence, to collect in and keep from scattering, as mem- 
 bers of a legislative body, of a party, and the like. 
 
 WTiip, V. i. To move nimbly ; to start suddenly and do 
 any thing. 
 
 Wliip, «. 1. An instrument for driving horses or other 
 animals, or for correction, ti. A coachman, or driver 
 of a carriage. 3. ( Mack. ) One of the four arms or frames 
 of a windmill, on which tbe sails are spread. 4. [Naut.) 
 A small tackle with a single rope, used to hoist Hght 
 bodies. 
 
 "Wliip'-eSrd, n. A kind of hard-twisted or braided cord, 
 sometimes used for making lashes. 
 
 IVliip'graft,^. J. [imp. 8c p. p. whipgrafted; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WHIPGRAFTING.] To graft by cutting the 
 cion and stock in a sloping direction, so as to fit each 
 other, and by inserting a tongue on the cion into a slit 
 in tbe stock. 
 
 "WMp'-iasli, n. The lash of a whip. 
 
 TVhip'per, n. 1. One who whips ; especially, an oflBcer 
 who inflicts tbe penalty of legal whipping. Si, One wbo 
 raises coal with a tackle from a ship's hold. 
 
 Whip'per-in', n. 1. A huntsman who keeps tbe bounds 
 from wandering, and whips them in, if necessary, to the 
 bne of chase, ti. Hence, one who enforces the disciphne 
 of a party , and urges tbe attendance of the members on 
 all necessary occasions. 
 
 W nip'per- sn^p'per , n. A diminutive, insignificant 
 person. [Collof/.] [tied to be whipped. 
 
 "VVliip'ping-post, n. A post to which oSenders are 
 
 AVliip'ple-tree, n. [See Whip, and cf. Whiffle- 
 TKEE.] Tbe bar to which the traces or tugs of a bar-. 
 neas are fastened. 
 
 Wliip'-poor-wai (110), n. 
 {Ornith.) An American bird, 
 allied to the nighthawk and 
 nightjar, so called from its 
 not«, or tbe sounds of its 
 voice. 
 
 Wliip'saw, n. A saw usually 
 eet in a frame, for dividing 
 timber lengthwise, and com- __, . .„ 
 
 rnonly worked by two persons. Whip-poor-wiU. 
 
 Whip'-staff, n. ; pi. wnlp/-sTAFFS. {Naut.) A bar by 
 which tbe rudder is turned ; a tiller. 
 
 "Whip'Kter, n. [From whip, q. v.] A nimble little fellow. 
 
 "WTiip'-stSck, n. The rod or staff to which the lash of 
 a whip is fastened ; sometimes, tbe whole whip. 
 
 Wliipt, imp. & p. p. of whip, for whipped. 
 
 Whir (18), t>. i. [A.-S. hiveorfan, to turn, Icel. hvtrfa, 
 Goth, hvairban.] To whirl round with noise ; to fly With 
 a buzzing or whizzing sound. 
 
 Wliir, n. A buzzing or whizzing sound produced by th« 
 rapid or whirling motion of any thing. 
 
 Wliirl (hwTrl, 18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. whirled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WHIRLING.] [Icel. hvirfla, to whirl, 0. H. 
 Ger. hwarbaldn ; A.-S. kverfiung, aberration. See supra] 
 1. To turn round rapidly ; to cause to rotate with Te- 
 locity. 2. To remove quickly *»vith a revolving motion. 
 
 Whirl, V. i. 1. To he turned i-ound rapidly ; to move 
 round with velocity ; to gyrate. 2. To move hastily. 
 
 Whirl, n. 1. A turning with rapidity or velocity ; rapid 
 rotation. 2. Any thing that moves or is turned with 
 velocity, especially on an axis or pivot. 3. A revolving 
 hook used in twisting. 4. {Bot. & Conch.) A whorl. 
 See WHORL. 
 
 "Whirl'-hat, n. Any thing moved with a whirl as pre- 
 paratory for a blow, or to augment tbe force of it. 
 
 Whirl'-bone, n. The patella ; the cap of tbe knee ; 
 the knee-pan. 
 
 Wliirl'er, n. One who, or that which, whirls. 
 
 W^hirl'i-g-ig', n. [From whirl and gig. See GiG.] A 
 child's toy, spun or whirled around like a wheel upon an 
 axis, or like a top. 
 
 Whirl'pdbl, n. An eddy of water ; a vortex or gulf in 
 which the water moves round in a circle. 
 
 Whirl'wind, n. A violent wind moving in a circle 
 round its axis, and having a progressive motion. 
 
 Whisk, n. ■ [Icel. visk, 0. H. Ger. loisc.'] 1. Act of 
 whisking ; a rapid, sweeping motion, as of something 
 light. 2. A small b\mcb of grass, straw, hair, or tbe 
 like, used for a brush ; hence, a brush or small besom. 
 3. A small cuhnary instrument for whisking or beating 
 eggs, &c. 4, Part of a woman's dress ; a kind of 
 tippet. 
 
 Whisk, V. t. [imp. & p. p. whisked (hwiskt); p.pr. 
 & vb. n. WHISKING.] [0. H. Ger. wiskjan, wisken, D. 
 wisschen.] 1. To sweep, brush, or agitate with a light, 
 rapid motion, as tbe dust from a table, or the white of 
 eggs into a froth. 2. To move with a quick, sweeping 
 motion. 
 
 Whisk, V. i. To move nimbly and with velocity. 
 
 Whisk'er, n. 1. He who, or that which, whisks, or 
 moves "With a quick, sweeping motion. 2. That part of 
 tbe beard which grows upon the sides of the face, or tbe 
 cheeks; also, formerly, the hair of the upper lip, or 
 mustache. 3. Hence, the long, projecting hairs growing 
 at tbe sides of the mouth of a cat, or other such animal. 
 
 Whisk'ered, a. Formed into whiskers ; furnished with 
 whiskers ; having whiskers. 
 
 Whis'ky, \ n. [Corrupted from usquebaugh, q. v.] A 
 
 Whis'k'ey, j spirit distilled from barley, wheat, rye, or 
 maize. 
 
 Whis'per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. whispered ; p. pr. k, 
 vb. n. WHISPERING.] [A.-S. hwisprian, 0. H. Ger. 
 hwispalon, Icel. hviskra,iivisla. Cf. WHISTLE.] 1. To 
 speak softly, or under the breath ; to utter words with- 
 out sonant breath. 2. To make a low, sibilant sound 
 or noise. 3. To speak with suspicion, or timorous cau- 
 tion. 4. To plot secretly ; to devise mischief. 
 
 Whis'per, f. t. 1. To utter in alow, and not vocal, 
 tone. 2. To address in a whisper, or low voice. 
 
 Whis'per, n. 1. A low, soft, sibilant voice ; or words 
 uttered with such a voice. 2. A cautious or timorous 
 
 Whis'per-er, n. 1. One who whispers. 2. One who 
 tehs secrets ; hence, one wbo slanders secretly. 
 
 Syn. — A tattler; backbiter; slanderer. 
 
 Whist, a. [Cf. Ger. st ! pst I bst '. bush ! peace ! silence . 
 Cf. also Hist.] Not speaking ; not making a noise ; si- 
 lent ; mute ; still. 
 
 WTiist, n. A certain game at cards ; — so called because 
 it requires silence or close attention. 
 
 Whist, interj. Be silent ; be still ; hush ; — properly the 
 verb used imperatively. 
 
 Whis'tle (bwis'sl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. whistled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WHISTLING.] [A.-S. hwistlan, Icel. hvisla, 
 to whisper, q. v.] 1. To utter a kind of musical sound, 
 by pressing the breath through a small orifice formed by 
 contracting the lips. 2. To make a shriU sound with a 
 wind Instrument, like that made with the hps ; to blow 
 a sharp, shrill tone. 3. To sound sbrill, or like a pipe. 
 
 Whis'tle (hwis''sl), v. t. 1. To form, utter, or modulate 
 by whistling. 2. To send or call by a whistle. 
 
 Whis'tle (bwis'sl), n. 1. A sharp, sbrill sound, made by 
 
 », e,&c ,long; &,6,&,c.,short; c4re, far, ask, all, what; gre, veil, term; pique, firui; s6u,dr,dQ,W9ifi 
 
WHISTLER 
 
 819 
 
 WHOLE 
 
 pressing the breath through a small orifice of the lips, or 
 through an instrument which gives a similar sound ; the 
 sound used by a sportsman in calling his dogs ; the shrill 
 note of a bird ; the shriU sound made by wind passing 
 among trees or through crevices ; the shrill noise of 
 steam or gas escaping tlirough a small orifice, ii. An 
 instrument producing a sound like that made by the pas- 
 sage of breath through the compressed lips. 3. The 
 mouth, as the organ of whistling. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Wliis'tler (hwis'ler), n. One who whistles. 
 
 Wliit (hwit), n. [From A.-S. wiht, a creature, a thing. 
 See Wight and Au&HT.] The smallest part or particle 
 imaginable ; a bit ; a jot ; — used adverbially. 
 
 White, a. [rompar. whiter ; superl. WHITEST.] [A.-S. 
 hwit, Ice), hvitr, Goth, hveits, Skr. Qveta.] 1. Having 
 the color of pure snow ; reflecting to the eye all the rays 
 ©f the spectrum combined. 2. Destitute of color, as in 
 the cheeks ; pale. 3. Hence, pure ; clean ; free from 
 spot or blemish. 4. Gray, as the effect of age ; having 
 colorless hair. 5. Characterized by freedom from that 
 which defiles, disturbs, and the like ; hence, innocent ; 
 fortunate ; happy ; favorable. 
 
 i^" White feather, a mark of cowardice. See Feather. 
 — White heat, the temperature at which bodies become incan- 
 descent, and appear white from the bright light which they 
 emit. — White lead, (a.) A carbonate of lead, much used in 
 painting, and for other purposes; ceruse. (6.) (Jlin.) A native 
 carbonate of lead.— White squall iN^aut.), a sudden gust of wind 
 which comes up without being marked in its approach by the 
 clouds, and is attended with white, broken water, on the sur- 
 face of the sea. — White swelling (Med.), a strumous inflamma- 
 tion of the synovial membranes of the knee-joint, and also of 
 the cancellous texture of the end of the bone forming the knee- 
 joint; — applied also to a lingering, chronic tumor, of almost 
 any 'kind. — White wine, any wine of a clear, transparent color, 
 bordering on white, as Madeira, Sherry, &c.; — opposed to wine 
 of a deep-red color, as Port. 
 
 Syn. — Pale; snowy; pure; unblemished; sanctified. 
 
 "Wliite, n. 1. The color of pure snow ; one of the natu- 
 ral colors of bodies, j'et not strictly a color, but a compo- 
 sition of all the colors. 2, Something having the color 
 of snow, or reflecting to the eye the rays of light unsepa- 
 rated. 3. The center of a mark at which an arrow or 
 other missile is shot ; — formerly painted white. 4. One 
 of the white race of men. 
 
 White, V. t. [imp. & p. p. WHITED \ p. pr. & rb. n. 
 WHITING.] To make white ; to whiten; to whitewash. 
 
 XVhite'-bait, n. (Ichth.) A 
 very small, deUcate fish of the 
 herring kind. 
 
 White'-liv'ered, a. Having 
 
 a pale lookj feeble ; cowardly. ^ 
 Vhite'-m.eat,n. [A.-S.hivit- 
 
 White'-meat,n. [A.-S. hwit-' White-bait. 
 
 mete.] 1. Meats made of milk, butter, cheese, eggs, and 
 the Uke. 2. Young or deUcate flesh or food, as veal, 
 poultry, rabbits, and the like. 
 
 Whit'eii (hwTt'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. whitened ; p. 
 pr. & vh. n. WHITENING.] To make white ; to bleach ; 
 to blanch. [or whiter. 
 
 Whit'eii, 1". i. To grow white ; to turn or become white, 
 
 WTiit'eii-ei', n. One who bleaches or makes white. 
 
 WTiite'ness, n. 1. State or quality of being white. 2. 
 Paleness. 3. Freedom from stain or blemish ; purity ; 
 cleanness. 
 
 Whites, n. pi. (Med.) A discharge of a white, yellowish, 
 or greenish mucus, from the vagina ; leucorrhea ; fluor 
 albus. 
 
 White'-smith, n. 1. One who works in tinned iron, 
 or white iron. 2. A worker in iron who finishes or pol- 
 ishes the work, in distinction from one who forges it. 
 
 White'wash (hwit'wosh), n. 1. A wash or hquid 
 composition for whitening something ; a wash for making 
 the skin fair. 2. A composition of lime and water, or 
 of whiting, size, and water, used for whitening the plas- 
 ter of walls, and the like. 
 
 White'wash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. whitewashed 
 (108) ; p. 'pr. & vb. n. WHITEWASHING.] 1. To cover 
 with a white liquid composition, as with lime and water, 
 &c. 2. To make white ; to give a fair external appear- 
 ance ; hence, to clear, as an insolvent or bankrupt, of 
 debts he owes. 
 
 W^hite'wash-er, n. One who whitewashes. 
 
 WTiite'-weed, n. [Bot.) A plant of the genus Chrysan- 
 themum ; the ox-eye daisy, — so called from the color of 
 its flowers. 
 
 Whith'er, adv. [A.-S. hwdder, hwider, Goth. hvadrS, 
 hvalh, fr. hva. who.] 1. To what place ; — used interrog- 
 atively. 2. To what or which place ; — used relatively. 
 3. To what; to what point or degree; whereunto ; 
 whereto. 
 
 Syn. — Where. — Whither is now, to a great extent, obsolete, 
 except in poetry, or in compositions of a grave and seriou* 
 character. Where has taken its place, as in the question, 
 " Where are you going ?" &c. 
 
 Whith'er-so-6v'er, adv. To whatever place. 
 
 Whit'ing, n. [From white.] 
 1. (Ichth.) A sea-fish, allied 
 to the cod, valued on account 
 of its delicacy and lightness 
 as an article of food. 2. 
 Ground chalk, carefully Whiting, 
 
 cleaned from all stony matter. 
 
 W^hit'ish, a. 1. Somewhat white ; white in a moderate 
 degree. 2. (Bot.) (a.) Having a color hke white some- 
 what soiled, (b.) Covered with an opaque white powder- 
 
 Whit'ish-ness, n. QuaUty of being whitish. 
 
 Whit'leatii-er, n. 1. Leather dressed with alum, salt, 
 &c., i-emarkable for its pliability and toughness. 2. A 
 broad, tough, white ligament on the neck of quadrupeds, 
 which supports the weight of the head. 
 
 Whit'low, n. [From tvhite and low, llame, fire.] (Med.) 
 An inflammation of the fingers or toes, terminating usu- 
 ally in suppuration. 
 
 W^hit'suii, a. Of, pertaining to, or observed at Whit- 
 suntide. 
 
 Whit'suii-day (hwTfsn-dy), | n. [From white and Sun- 
 
 WTiit'suai-tide (hwit'sn-tid), ) day, or tide.] (Eccl.) 
 The seventh Sunday after Easter ; a festival commemo- 
 rative of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of 
 Pentecost ; — so called, because, in the primitive church, 
 those who had been newly baptized appeared at church 
 between Easter and Pentecost in white garments. 
 
 Whit'tle, n. [A.-S. hwitle, a little knife.] 1. A knife •, 
 a pocket, sheath, or clasp-knife. 2. [A.-S. hwUel, a 
 cloak. See White.] A grayish, coarse, double blanket 
 worn by west countrywomen, in England, over the 
 shoulders. 
 
 i;^hit'tle, V. t. [imp. & p. p. whittled ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. whittling.] [See supra.] To pare or cut off the 
 sui-face of with a small knife. 
 
 Whit'tle, V. i. To cut or shape a piece of wood with a 
 small knife. 
 
 Whiz, V. i. [imp. Ecp.p. whizzed; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WHIZZING.] [Cf. Wheeze and Hiss.] To make a 
 humming or hissing sound, Uke an arrow or ball flying 
 through the air. 
 
 Whiz, n. A hissing and humming sound. 
 
 Who (ho"o), pron. [possess, whose ; object. WHOM.] 
 [A.'-S. hiva, hiva, Goth, hvas, hvo, hva, Icel. hver, hvern, 
 Skr. kas, Lat. qicis, qui. Cf What.] A relative or in- 
 terrogative pronoun, used always substantively, and 
 either as singular or plural ; what or which person or 
 persons. 
 
 1^°- Who and whom, as relative pronouns, are used of per- 
 sons only, corresponding to which, as applied to things. Who, 
 whose, and whom, as compound relatives, are also usea of per- 
 sons only, meaning the person that ; the persons that ; the one 
 that. 
 
 Whoa (h.\io),interj. See HO. 
 
 Who-ev'er (hob-), pro7i. Whatever person ; any one 
 without exception ; any person whatever. 
 
 Whole (hoi, 20), a. [A.-S. hal, healthy, sound, whole, 
 Goth, hails, Icel. heill, W. holl, oil, Gr. oAos, oSAos.] 1. 
 Containing the total amount, number, and the like. 2. 
 Not defective or imperfect. 3. Unimpaired; uninjured. 
 4. Possessing, or being in a state of, health and sound- 
 ness. 
 
 Whole blood (Law of Descent), blood compounded wholly 
 of the same ingredients ; blood which is derived from the same 
 couple of ancestors.— Wliole Note (Mus.), the note which rep- 
 resents a tone of longest duration in common use ; a semi- 
 breve. 
 
 Syn. — All ; total ; complete ; entire; integral; undivided ; 
 unbroken ; healthy ; sound ; well. — When we use the word 
 whole, we refer to a thing as made up of parts, none of which 
 are wanting ; as a whole week ; a whole year ; the whole crea- 
 tion. Wlien we use the word total, we have reference to all as 
 taken together, and forming a single totality ; as, the total 
 amount ; the total income. When we speak of a tlung as 
 entire, we have no reference to parts at all, but regard the thing 
 as an integer, i. e., continuous or unbroken ; as, an enf/rcyear; 
 entire prosperity. When we speak of a thing as complete, there 
 is reference to some progress which results in a filling out to 
 some end or object, or, in other words, absolute fuUness ; as, 
 complete success ; a complete victory. 
 
 Whole, n. 1. The entire thing; the entire assemblage 
 of parts ; totality. 2. A regular combination of parts ; 
 a system. 
 
 Upon the whole, considering all things, or the whole ; in view 
 of all the circumstances or conditions. 
 Syn. —Totality ; amount ; aggregate ; gi-os«. 
 
 food, fobt ; ^rn, rude, pull; pell, 9haise,-eall, e«ho; gem, get; a§ ; e^ist ; liiiser, liuk ; this- 
 
WHOLENESS 
 
 820 
 
 WIELDER 
 
 qnal 
 Siilul>rit> 
 
 Whole'ness, n. State of l>einp whole, eutire, or sound, 
 ©ntinnioss ; totality ; completeness. 
 
 Wliole'sale (hoi'-), »i. Sale of goods by the piece or 
 lante quantity, as distiniruished from ritail. 
 
 Bii ulioltsiik, in the ma^ : witliout distinction or discrimina- 
 tion". 
 
 Wliole'sale (h6l'-), a. 1. Buyins and selling by the 
 piece or quantity. "2. Of, or pertaining to, the trade by 
 the piwe or quantity. 
 
 Wliole's6ine (hol'smn, 20), a. {compar. WHOLESOM- 
 EK; .v»;;er/. wuolesomesT.] 1. Tending to promote 
 healtli ; favoring health. "2. Contributing to the health 
 of the mind; favorable to morals, religion, or pros- 
 perity. 
 
 Syn. — Salubrious; sound; salutary; useful; kindly. 
 
 Tniolt''s6ine-ly (hol'sum-), arff. In a wholesome or 
 salutary manner : salubriouslj-. 
 
 "Wliole'some-uessi (hol'sum-nes), n. 1. The state or 
 of being wholesome, or contributing to health ; 
 ty. ti. Salutariaess ; conduciveness to the wel- 
 fare or happiness. 
 
 Wliol'ly (hol'y, 20), adv. 1. In a whole or complete 
 manner : entirely ; completely ; perfectly. S. To the 
 exclusion of other things ; totally. 
 
 Wlioiii ( ho"om ). ;jro/i . The objective of wAo. See WHO. 
 
 Wlioiii''so-ev'er (hobnT^-) pron. The objective of ivho- 
 soc'ver. See Whosoever. 
 
 "Wlioop (hoop), «. [See yn/ra.] A shout of pursuit or 
 of war ; a halloo ; a hoot, as of an owl. 
 
 Wliobp (hoop), V. i. [imp. & p. p. WHOOPED (ho"opt) ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. WHOOPING.] [A.-S. hicOpan, to cry out, 
 Goth, vopjan, to call, to cry out, hvdpan, to boast. Cf. 
 Weep and IIOOP.] To utter a loud cry of eagerness, 
 enthusiasm, or enjoyment ; to cry out ; to shout ; to hoot, 
 as an owl. 
 
 "Wliobp'ingr^coiigli (htTop'ing-kawf), n. {Med.) A vio- 
 lent, convulsive cough, consisting of several expirations, 
 followed by a sonorous inspiration or whoop ; chin- 
 cough ; hooping-cough. 
 
 Whop (hwop), V. t. [Colloq. and vulgar.] 1. To beat 
 severely. [See Whap.] 5J. To turn over suddenly. See 
 Whap. 
 
 "Whop, n. [See Whap.] A sudden fall, or the sudden- 
 ness of striking in a fall. 
 
 Whop'per, n. [Cf. Whapper.] 1. One who Avhops. 
 2, Any thing uncommonly large ; applied especially to a 
 monstrous lie. [Collocj.] 
 
 Whore (hor), n. [A..-S. hdre, Jce\. hora, 0. H. Ger. huora, 
 htiorra, fr. Goth, hors, an adulterer, A.-S. hdr, 0. II. Ger. 
 huor, hur, huora, fornication, Skr. jarn, an adulterer; 
 W. huran^ huren^ a whore.] A woman who practices un- 
 lawful sexual commerce with men, especially one who 
 does it for hire. 
 
 Syn. — Harlot ; courtesan ; prostitute ; strumpet ; punk ; 
 wench ; concubine. 
 
 W^hore (hor), v. i. To have unlawful sexual commerce. 
 AVhore'dom (hor'dum), n. 1. Practice of unlawful 
 
 commerce with the other sex : fornication ; lewdness. 
 
 '2. J Script.) Idolatr.v. 
 Whore'mas-ter (hor'-), n. 1. A man who practices 
 
 lewdness ; a lecher, ti. One who keeps or procures 
 
 whores for others ; a pimp ; a procurer. 
 "Whore'inon-ger (hor/mling-ger), n. A whoremaster ; 
 
 a lecher ; a pimp. 
 Whor'ish (hor'ish), a. Resembling a whore in character 
 
 or conduct ; incontinent ; lewd ; unchaste. 
 Whorl (hwQrl or hworl), n. 
 
 [Alhed to ivhirl. See Whirl, 
 
 4-] 1. {Bat.) An arrangement 
 
 of a number of Iwives, flowers, 
 
 or other organs, around a stem, 
 
 in the same plane with each 
 
 other. 2. {Conc/i.) A wreath 
 
 t»r turn of the spire of a uni- 
 valve. 
 Whort'le-beWry (hwOrt'l-), 
 
 n. [Cf. IIURTLEBERRY, and _ 
 
 A.-S. wyrt, herb, root, II. Ger. Whorls. 
 
 vmrzeljH, root, turnip.] (Bot.) A plant or shrub, and 
 
 it« small, round, edible berry, which is highly valued for 
 
 food; the huckleberry. 
 Whoge (hfTozj, pron. The possessive or genitive case of 
 
 who or vjliich. See Who and WHICH. 
 Whoge'so-6v'er (hiToz'-), pron. The possessive ofwho- 
 
 .soffTcr. See WHOSOEVER. 
 Wh(>'Ho-6v'er, pron. Whatsoever person ; any iMsrson 
 
 whatever that. 
 
 Wliftr, V. i. 1. To make a rough humming sound, like 
 
 one who pronounces the letter r with too much force. 
 
 il. To snarl or growl, as a dog. 
 Whftr, n. A humming sound Uke that of a body moving 
 
 through the air with velocity ; whir. 
 Why, adv. [A.-S. hivy, hwd, hu, why, instrum. form of 
 
 /nva, hwdt, who, what ; Icel. hvi, Goth, /ive, du-hvS.] 
 
 1. Forwhat cause, reason, or purpose ; on what account; 
 — used interrogatively, ti. For which reason or cause; 
 on which account ; for what ; — used relatively. 3. The 
 i-eason or cause for which ; — used as a compound relative. 
 
 1S3" my is used sometimes emphatically, or as an expletive. 
 
 Wick, n. [A.-S. iveoca, wecca, wecce, Icel. qveikr.] A 
 cotton cord, which by capillary attraction draws up the 
 oil, melted tallow, or wax, or other material used for illu- 
 mination, in small, successive portions, to be burned. 
 
 Wick'ed (60), a. [Prob. from A.-S. iviccian, to bewitch, 
 enchant, because crimes were attributed to enchantment 
 and witchcraft. Cf. Witch.] Evil in principle or prac- 
 tice ; contrary to the moral law ; addicted to vice. 
 
 Syn. — Iniquitous; sinful; criminal; guilty; immoral; 
 unjust ; unrighteous ; unholy; irreligious; ungodly ; profane; 
 vicious : pernicious ; atrocious ; nefarious ; heinous ; flagrant; 
 profligate ; flagitious ; abandoned. See Iniquitous. 
 
 Wiclt'ed-ly, adv. In a wicked manner ; viciously ; 
 
 corruptly ; immorally. 
 W^ick'ed.-iiess, ?i. 1. State or quality of being wicked. 
 
 2. A wicked thing or act. 
 
 Syn. — Sin ; sinfulness ; criminality : guilt ; iniquity ; im- 
 morality ; vice ; baseness ; villainy ; irreligion ; impiety ; un- 
 holiness ; ungodliness ; atrocity ; flagitiousness. 
 
 Wick'er, a. [Icel. widir, mIIIow. See Withy.] Made 
 of, or covered with, twigs or osiers. 
 
 Wick'er, n. A small twig or osier ; a rod for making 
 basket-work, and the like. 
 
 TTick'et, n. [0. Fr. u-iket, gvischet, fr. Icel. ivik, recess, 
 corner, A.-S. wtc, recess, port.] 1. A small gate or door, 
 especially one forming part of a larger door or gate. iJ, 
 A small gate-like frame-work of rods, used in playing 
 cricket. 
 
 Wick'ing, n. The material of which wicks are made. 
 
 Wide, a. [compar. WIDER; superl. M'IDEST.] [A.-S. 
 ivld, Icel. vidr, 0. H. Ger. wit.] 1. Having a great ex- 
 tent every way ; spacious ; vast. 2. Having considerable 
 distance or extent between the sides ; not narrow. 3. Of 
 a certain measure between the sides. 4. Remote ; distant. 
 Syn. — Broad ; extensive ; large. 
 
 Wide, adv. To a distance ; far. 
 
 Wlde'-a-wake', a. On the alert ; ready ; earnest. 
 
 "Wide'Iy, adv. 1. In a Avide manner ; to a wide degree ; 
 far ; extensively. 2. Very much ; to a great degree. 
 
 Wid'en (wid/n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. M'idened ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WIDENING.] To make wide or wider. 
 
 ■Vl''id'en, v. i. To grow wide, or wider ; to enlarge. 
 
 Wlde'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being wide; 
 breadth ; width, ii. Large extent in all directions. 
 
 "Wid'geoii (wij'un), m. [Fr. 
 vingeon, gi7igeon.] ( Ornith.) 
 A water-fowl of the duck group. 
 
 Wid'ow, n. [A.-S. u-eoduwe, 
 widuive, Goth, viduvo, vidovo, 
 Lat. vidua, from vidvus, bereft '^\1 
 of a husband, spouseless ; Skr. 
 vidhava, from vi, without, and' 
 dhava, husband.] A woman 
 who has lost her husband 
 by death, and has not taken 
 another. 
 
 Wid'ow, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Widgeon." 
 
 WIDOWED; p. pr. & vb. n. WIDOWING.] 1. To be- 
 reave of a husband. 2. To deprive of one who is loved ; 
 to make desolate or bare ; to bereave. 
 
 Wid'ovv-er, n. A man who has lost his \nfe by death, 
 and has not married again. 
 
 Wid'o^v-hobd, 7i. The state of being a widow ; also, 
 more rarely, the state of being a widower. 
 
 Wid'ovv-Iy, a. Becoming or like a widow. 
 
 Width (108), n. [Eng. wide, Icel. vidd, 0. H. G«r. witt.] 
 Quality of being wide ; extent from side to side ; breadth ; 
 wideness. 
 
 Wield, V. t. [imp. & p. p. wielded ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WIELDING.] [A.-S. ivealdan, waldan, -to rule, Goth. 
 valdan.gavaldan, to command, Icel. valda, to effect.] 1. 
 To use with full command or power, as a thing not too 
 heavy for the holder. 3. To use or employ ; to control. 
 Syn. — To swing ; swaj' ; manage ; handle. 
 
 Wield'er, n. One who wields or employs ; a manager. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, iScc, short; c^re, far, ask, all, virhat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, -wolf, 
 
WIFE 
 
 821 
 
 WILT 
 
 Wife, n. ; pi. wivEg. [A.-S. wlf, Icel. vif, 0. H. Ger. 
 vM).] 1. A woman ; an adult female; — used only in 
 certain compounds and phrases. 2. The lawful consort 
 of a man ; a woman who is united to a man in wedlock. 
 
 Wif e'liobd, n. State and character of a wife. 
 
 Wif e'ly, a. Becoming or like a wife ; pertaining or suit- 
 able to a wife. 
 
 Wig, n. [An abbrev. of periwig, q. v.] An artificial 
 covering of hair for the head. 
 
 Wig'gle (wTg'gl), V. t. or i. To move to and fro with a 
 quick, jerking motion; to squirm; to wriggle. [Prov. 
 Eng. Colloq., Amer.] 
 
 Wight (wit), n. [A.-S. wiht, wuht, a creature, animal ; 
 Goth, vaihts, f., vaiht, n., Icel. vdtt, vdttr, vettr, f. Cf. 
 Whit and Aught.] A being ; a person ; — used chiefly 
 in irony or burlesque, or in humorous language. 
 
 Wig' warn, n. [From Algonquin 
 or Ma'ssachusetts wck, " his 
 house," or "dwelling place;" 
 with possessive and locative af- 
 fixes, ivekou-om-ut, "in his (or 
 their) house ; " contracted by the 
 English to weekwam, and ivig- 
 wam.'\ An Indian cabin or hut 
 of a conical shape, made of bark 
 or mats. 
 
 Wild, a. [compar. wilder ; 
 sicperl. WILDEST.] [A.-S. wild, 
 Icel. villr, Goth, viltheis, W. 
 gwyllt.] 1, Living in a state of 
 nature ; not tamed or domesticated. 3. Growing or pro- 
 duced without culture ; native. 3. Desert ; notinhabited. 
 4. Not refined by culture ; ferocious ; rude. 5. Not sub- 
 mitted to restraint, training, or regulation ; turbulent ; 
 ■violent; inordinate; fanciful; visionary ; crazy. 6. Ex- 
 posed to the vrind and sea ; un- 
 sheltered. 7. Indicating strong 
 emotion, intense excitement, or 
 bewilderment. 
 
 Wigwam. 
 
 isS"" Wild is prefixed to the names 
 of many plants, to distinguish them 
 from such of the name as are culti- 
 vated in gardens. — Wild boar 
 (ZooL), an animal of the hog kind txt.ij 
 
 from which the domesticated swine Wild Boar, 
 
 is descended. — Wild cat (ZoiJl.), an animal of the cat family 
 stronger and fiercer than the do- 
 mestic cat, veTy_ destructive to the 
 smaller domestic animals.— Wild- 
 goose chase, the pursuit of something 
 as unlikely to be caught as a wild 
 goose. — To sow one's wild oats, to 
 pass through a season of wild and 
 thoughtless dissipation, as in youth.: 
 [CoZto?.] 
 
 Syn. — Savage ; desert ; uncivil- 
 ized ; ungoverned ; inconstant ; 
 loose ; irregular; disorderly. Wild Cat. 
 
 Wild, n. An uninhabited and uncultivated tract or 
 region ; a forest or sandy desert ; a wilderness ; a desert. 
 
 Wil'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wildered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WILDE RING.] [Eng. wild.] To cause to lose the 
 way or track ; to bewilder. 
 
 Wil'der-ness, n. A tract of land or region uncultivated 
 and uninhabited by human beings , whether a forest or a 
 wide, barren plain ; a wild ; a waste ; a desert. 
 
 Wild'- fire, n. A composition of inflammable materials, 
 which when inflamed is very hard to quench. 
 
 ■Wild'grave, n. A head forest keeper. 
 
 Wild'ing, n. 1. A wild crab-apple. 3. A young tree 
 that is wild, or growing without cultivation. 
 
 Wild'ly, adv. In a wild condition or manner. 
 
 Syn. — Heedlessly ; irrationally; fiercely; irregularly; licen- 
 tiously. 
 
 Wild'ness, n. State or quality of being wild. 
 
 Syn. — Rudeness ; savageness ; brutality ; irregularity ; 
 alienation. 
 
 Wile, n. [A.-S. wile, Icel. vel, viel, fraud, vela, to de- 
 ceive. Cf. Guile.] A trick or stratagem practiced for 
 insnaring or deception. 
 
 Wil'fSl-lv adv \ S^« WILLFUL, WILLFULLY, and 
 wS'f S-S^'SS «. ] WILLFULNESS. 
 Wi'li-iy, adv. In a wily manner ; by stratagem. 
 Wl'li-ness, n. State or quality of being wily ; guile. 
 Wilk, n. [A.-S. loeoloc, iveolc, wiloc, a shell-fish, 0. D. 
 
 welk.] A species of moUusk. See Whelk. 
 Will, n. [A.-S. willa, wille, Icel. vili, vil, Goth, vilja, 
 
 Lith. wale, Slav, wola ; W.gwyll, gwyllys ; Gr. /SovA.-^. 
 
 See the verb.] 1. Power of choosing ; faculty of prefer- 
 
 ring or selecting one of two or more objects. 3. The 
 choice which is made; a volition. 3. Choice or deter- 
 mination of one who has authority ; a decree ; a com- 
 mand. 4. Strong wish or inclination. 5. That which, 
 is strongly wished or desired. C (Laiv.) The legal dec- 
 laration of a person's mind, as to the manner in which 
 he would have his property or estate disposed of after 
 his death ; testament ; devise. 
 
 Good will, (o.) Favor ; kindness. (6.) Right intention. 
 (Latv.) See Good-will. — Jll will, enmity; uiifriendlineBs. — 
 Will-with-a-wisp, a luminous appearance sometimes seen ia 
 the air over moist ground, supposed to proceed from hydrogen 
 gas; Jaek-with-a-Iantern ; ignis-fatuus. 
 Will, V. t. [imp. WILLED and WOULD ; p. p. willed ; 
 p.pr. & vb. n. willing.] [A.-S. willan, willian, Goth. 
 viljayi, Icel. vilja, allied to Lat. velle, volo, Gr. /3ov\o|u,ai.] 
 This verb has both an irregular and regular form. 1. 
 Irregular. [I ivill, thou wilt, he will; imp. ivould ; p.p. 
 wanting.] (a.) To wish ; to desire. (^.) Alan auxiliarj", 
 used to denote futurity dependent on the subject of the 
 verb. Thus, in the first person, " I xoill " denotes willing- 
 ness, consent, promise ; and when " will'^ is emphasized, 
 it denotes determination or fix'ed purpose. In the second 
 and third persons, the idea of distinct volition, wish, or 
 purpose, is evanescent, and simple certainty is appro- 
 priately expressed. To emphasize xoill denotes (according 
 to the tone or context) certain futurity or fixed deter- 
 mination. 
 
 x^°- As in shall (which see), the second and third persons 
 may be virtually converted into the first, either by question or 
 indirect statement, so as to receive the meaning which belongs 
 to will in that person. 
 
 In Ireland, Scotland, and the United States, especially in the 
 southern and western portions of the United States, lyiVHs often 
 improperly used for shall, and would for should, as in the fol- 
 lowing examples : — 
 
 I am able to devote as much time and attentioD to other Bubjects as I will 
 [shallj be uader the necessity of doing next winter. Chalmeeb. 
 
 I WOULD [should] in vain attempt, adequately to express the emotions with 
 which I received the testimonials of confidence and regard which you have 
 recently addressed to me. Jepfebsoj* Davis. 
 
 3. Regular. [I luill, thou wiliest, he wills ; imp. & p. p. 
 willed.] (a.) To determine by an act of choice ; to ordain ; 
 to decree, {b.) To give or direct the disposal of by testa- 
 ment ; to bequeath ; to devise. 
 
 S@~ Would as the preterit of will, is chiefly employed in con- 
 ditional, subjunctive, or optative senses. It is used for both 
 present and future time, in conditional propositions, and would 
 have for past time. It is never a past participle. 
 
 Will, f.t. 1. To exercise an act of volition. 3. To be 
 inclined or disposed ; to desire ; to choose. 3. To decide ; 
 to determine ; to decree. 4. To order or direct by t«sta- 
 ment. 
 
 WiLl'fiil,a. [Yvom will a,u6. full.] Governed by the will 
 without yielding to reason. 
 
 Syn. — Obstinate ; perverse ; inflexible ; stubborn ; refract- 
 ory. 
 
 Will'ful-ly, adv. In a willful manner ; obstinately. 
 
 W^ill'fiil-ness, n. Quality of being willful ; obstinacy. 
 
 Will'ing, a. [From will, v. t. ; Ger. willig, Dan. & Sw. 
 villig.] 1. Free to do or grant ; having the mind in- 
 clined ; disposed ; ready ; fain. 3. Received of choice, 
 or without reluctance ; chosen ; desired. 
 
 Will'iiig-ly , adv. In a willing manner ; with free will ; 
 without reluctance ; cheerfully. 
 
 Will'lng-ness, n. Quality of being willing ; free choice 
 or consent of the will ; readiness of the mind to do or 
 forbear. 
 
 Wil'low, n. [A.-S. loilig, welig, D. xoilg.] 1. (Bat.) 
 A tree of many species, most of which are characterized 
 by slender, pliant branches. 3. {Cotton Manuf.) A 
 machine in which cotton is opened and cleansed — prob- 
 ably so called from having been originally a cylindrical 
 cage made of vdllow rods, though some derive the term 
 from winnow, as denoting the winnowing or cleansing 
 action of the machine. [of a willow. 
 
 W^il'low, v. t. To open and cleanse, as cotton, by means 
 
 Wil'lo-w-y, a. 1. Abounding with willows. 3. Re- 
 sembling a willow ; pUant ; flexible ; pendent ; drooping. 
 
 Wll'ly, n, A machine for opening and cleansing wool, 
 similar to the willow used in cotton manufactures. 
 
 C@°" The word is supposed to be a corruption of luillow, the 
 name of the similar machine used in the cotton manufacture. 
 
 Wilt, t». Second person singular of will. See WILL. 
 Wilt, V. i. [imp. & p. p. WILTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 
 WILTING.] [Written also welt, a modif. of 0. Eng. we/jfc, 
 Ger. loelken, to fade, wither, from welk, A.-S. hvnle, 
 lean.] To lose freshness and become flaccid, as a plant 
 when exposed to great heat in a dry day, or when sep- 
 arated from its root ; to droop. [Amer. , and Prov. Eng.] 
 
 food, f6ht ; tLrn, rude, piill ; pell, ^liaise, «aU, eelio ; gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link j tbis> 
 
WILT 
 
 822 
 
 WINDY 
 
 Wnt,*-. ' [Amrr ,and Prov. Eng.] 1. To make flaccid, 
 as a grwa plant. *i. llence, to depress or destroy the 
 vijror aud euerjrv of. 
 
 Wll'y, rt. (cowi/'ar. WILIER: jtM/'fr/. WILIEST.] [From 
 irilf.] Full of wiles, tricks, or stratagems ; mischievously 
 artful. 
 Syn. - Cunnjn.e; artful: siy; crafty: subtle. See Ci'XNixo. 
 
 Wiiu'ble (wim'bi). »i. [Scot, wivmtle, 0. D. icimpel. See 
 GIMLET.] An instrument for boring holes, turned by a 
 handle : a cimlet. 
 
 WimTjle, r. /. [imp. & p. p. WIMBLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 wi.MBLlNG.] To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. 
 
 fITm'ple. M. [O. H. Ger. ivimpal, 
 a lisrht parmcnt ; M. H. Ger. u-hn- 
 ;5f7. a rail. Cf. GiMP.] A covering 
 of .«ilk. linen, or other material, laid 
 in folds, for the nock, chin, aud 
 sides! of the, face, formerly worn by 
 women as an out-door covering, and 
 still retained in the conventual dress 
 of nuns. 
 
 Wiin'ple, r. t. [imp. & p.p. wim- 
 pled ; p. pr. & vb. n. WIMPLING.] 
 1. To draw down, or to lay in folds Wimple, 
 
 or plaits, as a vail : to cover as with 
 a vail ; hence, to hoodwink, ti. To cause to appear as 
 if laid in folds or plaits ; to make to ripple. 
 
 "Wim'ple, f. i. To ripple ; to undulate. 
 
 Win, r. t. [imp. & p. p. WON (WAN, obs.) : p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WINNING.] [A.-S. ifinnan. to strive, labor, fight, 
 gain : Goth, vinuan, to sufifer, Icel. vinna.] 1, To gain 
 b\- success in competition or contest. 2. To allure to 
 kindness ; to bring to compliance. 3. To gain over to 
 one's side or party ; to render friendlj' or approving. 
 Syn. — To gain; get; obtain; procure; earn. See Gaix. 
 
 Wm , v. i. To gain the victory ; to be successful. 
 
 Win^e, V. i. [imp. & p. p. winced (wTnst) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. 11. WINCING.] [Cf. A.-S. wincian^ to bend one's self, 
 to nod : W. guingaic, to struggle, to vrince ; 0. Fr, 
 guenchir, gtiencir, to give way, to turn aside, fr. 0. H. 
 Ger. iL-ankjan. n-enkjan. to decline, move. Cf. WINK.] 
 
 1. To shrink, as from a blow, or from pain : to flinch ; 
 to start back. "2, To kick or flounce when unsteady, or 
 impatient of a rider. 
 
 ■Win^e, n. See Wincing-machine. 
 
 "Wln'^er. n. One who, or that which, winces. 
 
 "Win^li (66), n. [A.-S. u-ince, a winch, a reel to wind 
 thread upon.] 1. A lever having a projecting handle at 
 one end. and the other end fi.xed to an axle of a machine. 
 
 2. A crank -handle. 3. An axle turned by a crank- 
 handle, for raising weights : a windlass. 
 
 "Wind, n. [A.-S. uind, Icel. vindr, Goth. vi}ids, W. 
 gti-ynt, Lat. ventus, Skr. tcata, from tea, to blow.] 1. 
 Air naturally in motion with any degree of velocity. 3. 
 Air artificially put in motion. 3. Breath modulated by 
 the respiratory and vocal organs, or by an instrument. 
 4. Power of respiration; breath. 5. Gas generated in 
 the stomach and bowels ; flatulence. 6. Air impregnat- 
 ed with an odor or scent. 7. A direction in which the 
 wind may blow ; a point of the compass : especially, one 
 of the cardinal points. 8. Any thing insignificant or 
 light afi wind : mere breath or talk. 
 
 02~ In pr>etry and among singers, this word is often pro- 
 noun ct-d I'-ln/i. 
 
 I>t>r"n wind and water {Xaut.\ in that part of a ship's side 
 or iK/ttoiii which is frequently brought above water bv the 
 rollins <jf the t.hip, orfluctuation of the water's surface. — 2)own 
 the v:u,>l. \u the direction of, and moving with, the wind. — /n 
 ttie icin'I'K ttjfi (Xaut.), toward the direct point from which the 
 •wind blows. — J'o carry the vriiuJ, to toss the nose as high as the 
 ear?, as a liorse. — To raise the wind, to procure money. [CoU 
 iof/.] — To take tciwl, or to get tcind, to be divulged; to" become 
 public. 
 
 Wind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WINDED \ p. pr. &. vb. n. 
 wiNDl.fG.] 1. To expose to the wind : to winnow ; to 
 ventilate. 2. To perceive or follow by the scent ; to 
 nose. 
 
 Wind, ♦•. t. [imp. & p. p. wound : p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WINDING.] To blow : to sound by blowing ; esperially, 
 to sound so that the notes shall be prolonged and mu- 
 tually involved. 
 
 e&- Thiii word, like the preceding, is derived from wind, the 
 noun, which waa formerly, and i» (.till M<metime8, pronounced 
 irind. It hag been confounded, however, both in sense aud 
 conjugation, with the next word. q. v. 
 
 Wind, V. t. [imp. & p.;). wound (rarely winded) ; p. 
 pr. & rh. n. WINDING.] [A.-S. windan, Goth, vindan, 
 loel. vinda.] 1. To turn completely, or with repeated 
 tama ; e*peciaUy, to turn about something fixed ; to coil ; 
 
 to twine ; to twist. 2. To en twist ; to infold ; to encircle. 
 3. To turn and bend at one's pleasure ; to regulate ; 
 to govern. 4. To introduce by insinuation ; to insinuate. 
 5. To cover or surround with something coiled about. 
 
 To wind up, (a.) To bring to n small compass, as a ball of 
 thread: to cod completely, (b.) To bring to a conclusion or 
 settlement, (c.) To put in a state of renovated or continued 
 motion, as a clock, a watch, or the like, by winding the spring, 
 or that which carries the weight: hence, to prepare for con- 
 tinued movement or action; to put in order anew. 
 
 Wind, V. i. 1. To turn completely or repeatedly; to 
 become coiled about any thing. 2. To have a circular 
 course or direction. 3. To go to the one side or the 
 other : to meander. 
 Wind'age, )i. [From 2vind, n.] ( Gun.) The difference 
 between the diameter of the bore of a gun and that of 
 the shot fired fi'om it. 
 Wind'bound, a. (Xaut.) Prevented fi-om sailing by a 
 
 contrary wind. 
 WXud'-broltVn (-brok'n, 20). a. Diseased in the power 
 of breathing by the rupture, dilatation, or running to- 
 gether of some of the air-cells, so that while the inspira- 
 tion is by one effort, the expiration is by two. 
 "Wind'-eggT "• -'^ii addle egg. 
 
 Wind'er, n. 1. One who. or that which, winds : hence, 
 a creeping or winding plant. 2. A reel or swift for wind- 
 ing silk, cotton, &c, on. 3. One of the steps of a wind- 
 ing staircase. •• 
 Wxnd'fall, n. 1. Any thing blown down or off by the 
 wind, as fruit from a tree, or the tree itself. 2. An ixn- 
 expected legacy, or other gain. 
 Wind'-flo-«''er. n. The anemone ; — so called because 
 ' formerly supposed to open only when the irind was blow- 
 I ing- 
 
 TTind'-gall, n. (Far.) A soft tumor on the fetlock 
 I joints of a horse ; — formerly supposed to contain air. 
 ! T\'ind'-gu.n, 7i. A gun discharged by the force of com- 
 j pressed air. 
 
 j Wind'-liov'er (-huv'er), n. A species of hawk; — so 
 I called from hovering in the air, whUe watching for its 
 
 prey. 
 Wind'i-ne.ss, n. 1. State or quality of being windy or 
 I tempestuous. 2. Flatulence. 3. Tendency to generate 
 
 wind, gas, or flatulence. 4. Tumor; puffiness. 
 Wind'ing, n. 1. A turn or 
 turning ; a bend ; flexure ; 
 meander. 2. A call by the 
 boatswain's whistle. 
 j Wlnd'ing-slieet, n. A sheet 
 in which a corpse is wound or 
 wrapped. 
 Wind'lass, n. [Apparently! 
 fix)m wind and lace : but cf. 
 D. windas, windaas, fr. u'in- 
 den, to wind, and as, an ax- 
 is.] A cylinder or roller for raising weights, turned by 
 a crank or lever, with a rope or chain attached to the 
 weight. 
 Wind1e.«is, o. Having no wind ; 
 Wlnd'mai. n. A mill turned 
 
 by the wind. 
 W'in'doAV, n. [Dan. vindiie, Sw. 
 viiid'dga, Icel. vindaiiga, win- 
 dow, properly wind-eye; 0. Eng. 
 windore, windor, i. e., wind- 
 door.] 1. An opening in the 
 wall of a building for the admis- 
 sion of light and air, usually^ 
 I closed by glazed sashes, capable- 
 of l^ing opened and shut. 2. Thej 
 '. door or sash that closes or covers ' 
 , the apertm-e or opening. 3. A 
 i lattice or casement. 
 W^in'doAV-seat, n. A seat in and under a window. 
 W'ind'pipe, n. (Anat.) The passage for the breath to 
 
 and from the lungs : the trachea. 
 ' "Wind'ro-^v (wln'ro), 71. [Tvom u-ind and row.] A row 
 or line of hay raked together for the purpose of being 
 rolled into cocks or heaps. 
 I WlndSvard, m. The point from which the wii^d blows. 
 To lay an anchor to th£ windward (Fiff.). to adopt previous 
 or anticipator}' measures for success or security. 
 
 "Wind'ward, a. Situated toward the point from which 
 
 the ^vind blows. 
 Wind '■ward, rt//f. Toward the wind; in the direction 
 
 from which the wind blows. 
 j Wind'y, a. [compar. windier ; siiperl. WINDIEST.] 
 ' 1. Consisting of wind. 2. Next the wind; windward. 
 
 W'mdlass. 
 
 WmdmUl. 
 
 a,e,&c.,iong^; &,6,kc., short; c&re,far,as]£,aU, wbat; dre,veiI,tSrm; pique, firm; s6n,dr,dQ, woli. 
 
WINE 
 
 823 
 
 WISDOM-TOOTH 
 
 3. Tempestuous ; boisterous. 4, Serving to occasion 
 wind or gas in the intestines ; flatulent. 5. Attended, or 
 caused, by wind or gas in the intestines. 6. Empty ; 
 airy. 
 
 Wine, n. [A.-S. win, Icel. vin, Goth, vein, Lat. vinum, 
 Gr. oti/09, ^olic Gr. Foivo? ; W. gwin, Slav, wind.] 1, 
 The fermented juice of grapes. 2. Hence, a liquor or 
 beverage resembling that prepared from grapes, yielded 
 by other kinds of fruit. 3. Intoxication. 
 
 Spirit of wine, alcohol. See Spirit. ' 
 
 ■Wine'-bib'toer, n. One who drinks much wine ; a great 
 drinker. 
 
 ■Wiiie'-glass, n. A small glass in which wine is drank. 
 
 ■Wine'-ineag^ure (-mezh'ur), n. [See Measure.] The 
 measure by which wines and other spirits are sold, small- 
 er than beer measure. 
 
 Wing, n. [Icel. vangr, wing, vings, agitation, fanning ; 
 Ger. schwinge.] 1. One of two auterior limbs of a fowl, 
 corresponding to the arms of a man, and by most birds 
 used for flying. tJ, Any similar member or instrument 
 used for the purpose of flying. 3. Passage by flying ; 
 flight. 4. Motive or instrument of flight. 5. That 
 wtuch agitates the air as a wing does, as a fan or vane 
 for winnowing grain. 6. A side-piece ; one of two cor- 
 responding appendages attached to the sides of any thing ; 
 or a single appendage so attached; hence, {a.) {Arch.) A 
 side-building, less than the main edifice, (b.) (Bot.) A 
 membranous expansion of a plant, (c.) {Fort.) The 
 longer side of crown-works, horn-works, and the like, 
 connecting them with the main work, {d.) {Mil.) The 
 right or left division of an army, regiment, and the like. 
 {e.) {Naict.) That part of the hold or orlop of a vessel 
 which is nearest the sides ; — in a fleet, one of the ex- 
 tremities when the ships are drawn up in line, or when 
 forming the two sides of a triangle. (/.) {Theatrical.) 
 One of the sides of the stage. 
 
 On the iving, flying. —Or? the wings of the wind, with the ut- 
 most velocity. — Under the wing, or wings of, under the care or 
 protection of. — Wing-and-wing {Nmtt.), the situation of a fore- 
 and-aft vessel when she is going dead before the wind, with 
 her foresail hauled over on one side and her mainsail on the 
 other. 
 
 Wing, 1". t. [imp. & p. p. WINGED;^, pr. & vb. n. 
 WIN&ING.] 1. To furnish with wings ; to enable to fly, 
 or to move with celerity. 3. To supply with wings or 
 side-pieces. 3. To transport by flight. 4. To cutoff 
 the wings of ; to wound in the wing ; to disable a wing 
 of. 
 
 Wing d (60), p. a. 1. Furnished with wings, or wing- 
 like S.pansions. 3. Swift; rapid. 3. Wounded or 
 hurt in the wing. 
 
 W^ing'less, a. Having no wings ; not able to fly. 
 
 Wiiig'-sliell, n. {Entom.) The case or shell which 
 covers the wing of a coleopterous insect, as a beetle. 
 
 Wing'y, a. Having wings ; rapid. 
 
 Wink, V. i. [imp. & p. p. winked (winkt) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WINKING.] [A.-S. wincian, 0. H. Ger. ivinchian, 
 winchan.] 1, To close the eyelids with a quick motion. 
 3. To close and open the ejelids quickly ; to blink. 3. 
 To give a hint by a motion of the eyehds. 4. To shut 
 the eyes purposely for the sake of not seeing any thing, 
 or as if not seeing ; to connive at any thing ; to avoid 
 taking notice. 
 
 Wink, n. 1. Act of closing the eyelids quickly. 3. A 
 hint given by shutting the eye with a significant cast. 
 
 Winlc'ei', n. 1. One who winks. 3. A horse's blinder. 
 
 W^in'ner, n. One who wins, or gains by success in com- 
 petition or contest. 
 
 Win'ning, p. a. Attracting ; adapted to gain favor ; 
 charming. 
 
 "Win'ning, n. The sum won or gained by success in 
 competition or contest. 
 
 Win'no'w, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. winnowed; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. winnowing.] [A.-S. windwian dtwindwian, to 
 fan ; Goth, vinthjan, id., vinthi-skauro, a fan ; Lat. van- 
 tiare, to fan, wjnnow, from vannus, a fan or van for win- 
 nowing grain ; 0.11. Qav. wanndn, to winnow.] 1, To 
 separate and drive off the chaff fi'om by means of wind. 
 3. To sift for the purpose of separating falsehood from 
 truth. 3. To fan ; to beat, as with wngs. 
 
 Win'no"W, V. i. To separate chaff from grain. 
 
 Win'now-er, n. One who winnows. 
 
 Win'some (win'sum), a. [compar. WINSOMER; superl. 
 WINSOMEST.] [A.-S. wynsum, untnsum,, from wynn, 
 joy.] Cheerful ; merry ; gay ; light-hearted. 
 
 Win'ter, n. [A.-S. winter, Icel. vetr, Goth, vintrus, prob. 
 allied to wind, because it is the vrindy season of the year.] 
 1. The cold season of the year; in common usage, in 
 
 the northern hemisphere, the period from the first dayo! 
 December to the first day of March ; in astronomical us- 
 age, the period from the solstice in December (about the 
 twenty-first day) to the vernal equinox in March (about 
 the twenty -first day). 3. A year. 
 
 Win'ter, v. i. [imp. 8c p. p. wintered; p.pr, & vb 
 n. wintering.] To pass the winter. [ter. 
 
 W^in'ter, v. t. To keep, feed, or manage during the win, 
 
 Win'ter-green, n. {Bot. ) An aromatic, creeping ever, 
 green, having bright red berries; — called also cAec^er, 
 berry, and partridge-berry. 
 
 W^in'ter-kill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WINTER-KILLED ; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. winter-killing.] To kill by the cold, 
 or exposure of winter. [Amer.] 
 
 Win'ter-Tvheat, n. Wheat sown in autumn, which 
 lives during the winter, and ripens in the following sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Win'ter-y, a. Suitable to winter; resembling winter, 
 or what belongs to winter. 
 
 Syn. — Cold ; stormy ; brumal ; hyemal ; snowy ; frosty ; 
 icy. 
 
 Win'try, a. The same as WiNTERY, q. v. 
 
 W^in'y, a. Having the taste or qualities of vrine. 
 
 IVipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. wiped (wlpt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WIPING.] [A.-S. loipian, to wrap up, to cuddle one's 
 self up, Sw. vepa, a blanket; L. Ger. w%p, a wisp of 
 straw ; M. H. Ger. wif, id.] 1. To rub with something 
 soft for cleaning; to clean by rubbing. 3. To strike 
 off gently ; to remove by rubbing. 3. To remove by 
 rubbing ; to rub off ; to clear. 
 
 Wipe, n. 1. Act of rubbing for the purpose of cleaning. 
 2. A blow ; a stroke ; a hit. [Low.] 
 
 W^ip'er, n. 1, One who wipes. 3. Something used for 
 wiping, as a towel, or rag. 3. {Mack.) A piece generally 
 projecting fi?om a horizontal axle, for the purpose of 
 raising stampers, heavy pistons, &c., and leaving them 
 to fall by their own weight. 
 
 Wire, «. [A.-S. i«ir, wire, Icel. •«!?•, id.] An even thread 
 of metal. 
 
 W^ire, V. t. [imp. & p. p. WIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WIRING.] 1. To bind with wire ; to apply wire to. 3. 
 To put upon a wire. 3. To snare by means of a wire or 
 wires. 
 
 Wire'-bridge, n. A bridge suspended on wires or ca^ 
 bles made of wires. 
 
 Wire'-draw, -u. t. [imp. wire-drew; p. p. wire- 
 drawn -"p. pr. & vb. n. wire-drawing.] 1. To 
 form, as a piece of metal, into wire, by drawing it 
 through a hole in a plate of steel. 3. Hence, to draw 
 by art or "violence. 3. Hence, also, to draw or spin out 
 to great length and tenuity. 
 
 Wlre'-draw'er, n. One who draws metal into wire. 
 
 Wire'-edge, n. The thin, wire-like thread of metal 
 sometimes formed on the edge of a tool by the stone in 
 sharpening it. 
 
 Wire'-pvilFer, n. One who pulls the wires, as of a 
 puppet ; 'hence, one who operates by secret means ; an 
 intriguer. [Amer.] 
 
 Wire'- worm (-warm), n. The larve of various species 
 of beetles ; — so called from its slenderness and uncom- 
 mon hardness. 
 
 Wir'i-ness, n. The state of being wiry. 
 
 Wir'y, a. 1. Made of wire ; like wire ; drawn out like 
 wire. 3. Capable of endurance ; tough ; sinewy. 
 
 Wis, V. t. [imp. & p. p. WIST.] [0. Eng. wisse, wissen, 
 to teach, to suppose, A.-S. wisian, wissian, to instruct, 
 show, govern ; A.-S. gewiss, Icel. vis, certain ; A.-S. 
 wisse, wiste, pi-et. of ivitnn. See WIT, v. i.] [ Obs. or 
 poet.] 1. To know ; to be aware. 3. To think ; to 
 suppose ; to imagine. 
 
 Wlg'dom, n. [A.-S. rvtsddm, from wis, wise, and the 
 termination dd7n, from dom, doom, judgment, power.] 
 1. Quality of being wise ; knowledge, and the capacity,- 
 to make due use of it ; discernment and judgment ; dis- 
 cretion ; sagacity. 3. Scientific or practical truth ; ac- 
 quired knowledge; erudition. 3. {Script.) Godliness; 
 piety ; religion. 
 
 Syn. — Prudence. — TFiWow has been defined to be "the 
 use of the best means for attaining the best ends," and in this 
 sense implies the union of high mental and morsil excellence. 
 Frudence is of a more negative character; it rather consists in 
 avoiding danger than in taking decisive measures for the ac- 
 complisliment of an object. Sir Robert Walpole was in many 
 respects a pnident statesman, but he was far from being a «>»se 
 one. Burke has remarked that prudence, when carried too for, 
 degenerates into a " reptile virtue," which Is the more danges- 
 ous for the plausible appearance it wears. 
 
 Tri§'d6m- tooth, n. ,• pi. wIs^doivi-teeth. A lai^, 
 back double tooth ; — familiarly so called because ap- 
 
 food, f <jbt ; iirn, rude, pull ; 9ell, ^liaise, «all, e«]io ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tbis. 
 
WISE 
 
 824 
 
 WITHIN 
 
 peariog comparatively lat<?, as it were after the person 
 has arrived at the age" of wisdom. 
 
 Wise, a. [fom;'rtr. wiser : super!, wisest.] [A.-S. 
 •tH"!, Icel. vis, Goth, t-ris: allied to icit, v. i., q. v,] 1. 
 Having knowledge ; enlightened : erudite ; learned. 3. 
 Hence, fsi'fcialiy, making due use of knowledge : discern- 
 ing and judging soundly couceruiug what is true or 
 false, proper or improper. 3. Versed in art or science ; 
 specificaUt/, skilled in divination. 4. Godly ; pious ; re- 
 ligious. 3. Dictated or guided by wisdom ; containing 
 wisdom ; judicious. 
 
 Syn.— Sage ; sagacious ; learned ; judicious ; prudent ; 
 godly. 
 
 Wise, n. [A.-S. icise, Icel. visa, 0. H. Ger. wisa, tvis, 
 alBed to A.-S. tcisian, tclssian, to instruct, show, direct, 
 govern. Cf. GUISE.] Way of being or acting; manner ; 
 mode. 
 
 6S~ Wise is often used in composition, as in Uketr>.se, other- 
 ifise, lensthirise, &c., in which tcays is often erroneously sub- 
 stituted tor it; as, otheruai^s, lengthways, &c. 
 
 Wlge'a-ere (wTz'a-ker), n. [Ger. weissager, a foreteller, 
 prophet, Irom tceise, wise, and sage7i, to say.] One who 
 makes undue pretensions to wisdom ; hence, in contempt, 
 a simpleton ; a dunce. 
 
 Wige'liiig, n. One who pretends to be wise ; a wiseacre. 
 
 Widely, a'/v. In a wise manner ; prudently ; judicious- 
 ly"; discreetly ; with wisdom. 
 
 Wishi, V. i. " [itnp. & p. p. WISHED (wlsht) ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. waSHING.j [A.-S. wyscnn, 0. H. Ger. u-unskian, 
 icuTiscan, Icel. oska, Skr. wantch.] 1. To have a desire : 
 to long I to hanker. "2. To be disposed or inclined. 3. 
 To entertain hope or fear in respect to any thing. 
 
 Wisli, V. t. 1. To desire: to long for ; to hanker after. 
 2. To frame or express desires concerning ; to invoke in 
 favor of or against any one ; to imprecate. 
 
 Wish, n. 1. Desire; eager desire; longing. 2. Ex- 
 pression of desire ; request : petition ; hence, invoca- ' 
 tion or imprecation. 3. A thing desired ; object of de- 
 sire. I 
 
 Wish'-bone, n. The forked bone in front of the breast- ' 
 bone in birds, corresponding to two clavicles confluent at 
 their lower ends ; — caAledaAso merry-thought. 
 
 WIsli'er, n. One who wishes or expresses a wish. 1 
 
 Wisli'fiil, a. 1. Having desire, or ardent desire. 3. I 
 Showing desire. | 
 
 Wisli'f ul-ly, adv. In a wishful manner ; with desire, 
 or ardent desire ; with the show of desiring. ! 
 
 Wlsh'y-wash'y. a. Thin and pale ; without force or 
 soUdity ; al'so, very weak, when said of liquor. 
 
 «*ST[sp, n. [Icel. & Dan. visk, Ger. wisch. See TVhisk.] 
 1. A small bundle of straw or other like substance. 3. 
 A whisk, or small broom. 
 
 Wist, imp. & p. p. of wis. See TTis. [ Ohs.] 
 
 Wist'ful, a. [From wist, pret. of wis, q. v.] Eagerly 
 attentive; engrossed; hence, sometimes, with desire or 
 longing; wishful. 
 
 Wist'f ul-ly, adv. In a wistful manner. 
 
 Wit, f.'i. [A.-S. W7mn.] To know; — now used only in 
 the infinitive, to u-it, which is employed, especially in 
 legal language, to call attention to a particular thing, or 
 to a more particular specification of what has preceded, 
 and is equivalent to namely, that is to say. 
 
 Wit, n. [A.-S. vjitt, wit, gewitt, Icel. vit, 0. H. Ger. 
 wizzi. See supra.] 1. ilind ; intellect ; understanding ; 
 sense. 2. A mental faculty or power of the mind. 3. 
 Felicitous association of objects not usually connected, so 
 as to produce a pleasant surpri.se ; also, the power of 
 leadUy combining objects in such a manner. 4. A per- 
 son of eminent sense or knowledge ; a man of genius, 
 fcncy, or himior ; one dLstinguished for bright or amus- 
 ing sayings, for repartee, and the hke. 
 
 Syn.— Ingenuity : humor ; satire ; sarcasm ; irony ; bur- 
 lesque.— Wit formerly meant genius, and now denotes the ' 
 power of efeizing on some thou^rht or occurrence, and, by a i 
 •udden turn, presenting it under aspects wholly new and un- I 
 expected — apparently natural and admiKsible, if not perfectly 
 jurt, and beanng on the subject, or the parties concerned, with i 
 a laughable keenness and for<:e. " What I want," said a pomp- ' 
 OUB orator, aiming at his antagonist. " is common sense." ''Ex- 
 actly .'" wa« the whispered reply. The pleasure we find in wit 
 arises from the ingenuity of the turn, the sudden surprise it 
 brings, and the patneps of its application to the case, in the '■. 
 new and ludicrous relations thus fla>-hed upon the view. Hurn<jr 
 la a quaUty more congenial than v;it to the English mind. It 
 •onfcistB primarily in taking up the peculiarities of a humorist 
 ('a class of persons in which England abounds), and drawing 
 them out, as Addl.v>n did those of Sir Roger de Coverlev, so \ 
 that we enjoy a hearty, good-natured laugh at the unconscious 
 development he makes of his whims and oddities. From this ' 
 original sense, the term has been widened to embrace other ■ 
 •ources of kindly mirth of the same general character. In a I 
 
 well-known caricature upon English reserve, an Oxford stu- 
 dent is represented as standing on the brink of a river, greatly 
 agitated at the sight of a drowning man before him, and crying 
 out, " O that I had been introduced to this gentleman, that 1 
 might save his life ! " The " Silent Woman " of Ben Jonson is 
 one of the most humorous productions, in the original sense of 
 the term, which we have in our language. 
 
 Witcll, n. [A.-S. wicce,wiglere, ench&uteT] iciglian, to 
 divine; allied to icig, holy.] 1. A person, especially a 
 woman, who is given to the black art ; a sorcerer or sor- 
 ceress. 2. A charming person ; — said of a woman. [ Col- 
 loq.] 
 
 Witcli, V. t. [imp. & p. p. WITCHED ; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 WITCHING.] To bewitch ; to fascinate ; to enchant. 
 
 Witcli'-eraft, «. 1. Practices of witches : sorcery; en- 
 chantments. 2. Power more than natural. 
 
 Witch'-elm, n. (Bot.) A kind of elm. 
 
 Witcli'er-y, 71. 1. Sorcery, enchantment; witchcraft. 
 2. Fascination ; entrancing influence. 
 
 Witcli'ing, a. Suited to enchantment or witchcraft. 
 
 Witli, prep. [A.-S. ividh, wid, with, at, against ; Icel. 
 vidh, against, Cf. A.-S. mid, midh^ Goth. mith. Icel. 
 medh, Ger. mit, with.] With denotes or expresses, — 
 
 1. Nearness : proximity ; association ; connection ; part- 
 nership ; intercourse. 2. Situation or estimation among ; 
 treatment or regard by. 3. Friendship or support ; as- 
 sistance ; countenance. 4. Accompanying cause or oc- 
 casion ; instrument: means. 5. Correspondence; com- 
 parison. 6. Close succession ; immediate subsequence. 
 
 Witii-al', adv. [From with and all.] With the rest; 
 likewise ; at the same time. 
 
 TTitii-al', v^^P- With; — so used when combined with 
 a verb", and following the object of the verb. 
 
 Witii-draw', v. t. [imp. withdrew ; p. p. with- 
 drawn;' p. pr. & vh. n. WITHDRAWING.] 1, To take 
 away , as what has been enjoyed : to draw back ; to cause 
 to go away or retire. 2. To take back ; to recall or re- 
 tract. 
 
 Witii-draw', v. i. To quit a company or place ; to go 
 away. 
 
 S3-11. — To retire ; retreat; recede; retrograde; go back. 
 
 Witii-draw'al, «. Act of withdrawing ; withdrawment. 
 
 TTith.-djra'w'er. n. One who withdraws. 
 
 Witli-draw'iiig-robin, n. [Cf. Drawing-ROOM.] A 
 room behind another room for retirement ; a drawing- 
 room. 
 
 "Witii-draw'ment, n. Act of withdrawing, or state of 
 being withdrawn ; withdrawal. 
 
 Withe (with), n. [A.-S. widhig, ividhige, ividhie, widhdhe, 
 a withy, willow, twisted rod, Icel. v'ldir, v'tdhir, willow, 
 vidia, a withe, bond ; Gr. Ire'a, orig. with diganmia, 
 FiTe'a, a willow.] 1. A flexible, slender twig or branch 
 used as a band ; a wUlow twig ; a withy. 2. A band 
 consisting of a twig or twigs twisted. 3. (Naut.) An iron 
 instrument fitted on one end of a mast or boom, with a 
 ring to it, through which another mast or boom is rigged 
 out and secured. 
 
 Withe, V. t. [iinp. & p. p. withed (wTtht); p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WITHING.] To bind or fasten with withes or twigs. 
 
 With'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. withered ; p. pr. & vb. 
 11. WITHERING.] [A.-S. tvyderu, withering, dryness, 
 geicytherod, withered, orig. dried by the weather or air. 
 Cf. A.-S. gewyder, the weather, a storm, jceder, weather, 
 and Ger. verwittern, to be decayed by the operation of 
 the weather.] 1. To fade; to "lose freshness; to dry. 
 
 2. To lose or want animal moisture ; to pine away, as 
 animal bodies. 3. To languish; to perish; to pass 
 away. 
 
 W^ith'er, v. t. 1. To cause to fade and become dry. 2. 
 To cause to shrink, wrinkle and decay, for want of ani- 
 mal moisture. 3. To cause to languish, perish, or pass 
 away. 
 
 With'erg, n. pi. [Ger. u-iderrist, from icider, against, 
 and rist, an elevation, elevated part, the withers of a 
 horse, from the root of rise, q. v.] the ridge between 
 the .shoulder-bones of a horse, at the bottom of the neck. 
 [See lUust. of Horse.] 
 
 Wlth'er-wrung (-rQng), a. Injured or hurt in the 
 withers, as a horse. 
 
 "With-hold', V. t. [imp. withheld ; p.p. withheld, 
 
 or WITHHOLDEN ; p. pr. & vb. 71. WITHHOLDING.^ 
 1. To hold back ; to restrain ; to keep from action. 2. 
 To retain : to keep back ; not to grant. 
 
 With-hold'er, n. One who withholds. 
 
 T\''ith-iii',^re/). [A.-S. widhinnan, from widh, with, and 
 innan, in, inwardly, within] 1. In the inner or interior 
 part of; inside of. 2. In the limits or compass of; not 
 further in length than. 3. Hence, figuratively, inside 
 
 5, e, &c., ZoTig^/ &,6,&c., 5Aorf; cAre, far, ask, all, what; gre, veil, tSrm ; pique, firm; 86n, or, do, W0I4 
 
WITHIN 
 
 825 
 
 WONT 
 
 the Hmitfi. reach, or inSaenc* of; noff b«yond, OTerstep- r 
 
 ping, exceeding, or the like. 
 Witi-in.', adt. 1. In the inner part ; inwardly ; inter- 
 
 nallr. 'Jt. In the hoose : in doors. 
 "Witii-oiit', P*"*? [A.-S. ici'iaucan, from icidk, with, and 
 
 fttan, &f. oat-] 1. On or at the outade of; out of. 'Z. 
 
 Out of the limits of: out of reach of: beyond. 3. Not 
 
 with : otherwise than wich : in absence of, separation 
 
 from, or desticudon of: independently of: esciuiiTely 
 
 of. rt. Unless : except : — inrrodacing a claoie, and 
 
 having the force of a conjonctioa. 
 eS=-In this sense, now rarely ased by good wrioers or speakers. 
 Witkma dag (snie <fkX widMat tbe appomtmpftf ctf a day to { 
 
 ■wear ar iwf mhlf apmi; finally dwwiwswL 
 
 'Witii-ovt'. adv. Xot oo tiie inside ; not vittdn ; on tbe 
 
 outside : out of doois : externally. 
 "Wi til-stand', i-. t. [imp. & p. p. withstood : p. pr 
 
 k. ':b. n. wiTHSTA^fDlxG.] Tooppoee: to lesi^ o&er 
 
 with physical or moral force. . 
 
 Witli'y,'«. [See Withe] 1. A large spedesof wiDow. | 
 
 iPrfyi-.Eng.] "i. A withe. See Wixox. 
 With'y, a. Made of withes : like a - 
 
 tot^i. 
 Wifless, a. 1. DestitTitP f ^.: :~ 
 
 Hence, in-iiscreet : no*: 
 "Witless-ly, adv. In a 
 WitlMs. n. A person " ^ _ :_. .: .. ___^-^: — _- 
 
 in g : a pretender to wit or y-wurzoxs^. > 
 
 W it 'lies*, n. [A.-S. icitaess, sucitness, from uritan, to | 
 
 know. See Wit. '.-. '." 1. A~r^>-."L-i-n r,f :\ f-,,,-- r.- ^■vf■•:^r i ! 
 
 testimony '2. Ti - 
 
 3. One who beh: 
 
 of any thing. 4:. ._ 
 
 Tl^f^. » a. 1. Fun of woe 
 
 Woe'ful, * with grief or calamity ; unhappy ■. iad. '1, 
 Bringing caJamity, dL§tr«ffi, or aMi-rtion :i . w-^-.^Hei ; 
 paitrv ; miienble. 
 
 "WTofnl-lv. I 'idf. 1. In 
 
 Woe'fixl-ly. t fully '2. 
 
 "Wo 'fTii-negs, I. a- TL 
 
 Woe-'f ul-ness, t er- 
 
 Woid.'s. [A.-i ; ;^ev 
 
 a forest. '2. A ,- - -'. -^'.-j^.- 
 
 out wijod. whe:_ 
 TVoUE (wulfi, / 
 Goth. L'uL/i, Ict 
 Lat. fulpes, a :. _ 
 
 gnajni 
 
 TToli'iaJi, a. lika a. noli, 
 
 of a woIC 
 WSlfram, «- [Ger. leci.-^c 
 
 tkn of an instramoit, and sti' - 
 
 of confirming its aathenskity 1. : ;-^: .. . ^ _c 
 
 wh o gires testimony. 
 
 Wifiiess, c. f. [imp. & p.p. witnessed (wit' nest) : 
 p. pr. & c6. u. WITXE3SIX&.] 1. To see or know by 
 peisosial pteBOMe ; to have direct cogniaance of. 2. To 
 grre testimony to : to testifjr to something. 3. To see 
 the exeention of, as an instnmient, and subscribe it for 
 the purpose of establishing its authenticity. 
 Syn.— To behold; testify; attest; certify; depose. 
 
 Wit'ness. '.- •- To bear testimony : to gire evidence : to 
 
 \% it'ness-e^^a. One who wicnesses. [testier. 
 
 Wit'ti-cism, «- A sentence or phrase which is affiectediy 
 witty : 'an attempt at wit : a ctsnceit. 
 
 \\ it'ti-ly, ad':. In a witty manner : wisely : ingeniotisly : 
 artfully : with wit. 
 
 Wit'ti-iiess, n. The quality of being witty. 
 
 Wit'ttng-ly, adf. [See Wit.] Knowingly: with knowl- 
 eiige. 
 
 Wit'tol. H. [A. -5. icittol, tcitol. knowing, from witan, to 
 know, to wit.] A man who knows his wi&^s infid^ty, 
 an d submits or consents to it. [ Cfef.j 
 
 \S it'ty. a. [rompar. WTTTfER : sitperi. WIl'llfcST.] 
 Possessing wit or humor : good at repartee. 
 
 Syn.— Acute: smart; sharp; arch; keen; &eetioas; satir- 
 ical: ironical; taantmg. 
 
 Wive. r. J. [Trom «n/e.] [rmp. & p. p. wived ; p. pr. 
 & ':b. n. wiTlxs.] To marry, as a man ; to take a wi& 
 
 Wive. V. t. 1. To match to a wife; to provide vith a 
 wife, a. To take for a wile : to wed, as a man. ' 
 
 "Wl 'ver. ) «. [O. Fr. vifrre, viper, frtan Lafc. viperm. See 
 
 Wl'vem. i TIPER.] [Her.) A kind of henldk dngon 
 or serpent. 
 
 Wives, n. : pi. of urife. See WlTE. 
 
 Wiz'ard. n. [From arise and the tominatiDa ard.} One 
 devotcri to the black art; a magician; a ewynrer; a 
 sijrctrtr. [by wzords. 
 
 Wiz'ard. a. 1. Enchanting: charming. 2. Haunted. 
 
 WizVn iwizni. a. [Trom A.-S. wi^nian, to grow dry, 
 icisan. to weaken. 0. H. (ier. ici-scn. lean, wesaniriy to 
 grow lean. liry. Icel. •.•>?na.] Thin: drie«l up : weazen. 
 
 Woad. n. ;a.-S. tc-id. 0. H. Ger. ic^is. ic^t.] 1. (Boi.) 
 An herbaceous p.aai: of which one species was formerly 
 cultivated fc-r the clue coloring matter derived from its 
 leaves. '2. The coloring matter, or the color derived 
 frt )ni the plant. 
 
 Woe, n. [A.-5. ica, icaica. Icel. i-a, vo, O. H. Ger. irc, 
 ireica, irewo ; A.-S. ica. Goth. ea/. inteij. woe! Lat. irae, 
 Gr. ova/.] 1. Grief: sorrow : misery : heavy calamity. 
 *i. A curse : malediction. 
 
 Woe'-l»e-g6iie' , a. [Eng. ico^ and O. Eng. begone, vis- 
 ited, happened to. from 6". prefix, and so, p. p. go-ne.\ 
 Overwhelmeii with woe : immersed in itief and sorrow. 
 
 of 
 
 Woirsf. 
 
 W"ol'ver-uie', > «. 
 Wol ver-ene'. i pr: 
 
 was thought to have 
 ines-] 1. [Zco'.\ J. 
 
 Tn:».mm.-l,I : the gluttgc 
 
 TOX.] "2. Aninz^" 
 igan. [Oj;u. , A 
 W^om'an. «-•• 
 
 Woi- 
 
 <l'-"- 
 
 Woi: 
 
 Won 
 
 o:' - 
 
 "Woili .»L..^> . --- 
 
 Wom'an-iy, O'^t-. I- 
 Womb i wot^m). a. [a 
 
 Icel. lyimb.l 1, - 
 The place wher - 
 Anv cavity con" 
 
 p.: 
 
 A-: ^ 
 Woi, 
 Wo.. 
 Won 
 
 G- 
 
 cItt 
 
 of • 
 
 na:- 
 
 2. 
 
 pro.^.. . ^. .... 
 
 Wan'der (wHn-deri, i-. «. 
 
 p. pr. k. Kb. n. WOXDESIX 
 
 prise or admiri^: - ^ ■ -■' "'- ^ 
 
 marvel. "2. T : 
 Won'der-er. 
 "Wou'der-fol. 
 
 tion : exciting ^ 
 Syn. — >Lirv; 
 
 MASv-EL'Jtrs. 
 "Won'der-f^-l^ 
 ■Won'der-nieiiT 
 Won'.ir --1- '' 
 
 Won 
 
 pr-. - 
 
 Won 
 
 ner 
 
 WOU : 
 
 -_.::.^:otbe- 
 Ling.] {ZaoL^ 
 ndly, €>aiMl in 
 
 nar^el'cws : *d~ 
 
 food, foot : urn, rixde. poll: ^ell. ^liaise, -eall, eelio: gem « 
 
AVO^T 
 
 826 
 
 WORK 
 
 Woodchuck. 
 
 "Wfint (wunt), a. [For n-oited, from ohs. icon, wane, to 
 dwell, A. -S. xvttnian, id.] Vsing or doing customarily ; 
 accustomed ; habituated. 
 
 Wont (wflnt), n. Custom ; habit ; use. 
 
 Wont (wunt), v. i. [imp. wont ; ji. p. WONT, or 
 WONTED ; ;). ;>r. & vb. n. WONTING.] To be accus- 
 tomed or habituated : to be used. 
 
 Wont'ed, a. Accustomed ; customary ; used. 
 
 Wdb, V. t. [imp. & r- P- wooed ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 WOOING.] [A.-S. icGgian, from ivdg, ivO/i, io6, a bend- 
 ing, fr6A4 bent.] 1. To solicit in love ; to court, ti. To 
 invite with unportunity. 
 
 Wdb, r. ». To court ; to make love. 
 
 Wo^od, n. [A.-S. wuifu, wood, a wood, L. Ger. ivoold, 0. 
 Sax. u-nld, A.-S. weald, ivald, 0. H. Ger. tvald, a wood, 
 W, gict/dd, trees, shrubs.] 1. A large and thick collec- 
 tion of trees ; a forest. "2, The hard substance of trees ; 
 timber. 3. (Bot.) The material of succulent plants and 
 parts of shrubs not hardened and hgneous, as well as of 
 trees. 4. Trees cut or sawed for the fire or other uses. 
 
 Wo^d, V. t. [imp. & p. p. WOODED ; p. pr. & vh^n. 
 WOODING.] To supply with wood, or get supplies of 
 wood for. 
 
 "Wo^bd, V. i. To take in wood ; to supply with wood. 
 
 W^obd'bine, n. [A.-S. wudu- 
 bend, WKdubind, black ivy.] 
 (Bot.) A climbing plant hav- 
 ing flowers of great tragrance ; 
 the honey-suckle ; the eglan- 
 tine. 
 
 Wbbd'cliuck, n. [From wood, 
 and the root of soiv or hog. See 
 Hog, Sow.] {Zobl.) A rodent 
 mammal, a species of marmot. 
 It burrows in the ground, and 
 is very troublesome to farmers by devouring grain, &c 
 
 WcJbd'-eock, n. ( Ornitli.) A 
 bird of the snipe family fre- 
 quenting the thickest under- 
 wood, especially in the fall of 
 the 3"ear. 
 
 Wbbd'-eraft, n. Skill and 
 practice in shooting and other 
 sports in the woods. 
 
 Wbbd'-€ut, n. An engrav- 
 ing on wood, or an impression 
 from such an engraving. 
 
 Wood'— eut'ter, n. 1. A person who cuts wood. 3. 
 One who makes wood-cuts ; an engraver on wood. 
 
 "Wobd'ed, a. Supplied or covered with wood. 
 
 W^o"bd'en (wdbd'n), a. 1. Made, or consisting, of wood. 
 ii. Clum.sy ; awkward. 
 
 Wooden Kpoon, the last junior optime who takes a university 
 degree —denoting one who is only fit to stay at home and stir 
 porridge. [Cambridge University, Eng.'] 
 
 Wbbd'-f ret'ter, n. An insect or worm that eats wood. 
 
 Wbbd'-liouse, n. A house or shed in which wood is 
 deposited and sheltered from the weather. 
 
 "Wobd'i-ness, n. State or quality of being woody. 
 
 Wbbd'land, n. Land covered with wood, or land on 
 which trees are suffered to grow either for fuel or timber. 
 
 Wobd'-lark, ri. ( Ornith.) A species of lark. 
 
 "Wo^od'man, n. ; pi. wooWmen. 1. A forest officer, 
 appointed to take care of the king's wood. [Eng.] ti. A 
 sportsman; a hunter. 3. One who cuts down trees; a 
 wood-cutter. 
 
 Wo^bd'nympli, n. A nymph inhabiting the woods ; a 
 fabled goddess of the woods ; a dryad. 
 
 Wbbd'peck-er, n. {Ornith.) A 
 ecansorial bird of many sx^ecies. 
 It has a strong bill, and jjecks 
 holes in the wood or bark of trees 
 in pursuit of insects. 
 
 Wdbd'-pig'eon (-py'un), n. {Or- 
 nith.) The ring-dove. 
 
 Wo^bd'-reevo, n. The steward or 
 overseer of a wood. [Eng.] 
 
 Wood'-s«rew (-skrij ), n. A screw 
 made of iron, and furnished with 
 a sharp thread, for insertion in 
 ''^ood. „ , , 
 
 Wbbd'-ward, n. An officer of the woodpecker. 
 
 forest, whose duty it is to guard the woods. [Eng.] 
 Wo"bd'-\vork (-wQrk), «. That part of any structure 
 which is wrought of wood. 
 
 Wo^bd'y, a. 1. Abounding with wood. fi. Consisting 
 
 of_wood; ligneous. 
 Woo'er, n. One who wooes, courts, or solicits in love. 
 
 Woodcock. 
 
 Woof, n. [From A.-S. ivefan, to weave.] 1. The threads 
 that cross the warp in weaving ; the weft. ij. Texture; 
 cloth. 
 
 Wo^ol (27), n. [A.-S. rvuU, Goth. vuUa, Icol. itll, Lith. 
 wilna, Slav, tvolna, Finn, willa, Basque ulea, alhed to 
 Lat. villus, vellus, Gr. oSA.os.] 1. That soft, curled, or 
 crisped species of hair which grows on sheep and some 
 other animals. 3. Short, thick hair, especially when 
 crisped or curled. [to comb wool. 
 
 Wool'— eomb'er (-kom'er), n. One whose occupation is 
 
 "V(>''oold, V. t. [imp. &, p.p. woolded; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 woolding.] [D. looelen, Ger. wuhlen.] {Naut.) To 
 wind; especially, to wind a rope round, as a mast or 
 yard, when made of two or more pieces, at the place 
 where they have been fished or scarfed, for confining and 
 supporting them. 
 
 Wbbl'en, (7. [A.-'&. ^vullen.,w'yllen.] 1. Made of wool; 
 consisting of wool. 2. Pertaining to wool. 
 
 Wdbl'en, «. Cloth made of wool ; woolen goods. 
 
 W^<>bl'en-dra/per, n. One who deals in woolen goods. 
 
 Wbbl'f ell, n. [From wool and fell, a skin.] A skin with 
 the wool. 
 
 Wbbl'-gatii'er-ing, n. Indulgence in idle exercise of 
 the imagination ; a foolish or useless pursuit or design ; 
 vagary. 
 
 W^bbl'-groTv'er, n. A person who raises sh«ep for the 
 production of wool. 
 
 Wbbl'li-iiess, n. State or quality of being wo^y. 
 
 Wbbl'ly, a. 1. Consisting of wool. 2. Resembling 
 wool ; of the nature of wool. 3. Clothed with wool. ■d. 
 {Bot.) Clothed with a pubescence resembling wool. 
 
 Wbol'-pack, n. 1. A pack or bag of wool weighing 
 240 pounds. 2. Any thing bulky without weight. 
 
 Wbbl'-sack, n. A sack or bag of wool; specifically, the 
 seat of the lord chancellor of England in the House of 
 Lords, being a large, square bag of wool, without back or 
 arms, covered with red cloth. 
 
 Wbbl'-sta'pler, n. 1. One who deals in wool. 2. One 
 who sorts wool according to its adaptation to different 
 manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Wbbtz (woGts), n. A species of steel imported from the 
 East Indies, valued as the material of edge-tools. 
 
 Word (wQrd), n. [A.-S. word, Goth, vaurd, Icel. ord, 
 Lett, wards, Lith. wardas, allied to Lat. ver-b-witi.] 1.' 
 The spoken sign of a conception or idea ; a single com- 
 ponent part of human speech or language ; a term ; a 
 vocable. 2. Hence, the written or printed character, or 
 characters, expressing such a term. 3. Talk ; discourse ; 
 oral expression. 4. Account ; tidings ; message. 5. 
 Signal; order; command. 6. Statement; affirmation; 
 declaration ; promise. 7. Verbal contention ; dispute. 
 8. A brief remark or observation ; a phrase, clause, or 
 short sentence. 9. The Scripture, considered as the 
 revelation of God to man. 
 
 By word, of mouth, orally; by actual speaking. — Good word, 
 commendation; favorable account. — /;; owbrrf, briefl.y ; to 
 sum up. — The Word (71>col.), the .second person in the Trin- 
 ity before his manifestation in time by the incarnation ; by 
 those who reject a Trinity of pei-sons, some one or all of the 
 divine attributes personified. — To eat one's woixls, to retract 
 what has been said. — Word for word, in the exact words ; 
 verbatim; literally; exactly. 
 Syn. — See Teem. 
 
 Word (ward), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WORDED ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WORDING.] To express in words. 
 
 Word'-bbbk (wfird'-), n. A collection of words ; a vo- 
 cabulary ; a dictionary ; a lexicon. 
 
 Word'i-ness (wQrd'-), n. The state or quality of being 
 wordy, or abounding with words. 
 
 Word'ing (wQrd^-), n. The act or manner of expres^g 
 in words; style of expression. 
 
 Word'y ( wurd'y ), a. [compar. WORDIER ; superl. WORD- 
 IEST.]' 1, Using many words ; verbose. 2. Containing 
 many words. 
 
 Wore, imp. oitvear. See Wear. 
 
 Woi'k (wurk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. WORKED (wurkt), or 
 WROUGHT ; p. pr. & vb. n. WORKING.] [A.-S. tvyrcan., 
 weorcan, Goth, vaurkjan, Icel. verka, virka, yrkja.] 1. 
 To exert one's self for a purpose ; to labor ; to be en- 
 gaged in the performance of a task, a duty, or the like. 
 2. Hence, in a general sense, to operate ; to act ; to per- 
 form. 3. Hence, figuratively, to be effective; to have 
 effect or influence. 4. To carry on business ; to be 
 customarily engaged or employed ; to toil. 5. To be in 
 a state of severe exertion, or as if in such a state; 
 to move heavily ; to strain ; to labor. 6. To makt 
 one's way slowly and with difficulty ; to proceed with 
 effort. 7. To ferment, as a liquid. 8. To act or oper- 
 ate on the stomach and bowels, as a cathartic. 
 
 \i,e, Sec, long; &,^, Sec, short; c4re,far,ask,all,wliat; 6re, veil, tSrm; pique, firm; son, dr,do,W9lf, 
 
WORK 
 
 827 
 
 WORSHIP 
 
 "Work; (wfirk), v. t. 1. To labor or operate upon ; to 
 prepare for use, or utilize by labor. 3. To produce or 
 form by labor ; to accomplish. ; to effect. 3. To produce 
 by slow degrees, or as if laboriously. 4. To influence 
 by acting upon ; to manage ; to lead. 5. To form with 
 a needle and thread or yarn ; especially, to embroider. 
 6. To set in motion or action ; to direct the action of; to 
 govern ; to manage. 7. To cause to ferment, as liquor. 
 To tcoik a passage iyaut.), to pay for a passage by doing 
 duty. 
 
 Work (wflrk), n. 1. Exertion of strength ; cfiort directed 
 to an end ; particularly, in man, manual labor. "Z. The 
 matter on which one is at work ; material for working 
 upon ; subject of exertion. 3. That which is produced 
 as the result of labor ; product ; performance ; fabric ; 
 manufacture ; or, in a more general use, act, deed, effect, 
 result, feat. 4. Hence, specifically, {a.) That which is 
 produced by mental labor ; a composition ; a book, [h.) 
 Embroidery, (c.) pi. Structures iu civil, military, or 
 naval engineering, as docks, bridges, embankments, 
 trenches, &c. ; also, the structures and grounds of a 
 manufactiAig establishment. 5. Manner of working ; 
 managemem: treatment. 6. pi. (Theol.) Moral duties, 
 or external performances, as a ground of pardon or justi- 
 fication. 
 
 Syn. —Labor; employment; toil; occupation; production; 
 achievement. 
 
 Work'a-ble (wurk''a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being worked, 
 as a metal, ii. Capable of being worked, or worth 
 working. 
 
 "Work'-bag (wurk'-), n. A bag for holding instruments 
 or materials for work ; especially, a bag for holding needle- 
 work, and the like. 
 
 Work'-box ( wQrk'-), n. A box for holding instruments 
 or materials for work. [q. v. 
 
 W^ork'-day (work/-), n. & a. Same as Workiivg-day, 
 
 TTork'er (wurk'er), n. One who, or that which, works ; 
 a laborer ; a performer. [work with another. 
 
 "Work'-feriow (wQrk/-), «. One engaged in the same 
 
 TFork'-lioixse (wCirk'-), n : pi. work'-hous'es 
 (wtirk/-). 1. A house in which idle and vicious persons 
 are confined to labor. '2. A house where the town poor 
 are maintained at the public expense, and provided with 
 labor; a poor-house. 
 
 Work'ing-day (wurk'-), n. A day on which work is 
 performed, as distinguished from the Sabbath, fes- 
 tivals, and the like. 
 
 "Work'ing-day (wGrk'-), a. Plodding; hard-working. 
 
 Work'inan (wurk'man), n- ; pi. work'men^ (wurk'- 
 men). 1. A man employed in labor ; a worker, '-i. 
 Hence, especially, a skillful artificer or laborer. 
 
 "Work'niaii-like ) (wurk'-), a. Becoming a workman, 
 
 Work'naaii-ly j especially a skillful one ; skiUful ; 
 well performed. 
 
 TTork'nian-sliip (wQrk'man-ship), n. 1. Skill of a 
 workman ; execution or manner of making any thing. 
 3. That which is effected, made, or produced ; manu- 
 facture ; especially, something made by manual labor. 
 
 Work'skop (wurk^-), n. A shop where any manufact- 
 ure is carried on. 
 
 Work'-ta'ble (wurk'-), n. A table for holding work, 
 especially needle-work, and materials and implements 
 for it. 
 
 Work'-wom'an. (wQrk'-), n. ; pi. WORK'-WOM'EN 
 (wQrk'wim''en), n. A woman who performs any work; 
 especially, a woman skilled in needlework. 
 
 "World {wQrld), n. [A.-S. loeorold, ivorold, world, Icel. 
 verolld, 0. H. Ger. iveralt, iverolt, toorolt.] 1. The earth 
 and its inhabitants, with their concerns. 2. In a more 
 restricted sense, a division of the globe, or of its inhabi- 
 tants ; human affairs as seen from a given point of view ; 
 also, state of existence ; scene of life and action. 3. In 
 an extended sense, the earth, and the surrounding 
 heavens ; the creation ; universe. 4. Any planet or 
 heavenly body, considered as inhabited. 5. Customs, 
 practices, and interests of men ; general affairs of hfe ; 
 human society. 6. Individual experience of, or con- 
 cern with, life; course of life. 7. The inhabitants of 
 the earth ; the hiunau race ; mankind. S. The earth 
 and its affairs as distinguished from heaven ; hence, 
 worldly corruption ; the vmgodly or wicked part of 
 mankind. 9. A great multitude or quantity ; a large 
 number. 
 
 WfyrlcTi end, the end or most distant part of the world; the 
 remotest regions. — World without end, eternally ; everlast- 
 mgly. 
 
 "World'li-ness (wdrld^-), n. Quality of being worldly ; 
 a predominant passion for obtaining the good things of 
 this life. 
 
 "World'liiig (wQrld'-), n. One who is devoted to this 
 world and its enjoyments. 
 
 "World'ly (wQrldaj^), a. 1. Relating to the world ; hu- 
 man ; common. 3. Pertaining to this world or life, in 
 contradistinction from the life to come ; secular ; tempo- 
 ral ; devoted to this life and its enjoyments. 
 
 "World'ly (wflrkVlj), adv. In a worldly manner. 
 
 TVorld'ly-mind'ed (wflrld'ly-), a. Devoted to worldly 
 interests. 
 
 "Worm. ( wQrm, 34), n. [A.-S. imcnn,worm, Goth, vaurms, 
 Icel. ormr, allied to Lat. vermis.] 1. OriginaUy, any 
 creeping or crawling animal ; a serpent, caterpillar, snail, 
 or the like. [06s.] 3. Any small, creeping animal or 
 reptile, either enthely without feet, or ^vith very short 
 ones. 3. pi. Animals which hve and breed in ths 
 intestines of other animals. 4. Figuratively, something 
 that gnaws or afflicts one's conscience. 5. Any thing 
 spiral, vermiculated, or resembling a worm; as, (a.) 
 The thread of a screw, (b.) A spiral instrument for 
 drawing cartridges from fire-arms, (c.) A small, worm- 
 like hgament under a dog's tongue, (d.) A spiral metal- 
 Uc pipe through which vapor passes in distillation, (e.) 
 (31acli.) A short, revolving screw, the threads of which 
 drive a wheel by gearing into its teeth. 
 
 "Worm (wdrm), v. i. [imp. & p. jj.wormed ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WORMING.] To work slowly, gradually, and secretly. 
 
 "Worm (wurm), v. t. 1. To effect, remove, drive, &c., 
 by slow and secret means. 3. To draw a wad or car- 
 tridge from, as a fire-arm. 3. To cut the ligament, called 
 a toorrn, from under the tongue of, as a dog, for the pur- 
 pose of checking a disposition to gnaw. 4. To wind 
 rope, yam, or other material spirally round; to wind 
 with spun-yam. 
 
 To icomi one's self into, to enter gradually by arts and insin- 
 uations. 
 
 "Worm'-eat'en (wflrm'et'n), a. Gnawed by worms. 
 
 "Worm'-f eiife (wQrm'-), jj. A zigzag fence, made by 
 placing the ends of the rails upon each other. 
 
 "Worm'-seed (wurm'-), n. A plant whose seed has the 
 property of expelling worms from the stomach, bowels, 
 and intestines. 
 
 TForin'wobd (wfirm''-), n. [A.-S. wermod, 0. H. Ger. 
 werimuota, tvermuota,icormota.] {Bot.) A plant hav- 
 ing a bitter nauseous taste ; — so cahed because formerly 
 supposed to be fatal to worms. 
 
 "W^orm'y (wui-m'y), a. [compar. WORMIER; superl. 
 WORMIEST.] 1. Containing a worm ; abounding with 
 worms. 3. Like a worm ; earthy ; groveling. 
 
 Worn, p. p. of ivear. See Wear. 
 
 "Wor'ri-er (vrQr/ri-er), n. One who worries or harasses. 
 
 Wor'ry (wfir'ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. \i"orried ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WORRYING.] [D. icorgen, ivurgen, to strangle, 
 
 0. H. Ger. ivurgjan.] 1. To harass with importunity, 
 or with care and anxiety ; to torment ; to trouble. 3. To 
 harass with labor; to fatigue. [Colloq.] 3. To harass 
 by pursuit and barking ; also, to tear or mangle with 
 the teeth. 
 
 Syn. — To tease ; trouble ; fatigue , vex ; annoy ; plague. 
 
 "Wor'ry (wiir'ry), v. i. To express undue care and anxiety. 
 
 Wor'ry (wflr^ry), n. A state of disturbance from care 
 and anxiety ; vexation ; anxiety ; trouble. 
 
 "Worse (wfirss), a. [A.-S. wyrsa, compar. ofiveorr, per- 
 verse, bad, 0. H. Ger. icirsiro, Icel. iverri. As bad has 
 no compar. and superl., ivorse and ivorst are used in Ueu 
 of them, although radically they have no relation to bad.] 
 Bad, ill, evil, or corrupt, in a higher degree ; in poorer 
 health ; more sick ; — used both in a physical and moral 
 sense. 
 
 The worse, (a.) Loss ; disadvantage. (6.) Something lew: 
 good. 
 
 "Worse (wfirss), adv. In a mahner more evil or bad. 
 
 "Wors'en (wfirss/n), v. t. To make worse ; to deteriorate ; 
 
 Wors'er (wurss'er), a. Worse. [Rare.] [to impair. 
 
 E©=-This old and redundant form of the comparative occurs 
 occasionally in the best authors, although commonly account- 
 ed a vulgarism. It has, however, the analogy of lesser to sanc- 
 tion its use. See Lessee. 
 
 "Wor'ship (wur'ship), n. [That is, orig., the state of 
 worth or worthiness, fr. worth, and the termination ship.] 
 
 1. Honor: respect. [Obs.] 3. Hence, a title of honor, 
 used in addresses to certain magistrates, &c. 3. Reli- 
 gious reverence and homage ; adoration paid to God, 
 or to a being viewed as God. 4. Idolatry of lovers. 
 
 Syn. — Adoration; reverence; devotion ; veneration ; honor; 
 respect. 
 
 food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^kaise, call, e«ko ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 
 
WORSHIP 
 
 828 
 
 WRECK 
 
 Wor'sJiip (wQr'ship), v. t. [imp. & p. p. worshiped 
 (wflr'shipt); />. pr. & rb. »i. WORSHIPING.] 1. To re- 
 spect ; to honor. "2. To pay diriue houors to. 3, To 
 honor with extravagant love and extreme submission, as 
 a lover. 
 
 Syn.— To adore ; revere ; reverence. 
 
 Wor'jililp (wQr'ship), v. i. 1. To perform acts of adora- 
 tion. '2. To perform religious service. 
 
 Wor'sliip-er ^wurship-er), n. One who vrorships. 
 
 Wor'sliip-ful (wQr^<hip-), o. Entitled to worship, rev- 
 ereufo. or hi'gh respect ; worthy of honor. 
 
 "\Vor'sliip-ful-ly (wfir'ship-), adv. In a vrorshipful 
 manner : re/pectfully. 
 
 "Vl'orst (wfirst), a. : siiperl. of worse, q. v. [See Worse.] 
 Bad, evil, or pernicious, in the highest degree, whether 
 in a physical or moral sense. 
 
 Worst (wflrst), n. That which is most bad or evil ; the 
 most severe, calamitous, or wicked, state or degree. 
 
 Worst (wQrst), v. t. [h)ip. & p. p. worsted ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WORSTING.] To gain advantage over in contest; 
 to get the better of ; to defeat ; to overthrow. 
 
 Worst'ed (wyst'ed), n. [From Worsted, a town in 
 Norfolk, England.] Well-twisted yarn, spun of long- 
 staple wool which has been combed to lay the fibers 
 parallel. 
 
 "Wort (wQrt), n. [A.-S. wyrt, wirt, wert, wart, herb, 
 root, Goth, vaurts, Icel. jiirt,urt.] 1. A plant; an 
 herb ; — used chiefly in compounds. 3. Specifically, a 
 plant of the cabbage kind. 
 
 Wort (wQrt), n. [A.-S. ivirt,weort,rvert, must.] New 
 beer unfermented, or in the act of fermentation. 
 
 Worth (wflrth), v. i. [A.-S. loeordkan, to become, to be, 
 to happen, imperative weordh, Goth, vairthan, Icel. 
 verdha.] To be; to become; to betide; — nosv used 
 only in the phrases, woe worth the day, woe worth the 
 man, &c., in which the noun is in the dative case. 
 
 Wortli (wQrth), n. [A.-S. weordh, loyrdh, icurdh, Goth. 
 vairths, Icel. verd.'] 1. That quality of a thing which 
 renders it valuable or useful ; value ; hence, often, value 
 as expressed in a standard, as money. 2. Yalue of moral 
 or personal qualities ; virtue ; eminence ; usefulness. 
 Syn. — Desert ; merit ; excellence ; price ; rate. 
 
 Wortli (wurth), a. 1, Equal in value to. 2. Deserv- 
 ing of; — chiefly in a good sense. 3. Having wealth or 
 estate to the value of. 
 
 Wor'tiii-Iy (wQr'thi-ly), adv. In a worthy manner; 
 deservedlj' ; justly ; suitably ; becomingly. [worthy. 
 
 Wor'tiii-ness (wQr'thi-nes), n. State or quality of being 
 Syn. — Desert; merit; excellence; dignity; virtue; worth. 
 
 Worthless (wQrth'-), a. Destitute of worth ; having 
 no value, virtue, excellence, dignity, or the like. 
 
 Syn. — Undeserving; valueless; useless; vile; bare; mean. 
 
 Worth'less-ness(wfirth'-), n. Quality of being worth- 
 
 , less. 
 
 Wor'thy (wOr'thy), a. [compar. worthier ; superl. 
 WORTHIEST.] 1. Having worth or excellence; pos- 
 sessing merit. 3. Having suitable, adapted, or equiva- 
 lent qualities or value ; equal in excellence, value or 
 dignity to ; entitled to. 
 
 Syn. — Deserving; meritorious; excellent; equivalent; val- 
 uable ; virtuous ; estimable ; suitable. 
 
 Wor'thy (wQr/fhy), n. A man of eminent worth or value ; 
 a person of conspicuous desert. 
 
 Wot, V. i. [A.-S. i.vat, pres. of witan, to know.] To know ; 
 to be aware. [ Obs. or antiquated.] 
 rs^ It is used also as the imp. of the obs. verb weet, to know. 
 
 Would (wobd), imp. of will. See Will. 
 
 Wouxid (wfjond or wownd, 40), n. [A.-S. wund, Icel. 
 un/J, Goth, vunds, sore, wounded, A.-S. wund.] 1. A 
 «nt, stab, bruLse, rent, or the like. 2. Hence, injury ; 
 hurt ; damage ; detriment. 
 
 ea^Walker condemns the pronunciation wdond, as a "ca- 
 priciouf! novelty." It is certainly opposed to an important 
 principle of our language, namely, that words in ou of Anglo- 
 Saxon origin retain the regular Old English sound of ow, as 
 BOtovJ, ffronn/jl,fouri/l, &c. It is to be observed, however, that 
 in Anglo-Saxon, the word was uneltvmnd, the it being sounded 
 as oo, as it it, also, in the Icelandic und, and the Gotluc vunds. 
 
 Wound (wtTond or wownd). v. t. [imp. & p. p. wound- 
 ed ; p. jn. Sc vb. n. WOUNDING.] To hurt by violence, 
 a« by a cut, stab, bruise, and the like ; to injure ; to dam- 
 age ; hence, often, to hurt the feelings of. 
 
 Wound; imp. & p. p. of wind. See Kind. 
 
 Wove, tmp. and rarely p. p. of vjeave. See Weave. 
 
 WovVin, p. J), of weave. See Weave. 
 
 Woven paper, or wove paper, wViting paper having an even, 
 uniform surface, without lines or water-mark*. 
 
 Wriick (r&k), n. [Fr. varec, varech. Cf. Ar. warak, a 
 leaf of a tree.] A marine plant out of which kelp is made^ 
 and which is also of great utility as a manure. 
 
 "Wrack (rSk), n. A thin, flying cloud; a rack. See 
 Rack. 
 
 Wraith (rath), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. swairth, sivarth, 
 an apparition of a person about to die, from swarih, 
 gloomy.] An apparition of a person in his exact like- 
 ness, seen before death, or a little after ; hence, a specter, 
 a vision ; an unreal image. 
 
 Wran'glc (rang'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. WRANGLED; 
 p. pr. & vb. n. WRANGLING.] [L. Ger. wrangen, to 
 wrestle, N. H. Ger ringen, id., A.-S. icringan, to wring, 
 strain, press. Cf Brangle.] To dispute angrily; to 
 quarrel peevishly and noisily ; to brawl ; to altercate. 
 
 Wran'gle (riing/gl), n. An angry dispute ; a noisy quarrel. 
 Syn. — Altercation ; bickering ; brawl ; jar ; jangle ; con- 
 test ; controversy ; squabble. See Altekcatiojv. 
 
 W^rSii'gler (rang'gler), n. One who wrangles. 
 
 Senior wrangler {Cambridge Univeisity, Eng.), the student 
 who passes the best examination in mathematics in the senate- 
 house. ^ 
 
 "Wrap (rSp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WRAPiflb: p. pr. & 
 vb n. WRAPPING.] [Probably allied to warp.] 1. To 
 wind or fold together, ti. To cover by winding or fold- 
 ing; to envelop completely ; to infold. 3. To conceal 
 by enveloping or infolding ; to hide ; hence, to involve, 
 as an effect or consequence. 
 
 WrSp'per (rSp^per), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
 wraps. 3. That in which any thing is wrapped or in- 
 closed ; envelope ; covering. 3. Specifically, a loose 
 outer garment. 
 
 Wrap'ras-eal (rSp/ias-kal), n. A coarse upper coat. 
 
 Wrasse (r3s), n. [W. gwrachy, wrack, the wrasse.] (7c/i«A.) 
 A prickly-spined, hard-boned fish of several species, in- 
 habiting the Mediterranean and Atlantic. 
 
 Wrath (rath), n. [A.-S. wrxdh, Icel. reidi. See WROTH, 
 a.] 1. Violent anger ; vehement exasperation ; indigna- 
 tion; rage; fury; ire. 2. The efiects of anger ; the just 
 punishment of an offense or crime. 
 
 i^" The English, misled by the w, which usually causes an 
 a immediately following it in the same syllable to take a broad 
 sound, universally pronounce this word v;rbth, or v-rawth; but 
 this is contrary to analogy, for the w is silent, and the uttered 
 letter r intervenes between it and the vowel ; and besides, the 
 letter a has its Italian sound, almost without exception, before 
 th, as in hath, jjath, &c. The word is, however, sometimes 
 spelled wroth. 
 
 SyTi. — Anger ; fury ; rage ; ire ; vengeance ; indignation; 
 resentment ; passion. See Axgee. 
 
 Wrath'ful (rath'-), a. 1. Full of wrath ; very angry ; 
 greatly incensed 2. Springing from, or expressing, 
 wrath. 
 
 Syn. — Furious ; ireful ; raging ; indignant ; resentful ; 
 passionate. 
 
 Wrath'f ul-Iy (rath'-), adv. In a wrathful manner. 
 
 "W^rath'less (rath'-) a. Free from anger. 
 
 Wrath'y, a. Very angry. [Colloq.] 
 
 Wreak (reek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wreaked (108) ; p. 
 pr.Scvb.n WREAKING.] [A.-S. i<;reca7i, Goth, rrj/fcan, 
 Icel. reka, hrekja.] To execute in vengeance or passion ; 
 to inflict ; to hurl or drive. 
 
 Wreath (reeth), n.; pi. wreath§. (See infra.] 1. 
 Something twisted or curled. 2. A garland ; a chaplet ; 
 especially, one given to a victor. 
 
 Wreathe (reeth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wreathed ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WREATHING.] [A.-S. wredhan, 0. H. Ger. 
 ridan, garidan, Icel. rida, ridha. See Writhe.] 1. 
 To twist ; to convolve ; to wind one about another : to 
 entwine. 2. To surround with any thing twisted or 
 convolved ; to encircle ; to infold. 3. To twine or twist 
 about ; to encircle. 
 
 Wreathe (reeth), v. i. To be interwoven or entwined. 
 
 "Wreath'y (reth'y), a. Twisted ; curled ; spiral. 
 
 Wreck (rek), n. [D. wrak, damaged, brittle, a wreck, 0. 
 D. wrack, wraeck, bad, vile, wracke, a wreck.] 1. De- 
 struction ; - ruin ; desolation. 2. Specifically, the de- 
 struction or injury of a vessel by being cast on shore, or 
 on rocks, or by being disabled or sunk by the force of 
 winds or waves. 3. The ruins of a ship stranded or other- 
 wise rendered useless by violence and fracture. 4. The 
 remains of any thing ruined ; dead weeds and grass. 5, 
 (Law.) Goods, &c., which, after a shipwreck, are cart 
 upon the land by the sea. 
 
 Wreck (rek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wrecked (rC-kt) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WRECKING.] 1. To destroy, disable, or 
 seriously damage, as a vessel, by driving against the 
 shore or on rocks, by causing to founder or the Uke. 2» 
 Hence, to bring wreck or ruin upon ; to destroy. 
 
 a, e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., $hort ; c4re, far, ask, ^, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr,dQ, W9lf, 
 
WRECKAGE 
 
 829 
 
 WRONGFULLY 
 
 Wren. 
 
 Wreck'age (rek-'ej, 45), n. 1. Aet of wrecking. 3. 
 That which has been wrecked. 
 
 Wreck'er (r6k'er), n. 1. Oue whocauses a wreck, as by 
 false lights, ti. One who searches for the wrecks of 
 ves.sels, for the purpose of plunder, or to save property 
 or lives, or the vessels themselves. 3. A vessel employed 
 by wreckers. 
 
 "Wrgck'-mas'ter (rek'-), n. A person appointed by 
 law to take charge of goods, &c. , thrown on shore after 
 a shipwreck. 
 
 ■Wren (ren), n. [A.-S. wrenna, 
 ivrcBuna, prob. allied to ivrsBne, 
 lascivious.] ( 0«/Y/j.) A small in- 
 sessorial bird. It feeds on insects, 
 &c., and is often very familiar 
 with man. 
 
 Wrench (rench, 66), v. t. [imp. 
 & ;;. p. WRENCHED (rencht) ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WRENCHING.] [A.- 
 S. ivrencan, bewrencan, to deceive, 
 allied to wringan, to wring.] 1. To wrest, twist, or force 
 by violence. 2. To strain ; to sprain : to distort. 
 
 "Wrgncli (rench), n. 1. A violent twist, or a pull with 
 twisting, 'i. A sprain. 3. An ^_.^^ ^ — . 
 
 instrument for exerting a twist- i^^^ =y^\ 
 
 ing strain, as in turning bolts, ^ — ' 
 
 nuts, screw-taps, &c. Wrench (3). 
 
 TVrest (rest), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wrested ; p. pr. & 
 vb. n. WRESTING.] [A.-S. wraestan. Cf. Wrist.] 1. 
 To turn ; to twist ; especially, to tnist or extort by vio- 
 lence ; to pull or force away by violent wringing or twist- 
 ing. '■Z, To turn from truth, or tsrist from its natural 
 meaning by violence. 
 
 Syn. — To wrench; wring; extort; pervert; distort. 
 
 "Wrest (rest), n. Violent puUing and twisting ; distortion. 
 
 Wrest'er (rest'-), n. One who wrests or perverts 
 
 W>es'tle(res'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. wrestled ; p. pr. 
 & vb. n. WRESTLING.] [A.-S. tvriestlian, allied to 
 wrsestan, to wrest.] 1. To contend, as two persons, by 
 grappling together, and each striving to throw the other 
 down. 'Z. Hence, to struggle ; to strive ; to contend. 
 
 Wre.s'tle (res'l), n. A struggle between two to see which 
 will throw the other down ; a struggle. 
 
 Wre.s'tler (res'ler), n. One who wrestles ; one who is skill- 
 ful in wresthng. 
 
 W^retcli (retch), n. [A.-S. wrecca, wrdcca, an exile, a 
 wretch, icrdc, tcracc, exiled, wretched, ivrac, exile, evil, 
 Icel. rcikr, refer, 0. H. Ger. ivrec/ijo, ivreh, an exile.] 1. 
 A miserable person ; one profoundly unhappy. '2, Oue 
 sunk in vice or degradation ; a base, despicable person. 
 
 E@~ Wretch is sometimes used by way of slight or ironical 
 pity or contempt, and sometimes to express tenderness. 
 SjTi. — Villain ; profligate; scoundrel; rascal. 
 
 Wretcli'ed (retch'ed, 60), a. 1. Very miserable ; sunk 
 in deep affliction or distress, either from want, anxiety, 
 or grief; calamitous. H, Worthless ; paltry ; very poor 
 or mean. 
 
 WretcU'ed-ly (retch'-), adv. In a wretched manner ; 
 miserably ; unhappily ; meanly ; despicably. 
 
 Wretcli'ed-iiess (retch'ed-nes), n. 1. Quality or state 
 of being wretched ; extreme misery or unhappiness, either 
 from want or sorrow, ti. Meanness ; despicableness. 
 Syn. — Destitution; unhappiness; misery; distress. 
 
 Wrig'gle (rlg'gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. wriggled ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WRIGGLING.] [L. Ger. luriggeln, D. wrik- 
 ken, allied to A.-S. ivrigian, to bend, to follow, ivrixlian, 
 ivrixlan, to change.] To move the body to and fro with 
 short motions. 
 
 "Wrig'gle (rig'gl), v. t. To put into a quick, reciprocat- 
 ing motion ; to move by twisting and squirming. 
 
 Wrig'gler (rig'gler), n. One who wriggles. 
 
 Wriglit (rit), n. [A.-S. ivyrkta, gewyrhta, from toyrcan, 
 to work.] One whose occupation is some kind of mechan- 
 ical business ; an artificer ; a workman ; — chiefly used 
 in compounds. 
 
 Wring (ring), v. t. [imp. & p. p. wrung ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. WRINGING.] [A.-S. wringan, gewringan, 0. H. Ger. 
 ringan, hringan. Cf. WRONG.] 1. To twist and com- 
 press ; to pinch ; to turn and strain with violence. 3. 
 Hence, to pain; to distress; to torment. 3. To pervert. 
 4. To extract or obtain by twisting and compressing ; 
 hence, to extort. 5. (Naut.) To bend or strain out of 
 its position. 
 
 SyTX. — To twist; writhe; torture; distort; strain 
 
 Wring'-ljolt (ring'- 
 
 A bolt used by shipwrights 
 
 to bend and secure the planks against the timbers tlK 
 they are fastened by bolts, spikes, and tree-nails. 
 
 Wring'er (ring'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, 
 wrings; hence, an extortioner. 2. -E^/jec/a/^y, an instru- 
 ment for forcing water out of any thing, particularly for 
 wringing water from clothes after they have been washed. 
 
 Wrinlt'le (riQk'l), n. [A.-S. tvrincle, from luringan, to 
 wring.] 1. A small ridge, prominence, or furrow, formed 
 by the shrinking or contraction of any smooth substance ; 
 a crease. "Z. Roughness; unevenness. 3. A notion or 
 fancy; a wj^im. [Colloq.] 
 
 Wrink'Ie (rink'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WRINKLED ; p. 
 pr. & vb. n. WRINKLING.] 1. To contract into furrows 
 and prominences ; to corrugate. 3. To make rough or 
 uneven. [ridges. 
 
 T^'rinlt'Ie (rlnk'l), v. i. To shrink into furrows and 
 
 Wrink'ly (rlijk'lj'), a. Full of wrinkles ; liable to be 
 wrinkled ; corrugated. 
 
 Wrist (rist), n. [A.-S. wrist, allied to ivrtestan, to wrest, 
 to twist.] {Anat.) The joint by which the hand is united 
 to the arm. 
 
 Wrist'band (rist'band), n. That band or part of a shirt 
 sleeve which covers the wrist. 
 
 Writ (rit), n. [From ivrite.] 1. That which is written ; 
 writing ; — applied especially to the Scriptures ; Bible. 3. 
 (Laio.) An instrument in writing, under seal, in an epis- 
 tolary form, issued from the proper authority, command- 
 ing the performance or non-performance of some act by 
 the person to whom it is directed. 
 
 W^rit (rit), imp. & p. p. of ivrite. [ Obs.] See "Write. 
 
 Write (rit), v. t. [imp. wrote ; p. p. writ {obs.), or 
 WRITTEN; p. pr. & vb. n. WRITING.] [A.-S. wrltan, 
 gewritan, Icel. rita, to ivrite, Goth, vrits, a stroke, dash, 
 letter.] 1. To set down, as legible characters ; to in- 
 scribe on any material by a suitable instrument. 3. To 
 express in legible or intelligible characters ; to inscribe ; 
 hence, specifically , to set down in an epistle; to commu- 
 nicate by letter. 3. Hence, to compose or produce, as 
 an author. 4. To impress durably. 5. To make known 
 by writing ; to record. 
 
 Syn.— To engrave; copy; transcribe; compose; send; 
 recite. 
 
 Write (rit), v. i. 1. To form characters, letters, or fig- 
 ures, as representatives of sounds or ideas. "2. To be 
 regularly employed or occupied in writing, copying, or 
 accounting. 3. To frame or combine ideas and express 
 them in words ; to recite or relate in books ; to compose. 
 
 Writ'er (rit'er), ii. 1. One who writes, or has written ; 
 a scribe ; a clerk. 2. An author. 
 
 Writhe (ritii), v. t. [imp. & p. p. writhed (WRITHEN, 
 obs. or poet.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. WRITHING.] [A.-S. lorid- 
 han, to wreathe, writhe. See WREATHE.] 1. To twist 
 mth violence ; to distort ; to wring. 2. To wrest ; to 
 distort ; to pervert. 
 
 Writiie (ritii), v. i. To twist ; to be distorted. 
 
 Writ'ing (rit'ing), n. 1, Act or art of forming letters and 
 characters on paper, wood, stone, or other material. 2. 
 Any thing written or expressed in letters ; as, a legal 
 instrument ; a pamphlet ; a book ; an inscription. 
 
 Writ'ing-mas'ter (rit'ing-), 7i. One who teaches the 
 art of penmanship. 
 
 Writ'ing- pa'per (rit'ing-), n. Paper finished with a 
 smooth siu-face, sized, and fitted for writing upon. 
 
 Wrong (rong, 21), a. [Icel. rang-r. oblique, wrong, A.-S. 
 wrang, wrong, injury, allied to wring, q. v.] 1. Not fit 
 or suitable to an end or object ; not appropriate for u.se. 
 2. Not suitable to the highest and best end ; not morally 
 right. 3. Not according to truth. 
 
 Syn. — Injurious ; xmjust ; faulty; detrimental ; incorrect; 
 erroneous; unfit; unsuitable; improper; mistaken. 
 
 Wrong (rong), n. That which is not right ; whatever 
 deviates from moral rectitude ; any injury done to an- 
 other ; a trespass. 
 
 Syn. — Iniquity ; perversity; injustice; injury. 
 
 Wrong (rong), adv. Not rightly ; amiss ; morally ill ; 
 erroneously. 
 
 Wrong (rong), v. t. [imp. & p. p. WRONGED : p.pr. & 
 vb. n. WRONGING.] 1. To treat with injustice ; to de- 
 prive of some right, or to withhold some act of justice 
 from; to injure. 2. To impute evil to unjustly. 
 
 W^rong'-do'er (r6ng'do"o'er), n. One who injures an- 
 other, or does wrong. 
 
 Wrong'er (rong'er), n. One who wrongs or injures 
 another. [unjust : unfair. 
 
 Wrong'ful (rong'ful, 21), a. Full of wrong ; injurious ; 
 
 Wrong'f iil-ly (rong'ful-ly), adv. In a wrongful man- 
 ner ; injuriously ; unjustly. 
 
 food, fo"bt ; tLrn, rude, pull ; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^st ; linger, link ; tills* 
 
WRONGHEADED 
 
 830 
 
 YAGER 
 
 Wr6ngTi6ad-ed (rong'hM-). a. Wroug; in opinion or 
 
 principle ; having a ^vrverso understanding ; perverse. 
 WrSng'ly (r6ng'15'), adv. In a wrong manner ; uiyustly ; 
 
 amiss. 
 Wrdng'ness (rong'-), n. Quality or state of being wrong. 
 Wrote (rot, 20), im;'. of tcritf. See Write. 
 W^rdtli (rawth), a. [A.-S. wradh, O. II. Ger. reid, curled, 
 
 twi^tod. Cf. Wrath.] Full of wrath; angry; incensed. 
 TVroiiglit (rawt), imp. & p.p. of work. See WORK. 
 AVrilng (rung), imp. & p. p. of tcring. See WRING. 
 "Wry (rl), a. [Cf. Goth, vraiqvs, oblique, tcurved, Eng. 
 
 icrithe and icrtathe.] 1. Turned to one side; twisted; 
 
 distorted. 2. llence, deviating from the right direction. 
 Wry face, a distortion of the coimtenance indicating impa- 
 
 ttcAce or discomfort; a grimace. 
 
 Wry'ngclt (rl'ngkf, n. 1, A twisted or distorted neck. 
 2. ( Ornith.) A small bird of the eastern continent, allied 
 to the woodpecker ; — so called from the singular manner 
 in which, when surprised, it turns its head over its 
 shoulder. 
 
 Wry'ness (rl'nes), n. State of being Wy or distorted. 
 
 W^ycli'-61m, n. ( Bot. ) A variety of the elm, a native of 
 Great Britain ; witch-elm. 
 
 Wye, n.; pi. WYE§. One of the two forked pieces or 
 bearings resembling the letter Y in shape, in the opening 
 or notch of which rest the ends of the axis supporting 
 the telescope in a theodolite or level, the pivots in a 
 transit instrument, and the like. [Written also Y, pi. 
 Ts.] 
 
 Wy'vern, n. See Wiver, Wivern. 
 
 X(ek8), the twenty -fourth letter of the English alphabet, 
 is borrowed, as to its form, firom the Greek X. At 
 the end of words, it ha.s the sound of ks, as in wax; in 
 the middle, the sound of ks, or sometimes of gz, as in 
 axis., example. At the beginning of a word, it has the 
 sound of 2. See Prin. of Proa., § 104. 
 
 Xan'tlii-e (zan'thik), a. [From Gr. |ai'0ds, yellow.] 1. 
 Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of those colors, 
 green being excepted, in which yellow is a constituent, 
 as scarlet, orange, and the like. 2. ( Chem.) (a.) Of, or 
 pertaining to, a certain oxide, called also uric oxide, ob- 
 tained from a rare variety of urinary calculus, and from 
 similar concretions, (b.) Of, or pertaining to, a certain 
 heavy, oily, fluid acid. 
 
 Xan'tliine (ziin/thin), n. [From Gr. ^av96<;, yellow.] 
 {Chem.) The yellow, insoluble coloring matter contained 
 in certain plants and the petals of certain flowers. 
 
 Xan'tliite(Kin'thit, 49), n. [Gr. ^av0os, yeUow.] {Min.) 
 A mineral occurring in rounded grains and foUated 
 masses, of a yellow color, and translucent. 
 
 Xan'tlio-plij'll (zan'tho-fTl), n. [Gr. ^av06s, yellow, and 
 <^vXXov, leaf.] ( Chem.) Yellow coloring matter contained 
 in the leaves of trees in autumn. 
 
 Xan'thor-thite (zan'thor-thTt, 49), n. (Min.) A mineral 
 of a yellowish color, containing much water. 
 
 XeTi>e-e (ze'bek), n. [Sp. xabeque, 
 jabeque, Pg. xabeco, fr. Turk, sum- 
 beki, a kind of Asiatic ship, Ar. sum- 
 fc&^-, a small ship.] (iVaM?.) Asmall, 
 three-masted vessel, used in the 
 Mediterranean Sea. It carries two 
 large, square sails, or, when close 
 hauled, large latteen sails. 
 
 X6n'o-time (zen'o-tTm), n. [From 
 Gr. ftvoTtjbLOs, honoring guests or 
 strangers, from feVos, a guest, a 
 stranger, and TijiA^, honor.] A native 
 phosphate of yttria, having a yel- 
 lowish-brown color. 
 
 Xe-rd'si-d (ze-ra'zhi-&), n. [From Gr. |ep6s, dry.] (Med.) 
 A disease of the hair, which becomes dry, ceases to grow, 
 and resembles down covered with dust. 
 
 Xe'ro~eol-lpr'i-utn{zti'io-),n. [Lat. ; Gi.itjpoKoWvpiov, 
 
 Xebec. 
 
 from ^T7p6?, dry, i. e., thick, and KoWvpiov, an eye-salve.] 
 {3Ied.) A dry coUyrium or eye-salve. 
 
 Xe-^-o'iles (ze-ro'deez), n. [Gr. ^Tjpajfirj?, dryish, fr. irip6<;, 
 dry, and elSos, likeness.] {Med.) Any tumor attended 
 with dryness. 
 
 Xe'ro-Tni/'rum {ze'T0-),n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. ^rjpo/u.vpoi', from 
 $-np6^, dry, and p.vpoi', an ointment.] A dry ointment. 
 
 Xe-ropli'a-gy (ze-rofa-jy), n. [Gr. ^r)po(f>ayia, fr. frjpos, 
 dry, and (fjayelv, to eat.] The eating of dry meats, — a 
 sort of fast among the primitive Christians. 
 
 Xe-ropli'thal-my (ze-rof^thal-my or ze-rop'thal-my), n. 
 [Gr. ^rfpocpOaXfiCa, fr. ^rtpo?, dry, and o4)6cL\fj.6^. the eye.] 
 {Med.) A dry, red soreness or itching of the eyes, without 
 swelling or a discharge of humors. 
 
 Xe-i'o'te^ (ze-ro'teez), n. [Gr. ^ijpoTTjs, dryness, fr. ^Tjp(k, 
 dry.] {Med.) A dry habit or disposition of body. 
 
 Xipli'oicl (zifoid), a. [Gr. ^K^oetSrjs, sword-shaped, from 
 ^i4>o<;, a sword, and el6os, form, shape.] {Anat.) Resem- 
 bling a sword ; ensiform. 
 
 Xy'iite (zFlTt), n. [Gr. #vXov, wood, and AtSog, stone.] 
 1. (Min.) A mineral of a brown color, con.sisting chiefly 
 of silica, sesquioxide of iron, Mme, magnesia, and water. 
 3. {Chem.) A volatile, inflammable liquid which exists 
 in crude or impure pyroligneous acid. 
 
 Xy'lo-gxapli (zi'lo-graf ), n. An engraving on wood, or 
 the impression from such an engraving. [xylography. 
 
 Xy-16g'ra-plier (zi-log'ra-fer), n. One who practices 
 
 Xy'lo-grapli'i« (zi'lo-grafik), ) a. Belonging to 
 
 Xy'lo-grapli'i-e-al (ziao-gr3,Pik-al), | xylography, or 
 wood-engraving. 
 
 Xy-16g'ra-pliy (zT-15g/-), n. [From Gr. ^vAov, wood, and 
 ypa<|)gtv, to engrave, wrrite.] Act or art of cutting figures 
 m wood, in representation of natural objects. 
 
 Xy-lopli'a-gan (zi-16f/a-gan), M. [Seei«7^a.] (Entom.) 
 {a. ) One of a tribe of coleopterous insects, comprehending 
 those of which the larves devour the wood of trees in which 
 they are developed, (b.) One of a family of dipterous in- 
 sects, the larves of which have similar destructive habits. 
 
 Xy-16pli'a-sous(zi-16f/a-gas), a. [Gr. |^vAo<;)ayos, eating 
 wood, from ^vKov, wood, and ^ayCiv, to eat.] Eating or 
 feeding on wood. 
 
 Xys'ter (zis'ter), n. [Gr. ^varnp, a scraper, from ^veir, 
 to scrape.] A surgeon's instrument for sftaping bones. 
 
 Y(wT), the twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet, 
 derives its form from the Greek Y. At the beginning 
 of words or syllables, except when used as a prefix, it is a 
 consonant element. In the middle and at the end of 
 words it is a vowel, having precisely the same sounds as 
 i. SeePnn.o/iVow.,§§3o,36,54, 55, 105. 
 
 i^T" Fi»ii8«d by ancient writers, ospecially Spenser, as a pre- 
 fix of the past participle, used or omitted at will, and is also 
 sometimes employed by modem writers in burlesque, or in 
 imitation of the antique. The following are instances: y-clad, 
 clad, clothed; y-cleptd, called; y-clothed, clothed; y-fed, fed, 
 refreshed. 
 
 Y (wT), n. ; pi. Y'§ (wTz). 1. One of the forked pieces 
 ■which support the pivots of a transit instrument, of the 
 
 telescope of a theodolite, and the hke ; a wye ; — so called 
 from its form. 2. {Raihoays.) A portion of track con- 
 sisting of two converging tracks connected by a cross- 
 track. 
 
 Yacht (y6t), n. [D. jagt, from jagt, jacht, a chase, hunt- 
 ing, from jagen, to chase, hunt.] {Naut.) A Ught and 
 elegantly furnished sea-going vessel used for pleasure 
 trips, racing, and the like. 
 
 Yaclit'mg (yot'ing), n. Sailing on pleasure excursions 
 
 • in a ya^ht. 
 
 Ya'ger (yaw'ger), n. [N. H. Ger. jdger, a hunter ; 0. H. 
 Ger. jdgari, from jagen, 0. H. Ger. jagon, to chase, 
 hunt.] ( Mil. ) One belonging to a body of hght infantry 
 armed with rifles. 
 
 sLj^tke.flong; &,6,kc., short; e&re,far, ask, aU, what; dre,veil, tSrm; pique, firm; 86n,dr,dQ, wolf. 
 
YAM 
 
 831 
 
 YERK 
 
 Y^m, H. [West Indian iha?ne.] (Bot.) A large, esculent 
 tuber or root of a genus of climbing plants, growing in 
 tropical climates, and forming when roasted or boiled, a 
 wholesome, palatable, and nutritious food. 
 
 Yan'ltee (yilnk'e), n.- [According to Ileckewelder, a 
 corrupt pronunciation of the word English, or of the 
 French word Anglais, by the native Indians of America. 
 According to Thierry, a corruption of Jankin, a diminu- 
 tive of Jb/m, a nickname given to the English colonists 
 of Connecticut by the Dutch settlers of New York. Ac- 
 cording to Dr. Wm. Gordon, it was a favorite cant word 
 in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, meaning excellent. 
 He supposes that it was adopted by the students there as 
 a by-word, and, being carried by them from the college, 
 obtained currency in the other New England colonies, 
 until at length it was taken up in other parts of the 
 country, and applied to New Englanders generally, as a 
 term of slight reproach. Cf. Sccit. yankie, a sharp , clever, 
 and rather bold woman, and Prov. Eng. how-yankees, a 
 kind of leggins worn by agricultural laborers.] A citizen 
 of New England ; also, a citizen of the Northern States ; 
 — a cant name, with a tinge of reproach in it, appUed by 
 foreigners to all inhabitants of the United States. 
 
 Y3,p, V. i. [Cf. Fr. japper, to yelp, L. Ger. japen,jappen, 
 to gasp, and Eng. yelp, yawp.] To bark ; to yelp. 
 
 Yard, n. [A.-S. geard, gerd, gird, gyrd, a rod, stick, a 
 measure, a yard, 0. H. Ger. gart, Icel. girdl, osier. Cf. 
 Goth, gazds, goad, Icel. gaddr, club.] 1. A measure 
 of length, three feet, or thirty-six inches, being the stand- 
 ard of English and American measure, 'i. The male 
 member or organ; the peni.s. 3. {Naut.) A long, slen- 
 der piece of timber, nearly cyUndrical, suspended upon 
 the mast, by which a sail is extended. 
 
 Yard, n. [A.-S. geard, hedge, allied to gyrdan, to gird, 
 Icel. gardr, Goth, gards, 0. H. Ger. gart. Cf. GARDEN.] 
 A small, inclosed place in front of or around a house or 
 barn. 
 
 Yai'd'-arm, n. {Naut.) Either half of a ship-s yard, 
 from the center or mast to the end. 
 
 i^~ Ships are said to be yard-ann and yard-arm when so 
 near as to touch or interlock their yards. 
 
 Yard'- stick, \n. A stick three feet in length, used as 
 
 Yax'd'-waiid, J a measure of cloth, and the like. 
 
 YariijW. '[A.-S. gearn, Icel. & 0. H. Ger. gam.] 1. 
 Woolen thread ; also, thread of other materials, as of 
 cotton, flax, hemp, or silk. 3. (Rope-making.) One of 
 the threads of which a rope is composed. 3. A story 
 spun out by a sailor for the amusement of his compan- 
 ions. [Colloq. or humorous.] 
 
 Y^r'TOAV, n. [A.-S. gearwe, 0. H. Ger. garwa, gdrawa.] 
 (Bot.) A composite plant, having a strong odor and pun- 
 gent taste. It is a native of Europe, and is common in 
 the United States. 
 
 Yat'a-gliaii (110), n. [Turk, yatagan.] A long Turkish 
 dagger. See Ataghan. 
 
 Yaulp, ) V. i. [See Yap and Yelp.] To cry out like a 
 
 Yaup, j child ; to yelp. [Scot, and A7ner.] 
 
 Yarw, V. i. [imp. & p. p. yawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. YAW- 
 ING.] [See Yew, v. i.] 1. To rise in bUsters, breaking 
 in white froth, as cane-juice in the sugar-works. 3. 
 [Prov. Ger. gagen, to rock, gageln, to totter, shake.] 
 (Naut.) To steer wild, or out of the Une of her course, as 
 a ship. 
 
 Yaw, n. (Naut.) A movement of a vessel by which she 
 temporarily alters her course. 
 
 Yawl, n. [D. jol, L. Ger. & Dan. jolle. Cf. JOLLY- 
 BOAT.] (Naut.) A small ship 's-boat, usually rowed by 
 four or six oars. 
 
 Yawl, V. i. To cry out like a dog ; to yell. 
 
 Yawn, V. i. [imp. & p. p. yawned ; p. pr. & vb. n. 
 YAWNING.] [A..-^. ganian, glnan, ginian, geonian,ge- 
 nian, 0. H. Ger. ginOn, ginen, geinon, gien, giwen, 
 
 fewon, Icel. gina, allied to Gr. xatVetv, Lat. hiare. €f. 
 AWN.] 1. To open the mouth involuntarily through 
 drowsiness, dullness, or fatigue; to gape. 2. To gape or 
 open wide as if to allow the entrance or exit of any 
 thing. 3. Hence, to be eager ; to desire to swallow any 
 tMng. 
 
 Yawn, n. 1. A deep and involuntary inspiration, with 
 a pretty wide opening of the mouth, followed by a pro- 
 longed and more or less sonorous expiration ; a gaping. 
 'Z, An opening wide ; a gape. 
 
 Y£j"W§, n. [African 2/aJf, a raspberry.] (Jlfec?.) A disease 
 of the Antilles and of Africa, characterized by contagious 
 tumors which, in shape and appearance, resemble straw- 
 berries or raspberries. [named. 
 
 Y-«leped' (i-klepf), P- p. [See Note under Y.] Called ; 
 
 Ye, pron. [A.-S. ge, Icel. er, 0. H. Ger. ir, Goth, jus.] 
 
 The nominative plural of the second person ; — sometime* 
 inaccurately used as the objective. 
 Yea (ya or ye), adv. [A.-S. gea, ia, Icel., 0. H. Ger., & 
 Goth, ya.] Yes; ay. 
 
 C©" Yea sometimes introduces a subject, with the sense of 
 indeed, verily, truly, it is so. It is also used substantively to de- 
 note an affirmative vote, or the one who cast such a vote ; as, 
 the yeas have it. 
 
 Yean,r. t. & i. [imp. & p.p. yeaned ; p.pr. & vb. n. 
 YEANING.] [A.-S. ednian,edcnian,geednian,geedcnian.] 
 To bring forth young, as a goat or sheep. 
 
 Yean'ling, n. [From yean.] The young of sheep ;. 
 a lamb. 
 
 Year, n. [A.-S. gear, ger, Goth, jer, 0. H. Ger. j&r, Icel. 
 dr.] 1. Time of the apparent revolution of the suo. 
 through the echptic ; period occupied by the earth in 
 making its revolution around the sun; also, a period 
 more or less nearly agreeing with this, adopted by various 
 nations as a measure of time. In common usage, tho 
 year consists of 365 days, and every fourth year of 366. 
 2. The time in which any planet completes a revolution 
 about the sun. 3. pi. Age, or old age. 
 
 Year'-bdok (27), n. 1. A reference book of facts and 
 statistics published yearly, ti. (Eng. Law.) A book con- 
 taining annual reports of cases adjudged in the courts of 
 England. 
 
 Year'ling, n. A young animal one year old. 
 
 Year'liiig, a. Being a year old. 
 
 Y'ear'ly, a. 1. Happening, accruing, or coming every 
 year; annual. 3. Lasting a year. 3. Accomplished 
 in a year. [from year to year. 
 
 Year'ly, adv. [A.-S. gedrlice.] Annually ; once a year ; 
 
 Yearn (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. yearned ; p. pr. & vb. 
 n. YEARNING.] [A.-S. geornian, girnan,fv. georn, girn, 
 gym, desirous, georne, gladly, Goth, gairnjan, to desire, 
 Icel. gima.] To be filled with longing desire or with emo- 
 tions of affection or tenderness ; to long ; to be eager. 
 
 Yeast, n. [A.-S. ^ist, 0. H. Ger. gesan, jesan, gerian, 
 jerian, to ferment.] The foam or froth of beer or other 
 hquor in fermentation used for raising dough ; barm. 
 
 Yeast'y, a. Frothy ; foamy^ ; spumy, like yeast. 
 
 Yelk, n. [A.-S. geoleca, geolca, alhed to gelu, geolu, yel- 
 low.] The yellow part of an egg. 
 
 Yell, V. i. [imp. & p. p. yelled; p. pr. & vh. n. 
 YELLING.] [A.-S. gillan, gellan, 0. H. Ger. gellan, al- 
 lied to A.-S. galan, Icel. gala, to sing.] To cry out or 
 scream as with agony or horror. 
 
 Yell, V. t. To utter or declare with a yell. 
 
 Y611, n. A sharp, loud, hideous outcry. 
 
 Yel'low, a. [compar. yellower; superl. YELLOW- 
 EST.] [A.-S. gelu, geolu, 0. H. Ger. gels, Icel. gulr, allied 
 to Lat. helvus,gilvus, gilbus , galbus , Gr. x/^oos.} Being of 
 a bright saffron-like color'; of the color of gold or brass. 
 Yellow-bird (^Ornith^, a small bird with bright-yellow plum- 
 age, common in the United States. — Yellow fever (2Ied.), a 
 malignant febrile disease of warm climates, often attended 
 with yellowness of the skin. — YeUow hammer {Ornith.), a Eu- 
 ropean bird, called also yellow-hunting. Its principal colors are 
 shades of gamboge, yellow, and brown; — often applied in the 
 
 . United States to a certain species of woodpecker.— Yellow 
 metal, an alloy composed of two thirds copper and one third 
 zinc, for sheathing vessels. 
 
 Yel'low, n. A bright golden color ; one of the simple or 
 
 Y61'low-isIi, a. Somewhat yellow. [primitive colors. 
 
 Yel'low-isli-ness, ) n. The state or quaUty of being 
 
 Yel'low-ness, ) somewhat yellow. 
 
 Yel'lowg, n. 1. (Far.) A disease of the bile in horses, 
 cattle, and sheep, causing yellowness of eyes ; jaundice. 
 2, A disease of peach-trees in the United States, causing 
 them to produce abortive yellow sprouts on the trunks, 
 and limbs. 
 
 Yelp, V. i. [imp. & p. p. yelped (yelpt) ; p. pr. &, vb. 
 n. YELPING.] [A.-S. gilpan, to boast, gealp, a loud 
 sound, a clang, Icel. gialpa, gialfra, to make a tumult, 
 0. H. Ger. gelban, to boast.] To utter a sharp, quick 
 cry, as a hound; to bark shrilly, with eagerness, pain, 
 or fear. 
 
 Yeo'man, n. ; pi. yeo'MEN. [0. Eng. yeman, perh. 
 from man, and ye, yes, i. e., the prefix ge, and signifying 
 servant, or ye, yeo, i. e., young, or perh. from A.-S. gy- 
 mend, governor, fov gedrntnann, from gedm, care, atten- 
 tion.] 1. A common man or plebeian, of the first or 
 most respectable class : a freeholder ; a man free bom. 
 2, An officer in the king's household. [Eng.] 3. (Naut.) 
 An inferior officer charged with the stowage, account, and 
 distribution of the stores. 
 
 Yeo'man-ry, n. The collective body of yeomen or 
 freeholders. [ly; to jerk. 
 
 Yerk (14), v. t. [See Jerk.] To kick or strike sudden- 
 
 food, i^t ; tkxtk, r\ide, p^ll ; $ell, f liaise, -eall, eebo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; tills. 
 
YERK 
 
 832 
 
 YULE 
 
 Y^rk, r. ». 1. To throw out the heels ; to kick. 2. To 
 
 move vrith a quick, jerkiug motion. 
 Terk, «. A sudden or quick thrust or motion. 
 Y6s, ode. [A.-S. i;.\<r , g^K'^f, §r!/st, fr. ^fa, yes, indeed, and 
 
 sc, i.e., ^-t, let it be.] Ay; yea;— a word expressing 
 
 affirmation or consent. 
 Y«^st, n. 1. Yeast; ferment barm. 2. Froth; spume; 
 
 fojim. SeeYE.\ST. 
 Y<^s'ter, a. [.\.-S. gristran, geo$tran,girstan, adv., yester- 
 day, r.oth. g^istra, Icel. ges, gar, iUlied to Lat. hestenius, 
 : T h(si, Gr. xdes, for xes, Skr. Aya.^.] Of, or per- 
 
 '..:.;.: to, >e.*terday ; last ; next before the present. 
 Ye>'ter-da5-, «. [See supra.] The day last past; the 
 
 day next before the present. 
 Y?s"'ter-da>-, adv. On the day last past ; on the day 
 
 pn-ci'diug to-day. 
 Yf's'tfr-eve', \n- The evening of yesterday ; the 
 
 Yes'ter-evf'iiing, ) evening last past. 
 
 Yl^'IerlmOru'ing, 1 "" ^^e morning of yesterday. 
 
 Yes'ter-iiiglit' (-nit'), n. Last night; the night last 
 past. 
 
 Y«?s'ter-niglit' (-nit'), adv. On the last night. 
 
 Yes'ter-iidon', n. The noon of yesterday; the noon 
 last past. 
 
 Y'Cst'y, n. Yeasty ; frothy ; foaming. See Yeasty. 
 
 Y'et, adv. [A.-S. get. git,geot, gyt, giet,geta, gieta,gyia.] 
 1. In addition : further ; besides ; over and above ; 
 still. '2. At the same time ; still. 3. Up to the pres- 
 ent time ; thus far ; hitherto ; at the present time. 4. 
 Even ; at least ; at all. 
 
 Yet, conj. Nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; however. 
 Syn. — See However. 
 
 Y'ew (yij), n. [A.-S. eoio, itc, 
 0. H. Ger. iica, igo, W. ytv, 
 )/!<•?«.] ( Bot. ) An evergreen 
 tree alhed to the pines, val- 
 ued for its wood or timber. 
 
 Yew'en (yij'en), a. Made 
 of yew. 
 
 Yex, V. 7. [A.-S. giscian, to 
 sob. 0. H. Ger. geskizjan, 
 geskizOn, to g&ipe, sob.] To 
 hiccough. 
 
 Yield, V. t. [imp. & p. p. 
 
 yielded; p. pr. & vh. n. _, 
 
 YIELDING.] [A.-S. gildan, ^^^• 
 
 geldan, to pay, yield, Icel. gialda, Goth, gildan, fragil- 
 dan, iisgildan.] 1. To furnish: to afford; to render ; 
 to give forth. '2. To give in return for what is exi)euded 
 or invested. 3. To give up, as something that is claimed 
 or demanded ; to make over to one who has a claim or 
 right. 4. To admit to be true ; to concede. 5. To per- 
 mit ; to grant. 
 
 Sj-D. — To produce ; bear ; exhibit ; allow ; resign ; emit ; 
 surrender. 
 
 ^ield. V. i. 1. To give up the contest ; to submit. 3. 
 To comply. 3. To give way; not to oppose. 4, To 
 give place, as inferior in rank or excellence. 
 
 Yield,/'. Amount yielded; product; — appUed especially 
 to products resulting from growth or cultivation. 
 
 Y^ield'er, n. One who yields. 
 
 Y'ield'ing, p. a. Inclined to give way or comply. 
 
 Syn. — Obsequious; attentive; flexible; compliant; accom- 
 moaating. 
 
 Yield'ing-ly , adv. In a yielding maimer ; with compli- 
 ance. 
 
 Y'ield'ing-ness, n. The state or quality of being yield- 
 ing : disposition to comply. 
 
 Yoke (20j, n. [A.-S. geoc, ioc, iuc, Goth, jttk, Icel. ok, 
 allied to Lat. jugutn, Gr. ^vyo;^, Skr. yuga, Slav, igo, Lat. 
 jungfr', Skr. yudj.] 1. That which connects or binds ; 
 bond of connection. 2. Hence, specifically, the frame of 
 wood by which two oxen are fastened together for draw- 
 ing. 3. Ilence, a frame worn on the neck hke an ox- 
 yoke, or shaped like one ; as, (a.) A frame of wood fitted 
 to a [person's shoulders for carrying a pail, &c., sus- 
 pended on each side, (b.) A frame worn on the neck of 
 an animal, as a cow, a pig, a goose, to prevent passage 
 through a fence, (c.) A frame or convex piece by which 
 a bell is hung for ringing it. (d.) (Naut. A frame at 
 right angles to the head of a boat's rudder, from the end 
 of which are lines by which the boat is steered. 4. A 
 mark of servitude : hence, slavery ; bondage : service. 5. 
 Two animals yoked together ; a couple ; a pair that work 
 together. 
 Syn.— Slavery; senritade; chain; link. 
 
 Y'oke, V. t. [imp. & p. p. yoked (yokt) ; p. pr. & vb. 
 
 i n. YOKING.] 1. To put a yoke on^ to join in a yoke. 
 2. To couple ; to join with another. 3. To enslave ; to 
 
 I bring into bondage ; to confine. 
 
 i Yoke, V. I. To be joined or associated ; to be intimately 
 
 I connected ; to consort closely. 
 Y'oke'-fel'low, \n. 1. An associate or companion. 
 
 1 Yoke'mate, j 2. A mate ; a feUow ; especially, a 
 
 j partner in marriage. 
 
 : Yolk (yolk or y6k,"'20), n. 1. The yelk of an egg. [See 
 
 i Yelk.] 2. An unctuous secretion from the skin of 
 
 I sheep. 
 Yon, a. At a distance ^vithin view; jonder. [Obs. or 
 
 j poet.] 
 
 Yon., adv. Yonder. [Obs. or poet.] 
 Y'on'der, a. [See infra.] Being at a distance within 
 view, or conceived of as within view ; that or those 
 
 ' there. 
 
 Yon'der, adv. [A.-S. geond, iand, there, beyond, geo»- 
 dan, geonda, there ; Goth, jaind, thither, jainar, there, 
 joins, that, he.] At a distance within view. 
 
 Yore, adv. [From A.-S. gedra, gedre. gcre, iitra, formerly, 
 allied to gear, ger, a year ; or from A.-S. gee ner, hereto- 
 fore, long ago, from geo, formerly, of old, and ar, ere, 
 before.] In long time past : in old time ; long since. 
 
 You (yt}), jyron. [possess. YOUR, or YOURS . obj. YOU.] 
 [A.-S. eoiv, dat., eoicic, eow, ace, Icel. ydhr, Goth, izvis, 
 Cf. I'E.] The pronoun of the second person, in the 
 nominative or objective case, indicating the person or 
 persons addressed. 
 
 t33^ Ton is properly the plural of the second personal pro- 
 noun, but is in all ordinary discourse used also in addressing a 
 single person, yet always properly combined with a plural 
 verb. You and your are sometimes used indefinitely instead 
 of one, any, a, and the like. Of the two forms of the posses- 
 sive, your and yours, the first is used when attributive and fol- 
 lowed by the noun to which it belongs; the second when at- 
 tributive, but having the noun understood. 
 
 Young, a. [compar. younger ; sitperl. YOUNGEST.] 
 [A.-S. geong, giiing, iung, Icel. ringr, Goth, juggs, for 
 juhs,jiihis, allied to hat. juvenis, Skr. ymcan.] 1. Not 
 long born ; not yet arrived at adolescence, maturity, or 
 age ; not old ; juvenile. 2. Being in the first part of 
 growth. 3. Having little experience : inexperienced ; 
 ignorant. 
 
 Young, n. The oflfspring of animals, either a single 
 animal or ofifepring collectively. 
 fVith young, -with child; pregnant. 
 
 Yoiing'isli, a. Somewhat young. 
 
 Y'^oung'ling, n. A young person ; a youth ; also, any 
 I animal in the first part of life. 
 
 i Young'ster, 71. A young person ; a lad. [CoUoq.] 
 1 Younk'er, n. A young person ; a stripling. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Your, possessive pron. [A.-S. eou-er, Icel. ydhar, Goth. 
 'i'zvara, izvar.] Belonging, pertaining, or relating to, 
 you ; of you ; — the possessive of you. 
 
 Yovur-self', pron. ; pi. your-selves'. Your own per^ 
 son or self; — used as the object, direct or indirect, of a 
 reflexive verb, in the second person. 
 
 Youtli, n. ; pi. youths, sometimes youth. [A.-S. 
 geogudh, gedgodh,"ge6gadh, geogedh, iugudh, ie^udh^ 
 geogudhhad, Goth, jttnda, junds ; 0. Eng. youthede^ 
 yongih, youngth. See Y'OUNG.J 1. State, condition, 
 or quaUty of being young ; juvenilitj-. 2. The part of 
 life that succeeds to childhood ; the whole early part of 
 life, from childhood, or sometimes from infancy, to man- 
 hood. 3. A young person ; e5j?ecja//y, a young man. 4. 
 Y'oung persons collectively. 
 
 Youtli 'fill, a. 1. Not yet mature or aged ; young. 2. 
 Of, or pertaining to, the early part of life. 3. Suitable 
 to the first part of life. 4. Fresh : vigorous, as in 
 youth. 
 
 Syn.— Puerile; juvenile. 
 
 Youtli'f ul-ly, adv. In a youthful manner. 
 
 Youth'f ul-ness, n. The quality of being youthful. 
 
 Yt'tri-a , 'n . [So called from Ytterby , a quarry in Sweden.] 
 ( Chem.) A fine, white powder or earth, without taste or 
 
 ^ smell and insoluble in water ; an oxide of yttrimn. 
 
 Yt'tri-um, n. (Chem.) A very rare metal of a scaly 
 texture and grayish-black color. 
 
 Yule, n. [A..-^.' geol, giid, geohol, itil, Icel. j6l, Goth. 
 jiideis, November, or the beginning of December. Cf. 
 W. givyl, gouel, gouil, goel, gu-el, a feast, a hoUday.] 
 Christmas, or the feast of the nativity of our Savior ; — 
 applied also, sometimes, to the festival of Lanomas. 
 
 Yule-block, Yule-clog, or Yule-log, a large log of wood tar- 
 merly put on the hearth on Christmas eve, as the foundation 
 of the fire. 
 
 a,e,8i,c.,long; Si, 6, Sec, short; c4re,far,ask,all,^«riiat; £re,Teil, tSrm; piqae.firm; sdn,dr,d9,i<ir9lf> 
 
833 
 
 ZOCLE 
 
 z. 
 
 Z{te). The twenty-sixth letter of the English alphabet, 
 and the last letter in the alphabets of most modern 
 languages. It is a sibUant consonant, and is merely a 
 sonant or vocal s. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 106, 107. 
 
 Zae'clio. n. [SeeZOCLE.J {Arch.) The lowest part of 
 the pedestal of a column. 
 
 Zaf fer, «. [Allied to 5a;)pA»''«, Q- ■»"•] (Chem.) Impure 
 oxide of cobalt, obtained bv the calcination of cobalt. 
 
 ZamTbo, n. ; ja'. z.\M'b6s' [See Sa.mbo.] The child of 
 a mulatto and a negro ; also, sometimes, the child of an 
 Indian and a negro. 
 
 Za'tty (126), n. [It. zanni, a buffoon, merry Andrew, 
 orig the same as Giovanni, John, i. e., merry John.] A 
 merry -andrew ; a buffoon. 
 
 Za'ny-i§m, n. The state or character of a zany. 
 
 Zkr'Aieli. n. [See ARSEXlc] Native sulphuret of ar- 
 senic ; sandarach or real^r : orpiment. 
 
 Zax. n. [A.-S. seax, sex, knife, Icel. sax, 0. H. Ger. saJis.] 
 An instrument for cutting slate. 
 
 Zeal, n. [Lat. zehis, Gr. f^Xos, zeal, jealousy.] Passionate 
 ardor in the pursuit of any thing ; eagerness in favor of 
 a person or cause. 
 
 Zeal'ot, 71. [Lat. zelotes, Gr. ^rjAwr^'s.] One who is zeal- 
 *" ous : especially, one who is over-zealous, or carried away 
 by his zeal : an enthusiast ; a fanatical partizan. 
 
 Zeal'ot -ry,n. The character and behavior of a zealot : 
 excess of zeal ; fanatical devotion to a cause. 
 
 Zeal'ou..s, a. Filled with zeal : warmly engaged or ardent 
 in behalf of an object. 
 
 Sym. — Eager; earnest; fervent; hearty; strenuous; warm; 
 passionate; enthusiastic. 
 
 Z6al'ous-ly, adv. In a zealous manner : with pas- 
 sionate ardor ; with eager- 
 ness. 
 
 Zeal'oiis-iiess, n. State 
 or quaUty of being zealous ; 
 zeal. 
 
 ZeTbra, n. [Of African ori- 
 gin.] (Zool.) A quadruped 
 of Southern Africa, nearly 
 as large as a horse, white, 
 with nvunerous brownish- 
 black bands of greater or 
 less intensity, and lighter 
 down the middle of each 
 band. 
 
 ZeHbu, n. [The native Indian name.] 
 minant mammal of the bovine 
 tribe, remarkable for its long, 
 pendulous ears, and a fatty 
 excrescence on the shoulders, 
 which is valued for food. It 
 is often called the Indian bull, 
 ox. or cow. 
 
 Ze'-eliiii (ze'kin), n. [It. zee- 
 chino,Sp.zequin. Cf. SeqUIX.]. 
 An Itahan gold coin ; a sequin. 
 See Sequin. 
 
 Zed, «. [Gr. ^rjra. See Zeta.] Zebu. 
 
 The letter Z : — called also izzard. [ Obs. , or nearly so.] 
 
 Zed'o-a-ry, n. [0. H. Ger. zitaicar. At., Per.. & Hind. 
 djadicdr.] (Med.) A medicinal substance obtained in 
 the East Indies, having a fragrant smell, and a warm, 
 bitter, aromatic taste, used in medicine as a stimulant. 
 
 Zem'in-dar' (110), n. [Per. zemindar, zemidar, i. e., 
 landholder, fr. zejn'in, land, and dar, holding.] A feuda- 
 tory or landholder under the government, with the right 
 of underletting the land, and certain other privileges. 
 [India.] 
 
 Zem'in-da-ry, n. The jurisdiction of a zemindar. 
 
 Zeud,}i- [See zn/ra.] Properly, the translation into the 
 Huzvaresh, or Pehlevi, language, of the Avesta, the 
 Zoroastrian scriptures : as commonly used, the language, 
 an ancient Persian dialect, in which the Avesta is written. 
 
 Zend'a-ves'td, n. [Properly, the Avesta, or sacred text, 
 and its zend, or interpretation, in a more modem and 
 intelligible language.] The Scriptures of the ancient 
 Persian religion, attributed to Zoroaster, but in fact 
 chiefly or altogether of a later date. 
 
 Ze'nitii. n. [Abbrev. from Ar. semt-ur-ras, way of the 
 head, vertical place, from stmt, way, path, al, ul, the, 
 
 and rds, head.] 1. That point in the hearens which ii 
 directly overhead. '2. Hence, figuratively, the point of 
 culmination ; greatest height ; hence, the height of suc- 
 cess or prosperity. 
 
 Ze'o-lite (49), n. [From Gr. ^eeiv, to boil, and A:dos, 
 stone] (Min.) A mineral species in the early works on 
 mineralogy, now subdivided into several, both on chem- 
 ical and crystaUographical grounds. 
 
 Zeph'yr, n. [Lat. zephyrus, Gr. ^e'<^upo?, fr. ^6<i>os, dark- 
 ness, the dark side, west.] The west wind : and poetically, 
 any soft, mild, gentle breeze. 
 
 Ze'ro, n. [Ar. qafrun, qifrun. empty, a cipher, q. v.] 
 Cipher : nothing ; naught ; the point from which the 
 graduation, as of a thermometer, commences. 
 
 Zest. n. [From Lat. scJiistu.^, Gr. (txioto?, split, cleft, 
 divided, from trxi^eiv, to split, cleave.] 1. A piece of 
 orange or lemon peel, used to give flavor to liquor, or 
 the fine, thin oil that spurts out of it when squeezed. 
 3. Hence, something that gives or enhances a pleasant 
 taste, or the taste itself; an appetizer; hence, keen en- 
 joyment : relish. 
 
 Zest, V. t. [imp. & p. p. zested -.p.pr. & vb. n. ZEST- 
 IXG.] 1. To cut into thin slips, as the peel of an orange, 
 lemon, &c. ; or to squeeze, as peel over the surface of 
 any thing. '2, To give a relish or flavor to ; to heighten 
 the taste or relish of. 
 
 Ze'td. n. 1. [Gr. ^VJTa.] A Greek letter, ^, or ^, corres- 
 ponding to our z . '2, [LaX.zeta,diseta,fn>ta.QT.QiaxTo.. 
 life, mode of life, dwelling.] (Arch.) A little chamber, 
 with pipes running along the wails, to convey into it 
 fresh air, or warm vapor, frtoi belowi 
 
 Ze-tet'i€, a. [Gr. ^rfrtrriKo^, from ^TjTeiJ', to seek.] Pro- 
 ceeding by inquiry. 
 
 Ze-tet'ics, n. sing. {Math.) A branch of algebra which 
 relates t6"the direct search for unknown quantities. 
 
 Zeug'ma, n. [Gr. ^ri>yju.a, from ^evyvvvai, to yoke, join.] 
 ( Gram.) A figure by which an adjective or verb, which 
 agrees with a nearer word, is, by way of supplement, re- 
 ferred also to another more remote. 
 
 Zib'et. n. [It. zibetto, L. Gr. ^ajreVioi'. See CiTET.] A 
 small quadruped, somewhat resembling the weasel. It 
 inhabits both India and Africa. 
 
 Zig'zSg. a. Having short, sharp turns. 
 
 Zig'zag, n. [Ger. zickzack, frova zacke, zacken, & den- 
 til, tooth.] Something that has short turns or angles. 
 
 Zig'zag. V. t. [itnp. kp.p. ZIGZAGGED: p.pr. & 1-6. 
 ;i. ZIGZAGGING.] To form with short turns. 
 
 Zinc, n. [Ger. zink, prob. aUied to zinn. tin.] {3Iin.) A 
 metal of a brilliant white color, with a shade of blue; 
 spelter. It is not brittle, but less malleable than copper, 
 lead, or tin. "^ 
 
 Zin-^if 'er-oiis. \ a. [Eng. zinc, and Lat. ferre, to bear, 
 
 Zlnk-if' er-ous, ) produce.] Containing or affording 
 zinc. 
 
 Zraclte (49). n. (ATtn.) A brittle, translucent mineral, 
 of a deep, red color, and consisting chiefly of oxide of 
 zinc. 
 
 Ztne-og'ra-pher, n. An engraver on zinc. 
 
 Ziii«'o-grapli'i«, )a. Of. or pertaining to, zinc- 
 
 Ztii<^ o-grapli'ic-al, J ography. 
 
 Zinc-og'ra-pliy, n. [Eng. zinc, and Gr. ypd<f>€iv, to 
 write.] Engraving on zinc in the style of wood-cuts. 
 
 Zinc'ous, a. Of, or pertaining to, zinc ; pertaining to 
 the positive pole of a galvanic battery. 
 
 2Kn-e'-wliite, n. The oxide of zinc, a pigment largely 
 used in the place of white-lead. 
 
 Zinli'y, a. Pertaining to zinc, or having its appearance. 
 [ Obs'] [Written also zinck-y.] 
 
 Zi'on, n. [Heb. ziyyOn. orig. a hill.] 1. {Jeicish Antiq.) 
 A hill in Jerusalem , the royal residence of David and hia 
 successors. '2. Hence, the theocracy or church of God. 
 
 Zir'-eon, n. [Cingalese.] {Min.) A mineral containing 
 the earth zireonia and sihca, occasionally red, and often 
 nearly transparent. 
 
 Zir-eo'ni-a. n. ( Oiem.) An oxide of zirconium. It is, 
 when pure, a white powder, soluble in sulphuric acid. 
 
 Zir-eo'iii-iim, n. (Chem.) A metal obtained fix)m the 
 minerals zircon and hyacinth. It is commonly obtained 
 in the form of a black powder. 
 
 Zo'cle, or Zoc'le, n. [Lat. socctilus, dim. of soccus, » 
 kind of low-heeled shoe.] (JrcA.) A socle. See SocLE. 
 
 iood, foot ; urn, riide, pull ; 9611, ^liaise, call, e«lio ; gem, g^et ; 
 
 '53 
 
 a§ ; e^st ; linger, ligk ; tliist 
 
ZODIAC 
 
 834 
 
 ZYTHTOI 
 
 Zodiac 
 
 ZO'dl -ft<> , « . I La t . : otlia rus , Gr. 
 Cw£ia*.6« (sc. kvk\(k), from fo- 
 lioi-, dim. of ^ik>o»', au animal.] 
 (j45tr()n.) An imaginary belt in 
 the heavens, in tlic middle of 
 which is the ecliptic, or suu'a 
 path. It comprises the twelve 
 constellations, which once con- 
 stituted, and from which are 
 named, the twelve signs of the 
 Eodiac. 
 
 Zo-dl'ae-:il, a. Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, the zodiac ; within the srodiac. 
 
 Zodiactil liij/tt (Action.), a luminous track, of an elongated 
 triangular figure, lying nearly in the ecliptic, its base being on 
 the horizon. It i< to oe seen only in the evening, after twi- 
 light, ajid in the morning, before dawn. 
 
 Zo-n'e-aii. n. Having the characteristics of Zoilus, a 
 bitter, envious, unjust critic, who lived about 270 years 
 before Christ. 
 
 Zo'i-Iism, n. Character like that of Zoilus ; resemblance 
 to ZoJus in style or manner. 
 
 ZdWcer-ein', n. [Ger. 20//, duty, and verein, union.] An 
 agreement or union among the German States, for the 
 collection of custom-house duties. 
 
 Zone, «. [Lat. zoiia, Gr. ^wvrj, u d^_, 
 
 from ^oivinjyai. to gird.] 1. A 
 girdle. 2. {Geog;.) One of the 
 five great divi.-^ions of the earth, 
 with respect to latitude and tem- 
 perature. 3. (Math.) The por- 
 tion of the surface of a sphere, 
 included between two parallel 
 planes. 4. [Xat Hist.) {a.) A 
 band or stripe running round any 
 object. (6. ) A band or area encir- 
 cling any thing. 5. Circuit; cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Zoned, a. 1, Wearing a zone or zones 
 zones, or concentric bands. 
 
 Zone'less, a. Not having a zone. [forms, and habits. 
 
 Zo-6g'ra-plier, n. One who describes animals, their 
 
 Zo'o-grSph'ic, \ a. Of, or pertaining to, the descrip- 
 
 Zo'o-arrapli'i€-al. ) tion of animals. 
 
 Zo-6g'ra-phy. «. [Gr. ^dov, an animal, and ypd<^eLv, to 
 wrire.] A description of animals, their forms and habits. 
 
 Zo-61'a-try, n. [Gr. ^o>ov, an animal, and KarpeCa, serv- 
 ice.] Worship of animals. 
 
 Zo'o-lite (49). ti. [Gr. ^q>ov, an animal, and KiBos, stone.] 
 An animal substance petrified or fossil. 
 
 Z6'o-16g'i€-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, zoology, or the 
 science of animals. 
 
 Zo-61'o-gist, n. One versed in the natural history of 
 animals ; one who describes animals. 
 
 Zo-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ^too>/. an animal, and Xoyo?, dis- 
 course.] That part of natural history which treats of 
 the classification, structure, habits, and habitations of 
 animals. 
 
 Zo-6n'i€,a. [Gr. ^iov, an animal. 1 Of, or pertaining 
 to, animals ; obtained from animal substances. 
 
 [Gt^Cuov, an animal, and »'6|ui09, ala\r.J 
 iffe. 
 
 Zones a)- 
 
 2. Having 
 
 Zo-6n'o-my, n. 
 
 The laws of animal iTte, or the science which treats of 
 the phenomena of animal life, their causes and relations. 
 Zo-6pli'a-goiSs, a. [Gr. ^<i>o<^ayos, from ^tio*-, an ani- 
 mal, and 4>ay6U', to eat.] Feeding on animals. 
 Zo'o-pliyte, n. [Gr. ^u>6<f>\nov, from ^toov. an animal, 
 and <^vt6v, plant.] {Zoiil.) One of a certain dinsion of 
 animals ; — a general term, applied to simple ]K>lyps, and 
 compound individuals consisting of many polyps united 
 
 I together, as in most corals ; also often appUed to sponges 
 
 I and corallines. 
 
 I ii^o^SKI^'ltal, 1 "■ 0^' °^ P^'-^^^^e to, zoophytes. 
 
 Zo-6pli'y-t61'o-gy, n. [Gr. ^wo^vroi/, an animal-plant, 
 I and Aoyos, a discourse.] The natural history of zoo- 
 ! phytes. 
 
 Zo'o-t6ni'i€-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, zootomy. 
 
 Zo-6t'o-mist, "- One who dissects the bodies of ani- 
 mals ; a comparative anatomist. 
 
 Zo-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. ^wov. an animal, and refj-vetv, to 
 cut.] The anatomy of animals ; comparative anatomy. 
 
 Zouave (zwav or zcTo-av'), ". [From the Arabic Zouaoua, 
 a tribe of Kabyles living among the Juijura mountains 
 in Algeria.] (3/(7.) (a.) One of an active and hardy 
 body of soldiers in the French service, originally Arabs, 
 but now composed of Frenchmen who wear the Arab 
 dress, (b.) Hence, one of a body of soldiers who adopt 
 the dress and drill of the Zouaves. 
 
 Zonnd§, interj. [Contracted from God-s icounds.] An 
 exclamation formerly used as an oath, and an expression 
 of anger or wonder. 
 
 Ziif'fo-lo, I n. [It. zufolo, fi-om zufolare, to whistle, to 
 
 Z'u'fo-Io, S flute.] (Mus.) A little flute or flageolet, 
 e.specially that which is used to teach birds. 
 
 Zu-mol'o-gT, "• See Zy.mology. 
 
 Zu-moni'e-ter, ». See Zymometer. 
 
 Z5'g'o-mat'i€, a. [From Gr. ^vyw/uLa, the cheek-bone, 
 from ^uyovj', to yoke, join, from fvyov, a yoke.] Of, or 
 pertaining to, the bony arch placed in man upon the 
 side of the head, back of the cheeks, and extending firom 
 the prominence of the cheeks to the ear. 
 
 Zy'mo-16g'ie-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, zymology. 
 
 Zy-mol'o-gist, n. One who is skilled in zymology. 
 
 Zy-mol'o-gy, «. [From Gr. C,vtxr\. ferment, and Aoyos, 
 discourse.] *A treatise on the fermentation of liquors, or 
 the doctrine of fermentation. 
 
 Zv-niom'e-ter, {n. [Gr. ^v>->j, ferment, ^u/uuo<ns,fer- 
 
 Zy-'mo-sim'e-ter, I mentation, and ixerpov. measure.] 
 An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermenta- 
 tion occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and 
 the degree of heat which they acquire in fermenta- 
 tion. 
 
 Zy-m6t'i«, a. [Gr. ^vftovv, to ferment.] Of, pertaining 
 to, or cau.«ed by, fermentation. 
 
 Zi/motic dtW-aj^ (Med.), any epidemic, endemic, contagious, 
 or sporadic affection which is produced by some morbific prin- 
 ciple acting on the system like a ferment. 
 
 Zy'thum, n. [Lat. : Gr. ^0os, a kind of beer, so callet} 
 by the Egyptians.] A kind of malt beverage; a liqnoi 
 made from malt and wheat. 
 
 a,a,&c.,/onf ,• a,6,&c.,5Aorf; c^e, f ar, ask, all, wliat ; §re, veU, term ; piique,firm; s6n,6r,do,wolf , 
 
METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 y ^y X X y * 
 
 ^^s 
 
 Scale, -^-^ of the Exact Size. 
 
 N. B. The edges of this cube are each 1 3feier, or 10 Decimeters, or 100 
 Centimeters, in length. 
 
 1 sq. Centimeter, 
 Exact Size. 
 
 In the Metric System, the Meter is the base of all the 
 
 weights and measures employed. 
 The Meter was intended to be, and is very nearly, one ten 
 
 millionth part of the distance measured on a meridian of 
 
 the earth from the equator to the pole, and is about 
 
 39.37 inches. 
 The Meter is the primary unit of length. 
 Upon the Meter are based the following primary units : the 
 
 Square Meter, the Are, the Cubic Meter or Stere, the 
 
 Liter, and the Gram. 
 The Square Meter is the unit of measure for small surfaces ; 
 
 as the surface of a floor, table, etc. 
 
 —rT 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 2 - 
 
 "" 
 
 •? 
 
 
 s^ 
 
 — 
 
 •f» 
 
 
 eo 
 
 
 ». - 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 ••«^ 
 
 - 
 
 II 
 
 
 •s - 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ©pT" 
 
 ~' 
 
 § 
 
 
 vi - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 - 
 
 © 
 
 
 © _ 
 
 
 
 1*1 
 
 
 II 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 ~ 
 
 4^ 
 
 = 
 
 5^ 
 
 =: 
 
 S- 
 
 — 
 
 H~ 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 ~ 
 
 *. 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 1" 
 
 E 
 
 « ' 
 
 ~ 
 
 q_ 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 )$ 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 = 
 
 
 — 
 
 The Are is the unit of land measure ; this is a square whose 
 side is 10 meters in length, and which contains IOC 
 square meters. 
 
 The Cubic Meter, or Stere, is the unit of volume ; this is a 
 cube whose edge is 1 meter in length. 
 
 The Liter is the unit of capacity ; this is the capacity of a 
 cube whose edge is 1-lOth of a meter in length. 
 
 The Gram is the unit of weight ; this is the weight of dis- 
 tilled water contained in a cube whose edge is the lOOth 
 part of a meter in length. 
 
 From these primary units the higher and lower orders of 
 units are derived decimally. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 Ratios. 
 
 Lengths. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Weights. 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 Millier, or Tonneau. 
 
 100,000 
 
 - 
 
 - . 
 
 - . 
 
 Quintal. 
 
 10,000 
 
 Myriameter. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 Myriagram. 
 
 1,000 
 
 Kilometer. 
 
 . 
 
 Kiloliter. 
 
 Kilogram, or Kilo. 
 
 100 
 
 Hectometer. 
 
 Hectare. 
 
 Hectoliter. 
 
 Hectogram. 
 
 10 
 
 Dekameter. 
 
 - - 
 
 Dekaliter. 
 
 Dekagram. 
 
 1 
 
 Meter. 
 
 Are. 
 
 Liter. 
 
 Gram. 
 
 .1 
 
 Decimeter. 
 
 . 
 
 Deciliter. 
 
 Decigram. 
 
 .01 
 
 Centimeter. 
 
 Centare. 
 
 Centiliter. 
 
 Centigram. 
 
 .001 
 
 Millimeter. 
 
 " 
 
 Milliliter. 
 
 Milligram. 
 
 [Note. From the first column of this table it appears that 10 millimeters 
 meter, etc.] 
 
 1 centimeter ; 10 centimeters = 1 deci- 
 
836 METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 Metric Denominations and Values. 
 
 Equivalents in Denominations m Use. 
 
 Myriameter 10,000 meters, 
 
 Kilometer 1,000 meters, 
 
 Hectometer . . 100 meters, 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 6.2137 miles. 
 
 . 0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 
 328 feet and 1 inch. 
 
 Dekameter 10 meters. 
 
 393.7 inches. 
 
 
 . 39.37 inches. 
 
 Decimeter 1 meter. 
 
 . 3.937 inches. 
 
 ripiitimpti^r .... ... .01 meter. 
 
 . 0.3937 inch 
 
 Millimeter 001 meter, 
 
 . 0.0394 inch. 
 
 MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
 
 Hectare 10,000 square meters, 
 
 Are 100 square meters, 
 
 Centare 1 square meter, 
 
 . . 2.471 acres. 
 
 . 119.6 square yards. 
 
 1,550 square inches. 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 
 
 Names. 
 
 No. of 
 liters. 
 
 Cubic Measure. 
 
 Dry Measure, 
 
 Liquid or Wine 
 Measure. 
 
 Kiloliter, or St 
 HectoUter . 
 Dekaliter . 
 LiTEB . . 
 Deciliter . 
 CentiUter . 
 MilliUter . 
 
 ere 
 
 
 1,000 
 100 
 10 
 1 
 .1 
 .01 
 .001 
 
 1 cubic meter . . . 
 
 .1 of a cubic meter 
 10 cubic decimeters . 
 1 cubic decimeter 
 
 .1 of a cubic decimeter 
 10 cubic centimeters . 
 1 cubic centimeter . 
 
 1.308 cubic yards . 
 2 bushels and 3.3f 
 9.08 quarts. . . 
 0.908 quart . . , 
 6.1022 cubic inches 
 0.6102 cubic inch . 
 0.061 cubic inch . 
 
 ) pecks 
 
 264.17 gallons. 
 26.417 gaUons. 
 2.6417 gaUons. 
 1.0567 quarts. 
 0.845 gills. 
 0.338 fluid oz. 
 0.27 fluid drachm. 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Number of 
 Grams. 
 
 Weight of what Quantity of 
 Water at Maximum Density. 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight. 
 
 Millier, or Tonneau . . . 
 
 Quintal 
 
 M>Tiagram 
 
 Kilogram, or Kilo .... 
 
 Hectogram 
 
 Dekagram 
 
 Gram 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 .1 
 
 .01 
 .001 
 
 1 cubic meter. 
 
 1 hectoUter. 
 10 liters. 
 
 1 Uter. 
 
 1 decUiter. 
 10 cubic centimeters. 
 
 1 cubic centimeter. 
 
 .1 cubic centimeter. 
 
 10 cubic millimeters. 
 
 1 cubic millimeter. 
 
 2204.6 pounds. 
 
 220.46 pounds. 
 
 22.046 pounds. 
 
 2.2046 poimds. 
 
 3.5274 ounces. 
 
 .3.527 ounces. 
 
 15.432 grains. 
 
 Decigram 
 
 Centigram 
 
 Milligram 
 
 1.5432 grains. 
 .1543 grains. 
 .0154 gi-ains. 
 
 COMMON MEASURES AND WEIGHTS, WITH THEIR METRIC EQUIVALENTS. 
 The following are the principal measures in common use, with their equivalents in the metric system : 
 
 Common Measures. 
 
 An inch . . 
 A foot . . . 
 A yard . . . 
 A rod . . . 
 A mile . . . 
 A square inch 
 A sfjuare foot 
 A wjuare yard 
 A square rod . 
 An acre . . 
 A sfjuare mile 
 A cubic inch . 
 A cubic foot . 
 
 Equtvalents. 
 
 2. .54 
 ..3048 
 .9144 
 .5.029 
 1.6093 
 6.4.52 
 .0929 
 .8.361 
 25.29 
 
 4047 
 2.59 
 16.39 
 
 centimeters. 
 
 meter. 
 
 meter. 
 
 meters. 
 
 kilometers. 
 
 sq. centimeters. 
 
 sq. meter. 
 
 sq. meter. 
 
 sq. meters. 
 
 hectare. 
 
 hectares. 
 
 cu. centimeters. 
 
 cu. meter. 
 
 Common Measures. 
 
 A cubic yard 
 
 A cord . . 
 
 A liquid quart 
 
 A gallon . . 
 
 A dry quart . 
 
 A peck . . 
 
 A bushel . . 
 
 An ounce avoirdupois 
 
 A poimd avoirdupois 
 
 A ton 
 
 A grain Troy . . 
 An ounce Troy . . 
 A pound Troy . . 
 
 Equivalents. 
 
 .7640 
 3.624 
 
 .9465 
 3.786 
 1101 
 8.811 
 35.24 
 28.35 
 .4.530 
 .9072 
 .0648 
 31.104 
 .3732 
 
 cu. meter. 
 
 steres. 
 
 Uter. 
 
 liters. 
 
 liters. 
 
 liters. 
 
 liters. 
 
 grams. 
 
 kilogram. 
 
 tonneau. 
 
 gram. 
 
 grams. 
 
 kilogram. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TO 
 
 WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES; A VOCABULARY 
 
 OF PERFECT AND ALLOWABLE RHYMES; A CONCISE ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK 
 
 AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY; 
 
 EIPLANATOEY AND PEONOUNCING VOCABULAEIES 
 
 * OF 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL -NAMES AND COMMON 
 ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES; 
 
 PEONOUNCING VOCABULAEIES 
 
 OF 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES; GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES; 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES; AND MODERN 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES; 
 
 EIPLANATOEY TABLES 
 
 OF 
 
 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC., FROM THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND 
 
 MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES; ABBREVIATIONS USED IN 
 
 WRITING AND PRINTING; AND ARBITRARY SIGNS 
 
 USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDEO 
 
 PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF CERTAIN TERMS DEFINED IN THE PRECEDING DICTIONARY. 
 
 AND A 
 
 SUPPLEMENT 
 
 OF NEARLY FOUR THOUSAND NEW WORDS AND MEANINGS. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., MAIN STREET. 
 
Copyright, 1884, 
 G. & C. Merriam & Co. 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 
 
 George, Charles, and Homer Merriam, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts 
 
 T/u Riverside Preas, Cambrulge : 
 Electrotyped and Printed by II. 0. Houghton «fe Co. 
 
A GLOSSARY 
 
 OF 
 
 SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 The Scottisli dialect — or language, as it is sometimes 
 called — is spoken in the south-eastern or lowland counties 
 of Scotland. It is closely allied to the English, being 
 mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon, while a considerable 
 proportion of its words are of French origin. Unlike the 
 English, however, it has borrowed very largely from the 
 Gaelic — spoken in the northern counties, or Highlands — 
 and also from the Danish. Scottish literature, which is 
 mostly poetical, began in the 14th century, with John Bar- 
 bour, a contemporary of Chaucer. The most eminent 
 writers of this dialect, in recent times, are Allan Ramsay, 
 Robert Burns, Walter Scott, James Hogg, John Wilson, 
 and John Gait. As the productions of some of these au- 
 thors, especially Burns and Scott, are extensively read in 
 England and America, the want of a general Glossary of the 
 words and phrases used by them is often felt. To supply 
 this want the present compilation is offered to the public 
 in the belief that it will be deemed a useful and not inap- 
 propriate addition to an English Dictionary. It has been 
 revised by Mr. William Russell, the well-known elocution- 
 ist and scholar, who, f.s a native of Scotland and a resident 
 in different parts of that country, has had peculiar oppor- 
 tunities of acquiring a thorough knowledge and perfect use 
 of the rustic dialect in all its purity. The remarks which 
 follow — except those relating to the differences between 
 English and Scottish orthography — are from his pen. 
 
 The difRculty to be overcome in attempting to give an 
 English or an American reader a correct idea of the ortho- 
 epy of the Scottish dialect, is very great. The distinctive 
 elementary sounds of the language of England and of Scot- 
 land, which two centuries ago were but slightly different 
 to the ear, continue in the style of rural usage in Scotland 
 but little changed, comparatively, from what the3- were ; 
 while, in England, modern usage, in city life especially, 
 has undergone great changes ; so that local dialect differs 
 widely in the northern and southern parts of Great Britain. 
 Even in Scotland, where time has had less efifect in modify- 
 ing spoken language, local differences of accent are to this 
 day quite marked in character, and retain Danish, Nor- 
 wegian, and Swedish modifications of utterance. Add to 
 this fact another, — that, in the Scottish dialect, the words 
 of Anglo-Saxon origin remain to a great extent unmodified 
 in sound, while English usage has been greatly changed 
 by the natural effect of the intermingling of Norman 
 French in the daily communications of life between the 
 conquering and the vanquished races. The natural conse- 
 quence in these circumstances is, that it is exceedingly 
 difficult for persons brought up in the rural districts of 
 Scotland to acquire an appropriate style of English pro- 
 nunciation ; and it is much more difficult for Englishmen 
 or Americans to read appropriately any passage written in 
 the Scottish dialect. The very attempt, in the latter case. 
 Is, to the ears of a Scotchman, a ridiculous failure. 
 
 The remarks which follow will serve as illustrations of the 
 radical difference in the style of pronunciation which char- 
 acterizes the Scottish dialect, as contrasted with English 
 usage, in regard to the distinctive sounds of letters. 
 
 1. The peculiar sound of a in such words as swan, wasp, 
 wash. Sec, English orthoepists represent as nearly iden- 
 tical with the o of nor or not. In the Scottish dialect these 
 words are pronounced with the sound of a as in aiid. 
 
 2. In such words as man, can, fan, fat, that, &c., the 
 Scottish dialect adopts the sound of a as in arm, instead of 
 the a in and. 
 
 3. The vowel e, occurring before the consonant r, when 
 the latter is followed by a consonant, is given with the 
 same sound as the e in error, instead of that modified sound 
 which characterizes appropriate English and American 
 usage at the present day. See Prin. ofPron. § 14, Notie, p. ix. 
 
 4. The vowel /, in such words as mile, time, dine, &c., is, 
 in the style of Scottish utterance, much closer than it ]a 
 even in the usage of the most refined style of English soci- 
 ety. The Scottish style, while it avoids the drawling round- 
 ness and great breadth characteristic of rustic English, in 
 the utterance of the long sound of /, runs to the opposite 
 extreme, and pinches it down to the same narrowness which 
 belongs to the local style of Irish utterance. 
 
 5. A marked peculiarity of Scottish utterance occurs in 
 all words containing the short sound of i, as in dim, him, 
 sin, bit, lip, Sec. In these and similar cases, the current 
 usage of Scotland seems to border on deTn, hem, sen, bet, 
 lep, Sec. 
 
 6. In all words which, according to English orthoepy, 
 are pronounced as marked in the dictionary, with the 
 sound of o given as in the word on, the local usage of 
 Scotland adopts that of o in old, without its proper prolon- 
 gation and " vanish " (see Prin. of Pron. § 19, p. ix.) ; or, 
 in other words, gives "long" or "close" o, cut short, 
 but still remaining close. This class of words is very nu- 
 merous, and so becomes peculiarly characteristic. It might 
 be indicated thus : on, off, soft, lost, rod, sod. Sec. 
 
 7. In many words in which English usage gives to the 
 vowel u the same sound which it has in the word vse, the 
 Scottish dialect gives a sound not existing in any form of 
 English utterance, but corresponding exactly to that of u 
 in the French word plume. To this style belong all such 
 words as tune, use (the Taonn), sure, dub ; also the words 
 moon, soon, done. Sec. See Remark 5, p. 912. 
 
 8. The diphthong ne, in Scottish orthography, represents 
 precisely the sound of the acute e of the French language, 
 or of the initial element of the English a in ale. See Prin. 
 of Pron. §2, p. 7. 
 
 9. Ei and ey, in Scottish pronunciation , are subject to the 
 same remark as the vowel /. See Remark 4. 
 
 10. The diphthong oi is given as i long ; thus, boil {bile), 
 toil (tile), moil {mile), join {jine). Sec. 
 
 11. The diphthong oo, in Scottish usage, in the words 
 moor, floor. Sec, take the sound of eu in the French word 
 peur. See Remark 12, p. 912. 
 
 12. The diphthongs ou and ow, in Scotti.sh utterance, are 
 given like oo in the word ooze ; thus, our {oor), cow {coo), 
 out (oot), house (hoos). 
 
 13. The diphthong ui, as in guid, puir. Sec. , represents the 
 sound of u in the French word plume, somewhat broadened. 
 See Remark, 7 above. 
 
 14. The letter r has, in Scottish usage, one uniformly 
 hard and prolonged rolling sound, as in all the continental 
 languages of Europe, and in the local style of Ireland. 
 Thus, arm is pronounced with r made very forcible. So 
 with all other words in which r occurs ; thws., farm, farther, 
 turner, harper, truer. Sec. See Prin. of Pron. § 89, p. xv. 
 
 15. Ch, as iu aneuch, and gh, as in laugh, represent a 
 very strong, harsh, guttural sound of the English element h, 
 corresponding to the German ch in doch. In such words as 
 abeigh, steigh, Sec, the gh represents a. similar sound, but 
 more delicate and close, — a palatal or oral rather than a 
 guttural element, — corresponding to the pronunciation of 
 ch in the German words ich, echt, reirh. 
 
 (839) 
 
840 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 To these remarks on the leading peculiarities of Scottish 
 pn^uunciation, may be added the following general rules 
 respecting the distinctions between English and Scottish 
 orthography, in words which were originally the same, hav- 
 ing only a letter changed for anotlier, or sometimes one 
 taken away or added. 
 
 I. — In many words ending in English with an /, after 
 an a or i< , the / is rarely sounded in Scotland, and hence 
 is omitted in writing them ; as All (English), A' (Scots) ; 
 CaU, Ca : Small, 6';;m- ; Full, Fu' ; Pull, Pw' ; &c. The 
 aijostrophe is merely of modern use. 
 
 II. — The / changes in Scotland to a ly or ii after a or o, 
 and is frequently sunk before another consonant ; as. Balm, 
 Baivtn; Balk, Bank; False, Fause ; Malt, Maul; Boll, 
 Bow; Poll, Pow; &c. 
 
 III. — An o before Id, changes to a or au ; as, Old, Auld; 
 Bold, Bauld; Cold, Cauld ; Told, Tauld ; &c. 
 
 IV. — O, oe, and oio, are changed to a, ae, or ai ; as, Ott 
 Aff; Toe, Tae ; Own, Ain ; Cloth, Claitk ; Most, Jlfaisf , 
 Song, Sang ; &c. 
 
 V. — O and u are frequently changed into i ; as, Another, 
 Anither ; Brother, Brither ; Foot, Fit; Honey, Hinny ; 
 Nuts, Nits ; Run, Rin ; &c. 
 
 /•.aU. 
 
 Aa, aw, awe. 
 A-back', away, aloof. 
 A-beigh' (15), at a shy dis- 
 tance. ' 
 A-bkeze', blazing ; on fire. 
 A-boon', a-bune' , above. 
 A-brfad', abroad ; in sight. 
 A-breed', in breadth. 
 A-buVyie-ments, habili- 
 ments ; accouterments. 
 Ad'le , putrid water. 
 Ae, one. 
 
 Ae'faidd, simple. 
 Aff, off. —Aff hands, hands 
 ofif. — Aff loqf, off hand ; 
 unpremeditated. 
 A-foT(' , before. 
 4/7, oft. 
 Aften, often. 
 After-kend', afterwards. 
 A-gee' , a-jee', awry ; off the 
 right line ; obliquely ; 
 ■wrong. 
 A-gley', off the right line; 
 
 wrong. 
 A-hint', behind. 
 Aib'lins, perhaps. 
 Aik, oak. 
 Ain, own. 
 Aines, aince, once. 
 Ain'sells, own selves. 
 Air, fcir, early. 
 Airl'-pen-ny, a silver penny 
 given as earnest or hiring 
 money. 
 Airlts, earnest or hiring 
 
 money. 
 Aim, iron ; a tool of that 
 
 metal : a mason's chisel. 
 Airt, to direct. 
 Airis, fioints of the compass. 
 Aith, an oath. 
 
 Aits, oats. — Ait'-meal, oat- 
 meal. 
 Ai'ver, a'ver, an old horse ; 
 
 a work-horse. 
 Ai'zU, a hot cinder. 
 A-jee', awry ; on one side. 
 A-lake' , alas I 
 A-lane', alone. 
 Ak'wart, awkward. 
 A-low', a-lowe' , a-fire ; in a 
 
 flame. 
 Al'toun, old town. 
 A-mnist', almost. 
 A-ynang', among. 
 Am'bry, auni'ry, alme'ry, 
 close cupboard for keeping 
 cold victuals, bread, &c. 
 An\ and. 
 An, if. 
 
 Ance, anes, once. 
 Ane, one. 
 
 A-neni', over against ; oppo- 
 site : concerning ; about. 
 Anes'-fr-rand, of set pur- 
 
 pos<i : sole errand. 
 A-neu'h' (15), enough. 
 A-nilh'fr, another. 
 Awte-nup, antenuptial for- 
 
 nication between persons 
 who are afterwards mar- 
 ried to each other. 
 
 Arck'i-lowe, a peace-offering ; 
 the return which one who 
 has been treated in au inn 
 sometimes considers him- 
 self bound in honor to 
 make to the company. 
 
 Ark, meal-ark ; a large chest 
 for holding meal. 
 
 Aries, earnest-money. 
 
 Ar'riage and car'riage, 
 plough and cart service. 
 
 Ase, awss, ashes. 
 
 A-sklent', asquint; aslant. 
 
 As'soil-zie, as-soil'ize, ac- 
 quit. 
 
 A-steer', abroad ; stirring ; in 
 a ferment. 
 
 A-thart', a-thort', athwart. 
 
 At-ioeel' , I wot well. 
 
 Audit (acht, the c/i as h harsh 
 and guttural) to possess or 
 belong to. — Wliae's aught 
 it? to whom does it be- 
 long? 
 
 Aught (gh as ch. See Aucht), 
 possession ; property. — In 
 ane's aught, in one's keep- 
 ing. 
 
 Auld, old. 
 
 Auld-far'ran, or aidd-far'- 
 rant, sagacious; cunning ; 
 prudent. 
 
 Auld lang syne, olden time ; 
 days of other years. 
 
 Aidd'-shoon, literally old 
 shoes, but used metaphor- 
 ically for a discarded lover. 
 
 Auld'-warld, old-fashioned ; 
 antique. — Auld-warld sto- 
 ries, ancient stories. 
 
 Au'mous, alms; gift to a 
 beggar. 
 
 Au'mous-dish, a beggar's 
 dish for receiving alms ; a 
 vessel for collecting money 
 for the poor at church. 
 
 Aum'ry, close cupboard, for 
 keeping victuals, dishes, 
 &c. 
 
 A'va, at all. 
 
 A'ver, work-horse. 
 
 A-wa"", away. 
 
 A-weel' , well. 
 
 Awe, to owe. 
 
 Aw'fu', awful. 
 
 Avj'mous, alms, 
 
 Aw'mry. See Ambry. 
 
 Awn, owing ; also, the beard 
 of barlej', oats, &c. 
 i Awn'ie, bearded. 
 
 Aw' some, awful ; terrible. 
 
 Ax, ask. 
 
 A-yont', beyond. 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba\ ball; hind-ball; foot- 
 ball. 
 ) Bab, bunch ; tassel. 
 
 Back'ets, ash boar&s. — Bnk, 
 back'ei, or baik'ey, a wood- 
 en coal-scuttle. — Ass- 
 backet, ash-scuttle. — 
 Muckle backit, broad- 
 backed. 
 
 Back'lins, coming; coming 
 back ; returning. 
 
 Baff, blow ; bang ; heavy 
 thump. 
 
 Bag'gie, the belly. 
 
 Baide, endured ; did stay. 
 
 Baik, beck ; courtesy ; rever- 
 ence. 
 
 Bail'ie, bi'lie, alderman or 
 magistrate. [stout. 
 
 Bain'ie, having large bones ; 
 
 Bairn, a child. 
 
 Bairn'time, birth-time. 
 
 Baith, both. 
 
 Bait'tle, rich pasture. — 
 Baittle grass grund, rich 
 close-cropped sheep pas- 
 ture. 
 
 Bal'lant, ballad. 
 
 Ban, to swear or curse ; re- 
 proach ; censure ; curse. 
 
 Band, bond. 
 
 Bane, bone. 
 
 Bang, to beat ; to strive ; to 
 excel ; bang, a blow ; also, 
 a great number ; a spring ; 
 a bound. 
 
 Ban'net, bonnet. 
 
 Ban'nocks, a sort of bread ; 
 a thick, flat cake, round 
 in shape. 
 
 Ban' nock-fluke , turbot. 
 
 Bang'ster, a violent fellow 
 who carries every thing 
 before him . 
 
 Baps, rolls of bread. 
 
 Bard'ie, diminutive of bard. 
 
 Bare'fit, barefooted. 
 
 Bar'gain-ing, disputing ; 
 battling. 
 
 Bark' en, to incrust. 
 
 Bark'it,tgiXinGA.. 
 
 Bar'la f inn' mil, bar'ley ! an 
 exclamation for a truce by 
 one who has fallen down 
 in wrestling or play. "By 
 our lady, upset I I am 
 down I " 
 
 Bar'ley, bar'ly {from parley), 
 a cry among boys at their 
 violent games for a truce. 
 
 Bar'ley-bree, malt-liquor ; 
 ale or beer. 
 
 Bar?}!, yeast. 
 
 Barm'ie, of or like barm. 
 
 Barns'-break-ing, idle frolic. 
 
 Bar' race, bounds : lists for 
 combatants. 
 
 Bar'row-trayn, shaft of a 
 wheel-barrow. 
 
 Batch, a crew, a gang. 
 
 Batts, botts ; colic. 
 
 Bau'chie-bird, the bat. 
 
 Bau'drons, a cat. 
 
 Bauks, uncultivated places 
 between ridges of land. 
 
 Bauld, bald ; also, bold. 
 
 Baw'bee, a half-penny. — 
 Bawbees, money. — Baw- 
 bee roios, half-penny rolls. 
 
 Baivk, bank, a strip of un- 
 ploughed land. 
 
 Baws'^yit or Baw' son-faced, 
 having a white, oblong 
 spot on the face. 
 
 Bax'ter, baix'ter, baker. 
 
 Bay'ga-net, baig'net, bayo- 
 net. 
 
 Be, let bt, let alone ; not to 
 mention. 
 
 Beal, biel, [Gael.] mouth ; 
 opening ; also, to suppu- 
 rate. 
 
 Bean, bien, bein, well to do| 
 comfortable and well pro- 
 vided. 
 
 Bear, barley that has more 
 than two rows-of grain in 
 the ear. 
 
 Beast'ie, diminutive of beast. 
 
 Bedes'man, one that prays 
 for or to ; a poor pensioner. 
 
 Bed'ral, a beadle ; a/50, one 
 who is bedridden. 
 
 Beek, to bask. 
 
 Beet, to add fuel to fire. 
 
 Be-flum'med, palavered ; 
 flattered. 
 
 Be-goud', began. 
 
 Be-grut'ten, exhausted with 
 weeping. 
 
 Be-gvnk', be-goke', trick. 
 
 Beild, bifid, shelter. [ed. 
 
 Bein, wealthy ; well provid- 
 
 Beld, bald. 
 
 Be-like', perhaps. 
 
 Be-live', bel-yve', by and by ; 
 speedily. 
 
 Bell-tke-cat , to contend with, 
 especially with those of su- 
 perior rank or power; to 
 use .strong measures re- 
 gardless of consequences. 
 
 Bell'-iva-ver-ing, wandering. 
 
 Ben (be-in), the inner apart- 
 ment. — To bring far beji, 
 to treat with great respect 
 and hospitality. — To be 
 far ben with , to be on terms 
 of intimacy or familiarity 
 with. 
 
 Bend, to drink hard; a pull 
 of liquor. 
 
 Bend'er, a hard drinker. 
 
 Bend'-leath-er, thick sole- 
 leather. 
 
 Ben' most boie, innermost 
 hole. 
 
 Ben'ni-son, blessing. 
 
 Bent, a kind of grass ; meta- 
 phorically, the hill; the 
 moor. — Ta^en the bent, 
 taken the field ; runaway. 
 
 Be-thank'it, grace after meat. 
 
 Beuk (byook or byuck), a 
 book. 
 
 Bick'er, a kind of wooden 
 vessel, made by a cooper, 
 for holding liquor, brose, 
 &c. ; a short race. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 841 
 
 JR'de, to Btay ; to reside ; to 
 endure. — Bide a blink, 
 Btay a moment, [residing. 
 
 Bid'ing, abiding ; waiting ; 
 
 Bie, or bield, shelter. 
 
 Bien, wealthy ; plentiful. 
 
 Big, to build. 
 
 Big' gin, a building ; a house. 
 
 Big' git, built. 
 
 Big'gon, Big'go-net, a large 
 linen hood or cap, with 
 ear-pieces, of the fashion 
 worn by the Beguine sis- 
 terhood, [wild bees. 
 
 Bike, byke, bink, a nest of 
 
 Bill, & hull. 
 
 Bil'lie, bil'ly, (the infantine 
 pronunciation of brither), 
 brother; a young fellow; 
 a comrade. 
 
 Bind (in drinking), as much 
 liquor as one can carry 
 under his band or girdle. 
 
 — J'ot at my bind, I'ye 
 got my full measure. 
 
 Bing, a heap of grain, pota- 
 toes, &c. [ity. 
 
 Bink, bench ; bank ; accliv- 
 
 Binn, bing, heap of un- 
 thrashed corn. 
 
 Binna, be not. 
 
 Birk, birch. 
 
 Birk' en-sliaw , a wood of 
 young birch-trees. 
 
 Birk'ie, a child's game at 
 cards ; a lively young fel- 
 low. 
 
 Birle, to drink. 
 
 Birl'ing, drinking; admin- 
 istering liquor ; aUo , mak- 
 ing a grumbling noise like 
 an old-fashioned spinning- 
 wheel or hand-mill in mo- 
 tion. — Birling tlie bawbee, 
 clubbing for drink. 
 
 Bir'ly-man, the petty officer 
 of a burgh or barony. 
 
 Birn, burden. — Skin and 
 birn, full account of a 
 sheep, by bringing the 
 skin with the tar mark, 
 and the head with the 
 brand on the nose ; the 
 whole of any thing. 
 
 Birr, noise ; vehemence ; 
 to stimulate. 
 
 Birr'ing, the noise of par- 
 tridges, &c., when they 
 spring. 
 
 Birse, bristles. — To set up 
 one's birse, to rouse him to 
 his mettle ; to put him in 
 a towering passion. 
 
 Bit, crisis ; nick of time ; 
 used also as a diminutive, 
 as, a bit burn, a small 
 rivulet ; a bit lassie, a little 
 girl ; — a small space ; a 
 spot. — Blithe bit, pleasant 
 spot. 
 
 Bit' tie ^ bee' tie, a wooden bat 
 for beating of linen. 
 
 Bit' tack, a little bit ; a short 
 distance. 
 
 Bizz, a bustle ; to buzz. 
 
 Black'aviced, black'avised, 
 dark-complexioned. 
 
 Black'fisk-ers. poachers who 
 kill salmon in close-time. 
 
 Mack'it, blackened. 
 
 Mack'-nebs, democrats ; fac- 
 tious, discontented revil- 
 ers. 
 
 Mast'ie,a shrivelled dwarf; 
 
 — a term of contempt. 
 Blast'ing, puffing and blow- 
 ing ; also, boasting. 
 
 Mast'it, blasted. 
 
 Blate, bashful ; sheepish. 
 
 Math'er, bladder. 
 
 Blaud, a flat piece of any 
 thing ; to slap. 
 
 Blae, pale blue, the color of 
 the skin when bruised. 
 
 Blaiv, to blow ; to boast ; to 
 flatter ; to coax. — To blaw 
 in one's lug, to cajole or 
 flatter a person. 
 
 Blaw-irir-^ny-lug , a flatterer ; 
 a parasite. 
 
 Blaw'art, blae'wort, blue'bot- 
 tle, blue' wort, a plant ; Cen- 
 taurea cyanus of Linnaeus. 
 
 Blea'ring one's ee, blinding 
 him with flattery. 
 
 Blee'rit, bleared ; sore with 
 rheum ; bedimmed with 
 weeping. [blind. 
 
 Bleert, and Uin, bleared and 
 
 BleezBj a blaze ; to blaze. 
 
 Bleez'tng, blazing. 
 
 Blell'um, idle talking fellow. 
 
 Bletk'er, to talk idly ; non- 
 sense ; a bladder. [talk. 
 
 Bleth'ers, babbling; foolish 
 
 Blethhin, talking idly. 
 
 Blink, a little while ; a 
 glimpse ; a smiling look ; to 
 look kindly ; to shine by 
 fits. 
 
 Blink' er, a term of contempt. 
 
 Blink'in, smirking. 
 
 Blood' -wite, compensation, 
 or fine for bloodshed. 
 
 Blue'-gown, one of those 
 beggars who get annually, 
 on the king's birthday, a 
 blue cloak or gown, with a 
 badge. 
 
 Bluid, blood. 
 
 Blunk'er, hxyngler; one that 
 spoils everything he med- 
 dles with. 
 
 Blun'tie, sniveling. 
 
 ilype, a shred ; a large piece. 
 
 Boast, to try to intimidate. 
 
 Bob, dance ; up and down. 
 
 Bock, to vomit ; to gush in- 
 termittently. 
 
 Bod'ach [Gael.], an old man ; 
 a bugaboo. 
 
 Bode, what is bidden ; offer. 
 
 Bod'le, a copper coin, value 
 the sixth part of an Eng- 
 lish penny, equal to two 
 doits, or Scottish pennies. 
 
 Bo'gie, a small morass. 
 
 Bo'gil-ly, full of goblins. 
 
 Bo'gles, goblins ; bugbears ; 
 scarecrows. 
 
 Bole, boal, a locker in the 
 wall of a cottage, for keep- 
 ing books, &c. ; a crypt, 
 or small press. — Windoxv- 
 bole, a window with blinds 
 of wood, with one small 
 pane of glass in the middle, 
 instead of a casement ; al- 
 so, an opening in the wall 
 of a house, for occasionally 
 admitting air or light, usu- 
 ally with a wooden shutter 
 instead of a pane of glass. 
 
 Bon'nal-ly, bon'naile,a, part- 
 ing cup with a friend, in 
 earnest of wishing him a 
 prosperous journey. 
 
 Bon' net-laird, a small pro- 
 prietor of land. 
 
 Bon'nie or bon'ny, hand- 
 some ; beautiful ; also, 
 strong ; worthy ; approved. 
 
 Bon'nie -waw' lies, toys, 
 trinkets . [ Wa ulie ( a daisy ) 
 is commonly used figura- 
 tively to express what is 
 beautiful.] 
 
 Boord, a board. 
 
 Boor'-tree, or bu'-tree, the 
 shrub elder, planted much 
 
 of old in hedges of barn- 
 yards, &c. 
 
 Boost, behoved ; must needs. 
 
 Boot, buit, a balance of val- 
 ue in barter. — Into the 
 boot, given into [instead 
 of] the boot. 
 
 Booth, shop. 
 
 Bar' del, brothel. 
 
 Bore, a hole in the wall. 
 
 Bor'r ell-loons, low rustic 
 rogues. 
 
 Bar 'rowing-days, the three 
 last days of March, 0. S. 
 
 " March borrowed frae Aprile, 
 Three days, an' they were ill ; 
 The first o' them was wind and 
 
 weet, 
 The second o' them was snaw 
 
 an' sleet, 
 The third o' them was sic a 
 
 freeze. 
 That the birds' legs stack to the 
 
 trees." 
 
 Boss, hollow. 
 
 Botch, an angry tumor. 
 
 Bothy, a hut ; a hovel ; a 
 place where laboring serv- 
 ants are lodged. 
 
 Bouk'ing, bucking. 
 
 Boul o' a pint stoup, handle 
 of a two-quart pot. 
 
 Boun'tith, the bounty given 
 in addition to stipulated 
 wages. [scoff. 
 
 Bourd, to jeer ; to mock ; a 
 
 Bou'rocks, bou'rachs, con- 
 fused heaps ; miserable 
 huts; also small inclos- 
 ures. 
 
 Bour' tree-bush, elder-bush. 
 
 Bous'ing, drinking ; making 
 merry with liquor. 
 
 Bow, a boll ; a dry measure, 
 containing the sixteenth 
 part of a chalder, or four 
 iSrlots. 
 
 Bow'ie, a cask with the head 
 taken out ; a tub ; a milk- 
 
 Bowk, bulk ; body. [pail. 
 
 Bow' kail, cabbage. 
 
 Bowt, bended, crooked. 
 
 Brack' en, fern. 
 
 Brae, a declivity ; a preci- 
 pice . the slope of a hill ; 
 rising ground. 
 
 Braid, broad. 
 
 Braik, a kind of harrow. 
 
 Brainge, to run rashly for- 
 ward, [ent. 
 
 Brak, broke ; made insolv- 
 
 Bran'der, a gridiron. 
 
 Bran'dered, grilled ; broiled. 
 
 Brank'ie, gaudy. 
 
 Brank'-new, a phrase equiv- 
 alent to " speck and span;" 
 quite new. 
 
 Branks, a kind of wooden 
 curb for horses. 
 
 Brash, a sudden illness. 
 
 Brats, coarse clothes ; rags; 
 the term is also applied to 
 children. 
 
 Brat'tach [Gael.], standard; 
 literally, cloth. 
 
 Brat' tie, a short race ; hur- 
 ry ; fury. [dressed. 
 
 Braw, fine ; handsome ; well- 
 
 Braw'lys, braiv'ly, or braw'- 
 lie, very well ; bravely ; 
 finely ; heartily. 
 
 Braws, braveries ; finery. 
 
 Brax'ie, a morbid sheep, or 
 the mutton of a sheep 
 which has been smothered 
 in snow. 
 
 Br e as' kit,bris' kit, the breast. 
 
 Breast' ie, dim. of breast. 
 
 Breast' it, did spring up or 
 forward. [collar. 
 
 Brecli'am, a work -horse's 
 
 Breck'an, breck'en, fern. 
 
 Breef, an invulnerable or ir- 
 resistible .spell. 
 
 Breeks, breeches. — Breek- 
 less, breechless. 
 
 Bree'ring, coming through 
 the ground, as young 
 corn, &c. 
 
 Brent, smooth ; clear. — 
 Brent brow, high forehead. 
 
 Brick' le, brittle ; ticklish. 
 
 -Br/e, juice ; liquid. 
 
 Brig, a bridge. 
 
 Bris'ket, breast ; the bosom. 
 
 Britk'er, a brother. 
 
 Broach, broche, a spit. 
 
 Bro'c/ian, gruel. 
 
 Brock, a badger (from its 
 white or spotted face). 
 
 Brock' it-cow, a white - faced 
 cow. 
 
 Brog, a pointed instrument, 
 such as a shoemaker's awl. 
 
 Brog'ging, pricking with a 
 sharp-pointed instrument. 
 
 Brogue, a hum ; a trick. 
 
 Brogues, shoes ; in the Low- 
 lands, shoes of half-dressed 
 leather. [rupt. 
 
 Broken man, outlaw ; bank- 
 
 Broo, bree, broth; juice ; wa- 
 ter ; also , opinion founded 
 on bruit or report. 
 
 Broose, a race at country 
 weddings, to see who shall 
 first reach the bride- 
 groom's house on return- 
 ing from church. 
 
 Brose, a kind of pottage 
 made by pouring boiling 
 water or broth on meal, 
 which is stirred while the 
 liquid is poured. The dish 
 is denominated from the 
 nature of the liquid, as 
 " water- brose," " kail- 
 brose." 
 
 Brose, brewis ; stir-about. 
 
 Brose' -time, brewis - time ; 
 supper-time. 
 
 Brown Man of the Moors, a 
 dwarfj or subterranean elf. 
 
 Brown'ie, a domestic gob- 
 lin ; the " Robin Good- 
 fellow " of Scotland. 
 
 Brow St, brewing ; as much 
 as is brewed at one time. 
 
 Bruck'le,hvitt\Q; ticklish. 
 
 Brugh, a burgh. 
 
 Bruick, brook, to use ; to 
 wear ; to enjoy. 
 
 Bruil'zie, broil ; scuffle ; dis- 
 turbance. 
 
 Brunstane, brimstone. 
 
 Brunt, did burn ; burnt. 
 
 Brust, to burst ; burst. 
 
 Brust'en, bursted. 
 
 Buch'an-bul'lers, the boiling 
 of the sea among the rocks 
 on the coast of Buchan. 
 
 Buck'ie, shell of a sea-snail, 
 or any spiral shell, of 
 whatever size. — DeiVs, or 
 DeeviPs, buckie, a per- 
 verse, refractory young' 
 ster ; a mischievous mad- 
 cap, who has an evil twist 
 in his character. 
 
 Buck'skin, an inhabitant of 
 Virginia. [sheep. 
 
 Blight (15), a pen for holding 
 
 Bught' in-time, the time of 
 collecting the sheep in the 
 pens to be milked. 
 
 Buik, buke, beuk, book. 
 
 Buird'ly, stout-made, strong, 
 athletic. 
 
 Buist, boost, the mark set 
 upon cattle by their own- 
 ers. 
 
842 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Bum-hazed', amaxed ; con- 
 fused : stupefi«l. 
 
 Buyjt -clork, a humming 
 beetle that flies in the 
 summer evenings, [bees. 
 
 Bum'ming, humming, as 
 
 ,Bujn'ml<', to blunder. 
 
 Bum'mlfr, a blunderer. 
 
 Bun^, tipsy : fuddled. 
 
 Blink' fr, a bench or sort of 
 low chest that serves for a 
 Reat : also, a window-seat, 
 or seat which also serves 
 for a chest, opening with a 
 hinged lid. — Sand-bunker, 
 sand-bank. 
 
 ii/r^f/Ze 5, diminutive of birds. 
 
 Bure, did bear. 
 
 Bum, water ; a rivulet. 
 
 £u>n'jV, diminutive of Bum. 
 
 Bwn'e-tvin (t. f., bum the 
 wind), a blacksmith. 
 
 Busk, dress. 
 
 Busk'ie, bushy. 
 
 Busk'ing, dressing. 
 
 Busk^it, dressed. 
 
 Busks, dresses. 
 
 Bustle, a bustle ; to bustle. 
 
 Buss, shelter. 
 
 But, bot, with. 
 
 But, the outer apartment of 
 a house consisting of onlj' 
 two apartments. 
 
 But-an'-ben (be-out and be- 
 in), the outer and inner 
 side of the partition-wall 
 in a house consisting of 
 two apartments. 
 
 Biit'toclc-7nail, fine imposed 
 in lieu of sitting on the 
 stool of repentance. 
 
 By, past ; besides ; over and 
 above. — Down bye, down 
 yonder ; not far off. 
 
 By or'di-nar, more than or- 
 dinary. 
 
 By'ganf.s, what is gone by 
 and past. [tracted. 
 
 By-himfelf, lunatic ; dis- 
 
 Byke, a bee-hive. 
 
 Byre, shipper ; a cow-house ; 
 a sheep-pen. 
 
 By'time, odd. time; interval 
 of leisure ; now and then. 
 
 c. 
 
 Ca' , to call ; to name ; to 
 drive. — Ca'-tlirow, dis- 
 turbance ; prevention. — 
 Ca' tlie shuttle, drive the 
 shuttle. 
 
 Cat or ca'd, called, driven, 
 calved. 
 
 Cad'ger, a carrier ; a hucks- 
 ter. 
 
 Cad'gy, lively and frisky ; 
 wanton. 
 
 Ca'die or cad' die, a porter 
 or messenger. 
 
 Caff, chaff. 
 
 Caick'ling, cackling. [en. 
 
 Cail'liarhs [Gael.], old wom- 
 
 Caimed, kaiined, combed. 
 
 Caird, tinker. 
 
 Cairn, heap of loose stones, 
 piled as a memorial of some 
 individual or occurrence. 
 
 Calf-wojrd. 'iifi^Cav.f-ward . 
 
 Cal'lan, nal'lanl, young lad : 
 a fine fellow. 
 
 Cal'Ur, cool ; fresh ; refresh- 
 ing. — CcUler oysters, or 
 hfrrings, fresh or newly 
 caught oysters or herrings. 
 
 Cam, came. 
 
 Cam-ste'rie,rnm-ste'ry, cam- 
 stui'rie, froward ; per- 
 verse ; unmanageable. 
 
 Cnn'if, can'nie, gentle ; 
 mild ; good ; dexterous ; 
 neat ; pretty. See Canny. 
 
 Can'na, cannot. 
 
 Can'niMe or ran'niJy, dex- 
 terously ; gently. 
 
 Can'ny, skillful ; prudent ; 
 lucky ; in a superstitious 
 sense, good conditioned, 
 and sjife to deal with ; 
 trustworthy. 
 
 Can' tie or ran'ty, cheerful ; 
 merry ; lively. 
 
 Cant'le, the back part of the 
 head ; also, a fragment 
 broken off any thing. 
 
 Can'trip, a charm ; a spell. 
 
 Cap, wooden vessel for hold- 
 ing food or liquor. 
 
 Cn'per-cail'zie , ca'per-caiV- 
 ye, a species of grouse, 
 called also cock of the 
 woods. 
 
 Cap' pie, diminutive of cap. 
 
 Cap'per-noi-ty, crabbed; 
 peevish. [stone. 
 
 Cap'-stane, cope-stone ; key- 
 
 Cap'id, horse : in a more lim- 
 ited sense, work-horse. 
 
 Ca-ree'ring, cheerfully. 
 
 Car-fuf'fled, cur-fuffied^ 
 ruffled ; rumpled. 
 
 Carl or carle, a churl; a 
 gruff old man. 
 
 Carl' -lump, the male stalk of 
 hemp, known by its supe- 
 rior strength and stature. 
 
 Car'lin, rar'line, car'ling, 
 the feminine of Carle. 
 
 Car'ried-in-nu'bi-bus, hav- 
 ing the mind fixed upon 
 something different from 
 the business on hand ; 
 having the wits gone "a 
 wool gathering." [chism. 
 
 Car' r itch, car'ritch-es, a cate- 
 
 Cartes, cards. 
 
 Car'vy, carraway. [from. 
 
 Cast, got over ; recovered 
 
 Cast, lot; fate. [rel. 
 
 Cast out, to fall out ; to quar- 
 
 Cast up, to appear ; also, to 
 throw in one's teeth ; to 
 reproach with . 
 
 Cal'e-ran, a Highland or 
 Irish irregular soldier; a 
 freebooter. 
 
 Cau'dron, a caldron. 
 
 Cauf-wmd, ca^f-ward, a 
 place where calves are kept 
 in the field. 
 
 Cauff, chaff. [clay. 
 
 Cauk and keel, chalk and red 
 
 Cauld, cold. [ble of cold. 
 
 Cauld'rife, chilly; suscepti- 
 
 Caup. cap, a cup ; a wooden 
 bowl ; the shell of a snail. 
 
 Caus'ey, cause'ivny, rnl'say, 
 a raised and paved street! 
 — To croiL'JX the causey, to 
 keep the middle or higher 
 part of the street, in defi- 
 ance of all to be met. 
 
 Ca'vie, ca'vey, a hen-coop : 
 a' so, a partan, or common 
 sea-crab. 
 
 Certie, my cert ie, my faith; 
 in good troth. 
 
 Cess'es, taxes. 
 
 Chark,a, snack ; a luncheon. 
 
 C/(a/i.s, jaws. [teen bolls. 
 
 Chal'der (dry measure), six- 
 
 Chan'ry, lucky. 
 
 Chant'er, a part of a bagpipe. 
 
 Chap, a blow. 
 
 Chap'jr/it, struck ; pounded : 
 
 Chaw, chew. [mashed. 
 
 Cheap oU, well deserving of 
 it ; deserving worse. 
 
 Cheek'it, cheeked. 
 
 Cheep, a chirp ; to chirp. 
 
 Cheese'-fat, a cheese - dish ; 
 a cheese-form. 
 
 Chen'zie, a chain. 
 
 Chield, chiel, or cheel, a 
 young fellow. 
 
 Chim'la, chim'ley. chim'lie, 
 a fire-grate ; a fire-place. 
 
 Chim'la lug, the fireside. 
 
 Chim'ley-neuk,ch'\iiiney-coT- 
 ner. [bling. 
 
 Chit'tering, .shivering ; tretn- j 
 
 Choast, a severe cough. [In | 
 Tweed-dale, pronounced ' 
 coast ; in other parts of 
 Scotland, hoast.] 
 
 Chok'in, choking. 
 
 Chop, shop. 
 
 Choiv, to chew. — Cheek for 
 chow, side by side. 
 
 C/ioifi, jowl. 
 
 Chuck'ie, a barn-door fowl. ^ 
 
 Chuck' ie-stanes, pebble- 
 stones, such as children 
 play at chuck - farthing 
 
 Chuffie, fat-faced. [with. 
 
 Clach'an, a small village 
 a.bout a church : a hamlet. 
 
 Clack' -geese, claick' -geese, 
 barnacle geese. 
 
 Clag'ged, clag'git, clogged. 
 
 Clair'shach, dair'sho, a harp. 
 
 Claise, clase, or ctoei, clothes. 
 
 Claith,c\oth.. 
 
 Claiths, clothes. 
 
 Claith'ing, clothing. 
 
 C/a-7ny-tieiv'it, a stroke. 
 
 Clam-jam'frie, a mob ; tag- 
 rag and bob-tail. 
 
 Clap, the clapper of a mill ; a 
 stroke ; a moment. 
 
 Clap'per, the tongue: the 
 tongue of a bell. — Ring- 
 ing his clapper, using hi^ 
 touL-^ue freely. 
 
 Clart'y, clort'y, unclean ; 
 very dirty. 
 
 Clark'it, wrote. 
 
 Clash , an idle tale ; the storv 
 of the day : tittle-tattle"; 
 scandal ; idle talk. 
 
 Clat, claut, to rake together ; 
 an instrument for raking 
 together mire, weeds, &c. 
 
 Clat'ter-traps, rattle-traps ; 
 
 — a ludicrous name for 
 tools and accouterments. 
 
 Clat'ter, to tell idle stories ; 
 
 an idle story. 
 Claught, clutched ; snatched 
 
 at ; laid hold of. 
 Claut, to clean : to ."^crape. 
 C/aui'f</, scraped, [foolishly. 
 Cla'ver-ins, talking idly and 
 Cla'vers, idle stories. 
 Claic, to scratch ; to scrape. 
 
 — To claw up their mitteyis, 
 to give them the finishing 
 stroke. — To claw favor, 
 to curry favor. 
 
 Cleck, to collect; to bring to- 
 gether ; to hatch. 
 
 Cleck'in, a brood of chick- 
 ens, [time. 
 
 decking -time, hatching 
 
 deed, to clothe. 
 
 Cleeds, clothes. 
 
 Clefk,cleick, to hook; to 
 link ; to seize ; to snatch 
 up hastily ; a hook. 
 
 deek'it, caught as with a 
 hook. — Cifckit in the 
 cunzie, hooked in the loin. 
 
 Cleg, the gad-fly. 
 
 Cleugh, cliff; also, a ravine. 
 
 Clink, a smart stroke ; a 
 jingling sound ; metaph- 
 orically, money. 
 
 Clink'et, clanked ; struck. 
 
 Qink'in, clinking ; jerking. 
 
 Clink'um-beU, who rings the 
 church bell 
 
 dipping time, the nick of 
 time. — To come in clip- 
 ping lime, to.45ome as op« 
 portunely as he who visits 
 a farmer at sheep-shearing 
 time, when there is always 
 mirth and good cheer. 
 
 dips, sheers. [versation. 
 
 dish'ma-cia'ver, idle con- 
 
 Clock, to hatch ; a beetle. 
 
 dock' in. clocking, clucking; 
 hatching. 
 
 Clod'ded, threw clods ; threw 
 with violence. 
 
 Clomb, climbed. 
 
 doot, cloove, divided hoof; 
 cloven hoof. — Clool and 
 cloot, hoof and hoof, /. e. 
 every hoof. 
 
 dooUie,a name for the devil. 
 
 dour, a bump upon the 
 head from a blow ; also, in- 
 dentation in a brass or 
 pewter ves.^el : defacement; 
 inequality of surface pro- 
 duced by a blow. 
 
 Cloured, adj. of Clour. 
 
 duds, clouds. 
 
 Clunk, the sound of liquor 
 in emptying a bottle or 
 
 dute. See Cloot. [cask. 
 
 Coal'-heugh, a place whero 
 coals are hewed or dug. 
 
 Coax' in, wheedling. 
 
 Cob'le, a small fishing-boat 
 upon a river. [broth. 
 
 Cock-bree, cock-broo, cock- 
 
 Cock'er-non-ie, cock'er-non- 
 ny, the gathering of a 
 young woman's htiir under 
 the snood or fillet. 
 
 Cock'y-!.eek-ie, cock-a-leek- 
 ie, leek soup, in which a 
 cock has been boiled. 
 
 Cock'-laird, a land proprie- 
 tor, who cultivates his own 
 estate. 
 
 Cock'le-brained, chuckle- 
 headed ; foolish. 
 
 Cock'-pnd'le, lump-fish. 
 
 Cod, pillow ; also pod. 
 
 Cod'Ung, an apple so called. 
 — Carlisle codlings are in 
 great esteem. 
 
 Coft, bought. 
 
 Cog, a wooden dish. 
 
 Cog'gie, diminutive of Cog. 
 
 Cogue, co'gie, a round wood- 
 en vei=?el made by a cooper, 
 for holding milk, brose, 
 liquor, &c. 
 
 Coi'Ia, from Kyle, a district 
 of Ayrshire, so called, ac- 
 cording to tradition, from 
 Coil, or Coilus, a Pictish 
 monarch. 
 
 Col'lie, a general, and some- 
 times a particular, name 
 for country curs. 
 
 Col'lie-shan'gie , col'lie shan'- 
 gy. a quarrel : a confused 
 uproar like that produced 
 when collies fall a-worry- 
 ing one another about one 
 of their own kind who haa 
 got a shangie or shagan, 
 i. e., a canister, &c., tied 
 to his tail. 
 
 Com-maun' , command. 
 
 Cood, the cud. 
 
 -Coof, a blockhead ; a ninny. 
 
 Cook'ie, a kind of small 
 sweet bread for eating at 
 tea. 
 
 Cook' it, appeared, and disap- 
 peared by fits. 
 
 roo5t,did cast. 
 
 Coot, the ankl« or foot. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 84a 
 
 Coot'ie, a wooden kitchen 
 dish ; also, those fowls 
 whose legs are clad with 
 feathers, are said to be 
 cootie. 
 
 Cor't/e, raven. — Corbie mes- 
 senger, one who is long 
 upon his errand^ or who, 
 like the raven sent from 
 the Ark, returns not again. 
 
 Core, corps ; party ; clan. 
 
 Corn t, fed with oats. 
 
 Cor'onack, cor'a-nich, dirge ; 
 a lamentation for the dead. 
 
 Cor'rie (in the Highlands), a 
 hollow recess in a moun- 
 tain, open only on one side. 
 
 Co'sy, co'zie, warm and com- 
 fortable , snug ; social ; 
 chatty. 
 
 Cot'tar, cotter, the inhab- 
 itant of a cot-house, or 
 cottage. 
 
 Could' na\ could not. 
 
 Coup, to turn over ; to bar- 
 ter ; to buy horses or cattle. 
 — To coup the crans, to go 
 to \vreck, like a pot on the 
 fire, when the cran upon 
 which it stood is upset. 
 
 Coup'ing, buying, particu- 
 larly horses ; also truck- 
 ing, or bartering. 
 
 Coiirch. See Curch. 
 
 Couth' ie, kind ; loving. 
 
 Cove, cave. 
 
 Co we, to terrify ; to keep 
 under ; to lop ; a fright ; 
 a branch of furze ; broom. 
 
 Cowp, to barter ; to tumble 
 over ; a gang. 
 
 Coivp'it, tumbled. 
 
 Cow' rill, cowering. 
 
 Cowt, cowte, a colt. 
 
 Co'zie, cosie, warm and com- 
 fortable ; snug. See Cosy. 
 
 Co'zi-ly, snugly. 
 
 Crab'bit, crabbed ; fretful. 
 
 Crack, conversation ; to con- 
 verse ; to boast ; new ; 
 showy. 
 
 Crack'-kernp, crack - rope ; 
 gallows-apple. 
 
 Cracks, hearty conversation. 
 
 Crack' in, conversing. 
 
 Craemes, creams, krames, 
 warehouses where goods 
 are crammed or packed ; 
 range of booths for the 
 sale of goods. 
 
 Craft or croft, a field near a 
 house (in old husbandry). 
 
 Craig, rock : neck ; throat. 
 
 Craigs'man, one who is dex- 
 terous in climbing rocks. 
 
 Craiks, cries or calls inces- 
 santly ; a bird. 
 
 Cram' bo-clink, or cram'bo- 
 jin'gle, rhymes; doggerel 
 verses. 
 
 O'an , crane ; an iron instru- 
 ment suspended acros.^ the 
 fire for supporting a pot or 
 kettle : a quantity equal to 
 the contents of a barrel. 
 
 Crank, the noise of an un- 
 greased wheel. 
 
 Drank' us, fretful ; captious. 
 
 Cran'reuch, the hoar-frost. 
 
 Crap, a crop; to crop; the 
 top of any thing ; the craw 
 of a fowl, used ludicrously 
 for a man's stomach. 
 
 Oap'pit heads, puddings 
 made in the heads of had- 
 docks, [rook. 
 
 Craw, a crow of a cock ; a 
 
 OeacA, creagh [Gael.], a 
 highland foray ; a plunder- 
 ing incursion. 
 
 Creel, a basket or pannier. 
 — To be in a creel, or to 
 have onc'S wits in a creel, 
 to labor under some tem- 
 porary confusion or stupe- 
 faction of mind. 
 
 Cree'fu\ a basketful. 
 
 Creech'ie, greasy. 
 
 Creish, creesh, grease; tallow. 
 
 Creish'ing, greasing. 
 
 Crew' els, scrofula. 
 
 Crom'bie, crum'my, a crook- 
 ed horned cow. [dove. 
 
 CroorJ, or croud, to coo as a 
 
 Crook, a pot-hook ; a wind- 
 ing. 
 
 Croon, a hollow and contin- 
 ued moan ; to make a noise 
 like the continued roar of 
 a bull ; to hum a tune. 
 
 Croon'ing, humming. 
 
 Crouch' ie, crook-backed. 
 
 Croul'in, crawling. 
 
 Crouse, brisk ; full of heart ; 
 courageous-Uke. 
 
 Crouse' ly, cheerfully ; coura- 
 geously. 
 
 Crowd' ie, crowd'y,& compo- 
 sition of oatmeal and 
 boiled water, sometimes 
 from the broth of beef, 
 mutton, &c. ; also, meal 
 and milk mixed in a cold 
 state. [time. 
 
 Crowd' ie-time , breakfast- 
 
 Crown of the causeway , mid- 
 dle of the street. 
 
 Crurn'mie, crum'my. See 
 Crombie. 
 
 Crum'rnock, a cow with 
 crooked horns. 
 
 Crump, hard and brittle ; — 
 spoken of bread. 
 
 Crunt, a blow on the head 
 with a cudgel. 
 
 Cntp'pin, crept. 
 
 Cud, cudgel. 
 
 Cud' die, ass. 
 
 Cuif, a blockhead ; a ninny. 
 
 Cuit'ikins, cut'ikings, gait- 
 
 Cuit'le, to wheedle. [ers. 
 
 Cuit'tle, Eng. cuddle (with a 
 different shade of mean- 
 ing), to tickle. — To cuttle 
 favor, to curry favor. 
 
 Cull' ion [Gael.], puppy ; base 
 sponging dog ; base fellow ; 
 poltroon. 
 
 Cum'mer, midwife ; gossip. 
 
 Cum' mock, a short staff with 
 a crooked head. 
 
 Curch [Gael, and Fr.], a ker- 
 chief; a woman's covering 
 for the head ; an inner 
 linen cap, sometimes worn 
 without the mutch (q. v.). 
 
 Curch' ie, a courtesy. 
 
 Cur-fuf'Jfe, rufBe ; rumple ; 
 put in a disordered and 
 tumbled state. 
 
 Curl'er, a player at a game 
 on the ice, practiced in 
 Scotland, called curling. 
 
 Curl'ie, curled ; whose hair 
 falls naturally in ringlets. 
 
 Cur'lie-wh ur'lies , fantastical 
 circular ornaments. 
 
 Curl'ing, a game which con- 
 sists in propelling by the 
 hand a curling-stone or 
 heavy weight along the 
 surface of the ice, so as to 
 strike another stone and 
 drive it in a given direction. 
 
 Cur-mur'ring, murmuring; 
 grumbling ; a slight rum- 
 bling noise. 
 
 0<rw, a quantity ; an indef- 
 inite number. 
 
 Cur'ney, round ; granulated. 
 
 Cur' pin, the rump of a fowl ; 
 buttocks ; crupper. 
 
 Cur' pie, crupper. 
 
 Cur'rach, a coracle, or small 
 skiff; a boat of wicker- 
 work, covered with hides. 
 
 Cush'at, the dove, or wood- 
 pigeon, [stallion. 
 
 Cus'ser, cuis'ser, cur'sour, a 
 
 Cut'-lugged , crop-eared. 
 
 Cut'ty, a slut ; a worthless 
 girl ; a loose woman ; a 
 spoon ; tobacco-pipe cut 
 or broken short. — Cutty- 
 spoon, a short horn spoon. 
 — Cutty-stool, a short- 
 legged scool ; a small raised 
 seat in old Scottish church- 
 es where acknowledged of- 
 fenders against chastity 
 were formerly seated dur- 
 ing three Sundays, and 
 publicly rebuked by their 
 minister. 
 
 Cut'ty, short. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dab, daub, to peck as birds 
 do. 
 
 Dabs, small bits, or specks 
 ttuck upon any thing. 
 
 Dack'er, to search, as for 
 stolen or smuggled goods. 
 
 Dad' die, a father. 
 
 Daf'fin, meri-iment ; fool- 
 ish playfulness. 
 
 Daft, merry ; giddy ; fool- 
 ish ; mad. 
 
 Daid'lin, daid'ling, loiter- 
 ing ; trifling ; tippling ; get- 
 ting on in a lazy, careless 
 way. [work. 
 
 Dai'ker, to toil, as in job- 
 
 Dai'ker-ing. See Dacker. 
 
 Dai'men, rare ; now and 
 then. 
 
 Dai-men-ick'er, an ear of 
 corn now and then. 
 
 Dain'ty, pleasant ; good- 
 humored ; agreeable. 
 
 Dais. See Deas. 
 
 Dales, plains ; valleys. 
 
 Dalt, foster-child. 
 
 Darn'mer, a miner ; a stun ; 
 confusion by striking on 
 the head. 
 
 Dan'der-ing, sauntering ; 
 roaming idly from place to 
 place. 
 
 Dan'ders, cinders ; refuse of 
 a smith's fire. 
 
 Dan'dil-ly, spoiled by too 
 much indulgence. 
 
 Dang, dung, struck ; sub- 
 dued ; knocked over. 
 
 Darg, dargue, a day's work. 
 
 Dark'lins, darkling. 
 
 Darn, dem, to conceal. 
 
 Daud, to thrash ; to abuse ; 
 to beat ; to bang ; a large 
 piece ; the noise of one 
 faUing flat. 
 
 Daur, to dare. 
 
 Daured, daurt, dared. 
 
 Daurg, or daurk, a day's 
 
 Da'voc, David. [labor. 
 
 Dawt'it, or dawt'et, fon- 
 dled ; caressed. 
 
 Day. — The day, to-day. 
 
 Dead'-thraw, the death- 
 throes ; last agonies. When 
 applied to an inanimate 
 object, it means neither 
 dead nor alive ; neither hot 
 nor cold. 
 
 Dea'rie, dimin. of dear. 
 
 Dearth' fit' , dear. 
 
 Deas, dais, dees, table ; great 
 
 hall table ; a pew in the 
 church ; a turf seat erect- 
 ed at the doors of cottages. 
 
 Dea'sil, motion contrary to 
 that of the sun ; a High- 
 land superstitious custom, 
 implying some preternatu- 
 ral virtue. 
 
 Death' -ruck-le, death-rattle. 
 
 Deave, deve, to deafen; to 
 stupefy with noise. 
 
 Dee, to die; also to do. 
 
 Dee'ing,dyiog; a/50, doing. 
 
 Dee'vil's-buck'ie, imp of Sa- 
 tan ; limb of the devil. 
 
 Deil, devil. 
 
 Deil's dozen, thirteen. 
 
 Deil gaed o'er Jock Wabster, 
 every thing went topsy- 
 turvy ; there was the devil 
 to pay. 
 
 Deil may care, deil ma care, 
 the devil may care ; I don't 
 care ; no matter ; for all 
 that. 
 
 Deil's snuff-box, the com- 
 mon puff-ball 
 
 De-lee'rit, de-lie'ret, deliri- 
 ous, [tion. 
 
 De-li'ver, active ; free in nio- 
 
 De-li'ver-ly, actively ; alert- 
 
 Delve. See Devel. ' [ly. 
 
 Den'ty, dainty : nice. 
 
 Den'ti-er, daintier ; more 
 nice and delicate. 
 
 Dern , concealed ; secret ; 
 hidden. 
 
 Dtrned, concealed. 
 
 De-scrive'. to describe. 
 
 Dev'el, delve, a very hard 
 
 Did'na, did not. [blow. 
 
 Dight, to wipe ; to clean com 
 from chaff ; cleaned from 
 
 Dights, cleans. [chaff. 
 
 Dike, dyke, stone-wall fence. 
 
 Ding, to worst ; to push : to 
 strike ; to beat ; to subdue. 
 
 Dink, neat ; trim ; tidy ; also, 
 contemptuous ; scornful of 
 others. 
 
 Din'monts, wethers between 
 one and two years old, or 
 that have not yet been 
 twice shorn. 
 
 Din'na, do not. 
 
 Din'nle, a thrill; a vibra- 
 tion : a tremulous motion. 
 
 Dir'dmn , uproar ; tumult ; 
 evil ; chance ; penance. 
 
 Dirl, a slight, tremulous 
 iroke or pain ; to thrill ; 
 to tingle. 
 
 Dis-creet', civil. 
 
 Dis-cre'tion, civility. 
 
 Dis-jas'ked, jaded ; decayed-, 
 worn out. [fast. 
 
 Dis-june', de-june', break- 
 
 Dits, stops up. 
 
 Div, do. [ing. 
 
 Div'ot, thin sod for thatch- 
 
 Diz'zen, or diz'n, a dozen. 
 
 Doch-an-dor'rach, [Gael.] 
 stirrup-cup ; parting-cup. 
 
 Dod'die. cow without horns. 
 
 Doiled, dyled, dazed ; stupid ; 
 doting. 
 
 Doit'ed, turned to dotage ; 
 stupid ; confused. 
 
 Dole. — Dead dole, that which 
 was dealt out to the poor 
 at the funerals of the rich. 
 
 Dolt, stupefied ; crazed. 
 
 Don'nert, dnn'nard, grossly 
 stupid ; stunned. — Auld 
 donnert, in dotage. 
 
 Don'zie, unlucky. 
 
 Doo, a dove. 
 
 Dook, douk, to duck ; to im- 
 merse under water ; to 
 bathe. 
 
su 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Dook'ft, douc'at, dove-cot; 
 pigeon house. 
 
 Dook-'it. See Douhit. 
 
 Dool, sorrow. — To sing dool, 
 to lament ; to mourn. 
 
 Dpotns, used intensively, as, 
 iiootn.sbad, very bad (a eu- 
 phemism for d — d bad). 
 
 Doon, down. 
 
 Door-stane, threshold. 
 
 Dor'lach. See Dourlach. 
 
 Dor'ty, saucy, nice. 
 
 Douce, or douse, quiet : so- 
 ber ; sedate : wise ; prudent. 
 
 Doucf'ly, soberly ; prudently. 
 
 Bought, was or were able; 
 could. 
 
 Douh'it, ducked. 
 
 Do up, backside ; bottom ; 
 but-end. 
 
 Doup'-skel'per, one that 
 strikes the rear. 
 
 Dour, rfo«r«r, hard and impen- 
 etrable in body or mind ; 
 stout ; durable ; sullen ; 
 stubborn. — Dour and din, 
 sullen ; sallow. 
 
 Dour'lach [Gael.], a bundle ; 
 a knapsack ; literally, a 
 satchel of arrows. 
 
 Dous'er, more prudent. 
 
 Do/ffT, ' neither asleep nor 
 awake ; temporary priva- 
 tion of consciousness ; to 
 dose ; to drowse. 
 
 Do'ver-ing, walking or riding 
 half asleep, as if from the 
 effects of liquor ; besotted. 
 
 Dow (pronounced as ow in 
 now), am or are able ; can. 
 
 Doiv, (pronounced as o in 
 do), dove, a term of 
 endearment. 
 
 Dow' cote, pigeon-house. 
 
 Doiced, faded : vapid ; de- 
 cayed ; also, was able. 
 
 Doiof, dowff, pithless ; want- 
 ing force ; hollow ; dull. 
 
 Dow'ie, dol'ly, worn with 
 grief, fatigue, &c. ; half 
 asleep : dull ; melancholy ; 
 in bad health ; in bad tune. 
 
 Dow'na, dare not. 
 
 Doicn bye, down the way. 
 
 Doylt, stupid. 
 
 Drab, a slatternly young- 
 woman. 
 
 Draff' -poke., a bag of grains. 
 
 Draig, draick, dreck, dreg ; 
 dre^ ; — a word which fre- 
 quently makes part of the 
 name of a slovenlj', low- 
 lying place. In this man- 
 ner it is used in Mospha- 
 draig. 
 
 Dram'mock, a thick, raw 
 mixture of meal and water. 
 
 Drap, a drop ; to drop. 
 
 Drap'pie, a little drop. 
 Drap'ping, dropping. 
 Drap'pit-egg, a poached egg. 
 Drave, drove. 
 
 Dree, to suffer , to endure : to 
 dread the worst that may 
 happen. 
 Dreel'ing, drilling. 
 Dreep, to ooze ; to drop. 
 Drt-igh, tediou.s; long about 
 
 it ; tardy : slow. 
 Drib'ble, drizzling : slaver. 
 Drid'der, dread' our, dread ; 
 
 fear. 
 Drift , a drove. 
 Drig'ie, dred'gie, dir'gie, a 
 funeral company ; compo- 
 tation. 
 Drod'dum, the breech. 
 Progh'ling, coghHing, wheez- 
 ing and blowing. 
 Ihone, part of a bagpipe. 
 
 Droop, rumpled ; drooping 
 at the crupper. 
 
 Drouk'it, wet ; drenched. 
 
 Drount'ing, drawling. 
 
 Drouth, thirst; drought. 
 
 Drouth' y, drought' y, thirsty. 
 
 Drow, drizzle ; mizzling rain. 
 
 Druck'en, drunken. 
 
 Drudg'ing-box, flour-box for 
 basting in cookery. 
 
 Drug'sters, druggists. 
 
 Drum'ly, muddy. 
 
 Drum'mock, meal and water 
 mixed raw. 
 
 Drunt, pet ; sour humor. 
 
 Dry multure, astricted miU- 
 dues, paid to one mill for 
 grain that is ground at an- 
 other. 
 
 Dub, a small pond. 
 
 Duds, rags ; tatters ; clothes. 
 
 Dud' die, dud'dy, ragged. 
 
 Dule, dole, sorrow ; mourn- 
 ing. 
 
 Dulse, duke, sea-celery. 
 
 Dung, worsted ; pushed ; 
 driven. 
 
 Dung'-ow'er, knocked over. 
 
 Dun' nie- was' sal [Gael., from 
 duine, a man, wasal, well- 
 born], a Highland gentle- 
 man, generall}^ the cadet 
 of a family of rank, with 
 a title derived from the 
 land he occupied, though 
 held at the will of his chief- 
 tain. 
 
 Dunsh'in, dunch'in, jogging 
 smartly with the elbow. 
 
 Duiit, a knock, stroke, or 
 blow, that produces a din 
 or sound ; a good sizable 
 portion of any thing. 
 
 Dush, to push, as a ram, &c. 
 
 DuskH, pushed by a ram, ox, 
 &c. 
 
 Dwam, dwaim, divaum, 
 a quahn ; a sw<^on. 
 
 Dwi'ning, decaying ; declin- 
 ing in health. 
 
 Dye'ster, dyer. 
 
 Dyke, a stone-wall fence. 
 
 Dy'vour, a bankrupt : a 
 debtor who cannot pay ; 
 an ill-dressed, idle fellow. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eayi'na-ruich [Gael.], strong 
 soup. The pot is filled with 
 beef or mutton, and as 
 much water is put in as 
 will cover the meat, which 
 is kept simmering until it 
 is fully done. 
 
 Ear, early. 
 
 Eard, earth. 
 
 Eard'ed, put in the earth ; 
 interred 
 
 Earn, an eagle. 
 
 Eas'el, eastward. 
 
 Ee, e'e, the eye. 
 
 Een, c'e7i, the eyes. 
 
 Een'in, evening. 
 
 Ee'rie, frighted ; dreading 
 spirits. 
 
 Ef-feir' q/"ti'ar, warlike guise. 
 
 Ei'dent, ay-doing; diligent ; 
 careful ; attentive. 
 
 Eik, eke, addition. 
 
 Eild, old age. 
 
 Eild'ing, fuel. 
 
 Eith'ly, easily. 
 
 El'buck, the elbow. 
 
 EVdritch, ghastly ; frightful. 
 
 El' shin, an awl. 
 
 Erne, uncle. 
 
 En\ end. 
 
 En'brugh, Edinburgh. 
 
 End'long, in uninterrupted 
 succession ; even on ; at 
 full length. 
 
 E-neugh' , enough. 
 
 E-;iojo',just now. 
 
 E'qual-a'qual, alike ; to bal- 
 ance accounts ; to make j 
 one thing equal to another. 
 
 Er'rand. — For ance (ains) 
 errand, for that purpose 
 alone. 
 
 Especial, especially. 
 
 Es-treen', yes-treen', yester- 
 day ; — more properly, last 
 night. 
 
 Et'ter-cap, ad'der-cap, at'- 
 ter-cope, a spider ; a viru- 
 lent atrabilious person. 
 
 Et'tle, to aim ; to try ; to 
 attempt ; to intend. 
 
 E^ven-ing, comparing. 
 
 Ev'i-dents, evidences. 
 
 Ew'est, nearest ; contiguous. 
 
 Ew'how ! eh icow ! oh dear I 
 
 Ewk'ing, itching. 
 
 Ex'ies, hysterics ; ecstasies. 
 
 Ex'pi-ry, expiration. 
 
 Ey'dent, diligent. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fa'', faw, fall; lot; water- 
 fall; to befall. 
 
 Fa, get. — We maunna fa 
 that, we must not hope to 
 get that. 
 
 Fa'ard, favored. — M-fa'ard, 
 ill-favored. 
 
 Fad'domH, fathomed. 
 
 Fae, a foe. 
 
 Fae,frae, from. 
 
 Fa«,/aje, whose; who. 
 
 Faem , foam. 
 
 Fa'' en, fallen. 
 
 Faik'et, unknown; unem- 
 ployed ; abated. [ent. 
 
 Fai'rin, a fairing ; a pres- 
 
 Fai'ther, father. 
 
 Fai'tour, a rascal ; a mean 
 fellow. 
 
 Fal'-lalls. foolish ornaments 
 in dress. 
 
 Fal'low, fellow. 
 
 Fal'set, falsehood. 
 
 Fan, wha7i, when. 
 
 Fand, did find. 
 
 Fard, color. 
 
 Fard.faurd. See Fa'ard. 
 
 Farl,farle, now the fourth 
 part of a large cake, origi- 
 nally used for com or 
 bread. 
 
 Fash, f ash' e-rie, trouble. 
 
 Fash'ing, taking or giving 
 trouble. 
 
 Fash'ous, troublesome. 
 
 Fasht, troubled. 
 
 Fast'er-een-een, fast'ern''s 
 eVn, Eastern e'en, Shrove 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Fat, what. 
 
 Fauld, a fold ; to fold. 
 
 Fauld'ing, folding. 
 
 Faund, found. 
 
 Faur'd, favored. — Weel 
 faur'd, well-favored ; good- 
 
 Fnuse, false. [looking. 
 
 Fa»«, fault; default; want. 
 
 Faw'sont, decent ; seemly. 
 
 Feal, a field ; a sod. 
 
 Feal'-dyke, a wall of sods for 
 an inclosure. 
 
 Feal, faithful ; loyal ; true. 
 
 Feared, affected with fear. 
 
 Fear, feer, entire. 
 
 Fear'fu', terrible ; frightful. 
 
 Fear't, frighted. 
 
 Feat,\it&t\ spruce. 
 
 Fecht, to fight. 
 
 Fecht'in, fighting. 
 
 Feck, many ; plenty. 
 
 Feck, strength and sub. 
 stance; part of a thing.— 
 Best feck, better part. — 
 Maistfeck, greatest part. 
 
 Feck'et, an under waistcoat. 
 
 Feck'fu', large ; brawny ; 
 stout. 
 
 Feck' I ess, powerless ; pith- 
 less ; feeble ; deficient in 
 some quality. — Feckless 
 body, a feeble, inefficient 
 
 Feck'ly, weakly. [pereon. 
 
 Fee, wages. 
 
 Feel, fool ; foolish. 
 
 Feg, a fig. 
 
 i^ejrfc, feud; enmity. 
 
 Fell, the flesh immediately 
 under the skin ; a field 
 pretty level, on the sidejjr 
 top of a hill ; a rocky liiLi. 
 
 Fell, strong and fiery : keen ; 
 biting. — Fell chield, fiery 
 fellow ; terrible fellow. — 
 Fell airts, hellish arts. 
 
 Fen, successful struggle ; 
 fight. 
 
 Fend, to live comfortably : 
 defend ; to keep out bad 
 weather; to provide against 
 want ; to make shift in 
 general. [shift. 
 
 Feiid'ed, provided ; made 
 
 Fend'ing, providing ; pro- 
 vision. 
 
 Fend'y, clever in providing. 
 
 Fer'he, or fer'ley, to wonder : 
 a wonder ; a rarity ; — a 
 term of contempt. 
 
 Fetch, to pull by fits. [ly. 
 
 Fetch't, pulled intermittent- 
 Pi c^'/s, made to fike or fidge : 
 to puzzle ; to nonplus ; dif- 
 ficult. 
 
 Fie, fey, acting unaccount- 
 ably, as persons in health 
 and soon to die are sup- 
 posed to do, in some last 
 and extraordinary effort. 
 
 Fidge., to fidget. 
 
 Fiel, soft ; smooth 
 
 Fie.nt, fiend ; a petty oath. 
 
 Fient a haet, deuce a bit. 
 
 Pier, sound ; healthy ; a 
 brother ; a friend, 
 
 Fi'king, fy'king, fidgeting; 
 fiddle-faddling. 
 
 Files, defiles : spoils. 
 
 Fin'ner, a small whale. 
 
 Fire'-flaught, flash of light- 
 ning, [of corn. 
 
 Fir' lot, fourth part of a boll 
 
 Fis'le,fjs'sel, to make a rus- 
 tling noise ; to fidget ; a 
 bustle. 
 
 Fiss'enltss, fizz'enless, fu- 
 sion'less, pithless ; weak. 
 
 Fit, a foot ; a step. 
 
 F'lte, white. 
 
 Fit' tie-Ian, the nearer horse 
 of the hindmost pair in 
 the plough. 
 
 Fizz, to make a hissing 
 noise, like fermentatior 
 
 Flain'en, flannel. 
 
 Fldm'ing, basting. 
 
 F!ash, to dash out rashly. 
 
 Ftaught'er-ing, light shining 
 fitfully ; flickering. 
 
 Flunes, pancakes. 
 
 Flaiv, a gust ; a blast. 
 
 Fleech , to flatter : to wheedle : 
 to suppUcate in a flattering 
 manner. 
 
 Fleech'd, supplicated. 
 
 Fleeck'in,fleech'ing, suppli- 
 cating ; flattering. 
 
 Flees, flies. 
 
 Fleesh, a fleece. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 845 
 
 F'eg, a kick ; a random 
 blow ; fright. 
 
 Flem'it, frightened. 
 
 Flem'et, flam'it, banished : 
 expelled. [words. 
 
 Fleth'er, to decoy by fair 
 
 Fleth'er-in, flattering. 
 
 Fley, to scare ; to frighten. 
 
 Flich'er, to flutter, as young 
 nestlings when their dam 
 approaches. 
 
 Flich'ter-ing, a flattering. 
 
 Flick' er-ing , quivering ; flut- 
 
 Fliglit, arrow. [tering. 
 
 Flin'ders, shreds ; broken 
 pieces. 
 
 Fling, to kick : to throw out 
 the legs like a horse ; to 
 dance. 
 
 Fling' in~tree, a piece of tim- 
 ber hung by way of par- 
 tition between two horses 
 in a stable ; a flail. 
 
 Flisk, to fret at the yoke. 
 
 Flisk'ing, whisking up and 
 
 Flisk'it, fretted. [down. 
 
 Flisk' -ma-hoy-'!, jill - flirts ; 
 giddy flip-flap girls. 
 
 Flit, to remove ; to depart. 
 
 Flit'ter, to vibrate like the 
 Avings of small birds. 
 
 Flit'ter-ing, fluttering ; vi- 
 brating. 
 
 Flo'ry, vain. [morass. 
 
 Flow-moss, watery moss ; 
 
 Fluff, flash. 
 
 Fluff'-gibs, squibs. 
 
 Fluffed V the pan, burned 
 priming, without firing the 
 barrel of the gun or pistol. 
 
 Flun'kie,a, servant in livery ; 
 footman. 
 
 Flyte,flite, to scold. 
 
 Folk free and sacless, a law- 
 ful freeman. [dress. 
 
 Fol'lies, foolish fashions in 
 
 Foord, a ford. [cestors. 
 
 For-bears', forefathers ; an- 
 
 For-hye' , past ; beyond ; be- 
 sides ; over and above. 
 
 Fore. — To the fore, still in 
 existence ; not lost, worn 
 out, or spent, as money, 
 &c. ; also, in front. 
 
 Fore'/aw/c/^foretold. 
 
 For-fairn' , distressed ; worn 
 out ; jaded. 
 
 For-fniUt'ed, forfeited. 
 
 For-fought'en, exhausted 
 with fighting ; fatigued 
 and breathless. 
 
 For-gath'er, to meet ; to en- 
 counter with. 
 
 For-gie'. to forgive, [tigue. 
 
 For-jes'ket, jaded with fa- 
 
 For'pet, fourth part ofa peck. 
 
 For'rit,for'ret, forward. 
 
 For-speak', to affect with the 
 curse of an evil tongue, 
 which brings ill luck upon 
 what or whomsoever it 
 praises ; to injure by im- 
 moderate praise ; to be- 
 witch, [castle. 
 
 Fort'a-lice, a keep ; fortress ; 
 
 Foth'er, fodder. 
 
 Fou\fou,fou\ full ; drunk ; 
 also, a bushel ; a pitch- 
 fork. 
 
 Fou'ats, house-leeks. 
 
 Fought'en, troubled ; ha- 
 rassed, [cat. 
 
 Fou'mart, foid'mart, pole- 
 
 Four-nook' ed ,fo\xv-covn&xe^. 
 
 Fouth, plenty ; enough, or 
 more than enough. 
 
 Foy, departing feast. 
 
 Fo'zy, soft and spongy. 
 
 Frack, ready ; eager ; for- 
 
 Frae, from. [ward. 
 
 Fram'ple, unruly ; forward ; 
 evil-conditioned. 
 
 Freath, froth. 
 
 Freits, f reals, superstitious 
 observances. 
 
 Frem, frem'mit, fraim, 
 frerrCd, strange ; not re- 
 lated ; acting like a stran- 
 ger ; keeping at a distance. 
 
 Frien\ friend. 
 
 Frist' ed, put off for a time. 
 
 Fu, full. 
 
 Fud, the scut or tail of the 
 hare, coney, &c. 
 
 Fuff, to blow intermittent- 
 ly ; to puff; to whiff; a 
 puff; a whiff. 
 
 Fufft, did blow. 
 
 Fule, fool. 
 
 Funic, funk' ing, applied to a 
 horse kicking up the rear 
 without dashing out the 
 heels. [plexity. 
 
 Funk, funck, a foolish per- 
 
 Fun'nie, full of merriment. 
 
 Fur, a furrow. 
 
 Fur-a-hin' , the hindmost 
 horse on the right hand 
 when plowing. 
 
 Furm, a form ; bench. 
 
 Fu'sionless. See Fissenless. 
 
 Fyke , trifling cares ; to pid- 
 dle ; to be in a fuss about 
 trifles . 
 
 Fyle, to soil ; to dirty. 
 
 FyVt, soiled ; dirtied. 
 
 G- 
 
 Gab, the mouth ; to speak 
 boldly or pertly. 
 
 Ga-ber-lun'zie, a beggar; a 
 mendicant ; one who car- 
 ries a svallet ; a poor guest 
 who cannot pay for his 
 entertainment. 
 
 Gad, a goad ; a bar of iron. 
 
 Gads' man, a plowboy ; the 
 boy that rides the horses 
 in the plow. 
 
 Gae, to go. — Gaed, went. — 
 Gaen or gane, gone. — 
 Gaun, going. 
 
 Gae.-down, a drinking-bout. 
 
 Gae wu\ go away : have 
 done ; no more of that. 
 
 Gaet, or gate, way ; manner ; 
 
 Gais'ling, a gosling, [road. 
 
 Gait, a goat. 
 
 Gaitt, get, what is begotten ; 
 a child ; a brat. 
 
 Gane, gone. 
 
 Gang, to go ; to walk. 
 
 Gang'ing, going. 
 
 Gan'grel, a child beginning 
 to walk ; also, a vagrant. 
 
 Gar, garr, to make ; to com- 
 pel. 
 
 Gar'dy-loo [Fr. gardez Veau^, 
 save yourselves from the 
 water. 
 
 Garr'd, made ; compelled ; 
 caused. 
 
 Gar't, forced to. 
 
 Gar'ten, a garter. 
 
 Gas'cromh [Gael, cas crom], 
 a long narrow spade, with 
 a projecting foot-piece, 
 used in the Highlands for 
 digging in stony ground, 
 where no other instrument 
 can be introduced. 
 
 Gash, wise ; sagacious ; 
 shrewd ; talkative ; also, to 
 converse ; also, prattle ; 
 chatter ; gossip. 
 
 Gash' in, conversing. 
 
 Gate, way ; manner. 
 
 Gathering -pea : , a fiery peat 
 
 which was sent round by 
 the Borderers to alarm the 
 country in time of danger, 
 as the fiery cross was by 
 the Highlanders. 
 
 Gathering peat, gathering 
 coal, either of them, put 
 into the fire at night, with 
 the ashes gathered around 
 it, to preserve ignition for 
 the morning. 
 
 Gau'cy, jolly ; large. 
 
 Gau'ger, an exciseman. 
 
 Gaunt, to yawn. 
 
 Gaun, going. 
 
 Gaun'trees, or goan'trees, 
 trams, or wooden frames 
 on which casks in a cellar 
 are placed. 
 
 Gawk'y, half-witted ; fool- 
 ish ; romping. [ly. 
 
 Gaw'sie, plump ; jolly ; port- 
 Gay, pretty. — Gay gude, 
 pretty good. — Gay weel, 
 pretty well. [ment. 
 
 Gear, goods ; dress ; equip- 
 
 Gear, riches ; goods of any 
 kind. 
 
 Geek, to toss the head in 
 wantonness or scorn ; to 
 jeer ; to mock ; to sport. 
 
 Ged, gedd, a pike. 
 
 Geiz'ened, geiss' end ,shx\xn}s.- 
 en; warped; leaky. 
 
 Gelt, brat. 
 
 Gen' ties, gentlefolks. 
 
 Gen'trice, gentility ; good 
 descent. [ly formed. 
 
 Gen'ty, neat ; trim ; elegant- 
 
 Geor'die, a guinea. 
 
 Get, a child ; a young one. 
 
 Gey sharp, pretty sharp. — 
 Gey gude, pretty good. 
 
 Ghaist, a ghost. 
 
 Gie, to give. — Gied, gave. 
 — Gien, given. 
 
 Gifan, if, supposing. 
 
 Giffgaff, tit for tat ; mutu- 
 al giving and taking ; mu- 
 tual obligation. 
 
 Gift'ie, diminutive of gift. 
 
 Gig'lets, playful girls. 
 
 Gill'ie, diminutive of gill. 
 
 Gill'ie, a man-servant in the 
 Highlands. — Gill'ie xvhite- 
 foot, or g^ill'ie wttfoot, a 
 running footman , who had 
 to carry his master over 
 brooks and watery places in 
 traveling. 
 
 Gills, gullies. 
 
 Gill-rav'ag-ing, plundering. 
 
 Gilp'ey,gHp'y, a half-grown, 
 half-informed boy or girl ; 
 a romping lad ; a hoyden. 
 
 Gim'mer, a ewe from one to 
 two years old. 
 
 Gin, against. 
 
 Gin,g\f'an,'\i\ suppose. 
 
 Gin'gle, g-m'^img-, jingle or 
 clink ; jinghng. 
 
 Gip'sey, a young girl. 
 
 Gird, hoop. 
 
 Gird'le, an iron plate for fry- 
 ing cakes on . 
 
 Girn, to grin like an ill-na- 
 tured dog; to twist the 
 features in rage ; agony. 
 
 Gir'nel, girnal, a meal-chest. 
 
 Girn'ing, grinning. 
 
 Girth, gird, a hoop. — To slip 
 the girths, to tumble down 
 like a packhorse's burden, 
 when the girth gives way. 
 
 Gizz, a periwig. 
 
 Glaiks, deception ; delusion. 
 — Fling the glaiks in folk's 
 een, metaph., to throw dust 
 in people's eyes. — To give 
 the glaiks, to befool and 
 
 then leave in the lurch ; to 
 jilt. 
 
 Glaik'it,glaik, light-headed; 
 idle ; inattentive ; foolish. 
 
 Glaive, a sword. 
 
 Glaiz'ie, glittering ; smooth 
 like a glass. [of sight 
 
 Gla'mour, magical deception 
 
 Glaund, aimed ; snatched. 
 
 Gleck, sharp ; ready. 
 
 Gled, a kite. [ona 
 
 Gledg'ing, looking slyly at 
 
 Gleed, flame ; a burning 
 coal ; a bright and strong 
 fire. 
 
 Gleed, gleid, gleyed, one- 
 eyed ; squinting ; also , ob- 
 lique ; awry. — Gaed a' 
 gleed, went all wrong. 
 
 Glee'ing, squinting. 
 
 Gleg, sharp ; keen ; on the 
 
 Gleib, glebe. [alert. 
 
 Gleti, dale ; deep valley. 
 
 G/ci/, asquint ; to squint ; on 
 one side ; asquint. — A-gley', 
 off at a side ; wrong. 
 
 Glib' -gab-bet, that speaks 
 smoothly and readily. 
 
 Gliff, a glimpse ; a short 
 time ; also, a fright. 
 
 Glint, to glance ; to gleam ; 
 to peep. 
 
 Glint'ed, peeped. 
 
 Glint' in, peeping. 
 
 Glisk, a gUmpse. 
 
 Gloayn'in, gloam'ing, the 
 twihght. 
 
 Glour, gloivr, to stare ; to 
 look ; a stare ; a look. 
 
 Glowred, looked ; stared. 
 
 Glunch, to frown; to look 
 sour. 
 
 Gom'e-ril, a fool; a block- 
 head. 
 
 Goss'i-pred, goss'i-prie, fe- 
 miliarity ; intimacy ; spon- 
 sorship. 
 
 Gous'tie, gous'ty, waste ; des- 
 olate ; ghostly ; dreary ; 
 preternatural. 
 
 Gouth, a drop. 
 
 Goiv'an, the flower of the 
 daisy, hawk -weed, &c. 
 
 Gow'an-y, gow'an-y glens, 
 daisied dales. 
 
 Gowd, gold. 
 
 Goivff, the game of golf ; to 
 strike as the bat does the 
 ball at golf 
 
 Goivff -d, struck. 
 
 GoioK, the cuckoo ; a fool. 
 
 Gowk'it, foolish; stupid; 
 giddy. 
 
 Gowl, to howl ; to scold. 
 
 Goivl'ing, howling ; noisy ; 
 scolding. 
 
 Goivp'en, gowp'in, as much 
 as both hands held togeth- 
 er, with the palms upward, 
 and contracted in a circu- 
 lar form, can contain. 
 
 Goivp'en-fu, the fill of the 
 goivpen ; as much as can 
 be contained in the hands 
 held in a concave form. 
 
 Grad'dan, parched corn ; al- 
 so, meal ground on the 
 quern, or hand-mill. 
 
 Graff, greaf a grave. 
 
 Grain' d and gaunted, 
 groaned and gaped. 
 
 Grain'ing, gran'ing, groan- 
 ing. 
 
 Graip, a pronged instrument 
 for cleaning stables. 
 
 Graith , accouterments ; fur- 
 niture : dress ; gear. 
 
 Gra-mash'es, gaiters reach- 
 ing to the knee. 
 
 Gran, grand ; fine. 
 
846 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Crane, or gmin, a groan ; to 
 groan 
 
 Gran'nif, grandmother. 
 
 Gmpf, to grope. 
 
 Grnp'i:, groped. [cried. 
 
 Grat, wept : shed tears ; 
 
 Grrnr. ID timate; familiar. 
 
 Grtf, to agree ; to live in am- 
 ity ; to reconcile parties at 
 variance. — To bear the 
 gree, to be decidedly victor. 
 
 Grff, a step ; a degree : supe- 
 riority : fame : reputation. 
 
 Gree'shoch, grie'soc/i, hot 
 embers, — properly those 
 of peats : peat fire piled on 
 the hearth. 
 
 Gree't. agreed. [weep. 
 
 Grfft, to shed tears; to 
 
 Greet' in, greeting, crying; 
 weeping. [shiver. 
 
 Grew, gnie, to shudder ; to 
 
 Grtiv'some, gntf'soine, hor- 
 
 Gr/cf, sucking-pic;. [rible. 
 
 Grid'dle. See Girdle. 
 
 Grieve, an overseer. 
 
 Grihe, gilse, gray; a young 
 salmon. 
 
 Grip, gnpe. 
 
 Grip'pie, grip'py, avaricious. 
 — Grip'pie for grip'pie, 
 gripe for gripe ; fair play 
 in wrestling.' [seized. 
 
 Grip'pet, grip'pit, catched ; 
 
 Grip'pie, griping : greedy ; 
 avaricious. 
 
 Grit, great. 
 
 Groat. — To get the -whistle 
 of one's groat, to play a 
 losing game. [rj'. 
 
 Gross' art, grosert, gooseber- 
 
 Grou'some loathsomely 
 
 grim. 
 
 Cho'zet, a gooseberrj\ 
 
 Grue, shudder. 
 
 Gru't?iuch, ill-favored. 
 
 Grumph, a grunt ; to grunt. 
 
 Griimph'ie, a sow. [torn. 
 
 Grun', griind, ground; bot- 
 
 Grun'stane, a grindstone. 
 
 Grun'tle, a snout ; the phiz ; 
 a grunting noise. 
 
 Grun'zie, mouth. 
 
 Grush'ie, thick; of thriving 
 growth. [good. 
 
 Gude, the Supreme Being; 
 
 Gude-danie', grandmother. 
 
 Gude-man' , husband, 
 
 Gufie'-sire, grandfather. 
 
 Gude-sis'ter, sister-in-law. 
 
 Giiest'ened, been the ^uest 
 of; lodged as a guest. 
 
 Guffaw', gaffaw', a loud 
 burst of laughter. 
 
 Guid, good. 
 
 Gvid'ed, used ; taken care of ; 
 treated ; managed. [row. 
 
 Guid-morn'ing, good mor- 
 
 Guid-e'en', good evening. 
 
 Guid-man' and guid-wife' , 
 the master and mistress of 
 the house. — Young gnid- 
 inan, a man newly married. 
 
 Guis'ards, gys'arts, disguised 
 persons ; mummers, who 
 volunteered vocal music for 
 money about the time of 
 Christmas and New Year's 
 Day. [ing knife. 
 
 Gtdl'y, or guU'ie, a large fold- 
 
 Guifl-fa'ther, guid-moth'er, 
 father-in-law and mother- 
 in-law. 
 
 Gum'i-lit, muddy. 
 
 G^ise, goo«e. 
 
 (rtis'ing-iron, a laundress's 
 smoothing-iron. 
 
 Gust'y, ta.steful. 
 
 Gut'ter-bloods, the rabble ; 
 pereonfi meanly bom. 
 
 (ry, a rope. 
 
 Gyre'-cnrline, gyre' -curling, 
 a hag ; a weird-sister ; an 
 ogress. 
 
 Gyie, crazy ; ecstatic ; sense- 
 lessly extravagant; delir- 
 ious. 
 
 H. 
 
 Ha'', hall ; manor-house. 
 
 Ha' bible (half-bible), Old or 
 New Testament volume of 
 the family Bible, in 4to. or 
 8vo. form. 
 
 Haaf seal [Orkney]. 
 
 Hd'ar, a fog ; a chill easterly 
 wind. [ble. 
 
 Hack, heck, a rack in a sta- 
 
 Hack'et. See Howkit. 
 
 Had, to hold. 
 
 Had' den, ho\den. [docks. 
 
 Had'dows, had'dies, had- 
 
 jHaf, possession ; property. 
 
 Hae, ha'e, to have. 
 
 Haeit, had (the participle). 
 
 Hael, thing. — Fient haet, a 
 petty oath of negation. 
 
 Haf'fels, haf'fts, half- 
 heads ; the sides of the 
 head ; the temples. 
 
 Haf'flin, haf'fins [half- 
 long] half ; lialf-long ; near- 
 ly half ; partly ; not fully 
 grown ; a half-witted per- 
 son. 
 
 Hag, a gulf in mosses and 
 moors ; a quagmire ; a 
 year's cutting of oak. 
 
 Hagg, brushwood. 
 
 Haggs, pits and sloughs in 
 moss ground. 
 
 Hag'gies, hng'gis, hag'gess, 
 the pluck, &c., of a cow or 
 sheep, minced with suet, 
 onions, &c., boiled in its 
 paunch. 
 
 Haiti, hale, whole. — Hail o' 
 my ain, all my own. — 
 Hale and feer, whole and 
 entire. 
 
 Hain, to spar*^ ; to save; to 
 be penurious. 
 
 Haiti' d, spared, 
 
 Hairxt, harvest. 
 
 Haith, a petty oath. 
 
 Hai'vers, nonsense ; speak- 
 ing without thought. 
 
 Hal\ or hald, an abiding 
 place. 
 
 Hale, whole; tight ; healthy. 
 
 Halft, dwelling ; custody. 
 
 Halft'ed, domiciled. 
 
 Hal' Ian. a partition between 
 the door of a cottage and 
 the fire-place ; also, a seat 
 of turf at the outside. 
 
 Hal'lan-sha-ker, a fellow who 
 must take his place behind 
 backs at the hallan ; a stur- 
 dj', beggarly scamp. 
 
 Hal'linns, rogues ; worthless 
 fellows. 
 
 Hal' low-mas. Hallow eve, 
 the 31st of October. 
 
 Halse, house, throat ; neck. 
 
 Halse, hail'sie, hail ; salute ; 
 embrace. 
 
 Ha'ly, holy. — Holy be his 
 cast, happy be his fate. 
 
 Hame, home. [familiar. 
 
 Hame'ly, homely ; afifable ; 
 
 Ham' shackle, to tie the head 
 of a horse or cow to one of 
 its fore legs. 
 
 Han'', or haun, hand. 
 
 Hand'-fast, to betroth by 
 joining hands, in order to 
 cohabitation before the cel- 
 ebration of marriage. 
 
 Hand'-fast-ing, a kind ofl 
 betrothment or conditional 
 marriage, according to 
 which the parties lived to- 
 gether for a year and a 
 day, at the end of which 
 time they were at liberty to 
 separate or renew the en- 
 gagement for life. 
 
 Hand' -waled, chofi&a ; picked 
 out with the hand. 
 
 Hane, hain, to spare ; not to 
 give away . 
 
 Han'tle, a great many ; a 
 great deal. 
 
 Hunk, rope ; coil. 
 
 Hap, an outer garment, 
 mantle, plaid, &c. ; to 
 wrap : to cover ; to hop. 
 
 Hap'per, hopper of a mill. 
 
 Hup'ping, hopping. 
 
 Hap'pit, hupped, hopped ; 
 a/50, covered for warmth or 
 security. 
 
 Hap'shack-le (used in the 
 south of Scotland for Aa»w- 
 shackle), to tie the forefeet 
 of a horse together. — [ Side 
 tangle is to tie the fore and 
 hind foot of one side to- 
 gether.] 
 
 Hap, step, an' loup, hop, 
 step, and leap. 
 
 Hare'-stane, a memorial 
 stone. 
 
 Hark' it, hearkened. 
 
 Harte, to drag ; to trail along 
 the ground. — To harle an 
 old man's pow, to scratch 
 an old man's head. 
 
 Ham, very coarse linen. 
 
 Harns, brains. — Ham-pan, 
 brain pan. 
 
 Har'ry, to plunder. 
 
 Har'ry-ing, plundering. 
 
 Harst, hast, harvest. 
 
 Hash, a fellow that neither 
 knows how to dress nor 
 act with propriety ; a 
 clumsy sloven. 
 
 Has' sock, any thing thick, 
 bushy, and ill-arranged. 
 
 Has'sock, has'lock (from 
 halselock). throat lock or 
 more bushy portion of the 
 fleece of sheep, when they 
 were in a more natural and 
 less improved condition. 
 
 Has'na, has not. 
 
 Hast'it, hastened. 
 
 Hat. — Giving one a hat, 
 taking off the hat in his 
 presence. 
 
 Hat' ted-kit, or hat' tit-kit, a 
 bowlful of sour cream ; a 
 mixture of milk warm from 
 the cow and butter-milk. 
 
 Hand, to hold. [ence. 
 
 Haud'ing, support ; depend- 
 
 Haughs, low -lying rich 
 lands ; valleys. 
 
 Haulds, holds ; habitations ; 
 places of resort. 
 
 Haurl, to drag ; to peel. 
 
 ifa«WOn, peeling; dragging 
 roughly. 
 
 Huuse, throat. See Hahe. 
 
 Ha'ver, hai'ver, to talk fool- 
 ishly or without method. 
 
 Ha'ver-meal, oat-meal. 
 
 Ha'verul, a half-witted per- 
 son ; half-witted. 
 
 Ha' vers, hai'vers, idle talk. 
 
 Ha'vrel, hai'vrel, a half-wit- 
 ted person. 
 
 Hav'ins, hav'ings, good 
 manners ; decorum ; good 
 sense. 
 
 Hawk'ie, a cow ; properly, 
 one with a white face. 
 
 Haw' kit, white-faced ; — ap- 
 plied to cattle ; foolish ; sll- 
 
 Heap'it, heaped. [ly. 
 
 Heal' some ,'hQSi\tM\x\ ; whole- 
 
 Hearse, hoarse. [some- 
 
 Heart'-scald, heart' -scaud , 
 heart-bum ; metaphorical- 
 ly, regret ; remorse. 
 
 Heart'some, cheerful. 
 
 Heath'er, heath. — Heather- 
 cow, stalk of heath. 
 
 Heath' er-blut'lers, cock - 
 snipes ; — from their cry 
 in alternate flights and de- 
 scents in the breeding sea- 
 
 Hech .' oh ! strange. [son. 
 
 Hecht. promised to foretell 
 something that is to be got 
 or given : foretold ; offered. 
 
 Heck and manger, rack and 
 manger. — Living at heck 
 and manger, applied to one 
 who has got into quarters 
 where every thing is com- 
 fortable and plenteous. 
 
 Herk'le, a board, in which 
 are fixed a number of sharp 
 pins, used in dressing 
 hemp, flax, &c. 
 
 Heck'led, hackled. 
 
 Heeze, to elevate; to raise; 
 to hoist. 
 
 Heft, to lift up ; to carry 
 aloft. 
 
 Hell'i-cat, half-witted. 
 
 Hemp'ie, a rogue ; one for 
 whom hemp grows. Its 
 most common use is in a 
 jocular way to giddy 
 young people of either sex. 
 
 Hen'-cu-vey, hen-coop. 
 
 Herd, to tend flocks; one 
 who tends cattle or sheep. 
 
 Herd'ed, kept, as sheep. 
 
 Her'e-zeld, an acknowledg- 
 ment of vassalage. 
 
 Her'rin , a herring. 
 
 Her'ry, to plunder; most 
 properly to plunder birds" 
 nests. 
 
 Her'ry-tnent, plundering ; 
 devastation. 
 
 Her' ship, plunder. 
 
 Herse, hoarse. 
 
 Hesp, a hank of yarn ; a hook 
 
 Het, hot. [or hasp. 
 
 Heugh, a precipitous accUv- 
 ity ; also a hollow dell ; a 
 ravine ; a coal-pit. 
 
 Heugh-head, head of the 
 cliff; also^ head of the 
 glen, between two cliffs. 
 
 Hick' ery-pick' try, a phrase 
 used in children's sports. 
 Its original meaning is lost 
 in antiquity. 
 
 Hie, to go in haste. 
 
 High-jinks, a game played 
 in several different ways. 
 Most commonly it was de- 
 termined by a throw of 
 dice who should for some 
 time sustain a fictitious 
 character or repeat a cer- 
 tain number of loose verses 
 in a certain order, under 
 the penalty of either swal- 
 lowing an additional bum- 
 per, or paying a small sum 
 toward the reckoning. 
 
 Hilch, a hobble ; to halt. 
 
 Hilch'in, halting. 
 
 Hin'der-lu7ids, latter ends; 
 backsides. 
 
 Hin'der-lans, back parts. 
 
 Hin'ey, hin'ny, honey. — 
 My hin'ny, my darling. 
 
 Hing, to hang. 
 
 Hir'die-gir'die , topsy -turvy 
 in reckless confusion. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 847 
 
 JKr'dum-dir'dum , confused, 
 noisy mirth or revelry. 
 
 HirfpU^ to walk lamely or 
 crazily ; to creep : to halt. 
 
 Hir'sel, a herd of cattle of 
 any sort ; so mauj- cattle as 
 one person can attend to. 
 
 Hir'sel, to move forward with 
 a rustling noise along a 
 rough surface; to move 
 sidewise in a sitting or 
 lying posture, upon the 
 ground or otherwise, by 
 means of the hands only. 
 
 flls'sy, a hussy. [ren. 
 
 ffisUie, dry ; chapped ; bar- 
 
 Hicht, a loop ; a knot. 
 
 Hiz'zy, a hussy ; a young 
 
 Hoaste. See Ckoast. [girl. 
 
 Hob'ble-s/ww, Hob'bil-skow, 
 a hubbub ; a tumult ; an 
 uproar. 
 
 Hod'din, the jolting motion 
 of a countryman riding on 
 a cart-horse ; humble. 
 
 Hod' din-gray, had' den-gray, 
 coarse cloth made from 
 wool in its natural state 
 without being dyed. 
 
 Hod' die, to waddle. 
 
 Hog'gie, a two -year -old 
 
 Hog' score, a kind of distance 
 line, in curling, drawn 
 across the rink or course. 
 
 Hog'-shouth-er, a game in 
 which those who join justle 
 each other by the should- 
 ers ; to justle with the 
 shoulder. 
 
 Holm, flat ground along the 
 side of a river. Used in 
 the North for island. 
 
 Hood'ie-r.raws, hoodg^ 
 
 crows. 
 
 Hool, hull, a husk ; a hull : a 
 covering ; a slough ; a pea 
 or bean-hull. 
 
 Hoo'lie I take leisure ; stop. 
 
 Hoo'Lie, hool'y, slowly ; lei- 
 surely, [softly. 
 
 Hool'y and fair'ly, fair and 
 
 Hoard, a hoard ; to hoard. 
 
 Hoord'it, hoarded. 
 
 Horn, a spoon made of horn. 
 
 Horn'ie, the devil, so called 
 in allusion to his horns. 
 
 Horse'-coio-per, horse-dealer. 
 
 Host, or hoast, to cough. 
 
 Host' in, coughing. 
 
 Hosts, coughs. 
 
 Hatch, hitch. 
 
 Hotch'^d, turned topsy-turvy ; 
 blended ; mixed. 
 
 Houd'ie, a midwife. 
 
 Houff, howff, a haunt ; a 
 chief place of resort; a 
 house ; a burial-place. 
 
 Hough-ma-gand' ie , fornica- 
 tion. 
 
 Houk'it, dug out. 
 
 Houl'et, an owl. 
 
 Hound, to hunt; to set a dog 
 after any thing ; to ferret 
 out ; in modern common 
 parlance often contemptu- 
 ously applied to individu- 
 als, such as a sly hound, 
 a lata hound, a selfish, 
 greedy, rapacious, quirk- 
 ing fellow, who will alike 
 employ fair or foul means 
 for the attainment of his 
 purpose. 
 
 House' wife'skep, hus'sie^- 
 skep, housewifery. 
 
 Hous'ie, diminutive of house. 
 
 Houts, touts, tut I 
 
 Hout'jle, hout a-wa'.' (interj.) 
 petuiw ! nonsense ! 
 
 Hove, to heave ; to swell. 
 
 Hov^d, heaved ; swelled. 
 
 Howd'ie, a midwife. 
 
 Howe, hollow ; a hollow or 
 dell ; a/50, a hoe. 
 
 Howe-back'it, sunk in the 
 back ; — spoken of a horse , 
 &c. 
 
 Howff, a place of resort; an 
 ale-house. 
 
 Howk, to dig. 
 
 Ho IV k' it, dug out. 
 
 Hawk'in, digging. 
 
 Hawm. See Holm. 
 
 Hoy, to urge ; to incite. 
 
 Hoy'ing, hallooing to ; set- 
 ting on, as a dog. 
 
 HoyH, urged. 
 
 Hoyse, a pull upwards. 
 
 Hoyte, to amble crazily. 
 
 jy^Kg^/t'oc, diminutive of Hugh. 
 
 Hum-dud' ge on, a, complaint ; 
 needless noise ; much ado 
 about nothing. 
 
 Hum'le, hum'ble, without 
 horns. 
 
 Hum' lock-know , hemlock 
 knoll. 
 
 Hur'chean, an urchin ; a 
 hedgehog. 
 
 Hurd'ies, the loins ; the crup- 
 per ; the buttocks. 
 
 Hure, a whore. 
 
 Hurl'ey-hack'ets, small 
 
 troughs or sledges, in which 
 people used formerly to 
 slide down an inclined plane 
 on the side of a hill. Hence, 
 a hurly-hacket is a slide 
 down a precipice. 
 
 Hurl' ey-house , a dilapidated, 
 tottering house. 
 
 Hush' ion, cushion. 
 
 Huz, us. 
 
 I. 
 
 -r,in. 
 
 Ick'er, an ear 01 corn. 
 
 Ie~ro'e, a great-grandchild. 
 
 Ilk, or ilka, each, every. — 
 Of that ilk, of the same, — 
 used to denote that a gen- 
 tleman's surname and the 
 title of his estate are iden- 
 tical ; as, Knackwinnock of 
 that ilk,t\iii.t iSjKnockwin- 
 nock of Knockwinnock. 
 
 Ilk'a-days, every day ; week 
 days. 
 
 m, bad ; difficult ; evil ; 
 grieved ; sorrowful. 
 
 Bl-faard, iU-far'd, ill-faurd, 
 evil-favored ; ugly ; unbe- 
 coming ; mean ; disgrace- 
 ful. 
 
 Ill-set, spiteful ; ill-natured. 
 
 lll-sort-ed, ill-arranged ; ill- 
 suited ; ill-managed. 
 
 i/^-i«/7/'/e,ill-natui-ed ; mali- 
 cious : niggardly. 
 
 Ing'ans, onions. 
 
 In-geer', to glean com, &c. 
 
 In'gine, genius ; ingenuity. 
 
 Ing'le, fire ; fire-place.— Ing- 
 le side, fireside. — Ingle 
 nook, corner by the fire. 
 
 In'-owtr and out-awer, in- 
 ward and outward ; posi- 
 tively and violently. 
 
 In'-put, contribution. 
 
 Ise, I'se, I shall or will. 
 
 Ith'er, other ; one another. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacle'man, a man that wears 
 a short mail jack or jack«t. 
 
 7a</, ajade; also, a familiar 
 term, among country folks, 
 for a giddy young girl. 
 
 Jagg, a prick, as of a pin or 
 thorn. 
 
 Jag'ger, peddler. 
 
 Ja-loose'. See Jealous. 
 
 Jaud,jadd, a jade; a mare. 
 
 Jaugs, peddler's wallets. 
 
 Jauk, to dally : to trifle. 
 
 Jauk'in. trifling ; dallying. 
 
 Jaup, a jerk of water ; to jerk 
 as agitated water. 
 
 Jatv, a wave ; petulant loqua- 
 city ; coarse millery ; to 
 pour out ; to shut ; to jerk, 
 as water. 
 
 Jaw'-hote, a sink. 
 
 Jaw'ing, undulating ; rolling 
 water; also, loquacious 
 talking. 
 
 Jealous (jail'us when used 
 as an adjective, — ja-looz^ 
 when used as a verb, and 
 signifying to suspect ; to 
 guess). 
 
 Jee, to move ; to stir ; to 
 budge. 
 
 Jeedg'ing, judging. 
 
 Jeis'ti-cor, jus'ti-coat. [Fr. 
 juste au corps], a waistcoat 
 with sleeves. 
 
 Jill'et, a jilt ; a giddy girl. 
 
 Jimp, to jump ; slender in 
 the waist ; handsome. 
 
 Jimp'ly,jimp, barely; scarce- 
 ly ; hardly. 
 
 Jink, a quick elusory turn ; a 
 sudden turning a corner ; 
 to elude ; to cheat ; to trick; 
 to make a quick turn ; to 
 avoid. 
 
 Jink'er, that turns quickly ; 
 a gaj" sprightly girl ; a wag. 
 
 Jink'et-ing about, gadding 
 about. 
 
 Jink'in, dodging. 
 
 Jirb'ling, pouring out ; spill- 
 ing any liquid by making 
 it move from one side to 
 the other in the vessel that 
 contains it. 
 
 Jirk, a jerk. [knife. 
 
 Joc'te-leg, a kind of clasp- 
 
 Joes, sweethearts. 
 
 Jougs, an iron collar former- 
 ly used to surround the 
 neck of a criminal, and 
 fastened to a wall or tree 
 by an iron chain. 
 
 Jouk,jawk, to stoop ; to bow 
 the head. 
 
 Jaw, a verb which includes 
 both the swinging motion 
 and pealing sound of a 
 large bell. 
 
 Jow'ing, the swinging noise 
 of a large bell. 
 
 Joick'e-ry-pack'e-ry, jowk'e- 
 ry-paivk' e-ry , sly juggUng 
 talk or tricks. 
 
 Jun'die, to ju.^tle ; to jog. 
 
 Jus'ti-fied, made the victim of 
 justice : hanged. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kae, a daw. 
 
 Kail, colewort; colewort soup. 
 — Kai' through the reek, a 
 good rating ; a good scold- 
 ing. 
 
 Kail' -blade, colewort leaf. 
 
 Kail'-runt, the stem of cole- 
 wort. 
 
 Kail'-tvorm, a caterpillar. 
 
 Kaii'-yard, cabbage-garden. 
 
 Kaim, a Danish fortified sta- 
 tion ; a low ridge. 
 
 Kame, a comb : honey-comb- 
 
 Kane, kain, cane, duty paid 
 by a tenant to his land- 
 lord in eggs, fowls, &c. 
 
 Keh, to cast lamb ; to lose a 
 lamb, as a ewe. 
 
 Keb'ars, rafters. 
 
 Keb'back, keb'bock, keb'buck, 
 a cheese . 
 
 Keb'-ewe, a ewe that has 
 lost her lamb. 
 
 Keb'hie, a cudgel ; a club ; a 
 rough walking stick. 
 
 Keek, a peep ; to peep. 
 
 Keek'ing-glass, a looking- 
 glass. 
 
 Keek' it, peeped. 
 
 Keel, ruddle ; red chalk ; soft 
 stone for marking sheep. 
 
 Keel'y-vine-pen, a pencil of 
 black or red lead. 
 
 Kel'pies, a sort of mischiev- 
 ous spirits, said to haunt 
 fords and ferries at night, 
 especially in storms. 
 
 Kel'tie,kel'ty, fine of a bum- 
 per. — To take keltie^s 
 mends, not to drink fair 
 cup-out, in order to be 
 fined in a bumper. 
 
 Kemp'ing, striving for vic- 
 tory as reapers on a har- 
 vest field, &c. 
 
 Kem'ple, forty wisps or bot- 
 tles of straw or hay, about 
 eight pounds each. 
 
 Ken, to know. — Kend or 
 ken't, knew. 
 
 Ken'nin, ken'ning, know- 
 ing ; also, a small portion ; 
 a little. 
 
 Ken' speck-le , having so sin- 
 gular an appearance as to 
 be easily recognized ; fitted 
 to be a gazing-stock. 
 
 Kent, a cudgel; a rough walk- 
 ing-stick. 
 
 Kerne, a freebooter. 
 
 Ket, matted; hairy; a fleece 
 of wool. 
 
 Kiaugh, carking anxiety. 
 
 Kill'-log-ie. kiln fire-place. 
 
 Kilt, the philabeg or short 
 petticoat of a Highlander. 
 — To kilt, to tuck up or 
 truss up. 
 
 Kim'mer, cum'mer, a gossip ; 
 an idle, gossiping girl. 
 
 Kin', kindred. 
 
 Kin', kind. 
 
 Kind gal'lows. — The gallows 
 ^t Crieff was so called, 
 probably because it was 
 jocularly said that the 
 Highlanders, when passing 
 it. paid great respect to it, 
 because it had assisted at 
 the last moments of so 
 many of their friends and 
 relations, and was likely to 
 do so for themselves. 
 
 King-s-hoad, a certain part 
 of the entrails of a cow. 
 
 Kill' rick, kingdom. 
 
 Kintra, kin' tray, country. 
 
 Kintra coos'er, country stal. 
 lion. 
 
 Kip'page, violent passion ; 
 disorder: confussion. 
 
 Kip'per, salmon .'vilted and 
 smoke-dried ; aho, in the 
 state of spawning. 
 
 Kirk, church. 
 
 Kirn, the harvest supper ; a 
 churn. 
 
 Kirs'en, kirst'en, to christen, 
 or baptize. 
 
 Kirst'en-ing, christening. 
 
 Kir' tie, gown, mantle, or pet- 
 ticoat. 
 
848 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Kuti , a chest ; a trunk ; a 
 coffin. 
 
 Kit eh' en, any thing eaten 
 with bread, such as but- 
 ter, cheese, &c.. to give it 
 a reUsh. — Hunger is gude 
 kitehen, hunger is good 
 sauce. — Bread to bread is 
 nae k-itchtn. it forms no 
 enjoyment where individu- 
 als of only one sex asso- 
 ciate. 
 
 Kiteh'en fee, drippings. 
 
 Kith, kindred ; acquaintance. 
 
 Kit'lin, a young cat. 
 
 Kit' tie. to "tickle ; ticklish. 
 
 Kit'tled, tickled. 
 
 Kit'tled, having brought 
 forth young ;— applied only 
 to cats. 
 
 Kiut'tle, to cuddle. 
 
 Kiut'tlin , cuddUng. 
 
 Kiv'er, to cover. 
 
 Knacks, trifles for ornament ; 
 nick-nacks. 
 
 Knag'gie. like knags, or 
 points of rocks. 
 
 Knap'ping, affecting to speak 
 fine EngUsh without know- 
 ing how. 
 
 Knap'pin-ha7n'mer, a ham- 
 mer for breaking stones. 
 
 Knave, a servant ; a miller's 
 boy. 
 
 Knave'-bairn, a man-child. 
 
 Knave'ship, mill -dues paid 
 to the knaves xtr servants. 
 
 Knav'elled, nav'elled, beat 
 violently with the fists. 
 
 Knowe, knoll, rising ground ; 
 hillock. 
 
 Knurl, a dwarf. 
 
 Krames. See Cr ernes. 
 
 Kye , cows. 
 
 Kyle, a district in AjTshire. 
 
 Ky'h-vene. See Keelyvine. 
 
 Ky'loes, Highland cattle. 
 
 Kyte, the belly. 
 
 Kythe, to discover; to show 
 one's self; to see; to ap- 
 
 L. 
 
 Lad'die, diminutive of lad. 
 
 Lag'gan, the angle between 
 the side and the bottom of 
 a wooden dish . 
 
 Laid, load. 
 
 Laid till her, awarded to tier 
 by fate ; laid to her chawge. 
 
 Laigh, low. — Laigli crofts, 
 low-lying fields of inferior 
 quality. [tion. 
 
 Lair, lear, learning ; educa- 
 
 Laird, lord of a manor ; 
 squire. 
 
 Lair'ing, wading, and sink- 
 ing in snow, mud, &c. 
 
 luiith, loath : reluctant. 
 
 Laith'/u'. bashful ; sheepish. 
 
 Lnive, tove, the rest ; what is 
 left. 
 
 Lall'ans, Scottish dialect ; 
 Lowlands. 
 
 Lamb'ie, diminutive of lamb. 
 
 J.^m'i-ter, a lame person ; a 
 cripple. 
 
 jMm'mas moon, the harvest 
 moon. 
 
 Jjirn'mer, la'mer, lau'mer, 
 amber. 
 
 Lamp'ing, beating ; also, go- 
 ing quickly and with long 
 strides. 
 
 Lamp'it, a kindof shell-fi.sh. 
 
 X/in', land ; estate. 
 
 IxLiv-a-fore' , the foremost 
 horae in the plow, &c. 
 
 Lan'-a-hin', the hindmost 
 horse in the plow. 
 
 Land (in towns), a building 
 including different tene- 
 ments above one another, 
 upon the .ssame foundation, 
 and under the same roof. — 
 Land o' the leal, the place 
 of the faithful or bles.sed. 
 
 Land'loup-er. runagate; one 
 who runs his country. 
 
 Lane, lone. — My lane, thy 
 lane, &c. , myself alone, 
 &c. — By their lane, them- 
 j selves alone. 
 ! Lane'ly, lonely. 
 : Lang, long. — To think long, 
 i to long ; to weary. 
 
 Lang-syne' , long since; long 
 ago. 
 
 Lap, did leap ; leaped. 
 
 Lap'per, to coagulate ; to 
 curdle. 
 
 Lass'ie, lass'ock, little girl. 
 
 Lat, let. — Lat be, let alone. 
 
 Latch, mud : mire. 
 
 Lauch, law; custom ; usage ; 
 to laugh. 
 
 Lave, the rest ; the remain- 
 der ; the others. 
 
 fjiv'e-rock, the lark. 
 
 Law'ing, law' 171, shot ; reck- 
 oning ; bill. 
 
 Laiv'lan, lowland. 
 
 Lea'e, to leave. 
 
 Leag'uer lady, a soldier's 
 wife ; a campaigner ; a 
 camp trotter. 
 
 Leal, loyal ; true ; faithful. 
 
 Lea'-rig, a grassy ridge. 
 
 Ltd'-farm , a farm held along 
 with another, and on 
 which the tenant does not 
 
 Led'dy, a lady. [reside. 
 
 Leech, a physician. 
 
 Lee' lane, lee'fu'lane, all 
 alone ; quite solitary. 
 
 Lee'Aang, live-long. 
 
 Lee' some, pleasant. — Lee- 
 some lane, dear self alone. 
 
 Leev'in', leev'ing, living. 
 
 Leeze-me, a phrase of con- 
 gratulatory endearment : I 
 am happy in thee, or proud 
 of thee. 
 
 Leg' -bail. — To give leg bail, 
 to run away. 
 
 Leg'lin-girth, girth of a 
 milk-pail. 
 
 Leg'lins, milk-pails. 
 
 Leis'ter, a three - pronged 
 dart for striking fish. 
 
 Let-a-he, let alone. 
 
 Let on, to acknowledge ; to 
 confess. 
 
 Let that flea stick to the wa' , 
 let that alone. 
 
 Leth'er-ing, tanning the 
 hide ; a thrashing. 
 
 Leugh, laughed. 
 
 Leuk, a look ; to look 
 
 Lev'en, lev'in, lightning ; the 
 light of the sun. 
 
 Lib' bet, gelded. 
 
 Lick'-pen-ny. a greedy, cov- 
 etous person. 
 
 Lift, the sky. 
 
 Lift cat'tle, to make a prey 
 of cattle. — To lift rents, 
 to collect rents. 
 
 Lift'ers, cattle dealers. 
 
 Light'ly, sneering ; to sneer 
 at ; to slight. 
 
 Like' -wake, lyke'^vake, the 
 watching a corp.se before 
 interment. 
 
 Lilt, a ballad , a tune ; a 
 carol : to sing. 
 
 Lim'mer, a kept mistress ; a 
 strumpet. 
 
 L»njp'«, limped; hobbled. 
 
 Link, to trip along; to do 
 any thing smartly and 
 quickly. 
 
 Link'in, link'ing, tripping ; 
 walking quickly and light- 
 ly- 
 
 Links, flat, sandy ground on 
 the sea-shore. 
 
 Lin, linn, a waterfall ; a 
 precipice. 
 
 Lint, flax. — Lint V the bell, 
 flax in flower. 
 
 Lint' white, a linnet. 
 
 Lip' pen, to expect ; to rely 
 upon ; to trust to. 
 
 Lip'ping, making notches on 
 the edge of a sword or 
 knife. 
 
 Lip' pit, notched. 
 
 Lip'py, the fourth part of a 
 
 Lilh, a joint. [peck. 
 
 Loan, a lane : an inclo.sed 
 road : a place of milking. 
 
 Loan'in, loan'ing, the green 
 sward on which cows are 
 milked. 
 
 Loch , a lake : a bay or arm 
 of the sea. 
 
 Loch' an, a small lake : a 
 pond. [handful. 
 
 Lock, a small quantity ; a 
 
 io'e, loo, love ; toiove. 
 
 Loof, luif, the palm of the 
 hand. — Outside of the loof, 
 back of the hand. 
 
 Look'it, looked. 
 
 Loom, an implement ; a ves- 
 sel. 
 
 Loon, loun, a rogue ; a rustic 
 boy ; a naughty woman. 
 [The word is of both gen- 
 ders.] [river. 
 
 Loop [Gael.], a bend of a 
 
 Loop'y, crafty ; deceitful. 
 
 Loo'some, lovely. 
 
 Loot, did let. 
 
 Loot'en, permitted. 
 
 Looves, plural of Loof. 
 
 Loun, a fellow ; a ragamuffin ; 
 a woman of easy virtue. 
 
 Loun, lound, calm ; low and 
 sheltered ; still ; tranquil. 
 
 Loun'der, a severe, stunning 
 blow ; to beat with severe 
 strokes. 
 
 Lound'er, quieter. 
 
 Loup, a leap ; a jump ; to 
 leap ; to spring ; to run or 
 move quickly. 
 
 Lovp'ing-ill, leaping evil ; 
 a disease among sheep. 
 
 Loup-ing-on'-stane , a horse- 
 block ; lit., the step-stone 
 by which one gets to the 
 
 Loup the dyke, to leap the 
 fence ; to break out of or 
 into the inclosure ; a 
 scamp ; giddy ; unsettled. 
 
 Love' able , lovable ; praise- 
 worthy. 
 
 Loio, loxve, a flame. 
 
 Low'rie, abbreviation of 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Lowse, to loose. 
 
 Lows'd, loosed. 
 
 Luck'ie, a goody ; a gammer ; 
 an old grandam. 
 
 Luck'ie dad, luck'ie dad'die, 
 a grandfather. 
 
 Luck'-pen-ny, a small STUn 
 given back to the payer by 
 one who receives money 
 under a contract or bar- 
 gain. 
 
 Lug, the ear ; a handle. 
 
 Lug' get, having a handle. 
 
 Lug'gie, a small wooden 
 dish with a handle. 
 
 Lum, the chimney. 
 
 Lunch, a large piece of 
 
 cheese, flesh, &c. 
 Lunt, a column of smoke ; to 
 
 smoke. 
 Lunt'in, smoking. 
 Ly'art, of a mixed color; 
 
 gray. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mae, ma, mot, more. 
 
 Magg, to steal. 
 
 Magg {pi. maggs), a half- 
 penny ; a perquisite in 
 pence to .servants, &c. 
 
 Mag'num, mag'num bo'- 
 num, a double-sized bot- 
 tle, holding two English 
 quarts. 
 
 Ma-houn', Satan. 
 
 Mail, payable rent. 
 
 Mail'ing, a farm. 
 
 Mail'-jiay-er, a rent-payer. 
 
 Mailed (with the bluid), 
 mixed. 
 
 Main'ing, bemoaning. 
 
 Mains, the farm attached to 
 a parsonage-house ; a de- 
 mesne. 
 
 Mair, more. 
 
 Maist, most ; almost. 
 
 Maist'erfu\ imperious ; vio- 
 
 Maist'er-y, power. [lent. 
 
 Maist'ly, mostly. 
 
 Ma'jor-ing, looking and talk- 
 ing big, or with a military 
 
 Mak, to make. [air. 
 
 Mak'in, making. 
 
 Mai'len, a farm. 
 
 Mal'lie, Molly. 
 
 Mal'tal-ent, an evil purpose; 
 an evil inclination. 
 
 Mam'mie, an infantine form 
 of mamma. 
 
 Mam'mocks, gobbets. 
 
 Mane, a moan ; to moan ; to 
 bemoan. 
 
 Mang, among. 
 
 Man'na, must not. 
 
 Manse, a parsonage house. 
 
 Man'sicorn, perjured. 
 
 Man-teele' , a mantle. 
 
 Man'ty, mantua silk ; a 
 mantle. 
 
 Mark, marks. [This and 
 several other nouns which 
 in English require an 5 to 
 form the plural, are in 
 Scotch, like the words 
 sheep, deer &c., in Eng- 
 lish, the same in both 
 numbers.] 
 
 Marie, marvel. 
 
 Marled, variegated; spotted; 
 
 Mar's year, the year 1715. 
 
 Mar'row, to match ; a mate ; 
 one of a pair. 
 
 Mart, the fatted cow or what- 
 ever animal is slaughtered 
 at Martinmas for winter 
 provision. [meslin. 
 
 Mash' lum, mixed grain; 
 
 Mask, to mash, a." malt, &c.; 
 to infuse ; to be in a state 
 of infusion. 
 
 Mask' ing- fat, a mash-tub. 
 
 Ma sk' in -pat, m ask'ing-pat, 
 ' a tea-pot. 
 
 Mau'kin, maw'kin, a hare. 
 
 Maun, must. 
 
 Maun'der-ing, palavering ; 
 talking idly or incoherent 
 
 Maun'na, must not. [ly. 
 
 Maut, malt. 
 
 Ma'vis, the thrush. 
 
 Maw, to mow. 
 
 Maw' in, mowing. 
 
 Maw' king, maul' kin, a hai». 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 849 
 
 MawTij mowed. 
 
 May'bie, it may bo ; perhaps. 
 
 May'hap, it may happen. 
 
 Mazed, amazed. 
 
 Mear, meere, mare. 
 
 Meg dorts, saucy Meg ; a 
 saucy wench. 
 
 Mei'kle, much ; great ; large ; 
 big ; pre-eminent. 
 
 Meiths, meaths, eggs of the 
 blow-fly upon meat ; mag- 
 gots. 
 
 Meiths, marks ; landmarks. 
 
 Mel-an-c/ioHi-oits , mournful. 
 
 Mel'der, as much meal as is 
 ground at one time. 
 
 Mell, to be intimate ; to med- 
 dle ; also, a mallet for 
 pounding barley in a stone 
 trough. 
 
 Mells, meddles ; mixes ; in- 
 
 Mel'tith, a meal. 
 
 Mel' vie, to soil with meal. 
 
 Men', to mend. 
 
 Mends, amends ; atonement ; 
 revenge. 
 
 Mense, good manners; de- 
 corum ; moderation. 
 
 Mense'/u', mannerly; mod- 
 est. 
 
 Mense'less, ill-bred ; rude ; 
 impudent. 
 
 Merle, the blackbird. 
 
 Mess, mass. 
 
 Mes'san, mes'sin, a little 
 dog ; a cur. 
 
 Mick'le. See Meikle. 
 
 Mid'den, a dunghill. 
 
 Mid' den-hole, a gutter at the 
 bottom of a dunghill. 
 
 Midg'es, gnats. 
 
 Might'na, might not. 
 
 Mim, prim ; prudish ; pre- 
 cise ; affectedly meek. 
 
 Min\ mind ; resemblance. 
 
 Minced col' lops, minced 
 beef. 
 
 MindH, mind it ; resolved ; 
 intending. 
 
 Min'nie, mother ; dam. 
 
 Mint, to aim ; to attempt ; to 
 endeavor. 
 
 Mirk, mirk' est, dark; dark- 
 est. — Pit 77iirk(pick mirk), 
 dark as pitch. 
 
 Mir'li-goes, dizziness ; me- 
 grims in the head. 
 
 Mis-ca\ to abuse; to call 
 names. 
 
 Mf'5-caW, miscalled; abused 
 and called names. 
 
 Mis-chieve' , to do a mischief 
 to ; to hurt. 
 
 Mis-gug'gled, mangled and 
 disfigured ; rumpled and 
 disordered. 
 
 Mis-Lear^d', ill-taught; ill- 
 bred ; unmannerly. 
 
 Mis-lip'pen, to neglect ; to 
 suspect and disappoint. 
 
 Mis' set, put out of sorts. 
 
 Mis'ter, need. — Mis'ter 
 wight, a child of necessity ; 
 a doubtful character. 
 
 Mis-teuk', mistook. 
 
 Mis-tryst', to disappoint by 
 breaking an engagement ; 
 to deceive ; to use ill. 
 
 Mith'er, mother. 
 
 Mi t' tans, worsted gloves. 
 
 Mix'tie max'tie, confusedly 
 mixed. 
 
 Miz'zles, measles. 
 
 Moist'i-fy, to moisten. 
 
 Mon'y, or mon'ie, many. 
 
 Mools. See Mouls. 
 
 Moop, to nibble as a sheep. 
 
 Moor' -ill, muir'-ill, a disease 
 among cattle. 
 
 Moor'lan, of, or belonging 
 to, moors. [row. 
 
 Morn. — The morn, to-mor- 
 
 Morn'in\ morn'ing, morn- 
 ing dram or draught. 
 
 Marts, the skins of lambs 
 that die of themselves. 
 
 Moss'-hags, pits and sloughs 
 in a mire or bog. 
 
 Mot'tie, mol'ty, full of, or 
 consisting of, motes. 
 
 Moil, the mouth. 
 
 Mou'di-warp, mou'di-wart , 
 mou'di-wort, m.ould'ivarp, 
 a mole. 
 
 Molds, or mools, earth ; the 
 grave. 
 
 Mous'ie, dimin. of mouse. 
 
 Moust'ed (or must'ed) head, 
 cropped head of hair, pow- 
 dered with a kind of flour 
 called m,ust. 
 
 Muck'le. See Meik'le. 
 
 Mugs, muggs, the large Tees- 
 water sheep. 
 
 Muhme [Gael.], a nurse. 
 
 Muils, mools, moulds ; cloth 
 or list shoes for gout. 
 
 Muir, a moor. 
 
 Muir'-pouts, young grouse. 
 
 Mitnt, to mount. 
 
 Miir'geons, grimaces ; wry 
 mouths. 
 
 Mu'sie, diminutive of muse. 
 
 Mus'lin-kail, broth com- 
 posed simply of water, 
 shelled barley, and greens. 
 
 Mutch, a woman's linen or 
 muslin cap. 
 
 Mutch'kin, an English pint. 
 
 My-seW, ma'' sell', myself. 
 
 N. 
 
 Na\ no; not; nor. 
 
 Nae, no ; not any. 
 
 Nae'thing, or nai'thing, 
 nothing. 
 
 Naig, a nag ; a horse. 
 
 Nain, own. 
 
 Nain'sell, ownself. 
 
 Naiie, none. 
 
 Na'per-y, table-linen, 
 
 Nap'py, ale ; tipsy ; elevated 
 with drink. 
 
 Nar, near. [ter. 
 
 Nash'gab, impertinent chat- 
 
 Nathe'less, nath'less, never- 
 theless. 
 
 Near, close ; narrow ; nig- 
 gardly. 
 
 Near' -hand, near at hand ; 
 nearly ; almost. 
 
 Neb' -bill, nose ; point of any 
 thing. [nose. 
 
 Neb'bit, having a beak or 
 
 Nee'bor, a neighbor. 
 
 Need'na, need not. 
 
 Neeps, turnips. 
 
 Nehr-be-lick'it, nothing 
 
 which could be licked up 
 by dog or cat ; absolutely 
 nothing. 
 
 Ne'er' - do - vjeels, scape - 
 graces, never to thrive. 
 
 Neese, the nose. [fist. 
 
 Neeve, the closed hand; the 
 
 Nee'vie-nee'vie-nick'-nack, 
 the first line to the re- 
 maining three, viz. : 
 
 " Which hand will you tak ? 
 Tak the right, tak tlie wrang, 
 I Ml beguile you if I can." 
 A lottery rhyme used 
 among boys while whirling 
 the two closed fists round 
 each other, one containing 
 the prize, the other empty. 
 
 Ne-gleck'it, neglected. 
 51 
 
 Neist, nighest ; next. 
 
 Neuk, a nook ; a corner. 
 
 Nev'elled. See Knevelled. 
 
 Nev'oy, nephew. 
 
 New-fan' gled, new-fash- 
 ioned ; engrossed with 
 some novelty. 
 
 Nich'er {r.h representing a 
 very harsh sound of h), to 
 neigh ; to laugh in a loud 
 and ridiculous manner. 
 
 Nick'-nack-ets, trinkets; 
 gimcracks. [taUies. 
 
 Nick' -sticks, notched sticks ; 
 
 Nieve. See Neeve. 
 
 Nieve'fu' , a handful. 
 
 Niff'er, an exchange; to 
 exchange ; to barter. 
 
 ^if'fy ifiaffy, fastidious ; 
 conceited and finical. 
 
 Ni'ger (ne'ger), a negro. 
 
 Night'-cowl, a night-cap. 
 
 Nine-tailed-cat, a hang- 
 man's whip. 
 
 Nit, a nut. 
 
 Noit'ed, knoit'ed, rapped ; 
 struck forcibly against ; 
 as, Noited their heads, 
 knocked heads together. 
 
 Nor, than. 
 
 Nor'land, northland ; be- 
 longing to the north coun- 
 try. 
 
 No'ticH, noticed. 
 
 Nou'rice, a nurse. 
 
 Nout, nowt, notvte, nolt, 
 black cattle. 
 
 0. 
 
 O', of. [shire. 
 
 O'chils, mountains in Perth- 
 
 Od ! odd! a minced oath, 
 omitting one letter. 
 
 Odd-come-short-ly , chance 
 time not far off ; escape. 
 
 O'e, o'y, o'ye, grandchild. 
 
 Off'-come, an excuse ; an 
 escape in the way of sub- 
 terfuge or pretext. 
 
 Ohaith, faith ! an oath. 
 
 0-hon' ! o-hon-a-ri' ! (in- 
 terj . ) alas ! woe is me ! 
 
 Oti'ding, fall of rain or 
 snow. 
 
 On'fall, a fall of rain or 
 snow ; a falling on ; an 
 attack. 
 
 On'slaught, an inroad ; a hos- 
 tile incursion ; an attack. 
 
 On'stead, a farm-stead ; the 
 buildings on a farm. 
 
 On'y, on'ie, any. 
 
 Open steek, open stitch. 
 
 Or, ere ; before. 
 
 Or'di-nar, ordinary ; com- 
 mon ; usual. 
 
 Or'ra, odd ; not matched ; 
 what may be spared ; un- 
 employed ; petty ; paltry. 
 
 Ost'ler wife, a woman that 
 kept an hostelry. 
 
 O'?, ofit. 
 
 Ou'rie, shivering ; drooping. 
 
 Our-sel', or our-sels' , our- 
 selves. 
 
 Out-by', without; a littlo 
 way out ; at some distance ; 
 remote ; sequestered. 
 
 Out'lers, cattle not housed. 
 
 Out' shot, a projecting part 
 of an old building. 
 
 Oi<i''iage, except ; besides. 
 
 O'ver-ly, superficial ; ^not 
 deep or thorough. 
 
 O'vers-man, an overseer ; a 
 superintendent ; ^n um- 
 pire. 
 
 Ow'er, over; above; too; 
 too much. 
 
 Ow'er-bye, over the way. 
 
 Oiv'er-come, excess. 
 
 Ow'er-lay, o'e7-/ay, o'ver- 
 lay, a cravat ; a covering. 
 
 Ow'er-loup, to get over the 
 fence ; to trespass on anoth- 
 er's property. — Start and 
 uwer-loup, a law phrase re- 
 lating to marches. 
 
 Oiv'er-ta'en, overtaken. 
 
 Oiv'er-word, the burden of 
 a song. 
 
 Otv'er-hip, a way of fetching 
 a blow with the hammer 
 over the arm. 
 
 Ow'sen, oxen. 
 
 O'ye, grandson. See Oe. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa, papa. 
 
 Pace,pasch, Easter. 
 
 Pack, intimate; familiar-, 
 twelve stone of wool. 
 
 Pai'dle, pei'tle, a paddle ; n. 
 staff; a plow-staff; a hoe. 
 
 Pai'dle, to tramp, as clothe < 
 in a tub ; to walk with 
 short and irregular steps, 
 like tho.«e of children. 
 
 Paik, to beat. 
 
 Paiks, blows ; a beating. 
 
 Painch, paunch. 
 
 Pair' trick, a partridge. 
 
 Palm'er-ing (paWmer-ing), 
 walking infirmly. 
 
 Pang, to cram. 
 
 Panged, crammed ; stufifed. 
 
 Pani'ler, keeper of the pan- 
 try. 
 
 Pa-raffle, ostentatious dis- 
 play. 
 
 Parle, speech. 
 
 Par'aitch, par'ritch, por- 
 ridge ; oatmeal pudding, a 
 well-known Scotch dish. 
 
 Par'o-chine (par'o-sheen), a 
 parish. 
 
 Par'ritch-time, breakfast- 
 time, [crab. 
 
 Par' tan, the common sea- 
 
 Pas-se-ment'ed, guarded 
 with lace, fringe, &c. 
 
 Pat, did put ; a pot. 
 
 Pa' trick, pae' trick, par' trick, 
 per'trick, a partridge. 
 
 Pat'tle or pei'tle, a plow- 
 staff. 
 
 Pauch'ty, paugh'ty, proud ; 
 haughty. 
 
 Pauk, wile. 
 
 Pauk'y, pawk'ie, or pawk'y, 
 cunning ; sly ; wily ; drol- 
 ly, but not mischievously. 
 
 Pay't, paid ; beat. 
 
 Pear'lins, pear'lings, lao« 
 made of silk or thread. 
 
 Pease' -bo-gle, scarecrow. 
 
 Pease'iveep, peese' weep, pee' - 
 loeet, the lapwing. 
 
 Peat, a pet ; a favorite. 
 
 Peat-haggs, sloughs in 
 places from whence peat 
 has been dug. 
 
 Pech, pegh, to fetch the 
 breath short, as in an 
 asthma. [ach. 
 
 Pech'an, the crop; thestom- 
 
 Peeching. See Pegking. 
 
 Pfid'der, a peddler ; a hawker 
 
 Pee'ble, a pebble. 
 
 Peel, a pool ; a place of 
 sti-ength, or fortification, 
 in general. In particular, 
 it signifies a stronghold, 
 the defenses of which are 
 of earth mixed with tim- 
 ber, strengthened with pal- 
 isad«s. 
 
850 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Ptel, peel-house, in the Bor- 
 der counties, a suiall square 
 tower, built of stone and 
 linie. 
 
 Peel' ill, peeling. [whine. 
 
 Peenge, to complain ; to 
 
 Peer, poor ; a pear ; to make 
 equal, or of the same rank. 
 
 Pten'gin, whining. 
 
 Pee'rie,^. boy's spinning-top, 
 set in motion by the pull 
 of a string, in place of be- 
 ing whipped ; curious ; sus- 
 picious. 
 
 Peers, pears. 
 
 Pegh'ing, pech'ing, puffing 
 and panting; breathing 
 hard. 
 
 Peghts, the Picts. 
 
 Pel'lack, peVlock, a porpoise ; 
 in old Scotch, a bullet. 
 
 PeVtrie, furrier's wares. 
 
 Pen'-gun, a popgun. 
 
 Pen'ny-stane,& stone quoit. 
 
 Pen'sy, pen'sie, proud and 
 conceited ; spruce. [&c. 
 
 Pet, a domesticated sheep, 
 
 Pet'tle, to cherish ; to in- 
 dulge ; to treat as a pet ; 
 a plow-staff. 
 
 Phil'a-beg, the Highland 
 kilt. 
 
 Phraise, fair speeches; flat- 
 tery ; to flatter : to cajole. 
 
 Phrais'in, phrais'ing, palav- 
 ering ; making long or fine 
 speeches ; flattery. 
 
 Pi'broch ( pee'broch, — ch hav- 
 ing a harsh , guttural sound 
 of A), a Highland war-song 
 adapted to the bag-pipe. 
 
 Pick, a pick-ax ; also, pitch. 
 
 Pick'-mirk, dark as pitch. 
 
 Pick'le, a grain of corn ; 
 a small quantity of any 
 thing. — To pick'le in our 
 ain pock'neuk, to supply 
 ourselves from our own 
 means. 
 
 Pick'-maw, a small sea-gull. 
 
 Pic-tar'nie, the great tern. 
 
 Pig, an earthen pot, vessel, 
 or pitcher; a can for a 
 chimney-top. 
 
 PigSjpiggs, crockery -ware. 
 
 Pike, to pick ; to cull ; to 
 select. 
 
 Pil'hie-winks, instruments 
 for torturing- the fingers. 
 See Pinnywinkles. 
 
 Pinch'ers, pincers ; iron 
 crows. 
 
 Pine, pain ; uneasiness. 
 
 Ping'ing, uttering feeble, 
 frequent, and somewhat 
 peevish complaints. A 
 sickly, spoiled child is 
 called a pinging thing. 
 
 Ping'led, pained ; put to 
 difficulty. 
 
 Pin/ner, a cap with lappets, 
 formerly worn by women 
 of rank. 
 
 Pin/ny-^wink-les, a board 
 with holes, into which the 
 fingers are thrust, and 
 pressed upon with pegs, as 
 a species of torture. 
 
 Pint, tsvo English quarts. 
 
 Pint'-stoup, a two quart 
 measure. 
 
 Pi'd-ed, py'ot-ed ^ piebald. 
 
 Pipe' sta-^de , a tobacco-stop- 
 per; also, broken tubes of 
 clay tobacco-pipes. 
 
 Pirn, a bobbin ; the bobbin 
 of a spinning-wheel ; the 
 reed or quill bobbin in a 
 weavers shuttle ; the wheel 
 of a fishing-rod. 
 
 Pit. to put. 
 
 PjWi, strength. 
 
 Pith' less, wanting strength. 
 
 Pla-cnrd', a public procla- 
 mation. 
 
 Plack, an old Scotch copper 
 coin, equal to the third of 
 an English penny. 
 
 Plack'less, pennyless ; with- 
 out money . 
 
 Plain'stanes, the pavement. 
 
 Pla'tie, diminutive of plate. 
 
 Plen'ish-ing, furniture. 
 
 Plew, or pleugh, a plow. 
 
 Pleugh'-pet'tle, a plow-staff. 
 
 Plies, folds. 
 
 Plic'kie , a mischievous 
 trick. [scalding hot. 
 
 Plot, to scald; to make 
 
 Plot' tie, mulled wine. 
 
 Ploy, employment ; a harm- 
 less frolic ; a merry meet- 
 ing. 
 
 Pluff, a puff ; a hairdresser's 
 powder puff ; to puff. 
 
 Pock, poke, a pouch ; a bag. 
 
 Pock-man'ty, portmanteau. 
 
 Poind, to distrain ; to seize 
 on cattle, or take the 
 goods, as the laws of Scot- 
 land allow for rent. 
 
 Po-lo'nie, Po-lo'ni-an, a 
 great-coat ; a Polish sur- 
 tout ; a dress for very 
 young boys, including a 
 sort of waistcoat, with 
 loose, sloping skirts. 
 
 Pone , a thin turf. 
 
 Poo, to pull. 
 
 Poo'in\ pulling. 
 
 Poor'fii', powerful. 
 
 Poor-man-of-mutton, cold 
 meat ; cold mutton broiled. 
 
 Poor'tith, poverty. 
 
 Poo'try, poultry, poultry. 
 
 Foots, pouts, poults ; young 
 grouse, &c. 
 
 Pop'pling, bubbling ; purl- 
 ing ; rippling. 
 
 Pose, a deposit ; a hoard of 
 money. 
 
 Po'sie, a nosegay. 
 
 Po-ia'toe-bo-gle, a scare- 
 crow. 
 
 Po t'ter-car'ri-er , p o t'tin-ger, 
 an apothecary. 
 
 Pou, to pull. 
 
 Pouch, a pocket. 
 
 Pouk, to pluck ; to pull ; a 
 slight, quick pull, or 
 sportive snatch. 
 
 Pouss, pouse, poos, a push. 
 
 Pous'sie, poos'ie, a hare or 
 cat. 
 
 Pout, a poult; a chick; a 
 young child; a young par- 
 tridge or moor-fowl ; to 
 shoot at young grouse or 
 partridges. 
 
 PouH, did pull. 
 
 Pou'ther, powder. 
 
 Pou'tkered, powdered ; corn- 
 ed ; slightly salted. 
 
 Pou'thery, like powder. 
 
 Pou'ting, shooting at the 
 young poults of partridges. 
 
 Pow, the poll ; the head ; 
 also, a pool. 
 
 Pow'nie, pow'ny, a little 
 horse. 
 
 Pow-sow'die, sheep's head 
 broth ; milk and meal 
 boiled together ; any mixt- 
 ure of incongruous sorts 
 of <bod. 
 
 Pow'ter-ing, pock'er-ing, 
 pol'ter-ing, groping among 
 the ashes ; or pokering in- 
 cessantly in the fire ; rum- 
 maging in the dark. 
 
 Pow'ther, or pou'ther, pow- 
 der. 
 
 Prat'ly, pretty. 
 
 Pre-ceese'ly, precisely. 
 
 Preen, a pin. 
 
 Prent, printing. 
 
 Pres'ta-ble, payable. 
 
 Prick, spur. 
 
 Prick-my-dainty, affected 
 and finical. 
 
 Prie, to taste ; to prove by 
 tasting. 
 
 Pn'r/, tasted. 
 
 Prief, proof. [to haggle. 
 
 Prig, to cheapen ; to dispute ; 
 
 Prigged, entreated earnest- 
 ly; pleaded hard; haggled 
 for a bargain . 
 
 Prig'gin, cheapening. 
 
 Prim'sie, demure ; precise. 
 
 Pro-pale', to publish ; to dis- 
 close. 
 
 Pro'pine, a present; a gift; 
 drink-money. 
 
 Pro-pone', to lay down ; to 
 propose. 
 
 Pro'vos-es, provo.sts. 
 
 Pub'lic, a public-house ; an 
 inn. 
 
 Pud'dings, guts ; sausages. 
 
 Pun, piind, pound, pounds. 
 
 Puir, poor. 
 
 Pup'it (pcJbp-'it), a pulpit. 
 
 Put on, clothed ; dressed. 
 
 Putted a stane, pitched or 
 threw a stone with the 
 hand raised over the head. 
 Putting the stone, is a 
 very old Scottish and 
 northern gymnastic exer- 
 cise. 
 
 Py'at, py'ot, a magpie. 
 
 Pyk'et, plk'et, picked ; made 
 bare. 
 
 Pyle. — A pyle o' caff, a sin- 
 gle grain, chaff. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quaich, quaigh, a small 
 shallow drinking-cup with 
 two ears for handles. 
 
 Quar'ters, lodgings. 
 
 Quak, to quake. 
 
 Quat, to quit. 
 
 Quean, a young woman. 
 The term , like the English 
 wench, is sometimes used 
 jocularly, though oftener 
 disrespectfully. 
 
 Quee'ry-mad-am [Fr. cuise- 
 madame] , a pear so called. 
 
 Queish, quegh. See Quaich. 
 
 Quern (kyoorn), a handmill. 
 
 Quern (kwern), a grain. 
 
 Quey, a heifer ; a young 
 cow. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rade, rode. 
 
 Raes, roes. 
 
 Raff', a person of worthless 
 character. See Scowff. 
 
 Rag'iveed, herb ragwort. 
 
 Rai'hle, to rattle nonsense. 
 
 Raid, a hostile or plundering 
 incur.'^ion. 
 
 Raip, a rape ; a rope ; a rood. 
 
 Rair, to roar ; a roar ; an 
 outcry. 
 
 Raired, roared. 
 
 Raise, rose ; arose. 
 
 Raize, to madden ; to in- 
 flame. 
 
 Ram-feeizVd,f2it\g\X6<it. ; over 
 spread. 
 
 Ram-pal' Lions, rude romps. 
 
 Ram-pauge', ram-pag', to 
 
 rage and storm ; to prance 
 about with fury. 
 
 Ram'-stam, thoughtless-, 
 forward; rash. 
 
 Ran'dy, riotous ; disorderly. 
 
 Rap' loch , properly a coarse, 
 undyed, woolen cloth, but 
 used as an adjective for 
 coarse. 
 
 Rap-pa-rees' , worthless run- 
 agates. 
 
 Rap-scal'lions, rascals. 
 
 Rase, rose. 
 
 Rare'ly, excellently ; very 
 well. 
 
 Rash, a rush. — Rash-buss, a 
 bush of rushes. 
 
 Rath, ready ; quick ; early. 
 
 Rat' ten, rnt'ton, rot' tin, rot'- 
 ton, a rat. 
 
 Rau'cle, rash ; stout ; fear- 
 less. 
 
 Raught, reached. 
 
 Raun'le-tree, ran' die-tree, 
 ran' lie-tree , the beam from 
 which the crook is sus- 
 pended, where there is no 
 grate ; also, a tree chosen 
 with two branches, which 
 are cut short, and left 
 somewhat in the form of 
 the letter Y, set close to or 
 built into the gable of a 
 cottage, to support one 
 end of the roof-tree. 
 
 Rave, tore. 
 
 Rav'elled, entangled ; con- 
 fused. 
 
 Raw, a row. 
 
 Rax, to stretch. [ing. 
 
 Rax'ing, reaching ; stretch- 
 
 Ream, cream ; to cream. 
 
 Ream' in, brimful ; frothing. 
 
 Reave, rove. 
 
 Reav'ing, open violent thiev- 
 ing. 
 
 Reck, to heed. 
 
 Red, to interfere and sepa- 
 rate, as in the case of two 
 people fighting; to disen- 
 tangle ; to clear ; to put 
 in order. 
 
 Red, redd, advice ; to advise. 
 
 Red'der's-lick. See Red'- 
 ding-straik. 
 
 Red'ding, unraveling ; put- 
 ting to rights. 
 
 Red'ding -came, a large- 
 toothed comb. 
 
 Red'ding-straik, a stroke re- 
 ceived in attempting to 
 separate combatants in a 
 fray ; a blow in return for 
 officious interference. 
 
 Redd up, to put in order. 
 
 Rede, counsel; to counsel; 
 to advise ; also, to sepa- 
 rate ; to put to lights. 
 
 Red'shank, a Highlander 
 with buskins of red-deer 
 skin, with the hair out- 
 wards; applied also as a 
 nickname to a Highlander, 
 in derision of his bare legs. 
 
 Red-wat-shod , walking in 
 blood over the shoe-tops. 
 
 Red'-ivud, stark mad. 
 
 Ree, half drunk ; fuddled. 
 
 Reek, smoke. 
 
 Reek, reik, rink, course ; ex- 
 ploit ; adventure ; frolic. 
 
 Reek'ie, smoky. 
 
 Reek' in, smoking. 
 
 Reek'it, smoked ; smoky. 
 
 Reev'ing, reiv'ing, reav'ing, 
 robbing. 
 
 Reird. See Rair. 
 
 Reise, ryse, twig. 
 
 Reis'es, cut brushwood 
 shrubs. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 851 
 
 Rtist, to stop obstinately ; to 
 stick fast in the middle ; to 
 arrest ; to dry by the heat 
 of the sua, or in a chim- 
 ney. 
 
 Reist'ed, stopped ; stuck 
 fest ; also, roosted j smoke- 
 dried. 
 
 Reist'ing, restive; "having 
 the habit of stopping, as a 
 
 Re-meail', remedy. [horse. 
 
 Re-quite', requited. 
 
 Rest, to stand restive. 
 
 Rest' it , stood restive ; stunt- 
 ed ; withered. 
 
 Re-strick'ed, restricted. 
 
 Rick'le, a shook of corn, a 
 stook ; a heap of stones, or 
 peats, &c. 
 
 Rid'ing-flays, days of hostile 
 incursions on horse-back. 
 
 Rief, ret-f, plenty ; robbery. 
 
 Rief, ran'diex, sturdy beg- 
 
 Riev'ers, robbers. [gars. 
 
 Ritv'ing. See Reeving. 
 
 Riff'-rajf, the rabble 
 
 Rig, a ridge of land ; the 
 back of an animal : course ; 
 path. 
 
 Rig, rigg, a wild adventure ; 
 a dissipated frolic. 
 
 Rig'ging, back ; ridge ; roof. 
 
 Rig'ging-tree, roof-tree. 
 
 Rin, to run ; to melt. — Rin'- 
 nin, running. 
 
 Rink, the course of the 
 stones ; — a term in curling 
 on ice. 
 
 Rin'-tliere-out, to run out of 
 doors ; to gad about ; a 
 vagabond ; vagrant. 
 
 Rip, a handful of un threshed 
 corn. 
 
 Ripe, to grope ; to search. 
 
 Rip'liiig-kame, an instru- 
 ment for dressing flax. 
 
 Risk' it, made a noise like 
 the tearing of roots. 
 
 Ritt, to make an incision in 
 the ground as a line of di- 
 rection in digging ; to rip ; 
 to tear ; a slight incrionin 
 the ground ; a scratch 
 made on a board, &c. 
 
 Rive, to rift ; to split ; to 
 rend ; to tear. 
 
 Riv'en, rent: torn. 
 
 Riz'zer'd, half- salted and 
 half-dried, a.« fish. 
 
 Rock, a distaEF. 
 
 Rock' in, spinning on the 
 rock, or distaff. 
 
 Rok'e-lay, a short cloak. 
 
 Rood, stands likewise for the 
 plural roods. 
 
 Roon, a shred. 
 
 Roop'it, hoarse. 
 
 Roose, ruse, to praise; to 
 commend ; to extol. 
 
 Rot' ten, a rat. 
 
 Rough' ies, withered boughs ; 
 a sort of rude torches ; 
 also, dried heath. 
 
 Roun', round; in the circle 
 of neighborhood. 
 
 Round, roun, a whisper. 
 
 Roup, auction. [cold. 
 
 Rouji'et, hoarse, as with a 
 
 Roup'ing, auctioning. 
 
 Roup'ing i«(Y>, a saleswoman 
 who attends roups. 
 
 Roup' it, roup'ed, sold by 
 auction. 
 
 Roiist'ed, roost'ed, rusted. 
 
 Routfi, plenty. 
 
 Routh'ie, plentiful. 
 
 Rout'ing, rowt'ing, roaring ; 
 bellowing ; snoring. 
 
 Rov'ing, raving; delirious; 
 in high spirits. 
 
 Row, to roll ; to wrap ; a roll ; 
 a list ; a roll of bread. 
 
 Roio'an-tree, mountain ash. 
 
 Rotc'ed, rolled. 
 
 Rowt, to roar like a bull. 
 
 RowH, rolled ; wrapped. 
 
 Rowte, to low; to bellow. 
 
 Rowlh, or routh, plenty. 
 
 Roiot'in, lowing. 
 
 Ro'zet, rosin. 
 
 Rub'bit, robbed. [woman. 
 
 Ru'das, roivds, a haggard old 
 
 Rue, or rew, to repent. 
 
 Rug, to pull ; a dog-cheap 
 bargain. 
 
 Rug'ging, pulling roughly. 
 
 Rul'lion, a shoe made of un- 
 tanned leather ; a coarse- 
 made, masculine woman. 
 
 Rund, rand, a selvage of 
 broadcloth ; list. 
 
 Rung, a. cudgel ; a rough un- 
 dressed staff. 
 
 Runk'led, wrinkled. 
 
 Runt, the stem of colewort 
 or cabbage ; an old cow. 
 
 Ryke, reach. 
 
 Sa, sue, so. 
 
 Sack and fork [Lat. fossa et 
 furca], pit and gaUows ; 
 the power of drowning and 
 hanging. 
 
 Sack-doud'ling, bagpiping. 
 
 Sack'less, saik'less, sake'less, 
 innocent. 
 
 Saft, soft. 
 
 Saiti, to bless against evil 
 influence ; literally, to sign 
 with the sign of the cros&'. 
 
 Sair, sore ; painful : sorely ; 
 a sore : very much ; to 
 serve ; to fit ; vagrant. 
 
 Sair'ly, or sair 'lie, sorely. 
 
 Sair't, served. 
 
 Sal'vage, savage. 
 
 San'dy lav'er-ock, a sand- 
 lark ; a sanderling. 
 
 sap. 
 
 sop ; a ninny 
 
 heavy-headed fellow 
 
 Sape'less. See Sack'less. 
 
 Sark,Si shirt. 
 
 Sark'it, provided with shirts. 
 
 Saugh, the sallow, broad- 
 leaved willow. 
 
 Saul, soul ; mettle. 
 
 Sau'lie, a hired mourner. 
 
 Sault'fat, a pickling-tub ; a 
 beef-stand. 
 
 Sau'rnont, a salmon. 
 
 Saunt, a saint. 
 
 Saur'less, insipid ; tasteless. 
 
 Saut, salt. 
 
 Saut'fit, salt-dish. 
 
 Saw, to sow seed. 
 
 Saw' in, saw'ing, sowing. 
 
 Sawn, sown. 
 
 Sax, six. [ble. 
 
 Scaff' - raff, riff-raff ; rab- 
 
 Scaitk, to damage ; to in- 
 jure ; injury ; harm. 
 
 Scaith'less, unharmed ; un- 
 injured, [rate. 
 
 Scald, scaidd, to scold ; to 
 
 Scar, to scar ; a scar. 
 
 Scart, scarth, a cormorant. 
 
 Scart, to scratch ; to scrape ; 
 a scratch ; a meager, puny- 
 
 ' looking person ; a niggard. 
 
 Sent, loss; damage trib- 
 ute ; tax. 
 
 Scaud, to scald. 
 
 Scaud'i7ig, scalding. 
 
 Scauff-and-rnff, rough plen- 
 ty, without selection ; fun 
 and frolic in plenty ; ref- 
 use ; rabble. 
 
 Scauld, to scold ; a scold. 
 
 Scaur, apt to be scared ; to 
 scare ; to frighten : a pre- 
 cipitous bank of earth over- 
 hanging a river ; a cliff. 
 
 Scau'l, a scold. [rascal. 
 
 Schelm, shelni, a rogue; a 
 
 Sclate, to slate ; to cover with 
 slates, a.s a roof. 
 
 Sclat'ed, slated. 
 
 Sco7n'fish, to suffocate by 
 bad air. [small cake. 
 
 Scone, a kind of bread ; a 
 
 Scotch col'lops, scotched col- 
 lops ; beefsteaks scotched 
 and broiled in the frying- 
 pan. 
 
 Scoup, skelp, to move hastily 
 from one place to another ; 
 to run ; to scamper. 
 
 Scour, to urge forward ; to 
 whip ; to flog ; to beat. 
 
 Scou'ther, to scorch. 
 
 Scraich, scraigh, to scream 
 as a hen, partridge, &c. 
 
 Scrank'y, thin ; lean ; lank. 
 
 Scraugh'ing. scraigh'ing, 
 screaming hoarsely. 
 
 Screed, to tear ; a rent ; a 
 long strip of cloth hastily 
 torn off; a long tirade 
 upon any subject, hastily 
 brought out ; a rash frolic ; 
 a poetical effusion in writ- 
 ing; a long list or cata- 
 logue. 
 
 Screed'ed, torn ; rent. 
 
 Screigh o' morning, the first 
 dawn. [along. 
 
 Scrieve, to glide swiftly 
 
 Srriev'in, gleesomely ; swift- 
 
 Scrimpt, to scant. [ly. 
 
 Scrimp' et, did scant ; scanty. 
 
 Scrimp' ness, scantiness ; 
 small allowance. 
 
 Scrog'gie, covered with un- 
 derwood. 
 
 Scud, a heavy shower. 
 
 Scud'lar, a sculUon. 
 
 Scufe, the racket or stringed 
 battledoor used in striking 
 the ball at tennis. 
 
 Scid-dud'de-ry, grossness : 
 obscenity in act or word. 
 
 Scull, a shallow basket for 
 fish or for peat-fuel. 
 
 Scun'ner, disgust. 
 
 Sealgh, selch, a seal or sea- 
 calf. [sea-guU. 
 
 Sea'-maiv, the sea-mew or 
 
 Stan'na-chie, a Highland 
 bard who preserved and 
 repeated the traditions of 
 the tribes. 
 
 See'd, did see ; saw. 
 
 Seer, sure. 
 
 Seil'ed, strained through a 
 cloth or sieve. 
 
 Seip'ed. oozed. 
 
 Seip'ing. oozing. 
 
 Seiz'in. seizing. 
 
 Sel, sell, self. — A body's sel, 
 one's self alone. — The sell 
 o' it, itself. 
 
 Sell't, did sell ; sold. 
 
 Semple. of low birth ; — op- 
 posed to gentle. 
 
 Sen', to send. 
 
 Sent, I, he, or she sent, or 
 did send ; send it. 
 
 Se'r'ing, sai'ring, serving ; 
 as much as serves the 
 turn; enough. 
 
 Serv'in'', .servant. [suit. 
 
 Set, to fit ; to become ; to 
 
 Sets, sets off, goes away. 
 
 Set'tlin, settling. — To get a 
 settlin. to be firightened 
 into quietness. 
 
 Sey, the opening in a gown 
 
 or shift through which the 
 arm passes ; a sort of 
 woolen cloth. — Back'sey, 
 a sirloin of beef. 
 
 Shah'ble, a cutlass. 
 
 Shaird, a shred : a shard. 
 
 Shand, worthless ; base coin. 
 
 Shan'gan, a stick cleft at 
 one end for putting th« 
 tail of a dog. &c., into, by 
 way of mischief, or to 
 frighten him away. 
 
 Shang'ling, shambUng. 
 
 Sha7\ks, legs. — Shank yonr- 
 sell awa\ take to your 
 legs ; be off. 
 
 Sham, thin cow-dung. 
 
 Shath'mont, six inches in 
 length. 
 
 Sh a uch'ling, shaugh'ling, 
 shambling. — SMauchling 
 shoon, shoes trodden down 
 on one side by bad walking. 
 
 Shave, sheeve, a slice of 
 bread, cheese, &c. 
 
 Sha'ver, a humorous wag ; a 
 barber. 
 
 Sha'vie, to do an ill turn. 
 
 Shaxv, to show ; a small 
 wood in a hollow place. 
 
 Shaics, stems and leaves of 
 potatoes, turnips, &c. 
 
 Sheal'ing. a temporary sum- 
 mer milk-house ; a hut ; a 
 shelter. 
 
 Shear, to cut ; to divide. 
 
 Shear'ing, sheer'ing, reaping. 
 
 Sheel'ing-hill, rising ground 
 near a mill, where the 
 shelled oats are winnowed. 
 
 5/ieen, bright; shining. 
 
 Sheen'est, clearest. 
 
 Sheep'-shank. — To think 
 one's selfnae sheep-shank, 
 to be concfited. 
 
 Shel'lum, skel'lum, a rogue ; 
 a low, worthless fellow. 
 
 Shel'tie, a pony. 
 
 SUfr'ra-moor, Sheriff-moor, 
 the famous battle fought 
 in the Rebellion, A. D 
 1715. 
 
 She ugh, a ditch; a trench; 
 a .«:luice. 
 
 Shiel. a shed ; to shell ; to 
 take out of the husk. 
 
 Shill, shrUl. 
 
 Shilp'it, weak; washy and 
 insipid. 
 
 Shin'ty, an inferior species 
 of golf; also, the club or 
 stick used in playing the 
 game. 
 
 Shog, a shock ; a push off at 
 one side. 
 
 Shog'ging, shaking ; jogging. 
 
 Shool, a shovel ; to shovel. 
 
 Shoon, shoes. 
 
 Shore, to offer ; to threaten. 
 
 Shor'd, shored, offered ; 
 threatened. 
 
 Should'na, sud'na, should 
 not. 
 
 Shot'-win-doio, a small win- 
 dow, chiefly filled with a 
 board that opens and 
 shuts ; a projecting win- 
 dow. 
 
 Shou'ther, shoulder. — To 
 show the caiUfl shouther, to 
 appear cold and reserved. 
 
 Shreigh, shriegh, to shriek. 
 
 Shule. See Shool. 
 
 Shute. to push ; to shoot. 
 
 Sibb, related to by blood. 
 
 Sic, sic can, such. 
 
 Sic' like, just SO — Sic and 
 siclike , a phrase commonly 
 used to denote strict re- 
 semblance. 
 
852 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Sic'car, secure ; safe ; cau- 
 tious ; precise iu speech. 
 
 Sick'rr, sure ; steady. 
 
 Sidf, long ; hanging low ; — 
 said of garments. 
 
 Side'lins, sidelong ; slanting. 
 
 Sil'ler, silver ; money . 
 
 Sit'lork, a fish ; Gadu^ car- 
 bonarius. 
 
 Stl'li/, in a weakly state of 
 health , whether of body or 
 mind. 
 
 Sim'irur. summer. 
 
 Sin, a son. 
 
 Sin', since. 
 
 Sin'iirt/, sundry ; in a state 
 of di.<yunction. 
 
 Sit/i, since. 
 
 Sknitii. See Scaith. 
 
 Skart, a scratch ; to scratch. 
 
 Skee'hj, skeiHij, skeel'fu\ 
 skillful ; cunning ; intelli- 
 gent. 
 
 Skeen, a knife; a dirk. — 
 Skeen dubh, a black knife, 
 the Highlander's ' ' dernier 
 ressort." 
 
 Skel'lies, squints. 
 
 Skel'loch , a shrill cry ; a 
 squall ; wild mustard ; wild 
 radish. 
 
 SkeVlum, a worthless fellow. 
 
 Skelp, to strike ; to slap ; to 
 walk with a smart trip- 
 ping step ; a smart stroke ; 
 a blow ; a squall ; a heavy 
 fall of rain. 
 
 Skel'pin, skelp'ing, walking ; 
 moving rapidly ; also, slap- 
 ping with the palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 Skelp' y-lim'mer, a technical 
 term in female scolding. 
 
 Skep, a bee-hive. 
 
 Sketck'ers, skilch'ers, skates. 
 
 Skiegk, or skeigh, proud; 
 nice ; high-mettled. 
 
 Skink, to pour out ; also, 
 soup made of the skink or 
 hough of beef. [liquor. 
 
 Skink'er, a pourer out of 
 
 Skink' lin, a small portion. 
 
 Skirl, to shriek ; to cry shril- 
 ly ; a shrill cry. —4 Skirl 
 in the pan, the noise made 
 by a frying-pan when the 
 butter is put in which pre- 
 pares it for receiving the 
 meat ; also, the dish pre- 
 pared in this manner. 
 
 Skirl' ing, shrieking ; crying. 
 
 Skirl't, shrieked. 
 
 Skitt, banter ; jeer. 
 
 Ski'vie, out of the proper 
 direction ; deranged. 
 
 Sklent, slant ; to run aslant ; 
 to deviate from truth. 
 
 Sklent' ed, ran, or hit, in an 
 oblique direction. 
 
 Skouth, vent ; free action. 
 
 Skreigfi, to scream; to 
 screech ; a loud, shrill cry. 
 — Skreigh o' day, peep of 
 day. 
 
 Skrimp, to stint, as to meas- 
 ure or quantity. 
 
 Sknl-diid'de-ry, fornication. 
 See Sculdiiddery. 
 
 Skyte, to slide rapidly off; a 
 worthless fellow. 
 
 Slack, an oj^ening between 
 two hills ; a hollow wliere 
 no water runs. [along. 
 
 Sla/le, did slide ; slid ; shpped 
 
 Slae, sloe. 
 
 Slnis'ter-ing, doing any 
 thing in an awkward and 
 untidy way ; — especially 
 «pplie<l to dabbling in any 
 thing moist or unctuous. 
 
 Slais'ters, dirty slops. 
 
 ^ake, to smear; a small 
 quantity of that with 
 which any thing is be- 
 daubed, [a fence. 
 
 Slap, a gate ; a breach in 
 
 Slaw, slow. 
 
 Sleave'ttss-gate, sleave'less- 
 errand, an idle errand. 
 
 Slee, sly. —Sle'est, slyest. 
 
 Sleek'it, sleek ; sly. 
 
 Slid'der-y, slippery. 
 
 Slight'ed, dismantled, as a 
 fortress. 
 
 Sli7?i, worthless; bad. 
 
 Slink, little worth ; not to 
 be depended upon as good ; 
 also, veal of a calf killed 
 immediately after birth ; 
 a sneaking fellow ; a cheat. 
 
 /S/o'a??, a sloven. [ed. 
 
 Slock'ened, slaked ; quench- 
 
 Slo'gan, a war-cry at gather- 
 ing word. 
 
 Slok'en, to quench ; to slake. 
 
 Slot' -hounds, sleuth' -hounds, 
 blood-hounds who follow 
 the slot, or scent. 
 
 Slue, to slip softly and qui- 
 etly. 
 
 Slump, the noise made by 
 any thing falling into a 
 hole, or into a soft, miry 
 place ; a marsh ; a swamp. 
 
 Slype, to fall over, as a wet 
 furrow from the plough. 
 
 Slyp'et, fell. 
 
 Sma\ small. 
 
 Smaik, a silly fellow ; a puny 
 fellow ; a paltry rogue. 
 
 Smed'dum, dust; powder; 
 mettle ; sense. 
 
 Smeeked, smeek'it, smoked. 
 
 Smid'dy, a smithy. 
 
 Smoor, to smother. 
 
 Smoor^d, smothered. 
 
 Srnout'ie, smutty ; obscene ; 
 
 ugly- 
 
 Smyt'rie, a numerous collec- 
 tion of small individuals. 
 
 Snag, snag'gy, a branch 
 broken off from a tree ; 
 a tree having the branches 
 roughly cut off. — Aik- 
 snng, a stunted, gnarled 
 stump of an oak. 
 
 Snap' per, to Stumble. 
 
 Snaps, gingerbread nuts. 
 
 Snash, abuse ; billingsgate. 
 
 Snatch, a hasty repast. 
 
 Snaiv, snow ; to snow. 
 
 Snaw'-broo, melted snow. 
 
 Snaw'ie, snowy. 
 
 Sneck, the latch of a door. — 
 
 Sneck drawer, a latch-lifter ; 
 a bolt-drawer ; sly fellow. 
 
 Sneck' et, secured by a latch ; 
 notched. 
 
 Sned, to lop ; to cut off. 
 
 Sneesh'ing, snesh'in, snuff. 
 
 Sneesh'ing-mill, a snuff-box. 
 
 Snell, bitter ; biting ; sharp ; 
 cold ; severe. 
 
 Snick, the latchet of a door. 
 
 Snick'-draw'ing, trick-con- 
 triving. 
 
 Snig'ger-ing, tittering sneer- 
 
 Snod, neat. [ingly. 
 
 Snood, a young woman's fil- 
 let for tying round her 
 hair, only worn by maid- 
 ens. 
 
 Snool, one whose spirit is 
 broken with oppressive 
 slaverj' ; to submit tamely ; 
 to sneak. 
 
 Snoove, to go smoothly and 
 constantly; to sneak. 
 
 Snot'ter, the proboscis of a 
 turkey-cock. — To snotter 
 
 and snivel, to blubber and 
 snuffle. I'o snotter is also 
 to go loiteringly. 
 
 Snou'k, to scent or snuff, as 
 a dog, horse, &c. 
 
 Snowk'it, scented ; snuffed. 
 
 Snuffy, sulky; angry; 
 vexed. 
 
 Some'dele, somewhat. 
 
 Some'gate, somehow ; some- 
 where. 
 
 Son'sie, having sweet, en- 
 gaging looks ; lucky ; jolly ; 
 fat. 
 
 Soo7n, to swim. [oath. 
 
 Sooth, truth ; — a petty 
 
 Sor'ners, sojourners ; sturdy 
 beggars ; obtrusive guests, 
 who pleaded privilege, and 
 were not easily got rid of, 
 at least in the Highlands, 
 where the Acts of Parlia- 
 ment against them were 
 not enforced. 
 
 Sor7i'ing, spunging, and 
 playing the unwelcome 
 guest. 
 
 Sort, to assort ; to arrange ; 
 to fit ; to accommodate and 
 manage. 
 
 Sough , the noise of wind ; a 
 sigh ; a sound dying on 
 the ear ; the breathing of a 
 person in deep sleep ; the 
 chant, or recitative, pecu- 
 liar to the old Presbyteri- 
 ans in Scotland, and to 
 certain extra-religious 
 
 castes every where ; also, 
 a rumor. 
 
 Soup, a spoonful or mouth- 
 ful of soup, or other liquid, 
 or spoon-meat. 
 
 Sou'ple, the striking part of 
 a flail ; the swiple ; a piece 
 of wood used as a cudgel 
 
 Sou'ple, supple ; flexible ; 
 active ; swift ; also, subtle. 
 
 Soiv'ther, solder ; to solder ; 
 to cement. 
 
 Sou'ther, sow'der, solder. 
 
 South'ron, a south-country- 
 man; an Englishman. 
 
 Sotv'ens, flummei-y ; blanc- 
 mange, made of the oat- 
 meal which remains in the 
 bran after bolting, con- 
 verted into a sub - acid 
 starch. 
 
 Sowp, a spoonful ; a small 
 quantity of any thing 
 liquid. 
 
 Soivth, to try over a tune 
 with a low whistle. 
 
 Sou'ter, sou'tor, a shoe- 
 maker, [tell. 
 
 Spae, to prophesy ; to fore- 
 
 Spae'-wife, a prophetess. 
 
 Spairge, to dash ; to soil, as 
 with mire. 
 
 Spang, a bound or spring ; to 
 spring with elastic force. 
 
 Spanged, sprung. 
 
 Spar'ry-grass, asparagus. 
 
 Spate, a swell in a river ; an 
 inundation ; a sweeping 
 torrent, after rain or thaw. 
 
 Spaul, a limb. [der. 
 
 Spauld, spawld, the shoul- 
 
 Spa'viet, having the spavin. 
 
 Speck and span new, quite 
 
 Speel, to climb. [new. 
 
 Speer, to ask. 
 
 Spee'rings, askings ; an- 
 swers to questions asked ; 
 information. 
 
 Spence, dispensary ; parlor. 
 
 Spick and span, matter and 
 form. 
 
 Spier to ask ; to inquire. 
 
 Spier't, inquired. 
 
 Splat' ter, to splutter. 
 
 Spleuch'an, spleugh'an,& to- 
 bacco-pouch. 
 
 Splorf, a frolic ; noise ; riot. 
 
 Sponk, a sulphur match. 
 
 Spor'ran [Gael.], a purse. 
 
 Sprack, spruce ; sprightly. 
 
 Sprach'led, scrambled. 
 
 Spraick'le, to scramble ; to 
 get on with difficulty. 
 
 Sprat'tle, to scramble. 
 
 Spreagh. prey ; booty; liter- 
 ally, cattle. 
 
 Spreagh' er-ie, cattle-lifting ; 
 prey-driving ; also, small 
 spoil ; paltry booty of small 
 articles. [led. 
 
 Spreck'led, spotted; speck- 
 
 Spree, spray, a convivial in- 
 dulgence ; a frolic ; a lark. 
 
 Spring, a merry tune to 
 which people spring and 
 dance ; a Scottish reel. 
 
 Sprit, a tough rooted plant, 
 something like rushes. 
 
 Sprit'tie, full of spirits. 
 
 Sprug, a sparrow. 
 
 Sprush , spruce. 
 
 Spul'zie, spoil. 
 
 Spule'-bane, the blade-bone. 
 
 Spune, a spoon. 
 
 Spunk, a match ; a taper ; a 
 spark of fire ; a small fire ; 
 mettle ; wit. 
 
 Spunk'ie, mettlesome ; fiery ; 
 a will-o-wisp, or ignis fa- 
 tuus. 
 
 Spurt'le, a stick used in mak- 
 ing oatmeal pudding or 
 porridge, a notable Scotch 
 dish. 
 
 Spur'-whang, spur leather. 
 
 Squad, a crew ; a party. 
 
 Squat' ter, to flutter in water, 
 as a wild duck, &c. 
 
 Squat'tle, to sprawl. 
 
 Squeel, a scream ; a screech ; 
 to scream. 
 
 Stach'er, to stagger. 
 
 Stack, a rick of corn, hay, 
 &c. 
 
 Staff, a stave. 
 
 Stag'gie, the diminutive of 
 stag. 
 
 Staig, a young horse not yet 
 broken in for work or rid- 
 ing ; a stallion. 
 
 Staik, steak. 
 
 Stam'ach, stomach. 
 
 Stance, standing-place; sta- 
 tion ; position. 
 
 Stan'chels, sta?i'chions, iron 
 bars for securing windows. 
 
 Stane, staine, stone. 
 
 Stang, a sting ; to sting ; al- 
 so, a long pole ; a branch 
 of a tree. 
 
 Stank, a pool of standing 
 water. 
 
 Stant\ to stand. — Stan't, 
 did stand ; stood. 
 
 Stap, stop. 
 
 Stark, stout ; strong ; rigid ; 
 stiff. — Stark staring mad, 
 evidently quite mad. 
 
 Star' tie, to run, as cattle 
 stung hy the gad-fly. 
 
 Stauvi'rel, a blockhead; 
 half-witted. 
 
 Staw, did steal ; stole : to 
 surfeit ; to put to a stand. 
 
 Stech, to cram the belly. 
 
 Stech'in, cramming. 
 
 Steek, to shut ; a stitch. 
 
 Steer, to molest ; to stir. 
 
 Steer'd, stirred ; meddled 
 with. 
 
 Stee'ry, bustle ; stir : disturb- 
 ance ; tumult ; quandary. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 853 
 
 Steeve, stiff ; strong ; dura- 
 ble ; firm ; compact. 
 
 Sleeve'ly, stieve'ly, firmly. 
 
 Stell, a covert ; a shelter ; an 
 inclosure for cattle ; a still. 
 
 Sfen, to rear as a horse. 
 
 Stend, to make long steps. 
 
 Sten^t, reared. . [kind. 
 
 Stents, tribute ; dues of any 
 
 Sterns, slams, stars. [est. 
 
 Stey, steep. — Stey'est, steep- 
 
 Stib'ble, stubble. 
 
 Stib'hler, a clerical probation- 
 er ; — applied in ridicule 
 
 Stibblinff, the reaper in har- 
 vest who takes the lead. 
 
 Stick an stow, totally ; alto- 
 gether. 
 
 Stick'ed, stick'it, stuck ; 
 stabbed ; bungled and 
 spoiled in the making. — 
 Stick'et minister, a clerical 
 student or probationer, be- 
 come unqualified for the 
 ministerial office from in- 
 competency or immoral 
 conduct. 
 
 Slieve'ly,&i\SAy ; firmly. 
 
 Stile, a crutch ; to halt ; to 
 limp. 
 
 Stim'pnrt, the eighth part of 
 a Winchester bushel. 
 
 Sting and ling, by force ; vi 
 et armis. 
 
 Stir, sir. 
 
 Stirk, a young steer or heifer 
 between one and two years 
 old. 
 
 Stock, a plant or root of 
 colewort, cabbage, &c. 
 
 Stock'in, stocking. — Throw- 
 ing the stockin, when the 
 bride and bridegroom are 
 put into bed, and the can- 
 dle is put out, the former 
 throws a stocking at ran- 
 dom among the company, 
 and the person whom it 
 strikes is the next that will 
 be married. 
 
 Stoit'ing, staggering. 
 
 Stook'ed, made up in shocks 
 as corn. 
 
 Stoop and roop, stump and 
 rump ; altogether. 
 
 Stoor, to rise in foam or 
 spray, or in clouds, as dust 
 or smoke ; to move swift- 
 ly ; also, soundkDg hollow ; 
 strong and hoarse. [ing. 
 
 Stoor'-look-ing, gruff-look- 
 
 Stot, a bullock between two 
 and three years old. 
 
 Stoup, or stowp, a kind of 
 jug or dish with a handle. 
 
 Slour, stoor, stern; gruff; 
 large and strong ; tall. 
 
 Stour, stoure, dust, more 
 particularly dust in mo- 
 tion ; skirmish ; battle. 
 
 Stoiith and routh, plenty. 
 
 Stouth'rief, robbery. 
 
 Stow, stoo, to cut off; to lop ; 
 to crop. 
 
 Stow'ings, stoo'ings, sprouts 
 of colewort gathered in 
 spring. 
 
 Stow'lins, by stealth. 
 
 Stown, stolen. 
 
 Stoyte, stumble. 
 
 Struck, did strike ; struck. 
 
 Strae, straw. — Strae'-death, 
 death upon the bed-straw ; 
 natural death, [a stroke. 
 
 Straik, did strike ; struck ; 
 
 Straike, a strike ; a bushel. 
 
 gtraik'it, stroked. 
 
 Stram-ash' , a crash ; a tu- 
 mult, [some. 
 
 Strap'pan, tall and hand- 
 
 Strath, a valley through 
 which a river runs. 
 
 Straucht, straught, straight ; 
 to make straight ; to 
 stretch. 
 
 Straucht'ed, straiigh'ted, 
 stretched ; made straight. 
 
 Stra-va'gin, wandering with- 
 out an aim. 
 
 Streak, streek, streik, to 
 stretch ; to lay out a corpse. 
 
 iSfreaA:, stretched ; to stretch. 
 
 Stress, hard pressure ; hard 
 straining ; act of distrain- 
 
 Strid'dle, to straddle, [ing. 
 
 Stroan, to spout ; to urinate. 
 
 Strunt, spirituous liquor of 
 any kind ; to walk sturdi- 
 ly. — To tak' the strunt, to 
 take the pet. 
 
 Stud'die, an anvil. 
 
 Stump'ie, dim. of stump. 
 
 Sttiff', corn or pulse of any 
 kind. 
 
 Stur'died sheep, a sheep that 
 has the sturdy, or giddi- 
 ness, from water in the 
 head. 
 
 Start, to trouble ; to molest. 
 
 Sturt'in, frighted. 
 
 Suck'er, sugar. 
 
 Suck'in, mill-dues. 
 
 Slid, should. 
 
 Sud'den-ty, suddenness ; 
 surprise ; an unexpected 
 occurrence. 
 
 Sugh, the continued rushing 
 noise of wind. 
 
 Suld, should. 
 
 Su7nph, a soft, muddy-head- 
 ed fellow. 
 
 Sime, soon. 
 
 Sune or syne, sooner or 
 later. [sort. 
 
 Sunk'ets, provision of any 
 
 Sunk'ie, a low stool. 
 
 Sur'que-dy, presumption ; 
 insolence. 
 
 Sute, soot. 
 
 Suth'ron, southern ; — an old 
 name for the p]nglish na- 
 
 Swaird, sward. [tion. 
 
 Swall'd, swelled. 
 
 Swank, stately ; jolly. 
 
 Swan'kie, or swan'ker, a 
 supple, active young fel- 
 low or girl. 
 
 Swan'king, supple ; active. 
 
 Swarf, swoon. 
 
 Swarf it, swnrr'ed, swooned. 
 
 Swart'-back, the great black- 
 and-white gull. 
 
 Swarved, swerved. 
 
 Swat, did sweat. 
 
 Swatch, a sample. [wort. 
 
 Swats, drink ; good ale ; 
 
 Swat'ter, squal'ter, to splut- 
 ter ; to flounce ; to move 
 rapidly in the water, gen- 
 erally in an undulating 
 way. 
 
 Sweal, to run ; — said of a 
 candle. 
 
 Swear, lazy ; reluctant. 
 
 Sweat'e^i, sweating. 
 
 Sweep' it, swept. 
 
 Sweer, lazy ; averse. — Dead- 
 sweer, extremely averse. 
 
 Swinge, to beat ; to whip. 
 
 Swire, the neck ; the dec- 
 lination of a mountain or 
 hill near the summit. 
 
 Swirl, a curve ; an eddying 
 blast, or pool ; a knot in 
 wood ; a whirl ; circular 
 motion. 
 
 Swirl'ie, knaggy ; full of 
 knots. 
 
 Swith, begone.- ^'^ off; 
 quickly. 
 
 Swith'er, to hesitate in 
 choice ; an irresolute wav- 
 ering in choice ; doubt ; 
 hesitation. 
 
 Sivoor, swuir, swore. 
 
 Sy'bo, an onion that does 
 not form a bulb at the 
 root. 
 
 Syke, sike, a small rill, com- 
 monly running out of a 
 quagmire ; a small rill 
 without sand or gravel. 
 
 Syn, syne, sin, since ; then ; 
 afterward : late ; in that 
 
 Synd, to rinse. [case. 
 
 Synrfmg','!, rinsings ; slops. 
 
 Syne, since ; ago ; then ; aft- 
 er that ; in that case. 
 
 Sy'ver, a gutter. — Causeyed 
 syver, stone-paved gutter. 
 
 Tack, an addition ; a slight 
 hold or fastening. 
 
 Tack'ets, a kind of nails for 
 driving into the heels and 
 soles of shoes. 
 
 Tae, to. 
 
 Tae, a toe. — Three tae'^d, 
 having three prongs. 
 
 Tae. — The tae, the one. — 
 Tae half, the one half. 
 
 Taed, taid, ted, a toad. 
 
 Tail' lie, a deed of entail. 
 
 Tairge, a target. 
 
 Tait, a lock of wool, &c. ; a 
 small quantity. 
 
 Tak, to take ; takin\ taking. 
 
 Tale. — WV their tale, ac- 
 cording to their own story ; 
 as they pretend ; forsooth. 
 
 Tal'ent, aptitude ; desire ; 
 purpose ; inclination. 
 
 Tam'mie-no'rie, the auk or 
 puffin. 
 
 Tan'gle, the stem of the 
 Laminaria digitata, a spe- 
 cies of edible sea-weed ; 
 also, a tall, lank person; 
 any long, dangUng thing. 
 
 Tangs, taings, tongs. 
 
 Tap, the top. — Tap of tow, 
 the quantity of tow or 
 hards that is made up in 
 a conical figure, to be put 
 upon the distaff' ; meta- 
 phorically, a very irritable 
 person. 
 
 Tape, to make a little go a 
 great way ; to use sparing- 
 ly- 
 
 Tap'et-less, heedless ; foolish. 
 
 Tap'pit-hen, a tin pot with 
 a knob on the top resem- 
 bling a crested hen. It con- 
 tains a quart, or, according 
 to some authorities, three 
 quarts of ale. 
 
 Tarred, marked with tar, as 
 sheep. — A'' tarr\I ivP ae 
 stick, one as bad as the 
 other. 
 
 Tar'row, to murmur at one's 
 allowance. 
 
 Tar'row't, murmured. 
 
 Tar'ry-breeks, a sailor. 
 
 Task'er, a laborer who does 
 task-work. 
 
 Tasse, or tas'sie, a cup. 
 
 Tas'sel, a tussel ; a struggle. 
 
 Tat'ty, matted. 
 
 Tauld, or tald, told. 
 
 Tan' pie, a foolish, thought- 
 less young woman ; a slow, 
 foolish slut. 
 
 Taut'ed, or taut'ie, matted 
 together ; — said of hair or 
 wool. 
 
 Taw'ie, allowing itself peace- 
 ably to be handled ; — said 
 of a horse, cow, &c. 
 
 Tawse, a leather strap used 
 for chastisement. 
 
 Ted'ding, spreading after 
 the mower. 
 
 Tee'd ball (at golf), a ball 
 raised on a knob of earth. 
 
 Teind. See Tiend. 
 
 Ten'der, delicate, as to 
 health ; weakly ; ailing. 
 
 Ten-hours'' -bite, a slight feed 
 to the horses while in the 
 yoke, in the forenoon. 
 
 Tent, a field pulpit ; atten- 
 tion ; heed ; caution ; to 
 take heed. 
 
 Tent'ie, heedful ; cautious. 
 
 Tent'less, heedless. 
 
 Teugh, teuch, tough. 
 
 Thack, thatch. — Under 
 thacic and rape, under 
 thatch and rope ; — com- 
 monly used in allusion to 
 the stacks in the barn- 
 yard, after they are 
 thatched-in for the win- 
 ter ; so that under thack 
 and rape means snug and 
 comfortable. 
 
 Thae, these. 
 
 Thairm, small gut ; catgut ; 
 a fiddle-string. 
 
 Thank' it, thanked. 
 
 That, so ; to such a degree; 
 very. — No that far off, 
 not very far off. 
 
 Theek, theik, thatch ; to 
 thatch. [ing. 
 
 Theek'ing, thatch ; thatch- 
 
 Theek'it, thatched. 
 
 The-gith'er, together. 
 
 Theni-sel' , themselves. 
 
 Theow and esne, slaves ; cap- 
 tives ; bondsmen. 
 
 There-out', out of doors. 
 
 Thick, intimate ; familiar. 
 
 Thieve'less, cold; forbid- 
 ding ; — said of a person's 
 demeanor. 
 
 Thig'gers, mannerly beg- 
 gars, that ask a Ibenevo- 
 lence, not an alms. 
 
 Thig'ging, going round col- 
 lecting benevolences ; gen- 
 teel begging. 
 
 Thir, these. 
 
 Thirl, to thrill. 
 
 Thirl' age, thraldom ; astric- 
 tion to a mill. 
 
 Thirled, thrilled ; vibrated. 
 
 Thole, to suffer ; to endure. 
 
 Tho'led, suffered. 
 
 Thooin, a thiunb. [what- 
 
 Thought, a very little ; some- 
 
 Thowe, a thaw ; to thaw. 
 
 Thow' less, sl&ck ; lazy ; slug- 
 gish, [busy. 
 
 Thrang, a throng ; a crowd ; 
 
 Thrap'ple, throp'ple, the 
 throat ; the windpipe. 
 
 Thraiv, to sprain ; to twist ; 
 to writhe ; to contradict. — 
 Heads and thraws, lying 
 side by side, the feet of the 
 one by the head of the 
 other. [ill-tempered. 
 
 Thraw'art, cross - grained ; 
 
 Thraw'in, thraiv' ing, twist- 
 ing; thwarting. 
 
 Thrown, sprained; twisted; 
 perverse ; crabbed ; con- 
 tradicted ; contradiction. 
 
 Threap, to maintain by dint 
 of assertion. 
 
 Threave, 2i sheaves, or two 
 stocks of grain. 
 
 Threep, threap, accusation; 
 pertinacious affirmation; 
 
854 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 threat. — Au auld tlireep, 
 a superstition obstinately 
 persisted in of old. 
 
 Threejt'it, persisted in aver- 
 
 Tfiresh, a rush. [ring. 
 
 Tftrfsh'tHy thrashing. 
 
 Tkre'teetiy thirteen. 
 
 Thris'tU, a thistle. 
 
 Through , to go on with ; to 
 make out. 
 
 Tlurou^h'-stane, a flat grave- 
 stone. 
 
 Tfirou'ther, pell-mell; con- 
 fusedly. 
 
 T/iruvi o'er, to tell over in a 
 tire.<onie manner. 
 
 T/iufI, to make a loud inter- 
 mittent noise. 
 
 T/iionb'ie-kins. thumb- 
 
 screws for torture. 
 
 Thu)n]i'il, thumped. 
 
 Thy-sel', thyself. 
 
 Tiimls, tithes. 
 
 Tig, a twitch ; a tap ; a pet ; 
 a fit of sullen humor ; to 
 twitch ; to give a sUght 
 stroke to. 
 
 TM, to. 
 
 TiL'lif-wal'lie, fiddle-faddle. 
 
 TiUH, to it. 
 
 Time about, alternately. 
 
 Tim'mer, timber. 
 
 THne, to lose. 
 
 Tink'ler, a tinker. 
 
 Tint, \ost.— Tint the gate, 
 lost the way. 
 
 Tip, a ram. 
 
 Tip'pence, twopence. 
 
 Tip'pen-ny, ale at twopence 
 a quart. 
 
 Tirl, to make a slight noise ; 
 to uncover. 
 
 Tir' lie-whirl' ie, a whirhng ; 
 an ornament consisting of 
 a number of intervolved 
 lines. — Tirlie - whirlie 
 holes, intricate holes. 
 
 Tirl'in, tirl'ing, digging up ; 
 uncovering. — Tirling at 
 the door-pin, twirhng the 
 handle of the latch. 
 ir'rie-vies , tantrums. 
 
 Tith'er, the other. 
 
 Tit' tie, tit'ty, the infantine 
 and endearing manner of 
 pronouncing sister. 
 
 ISt'tle, to whisper. 
 
 Tit'tlin, whL«pering. 
 
 Toch'er, a marriage portion. 
 
 Toch' er-less. , portionless. 
 
 Tod, a fox. 
 
 Tod'dle, to totter, like the 
 walk of a child. 
 
 Tod'dlin, tod'dling, totter- 
 ing ; waddling, as children 
 do. 
 
 Took of drum, tuck of drum. 
 
 Toom, empty. 
 
 Toon. See Town. 
 
 Toop, a ram. 
 
 Toot of a horn, the blast of 
 a horn. 
 
 Torsk, tusk, a short, thick 
 codfish so called. 
 
 Tou, thou. 
 
 Toun, a hamlet ; a farm- 
 house. 
 
 Tousl'ie, testy. 
 
 roMr,apet; ahu£f;afitof 
 ill humor ; a copious 
 draught ; aLw, the blast of 
 a horn or trumpet ; to blow 
 a horn, &c. ; to pout; to 
 sulk. 
 
 Tou'tie, haughty ; irascible. 
 
 Tou'zled, in disorder ; such 
 as the hair uncombed ; 
 rumpled. — Tou'zled out, 
 ransacked. 
 
 Tow, hards ; also, a rope. 
 
 Toic'mond, a twelvemonth, i 
 
 Toivix, a town ; any inhabit- 
 ed place ; a single dwelling- 
 place ; a farm-steading. I 
 
 T"o!C2'»V, rough ; shaggy. 
 
 Tow'zttd, rumpled ; in dis- 
 order. 
 
 Toy, or Toy'-mutch, a head- 
 dress of linen or woolen, 
 without lace, frill, or bor- 
 der, and with flaps cover- 
 ing the neck and part of 
 the shoulders, worn by old 
 women of the lower classes. 
 
 Toyte, to totter hke old age. 
 
 Traik'ing^ lounging ; dan- 
 ghng. 
 
 Trained, dragged. 
 
 Tramp'ed, stamped ; trod. 
 
 Tramp'er, a scamp ; a run- 
 a-gate. 
 
 Trance, a passage. 
 
 Trans^nog'ri-fy'd, transmi- 
 grated ; metamorphosed. 
 
 Trash, to snub ; to maltreat ; 
 to jade ; to abuse, as a 
 horse. 
 
 Trash' ed,ia,deA. ; deteriorated 
 through bad usage. 
 
 Trash'trie, trash. 
 
 Tray'cle, treacle. 
 
 Treen, made of tree ; wooden. 
 
 Treivs, trowsers. 
 
 Trick' ie, full of tricks. 
 
 Trig, spruce ; neat. 
 
 Trim'ly, excellently. 
 
 Trin'dle, trin'tle, to trundle 
 or roll. [dling. 
 
 Trind'ling, trin'tling, truu- 
 
 Trock'ing, trucking ; bar- 
 tering ; having intercourse. 
 
 Trogs, troggs, troth. 
 
 Trone, tron, a weighing ma- 
 chine consisting of two 
 horizontal bars crossing 
 each other, beaked at the j 
 extremities, and supported j 
 by a wooden pillar ; — used j 
 for heavy wares. — Trone- 
 stone, a weight equivalent 
 to nineteen and a half 
 pounds. 
 
 Trot-co'sie, a warm covering 
 for the head, neck, and 
 breast, when traveUng in 
 bad weather. 
 
 Trow, trew, to believe : to 
 think ; to guess. [oath. 
 
 Trowthj truth ; — a petty 
 
 Trump, a Jew"s-harp. 
 
 Tryst, tryste, appointment : 
 rendezvous ; to make an 
 appointment. 
 
 Tryst'ed, appointed ; met. 
 
 Tn/t, tried. 
 
 Tug, raw hide, of which in 
 old times plough - traces 
 were frequently made. 
 
 Tuil'zie, tool'yie, tus'yle, 
 scuffle ; to scuffle. 
 
 Tul'zie, a quarrel ; to quar- 
 rel ; to fight. 
 
 Tum'bler, a kind of cart ; a 
 tumbrel. 
 
 Tup, tupe, a ram. 
 
 Tur-bi-na'cious, of, or be- 
 longing to, peat, or rather 
 turf. [staircase. 
 
 Turn'pike stair, a winding 
 
 Twa, twae, two. 
 
 Tiva' -three, a few. 
 
 ' Twofl, it would. 
 
 Twal, twall. twelve. — 
 Tioal'pen-nies, one penny 
 sterling, which is equiva- i 
 lent to twelve pence, an- j 
 cient Scottish currency. — ! 
 Twal - pennie vjorth, ai 
 small quantity ; a penny- j 
 worth. 1 
 
 Thmn, to part. 
 Two'pen-ny, beer which cost 
 
 two - pence a Scottish 
 
 quart. [kind. 
 
 Tyke, a dog of the larger 
 Tyne, to lose; to forfeit ; to 
 
 be lost; to perish. — Tint, 
 
 lost. 
 Tynes, antlers of a stag; 
 
 teeth of a harrow. 
 
 u. 
 
 U'dal, aUodial. 
 
 U'dal-ler, one who holds his 
 lands by allodial tenure. 
 
 JJg'some, disgusting. 
 
 Ul'zie, oil. 
 
 Um'quhile, whilom ; some- 
 time ; late ; at times ; for- 
 merly ; former ; late ; de- 
 ceased, [broken. 
 
 Unbri'zed (un-bre'zed), un- 
 
 Un-can'ny, dangerous ; im- 
 prudent ; supposed to pos- 
 sess supernatural powers ; 
 severe (appUed to a blow or 
 
 C/>ice, an ounce. [fall.) 
 
 Un-chan'cy, unlucky ; dan- 
 gerous; ill-fated. 
 
 Un'co, uncouth ; strange ; 
 unknown. It is also used 
 intensively ; as, Unco lit- 
 tle, very little. 
 
 Un'cos, news. [mies. 
 
 Un'freens, unfriends ; ene- 
 
 TJn-hals'ed, unsaluted. 
 
 Vn-kennd' , unknown. 
 
 Un-sick'er, unsure ; unsafe ; I 
 unsteady. j 
 
 U7i-skaith^d', undamaged ; 
 unhurt. [tunate. ■ 
 
 Un-son'sy, unlucky ; unfor- 
 
 Un-tent'y, incautious ; care- j 
 
 Untill', unto. [less. , 
 
 Vn-weet' ing , unwotting ; 
 unknowingly. 
 
 Tip' -bye, a little way farther 
 on ; up the way. 
 
 TJp'cast. a reproach. 
 
 Up'go-ing., ascent. 
 
 JJp-haud' ^ to uphold ; to 
 maintain ; to support. 
 
 Up-haud'en. supported ; laid 
 under obligation. 
 
 Up-o'' , upon. [ceited. 
 
 Up-set'ting, assuming : con- 
 
 Up-sides' with, even with ; 
 quit with. 
 
 Up'-tak, apprehen.sion ; con- 
 ception ; — applied to the 
 understanding. 
 
 Ur'chin, 
 
 V. 
 
 Vaes or voes (in Orkney and 
 Shetland), inlets of the sea. 
 
 Vaik, to be or become vacant. 
 
 Vap'rin , vaporing. 
 
 Vn.f'saill, vessels. 
 
 Vas'sail-buird, a cup-board. 
 
 Ver'a, very. [&c. 
 
 Virl, a ring round a column, 
 
 Vis'no-my, visage. 
 
 Vi'vers (ve^verz), food; eat- 
 ables. 
 
 w. 
 
 TFa', wall ; Wd's, walls. 
 
 IFoa/ (wall), weU. 
 
 Waal' - head, well - head ; 
 spring ; foundation. 
 
 Wab'ster, a weaver. 
 
 Wad. would ; to bet ; a bet ; 
 a wager ; a pledge ; a host- 
 age. 
 
 Wad'na, would not. 
 
 Wae, woe ; sorrowful. 
 
 Wa^'some, woful ; melfto- 
 choly. 
 
 Wae'sucks .' O waes me '. 
 alas ! the pity. 
 
 Waff, shabby ; a blast ; a 
 hasty motion ; act of wav- 
 ing ; a sudden bodily ail- 
 ment 
 
 Waft, the cross thread that 
 goes from the shuttkj 
 through the web ; the woof. 
 
 Waif strayed; vagabond: 
 solitary ; worthless ; inferi- 
 
 Wai'fu, waihng. [or. 
 
 Wair, to lay out ; to expend 
 
 Waise, iceise, weyse, to lead 
 to direct. 
 
 Wais'ing, weis'ing, leading 
 directing. [laut 
 
 Wake'rife, wank' rife, vigi- 
 
 Wale, choice ; to choose. 
 
 WaVd, chose ; chosen. 
 
 Wal'ie, ample ; large ; jolly ; 
 a/50, an interjection of dis. 
 tress. 
 
 Wal'ise, saddle-bags ; a port 
 manteau ; a valise. 
 
 Wal'lie, a valet. 
 
 Wal' low-in g, weltering. 
 
 WaPly-drai-gle, the young 
 est bird in a nest ; hence, 
 any feeble, ill-grown crea- 
 ture. 
 
 Walth, plenty ; wealth. 
 
 Wame, womb ; belly. 
 
 Wayne' fou, wame'fu' , a beU 
 lyfui. 
 
 Wamp'ish, to toss about in a 
 boasting or frantic manner. 
 
 Wan, got ; won. — Wan o'er, 
 got over. 
 
 Wan-chan'.sie, wan-chan'cy, 
 unlucky. 
 
 Wan' ion, a misfortune ; ven- 
 geance ; the devil. 
 
 Wan'le, wan'nle, active ; 
 strong; healthy. 
 
 Wan-rest' fi' , restless. 
 
 Wan'-thriv-en, stunted: de- 
 cayed ; in a state of decline. 
 
 Wap, a throw ; a quick, 
 smart stroke: to throw 
 quickly : to flap. 
 
 Wap'in-schaiv, an exhibition 
 of arms, accordine to the 
 rank of the individual, 
 made at certain seasons in 
 each district. 
 
 Ware, to expend : to lay out. 
 
 Wark, work. 
 
 Wark'-luTne, wark'-loom, a 
 tool to work with. 
 
 WarV, or warld, world. 
 
 War'lock, a wizard. 
 
 War'ly, worldly ; eager to 
 amass wealth. [rant. 
 
 War'ran , a warrant ; to war- 
 
 Warse, worse. 
 
 Warst. worst. 
 
 Warst'le, wirst'le, wrast'le, 
 a wrestle ; a struggle ; to 
 wrestle ; to strive. 
 
 Warst'Pd, or wars'l'd, wres- 
 
 Was'tia, was not. [tied. 
 
 Was'tell cake, wassail cake ; 
 an oaten loaf baked in the 
 oven, with carraway seed*, 
 &c., in it. 
 
 Was'trie, wast'rife, wast'ry, 
 waste ; imprudent expense. 
 
 Wast'rife, prodigal ; waste- 
 
 Wat, wet. [ful. 
 
 Wat, weet, to know. 
 
 Wa 'ter-broo , wa'ter-brose^ 
 brose made of meal and 
 water simply, without the 
 addition of milk and but- 
 ter. &c. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 Sou 
 
 Wd'ter-pur'pif, water speed- 
 well ; brook-lime. 
 
 Wath'er, weather. 
 
 Wat' tie, a twig; a wand. 
 
 Wau'ble, to swing ; to reel. 
 
 Wauch, ivaff,wauff, icnugh, 
 nauseous ; bad ; shabby. 
 
 Wauff^ a wave : a tlap. 
 
 Waught, a hearty draught of 
 liquor. 
 
 Wauk'it, thickened as fullers 
 do cloth. 
 
 Wauk'rife, not apt to sleep. 
 
 Waur, worse ; also, to put to 
 the worse ; to get the bet- 
 ter of. 
 
 Waur't, ivaur'ed, worsted; 
 Tanquished. 
 
 Waivl, to roll the eyes, and 
 look wildly. 
 
 Waws, ivells, and sivelch'ies, 
 waves, whirlpools, and 
 gulfs. 
 
 Wean, wee one, ivean'ie, lit- 
 tle one ; child. 
 
 Wear, to last ; to endure. 
 
 Wear, weir, war. 
 
 Wear the jacket. This phrase 
 alludes to a custom, by 
 which, on paying a certain 
 fee, or otherwise making 
 interest with the hunts- 
 men of the Caledonian 
 Hunt, any citizen aspirant, 
 whose rank did not entitle 
 him to become a member 
 of that more highly -born 
 society, might become en- 
 titled to the field privileges 
 of the Hunt, among which 
 was that of wearing the 
 jacket of the order. 
 
 Wea'rie, or loea'ry. — Mony 
 a weary body, many a dif- 
 ferent person. [ing. 
 
 Wea'ri-fu', painful ; distress- 
 
 Wea'sand, wea'son, the 
 wind-pipe. 
 
 Weath'er-gaws, signs of an 
 approaching storm. 
 
 Weaving tlie stocking. See 
 Throwing the stocking. 
 
 Wee. little. — Wee things, lit- 
 tle ones. — Wee bit, a small 
 matter. 
 
 Weel, well. — Weel'/are, wel- 
 fare. 
 
 Weel, weil, weal ; prosperity ; 
 advantage. 
 
 Weel a tveel, well, well ! 
 
 Weet, rain ; wetness. 
 
 Weft, ivaft, woof. 
 
 Weigh'-bauks, the beam of 
 a balance for weighing. 
 
 Weight, wecht, a sieve with- 
 out holes, for winnowing 
 com. 
 
 Weil,wiel, a small whirlpool. 
 
 Weird, fate ; destiny. — The | 
 weird is dree^d, the ill-for- : 
 tune is suffered ; the desti- 
 ny is fulfilled. 
 
 Weise, iveize, iouss,wush, to 
 lead ; to guide ; to pomt 
 out ; to show the way ; to 
 direct ; to put in the way. 
 
 Wellc'ed, waulk'it, fulled, as 
 cloth; callous. 
 
 Wern, a scar. 
 
 Were'na, were not. 
 
 We'se, we shall. 
 
 WTia, who. 
 
 Whaap, whap, the curlew. 
 
 Whai'zle, to wheeze. 
 
 Whalp'it, whelped. 
 
 Wham' pie, a stroke ; a blow ; 
 a slash ; to stroke ; to 
 slash. 
 
 Whang, leather; a leathern 
 string ; a piece of cheese, 
 
 bread, &c. ; to give the 
 
 strappado. 
 Whap. the curlew. 
 Whar, whare, wkaiir, where. 
 
 — Whare-e'er, wherever. 
 WAa.se, whose. 
 
 What for no ? why not ? 
 What'reck, nevertheless. 
 Wheen, whin, a parcel; a 
 
 number of persons or 
 
 things. 
 Wheep, to fly nimbly ; to 
 
 jerk. — Penny-wheep, small 
 
 beer. 
 Whid, the motion of a hare, 
 
 running but not frighted ; 
 
 a he. 
 Whid' den, running as a hare 
 
 or coney. [lug nimbly. 
 Whid'ding, scudding: mov- 
 Whig'a-more, a great whig ; 
 
 — formerly apphed to the 
 Presbyterians. 
 
 Wliig'ging, jogging rudely; 
 urging forward. 
 
 Whig-rna-lee'ries, trinkets ; 
 knick-knacks ; whims ; fah- 
 cies : crotchets. 
 
 Whiles, sometimes. 
 
 Whil'lied, wheedled ; cheated 
 by wheedling. 
 
 Whil'ly, to wheedle ; to gull ; 
 to cheat with specious pre- 
 tenses. 
 
 Whil'ly-ing, bamboozhng ; 
 deceiving' with specious 
 pretenses. 
 
 Whil'ly-ivhas, idle, cajoling 
 speeches ; flummery. 
 
 Whilk, which. 
 
 ^Mlin. See ^^^leen. 
 
 Whinge, to whine; to fawn 
 like a dog. 
 
 Whinge'ing, fawning and 
 whining like a dog ; cry- 
 ing ; complaining ; fretting. 
 
 Whin'ger, a sort of hanger 
 used as a knife at meals, 
 and as a sword in broils. 
 
 Whins, furze ; gorse. 
 
 Wliirl'i-gig-ums, useless or- 
 naments; trifling append- 
 ages. 
 
 Whir'ry-ing, flying rapidly. 
 
 Whis'sle, a whistle ; to whis- 
 tle. 
 
 Whisht, silence. — To hold 
 one's whisht, to be silent. 
 
 Whisk, to sweep ; to lash. 
 
 Whisk'it, lashed. 
 
 Wfiite-hass, u-hite-haivse, 
 sausages stuffed with oat- 
 meal and suet. 
 
 Whit'ter, a hearty draught 
 of liquor. 
 
 WkiV tie-what'tie-ing , mak- 
 ing foolish conjectures ; 
 reasoning to little purpose. 
 
 Whit' tie, a knife. 
 
 Whit' tret, a weasel ; so called 
 from its white throat. 
 
 Wliom'ling, whelming ; over- 
 turning. 
 
 Whom, horn. 
 
 Whid'ly~wha-ing, cajoling. | 
 
 Whum'mle, whum'mel, to i 
 whelm ; to turn over or | 
 upside down. 
 
 Whun'-stnne, whin stone. 
 
 Whyles, whiles : sometimes. 
 
 Wi\ with. 
 
 Wick, to strike, as a stone, in 
 an obUque direction ; — a 
 term in curling. 
 
 Wich'er, willow (the smaller 
 sort). 
 
 Wiel, a small whirlpool. 
 
 Wife'-carle ,Ti man who busies 
 himself about household 
 affairs or women's work. 
 
 Wi'fie. a diminutive or en- 
 dearing term for wife. 
 
 WiU'-a-wa, weal away I woe 
 Ls me I 
 
 Will' yard, wild ; strange ; 
 unaccountable ; shy. 
 
 Wim'ple, a winding turn ; to 
 meander 
 
 Wim'pl't, meandered, [ing. 
 
 Wifn'plin, waving ; meander- 
 
 Win, to winnow ; to get ; to 
 arrive at any particular 
 state or degree. — To win 
 by, to get past. — To win 
 to, to reach. — To ivin off, 
 to get away ; to escape ; to 
 be acquitted. 
 
 Win', wind. — TF/h'5, winds. 
 
 Wind'le-strae, crested dog's- 
 tail grass. 
 
 Wind'les, a turning frame, 
 upon which yarn is put to 
 be wound off. 
 
 Win'dow-bole, the part of a 
 cottage window that is 
 filled by a wooden blind, 
 which may occasionally be 
 opened. 
 
 Win'na, wnn'na, will not. 
 
 Win'nock, a window. 
 
 Win'some, gainly ; lovely ; 
 pretty ; of engaging ap- 
 pearance, or character and 
 manners. 
 
 T17n'f, wound, as a bobbin 
 of yarn. 
 
 Win' lie, a staggering mo- 
 tion ; to stagger ; to reel ; 
 to roll. 
 
 Winze, an oath. 
 
 Wiss, to wish. 
 
 With'er-shins, wrong-ways 
 about ; from right to left ; 
 contrary to the apparent 
 motion of the sun. 
 
 With-out'ten, without. 
 
 With'y-icood'y, a rope of 
 twisted wands. 
 
 Wit'ters, barbs of a fishing- 
 spear, or of a fish-hook, 
 &c. ; the throat. 
 
 Wit' ting, iceet'ing. knowing. 
 
 Wiz'en'd, hide-boiuid ; dried; 
 shrunk. 
 
 Won'ner, a wonder ; — a con- 
 temptuous appellation. 
 
 Wons, dwells. 
 
 Woo' , wool. 
 
 Wood'ie, a gallows: also, a 
 withie, or rope of twisted 
 wands, in which malefec- 
 tors seem formerly to have 
 been hanged. 
 
 Woo'er-bab, the garter knot- 
 ted below the knee with a 
 couple of loops. 
 
 Word'y, worthy. 
 
 Wor'ret-i7ig, contention ; 
 wrangUng. 
 
 Wor'rie-coiv, wir'rie-cow, a 
 hobgobUn ; a bugbear ; a 
 scarecrow ; the devil. 
 
 Wor'ry-carl, a snarling, il? 
 natured person. 
 
 Wor'set, worsted. 
 
 Woiv. an exclamation of 
 pleaure or wonder. 
 
 Wowf. wayward ; wild ; un- 
 reclaimed ; disordered in 
 intellect. 
 
 Wrack, to tease ; to vex. 
 
 Wraith, a spirit : a ghost ; an 
 apparition exactly like a 
 living person, whose ap- 
 pearance is Siiid to fore- 
 bode the person's ap- 
 proaching death. i 
 
 Wrang, wrong; to wrong. | 
 
 Wreeth, a drifted heap of | 
 snow. 
 
 I Wttd, wood, mad. 
 I Wild' die. See Woodie. 
 I Wud'-ntad, distracted. 
 I Wull, will.— What '5 yer 
 wull, what is your pleas- 
 ure. 
 Wull'-a-ivins, woe is me ! 
 Wull'-cat, a wild-cat ; a cat- 
 
 a-mountain. 
 Wun, to win; to get, in all 
 
 its senses. 
 Wtin'na, win'na, will not. 
 Wuss, to wish. See Wtist. 
 Wum'ble, a wimble. 
 Wuz'zent, withered ; dried. 
 Wyle, to beguile. 
 Wyl'ie-coat, a boy's flannel 
 under-dress, next to the 
 shirt ; a flannel petticoat. 
 Wynds (in a town), turnings- 
 off from the streets ; lanes. 
 Wyte, blame ; to blame. 
 Wyt'ed, blamed. 
 
 Yaff, to bark like a dog in a 
 passion ; to yelp ; to prate ; 
 to talk pertly. 
 
 Yaff'ing, barking like a dog 
 in a passion ; chattering. 
 
 Yag'ger, a hunter ; a ranger 
 about the country ; a ped- 
 dler. 
 
 Yald, yauld, supple ; active ; 
 athletic. [ishly. 
 
 Yam'mer, to complain peev- 
 
 Yam'7nered, made a loud 
 outcry. 
 
 Yank'ing, a way of talking 
 English ; active ; pushing. 
 
 Yaiid, a jade ; a mare. 
 
 Yaud. — Far yaiid, a cry of 
 encouragement or directiom 
 from a shepherd to his dog. 
 
 Yauld, alert ; athletic. 
 
 Yaup, the cry of a bird or of 
 a child. 
 
 Yf, frequently used for thou 
 
 Year, used both for .singular 
 and plural. 
 
 Year' lings, born in the same 
 year ; coevals. 
 
 Yearn, to coagulate, as milk. 
 
 Yeariied, curdled. 
 
 Yearn'ing, rennet. 
 
 Yell, barren ; giving no milk. 
 
 Yel'loch , a shrill cry ; a yell ; 
 to scream ; to shriek . 
 
 Yel'loched, raised a shrill cry. 
 
 Yel'low-yel'dring, yel'low 
 yold'rin^ yel'low y or' ling, 
 the yellow-hammer. 
 
 Yer, your. 
 
 Yerk, to lash ; to jerk. 
 
 Yerk'il. jerked ; lashed. 
 
 Yerl, an earl. 
 
 Yi-s-treen' , yester even; last 
 night. 
 
 Yett, a gate, such as is usu- 
 ally at the entrance into a 
 farm-yard or field. 
 
 Yill, ale. 
 
 Yin, one. 
 
 Yince. once. 
 
 Yird. earth. 
 
 Yok'in, yok'ing, the plough- 
 ing that is done at on« 
 putting-to of the horses. 
 
 Yonk'er, a young fellow. 
 
 Yont, beyond. 
 
 Yook, yettk, itch. 
 
 Yeuk'ing, yowk'ing, itch- 
 ing. 
 
 Your-sel', yourself. 
 
 Yoice, a ewe. 
 
 Yoic'ie, diminutive of Yowt- 
 
 Yule, Christmas. 
 
856 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH AVORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 The suggestive notation in the following verses from 
 BiiRu<, ma> serve to illustrate the application of the intro- ^ 
 ductory remarks occurring at p. 839. I 
 
 TO A MOUSE, I 
 
 I 
 
 ox ICBMNG HKB UP !>' HER NEST WITH THE PLOUGH, 
 KOVEMBEB, 1785. 
 
 '• Wee, sleckit, cow"rin",i tim'rous- beastie, 
 0, whats a panic's* in thv breastie^ I 
 Thou* need na" start awa"^ sae^ hastj, 
 
 AVi'io bickering" brattle's ] 
 I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, 
 
 ATi* murd'ringis pattlei* I 
 
 1. coo rill. 2. teemrus. 3. if Adf/. A. jxtnic. 5.breestie. 6.tiioo, 
 7. ml. t: awaw. V. sa. 10. trc. 11. bid'erin". [For eound of i, see 
 iutroductory remark 5.] li brattle. IS. murdTrm". [See intro- 
 ductory remark 14.] 14. pottle. 
 
 " I "m truly sorryi man's^ dominions 
 Has broken nature's* social union, 
 An- justifies^ that« ill^ opinion^ 
 
 AThich maks9 thee startle" 
 At me, thy poor" earth-borni^ companion ,13 
 
 An" feUowi*-mortali5 1 | 
 
 1. sorry. 2. viSn's. S. donieenion, 4. na/ur's. 5.justif}is.[u,as\ 
 in the French word juste."] 6. that. 7. ill. [For sound of t, see 
 mtroductory remark 5.] S. opeenion. 9. ma£s. 10. startle. [See 
 introductory remark 14.] 11. poor [as the French word pure]. 
 12. airth-borne. [See as above for sound of r.] 13. ^ 
 14./eZiI. l&.nwrtL 
 
 '* I doubti na, whyles, but thou2 may thieve ; 
 TThat^ then ? poor* beastie, thou maon^ live^ 1 
 A daimen4cker" in a thrave 
 
 "S a sma ■» request? : 
 I'll get a blessin' wi'i'J the lave, 
 
 And neverii miss 'ti2 1 
 
 1. doot. 2. thoo. 3. xchiSt. 4. [see above.] S. man, 6. leeve. 
 see introductory re- 
 
 An' bleak December's winds' ensuin',io 
 Baith snell an' keen \ 
 
 1. hoossie. 
 3. wawz. 4. 
 xcinz. 10. enshooin. 
 
 2. too [oo sounding as eu in the French word peMrX, 
 wiavt. 5. ndtJting. 6. noo. 7. tfin. S.Jdgagt. i. 
 
 '' Thoui saw the fields laid bare an' waste, 
 An" weary winter- coniin' fast, 3 
 An' coae here, beneath* the blagt,3 
 
 Thou thoughts to dwell, 
 Till, crash^ ! the cruel coulter^ past^ 
 
 Outif through thy cell. 
 
 1. thoo. 2. tcunter. 3. jiist. 4. benaith UA sounded as in tkmi. 
 5. blast. 6. thought [ou sounding as o in old; gh as a harsh gut- 
 tural A]. 7. crash. 8. cooler, y. piUt. 10. ooL 
 
 " That wee bit heap o' leaves an' stibble 
 Has eosti thee mony2 a wear>- nibble I 
 Now ,3 thou 's* tum'd ont,» for a'* thy trouble, 
 
 But house' or hald,8 
 To thole the winter's^ sleety dribble, 
 
 An' eranreuchi''^' cauld 1 
 
 1. coast. 2. mun/ny. 3. noo. 4. thoo'z. 5. oot. 6. ate. T. AwM. 
 8. hawd. 9. wvavter'a. 10. cranruh (A haish and guttnnl]. 
 
 " But, Mousie,! thou2 art no thy lane, 
 In proving for^ght^ may be vain : 
 The best laid schemes* o" mice an" men, 
 
 Gang5 aft« agley,^ 
 An' lea' us nought^ but grief an' pain 
 For promis'd^ joy." " 
 
 3. foresight \i sounding as in it, and gh as 
 '" " ig. &^ft. " "-^^ ° — sa* 
 
 2.fAoo. 
 a hanh, guttoral A]. A.^kamz. 
 [harsh, guttural A]. 9. prouust 
 
 l.OgW- 8.iiaU 
 
 30¥- 
 
 7. icker. [See introductory remark 5.] 8. ^uxw. 9. requeest. 10, 
 tee. 11. tOver. 12. misi't. [For sound of i, - - ' - 
 
 mark 5.] 
 
 Thy wee bit housie.i too,2 in ruin I 
 Its silly wa's3 the win's* are strewin I 
 An' naething,^ now,6 to big a new ane,^ 
 ©' foggageS green ! 
 
 " Still thon art blest, compared wi' me ! 
 The present! only toucheth thee : 
 But, och2 ! I backward^ cast* my e'e 
 
 On prospects^ dreai* 1 
 An' forward," tho' I canna? see, 
 I guess an' fear.9 
 
 L prSzent. 2. ocA [cA as a harsh guttural A]. 3. backward. 4. 
 cos*. 5. prospect. 6. drear \r sounding hard and rousb, as in 
 French words]. 7. foreword [o as in yore, and r as awnrv]. i. 
 oonna. 9. /ear [r as above]. 
 
A VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 PERFECT AND ALLOWABLE RHYMES. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR FINDING RHYMES. 
 
 1. In looking for a word in the following vocabulary, 
 consider the five vowels, A, E, I, O, U, and begin at the 
 vowel that precedes the last consonant of the word ; for ex- 
 ample, to find persuade, and the words that rhyme to it, D 
 is the last consonant, A the vowel that precedes it : look 
 for Abe, and you will find made, fade, invade, and all the 
 other words of that rhyme. 
 
 3. In like manner, if a word end in two or more conso- 
 nants, begin at the vowel that immediately precedes the 
 first of them ; for example, land : N is first of the final 
 consonants, A the vowel that precedes it ; see Anv, and 
 you will find band, stand, command, &c. 
 
 3. But if a diphthong, that is to say, two or more vowels 
 together, precedes the last consonant or consonants of a 
 
 word, begin at the first of these two vowels ; thus, to find 
 the rhymes to disdain, look not for Ijv but for A IN, and 
 you will find brain, chain, gain, &c. 
 
 4. To find a word that ends in a diphthong preceded by 
 a consonant, begin only at the first vowel of the diphthong ; 
 for example, to find the rhymes to subdue, look for Ve, 
 and you will find clue, due, ensue, &c. 
 
 5. All the words that end in a single vowel, preceded by 
 a consonant, are found by looking for that vowel only, 
 except always the words that end in mute E, which are 
 constantly found by the same method that has been already 
 prescribed for finding the rhymes to persuade, whose final 
 E'ls silent, and serves only to lengthen the sound of the A 
 in the last syllable. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 Bab, cab, dab, gab, nab, blab, crab, drab, scab, slab, 
 stab. Perfect rhyme, abb. Allowable rhymes, babe, astro- 
 labe, squab, swab, &c. See Direction 1. 
 
 Ace. 
 Ace, dace, pace, face, lace, mace, race, brace, grace, 
 place, space, trace, apace, deface, efface, disgrace, displace, 
 misplace, replace, embrace, grimace, interlace, retrace, 
 populace, &c. Perfect rhymes, base, case, chase, abase, de- 
 base, plaice, &c. Allowable rhymes, grass, glass, &c., 
 peace, cease, &c., dress, less, &c. 
 
 ACH. 
 
 Attach, detach, &c. Perfect rhyines, batch, match, &c. 
 Allowable rhymes, fetch, wretch, &c. See Atch. See Di- 
 rection 2. 
 
 ACK. 
 
 Back, cack, hack, jack, lack, pack, quack, tack, sack, 
 rack, black, clack, crack, knack, slack, snack, stack, track, 
 wrack, alack, attack. Perfect rhymes, lac, sac, almanac, 
 zodiac, demoniac, symposiac. Allowable rhymes, bake, 
 take, &c., neck, speck, &c. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Act, fact, pact, tract, attract, abstract, extract, compact, 
 contract, detract, distract, retract, exact, protract, refract, 
 enact, infract, subtract, transact, cataract, counteract, cat- 
 aphract. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of 
 verbs in ack, as, backed, hacked, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 the preterits and participles of verbs in ake, as, baked, 
 caked, &c. SeeDirection 2. 
 
 AD. 
 
 Add, bad, dad, gad, had, lad, mad, pad, sad, brad, clad, 
 glad, plad, shad, &c. Allowable rhymes, cade, fade, &c., 
 glede, bead, read, &c. See Direction 1. 
 
 Ade. 
 
 Cade, fade, made, jade, lade, wade, blade, glade, shade, 
 spade, trade, abrade, arcade, cascade, cockade, degrade, 
 charade, crusade, evade, dissuade, grenade, invade, parade, 
 persuade, pervade, pomade, blockade, brigade, brocade, 
 balustrade, barricade, colonade, enfilade, escalade, gascon- 
 ade, esplanade, cavalcade, lemonade, marmalade, mas- 
 querade, renegade, retrograde, rodomontade, serenade, am- 
 buscade, cannonade, palisade, &c. Perfect rhymes, a,id, 
 maid, braid, afraid, upbraid, &c., and the preterits and 
 vdniciples of verbs in ay, ey, and eigh, as, played, obeyed, 
 
 weighed, &c. Allowable rhymes, add, bad, &c., bed, dead, 
 &c., bead, mead, &c., heed, need, &c. 
 
 Safe, chafe, vouchsafe, &c. Allowable rhymes, leaf, 
 sheaf, &c., deaf, &c., laugh, staff, &c. 
 
 Aff. 
 
 Gaff, chaff, draff, quaff, staff, engraff, &c. Perfect rhyme, 
 laugh. Allowable rhymes, epitaph, cenotaph, paragraph, 
 safe, chafe, &c. 
 
 Aft. 
 
 Aft, daft, haft, raft, waft, craft, shaft, abaft, graft, draft, 
 ingraft, handicraft. Perfect rhymes, draught, and thepret- 
 erits and participles of verbs in aff and augh, as, quaffed, 
 laughed, &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and partici 
 pies of verbs in afe, as, chafed, vouchsafed, &c. 
 
 AG. 
 
 Bag, cag, fag, gag, hag, lag, nag, quag, rag, tag, wag, 
 brag, crag, drag, flag, knag, shag, slag, sag, swag, snag, 
 stag, scrag. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Age, cage, gage, page, rage, sage, wage, stage, swage, 
 assuage, engage, disengage, enrage, presage, appanage, 
 concubinage, heritage, hermitage, parentage, parsonage, 
 personage, pasturage, patronage, pilgrimage, villanage, 
 equipage. Allowable rhymes, edge, wedge, &c, liege, siege, 
 oblige, &c. 
 
 Aid, see Ade. 
 
 AIGHT, 
 
 Ate. 
 
 AiGN, see Ane. 
 Ail. 
 Ail, bail, brail, fail, hail, jail, mail, nail, pail, quail, rail, 
 sail, tail, wail, flail, frail, grail, snail, trail, assail, avail, 
 detail, bewail, entail, prevail, retail, countervail, &c. Per- 
 fect rhymes, ale, bale, dale, gale, hale, male, pale, sale, tale, 
 vale, wale, scale, stale, swale, whale, impale, exhale, inhale, 
 regale, veil, farthingale, nightingale, &c. Allowable rhymes. 
 peal , steal , & c . , bell , eel 1 , & c . See Direction 3 . 
 
 I Aim, see Ame. 
 
 I AiN. 
 
 I Cain, blain, brain, chain, fain, gain, grain, lain, main, 
 pain, rain, vain, wain, drain, plain, slain, Spain, stain, 
 1 swain, train, twain, sprain, strain, abstain, amain, attain, 
 I complain, contain, constrain, detain, disdain, distrain, do- 
 
 (857 
 
858 
 
 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 main, enchain, ascertain, entertain, explain, maintain, or- 
 dain, pertain, obtain, refrain, regain, remain, restrain, re- 
 tain, sustain, appertain. Perfect rhymes, bane, cane, dane, 
 crane, fane, jane, lane, maiie, plane, sane, tliaue, ta'en, 
 vaue, wane, chicane, germane, humane, inane, insane, 
 proftme, hurricane, &c., deign, arraign, campaign, cham- 
 pagne, &c., feign, reign, &c., vein, rein, &c. Allowable 
 rhymes, lean, mean, &c., queen, seen, &c., ban, can, &c., 
 den, pen, &c. 
 
 AINT. 
 Faint, paint, plaint, quaint, saint, taint, acquaint, at- 
 taint, complaint, constraint, distraint, restraint, &c. Fer- 
 fert rhyme, feint. Allowable rhyines, cant, pant, &c., lent, 
 rent, &c. 
 
 Air, see Are. 
 
 AISE, see AZE. 
 
 Ait, see Ate. 
 
 AiTH, see Ath. 
 
 AiZE, see AZE. 
 Ake. 
 Bake, cake, hake, lake, make, quake, rake, sake, take, 
 wake, brake, drake, flake, shake, slake, snake, stake, 
 strake, spake, wake, betake, forsake, mistake, partake, 
 overtake, undertake, bespake. Perfect rhymes, ache, break, 
 steak, &c. Allowable rhymes, back, rack, &c., beck, deck, 
 &c., speak weak, &c. 
 
 Al. 
 Cabal, canal, animal, admiral, cannibal, capital, cardi- 
 nal, comical, conjugal, corporal, criminal, critical, festival, 
 funeral, general, hospital, interval, liberal, madrigal, liter- 
 al, magical, mineral, mj'stical, musical, natural, original, 
 pastoral, pedestal, personal, physical, poetical, political, 
 principal, prodigal, prophetical, rational, satirical, recipro- 
 cal, rhetorical, several, temporal, tragical, tyrannical, car- 
 nival, schismatical, whimsical, arsenal. Allowable rhymes, 
 all, ball, &c.,ail, mail, &c., ale, pale, &c. 
 
 ALU. 
 Bald, scald, emerald, &c. Perfect rhymes, the preterits 
 and participles of verbs in all, aul, and awl, as, called, 
 mauled, crawled, &c. 
 
 Ale, see Ail. 
 
 Alf. 
 
 Calf, half, behalf. Allowable rhymes, staff, laugh, &c. 
 
 Alk. 
 Balk, chalk, stalk, talk, walk, calk. Perfect rhyme, 
 hawk. Allowable rhymes, sock, clock, &c. 
 
 All. 
 
 All, ball, call, fall, gall, hall, small, pall, thrall, tall, stall, 
 squall, wall. Perfect rhymes, awl, bawl, brawl, crawl, scrawl, 
 sprawl. Allowable rhymes, caJoal, equivocsA, &.C. SeeAL 
 and AWL. 
 
 Alm. 
 
 Calm, balm, becalm, psalm, palm, embalm. 
 
 Alt. 
 Halt, malt, exalt, salt, smalt. Perfect rhymes, vault, as- 
 sault, default, and fault, the last of which is by Pope rhymed 
 with thought, bought, &c. 
 
 Calve, halve, salve. 
 
 Alve. 
 
 Am. 
 
 Am, clam, dam, ham, jam, pam, ram, sam, cram, dram, 
 flam, sham, slam, swam, anagram, diagram, epigram, tele- 
 gram, monogram, &c. Perfect rhymes, damn, lamb. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, dame, lame, &c. 
 
 Ame. 
 Blame, came, dame, same, flame, fame, frame, game, 
 lame, name, tame, shame, inflame, became, defame, mis- 
 name, surname, misbecame, overcame, &c. Perfect rhymes, 
 aim, claim, maim, acclaim, declaim, exclaim, proclaim, re- 
 claim. Allowable rhymes, dam, ham, &c., hem, them, &c., 
 th«me, scheme, &c., dream, gleam, &c. 
 
 AMP. 
 Camp, champ, cramp, damp, ramp, stamp, vamp, lamp, 
 elamp, decamp, encamp, &c. 
 
 An. 
 
 Ban, can, dan, fan, man, nan, pan, ran, tan, van, bran, 
 
 elan, plan, scan, span, than, unman, fore-ran, began. 
 
 divan, japan, rattan, sedan, trepan, alcoran, courtesan, 
 partisan, ptarmigan, artisan, peHcan, caravan, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, bane, cane, plain, mane, &c.,bean, lean, wan, 
 swan, &c., gone, upon, &c. 
 
 Ance. 
 Chance, dance, glance, lance, trance, prance, entrance, 
 advance, enchance, mischance. Perfect or allowable rhymes, 
 expanse, romance, finance, complaisance, circumstance, 
 countenance, deliverance, consonance, dissonance, extrav- 
 agance, ignorance, inheritance, maintenance, temperance, 
 intemperance, exorbitance, ordinance, concordance, suf 
 ferance, sustenance, utterance, arrogance, vigilance. 
 
 Anch. 
 Branch, stanch, lanch, blanch, ranch, hanch. Perfect 
 rhymes, launch, paunch. 
 
 And. 
 And, band, hand, land, rand, sand, brand, bland, grand, 
 gland, stand, strand, disband, expand, withstand, under- 
 stand, reprimand, saraband, contraband, deodand, &c. 
 Perfect or allowable rhymes, command, demand, remand, 
 countermand. Allowable rhymes, wand, fond, boi d, &c., 
 and the preterits and participles of verbs in ain and ean, as, 
 remained, leaned, &c. 
 
 Ane, see Am. 
 Ang. 
 Bang, fang, gang, hang, pang, tang, twang, sang, slang, 
 sprang, rang, clang. Perfect rhyme, harangue. Allowable 
 rhymes, song, long, &c. 
 
 Ange. 
 Change, grange, range, strange, estrange, arrange^ ex- 
 change, interchange. Allowable rhymes, flange, mange, 
 revenge, avenge, &c. 
 
 Ank. 
 Rank, blank, crank, shank, shrank, clank, dank, drank, 
 sank, slank, flank, frank, spank, stank, tank, lank, plank, 
 prank, rank, thank, disrank, mountebank. 
 
 ANSE,see Ance. 
 
 ANT. 
 .Afit, cant, plant, rant, scant, complaisant, decant, de- 
 scant, displant, implant, recant, transplant, absonant, 
 adamant, arrogant, combatant, consonant, cormorant, 
 protestant, significant, visitant, covenant, dissonant, dis- 
 putant, elegant, elephant, exorbitant, conversant, extrava- 
 gant, ignorant, insignificant, inhabitant, militant, petu- 
 lant, resonant, predominant, supplicant, sycophant, vigi- 
 lant, petulant, &c. Perfect or allownhle rhymes, chant, 
 grant, pant, slant, aslant, gallant, supplant, enchant. 
 Allowable rhymes, faint, paint, &c. See AiNT and Ent. 
 
 AP. 
 
 Cap, gap, hap, lap, map, nap, pap, rap, sap, tap, chap, 
 clap, trap, flap, knap, slap, snap, wrap, scrap, strap, en- 
 wrap, entrap, mishap, &c. Allowable rhymes, cape, tape, 
 &c., cheap, heap, anrf swap. 
 
 Ape. 
 
 Ape, cape, chape, drape, grape, nape, rape, scrape, shape, 
 escape, mape, crape, tape. Allowable rAi/wies, heap, keep, 
 &c. 
 
 Aph, see Aff. 
 
 Apse. 
 
 Lapse, elapse, relapse, collapse. Perfect rhymes, perhaps, 
 and the -plurals of nouns and third persons singular of th* 
 present tense map, as, caps, maps, &c., he saps, he laps, 
 &c. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third per- 
 sons singular of verbs in ape and eap, as, apes, he apes, 
 heaps, he heaps, &c. 
 
 APT. 
 
 Apt, rapt, adapt. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and par- 
 ticiples of the verbs in ap, as, tapped, slapped, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, the preterits and participles of the verbs in ape, 
 as, aped, escaped, &c. 
 
 AR. 
 
 Bar, car, far, jar, mar, par, tar, czar, scar, spar, star, 
 char, afar, debar, unbar, guitar, particular, perpendicular, 
 secular, angular, regular, popular, secular, singular, titu- 
 lar, vinegar, scimetar, calendar. Perfect rhymes, catarrh, 
 bazaar, and the plural verb are. Allowable rhymes, bare, 
 prepare, &c., pair, repair, wear, tear, war, &c., and ivordt 
 ending in er or or, having the accent on the last syllable, or 
 last but two. 
 
 ARB. 
 
 Barb, garb. i 
 
VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 859 
 
 Arce. 
 Farce. Perfect rh'ipne, parse. Allowable rhyme, scarce. 
 
 Arch. 
 Arch, larch, march, parch, starch, countermarch, &c. 
 
 Ard. 
 Bard, card, guard, hard, lard, nard, pard, shard, yard, 
 bombard, discard, placard, regard, interlard, retard, disre- 
 gard, &c. Perfect rhymes, guard, ami the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in ar, as, barred, scarred, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, cord, reward, &c. 
 
 Ard (sounded ord). 
 Ward, sward, award, reward, &c. Allowable rhymes, hard, 
 card (see the last article), hoard, lord, bird, gird, third, 
 curd, and the preterits and participles of the verbs in ar, or, 
 and ur, as, barred, abhorred, incurred, &c. 
 
 Are. 
 
 Bare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, pare, tare, rare, ware, 
 blare, tiare, glare, scare, share, snare, spare, square, stare, 
 Bware, prepare, aware, beware, compare, declare, ensnare. 
 Perfect rhymes, air, fair, hair, lair, pair, chair, stair, affair, 
 debonair, de.^pair, impair, repair, &c., bear, pear, swear, 
 tear, wear, forbear, forswear, &c., there, were, where, ere, 
 e'er, neer, elsewhere, whateer, howe'er, howsoe'er, when- 
 e'er, where'er, &c., heir, coheir, their. Allowable rhymes, 
 bar, car, &c., err, prefer, and here, hear, &c., regular, sin- 
 gular, war, &c. 
 
 Ares. 
 
 Unawares. Rhymes, theirs, and the plurals of nouns 
 and third persons singular of verbs in are, air, eir, ear, as, 
 care, he cares, pair, he pairs, heirs, bear, he bears, &c. 
 The allowable rhymes are the plurals of nouns and the third 
 persons singular of verbs which are allowed to rhyme with 
 the termination ars, as, bars, cars, errs, prefers, &c. 
 
 Are. 
 
 Scarf. Allowable rhymes, dwarf, wharf. 
 Arge. 
 
 Barge, charge, large, marge, targe, discharge, o'ercharge, 
 surcharge, enlarge. Allowable rhymes, verge, converge, di- 
 verge, merge, emerge, serge, gorge, forge, urge, scovuge, &c. 
 
 Ark. 
 Ark, bark, cark, dark, dark, hark, lark, mark, park, 
 shark, spark, stark, debark, embark, remark, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, cork, fork, &c. 
 
 Arl,. 
 Snarl, marl, pari. Allowable rhymes, curl, furl, &c. 
 
 Arm. 
 Arm, barm, charm, farm, harm, alarm, disarm. Allow- 
 able rhymes, waroa, swarm, storm, &c. 
 
 Arn. 
 Barn, darn, tarn, yarn. Allowable rhymes, warn, fore- 
 warn, &c., horn, morn, &c. 
 
 Arn {.sounded orn). 
 Warn, forwarn. Perfect rhymes, horn, morn, &c. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, barn, yarn, &c. 
 
 Arp. 
 
 Carp, harp, sharp, counterscarp. Allowable rhyme, warp. 
 
 Arsh. 
 Harsh, marsh. 
 
 Art. 
 
 Art, cart, chart, dart, hart, mart, part, smart, tart, start, 
 apart, depart, impart, dispart, counterpart. Perfect rhyme, 
 heart. Allowable rhymes, wart, thwart, &c., hurt, &c., dirt, 
 flirt, &c., pert, &c. 
 
 Art (sounded or<). 
 Wart, thwart, quart, swart. Perfect rhymes, short, re- 
 tort, &c. Allowable rhymes, art, sport, court, &c. 
 
 ARTH, see EARTH. 
 
 Arve. 
 
 Carve, starve. Allowable rhymes, nerve, deserve, &c. 
 
 Was. Allowable rhymes, has, as. 
 
 ASE, see Ace. 
 
 Ass. 
 Ass, brass, class, glass, grass, lass, mass, pass, amass, 
 
 repass, surpa^, &c. Perfect rhyme, alas. Allowable rhymes, 
 morass, sassafrass, base, face, deface, &c., loss, toss, &c. 
 Ash. 
 Ash, cash, dash, clash, crash, flash, gash, gnash, hash, 
 lash, mash, plash, rash, sash, thrash, slash, trash, abash, 
 calash, calabash, &c. Allowable rhytnes, wash, quash, &c., 
 leash, &c. 
 
 Ash (sounded osh.) 
 Wash, quash, squash, swash. Allowable rhymes, cash, 
 dash, &c. 
 
 Ask. 
 Ask, task, bask, ca.sk, flask, mask. 
 
 Asp. 
 Clasp, gasp, graap, rasp, hasp. Allotoable rhymes, asp, 
 wasp. 
 
 AST. 
 
 Cast, last, bla^t, mast, past, vast, fast, aghast, avast, 
 forecast, overcast, outcast, repast, contrast. Perfect rhymes, 
 the preterits and participles of verbs in ass, as, classed, 
 amassed, &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles 
 of verbs in ace, as, placed, &c. Nouns and verbs in aste, as, 
 taste, waste, &c. 
 
 ASTE. 
 
 Baste, chaste, haste, paste, taste, waste, distaste. Perfect 
 rhymes, waist, and the preterits and participles of verbs in 
 ace, as, faced, placed, &c. Allowable rhymes, cast, fast, &c., 
 best, nest, &c., and the preterits and participles of verbs in 
 ess, as, messed, dressed, &c. 
 
 At. 
 
 At, bat, cat, hat, fat, mat, pat, rat, sat, tat, vat, brat, 
 chat, flat, plat, sprat, that, gnat, cravat. Allowable rhymes, 
 bate, hat«, &c. 
 
 Atch. 
 
 Catch, match, hatch, latch, patch, scratch, smatch, 
 snatch, thatch, dispatch. 
 
 Ate. 
 Bate, date, fate, gate, grate, hate, late, mate, pate, plate, 
 prate, rate, sate, state, skate, slate, abate, belate, collate, 
 create, debate, elate, dilate, estate, ingrate, innate, rebate, 
 relate, sedate, translate, abdicate, abominate, abrogate, 
 accelerate, accommodate, accumulate, accurate, adequate, 
 affectionate, advocate, adulterate, aggravate, agitate, alien- 
 ate, animate, annihilate, antedate, anticipate, antiquate, 
 arbitrate, arrogate, articulate, assassinate, calculate, capit- 
 ulate, captivate, celebrate, circulate, coagulate, commem- 
 orate, commiserate, communicate, compassionate, confed- 
 erate, congratulate, congregate, consecrate, contaminate, 
 corroborate, cultivate, candidate, co-operate, celebrate, con- 
 siderate, consulate, capacitate, debilitate, dedicate, degen- 
 erate, delegate, deliberate, denominate, depopulate, dislo- 
 cate, deprecate, discriminate, derogate, dissipate, delicate, 
 disconsolate, desperate, educate, effeminate, elevate, emu- 
 late, estimate, elaborate, equivocate, eradicate, evaporate, 
 exaggerate, exasperate, expostulate, exterminate, extricate, 
 facilitate, fortunate, generate, gratulate, hesitate, illiterate, 
 illuminate, irritate, imitate, immoderate, impetrate, im- 
 portunate, imprecate, inanimate, innovate, instigate, in- 
 temperate, intimate, intimidate, intoxicate, intricate, invali- 
 date, inveterate, inviolate, legitimate, magistrate, mediate, 
 mitigate, moderate, necessitate, nominate, obstinate, opiate, 
 participate, passionate, penetrate, perpetrate, personate, 
 potentate, precipitate, predestinate, predominate, premedi- 
 tate, prevaricate, procrastinate, profligate, prognosticate, 
 propagate, recriminate, regenerate, regulate, reiterate, rep- 
 robate, reverberate, ruminate, separate, sophisticate, stipu- 
 late, subjugate, subordinate, suffocate, terminate, tolerate, 
 temperate, vindicate, violate, unfortunate. Perfect rhymes, 
 bait, plait, strait, wait, await, great. Nearly perfect rhymes, 
 eight, weight, straight. Alloivable rhymes, beat, heat, &c.. 
 bat, cat, &c., bet, wet, &c. 
 
 Ath. 
 
 Bath, lath, path. Allowable rhymes, hath, faitlx, &c- 
 
 athe. 
 Bathe, swathe, lathe. 
 
 AuB, see Ob. 
 AUCE, see AUSE. 
 Auch, see Oach. 
 
 AUD. 
 
 Fraud, laud, applaud, defi^ud. Perfect rhymes, broad, 
 abroad, bawd, and the preterits and participles of verbs in 
 aw, as, gnawed, sawed, &c. Allowable rhymes, odd, nod, 
 &c., ode, bode, &c. ; also the word load. 
 
860 
 
 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 AUGH, see AFF. 
 
 Aught, see Ought. 
 
 AULT, see ALT. 
 
 AUNCE, see Onse. 
 
 AUNCH. 
 
 Launch, paunch, haunch, staunch. 
 
 AUNT. 
 Aunt, daunt, flaunt, gaunt, haunt, jaunt, taunt, Taunt, 
 avauut. Perfect rhymes, slant, aslant. AUowabh rhymes, 
 \raut, &c., pant, cant, &c. 
 
 A USE. 
 Cause, pause, clause, applause, because. Perfect rhymes, 
 gauze, and the plurni^ of nouns and third persons singular 
 of verbs in aw, as, laws, he draws, &c. Alloicable rhyme, was. 
 
 AUST, see OsT. 
 Ave. 
 Care, brave, gave, grave, crave, lave, nave, knave, pave, 
 rave, save, shave, slave, stave, wave, behave, deprave, en- 
 grave, outbrave, forgave, misgave, architrave. Alloicable 
 rhyme, the auxiliary verb have. . 
 
 Aw. 
 Caw, craw, daw, law, chaw, claw, draw, flaw, gnaw, haw, 
 jaw, maw, paw, raw, saw, shaw. straw, taw, thaw, yaw. 
 macaw, bashaw, withdraw, papaw, foresaw. 
 
 -^ AXTD, see AUD. 
 
 AWK, see Alk. 
 
 Awl. 
 
 Awl, bawl, brawl, drawl, crawl, pawl, scrawl, spawl, 
 
 sprawl, squall, yawl. Perfect rhymes, ball, call, fell, gall, 
 
 small, hall, pall, tall, wall, stall, install, forestall, thrall, in- 
 
 tiirall, waul. See ALL. 
 
 Awn. 
 Dawn, brawn, fawn, pawn, prawn, spawn, drawn, yawn, 
 lawn, withdrawn. 
 
 Ax. 
 Ax. lax, tax, wax, relax, flax, parallax. Perfect rhymes, 
 the plurals of nouns and third persons singular of verbs in 
 ack, as, backs, sacks. &c., he lacks, he packs, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons singular 
 of verbs in ake. as, cakes, lakes, &c. , he makes, he takes, &c. 
 
 Ay. 
 Bay, bray, clay, day, dray, fay, tray, flay, fray, gray, gay, 
 hay, jay, lay, may, nay, pay, play, ray. say, way, pray, 
 spiay, spray" slay, spay, stay, stray, sway, afeay, allay, ar- 
 ray, astray, away, belay, betray, bewray, decay, defray, de- 
 lay, disarray, display, dismay, essay, forelay, assay, away, 
 gainsay, inlay, mislay, portray, relay, repay, roundelay, 
 virelay , waylay. Perfect rhymes, neigh, weigh , inveigh , &c. ^ 
 prey, they, convey, obey, purvey, survey, disobey. AUoio- 
 abU rhymes, tea., sea, fee, see, giee, &c. 
 
 AZE. 
 Craze, daze, blaze, braze, gaze, glaze, haze, maze, raze, 
 amaze, graze. Perfect rhymes, raise, praise, dispraise, fcc, 
 phrase, paraphrase, &c., and the nouns plural and third 
 persons singular of the present tense of verbs in ay, eigh, an^/ 
 ey, as, days, he inveighs, he obeys. &c. Alloicable rhymes, 
 ease, tease, seize, 4c., and keys, the plural of kej : also the 
 auxiliaries has and was. 
 
 E and Ea, see Ee. 
 
 Eace, see Ease. 
 
 Each. 
 
 B«ach , breach , bleach , each , peach , pleach , reach , preach , 
 
 teach, impeach. Perfect rhymes, beech, leech, speech, be- 
 
 s«ech. Allowable rhymes, fetch, wretch, &c. 
 
 Ead, see Ede and Eed. 
 
 Eaf, see Ief. 
 
 Eague. 
 
 League, teague Perfect rhymes, intrigue, &tigue, &c. 
 
 AUowaUe rhymes, Hague, vague, &c., leg, beg, &c., bag, 
 
 r^, &c. 
 
 Eak. 
 Beak, speak, bleak, creak, freak, leak, peak, sneak, 
 rqneak.' streak, weak, tweak, wreak, bespeak. Perfect 
 rhymes, cheek, Greek, leek, creek, meek, reek, seek, sleek. 
 pique, week, shriek. Allowable rhymes, beck, speck, &c., j 
 lake, take, thick, lick, &c. I 
 
 Deal, heal, reveal, meal, peal, seal, squeal, steal, teal, veaV, 
 weal, wheal, zeal, repeal, conceal, congeal, anneal, appeal, 
 reveal. Perfect rhymes, eel, heel, feel, keel, kneel, peel, reel, 
 teel, wheel, genteel. Alloicable rhymes, bell, tell, &c., bale, 
 tale, &c., biU, fill, &c., ail, foil, &c. 
 
 Ealm, see Elm. 
 
 Ealth. 
 
 Health, wealth, stealth, commonwealth. 
 Eam. 
 
 Bream , cream , fleam , gleam , seam, scream, steam, stream, 
 team,bejini, dream. Perfect rhymt^s, scheme, theme, blas- 
 pheme, extreme, supreme, deem, teem, beseem, misdeem, 
 esteenf? disesteem, redeem, seem, &c. Alloicable rhymes, 
 dame, lame, &c., limb, him, &c., them, hem, &c., lamb, 
 dam, &c. See Ame. 
 
 Ean. 
 
 Bean, clean, dean, glean, lean, mean, quean, wean, yean, 
 demean, unclean. Perfect rhytnes, convene, demesne, inter- 
 vene, mien, machine, e'en, been, l<een, screen, seen, green, 
 sheen, spleen, between, careen, foreseen, serene, obscene, 
 terrene. &c., queen, spleen, &c. Alloicable rhymes, bane, 
 mane, &c., ban, man, &c., bin, thin, begin, &c. 
 
 Eans, see Ense. 
 Eant, see Ent. 
 Eap, see Eep and EP. 
 Ear, see Eer. 
 Eard. 
 Heard. Perfect rhymes, herd, sherd, &c., the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in er, as, erred, preferred, &c. Alloic- 
 able rhymes, beard, and the preterits and participles of verbs 
 in ere, ear, and ar, as, revered, feared, barred. 
 
 Earch. 
 
 Search, research. Perfect, or nearly perfect, rhymes, 
 perch, church, smirch, lurch, parch, march, &c. 
 
 Earl. 
 Earl, pearl. Perfect rhyme, girl, whirl, twirl, swirl. Per- 
 fect, or nearly perfect , rhymes, churl, furl, curl, hurl, purl. 
 Allowable rhymes, snarl, marl, &c. 
 
 Earn, see Ern. 
 Earse, see Erse. 
 Eart, see Art. 
 Earth. 
 Earth, dearth. Perfect rhymes, birth, mirth, &c. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, hearth, &c. 
 
 Ease (sounded eace). 
 Cease, lease, release, grease, decease, decrease, increase, 
 release, surcease. Perfect rhymfs, peace, piece, niece, 
 fleece, geese, frontispiece, apiece, &c. Alloicable rhymes, 
 iess,mess, &c., lace, mace, &c., miss, hiss, &c., nice, vice. 
 &c. 
 
 Eash, see EsH. 
 
 East. 
 East, feast, least, beast, yeast. Perfect rhymes, priest, and 
 preterits and participles of verbs in ease, as, ceased, in- 
 creased. &c. Allowable rhymes, haste, tajste, &c., best, 
 chest, &c., fist, Ust, &c , and the preterits and participles 
 of verbs in esse and iss, as, dressed, hissed, &c. 
 
 Eat. 
 Bleat, eat, feat, heat, meat, neat, peat. seat, teat, treat, 
 wheat, beat, cheat, defeat, estreat, escheat, repeat, entreat, 
 retreat. Perfect rhytnes, obsolete, replete, concrete, com- 
 plete, feet, fleet, gleet, greet, meet, sheet, sleet, street, sweet, 
 discreet. Allowable rhymes, bate, grate, hate, &c., get, 
 met, &c., bit, hit, &c. See Ate. 
 
 EATH. 
 
 Breath, death, &c. Allowable rhymes, heath, sheath, 
 teeth. 
 
 Eathe. 
 
 Breathe, sheathe, wreathe. Perfect rhymes^ bequeath, be- 
 neath, underneath, seethe, &c. 
 
 Eave. 
 Cleave, heave, interweave, leave, interleave, reave, weave, 
 bereave, inweave. Perfect rhymes, receive, conceive, de- 
 ceive, perceive, eve, grieve, thieve, aggrieve, achieve, believt 
 
VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 861 
 
 disbelieve, relieve, reprieve, retrieve. Allowable rhymes, 
 gjve, live, &c., lave, cave, &c., and have. 
 Eb. 
 Ebb, web, &c. Alloivablg rhymes, babe, astrolabe, &c., 
 glebe, &c. 
 
 ECK. 
 
 Beck, fleck, neck, check, deck, peck, reck, speck, wreck. 
 Allowable rhymes, break, take, &c., beak, sneak, &c. 
 
 Sect, abject, affect, correct, incorrect, collect, connect, 
 defect, deflect, deject, detect, direct, disrespect, disaffect, 
 dissect, effecc, elect, eject, erect, expect, indirect, infect, in- 
 ject, inspect, neglect, object, project, protect, recollect, re- 
 flect, reject, respect, select, subject, suspect, architect, cir- 
 cumspect, dialect, intellect, intersect. Perfect rhymes, the 
 preteritsand participles of verbs in eck, as, decked, checked, 
 &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs 
 in ake and eak, as, baked, leaked. 
 Ed. 
 
 Bed, bled, fed, fled, bred, led, red, shed, shred, sped, 
 wed, zed, abed, inbred, misled. Perfect rhymes, said, bread, 
 4read, dead, head, lead, read, spread, stead, thread, tread, 
 behead, o'erspread. Allowable rhymes, bead, mead, &c., 
 blade, ade, &c., maid, paid, &c., and the preterits aiid par- 
 ticiples of verbs in ay, ey, and eigh, as, bayed, obeyed, in- 
 veighed, &c. 
 
 Ede, see Eed. 
 
 EDGE. 
 
 Edge, dredge, fledge, hedge, ledge, pledge, sedge, sledge, 
 wedge. Perfect rhyme, allege. Alloivahle rhymes, age, page, 
 &c., siege, &c., privilege, sacrilege, sortilege. 
 
 Bee, fee, free, glee, knee, see, thee, three, tree, agree, 
 decree, degree, disagree, foresee, o'ersee, pedigree, jubilee, 
 lee. Perfect rhymes, be, he, me, we, she, sea, pea, plea, 
 flea, lea, tea, key. Alloivable rhymes, all words of one 
 syllable ending in y, ye, or ie, or polysyllables of these ter- 
 minations having the accent on the ultimate or antepenul- 
 tiTnate syllable. 
 
 Eece, see Ease. 
 
 Eech, see Each. 
 
 Eed. 
 
 Bleed, breed, creed, deed, feed, freed, greed, heed, indeed, 
 meed, need, reed, speed, seed, steed, tweed, weed, proceed, 
 succeed, exceed. Perfect rhymes, knead, read, cede, inter- 
 cede, precede, recede, concede, impede, supersede, Swede, 
 &c., bead, lead, mead, plead, &c. Allowable rhymes, hed, 
 dead, &c., bid, hid, &c. made, blade, &c. 
 
 Eef, see lEF. 
 
 Eek, see Eak. 
 
 EEL, seeEAL. 
 
 Eem, see Eam. 
 
 Een, see Ean. 
 
 Eep. 
 
 Creep, deep, keep, peep, sheep, sleep, steep, sweep, weep, 
 
 asleep. Perfect rhymes, cheap, heap, leap, neap, reap, &c. 
 
 Allowable rhymes, ape, rape, &c., step, nep, &c., hip, lip, 
 
 &c. 
 
 eer. 
 
 Beer, cheer, deer, fleer, jeer, leer, meer, peer, seer, sheer, 
 sneer, steer, veer, pickeer, domineer, cannoneer, compeer, 
 engineer, mutineer, pioneer, privateer, charioteer, chanti- 
 cleer, career, mountah'ieer. Perfect rhyines, ere, here, mere, 
 sphere, adhere, cohere, interfere, persevere, revere, austere! 
 severe, sincere, hemisphere, &c., ear, blear, clear, dear! 
 drear, fear, gear, hear, near, sear, shear, smear, spear! 
 tear, rear, year, appear, besmear, disappear, endear, auc- 
 tioneer, bier, pier, tier, wier. Allowable rhymes, bare, 
 dare, &c., prefer, deter, character, &c. 
 
 Eese, seeEEZE. 
 
 Eet, see Eat. 
 
 Eeth, see Eath. 
 
 Eeve, see E AVE. 
 
 Eeze. 
 
 Breeze, freeze, wheeze, sneeze, squeeze, and the plurals of 
 
 nouns and third persons siiigular, present tense, of verbs in 
 
 2e, as, bees, he sees. Perfect rhymes, cheese, these, firiez*, 
 
 &c. ; ease, please, appea,se, disease, displease, tease, seize, 
 &c., and the plurals of nouns in ea, as, teas, pleas, &c. 
 Nearly perfect rhymes, the polysyllables ending in g?,, hav- 
 ing the accent on the antepenultimate, as, images, mon- 
 archies, &c. 
 
 Eft. 
 
 Eft, cleft, deft, left, reft, theft, weft, bereft, &c. Allowa- 
 ble rhymes, hft, sift, &c., and the third persons singular, 
 present tense, of verbs in afe, aff', augh, and iff, as, chafed, 
 quaffed, laughed, whiffed, &c. 
 Eg. 
 
 Keg, leg, beg, peg. Perfect rhyme, egg. Allowable 
 rhymes, vague, plague, &c., league, teague, &c. 
 
 EiGH, see Ay. 
 Eight, .see Ate. -^ 
 
 EiGN, see AIN. 
 ElL, see Ail. 
 EIN, see AIN, 
 EiNT, see Aim. 
 EiR, see Are. 
 EiT, see Eat. 
 ElVE, see E AVE. 
 Eize, see Eeze. 
 Ell. 
 EU, dell, dwell, fell, hell, knell, quell, sell, beU, cell, 
 foretell, befell, yell, well, tell, swell, spell, smell, shell, 
 doggerel. Perfect rhymes, dispel, excel, compel, parallel, 
 philomel, sentinel, infidel, citadel, repel, rebel, impel, ex- 
 pel. Allowable rhymes, bale, sale, &c., heal, peal, &c.,eel, 
 steel, &c. 
 
 Eld. 
 Eld, held, geld, withheld, upheld, beheld, &c. Perfect 
 rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ell, as, 
 swelled, felled, &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and par- 
 ticiples of verbs in ale, ail, &c., heal, seal, &c., as, empaled* 
 wailed, &c., healed, sealed, &c. 
 
 Elf. 
 
 Elf, pelf, self, shelf, himself, &c. 
 
 Elk. 
 
 Elk, whelk, yelk. 
 
 Elm. 
 Ehn, helm, realm, whelm, overwhelm. Allowable rhymes, 
 fihn, &c. 
 
 Elp. 
 Help, kelp, whelp, yelp. 
 
 Elt. 
 Belt, celt, gelt, melt, felt, welt, smelt, pelt, dwelt, welt. 
 Perfect rhym.e, dealt. 
 
 Elve. 
 Delve, helve, shelve, twelve. 
 
 Elves. 
 Elves, themselves, &c. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of 
 nouns and third persons singular of verbs in elf and elve, 
 as, twelves, delves, shelves, &c. 
 
 EM. 
 Gem, hem, stem, them, diadem, requiem, stratagem, &c. 
 Perfect rhymes, apothegm, condemn, contemn, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, lame, tame, &c., team, seam, theme, phlegm, 
 &c. 
 
 Eme, see Eam. 
 
 Emn. 
 Condemn, contemn, &c. Perfect rhymes, gem, hem, &c 
 Allowable rhymes, lame, tame, &c., team, seam, &c. 
 
 Empt. 
 Tempt, exempt, attempt, contempt. 
 
 En. 
 Den, hen, fen, glen, ken, men, pen, ten, then, wen, when, 
 wren, denizen. Allowable rhymes, Dane, fane, &c., mean, 
 bean, &c. 
 
 Ence. 
 Fence, hence, pence, thence, whence, commence, absti- 
 nence, circumference, conference, confidence, consequence, 
 continence, benevolence, concupiscence, diffei-ence, diffi- 
 dence, diligence, eloquence, eminence, evidence, excellence, 
 impenitence, impertinence, impotence, impudence, improv- 
 idence, incontinence, indifference, indigence, indolence, in- 
 
862 
 
 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 fcrence, intelligence, innocence, magnificence, munificence, 
 negligence, omnipotence, penitence, preference, providence, 
 reference, residence, revoi-ence, vehomcnce, violence. Ptr- 
 ftct rhi/nifs, cense, dense, sense, condense, defense, dispense, 
 expense, immense, incense, intense, offense, prepense, pre- 
 tense, propense, suspense, frankincense, recompense. 
 
 EncH. 
 Bench, blench, drench, retrench, quench, clench, stench, 
 t«nah, trench, wench, wrench, intrench. 
 
 End. 
 Bend, mend, blend, end, fend, lend, rend, send, spend, 
 tend, vend, wend, amend, attend, ascend, commend, con- 
 tend, defend, depend, descend, distend, expend, extend, 
 forefend, impend, misspend, offend, portend, pretend, sus- 
 pend, tninscend, unbend, apprehend, comprehend, conde- 
 scend, discommend, minuend, recommend, i-eprehend, divi- 
 dend, reverend. Perfect rhymes^ friend, befriend, avd the 
 ]ireterits and participles of verbs in en, as, penned, kenned, 
 &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs 
 in ean, as, gleaned, yeaned, &c. 
 
 Ends. 
 Amends. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons singular present tense of verbs in end, as, ends, 
 friend-s, he mends, &c. 
 
 Ene, see Ean. 
 
 En&e. 
 
 Yenge, avenge, revenge. 
 
 Length, strength. 
 
 Ength. 
 
 Ense (sounded enz). 
 
 Cleanse. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons singular present tense of verbs in en, as, hens, fens, 
 he pens, he kens, &c. 
 
 Ent. 
 
 Bent, blent, cent, lent, rent, pent, scent, sent, spent, tent, 
 vent, went, absent, ascent, assent, attent, augment, ce- 
 ment, content, consent, descent, dissent, event, extent, 
 foment, frequent, indent, intent, invent, lament, misspent, 
 o"erspent, present, prevent, relent, repent, resent, ostent, 
 ferment, outwent, underwent, discontent, unbent, circum- 
 vent, represent, abstinent, accident, accomplishment, ad- 
 monishment, acknowledgment, aliment, arbitrament, argu- 
 ment, banishment, battlement, blandishment, astonish- 
 ment, armipotent, bellipotent, benevolent, chastisement, 
 competent, compliment, complement, confident, continent, 
 corpulent, detriment, different, diffident, diligent, dispar- 
 agement, document, element, eloquent, eminent, equiva- 
 lent, establishment, evident, excellent, excrement, exigent, 
 experin:ent, firmament, fraudulent, government, embellish- 
 ment, imminent, impenitent, impertinent, implement, im- 
 potent, im.prisonment, improvident, impudent, incident, 
 incompetent, incontinent, indifferent, indigent, innocent, 
 insolent, instrument, irreverent, languishment, ligament, 
 lineament, magnificent, management, medicament, malcon- 
 tent, monument, negligent, nourishment, nutriment, Occi- 
 dent, omnipotent, opulent, orient, ornament, parliament, 
 penitent, permanent, pertinent, president, precedent, prev- 
 alent, provident, punishment, ravishment, regiment, resi- 
 dent, redolent, rudiment, sacrament, .sediment, sentiment, 
 pettlement, subsequent, supplement, intelligent, tenement, 
 temperament, testjiment, tournament, turbulent, vehe- 
 ment, violent, virulent, reverent. Perfect rhyme, meant. 
 Allowable rhymes, paint, saint, &c. 
 
 Ents. 
 Accouterments. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns 
 and third persons singular present tense of verbs in^^ni, 
 
 as, scents, he assents. &c. 
 
 Ep. 
 
 Step, nep, rep. Allowable rhymes, leap, reap, &c., rape, 
 tape, &c. 
 
 ■^ Ept. 
 
 Crept, sept, slept, swept, wept, kept, accept, adept, ex- 
 cept, inept, intercept. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in ape, eep, ami eap, as, peeped, reaped, 
 shaped, &c. 
 
 Er. 
 
 Aver, defer, infer, deter, inter, refer, transfer, confer, 
 prefer, administer, wagoner, islander, arbiter, character, 
 villager, cottager, dowager, forager, pillager, voyager, mas- 
 •acre, gardener, slanderer, flatterer, idolater, provender, 
 theater, amphitheater, foreigner, lavender,, messenger, pas- 
 senger, Borcerer, interpreter, ofiScer, mariner, harbinger, 
 
 minister, register, canister, chorister, sophister, presbyter, 
 lawgiver, philosopher, astrologer, loiterer, prisoner, grass- 
 hopper, astronomer, sepulcher, thunderer, traveler, mur- 
 derer, usurer. Perfect rhymes, err, sir, fir, her, whirr, purr, 
 cur, &c. Allowable rhymes, bare, care, &c, ear, fear, &c.j 
 bar, car, &c. 
 
 Erch, see Earch. 
 
 Erce, see Erse. 
 
 Erd, see Eard. 
 
 Ere, see Eer. 
 
 Erge. 
 
 Merge, verge, absterge, deterge, diverge, converge, emerg«, 
 immerge. Perfect rhyme, dirge. Perfect, or nearly perfect, 
 rhymes, urge, purge, surge. Allowable rhymes, barge, 
 large, &c. 
 
 Ern. 
 
 Fern, kern, stern, discern, concern. Perfect rhymes, learn, 
 earn, yearn. Perfect, or nearly perfect , rhymes, bum, turn, 
 &c. Allowable rhymes, barn, yam, &c. 
 
 Verse, herse, terse, absterse, adverse, averse, converse, dis- 
 perse, immerse, perverse, reverse, transverse, traverse, as- 
 perse, intersperse, universe. Perfect rhymes, amerce, coerce, 
 &c. Perfect, or nearly perfect, rhymes, curse, purse, nurse, 
 worse, &c. Allowable rhymes, farce, parce, Mars, &c., 
 fierce, tierce, pierce, &c. 
 
 Ert. 
 
 Pert, wert, advert, alert, assert, avert, concert, convert, 
 controvert, desert, divert, exert, expert, inert, insert, invert, 
 pervert, revert, subvert, disconcert, malapert. Perfect, or 
 nearly perfect, rhymes, curt, hurt, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 heart, part, &c., shirt, dirt, &c. 
 
 Erve. 
 Serve, nerve, swerve, preserve, deserve, conserve, observe, 
 reserve, disserve, subserve. Perfect, or nearly perfect, 
 rhymes, curve, &c. Allowable rhymes, starve, carve, &c. 
 
 Ess. 
 Bless, dress, cess, chess, guess, less, mess, press, stress, 
 access, address, assess, compress, confess, caress, depress, 
 digress, dispo.ssess, distress, excess, express, impress, op- 
 press, possess, profess, progress, recess, repress, redress, suc- 
 cess, transgress, adulteress, bashfulness, bitterness, cheer- 
 fulness, comfortless, comeUness, craftiness, dizziness, drowsi- 
 ness, eagerness, easiness, embassadress, emptiness, even- 
 ness, fatherless, filthiness, foolishness, forgetfulness, for- 
 wardness, frowardness, fruitfulness, fulsomeness, giddiness, 
 greediness, gentleness, governess, happiness, haughtinessj 
 heaviness, idleness, heinousness, hoariness, hollowness, ho- 
 liness, lasciviou.sness, lawfulness, laziness, littleness, liveli- 
 ness, loftiness, lioness, lowliness, manhness, masterless, 
 mightiness, motherless, motionless, nakedness, neediness, 
 noisonieness, numberless, patroness, peevishness, perfid- 
 iousness, pitiless, poetess, prophetess, ransomless, readiness, 
 righteousness, shepherdess, sorceress, sordidnpss, spiritless, 
 sprightliness, stubbornness, sturdiness. surliness, steadi- 
 ness, tenderness, thoughtfulness, ugliness, uneasiness, un- 
 happiness, votaress, usefulness, wakefulness, wantonness, 
 weaponless, wariness, willingness, willfulness, weariness, 
 wickedness, wilderness, wretchedness, drunkenness, child- 
 ishness, &c. Perfect rhyme, acquiesce. Allowable rhymes, 
 mace, place, &c. 
 
 ESE,seeEEZE. 
 
 ESH. 
 
 Flesh, fresh, refresh, thresh, afresh, mesh. Allowable 
 rhymes, mash, flash, &c. 
 
 ESK. 
 
 Desk. Perfect rhymes, grotesque, burlesque, &c. 
 Est. 
 
 Best, blest, chest, crest, guest, jest, lest, nest, pest, quest, 
 rest, test, vest, west, wrest, arrest, attest, behest, bequest, 
 contest, detest, digest, divest, invest, infest, molest, obtest, 
 protest, request, suggest, unrest, alkahest, interest, man- 
 ifest, &c. Perfect rhymes, breast, abreast, &c., and the 
 preterits and participles of verbs in ess, as, dressed, abreast, 
 expressed, &c. Allowable rhymes, haste, waste, &c., beast, 
 least, &c. See East. 
 
 Et. 
 
 Bet, jet, fret, get, let, met, net, set, tret, wet, whet, yet, 
 debt, abet, beget, beset, cadet, curvet, duet, forget, piquet, 
 paraquet, regret, alphabet, amulet, anchoret, cabinet, ""epi- 
 thet, parapet, rivulet, violet, coronet, &c. Perfect rhymes, 
 
VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 863 
 
 sweat, threat, rosette, &c. Allowable rhymes, bate, hate, 
 &c., beat, heat, &c. 
 
 Etch 
 Etch, fetch, ketch, stretch, wretch, sketch, vetch. Al- 
 lowable rhymes^ match, latch, &c., peach, bleach, &c. 
 
 Ete, see Eat. 
 
 EUM, see UME. 
 
 Eve, see Eave. 
 Ew. 
 Blew, dew, flew, few, new, knew, hew, Jew, mew, pew, 
 view, slew, spew, stew, anew, askew, bedew, renew, review, 
 interview, &c. Perfect rhymes, blue, clue, due, cue, glue, 
 hue, sue, ensue, endue, imbue, pui-sue, subdue, adieu, per- 
 due, residue, avenue, revenue, retinue. Allowable rhytnes, 
 chew, eschew, brew, drew, grew, shrew, threw, crew, with- 
 drew, screw, &c., rue, true, accrue, imbrue, through, &c. 
 
 EWD, see Eud. 
 EWN, seeUNE. 
 Ex. 
 Sex, vex, annex, convex, complex, perplex, circumflex. 
 
 Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons sin- 
 gular of verbs in eck, as, checks, he checks, &c. Allowable 
 rhymes, ax, wax, &c., and the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons singular of verbs in ake, ack, eak, eke, ique, ike, 
 &c., breaks, rakes, he takes, he breaks, racks, heekes, pikes, 
 he hkes, he pikes, &c. 
 
 EXT. 
 Next, text, pretext. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in ex, as, vexed, perplexed, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ax, as, 
 waxed, &c. 
 
 EY,see Ay. 
 
 IB. 
 
 Bib, crib, squib, drib, fib, glib, nib, rib. 
 
 IBE. 
 
 Bribe, gibe, tribe, scribe, ascribe, imbibe, describe, super- 
 scri^, prescribe, proscribe, subscribe, transcribe, inscribe. 
 
 ^ICE. 
 Ice, dice, lice, mice, nice, price, rice, spice, slice, thrice, 
 trice, twice, advice, entice, vice, device, cockatrice. Perfect 
 rhymes, the nouns, rise, paradise, vise, &c., and the adject- 
 ives, concise, precise, &c. Allowable rhymes, sacrifice ; also^ 
 miss, kiss, hiss, artifice, avarice, benefice, cicatrice, edifice, 
 orifice, prejudice, precipice, &c., piece, fleece, &c. 
 ICH, see Itch. 
 
 ICK. 
 Brick, sick, chick, click, kick, lick, nick, pick, quick, 
 rick, stick, thick, tick, trick, wick. Perfect rhymes, arith- 
 metic, asthmatic, choleric, catholic, phlegmatic, heretic, 
 rhetoric, schismatic, splenetic, lunatic, asteric, politic, em- 
 piric. AUowable rhymes, Uke, pike, &c., weak, speak, &c. 
 
 IGT. 
 Strict, addict, afBict, convict, inflict, predict, contradict, 
 
 &c. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in 
 ick, as, licked, kicked, &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits 
 and participles of verbs in ike, eak, as, liked, leaked, &c. 
 
 ID. 
 Bid, chid, did, hid, kid, lid, mid, slid, squid, rid, skid, 
 thrid, bestrid, pyramid, forbid. Allowable rhymes, bide, 
 chide, parricide, &c., and the preterits and participles of 
 the verbs in y or ie, as, died, replied, &c., lead, bead, mead, 
 deed, need, &c., and the preterits and participles of verbs 
 in ee, as, freed, agreed, &c. 
 
 IDE. 
 
 Bide, chide, hide, glide, pride, ride, slide, side, stride, 
 tide, wide, bride, abide, guide, suicide, regicide, homicide, 
 parricide, matricide, fratricide, aside, astride, beside, be- 
 stride, betide, coincide, collide, confide, decide, deride, 
 divide, elide, preside, provide, reside, subside, misguid«, sub- 
 divide, &c. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of 
 verbs in ie andy, as, died, replied, &c., and the participio 
 sighed. AUowable rhymes, bead, mead, &c., bid, hid, &c. 
 
 Ides. 
 Ides, besides. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and 
 third persons singular of verbs in ide, as, tides, he rides. 
 AUowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons 
 singular of verbs in ead, id, as, beads, he leads, &c. , kids, he 
 bids, &c. 
 
 Idge. 
 Bridge, midge, ridge, abridge. 
 
 IDST. 
 
 Midst, amidst. Perfect rhymes, the second person sin- 
 gular of the present tense of verbs in id, as, thou bidd'st, 
 &c. Alloivable rhymes, the second person singular of the 
 present tense of verbs in ide, as, thou hid'st, thou ridest, 
 &c. 
 
 IE or Y. 
 
 By, buy, cry, die, dry, ^e, fly, fry, fie, hie, lie, pie, ply, 
 pry, rye, shy, sly, spry, sky, sty, tie, try, vie, why, ally, 
 apply, awry , belie, comply, decry, defy, descry, deny, imply, 
 July, espy, outvie, outtiy, rely, reply, supply, untie, ampli- 
 fy, beautify, certify, crucify, deify, dignify, edify, falsify, 
 fortify, gratify, glorify, indemnify, justify, magnify, modify, 
 mollify, mortify, pacify, petrify, purify, putrefy, qualify, 
 ratify, rectify, sanctify, satisfy, scarify, signify, specify, stu- 
 pefy, terrify, testify, verify, vilify, vitrify, vivify, prophesy. 
 Perfect rhymes, high, nigh, sigh, thigh. Allowable rhymes, 
 bee, she, tea, sea, &c., pleurisy, chemistry, academy, apos- 
 tasy, conspu-acy, confederacy, ecstasy , democracj", embassy, 
 fallacy, legacy, supremacy, lunacy, privacy, piracy, mal- 
 ady, remedy, tragedy, comedy, cosmography, geography, 
 geometry, elegy, certainty, sovereignty, loyalty, disloyalty, 
 penalty, casualty, ribaldry, chivalry, infamy, constancy, 
 fealty, cavalry, bigamy, polygamy, vacancy, inconstancy, 
 infancy, company, accompany, dittany, tyranny, villainy, 
 anarchy, monarchy, lethargy, incendiary, infirmary, libra- 
 ry, salary, sanctuary", votary, auxiliary, contrary, diary, 
 granary, rosemarj", urgencj', infantry, knavery, Uvery, re- 
 covery, robbery, noveltj^ antipathy, apathy, sympathy, 
 idolatry, galaxy, husbandrj', cruelty, enemy, blasphemy, 
 prophecy, clemency, decency, inclemency, emergency, re- 
 gency, progeny, energy, poverty, liberty, property, adul- 
 tery, artery, artillery, battery, beggary, bribery, bravery, 
 delivery, drudgery, flattery, galler3% imagery, lottery, mis- 
 ery, myster\-, nursery, railler\", slavery, sorcery, treachery, 
 discovery, tapestry, majesty, modesty, immodesty, honesty, 
 dishonesty, courtesy, heres}', poesy, poetry, secrecy, lepro- 
 sy, perfidy, subsidy, drapery, symmetry, drollery, prodigy, 
 policy, mutiny, destiny, scrutiny, hypocrisj-, family, abU- 
 it}', activity, avidity, assiduity, civility, community, con- 
 cavity, consanguinity, conformity, congruity, diuturnit3", 
 facility, falsity, familiarity, formality, generosity, gratuity, 
 humidity, absurdity, activity, adversity, affability, aflanity, 
 agility, alacrity, ambiguity, animosity, antiquity, austerity, 
 authority, brevity, calamity, capacity, captivitj" charity, 
 chastity, civility, credulity: curiosity, finery, declivit,v, de- 
 formity, dexterity, dignity, disparity, diversity, divinity, 
 enmitj^, enormity, equality, equanimity, equity, eternity, 
 extremity, fatality, felicity, fertility, fidelity, frugality, futu- 
 rity, gravity, hostility", humanity, humility, immanity, im- 
 maturit}-, immensity, immorality, immortalit} , immunity, 
 immutability, impartiality, impossibility, impetuosity, im- 
 probity, inanity, incapacity, incivility, incongruity, ine- 
 quality, indemnity, infinity, inflexibility, instability, inva- 
 lidity, jollity, lenity, lubricity, magnanimity, majority, me- 
 diocrity, minority, mutability, nicety, perversity, perplex- 
 ity, perspicuity, prosperity, privity, probability, probity, 
 propensity, rarity, rapidity, sagacity, sanctity, sensibility, 
 sensuaUt\-, sohdity, temerity, timidity, tranquillity, virgin- 
 ity, visibility, university, trumperj', apology, genealogy, 
 etymology, simony, symphom', soliloquy, allegor\', armory, 
 factory, pillory, faculty, treasury, usury, augury, importu- 
 nity, impunity, impurity, inaccuracy, inability, incre- 
 dulity, indignity, infidelity, infirmity, iniquity, integrity, 
 lait}-, liberality, malignity, maturity, morality, mortality, 
 nativity, necessity, neutraUty, nobility, obscurity, oppor- 
 tunity, partiality, perpetuity, prosperity, priority, prodigal- 
 ity, purity, quality, quantity, scarcity, security, severity, 
 simplicity, sincerity, solemnity, sterility, stupidity, Trinity, 
 vacuitj% validity, vanity, vivacity, unanimity, uniformity, 
 unity, anxiety, gayety, impiety, piety, satiety, sobriety, 
 society, variety, customary, melody, philosophy, astrono- 
 my, anatomy, colony, gluttony, harmony, agony, gallantry, 
 canopy, history, memory, victory, calumny, injury, luxury, 
 penury, perjury, usury, mdustry, &c. 
 
 lECEjSee Ease. 
 
 lEF. 
 
 Grief, chief, fief, lief, thief, brief, belief, relief. PerJ^et 
 rhymes, reef, beef, &c. ; leaf, sheaf, &c. 
 
 lEGE. 
 
 liege, siege, assiege, besiege. 
 
 lELD. 
 
 Field, yield, shield, wield, afield. Perfect rhymes, ttu 
 
864 
 
 VOCABULARV OF RHYMES. 
 
 prfterits and participhs of verbs in eal, as, healed, sealed, 
 &c. 
 
 lEN, see Een. 
 
 lEND, see END. 
 lERCK. 
 
 iKerc«, pierce, tierce. 
 
 lEST, see East. 
 
 lEVE, see EavE. 
 
 IFE. 
 
 Rife, fife, fenife, wife, strife, life. Allowable rhymes, cliff, 
 
 skiff, stiff, whiff, &c. 
 
 Iff, see Ife. 
 
 IFT. 
 
 Gift, drift, shift, lift, rift, sift, shrift, thrift, adrift, &c. 
 Per/tct r/i>/»ies, the preterits and participles of verbs in iff, 
 A,*, whiffed, &c. 
 
 IG. 
 Big, dig, fig, gig, grig, jig, pig, prig, rig, sprig, twig, swig, 
 whig, wig, periwig, whirligig. AUoxoable rhymes, league, 
 fetigue, &c. 
 
 IGH, see IE. 
 
 IGHT, see ITE. 
 
 IGN, see Ine. 
 
 Igue, see Eague. 
 
 Ike. 
 
 Dike, like, pike, spike, strike, alike, dislike. Allowable 
 
 Byrnes, leak, speak, antique, oblique, &c., lick, pick, &c. 
 
 ILD (sounded iled). 
 
 Child, mild, wild. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and 
 participles of verbs of one syllable, in ile, or of more 
 syllables, provided the accent be on tJie last, as, piled, 
 reviled, &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles 
 of verbs in ill, as, filled, willed, &c., in oil, as, oiled, boiled, 
 foiled, &c. 
 
 ILD. 
 
 Gild, guild, build, rebuild. Perfect rhymes, the preterits 
 and participles of verbs in illed, as, filled, willed, &c. Alloiv- 
 ahle rhymes, child, mild, and their allowable rhymes, which 
 see. 
 
 ILE. 
 
 Bile, file, guile, mile, pile, smile, stile, tile, vile, while, 
 awhile, wile, compile, revile, defile, erewhile, reconcile, be- 
 guile. Perfect rhymes, isle, chyle, style. A.llowaiile rhym,es, 
 oil,boU, &c., bill, fill, &c. 
 
 llk. 
 Milk, silk, bUk. 
 
 ILL. 
 BUI, chill, dill, fill, frill, driU, gUl, grill, hill, iU, kill, mUl, 
 pill, qiiill, rill, shrill, sill, skill, spill, squill, still, swill, thill, 
 thrill, till, trill, will, distill, fulfill, instill. Perfect rhymes, 
 codicil, daffodil, and all words ending in ile, with the accent 
 on the antepenultimate syllable, as, volatile, &c. Allowable 
 rhymes, byle, chyle, file, feel, reel, &c., meal, peal, seal, 
 &c., and words in ble, having the accent on the antepenul- 
 timate, as, suitable, &c. 
 
 ILT. 
 
 Gilt, jilt, built, quilt, guilt, hilt, kilt, milt, spilt, stilt, tilt. 
 
 ILTH. 
 
 Filth, tilth. 
 
 IM. 
 
 Brim, dim, grim, him^ rim, skim, slim, swim, trim, whim, 
 
 prim, cheruljim, seraphim, interim. Perfect rhymes, limb, 
 
 hymn, limn. Allowable rhymes, lime, time, climb, &c., 
 
 team, gleam, &c. 
 
 1MB, see IM. 
 
 IME. 
 Chime, time, grime, clime, crime, prime, mime, slime, 
 lime, sublime, pantomime. Perfect rhymes, cUmb, rhyme, 
 thyme, &c. Allowable rhymes, brim, dim, maritime, &c, 
 
 IMES. 
 Betimefl, sometimes. &c. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of 
 Mov.ns and third persons singular present tense of verbs in 
 ime, as, chimes, he rhymes, &c. Allowable rhymes, the 
 plurals of nouns and third persons singular piresent tense of 
 verbs in earn and im, as, dreams, brims, he swims, &c, 
 
 IMX, see IM. 
 Imp. 
 Imp, crimp, pimp, limp, gimp, shrimp. 
 
 IMPSE. 
 Glimpse. Perfect rhyjnes, the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons singular present tense of verbs in imp, cls, imps, he 
 Umps, &c. 
 
 In. ' 
 
 Bin, chin, din, fin, gin, grin, in, kin, pin, shin, sin, 
 spin, skin, thin, tin, twin, whin, win, within, chagrin, 
 assassin, javelin, begin. Perfect rhyme, inn. Allowable 
 rhy?nes, chine, dine, &c., lean, bean, &c., machine, mag- 
 azine, &c. 
 
 INCE. 
 
 Mince, prince, since, quince, rince, wince, convince, 
 evince. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 CUnch, finch, flinch, winch, pinch, inch. 
 INCT. 
 
 Tinct, instinct, distinct, extinct, precinct, succinct, &c. 
 Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in ink, 
 as, Unked, pinked, &c. 
 
 IND. 
 
 Bind, find, mind, blind, hind, kind, grind, rind, wind, 
 behind, unkind, remind, &c. Perfect rhymes, the preterits 
 and participles of verbs in ine, as, refined. Allovjable 
 rhymes, rescind, prescind, and the noun wind, also the 
 participles of verbs in oin, as, joined. 
 Ine. 
 
 Dine, brine, mine, chine, fine, line, nine, pine, shine, 
 shrine, sine, swine, kine, thine, tine, trine, twine, vine, wine, 
 whine, combine, confine, decline, define, incline, inshrine, 
 intwine, opine, calcine, recline, refine, repine, superfine, 
 interline, countermine, undermine, supine, concubine, por- 
 cupine, divine. Perfect rhymes, sign, a. «sign, consign, de- 
 sign, &c. Allov.iable rhymes, hin, thin, tin, origin, join, loin, 
 &c., and polysyllables ending in ine, pronounced in, as, 
 masculine, feminine, discipline, Ubertine, heroine, &c. 
 
 ING. 
 
 Bring, sing, cling, fling, king, ling, ring, sling, spring, 
 
 sting, string, swing, wing, wring, thing, &c. Perfect rhymes, 
 
 the participles of the present tense in ing, with the accent on 
 
 the aiitepenultimate, as, recovering, altering, &c. * 
 
 Inge. 
 Cringe, fringe, hinge, singe, springe, swinge, tinge, 
 twinge, infringe. 
 
 INK. 
 Ink, think, wink, drink, blink, brink, chink, clink, link, 
 pink, shrink, sink, slink, stink, bethink, forethink. 
 
 Int. 
 Dint, mint, hint, flint, lint, print, splint, squint, tint, 
 asquint, imprint. 
 
 IP. 
 
 Chip, lip, hip, clip, dip, drip, flip, grip, nip, sip, rip, scrip, 
 ship, skip, slip, snip, strip, tip, trip, whip, equip, eldership, 
 fellowship, workmanship, rivalship. and all words in ship, 
 ivith the accent on the antepenultimate. Allowable rhymes^ 
 wipe, gripe, &c., leap, heap, &c. 
 
 IPE. 
 
 Gripe, pipe, ripe, snipe, tripe, stripe, wipe. Perfect rhymes, 
 type, archetype, prototype, &c. Allowable rhymes, chip, 
 Up, workmanship, &c. 
 
 Ipse. 
 
 Eclipse. Rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons 
 singular present tense of verbs in ip. as, lips, strips, &c. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons sinr 
 gular present tense of verbs in ipe, as, gripes, wipes, &G. 
 
 IR, see Ur. 
 
 IRCH, see Urch. 
 
 IRD, see Urd. 
 
 Ire. 
 
 Fire, dire, hire, ire, lyre, mire, quire, sire, spire, squire, 
 wire, tire, attire, acquire, admire, aspire, conspire, desire, 
 inquire, entire, expire, inspire, require, respire, retire, trans- 
 pire. Perfect rhymes, choir, gyre. Perfect, or nearly per- 
 fect, rhymes, friar, liar, brier, and nouns formed from vtrbs 
 ending in ie or y, as, crier, dyer, as, also, the comparative 
 of adjectives of the same sounding terminations, as, nigher, 
 shyer, &c. 
 
 IRGE, see Erge. 
 
 IRL. 
 Girl, whirl, twirl. Perfect, or nearly perfect ^ rhynuM, 
 curl, furl, churl, &c. 
 
VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 865 
 
 Firm, squirm, affirm, confirm, infirm. Perfect rhymes, 
 germ, term, &c. Perfect, or nearly perfect , rhyme, worm. 
 
 IRST, see IJRST. 
 
 IRT, see Urt. 
 
 IRTH. 
 
 Birth, girth, mirth. Perfect rhymes, earth, dearth. See 
 Eabth. 
 
 Is (pronounced like iz). 
 Is, his. Perfect rhyme, whiz. 
 
 IsE, see Ice and lEE. 
 
 Dish, wish, fish, pish. 
 
 ISH. 
 
 ISK. 
 
 Brisk, frisk, disk, risk, whisk, basilisk, obelisk, tamarisk. 
 
 ISP. 
 
 Crisp, wisp, lisp. 
 
 Iss. 
 
 Bliss, miss, hiss, kiss, this, amiss, submiss, dismiss, re- 
 miss. Allowable rhymes, abyss, mice, spice, &c., peace, 
 lease, &c. 
 
 1st. 
 
 Fist, grist, list, mist, twist, whist, wist, wrist, assist, con- 
 sist, desist, exist, insist, persist, resist, subsist, alchemist, 
 anatomist, antagonist, annalist, cabalist, bigamist, econ- 
 omist, evangelist, eucharist, exorcist, fatalist, fabulist, her- 
 balist, humorist, journalist, moralist, loyalist, royalist, 
 novelist, oculist, organist, satirist, &c. Perfect rhymes, 
 amethyst, and the preterits and participles of verbs in iss, 
 as, missed, hissed, &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in ice, as, spiced, sliced, &c. 
 
 IT. 
 
 Bit, chit, cit, hit, fit, grit, flit, kit, knit, ht, nit, pit, quit, 
 sit, sUt, smit, sprit, spit, split, tit, twit, wit, whit, writ, ad- 
 mit, acquit, befit, commit, emit, omit, outwit, permit, re- 
 mit, submit, transmit, refit, benefit, intermit, pretermit, 
 perquisite. Allowable rhymes, beat, heat, &c., bite, mite, 
 light, &c. 
 
 Itch. 
 
 Ditch, pitch, fitch, bitch, flitch, hitch, itch, stitch, switch, 
 twitch, witch, bewitch. Perfect rhymes, which, rich, niche. 
 
 ITE and IGHT. 
 
 Bite, cite, kite, mite, quite, rite, site, smite, spite, trite, 
 white, write, contrite, anthracite, chrysolite, disunite, de- 
 spite, ignite, indite, invite, excite, incite, polite, requite, re- 
 cite, unite, reunite, aconite, appetite, hermaphrodite, para- 
 site, satellite, expedite, blight, benight, bright, fight, flight, 
 fright, height, hight (was called), light, knight, night, 
 might, phght, right, tight, sleight, slight, sight, spright, 
 wight, Wright, affright, alight, aright, foresight, delight, 
 despite, unsight, upright, benight, bedight, oversight. Per- 
 fect rhyme, proselyte. Allowable rhymes, eight, weight, &c., 
 bit, hit, &c. , favorite, hypocrite, infinite, requisite, opposite, 
 apposite, exquisite, &c. 
 
 ITH. 
 
 Pith, smith, frith. Perfect rhyme, withe. 
 ITHE. 
 
 Hithe, blithe, tithe, writhe, lithe. Perfect rhyme, scythe. 
 Allowable rhym,e, withe. 
 
 IVE. 
 
 Five, dive, Uve, alive, hive, drive, rive, shive, shrive, strive, 
 thrive, wive, arrive, connive, contrive, deprive, derive, re- 
 vive, survive. Perfect rhyme, o^y Ye. Alloivable rhymes, ^ve, 
 Hve, sieve, forgive, outlive, fugitive, laxative, narrative, 
 prerogative, primitive, sensitive, affirmative, alternative, 
 contemplative, demonstrative, diminutive, distributive, do- 
 native, inquisitive, lenitive, negative, perspective, positive, 
 preparative, provocative, purgati\e, restorative. 
 
 Ix. 
 Fix, six, flix, mix, affix, commix, executrix, infix, prefix, 
 prolix, transfix, intermix, crucifix, &c. Perfect rhymes, the 
 plurals of nouns and third perso7is of verbs in ick, as, wicks, 
 licks, &c. Allowable rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons singular of verbs in ik, as, pikes, likes, &c. 
 
 IXT. 
 Betwixt. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of 
 verbs in ix, as, fixed, mixed, &c. 
 
 IZE and ISE. 
 l*ru€, wise, rise, size, assize, guise, demise, disguise, bap- 
 55 
 
 tize, advise, apprise, arise, authorize, canonize, catechi.se, 
 dogmatize, chastise, civilize, colonize, comprise, criticise, 
 despise, devise, emprise, enterprise, epitomize, equalize, ex- 
 cise, exercise, idolize, immortalize, patronize, moralize, 
 otherwise, stigmatize, premise, recognize, revise, signalize, 
 solemnize, supervise, surprise, surmise, sympathize, tem- 
 porize, tyrannize. Perfect rhymes, suffice, sacrifice, and the 
 plurals of nouns and third persons singular present tense of 
 verbs ending in ie or y, as, pies, lies, he replies, &c. At- 
 lowable rhymes, miss, hiss, precipice, &c. 
 
 0, see Oo and Ow. 
 Oach. 
 Broach, coach, croach, poach, roach, abroach, approach, 
 encroach, reproach, loach. Allowable rhymes, botch, notch, 
 &c., mutch, hutch, &c. 
 
 Oad, see AUD and ODE. 
 Oaf, see Off. 
 Oak, see Oke. 
 Oal, see OLE. 
 0am, see Ome. 
 Oan, see One. 
 Oap, see OPE. 
 Oar, see Ore. 
 Oard, see Orb. 
 Oast, see Ost. 
 Oat, see Ote. 
 Oath, see 0th. 
 Ob. 
 Cob. fob, bob, job, lob, mob, knob, sob, rob, throb. Per- 
 fect rhymes, swab, squab. Allowable rhymes, daub, globe, 
 robe, dub, &c. 
 
 Obe. 
 Globe, lobe, probe, robe, disrobe, conglobe. Allowable 
 rhym.es, fob, mob, &c., rub, dub, &c., daub, &c. 
 
 OCE, see OsE. 
 
 OCK. 
 
 Block, lock, cock, clock, crock, dock, frock, flock, hock, 
 hollyhock, knock, mock, pock, rock, shock, smock, stock, 
 sock, unlock. Allowable rhymes, oak, poke, cloak, &c., 
 look, took, &c., buck, suck, &c. 
 
 Oct. 
 Concoct, decoct. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and par- 
 ticiples of verbs in ock, as, blocked, locked, &c. Allowable 
 rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in oak and oke, 
 as, croaked, soaked, yoked, &c. 
 
 Od. 
 
 Cod, clod, God, hod, pod, rod, sod, trod, nod, plod, shod, 
 tod, demigod. Perfect rhyme, odd. Allowable rhymes, ode, 
 code, mode, &c., and the preterits and participles of verbs in 
 ow, as, sowed, &c. 
 
 Ode and Oad. 
 Bode, ode, code, mode, node, rode, abode, corrode, ex- 
 plode, forebode, commode, incommode, episode ; road, toad, 
 goad, load, woad, &c. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and par- 
 ticiples of verbs in ow, as, owed, showed, &c. Allowable 
 rhymes, blood, flood, clod, hod, nod, broad, fraud, &c. See 
 Ood. 
 
 Oe, see Ow. 
 
 Off and Ough. 
 Off, doff, scoff, cough, trough, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 oaf, loaf, &c., proof, roof, &c. See OOF. 
 
 Oft. 
 Oft, croft, loftj soft, aloft, &c. Perfect rhymes, the pre- 
 terits and participles of verbs in off, as, scoffed, &c. 
 
 0&. 
 Hog, bog, cog, dog, clog, fog, frog, grog, log, jog, agog, 
 &c. Perfect rhymes, dialogue, epilogue, synagogue, cata- 
 logue, pedagogue. Allowable rhymes, rogue, vogue, &c. 
 
 Ogue. 
 Brogue, rogue, vogue, prorogue, collogue, disembogue. 
 Allowable rhymes, bog, log, dialogue, pedagogue, syna- 
 gogue, &c. 
 
«G6 
 
 VOCABULARY OF K1IYMP:S. 
 
 OlCE. 
 Choice, Toic«, r^oice. AUowable rhymes, nice, vice, rice, 
 &c. 
 
 OlD. 
 Void, avoid, devoid, &c. Pfr/rct rhymes, the preterits and 
 paritcipUs of frrb.i in o\,as, buoyed, cloyed, &c. Allowable 
 rhiffiies. hide, hide, ride, &c. 
 
 OIL. 
 Oil, boil, broil, coil, foil, moil, roil, soil, spoil, toil, de- 
 •poil, embroil, recoil, turmoil, disembroil. Allowable 
 rhymes, isle, while, tile, &c. 
 
 OiN. 
 Coin. join, .subjoin, groin, loin, quoin, adjoin, benzoin, 
 conjoin, disjoin, eiyoin, purloin, rejoin. Allowable rhymes, 
 whine, wine, fine, &c. See INE. 
 OINT. 
 Oint, joint, point, copjoint, di^oint, anoint, appoint, 
 disappoint, counterpoint. Allowable rhytne, pint. 
 
 ^ OlSE. 
 
 Poise, noise. counterf)oise, equipoise. Perfect rhymes, 
 avoirdupois, anr/ the plurals of nouns and third persons 
 sin§:uJar present tense of verbs in oy, as, boys, cloys, &c. 
 Allowable rhymes, wi.«e, size, prize, and the plurals of nouns 
 and third persons singular present tense of verbs in ie or 
 y. as, pies, tries, &c. 
 
 OlST. 
 
 Hoist, moist, foist, joist. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in oioe, as, rejoiced. Allowable rhymes, 
 the preterits and participles of verbs m ice, as, spiced. 
 
 OlT. 
 Quoit, doit, droit, exploit, adroit, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 white, light, might, sight, mite, &c. 
 
 Oke. 
 Broke, choke, coke, joke, poke, smoke, spoke, stroke, 
 yoke, artichoke, bespoke, convoke, invoke, provoke, revoke, 
 awoke, &c. Perfect rhymes, cloak, oak, soak. Allowable 
 rhymes, stock, mock. &c., buck, luck, &c., talk, walk, &c., 
 look, book, &c. See OCK and OOK. 
 
 Ol. 
 Loll, doll, extol, capitol, protocol, alcohol, vitriol. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, all, ball, &c., awl, bawl, &c., hole, mole, 
 droll, &c., dull, mull, &c. 
 
 Old. 
 Old, bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, mold, scold, sold, told, 
 wold, behold, enfold, unfold, uphold, withhold, foretold, 
 manifold, marigold. Perfect rhymes, preterits and partici- 
 ples of verbs in oil, owl, ole, and oal, as, rolled, cajoled, 
 foaled, bowled, &c. 
 
 OLE. 
 Bole, dole, jole, hole, mole, pole, sole, stole, whole, cajole, 
 condole, parole, pistole, &c. Perfect rhymes, coal, foal, goal, 
 goal, patrol, bowl, droll, knoll, poll, roll, scroll, stroll, toll, 
 troll, control, enroll, &c., soul, &c., to roll. &c. Allowable 
 rhymes, g\i\\^ duU, &c., bull, full, &c., loU,'doU, &c., fool, 
 cool, &c. 
 
 Olen. 
 Stolen. Perfect rhyme, swollen or swoln. 
 
 Olt. 
 Bolt, colt, jolt, holt, dolt, molt, revolt, thunderbolt. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, vault, fault, salt, &c. 
 
 Olve. 
 Solve, absolve, resolve, convolve, involve, devolve, dis- 
 solve, evolve, revolve. 
 
 Om, see Um. 
 
 Omb, see OOM. 
 
 0>IE. 
 
 Chrome, dome, home. tome. Perfect rhymes, foam, 
 
 loam, roam, comb. Allowable rhymes, dumb, hum, come, 
 
 boii^b, &c., troublesome, &c. See OoM. 
 
 Ompt, see Ount. 
 On. 
 bon.on. con, upon, yon, anon, paragon, phenomenon, 
 &c. Nearly perfect rhymes, gone, undergone, 8cc. Allow- 
 able rhymes, dun, run, won, &c., own, moan, &c., lone, 
 bone, &c., Amaz/jn, cinnamon, comparison, caparison, gar- 
 riaoD, skeleton, jupon. 
 
 On, see UN. 
 
 Once. 
 Sconce, ensconce, &c. Allowable rhymes, once, monce, 
 askance, &c. See Unce. 
 
 Ond. 
 
 Pond, bond, fond, yond, beyond, abscond, correspond, 
 despond, respond, correspond, diamond, vagabond, &c., 
 and the preterits and participles of verbs in on, as, donned, 
 conned, &c. Allowable rhymes, the preterits and participles 
 of verbs in one, oan, and un, as, stoned, moaned, stunned, 
 
 One. 
 Prone, bone, cone, crone, drone, hone, throne, alone, 
 shone, stone, tone, lone, zone, atone, depone, enthrone, in- 
 tone, dethrone, postpone, &c. Perfect rhymes, grown, 
 flown, disown, thrown, sown, own, loan, shown, over- 
 thrown, groan, blown, moan, known. Allowable rhymes, 
 da\vn, lawn, &c.,on, con, &c., none, bun, dun, &c.,moon, 
 boon, &c. 
 
 Ong. 
 Gong, long, prong, song, thong, strong, throng, wrong, 
 along, belong, prolong. Allowable rhymes, bung, among, 
 hung, &c. 
 
 Ongue, seeUNG. 
 
 Onk, see Unk. 
 Ont. 
 
 Font. Perfect rhyme, want. Allowable rhymes, front, 
 affront, &c., confront, punt, runt, &c., the abbreviated 
 negatives, won't, don't, &c. 
 
 Oo. 
 
 Coo, too, woo, bamboo, taboo, champoo, cockatoo, tat- 
 too. Nearly perfect rhymes, shoe, two, who, &c., do, ado, 
 undo, through, you, true, blue, flew, strew, &c. Allow- 
 able rhymes, know, blow, go, toe, &c. See Direction 4. 
 
 OOD. 
 
 Brood, mood, food, rood, &c. Nearly perfect rhymes, the 
 preterits and participles of verbs in oo, as, cooed, wooed, 
 &c. Allowable rhymes, wood, good, hood, stood, withstood, 
 understood, brotherhood, livelihood, likelihood, neighbor- 
 hood, widowhood, &c., blood, flood, &c.,feud, illude, hab- 
 itude, &c., the preterits and participles of verbs in ue and 
 ew, as, brewed, strewed, &c., imbued, subdued, &c., bud, 
 mud, &c., and the three auxiliaries, would, could, should, 
 ode, code, and the preterits and participles of verbs in ow, a5, 
 crowed, rowed, &c., also, nod, hod, &c. 
 
 Oof. 
 Hoof, proof, roof, woof, al»of, disproof, reproof, behoof. 
 Allorvable rhymes, huff, ruff, rough, enough, &c., off, 
 scofif. &c. 
 
 OOK. 
 
 Book, brook, cook, crook, hook, look, nook, rook, shook, 
 took, mistook, undertook, forsook, betook. "^ AUowable 
 rhymes, puke, fluke, &c., duck, luck, &c., broke, spoke, 
 &c. 
 
 OOL. 
 
 Cool, fool, pool, school, spool, stool, tool, befool. Per- 
 fect rhyme, rule. Allorvable rhyynes, wool, pule, dull, gull, 
 &c., bull, puU, &c., pole, hole, &c. 
 
 OOM. 
 Boom, gloom, groom, loom, room, spoom, bloom, broom, 
 doom, &c. Perfect rhymes, tomb, entomb. Nearly perfect 
 rhymes, v/hom, womb, &c. Alloicable rhymes, come, drum, 
 &c., bomb, thumb, clomb, &c., plume, spume, &c., and 
 from, home, comb, &c. 
 
 OON. 
 
 Boon, loon, soon, moon, noon, spoon, swoon, baboon, 
 raccoon, barracoon, cocoon, rigadoon, dragoon, typhoon, 
 pantaloon, balloon, galloon, afternoon, harpoon, picaroon, 
 monsoon, bassoon, platoon, pontoon, cartoon, fe.s toon, buf- 
 foon, lampoon, poltroon. Alloicable rhymes, tune, prune, 
 &c., bun, dun, &c., gone, done, &c., bone, alone, &c., 
 moan, roan, &c. See One. 
 
 OOP. 
 
 Loop, poop, scoop, sloop, stoop, swoop, troop, droop, 
 whoop, coop, hoop, &c. Perfect rhymes, soup, group, &c. 
 Allowable rhymes, dupe, up, sup, tup, &c., cop, top, &c., 
 cope, hope, &c. 
 
 OCR. 
 
 Boor, poor, moor, &c. Perfect rhymes, tour, amour, 
 paramour, contour. Allowable rhymes, bore, pore, &c., 
 pure, sure, &c., your, pour, &c., door, floor, &c., bur, cur, 
 &c., sir, stir, &c. 
 
VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 867 
 
 OOSE. 
 
 Goose, loose, moose, caboose. Perfect^ or nearly perfect 
 rhyme, noose. Nearly perfect rhymes, the nouns deuce, 
 use, &c., profuse, seduce. Allowable rhymes, dose, jocose, 
 globose, &c., moss, toss, &c., us, pus, thus, &c. 
 
 OOT. 
 Root, boot, coot, hoot, moot, shoot, toot. Nearly per- 
 fect rhymes, suit, fruit, &c., lute, impute, &c. Alloivable 
 rhymes, rote, vote, &c., goat, coat, &c., but, hut, soot, 
 &c., foot, put, &c., hot, got, &c. 
 
 OOTH. 
 
 Booth, smooth. Perfect rhyme, soothe. Allowable rhymes, 
 tooth, youth, sooth, uncouth, forsooth, &c. Though these 
 are frequent, they are very improper rhymes, the th in one 
 class being vocal, and in the other unvocal. 
 
 Ooze. 
 Ooze. Perfect rhymes, whose, choose, lose, noose. Nearly 
 perfect rhymes, the verbs to use, abuse, &c. Allowable 
 rhymes, doze, hose, &c., buzz and does, the third person 
 singular of do, with the plurals of nouns and third persons 
 singular present tense of verbs in ow, o, oe, ew, ue, as, 
 foes, goes, throws, views, imbues, flues, &c. 
 
 Op. 
 
 Chop, hop, drop, crop, fop, lop, mop, top, prop, flop, 
 shop, slop, sop, stop, strop, swop, top, underprop, Ethiop! 
 Allowable rhymes, cope, trope, hope, &c., tup, sup, &c., 
 coop, &c. 
 
 Ope. 
 
 Hope, cope, mope, grope, pope, rope, scope, slope, tope, 
 trope, aslope, elope, interlope, telescope, heliotrope horo- 
 scope, antelope, &c., and ope, contracted in poetry for open. 
 Pfrfect rhyme, soap. Allowable rhymes, hoop, coop, &c., 
 lop, top, &c., tup, sup, &c. 
 
 Opt. 
 Adopt rhymes perfectly with the preterits and participles 
 of verbs in op, as, hopped, lopped, &c. Allowable rhym.es, 
 the preterits and participles of verbs in ope, upe, oop, and 
 up, as, coped, duped, hooped, cupped, &c. 
 
 OR. 
 Or, for, nor, creditor, counselor, confessor, competitor, 
 emperor, ancestor, ambassador, progenitor, conspirator, 
 successor, conqueror, governor, abhor, metaphor, bachelor, 
 senator, &c., and every toord in or, having the accent on 
 tlif last, or the last syllable but two, as, abhor, orator, &c. 
 Allowable rhymes, bore, tore, &c., boar, hoar, &c., pure, 
 endure, &c., pur, demur, &c., stir, sir, &c. 
 
 Orce. 
 Force, divorce, enforce, perforce, &c. Perfect rhymes, 
 coarse, hoarse, course, discourse, recourse, intercourse, 
 source, resource^&c. Allowable rhymes, worse, purse, &c., 
 horse, endorse, &c. 
 
 Orch. 
 
 Scorch, torch. Allowable rhymes, birch, smirch, church, 
 &o., porch, &c. 
 
 Ord. 
 
 Cord, chord, lord, record, accord, abhorred, harpsichord. 
 Allowable rhymes, hoard, board, aboard, ford, afford, 
 sword, &c., word, surd, bird, &c., and the preterits and 
 participles of verbs in ore, ur, and ir, as, bored, incurred, 
 stirred, &c. 
 
 Ore. 
 
 Bore, core, gore, lore, more, ore, pore, score, shore, snore, 
 sore, store, swore, tore, wore, yore, adore, afore, ashore, 
 before, deplore, explore, ignore, implore, restore, forbore, 
 forswore, heretofore, hellebore, S3'camore. Perfect rhymes, 
 boar, gore, oar, roar, soar, four, door, floor, corridor, and 
 o'er, for over. Allowable rhymes, hour, sour, &c., power, 
 shower, &c., bur, cur, &c., poor, your, &c., abhor, orator, 
 senator, &c. See OOR and Or. 
 
 ORGE. 
 Gorge, disgorge, regorge, &c. Allowable rhymes, forge, 
 urge, dirge, &c. 
 
 Ork. 
 Ork, cork, fork, stork, &c. Allowable rhymes, pork, 
 work. 
 
 Orld. 
 World rhymes perfectly with the preterits and participles 
 ef verbs in url, as, hurled, curled, &c. 
 
 Orm, see Arm. 
 Form, storm, conform, deform, inform, perform, reform, 
 misinform, uniform, cruciform, multiform, chloroform, 
 transform. Allowable rhymes, form (a seat), and worm. 
 
 Orn (rhyming with horn). 
 Born, corn, mom, horn, scorn, thorn, adorn, forlorn, 
 suborn, unicorn, Capricorn. Allowable rhymes, the partici- 
 ples borne (suffered), shorn, &c., the verb mourn, the nouns 
 urn, turn, &c. 
 
 Orn (rhyming with mourn). 
 Shorn, torn, worn, sworn, forsworn, overborne. Perfect 
 rhymes, borne, forborne, overborne, mourn, &c. AllowaJbU 
 rhymes, born, corn, &c., urn, turn, &c. 
 
 Orse, see Orce. 
 Corse, gorse, horse, morse, endorse, remorse, unhorse. 
 Allowable rhymes, worse, curse, &c., coarse, course, &c. 
 
 Orst, see Urst. 
 Ort, see Art. 
 Ort (rhyming with wart). 
 Short, sort, exhort, consort, distort, extort, resort, re- 
 tort, snort. Allowable rhymes, fort, court, port, report, 
 &c., dirt, shirt, &c., wort, hurt, &c. 
 
 Ort (rhyming with court). 
 Fort, port, sport, comport, disport, export, import, sup- 
 port, transport, report. Perfect rhyme, court. Allowable 
 rhymes, short, sort, &c., dirt, hurt, &c. 
 
 Orth. 
 
 Forth. Identical rhyme, fourth. Allowable rhymes, 
 north, worth, birth, earth, &c. 
 
 Ose (sounded oce). 
 Close, dose, jocose, morose, verbose, operose. Perfect 
 rhymes, gross, engross. Allowable rhymes, moss, cross, 
 &c., us, thus. &c. 
 
 Ose (sounded oze). 
 Close, dose, hose, pose, chose, nose, prose, those, jrose, 
 compose, depose, disclose, dispose, discompose, expose, im- 
 pose, inclose, interpose, oppose, propose, recompose, repose, 
 suppose, transpose, arose, presuppose, foreclose, &c. Per- 
 fect rhymes, doze, froze, gloze, and 'the plurals of nouns and 
 apostrophized preterits and participles of verbs in ow, oe, o, 
 &c., as, rows, glows, foes, goes, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 the verbs choose, lose, 8cc.,and the plurals of nouns and 
 third persons singular of verbs in ow, rhytningwith now, as, 
 cows, and the toord buzz. 
 
 Oss. 
 
 Boss, loss, cross, dross, gloss, moss, toss, across, emboss, 
 albatross. Allowable rhymes, the nouns, close, dose, jocose, 
 &c., and us, thus, &c. 
 
 OST. 
 
 Cost, frost, lost, accost, pentecost. Perfect rhymes, joust, 
 and the preterits and participles of loords in oss, as, mossed, 
 embossed, &c., the verb exhaust, and the noun holocaust- 
 Allowable rhymes, ghost, dost, host, post, compost, most, 
 &c., coast, boast, toast, &c., bust, must, &c., roost, and 
 the preterits and participles of verbs in oose, as, loosed, &e 
 
 Ot, see At. 
 Clot, cot, blot, dot, got, hot, jot, lot. knot, not, plot, pot, 
 scot, shot, slot, sot, spot, apricot, trot, rot, grot, wot, begot, 
 forgot, allot, besot, complot, counterplot, polyglot. Allow- 
 able rhymes, note, vote, &c., boat, coat, &c., but, cut, &e. 
 
 Otch. 
 
 Botch, blotch, crotch, notch, scotch. Perfect rhyme, 
 watch. Allowable rhymes, crouch, much, such, crutch, &«. 
 
 Ote. 
 
 Dote, note, vote, mote, quote, rote, wrote, smote, azote, 
 denote, promote, remote, devote, anecdote, antidote, &«. 
 Perfect rhymes, boat, coat, bloat, doat, float, gloat, goat, 
 oat, overlioat, afloat, throat, moat. Allowable rhymes, 
 bout, flout, &c., hot, cot, &c., but, cut, &c., boot, hoot, 
 &c. 
 
 0th. 
 
 Broth, cloth, froth, moth, troth, wroth, betroth. Allow- 
 able rhymes, both, loth, sloth, oath, growth, &c., forsooth, 
 the noun mouth, and the auxiliary doth. See OOTH. 
 
 Ou, see Oo and Ow. 
 
8G8 
 
 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 Oi'BT, see Out. 
 
 Oucn. 
 Ouch, couch, pouch, vouch, slouch, avouch, crouch, 
 aeaniuouch. AUowable r/ii/;«»*-, much, such, &c., coach, 
 roach, &c. 
 
 Ol'D. 
 
 Shroud, cloud, proud, loud, aloud, overshroud, &c. Per- 
 fect rhyynes, crowd, 'i;i</ Ihe prettrits and participles of verbs 
 tH ow, H,<. he bowevl, vowed, &c. Allowable rliymes, tlie 
 prtUrits and participles of verbs in ow, as, owed, flowed, 
 &c., blood, ttootl, bud, &c. 
 
 OiGii, see Off, Ow, and Uff. 
 Ought. 
 Houpht, thought, ought, brought, forethought, fought, 
 nought, sought, wrought, besought, bethought, methought, 
 &c. Ptr/'ect rhymes, aught, naught, caught, taught, &c., 
 somelitnes draught. Alloivable rhymes, not, yacht, &c., 
 note, vote &c., butt, hut, &c., hoot, root, &c. 
 
 OUL, see OLE and Owl. 
 
 OULD. 
 Mould. Perfect rhymes, fold, old, cold, &c., and the pret- 
 erits and participles of verbs in owl, ol, and ole, as, bowled, 
 tolled, cajoled, &c. Allowable rhymes, thepreterits and par- 
 ticiples of verbs in ull, as, gulled, puDed, &c. 
 
 Ounce. 
 Bounce, flounce, frounce, renounce, pounce, ounce, 
 trounce, announce, denounce, pronounce. 
 
 OUND. 
 Bound, found, mound, ground, hound, pound, round, 
 sound, wound, abound, aground, around, astound, con- 
 found, compound, expound, profound, rebound, redound, 
 resound, propound, surround, &c., a7ul the preterits and 
 participles of the verbs in own, as, frowned, renowned, &c. 
 Alloivable rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in 
 one, oan, and un, as, toned, moaned, sunned, &c., conse- 
 quently fund, refund, &c., and wound (a hurt), pron. 
 woond. 
 
 OuNG, see Ung. 
 
 OUNT. 
 Count, mount, fount, amount, dismount, recount, re- 
 mount, surmount, account, discount, miscount, paramount, 
 tantamount. Allowable rhymes, want, font, don't, wont, 
 &c. 
 
 OUP, see OOP. 
 
 Our. 
 Hour, flour, sour, our, scour, deflour, devour, &c. Per- 
 fect, or nearly perfect, rhymes, bower, cower, flower, lower, 
 power, shower, tower, &c. Allowable rhymes, bore, more, 
 roar, pour, tour, moor, poor, &c., pure, sure, &c., sir, 
 Btir, bur, cur, &c. 
 
 OuRGE, see Urge. 
 
 OURNE, see Orn and Urn. 
 
 Ours. 
 Dura rhymes perfectly with the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons present of verbs in our and ower, as, hours, scours, 
 defloure, bowers, showers, &c. Allowable rhymes, the plu- 
 rals of nouns and third persons present of verbs in oor and 
 UPC, as, boors, moors, &c., cures, endures, &c. 
 
 Ours. 
 Yours rhymes perfectly with the plurals of nouns and third 
 persons present of verbs in ure, as, cures, endures, &c. Al- 
 lowa/Ae rhyme, ours, and its perfect rhymes and the plurals 
 of nouns and third persons present of verbs in oor, ore, and 
 ur, as, boors, moors, &c., shores, pores, &c., burs, slurs, 
 •tirs, &c. 
 
 OURSE, see Orce. 
 
 OURT, see Ort. 
 
 OURTH, see Orth. 
 
 Ous, see Us. 
 
 OUSE (pronounced ouce). 
 DoviMi, house, louse, grouse, mouse, chouse, souse, &c. 
 AUfiwahle rhymes, the nouns close, dose, jocose, &c., deuce, 
 we produc«, &c., us, thus, &c., moose, and the noun 
 BfjOfte. 
 
 OusE (pron. ouze), Bee OwzE. 
 
 Out. 
 Bout, lout, flout, stout, out, clout, pout, gout, grout, 
 rout, scout, shout, snout, spout, stout, sprout, trout, 
 about, devout, without, throughout. Perfect rhymes, 
 doubt, redoubt, misdoubt, drought, &c. AUowable rhymes, 
 note, vote, &c., boat, coat, &c., lute, suit, &c., got, not, 
 &c., nut, shut, hoot, boot, &c. 
 
 OUTH. 
 Mouth, south. W/ien nouns they have the th sharp, or 
 unvocal. The verbs to mouth, to south, which are pro- 
 nounced with the th flat or vocal, may alloivably rhytne 
 with booth, smooth, &c., which see. 
 
 OVE. 
 
 Wove, inwove, interwove, cove, alcove, clove, grove, 
 
 hove, rove, stove, strove, throve, drove. Allowable rhymes, 
 dove, love, shove, glove, above, &c., move, behove, ap- 
 prove, disprove, disapprove, improve, groove, prove, re- 
 prove, &c. 
 
 Ow (rhyming with thou). 
 
 Now, bow, how, mow, cow, brow, plow, row, sow, vow, 
 
 prow, avow, allow, disallow, endow, &c. Perfect rhymes, 
 
 bough, slough (mire), &c., thou. Allowable rhymes, go, 
 
 no. blow, sow, &c. 
 
 Ow (rhyming with go). 
 
 Blow, stow, crow, bow, flow, glow, grow, know, low, 
 mow, row, show, sow, strow, stow, slow, snow, tow, throw, 
 trow, below, bestow, foreknow, outgrow, overgrow, overflow, 
 overthrow, reflow, foreshow, &c. Perfect rhymes, go, no, 
 toe, foe, owe, wo, oh, so, lo, though, hoe, ho, ago, forego, 
 undergo, dough, roe, sloe, and the verb to sew (with the 
 needle). Allowable rhymes, now, cow, vow, do, &c. See 
 the last article. 
 
 Owl. 
 
 Cowl, growl, owl, fowl, howl, prowl, scowl, &c. Perfect 
 rhymes, foul, &c. Alloivable rhymes, bowl, soul, goal, &c., 
 dull, gull, &c. 
 
 Own. 
 
 Brown, town, clown, crown, down, drown, frown, gowiL 
 adown, renown, embrown, &c. Perfect rhyme, noun. Au. 
 lowable rhymes, tone, bone, moan, own, and the participles 
 thrown, shown, blown, &c. 
 
 OwsEjSeeOusE. 
 
 Blowse. Perfect rhymes, browse, house, mouse, rouse, 
 spouse, carouse, souse, espouse, the verbs to house, mouse, 
 &c., and the plurals of nouns and third persons present tense 
 of verbs in ow, as, brows, allows, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 those, hose, to dose, &c. 
 
 Ox. 
 Ox, box, fox, equinox, orthodox, heterodox, &c. Perfect 
 rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons present oj 
 verbs in ock, as, locks, stocks, &c. Allowable rhymes, the 
 plurals of nouns and third persons present of verbs in oke, 
 oak, and uck, as, strokes, oaks, cloaks, sucks, &c. 
 
 OY. 
 
 Boy, buoy, coy, employ, cloy, joy, toy, alloy , annoy, con- 
 voy, decoy, destroy, enjoy, employ, corduroy. 
 
 OZE, see OSE. 
 Ub. 
 Cub, club, dub, chub, drub, grub, rub, snub, scrub, 
 shrub, stub, tub, syllabub, Beelzebub. Allowable rhymes, 
 cube, tube, &c., cob, rob, &c. 
 
 UBE. 
 
 Cube, tube. Allowable rhymes, club, cub, &c. 
 
 UCE. 
 
 Truce, spruce, deuce, conduce, deduce, educe, induce, 
 
 introduce, produce, seduce, traduce, reduce, &c. Perfect 
 
 rhym.es, the nouns use, abuse, profuse, abstruse, disuse, 
 
 excuse, misuse, obtuse, recluse, juice, sluice. 
 
 UCH, see Utch. 
 
 Uck. 
 
 Buck, luck, muck, puck, pluck, suck, struck, tuck, truck, 
 
 duck. Allowable rhymes, puke, duke, &c., look, took, &c. 
 
 Duct, conduct, deduct, induct, construct, instruct, ob- 
 struct, aqueduct. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and par- 
 ticiples of verbs in uck, as, ducked, sucked, &c. Allowa- 
 
VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 869 
 
 lie rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs in uke and 
 ook, as, puked, hooked, &c. 
 
 UD. 
 Bud, scud, stud, mud, cud, rhyme perfectly with blood 
 and flood. Allowable rhymes, good, hood, &c., rood, food, 
 &c., beatitude, latitude, &c. 
 
 Ude. 
 Rude, crude, prude, allude, conclude, delude, denude, 
 elude, exclude, exude, include, preclude, prelude, intrude, 
 obtrude, seclude, protrude, extrude, altitude, fortitude, 
 gratitude, interlude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, mul- 
 titude, quietude, solicitude, solitude, vicissitude, aptitude, 
 habitude, ingratitude, inaptitude, lassitude, plenitude, 
 promptitude, servitude, similitude, &c. Perfect rhymes, 
 lewd, feud, &c., and the preterits and participles of verbs in 
 ew, as, stewed, viewed, &c. Allowable rhymes, bud, cud, 
 tc, good, hood, blood, flood, &c. 
 
 UDGE. 
 
 Budge, judge, drudge, grudge, trudge, adjudge, prejudge. 
 
 Ue, see Ew. 
 
 Uff. 
 BufT, cuff, bluff, huff, gruff, luff, muff, puff, snuff, stuff, 
 ruff, rebuff, counterbuff, &c. Perfect rhymes, rough, tough, 
 enough, slough {cast skin), chough, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 loaf, oaf, &c. 
 
 Uft. 
 Tuft. Perfect rhymes, the preterits and participles of verbs 
 in uff, as, cuffed, stuffed, &c. 
 
 UG. 
 
 Lug, bug, dug, drug, hug, jug, plug, rug, slug, snug, 
 mug, ehrug, pug, tug. Allowable rhymes, vogue, rogue, 
 &c. 
 
 UiCE, see Use. 
 
 UiE, see IE. 
 UlSE,see ISE and Use. 
 Uke. 
 Duke, puke, rebuke, &c. Nearly perfect rhymes, cook, 
 look, book, &c. Allowable rhymes, duck, buck, &c. 
 
 Uli and Ull. 
 Cull, dull, guU, hull, lull, mull, null, truU, scull, skull, 
 annul, disannul, Mogul. Allowable rhymes, fool, tool, 
 &c., wool, bull, pull, full, bountiful, fanciful, sorrowful, 
 dutiful, merciful, wonderful, worshipful, and every word 
 ending in ful, having the accent on the antepenultimate syl- 
 lable. 
 
 ULE. 
 
 Mule, pule, yule, ridicule, reticule. Allowable rhymes, 
 rule, overrule, cull, dull, wool, full, bountiful, &c. See 
 the last article. 
 
 Ulge. 
 Bulge, indulge, divulge, promulge. 
 
 none, undone. Allowable rhymes, on, gone, &c., tune, 
 prune, &c. See On. 
 
 Unce. 
 Dunce. Perfect rhyme, once. Allowable rhymes, noxKe, 
 
 Bulk, hulk, skulk. 
 
 Ulk. 
 Ulse. 
 
 Pulse, repulse, impulse, expulse, convulse. 
 Ult. 
 
 Result, adult, exult, consult, indult, occult, Insult, pe- 
 nult, catapult, difficult, &c. Allowable rhymes, colt, bolt, 
 &c. 
 
 UM. 
 
 Chum, drum, glum, grum, gum, hum, mum, rum, scum, 
 plum, stum, sum, swum, thrum, opium, premium, odium, 
 medium, &c. Perfect rhymes, crumb, thumb, dumb, suc- 
 cumb, come, become, overcome, burthensome, cumber- 
 some, fi*olicsome, humorsome, quarrelsome, troublesome, 
 martyrdom, chi-istendom. Allowable rhymes, fume, plume, 
 rheum, and room, doom, tomb, hecatomb. 
 
 UME. 
 
 Fume, plume, grume, spume, assume, consume, illume, 
 perfume, resume, presume, deplume. 
 
 Ump. 
 Bump, clump, dump, pump, jump, lump, plump, rump, 
 slump, stump, trump, thump. 
 
 UN. 
 Bun, dun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, shun, tun, stun, 
 ipun, begun. Perfect rhymes, son, won, ton, done, one. 
 
 Unch. 
 Bunch, crunch, punch, hunch, lunch, munch. 
 
 Und. 
 Fund, obtund. refund, rotund, moribund, rubicund. 
 Perfect rhymes, the preti.-rits and participles of verbs in un, 
 as, shunned, &c. 
 
 Une. 
 June, tune, untune, jejune, prune, attune, commune, op- 
 portune, importune, triune, &c. Nearly perfect rhymes, 
 moon, soon, &c. Allowable rhymes, bun, dun, &c. 
 
 Ung. 
 Bung, clung, dung, flung, hung, rung, strung, sung, 
 sprung, slung, stung, swung, unsung, wrung, young. Per- 
 fect rhymes tongue, among. Allowable rhymes, song, lonj, 
 &c. 
 
 Unge. 
 Plunge, expunge, &c. Perfect rhyme, sponge. 
 
 Unk. 
 Drunk, junk, skunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk, spunk, punk, 
 trunk, slunk. Perfect rhyme, monk. 
 
 Unt. 
 Brunt, blunt, hunt, runt, grunt, shunt, stunt. Perfect 
 rhymes, firont, wont [to be accustomed). 
 
 Cup, sup, up, pup. Allowable rhymes, cope, scope, and 
 dupe, group, &c. 
 
 Upt. 
 
 Abrupt, corrupt, interrupt. Perfect rhymes, the partici- 
 ples of verbs in up, as, supped, &c. 
 
 UR. 
 Blur, cur, bur, fur, slur, spur, concur, demur, incur, 
 recur. Perfect rhyme, purr. Perfect, or nearly perfect, 
 rhymes, fir, sir, stir. Allowable rhymes, pore, oar, &c. 
 
 URB. 
 
 Curb, disturb. Perfect, or nearly perfect, rhymes, verb, 
 h«rb, &c. Allowable rhyme , orb, 
 
 URCH. 
 Church, lurch. Perfect, or nearly perfect , rhymes, birch, 
 perch, search. Alloiuable rhyme, porch. 
 
 Urd. 
 
 Curd, surd, absurd. Perfect rhymes, bird, third, word, 
 and the preterits and participles of verbs in ur, as, spurred. 
 Allowable rhymes^ board, ford, cord, lord, &c., and th* 
 preterits and participles of verbs in ore, oar, and or, as, 
 gored, oared, abhorred, &c., also the preterits and partici- 
 ples of verbs in ure, as, cured, immured, &c. See Ord. 
 
 Ure. 
 Cure, pure, dure, lure, abjure, allure, demure, coiyure, 
 endure, manure, enure, insure, immature, immure, mature, 
 obscure, procure, secure, adjure, calenture, coverture, epi- 
 cure, investiture, forfeiture, furniture, miniature, nouri- 
 ture, overture, portraiture, immature, premature, primo- 
 geniture, sinecure, temperature. Allowable rhymes, sure, 
 assure, brochure, poor, moor, power, sour, &c., cur, bur, 
 &c. 
 
 Urf. 
 Turf, scurf, surf. 
 
 Urge. 
 
 Gurge, purge, urge, surge, scourge, spurge, demiurge, 
 Perfect rhymes, verge, diverge, &c. Allowable rhymes, 
 gorge, George, forge, &c. 
 
 URK. 
 Lurk, Turk. Perfect rhyme , yiork. Perfect, ornearly per- 
 fect, rhymes, ivkjjeTk, perk. 
 
 Url, see IRL. 
 Churl, curl, furl, hurl, purl, uncurl, unfurl. Perfect or 
 nearly perfect, rhymes, girl, twirl, whirl, &c., pearl, &c- 
 
 URN. 
 
 Burn, churn, spurn, turn, urn, return, overturn, so- 
 journ, adjourn. 
 
S70 
 
 VOCABULARY OF RHYMES. 
 
 Ursb. 
 Nurse, cuwe, puree, acouree, disburse, imburae, reim- 
 burse. Prrftct rhyme , 'Korse. Perfect, ornearly perfect, 
 rkf/mes, verse, disperse. Allowable r/iymes, coarse, corse, 
 force, horec, &c. 
 
 Urst. 
 Burst, curst, durst, accurst, &c. Perfect, or nearly per- 
 feu, rhytnfs, erst, thirst, worst, first. 
 Urt. 
 Blurt, hurt, spurt. Perfect rhyme, wort. Perfect, or 
 nearly perffct, rhymes, dirt, shirt, tlirt, squirt, &c. Allow- 
 abU rhymes, port, court, short, snort, &c. 
 
 Us, thus, iuoubus, overplus, sarcophagus, syllabus, amor- 
 ous, boiaterous, clamorous, credulous, dangerous, degener- 
 ous, generous, emulous, fabulous, frivolous, hazardous, 
 idolatrous, iiifiimous, mii*aculous, mischievous, mountain- 
 ous, mutinous, necessitous, numerous, ominous, perilous, 
 poisonous, populous, prosperous, ridiculous, riotous, ruin- 
 ous, scandalous, scrupulous, sedulous, traitorous, treacher- 
 ous, tyrannous, venomous, vigorous, villainous, adventur- 
 ous, adulterous, ambiguous, blasphemous, dolorous, fortu- 
 itous, sonorous, gluttonous, gratuitous, incredulous, lech- 
 erous, libidinous, magnanimous, obstreperous, odoriferous, 
 ponderous, ravenous, rigorous, slanderous, solicitous, tim- 
 orous, valorous, unanimous, calamitous. Perfect rhymes, 
 buss, fuss, muss, truss, discuss, blunderbuss. Allowable 
 rhymes, the nouns use, abuse, diffuse, excuse, the verb to 
 loose, and the noun^ goose, deuce, juice, truce, &c., close, 
 dose, house, mouse, &c. 
 
 Use (with the s pure). 
 
 I%« nouns and adjectives use, ruse, abstruse, disuse, 
 
 Abuse, diffuse, excuse, profuse, occluse, recluse, obtuse. 
 
 Perfect rhymes, the verb to loose, the nouns deuce, truce, 
 
 goose, noose, moose. Allowable rhymes, us, thus, buss, &c. 
 
 Use (sounded uze). 
 UuM, the verbs to use, fuse, abuse, amuse, contuse, dif- 
 
 fuse, excuse, infuse, misuse, peruse, refuse, suffuse, 
 fuse, accuse. Perfect rhymes, bruise, and the plurals of 
 nouns and third persons singular of verbs in ew and ue, as, 
 dews, imbues, &c. Alloivable rhymes,\ium, does, &c. 
 
 USH. 
 
 Blush, brush, crush, gush, flush, plush, rush, hush, 
 thrush. Allowable rhymes, bush, push. 
 
 USK. 
 Busk, tusk, dusk, husk, musk, rusk. 
 
 UST. 
 
 Bust, crust, dust, gust, just, must, lust, rust, thrust, 
 trust, adjust, adust, disgust, distrust, intrust, mistrust, 
 robust, unjust. Perfect rhymes, the pretf.rits and participles 
 of verbs in uss, aw, trussed, discussed, &c. 
 
 Ut. 
 But, butt, cut, hut, gut, glut, jut, nut, shut, strut, en- 
 glut, rut, scut, slut, smut, abut. Perfect rhyme, soot. Al- 
 lowable rhymes, boot, &c., dispute, &c., boat, &c. 
 
 UTCH. 
 Clutch, hutch, crutch, Dutch. Perfect rhymes, mniih, 
 such, touch, &c. 
 
 Ute. 
 Brute, jute, lute, flute, mute, acute, astute, commute, 
 compute, confute, dispute, dilute, depute, impute, minute, 
 parachute, pollute, refute, repute, salute, transmute, vol- 
 ute, absolute, attribute, constitute, destitute, dissolute, 
 execute, institute, irresolute, pei-secute, prosecute, prosti- 
 tute, resolute, substitute. P-.rfect rhymes, fruit, recruit, 
 &c. Allowable rhymes, boot, route, &c., boat, &c., note, 
 &c., hut, &c. 
 
 UX. 
 
 Flux. Perfect rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third 
 
 persons of verbs in uck, as, ducks, trucks, &c. Allowable 
 
 rhymes, the plurals of nouns and third persons of verbs in 
 
 ook, uke, oak, &c., as, cooks, pukes, oaks, &c. 
 
 Y, sw IE 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES 
 
 BY WILLIAM A. WHEELER, M. A. 
 
 The course pursued in the following Table has been to 
 give first that mode of pronunciation which is deemed to 
 be best supported, and to subjoin, as an alternative mode, 
 any other pronunciation which has, to any considerable 
 extent, the sanction of present and reputable usage. The 
 names in the Vocabulary have been accented, divided into 
 syllables, and marked in accordance with the system of 
 notation employed in the previous part of this work. The 
 consulter will not, therefore, require any Rules to guide 
 him to a correct pronunciation ; but the few which follow 
 — being short and easy to remember — may perhaps be of 
 some use when he happens not to have the Dictionary at 
 hand. 
 
 RULES. 
 
 1. In Hebrew proper names, the letters have their usual 
 English sounds, except in the cases specified below. See 
 Principles of Pronunciation, p. vii. et seq. 
 
 2. Every final i, forming a distinct syllable, has its long 
 «Ound; &s, A-btfh^a-l, Ed're-l, Thorn' o-l. 
 
 3. The vowels ai are sometimes pronounced in one syl- 
 lable; as, Hu'shai, Si'nai ; and sometimes in two; as, 
 Sham'ma-i, Bar-zil'la-i. When pronounced in one syl- 
 lable, they should be sounded like ai in aid ; as, Hu'shai, 
 Si'nai. Some speakers choose to give them the diphthon- 
 gal sound at, or i ; but the practice, as Smart observes, is 
 fer from being common or established. 
 
 4. The vowels ei, when followed by a consonant, form a 
 digraph, and are pronounced like ei in seize ; as, CSi'lan. 
 When followed by a vowel, they are pronounced in separate 
 
 syllables, and the i is generally sounded like consonant y: 
 
 as, Sa-me'ius (sa-me'yus). 
 
 5. The vowels ia, following an accented vowel, are pro- 
 nounced in one syllable, the i taking the sound of con- 
 sonant y ; as, Ban-na'ia (ban-na'ya) 1-sa'iah, (i-za^ya), 
 Je-de'iah (je-de'ya). In other cases, they are pronounced 
 in separate syllables, and the accent is on the i : as, Sdr'a- 
 i'a, Ber'a-i'ah. 
 
 6. The letter g has its hard sound before e and t, as in 
 the Enghsh words get, give ; as, Gethstmane, Giiead. 
 Bethphage, in consequence of having passed through the 
 Greek of the Nesv Testament, is an exception, the g being 
 sounded soft, like j, conformably to the usual English 
 mode of pronouncing words derived from the Greek. 
 
 7. Ch is pronounced hke k ; as, Chaldea, Enoch. Rachei 
 is the only exception, the ch in this name being sounded 
 like ch in chest. Cherub (ke'rub), a city of the Babylonish 
 empire, must not be confounded in pronunciation with 
 cherub, one of an order of angels. 
 
 8. Gentile names ending in -ite (sing.) and -ites (pi.), 
 together with feminine nouns of the same class in -itess, 
 are English formatives, and follow the accent of their prim- 
 itives ; as, Arn'mon-lte, Is'ra-el-ites, Ca'naan-lt'ess. Th« 
 same is true of gentile adjectives ending in -itish ; as, Mo'ab- 
 It'ish, Mid'i-an-lt'ish. Gentiles in -ene and-i'ne, with their 
 plurals, are also Anglicized both in spelling and pronunci- 
 ation ; except Mdg'da-le'ne, which is commonly thus pro- 
 nounced, as a classical word, the AngUcized form — whieh 
 
 ! does not occur in the Scriptures — being Mag'da-len. 
 
 A'a-lar 
 
 Aa'ron (aT'on) 
 
 Aa'ron-ites 
 
 XVa-€u€ 
 
 A-b5d'don 
 
 Ab'a-dl'as 
 
 A-bSg/tha 
 
 Ab'a-na 
 
 Ab'a-rim 
 
 Ab'a-ron 
 
 Ab'ba 
 
 Ab'da 
 
 Ib'de-el 
 
 Ab'dl 
 
 Ab-dT'as 
 
 Ab'di-el 
 
 Ib/don 
 
 A-bed'-ne-go', or 
 
 A-bed'ne-g5 
 A'bel 
 A'bel-beth-ma'a- 
 
 €hah 
 A'bel-ma'im 
 A'bel-me-ho'lah 
 A'bel-mTz'ra-im 
 A'bel-shit'tim 
 
 A/bez 
 
 Ab/i-sh3g 
 
 A'bl 
 
 A-bTsh/a-I 
 
 A-bFa 
 
 A-bish/a-15m 
 
 A-bT'ah 
 
 A-bish'u-a 
 
 A'bi-ai'bon 
 
 Ab'i-shur 
 
 A-bl'a-saph 
 
 Ab'i-sum 
 
 A-bT'a-thar 
 
 Ab/i-tal 
 
 A'bib 
 
 Ab'i-tab 
 
 A-bl'da 
 
 A-bFud 
 
 A-bl'dah 
 
 Ab'ner 
 
 Ab/i-d5n 
 
 A'bra-ham 
 
 A-bFel 
 
 A^bram 
 
 A'bi-S'zer 
 
 Ab'sa-lom 
 
 A/bi-ez'rite 
 
 Ab'sa-lon 
 
 Ab/i-gail 
 
 A-bu'bus 
 
 Ab/i-ha'il 
 
 A^'a-tan 
 
 A-bl'hu 
 
 A€/«ad 
 
 A-bl'hud 
 
 A€'€a-r5n 
 
 A-bl/jah 
 
 A«/«ho 
 
 A-bT/jam 
 
 A«'cos 
 
 Ab'i-lS'ne 
 
 A€/«oz 
 
 A-bim'a-el 
 
 A-rePda-ma 
 
 A-bim/e-le€h 
 
 A-€ha/ia (-ya) 
 
 A-bln/a-dSb 
 
 A-€ha'i-€tis 
 
 Ab/i-ner 
 
 A'chan 
 
 A-bTn'o-2m 
 
 A'€har 
 
 A-bT'ram 
 
 A'-ehSz 
 
 A-bi'ron 
 
 Ach'bor 
 
 Ab'i-sel 
 
 A'€hi-5«h'a-rus 
 
 A-€hi/a3 
 
 A'€him 
 
 A'ehi-or 
 
 A'ehish 
 
 A€h/i-t6b 
 
 A^h'me-tha 
 
 A'ehor 
 
 Aeh'sa 
 
 A^h'sah 
 
 A^h'shaph 
 
 A«h'zib 
 
 Ap'i-pha (5s'i-fa) 
 
 Ap'i-tho (5s/i-tho) 
 
 A-«u'a 
 
 A'^ub 
 
 Ad'a-dah 
 
 A'dah 
 
 Ad'a-T'ah 
 
 Ad'a-ll'a 
 
 Ad''am 
 
 Ad'a-mah 
 
 Ad^a-mtlj^ 
 
 A'dar 
 
 Ad'a-sa 
 
 Ad'be-el 
 
 Ad'dan 
 
 Ad^dir 
 
 Ad^di 
 
 Ad'do 
 
 Ad'don 
 
 Ad'dus 
 
 A'der 
 
 Ad'i-da 
 
 A'di-el 
 
 A'din 
 
 Ad'i-na 
 
 Ad'i-no, or A-di/no 
 
 Ad'i-nus 
 
 Ad'i-tha'im 
 
 Ad'la-I 
 
 Ad'mah 
 
 Ad'ma-tha 
 
 Ad'na 
 
 Ad'nah 
 
 A-don'i-be'zek 
 
 A-don'i-ean 
 
 Ad'o-nT'jah 
 
 A-don/i-k5m 
 
 Ad'o-nY'ram 
 
 A-don'i-ze'dek 
 
 A-do/ra 
 
 Ad'o-ra'im 
 
 A-do/ram 
 
 A-dram'e-leeh 
 
 A-dram'me-le€h 
 
 Ad'ra-m^t'ti-um 
 
 A'dri-a ' 
 
 A'dri-el 
 
 A-du'el 
 
 A-dai'lam 
 
 A-dal'lam-Tte 
 
 A-dQm'mim 
 
 A'e-dl'as 
 
 .ffi'ne-as (Gr. AtWas) 
 
 ^'non 
 
 Ag'a-ba 
 
 Ag'a-bus 
 
 A/gag 
 
 A'gag-Ite 
 
 A'gar 
 
 Ag/a-r5ne§' 
 
 Ag'e-e 
 
 Ag-ge'us 
 
 A-grTp/pa 
 
 A'gur 
 
 A'hab 
 
 A-har'ah 
 
 A-har-'hel 
 
 A-h3s/a-i 
 
 A-has'ba-T 
 
 A-h3s/u-e'rtM 
 
 A-ha'va 
 
 A'hSz 
 
 A'ha-zT'ah 
 
 Ah'ban 
 
 A/her 
 
 A/h! 
 
 a, e, &c., long ; S, e, &c., short; care, far, ask, gll 
 food, fobt ; flrn, rijde, piJiU ; fell, chaise, €all 
 
 what ; gre, veil, tSrm; pique, firm ; s6n, or, do, wQlf, 
 , e€ho ; gem, get ; a2 ; epst ; linger, iigk •, this. 
 
 (87U 
 
872 
 
 AhT'&h 
 
 A-hl am 
 
 A-hi au 
 
 A hT-e'ser 
 
 A-b! hud 
 
 A-hi j&h 
 
 A-hl kam 
 
 A-hTlud 
 
 A-h!oi a-&i 
 
 A-hl man 
 
 A-hime-l&ch 
 
 A-hl moth 
 
 A-hlna-dib 
 
 A-hTn'o-&m 
 
 A-hlo 
 
 A-hTr& 
 
 A-hi'ram 
 
 A-hiram-Ites 
 
 A-h!s a-mSeh 
 
 A-hish'a-har 
 
 A-hl shar 
 
 A-hith'o-ph61 
 
 A -hi tub 
 
 Ah'lib 
 
 Ah'lai 
 
 A-ho'ah 
 
 A-ho^hlte 
 
 A-h5/lah 
 
 A-h5'U-5b 
 
 A-hol'i-bah 
 
 A/ho-lIb'a-mah 
 
 A-hu'ma-I 
 
 A-hu'zam 
 
 A-htLz^zath 
 
 A/I 
 
 A-T'ah , or A'jah 
 
 A-i'ath 
 
 Aij'a-15n (^j'a-lon) 
 Au'e-leth Sha'har 
 
 (aj/e-16th) 
 A'in 
 A-T'rus 
 .yjah 
 Aj'a-lon 
 A%5n 
 Ak'kub 
 
 Ak'ra-bat-ti'ne 
 A-krib'bim 
 Al'a-meth 
 A-15m'me-le€h 
 APa-moth 
 Al/fi-mQfl 
 Al'e-ma 
 Al'e-meth, or 
 
 A-le'meth 
 APej-an'der (51/- 
 
 egz-Sn'der) 
 APex-5n'dri-a 
 
 {dassiral pron. 
 
 ai-ej-an-drl'a) 
 Al'ex-an'dri-ang 
 A-li^h 
 A-lPan 
 A Mom 
 Al'lon 
 
 Al1on-b5€h'uth 
 Al-mo'did 
 Al'mon 
 Al'mon-dib/la- 
 
 tha'im 
 Al'na^than 
 A'lSth 
 .Xl'ph& 
 Al-phae/QB, or Al- 
 
 Al'ta-ne'UB 
 
 Al-tas/ehith 
 
 A'laih 
 
 Al'vah 
 
 ^I'van 
 
 A'mSd 
 
 A-m4d'a-th& 
 
 A-m5d'a-thuB 
 
 A/rnal 
 
 Am'fi-lek 
 
 Am'!i-lek-Tt« 
 
 A'm&m 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 A man 
 
 A-'nub 
 
 Ar'ni 
 
 Am'a-nA, or 
 
 A'uus 
 
 Ar'nan 
 
 A-mii'nJi 
 
 A-pi'me 
 
 Ar'non 
 
 Am'a-ri'ah 
 
 A-i-Hillei 
 
 A'rod 
 
 Am'a-ri'as 
 
 A-phar'sa€h-ites 
 
 Ar'o-di 
 
 Am'a-sa, or 
 
 A-phiir'.<ath-€hites A'rod-Ites 
 
 A-ma sii 
 
 A-phaiysitea 
 
 Ar'o-er 
 
 A-mis'a-i 
 
 A'phek 
 
 Ar'o-er-Ite 
 
 A-mash/a-I 
 
 A-pbe'kah 
 
 A'rom 
 
 Am'a-sl'ah 
 
 A-pher'e-ma 
 
 Ar/pad 
 
 Am'a-the'is 
 
 A-pher'ri 
 
 Aj/phad 
 
 Am'a-thls 
 
 A-phl'ah 
 
 Ar-phax'ad 
 
 Am'a-zi'ah 
 
 A'phik 
 
 Ar/sa-cg£ 
 
 A-med'a-thS 
 
 Aph'rah 
 
 Ar'sa-reth 
 
 A-men' 
 
 Aph/ses 
 
 Ar/tax-5rx'e§ (ar'- 
 
 A'mi 
 
 Ap'ol-lo'ni-a 
 
 ,, tag-zerk'zez) 
 
 A-min'a-daib 
 
 Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 
 
 Ar't€-mas 
 
 A-miftai 
 
 Ap'ol-loph'a-neg 
 
 Ar/9-both 
 
 A-mlz'a-bSid 
 
 A-p61'los 
 
 A-ru'mali 
 
 Am'mah 
 
 A-p6My-on (or 
 
 Ar/vad 
 
 Am-med'a-tha 
 
 a-pol/yon) 
 
 Ar'vad-ite 
 
 Arn'mi 
 
 Ap'pa-Tm 
 
 Ax'zk 
 
 Am-mid'i-oi 
 
 Ap'phi-a (5ffi-a) 
 
 A'sa 
 
 Am'mi-el 
 
 Ap'phus (5ffus) 
 
 As'a-di'as 
 
 Am-ml'hud 
 
 Ap/pi-I Fo/fum 
 
 As'a-el 
 
 Am-min'a-dab 
 
 Aq'ui-la 
 
 As/a-hel 
 
 Am-min/a-dib 
 
 Ar 
 
 As'a-hi'ah 
 
 Am'mi-shad'da-i 
 
 A'ra 
 
 As/a-I'ah 
 
 Am-miz/a-bad 
 
 A'rab (a city) 
 
 As'a-na 
 
 Ani'moQ 
 
 Ar'a-bah 
 
 A'saph 
 
 Am'mon-Ite 
 
 Ar'a-bat-tha'ne 
 
 A-sar'a^l 
 
 Am'mon-It/ess 
 
 (ar'a-bath-tha'ne) A-sar'e-el 
 
 Am/non 
 
 Ar'a-bat-ti'ne 
 
 As'a^re'lah 
 
 A^mok 
 
 A-ra^bi-a 
 
 As-baz'a-reth 
 
 A'mon 
 
 A-ra'bi-an 
 
 As/ca-lon 
 
 Am'o-rite 
 
 A'rad 
 
 A-se'as 
 
 A/mos 
 
 Ar/a-dus 
 
 A-seb'e-bi'a 
 
 I'moz 
 
 A'rah 
 
 As'e-bl'a 
 
 Am-phip/o-lis 
 
 A'ram 
 
 As^e-nath 
 
 Am/pli-as 
 
 A'ram-It/ess 
 
 A'ser 
 
 Am/ram 
 
 A'ram-na'ha-ra'im A-se'rer 
 
 Am'ram-Ites 
 
 A'ram-zo'bah 
 
 A'shan 
 
 Am'ra-phel 
 
 A'ran 
 
 Ash'be-a 
 
 Am/zi 
 
 Ar/a-rat 
 
 Ash/bel 
 
 A/mb 
 
 Ar'a-Kith 
 
 Ash'bel-Ites 
 
 An'a-el 
 
 A-ra'thes 
 
 Ash/€he-naz 
 
 A'nah 
 
 A-rau'nah 
 
 Ash'dod 
 
 An/a-ha'rath 
 
 Ar/ba 
 
 Ash'dod-ites 
 
 An'a-I'ah 
 
 Ai'hah 
 
 Ash^doth-Ites 
 
 A'nak 
 
 Ar/bath-ite 
 
 Ash'doth-pis'gah 
 
 An'a-kims 
 
 Ar-bat'tis 
 
 Ash/er 
 
 An/a-mim 
 
 Ar-be/la(m 
 
 Ash'er-ites 
 
 A-nam'me-leeh 
 
 Palestine) 
 
 Ash'i-ma 
 
 A/nan 
 
 Ar/blte 
 
 Ash'ke-lon 
 
 A-na'ni 
 
 Ar-bo/na-I 
 
 Ash'ke-naz 
 
 An'a-nl'ah 
 
 Ar'ehe-la'us 
 
 Ash'nah 
 
 An'a-nl'as 
 
 Ar/€he-vltes 
 
 Ash/pe-naz 
 
 A-nan'i-el 
 
 Ar/€hi 
 
 AshTi-el 
 
 A'nath 
 
 Ar-ehip/pus 
 
 Ash'ta-roth 
 
 An'a-thoth 
 
 Ar/€hlte 
 
 Ash^t«-moh 
 
 An'drew (an/dru) 
 
 Are-tu'rus 
 
 Ash'te-rath-ite 
 
 An/dro-ni'cus 
 
 Ard 
 
 Ash'te-roth Kar'- 
 
 A'nem 
 
 Ar'dath 
 
 na-im 
 
 A'nen 
 
 Ard'ites 
 
 Ash/to-reth 
 
 A'ner 
 
 AT'don 
 
 Ash'ur 
 
 An'e-thothlte 
 
 A-reai 
 
 Ash'ur-Ites 
 
 An'e-t»th/ite 
 
 A-re'Utes 
 
 Ash'Tath 
 
 A'DJ-am 
 
 Ar'e-op'a-^te 
 
 A'si-a (a'shi-a) 
 
 A'nim 
 
 Ar'e-op'a-gus 
 
 As'i-bl'as 
 
 Xn'na, 
 
 A'reg 
 
 A'si-el 
 
 An/na-SLs 
 
 Ar'e-t^s ( Gr.*ApeTas)As/i-pha 
 
 Xn'nas 
 
 A-re'us 
 
 As'ke-lon 
 
 An-nu'u8, or 
 
 Ar/gob 
 
 As/ma-dai{M7ton. 
 
 An'nu-us 
 
 A/ri-a-ra'theg 
 
 As'ma-Teth 
 
 A'nos 
 
 A-rid'a-I 
 
 A^/mo-de'us 
 
 An'ti-chrigt 
 
 A-rid'a-tha 
 
 Ag^mo-ne'ang (Jo- 
 
 An'tl-lib'a-nus 
 
 A-rl'eh 
 
 sephus) 
 
 An'ti-och 
 
 A'ri-el 
 
 As'nah 
 
 An'ti-o-chi'& 
 
 Ar'i-ma-thae'i 
 
 As-nap'par 
 
 An'ti-o'chi-ans 
 
 Ar^i-nia-thljil 
 
 A-so'€his (Jose- 
 
 An-tI/o-€hi8 
 
 A'ri-och 
 
 _ p/iu^) 
 
 . An-tl'o-ehus 
 
 A-ris'a-I 
 
 A'som 
 
 An'ti-pis 
 
 Ar'is-tar'ehus 
 
 As'pa-tha 
 
 An-tTp'a-ter 
 
 Ar'Ls-to-bu'lufi 
 
 As'phar 
 
 An-tlp'a-trifi 
 
 Ark/Jt€ 
 
 As-phSr/a-su6 
 
 An-to'ni-a 
 
 Ar'ma-^ed'don 
 
 As/rf-el 
 
 An/to-thi'jah 
 
 Ar-me'ni-i 
 
 As'ri-el-Ites 
 
 An'toth-ite 
 
 Aj-mo'ni 
 
 As'sa-bl'as 
 
 As-sil'i-moth 
 
 As'sa-nl'as 
 
 As'sa-re'moth 
 
 As'shur (aish'ur) 
 
 As-shy'rim 
 
 As'si-de'ang 
 
 As^sir 
 
 Ab'sos 
 
 As'su-e'rus 
 
 As'sur 
 
 As-syr'i-& 
 
 As-syr'i-an 
 
 As'ta-roth 
 
 As'tath 
 
 As-ty'a-ge§ 
 
 A-sup'pim 
 
 A-syn'cri-tus 
 
 A' tad 
 
 At/a-rah 
 
 A-tar/ga-tis 
 
 At/a-roth _ 
 
 At'a-roth-a'dar 
 
 At'a-roth-ad'dar 
 
 A'ter 
 
 At/e-re-zi'as 
 
 A'tha^h 
 
 Ath'a-i'ah 
 
 Ath'a-li'ah 
 
 Ath''a-rl'as 
 
 A-the/ni-ang 
 
 Ath'e-no'bi-us 
 
 Ath'eng 
 
 Ath'lai 
 
 At^i-pha 
 
 At'roth 
 
 Af/tai 
 
 At/ta-li'a 
 
 At'ta-lus 
 
 At-thar'a-teg (ath- 
 
 thar'a-teez) 
 Au'gi-a 
 Au-gus'tua 
 Au-ra'nus 
 Au-te'as 
 A/ya 
 Av'a-rSn 
 Ar'a-ron 
 A'ven 
 A'Tim 
 A'Timg 
 A'Tites 
 A'vith 
 Az'a-el 
 Az^a-elus 
 A'zah 
 A'zal 
 Az'a-ll'ah 
 Az'a-ni'ah 
 A-za'phi-6n 
 Az'a-ra 
 A-2ar'a-el, or 
 
 A-za'ra-el 
 A-2ar''e-el, or 
 
 A-ZA'te-el 
 Az/a-ri'ah 
 Az'a-ri'as 
 A'zaz 
 A-za'zel 
 Az'a-zi'ah 
 Az-baz'a-reth 
 Az'buk 
 A-ze'kah 
 .) A'zel 
 A'zem 
 
 Az'e-phu'rith 
 A-ze'tas 
 Az'^d 
 A-zi'a 
 A-zT'e-I 
 A'zi-el^ 
 A-zI'za 
 Az^ma-T^th 
 Az'mon 
 Az'noth-ta'bor 
 A'zor 
 A-zo'tus 
 Az/ri-el 
 Az'ri-kam 
 
 A-zQ/bak 
 
 A'zur 
 
 Az'u-rin 
 
 Az'zah 
 
 Az'zan 
 
 Az'zur 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba'al 
 
 Ba'al-ah 
 
 Ba'al-ath 
 
 Ba'al-ath-b8'M 
 
 Ba'al-be'rith 
 
 Ba'a-le 
 
 Ba'al-^d 
 
 Ba/al-ha'mon 
 
 Ba'al-ha'nan 
 
 Ba'al-ha'zor 
 
 Ba'al-h5r'mon 
 
 Ba'al-i 
 
 Ba'al-im 
 
 Ba^a-lis 
 
 Ba'al-me'on 
 
 Ba'al-pe'er 
 
 Ba'al-per'a-zim 
 
 Ba'al-shal'i-sha 
 
 Ba'al-ta'mar 
 
 Ba'al-ze'bub 
 
 Ba'al-ze'phon 
 
 Ba'a-na 
 
 Ba'a-nah 
 
 Ba'a-ni'as 
 
 Ba'a-ra 
 
 Ba'a-se'iah (-ya) 
 
 Ba'a-sha 
 
 Ba'a-sI'Sh 
 
 Ba'bel 
 
 Ba/bl 
 
 Bab'y-lon 
 
 Bab'y-lo'ni-ang 
 
 Bab'y-lo'nish 
 
 Ba^ca 
 
 Ba€''€hi-deg 
 
 Ba€/«hus 
 
 Ba€-€ha'rtia 
 
 Ba-^e'nor 
 
 BS^h'rites 
 
 Ba'go 
 
 Ba-go'as 
 
 Bag'o-i 
 
 Ba-ha'rum-ite 
 
 Ba-hu'mTis 
 
 Ba-hu'rim 
 
 Ba/jith 
 
 Bak-Mk/kax 
 
 Bak^buk 
 
 Bak^buk-i'ah 
 
 Ba'laam (ba'lamX 
 
 or Ba'la-am 
 Bala* 
 Bal'a-d&n 
 Ba'lah 
 Ba^lak 
 Bal'a-mo 
 Ba-las/a-mu8 
 Bal-nu'us 
 Bal-tha'sar 
 Ba'mah 
 Ba'moth 
 Ba'moth-ba/»l 
 
 :^n 
 
 Ban'a-i'aa 
 
 Ba'nl 
 
 Ba'nid 
 
 Ban-nalA 
 
 Ban'nus 
 
 Ban'u-as 
 
 Ba-rSb^as 
 
 Bar^a-chSl 
 
 BSr'a-^hl'ah 
 
 B5r'a-€hi'a* 
 
 Ba'rak 
 
 Bar-hu'mlte 
 
 Ba-rl'ah 
 
 Bar'-je'gUB 
 
 », €, &c., long; a, «, &c., short; care, far, ask, gU, whfit ; gr«, vfiU, tSrm; pique, f&m ; B6n, or, do, wQlf, 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 873 
 
 Bar'kos 
 
 Bar'na-bas 
 
 Ba-ro'dis 
 
 Bar'sa-bas 
 
 Bir'ta-€U8 
 
 Bar-thol'o-mew 
 
 Bir'ti-mae'us . 
 
 Bar/ti-me'us 
 
 Ba/ru€h 
 
 Bar-zgl'a-I 
 
 Bar-zll'la-i 
 
 Bas'a-loth 
 
 Bas'«a-m& 
 
 BiVshan 
 
 Ba'shan-ha/yoth- 
 
 ja'ir 
 Bash/e-math 
 B5s^i-lis 
 BaLs'lith 
 Bas'math 
 Bas/s& 
 Bis'ta-I 
 Bath'-rab'bim 
 Bath'-she'ba, or 
 
 Bath'-she-ba 
 Bath'-shu'a 
 Bath'^eh-a-ri'as 
 Bav'a-i 
 Baz'lith 
 Baz'luth 
 Be'a-ll'ah 
 Be'a-loth 
 Bg/an 
 Bgb'a-I 
 Be/€her 
 Be-eho'rath 
 B6€/ti-16th 
 Be'dad 
 Bed'a-I'ah 
 BeMan 
 
 Be-de'iah (-ya) 
 Be'el-T'a-da 
 Be-el'sa-rus 
 Be/el-t6th'mus 
 Be-el'ze-bub 
 Be'er 
 Be-e'ra 
 Be-e'rah 
 Be'er-e'lim 
 Be-e'ri 
 
 Be'er-la-hai'-roi 
 Be-e'roth 
 Be-e'roth-ites 
 Be'er-she'ba, or 
 
 Be-5r'she-ba 
 Be-6sh'te-rah 
 Be'he-moth 
 Be'kah 
 BSl 
 Be'la 
 Be'lah 
 Be^a-Ites 
 Bel^e-mus 
 Be'li-al 
 Bgl'ma-im 
 Bel'men 
 Bel-shSLz'zar 
 BePte-shaz'zar 
 Beii_ 
 
 Be-na'iab (-ya) 
 Bgn'-lm'inl 
 Ben'e-be'rak 
 BSn/e-ja^a-kan 
 B6n'-ha'dad 
 Ben'-ha'il 
 BgQ'-ha'nan 
 BSn'i-nu 
 Ben'ja-mln 
 Ben'ja-mlte 
 Be'no 
 Bgn'-o'ni 
 Ben-nfi'I, or 
 
 Ben'nu-i 
 B6n/-zo'heth 
 Be^on 
 Be'or 
 Be'ra 
 
 Bgr'a-ehah 
 B6r/a-€hl'ah 
 Be'rah 
 Ber'a-i'ah 
 Be/re-a(Gr. Bepe'a) 
 
 1 Mace. ix. 4. 
 Be-re'a (Gr. Be- 
 
 pota), 2 Mace. 
 
 Bgth'-sa'mos 
 
 Beth'san 
 
 Beth'shan 
 
 Beth'-she'an 
 
 Beth'-she'mesh 
 
 Beth'-she'mlte 
 
 Bgth'-shit'tah 
 
 B6th/-su'ra 
 
 xiii. 4 ; Acts xvii. B6th'-t5p'pu-ah 
 10, 13, and xx. 4. Be-thu'el 
 
 Bgr'e-ehl'ah 
 
 Be'red 
 
 Be'rl 
 
 Be-rl'ah 
 
 Be-riates 
 
 Be^rltes 
 
 Be'rith 
 
 Ber-ni'^e 
 
 Be-ro'da^h-b&l'a- 
 
 dan 
 Be-roe'a 
 Be'roth 
 Be-ro'thah 
 Ber'o-thai 
 Be'roth-ite 
 Ber-re'tho 
 Ber-ze'lus 
 
 Bes/o-de'iah{-ya) 
 
 Be'sor 
 
 Be'tah 
 
 B6t/a-ne 
 
 Be'ten 
 
 Beth'-ab'a-ra 
 
 Beth'-a'nath 
 
 Beth'-a'noth 
 
 Betb'^a-ny 
 
 B6th/-ar'a-bah 
 
 Beth'-a'ram 
 
 B6th/-ar'bel 
 
 Beth'-a'Ten 
 
 Bgth/-az'ma-v6th 
 
 Bgth'-ba'al-me'on Bin-nii'i, or 
 
 Beth'-ba'rah Bin'nu-i 
 
 Beth'-ba'sl Blr'sha 
 
 Beth'-bir'e-I Bir'za-vith 
 
 Beth'-€ar Bish'lam 
 
 Beth'-da'gon Bi-thl'ah 
 
 Beth'-dib/la-tha'im Bith'ron 
 
 Be'thul 
 Bgth'u-U'a, or 
 
 Be-thu'li-a 
 Beth'-zur 
 Be-to'li-us 
 B6t'o-mas'them 
 Bet/o-mes'tham 
 Bet'o-nim 
 Beu'lah, or 
 
 Be-u'lah 
 Be'zai 
 Be-z31/e-el 
 Be/zek 
 Be'zer 
 Be^zeth 
 BPa-tSs 
 Bieh'rl 
 Bid'kar 
 BTg'tha 
 Big'than 
 Big/tha-n& 
 Big'va-i 
 Bil'dSd 
 Bil'e-Sm 
 BIFgah 
 BiKga-i 
 BTl'ha 
 BiFhah 
 Bil'han 
 BU'shan 
 Bim'hal 
 Bin'e-a 
 
 Beth'-e'den 
 
 Bi-thyn/i-& 
 
 Betb'-el, or 
 
 Biz-joth'jah 
 
 Beth/el 
 
 Biz'tha 
 
 Beth'-el-Ite 
 
 BlSs'tus 
 
 Bgth/-e'mek 
 
 Bo'a-n5r'§Sa 
 
 Be'ther 
 
 Bo'az 
 
 Be-thgj/da 
 
 Boe'-eas 
 
 Bgth'-e'zel 
 
 Boeh'e-r]} 
 
 Bgtb/-ga'der 
 
 Bo/€him 
 
 Bgth'-ga'mul 
 
 Bo'hSn 
 
 Bgib'-hae'ce-rgm 
 
 Bo'oz 
 
 Bgth'-ha'ran 
 
 Bo'rith 
 
 Beth'-hog'la 
 
 Bos'^ath 
 
 Beth'-hog'lah 
 
 Bo'sor 
 
 Beth'-ho'ron 
 
 B6§/o-r& 
 
 Bgth'-jSsh'i-moth 
 
 Bos'rah 
 
 Bgth'-jes'i-moth 
 
 Bo'zez 
 
 BgthMeb'a-oth 
 
 Boz'kath 
 
 Bgth'-le'hem, and 
 
 Boz/rah 
 
 Bgth'le-hem 
 
 Biik/ki 
 
 BethMe'hem Eph' 
 
 -Buk-kl'ah 
 
 ra-tah 
 
 Bui 
 
 Bgth'-le/hem-Tte 
 
 Bu'nah 
 
 Bgth'-le/hem-ju'- 
 
 Bun'ni 
 
 dah 
 
 Bua 
 
 Beth-lo'mon 
 
 BQ/zi 
 
 Bgth'-ma'a-€hah 
 
 Bualte 
 
 Beth'-mar/€a-b5th 
 
 Beth/-me'on 
 
 
 Beth'-nlin'rah 
 
 c. 
 
 Beth-o/ron 
 
 Beth'-pa'let 
 
 
 Bgtb'-pSz'zez 
 
 €ab/bon 
 
 Bgth'-pe'or 
 
 €a/bul 
 
 Beth'pha-ge 
 
 €ad'dis 
 
 Beth'-phe'let 
 
 €a/deg 
 
 Bgth'-ra'pha 
 
 €a/de5-bar'ii 
 
 Beth'-re'hob 
 
 €a/desh 
 
 B6th'-sa'i-da 
 
 €5d/mi-el 
 
 Cae'gar €!ha'naan (ka'nan, 
 
 Caes'a-re'& or ka'na-an) 
 
 Qaes'a-re'a Phi- €ha/naan-Ite (ka' 
 
 lip'pl nan-It, or ka'na- 
 €ii'ia-phas (-ya-fas) an-Tt) 
 
 €!ain €)h5n^nu-ne'us 
 
 Ca-Fnan (KalVai') ChSr'a-ath'a-lar 
 €a/lah 
 
 €)h5r/a-ea 
 
 ■ChSr'a-shkn 
 
 ChSr'a-sim 
 
 Cbar/€he-mish 
 
 €hax'€\is 
 
 €ha/re-a 
 
 €har'mis 
 
 eai'a-mol'a-lus 
 
 €ai/€61 
 
 €al-de/a 
 
 €)al-de'an2 
 
 €al-dee§' 
 
 €aaeb 
 
 €a/Ieb-gph'ra.tah €har/ran 
 
 €51/i-t5s €h5s/e-ba 
 
 €al-lis'tbe-ne§ 
 
 €51/neh 
 
 eai'no 
 
 €51/pM 
 
 €)5Pva-ry 
 
 €!a'mon 
 
 €a'na 
 
 ^a'naan (ka^nan, 
 
 or ka'na-an) 
 ^a^naan-ite (-nau- 
 
 or -na-an-) 
 €;a'naan-it/ess 
 
 {-nan- or -na-an-) -ebe-na'a-nah 
 ^a'naan-Ifish ^bgn'a-nl 
 
 (-nan- or -na-an-) 
 €5n'da-ce 
 €an'neh 
 €a-p5r'na-um 
 Caph'ar-sai 'a-ma 
 ■Ca-phgn'a-tha 
 
 €he/bar _ 
 
 €bgd'or-la'o -mer 
 
 €heaal 
 
 €hgl'ci-as (-shi-as) 
 
 €bgl/li-an§ 
 
 €hgHuh 
 
 €bgiau3 
 
 €be/16d 
 
 €be/lub 
 
 €he-lu/bai 
 
 €hgm/a-rim§ 
 
 ^he^mosb 
 
 €!a-phT'ra 
 
 CSph'tho-rim 
 
 Caph'tor 
 
 €aph'to-rim 
 
 ^Sph'to-rimg 
 
 ^Sp-'pa-do'ci-a 
 
 (-do'shi-a) 
 Car'a-ba'^i-on 
 
 ^Ir/^ha-mis 
 
 •Gar/ehe-misb 
 
 €a-re'ab 
 
 €a/ri-a 
 
 ■ear-ma''ni-ans 
 
 €)ar'me 
 
 €ar/mel 
 
 €!ar/mel-ite 
 
 ^ar'niel-ifess 
 
 €ir/mi 
 
 €ar/niltes 
 
 ■Car'na-im 
 
 ■G'ar'ni-on 
 
 €ar/pha-sai'a-m& 
 
 Car/pus 
 
 €;ar-she/na 
 
 €a-siph'i-a 
 
 €asneQ 
 
 ■Gas'lu-bim 
 
 •Gas'pbon 
 
 €as/ph6r 
 
 €)as'pis 
 
 €as/tor 
 
 €a-tbu/a 
 
 l^e'dron 
 ei'lan 
 
 ygl'o-syr'i-a 
 
 ^gn/€hre-a 
 
 ^en'de-be'us 
 
 ^e'phas 
 
 ^e'ras 
 
 ^g/gar 
 js'a-re'a 
 
 ;!es/a-re'a Phi- 
 
 lip/pl 
 Cg'tab 
 €!ha/bris 
 €ha/di-as 
 Chse're-as 
 €hai/€ol 
 €!hal-de/a 
 €hal-de/an 
 €hal-dee§/ 
 
 €hen/a-nl'ah 
 €he'phar-ba-am'- 
 
 mo-nai 
 ■Ghe-phi'rah 
 €hg/ran * 
 
 €hg're-as 
 <f;hgr'eth-im5 
 €hgr'eth'ites 
 €he/rith 
 ■Che'rub (a city) 
 €h6s/a-16n 
 €he/sed 
 €he/sil 
 €he-suFloth 
 €he-thT''im. 
 €het-tl''im 
 ■Ghe''zib 
 €hI/don 
 €hil/e-ab 
 €hi-lI/on 
 €hil/mad 
 €him/ham 
 ^hin^ne-retb 
 •Ghin/ne-roth 
 €hi/os 
 €hisaeu 
 €bis/lon 
 €bis/lotb-ta'bor 
 €bit/tini 
 ■ebFun 
 €hl6'e 
 €ho/ba 
 €h6b/a-T 
 €ho-ra/shan 
 €ho-ra'zin 
 €!h6s'a-me'us 
 €ho-ze/ba 
 €hrIst 
 ■ebrTst'ian 
 €hub 
 €htin 
 €hu^shan-rish'a- 
 
 tha'im 
 €hu/sl 
 €hu/za 
 gi-U'ci-a (sMIsh'- 
 
 i-a) 
 
 Tn'ne-rgth 
 
 in/ne-roth 
 
 ir'a-ma 
 
 is_ 
 
 I'sai 
 
 Tt/ini§ 
 
 lau'da 
 €lau/di-a 
 €lau'di-us 
 €le'm'ent 
 €le/o-pa3 
 
 €lg/o-pa'tr& 
 
 €lg/o-pha3 
 
 €l5/e 
 
 €lo'pas 
 
 CnI'dus (nl'dus) 
 
 CoeFo-s5'r'i-a (seF-) 
 
 €o/la_ 
 
 €ol-ho''zeh 
 
 €6/li-us 
 
 €o-16s/se 
 
 €)o-16s'si-an| (ko- 
 
 -losh'i-anz) 
 Con'a-nl'ah 
 •Co-nT-'ah 
 €!6n'o-ni'ah 
 €o/os 
 €or/be 
 €o're 
 €6r/inth 
 €o-rTnth'i-ajii 
 €o-rin'thus 
 €!or-ne'li-us 
 €os 
 €o'sam 
 
 €ou/thi (kow'th*) 
 €6z 
 €6z/bl 
 Cra'tei 
 €r6s/pen2 
 €rete 
 •Cretes 
 
 Cre'ti-ang ( -sbT-anH 
 ■eris'pus 
 €usb 
 Cu'shan 
 ^u'shan-rish'a- 
 
 tba'im 
 ■eu'shl 
 €ath 
 €;u/tbah, or 
 
 €uth/ah 
 
 'y/a-rnQn 
 
 ;yp/ri-ang 
 
 ^y/prus 
 
 /yr'a-ma 
 
 )y-re/ne 
 
 /y-rg'ni-an 
 -rg'ni-us 
 
 D. 
 
 Dab^a-reh 
 
 Dab'ba-sh6tb 
 
 Dab'e-rath 
 
 Da/bri-a 
 
 Da-co'bi 
 
 Dad-de'us 
 
 Da'gon 
 
 Dai'san 
 
 Dai'a-i'ah 
 
 Dai'ma-nu'tha 
 
 Dal-ma'ti-a {-ma^- 
 
 shi-a) 
 Dai/phon 
 Dam/a-ris 
 Dam'a-sfenei' 
 Da-mas'€us 
 Dan 
 Dan^i-el, or 
 
 Dan'iel (-yei) 
 Dan'ites 
 Dan-ja'an 
 Dan'nab 
 Daph'ne 
 Da'ri 
 Dar'da 
 Da-rT'us 
 Lar'kon 
 Da'than 
 Dath'e-mi 
 Da'vid 
 De'bir 
 Deb'o-ra 
 Deb'o-rah 
 De-eap'o-lis 
 
 fyi)d, fdbt ; firn, rijde, p\ill ; ^ell, fhaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. 
 
874 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Di'd'a-nim 
 
 De-ha'Tlte* 
 
 De^kar 
 
 D^la-T'&h 
 
 D^l'i-lah 
 
 DC"lus 
 
 De-nie'tri-fls 
 Df4u'o-ph6n 
 
 D^s'sa-u (Or. Ae<r- 
 
 aaov) 
 Deuel 
 
 Deu'ter-r«u'o-my 
 DT-a'na, or B'l-^LSX'h 
 DTVLi-lm 
 Dib'lath 
 Dlb'la-tha'im 
 PT'boa 
 D?bon Gad 
 DTb'rl 
 Dld'y-mHs 
 DTk'lah 
 DU'e-ilu 
 DTtu'nah 
 Dl'mon 
 Di-mo'nah 
 D?nah 
 Di'na-Ttes 
 DTu'ha bah, or 
 
 Din-hiX'bah 
 ITi'o-ny'?i-us (dl'o- 
 
 uizh'T-us) 
 DT'os-co-rln'thi-us 
 DT-ot're-phe^ 
 DT'shan 
 DT'shou 
 Diz'a-hab 
 Do'cus 
 Dod'a-i 
 Dod'a-nim 
 Djd'a-vah 
 D5'do 
 Do'eg 
 Doph'kah 
 Dor 
 D5/r& 
 Dor'eas 
 Do-rym'e-ne!j 
 Do-sTth'e-us 
 Do'tha-im 
 Do'than 
 DriJ-sTlla 
 Du^mah 
 Du'ra 
 
 E, 
 
 E'a-n§2 
 E'bal 
 E^bed 
 
 E'bed-mSlech 
 Eb'en-e'aer, or 
 
 Eb'on-5'zer 
 Ea)er 
 
 E-bI'a-B3ph 
 E-bro'nah 
 K-ea/nus 
 JSc-bSUa-n^ 
 EobSt^a-ne 
 
 Ec-ele'ji-aa'ti-eas 
 
 Ed 
 
 E'dar 
 
 Ed-dT'a« 
 
 E'den 
 
 E'der 
 
 E'd-3 
 
 Ed'n& 
 
 E'dom 
 
 E'dom-Ite 
 
 Ed're-T 
 
 Ejla-Tm 
 Eg^on 
 
 E'gypt 
 
 K-*^p'tian 
 
 E-lT'zur 
 
 i'sar-hSd'don 
 
 Ga/ash 
 
 Ger/shom 
 
 El'ka-nah 
 
 i'sau 
 
 Ga'ba 
 
 Ger'shon 
 
 E'hl 
 
 El'kosh-Tte 
 
 E'say 
 
 G5b'a-€l 
 
 GCr'shon-Ite 
 
 E'hud 
 
 tl'lHSSLT 
 
 is/dra-e'lom 
 
 Giib'a-tha 
 
 Gcr'son 
 
 E'ker 
 
 El-mo'dam (Gr. 
 
 ^s'dra-5'lon 
 
 Gab'ba-I 
 
 Gtr'zTtee 
 
 Ek're-b61 
 
 'E\fL0i8an) 
 
 Es'dras, or 
 
 Gab'ba-thi 
 
 GC'sem 
 
 Ek'rou 
 
 El'na-jim 
 
 Es'dras 
 
 Gab'deg 
 
 GC'sham 
 
 Ek/rou-ites 
 
 El'na-thaa 
 
 Es-dr5'lom 
 
 Gii/bri-as 
 
 Ge/sliem 
 
 E'la 
 
 El'o-him 
 
 Es-dre'lon 
 
 Ga'bri-el 
 
 Gb'shur 
 
 El^a-dah 
 
 E-161 
 
 Es'e-bon 
 
 Gad 
 
 Gesh'u-rl 
 
 E'lah 
 
 E'lon 
 
 E-s5'bri-as 
 
 Gad'a-ra 
 
 GCsb'u-rltea 
 
 E'lam 
 
 E'lon-bSth'-ha/nSnE/sek 
 
 Gad'a-renes' 
 
 Gfc/ther 
 
 E'lam-Ites 
 
 E'lon-Ites 
 
 Esh'-ba'al 
 
 Giid/dl 
 
 Geth-sem/a-ne 
 
 El'a-sah 
 
 E'loth 
 
 Esh/ban 
 
 Gad'di-el 
 
 Ge-u'el 
 
 E'lath 
 
 El'pa-ai 
 
 £sh/€61 
 
 Ga'dl 
 
 Ge'zer 
 
 El'-beth'-el 
 
 El'pa-lCt 
 
 E/she-3n 
 
 GadTte 
 
 Gez'rites 
 
 El'cisi (el'shl-a) 
 
 El'-pa'ran 
 
 E/shek 
 
 Gr-'Mm 
 
 Gl'ah 
 
 El'da-ah, or 
 
 El'te-keh 
 
 Ssh/ka-lon-Itea 
 
 Gr.'har 
 
 Gib'bar 
 
 El-da'ah 
 
 El'te-kon 
 
 5sh/ta-61 
 
 G.yiue (ga/yus) 
 
 Gib'be-thon 
 
 El'dSd 
 
 El-tj'lad, or 
 
 Esh'ta-ul-ites, or 
 
 Gal'a-jid 
 
 Gib'e-a 
 
 E'le-M 
 
 £l'to-lM 
 
 ^ Esh'tau-lltes 
 
 Gfi/lSl 
 
 Gib'e-ah 
 
 E'le-a'leh 
 
 E'lul 
 
 Esh'te-mo'a, or 
 
 Ga-lu'ti-a (-la'- 
 
 Gib'e-ath 
 
 E-lJ'a-sa 
 
 E-la/za-i 
 
 ^ Esh-tcrn'o-a 
 
 shT-a) 
 
 G-Tb'e-ath-Ita 
 
 E-13/a-sah 
 
 El'y-ma'is 
 
 fish'te-moh 
 
 Ga-l.Vti-ang 
 
 Gib'e-on 
 
 E'le-a'zar 
 
 El'y-m3s 
 
 iSsh'ton 
 
 Gal'e-ed 
 
 Gib/e-on-Tte 
 
 E'le-a-zu'rus 
 
 El/y-me'ang 
 
 Es'll 
 
 Gal'ga-la 
 
 Gib/lTtes 
 
 El'-e-16'he Is'ra-el 
 
 Sl'za-bad 
 
 E-so'ra 
 
 Gal'i-lse'an 
 Gal'i-15'an 
 
 Gid-dSFtl 
 
 E/leph 
 
 iPza-phSn 
 
 Es'ril 
 
 GTd'del 
 
 E-leu'the-rQs 
 
 E'mim-i 
 
 Es'rom. 
 
 Gal'i-lee 
 
 Gide-on 
 
 E-leu/za-i 
 
 Em-m3n/u-el 
 
 Est'ha-61 
 
 GuFlim 
 
 Gid-'e-o'nT 
 
 El-hii'nan 
 
 Em/ma-us 
 
 Es^ther (es/ter) 
 
 GiiFU-o 
 
 Gi'dom 
 
 E/U 
 
 Sm'nier 
 
 E/tam 
 
 Giim/a-el 
 
 GPhon 
 
 E-17ab 
 
 : 5m/in6r 
 
 E'tliam 
 
 Ga-ma/li-«l 
 
 GTl'a-lai 
 
 E17a-da 
 
 E/n5m 
 
 E''than 
 
 Gam^ma-dimg 
 
 Gil-bo'a, or 
 
 E*/a-dah 
 
 E'nan 
 
 Eth'a-nim 
 
 GZ'mul 
 
 Gll-bo-a 
 
 E-i:/a-das 
 
 E-nas/i-bus 
 
 Eth'ba-al 
 
 Gar 
 
 Gil/e-ad 
 
 E-lI/a-dun 
 
 En'-dor, or 
 
 Esther 
 
 Gu'reb 
 
 Gil/e-ad-Ite 
 
 E-lPah 
 
 _ En/dor 
 
 E'thi-6'pi-a 
 
 Gar/i-ziin 
 
 GiPgai 
 
 E-lT/ah-ba 
 
 E'ne-as (see iEneas) E^thi-o'pi-an 
 
 Gij/mite 
 
 GPloh 
 
 E-lI/a-kim 
 
 En'-eg'la-im, or 
 
 Eth'ma 
 
 Gasiymu 
 
 Gl'lo-nTte 
 
 E-lFa-lI 
 
 ^ En'-eg-la'im 
 
 Eth'nan 
 
 G-'tam 
 
 Gim^zo 
 
 E-lI/am 
 
 En/e-mcs'sar 
 
 Eth/Ql 
 
 Gath 
 
 GPnath 
 
 E-lI'a-o-nI'a3 
 
 E-nS/ni-Tis 
 
 Eu-bu'lu8 
 
 Gath'-he'pher 
 
 Gin'ne-tho 
 
 E-lFas 
 
 En-gad'dT 
 
 Eu-er'^e-tes 
 
 Gath'-rirn'mon 
 
 Gin/ne-thon 
 
 E-lFa-saph 
 
 En'-gan'nim 
 
 Eu/me-ne2 
 
 Ga'za 
 
 Gir'ga-shlte 
 
 E-lT/a-shib 
 
 : in'-gu'dl 
 
 EQ/na-t5n 
 
 Ga-za'ra 
 
 GTr'ga-sIte 
 
 E-lI'a-sib 
 
 En'-had'dah 
 
 Eu-nFfe, or 
 
 Gu'zath-ites 
 
 GTs/pa 
 
 E-lI'a-sis 
 
 En'-hak'ko-re 
 
 Eu'nTfe 
 
 Ga'zer 
 
 Git'tah-he'pher 
 
 E-lT/a-tha 
 
 En'-ha'zor 
 
 Eu-o'di-ag 
 
 Ga-ze'ra 
 
 Git/ta-im 
 
 E-lI'a-thah 
 
 En'-mish'pat 
 
 Eu/pa-tor 
 
 Ga/zez 
 
 Git'tite 
 
 E-lI'dad 
 
 E/noeh 
 
 Eu-phra'teg 
 
 Gazltes, or 
 
 Git'tith 
 
 E/U-€l 
 
 E/non 
 
 Eu-poPe-mus 
 
 Ga'zltes 
 
 GT'zo-nTte 
 
 E^-5'na-i 
 
 E'dos 
 
 Eu-r6€ay-don 
 
 GSz^zam 
 
 Giz/pltes 
 
 E'li-c'zer 
 
 E/nosh 
 
 EQ/ty-cMs 
 
 GG'ba 
 
 Gnl'du? (ni'dua) 
 
 E-li'ha-ba 
 
 En'-rim'mon 
 
 Eve 
 
 Ge/feal 
 
 Go'Sth 
 
 21'i-ho-5'na-i 
 
 En'-ro'gel 
 
 E/vT 
 
 G5'ber 
 
 Gob 
 
 El'i-ho'reph 
 
 En'-she'mesh 
 
 E'Til-me-ro'da€h 
 
 Ge/bim 
 
 Gog 
 
 E-lI/hu 
 
 En'-tap-pu'ah 
 
 Ex'o-dus 
 
 Gtd^a-ll'ah 
 
 Go'lan 
 
 E-lI/jah 
 
 Ep'a-phras 
 
 E'zar 
 
 Ged'dur 
 
 GoPgo-tha 
 
 Eld-ka, or 
 
 E-paph'ro-dl'tus 
 
 Ez'ba-I 
 
 Ged'e-on 
 
 Go-li'ath 
 
 E-lI'ka 
 
 E-pen'e-tU3 
 
 iz'bon 
 
 Ge'der 
 
 Go'mer 
 
 E'lim 
 
 E/phah 
 
 : iz'e-ehV&s 
 
 Ge-d5/rah 
 
 Go-mCr'rah 
 
 E-lim'e-leeh 
 
 E'phai 
 
 Ez'e-fi'as 
 
 Ged'e-rath-Ite 
 
 Go-mcr/rha 
 
 El/i-o-5'na-I 
 
 i i/pher 
 
 Ez/e-kT'as 
 
 Ged'e-rlte 
 
 G6r'^i-as 
 
 E'li-o'nas 
 
 : ::'phes-dain'mim 
 
 E-zS'ki-el 
 
 Ge-d5'roth 
 
 Gor-ty'na 
 
 El'i-phai 
 
 E-phe'si-an (-f5- 
 
 E'zel 
 
 Ggd'e-roth-a^m 
 
 Go'shen 
 
 E-lIph'a-lXt 
 
 ^ zhT-an) 
 
 E/zem 
 
 Ge/dor 
 
 Goth'o-lT'as 
 
 E-lTph'a-l3h 
 
 Eph'e-sus 
 
 i'zer 
 
 Ge-ha/zl 
 
 Go-th5n'i-€l 
 
 E-lTph/a-lct 
 
 Eph'lal 
 
 iz'e-rT'aa 
 
 Ge-hen'na 
 
 Go'zan 
 
 EFi-phSz, or 
 
 Eph/pha-thi 
 
 E-zT'as 
 
 Gel'i-loth 
 
 Gra'ba 
 
 E-U'phaz 
 
 S'phra-im 
 
 E'zi-on-ga'ber 
 
 Ge-mai'll 
 
 Gre'ci-a (gre/«hl-4) 
 
 E-lTph'e-15h 
 
 2/phra-iin-Ito 
 
 E'zi-on-gb'ber 
 
 Gem''a-rPah 
 
 Gre'cian 
 
 E-lTph'e-lgt 
 
 I'phra-in 
 
 Ez^nlte 
 
 Ge-nes'a-reth 
 
 Greege 
 
 E-lT^/a-bgth 
 
 Eph'ra-tah 
 
 Ez'ra 
 
 Gen'e-sis 
 
 Greek 
 
 ■:l'i-sae'us 
 
 Eph'rath 
 
 ; Cz'ra-hlte 
 
 Gen-ne'sar 
 
 Greek'ish 
 
 El'i-s^'ufl 
 
 Eph'rath-ite 
 
 Ez/rl 
 
 Gen-nes'a-ret 
 
 GQd'go-dali 
 
 E-lT'sha 
 
 E'phron 
 
 Ez/ron 
 
 Gen-ne'us 
 
 Gu'nT 
 
 E-lT'ghah 
 
 Ep'i-cu-re'ans. or 
 
 
 Oen'tne 
 
 Gu'nites 
 
 E-lTsh/a-ma 
 
 Ep/i-eu're-aiLi 
 
 F. 
 
 Ge-nu'bath 
 
 GQx 
 
 E-lT8h'a-mah 
 
 E-pTph'a-nes 
 
 GG'on 
 
 Gfir-'-ba'al 
 
 E-lTah'a-phat 
 
 Er 
 
 reaix 
 
 Ge^ra 
 
 
 E-lTBh'e-ba 
 
 E'ran 
 
 rC's'tus 
 
 Ge'rah 
 
 
 EH-shn'a 
 
 E'ran-Itea 
 
 For'tu-na'tufl 
 
 Ge'rar 
 
 H. 
 
 E-lTs'i-mu8 
 
 E-ras'tus 
 
 
 Ger'ge-senes 
 
 E-l?u 
 
 E'rech 
 
 
 G^r'ge-sTtes 
 
 
 E-lT'ud 
 
 E'rl 
 
 G. 
 
 Ger'i-zim 
 
 Ha'a-hSsh'ta-ri 
 
 E-lTz/a-phan 
 
 E'Eites 
 
 Ger-rhe'ni-anj 
 
 Ha-ilm/Dio-iiai 
 
 El'i-z5'U8 
 
 E-ia'iaa (e-za'yae) 
 
 Ga'al 
 
 (-r5'-) 
 
 Ha-ba'iah (-ba/yft) 
 
 &c., long; a, 6, &c., short ; care, far, ask, 51U, what ; gre, vgil, t5rm ; pique, fTrm ; 86n, 3r, dg, wglf, 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 875 
 
 HSb'ak-kuk, or 
 Ha-bak'kuk 
 
 HSb'a-zi-m'ah 
 
 Hab'ba-€ue 
 
 Ha'bor 
 
 H3€h'a-lT'ah 
 
 Haeh'i-lah 
 
 HSeh'mo-m 
 
 HSeh'mo-nite 
 
 HS'dad 
 
 HSd'ad-e'zer 
 
 Ha'dad-rim'mon 
 
 Ha'dar 
 
 HSd'ar-e'zer 
 
 HSd^a-shah, or 
 Ha-di'shah 
 
 Ila-dSs'&ih 
 
 Ha-dSt'tah 
 
 HVdid 
 
 Had'la-I 
 
 Ha-d5'ram 
 
 Ha'draeh 
 
 Ha'gi^b 
 
 HSg'a-ba 
 
 Hag'a-bah 
 
 Ha'gar 
 
 Ha'gar-eneg' 
 
 Ha'gar-Tte 
 
 Ha/ger-Ite 
 
 H5g'ga-I 
 
 Hag'ge-rT 
 
 Hag/gi 
 
 Hag-gi'ah 
 
 HSg'gltes 
 
 HSg/gith 
 
 Ha'gi-a 
 
 Ha'I 
 
 HSk/ka-tSu 
 
 HiXk'kuz 
 
 Ha-ku'pha 
 
 Ha^ah 
 
 Ha^liik 
 
 H5Fhul 
 
 Ha/IT 
 
 Hal'i-€ar-n5s'sus 
 
 Hal-lo'esh 
 
 Hal-lo'hesh 
 
 Ha-lo'hesh 
 
 H5m 
 
 Ha'man 
 
 H.i'math 
 
 H ymath-Tte 
 
 H I'math-zo'bah 
 
 HSm/mah-le'koth 
 Ham'math 
 Ham-me d'a-tha 
 HSni'me-le eh 
 Ham-iii51''e-keth 
 Ham/mou 
 H5m'moth-dor 
 Httm'o-nah, or 
 
 Hain-6'nah 
 H:Vmon-g'>g 
 II \/mor 
 Ha'motli 
 Ha-mu'el 
 
 Ha/mul-Ttes 
 
 Ha-mu'til 
 
 Ha-nSm'e-el 
 
 Ha'nan 
 
 Ha-nSn/e-el 
 
 Ha-na/nT, or 
 
 H5a'a-ul 
 Han'a-ni'ah 
 Ha'ne^ 
 Han'i-el 
 HSn'nah 
 H5n/na-thon 
 H5n/ni-el 
 Ha'noeh 
 Ha/noeb-ites 
 Ha'nun 
 HSph'a-ra'im 
 Haph-ra'im 
 Ha'ra 
 H5r'a-dah 
 
 Ila'ran 
 
 Ha/ra-rlte 
 
 Har-bo'na 
 
 Har-bo'nah 
 
 Ha^reph 
 
 Ha'reth 
 
 Hir'ha-I'ah 
 
 Hlr/haa 
 
 Hir'hur 
 
 Ha'rim 
 
 H^riph 
 
 Har'ne-pher 
 
 Hl^rod 
 
 HuVrod-Ite 
 
 H5r'o-5h 
 
 Hi'io-rite 
 
 Ha-ro'sh5th 
 
 Har'sha 
 
 H.i/rum 
 
 Ha-ru^maph 
 
 H5r'ii-phite, or 
 
 Ha-rij/phite 
 Ha'ruz 
 HSs'a-dl'ah 
 Has'e-nu'ah 
 HSsh'a-bl'ah 
 Ha-shab'nah 
 HSsh'ab-nl'ah 
 Hash-bad'a-na 
 Ha'shem 
 Hash-mo'nah 
 Ha'shab 
 Ha-shij/bah 
 H.Vshum 
 Ha-shij/pha 
 Hiis'rah _ 
 HSs'se-na'ah 
 Has'shub 
 Ha-su'pha 
 Ha'taeh 
 Hi'thath 
 HSt^i-pha, or 
 
 Ha-tT/pha 
 HSt'i-ta 
 Hat-ta'a-vah 
 HSt/ti-€on 
 Hat'tU 
 HSt'tush 
 Hau'ran 
 H5v/i-lah _ 
 Ha'voth-ja'ir 
 HSz'a-el 
 
 Ha-za/iah (-za'ya) 
 Ila'zar-ad'dar 
 Ha'zar-e'aan 
 Ha'zar-gSd'dah 
 HiVzar-hSt'ti-eQii 
 Ha'zar-ma'veth 
 Ha'zar-shij'al 
 Ha'zar-su'sah 
 Ha'zar-sii'sim. 
 HSz'a-zon-ta'mar 
 HSz'e-lel-po'ni 
 Ha-zd/rim 
 Ha-ze'roth 
 HSz'e-zSn-ta'mar 
 Ha'zi-el 
 Ha'zo 
 Ha^zor 
 
 Ha^zor Ha-dSt/tah 
 HSz/u-bah 
 HSz/zu-rlm 
 Hi'ber 
 Hd'ber-ites 
 H5/brew(-bri}) 
 He'brew-ess (-brij-) 
 He'bron 
 Hd'bron-Ites 
 Heg/a-I« 
 H5/ge 
 He^ah 
 Hsaam 
 Hel'bah 
 HeFbon 
 Hel-«hFah 
 Hel-€M/a3 
 Hel'da-i 
 He'Ieb 
 
 He'led 
 
 He'lek 
 
 He'lek-ites 
 
 He'lem 
 
 H5/leph 
 
 Hd'lez 
 
 He'll 
 
 He-ll'as 
 
 Hd'li o-do'rus 
 
 Hel'ka-I 
 
 HePkath [rim 
 
 Hel'kath-hSz'zu- 
 
 Hel-kFas 
 
 He'lon 
 
 Hj/mam 
 
 Hj/man 
 
 HS'math 
 
 Hem'dan 
 
 Hon 
 
 Hd'na 
 
 Hen/a-d5d 
 
 Hd'noeh 
 
 Hd'pher 
 
 Hj/pher-ites 
 
 Heph'zi-bih, or 
 
 Hdph'zi-bah 
 HCr'eu-leij 
 H3'rd5 
 Hd'resh 
 Her'mas 
 Her'me^ 
 Her-m6^'e-ne§ 
 Her/mon 
 Her'moa-ites 
 Her'od 
 He-ro'di-ang 
 He-ro'di-as 
 He-ro'di-on 
 Hd'sed 
 Hesh'bon 
 Hesh'mon 
 Hes^ron 
 Hes/ron-ites 
 HGth 
 Heth'loa 
 HCz/e-kl 
 Hez'e-kl'ah. 
 Hd/zi-6n 
 HC'zir 
 Huz'ra-I 
 Hez/ro 
 Hez'roii 
 Hez-'ron-ites 
 Hid'da-I 
 Hid'de-kel 
 HI'el 
 
 Hl/e-rSp'o-lis 
 Hl-gr'e-el 
 HT-er'e-moth 
 HT-er'i-e'lus 
 Hl-er/mas 
 HI/e-r5n'y-inus 
 HPe-ri}'sa-lem 
 Hig-ga/ion (-ga/yon) 
 HT^en 
 Hil-kT'ah 
 HiMel 
 Hin/nom 
 Hl'rah 
 HFram 
 Hir-ea'nus 
 Hit/tite 
 HT'vIte 
 Hiz-kT'ah 
 Hiz-kl'jah 
 Ho'ba 
 Ho'bab 
 Ho'bah 
 
 Ho-ba'iah (-ba'ya) 
 Hod 
 
 Hod'a-T'ah 
 Hod'a-vi'ah 
 Ho'desh 
 Ho-dd'vah 
 Ho-dT/ah 
 Ho-dT''ja\i 
 Hog'lah 
 Ho'ham 
 
 Hol'o-fer'nes 
 
 Ho'lon 
 
 Ho'mam 
 
 Hoph/nl 
 
 Hoph'ra 
 
 Hor 
 
 Ho/ram 
 
 Ho'reb 
 
 Ho'rem 
 
 Hor/-ha-gid'g3d 
 
 Ho/ri 
 
 Ho'rimg 
 
 Ho/rlte 
 
 Hor'mah 
 
 Hor''o-na'im 
 
 Hor/Q-nite 
 
 Ho'sa 
 
 Ho'sah 
 
 Ho-se^a 
 
 Hosh'a-i'ah 
 
 Hosh/a-ma 
 
 Ho-she'a 
 
 Hj'tham 
 
 Hjahan 
 
 Ho'thir 
 
 Hak/kok 
 
 Hii'kok 
 
 Hiil 
 
 Hul'dah 
 
 Ham'tah 
 
 Hii/pham 
 
 Ha'pham-ites 
 
 HUp'pah 
 
 HQp'pim 
 
 HQr 
 
 Hu'rai 
 
 Hu'ram 
 
 Hu'rl 
 
 Hu'shah 
 
 Hu'shai 
 
 Ha'sham 
 
 Hu'shath-ite 
 
 Ha'shim 
 
 HQz 
 
 Ha'zoth 
 
 HQz/zab 
 
 Hy-dSs/peg 
 
 Hy'me-nae'us 
 
 Hy/me-ne'\is 
 
 Ib'har 
 
 Ib/le-am 
 
 Ib-nd'iah (-ne'ya) 
 
 Ib-nFjah 
 
 Ib/rl 
 
 Ib/zan 
 
 l€h^a-bod 
 
 I-€o'ai-\im 
 
 I-da/lab 
 
 Id'bash 
 
 Id/do 
 
 Id/u-el 
 
 Id'u-mae'a 
 
 Id'u-mae'ang 
 
 Id'u-me'a 
 
 Id'u-me'ana 
 
 I'gal 
 
 Ig'da-li'ah 
 
 ig/e-31 
 
 I'im 
 
 ij'e-Sb'a-rim 
 
 Ik/kesh 
 
 I'lai 
 
 Il-15Tr''i-€tim 
 
 Im^la 
 
 Im/lah 
 
 Jm'mah. 
 
 Im-mSn/u-«I 
 
 fm'mer 
 
 Im'na 
 
 Im'nah 
 
 Im/rah 
 
 Im/ri 
 
 fn'dia (ind'y& or 
 ^ in/di-a) 
 in'dian (ind'yan 
 
 or in'di-an) 
 Iph'e-da/iah (-y&) 
 Ir 
 I/ra 
 I'rad 
 i'ram 
 Prl 
 
 I-rFjah 
 Ir'-na'hSsh. 
 Pron 
 Ir'pe-el 
 Ir'-she'mesh 
 
 I/£aa€ (Fzak) 
 
 I-sa/iah (I-za'ya) 
 
 Is'€ah 
 
 Is-€3r'i-ot 
 
 Is'da-el 
 
 Ish'bah. 
 
 Ish'bak 
 
 Ish'bi-be'nob 
 
 ish'-bo'sheth 
 
 Fshi 
 
 I-shi/ah 
 
 I-shT'jah 
 
 |sh'ma 
 
 Ish./ma-el 
 
 Ish-'ma-el-ite 
 
 ish/ma-I'ah 
 
 |sh/me-el-ite 
 
 ish'me-rai 
 
 Pshod 
 
 Ish/pan 
 
 Ish'tSb 
 
 Ish'u-ah 
 
 Ish'u-ai 
 
 Ish'u-I 
 
 Is'ma-ehi'ah 
 
 Is'ma-el 
 
 Is/ma-I'ah. 
 
 Is/pah 
 
 Ig-'ra-el 
 
 |§/ra-el-Tte 
 
 I^'ra-el-ifish 
 
 Is'sa-char 
 
 Is-shi'ah 
 
 Is'tal-eu'rus 
 
 Is'u-ah 
 
 Is^u-i 
 
 I-tiil'ian 
 
 !t/a-ly 
 
 Ith/a-i 
 
 Ith'a-mar 
 
 ith'i-el 
 
 Ith/mah 
 
 Ith./nan 
 
 Ith'ra 
 
 Ith/ran 
 
 Ith./re-ain 
 
 Ith'rlte 
 
 It/tah-ka'zin 
 
 It/ta-I 
 
 It^u-rae'a 
 
 It/u-re'a 
 
 I'vah 
 
 Iz/e-hir 
 
 Iz'e-har-ites 
 
 Iz/har 
 
 Iz'har-iteB 
 
 Iz/ra-hi'ah 
 
 Iz/i-a-hite 
 
 Iz/re-el 
 
 Iz/ri 
 
 Ja'a-kain 
 Ja-Sk'o-bah 
 Ja-a'la 
 Ja-a'lah 
 Ja-a/lam 
 Ja'a-nai, or 
 Ja-a'nai 
 
 Ja-Sr/e-Ci/e-giin 
 
 Ja'a-sau 
 
 Ja-a'si-el 
 
 Ja-Sz'a-nl'ah 
 
 Ja-a'zer 
 
 Ja'a-zi'ah 
 
 Ja-a'zi-el 
 
 Ja'bal 
 
 jab'bok 
 
 Ja'besh 
 
 Ja'besh-gU'e-ad 
 
 Ja'bez 
 
 Ja'bin 
 
 jab'ne-el 
 
 Jab'neh 
 
 Ja'ehan 
 
 Ja'€hin 
 
 Ja/^bin-Ites 
 
 Ja'eob 
 
 Ja-«u/bus 
 
 Ja/da 
 
 Ja-da'u 
 
 Jad-du'a 
 
 Ja'don 
 
 Ja'el 
 
 Ja'gur 
 
 Jah 
 
 Ja-hSPe-lel 
 
 Ja/hSth 
 
 Ja/hSz 
 
 Ja-ha'za 
 
 Ja-ha'zah 
 
 Ja'ha-zi'ah 
 
 Ja-ha'zi-el 
 
 Jiih/da-i 
 
 Jah/di-el 
 
 Jah^do 
 
 Jah'Ie-el 
 
 Jah'le-el-Ites 
 
 Jah/ma-I 
 
 Jah/zah 
 
 Jah/ze-el 
 
 Jah/ze-el-Ttes 
 
 Jah.''ze-rah 
 
 J'ah'zi-el 
 
 Ja'ir 
 
 Ja'i-rite 
 
 Ja'i-rus (Gr. 'leu- 
 
 po^), Esther si.'i. 
 Ja-Frus (Gr. 'Ia€t- 
 
 pos), New Test- 
 Ja'kan 
 Ja'keh 
 Ja/kim 
 Ja'lon 
 J5m/bre§ 
 Jiim'bri 
 Jame§ 
 Jasmin 
 Ja/min-Ites 
 J3m/le€h 
 Jam-nFa 
 jam^nites 
 JSn/na 
 JSn'nes 
 Ja-n5'ah 
 Ja-no'hah 
 Ja'num 
 Ja'pheth. 
 Ja-phi'a 
 JSph'let 
 JSph'Ie-t'i, or 
 
 Japb-le'ti 
 Ja'pho 
 Ja'rah. 
 Ja'reb 
 Jarred 
 jar'e-ai'ah 
 Jar^ha 
 Ja/rib 
 J5r''i-m5th 
 jar'muth 
 Ja-ro'ah 
 J5s/a-el 
 Ja'shen 
 Ja'sher 
 Ja-slio'be-5m 
 jash'ub 
 
 f(5"od, foot , um, rjjde, pyll ; fell, fhaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; epst ; linger, link ; this. 
 
876 
 
 SCKirXURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 JSsh'u-b!-ie'hem 
 
 J&«h'ub-It«8 
 
 J&'8i-el 
 
 Ja-«u^bus 
 
 Ji't&l 
 
 J&th'ni-el 
 
 J&ftir 
 
 Ja'Tan 
 
 Ji'iar 
 
 Javier 
 
 Ja'ii-el 
 
 Ja^BX 
 
 Jfi^a-rim 
 
 Je-at'e-rai 
 
 J«-b6r'e-€hi'ah 
 
 Je^bus 
 
 Je-bu'si 
 
 J 5b 'u -site 
 
 JSe'a-ml'ah 
 
 JSch'o-lI'ah 
 
 jeeh'o-nl'aa 
 
 Jgc'o-U'ah 
 
 Jge'o-ni'ah 
 
 Jee'o-ni'afl 
 
 Je-da^iah (-yi) 
 
 J6d'du 
 
 Je-de'iah (-ya) 
 
 Je-de'us 
 
 Je-dl'a-el 
 
 Jed'i-dah 
 
 Jed'i-di'ah 
 
 Je'di-*! 
 
 J6d'u-thun 
 
 Je-e'U 
 
 Je-e'lus 
 
 Je-e'zer 
 
 Je-e^zer-ites 
 
 Je'gar-sa'ha-dii'- 
 
 Je-ha'le-el [tha 
 
 Je%a-le'le-el 
 
 Je-h51'e-lel 
 
 Jeh-de'iah (-ya) 
 
 Je-hez'e-kel 
 
 Je-hl'ah 
 
 Je-hi'el 
 
 Je-hT'e-li 
 
 Je'hiz-kT'ah 
 
 Je-ho'a-dah 
 
 JeOio-ad'daii 
 
 Je-hd'a-hSz 
 
 Je-ho'ash 
 
 Je'ho-ha'nan, or 
 
 Je-hD'ha-nSn 
 Je-hoi'a-ehin 
 Je-hoi'a-da 
 Je'hoi-a-kim 
 Je-hoi-'a-rib 
 Je-h6n'a-d5b 
 Je-hon'a-than 
 Je-ho'ram 
 Je'ho-8h5b'e-Sth 
 Je-hosh'a-phat 
 Je-hosh'e-ba 
 Je-h68h'u-4 
 Je-hosh'u-ah 
 Je-ho'vah 
 Je-h<y vah -jT'reh 
 Je-ho'Tah-nls'sI 
 Je-ho'vah-shJi'lom 
 Je-ho'vah-shSm'- 
 
 mah 
 Je-hcVvah-tsid'ke- 
 
 nQ 
 Je-hoz'a-bSd 
 Je-h6z/a-d5k 
 Je^hu 
 
 Je-hOb^bah 
 Jg'hu-cSl 
 JeOiud 
 Je-hu'dl 
 JSOiu-dT'jah 
 Je^ush 
 Je-T'el 
 Je-kaVze-el 
 J£k'a-m5'am 
 JSk'a-mT'ah 
 J«-ku'thi-el 
 
 Jo-nii uii, or 
 
 J^m'i-mi 
 .Ifmna-Sn 
 Je-mu'el 
 .IC-ph'tha-e 
 J»>ph tliah 
 Je-phan'ue 
 Je-phiiu^Deh 
 Je'rah 
 Je-rah'me-el 
 Je-riih'me-el-ites 
 JSr^e-ehus 
 Je'red 
 J6r'e-mai 
 Jere-nil'ah 
 Jer'e-mi'as 
 Jer'e-nioth 
 Jer'e-my 
 Je-ri'ah 
 Jer'i-bai 
 Jer/i-«h5 
 Je'ri-el 
 Je-rPjah 
 Jer'i-mSth 
 Je'ri-oth 
 Jgr'o-bo'am 
 J6r'o-h3m 
 Je-rQb'ba-31 
 Je-rub'be-sh6th 
 Je-rub'e-sheth 
 Jer'u-el 
 Je-ru/sa-lem 
 Je-rij'sha 
 Je-ru'shaai 
 Je-sa'iah (-ya) 
 Je-sha^iah (-ya) 
 Jesh'a-nali 
 Je-shar'e-lah 
 Je-sheb'e-5b 
 Je'sher 
 Jesh'i-mon 
 Je-shish'a-I 
 Jesh'o-ha-i'ah 
 Jesh'u-a 
 Je?h'u-ah 
 Jesh'u-run 
 Je-si'ah 
 Je-sim'i-el 
 Jes'se 
 Jes/su-€ 
 Je'su 
 Jes'u-i 
 Jes'u-Ites 
 Jes'u-run 
 Je/§us 
 Je'ther 
 Je'theth 
 Jeth'lah 
 Je'tbro 
 Je'tur 
 
 Je'u-gl, or Je-u'el 
 Je'ush 
 Je'uz 
 
 Jew(ju, orJ9) 
 Jew/ess(ju''- orj^' 
 Jew'ish (jii'- or jjj'- 
 Jew'ry (ju'- or jx}'- 
 Jez'a-nl'ah 
 Jt-z'e-bel 
 Je-ze'lufl 
 Je'zer 
 Je'zer-Ttes 
 Je-zT'ah 
 Je'zi-el 
 Jez-ll'ah 
 JSz'o-ar 
 Jez'ra-hl'ah 
 J6z/re-el 
 Jgz're-€l-Tte 
 Jgz're-el-It/ess 
 Jib'sam 
 JTd'iaph 
 JTm/ni 
 Jim'nah 
 JTm'nTtes 
 JTph'tah 
 JTph'thah-ei 
 Jo'ab 
 
 Jo'a-eha* 
 
 Ju'da-Igm 
 
 Ko'hath-Ttes 
 
 Lu'hith 
 
 Jo'a-fhim 
 
 Ju'das 
 
 Kol'a-I'ah 
 
 Luke 
 
 Jo'a-yim 
 
 Jude 
 
 Ko'rah 
 
 LQa 
 
 Jo'a-da'nus 
 
 Ju-de/& 
 
 Ko'rah-Ite 
 
 Lyc/a-5'ni-a 
 
 Jd'ah 
 
 Ju'dith 
 
 Ko'rath-ites 
 
 Ly/ci-a (ITsh'j-fe) 
 
 Jo'a-hSa 
 
 Ju'el 
 
 Ko're 
 
 Lyd^a' 
 
 Jo'a-kim 
 
 Ju/li-a 
 
 Kor/hlte 
 
 Lyd'i-a 
 
 Jo-a/nan 
 
 Ju'li-us 
 
 Koz 
 
 Lyd'i-ang 
 
 Jo-au'ii& 
 
 JQ/ni-a 
 
 Kush-a%h 
 
 Ly-sa'ni-as 
 
 Jo-au^nan 
 
 Ju/pi-ter 
 
 
 LJ-'si-as (lish'I-«s> 
 
 Jo'a-rib 
 
 JQ/shab-kg/sed 
 
 
 Ly-sTm/a-€hQs 
 
 Jo'ash 
 
 JQs'tus 
 
 L. 
 
 L^s'tra 
 
 Jo'a-tham 
 
 Jut'tah 
 
 
 J6'a-z5b'du8 
 
 
 
 
 Job 
 
 
 La'a-dah 
 
 M. 
 
 Jo'bSb 
 
 K. 
 
 La'a-dan 
 
 J6€h'e-bed 
 
 La'ban 
 
 
 Jo'da 
 
 
 Lab/a-na 
 
 Ma/a-«ah 
 
 Jo^ed 
 
 KSb/jse-el 
 
 Laf/e-de-mo'ni-ang Ma'a-^hah 
 
 Jo'el 
 
 Ka/deg 
 
 La/€hi,s1i 
 
 Ma-a€h'a-thT 
 
 Jo-e'lah 
 
 Ka'desh 
 
 La-€u'nus 
 
 Ma-a€h/a-thite 
 
 Jo-e'zer 
 
 Ka'desh-bar'ne-a 
 
 La'dan 
 
 Ma-ad'ai 
 
 Jog'be-hih 
 
 KSLd/mi-el 
 
 La'el 
 
 Ma'a-dl'ah 
 
 Jogai 
 
 Kad/mon-ites 
 
 La'had 
 
 Ma-a'I 
 
 Jo'ha 
 
 Kai'la-I 
 
 La-hai'-roi 
 
 Ma-aPeh-a-^rSb'- 
 
 Jo-ha''naii 
 
 Ka/nah 
 
 Lah/mam 
 
 bim 
 
 Jo-hSn'ne§ 
 
 Ka-re'ah 
 
 Lah/ml 
 
 Ma'a-nl 
 
 John (jon) 
 
 Kar/ka-a 
 
 Lavish 
 
 Ma'a-rath 
 
 Joi'a-da 
 
 Kar/ker 
 
 La'kum 
 
 Ma/a-se'iah (-ya) 
 
 Joi'a-kim 
 
 Kar'na-im 
 
 La^meeh 
 
 Ma-as'i-ai 
 
 Joi^a-rib 
 
 Kar'tah 
 
 La-&d'i-pe'a 
 
 Ma'a-sl'aa 
 
 JQk/de-Sm 
 
 Kar'tan 
 
 La-5d/i-fe'an§ 
 
 Ma'ath 
 
 J6/kim 
 
 Kat'tath 
 
 Lap'i-dSth 
 
 Ma'az 
 
 Jok/me-Sm 
 
 Ke'dar 
 
 La-se/a 
 
 Ma'a-zT'ali 
 
 J6k/ne-5m 
 
 Ked'e-mah 
 
 La/sha 
 
 Mab'da-I 
 
 Jok'shan 
 
 Ked'e-moth 
 
 La-sha/ron 
 
 Ma€/a-16n 
 
 Jok'tan 
 
 Ke'desh 
 
 Las'the-nes 
 
 Ma€'€a-bae'ufl 
 
 Jok'the-el 
 
 Ke'deshNaph'ta-li Latdn 
 
 Ma€/€a-bees 
 
 Jo^na 
 
 Ke-hePa-thah 
 
 Laz'a-rus 
 
 Mae'ta-be'iis 
 
 J6n/a-d5b 
 
 Kei/lah 
 
 Le'ah 
 
 Map^e-do^ni-a 
 
 Jo'iiah 
 
 Ke-la^iah 
 
 Le-an'noth 
 
 Maf/e-do'ni-an 
 
 Jo'nan 
 
 KeFi-ta 
 
 Leb/a-na 
 
 Ma€h/ba-nai 
 
 Jo'nas 
 
 Ke-mu^el 
 
 Leb'a-nah 
 
 Ma€h/be-nah 
 
 J6n/a-than 
 
 Ke/nan 
 
 Leb'a-non 
 
 Ma/€hi 
 
 Jon'a-thas 
 
 Ke/nath 
 
 Leb'a-otli 
 
 Ma^€hir 
 
 Jo'nath-e/lem-re- 
 
 Ke'naz 
 
 Leb-bae/us 
 
 Ma^€hir-it€S 
 
 ^ho'kini 
 
 Ken/ez-Ite 
 
 Leb-be'us 
 
 Ma^h'mas 
 
 Jop/pa 
 
 Ken'Tte 
 
 Le-bo'nah 
 
 Ma^h'na-de'bai 
 
 Jop/pe 
 
 Ken/niz-zltes 
 
 Le/£ah 
 
 Ma€h-pe'lah 
 
 Jo'rah 
 
 Ker'en-hap'pueh 
 
 Le/ha-bim 
 
 Ma^^ron 
 
 Jo^ra-i 
 
 Ke/ri-6th 
 
 Le/hl 
 
 Mad'a-i 
 
 Jo'ram 
 
 Ke'ros 
 
 Lgm/u-el 
 
 Ma-di^a-bun 
 
 Jor'dan 
 
 Ke-tu'rah 
 
 Le/shem 
 
 Ma-dl/ah 
 
 Jor'i-bas 
 
 Ke-zl'a 
 
 Let'tus 
 
 Ma'di-an 
 
 J6r'i-bu8 
 
 Ke'ziz 
 
 Le-tu'shim 
 
 Mad-man'nah 
 
 Jo/rim 
 
 Klb'roth-hat-ta'a 
 
 Le-Qin'mim 
 
 Mad'men 
 
 Jor/ko-Sm 
 
 vah 
 
 Le'vl 
 
 Mad-me'nah 
 
 Jos'a-bSd 
 
 Kib/za-im 
 
 Le-vi'a-than 
 
 Ma/don 
 
 Jos'a-phat 
 
 Kid'ron 
 
 Le'vis 
 
 Ma-e'lus 
 
 Jos'a-pM'as 
 
 KFnah 
 
 Le'vlte 
 
 Mag'bish 
 
 Jo'se 
 
 Kir 
 
 Le-Tift4€-al 
 
 Mag'da-la 
 
 Jos'e-dee 
 
 Kir'-har'a-seth 
 
 Le-vit'i-€U8 
 
 Mag'da-le'ne 
 
 J6s/e-de€h 
 
 Kir/-har'e-seth 
 
 Lib'a-Dus 
 
 Mag^di-el 
 
 Jo''£eph 
 
 KTr'-ha'resh 
 
 Lib'er-tin«g 
 
 Ma/ged 
 
 -) Jo-se'phus 
 
 Kir-he'res 
 
 Lib'nah 
 
 Ma-gJd/do 
 
 -)J6/ses 
 
 Kir'i-ath 
 
 Lib/nl 
 
 Ma/gog 
 
 ) Josh'a-bSd 
 
 KTr'i-a-tha'im 
 
 Lib'nltes 
 
 Ma/gor-mTs'sa-bi> 
 
 Jo'shah 
 
 Kifr/i-ath'i-a'ri-us 
 
 LTb'y-a 
 
 ftfiig'pi-ash 
 
 J6sh'a-ph5t 
 
 Kir'i-oth 
 
 Lib'y-an§ 
 
 Ma-ha'lah, or 
 
 Josh/a-Ti'ah 
 
 Kir/jath 
 
 Lik'hl 
 
 Ma'ha-lab 
 
 Josh-bgk'a-shah 
 
 Kir'jath-a'im 
 
 Ll'nus 
 
 Ma-ha'la-le'el 
 
 Josh'u-a 
 
 Kir'jath-ar'ba 
 
 Lo'-arn'mi, or 
 
 Ma'ha-lath 
 
 Jo-sFah 
 
 KTr'jatb-a'rim 
 
 Lo-am'ml 
 
 Ma-ha'le-el 
 
 Jo-si'as 
 
 Kir/jath-ba'al 
 
 Lod 
 
 Ma'ha-ll 
 
 Jos'i-bl'ah 
 
 KTr/jath-hu'zoth 
 
 Lo'-de'bar 
 
 Ma'lia-na'im 
 
 J6s/i-phT'ah 
 
 KTr/jath-je'a-rim 
 
 Lo'is . 
 
 Ma/ha-neh-daa 
 
 Jot/bah 
 
 KTr'jath-san'nah 
 
 Lo'-nj'ha-mah 
 
 Ma-har'a-I 
 
 Jot/bath 
 
 Kir'jath-se'pher 
 
 Lot 
 
 Ma'hath 
 
 Jot'ba-thah 
 
 KTsh 
 
 Lo'tan 
 
 Ma^ha-vite 
 
 Jo'tham 
 
 Kishl 
 
 Loth'a-su'bua 
 
 Ma-ha'zi-oth 
 
 Joz'a-bSd 
 
 KTsh^i-Qn 
 
 Lo'zon 
 
 Ma'her-shai'al- 
 
 Joz'a-char 
 
 Ki'shon 
 
 Lu'bim 
 
 hAsb'-baz 
 
 Joz'a-dak 
 
 KT'son 
 
 LG/bima 
 
 Mah/lah 
 
 Ju'bal 
 
 KTth/lish 
 
 Lu'cas 
 
 • Mahai 
 
 Ju'cal 
 
 Kit'ron 
 
 Lu/fi-fer 
 
 Mih'lltea 
 
 Ju'da 
 
 KTt/tim 
 
 Lu'ci-Qs (lu/BhT-us 
 
 ) Mah'lon 
 
 Ju-dae^a 
 
 Ko'a 
 
 LQd 
 
 Ma'hol 
 
 Ju'dah 
 
 Ko/hath 
 
 Lu'dim 
 
 Ma-an'e-as 
 
 i, e, &c., long; 8, g, &c., short; cSre, ffir, aak, ftU, what ; Sre, vgil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; sfin, or, dp, w^lf, 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 877 
 
 Ma^kSz 
 
 Maz/za-roth 
 
 Mes'o-po-ta'mi-a 
 
 Mo^id 
 
 Na/than-mg/le«h 
 
 No'dab 
 
 Marked 
 
 Me/ah 
 
 Mes-si'ah 
 
 Mo'156h 
 
 Na'um 
 
 No'e 
 
 Mak-he'loth 
 
 Me-a/nl 
 
 Mes-si'as 
 
 Mom/dis 
 
 Na've 
 
 No-e'ba 
 
 Mak-hc/dah 
 
 Me-a/rah 
 
 Me-te'rus 
 
 Mo'o-si'as 
 
 Naz'a-reue' 
 
 No'ga 
 
 Mak'tesh 
 
 Me-ban/nai 
 
 Me^heg-arn'mah 
 
 M6/ras-thIte 
 
 Naz'a-reth 
 
 No'gah 
 
 Miil/a-eM 
 
 Meeh/e-rath-Ite 
 
 Meth/o-ar 
 
 M6r/de-€ai 
 
 Naz/a-rlte 
 
 No'hah 
 
 MiSl/a-ehy 
 
 Med'a-ba 
 
 Me-thu/sa-el 
 
 Mo'reh 
 
 Ne'ah 
 
 Nom'a-deg 
 
 M51/«hain 
 
 Me'dSd 
 
 Me-thu'se-lah 
 
 Mor/esh-eth-gath 
 
 Ne-ap'o-lis 
 
 Non 
 
 Mal-ehFah 
 
 MS'dan 
 
 Me-u'nim 
 
 Mo-ri/ah 
 
 Ne/a-rl'ah 
 
 Noph 
 
 M51/€hi-el 
 
 Med'e-ba 
 
 Mez'a-hab 
 
 Mo/ri-ang ( Com- 
 
 Neb/a-I 
 
 No/phah 
 
 M5P€hi-el-Ite3 
 
 Mede 
 
 Ml/a-mia 
 
 mon Prayer) 
 
 Ne-ba/ioth (-yoth) 
 
 Nu-me/ni-tlfl 
 
 Mal-ehPjah 
 
 Me'di-a 
 
 Mib^har 
 
 Mo-se'ra 
 
 Ne-ba/joth 
 
 Nan 
 
 Mal-ehFram 
 
 MG'di-an 
 
 Mib/sam 
 
 Mo-se/roth 
 
 Ne-bai'lat 
 
 Nym/phas 
 
 MaK<;hi-shi}/& 
 
 Me-e'da 
 
 Mib'zar 
 
 Mo/£e§ 
 
 Ne'bat 
 
 
 Mai/€hu3 
 
 Me-gid'do 
 
 MI/€ah 
 
 Mo-sol'lam 
 
 Ne/bo 
 
 
 Ma-le/le-el 
 
 Me-gkVdon 
 
 Mi-€a/iah (-ya) 
 
 Mo-s61'la-mon 
 
 Neb/u-€had-n6z'zar f\ 
 Neb'u-ehad-rez'zar \J ^ 
 
 MSiaos 
 
 Me-het'a-beel 
 
 MI/€ha 
 
 M6/za 
 
 Miil/lo-thI 
 
 Me-het'a-bel 
 
 Ml'^ha-el, or 
 
 Mo/zah 
 
 Neb'u-shas'ban 
 
 
 MSl'luch 
 
 Me-liFda 
 
 MF€hael(-kel) 
 
 Mup''pim 
 
 Neb'u-zar-a'dan 
 
 O'ba-di'ah, or 
 
 Ma-madias (-yas) 
 
 Mo'liir 
 
 Mi/€hah 
 
 Mu/shi 
 
 Ne/-eho 
 
 Ob'a-dl'ah 
 
 MSm/mon 
 
 Me-ho/Iah 
 
 MI-€ha'iah (-ya) 
 
 Mu'shltes 
 
 Ne-€6Man 
 
 O'bal 
 
 Mani-ni/ta-nai'musMe-hoFath-Ite 
 
 MP«hal 
 
 Muth-iab/ben 
 
 Ned^a-bl'ah 
 
 Ob-dFa 
 
 MSm're 
 
 Me-hu'ja-el 
 
 Mi-€he/as 
 
 Mj'n^dus 
 
 Ne'e-ml'as 
 
 O'bed 
 
 Ma-niu'€hu3 
 
 Me-hu'man 
 
 Mi€h/mas 
 
 My/ra 
 
 Neg^i-noth 
 
 O'bed-e'dom 
 
 M5n/a-en 
 
 Me-hu'nim 
 
 Mi«li/mash 
 
 M5'/si-a (mizh/i-a) 
 
 1 Ne-heFa-mlte 
 
 O'beth 
 
 Man/a-hath 
 
 Me-hu/nims 
 
 Mi€h'me-tliah 
 
 
 Ne/he-ml'ah 
 
 O'bil 
 
 Ma-na./heth-Tt«3 
 
 Me-jar^on 
 
 Mieh'rl 
 
 
 Ne/he-mi'as 
 
 0/both 
 
 MSn'as-se'as 
 
 Mek/o-nah 
 
 Mich/tarn 
 
 N. 
 
 Ne'hi-loth 
 
 0/€hi-€l 
 
 Ma-n5s'seh 
 
 Mel'a-tl'ah. 
 
 Mid'din 
 
 Ne'hum 
 
 0p/i-de'lu3 
 
 Ma-nas'se§ 
 
 Mel/€li! 
 
 Mid'i-an 
 
 
 Ne-hushaa 
 
 Of'i-na 
 
 Ma-n5s/sltes 
 
 Mel-ehPah 
 
 MTd'i-an-ite 
 
 Na'am 
 
 Ne-hush'tan 
 
 Oc'ran 
 
 Ma'neh 
 
 Mel-€hl'as 
 
 Mid'i-an-it/isli 
 
 Na'a-mah 
 
 Ne-i'el, or 
 
 O^ded 
 
 Ma/n! 
 
 Mel/€hi-el 
 
 Mig'dal-el 
 
 Na'a-man 
 
 Ne/i-61 
 
 0-doFlam 
 
 Manai-Qs 
 
 Mel€his/e-de€ 
 
 MTg'dal-gad 
 
 Na'a-ma-thlte 
 
 Ne'keb 
 
 Od'o-nar'keg 
 
 Ma-no'ah 
 
 Mel-€hTz/e-dek 
 
 MTg/dol 
 
 Na'a-mites 
 
 Ne-ko'da 
 
 Og 
 
 Ma/oeh 
 
 Mel'ehi-shij'a 
 
 MTg'roa 
 
 Na/a-rah 
 
 Ne-mu'el 
 
 o^iad 
 
 Ma/on 
 
 MG/le-ii (Gr. Me- 
 
 My'a-min 
 
 Na-'a-rai 
 
 Ne-mu'el-ites 
 
 O'hel 
 
 Ma'on-Ttes 
 
 Aea?) 
 
 Mik'loth 
 
 Na/a-ran 
 
 . Ne/pheg 
 
 OPa-mus 
 
 Ma'ra 
 
 Me'lech 
 
 Mik-ne/iah (-ya) 
 
 Na'a-rath 
 
 Ne/phI 
 
 Ol'l-vet 
 
 Ma'rah 
 
 MeH-eu 
 
 MiVa-la'I 
 
 Na-ash^oa 
 
 Ne'phis 
 
 Ol/o-fSr'neg 
 
 Mar/a-lah 
 
 Mel/i-ta 
 
 MiFeah 
 
 Na-as'son 
 
 Ne/phish 
 
 0-lym/pas 
 
 Miir/a-n5th'a, or 
 
 Mel^zar 
 
 MiFeom 
 
 Na^a-thus 
 
 Ne-phish/e-sim 
 
 O-lym/pi-us 
 
 Mar'a-na'thii 
 
 Mem/mi-Qs 
 
 Ml-le/tum 
 
 Nii/bal 
 
 Neph'tha-IT 
 
 Om'a-e'rus 
 
 Mar'eus 
 
 Mem^phis 
 
 Ml-le^tus 
 
 Nab'a-rl'as 
 
 Neph/tha-lim 
 
 Q/mar 
 
 Mar/do-ehe'us 
 
 Me-mu''€an 
 
 MTPlo 
 
 Nab'a-the'ang 
 
 Neph'to-ah 
 
 O'me-ga, or 
 
 Ma-re'sha 
 
 Men/a-hem 
 
 Mi-ni/a-min 
 
 Na'bath-Ites 
 
 Ne-phu'sim 
 
 O-me/ga 
 
 Ma-re'shah 
 
 MG/nan 
 
 MTn/nl 
 
 Na/both 
 
 Nep/tha-li 
 
 Om/rl 
 
 M5r/i-sa 
 
 Me'ne 
 
 Min'nith 
 
 Nab/u-€ho-dQn'o- 
 
 Nep/tha-lim 
 
 On 
 
 MSr/i-mQth 
 
 Men'e-la'us 
 
 MTph/ka,. 
 
 sor 
 
 Ngr 
 
 O/nam 
 
 Mark 
 
 Me-nes/theus 
 
 Mir'i-am 
 
 Na'-ehon 
 
 Ne^reus 
 
 O'nan 
 
 Mar/moth 
 
 Me-5ii/e-nim 
 
 Mir'ma 
 
 Na/«h6r 
 
 N5r/gal 
 
 0-nes'i-mus 
 
 Ma'roth 
 
 Me-on'o-thai 
 
 Mis'a-el 
 
 Na^dab 
 
 N5r/gal-sha-re'zer 
 
 5n^e-siph'o-nu 
 
 Mar'se-na 
 
 Meph/a-5th 
 
 Mis/gab 
 
 Na-dab'a-tha 
 
 Ne'rl 
 
 O-nl/a-reg 
 
 Mar^' mil 
 
 Me-phib'o-sheth 
 
 Mish'a-el 
 
 Nag/ge 
 
 Ne-rl'ah 
 
 0-ni/as 
 
 Mar'tha 
 
 Me/i-ab 
 
 MPshal 
 
 Na'ha-iai 
 
 Ne-rl'as 
 
 O'no 
 
 Ma/ry 
 
 Mer'a-T'ah 
 
 Ml/sham 
 
 Na-ha'li-el 
 
 Ne'ro 
 
 O'nus 
 
 M5s/a-loth 
 
 Me-rfi/ioth (-yoth) 
 
 Ml'she-al 
 
 Na-hai'lal 
 
 Ne-than'e-el 
 
 0/phel 
 
 MSs'ehU 
 
 Ma^rau 
 
 MTsh^ma 
 
 Na'ha-lQl 
 
 Neth'a-nl'ah 
 
 0/phir 
 
 M5sh 
 
 Mer'a^rl, or 
 
 Mish-man/nah 
 
 Na/ham 
 
 Neth/i-nimg 
 
 Oph/nl 
 
 Marshal 
 
 Me-ra'rl 
 
 Mish'ra-Ites 
 
 Na-ham/a-nl 
 
 Ne-to'phah 
 
 Oph'rah 
 
 Ma-sl'as 
 
 Mer/a-rltes 
 
 MTs'par 
 
 Na-har'a-i 
 
 Ne-toph'a-thi 
 
 O/reb 
 
 Mas/man 
 
 Mer'a-tha/im 
 
 Mis'pe-reth 
 
 Na'ha-ra'im 
 
 Ne-toph'a-thlte 
 
 O'ren 
 
 Mas'pha 
 
 Mer-eu'ri-iis 
 
 MTs/re-photh-ma'- 
 
 - Na'ha-rl 
 
 Ne-zFah 
 
 O-rFon 
 
 MSs're-kah 
 
 Mj/red 
 
 im 
 
 Na/hash 
 
 Ne/zib 
 
 Or'nan 
 
 Mas'sa 
 
 Mer'e-moth 
 
 Mis'sa-bib 
 
 Na/hath 
 
 Nib/haz 
 
 f)r/pah 
 
 MSs'sah 
 
 Me're^ 
 
 Mith/«ah 
 
 Nah/bl 
 
 Nib'shan 
 
 6r/tho-sI'a3 
 
 Mas-sFas 
 
 Mer'i-bah 
 
 Mith/nlte 
 
 Na'hor 
 
 NI-€a/nor 
 
 0-sa/ias (o-za'yaji) 
 
 M5th/a-nT'as 
 
 Mer'i-bah Ka'desh 
 
 . MTth're-dath 
 
 Nah/shon 
 
 Nic'o-de'mus 
 
 0-|e/a 
 
 Ma-thu'sa-la 
 
 Mer'ib-ba'al 
 
 Mith'ri-da'teg 
 
 Na'hum 
 
 Ni«'o-la'i-tans 
 
 0-§e/as 
 
 Ma'tred 
 
 Me-r6'da€h-bai'a- 
 
 Mit/y-le'ne 
 
 Na'i-dus 
 
 Nie/Q-las 
 
 0/gee 
 
 Ma/trl 
 
 dan 
 
 MI'zar 
 
 Na^'in (NaiV) 
 
 NI-€6p/o-lis 
 
 0-she/a, or 
 
 Mavtan 
 
 Me'rom 
 
 Miz'pah 
 
 Na^ioth (-yoth) 
 
 NFger 
 
 0/she-a 
 
 MStaa-nah 
 
 Me-ron'o-thite 
 
 Miz'par 
 
 Na-ne/a 
 
 Nim^rah 
 
 Oth/nl 
 
 MSt/fca-m'ah 
 
 Me'rQz 
 
 Miz'peh 
 
 Na-o^ml, or 
 
 NTm/rim 
 
 Oth/ni-el 
 
 M5t'ta-tha 
 
 Me'ruth 
 
 Miz/ra-im 
 
 Na/o-ml 
 
 Nim'rod 
 
 6th'o-nPa3 
 
 Mat'ta-thah 
 
 Me'seeh 
 
 Miz'zah 
 
 Na/phish 
 
 fTim/shl 
 
 5x 
 
 MSt'ta-thl'as 
 
 Me'sha 
 
 Mna^son (na'son) 
 
 Naph'i-sl 
 
 Nin'e-ve 
 
 O'zem 
 
 M:l£'te-na1 
 
 Me'sha^h 
 
 Mo'ab 
 
 Naph'ta-li 
 
 Nm/e-veh 
 
 0-zFas 
 
 Mat'than 
 
 Me'sheeh 
 
 Mo'ab-Ite 
 
 Naph'thar 
 
 Nin/e-vltes 
 
 0/zi-el 
 
 Mat'tha-nl'as 
 
 Me-shel'e-ml'ah 
 
 MD'ab-it/ess 
 
 N3ph/tu-him 
 
 NFsan 
 
 Oz^nl 
 
 MSt'that 
 
 Me-shez'a-beel 
 
 Mo'ab-It/ish 
 
 Nar-fls'sus 
 
 Nis^roeh 
 
 Oz/nltes 
 
 Mat-the'las 
 
 Me-sh5z/a-bel 
 
 Mo'a-di'ah 
 
 Nas'bas 
 
 No 
 
 O-zo'ra 
 
 MSt'thew (mSth/- 
 
 Me-shil'le-mith 
 
 Moeh/mur 
 
 . Na'shon 
 
 No'a-dl'ah 
 
 
 thu) 
 
 Me-shTl'le-moth 
 
 Mo'dia 
 
 Na/sith 
 
 No'ah 
 
 
 Mat-thi'as (mSth- 
 
 Me-sh5/bab 
 
 Mo'eth 
 
 Na/s6r 
 
 No'-a'mon 
 
 P. 
 
 thFas) 
 
 Me-shaPlam 
 
 Mol/a-dah 
 
 Na'than. 
 
 Nob 
 
 Mat'ti-thl'ah 
 
 Me-shtil/le-meth 
 
 Mo'leeh 
 
 Na-than/a-el 
 
 N5/bah 
 
 
 MSz/i-ti'as 
 
 Mes'o-ba'Ite 
 
 Mo'li 
 
 Nath'a-ni'as 
 
 Nod 
 
 Pa/a-rai 
 
 f(5Dd, 
 
 fdbt ; Qrn, r^de, pi, 
 
 jU; cell, phaifle, i»U 
 
 , e«ho ; gem, get; a 
 
 ^ ; ejist ; linger, li]3 
 
 Ik ; ttiis. 
 
878 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Padan 
 
 Phai'sur 
 
 Pon'ti-us Pl'late 
 
 Ra-thu'mu8, or 
 
 Sab'a-tus 
 
 Sa'rid 
 
 Pa'dan-a'r*m 
 
 Ph&l-da'ius (-vus) 
 
 (pou'sht-us) 
 
 Rath'u-mus 
 
 Sab'ban 
 
 Sa'ron 
 
 Pa dou 
 
 Pha-le'aa 
 
 Pontus 
 
 Ra'zis 
 
 Sab'ba-the'vu 
 
 Sa-ro'thi-o 
 
 Pa gi-f 1 
 
 Pha'lee 
 
 PorAi-tha 
 
 Re'a-I'a 
 
 Sab-be'us 
 
 Sar-se'€him 
 
 Pa'hath-mo'ab 
 
 Phu'leg 
 
 P6r'ci-us (-sh!-us 
 
 Re'a-i'ah 
 
 Sab'dl 
 
 Sa'rueh 
 
 Pa I 
 
 Phai'lu 
 
 Pos'i-do'ui-us 
 
 Re'ba 
 
 Sa-be'ang 
 
 Sa'tan 
 
 Pa'lal 
 
 Philltl 
 
 Pot'i-phar 
 
 Re-bec'«a 
 
 Sa'bl 
 
 Sath/ra-bu-za'n«& 
 Sfiul 
 
 Paics-ti'na 
 
 Phi11'ti-el 
 
 Po-tiph'e-rah 
 
 Re-bek/ah 
 
 Sa'bi-e 
 
 Piles-tine 
 
 Pha-nu'el 
 
 Pris'€a 
 
 R5'«h5b 
 
 Sab'ta 
 
 SLy/a-rSn 
 
 paiiu 
 
 Philr^a-9iai 
 
 Pris-fil'la 
 
 R5'€hab-Ites 
 
 Sab'tah 
 
 Sa'vi-58 
 
 Pil'lu-Itea 
 
 Pha'raoh (fa'ro- or Proch'o-rus 
 
 R5'€hah 
 
 Sab'te-cha 
 
 Sf e'va (se'va) 
 S^yth/i-an (sith^i- 
 
 Pai'tl 
 
 fa'ra-o) 
 
 Ptol'e-uia'is (tep- 
 
 Re'el a'iah (-ya) 
 
 Sab'te-€hah 
 
 Pil'ti-el 
 
 Pha/raoh-hoph'ra 
 
 Ptol'e-mee (t6F-) 
 
 Re-el'i-us 
 
 Sa'car 
 
 an) 
 
 Pil'tlte 
 
 (fa'ro- or fa'ra-o 
 
 -)Pt61'e-me'us(t61/- 
 
 Ree-s.Vias (-yas) 
 
 Sad'a-ml'as 
 
 Sfy-thop'o-lie (ai-^ 
 
 Pani-ph^l'i-a 
 
 Pha'nioh-ne'choh 
 
 Pu'a 
 
 R3/gem 
 
 Sa'das 
 
 Sfyth'o-pol'i.tani 
 
 Piuiulg 
 
 (fa/ro- or fa'ra-o 
 
 -)Pu/ah 
 
 Re'gem-me'leeh 
 
 Sad-de'us 
 
 (sith'-) 
 
 Pa phos 
 
 Phiir'a-tho'nl 
 
 Pub'li-us 
 
 Re'ha-bT'ah 
 
 Sad'due 
 
 S6'ba 
 
 Para-dlse 
 
 Pha'reg 
 
 Pu'deng 
 
 Re'hob 
 
 Sad'du-feeg 
 
 Se'bat 
 
 Pa'rah 
 
 Pha'rez 
 
 Pu'hites 
 
 Re'ho-bo'am 
 
 Sa'doe 
 
 Sec/a-€ah 
 
 Pa'ran 
 
 Pha-ri'ra 
 
 PHI 
 
 Re-ho'both 
 
 Sa'ha-du'th& 
 
 Seth'e-ni'a* 
 
 Par' bar 
 
 Pli5ri-see 
 
 Pu'nites 
 
 Re'hu 
 
 Sa/la 
 
 Se'€hu 
 
 Par-mish/ta 
 
 Pha/rosh 
 
 Pu'non 
 
 Re'hum 
 
 Sa'lah 
 
 Se-€un'du8 
 
 Par'me-iiae 
 
 Phar'par 
 
 Pur 
 
 mi 
 
 Sal'a-mis 
 
 Sed'e-cl'aa 
 
 Par'nach 
 
 Phar'zltes 
 
 PQ/rim 
 
 Re^kem 
 
 Sal'a-sad'a-I 
 
 Se/gub 
 
 Pa'rosh 
 
 Pha-se'ah. or 
 
 pat 
 
 Rem'a-li'ah 
 
 Sa-la'thi-el 
 
 Se/ir 
 
 Par-shSn'da-tha 
 
 Pha'se-ah 
 
 Pu-te'o-ll 
 
 Re'meth 
 
 Sal'tah 
 
 Se'i-rath 
 
 Piir'thi-ang 
 
 Pha-se'Us 
 
 Pu'ti-el 
 
 Rem'mon 
 
 SaPchah 
 
 Se'Ia 
 
 P;lr'i}-ah 
 
 Phas'i-ron 
 
 
 Rem'mon-mgth'o- Sa'lem 
 
 SC'lah 
 
 Par-Ta/im, or 
 
 Ph5s'sa-r6n 
 
 
 ar 
 
 Sa'lim 
 
 Se'la-ham/mah-le''- 
 
 Par/ya-im 
 
 Phe'be 
 
 Q- 
 
 Rgm/phan 
 
 Sal'la-i 
 
 koth 
 
 Pa'saeh 
 
 Phe-nT'fe 
 
 Re'pha-el 
 
 Sal'lu 
 
 Se'led 
 
 Pas'-d5m'mim 
 
 Phe-nT/ci-a(-nish/i 
 
 RS/phah 
 
 Sal'lmn 
 
 Sel'e-ml'a 
 
 Pa-se'ah 
 
 Pher'e-sites 
 
 Quar'tus 
 
 Reph/a-I'ah 
 
 Sal-lQ/mus 
 
 SePe-ml'as 
 
 Pash'ur 
 
 Pher'e-zlte 
 
 Qum'tus Mgm'mi 
 
 Reph'a-im 
 
 Sal'ma 
 
 Se-leu'ci-a (-shi-A, 
 
 P5t'a-ra 
 
 Phi-be'seth, or 
 
 as 
 
 Repli/a-im§ 
 
 SaFmah 
 
 classical pron. 
 
 Pa-the'U8 
 
 Phib/e-seth 
 
 
 Reph'i-dim 
 
 Sal'man-a'sar 
 
 Sel'eu-fl'a) 
 
 Path'ros 
 
 PhI/«hol 
 
 
 RS'sen 
 
 SaVmon 
 
 Se-leu/€us 
 
 Path -rj} 'Sim 
 
 Phn'a-del'phi-a 
 
 R. 
 
 Re'sheph 
 
 Sal-mo'ne 
 
 Sem 
 
 Pat'mos 
 
 (classical pron 
 
 Re'u 
 
 Sa/lom 
 
 Sem'a-^hi'ah 
 
 P5t'ro-b5s 
 
 phTl'a-del-phl'a) 
 
 
 Reij'ben 
 
 Sa-lo'me 
 
 Sem'a-I'ah 
 
 Pa-tro'elus 
 
 Phi-lar/€he5 
 
 Ra'a-mah 
 
 Rei}/ben-Ttes 
 
 Sa'lu 
 
 Sem'e-i 
 
 Pa'u 
 
 Phi-le'mon 
 
 Ra'a-ml'ah 
 
 Re-u'el, or 
 
 Sa'lum 
 
 Se-mel'li-us 
 
 Paul 
 
 Phl-le'tus 
 
 Ra-Sm'seg 
 
 R«}}/el 
 
 Sam'a-el 
 
 Se'mis 
 
 Pau'lus 
 
 PhTHp 
 
 RSb'bah 
 
 Reij/mali 
 
 Sa-ma'ias (-yas) 
 
 Se-na'ah, or Sen'a- 
 
 Ped'a-h61 
 
 Phi-lip'pl 
 
 RSb'bath 
 
 Re'zeph 
 
 Sa-ma'ri-a (classical ah 
 
 Pe-dah'zur, or 
 
 Ph]-lip'pi-an§ 
 
 Rab'bl 
 
 Re-zl'a 
 
 pronunciation 
 
 Se'neh 
 
 Ped'ah-zQr 
 
 Phi-lis'ti-a 
 
 Rab'bith 
 
 Re'zin 
 
 Sam'a-ri'a) 
 
 Se'nir 
 
 Pe-da'iah (-ya) 
 
 Phi-lis'tim 
 
 Rab-bo'nl 
 
 Re'zon 
 
 Sa-mar'i-tan 
 
 Sen-n5«h'e-rib, or 
 
 Pe'kah 
 
 PhT-lis/tine 
 
 Rab/m5g 
 
 Rhe/gi-u»(re'-) 
 
 Sam'a-tus 
 
 Sen/na-€he'rib 
 
 Pek'a-hl'ah 
 
 Phl-lOPo-gus 
 
 Rab'sa-ge^ 
 
 Rhe'sa (re'-) 
 
 Sa-me'ius (-j"us) 
 
 Se-nu'ah 
 
 Pe'kCd 
 
 Phil/o-me''tor 
 
 Rab'sa-ris 
 
 Rh6'da(ro'-) 
 
 Sam'gar-ne'bo 
 
 Se-o/rfm 
 
 Pel'a-I'ah 
 
 Phm/e-as 
 
 Rab'sha-keh 
 
 Rhodes (rodz) 
 
 Sa'ml 
 
 Se'phar 
 
 Pel/a-ll'ah 
 
 Phin/e-es 
 
 Ra'ca 
 
 Rh6d'o-€Bs (r6d' 
 
 ) Sa/mis 
 
 Seph'a-rad 
 
 Pel'a-tT'ah 
 
 Phin'e-has 
 
 Ra'^ha 
 
 Rho'dxis (ro'-) 
 
 Sam/lah 
 
 Seph'ar-va'im 
 
 Pe/Ieg 
 
 Phi/son 
 
 Ra'^hSb 
 
 RPbai 
 
 Sam'mus 
 
 Se'phar-Tites 
 
 Pe'let 
 
 Phle'gon 
 
 R5/€h51 
 
 RTb'lah 
 
 Sa'mos 
 
 Se-phe'la 
 
 Pe'leth 
 
 Pho'ros 
 
 Ra'chel 
 
 RTm/mon 
 
 Sarn'o-thra'ci-a 
 
 Se'rah 
 
 P5'leth-Ttes 
 
 Phr\!j'i-a 
 
 Rad/da-i 
 
 RTm'mon-pa'rez 
 
 (-thra'shl-a) 
 
 Ser/a-i'ah 
 
 Pe-lPas 
 
 Phrjl'i-an 
 
 Ra'gau 
 
 Rin'nah 
 
 Samp/sa-me£ 
 
 Se'red 
 
 PePo-nlte 
 
 PhQd 
 
 Ra/geg 
 
 Rl'phath 
 
 Sam'son 
 
 Ser'gi-us 
 
 Pe-nl'el 
 
 PhQ'rah 
 
 Ra-gu'el 
 
 Ris'sah 
 
 Sam'u-el 
 
 Se/ron 
 
 Pe-nTn'nah 
 
 Phu'rim 
 
 Ra'hab 
 
 RTth'mah 
 
 San'a-bas'sar 
 
 Se'rug 
 
 Pen-t5p'o lis 
 
 Phtit 
 
 Ra'ham 
 
 Riz'pah 
 
 San'a -bas'sa-rus 
 
 Se'sLs 
 
 Pe-nu'el 
 
 Phu'vah 
 
 Ra^'hel 
 
 Rob'o-Sm 
 
 San/a-sib 
 
 Ses'thel 
 
 P5'or 
 
 Ph^-^ePlus 
 
 Ra'kem 
 
 R5d'a-nim 
 
 San-bal'lat 
 
 Seth 
 
 Per'a-zim 
 
 Phy/son 
 
 Rak/kath 
 
 Ro-ge'lim 
 
 San-san'nah 
 
 Se'thur 
 
 P.Vresh 
 
 PT'-be'seth, or 
 
 Rak'kon 
 
 Roh'gah 
 
 saph 
 
 Sha'al-ab'bin 
 
 Pe'rez 
 
 PTb'e-seth 
 
 Ram 
 
 Ro'i-mus 
 
 Sa'phat 
 
 Sha-ai'bim 
 
 Pe'rez-Bz'za 
 
 PI'-ha-hY'roth 
 
 Ra'ma 
 
 Ro-mam''ti-e'zer 
 
 Saph'a-ti'as 
 
 Sha-aFbo-nlte 
 
 Pe'rez-Qz/zah 
 
 PT'late 
 
 Ra'mah 
 
 Ro'man 
 
 Sa'pheth 
 
 Sha/aph 
 
 Per'ga 
 
 PTl/dash 
 
 Rfi'math 
 
 Rome ( formerly 
 
 Saph'ir 
 
 Sha'a-ra'im 
 
 PCr'ga-mos 
 
 PTl'e-ha 
 
 Ra'math-a'im 
 
 Rome) 
 
 Sap-phl'ra (saf-fi/-J Sha-ash'gaz 
 
 Pfc-rl'da 
 
 PT-lG'>er 
 
 Ram/a-them 
 
 Rosh 
 
 Sa'ra 
 
 Shab-beth'a-i 
 
 PCr'iz-zTte 
 
 Pil-ne'£er 
 
 Ra/math-Tte 
 
 Rij'fus 
 
 Sar'a-bl'aa 
 
 Sha€h'i-a 
 
 Prr/me-n3fi 
 
 PTl'tni 
 
 Ra/math-Ie'hT 
 
 Rj}'ha-mah 
 
 Sa'rah 
 
 Shad'da-i 
 
 Per-sep'o-lis 
 
 PT'non 
 
 Ra'math-mTz'peh 
 
 Rij'mah 
 
 Sa'rai 
 
 Sha'drath 
 
 PCr'seuB 
 
 PT'ra 
 
 Ra-me/gej 
 
 Rijth 
 
 Sar'a-i'a 
 
 Sha'He 
 
 PCr'si-a (p5r'BhT-a) PFram 
 
 lU-mPah 
 
 
 Sar'a-I'ah 
 
 Sha/ha-ra'im 
 
 pL-r'fii-an 
 
 PTr'a-thSn 
 
 Ra'moth 
 
 
 Sa-ta'ias (-yas) 
 
 Sha-haz'i-mah 
 
 PCr'sis 
 
 PTr'a-thon-Tte 
 
 Ril'moth-gTl'e-ad 
 
 s. 
 
 Sar'a-mel 
 
 Sha haz'i^nath 
 
 Pe-ru'da 
 
 PIg/gah 
 
 Ra'pha 
 
 Sa'raph 
 
 Sha'lem 
 
 Fe'ter 
 
 PT-sTd'i-a 
 
 Ra'pha-el, or 
 
 
 Sar-€hed'o-nus 
 
 Sha'lim 
 
 I'eth'a-hT'ah 
 
 PJ'son 
 
 Ra'phael (-fel) 
 
 Sa/bach-tha'ni 
 
 Sar-de'us 
 
 Shai'i-sha 
 
 PC'thor 
 
 Pls'pah 
 
 R5ph/a-im 
 
 Sab'a-oth, or 
 
 Sar'dis 
 
 Shaiae-€heth 
 
 Pe-thu'el 
 
 PPthora 
 
 Ra'phon 
 
 Sa-ba'oth 
 
 Sar'dites 
 
 Shai'lum 
 
 Pe-Ql/thai 
 
 PPthon 
 
 Ra'phu 
 
 Sabbat 
 
 Sa're-a 
 
 Shai'lun 
 
 Phii/ath MS'ab 
 
 Ple'ia-dej (-ya-deez)R5B'8e-, prop. Ras' 
 
 - Sab'a-te'aa 
 
 Sa-rep'ta 
 
 Shai'ma-I 
 
 Phae'a^eth 
 
 P6ch'e-r6th 
 
 sis (Gr. 'Poo-als) 
 
 Sab'a-te'ufl 
 
 ^ir'gon 
 
 Shai'man 
 
 «, fcc, long; a, 6, &c., short; care, far, ask, 3^, what ; Sre, vgil, tSrm ; pique, fTrm ; sfin, or, dQ, wglf, 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 879 
 
 Shai'ma-ne'ger 
 
 Sha/ma 
 
 Sham''a-rl'ah 
 
 Sha'med 
 
 Shammer 
 
 Shiim'gar 
 
 Sham^uth 
 
 Sha'mir 
 
 Sh5m/ma 
 
 ShSm/mah 
 
 Sh5m'ma-i 
 
 Sh5m/moth 
 
 Sh5m'mu-a 
 
 ShSm'mu-ah 
 
 Sh5m''she-ra'i 
 
 Sha/pham 
 
 Sha'phan 
 
 Sha'phat 
 
 Sha'pher 
 
 Sh^r'a-I 
 
 Shar'a-fm 
 
 Sha'rar 
 
 Sha-re'zer 
 
 Shar'oa 
 
 Shar/on-Ito 
 
 Sha-rj}/hen 
 
 Shash'a-i 
 
 Sha'shak 
 
 Sha'ul 
 
 Sha/ul-Ites 
 
 Sha'veh 
 
 Sha'veh Kir^i-a- 
 
 tha'im 
 Shav'sha 
 She/al 
 She-al'ti-el 
 She'a-rl'ah 
 She^ar-ja'shub 
 She'ba 
 She'bah 
 She'bam 
 Sheb'a-iil'ah 
 Sheb''a-rim 
 She'ber 
 Sheb^na 
 Sheb'u-el 
 Shee'a-nl'ah 
 Sheeh'a-nT'ah. 
 She'ehem 
 She'€hem-Ites 
 Shed'e-ur 
 She'ha-rl'ah. 
 She'lah 
 Shsaau-Ites 
 Shel'e-mi'ah 
 She'leph 
 She'lesh 
 SheFo-ml 
 Shel/o-mith 
 ShePo-mOtli 
 She-la'mi-el 
 Shem 
 She/ma 
 She-ma''ah or 
 
 Shem''a-ah 
 .Sheiii''a-i'ah 
 Sbem'a-ri'ah 
 Shem'e-ber 
 She'mer 
 She-mT'da 
 She-mFdah 
 She-mi/da-Ites 
 Shera'i-nith 
 She-mir'a-moth 
 She-mu'el 
 Shea 
 
 She-na^zar 
 She'nir 
 She'phani 
 Sheph'a-thi'ah 
 Sheph'a-tl'ah 
 She^phl 
 She/pho 
 She-phu'phaD 
 She'rah 
 Sher'e-bi'ah 
 She/resh 
 8he-rg/zer 
 
 She'shaeh 
 
 She'shai 
 
 ShS''shan 
 
 Shesh-baz^zar 
 
 Sheth 
 
 She'thar 
 
 She'thar-boz'na-i 
 
 She'va 
 
 Shib'bo-leth 
 
 Shib/mah 
 
 Shi'€ron 
 
 Shig-ga/ion (-yon) 
 
 Shi-gi/o-noth 
 
 ShI/hon 
 
 Shi^hor 
 
 Shl%6r-lib'natb 
 
 ShiPhl 
 
 Shil/him 
 
 ShlFlem 
 
 Shil/lem-Ites 
 
 ShI'lo 
 
 Shi-lo'ah 
 
 Shi'loh 
 
 Shi-lo/nT 
 
 Shi'lo-nite, or Shi- 
 
 lo'iiTte 
 ShiFshah 
 Shim/e-a 
 Shlm'e-ah 
 Shiin^e-am 
 Shim'e-ath 
 Shlm'c-ath-ites 
 Shim/e-I 
 ShTm'e-on 
 Shim'hl 
 Shl'mT 
 Shim'Ites 
 Shim'ma 
 Sbl^mon 
 Shlm'rath 
 Shimon 
 Shim/rith 
 Shlm'rom 
 Shlm^ron 
 Shirn'ron-ites 
 Shlm'ron-me'ron 
 Shlm'shai 
 SM'nab 
 Shi'nar 
 Shi'on 
 ShI'phT 
 Shiph/mlte 
 Shiph'rah 
 ShTph'tau 
 Shl'sha 
 ShFshak 
 SMt'ra-I 
 ShTt'tim 
 Shi'za 
 Sho'a 
 Sho'ah 
 Sho'bab 
 Sho'baeh 
 Sho'ba-I 
 Sho'bal 
 Sho'bek 
 Sho'bl 
 Sho'eho 
 Sho'ehoh 
 Sho'€o 
 Sho'ham 
 Sbo/mer 
 Sho/phSeh 
 Sho'phan 
 Sho-sban^nim 
 Sho-shan/nim-e'- 
 
 duth 
 Shi}/a 
 Shu/ab 
 Shij^al. 
 Shu'ba-el 
 Shij/ham 
 Shij/ham-ites 
 ShH'hlte 
 Sh}}/lain-Tte 
 Shy'math-ites 
 Shij'nam-mlte 
 ShH'nem 
 
 Shjj'nites 
 
 Shu'pbam 
 
 Sbi^'pham-ites 
 
 Sbup'pim 
 
 Sbar 
 
 Sbij'sban 
 
 Sbu'sban-e 'duth 
 
 Shi}/thal-hltes 
 
 Shu'the-lah 
 
 SFa 
 
 Si'a-ha 
 
 SFba 
 
 Sib'be-eai 
 
 Sib'be-€bai 
 
 STb'bo-letb 
 
 STb/mab 
 
 STb'ra-im 
 
 ST'ebem 
 
 Si'cy-on (sish/i-on) 
 
 Sid^dini 
 
 ST'de 
 
 Sl'don 
 
 ST-do'ni-ang 
 
 Si-gPo-noth 
 
 SFhon 
 
 SPhor 
 
 ST'las 
 
 Sil'la 
 
 Si-lo'ah, or Sn'o-ah 
 
 Si-lD'am, or Sil'o- 
 
 am 
 
 ST-lo'e, or Sil'o-e 
 
 Sil-va'DUS 
 
 ST'mal-€u'e 
 
 STm'e-oa 
 
 STm'e-oa-Ites 
 
 Sl'moa 
 
 STm/rl 
 
 Sin 
 
 SFna 
 
 Sl'nai 
 
 SFnini 
 
 SmTte 
 
 Sl'on 
 
 STph'moth 
 
 STp'pai 
 
 SFrach 
 
 SI'rah 
 
 STr-'i-on 
 
 ST-sam''a-I 
 
 Sis'e-ra 
 
 Si-sin'neg 
 
 STt'nah 
 
 SFvan 
 
 Smyr'na (smir'na) 
 
 So 
 
 So'cho 
 
 So'eboh 
 
 SS^eob 
 
 So'dl 
 
 Sod'om 
 
 Sod'o-ma 
 
 Sod'om-Ttes 
 
 S5d'om-Tt/isb 
 
 Sol'o-mon 
 
 Sop'a-ter 
 
 S6pb/e-reth 
 
 Soph'o-ni'as 
 
 So'rek 
 
 So-sTp'a-ter 
 
 Sos'tbe-nej 
 
 Sos'tra-tus 
 
 So'ta-I 
 
 Spain 
 
 Spir^ta 
 
 Sta'ebys 
 
 Stepb'a-nas 
 
 Ste'phm (ste'vn) 
 
 Stories 
 
 SQ/ah 
 
 Su'ba 
 
 Su'ba-T 
 
 Sue'eoth 
 
 Su€'€oth-be'noth 
 
 Su'^batb-Ites 
 
 Sud 
 
 Su'di-as 
 
 Suk'ki-ima 
 
 sar 
 
 Su'sa 
 
 Su'san-ehltes 
 Su-gan'na 
 Sa'sl 
 Sy'ehar 
 Sy'^«hem 
 Sy/€bem-ite 
 Sy-e'lus 
 Sy-e'ne 
 Syn'ti-ehe 
 Syr''a-euse 
 Syr'i-a 
 
 SJ'r'i-a-ma'a- ehab 
 Syr'i-ae 
 Syr'i-an 
 Syr^i-on 
 
 Sy/ro-phe-ni'ci-an 
 (-nish'i-an) 
 
 T. 
 
 Ta'a-naeh 
 
 Ta'a-nath-shi'loh 
 
 Tab'a-oth 
 
 Tab'ba-oth 
 
 Xab^batb 
 
 Ta'be-al 
 
 Ta'be-el 
 
 Ta-beFU-us 
 
 Tab'e-rab 
 
 Tab'i-tba 
 
 Ta'bor 
 
 Tab'ri-mon 
 
 Taeh'mo-nlte 
 
 Tad'mor 
 
 Ta'han 
 
 Ta'han-ites 
 
 Ta-hap/a-neg 
 
 Ta/bath 
 
 Tab'pan-heg 
 
 Tah'pe-neg 
 
 Tab're-a 
 
 Tab/tim-hSd'shl 
 
 Tai'i-tha cu'ml 
 
 Tai'mai 
 
 Tai'mon 
 
 Tai'sas 
 
 Ta'mab 
 
 Ta'mar 
 
 Tam'muz 
 
 Ta'naeh 
 
 Tan/bu-meth 
 
 Ta'nis 
 
 Ta'pbatb 
 
 Tapb^neg 
 
 Ta^pbon 
 
 Tap'pu-ah 
 
 Ta'rab 
 
 Tar'a-lah 
 
 Ta're-a 
 
 Tar/pel-ites 
 
 Tar'sbis 
 
 Tar'shisb 
 
 Tar'sus 
 
 Taraak 
 
 Tar'tan 
 
 Tat/na-I 
 
 Te'bah 
 
 Teb'a-ll'ab 
 
 Te'betb 
 
 Te-baph/ne-he§ 
 
 Te-hin/nab 
 
 Te/kel 
 
 Te-ko/a 
 
 Te-ko'ab 
 
 Te-ko'Ite 
 
 Tel'-a'bib 
 
 Te'lab 
 
 Tel/a-im 
 
 Te-ias'sar 
 
 Te^em 
 
 Tel/-ha-re'sha 
 
 Tel^-bar'sa 
 
 Tel'-me'la 
 
 T6F-m6'lab 
 
 Te'ma 
 
 Te'man 
 
 T6m/a-ni 
 
 Te/man-ite 
 
 Tem'e-nl 
 
 Te'rah 
 
 Ter'a-pbim 
 
 Te'resb 
 
 TSr/ti-u3(-sbi-us) 
 
 Ter-tai'lus 
 
 Te'ta 
 
 Tbad-dae^us 
 
 Tbad-dd'as, or 
 
 Tbad'de-us 
 Tba'hasb 
 Tba/Qiab 
 Tba/mar 
 Tbam'na-tba 
 Tba'rii 
 Thar'ra 
 Tbar'sbish 
 Thar'sus 
 Tbas'sl 
 Tbe^bez 
 Tbe-eo'e 
 Tbe-la'sar 
 Tbe-lgr'sas 
 Tbe^man 
 Tbe-6€'a-nu3 
 The-od'o-tus 
 The-opb'i-lus 
 Tbe'ras 
 Th5r/me-l_6tb 
 Thes/sa-lo'ni-an§ 
 Thgs'sa-lo-ni'ea 
 Theu'das 
 Tbim/na-tbah 
 TbTs'be 
 
 Tbom'as (tom'as) 
 Tborn'o-i 
 Tbra'ci-a (-shi-a) 
 Tbra-sS'as 
 Tburn'mim 
 Tby'a-ti'ra 
 Ti-be'ri-as 
 Tl-be'ri-us 
 Tib'batb 
 TTb^nl 
 Ti'dal 
 
 Tigaatb-pT-le'ger 
 Tl/gris 
 Tik'vah 
 Tik^vath 
 
 TiPgatb-pil-ne'ger 
 TPlon 
 Ti-mae'us 
 Tl-mg/us 
 Tlm/na 
 Tim/nah 
 Tim^natb 
 Tlm/na-tbah 
 TTm/nath-he'rej 
 TTm'natb-se'rab 
 Tim/nlte 
 Tl'mon 
 TT-mo'tbe-us 
 Tim/o-thy 
 TTpb'sab 
 Tl'ras 
 Tl/ratb-ites 
 TTr/ba-kab 
 TTr^ba-nah 
 TTr'i-a 
 Tir'sha-tba 
 Tir'zab 
 Tisb/blte 
 TT'tang 
 TFtus 
 TI/zTte 
 To'ab 
 Tob 
 
 T6b/-ad/o-nI''jah 
 To-bi/ah 
 To-bT/as 
 To'bie 
 To'bi-el 
 To-bi'jab 
 
 T5'bifc 
 
 To'«ben 
 
 To-gar'mah 
 
 To'nu 
 
 Toa 
 
 To'la 
 
 Toaad 
 
 To'la-Ites 
 
 ToFba-nea 
 
 To'pbel 
 
 To'pbet 
 
 To'pUetb 
 
 To'n 
 
 Tra€h/o-m'tb 
 
 Trip'o-lis 
 
 TrG'as 
 
 Tro-gyl'li-um 
 
 Tropb4-mu8 
 
 Try-phS'na 
 
 Try/pbon 
 
 Try-pbo'sa 
 
 Tu'bal 
 
 TQ'bal-eain 
 
 Tu'bi-e'ni 
 
 T^€h/i-€U8 
 
 Ty-ran'nu* 
 Tyre 
 Tyr'i-ang 
 Ty'rua 
 
 u. 
 
 y/€al 
 
 y/ei 
 y/ia-i 
 
 U'lam 
 
 tTl'la 
 
 t5^m'mah 
 
 tJn^ni 
 
 U-pbar'sin 
 
 U/pbaz 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Ur'bane (an old 
 
 _ spelling o/t)rbanJ 
 
 U'rl 
 
 U-rl/ah 
 
 U-rT/as 
 
 U'ri-el 
 
 U-rPjah 
 
 yrim 
 
 yta 
 
 U'tha-I 
 
 U/tbi 
 
 th 
 
 y/za-I 
 
 U'zal 
 
 Cz'za 
 
 tJz'zah 
 
 tJz'zen-she'rah 
 
 tJz'zI 
 
 Uz-zFa 
 
 Uz-zFah 
 
 Uz-zT'el or tJ'z'zi-d 
 
 Uz-zl/el-ites 
 
 Va-jgz'a-tha 
 
 Va-ni'ah 
 
 Vasb/ui 
 
 Vasb'tl 
 
 VOpb'si 
 
 X. 
 
 Xan/tbi-€us (zanz-j 
 
 2S./a-na'im 
 Za'a-nan 
 
 f<5bd, fcJbt ; <im, rjjd*, pyll ; fell, phaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; ejut ; lifiger, liQk ; this. 
 
88v> 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 SL'&-uilix'niixi 
 
 Zal-Mtiu'ui 
 
 Z^b'a-dT'ah 
 
 Ze'pbath 
 
 Zib'i-ah 
 
 ZIth'rl 
 
 Zi'a-vilu 
 
 ZAm'bis 
 
 Ze'bah 
 
 Zeph'a-tliah 
 
 Zl«h/rl 
 
 Ziz 
 
 Za'bAd 
 
 Zim'brl 
 
 Ze-ba'im 
 
 Ze'phI 
 
 Zid'dim 
 
 Zl'za 
 
 Ztlb':iHi;v'aug 
 
 Zii'uioth 
 
 Z6b'e-4ee 
 
 Ze/pho 
 
 Zid-ki'jah 
 
 ZFzah 
 
 Zab a-iU'ias (-yas) 
 
 Zaui-zum/mima 
 
 Ze-bi'na 
 
 Zu'phoii 
 
 Zl'dou 
 
 Zo'an 
 
 Stilb'a-da'aus 
 
 Za-uoah 
 
 Ze-boi'iin 
 
 Zepli'on-Ites 
 
 Zi-do'ni-ang 
 
 Zo'ar 
 
 Zab'bai 
 
 zaphuath-pa'a- 
 
 Ze-bo^im 
 
 ZCr 
 
 Zif 
 
 Zo'ba 
 
 Zabbud 
 
 lie'sUi 
 
 Ze-bu'dali 
 
 Ze'rah 
 
 ZPha 
 
 Zo'bah 
 
 Zib-Ueus 
 
 Zapbou 
 
 ZG'bul 
 
 Zer'a-hT'ah 
 
 Zik'iag 
 
 Zo-be'bah 
 
 Zab'di 
 
 Za'm 
 
 Zeb'u-lou-Ites 
 
 Zer/a-I'ah 
 
 Zll'lah 
 
 Zo'har 
 
 Xib'di-el 
 
 Z;lr'a-fea 
 
 Zeb'u-lun 
 
 Ze'red 
 
 Zil'pah 
 
 Zo'he-leth 
 
 Za'bud 
 
 Za'rah 
 
 Z6b'ii-luQ-Ite 
 
 Zer/e-da 
 
 Zil'thai 
 
 Zo'heth 
 
 Zab'u-lou 
 
 Z;lr/a-I'as 
 
 Z6€h'a-ri'ak 
 
 Ze-red'a-thah 
 
 Zlm/mah 
 
 Zo'phah. 
 
 ZJc'ca-i 
 
 Za^re-ah 
 
 Ze'dSd 
 
 Zer'e-rilth 
 
 ZTm/riin 
 
 Zo/phai 
 
 Zac-chie^us 
 
 Zi're-ath-Ites 
 
 Zgd'e-ehT'as 
 
 Ze'resh 
 
 Zirn'rl 
 
 Zo'phar 
 
 Zac-chC'us 
 
 Za/red 
 
 Zgd'e-kl'ah 
 
 Ze'reth 
 
 Zin 
 
 Zo/phim 
 
 ZnCfhur 
 
 Zilr'e-phath 
 
 Zeeb 
 
 Ze/ri 
 
 Zl'na 
 
 Zd'rah 
 
 Mc'cur 
 
 Zilr/e-tau 
 
 Ze'lah 
 
 Ze'ror 
 
 ZFon 
 
 Zo'rath-ites 
 
 Z;lth'a-ri'ah 
 
 Za'reth-sha'har 
 
 Ze'lek 
 
 Ze-ru^ah 
 
 Zl'or 
 
 Zo're-ah 
 
 Zrith'a-rl'aa 
 
 Zar'hites 
 
 Ze-lo'Dhe-had 
 
 Ze-rub'ba-bel 
 
 Ziph 
 
 Zo^rltes 
 
 Z5fh'a-ry 
 
 Zar'ta-Jiah 
 
 Ze-lo'teg 
 
 Z6r/u-I'ah 
 
 Zl/phah 
 
 Zo-rGb'a-bel 
 
 Za'€her 
 
 Zar'than 
 
 ZeFzah 
 
 ZS/tham 
 
 Ziph/im§ 
 
 Zu'ar 
 
 Za'dok 
 
 Zath'o-e 
 
 Zem/a-ra'im 
 
 Ze'than 
 
 Ziph'i-on 
 
 Ziiph 
 
 Za^ham 
 
 Za-thu'I 
 
 Zem/a-rlte 
 
 Ze'thar 
 
 Ziph/ites 
 
 Zur 
 
 Za'ir 
 
 zat/thu 
 
 Ze-mlTa 
 
 Zl'a 
 
 Zl'phrou 
 
 Zu/ri-61 
 
 Za'iaph 
 
 zavtu 
 
 Zg/nan 
 
 ZFba 
 
 Zip/por 
 
 ZQ'ri-shSd'da-I 
 
 Zai'mon 
 
 Za'van 
 
 Ze'nas 
 
 Zib/e-on 
 
 Zip-po'rah 
 
 Zu^zimg 
 
 2jal-mo'nah 
 
 Za'za 
 
 Zeph'a-ni'ah 
 
 Zib'i-a 
 
 
 
 e, &c., long ; S, g, &c., short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, tSrm; pique, firm ; s6n, or, dcj, w^W^ 
 food, fottt J Qrn, rijde, piill ; fell, phaise, «aU, e€ho ; gem get ;, ag ; ejist ; linger link ; tbia. 
 
PEONOUNCmG VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 The following Vocabulary has been prepared by a careful 
 aalection of the more important of the names embraced in 
 the Vocabulary furnished by Professor Thomas A. Thacher, 
 of Yale CoUege, for Webster's unabridged Dictionary, the 
 edition of 1864 ; and the pronunciation as there given has 
 been followed throughout. In the choice of names to be 
 inserted, regard has been had both to Uability to mispro- 
 nunciation and to frequency of occurrence, and this Vo- 
 cabulary is believed to be fully adequate for the ordinary 
 wants of readers in English. 
 
 The authorities to which reference is made are divided 
 into two groups. The first group consists of PASSOW, 
 Freund, Klotz, Pape, and Facciolati ; the second, 
 of Smith, Pauly, Carr, Labbe, Liddell & Scott, 
 
 BiSCHOFF & MOLLER, FORBIGER, SCHELLER, WALK- 
 ER, MiJLLER, and Frijlink. 
 
 Words concerning whose pronunciation there can not 
 be any question are printed without any reference. Such 
 
 words, for instance, are Terpsich'o-re, of which the Greek 
 form (Tepil/ixopv) ^^^ omicron in the penult ; Tha-Wa^ 
 which in Greek has the diphthong et in the pentdt (©oAeia) ; 
 The-mis'ta, whose penult is long by position ; and The'mis, 
 a dissyllable. 
 
 Those words also stand without any reference whose 
 pronimciation has the authority of any two of the names 
 contained in the first group of authors given above, or the 
 authority of any one of the first group together with one 
 or more of the second group. 
 
 If, however, the authorities are divided, then, as a gen- 
 eral thing, the two pronunciations are given, and the au- 
 thority for each is indicated by initials annexed. But some- 
 times, when the authority for one pronunciation is suffi- 
 cient according to the foregoing rule, and that for the other 
 deficient, the latter authority only is indicated. 
 
 All the remaining words in the Vocabulary have the 
 authority for their pronunciation annexed. 
 
 RULE S 
 
 FOR PRONOUNCING THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Rules for the Vowels. 
 
 1. Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, 
 o, and M, at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the 
 long English sound ; as, Ca'to, Ce'crops, Di'do, So'lon, 
 Cu'mx, Me-lis'sa, Mo-los'sus, Tu-lin'gi : in which words 
 the final vowels of the first syllables have the same sound 
 as the corresponding vowels in the first syllables of the 
 English words pa'per, ce'dar, si'lent^ co'lon, du'ty. 
 
 2. A ending an unaccented syllable has the sound of a 
 m fa'ther or in last; as, Ga-bi'na, A-re'ne, pronounced 
 Gah-bi'nah, Ah-re'ne. 
 
 3. I ending a final syllable has the long sound, as 
 To'mi. At the end of initial unaccented syllables it varies, 
 somewhat indefinitely, between i long, as I-u'lus, and i 
 short (like i in pin), as in I-ta'li-a. In all other cases i 
 ending an vmaccented syllable has its short sound, as in pin. 
 
 4. Y is pronounced as i would be in the same situation. 
 
 5. M and cb are pronounced as e would be in the same 
 situation. 
 
 6. If a syllable end in a consonant, the vowel has the 
 short English sound ; as, Bal'bus, Del'phi, Cin'nn, Mos'- 
 chus, Tus'cus, in which the vowels have the same sounds 
 as in the English words man'ner, sel'dom, din'ner, scoffer, 
 mus'ter. 
 
 Exception. — E\n final es is pronounced as in the fa- 
 miliar proper name An'des. 
 
 56 
 
 Rules for the Consonants. 
 
 7. C before e, i, y, as, and ce, is pronounced like s ; be- 
 fore a, 0, and u, and before consonants, like k ; as Ce'a, 
 Cic'e-ro, Cy'pnts, Cae'sar, CcpJli-a, Ca'to, Co'cles, Cu'mae. 
 
 8. G before e, i, y, x, cz, or another g followed by e, has 
 the sound of y ; before a, o, and m, and before consonants 
 other than g, as above excepted, the hard sound, as in the 
 English words gave, gone; as, Ge'lo, Gi-gan'tes, Gy-gae'- 
 us, Ag'ger, Ga'bi-i, Gor^gi-as, Sa-gun' lum. 
 
 9. Ck has the sound of k, but it is silent before a mute 
 consonant at the beginning of a word ; as, Chtho'nia, pre- 
 nounced Tho'ni-a. 
 
 10. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iic, and eu, preceded 
 immediately by the accent, in Latin words, as in English, 
 change into sh and zh. But when the t follows 5, t, or z, or 
 when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, 
 the consonant preserves its pure sound; as, Sal-lus'ti-us, 
 Brul'ti-i, Mil-ti'a-des, &c. Tin the termination tion also 
 retains its original sound ; as, The-o-do'ti-on. 
 
 11. S has, in general, the sound of 5 in this. Final s 
 preceded by e, or a liquid, has the sound of z. 
 
 12. Initial x has the sound of z. 
 
 13. Initial ph before a mute is silent ; as, Phthi'a, pro- 
 nounced Thi'a. Initial p before 5 is silent ; as, Psy'che, 
 pronounced Sy'he. Initial p before t is silent; as, Ptol-e- 
 tw^'ms, pronounced Tol-e-mx'us. 
 
882 
 
 GREEK AM) LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 14. At the beginning of words wo frequently find the 
 xincombinable consonant* mn, ttn. Sec. ; as, Mne-mos^y-ne, 
 Tinoltui, kc. These are to be pronounced with the fii-st 
 consonaoit mute, as if written Ne-mos'y-ne, Mo'lus, &c. 
 
 Remark. 1. The termination nis, derived from the 
 thinl declonsiou of Greek contracts in eus, although usually 
 made a single syllable in poetry, is resolved into two sylla- 
 bles in the Table. This is also done by Walker and Trol- 
 lope, and it is defended by Labbe and Carr. The other syl- 
 
 labication, by which ei« has the sound of tise, as in the 
 noun abuse, is also given. 
 
 2. The names in Italics are the Anglicized forms of the 
 classical names above them ; and each for himself must 
 judge whether to adhere to the classical pronunciation or 
 not. 
 
 3. Diacritical marks are used, in this Vocabulary, to in- 
 dicate the soft sounds of c, g-, and s, in some cases, as in 
 uE-agH-de^, JS-ge'ri-a ; and the hard sound of c, as in 
 A-€hU'lei; also when n has the sound of ng, as in An'cho-x. 
 
 The abbreviations Pic., F.,K., Pe., Fac., S., Py., C, 
 L., Ltd., B., For., Sch., W., M., and Fr., stand, respect- 
 ively, for the following authorities, viz., Passoxv, Freund, 
 Elotz, Pape, Facciolati, Smith, Pauly, Carr, Labbe, Lid- 
 (UU k Scott, BischojSr^ MdUer, Forbiger, Scheller, Walker, 
 
 Mt'tUer, and Frijlink. The figures which follow certain 
 words in the Vocabulary refer to corresponding Rules of 
 Pronunciation. The figure 6, for example, appended to 
 Abantes, refers to Rule 6, which shows that the vowel in 
 the last syllable has its long English sound. 
 
 A. 
 
 A-Tja, and A'bse 
 AVa-lus, 
 
 C. Py. M. 
 A-ban'tes, 6 
 A-ban^ti-a, 10 
 Ab'an-ti'a-deg, 6 
 A-ban'ti-as, 10 
 A-ban'tis 
 Ab'ar-ba're-a 
 Ab'a-ris 
 A'bas 
 Ab'a-sa, C. 
 Ab'a-si'tis 
 A-bas'sus 
 
 Ab'a-tos [ C. 
 
 Ab'da-lon'i-mus, S. 
 Ab'da-lon'y-mus 
 Ab-de^ra 
 Ab'de-ri'teg, 6, and 
 
 Ab'de-ri'ta 
 Ab-de'rus 
 Ab'do-lon'y-mus 
 A'be-a'tae 
 A-bel'la 
 A'bi-a 
 A/bi-i 
 AVi-la 
 A-bis'a-reg, 6 
 AVno-ba 
 Ab'o-bri'ca 
 A-bcec'ri-tus 
 Ab'o-la'ni 
 A-bon'i-tei'ehos 
 A-bor'ras [ W. 
 
 AVra-da'teg, 6, C. 
 A-broc'o-mas 
 Ab'ro-di-ae'tus 
 A'bron 
 A-bron'y-€hus 
 
 c. s. w. 
 
 A-bro/ta 
 
 AVro-ta 
 
 W. C. M. Fr. 
 A-brot^o-num 
 A-bru'po-lis 
 Ab-syr'ti-deg, 6 
 Ab-syr'tUB 
 AVu-li'teg, 6, 
 
 Py. S. W. 
 A-bv'duB 
 AVy-la 
 
 Ab'ys-Hi'ni, L. W. 
 Ac'a-callis 
 Ac/a-ce'fd-us, 10, 
 
 S. W. 
 A-ca'ci-us, 10 
 ACa-de'mi-a 
 Ac^a-de'raua 
 Ao'a-lan'druB 
 Ao^a.4na8 
 
 s. 
 
 A-camp'sis 
 A-can'tha 
 A-can'thus 
 Ac'ar-na'ni-a 
 A-cas'tus 
 Ac'ci-a, 10 
 Ac'ci-us, 10 
 A'ce 
 
 A-cer'a-tus, C. S. 
 A-cer'rae 
 A-ce^si-a, 10 
 A^'e-si'neg, 6 
 A-ces'ta 
 A-ces'teg, 6 
 A-^hae'a 
 A-chae'i 
 
 A-^haem'e-neg, 6 
 Ach'se-men'i-deg, 6 
 A-chEe'us 
 A-€ha'i-a (a-ka'ya) 
 A-thar'nse 
 A-<;ha'teg, 6 
 A€h'e-lo'i-de2, 6 
 A€h'e-lo'us 
 A€h'e-ron 
 Ath'e-ron'ti-a, 10 
 A^h'e-ru'si-a, 10 
 A-€hil/las 
 Ach'il-le'a 
 A€h'il-le'is 
 A-€hil/le§, 6 
 Ach'il-le'um 
 A-€hiiae-us 
 A-chi'vi 
 Ach'la-dae'us 
 A^/i-€ho'ri-us 
 A^'i-da'li-a 
 A-cil'i-a 
 A-cil'i-us 
 A'cis 
 
 Ac-mon'i-deg, 6 
 A-cce'teg, 6 
 A-con'ti-us, 10 
 Ac/o-ri.s 
 
 Ac'o-rus, C. W. 
 A'cra 
 Ac'ra-gas 
 A-cra'tus 
 A'cri-ae, S. W. 
 A'cri-a'teg, 6 
 Ac'ri-doph'a-§i 
 A-cris'i-o-ne'us 
 A-cris'i-o-ni'a-deg, 
 A-crifi'i-u8 [6 
 
 A-cri'tas 
 
 Ac'ro-a'thon, L. W. 
 A-cro'a-thon, K. 
 C. 
 Ac'ro-ce-rau'ni-um 
 Ac'ro-co-rin'thus 
 A'cron 
 A-crop'o-liB 
 A-crot^a-tus, Py.L. 
 
 Ac'ro-tho'on 
 Ac-tse'a 
 Ac-tae'on 
 Ac-tes'us 
 Ac'ti-a, 10 
 Ac'ti-sa'neg, 6, M. 
 Fr. 
 
 Ac-tis^a-neg, S. 
 Ac'ti-um, 10 
 Ac'ti-us, 10 
 Ac-tor'i-de§, 6 
 Ac'to-ris 
 A-cu'le-o 
 A-cu'phis 
 A-cu'si-la'us 
 Ad'a-da, M. B. 
 A-dae'us 
 Ad'a-man-tae'a 
 Ad'a-mas 
 Ad'a-mas'tus 
 Ad'du-a 
 Ad-her^bal 
 A'di-at'o-rix 
 A^di-e'nus, Py. 
 Ad'i-man'tus 
 Ad-me'te 
 Ad-me'to 
 Ad-me'tus, C. 
 A-do'ni-a 
 A-do'nis 
 Ad''ra-myt-te'um,or 
 
 Ad'ra-myt-ti'um 
 Ad'ra-myt'ti-um 
 
 W. C. 3L 
 Ad''ra-na, the Oder. 
 
 A-dra'na, B. Jlf. 
 Ad'ras-ti'a [ W. 
 Ad'ras-ti'i Cam'pi 
 A-dras'tus 
 A'dri-an-op'o-lis 
 A'dri-a'nus 
 A'dri-at'i-cum 
 Ad'ri-me'tum 
 Ad'u-at'i-ci, or 
 
 Ad'u-at'u-ci 
 A-du'la 
 A-du'lLs 
 
 Ad'yr-ma€h'i-dae 
 M'a. 
 
 iE'a-ce'a 
 ^-a^/i-deg, 6 
 .3E'a-cus 
 
 iE'an-te'um 
 JE-an'ti-deg, 6, W. 
 SJzs, [S. 
 
 ^-de'si-a, 10 
 ^-di'leg, 6 
 A-e'don 
 A'e-do'nis 
 JEd'u-i 
 
 -aE-e'ta, iE-e'feas, or 
 ^-e'teg, 6 
 
 .ffi-e'ti-as, 10 
 
 2E-§se'on 
 
 M-§ae'nm. 
 
 .Sl-ga'le-os 
 
 .ai-ga'le-um 
 
 ^-ga'teg, 6 
 
 .^-ge'le-on 
 
 iE-^e^ri-a 
 
 .a^les'ta 
 
 M'^-a-le'a, 
 
 ,.a;-*i/a-lus 
 M§'i-]ifii,an island. 
 M-§il'i-a, a demus 
 
 in Attica, S. 
 ^-gim'u-rus 
 
 Mg'i-ne't& 
 JE^'i-ne'teg, 6 
 
 ^§^i-pan 
 
 ^-gi^ra 
 
 ^-^s'thus 
 
 ■^g'leg, 6 
 
 Mg-le'te^, 6 
 
 M-goh'o-\as 
 
 M'gon 
 
 M'gos Pofa-mi, or 
 
 Pot'a-mos 
 iE'gus 
 ^-gu'sa 
 ^-typ'ti-i, 10 
 JE-^p'ti-um, 10 
 .^-gyp'tus 
 iE^li-a 
 .^'li-a'nus 
 iE/li-us 
 A-ePlo 
 ^-lu'rus 
 ^^miPi-a 
 -aEm'i-li-a'nus 
 .^-mlH-us 
 ^'mon, or ^'mus 
 -S-mo'ni-a 
 ^-mon'i-deg, 6 
 JE-na'ri-a 
 ^-ne'a, or M-m'a, 
 ^-ne'a-dae 
 JE-ne/a-deg , 6 
 JE-ne'as, of Troy. 
 JE'ne-as, of Corinth, 
 
 Metapontus, Sfc. 
 iE-ne'is 
 
 -^-nes'i-de'mufl 
 .S-ne'tus 
 M'ni-a, 
 
 .^n'o-bar'bufl 
 JE-o'li-a 
 M-o'U-K 
 
 iE-oPi-deg, 6 
 JEyo-lis 
 .ayo-lus 
 .SE-o'ra 
 ^p/y-tus 
 M'qvii 
 .ai-quic^o-li 
 ^q'ui-me'k-um 
 A-er'o-pe 
 
 JEr'o-pus, a moun' 
 tain, C. 
 A-er'o-pus 
 
 .ais'a-cus 
 
 ^s'thi-neg, 6 
 ^s'^hri-on, W. <S 
 iEs/«hy-lus 
 iEs'cu-la'pi-us 
 ^-so'pus 
 
 (^sop) 
 .ai-tha'li-a, also 
 
 ^th'a-li'a, or 
 ^th'a-le'a 
 ^thra 
 .ffi-thu^sa 
 A-e/ti-on,10 
 ^-to'li-a 
 JE-to'lus 
 A-fra'ni-us 
 Af'ri-ca 
 Afri-ca'nus 
 Af'ri-cum 
 Ag'a-me'deg, 6 
 Ag'a-mem'non 
 Ag'a-mem-non'i- 
 
 deg,6 
 Ag'a-mus 
 Ag'a-nip'pe 
 Ag'a-pe'nor 
 Ag'a-re'ni 
 Ag'a-ris'ta 
 A-gas''i-cleg,6, 
 
 Py. W. 
 Ag'a-sus 
 Ag'a-tha 
 
 Ag/a-thar'€hi-deg ,6 
 A-ga'thi-as, and 
 
 Ag'a-thi'as 
 Ag'a-tho 
 Ag'a-tho-cle'a 
 A-gath'o-cleg, 6 
 Ag'a-thon 
 Ag'a-thyr'si 
 A-ga've 
 Ag-des'tis 
 A^'e-las'tus 
 A^'e-la'us 
 A-gen/di-ciun 
 A-ge'nor 
 Ag'e-san'der 
 A-^e'si-as, 10, 
 
 Pta. W. 
 A-gee^i-la'us 
 
 A§^e-sip'o-lis 
 A§/e-sis'tra-ta, 
 
 L. S. W. 
 Ag/i-dse 
 A/gis 
 
 Ag-la'i-a (ag-la'ya) 
 Ag/la-o-ni'ce 
 Ag-lau''ros 
 Ag-la'us, K. Py. S. 
 AgasL-ns, C. L.AL 
 Ag-nod'i-ce, 
 
 Pe. Sch. S. W. 
 Ag'no-di'ce, K. 
 Ag'no-ni'a 
 Ag-non/i-deg, 6 
 A-go'ni-us 
 Ag'o-ra 
 Ag/Q-rac'ri-tus 
 Ag/o-ra'nis, Py. W. 
 Ag'o-ran'o-mi 
 A'gra 
 Ag'ra-gas 
 A-grau'Ii-a, <S. W. 
 A-grau'los 
 A'gri-a'neg, 6. 
 A-gric'o-la 
 A'gri-o'ni-a 
 A-grip/pa 
 Ag'rip-pi'na 
 A'gri-us 
 Ag''ro-las 
 A^gron 
 A-grot'e-ra 
 A-^'i-e-VLS 
 (a-ji'ye-us) 
 A-^^ieus 
 (a-ji/yijs) 
 A-gyl'la 
 A-gyr'i-um 
 A-ha'Ia 
 
 A-hen'o-bar'bus 
 A'i-do'ne-us 
 A'i-do'neus, or 
 A-id'o-neus 
 A'ius (a'yus)Lo- 
 
 cu'ti-us, 10 
 A-lae'a 
 A-lae'i 
 A-lse'sa 
 APa-la, Piv. 
 Al'al-com'e-nas 
 Al'a-ma'ni, or 
 Al'a-man'ni 
 A-la'ni 
 Al'a-ri'cus 
 {Al'a-ric) 
 A-las'tor 
 A-las/to-reg,6 
 Al'a-zon, W. 
 
 A-la'zon, Pio.C 
 Al-ba'ni, or 
 
 Al-ben'seg, 6 
 Al-ba'ni-a 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 883 
 
 Al-ba'nuB 
 
 AFbi-a 
 
 Al-bi/ci 
 
 AVbi-ci, K. 
 Al'bi-gau'num 
 i»i-bi/ni 
 Al'bi-on 
 APbi-us 
 Al'bu-la 
 Al-bu/ne-a 
 Al-cae'us 
 Al-can'der 
 Al-cath''o-e 
 Al-cath'o-us 
 AVce 
 Al-ce-'nor 
 Al-ces'te, or 
 
 Al-ces'tis 
 AFci-bi'a-deg, 6 
 A)-cid'a-ma8 
 AVci-da-me'a 
 APci-da'mus, Pe. 
 Al-ciMe§, 6 
 Al-cid'i-ce, 
 
 Py. S. W. 
 Al-cim'a-«hus 
 Al-cim'e-de 
 Al-cim'e-don 
 Al-cim'e-ne§, 6 
 Al'ci-mus 
 Al-cin^o-us 
 Al/ci-phron, C. W. 
 Al-cip'pe 
 Al-cith'o-e 
 Alc-mae'oa 
 Alc-me^na 
 Al-cy'o-ne 
 AFcy-o'ne-us 
 
 Al-cy'o-neus 
 A'ie-a 
 A-leCto 
 A-lec'tor 
 A-lec-'try-on 
 A-le'i-us (a-Ie'yus) 
 
 Cam'pus 
 AFe-man'rii, and 
 
 Al/e-ma'ni 
 A-le'sa 
 
 A-le'si-a, 10, F. W. 
 A-le/the§,6, Virg. 
 
 Al^eu-a'dae, W. 
 A'lex 
 
 Al/ex-am'e-nus 
 Al'ex-an'der 
 AFex-an'dra 
 A-lex'an-dri'a 
 
 (Al'ex-an'dri-a) 
 A-lex'an-dri'na 
 A-lex/an-drop'o-lis 
 AFex-a'nor 
 A-lex'as 
 AFex-ic'a-cus 
 AFex-i'nus 
 A-lex'i-on, S. W. 
 Al'ex-ip'pus 
 A-lex'is 
 A-lex'o 
 A-lex/on 
 Al-fe^nus 
 Al/gi-dum 
 A/li-ac'mon 
 A'li-ar'tus 
 A'li-e'nus 
 A-U'fae 
 A/li-i 
 APi-lge'i 
 Al'i-men'tus 
 A-li^phae 
 Al'i-phe'ra 
 AFir-ro'thi-us 
 Al'li-a 
 
 Al-lob'ro-^eg, 6 
 Al-lot/ri-ges, 6, 
 
 For. W. 
 Al-lu'ci-us.lO, 
 
 S.W. 
 A-lo/a 
 A-lo'e-iis 
 
 A-lo'eus 
 Al'o-i'dee 
 
 AFo-i'deg, 6 
 
 Al'o-pe 
 
 A-lop'e-ce 
 
 A^los 
 
 Al-pe'nus 
 
 Al-phe/nor 
 
 Al-pbe'nus 
 
 Al'phe-si-boe'a 
 
 Al-phe'us 
 
 Al-pi'nus 
 
 Al'si-um, 10 
 
 Al-tbae^a 
 
 Al-thsem-'e-iies , 6 
 
 Al-ti/num 
 
 A-lun'ti-um , 10 
 
 A'ly-at'tes 
 
 Al'y-ba 
 
 Al'y-cse'a 
 
 A-lyn'o-mus 
 
 APy-pe'tus 
 
 A-ly'pus 
 
 A-lys^sus 
 
 Al'yx-oth'o-e, 
 
 L.W. 
 Al'y-ze'a 
 A-mad'o-cus 
 AiQ/al-thse'a 
 Am/al-the'um 
 A-man/ti-a, 10 
 Am'an-ti'ni, or 
 
 Am'an-te'ni 
 A-ma'iius 
 A-mar'a-cus 
 A-mar^di 
 Ana'a-ryl'lis 
 Am^a-ryn'ce-tig , 10 
 
 Am'a-ryn'ceus 
 Am^a-ryn-ci'de§, 6 
 Ara'a-ryn'tbus 
 A/mas 
 Am^a-se'a, or 
 
 Am'a-si'a 
 A-ma'sis 
 A-mas'tris 
 A-mas'trus 
 A-ma'ta 
 Am/a-thus 
 A-max'i-tis, L. 
 Am'a-ze'nes, 6, 
 
 L. W. 
 A-ma/zon 
 
 {Am'a-zon) 
 A-maz'o-nes, 6 
 
 (Am'a-zons) 
 Am'a-zo'ni-a 
 Am'a-zo'ni-us 
 Am-bar^ri 
 Am'bar-va'leg 
 
 Hos'ti-ge, 6 
 
 Am''bar-va'li-a 
 
 Ain''be-nus, C.W. 
 
 Am'bi-a-ti'mis, 
 
 K. S. 
 
 Am^biat'i-nus, 
 Fac. 
 Am'bi-ga'tus, L. W. 
 Am-bi/o-rix 
 Am^bla-da, -S". W. 
 
 Am-bla'da, B. 
 Am-bra'ci-a, 10 
 Am-bro'ne§,6 
 Am-bro'si-a, 10 
 Am-bro'si-us, 10 
 
 (Ambrose) 
 Am-brys'sus 
 Am'bu-ba'jae 
 Am^e-lei, 6 
 Am/e-na'nus 
 A-me'ri-a 
 A-mes''tra-tTis 
 A-mes'tris 
 A-mi-'da, W. 
 
 Amii-A3.,Py.S.B. 
 A-miFcar 
 Ain/i-los,Py. W. 
 A-mis/i-a,10, and 
 
 -us, the Ems. 
 A-mis/um , or 
 
 A-mis^us 
 Am/i-sus, S. M, 
 
 Am/i-ter'num 
 
 Am/mi-a^nus 
 
 Am-mo'ni-us 
 
 Am-nae/us 
 
 Am^ni-as, S. W. 
 
 Am-ni^sus 
 
 Am/o-me'tus 
 
 A'mor 
 
 Am'o-rae'us 
 
 A-mor^geg, 6 
 
 A-mor^gos 
 
 Am^pe-los 
 
 Am^pe-lu'si-a, 10, 
 
 S.W. 
 Am'pbi-a-ra'us 
 Am'phi-cle'a 
 Am-phic'ra-teg, 6 
 Am-pbic'ty-on, 
 
 Pw. Fr. 
 Am'pbic-ty'o-neg, 6 
 
 (Am-phic'ty-ons) 
 Am-pbi-dro'mi-a 
 „ 5. W. 
 Am^pbi-ge-ni'a 
 Am-pbil'o-«bus 
 Am-phil/y-tus, 
 
 S. W. 
 Am-phim'e-don 
 Am-phin-'o-mus 
 Am-pbi/on 
 Am-pbip'o-leg, 6 
 Am-pbip/o-lis 
 Am-pbip/y-ros, 
 
 Pw. W. 
 Am-pbi/ro, Pe. 
 Am'pbis-bge'na 
 Am-phis/sa 
 Am/pbis-ti'des, 6 
 Am'phi- tbe-a'tr um 
 Am'pbi-tri'te 
 Am-pbit'ry-on 
 Am-pbit'ry-o-ni'a- 
 
 deg, 6 
 Am-pbot'e-rus 
 Am-phry'sus 
 A-mu/li-us 
 A-my^cla 
 A-my^clae 
 
 Am/y-clae,C. L. 
 A-my'clas, K. W. 
 Am/y-cus 
 Am/y-don 
 Am/y-mo'he 
 A-myn'tas 
 A-mynai-a'nus, 10 
 A-myn'tor 
 Am'y-ri'cus C&vn'- 
 
 pus, iS. 
 A-mys'tis 
 Am/y-tba'on 
 Am/y-tis, S.W. 
 A-nab'a-sis 
 An'a-cae'a 
 An'a-ceg or 
 
 A-nac'teg, 6 
 An/a-€har'sis 
 An'a-ci'um, or 
 
 An'a-ce'um 
 A-na'cre-on 
 
 [Tbe established 
 English pro- 
 nunciation is 
 A-nac're-on.l 
 A-nac'to rum 
 An'a-dy-om'e-ne 
 A-uag'ni-a 
 An'a-i'tis 
 An'a-pbe 
 An'a-pblys'tus 
 A-na/pis 
 A-na/pi-us 
 A-na/pus 
 A'nas 
 A-nau'rus 
 A-nau'sis 
 A'nax 
 
 An'ax-ag'o-ras 
 An'ax-an'der 
 An'ax-an'dri-deg, 6 
 An'ax-ar'e-te 
 
 An'ax-e'nor 
 A-nax'i-as, 10 
 An-'ax-ib'i-a 
 An'ax-ic'ra-teg, 6 
 A-nax'i-da'mus 
 A-nax'i-la'us 
 An''ax-il'i-deg, 6, 
 
 S. W. 
 A-nax'i-man'der 
 An'ax-im'e-neg, 6 
 An/ax-ip'o-Us 
 An'ax-ip'pus 
 A-nax'is 
 An-cas^us 
 An-caFi-teg, 
 
 K. For. 
 
 An/ca-li'teg,6,W. 
 An-«bem/o-lus 
 An-«bes'mus 
 An-€bi^a-la, or 
 
 An-^bi'a-le 
 An-€hi^a-lus 
 An-ebim^o-lus 
 An-ehi'seg, 6 
 An-^bis^i-a, 10, 
 
 S.W. 
 An/<5ho-ae 
 An'^bo-e 
 An-^bu'ras 
 An-ci'le 
 An-co'na 
 An-cy'rae 
 An-dab'a-tae 
 An-da/ni-a,i. S. W. 
 An'de-ga'Ti 
 
 An-deg'a-vi, or 
 An-dec'a-Ti, 
 For. 
 An-do^'i-deg, 6 
 An-dre'as 
 An'dri-a 
 An-dri'a-ca 
 An-dri'cus, Fr.Fac. 
 
 An^dri-cus, L. K. 
 An-dris'cus 
 An-dro'bi-us 
 An^dro-cle'a 
 An'dro-cleg, 6 
 An/dro-cli'deg, 6 
 An'dro-clus 
 An-drod^a-mas 
 An-dro'dus 
 An-dro^ge-us 
 An-drog^y-nae 
 An-drom'a-ehe 
 An-drom'a-€hus 
 An-drom^e-da 
 An^dro-ni'cus 
 An-droph'a-§i 
 An/dro-pom'pus 
 An-dros/the-ne§, 6 
 An-dro''ti-on 
 An/e-lon'tis 
 An^e-mo 
 An/e-mo-li'a 
 An^e-mo'sa 
 An/e-mo'tis 
 An'e-res'teg, 6 
 A-ne''tor, C. 
 An-^e^li-on, 
 
 Py.W. 
 An-gi'teg, 6 
 An-iit/i-a, 10 
 An-git'u-la 
 An^gli-a, L. 
 
 An-gli^a, W. 
 An-guit^i-a, 10 
 An'i-ce'tus 
 A-nic'i-a, 10, /S-.W. 
 A-ni9/i-us,10,<S'.W. 
 A-ni'gros 
 An'i-tor'gis 
 A'ni-us 
 An-na'lis 
 An/ni-a'nus 
 An^i-bal 
 An-ni^^e-ris 
 An-tse'us 
 An-tag'o-ras 
 An-taFci-das 
 
 An-tanMros 
 
 An-te^ius (-te'yus) 
 
 An-tem'nae 
 
 An-te'nor 
 
 An^te-ros 
 
 An'te-rus 
 
 An-the^a 
 
 An'the-as 
 
 An-tbe'don 
 
 An-tbe'la 
 
 An'tbe-li'a 
 
 An'tbe-mis 
 
 An^tbe-mus 
 
 An-tbe'ne 
 
 An-tber/mus 
 
 An^tbes-pho'ri-a 
 
 An'thes-te'ri-a, 
 
 S. W. 
 An'the-us 
 An-tbi'a 
 An'tbi-n^ 
 An''tbi-um , Fac. W. 
 An'thro-poph'a-^ 
 An-tbyFla 
 An-ti'a 
 An'ti-ci-no'lis 
 An'ti-cle'a 
 An'ti-cli'deg, 6 
 An-tic'ra-gus 
 An-tic'ra-teg, 6 
 An-ti^/y-ra 
 An'ti-do'rus 
 An-ti^'e-nes, 6 
 An'ti-gen'i-deg , or 
 
 An'ti-^en'i-das, 
 a musician, 
 K. L. W. 
 An'ti-ge-ni'das, 
 C. 
 An-tig'o-ne 
 An'ti-go-ni'a 
 An-tig'o-nus 
 An'ti-lib'a-nus 
 An-tiFo-€bus 
 An-tim'a-€bus 
 An-tin'o-e 
 An'ti-no-e'a 
 An'ti-nop'o-lis 
 An-tin'o-us 
 An'ti-o-€bi'a 
 An-ti^o-€bis 
 An-ti^o-«bus 
 
 (An'ti-och) 
 An-ti'o-pe 
 An-tip''a-ros 
 An-tip'a-ter [ W. 
 An^ti-pa'tri-a, Fr. 
 
 An^ti-pa-tri'a, C. 
 An-tip'a-tris , 
 
 L. C. W. 
 An-tipb'a-neg, 6 
 An-tipb^a-teg, 6 
 An-tipb'i-lus 
 An^ti-pbon 
 An'ti-pbus 
 An-tip^-deg, 6 
 An-tip'o-lis 
 An-tir^rbi-um 
 An-tis'sa 
 An-tis'tbe-neg, 6 
 An^ti-um, 10 
 An-to^ni-a 
 An'to-ni'nus 
 An-to'ni-op'o-lis 
 An'to-ni^o-po-li'tae 
 An-to'ni-us 
 An-tor^i-deg, 6 
 A-nu'bis 
 Anx-a/num 
 Anx'ur 
 An'y-tus 
 A-ob^ri-ca, Fac, or 
 
 A-ob'ri-ga, Fac. 
 A-oe'de 
 A''on 
 
 A'o-neg, 6 
 A-o^ni-a 
 A'o-ris 
 A-or'nos, or 
 
 A-or'nus 
 
 A-or'^ 
 A-o''rus 
 A-os/pho-ru3 
 A-o^us 
 A-pae'sus 
 A-pa'ma, or 
 A-pa'me, 
 L. W. M. 
 
 Ap''a-ma, or 
 Ap^a-me, S. 
 Ap'a-me'a, or 
 
 Ap'a-mi'a 
 Ap/a-tu'ri-a 
 A-pel'la 
 A-pel'leg, 6 
 A-peiai-con, S. W. 
 Ap'en-ni'nus 
 
 {Ap'en-nines) 
 A'per 
 
 Ap'e-sas [ S. 
 
 Aph'a-ce, Py. L. C. 
 A-pba're-us 
 
 Apb'a-reus 
 Alphas 
 Apb'e-tse 
 A-pbri^ceg, 6 
 Apb'ro-dis'i-a, 10 
 Apb'ro-dis'i-as, 10 
 Aph^ro-dis'l-um, 10, 
 ApVro-di'te, or 
 
 Apb'ro-di'ta 
 Apb'ro-di-top'o-lis 
 A-pby/tis, Pe. W. 
 
 Apb'y-tis, 
 Py. S. M. 
 A'pi-a 
 
 Ap/i-ca'ta, 5. T^. 
 A-pic^i-us, 10 
 A-pid'a-nus 
 Ap'i-na, or 
 
 Ap/i-nae 
 A-pi'o-lae 
 A^pi-on 
 A'pis 
 
 A-poFIi-na'reg, 6 
 A-poFIi-na'ris 
 A-poFJo 
 
 Ap^ol-loc're-teg, 6 
 A-poWo-do'rus 
 Ap^ol-lo'ni-a 
 Ap/ol-lon'i-deg, 6 
 Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 
 A-po'ni-a'na 
 Ap'o-the-o'sis 
 Ap-pi^a-deg, 6 
 Ap/pi-a'nus 
 
 (Ap'pi-an) 
 Ap/pi-a Vi'a 
 Ap/pi-i Eo'ruin 
 Ap/pi-us 
 A/pri-eg, 6 
 A-pri'lis 
 Ap'te-ra 
 
 Ap/u-le'i-a (-le'ya) 
 Ap/u-le'i-us (-yus) 
 A-pu'li-a 
 
 Aq/ui-le'i-a (-le'ya| 
 A-quU^'i-us 
 Aq'ui-lo 
 Aq'ui-lo'ni-a 
 A-qui^nas 
 A-qui'num 
 Aq^ui-ta'ni-a 
 A-ra'bi-a 
 A-rab'i-eus 
 A-raeh^ne 
 Ar'a-€bo'si-a, 10 
 Ar'a-eho'tae, or 
 
 Ar'a-cho'ti 
 Ar'a-cyn'tbus 
 Ar'a-dus 
 A'rae 
 A-ra'tus 
 Ar'ba-ceg, 6 
 Ar-be'la 
 Ar'be-la, or Ar'be- 
 
 le, in Sicily. 
 Ar-ca''di-a 
 Ar-ca'di-us 
 Ar-ca'num 
 
884 
 
 GREEK AND t.ATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Ar-ce/o-phDn 
 
 Ar-ces i-la'us 
 
 Ar-<hair'a-thus 
 
 Ar cIu'-Ih'us 
 
 Ar-flu>m a-chus 
 
 Ar-t'hem'o-riis 
 
 Ar chop-tol'e-mus 
 
 Ar-<-hc5'tra-tus 
 
 Ar'rhi-ns 
 
 Ar'fhi-da-nii'a 
 
 Ar'fhi-ila'uius 
 
 Ar f hi-do'iuii5 
 
 Arfhi-tral'liis 
 
 Ar-rliiiie-uej, 6 
 
 Ar-fhil i>-fhus 
 
 Ar'flii-iueMeg, 6 
 
 Ar chi-pel'a-gus 
 
 Ar-chip'pe 
 
 Ar-fhip'pus 
 
 Ar-chi tis 
 
 Ar-t'hou teg, 6 
 
 Ar-rhv'tas 
 
 Ar-cit'e-ueng, 
 
 Arc-ti'nus, S. 
 
 Are-toph^-lajc 
 
 Arc -to' us' 
 
 Arc-tu'rus 
 
 Ar'da-lus, L. S. 
 
 Ar'de-a 
 
 Ar'di-a?'i 
 
 Ar'do-ne 
 
 Ar'du-en'na 
 
 Ar'e-la'tmn 
 
 Ar'e-mor'i-ca 
 
 A-re'ne 
 
 A-re^o-pa-Si'tae 
 
 A're-op'a-gus 
 
 A're-op'o-lis 
 
 Ar'es-tha'nas, Py. 
 
 A-res'tor 
 
 Ar'es-tor'i-deg, 6 
 
 Ar'e-ta 
 
 Ar'e-tae'us 
 
 Ar'e-taph'i-la 
 
 Ap/e-tas 
 
 A-re^te 
 
 Ar'e-te 
 Ar'e-teg, 6 
 Ar'e-thu'sa 
 A're-us 
 
 Aureus 
 Ar-^ae^us 
 Ar'gan -tho'ni-us 
 Ar-^en'niim 
 Ar-5i'a 
 Ar'di-lus, Py. 
 Ar'dri-nu'sae 
 Ar'Si-phon'teg, 6 
 Ar'lip-pae'i 
 Ar-Si'va 
 Ar-§i'vi 
 Ar-gol'i-cus 
 Ar'go-lis 
 Ar'go-nau'tae 
 
 {Ar'l^o-nauts) 
 Ar-gu'ra 
 
 Ar'gu-ra, Py. 
 Ar-!5rj'n'nu8 
 Ar'iv-ra, Py. 
 Ar'>y-re 
 Ar-^jT'i-pa, K. F. 
 
 Fr. Fae. M. 
 A'ria. and A-ri'a 
 A'ri-a/l'ne 
 A'ri-ae'us 
 A'ri-ain'neg, 6 
 A'ri-an'tas" 
 A'ri-a-ra'theg, 6 
 A-rJc'i-a, 10 
 Ar'iKii'na 
 Ar'i-da-'us 
 
 Ar'ijr-no'te 
 Ar'i-mas'pi 
 Ari-ma'ze;, 6, S. 
 A-rini'i-num 
 Ar'im-phifc'i 
 A-ri'o-bar-za'neg, 
 €, Fr. Fac. S 
 L. 
 
 A'ri-o-lvir'ra-neg 
 A'. Py. 
 
 A'ri-o-mar'dus 
 
 A-ii'oc 
 
 A'ri-o-Tis'tus 
 
 Aris 
 
 A-ris'ba 
 
 Ar i-— Uvn'e-tus 
 
 Aris-te'utu 
 
 Ar'is-t;x>'us 
 
 Ar'is-tag'o-ras 
 
 Aiyis-tsiu'der 
 
 Ar'is-tar'fhe 
 
 Aris-taiychus 
 
 A-ris'te-as 
 
 A-ris-'te-rse 
 
 Ar'is-ti'deg, 6 
 
 Aiyis-til'lus 
 
 Aj'b-tip'pus 
 
 A-ris'ti-us 
 
 A-ris'to 
 
 A-ris'to-bu'lus 
 
 A-ris'to-cleg, 6 
 
 A-ris'to-cli'de§, 6 
 
 Ar'is-toc'ra-teg, 6, 
 
 A-ris'to-de'mus 
 
 Ar'is-tog'e-neg, 6 
 
 A-ris'to-gi'ton 
 
 Ar'is-tom'a-che 
 
 Ar'is-tom'a-ehus 
 
 Ar^is-tom'e-neg, 6 
 
 A-ris'ton 
 
 A-rist'o-nau'tae 
 
 A-ris'to-ni'cus 
 
 A-ris'to-nus 
 
 Ar'is-toph'a-neg, 6 
 
 A-ris'to-phon 
 
 Ar'is-tot'e-leg, 6 
 
 Ar'l^-tox'e-mis 
 
 A-ris'tus 
 
 A-ri'us, or. A'ri-as, 
 
 a river, C. 
 A-ri'us, or A'ri-us, 
 the heretic, Fr. 
 Ar-me'rd-a 
 Ar'mi-lus'tri-um 
 Ar-min'i-us 
 Ar-mor'j-cae 
 Ar-no'bi-us 
 A-rom/a-ta, C. Py. 
 
 S. 
 Ar-pi'num 
 Ar'rha-bae'us 
 Ar'ri-a'nus, Py. S. 
 Ar'sa-ceg, 6, F. 
 
 Fac. M. L. C. K. 
 
 Ar-sa'ceg, Py. S. 
 Ar-sa^'i-dae 
 Ar'sa-mo-sa'ta, 
 Py. K. M. Ft. 
 
 Ar'sa-mos'a-ta, 
 C. 
 Ar-sa'ni-as 
 Ar'si-a, 10 
 Ar-sin'o-e 
 Ar'ta-ba'nus [S. 
 Ar'ta-ba-za'neg, 6, 
 Ar'ta-ba'zus, 
 
 Py. L. S. 
 Ar'ta-bri, or 
 
 Ar'ta-bri'tae 
 Ar'ta-ce 
 Ar'ta-ce'ne 
 Ar'ta-co-a'na 
 Ar'ta-ie'ras 
 Ar-ta-^er'seg, 6 
 Ar-ta'nus, L. 
 Ar'ta-pher'neg, 6 
 Ar'ta-va*'deg,6 
 Ar-tax'a, or 
 
 Ar-tax'i-as, 10 
 .S-. Py. L. 
 Ar-tax'a-ta 
 Ar'taj-erx'eg, 6 
 Ar'ta-yc'teg, 6 
 Ar'te-mi-do'ru8 
 Ar'te-ffiis 
 Ar'te-uiis'i-a, 10 
 Ar/te-mwl-um, 10 
 
 , Ar'to-mi'ta, Py. 
 Aiyte-iuoa 
 Ar-torj-us 
 A'riius 
 
 A-run'ti-us, 10 
 Ar-va/leg, 6 
 Ar-ver/ni 
 A'ry-an'deg, 6 
 Ar'.vp-tae'us 
 A-san'der 
 As-bys'tae 
 As-cal'a-phus 
 As'ca-lon, or 
 
 As'ca-lo 
 As-ca'ni^ 
 As-ca'ni-us 
 As-cle'pi-e'a, or 
 
 As-cle'pi-i'a 
 As'cle-pi'a-deg, 6 
 As-cle/pi-o-do'rtis 
 As-cle'pi-us 
 As'cle-ta'ri-o 
 As-co'ni-us 
 As'cu-lum 
 As'dru-bal 
 A-sel'li-o 
 A'si-a {a'shi-a) 
 A'si-afi-cus, 10 
 As^i-na'ri-a 
 As'i-na'ri-us 
 As'i-ne, 
 
 Fr. K. Py. C. 
 Pe. 
 
 A-si'ne, Fac. 
 A-sin'i-us 
 A'si-us, 10 
 A-so'pi-a 
 As'o-pi'a-deg, 6 
 A-SQ/pis 
 A-so'pus 
 
 As-pam'i-thre§, 6 
 As/pa-ra'gi-mn 
 As-pa/si-a, 10 
 As-pa'si-us, 10 
 As- pas' teg, 6 
 As/pa-tlii'ne5,6,T7: 
 
 As-path'i-neg, S. 
 A?-pen'dus 
 As'phal-ti'teg, 6 
 As'po-re'niis 
 As-syT'l-a 
 As'ta-cus 
 As'ta-^e'ni 
 As'ta-pa 
 As'ta-pus 
 As-tar'te 
 As-te'ri-a 
 As-te'ri-on 
 ALS'te-ris 
 As-te^ri-us 
 As'te-ro'di-a 
 As-ter'o-pe, or 
 
 As'te-ro-pe'a 
 As-trae'a 
 As-trae^us 
 As'tu-ra 
 
 As-tu'reg, 6, C. S. 
 As-ty'a-ge 
 As-ty/a-*eg, 6 
 As-ty'a-lus, Py. W. 
 As-ty'a-nax 
 As'ty-cra-te'a, or 
 
 As'ty-cra-ti'a 
 As-tyd'a-mas, 
 
 Py. S. L. 
 As'ty-da-mi'a 
 As'ty-lus, 
 
 As-ty'lus, Pe. 
 As'ty-me-du'sa 
 As-tyn'o-me 
 As-tyn'o-u8 
 As-ty/o-ehe, or 
 
 As'ty-o-€hi'a 
 As'ty-pa-lie'a 
 As-typh'i-lu8 
 As'ty-ron 
 As/y-€his, S. W. 
 A-tab'u-Ius 
 A-tab'y-ris 
 At'a-lan'fca 
 
 At'a-ran'teg, 6 
 At'ar-be'€his 
 A-tar'ga-tis 
 A-tar'ne -a, Fac. W. 
 
 At'ar-ne'a, K. 
 A'tax 
 A'te 
 A-teFla 
 
 Ath'a-ma'neg, 6 
 Ath'a-mas 
 Ath'a-na'si-iis, 10 
 A-the'na 
 A-the'nae 
 Ath'e-nae'a 
 Ath'e-nae'um 
 Ath'e-nEe'us 
 Ath'e-nag'o-ras 
 A-the'ne 
 A-the'ni-o, or 
 
 A-the'ni-on 
 A-then'o-do'rug 
 Ath'e-sis 
 A'thos 
 A-tho/us 
 A-thym/bra 
 A'ti-a, W 
 A-tiVi-a 
 A-til'i-us 
 A-til'la 
 A-tin'i-a 
 At-lan'tes, 6 
 At-lan'ti-deg, 6 
 A-tos'sa 
 At'ra-ceg, 6 
 A'trax 
 
 At're-ba'teg, 6, 
 L. C. W. 
 
 A-treb'a-teg, F. 
 K. For. Py. S. 
 ill. 
 A'tre-us 
 
 A'treus 
 A-tri'dse 
 At'ro-pos 
 At'ta-li'a, or 
 
 At'ta-le'a 
 At'ta-lus 
 
 At-te'i-vis (-te^yus) 
 At'ti-ca 
 At'ti-cus 
 At-til'i-us 
 At'u-rus 
 Au-fe'i-a (-fe'ya) 
 Au'fi-de'na 
 Au-fid'i-us 
 Au'fi-dus 
 Au'ga 
 Au-§e'ae 
 Au'§e-as 
 Au-gi'as, or 
 
 Au-ge'as 
 Au'gi-lae 
 Au'gu-reg, 6 
 Au'gus'ta 
 Au'gus-ta'leg,6, 
 
 a/irfAu'gus-ta'- 
 
 li-a 
 Au'gus-ti'nus 
 
 (Au-gus'tine, An- 
 gus' tin, and 
 Aus'tin) 
 Au-gus'to-du'num 
 Au-gus'tu-lus 
 Au-gus'tu8 
 Au-le'teg, 6 
 Au'lis 
 Au'lon 
 Au'lus 
 Au-re'li-a 
 Au-re'li-a'nus 
 
 (Au-re'li-an) 
 Au-re'li-us 
 Au-re/Q-lus 
 Au-ro/ra 
 Au'run'ci 
 Aus'ci 
 Au'ser 
 Au'son 
 Au-s(yni-a 
 Au-so'm-u8 
 
 Au'ppi-eeg,6 Ba'ri-um 
 
 Au-toch'tho-neg,6 Bas'i-le'a, or 
 
 Au-tol'o-leg, 6 
 Au-tol'y-cus 
 Au-tom'e-don 
 Au'to-me-du'sa 
 Au-tom'e-neg, 6 
 Au-tom'o-li 
 Au-ton'o-e 
 Au-ton'o-ma 
 Au-tu'ra 
 Aux-e'si-a, 10 
 AT'a-ri'cum, 
 C. L. W. 
 
 A-var/i-cum, M. 
 F. K. Py. For. 
 Av'en-ti'nus 
 A-Ter'nus, or 
 
 A-Ter'na 
 A'vi-e'nus 
 A-Ti'tus 
 Ax'e-nus, and 
 , Ax-i'nus 
 Ax-i'o-€hus 
 Ax-i/on, C. L. 
 
 Ax/i-on, 10, 
 K.Py. 
 Ax'i-o'the-a 
 Ax'i-us, 10 
 Ax'o-na 
 A'zan 
 
 A-zi'ris, Pe. W. 
 A-zo'tus 
 
 W. 
 
 B 
 
 Bab'i-lus, S. W. 
 
 Bab'y-lon 
 
 Bab'y-lo'ni-a 
 
 Bab'y-lo'ni-i 
 
 Ba-byr'sa 
 
 Bac-cha'nal 
 
 ( Bac'cha-nal) 
 Bac'€ha-na'li-a 
 Bac-€han'teg , 6 
 Bac-«hi'a-dae 
 
 Bas'i-li'a, nama 
 of a city (Ba- 
 sel), a goddess, 
 and an island. 
 
 Ba-sU'i-a (Basel), 
 S. 
 Bas'i-li'dae 
 Bas'i-li'deg, 6 
 Ba-sil'i-o-pot'a-mus 
 Bas'i-lis 
 Bas'i-li'us, a river. 
 
 Ba-sil'i-us, and 
 Bas'i-li'us (St. 
 Bas.il) 
 Bas'i-li'us, a Ro- 
 
 man name. For. 
 Bas'i-lus (also St. 
 
 Basil) 
 Bas-sar'i-deg, 6 
 Bas-tar'nae, and 
 
 Bas-ter'nae 
 Ba-ta'Ti 
 Ba-ta'vi-a 
 Ba'thos 
 Ba-thyFlus 
 Ba'ton 
 Bat/ra-«ho'my-o- 
 
 ina'€hi-a. 
 Bat-ti'a-de§, 6 
 Bau'bo 
 Bau'cis 
 Beb'ry-ceg, and 
 
 Be-bry'ees, 6 
 Be-bry9'i-a, 10 
 BeFe-phan'teg, 6 
 Bel'e-sys , 
 Bel'^-ca 
 Bel/gi-um 
 Be-lj/deg, 6, sing. 
 
 (male descendant 
 
 of Belus ) 
 Be^lis, pi. BeFi-deg 
 
 (female descend- 
 ant of Belies) 
 Bel'i-sa'na, Fac. 
 BePi-sa'ri-us, S. W. 
 
 Bac-€hi'um, a tern- Bel-ler'o-phon 
 pie ; also, a place BePle-rus 
 ill Lesbos. Bel-lo'na 
 
 Bac-€lii'us, a met- Bel'lo-na'ri-i 
 ricalfoot; also, a Bel-lov'a-ci 
 m.an's name. Be'lon 
 
 Bac'^hi-us, a Ro- Be'liis 
 man gladiator. Be-na'cus 
 
 Bac-€byl/i-deg, 6, Ben/e-Ten'tum 
 a Py. s. w. 
 
 Ba-ce'Dis, 
 Ba'cis 
 Bac'tri-a'na, or 
 
 Bac'tri-a'Dum 
 Ba-cun'ti-us, 10, 
 
 S. W. 
 Ba-cu'ri 
 Bad'u-hen'nae, or 
 
 Bad'u-en'nae Lu' 
 cus 
 Baet'i-ca 
 Ba-go'as 
 Bag^ra-da, and 
 
 Bag'ra-das 
 Bai'ae (ba/3-e) 
 Ba'la 
 BaPa-nae'a, or 
 
 BaFa-ne'a 
 Bal-bU'lus 
 Bal-bi''nus 
 Ba'le-a'reg, 6 
 Ba-le'tus 
 Ban'ti-a, 10 
 Bar'a -thrum 
 Bar/l)a-ri 
 Bar-ba'ri-a 
 Bar-bos'the-neg, 6 
 Bar-cae'i 
 Bar'ce 
 Bar-dyPlis 
 Bar-gu'si-i, 10 
 Ba-ris'ses, 6 
 
 Ber'e-cyn'ti-a, 10 
 Ber'e-ni'ce 
 Ber'o-e 
 Be-roe'a 
 Be-ro'sus 
 Ber-rhoCa 
 Ber'y-tus, see Fac. 
 Be-ry'tus, 
 
 Fr. K. Pw. L 
 Be-sip/po 
 Bi-a'nor 
 Bi-bac'u-luB 
 Bi'blis 
 Bi-brac'te 
 Bib'u-lus 
 Bi-cor'ni-ger 
 Bi-cor'nis 
 Bi-for'mig 
 Bi^frons 
 Bil'bi-lis 
 Bi-ma'ter 
 Bin'^i-um 
 Bi'on 
 Bi-saFtae 
 Bi-sal/ti8 
 Bi-san'the 
 Bis'to-nis 
 Bis-to'Dis, Vp^ 
 
 dr. 165 
 Bi'thus 
 Bi-thyn/i-a 
 Bi'ton 
 Bi-tu'ri-gef , 6 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 885 
 
 Biz'y-a, 10 
 Blan-du'si-a, 10 
 Blem'my-e§, 6 
 Blu'ci-um, 10, S. 
 
 W. 
 Bo-ad''i-ce'a 
 Bo-a'gri-us 
 Boc'€ho-ris 
 Bo'di-on'ti-ci 
 Bo-du'ni, S. W. 
 Bo'e-dro'Eai-a, C 
 
 Boe-o'ti-a, 10 
 
 Bo-e'thi-us 
 
 Bo'i-i 
 
 Bo'la 
 
 BoFbi-ti'num 
 
 Bo-lis''sus 
 
 Bo'ini-eii'se§, 6 
 
 Bo-miPcar 
 
 Bom'o-ni'cae 
 
 Bo-no/ni-a 
 
 Bo'o-su'ra 
 
 Bo-o'te|, 6 
 
 Bo're-as 
 
 Bo're-as'mi, or 
 
 Bo're-as'mus 
 Bo-rys'the-neg, 6 
 Bot'ti-ae'is 
 Bo'vi-a'num 
 Bo-vil'la, and 
 
 Bo-vil'lae 
 Bra€h-ma''nae 
 
 (Brah'mans) 
 Braeh-ma'neg, 6 
 Bran'ehi-dae 
 Bran'no-du'num 
 Bras'i-das 
 Bras'i-de'a, or 
 
 Bras'i-di'a 
 Brau'ro 
 Brau'ron 
 Breu/ni 
 Bri-a^re-us 
 
 Bri'a-reus 
 Bri-gan'teg , 6 
 Brig/an -ti'nus 
 Bri-se'is 
 Bri-tan'ni 
 
 (Brit'ons) 
 Bri-tan'ni-a 
 Bri-tan'ni-cus 
 Brit'o-mar'tis 
 Brit/o-neg, or 
 
 Bri-to'ne§, 6 
 
 (Brit'ons) 
 Brix-el'lmn 
 Brix'i-a, 10 
 Bro/mi-us 
 Bruc'te-ri 
 Brun-du'si-um, 10 
 Bru'ti-i, 10, or 
 
 BruVti-i 
 Bru'tus 
 Bry/ges, 6 
 Bu-bas'sus 
 Bu-bas'tis 
 Bu-ceph'a-la 
 Bu-ceph'a-lu3 
 Bu-col'i-ca 
 Bu'Us 
 Bu'nus 
 Bu'pha-gu3 
 Bu-pra'si-um, 10 
 Bu'ra 
 
 Bu-ra'i-cus, S. W. 
 Bu-si'ris 
 Bu'teg, 6 
 Bu-thro/tum 
 Bu-thro'tus 
 Bu'to-a, K. 
 Bu-tor'i-de§, 6 
 Bu'tos 
 
 Bu'zy-ges, K. Pw. 
 C. 
 
 Bu-zy/§e§, Fr.W. 
 By'blis 
 
 By-za'ci-mu, 10 
 By-zan'ti-um, 10 
 By'zas 
 
 c, 
 
 Ca-an'thu3 
 
 Ca-bal'a-ca 
 
 Cab'al-li'nus 
 
 Ca-bi'ra 
 
 Ca-bi/ri 
 
 Ca-bir'i-a, Py. W. 
 
 Ca'ca 
 
 Ca'cus 
 
 Cad-me''a 
 
 Cad-me-'is 
 
 Ca-du'ce-us,10 
 
 Ca-dur'ci 
 
 Cae/ci-as, 10 
 
 Cse-cil'i-a 
 
 Cae-ciPi-a'nus 
 
 Cae-cil'i-i 
 
 Cae-cil'i-us 
 
 Cae-ci'na 
 
 C8e-ci''iius 
 
 CaeCu-bum 
 
 Caec'u-bus 
 
 CaeCu-lus 
 
 Cae'li-a 
 
 Cae'li-us 
 
 Cae-ni'deg, 6 
 
 Cae-ni'na 
 
 Cae'nis 
 
 Cae-nop'o-lis 
 
 Cae're 
 
 Cae'gar 
 
 Caes'a-re'a 
 
 Cae-sa''ii-o 
 
 C8es''a-ro-du'num 
 
 Cae'si-us, 10 
 
 Ca-i'cus 
 
 Ca'i-e'ta 
 
 Ca^i-us (ka/yxis) 
 
 Cal'a-ber 
 
 Ca-la'bri-a 
 
 CaPa-is 
 
 Cal'a-mos 
 
 Ca-Wnus, 
 
 K.Pw.L.M.C. 
 
 CaVa-nus, S. Py, 
 Cal'a-teg, 6, K. 
 Cal'au-re'a, and 
 
 CaFau-ri'a 
 Ca-lau'ri-a 
 Ca'le 
 
 Cal-e-do'ni-a 
 Ca-len/tum 
 Ca-le'iius 
 Ca'leg, 6 
 Cal'e-ti 
 
 Ca-Ud'i-us, S. W. 
 Ca-lig'u-la 
 Cal-la'i-ci 
 
 Cal'li-as, Py. S. W. 
 CaPli-ce'riis 
 Cal-lieh/o-rum 
 CaVli-cleg, 6 
 Cal'li-co-lo'na 
 Cal-lic'ra-teg, 6 
 Cal'li-crat'i-das 
 Cal-Ud'i-us, S. W. 
 Cal-lim/a-ehus 
 Cal-li'nus 
 Cal-li'o-pe 
 Cal'li-o-pe'a 
 Cal'li-pa-ti'ra 
 CaPli-phon 
 Cal-lip'o-lis 
 Cal-lir'ho-e 
 Cal-lis'te 
 Cal'lis-ti'a 
 Cal-lis'the-neg, 6 
 Cal-lis'to 
 Cal-lis^o-ni'cus 
 Cal-lis'tra-tus 
 Cal-lix'e-na 
 Ca'lor 
 
 Cal-pur'ni-us 
 CaFu-sid'i-us, S. 
 
 W. 
 CaFy-cad'nus 
 
 Cal'y-ce 
 
 Ca-lyd'na 
 
 CaPy-don 
 
 Ca-lym'ne 
 
 Ca-lyn'da 
 
 Ca-lyp'so 
 
 Cam/a-lo-du'num 
 
 Cam'a-ri'aa, or 
 
 Cam^a-ri'ne 
 Cam-bu'iii-i 
 Cam-by 'seg, 6 
 Cam'e-ri'num 
 Cam/e-ri'nus 
 Ca-mil'la 
 Ca-mil^lae 
 Ca-miPlus 
 Ca-mi'ro 
 Ca-mi'rus, and 
 
 Ca-mi^ra 
 Ca-moe/nae 
 Cam-pa/ni-a 
 Cam-pas/pe 
 Ca'na 
 Ca-na/ri-i 
 Can''da-ce 
 Can-da'' vi-a 
 Can-dau'leg, 6 
 Ca'neng 
 Ca-neph.'0-ri 
 Ca-niCu-la'reg, 6 
 Ca-nid'i-a 
 Ca-nid/i-us, S. W. 
 Ca-nin/e-fa'teg, 6 
 Ca-nin/i-us 
 Ca/ni-xis, S. W. 
 Ca-nop'i-cum 
 Ca-no'pus 
 Can'ta-bri 
 Can-ta'bri-a 
 Can'tha-rus 
 Can'ti-um, 10 
 Can/u-le'i-a (-le'ya) 
 Can'u-le'i-us 
 
 (-le'yus) 
 Ca-nu'si-um, 10 
 Ca-pa'ne-us 
 
 Cap'a-neus 
 Ca-pel'la 
 Ca-pe'na 
 Ca-pe'ni 
 Oap'e-tus 
 Ca-pha're-us 
 
 Ca-pha'reus 
 Cap'i-to 
 Cap'i-to-li'nus 
 Capd-to'li-um 
 Cap/pa-do'ci-a, 10 
 Cap'pa-dox 
 Ca-pra'ri-a 
 Ca'pre-ae 
 Cap'ri-cor'nus 
 
 ( Cap'ri-corn) 
 Cap/ro-ti'na 
 Cap'u-a 
 Ca'pys 
 Car''a-cal'la 
 Car'a-ca'tegjG 
 Ca-rac'ta-cus 
 Car'a-lis 
 Ca-ram'bis 
 Ca-ra/nus, 
 
 K. Pe. Pw. Py. 
 
 Car'a-nus, 
 M. C. L. W. 
 Ca-rau'si-us, 10, 
 
 S. W. 
 Car-ehe'don 
 Car'ci-nus 
 Car'di-a, Py. S. 
 Car-du'ehi 
 Ca'reg, 6 
 Ca^ri-a 
 Ca-ril'la 
 Ca-ri'nae 
 Ca-ri'nus 
 Car-me'lus 
 
 ( Car'mel ) 
 Car-men'ta, and 
 
 Car-men'tis 
 Car'men-ta'leg, 6 
 
 Car/men-ta'lis 
 Car'ne-a, a goddess. 
 Car-ne'a-deg, 6 
 Car-ne'i-a, or 
 
 Car-ni''a, or 
 Car-ne'a 
 Car-nu'teg, 6 
 Car'o-lus 
 
 (Charles) 
 Car'pa-thus 
 Car-poph'o-ra 
 Car-se'o-li 
 Car-te^i-a (-te'ya) 
 Car-thae'a [seg 
 
 Car-tha|;'i-iii-ea'- 
 Car-tha'go 
 
 ( Car'thage) 
 Ca'rus 
 
 Car-Til'i-us, S. W. 
 Ca'ry-at'i-deg, Q,pl. 
 Ca-rys^tus 
 Cas-cel'ii-us, S. W. 
 Cas'i-li'num 
 Ca'si-us, 10 
 Cas'pi-i 
 Cas'pi-um 
 Cas-san^der 
 Cas-san'dra 
 Cas'san-dri'a 
 Cas'si-a, 10 
 Cas'si-o-do'rus, 10 
 Cas-si'o-pe, or 
 
 Cas'si-o-pe'a, 10 
 Cas'si-ter'i-deg, 6 
 Cas'si-us, 10 
 Cas'si-ve-lau'nus 
 Cas-tab^a-la 
 Cas-ta'li-a, or 
 
 Cas-ta^Ii-us Fons 
 Cas'tu-lo 
 Cat'a-be'ni 
 Cat/a-ce-cau'me-ne 
 Cat^a-du'pa 
 Cafa-na 
 
 Cat/ar-rhac'teg, 6. 
 Ca-thae-'a 
 Cat'i-li'na 
 
 ( Cat'i-line) 
 Ca-til^lus, or 
 
 CaVi-lus 
 Ca'ti-us, 10 
 Ca'to 
 Ca-tul'lus 
 Cat^u-lus 
 Ca-tu-ri'^eg, 6 
 Cau'ca-sus 
 Cau-co'neg, 6 
 Cau/di-um 
 Cau-lo'ni-a 
 Cau^nus 
 Cau'ros 
 Cau^rus 
 Cav^a-reg, 6 
 Ca-ys'ter, or 
 
 Ca-ys'trus 
 Ce'a 
 Ce'ba 
 Ce^beg, 6 
 
 Ce-bre/ni-a, Sch. W. 
 CCbrus 
 Ce-ci'na 
 Ce-cro'pi-a 
 Ce-crop-'i-dae 
 Cec'ro-pis 
 Ce'crops 
 Ce'dre-a'tis 
 Ce'i 
 
 CeFa-dus 
 Ce-lae'ne 
 Ce-lae/no 
 Ce-le'i-a (-le'ya) 
 Ce-len/na 
 Ce'ler 
 CeVe-reg, 6 
 Cel'e-trtim 
 Ce'le-us 
 CePti-be'ri 
 Cel'ti-ci 
 Cel-tos/cy-thse 
 Ce/ma 
 
 Ce-nae''uin 
 Cen'€hre-ae 
 Cen-€hre''is 
 Cen-€hre'us, or 
 
 Cen-€hri'us 
 Cen'i-mag'ni 
 Ce-ni''na 
 Cen-so'reg, 6 
 Cen/so-ri'nus 
 Cen-tau''ri 
 Cen-tro/neg, 6 
 Cen-tum'vi-ri 
 Cen-tu/ri-a 
 Cen-tu'ri-pa, or 
 
 Cen-tu'ri-pae 
 Ce'os 
 Ceph^a-lae 
 
 Cha-rax'us 
 Cha'reg, 6 
 €har/i-cleg,6,r. 
 
 W. 
 Char'i-la'us, and 
 
 €ha-riFlus 
 €ha-ris'i-a, 10 
 €ha-ris'i-us, 10 
 €har/i-te§, 6 
 €har''i-ton, Py. 
 
 W. 
 €har'mi-de§, 6 
 ■Ghar-mi'o-ne 
 •Gha/ron 
 Cha-ron'das 
 ■Ghar^o-ne'um, ( 
 
 €har/o-m'um 
 
 C. 
 
 Ceph'a-las, Pw. W. €ha'rops, and 
 Ceph'a-le €har/o-peg, 6 
 
 Ce-phaFlen Cha-ryb'dis 
 
 Ceph'al-le'ni-a ^hau'bi, and 
 Ceph'a-lo, or -Ghau'ci 
 
 Ceph^a-lon -Gha-u'ci 
 
 Ceph/a-lae'dis, and -GheVi-do'iiirae 
 
 Ceph/a-lae'di-um, €he-lo'ne 
 
 S. W. 
 Ceph^a-lus 
 Ce-phe'rieg, 6 
 Ce'phe-us, 
 
 Ce'pheus 
 Ce-phis/i-a, 10 
 Ce-phis'o-do'rus 
 Ceph'i-sod'o-tus, 
 Ce-phi'sus, or 
 
 Ce-phis'sus 
 Cer'a-mi'cus 
 Cer''a-mus 
 Cer'a-sus 
 Ce-ra'tus 
 Ce-rau^ni-a 
 Ce-rau'Di-i 
 Ce-rau'nus 
 Cer'ba-lus 
 Cer^be-rus 
 Cer^ca-so'riun 
 
 Cer-cas'o-rum, 
 Fac. 
 Cer-ci'na, or 
 
 Cer-cin/na 
 Cer-co'peg, 6 
 Cer'cy-on 
 Cer-cy'ra 
 Ce're-a'li-a 
 Ce'reg, 6 
 Ce-ril'li 
 Ce-rin'thus 
 Cer're-ta'ni 
 Ces-tri/nus 
 Ce-the'gus 
 Ce'ti-us, 10, 
 
 For. S. W. 
 Ce'to 
 Ce'us 
 Ce'yx 
 €ha'bri-as 
 ■Ghae/re-as 
 €hae-re/mon 
 Ghaer/e-phon 
 Ghasr'o-ne'a 
 €!ha-lae'uin 
 €!hal-cae'a 
 Ghal-ce'don 
 GhaFce-do'ni-a 
 ^hal'd-den'seg, 6 
 €Ihal-cid'i-ce 
 ■GhaFci-oe'cus 
 €!hal-d3e'a 
 €hal-dse/i 
 €hal/y-beg, 6 
 €hayy-bon, Py. W. Cin/cin-na'tu8 
 €hal/y-bo-ni'tis Cin/ci-us, 10 
 
 €hel/o-ni'tiB 
 
 €heFo-noph'a-ti 
 
 ^he'cps 
 
 ■Gher'se-as 
 
 ■eher-sid'a-mas 
 
 €her''so-ne'sus, or 
 
 Gher'ro-ne'sus 
 ■Ghe-rus'ci 
 €hi/lo 
 €Jhi-mae/ra 
 ^bira'a-rus 
 G^hi-me/ri-um 
 Chinos 
 €hi'ron 
 €hlo/e 
 Ghlo'ris 
 €hlo/rus 
 €ho-as/peg, 6 
 Ghoer'a-deg, 6 
 €!hoer'i-lus 
 ■eho-ras/mi-i 
 G^ho-roe/bus 
 €hris-toph'o -rus 
 
 ( Chris'to-plier) 
 ■ehro'nos 
 ■Ghry^sa 
 ■Gkry-sa/or 
 
 Ghrys'a-or, C. 
 Chrys/a-c're-us 
 €!hry/sas 
 €hry-se/is 
 Ghra'seg, 6 
 •Ghry -sip/pus 
 Ghry-so^'e-ras 
 €liry-sog/o-nus 
 ■Ghry-sop'o-lis 
 Ghry-sor'rho-as 
 €hry-sos/to-mus 
 
 ( Chrys' os-tom) 
 €hry-soth-e-inis 
 Ghtho/ni-a, 14 
 Cib/a-las 
 Cib^'y-ra 
 Ci^'e-r® 
 Cic'o-neg, 6 
 Ci-Uc'i-a, 10 
 Ci/Ux 
 
 Cim/bri-ctis 
 Cim'i-nus 
 Cini-me'ri-i 
 Cim-me^ri-imi 
 Ci-mo'lus 
 Ci/mon 
 Cin/ci-a, 10 
 
 GJha'lybs 
 Gha-ma/vi 
 €!ha/o-ne£, 6 
 €!ha-o/ni-a 
 €ha'os 
 
 Cin'e-as 
 Ci-ne''si-as, 10, 
 
 W. 
 Cin-*et/o-rix 
 Cin/gu-lum 
 
 €!bar/a-dra, For. W. CiJix-'i-a, Fae. 
 Gha-ra'dra Ci'nyps, and 
 
 Py. M. For. Cin'v-phua, 
 
 €lia'rax Sck. S. 
 
886 
 
 Cin y-ras 
 rir-cou se^ Lu'di 
 Cir-oei-i (-se'ji) 
 l"ir oi-u3, 10 
 Ci ris 
 
 t.'i> al-pi'na 
 Cis-se is 
 Cis'se-us 
 
 ris sens 
 Ci-tha* ron 
 Oith !i-ris'ta 
 Cit i-iim, 10 
 Ci-vi lis 
 
 ci.i a.'-us 
 
 C'la uis 
 
 Cia iii-us 
 
 ria riis, or Ola'ros 
 
 Clas-tid i-iuii, 
 
 riau di-a 
 
 riau di-ae A'quae 
 
 Clau'di-a'nus 
 
 ( aau'iii-an) 
 Clau'di-op'o-lis 
 Clau'di-ns 
 Clav'i-*er 
 Cla-zom''e-nae 
 Cle-an/tlie£, 6 
 Cle'mens 
 
 ( Clem'ent) 
 Cle'o-bis 
 Cle-ob'u-li'na 
 Cle^o-bu'lus 
 Cle-oe'tas 
 Cle-om'bro-tus 
 Cle^o-me'deg, 6 
 Cle'o-me'lus 
 Cle-om'e-neg, 6 
 Cle'on 
 Cle-o'nae 
 Cle^o-ni'ca 
 Cle-on'y-mus 
 Cle-op'a-tra, Pw. 
 K. M. Py. C. 
 Fr. 
 
 Cle/o-pa'tra, F. 
 [This is the ac- 
 cepted English 
 pronunciation.] 
 Cle-op'a-tris 
 Cle'o-phan'tus 
 Cle-osara-tus 
 Clep/sj-dra 
 CU'max 
 
 Clin/i-as, K. W. 
 Cli'nus 
 Cli'o 
 
 Clis'the-neg, 6 
 CU'taj 
 
 Cli-tar'chus 
 Cli-tom'a-chus 
 Cli'tor 
 Cli-tum'nus 
 Cli'tus 
 
 Cla;'li-a 
 Clo'a-ci'na 
 Clu-en'ti-U8, 10 
 Clu'i>fc-a 
 Clu-si^ni 
 Clu'Fi-um, 10 
 Clu'.-i-a«, 10 
 •Jlyni'e-ne 
 (.'Ivm'e-nf'i-deg, 6 
 Clyni'e-nu8 
 Clvt'ern-nes'tra 
 ClVt'i-e, 10 
 Cni'duK. 14 
 Cuo'suw, 14 
 Co-a»'trae, and 
 
 Co-a'trae 
 Coc'a-lufl 
 Coc-ce'i-tiB 
 
 (-Bft'yus) 
 C'o'cleg, 6 
 Co-ry'tus 
 Co-da-'ni 
 Co-da'nuB 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 l\xl o-nian'nus 
 Oo-dr\iir o-lis 
 Oo driis 
 CcB'ie 
 Ooel'e-syr'i-a, and 
 
 i\vl o-syWi-a 
 0<e'li-us 
 Ocelus 
 Co'hors 
 Oo-len'da 
 Col-la' ti-a, 10 
 Col la-ti'nus 
 Col-li'na 
 Co-lo'na3 
 Co-lo'ne 
 Co-lo'ni-a 
 Co-lo'nos 
 Col'o-phon 
 Co-los'sus 
 CoVu-brd'ri-a 
 CoPu-mel'la [lis 
 Co-lum'n£e Her^cu- 
 Co-lu'thus 
 Com'a-^e'ne 
 Co-ma'na 
 Co-mit'i-a, 10 
 Com'mo-dus 
 Com'pi-ta'Ii-a 
 Co'muni 
 Co'nius 
 Con'ca-ni 
 Con-cor/di-a 
 Con-da'te 
 Con'do-€ha'teg, 6 
 Con-dru'si 
 Co-ni'a-ci, Py. W. 
 Con'im-bri'ca 
 Con'ni-das, Py. 
 Co'non 
 Con-sen'teg, 6 
 Con-sen'ti-a, 10 
 Con-stan'ti-a, 10 
 Con'stan-ti'a, a 
 
 city. 
 Con'stan-ti^na 
 Con-stan/ti-nop'o- 
 
 lis [no'ple) 
 
 ( Con-stan'ti- 
 Con'stan-ti'nus 
 
 ( Con' Stan-tine) 
 Co'pae 
 Cop'a-is, Fac.C. L. 
 
 Co-pa%, K, M. 
 Fr. 
 Co'pi-a 
 Co'ra 
 Cor'a-ce'si-um, 10, 
 
 Sch. W. 
 Co-ral'li 
 Co'rax 
 Cor'bu-lo 
 Cor-cy/ra 
 
 Cop/cy-ra, Avie- 
 nus. 
 Cor'du-ba 
 Cor-dy'la 
 Co're 
 
 Cor-fin/i-um 
 Co-rin'na 
 Co-rin'nus 
 Co-rin'thus 
 Co'ri-o-la'nus 
 Co-ri'o-li 
 Co'ri-ol'la 
 Cor-ne^li-a 
 Cor-ne'li-i 
 Cor-nic'u-lum 
 Cor'nj-fic'i-us, 10 
 Cor'ni-^er 
 Co-roe'bus 
 Cor'o-ne'a, or 
 
 Cor'o-ni'a 
 Oo-ro'nij!! 
 Cor'si-ca 
 Cor-to^na 
 Cor-vi'nus 
 Cor'y-ban'teg, 6 
 Cor'y-bas 
 Cor'y-cuB 
 
 Co-ry'cus 
 
 Cor'y-don 
 C'o-rym'bi-fer 
 Cory-ue'teg, 9 
 Cor 'y-pha'si-um, 
 
 10 
 Cor'y-thus 
 Co'sa 
 Co'sa? 
 Co-sa''num 
 Cos-su'ti-i, 10, 
 
 S. W. 
 Co'teg, or Cofteg, 6 
 Co'thon 
 Cot'i-so 
 Cot'ti-fe 
 Co'ty-a-i'on, 
 
 Co'ty-a-i'um, or 
 Co'ty-a-e'um 
 Co/ty-e'um 
 Co-tyl'l-us, S. W. 
 Co'tys * 
 
 Co-tyt'to 
 Cra'gus 
 Cran'a-us 
 Cra/non 
 Cra'ter 
 Crat'e-rus 
 Cra'teg, 6 
 CiVthis 
 Cra-ti''nus 
 Crat'y-lus 
 Crem'e-ra 
 Crem'my-on 
 Cre-mo'na 
 Cre-mu'ti-ug, 10 
 Cre'on 
 Cre-oph'i-lus 
 Cres-phon'tes , 6 
 Cre'ta 
 Cre^the-is, daughter 
 
 of Cretheus 
 Cre-the^is, mother 
 
 of Homer 
 Cre-u'sa 
 Creu'sis 
 Cri-mi'sus 
 Cris-pi'nus 
 Cri-the^is 
 Cri'to 
 
 Crit'o-bu'lus 
 Crit'o-la'us 
 Cri'u-me-to'pon 
 Cri/us 
 
 Cro-by'zi, Py. Sch. 
 Croc'o-di-lop'o-lis 
 Cro'cus 
 Croe'sus 
 Crom'my-on 
 Cro'ni-a 
 Cro'phi 
 Cro-to'na 
 Cro'to-m-a'tae 
 Crus^tu-me'ri-a, or 
 
 Crus'tu-me'ri-um 
 Crus'tu-mi'm 
 Cte'si-as, 10, 14 
 Cte-sib'i-us, S. W. 
 Ctes'i-phon, 14 
 Cu'la-ro 
 
 Cu'ma, or Cu'mae 
 Cu-pi'do 
 Cu'reg.e 
 Cu-re'teg, 6 
 Cu-re^tis 
 Cu'ri-a 
 
 Cu'ri-a'ti-i, 10 
 Cu'ri-o 
 
 Cu-ri'o-so-li'tae 
 Cu'ri-um, Sch.W. 
 Cu'ri-us 
 Cur'ti-us, 10 
 Cu-ru'lis 
 Cus-sae'i 
 Cu'sus 
 Cu-tiPi-a, and 
 
 Cu-til/i-ae 
 Cy'a-ne 
 Cy-a-'ne-se 
 Cy-a'ne-u8 
 Cy-ax'a-reg, Py.W. 
 
 Cy-be'be 
 Cvb'e-la 
 Cyb'e-le 
 Cyb'i-ra 
 Cyc'la-deg, 6 
 Cy-clo'peg, 6 
 
 ( Cy' clops) 
 Cyd'i-as, 5. Sch. 
 Cy-dip/pe 
 Cyd'o-ne'a 
 Cv-do'ni-a 
 Cyd'ra-ra, S.W. 
 
 Cv-dra'ra, Py. 
 Cyl-le'ne 
 CyPle-ne'us 
 Cy'ma, or Cy^mse 
 Cyn'ae-^'rus 
 Cyn'e-as 
 Cy-ne'teg, 6 
 Cyn'i-ci 
 Cy-nis'ca 
 Cy'no 
 
 Cyn'o-ceph'a-lse 
 Cyn'o-ceph'a-li 
 Cyn'o-phon'tis 
 Cyn'o-sar'*es, 6. 
 Cyn'os-se'ma 
 Cyn'o-su'ra 
 
 ( Cyn'o-sure) 
 Cyn'thi-a 
 Cyn'thi-us 
 Cyp'a-ris'sa, or 
 
 Cyp'a-ris'si-a, 
 S.W. 
 Cyp/a-ris'sus 
 Cyp'ri-a'nus 
 
 ( Cyp'ri-an) 
 Cy'prus 
 Cyp-sel/i-deg, 6 
 Cyp'se-lus 
 Gyr'e-na'i-ca 
 CjT''e-na'i-ci 
 Cy-re'ne [ C. 
 
 Cy-res^€ha-ta, Py. 
 Cy-ri'a-deg, 6,5^.Tr. 
 Cy-ril-'lus 
 
 "( Cyr'il) 
 Cyr-rhes'ti-ca 
 Cyr'si-lus 
 Cyprus 
 Cy'ta 
 Cy-tae'is 
 Cy-the'ra 
 Cyth'e-re'a 
 Cy-tin/i-um, S.W. 
 Cy-to^rus 
 Cyz'i-cxua. 
 Cyz/i-cus 
 
 D. 
 
 Da'ci-a 
 
 Dac'ty-li 
 
 Daed'a-la 
 
 Daed'a-l\is 
 
 Dae'mon 
 
 Dal-ma'ti-a, 10 
 
 Dal-mat'i-cus 
 
 Dam'a-ge'tus 
 
 Dam'as-ce'ne 
 
 Da-mas'ci-us, S. W. 
 
 Da-mas'cus 
 
 Dam'a-sip'pus 
 
 Dam'ni-i 
 
 Dam'o-cleg, 6 
 
 Da'mon 
 
 Da'na 
 
 Dan'a-e 
 
 Dan'a-i 
 
 Da-na'i-deg, 6 
 
 Dan'a-us 
 
 Da-nu^bi-us 
 
 (Dan'ttbe) 
 Daph'ne 
 Daph'ne-pho'ri-a 
 
 S. W. 
 Dar'a-ba, Py.W. 
 
 Dar'an-ta'si-a, 10 
 Dar-dan'i-deg, 6 
 Dar/da-nis 
 Dar'da-nus 
 Da'reg, 6 
 Da-re'us, or 
 
 Da-ri'us 
 Da-ri'cus 
 
 DaVa-meg, 6,Py. S. 
 Dat'a-pher'neg, 6 
 Da'tis 
 
 Da'tos, or Da'ton 
 Dau'lis 
 Dau'ni-a 
 Dau'nus 
 De-cap' o-lis 
 De-ceb'a-lus, Py. S. 
 De9'e-le'a 
 
 De-ce'ti-a, 10, S. W. 
 De'ci-us, 10 
 De-cu'ri-o 
 De-i'a-ni'ra 
 De-id'a-mi'a 
 De-i'o-ceg, 6 
 De'i-ot'a-rus 
 De-iph'o-be 
 De-iph/Q-bus 
 De'li-a 
 De'li-um. 
 De'li-us 
 Del-min'i-um 
 De'los 
 
 Del-phic'o-la 
 Del/phi-cus [ W. 
 Del-phin'i-um S. C. 
 Dem'a-deg, 6 
 
 Fac. W. 
 
 De-ma'des, 6, 
 Fr. K. Py. Pw. 
 Dem'a-ra'tus 
 De-me'tri-as 
 De-me'tri-us 
 Dern'o-ce'deg, 6 
 De-mo€h''a-reg, 6 
 De-moc'ri-tns 
 De-mod'i-ce 
 De-moph'o-on 
 De-mos'the-neg, 6 
 De-o/is 
 Der'ce-to, or 
 
 Der'ce-tis 
 Der-cyFi-des, 6 
 Ber-to'na 
 Deu-ca'li-on 
 Dex-am'e-ne 
 Di'a 
 
 Di-ag'o-ras 
 Di-a'Iis 
 
 Di-a-mas'ti-go'sis 
 Di-a'na 
 
 (^Di'an) 
 Di-a/ni-iim 
 Di-a'si-a 
 Di-cfe'a 
 Dic-tam^num 
 Dic-ta'tor 
 Dic-tyn'na 
 Did'i-us 
 Di'do 
 
 Di-es/pi-ter 
 Di-gen'ti-a 
 Di'i 
 
 Di-nar'ehus 
 Din'dy-mus 
 Di-noc'ra-tes, 6 
 Di-nol'o-€hus 
 Di-nom'a-ehe 
 Di-nom'a-€hTas 
 Di-noni'e-neg , 6 
 Di'non 
 Di'o-cle'ti-a'nus 
 
 (Di'o-cle'tian) 
 Di'o-do'rus 
 Di-o§'e-neg, 6 
 Di'o-me'de 
 Di'o-me'deg, 6 
 
 (Di'o^med) 
 Di'on 
 Di'o-nae'a 
 Di-o'nc 
 
 Di/o-nys'i-a, 10 
 Di'o-ny-si'a-deg, 6 
 Di'o-nys'i-as, 10 
 Di'o-ny-sip'o-lis 
 Di'o-nys'i-us, 10 
 Di'o-phan'tus 
 Di'os-cor'i-des, 6 
 
 Py. S. 
 Di'os-cu'ri 
 Di-os'po-li5 
 Dip'o-lis 
 Di'rse 
 Dir'ce 
 Dis-cor'di-a 
 Dith'y-ram'bus 
 Div'i-ti'a-cus 
 DiT'o-du'rum 
 Do-do'na 
 Dod-'o-nae'us 
 Do-do'ne 
 Do-don'i-deg, 6 
 DoPa-bel'la 
 Dol'i-€he 
 Do'lon 
 DoFo-peg, 6 
 Dom'i-du'cus 
 Do-miVi-a, 10 
 Do-mit'i-a'nus, 10 
 
 (Do-jni'tian) 
 Do-na'tus 
 Do-nu'sa 
 Do'reg, 6 
 Do'ri-on 
 Do'ris 
 Do-ris'cus 
 Do'rus 
 Dor'y-lae'um 
 Do'son 
 Dra'c© 
 Drep'a-na, or 
 
 Drep'a-niim 
 Dru-en'ti-a, 10, 
 
 S.W. 
 Dru'i-dae 
 
 (Dru'ids) 
 Dru-sil'la 
 Dru'sus [ Tr. 
 
 Dry'a-deg, 6, Fac. 
 
 {Dry ads) 
 Dry-mae^a 
 Dry'o-peg, 6 
 Du'bis 
 Du'bris 
 Du-)Fli-a 
 Du-iFli-us 
 Du-li€h'i-um 
 Dum'no-rix 
 Du'ri-us, S.W. 
 Du'ro-cor'to-rum 
 Du-um'Ti-ri 
 Dy'ras 
 
 E. 
 
 E-a'nus 
 Eb'o-ra 
 Eb'o-ra'cum 
 
 Py. Fac. L. For 
 B. Sch. 
 E-bu'da?, Py. 
 Eb'u-ro'neg, 6 
 Eb'u-siis 
 
 E-bu'sus 
 Ec-bat'a-na, S.W. 
 E-chid'na 
 E-chin'a-degje 
 Eeh'i-nus'aa 
 E-ehi'on 
 Ech'i-on'i-degj 6 
 E'€ho 
 E-des'sa, or 
 
 E-de^sa 
 Ed'e-ta'ni 
 E'don 
 E-do'neg, 6, Ihra- 
 
 cians. 
 E-do'ni 
 E-ge^ri-a 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 887 
 
 JS-i'on, Fac. 
 E-lge'a 
 
 EPa-gab'u-lus [W. 
 El'a-phe-bo'li-a, S. 
 EPa-te'a 
 El'a-ver, K. For. 
 
 E-la'ver, 
 M. Fr. L. Fy. B. 
 E'le-a 
 E-lec^tra 
 E-lec'tri-de§, 6 
 E-lec'try-on 
 E-le^i 
 E-le'le-us 
 
 El^e-leus 
 El/e-phan'ti-ne,C. 
 
 EFe-phan-ti'ne, 
 Sch. K. Py. 
 Fr. M. 
 El'e-phan'tis 
 El'e-phan-toph'a- 
 
 ^■ 
 El'eu-sin'i-a 
 El'eu-si'nus 
 E-leu'sis 
 E-leu'the-rae 
 EFeu-the'ri-a 
 E-leu'tho 
 E-lic'i-us, 10 
 E'lis 
 E-lis'sa 
 El-lo-'pi-a 
 El'pi-ni'ce 
 El'y-ma'is 
 E-lys'i-um, 10 
 E-mer/i-ta 
 Em/e-sa 
 E-mo'di 
 
 Em-ped'o-cleg, 6 
 Eu-cel'a-dus 
 En-dym/i-on 
 Bn'e-ti 
 E-uip'e-us 
 
 E-ni/peus 
 En/ni-us 
 En-tel'la 
 En-tel'lus 
 E-ny'o 
 E'os 
 
 E-pam'i-non'das 
 E-pe'us 
 Eph.'e-sus 
 Eph^e-tae 
 Eph/i-al'teg, 6 
 Eph'o-ri 
 Eph'o-rus 
 Eph'y-ra 
 Ep'i-€har'mus 
 Ep'ic-te'tus 
 Ep'i-cu-re'i 
 
 (Ep'i-cu-re'ans) 
 Ep'i-cu'rus 
 Ep'i-dau'ri-a 
 Ep'i-dau'rus 
 Ep'i-do'tae 
 E-pig/Q-ni 
 Ep'i-men'i-de§, 6 
 Ep'i-me'the-us 
 
 Ep'i-me'theus 
 Ep'i-pha-ae'a 
 E-piph^a-neg, 6 
 E-pip'o-lae 
 E-pi'rus 
 Ep'o-red'o-rix 
 E-quir'i-a 
 Eq'ui-te§, 6 
 Er'a-sis'tra-tus 
 Er'a-to 
 
 Er'a-tos'the-neg, 6 
 Er'e-bus 
 E-re€h./the-u9 
 
 E-reeh'theus 
 Er/eeh-thi'dae 
 Er'e-sus, or 
 
 E-res'sus 
 E-re-'tri-a 
 Er/ieh-tho'ni-us 
 Er'i-cu'sa 
 E-rid'a-nus 
 E-rig'o-ne 
 
 E-rig'o-ne'i-us 
 
 (-ne'yus) 
 E-rig'o-nus, cman 
 Er'i-go'nus, a river 
 Er'i-me'de 
 E-rin'e-os 
 E-rin^na 
 E-rin''nys 
 Er'i-phy'le 
 E'ris 
 
 Er/i-si^h'thon 
 E'ros 
 
 E-ros'tra-tus 
 Er'y-ci'na 
 Er/y-man'thus 
 Er'y-the'a, or 
 
 Er'y-thi'a 
 Er/y-thraa 
 E'ryx 
 Es-quiPi-ae 
 Es'qui-li'nus 
 Es-ti'ae-o'tis 
 Es'u-la, Fac. W. 
 E-te/Q-cleg, 6 
 E-te'o-clus 
 E-te'si-se, 10 
 E-tru'ri-a 
 E-trus'ci 
 Eu-boe'a 
 Eu-bo'i-cus 
 Eu-bu/li-de§, 6 
 Eu-bu'lus 
 Eu-cli/de2,6 [W. 
 Eu-do'ci-a, 10, S. 
 Eu-dox'us 
 Eu-ei'/ge-tae 
 Eu-ga'ne-i 
 Eu-ge'ni-us 
 Eu-mas^us 
 Eu-me'lus 
 Eu'ine-neg, 6 
 Eu'me-ni'a 
 Eu-mea''i-de§, 6 
 Eu-mol'pi-das 
 Eu-moFpus 
 Eu-na'pi-us, S.W. 
 Eu-on'y-mos 
 Eu'pa-tor 
 Eu'pa-to'ri-a 
 Eu'pha-eg, 6 
 Eu-phor'bus 
 Eu-pho'ri-on 
 Eu-phra'aor 
 Eu-phra'teg, 6 
 Eu-pbros'y-ne, 
 
 Lid. S. 
 Eu'po-lis 
 Eu-rip''i-deg, 6 
 Eu-ri'pus 
 Eu-ro'pa 
 Eu'ro-pae'us 
 Eu-ro^tas 
 Eu'rus 
 Eu-ry'a-lus 
 Eu'ry-bi'a-deg, 6 
 Eu'r^'-cle'a, or 
 
 Eu'ry-cli'a 
 Eu-ryd'a-mas 
 Eu-ryd'i-ce 
 Eu-rym/e-don 
 Eu-ryn'o-mus 
 Eu-rys'the-neg, 6 
 Eu-rys'the-us 
 
 Eu-rys'tbeus 
 Eu-ryt'i-on, 10 
 Eu'ry-tus [an. 
 
 Eu-se'bi-a, a wom- 
 Eu/se-bi'a,aciJsr. 
 Eu-se'bi-us 
 Eu-sta'thi-us, S. W. 
 Ea-ter'pe 
 Eu-thyc'ra-teg, 6 
 Eu-tro^pi-us 
 Eux-i'nus Pon'tus 
 E-vad'ne 
 E-vag'o-ras 
 E-van^der 
 E-vem'e-nis 
 E-ve'nus 
 E-veph/e-nus 
 
 F. 
 
 H. 
 
 Fa-ba'ri-a 
 Fa'bi-i 
 Fa-bric/i-us, 10 
 
 Fa-le'ri-a 
 
 Fa-le'ri-i 
 
 Fa-ler'nus 
 
 Fa-lis'ci 
 
 Fa-lis'cus 
 
 ran'ni-a 
 
 Fan^ni-i 
 
 Fan^ni-us 
 
 Far''fa-rus 
 
 Fau'na 
 
 Fau-na'li-ajjFoc. W. 
 
 Fau'ni 
 
 Fau'nus 
 
 Faus-ti'na 
 
 Faus'tu-lus 
 
 Fav/o-ri'nus 
 
 Fe/ci-a'le2,6 
 
 Fe-li^'i-tas 
 
 Fe-ra'li-a 
 
 Fer''eii-ti'iium. 
 
 Fe-ren'tum 
 
 Fe-re'tri-us 
 
 Fe-ro'ni-a 
 
 Fes-cen'ni-a 
 
 Fi-bre'nus 
 
 Fi-cuVne-a 
 
 Fi-de'na, or 
 
 Fi-de'nae 
 Fi'deg, 6 
 Fir'mi-us 
 Fis-cePlus 
 Fla-min/i-a 
 Fla-min'i-us 
 Fla'vi-a 
 F]a-vo'na 
 Flo'ra 
 Flo-ra^li-a 
 Flo-renai-a, 10 
 
 {Flor'ence) 
 Flo'ri-a'nus 
 Flo'rus 
 
 Fon-te'i-us (-yus) 
 For^mi-ae 
 For'mi-a'num 
 For-tu'ria 
 Fo'rum 
 Fre-^el'la 
 Fre'n-ta/ni 
 Fris'i-i, 10 
 Fron-ti'iius " 
 Fu'ci-niis 
 Fu-ga'li-a 
 Ful'vi-a 
 FuFvi-us 
 Fun-da'nus 
 Fu'ri-ae 
 
 {Fu'ries) 
 Fu'ri-i 
 Fu-ri^na 
 Fu'ri-us 
 Fur'ni-us 
 Fa'si-us, 10 
 
 GaFi-lae'a 
 
 ( Gal'i-lee), 
 GaFli-a 
 Gal'li-cus 
 
 Gal'li-e'nus Ha'dri-a'nus 
 
 Gal-lip'o-lis (Ha'dri-an) 
 
 Gal'lo-grse'ci-a, 10 Ha'dii-at'i-cum 
 Ga-me'li-a Hae'mo-ni-a 
 
 Gan-gar'i-dse Hae'mus 
 
 Gan'y-me'deg, 6 Hal-cy'o-ne 
 
 ( Gan'y-mede) Ha'li-ac'mon 
 
 Gar''a-man'teg, 
 
 Gar-ga^nus 
 
 Gar-ga'pbi-a 
 
 Gar-ga'rus 
 
 Gau/ga-me'la 
 
 Gau'lus 
 
 Gau'rus 
 
 Ha^li-ar'tus 
 HaFi-car-nas'sus 
 HaPmy-des'sus 
 HaFon-ne'sus 
 Ha'lys 
 
 Ham/a-dry'a-deg, 6 
 [ W. ( Ham' a-dry-ads) 
 
 6e-dro'si-a, 10, S. Ha-mil^car 
 
 G. 
 
 Ga'bi-i 
 
 Ga-bin'i-a 
 
 Ga-bin/i-us 
 
 Ga-bi'nus 
 
 Ga'deg, 6 
 
 Gad'i-ta'nus 
 
 6ae-tu'li-a 
 
 Ga-lan'this 
 
 Gal'a-tae 
 
 Gal'a-te'a 
 
 Ga-la'ti-a, 10 
 
 Ga-le'nus 
 
 { Ga'len) 
 Ga-le''ri-us 
 Ga-le'su? 
 
 6e'la 
 
 6e-U/a 
 
 6eFli-us 
 
 6e'lo or (je'lon 
 
 Oie-lo/ni 
 
 6em/i-ni 
 
 6e-nau'm 
 
 Han/ni-bal 
 Har-mo'di-us 
 Har-mo'ni-a 
 Har'pa-gus , 
 Py. C. W. 
 Har-paVy-ce 
 Har-poc'ra-teg , 6 
 
 6e-ne/va,W. L. Fr. Har-py'i-ae (-ye) 
 " ' '" (Har'pies) 
 
 Ha-ru^deg,6 
 Ha-rus'pex 
 Has^dru-bal 
 He'be 
 He'brus 
 Hec'a-tae'us 
 Hec'a-te 
 Hec'a-tom'po-lis 
 Hec'a-tom'py-los 
 Hec'u-ba 
 He-ge'mon, and 
 Heg^e-mon 
 
 Sch. M. 
 
 <jen''e-va. For. 
 6e'iii-us 
 fien'ti-us, 10 
 6en/u-a 
 6en'u-sus 
 (jSe-or/gi-ca 
 
 ( Geor'gics) 
 6er-go/vi-a 
 6er-ma/ni-a 
 
 ( Ger'ma-ny) 
 (jer-man^i-cus 
 6er-ma^ni-i, a Per- 
 
 sian people, S. 
 6e-ron'' three 
 6e'ry-oii, and 
 
 6e-ry/o-ueg, 6 
 (!ies/so-ri'a-cum. 
 Ge'ta 
 Oe'tae 
 
 Gi-gan'te§, 6 
 Gla'di-a-to'ri-i 
 
 Lu'di 
 Glapb'y-ra, Py. 
 Glau-co'pis 
 Glau'cus 
 Gni'dus, M 
 Gnos'si-a, 10, 14 
 Go-na'tas,C. L. W. Hel-le^nes, 6 
 Gor'di-a'nus HePles-pon'tus 
 
 He-,§e'si-as 
 He,§/e-sip'pus 
 He^'e-sis'trst-tus 
 Hel'e-na 
 Hel'e-nus 
 He-li^a-deg, 6 
 HeFi-ce 
 HeFi-con 
 
 Hel'i-co-rd'a-deg, 6 
 He'li-o-do'rus 
 He'li-o-gab'a-lus , 
 He-li'o-ga-ba']xis , 
 C.L. 
 He'li-op'o-lis 
 He/li-os 
 
 ( Gor'di-an) 
 Gor^di-us 
 Gop/^-as 
 Goi'/go-nes, 6 
 Gor-gon'i-fer 
 Gor-go/ni-us 
 Gor-go'pas 
 Gor-goph'o-ne 
 Gor-goph'o-nus 
 Goi-go'pis 
 Gor-ty'na, and 
 
 Gor-ty/ne 
 Go'tbi 
 
 ( Goths) 
 Gra-di'vus 
 Grae'ci-a, 10 
 Gra-ni'cus 
 Gra^ti-ae, 10 
 Gra'ti-a'nus, 10 
 Gra'ti-us, 10 
 Gre-gc'ri-us 
 
 ( Greg'o-ry) 
 Gu'al-te'ri-us 
 
 {Wal'ter) 
 Gu'li-el'mus 
 
 ( Wil'liam) 
 fiy^a-rus, and 
 
 (jy/a-ros 
 6y-lip'pus 
 6ym-na/si-um, 10 
 6ym-ne/si-ae, 10 
 6ym-nos''o-pbis'tae Her'cu-leg, 6 
 6y-naec/o-thoe'nas Her-cu'le-um 
 
 HeKlo-peg, 
 Hel-lo'tis 
 He-lo'rus <, 
 
 He^os 
 He-lo'tae, and 
 
 He-lo'teg, 6 
 {He'lots or HeV- 
 ots) 
 Hel-ve'ti-i, 10 
 HeFvi-i 
 Heu'e-ti 
 He-ni'o-€hi 
 He-phaes'ti-a, 5, a 
 
 town. [tival. 
 
 nepb'aes-ti'a, afes- 
 Heph'aes-ti'a-deg, 6 
 He-pbaes'ti-o 
 He-phaes/ti-on, 10 
 Hep-tap/y-los 
 He'ra 
 Her'a-cle'a 
 He-ra'cle-o'teg, 6 
 Her'a-cle'um 
 Her'a-cli'dae 
 Her'a-cli'deg, 6 
 Her/a-cli'tus 
 He-rse'a 
 He-rae'um 
 Her/cu-la/ne-um 
 
 Her'cu-la-ne'um, 
 
 Her-cyn'i-a 
 
 Her-do'ni-us, S. W. 
 
 He-ren/ni-us 
 
 Hei'-mae'a 
 
 Her-mas'um 
 
 Her-maph/ro-di'tus 
 
 Her'ma-tbe'na 
 
 Her'me-si'a-nax 
 
 Her-mi'as 
 
 Her'mi-as 
 Her-mi'o-ne 
 Her'mi-on'i-cus 
 
 Si'nus 
 Her-mip'pus 
 Her-moc/ra-teg, G 
 Her^mo-do'rus 
 Her-mog'e-neg, 6 
 Her'mo-la'us 
 Her-mop'o-lis 
 Her/mo-ti'mus 
 Her/mun-du'ri, 
 Pe. S. 
 
 Her-mun/du-ri 
 K. Fac. For. 1 
 He'ro 
 He-ro'des, 6 
 
 {Her'od) 
 He-ro'di-a'nus 
 
 ( He-ro'di-an) 
 He-rod'o-tus 
 He-ro'eg, 6 
 He'ron 
 Her'o-op'o-lis 
 He-roph'i-la 
 He-ropb''i-lus 
 Her-sil'i-a 
 Her'u-U 
 He-si'o-dus 
 
 {He'si-od) 
 He-si'o-ne 
 Hes-pe'ri-a 
 Hes-per''i-deg, 6 
 Hes/pe-ris 
 Hes'pe-rus 
 He-sy«b'i-us 
 He-tru'ri-a 
 Hi-ber'ni-a 
 Hi'e-ra, an island 
 Hi'e-rap'o-lis 
 Hi-er/i-chus 
 
 {Jer'i-cho) 
 Hi'e-ro 
 
 Hi-er'o-€les, 6 
 Hi'e-ron'i-ca Lex 
 Hi^e-ron'y-inus 
 
 (Jer'ome) 
 Hi'e-ro-sol'y-ma 
 
 (Te-ru' sa-lem} 
 Hi-la^ri-us 
 
 (Hil'a-ry) 
 Him'e-ra 
 Hi-miFco 
 Hip-par'ehus 
 Ilip'pa-sus 
 Hip'pi-as 
 Hip'pi-us 
 Hip'po-cen-tau'ri 
 Hip-poc^ra-teg, 6 
 Hip/po-cre'ne 
 
 ( Hip'po-crene) 
 Hip-pod'a-me 
 Hip/po-da-mi'a 
 Hip-pod/ro-mue 
 Hip-poKy-te 
 Hip-pol'y-tus 
 Hip-pom'e-don 
 Hip-pom'e-neg, 6 
 Hip'po-mol'^i 
 Hip-po'na 
 Hip-po'nax 
 Hip-pop'o-deg, 6 
 Hip'po-tas, or 
 
 Hip/po-te§, 6 
 Hip-poth/Q-on 
 Hip-pu'ris 
 Hir-pi'ni 
 His'pa-lis 
 His-pa'ni-a 
 His-pa%us 
 His-ti/ae-o'tis 
 
888 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 llis'ti-ip'us 
 llo-nie'ru8 
 
 {Ho'mer) 
 Ho'nor 
 Uou'o-ri'nus 
 llor^a-pol'lo 
 Ilo-ra'ti-a, 10 
 Uo-ra'ti-u8, 10 
 
 (Hor'acf) 
 lIor-t«ii'si-a, 10 
 llor-teu'si-us, 10 
 Ho'rus 
 ilos-til'i-a 
 llya-cin'thi-a 
 llya-cin'thus 
 Uy^a-deg, 6 
 Hy-am po-li* 
 Hy-au'tis 
 Hy^HS 
 Hybla 
 Hy-dar'neg, 6 
 Hy-das'pe£, 6 
 Hy'dra 
 
 Hyd'ra-o'teg, 6 
 Hydrus 
 Hy-emp''sal 
 Hy-ge^i-a (-je/ya) 
 Hy-^'nus 
 Hy-lac'tor 
 Hy'las 
 
 Hym'e-nae'us 
 Hy-met'tus 
 Hy-pse/pa 
 Hyp'a-nis 
 Hyp/a-ta 
 Hyp'er-bo're-i, and 
 
 Hy-per'bo-re'i 
 Hyp'e-ri'deg, 6, or 
 
 Hy-per'i-deg 
 Hyp/e-ri'on 
 
 (Hy-pe'ri-on) 
 Hyp'erm-nes'tra 
 Hyp-sic'ra-teg, 6 
 Hyp-sip'y-le 
 Hyr-ca'ni-a 
 Hyr-ca/num Ma're 
 Hy-ri'e-us 
 
 Hyr^i-eus 
 Hyr'ta-cus 
 Hys-tas'peg, 6 
 
 I. 
 
 I-ac'€hu8 
 
 I-aFy-sus 
 
 I-am''be 
 
 I-am/bli-€hufl 
 
 I-am'i-dae 
 
 Fa-pyg'i-a 
 
 I-a'pyx 
 
 T-ar'bas 
 
 I-ar'chas 
 
 I-as'i-deg, 6 
 
 I^a-8is 
 
 I-a/si-u8, 10 
 
 ra-8U8, C. W. 
 
 I-a/8U8, K. 
 I-ax'ar-teg, 6 
 I-be'ri 
 I-be^ri-a 
 I-be/ru8 
 I/bi8 
 Ib'y-cns 
 I-ca/ri-a 
 I-eH/ri-ua 
 Ic^a-ruB 
 If/e-lo8 
 
 I-cfc/ni, Fac. W. 
 Ieh-nu''Ka 
 Icb''thy-oph'a-gi 
 
 I-c<yni-uiii 
 
 I'da 
 
 Td'a-li* 
 
 I'dex 
 
 I-dis'ta-Ti'siis, or 
 
 1-dis'la-vi'sus 
 I-dom'e-neus 
 I-do'the-a 
 I-du'be-da 
 I-du'me, and 
 Id'u-me'a 
 I-gu'vi-uin 
 
 I-ler^da 
 
 IFer-^e'teg, 6 ; see 
 C. cDid For. 
 I-ler'^e-teg, 
 K. Fac. 
 
 IFi-a 
 
 I-li'a-cus 
 
 I-Ii'a-deg, 6 
 
 Il'i-as 
 
 IPi-oa 
 
 I-li'o-ne, or 
 I-li'o-na 
 
 I-lis'sus 
 
 Il'i-thy'i-a (-ya) 
 
 IFi-um, or Il'i-on 
 
 IFli-tur'gis 
 
 Il-lyr'i-a 
 
 Il-lyr/i-cum 
 
 Il'ly-ris 
 
 Plus 
 
 I-lyr/§is 
 
 Im'a-us 
 I-ma'us, K. 
 
 Im/ba-rus 
 
 Im-bras'i-deg, 6 
 
 Im^bra-sus 
 
 Im/bros 
 
 In/a-€hi 
 
 I-na'€hi-a 
 
 I-naeh'i-dae 
 
 In'a-chus 
 
 In'ci-ta'tus 
 
 In'di-a 
 
 In-dig;/e-teg 
 
 In/di-ge'teg, a peo- 
 ple 
 
 Fno 
 
 I-no'a 
 
 I-n(ypus 
 
 In'su-breg, 6 
 
 In'ta-pher'neg, 6 
 
 In'te-ram'na 
 
 In'u-us 
 
 To 
 
 Fo-la-i'a, a festival 
 
 Fo-las, or Fo-la'us 
 
 I-ol/€bos 
 
 I^o-le 
 
 J/on 
 
 I-o^neg, 6 
 
 I-o^ni-a 
 
 I'o-pe 
 
 I'os 
 
 Iph'i-clus, or 
 Iph'i-cleg, 6 
 
 I-phic'ra-teg, 6 
 
 Iph/i-ge-ni'a 
 
 I-phin'o-e 
 
 I'phis 
 
 Iph^i-tus 
 
 I'ra 
 
 Ir'e-nae'us 
 
 I-re'ne 
 
 I/rfs 
 
 Vtub 
 
 I-sae/us 
 
 Is'a-ra 
 
 I-sau'ri-a 
 
 I-fiauM-cus 
 
 Is-chom'a-ehus 
 
 Is'i-do'rus 
 
 I'sis 
 
 l8-ma/ru8, and 
 iH'ma-ra 
 
 l8-iDe''ne 
 
 Is-me'ni-as 
 
 Is-men'i-deg, 6 
 
 Is-me'nus, son of 
 Apollo 
 
 l8-me'nus, a Chian 
 
 I-80c/ra-teg, 6 
 
 I»-8ed''o-neg, 6 
 
 Istb'iui-a 
 
 Is'ti-ae-o'fcis 
 
 Is'tri-a 
 
 Is-trop'o-lia 
 
 I-ta'li-a 
 
 (It'a-ly) 
 I-taFi-ca 
 I-tal'i-cus 
 It'a-lus 
 Ith''a-ca 
 
 Ifch''a-ce'si-8B, 10 
 Ith'o-mae'a 
 I-tho'me 
 I-to'ne 
 I-to'nus 
 It/o-rum 
 It'u-rae'a 
 Ftys 
 I-u'Ius 
 Ix-i^on 
 Ix'i-on'i-deg, 6 
 
 J. 
 
 Laf'y-deg, 6,F.K. Le'dus 
 La-cy'deg, LePe-geg, 6 
 
 Pe. Py. Lid. " " 
 La'de 
 La'don 
 Las'laps 
 Lae'li-a'nus 
 Lse'li-us 
 La-er'teg, 6 
 Lses-tryg'o-neg, 6 
 Lae-to'ri-a Lex 
 
 Lae-Ti'nus 
 La'gus 
 La-i'a-deg, 6 
 La'is 
 
 La'i-us (-yus) 
 Lam'a-€hus 
 Lam-bra/ni, K 
 La'mi-a 
 La'mi-se 
 Lam-pe'do, C. 
 
 Le'lex 
 Le-ma'Dus 
 Lem''o-Ti'ceg, 6 
 Le-mov'i-ceg, 
 For. 
 Lem/u-reg, 6 
 Le-mu'ri-a 
 Le-nae'us 
 Len'tu-lus 
 Le'o 
 
 Le'o-co'ri-on 
 Le-on''i-das 
 Le'on-ti'ni 
 Le-on/ti-um, 10 
 Le-os'the-neg, 6 
 W. Le'o-ty€h'i-deg, 6 
 Lep/i-da 
 Lep'i-dus 
 L. Le-ponai-i, 10 
 
 Ja-co'bus 
 
 (James) 
 Ja'nus 
 Jap'e-tus 
 Ja'son 
 Jo-cas'ta 
 Jor-da'neg, 6 
 
 Jor'da-neg, C. 
 
 {Jor'dan) 
 Jor-nan^deg, 6 
 Jo-se'phus 
 Jo'vi-a'nus 
 
 {Jo'vi-an) 
 Ju'ba 
 Ju-dae'a 
 Ju-gur'tha 
 . Ju'li-a 
 Ju'li-a'nus 
 
 (Ju'li-an) 
 Ju^'li-i 
 
 Ju/li-om'a-gus 
 Ju^li-op'o-lis 
 Ju^li-us 
 Ju-'ni-a 
 Ju'no 
 
 Ju'no-na'li-a 
 Ju-no'neg, 6 
 Ju-no'ni-a 
 Ju'ao-nig'e-na 
 Ju'pi-ter 
 Ju^ra 
 Jus-tin'i-a'nus 
 
 (Jus-tin'i-an) 
 Jus-ti'nus 
 
 {Jus' tin) 
 Ju-tur'na 
 Ju've-na'lis 
 
 (Ju've-nal) 
 Ju-ven'tas 
 Ju-ver''na 
 
 Lab-dap'i-deg, 6 
 
 Lab'da-cus 
 
 La/be-o 
 
 La-be'ri-us 
 
 La-bi'cum 
 
 La/bi-e'nus 
 
 Lab'y-rin'thus 
 
 La-cae'na 
 
 Laf/e-dse'mon 
 
 Lap'e-dae-mo'ni-ijOr 
 Laf/e-dsein'o-neg 
 ( Lap'e-de-m.o'ni- 
 ans.) 
 
 Laeh'e-sis 
 
 La-cin'i-um 
 
 Lac'o-bri'ga 
 
 La-co'ni-a, and 
 La-con'i-ca 
 
 Lac-tan'ti-us, 10 
 
 Lam'pe-ti'a, a city- Lep'ti-neg, 6 
 Lam'pe-to Le-ri'iia 
 
 Lam-prid''i-us M'- Le'ro 
 
 li-us 
 Lam/pro-cleg, 6 
 Lamp'sa-cus, and 
 
 Lamp'sa-ehum 
 La'mus 
 Lam/y-rus 
 Lan/ci-a, 10 
 Lan'go-bar'di 
 La-nu^Ti -um 
 La-oc'o-on 
 La-od'a-mi'a 
 La-od'i-ce 
 La-od'i-ce'a 
 La-od'i-ce'ne 
 La-od'o-€us 
 La-om'e-doa 
 La-om''e-don-ti'a- 
 
 Le'ros 
 Les'u-ra, C. 
 Le-su'ra, K. F. 
 Fac. 
 Le'the 
 Leu'ca 
 Leu'cas 
 Leu'ce 
 Leu'ci 
 Leu-cip'pus 
 Leu^con 
 Leu-cop'e-tra 
 Leu'co-phrys 
 Leu^cos 
 Leu-co'si-a, 10 
 Leu'co-syr'i-i 
 Leu-co'the-a 
 Leu-coth'o-e 
 
 JLa'phri-a, Fac. W. Leu'cy-a'ni-as, 10, 
 
 La-phys'ti-um, Py. W. 
 
 S. W. Lex-o'vi-i 
 
 Lap'i-thae Li-ba'iii-us, S.W. 
 
 La'ra, or La-ran'da Lib-'a-nus 
 
 La-ren'ti-a, 10 
 La'reg, 6 
 La-ri'na 
 La-ris'sa 
 La-ris'sus 
 
 Lar'i-svts, For 
 La'ri-us 
 Lar'ti-us, 10, 
 La''sus 
 Lat'e-ra'nus 
 
 (Lat'er-an) 
 La-te'ri-um 
 La^ti-a'lis, 10 
 La-ti'm 
 La-ti'nus 
 La'ti-um, 10 
 Lat'o-bri'gi 
 La-to'mi-8B 
 La-to/na 
 La-top'o-lis 
 La-to'us 
 
 {Leh'a-non) 
 Lib/en-ti'na 
 Libber 
 Lib'e-ra 
 Li-ber^tas 
 Li-be'thra 
 Li-beth'ri-deg, 6 
 S. W. Lib/i-ti'na 
 Lisbon 
 
 Lib'o-phoe-ni'ceg, 6 
 Li-bur'na 
 Lib'y-a 
 
 Lib/y-cum Ma're 
 Li-bys'sa 
 Lieh'a-deg, 6 
 Li'ehas 
 Li-cin/i-a 
 Li-ciii''i-us 
 Li^'i-nus 
 Li-ga'ri-us 
 Linger 
 
 Lau-re/a-cum, Py, Lig'u-reg, 6 
 
 W. 
 
 Lau'ren-ta'li-a 
 Lau-ren'teg, 6 
 Lau-ren'ti-a, 10 
 Lau/ren-ti'ni 
 Lau-ren'tum 
 Lau'ron 
 La'us 
 Lau'sus 
 La-ver'na 
 La-ver^ni-iun 
 La-vin'i-a 
 La-vin/i-um, or 
 
 La-vi'num 
 Le-aa'der 
 Leb^a-de'a 
 Leb'e-dus, or 
 
 Leb'e-dos 
 Le-€hae'um 
 Le'da 
 Le-dae^a 
 
 Li-gu'ri-a 
 
 Li-gus'ti-cumMa/re 
 
 Lil'y-bse'um 
 
 Lin'go-neg, 6 
 
 Lip'a-ra 
 
 Lip'a-ris 
 
 Li-quen'ti-a, 10 
 
 Li''ris 
 
 Li-ter'num 
 
 Lit^y-er'sas 
 
 Lit'y-er'seg, 6 
 Liv'i-a 
 Liv'i-us 
 
 (Liv'y) 
 Lix'us 
 Lo'cri 
 Lo-cus'ta 
 Lo-cu^ti-us, 10 
 LoPIi-a 
 LoFli-a'nua 
 LoFli-us 
 
 Lon-din''i-um, 
 
 S. Fac. Sck. For. 
 
 (Lon'don) 
 Lon-gim'a-nus 
 Lon-gi^nus 
 Lon'go-bar'di 
 
 [Lom'bards) 
 Lon'gu-la 
 Lo'tis, or Lo'tos 
 Lo-toph'a-gi 
 Lu'ca 
 Lu-ca'ni 
 Lu-ca'ni-a 
 Lu-ca'nus 
 
 {Lu'can) 
 Lu-ca'ri-a 
 Luc-ce'i-us (-yus) 
 Lu'ce-reg, 6 
 Lu-ce'ri-a 
 Lu-ci-a'nus, 10 
 
 {Lu'ci-an) 
 Lu'ci-fer 
 Lu-ciW-us 
 Lu-cil'Ia 
 Lu-ci/na 
 Lu-cre'ti-a, 10 
 Lu-cret'i-lis 
 Lu-cre'ti-us, 10 
 Luc-ta'ti-us, 10 
 Lu-cul'li Hor'ti 
 Lu-cuFlus 
 Lu'cu-mo 
 Lug-du^num 
 
 (Ly'ons) 
 Lu'pa 
 Lu-per'cal 
 Lu/per-ca'li-a 
 Lu-per'ci 
 Lu-per'ous 
 Lu'pi-as, or 
 
 Lu'pi-a 
 Lu^pus 
 Lu'si-ta'Di-a 
 Lu-so'neg, 6 
 Lu-ta'ti-us, 10 
 Lu-te'ti-a, 10 
 Ly-ge'us 
 Lyc'a-bas 
 Lyc'a-be'tuB 
 Ly-cae'a 
 Ly-cae^us 
 Ly-cam/beg, 6 
 Ly-ca/on 
 Lyc'a-o'ni-a 
 Ly-cas'tus [Fac 
 Lyeh/ni-dus, K. i? 
 Lyc'i a, 10 
 Ly9/i-das 
 Ly-cis'cus 
 Ly-ci'us, and 
 
 Lyc'i-us, 10 
 Lyc^o-me'deg, 6 
 Ly'con 
 Lyc'o-phron 
 Ly-cop'o-lis 
 Lyc'o-re'a 
 Lyc'o-re'us, or 
 
 Lyc'o-ri'us 
 Ly-co'ris 
 Ly-cor'mas 
 Ly-cor'tas 
 LyCo-su'ra 
 Lyc'ur-^'deg, 6 
 Ly-cur'gus 
 Ly'cus 
 Lyd'i-a 
 Lyd'i-us 
 Ly'dus 
 
 Lyg'da-mis, S.W 
 Lyg'da-mus 
 Lyg''o-des'ma 
 Lyn^ceus, or 
 Lyn/ce-ios 
 Lyr-nes'sus, or 
 
 Lyr-ne'sus 
 Ly-san/der 
 Ly-san^dra 
 Lys'i-as, 10 
 Ly-sim''a-€hi'a 
 Lys'i-ma'€hi-» 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 889 
 
 Ly-sun''a-€hus 
 Ly-eip/pus 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma/98e 
 Ma-ca're-us 
 
 Mac'a-reus 
 Ma-ca/ri-a 
 Ma^'e-do 
 Ma-^ed'o-neg , 6 
 
 (Ma^'e-do'ni-ans) 
 Ma^'e-do'ni-a 
 Ma^'e-don'i-cus 
 Ma'cer 
 
 Ma-€han'Mas 
 Ma-€ha/on 
 Ma-'cra 
 Ma'cri-a'nus 
 Ma-cri'nus 
 Ma-crCbi-i 
 Ma-cro'bi-Tis 
 Mac'ro-ehir 
 Ma-cro'neg, 6 
 Ma-dau'ra 
 Mad'e-tas 
 Mae-an/der 
 Mae-ce'nas 
 Mae'di 
 Mae'li-us 
 Maen/a-dei , 6 
 Maen'a-lus 
 Mae-o'ni-a 
 Mae-on'i-dae 
 M3e-on'i-de§, 6 
 Mae/o-nis 
 Mae-o'tae 
 Mae-o'tis Pa/lus 
 Mae'-vi-us 
 Mag-nen/ti-us, 10 
 Mag-ne'si-a, 10 
 Ma'go 
 Ma'gon 
 Ma-har'bal 
 Ma'i-a (ma'ya) 
 Ma-jes'tas 
 Ma-jor'ca 
 Mal/e-ven'tum 
 Ma-mer'cus 
 Mam'er-ti'na 
 Mam''er-ti'ni 
 Ma-miFi-a Lex 
 Ma-mil'i-i 
 Ma-miUi-us 
 Mam-mae'a 
 Ma-mu'ri-us 
 Ma-mur'ra 
 Man-ci'nus 
 Man-de'la 
 Ma/neg, 6 
 Man''e-tho 
 Ma'ni-a 
 Ma-niPi-a 
 Ma-nil^i-us 
 Man'li-a Lex 
 Man'li-us 
 Man-sue'tus 
 Man'ti-ne'a 
 Man'tu-a 
 Mar'a-thon 
 Mar-cel'la 
 Mar'cel-li'nus 
 Mar -Celsius 
 Mar'ci-a, 10 
 Mar'ci-a'na, 10 [10 
 Mar/ci-a-nop'o-lis, 
 Mar'ci-a'nus, 10 
 
 {Mar^cian) 
 Mar/ci-us, 10 
 Mar'co-man'ni 
 Mar-do/ni-us 
 Mar'gi-a'na, or 
 
 Mar'^-a'ne 
 Mar-gi'teg, 6 
 Ma''ri-a Lex 
 Ma-ri'a, and 
 
 Ma'ri-a (Mary) 
 
 Ma'ri-am'ne 
 
 Ma'ri-an-dy'ni 
 
 Ma'ri-a'nus 
 
 Ma-ri'ca 
 
 Ma'ri-us 
 
 Mar-mar'i-ca 
 
 Mar-mar^i-dae 
 
 Mar-ma'ri-on 
 
 Ma'ro 
 
 Matron 
 
 Mar'o-ne'a, and 
 
 Mar'o-ni'a 
 Mar-pCsi-a, 10 
 Mar-pes'sa 
 Mar-pe'sus 
 Mar^ru-ci'm 
 Mar-ru'Ti-um, or 
 
 Mar-ru'bi-um 
 Mar'sa-ci 
 Mar'sy-as, 10 
 Mar'ti-a'lis, 10 
 
 (Blar'tial) 
 Ma-ruPlus 
 Mas''i-ms'sa 
 Mas-sag'e-tae 
 Mas'si-cus 
 Mas-sil^i-a 
 Mas-sy'li 
 Mas-tram'e-la 
 Ma-tis'co 
 Ma-tra'li-a 
 Ma-tro'na 
 Mat''ro-na'li-a 
 Mat-ti'a-ci 
 Ma-tu'ta 
 Mau'ri 
 
 Mau'ri-ta'ni-a 
 Mau'rus 
 Mau-ru'si-l, 10 
 Mau-so'lu8 
 Ma'vors 
 Ma-vor'ti-a, 10 
 Max-en'ti-us, 10 
 Max'im-i-a'nus 
 
 { Max-imH-an) 
 Max'i-mi'nxis 
 
 (Max'i-niin) 
 Max'i-mus 
 Maz^a-ca 
 Me-de'a 
 Me^di-a 
 
 Me/di-o-la'num 
 Me'di-o-mat'ri-ci 
 Med'i-tri'na 
 Me-do'a-cus 
 Me'don 
 Med'u-a'na 
 
 Me-du'a-na, For. 
 Me'dus 
 Me-du'sa 
 Meg'a-by'zus 
 Meg/a-cleg, 6,Pt/.-S. 
 Me-*ae^ra 
 Meg'a-le 
 Meg'a-le'si-a, 10 
 Me-ga'li-a 
 Meg/a-lop'o-lis 
 Meg'a-ra 
 Meg'a-ris 
 Me-gas'the-neg, 6 
 Me-gis'ta 
 Me-^s'ti-as, 
 
 s. Py. 
 Me'la 
 
 Me-IarQ/pus 
 MeFan-ehae'teg, 6 
 Mel'an-ehae'ni 
 MeVa-nip'pe 
 Mei/a-nip'pi-deg, 6 
 Mel'a-nip'pus 
 Me-lan'thi-us 
 Me-lan'thus 
 Me'las 
 Me'le-a'ger 
 
 Me-la'a-ger 
 Me'le-ag'ri-deg, 6 
 Me'leg, 6 
 Mel'e-sig'e-neg, 6 
 Mel'i-bae'a 
 MeVi-boe'us 
 
 Mel'i-cer'ta, and 
 
 Mel'i-cer'teg, 6 
 Mel'i-gu'nis 
 Me-lis'sa 
 Me-lis'sus 
 MePi-ta, or Mel'i-te 
 Mel'i-te'ne 
 Me'li-us 
 Me'loa 
 
 Mel-pom/e-ne 
 Mem/mi-a 
 Mem/mi-US 
 Mem-phi'' tis 
 Me'na 
 Me-naVcas 
 Men'a-lip'pe 
 Me-nan'der 
 Me-na'pi-i 
 Me'nas 
 
 Me-nec'ra-teg, 6 
 Men'e-de'mus 
 Men'e-la-i'a 
 Men/e-Ia'us 
 Me-ne'ni-us 
 Me'neg, 6 
 Me-nes'the-us 
 
 Me-nes'theu3 
 Me-nip'pu3 
 Me-noe'ce-us 
 Me-Qoe'teg, 6 
 Me'non 
 Me-noph'i-lus 
 Mer-cu'ri-us 
 
 (Mer'cu-ry.) 
 Me-ri'o-neg, 6 
 Merm'na-dae, S. W. 
 Mer'o-e 
 Mer'o-pe 
 Me'rops 
 Me'rus 
 Me-sa'pi-a 
 Me-sem/bri-a 
 Me-se'ne 
 Mes^'o-me'deg, 6 
 Mes'o-po-ta'mi-a 
 Mes-sa^la 
 Mes-sa-li'na 
 Mes/sa-li'nus 
 Mes-sa'pi-a 
 Mes-se'ne, or 
 
 Mes-se'na 
 Mes-se'ni-a 
 Met'a-bus 
 Met'a-pon'tum 
 Me-tau'rus 
 Me-tel'li 
 Me-tho'ne 
 Me-thym'na 
 Me-til'i-a Le? 
 Me-tU'i-i 
 Mentis 
 Me'ti-us, 10 
 Me-toe'ci-a, 10 
 Melton 
 Me-tro'bi-us 
 Met/ro-cleg, 6 
 Met'ro-do'rus 
 Me-tu'luin 
 Me-va/ni-a 
 Me-zen''ti-ug, 10 
 Mi-cip'sa 
 Mi'das 
 Mid'e-a, mother of 
 
 Licymyiius. 
 Mi-de'a, mother of 
 
 Antiochus. 
 Mi-le'si-i, 10 
 Mi-le'si-us, 10 
 Mi-le'tus [K. S. 
 Mil^i-ehus : see C. 
 Mi'lo 
 
 Mil-ti'a-deg, 6 
 MiFvi-us 
 Mi-mal'lo-neg, 6 
 Mi'mas 
 Mim-ner/mus 
 Min^ci-us, 10 
 Mi-ner'va 
 Min'er-va'li-a 
 Min'i-o 
 
 Min-nae'i 
 
 Mi-no'is 
 
 Mi'nos 
 
 Mia'o-tau'rus 
 
 Min-tur'nae 
 
 Mi-nu''ci-us, 10 
 
 Min/y-ae 
 
 Min/y-as 
 
 Min'y-e'i-deg, 6 
 
 Mi-se/nuin 
 
 Mi-se'nus 
 
 Mi'thras 
 
 Mith/ri-da'teg,6 
 
 Mith'r o-bar-za'neg 
 
 6, S. W. 
 Mit/y-le'nae 
 MiVy-le'ne 
 Mna-saFcas, 14 
 Mna'son, 14 
 Mne^mon, 14 
 Mne-mos'y-ne, 14 
 Mne-sar'€hus, 14 
 Mnes'the-us, 14 
 
 Mnes'theus 
 Mne'vis, 14 
 Mo-des'tus 
 Moe'nus 
 Moe-rag/e-teg, 6 
 Moe'ris 
 Moe'si-a, 10 
 Mo-li'a 
 Mo'lo 
 Mol'o-is 
 Mo-lor/«hus 
 Mo-los'si 
 Mo-los'si-a, 10, or 
 
 Mo-los'sis 
 Mo-los'sus 
 Mo'mus 
 Mo'na 
 
 Mo-nae'seg, 6 
 Mo-ne'ta 
 Mon/i-ma 
 Mon'o-dus 
 Mo-noe'cus 
 Mou-ta^nus [Py. 
 Mon/y-€hus, C. S. 
 Mop'si-um, 10 
 Mop-so'pi-a 
 Mop'su-es'ti-a, 10, 
 
 a s. 
 
 Mor-gen^ti-a, 10 
 Mor/i-ni 
 
 Mo-ri/ni, For. 
 Mor'phe-us 
 
 Mor'pheus 
 Mo'sa 
 
 Mos/€hi-on, C.W. 
 Mo-seFla 
 Mo'geg 
 Mo-syeh'lus 
 Mos'y-noe'ci 
 Mul/ci-ber 
 MuFvi-us 
 Mum'mi-us 
 Mu-na'ti-us, 10 
 Mu-r>y«h'i-a 
 Mu-rae'na 
 Mur'ci-a, 10 
 Mur-gan'ti-a, 10 
 Mur'ti-a, 10 
 Mu'sa 
 Mu-sae'us 
 Mu-sag^o-rae 
 Mu/ta 
 Mu'ti-a, 10 
 Mu'ti-na 
 Mu/ti-neg, 6, S. 
 Mu-ti'nus 
 Mu/ti-us, 10 
 Mu-tu'nus 
 Mu-zu'ris 
 Myc'a-le 
 Myc'a-les'sos, and 
 
 Myc'a-le'sus 
 My-ce''nae 
 My-ce'nis 
 My^'e-ri'nus, and 
 
 MyQ'e-ri'na 
 My'con 
 
 Myc'o-nus, and 
 
 My-co'nus 
 My-ec'pho-ris 
 My-Cnus 
 Myg-do'ni-a 
 Myg'do-nus 
 
 Myg-do/nus 
 My-las'sa and 
 
 My-la''sa 
 My'le 
 My-lit'ta 
 My'o-ne'sus 
 My-o'm-a, W. S. 
 My'ra 
 My-ri'na 
 My-ri'nus, Fac. 
 
 Myr'i-nus, L. C. 
 Myr-mid'O'iieg, 6 
 My'ron 
 Myr-si'lu3 
 Myr'ti-las 
 Myr-to'um Ma're 
 Myr-tun'ti-um , 10 
 
 S.W. 
 My-s^el'lus 
 Mys'i-a, 10 
 My'son 
 Myt'i-le'ne 
 My'us 
 
 N. 
 
 Nab'ar-za'neg, 6, 
 
 L. C. S. 
 Nab'a-thae'a 
 Na'bis 
 Nae^ni-a 
 NaeM-us 
 Na-han'ar-va'li, or 
 
 Na'har-va'li 
 Fac. K. [M. 
 
 Na-har'va-li, W. 
 Na-i'a-deg, 6 
 Na'is 
 Na-is'sus 
 Nan'tu-a'teg, 6 
 Na-pae^ae 
 Naph'i-lus, Py. 
 Nar'bo-nen'sia 
 Nar-cis''sus 
 Na-ris'ci 
 Nar'ni-a 
 Na-ry^'i-a, 10 
 Nas^a-mon 
 Nas'a-mo'neg, 6 
 Nas^ci-o, 10 
 Na-si'ca 
 Na'sid-i-e'nus 
 Na-sid'i-us 
 Na'so 
 Na'sus 
 
 Nau'cra-teg, 6 
 Nau''cra-tis 
 Nau'lo-€hus 
 Nau-siin'a-€he 
 Nau-sim/a-€hus 
 Na''va 
 Na'vi-us 
 Nax'os 
 Ne-ae'ra 
 Ne-ae'thus 
 Ne-aFceg, 6 
 Ne-an'theg, 6 
 Ne-ap'o-lis 
 Ne-ar'^hus 
 Ne-bro'deg,6 
 Ne-broph'o-nos 
 Ne-crop'o-lis 
 Nec-tan^a-bis [F. 
 Nec'ta-ne'bus, K. 
 
 Nec-tan'e-bus 
 Fac. S. Py. 
 Ne'le-us 
 
 Ne'leus 
 Ne-mae'a, and 
 
 Ne'me-a, games. 
 Ne'me-a, town and 
 
 Ne'me-8l-a'nu8, 10 
 
 Nem'e-sis 
 Nem/e-tes, G, and 
 
 Ne-me'teg 
 Nem/o-ra'li-a 
 Ne-mos'sus 
 Ne'o-bu'le 
 Ne'o-caes-a-re'a 
 Ne'o-cleg, 6 
 Ne'o-me'ui-a 
 Ne'on 
 
 Ne'on-ti'€ho8 
 Ne/op-tol'e-mu» 
 Ne'pe 
 Ne-pha'li-a 
 Neph'e-le 
 Neph'e-lis 
 Ne-pi'a 
 Ne^pos 
 
 Ne'po-ti-a'nu3, 10 
 Nep'tu-na'ii-a 
 Nep-tu'nus 
 
 (Nep'time) 
 Ne-re'i-deg, 6 
 
 (Ne're-ids) 
 Ne-re'is, or 
 
 Ne're-is 
 Ne-re'tum 
 Ne're-U3 
 
 Ne'reus 
 Ne'ro 
 Ne-ro'ni-a 
 Ner'vi-i 
 Ne'sis 
 
 Nes'to-cleg, 6 
 Nes-to'ri-us 
 Ne'tum 
 
 Ni-^ae'a, or Ni-ce^a 
 Ni-cag-'o-ras 
 Ni-can'der 
 Ni-ca'nor 
 Ni-ca'tor 
 Ni^'e-pho'ri-um 
 Ni^'e-pho'ri-us 
 Ni-cepfa^o-rus 
 Ni'cer 
 Ni-ce'tas, or 
 
 Ni-ce'teg, 6 
 Ni^'e-te'ri-a 
 Ni^'i-as, 10 
 Ni-cip''pus 
 NFco 
 
 Ni-co^h/a-reg, 6 
 Ni-coc'i-a-teg, 6 
 Ni-co'cre-on 
 Nic'o-da'mus 
 
 Ni-cod'a-muB, 
 Pw. 
 Nic^o-de'mu3 
 NiCo-do'rus 
 Nic'o-la'us 
 Ni-com/a-€hus 
 Nic'o-me'deg, 6 
 Nic'o-me-di'a, or 
 
 Nic'o-me-de'a 
 (Nlc'o-me'di-a 
 Ni/con 
 
 Ni-coph^a-neg, 6 
 Nic^o-phoa 
 Nic'o-phron 
 Ni-cop/Q-lis 
 Ni-cos'tra-tus 
 Ni'ger 
 Ni-gid'i-us 
 Ni-gri'tae 
 NiFe-us 
 
 Ni'leus 
 Ni'lus 
 Nin/y-as 
 Ni'o-be 
 Ni-pha'teg, 6 
 Nir^e-us 
 
 Ni'reus 
 Ni'sa 
 Ni-sae'a 
 Nis''i-bis 
 Ni'sus 
 Ni-syrus 
 Ni-te/tis 
 
890 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Nit-'i-ob'ri-iej, 6, 
 10, C. " 
 
 Niti-o-bri'ieg, 
 K. F. Py. 
 Ni-to oris 
 Nit ri-a 
 Ni-va ri-a 
 Noo ti-lu'ca 
 No' la 
 
 Nom anieg, 6 
 Nom on-tn'nus 
 No-men' tuiu 
 No lui-ns 
 Non a-crip, C. 
 
 No-uacris, 
 W. K. P. 
 No'ui-us 
 Nor-ba'nus 
 Nor'i-cum 
 Nor'ti-a, 10 
 Notus 
 
 No-ve'si-um, 10 
 No^ vi-o-du'num 
 No/vi-om'a-gum, or 
 
 No^vi-om'a-gus 
 Xu-ce'ri-a 
 Nu-ith'o-neg, 6 
 
 K. F. Fac. 
 Nu'ma 
 Nu-ma'na 
 Nu-man/ti-a, 10 
 Nu-me'ni-uSjTT. S. 
 Nu'me-ri-a'nus 
 Numi/cus 
 Nu'mi-da 
 Nu-mid'i-a 
 Nu'mi-tor 
 Nu'mi-to'ri-us 
 Nun'di-na 
 Nur'si-a, 10 
 Nyc-te'is 
 Nyc-te^li-a 
 N)c-te^-us 
 Nyc'te-us 
 
 Nyc'teus 
 Nyc-tim'e-ne 
 N\-in-phae/um 
 Nym-phae'us 
 Nym-phid'i-us 
 Ny'sa 
 Ny-sae^us 
 Nys'e-us 
 
 Ny'seus 
 Ny-si'a-d^, 6 
 
 O, 
 
 O-ar'seg, 6 
 O'a-sis 
 
 O-a^sis, Py. 
 O-ax'eg, 6 
 O-ax'us 
 O'ce-an'j-deg, 6, 
 
 and O'ce-a-nit'- 
 i-deg 
 O-ce'a-nus 
 Of/e-lmn 
 O'eha 
 O'chus 
 O-cric'u-lum 
 Oc-ta'Ti-a 
 Oc'ta-vi-a'nua 
 Oc-ta'vi-us 
 Oc'to-^e'sa 
 O-cyp/f-te 
 0-C3T'o-« 
 
 Od'e-na'tofl, W. S. 
 O-dcVsus 
 O-fle'um 
 O-do'a-cer, C. 
 
 Od'o-a'c«r, 
 W. S. M. 
 Od'ry-Kae 
 Od'ys-se'a 
 
 ( Od'ys-sey) 
 Od'yg-Be'um 
 iE/'A-grun, 
 
 F.C. K. Py. 
 
 (E-a'grus 
 Lul. P(. K. 
 CE'ax 
 
 (E-Ki'U-a 
 tEb'a-lu§, 5 
 (E-bareg, 6, Pw. 
 (E-iha'li-a 
 (Ec'u-me'ni-us, 5, 
 
 W. S. 
 (Ed'i-pus, 6 
 lE'ne 
 CK ne-us 
 
 Ui'ueus 
 CE-ni'degj 6 
 (En'o-o. 
 (E-nom'a-us, Pio. 
 
 F. S. Lid. Fac. 
 
 (En'o-ma'us, K. 
 (E-no'na, Py. C. 
 CE-no'nas 
 (E-uo'ne 
 (E-no'pi-a 
 (E-no'pi-oii 
 CE-no/tri 
 (E-no'tri-a 
 (E-no'trus 
 (E-uu/sa 
 (E-o'nus 
 O-er'o-e 
 (E'ta 
 (Et'y-lus 
 O-gul/ni-Tis 
 0*'y-§es, 6 
 0-^g:/i-a 
 0-il'e-us 
 
 0-i'leus 
 OFbi-a 
 
 Ol-cin'i-um, For. 
 0-le'a-ros, or 
 
 O-le'a-rus 
 O'len 
 OFe-nvim 
 OFe-nus 
 OPi-si'po 
 
 O-lis/i-po, For. 
 Ol'i-sip'po 
 OFli-us 
 O-lym/pi-a 
 O-lym'pi-as 
 O-lym'pi-o-do'rus 
 O-lym'pi-us 
 0-lym/pus 
 O-lyn'thus 
 Om/o-le 
 Om''o-pha'^-a 
 Om/pha-le 
 Om/pha-lus 
 On'^hes-mi'tes, 6 
 Oii-€hes'tus 
 On/e-sic'ri-tus 
 0-nes'i-mus 
 O-ni'um 
 On'o-mac'ri-tus 
 On'o-mar'chus 
 On'o-sau'der 
 O-pa'li-a 
 O'phi-as 
 O'phi-o'ne-us 
 
 0-phi/o-neus 
 O'phis 
 O'phi-u'sa 
 Op'i-ci 
 0-pil'i-us 
 O-pi'ma Spoli-a 
 O-pim'i-us 
 O'pis 
 
 Op'i-ter-gi'ni 
 Op/pi-a 
 Op-pi-a'nHH 
 
 ( Op'pi-an) 
 Op'pi-us 
 Op-ta/tus, S. W. 
 Op'ti-mus 
 O'pus 
 Or-bil'i-us 
 Or-bo'na 
 Or'ca-deg, 6 
 Or'ehi-us 
 Or-€hom'e-num 
 Or-€hom'e-iiu8 
 
 Or'do-vi'oeg, C. 
 
 Or-dov'i-ceg, 6, 
 For. K. 
 O-rc'a-deg, 6 
 
 { O' re-ads) 
 O-res'tsB 
 0-res'te§, 6 
 Or'es-te'um 
 Or'es-ti'dae 
 Or'e-ta'ui 
 O're-uui , and 
 
 O're-us, a city. 
 Or'ga, or Or'gas 
 Or-iet/Q-rix, S. Py. 
 Or/*i-a 
 O-rib'a-sus 
 Or'i-cum, or 
 
 Or'i-cus 
 O'ri-eng 
 0-ri5:'e-ne§, 6 
 
 ( Or'i-gen) 
 0-ri'on 
 Or'me-nus 
 Or'ne-a 
 Or-ni'thon 
 O-ro'deg, 6 
 O-roe'teg, 6 
 0-rom/e-don 
 O-ron'teg, 6 
 0-ro'pus 
 O-rc'si-us, 10 
 0-ros'pe-da 
 Or'phe-us, or 
 
 Or'pheus 
 Or-sip'pus 
 Or'thi-a, and 
 
 Or-thi'a 
 Or'thrus 
 Or-tyg'i-a 
 ■O'rus 
 Os/«ho-pho'ri-a, 
 
 S. W. 
 0-si'ris 
 
 0-sis/mi-i, Sch. W. 
 Os'ti-a 
 
 Os-to'ri-us, S.W. 
 O'tho 
 
 O-ttiry'a-deg, 6 
 O'thrys 
 O'tus 
 0-vid'i-us 
 
 ( OvHd) 
 Ox'us 
 
 Ox'y-ryn'chus 
 Oz/Q-a 
 Oz/Q-la 
 Oz'o-lse, or Oz'o-li 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa-ca'ti-a'nus, 10, 
 
 S. W. 
 Pa-«hy/nus, and 
 
 Pa-ehy/num 
 Pac'c-rus 
 
 Pa-cCrus, an 
 
 Egyptian king. 
 Pac-to']us 
 Pac'ty-a 
 Pa-cu'vi-us 
 Pa'dus 
 Pa-du'sa 
 Pse'an 
 Pse'on 
 Pse/o-neg, 6 
 Pse-o'ni-a 
 Pae-on'i-deg, 6 
 Pae'Ros 
 
 Pae'tus ^se-cin/na 
 Pag'a-sae, or 
 
 Pag'a-sa 
 Pa'lae-ap'o-lis 
 Pa-lae'mon 
 Pa-laep'a-phos, 5 
 Pa-lafeph'ar-sa'- 
 
 lus, 5 
 Pa-lseph'a-tus, 5 
 Pa-laep'o-lis , 5 
 
 Pa-laes'te, 5 
 
 PaPees-ti'na 
 
 PaPaes-ti'ni 
 
 Pa-lset'y-rus, 5 
 
 Pal'a-me'deg, 6 
 
 Pal/a-ti'uus, 
 
 Pa-la'ti-um, 10 
 
 Pa'leg, 6 
 
 Pa-lib/Q-thra 
 
 Pa-li'ci 
 
 Pa-liW-a 
 
 Pal'i-nu'rus 
 
 Pa'li-u'rus 
 
 PaPla-deg, 6 
 
 Pal-la'di-um 
 
 Pal-la'di-Tis 
 
 PaMan-te'um 
 
 Pal-lan'ti-as, 10 
 
 Pal-lat'i-deg, 6 
 
 Pal-le'ne 
 
 Pal-ma'ri-a 
 
 Pal-my'ra 
 
 Pa-mi'sus 
 
 Pam^i-sus, For. 
 Pam/me-neg, 6 
 Pam'phi-lus 
 Pam-phy'le, Pe. 
 Pam-phyl'i-a 
 Pan'a-ce'a 
 Pa-nge'ti-us, 10 
 Pan-ath'e-nse'a 
 Pan-^hae^a 
 Pan-eha'i-a (-ya) 
 Pan'da-rus 
 Pan'da-ta'ri-a 
 Pan-de/mus 
 Pan-di^a 
 Pan-di/on 
 Pan-do'ra 
 Pan-do'si-a, 10 
 Pan'dro-sos 
 Pan-gae'us 
 Pan'hel-le'neg, 6 
 Pa'ni-o'ni-tira 
 Pan-no'' ni -a 
 Pan'om-phae'us 
 Pan'o-pe, or -pe'a 
 Pa-no'pe-us 
 
 Pan'o-peus 
 Pa-nop'o-lis 
 Pa-nop'teg, 6 
 Pa-nor'mus 
 Pan-ta'le-on 
 Pan-the'a 
 Pan'the-on, or . 
 
 Pan-the'on 
 Pan-tho'i-deg, 6 
 Pan'ti-ca-pae'um 
 Pan-tic'a-peg, 6 
 Pa'phi-a, or 
 
 Pa'phi-e 
 Paph'la-go'ni-a 
 Pa'phos 
 Pa/phus 
 Pa''pi-as 
 Pa-pin'i-a'nus 
 
 ( Pa-pin'i-an) 
 Pa-pir^i-us 
 Par^a-bys'ton 
 Par'a-di'sus 
 Pa-raet'a-^ae, 5 
 Par''8e-to 'ni-um 
 Pa'ren-tali-a 
 Pa'ris 
 
 Pa-ris'i-i, 10 
 Pa'ri-um 
 Par-men'i-deg, 6 
 Par-me'ni-o, C. S. 
 Par-nas'sus 
 Par/Q-pam'i-sus, 
 C. Py. K. Pw. 
 
 Par''o-pa-mi'sus , 
 Fac. Pe. 
 Pa-ro'pus 
 Par-rha'si-a, 10 
 Par-rha'si-us, 10 
 Par-the/ni-ae, and 
 
 Par-the'ni-i 
 Par-the'ni-us 
 Par'the-non 
 
 Par'then-o-pae'us 
 Par-then'o-pe 
 Par'thi-a [Pw. 
 
 Pa-rys'a-tis : see 
 Pa-sar'ga-dae 
 Pa-siph'a-e 
 Pa-sit^i-gris 
 Pas'sa-ron, or 
 
 Pas'sa-ro 
 Pas'si-e'nus, 10 
 Pat'a-le, or PaVa-la 
 Pat'a-ra 
 Pa-ta/vi-um 
 Pa-ter'cu-lus 
 Pat'i-zi'theg,6 
 Pa'trae 
 Pa-tri^-'i-us 
 
 ( Pat'rick) 
 Pat'ro-cleg, 6 
 Pat'ro-clus 
 Pa-tro'us 
 Pa-tul'ci-us, 10 
 Pau-li'nus 
 Pan'lus 
 Pau-sa/ni-as 
 Pa-ven'ti-a, 10 
 Pa' For 
 Pax''os 
 Ped'a-sus 
 Pe'do 
 Pe'dum 
 Pe-gas'l-deg, 6 
 Peg'a-vsis 
 Peg'a-sus 
 Pe-las'gi 
 Pe-las'ii-a 
 Pe-las'^-o'tis 
 Pe-las'gus 
 Pe'Ie-us 
 
 Pe'leus 
 Pe-li'a-deg, 6 
 Pe'Ii-as 
 Pe-li''deg, 6 
 Pe-lig'ni 
 Pe'li-on 
 Pe-li'on, son of 
 
 Peleus. 
 Pel-le^ne 
 PeFo-pe'a, or 
 
 Pel'o-pi'a 
 Pe-lop'i-das 
 Pel'o-pon-ne'sus 
 Pe'lops 
 Pe-lo'ri-a 
 Pe-lo'rus 
 Pe-lu'si-um , 10 
 Pe-na'teg, 6 
 Pe-neFo-pe 
 Pe-ne'us 
 Pe-ni'nus 
 Pen-tap'o-lis 
 Pen-tePi-cus 
 Pen/the-si-le'a, 10 
 Pen'the-us 
 
 Pen'theus 
 Pen'thy-lus 
 Pep'a-re'thos 
 Pe-rae'a 
 Per-co'pe 
 Per-co'te 
 Per-dic'cas 
 Pe-ren'na 
 Pe-ren'nis 
 Per'ga-mus 
 Pe'ri-an'der 
 Per'i-boe'a 
 Per'i-cleg, 6 
 Per ''i-cly m 'e-nu8 
 Pe-ri'e-^e'teg, 6 
 Pe-riPla 
 Pe-ril'lus 
 Per'i-mela 
 Pe-rin'thus 
 Per'i-pa-tet'i-ci 
 
 ( Per'i-pa-tet'ics) 
 Per-mes'su8 
 Pe'ro 
 Per''o-e 
 Per-pen'nft 
 Per/pe-re'na 
 
 Per-rhse'bi-a 
 
 Per-sae'us 
 
 Per-seph'o-ne 
 
 Per-sep'o-lis 
 
 Per'se-us 
 
 Per'seus 
 Per'si-a, 10 
 Per'si-us, 10 
 Per'ti-nax 
 Pe-ru'si-a, 10 
 Pes-cen'ni-U8 
 Pes'si-nus 
 Pet'e-U'ni 
 Pe''te-os 
 Pe-til'i-a 
 Pe-tU'i-U8 
 Pet'o-8i'ris 
 Pe'tra 
 Pe-trae'a 
 Pe-tre'i-us ( -yns) 
 Pe-tri/num 
 Pet'ro-eo'ri-i 
 Pe-tro'ni-a 
 Pe-tro'ni-us 
 Peu-ces''teg, 6 
 Peu-ce'ti-a, 10 
 Peu-ci'ni 
 Phae'a 
 
 Phae-a'ci-a, 10 
 Phae'ax 
 Phae'don 
 Phae'dra 
 Phae'drus 
 Phae-nar'e-te 
 Phae'ne-as 
 Pha/e-thon [6 
 
 Pha'e-ton-ti'a-deg, 
 Phal'a-cri'na 
 Pha-lan'thTis 
 Phal'a-ris 
 Pha-le'ron, or 
 
 Pha-le'niin 
 Pha-le'rus, one of 
 
 the Lapithx : see 
 
 Pw. 
 PhaFe-rus, a com- 
 panion of Jason., 
 
 Fac. K. 
 PhaHi-ca 
 Pha-lo/re 
 
 Pha-nae'us [W. 
 Phan-ta'si-a,10, S. 
 Pha'on 
 Pha'rse 
 Pha'ris 
 
 Phar'ma-cu'sa 
 Phar'na-ba'zus 
 
 \V. S. 
 Phar-na'ce-a, 10, or 
 
 Phar'na-ci'a, 
 Sch. Fac. 
 Phar-na'ci-a, 
 10, C. Sch. 
 Phar'na-ceg, 6 
 Pha'ros 
 Phar-sa'li-a 
 Phar-sa'lus, or 
 
 Phar-sa'Ios 
 Pha-ru'si-i, 10 
 Pha-se'lis 
 Pha'si-a'na, 10 
 Pha'si-as, 10 
 Pha'sis 
 Phe'ge-us 
 
 Phe'^eus 
 Phe'mi-ns 
 Phe-ne'us, a man. 
 Phe'ne-us, and 
 
 Phe/ne-um, a 
 lake and a city 
 Phe'rae 
 Phe-rae'us 
 Phe-re(yra-te5, 6 
 Pher/e-ti'm» 
 Phe'rpn 
 Phida-as 
 Phi-dip'pi-deg, 6 
 Phi-dit'i-a, 10 
 Phi'don 
 Phi'la 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 891 
 
 Phil'a-del-phi'a 
 
 (Phil'a-del'phi-a) 
 Phil'a-del'phus 
 Phi'lae 
 Phi-lae'ni 
 Phi-lam''mon 
 Phil^e-tse'rua 
 Phi-le'tes 
 PM-li'nus 
 Phil'ip-pe'i 
 Phi-Up/pi 
 Phi-lip/pi-deg, 6 
 Phil'ip-pop'o-lis 
 Phi-lip'pus 
 Phi-lis'cu3 
 Phi-lis'ti-on 
 PM-Us'tus 
 Phi'lo 
 
 Phi-loeh'o-rus 
 Pliil'o-cles, 6 
 Phi-loc'ra-te§, 6 
 Phil/oc-te'tes, 6 
 Phil'o-cy'prus 
 Phil'o-de'mus 
 Phil'o-la'us 
 Phi-loFo-gus 
 Phi-lom''bro-tus 
 Phil''o-me'la 
 Phi-Ion'i-deg, 6 
 Phi-lon'o-e 
 Phi-loa'o-me 
 Phi-lop^a-tor 
 Phil'o-poe'men 
 Phi-los'tra-tus 
 Phi-lo'tas 
 Phi-lo'tis 
 PM-lox'e-nus 
 Phil'y-ra 
 Phi-lyx/i-deg, 6 
 Phin^e-us 
 
 Phi^neus 
 Phin'ti-a, 10 
 Phin'ti-as, 10, 
 
 W. S. 
 Phle'gon 
 Phle'gra, F.W. 
 Phle'^y-ae 
 Phle'5y-as 
 Phli-a'si-i, 10 
 Phli'us 
 Pho-be'tor 
 Pho'bos 
 Pho-^ae'a 
 Pho-den'seg, 6 
 Pho'ci-on, 10 
 Pho'cis 
 Pho'cus 
 Pho-cyFi-deg, 6, 
 
 <S'. Py. 
 Phce'be 
 
 Phoeb'i-das, Py. S. 
 Phoe-bi*'e-na 
 Phoe'bus 
 Phce-ni'ce, or 
 
 Phoe-nic'i-a, 10 
 Phoen'i-cu'sa, 5 
 Phoe-nis'sa 
 Phoe'nix 
 PhoFo-e 
 Pho'lus 
 Phor'nii-o 
 Pho-ro'ne-us 
 
 Pho-ro'neua 
 Pho-ro'nis 
 Ph.o-ti'nus 
 Phra-a'teg, 6 
 Phra-ha'teg, 6 
 Phra-or'teg, 6 
 Phrix-'us 
 
 Phron'i-ma, TF. Py, 
 Phry§'i-a 
 Phry§'i-\i3 
 Phry'ne 
 Phryn'i-ehus 
 Phry'nis 
 Phry'no 
 Phrj-x'us 
 Phthi'a, 14 
 Phthi-o'tis, 14 
 Phy'a 
 
 Phy'cua 
 
 PhyFa-ce 
 
 Phy'le 
 
 Phyiai-us 
 
 Phys'co-a 
 
 Pi-a'U-a, W. S. 
 
 Pi-ce'ni 
 
 Pi-cen'ti-a, 10 
 
 Pi^'ea-ti'ni « 
 
 Pi-ce/num 
 
 Pic-ta'vi 
 
 Pic'to-neg, 6 
 
 Pi-e'ri-a 
 
 Pi'e-ri'a, or 
 
 Pi'e-re'a, a 
 nymph. 
 Pi-er'i-de§, 6 
 Pi'e-rus 
 Pi'e-tas 
 Pi-la'tiis 
 
 (Pi' late) 
 Pi-luni''nus 
 Pim-ple/a 
 Pi-na'ri-us 
 Pin^a-rus 
 Pin'da-rus 
 
 ( Pin'dar) 
 Pin/da-sus, Py. L. 
 Pi-re%e 
 Pi-rith.'0-us 
 Pi'sa 
 Pi'sas 
 Pi-san/der 
 Pi-sa'teg, 6 
 Pi-sau'ru3 
 Pis^e-us 
 
 Pi'seus 
 Pi-sid'i-a 
 Pis'is-trat'i-dae 
 Pis/is-trat'i-deg, 6 
 Pi-sis-'tra-tus 
 Pi'so 
 
 Pi-so'neg, 6 
 Pi-thag^o-ras 
 Pith'e-cu'sa 
 Pi'tho 
 
 Pi-tho'le-on, C. L. 
 Pit'the-us 
 
 Pit'theus 
 Pit'ii-la'ni, Fac.W. 
 Vit'y-us, W. Pio. 
 Pit'y-u'sae 
 Pla-cen'ti-a, 10 
 Pla-cid'i-a, W. S. 
 Pla-na'si-a, 10 
 Plaii-ci''iia 
 Pla-tse'a 
 Pla-tae'ae 
 Pla'to 
 
 Plau/ti-a Lex, 10 
 Plati'ti-a'nus, 10 
 Plau'tus 
 Ple''ia-deg (ple'ya-), 
 
 or Ple-i'a-deg, 6 
 Ple-i'o-ne 
 Plem-myr^i-um 
 Pleu-mox'i-i (plu- 
 
 mok'shi-i) 
 Plex-ip'pus 
 Plia^i-us 
 
 {Plin'y) 
 Plis-tar''€h.us 
 Plis'the-nes, 6 
 Plis-ti'nus, Piv. W. 
 Plis-to'a-nax, or 
 
 Plis-to'nax 
 Plot'i-nop'o-lis 
 Plo-ti'nus 
 Plu-tar'«hus 
 
 (Plu'tarch) 
 Plu'to 
 Planus 
 PluM-us 
 
 Plyn-te/ri-a, W. S. 
 Pod'a-lir'i-us 
 Po-dar'ceg, 6 
 Po-dar^ge 
 Poe'as 
 Poe^'i-le. 5 
 Poe'iii 
 
 Po'gon 
 
 Po'la 
 
 Pol/e-mon 
 
 Po^li-as 
 
 Po'li-or-ce'teg, 6 
 
 Po-lis/ma 
 
 Po-liaes,6 
 
 Pol-len'ti-a, 10 
 
 Pol'li-o 
 
 Po-lus'ca 
 
 Po'ly-se'nus 
 
 Po-lyb'i-us 
 
 Pol'y-bo'teg, 6 
 
 Pol'y-bus 
 
 Pol'y-car'pus 
 
 (Pol'y-carp) 
 PoFy-cleg, 6 
 PoFy-cle'tus 
 Po-lyd'a-mas 
 PoFy-dam'na 
 Pol/y-dec'teg, 6 
 PoPy-do'ia 
 Pol'y-do'rus 
 PoFyg-no'tus 
 Pol/y-hym'ni-a, or 
 
 Po-lym/ni-a 
 Po-iyi-dus 
 Pol'ym-nes'tor 
 Pol'ym-nes'tus 
 Pol'y-ni'ceg, 6 
 PoFy-pe'inon 
 Pol'y-per'€h.oii 
 Pol'y-phe'mus 
 
 (Pol'y-pheme) 
 Po-lyx/Q 
 Pol'y-ze'lus 
 Po-me'ti-a, or 
 
 Po-me'ti-i, 10 
 Po-mo^na 
 Pom-pe'i-a (-pe^ya) 
 Pom'pe-i-a'nus 
 
 (-pe-ya'nus) 
 Pom-pe'i-i ( -pe'yi) 
 Pom'pe-i-op'o-lis 
 Pom-pe'i-us (-yus) 
 
 (Pom'pey) 
 Pom/pe-lon 
 Pom-pil'i-ns 
 Pom-po'ni-a 
 Pom-po'ni-us 
 Pomp-ti'na 
 Pon'ti-a, 10 
 Pon'ti-cum Ma're 
 Pon'ti-cus 
 Pon-ti'na 
 Pon^ti-us, 10 
 Po-pil'i-us 
 Pop-lic'o-la 
 Pop-pae'a 
 Pop'u-lo'ni-a 
 Por'ci-a, 10 
 Por^ci-us, 10 
 Por-ph.yr/i-on 
 Por-sen'na, or 
 
 Por'se-na 
 Por-tum'nus 
 Po^rus 
 Pos/i-de'mn 
 Po-si'don 
 Pos'i-do'ni-a 
 Pos'i-do'ni-us 
 Pos-thu^mi-Tis 
 Post-ver'ta 
 Po-tam'i-deg, 6 
 Pot/a-mon 
 Pot^a-mus 
 Pot'i-dae'a 
 Po-tit/i-i, 10 
 Pot'ni-ae 
 Prae-nes'te 
 Prse'tor 
 
 Prat'i-nas, W. S. 
 Prax-ag'o-ras 
 Prax-it'e-leg, 6 
 Pre'li-us 
 Pri-am^i-deg, 6 
 Pri'a-mus 
 
 {Pri'am) 
 Pri-a'pu3 
 Pri-e'ne 
 
 Pris'ci-a'nus, 10 
 
 (Pris'cian) 
 Pri-ver/num 
 Pro'bus, M. 
 Pro^cas 
 Proeh'y-ta 
 Pro-cil'lus 
 Pro^cleg, 6 
 Pro-cli/deg, 6 
 Proc/on-ne'sus 
 Pro-co'pi-us 
 Pro-crus'teg, 6 
 Proc'u-le'i-us 
 
 (-yus) 
 Proc'u-luff 
 Pro'cy-oii (-shi-on 
 Prod'i-cuii 
 Proet'i-deg, 5, 6 
 Pro-me'the-us 
 
 Pro-me'theus 
 Pro-me^this, and 
 
 Prom'e-thi'deg, 6 
 Pro-me'thus 
 Pro-nap'i-deg, 6, 
 
 S. Py. 
 Pron'o-mus 
 Pron^u-ba 
 Pro-per'ti-us, 10 
 Pro-poet^i-deg, 5, 6 
 Pro-pon'tis 
 Pro-ser'pi-na 
 
 (Pros' er-plne) 
 Pro-tes'i-la'us 
 Pro'te-us 
 
 Pro^teus 
 Pro-to^'e-neg, 6 
 Prox'^e-nus 
 Pru-den'ti-us, 10 
 Pru'sa 
 Pru^si-as, 10 
 Pryt'a-neg, 6 
 Pryt'a-ne'um 
 Psam''a-the, 14 
 Psam-met'i-€hus , 
 14, C. L. 
 
 Psam/ me-ti'€hu s , 
 
 14:,E. 
 
 Psa'phis, 14 
 Pso'phis, 14 
 Psy'ehe, 14 
 Psy/^hrus, 14 
 Pteae-um, 14 
 Pter'e-la'us, 14 
 Pte'ri-a, 14, S. W. 
 PtoFe-mae'um, 14 
 
 PtoFe-ma-e'um, 
 14 
 Ptol'e-mse'us, 14 
 
 (Ptol'e-my) 
 PtoFe-ma'is, 14 
 Pub-lic'o-la 
 Pub^li-us 
 
 Pul-ehe'ri-a, S. W. 
 Pu'ni-cuta Belgium 
 Pu'pi-e'nus, S. W. 
 Pu'pi-us 
 Pu-te^o-li 
 Py'a-nep'si-a, 10, 
 
 W. S. 
 Pyg-maai-on 
 PyFa-deg, 6 
 Pyiae 
 Py-lag/Q-rae 
 Pyaas 
 Py^los 
 Py/ra 
 
 Py-rae'mon 
 Pyr'a-mus 
 Pyr'e-nae'i 
 Pyr'e-nae'us 
 Py-re'ne 
 Pyr-got'e-leg, 6 
 Py-ro'deg, 6 
 Pyr-'rhi-a 
 Pyr'rhi-dae, 
 
 Sch. W. 
 
 Pyr-rhi/dae, Fac. 
 Pyr'ri-«ha 
 Py-thag'o-ras 
 Pyth^e-as 
 
 Pyth'e-us 
 
 Py/theua 
 Pyth^i-a 
 Pyth'i-as 
 Pyth'i-us 
 Py'tho 
 
 Pyth'o-cleg, 6 
 Py/thon 
 Pyth^o-nis'sa 
 Pyt'na 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qua'di 
 Qua-dra'tus 
 Quad'ri-frong, or 
 
 Quad'ri-ceps 
 Quaes-to'reg, 6 
 Quer-quet'u-la, 
 
 For. 
 Qui-e'tus 
 Quinc'ti-us, 10 
 Qum^de-cini'vi-ri 
 Quin-qua'tri-a 
 Quin'qvien-na'leg, 
 Quin'til-i-a'nus 
 
 ( Quiii-til'ian) 
 Quin-til/i-us 
 Quin'ti-us, 10 
 Quir'i-na'li-a 
 Quir'i-na'lis 
 Qui-ri''Hus 
 Qui-ri'teg, 6 
 
 Ri-phae'i 
 Ro-bi'go, or 
 
 Ro-bi'gus 
 Ro'ma 
 Ro-ma'ni 
 Rom'u-la 
 Ro-mu'li-dae 
 Rom'u-lus 
 Ro'mus 
 Ros'ci-us, 10 
 Rox-a'na 
 Rox'o-la'ni 
 Ru^bi 
 Ru'bi-con, and 
 
 Ru'bi-co 
 Ru-bi'go 
 Ru'bri-us 
 Ru'di-fiB 
 Ru-fiiaus 
 Ru/fus 
 Ru/|i-i 
 Ru-pil'I-us 
 Rus'ti-cus, S. Py. 
 Ru-te'rii 
 Ru-til'i-us 
 Ru'tu-li 
 1 Ru-'tu-pae 
 
 S. 
 
 R, 
 
 Rabir'i-us 
 
 Ra-mi'seg, 6, C. W. 
 
 Rau'ra-ci 
 
 Ra-ven'na 
 
 Re-a'te 
 
 Re-dic'u-lus 
 
 Red'o-neg, 6 
 
 Re-*il'la 
 
 Re*'il-la'nus 
 
 Re-gil'lus 
 
 Reg^u-lus 
 
 Re'mi 
 
 Rem'u-lus 
 
 Re-mu'ri-a 
 
 Re'mus 
 
 Rha-co''tis 
 
 Rhad'a-man'thus 
 
 Rhae'ti, or Rse'ti 
 
 RhEe'ti-a, 10 
 
 Rha'ros 
 
 Rhe'a 
 
 Rhed'o-neg, 6 
 
 Rhe/gi-um 
 
 Rhe'mi 
 
 Rhe'ne 
 
 Rhe'iii 
 
 Rhe'nus 
 
 Rhe'sus 
 
 Rhi-a/nus 
 
 Rbin'o-co-lu'ra 
 
 Rhi'on 
 
 Rbi-phge/i 
 
 Rbi^um 
 
 Rho'de 
 
 Rhod'o-gu'iie 
 
 Rhod'o-pe 
 
 Rho-do'pis 
 
 Rho^dus 
 
 Rhoe'^bus 
 
 Rhce'cus 
 
 Rhoe-te'um 
 
 Rboe'tus 
 
 Rho'sus 
 
 Rhox-a'ne, or 
 
 Rox-a'ne 
 Rhox'o-la'ni 
 Rhu-te''m, and 
 
 Ru-the'ni,C. W. 
 Rhyn^da-cus 
 Rig/Q-du'lum, K. 
 
 Sa'ba 
 
 Sa-bae'i 
 
 Sa-ba'te 
 
 Sab'a-ti'ni 
 
 Sa-ba'zi-us 
 
 Sa-bel'la 
 
 Sa-beVU 
 
 Sa-bel'lus 
 
 Sa-bi'iia 
 
 Sa-bi'ni 
 
 Sa-bin'i-a'nus 
 
 Sa-bi'nus 
 
 Sa^bis 
 
 Sab'o-ta 
 
 Sab^ra-ta 
 
 Sa-bri'na, Fac^ W. 
 
 Sab'u-ra 
 
 Sa'bus 
 
 Sac'a-das, S. W- 
 
 Sa'^ae 
 
 Sa-cra'ni 
 
 Sa-c raptor 
 
 Sad'a-leg, 6,a W. 
 
 Sa'dy-at'teg, 6 
 
 Ssefa-bis, 5 
 
 Sag'a-las'sus 
 
 Sag'a-na 
 
 Sag'a-ris 
 
 Sa-git'ta 
 
 Sa-gun'tuin, or 
 
 Sa-gun'tus 
 Sa'is 
 Sa'la 
 
 Sal/a-mi'na 
 Sal/a-mis 
 Sa-la'pi-a, or 
 
 Sa-la'pi-se 
 Sa-las''si 
 
 Sa-le'i-us (-le/yu^ 
 Sa-le'iii 
 Sal'ea-ti'ni 
 Sa-ler/num 
 Sal-ga'ne-us 
 
 Sal'ga-neus 
 Sa'U-a, W. Fae. 
 Sa^-i 
 SaFi-na'tor 
 Sa'li-us 
 Sal-lus'ti-us, 10 
 
 iSaJ/lust) 
 SaFma-cis 
 Sal-mo'ne 
 Sal-mo'ne-us 
 
 Sal-mo'iieus 
 Sal-mo'nis 
 SaFmy-des'sus 
 Sa/lo 
 Sa-lo/me 
 
892 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 8a'k>n 
 Sa-liVn», or 
 
 Sa-lo'nsB 
 Sal o-ni'na 
 Sal o-ni'mi3 
 Sa-loni-us, 5. W. 
 Sal'Tid-i-«'nu8, 
 
 S. W. 
 Sal'Ti-us 
 
 8a'ly-ۤ. 6, C. Py. 
 Sa-ma n-a, F. S. 
 
 Sam'a-ri'a 
 Sa'me 
 Sami-A 
 Sam-ni tae 
 Saai-ui teg, 6 
 
 (S<i7}i')iite3) 
 Sam ui-um 
 Sa-uio ui-um, 
 
 S. Sch. 
 Sa'mos 
 Sa-mos'a-ta 
 Sam/o-thra'ce, or 
 
 Sam'o-thra'ci-a, 
 10 
 Sa'mus 
 San'cho-ni'a-thon 
 
 San'cho-ni-a'- 
 thon, Sch. 
 San'da-le'on 
 San'da-li-o'tis 
 San'dro-cot'tus 
 San-ga'ri-us 
 San'to-ne§, 6 
 Sa/on 
 Sa-pae'i, or 
 
 Sa-phse'i 
 Sap'i-re'ne 
 Sa'por 
 Sar'a-ce'ne 
 Sa-ran'geg, 6 
 Sa-ra'vus, S. ; see 
 
 C. Sar'a-vus, 
 Py. For. 
 Sar'da-na-pa'lus 
 Sar'de-on 
 Sar-din'i-a 
 Sar/ma-tae 
 Sar-ma'ti-a, 10 
 Sar-men'tus 
 Sar-ne'us 
 Sa'ron 
 
 Sa-ron/i-cus Si'nus 
 Sar-pe^don 
 Sar-ras'teg, 6 
 Sar'si-na 
 Sar-su'ra 
 Sanson 
 Sa-tas'peg, 6 
 8at/i-bar-za'neg, 6, 
 
 W. S. 
 Sa-tic'u-la, and 
 
 Sa-tic'u-lus 
 Sat'ra-jje'ni 
 Sat/ri-cum 
 Sat/u-ra 
 Sat'u-re'i-u8 
 
 (-yus), S. W. 
 8at/ur-na'li-a 
 Sa-tur'ni-a 
 Sat^ur-ni'ntLB 
 8a-tur'ni-u8 
 Sa-tur'nus 
 Sat'y-ri 
 Sat^y-rus 
 Sav-e'ra 
 
 Sa'vo, wSa^vo^na 
 Sa'TUfl 
 Sax'o-neg, 6 
 fvj-ae'a 
 S<;ae'va 
 8<;aev/o-la 
 Sca-man'der 
 Sca-man'dri-a 
 Scan'di-na'-vi-a 
 Scap-tes/u-la, or 
 
 Hcap-ten'Hu-la 
 Scap'ti-a, 10 
 Bcap'u-la 
 8car-phi'a 
 
 Scau'rus 
 
 S<^'a-sus, W, Pre. 
 S^fl e-m'tus 
 Sve-ui ta> 
 Stiiedi-a, 5. W. 
 Sfbo di-us, S. W. 
 Scho ri-a, 5. W. 
 Sfhiv iic-us 
 
 Si'hw'ueus 
 Scbce'niis 
 S^i a-thos 
 Svi'dros 
 S^i-lu'rus 
 
 S^i-o'ne 
 
 S<ji-pi'a-d8e 
 
 S^ip'i-o 
 
 S^i'ra 
 
 S^i'ras 
 
 S^i'roii 
 
 S^i'rus 
 
 Sco'lus 
 
 Sco'pas 
 
 Scor-dis'ci, and 
 
 Scor-dis'^se 
 Sco-ti'nus 
 Sco-tus'sa 
 Scri-bo'ni-a 
 Scri-bo'ni-a'nus 
 Scri-bo'ni-us 
 S^yl'a-ce'um 
 S^y'lax 
 S^yl-Iae'um 
 S^yl'li-as, L. W. 
 S^y'ras 
 S^yr'i-as 
 S^y'ros 
 S9y/tliae 
 S^y^theg, 6, or 
 
 S9y/tba 
 Sqyth'i-a 
 S^y-thi'nus 
 Sejy'thon 
 S^y-thop'o-lis 
 Se-bas'te 
 Seb'as-te'a, or 
 
 Seb'as-ti'a 
 Seb'e-da 
 Seb'en-ny'tus, 
 
 i.e. 
 
 Se-be'tos : see C. 
 Sed'e-ta'ni 
 Se-du'ni 
 Se-du'si-i, 10 
 Se-ges'ta 
 Se-ges'teg, 6 
 Se-*e'ti-a, 10 
 Seg'o-bri'ga [ W. 
 Se-gon'ti-a, 10, S. 
 Seg'on-ti'a-ci 
 Se-go'vi-a 
 Se'gu-si-a'ni, 10 
 Se-gu'si-o, 10, S. W. 
 Se-ja'nus 
 Se-lem'nus 
 Se-le'ne 
 SePeu-ci'a, or 
 
 Sel'eu-ce'a 
 ( Se-leu/ci-a) 
 Se-leu'cis 
 Se-leu'cus 
 Se-lim'nus 
 Se-li'nu8 
 
 Sel'i-nus, For. 
 Sel-la'si-a, 10 
 Sel-le'is 
 Sel-le'taj 
 Se-lym/bri-a 
 Sem/e-le 
 Sem/i-ger-ma'ni 
 Sem'i-gun'tus 
 Se-mir'a-mis 
 Seni'no-neg, 6, also 
 
 Sem-no'neg, 
 filratjo 
 Se-ino'neg, 6 
 iSem-pro'ni-a 
 Sern-pro'ni-us 
 Se-mu'ri-um* 
 
 Fac. W. 
 
 Se'ua 
 Se-ua'tus 
 Seu'«>-ca 
 Se'ui-a, TF. Sch. 
 St'n'o-ueg, 6, and 
 
 Se-no'ue§, 
 Sen-ti'num 
 Sep-tem'vi-ri 
 Sep-tim'i-us 
 Seq'ua-na 
 Seq'ua-ui 
 Se-ra'pi-o, and 
 
 Se-ra'pi-on 
 Se-ra'pis 
 Ser-bo'nis 
 Se-re'na 
 Se're-ni-a'nus, 
 
 5. W. 
 Se-re'nus 
 Se'reg, 6 
 Ser-^es'tus 
 Ser'gi-a 
 Ser/|i-us 
 Se-ri'phus 
 Ser-ra'nus 
 Ser-to'ri-us 
 Ser-Tse'us 
 Ser'vi-a'nus 
 Ser-viPi-a 
 Sei'/vil-i-a'nus 
 Ser-yiVi-us 
 Ser'vi-us 
 Se-sos'tris 
 Ses'ti-as, 10 
 Se-su'vi-i, 
 
 Sch. W. 
 Set'a-bis 
 Se'thon 
 Se'ti-a, 10 
 Se-ve'ra 
 Se've-ri-a'nus 
 Se-ve'rus 
 Se'vo 
 
 Sex'ti-a, 10 
 Sex-til'i-a 
 Sex-til'i-us 
 Sex'ti-us, 10 
 Si-byHa 
 Si-cam'bri 
 Si-cam/bri-a 
 Si-ca^ni, and 
 
 Sic'a-ni 
 Si-ca'ni-a 
 Si9'e-lis, or 
 
 Si-ceFi-deg, 6 
 Si-ehae/us 
 Si-cil'ia 
 Si-cin'i-us 
 Si^'i-nus 
 Sic'o-rus 
 Sic'u-li 
 
 SiQ/y-on (sish/i-on) 
 Si^/y-o'ni-a (sish'i-) 
 Si/de 
 Si-de^ro 
 Sid'i-ci'num 
 Si'don 
 Si-do'ni-i 
 Sid'o-nis, or 
 
 Si-do'nis 
 Si'ga 
 Si-ge/um 
 Sig'ni-a 
 Si-§y'ni, or 
 
 Si-^yn'nae 
 Si'la 
 Si-la'na 
 Si-la'nus 
 SiPa-rua 
 Si-le/ni 
 Si-le'nus 
 SiPi-cen'se 
 Sil'i-us 
 Sil'pi-a 
 Si-lu'reg, 6 
 
 K. Fac. Sch. 
 
 SiFu-reg, 
 Py. S. For. 
 Sil-Ta'nus 
 Si-me''Da 
 
 Si-me'thus, S. W. 
 Sim/i-lis 
 
 Sim'mi-as, S. Sch. 
 Si'mo 
 Sirn'o-is 
 Si'mon 
 
 Si-mon'i-deg, 6 
 Sim-plic'i-us, 10, 
 
 W. S. 
 Sim'u-lu3 
 Si'mus 
 
 Sim'y-ra, W. S. 
 Sin'ga-ra 
 Si'nis 
 Sin'o-e 
 Si'non 
 Si-no'pe 
 Sin'o-rix 
 Sin-ti'ce 
 Sin'ti-i, 10 
 Sin'u-es'sa 
 Si-pon'tum 
 Sip'y-lus 
 Si-re'neg, 6 
 
 (Si'rens) 
 Si'ris 
 Sir^mi-o 
 Sir'mi-um 
 Si-sam'neg, 6 
 Sis'a-po 
 Sis-ci/a, 10 
 Si-sen'na 
 Sis'i-gam'bis, or 
 
 Sis'y-gam'bis 
 Sis'y-phus 
 Si-taPceg, 6 
 Si'thon 
 
 Sit'i-us, 10, W. S. 
 Sit'o-neg, 6, For. W. 
 Sma-rag'dus 
 Sme^nus 
 Smi'lax 
 Smi'lis 
 Smin'the-us 
 
 Smin/theus 
 Soc'ra-teg, 6 
 Soe/mi-as, S. W. 
 Sog^di-a'na 
 Sog'di-a'nus 
 So-li'nus 
 So'lon 
 So-lo^ni-mn 
 Sol'y-ma, and 
 
 Sol/y-mae 
 Sop'a^ter 
 So^phax 
 So-phe'ne 
 Soph'o-cleg, 6 
 Soph'o-nis'ba 
 So'phron 
 Soph'ro-nis'cTis 
 So-phro'ni-us, C S. 
 So-phros'y-ne 
 Sop^o-lis 
 So'ra 
 So-rac'teg, 6, and 
 
 So-rac'te 
 So-ra'nus 
 So'rex 
 So-rit'i-a, 10 
 So'si-a, 10 
 So-sib'i-us 
 So-sic'ra-teg, 6 
 So-sig'e-neg, 6 
 So'si-i, 10 
 Sos'i-lus 
 So-sip'a-ter 
 So-sis'tra-tus 
 So'si-us, 10 
 Sos'pi-ta 
 Sos'the-neg, 6 
 Sos'tra-tus 
 Sot'a-deg, 6 
 Softer 
 So-te'ri-a 
 So'ti-a'teg, 6, 10 
 So'tion, 10, S. W. 
 So' us 
 So-zom'e-nus 
 
 (Soz'o-men) 
 
 Spa'co 
 Spar'ta-cus 
 Spar-ta'ni, or 
 
 Spar'ti-a'tse.lO 
 Spar'ti-a'nus, 10 
 Sper-<;hi'us 
 Sper'ma-toph'a-^ 
 Speu-sip'pus 
 S^hac-te'ri-a, 
 
 Sch. Py. 
 Spho'dri-as, L. W. 
 Spi-tam'e-neg, 6 
 Spith''ri-da'teg, 6 
 Spo-le'tum 
 Spor'a-deg, 6 
 Spu-rjn'na 
 Spu'ri-us 
 Sta-be'ri-us 
 Sta'bi-ae 
 
 Stab'u-lum, C. For. 
 Sta-gi/ra 
 Sta'i-us (sta'yus) 
 Staph'y-lus 
 Sta-san'der 
 Sta-sa'nor 
 Sta'se-as 
 Sta-sic'ra-teg, 6 
 Sta-siVe-os 
 Sta-til'i-a 
 Sta-tiM-us 
 Stat'i-nae 
 Sta-ti'ra 
 Sta^i-us, 10 
 Sta'tor 
 Stel-la'teg, 6 
 StePU-o 
 
 Ste-noc'ra-teg, 6 
 Sten'to-ris 
 Steph'a-nus 
 Ster'o-pe 
 Ster'o-peg, 6 
 Ster-tin/i-us 
 Ste-sag'o-ras 
 Ste-si^h'o-rus 
 Stes'i-la'us, Sw. 
 Ste-slm/bro-tus 
 Sthen'e-le 
 Stheu'e-lus 
 Sthe'nis 
 Sthe'no 
 Stil'i-eho 
 Stim^i-con 
 Stiph'e-lus 
 Sto-bae'us 
 Stoe€h''a-deg, 5, 6 
 StCi-ci 
 
 (Sto'ics) 
 Stra'bo 
 Stra-tar'ehus 
 Stra'to, or Stra'ton 
 Strat'o-cleg, 6 
 Strat'o-la 
 Strat'o-Ias 
 Strat''o-m'ce 
 Strat'o-m'cus 
 Stra-to/nis Tur/rfs 
 Stroph'a-deg, 6 
 Stro''phi-u8 
 Strym'o-do'rus 
 Stry'mon 
 Stu-be'ra, K. 
 Stym-pba'lis 
 Stym-pha/lus 
 Sty'ra 
 Su-a'da 
 
 Su'ar-do'neg, 6, 
 K. Fac. Sch. 
 
 Suar/do-neg, 
 For. Sy. 
 Su-blic'i-us, 10 
 Sub/mon-to'ri-um 
 Su-bu'ra 
 Su-bur'ra 
 Su'cro 
 Su-es'sa 
 Sues'so-neg,6, or 
 
 Sues-so'neg 
 Sue-tQ/ni-us 
 Sue'vi 
 Sue'vi-us 
 
 Suf-fe'nu8 
 Su'i-das, L. C. 
 Su-iPi-us, W. S. 
 Sui'o-nes, 6, 
 For. W. 
 
 Sui-o'neg, K. 
 Sul-pit/i-a, or 
 
 Sul-pic'i-a, 10 
 Sul-pit'i-us, or 
 
 Sul-pic'i-us, 10 
 Su/ni-um 
 Su'o-ve-tau-ril'i-a 
 Su'pe-rum Ma're 
 Su'ra - 
 Su-re'na 
 Su'ri-um 
 Sur-ren'tum 
 Su'rus 
 Su'sa 
 
 Su'sa-na, W. L. 
 Su-sa'ri-on, W. & 
 Su'si-a'na, 10, or 
 
 Su'sis 
 Su'tri-um 
 Sy-a'grus, L. C. 
 Syb'a-ris 
 Syb'a-ri'ta 
 
 {Syb'a-rite) 
 Syb'o-ta 
 Syb'o-tas 
 Sy'e-dra 
 Sy'e-ne 
 Sy-en'ne-sis 
 SyPe-a 
 Sy-le/um 
 Syl'e-us 
 
 Sy'leus 
 Syl'o-son 
 Syl-Ya'nus 
 Syl'vi-us 
 Sy'ma, or Sy/me 
 Sym'bo-lum 
 Sym'ma-€hus 
 Sym-pleg'a-deg, 6 
 Syn-ceHus 
 Sy-ne/si-us.lO,-^.!* 
 Sy-no'pe 
 Sy-phae'um 
 Sy'phax 
 Syr'a-co'si-a, 10 
 Syr'a-cu'sse 
 
 ( Syr'a-cuse) 
 Syr'i-a 
 Sy'rinx 
 Syr'o-phae'nix 
 Sy'ros 
 Sy'rus 
 Sy'thas 
 
 T. 
 
 Ta-au'te§, 6 
 Tab'ra-ca 
 Ta-bu'da, W. Sch. 
 Ta-bur'nus 
 Tac'a-pe, 
 
 Fac. Sch. Py. 
 Tac'a-tu'a 
 Tac/fa-ri'nas, L. C 
 Ta-€bomp'so 
 Ta'chos 
 Taf'i-ta 
 Tag'i-tus 
 Taen'a-rus, 5 
 Ta'^es, 6 
 Ta-go^ni-us, S. W. 
 Ta'gus 
 Tal'a-us 
 TaFe-tum 
 Tal-thyb'i-us 
 Tam/a-rus, L. W. 
 Tani'e-sis 
 
 ( Thames) 
 Ta'mos 
 
 Tan'a-gra, C. L.Py. 
 Ta-na'gra, 
 
 Sch. K. F 
 Tan'a-ie 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 893 
 
 Tan'a-qml 
 
 Tem/e-nus 
 
 Ta-ne/tum 
 
 Tem/e-rin'da 
 
 Ta/nis 
 
 Tem''e-sa, or 
 
 Tan'ta-lus 
 
 Tem^e-se 
 
 Ta-nu'si-us, 10 
 
 Ten€h-te'ri 
 
 Ta'phi-ae, L. C. S. Te'ne-a 
 
 Ta-prob'a-ne 
 
 Ten^s-dos 
 
 Tar'ax-ip'pus 
 
 Ten/e-rus 
 
 Tar-beFli 
 
 Te'neg.e 
 
 Tar-€he'ti-us, 10, 
 
 Tea'e-sis 
 
 S. W. 
 
 Te-ne/um 
 
 Tar'€hon-diin'o-tus Te'nos 
 
 Ta-ren'tum, or 
 
 Ten'ty-ra 
 
 Ta-ren'tus 
 
 Te'os, or 
 
 Tar-pe'i-a (-ya) 
 
 Te'i-os 
 
 Tar-pe''i-us(-yus) 
 
 Te-re'don 
 
 Tar-CLuin'i-a 
 
 Te-ren'ti-a, 10 
 
 Tar-quin'i-i 
 
 Te'ren-ti-a'nus, 10 
 
 Tar-quin'i-us 
 
 Te-ren'ti-us, 10 
 
 ( Tar'quin) 
 
 ( Ter'ence) 
 
 Tar-quit'i-uSjlO 
 
 Te-ren'tus 
 
 Tar/ra-ci'na 
 
 Te're-us 
 
 Tar'ra-co 
 
 Te'reus 
 
 Tar'ta-rus 
 
 Ter-ges'te, and 
 
 Tar-tes'sus 
 
 Ter-ges'tum 
 
 Tas-^e^i-us, 10 
 
 Te'ri-as 
 
 Ta/ti-a'nus, 10 
 
 . Ter/i-da'tes, 6, 
 
 ( Ta'tian) 
 
 S. W. 
 
 Ta'ti-en'seg, 6, 10 
 
 Te-ri'na 
 
 Taai-us, 10 
 
 Te-ri/o-li 
 
 Tau'ri 
 
 Ter'me-ra 
 
 Tau'ri-ca 
 
 Ter'me-rus 
 
 Tau'ri-ca €her''so- 
 
 Ter-me'sus, or 
 
 ne'sus 
 
 Ter'me-sus 
 
 Tau-ri'iii 
 
 Ter^mi-na'li-a 
 
 Tau-ris'ci 
 
 Ter'mi-na'lis 
 
 Tau'ro-mm'i-um 
 
 Ter^mi-nus 
 
 Tau'rus 
 
 Ter-pau'der 
 
 Tay^i-la, S. C. L. 
 
 Terp-sieh-'o-re ' 
 
 Tax'i-mag'u-lus 
 
 Ter^ra-ci'na [W. ' 
 
 Ta-y§'e-te or 
 
 Ter'ra-sid'i-us, S. ' 
 
 Ta/y-^e'ta 
 
 Ter'ti-a, 10 
 
 Ta-y^'e-tus, or 
 
 Ter^ti-us, 10 
 
 Ta-yg'e-ta 
 
 Ter'tul-li-a'nus ' 
 
 Te-a/num 
 
 ( Ter-tul'li-an) 
 
 Te'a-rus 
 
 Teahys 
 
 Te-a'te-a, and 
 
 Te-trap'o-lis 
 
 Te-a'te 
 
 Tet'ri-cus 
 
 Tec-mes'sa 
 
 Teu'cer 
 
 Tec-tos'a-§e§, 6, or 
 
 Teu'cri 
 
 Tec-tos'a-gse 
 
 Teu^cri-a 
 
 Te''*e-a 
 
 Teu-mes'sus 
 
 Teg'u-la 
 
 Teu'ta 
 
 Te-^y'ra, Pw. 
 
 Teu'to-bur'^-um 
 
 Te'i-us (te/yus) 
 
 Teu'to-ni, and 
 
 Te'la 
 
 Teu'to-nes, 6 
 
 TePa-mon 
 
 Tha-be'na, K. 
 
 Tel'a-mo-ni'a-deg, ( 
 
 3 Tha'is 
 
 Tel-chin'i-us, L. W. Tha'la 
 
 Te^le-a, 
 
 ThaPa-me, 
 
 Te-leb^o-ae, or 
 
 Sell. W., or 
 
 Te-leb/Q-eg, 6 
 
 ThaFa-mae, 
 
 Te-leb'o-as 
 
 S. W. For. M. 
 
 Tel'e-bo'i-deg, 6 
 
 Tha-las'si-us, 10, 
 
 TeKe-cles, 6 
 
 S. W. 
 
 TeFe-cU'deg, 6 
 
 Tha'lez, 6 
 
 Te-leg/Q-nus 
 
 Tha-Ies'tris 
 
 Te-lem^a-ehus 
 
 Tha-U/a 
 
 Tel'e-mus 
 
 Thal'pi-us 
 
 Tel'e-phas'sa 
 
 Tham'y-ras 
 
 Tel'e-phus 
 
 Tham'y-ris, S. C.L. 
 
 Te-le'si-a, 10 
 
 Thap'sa-cus 
 
 Te-les'i-cles, 6, 
 
 Thar-*e/li-a, a fes- 
 
 S. W. 
 
 tival, S. W. 
 
 Te'le-sil'la 
 
 Thar'ge-U'a, an 
 
 Tel'e-si-ni'cus 
 
 Ionian ivoman. 
 
 Tel'e-si'nus 
 
 Tha'si-us, 10 
 
 Tel'e-sip'pus 
 
 Tha'sos 
 
 Te^le-thu'sa 
 
 Tha'sus 
 
 Te-leu/ti-as, 10, 
 
 Thau'ina-ci 
 
 S.W. 
 
 Thau-man'ti-as, 10 
 
 Tel-le'nae 
 
 and Thau-man/tis 
 
 Tel'li-as, W. S. 
 
 Thau/mas 
 
 Tel-mes'sus, or 
 
 The'a 
 
 Tel-mis/8us 
 
 The-ag'e-neg, 6 
 
 Te'los 
 
 The-a'no 
 
 Tel-phu'sa 
 
 The-ar'i-das 
 
 Te-ma'thi-a, C. S. 
 
 S. W. M. 
 
 Tem/e-ni'tۤ, 6 
 
 The/bae 
 
 Tem'e-nos 
 
 ( Thebes) 
 
 Theb'a-is, C. Fac. 
 
 The-ba'is, K. F. 
 M. 
 The/be 
 The/mis 
 The-mis'cy-ra 
 TherQ/i-son 
 The-mis'ta 
 The-mis'to-cle§, 6 
 Them'i-stog'e-neg ,6 
 The/o-cle§, 6 
 The'o-clus 
 The/o-clym'e-nus 
 The-oCri-tus 
 The/o-dec'teg, 6 
 The'o-do'ra 
 The'o-do-re'tus 
 
 ( T/ie-od'o-ret) 
 The'o-do-ri'cus 
 
 { The-od'o-ric) 
 The'o-do'rus 
 
 ( The'o-dore) 
 The/o-do/si-op'o- 
 
 lis, 10 
 Tbe'o-do'si-us, 10 
 The-od'o-ta 
 The/o-do'ti-on, 10, 
 
 Py. W. 
 The-od'o-tus 
 The-og'nis 
 The'om-nes'tus 
 The'on 
 The-on'o-e 
 The'o-pe 
 The-opb/a-ne 
 The-oph'a-neg, 6 
 Tbe'o-pha'ni-a, 
 
 5. C. 
 The-oph''i-lus 
 The'o-phras'tus 
 The'o-phy-lac'tus 
 
 ( The-oph'y-lact) 
 The-op^o-lis 
 The/o-pom'pus 
 The'o-ti'mus 
 The-ox''e-na 
 The/ox-e'oi-a, S.W. 
 The'ox-e'ni-us, 
 
 S. W. 
 The-ram'e-neg, 6 
 Ther-mo'don 
 Ther-mop/y-lae 
 The-rod'a-mas 
 The'ron 
 Ther-san'der 
 Ther-siFo-chus 
 Ther-si'teg, 6 
 Tbe-se^is 
 The'se-us 
 
 The'seus 
 The-si/dse 
 The-si'deg, 6 
 Thes-moph'o-ra 
 Thes-moth'e-tae 
 Thes-pi^a 
 Thes-pi'a-dae 
 Thes-pi/a-deg, 6 
 Tbes'pi-us 
 Thes-pro'ti-a, 10 
 Thes-pro'tus 
 Tbes-sa^li-a 
 Thes'sa-li-o'tis 
 Tbes^sa-lo-ni'ca 
 Thes'sa-lus 
 The'tis 
 Thi/a 
 Thi'as . 
 Thi-od'a-mas 
 Thir'mi-da,Fac. M. 
 This/Q-a 
 Tho'as 
 Tho/on 
 Tho'rax 
 Tbo'ri-a Lex 
 Tho'us 
 Tbra'ce 
 Thra'cei, 6 
 Thra'ci-a, 10 
 
 ( Thrace) 
 Thra'cis 
 
 Thrae-ci'da 
 
 ThrVsi-us, 10 
 
 Thra'so 
 
 Thras'y-bu'Ius 
 
 Thras'y-dae'us 
 
 Thra-syFlus 
 
 Tbra-sym/a-ehus 
 
 Thras'y-me'deg, 6 
 
 Thras'y-me'nus 
 
 Thu-cyd'i-deg, 6 
 
 Tbu-is'to 
 
 Thu'le 
 
 Thu/rf-i 
 
 Thu-ri'ni 
 
 Thus'ci-a, 10 
 
 Thj/a 
 
 Thy/a-de§, 6 
 
 Thy^a-mis 
 
 Thy^a-ti'ra 
 
 Thy-es'ta 
 
 Tby-es'teg, 6 
 
 Thym/bri-a, C. S. 
 
 Thym/e-le 
 
 Thy-moch/a-res, 6, 
 
 S. W. 
 Thy-moe/teg, 6 
 Thyr^i-dei, 6 
 Thyr-sa^'e-tae 
 Thy/us 
 Tib'a-re'ni 
 Ti-be'ri-as 
 Tib'e-ri'nus 
 Tib'e-ris 
 Ti-be'ri-us 
 Ti-be'sis 
 Ti-buiaus 
 Ti'bur 
 
 Ti-ci^nus, a river. 
 Tig'i-nus, a man, C. 
 Ti-fa'ta 
 Ti-fer'num 
 Ti*/el-li'nus 
 Ti-gel'li-us 
 Ti-gra^neg, 6 
 Ti-gran'o-cer'ta 
 Ti'greg, 6 
 Ti/gris 
 Tig'u-ri'ni 
 Til'a-tje'i 
 Tii/a-Temp'tu8 
 Ti-mae'a 
 Ti-mae'us 
 Ti-ma^'e-neg, 6 
 Ti-mag'o-ras 
 Ti-man'dra 
 Ti-maii''the§, 6 
 Ti-mar'^hus 
 Ti-ma'si-on, 10, 
 
 S. W. 
 Tim'a-sith'e-us 
 Ti-ma'vus 
 Ti-me^si-Tis, 10, 
 
 S. W. 
 Ti-moeh'a-ris 
 Tiin''o-cle'a 
 Tim'o-cles, 6 
 Ti-moCra-teg, 6 
 Ti-mo''cre-on 
 Ti-mo'le-on 
 Ti-mo'lus 
 Ti-mom''a-€hus 
 Ti'mon 
 Ti-mo'the-Tis 
 Ti'phys 
 Ti-re'si-as, 10 
 Tir'i-da'teg, 6 
 Ti'ro 
 
 Ti-ryn'thus 
 Ti-sam'e-DUS 
 Ti-sant'drus 
 Tis/i-as, 10 
 Ti-siph/Q-ne 
 Ti-siph'-o-nus 
 Tis'sa-pher'neg, 6 
 Ti-tae/a 
 Ti-ta'neg, 6 
 Ti-ta'ni-a 
 Ti-tan/i-deg, 6 
 Ti-ta'nus, a giant. 
 
 ( Ti'tan) 
 
 W. 
 
 Ti-ta'nus, ariver, 
 
 K.M. 
 Tit'a-nus, a moun- 
 tain, Pw. S. 
 Tit''a-re'sus 
 Tith'e-nid'i-a, S. W. 
 Ti-tho'nus 
 Ti-thraus^eg, 6 
 Tit'i-a'na, 10 
 Tit'i-a'nus, 10 
 Ti-tin'i-us 
 Tit'i-us, 10 
 Ti-tor/mus 
 Ti-tu'ri-us 
 Ti'tus 
 Tit/y-ru3 
 Tit/y-us 
 Tle-poFe-mus 
 Tmo'lus, 14 
 To-ga'ta 
 To-le^um 
 To-lo'sa 
 To-lum''iii-us 
 To'lus 
 To'ne-a 
 To-pa'zus, C. 
 Tor-qua'tus 
 To'rus 
 To-ry'ne 
 Tox'e-us 
 
 Tox'eus 
 Tox-ic'ra-te, 
 
 Pw. W. 
 Tra^h'a-liis 
 Tra'€has 
 Tra-«hin4-8e 
 Traeh'o-ni'tis 
 Tra/gus 
 Traj'a-nop'o-lis 
 Tra-ja'nus 
 
 { Tra'jan) 
 Tras'i-me'nus 
 Tre-ba'ti-us, 10 
 Tre-bel'li-a'nus 
 Tre-bel'ii-e'nus 
 Tre-beFli-us 
 Tre'bi-a 
 Tre'bi-us 
 Tre-bo/ni-us 
 Treb'u-la 
 Tre'rus 
 Trev'e-ri, or 
 
 Trev'i-ri 
 Tri-a/rf-a 
 Tri-a/ri-us 
 Tri-baFli 
 Trib/o-ci 
 Tri-bu/ni 
 Tri-cas'seg, 6 
 Tri€/as-ti'ni 
 Tri-cip'i-ti'nus 
 Tri-cor^y-thus, 
 
 C. M. 
 Tri-cre/na 
 Tri-deii''tuin 
 Tri'e-ter'i-ca 
 Trif'o-li'nus 
 Tri-*em/i-na 
 Tri-na'cri-a, or 
 
 Trin^a-cris 
 Trin'o-ban/teg, 6 
 Tri-oc/a-la 
 Tri'o-pas, or 
 
 Tn'ops 
 Tri-phyFi-a 
 Trip'o-lis 
 Trip-tol/e-mus 
 Triq'ue-tra 
 Tris/me-gis'tus 
 Trit'i-a, 10 
 Triton 
 Tri-to/nis 
 Tri-ven'tum 
 Triv'i-a) An/trum 
 Triv'i-ae La'cus 
 Tri-vi/cum 
 Tro'a-deg, 6 
 Tro'as 
 Trofih/Q-is 
 Troe-ze'ne 
 
 Tro*/i-lus, 
 
 Sch. Wm. 
 Trog-lod'y-tae, 
 
 Trog/lo-dy'ta, 
 For. 
 Trog-lod'y-teg, 6 
 
 Trog'lo-dy'teg, 
 For. 
 Tro'gus Pom-pe^i- 
 
 us (-yus) 
 Tro'i-lus 
 Tro/ja 
 Tro-ja/ni 
 Tro-pho'ni-ua 
 Tros'su-lum, 
 
 For. Sch. S. Py. 
 Tru'en-ti'm 
 Tru-en'tum 
 Trypb'e-rus 
 Tryph'i-o-do'rus 
 Try/phon 
 Try-pho'sa 
 Tu'be-ro 
 Tu-is'to, or 
 
 Tu-is'co 
 Tu-lin'^ 
 Tul'li-a 
 Tul'li-a'num 
 Tul-li^o-la 
 Tul'U-us 
 
 Tu/nis, or Tu'neg, 6 
 Tur'de-ta'ni 
 Tu'ri-us 
 Tu'ro-neg, 6 
 Tur'pi-o 
 
 Tu-rul'li-us, S. W. 
 Tus-ca/ni-a, -S. W- 
 Tus/cu-la'num 
 Tus/cu-lum 
 Tu'ti-a, 10 
 Tu'ti-cum 
 Ty'a-na 
 Ty'a-nae'us 
 Ty/a-ni'tis 
 Ty'bris 
 Ty'bur 
 Ty'ehe 
 Ty^h'i-us 
 Ty/de 
 Tyd'e-us 
 
 Ty'deus 
 Ty'di-deg, 6 
 Ty'los 
 Ty-mo'lus 
 Tym'pa-ni'a 
 Tym-phse'i 
 Tyn-dar^i-deg, 6 
 Tyn-da/rfs 
 Tyn-da'ras [W. 
 Tyn'rii-ehus, Pip- 
 Ty-pho'e-us 
 
 Ty-pho'eus 
 Ty/phon 
 Ty-ran'ni-on 
 Ty-ran'nus 
 Ty'ras, or Ty'ra 
 Ty/reg, 6 
 Tyr'i-da'teg,6: see 
 
 Tiridates. 
 Ty/ro 
 Ty'ros 
 Tyr-rhe/ni 
 Tyr-rhe/num 
 Tyr-rhe'ntis 
 Tyr-tae'us 
 Ty'rus 
 Tys'i-as, 10, 
 
 W. Fac. 
 
 U. 
 
 U/bi-i 
 TJ-cal'e-gon 
 TJ/fens 
 TJ'fen-ti'na 
 Ul'pi-a'nus 
 ( Ul'pi-an) 
 U'lu-braa 
 
894 
 
 GREEK A^D LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 U-lys'sej, 8 Va'ri-us 
 
 I'm bri-a Va'rus 
 
 L'm-bric i-us, 10 Va-sa'teg, 6 
 Uii'd*-c«m'Ti-ri Vas'co-neg, 6 
 U-nel'li Vas-coneg, 
 
 Uiuc'i-« (uub'shl-a) Strabo. 
 
 U'pis 
 U-ra'ni-a 
 U'ra-nop'o-lis 
 U'ra-nus 
 
 lr-bi<yu-a, TT. Fac. 
 IVbi-cus, 
 Ur-bi num 
 U'ti-ca 
 
 U x-el'lo-du'nuin 
 
 Ux/i-i(uk'sh!-i), 
 
 W. S. ScJi. 
 
 Tac-fae/i 
 xVa-cu'na 
 Vad'i-mo'ms La^- 
 
 cus 
 Ta'ga 
 
 VaS'e-dru'sa 
 Va-^e^iii, C. W. 
 Ta'ha-lis 
 Ta'lens 
 Ya-len'ti-a, 10 
 VaPen-ti'ni 
 Tal'en-tin'i-a'nus 
 
 Tat'i-ca'uus 
 Vat'i-e'uu^, 10 
 Yec'ti-us, 10 
 Yec-toneg, 6, 
 C. Fac. 
 
 Yec'to-neg, 
 A'. F. For. S. 
 Ye-^e'ti-us, 10 
 Ye'i-a (ve'ya) 
 Ye'i-en'tea, 6 
 Ye'i-en'to 
 Ye'i-i (Te'yi) 
 Y^'o-Tis 
 Ye-la'brum 
 Ye-la'ni-ixs, S. W. 
 Ye'li-a 
 Ye-li'na 
 Ye-li'nus 
 Yel'i-ter'na 
 Ye-li'trae 
 Yel-le^i-us Pa-ter'- 
 
 cu-lus 
 Ye-na'frtiin 
 Yen'e-di 
 Yen'e-ti 
 Ye-ne'ti-a, 10 
 
 { Veii'ice) 
 Ye-nil'i-a 
 
 ( VaV en-tin' i-an) Ten-no'iies, 
 
 Ya-le^ri-a 
 Ya-le'ri-a'nus 
 
 ( Va-le'ri-an) 
 Ya-le'ri-us 
 Yal'e-rus, W. C. 
 Yal'^-Tis 
 
 M. C. L. 
 Yen'no-ne§ : see 
 
 For. Py. S. 
 Ten-tid'i-us 
 Ten'u-le'i-us (-yus) 
 Ye'nus 
 
 Yan-daOi-i, W. Sch. Ye-nu'si-a, 10 
 Yan-^i/o-neg, 6 Te-ra/gri, W. 
 Yan'ni-us Yer'a-gri, K. 
 
 Va-ra'ne§, 6, Ye-ra/ni-a, -S. W. 
 
 W. M. S. Ve-ra'ni-u6, S. W. 
 
 Tar-dae^i Yer-cel'lae 
 
 Yer' cia-§et'o-rix 
 
 Yer gas-i-lau'nus 
 
 Yer-iel'lufl 
 
 Yer-^l'i-a 
 
 Yer-^u'i-us 
 
 Ver-goVre-tus 
 
 Yer^i-tas 
 
 Yer'o-man'du-i 
 
 Ye-ro'na 
 
 Yer''o-ni'ca, L. W. 
 
 Yer'ri-us 
 
 Yer-ti-cor'di-a 
 
 Yer'tum-na'li-a 
 
 Yer-tuni'niis 
 
 Yer'u-la'xms 
 
 Ye'rus 
 
 Yes'e-ris, K. W. 
 
 Ye-se'Tus 
 
 Yes-pa'si-a'nus, 10 
 
 ( Ves-pa'sian) 
 Yes-ta/leg, 6 
 Yes-ta'li-a 
 Yes-tU'i-us, S. W. 
 Yes-ti^ni 
 Yes-ti'nus 
 YesM-us 
 Yet/e-ra 
 Yet^ti-us 
 Yet-to'ne§,6: see 
 
 Yec tones. 
 Yet'u-lo'ni-a, 
 
 -S'. Sch. 
 Ye-tu'ri-a 
 Ye-tu^ri-us 
 Ye'tus 
 Yi-a/drus, Sch. W. 
 
 Yi'a-drus, M. 
 Yi-bid'i-a, S. W. 
 Yi-bid'i-vis, S. W. 
 Yib'i-Tos 
 Yi'bo 
 
 Yi-bulli-iis 
 Yi'ca Po^ta 
 Yi-cen'ti-a, 10 
 Yi-ce'ti-a, 10 
 Yic-to'ri-a 
 YJc-t(yri-us 
 
 Yi-en'na 
 YiFli-a Lex, 
 
 S. Sch. 
 YiPli-iis 
 Yim'i-na'lis 
 Yin-cen'ti-us, 10, 
 
 S.L. 
 Yin/ci-us, 10 
 
 Fac. W. 
 Yin-del''i-ci 
 Yin-de^mi-a'tor 
 Yin-dic'i-us, 10, 
 
 W. S. 
 Yin/do-nis'sa 
 Yi-nic'i-us, 10 
 Ym^i-us, S. W. 
 Yip-sa/ni-a, S. Sch. 
 Yir'bi-us 
 Yir-Sil'i-us 
 
 ( Vir'gil) 
 Yir-§in/i-a 
 Yir-§iii'i-Tis 
 Yir'i-a'thus 
 Yir'i-pla'ca 
 Yi-sePli-a 
 Yi-sePlus 
 Yi-sig/Q-thae, E. 
 Yis'tu-la 
 Yi-tel'li-a 
 Yi-tePli-us 
 Yit'i-a, 10, S. W. 
 Yi-tru'vi-us 
 Yit'u-la 
 Yo-co'ni-a Lex. 
 Yog'e-sus 
 
 Yo-^e^sus, For. 
 Yol'a-ter'ra 
 Yo-log/e-seg, 6, M. 
 Yol-tind-a 
 Yo-lu'bi-lis, K. 
 Yo-lum/na 
 Yo-lum'ni-a 
 Yo-lum''ru-us 
 Yo-lum/nus 
 Yo-lu'pi-a 
 Vo-lup'tas 
 YoPu-se'nus, S.W. 
 
 Vo-lu'si-a'nus, 10, 
 
 S. L. W. 
 Vo-lu'8i-U8, 10 
 YoFu-sus 
 Yo'lux 
 Yo-ma'nus 
 Yo-no''ne§, 6 
 Yo-pis'cus 
 Yo-ra/nus,i. C.W: 
 Yo'ti-e'nus, 10 
 Yul-ca'nus 
 
 { Viil'can) 
 Yul-ca'ti-us, 10 
 
 S. Sch. 
 Yul-tur'num 
 Yul-tur'nus 
 
 X. 
 
 Xan'thi-a, or 
 
 Xanahi-as 
 Xan'thi-ca 
 Xan-thip'pe 
 Xan-thip''pus 
 Xe-nag'o-ras 
 Xe-nar'€hus 
 Xen'a-regje, .S. 
 Xen'e-tus 
 Xe-ni/a-deg, 6 
 Xe/ni-us, C. S. W. 
 Xen'o-cle'a 
 Xeu'o-cleg, 6 
 Xe-noc'ra-teg, 6 
 Xe-nod'a-mus, 
 Sch. W. 
 
 Xen'o-da'miis 
 Xe-nod'i-ce 
 Xe-nod'o-€hus 
 Xe-noph'a-neg, 6 
 Xe-noph^i-lus 
 Xen'o-phon 
 Xer'o-lib'y-a 
 
 C. Sch. 
 Xy'ehus 
 Xji^e-nep'o-iis 
 
 Zab'a-tus 
 Zab'o-lus 
 2^-cyn'thus 
 Za-gre'us 
 
 Za'greufl 
 Za'grus 
 Zal'a-teg, 6 
 Za-leu-'cus 
 Za'ma 
 Za-molx'is 
 Zar'bi-e'nua 
 Ze'la 
 Ze'no 
 Ze-no'bi-a 
 Zen'o-do'rufc 
 Ze-nod'o-tu8 
 Ze-noth''e-mi8 
 Ze-phyr''i-um. 
 Zeph'y-rus 
 
 (Zeph'yr) 
 Ze-rvn^thus 
 Ze-theg, 6, or 
 
 Ze'tus 
 Zeux'i-da'mus 
 Zeux-ip'pe 
 Zeux'is 
 Zi-li'a, also 
 
 ZU'i-a, Fac. 
 Zi-poe'te^, 6 
 Zo'i-lus 
 Zo-ip/pus 
 Zo'na 
 Zo'na-ras, 
 
 L. W. S. M. 
 
 Zo-na'ras, Py. 
 Zo-pyr'i-on, W. & 
 Zop'y-ras 
 Zor'o-as'treg, 6 
 
 ( Zo'ro-as'lir) 
 Zos/i-mus 
 Zos-te'ri-a, S. W. 
 Zyg'i-a 
 
 Zyg'i-i : see C. 
 Zy-gop'o-lis 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MODEEN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 INTEODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Proper names of places are, for the most part, com- 
 pound words. As the former or the latter part of the com- 
 pound is often the same in different words, it has the ai>- 
 pearance of a prefix or a suf&x, and may be treated as such ; 
 as the prefixes aber, ash, north, stone; the terminations 
 bury, ham,ness,wich. The following Index includes the 
 principal prefixes, terminations, and formatiTe syllables, 
 especially those which are component parts of English 
 names. Subjoined to the Index is a brief Alphabetical List 
 of geographical names not included therein, giving their 
 deriyation and signification, so far as these could be ascer- 
 tained. A great many names are necessarily omitted, their 
 history and signification being altogether unknown. Many 
 others are omitted, the etymology of which is either obscure 
 or pxurely fanciful. Prominence has been given to the 
 geography of America ; and the principal Indian names of 
 places, now in actual use, have been inserted, so fer as it 
 has been possible to arrive at their meaning with approxi- 
 mate correctness. 
 
 Valuable assistance has been derived, in the preparation 
 of this Vocabulary, firom Ingram's edition of the Saxon 
 Chronicle (London, 1823), a Vocabulary of Geographical 
 Etymology in SuUivan-s Dictionary of Derivations (Dublin, 
 1851), Chamock's Local Etymology (London, 1859), Fos- 
 ter's Manual of Greographical Pronunciation and Etymolo- 
 gy (London, 1860), Lippincott's Gazetteer of the "World 
 (Philadelphia, 1855), Gibson's Etymological Geography 
 (Edinburgh, 1840), Taylor's Words and Places (London, 
 1865), and from various other sources. Many of the trans- 
 lations of the Indian names here given have been furnished, 
 and all of them examined, by Henry R. Schoolcraft, LL.D., 
 and the Hon. J. Hammond TrumbuU. whose high reputa- 
 tion and well-known accuracy in whatever relates to the 
 Indian language, hterature, and history, are a sufficient 
 guaranty for the correctness of this portion of the Vocab- 
 ulary. Information in regard to certain names of the 
 same class has also been obtained from the Rev. Edward 
 Ballard, Secretary of the Maine Historical Society. 
 
 EXPLANATORY INDEX OF PEEFIXES, TER]\nNATIONS, AND 
 FORMATIVE SYLLABLES. 
 
 A. 
 
 A, A (o), Aa (a), Aach (aK). [A.-S. ea, 0. H. Ger. aha, 
 Groth. ahva, Icel. a; related to Lat. aqua, Skr. ap, f., 
 water.] Flowing water ; as, Greta, Tornea, Aachen [Aix- 
 
 A(a). Island. See Ey. [la-ChapeUe]. 
 
 Aar, Ar(aR). [Celt.] A watercourse ; as, J^ar, ^Irve, ^gens. 
 
 Ab (ab), Aub (awb). [Per.] Water, a river ; as, Boab 
 (two rivers : i. e. , the country between the Gunges and the 
 Junma), Punja«<6 (five rivers ; i. e., the country watered 
 by five [great] rivers), J.i-i-kuren (riverof Kur,or Cvrus). 
 
 Ab (ab), Abiiis(ab/ing), AbTbot. [A.-S.] An abbot; 
 as, Abton (abbot's town), Abingdon (abbot's hill), Ab- 
 botshnxy (abbot's town). 
 
 Abad (S-bad')- [Per.] A city, abode, or residence; as, 
 AkhaLTobad (city of Akbar), Aurangabad (city of Aurung- 
 «be), 'Syabad (beautiful city). 
 
 Abbas (ab'bas'). [Per.] Father ; as, ^idcusabad (pater- 
 nal abode, or abode of Abbas). 
 
 Abbe(aVba'). [Fr.] Abbot; as, JlWeviUe (abbot's town). 
 
 Aber (5b'er). [Celt.] An estuary or mouth of a river ; 
 as, Aberdeen (a town at the " mouth ■' of the Dee), Aber- 
 gavenny (a town at the junction of the Gavenny with the 
 Usk). See Iz^vzR. 
 
 Abtng. See AB. [place. 
 
 Ac, Ak, Aug, Ock, Oke, &c. [Ind.] Earth, land, 
 
 Ac, Ack (ak), or Ock: (ok) [A.-S. See Oak in Diet.] 
 An oak ; a«,iLcton (oak-town), Achfforfh. (oak-farm), Ock- 
 ley (oak-meadow). 
 
 Acq-aa(ak/kwa). [It.] [Port. Agqa (a''go-a)^ Sp. Ag^ua 
 (»/gwa), Fr. Aigue, Aigues (ag), Aix (aks), Eaux 
 (o), from Lat. aqua.'\ Water, waters • . s, JLc^wapendente 
 (hanging water), Agoa Fria (cold water), Agua Dulce 
 
 (sweet, or firesh, water), Aigues Mortes (dead, or stagnant, 
 
 waters), il/x-la-Chapelle (waters of the chapel), Bordeaua; 
 
 (border of the waters). 
 Adel (a'del). [Ger.] Noble ; as, Adelsber^ (noble's hill), 
 
 .IrfeMorf (village of the noble). 
 Adler (ad'ler), Arl. [Ger.] Eagle; as, Adlersh^tg or 
 
 Arlshevg (eagle mountain). 
 Agoa. Agua, Aigues, Aix. See AcQUA. 
 Ak. See Ac. 
 Al. See Old. 
 Al, El. [At. & Sp.] The article fAe ; — a prefix to many 
 
 names ; as, J./cantara (the bridge), Alcajzx (the palace), 
 
 £Z-Araish (the garden of pleasure). 
 Alb, Alp. [Celt., prob. related to Lat. aOnts.] A hiil or 
 
 moimtain white with snow j as, Alps. 
 Albo (al'bo). Alba (al'ba). [Sp. & It., from Lat. albus.] 
 
 White ; as J/6anella, Albano. [The Latin form appears 
 
 also in the French names Aiibin, Aubete-ne (white land), 
 Aid. See OLD. [&c.] 
 
 Aldea (al-De'a). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Aldee (al'dS')]. VU- 
 
 lage ; as, Aldea del Cano (village of the dog), Aldea Velha 
 
 (old village). [Allah). 
 
 AUab (al'laR/)- [Arab.] God; as, AIlah&\>aA (city of 
 Alp. See Alb. 
 Alt. See Old. 
 Alta (al-ta^), or Altan (al-tanO- [Mongolian.] Gold; 
 
 &s, Altai [properly 4/f a yeenOola] (the golden mountain), 
 
 Altannov (the golden lake). 
 Alto (al'to), Alta (al'ta). [It. & Sp., from Lat. o&tm.] 
 
 High ; as. ^ramura (high wall), Alta California (upper 
 
 Cahfomia). 
 Anti (an'ti). [Gr.] Opposite; as, jlnn'paros (opposite 
 
 Pares), ^ntitaurus (opposite Taurus) J.nJjlibanus (oppo- 
 site Lebanon). 
 
 a,8,&o.,Zong: /a,e,5,Z«i prolonged; Si,Q,kc..,short ; a,^,i,Q,obsntre ; care,far,ask,all.whgit; ere,vgil,t5rm; p'ique,Srm; s6n,6r, 
 Cli},w9lf,t<5l),t<3bk ; 13m,rHe,pgll ; ^^,»oJi ; c, g, hard ; ag / epet ; q oj ng ; this ; a,b,u,e^,I,S,8,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,x,ufsee p. 914), 
 
896 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 
 
 At. See Aar. 
 
 Ard. [Celt.] A height, promontory ; as Ardrort (the hill 
 of the grave), -4rrfglass (greon height or hill). 
 
 Arde (aRdch). [D.] Earth, laud; as, Oudenar^e (old 
 laud, or district). 
 
 Arl. SeeADLER. 
 
 Asli. (A.-S.) Ash ; as, At/ifield, ^sMaud, -dsAton. 
 
 At. See UT. 
 
 Atli. [Ir.] A ford ; as, Athhoy (yellow ford), Athle&gue 
 (ford of the stones), ^fAlone (ford of St. Luanus.) 
 
 Aue (ow't^^i). [Ger.] Field, meadow ; as ^werbach (brook 
 of the meadow). 
 
 All. See Old. 
 
 Aub. See AB; alsoALBO. 
 
 Aug. See Ac. 
 
 Au-giis'ta. [Lat., fern, of Ajt^iistiis]. Noble, august ; — 
 joined to some Celtic and Germanic names ; as, Augs- 
 burg (castle or city of Augustus), Autun [Lat. Augusto- 
 dunum] (town of Augustus). 
 
 Av'en, Av'oii. [Celt. afo7i.] Water, a river ; as, Aven- 
 burg (town on a stream), .4'uondale, Stratha«e« (valley of 
 
 Ay. See Ey. [the Avon). 
 
 B. 
 
 Bab. [Arab. & Chald.] A gate, court; as, Babylon 
 (court of Belus), .Bnffcelmandeb ("gate of tears," from the 
 many shipwrecks that occur in this strait). 
 
 Bacli (baK), or Pach (paK). [Ger.] [Eng. Beck, 
 Batch, Vv. Bee.] Brook, rivulet ; as, Anerbach (brook 
 of the meadow), Anspack (situated " at the stream "), 
 B-olbeck (brook in the hollow), Woodbatch (wood brook), 
 Caudeftfc (cold brook). 
 
 Bad (bat), Baden (ba'den) (pi.). [Ger.] [Fr. Bagn 
 (ban). Bain, Bains (biiN), It. Bagno (ban'yo), 
 Bagni (ban^yee) (pL), from Lat. balneum.] Bath, 
 baths ; as, Carlsbad (Charles's bath), Badenhausen (bath- 
 houses) jBag-noles, ^ams-du-mont-d'or (baths of the 
 golden mountain), Bagni di Lucca (baths of Lucca). 
 
 Bagn, Bagno, Bagni. See Bad. 
 
 Babia. See Bay. 
 
 Bain, Bains. See Bad. 
 
 Bal, Ball, Bal'ly. [Celt.] An abode, a township, a 
 village; as, ^aZbriggan (Brocan's, or Brecan's town), 
 .Ba^iinderry (town of the oak-wood), .Ba%clare (town of 
 the plain). [of mountains). 
 
 Bar. [Skr.] Land, country, region ; as Mala6ar (country 
 
 Bas (ba). Basses (has). [Fr., from Gr. j3a0i;s'(ba'thus).] 
 [It. Basso (bas'so), 0. Ger. Bat (bat).] Low ; as, Bas 
 Rhin (lower Rhine), Basses Alps (low Alps), Pays Bas 
 (low country, i. e., Netherlands), Campoftasso (low plain). 
 
 Basso, Bat. See Bas. 
 
 Batch. See Bach. 
 
 Bay. [Eng.] [Sp. & Pg. Bahia (ba-e'a)] ; as, Botany Bay, 
 Torbay (headland bay), Bahia Honda (deep bay). Boa 
 Bahia [Bombay] (good harbor). 
 
 Bayou (bi/<~o). [Fr.] Stream, creek ; as, .Bai/ow Pierre 
 (Peter's creek). Bayou Sara. 
 
 Beau (bo), Bel, Belle, (bel). [Fr.] [It., Sp., & Pg. 
 Bello (bel'lo), Bella (bel'la), from Lat. bellus, bella.] 
 Beautiful, fine; as, JBeawlieu (beautiful place), jBeZmont 
 (beautiful mountain), ^eZ^eisle (beautiful island), Puerto 
 Bello (fine harbor), Isola Bella (beautiful island). 
 
 Bee, Beck. See Bach. 
 
 Bel. [Ir.] The mouth of a ford, or entrance to a river ; 
 as, Belfdnt (town by the sand-bank in the river [Lagan]). 
 
 Bel. See Beau. 
 
 Bela (bS'la), Bielo (be-a/lo), Biela (be-a'la), Bialy 
 (be-Mee or bya'lee). [Slav.] White ; as Belgriide (white 
 town or city), Biela, Bielopol (white city), Biabjstock 
 (white outlet, or opening). 
 
 Beled (be-led')- [Arab.] Country; as, .BfiZe<i-el-Jereed 
 (country of the date). 
 
 Bella, Belle, Bello. See Beau. 
 
 Ben, Pen, Ven. [(Jelt.] A head, a hill or mountain, 
 a promontory ; as, J5enlomond (beacon mountain), Ben- 
 nevi.s (cloud-capped mountain), Axjenninea, Pennine Alps, 
 P'^nrith (head of the ford), Morven (great mountain). 
 
 Berg(beRG). [Ger.] A hill, mountain, a hill-fortress; as, 
 Adelsterir (noble's hill), Schwarzenderg- (black mountain). 
 
 Berry. See BURG. 
 
 Beth. [Ileb.] House; as, Bethany (house of dates), 
 Betftel (house of God), Bethlehem (house of bread). 
 
 Blaly. See Bela. 
 
 Bianco (be-an'ko), Bianca (be-an/ka). [It.] [Fr. 
 Blanc (bloN), Blanche (blowsh), Sp. Blanco (blan'- 
 ko.)] White ; &», Bianca Villa (white town), Mont Blanc 
 
 (white mountain), Mer Blcmthe (white sea), Cabo Blcmco 
 (white cape). 
 Biela, Bielo. See Bela. 
 
 Bischof (bish'of). [Ger.] Bishop ; as Bischofshelm 
 (residence of the bishop). 
 
 Blair (blar). [Celt.] A plain clear of woods ; as, Blair- 
 athoU, ArdWaiV (the height in the plain). 
 
 Blanc, Blanche, Blanco. See Bianco. 
 
 Ble. See POLis. 
 
 Boden (bo^den). [Ger.] Bottom, deep; as, Bodeneee 
 [Lake of Constance] (deep sea), Bodenstadt (deep town). 
 
 Boeuf (buf). [Norman Fr. from Icel. byr, a.bode.] Village; 
 as, Dau6a2i(/(dale village), 'ElbcEuf. 
 
 Bog. See POG. 
 
 Boli. See POLIS. 
 
 Bon (boN), Bonne (bon). [Fr.] [Sp. Bueno (bwa/no), 
 Buena (bwa'na), from La,t. bonus, bona]. Good, fine; 
 as, Bon Secours (" good succor " bay), Terrebonne (good 
 land). Cap .Bonhomme (Cape Goodman), Buena Vista 
 (fine view), Buenos Ayres (good air). 
 
 Bone. See Burn. 
 
 Borg, Borgo, Borough (a town), Borro-w, Bourg. 
 See Burg. 
 
 Born, Bourn, Bourne. See Burn. 
 
 Borough (btlr-'o). [A.-S. buruh. See BOROUGH in Diet.] 
 A hill, mountain ; also, a fortified town ; as, Marlborough 
 (St. Maidulf's town). 
 
 BorroTV, Bourg. See BURG. 
 
 Bridge (brij). [Eng.] [Ger. Briick (bruk), Brucke 
 (brii'keh); D. Brugge (brQG/Ggh).] Bridge; as Cam- 
 bridge (bridge over the Cam), Tunbridge (town bridge), 
 Innsbruck or Innsprlick (bridge over the Inn), Brugge 
 [Bruges] (the bridge). 
 
 Bronn. See Burn. [Brookfield. 
 
 Brook (brdbk). [Eng.] Brook, stream ; as, West6roojfc, 
 
 Briick, Brugge. See Bridge. 
 
 Brunn. See BURN. [.Bmintree, 
 
 Bryn. [Celt.] A brow; hence, a ridge; as, Brandon, 
 
 Bud (b6bd). [Ger.] Hut, building, dwelling ; as, Buda,, 
 Budweiss (white dwelling). 
 
 Buena, Bueno. See Bon. 
 
 Burg. [A.-S. & Ger.] [Dan. & Sw. Borg (boRG), It. 
 Borgo (boR/go), Fr. Bourg (booR), Scotch Burgh 
 (the distinctive name of Scotch corporate towns), Eng, 
 Borough (a distinctive name of English corporate 
 towns, and the termination of old English towns, par- 
 ticularly north of the Humber), Borro^w, Berry, 
 Bury, Burrow.] A castle or a fortified town; as, 
 Augsburg (town of Augustus), Wurz&M?-^ (herb-town), 
 Strasburg or Strasiowrg- (street-town), Aalborg (eel-town), 
 jBoT-g-oforte (strong castle), Cherbourg (Caesar's town), 
 Edinburgh (city of Edwin, king of Northumbria), Marl- 
 borough, (St. Maidulf's town), Wardborrow, Vortberry 
 (harbor town), Queens&erri/, Canter6Mrj'(city of the men 
 of Kent), Gainsborough (town of the Ganii). 
 
 Burn, Born, Bourne, Bone. [A.-S. See Bourn 
 in Diet.] [Ger. Bronn, Brunn.] A brook, well, 
 fountain ; as, Bannockburn (the Bannock stream), Burtf 
 ham (brook-dwelling), Tyburn (the Ty brook), Sheriorn 
 (clear brook), ^Yillybo^lrne (brook of the willows), Mary- 
 le-bone (St. Mary's at the brook), Heilbronn (fountain of 
 health), Sch'onbriinn (beautiful fountain). 
 
 Burrow, Bury. See BURG. 
 
 By. [A.-S., — particularly in towns in Scotland and the 
 North of England.] [Dan. & Sw. By (bu), or Bye.] A 
 dwelling, village, town; as Ashby (ash-town), B.ugbif 
 (red-town), Fenby (fen-town), Derby (village of deer or 
 of wild beasts), Kirkby (church-town). 
 
 Cabo (ka'Bo). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Cap (kap). It. Capo 
 (ka'po).] A cape, headland; as, Cabo Frio (cold cape). 
 Cap Bonhomme (Cape Goodman), Capo d' Istria ( Cape of 
 Istria). 
 
 Caer, Car. [Celt.] A camp ; a fort, fortress, or forti- 
 fied town; as, Caermarthen (Merlin's fort.) 
 
 Caesar. See Kaiser. 
 
 Cafir, Caff re, Kafir, Kaff re. [Arab.] Infidel; as, 
 Xa^ristan (land of the "infidels; i. e., the inhabitants 
 of Southern Africa). 
 
 Cap, Capo. See Cabo. 
 
 Carrick. See CRAIG. 
 
 Car. See Caer. 
 
 Cassel, Castel. See Castle. 
 
 Cas'ter, Ces'ter, Ches'ter. [A.-S., from Lat. castrum, 
 castra.] A camp, fortress ; as, Lancaster (fortress on the 
 
 MAc-,^(>n^;a,fc,o,iejJ2»'o'onfi'«<^/S,6,&c.,sAor«/a,s,i,Q,o6jcure;care,far,ask,aU,what;gre,v§il,t5rm;pique,flnn;86^^ 
 
OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 897 
 
 Lan or Lune), Colchester (fortress on the River Colne), 
 Dorchester (city of the Dwr-otriges, or dwellers by the 
 water). -• 
 
 Gastle. [Eng.] [Fr. CIiMeau (sha'to'), Cliatel (sha'- 
 telM, It. Castel (kas-tel'), Ger. Cassel (kaA'sel), Cas- 
 tel (kas-tel''), from Lat. castellum.] A castle ; as,New- 
 castle, Castletown, C/iateauneuf,or 'Nenfchatel (new cas- 
 tle), Casie/lamare (castle on the sea), Hesse Cassel. 
 
 Ceap. [A. -S., from ceop/an, to buy, traffic] Cattle, sal- 
 able commodities, market-place ; as, CAeo/Jside, Chep- 
 stow (market town), CVi?ppenham (market-town). See 
 
 KOPING. 
 
 Cefn (kef'n). [Welsh.] A back, a ridge ; as, Cefn Bryn, 
 Chevy Chase, Cheviot Hills, Les Ceveimes. 
 
 Cenn. [Gael.] A head; as, Kenvaove (great summit), 
 Kent, Kinross. 
 
 Cerro (seR'Ro). [Sp.] Mountain peak ; as, Cerro Gor- 
 do (a mountain guard or pass). 
 
 Cester. See Caster. 
 
 Chateau, Cliatel. See Castle. 
 
 Clielier, or Slielir (shear' or sha'her). [Turk. & Per.] 
 House, town ; as, PondicAerry (new town), Alaishehr (ex- 
 alted town). 
 
 Chester. See Caster. 
 
 Chow, Tchoo. [Chin.] A town of the second class; 
 as, Hang-r/ioiu-foo. 
 
 Cidade, Citta, Ciudad. See Civita. 
 
 Civita (chee've-ta), Citta (chit-ta')- [It., from Lat. civ- 
 itas.] [Pg. Cidade (se-da'dS), Sp, Ciudad (the-oo- 
 DaD' or se-oo-DaD').] A city; as, Civita Vecchia (old 
 town), Citta Nuova (new town), Cidade do Recife (city of 
 the reef), Ciudad Real (royal city). 
 
 Clar. [Ir.] Board, table, level ; as, Clare, Ballyclare 
 (town of the plain). 
 
 Col, Cole. See CuL. 
 
 -Comb. [A.-S. See Coomb in Diet.] [Welsh Cwm(koom).] 
 A bowl-shaped valley ; as, Yfy combe (valley of the Wy), 
 Compton, Cwmdee (black valley). 
 
 Coning, Conis, Cunning. See King. 
 
 Costa (kos'ta). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Cote (k5t).] Coast- 
 region ; as, Costa Rica (rich coast). Cote d'Or (gold coast). 
 
 Cot, Cote, Coates. [A.-S.] A mud-house, cot, cottage; 
 as, C«^5more, South';©?^, H&ncoates. 
 
 Cote. See Costa. 
 
 Craig, Carriclc. [Celt.] Rock, erag, rocky plain ; as, 
 Bally cra/g-y (town on a rock), Ca?-n'cA;fergus (rock of Fer- 
 
 Croce, Croix. See Cruz. [gus). 
 
 Cruz (krooth or krooz). [Sp. & Pg.] [It. Croce (kro'- 
 chu) Fr. Croix (krwa), from Lat. crux.] Cross ; as, Vera 
 Cruz (true cross), Santa Croce, Sainte Cro/a;(holy cross.) 
 
 Cron, Kron (kron), Krone (kro'neh). [Ger.] Crown ; 
 as, CronstB.dt, or ifronstadt (crown city). 
 
 Cul, Col, Cole. [Celt.] Back, hinder part, comer ; as, 
 Culross (of Ross, the peninsula of Fife), Co^eraine (corner 
 ©r angle of the ferns). 
 
 D. 
 
 Daal, Dal. See Dale. 
 
 Dagh, Tagh. [Turk.] A mountain; as, Baghest&n 
 (country of mountains), Belurtagh (cloud mountains), 
 Mustagh (ice mountains). 
 
 Dale, Dell. [Eng. See in Diet.] [Ger. Thai (fal), D. 
 Daal (dal), Sw. Dal (dal).] Vale, valley ; as, Annan- 
 dale, J)oy e.dale, Xmud el (del of the Arun), FrankenZ/m^ 
 (valley of the Franks), Bloemenc/aa/ (vale of flowers), 
 DaZecarlia (land of valleys). 
 
 Dam (dam). [D.] Dam, dike ; as, Amsteri^am, (i. e., a 
 town situated at the " dam" of the Amstel), Rotterdam 
 (dam of the Rotte), Schiec/am (dam of the Schie). 
 
 Dan, Dane, Den. [A.-S.] The Danes ; as, Danbury 
 (town of the Danes), Danesfield, Denham (Dane's home). 
 
 De (deh), Du (dii), Des (da). [Fr.] [Sp. & It. Del 
 (del), Delia (del^a).] The, of the ; as, Des Moines (of 
 the mounds), Prairie du Chien (dog prairie), TieiTa del 
 Fuego (land of fire), Rio c?et Norte (river of the North). 
 
 Den. [A.-S. I A valley or ravine; as, G&xnden (crooked 
 vale), Camryen (crooked valley), Denhigh. (dwelling in the 
 vale). See Dan. 
 
 Der. [A.-S.] Wild deer, or wild beasts in general; as, 
 Derhani (deer's home), Derhy (deer's dwelling). Deer- 
 hurst (deer's wood). [Kilrfare (oak forest). 
 
 Derry. [Ir.] [Cf. Gr. Apv's. Druid.] An oak ; as, Berry, 
 
 Dhu. See Dub. > > ./> 
 
 Dive (deev). [Malay.] Island; as, Malr/ires (the thou- 
 sand islands), Lacca</n>e5 ( the ten thousand islands). 
 
 Doce. SeeDULCE. 
 
 Dol. [Celt.] A plain, field; as, Do/berry (town on the 
 plain), Dairy (king's field), Dalkeith, To'donse. 
 
 Don. [Celt.] Deep, low ; as, Don, Dowau ")anube] (low 
 plain or meadow). 
 
 Don. [A.-S.] See DUN. 
 
 Dorf. [Ger. See THORP.] Village ; town; as, A lt(/ar/, 
 (old town), DUsselrfor/" (village on the Dussel). [ridge). 
 
 Drum. [Erse druim.] Back, ridge ; as, iJromore (great 
 
 Dub, Dubh, Dhu. [Celt.] Black ; as, Dublin (black 
 wool), Dhmsk (black water), Dowglas (black water). 
 
 Dulce (dooPtha or dool'sS). [Sp.] [Pg. Doce (do'sJl), 
 from Lat. dulcis.] Sweet ; as, Agua Dulce (sweet water), 
 Rio Doce (sweet river; i. e., river of fresh water) 
 
 Dun, or Don. [Celt.] A hill, or fort on a hill; castle; 
 as, DMndee (hill-fort on the Tay), ^wwkeld (fort of the 
 Celts), Snowryon (snow hill), Ahmgdon (abbey hill), 
 Claren«/on (hill " clear " of trees), Yyerdun (in Switzer- 
 land). 
 
 E. 
 
 Ea. SeeEY. 
 
 East, Est, Es. [A.-S.] [Ger. Ost, D. Oo.st (ost).] 
 East; as, Eastham (east home), Easton (east town), 
 Essex (East Saxons), Os^erreich [Austria] (the east king- 
 dom), Oo5iburg (the east castle). 
 
 Eaux. [Fr.] See ACQUA. 
 
 Eich(iK). [Ger.] Oak ; as, JEJeAstadt (oaktown). 
 
 Eisen (I'zen). [Ger.] Iron ; as, Etsenstadt (iron town), 
 Eisenherg (iron mountain). 
 
 El. [Arab.] See Al. 
 
 Ennis. See ILE. 
 
 Entre (oNt'r). [Fr.] [Sp. & Pg. Entre (en'tra), from 
 Lat. inter.] Between ; as, ^nZre -deux-mers (between the 
 two seas), Entre Rios (between the rivers), Entre Douro 
 e Minho (between the Douro and Minho). J/i^erlachen 
 (between the lakes; ?. e., Thun and Brienz). 
 
 Erz (SRts). [Ger.] Ore ; as JBrzgebirge (ore mountains). 
 
 Es, Est. See East. 
 
 Ey, Ea, Ay, A. [A.-S. ig, ea; Norw. oe.] An island; 
 as, Anglesey (isle of the Angles, or English), Chelsea 
 (shingle isle), Jersey (Caesar's Island), Colonsay (St. 
 Columba's isle), Staffa (isle of steps). 
 
 F. 
 
 Feld. See Field. 
 
 Eels (iglss). [Ger.] Rock; as, Di&chenfels (dragon's 
 
 rock), Weissen/efe (white rocks). 
 Field. [Eng., lit., a forest clearing, or place where the 
 
 trees have been felled.] [A.-S. & Ger. Feld (felt), D. 
 
 A^'eld] A field, plain open country ; as, Marsh;?fW, 
 
 Lichfield (field of corpses), Lilienfeld (field of lilies), 
 
 Win/eld (field of victory). 
 Field, F.jeld (fyeld). [Dan. & Norw.] Mountain range; 
 
 as, Bowejield (mountain range of Dovre, or Daavre, a 
 
 village on the side of the mountains). 
 Fiord, or Fjord. See Frith. 
 Firth. See Frith. 
 Fleet. [A.-S.] An arm of the sea, a channel ; as, Beam- 
 
 fleet, 'Northfleet, Southjleet. 
 Folic. [A.-S.] People; as, 'Norfolk (north people), Buf- 
 
 folk (south people). 
 Font (toN), Fontaine (foN'tan'). [Fr.] [It. Fonta- 
 
 na (f6n-ta'na), Sp. Fuente (fwen'ta), from Lat. fans.] 
 
 Fountain ; as Fontcouxert (covered fountain), Fontaine. 
 
 bleau [Fontaine Belle Eau] (fountain of beautiful water), 
 
 Fontana Fredda (cold spring), Fuente del Maestre (the 
 
 master's fountain), Fuenterahia or Fontarabia (rapid 
 
 stream). 
 Fontaine, Fontana. See Font. 
 Foo, Fou (foo). [Chin.] A large or important city ; as, 
 
 Chang-choo-/bo (the great city of Chang Choo). 
 Ford. [A.-S. See in Diet.] [Ger. Furt. or Furth 
 
 (fooRt).] A ford; as, Bradford (broad ford), T)e\>tford 
 
 (deep ford), Hart/on^ (hart ford). Here/ore/ (army ford), 
 
 Mil/orrf, Oxford, Waterford, Yrankfurt (ford of the 
 
 Franks). Compare Fjord. 
 Formoso (foR-mo'so), Formosa (foR-mo'sa). [Pg.J 
 
 [Lat. formosus.] Beautiful; as, Rio ForOT05o (beautiful 
 
 river), Island of Formosa. 
 Fort (foR), Forte (foRt). [Fr.] [It. Forte (foR'ta), 
 
 Sp. Fuerte (fweR'ta), from Lat. fortis.] Strong, strong 
 
 place, stronghold, fort; as, Bochefort (strong rock), 
 
 Borgo Forte (strong town), Villa del Fuerte (town of the 
 
 fort). 
 
 dfi,w9lf,t(ro,t(J'ok ; lim,r}je,p\in ; ^,^,soft ; «, g, hard ; ag ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; g,o,u ,e^e,T,n ,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 9l4> 
 57 " ■ 
 
898 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 
 
 Fou. SwF^o. .^ ^ 
 
 Frank. ' er.] The Franks (a sraiall Gorman tribe); as, 
 
 Fr,inkfn<a&\ (vallev of the Franks), Franconia, France. 
 Free. [Eug.J ICler. Frei, Frey (frl).] Free ; as ^ee- 
 
 port, Frft town, i^Vvburg. 
 Fried ^freet), Friede (free'dijh), Friedeu (free^dcn). 
 
 ICJer.] Peace; a.<! FnVrfland (land of rest). Fnefiehmg 
 
 town, or citv, of j>eace). 
 Fritli, or F'irth. [Scotch, from L&t.fretim},& strait.] 
 
 (Dan. & Xorw. Fiord, or Fjord.] A strait or estuary, 
 
 an arm of the sea ; as, Frith, or Firth of Forth, Lym- 
 
 ./Jorr/ (muddy inlet), Hval/iord (whale strait). 
 Fuente. See Fo.nt. 
 Fuerte. See FORT. 
 Furt. Furth. See^ORD. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gall. [Celt.] West, western; as, Gaul, ilovmvall, Gal- 
 
 way (western way or direction). 
 Gate. [Eug. See in Diet.] A road or street, a passage 
 
 among hills; as, Harrowg-aif, Reigate (ridge gate; i. e., 
 
 passage through the ridge). 
 Gatt (gat). [D. — Compare Gate.] Hole, passage, strait ; 
 
 as, Cattegat (sti-ait of the Catti), IlorUgatt [Hurlga.te] 
 
 (whirlpool strait). 
 Garaw, Garw. See Yar. 
 Garth- [See in Diet.] A small inclosure ; as, Appleg-ari/t, 
 
 Hayg-art/i, Wiagarth. 
 Gau (gow). [Ger.] District, country ; as, Rheing-ai« 
 
 (country of the Rhine), Aarg-aw (country of the Aar), 
 
 Thurgaw (district or canton of the Thur). 
 Gebel. SeeJEBEL. 
 Gebirge (geh-beeR'ggh). [Ger.] Mountains, mountain 
 
 range ; as ,"B.iesengebirge (giant mountains). 
 Ghaut, Gliauts. [Hindoo. Compare Gate and Gatt.] 
 
 A flight of steps, mountain pass ; as, Ghauts, Balaghauts 
 
 (beyond or above the Ghauts). 
 Gibel. See Jebel. 
 Glas, Glass. [Celt.] Green; as, Ardglass (green height, 
 
 or hill), G/asgow (green wood). 
 Gorod (go-rodO, Grad (grad). [Slav., allied to Eng. 
 
 garth, and garden, q. v.] Town or city ; as, Novgorod, or 
 
 tio-vigrad (new town), Belgrade, or Bolgmri (white city). 
 Graf (graf), Graf (graf). [Ger.] Count; as, Grafen- 
 
 berg (count's mountain), Grq/enhausen (count's houses, 
 
 or town). 
 Graf, Grave. [A.-S.] Intrenchment, small inclosure, 
 
 grove : as, Grafton, Gravesend. 
 Great.' [Eng.] [Fr. Grande (groN), Grand (groNd), 
 
 Tt. & Sp. Gran (gran), Grande (gran'da), from Lat. 
 
 grandis.] Great; as, Crreat Falls, Great Slave Lake, 
 
 Grand Bourg (great town), Rio Grande (great river). 
 Green. [Eng.] [Ger., Dan., & Norw. Gron (gron).] 
 
 Green ; as, Greenfield, Growland (Greenland). 
 Gros (gro), Grosse (gros). [Fr.] [Ger. G^oss (gros), 
 
 D. Groote (gro'teh), It. & Pg. Gros'so.] Large, 
 
 great, thick ; as, Gros Bliderstoff (Great Bliderstoflf), 
 
 Gross Glogau (great Glogau), Groote Eylandt (great isl- 
 and), Monte Grosso (great hill). 
 Grub (groop), Grube (groo'beh). [Ger.] Mine; as, 
 
 Salzg-rwi (salt mine). 
 Guad (gw5D, or waD), Guadi (gwa'Dee or wa'Dee). 
 
 [Sp., from Arab, warl (wad), wady (wa/dee).] River ; as, 
 Gua</alquivir [Arab. Wad-al-kebeer] (the great river), 
 Guadaluije (river of the bay). 
 
 H. 
 
 Hafen. See Haven. 
 
 Hai, or Hay (hT). [Chin.] Sea, port; as, Whang-Aai 
 
 (yellow sea), Shang-/ta7 (supreme port). 
 Ham. [A.-S.] [Ger. Heim (him).] Hamlet, home, town ; 
 
 Hs, Hampton (home town). Oak/taw (oak home), Not- 
 tingham (home with caves), Waltham (home in the 
 
 wfKKl), Bischof8/t«i»i (bishops home), DrontAeim (home 
 
 of the throne, or court). 
 Hamn. See Haven. 
 Hatche, Watche. [Tnd.] River. 
 HauH (howss), Hausen (how'zon). [Ger.] [Dan. & 
 
 .N'orw. Huus (hoos).] House, dwelling; as, SchaflfAaw- 
 
 vi;/i (Bheep-houses or folds), AggersAwui (former-s house, 
 
 in town). 
 Haven. [Eng.] [Ger. Hafen (ha/fgn), Sw. Hanin, 
 
 (ham), Dan. Havn(hown).] Haven, harbor; as, Fair- 
 
 fiaven, New Haven, FriedrichsAa/en (Frederick's haven), 
 
 M>t<'-A*»ff/S,e,o,/«wpro/onge</;a,6,&c.,.sAorr,-a,g,i,Q,oi!)5cwe;care,far,ask,all,what:ere,v 
 
 Christina/jaw rt (Christina's port), KjSbenAafn [Copen- 
 hagen] (commercial port). 
 
 Hay. See Hai. 
 
 Heilis (hi'liG), Heiligen (hl'le-ggn). [Ger.] Holy ; as, 
 Heiligenst&dt (holy town). See San, Santa. 
 
 Heim. See Ham. 
 
 High. [Eng.] [Ger. Hocli (hoK), Hohe (ho'gh), Ho- 
 lien (ho'hgn), D. Hoog (hoH or hoG).] High; as, 
 Highgate, Highhndge, Hochbevg (high mountain). Ho- 
 /if?ilinden (high lindens), Hoogeyeen (high turf). 
 
 Hitlie. [A.-S.] Landing-place, port, or haven ; as, Rother- 
 hilhe (haven of the red height), L&mbeth [for Loam-/t?f As | 
 (loamy, or clayey, port). Qreenhithe (haven by the green, 
 or meadow). 
 
 Ho. [Chin.] River, canal ; as, Hoang-/io (yellow river), 
 Yu-Ao (royal canal). 
 
 Hoch, Hohe. See High. 
 
 Hof (hof). [Ger.] Court ; as, Hof heim (residence of the 
 court). 
 
 Holm. [A.-S. & Norse.] Island, especially one in a lake 
 or river; as, BornAoi!m (island fountain), FlatAoim 
 (flat island), StockAo/w (island formed by stocks or 
 piles), HolmestT&nd (island coast). 
 
 Holt. [A.-S.] A wood, a copse; as, AldersAoZ?, or Ald- 
 ershot, A-p-pleholt, Ghevry holt, Trokenholt (dry wood). 
 
 Hondo (on'do), Honda (on 'da). [Sp.] Deep; as, Rio 
 Hondo (deep river), Bahia Honda (deep bay). 
 
 Hoog. See HIGH. 
 
 Hurst. [A.-S.] Thick wood or forest; as, Lyndhurst, 
 (lime forest), Bvud/mrst (broad forest), Brockhurst (forest 
 on the brook), Penshurst (forest on a high hill). 
 
 Huus. See Haus. 
 
 I. 
 
 he. Isle (el). [Fr.] [Pg. Hha (eel'ya), Sp. Isla (eesas), 
 It. Isola(ee'so-la), Celt. En'nis, Inch, In'nis, from 
 Lat. insula.] Island ; as, lie de France (Isle of France), 
 Belle/'s^e (beautiful island), JL/sZe (the island), iWa Grande 
 (large i.sland), Isla de Leon (island of Leon), Isola Madre 
 (mother island), EnniskiUen (the kirk-town on the isl- 
 and), IwcAcolm (island of St. Colm, or Columba), Innis- 
 tory (high island). 
 
 Ill (ee'lee). [Turk.] Country ; as, Rumj7/, or RoumeZ/« 
 country of the Rom^ans). 
 
 Inch, Innis. See ILE. 
 
 Ing, Inge. [A.-S.] Meadow; as, Deepmg-; also, and 
 more commonly, sons of, or a family settlement ; as, 
 Dorkmg-, Hastmgs, Ardmg-ton (town of the Ardtng-s); 
 also, in Germany, Tiibmg-en, Gottmgen, &c. 
 
 Inter. SeeENTRE. 
 
 Inver. [Ir.] Mouth of a river ; as, Inver&vy (mouth of 
 the Ary), Inverness (mouth of the Ness). Compare ABER, 
 another form of the same word. 
 
 Isola, Isla. See Ile. 
 
 It. See Ut. 
 
 Jebel. [Arab.] Mountain ; as, Jebel Zatout (mountain of 
 apes), JefeeZ-al-Tarik [Gibraltar] (mountain of Tarik). 
 
 Jeni, Teni (yen'ee'). [Turk.] New : as, Jeniken (new 
 market), Yem'shehr (new city). 
 
 Jung (yoong). [Ger.] Young; as, JungfT&xx. (young 
 woman, or maiden). 
 
 K. 
 
 Kafir, Kaffre. See Cafir. 
 
 Kaiser (kl/zer). [Ger., from Lat. Cxsar.] Csesar, em^ 
 
 peror ; as, KaiserSitnYA (Caesar's throne or seat), Kaiser. 
 
 stadt (imperial town). 
 Kara (ka'ra'). [Turk. & Tartar.] Black ; as, Karam&^ 
 
 nia (country of " black men "). 
 Kerk, Kerke, Kerque. See KiRCHE. 
 Ken, Kin. [Celt.] Cape, headland ; as, Kenmore (the 
 
 great head), Xmnaird (the head of the heights). 
 Kiang (ke-ang'). [Chin.] River; as, Y&ng-tse- Ktang 
 
 (son-of-the-sea river), Ta-kiang (great river). 
 Kil, or Kill. [D.] Channel, creek ; as, SchuylA^W (hid- 
 
 Kil, or Kill. [Celt. ; Lat. cella.] Cell, cloister, church; 
 as, Kilkenny (church of Kenny, or St. Canice), Kilp&t- 
 rick (Patrick's church), ir»7more (the great church), 
 Ico\mkill (cloister or cell of St. Columba). 
 
OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 899 
 
 Kiu. S«e Ken. 
 
 King, or Kin. [Chin.] Capital, court ; as banking, or 
 NanArm (southern capital), Peking or Pekin (northern 
 capital). 
 
 King. [Eng.] [A -S. Coning. Conis, Cunning, 
 €fer. Kbnig (ko'niG).] King ; as, Kingston (king's town). 
 Kingshwcy, Cjningsby, Con/sborough, Ciinningha,ux, 
 KoMig-sberg (king's mountain), Xortig-gratz (king's town). 
 
 Kirclie (keeR'keh). [Ger.] [D. Kerke (kerK/gh), 
 Kerk (keRk), Fr. Kerque (keRk), Scotch Kirk.] 
 Church ; as, Yuufkirchen (fiye churches), Dnjikerque 
 (church on the hill), Kirkhy (church town), Kirkcnd- 
 bright (St. Cuthbert's church). 
 
 Kirk. See Kirche . 
 
 Kjoping. See K OPING. 
 
 Klein (klin), or Kleinen (kli''nen). [Grer.] Little; as, 
 K/einenherg (little mountain). 
 
 Konig. See King. 
 
 Koord, Kourd, Kurd- [Per.] Strong, fierce; as, 
 Koordistan (land of the strong or fierce). 
 
 Kopf . [Ger.] Head : as, Schneeio/?/(snow head, or sum- 
 mit). 
 
 Kbping (chopping), or £[jbping (chopping). [Sw. Com- 
 pare Cheap.] Mart, place of trade, town ; as, 'Sjkojy- 
 ing (new town). 
 
 Kourd. See KooRD. 
 
 Kreis (kris). [Ger.] Circle; as, Regierungs-trgjs (gov- 
 ernment circle). 
 
 Kron, Krone. See Cron. 
 
 Kurd. See KooRD. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lac. [t'r., from Lat. /acK5.] [It. & Sp. I,ago (la'go), 
 Scotch liOcli (loK), Ir. Lougb. (Ioh).] Lake ; as, Lac 
 des Bois (lake of the woods), Lago Maggiore (larger lake, 
 \rith reference to that of Lugano, with which it is con- 
 nected), Loch Doine (deep lake). Lou^ Bawn (white 
 lake. ) 
 
 JLago. See Lac. 
 
 Land. [Eng.] Land, country ; as, England (land of the 
 Angles), Iceland, 'Setheilands (low countries). 
 
 Lange, Langen. See Long^ 
 
 Lauter (low'ter). [Ger.] Clear, pure ; as, Lauterhrunn 
 (clear fountain). 
 
 Law, or Low. [A.-S. hlaw.] Mound, conical hill, 
 rising ground ; as, BroaAlaw, Ward/atf (guard hill), 
 Hounslow (hounds' hill). 
 
 Ley, or Ly. [A.-S. leak.] An open place in a wood, a 
 glade, pasture, lea ; as, Alderley (amid alders), Ockley 
 (amid oaks). Vaishi/ (moist pa.?ture-ground). 
 
 Liclit (liKt). or Lickten (liK'ten). [Ger.] Light, clear : 
 as, Lichtenstein (clear stone), Lichten-wald (open, clear 
 forest). 
 
 Lieu (le-uh')- [Fr., from L&t. locus.] Place: as, Beau- 
 lieu (fine place). 
 
 Lin, Lj-n. [Celt.] Deep pool; as. DuWm (black pool), 
 -Liwlithgow (lake of the gray hound), Lynn Regis (king's 
 pool). 
 
 Lis. [Celt.] An earthen fort ; as, Lismoie (great fort). 
 
 Llan (thlan). [W.] An inclosure, a church; as, Llan- 
 daff (church on the Taff). 
 
 Lock. See Lac. 
 
 Long^. [Eng.] [Fr. Long (Ion), Lougue (loNg), Ger. 
 Lange (lang'eh), Laugen (lang'en). It. Lungo 
 (loon^go), Lnnga (loon'ga).] Long; as, Longford, Long 
 Island, Longneil (long eye), Longife\ille (long towTi), 
 iang'endorf (long village), \a,Uehmga (long valley). 
 
 Lougk. See LAC. 
 
 Low. See Law. 
 
 Lund (loond). [Dan. & Sw.] Grove or wood ; as, 
 Plumbe/i<n'i, Fredericks/j/nc?. 
 
 Lunga, Lungo. See Long. 
 
 Ly. See Lay. 
 
 Lm. See LiN. 
 
 M.* 
 
 Magk(maH). [Irish.] [W. Maes (ma'es).] A plain or 
 field; as, Armagh (on the plain), Maeshvaj (town on 
 the plain). 
 
 Mare. See Mere. 
 
 Mark. [Eng. & Ger.] Limit, boundary ; as, AfarAdorf 
 (frontier village), iVfarArenstein (boundary stone), Mar- 
 brook (boundary brook), iVIar^ton (boundary stone). 
 
 Mai4£. [Scand.] Field, territory ; as, Mnmark (terri- 
 tory of the Finns), Denmark ( territory of the Danes) 
 
 Markt (maRkt). [Ger.] Market ; as, Neu-7?jarAr (New- 
 market), iV/arA:/bach (market brook). 
 
 Meer. See Mere. 
 
 Mere. [A.-S.] [Fr. Mer (meR), Ger. & D. Meer (meR), 
 It. Mare (ma'ra), from Lat. ware.] -Sea, lake, pool; 
 as, Windermere, Mertoa (sea town), mer Morte (Dead 
 Sea), Harlemmer Meei- (sea of Harlem), Mare Grande 
 (great sea). 
 
 Mill. [Eng.] [Ger. Miikl.] MUl ; as, Millbnij, Mill- 
 brook, ilftiWhausen (mill village). 
 
 Minster* [A.-S., from Lat. monasterium.] [Ger. Mun'- 
 ster.] A monastery ; as, kiLtyiinster (on the Axe), West- 
 minster (viest from St. Paul's, London), Miinster, JVfiin- 
 sierberg (minster mountain). 
 
 Mond. See MONTH. 
 
 Mont, Monte. See Mount. 
 
 Mor, More. [Celt.] Great ; as, Glenwore (big glen), 
 3forven (great mountain). 
 
 Mount. [Eng.] [Fr. Mont (mojf). It. Monte (mon'- 
 t5), Sp. Monte (mon'tS), Mont, from Lat. mons.\ 
 Hill, mount; as, 'S&itmount, Mont Blanc (white moun- 
 tain), Montenegro (black mountain), iHowtserrat (jag- 
 ged mountain). 
 
 Moutk. [Eng.] [Ger. Mund (moont), D. Mond 
 (mont).] Mouth ; as, Exmouth (town at the mouth of 
 the Exe), Plymouth (town at the mouth of the Plym), 
 Tva,Temunde (mouth of the Trave), Roerwonrf (mouth of 
 the Roer). 
 
 Miikl. See Mill. 
 
 Mull. [Celt.] A bare headland; as, the M«^/ of Canty re, 
 Midi of Galloway. 
 
 Mund. See Mouth. 
 
 Miinster. See Minster. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naes. SeeNASE. 
 
 Nant. [Celt.] Valley ; as, iVanrwich (valley dwelling), 
 Pennart^ (head of the valley), Nantea. 
 
 Nas. See Nase. 
 
 Nase, or Naze. [Eng., — a corruption ofSaes.] [Norw. 
 & Sw. Naes, or Nas (nas), Scotch Ness, Russ. Nos, 
 from Lat. nasiis.] No.se, cape, promontory ; as, the 
 Naze, Nasehy, Dnngeness (headland of danger), Lindes- 
 Mae5 (lime cape), Fife?ie5s (promontory of Fife), Sheer- 
 ness, Whiteness, Yostochnii Nos (east cape). 
 
 Neder. See Nether. 
 
 Negro (na/gro),_Negra (na'gra). [It., Sp., & Pg.] [It. 
 also Nero (na'ro), Nera (na'ra), Fr. Noir (nwaR), 
 Noire (nwaR), from Lat. niger.] Black; as, Monte- 
 negro (black mountain), Rio Negro, or B,ionero (black 
 river), NegroTpont (black bridge), Acqua Negra (black 
 water), Mer Noire (Black Sea). 
 
 Nes^ See Nase. ^ 
 
 Netker. [A%S.] [Ger. Nieder (ne'dgR), D. Neder 
 (ua'dgR).] Lower; as, Netherbj (lower dweUing or vil- 
 lage ),\Vierferhe8sen (lower Hesse), Niederl&nde (nether- 
 landjs, or low countries). 
 
 Neu. See New. 
 
 Nevado (na-va-'no), Nevada (nS-va'Da). [Sp.] White 
 with snow ; as, Sierra Nevada (snow-clad mountain 
 chain). 
 
 New. [Eng.] [Ger. Neu (noi), D. Nieuw (nyii), Nieu, 
 Fr. Neuf (ncf), Neuve (nuv), Nouveau (noo'vo'), 
 Nouvelle (noo'vel'). It. No'va, Nuovo (noo-o'vo), 
 Nuova (noo-o'va), Sp. Nuevo (nwa'vo), Nueva 
 (nwa^va), Russ. Novoi, or Nowoi (no-voi^), No'vo, 
 Novaia (no-vi'a), Slav. Nove, Nowe (no'va), Dan. & 
 Sw. Ny (nil), from Lat. novusJ] New ; as, New England, 
 Neiv Zealand, iVe«brunn (new fountain), NieuwT^oott, or 
 Mewpoort (Newport), iVeit/chSlteau (Newcastle), TiUe- 
 neuve (new town), Nouveau Mexique (New Mexico), Nou- 
 velle Orleans (New Orleans) Castel Nuovo (Newcastle), 
 Nueva Segovia (New Segovia), YiUa Nova (new town), 
 Novaia Zemlia [Nova Zembla] (new country), xVo i-emiesto, 
 or iVoiwemiesto (new town), Ny-horg (new town). 
 
 Nieder. See Nether. 
 
 Nieu, Nieuw^. See New. 
 
 Noir, Noire. See Negro. 
 
 Nord, Norte. See North. 
 
 Nortk. [Eng.] [A.-S.. Fr., & Ger. Nord, (Fr. noR, Ger. 
 noRt), Sw. & Norw. Norr (noR), Sp. & Pg. Norte.] 
 North ; as, iVo r^/iampton (North Hampton), Northumhet- 
 land (North Humberland), iVorfolk (north folk, or peo- 
 ple), iYorwich (north town), Nordheim (north home), 
 iYorrkjoping (northern mart), Rio del Norte (river of the 
 north). 
 
 ie,W9lf,t<R),t<Jbk; toi,rHe,p^; f,^,5q/?;€,g,Aarrf,-ag; exist; na5ng;this; 5,o,u,ee,I,n,8,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 914), 
 
900 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 
 
 No*. Sw Xase. 
 
 Nouvertu.Nouvelle, Novala, Nova, Nove, Novo, 
 
 Novoi, Nowe, Nowol, Nueva, Nuevo, Nuova, 
 
 Nuovo, Ny. Sw New. 
 
 O. 
 
 6 or 6e (o'gh). [Dan. & Norvr.] Island; as, Faroe 
 (shwp islands), SandoV (sand islands). 
 
 OTI>er. [eier.] Upper ; a:5, Oberhofen (upper palace or 
 court). 
 
 Ock. Oke. Sec Ac. 
 
 Old lEug.] [A.-S. Al, Aid, A, Au, El, Ger. Alt 
 (iilt) p. Oude (ow'dgh), or Oudeii (oWden).] Old; 
 as Olilhum (old home), 0/dtovfn, Alby, (old dwelling), 
 .4«/biirii (old brook), Elton (old town), AUdorf (old vil- 
 lage), OudenaTd (old earth, or land). 
 
 0«»st. See EAST. 
 
 Ore. [Ilind.] Town, village; as, Vellore, Nellorc, Tan- 
 jore. 
 
 Ort. [Ger.] Place, hamlet, village ; as, Tiefenori (deep 
 place). 
 
 Ost. See East. 
 
 Oude, Ouden See Old. 
 
 Pach. See BACH. 
 
 Para(pa'ra). [Braz.] A river; as, Parahiba, Paraguay, 
 Parana. 
 
 Pauj. See Pen J. 
 
 Pas (pa). [Fr.] Strait, outlet; as, Pas k TOutre (outer 
 pass). Pas de Calais (straits of Calais). 
 
 Pat-am', or Pat-nam'. [Hind.] Fort or town ; as, 
 Seringapa^arn, or Seringapainam (town of Sriringa, i. e., 
 Vishnu). 
 
 Pang. See BOG. 
 
 Pel (pa). [Chin.]. White ; as, Pei-ho (white river. ). 
 
 Pen. [Celt.] See Ben. 
 
 Pena (pen'ya). fSp.] [Pg. Penlia (pen'ya).] A rock; 
 as, Cabo de Penas (cape of rocks), Penfia. 
 
 Penj, Paiy, or PunJ. [Per.] Five; as, Penj&h, or 
 PH?!jaub (five rivers, i. e., the country watered by them), 
 Penjshehr (five castles, or towns). 
 
 Pie. See POLIS. 
 
 Pog, Paug, Bog. [Ind.] Pond, lake, fresh standing 
 water. 
 
 Point. [Eng. & Fr.]. [It. & Sp. Punta (poon'ta), Pg. 
 Ponta (pon'ta), from Lat. punctum.] Point, cape, head- 
 land; as, Po/nf Judith, Point aux Trembles (trembling 
 
 ' point), Punta di Piedra (stony point), Ponta Delgada (fine 
 point). 
 
 PoOi.s, Pol, Poll, or Boli, Pie, or Ble. [Gr. (ttoAis), 
 Rush., & Turk.] City; as, Nico/jofe (city of victory), 
 Sevastopol (city of Augustus), Tripoli or Trie6o?f [Tripo- 
 lis] (three cities, — Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus having joined 
 in establishing it), GrenoWe [Lat. Gratianopolis] (city of 
 Gratian). 
 
 Pont (po-v). [W. & Fr.] [It. & Pg. Ponte (pon'ta), 
 Sp. Puente (pwCn'ta), from Lat. pons.] Bridge; as, 
 Negropo/j< (black bridge), Pon^efract, or Po»2 fret (broken 
 bridge), Pont TAbbe (bridge of the abbot), Ponte di Leg- 
 no (bridge of wood), Puente de Genii (bridge on the Ge- 
 nii.) 
 
 Ponta. See Point. 
 
 Poor, Poo'ra, Pore. [Hind., from Skr. />Mm, related 
 to Gr. TToAi?.] Town, city; as, Qa.9i-apoor [Khanpoor] 
 (city of a khan), Serampore (city of prosperity). 
 
 Poo'tra, Pou'tra. [Skr.] Son ; as, Brahmapootra (son 
 of Brahma). 
 
 Port. [Eng.] [It. & Pg. Por'to, Sp. Puerto (pweR'- 
 to), from I>at. jiortus.] Haven or port; as, Bridge;?ort, 
 Portland, Porto Ercole [Lat. Herculis Portus] (port of 
 Hercules), Puerto Rico (rich port). 
 
 Pre«, Prest. [A.-S.] A priest; as, Preston and Pres- 
 burg (town of a priest), Prestwich (priest's dwelling). 
 
 Puebla (pw^b'la), or Pueblo (pweb'lo). [Sp.] Town 
 or city; a», Puebla Nueva (new town), Pwe^/o Viejo (old 
 town). 
 
 Puente. See Pont. 
 
 Puerto. See Port. 
 
 Puqj. See Penj. 
 
 Punta. See Point. 
 
 Putra. See POOTRA. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quatre (kat'r). [Fr.] Four ; as, Quatre Bras (four arms). 
 Quente (k6n'tS). [Pg.] Hot ; as, Agoa Quente (hoS 
 spring). 
 
 R. 
 
 Kajali, or Kaja (ra'ja). [Skr.] King, royal ; as, Rajah- 
 
 putra (son of the king), Rajahgor (royal fortress), iiaioA- 
 
 poor (royal city). 
 Ras (ras). [Arab.] Head, headland, cape; as, Ras-«l- 
 
 Abiad (white cape), iias-el-Tafal (chalk cape). 
 Real, Reale. See Royal. 
 Relcli (riK). [Ger.] Kingdom ; as, Oesterreich [Austria] 
 
 (kingdom of the East [i. e., of the Franks]). 
 Reich (riK), or Reichen (ri'Kgn). [Ger.] [Sp. & Pg. 
 
 Rico (ree'ko), Rica (ree'ka).] Rich ; as, i?e?c/!stadl 
 
 (rich town), Costa Rica (rich coast), Porto Rico (rich 
 
 port). 
 Rica, Rico. See Reich. 
 Ridge, Rig. [A.-S. /ir?/fg-. See RiDGE in Diet.] Ridge, 
 
 back; as, Righy (ridge village), Rigton (ridge town), 
 
 Hawker«V^g-«. 
 Riese (ree'zti), Riesen (ree'zen). [Ger.] Giant, giants; 
 
 as, Riesengebivge (giant mountains). 
 Rio (ree'o). [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Riviere (re've-eR').] 
 
 River ; as, Rio Colorado (colored river, from the deep 
 
 red tinge of its waters), Rio Grande (great river), Trois 
 
 Rivieres (three rivers). 
 Roclie (rosh). [Fr.] [It. & Lat. of the middle ages, 
 
 Roc'ca.] Rock, fortress; as, Rochefort (strong fortress), 
 
 -Rocca Nova (new fortress). 
 Ross. [Celt.] A promontory, headland, or bluff; a 
 
 height or summit ; as, Kinro5s (head of the promontory), 
 
 Melrose (naked promontory), JRoxburgh [iio.vsburgh] (the 
 
 castle on a promontory). 
 Rosso. [It.] (tier. Rotli (rot), Rotlien (ro'ten), Fr. 
 
 Roux(roo), Rouge (roozh).] Red; as, Castel Rosso, 
 
 or ChateauroMx (red castle), Rothenthuvm. (red tower), 
 
 Mer Rouge (Red Sea). 
 Rotli, Rothen, Roux, Rouge. See Rosso. 
 Royal. [Eng.] [Sp. & Pg. Real (ra-alO, It. Reale, 
 
 (ra-a-'la), from Lat. regalis.] Royal; as, Royalton, Port 
 
 Royal, Villa Real (royal town), Montreal, or Monte Reale, 
 
 (Mount Royal). 
 Rulx (roo), Rulie (roo'eh). [Ger.] Rest ; as, CarlsrwA* 
 
 (Charles's rest, or resting-place). 
 
 Sable (sa'bl). [Fr.] Sand ; as, Riviere au Sable (sandy 
 river), Cape Sable (sandy cape). 
 
 Saint. [Eng.] [Fr. Saint (s5n). Sainte (s^Nt), It. & Sp. 
 San (san), Santa (san'ta), Ger. Sanct (sankt), from 
 Lat. sanctus.] Saint ; as, Saint or St. Johns, St. Hel- 
 ena, St. Pierre (St. Peter), San Juan (St. John), Sainte 
 Croix, or Santa Cruz (holy cross), Sanct Hubert (St. 
 Hubert). 
 
 Salado, Sale, or Salee. See Salt. 
 
 Salt. [Eng.] [Sp. Salado (sa-la'Do),Fr. Sale (sa'Ia'), 
 or Salee (sa'la), Ger. Salz (salts), from Lat. sal.] Salt; 
 as, Salt River, Salt Lake, Rio Salado (salt river), Riviere 
 Salee (salt river), Salzhurg (salt castle), Salzgruh (salt 
 mine). 
 
 Salz. See Salt. 
 
 San, Sanct, Santa. See Saint. 
 
 Sarai. See Serai. 
 
 Saut, Sault (so). [Fr.] Water-fall ; as, Sault Ste. Ma- 
 rie (falls of St. Mary). 
 
 S<;ar. [Norse. See Scar in the Diet.] A precipitous 
 bank of earth, a cliff; as ^rarborough, the Skerries. 
 
 Schloss (shlos). [Ger.]. Castle ; as, Schlossherg (castle 
 hill.) 
 
 Schnee (shna). [Ger.] Snow ; as, Schneeherg (snow 
 mountain). 
 
 Scbon (shon). [Ger.] Beautiful ; as, 5cAonbrunn (beau- 
 tiful spring, or fountain), Schonherg (beautiful mountain, 
 or hill). 
 
 Schuylen (skoi'len). [D.] To hide ; as, SchuyMW (hid- 
 den creek). 
 
 Schwarz, or Schwartz (shwaRts). [Ger.] Black; aa 
 S'c/marzwald (black forest), 5c/iwarzenberg (black moun- 
 tain). 
 
 i^fkc.jlong ;t,e,t)^s.i prolonged; 5,6,&c.,5Aort;a,g,i,Q,o6sc«re/care,far,a8k,alI,wh5it; gre,vgil,t5rm; pique,ftrm; B6n,6r, 
 
OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 901 
 
 Scrob, Scrobb. [A.-S.] A shrub or bush ; hence, 
 
 Shropshire, Shrewshurj [Scrobbeshyrig] (Shrubborough). 
 
 See (za). [Ger.] [D. Zee-] Sea or lake ; as, Thuner 
 
 See [Lake of Thun], Zeeland [Zealand] (sea land, t. e., 
 
 land nearly or quite surrounded by the sea). 
 
 Semlia (sem/le-a). [Slav.] Land ; as, Novaia Semlia or 
 
 Zemlia [Nova Zembla] (New land). 
 Sepe, Sippi. [Ind.] River. 
 
 Serai (ser-I/),or Sarai (sar-F). [Turk. & Tartar.] A pal- 
 ace ; as, Bosnia Serai (the Bosnian palace), BaktcMse- 
 rai (palace of the gardens). 
 
 Serra. See Sierra. 
 
 Set. [A.-S. seta.] A settlement ; as, Dorse* (settlement of 
 the Z)i«rotriges, or dwellers by the water), Somerset. 
 
 Sex. [Eng.] [Ger. Sachs (saks).] Saxon ; as, Sus5e.r 
 (kingdom of the " South Saxons '•), Essex (East Saxons), 
 Sacksen (Saxony). 
 
 Slia\v. [A.-S. sceaga.] A shady place, a wood ; as, Brad- 
 shaw (broad wood). 
 
 Sbelir. See Cheher. 
 
 Shire. [A.-S., from scj'ran, to shear, divide.] A county ; 
 as, Cheskire (for Chestershire), li&ncSLshire (for Lancaster- 
 shire). 
 
 Shrew, Shrop. See Scrob. 
 
 Sieg (zeeG). [Ger.] Victory ; as, Siegberg, or -Sieg^esberg 
 (mountain of victory). 
 
 Sierra (se-eR'Ra). [Sp., from Lat. serra, a saw, on ac- 
 count of the resemblance of a chain of mountains to the 
 teeth of a saw ; by some, however, derived from the Ar. 
 sehrah, an uncultivated tract.] [Pg. Ser'ra.] Mountain 
 ridge or range : as. Sierra Blanca (white mountain ridge), 
 Sierra Leone (the lion's range). Sierra Nevada (snowy 
 rfbuntain ridge). 
 
 Sippi. See Sepe. 
 
 Sk, Skoe. [Russ.] An adjective suflSx denoting_a town 
 or village: as, Tobolsk (town on the Tobol), Loogans/fcoe 
 (town on the Loogan). 
 
 Slav. [Russ.] A prefix or suffix denoting the habitation 
 of Slaves, or Slavonians ; as. 5^ai-oota, Yarostei-. 
 
 South. [Eng., from A.-S. suth, sutlier.] [Ger. Slid (sut), 
 D. Zuj'd. (zoit), or Zuyder (zoi'der), Sp. Sud (sood), 
 or Sur (soor), Pg. Sul (sool).] South ; as, Southamp- 
 ton (South Hampton), Southwa,Tk, Sutherland, Sudbu- 
 ry, Siid-AmericaL (South America), Zuyder Zee (" South 
 Sea," as contradistinguished from the North Sea), San 
 Juan del Sud (San Juan of the South), Rio Grande de 
 Sul (Rio Grande of the South). 
 
 Stad. See Stadt. 
 
 Stadt (Stat). [Ger.] [Dan. & Sw. Stad [stad], D. Stad 
 (stiit).] Town; as, Ca,Ylstadt [Charlestown], Christian- 
 siad (Christian's town), Frederiksia'-/ (Frederick-town). 
 
 Stan (Stan). [Per.] Country ; as, Hindosmn (country of 
 the Hindoos), Koordis;a?i (country of the Khoords), 
 TurkisJa»i (country of the Turks). 
 
 Stan. See Stone. 
 
 Sted, Stead, or Stede. [A.-S.] A station, home, 
 town : as, Ham-pstead [iifamstead] (homestead), Korstead, 
 or Horsted (Horsa's town). Cf. Ger. STADT. 
 
 Steen. See Stone. 
 
 Steth. [A.-S.] Bank of a river ; as, Bickersteth, Toxteth. 
 
 Stein. See Stone. 
 
 Stock, Stoke, Stol, Stow. [A.-S.szoc] A stockaded 
 place, a place, seat, dwelling; as, ^Voodstock (woody 
 place), Tavi.s^ocA; (place on the Tavy), Stockhndgn (dwell- 
 ing by the bridge), Bishopsiotf, Bristol [Bricgs^oa-] 
 (bridge place), Brsidstoiv (the broad place), Chepstoiv 
 (market place). 
 
 gtone. [Eng] [A.-S. Stan, Ger. Stein (stln), D. 
 Steen (stan).] Stone ; as, Sioneham, jS/a«ton or 
 Stau)iton (stony town), .S^e/nbach (stony brook), Ehren- 
 breitstein (honor's broad stone), S^eenkerke (stone 
 church). 
 
 Sto^v. See Stock. 
 
 Strasse. See Strat. 
 
 Strat. [A.-S.] [Ger. Strasse (stras/seh), from Lat. 
 strata.] Street, way, road : as, Stratford (ford by the 
 street), Stratton (town on the public road), Strassbourg 
 (town or castle on the highway.) 
 
 Strath. [Gael.] Long and broad valley ; as. Strath- 
 more (great valley), Strathe&m (valley of the Earn), 
 Strathsiiey (valley of the Spey). 
 
 Strom (Strom) [Ger.] Stream, current; as, Malsfrow 
 (mill stream; — so called from its whirling or eddying 
 motion). 
 
 Snd. Sud, Sul, Sur. See SOUTH. 
 
 Sund (soont or soond). [Ger., Dan., & Sw.] Sound or 
 strait; as, Sfcralswnd (the town on the "sound" of 
 Strale). 
 
 T. 
 
 Ta. [Chin.] Great; as, Ta-kiang (great river), Ta-shan 
 
 (great mountain). 
 Tash. See Dagh. 
 
 cBiang. [Chin.] Middle; as, T'c/iaȤ'-kooe (middle 
 
 kingdom), the native name of China. 
 
 clioo. See Chow. 
 Term. See Tierra. 
 Thai. See Dale. 
 Thorpe, Throp, Trop [A.-S] A village; as, Al- 
 
 thorpe (old village), Edmvaidsthrop (Edmund's village), 
 
 Hau^/iorp (village of the haven). Compare Ger. DORF. ' 
 Thurm. See Torre. 
 Th-waite. [A.-S.] A forest clearing, a pasture: as. 
 
 Barnthwaite (brook pasture), Brauthwaite . 
 Tier'ra (te-eR'Ra). [Sp.] [It., Pg., & Lat. Ter'ra.] Earth 
 
 or land ; as, Tierra, or Terra, del Fuego (land of fire.) 
 Tod. [A.-S.] Fox; as, Todburn (fox brook), Torffield 
 
 (field of the fox). 
 Toft. [Dan.] [Norm. Fr. Tot (to).] A homestead, in- 
 
 closure ; as, Lovrestoft, Y\etot (Ivo's inclosure), Plume- 
 
 tot (flower inclosure). 
 Ton. See Town. 
 Torre (toR^'Ra). [It., Sp., & Pg., from the Lat. turris.] 
 
 [Ger. Thurm (tooRm).] A tower; as, ro>re.$ Vedras 
 
 (old towers], Torres Novas (new towers), Rothenthurm 
 
 (red tower). 
 Town. [Eng.] [A.-S. Ton.] A town, village ; as, Wa-- 
 
 tertoiv7i, Chsirlestoivn, 'Sortoii (north town), Brighton 
 
 (Brighthelm"s town), Boston (Botolph's town), Saiton 
 
 (south town), Lang«07i (long town). — See DUN. 
 Tre. [Celt.] A place, dwelling ; as, IVeborough, TVeton, 
 
 ZV^degar, Trecastle. 
 Tricht (triKt), or Trecht (treKt). [D.,from Lat. tra- 
 
 jectus.] A passage : as, ^laestricht [Lat. Mosae Trajectus] 
 
 (the passage of the Meuse), Utrecht [Lat. Ultra Trajec- 
 
 tum] (beyond " the passage " of the Rhine). 
 Trois (trwa). [Fr.] Three; as, Trois Rivieres (three 
 
 rivers). 
 Tr op . See THO RPE . 
 Tuk, Tuck. ' [Ind.] A wide river or estuary where the 
 
 water is rough. 
 
 U. 
 
 Unter (dbn'ter). [Ger.] Under, lower, also, among: 
 
 as, E/nferwalden (among the woods). 
 Ut, It, At. [Ind.] The locative inflection , signifying ai 
 
 or in a place. 
 
 Tal (val), Talle (val'la). [It.] [Sp. Valle (viQ'la), 
 Val (val), 0. Fr. Vau (vo), from Lat. vallis.] A valley; 
 as, Val d'Arno (vallej' of the Arno), Valle Herinoso (beau- 
 tiful valley), Fa^/cluse (closed valley). 
 
 Var (vaR). [Hung.] Fortified place ; as, Temest-ar (for- 
 tification on the Temes), Uj Var (new fort). 
 
 Vau. See Tal. 
 
 Vecchio (vek'ke-o), Vecchia (vek'ke-a) [It.] [Pg. 
 Tellio (vel'yo), Sp. Viejo (ve-a'Ho) Vieja (ve-a'na), 
 Fr. Vieux (ve-uh'), Vieille (ve-el').] Old; as, Porto 
 Vecchio (old port), Civita Fecc/zm (old city), Villa Velha 
 (old town), Puerto Viejo (old port), Vieux Conde (old 
 Conde). 
 
 Veld. See Field. 
 
 Velho. See Tecchio. 
 
 Ven. See Ben. 
 
 Vero (va/ro), Vera (va'ra). [Sp., Pg., & It., from Lat. 
 verus.] True; as, Fera Cruz (true cross). 
 
 Vieja, Viejo, Viulle, Vieux. See Vecchio. 
 
 Villa. (It. "& Pg. vTFla, orveeFla: Sp. veeFvJi.) [It., 
 Sp., & Pg.] [Fr. Ville (vel), from Lat. villa.] A town; 
 as, FfVZanuova, Villa Nova, or Villeneuye (new town). 
 
 W. 
 
 "Wad (wad), or "Wady (wa'dee). [Arab.] A valley, ra- 
 vine, or river: as, TFacfj/ Moosa (valley of Moses), I'Fad'-el- 
 Keeber [Guadalquivir]. See Guad. 
 
 Wald, T^alt. VTeald, Wold, Would. [A.-S] [Ger. 
 Wald (wait), or Walde (wal'deh).] AVoodland ; a 
 wild, uncultivated land ; as. Waltb&m^ (woodland home), 
 
 4o,w9lf,too,t(Jbk; flm,rue,piill ;^,^,5o/« ;c, g,hard ; a.^ ; exist; u as ng; this : a,o,u,^,T,fi,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep.914) 
 
50-2 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 
 
 I hamlet or village; 
 
 [Oer.l White; as. 
 urg ( 
 
 Westford, WesttelA, 
 
 Walden. Co\irol(t, Kiiagswotilde , Schwaratfo^c/ (black 
 
 foiw'st). 
 Wat. See Wad. 
 Watclie.^ See llATCHE. 
 "Weiler (wl'ler). [Ger.] Au aboilo, 
 
 as Baden M-ff/fr {village of baths). 
 Weiss (Wis), or Wt'issen (viPseu) 
 
 UVr\5kireh (\\h\Ui church). UVmoiburg (white fort, or 
 
 town), UV»\>.<f;ilels (white rock). 
 West. [Eug. & Ger.J West; as, 
 
 H'f.^fhofen (western court). 
 Wich, AViok. r.\.-S.. related to lAt. t'ifH5.] A town ; 
 
 also, a siuall creek, a bay, or harbor, a reach or straight 
 
 portion of a river between bends ; as, Greenwich (green 
 
 n>ach), Nonr/r/* (north village), Sandw/c/j (town on the 
 
 sjind), Warl^/f^■ (garrison town), IFoohvich (hill reach, 
 
 from its being overhung by Shooter's hill), Slesivic 
 
 [Schleswig]. (villagc^on the Schley). 
 Wold. See Wald. 
 "Wood. [A.-S.] Wood; as, Norwood (North wood), 
 
 We^ticood (west wood). 
 Worth. [A.-S. & Ger.] A mansion, manor, town; as, 
 
 Aldwo/<A (old mansion), T&imvorth (town on the Tame)^ 
 Bosivort/i (St. Botolph's town), Kenilwori/i (mansion oi 
 manor on the canal or ditch), KonigST<^o> «/t (king's m&n- 
 siou or town). 
 Would. See Walu. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yang. [Chin.] Male, strong; as, Ya«g--tse-kiaug (mate 
 
 child, or son of the ocean). 
 Yar. [Celt. Garw, Gara-w]. Rapid, rough, turbid; 
 
 as Yare, Yarmouth, Yarrow: also, Garry, Garonne. 
 Yeiii. See Jeni. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zee. See See. 
 
 Zemlia. See Semha. 
 
 Zuyd, or Zxiyder. See South. 
 
 n. A BRIEF ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 
 WITH THEIR DERIVATION AND SIGNIFICATION. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aaclieii, Aar. See Part I. 
 
 Aberdeen. See Aber, Part I. 
 
 Abyssinia. From the Haivask, one of its chief rivers. 
 
 Accomac. [Ind.] Land on the other side, or beyond 
 (the water). 
 
 Adirondack;. [Ind.] The Iroquois name of the Algon- 
 quins. .signifying "he eats bark." 
 
 Adrianople. Named after the Emperor Hadrian, or 
 Adrian, its founder. See POLIS in Part I. 
 
 Adriatic. Sea of Adrian, or Hadrian. 
 
 Affghanistan. The country of the AfFghans. 
 
 Agamenticus- [Ind.] On the other side of the river. 
 
 Agawam. [Ind.] Low land, marsh, or meadow ; also, a 
 place below, or down-stream, with reference to some 
 place above, or up-stream. 
 
 Agiochook. [Ind.] Place of the spirit of the pines. 
 
 Agullias. [Pg.] " Needles," from its pointed shape. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. See Acqua in Part I. 
 
 Akbarabad. See Aba D, Part I. [in Part I. 
 
 Albania. From its snowy mountain ranges. See Alb 
 
 Albany. Probably the same as Albyn, or Albainn, the 
 Celtic name of Scotland, meaning " country of heights." 
 Albany, N. Y., was named in honor of the Duke of York 
 and Albany, afterward James II., at the time it came 
 into possession of the Engli.sh,in 1664. 
 
 Albuquerque. Sp.,from Lat. alba, white, quercus, oak. 
 
 Alcala. [Ar. aL kul'rih.] The castle. 
 
 Alcantara. See AL in Part I. 
 
 Aleutian Islands. From Russ. aleut, a "bald rock." 
 
 Alessandria. Named aft«r Pope Alexander. 
 
 Alexandria. Named after Alexander the Great. 
 
 Algarve. The west. 
 
 Algesiras, Algiers. [Arab. Al Jezair.] The island, 
 the f>enin8ula. 
 
 Alhambra- [Ar. kaVa^al-hamra.] The red castle. 
 
 Alleghany. [Ind.] Iliver of the Alligewi. 
 
 Almaden. [Arab.] The mines. 
 
 Alps. Sc« Alb in Part I. 
 
 Alsace, or Alsatia. The " other seat," or the abode of 
 the Ceniian settlers west of the Rhine. 
 
 Altai. See ALTA in Part I. 
 
 Altamaba. [Ind.] 'J'he place of the village : where the 
 village is. 
 
 Amazon. From Amassona, the Indian name; signify- 
 ing " boat destroyer," in allusion to the great height and 
 violence of the tide. It was named Amazon by Francisco 
 d'Orellana, in 1580, from the companies of women in 
 arms which he professed to have seen upon the banks. 
 Probably the Indian name of the river may have sug- 
 gested to him the fable of the Amazons. 
 
 America. Named after Amerigo Vespucci, who, in 
 1499, landed upon the continent south of the equator, 
 which Columbus had discovered in the preceding year. 
 The name first occurs in a narrative published at St. Die, 
 in Lorraine, in 1507, and attributed to Vespucci, though 
 it was issued without his consent or knowledge. 
 
 Amiens. Lat. Ambianum, from ambient ibus aquia, be- 
 cause surrounded by water. 
 
 Ammonoosuc. [Ind.] Fish-story river. 
 
 Amoy. A corruption of Chinese Heamun, pronounced 
 bj' the natives, Ha-nioy. Hea is the name of a dynasty. 
 
 Anatolia. From Gr. avaToXri, the rising, the east ; — ap- 
 plied usually to Asia Minor, or the Levant. 
 
 Ancona. From Gr. i-y/cwi/, elbow, angle, named from its 
 position in an angle of the coast. 
 
 Andalusia. Probably a corruption of Vandalusia, i. e., 
 country of the Vandals ; some scholars, however, are of 
 opinion that it is from au Arabic source, and means 
 " region of the evening." 
 
 Andes. From Peruvian anta, signifying copper, or metal 
 in general. 
 
 Androscoggin. From Ind. amaskohegan " fish- 
 spearing." 
 
 Annan. Peace of the south. 
 
 Annapolis. "Anne's city"; — named in honor of 
 Queen Anne, who bestowed several valuable presents on 
 the town. 
 
 Antigua. [Sp.] Old ; ancient. 
 
 Antwerp. The town which sprang up "at the wharf." 
 
 Appalacbicola. [Ind.] Town of the Appalachites. 
 
 Appledore. [Apple and Celt, dwr, water.] " Apple 
 water." Appledore was once a maritime town. 
 
 Archangel. Named after Michael, the archangel. 
 
 Ardennes. The "great forest," on the frontiers of 
 Belgium and France. 
 
 Argyll. [Gael.] Country of the Gael. 
 
 Arizona. Sand hills. 
 
 Arkansas- From Kansas, with the French prefix of 
 arc, a bow. 
 
 Aries. [Ge\t. ar-laeth.] The town " upon the marsh."' 
 
 Armagh. [Celt.] The town " on the plain." 
 
 Armorica. [Celt.] The land " upon the sea." 
 
 Arras. A corruption of Atrebatum Trajectus, the passage 
 of the Ati-abates. 
 
 Aroostook. [Ind.] Good river. 
 
 Arve. See Part I. 
 
 Ascension. Named by Albuquerque, on his voyage to 
 India, in 1503, probably from having been seen on Ascen- 
 sion day. 
 
 Ascutney. [Ind.] Fire mountain, from having been 
 burned over. 
 
 Asia. According to Pott from the Sanskrit ushas, land of 
 the dawn. 
 
 *,e,&c. ,Zong' .• ^,e,o, less prolonged ; 3,6, &c.,.?Aor< ; a,g,i,Q,o6,$cMre ; crire,far,ask,all,wh?it; gre,vgil,term; pique,flrm; B6n,«r. 
 
OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 903 
 
 Assiulboin. [Ind.] Stone Sioux, a wandering band 
 
 of the Sioux. 
 Astrakhan. The dominion or district of a khan ; ac- 
 cording to some, of a Tartar king, Astra khan, who gave 
 
 it his name. 
 Asturia. [Basque asta, a rock, and ura, water.] From 
 
 its mountains and estuaries. 
 Atcliafalaya. [Ind.] Long river. 
 Athabasca. [Ind.] Swampy. 
 Athens. City of Minerva, from Gr. 'Adrji/Tj, Minerva, or 
 
 Pallas, goddess of wisdom, the tutelary goddess of the 
 
 city. 
 Atlantic. From Gr. KrKavTiKo^ ireAayos, i. e., the " sea 
 
 beyond Mount Atlas." 
 Atlas (Mts.). Said to have been derived from Atlas, king 
 
 of Mauritania, who, according to ancient fable, support- 
 ed the heavens upon his shoulders. 
 Attica. [Gr.] The promontory. 
 Augsburg. See Augusta, Parti. 
 Aulcland. Oakland. 
 Aurungabad. See Abad, Part I. 
 Australia. From Lat. australis, southern. 
 Austria. Lat. form of the Ger. Oesterreich, " Eastern 
 
 Empire,*" .so called in contradistinction from the western 
 
 dominions of Charlemagne. 
 Autun. A coi'ruption of its Latin name, Agustodunum 
 
 (town of Augustus). 
 Auverne. Probably from Celt, arfearann, the "high 
 
 country." 
 Azores. Port, agores, pi. of afor, a hawk ; so called from 
 
 the great number of hawks found there. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bactria. [Per. bakhtar.] The east. 
 
 Badajoz. A corruption of the Latin name Pax Augusta. 
 
 Balaklava. Corruption of Ital. bella chiave, " beauti- 
 ful quay." The town was founded by the Genoese. 
 
 Bd,le. See Basel, infra. 
 
 Balearic. From Gr. ^dWeiv, to throw, because the in- 
 habitants were noted slingers. 
 
 Balize. A corruption of Waliz, a name given by the 
 Spaniards to the place, from its having been discovered 
 and resorted to by an English pirate named Wallace. 
 
 Baltic. Sea of " belts '' or " straits,"' from Celtic and 
 Norse bait or belt, belt. 
 
 Baltimore. Named after Lord Baltimore, who .«ettled 
 the province of Maryland in 1635. 
 
 Banda Oriental. [Sp.] East bank (of the Uruguay), 
 or eastern frontier ; — so called by the Buenos Ayreans, 
 because this country separated them to the eastward 
 from Brazil. 
 
 Bangor. [A.-S. or Gael.] " High choir." " Malgo Co- 
 nan, not long after (A. D. 516), built a city, which, for 
 the beauty of its situation, he called Ban-cGr, i. e., the 
 high or conspicuous choir." 
 
 Barbadoes. Said to have derived its name from the 
 long beard-like streamers (Lat. barba, beard) of moss 
 hanging from the branches of the trees. 
 
 ^arbary. [Arab.] From the Berbers, an appellation by 
 which the Arabs designated the people of this region be- 
 fore the Saracen conquest. The e seems to have been 
 changed into a from a desii-e to establish a connection 
 with the Greek word /SapjSapoi, or barbarians. 
 
 Barcelona. A corruption of its Latin name Barcino, 
 from Hamilcar Barca (the father of Hannibal), by whom 
 it is said to have been refouuded. 
 
 Basle, or Bale. The queenly city, from Gr. /Sao-iAeia. 
 
 Batavia. The good land. 
 
 Baton Kouge. " Red staff."' It is said that when the 
 place was first settled, there was growing on the spot a 
 cypress (the bark of which tree is of a reddish color) of 
 immense size and prodigious height, entirely free from 
 branches, except at its very top. One of the settlers 
 playfully remarked that this tree would make a hand- 
 some cane ; whence the place has since been called Baton 
 Bouge. 
 
 Bavaria. [Lat.] Anciently Boiaria; i. e., the country 
 of the Boii. 
 
 Behring's Strait. Named by Captain Cook after Ti- 
 tus Behriiig, by whom it was discovered in 1728. 
 
 Bergen. Probably from Dan. bierg (Ger. berg), a moun- 
 tain, it being surrotmded on the land side by high moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Bermudas. Named after Juan Bermudez, who discov- 
 ered them in 1527. 
 
 Berne. From Ger. bdren, pi. of bar, a bear, which ani- 
 
 mal figures on the armorial bearings of the town, and oa 
 its fountains, public buildings, &c. 
 
 Berwick. Estuary town. See Aber and WiCK in 
 Part I. 
 
 Birmingliam. [A.-S.] Home of the Bermarings or de- 
 scendants of Bermar. 
 
 Bohemia. [Lat.] Anciently Boiohemujyi {Boi-heim\ 
 the home of the Boii. 
 I Bokhara. " Treasury of Sciences." 
 I Bolivia. Named after General Simon Bolivar. 
 j Bombay. See Bay, in Part I. 
 
 ' Boothia Felix. Named in honor of Sir Felix Booth. 
 ! Borneo. From the Sanskrit Bhurni, or Bhoorni, land, 
 the name of its principal city, applied by Europeans to 
 the whole island. 
 
 Bosphorus. FromGr. /SoOs, and Tropos, ox-ford or cow- 
 ford ; or from /3ovs, and ^epeiv, to bear, because, accord- 
 ing to the legend, lo, changed into a cow, was borne 
 over this strait. 
 
 Boston. Originally St. BotolpWs toivn. 
 
 Botany Bay. So named from the great variety of new 
 plants found there by Captain Cook in 1770. 
 
 Brabant. [Anciently Brach-bant.] Plowed land, from 
 0. H. Ger. pracha, plowing, and bant, a district. 
 
 Brazil. From the Portuguese name of the red dye-wood 
 exported from the country. 
 
 Bridgewater. A corruption of Burgh Walter, the 
 castle of Walter of Douay. one of the companions of Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror. 
 
 Bristol. « 
 
 Bruges. See Stock, in Part I. 
 
 Brunn. Derived from its native name, Bron, i. e., ford. 
 
 Bucharest. " City of enjoyment." 
 
 Buckingham. Home of the Bucings, or descendants 
 ofBuc. 
 
 Buda. See Bud, Part I. 
 
 Bulgaria. [Lat.] Country of the Volgarians, on Hun's,. 
 
 Burgos. Probably from the same root as Ger. burg, a 
 tower, or castle. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cadiz. From Lat. Gades, a corruption of Phen. Gadir, 
 
 signifying " shut in," " inclosed." 
 Cairo. [Atsib. El Kahireh.] The victorious. 
 Calcutta. The ghaut or landing-place of Kali, the god- 
 dess of time. 
 Calicut. Of the same origin as Calcutta. 
 California. A name given by Cortes, in the year 1535, 
 to the peninsula now called Lower or Old California, of 
 which he was the discoverer. He probably took it from 
 the old Spanish romance of " Esplandian,^'' by Garcia 
 Ordonez de Montalvo, which was first published in 1510. 
 In this work, the name is given to an imaginary island 
 " on the right hand of the Indies, very near to the Ter- 
 restrial Paradise," abounding in great treasures of gold. 
 The i-oot of the word is perhaps the Sp. califa, caliph, 
 from .the Arabic khalifah, successor, from khalafa, to 
 succeed, the cahphs being the acknowledged successors 
 I of Mohammed. In some old geographies, Cahfornia is 
 j laid down as an island. 
 
 [ Cambray, or Cambrai. [Lat. Camaracum.'\ Derived 
 by some from the number of caverns (in 0. Gaul cam- 
 bres), whei-e the inhabitants were wont to put their goods 
 I for safety. 
 
 I Camden. See Den in Part I. 
 
 j Canada. [Ind.] A collection of huts ; a village ; a town. 
 ! Canandaigua. [Ind.] A town set off or separated 
 j (from the rest of the^ibe). 
 
 [ Canterbury. [A.-S.] The burgh of the men of the 
 j headland. 
 
 I Canton. [Chin.] Kioang-t^ing, " large-east " city ; 
 I properly, the name of the province of Canton, but applied 
 
 by Europeans to the town itself. * 
 
 Cape Breton. Discovered by mariners from Brittany, 
 
 or Bretagne. 
 Cape Colonna. From the white columns of a ruined 
 temple which served as a landmark to the Genoese and 
 Venetian seamen. 
 Cape Horn. So called by Schouten, its discoverer, in 
 1616, in honor of his birthplace, Hoorn (hoRn), in the 
 Netherlands. 
 Cape of Good Hope. [Pg. Cabo de Boa Esperanga.] 
 Named by John II., King of Portugal, who regarded it 
 as the goal of the circumnavigation of the African conti- 
 nent. 
 Cape Verde. The green cape. 
 
 4»,wglf,t^,t^k; 13rn,rj}e,pyll; ^,§,soft; e,g,hard; as; exist; oasng; tbis; 5,b,ii,^,I,ii,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,c(seep. 914). 
 
904 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 
 
 Capii Formerly Caprfse [Lat. capra, a goat], from hav- , Cork. [Ii;.] A moor, a marsh. 
 
 ing l>een famous for its wild gOBits. \ Cornwall. Kingdom of the Welsh of the Horn. 
 
 Cartsbrooko. [Anciently Wiht-^ca^a-byrig.] The burg j Coromandel. Country of the C/io/a, an ancient dynas- 
 
 of the men of ;Vight. [chard. | ty of India. The Hind, mandal, mandul, signifies a cir 
 
 Carniel. [Ileb.] Vine of God ; otherwise, a garden, or- | cle, district, country. 
 Carunrvou. [Gael. Crr-yn-nr-Fou.] The stronghold | Corpus Cliristi. [Lat.] Body of Christ. 
 
 opposite to Mona (or Angles*>a). i Corrieiites. [Sp.] A current. There is a strong cur- 
 
 Carpatliiaiis. From the Slavonic gora, a mountain, or^ rent off thej;apes of this name. 
 
 rhah<it. a mountain niuge. 
 Carpeiit iria- From Carpenter, a Dutch captain who 
 
 dist'overed it in ltX)6. 
 CarthafEe. [Phen.] The new town. 
 Cartha^ena. A corruption of Carthago Nova, or New 
 Casco. [lud.] •• Crane." [Carthage. 
 
 Cassel. A corruption of its I.«at. name CasteUum, a 
 
 castle. 
 Castllf From Lat. Castellum , b. fort or castle: named 
 
 friMu tlie numerous forts erected for its defense against 
 
 the Moors. 
 Catskill Mts. [D. Katzkill.] So called from the pan- 
 thers or lynxes that formerly infested them. 
 Cattaran^us. [Ind.] Bad-smelling shore. 
 Cayusta- [Ind.] Long lake. 
 Carolina. Originally named after Charles IX., of France. 
 
 The name fell into disuse, and was afterward revived in 
 
 the time of Charles II. of England. 
 Caroline Islands. Named by Lopez de Villalobos, in 
 
 1543, after Charles Y. 
 Caucasus. Said to be a corruption of a Scythian word, 
 
 meaning ■' white mountiain." 
 Ceylon. From Pg. seleu. or Ceilno, a corruption of Sin- 
 
 Art/rtf/>//na, i. e.. the island of the lions. -^^ ^, r-r z -, r,, ^ ,j 
 
 Chaleurs. [Fr.] Bay of A.a/., so called an account of »alilonega. [Ind. Place of gold 
 
 *h^ „..f.....„» v,„..*^ „f f»;« ^i^^ ^f fo ,n.„^„,>^,- Dalecarlia. See Dale m Part I. 
 
 Corsica. [Phen.] " The " wooded ' 
 Costa Kica. See Costa in Part I. 
 Cracow. Named after Krak, Prince of Poland, by 
 
 whom it was founded about the year 700. 
 Crimea. From Gr. Ki|Lt/j.epiicdi/, the ancient name of a 
 
 small town on the peninsula. 
 Croatia. Country of the Croats, anciently called Chro- 
 
 bates, a tribe from Bohemia, who settled here in the vear 
 
 640. 
 Cronstadt. See Cron in Part I. 
 Cro^vn Point. Said to have been so named becauae 
 
 " scalping parties " were sent out from this place by the 
 
 French and Indians. 
 Culross. See CUL in Part I. 
 Cumberland. Land of the Cymry. 
 Cyclades. From Gr. kvk\os, a circle, so called from the 
 
 position in which they lie. 
 
 D, 
 
 I>acotali. [Ind.] Leagued, allied ; — the common name 
 of the confederate Sioux tribes. 
 
 the extreme heat at the time of its discovery 
 
 Champlain. Named from a French naval officer, Sam- 
 uel ChanifAain, who discovered it in 1609. 
 
 Charleston (S. C). Named after Charles I., of England. 
 
 Chatauqua. [Ind. J Corruption of an Indian phrase, 
 signifying " foggy place."' 
 
 Chattahoochee. [Ind.] Figured, or painted, stone. 
 
 Chemung. [Ind.] Big-horn ; — from a fossil tusk found 
 in the river. 
 
 Chesapeake. [Ind.] Great waters. 
 
 Chesuncook. [Ind.J Great goose lake. 
 
 Chicago. French form of an Indian word signifying a 
 skunk : also, a wild onion, from its strong and disagreea- 
 ble odor. 
 
 Damariscotta. [Ind.] Alewife place. 
 
 Dantzic. " Danish town ; " settled by the Danes. 
 
 Danube. See Don, Part I. 
 
 Dardanelles. From the castles called the Dardanelles 
 on its banks at the S. W. entrance, that on the Asiatic 
 side being near the site of Dardanvs, an ancient town 
 built by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam. 
 
 Deccan. [Skr.] The South. It forms the southern 
 part of the peninsula of Hindostan. 
 
 Delaware. Named in honor of Thomas TTest, Lord de 
 la Ware, who visited the bay in 1610, and died on his 
 vessel at its mouth. 
 
 Delft. A canal. It is situated on the canal between 
 
 Chichester. [kxM^\ent\y Cissanceaster.] The fortress of ^^^^^'^'^T « xt?.^I'^^x, .t 
 
 Cissa, who, according to the old chronicle, succeeded in \ ^^"^^""^ S^ f^'^l '^/^''* ^ 
 
 taking the old Roman citv, and made it the capital of ^R^^^**''^- 11^-^%^ ^°t^ ''" ^'^^ 
 
 his kingdom of the South Saxons. ! S^t^^-V ^^^ ^^ ^° P^« I" 
 
 Cliicopee. [Ind.] Cedar-tree ; otherwise, birch-bark ' -^^^f *>"• 
 Chili. [Peruv.] Land of .snow. [place. 
 
 Chimborazo. [Sp.] A chimney. 
 China. Probably from the djmasty of Thsin, in the third 
 
 century before Christ, when the first knowledge of the 
 
 country was conveyed to the West. 
 €7hri.stiana. Named after Christian IV., of Denmark, 
 
 by whom it was rebuilt. 
 Chuquisaca. [Ind.] From Choque Saca,i.e., bridge 
 
 of gold, from the treasures formerly carried across the 
 
 river at this point to Cuzco, the town of the Incas. 
 Cincinnati. Named by Gen. St. Clair after the society ! :"o»'cn. 
 
 of the Cincinnati. ' Pouro 
 
 Clyde. [Gael. c////(.] The " strong -' river. 
 Coblentz. From I^t. Confluentes, so called from its sit- 
 uation at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle. 
 C!ocheco. [Ind.] Very rapid or violent ; — applied to 
 
 fall* or rapids on various streams. 
 Ck>chituate. [Ind.] Land oi» or near falls, or rapid 
 C^hasset. [Ind.] Place of pines. [streams. 
 
 Cologne. From Lat. Colonia, a colony, its original 
 
 name being ('olotiia Agrippina, given it by Agrippina, 
 
 mother of Nero, who was born here. 
 Colorado. * [Sp.] Red or colored. 
 Columbia. Named after Christopher ColumbuB. 
 Connecticut. [Ind. Qun?ii-tuk-ut.] The country 
 
 " ujjon the long river.-' ' -P^ 
 
 Con.»*tance. Named after its founder, Constantius, father Jcj, 
 
 of Constantine the Great. 
 Constantinople. City of Constantine. See POLls, Ecuador. [Sp.] Equator, so named from its position 
 Contoocook. [Ind.] Crow river. [in Part I. under the line. 
 
 Coos. [Ind.] A place of pines. I Edinburgh. See BURG in Part I. 
 
 Cordilleras. [Sp. cordillera.] A chain or ridge of Ekaterinenburg. Tou-n founded by the Empress 
 
 mountains. Catherine. 
 
 Cordova (Anciently Cortuha). Either from cateba, an | El Paso del Norte. [Sp.] The North Pass. 
 
 olive press, or from Kartha Baal, the city of Baal. j England. [A.-S. Enga-land.] Land of the Engles. or 
 
 Core a. From the Japanese name Ko-roi (ko-rF). Angles. 
 
 ^^,^^4<>^ ;^,*^,o^e$i jnolonged ; i,ii,kc.,short ; &,^,l,Q,obsrMre ; CATe,Vi^ 
 
 reach. 
 Derby. 
 
 [Fr.] Named from the river or " strait " [Fr. 
 
 detroit], on which it is built. 
 Devizes. [Low Lat. Divisse.] The point where the road 
 
 from London to Bath passed into the Celtic district. 
 Devon. The land of the Damnonii, a Celtic tribe. 
 Dhawalagiri. [Skr.] The white mountain. 
 Dieppe. From the root of the Eng. deep, a name trans' 
 
 ferred to the town from the river which flows by it. 
 Dijon. A corruption of its Lat. name Dibio or Divio. 
 Dominica. [Sp. Dominica, Sunday], named from the 
 
 day of its discovery by Columbus in 1498. 
 Dorchester. See Caster in Part I. 
 
 [Celt.] Water. 
 Dover. [Celt.] Water. 
 Dovrefield. See Field, Fjeld in Part I. 
 Drontheim. See Ham in Part I. 
 Dublin. See DuB in Part I. 
 Dumbarton. [Celt.] Fort of the Britons. 
 Dumfries. From Gael, dun, a fortified hiU, and/;-fa^. 
 
 shrubs or brushwood. 
 Dundee. See Dun in Part I. 
 Dungeness. [Norse.] Danger point. See Nase in 
 
 Part I. 
 
 A corruption of Dunholvi, town on an island 
 See Dun and Holm in Part I. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 in a river. 
 
OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 905 
 
 ICrie. [Ind.] Wild cat ; — the name of a fierce tribe ex- 
 terminated by the Iroquois. 
 
 £spiritu Santo. [Sp.] Holy Spirit. 
 
 Esquimaux. [Ind.] Eaters of raw flesh. 
 
 Essex. See Sex in Part I. 
 
 Ethiopia- Lat. Ethiopia, AlOtonia, from Gr. ai6ei.v, to 
 burn, w(/^, the face, in allusion to the color of its inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Etna. A corruption of the Phenician attuna, a furnace. 
 
 Eton. \A.-S.] Island town. 
 
 Europe. Gr. Evpw^nj, from ri»pus, broad, and the root 
 ojT, to see, in allusion to the broad face of the earth. 
 Some, however, refer it to a Semitic root, and think that 
 it means the " land of the setting sun." 
 
 Exeter. [Formerly Excester.] Camp on the Exe. 
 
 Falaise. [Fr.] Named from thefalaises, or rocks, upon 
 which it is built. 
 
 Faroe. See Oe in Part I. 
 
 Eayal. [From Port. /az/a (Lat. /ag-w.'?).] A 'oeech-tree. 
 
 Eerrara. A corruption of Forum Allienis. 
 
 Ficlitelgetoirge. [Ger.] Pine mountains. 
 
 Fife. The forest. 
 
 Finisterre. French, from Lat. .;?n?s terrx, land's end. 
 
 Florence. [It. Firenze, Fiorenza. Lat. Florenlia]. The 
 " flowery " city, from It. Jiore, a flo#er. 
 
 Florida. Named by Ponce de Leon from the day on 
 which he discovered it, Easter Sunday, called in Span- 
 ish, Pascua Florida. 
 
 Fond-du-lac. [Fr.] Foot or end of the lake. 
 
 Fontainebleau. See Font in Part I. 
 
 France. Called after the Franks^ a small German tribe 
 who colonized, in an imperfect manner, a portion of cen- 
 tral France. 
 
 Frankfort. See FRANK in Part I. 
 
 Frederick City (Maryland), I Named in honor of 
 
 Fredericksburg (Virginia). ) Frederick, Prince of 
 Wales, son of George II. 
 
 Frejus. A corruption of Forum Julii. 
 
 Friesland. Land of the Frisii. 
 
 Frobisher Strait. Named after its discoverer, Sir 
 Martin Frobisher (1576). 
 
 G. 
 
 Galapagos. [Sp.] Islands of " land turtles.-' 
 
 Gallipoli. Anciently Callipoli, from Gr. koiAos, beauti- 
 ful, and TToXis, city. See POLis, Part I. 
 
 Ganges. [Hind. Gungaov Ganga.] So called as flow- 
 ing through Gang, the earth, to heaven. 
 
 Garonne. See Yar, Part I. 
 
 Geneva. Probably from the Celtic ce/n a/on, the head 
 of the river. 
 
 Germany. According to Leo from the Gaelic gairmean, 
 one who cries out, either alluding to the fierce war-cry of 
 the Teutonic hordes, or expressing the wonder with 
 which the Celts of Gaul Ustened to the unintelligible 
 clash of the harsh German gutturals. 
 
 Georgia (in Asiatic Russia). Probably named after pne 
 of its later sovereigns. 
 
 Georgia (U. S.). Named in honor of George II. of Eng- 
 land, who granted a charter establishing the colony, 
 June 9, 1732. 
 
 Geysers. [Icel.] The " boilers." 
 
 Gibraltar. [Arab. Jebel al Tarik.] Mountain of Tarik, 
 a Moorish general, who, in A. D. 712, conquered this 
 place. 
 
 GlasgoAV. See Glas in Part I. 
 
 Gotliland, or Gottland. "Good land," or perhaps, 
 " land of the Goths." 
 
 Gottenburg. Named by Charles IX., Duke of Goth- 
 land, in honor of the duchy. See BURG, Part I. 
 
 Gracios a Dios. [Sp.] Thanks to God. 
 
 Gratz. [Slav, gradez.] A fortress. 
 
 Greece. Lat. Griecia, from Gr. Ppai/cdt, one of the names 
 applied to the people of Hellas. 
 
 GreeuAvicli. See WiCH in Part I. 
 
 Grenoble. See PoLis in Part I. 
 
 Guadalquiver, Guadalupe. See Guad in Part I. 
 
 Guienne. A corruption of Lat. Aquitania [0. Fr. Aqui- 
 taine], the ancient name of the province. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hague. From Dutch '5 Gravenhaag, count's hedge. 
 The Hague owes its origin to a country-seat built there 
 by the counts of Holland in 1250. 
 Halifax (Nova Scotia). Named in honor of Lord Hali- 
 fax. 
 Halle. From the Celtic hal, salt. It stands on the river 
 
 Saale (salt river). 
 Hampsliire. [From Hantiine, Hantone (now South- 
 ampton)]. Named from its situation on the river Ant or 
 Anton (the Southampton Water). 
 Hampstead. See Stead in Part I. 
 Harz. From 0. S. harz, a forest, wood. 
 Havre, L.e. [Fr.] Harbor, port, from 0. Ger. heffe-r. 
 
 haven, or from Celt. aber. 
 Havre de Grace. [Fr.] Harbor of grace, or safety. 
 Hayti. [Ind.] Highland; mountainous country- 
 ! Heilbronn. See BURN in Part I. 
 J Heligoland. Holy island land. 
 I Henlopen. From a Dutch expression, meaning " tc 
 
 run in." 
 i Hereford. See Ford in Part I. 
 j Himalaya. [Skr.] Abode of snow. 
 Holland. [D. olla7it.] Marshy ground ; a fen. 
 Hoboken. [Ind.] The " smoke-pipe," name of a 
 I place where the settlers Cjet the Indian chiefs in council, 
 j and smoked the pipe of peace while they formed a 
 I league of amity. 
 
 Hong Kong. [Chin.] Red harbor. 
 \ Housatonic [Ind.] Stream beyond the mountains. 
 j Hudson River, \ Named after Henry Hudson, who 
 ' Hudson's Bay. ) ascended the river in 1607, and 
 ! discovered the bay in 1610. 
 Hungary. The land peopled by the Huns. 
 , Huron. [From Fr. hure, a head of hair.] A name applied 
 j by the French to the Wyandots. 
 
 Icolmkill. See Kill in Part I. 
 
 Hlinois. From Ind. illini, men, and the French snfiix 
 
 ois, " tribe of men." 
 India. The land of the river. 
 Indiana. From the word Indian. 
 Indus. Probably a corruption of Sindus or Sinde, its 
 
 native name, derived, perhaps, from Sindhu, the sea, 
 
 this river being one of the largest in India. 
 Innsbriick. See Bridge in Part I. 
 Interlachen. See Entre in Part I. 
 Invervary, 
 Inverness. 
 Iowa. The French form of an Indian word, signifying, 
 
 the " drowsy " or " the sleepy ones ; " a Sioux name of 
 
 the Pahoja, or " Gray-snow" tribe. 
 Irawaddy. [Originally Erivati.] The great river. 
 Ireland. [Gael.] The western isle. 
 Isis. [Celt.] Water. 
 Isle of Man. [Lat. Mona, Monapia. In Tacitus, Mo- 
 
 na is Anglesey.] A "rocky island," from Brit. m,on, or 
 
 W. maen, a stone. 
 Islington. .[A.-S.] Town of the Islings. 
 Ispahan. Per. sipdhdn, pi. of sipdh, a soldier. 
 Itasca. A name formed by Schoolcraft for a lake at the 
 
 supposed source of the Mississippi, from ia, to be, and 
 
 totosh, the female breast, with a locative inflection. 
 Ivipa. From Lat. Ebusus, its ancient name, meaning 
 
 " pine island." 
 
 See INVER in Part I. 
 
 Jamaica. [Ind. Cay-ma-ca, or Kay-ma-ca.} Said to 
 
 mean " a country abounding in springs." 
 Java. The island of nutmegs (jayah). 
 Jersey. See Ey in Part I. 
 
 Jerusalem. [Heb.] House or habitation of peace. 
 Joliba. River of the Joli, or red men. 
 Joppa. [Heb.] Fine or beautiful. 
 Jordan. [Heb.] "The flowing." 
 Juan Fernandez. Named after its discoverer. 
 Jungfrau. See Jung in Part I. 
 Jl^tland [Dan.] Land of the Jutes. 
 
 4e,W9lf,too,t(5t)k; flrn,rije,pull ; Q,^,soft; e,g,hard ; a.^\ exist; nasng;this; a,o,u,ee,I,ii,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 911). 
 
906 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalamazoo, [lud. 1 A term derired from stones seen 
 through the water, which by refraction look like otters. 
 
 Kansas. [Ind.] Smoky water ; also said to signify ''good 
 l>otato." 
 
 Katahdln. [Ind.J The highest place. 
 
 Kearjiarpe. [Ind.] The high place. 
 
 KeiiUwortli. Set' Worth, in Part I. 
 
 Keiinebt'c [Ind.] Long lake; — a name of Moose- 
 head l>ake transferred to the river. 
 
 Keunelmnk. [lud. J Long-water place. 
 
 Kfiiosha. [Ind.] Pike river. 
 
 Kcnsiugrtoii. [A.-S.] Home of the Kensings. 
 
 Kentucky- [Tnd.] At the head of a river. 
 
 Klif lat. A hiU-castle, a fortress. 
 
 Kiel [Dan. keoL] A ship. 
 
 Kilkenny. See KILL in Part I. 
 
 Klagenfurt. A corruption of the Latin name Claudii 
 Forum. 
 
 Kronstadt. See Cron in Part 1. 
 
 Kiirile Islands. Supposed to be derived from the Jap- 
 anese Kooroo Mitsi, i. e., the road of sea-weeds. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labrador. [Sp.] Named by the Spaniards Tierra Lab- 
 rador, " cultivable land,'" to distinguish it from Green- 
 
 Laccadives. See Dive in Part I. [land. 
 
 Ladrones. [Sp.] Islands of the " robbers," so named, 
 at the time of their discovery by Magellan, from the 
 thievish propensity of the inhabitants. 
 
 Lambetli. See HIT HE in Part I. 
 
 La Plata [Sp.] See Rio de la Plata. 
 
 Lancaster. See Caster., in Part I. 
 
 Lebanon. [Heb. laban, white.] The White Mountain. 
 
 Legliorn. A corruption of It. Livorno, from Lat. Li- 
 burni (Partus). 
 
 Leicester. [Lat. Legionis caatra.] Camp of the legion. 
 
 Leipsic "Linden town," from the lime trees (Slav. 
 lipa), growing about it. 
 
 Lena. '' A sluggard ; " slow, sluggish stream. 
 
 Leon. [Lat. legio.] From its being the station of the 
 seventh legion in the time of the Romans. 
 
 Levant. "Land of the sunrise''; — a name given by 
 the Grenoese and Venetians to the eastern shores of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Lewes. [Norse.] Wharf; landing-place; fort. 
 
 Leyden. A corruption of Lugdunu7}i, its Latin name, 
 which comes from the Celtic roots Uwch, a lake, morass, 
 or hollow, and dun, a fortress. 
 
 Liberia. [Lat.] Free ; free state. 
 
 Lichfield. See Field in Part I. 
 
 Lima. A corruption by the Indians or Spaniards of the 
 ancient native name, Rimac. 
 
 Lincoln. [Celt, linn and Lat. colonia.] Colony by the 
 deep pool. 
 
 Lisbon. A corruption of Olisipo, which contains the 
 Phenician word hippo, the " walled " town. It was also 
 anciently called TJlysipo, from a tradition that Ulysses 
 laid the foundation of the city. 
 
 Little Rock. Named from an igneous slate rock in the 
 river, which, at low water, is about 25 feet above the 
 surface, and at high water is almost hidden from view. 
 
 Livonia. From its inhabitants, the Liven, a Finnish 
 tribe. 
 
 Llangollen. [W.] St. Collen's church. 
 
 Loch Leven. Smooth lake (from Celt. lUvn). 
 
 Loire. From its Latin name, Liger. 
 
 Lombardy. Country of the Longobardi, commonly 
 translated " long beards," but derived by Vossius from 
 longis bardis, i. e., long battle-axes. 
 
 London. [Celt.] City of ships. 
 
 Londonderry. Originally Derry : resettled by the Lon- 
 don guilds. See DERRYin Part I.' 
 
 Lorraine. From Lot/iaringia [i. e., Lotharii regnum], 
 the kingdom of Lotharius. 
 
 Los Angeles. [Sp] " The angels," (originally Pueblo 
 de los Angeles,) " city of the angels ; " so named from its 
 beautiful environs and its delightful climate. 
 
 Louisiana. Named after Louis XIV., of France. 
 
 Luxembourg. From the old chateau of Lucili burgum, 
 which, in 963, was acquired by Siegfried, Count of Ar- 
 dennes, whose descendants took the title of Counts of 
 Luxembourg. o 
 
 Luxor. [Egypt.] " The palaces " [el-husr] ; bo called 
 
 from ita magnificent temple, now in ruins. 
 Lyons. [Lat. Ltigdunum.] See Leyden, supra. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macao. A seaport. • 
 
 Mackinaw. An abbreviation of MichilimacMnac. S«e 
 
 infra. 
 Madeira. [From Port, madeira (Lat. materia)]. Tunber, 
 
 wood ; — from having been originally covered with 
 
 forests. 
 Madras. Formerly Madras Pattan, from Arab, madra- 
 
 sa, a university, and Skr, patiana. a town, " university 
 
 town." 
 Maelstrom. See Strom in Part I. 
 Maastricht. See Tricht in Part I. 
 Magdeburg. Town on the plain. See Burg and 
 
 Magh in Part I. 
 Magellan (Straits of). Named after their Portuguese di.<- 
 
 coverer, Magalliaens or Magellan. 
 Mahratta. [Hind.] Outcasts. 
 Maine (an ancient province of France). Probably from 
 
 the Celtic man, a district. 
 Maine (one of the United States). The m.ain land, as dis- 
 tinguished from the islands. 
 Majorca. From Lat. major, greater [Balearis Major]. 
 Malaga. [Phenician wa/aca.] Salt. 
 Maldives. See DijVE in Part I. 
 Malta. A contraction of its ancient name, Melita, which 
 
 means " a place of refuge." 
 Manhattan. [In^. munnoh-atan.] The tovm on the 
 
 island. 
 Manitoulin. [Ind.] Spirit islands. 
 Margarita. From the pearls [Lat. margarita, a pearl] 
 
 which Columbus obtained from the inhabitants. 
 Marlborough. See Borough in Part I. 
 Marmora. From Lat. marmor, marble [pi. m.arm.^rd\, 
 
 the name of a small island famous for its marble quar^ 
 
 ries, toward the western extremity of the sea. 
 Marquesas. Named in honor of the Marquis Mendoza 
 
 de CaSete, who equipped the expedition which led to 
 
 the discovery. 
 Marston. See Mark in Part I. [Charles I. 
 
 Maryland. Named after Henrietta Maria, queen of 
 Massachusetts. [Ind.] " About the great hills," /. e., 
 
 the Blue Hills of Milton. 
 Mauritius. Named by the Dutch after Maurice, Prince 
 Medina. [Arab.] The city. [of Orange. 
 
 Mediterranean. From Lat. medius and terra, from 
 
 being, as it were, in the middle of the land, or the mid- 
 land sea. 
 Medway. [A.-S. Medwaege]. Middle water, the river 
 
 which runs through the middle of the kingdom of Kent. 
 Memphremagog. [Ind.] Lake of abundance. 
 Melrose. See Ross in Part I. 
 Menan. [Ind.] Island. 
 
 Merida. From its Latin name, Augusta Emerita. 
 Merrimac [Ind.] Swift water. 
 
 Mexico. [Aztec] The place of Mexitli, the Aztec god of 
 Michigan. [Ind.] A weir for fish. [war. 
 
 Michilimackinac [Ind.] Great turtle place. 
 Milwaukie. [Ind]. Rich land. 
 Minnehaha. [Tnd.] Laughing water; curling water ; » 
 
 waterfall. 
 Minnesota. [Ind.] Cloudy water, whitish water. 
 Mississippi. [Ind.] Great and long river. 
 Missouri. [Ind.] Muddy. 
 
 Minorca. From Lat. minor, less [Balearis Minor]. 
 Mohawk. Men-eaters. R. Williams. Literally, it sig- 
 nifies, eaters of live food, — a name given by the New 
 
 England or eastern Indians to the Iroquois. 
 Monadnock. [Ind.] The spirifs place. 
 Monongahela. [Ind.] Falling-in bank river. 
 Montauk. [Ind.] A manito-tree. 
 Mont Blanc. See MONT in Part I. 
 Montreal. [Fr.] Royal Mountain, so named by tb« 
 
 French explorer, James Cartier, in 1534-35. 
 Montserrat. See Mont in Part I. 
 Moravia. From the March or Morava [ava is the 0. 
 
 H. Ger. aha, a river], a bordering river. 
 Morea. [Gr.] A mulberry leaf, from its shape ; or a 
 
 transposition of Romea, its ancient name. 
 Munich. From Ger. Mbnrhen, or Miinchen, monks. 
 
 [Lat. monachus, Ger. mdnche.] The city takes its name 
 
 from some monks who erected warehouses for salt upoa 
 
 the spot where it now stands. 
 
 ^fiA<:-,ions ;u,(:,o,less prolonged ; &,6,&c.,short ; a,^,\,Q,obscitre ; (:axe,t!ir,Siak,-^,wh^ 
 
OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 907 
 
 Muiister. See Minster in Part I. 
 
 Murcia. District of the " march," or boundary. This 
 province was for many years the debatable ground be- 
 tween the Moors and the Christians. 
 
 Muslceego. [Ind.] Place of cranberries. 
 
 Muskingum. [Ind.] Moose-eye river. 
 
 N-. 
 
 Nabant. [Ind.] At the point. 
 
 Nantes. [Celt.] A vaUey. 
 
 Naples, [it. Napoli]. From its ancient Greek name, 
 Neapolis, " new city." 
 
 Nase. See in Part I. 
 
 Nashua. [Ind.] Between [the rivers]. 
 
 Natal. Named bj- Tasco de Gama, because he discov- 
 ered it upon Christmas day (day of the Nativity). 
 
 i^'augatuclc. [Ind.] Fork of the rivers, point between 
 two rivers. 
 
 Nebraska. [Ind.] Water valley ; shallow river. 
 
 Negropont. See Negro in Part I. 
 
 Nepissing. [Ind.] At the small lake. [sin). 
 
 Neshotah. [Ind.] Twins (the '-Two Rivers,'- Wiscon- 
 
 Netlierlands. See Nether in Part I. 
 
 Neufcliatel. See Castle in Part I. 
 
 Neversink. [Ind.] High land between waters. 
 
 Ne^vfoundland- Named by its discoverer, John Cab- 
 ot, in 1497 ; — first applied to all the territory discovered 
 by him, but afterward restricted to the island to which it 
 is now applied. 
 
 Ne"w Hampsliii-e- Named by Captain John Mason 
 (who had obtained a grant of this region) after his native 
 county of Hampshire in England. 
 
 New jersey. Named in honor of Sir George Carteret, 
 aa inhabitant of the Isle of Jersey. 
 
 NeAv York. Named after the Duke of York, afterward 
 James II. 
 
 Niagara. [Ind.] Neck of water. — connecting Lake Erie 
 with Lake Ontario. 
 
 Niger. From Lat. niger, black. 
 
 Nimes, or Nismes. [Lat. Nemausus]. From the Celtic 
 7ie7}iet, a sacred grove. 
 
 Niplion. [Japanese.] Fountain or source of light. 
 
 Norfolk. See FOLK in Part I. 
 
 Normandy. The part of France occupied by the Nor- 
 ynans, or Northmen. 
 
 Norridge"*vock. [Ind.] Place of deer. 
 
 Nortli River (i. e., the Hudson at New York). So called 
 in distinction from the Delaware, which was styled the 
 South River. 
 
 Nor^valk. [Ind.] The middle land (a tract between 
 two rivers). 
 
 Nor^vicli. See WiCH in Part I. 
 
 Nottingham. See HAM in Part I. 
 
 Nova Scotia. [Lat.] New Scotland. In 1621, Sir Wil- 
 liam Alexander, a Scotchman, obtained from James I., a 
 grant of the country. 
 
 Nova Zembla. See New, Part I. 
 
 Novgorod. See GOROD in Part I. 
 
 Nykoping. See Koping in Part I. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ocmulgee. [Ind.] The rivers : the water-coursec. 
 
 Oconee. [Ind.] Water-course : small river. 
 
 Ohio. [Ind.] Beautiful. 
 
 Oneida. [Ind.] People of the beacon stone. 
 
 Onoudaga*t [Ind.] Place of the hills. 
 
 Ontario. [Ind.] From Onontae, " a village on a moun- 
 tain," the chief seat of the Onondagas. 
 
 Oporto. [Pg. oporto.] The harbor. 
 
 Oregon. Named by Carver, Oregon or Or^n, i. e., Riv- 
 er of the West. According to others, derived from Sp. 
 oregano, wild marjoram, which grows abundantly on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 Orinoco. [Ind.] Coiling snake. 
 
 Orkneys. [Gael.] The " isles of whales." 
 
 Orleans. Named after the Emperor Aurelian, or Aure- 
 lianus, by whom it was embellished. 
 
 Osage. [Ind.] The strong. 
 
 Ossipee. [Ind.] Stony river. 
 
 Ostend. [D. cost, east, einde, end.] The " east end " of 
 the kingdom. 
 
 Ottawa. [Ind.] Traders. 
 
 Ouse. [Celt.] Water. 
 
 Owasco. [Ind.] A bridge. 
 
 Pacific Ocean. So called by Fernando de Magellan, 
 who sailed across it in 1521, enjoying continuous fair 
 weather and favorable winds for three months and twen- 
 ty days. 
 
 Paisley. See Ey in Part I. 
 
 Palermo. Corruption of Gr. na»/op|u,os (Panormus), al- 
 ways fit for landing in, the name of a city \ jat occupied 
 its site. 
 
 Palestine. [Heb.] The land of '♦ strangers," the ancient 
 Philistia, or Palamtina, named from the Palestines or 
 Philistines. 
 
 Pampeluna, or Pamplona. Corruption of Pompei- 
 opolis, i. e., the city of Pompey, its reputed founder. 
 
 Panama. [Ind.] From the " mud-fish "' in which the 
 bay abounds. 
 
 Papua. "Frizzled," from the enormous frizzled heads 
 of hair of the natives. 
 
 Parana. [Braz.] The river. 
 
 Paris. [Lat. Liitetia Parisiorum.] Named from its in- 
 habitants, the Parisii. 
 
 Pa scagoula . Nation of b read . 
 
 Passaic. [Ind.] Valley. 
 
 Passamaquoddy. [Ind.] Great place for poUock. 
 
 Passumsic. [Ind.] Much clear river. 
 
 Patagonia. So called by Magellan, from Sp. patagon^ a 
 large, clumsy foot, a name given by him to the inhab- 
 itants, on account of the supposed magnitude of their 
 feet. 
 
 Pa^vcatuck. [Ind.] Clear river. 
 
 Pawtucket. [Ind.] At the falls. 
 
 Pawtuxet. [Ind.] At the little falls. 
 
 Peiho. See Pei in Part I. 
 
 Pembroke. [Celt. Pen-bro.] The head of the land. 
 
 Pemigeivas-set. [Ind.] Crooked place of pines. 
 
 Pennine Alps. See Ben in Part I. 
 
 Pennsylvania. Penns woods [Lat. sylva^ a wood], 
 ' named after William Penn, who settled the country in 
 1681. 
 
 Penob.scot. At the rock : i-ockland; applied originally 
 to a place near Castine, — near to the river. 
 
 Penzance. [Celt.] Sainfs headland. 
 
 Perekop. A Slavonic name signifying a "cut," appli- 
 cable to the ditch dug here, in remote ages, across the 
 neck of land at the entrance of the Crimea, for the secur- 
 ity of the place. 
 
 Perigord. A corruption of its Latin name Petricordium , 
 from its ancient inhabitants, the Petricorii. 
 
 Pernambuco. The mouth of heU. 
 
 Persia. Probably derived from the name of one of its 
 provinces, Pars or Fars. 
 
 Philadelphia. [Gr.] City of brotherly love. 
 
 Philippine Islands. Named after Philip U. , of Spain. 
 
 Piacenza. [Lai. Place ntia]. From Lat. /f/acere, to please ; 
 named from its delightful situation. 
 
 Piedmont. From It. pie di monte, '" foot of the moun- 
 tain," so called from its situation. 
 
 Piscataqua. [Ind.] Great deer river. 
 
 Pittsburgh. Named after William Pitt, l,ord Chatham. 
 See Burg in Part I. 
 
 Plymouth. See Mouth in Part I. 
 
 Poitiers. City of the Pictones or Pir.tavi. 
 
 Poland. From the Gtr. Polen or Pohlen, the men ol 
 the plains [Slav, polia, a plain]. In Old English, written 
 Polai/71. 
 
 Polynesia. [Gr.] "Many islands.-' 
 
 Pomerania. [Slav.]. Upon or by the sea- 
 
 Pondicherry. See Chehek in Part I. 
 
 Porto Kico." See Port, Part 7. 
 
 Potomac. [Ind.] Place of the burning pine, resem- 
 bling a council fire. 
 
 Poughkeepsie. [Ind.] Shallow Lilet : safe harbor for 
 small boats. 
 
 Prairie du Chien. See De in Part I. 
 
 Pre sque Isle. [Fr.] "Peninsula."' 
 
 Prussia. Formerly Borussia, i. e., country of the Bo- 
 russi. According to others, the country of the Po RttM 
 [Slav, po, by], i. e., the men near the Rusi, or Russians, 
 or perhaps near the Russe, a branch of the Niemen. 
 
 Pruth. From Slav. j9rK</, river. 
 
 Punjaub See Pen J in Part 1. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quebec. An Algonquin term meaning ' ' take care of tlM 
 
 (lo,w9lf,t(3R),t<Jbk ; Qm,rue,pijll ; 9,t,5o/i ; €, g,hard; ag ; ejist ; n asng ; Uiis ; a,o,ii,^,I,S,s,w,B,D,s,H,K,N,R,u (seep. 914)- 
 
908 
 
 tamepiar- [Ml] T 
 
 A eoRvpHoB of fke 
 [Ind.] Bii«r 
 
 Jlra- 
 
 tttepne-tna. 
 
 SeeBAXinPtutl. 
 SdUcswis- Fraa iteatntiaa ok tfar Ittte nvor SbUry: 
 and the A.-S. ki^, a bay. 
 II«L] So 
 
 aoC«iblra« to cn» tkr 
 
 * SoHK « Ike fcut 4aj of S& 
 Ki*«d3C«c«e. SeeSOKTHmPiutl. 
 Clad.] E«aii«leBttD^n?,i 
 
 ~ See MOCTH iH But I. 
 See HiTKE B PAt I- 
 See DAM, Part I. 
 
 A 
 
 [tiMTlTI. ATocfciA canptaaBor 
 
 K*:A«rsli. See Boss m Put I. 
 
 BaiSJby. See Bt ia Ptet I. 
 
 - - [A--&1 "'Headov of the 
 
 See SCKOB m Ftet I. 
 SifceEia. Saqnioeed t» be doned fnaa Oe aoaeBt ton 
 fian^ (tke Radneeaf «be TintBr pnnee Kntstem KhaaK 
 
 Lof fkeaa 
 
 [piiB. Sicnralc«ae,Se«alfeTada.Stt^ZJEKAiKBntX 
 CSfyofOiebH. 
 
 B»Wl . - _ 
 
 of Om 
 
 rrack; ^r.^ 
 
 • iLed etnit of afcagoi (fioB Golh, 
 
 afiBtarjr}. » cape thai laas &e 
 
 PirtT. 
 
 Ckyt-Oook in 
 
 Salem. See JKKCSAI.EK. 
 SalzJftnrs- * See SiLLT a Put L 
 SaoLareaiid. A eoim 
 U^frr : of P 
 liLOrr. li.!-] Cntdega _ 
 
 of liHd Saadvich, Fast Lad of Ok 
 WfcnmPaitX 
 
 inP^EtL 
 
 the nrakft ^Kvr^&w*, liQr «hirh it is ^ 
 n«HB Gee wittz^j, a poiDt « 
 
 Oa ^ tsoaateof this^oivaf >^ 
 
 Siafiiu See Bt ia Ptnt I. 
 
 StUBfWB. SeeSvoxEiaPaitl. 
 mn St^ltOtrnme. [Fr.] St. Siephm. 
 See : Sf . Kitis. PropohrSt. CkruSapbfr's,] 
 
 ■■B FrsBcise*. ^.] S(l I 
 Sm>iJ««e. i^p.) St.J<«ph. 
 ^ >.] St.PaaL 
 ISj^ Hoir 
 ISp-l SLBaihaa 
 SaataCrox. iSpu] HoiyOnMiL 
 SamtaFc- I^] BoijrKrilh. 
 Saatarvm- Saaaad ft«a St. bew. a 
 Sarttaca i$Pl] Fte8aattIi«i»,or8L 
 
 Stodchocidee- See Stock is Ptat I. 
 StaddhalBB, See HtnJi is Pint I. 
 
 _ See SxsAT is Pint I 
 
 ISteatfopA. See SrmAT hi Knt I. 
 
 {6cr.] ne*'alaIiaB 
 
 Hat. 
 
 IStTria. [Ger. Stegammrirl, 
 
 eMseofitos 
 See SOCTB ia Part I. 
 
 (lakel. Ihei 
 Smasex, See&xialRntL 
 
 SallaM See TOWS ia Put I. [« 
 
 Sweden, (lat- StoAa.1 OaoirF of the fitem'^or 
 
 M,*g-^aag;Mv5/a»yMfrf/l/^c . u tartj 
 
OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 yo9 
 
 Syria. Probably from Tzur, or Tyre (a " rock"), its 
 chief city. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tagrus. [Phen.] River offish. 
 
 Tallahasse. [Ind.] Old town. 
 
 Tallaliatchee. [Ind.] River of the rock. 
 
 Tallapoosa.. [Ind.] Swift water. 
 
 Tamvvortli. See Worth in Part I. 
 
 Tappan [Sea]. [Ind.] Coldstream. 
 
 Tasmania. Named from its discoverer, Abel Janssen 
 Tas7nan, a Dutch navigator of the 17th century. 
 
 Taunton. [Anciently Thonodunum.] " Town on the 
 Tone." 
 
 Taurus. From the root of the Celt, tor, a projecting 
 rock. 
 
 Temesvar. See Var in Part I. 
 
 Tennessee. [Ind.] River of the Big Bend. 
 
 Terceira. [Pg.] " Third," it being the third in length 
 of the Azores Islands. 
 
 Terre Haute. [Fr.] High land. 
 
 Tliames. [Lat. Tamesis.] The broad Isis. 
 
 Tlirace. [Gr. rpaxvs.] The rugged country. 
 
 Tliurgau. See Gau in Part I. 
 
 Tierra del Fuego. [Sp.] Land of fire, discovered by 
 Magellan in 1520, and so named on account of the great 
 fires which he saw along the coast, and which he sup- 
 posed to be the eruption of volcanoes. 
 
 Tioga. [Ind.] Swift current. 
 
 Tippecanoe. [Ind]. A kind of fish living in this 
 branch of the Wabash River. 
 
 Titicut. [Ind.] A contraction of an Indian word, mean- 
 ing, '• on the great river." 
 
 Tobolsk. See Sk in Part I. 
 
 Toledo. [Jjat. Toledum.] Named by its Jewish founders 
 from Heb. toledoth, generations, families, races. 
 
 Toplitz. From Slavonic topol, the poplar. 
 
 Tornea. See A in Part I. 
 
 Torbay. See Bay in Part I. 
 
 Toronto. [Ind.] An Iroquois term denoting oak-trees 
 rising from the lake. 
 
 Torres Vedras- See TORRE in Part I. 
 
 Tortugas. [Sp.] The " tortoises," either from their 
 shape, or from the tortoises found on the coast. 
 
 Toulon. Corrupted from Telonium, or Tela Martius, 
 named after Telo Martius, a tribune who colonized it. 
 
 Transylvania. [From Lat. trans, across, beyond, and 
 sylva, a wood.] So called by the Hungarians as being 
 beyond their woody frontier. 
 
 Travemunde. See Mouth in Part I. 
 
 Trebizond. [A corruption of TpaTreo-ovs, Trapezus, from 
 Gr. Tpan-e^ioi/.] Said to have been so named because 
 built in the shape of a trapezium. 
 
 Trent. [Brit.] Winding river. 
 
 Trent [Tyrol]. Contraction of Tridentum, its former 
 name, derived by some from three streams that fall into 
 the Adige. 
 
 Trieste. Corrupted from its Latin name, Tergeste. 
 
 Trinidad. [Sp.] Trinity; — so called by Columbus, 
 because, having discerned three mountain-peaks rising 
 from the waters and appearing to be three separate isl- 
 ands, he discovered on nearer approach that they formed 
 one united land — a fact which he recognized as a mys- 
 terious emblem of the Trinity. 
 
 Tripoli. See POLIS in Part I. 
 
 Trujillo, or Truxillo. A corruption of its ancient 
 name Tiirris Julia. 
 
 Troyes. The chief town of the Trecasses, or Tn'casses, a 
 Celtic nation, from whom it took the name of Tricassse, 
 afterward Trecae, from the oblique cases of which the 
 modern name has been derived. 
 
 Tubingen. See ING in Part I. 
 
 Tunbridge. See Tun in Part I. 
 
 Tunis. From its ancient name Tunetum, or Tunes. 
 
 Turin. [Lat. Taurinum, Augusta Taurinorum.] Nataed 
 from its inhabitants, the Taurini. 
 
 Turkestan. See Stan in Part I. 
 
 Tuscaloosa. [Ind.] Black ; black-warrior. 
 
 Tuscany. [Lat. Tuscia.] Country of the Etrusci, or 
 Etruscans. , 
 
 Tyre. See Syria, supra. 
 
 U. 
 
 Unterwalden. See Unter in Part I. 
 Ural. [Tartarian.] A belt, or girdle. 
 Usk. [Celt.] Water ; a current. 
 Utica. The ancient. 
 Utrecht. See Tricht, Part I. 
 
 V. 
 
 Ukraine. [Slav.] A frontier. 
 Umbagog. [Ind.] Clear lake ; shallow. 
 
 Valencia. [From Lat. Valentia.] Strong ; powerful. 
 Valetta. Named after John Parisot de la Valette, Grand 
 
 Master of the Knights of St. John. 
 Valparaiso- [Sp.j Paradise valley. 
 Vancouver's Island. Named after Vancouver, who 
 
 visited the island in 1792. 
 Van Diemen's Land. Named by its discoverer, Tax- 
 man, after the daughter of the then Dutch governor of 
 
 Batavia. 
 Vaucluse. See Val in Part I. 
 Vaud. [Lat. vallis, a valley.] Named from the Walden- 
 
 ses, or Valdenses, the " iuhabitants of the valleys." 
 Venezuela. [Sp.] Little Venice, so named on account 
 
 of some Indian villages which the first conquerors found 
 
 built on piles in Lake Maracaybo. 
 Venice. [Lat. Venetian.] From the province Venetia, the 
 
 territory of the ancient Veneti, of which these islands 
 
 formed a dependency. 
 Vera Cruz. See Vero in Part I. 
 Vermont. [From Fr. verd, green, mont, mountain./ 
 
 Green mountains, f 
 Vesuvius. [Oscan.] Emitter of smoke and sparks. 
 Virginia. Named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the 
 
 " Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh 
 
 made the first attempt to colonize this region. 
 
 w. 
 
 "Wabasli. [Ind.] A cloud blown forward by an equinoc- 
 tial wind. 
 
 VTacJiusett. [Ind.] The mountain. 
 
 Wales. [Teut.] Land of foreigners. 
 
 Wallachia. Country of the Wallachs, Wolochi, or 
 Wloki. Wallach is equivalent to the native name Ro- 
 mani. 
 
 Waltham. See Wald in Part I. 
 
 Warwick. See WiCH in Part I. 
 
 Washington. Named after George Waskington, first 
 President of the United States. 
 
 Washita. [Ind.] Male deer. 
 
 Waterford. [Norse.] Frith of rams, or wethers. 
 
 Weser. [Anciently Wisaraha.] Western river. 
 
 Westford. See West in Part T. 
 
 West Indies- So called from the supposition of Co- 
 lumbus that he had discovered a new passage to the 
 shores of India. 
 
 Westminster. See MINSTER in Part I. 
 
 Westmoreland. [A.-S.] West moor -land. 
 
 Westphalia. The western field, or plain. 
 
 Wetvxmpka. [Ind.] Waterfall; tumbling-water. 
 
 Whang-hai. See Hai in Part I. 
 
 Wheeling. [Indi. weel-ink.'] Place of a head. 
 
 Wight. [Lat. Vectis, A.-S. Wiht, Wi/it-land.] The land 
 or island of the Wyts , Jutes , or Goths. 
 
 Windermere. [A.-S.] Clear-water lake. 
 
 Windsor. [Anciently Windlesora.'\ The winding shore. 
 
 Winona. [Ind.] First-born daughter. 
 
 Winnepeg. [Ind.] Turbid water. 
 
 W^innipisiogee. [Ind.] Land of the beautiful lake. 
 
 Winooski. [Ind.] Beautiful stone river. 
 
 Wiscasset. [Ind.] Place of yellow pine. 
 
 Wisconsin. Wild rushing channel. 
 
 Wolga. [Sarmatian.] The great river. 
 
 Woodstock. See Stock in Part I. 
 
 Woolwich. See WOOL in Part I. 
 
 Worcester. [A corruption of A.-S. Hwic-wara-ceaster.\ 
 The castle of the inhabitants of the country of the Huic- 
 
 Wycombe. See Comb in Part I. [cii. 
 
 Wye. [W. gwy, or wy.] Wat«r. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Tang-tse-kiang. See Yang in Part I . 
 
 Yellow Sea. From the muddy lemon -yellow color of its 
 
 do,wQlf,t^o,t(J'ok; Qm,r9e,pvll; ^,§,so/f ;€, e,hard;a.i ;e5ist; n as ng; this ; s,o,U,efe,T,r[,8,w,B,T),G.H,K.N,R,ufseep.914). 
 
SIO 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 water near the land, arising firom the nature of the bot- 
 tom, which is often touched by Tessels navigating the 
 sea. 
 
 Yare, Yaruiouth, Yarrow. See Yar in Part I. 
 
 Yucatan. [From the lud. juca tan, •' What do you 
 say .' ■■] A nauio given by the Spaniards from the answer 
 returned by the natives to iuquiries concerning the name 
 of the country. 
 
 Y verdun. A corruption of its Latin name, Ebrodunwn. 
 See Dun in I'art 1. 
 
 Y'vetot. See To FT in Part I. 
 
 Zanguebar. [Arab. Ber-ez-Zing, land of the Zing.] Tb« 
 ancient Arabic name of the East African negro. 
 
 Zaiite. A corruption of its ancient naine, Zacynthus. 
 
 Zauzebar. A corruption or modification of Zanguebar. 
 
 Ziiri^li. A corruption of Lat. Turicum, or Thuricum, 
 from Thuricus (son of Theodoric), who rebuilt the city 
 after its destruction by Attila. 
 
 Zuyder Zee. See South in Part I. 
 
 w^fi,ic,c.Jions;a,Z',t},Uss prolonged ;Sk,&y&c.,short;^^<^,l,^,obscwe;cdLr%,iii^ 
 
 ------ " • '^,c,g,Aarrf,a§;e5ist;Qewng;tbi8;a,6,U,ee,f,a,8,w,B,D,G^,K,N,E,u(seep. 914;. 
 
 dQ.wylf.tJb.tobk ; flrn, rjje, pyll ; f,^, sojl; 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES 
 
 OF 
 
 MOBEEN GEOGKAPHICAL AND BIOGKAPHICAL MIES. 
 
 By J. THOMAS, M. D., . 
 
 AOTHOR OF THE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHICAL PR0NT7NCIATI0N IN UPPINCOTT'S GAZETTEER OF THE WOBIB- 
 
 PREFATORY REMARKS. 
 
 THE system adopted \n the following Vocabularies — now 
 generally acknowledged to be the only rational and satis- 
 factory one for the pronunciation of geographical and bio- 
 graphical names — is, to pronounce all names as neatly as 
 possible as they are pronounced by the educated people of 
 the respectiTe countries to which they belong, excepting 
 only those few well-known foreign names which appear to 
 hare acquired an established English pronunciation, such 
 as Paris, Naples. Florence, Venice, Milan, Munich, &c. 
 
 It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in 
 which it is impossible to convey with any great degree of 
 precision the native pronunciation of other countries by 
 means of English letters ; but much is undoubtedly gained 
 by such an approximation to the true sound as is within 
 the reach of even the mere English scholar, since this 
 would enable him more readily to understand, and to be 
 understood by, those who are familiar with names as spoken 
 by the inhabitants of the respective countries to which 
 such names belong. 
 
 In the preparation of these-Vocabularies, the aim has 
 been to give them practical utility rather than great full- 
 ness or extent ; accordingly, those English and American 
 names (such as Franklin, Johnson, Thomson, &c.) of which 
 the pronunciation could scarcely be mistaken, have gener- 
 ally been omitted, and the space thus gained has been 
 filled with the more difiBcult names of other countries. 
 
 In giving the pronunciation of geographical and bio- 
 graphical names, perhaps the most important, and certainly 
 the most difficult, point of all, is to mark the accent cor- 
 rectly. In fulfilling this task, information has been sought 
 from every accessible source, and especially from educated 
 natives, not only of the different countries, but of different 
 parts of the same country. With respect to the pronun- 
 ciations contained in the following Vocabularies, it is be- 
 lieved that they will be found to be as minutely exact as 
 they could with propriety be given in a work designed 
 
 chiefly for the use of the mere English scholar. Particular 
 care has been taken with what may be termed the four 
 great languages of Continental Europe {viz., the French, 
 German, Italian, and Spanish), not merely to mark the 
 accent correctly, but to represent, as far as possible, every 
 important peculiarity of sound. It is, however, scarcely 
 necessary to observe, that no system of notation, based 
 upon the sounds of the English tongue, can represent ex- 
 actly the pronunciation of words in other languages. 
 
 With regard to English proper names, the difficulty is 
 not in representing, but in ascertaining, the true pronun- 
 ciation. All those causes which operate in other languages 
 to produce irregularity in accent or anomalies in the sounds 
 of letters, would seem to pi-evail in a pre-eminent degree in 
 regard to English proper names. Add to this that the 
 same name is in many instances pronounced differently bj- 
 different families, so that it becomes necessary not only to 
 ascertain the pronunciation generally adopted by the best 
 speakers, but also to attempt the far more difficult task of 
 searching out the peculiar preferences, not to say caprices, 
 of families, and even of individuals. 
 
 The greatest pains have been taken by the author of the 
 following Vocabularies to render them as complete and 
 correct as possible. The candid and intelligent critic vnll, 
 of course, make due allowance for such deficiencies as are 
 inherent in their character and necessarily limited extent. 
 Those who may feel a particular interest in such subjects 
 are referred to the Introduction of Lippincott's Gazetteer 
 of the World, in which the principles in regard to the pro- 
 nunciation of foreign names are much more fully developed 
 and explained. 
 
 The author can not conclude without acknowledging the 
 valuable assistance which he has received from Mr. Wil- 
 liam A. Wheeler, who has for a number of years studied 
 the subject of orthoepy, in its various branches, with great 
 diligence and success. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION 
 
 OP THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANC 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 1. In the languages of Continental Europe, a never has 
 atonnd like that in the EngUsh words /afe or name, but is 
 •Bually like the a 'va. far or father , often approximating 
 fiiat in fat. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o in not. 
 
 a, E generally has a sound similar to a ih.fate, or else to 
 ♦ in met. In French it is often silent. In Swedish, e, when 
 
 UAGES OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 
 
 long, has a sound resembling that of short i, but more 
 prolonged. Thus, Carlen might be pronounced kar-tUn'. 
 When short, it is like e in met. 
 
 3. /usually sounds as in marine ; that is, like long e in 
 English. It is sometimes Uke our short », as in pin. It is ini- 
 portant to observe that t final in French, Italian, and Span- 
 ish, has the full, clear sound of ee in see; it should there' 
 
 ^911) 
 
912 
 
 PR0N1_]NCIATI0N OF MODERN 
 
 fore not be allowed to fall into 1, aA it is apt to do in En- 
 glish or Anglicirod words. 
 
 4. O \\hs for the nu»st part nearly the same sound as in 
 English. Sometimes it is long, as in no, but often it has a 
 sound intermediate between that of our o in no and that in 
 tioi. (See Observation VI. on p. 914.) In Russian, o, 
 when not accenteil, is very short, almost like a va father, or 
 intomuHliate Ivtweeu this and that in ./of . In Swedish 
 and Norwegian, at the end of a syllable, it is sounded Hke 
 our 00. 
 
 5. t'in most languages is pronounced like the English 
 00. In French (and in Dutch when it ends a syllable) it 
 may be sai^'. to combine the sounds of our oo and long e. 
 If the speaker, after placing his lips in the position for pro- 
 nouncing oo, endeavors, tiithout moving his lips, to utter 
 the sound of ee, that of the French u will be produced. 
 
 6. Vis usually like i, that is, like our e. In Danish, 
 Norwegian, and Swedish, it sounds like the French u or Ger- 
 man ti. In Polish it resembles our short i, as in^/«. In 
 Dutch it is like our long i. It may be observed, that, ac- 
 cording to the modern Dutch orthogi-aphy, ij is substituted | 
 for y. Thus, the old spelUng Overyssel is replaced by ! 
 Overijssel, Bilderoyk by Bilderdijk, &c. 
 
 Diphthongs. 
 T, Jla in Danish usually sounds nearly like our a in fall, 
 sometimes approaching o long. A («) in Swedish sounds 
 like long o in English. 
 
 8. Ae, or a, is usually pronounced like a in fate, ore in 
 met. In Dutch and Flemish ae sounds like a in far. In 
 the modern Dutch orthography , ae is replaced by aa. Thus, 
 the name formerly written Haerletn, is now Haarlem, 
 Maes is changed into Maas, &c. 
 
 9. Ai and ay are usually proper diphthongs, being com- 
 pounded of the sound of a as in far and i as in^^g-, thus 
 nearly corresponding in sound to our long i. In French, 
 and in Modern Greek, they are pronounced nearly like ay 
 in the English word day] that is to say, like the long a 
 in fate. 
 
 10. All has generally the sound of ow in now. In 
 French au and eau have the sound of long o. 
 
 11. Ei and ey are generally proper diphthongs, uniting 
 the sounds of a in fate and e in 7ne, being similar to ay in 
 day when this word is pronounced very full. In German 
 they are like our long i; in French, nearlj' like our e in 
 rnet, or a in fate. 
 
 12. Eu in French and Dutch has a sound nearly simi- 
 lar to u in the English word/kr, but somewhat more pro- 
 longed. This sound is intermediate between that of the 
 English short 2« and that of the Germane. (See 14.) In 
 German eu and au have the sound of oi in English. 
 
 13. le at the end of a word is always pronounced in 
 French like e in the English word me. In German it is 
 frequently so pronounced. In the middle of a word, ie, 
 both in Dutch and German, always sounds like our long e. 
 
 14. Oe, or ii, occurs in several European languages. In 
 Danish, however, instead of two dots being placed over the 
 o, a mark is drawn obliquely through it (<^). The sound 
 is unlike any thing we have in English, but is nearest to 
 that of u in fur, or e in her. If, while the lips are retained 
 in the position proper for forming o long, the speaker tries 
 V) utter the sound of e in met (or a in fate*i, he will produce 
 ^e sound of 6. [ rr^^ This sound, as well as that of the 
 French u, should, if possible, be learned from an oral in- 
 structor.] In Dutch, oe sounds like our oo. 
 
 15. Oi in French is usually sounded like if a; moi,is 
 pronounced m.wa ; roi, rwa ; &c. Oi in the termination of 
 certain adjectives, was formerly used instead of ai, and was 
 pronounced like this diphthong. Now, however, oi in such 
 words is almost universally replaced by ai. Thus, instead 
 of Francois, Frangoise (French), the forms Fran^ais and 
 Fran^aise are now used. 
 
 16. Ok in French and iti Modern Greek sounds like out 
 00 ; in Dutch and Norwegian, like ow in the English word 
 noio, or like ou in house. In Portuguese it is pronounce! 
 nearly like long o. 
 
 17. Ue orn, has the sound of the French ?^ (See 5.) 
 B^^ liespecting the double vowels, see Observation V. p. 
 
 914. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 The consonants in the languages of Continental Europe 
 are, for the most part, similar in sound to the same letters 
 in English. The following exceptions may be mentioned : — 
 
 18. B at the end of a word in German is pronounced 
 like p. Between two vowels in Spanish its sound is some- 
 what similar to v, with which it is often interchanged ; as, 
 Cordoba, Cordova, &c. This sound of b is formed by 
 bringing the lips loosely or feebly into contact. 
 
 19. C before e and i in Italian is pronounced like ch in 
 the English word chill; in the same position in Spanish ii 
 sounds like the Spanish z or like our th in thin. In Ger- 
 man, c before e,i, and y is pronounced like the German z, 
 or like ts in English. In Polish it has the same sound, 
 even at the end of a word. 
 
 20. D at the end of a word in German and Dutch la 
 pronounced like t. In Spanish and Danish, between two 
 vowels or at the end of a word, it has a sound similar to th 
 in this. 
 
 21. In all the F]uropean languages g is hard before a, o, 
 and u; in German, Danish, Norwegian, and Polish, it ia 
 hard in every situation, though it sometimes has a guttural 
 sound. Before e and / (or y), in French, Portuguese, Span- 
 ish, and Swedish, it is like they of these languages. In th« 
 same position in Italian it sounds like our j, or soft g. In 
 Dutch it is always pronounced like h strongly aspirated. 
 Gu before e and i, in French .-Portuguese, and Spanish, 
 sounds like g hard. 
 
 22. if in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is 
 either never pronounced at all, or else is sounded so slightly 
 that an English ear can scarcely perceive it. In the other 
 languages of Europe it has the same sound as in English. 
 
 23. Jin Italian, German, Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, 
 Danish, and Dutch, is pronounced like our y. In French 
 and Portuguese it has the sound of zh, or s in the English 
 word pleasure. In Spanish it is equivalent to x, being sim- 
 ilar in sound to a strongly aspirated h. 
 
 24. Often at the endof a syllable, in French and Portu- 
 guese, m and n are said to have a nasal sound ; but, more 
 correctly speaking, dropping their own proper character, 
 they impart nasality to the preceding vowels, which are 
 then sounded through the nose. For example, ban in 
 French approximates in sound that indicated by bong in 
 English. Alem or alen, in Portuguese is pronounced almost 
 d-lengi. In pronouncing the nasal vowels in these lan- 
 guages, care should be used not to press the back part of 
 the tongue against the palate, as is done in producing the 
 sound of the English ng. In French, o before n nasal has 
 nearly the sound of our o in note^ but is somewhat shorter. 
 That is to ^«y, if the English word «o be pronounced 
 quickly, with the vowel rendered nasal, the sound produced 
 will correspond almost exactly to that of the French non. 
 N in Italian before g usually preserves its clear sound; 
 hence Marengo is pronounced almost md-renn'go ; in all or 
 nearly all the other languages, n in such cases approxi- 
 mates the sound of the English n in link. 
 
 25. jvin Spanish (like gn in French and Italfan, and 
 nh in Portuguese) has a sound combining that of n and 
 y consonant. Mino and Minho are pronounced aUke— 
 meen'yo. 
 
 26. Qu before e and i in Portugese and Spanish, and 
 before every vowel in French, has the sound of k. In most 
 other languages it is essentially the same as in English. 
 
 27. R in most European languages is trilled more 
 strongly than in English , particularly at the end of a word 
 
GEOGKAFHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 913 
 
 or syllable. In pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue is 
 made to approach very near to the roots of the upper teeth- 
 
 "iS. S in many European tongues, when between two 
 vowels, is very soft, having the sound of our z, or one very 
 near it. InGei-man it is usually pronounced soft at the 
 beginning of a word. In Hungarian it sounds like our sh, 
 or the German sch. 
 
 JJ9. T in several European tongues has a sound some- 
 what more dental than in English. This is especially ob- 
 servable in .Spanish, in which language it is pronounced 
 by putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth. 
 
 30. Win German and some other languages is nearly 
 similar to our v. It may be described as a v uttered with 
 the lips alone, without the aid of the teeth. 
 
 31. -X in Spanish generally sounds like a strongly aspi- 
 rated h. (See 23.) In Portuguese it is pronounced like 
 our sh. 
 
 32. Z in German and Swedish has the sound of ts ; in 
 Italian, z usually sounds like dz, zz like ts. In Spanish it 
 i>; pronounced like the Enghsh th in i/rm. 
 
 Combined Consonants. 
 
 33. Ch ir. Spanish has the same sound as in the English 
 word chill. In Italian, it is pronounced like k ; in Ger- 
 man, Polish, and some other languages, it has a guttural 
 sound, somewhat similar to a strongly aspirated h. This 
 sound must be learned from an oral instructor. In French 
 (except in the case of some words derived from the Greek), 
 and in Portuguese, ch has the sound of our sh. 
 
 34. Cs in Hungarian sounds like ch in the English 
 word church. 
 
 35. Cz in Polish sounds like our ch; in Hungarian, 
 like ts. 
 
 36. Dy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and con- 
 sonant y, and hence approximates the sound of our j. The 
 same combination occurs in some English words, as in sol- 
 dier, verdure, &,c. (See 44.) 
 
 37. Gh in Italian is like gh in the English word ghost, 
 or g in game. 
 
 38. Gl in Italian, when followed by (', has the same 
 sound as Ih in Portuguese, or II in Spanish. Before>«, o, or 
 u, the i following gl is silent. (See 41.) 
 
 39. Gn in French and Italian (like n in Spanish) com- 
 bines the sounds of n and consonant y. (See 25 ) 
 
 40. Gy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and y con- 
 sonant. Magyar is pronounced mOd'yor'. (SeeSB. ) 
 
 41. Lh in Portuguese, and U in Spanish, combine the 
 sounds of I and y consonant. For example, velho is pro- 
 nounced vel'yo ; villa,veeVy'A. ; llano, lya'no. Ly in Hun- 
 garian has also the sound of II in Spanish. LI in French, 
 when preceded by i, was formerly, in certain words, sounded 
 like the Spanish II ; but according to the modern popular 
 pronunciation, all sound of the / in such words is dropped. 
 Aurillac, formerly o'roKyak', is now generally sounded 
 o'rCyak' ; Bouillon, formerly bool'yoN', is now boo'yoN', 
 &c. It may be observed, however, that public speakers, 
 and others who aim to be very con-ect in their pronuncia- 
 tion, still frequently retain the sound of the I. 
 
 42. Nh in Portuguese is pronounced like the Spanish 
 n. (See 25 and 39.) Ny in Hungarian has the same 
 sound. 
 
 43. Sc in Italian, before e and /, sounds like the En- 
 glish sh. 
 
 44. Sz in Hungarian is sounded like sharp 5, ovss ; but 
 2* is like our zh. In Polish, sz sounds like our sh. 
 
 45. Sch in German is pronovinced like sh in English ; in 
 Italian, before e and i, it sounds like sk in English, and in 
 Dutch, before all the vowels, its sound is similar, but 
 harsher and more guttural. 
 
 46. Th in all the modem languages of Continental 
 Europe except Greek (in which the character Q has the 
 
 58 
 
 same sound as our th), is pronounced like simple t, or like 
 th in the English word thyme. 
 
 47. Ts in Hungarian is Uke cs in the same language ; 
 that is, like our ch in church. 
 
 48. Ty in Hungarian blends the sounds of t and conso- 
 nant y : it approaches in sound our ch. A similar combi- 
 nation of t with the sound of consonant y takes place in 
 the English words creature, righteous, virtue. 
 
 ACCENT. 
 
 49. By accent is usually meant, in English, that par- 
 ticular impulse or stress of the voice which, in pronuncia- 
 tion, is placed upon certain syllables of a word ; for exam- 
 ple, on the last syllable in confer and retain, on the second 
 in America, and on the first and last in evermore. Many 
 words in English (like the one last cited) have two accents ; 
 but one is always predominant, and is termed the primary 
 accent ; the other is called the secondary accent. 
 
 Something analogous to English accentuation is found in 
 nearly all languages. In the Teutonic tongues, especially, 
 the accent is essentially the same as in English, a large 
 number of the polysyllabic words having both the primary 
 and secondary accent, as Son'ders-hau'sen, Zoll've-rein' . 
 
 It is very difficult, if not impossible, to give any general 
 rules, that would be of much practical utility, for placing 
 the accent on foreign words or names. Among what may 
 j be termed the principal European languages (viz., English, 
 j French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish), there is 
 j scarcely one general rule for accent to which there are not 
 I a multitude of exceptions. Those of most general applica- 
 ' tion are iierhapsthe following : In Spanish and Portuguese, 
 ! words ending in a vowel usually have the accent on the pe- 
 I nultima ; those ending in a consonant ai-e generally accented 
 [ on the last syllable : yet even to these there are numerous 
 1 exceptions ; e.g., Alcald, Cordova, Anditjar, Cadiz, &c. 
 j 50. In Spanish, the difference between accented and 
 I unaccented syllables, though sufficiently obvious to a na- 
 i tive, is sometimes scarcely perceptible to a foreigner. 
 j .51. In Hungarian, there is no accent, according to our 
 I use of this word ; but the syllables are distinguished from 
 each other by quantity, being, like the Latin, divided into 
 long and short. But as quantity in Latin and Greek is 
 converted into accent by the usage of English pronuncia- 
 tion, so, in giving Hungarian names in the following Vo~ 
 cabularies, the accent is placed according to quantity 
 whenever this could be satisfactorily ascertained. 
 
 52. The French language also has no accent, in the 
 sense in which we employ the term. The marks called 
 accents that are placed over the different vowels, serve only 
 to indicate some particular sound of these letters, and not 
 that peculiar impulse of the voice vvhich characterizes an 
 accented syllable in the English and most other European 
 tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in ^mrlc serves to 
 show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at 
 the same time distinguishes it from parle, another form of 
 the same verb, in which the e is mute. The circumflex 
 imparts to the vowels over which it is placed a longer and 
 j deeper sound than ordinai'y : e. g., in hate, tempete. gilt, 
 I and apotre. 
 
 It is commonly said that the French pronounce all the 
 j syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that 
 thej- seem to an English ear to accentuate the last, because 
 i in our language the universal tendency is to throw the 
 ! accent toward the beginning of the woi'd. Accordingly, 
 ' the principal accent has been placed on the last syllable of 
 ' French names : at the same time it has been thought proper 
 { to mark the others with secondary accents, in order to pre- 
 I vent them from being pronounced too slightly or indis- 
 tinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in 
 English. The pronunciation of Orleans, for example, has 
 been thus given — oR'la'oN'. 
 
9U 
 
 riiONUNCIATION OF MODERN 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 I. /, in French and some other languages, often has a 
 sound that is sometimes said to be betwet^n our ee and 
 short i. It is, however, properly the purv sound of e as in 
 wf or <^e as in see, pronounced short. This sound is repre- 
 sented by e. 
 
 II. It may be obserred that fi, as in the English word 
 day, when uttered fully and distinctly, is a true diphthong, 
 consisting of a sound nearly like that of e in there or 7net 
 (but less oj^^n), prefixed to (or combined with) that of 
 short «. In pronouncing foreign names, a (used to repre- 
 seut long f in German, Italian, &c.) should never have this 
 diphthongal sound ; in other words, the terminal element, 
 resembhug short i, should be carefully excluded. 
 
 III. In marking the pronunciation of foreign names, 
 except where a full accent falls upon the vowel, we have 
 usually preferred to use a, e (or e), and o, rather than a, 
 e, 6, as the speaker would be in danger of prolonging the 
 sounds of the latter too much. 
 
 IT. E (not marked with an accent) in French is usually 
 silent ; and it is occasionally so in Danish and German. 
 
 V. A double letter, in foreign words, is generally to be 
 sounded more distinctly and fully than a single letter of 
 the same kind. This remark applies to nearly all the 
 double vowels in foreign languages (except aa in Danish 
 and Norwegian, already explained under the diphthongs, 
 see 7, p. 912); ee and oo in Dutch and German, ii and ttu 
 in Danish and Norwegian, being simply equivalent to the 
 
 single vowel prolonged. ^5, except in Hungarian, has the 
 sound of sharp s, as in our words so, house, &c. (See 28) 
 
 VI. It will be observed that in the following Vocabula- 
 ries, o followed by a single consonant in the pronunciation 
 of foreign names is usually without any diacritical mark 
 
 j (e. g., Heilbromi, hil-bron', Pig^nerol, pCn'ye-rol'). In such 
 cases the English scholar will, of course, pronounce it like 
 
 I short 0, as in folly, this being perhaps the nearest English 
 approximation to the true sound ; yet, properly speaking, 
 the sound approaches that of o in nor, and is, in fact, in- 
 termediate between o in not and o in note. This at least is 
 true of the French, German, and Italian. The reader 
 should be particularly on his guard, in such cases, not to 
 give the o a flat sound, as is too often done, so that not is 
 pronounced almost as if it were written ndt. This, in 
 speaking English, is a very bad fault, but is still more ob- 
 jectionable in pronouncing foreign words. 
 
 VII. In respelling for pronunciation, marks on the vow- 
 els have generally been dispensed with, when the sounds 
 of the letters could not easily be mistaken. Thus, for ex- 
 ample, chaR/pee gives the pronunciation of the Italian 
 name Ciarpi no less perfectly, and more simply, than 
 chaR/pe ; for the same reason far-sis-tan', as the pronun- 
 ciation of Farsistan, is preferable to far-sis-tan'. In all 
 cases, however, where it was thought that the omission of 
 the diacritical sign might give rise to doubt or error, such 
 sign has been added, inasmuch as practical utility has beeu 
 deemed to be far more important than the mere show of 
 consistency. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 
 
 EMPLOYED IN THE VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPH- 
 ICAL NAMES. 
 
 At. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Port. 
 
 Portuguese. 
 
 Dan. 
 
 Danish. 
 
 pron. 
 
 pronunciation. 
 
 Fkm. 
 
 Flemish. 
 
 Russ. 
 
 Russian. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 French. 
 
 Sp. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 Get. 
 
 German. 
 
 Sw. 
 
 Swedish. 
 
 Hung 
 
 Hungarian. 
 
 Syn. 
 
 Synonym, or syn 
 
 Norw. 
 
 Norwegian. 
 
 
 onymous with. 
 
 Turk. Turkish. 
 
 %^ S> i) Q. marked with this sign [^] underneath, have an 
 obscure sound similar to that of short u, but are 
 usually considerably shorter, and, indeed, sometimes 
 are almost mute : thus, GrSt'tan might be pronounced 
 grSt^tfin or graVt'n ; Hel'ler, hel'lur or hePPr, &c, 
 
 S, e, o are similar in sound to a, e, o, but are not to be 
 pronounced so long. 
 
 S is employed to denote the long sound of a. 
 
 it has a sound similar to e in her (See 14*) ; it may be An- 
 glicized by e. 
 
 e is Uke the French u (see 5 *), which it is employed in pro- 
 nunciation to represent ; it may be Anglicized by the 
 English u. 
 
 V, small capital, is intended to represent the sound of the 
 French eu (see 12*) ; it should be pronounced nearly 
 hke u in the English word fur. 
 
 B, email capital, is used to denote the sound of b in Span- 
 ish, often nearly approximating that of tj. (See 18.*) 
 
 D, small capital, is intended to represent a sound similar to 
 th in thU. (See 20.*) 
 
 e and K, small capitals, indicate the sound of the German 
 cA, or one similar to it. (See 33.*) 
 
 H, small capital, has a sound somewhat similar to the pre- 
 ceding, but more resembUng a strongly aspirated h. 
 I {I liquid) is to be pronounced like Ui in million ; it blends 
 
 the sounds of I and y consonant. (See 41.*) 
 M and N, small capitals, are used to represent the nasal 
 
 sound in French, being similar in sound to ng. 
 
 (See 24.*) 
 5 is pronounced like ni in minion ; it blends the sounds 
 
 of n and y consonant. (See 25 and 42.*) 
 R, small capital, has nearly the sound of rr in terror, but 
 
 stronger. (See 27.*) 
 s is used to indicate that the sound of the s is very soft, 
 
 nearly resembling our z. In the middle of a word 
 
 it should be pronounced like a soft z. 
 w has a sound similar to our v. (See 30.*) The " over 
 
 the w is intended to point out its alliance to our v. 
 y and ey at the end of an unaccented syllable sound like 
 
 i in pin. 
 au and aw have the sound of a in fall, 
 ^e indicates the clear sound of short i before r, as in the 
 
 English words spirit, miracle, &c. 
 ow is to be pronounced Uke oiv in coiv, and ou like on in 
 
 house. In respelling for pronunciation, ow has been 
 
 replaced by ou, wherever the former combination would 
 
 be liable to be pronounced Uke long a, as in grotv, 
 
 toio, &c. 
 ss is sometimes used to mark the sharp sound of 5 where a 
 
 single s would be liable to be pronounced like z ; e. g., 
 
 Mons, moNss, not moNs. 
 g sounds like z. 
 
 th is to be pronounced Uke th in this. 
 These figures refer to the Elements of Pronunciation given above. 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 915 
 
 « is sometimes tised to denote the breathing in French 
 names in whici the h is said to be aspirated. It is less 
 strongly pronounced than h in English. 
 
 ^p^ The primary or principal accent in any name hav- 
 
 ing two accents is marked thus (') ; the secondary or sub- 
 ordinate accent thus (') ; as Pas^sa-ma-quod'dy. 
 
 B^^ The sounds of the marked letters are explained in 
 the Vocabulary at the bottom of each page. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 NECESSARY TO BE BORNE IN MIND BY THOSE WHO MAKE USE OF THE TWO 
 FOLLOWING VOCABULARIES. 
 
 1. Every letter or combination of letters occxirring in i 4. In the pronunciation of foreign names, the speaker 
 the pronimciation of a word or name, is to be pronounced i should be careful to pronouiice all vowels, whether in an 
 with its proper English sound ; e. g., ch is to be sounded as 
 in chill, g as in get, &c. From not attending to this simple 
 and obvious rule, many persons fail to pronou?ice names 
 correctly, even while they have the pronunciation clearly and 
 accurately marked be/ore their eyes. 
 
 ii. In the pronunciation of foreign names, particular 
 care should be taken not to allow a to fall into the third or 
 broad sound of this vowel — an error to which American 
 and English speakers are very prone ; it would be far bet- 
 ter, generally speaking, to pronoxmce it like a in fat. It 
 has already been observed, however, that a before n nasal 
 in French is broad, almost like o in not. 
 
 3. In pronouncing French words containing on nasal, 
 the speaker should be careful not to give o its short sound, 
 since this is not only incorrect, but is liable to confound 
 the word with others entirely different in spelling and sig- 
 nification. By this faulty pronunciation, bon (good) is 
 sounded like ban (ban or exile) : bon should be pronounced 
 b5N — almost bong. For the same reasons, eu, in names 
 not Anglicized, should have its distinct sound, like our u 
 in fur, and not be confounded with the French ou or u. 
 There is no sufficient reason why the French names Dreux 
 (druh) and Droux (droo), Leure (lUR) and Lure (lUR), 
 should not be distinguished fix)m each other in pronunci- 
 ation, as well as our words grum and groom, cur and cure. 
 
 accented or unaccented syllable, distinctly, if they are not 
 expressly marked as obscure. 
 
 5. When h (not small capital) occurs at the end of a 
 syllable in the pronunciation of a name, it is not generally 
 to be sounded. It is often used, for example, after U (rep- 
 resenting the sound of the French eu), that the learner 
 may not give this vowel the sound of u in cube or rule, as 
 otherwise he would be apt to do. 
 
 It may be remarked, however, that, in a very few in- 
 stances, h, at the end of Persian or Arabic names, is 
 distinctly pronounced in those languages, and has there- 
 fore been repeated in the pronunciation ; e. g. . Nadir 
 shah, na'dir shah. 
 
 6. It is to be observed that the number of syllables in 
 the names of the two following Vocabularies is to be deter- 
 mined by the number of accents or hyphens, or of both 
 together; thus dnyes'ter, the Russian pronunciation of 
 Dniester, must be pronounced, not dni-es'ter, but dnyes'- 
 ter, the ny being employed to indicate the sound of the 
 Spanish n, that is, the sound of ni in minion. 
 
 7. The abbreviation Syn. (Synonym, or synonymous 
 with) indicates that the name to which it is affixed is either 
 simply another spelling of the name referred to, or that it 
 designates the same person or place. 
 
PRONOUNCLNG VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aa(5) 
 
 Aathen (3' Ken). Syn. Aix- 
 la-Chapelle" 
 
 Aalborg (ol'boRG^ 
 
 Aar (SB), or Aren (a'ren) 
 
 Aargau (aR'gow) 
 
 Aath(at). Syn.Aih. 
 
 Abakan la-ba-kan') 
 
 Abakansk ( a-ba-kattsk' ) 
 
 Abancay (a-bin-ki) 
 
 Abano(a-ba'no) [e-a) 
 
 Aba>cia. or Abassia (a-bksh' 
 
 Abt^ville (Fr.) (ab'Tel') 
 
 .\bt^vme(S. C.) 
 
 AbeuLfim (a'ben-hlm') 
 
 Ab'er-broth'fjck. or ir - 
 broath 
 
 Ab'er-deen' 
 
 Abergavenny (iib^er-ga'ni) 
 
 Ab'er-!«t'with (tA as in thin) 
 
 Abo (a Jx)) Sw. .Vbo, o'boo) 
 
 Abomey (ab'o-ma') 
 
 Abookeer. Aboukir, or Abu- 
 kir (a-boo-keer') 
 
 Aboorizh, Aboutige. or A- 
 boutij (a-boo-tlzh') 
 
 Abrante? la-bran'tes) 
 
 Abrolho* (a-brol'yos) 
 
 Abruzzo Citra (a-broot'so 
 chee'tra) 
 
 Ab-se'c^m 
 
 Abys-sTnl-a 
 
 Acapulco (aia-pool'ko) 
 
 Ac'co-mac' 
 
 Ach-een', or Atch-een' 
 
 Achmim, or Akhmyni (aK- 
 meem') [niooneyn. 
 
 Achmouneyn. See Osh- 
 
 Acqui, or Aqni (a'kwee) 
 
 Acquia (a-kwl^a) 
 
 Arre laltr or a'keri 
 
 Aculco (a-kooVko) 
 
 Adalia <a-<ia'le-a). or Nata- 
 lia »a-r j le-a; 
 
 Adana ( <i da-na; 
 
 Adei !a-del ) [a'den) 
 
 Aden (a'den : Ara^j. pron. 
 
 A<Jige (i'de-je: It. pron. a'- 
 de-j5, Ger. Etech, etch) 
 
 Ad'I-ron'dack 
 
 AdlerhK^rg (a'<ller-btRG'), or 
 Arlberg (aRl'bCRG) 
 
 Adour (a'dooR') 
 
 Adowah (a'do-wa), :/ Adora 
 
 .a ,l'.-vd. 
 ». --mee'tee) 
 
 .A 
 
 A : rl-an-o'pl) 
 
 A ; . :-..-'ic 
 
 .f;_'i!^ 'Sea)(e-jee'an) 
 
 .l,r rf- ar") or ^'t6'') 
 
 A%liarii-taa 'af-gan'is-Un'j 
 
 Afirx>m, Afioum, or Afixun 
 
 (a-fe-oom'j 
 Afra^la (a-fi^-go^) 
 Ag<ie (agd) 
 
 Agen (a'zhix') 
 
 [t^=*This is an excep- 
 tion to a general rule : the 
 
 regular pronunciation 
 
 would be a/diox'. 
 A^'in-court (or Wzh&s'- 
 
 kooE') 
 Agnone (an-yo^na) 
 Agosta (a-gos'ta) 
 Agra (a'gra) 
 
 Agua Neura (a'gwa nwa'va) 
 Aguas Calientes (a'gwas ka- 
 
 le-en'^tes) 
 Aguilar (a-ge-laR' ) 
 Agulhas (a-gool'yas) 
 Ah' med-n ug'gur 
 Aichstadt. See Eichstadt. 
 Aiguillou (eg'e'vox'J 
 Ain(ax) 
 Aintab (In-tab') 
 Aisne (an or en) 
 Aix (aks) 
 Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-la-sha'- 
 
 pel') (Ger. Aachen, §'Ken) 
 Ajaccio (a-yafcho), or A- 
 
 jazzo (a-yat'so) 
 Akerman (a'ker-man') 
 Akhissar (ak%is-saE') 
 Akhm>-m, or Achmim (aK- 
 
 meem') 
 Akshehr, Akchehr. or Ak- 
 
 scheher ("ak-^hehT'', or ak- 
 ^ she'her) 
 
 Al'a-ba'ma. or Al'a-ba'ma 
 Alachua (al-atch'u-a ) 
 Alais (a'lS') 
 Alamo (U'la-mo) 
 Alam0!> (a'la-mos) 
 Aland (S^and) (Sw. Aland, 
 
 o'land) 
 A-lap'a-ha' 
 Alashehr, or Alaschehr (a^- 
 
 la shehV or a-la-sha^her) 
 Alba (al'ba) 
 Albac«te (al-ba-tha'ta) 
 Al-ba'nT-a 
 -Albano (Si-ba^no) 
 Albans. St. (sent awFbunz) 
 Albany (awl ba-ny) 
 Al'Tje-marle (Eng.) 
 Al^be-marle' (U. S.) 
 Albuquerque (al-boo-keR^ka 
 
 oral'Tjoo-kfrk) 
 Al^by, or Albi (Fr. pron. 
 
 aKbe') 
 .\lcala(al-ka-la') 
 Alcala de Henares (ifl-kai-la' 
 
 da a-na'res ) 
 Alcamo (alka-mo) 
 Alcaniz (al-kan-yeeth') 
 Alcantara (il-kaii'ti-ta) 
 Alckmaar. See Alkmaar. 
 Alcoy (aJ-ko'e) 
 Al'd^T-ney 
 Alem Tejo, or AJen-Tejo (a- 
 
 lex-ta'zho) 
 Alen9on(a-len'gQn : Fr.pron. 
 
 a^lGs'son') 
 A-Iep/po, or Haleb (ha/lSb) 
 
 Aleria (a-la-ree'a) 
 Alessandria (al-es-san'dre-a) 
 Aleutian (a-lu'shi-an), or 
 
 Aleutan (a-lu'tan) 
 Al'ex-an-dret'ta. "Syn. Scan- 
 
 deroon. 
 APex-an'dri-a 
 
 Algarre (Jil-gaR'Ta). or Al- 
 Al-geTl-a [gar^T-a 
 
 Algeziras''(al-je-zee'rai!) 
 Al-^er£' 
 Al-go'a {usually pron. by the 
 
 Engiisn al'go-sj) 
 Alhama (a-la^mi or al-ha' 
 
 ma) [kan'ta) 
 
 Al-i-eant', or Alicante (a-le- 
 Alicata (a-le-ka'ta) 
 Alkmaar. or Alkmaer (alk- 
 
 maE'' ) 
 Allahabad (aVlah-ha-bad') 
 AUe (aKlch) 
 Al'le-gha''ny 
 Allier (al'le-a') 
 Al^o-a 
 
 Almaden (jQ-ma-Den') 
 Almeida ( al-ma'e-da ) 
 Ahueria (al-ma ree'a) 
 Almunecar ( al-moon-yS- 
 
 kaR') 
 Alnwick, or Alnewick (an'- 
 
 nik) 
 Alsace (al'sass') 
 Altai (al-tF) 
 
 Altamaha (awl'ta-ma-haw') 
 Altamira (al-ta-mee'^a) 
 Altamura (al-ta-moo'ra) 
 Altena (al'ta-na) 
 Al't^'n-burg ( Ger. pron. al'- 
 
 ten-bcJbRG-' j 
 Alston 
 
 Altona (al'to-na) 
 Altorf (al'toRf), or Altdorf 
 Altzey. or Alzey (alt'.«T) 
 Alvarado (al-va-ra'DCi 
 Amager (a'ma-arer) 
 Amalfi (a-mal'fee) 
 Am'a-zon (Sp. Maranon , ma- 
 
 ran-yon' : calkd also Orel- 
 
 lana. o-rel-ya'na) 
 .\m'a-2o'nT-a [beEG ) 
 
 Am'berg ( Ger. pron. am'- 
 Ambert(oN-'beE') 
 Amboiee (oHb'waz', almost 
 Am-boy' [oxb'wiz'} 
 
 Am-boy'na 
 Ameland (a'me-lant ) 
 A-mer'I-ca 
 Amersfort" or Amersfoort (a^- 
 
 mt-rs-fort) 
 -Ajuhara (am-ha'ra) 
 Amherst (am'erst) 
 Amiens (amil-fnz : Fr. pron. 
 
 a-me'6>') 
 Amite (a-meef) 
 Amlwch (am'look ) 
 Am'm^-noo'suck 
 Amoo, or Amou (a-mo<y) 
 Amoor, or Amour (a-moor') 
 Am'QS-k6ag' 
 
 A-mov'' 
 
 Ampezzo (ani-pef so) 
 Ampudia (am-poo'De-a) 
 Amritar (am-rit'sir), or Urn- 
 
 ritA^ir 
 Am'ster-dam' 
 Amu. See Amoo. 
 Amur. See Amoor. 
 An-a-deer', or Anadir 
 Anahuac (a-na-wak') 
 A-nam-'. or An'nam' 
 An^a-to'Ii-a. Syn. Natolia. 
 An-co'na 
 Andalusia (an'da-lu'shi-a ; 
 
 Sp. pron. an^da-ioo- " 
 
 thee'a) 
 An'da-man' 
 
 Andelys, Les (laz-osd'k') 
 Andemach (an'der-niiK') 
 Andes (an'dez) 
 Andorra (an-doR'Ea) 
 An'do-ver 
 
 Andro (an'dro), or An'dros 
 An'dros-ct^gin 
 Andujar, or Anduhar (a«- 
 
 doo'Har I 
 An'e-ga'da 
 An'^e-lT'na 
 Angermannland jang'er- 
 
 man-land) (Sw. Angerm- 
 
 land. ong'c-rm-land) 
 Angers (an'jerz) : formerltf 
 
 tcritten Anglers { Fr. pron. 
 
 os'-iha'). 
 Anglesey, or Anglesea (ang'- 
 Ango'la Igl-eeJ 
 
 An-go'ra, or An-gtMyra 
 Angostura ( an-gos-tp<Pra) 
 Angouleme (oN'goo'lSm') 
 Angra (ang'gral 
 AnguiUa (ang-gil'la) (Sp. An- 
 
 guila. an-geela) 
 An^gus 
 
 Anhalt (anOialt) 
 Anholt (an'holt) 
 An'jou (Fr. pron. ox'zhooO 
 Anjouan. ^f Anzouan. 
 An-ko'ber 
 An'na-berg ; Ger. pron. an'- 
 
 na-beRG ) 
 Annagh (an-na ) 
 An-nap'o-lis 
 .\nn A-run'del 
 Annecy {an'se') 
 Annobon (an'no-bon') 
 Anspach (ans'piK) 
 Antequera (an-ta-ka'ra) 
 Antil>es (6>"'teeb') 
 An'tT-cos'ti 
 An-tie'tam 
 Antigua (an-tega) 
 Antilles fan-teel' or os'tee]^ 
 An'tl-oeh (Turk. Antakia, 
 
 an-ta kee'a) 
 Antioquia (an-te-o-kee^a) 
 Antisana (an-tesa-na) 
 Ant'werp (Dutch Ant«erpen, 
 
 anfw&rp-en) 
 Anzin (6x'z5x') 
 
 "tg- ;3^,5/^« proUtnged : &,6,kc..short : a.e,\,Q, obscure : care. f ar, ask ,alL what: Sre.Teil.tfnn: pTque-firm: s6n,6r, 
 ^916) " . - 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 917 
 
 Anzooan, or Anzuau (an-zoo- 
 an') ivritten also Anjouan. 
 
 Aosta (a-os'ta) 
 
 Apache (a-pa'cha) 
 
 Ap'en-nlneg 
 
 Ap/pa-lach'ee 
 
 Ap/pa-la'chi-an 
 
 Ap/pa-lach'i-eo'la 
 
 Appeiizell (ap-penl-sel') 
 
 Ap'po-mat'tQX 
 
 Apure (a-poo'ra) 
 
 Apurimac ( a-poo-re-mak' ) 
 
 Aquila (a'kwe-la) 
 
 Aquin (a^kSN') 
 
 Aquino (a-kwe'no) 
 
 Arabia (a-ra'bi-a) 
 
 Arad (or'od') 
 
 Ar'a-gQn (Sp. pron. a-ra- 
 gonO 
 
 Araguay (a-ra-gwiO 
 
 Ir'al 
 
 Aranjuez (a-ran-Hweth') 
 
 Ar'a-rat 
 
 Ar'as, or A-rax^eg 
 
 Araure (a-rou/ra) 
 
 Arbe jar'ba) [thock. 
 
 Ar'broath. Syn. Aberbro- 
 
 Areh-an'gel (Russ. pron. 
 aRk-atjg'el) 
 
 Areola (aR-koTa) 
 
 Arcole (aR-ko'la) 
 
 Ar-cot' 
 
 Ardeehe (aR^desh') 
 
 Ar-dcn, or Ardennes (aR'- 
 den') 
 
 Arensberg (a'rens-beRG')- 
 Syn. Arnsberg. 
 
 Arequipa (a-ra-kee'pa) 
 
 Arezzo (a-ret'so) 
 
 Argentan (aR/zhoN^toN') 
 
 Argenteuil' (aR/zhoN'tuI') 
 
 Ar^'^en-tme Re-pub'lic (Sp. 
 Republica Argentina, ra- 
 poob'le-ka aR-aen-tee'na). 
 Syn. La Plata. 
 
 Argentiere (aR^zhox'te-eR') 
 
 Argostoli (aR-gos' to-lee) 
 
 Argyle, or Argyll (ar-giF) 
 
 Argyro Castro (aR'ge-ro kAs'- 
 tro 
 
 Arica (a-re'ka) 
 
 Ariege (a're-azh') 
 
 Ar'i-zo'na. 
 
 Arjonilla (aR-HO-neeFya) 
 
 Ar-kan'sas (formerly pro- 
 nounced, and sometimes 
 ivritten Ar'kan-saw) 
 
 Ar-kee'ko ; written also Ar- 
 kiko. 
 
 Ark'low 
 
 Ar^berg ( Ger. pron. aRp- 
 biiRG). Syn. Adelerbei'g. 
 
 Aries (arlz ; Fr. pron. aRl) 
 
 Armagh (ar-ma') 
 
 Armagnac (aR/man^yak') 
 
 Ar-me'nT-a 
 
 Armentieres (aR'moN'te- 
 eR') [Mm) 
 
 Am'hem, or Arnheim (aRn'- 
 
 Ams'bgrg ( Ger. pron. aRns'- 
 
 Arn.stadt (aRn'stat) [beRG) 
 
 A-roos'tobk 
 
 Arpino (aR-pee'no) 
 
 Ar'ra-can', or Aracan 
 
 Ar-rap'a-hoe. Syn. Arapa- 
 
 ^ hoe. 
 
 Ar'ras ( Fr. pron. ar'ras' ) 
 
 Arroe : more correctly, Mvoq. 
 
 Artois (aR'twa') 
 
 Ar'un-del (Eng.) 
 
 A-run/del (U. S.) 
 
 Ag^aph 
 
 Aschaffenburg (a-shaf 'fen- 
 burg ; Ger. pron. a-shaf - 
 fen-bcibRG') 
 
 Aschersleben (ash-ers-Ia'- 
 ben) 
 
 Ascoli (as'ko-lee) 
 
 As-cut'ney 
 
 A-shanaee, or Ashman-tee' 
 Ash'ta-bu'la 
 Ash'ue-lot (ash'we-lot) 
 Asia (a'shi-a, often improp- 
 erly pronounced a'zhi-a) 
 As-sam' 
 
 As'saye (as-sl' or as-sa') 
 As-sin'ni-boin' 
 Assisi (as-see'see) 
 As-sump'tionJSp. Asuncion, 
 
 a-soon-the-on') 
 Asswau, Assouan, or Assu- 
 
 an (as-wan') 
 Asterabad (as'tgR-a-bad') 
 Asti (jis'tee) 
 Astorga ( as-toR'ga) 
 As-to'ri-a 
 As-tra-€an', or Astrakhan 
 
 (Russ. pron. as-tra-Kau') 
 Asturias (jis-too're-as) 
 Atacama (a-ta-ka'ma) 
 Atchafalaya (atch-af-a-ll'a) 
 Atch-een', or Acheen." 
 At-fe' 
 
 Ath, or Aath (at) [ca 
 
 Ath''a-pes'c5w, or Ath'a-bas"- 
 Ath'eng 
 Ath-lone' 
 Ath'ol, or A/thol 
 Athy(a-thT/) 
 Atina ("a-tee/na) 
 AVlas , 
 
 Atooi. See Atuai. 
 Atri (a' tree) 
 Attigni (at'ten'ye') 
 At-tock', or Attock Benares 
 
 (at-tok' ben-a'rez) 
 Atuai (a-too-F). Syn. 
 
 Atauai. 
 Aube (6b) 
 
 Aubenas ( ob%a' orob'nas') 
 Aubusson (o-biis'soN') 
 Auch (osh) 
 Auchinlech (af'flek) 
 Aude (od) 
 Audenarde (o'den-aRd'). 
 
 Syn. Oudenarde. 
 Auerbach (ow'er-baK^) 
 Augs'burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 OWGS/boORG) 
 
 Augustine, St. (sent aw'gus- 
 
 teen') 
 Aurich (ow'riK) [yak') 
 
 Aurillac (o're'j'jik' or o'rel''- 
 Aurungabad (o-rung'ga- 
 
 bad') 
 Aus'ter-litz (-lits ; Ger. pron. 
 
 ows'ter-lits) 
 Aus'tral-a'si-a (-a'shi-a) 
 Aus-tra^lT-a 
 
 Aus'trT-a "(Ger. Oestreich, 
 " ost'rlKl 
 Au-tau'ga 
 
 Autiiii (6'tuN') [veRn') 
 
 Auvergne (o-vSrn' or o'- 
 Aux Cayes(o ka) 
 Auxerre (6'seR') 
 Auxonne (oks'on') or Aus- 
 
 sone (os'son') 
 Ava (a^va) 
 Avallon (a'val'lSN') 
 Aveiro (a-va'e-ro) 
 Avella (a-veFla) 
 Avellino (a-Tel-lee'no) 
 Avenches (a'voNsh') 
 Averno (a-veR'no) 
 Aversa (a-vcR'sa) 
 Avesnes (a' van') 
 Aveyron (a^va'roN') 
 Avezzano (a-vet-sa'no) 
 Avignon (a'ven'yoN') 
 Avila (a've-la) 
 Avlona (av-lo'na^ 
 Avon (a'vgn) 
 Avoyelles (av^oi-elz') 
 Avranches (a'vroNsh') 
 A-wats'ka, or A-vatch'ka 
 
 Axoom, Axoum, or Axum 
 
 (ak-soom') 
 Ayamonte (i^a-mon'ta) 
 Ayasoolook "(I/a-soo-Iook') ; 
 
 written also " Ayasalouk 
 
 and Ajasaluk. 
 Aylesbury (alz-'ber-y) 
 Ayr (ar) 
 
 Ayrshire (ar'shir) 
 Azerbaijan (az-er-bi-jan') 
 Az'of, Azoph, or Azov 
 Azores (a-zorz' or a-zo'rez) 
 
 (Port. Afores, a-s6'res) 
 
 B, 
 
 (bal'bek') 
 Ba^bel-man'del, or, more cor- 
 rectly, Bab'el-man'deb 
 Bacchiglione (bak-kel-yo'na) 
 Bacharach (baK'a-raK^) 
 Badajos (bad-a-hos') (Sp. 
 
 Badajoz, ba-Da-HothO 
 Badakhshan. See Budukhs- 
 
 han. 
 Baden (ba'den or bad'en) 
 Badenweiler (ba-den-wl'ler) 
 Ba«za, or Baepa (ba-a'tha) 
 Bagdad (bj^-dad' or bag'- 
 
 dad) ; written also Bagdat. 
 Bagnarea (bjin-ya-ra'a) 
 Bagneres de Bigorre (ban'- 
 
 yeR' deh be'goR') 
 Bagnols (biin'yol') 
 Ba-ha''ma§ 
 Bahia (ba-e'a) 
 Bahrein (bii-ran') 
 Bahr-el-Abiad (bah'r-el-a'- 
 
 be-ad') [rek') 
 
 Bahr-el-Azrek (bah'r-el-az''- 
 Baikal (bi'kiil/) 
 Bain ( biix ) 
 Baireuth (bT'rijth ; Ger. 
 
 pron. bl'roit) 
 Bairout. See Beyroot. 
 Baja (Italy and Moldavia) 
 
 (ba'yji) 
 Baja (Hungai'y) (boh/ySh') 
 BaFa-ghauts' 
 Bal-'R-klJi'va 
 Balaruc (ba'la'riik') 
 Balaton, more correctly Bila- 
 
 tony (bii'law-ton) 
 BaFbec, or Bal'bec' 
 Bale (bal). Syn. Basel. 
 BaVe-ar'ic (Islands) 
 Bal-fur-osh', or Bal-froosh'' 
 Balize (ba-leez^ 
 Balkan (bal-kan') 
 Balkh (biilk) ; ivritten also 
 
 Bulkh. 
 Ballina (bal'e-na') 
 Ballinasloe (baVli-na-slo') 
 Ball'stQii Spa (spa or spaw) 
 Bal'ly-shan'nQn 
 Bal-mor'al 
 BaVtic " 
 
 Bal'ti-more (or bawl'ti-mQi*) 
 Bap ting-glass' 
 Balzac (bal'zak) 
 Bam' berg ( Ger. pron. bam'- 
 
 beRG) 
 Bam-book/ ; vjritten also 
 
 Bambouk and Bambuk. 
 Banc'a 
 Banff " ( bamf ) ; sometimes 
 
 written Bamff. 
 Bangalore (bang'ga-lor') 
 Bang'kok' 
 
 Bangor (Eng.) (bang/ger) 
 Ban'gor (U. S.) 
 Ban'nQck-burn' 
 Ban' tarn' 
 
 Bapaume (ba'pom') 
 Bar'a-co'a 
 Barataria" (ba^ra-ta're-a) 
 
 Barbados, or Barbadoes (bar- 
 
 ba'dgz) 
 Bar'ba-ry 
 Barbour (bar'ber) 
 Barbuda (bar-boo'da) 
 Bar-ce-lo'na (or bar-tha 
 
 lo'ua) 
 Barege (ba'rSzh') 
 Bareilly (ba-ra'le) 
 Bari (ba're) 
 
 Barita (ba-ree'ta) or Barrita 
 Bar-Ie-duc (baR/leh-diik') 
 Barnaul (baR-nowl') 
 Bar'ne-gat' 
 Baroach (ba-rotch') 
 Baroda (ba-ro'da) 
 Bar're (in tivo syllables) 
 Barreges, or Barege (ba'- 
 
 rSzh') 
 Basel (ba'zel) (Fr. Bale, or 
 
 Basle, bai) 
 Basque (bask) [sora. 
 
 Basrah (bas'ra). Syn. Bas- 
 Bassano (bas-sa'no) 
 Basse-terre (bass't^R') 
 Bassora (bas'so-ra), or Bas'- 
 Bastia (bas-tee'a) [rah 
 
 Ba-ta'vi-a 
 
 Baton Rouge (bat'un roozh) 
 Battaglia, or La Battaglia (la 
 
 bat-taPya) 
 Bautzen (bowt'sen) 
 Ba-va'ri-a (Ger. Baiern, bi'- 
 
 ern) " [zeed') 
 
 Bayazeed, or Bayazid (bl'a- 
 Bayeux (ba'yuh') 
 Bayonne (ba'yon') 
 Bayou (bl'oo) 
 Bayreuth. See Baireuth. 
 Beam (ba'aR') 
 Beaucoup (bo-koop') 
 Beaufort (Bi-itish Dominions) 
 
 (bo'furt) 
 Beaufort (S. C.)(bu/furt) 
 Beau'ley (bo'le) 
 Beaumaris (bo-ma'ris) 
 Beaune (bon) 
 Beauvais (bo'va') 
 Beccles (bek'klz) 
 Bedouin, or Beduin (bed'oo- 
 
 in), or Bed'o-ween. 
 Befort (ba'foR'). Syn. Be- 
 
 fort. 
 Behring's (beer'-ingz) ( Strait) 
 Beira (ba'e-ra). Syn. Beyra. 
 Beiroot, or Beirout. See 
 
 Beyroot. 
 Beith(beeth) 
 Beja (ba'zha) 
 Be'ja-poor' 
 BePed-el-Jer-eed' ; written 
 
 also Beled-el-Jerid, Biled- 
 
 uI-Gerid, &c. 
 Belem (bel'eng) 
 Bel-fast' (Ireland) 
 Bel'tast (Maine) 
 Belfort (bel'foR'), or Befort 
 
 (ba'foR') 
 Belgium (bel'jT-um) 
 Belgrade' (Turk. Bil-grad') 
 Bellefontaine (France) Bel'- 
 
 foN'tan') 
 Bellefontaine (U.S.) (b61- 
 
 ton'ten) 
 Belle Isle, or Bellisle (bel-Tl') 
 Belloochistan (bel-loo'chis- 
 
 tan') 
 Belvidere (bel've-deer') 
 Belvoir (bee'ver) 
 Benares (ben-a'res) 
 Ben-coo'len 
 Bengal (ben-gawl') 
 Benguela (ben-ga'la) 
 Benin (ben-een') 
 Ben-Lo'mgnd 
 Ben-Ne'vis 
 Be-nowm' 
 Bensheim (bens'hlm) 
 
 do,wolf,too,td'ok ; firn,ri3e,pvill ;9,2:, soft; <:,,%, hard ; ag •, exist ; n asng ; this ; a,om,efe,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(.«eep.9I4 
 
918 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Bentheim(bent'h!iu) 
 
 RentiTogUo (ben-te-TSl'jo) 
 
 Beiur (bS-rar ) 
 
 Berat (ber-af) 
 
 Benisina, or BereziDa (b?r-ij- 
 ne'iii) [Berezow. 
 
 Ber-ei-off ' ; trritlfn also 
 
 Bergamo (b^B'ga-mo) 
 
 Bgrg'en (or beK'gjn) (Eu- 
 rope) 
 
 Bfig'v:n (U.S.) 
 
 j^=* Berg<?n, in Western 
 New York, is almost uni- 
 versallv pronounced ber'- 
 
 Bergvn-op-zooni (beBG^gn- 
 
 op-rom') 
 Bexgerac (beK-zhgh-rak'') 
 Bergues (beRG) [shir) 
 
 Bi-rk'shire (formerly bark'- 
 Br-r lin {Ger. pron. beR-leen') 
 Be«--mu'dag, or Ber-moo'- 
 
 thes 
 Bern, or Beme (7^. amf Ger. 
 
 pron. beEn or beRn) 
 Bemadotte (ber'na-dot') 
 Bertie (ber-tee') 
 Berwick (Eng.) (ber'rik) 
 Ber'wick(U. S.) 
 Berwickshire (ber'rik-shir) 
 Besanfon (b'z-oN'soN') 
 Bes-sa-ra'bT-a [or bes-a-ra'- 
 Beth4b/a-ra" [be-a) 
 
 BcT'el-and '^ (Dutch pron. 
 
 ba'vg-lant) 
 BeT'er-en 
 Bewdley (bud'le) 
 Bexar ( Sp. pron. bS-naR' : 
 often pron. by the Texans, 
 beh-har' or bar) 
 Beyra, or Beira (ba'e-ra) 
 Beyroot, Berut, or Bairout 
 (ba'root; Turk. pron. hV- 
 Bhafgong' [root) 
 
 Bhoo-tan'. Syn. Bootan. 
 Bhurfpoor', or Bhurt'pore' 
 Bialystok ( be-al'is-tok ) 
 Bida^soa ( be-Das-so^a ) 
 Bielefeld (h^e'leh-felt/) 
 Bilbao (bil-ba^'o : often writ- 
 ten and pronounced in 
 Eng., Bil'bo-a) 
 Biled-ul-Gerid " (bil'ed-cJbl- 
 jer-eed'). Syn. Beled-el- 
 Jereed. 
 Biller-ic-a 
 Bing'en 
 
 Bingham ton (bing^um-tun) 
 Bio-bio (bee'o-bee'o) 
 Birket-el-Keroon , or Keroun 
 
 (be~er'ket-el-ker-oon' ) 
 BTr'ma. Syn. Burma. 
 Birmingham (bTr^ming-um) 
 BiB'cay (Sp. Biscava, bis-ka'- 
 
 yS) 
 BisgagoB (ble-sa'goss) 
 Bistioean (bis'te-no') 
 Blanc, Mont (mo> bloN), or 
 
 Mount Blanc. 
 BiaQk'gn-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 blank'gn-bcKjRCJ 
 Bled'soe [b€RG) 
 
 Htei''berg ( Ger. pron. h\V- 
 Blcmheim (blen'im) (Ger. 
 
 Blindbeim, bllnt-'hTm) 
 IJloia (bloi, preferably blwa) 
 Bo^r 
 
 Bocage fbryliazh') 
 Boden .Seeibo'dgn 8a'). .Syn. 
 
 Lake Constance. 
 Boglio(b<>l'yo) 
 Bogota (bo-go-ta'). Syn. 
 
 &nta Fe de Bogota. 
 Bo-he'mT-a (Ger. Bohmen, or 
 
 Boehmen, bd^mgn) 
 Boiii-Je-lnic (bwa^-lgh-duk') 
 Boj-a-dor' ( Port. pron. bozh- 
 ardo&O 
 
 Bokhara (bo-Ka'ra), or Bu- 
 
 cha'rT-g 
 Bol'l)ec' [re-a) 
 
 Boliv'T-a (Sp.pron. bo-lee'- 
 Bologna"(bo-lon'ya) 
 Bolse'ua(bol-sa'na) 
 Bol'so-Tgr (/oca/ 7»ron. bou'- 
 
 zer) 
 Bolzano (bol-za'no) Syn. 
 
 Botzen. 
 Bomarsund (bo'mar-soond') 
 Bom-bJiy' 
 Bo-nair' (Sp. Buen Ayre, 
 
 bwen I'ra) 
 Bo'na-ven-tu'ra. Syn. Bu- 
 
 ena Ventura." 
 Bo'na Visaa, or Bo'.!, Tis'ta 
 Bo-ness' 
 
 Bonifaccio (bo-ne-fa'cho) 
 Bonita (bo-nee'ta) 
 Boom (bom) 
 
 Bootan (boo-tan'). or Bhoo- 
 tan. [pal. 
 
 Bo-paul' ; written also Bho- 
 Borcette (boR'sef) 
 Bordeaux (boR'do')^ or 
 
 Bourdeaux (booR'do') 
 Borene (bom) 
 
 Bor'ne-o [nou 
 
 Bor-noo' : tcritten also Bor- 
 Borodino (bor o-dee'no ; 
 
 Russ. pron. bor-o-de-no') 
 Bosh'u-un'as 
 Bosna-Serai (bos-na^ser-i')- 
 
 Syn. Serajevo. 
 Bos'nT-a (called Bos'n&by the 
 
 Turks) 
 Bos'po-rus : less correctly 
 
 u-ritten Bosphorus. 
 Bos'rah, or Boz^rah. Syn. 
 
 Bassora. 
 Botetourt (bofe-turt) 
 Both'nI-a 
 Botzen (bot'sen) 
 Bouches du Rhone (boosh du 
 ron). b'ON') 
 
 Bouillon (boo'yox' or bool'- 
 Boulogne (boo-lon' : ^'Fr. 
 
 pron. boo'lon') 
 Bourbon (boorHjun ; Fr. 
 
 pron. booR'boN') 
 Bourbon (Ky.) (b(5r/btfn)^ 
 Bourbon Vendee (booR''box' 
 
 vox' da') 
 Bourbonnes-les-Bains 
 (booR-bunMa-bSN') 
 Bourdeaux. See Bordeaux. 
 Bourg (booR) 
 Bourges (booRzh) 
 Bourgogne(booR'gon'). Syn. 
 
 Burgundy. 
 Bous=a(boo'sa). -Syn.Boosa. 
 Bowdoin (bo'den) 
 Bozzolo (bot'so-lo) [bant^) 
 Brabant (bra' bant or bra- 
 Bra ga (bra^ga) 
 Bra-gan'za 
 Brah'ma-poot^ra, or Bfir'- 
 
 ram-pbo't(:;r 
 BranMen-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 bran 'den-bcToRG/ ) 
 Braun-sberg (browns'beRG) 
 Bra-ziK (Port. pron. bra- 
 
 zeel') 
 Bra-zo'ri-a 
 
 Brazos (bfa'zQS or bra/soss) 
 Brazza (brafsa) 
 Bread-al'bane 
 Breathitt (breth'it) 
 Brechin (breK'in) 
 Brec'ijn 
 Breda (brS-da') 
 Bregentz (breg'ents) 
 Breisach (brl'zaK) (Fr. Bri- 
 
 sach, bre'zak') 
 Brem'en (or bra'mgn) (Eu- 
 rope) 
 Bre'mgn(n. 8.) 
 
 Brescia (bresh'e-a or bresh'a) 
 
 Breslau (br^s'law or bres'lou) 
 
 Bretagne (brgh-taS')- Syn. 
 Brittany. 
 
 Breton (brit'Hn) (Cape) 
 
 Brianfon (bre'6>-soN') 
 
 Bridlington; pronounced, and 
 usuaUy written, Bur'ling- 
 
 Brieg(breeG) [tgn. 
 
 Brienne (bre'en') 
 
 Brieuz (bre'ents'j 
 
 Brieux, or Brieuc (bre'uh') 
 
 Brighthelmstone : pron., and 
 now generally written, 
 Brighton (brl'tQn). 
 
 Brindisi (brin'de-see) 
 
 Brioude (bre^ood') 
 
 Brisach (bre'zak'). Syn. 
 Breisach. 
 
 Britain (brifun or brit'n) 
 
 Brifc/ta-ny (Fr. Bretagne, 
 breh-tan') 
 
 Brixham (briks'um) 
 
 Broek (brcTok) 
 
 Brom'berg ( Ger. pron. 
 brom'beRG) 
 
 Brum 'ley 
 
 Bromwich (brum'y) 
 
 Bron'do-lo 
 
 BrcTok'line 
 
 BrcTok/ljTi 
 
 Brough (brfif) 
 
 Briick (briik, almost brick) 
 
 Bruchsal (brdbk'sal) 
 
 Bru'ses (Fr. pron. brlizh) 
 
 BrUhl (briil) 
 
 Briinn (brQn or briin) 
 
 Brunj/wick (Ger. Braunsch- 
 weig, brown'shwiG ) 
 
 Brus'selg (Fr. Bruxelles, 
 brU'sel') 
 
 Brzesc, or Brzesc Litewski 
 (bzhests le-teT'ske) 
 
 Buchanan (bQk-an'an) 
 
 Bu-cha'ri-a. Syn. Bokhara. 
 
 Bu/ehg-rest', or Bucharest 
 
 Buckinghamshire (buk'ing- 
 um-shir) 
 
 Bu'da (Hung. pron. boo'- 
 doh' : Ger. O'fen) 
 
 Budukhshan (bud-tlK- 
 shan^); written aho Ba- 
 dakhshan. 
 
 Budweis (bood/wiss) 
 
 Buen Ayre (bwen Fra). Syn. 
 BonaiV. 
 
 Buenarentura (bwa'na-Tca- 
 too'ra) 
 
 Buena A'^ista (bwa'na Tis'ta) 
 
 Buenos Ayres (bo^nus a'liz ; 
 Sp. pron. bwa'uoss Fres) 
 
 Bug (boog) 
 
 Bujlth (bilth) 
 
 Bulgaria (bcTol-ga'ri-a) 
 
 Bulkh. Syn. Balkh." 
 
 Buncombe (bunk'um) 
 
 Bun'del-cund' 
 
 Bun'der Ab-as'see (or Abas- 
 si). Syn. Gombroon. 
 
 Buntzlau (bcJonts'lou) 
 
 Burd'wan 
 
 Burg ( Ger. pron. bcJbRG) 
 
 Burgk (b(JbRk) 
 
 Bui^os (booB'goss) 
 
 Bur'gun-dy (Fr. Bourgogne, 
 booR'gon') 
 
 Bur'iing-tQn. Syn. Bridling- 
 ton. 
 
 Bur/ram-poo'ter. Syn. Brah- 
 mapootra. 
 
 Bursa (boor'sa or brg'sa) 
 Burscheid (bobR'shlt ? Fr. 
 
 Borcette. boR'set') 
 Bury (ber'r5-) 
 Bushire (boo -sheer'')- Syn. 
 
 Abooshehr. 
 But^t^r-mere 
 
 Byzantium (bT-zan'shl-um) 
 
 Ca-bar'ras 
 
 Cab^gU " 
 
 Ca-bool' (called by the native* 
 
 Ka/bul) ; written also Ca- 
 
 boul, Cabul, and Caubul. 
 Cabrera (ka-bra'ra) 
 Cabulistan (ka-bool'is-tan'). 
 
 Syn. Afghanistan. 
 Caceres (ka'tha-r68) 
 Cachao (katch'a-o'). Syn. 
 
 Ketcho [Caxias. 
 
 Cachias (ka-shee'as). Syn. 
 Cachoeira (ka-sho-5'e-ra). 
 
 Syn. Caxoeira. 
 Ca'diz ( Sp. pron. ka/Deth) 
 Caen (kSs) 
 
 Caermarthen (ker-mar'then) 
 Caernarvon (ker-nar'vgn) 
 Caf-fra'ri-a 
 Cagliari (kal'ya-re) 
 Ca-haw'ba * [kar) 
 
 Cahir, or Caher (kah^her or 
 Ca-ho'kT-a 
 Cahoos, or Cahoes (ka-hoa'). 
 
 Syn. Cohoes. 
 Cahors (ka'oR') [cos. 
 
 Caicos (kT'kos). Syn. Cay- 
 Caidareta (kl-da-ra'ta) 
 Cairngorm (kam-gorm') 
 CaFro (Egypt) ; caUed by the 
 
 Arabs El Kahira (el kah'- 
 
 he-ra ) 
 Cai'ro"(U. S.) 
 
 Ca-la'brT-a ( or ka-la'bre-a) 
 Calahorral ka-la-oB'Ra) 
 Calais (kal'iss ; Fr. pron. 
 
 ka'la') 
 Calatayud (ka-l"a-ta-yooD') 
 Calatrava (ka-la-tra^Va. 
 Calcasieu (kal'ka-shi} or 
 
 kai^ka-shu ) 
 Csil-cuf'ta 
 Caldas da Rainha (kal'das 
 
 da ra-een'va) 
 CaFder 
 CaPe-do'ni-a 
 CaPi-cut 
 CaPi-for'nT-a 
 
 Callao (kal-lS'o or kal-ya'o) 
 Cal'la-poo'ya 
 Calne (kan)" 
 
 Caltagirone (ksQ-ta-je-ro^na i 
 Calrados (kal'va'dos') 
 Camanche (ka-man'chS ) 
 Cam-bay' 
 
 Cam-bo'di-a or Cam-bo^ 
 Cam'bray, or Cambrai (Fr. 
 
 pron. kJiM'bra') 
 Cam'brT-a 
 
 Cambridgie (kam'brij) 
 Caminha (ka-meen'ya) 
 Campagna (kam-pan'ya) 
 Campbell town (kam'gl-town/ 
 Campeachy (kam-pee'che ; 
 
 Mex. pron. kam-pa'cha) 
 Campo Basso (kam'po bas'- 
 
 so) 
 Can'a-da [re) 
 
 Canajoharie (kan'a-jo-h:lr'- 
 Canandaigua (kan'an-da'- 
 Can'a-nore' [g^a) 
 
 Can'a-ra 
 Canaries (ka-na'reez) (Sp. 
 
 Canarias, ka-na'r6-a>= ) 
 Can'a-sau'ga 
 Can'a-sto'ta" 
 Ca-naT'er-al 
 
 Can-da-har', or Kandahar 
 Can'df-a , or Crete 
 Cannes (kan) 
 Can'is-te'o 
 
 Cannouchee (kan-noo'che,^ 
 Ca-non'T-cut 
 Cantal(koN'ta') 
 Canterbury (kan'tgr-bgr-e) 
 
 Tig: 5,e,o,/<M prolonged : S,6,&c. ^^hort ; A,^,i,Q, obscure ; care,far,ask,aU,what; ere.veil .term: pique,firm: sAn.oti 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 919 
 
 Can-tIre', Cantyre, or Kin- 
 Can'ton (China) [tyre 
 
 Can/tQn(U. S.)_ 
 Cape Breton (kap brit't'n or 
 
 brit/Qn) 
 Cape Girardeau (je-rar-do') 
 Cape Haitien (ha'te-en) (Fr. 
 
 Cape Haitien, kap a'e'te- 
 Cape Pal/m<3S, [Sn') 
 
 Cape Verd Islands 
 Capitanata (ka-pe-ta-na'ta) 
 Capo d'lstria (ka/po dis'- 
 
 tre-a) 
 Capri (ka'pree) 
 Cap'u-a ( It. jtron. ka'poo-a) 
 Caqueta (ka-ka'ta) 
 Ca-rac'as, or Caraccas (Sp. 
 
 "pron. ka-ra'kas) 
 Caraman (kar'a-man') 
 Caramania (k5r/a-ma'ne-a) 
 Carcassonne (kaR/kas'son^) 
 Cardenas (kaRMa'nas) 
 Cardiff, or Caerdiff { kar'dif) 
 Cardiganshire (kar'di-gan- 
 
 shir) 
 Cardona (kar-do^na) 
 Cariaco (ka-re-a'ko) 
 CSr'ib-be'an Sea 
 Car/ib-bee~Islands 
 Ca-rin'thi-a 
 Carlisle (kaVlilO 
 Carlo witz, or Karlowitz (kar'- 
 
 lo-vits) 
 Carls'bad, or Karlsbad ( Ger. 
 
 pron. kaRls'bat) 
 Carlscrona (karls-kroo'na), 
 
 or Carlscroon 
 €arlsruhe, or Karlsruhe 
 
 (karls^roo) 
 Carmagnola (kar-man-yo'la/ 
 Car-nat'ic 
 Car'ni-o'lJi (German Krain, 
 
 krln) 
 Carolina (kSr'o-lT'na) 
 Carpathian (kar-pa.'l;hi-an) 
 Car'pen-tfi'rl-a 
 Carpentras (kaa'poN'tras') 
 -Carrara (kaR-Ra^ra) 
 Car' rick on Suir(sh}}r) 
 Car'rick-fer'gus 
 Carshalton (kas-haw'tQn) 
 Cartagena (kar'ta-je'na ; Sp. 
 
 pron. kaR-ta-Ha'na)" 
 IJartago (kaR-ta'go) 
 ^ar'ter-et 
 Oasal Maggiore (ka-saF mad- 
 
 jo/ra) 
 Casale (ka-sa'la) 
 Cas'bin, or Kaz'bin \Pers. 
 
 pron. kas-been', ivhence 
 
 the name is sometimes 
 
 written Casbeen) 
 Caserta, or Caserta Nuova 
 
 (ka-seR'ta noo-o'va) 
 Cash-gar'. Syn. Kashgar. 
 Cashmere, or Kashmire 
 
 (kash-meer') 
 Cas'pi-an 
 Cas'sel" 
 
 Cassiquiari (ka-se-ke-a'ree^ 
 Castelnaudary (kas'tel'no'- 
 
 da're') 
 Caetel Vetrano (kas-tel'va- 
 
 tra'no) 
 Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'na) 
 Castile (kas-teel') (Sp. Castil- 
 
 ia, kas-teel'ya) 
 Castine (kas-teen') 
 Castlebar (kas-sel-bar') 
 Castres (kast'r)" 
 Castro Giovanni (kas'tro jo- 
 
 van/ne) 
 Catabamba (ka-ta-bam'ba) 
 Catahoula, or Cafa-hoo'la 
 Cat'a-lo'ni-a (Sp 'Cataluna, 
 
 ka-ta-loon'ya) 
 Catania (ka-ta'ne-a) 
 Catanzaro (ka-tan-za/ro) 
 
 Cateau Cambresis (ka'to' 
 
 koN'bra'ze') 
 Cat'e-gat, or Kattegat 
 Catmando, Katmandou, or 
 
 Khatmandu (kat-man'doo) 
 Catorce (ka-toR'sS) 
 Cat'ta-rau'gus 
 Cattaro (kat-ta'ro) [bool. 
 Caubul(kaw-bool''). Syn.Qa,- 
 Cau'ca-sus 
 Caune's, Les (la kon) 
 Cava (ka'va) 
 Cavan (Ireland) (kav'an) 
 Cavan (France) (ka'voN') 
 Cavery, or Cauvery (kavr'- 
 Cawn-pore' [ver-e) 
 
 Cax'a-mar'ca ( Sp. pron. kah- 
 
 Ha-maR'ka) [as) 
 
 Caxias, or Cachias ( ka-shee'- 
 Caxoeira, or Cachoeira (ka- 
 
 sho-a'e-ra) 
 Cayenne (kl-en') 
 Cayes (ka). .S'y'i. AuxCayes. 
 Cayuga (ka-joo'ga) 
 Caz'en-o'vi-a 
 Ceara.. <See"Ciara. 
 Cebu (se-boo'). Syn. Zebu. 
 Cecil (sis'il) 
 Cefalu (chef-a-looO 
 Celebes (sel'e-biz) 
 Celle, or Zelle(tseiaeh) 
 Cen'is (or se'ne') 
 Ceph'a-Io'ni-a {It. pron. 
 
 chef-a-lon''e-a ; Modern 
 
 Greek, kef-a-lo-nee'a) 
 Ce-ram' [Port. pron. ser- 
 
 rowN') 
 Cerigo (cher'e-go) 
 Cervera (seR-va'ra) 
 Cervia (cheR've-ii) 
 Cesena (cha-sa'na) 
 Ceuta (sli'ta ; Sp. pron. tha'- 
 
 oo-ta) 
 Cevennes (sa'ven') 
 Ceylon (see'lQn or si-lon') 
 Chagres (cha'gres) 
 Chaleur (sha-loor') 
 Chalons sur Marne (sha'- 
 
 Ion'-sU R-maRn ) 
 Chalons- sur -Saone (sha'- 
 
 ISn'-sUr-sou) 
 Chambery (shoN'ba'ree') 
 Chamouny (sha'moo-ne') 
 Champagne (shoN'pan') 
 Champaigne (sham-pan') 
 Cham-plain' 
 
 Chandeleur (shan-de-loor') 
 Chan'dgr-na-gore' 
 Chang-hai.~ Syn. Shang- 
 hai {improperly written 
 
 Shanghae). 
 Chantilly (shaN-til'lee ; Fr. 
 
 pron. shoN'tul'ye' or 
 
 shQN'te'ye') 
 Chapala (cha-pa'la) 
 Chapultepec (cha-pool-ta- 
 
 pek') 
 Charcas (chaR'kas) 
 Charente (sha'roNt') 
 Charente Inferieur (sha'- 
 
 roNt' SN'fS're-uR') 
 ChSr'i-ton 
 Charkow (kaR-kof ). Syn. 
 
 Kharkof. 
 Charlevoix (shar'le-voi') 
 Chartres (shaRt'r)" 
 Chatauque. See Chautau- 
 qua. [6n') 
 Chalteaubriant (sha'to'bre- 
 Chateaugay (shat'5-ga.y') 
 Chateaudun (sha'to'duN') 
 Chateau-Gonthier (sha'to'- 
 
 goN'te-a') 
 Chateauroux (sha't5'roo') 
 ChateUerault (sha'tel'ro') 
 Chat'ham 
 Chat'ta-hoo'che 
 Chat'ta-noo'ga 
 
 Chat-too'ga 
 Chaudiere'(8ho'de-gR') 
 Chaumont (France) (sho'- 
 
 moN') 
 Chaumont (N. Y.) (sho'mo') 
 Chautauqua (sha-taw'kwa) ; 
 
 formerly written Chau- 
 
 tauque. 
 Chazy (sha-ze') 
 Chebucto (she-buk'to) 
 Chelmsford (chemz'furd) 
 Cheltenham (chelt'num) 
 Chemnitz (Kem'nits) 
 Chemung (she-mQng') 
 Chenango (she-nang'go) 
 Chepstow (chep'sto) 
 Cher (sheR) 
 Che-raw' 
 Cherburg (sher'buig or 
 
 sheR'booR') 
 Cher'o-kee' 
 Cherso (keR'so) 
 Chertsey (ches'se) 
 Ches'a-peake 
 Che-sun'cdbk 
 Chetimaches (chet'tl-match'- 
 
 iz or shet'mash') 
 Cheviot (chiv'e-ut) 
 Cheyenne (she-en') 
 Chiapa (cbe-a'pii) 
 Chiari (ke-ii're) 
 Chiavari (ke-a'va-re) 
 Chiavenna (ke-a-ven'na) 
 Chicago (she-kaw'go) 
 Chichester (chitch'es-ter) 
 Chick'a-hom']-ny 
 Chick'.a-mau'ga 
 Chick'a-pee' 
 Chick'a-sawg 
 Chicot"(shee'ko) 
 Chiem See (Keem sa) [en') 
 Chienne, or Cheyenne (she- 
 Chieti (ke-a'te) 
 Chihuahua (che-wa'wa) 
 Chili (chil'le) (Spanish Chile, 
 
 chee'ia) 
 Chil'li-coth'e 
 Chillon (she'yoN' or shil'- 
 
 Ign) (Switzerland) 
 Chiloe (che-lo-a', almost 
 
 chil-way') 
 Chimborazo (chim'bo-ra'zo ; 
 
 Sp. pron cheem-bo-ra'- 
 Chi'na [tho) 
 
 Chinchilla (chin-cheel'ya) 
 Chin In'dT-.a 
 Chios (ki'os') 
 Chippenham (chip'num) 
 Chippewa (chip'pe-wa) 
 Chip'pe-way 
 Chiquitos (che-kee'tSs) 
 Chiriqui (che-re-kee') 
 C his wick (chiz'ik) 
 Chit'a-gong 
 Choc'taw 
 
 Cholula (cho-loola) 
 Chowan (cho-wan') 
 Chris'ti-an'a 
 
 Christiania (kris-te-a'ne-a) 
 Christiansand (kris'te-an- 
 
 sand') 
 Christianstadt (kris'te-an- 
 
 stat) (Sw. Christianstad, 
 
 kris'te-an-stad') 
 Chrudim ^Kroo'dim ) 
 Chudleigh (chUd'lee) . 
 Chum'bul 
 Chup'rah 
 
 Chuquisaca (choo-ke-sa'ka) 
 Chur(KooR). -S^n. Coire. 
 Ciara (se-a'ra) ; written also 
 
 Ceara and Seara. 
 Cienfuegos (se-en'fwa'g5g) 
 Cimaron (se-ma-ron') 
 Cinaloa fsin-a-lo'a) 
 Cincinnati (sin'sin-nah^ti) 
 m^^ Often improperly 
 
 pronounced as if written 
 
 Cincinnatah, or Cincin- 
 
 natOh. 
 Cinque Ports (sink ports) 
 Cin'tra (or seen'tra) 
 Cir-cafs' (Northern) 
 Circassia (ser-kash'I-a) 
 Cl'ren-ces'ter (commonly 
 
 pron. sis'e-ter or sis'is-ter) 
 Cittadella (chft-tii-del'la) 
 Ciudad Real (Spain) (the-oo- 
 
 DaD' ra-al') 
 Ciudad Real (Mexico) (se-oo- 
 
 dad' ra-al') 
 Ciudad Rodrigo ( the-oo-Dai>' 
 
 roD-ree'go) 
 Civita Yecchia (chee've-ta 
 
 vek'ke-a) 
 Clac-man'nan 
 Clagenfurth" or KlagenfurtU 
 
 (kla'gen-fcTort') 
 Clamecy"(klam'se') 
 Clausthal, or Klausthal 
 
 (klows'tal) 
 Clermont (Fr.) (kleR'mSN') 
 Clermont (U.S. )(kler-monf) 
 Clermont Ferrand (kleR'- 
 
 nioN' fa'rox') 
 Cleves (kleevz) (Ger. Kleve, 
 
 kla'veh ; Fr. Cleves, klav, 
 
 almost klev) 
 CUtheroe (klitb'er-6) 
 Clogher (kloh'Hcr) 
 Cloghnakilty (kloH'na-kil'' 
 
 te), 0/- Clon'a-kil'ty " 
 Clon-mell' '^ . 
 Co'a-ho'ma 
 
 Coahuila. "See Cohahuila. 
 Coango (ko-ang'go) 
 Coblentz (kob'lents) (Ger. 
 
 Coblenz, ko'blents ; Fr. 
 
 Coblence, ko'bloNSs') 
 Cobu (ko-boo') 
 Co'burg ( Ger. pron. ko^- 
 
 bdoRG) [ba) 
 
 Cochabamba (ko-cha-bam'- 
 Cochin (ko-cheen') 
 Co'chin Chi'na 
 Codogno (ko-d'bn'yo) 
 Co-do'rus 
 
 Coeslin. See Coslin. 
 Coevorden (koo'vor-den) 
 Coeymans (kwee'manz) 
 Cognac (kon-yiik')'' 
 Cohahuila, or Coahuila (ko- 
 
 a-wee'la) 
 Cohoes, or Cahoos (ko-hoz') 
 Coim-ba-toor', or Coim-ba- 
 
 tor' 
 Co-im'bra (or ko-eem'bra) 
 Coire (kwaR) (Ger. Chur, 
 
 kooR) 
 Col'ches-ter 
 Coleraine (kol-ran') 
 Colima (ko-lee'ma) 
 Colne (koln) 
 Colnebrook (kon'brcJbk) 
 Cologne (ko-lon' ; Fr. pron. 
 
 ko'lon') (Ger. Koln) 
 Colombia (ko-lom'be-a) 
 Co-lom'bo, or Co-lum'bo 
 Col'on-sa, or Col'on-say' 
 Colorado (kol'o-rah'do) 
 Co-lum'bi-a 
 Co-mac' 
 Co-man'che (Sp. pron. ko- 
 
 man'cha), or Ca-man'che 
 Comayagua (ko-nii-a'gwji) 
 Com'ba-hee' 
 
 Comines (ko'meen'), or Corn- 
 mines (kom'meen') 
 Com'o-rin 
 
 Co'morn, or Komorn 
 Com'o-ro 
 
 Compiegne (koM'pe-an') 
 Com'po-stel'la (Sp. Compo- 
 
 stela, kom-po-sta'lji) 
 Concan (kong'kun) 
 Conception (kon-sep'shun) 
 
 4Q,w9lf,t(»p,tcrok ; flrn, rije, pull ; f ,§. "''ft- €,g, Aarrf;ag;e5ist ; n as ng ; this ; a,b,u,et',T,n,s,\v,B,D,G,H.K.N,R,r (see p 914^ 
 
i)20 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 \Sp. Ooncepcion, kon-thep- 
 
 the-6n') 
 Oon'ohas (rA as in child) 
 Ooucord (koQk'urd) 
 Cou-oor'd!-a 
 
 Oonde (kon-'de or koN'da') 
 Oonecocheague (kon'e-ko- 
 
 Conecuh (kivneo'kg) 
 
 Couomauffh (kou'e-maw) 
 
 Con'es-to'g3 
 
 Co-n«ysus 
 
 Conparee (kong'ga-ree') 
 
 Congo (kong'gof 
 
 i'onnaught (kon'uawt) 
 
 Ooiinectiout (kyn-net/i-kut) 
 
 Con stance (Get. Constanz, 
 
 kon stunts) [na) 
 
 Constantina (kon-stSn-te'- 
 Oou-stan'ti-no'pl« 
 Coutn^ras (kon-tra'ras) 
 Cooch Baliar (bS-har') 
 Coo-mas'sie 
 Coos(ko-os') 
 Coo'saw -hatch 'ie 
 Oo'p^n-ha'gen (Danish Ego- 
 
 benhaTn, kyo-ben-hown' ) 
 Co/pT-a-po' 
 
 Coquimbo (ko-keem/bo) 
 Corbach (koR'baK) 
 Corbeau (kor-bo') 
 Corbeil (kor'bal' or koT'- 
 
 ba'y") [Corfu. 
 
 Corcyra (kor-sT'ra). Syn. 
 Cor-dil'lcr-as( ^iJ-proM. koR- 
 
 dol-ya"ras) 
 Cor'do-va, o/- Cordoba 
 Co-re'a 
 Corfu " (kor-foo/ or kor'fu; 
 
 Modern G-reek pron. kor- 
 Cor'inth [fee') 
 
 Cor/o-man'dt'l 
 Corpus Chris' ti (kor'pus 
 
 kris'te) 
 Correze (koR'RSz') 
 Corrientes (koR-Re-en'tes) 
 Cor'sT-ca (Fr. Corse, koRs) 
 Corte (koR'ta) 
 Cortona (koR-to'na) 
 Co-run'na (Sp. Coruna, ko- 
 
 roon'fa) 
 Cosenza (ko-sen'za) 
 Co-shoc'ton 
 Coshn, CoesUn, or Kbslin 
 
 (kds-leen') 
 Cosne (kou) 
 Cosseir (kos-sar') 
 Cos-sim'ba-zar' 
 Costa Rica ( kos'ta reeTia) 
 Cote d"Or (kot doR) 
 Cotes du Nord (kot dii noR) 
 Cotignola (ko-ten-yo'la) 
 Cotopaxi (ko-to-paks'e ; Sp. 
 
 pron. ko-to-pah'He) 
 Cottbus, or Kottbus (kotf- 
 
 boos) 
 Courland(koor/land). Syn. 
 
 Kurland. 
 Courtray, or Courtrai 
 
 (kooR^tra') (Flem. Kort- 
 
 ryk, kort'rik) 
 Coutauces (koo'toNss') 
 (^oventrj- (kuv'gn-tre) 
 < "oVing-tgn 
 Cowes (kowz) 
 
 Cracow (kra'ko) (Polish Kra- 
 kow, kra/koof) 
 Crecy (kres/se ; Fr. pron. 
 
 krS'se') ; often written 
 
 Cressy by the English. 
 Crefeld (kra'fglt) 
 Crema (kra'ma) 
 Cremnitz (krem'nits). Syn. 
 
 Kremnitz. 
 t're-mo'na {It. pron. kra- 
 
 mo'na) 
 Cres/sy. See Cr6cy. 
 Crete. Syn. Candia. 
 
 »,e.&c., long; u, a, t>. less prolonged; ii,fi,8i,c., short; a, ^,i,Q, obscure; care,far,a8k, all, what; 6re,veil,tr'rm: p"que,fTnn: R6n,6r, 
 
 Creuse (krrz) 
 
 Creutznach (kroits'niiii.) 
 
 Syn. Kreutznach. 
 Orl-nie'a (Kuss. Krim.) 
 Croatia '(kro-a'shi -a) 
 Croi x , St . ( kroi ) . Syn . Santa 
 
 Cruz. 
 Crom'ar-ty 
 Croustadt (kron'stiit) 
 Csaba(ch5b'5h') , 
 CsongrAd (chon-grSd') 
 Cu'bii ( Sp. pron. koo'ba) 
 Cuban (koo-ban'). Syn. Koo- 
 
 ban. 
 Cud'd.i-lore' 
 Cuenca (kwcn'kii) : foDiierly 
 
 ivritteti and pron, Cuenfa 
 
 (kwen'sii). 
 Culhuacan (kool-wa-kau')- 
 
 Syn. Paleuqiie. 
 Culiacan (koo-le-a-kiin') 
 Cul-lo'don 
 Culm (kSblui ) 
 Cul'pep-per 
 Cul-ross' (or koo'ros) 
 Cumana (koo-mji-na,/) 
 Cumania, or Rumania (ku- 
 
 ma'ne-a) (Hung. Kun-s4g, 
 
 koon-shagO 
 Curafoa (ku'ra-so') 
 Curaray (koo-ra-rl') 
 Curische-Haff (koo'rish-eh- 
 
 haff ' ) . Syn . Kurische- 
 
 Haff. 
 Cur'ri-tuck/ 
 Curzola (koord-zo'la) 
 Custrin, or Kjjstrin (kus- 
 
 treen' ) 
 Cut-tack' [fen) 
 
 Cux-ha'ven (or kd'oks-ha'- 
 Cuyaba (koo-ya'bji) 
 Cuyahoga (ki'a-ho'ga) 
 Cuzco (koos'ko) 
 Cyc'la-deg 
 Cythera (si-thee'ra). Sy7i. 
 
 Cei-igo. 
 Czaslau (chas'lou) 
 Czernigow (cher'ne-gof). 
 Czernowitz (cher'no-vits) ; 
 
 9?iore correctly Czemowice, 
 
 cheR'no-vet'soh). 
 Czirknicz, or Zirknitz 
 
 (tseeRk'nits) 
 
 D. 
 
 Daghestan (da'ges-tan') 
 
 Dahl (dal) 
 
 Dahomey (dah'ho-ma') 
 
 Da-ko'tah. Syn. Sioux. 
 
 Dalecarfia (da-ie-kaR'le-a) 
 
 Dalhousie (dal-hoo'zT) 
 
 Dalkeith (dSl-keeth') 
 
 Dalles (dSlz) 
 
 Dalmatia (dal-ma'shi-a) 
 
 Dalton (dawl'tQn) 
 
 Dam'a-rio-cot'ta 
 
 Dambea. See Dembea. 
 
 Dam'i-et't<2 (Arab. Damiat, 
 da-me-at') 
 
 Dan'ne-mo'ra 
 
 Dant'zic (dant'sik) (Ger. Dan- 
 zig, diiut/siG) [now.) 
 
 Dan'ube (Ger. Donau, do'- 
 
 Dardanelles (dar'da-nelz') 
 
 Dar'foor'; written cd$o Dar- 
 fur atid. Darfour. 
 
 Darien (Ga.) (da're-on) 
 
 Darien, Isthmus of (da-re- 
 &n') 
 
 Darmstadt (daRm'stat) 
 
 Dartmouth (dart'muth) 
 
 Dar'war' 
 
 Dauphin6 (do'fe'na'). Syn. 
 Dauphiny. 
 
 Daviess (da'vis) 
 
 Debreczin, or Debretzin (da- 
 
 bret'sin) 
 De-cii'tur 
 
 Dec'c.an, or Dek'kan 
 Del'a'go'.a 
 
 Del awarel del'a- war ) 
 Delft (every letter^ should be 
 
 pronounced) 
 Delgada (del-ga'da) 
 Delhi, or Dehli (Ilindostan) 
 
 (del'lee) 
 Delhi (U. S.) (del'hi) 
 Del'vi-no 
 
 Dem'be-a (or dem-bee'a). 
 Demerara ( dem'gr-a'ra ) 
 Denbighshire (den'be-shir) 
 Den'der-ah 
 Dendermonde (den'dgr- 
 
 mon'deh), or Dendermond 
 
 (den'dor-mSnt') 
 Dennis, St. (sent den'is or 
 
 den'ee) (Fr. Saint Denis, 
 
 SilN d'nee) 
 Depeyster (de-pTs'ter) 
 Deptford (det'furd)" 
 Der-bend' 
 Der'by (or dar'bT) 
 
 ^W^ The latter pronun- 
 ciation was formerly uni- 
 versal. 
 Derbyshire (der'be-shir) 
 Derne (dor'ne ordCr'neh) 
 Derr (deR) 
 De Ruyter (de rl'ter) 
 Desaguadero (dSs'a'gwa-Da'- 
 Des'e-fi'da [ro) 
 
 Des'rr-et' 
 Do-sha' 
 
 Des Moines (de moin) 
 Despoblado (des-po-bla'DO) 
 De So'to 
 
 Des'sau ( Ge.r. pron. des'sow) 
 Det'mold ( Ger. pron. def- 
 De-troit' [molt) 
 
 Dettingen (det'ting-en) 
 Deutz (doits) 
 Deux-ponts (duh'poN') (Ger. 
 
 Zweibrlicken, tswl-briik'- 
 Deva (da'va) [ken) 
 
 Dev'en-ter, or Dewenter (da'- 
 
 ven-ter) 
 Devises"(de-vi'ziz) 
 Devonshire (dev'on-shir) [re) 
 Dhawalaghiri ( dji-wol'a-ger'- 
 Di-ar'bekr, orDiarbekir (dee- 
 
 ar'be-keer') 
 Die, or Diez, Saint (sSn de-H') 
 Diepholz (deep'hdlts) 
 Dieppe (dyep or de-ep') 
 Diest(deest) 
 Digne (deeri) 
 Dijon (de'zhoN') 
 Dil'ling-en 
 Dinan (de'noN') 
 Dinant (de'nox' or de-nant') 
 Din-wid'die 
 Dixmude (dix'miid') (Flem. 
 
 Dixmuyden, dix-moi'dgn) 
 Dizier, Saint (sSx-de'ze-a') 
 Djid'da. Syn. Jidda. 
 Djoliba ( jol'e-ba ). Syn.Jol- 
 
 iba. 
 Dnieper (nee'per; Russ. 
 
 pron. dnyep'er) 
 Dniester (nees'tor ; Russ. 
 
 pron. dnyes'ter) 
 Doab, or Dooab (doo'ab') 
 Do'fra-fT-eid'. Syn. Dovre- 
 Dole (dol) [field. 
 
 Dolgelly (dol-geth'le) 
 Domingo (do-ming'go) 
 Dominica (dom'e-nee'ka ; 
 
 Fr. Dominique, dom-e- 
 
 neek') 
 Donaghadee ( don'a-na-dee' ) 
 Donc'as-ter 
 Donegal (don-e-gawl') 
 Dongola (dong'go-la) 
 
 Dor'chgs-tgr 
 
 Dor-dogne (dor'don' ; Fr. 
 
 pron. doR'doii') 
 Dordrecht (dort'reKt), or 
 
 Dort 
 Dornoch (dor'noK) 
 Dorpat (doR'pat), or Dbrpt 
 Dorsetshire (dor 'set-shir) 
 Douai, or Douay (doo'S'); 
 
 sometimes written Do way. 
 Doubs (doobz or doo) 
 Douglas (dug'lgs) 
 Douro (doo'ro) (Sp. Duero, 
 
 dwa'ro) 
 Do'ver 
 Do'vfe -field' (Norw. Daavre- 
 
 fleld, do'vre-fyeld') 
 Dowlatabad (dow'la-ta-bad'j 
 Down-pat'rick 
 Draguignan (dra'gen'yoN') 
 Drave (drav) (Ger. Drau, 
 
 drow ; Slavonian Drava, 
 
 dra'vji) 
 Drenthe (dren'teh) 
 Dreux(druh) [no) 
 
 Drin (dreen), or Drino (dree'- 
 Drogheda (droh'HC-da) 
 Di'ohobicz (dro'ho-bitch), or 
 
 Dro'ho-vitsch' 
 Droitwich (droit'itch) 
 Dro'more, or Dro-more' 
 Drontheini (dront'im) (Nor- 
 wegian Trondjem, trond'- 
 Druses (droo'zez) [yem) 
 
 Duanesburg (du-anz'burg) 
 Dub'lin 
 
 Dubno (doob'no) 
 Dn-bois' 
 
 Dubuque (du-bobk') 
 Duero (doo-a'ro or dwa'ro). 
 
 Syn. Douro. 
 Du'is-burg (or doo'is- 
 
 bcJoRG') 
 Duiveland (doi've-lant) 
 Dulce, Rio (ree'o dool'sa or 
 
 dool'tha) 
 Dulcigno (dool-cheen'j'o) 
 Dulwich (dul'ij) 
 Dumbartonshire (dum-bar' 
 
 ton-shir) 
 Dum-blane' 
 Dumfries (dum-freess') 
 Dun-bar' 
 
 Dundalk (dun-dawk') 
 Dun-dass' 
 Dun-dee' 
 
 Dunfermline (dum-fer'lin) 
 Dun-gan'non 
 Dun-gar'von 
 Dungeness (dun-jc-ness') 
 Dunkeld(dun-kel') 
 Dun'kirk (Fr. Dunkerque. 
 
 duN'keRk') 
 Dun-sin'nane 
 Dunwich (dun'itch) 
 Du'plin 
 
 Duquesne (du-kan') 
 Durance (du'roNSs') 
 Durango (doo-rang'go) 
 Durazzo (doo-rat'so), or Du- 
 
 ras (doo-i'ils') 
 Durham (diir'um) 
 Durlach(d(roR'laK) 
 Dus'seldorf (Ger. DUssel- 
 
 dorf, diis'sol-doRf) 
 Duval (du-vol') • 
 
 Duyveiand (doi've-lant) 
 DwT'na 
 Dyle, or Dyl (dll) 
 
 E, 
 
 Earn, Loch (loK 6rn) 
 Ebora. See Evora. 
 E'bro ( Sp. pron. a'bro) 
 Eccloo (ek-kl6') 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 921 
 
 Schelies. Les ( l-iz a- sh&l' ) 
 Ecya (a'the-HJi) 
 Eckmiihl (efc-mulO 
 Ecuador ek-wa-doR') 
 Ed'ftwy ; written also Edfou 
 
 and Edfu. 
 E-di/na 
 Edinburgh (ed'iu-bur-ruh) ; 
 
 icritten also, but less prop- 
 erly Edinboro' and Edin- 
 
 borough. 
 Ed'is-to 
 
 Eg'ri-po. Syn. Negropont. 
 Egypt (e'jipt) 
 Ehrenbreitstein (a'ren-brit- 
 
 stln) [stet) 
 
 Eichstadt, or Aichstadt (Ik'- 
 Eilenburg (I'leu-bobBG/) 
 Eiuibeck (Ini'bSk) 
 Eiuieo (I'me-o) 
 Eisenach. (Fzen-iiK) 
 Eisenstadt (I'zen-staf) 
 Eisleben (is'la-ben) 
 Ekatarinburg (a-ka'ta-reen- 
 
 boorgO 
 Ekatarinoslaf , or Ekatarino- 
 
 8laT (a-ka'ta-reen'o-slaf). 
 
 See Tekatarinoslav. 
 Elatma (S-lat/ma), or Yelat- 
 
 ma (ya-lat/ma) 
 Elbe (elb ; Ger. pron. el'beh) 
 El'ber-feld ( Ger. pron. el'ber- 
 
 felV) 
 Elbeuf(el'brP) 
 El-boorz', or El-brooz': icrit- 
 ten also Elburz and El- 
 
 brouz. 
 Elche (eFcha) 
 El'e-phan'ta 
 EF gin-shire" 
 Elizabetgrad (a-liz'^a-bet- 
 
 grad'), or Telisavetgrad 
 El-ml'nj 
 El Paso del Norte (el pa'so 
 
 del noR'ta) 
 EVsi-nore', or Elsineur {eV- 
 
 se-nur') (Dan. Hel-sing- 
 
 o^er) 
 Embden (em'den) 
 Em'brun (or ox'brux') 
 Em'e-sa. Syn. Horns. 
 Emmench (em'mer-iK), or 
 
 Emrich (em'riK) 
 Ems (ems) 
 Engiiien ( 6y^ge-6y' ) 
 England (ing'ghind) 
 Engoor, or Engour (en-goorO 
 
 and Enguri (en-goo/ree). 
 
 Syn. Angora. 
 Enikale (en-e-ka'la). Syn. 
 
 Yenicale. 
 Enisei. See Yenisei. 
 Enkhuizen (enk-hoi'zen) 
 En'nL?-cor'thy 
 En'nis-killen 
 Entre Douro e >linho (en'tra 
 
 doo''ro a meen^yo) 
 Entre Rios (en'traree'os) 
 Eperies (a-per'e-ea; Hung. 
 
 pron. a-per^e-esh) 
 Epemay (a'per'na') 
 Erbach (eR'biiK) 
 Erfurt (eR'fubRt) 
 Er'gree Kas'tree. Syn. Ar- 
 
 ivro Kastro. 
 Erieht (er'iKt) 
 Erie (e'ree) 
 E'rin. Syn. Ireland. 
 Erivan (er-e-vanO 
 Erlangen (eR'lang-en) 
 Erlau |eR'lou)(Hung. Eg^er) 
 Erne. Lough (loH em) 
 Erz-room' : icritten also 
 
 Ardsroom, Erzeroum, and 
 
 Erzrum. 
 Erzgebirge (eRts'ga-beer'ga) 
 Escurial (es-koo-re-aP) 
 Eski Shehr (gs'kee shahT) 
 
 Esneh (es'ngh'), <w Esne 
 
 (gs'nao 
 Esquimaux (es'ke-mo) 
 Essequibo (es-sS-ke'bo) 
 Es Sioot, or Es Siout (es see- 
 
 oot'). Syn. Sioot. 
 Este (es'ta) 
 Es-tho/ni-a 
 Estremadura (es-tra-ma- 
 
 Doo^ra) 
 Estremoz (es-trS-mozO 
 Eszek (es^sek) 
 Etampes (u'toNp') 
 Etieune. Saint (sJNt et'e-en') 
 Et^na, or ^t'na 
 Et'o-wah 
 
 Etsch(etch.) 5yn. Adige. 
 Eu(uh) [na'o') 
 
 Eupen (oi'pen) (Fr._ Neau, 
 Euphrates (yfl-fira'tez) 
 
 (Turk. Frat) 
 Eure (yoor oruR) 
 Europe (u'rup) 
 Eutin (oi-teenO [Sea. 
 
 Euxine (yijx'in). Syn. Black 
 Eyesham (eevz'hum or eevz'- 
 
 vim) 
 ET'o-ra: icritten also Ebora. 
 Evreux (ev'ruh') 
 Eylau (Flou) 
 
 F. 
 
 Faenza (fa-en^za') 
 
 Faeroe (Ira'ro or ta'to). Syn. 
 
 Faroe. 
 Fahlim (Ja'loon) 
 Faioom, or Faioum ( fi-oom' ) 
 Falaise(liaaaz') 
 Falkirk (fawPkirk) 
 Falkland (fawk'land) 
 Falmouth (fal/mnth) 
 Falster (fill'sier or Master) 
 Falun, or Fahfun (fa'loon) 
 Fano (ta'no) 
 Faro(fa'ro) 
 Faroe (ta^ro or fa'ro-e) 
 Farsistan (far-sis-tan') 
 Fauquier (faw-keer') 
 FaT'ersh-am [fl-alO 
 
 Fayal (ti-awF; Port. pron. 
 Fayette (fa-etO 
 Fayetreville (fa'et-Til) 
 Fayoum (fl-oom'). Syn. 
 
 FaToom . 
 Fee^jee. Syn. Fiji. 
 Feliciana ( fe-lis'se-an'a ) 
 Feodosia (fa-o-do'se-a)? Syn. 
 
 Kaffa. 
 Fermanagh (fer-man'a) 
 Fer-moy' 
 
 F5r'ney (or feR'na') 
 Ferrara (fSR-Ra'ra) 
 Fer^'ro (Sp. Hierro, yeB'Bo) 
 Ferrol (feR-Rol') 
 Fev'ersh-am 
 Fezzan (fez'zan') 
 Ficbtelgebirge (fiK'tel-ga- 
 
 beeR'geh) [so-le 
 
 Fiesole (fyes'o-la), or Fes'- 
 Figeac (fe'zhiik') 
 Figueras (fe-ga'ras) 
 Fi^ (pronounceil , and often 
 
 icritten , Fee'jee) 
 Finisterre, Cape (fin-is-terO 
 
 (Sp. Finistierra, fee-nis-te- 
 
 eR/Ra) 
 Fin'land 
 Fisme (feem) 
 Fiume (fyoo'ma) 
 Flan'ders (Fr. Flandre, 
 
 floNd'r) 
 Flens'burg, or Flens'borg 
 Flor'ence (It. Firenze, fe- 
 
 ren'za, or Fiorenza, fe-o- 
 
 Flo^res 
 
 FlofT-da en) 
 
 Flush'ing (Dutch Vlis'sing- 
 Fohr (for), or Fohrde (foR'- 
 Foggia (fod'ja) [deh) 
 
 Foglia (foi'ya) 
 Foix (fwa) 
 Foligno (fo-leen'yo) 
 Fondi (fon'dee) 
 Fontainebleau (toN'tan'blo') 
 Fontarabia (fon-ta-ra'be-a) 
 
 (Sp. Fuenterabia'fwen-ta- 
 
 ra-bee'ii) 
 Fontenay (tojvt'na') 
 Fon-te-noy' (Fr. pron. 
 
 toxt^nwa') 
 Fontevrault (fon_'tg-vro' ; 
 
 Fr. pron. foyPrro') 
 Forli (foR-leeM 
 Formentera (for-men-ta/ra) 
 For-mo'sa 
 For-syth" 
 For'ta-Ten-ti}'ra 
 Fossano (fos-sa"no) 
 Fotheringay (foth'er-ing-ga') 
 Fougeres (foo'zheR') 
 Foulah (foo'la). Syn. Foo- 
 
 lah. 
 Fourche (foorsh). See La 
 
 Fourche. 
 Fowey(foy), sometimes writ- 
 ten Fawey. 
 Foyers ; often icritten, and 
 
 always pron., Fy'erg. 
 France (franss ; Fr. pron. 
 
 froNss) 
 Franche Comte (froNsh 
 
 kox'ta') 
 Fran-co'nT-a 
 Franeker (firan'ek-er) 
 Frankenstein (firank'en- 
 
 stinO 
 Frankenthal (frank'en-tltP) 
 Frank/fgrt (Ger. Frankfurt, 
 
 frank' fcJbBt) 
 Frascati (fras-ka'tee) 
 Frauenburg (frow'en- 
 
 bdoRG' ) 
 Fraustadt (frow'stjit) 
 Freiberg (frT'beRG) 
 Freiburg (fri'burg or fr!'- 
 
 b<5bRG) 
 Freising (fri'zing), or Frei- 
 
 singen (fri'zing-en) 
 Freistadt (frPstat)" 
 Frejus (fra'zhlis') 
 Freyburg. See Freiburg. 
 Freystadt. See Freistadt. 
 Friburg (fre'booR'). Syn. 
 
 Freyburg. [lant) 
 
 Fried'land ( Ger. pron. freet'- 
 Frieg'land, Vries'land, or 
 
 Friesia (free'zhi-af 
 Frio (free'o) 
 Frische Haff (frish'ehhaf),or 
 
 Frische See (frish'eh sa) 
 Friuli (free-oo'lee ; It. pron. 
 
 free'oo-lee) 
 Frob^Lsh-er's Strait 
 Frod'sham 
 Frontera (fron-ta'ra) 
 Frontignac (fron'ti-nak or 
 
 frCN'ten'yak') 
 Fuertaventura (fweR'ta-Ten- 
 
 too'ra) 
 Fulda (fo^ol'da) 
 Ful'ton (fol)l'tQn) 
 Funchal (foon-shal') 
 Fii'nen (Dan. Fyen, fu'en) 
 Fiinfkirchen (fUnf-k^R'- 
 
 ken) 
 Fumes (fuRu) [bad') 
 
 Furruckabad (fQr'ruk-a- 
 Furth (tuRt) 
 Fyers. See Foyers. 
 Fyne, Loch (loK fin) [oom. 
 Fyum (fi-oomO- S'yn. Fai- 
 Fyzabad ( fi'za-bad'' ) 
 
 G, 
 
 Gdcs(gatch) 
 
 Gadamis (ga-da'mis). Syn- 
 
 Ghadamis. 
 Gaeta (ga-a'ta) 
 Gaillac (gil'yak' or gal'yak') 
 Gaillon (gil'yoN' orgal'yoN') 
 Gairloch (gar'loK) 
 Galapagos (gal'a-pa'gus : 
 
 Sp. pron. ga-la'pa-gos) 
 GaFa-shielij' 
 Galatz (ga'lats) 
 Ga-le'na 
 
 Galicia (ga-lish'T-a) 
 Gallapagos. See Galapagos. 
 Gal-lip/o-li 
 Gal'li-po4is' (Ohie) 
 Gal'lo-way 
 Galluzzo ( gal-loot' so) 
 Gal'ves-tQU 
 Galway (gawl'wil) 
 Gam'bi-a 
 
 Gand (goN). Syn. Ghent. 
 Gan'^es (Hindoo. Gunga) 
 Gap (gap) 
 Gard (gaR) 
 Garda (gaR'da) 
 Gardiner (gard'ner) 
 Garfon (gaR'doN') 
 Garfagnana (gar-fan-ya'na) 
 Garigliano (ga-rel-ya'na) 
 Garonne (gji-ron') 
 Gas'co-nade' 
 Gas'co-ny (Fr. Gascogne, 
 
 gas'koS') 
 Gaspe (gas' pa') 
 Ge-au'ga 
 
 Geel ( Dutch pron. Hal) 
 Gefle (yev'la) 
 Gelders, or Guelders (gel'- 
 
 derz) (Dutch Geldern, 
 ^ Hel'dem). Syn. Gel'der- 
 Gen'e-see' [land 
 
 Gen'e-se'o 
 Ge-ne'va (Ger. Genf. genf; 
 
 Fr. GeneTe, zhen-av') 
 Genii (H5-neel'); icritten also 
 _ Xeuil. [va,\ 
 
 Gen'o-a (It Genova, jen'o- 
 
 Gera (ga'ra) 
 
 Ger'ma-ny (Ger. Deutsch- 
 land" doitch'lant) 
 
 Gerona (na'ro-na) 
 
 Gers (zheR) 
 
 Gex (zheks) 
 
 Geysers (gl'sers) 
 
 GhadamLs (ga-da'mis) 
 
 Ghauts (gawts) 
 
 Gheel. Syn. Geel. 
 
 Cihee'zeh ; icritten also Gi- 
 zeh arid Jizeh. 
 
 Ghent (gent) (Fr. Gand,g6N) 
 
 Ghool-ghool'a 
 
 Gi-bral'tar (Sp. pron. He- 
 bral'taR') 
 
 Giessen (gees'sen) 
 
 Gignac (zheen'yak') 
 
 Gihon (je-hon' or je-hoon'). 
 Syn. Oxus. 
 
 Gijon(He-H6n'). 5yn. Xixon. 
 
 G'iona (ne-Ho'na). Syn. 
 lixona. 
 
 V. La (He'la) 
 
 Gilolo (Hi io'lo) 
 
 Girjeh (jeer'jeh) ; icritten al- 
 so Djirdjeh by the French . 
 
 Girjenti (jeR-jen'te) 
 
 Gironde (je-rond' ; Fr. pron. 
 zhe'roxd') 
 
 Gizeh (jee'zeh or gee^zeh) 
 
 Gla-mor'gan-shire (-shir) 
 
 Giar'us(Fr. Glaris, gla'ressO 
 
 Glas'gow 
 
 Glatz(glats) 
 
 Glauchau (glou'Kow) 
 
 io .wolf, too ,tobk -. Qrn,r9e,pull ; c,^, soft: <r,g, hard; ag: exist; n a^ ng : this : 3,o,ii,eejT,n,s,w,B,D,(,.H,K.x.R,u. (see p. 914-i 
 
922 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Glen-eljc' 
 
 Glopau (glo'gow) ; sometimes 
 
 u-ritien Glogaw. 
 Gloucester (jrlos'tj^r) 
 Gliickstadt (gliik'stat) 
 Gmiiud (gnfunt), or Omun- 
 
 den (gniun'dv;u) 
 Gmund (giucH)nt) 
 Unesen (gna^zj^n) (Polish 
 
 Gniesno) 
 Godavery (go-dii'Tgr-e) 
 Goes (HiHis) 
 Gqjani (go-jiimO 
 GolH'on^da 
 
 Gold'^bt;rg'"(or golt'bgRG) 
 Gol'now (goPnov) 
 Gom-broou', or Biin'der 
 
 Ab-a«i'see(Abassi) 
 Gomera (go-ma'ra) 
 Gouaives, Les (la go'na'ev' 
 
 or go-nlv') 
 GonMar 
 
 Goochland (gootch'land) 
 Gocld'sha ; u-ritten also 
 
 Guldscha and Gouldja. 
 vioom-'ty 
 
 .joree (go'ra') [lits) 
 
 Gorlitz (gbr'lits, almost gQr'- 
 Gbrtz (gbrts, almost gQrts) 
 
 (It. Gorizia, go-rid'ze-a) 
 Gotha (go'ta) 
 Gothenburg (got'en-burg), 
 
 or Got'ten-burg (Sw. 
 
 Gotheborg, vo'ta-boRg) 
 Gothland (Sw. Gbtaland, 
 
 yb'ta-land) 
 Gbttingen , or Goettingen 
 
 (get' ting-en or got^ ting-en; 
 
 Ger. pron. gbt'ting-en) 
 Gothland, or Gothland [da) 
 Gou'da {Dutch, pron. How"- 
 Goyaz (go-yiiz'). Syn. Villa 
 Gozzo (got'so) [Boa. 
 
 Gracias a Dios (gra'se-as a 
 
 de-OS' ) 
 Graciosa (gra-se-o'sa) 
 Graetz (grets). Sijn. Gratz. 
 Grafenbausen (gra'fgn-how'- 
 
 zen) 
 Grammont (grarn'moN') 
 Gram'pT-an 
 Gran (gran) (Hung. Eszter- 
 
 gom, es/teR-gom) 
 Granada (gra-na'da ; Sp. 
 
 pron. gra-na'Da) 
 Granadilla (gra-na-Deel'ya) 
 Granger (gran'jer) 
 Grilnfham 
 Gran'Tille (U. S.) 
 Granville (Fr.) (groN'vel') 
 Gra-ese (grass) 
 Gratiot (grash/T-ot) 
 Gratz, or Graetz (grets) 
 Graubiindten (grou'bUnt- 
 
 en). Syn. Grisong. 
 Graudentz (grou'dents) 
 Graus (grouss) 
 fJravelines (graT'len') 
 (iravesend (gravz'end') 
 Great Britain (brit'un or 
 
 brit"n) 
 Grebenstein (gra/bgn-stin') 
 Greenwich (grIn'Tj) 
 Greifswalde (grlfe'wal'deh) ; 
 
 formerly written Grfpes- 
 
 wold. 
 Grenada (grg-na'da) 
 
 ffj" GrenafJa^the name 
 
 of one of the British West 
 
 India islands, ought not to 
 
 be confounded with the 
 
 Spanish name Granffxia, 
 
 which is sometimes writ- 
 ten with an e in the first 
 
 syllable. 
 Grenoble (grgn-ob'l or grgh- 
 
 DtybM) 
 Oreve (gra/vS) 
 
 Griesheim (grees'him) 
 Grindelwald (grin'dgl-walf) 
 Grisous (gre'zox'XGer. Gmu- 
 
 biiudten, grou'bUntgn) 
 Gron'iug-gn ( Dutch pron. 
 
 Hro'ning-ugu) 
 Gross-Glogau (gros-glo'gou) 
 Gross->\ardein (gros-waR'- 
 Gro'tiiu(Eng.) [din) 
 
 Gro'tyu (U. S.) 
 GrUnberg (grliu'beRG), or 
 
 Grii'ng-berg 
 Guadalajara, or Guadalaxara 
 
 (gwa-Da-lii-Ha'ra) 
 Guadaloupe (gaw'da-loop' 
 
 or ga'da-loop' ) 
 Guadalupe (gwa-da-loo'pa 
 
 or gaw'd.i-loop') 
 Guadalquivir (gaw'dal- 
 
 kwlv'gr ; Sp. pron. gvfa- 
 
 Dal-ke-veeR') 
 Guadiana (gaw'de-a'na or 
 
 gwa-De-a'na) 
 Guanahani (gwa-na-bS/nee) 
 Guanaxuato, or Guanajuato 
 
 (gwa-na-Hwa'to) 
 Gnancavelica (gwan-^-ka-va- 
 
 lee'ka) 
 Guarda (gwaR'da) 
 Guardafui (gwar'd<^-fwee or 
 
 gar'da-fwe') 
 Guastalla (gwas-tiiFla) 
 Guatemala (gaw'te-ma'la or 
 
 gwri-tS-ma'la) 
 Guaxaca (gwa-HJi'ka, almost 
 
 wa-ha'ka). Sy7i. Oaxaca. 
 Guayama (gwi-a'ma) 
 Guayaquil (gwi-a-keel' ) 
 Guaymas (gwl'mas) 
 Guayra (gwi'ra). See La 
 
 Guayra. 
 Guazacualco (gwa-sa-kwal'- 
 
 ko ) : also written Huasacu- 
 Guben (goo'bgn) [alco. 
 
 Guelderland (gel'der-land). 
 
 Syn. Gelderland. 
 Guelders (gel'dgrz). Syn. 
 
 Gelders. 
 Gueret (ga'ra') 
 Guernsey (gCrn'ze) 
 Guiana (ge-a'ng), or Guyana 
 Gui^owar £gwik" o-war) 
 Goienne (ge'en') 
 Guildford {pil'fQrd) 
 Guilford j^gil^fprd) 
 Guinea (gin'e) 
 Guingamp (gaN^goN') 
 Guipuzcoa (ge-poos'ko-a ; 
 
 Sp. pron. ge-pooth/ko-a)" 
 Guise (gweez) 
 Gujerat. See Guzerat. 
 Gumbinnen (gcJbm-bin'nen) 
 Gund-wa'na [bdbRo) 
 
 Giintz'burg" (or g'lints''- 
 Gur'wal' 
 
 Giistrow (gUs'trov) 
 Guyana (ge-a'na). Syn. 
 
 Guiana. 
 Guyandott (gl-an-dof, fa- 
 
 m.iliarly called, gl-an') 
 Guzerat (gooz-er-af), or 
 
 Gujerat (gooj-e'r-at') 
 Gwalior (gwa'lT-or) 
 Gyula(dyoo'Ioh, nlm.ostloo'- 
 
 loh). Syn. Karlsburg. 
 
 H. 
 
 Haarlem, Haerlem, or Har- 
 lem (har'lem) 
 
 Haarlemmer Meer (har'lem- 
 mgr-mar or mer) 
 
 Habana. See Havana. 
 
 Habersham ( hab'gr-sham ) 
 
 Hadjar (ha'jar). Syn. flajar. 
 
 Hadleigh (ha'd'li) 
 
 Had-ra-maut' 
 Haerlem. See Haarlem. 
 Hague (haig), The. (Fr. La 
 
 Haye, la ha, almost la a) 
 Hagueneau (ag'no') 
 Hainan (hl-nan/) 
 Hainault (a'no') (Flemish 
 
 Henegouwen, hen-e-Hou'- 
 
 wgn) 
 Haiti (ha'ti). Syn. Hayti. 
 Hajar, or Hadjar (hii'jar). 
 
 5'2/n. Lahsa. [je-poor') 
 
 Hajypoor, or Hadjypoor (ha- 
 Hakodadi (ha-ko-da'dee) 
 Halberstadt (hal'ber-stat') 
 Haleb (ha'leb). Syn. A- 
 Halef-ow'en [leppo. 
 
 Hal'i-fax 
 Hall (hiil) 
 Halle (hal'leh) 
 Hallo well (ho^-'o-wel) 
 Hamadan (ha-ma-dan') 
 Ham'burg ( Ger. pron. ham'- 
 
 booRG) 
 Hameln (ha/melrj) 
 Hamp'shire 
 Hauau (ha'now) 
 Hang-tcheoo, or Hang- 
 
 tcheou (hang'cheoo') 
 Han'o-ver (Ger. han-no'ver) 
 Harfleur (haR-fluR') 
 Harlem 
 
 Har' tie-pool (har'tl-) 
 Hartz, or Harz (harts) 
 Harwich (har'rij) 
 Hasselt (has'selt) 
 Hastings (hast'ings) 
 Hat'ter-as 
 Hausza " (how'sa). Syn. 
 
 Houssa. 
 H<3 -van/a, or Havanna (Sp. 
 
 Habana, or Havana, a- 
 
 vji^na) ; ^metimes called 
 
 •' The Ha-van'na." 
 Haverhill (Eng. ) (hav'er-il) 
 Haverhill (Mass.) (ha'ver-il) 
 Havre de Grace (hav'er de 
 
 grass ; Fr. pron. a'v'r dgh 
 
 grass) 
 Hawaii (ha-wT'ee) 
 Hayti, or Haiti (ha'ti ; Fr. 
 
 pron. a'e'te') 
 Hazebrouck (az^brook') 
 Hebrides (heb'rl-dez) 
 Hechingen (h6K'ing-en) 
 Hec'la 
 
 Hedja'z (hej-az') ; also writ- 
 ten Hedsjaz. 
 Heidelberg (M'del-beRG') 
 Heilbronn (hil-bron') 
 He-le/na(St.) 
 
 Hel'go-fand, or HeVi-go-land 
 Hel'les-pont 
 Helmstedt (hehn'stet) 
 Hel'mund' 
 Hel'sing-fors' 
 Hel-vel'lyn 
 
 Helvoetsluys (hel'vdbt-slois') 
 Hen-lo'pen 
 Hen-ri'ko 
 Herat (her -at') 
 Herault (ha'ro'or a'ro') 
 Her'cu-la'ne-um 
 Her'e-fQrd 
 H5r'kT-mer 
 Hermanstadt (hSR'man- 
 
 stat') [baf) 
 
 Her'mus, or Sarabat (sa-ra- 
 Herrnhut (heRn'hoot) 
 Hersfeld (hgRs'fdlt) 
 Hertford (Eng.) (har'furd) 
 Hertford (U. S.) (hert'furd) 
 Hesse Cas'sel (Ger. Hessen 
 
 Cassel, hes'sen kas'sgl) 
 Hesse Darmstadt (hess 
 
 daRm'stat) (Ger. Hessen 
 
 Darmstadt, hes'sgn daRm'- 
 
 stat) 
 
 Hesse Hom'bui^, (Ger. Hes- 
 sen Hom'burg, hes'sgn 
 hom'bdbRG) 
 
 Heytesbury (hats'bgr-e) 
 
 Highlands (hi'landz); com- 
 monly protiounced hee'- 
 landz by the Scotch. 
 
 High'tower. Syn. Etowah. 
 
 Hildburghausen (hilf- 
 
 bcJoRG-how'zen) 
 
 Hildesheim (hil'dgs-hTm) 
 
 Hil'lah ; written aho Hellah. 
 
 Himmaleh (him-ma'la), or 
 Him-a-la'ya . ( Sanskrit 
 ^ron."hT-ma'la-ya) 
 
 Hin'doo Koosh \ written also 
 Hindoo Kusch, or Ku-^h. 
 
 Hin-dg-stan', orln-do-stan'; 
 tvritten also Hindustan, 
 and Hindoostan , 
 
 His-pan-i-o'la. Syn. Hayti. 
 
 H'las'sa. Syn. Lassa. 
 
 Ho-ang^ho {pronounced al- 
 most whang'ho' ) 
 
 Ho'bgr-tgn, or Hob'ar-tgn 
 
 Ho'bo-ken [him) 
 
 Hochheim (ho'hlm or hoK'- 
 
 Hodeida (ho-da'da or ho- 
 dl'da) 
 
 Hofwyl (hof'wil), or Hof-weil 
 (hof'wTl) 
 
 Hohenlinden (ho'gn-lln'den) 
 
 Ho'hen-lo'he [Igrn) 
 
 Hohenzollern (ho'gn-tsol'- 
 
 Hol'land (Dm^c/;. pron. hol'- 
 
 Holmes (homz) [lant) 
 
 Holstein (hol'stm) 
 
 Holston (hol'stgn) 
 
 Hol'y-head [bdbRG) 
 
 Hom'burg ( Ger. pron. hom'- 
 
 Homs (h5ms), or Hums. 
 Syn. Emesa. 
 
 Honan (ho'nan') 
 
 Hon'da ( Sp. pron. on' da) 
 
 Honduras (hon-doo'ras) 
 
 Honfleur (hoN'fluR' or Sn'- 
 
 Hon'i-tgn [fluR') 
 
 Honolulu (ho-no-loo'loo) 
 
 Hoog'ly : written also 
 Hooghly a7id Hugly. 
 
 Hot'ten-tots 
 
 Houghton (ho'tgn) 
 
 Houug'low 
 
 Housatonic (hoo'sa-ton'ik) 
 
 Houssa (how'sa;" toritten 
 also Haussa and Haousa. 
 
 Houston (hyoos'tun) 
 
 Huaheino or Huahine (hoo- 
 a-hee'nti ) 
 
 Huasacualco (hwa-sa-kwal''- 
 ko). Syn. Guazacualco. 
 
 Hue (hoo-a') 
 
 Huelva (wel'va) 
 
 Huerta (weR'ta) 
 
 Huesca (wes'ka) 
 
 Hungary ' (hung'ga-ri) 
 
 (Hung. Magyar Orsz4g, 
 mod-yoR OR-sSg) 
 
 Hurd'war' 
 
 Hu'rgn 
 
 Huy (hoi) 
 
 Hveen (hvan) 
 
 Hyapura. See Japura. 
 
 Hyderabad (hi'dgr-a-badO 
 or Hydrabad. 
 
 Hythe (hith) 
 
 laroslav (ya-ro-slar'). Syn. 
 
 Yaroslav. 
 Ibarra (e-baR'Ra) 
 Ice'land ; called Island (ees'- 
 
 land) by the natives. 
 Icolmkill (ik'om-kil'). Syn. 
 I'da-ho [lona 
 
 *,«,&€., long;tL,Zfi, le3Spr'^'ij^ed;^,ti,kc,short;a,i^,i,Q,obscure; care,far,a8k,all,what;gre,vgil,tCrm; pique, firm ; son.o* 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 923 
 
 Id'rI-a 
 
 lekatariuburg. See Ekata- 
 
 rinburg. [Iglaw. 
 
 Iglau (ig'lou) ; written also 
 Igualada (e-gwa-la'Da) 
 He de France (eel deh froNSs) 
 Ilfracombe (il'fra-koom) 
 Ilha Grande (eel/ya gran'da) 
 Hi (g/lee). Syn. Gooldsha. 
 Hie (eel) 
 
 Illimani (eel-ya-iJia'nee) 
 Illinois (il-li-noiz' or -noi') 
 Il-iyr/i-a 
 Il'min-stgr 
 Ilz (ilts) 
 Imola (e'mo-le) 
 In/di-a 
 
 In'dT-an'si {or in-dt-a'na) 
 In'dT-an-ap'Q-lis 
 Indies {in'6iz) 
 Ind-oor'', or In-dore' 
 In-dos-tan'. Syn. Hindostan. 
 Indre (aNd'r) 
 In'dus or Sindh (sind) 
 Ingolstadt (ing'ol-stat or 
 
 ing'gol-stat' ) 
 Inkerman (ink-er-manO 
 Innspruck (inss'prcJbk) or 
 
 Innsbruck. 
 Interlachen (in'ter-laK'en) 
 In'ver-a'ry thing) 
 
 Inverkei thing (in'ver-kee'- 
 Inverlochy (in/yer-loKl) 
 In-ver-ness/ 
 In'ver-ij/ry 
 lona (e-o'na) or Icolmkill 
 
 (ik'om-kiTo 
 Ionia (i-o/ni-a) 
 I'o-wa 
 
 Ips/wich [niee) 
 
 Irak Adjemi (e'rak' jg/gh- 
 Irak Arabi (e^rak' ar'a-bee') 
 Iredell (irMel) 
 Ire'land. Syn. E'rin. 
 Ir-kootsk' ; written also Ir- 
 kutsk and Irkoutsk. 
 Iroquois (ir-o-kwoy') 
 Ir'ra-wad'dy ; written also, 
 
 Irrawadi. 
 Ir-tysh', or Irtish (Russ. 
 
 pron. cfeR-tish') 
 Irvine (Tr'vin) 
 Tschia (is'ke-a) 
 Iseo (e-sa'o) 
 Iser, or Isar (ee'zer) 
 Is6re (e'zeR') 
 Iserlohn (ee'zer-lon') 
 I'sis " [andretta, 
 
 Is-ken-der-oon'. Syn. Alex- 
 Isla (I'la), or Islay (I'la) 
 Islamabad (is-lam'a-bad') 
 Isle of Wight (11 Qv wit) 
 Ig'ling-tgn 
 
 Ismail (is-ma-eeV) [han 
 
 Ispahan (is-pa-han'), or Isfa- 
 Issoire (is'swaR') 
 Issoudun (e'soo'duN') 
 Is'tri-a 
 
 It'a-ly"(It. Italia, e-ta'le-a) 
 Itapicuru (e-ta-pe-koo-roo') 
 It'a-wam'ba 
 Ith/a-ca. Syn. Theaki. 
 Itri [ee'tree or it'ree) 
 I-u'ka 
 
 fvi^a'lviza (e-vee'sa), or Ibi- 
 Ivrca (e-vra'a) [za 
 
 lvr\ (iy/ri or ev^re') 
 
 Jagua (Ha^gwa). Syn. Xa- 
 
 gua. 
 Jakutsk. See Yakootsk. 
 Jalapa (Ha-la'pa). Syn. Xa- 
 
 lapa. 
 JaUsco, or Xalisco ('Ha-Iees''- 
 
 ko or Ha-lis'ko) 
 Jamaica (ja-ma'ka) 
 Jauina (ya/ne-na). Syn. Ya- 
 Ja-pan' [niua. 
 
 Japura (Ha-poo'ra) 
 Jaquemel (zhak''mel') 
 Jarnac (zhaR'nak') 
 Jaroslaw. See Yaroslav. 
 Jassy (yas'se) (Ger. Jasch, 
 
 yash) 
 J^zbereny (yass'ba-ran') 
 Jauer (yow'or) 
 Jauru (zhou-rooO 
 Java (ja'va or ja^'va) 
 Jean d'Angely, ^int (sSn 
 
 zhoN^zhS'le') 
 Jedburg (jed^bQr-reh) 
 Jeddo (yed'do). Syn. Yeddo. 
 Jehoon. See Oxus. 
 Jen'a ( Ger. pron. ya'na) 
 Jeres (Hii-res'). Syn. Xeres. 
 Jersey (jGr'zi) 
 Je-ri}/,sa-lem ; called El Kads 
 
 or ErKods, by the Arabs. 
 Jesi (ya'see) [Yesso. 
 
 Jesso, or lesso (yes'so). Syn. 
 Jeypoor,©/- Jyepoor (jf-poor') 
 Jid'da, or Djidda [xona. 
 
 Jijona(He-Ho'na). Syn. Xi- 
 Joannina. See Janina. 
 Jo Daviess (jo da^vis) 
 Jo-han^na. Syn. Anzooan. 
 JoFi-ba, or Djoliba 
 Jonkjbpin, or Jonkoping 
 
 (yon'cho-ping, almost 
 
 yon'chep-ing) 
 Jor'dan 
 Jorulfo, or Xorullo(Ho-rool/- 
 
 yo ; often pron. Ho-roo'yo) 
 Joux (zhoo) 
 Ju^anFer-nan'dez( Sp.pron. 
 
 Hoo-an' fgR-nan'-deth) 
 Ju'au, Saint (Sp. San Juan, 
 
 san Hoo-an' or san Hwan) 
 Jug'ger-naut', or Jugger- 
 
 naut/t 
 Jujuy (Hoo-Hwee') 
 Juliers (zhii'le-a') (Ger. Ju- 
 
 lich, yii/liK) 
 Jum/na 
 
 Jungfrau (ycJbng'frow) 
 Ju'ni-at'a 
 
 Ju'ra (Fr. pron. zhii'ra') 
 Jut/land(Dan. Jylland,yHl'- 
 
 land) 
 
 K. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jaca (Ha'ka) 
 
 Jacquemel, or Jacmel (zhak'- 
 
 Jaen (Ha-en') [mel') 
 
 Jaffa (or yaf'fa) 
 
 JafuVpa-tam' 
 
 JagOj'St." See Santiago. 
 
 Kaarta (kar'ta) [Cairo. 
 
 Kahira (ka'he-ra). Syn. 
 Kairwan (kar-wan') 
 Kaisarieh (ki-zar-e'eh) 
 KaFa-ma-zoo' 
 Kaiisz, ar Kalisch (ka'lish) 
 Kal'mar. Syn. Calmar. 
 Kalooga (ka-loo'ga), written 
 
 also Kaluga and Kalouga. 
 Kalusz (ka'loosh) 
 Kamieniec (kam'yen'yets'), 
 
 sometimes written Kami- 
 
 nietz. [schat^ka 
 
 Kamt-chat'ka, or Kamt" 
 Kanawha (ka-naw'wa) 
 Kan'da-kar'." <S'2/M..~Canda- 
 
 har." 
 Kankakee (kan-kaw'kee) 
 Kan'sas ; formerly often 
 
 written Kanzas. 
 Kara (ka'ra) 
 Kara-hissar (ka^ra^his-sar') 
 
 Karamania. See Caramania. 
 Kara-Soo, Kara-Su, or Ka- 
 
 rasou (ka'ra'soo') 
 Karls'burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 kaRls'bobRG) 
 Kasan, or Kazan (ka-zan^) 
 Kaschau (kash-'ow) (Hung. 
 
 Kassa, kosh^shoh) 
 Kash-gar'', or Cashgar 
 Ka-tah'din 
 Kat-man'doo, or Katmand- 
 
 hu. Syn. Catamandoo. 
 Ka' trine, or Kat^rine 
 Kat'te-gat. Syn. Cattegat. 
 Keczkemet (kech'kem''at') 
 Kehl (kal) 
 Keighly(keeth/le) 
 Kelat(kel-atO, or Kelath 
 Kenawha, or Kenhawa (ke- 
 
 naw''wa). Syn. Kanawha. 
 Keneh, or Qene (ken'gh') 
 Ken/ne-beck' 
 Ken'ne-bunk' 
 Ken-tuck'y 
 Ke'o-kuk' 
 Kerguelen (kgrg/e-len) Land 
 
 (Fr. pron. keR'ge-loN') 
 Kerman (ker-man"). Syn. 
 
 Kirman. 
 Keszthely (kest'hel') 
 Ketch'o ; sometimes written 
 
 Cachao and Kesho. 
 Kharkof (Kar-kof'') ; written 
 
 also Charkow, Kharkow, 
 
 and Kharkov. 
 Khartoom, Khartum, or 
 
 Khartoum (Kar-toom'^) 
 Kherson, or Cherson (ker- 
 
 son') 
 Khiva, or Kheeva (Kee'va) 
 Khoozistan , or Khuzistan 
 
 (Koo-zis-tau^) 
 Khorassan (Ko^ras-san') 
 Kiakhta (ke-aK'ta) 
 Kiang-Ku ( ke-ang'kew' ) 
 
 Syn. Yang-tse-kiang. 
 Kick'a-poo' 
 
 Kid'der-min'ster [Ki-ev' 
 Kief, or Kiew (ke-ef), or 
 Kiel (keel) 
 Kil-ken'ny 
 Kil-lar'ney 
 Kil-mar'nQck 
 Kil-more' 
 
 Kincardine (king-kar^din) 
 Kingkitao (king-ke-ta'o) 
 Kin-ross' 
 Kin-sale' 
 
 Kin-tyre'. Syn. Cantyre. 
 Kiousiou, or Kioosioo (ke- 
 Ki'o-way' [oo'se-oo') 
 
 Kircaldy (kir-kawl'dy or 
 
 kir-kaw/dj^") 
 Kirkudbright (kir-koo'bree) 
 Kirk-wall' " [man 
 
 Kirman (keer-man'), or Ker- 
 Kis'ki-min'e-tas 
 Kist'na. Syn. Krishna. 
 Kit'ta-lbin'ny 
 Kiusiu (ke-oo'se-oo'). Syn. 
 
 Kioosioo. 
 Kiutaja. See Kutaiyeh. 
 Kiz'il Ir'mak ( Turk. pron. 
 
 kiz'il eer-mak') 
 Klagenfurth (kla'gen- 
 
 fooRt'). Syn. Clagenfurth. 
 Klamet (kla'met). Syn. 
 
 Tlamet. 
 Klattau (klat'tou) 
 Klau'gen-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 klow'zen-b(5bRG', Hung. 
 
 Kolozsvar, ko-lozh'vaR') 
 Knisteneaux (nis'te-n5) 
 Koenigsberg. See Konigs- 
 Kolin (ko-leen') [berg. 
 
 Koloszv4r. See Klausenburg. 
 Kolyvan (ko-le-van'). Syn. 
 
 Revel- 
 
 Ko'moru. <S'yn. Comom. 
 Kongsberg (kongs'beRG) 
 Konieh, or Konia (ko'ne-a) 
 Konigingrjitz (kb'nig-in- 
 
 grets'), or Koniggratz (kb'- 
 
 nig-grCts) 
 Kbnigsberg (ko'nigz-berg), 
 
 or Koenigsberg (ken'igz- 
 
 bgrg; Ger. pron. kb'nios- 
 
 beRG') [(koo-ban') 
 
 Kooban, Kouban, or Kuban 
 Koondooz, Koundouz, or 
 
 Kunduz (koon-dooz') 
 Koordistan, Kurdistan, or 
 
 Curdistan (koor-dis-tan') 
 Koorile, Kourile, or Kursilc 
 
 (koor'sil) 
 Koorsk, Koursk, or Kursk 
 
 (koorsk) 
 Korassan (ko-ras-san'). Syn. 
 
 Khorassan. [resh') 
 
 Kbrbs(kb'rbvsh' ; almost ker'- 
 Kosciusko (kos'si-us'ko) 
 Kbslin(kbs-leen'). Syn. Coes- 
 Kos-tro'ma [lin. 
 
 Kouban. "See Kooban. 
 Koursk. See Koorsk. 
 Koutaich. See Koutaiyeh. 
 Kowno (kov'no) 
 Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk, 
 
 or Krasnojarsk (kras'no- 
 
 yarsk') 
 Krem'nitz (krem'nits) 
 
 (Hung. Kormbcz BAnya, 
 
 kbr'mots bSn'yOh) 
 Kreuznach (kroits'naK) 
 Krish'na, or Kist'na 
 Kurdistan. See Koordistan. 
 Kurile. See Koorile. 
 Kurische, or Curische-Haff 
 
 (koo'rish-eh-haf) 
 Kurland. See Courland. 
 Kursk. See Koorsk. 
 Kutaiyeh (ku-ta-ya), Kou- 
 
 taieh, or Kutaja (koo-ti'a) 
 
 Laaland (law'land), or Lol' 
 
 land 
 La Baca ; pronounced, and 
 
 often written, La Vac'ca- 
 Lab'ra-d5r' 
 Lac'ca-dTveg' 
 Lack'a-wan'na 
 Lack'a-wax'en 
 Ladakh (la'daK') 
 Lad'o-ga [nes) 
 
 La-droneg' ( Sp. pron.la,j)-To'- 
 La Fayette (laf-a-ef) 
 La Fourche (la foorsh) 
 La Grange ( la granj ) [mo ) 
 Lago di Como (la'go de ko'- 
 Lago Maggiore (la'go mad- 
 
 jo'ra) 
 La Guayra (la gwi'ra) 
 Laguna (la-goo'na) 
 Laguna del Madre (la-goo'- 
 na del maD'rS) 
 La Haye. See Hague. 
 Lahn (Ian) 
 Lahore (la-hor') 
 Lahsa, or Lachsa (las'sa). 
 Syn. Hajar. [bach. 
 
 Laibach (lI'baK). Syn. Lay- 
 Laland. See Laaland. 
 LaMancha (laman'cha) 
 La Marche (la maRsh)^ 
 Lambayeque (lam-bi-a'ka) 
 Lamego (la-ma'go) 
 Lam'mer-muir (-moor) 
 Lanai (la'nT) or Ranai (ra'nT) 
 Lan'ark-shire. Syn. Clydes- 
 dale. 
 Lancashire (lank'a-shir) 
 Lanc'as-ter 
 
 io,w9lf,to(),t(5'ok ; Qrn, rye, pull." 9,§, soft; €,g, hard , ag; exist ; q as ng ; ttiis; 5,b,u,dejI,5,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (see p. OW/ 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPMICAL NAMES. 
 
 Leutini (Icu-tee'nee) 
 Livgane ( IS-o-giin' ) 
 Loom'iu-sti;r (U. S.) 
 licomiustor (Eug.) (lem'stgr) 
 Le'on ( Sp. pron. lu-on') 
 Le-p;1n'to (or la'pan-to) 
 Le Puy (li,'h pwee). -See 
 
 Puy. _ [chee) 
 
 Lerici (la're-chee or ler'e- 
 Lerida (ICr/e-da) 
 Lerwii'k (ISr^id) 
 Les Andelys (15 zoNd'le')- 
 
 *e« Andelys. 
 Les Gonaives (la go'niv'). 
 
 See GonaiTes. 
 Lesina (les'e-na) 
 IjCS Martigues (la maR'teg') 
 Lestwithiel. See Lostwithiel. 
 Le Sueur (soor ; Fr. pron. 
 
 leh swur) 
 Leucadia (lu-ka^de-a) Syn. 
 
 Santa Maura. " [beRG') 
 Leuchtenberg (loiK'ten- 
 
 Leutmeritz (loit'mer-its). 
 
 Syn. Leitmeritz. 
 Leutschau (loit'shou) 
 
 (Hung. Lbcse, Ib'cha') 
 Le-vanV 
 Lev^en, Loch 
 Lewes (lu'ess) 
 Lew'ish-nm 
 Leyden, or Leiden (IFden or 
 
 ia'deu) [Ning-Po. 
 
 Lianipo (le-am'po'). Syii. 
 Libadia (liv-a-Dee'a). Syn. 
 
 Livadia. 
 Li-be'rT-a 
 
 Libourue (le'booRnO 
 Lich'field 
 
 Lichtenau (liK'ten-ow ) 
 Lichtenfels (liK'ten-fels') 
 Lichtenstein (liK'ten-stm''), 
 
 or Liechtenstein (leeK'ten- 
 
 stln/) 
 Liege (leej ; Fr. pron. le-azh^) 
 
 (Dutch Luyk or Luik, loik ; 
 
 Ger. LUttich, llitaiK) 
 Liegnitz (Ifieg'nits) 
 Lier (leer) (Fr. Lierre, le-eR^ 
 Liimfiord (leem-fe-ord')- 
 
 Syn. Lymfiord. 
 Lille, or Lisle (leel) 
 Lima (Peru) (lee'ma) 
 Lima(U. S.)(lT/ma) 
 Lim'burg (Fr. Limbourg, 
 
 lii.VbooR') 
 LTm'er-ick 
 Limoges (le'mozh') 
 Limousin (le/moo'sSN') or 
 
 Limosin 
 Linares (le-nii'res) 
 Lincoln (link'un) 
 Linkoping, or Linkjoping 
 
 (lin'chb'ping) 
 Lin-lith'gow 
 Lintz, or Linz (lints) 
 Lipari (lip'a-re or lee'pa-ree) 
 Lippe (lip'pl'h) 
 Lippe-Detm"old (-det'molt) 
 Lippe-Schauenburg ( -shou'- 
 
 en-bcJoRG' or -shou'on- 
 
 burg) [los-bo'a) 
 
 Lig'bQn (Port. Lis-bo'<j or 
 Lisle (leel). Syn. Lille. " 
 Lis'sa (Pol. Leszno, lesh^no) 
 Lith'u-a'ni-a 
 Litiz( Pa.) (fit/its) 
 Livadia, or Libadia (liv-a- 
 Liv'or-pool [Dee'a) 
 
 LT-vo/nT-a (Ger. Liefland, 
 
 leef'lant) [Leghorn. 
 
 Livorno (le-voR'no). Syn. 
 Ljusne (lyoos'nS) [dafif 
 
 Llandaff (lan-daf), or Lan- 
 Llanelly (la-neth/lT) 
 Llangollen (lan-goth'len) 
 Llanidloes (lan'id-less) 
 Llanos (lya'nos) 
 
 Llanrwst (lan'roost) 
 Llcrena (lyfl-rd'nii) 
 Loango (lo-ang'go) 
 Lochaber (loK-Ji'bjj'r) 
 Loch Lomond. See Lomond. 
 Lodeve (loMJlV) 
 Lodi (Italy) (lo'dee) 
 Lodi(U. S.)(lo'dT) 
 Lof-fo'den, or Ly-fo'dga 
 Loggia (lod/jii) 
 Logroiio (lo-gron'yo) 
 Loir (IwJiR) 
 Loire (IwiiR) 
 Loire t(lwa''rS,') 
 LoPland. Syn. Laaland. 
 Lom'bar-dy (It. Lombardia, 
 
 lom-baR-dee') 
 Louioud, Loch (loK lo'mund) 
 London (lun'dun or lun'd'n) 
 Londonderry (lun'dun-der'- 
 
 ri) [so'ne-a') 
 
 Lons-le-Saulnier (loN-leh- 
 Loo Choo (ck as in child) " 
 Look'noo'ee'. Syn. SaYgon. 
 Lo-rain' (Ohio) 
 Lo-ret'to (It. and Sp. Lo- 
 
 reto, lo-ra'to) [on') 
 
 Lorient, or L 'Orient (lo're'- 
 Lorraine (lor'rfln') 
 Los Angeles. See La Pue- 
 
 bla de los Angeles. Often 
 
 incorrectly written Los 
 
 Angelos. 
 Lostwithiel (lost-witti/c;ij, or 
 
 Lestwithiel 
 Lot (t pronounced) 
 Lothian (lo'thi-an) 
 Lou'don ( ou as fn shoia ; 
 Loughborough (lut'^'biir-uh) 
 Lough Erne (I6h Em) 
 Lough Neagh (loH na) 
 Loughrea (loH^ril') 
 Louis, St. (sent loo'is or 
 
 loo'e ; Fr. pron. s.tiv loo'e') 
 Louisiade ( loo-ee-ze-ad') 
 Louisiana (loo'e-ze-a'na) 
 Louisville (loo'is-vil ; for- 
 merly pron. loo'i-vil.) 
 Louth (rhyming with the 
 
 verb to ^noutli) 
 Louvian (loo-van' ; Fr.pron. 
 
 1oo/v3n') 
 Louviers (loo've-a') ; former- 
 ly Loviers(lo''ve-a'). 
 Low'ell 
 
 Lowndes (lowndz) 
 Lozere (Io'zcr') 
 Lli'beck 
 Lucayos (loo-kT'os). Syn. 
 
 Bahamas. 
 Luc'ca (It. pron. look/ka) 
 Lu-ce"na ( or loo-tha'na) 
 Lucera ("loo-cha'ra) 
 Lucerne ( loo-sCrn' ; French 
 
 pron. lii'sCRn') (German 
 
 Luzern, or Lucern, loot- 
 
 seRn') 
 Lucia, St. (loo-see'a, often 
 
 called loo-see') 
 Luck'now' 
 Lu(jon. See Luzon. 
 Lu'da-mar' 
 Ludwigsburg( lood' wigs-burg 
 
 or lood'wiGs-bdbRG' ) 
 Ludwigslust (lood'wiGs- 
 
 lo^ostO 
 Lugano (loo-ga'no) 
 Lugo (loo'go) 
 Lulea (loo'le-o) 
 LUneburg (lu'neh-burg, or 
 
 lii'noh-bcJbRG''j' 
 Lu'nen-burg [na'vel') 
 
 Luneville (lu'ne-vil or \\i'- 
 Lupata (lu-pa'ta) 
 Lusatia (lu-sa'shT-a) (Ger. 
 
 Lausitz, lou'zits j'Fr. Lu- 
 
 .sace, lii'zas') 
 Lutzen (Idbt'sgn) 
 
 Lux\'m-burg (Fr. Luxem 
 
 bourg, luks'oN'booR') 
 Luxeuil (luks'ul') 
 Lijx/yr, or LQx'yr 
 Luzern. See Lucerne. 
 Luzerne (U. S.) (lu-zern') 
 Luzon (loo-zon'), or Lu^on 
 
 ( Sp. pron. loo'thon') 
 Ly-c6m'ing 
 
 Lyme-llegis (llm-ree'jis) 
 Lyu»/i]-ord', or Liimfiord 
 
 (leem-fe-ord') 
 Lynn-Regis (lin-ree'jis) 
 Lyonnais, or Lyonais (le', 
 
 on'na' ) 
 Ly'ons (Fr. Lyon, le'oN') 
 
 M. 
 
 i>24 
 
 lAU'ct»r-<i'ta. (" l.uiijuimte 
 
 (Sp.proH. liui-thii-ro'ta) 
 Lwciano (lau-cbii'uo) 
 l^n-UatT' ; more proptrlv 
 
 Llandatr. 
 Luudau (liiu'dow); written 
 
 fibo Ijindaw. 
 1-Hudes (l.NNd) 
 Lands' bv;rg (Ger. jiron. 
 
 iJiuts'WRG) 
 Landscroua (liindz'kroo-ua) 
 Laudshut (laudz'hoot ; Ger. 
 
 pron. lautts'hoot) 
 Ljingeac (loN'zhiik') 
 Langvland (laiig\>-Iand). or 
 
 Lang'land 
 l.iuigensalz;i ( liing'cn-salts'a) 
 Uiugholm (lang'um) 
 L;ingre.< ,'loxg'r) _ 
 Languedoc (loN'seh-dok') 
 Ijiuzarote. See Lancerota. 
 La-od'T-ce'a. See Latakia. 
 Laon (lii'ON') 
 Lacs (lii'Ss) 
 
 La Paz. See Paz. [Plata. 
 La Plata (la pla'ta). See 
 La Puebla, or La Puebla de 
 
 los Angeles (la pwCb'lii da 
 
 iris iing'Hel-es) 
 Laredo (Spain) (la-ra'Do) 
 Laredo (Texas) (la-ra'do) 
 Lar-is'sa 
 
 Laristan (lar-is-tiin') 
 Lar'nT-ca 
 I-i Salle "(la sal) 
 Las Palmas (las pal'miis). 
 
 Syn. Palmas. 
 l.as's-a, or H"las.sa (hUas'sa) 
 I..atakia (la'ta-kee'-a), or La- 
 
 dikia (la'de"kee'a) 
 I.at'ta-koo' 
 I^auban (lou'ban) 
 Lau'der-^lale 
 Iviuenburg (lou'en-burg or 
 
 lou'en-bc/oRG' ) 
 Launceston (lanss'tSn) 
 I..ausanne (lo'zan') 
 J.,auterbrunnen (lou'ter- 
 
 brobn'nen), or Lauter- 
 
 brunn (lou'ter-brdbn') 
 La-vac'ca. Syn. La Baca. 
 Laval (la'val') 
 l..avoro (lii-vo'ro) 
 l^ybach, or Laibach (li'baK) 
 
 (lUyrian Lublana, loo- 
 Leam'ing-tgn [bla'na) 
 
 Leb'a-non 
 l^ecce (let'cha) 
 I^ech (leK) 
 Lectoure (lek'tooR') 
 Leou warden (Ib'waR'den) 
 Leg-horn' (or leg'horn) (It. 
 
 Livorno, le-voR'no) 
 Legnago (16n-ya'go) 
 Legnano (It-n-ya'no) 
 l^eb, or Lei (lii) 
 Lehigh (lee'hT) 
 Leicester ( les' ter ) [den . 
 
 I>eiden (IT'dgn). Syn. Ley- 
 I>eigh (lee) 
 Leigh ton (lee'tgn) 
 Leiningen (IT'ning-gn) 
 Leinster ( lin'stfT or leen'stgr) 
 U'ipsic (iTp'sik) (Ger. Leip- 
 zig, ITp'tsiG) 
 I.«iria, or Leyria (la-ree'a) 
 Ixiith (leeth) 
 Ixntmeritz (llt'mer-its), or 
 
 I^utmeritz (loifmer-its) 
 I>eitrim (lee'trim) 
 I>;ixlip (liis'lip) 
 lAt Mans (leh m^N) 
 J/ern'berg ( Gfer. pron. lem'- 
 
 Mrg) (Pol. Lwow, Iwof) 
 lAi'Tiix ( Russ. pron. Ja-na) 
 Ixjn'3-wee [na'pS) 
 
 I>enni-Lennappe (len'ne len'- 
 1/enoir (le-nor') 
 
 li,e . & c . . Umg; u ,e ,^Mss prolonged; S,6 . &c . , short; a,g ,i ,Q,o65c«r<; care,f ar,ask .alljWh^t; gre,veil,t5rm ; pique,1n rm: Pon ,6i^ 
 
 Maas (mas). Syn. Meuse. 
 Maasluys (niji'slois), _ o> 
 
 Maaslandsluys (mSs'lant^ 
 
 slois' ) 
 Maastricht (mSs'triKt, o> 
 
 mas'triKt). Syn. Maes. 
 
 tricht. [kow') 
 
 Macao (ma-ka'o or ma- 
 Ma-cas'sar 
 
 Macerata (ma-cha-ra'ta) 
 Machias (ma-chi'as) 
 Mackl-naw"; formerly Mich.- 
 
 ilimackinac (mish'il-i- 
 
 mak'in-a%>') 
 MacLean (mak-lan') 
 3Iacomb (ma-koom') 
 Macon (France) (ma'koN') 
 Macon (U. S.) (ma'kun) 
 Macoupin (ma-koo'pin) 
 Macquarrie (ioiak-kwor're) 
 Mad'a-gas'car 
 Madeira (m'a-dee'ra ; Port. 
 
 pron. ma-cfa'e-ra)" 
 Mad-ras' 
 Mad-rid' ( Sp. pron. ma- 
 
 BreeD', almost math- 
 
 reeth') 
 Mad'rid(U. S.) 
 Madura (mji-du'ra) 
 Mselar (ma'lar), or Maslaren 
 
 (ma'lar-on) 
 Maelstrom (mal'strum or 
 
 mal'strum ) 
 Maese. See Meuse. 
 Maestricht, or Maastricht 
 
 (mas'triKt) 
 Mag'a-dox'o, or Magadoxa 
 
 ( Port. pron. niji-ga-do'sho) 
 
 or ma-ga-do'sha) 
 Mag-da-le'na ( Sj). pron. 
 
 mag-da-la'na) 
 Mag'de-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 maG'deh-bdbRG' ) 
 Magellan (ma-jel'lan ; Sp. 
 
 pron. mJi-Hel-jan') (Port. 
 
 Magalhaens, ma-gal-ya'- 
 
 eNs) Jggr-o'eh) 
 
 Magerbc (mag'er-o or nia'- 
 Maggiore (miid-jo'ra) 
 Magindinao (ma-Hin-de- 
 
 nji'o). Syn. Mindinao. 
 Mahanuddy (mah'ha-nud'- 
 
 de) 
 Mahon (ma-hon' or mJi-on') 
 Mah-rat'ta 
 Maida (ml'da) 
 Main, or Mayn (min) 
 Maine (France) (man ; Fr- 
 
 pron. almost men) 
 Maine (U. S.) (man) 
 Ma-jor'ca (Sp. Mallorca,mal- 
 
 yoR'ka) 
 Mal'a-bar' 
 Ma-lac'ca 
 
 Mal'a-ga"( or ma'la-gii) 
 Malaisia' (m.j-la'shi-a) 
 Malar. .SVe^Maelar. " 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 925 
 
 Malay (ma-la') 
 
 Ma-la'ya " 
 
 Mal'den 
 
 Maldives (mal'dlTz) 
 
 Malines (ma'leen'). Syn. 
 
 Mechlin. 
 Malmaison (inal''ma'zo>'') 
 Malmesbury (mainz''ber-T) 
 MaPmb {or mal'mo) 
 Malmohus (mal'mo-hoos) 
 Malo, St. (ma/lo') 
 Malplaquet (mal'pla'ka') 
 lljilstrom. See Maelstrom. 
 Malta (mawl'ta : It. pron. 
 
 raal'ta) 
 Miilvem (maw/vem) 
 Mahvah (niawPwa) 
 Manaar ( ma-nSr'' ) 
 Mancha, La (la man'cha) 
 Manche (moxsh) 
 Man'ches-ter [chooria. 
 
 3IaQchooria. See Mant- 
 Man-din'go [d&ne-'a) 
 
 Man-'fre-do'nT-a (or man-fra- 
 Man-hat'tan " [(man'him) 
 Manheim , ~ or Mannheim 
 Ma-nil'la (Sp. Manila, ma- 
 
 nee'laj [wok') 
 
 Manitouwoc (man'e-too- 
 Mans. Le (leh moN) 
 Mantchooria, Mandshooria, 
 
 or Mandchouria (man- 
 
 choo^re-a ) 
 Man'tu-a " (It. Mantova, 
 
 man'-fo-Ta) 
 Manzanillo ( pronounced man- 
 
 sa-neel'vo by the Mexicans. 
 
 and man-tha-neel'yo by 
 
 the Spaniards) 
 Maracaybo, or Maracaibo 
 
 (ma-ra-ki'bo) 
 Maranham (mSr'a-nam'), or 
 
 Maranhao' ( Port. pron. 
 
 ma-ran-ya'ox) 
 MaraHon (ma-ran-yon'). 
 
 Syn. Amazon. 
 Marbella (maR-bel'ya) 
 Mar'bk-head' [b(}bRG) 
 
 Mar'burg ( Ger. pron. maR'- 
 Marche, La (la maRsh) 
 Mardin ; pronouncea, and 
 
 sometimes written, Mar- 
 
 deen'. 
 Margarita (mar-ga-ree'ta) 
 Mariana (ma-re-a"na) 
 Mariel (ma' re-el') 
 Ma'rT-en-berg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 ma-ree'en-beRG' ) 
 Ma'ri-en-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 ma-ree'en-b obRG' ) 
 Ma.'rTH'n-wer''der {Ger. pron. 
 
 ma-ree'i'n-weR'der) 
 Marienzelf (ma-ree'en-tseP ) 
 Marigliano (ma-rel-ya^no) 
 Marin (ma-reen') 
 Marion (ma're-un) [sa) 
 
 Maritza, or Marizza (ma-rif- 
 Mariborough (mawl'briih) 
 Mar'mo-ra. or Mar'ma-ra 
 Marne(maRn) 
 Ma-roc'co. Syn. Morocco. 
 Marosch (ma'ro.«h) (Ilung. 
 
 Maros, mor'osh') 
 Maros Y4s4rhely (mor'osh' 
 
 va-shSR-heV ) (Ger. Neu- 
 
 markt, noi'maRkt) 
 Mai-qaesas (mar-ka'sa.s) . 
 Marquette (mar-kef) 
 Mart^ala (maR-sa'la) 
 Marseilles (mar-salz^) (Fr. 
 
 Marseille, maR'sal') 
 Mar'ta-ban' [teg') 
 
 Martigues, Les (la maR'- 
 Martinique (mar'ti-neek') 
 
 (Sp. Martinico, maR-te- 
 
 nee'ko) 
 Mar'war'. Syn. Joodpoor. 
 Ma'ry-iand 
 
 Ma'ry-lg-bone (commonly 
 
 pronounced mSt'e-bun) 
 Masafaera (mas-a-fwa'ra) 
 Mascarenhas (mas-ka-ren'- 
 yas) [Muscat. 
 
 Mas-kat', or Mas-c5te'. Syn. 
 Mas-ke'gon, or "Mas-ke'go 
 Mas'sa-chu'setts 
 Mas'sii-lQn (U. S.) 
 Masua, or Massouah (mas'- 
 
 soo-a) ; written aho Mas- 
 
 sowah. [tam'j 
 
 Masulipatam (mas-soo'le-pa- 
 Mat'a-gor'da 
 
 Mat'a-mo'ros, or Matamoras 
 Ma-tan'zas (or ma-tan'thas) 
 Mat'a-pan' 
 Mat'a-ree'yeh : often written 
 
 Mataria, or Mataryeh. 
 Matsmay, or MatsmaT (mats- 
 mi') ' [chQnk') 
 Ma ueh - Chunk ( mawk- 
 Mauchline (moK'lin) 
 Maui (mou'ee): sometimes 
 
 written Mowee. 
 Mau-mee' 
 
 Maurepas (rao're-pa') 
 Mauritiu.< (maw-riish'T-us) 
 Mayence. See Mentz. 
 Mayenne (ma'yen' or m\'- 
 
 en') 
 Mayn ( min ) 
 
 May-nooth'' (or ma-'nooth) 
 Mayo (Ireland) (mil'o) 
 Mayo (Mexico) (mi'o) 
 Mazanderan ( ma-zan-der- 
 
 an'), or Mazanderoon(ma- 
 
 zan-der-oon' ) 
 Maz'at-ian' {or ma-sat-lan') 
 Meaco (me-a'ko). Syn. Mi- 
 
 aco. 
 Meaux (mo) 
 Mechlin (mek'lin), or Meche- 
 
 len (meK'el-en) (Fr. Ma- 
 lines, ma'lox') 
 Meck'len-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 mek'len-b(5bRG' ) 
 Mecklenburg Schwerin 
 
 (.shwS-reen') 
 Meck'len-burg Strel'itz (or 
 
 stra'lits) [na) 
 
 Medina ( Arabia ) ( me-dee'- 
 Medina (U. S.) (me-dl'na) 
 Medina Sidonia (ma-dee^nJi 
 
 se-do'ne-a) 
 Med' 1- ter-ra 'ne-an 
 Mehallet-el-kebeer. or -el- 
 
 kebir (meh-hal'let-el-keh- 
 
 beeR') 
 Meidam (ma'e-dam') 
 Meigs (megz) 
 Meinara, or Menam (ma'e- 
 
 nam' or ma-nam') 
 Meinder ( miln'der ) . Syn . 
 
 Maeander. 
 Meiningen (mi'ning-en), or 
 
 Meinungen (mT'ntTong-Vn) 
 Meissen (mi'sen) 
 Mejerdah, or Medjerdah 
 
 (meh-jer'da) 
 Mek'i-nez. Mek'T-nes, or 
 
 Mek'nas : also written 
 
 Mequinez. 
 Mekran (mek-ran') 
 Melazzo. See ililazzo. 
 Melbourne (mel'bum) 
 Me^los. Syn. Milo. 
 Mel-ro;e' 
 
 Mel'ton Mowbray (m5'brT) 
 Me-lun' (Fr.pron. m'lux) 
 Meni'el (or ma'mel) 
 Memmingen (mem'ming-en) 
 Mem'phre-ma'gog 
 Menai (m5n1 or men'a) 
 
 (Strait) 
 Me-nan' 
 3Iendana (men-dan'ya). See 
 
 Marquesas 
 
 Mende (m6>d) 
 
 Mendocino ( m6n-do-see'no ) 
 
 Men-do'za (Sp. pron. men- 
 do'tha)" • 
 
 Mentz (ments), or Mainz 
 (mints) (Fr. Mayence, 
 ma'yoNss' ) 
 
 Menzaleh (men'za'leh) 
 
 Mequinez. See Mekinez. 
 
 Merdin (mer-deen'). Syn. 
 Mardeen. 
 
 Mergui, or Merghi (mer-gee') 
 
 Mer'i-da (or mer'e-da) 
 
 Merimachi. See Sliramichi. 
 
 Mer'i-on'eth 
 
 Mermentau (mer'men-to') 
 
 Mer'o-e 
 
 Mer'ri-mack 
 
 Mer'se-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 mcR'seh-bcToRG' i 
 
 Mersev (mer'zT) 
 
 Merthyr Tydvil, or Tydfil 
 (m5r'thc'r tid'vil) 
 
 Mesh'ed', or 31 ush'ed' : icrit- 
 ten also Mesched and 
 Meschid. 
 
 Mesolongi. See Missolonghi. 
 
 Messina (mi.s-^ee'na) 
 
 Mesurado ( ma-soo-ra'do) 
 
 MeteUn (met-e-leen'), or 
 Myt'e-ie'ne 
 
 Metz ( mets : Fr. pron. mis) 
 
 Menrthe (mcRt) 
 
 Meu.^ (muz: Fr. pron. 
 mcz) (Dutch 3Iaese, or 
 Maas, mSs) [ko) 
 
 Mex'T-co ( Sp. pron. meh-He- 
 
 Mezieres (mS'ze-eR') 
 
 Miaco (me-a'ko), or Kee'o 
 
 Miami (ml-a'mi) 
 
 Michigan (mlshl-g'n, or 
 mish'i-gan ; formerly pro- 
 nounced mish'"i-g3n') 
 
 Jlichilimackinac (niish'il-e- 
 mak'in-aw). Syn. Mack- 
 inaw. 
 
 Michoacan (mecho-ii-kan') 
 
 Miconi (mik'o-nee). Syn. 
 Myconos. 
 
 Milan (mil an or mi-lan') 
 (It. Milano. me-la'no) 
 
 5^=" The usage of the 
 best poets, as well as of the 
 best speakers, is decidedly 
 in faTor of the first pi'onun- 
 ciation. 
 
 Milazzo (me-lat'so). or Me- 
 lazzo ( ma-la t' so) 
 
 Mil-wau'kee, or 31ilwaukie. 
 
 Mina^Ajeraes (mee'nas-zhS- 
 
 Mincio (min'cho) [ra'es) 
 
 Mindanao (min-da-na'o), or 
 Magindinao (ma-eC-n-de- 
 na'o) 
 
 3Iinho (Portugal) (meen'yo) 
 
 Min'ne-so'ta 
 
 Mino (Spain") (meen'yo) 
 
 MT-nor'ca, or Men-or'ca 
 
 Miramachi ( mlr'a-ma-shee' ) 
 
 Mirandola (me-ran'do-la) 
 
 Mirepoix (mir'eh-pwa' or 
 meeR'pwa') 
 
 Miskolcz (mish-ki51is') 
 
 3Iis-si5'que 
 
 Mis'sis-sip'pT 
 
 Missolonghi (mis'so-long'ge) 
 
 Missouri (mis-soo'ri) 
 
 Mittau (mit'tou) 
 
 Mobile (mo-beel') 
 
 Mocha (mo'ka : Arab. pron. 
 mo'Ka' ) 
 
 Mod'e-na (or mod'S-na) 
 
 Modica (mod'e-ka) 
 
 Mog'a-dore' ; called Swee'ra 
 by the Moors. 
 
 Mo-gul' 
 
 Mohacs (mo'hatch') 
 
 Mo'hawk 
 
 Mo-he'gan 
 
 Mo-hee'lef; icritten also Ho- 
 
 hilew and Moghilev. 
 Mois.sac (mwas'sak') 
 Moldau (mol'dow) 
 -M©l-fet'ta 
 Mol-da'vi-a 
 
 Molise (m(>lee'sa) [rotai. 
 Molokai (mo-lo-kl'), or Mo- 
 Mo-luc'ca.< 
 Mombas (mom-bas'), or 
 
 Mombaza (mom-ba'za) 
 Mom-pox' (Sp. pron. mom- 
 
 POH') 
 
 Monaco (mo-na'ko) 
 Mo-nad'nf)ck 
 Monaghan ( mon'a-aan ) 
 Monastir ; pronounced, and 
 
 sometimes written Mon-as- 
 
 teer'. 
 Mondego ( mon-da'go ) 
 Mondonedo ( mou-don-yi^- 
 Mon-go'lT-a [do) 
 
 Mo-non'ga-he'la 
 Mo-non-ga'li-a ~ 
 Monopoil (mo-nop'o-lee) 
 Monreale (mon-ra-a'la). See 
 
 Montreale. 
 Mon-ro'Ti-a 
 Mons (moxss ) ( Flem. Bergen, 
 
 beR'Hen) [na) 
 
 Montagnana (mon-tan-ya'- 
 Montalban (mont-al-ban') 
 Mon-ta'na 
 
 Montargis (mox'taR'zhe') 
 Montauban (mSN'to'bos') 
 Mont Blanc (mox blox), or 
 
 Mount BlSnc. 
 Montbrison (moN'bre'zojr') 
 Montcalm (mont-kam) 
 Mont Cenis (mox st*h-ne', 
 
 or seh-ness') 
 Mont^e-Marsan (mox'deh- 
 
 maR'sox') 
 Mon-teith' [maR') 
 
 Montelimart (mux'ta'le'- 
 Mont«negro (mon-ta-na'gro) 
 Monterey (mon-ta-ra') 
 Mon'te-Aid'e-o (or mon-ta- 
 
 Tee-dS-o) [er-e) 
 
 Montgomery (mont-gam'- 
 Monticello (Italy) (mon-t«- 
 
 chel'lo) 
 Monticello (U. S.) (mon-te- 
 
 chel'lo or mon-te-sel'lo) 
 MontiUa (mon-teel'ya) 
 Montmartre (mox'maRtr') 
 Montmorency, or Montmo- 
 
 renci (mont'mo-ren'si: Fr. 
 
 pron. mox'mo'rox'se') 
 Mont-pe'li'er 
 Mont-pel'lT-€r (Fr. pron. 
 
 mox'pel'le-a') 
 Montreal (mont're-awl'; Fr. 
 
 pron. mox'ra'al') 
 Montreale ( mont-r5-a1a ); 
 
 more properly Monreale. 
 Montrose (mon-troz') 
 Mont'ser-rat'~ [tan') 
 
 Mooltan, or Moultan (mool- 
 Moorshedabad ( nioor'shed-a- 
 
 bad') 
 Moorzook, Mourzouk. or 
 
 Murzuk (moor-zook') 
 Mo-ra'TT-;_i (Ger. Mahren, 
 
 mii'ren] 
 Moray ; pronounced, and 
 
 often written, Mur'ray. 
 Morbihan (moR'be'ox') 
 ilo-re'a. Syn. Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 Morena , Sierra ( se-eR'Rii 
 
 mo-ra'na) 
 Morlaix (moR'la') 
 Mo-roc'co. or Marocco ( Arab 
 
 Maraksh. ma-riiksh') 
 Morotai (mo-ro-tl'). Syn- 
 
 Molokai. 
 
 dgjWolfjtcTctcJbk ; Qm, r^e, pyll : 9,§, soft; €,g, Aarrf.-a^; exist : n as ng ; diis ; a,o,u,«jfe,I.n,s.w,B.D.G.H.K.x.R.r (see p. 914). 
 
926 
 
 MUDEl^N 
 
 KTr^K,'y.r 
 
 ixAPHICAL ^'AMES. 
 
 AoTtMgoe (motitMm*) 
 Morten (-aio»-tik''ra) 
 Mo0'cdw (Ross. Mo^vm, 
 
 moek-'i-i ) 
 MoaeUe (nH>-KF) (Oer. Mo- 
 
 llo«nl. or Moo'sol 
 lloafiM (mooOiir') 
 MoaUui (Bool-tiB^). Sym. 
 
 Motftrie (moo'trT) 
 MonaMd^ &r Moonook. 
 Mev'te. £^MaaL 
 
 .(»o.«n-beek') 
 
 IJa) 
 
 (mu'len-burg) 
 (miil^oWuen) 
 ase. mul'ooi') 
 >: him) 
 
 yy^ :h) 
 
 Munich .mu nik) (Gemuin 
 
 Miinchen, iniin'Hen) 
 Mfineter (Ireland) 
 MoDSter (Ger.) (mfin'ster 
 
 er man''eter) 
 Mur, or Mnhr (moon) 
 Mnrcia (murshi-a ; Danish 
 
 pron. mooK'the-a) 
 MoTFuk. Set Mooraook. 
 Murriedro (mooB-ve-a'Dro) 
 Mus-cat' 
 
 Mufic&tiDe (mos^-teen') 
 Mns-co^gee 
 Mixp'ce-fy 
 
 MnskinfrvoB (oras-ldoe'giim) 
 Mtc o-DOS. Syn. MiooDi, or 
 
 Mjconi (mik'o-nee). 
 MTsore (mi-sorO 
 MTtl-le'ne. Syn. Metelin. 
 
 NaT r.-h> 'Tnlifttis): trril- 
 
 \ 
 NaT 
 
 r^^en'), <w 
 -ree'no). 
 (Sp. Na- 
 
 -a) 
 na-Teiel''TO 
 
 N. 
 
 Nabs 
 
 nib£) 
 
 ri'.fd, and 
 a-h^t. ;^ Nabajoii (na-Ta- 
 Nri'--^j-3'.'bf'- r'^k ^-io'chiz) 
 
 y . . roV) 
 
 Na;,,.v -^■..jjL.aLj^ u ..jj SOm'- 
 
 bot'). .>yn. Txtq&vl. 
 Nagj- Virad (nodj ra'rod') 
 Ka-hant^ 
 
 Nam&qua? (nS-ma^traz) 
 Nanmr (na''mur : Fr. pron. 
 
 na muE') 
 Nan cj < Fr. pron. nos'se') 
 Nangasaki (nang-ga-sa'ke) 
 Nan-kin', or Nan-long' 
 Nanus (naate : Fr. pron. 
 
 noyt) 
 San-tuck 'ft 
 Nantwich (nanficli) 
 Naple? (nS'plz) (It. Napoli, 
 
 ua'po-ie; 
 VmAomaft {aam/bao') 
 
 (urHBS'dt). Sjfm. 
 
 Vbr '-va, or Nar'Tj 
 
 Na-e hS- 
 
 Na«h'a-a 
 
 Kae^no ( Grr. pron. nie'Boa ) 
 
 Katel (lui-talO 
 
 KAtefaO^aefaVs (aomutitmes 
 
 pnmotuuxd nak's-taflh') 
 lis-toTI^ or AiK»-«oaX-a, 
 
 or AaoAofi (MUHlole) 
 
 Kaamlnns (^rer, 
 
 Kau'Toc/ 
 
 NaT:. 
 
 griaii da J 
 Naxia (nax-ee'a), or Nax'os 
 Neagh, Lougfa (16h nS) 
 Neau (na'6'). 5yfi. Eupen. 
 Ne-bras'ka 
 Neckar. or Neck'er 
 Ne(^jd"(nej"d), or Nedj'ed 
 Neelgher'ry, or NeSgfaeny 
 
 (neel'gfr'ree) 
 Neg'a-pa-tam' 
 Neg-ro-pont', or Eg'rI-po 
 Nds&e (nl'fieh) 
 Nejin. See Nexbem. 
 Nemours (neh-mooE^) 
 Nenagh (na'na) 
 Ne-o'sho 
 
 Neots, St. (sent neets') 
 Ne-paui', or Nepal 
 Ner-bnd'dab, or Narmada 
 
 '(nar-ma'"da) 
 Ner-tchinsk'" 
 Neschin (nesh-oen'). -See 
 
 Nezbeen. 
 Ne-sham'T-nr 
 Netii'er-lands (Duteb NedCT- 
 
 land, na'der-lant') 
 Nethou (neh-too') 
 Neu^buTg ( G-er. pron. nca'- 
 
 bcJ^&G) 
 Neafchatd, or Nenchitel 
 
 (nush'a'tel') (Ger. Nenen- 
 
 burg, noi'en bcroEfi') 
 Neoill.v-fnr-Seine (nijh'ye'- 
 
 sun'san') 
 Neumarkt (noi'maskt) 
 Neurode (noi'ro'deh) 
 Nen-Rnppin '(noi-r(5bp- 
 
 peen ) 
 Neusatz (noi'sats) (Hung. 
 
 tJjvidek, oo'e-Te'dak') 
 Neusejnns) 
 Neu'sohl (or noi'sol) 
 NeuFtadt (nu'etat or noi'- 
 
 Btat) [-vreet) 
 
 Neu-ATied (nu'weed or noi'- 
 Ne'ra ( Rusf. pron. na'Ta) 
 Nevada (nS-ra'Da) 
 Nevado (nS-ra'DO) 
 Nerere (neh-Tefi') 
 Ne'vis, Bea 
 
 Newark [^is-el) 
 
 Ne-wcastie (IXelairajie) (nu'- 
 Neweastle (Bng.) (nu-kas'sl) 
 Newfonndlaod (nn fund- 
 land') Ida) 
 New Granada _(nu gra-na'- 
 Nevr Guinea (-gin'e). Syn. 
 
 Papua. 
 New Jersey (-Jer'zJ^) 
 New Le'on (Sp. Nnevo Leon., 
 
 nwa'To lS-6n') 
 New'mar-ket 
 New Orleans; often, but 
 
 hss correctly, called New 
 
 Or-lSanj'. [bury. 
 
 New Sa'rum. Syn. Safis- 
 New San-tao'der (Sp. Nnero 
 
 Santander, nwa'TO mLd- 
 
 tan-daB') 
 New Zealand (-zeeland) 
 Nezb-een' : irritien also, Ne- 
 
 jin and Neschin. 
 Nei Perc* (na peE'sS': com- 
 monly pron. napfr'se) 
 Ngami ( 'n-ga'inee ) 
 Niagara (nl-ag'a-ra : aome- 
 
 timef pron. nl-ag'a-ra) 
 Nicaragua (nik'a-ra'gwi) 
 Nice (nees) (It. 'Nima, net'- 
 
 sa or nifsa) 
 Kk^o-bar' 
 
 Nic'ff-las, St. (Pr. Sunt Nic- 
 
 olu, e&H nelaa^*) 
 NioopoG (De^op'o4ee) 
 NiooEia (ne^o'se-A) 
 
 Niederweeel (uee'dgt-wt/- 
 
 ■gl). Syn. WeseL 
 Ni^noi (nee'men : PoLprem,. 
 
 nyem'en) 
 Nieuport (nu'port) 
 Nierre (db-Stt') 
 Niger (ni'jer), or QuQr'ra 
 Nyni. Set Nizhnee. 
 Nikola'ief, or Nikcdaiew (ne- 
 
 ko4i^er) 
 
 Kile (Arab. Bahr KO, 
 _neel) (guar' 
 
 Nimar (nee-mar'), or Se- 
 NixQes, or NiEoieB (neem) 
 Moaeguea (ne-Dtt^ien) 
 
 (Dutch Nijmegea, or "Sj- 
 Tos^esx, nT-ma'aen, or Nun- 
 ■wegen, nim-wa'g-gn 5 Fr. 
 Nimegue, ne'mag') 
 Ni-phon", or Ifl-pon' 
 
 OcbotflL Set OkhoCBk- 
 
 Oe-makiee: 
 
 tot" 
 OoiKnee 
 Cyen-eoke 
 Odetue (o'd^-fifh) 
 
 Odandleaani) 
 
 OadHD (S'te-bmo) 
 
 (oBft/rik). 89U. 
 
 NjEb'a-poa:' ; wriXSem also 
 
 Nishapour. [rod 
 
 Ni-h'nee (or Nijni) No^'go'- 
 Nocera (Do-cha'ra) [^a- 
 
 Noerdlingen. Sft€ Nord-Hn- 
 NordhaasOT (BOB.t boir'nea) 
 NordMsgen, or KootdBng- 
 
 ea <iii»t''&%-en, abmoU 
 
 Noifelk (Bor'igk) 
 
 Nor^omiHdy 
 
 OeUiugen (ot'tii^-^) 
 i^fgOL. Sam. B«Hla. 
 OtteabaA {fffsa4uKn 
 Oeeediee (o-^ee^diee) 
 0|gle«tMtpe(o%i-fiioip) 
 
 (HiFo 
 
 <M»e {fm ; R. jamu waz, 
 
 Q^bbeway . Set C hip p e mmT . 
 Okhotiak {o^<aAA' „ Eatit. 
 
 O^lMin (ok-tib^Yacsteirj 
 <M'd|n4Niig IGtr.pnm.iA''- 
 
 deB-bdbBC) 
 OUsamio/fWrnsF)^ 
 OU-TeB>waL, er OiKcnca ( Sp. 
 
 pnm. o^Tot'maj 
 CftnatE (ol<lBuiie|, or OH - 
 
 Nor'way (Norw. N<x>ee,iiaB/- 
 
 geh -or noB'ga ) 
 Norwich (Eng. ) (nor/i^) 
 Norwich. (U. S.) (nor'ik^ w 
 
 nWwich ) 
 Noram (no-Ti'a) 
 Novara (no-Ti^rmJ 
 Nora Scotia (no^Oso'AS-i) 
 No'Tg Zera'Ua (indf 
 
 Not 'go-rod*, "or BTo'TO-go- 
 NoTi (no'Tee) 
 Noyon (noh'ySsr') 
 Nu'bi-a 
 
 Nuec«B"(nwa'ses) 
 Nuera Helretaa (nwa'Taha- 
 
 Ta'te-a). Syn. New Hel- 
 
 Telia. 
 NueTitas (nwa-Tee'tae) 
 NueTo Leon (nwa'vo 13-ob^). 
 
 Syn. New Leon. 
 NueTo SantandCT (nwa'TO 
 
 Ksn-tan-deB'). S^n. Nev 
 
 Santander. 
 Nnkahiva (noolLarbee/'vik) 
 Nu " ' 
 
 len^Xen, Koon. 
 Nn/vem-bg!^ <Ger. Ifini- 
 
 berg, n||Ba<1>^ie) 
 Nnslan {i^SaB^km) 
 NTaoza {ne-oat^sa) 
 Nykopmg, or ISj^afaelmF- 
 
 Omab», i&'waahbam*) 
 Qgnn (o-aian^) 
 0>tegr, &L (Fr. Sud 
 
 O-ne''^ (Smss. pnm. o- 
 
 Onoda^o-ni'da) 
 Onondaea (on^an-daw'ga ) 
 Oidxrio (on^'ri-o ) 
 
 Ocgon. or OiyEin (00-^an' ) 
 0<y'nf4a£«ka, er Oo^B»4aeh'- 
 
 ka" 
 Ooi^; writxem, obo Uzft^ 
 
 O11T&., oarf OeCl. 
 Oar^ueqj, Om^liend), or Ur- 
 
 tnR^s tcriiti^em C^^mbb arf 
 Urgante. £^. Klina. 
 Ckm^oraeeat, er Ui ^ mi y m (00- 
 rocMnee'f ), wriUem o2s» 
 fT rmiah oiul OnnUlfa. 
 
 0(»'taa-«v'la 
 
 OoetnlMNit; (oB'IfcSr-lMnrty 
 
 OoBlioae Tcteebee, Usiiae 
 TcSftd, er OoetifDo^ Tcfiki 
 (oo&lEHOQe' v^^lee^kBe) 
 
 Oofriaek, Oufadc, or Uz^wek 
 (omrltdc') 
 
 Oi»'e4gg<SB98 
 O-pn'to 
 
 cii5'pii«,«&i 
 7€a (Betas') 
 
 Nyco 
 
 Ili«) 
 
 o 
 
 Oeu(ohbhi') 
 OrrfDgeCl^. 
 OreadeB {arlut^Kn). Sym. 
 
 OfklM^SL 
 
 Onimk aSee OoaelsniL 
 
 Oahu (wahlMo) 
 Oaxaca, or Q^/um, (wiroii'- 
 kjl), MTBOm ^te G«UEM». 
 
 O'bsr^iB 
 
 ObL, or Oby (o1i>eK or Ob 
 
 OeaSa (o^in^'ya) 
 Oeeo-qoen' 
 Oeeona (o'fifaM'na) 
 Ooeuia (o'flfae^^J-a ) 
 
 (o>ili»4bi^ka) 
 
 0-«el',erOr4aF 
 OreDauttKia-yS'M). .Sr^^ 
 
 0''ren-lMni<^, or Oi e a - liiue 
 
 Orihoela (o^re-wa^) 
 
 OiU^Dfb» 
 
 0-<»%iHRy 
 
 OnolMa (&«B'4ii<1i&) 
 
 Or^4as {Ff. 
 
 «fc'S'- 
 
 i.^,k^.. long; Z^fiJleu prolonged; &,£^c., sAort,- ^^^^^semre; eiie.fM-,artr jll .i^ifKq enjT^MJEna: plqae^fiiB; eaawo^ 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 927 
 
 ©r'mus, or Ormuz {Vera. 
 
 Hormooz) 
 Orontes (o-ron'tez), called by 
 
 the Arabs El Aasy (el a'se') 
 Ortegal (or oR-ta-gal') 
 Orthez, or Orthes (oR'ta') 
 Orvieto (oR-ve-a'to) 
 O'sage' (Fr. pron. o^zazh.') 
 Osceola (os'se-o'la) 
 Oshmooneyn, or- Achmou- 
 
 neyn (osh-moo-nan'') 
 Os'na-bruck'' ; often called, 
 
 by" tlie English, 0§'na- 
 Os'si-pee [burg. 
 
 Ossuna (os-soo'na) 
 Ost-end' 
 Os'ti-aks' 
 Os'we-gatch'Te 
 Os-we'go 
 
 Ojj'wes-try (or oz/gs-trl) 
 Otaheite (o-ta-hee'te). See 
 
 Tahiti. 
 Otchakof, or Oczakow (otch''- 
 
 a-kof) 
 O-tran'to (/it. /iron. o'tran-to) 
 Ottajano (ot-ta-ya'no) or Ot- 
 
 tojano (ot-to-ya'no); ivrit- 
 
 ten also Ottaiano. 
 Ot'ta-wa [or ot'ta-wa) 
 Otterbach (ot'ter'baK') 
 Ot'to-man Empire. Syn. 
 
 Turkey. 
 Ouche (oosh) 
 
 Oude (owd; sometimes im- 
 properly pronounced ood). 
 Oudenarde (ow/den-ar'deh) 
 
 (Fr. Audenarde, o'deh- 
 Oundle (uu'dl) [naRd') 
 
 Oural. See Ural. 
 Ouralsk, or Uralsk (oo-ralsk') 
 Ourfa. See Oorfa. 
 Osriniah, or Urmiah (oor- 
 
 mee'a). Syn. Ooroomeea. 
 Ouse (ooz) 
 
 Ouzbek. See Oozbek. 
 Overijssel, or Overyssel (o- 
 
 Ter-Ts'sel) 
 0/vid(N. Y.) 
 Oviedo (o-ve-a'Do) 
 Owego (o-wee'go) 
 0-why'hee. See Hawaii. 
 Ox'us ; called also the Amoo, 
 
 or Amu (a'moo'), and Gi 
 
 hon (je-hon'), or Je-hoon'. 
 Oy^a-pock', or Oyapoc 
 O-zark' 
 
 P. 
 
 Pachuco (pa-choo'ko) 
 
 Pa-dang/ [va) 
 
 Pad'u-a (It. Padova, pa'do- 
 
 Paglia (pal'ya) 
 
 Paishawur. See Peshawer. 
 
 Paisley (paa'li) 
 
 Pal'a-wan' 
 
 Pal'em-bang' 
 
 Palencia ( pa-Ien'shi-a j Sp. 
 
 pron. pa-leu'the-a) 
 Palenque (pa-lenk'a), or Cul- 
 
 huacan (kool-wa-kan') 
 Pa-ler'mo (It. pron. -p'aAeR^- 
 Pal'es-tine [mo) 
 
 Palestrina (pa-les-tree'na) 
 Pal'iam-cot-ta 
 Pal'll-ser 
 Paknas" or Las Palmas (las 
 
 pal'mas) 
 Pal-my'ra 
 
 Palo Alto'"(pa''lo al'to) 
 Pam'li-co 
 Pamplona (pam-plo'iia), or 
 
 Pampeluna (pam-pa-loo^- 
 
 na) 
 Pa-muQ/key, or Pa-mun/ky 
 Panama (p5n/a-ma') 
 
 PaoU(U. S.) (pa-o'lee) 
 Papua (pap'oo-a or pa'poo- 
 
 r,). - Syn. New Guinea. 
 Para (pa-ra') 
 Paraguay (pa-ra-gwa' or pa- 
 
 ra-gwT') [ee-ba) 
 
 Parahyba, or Paraiba(pa-ra- 
 Par'a-miirl-bo 
 Parana (pa-ra-na') 
 Parana-Iba, or Paranahiba 
 
 (pa-ra-na-ee'ba) 
 Parima (pa-re'ma) 
 Parina (pa-re-na') 
 Paris (pXr'is ; Fr. pron. 
 
 pa' Re') 
 Par'o-pam'i-san' (Mts.) 
 Pascagoula (pas'ka-goo'la) 
 Pasco, or Cerro Pasco (seR'- 
 
 Ro pas'ko) [la') 
 
 Pas-de-Calais (pa-deh-ka'- 
 Paso del Norte (pa'so del 
 
 noR'ta) 
 Pas-sa'ic 
 
 Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy 
 Passau (pas'sou) 
 Pafa-go'ni-a 
 
 Pa-tay' " [tras'so) 
 
 Pa-tras', or Patrasso (pa- 
 Pau (po) 
 Pavia (pa-vee'a) 
 Paw'ca-tuck 
 Paw'tuck-et 
 Pax'os, or Pax'o 
 Pays Bas (pa'e ba) 
 Pays de Vaud (pu'e dgh v5). 
 
 Syn. Vaud. 
 Paz, La (lapaz; .S^. pron. 
 
 la path) 
 Pe-chee-Iee (pa-chee-lee'j 
 Pe'dee' 
 
 Peebles (pee'biz) 
 Pegnitz (peg'nits) 
 Pegu, or Pegou (pe-goo'), or 
 
 Bagoo 
 Pei-ho (pa^ho') 
 Peipus (pa'e-poos), or 
 
 Tchood'sko-e 
 Pe'kin', or Peeking' 
 Pe-leW 
 
 Pembina (pem'be-na) 
 Pembroke (pem'brdbk) 
 Pemigewasset ( pem'i-je-wos'- 
 
 set) 
 PeSafiel (pan-ya-fe-el' or 
 
 pan-ya-fe-al') 
 Penalva (pan-yaFva) 
 Pe-nang' 
 Penne ( pen ) 
 Penn'syl-va'nT-a 
 Pe-nob'scQt 
 Pen'rith (or pe'rith) 
 Pen-ryn' 
 Pen/s<3-co'la 
 Penzance (pen-zanssO 
 Pe-o'ri-a 
 
 Perdido~( per-dee'do ) 
 Pergola (peR'go-la) 
 Perigord (per''e'gOR') 
 Perigueux (pa're'guh') 
 Pernambuco (peR-nam-boo'- 
 Pernau (pgR'now) [ko) 
 
 Perote (pa-ro'ta) 
 Perpignan (peR'pen'yoN') 
 Per-qui'm'ans 
 Persia (per'shi-a, not per'- 
 
 zhT-a ), called by the natives 
 
 Iran (ee-ran'). [roo') 
 
 Peru (pe-roo' ; Sp. pron. pa- 
 Peru -{ia (pa-roo'ja) 
 Peschiera (pes-ke-a^ra) 
 Pescina (pa-shee'na) 
 Peshawer, Peichaouer, Pes- 
 
 chauer (pa-shou'er) ; writ- 
 ten also Paishawur and 
 
 Peishore. [pesht) 
 
 Pesth (pest; Hung. pron. 
 Pe-tchee-lee' 
 Pet-cho'ra, or Petschora 
 
 Pe'terg-burg, Saint (Russ. 
 
 Sanktpeterburg, sankt- 
 
 pa'ter'booRG) 
 Peterwardein (pe'ter-war'- 
 
 dln ; Ger. pron. pa'ter- 
 
 war'dTn) [vodskO 
 
 Petrozavodsk (pa-tro-za- 
 Pezenas (paz'na') 
 PhiPa-del'phi-a 
 Phil'fp-pTne 
 Piacenza ( pe-a-chen/za) 
 Piave (pe-a'va) 
 Pic'ar-dy (Fr. La Picardie, 
 
 la'pe'kaR'de') 
 Pichincha (pe-chtn'cha or pe- 
 
 cheen'cha) 
 Pic ton (pik-tooO 
 Piedmont (peed'mont) (It. 
 
 Piemonte, pe-a-mon'ta) 
 Pieds Noirs (pe-a' nwaR). 
 
 Syn. Blackfeet. 
 PieiTe, Saint (sent peer ; Fr. 
 
 pron. Sii:y pe-eR') 
 Pignerol (pen'ye-rol'). See 
 
 Pinerolo. 
 Pilcomayo (pil-ko-mT'o) 
 Pilica (pe-leet'sa or pe-lit'sa) 
 Pillau (pil'lou) 
 Pinerolo (pe-na-ro'lo) (Fr. 
 
 Pignerol, pen-ye-roF) 
 Piombino (pe-om-be'no) 
 Pirmasens, or Pirmasenz 
 
 (p(?eR'ma-sents) 
 Pisa (pee'sa) 
 Pis-cafa-qua 
 Pis-cat'a-qui's 
 Pistoja fpis-to'ya) 
 Pitea (pit'e-o) 
 Pitt'syl-va'm-a 
 Placen tia ( pla-sen'shi-a ) 
 Plaquemine (plak'men") 
 Plasencia ( pla-sen'she-a ; <S^. 
 
 pron. pla-.'^en'the-a) 
 Plata, La (la pla'ta) ; caUed 
 
 also the Argentine (ar'jen- 
 
 tln) Republic. 
 Plata, Rio de la (re'o da la 
 
 pla^'ta) 
 Platte (plat) 
 Platten See (plat''ten sS), or 
 
 Lake Bilatony "(ba'loh^- 
 Plauen (plow'en) [ton') 
 
 Pleisse (pli'sch) 
 Piin-lim/rnQn 
 Plock (plotsk) 
 Plombieres (ploN'be-eR') 
 Plymouth (plim'uth) 
 Po'cQ-moke 
 Podlachia (pod-la'ke-a) 
 Po-do'li-a 
 
 Poic tiers. See Poitiers. 
 Poictou. See Poitou. 
 Point Coupee (koo-pee') 
 Poitiers, or Poictiers (poi- 
 
 teerz' ; Fr. pron. pwEfte- 
 
 a', almost pwPte-a') 
 Poitou, or Poictou (poi'too; 
 
 Fr. pron. pwa'too', almost 
 
 pwl'too') 
 Po'land ; called by the Poles 
 
 Poiska (poPskJi) 
 Polock (po-lotsk'), written 
 
 also Polotzk) 
 Poltava (pol-ta-'va), toritten 
 
 also Pultowa. 
 Polynesia (pol'i-nee'shi-a) 
 Pom'e-ra'ni-a (Ger. Pom'- 
 
 mern) 
 Pompeii (pom-pa-'yee) 
 Pondicherry (pon'de-sher'- 
 
 ree) (Fr. Pondicherry, 
 
 poN/de'sha're') 
 Ponta Del-gada (pon'ta del- 
 
 ga-da) 
 Pont'char-train' 
 Ponteftact (pom'fret) 
 Pon'to-toc' 
 Pontremoli (pon-trem'o-lee) 
 
 Popayan (po-pl-an' or po-pa- 
 
 yan') 
 Po-per-ing/gn (Fr. Pope- 
 
 ringue, pop'er-aN'g', — the 
 
 g to be distinctly sounded) 
 Po-po-cat'a-p6tl' 
 Port-au-Prince ( p6rt-6- 
 
 prinss ; Fr. pron. poRt-6- 
 
 Port Mahon (ma-hon') 
 Por'to BeVlo (Sp. Puerto 
 
 Bello, pweR''to bel'yo) 
 Por'to Ca-bel'lo (Sp. Puerto 
 
 Cabello'pweR'to ka-B61'yo) 
 Porto Praya (por'to prT'Ji) 
 PoWto Prin'cT-pe. 6ee Puer- 
 to Principe. 
 Porto Rico (por-to ree'ko, 
 
 (Sp. Puerto Rico, pweR'- 
 
 to ree'ko) 
 Portsmouth (ports'muth) 
 Port'u-gal (Port. pron. poR- 
 
 too-gaP ) 
 Posen (po'zgn) 
 Potenza (po-ten'za) 
 Po-to'mac 
 
 Potosi (po-to-see' or po-to'- 
 Pot'ta-wat'o-mieg [see) 
 
 Poughkeepsie (po-kip''si) 
 Po-yang' 
 
 PozzuoU (pot-soo-o'lee) 
 Prague (prag) (Ger. Prag, 
 
 praG) 
 Prairie du Chien (pra'ri di} 
 
 sheen ; Fr. pron. prS're' 
 
 dli she-SN') 
 Prenzlow (prents'lo) 
 Pres'burg, or Press'burg 
 
 ( Ger. joron. press'bdbRG^ 
 Presque Isle (presk eel) 
 Prestbury (prez'bEr-ry) 
 Pres' ton-pang' 
 PreVe-sa (or pra'va-sa) 
 Principalo Citra (prin-che- 
 
 pa'to chee'tra) 
 Principato Ultra (prin-che- 
 
 pa'to ooPtra) 
 Prip'ets (Polish Prypec, 
 
 prip'ets) 
 Privas (pre'vas') 
 Provence (pro'voNss') 
 Prussia (prush'i-a or proo^- 
 
 shi-a) 
 Prjith ( Ger. pron. proot) 
 Prypec, or Prypetz. See Priv 
 
 pets. 
 Przemysl (pzhem^is'l) 
 Pskof, or Pskow(pskof), writ- 
 ten also Pskov. 
 Puebla(pweb'la) 
 Pueblo (pweb'lo) or El Pueb- 
 lo delos Angeles (el pweb'- 
 
 lo da los ang'Hel-es) 
 Puente Nacional (pwen'tS 
 - na-se-o-njil' ) [lo. 
 
 Puerto Bello. -See Porto Bel- 
 Puerto Principe (pweR'to 
 
 prin'se-pa or preen'the-pa). 
 
 or Pdr'to Prin'ci-pe 
 Puerto Rico. See Porto Rico. 
 Puncahs (punk'az), or Ponk- 
 
 as. " LJaub' 
 
 Punjab (pun-jabO, or Pun- 
 Puntas Arenas (poon'tas 
 
 a-ra'nas) 
 Puy de Dome (pwe dgh dom [ 
 Puy, Le (Igh pwe) 
 Pwllheli (almost poothl- 
 
 ha'le) 
 Pyrenees (pTr'g-nez) 
 Pyrmont (pefeR'mont) 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qaherah (kha'he-ra). Syn. 
 Cairo. 
 
 lQ,w9lf,tol),t(Jbk ; tim,rHe,pyll ; 9,^, soft; €,g, hard; ag; exist; n as ng ; this ; a,d,H,^,l,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (see p . 914 > 
 
928 
 
 tieue. 5^ I' Keneh. [seir. 
 Qocoyr (kos-ser ). ^yn. Oos- 
 Quatre Hras (kat*r brii) 
 Quo-Ih>c' (Fr. Qu^bw, kH'- 
 
 Wk') 
 QutHl liu-burg ( Ger. pron. 
 
 kwt'd'lin-bmiRG') 
 Queu'tin, Saint (Fr. pron. 
 
 sAN k^N't;\N') 
 
 Queretaro (kS-ra'tii-ro) 
 QuibtTon (ke'broN') 
 Quilimaiie (ke-le-iua'na), 
 
 u-iitttn also Quilimaucy. 
 Quillota (kr-1-yo'ta) 
 Quilojj (kee'lo-a) 
 yuiui'per (kJN'peR') or 
 
 Quimper Corentin (ko'- 
 
 riis'tiis') 
 ;juin'e-baug' 
 yuito (kee-'to) 
 Quor'ra. Syn. Niger. 
 
 MDUEHIS! GKOGKAl'llICAL NAMES. 
 
 R, 
 
 Raab (r'iib) (Hung. Gybr, 
 
 dyoR) 
 Kacine (ras-seen') 
 J^s^uia (ra-goo'sa), or Raugia 
 
 (ra'co-ja orrou'ja) 
 Rah way (raw'wa) 
 Raj tK)o t ( v'aj -poof ) 
 Rajpootana (riy-poo-ta'na), 
 
 or Rajasthan (ra-ja-stan') 
 Raleigh (rawai) 
 Rambouillet (j-ox'boo/ya' or 
 
 Toy'hooVyti')^ 
 Raniillies (ram''e-ir'z; Fr. 
 
 pron. Ra'mfl'ye' or kA'- 
 
 uie'ye') 
 Ranai (ra-nlO- Syx. Lanai. 
 Rangoon (rang-goon') 
 Rap4d-an', or Rap'id Ann 
 Rapides (rap-eed') 
 Rap'pa-han'nQck [uu) 
 
 Rjiritan, or Raritcn (rar'it- 
 Rath-keale' 
 liat'is-bon(Ger. Regensburg, 
 
 Ea'gens-bcJbRG') 
 Ra-ven'na ( or ra-ven'na ) 
 Ravensburg (ra'vens-bdbRcy) 
 Ravenstein (ra'ven-stin') 
 Heading (red'ing) 
 Regensburg. See Ratisbon. 
 Reggio(red'jo) 
 Re-ho'both 
 
 Reicheuberg (rT'Kon-beRC/) 
 Reichstadt (riK'stat) 
 Reigate (ri'get) 
 ReT'ki-,;i-vTk 
 Reims, or Rheims (reemz ; 
 
 Fr. pron. rSxz) 
 Renaix (reh-na'o;- reh-naks') 
 
 (Flem. Ron^se) 
 Rend^'borg, or Rendsburg 
 Rens.'^laer (ren'se-ler) 
 Resjica de la Palma (rS-sa'- 
 
 ka dS la pal'uia) 
 Reu.s (ri'oos) 
 
 Reuss (rijs ; Ger. pron. Roiss) 
 Reutlingen (roit'ling-j-n) 
 Rfcv'el (Rubs. Kolyvaii, ko'- 
 
 le-van' ) 
 Iie\'illa (ra-veel'ya) 
 Rheatown (ra'town^ 
 Rheims. See Rcim.s 
 Rheinthal (rin'tal) 
 Rhine (rln) (Ger. Rhein: 
 
 Dutch Rhyn, both pro- 
 nounced as the English 
 Rhodes (rodz) [Rhine) 
 
 Rhodez, or Rodez (ro/da') 
 Rhone (ron) 
 Riazan (re-a-zanO 
 Itichelieu (re'ehg-loo' or 
 
 rCsh'le-oh') 
 Rjdeau (re'do') 
 
 Riegel (ive'iiijl) 
 
 Riesengobirge (ree'zou-ga- 
 btM.'K(.j\>h) 
 
 Kicti (re-a'tee) 
 
 RT'ga (or ree'ga) 
 
 Rimini (ree'me-ne or rim'-) 
 
 Rio Bravo (ree'o bra'vo). 
 See Rio del Norte. 
 
 Rio del Norte (rl'o del nort ; 
 Sp. pron. ree'o del noR'- 
 tJS); called also the RFo 
 Gx-;1nde (Sp. pron. ree'o 
 grau'dii) and Rio Bravo 
 (i-ee'o brii'vo). 
 
 ^^ The pronunciation 
 of these names, which may 
 be said in one sense to be- 
 long now to the United 
 States, should be AngU- 
 cized,for the same reason 
 that the pronunciation of 
 Wisconsin (originally Ouis- 
 consin) and Texas (Sp. 
 pron. ta^Hiis) is Anglicized ; 
 namely, because the great 
 majority of those who have 
 occasion to use them speak 
 the English language. 
 
 Rio Frio (ree'o free'o) 
 
 Rio Janeiro (rPo ja-nee'ro or 
 ree'o j.i-na'ro) (Port. Rio de 
 Janeiro, ree'o da zha-na'e- 
 ro) : oflen called simply 
 
 Riom (re'Sx') [RI'o 
 
 Rive de Gier (reev dehzhe-a') 
 
 Rives (reevz) 
 
 Rivoli (riv'o-le or ree'vo-le) 
 
 Ro'a-noke' 
 
 Rochefort (rotch'fort or 
 rosh'foR') 
 
 Rochelle, or La Rochelle (la 
 Ro'shel') [dez 
 
 Rodez (ro'da'). Si/n. Rho- 
 
 Roer (rooR). Si/n. Ruhr. 
 
 Roemionde (rooR-mon'dch) 
 (Fr Ruremonde, rUr'- 
 moNd') 
 
 Romagna (ro-man'ya) 
 
 Romagnese (ro-man-ya'sa) 
 
 Romania (ro-ma'ne-a or ro- 
 mji-nee'a) 
 
 Romans (ro'mox') 
 
 Rome (Torn, /ormerli/ rdom) 
 (It. Roma, ro'ma) 
 
 Ron'ce-val'les (Sp. Ronces- 
 valles, ron-thes-vfil'yes ; 
 Fr. Roncevaux, roxss'vo' 
 or rox'seh-v6') 
 
 Roo-me'lT-"a, or Rumelia 
 
 Room-Elee, Roum-Ili , or 
 Rum-Ili ( room'e-lee' ) . 
 Syn. Roomelia. 
 
 Roos-tchook' ; tvritten also 
 Rustschuk and Rout- 
 chouk. [eed') 
 
 Ro-iCt'ta (Arab. Er-Rash- 
 
 Rossano (ros-sa'no) 
 
 Rothenburg (ro'ten-burg or 
 ro'ten-bfJ'oRG') 
 
 Rotherham (rotii'er-um) 
 
 Roth'er-hUhe (i-M^g^. red'rif) 
 
 Rothesay (roth's3 ) 
 
 Rot'ter-dam' 
 
 Roubaix(roo'ba') 
 
 Rouen (roo'en ; Fr. pron. 
 v\v6y) 
 
 Rougemont (roozh'mox') 
 
 Roumeha. See Roomolia. 
 
 Eoum-Ili. See Room-Elee. 
 
 Roussillon (roo'sel'yOx' or 
 Roo'se'yfJN') 
 
 Routchouk (root'shook'). 
 Syn. Roostchook. 
 
 Roveredo (ro-va-rii'do) (Ger. 
 Rovereith, RO'ver-Tt') 
 
 Rovjgno (ro-veen'yo) 
 
 Rovigo (rovee'go) 
 
 Eow-an' 
 
 Roxburgh (Scotland) (roks'- 
 
 bttr-reh) 
 Rudolstadt (roo'dol-staf) 
 Riigen (rii'ggn) 
 Rumelia. See Roomelia. 
 Rum-Ili. See Room-Elee. 
 Ruppin (rcrop-peen') 
 Ruremonde. See Roer- 
 
 monde. 
 Russia (rush'i-a or roo'shY-a) 
 Rustchuk, or Rusezuk. S'ee 
 
 Roostchook. 
 Rtith'er-glen' (or riig'len) 
 Ryswick (rlz'wik) (Dictch 
 
 pron. ris'wik) 
 
 s, 
 
 Saale (sa'lgh) _ [saR) 
 
 Saar (saR or saR: Fr. Sarre, 
 Saarbriick (sSR'briik), or 
 
 Saar-brjjck'cn 
 Saardam (sliR'dam') Syn. 
 
 Zaandam. 
 Saarlouis (saR loo'is) 
 Sabine (sa-been') 
 Sac (isawk) [ony 
 
 Sachsen (sak'sen). ^fecSax- 
 Sachsen-Altenburg. See 
 
 Saxe-Altenburg. 
 Sachsenhausen (sak'sen- 
 
 how'zen) 
 Sachsenheim (sak'sen-him') 
 Sack'<i-too' ; tvritten also 
 
 Sackatou a7id Sakatu 
 Saco (saw'ko) 
 Sag'a-da-hoc' 
 Sag-hal'lf-en, or Sakhalien 
 Sag'J-naw 
 
 Saguenay (.sag'eh-na') [ra) 
 Sahara (sa-ha'ra or sah'ha- 
 Sai'da (si'da), or"Si'don 
 Saigon (sT'gon'), or SaVgong 
 
 (sT'gong'); called also 
 
 Look'noo'ee' 
 St. Bernard (sent ber'nard) 
 Saint Denis. See Denis, Saint. 
 Saintes (sJiNt) 
 
 Saint Germain. See Ger- 
 main, Saint, and so for all 
 
 the other names having the 
 
 prefix of Saint. 
 Saintonge (sSN'toNzh') 
 Sakhalien. See Saghalien. 
 Saladillo (sa-la-Deel'yo) 
 Salado (sa-lJi'Do) 
 Sal-a-manc'a ( or sa-lii- 
 
 mSng'ka) ~ 
 Sa-ltir'no ( It. pron. sa-leR'no) 
 Salford (sawl'furd or saw'- 
 
 furd) 
 SaUna (U. S.) (sa-ll'na) 
 Salina (Sp. America) (sa-lee'- 
 Saline (sa-leen') [nii) 
 
 Salisbur3" (sawlz'ber-T), or 
 
 New Sa'rum 
 Salm (salm) 
 Salona (sa-lo'na) 
 Salonica (sal-o-nee'ka), or 
 
 Selaniki (sel-a-nee'ke) 
 Sa'lQp. Syn. Shrop'shire. 
 Saltilio (sjil-teel'yo ; 'vidg. 
 
 pron. sal-tee'yo) 
 Saluzzo (sa-loot'so) 
 Salvador (siil-va-doR') 
 Salvador, Saint (Brazil). See 
 
 Bahai. 
 Salvador, Saint (Central 
 
 America). See San Salva- 
 dor. 
 Sal'win', or Sal'wen' ; called 
 
 also Than-Lyeng or Than- 
 
 Lweng. 
 Saltz/burg (sawlts'burg), or 
 
 Salzburg ( Ger. pron. siilts'- 
 
 bdbRG) 
 
 Salzwedel (salts'wa'd§l) 
 
 Samana (sa-mJUna') 
 
 Sam'ar-cand' 
 
 Samisat (sa-me-saf) 
 
 Samoa (sa-mo'a) 
 
 Samogitia (sam'o-jish'I-a) 
 
 Sa'mos ; called Soosam ^soo- 
 sam') by the Turks. 
 
 Saniothraki (sa'mo-thra'ke), 
 or Sam'o-thrace' 
 
 Samsoon, Sam sun, or Sam- 
 sou n (sjim-soon') 
 
 Sam-Tiago (sowN-te-a'go), or 
 San Thiago (san-te-a'go) ; 
 tvritten also St. Jago. 
 
 Sam'oy-ede', or Sam'oy-ed' 
 
 Sanaa, or Sana (sa'na') 
 
 San An-to'ni-o 
 
 San An-to'nj-o de Bexar (da 
 ba-har'). See Bexar. 
 
 San Augustine (aw'gus- 
 teen') [lo-ma') 
 
 San Bartolome (siin bar-to- 
 
 San Bias (san bliis) 
 
 San Buenaventura (san bwti'- 
 navCn-too'ra) 
 
 San Diego (sjin de-a'go) 
 
 Sand'wich (or sand'wij) 
 
 San Felipe (san fa-lee'pa); 
 familiarly called San Phil'- 
 ip. [do) 
 
 San Fernando (san f(?B-nan'- 
 
 San Fran-cl'i'co (or san fran- 
 sees'ko) 
 
 San Joaquin (san Ho-a-keen') 
 
 San Jose del Parral (san ho- 
 sa' del paR-RJil') ; also 
 called simply Parral 
 
 San Ju'an (Sp. pron. san 
 Hoo-an"' or hwan) 
 
 San Juan de la Frontera (da 
 la fron-ta'rji) 
 
 San Juan de Ulna, or Uloa, 
 (san ju'.an, or san hwan, 
 da oo-loo'a, or oo-lo'a) 
 
 San Luis (Texas) (san loo'is) 
 
 San Luis de Potosi (san loo'- 
 is, Sp. pron. loo-ees', da 
 po-to-see' ) 
 
 San Marino (san ma-ree'no) 
 
 San Patricio (pa-tris'se-o) 
 
 Sanquhar (.«ank'ar) 
 
 San, or Sam Salvador (Brazil). 
 See Bahia. [doR') 
 
 San Salvador (san sal-va- 
 
 San-do-mier', or Sandomir 
 
 Sangamon (sang'ga-mon) 
 
 Santa Barbara (sSn'ta baR'- 
 ba-ra) 
 
 Santa Cruz (san'ta krcos; 
 Sp. pron. san'ta-krooth), 
 a<;St. Croix (sent kroi) 
 
 San'ta Fe (Sp.pron. san'ta 
 m) [go-ta') 
 
 Santa Fe de Bogota (da bo- 
 Santa Maria (san'ta mii-ree'S/ 
 
 Santa Marta (san'ta miiR'ta) 
 
 San'ta Mau'ra (or san'tfi 
 mow'ra) 
 
 San-tan'der (Sp. pron. san- 
 tan-deR') [lee'a) 
 
 Santa Rosalia (san'ta ro-sii- 
 
 Santarem (san-ta-reN', al- 
 most san-ta-reng') 
 
 San'tee' 
 
 San Thiago. See Sam Tiago. 
 
 Santiago de Com postela (san- 
 te-a'go da ko»i-pos-ta'la). 
 Syn. Compostela. 
 
 Santiago de Cuba (san-te-a'- 
 go de ku'ba, or da koo'ba) 
 
 Santillana (.san-tel-ya'na) 
 
 Santorini (san-to-ree'nee), a 
 Santorin (san-to-reen') 
 
 Santos (san'tGs) 
 
 Saone (son) 
 
 Sarabat (sa-ra-baf). Syn 
 Hermus. 
 
 ,&c.,/ong-,S,e,o, less prolong ed ;^,g, Sec, I'lOrt; a, e,i^Q, obscure; care,far,ask,all,what;ere,veil,term; pique, fTrm;son,or, 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 929 
 
 Sar'a-gos'sa (Sp. Zaragoza, 
 
 tha-ri-gcytha) 
 S3r'a-nac' 
 
 Saratof, or Saratow (sar'a- 
 Sar'a-to'ga [toP) 
 
 Sar-a-w^n" 
 Sar-diu'I-a (It. Sardegna, 
 
 saR-den?ya or sar-d iD'ya) 
 Saree, or Sari (sa'ru') 
 Sarmiento (saR-me-en'to) 
 Siros ( Llungan ) (shit'rosh') ; 
 
 wriUfn a'so Sarosch. 
 Saros (Greece) (sa'ros) 
 Sarre (saa) Syn. Saar. 
 Sartiie (saRt) 
 Sarum (sacrum) 
 Sas-katch'a-wiin' 
 Sassari (sas'sa-ree) 
 Satalie',! (sii-ta-lee'a). Syn. 
 Sault(s5) "[.Vdalii. 
 
 Sault de Sainte Marie (Fr. 
 
 pron. s3d:;h sSn ma're', 
 
 but nmo usually called soo 
 
 8(,nt ma'ri.) 
 Sauterne. or Sautemes (sy- 
 Sava (sa'vii) [tean') 
 
 Sa-van^'n^h 
 Save (Ger. San, sou; Ilung. 
 
 Sziva, sji'voii') 
 Savigliano (si-vcl-ya'no) 
 Savignano (sa-vun-ia''no) 
 Savigny (sa-vun^yC) 
 Sav'oy (or sa-voi') (It. Sa- 
 
 voia, sa-vo'ya ; Fr. Savoie, 
 
 sa'vwii') 
 Saxe Altenbnrg (saks al'fton- 
 
 burg) (Ger. Sachsen Al- 
 
 tenburg, sak'sen al'toa- 
 
 bdt)Ra) 
 Saxe Co'burg (Ger. Sachsen 
 
 Coburg, sak'son ko'bobRG) 
 Saxe Laaenburg (saks lou'- 
 
 on-burg or lou'ru-bcroRG') 
 Saxe Meiiiingen (saks ml'- 
 
 ning-on) 
 Saxe Weimar (saks wi/niar) 
 
 (Ger. Sach.-^en Weimar, 
 
 sak'sen wT'mar) [son) 
 
 Sax'o-ny (Ger. Sachsen, siik'- 
 ScanMer-oou', or Is-kan'der- 
 
 oon'. Syn. Alexandretta. 
 Scan'di-na'vi-a 
 Scania. S^e Slcane. 
 Scarborough (skar'b'rQh or 
 
 skar'bur-rah) 
 Scar'pan-to 
 
 Scarperia (skaR-pa-ree'a) 
 Sceaux (si) 
 
 Schaffhausen (shaf-how'zon) 
 Schat-el-Arab. See Shatt- 
 
 el Arab. 
 Schaumburg Lippe (showm'- 
 
 bobRGlip'p^'h). Syn. L\p- 
 
 pe Schauenburg. 
 Scheldt (skelt) (Dutch 
 
 Schelde, sKelM:'h ; Ger. 
 
 Schelde, shelMeh ; Fr. Es- 
 
 caut, es'ko') 
 Schelestadt (shel'es'tad' ; 
 
 Ger. prnn. shel'es-tiit' ) 
 Schpiunitz (shem^nUs; Hung. 
 
 Selmecz Banya, shel'mets' 
 
 bJin'yoh') 
 Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-dy) 
 Schied.im (sKee'dlim') 
 Schiraz (she'raz'). Syn. 
 
 Sheeraz. [Shirvan. 
 
 Schirvan, or Schirwan See 
 Schleswig. Sfp Sleswick. 
 Schnait (schnTt) 
 Schoa. Sfie Shoa. 
 Schoharie (sko-har'ree) 
 Schonbrunn, or Schoen- 
 
 brunn (shon'bnron) 
 Schoodic (skoo'dik) [tain. 
 Schoole.s "s (skoo'lTz) Moun'- 
 Senouwen (skow'ven or 
 
 SKow'wen ) 
 
 Schroon (skroon) 
 Schuuila. Sff. Shoomla. 
 Schuyler (skl'ler) 
 Schuyl/kill (skool^kil) 
 Schwarzburg (shwarts'burg 
 
 or shwaRts'bobRG) 
 Schwarzwald (sh warts' vv'alt) 
 Schweidnitz (shwit'nits) 
 Schweinfurt (shwin'fcToRt) 
 Schwerin (shwa-reen') 
 Scigliano (shcl-ya'no) 
 Scilly (siKlI) 
 
 Scinde (sind) Syn. Sinde. 
 Scio (sPo or shee'o) 
 Scioto (.sT-o'to) 
 Scituate (.sit'u-at) 
 Scla-vo^nl-jj. Syn. Slavonia. 
 Scol'laud 
 Scutari (skoo'ta-ree) (near 
 
 Constantinople): rnlledls- 
 
 koo-dai"' by t'le Turks. 
 Scutari (Albania); called by 
 
 the Turks Is-kan-dor-ec''- 
 
 Seara (sa-a'ra). Syn. Ciara,. 
 
 Se-bi'go 
 
 Sebastian, Saint (sent se- 
 bast'vun) (Sp. S.in" Sebas- 
 tian, san se-bas-te-an') 
 
 Sebastopol. See Sevastopol. 
 
 Secchia (sek'ke-a) [bad') 
 
 Secunderabad (se-kitn'der-a- 
 
 Seevas, or Sivas (se'vls') 
 
 Seewah, or Siwah (see'sva) 
 
 Segorbe (sa-goR'ba) 
 
 Sc-go'vT-.a (Sp. pron. sa-go'- 
 
 Scine (sati) [ve-ii) 
 
 Sem'j-nole^ 
 
 Sempach (sem'piiK) 
 
 Sen'e-ca 
 
 Senegal" (sen'e-gawl') 
 
 Sen'e-gam'bi-a_ 
 
 Sennaar (.sen'nSr') 
 
 Serajevo (sa-rii-ya'vo). Syn. 
 Bosna-Sera'. 
 
 Ser';im-pore', or Ser'am-poor' 
 
 Ser-ang'. Syn. Ceram. 
 
 Serchio' (.se R'lie-o ) 
 
 Seringapitam (ser-ing'ga- 
 pa-tam') 
 
 SerKigham (ser-ing'gum) 
 
 Servan, Saint (saN seR'voN') 
 
 Sor'vi-a 
 
 Sesia (sa'.se-a) [ledge. 
 
 Setledge, or Setlej. See Sut- 
 
 Sctti.i (set-tee'ii) 
 
 Setubal (sa-too'bal), or Setu- 
 val (sa-too'vil), or St. Ubes 
 (ubz) 
 
 Sev'as-to'pol {or se-vas'to- 
 pol) ; l^-ss correctly, Sebas- 
 topol {in Russian CeBacTo- 
 uoAb, sa-vas-to'poi ). 
 iJ^^ It should be observed 
 tnat B in Russian corre- 
 spo ids to our V, being 7iev- 
 er,\ii any case, pronounced 
 like tLie Engiisa b ; there- 
 fore Sebastopol is an incor- 
 rect spelling. With regard 
 to the pronunciation of 
 this name, it may be stated 
 that not only tiie inhabit- 
 ants of the town itself, but 
 educated Russians every 
 where, invariably speak it 
 with the accent as above 
 given. In England, Sevas'- 
 topol is the common pro- 
 nunciation, but Sevasto'- 
 PqI is not unfrequently 
 heard among persons of 
 the highest education. 
 
 Sev'orn 
 
 Sevier (se-veer') 
 
 Seville (sev'il or se-vil') (Sp. 
 Sevilla, sa-veel'ya) 
 
 Sevre (sgv'r or sSv'r) 
 
 Seychelles (sa'shel') 
 Shahabad (shah'ha-bad') 
 Shamo (sha'mo') 
 Shang-Ha', or Chang-IIai 
 (shang'hl') ; .sometimes 
 written Shang-Hae. 
 Shar'gn 
 
 Shatt-el-Arab, Schat-ul- 
 Arab, or Chat-el-Arab 
 (shat-el-a'riib) 
 Shawangunk (shong'gum) 
 She-boy 'gan ; formerly writ- 
 ten Cheboygan. 
 Sheeraz, or Shiraz (she'raz' or 
 
 shee'raz) 
 Sheer-ness' 
 Shen'an-do'ah 
 Shl'a-was'see 
 Shiraz. See Sheeraz. 
 Shirvan, Schirwan, or Chir- 
 van (sher'van' or sheer'- 
 van') 
 Shoa, Schoa, or Xoa (sho'a) ; 
 
 ivritlen also Shwa. 
 Shoomla, Schumla, or 
 
 Choumla (shoom'lii) 
 Shoos' ter, or Shu'ster ; writ- 
 ten also, Schyster and 
 Chouster. 
 Sho-sho'neeg [ber-T) 
 
 Shrewsbury (Mass.) (slirijz'- 
 Shrewsbury (England) 
 
 (shrijz'bor-i or shrjz'hcr-'i) 
 Shrop'shire, or County of 
 
 S.i'lop." 
 Shuuila. See Shoomla. 
 Shuster. See Shooster. 
 Siam (si- am' or se'am') 
 Siara, or Seara (se-ii'ra). 
 
 Syn. Ciara. 
 Sl-be'rT-a 
 Si9'T-ly 
 
 Sidmouth (sid'muth) 
 Si-en'na (It. Siena, se-a'na) 
 Sierra (se-eR'Rti) [da) 
 
 Sierra Gorda (se-eR'Ra goR'- 
 Sl-er'r.a Le-o'ne {Sp. pron. 
 
 se-eiT'Ra la-o'na) 
 Sierra Madre (se-aR'aa miiD'- 
 ra) [r.i'nii) 
 
 Sierra Morena (se-eR'Rii mo- 
 Sierra Nevada (se-eR'Ra na- 
 Sig-mar-ing'en [va'Dii) 
 
 Siguenza (.-e-gwen'tha) 
 Sikokf (sG'kokf), or Sikoke 
 
 (sc'kjk'). Sijn. SiLkokf. 
 Silesia (si-lee'shi-n) (Ger. 
 
 Schle.sien, shl.i'ze-on) 
 ST-lis'trT-a 
 
 Simbirsk,~o?- Sim-beersk'_ 
 Simmentaal (sim'mon-tiil') 
 Sim-pher-o'pol, or Simfero- 
 pol 
 Sim'plon ( Fr.pron. saN'ploN') 
 Sinde, or Scinde (siud) 
 Sindaia, or Sindia (.-iu'de-a) 
 Singapore (sing'ga-por'), "or 
 
 Siugapoor) 
 Sinigaglia (.<e-1ie-gal'ya) 
 Sinoob, Sinoub, binob, or Si- 
 nub (se'noob') 
 Sin-o'pe (Turk. Sinoob, or 
 
 Sinoub, .'■■e-noob') 
 Sioot, Siout, or £iut (se/oof) ; 
 
 written a'so Es-Sioot. 
 Sioux {usiia'ly pronounced 
 
 soo; Fr. pron. sc-oo') 
 Sis-to'va ; called a^soShtab. 
 Sit'kokf*, or Sikokf (sG'kokP) 
 Sivas. See Seevas. 
 Siwah. See Seewah. 
 Skag'ger R-ick 
 
 Skane (sko'nS) ; often writ- 
 ten Schonen ( Dutch pron. 
 SKO'nrn : Ger. sho'non) 
 and Scania (ska'ne-a). 
 Skaneateles (skan'e-at'los) ; 
 written also Skeneateles. 
 
 Skib'ber-een' 
 
 Ski e (ski) 
 
 Sla-vo'ni-a, or Scla-veynl-a 
 
 Sles'svick (Dan. Sles'vig ; Ger 
 Schleswig, shies' wiG) 
 
 Slu^s (slois) 
 
 Smo-leusk', or Smo-len'sko 
 
 Smyrna (smTr'na) : called Ib- 
 meer' by the Turks. 
 
 Snow'den 
 
 So-co'tra, or Soc'o-tra 
 
 Sofala(so-ta'la or so' fa-la) 
 
 Soissons (swas'soN', almost 
 swT'sux') 
 
 Soleure (so'lUR') (Ger. Solo- 
 thurn, so'lo-tooRn') 
 
 Solfatara (sol-fa-ta'ra) 
 
 Solferino (sol-ta-ree'no) 
 
 Somauli (so-maw'lee) 
 
 Som'or-set 
 
 Somme (som) [how'zen) 
 
 Sondershausen (son'dora- 
 
 So-no'rii [(soo'dUn') 
 
 Soodan, Soudan, or Sudan 
 
 Soo'loo' 
 
 Sooltaneeyeh, or Sultanieh 
 ( sool -ta-nee'a ) [rn -bT'a ) 
 
 Soorabaya, or Surabaya (soo- 
 
 Soormool, Sourmoul, or Sur- 
 mul (soor'mool') 
 
 Sootcheoo, or Soutcheou(soo- 
 chee-oo') 
 
 Sophia (so-fee'a), or Triaditza 
 (tre-a-dit'sa)" 
 
 Soprouy (sho'pron'). Syn. 
 Oedenburg. 
 
 Sorata (so-ra'ta) 
 
 Sor-ren'to 
 
 Soudan See Soodan. 
 
 Sourabaya. See Soorabaya. 
 
 Sourmoul. See Soormool. 
 
 Sousam, or Soosam. See 
 Samos. [tun) 
 
 Southampton (sutii-hamp'- 
 
 Soutcheou. See Sootcheoo. 
 
 Southwark (London) (suth'- 
 orh) 
 
 Southwark (Philadelphia) 
 (sowth'wQrk) 
 
 Spa (spaw ; Fr. and Flem- 
 pron. spa) 
 
 Spalatro (spii-la'tro) 
 
 Spandau (span'dow) 
 
 Spey (spii) 
 
 Speyer; pronounced, and 
 often ivritten, Spire. 
 
 Spitz-borg'on _ [gen) 
 
 SpUgen (sploo'icn or spld'- 
 
 Spoleto (spo-la'to) 
 
 Spor'a-dcs 
 
 Stab,"or Staab (stab) 
 
 Stabroek (sta'brobk). Syn. 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Stamboul (stam-bool'). Syn. 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Stargard (staR'gart) 
 
 Staten Island (stat'tn T'land) 
 
 Staubbach (stoub'baK) 
 
 Staunton (Va.) (stiin'tun) 
 
 Staunton (Eng.) (stan'tun 
 or stan'tun) 
 
 Stavanger (sta-vang'ger) 
 
 Steinach (stl'niiK) 
 
 Stcinau (sti'now) 
 
 Stettin (stet-teen') [haf) 
 
 Stettiner Haff ( stet-teen'er 
 
 Steuben (stu'ben or stu-ben') 
 (3^^ This name appears 
 now to be universally ac- 
 cented on the last syllable 
 in Western New York, and 
 is often thus pronounced 
 in other parts of tbe Unit- 
 ed States : but the origi- 
 nal German name. Baron 
 Steuben, should undoubt- 
 edly have tb. recent on 
 the .Jrs': syllable. 
 
 de,w9lf,too,t(Jbk ; Qrn,rjje,pyll ; C,§, soft; «,g, hard; a^; ejist; rj as ng ; this ; a,d,H,e^,l,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (see p. 914 >* 
 
930 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 SU-ubonville (stu'bjn-Til) 
 
 - njr (stl'ning) 
 
 > ^ ,uio (stC'l-ya'uo) 
 
 Stivk holm 
 
 Stoneheuge (stoD'h^qj) 
 
 Su'in'ing-t^u 
 
 Stra-b.lue' 
 
 Stral^sund (sitriil'soond) 
 
 Stniiinier (stran-rawr') 
 
 Strasbourg (strazburg; Fr. 
 
 pron. str;iz-lK>OR' ) (Gfr. 
 
 Strassburg, stnis'bobRG) 
 Strasburg (Germany) (stras'- 
 
 bi»lmG ) 
 Str:isburg(D. S.)(stras'bQrg) 
 Stromboli (strom^bo-lee) 
 Stuhlweissenburg (stool-wl'- 
 
 soii-bcroRG') 
 StuUgart, or Stutgard ( Ger. 
 
 pron. stmit'gaRt) 
 Styria (stir'T-a) 
 Suabia, or Swabia (swa/bT-a) 
 Sudan. 5' e Soodan. 
 Su'der-ma'nT-a (or su-der- 
 
 ma'ne-a); caUed also Siu'- 
 
 der-mannland'. 
 Su-det'ic (Mountains) 
 Suez (soo'ez : Arab. pron. 
 
 soo-ez' or poo-az') 
 Suffolk (suffQk) 
 Suir (shijr) [adore. 
 
 Suira (swee'ra). Syn. Mog- 
 Sumatra (.=!00-ma'tra) 
 Sum-baw'wa 
 Sunbury (sun'ber-e) 
 Sau'da 
 Sun'dor-land 
 Surat]soo-rat') 
 Surinam (soo-rl-nam') 
 Surmul. See Soomiool. 
 Susani (soo'fiam'). Syn. Sa- 
 Sus'que-han'na [mos. 
 
 Sutledge (sut'lej) 
 Su-wa'nee 
 
 Syeaborg (sva'a-boRg') 
 Swi'bT-.T. Syn. Suabia. 
 Swansea (swon'se) 
 Swartwout ( swart' wowt) 
 Swe'dgn (Sw. Swerige, swer'- 
 
 e-g5h) [dore. 
 
 Swee'ni, or Suira. &rff Moga- 
 Switz/fT-land (swits'-) (Ger. 
 
 Schweitz, shwTts ; Fr. La 
 
 Suisse, la Swiss or ssvee.«) 
 S5T'n-cuse(It. Siricusa. ."^e-re- 
 S>-r/f-a [koo/sa) 
 
 Szegedin (seg'ed'en' or seg'- 
 
 ed'in') 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabareeyeh, or Tabaria(tab'- 
 
 a-ree'. ) 
 Tabafcofta-bai^'ko) 
 Tabreez, or Tabriz (ta-breez'); 
 
 sometimes calteJ Tjiu'ris. 
 Tacazze (ta-kJLt'sa); some- 
 
 limfs written Takatze and 
 
 Takatz. 
 Ta-co'ny 
 
 Tafa-let', or Tafy-Ielt' 
 Tag'jjn-rog', or Tag'an-rok' 
 Tagliin:ento (tal-^ii-men/to) 
 Tagiio Novissiuio (tiil'yo no- 
 
 Tiii^Fe-nio) 
 Tr./pfus (Sp. Tajo, ta/ao ; 
 
 Port. Tejo, tii/zho) 
 Tahiti (ta.-he«'te) ; formerly 
 
 uritieti Otaheite. 
 Ta wan (tl-won'}- Si/n. For- 
 mosa. fr\iang. 
 Ta-Kiang. ,^yv. YangtPe- 
 Talaverade la Rerna (tii-la- 
 
 va'r' ilT. la rVe-na) 
 Talcahaana (UA-kd-vfa/nd) 
 
 Tah'le quah 
 Taliaferro (tol'I-vgr) 
 Tal'la-has'see 
 Tal'la-hatoh'ie 
 Tal'la-poo'sa 
 Tamaqua (ta-maw'kwa) 
 Tamaulipas ( ta-mou-lee^pas) 
 Tambof, Tambov, or Tam- 
 
 bow (tjim-bof) 
 Tanipico (tiim-pee'ko) ; called 
 
 aL$o Pueblo Nuevo(pweb'- 
 
 lo nwa'vo) [voo') 
 
 Tananarivoo (ta-na-na-re- 
 Tanasserim. 5fe Tenasserim. 
 Tangier (tan-jeer') 
 Tan-jore' 
 
 Taormina (ta-oR-mee'na) 
 Taos (ta'os, ahjiost towss) 
 Tapajos. i>ee Topayos. 
 Tap'pa-han'riQck 
 Tap'tee' [hal'T-en 
 
 Tarakai (tar'<3-kT'), or Sag- 
 Taranto (ta'rin-to) 
 Tarascou (ta'ras'koN') 
 Tarazona ( ta-ra-tho'na) 
 Tarbes (taRb) 
 Tarifa(tS-ree'fa) 
 Tarragona (tar-ra-go'na) 
 Tar'soos' ; tvritten also Tar- 
 sous and Tarsus 
 Tashkend (ta.sh'kend') 
 Ta£-ma'nT-a 
 
 Taunton (Eng.) (tawn'tgn) 
 Taunton (Mass.) (tan'tQn) 
 Tau'rT-da. Syn. Krim. 
 Tauris. "Sfe Tabreez. 
 Taaste (tous'ta) 
 Tav'is-tock 
 Tcha.l (chad) 
 Tchany, Tcbani (cha/nee) 
 Tchernigov, Tchernigof, or 
 
 Czernigow (cheR-ne-gof') 
 Teche(tesh) 
 Teflis. See Tiflis. 
 Tehran, or Teheran (teh- 
 
 h'riin') ; written also Teh- 
 
 raun. 
 Tehuacan (ta-wa-kan') 
 Tehuantepec (ta-wan-tS- 
 
 pek') [tun'muth) 
 
 Teignmouth (tin'muth or 
 Tejuco (taz-hoo'ko) 
 Temes (tem'esh') ; written 
 
 also Temesch. 
 Temesvir (tem-esh-vaR') ; 
 
 written also Temesch war. 
 Ten-as'ser-im 
 Teneriffe"(ten'er-iP) (Sp. Ten- 
 
 erife, ta-na-ree'fa) 
 Ten'nes-see' 
 Ten'tgr-don 
 
 Tepic (ta-peek' or tep-ik') 
 Tepozcolula ( ta-pos-ko-loo'Ia) 
 Terreira (teR-s .'e-ra) 
 Termini (teR'me-nee) 
 Ter-nate' (or ter-na'ta) 
 Ter'ra del Fu-e'go, or Tierra 
 
 del Fuego (te-eR'Ra del 
 
 fwa'go) 
 Terra di Lavoro (tCR'Ra dj 
 
 la-vo'ro) 
 Terra di Otranto (taR'Ra de 
 
 o-tran'to or o'tran-to) 
 Terraciua (teR-Rii-chee'na) 
 Torre-Bonne (teR'bon' ; often 
 
 jironounrpd t;jr-bjn) 
 Terre-IIaute (fer'roh-hot ; 
 
 Fr. pron. tcR'hot' or t6r- 
 
 roh-hot) 
 Teschen (tesh'rn) 
 Tessin (t6s'^a^''). See Ticino. 
 Tetuan, or Tetouan (tet'oo- 
 
 an') [ber. 
 
 Tevere (t^i'rS-ra). Syn. Ti- 
 Tevcrnne (tJi-va-ro'naj 
 Teviot ^tiv'e-ot) 
 Thale(ta'lch) 
 Thame (trim) 
 
 Thames (temz) 
 
 Than'et 
 
 Theaki, or Thiaki(the-a'kee.) 
 
 Si/ti. Ithaca. 
 Thebes (theebz); called The- 
 
 bai(the'T5) by the modern 
 Greeks. 
 Theiss (tis) (Hung. Tisza, 
 
 tee'SQh') [nica. 
 
 Thes'sa-lo-ni'ca. See Salo- 
 Thes'sa-]y, or fhes-sa'll-a 
 Theys(ta) 
 
 Thibadeauville (tib'a-do'vil) 
 Thibet, or Tibet (tib'et or ti- 
 
 bet') ; tvritten also Tibbet. 
 Thielt(teelt) 
 
 Thiers (te-eR') [-veel') 
 
 Thionville (te'oN'vil' or 
 Tholen, or Tolen (to'len) 
 Thomar (to-maR') 
 Thomaston (tom'as tun) 
 Thorn (Prussia) (toRn) 
 Three Riv'erg, or Trois Ri- 
 vieres (trwa re've-eR') 
 Thun (toon) 
 Thuner-See (toon'er-sa) 
 Thurgau (tooR'gow), or 
 
 Thur-go'vT-a (Fr. Thurgo- 
 
 vie, tuR'go've') 
 Thuringia(thu-rin''jT-a) (Ger. 
 
 ThUringen, tii'ring-en) 
 TT'ber (It. Tevere, ta'va-ra) 
 Tibet, or Tibbet. See Thi- 
 bet. 
 Ticino (te-chee/no) (Fr. Tes- 
 
 sin, tes'sSx') 
 TT-con'dor-o'ga 
 Tidor, or''Tidofe(te-dor') 
 Tien-tsin (te-en'tseen) 
 Tiflis (tif-lees'); written also 
 Tigre(te'grB') [Teflis. 
 
 TT'gris 
 
 Tioi-buc'too, or Tom-booc'to 
 Timor Laut (te-mor'lout) 
 Timpunogos (tim-pa-no'gos). 
 
 Lake ; called now the Great 
 
 Salt Lake. 
 TT-o'g-j [ga) 
 
 Tioughnioga (te-oH'ne-aw'- 
 Tippecanoe (tip/pe-k-j-noo') 
 Tipperary (tip-prr-a'rl) 
 Tj^r-ee' ; also ivritten Tirree, 
 
 Tiry, aiidTyvee. 
 Tirleinont (toRl'moN' ; Flem. 
 
 Thienen or Tienen, tee'- 
 
 nen) 
 Tishamingo (tish'a-ming'go) 
 Titicaca ( tit-e-ka'ka) 
 Titterie (tit'tor-ee') 
 Tivoli (tiv'o-le or tee'vo-lee) 
 Tlalpan (tlal-pan') 
 Tlamet, or Tlamath (tlam'- 
 
 et) ; called also Klam'et. 
 Tlascala (tlis-ka'la) 
 Tlemsan (tlem'san') 
 Tobago (to-ba'go) 
 To-bol' 
 To-bolsk' 
 
 Tocat (to-kaf ) [gen. 
 
 Toenningen. See Tonnin- 
 Toeplitz. See Tbplitz. 
 Tokantins (to-kan -teens') 
 To-k ly' ( Hung. pron. to-koi') 
 To-le/Jlo ( Sp. pron. to-la'DO) 
 Tolentino (to-len-tee'no) 
 To-lo'«.a 
 
 Tolucalto-loo'ka) 
 Tom-big'bee, or Tom-beck'be 
 Ton'e-wgn'da, or Tonewanta 
 Tongataboo," or Tongatabu 
 
 (tong'a-ta'boo) [keefi') 
 Tonkin," or Tonquin (ton- 
 Ton'ning-en 
 Tonquin. .^.^e Tonkin. 
 Too'la : written also Toula 
 
 and Tula. 
 Toorkistan. or Turkistan 
 
 (tooR'kis-tan') 
 
 Toorkomans, or Turkomans 
 
 (toor'ko-manz') 
 Topayos (to-pT'os); written 
 
 also Tapaos (ta-pl'zhos or 
 
 ta-pa'hOs) 
 To-pe'ka 
 Toplitz, Toeplitz (toplits), or 
 
 Teplitz(tep'lit<j\ 
 Topsham (tops'am) 
 Tor-bay' 
 Torgau (toR'gou) 
 Tomea; pronounced, and 
 
 sometimes written, Tor'- 
 To-ron'to [ne-o. 
 
 Torres Vedras (toE'Ege Ta'- 
 
 driis) 
 Tortuga (tor-too'ga) 
 Toul (tool) 
 Toula. See Toola. 
 Toulon (too'loN') 
 Toulouse, or Thoulouw 
 
 (too'looz') 
 Touraine (too'ran') 
 Toumay (tooR'na' ; Flem. 
 
 Dooruik, dor'nik) 
 Tour.s ( tooR) 
 Towcester ( tows'ter) 
 Traf al-gar', or Tra-fSl'gar 
 Tra-lee' 
 Tra-more' 
 Tran'que-bar' 
 
 Transtevere (trans-ta'va-ra) 
 Tran'syl-va'nT-a (Hung. 
 
 Erdely Orszaig, 6K'dal' 
 
 OR'sag') 
 Trapani (tra'pa-nee) 
 Tras OS Montes (tras 58 
 Trav'an-core' [mon'tes) 
 
 Treb'T-zond' ; called Ta-ra/- 
 
 be-soon' by the Turks. 
 Tred'e-gar [me-tee) 
 
 Tremiti (trem'e-tee or tra'- 
 Tre-mont' 
 
 Trent (Ger. Trient, tre-enf ) 
 Treves (treevz) (Fr. Treves, 
 
 trSv ; Ger. Trier, treer) 
 Treviglio (tra-veel'yo) 
 Treviso (tra-vee'so) 
 Trezzo (tret'so) 
 Triaditza (tre-a-difsa) 
 Tricala (tree/ka-la) 
 Trichinopoli, or Trichinopolj 
 
 (tritch'in-op'o-le) 
 Triest, or Trieste (tre-6sf or 
 
 tre-es'ta) 
 Trincomalee (trink'o-ma-lee') 
 Trin'I-dad' 
 
 Trip'o-IT; called by the na- 
 tives Ta-ra'bloos. 
 Tripolitza, or Tripolizza (tre- 
 
 po-lit'sa) 
 Trois Rivieres (trwa re've- 
 eR'). Syn. Three Rivers. 
 Trond, or Tron, Saint (sSh 
 
 tro>-) 
 Trondhjem, or Trondjem. 
 Trosachs (tro'saks) 
 Troyes (trwa) 
 
 Truxillo, or Trujillo (troo- 
 Tu'am [Heel'yo) 
 
 Tubingen (tu'bing-gn) 
 Tucuman (too-koo-min') 
 Tudela (too-Da'la) 
 Tula (too'la). ^-yn. Toola. 
 Tule (too'le or too'la) 
 Tunguragua (toong-goo-ra'- 
 
 gwa) 
 Tunguses (toong-goo'sez) 
 Tu'nis : called by the natives 
 
 Too'nis. 
 Tuolumne (twol'um-ne) 
 Tu'pe-lo 
 
 Turcoing ( tuR/kwilx') 
 Tur'co-ma'nT-a [mans. 
 
 Turcomans. " See Toorko- 
 Tu'rin (or tu-rin' ; Fr. pron. 
 
 tu'r5N' ; It. Torino, to-ree' 
 
 no) 
 
 M,&c-.^onff;a,e,o, less prolonged; ai,e,&,c^hort;9L,^,i,Q,obscure; caire,far,ask,alI,wh^t;fere,T9il,term; pique, Rrm;son,or; 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 931 
 
 Turkey (tur^J), or Ot/to- 
 
 man Empire, 
 furfcistjin. See Toorkistan. 
 Tumhoat (tum^howt) 
 Tus'ca-loo'sa 
 Txis^ca-ny (It. Toscana, tos- 
 
 ka'na) 
 Tuscarawas (tus'ka-raw'- 
 
 wass) 
 Tus/ca-ro'ra 
 Tuxtla(tookst/la) 
 Tuy (twee) 
 
 Tver, or Twer (tT?B or tveR) 
 Tvnemouth (tTn'^muth) 
 Tyre(tTr) 
 
 Tjree, or Tyry. See Tiree. 
 Tymaa (tefeR'now) (Hong. 
 
 Nagy Szombath, n6d-ygh, 
 
 or noj, som'bot') 
 T^T^Ql ( Ger.pron. te-rol') 
 Ty-rone' (ti-roa') 
 Tyirel (tlr'el) 
 
 V. 
 
 u. 
 
 Ub«da (oo-Ba''Da) 
 
 Ubes, Saint. See Setubal. 
 
 Ueayale (ookl-a'Ia), or Ucay- 
 
 aU(oo-ki-a'lee) 
 Udine (o<yde-na) 
 Udvarhely (ood^vaR'hel) 
 Uist (wist) 
 Ditenhage (yo<yten-hag ; 
 
 Dutch, pron. oi'ten-ha'- 
 
 6eh) 
 Ukraine (yo</kran or oo- 
 
 krSn') (Polish Ukraina, 
 
 oo-kra-ee^na) 
 Dlea (oo-la'a) 
 Ulea(o<yie-o) 
 Uleaboi^ (oo'le-o-borg') 
 Ulm ( Ger. pron. cJblm) 
 Ulster (Ireland) (alster) 
 Ulster (Germany) ((Tol'ster) 
 Pm-bi'gog 
 Cmea (ocyme-o) 
 Cni'mer-a-poo'ra ; tcritten 
 
 also Amarapoura. 
 Umpqua (ump'kwaw) 
 Dndetwalden. See Unter- 
 
 walden. 
 Un'strut {or dbn'strdbt) 
 Unterwalden (obn'ter-wil'- 
 
 den), or [Jn'der-wal'dea 
 Upemavik (oo-per'na-Tik) 
 Dp/gal, or Cpsala (up-sa'la) 
 U'raf, or Oural (oo-rkl') 
 Uralsk (oo-rJdakO 
 Ur-ban'na 
 Urbino (oor-bee^no) 
 Urfa. S*-e Oorf<». [re) 
 
 Uri (yo<yri) ( Ger. pron. oo'- 
 Unniah. See Ooroomea. 
 Uruguay (u'roo-gwa' or oo- 
 
 roo-gwi') 
 Urumiah, or Urumiya. See 
 
 Ouroomea. 
 Usbekistan, or Oozbekistan. 
 
 Sifn. Bokhara. 
 Ushant (ash'ant) (Fr. Oues- 
 
 gant, wes's^N') 
 Ustiug. See Oostioog. 
 U'ta-wa-^. Syn. Ottawa. 
 U'tl-ca" 
 Utah, or Yonta (yoo'ta, /f55 
 
 properly vootaw) 
 Utrecht "(utrekt) Dutch 
 
 pron. ii'trcKt) 
 Utrera (oo-tra/ra) 
 Uttoxeter (Sks-'e-ter) 
 Uzbeck. See Oozbek. 
 Uzbeckistan. See Bokhara. 
 Baea (u'z6s' or u'zas') 
 
 Taigatz (vl -gats') 
 
 Talais {\VW) (Ger. Wallis, 
 
 vval'lis) lyas) 
 
 Yal-de-Penas (val-da-paa'- 
 Taldivia (val-dee've-a) 
 Valence (va'loxss') 
 Valencia ( va-len' shl-a ; j^. 
 
 pron. va-ien'the-i) " 
 Valenciennes ( va'loN'se-en') 
 Valentia (vi-len'shi-a) 
 Valla-do-lid' (Sp. pron. Tal- 
 
 ya-Do-leeD' ) 
 Valois (vJLl' wa') 
 Valombrosa (va-lom-bro^sa) 
 Valparaiso (val-pa-ri'so) 
 Valtellina (val-tel-lee'na), or 
 
 Valtelline (Tal-tel-leen') 
 Vancouver (van-koo'ver) 
 Van-da'li-a 
 
 Van Diemen*3 (van dee'- 
 Vannes (van) " [menz) 
 
 Varennes (va'ren') 
 Varinas (va-ree'nas), or Ba- 
 
 rinas ( bi-ree/nas ) 
 Varna, or Warna (vaR^na) 
 Vislrhely (va'shaR/hel') 
 Vaucluse (vo^kliz') 
 Vaud (vo), or Pays-de-Vaud 
 
 ( pi e-deh-vo' ) (Ger. Waadt, 
 
 W5t) 
 Veglia (vel'ya or val'ya) 
 Velez-ilalaga (va'leth-ma^- 
 
 li-gi) 
 Velino (va-lee'no) 
 Velletri (vel-li'tree) 
 VenaL«sln (veh-nes'sas') 
 Venango (ve-nang'go) 
 Vendee, La (la vos'dii') 
 Vendjme (vox'd3m') 
 Venezuela (vene-zwee'la ; 
 
 Sp. pron. ven-eth-wa'la) 
 Venetia (ve-ne-'shi-a) 
 Venice (ven'iss) (It. Vene- 
 
 zia, ven-ed'ze-a) 
 Venloo (ven-l5^) 
 Ventimiglia (vc-n-te-meeFya) 
 
 (Fr^ Ventimille, vox'te'- 
 
 mel' or vos^te'me'y*) 
 Vera Crux (va'ra kroos) 
 Vercelli (vea-chel'le) 
 Verde (verd) 
 Verdun (vea'dux') 
 Vergennes (ver-jenz') 
 Vermelho ( veR-mel'yo) 
 Vermejo (veR-ma'Ho) 
 Ver-monf 
 Verona (va-ro'na) 
 Versailles ( ver-silz' ; Fr. 
 
 pron. vea'siil' or veR-say*0 
 Verviers (vea've-a') 
 Vesoul (veh-zool') 
 Ve-sjj'vT-us (It. Vesuvio, va- 
 Ve-vay' [soc've-o) 
 
 Viana (ve-a'na) 
 Viatka (ve-at'ka) 
 Viborg (veCborg) ; also tcrit- 
 ten VViborg. 
 Vicenza (ve-sen'za or ve- 
 
 chen''za) [nfso Viqne 
 
 Vich (veek or vi); tcritten 
 Vicq (veek) 
 Vienna (ve-en'na) (Ger. 
 
 Wien, ween, aJ.mo^^t veen) 
 Vienna (U. S.) (vl-en'na) 
 Vienne ( ve-en' ) 
 Vigevano (ve-jev'a-no) 
 Vigo (vee'go) 
 Vila (in Sp. veel'va: tn 
 
 Port, veel'la or vil'la) 
 Villa-Bo'a 
 ViUaeh (viVlaK/) 
 Villa del Fuerte (veeVya del 
 
 fwea'ta) 
 Villafirtmca. 5^«Villefiranche. 
 Villa Real (veel'ya ra-al') 
 
 Tilla Rica <Sp. America) 
 
 (veel'ya ree^ka) 
 Villa Rica (Brazil) (vil'la, or 
 
 veeMa, ree'ka) 
 Villefranche (vel'frossh') 
 
 (It. Villafiranca, vil-la- 
 
 fran'ka) 
 Vincennes (vin'sena' ; Fr. 
 
 pron. viN'sen') 
 Vique. See Vich. 
 Virginia (vcr-jin'i-a) 
 Vistula (vist^yg-la) (Ger. 
 
 Weichsel, wik'scl) 
 Vitebsk (ve-tebsk'), or Vi- 
 
 tepsk. Syn. Witebsk. 
 Viterbo (ve-teR'bo) [re-a) 
 Vitoria, or Vittoria (ve-to^- 
 Viviers (ve've-a') [tarn') 
 
 Vizagapatam (ve-za''ga-pa- 
 Vladtoiir (vla-dee'mir) ; 'tcrft- 
 
 ten also W'ladimir. 
 Vol'ga. or W'olsa 
 Vol-hyn'T-a ( Polish ^Volyllsk, 
 
 vo-ieenskO 
 Vorarlberg (for-aRl'beBG) 
 Vo-ro-nezh' ; tcritten also 
 
 Voronej {or Voroneje), Vo- 
 
 ront-tz, Woronetz, and 
 
 TToronesch. 
 Vosges (vozh) 
 
 w. 
 
 Waadt. See Vaud. 
 "Waal (wal) 
 Waal, or Wahal (wal) 
 Wabash (waw'bash) 
 Waday (wa'di) [gram) 
 
 "Wagram (wa'gram or wa'- 
 Walahmutte (~wa-la'mut). 
 
 Syn. Willametter 
 Walchereit ( wal'Ker-en) 
 "Waldeck (wol'dek or wal'- 
 Wal-den'ses [dek) 
 
 Waldoborough (wawl'do- 
 
 bur'ruh) 
 ■Waldstiidter See (walfstet- 
 
 ter za) See Lucerne, Lake 
 Wulei _ [of. 
 
 Wallachia (wol-la'ki-a) 
 
 (Turk. If-lak') 
 Wallis. See Valai". 
 Waltham (Eng. ) (wol'tam) 
 Waltham (Mass.) (wol'thSm) 
 Wandsworth (wonz'wurth) 
 Warasdia (wa'ras-deen') 
 Wardein (waR dTn), or War- 
 
 adein (wa'ra-dln) 
 Warna. See Varna. 
 Wur'saw (Pol. Warszawa, 
 
 vaR-sha'va or waR-sha'va) 
 Warwick (Eng.) (wor^rik) 
 Warwick (U. S.) (wor'wik or 
 
 wor'rik) 
 Washington (wosh'ing-tun ) 
 Washita , or Ouachita ( wosh'- 
 Wa'ter-ee' [i-taw') 
 
 Wa'ter-lo<y {Dutch pron. 
 
 wa'tcr-lo') 
 Watervliet (wa'ter-vleef) 
 Wednesburv (wenz ber-i) 
 Wetinesfield ( wenz'feeld) 
 Wehr (wea or weR) 
 Weichselburg, or Weixel- 
 
 bnrg (wlK'scl-bcSbRfr') 
 Weimar (wT'mar) 
 Weinheini (wTn'hTm) 
 Weissenburg (wi's^en-bdbRS' 
 
 or -bnrg) 
 WemySvS (weemz) 
 Wener (wa'ner), or Wenner 
 
 (wen-'ncr) " [deb) 
 
 Wemigerode (weR'ne-ga-ro'- 
 Wertheim (wi'Rt^hlm) 
 Wesel (wVzel) 
 We'^er ( Ger. pron. wa'zer) 
 
 West Indies (in'dei) 
 
 Westmeath ( west'meeth') 
 
 Weiit'mQre-land 
 
 2^^ Westmoreland, in 
 Pennsylvania, usually has 
 the accent on the penulti- 
 mate. 
 
 West-pha'lT-a (Ger. West- 
 pbaleo, west-fa' len) 
 
 Wexio (wek she-o) " 
 
 Weymouth (\V..'muth) 
 
 Wiborg. See Viborg. 
 
 Wid'in,or Vidin. 
 
 Wied, or Wied-Neu-Wied 
 (weet-noi-weet). Syn. 
 
 Neu-Wied. 
 
 Wieiiczka (we-litch'ka or 
 vyel-itch'ka) 
 
 Wien (ween.) Syn. Vienna. 
 
 Wiesbaden (wees-ba'dgn). 
 Syn. ^Vi<baden. 
 
 Wildenstein (wilden-stin) 
 
 Wiikesbarre ( wilks'b5r-rl ) 
 
 Willamette (wii-ia'met) ; 
 tcritten nUo Wallahmutte. 
 
 Wil'na, or Vilna 
 
 Windsor (win'zyr) 
 
 Win^ne-ba'go 
 
 Win'nT-peg 
 
 Winnipiseogee (win'ne-pis- 
 sokntT) [berg. 
 
 Wirtemberg. See Wlirtem- 
 
 Wisbaden (wis-ba'den), or 
 Wiesbaden (wees-ba'den) 
 
 Wis-cas'.=et 
 
 Wis-con'sin, or Wiskonrin; 
 formerly tcritten Ouiscon- 
 
 Wismar (\sis'mar) [sin. 
 
 Wissembourg ( vis^s^jr'booB') 
 
 Witepsk (ve-lepsk'), or Vi- 
 tebsk. 
 
 Witgeustein (viit'tren-stm') 
 
 Wit'ten-berg ( Ger. pron. 
 wit'ten-blRG') 
 
 Wiveliscombe (wils-^um) 
 
 Wobum (woo^^bum) 
 
 Wolfenbdttel (wol'fen-but/- 
 tel, almost woi'fen-bit'tgl) 
 
 Wolga. See Volga. 
 
 Wolverhampton (wcJbl'vgr- 
 hamp'run) [w<Jbl'y) 
 
 Woolwich (wdbl'ltch or 
 
 Worcester (wdl'ster) 
 
 Wotton-ucder-Edge (woo'- 
 tgn-und'rij) [woRms) 
 
 Worms (wurmz: Ger.pron- 
 
 Wrexham (reks'um) 
 
 Wiirtemberg ( wGr* tem-berg : 
 Ger. /7raH. wiiB'tt,m-beRfr'); 
 tcritten also Wirtt-mberg. 
 
 Wurtzburg (wQrts'burg; 
 Ger. pron. wiiRts'bcibBG) 
 
 Wy'an-dot' 
 
 Wv combe (wik'um) 
 
 Wje (Wales) (wT) 
 
 Wye (Netherlands). See ¥. 
 
 Wy-<yniing 
 
 J^^ The correctness of 
 this pronunciation is often 
 called in question, l-ecause 
 the poet Campbell pro- 
 nounces the name Wy'o- 
 ming, with the accent on 
 the first sv liable. This ac- 
 centuation is readily ex- 
 plained by the fact that 
 Campbell was never in the 
 United States, and having 
 no opportunity of ascer- 
 taining the correct pro- 
 nunciation of the name, 
 he naturally placed the 
 accent according to the 
 general tendency of our 
 language, that is. on the 
 antepenuirimate syllable. 
 
 Wythe (with, th being 
 sounded as in thin) 
 
 dQ,w(jlf,t(ro,t<S)k ; Urn, rge, p<jll ; f,^, soft; c,g, Aarrf;ag: exist ; b as ng ; this : a,o,u,ee,I,5,i§,w,B,D,a,H,K,iC,a,u (see p. 91^>- 
 
933 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 XYa"k,orJa;k,{.va'ik) YevSso, or Jesso (yes'so) ; 
 
 • Yakootvsk (yii-kooksk'); w"'- also written leso. 
 
 ' Yetholm (ygth'um) 
 
 Yezd (ytzd) 
 
 Youne (yon) 
 
 Youghal (yawl or yQH'al) _ 
 
 Youehioehenv f v oh/ho -era'- 
 
 X»gaa (Hii'gwii) 
 
 Xalapa, or .lalapa (HS-lii'pa) 
 
 Xalisco, or .lalisoo (Hii-lces'- 
 
 ko or Hij-lis'ko) 
 Xauxa, or Jaiya (How'aii) 
 Xema(zee'u!-a) [nil. 
 
 Xenil (Hu-ueel')- Si/n. Ue- 
 Xeres ( i>p. pron. uil-res' ; 
 
 Port. pron. shS-res' or 
 
 sh5r-Cs' ) 
 Xeres, or Jeres, dc la Froa- 
 
 tera (ua-res' da la froa- 
 
 ti'ra) 
 Xicoco (ze-ko'ko). Si/n. Si- 
 
 kokf. 
 Ximo (zee'mo) 
 Xingu, or Chingu (shen- 
 
 goo') 
 Xixon, or Gijon (He-Hon') 
 Xixona (He-Ho'na). Syn, 
 
 .lijona 
 Xoa (sho'a). Syn. Shoa. 
 Xochimilco, or Jochimilco 
 
 (HO-che-meel'ko) 
 Xorullo (Ho-rool'yo). Syn. 
 
 Jorullo. 
 
 Y (I) ; sometimes improperly 
 pronounced and written, in 
 Englisk, Wye. 
 
 Ya"k, or JaVk, (yii'lk) 
 Yakootvsk (yii-kooksk') ; tvrit- 
 
 ten also Yakoutsk, Ya- 
 kutsk, «»ir/ Jakutsk. 
 Yallobuslia, or Yalabusha 
 
 (^al'lo-boo'sha) 
 Yaiig-tchuoo, or -tcheou 
 
 (sang'clie-oo') 
 Yaug-tse-kiai)g (yang^'tse-ke- 
 
 ang'; caUed also, Kiang- 
 
 Ku (ko-ang'kyoo) 
 Yauiua, or Jauina (ya'ne-na) 
 Yar'ktiud' ; also written Yar- 
 
 kaud. 
 Yaioslav, or Jaroslaw (ya-ro- 
 
 slav') ; ivritten also Yaro- 
 
 slaf, Yaroslavl, and Jaro- 
 Ya-zoo' [slavl. 
 
 Yeddo, or Jeddo (yed'do) 
 Yekatarinoslav (ya-ka-ta- 
 
 ree-no-sliv'), or Yekatari- 
 
 noslaf. Syn. Ekatarino- 
 
 slaf. 
 Yekaterinenburg (ya-ka-ta- 
 
 re'Dcn-bcToRG) 
 Yekaterinograd (ya-ka-tS- 
 
 re'no-grad' ) 
 Yelatma (ya-lat'ma). Syn. 
 
 Elatma. 
 Yelizavetgrad (ya-le-sa-vet- 
 
 grad')- Syn. Elizabetgrad. 
 Yem'en [kn'la) 
 
 Yenikale, or Jenicale (yen'e- 
 Yenise/ (^en'e-sa'e or yen-e- 
 
 sa'), or Enisei (en/e-sa'e) 
 Yeovil (\o'vil) 
 Yerba Buena (ygr/babwa/na) 
 
 Youghiogheny (yoh/hQ-ga' 
 
 ni) 
 Ypres (ee'p'r) (Flemish 
 
 Ypern, I'pjjm) 
 Yp'si-liln'tl. 
 Yssel, or Ijssel (Ts/sgl) 
 Yij'ca-tan' (or yoo'ka-tan') 
 Yupura (yoo-poc'ra). Syn. 
 
 Japura. 
 Yverdun (e'vea'duN') 
 Yvetot (Gv'to') 
 
 z. 
 
 Zaandara (zan'dain') ; writ- 
 ten also Saardam. 
 Zacatecas (zak-a-ta'kas or 
 
 sa-ka-tii/kas) 
 Zacynthus (za-sin'thus). 
 Syn. Zante. " [ram. 
 Zagrab (za-grab')- Syn. Ag- 
 Zabara. See Sahara. 
 Za re, or Zahir (za-eer'). 
 
 Syn. Congo. 
 Zam-beze' (or zam-ba''ze) 
 Za-mo'ra (or tha-mo'ra) 
 Zanesville (zanz/vil) 
 Zanguebar (zang'ga-bar') 
 Zan'te. Syn. Zacynthus. 
 
 Zan'zl-bar' 
 
 Zara (za'ra) 
 
 Zaragoza. See Saragoesa. 
 
 Zealand (zee'land) (Dan 
 
 Sjaeland, sel'land) 
 Zealand (Dutch Zeeland, aa'- 
 
 liud) 
 Zebu, or Cebu (.'ee-boo' ; -SJ*. 
 
 pron. tha-boo') 
 Zegedin. See Szegedin. 
 Zeila (za'Ia) 
 Zeitoun (za'toon') 
 Zeitz (tsits) 
 
 Zelle(tsel'leh). Syn. Celle. 
 Zerbst (tseapst) 
 Zhit-o-meer' ; written also 
 
 Jitomir, and Schitomir. 
 Zirkuitz (tseeRk'nits). Syn. 
 
 Czirknicz. 
 Zittau (tsit'tou) 
 Zollvereiii (tsol'fer-Tn') 
 Zug (zoog or tsooG) 
 ZiiUichau (tsul'le-kow') 
 Zulpich (tsuPpiK) 
 Zurich (zu'rik ; Ger. pron. 
 
 tsd'riK) 
 Zujder, or Zuider, Zee (zK 
 
 dcr zee or zoo'der-zee 
 
 Dutch pron zoi'der za) 
 Zvor'nik (Turk. Iz'vor'- 
 
 neek') 
 Zweibrticken, or Zweybriick- 
 
 eii (tswi-brdk'ken). Syn 
 
 Deux-Ponts. 
 Zwickau (tswik'kow) 
 Zytomir. See Zhitomeer. 
 
 a,«,&c., long; a,e,o.less prolonged; a,e,&c , short; a,e,i,2,o6scMre/ ca,re,Jar,ask,all',whait; ere,v§il,t5rm; pique,fTrm; sdn,dr 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abancourt (a'boN/kooR') 
 Abati (a-ba'tee), or Abatti 
 
 (a-bat^tee) 
 Abbasides (ab-bSs'T-dez) 
 Abbatucci (ab-ba-toot'chee) 
 Abbeville (ab'vel') 
 Abdalla (ab-dal'lah), or Ab- 
 dullah (ab-duiaah) 
 Abd-el-Kader (abd-el-ka'- 
 
 dgr) ; written also Ab-dul- 
 
 Kadir. [lik) 
 
 Abd-el-MaUk (ab/del-ma^- 
 Abdul Mejid, or Abdoul Med- 
 
 jid (ab'dool/me-jeed') 
 Ab'e-lard, or Ab'^ai-lard (Fr. 
 
 pron. a^bS/laR') 
 A-ben'ce-ra§e ( Sp. pron. 
 
 a-Ben"tha-ra'ea) 
 Abercromby (Sb'er-krum''- 
 
 bi ) ; sometimes " written 
 
 Abercrombie. 
 Abernethy (Sb'er-ne-thT ; 
 
 Scotch pron. ab-er-neth'!) 
 Abinger (ab'in-jer) 
 Ablancourt (ab''16N''kooR') 
 Abou-Bekr, or Aboo-Bekr. 
 
 See Abu-Bekr. 
 Abranches (a-braa'shes) 
 Abu-Bekr, or Abou-Bekr 
 
 (a'boo-bSkr') 
 Abul-Feda, or Aboulfeda 
 
 (a'booFfg-da') [soor') 
 
 Abu-Mansur (a'boo-man- 
 Accum (Sk'kuin or ak^koom) 
 Achard (a'shaR') [lee) 
 
 Achilli (a-keePlee or a-kil'- 
 Achmet. See Ahmed. 
 Ackermann (ak'ker-man) 
 Acuna (a-koon'ya) 
 Acuaha (a-kooa'ya). See 
 Adair (a-dar') [Cunha. 
 
 Adalbert (a/daFbeR') 
 Adanson (a'doNAsoN') 
 Ad'el-ard, or Ath'el-ard 
 Adelung (a'deh-laoug) 
 Adrain (a-draa') 
 Adrets, Des (da za'drS') 
 Agassiz (ag'a-see or a-gas''siz ; 
 
 Fr. pron. a'gas'se') 
 Aguesseau. See D'Agaes- 
 Aguilar (a-ge-laR') [seau. 
 Ahmed (aa^med), or Achmet 
 
 (aR/met) 
 Ailly (al-ye' or Sh'ye') 
 Ainsworth (anz'wQrth) 
 Akbar (ak'ber ; Hindoo 
 
 pron. fik'bur) 
 Akenside (a'ken-sTd) 
 Akerblad (a'ker-blM) 
 Aladdin (a-iad'diu) (Arab. 
 
 Ala-ed-Dia (a'la'gd-den') 
 Alard (a'laR') 
 
 Alaric (al'a-rik) (Lat. A-lar'- 
 Alava (a'la-va) [i-cus) 
 
 Albacini (al-ba-chee'nee) 
 Alberoni (al-ba-ro'nee) 
 Albertucci (al-ber-toot'chee) 
 Alboin (Sl/boin) 
 
 Alboni (al-bo'nee) 
 Albuquerque (ai'bu-kerk ; 
 
 Port. pron. al-boo-kgRk' or 
 
 al-boo-keR'ka) 
 Alcedo (al-sa'Do) 
 Alciati (al-cha'tee) 
 Alcuin (iil'kwin) (Lat. Al- 
 
 cui'nus and Al-bi'nus) 
 Aldegrever (al'deh-gra/ver), 
 
 or Aldegraef (al'deh-gr5f) 
 Aldini (al-dee^nee) 
 Aldrich (awl'dritch or awl- 
 
 drij) ; written also Ald- 
 
 ridge. 
 Aldrovandi (al-dro-van'dee) 
 Aldus (ai'dtis) (It. Aldo. al'- 
 
 do) [leh-moN') 
 
 Aleman (Fr.) (al'm5N' or '&'- 
 Alembert (a'loN'beR'), or 
 
 d'Alembert (daaoN'beR') 
 Alen^on (a-Ien'sgn; Fr. 
 
 pron. a/loN'soN') 
 Alfieri (al-fe-a'ree) 
 Alford (awl/fQrd) 
 Algarotti (al-ga-rot'tee) 
 Ali (a'lee) 
 
 Alighieri (a-le-ge-a^ree) 
 Alison (aUi-SQn) [len) 
 
 Allen, Alan, or AUeyn (al'- 
 Allori (al-lo'ree) 
 AUston (awl'stQn) 
 Almack (Sl'mak) 
 Al-Mansur, or -Mansour 
 
 (al-man-soorO 
 Almeida (al-ma'e-da or al- 
 
 ma'da) 
 Almonte (al-mon'tS) 
 Alp-Arslan (alp-aR-slan') 
 Alsop (awPsop) 
 Alston (awl'stgn) 
 Alstromer (al'stro-mer) 
 Altdorfer (alt'doR-fer) 
 Alton (Eng.) (awFtQn) 
 Alvarado (al-va-ra'Do) 
 Alvarez (Port.) (iiFva-res) 
 Alvarez (Sp.) (al'va-reth) 
 Alvaro(al'va-ro) 
 Amadeo (a-ma-da'o) 
 Am'a-de'us. Si/71. Amadeo. 
 Amalaric (am-Sl'a-rik) 
 Amalric (a-mSl'rik or a'mal'- 
 Amaral (a-ma-ral^) [rek') 
 Amari (a-ma'ree) 
 Amato (a-ma'to) 
 Amberger (am'beRG-er) 
 Amboise (oN'bwaz') 
 Ambrogio (am-bro'jo) 
 Ameilhon (a'mMox') 
 Amelot (ani'lo') 
 Amerigo (a-ma-ree'go or a- 
 
 mer'e-go). See Yespucci. 
 Amiot, or Amyot (a'me-o') 
 Ampere (5N'peR') 
 Am'u-rath, or Amurat (ar 
 
 moo-ratO 
 Ancillon (Fr.) (oN'se'yoN') 
 Andral (QN'draP) 
 Andre (Eng.) (Sn'dra. or 
 
 Sn'dri) 
 Andrieux (oN'dre'uh') 
 A-neQ/rin 
 
 Angelo (an'ja-Io) 
 Angelucci (an-ja-loot'chee) 
 Angouleme (oN'goo'lgm' or 
 
 oN'goo'lam') 
 Annesley (ilnz'li) 
 Anquetil-Duperron (oN'keh- 
 
 tePdii'peR'roN') [ster) 
 
 An'strij-ther {popularly an'- 
 Antomarchi (an-to-maR^kee) 
 Antonelli (an-to-nePlee) 
 Anvari (Pers.) (an'va-ree), 
 
 or Anwari (an'wa-ree) 
 Appendini ( ap-pgn-dee'nee) 
 Ar'a-goJPr. pron. H/tsl'so') 
 Aram (a'ram) 
 Ar'bo-gast"( Frank) 
 Arborio (aR-bo're-o) 
 Arbuckle (ar'buk-l) 
 Ar/buth-not {pronounced in 
 
 Scotland ar-buth^ngt) 
 Archenholz (aR'ken-holts) 
 Aryon (aR'soN') 
 Ar'e-tme 
 
 Argensola (ar-Hen-so'la) 
 Argenson (aR^zhoN'soN') 
 Ariosto (Sr'i-os'to or a-re- 
 
 os'to) 
 Arlincourt (aR-lSN'kooR') 
 Arminius (ar-min'i-iis) 
 Arnaud (aR'no') 
 Arnauld (aR'nd') 
 Arnault (aR'no') 
 Arndt (aRnt) 
 Arnould (aR'noo') 
 Arouet (a'roo-a'). Syn. Vol- 
 taire. 
 Arriaza (aR-Re-a'tha) 
 Arteveld (aR-ta-velf), or Ar- 
 te velde (aR-ta-vel'deh) ; 
 
 sometimes Anglicized Ar- 
 
 tevelde (art- veld') 
 Artigas (aR-tee'gas) 
 Artois (aR'twa,/) 
 Ar'un-del 
 Ascham (Ss'kam) 
 Ashburnham "( ash/burn-am ) 
 Ash'bur-tQu, or Ash'bur'- 
 As'kew ( -ku ) [tgn 
 
 Assheton (Ssh'tun) 
 Atahualpa (a-ta-hwal'pa) 
 Ath'el-stan 
 Attiret (JiVte'ra') 
 Auber (o'beR') 
 Aubigne (o^ben/ya') 
 Aubrey (Eng.) (aw/brl) 
 Aubusson (o'blis'sSN') 
 Auchmuty (a/mu-ty) 
 Audebert (od'beR' or o'deh- 
 
 beR') 
 Audouin (o'ddb-SN') 
 Audran (o'droN') 
 Au'du-bon ( Fr. pron. o^'dii''- 
 
 b5x') 
 Auerbach (ow'er-baK) 
 Aufenberg (owTen-berG) 
 Augereau (ozh^RS' or o'zheh- 
 
 r6') 
 Augusti (ow-goos'tee) 
 Augustin (Fr.) (o/giis'taN') 
 Augustin (Sp.) (ow'goos- 
 
 ten'). Sy7i. Agustin. 
 
 Augustine (Saint) (sent aw'- 
 
 gus-tin) 
 Aurungzebe (o'rQng-zab' or 
 
 aw'rung-zeeb') 
 Auvigny (o'ven'j e') 
 Avellaneda (a-vel-ya-na'Da) 
 Avenzoar (av-en-zo'ar) (Ar. 
 
 Ibn Zohr, ib'n zoh^'r) 
 Averroes (a-v6r/ro-es or av- 
 
 er-ro'Ss)" 
 Avicenna (av'e-sen'na) (Ar- 
 
 Ibn Sina, ib'n se'na) 
 A Vila (a''ve-]a) 
 Ayala(a-ya''la) 
 Ayeshah (a'e-sha) {Arak- 
 
 pron. nearhfv e-sYvi) 
 Aylesbury (alz'ber-i) 
 Ayscough (as'ku) 
 Ayton, Aytoun, (a'tun) 
 Azara (a-tha'ra) 
 Azeglio (ad-zal'yo) 
 Azzo (at'so) 
 
 B, 
 
 Baader (ba'der) 
 Baba, Ali (a'lee ba'ba) 
 Babeuf (ba'buf) 
 Baccio (bat'cho) 
 Bacciochi (bat-cho'kee) 
 Bach (baK) 
 Bache (batch) 
 Bagehot (baj'utj 
 Baggesen (bag'geh-sen) 
 Baglione (bal-yo~na) 
 Baglivi (bal-yee'vee) 
 Bagnoli (ban-yo'lee) 
 Bagration (ba-gra'shtin or 
 
 ba-Gra-te-5n') 
 Sahadur, or Bahadar, Shah 
 
 (ba-ha/door, or ba-ha'dtir, 
 Bailfie (bailee) " [shah) 
 Bailly (Fr.) (ba'le or ba'ye') 
 Bajazet (baj'a-zet). Syn. 
 
 Bayazid. 
 Balboa (bal-bo'a) [nee) 
 
 Baldacchini (bal-dak-kee'- 
 Baldini (bal-dee'nee) 
 Balducci (bal-doot'chee) 
 Baldung (bal'dobng) 
 Balechou ( ba^lS'shoo' 
 Balfour (bSPfur; in 
 
 bal-fobrO _ 
 Balguy (baVgi) 
 Baliente (ba-le-en'ta) 
 Ballou (bSl-IooO 
 Balzac (bal'zak') 
 Barante (ba'roNf) 
 Baratier (ba'ra'te-a', almost 
 
 ha'T'dt'ya') 
 Barbarossa (bar'ba-ros'sa) 
 Barbauld (Eng.) ("bar/bavrld 
 
 or bar-boO 
 Barberini (baR-ba-ree'nee) 
 Barbes (biiR'ba') 
 Barbeyrac (baR/bS'rak') 
 Barbier (baR'be-a' ; almtt 
 
 baRb'ya') 
 Barbour (bar 'bur) 
 
 Scot. 
 
 de,wQlf,too,t(J'ok ; ftrn, rye, p\ill ; 9,^, soft; €,g, hard; as; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,u,^,I,ii,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (see p. 914). 
 
 (933) 
 
9.34 
 
 MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Bjirero (ba'rta') 
 Baivtti (bii-ret te«) 
 liiirgasjli (baR-giil'yee) 
 Barliiiu) (bilr/iuii) 
 B&ring (Eng.) (bar'ing' 
 Baring (Ger. ) (bii'ring) 
 Bjirmecide (bar'me-sid') 
 Baniave (baR'ntiv') 
 liarueveldt {bar'ui;h-v61t') 
 Baroci-io (ba-nycho) 
 Barra« (bl'rii') 
 Barrere (ba'reR'). See Ba- 
 liarrxH (bii'ro') [rere. 
 
 Barth (baRt) 
 Bartheleuiy (baR'tal'me' or 
 
 baR'tfi'l(^'h-uie') 
 Barthes, or Barthez(baR/ta') 
 Bartholin (bai/to-lin) or 
 
 Baitholiuus (bar-to-lee'- 
 
 nobs) 
 Bartoli (baR'to-lee) 
 Bartoliui ( baB-to-lee'nee) 
 Bartolozzi (baR-to-lot'see) 
 Bartsch (Ger.) (baRtsh) 
 Basnage (ba'nazh') [eR') 
 
 Bassonipierre (bas'soN'pe- 
 Bathori (ba'to-ree) 
 Bilth'Orst [ya'nee) 
 
 Batthyani, or Bathyani (bat- 
 Batteux (bat'tuh') 
 Bauer (bow'gr) 
 Bauhin (bo'aN') 
 Baume (b5ni) 
 
 Baunigarten (bowm/gaR-ten ) 
 Baunigartner (bowm'gaRf- 
 Baur(bowr) [nc'r) 
 
 Bayard (ba'ard or bl'jjrd ; 
 
 Fr. pron. bii'yaR') 
 Bayazid (ba-ya-zeed' or bl-a- 
 
 zeed'). Syn. Bajazet. 
 Bayer (Sp ) (ba-yaR') 
 Beatoun (be'tun) 
 Beatrice (b3'a-treess ; It. 
 
 pron. ba-a-tree'cha) 
 Beattie (bee't! ; Scotch pron. 
 
 ba'tT) [cham) 
 
 Beauchamp (Eng. ) (bee'- 
 iJeiuchamp (Fr.) (bo'shoN') 
 Beauc'lerc (bo klerk) 
 Beaufort (Kng.) (bo'fQrt) 
 Beaufort (Fr.)(bo'foR') 
 Beauharnais (ho'aR'nfi') 
 Beauniarchais (bo'niaR'sha') 
 Beaumont (Eng.) (bo'mont; 
 
 formerly bu'niont) 
 Beaumont (Fr.) (bo'moN') 
 Beauregard (Am.) (bo'rgh- 
 
 gardO 
 Beauregard (Fr.) (boR'gaR') 
 Beau8obre (bo'rto'br) 
 Beauvais (bo'va') 
 Beccafumi (bek'ka-foo'mee) 
 Boccaria ( bek-ka-ree'a) 
 lied'djes 
 Bede (beed) 
 
 Bedell (Amer)(be-dgl') 
 Bedell (Eng.) (bee'dgl or 
 
 be-d6K) 
 Bedmar (bed-miiB') 
 Beek (bak) 
 
 Beethoven (ba'to-vgn) 
 Beham (bi'anri) 
 lichmon. See Bohme. 
 Behn (b6n) 
 B<?hiie.'< (binz) 
 Behriiig (beer'ing ; Danish 
 
 pron. barring) 
 Belidor (bel-e-DOR') 
 Belknap (bel'nSp) 
 Bellamy (Eng.) (bgl'la-mT) 
 Bellamiin (bel-lar'mfn) (It. 
 
 Bellamiino, b61-laE-mee'- 
 Bel'len-don [no) 
 
 Bellini (b61-lee'nee) 
 Bellot (b6i-lo/) 
 Belon (bl5N) 
 Bel'«ham) 
 Bebioui (bei-zo'nee) 
 
 Ben'bow 
 
 Benedetti (ba-niS-d6t'tee) 
 
 Bengcl (Gor.) (beng^'l or 
 
 bting/url) 
 Beuger (beng'ger) 
 Beniowski, or Benyowski 
 
 (b:l-ne-ov'skee) 
 Dtinserude (beu'soh-rad') 
 Bentham (beu'tam or ben'- 
 
 tham) 
 Bentivoglio (beu-te-vol'yo) 
 Benveputi (ben-va-noo'tee) 
 Beranger (biVroN-'zha') 
 Bereugario (ba-reu-gi're-o) 
 
 (Lat. Btr'en-gd-ri-us' ; 
 
 Eng. Ber'eu-^er) 
 Ber'cs-fyrd 
 Bergamo (bC-R'ga-mo) 
 Berghaus (beRg'howss) 
 Berke'Iey (formerly bark'lj?^) 
 Berkenhout (ber'ken-howt) 
 Berlichingen ( beR'UK-ing- 
 Berlioz (beR'le-o') [en) 
 
 Bernadotte (ber-na-dof "or 
 
 bfR'na'dot') " [naR') 
 Ber-'nard (Fr. pron. beR'- 
 Bernard (Ger.) (beR'nart) 
 Bernier (beR'ne-a') 
 Bernouilli ( ber-nool'yee or 
 
 beR'nool'\e') 
 Berryer (beR'e-S') 
 Berthier(beR'te-a') 
 BerthoUet (beR'tol'la') 
 Berzelius (ber-zee'li-us; Sw. 
 
 pron. beR-zTT''le-us) 
 Bcscherelle (besh'rell') 
 Bessieres (bes'se cb') 
 Beth/gm 
 
 Bethune (beh-thoon') 
 Bettini (bet"tee'nee) 
 Bewick (bu'ik) 
 Be'za (Fr. Beze, bez or baz) 
 Bezout (beh-zoo') 
 Bianchi (be-an'kee) 
 Bianchini ( be-an-kee'nee) 
 Biard (be'aR') 
 Bichat (be'sha') 
 Biel(beel) 
 Biela (be-a'la) 
 Bilderdijk, or Bilderdyk (bll'- 
 
 der-d.k') 
 Billaud-Yarennes (be'yo'- 
 
 vii'renn') 
 Billaut (be'yo' or bel'yo') 
 Biot (be'o' or be of) 
 Bizzari (bet-sa'ree) 
 Bligh (blT) 
 Bliz'ard 
 Bloch (bloK) 
 Bloemaert (bloo'mSrt) 
 Bloemen (bloo'mgu) 
 Blomfield (biuui/feeld) 
 Blondel (bloN'dol') 
 Blount (bldnt) 
 BUcher ( bloo'ker ; Ger. pron. 
 
 bld'Kgr) 
 Blumenbach (bloo'mgn-baK) 
 Boag(bog) 
 
 Bobadilla (bo-Ba-Deel'ya) 
 Boccaccio (bok-kat^cho) (in 
 
 French and old English 
 
 Boccace, bok'kass') 
 Boccalini (bok-ka-lee'nee) 
 Boccanera ( hok-ka-nu'ra) 
 Boccherini (bok-ka-ree'nee) 
 Bochart (bo'shaR') 
 Bockh (bbk) 
 Bode(bo'dch) 
 Bodin (bo'dflN') 
 Boeckhout (bcrok'howt) 
 Boerhaave (bor'hav; Dutch 
 
 pron. booR'ha'vgh) 
 Bogdanovltch (bog-da-no'- 
 
 vitch) 
 Bohemond (bo'he-mond) 
 Bohme (bb'mgh), or Bbhm 
 
 (bom) 
 Boieldicu (bwal'de-uh') 
 
 Boileaujboi'lo ; Fr. pron. 
 
 bwji'lo') 
 Bois-Guilbert (bwa gel'bt'R') 
 Bois Robert (bwa ro'beR') 
 Boissieu (bwa'se-uh') 
 Boissy (bwa'se') [do) 
 
 Bojardo, or Boiardo (bo-yaR'- 
 Boleyn (bobl'in) 
 Bolingbroke (b61'ing-br(Jt)k , 
 
 formerly bcJ'oI'ing-brcJbk). 
 Bolivar (bo-lee'vaa ; errone- 
 ously pron. bol'T-var') 
 Bonaparte (bo'na-part ; It., 
 
 pron. bo-nii-paB'ta.) Syn. 
 
 Buonaparte. 
 Bonet (bo/na') 
 Bonfadio (bon-Jii'de-o) 
 Bonheur (bo'nuR') 
 Bonnard (bon'naB') 
 Bonnet (bon''nS') 
 Bonomi (bo-no'mee) 
 Bononcini (bo-non-chee'nee) 
 Eonpland (boN'ploN') 
 Bordone (boR-do'na) 
 Borghese (boR-g;/. ?l) 
 Borghini (boR-Lee'nee) 
 Borgia (bor'ja or boB'ja) 
 Borlase (bor'frz) 
 Borromeo (boR-Bo-ma'o) 
 Borromlni (boR-Ro-mee/nee) 
 Bos-caw'gn, or Bos'ca-wgn 
 Bosrovich (bos'ko-vik) ; writ- 
 ten also Bopcowich. 
 Bosquet (bos'kS') 
 Bossuet (bos'sU-a', almost 
 
 bos'swa') [lus) 
 
 Bopsu (bo'sij) (Lat. Bos'su- 
 Bossut (bo'sii') 
 Bo / well 
 Both'well 
 
 Bottari (bot-ta'ree) 
 Bbttiger (bbt'te-Ggr) 
 Botzaris. See Bozzaris. 
 Bouchardon (boo'shaR''doN') 
 Boucher (Eng.) (bow/cher) 
 Boucher (Fr.) (boo'sha') 
 Boudinot (boo'de-not) 
 Bouflers (boo'l'leR') 
 Bougainville (boo'gSN'vel') 
 Bouguer (boo'ga') 
 Bouillet (boo/}a') [ya') 
 
 Boulainvilliers (boo'iaN've'- 
 
 Boulanger (boo'lSN'zha') 
 Bourbou (boor'bgn; Fr. 
 
 pron- booR'boN') 
 Bourcicault (boor'se'ko') or 
 
 Bouc>cault (boo'se'k5') 
 Bourdaloue (booR'da'loo') 
 Bourdon (booR'doN') 
 Bourgeois (booR^zhwa') 
 Bourges ( booRzh ) 
 Bourgoing (booR'gwSN') 
 Bourne (born) 
 Boumonville(booR/n6N'vel') 
 Bourrienne (boo're-en') 
 Bousquet (boos'ka') 
 Bouterwek (boo'tcr-wek) 
 Bouvier (Am.) (bo'o-veer') 
 Bouvier (Fr. ) (boo've-S') 
 Bowditch (bou'ditch) 
 Bowdoin (bo'dn) 
 Bowles (bolz) 
 Bowring (bour'ing) 
 Boy'dell 
 Boyer (bwa'ya') 
 Bozzaris, or Botzaris (bofsa- 
 
 ris ; popularly called bgz- 
 
 zSr'is) 
 Braccio (bra'cho) 
 Brad'war-dlne ; written also 
 
 Bradwardin. 
 Brahc (bra or bra; Danish 
 
 pron. bra'eh) 
 Bra'mah 
 Braniante d'Urbino (bra- 
 
 man'ta dooR-bee'no) 
 Brandt (brant) 
 Brantome (brgN'tom') 
 
 Bredow (brS'do) 
 
 Bremer (bree'mgr ; Sw. 
 
 pron. bra'mgr) 
 Bretscbneider(bret'8hni-dgt^ 
 Breyn (brin) 
 Brisson (bre'soN') 
 Brissot (bre'so') 
 Brockhaus (brok^howss) 
 Broderip (brod'rip) 
 Brodie (bro^dl) 
 Broeck (br(Jbk) 
 Broglie (brol'ya) 
 
 iJ^^ This name, when 
 
 French, is pronounced 
 
 brog-'le'. 
 Brome (broom) 
 Brum 'ley (brHni'lY) 
 Brongniart (broN'ne-aR') 
 Bronte (bron'te) 
 Brotier (bro'te-a') 
 Brough (bruf) [broo'm) 
 
 Brougham (broo/gm or 
 Broughton (brow'tgn) 
 Broussais (broo'sS') 
 Brown Sequard (-sa'kaE') 
 Brucker (brcJljk'gr) 
 Brueys, or Brueis (bru'a') 
 Brumoy (or brii'mwa') 
 Brunck (br<5bnk) 
 Bru'nel' 
 
 Brunelleschi (broo-n61-lefl'- 
 Bruiiet (brU'na') [kee) 
 
 Bruyn (broin) 
 Buch (bdbK) 
 Buchan(buk''an) 
 Buchanan (buk-an'an ; often 
 
 mispronounced bd-kan'an) 
 BufFon (buf'fQn or buf'foN') 
 Buhle (boo^lgh) 
 Bulgarin (bcTol-ga'rin) 
 Buller (b(JbFer) 
 Bulliard (bul'yaR') 
 Bullinger Jbcyol'lng-gr or 
 
 bcJbl'ing-iigr) 
 BUlow (bii'lo) 
 Bulwer (bdbl'wgr) 
 Bunsen (bdbn'sgn) 
 Buonaparte (boo-o'na-paE'- 
 
 ta). Syn. Bonaparte. 
 Buonarotti (boo-o'na-rot'tee) 
 Burckhardt (bfirk'hart ; 
 
 Ger. pron. b<5bBk'hart) 
 BQr-detf 
 
 Burger (bliR'ger) [leigh. 
 
 Burghley (bfir/lT) Syn. Bur- 
 Burgoyne (bur-goin') 
 Burlamaqui (buB'la'ma/ke') 
 Burleigh (buraT). Syn. 
 
 Burghley. 
 Burnouf (buR'noof) 
 Biisching (bu'shing) 
 Bussy d'Amboise (bii'w' 
 
 d6N''bwaz') [ta) 
 
 Bustamente (boos-ta-min'- 
 Bynkershoek (bln'kers- 
 
 Bysshe (bish) [hcTokO 
 
 c. 
 
 Caballero (ka-Bal-ya'ro) 
 
 Cabanis (kii'ba'ness') 
 
 Cabet (ka'ba') 
 
 Cab'ot (It. Caboto, ka-bo'to) 
 
 Cabrera (ka-brii'ra) 
 
 Caccia (kafcha) 
 
 Ca-do'gaji 
 
 Oadoudal (ka'doo'dal') 
 
 CSd-wal'la-dgr 
 
 Caedmon (kSd^mgn) 
 
 Cagliari (kal^a-ree) 
 
 Cagliostro (kkJ-yos'tro) 
 
 Cagnoli (kan-yo'lee) 
 
 Oaillet (kah'ya') 
 
 Cairns (karnz) 
 
 Caius (keez) 
 
 Cal'a-m\i 
 
 a,e,tc., long; tififi,Us5 prolonged; a,6,&c., short; a,g,i,Q,oi>scwr«/ care,far,a8k,all,wh^tj £re,Ygil,tErm; pVquejSnn; sdu«di^ 
 
MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Calderon (kal-da-ron') 
 Calhoun (kill -boon'') 
 Calidasa (ka-le-da's5) 
 Calignon fki'len'yoN') 
 Calkoen Van Beek (kal-koon' 
 Call'cytt [van bak) 
 
 Callet (kal'la') 
 CiiFuiet {Fr. pron. kal'ma') 
 Calvert (EngOtkai'vert) 
 Calvert { Anier. ) (kol'vert) 
 Cambaceres (koN'ba'sa'res') 
 Cambronne (k5N'bron') 
 Caoi'er-on 
 Ca-mo'C'ns {or kitm'o-ens; 
 
 "^Pon. pron. ka-mo'eNs) 
 Cauipan (k'jN'pjN') 
 Campbell (kHin/gl) 
 
 l^^r' Some families of 
 
 this name call themselves 
 
 kam'bel. [nee) 
 
 Camuccini (ka-moot-chee'- 
 Camus (ka'miiss') 
 Camusat (ka'md'za') 
 Cancellieri(kan-chel''le-a'ree) 
 Canonica (ka-non'e-ka) 
 Canova (ka-no'va) 
 Canrobert (kuN'ro^beR') 
 Cantemir, or Kantemir(kSn'- 
 
 teh-meer or kan'te-meer') 
 Canute ( k.a-nut' ) ; sometimes 
 
 improperly pronounced 
 
 kan'ySt. Syn. Knut. 
 Capefigue (kap'feg' or kip'- 
 Cap'el [fig') 
 
 Ca'pet (i^.proM. ka'pa') 
 Capod"Istria (ka'po dis'tre- 
 
 a), or Capodistrias (ka-po- 
 
 dis'tre-a-s) 
 Caracci (ka-rafchee), or Car- 
 
 racci (kaR'at'chee) 
 Caradoc(ka-ra''dok)(Lat. Ca- 
 
 rac'ta-cus) 
 Caraglio (kii-raFyo) 
 Caravaggio (ka ra-vad'jo) 
 Car'dan ( Lat. Car-da''nus ; 
 
 It. Cardano, kaR^a'no) 
 Cardenas (kaR'da-nas) 
 Careme (ka'ram', almost 
 
 ka'rgm') 
 Carew (generally ka-roo') 
 Carlen (kaR-latn', almost 
 
 kaR'lTm') 
 Carlisle (kar-lTI') 
 Carlyle (kar'lll or kar-lTl') 
 Carmagnola (kaR man-yo'- 
 
 la) 
 Carmichael (kar-ml'kel or 
 
 karml-kel) 
 Carnot (kaR'no') 
 Carondelet (ka'roNd'la') 
 Carpaccio (kaR-pat'cho) 
 Carpentier (kaR'poN'te-a') 
 Carradori (kaR-Ra-do'ree) 
 Carrucci (kaR-Root'chee) 
 Carteret (kar'ter-et) 
 Carvajal (kaR-vJi-HaK) 
 Casanova (ka'sa-no'va) 
 Casaubon (ka-sawbga) 
 Casimir (kSs"e-meer) 
 Casioi (ka-see'aee) 
 Cassini (kas-see'nee) 
 Castaglione (kas-tal-yo-'na), 
 
 or Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'- 
 Castiigno (kas-tan'yo) [na) 
 Castarios (kiis-tan'yos) 
 Castelnau (kas'tel'no') 
 Castiglione (kas-tel-yo/na) 
 Castlereagh (kSs/sl-ra') 
 Castren (kas-tran' or kas- 
 
 trijnO 
 Castruccio (kas-troot'cho) 
 Catalani (ka-ta-la'nee) 
 Cauchy (ko'she') 
 Caulaincourt (ko'lSN'kooR') 
 Cavaignac (ka'ven/yakO 
 Cavalieri (ka-va-le-a'ree) 
 Cav'en-dish ;, sometimes 
 
 pron. and written Can' dish 
 
 Cavour (ka'vooR') 
 Caylus (k.Vldss') 
 Cazales (ka'za'less') 
 Cean-Bermudez (thS-an'beB- 
 moo'Deth ) 
 Cecchi (chgk'kee) 
 Cecil (ses'ii or sis'il) 
 Cellinilchel-lee/nee) 
 Cenci(chen/chee) 
 Centlivre (sent-lee'ver or 
 
 sent-liv'gr) 
 Cervantes Saavedra (ser- 
 
 van'tez sli-ved'ra) 
 Cesari (cha'sii-ree)" 
 Cesarotti (cha-sa-rot'tee) 
 Cesi (cba'bee) 
 Chabert (sha'beR') 
 Chalmers (chiXl'merz; Scot. 
 
 pron. chaw'merz) 
 Chalons (sha'loN') 
 Chambaud (shoN'bo') 
 Chambray , or Chambrai 
 
 (shoN^'bra') 
 Chamier (sha-meer') 
 Chamisso (shii'me'so') 
 Champagny (sh6>/pan'ye') 
 ChampoUion (sham-pol'le- 
 
 'Qn, or shox'pol/le-oN') 
 Changarnier (shoN'gaR'ne-a') 
 Chantrey (chiin'tri) 
 Chap'pel-6w 
 Chappe (shap) 
 Chaptal (shap'tal') 
 Chardon (shaR'duN') 
 Charlemagne (sharpie-man'; 
 
 Fr. pron. shaRl'miin') 
 Charlevoix (shar'leh-vwa' or 
 
 shaRl'vwa') 
 Charlier (shaR'le-a) 
 Charpentier (shaR'poN'te-S') 
 Chartier (shaR'te-a') 
 Chasles (shal) 
 Chassel (sha'sel') 
 Chastel (cha'tel'); written 
 
 also Chatel. 
 Chastelain (shat'liiN') 
 Chastelet (shat'la') [on') 
 Chateaubriand (sha'tS'bre/- 
 Chatham (chSfam) 
 Chaudet (shcydSf') 
 Chaulnes (shon) 
 Chauncey (chan'sl or 
 
 chawn'sl) 
 Chauvin (sho'v^N') 
 Cha'worth 
 Chemnitz (Kem'nits) 
 Chenier (sha'ne-a') 
 Cherubini ( ka-roo-bee'nee) 
 Chej/el-den 
 
 Cheval ier'( sheh-va'le-a' ) 
 Cheverus (shtv'p-ras ; Fr. 
 
 pron. sheh-vrJss') 
 Chevreul (she-vrul') 
 Cheyne (chin or chin) 
 Chiari (ke-a'ree) 
 Childebert(chjl/de-bert; Fr. 
 
 pron shel'deh-beR') 
 Chll'der-ie (Fr- Childeric, 
 
 shel'da^rGk') 
 ChTl/per-ic (Fr. Chilperic, 
 
 shel'p I'rek') 
 Chisholm (chiz'Qm) 
 Chlopicki (Klo-pit'skee) 
 Choiseul (shwa'zul') 
 Choisy (shwa'ze') 
 Cholmondely (cham'lT) 
 Christine (Fr.) (krt'S'teen') 
 Christine (Sw. ) (krLs-t^e'neh 
 
 or kris-teen') 
 Chri.stophe (kres-tof) 
 Ciampelli (cham-pel'lee) 
 Ciampi (cham'pee) 
 Ciarpi (chaR'pee) 
 Cienfuegos (se-Sn'fwa'gos) 
 Cignaroli (chen-ya-ro'lee) 
 Cigoli (chee'go-iee). Syn. 
 
 Civoli. 
 Cimabue (che-ma-boo'a) 
 
 Cimarosa (che-ma-ro'sa) 
 Cinq Mars (saNk' niaRs') 
 Cipriani (che-pre-a'nee) 
 Claude (Fr. j/ron. klod) 
 Clausel (klo'zel') 
 Claverhouse (klav'er-JIs or 
 
 klav'ei-s) 
 Clavigero, or Clavyero (kla- 
 
 ve-Ha^ro) 
 Clavijo (kia-v5'Ho) 
 Clerfayt(kl(;R'):a') 
 Clermont-Tonnerre (klga'- 
 
 moN'ton'neR') 
 Clootz, or Cloots (klots) 
 Clotaire (klo'teR') [teld') 
 Clo-til'da, or Clotilde (klo'- 
 Clough (klQf) 
 Clo'vis 
 
 Clowes (klouz) 
 Cochin (ko'shaN') 
 Cochrane (kok'ran) 
 Cockburn (ko'burn) 
 Codazzi (ko-dat'see) 
 Coehoorn (koo'horn) 
 Coeur de Lion (kur de li'Qn ; 
 
 Fr. pron. kuR de le'oN') 
 Coke(k(rok or kok) 
 Colbert (kol'beR') 
 Colburn (kol'burn) 
 Col'den 
 Col'by 
 Co-len'so 
 Coleridge (kol'rij) 
 Coligny , or Coligni (ko'len'- 
 
 ye', or kol'on'ye') 
 Cohn (ko'l:lN') 
 Collin (kol'lto') [bwa') 
 
 Collot d"IIerbois(koPlo'deR'- 
 CoFuian 
 
 Colquhoun (ko-hoon') 
 Colquitt (koKkwit) 
 Col'tQn 
 Combe (koom) 
 Com'mon-fort' 
 Comstock (kSm'stok) 
 Co:ide (kou'da; Fr. pron. 
 
 koN'da') 
 Condi'.'.ac (koN'dee'yak' or 
 
 koK'uel''yak') 
 Condorcet (kuN''doR'sa,') 
 Confucius (kon-lfa/shi-us) 
 
 (Chinese Kong-Fu-Tse', 
 
 kong-fJot-sa') 
 Congieton (kong'gl-tQn) 
 Congreve (kong'grGv) 
 Con'rad-in (or kon'rS-deen') 
 Constant de Rebecque (koN'- 
 
 stoN' deh reh-bek' or reh- 
 
 b.ik') 
 Contarini (kou-ta-ree'nee) 
 Contreras (kon-tra'ras) 
 Conybeare (kan'T-ber) 
 Copernicus (ko-per'ni-kus) 
 
 (originally Copernic, or 
 
 Kopernic, ko-peR'nik) 
 Coqueiel (kok^rel') 
 Corday (korMtl') 
 Cordova (koR'do-va) 
 Coriolano (ko-re-o-ia'no) 
 Corneille (kor'nal' ; French 
 
 pron. koR'nal' or koR'- 
 
 nSy") 
 Cornwallis (korn-wol'lis) 
 Correggio (kor-red'jo). Syn. 
 
 AUogre. 
 Cortereal (koR-t5-ra-aV) 
 Cor'tez (Sp. Cortes, koR-tSs') 
 Cortese (koR-ta'sa) 
 Corvat (kor'i-at) 
 Cottin (kotaSN') 
 Coulomb (koo'loN') 
 Coupe (koo'pa') 
 Courier (koo're-a') 
 Courtenay (kurfna) 
 Courtois (kooR'twa') 
 Cousin (koo'zilN') 
 Coustou (koos'too') 
 Couthon (koo'toN' 
 
 935 
 
 Coutts (koota) 
 
 Covilhao, or Covilham (ko- 
 
 vel-yowNO 
 Cowley (kow'll); formerly 
 pronounced, and some- 
 times ivrittm, Coo'ley. 
 Cowper (kow'per or koo'- 
 Coysevox (kwaz'vo') [per; 
 CrM'yck 
 Cranach, or Kranach (kran'- 
 
 ak or kra'naK) 
 Crlsh'aw [kra'ya') 
 
 Crayer (kri/yer; Fr. pron- 
 Crebillon (kra'be'yoN') 
 Creuz (kroits) 
 Creuzer (kroit'ser) 
 Crevecoeur (krav'kUR') 
 Crichton (krl'tgn) 
 Croeser (kroo'zor) 
 Cromwell (krum'wel or 
 
 krom'wel) 
 Cruikshank (kr(5bk'sh5nk) 
 Csokonai (cho'ko-nl') 
 Cujas (kU'zhas') (Lat. Cu- 
 
 jacius, ku-ja'shi-ds) 
 CuKpep-per 
 Cunard (ku-nard') 
 Cnnha, da (dakoon'.ya) 
 Cuvier (kd've-a' or ku've-er) 
 Cuyp. or Kuyp (koip) 
 Czartoryski (chaR-to-ris'kee) 
 Czerny (tseR'ne or tseRn) 
 
 D, 
 
 Dacier (da'se-u') 
 
 Da Cunha. See Cunha, da, 
 
 Dagobert (diig^o-burt orda'- 
 go'beR') 
 
 Daguerre (da'geR') 
 
 D'Aauesseau, or Daguesseau 
 (da'^es'so'). 
 
 Dahl (dal) 
 
 Dahlgren (dal'gr6n) 
 
 Dahlingen (da' ling-en) 
 
 D/iI-gar'no 
 
 Dalhousie (dill-hoo'zT) 
 
 Dalrymple (dXFrim-pl) 
 
 Dalton (dawl'tgn) 
 
 Dalzell (di-eV) 
 
 Damiens (dii'me-SN') ; An- 
 glicized Da'mi-ens. 
 
 Dampier (dam'peer) 
 
 Dancourt (doN'kooR') 
 
 Dandolo (dan'do-lo) 
 
 Danican (da'ne-k5N'). Syn. 
 Philidor. 
 
 Dannecker (dan'nek-ker) 
 
 Dan tan (doN'toN') 
 
 Dante (diln'te; It. pron 
 dan'ta) (orig^inally Du- 
 rante (doo-riin'ta) 
 
 Danton (diin'tgn or d6N'- 
 
 toN') 
 
 D'Anviile (doN'vel') 
 D'Arblay (dar'bla) 
 Dare, or D'Arc. See Joan of 
 Daub (dowp) [Arc. 
 
 Daubenton (do'boN'toN') 
 Daubeny(d~)b'ni or dawb'ni) 
 D.iubigne (do'bcn'ya') 
 Daubigny (do'ben'ye') 
 Daun (down) 
 Dilv'on-ant 
 Dav'on-p5rt 
 David (Fr.Kda'ved') 
 David (Ger.)(da/vit) 
 Daviess (da' vis) 
 Davila (dii've-la) 
 Davout, or Davoust(da'voo') 
 De CandoUe (doh koN'dol') 
 De-oa'tur 
 
 De Foe, or Defoe (de-fo') 
 De la Beche (doh la bash) 
 De la Croix, "or Delacroix 
 (deh la'krv.a') 
 
 io,w9lf,t(ro,t(Jbk ; (3m,rHe,pull ; q,§, soft; «,g, hard; ag; exist; n as ng ; this ; a,b,H,ee,T,ii,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u, (see p. 914-^ 
 
9S6 
 
 Delambre (djjh-lSN'b'r) 
 
 D^l'n-no 
 
 Delnrorhe (d'la'rosh') 
 
 Selatour (li'la'tooa') 
 
 Delavai (d'la'val') 
 
 Delauuav (dl6-na') 
 
 Delisle (dvU-lwl') ; often An- 
 
 ^ticizeit iIk'UV). 
 D»»lolu>e(di;h-lolui' or d'loliu) 
 Delorme (diJU-loam or 
 
 dlORUl) 
 
 Dembowski (dom-bov'skee) 
 Demjdov (dem''c-do?'), or 
 
 D^iii-I-dof. 
 Deuioivre (di;h-niwa'v"r) 
 Demoustier (dob-njoos'te-a') 
 Denbain (den'nni) 
 Ik>nina (da-uee'nii) 
 Denis (deh-ne') 
 Dfuon (doh-noN"') 
 DepHirieux (da'piR'fe-ub') 
 Derby (dr-r'bT or dar'bT) 
 Derhani (d^r'am) [ter) 
 
 De Ru\ ter (de rT'tcr or vo\'- 
 Derzhavin (drR-zha'vin) ; 
 
 written a'.so Derzavia and 
 
 Derschawin. 
 Desaguliers, or Des-Aguliers 
 
 (da^za'pU'le-a') 
 Desaix (deh-sa') (de Vey- 
 
 goux, deb va'goo') 
 Descartes fda'kaat') 
 Deschamps (da sboN') 
 Deshoulieres (d^'zoo'le-ea') 
 Desmoulins (da'nioo'liiN') 
 Desprciiux (da'pra'o') 
 Dessaix (da'sa'j 
 Dessalines (da'sa'len' or des'- 
 
 sa-13n') 
 D'Estaing. See Estaing. 
 De Thou (deb too') (Lat. 
 
 Thu-a'nus) 
 Devereux (dev'cr-oo) 
 Dewees (dc-weez') 
 DEwes (djz) 
 De Wette (dob wet'teb) 
 Diderot (dCd'ro' or de'deh- 
 
 ro') 
 Didot (de'do') [bitch) 
 
 Diebitch, or Diebitsch (dee'- 
 Dieffenbach (dee'fc-n-baK/ ) 
 Dietrich (dee'triK) 
 Diez (deets) 
 Diodati (de-o-da'tee) 
 Disraeli (di/.rl'cl-ee) 
 Dobrowski (do-brov'skee) 
 Dbderlein, or Doederleia 
 
 (db'dor-lln') 
 Dodoens (do-doons') 
 Dolgorouki, or Dolgoruki 
 
 (dol/go-roo'kee) 
 Dolomieu (dn'Wme-uh') 
 Domat, or Daumat (dj'ma') 
 Donienichino (do-ma-ne- 
 
 kee'no) 
 Dominici (do-me-nee'chee) 
 Doni;'-etti (don^e-zet'tee or 
 
 do-nid-zet'tee) 
 Don'o-v;jn 
 
 Douce (Eng.) (dowss) 
 Douce (Fr. ) (dooss) 
 Douglas (dug'lass) 
 Douw ; prononnr.ed J and 
 
 soiriftimf^x written, Dow. 
 Dreux (drth) 
 Drou>n de Lhuys (droo'SN' 
 
 df.-h Iwee) 
 Dubois (d j'bwa') 
 Du Cacb«t (du'ka-sha or 
 
 dii kii'shi') 
 Ducange (du-kSnj' ; French 
 
 pron. du'koNzh') 
 Du Chatel (di shangl') 
 Duchesne {dii'shSu') 
 Dudos (di'klo') 
 Dudevant (dU'dth-voN' or 
 
 dud' VON') 
 Dufrenoy (dU'frS'nwa') 
 
 MODKKN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Dufresnoy (dii'frS'nwji') 
 Du CJuesclin (dii ga'klaN') 
 Duhamel (du ha'm61' or dii 
 
 a'uiel') 
 Dumas (djj'nia') 
 Duuiesuil (dii'uia'ne') 
 Duuiont (dd'uioN') 
 Dumoulin (dii'moo'ltlN') 
 Duuiouriez (dii'moo're-a') 
 Dim-bar' 
 
 Duucan (dunk'an) 
 Dundas (dun-ditss') 
 Dunglisou (dung'glT-SQu) 
 Duperier (dd'pa're-a') 
 Duperre (d J'pa'ra') 
 Duperron (du'pS'roN') 
 Dupin (du'pilN') 
 Duplessis (dU'pla'se') 
 Duponceau (du-p6n's6 ; Fr. 
 
 pron. dd'poN'sS') 
 Dupont (Am.) (du-ponf) 
 Dupont (Fr.) (du'poN') 
 Dupre (du'pra') 
 Dupuis (du'pwe') 
 Dupuy (dii'pwe') 
 Dupuytren (du'pwe'trON') 
 Duquesne (du'kan') 
 Durand (Am.) (du-ra.nd') 
 Durand (Fr.) (dii'roN') 
 Durante (doo-ran't5) 
 D jrer (dd'rer or dii'rer) 
 Durham (dur'am) 
 Dutens (dd'toN') 
 Duval (dU'val') 
 Duvernoy (du'veR'nwa') 
 Duyckinck (dl'kink) 
 Dyche (dich or ditch) 
 
 Esterhazy , or Eszterh&zy 
 
 (cs'tsjr-hS'ze) 
 Estienne (a'te-enn') 
 Etampes (a'toNp') 
 Ethelbald (eth'j^l-bald) 
 Etheibert (rth'cl-bCrt) 
 Ethelred(eth'iir-red) 
 Ethehvolf (etb'ol-woblf) 
 Etieune (a'te-finn') 
 Euler (yoo'ler ; Ger, pron. 
 
 oi'lcr) 
 Everdingen (^Vgr-ding-gn or 
 
 a'ver-ding-en) 
 Ewart (300'art) 
 Ewing ( \ oo'i"ng) 
 Evck (lie) 
 Eyre (Sr) 
 
 E. 
 
 Eadmer (ed'mer) ; written 
 
 also Ednier. 
 Earlom (er'lom) 
 Ebeling (a'bel-ing) 
 Eberhard (Cb'er-hard or 
 
 a'ber-hart) 
 Eberle (eb'er-le) 
 Eccles (Ck'elz) 
 Echard (Eng.) (etch'ard). 
 
 Syn. Eachard. 
 Eckhard (ek'haat) 
 Eeckhout (ak'howt) 
 Egerton (ej'er-ton) 
 £g'in-hard, orEinhard (an'- 
 
 hard) 
 Ehrenberg (a'reu-br'RG') 
 Eichendorf (I'ken-doRf) 
 Elgin (el'L,in) 
 EHesmerc (riz'meer) 
 Elnies (elmz) 
 Elphinstone (el'fin-stQn) 
 Elsheimer (elss'hT-mor) 
 p;izevir (el'zgh-vir) (Dutch 
 
 Elzevier or Elsevier, eV- 
 
 zeh-veer') 
 Encke (enk'heh) 
 Engel(eng'ol[ 
 Enghien (ox'^e-.'iN') 
 Eon, Beaumont d' (bo'moN' 
 
 da'oN') 
 Epes(eps) 
 Jjpinay (a'pe'na') 
 Erasmus (eraz'mus) 
 Ercilla (oR-tbeel'ya) 
 Eric (er'ik) 
 Ericsson (cr'iK-srjn) 
 Er.sch (cash) 
 Erskirie (ers'kin) 
 Espartero (es-jjiiR-tT'ro) 
 Espinasse (e'pe'na.«s') 
 Espremesnil (a'pre'ma'ne') 
 Espronceda (es-pron-th'i'Da) 
 Jlstaing (es'tSN'), or d'Estaing 
 
 (dgs'taN') 
 Estampes. See Etampes. 
 Este (6s'te or gg'ta) 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabbroni. See Fabroni. 
 Fabre (tabr) 
 Fabretti (fa-bret'tee) 
 Fabriano (ta-bre-a'no) 
 Fabrizio (ta-bret'se-o) (Lat. 
 
 Fabricius) 
 Fabroni (lia-bro'nee) 
 Fabrot(^a'bro') 
 Fabyan, or Fabian (fa'bi-an) 
 Facciolati (tat-cho-la'tee)" or 
 
 Facciolato (tat-cho-la'to) 
 Fahrenheit (fSr'en-hlt ; 
 
 Ger. pron. ta'ren-hlt') 
 Fairbairn (tar'barn) 
 Falckenstein (talk'ken-stin') 
 Falconer (fawk'ner '^or faw'- 
 
 ken-er) 
 Falconet (tal'ko'na') 
 Falieri (la-le-a'ree) 
 Falkland (fawk'land) 
 Faneuil (fdn'il) 
 Faraday (fSr'a-da) 
 I'arcy (faR'se'") [so'za) 
 
 Faria-y-Souza (fa-ree'a-e- 
 F'arnese(far-neez' : It. pron. 
 
 far-na'sa) [kar) 
 
 Farquhar (far'kwar or far'- 
 Fatima (fa'te-ma or fSt'e- 
 Faucher (fo'sha') [ma) 
 
 Faust (fovvst or fawst) 
 Favre (Ifiivr) 
 
 Federic i ( fa-dS-ree'chee ) 
 Fedor. See Feodor. 
 Feith (fit) 
 
 Feiiciano (fa-le-cha'no) 
 Fenelon (fen'eh-lon ; Fr. 
 
 pron. ian'IoN' or ia'neh- 
 
 luN') ^ [fyo'dor) 
 
 Feodor (fa-o'dor, almost 
 Ferdousi, or i'erdusi. See 
 
 Firdousi. 
 Fermat (lieR'ma') 
 Ferrara (feR-Rii/ra) 
 Ferreira (teR-Ra'e-ra) 
 I'esch (fesh or fash) 
 Feti(fa'tee) 
 Feuerbach (foi'er-baK') 
 Fichte (fiK'tgh) 
 Ficino (fe-chee'no) 
 Fieschi (fe-es'kee) [la) 
 
 Fiesole (fe-es'o-la or fe-a'so- 
 Fiiippi (te-lep'pee) [gawl') 
 Fingal (fTng'gal or fing- 
 Fiorillo(fe-o-ref'lo) 
 Firdousi, or Firdausi ( fir- 
 do w'see) ; less correctly, 
 
 Firdusi. 
 Firmin (Fr.) (fgR/mSN') 
 Fischer (fish'gr) 
 Fitz-roy' 
 
 Flechier (fia'she-a') 
 Fleury (fluh're or fluh're') 
 Florez(flo'r6th) 
 Flotow(flo'to) 
 Fliigel, or Fluegel (flu'ggl) 
 Foix (fwa) 
 
 Folard (fo'laB') 
 Fonblauque (fon-bia^k') 
 Fouseca (fon-sa'ka) 
 Fontaine (fon-tan' ; French 
 
 pron. ffjN'ten') 
 Fontanelle ( loN'ta'nel') 
 Fontanes (foN'tan') 
 Fontenay (f^)^t'na') 
 Fonteneile(f6n-tgh-nel'; Fr. 
 
 pron. foNt'nel') 
 Forbes (Eng.) (forbz) 
 Forbes (Scot.) (for'bgz) 
 Forbiu (foR'bas') 
 Forcellini (for-chel-lee'nee) 
 Ford..ce(for-dTs') 
 Fbrster, or Foerster(foa'stgr) 
 Forsyth (fgr-sTtti') 
 Fortescue (for'tgs-ku) 
 Fortoul (foR'tool') 
 Fosbroke (fos'br(><)k) 
 Foscari (fos'ka-ree) 
 Foschini (fos-kee'nee) 
 Foscolo (fos'ko-lo) 
 Fossati (fos-sa'tee) 
 Fothergill (fotti'er-gil) 
 Foucault (foo'ko') 
 Fouche(foo'sha') 
 Foucher (foo'shS') 
 Foulis (fow'lis ; Scot. pron. 
 
 fowlz) 
 Foulques(fook) 
 Fouque (foo'ka')- See La 
 
 Motte-Fouque. 
 Fouquier-Tinville (foo'ke-a'- 
 
 tife'vel') 
 Fourcroy (fooR'krwa') 
 Fourier ( foo're-gr ; Fr. pron. 
 
 foo're-S') 
 Fournier (fooR'ne-a') 
 Fracastoro (fra-kas-to'ro) 
 Francesca (fran-ches'ka) 
 Francia (It.) (fran'cha) 
 Francia (South American) 
 
 (fran'se-a) 
 Francois (froN'swa') 
 Franzen (frant-san' ; almost 
 
 frant'sTTn') 
 Fraunhofer (trown'ho-fer) 
 Freiligrath (frl'le-grSt') 
 Freinsheim (frTns'bTm) 
 Frelinghuj sen (free'ling-hi^- 
 
 zen) 
 Fremont, or Fremont (Am.) 
 
 (fre-monf) 
 Fremont (Fr.) (M'm5N') 
 Freron (fri.'roN') 
 Fresnel (fra'nel') 
 Freund (froint) 
 Frey (fr!) 
 Freytag (M'taG) 
 Fries (freess) 
 Frisch (frish) 
 Frisi (free'see) 
 Frob'ish-er 
 Froila (fro'T-la) 
 Froissart (frois'sarf ; Fr. 
 
 pron. frwji'saR') 
 Froude (food) 
 Fuentes (fwen'tes) 
 Fulton (fcTol'tgn) 
 Fuseli (fu'se-ll) (Ger. Swiss 
 
 F'uessli, fiiss'lee) 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaertner See Gartner. 
 ■Gagern (ga'gcrn) 
 Gagnier (gan'ye-a') 
 Gail (gal or gat') 
 Gaillard (gAh'saR') 
 Gainsborough (gans'b'rg) 
 Galiani (ga-lee-a'nee) 
 Galien (ga'le-slN') 
 Galignani (ga-len-ya'nee) 
 Galileo (g:tl'i-lee'o ; It. pron. 
 ga-le-la'o) 
 
 »,6,&c.,^Hg^/a,fc,5,/e.s32'yoZonge('/,-a,e,&c.,s/tor«;a,o,i,Q,o6scMre/c&re,far,&sk,all,whgit;Sre,veil,t5rm; pique, firm ; son, or, 
 
MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 937 
 
 Gall (gawl ; Ger. pron. gal) 
 GallaDd (gaPloN') 
 Gai'la-tia 
 Q5Plau-det' 
 Gallegod (gal-ya'gos) 
 Cfalluzzi (gaUoot'see) 
 Gait (gawlt) 
 Qalvani (gal-va'nee) 
 Oarc^ao, or Gar^am (gaE- 
 
 80WN') 
 
 Garcia (Sp.) (gaa-thee'a) 
 Garcia (Port.) (gaR-see^a) 
 Garcias (gaa-thee'as) 
 Garcilaaso (or Garcilaso) de 
 
 la Vega (gaa-the-las'sOjOr 
 
 gar-se-lits'so, da la va'ga) 
 Gardaane (gaE'dana') 
 Gardiner (gard'ner) 
 Garibaldi (glr-i-bal'di or ga- 
 
 re-bal'dee) 
 Gascoygae, or Gascoigne 
 
 (^-koin') [pa'riiN') 
 
 Gasparia (gls'pa-riu or gas'- 
 Gasse (gas'sgh) ~ 
 Gasseadi (gas-s6n'dee) 
 Gat'a-ker 
 Gratteaux (giifto') 
 Gau (go or gow) 
 Gaubil(g5'bel') 
 Gaultier (Ger.) (gowl'teer) 
 Gaultier(Fr.) (go'te-a') 
 Gauss (gowss) 
 Gauthier (go'te-a') 
 Gautier (go'te-a') 
 Gavarni (ga'vaR'ne') 
 Gavazzi (ga-vat'see) 
 Giv/gs-ton 
 
 Gay-Lussac (ga'lUs'sak') 
 God 
 
 Ged'dgs [zhaf) 
 
 Geefs (Hafs or gafs ; Fr. pron. 
 Geiger (Ger.) (gl'ggr) 
 Geijer fS\v.)(yi'yer) 
 Gelee (zh'la) 
 Gell (jel) 
 Gellert ( ^gl'lert) 
 Genet (jeh-nef or zh'na) 
 Gengis Kban, or Jengis 
 
 Ktiaa (jC-ng^Jiis kan or kau) 
 Genlis (zti~)y'le') _ 
 Genovesi (ja-no-va'zee) 
 Genseric (jea'sgr-ik) 
 Gensonae (zhox'son'na') 
 Geoffrey (Eng.)(jeffri) 
 Geoffroy, and Geoffroi (zhof- 
 
 frwa') [ran^do) 
 
 Gerando (zheh-roN^do' or ja- 
 Gerard (Eng.) (jer^ard) 
 Gerard (Fr.) (zba'raR'j 
 Gerbier (zhaR'be-a') 
 Gerry ( >ei-'rT) 
 Gerson (Fr.) (zheR'!?5>'') 
 Gerson (Ger.) (^cR'son) 
 Gervai.^ (zLeR'va') 
 Gervaise (zheR'vaz') 
 Gesenius ( ^e-see'ni-Qs ; Ger. 
 
 pron. gS-za'ne-cJbs) 
 Gesner ( .^es'ner) 
 Gessler ( ^^ess'ler) 
 Ghibei-ti ( 7ee-bjLR'tee) 
 Ghirlandajo (^er-lan-da'j'o) ; 
 _ written also Ghirlaudaio. 
 GTb'bga 
 Gibbi 
 
 Gib'son [ford) 
 
 Gifford (^ifford and jif- 
 Gignoux (zheiu'v 00') 
 Gilbert (Eng.) (>'Tl'bert) 
 GUchrist(^iI'krist) 
 Gil-fil'laa 
 Gille.s (zhul) 
 Gillespie ( ^il-les/pT) 
 Gillot (zbe'yo') 
 Gil-'man 
 GiFniQre 
 Gill'ray 
 Gil'pia 
 Ginguene f zhSN/gah-na') 
 
 Gioberti (jo-b5R'tee) 
 Giocondo (jo-kon''do) 
 Gioja (jo'ya or jo'i-a) 
 Giordano (joR-da'no) 
 Giorgione (joR-jo'aJl) 
 Giotto (jof to) 
 Giovanni (jo-van'nee) 
 Giovio (jo've-o) 
 Girard (Am.) (jg-rard') 
 Girard (Fr. ) (zhe'raR') 
 Girardin (zhe'raR'di^N') 
 Giraud (zhe'ro') 
 Girodet Triosoa (zhe'ro'da' 
 
 tre'o'zox') 
 Gis'bQrne [nia'no) 
 
 Giulio Romano (joo'le-o ro- 
 Glauber (glaw'ber or glou'- 
 Gleig (gleg) [bgr) 
 
 Gleim (gUm) 
 Glendower (glen/dou-er) 
 Glover (gluv'gr) 
 Gluck (globk) 
 Glick (gldk, almost glTk) 
 Gmelin (gm I'lin) 
 Gneisenau (gnT'zgh-now') 
 Gobelin (gob'gh-lin ; French 
 
 pron. gob'liiN') 
 Go-doPphin 
 Godunov, Godounov, or 
 
 Godunow (go-doo-nof ) 
 Goes (Dutch) (noos) 
 Goethe. See Gothe. 
 Goldoni (gol-do'nee) 
 GolJschmidt (golt'shmit) 
 Gold' smith { formerly gooW- 
 
 smith) 
 Golitziu (go-let'sTn) 
 Gomes (go'mes) 
 Gomez (go'meth) 
 Gon<jalo. See Gonzalo. 
 Gondola (gon'do-la) 
 Gonzaga (gon-za'ga) 
 Gonzalo (gon-tha'lo). Syn. 
 
 Gonsalvo. [thii'leth) 
 
 Gonzalez (gon-za'les or gon- 
 Gorgei, or Gorgey (goR'ga ; 
 
 Ger. pron. gor'Gl) 
 Gorges (gor'jez) 
 Gortchakov, or Gortschakow 
 
 (gor'cha-kof) ; written also 
 
 Gortchakoff. 
 Gosselin (goss-'lSx') 
 Gothe, or Goethe (go'teh) 
 Gough (gof) 
 
 Goujon(goo'zhoN') [laR') 
 Goulard (goo'lard' or goo'- 
 Gould (goold) 
 Gourgaud (gooR'go') 
 Gournay (gooR'na') 
 Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (goo've- 
 
 ON'sitx-seR) 
 Gower (gow'er and gor) 
 Goyen (gwT'gn) 
 Gozzi (gOt'see) 
 Gozzoli (g5t'so-lee) 
 Graaf (graf) 
 Graeme (gram) 
 Grammout (gram'mSN') 
 Gmndpre (groN'pra') 
 Granger (Eng.) (gran''jer) 
 Granger (Fr. ) (groN'zha') 
 Griit'tan 
 Grau (grou) 
 Graun (groun) 
 Gravelot (grav'lo') 
 Gravina (gra-vee'na) [deh) 
 Grave.sande (gra'veh-zan'- 
 Graziani (grat-se-a'nee) 
 Greaves (greevz) 
 Greenough (green'o) 
 Gresh'am 
 Gresset ( gres'sa') 
 Gretry (gra'tre') 
 Gretsch (gretch) 
 Greville, or Grevile (grev'il) 
 Griesbach (grees'ba'K) 
 Grimaldi (gre-maldee) 
 Grisi (gree'^ee) 
 
 Grocyn (gro'sin) 
 Gronov (gro'nov), or Gro- 
 Groot (grot) [no'vi-u8 
 
 Grosvenor (gro'vgn-Qr) 
 Grotius (gro'shi-Qs) 
 Grouchy (groo'she') 
 Gruter (groo'tgr) 
 Guarini (gwa-ree^nee) 
 Guatimozin (gwa-te-mo'zin) 
 Gudin (gd'dSN') [gwel'fo) 
 Guelph (gwelf) (It. Guelfo, 
 Guercino (gweR-chee^no) 
 Guericke (ger'ik-ka or gU.'- 
 
 rik-keh) 
 Guerin (ga^rSN') 
 Gueroult (^'roo or groo) 
 Guglielmi (gool-yel'mee) 
 Guicciardini (gwet-chaR- 
 
 dt-e'nee) 
 Guidi (gwee'dee) 
 Guido Reni (gwee'do ra'nee) 
 Guignes (gen) 
 Guignon (gon'ySN') 
 Guiot (iie/o') 
 Guiscard (ges'kaR') 
 Guise ( gwez) 
 Guizot ( gwe'zo' or ge'zo') 
 Gunst (gcJbnst) 
 Ginther (giin'tgr) 
 Gutenberg (goo'ten-bgRG^ or 
 
 goo'ten-beRG) 
 Guthrie (guth/ri) 
 Guyon (^I'QU or ge'oN') 
 Guyot(^e'o') [moR'vo') 
 
 Guyton Morveau (ye'toN'- 
 Guzman (gooth-man') 
 
 H. 
 
 Haas (has) 
 
 IIachette(-a/shet') 
 
 Hafiz (hii/fiz) 
 
 Hagedorn (ha'ggh-dom) 
 
 Ilagenbach (ha'ggn-baK') 
 
 Haghe (hac) 
 
 Hahn (ban) 
 
 Hahnemann (ha'neh-man) 
 
 Ilak'luyt; written also 
 nacklm t. 
 
 Haldeman (hol'de-man) 
 
 Hril'ket ( <Sco«. ;?ron. hak'et) 
 
 Halle ('al'la') 
 
 Hn-lo'ran 
 
 Hammc'r Purgstall (ham'- 
 mer-pcToRG'stall) [del) 
 
 Hitu'dgl (Ger. Iliindel, hen'- 
 
 Hanneman (hjin'ngh-man) 
 
 Haps'brirg (Ger. Hapsburg, 
 haps'b'roRc) 
 
 Harcourt (Fr. ) ('aR'kooR') 
 
 Harcourt (Eng.) (har'kurt) 
 
 Hardicanute (har'de-ka- 
 nat') 
 
 Hardinge (har'ding) 
 
 Hardouin ('aR'dwaN') 
 
 Uaroun-al-Raschid (ha- 
 roon/al-r.lsh'id) ; more cor- 
 rectly., Harun- (or Ha- 
 roun-) er-Rashid (ha'- 
 roo n 'eR-Ra-sh eed^ 
 
 Hartsoeker (hart'soo'Kgr) 
 
 Ha?e(ha'zgh) 
 
 Hasse (has'seh) 
 
 Haupt (howpt) 
 
 Hauser (hoWzer) 
 
 Hautefeuille('ot/fuT') 
 
 Hajy (hji^we') 
 
 Havelock (hilv/gh-lok) 
 
 Haydn (ha'dn^ Ger. pron. 
 hl'dn) 
 
 Haynau (hi/now) 
 
 Hearne (hern) 
 
 HeVer-don 
 
 Heckewelder (hek'w61-der or 
 h6k'keh_-\\-el/der) 
 
 Heeren ("ha'ren ) 
 
 Hegel (ha'ggl) 
 Heimbach (hIm'baK) 
 Heine (hi'ngh) 
 Heinroth (hln'rot) 
 Heinse (hln'sgh) 
 Heinsius (hin'se-us) 
 Heintzelman (hint'sgl-man) 
 Heister (hls'tgr) 
 Helvetius (h61-vee'shi-u8; 
 
 Fr. pron. el'vi'se-iiss') 
 Hem'ang [hoi8'\ 
 
 Hemsterhuys (hBm'ster- 
 
 Henault ('a'no') 
 Hengist (heng'gist) 
 Hengstenberg (hCng'stgn- 
 
 beRG') 
 Henke(herjk/gh) 
 Henkel (henk'cl) 
 Hennequin ('enn'kSx') 
 Hen'ni-kgr 
 
 Henriques (6n-ree'kes) [lo') 
 Herbelot (eRb'lo' or eR'bgh- 
 Herder ( her'der or hgR'dgr) 
 Herl-Qt 
 
 Herrera (eR-Ra'ra) 
 Herschel (her'shgl) 
 Herzog (heRt'zoG) 
 Heumann (hoi'man) 
 Hewes (huz) 
 Heylin(hriain) 
 Heyne (hVneh) 
 Heyse (hl'zeh) 
 Heywood (ha'wdbd) 
 Hoche (hosh) 
 Hoefer ( Ger. pron. hoofer ; 
 
 Fr. 'o'feR') 
 Hoek, or Hoeck (h(5bk) 
 Hogarth (ho'garth) 
 Holbach (Ger.) (hol'baK) 
 Holbein (hol'bin) 
 Holinshed, or Hollynshed 
 
 (hoHnz-hed) 
 Holmes (homz) 
 Home [often pronounced 
 
 hum in Scotland) 
 Hooft(hoft) 
 Hoogeven (ho'Ga-Tgn) 
 Hottinger (hot'ting-er) 
 Houbigant (oo'be'gSN') 
 Houbraken (how'bra'ken) 
 Houdon ('oo'doN') 
 Houghton (ho'tgn) 
 Houston (popularly pro~ 
 
 noiinced hii'stgn) 
 Hoveden (hoVden) 
 Hovey (huv'i) 
 How'ard 
 Hovre"(how) 
 How/gU 
 Howes (howz) 
 Howitt (how'it) 
 Hozier ('o'ze-S') 
 Huber (hoo'bcr) 
 Hubert ('ii/beR') 
 Hubner (hub'ner) 
 Hue (hUk) 
 
 Huerta, La (la weR'ta) 
 Hufeland (hoo^feh-lant) 
 Huger ( Am . ) ( u-jee' ) 
 Hughes (huz) 
 Humbert ('tix/beR') 
 Humboldt (hQni/bolt; Ger. 
 
 pron. hobm-'bolt) 
 Hummel (hobm'mcl) 
 Hus'kTs-son 
 Huss, or Uus (hiiss ; Ger 
 
 pron. hobss) 
 Hutten (hobfton) [ggnz) 
 Huyghens (hT'uonz or hoi' 
 Huysum (hoi'sum) 
 Hyder Ali (hinder a'lee) 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibrahim (ib-bra'heem) (Pa- 
 sha) 
 
 (lQ,W9lf,too,tdbk ; lim,ri}e,pull ;9,g, soft; e,g,hard; a^ ; exist ; n asng ; this ; 5,b,u,^,I,S,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 914)' 
 
938 
 
 Ideler (eo'dch-ljjr) 
 
 luchb!iia(mch'biild) [ugal) 
 Im-z (fouiz) (queen of Port- 
 In' jie-low 
 
 lngem;iiin (Tng'i>i^<h-uian) 
 Ingenhousz ("ina'jju-hows') 
 Ingri's (-iN'g'r) 
 lu-gr»l'phas 
 
 Ireton (ir'tgn) [Yriarte. 
 
 Iriarte (t-rp-au'ta). Syn. 
 Isabey (e'zii'b.i') 
 Israoli. ^V(' Disraeli. 
 Iturbide (e-tooR'be-da) 
 Ivan (Russ.) (e-viin') 
 
 Jacob! (ya-ko'bee) 
 Jaoquard (zliak'kaR') 
 Jahu (.vltn) 
 Jamie/on (j,1m'e-SQn or jil'- 
 
 nii-sQ?i) [sheed') 
 
 Jamshid, orDjamschid (jiim- 
 Janin (zhii'nilN') 
 Jansen (jin'son ; Dutch 
 
 pron. j'an'sen ; Fr. zhoN'- 
 
 fiON') (Lat. Jan-se'ni-us) 
 Jasmin (zhas'mSN'), or Jans- 
 
 min (zhoNs'mJlN') 
 Jayadeva (ja-ya-da'va or jT'- 
 
 a-di'TS) 
 Jean Paul (zhoN powl or 
 
 jeen pawl). jS'y/i .Ilichter. 
 Jellachich (ygPlii-KiK) 
 Joanes (Ho-a'nes). Syn. 
 
 Juanes. 
 Joan of Arc (Fr. Jeanne 
 
 d'Arc, zhan daak') 
 Joinville (join'vil or zhw^N'- 
 
 vGl') 
 Jomini (zho'nie'ne') 
 Josika (yo'she'koh') 
 Josquin (zhos'kaN') 
 Joubert (zhoo'beR') 
 Jouffroy (zhoof'frwa') 
 Jourdain (zhooR'duN') 
 Jourdan (zliooR'djN') 
 Jouvenet (zhoov'na') 
 Jowett (j5'et) [reth) 
 
 Juarez (Hoo-a'rea or Hwi'- 
 Jullien (zil'le-to'; almost 
 
 zhUl'ySN') 
 Jungmann (yobng'man) 
 Junot (zhu'no') 
 Jussieu (jas'sa' ; Fr. pron, 
 
 zhU'se-uh') 
 
 MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaas (kafi) 
 
 Kali (kal) 
 
 Kampfer (kgmp'fgr) 
 
 Kant (kilnt or kant) 
 
 Kanteniir (kan'tg-meer). 
 Syn. Canteniir. 
 
 Karamzin (ka-ram-zeen' or 
 ka-ram-zin') ; less correct- 
 ly, Karanisin. 
 
 KJl-^tner (kC-sfnor) 
 
 Katona (kot'o-noh') 
 
 KaufTiiiann (kowfrnan) 
 
 Kaunitz (kow'nits) 
 
 Kavanagh (kav'a-na' or 
 kav'a-nan') 
 
 Kearney (kar'nl) 
 
 Keblc(k6b'l) 
 
 Keightlv (kTt'lee) 
 
 Keiser (kT'zor) 
 
 Kergiielen (k6a/gu'I5N') 
 
 Kerner (k(?R'n(;r or kCr'ngr) 
 
 Kircher (kTR'Kor nr kir'kgr) 
 
 Kiffaludy (kiHh'fo-loo''di, al- 
 most kiHh-fo-loodj'') 
 
 Klaproth (kliip'rot) 
 Kleber (khVber), or K16ber 
 
 (kla'beR') 
 Klenze (kk'nt'sch) 
 Knollcr (nel'lgr ; Ger.pron. 
 
 kUi^'l'l^T) 
 
 KnoUes {aoV/.) :, written also 
 
 Knollys (nolz) 
 Knowles (uolz) 
 Knut (knoot). Syn. Canute. 
 Kobell (ko'bgl) 
 Koch (koK) 
 
 Kohlrausch (kol'rowsh) 
 Kolbe (kol'boh) [le-kcr) 
 
 Kblliker, or Koelliker (kol'- 
 Krirner, or Koern<»r(koR''nc;r) 
 Kosciusko (kos-sl-tis'ko) 
 
 (Pol. Kosciuszko, kosh'- 
 
 yoosh'ko) 
 Kossuth (kosh'shoof) 
 Kotzebue (kot'soh-ba ; Ger. 
 
 pron. kot'sc'h-boo) 
 Krasicki (kra-sit'skee) 
 Kraus (krowss) 
 Krause (krow'zeh) 
 Kreutzer (kroit'ser) 
 Kradener (krd'deh-ner) 
 Krummacher (krdbm'maK- 
 
 gr) 
 KUgelgen (ku'agl-Gen) 
 Kuhn (koon) 
 Kiihnbl, or Kuehnoel (ku'- 
 
 nbl or ku'nel) 
 Kurtz, or Kurz (kcToRts) 
 Kutusof, or Koutouzof (koo- 
 
 too'zof) 
 Kuyp (koip). Syn. Cuyp. 
 
 Labbe (lab) 
 
 Lablache (Iji'blash') 
 
 Laborde (lii'boRd') 
 
 Labouchere (lii/boo'sheR') 
 
 Laboulay (la'boo'lfi') 
 
 La Bourdonnaie (la booR'- 
 
 don'na') 
 La Bruyere (la bru/ygR') 
 Lacepede (lii'sa'ped') 
 Lachniann (laK'man) 
 La Condamine (la Vios'As/- 
 Lacroix (lii'krwa') [uitn') 
 Ladislas (lad''is-las) ; written 
 
 also Lad^s-la'us. 
 Laennec (lan'nek') 
 La Fayette, or Lafayette (la'- 
 
 fa-et') 
 Laffitte (laf fit' or la'ft-t') 
 La Fontaine (la tV-n'tm'; 
 
 Fr. pron. la'ioN^ten') 
 Lagny (lan'ye') 
 La Harpe. or Laharpe (la- 
 
 haRp or la aRp) 
 La Hire (la ht-R or la 'eR) 
 La lluerta (la weR'ta) 
 Laing (lang) 
 Lally-Tollendal (lal'lee' tol'- 
 
 loN'dal') 
 La Marmora (la maR/mo-rii) 
 Lamarque (\ii/maKk') 
 l^amartine (lii'maR'ten') 
 Lamballe (loN'bal') 
 La Mennais, or Lamennais 
 
 (la'ma'na') 
 I.a.mi (la'mce) 
 
 Lamoriciere (la/mo're'se-6E') 
 Lamothe (lii'mof) 
 La Motte-Fouque (la mot- 
 
 foo'ka') 
 Lamouroux (la'moo'roo') 
 Lanfranc (loN'frftN') 
 Joannes (l^n or Ian) 
 Lantier (loN'te-a') 
 La Perouw (la pa'rooz') 
 Laplace (la'plass') 
 La Roche-jaqueleln, or La 
 
 Roche-jacquelin (la rosh' 
 
 zhak'liiN') 
 Larrey (litr'ree or laR'ra') 
 Las Casas (liis ka'sas) 
 Las Cases (liis kaz) 
 La'tham 
 Latour (la'tooR') 
 Latreille(la/traT' or la'tray") 
 Latrobe (lij-trob') 
 Laudoii (fou'dyu); written 
 
 also Loudon. [teR') 
 
 Lavater (lii-vji'ter or la'va'- 
 Lavoisier (la'vwa'ze-a') 
 Layard (li'ard) 
 Lebeuf(loh-bulO 
 Leblanc (Ich-hloN') 
 Leblond (loh-bluN/) 
 Le Brun, or Lebrun (leh- 
 
 brHN') [kleV) 
 
 Le Olerc, or Leclerc (leh- 
 Lecomte (loh koNt') 
 Leconte (Ich-koNf) 
 Ledru-Roflin (leh-drU'rol'- 
 
 Wn') [h vr') 
 
 Lefebvre flph-frTr' or leh- 
 Legare (Am?) (loh-gref') 
 Legendre (Igh-zhCNdV or 
 
 leh-j6n/der) 
 Leger (hVzha') 
 Legrand (leh-groN') [nYts) 
 Leibnitz, or Leibniz (llb'- 
 Leigh (lee) 
 Leighton (la'tgn) 
 Lemaistre (Irh-metr^) 
 Lemoine (Igh-mwan' or le- 
 
 moin') 
 Le Monnier, or Lemonnier 
 
 (loh-mon^ne-a') 
 Lempriere (I6m'pri-er or 
 
 lem-preer') 
 Lenclos, or L'Enclos (15n'- 
 
 klo') [foN') 
 
 Lenfant, or L'Enfant (16n'- 
 Lenoir (igh-nwaR') 
 Leoni (la-o^nee) 
 Leroux (Igh-roo') [sazh') 
 Le Sage, or Lesage (Igh- 
 Lespinasse, or L'Espinasse 
 
 (lus'pe'nass') 
 L- Estrange (les-tranj') 
 Le Sueur (l^h rwur) 
 L'Estoile(lfi/twal') 
 Leuwenhoek (loo'on-hdt)k ; 
 
 Dutch pron. lo'wcn-hdbk) 
 LCi'vpr 
 Leverrier (leh-Ter'rT-gr or 
 
 loh-va're-a'^) 
 Levisac (la/ve-zak') 
 Lewes (lu^ja) 
 L'lljpital," or L'Hospital 
 
 (15/pe/tal') 
 Liberi (le'ba-ree) 
 Lichtenberg (llK'tgn-beRG) 
 Lichtenstein (riK'tgn-stin) 
 Lichtwehr (liKt'war) 
 Liddell (ITdMcl) 
 Lieber (lee'bor) (lee'bTa) 
 
 Liebig ( lee^big ; Ger. pron. 
 Limborch (lini'lDORK) ; writ- 
 ten also Liniborg. 
 Linacre (Mn/a-kcr) 
 Lingard ( ling'gnrd) 
 Liune (lin-na'T almost ITn- 
 
 mV) (Lat. Linnaeus, lin- 
 
 nee'ds) 
 LinncU (lin'ngl) 
 Lip/pTn-cntt 
 Liszt (ITst) 
 Llorente (To-ren'ta) 
 Lloyd (loid) 
 Loir (IwaR) 
 Lokman (lok'man') 
 Lola Montes (lo'la mon'tgs) 
 Lombard! (loni-baR'dee) 
 Lomenie (lo'ma'ne') 
 Lomonosof, Lomonosov, or 
 
 Lomonossow (lom-a-no'- 
 
 eof) 
 
 Longhi (ISn'gee), or Lunght 
 
 (loon' Dee) 
 Longueville (loNu'vel') [gS) 
 Lope de Vega (lo'pa da va'- 
 Lopez (lo'pes or lo'pgth) 
 Lothaire ( lo-thCr' or lo-tSR') 
 Loudon (lou'dyn) 
 Lough (luf) [loo'e') 
 
 Louis (loo'is; Fr. pron. 
 Louverture (loo'vdE'tiiR') 
 
 H/n. Toussnint. 
 Lou vols (loo'vwa') 
 Lower (lou'cr) 
 Lowth(louth) 
 Lo'* ola (loi-o'la or lo-yo'la) 
 Lubin (Fr.)(ia/baN') 
 Lucke(luk'koh) 
 luiri (loo ee'nee) 
 lulli, or T.ully (lu/ye') 
 Lusignan (lij/zCn-'yCN') 
 LUt70W (liit'.eo) 
 Luxembourg (lux'oN'boou') 
 Lj;f'ard 
 
 M. 
 
 Maas, or Maes (m'as) 
 
 Mabillon (ma'be'yoN') 
 
 Mably (mil'ble') 
 
 Mabu?e (ma'bUz') 
 
 Macaulay (ma-kaw/li) 
 
 Mgc'bgth' 
 
 MiKchiavelli (mak-ke-a-vel' 
 
 lee). Svn. Machiavel. 
 MacCulloch (mp-kul'iah) 
 MacGilliTray (mnk-LTl'li-vra) 
 Machiavel (mSk/i-a-vgl) It. 
 
 MacchiaTPlli, q. v. 
 Macllvaine (niitk/jl-van') 
 Ma^kay (ma-ka' and ma-ki') 
 Mack'in-tosh 
 Mack'lin 
 Macl.Tu'rin 
 Maclean (mrk-lan') 
 Macleod (mn-klowd') 
 Maclin (nip-klin') 
 Mnclise (n>T-klnez') 
 Macomb (mQ-kcmb') 
 Macready (ma-kree'di) 
 Mad'oc 
 
 Madoz (ma-Doth') 
 Maffei (maf-fa'ce) 
 Magellan (mr-jel/lrn; Sp. 
 
 pron. ma-Hel-j an' ; Port. 
 
 Magalhaens, ma-gal-ya'- 
 
 fNS) 
 
 Magendie (ma'zhoK'dee') 
 Maggi (nuid'Jee) 
 Maginn (Dna-^inO fkee) 
 
 Magliabechi (mal-ya-ba'- 
 Mahmud, or Mahmoud 
 
 (mah'mood') 
 Mahomet (mf;-hom'et, ma'- 
 
 ho-met, orma'ho-niet).<Sc< 
 
 Mohammed. [hon') 
 
 Mahon (nip-hoon' or ma- 
 Mai (mti'e, almost ml) 
 Maikof, Maikov, or Maikow 
 
 (mT'kof) [yaR') 
 
 Maillard (mSi'yaR' or ma'- 
 Maimonides (mT-mon'e-deZ), 
 
 or Maim un (ml-moon') 
 Main tenon (maNt'noN' «r 
 
 man'te-non) 
 Mainwaring (man'ngr-ing) 
 Maistre (metr or mft'r) 
 Malagrida (mS-la-gree'da) 
 Malcolm (niitl'kym) 
 Malebrauche (mSl'g-branch' 
 
 or mal'hroNsh') 
 Malesherbes (p'al'zeRb') 
 Malibran (ma'le'broN ; An- 
 
 glicizerl mitl'i-brSn). 
 Malone (ma-lon') 
 Malpighi (mal-pee'gee) 
 
 a,8,&c.,/o7tg'/a,e,G,i««jpro/o7ig-tfrf;a,6,&c.,.»Aorf/a,g,i,Q,o6acure;cai«,far,ask^ll,whgit;ere,Teil 
 
MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 9J59 
 
 Malte Brun (mawlt briin' or 
 
 malt'e-bruN') 
 MSl'thQa 
 Mamun, or Mamoun (ma'- 
 
 moon') [pakO 
 
 Maaco Capac (man''ko ka- 
 Manfredi (inan-fr.i'dee) 
 Mangles (miing'glz) 
 Manrique (maa-ree'ka) 
 Mansur, or Mansour (man- 
 
 soor'). Syn. Al Mansiir. 
 Mantell (man'tl) 
 Manu ( Hindoo law-giver) 
 
 (man'Jb). Syn. Menu. 
 Manutius (ma-nu'she-us) 
 
 (It. Manuzio" ma-noot'- 
 
 se-o) 
 Manzoni (man-zo'nee) 
 Marat (ma'rii') 
 Marcel (niaa'sel') 
 Marcello (inaR-chel'lo) 
 Marchesi (maa-ki'see) 
 Marec hal ( ma'ra'shal' ) [na ) 
 Margaritone (maR-ga-re-to'- 
 Marie - Antoinette (ma're' 
 
 oN'tsva'net') 
 Marie Louise (ma're' loo'ez') 
 Marion (Am.) (inSr/e-Qn) 
 Marivaux ( ma're'vo') 
 Marlborough (niawl'b'ro) 
 Marlowe (mar'lo) ; sometimes 
 
 written Marlow. 
 Marmier (maR'uie-a') 
 Marmont (uiaR'mox') 
 Marmontel (mar/moN'tel' or 
 
 maa'mjn'tel') 
 Maroclietti (ma-ro-ket'tee) 
 Maroncelli (ma-ron-cheHee) 
 Marrast (ma'ra') 
 Marr3'att (mSr^rl-at) 
 Marsigii (maR-.<5el''yee) 
 MarteT(inaR/tel') 
 Martineau (Eag.) (mar'ti-no) 
 Martinez ( maa-tee'nSth or 
 
 mar-tee'nez) 
 Martini (maR-tee'nee) 
 Masaccio (uia-sat'cho) 
 Masaniello (ina-sii-ne-eVlo) 
 Mascheroni (m is-ka-ro'nee) 
 Maseres (ma-zer') 
 Mash'am 
 
 Maskelyne (mSs/ke-lIn) 
 Mas'sa-soit' 
 Ma-sse'ia (mas-sa'na ; Fr. 
 
 pron. ma'sa''ua') 
 Massillon (m5s'sil-16n or 
 
 maa'.se'yoN') 
 Massinger (mas/sin-jer) 
 Mather (mXth'er] 
 Matsys (mat'sTs) [tee'a) 
 
 Matthiae, or Mathia (mat- 
 Matthi.ssoa (mat't'is-son) 
 Maturin (mSt/yoo-rin) 
 Md'ty 
 
 Maunder (mawn'der) 
 Maupertui'5 (mo'p^R'twe') 
 Maurepa.s (moR'pi') 
 Maurolicn (mou-ro-lee''ko) 
 Maury (Am.) (maw/rl and 
 
 mOr^ri) 
 Maury ( Fr. ) (mo're') 
 Mavrocordato (mav-ro-koB- 
 
 da'to) 
 Mazarin (mSz'a-reen' ; Fr. 
 
 pron. ma/za'rlx') (It. Maz- 
 
 arino, mid-zi-ree'no) 
 Mazzini (niat-see'nee or mi- 
 
 zee^nee) 
 Mazzolini (mat-so-lee'nee) 
 Meagher (mi/gr) 
 Medici (med'e-chee) [e-sis) 
 Medicis (ma'de'sess' or med'- 
 Medina-Sidotiia (ma-Dee'na- 
 
 se-Do'ne-a) 
 Mehemet Ali (ma-hem'et a'- 
 
 lee); 6««er Mohammed Ali, 
 Meigs (megz) [q. v. 
 
 Meinecke (mi/nek-keh) 
 
 Melanchthon {mg-15nk'- 
 
 thgu ) ; less correctly Me- 
 
 lancthon. 
 Melendez Valdes, or Valdez 
 
 (ma-len'deth val-des') 
 Menage (ma'nizb') 
 Mendelssohn (men'del-son) 
 Mendoza (men-do'za ; Sp. 
 
 pron. men-do'thi) 
 Menshikof, Menchikof, or 
 
 Menschikow (men'sbe-kof) 
 Menu (rnQn'ob). See Manu. 
 Menzel (ment'.sel) 
 Mercier (meR'se-a') 
 Blerian(ma're-an) ^[mer) 
 Mesmer (mcz'mei or ml-s'- 
 Metastasio (met/a-sta'se-o or 
 
 ma-ta-sta'.se-of 
 Metternich (met'ter-nik or 
 
 met'ter-niK) 
 Mets (Fr.) (m us) 
 Metz(Ger.)(mets) 
 Meyer (mi'er) 
 Meyerbeer (^mi'er-baR') 
 Meyrick (mer'ik) 
 Mezeray , or Mezerai (mSz'ra') 
 Mezzofanti (med'so-fan'tee) 
 Mi/all 
 
 Miaulis (me-ow/lis) 
 Michaelis (me-ka-a'lis) 
 Michailovitch (me-Ki'lo- 
 
 vTtch ) ; ivritten also Mi- 
 
 chailowitz. 
 Michaud (me'sho') 
 Michelet (me.sh'lii') 
 Mickiewicz (metsk-ya'vitch) 
 Miel(me-61') 
 Migliara (mel-ya'ra) 
 Mignard (men'yaB') 
 Mignet (men/ya') 
 Mignot {jnen'yo') 
 Mil'lin-:^en 
 Milne (Scot.) (mil) 
 Milne (Eng.) (miln) 
 Milne3(milz) 
 Miloradovitch (me-lo-ra'do- 
 
 Titch); written also ftlilo- 
 
 radowitz. 
 Minie (me'ne-a') 
 Minzoni (min-zo'nee) 
 Mirabaud (me'rii'bo') 
 Mirabeau ( mir'a -bo' or me^- 
 
 ra'bo') 
 Mirandola (me-ran'do-la) 
 Mittermayer (mlt'ter-mPer) 
 Mocenigo (mo-chS-nee'go) 
 Mo-h.lm/med {Arab. pron. 
 
 mo-ham/mcd). Often, but 
 
 less correctly, written Ma- 
 homet. 
 Mbhler, or Moehler (mb^lgr) 
 Moine (mwan) 
 Moir (moi'er) 
 Mole(rao/ia') 
 Moleschott (mo'les-Kott) 
 Mole^'worth 
 Moliere (mo'le-C-R') 
 IHolina (mo-lee'na) 
 Molinos (mo-lee'nos) 
 Mbl'ler 
 
 Molyneux (mol'i -nooks') 
 Moucreiff (mon-kreef) 
 Mongault (moN'go') 
 Monnoyer (mon'nwa'ya') 
 Monroe (mgn-ro') 
 Monstrelet (moxs'treh-la') 
 Montague (mon'ta-gu) 
 Montaigne (mon/tdn' ; Fr. 
 
 pron. moN'tari') 
 Montalembert (mOyta'loN'- 
 
 beR') 
 Montcalm (mont-kam' ; Fr. 
 
 pron. moN'kam') 
 Montecuccoli (mon'ta-k(5'ok'- 
 
 ko-lee) ; written also Mon- 
 
 tecuculi. 
 Montespan (mou'tes-pSn' ; 
 
 Fr. pron. moN'tes/poN') 
 
 Montesquieu (m5n'tes-ku' ; 
 
 Fr. pron. moN'tes'ke-uh') 
 Moutfaucon (moN'fo'koN') 
 MoMtgolfier (mow'gol'fe-S' or 
 
 mjut-gol'lfl-er) 
 Montgomery (Eng.) (mgnt- 
 
 gdm^er-i) 
 Montholon (moN'to'loN') 
 Montigny (moN'ten/ye') 
 Montmorency (mont'mQ- 
 
 ren'sl ; Fr. pron. moN'- 
 
 mo'rjx/se') 
 Montpeiisier (mox'poN'se-a') 
 Montrose (mgnt-roz') 
 Montucci (mon-toofchee) 
 Montucla (moN't j'kla') 
 Moore (Eng.) (mor) 
 Morales (mo-ra'les) 
 Moratin (mo-ra-teen') 
 Moray (m5r/ri) 
 Morcelli (moR-che^ee) 
 Moreau (mo'ro') 
 Morel (mo'rel') 
 Morell (mo-rell') 
 Morelli (mo-rel'lee) 
 Morghen (moR'gen) 
 Morillo (mo-reel'yo) 
 Morin (mo'riiN') 
 Morny ( mor'ne or moR'ne') 
 Morosini (mo-ro-see'nee) 
 Morozzo (mo-rot'so) 
 Morrell (Am.) (mor/rel) 
 Mortemart (moRt'maR') 
 Mjr'tQn 
 Mo5'by 
 
 Moscheles (mosh'eh-les) 
 Mosheim (mos'hlm) 
 Mosquer.a (mos-kd/ra) 
 Motteux (mot-too') 
 Moultrie (moo'tri) 
 Mounier (moo'ne-S') 
 Mjw'att [mot^'sart) 
 
 Mozart ( mo-zart-' ; Ger. pron. 
 Mudie (mu'di; Scot. pron. 
 
 raoo'di) 
 Muhlenberg (mu'len-berg) 
 Mul'c.as-ter [ler) 
 
 Miller (mal'ler, almost mll'- 
 Muller(Eug.)(mdFler) 
 Mulready (mQFred-i") 
 Minchhausea (mQn-chav?/- 
 
 sen ; Ger. pron. miinK- 
 
 how'zen). 
 Munoz (moon-yStb') 
 Manster (mttn'ster or mun'- 
 
 ster, almost mlu'stor) 
 Murat (mj/ra' or mu-rat') 
 Muratori (moo-ra-to''ree) 
 Muravief, or Muraviev (moo- 
 
 ra-veef or moo-ra-ve-ef 
 MuriUo (moo-reel'yo or mQ- 
 
 ra'lo) 
 Muziano (moot-se-a'no) 
 Mylne (miln) 
 Mytens (mi'tens) 
 
 Niceron (ne^sa'roN') [IT') 
 Nicolai (ne-ko-la'e or ne-ko- 
 Nicolay (ne-ko-lA'e) 
 Nicole (ne'kol' or ne'kol') 
 Niebuhr (nee'boor) 
 Niemcewicz(nc-em'tsa'vitch) 
 Niepce (ne-eps'j 
 Nieuwland (ne-o'lant, almo$t 
 
 nyo'iant) 
 Nithard (ne'taR') 
 Noailles ( no'Si' or no'Sy") 
 Nodier (no'de-a') 
 Nohden, or Noehden (nydgn) 
 Nogaret (no'ga'ra') 
 Nollet(no/LV) 
 Noodt (n5t) 
 Nos'tra-da'mQs (Fr. Notre- 
 
 dame, notr'dam') 
 Novalis (no-Td'lis). Syn~ 
 
 Hardenberg. 
 NoveUi (no-vel'lee) 
 
 o. 
 
 N, 
 
 Nadir Shah (na'dir shah) 
 Nana Sahib (na'na sa'hib) 
 Nanteuil (noN'tuI or noN'- 
 Napier (na'pe-er) [tuy") 
 
 Narvaez (naR Ta'gth) 
 Navarre te (na-vaR-ra'ta) 
 Ne-tin/der ( Ger. pron. na- 
 
 an'der) 
 Neck'er ( Fr. pron. nek'keK') 
 Neer (n"iR) 
 
 Nemours (neh-mooR') 
 Neri (nl'ree) 
 
 Nes-selrode (nes'.sel-ro'deh) 
 Neubeck (noi'bek) 
 Neukirch (noi'kiRk) 
 Neukomm (noi'kom) 
 Neumann (noi'man) 
 Ney (na) 
 
 Oberlin (o'ber-lin ; Fr.pron- 
 
 o'beR'lax') 
 O'Callaghan (o-k51'la-han) 
 QBcolampadius (ek'o-lSm- 
 
 pa'di-us) 
 Ofterdingen (of'tgr-ding/gn) 
 Ogilby (o'g'l-bT) 
 Ogilvie (o'g"l-vT) 
 Oglethorp (o'g'l-thorp) 
 Ohlenschlager, or Oehlen- 
 .. schlager (d'Jen-shlS'ger) 
 OhlmuUer, or Oehlmiiller(ol' 
 
 miil-l<;r ; almost bl'mil-lgr) 
 Ojeda (o-Hd'Da) 
 Olaus (o-la/us), or Olaf (o^laf) 
 Old'mix-Qn 
 Oldys (ol'djs or oldz) 
 Olearius (o'le-a're-us)^ or 
 
 Oehlschlager (ol'shla-gsr) 
 Olivares (o-le-va'res) 
 Olivet (o'le'va' or oPe-vet) 
 Olivier (o/le've-a') [sted) 
 
 Olmstead (um'sted or 6m'- 
 Olshausen (ols'how'zen) 
 O'Meara (o-mee'ra^ Irish 
 
 pron. o-ma'ra) 
 Onkelos (onk'e-16s) 
 Opitz (o^pits) 
 Orbigny (oR'ben'yee') 
 Orellana (o-rel-ya'na) 
 Orfila (oR-fee/laorcR'fe'iaO 
 Orsay (or-sa') 
 Orsini (oR-see'nee) 
 Orsted, or Oorsted (bR/gtfid) 
 Ortega (oR-t;.'ga) 
 Os'bal-dis'tgne 
 O'Shaughnessy (o-shaw'ng" 
 Ossian (Osh'an) [si) 
 
 Ossoli (os'so-lee) 
 Ossuna (os-soon'ya) 
 Ostade (os-ta'deh) 
 Osterwald (os'ter-walf) 
 Oudenaerde (o"w'den-ar'dgh 
 
 or oo'den-aRd') 
 Oudinot (oo'de'no') 
 Oughtred(ot''red) 
 Ousely (ooz'li)" 
 Overweg (o'vcr-wao) 
 Oxenstiern ( oks'eu-stSm' ) 
 
 (Sw. Oxenstierna, oks'gn- 
 
 ste-eR'na) 
 Ozanam (o'za'noN') 
 Ozell (o-zelO 
 
 Pacheco (Sp.) (pa-chalco) 
 Pacheco (Port.) (pa-sha'ko) 
 Pacio (pa'cho) (Lat. Pa'cius) 
 Paesiello (pa-a-.se-el'lo), or 
 
 dj?,wglf,t(5^),t(Jbk ; 1imprHe,pvll ; 9,§, soft; e,g, liard ; aj ; exist ; q 05 ng ; this ; 5,b,u,^,T,n,8,w,B,D,a,H,K,N,R,u (see p. 914). 
 
HO 
 
 MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Paisiello (pa-e-*e^l1o, al- 
 most pi-w-t^l'lo) 
 Pa« (pa eUi) 
 Pa^ui (pa-ganee) 
 Pa^.aiiiii (pa-pa-uee'nee) 
 P»g.-s (paxua'J 
 Paget (p.\j vl) 
 Paixliuus (p.iks'hanx or 
 
 pC'ks'o.N') [ski) 
 
 Pal;u-kv (pa-l;\k'T or pii-lat'- 
 PaJafoi (p.ll'a-foks'i Sp. 
 
 pron. pa-la-loH') 
 Palestrina (pii-les-tree'na) 
 r.i: jnive (no) 
 
 I'al .vicino (pal-la-Te-chee'- 
 Pah-.ibl.id (palm'blad) 
 l'al::!i'rstoa (pam'i,T-.<tQn) 
 Puiu iroli (piin-che-ro'lee) 
 l'ani-:/d (pa-nTt'see) 
 rin'aiure (Scotch pron. 
 
 pin-mur') 
 Paoli (pa'o-lee or poWlee) 
 Papin (p.lp'in ; Fr. pron. 
 
 pa'piN') 
 Pa^)iaeau (pa'pe'no') 
 Pir^a-fel'sas 
 Pardoe (par'do) 
 Pare (pa'ra' or par^re) 
 Paredes (pa-ri'd6s) 
 Pareja (pa-ra'Ha) 
 Parmigiano (paR-me-ja'no), 
 
 or Parmegiano (paR-mS- 
 
 ja'no). &y7i.Mazzola(mat'- 
 
 so-la) 
 Par'nell [pascal') 
 
 Pascal (pis'kal ; Fr. pron. 
 Paskevitch, or Paskewitsch 
 
 (pas-ki'Titch) 
 Pasquier (pa.s/ke-S') 
 Passeri (pas'sa-ree) 
 Passeroni (pas-sa-ro'nee) 
 Passignano (pas-sen-ya'no) 
 Passionei (pas-se-o-na'ee) 
 Passow (pas'so) 
 Paulus (pow'lus) 
 Pauw(pow) 
 Pearce and Pearce 
 Pearson and PEar'son 
 Pecquet (pek'ka') 
 Peiresc (ja're.'k') 
 Pelissier (pa'lis'se-a') 
 Pcllerin (pel'rilN') 
 Pellico (pel'le-ko) 
 Pepin ( pep'in or pip'in ; Fr. 
 
 pron. peh-pis') 
 Pepusch (pfi'poosli) 
 Pepys (peps) 
 Pereira (pe-ree'ra ; Port. 
 
 pron. pa-ra'e-ra) 
 Pergolesi (pC-B-go-la'see^ 
 Peron (pS'roN^) 
 Perrault (pa'ro') 
 Perrot (pa'ro') 
 Per=ijrn.v ( per-sen'ye or peE'- 
 
 t-I^n^ve') 
 Peruzzi (pa-root/fiee) 
 Pesce (p I'eha) 
 Pestalozzi (pes-ta-lot/see) 
 Petion (pa'ie-ox'), or Petion 
 
 {p<;h-se-oX') 
 Petit (pt§ or pte) 
 Pttitot (p-te'to') 
 Petrarch (pee'trark) (It. Pe- 
 
 tnirca, i^-traK'ka) 
 Pevton (pi'ton) 
 PfefTrl (Ger.)(pfeffel) 
 Pf ■ "^ r ( Enp. ) (fl'fer) 
 i'> ^r(Ger.)(pfif''f£r) 
 J^. - r (iC-r) 
 i'niriinond (f5r'a-in6nd or 
 
 i<i ra'mijX') " [nican. 
 I'l.i:; lor (fil'e-ilor). Syn. Da- 
 PLizzi (pe-at'ijee) 
 Picanl (pe'kap/) 
 Piccini ipr-t-chee'nee) ; lorit- 
 
 tfn alvj, Piecinni. [nee) 
 Piccolomini (plk-ko-lom'e- 
 Pichegru (pfcsh'gru') 
 
 Picot (pe ko') 
 
 PieiTe (pevrss or purss) 
 
 Pigaile l^Hf gal') 
 
 Piles ( peel J 
 
 Pillon (pe'.iox') 
 
 Piipai, or I'ilpay (pll'pl or 
 
 pil'pj) (Per. Bidpai, bid'- 
 
 pii-ee) 
 Piuel (pe'nel') 
 Piuelii (pe-uel'lee) 
 Pintelii (pCn-tel'lee) [ke-o) 
 Piuturiicliio ( peu-too-rGk'- 
 Piozzi (pe-ot'pee or pe-6z'zi) 
 Piper (Swedish) (pee^pcr; 
 
 in En^. pl'per) 
 Piranesi (pe-ra-na'see) 
 J'iron (pe-'rox') 
 Pisano(pe-sa'no) 
 Pizarro ( |.>e-zar'ro ; Sp pron. 
 
 pe-thaR'Ro) 
 Plantagenet (pl5n-t4j'e-net) 
 Plantin(plox'tax') 
 Platina (pla-tee'na) 
 P)a<»f, or Platow (pla/tof) 
 Pleyel (pll'el): or Pleyl (plil) 
 Ploucquet (plo<ykS') 
 Plow/di,'n 
 Po'ca-hbu'tas 
 Po'cCcke 
 
 Poilly (pwS'ye' or pwFye') 
 Poin-i=ett' 
 Poi>>on (pwa'sox') 
 Poiteviu (pwat'viiN') 
 Poliguac (po'lGn'yak') 
 Politz, or FoeIitz"(po'lits) 
 Poliziano (po-lC-t-se-a'no) 
 Polk (p51k orpok) 
 Pombal (pjm-bal') 
 Pompadour (p jm'pa-d^OR' 
 
 or p jM'pa'dooK') 
 Pompei (pom-pa'ee) 
 Ponce de Leon (pon'tha da 
 
 la-on') [ske) 
 
 Poniatowski (po-ne-a-tov'- 
 Ponsonb/ (pjn'sQu-bT) 
 Pontchartrain (pjx'shaR'- 
 
 trax') [djn) 
 
 PoD toppidan ( pon-top'pi- 
 Pontormo (pon-toE'ino) 
 Ponz (ponth) 
 Popham (pop nm) 
 PoqueJn (pok'lax'). Syn. 
 
 Moliere. 
 Portalis (poB'ta^less') 
 Porteus (pjr'te-us) 
 Postlethwayt (p5s-.sl-th\rat) 
 Potemkin(poteiu'km ; Russ. 
 
 pron. pot-yom-'kin) 
 Poujoulat (poo'zhoo'la') 
 Poussin (poo'RJix') 
 Powell ( pou'el) 
 Pow'hat-tan' 
 Pownall (pou'nal) 
 Pozzo (put'so) 
 Pradier (pra'de-a') 
 Pradt (prat or pra) 
 Praed (prid) 
 Preble (preb'l) 
 Prei.esler (prTs'ler) 
 Prevost fpreh-vo'), or Pre- 
 
 Tost (pra'vo') 
 Prichard ( pritch'ard) [Bx) 
 Pridtjjtux (prid'o and ■prid'- 
 Priessnitz (preess'nTts) 
 Primaticcio (pre-ma-tet'cho) 
 Prony (pro'nee') 
 Proudhon (proo'dox') 
 Prud'hon (pri^'dux') 
 Prutz (prtTots) 
 
 Psalnianazar fsXl'ma-na'zar) 
 Paf'fi;u-dorf (Ger." Pufen- 
 
 dorf, poo'ff'n-dorf) 
 Puget (pii'zhS') 
 Pnghe (pu) 
 Pugin (pu'jm) 
 Pulaski (pu-lis^kee; Pol. 
 
 pron. poo-lajg'kee) 
 Pulci (pool'chee) 
 
 Pulley n (pcJbl'lin) 
 Pulszky Ipool'ski) 
 Pulteuey (palt'ul) ; qficn 
 
 pronounced and sometimes 
 
 written, Poulfney. 
 Purkiqje (pooR'kin-ygh, or 
 
 pobrkin) 
 Pusey (pd'zi) 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadrio (kwa'dre-o) 
 Quaglio (kwal',\o) 
 Quarles (kwarlz) 
 Quatremere (katVmeE') 
 QuerarJ (keh-raR') 
 Quesada (ka-sa'Da) 
 Quesnay (kS'na') 
 Quesnei (ka-nel') 
 Quevedo (k5-v;.'Do) 
 Quinault (ke'u5') 
 Quincv (kwin'sT or kwin'zi) 
 Quinet(ke'na') 
 Quintana (ken-ta/na) 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabaut (ra'bo') _ [la') 
 
 Rabelais (ra'beh-la' or raiy- 
 
 Rachel(Fr.)(ra/shel') 
 
 Eaciue (ra'sen' or ras-seen') 
 
 Radetzky (rii-dets'kee) 
 
 Raeburn (ri^bern) 
 
 RafFaelle (raf-fii-eWa). Syn. 
 Raphael. 
 
 Raffaelli (raf-fa-€l'lee) 
 
 Raga<3n [Ralegh. 
 
 Raleigh (raw'lT); writtfii also 
 
 Raniazzini (ra-mat-.«ee^nee) 
 
 RambouiUet (rox'boo^ya') 
 
 Ramiro (ra-mee'ro) 
 
 Ramsay (rcim^zl) 
 
 Ranke (rank'eh) 
 
 Ranzani (riiu-za'nee) 
 
 Raoul Rochette (ra'ool' ro'- 
 shet') 
 
 Raphael (ra'fa-el srrSf fa-el) 
 
 Rapin (rap'in or ra'pax) 
 
 ^W^ Tbis name is com- 
 monly Anglicized and pro- 
 nounced rap'in whenTaul 
 de Rapin, the historian, is 
 spoken of. 
 
 Raspail (rX-i'pal) 
 
 Ranch (rouK) 
 
 Raumer (rou'mer) 
 
 Raraillac (ra'Tal'yak' or 
 ja''T5h'yak') 
 
 Ra'ven^-crjft 
 
 Raynal (ra'nal') 
 
 Raynouard (ra'n(5b-aR') 
 
 Reaumur (ra'o'miiE' or to'- 
 mur) 
 
 Recamier (ra^a'me-a') 
 
 Redi (ra'dee) [ta'nus) 
 
 Regiomontanus (re'je-o-mon- 
 
 Regnard (ran'yaR') 
 
 Regnault (ran'yo') 
 
 Reicha (ri-'ka) 
 
 Reichardt (rFkaRt) 
 
 Reicheubach (rl'ken-baK') 
 
 Reich.«tadt (rlK'stitt) 
 
 Reimarus (ri-ma'rus) 
 
 Reinaud (ra'no') 
 
 Reinecke (ri'nek-keh) 
 
 Reinhard (rln'haKt) 
 
 Reinhold (rTn'holt) 
 
 Rembrandt (rem'brSnt ; 
 Dittck pron. rem'brant) 
 
 Remusat (reh-mii'za') 
 
 Renan (reh-nrix') 
 
 Renee (reh-na') (It. Eenata, 
 ra-na'ti) 
 
 Ren'neU 
 
 Renouard (rgh-noo^as') 
 Retz (rets or rase) 
 Retz.*ch (retsh) 
 Reuchlin (roiK'lin| 
 Rey (ra) 
 
 Reynaud (rS'no') 
 Reynolds (ren^Qldi) 
 Ribault (re'bo') 
 Ribera (re-Ba'ra) 
 Ricardo (re-kar'do) 
 Ricaj<oU (re-ka'bo-lee) 
 Ricci (refchee) 
 Riccio (ret'cho) 
 Riccioli (ret-cho'lee) 
 Richelieu (rtsh'(,h-loo ; Fr. 
 
 pron. rtsh/le-ch') [PsoL 
 Richter (riK'tcr). Syn. Jeaa 
 Riedinger (ree'ding-j^r) 
 Riemer (ree'mer) 
 Rienzi (re-en'zee), or Biins* 
 
 ( re-en 'zo) 
 Rigaud (re'go') 
 Rincon (rtn-k6n'> 
 Rives (Amer.) (leeiT) 
 Rizi (ree'thee) 
 Rizzio (ret'se-o or rit'se-o) 
 Robespierre ( ro'bes-peer' or 
 
 rob'es-pe-eE') 
 Rochambeau (ro'shox'bo') 
 Rochefoucauld (rosh'foo-ko' 
 
 or rosh'foo'ko') 
 Roget (ro'zha or ro'zha') 
 Rohan (ro'ox') 
 Rbhr, or Roehr (roR) 
 Rollin (rol'lin : Fr. pron. 
 
 roHilx') 
 Romagnosi (ro-man-yo'see) 
 Romaiue (ro-man') 
 Romanof, or Romano w (ro- 
 
 ma'nof) 
 Romauzof, Romanzov, or Ro- 
 
 manzow (ro-man'zof) 
 Rombouts (rux'boo'; Ftem. 
 
 prom, rom'bowts) 
 Romilly (Eng.) (rom'il-i) 
 Rondelet (roxd'la') 
 Ronge (rong'gh) 
 Ronsard (rox'saE') 
 Roos (ros) 
 
 Rosecrans (roz'krSnts) 
 RoseUi (ro-sel'lee) 
 Rosellini (ro-sel-lee^nee) 
 Rosenkrantz (ro'zen-krknts) 
 Roi?eumuller (ro'zen-miil'ler, 
 
 aJjJiost ro'zen-mil'ler) 
 Rossini (ros-see'nee) " 
 Rostopshin, or Rostopschin 
 
 (ros-top-shen') 
 Rothermel (roth'er-mCl) 
 Rothschild (ros'chTld ; Ger. 
 
 pron. rot'shilt) 
 Rottenhammer (rot'ten- 
 
 ham^mer) 
 Roubillac (roo^bel'yak' or 
 
 roo'be'yak') : icriiten also 
 
 Roubiliiac, Roubiliac. 
 Rou.^seau (roo'so') 
 Routledge (rQt'lij) 
 Row'an 
 Rowe (ro) 
 
 Rowley (rouli) flas') 
 
 Rover-Collard (rwa'yS'-kol'- 
 Ruault (ru'6') 
 Rnbini (roo-bee'nee) 
 RUckert (riik'kert, almost 
 
 rlk/kert) 
 Riidiger (ru/diG-er) 
 Ruffini ( roof-fee'nee) 
 Kuhl (rool) 
 Ruhnken (roon'kcn) 
 Rustam . or Roustem (t<R<s'- 
 Rutgers (rut/itrsj [tOm) 
 Rutherford (rfitJi'er-fQrd) 
 Ruysbroek (rois'brdbk) 
 RuVsch (roisK); xcritten aho 
 
 Ruisch. [dal) 
 
 Ruyedael, or Ruisdael (roie'- 
 Rysbrack (ris'brak) 
 
 kja,iic.JUmg ;%,efi^ess prolonged ; &,^,&,c. , short ; a,f^,\,Q,obsatre ; care,far,a6k,all.what: Sre,Teil,t5nn; pTque,firm;86n,ori 
 
MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 941 
 
 s. 
 
 9a* de Miranda (sa da me- 
 
 ran'da) 
 Saadi See Sadi. 
 Saavedra. See Cervantes. 
 Sabatier (sa'ba'te-iV) 
 Sabine (s.tb'ia) 
 Saccbetti (sak-ket'tee) 
 Sacchi (siik'kee) 
 Sacheverell (sa-cbev'er-el) 
 Sacy (sa'se'j 
 
 Saint-Araaud (s.lx'taB'nS') 
 Saint-C.r (sl.\/.seR') [uqjn') 
 Saiiit-Evremoad (s tx'tav'r'- 
 Saint-tlilaire (s-WteaoR') 
 Saiutiae (siv'ten') [jsu) 
 
 Sadat-JoUn (seat'-j")n or sin'- 
 Saiat-Just (slN'zh jst') 
 Saint Le^er (sil'lin-j^r) 
 Saiat-Mirtia (^! iN'niaa'Wjf') 
 Saint-Pierre (sent-peer or 
 
 s.lN'pe-ea') 
 Saint-Simon (sent-sl'mgn or 
 
 SilN'se''mJN') 
 Saladin (sll'a-dln) (Arab. 
 
 Salah-ed-Din (sa-lati'ed- 
 
 deea') 
 Saldauhi (sal-dan'ya) 
 Sales (aa'les) _ 
 Salieri (sa-le-i'ree) 
 Salmasius (sill-ma/zhi-us). 
 
 Si/n. Sauniaise. 
 Salvandy (sal'vox'de') 
 Salverte {siil'veRt') 
 Salviati (sal-ve-a'tee) 
 SSm'o-st-t 
 
 Sanadon (sa'na'dox') 
 Sapcliei (san'cb&th) 
 Sand (silndjOrsoN) 
 Sandoval (san-do-vil/) 
 Sln'd/s {or s3ndz) 
 Sanmicheli (san-nie-ka'lee) 
 Sannazaro (san-uiid-za'ro) 
 Sanson (son^son') 
 Sansovino (san-so-vee'no) 
 Santander (siin-tan-daR') 
 Sartiges (saR'tezh') 
 Saiimaise (so'mez'). Syn. 
 
 Saluiasius. 
 Saumare/: (saw'ma-rez) ; 
 
 written also Sausmarez. 
 Saunderson (^an'dor-sgn) 
 Sauria (saw-'rin ; Fr. pron. 
 
 so'raN') 
 Saussure (so'sur' or so'sUr') 
 Sauvages (sj'vazh') 
 Savary (sii'va're') 
 Savigny (sa'ven'ye') 
 Savile, or Saville (sav'il) 
 Savonarola (sa-vo-na-ro'la) 
 Scaliger (skal'i-jer) 
 Scamozzi (ska-mot'see) 
 Scarrou (ska'roN') 
 Schaaf(shrif) 
 Schadow (sha'do) 
 8chalken(sbal'ken) 
 Scbam,l (shii'mil). Si/n. 
 
 Sbamyl. [sha'leh) 
 
 Scheele (sheel ; Siv. pron. 
 Sclieler (sheffi>r; Dutch 
 
 pron. sKdffer ; Fr. shef - 
 Scheller (shelter) [teB.') 
 
 Schelling (sbel'lTng) 
 Schenck (sketjk) 
 Scherz (slieats) 
 Schiavone (ske-a-vo''na) 
 Schiavonetti (ske-a-vo-net''- 
 Schidone (ske-do'na) [tee) 
 Schiller (shTl'Ier) 
 Schimmelpennink (shlm'^- 
 
 mel-p^-n'mnk) 
 Schinkel (shink/gl) 
 Schlegel ( shlVgel or shH'Gel) 
 Schleiermacher (shll'er- 
 
 maK'er) 
 Schlosser (shlos'ser) 
 
 Scblozer (shlbt'ser) 
 Schmidt (shmit) 
 Schneider (shui'der) 
 Schnorr (shnoa) 
 Schbll, or Sctioeii (shbl) 
 Scholz (sholts) 
 Schomberg (shom'berg ; Ger. 
 
 pron. shorn' boRG) 
 Schomburgk (shom/bcToRk) 
 SchdQ, or Schoen (shbn) 
 Schdubein (shdn'bin) 
 Schdnieia (sbdn'lin) 
 Schootea (sKo'ten) 
 Schopenhauer (sno'pen-how'- 
 Schott (shott) [or) 
 
 Schouw (sKO'.v) 
 Schreiber (shri'ber) 
 Schrevelius (skre-vee'Ii-us) 
 Schroder, or Schroeder 
 
 (shrd'd;,-r) 
 Schubert (shoo'bert) 
 Schulteas (sKfll'tens) 
 Schultz (ahJblts) " 
 Schulze{sh.rolt/sph) 
 Schumicher (shoo'mak-er) 
 Schumann (shoo'raan) 
 Schuyler (ski'ler) 
 Schwarz (shwaRts) 
 Schwarzenberg (shwart'sen- 
 
 borg; Ger. pron. swaRf- 
 
 sen-beRG) 
 Scini (she'na) 
 Scioppius(shi-op-pi-tis)(6er. 
 
 Schopp, shopp) 
 Scoresby (skoi'z'bT) 
 Scougal (skoo/gal) 
 Scribe (skreb) 
 Scuderi, or Scudery (Fr.) 
 
 (skJ'dA're') 
 Sebastiani (sa-bas-te-a'nee) 
 Segneri (san'ya-ree) 
 Segni (san'yee) 
 Seguier (sa'^eTi') 
 Segur (sa'giR') 
 Sepulved I {sa-pool'v5-da) 
 Sergei (sea'^el) [vi'DO) 
 
 Ser-ve-'tas (Sp. Servedo, seR- 
 Se vier ( se- veer' ) [ ven'y u' ) 
 Sevigne (sa-veen'ya or sa'- 
 Seward (su'ard) 
 Seyffarth (sTftart) 
 Seymour (see'mer) 
 Sforza (sfoRt'sii)" [sande. 
 "Sgravesande. See Grave- 
 Shah Jehan, or Jahan (shah 
 
 ji-han') 
 Sh ikes'p jare : written al.'io 
 
 Shakspeare and Shakspere. 
 Shakovsky ( sha-koVskT^ 
 Shamul (sha-mool') ; ivritten 
 
 also, Shamoul. 
 Shamyl (sha'mTl). Syn. 
 
 Schamyl. 
 Sheil (sheel) 
 Sherard (sher'ard) 
 Sherif-ed-Din" Cherif-ed- 
 
 Dyn, or Sherif-ed-Din 
 
 (she-reef'cd-deen') 
 Shishkof, or Schischkow 
 
 (shTsh-kof) 
 Sicard (se'kaR') 
 Sickingen (sik'king-en) 
 Sidmouth (sTd'mtlth) 
 Siebold (see^bolt) [ya') 
 
 Sieyes (se-es', se-5'', or se-S'- 
 Sigel (see'-iel) 
 Sigismund (sij'is-mttnd) 
 Sigourney (slg'Qr-ni) 
 Siivestre (sel'vestr') 
 Sismondi (sTs-mon/di ; It. 
 
 pron. ses-mon'dee) 
 Sjdberg (shd'berg) 
 Sjogren (shd'gren) 
 Skrzynecki (skzhe-net'skee) 
 Sleiiian (slT'din) (Lat. Slei- 
 Slidell (slT-del') [da'ntis) 
 
 Snellaert\sneHart) 
 Sneyd (sneed) 
 
 Snorri Sturluson (snor'ree 
 
 stoor'ttTo-sgn) 
 Soane (son) 
 Sobieski (so-be-es^kee) 
 Socinus (so-Si'nQs) (It. Soz- 
 
 ziui, sot-see'uee) 
 Solander (so-iiiu'dc'r) 
 Solger (sol'fecr or sol'Ggr) 
 Soliman (s5I'i-man or'so-li- 
 
 niSn')- Syn. Suleyman. 
 Solis (so-lees') 
 Somers (sarn'orz) 
 Sdmmering (sdm/mer-Tng) 
 Sontag (sjn'tag or son'taG) 
 Sotheby_(sQth'L'-bi) 
 Soale (sol) 
 
 Soule (soo-ll' or soo'la') 
 Soulouque (soo/lLTok') 
 Soult (soolt) 
 Southard (siith/ard) 
 Southern (sath'ern) 
 Southey (sowtii'I) 
 So u ves tre ( soo' V es tr ' ) 
 Souza (so'zii) 
 Sovverby (sou/or-bT) 
 Soyer (soi'er orswa'ya) 
 Spaendonk (span'djuk) 
 Spagnoletto (span-yo-let'to). 
 
 Syn. Ribera. 
 Spalding (spawl'ding) 
 Spallanzani (spal-liin-za'nee) 
 Spanheim (spaii'him) 
 Spiegel (spee'ot'l) 
 Spinola (spee'no-la) 
 Spinoza (spe-no^za) 
 Sptirtzheim (spooRts'hTm or 
 
 spQrz'im) 
 Squarcione (skwaE-cho'na) 
 Squier (skwTr) 
 Stael (stal or stawl) 
 Stahi (stal) 
 Stanhope (stiin'op) 
 Stanislaus (stan-is-la'as or 
 
 sfin-is-la/us) 
 Stapel (sta'pc-l) 
 Staudiin (stoid'lTn) 
 Staunton (stiin'ton) 
 Stayner (stT'nor) 
 Steenw^k, or Steenwijk) 
 
 (stan'wTk) 
 Stefauo (stdfa-no) 
 Stein (stiu) 
 Stephaui (sta-fa'nee) 
 Steuben (Am.)(stu'ben) 
 Steuben (Ger. ) (stoi'ben) 
 Stieglitz (steeG'lits) 
 Stiglmaier, or Stiglmayer 
 
 (stig"l'ml-cr) 
 Stdckhardt, or Stoeckhardt 
 
 (stok'haRt) 
 Stoqueler (st5k'we-ler) 
 Stoi-ace (sto-ra'chi or stor'- 
 Storrs (storz) [ass) 
 
 Stowell (sto'el) 
 Strahan and Strachan 
 
 (strawn) 
 Straparola (stra-pa-ro'la), or 
 
 Strap'a-role 
 Stratico (strji'te-ko) 
 Strauss (strouss) 
 Strigel (stree'Gol) 
 Stroganof, or Stroganow 
 
 (stro-ga-nof ) 
 Strozzi (strGt'see) 
 Struensee (stroo'cn-za') 
 Struve (stroo'vc'h) 
 Sturm (stotiRni) 
 Stuyvesant (stl've-sant) 
 Sachet (s i'sha') " 
 Sue(sj; Fr.pron. m) 
 Suleyman (soo-la-mSn')- 
 
 Syn. Soliman. [ye') 
 
 Sully (sQl'lT ; Fr pron sa'- 
 Surajah Dowlah (sar-a'jxh- 
 
 dow'lnh) 
 Suwarrow (soo-or'ro) ; ttrrit- 
 
 ten also Souvaroff and Su- 
 
 varov, more prop. Souvoroff 
 
 and Suvorov, or Suworow 
 
 ( Russ. pron. soo-vo'rof) 
 Swanevelt (swa'ngh-velt') 
 Sw5'dcn-borg' (bw. pron. 
 
 sw.i'den-boRG) ; written 
 
 also Svedenborg. 
 Sweynheim (swin'hlm) 
 Sydenham (sid'gn-am) 
 
 T. 
 
 Tagliacozzi (tal-yarkofsee; 
 
 Syn. Taliacotius. 
 Taglioui (tal-}0'nee) 
 Talbot (tavvl'bot) 
 Talfourd (tavvi'fQrd) 
 Taliacotius (t ii'i-a-ko'shg- 
 
 us). See Tagliacozzi. 
 Taliaferro (tol'i-vor, and 
 
 so)ne.ti7nes tel'for) 
 Tallart, or Tallard (tal'IaR') 
 Talleyrand (tal'li-rand ; Fr 
 
 pron. tiil'liVrjN') 
 Tallica (ta'le-ilx') 
 Talluiadge (tSl'mTj) 
 Tamerlane (tam'er-lan or 
 
 taui'c'r-lan') 
 Taney ("taw/ni) 
 Tartaglia (taR-tal'yii) 
 Ta.«;chereau (tiish'ro') 
 TSs'so (It. pron. tas'so.) 
 Tassoni (tiis-so'nee) 
 Tatham (ta'tam) 
 Tauchnitz (toliK'nits) 
 Tauler (tou'lor) 
 Tavernier (tii'veR'ne-a') 
 Tebaldeo (ta-biil-da'o), or 
 
 Tibaldeo ( te-biil-d.i/o) 
 Te-cQm'seh 
 Tegner (t6ng neR') 
 Teigumouth (tiu'math) 
 Telemann (tl'li;h-mau) 
 Temanza (tu-man'za) * 
 Teneraui ( ta-na-rii'nee) 
 Teniers ( ten'} erz ; Fr. pron, 
 
 toh-ne-a' or^tcn-ya') 
 Ten'ter-drn 
 Terrasson (teR'ra'soN') 
 Te.xera ( ta-shi'ra) 
 Thaarup (to'r.ip) 
 Thackeray (thak'e-ri) 
 Thalberg (tSi'beaG) 
 Thenard (ta'naR') 
 Theobald (thee'o-bawld or 
 
 tib'bald) 
 Thesiger (thes'T-jer) 
 Theveiiot (tav'no') 
 Thibaudeau (te'bo'do') 
 Thibaut(Fr.)(te'bo') 
 Thielen (tee'len) 
 Thierr.t (te-er'ri or te-a'ree') 
 Thiers (te-eR') 
 Thion (tee'CN') 
 Tholuck (to'lo^bk) 
 Tliom (torn) 
 Thoresby (thorz'bi) 
 Thorild (to'rlld) 
 Thorkelin (tor'keh-lTn) 
 Thorlaksson (tor'ljiks-son) 
 Thorwaldsen (tor'wald-sgn 
 
 or toR'viild-srn) 
 Thouars (too'aR') 
 Thouret (too'ra') 
 Thouvenel (toov'nel') 
 Thulden (tQl'drn) 
 Thuuiniel (tUm'niol ; almost 
 
 tim'mel) 
 Ticozzi (te-kut'see) 
 Tieck (teek) 
 
 Tiedemann (tee'deh-man) 
 Tighe(tT) 
 Tilghman (til'm.in) 
 Tillemont (tey"mo!V') [ye') 
 Tilly (til'le; Fr. pron. te'- 
 Timur, or Timour (tee'- 
 
 moor'). Called by the Per- 
 
 dQ,wQLf,too,t<Jbk ; Qm,ri}e,pull ; 9,*, soft; €,g, hard; a^; ejist; n as ng ; this ; 5,o,i},efe,I,S,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (see p. 9 ^.4) 
 
942 
 
 tiam Timur-Lilng or L9ng 
 
 (i.e.," T^murthe Lame,-') 
 
 xchencf Taiuvrlaue. 
 Tintoretto (t<'u-toret'to) 
 TipptX) Sahib (tlp'po sii'hlb ; 
 
 almost sa'ib) 
 Tirabosclii (te-rii-bos'kee) 
 TischbeiD (tisb'bin) 
 Tischendorf (tisli'sja-doRf) 
 Tissot (tCso') 
 Titian (tish'an) (It. Tiziano, 
 
 t?t-se-a'uo) 
 Tocqueville (t'k'vTl; French 
 
 prom. tok'vC'l') 
 Todleben (totaa-ben) 
 Tolomei (to-lo-ma'ec) 
 Tommaseo (tom-ma-sa'o) 
 Toinnia.<i (tom-ina'see) 
 Tordenskiold ( toR'd(;n-ske- 
 Toreno (to-ran'yo) [old) 
 
 Torquato (toR-kwa'to). 
 Torquemada (toR-ka-ma'Da) 
 Torricelli ( tor-ri-sel'li or 
 
 toR-Re-chel'lee) 
 Toucey (tou'sT) 
 Toup (towp) 
 Tour (tooR) 
 Toumefort (tooRn'foR) 
 Toumeur (tooR'nuR') 
 Tourrette (too'ret') 
 Toussaint L'OuTerture (too'- 
 
 saN' loo'vea'tliR') 
 Towushend (townz'gnd) 
 TrSd'gP-cSnt 
 Treiver (tri'ver) 
 Trevisani (tra-ve-sa'nee) 
 Trgv'gr 
 
 Tribolo (tree'bo-k*) 
 Tricoupi (tre-koo'pee) or 
 
 Trikupis (tre-koo'pis) 
 Triewald (tree'vald) 
 Tristan (Fr.)(tres'tuN') 
 Trithen '.tree'ten) 
 Tronchin (troN'sha?;') 
 Troughton (trou'tgn) 
 Trowbridge (tro'brij) 
 Tschirnhausen (tshlRD'how/- 
 Tschudi ( tshoo'dee ) [zen ) 
 Tnlloch (tal'lyk) 
 Turenne (ta'renn'; French 
 
 jiTon. ta'Tlnn') 
 Turgot (toor'go' or tuR'go') 
 Turpin (tQr'pin or tdR'paN') 
 Tutilo (too'te-lo) 
 Tyndale (tin'dal) 
 Tyrwhitt (tcr'ft or t5r/wit) 
 T^himer (tshlB'ner) 
 
 MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMKS. 
 
 u, 
 
 Ub€rti'( oo-beR/t<^) 
 Uccello (oot-chel'lo) 
 Uffenbach (oof fen-baK') 
 Uggione (ood-jo'Da) 
 Ughelli (oo-Jiel''lee) 
 Ugolino (oo-go-lee/no) 
 Uhland (oo'liint or yoo'land) 
 Ulfilas, or Ulphilas(ul/n-las) 
 UUoa (ool-yo'a) 
 Ulrici (frnl-reet'see) 
 Unger (<)^ng'f,T) 
 Upham (up'atn) 
 Urfe(uR'fa'r 
 
 Urquhart ( Qrk'art) [kee'sa) 
 Urquiza (ooR-kee'thaor ooR- 
 U«teri (fros-t/ree) 
 UwinB (yoo^Inz) 
 
 V. 
 
 Vacherot (rash'ro') 
 Vahl{val) 
 ■Vaillant(viih'yoN') 
 Talckenaer ( valk'ken-5r) 
 
 Valdes(vald6s') 
 Val-lau'di-ghani (-dl-gam) 
 VaUe(val'la) 
 Valliere (val'le-^R') 
 Valuiiki (val'mi-ki) 
 Valois(val'wa') [a^Kgn) 
 
 Van Achen, or Aachen (van 
 Van Buren (viu ba'rgn) 
 Vaubrugh (vjln'broo) 
 Vancouver (vankoo'vcr) 
 Van Dale (van-da'lghf 
 Vander Heyden (van-dgr hi- 
 
 den) [mS'len) 
 
 Vander Meulen (van-dgr 
 Vandermonde (van-dgr- 
 
 nion'deh) 
 Vander Weyde (vau'dgrwl'- 
 
 dgh or vT'deh) 
 Vandyke (vau-dTk') (Dutch 
 
 Vandyck, or Vandjik, van- 
 
 dik') 
 Van Hoeck (van hdbk) 
 Vanni (van'nee) 
 Vannucci (van-noot'chee). 
 
 Syn. Perugino. 
 Van Oost (van ost) 
 Van Rensselaer (vSn ren'sel- 
 
 Vau-sTt'tart. Syn. Bexley. 
 Vansomef (van-so'mer) 
 Vanuzzi (va-noot'see). See 
 
 Vannucci. [ro') 
 
 Vapereau (vSp/gr-o' or vap/- 
 Varchi (vaR'kee) 
 Vargas (vaR'gas) 
 Varignon (va'ren'yoN') 
 Vurnhagen (faRn'ha-gen) 
 Vasari (va-sa'ree) 
 Vattel (viit-tel/ or vat'tel') 
 Vauban (vo'boN') 
 Vaucher (vo'shii') 
 Vaugelas (vozh'la') 
 Vaughan (vaw-n or vaw'an) 
 Vauquelin (vok'lXN') 
 Vauvilliers (vo'vee'yu') 
 Vaux (Eng. & Am.) (vawks) 
 Vecchi (vek'kee) 
 Vecchio (vek'ke-o) 
 Vega (va^ga) 
 
 Veit(flt) [las'keth) 
 
 Velasquez (va-las'kez or va- 
 Velpeau (vel'po') 
 Veneziano (va-net'?e-a'no) 
 Venusti (va-noos'tee) 
 Vergennes (veR'zhenn') 
 Vergniaud, or Vergniaux 
 
 (veRn'je-o') 
 Vermigli (veR-meel'yee) 
 Vernet (veR'na') 
 Verplanck (ver-plilnk') 
 Verrocchio (vuR-Rok'ke-o) 
 Vgr-ste'gan 
 Vertot (viR'to') 
 Ver'n-lani 
 
 Vespucci (vt'P-poot'chee) 
 Vettori (v6t-to'ree) 
 Viardot (ve'aR'do') 
 Vicente (ve-Ken'tS) 
 Vico ( vee'ko ) 
 
 Vicq d'Azyr (vek da/zeB') 
 Vida (vee'da) 
 Vidaurri ( ve-dowR'Ree) 
 Vidocq (ve'dok') 
 Vignola (ven'\o-la) 
 Vignole.s (ven'yol') 
 Vigny (ven'ye') 
 Vl/gQr; 
 
 Villars (vll'larz or ve'yaR') 
 Villegas (vGl-ya'giis) [ax') 
 Villehardouin (vel'aR'doo- 
 Villemain (vGl'mSx') 
 Villeneuve (vGl'nov') 
 Villers (ve'ya') 
 Villjers (vTl'ygrz) 
 Vinci (vTn'chee or ven'chee) 
 Vinet (ve'na') 
 Virey (ve'ra') 
 Vischer (Dutch) (vTs/Kcr) 
 
 Vischer (Ger.) (fTsh'er) 
 
 Vi.>*conti (vis-kon'tee' or veH- 
 
 Vives (vee'ves) [kon'tee) 
 
 Viviani (ve-ve-a'nee) 
 
 Vladimir, (vlid'g-mor) 
 
 Voet (voot) 
 
 Vogel (fo'tigl or foG'gl) 
 
 Vogt (lOGt) 
 
 Voisin, or. Voysin (vwa'zax') 
 
 Volney (vol'ni ; Fr. pron. 
 
 vol'na') 
 Voltaire (vol-ter' or Tol'teB'). 
 
 Syn. Arouet. 
 Vortigern (vor'te-gem) 
 Vops (Dutch) "(voss) (Lat. 
 
 Vcssius, voshl-us) 
 Vo.':s(Ger.)(foss) 
 Vouet (Too'a') 
 Voyer (vwa/y4') 
 Vries (vreess) 
 
 w. 
 
 Wolff (Eng. )(w(Jblf) 
 Wollaston (wcTol'jjs-tgn) 
 WoUstonecraft ("wool'stgn- 
 Wolsey (wo\>l'zT) [krftfl) 
 
 Worcester ( vrobs' tgr) 
 Wordsworth (wCrdz'wQrth) 
 Woronicz (vo-ro'nltch) 
 Worsaae, or Vorsaae (tob'- 
 
 saw) 
 Wouvennan (wow'vgr-man) 
 Wrangel (vrang/gl) 
 Wraxall (riiks'al or rakg/gl) 
 Wrottesley (r5t"s'lT) 
 Wycherley (witch'gr-ll) 
 Wyck (vTk) 
 Wycliffe (wTk'lif) : also Wj- 
 
 clif, Wiclif. a7ici Wicklifife. 
 Wylie(wi/1]) 
 Wyndham (wTnd'am) 
 Wyntoun (win'tQn or win - 
 
 toyn) 
 Wythe (with ; thaa iu thin) 
 
 Waagen (wag'en) 
 Wachter (waK'ter) [ter) 
 
 Wach er, or Waechter ( wC-k'- 
 Wahab (wa-hSb'), and Wa- 
 
 habite (wa-ha^blt), or Wa- 
 Wahl(wal) [ha'bee 
 
 Walch (walK) 
 Waldemar (wcjl'de-mar or 
 
 \^^al'deh-mar) [lu'skee) 
 Walewski (va-leT^skee or w'a- 
 Wallenstein (wol'lgn-stlii ; 
 
 Ger. pro7i. wal'lgn-stln') 
 Wallich (wal'llK) 
 Walniesley (wQniz'lT) 
 Walsingham (wOl'sing-am) 
 Walther (waPter) 
 Wanley (wCnley) 
 War'bur-ton 
 
 Wargentin (war'gen-teen) 
 Warham (wSr-'pni') 
 Washington (w"csh'ing-tgn) 
 Watelet (vat'la') 
 Watteau ( vat' to') 
 Waugh (waw) 
 Weber ( wa'bgr or wa'ber) 
 AVeeninx (wa'ninks) 
 Weidler (wT'dlcr) 
 Weigel (wTG'g])^ 
 Weinbrenner (wTn'brfin-gr) 
 Weishaupt (wis'howpt) 
 We:.«3(Eng.) 
 Weisse ( vl'seh ) 
 Weilesley (^\eiz/V\) 
 Wemys (weemz or wTmz) 
 Wenzel (x^ent'sel) (Latin 
 
 Wen'ces-li'us) [ngr) 
 
 Werner (wer'ngr or wea'- 
 West'ma-CQtt 
 Wever (wi'c r) 
 Whalley (hw5FIT) 
 Wharton (hwor'tgn) 
 Whewell(hu/(;1) 
 Whi:shaw (hwish'aw) 
 Whitefield (hwTt'feeld) 
 Wieland ( wee'land ; German 
 
 pron. wee'lant) 
 Wieselgren (svee'zgl-grgn) 
 Wildeno'.v (wil'di'h-no) 
 Willaert (wil'lart) 
 Willoughby (wTl'iQ-bl) 
 Willughby (wil'lo-bi) 
 Winckelmann (wTnk'cl-min) 
 Windham (wTnd'am) 
 Windischgratz '(wTn'dTsh- 
 
 grets) 
 AVinkelried ( wTnK'el-reet) 
 Wirth (weC'Rt) 
 Wittgenstein ( wit'Uen-stln) 
 Witzleben ( wTts'li-bgn ) 
 Wladimir. Sf^e Vladimir. 
 Wohler, or Woehjer (wo'ler) 
 Wohlgemuth (wol'ga-moot) 
 Wolcott(w61'kQtor wcTol'kQt) 
 
 X 
 
 Xavier (zSv'i-gr ; i^. pron. 
 
 Ha-ve-aR') 
 Ximenes (zT-mee'nez ; i8^. 
 
 ;3ro/i. He-ma'ues) 
 Xylander (ze-lan'der) 
 
 TaFdew 
 Yonge (yung) 
 Youatt (joo'at) 
 Youmans (yoo'manz) 
 Ypsilanti (ip-se-13n'tee) 
 Yriarte (e-re-aR'tS). <S^ 
 
 Iriarte. 
 Ysabeau (e'za'bo') 
 
 Zach (tsaK) [a^ree^) 
 
 Zacharia, or Zachariae (tsas- 
 Zahn (tsan) 
 Zaluski (za-loos'kee) 
 Zamora (tha-mo'ra) 
 Zampieri (dzam-pe-a'ree) 
 Zanchi (dzan'kee) 
 Zarate (tha-ra'ta) 
 Zarlino (dzaR-lee'no) 
 Zeisberger (zTs'berg-gr; Ger. 
 
 pron. tsIfi'beBG-tr)" 
 Zelotti (dza-lot/tee> 
 Zelter ( tsel'tcr) 
 Zeuss ( tsoiss j 
 Ziegler(tseeG''lgr) 
 Zim'mgr-mann ( Ger. pron. 
 
 t.'^Im'mer-man) 
 Zinzendorf ( tsInt'sgn-doRf) 
 Zollikofer (Ger.) (tsol'le-ko'- 
 Zol'lT-kof'flr(Am.) [fgr) 
 Zorrilla (thoR-Reel'yii) 
 Zouch (zoochj 
 Zoust {zoost or zowst) 
 Zschokke (tshok'kth) 
 Zurcarelli (dzook-ka-rePlee) 
 Zuccaro (dzcok'ka-ro), or 
 
 Zuccbero (dzook'ka-ro) 
 Zucchi (dzook'k*^) 
 Zumala -C'arregui (thoonma'- 
 
 la-kaR-Ra'iee) 
 Zumpt ( tsdi m pt) [Ercilla. 
 Zuniga ( thoon-jee'ga). See 
 Zunz (ts (fonts) 
 Zwin'gli ( Ger. pron. tswing'- 
 
 lee) (r.at. ZwTn'gli-Qs or 
 
 Zuin'gli-us): vritten also 
 
 Zwingle (zwing'gl) 
 Zwimer (tswiRu'er) 
 
 a,e,&c. , long;ti,t:,0,le.^sprolanged;a.,Oy&,c. ^hnrt; n ,o,i,Q,obscure; cire,far^k,all,what; ere, veil.term; pique. fTrm ; son,or, 
 4Q,W9lf,t<7o,t<R)k ; am,rue,pvll ; <i^^o/t ; c, g, hajd ; a^ / ejiat ; q 05 ng ; this ; a,o,u,"^ J,5,8,w,B,D,Q,H,K,N,E,u(see p. 9H> 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 
 
 WITH 
 
 THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES, OR NICK-NAMES. 
 
 I. NAMES OF MEN 
 
 Aaron (ar'un). [Heb.] Lofty; inspired. 
 Ab'di-el. [Heb.] The servant of God. 
 A'bel. [Heb.] Breath ; transitoriness ; vanity. 
 A-bi'a-thar. [Heb.] Father of plenty. 
 A-bi'el [Heb.] Father of strength. 
 A'bi-e'zer. [Heb.] Father of help. 
 A-bi'jali. [Heb.] To whom Jehovah is a &ther. 
 
 tb'iier. [Heb.] Father of light. 
 nbra-ham. [Heb.] Father of a multitude. — Dim. 
 _Abe(ab.) 
 
 A'bram. [Heb.] Father of elevation. — Dim. Ahe. 
 Ab'sa-lom. [Heb.] Father of peace. 
 Ad'am. [Heb.] Man; earth-man; red earth. — Dim^. 
 
 Ade (ad), Scot. Ed'ie. 
 A'dt-el. [Heb.] The ornament of God. 
 
 A-di^o I ^^®^-^ Tender ; delicate ; soft. 
 
 A-d51pli', ) [0. H. Ger.] Noble wolf, i. e. noble hero. 
 
 A-dol'plius. ) — Dim. Dol'phus. 
 
 Ad'o-ni'ram. [Heb.] Lord of height. 
 
 Al'an. Variously explained as a hound [Slav.], harmo- 
 ny [Celt ], and a corruption of Hilary, or of jEli anus. 
 
 Al-a-ri€. [0. H. Ger.] All-rich ; or, noble ruler. 
 
 Al'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Nobly bright ; illustrious. 
 
 Ainbi-on. [Celt.] Mountainous land ; the ancient name 
 of England. 
 
 Al'ej-an'der. [Gr.] A defender of men. — Dim. AV- 
 eck, El'iick, S.tn'der, San'dy, Saw'nie. — Fem. Al'ex-an''- 
 dr;\, Al'e^-an-dri'na. , [selor. — Dim. Alf. 
 
 Al'fred. [0. H. Ger.] Elfin council ; i. e., good coun- 
 
 Al'ger-non. [Fr.] With whiskers. 
 
 Al'inn ) 
 
 Al'leii I ■'■^^ ^°^® as Alan. See Alan. 
 Al'mon. [Heb.] Hidden. 
 
 A-16ji'zo. [0. Ger.] The same as ALPnoNSO, q. v. 
 Al'plie-us (properly Al-phe^us). [Heb.] Exchange. 
 Al-phon'so. [0. H. Ger.] All-ready ; willing. 
 
 il'van.'} t^I«^-] ^^^^''y- 
 
 Ai'^'n. } t^- H- ^^""-^ ^«"^°^«<^ ^y ^^• 
 
 Am'a-ri'ali. [Heb.] Whom Jehovah promised. 
 
 Am'a-sa. [Heb. ] A burden. 
 
 Am'brose. [Gr.] Immortal ; divine. 
 
 Am'mi. [Heb.] My people. 
 
 A'mos. [Heb.] Strong ; courageous ; otherwise, burden. 
 
 Aii'drew (an'drij ). [Gr.] Strong ; manly. — Z)jm. An'dy. 
 
 An'dro-ni'cus. [Gr.] A conqueror of men. 
 
 aIISi™' j [0- n. Ger.] Protection of God. 
 Aii'tbo-iiy (-to-), ) [Lat.] Priceless ; praiseworthy. — 
 An'to-ny. ) Dim. To'ny.— Fem. An-to'm-a,. 
 
 ^-poVlosi. [Gr.] Of Apollo. 
 Ar'che-la'us. [Gr.] Ruler of the peo pie. 
 Ar'clii-bald. [Ger.] Extremely bold ; otherwise, holy 
 _ prince. — Dim. Ar'chv. 
 
 A'ri-el. flleb.] Lion of God : valiant for God. 
 Ar'iii-tar'ehu'?. [Gr.] A good prince. 
 .^r'nold. [0. H. Ger.] Strong as an eagle. 
 Ar'te-mas. [Gr.] Gift of Artemis, or Minerra. 
 Ar'thur. [Celt.] High : noble. 
 A'sa. [Heb.] Healer: physician. 
 
 As'a-li61. [Heb.] Made of God. 
 
 A'§apli. [Heb.] A collector. 
 
 As'a-re'lali. [Heb.] Upright to God. 
 
 Asb'bel. [Heb.] Fire cf Bel. 
 
 Ash'er. [Heb.] Happy ; fortunate. 
 
 Ash'ur. [Heb.] Black ; blackness. 
 
 Atli'a-na'si-us (-zhT-us). [Gr.] Immortal. 
 
 Atb'el-stan. [A.-S.] Noble stone. 
 
 Au'brey. [0. H. Ger.] Ruler of spirits. 
 
 Au-gus'tin, 1 
 
 Au-giis'tine, > [Lat.] Belonging to Augustus. 
 
 Aus'tin. 
 
 Au-giis'tus. 
 
 "Gus'tus. — Fein. Au-gus'ta. 
 
 A«-re'li-us. [Lat.] Golden. 
 
 Az'a-ri'ab. [Heb.] Helped of the Lord. 
 
 [Lat.] Exalted; imperial. — Dim. Qai, 
 
 Bald'win. [0 
 Bap'tist. [Gr. 
 Bar'a-ebi'as. 
 Bar'dolph, 
 Bar'dulpb 
 
 B. 
 
 H. Ger.] Bold, courageous Mend. 
 
 A baptizer ; purifier. 
 [Heb.] Whom Jehovah has blessed. 
 
 [0. H. Ger.] A distinguished helper. 
 
 Son of consolation. 
 
 Bar'na-bas 
 
 Bar'na-by. 
 
 Bar-tli51'o-m.eTr. [Heb.] A warlike son.— 
 
 Bar-zil'lai. [Heb.] Iron of the Lord ; firm 
 
 Ba§'il. [Gr.] Kingly; royal. 
 
 Ben'e-di€t. [Lat.] Blessed. — Dim. Ben'net. 
 
 Bfn'e-dic'ta. 
 Beii'ja-min. [Heb.] Son of the right hand. — Dim 
 
 Ben, Ben'ny. 
 Ben-o'ni. [Heb.] Son of grief or trouble. 
 Be-ri'ali. [Heb.] In calamity. 
 Ber'nard, 
 
 Dim. Bat. 
 true. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 [0. H. Ger.] Bold as a bear. 
 
 [0. H. Ger.] Bright raven. 
 [Heb.] Man of God. 
 [Heb.] In the shadow (protection) of God. 
 [Lat.] A benefactor. 
 Bri'an. '[Celt.] Strong. 
 Bru'no. [0. H. Ger.J Brown. 
 
 Bar'iiard. ) 
 
 Ber'tram. 
 
 Be-tbii'el. 
 
 Be-zai'e-el. 
 
 B6ii'i-fa9e. 
 
 ■€ad-wal'la-der. [Brit.] Battle-arranger. 
 
 ^ae'gar* [Lat.] Hairy; or, blue-eyed ; or, bom under 
 
 the cesarean operation. 
 -ea'Ieb. [Ileb.] A dog. 
 Cai'vin. [Lat.] Bald. 
 
 Cecil (se'sil, sTs'il, or sCs'il). [Lat.] Dim-sighted. 
 Ce'plias. [Aramaic] A stone. 
 Charleg. [0. H. Ger.] Strong; manly; noble-spirited. — 
 
 Dim. Char'Ue, or Char^ley. — Fem. €ar'o-lIne, ChSr'- 
 
 lotte. 
 Christ'ian. [Lat.] Belonging to Christ ; a behever in 
 
 Christ. — Dim. ChrTs'tie. — Fem. Chris' ti-a'na. 
 ■ehris'to-plier. [Gr.] Bearing Christ. — Dim. K&sftet, 
 
 Kit, €hris. 
 ■eiJtr'en^e. [Lat.] Illustrious. 
 Claii'di-us, 1 rj qx T T „^^ 
 Claude. '}fl'«'t] I-^n^^- 
 Clem'ent. [Lat.] Mild-tempered; merciful. 
 
 a,e,&c.,/ongr;a,6,&c.,«Aort;c4re,far,ask, all, what; 6re, veil.tgrm; pique, firm ; sou, or, do, wolf , 
 food, fdbt , firn, rude, pull ; pell, ^baise, «all,'e«bo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tiii^i 
 
 '913^ 
 
944 
 
 COMMON p:nglish christian names. 
 
 C5n'rad. [0. H. G«r.] Bold in council ; resolute. 
 Cdn'stant. [Lat.] Hmi ; fiiithtul. — Fern. Cou-stan'- 
 
 ti-t» (-jJiii-i'i). 
 Cdu'stan-tlue. [Lat.] Resolute ; firm. 
 Co r-ne'li-us (or kor-neel'y us). [Lat.] (Uncertain.) — 
 
 Fftn. lor-ue'li-a (or -ueel'va.) 
 Cris'piu 
 
 ' [Lat.] Ilaviug curly 
 
 Cris'pus, 
 •Cris'pi-aii. 
 Ciltli'bert. 
 ■yp'ri-im. 
 
 C^T'il. [Ur.] Lordlv 
 Cy'rus. [I'er.] Tke sun, 
 
 [A.-S.] Noted splendor. 
 [Gr.] or Cyprus. 
 
 D. 
 
 A divine judge. —Dim. 
 [VY'da. 
 
 Dftii. [lleb.] A judge. 
 Dftn'i-el(o/- dan'yel). [Heb.] 
 
 Dan. 
 Da-ri'us. [Per.] Preserver. 
 
 Da'vid. [Ileb.] Beloved. — Dim. Da'vy, Dave. — Fern 
 De-ine'tri-us. [Gr.] Belonging to Ceres. 
 
 ^f J|[jj\'^ I [Gr.] Same as DIONYSIUS. [Fr. form.] 
 
 Der'rick. [0. II. Ger.] A corruption of Theodoric. 
 
 See Theodoric. 
 D^x'ter. [Lat.] The right hand ; fortunate. 
 Di'o-iij's'i-iis (dl'o-nizh'i-us) [Gr.] Belonging to Dion- 
 
 vsos oV Bacchus, the god of wine. 
 DSii'ald. [Celt.] Proud chief. 
 Dun'can (dank/an). [Celt.] Brown chief. 
 
 Eb'eii. [Heb.] A stone. 
 
 EWeii-e'zer. [Heb.] The stone of help. 
 
 fid'gar. [A.-S.] A javelin (or protector) of property. 
 
 £d'inuiid. [A.-S.] Defender of property. — 2>jm. Ed, 
 
 Ned (a contraction of " mine Ed.") 
 fid'ward. [A.-S.] Guardian of property. — Djw. Ed, 
 _ Ed'd^-, Ned, Ned'dy. Ted'dy. • 
 
 Ed'win. [A.-S.] G^ainer of property. — Dim. Ed, Ed'dy. 
 figTbert. [0. II. Ger.] The sword's brightness; famous 
 
 ^\ith the sword. 
 fil'l>ert. [0 II. Ger.] The same as Albert. 
 fil'dred. [A.-S.] Tenible. 
 E'le-a'zttr. [Ileb.] To whom God is a help. 
 E'li. [Ileb.] A foster son. 
 E-li'ab. [Ileb.] God is his father. 
 E-li'a-kim. [Ileb.] Whom God sets up. 
 E-li'as. [Heb.] The same as Elijah, q. v. 
 E-lilm. [Ileb.] God the Lord. 
 E-li'jah. [Ileb.] Jehovah is my God. 
 E-II'plia-let. [Ileb.] God of salvation. 
 E-li'.sha. [Ileb.] God my salvation. 
 E-li'zur. [Ileb.] God is my rock. 
 Ellis. [Heb.] A variation of Eli SH A. 
 El'mer. [A.-S.] Noble; excellent. [A contraction of 
 
 Ethelmer.] 
 fil'na-tliaii. [Heb.] God gave. 
 Em-man'u-el. [Heb.] God with us. 
 fim'e-ry, J 
 
 fim'me-ry, \ [A.-S.] Powerful ; rich. 
 Em'o-ry. ) 
 
 E-ne'as. [Gr.] Praised ; commended. 
 E'no€li. [Ileb.] Consecrated; dedicated. 
 E'nos. [Heb.] Man. 
 E'phra-Tm. [Ileb.] Very fruitful. 
 E-rS§'miis. [Gr.] Lovely ; worthy to be loved. 
 E-ras'tus. [Gr] Lovely ; amiable. 
 E'ric. [A.-S.] Rich; brave; powerful. 
 
 Er-n6s'tus ( t^®'"] Earnest. — Few. Er'nest-ine. 
 
 E'pau. [Heb,] Covered with hair. 
 
 E'tlian. [Ileb.l Firmnes.s : strength. 
 
 Eu'genf, or Eu-gene'. [Gr.] Well-bom; noble.— 
 
 F^'w. Eu--^e'ni-a. 
 Eu-se'bi-u«. [Gr.l Pious ; godly. 
 Eu^'ta^e. [Gr.] Healthv : strong; standing firm. 
 Ev'an. [Rrit.l The same as John. See John. 
 Ev'«T-jird. [O. H. Ger.] Strong as a wild boar. 
 E-ze'ki-«*l. [Ileb.l Strength of God. — Z>iw. Z5ke. 
 fiz'ra. [Heb.] Help. 
 
 Felix. [lAt.] 
 (felish'i-a). 
 
 Happy 
 
 F. 
 
 prosperotis. 
 
 Fern. Fe-li/ci-& 
 
 Fer'di-iiand. [0. H. Ger.] Brave ; valiant. 
 Eer-iiftn'do. [0. H. Ger.] The same as FERDINAND. 
 F6s'tus. [Lat.] Jo.>ful; glad. 
 Fran'vis. [Fr.] Free. — X>/7«. FrSnk. — Fe»n. B'ran'ceg, 
 
 Fiin'ny. 
 Frank. [Fr.] A contraction of FRANCIS. 
 Frank'lin. [Mod.] 
 
 Fr6d'er-i«, I [0. H. Ger.] Abounding in peace; or 
 Fr6d'er-ick. ) peaceful ruler. — Dim. Fred, Fred'dy 
 
 — Fem. Frtd'er-'i-ca, or Fred'er-i-ka. 
 
 G. 
 
 Ga'bri-el. [Heb.] Man of God.— Diw. Gab. 
 Ga'lus (ga'yus). [Lat.] Rejoiced. 
 Ga-ma'li-el. [Heb.] Recompense of God. 
 Gar'ret. [0. H. Ger.] Another form of GERALD, or 
 
 . Gerard. 
 Ger'maii, 
 Ger'maiiie. 
 Geoffrey. [0. H. Ger.] The same as GODFREY. 
 George. [Gr.] A landholder; hu.'bandman. — Dim. 
 
 . Geor'^ie. — Fe77i. Geor'gi-an'a, G!e6r-gT'n&. 
 
 Slr'ard. 1 ^^- ^- ^^^'^ ^*''°°S ^^^^ '^® ^P^""" 
 
 Ger'.sliom. [Heb.] An exile. 
 
 Gid'e-on. [Heb.] A destroyer. [GIL 
 
 Gil'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Yellow-bright ; famous. — Dim. 
 
 6ile§. [Gr.] A kid. 
 
 GTv'eii. • [Eng.] Gift of God. 
 
 God'dard. [0. Ger.] Pious ; virtuous. 
 
 God'frey. [0. H. Ger.] At peace with God. 
 
 God'-tviii. [A.-S.] Good in war. 
 
 Greg'o-ry. [Ger.] AVatchful ; vigilant. 
 
 Grif 'f itb. [Brit.] Having great faith. 
 
 Gus-ta'vus. [Sw.] A warrior ; hero. 
 
 Guy. [Fr.] A leader. 
 
 [Lat.] German. 
 
 H. 
 
 Han'ni-bal. [Punic] Grace of Baal. 
 
 Har'old. [A.-S.] A champion ; general of an army. 
 
 He'man. [Heb.] Faithful. 
 
 Hen'ry. [0. H. Ger.] The head or chief of a house. — 
 
 Dim. Hal, Har'ry (by assimilation of consonant sound), 
 
 Ilrn. — Fem. Har'ri-et, Hen-ri-et'ta. 
 HerHbert. [A.-S.] Glory of the army. 
 Her'cu-leg. [Gr.] Lordly fame. 
 Her'maii. [0. H. Ger.] A warrior. 
 Hez'e-ki'aJi. [Heb.] Strength of the Lord. 
 Hil'a-ry. [Lat.] Cheerful ; merry. — Fem. Hi-la'ri-a. 
 Hil'Iel. [Heb.] Praise. 
 Hi'ranti. [Heb.] Most noble. 
 Ho'mer. [Gr.] A pledge ; security. 
 Hor'aye. [Gr.] Same as Horatio. [Fr. form.] 
 Ho-ra'ti-o (ho-ra'.shi-o). [Gr.] ( Uncertain.) 
 B[o-§e'a. [Heb.] Salvation. 
 How'ell. [Brit.] Sound ; whole. 
 HuHbert. [0. II. Ger.] Bright in spirit ; soul-bright. 
 
 gSfg*^J.*^")'}[D.] Mind; spirit; SOUL 
 
 Humpli'rey. [A.-S.] Protector of the home. — Dim. 
 Humph. 
 
 I. 
 
 f-eb'a-bod. [Heb.] The glory has departed. 
 
 Ig-na'ti-us (ig-na'shi-us). [Gr.] Ardent ; fiery. 
 
 Im-man'u-el. [Heb.] The same as EmmanuEI.. 
 
 In'crease. [Eng.] Increase of faith. 
 
 lii'gram. [Teut.] Raven. 
 
 In'i-go. [Gr.] The same as Ignatius. [Sp. form.] 
 
 I'ra. [Heb.] AVatchful. 
 
 i'-Saac (r^zak). [Heb.] Laughter. — Z>/w.Tk, Tke. 
 
 t-.fa'iali (T-zaAa). [Heb.] Salvation of the Lord. 
 
 Is'ra-el [Heb.] A soldier of God. 
 
 Ith'i-el. [Heb.] God is with me. 
 
 Jv'an. [Brit.] The same as J OHN. [Russ. form.] 
 
 I'vo-ry. [Eng. J 
 
 J. 
 
 JaTbez. [Heb.] He will cause pain. 
 
 Ja'€ob. [Heb.] A supplanter. — D/?«. Jake. See James. 
 
 Ja'i-rus. [Heb.] lie will enlighten. 
 
 Jameg. [Heb.] The same as Jacob. — D<w. JSame?, 
 
 Jem, Jim, Jem'my, JTm'my. — Fem. Jaq'ue-llne, Jameg- 
 
 V'na. 
 Ja'plietl). [Heb.] Enlargement. 
 
 a,e, kc, Ions; &, 6, kc, short ; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; Sre,veil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, d<», ^qii. 
 
COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 
 
 945 
 
 Ja'red. [Heb.] Descent. 
 
 Ja'son. [Gr.] A healer. 
 
 jas'per. [Per.] ( Uncertain.) 
 
 Ja'van. [Heb.] Clay ; supple. 
 
 J6d'e-di'ali. [Heb.] Beloved of the Lord. 
 
 Jeffrey. [0. H. Ger.] The same as GODFREY. 
 
 J6r'e-mi'ali, ) 
 
 Jer'e-mras, [[Heb.] Exalted of the Lord. 
 
 Jgr'e-my. ) _ 
 
 Jgr'ome (in Eug.), Je-rome'(in Amer.). Holy name. 
 
 Jgs'se. [Heb.] Wealth. 
 
 Jo'ab. [Heb.] Jehovah is his father. 
 
 Job. [Heb.] Afflicted ; persecuted. 
 
 Jo'el. [Heb.] The Lord is God. 
 
 Jdhn (jon). [Heb.] The gracious gift of God. — Dim. — 
 
 John'ny, Jack, Jock. — JFew. Jane, Ja-net', Jo'an, Jo- 
 
 an'na. 
 
 Jon'a-tlian. [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 
 
 Jo'geph. [Heb.l He shall add. — Dim. 3oe. — Fem. 
 
 Jo-s3/pha, Jo'se-phine. 
 Josli'u-a. [Heb.] God of salvation. — Dim. Josh. 
 
 Jo-S'a^ } [^^^^- 1 ^^'^^'^ ""^ *^^ ^'''''^• 
 Jo'tliam. [Heb.] The Lord is upright. 
 Ju'dah. [Heb.] Praised. 
 
 Ju'li-an. [Lat.] Sprung from, or belonging to, Julius. 
 Dim. Jule. — Fem. Ju-'li-a'na. [Ju'li-et. 
 
 Ju'li-us. [Gr.] Soft -haired. — Dim. Jule. — Fem. Ju'U-a, 
 Jiis'tin. [Lat.] Just. 
 Jus'tus. [Lat.] Just. 
 
 K. 
 
 Ken'elm. [A.-S.] A defender of his kindred. 
 Keu'netli. [Gael.] A leader ; commander. 
 
 Lia'ban. [Heb.] White. [sessions. 
 
 liJlm'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Illustrious with landed pos- 
 L<S,ii'^e-lot. [It.] A little angel ; otherwise, a little lance 
 
 or warrior; or, a servant. 
 Lau'reii^e, ) [Lat.] Crowned with laurel. — Dim. 
 L-ii^v'ren^e. ) Lir'ry (Caw'rie, Lau'rie, Scot., lax'vy, 
 
 Ir.) — Fem. Lau'ra, Lau-rin'da. 
 lillz'a-rus. [Heb.] God will help. 
 I.e-aii'der. [Gr.] Lion-man. 
 Lieb-be'iis. [Heb.] Praise. 
 Lieiii'u-el [Heb.] Created by God. 
 Licon'ard (len'ard). [Ger.] Strong or brave as a lion. 
 Lie-6n'i-das. [Gr.] Lion-like. [people. 
 
 Le'o-pold (formerly lep'old). [0. H. Ger.] Bold for the 
 L.e'vi. [H<^b.] Adhesion. See Gen. xxix. 34. 
 liCAV'is (lob'is). [0. H, Ger.] Bold warrior. — Dim. Lou. 
 
 — Fem. Lou-i'sa, Lou-ise^ 
 lii'iius. [Gr.] Flaxen-haired. 
 Lii'o-iiel. [Lat.] Young lion. 
 r,lew-el'lyn (lu-el'lin). [Celt.] Lightning. 
 LiO-S,m'mI. [Heb.] Not my people. 
 Iio'do-wic [0. H. Ger.] The same as LUDOVic, or 
 
 Lewis. [Sp. forms.] 
 
 liO-rgn'zo. [Lat.] The same as Laurence. [It. & 
 r<ot. [Heb.] A veil ; covering. 
 
 Liftu'is. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Lewis. [Fr. form.] 
 L-ii'bin. [A_.-S.] Beloved friend. 
 Iju'ci-an (lu'shi-an). [Lat.] Belonging to, or sprung 
 
 from, Lucius. [Fem. Lu'ci-a, Lu'^y. 
 
 liU'ci-us (IQ'shi-us). [Lat.] born at break of day. — 
 Iiii'do-vi€. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Lewis. [Ger. 
 
 form.] 
 ILuke. [Lat.] Light. 
 L.u'tlier. [Ger.] Illustrious warrior. 
 Liy-eiir'gus. [Gr.] Wolf-driver. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma'doc [W.] Good ; beneficent. 
 MJlI'a-ehi. [Heb] Messenger of the Lord. 
 Ma-nas'-seli. [Heb.] Forgetfulness. 
 Mar-fgl'lus. [Lat.] Dim. of Marcus. 
 Mar'ci-us (m"ar'shi-us). [Lat.] Same as MARCUS. 
 Mar'<!US, ) [Lat.] A hammer; otherwise, a male or, 
 Mark. j sprung from Mars. — Few. Mar''ci-a(-shi'a). 
 Mar 'ma-duke. [A.-S.] A mighty noble. 
 Mar'tin. [Lat.] Of Mars ; warlike. 
 Mat'thew (math'y]}). [Heb.] Gift of Jehovah.— 
 Dim. Mat. 
 
 Mat-tM'as (math-thl'as). [Heb.] Gift of the Lord ; — 
 
 the same as Matthew. 
 Maii'ri^e. [Lat.] Moorish ; dark-colored. 
 Mjix'i-jnil'i-an. [Lat.] The greatest .^Emilianus. 
 M6r'e-ditli. [Celt.] Sea-protector. 
 Mi'-eab. [Heb.] Who is like the Lord? [Mike. 
 
 Mi'cha-el (or ml/kel). [Heb.] Who is like God ? — Dim. 
 Mileg. [Lat.] A soldier. 
 
 Mor'gaii. [Brit.] A seaman ; a dweller on the sea. 
 Mo'§e§. [Egypt.] Drawn out of the water. — Dim. Moge. 
 
 N. 
 
 Na'a-man. [Heb.] Pleasantness. 
 Na'hum. [Heb.] Consolation. 
 Na-po'Ie-on. [Gr.] Lion of the forest-dell. 
 Na'than. [Heb.] Given; a gift. 
 
 g^;;l;IS''f-eL'} [Heb.J The gift of God. 
 
 xir/' I ^^^^■'^ I^^i'k ; swarthy ; otherwist [Celt.], chief. 
 Ne'he-mi'ah. [Heb.] Comfort of the Lord. 
 Ni€^Ja?^' ! ^^^-^ Victory of the people. — Dim. Nick. 
 No 'ah. [Heb.] Hest ; comfort. 
 
 No'el. [Lat. Dies Natalis.] Christmas ; born on Christ- 
 mas da}'. 
 Ndr'man. [Ger.] A Northman ; a native of Normandy. 
 
 0. 
 
 O'ba-di'ah. [Heb.] Servant of the Lord. 
 
 O'bed. [Heb.] Serving God. 
 
 O-e-ta'vi-us, ) [Lat.] The eighth-born. — Fem. Oc-ta' 
 
 0«-ta'vus. ) vi-a. 
 
 6l'i-ver. [Lat.] An olive-tree. 
 
 0-res'te§. [Gr.] A mountaineer. 
 
 Or-ian'do. [Teut.] Same as Rowland. [It. form.] 
 
 ds'-ear. [Celt.] Bounding warrior. 
 
 6-'mund' } to. H. Ger.] Protection of God. 
 OI'wSm.'I [O.H.Ger.] Power of God. 
 0"w'en. [Celt.] Lamb ; otherwise, young warrior. 
 O-zi'as. [Heb.] Strength of the Lord. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pat'rick. [Lat.] Noble ; a patrician. — Dim. Pat, Paddy. 
 p|u'ius.! t^^*'] Little. -Fem.Pau/la. ^j-,^^ 
 
 Pau-li'nus. [Lat.j The same as Paul. — Fem. Pfiu- 
 Pe'leg. [Heb.] Division. 
 Per'e-grine. [Lat.] A stranger. 
 Pe'ter. [Gr.] A rock. — Dim. Pete, Pe'ter-kin. 
 Pbi-15.ii'der. [Gr.] A lover of men. 
 Phi-le'mon. [Gr.] Loving ; friendly. 
 Phil'ip. [Gr.] A lover of horses. — Dim. Phil, Pip. — 
 Feyn. Phi-llp/pa. 
 
 ISS'elb^s.} [I^«^-^ Mouth of brass. 
 Pi'us. [Lat.] Pious ; dutiful. 
 Plm'y. [Lat.] ( Uncertain.) 
 P6I'y-€arp. [Gr.] Much fruit. 
 Pre-§erv'ed. [Eng.] Redeemed. 
 Ptol'e-my (tol'e-my). [Gr.] Mighty in war. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qmn'tin. [Lat.] The fifth. 
 
 R. 
 
 RJllpli (in Eng. often pronounced raf.) [0. H, Ger.l 
 
 Same as Rodolphus. 
 Rah'dal. [A.-S.] House-wolf. 
 Raph'a-el. [Heb.] The healing of God. 
 
 Siy'mSSS:! [O.H.Ger.] Wise protection- 
 
 R6g'i-nald. [0. H. Ger.] Strong ruler. 
 
 Reii'ben. [Heb.] Behold, a son. 
 
 Reii'el. [Heb.] Friend of God. 
 
 Reyn'old. [O.H.Ger.] The same as Reginald. 
 
 Rieh'ard. [0. H. Ger.] Rich-hearted ; powerful. — Dint' 
 Dick, DTck^en, Dick'on (d and r being etymologically con- 
 vertible). 
 
 RSb'ert. [0. H. Ger.] Bright in fame. — Dim. Bob, 
 Dob, Dob'bin, Rob, Rob'in, Pop. 
 
 iood, fo^t ; Urn, rude, pull • fell, ^liaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§; e^ist, linger ; link ; this. 
 
946 
 
 COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 
 
 [0. II. Ger.] Rich in fiime. 
 
 R5cl'er-l€, 
 Kdd'tr-ick. 
 
 KS36!^.h'us. I 10. n. Ger.] Famous wolf, or hero. 
 
 K6g'er. 10. II. Ger.] Kajjious with the spear. — Dim. 
 il •diji', llod^'kia (h and r bdug et} mologically convert- 
 ible). 
 
 Bo'Iand. [0. II. Ger.] Same as Rowland. [Fr. form.] 
 
 Kow'luiitl. to. II. Ger.] Fame of the land. 
 
 Ku'dolplt. I 10. II. Ger] Variations of RODOL- 
 
 Ku-ildl plius. ) Piius. 
 
 Kii'ltis. ILut.] Red; red-haired. 
 
 R\\ pert. 10. U. Ger.] The same as ROBERT. 
 
 SftI'mon. [Ileb.] Shady. 
 
 SAni'son. » [Ileb.] Splendid sun ; i. e., great joy and 
 
 Si^iup'son. ) felicity. 
 
 Sam'u-el. [Ileb.] Heard of God ; asked for of God. — 
 
 Dim. Sam, Sam'my. 
 Saul. [Ileb.] Asked for. 
 SeHba. [Ileb.] Eminent. 
 Se-bas'tian(-bist/yan). [Gr.] Venerable ; reverend. 
 
 Il-Ji'nu«.! t^*] Cahn ; peaceful. 
 
 S6t_li. [Ileb.] Appointed. 
 
 Slia'drft,€h. [Ileb.] Rejoicing in the way. 
 
 Sig'is-miuid. [0. II. Ger.] Conquering protection. 
 
 Si'las. [liiit.] A contraction of SiLVANUS. 
 
 Sil-va'nu.«. [Lat.] Living in a wood. — Fern. Syl'vi-a. 
 
 Sil-v6s'ter. [Lat.] Bred in the country; rustic. — 
 
 Dim. Vrs'ter. Vest. 
 Sim'e-on, 1 [Ileb.] Ilearing with acceptance. — Dim. 
 Sl'mon. ) Sini. 
 
 Sol'o-mon. [ll^b.] Peaceable. — i)/???. S51. 
 Ste'ph'-n (stj'vii). [Gr.] A crown. — D jot. Steve. 
 Switli'in. [A. S.] Strong friend. 
 
 I?l-vs"ntts. } '^^^ '^"^^ ^ SILVANUS. 
 Syl-v6s'ter. The same as Silvester 
 
 Thftd'de-us. [Syr.] The wise. [the people. 
 
 The'o-ba Id (/orwfrZy tib'ald). [0. H. Ger.] Bold for 
 The'o-dore. [Gr.] The gift of God. 
 The-od'o-ri€. [A.-S.] Powerful among the people. 
 The-oph'i-lus. [Gr.] A lover of God. 
 Tlie'rou. [Gr.] A hunter. 
 
 Th5xn'as (tom'as). [Heb.] A twin.— Dim. Tem^ Tum-'- 
 
 my. — Fern. Th6m'a-;"ine (tom'-). 
 Tim'o-lliy. [Gr.] Fearing God. — Dim. Tim. 
 Ti'Uis. [Gr.] (Uncertain.) 
 
 To-bi'ali. I [Ileb.] Distinguished of the Lord. — Dim. 
 To-LI'as. ) To'by. 
 
 Tris'tam. \ [Lat.] Grave; pensive; melancholy; bojv 
 Tris'tram. ) rowful ; sad. 
 Tyb'alt. [0. II. Ger.] A contraction of TUEOBALD- 
 
 U-Iys'se§. [Gr.] 
 Ur'baii. [Lat.] 
 U-ri'ali. [Heb.] 
 fj'ri-aii. [Dan.] 
 U'ri-el. [Ueb.] 
 
 A hater. 
 Of the town ; courteous; polished. 
 
 Light of the Lord. 
 
 A husbandman. 
 Light of God. 
 
 Vai'en-tine- [Lat.] Strong ; healthy ; powerful. 
 Vic'tor. [Lat.] A conqueror. — Few. Vic-to'ri-a. 
 Viii'fent. [Lat.] Conquering. 
 Viv'i-an. [Lat.] Lively. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wal'ter. [0. H. Ger.] Ruling the host. — Dim. Wjt, 
 
 Vv'alt. 
 Wiil'iam. [0. H. Ger.] Resolute helmet, or, helmet of 
 
 resolution ; defense ; protector. — Dim. Will, Willy, and 
 
 (by interchange of convertible letters) Bill, Bil'ly; — Fern. 
 
 AVil'hel-mi'na. 
 "Win'fred. [A.-S.] Win-peace. 
 
 z. 
 
 Zab'di-el. [Heb.] Gift of God. 
 
 Za«-che'us. [Heb.] Innocent; pure. 
 
 Za^li'a-ri'ali, 
 
 ZS<;li'a-rv- 
 
 Za'dok. '[Heb.] Just. 
 
 ii!:''t-2ee"''-! [I'*! Gift of the Lord. 
 Ze-bi'na. [Heb.] Bought. * 
 Z6«li'a-ri'ali. [Heb.] The same as ZACIIARIAH. 
 Zed'_e-lii'ali. [Heb.] Justice of the Lord. 
 Ze-lo'te§. [Gr.] A zealot. 
 Ze'iias. [Gr.] Gift of Jupiter. 
 Zeph'a-m'ali. [Heb.] Hid of the Lord. 
 
 [Heb.] Remembered of the Lord. 
 
 II. NAMES OF WOMEN 
 
 A. 
 
 Ab'i-gail (Sbl-gel). [Heb.] My fkther'a joy. — Dim. 
 
 Xh'hv. 
 4<^li'!.a. [Ileb.] Anklet. 
 A'da. [0. II. Ger.] The same as Edith. 
 Ad-a-line. [0. II. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 
 Ad'e-la. [0. II. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 
 Ad'e-laide. [0. II. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 
 A-deli-a. [0. II. Ger.] A variation of Adela. 
 Ad'e-li'na, I JO. H. Ger.] Of noble birth; a princess. 
 Ad'e-line. 1 — Dim. Ad'dy. 
 Ag'a-tha. [Gr.] Good; kind. 
 j^K'neg. [Gr.] Chaste: pure. 
 AI-l:er'ta. [0. II. Ger.] Feminine of ALBERT. 
 Al'e-the'a. [Gr.] Truth. 
 
 Al'riiaS-Sri'na.} f^^^'^ Feminine of Alexander. 
 Al'iff , ) [0. II. Ger.] The same as Adeline. 
 
 A-lu;'l-a (-lT.«h/i-). I — Dim. Xm, or Al'lle, EPsIe. 
 Al-mi^ra. f Ar.] I>ofty ; a princess. 
 Al-the'a. [Or.] A healer. 
 Am'n-b61 [Lat.] Lovable. 
 A-m?in'da. [Lat.] Worthv to he loved. 
 A-me'li-a (or a-nieel'y4). [0. H. Ger.] Busy ; energetic. 
 — SeeEMELlNE. 
 
 A'mv. [Lat.] Beloved. 
 
 "j"^'. I [Heb.] Grace; — the same as HANNAH. — 
 An^' i ■^''^^- ^^'^^^^ Nan'ny, Nan'fy, NSn, N.'na. 
 An-nette'. [Heb.] A variation of Anne. [Fr. form.] 
 An'toinette'. [Gr.] Diminutive of Antonia. [Fr. 
 form.] — Dim. NGt'ty. 
 
 i^lo-^il}^^^'^ Inestimable. 
 
 Ar'a-b61'la [Lat.] A fair altar; otherwise, an Ara- 
 
 _bian woman. — Dim. Bil'la, Bel. 
 
 A'ri-ftn'a. [Gr.] A corruption of Ariadne. 
 
 Au-gus'ta. [Lat.] Feminine of Augustus. 
 
 Au-re'li-a (or aw-reel'ya). [Lat.]» Feminine of AURE- 
 
 "lius. 
 
 Au-ro'ra. [Lat.] Morning redness ; firesh ; brilliant. 
 
 A-zuHbali. [Heb.] Deserted. 
 
 B. 
 
 BarTba-ra. [Gr.] Foreign ; strange. — Dim. BS,h. 
 Si'a:JrTr')t^^*-l Making happy. 
 Be-lin'da. (Uncertain.) 
 
 »ie,&c., long; &,^,kc., short; c^re, far, ask, Jill, what ; 6re, veil, t6rm; pJLque.firiii; son, or, do, wolf, 
 
COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 
 
 947 
 
 B6n'e-di€t'a. [Lat.] Feminine of Bene Die ttjs. 
 Ber'tlia. [0. H. Ger.] Bright ; beautiful. — Dim. B^r'tj. 
 Bet'sey. [Heb.] A corruption of Elizabeth. 
 
 Bo'na. [Lat.] Good. 
 
 Bridg'et. [Celt.] Strength — DtTn. BId'dy. 
 
 c. 
 
 Ca-mil'la. [Lat.] Attendant at a sacrifice. 
 Car'o-line. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of Carolus, the 
 
 Latin of Charles. [Ft. form.] — BitJi. Car'rie, Cad'clle. 
 Cas-sa.n'dra. [Gr.] She who inflames with love. 
 
 ^x*J^',^''-'"^' } [Gr.] Pure. — Dim. €a'sj, Kate, KSLU- 
 Sllw'^'''"'^' ( ri£ie,Kit,Kit/ty. 
 
 9e-tiJ'i-a, I [Lat.] Feminine of CECIL. — Dim. Sis'ley, 
 
 969'i-ly. ) Sis, Cis. 
 
 Ce-les'tlme. [Lat.] Heavenly. 
 
 Ve'li-a (or seel'ya). [Lat.] Feminine of CcELIUS. [It. 
 
 form.] 
 Chitr'i-ty. [Eng.] 
 
 ^har'lotte. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of Charles. 
 Chlo'e. [Gr.] A green herb; blooming. 
 Chris'tl-an'a, I [Gr.] Feminine of Christianus, Lat. 
 Cliris-ti'na. j for Ckristian. — Dim. ^hrls'sie, Xina 
 
 (zee'na). 
 Ci?'e-ly. [Lat.] A corruption of Cecilia. 
 -eiJtr'a. [Lat.] Brigiit ; illustrious. — Dim. Clare, 
 Clarice, I [Lat.] A variation of Clara. — Dim. 
 €la-ri'»'sa. ) . Cllre. 
 Clau'di-a. [Lat.] Feminine of Claudius. 
 
 €16m'en-tiae. 1 f^^*"^ *^^^ 5 gentle. 
 
 Con'stan^e. [Lat.] Firm ; constant. 
 
 Co'ra. [Gr.] Maiden; — another form of CORINNA. 
 
 Cor de'li-a (or-deel/ya). [Lat.] Warm-hearted. 
 
 Co-rln'na. [Gr.] Maiden. 
 
 Cor-ne'li-a (or -neel'va). [Lat.] Fem. of CORNELIUS. 
 
 9yii'tlii-a. [Gr.] Belonging to Mt. Cynthus. 
 
 D. 
 
 I>6b'o-rali. [Heb.] A bee. — Dim. Deb'by, Deb. 
 De'li-a (or deel'ya). [Gr.] OfDelos. 
 DI-an'5,. [Lat.] Goddess. — i)/^. Di, Die. 
 Di-an'tlia. [Gr.] Flower of Jove; a pink. 
 Dl'nah. [Heb.] Judged. 
 Do'ra. [Gr.] A contraction of Dorothea. 
 Dor'cas. ^ [Gr.] A gazelle. 
 Do-rin'da. [Gr.] The same as Dorothea. 
 Dor'o-tlie'a, I [Gr.] The gift of God. — Dim. DW, DSP- 
 Do r'o-tliy. j ly {I and r being etymologicaUy cen- 
 
 vertible.) 
 Dru-sil'la. { Uncertain.) 
 
 E'dith. [0. H. Ger.] Happiness; otherwise, rich. ^fl. 
 £d'na. [Heb.] Pleasure. 
 
 £l'e-a-nor, 1 [Gr.] Light; — the same as Helen. — 
 £l'i-iior. S Dim. El'la, Nell, Nd'ra. 
 E-li§'a-b6tli, \ [Heb.] Worshiper of God ; consecrated 
 E-liz'a-betli, [ to God. — Diyn. Bess, Bes'sey, Bet'sey, 
 E-Ii'za. ) Bot'ty, LTz'zy, Lib'by, LPja. 
 
 fil'la. [Gr.] A contraction of Eleanor. 
 El'len. [Gr.] A diminutive of Eleanor. 
 El-vi'ra. [Lat.] White. 
 
 Slm'me^Lae. I ^^' ^' ^^^'^ Energetic ; industrious. 
 £m'i-ly. [0. H. Ger.] The same as E:meline. 
 Eni'ma. [0. H. Ger.] The same as Emeline. — Dim. 
 
 Emm, Ern'mle. 
 fir'nes-tiine. [Ger.] Feminine and dim. of Ernest 
 Es'tlier (es'ter). [Per.] A star ; good fortune. 
 Etli'el. [0. H. Ger.] Noble; of noble birth; — the 
 
 same as Adela. 
 Etli'e-lmd, ) rrr i. t xt ^, 
 Etli'e-lTn'da. 1 t^^"*-^ ^^ble snake. 
 Eu-do'ra._ [Gr.] Good gift. 
 Eu-^e'ni-a. [Gr.] Feminine of Eugene. 
 Eu-ge'nle. [Gr.] Same as Eugenia. [Fr. form.l 
 Eu-la'li-a. [Gr.] Fair speech. 
 Eu'nt^e. [Gr.] Happv victory. 
 Eu-phe'mi-a. [Gr.] Of good"report. — Dim. Ef'fYe 
 E'va. [Heb.] Life. 
 
 E-van'ge-line. [Gr.] Bringing glad news 
 Eve. [Heb.] The same as EVA. 
 
 |^',|:J!^g^' } [Heb.] Diminutive of EVA. [It. fonn.] 
 
 F. 
 
 Faitli. [Eng.] 
 
 ran'ny. [Ger.] A diminutive of Frances. 
 
 Faufs-ti'na. [Lat.] Lucky. 
 
 Fe-lic'i-a (fe-lIsh'T-a.) [Lat.] Happiness. 
 
 Fi-de'li-a (or -deel'ya). [Lat.] Faithful. 
 
 Flo'ra. [Lat.] Flowers. 
 
 Flor'en^e. [Lat.] Blooming; flourishing. 
 
 Fraii'^eg. [Ger.] Feminine of Francis. — Dim. FSn'ny, 
 
 Frank. 
 Fred'er-i'ca. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of Frederick. 
 
 — Dim. FrCd^dle. 
 
 G. 
 
 $l6r|S!^' 1 f«^-l ^«^^°« °f GEORGE. 
 
 Ger'al-diue. Feminine of Gerald. 
 
 Ger'trude. [0. H. Ger.] Spear-maiden. — Dim. GSr'- 
 
 tie, TrVj'dy. 
 
 S'-p4^'- /^5/=v.-o\ ![l-at-] Grace, fevor. 
 Gra'ti-a (gra'shi-a). J "^ -■ ' 
 
 Gri-sel'da. [Teut.] Stone-heroine. — Dim. Gris'sd. 
 
 H. 
 
 Han'nali. [Heb.] The same as Anna. 
 
 Har'ri-et, ) [0. H. Ger.] Feminine diminutive of 
 
 Har'ri-ot. j Henry. [Eng. form.]— D/w. H3t'ty. 
 
 nll'S^a. ! ^^""-^ ^^Sht. - Dim. Nell, Ncl'ly. 
 Hen'ri-et'ta. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine and diminutive 
 
 of Henry. [Fr. form.]— I>?w. Et'ta, Hot'ty. 
 Hepli'zi-bali. [Heb.] My delight is in her. 
 
 SKiber (hf s/ter). } [^^'^-l ^he same as ESTHER. 
 Hi-la^i-a. [Lat.] Feminine of Hilary. 
 
 io:Si;jf4.|[^'l Honon.ble. 
 
 Hope. [Eng.] 
 
 Hor-ten'si-a (hor-t€n'shT-a). [Lat.] A lady gardener. 
 
 Hul'dab. [Heb.] A weasel. 
 
 I. 
 I'da. [0. H. Ger.] GodUke. 
 i'Biez. [Gr.] The sames as AGNES. [Pg. form.] 
 T-re'ne. [Gr.] Peaceful. 
 
 I§'a-bel, 1 [Heb.] Thesame as Elizabeth. —ihm. 
 I§'a-b6ria. ) Btl, Bel'14. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jame§-ii'iia. [Heb.] Feminine of James. 
 
 Jane. [Heb.] Feminine of John ; — same as Joanna. 
 
 Ja-net' (in Scot, if U. S. ; JSu'et in Eng.). [Heb.] 
 
 Dim . of J ANE . 
 jaq'ue-line. [Heb.] Feminine of James. [Fr. form.] 
 
 jlanne I t^^^l ^^*^ ^ame as Jane or Joan. 
 
 Jean-n6tte'. > t*""^- ^"""^^-^ 
 
 Je-mi'ma. [Heb.] A dove. 
 
 Je-rii'sba. [Heb.] Possessed; married. 
 
 Joan', ) 
 
 Jo-an'na, [[Heb.] Feminine of John. 
 
 Jo-hjln'na. ) 
 
 Jo-?e'pba, 1 [Heb.] Feminine of Joseph. — i>tm. 
 
 Jo'§epb-me. ) Jo'zy, Phe'ny. 
 
 Jov<'e. [Lat.] Sportive. 
 
 Jil'dith. [Heb.] Praised. — Dzw. Jia'dy. 
 
 JuTi-a (or jaFy.^). [Lat.] Feminine of JULIUS. 
 
 Ju'li-an'a. [Lat.] Feminine of Julian. 
 
 Ju'li-et. [Lat.] Diminutive of JULIA. [Fr. form.] 
 
 Jus-ti'na. [Lat.] Feminine of Justin. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kath'er'St' ! f^^-] '^^ ^"'^ ^ CATHARINE. 
 BLe-tii'rab. [Heb.] Incense. 
 Ke-zi'ab. [Heb.] Cassia. 
 
 food, fo^ot ; lirn, rvide, puU : fell, ^haise, «all, e€bo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, Unk ; this. 
 
948 
 
 COMMON K.NGLlvSII CHRISTIAN NAMES. 
 
 Lau'ra. [Lat.) A laurel. 
 Lau-rin'da. (Lat.] A variation of LAURA. 
 l^ji-vin'i-a. [Lat.] OfLntiuin. 
 L.e'o-no'ra. [Ur.j The .<;uuo :»* Eleanor. 
 
 L.e-ti'U-a(le-tish'i-A). [Lat.] Happiness. 
 IfCt'tive. A corruption of LETITIA. 
 
 tSi?"'!"^" ■-"•>• 
 
 Lo'is. [Gr.] Good; desirable. 
 
 Lo-rin'da. A TOriation of Laurinda. 
 
 Lou -I'ga, ( [0. 11. Ger.] Feminine of LOUIS. — Diw?. 
 
 Lciu-ise'. ) LQU'ie. ,t* ^ i 
 
 Lu'ii-a (-shT-a). [Lat.] SameasLUCV. [It. form.] 
 
 Lu-viM'da. [Lat.J The same as LUCY. 
 
 I^ii'i-re^e, I [Lat.] Gain; otherwise, 
 
 Lu-cre'ti-a (lu-kre'shT-a). ) light. 
 
 Lii't-v. [Lat.] Feminine of LUCIUS. 
 
 L.yd'i-a. [Gr.] A native of Ljdia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 M. 
 
 MaT>el. [Lat.] A contraction of Amabel. 
 MJid'e-line. [Heb.] Same as Magdalene. [Fr. 
 
 Mag'da-lene(proper/j/m5g'da-le'ne). [Heb.] Belong- 
 ing to Magdala. — Dm?. Maud, Maud'lin, Maun. 
 
 Mar-c61'la. [Lat.] Feminine of Ma RCELLUS. 
 
 Mar'ci-a (-shi-). Feminine of Marcius. 
 
 Mar'ga-ret. [Gr.] A pearl. — Dim. Gritty, MSg.MSdge, 
 Mag'^y, Mar'gie, Mar'ger-y, Meg, Mtg'gy, Me'ta, Peg, 
 Peg gv (m and p being cognate letters). 
 
 Ma-ri'a. [Heb.] The same as Marv. [Lat. form.] 
 
 Ma'ri-Sniie'. [Heb.] A compound of Mary and Anne. 
 
 Mftr'i-on. [Heb.] A French form of Mary. 
 
 Mar'tlia. [Heb.] The ruler of the house: othericise, 
 sorrowful : melancholy. —Dim. Mat, M:lt'ty,Pat, Pat'ty. 
 
 Ma'ry. [Heb.] Bitter : othenvise, their rebellion, or 
 star 'of the sea. — D(W. Moll, Mol'lv, Pol, PoMv, May. 
 
 Ma-tliil'da (-tn'), ) [0. H. Ger.] Mightv battle-maid; 
 
 Ma-til'da. ) heroine. — Dim. MSt, M5t/ty, 
 
 Maud, Pit'ty {m andp being convertible). 
 
 Maiid. A contraction of Mathilda, or Magdalene. 
 
 May. The month of MAY", or a diminutive of MARY". 
 
 ;j*'-J?*;»-,YJ ' ! [Heb.] Benefited of God. 
 Me-nit'a-ble. ) "^ ^ 
 
 M61'i-f ent. [Lat.] Sweet singer ; otherwise [Teut.], 
 
 work -strength. 
 
 Me-lis'sa. [Gr.] A bee. 
 
 Bler'fy. [Eng.] 
 
 MO'dred. [Ger.] Mild threatener. 
 
 Mi-ran'da. [Lat.] Admirable. 
 
 MiWi-am. [Heb.] The same as MARY. 
 
 3Iy'ra. [Gr.] She who weeps or laments. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nan'cv. A familiar form of Annt:. — Di7n. Nan, NSnce, 
 
 N-i'na*. 
 No'ra. A contraction of Honora, and of Leonora. 
 
 PlioeTje. [Gr.] Pure ; radiant. — Dim. PhSbe. 
 Plivl'lis. [Gr.] A green bough. 
 F61'lv. [Eng.] A variation of MOLLY, from Mary. 
 Fris-^il'la. [Lat.] Somewhat old. 
 Fr^i'den^e. [Eng.] 
 
 R. 
 
 [Heb.] A ewe, 
 
 Of enchanting beauty. — Ditn, 
 
 A fair rose. 
 
 Ra'chel 
 
 Ke-be«'-ea, I [Heb.] 
 Ke-bek'ah. ) Becky 
 Kho'da (ro'da). [Gr.] A rose. 
 Ko'§a. [Lat.] A rose. 
 
 Kos'a-bel-la. j ^^^^ J 
 
 Ko-§a'li-a, I [Lat.] Little and blooming rose 
 
 Kosj'a-lie. ) It. forms.] 
 
 K6§'a-liiid. [Lat.] Beautiful as a rose. 
 
 Kos'a-mond. [Teut.] Horse-protection, i. e, 
 
 protection. 
 Kox-Sn'a. [Per.] Dawn of day. 
 Kutli. [Heb.] Beauty. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sa-bi'na. [Lat.] A Sabine woman. 
 Sa-bri'na. [Lat.] The River Severn. 
 Sa-lotne' ( properly sa-16^me). [Heb.] Peaceful. 
 Sai'va. [Lat.] Safe. 
 st'raii 1 ^^^^■'i ^ princess. — Dim. Sal, SaHy. 
 
 [Fr. and 
 
 0. 
 
 Oe-ta'vi-a. [Lat.] Feminine of Octavius. — Dim. Ta'- 
 Tv.Tave. 
 
 o-nI^i"-a.lt^tl A°oii^«- 
 
 O-phe'li-a (or 0-feePy a) [Gr.] Serpent. 
 O-lj-iia'pi-a. [Gr.] Heavenly. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa'tlen^e (pa'shenss). [Eng.] 
 
 I'au'la. [Lat.] Feminine of PAULUS, or PAUIi. 
 
 I'HU-limf'.' I f^*-^ Feminine of Paulinus. 
 I'«'-n61'o-pe. [Gr.] A weaver. 
 PerVii*. [Gr.] A Persian woman. 
 Phe1»«*. [Gr.] The same as Ph(EBE. 
 PhT-lip'pa. [Gr.] Feminine of Philip. 
 Phil'Iis. [Gr.] The same as Phyllis. 
 
 fee-irna. 
 
 be-re'ua. 
 
 SOj'yl, 
 
 Si-byPIa. 
 
 So-plu'a. 
 
 [Gr.] Parsley: otherwise, moon. 
 [Lat.] Feminine of Serenus or Sereito, 
 
 [ [Gr.] A prophetess. 
 
 [Gr.] Wisdom. — Dm?. So^phy. 
 So-pliro'ni-a. [Gr.] Of a sound mind. 
 Stel'la. [Lat.] A star. 
 Steph'a-na. [Gr.] Feminine of Stephen. 
 Su'§an. 
 Su-§an'na, 
 Su-§au'nali 
 
 [Heb.] A lily. — Dirn. Sue, Suke, Sansj, 
 Su'zy. 
 
 Tab'i-tha. [Syr.] A gazelle. 
 
 Tem'per-anfe. [Eng.] 
 
 Tlie^o-do'ra. [Gr.] Feminine of THEODORE. — Dim. 
 
 Do'ra. 
 The^o-do'gi-a (the'o-do'zhi-a). [Gr.] The gift of God. 
 Tlie-re'sa. [Gr.] Carrying ears of com. — Dim. Ter'- 
 
 ry, Tra'^y. 
 Thom'a-sa (t5m'-), ) [Heb.] Feminine of THOMAS, — 
 Tliom'a-sme. J Di7?j. Tam'z'ine. 
 
 Ti?§;-phe'iia. [Gr.] Delicate: luxurious. 
 Try-plio'sa. [Gr.] Luxurious ; dainty. 
 
 u. 
 
 [0. H. Ger.] Rich. 
 [Gr.] Heavenly ; — the name of one of tho 
 
 [Lat.] She-bear. 
 
 tJl'ri-ca. 
 U-ra'ni-a. 
 
 Muses. 
 ^r'su-la. 
 
 Va-le'ri-a. [Lat.] Feminine of Valerius. 
 Vic-to'ri-a. [Lat.] Victory. Feminine of VICTOR. 
 Vi'da. [Erse.] Feshnine of David. 
 Vi'o-la. [Lat.] A violet. 
 Vir-gin'i-a. [Lat.] Virgin ; pure. 
 Viv'i-an. [Lat.] Lively. 
 
 AY. 
 
 "WHIiel-mi'na. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of Wilhelm, 
 German of William. —Dim. \Vil'mett, WU'mot, Mi'na, 
 Mi-nC-Ha. 
 
 Wm'i-fr6d. [Teut.] A lover of peace. 
 
 z. 
 
 Ze-noHbi-a. [Gr.] Having life from Jupiter. 
 
 a,_e, &c.. ^onif ; a, 6, &c.,sAorf, care, far, ask. all, what: ere, veQ, term: pique, firm; son.or.do, wolt 
 food, fdbt; iu-n, r^de, pull; 9ell, ^liauie, «all,'e€bo; gem, get; a§,- e^t, linger, liQk ; tliia 
 
QUOTATIONS, 
 
 WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS, 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, 
 
 ^HEQUENTLY occurring in ENGLISH BOOKS, IN PERIODICALS, AND IN CONVERSATION, 
 RENDEJREr) IISTTO EN^O-LISH. * 
 
 SELECTED AND TRANSLATED BY 
 
 WILLIAM G. WEBSTER, 
 
 NOTE. — L. Latin ; Fr. French ; It. Italian ; Sp. Spanish ; Gr. Greek. 
 
 A has. [Fr.] Down ; at the foot ; upon the ground ; — bon 
 chat, bon rat, to a good cat a good rat ; set a thief to catch 
 a thief ; — bon marche, cheap ; at a bargain ; — bras 
 ouverts, with open arms ; — cliaque saint sa chandelle, to 
 each saint his candle ; — chevai, on horseback ; — compte, 
 on account ; — coup sur^ with certainty ; surely ; — convert, 
 under cover ; — discretion, at discretion ; — Jin de, to the 
 end that ; — gauche, to the left ; — grands frais, at great 
 expense ; — l^abandon, at random ; — la bonne heure, in 
 good time ; very well ; excellent ; — l^abri, under shelter ; — 
 la campagne, in the country ; — la Franfuise, after the 
 French mode ; — la Grecque, after the Greek fashion ; — 
 P America! tie, after the American fashion ; — la mode, in 
 fashion ; — PAnglaise, after the Enghsh fashion ; — la Pa- 
 risienne, after the Parisian fashion ; — Penvi, emulously ; 
 
 — levant, to the east ; — fextremite, at the point of death ; 
 without resource ; — Vimproviste, unawares ; on a sudden ; 
 
 — Vllalienne, in the Italian mode; — Poutrance, to the 
 utmost ; — ma puissance, to my power ; — merveille, to a 
 wonder ; — moitic, by halves ; — peindre, worth painting ; 
 — perte de vue,o\it of sight; — pied, on foot; — plomb, 
 perpendicularly ; — propos, to the point; — propos de hol- 
 ies, apropos to boots ; without reason ; — propos de.rien, 
 apropos to nothing ; not pertinently ; — tort et d travers, 
 at cross-purposes ; — toute force, with all one's force ; — 
 tout outrance, to the utmost. 
 
 A capite ad calcem. [L.] From head to foot ; — cruce salus, 
 salvation from the cross ; — dato, from date ; — Deo et 
 rege, from God and the king ; — die, fnoxo. that day on ; — 
 fortiori, with stronger reason ; — maximis ad minima, 
 from the greatest to the least ; — mensa et thoro, from bed 
 and board; — parte ante, from the part gone before; 
 past ; — posse ad esse, from possibility to reality ; — pos- 
 teriori, from the effect to the cause ; — priori, from the 
 cause to the effect ; — teneris annis. from tender years ; — 
 verbis ad verbera, from words to blows ; — vinculo matri- 
 monii, from the tie of marriage. 
 
 A prima vista. [It.] At first sight. 
 
 Ab extra. [L.] From without ; — hoc et ab hac, from this 
 and that ; confusedly ; — inconvenienti, from the inconve- 
 nience ; — incunabilis, from the cradle; — initio, from 
 the beginning ; — intra, from within ; — origin^, from the 
 origin or beginning ; — ovo usque ad mala, fi'om the egg 
 to the apples ; from beginning to end ; — uno disce omnes, 
 from one learn all ; from a single instance infer the whole ; 
 
 — wfie condila, from the founding of the city (Rome). 
 Absence d'' esprit. [Fr.] Absence of mind. 
 
 Absente reo. [L.] The defendant being absent. 
 
 Absit invidia. [L.] Let there be no ill will. 
 
 Absque ulla conditions [L.] Unconditionally. 
 
 Abusus non tollit usum. [L.\ Abuse is not an argument 
 
 against proper use. 
 ^ccedas ad curiam. [L.] You may come into court ; — a 
 
 writ at common law, in English practice. 
 iccessit. [L.] He came near ; — applied to a testimonial 
 
 for one second in merit 
 Acerrima proximorum odia. [Lat.^ The hatred of the 
 
 nearest relatives is most intense. 
 Aeerta errando. [Sp.] He blunders into the right. 
 
 Actum est de republicct. [L.] It is all over with the com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 Ad arhitrium. [L.] At pleasure ; — astra, to the stars, or to 
 an exalted state ; — astra per aspera, to the stars through 
 difficulties ; — Calendas Grxcas, at the Greek Calends ; i. 
 e., never, as the Greeks had no Calends; — captandum 
 vulgus, to catch the rabble ; — eundem (sc. gradum), to 
 the same degree ; — extremum, to the extreme ; — Jinem, 
 to the end ; — gustmn, to one's taste ; — hominem, to the 
 man ; that is, to his interests and passions ; — infinitum, 
 to infinity ; — inquirendum, for inquiry ; — interim, in the 
 mean while ; — internecionem, to destruction ; — libitum, 
 at pleasure ; — modum, after the manner of ; — nauseam, 
 to disgust ; — patres, to his fathers ; that is, dead ; — re- 
 ferendum , to be further considered ; — rem. , to the point ; 
 
 — unguem, to the nail, or touch of the nail; exactly; 
 nicely; — utrumque paratus, prepared for either event; 
 
 — valorem , according to the value. 
 
 Adscriptus glebas. [L.] Belonging or attached to the soil. 
 
 jEgrescit medendo. [L.] The remedy is worse than the 
 disea.«!e. [mind. 
 
 JEquam servare mentem. [L.] To preserve an equable 
 
 JEquanimiter. [L.] With equanimity. 
 
 JEquo animo. [L.] With an equable mind ; with equa- 
 nimity, [ever. 
 
 JEre perennius. [L.] More lasting than brass ; enduring 
 
 JEtatis suae. [L.] Of his age ; of her age. 
 
 Affaire d''amour. [Fr.] A love affair; — d''honneur, an 
 affair of honor ; — du caeur, an affair of the heart. 
 
 Affirmatim. [L.] In the affirmative. 
 
 Agenda. [L.] Things to be done. 
 
 Aide toi, et le del Vaidera. [Fr.] Help yourself, and 
 Heaven will help you. 
 
 Alereflammam. [L.] To feed the flame. 
 
 Alia tentanda via est. [L.] Another method must be tried. 
 
 Alieni avpetens, sui profusus. [L.] Lavish of his own 
 property while coveting that of others. 
 
 Aliquando bonus dormltat Homerus. [L.] Even the good 
 Homer sometimes nods. [motto of Oregon. 
 
 Alis volat propriis. [L.] She flies with her own wings ; — 
 
 AUegresse. [Fr.] Sprightliness. 
 
 Allez vous en. [Fr.] Away with you. 
 
 Allons. [Fr.] Let us go ; come. 
 
 Alma mater. [L.] A fostering mother. 
 
 Al piu. [It.] At most. [similar. 
 
 Alter ego. [L.] Another self; — idem, another precisely 
 
 Amantium irae. [L.] Lovers' quarrels. [tion. 
 
 Amende honorable. [Fr.] Satisfactory apologv ; repara- 
 
 Amicus curix. [L. ] A friend of the court ; — humani gen- 
 eris, a friend of the human race ; — Plato, amicus Socra- 
 tes, sed magis arnica Veritas, Plato is mv friend, Socrates 
 is my friend, but truth is more my friend ; — usque ad 
 aras, a friend even to the altar. 
 
 Amor patrise. [L.] Love of country. 
 
 Am.our fait heaiicnup, mais argent fait tout. [Fr.] Love 
 is potient, but money is omnipotent. 
 
 Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love; vanity. 
 
 And en regime. [Fr.] Ancient order of things. 
 
 Anglici CL.] According to the English manner. 
 
 (949^ 
 
950 
 
 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 Anguis in hrrba. [L.] A snake in the pi-ass. 
 
 Animal implume bipes. [L.] A bipod auinml without 
 fvHthers ; that is, man. [sources. 
 
 AiMtnis opihusque parati. [L.] Prepared in mind and re- 
 
 Animo etji'te. [L.] By or with courage and faith ; — hjh 
 astutid, by courage, not by craft. 
 
 Animus f'urandi. [L.] The intention of stealing. 
 
 Anno fviatis sua'. [L.] In the \ ear of his or her age; — 
 CJiristi, in the year of Christ ; — Domini, in the j ear of 
 our Lord; — mundi, in the year of the world; — urbis 
 comiila', in the .>ear the city (Rome) was built. 
 
 Annus mirabitis. [L.] Year of wonders. 
 
 Antebellum. [L.] Before the war ;— /z/cew , before light ; 
 — meridiem, before noon. [tuc and fidelity. 
 
 Antiqtia homo virtute etjide. [L.] A man of ancient vir- 
 
 Appetitus rntioni pareat. [L.] Let appetite yield to reason. 
 
 Appui. [Vv.] Point of support. 
 
 Aqua liar. [L.] Brandy; spirit; alcohol. 
 
 Arbiter eleganliarum. [li] An umpire in matters of taste. 
 
 Arcana calestia. [L.] Heavenly secrets ; — twperw, state 
 secrets. 
 
 Ardentia verba. [L.] Words that burn. 
 
 Argent comptant. [Fr.] Heady money. 
 
 Argumenlum ad crumenam. [L.] An argument to the 
 purse; an appeal to interest; — ad hominem,a,n argu- 
 ment deriving its force from the situation of the person 
 to whom it is addressed ; — ad ignorantiam, an argument 
 founded on an adversary's ignorance of facts ; — ad invi- 
 diam, an appeal to low passions or reasoning; — ad vere- 
 cundiam, an argument to modesty; — baculinum, club 
 law ; appeal to force. 
 
 Arrectis auribus. [L.] With attentive ears. 
 
 Arriire pensde. [Fr.] A mental reservation. 
 
 Ars est celare artem. [L.] True art is to conceal art. 
 
 Ars longa, vita brevis. [L.] Art is long, but life is short. 
 
 Astra castra, Numen lumen. [L.] The stars my camp, 
 the Deity my light. 
 
 At spes nonfracla. [L.] But hope is not broken. 
 
 Au bon droit. [Fr.] To the just right ; — bout de son Latin., 
 at the end of his Latin ; to the extent of his knowledge ; — 
 contraire, on the contrary ; — de.tespoir. in despair ; —fait, 
 well instructed ; expert ; — pis aller, at the worst ; — reste, 
 as for the rest ; — revoir, adieu until we meet again. 
 
 Aude sapere. [L.] Dare to be wise. 
 
 Audi alteram partem. [L.] Hear the other side. 
 
 Aura popular is. [L.] The gale of popular favor. 
 
 Aurea mediocritas. [L.] The golden mean ; neither wealth 
 nor poverty. 
 
 Auri sacra fames. [L.] The accursed thirst for gold. 
 
 AussitOt dit, aussitOt fait. [Fr.] No sooner said than 
 done. [many mind;*. 
 
 Autant d''hommes, autant d^avis. [Fr.] So many men, to 
 
 Aut Caesar aut nuUus. [L.] Either Caesar or nobody. 
 
 Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit. [L.] The man is 
 either mad, or else he is making verses. 
 
 Aut vincere aut mori. [L.] Either to conquer or to die. 
 
 Aux armes. [Fr.] To arms. 
 
 Auxilium ab alto. [L.] Help from on high. 
 
 Avant propos. [Fr.] PreUminary matter ; preface. 
 
 B 
 
 Banco regis. [L.] On the king's bench. 
 
 Bas bleu. [Fr.] A blue-stocki.ig. 
 
 Beau monde. [Fr.] The fashionable world. 
 
 Beaux esprils. [Fr.] Gay spirits; men of wit ; — yeux, 
 Handsome eyes ; that is, attractive looks. 
 
 Bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. 
 
 Bella .' horri/Ja bella .' [L.] Wars 1 horrid wars ! 
 
 Bellum internecinum . [L.] A war of extermination ; — 
 letlude, a deadly war. 
 
 Benigjio numine. [L.] By the favor of Providence. 
 
 B(n trovato. [It.] Well found ; a happy invention. 
 
 Bite no ir. [Fr.] A blnck beast : a bugbear. 
 
 Bienseance. [Fr.] Civility ; decorum. 
 
 BiUet d^amour, \ rr. i » i ^ 1.1. 
 
 BiUetdoux. '[ fP"^! A love-letter. 
 
 Bis dat qui ritd dat. [L.] He who gives promptly gives 
 twice as much. [allowed in war. 
 
 P« peccare in bello non licet. [L.] To blunder twice is not 
 
 Bis jrufri sen's. [L.] Old men are twice bo ;%. 
 
 Bis vincitj qui se vinclt in victoria. [L.] He conquers a 
 second time, who controls himself in victory. 
 
 Bizarre. [F.] Odd; fantaPtic. 
 
 Blast'. [Fr.] Pallid; surfeited; rendered incapable of con- 
 tinued enjovment. 
 
 Bona fid/:. [L.] In good fiith. 
 
 Bon arni. [Fr.] Good friend; — Qrc mal grd, willing or 
 unwilling ; —jour, prjod dav : eood morning ; — soir, good 
 
 jHonhfniiie. [Fr.] Good-naturtd simplicity. [evening. 
 
 Bonne foi. [Fr.] Good faith. 
 
 Bouleversemmt. [Fr.] Overturning ; subversion. 
 
 Boutez en avant. [Fr.] Push forward. [power. 
 
 Brachium seculare aut civile. [L.] The secular or civil 
 
 Brevet dUnvention. [Fr.] A patent. 
 
 Brevi manu. [L.] With a short hand ; extemporaneously. 
 
 Brevis esse laboro, obscurusjio. [L.] In endeavoring to be 
 
 concise, I become obscure. 
 Brutum fulmen. [L.J A harmless thunderbolt. 
 
 Cacoethes. [L.] An evil habit ; — loguendi, a rage fbr 
 
 speaking ; — scribendi, an itch for scribbling. 
 Cxca est mvidia. [L.] Envy is biind 
 Cxtera desunc. [L.] The remainder is wanting. 
 Cseteris paribus. [L.] Other thii.gs bciisg equal. 
 Campus Martins. [L.] A plate of miiitar^ exercise. 
 Candida Pax. [L.] AVhite-robtd Pcate. 
 Capias ad respondendum. [L.] You may take to answer; 
 
 — a writ for taking and keeping the defendant to answer 
 the plaintilf in the action. 
 
 Capias ad suti.^acitndum. [L.] You may take to satisfy; 
 
 — a writ for takicg and keeping the party nau.ed until 
 he gives satisfaction to the party by whom it is issued. 
 
 Capitulum. [L.] Head ; fecticn. 
 
 Cuptatio benevolentisp. [L.] A curr} ing favor. 
 
 Caput mortuum. [L.] The worthless lemains. 
 
 Carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the present day ; — et colligere, to 
 
 collect together. 
 Caisis tutissima virtus. [L.] Virtue the safest defenee. 
 Casus belli. [L.] That which involves or justif es war ; — 
 
 conscientiw, a case of conscience ; — fcederis, the end of 
 
 the league. 
 Catalogue rai.tonne. [Fr.] A catalogue of books arranged 
 
 according to their subjects. 
 Causa sine qu& non. [L.] A condition which Ls irdifpen- 
 
 sable. [the bu^er beware. 
 
 Caveat actor. [L.] Let the doer beware; — imptor, let 
 Cedant arma tcgsc. [L.] Let arn-s 3 ield to the gown. 
 Cide Deo. [L.] Submit to Providence. [fools. 
 
 Ce monde e.vf plein de fovs. [Fr.] The wcrld is full of 
 Ce n'^fst que le premier pas qui coHte. [Fr.] It is only the 
 
 first step which is difficult. 
 Certum pete fnem . [L.] Aim at a certain erd. 
 Cessante causa, cessat ejjectus. [L.] The etiect ceases with 
 
 the cau.'^e. [thing. 
 
 Cest une autre chose. [Fr.] That is quite a difi^erent 
 Cliacun d son goiit. [Fr.] Every one to his ta.«ite. 
 Champs Elystes. [Fr.] Eh eian Fields. [hat. 
 
 Chapeau bas. [Fr.] Hats off; — bras, a nrilitary cocked 
 Ckapelle ardrntc. [Fr.] Caudles f et round a cofiln. 
 Chasse cousin. [Ft.] Ead wine given to drive away poor 
 
 relations. 
 Chateaux en Espagne. [Fr.] Castles in Spain, the land 
 
 of romance ; castles in the air. 
 Chef de cuisine. [Fr.] Head cook. 
 Chef-d'auvre. [Fr.] A niasterpitce. 
 Chere amie. [Fr.] A dear fiiend ; a miftress. 
 Che sard, sard. [It.] Whatever m ill be, v ill be. 
 Chevalier 'dUndvstrie. [Fr.] A knight of industry ; one 
 
 who lives by t'ersevericg fraud. 
 Chi tace confessa. [It.] Silence is confession. [crimes. 
 Chronique scandalrvse. [Fr.] A cbrouicle of vices and 
 Ci-devant. [Fr.] Formerly ; forn or. 
 Circuiius verborum. [L.] A circumlocution. [ten. 
 
 Cito maturvm., citu putridum. [L.] Soon ripe, roon rot- 
 Civilitas succe.'isit larbarum. [L.] Ci\ilizatiou cucceeda 
 
 barbarism ; — motto of Minre.«ota wh( n a territory. 
 Cliirinr e tenebris. jL.J Moie bright from obrciuity. 
 Clarum et vemrabile nomen. [L.] An illustiious and ven- 
 erable name. 
 Calebs, quid agam ? [L.] Leing a bachelor, what .'hall T do? 
 Cahtm, non animvm, mutant, qui trans mare currunt. [L.J 
 
 They change their sky, not their afifectious, who crosa 
 
 the fea. 
 Cana Domini. [L.] The Lord's Supper. 
 Cngito, ergo sum. [L.] I think, theiefore I exist. 
 Comitasintfr gentes. [L.] Politeress between nations. 
 Comme il faiit. [Fr.] As it should be. 
 Commune brmum. [L.] A common good. 
 Communi consensu. [L.] By common consent. 
 Compagnon de voyage. |Fr.] A traveling companion 
 Crmponere litrs. [L.] To settle disputes. 
 Compos vientis. [L.] Of a Found n.ind. 
 Compte rendu. [Er.] Account rendered ; report 
 Cnn amore. [It.] With love ; earnestly. 
 Condo n-t rlrrum. [L.] A (JistScur.e to the clergy. 
 Conrnr./ia discors. [L.] Liscordant harmony. 
 Conge U'elire. [Fr.] A leave to elect. 
 
QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 951 
 
 Canjitnetis viribtis. [L.] With united powere. 
 ConquiesccU in pace. [L.] May he rest iu peace. 
 ConseilffJtat. [Fr.] A council of state. 
 Consensus facis iegern. [L.j tonsjeac makes the law. 
 Consilio ei anim s. [L.j By wisdom and courage; — et 
 
 prit lentia, by counsel and prudeuce. 
 Constantid et virtuie. [L.J By consUncy and virtue. 
 Cjnlri bonjs mvres. [L.J Against good manners 
 Copia vrborwn. [L.J Copioasness of words ; hence, flu- 
 ency of speech. 
 Coram nobis. [L.J Before us; — non y«i/tce, before one 
 
 wao is not the proper jad^e. 
 Gorton saniiaire. [b'r.J A line of troops to prevent the 
 
 spre iling of pestilence. 
 Corps te girle. [Fr.] A bod/ of men who watch in a 
 guarJ-rooai ; tie guard-room itself; — dipiomalique, a 
 diplomjitic boJ/. [oJejse. 
 
 Corpxii ie/icti. [L.J The substance, or foundatioa of tne 
 Cor unun,vi^ una. [L.J Oae lieirt, one way. 
 CouleuT de rose. [Fr.J Rose color; an aspect of attrac- 
 tiveness. 
 Coup d^ssai. [Fr.J A first essay; attempt; — d'etat, a 
 Btroke of policy ia pabiic aliirs ; — de grace, a finishing 
 stroke; — de main, a sudJ^'i enterpriie or e Jort ; — de 
 miitre, a mazier-stroke ; — de pied, a kick ; — de soleil, a 
 stroke of the snn. 
 Courige sans peur. [Fr.] Courage without fear. 
 Coite qu'il cj~ite. [Fr.J Let i; cost want it may. 
 Crelat Jutxits Apella! [L.] Let ApeUa, the supersti- 
 
 tiou-! Jew, believe it. 
 
 Crede quo t kabss, et liabes. [Lat.] Believe that you have 
 
 it, and you have it. [po-ssible. 
 
 Credo quia impossibile est. [L.] I believe because it is im- 
 
 Creszite, et multip'A'amini. [L.] Gro.v, or increase, and 
 
 multiply ; — tie motio of Mar_, land. 
 Creszit eun 1j. [L.J It iacrease} by going ; — sub pondere 
 
 virtus, virtue lacreases under a weight or burden. 
 Crimen f. lis i . [L.J Falseiood; perjury; — Ixsse majesta- 
 
 tis, high treisoa. 
 Cruz criticorum. [L.] The puzzle of critics ; — mathema- 
 
 ticorum, the puzzle of mathematicians. 
 Cui bono? [L J For wiose benefit? CoUoquiaU]/, but er- 
 
 roTUiiusly, of what use ? 
 Cum grano sa'.is. [L.J '.Tlth a grain of salt ; with some 
 
 allowance ; — privilegh, vriti privilege. 
 Cu'iosa feiie'tas. [L.j A ftlicitoas tact. 
 Carre nte caiamo. [L.J With :i ranning or rapid pen. 
 Custos morum. [L.J Tie guardian of morality ',—rotit- 
 lorum, keeper of tae roUs. 
 
 D. 
 
 D^aceord. [Fr.J Agreed ; in tune. 
 
 Ba locum meUoribus. [L.J Give place to your betters. 
 
 Dal segno. [It.J Repeat from tae sign. 
 
 Dam's de la ka'.le. [Fr.J Mirket women. 
 
 Damnant o'to I non intelligunt. [L.J Tney condemn what 
 the/ do not cojiprehend. 
 
 Damnum absjue injuria. [L.J A loss without an i-ijury. 
 
 Dare pan i'ts fumo. [L.J To give wei^ iS to smoke. 
 
 D%ta fata secitts. [L.J Folio. via.? revealed destinr. 
 
 Date o'j-ylurn Btlisario. [L.J Give a pean/ to Belisirius. 
 
 Darus sum, non CEHpus. [L.J I am Davus, not lEdipus ; 
 a .simple servant, not a coojarer. 
 
 Da bon 's non. [L.J Of tie goods not yet administered on ; 
 — die in diem, from da/ ta day ; — facto, from the fict; 
 really ; — g tstibcs non est dlsputanlnm, there i.^ no dis- 
 puting about tistes ; — jure, from the law ; b/ right ; — 
 mortu-s nil niiibrnum,s\y nothing but good of tie dead ; 
 — nihi'o niiil /it, of not lixx notaiag is made; — novo, 
 anew ; — pro fun (is, out of tie depti-!. 
 
 De bonne gr'ire, [Fr.J VYiilin^ly ; — mal en pis, from bad 
 to worse ; — trop, too much, or too man? ; not wanted. 
 
 Decept'i c'sfts [L.J An illusioa of tic sight. 
 
 Decies rep^iiti placebit. [L.J Taouga ten times repeated, 
 it .vill pie ise. 
 
 Decipimtr sp'cie recti. [L.] We are deceived by the an 
 pearance of rectitude. 
 
 De'iors. [Ft.] mtioat ; out of; fr»reign ; irrelevant. 
 
 Dei gratia. [L.J B/ tie grace of God. 
 
 D-ji-^ner d la fourchette. [Fr.J A meit breakfast. 
 
 Delenfaest Cirfiago. [L.J Carthage must be destroyed. 
 
 D'^mi-ji'tr. [Fr.J Partial light. 
 
 Demi-monfe. [Fr.J Disreputable female society; aban- 
 doned women. 
 
 Peo date. [L.J Give to God : — duce. God being my leader ; 
 —favente, \rith God's favor ; — ^ratios, thanks to God : 
 — juvante, with God's help; — no n for tuna, from God, 
 not fortune ; — volente, God willing. 
 
 Dernier ressort. [Fr.J A laat resource. I 
 
 Desiderata curiosa. [L.J Things to be desired and th»t 
 
 are curious. 
 Desipere in loco. [L.J To jest at the proper time. 
 DesorientJ. [Fr.J Having lost oue'.-* ue.uiug-i ; confused. 
 Desunt cxtera. [L.J The remainder is \«anting. 
 Dttur digniori. [L.J Let ic be given to tae mui-e worthy. 
 Deus robiscum. [L.J God be with ^oa. 
 Dies faustus. [L.J A lucky da_, ; — infaustus, an un- 
 lucky day ; — irce, day of wrata ; — non, a day on which 
 judges do not sit. 
 Dteu d'ifend le droit. [Fr.J God defends the right; — et 
 
 man droit, God and my right. 
 Dignus cindice nodus. [L.J A knot worthy to be loosened 
 
 by such hands. 
 Di grado in grade. [It.J By degrees. 
 Dii majorum gentium. [L.J Tue [twelvej superior gods ; — 
 penates, houseaold gods. [ynsa. 
 
 Diis aliter visum. [L.J To the gods it has seemed otner- 
 Dirigo. [L.J I direct or guide ; — tne motto of Maine. 
 Di salto. [It.J By steps or leaps. 
 Disjecta membra. [L.j Scattered limbs or remains. 
 Distingue. [Fr.J Distinguisuei ; eminent. 
 Distrait. [Fr.J Absent iu taougat. 
 Divide et impera. [L.j Divide and rule. 
 Docendo dicimus. [L.J W'c learu by teaching. 
 Dolce. [It.J Soft, — used ia music; — far niente, aweei 
 
 doing-nothing ; sweet idleness. 
 Dili capax. [L.J Capable of mischief ; — t nca^jox, inca- 
 pable of mischii^f or criminal intention. 
 Dominus vobiscum. [L.J The Lord be Nvith you. 
 Domus et place ns uxor. [L.J A house and pleasing wife. 
 Double entente. [Fr.J Double meaning ; a piay on words. 
 Douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness ; a bribe. 
 
 Doux yeiix. [Fr.J Soft glances. [drama. 
 
 Dramatis persons. [L.J Characters represented in a 
 Droit des gens. [Fr.J The law of nations; — et avant, 
 
 right and forward ; — et loi/al, upright and loyal. 
 Ducit amor patriae. [L.J The love of country guides. 
 Du fort au fjtible. [Fr.J From the strong to the weak. 
 Dulce '^ Domum! ''"' [L.J Sweet "• home I "' or "Home- 
 ward ; " — from the song sung by the students of Win- 
 chester College at the close of the term. 
 Dulce est desipere in loco. [L.J It is pleasant to jest, or 
 
 revel, at the proper time. 
 Dulce et decorum est pro patrid mori. [L.J It is sweet :uid 
 
 honorable to die for one's country. 
 Dum spiro, spero. [L.J While 1 breathe, I hope ; — tacent, 
 clamant, while they are silent, they cry out ; — vivimus, 
 vivamus, while wc live, let us live. 
 Durante bcneplacito. [L.J During good pleasure ; — vit&, 
 during life. 
 
 Eaudevie. [Fr.J Water of life ; brandy. 
 
 Ecce homo. [L.J Behold tic man ; — applied specifically 
 
 to any picture representing tae Savior given up to the 
 
 people by Pilate, and wearing tne crown of thorns ; — sig- 
 
 num, behoid fiie sign. 
 Econtrario. [L.J On the contrary ; — plurlbus unum , ana 
 
 out of many ; one composed of many ; — the motto of tho 
 
 United States; — re natd, according to the exigency; — 
 
 vestigio, instantly. 
 Editio princeps. [L.J The first edition. 
 Egalitj. [Fr.J Equality. 
 Esarement. [Fr.J Bewilderment; confusion. 
 Ej3 et rex mens. [L.J I and my king. [glide by. 
 
 E'len, fugaces labuntur anni. [L.J Alas, the fleeting years 
 Eloge. [Fr.J A funentl oration. 
 E'oignempnt. [Fr.J Estrangement. 
 Empressem^nt. [Fr.J Ardor; zeal. 
 En ami. [Fr.J As a friend ; — arrilve, in the rear ;— avant ! 
 
 forward ! ; — badinnnt, in je.^t ; — d^shabilli, in undress ; 
 
 — fnrnille, in a domestic state ; — fin, at last ; finall/ ; — 
 fi^te, armed with guns on the upper deck only ; — foule, 
 in a crowd; — gran!, of full size; — grnnde tenue, in 
 fall dres.«t ; — passant, in passing; by the way ; — pHn 
 jour, in broad day ; — regie, in order ; according to rules; 
 
 — revanche, in return ; — rn^ite. on the way : — suite, in 
 company ; — suivan' la vcrite, in following the truth ; — 
 er-t-^, in truth ; verily. 
 
 Enfans dp fam-llfs. [Fr.l Children of the family; — 
 
 pprdus, lost children ; a forlorn hope. 
 Enfant gdt^. [Fr.J A spoiled child : — trouve, a foundling. 
 Ense petit placidam sirh libertaff fivlff^m. [L.l With the 
 
 sword she .^c^-ks quiet peace under liberty ; — the motto 
 
 of Massachusetts. 
 Ens ration's. [L.J A creature of rea.«on. 
 Entente cordia'e. [Fr.J Evidences of good wiD, exchanged 
 
 by the chief persons of two states. 
 
952 
 
 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 Snuyuragf. [Ft.] Surioundinjirs ; adjunct.^. 
 
 Jwi/rt deux vins. [Fr.] IIhU" ilruiik ; — uous, iK'tween our- 
 selves ; — sol, a 8uit« of a^virtmeuts between the basement 
 and second story. 
 
 Eonomiuf. [L] By that name. 
 
 Ertpuit calo fuimen, sceptruttKnie tijrannis. [L.] He 
 snatched the thunderbolt from htsiveu, and the scepter 
 from tynints ; — stiid of Fraukliu. 
 
 Errarr eh /lumanuw. [h.] To err is human. 
 
 K<!pcrance et Dieu. [Fr.J Hope and God. 
 
 Espic^lerie [Fr.] !<portive tricks. 
 
 Esprii lie corj)s. [Fr.J The animating spirit of a collective 
 body; — des lots, spirit of the laws; — follet, a ghost; 
 a specter ; — fort, a freethinker. 
 
 K<:se, quam videri. [L.] To be, rather than to seem. 
 
 Est modus in rebus. [L.] There is a medium in all things. 
 
 Esto pfrpetua. [L.] Let it be perpetual. 
 
 Et cum spiritu tuo. [L.] And with thy spirit ; — id genus 
 07nni\ and every thing of the sort ; — sic de sirnilihus, and 
 so of the like ; — tii, Bntte .' and thou also, Brutus I 
 
 Eurtka (eupT)(ca, hu-re'ka). [Gr.] I have found it ; — the 
 motto of Lialifornia. 
 
 Ex abrupto. [L.] Abruptly; — abundantia, out of the 
 abundance ; — xiiuo et bono, agreeably to what is good 
 and right ; — anitno, heartily ; — auctoritate mihi com- 
 missd, by the authority intrusted to me ; — beneplacito, 
 at pleasure; — capite, from the head; — cat/iedra, from 
 the bench ; with high authority ■, — concesso, from what 
 has been conceded ; — curia, out of court ; — delicto, from 
 the crime ; — dono, by the gift ; — mem gratia, through 
 mere favor ; — more, according to custom ; — necessitate 
 rei, from the necessity of the case ; — nihilo nihil Jit, from , 
 or out of, nothing, nothing comes ; — officio, by virtue of 
 his office ; — parte, on one side only; — pede Herculem, 
 we recognize a Hercules from the size of the foot ; that 
 is, we judge of the whole from the specimen ; — post fac- 
 to, after the deed is done; — professo, professedly; — 
 tempore, without premeditation ; — uno disce omnes, from 
 one learn all ; — vi termini, by the meaning or force of 
 the expression. 
 
 Excelsior. [L.] Higher; more elevated ; — the motto of 
 
 Excerpta. [L.] Extracts. [New York. 
 
 Exempli gratia. [L] By way of example. 
 
 ExeuJit omnes. [L.] All go out. 
 
 Exigeant. [Fr.] Exacting. [Washington's motto. 
 
 Exitus actaprobat. [L.] The event justifies the deed ; — 
 
 Expcrimentum crucis. [L.] The experiment of the cross ; 
 a decisive experiment. [perience. 
 
 Experto crede. [L.] Trust one who has tried, or had ex- 
 
 Expose. [Fr.] An exposition. 
 
 F. 
 
 Faber suae fortunm. [L.] The architect of his own for- 
 tune ; a self-made man. [chief. 
 
 Facile prrinceps. [L.] Evidently pre-eminent ; the admitted 
 
 Facilis est descensus. [L.] Descent [to Avernus, or hell] is 
 easy. [verses. 
 
 Fa/:it indigncuio versus. [L.] Indignation inspires the 
 
 Fofon de parler. [Fr.] Manner of speaking. 
 
 Fsezpopuli. [L.] The dregs of the people. 
 
 Faire I'komme d'' importance. [Fr.] To put on an air of 
 superiority ; —mon devoir, to do my duty ; — sans dire, 
 to do without saying. 
 
 Fait accompli. [Fr.] A thing already done. 
 
 Falsi crimen. [L.] Forgery. 
 
 Fama clamosa. [L.] Current scandal ; — semper vivat, 
 may his fame endure forever. 
 
 Fare,fac. [L.] Say, do. [an enemy. 
 
 Fo-t est ah hoste doceri. [L.] It is right to be taught by 
 
 Fata obstant. [L.] The Fates oppose it. 
 
 Fauteuil. [Fr.] An easy chair. 
 
 Fauxpas. [Fr.] A falKe step. 
 
 F>^cit. [L.] He made it. 
 
 Felodtse. [L.j A suicide. 
 
 Fernmne couverte. [Fr.] A married woman ; — de chambre, 
 a chambermaid ; — de charge, a housekeeper. 
 
 Fer^. natural. [L.] Of a wild nature. 
 
 Festina lentd. [L.] Hasten slowly. 
 
 Fete nhampHre. [Fr.] A rural festival. [bonfire. 
 
 Feu de joie. [Fr.] A firing of guns in token of joy; a 
 
 Fiat justitia, ruat calum. [L.] Let justice be done, 
 though the heavens fall ; — lux, let there be light. 
 
 Fidei defensor. [L.J Defender of the faith 
 
 Fideliter. [L.J Faithfully. 
 
 Fide^ non armis. [L.] Bv faith, not arms. 
 
 Fides et j'tstitia. [L.] Fidelity and justice ; — Punica, pu- 
 nic faith ; treachery. 
 
 Fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Achates ; i. e., a true 
 friend ; — et audax, faithful and bold. 
 
 Filim nullius. [L.] A son of nobody ; — ierr^, one of 
 
 low birth. 
 Fille de chambre. [L'r.] A chambermaid ; — de joU a 
 
 prostitute ; — d''honneur, a maid of honor ; a court la^y. 
 Finem respice. [L.] Look to the end. 
 Finis coronal opus. [L.] The end crowns the work. 
 Flagrante bello. [L.] During hostilities ; — delicto, in the 
 
 commission of the crime. 
 Flccti, nonf-angi. [L.] To be bent, not to be broken 
 Fortes fortunajuvat. [L.] Fortune aids the brave. 
 Fortiter in re. [L.] With firmness in acting. 
 Franco. [It.] Post free. 
 
 Front d front. [Fr.] Face to face. . [anccs. 
 
 Fronti nulla fides. [L.j There is no trusting to appear- 
 Fugit hora. [L.] The hour fiies. 
 Fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy has been. 
 Fulmen brutum. [L.] A harmless thunderbolt. 
 Functus officio. [L.] Having performed his duty ; henee 
 
 out of office. 
 Furor arma ministrat. [L.] Fury provides arms ; — loquen- 
 
 rf«, arage of speaking ; —/(oeftcw^, poetical fire; — scri- 
 
 bendi, a rage for writing. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gallice. [L.] In French. 
 
 Gargon. [Ex.] A boy, or a waiter. 
 
 Garde du corps. [Fr.] A body guard ; — mobile, a, guard 
 liable to general sei-vice. 
 
 Gardez lafoi. [Fr.] Keep the faith. 
 
 Gaudeamus igitur. [L.] So let us be joyful. 
 
 Genius loci. [L.] The genius of the place. 
 
 Gens d''armes. [Fr.] Armed police ; — de conditio, people 
 of rank ; — d^cglise, churchmen ; — de guerre, miUtary 
 men; — de lettres, literary people; — de mem.e famiUe, 
 birds of a feather ; — de peu, meaner sort of people. 
 
 Gens togata. [L.] Civilians. 
 
 Genus irritabile vatum. [L.] The irritable race of poets. 
 
 Germanice. [L.] In German. 
 
 Glebx ascriptus. [L.] A servant belonging to the soil. 
 
 Gloria in excelsis. [L.] Glory to God in the highest; — 
 Patri, glory be to the Father; — virtutis umbra, glory 
 the shadow of virtue. 
 
 TvoiBi aeavrov {Gnothi seauton). [Gr.] Know thyself. 
 
 Goutte d goutte. [Fr.] Drop by drop.] 
 
 Grace a Dieu. [Fr.] Thanks to God. [Latin poetry. 
 
 Gradus ad Parnassum. [L.] Aid in writing Greek or 
 
 Grande parure. [Fr.] Full' dress. 
 
 Cruerre d mort. [Fr.] War to the death. 
 
 H. 
 
 Haclege. [L.] With this law. 
 
 Haec olim meminisse juvabit. [L.] It will be pleasant to 
 remember these hereafter. 
 
 Haud ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco. [L.] Not ig- 
 norant of misfortune, I learn to succor the unfortunate. 
 
 Haud longis intervallis. [L.] At brief intervals ; — passi- 
 bus wguis. not with equal steps. 
 
 Haut et bon. [Fr.] Lofty and good ; — gout, high flavor ; 
 fine or elegant taste. [worm. 
 
 Helluo librorum. [L.] A devourer of books ; a book- 
 
 Heu pietas .' heu prisca fides. [L.] Alas for piety ! alas 
 for the ancient faith ! 
 
 Hiatus valde deflendus. [L.] A deficiency much to be 
 regretted. 
 
 Hie et ubique. [L.^ Here and everywhere ; — finis fandi, 
 here was an end to the discourse : — jaret, here lies ; — 
 labor, hoc opus est, this is labor, this is work. 
 
 Hinc illsB lacrimx. [L.] Hence these tears. 
 
 Hoc age. [L.J Do this; — anno in this year; — loto, 
 in this place ; — tempore, at this time. 
 
 Hodie mihi, eras tibi. [L.] To-day to me, to-morrow it 
 belongs to you. 
 
 Hominis est errare. [L.] It is common for man to err. 
 
 Homme de bien. [Fr.] A good man ; — de cour, a court- 
 ier ; — de fortune, a fortunate man ; — des lettres, a man 
 of letters ; a literary man ; — d''epee, a soldier ; — - des af- 
 faires, a business agent ; — des esprit, a man of wit ; — d' 
 etat, a statesman. 
 
 Homo alieni. [L.] A man under the control of another ; 
 — multarum literarum, a man of great learning ; — sum, 
 kumani nihil a me alienum puto, I am a man, and deem 
 nothing that relates to man foreign to my feelings. 
 
 Honi soit qui mat y ptnse. [Fr.] Shame on him who evil 
 
 Hora c sempre. [It.] It is always time. [thinks. 
 
 Horresco referens. [L.] I shudder to relate. 
 
 Hors de combat. [Fr.] Out of condition to fight ; — de la 
 loi, in the condition of an outlaw; — d^auvre, out of 
 course ; out of order ; — de saison, out of season- 
 
QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 953 
 
 Hostis humani generis. [L.] An enemy of the human 
 
 race. 
 Humanum est errare. [L.] To err is human. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ich dien. [German.] I serve. 
 
 Id est. [L.] That is ; — genus omne, all of that sort. 
 
 Ignorantia legis neminem excusat. [L.] Ignorance of the 
 law excuses no one. 
 
 Ignotum per ignotius. [L.] That which is unknown by 
 something still more unknown. 
 
 II n''apas invente lapoudre. [Fr.] It was not he that in- 
 vented gunpowder. 
 
 Imitntores, servum pecus. [L.] Imitators, a servile herd. 
 
 Into pectore. [L.] From the bottom of the heart. 
 
 Imperiuin in imperio. [L.] A government within a gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In asternum. [L.] Forever ; — ambiguo, in doubt ; — ar- 
 ticulo mortis, at the point of death ; in the last struggle ; 
 
 — capite, in the head; in chief; — coslo quies, rest in 
 heaven ; — commendam, in trust ; — curia, in the cburt ; 
 
 — dubiis, in matters of doubt ; — eqidlibrio, in equilibri- 
 um ; — esse, in being ; — extremis, at the point of death ; 
 — flagrante delicto, taken in the fact ; — forma pauperis, 
 as a poor man ; — foro conscientix, before the tribunal 
 of conscience; — fuluro, in future; henceforth; — hoe 
 signo vinces, in this sign, or under this standard, thou 
 Shalt conquer ; — limine, at the threshold ; — loco, in the 
 proper place ; — loco parentis, in the place of a parent ; — 
 medias res, into the midst of things, or afifairs ; — m.edio 
 tutissimus ibis, you will go most safely in the middle ; — 
 memoriam, in memory; — nomine, in the name of; — 
 nubibus, in the clouds; — perpetuum, forever; — posse, 
 in possible existence ; — prxsenti, at the present time ; — 
 propria persona, in person ; — puris naturalibus, quite 
 naked ; — re, in the matter of; — rem, against the thing ; 
 — rerum natura, in the nature of things ; — sxcula sxcu- 
 lorum, for ages on ages : — situ, in its original situation ; 
 
 — statu quo, in the former state ; — te, Domine, speravi, 
 in thee, Lord, have I put my trust ; — terrorem, as a warn- 
 ing ; — toto, in the whole ; entirely ; — totidem verbis, in 
 so many words ; — transitu, on the passage ; — usum, Del- 
 phini, for the use of the Dauphin ; — utrumque paratus, 
 prepared for either event ; — vacuo, in empty space ; — 
 verba magistri jurare, to swear to, or by, the words of 
 another ; to adopt opinions on the authority of another ; 
 
 — vino Veritas, there is truth in wine. 
 In petto. [It J Within the breast. 
 
 Incredulus odi. [L. j Being incredulous, I cannot bear it. 
 
 Inde irx. [L.] Hence these resentments. 
 
 Inflnito. [h ] Perpetually. 
 
 Infra dignitatem. [L.] Below one's dignity. 
 
 Ingens telum necessitas. [L.] Necessity is a powerful 
 weapon. 
 
 Insouciance. [Fr.] Indifference ; carelessness. 
 
 Instar omnium,. [L.] Like all. 
 
 Inter alia. [L.] Among other things ; — arma silent leges, 
 in the midst of arms the laws are silent ; — nos, between 
 ourselves ; — pocula, at one's cups ; — se, among them- 
 selves. 
 
 Intra parietes. [L.] Within waUs. 
 
 Invito. Minerv&. [L.] Without genius. 
 
 Ipse dixit. [L.] He himself said it. 
 
 Ipsissima verba. [L.] The -very words. 
 
 ijso facto. [L.] In the fact itself; —jure, by the law itself. 
 
 i^a furor brevis est. [L.] Anger is brief madness. 
 
 Ita lex scripta est. [L.] Thus the law is written. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. 
 
 Jamais arricre. [Fr ] Never behind. 
 
 Je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I know not what ; — suisprit, I am 
 
 ready. 
 Jeu de mots. [Fr.] A play on words ; a pun ; — d^esprit, 
 
 a witticism. 
 Jupiter tonans. [L.] Jupiter the thunderer. 
 Juredivino. [L.] By divine law; — humano , hy hvansnx 
 
 law. 
 Juris utriusque doctor. [L.] Doctor of both laws [civil and 
 
 canonical law]. 
 Jus civile. [L.] Civil law; — divinum, divine law; — et 
 
 norma loquendi, the law and rule of speech ; — gentium, 
 
 law of nations. 
 luste milieu. [Fr.] The golden mean. 
 Justum et tenacem propositi virum. [L.] A jnttt man, and 
 
 one tenacious of his purpose. 
 
 La beaut4 sans vertu est unefleur sans parfum. [Fr.] Beau- 
 ty without virtue is a flower without fragrance. 
 
 Labor ipse vdluptas. [L.] Labor itself is pleasure ; — omnia 
 vincit, labor conquers every thing. 
 
 Laissez faire. [Fr.] Let alone ; — nous fair e, let us act for 
 ourselves. 
 
 Langage des halles. [Fr.] Language of the market-places ; 
 billingsgate. 
 
 Lapis philosophorum. [L.] The philosopher's stone. 
 
 Lapsus calami. [L.] A slip of the pen ; — linguae, a slip 
 of the tongue. 
 
 Lares et penates. [L.] Household gods. 
 
 Latet anguis in lierba. [L.] A snake lies hid in the grass. 
 
 Laudator temporis acti. [L.] A praiser of time past. 
 
 Laus Deo. [L.] Praise to God. 
 
 Le beau monde. [Fr.] The fashionable world; — diable 
 boiteux, the lame devil ; — roi et Petat, king and state ; — 
 roi le veut, the king wills it ; — roi s^avisera, the king 
 will consider or deliberate ; — tout ensemble, all together. 
 
 Lector benevole. [L.] Kind reader. 
 
 Legatus a latere. [L.] A papal embassador. 
 
 Legerete. [Fr.] Lightness ; levity. 
 
 L'empire des lettres. [Fr.] The republic of letters. 
 
 Les affaires font les hommes. [Fr.] Business makes m&a.\ 
 
 — extremes se touchent, extremes meet; — larmes aux 
 yeux, tears in one's eyes. 
 
 Lese majeste. [Fr.] High treason. 
 
 Uetoile du nord, [Fr.] The star of the north ; — the 
 
 motto of Minnesota. 
 Lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A sealed letter ; a royal warrant ; 
 
 — de marque, a letter of marque or of reprisal. 
 
 Lex loci. [L.] The law of the place; — nan scripta, the 
 common law ; — scripta, statute law ; — talionis, the law 
 of retaliation ; — terrm, law of the land. 
 
 Uhomme propose, et Dieu dispose. [Fr.] Man proposes, 
 and God disposes. 
 
 Liaisons dangereuses. [Fr.] Dangerous alliances or con- 
 nections. 
 
 Lis sub judice. [L.] A case not yet decided. 
 
 Lit de justice. [Fr.] The king's throne in the parliament 
 of Paris ; also, the sitting of this parliament in the king's 
 presence. 
 
 Lite pendente. [L.] During trial. 
 
 Litera scripta m,anet. [L.] The written letter remains. 
 
 Loci communes. [L.] Common places. 
 
 Loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. 
 
 Locum tenens. [L.] A deputy or substitute ; a proxy. 
 
 Locus in quo. [L.] The place in which ; — sigilli, place of 
 the seal. 
 
 Longo intervallo. [L.] By or with long interval. 
 
 Lucidus ordo. [L.] A clear arrangement. 
 
 Lucus a nonlucendo. [L.] A. jeu d''esprit in etymology, 
 which, assuming that lucus, a dark wood or grove, is de- 
 rived from the verb lucere, to shine, supposes it must be 
 a non lucendo, from its not being light. 
 
 Lusus naturae. [Tj.] A sport or freak of nature. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macte virtute. [L.] Proceed in virtue. 
 
 Mafois. [Fr.] Upon my faith. 
 
 Magna civitas, magna solitudo. [L.] A great city is a 
 
 great desert ; — est Veritas, et prevalebit , truth is mighty, 
 
 and it will prevail. 
 Magnae spes altera Romx. [L.] Another hope of great 
 
 Rome. 
 Magnas inter opes inops. [L.] Poor in the midst of great 
 
 wealth. 
 Magni nom,inis umbra. [L.] The shadow of a great name. 
 Magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 
 
 Magnus Apollo. [L.] Great Apollo ; one of high authority. 
 Maintien le droit. [Fr.] Maintain the right. 
 Maison de campagne. [Fr.] A country-seat ; — de sante, 
 
 private hospital ; — de ville, the town-house. 
 Maitre de hotel. [Fr.] A house-steward. 
 Mala fide. [L.] With bad faith. 
 Mai d propos. [Fr.] Ill-timed ; — de dents, toothache ; -^ 
 
 de mer, seasickness ; — de tite, headache. 
 Malgre nous. [Fr.] In spite of us. 
 Malum in se. [L.] Bad in itself; — prohibitum,, &n evil 
 
 prohibited ; evil because prohibited. 
 Manibus pedibusque. [L.] With hands and feet. 
 Manu propria. [L.] With one's own hand. 
 Mare clausum. [L.] A closed sea ; a bay. 
 Materiam superabat opus. [L.] The workmanship sur- 
 passed the materials. 
 Mauvais gofit. [Fr.] Bad taste ; — honte, false modesty. 
 Maximus in minimis. [L.] Very great in trifling thinga 
 
954 
 
 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 Medio tutissimus ibix. [L.] In a medium course you will 
 go most safely. 
 
 Mrya ^i/3Aio»', (ueya kokov, {mfga bibUon, mega kakon). 
 lUr.J A great book is a great evil. 
 
 Jtfe JHdtee. [L.] 1 being judge. 
 
 Mentento tnori. [L.] Keuiember death. 
 
 Mtmorabiiia. [L.] Thiugs to be remembered. 
 
 Afc«.s agitat molein. [L.] Wind uioves matter ; — snna in 
 corporf sano, a sound miud in a sound body ; — sibi con- 
 scia recti, a miud conscious of rectitude. 
 
 Mto volo. [L.] B.\ my desire. 
 
 Merum sal. [L.] "Pui-e salt ; genuine Attic wit. 
 
 McssaJiiance. [b'r.] Improper association ; marriage with 
 one of lower station. 
 
 Meutn el luum. LL] Mine and thine. 
 
 Mirabile dictu. [L.] >V ouderful to be told; — i-j>m, won- 
 derful to be seen. [stage. 
 
 Mi!>e en scene, [tr.] The putting in preparation for the 
 
 MiserabiU vu'gus. [L.] A wretched crew. 
 
 iliseris succurrtre disco. [L.] 1 learn to help the wretched. 
 
 Mittimus. [L.] We send; — a writ to commit an offender 
 to prl<5on. 
 
 Modus operandi. [L.] Manner of operation. 
 
 Montani semper liberi. [L.] Mountaineers are always free- 
 men ; — the motto of *Vest Virginia. 
 
 Mnnumentum crre ptrenniiis. [L.] A monument more 
 durable than brass. 
 
 More major um. [L.] After the manner of our ancestors ; 
 
 — suo, in his own way. 
 
 Mors omnibus communis. [L.] Death is common to all. 
 Multum in parvo. [L.] Much in little. [made. 
 
 Mutatis mutandis. [L.] The necessary changes being 
 Mutato nomine. [L.] The name being changed. 
 
 N. 
 
 Ne cede malis. [L.] Yield not to misfortune ; — exeat, let 
 him not depart; — plus ultra, nothing further; — ijuid 
 detrimenti respublira capiat, that the republic leceives no 
 injury; — quid nimis, not any thing too much or too 
 far ; — sutor ultra crepidam, let not the shoemaker go be- 
 yond his last. 
 
 Necessitas non iiabet legem. [L.] Necessity has no law. 
 
 Ner pluribus impar. [L.] Not an unequal match for num- 
 bers; — prece nee preiio, neither by entreaty nor by 
 bribe ; — scire fas est omnia, it is not permitted to know 
 all things. 
 
 Nee. [Fr.] Bom; as, Madame de Stael,nee (that is, 
 whose maiden name was) Necker. 
 
 Nemine con trad irente. [L.] No one speaking in oppo.«ition ; 
 
 — dissentiente, no one dissenting. 
 
 Nemo m.e irnpune lacessit. [L.] No one wounds me with 
 impunity ; — the motto of Scotland ; — repent j Juit tur- 
 pissimus, no man ever became a villain at once. 
 
 Nihil debet. [L.] He owes nothing : — quod tetigit non 
 ornavit, he touched nothing without embellishing it. 
 
 Nil admirari [L.] To wonder at nothing ; — conscire sibi, 
 to be comscious of no fault ; — desjjerandum , never de- 
 spair ; — dicit, he makes no answer. 
 
 Nimpone. [Fr.] It matters not. 
 
 Noblesse oblige. [Fr.] liank inipo.^es obligation ; much is 
 rightly expected of one of high birth or station. 
 
 Nolens volens. [L.] Whether he will or not. 
 
 Noli me langtre. [L.] Don"t touch me. 
 
 Nolle prosequi. [L.] To Vje unwilling to proceed. 
 
 Nom dt plume. [Fr ] A pen name : an assmned title ; — 
 de guerre, a war name ; a traveling title ; a pseudonjm. 
 
 Non compos mentis. [L.] Not in sound mind ; — constat, 
 it does not appear ; — ens, nonentity ; — est inventus, he 
 has not been found: — est vivere sed t-alere vita, not 
 merely to live is life, but to have good health ; — libet, it 
 does not plea.'-e me ; — liquet, it is not clear ; — obstante, 
 notwith.=<tanding; — omnia possumvs oinnes, we can not, 
 all of us, do all things : — omnis moriar, I shall not 
 wholly die; — quis, seil quid, not who. but what; not 
 the person, but the deed : — sequitur, it does not follow ; 
 an unwarranted conclusion; — sum qualis eram, I am 
 not what I was. 
 
 Non mi rirordo. [It.] I don't remember. 
 
 Nonumque prematur in annum. [L.] Let it be kept for 
 nine jeirs. 
 
 Nosce telpsum. [L.] Know thyself. 
 
 Noiabene. [h.] Mark well. 
 
 N'nubliezpas. [Fr.] Don't forget. 
 
 Nousverrons. [Fr.) We shall ecc. 
 
 Novjis homo. [L.] A new man. 
 
 Nuance. [Fr.] Shade ; gradation ; tint, 
 NufJIs verbis. [L.] In plain words. 
 
 Nu/Jum pactum. [L.] A contract mado without any con- 
 Eideration, and therefore void. 
 
 NugiB canonp. [L.] Melodious trifles. 
 
 NuUitis ad d ictus jurare in Virba mag-istri. [L.] Not bound 
 
 to swear to the dogmas of any master. — Jiiius, the son 
 
 of nobody. 
 JVmmc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or never. 
 Nunqua7n non paratus. [L.] Never unprepared. 
 
 o. 
 
 OMit. [L.] He, or she, died. [ing. 
 
 Obiter dictum. [L.] A thing said by the way, or in pass 
 Obsta principiis. [L.] Resist the first beginnings. 
 Obslupui, steteruntque comas. [L.] 1 was amazed, and my 
 
 liair stood on end. 
 Odi projunum. [L.] I loathe the profane. 
 Odium theolog^i rum. [L.] 1 he hatied of theologians. 
 (Eildebauf. [Fr.] A bull's eje. 
 O fortunatos niviium , sua si bona nZrint, ngricolas. [L.] 
 
 too happy husbandmen, if they only knew their own 
 
 blessings. 
 Ohe ! jam satis. [L.] 0, now there is enough. 
 Oi jToAAoi (Hoi poUoi). [dr.] Q he many ; the rabble. 
 Omen Jaustum . [1..] A favorable on.en. 
 Omne ignotum pro magnifico. [L.] Whatever is unknown 
 
 is thought to be magnif cent. 
 Omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love conquers all things; — 
 
 vincit labor, labor overcomes all thii gs. 
 On dit. [Fr.] 'Ihcy say ; bjir.g rumor. 
 Onus probandi. [L.] 1 he burden of proving. 
 Operas pretium est. [L.] It is vorth \\hile. 
 Opprobrium medicorum. [L.] '1 he reproach of physicians. 
 <>a e sempre. [It.] Now and alwajs. 
 Ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for ns. 
 Orator Jit, poeta nascitur. '[L.] The orator is made, but the 
 
 poet is bom. 
 Ore rotundo. [L.] With round, full voice ; — tenus, as far 
 
 as the mouth. 
 O! si sic omnia. [L.] that he had always done or 
 
 spoken thus. [ters ! 
 
 O temporal O mores.' [L.] O the times ! the man- 
 Otium cum dignitate. [L.] Eafev.ith dignity; dignified 
 
 leisure ; — sine digtiitate, ease without dignity. 
 Oui dire. [Fr ] Ilearsay. 
 
 Pacta conventa. [L.] The conditions agreed upon. 
 
 Pallida mors. [L.] Pale death. 
 
 Palmam qui meruit ferat. [L.J Let him who has won it 
 bear the palm. [eminence. 
 
 Par exfmple. [Fr.] For example ; — excellence, hy wsiy ot 
 
 Pari passu. [L.] With equal pa( e. [jest alike. 
 
 Par nobile fratrum. [L.] A roble pair of brothers ; two 
 
 Parole dVionneur. [Fr.] Word of hoi^or. 
 
 Pars adversa. [L.j The adverse party ; — pro toto, part 
 for the whole. 
 
 Partir.ulier. [Fr.] J^ private gentleman. 
 
 Purticeps criminis. [L.] An accon plice. 
 
 Parturiunt monies. [L.] 1 he mountains arc in labor. 
 
 Farva componere magnis. [L.] To compare small thing* 
 with great. 
 
 Pas d pas. [Fr.] Step by step. 
 
 Passe-partout. [Fr.] A master-key. 
 
 Pate defoie gras. [Fr.] Goore-liver pie. 
 
 Paterfamilias. [L.] 'Ibe father of a family. 
 
 Paternoster. [L.j OurFather; the Lord's prajer;— ;;a/ria5, 
 father of hLs country. [senators. 
 
 Palres conscripti. [L.] Conscript fathers, — the Roman 
 
 Patriis virtutibus. [L.] By ances^tral virtue. 
 
 Pax in bello. [L.] Peace in war. 
 
 Peccavi. [L ] I have sinned. 
 
 Peine forte et dure. [Fr.] Strong and fevcre punishment. 
 
 Pendente lite. [L.] Pending the suit. 
 
 Per ambages. [L.] By circuitous wa; s : indirectly or figu- 
 ratively ; — angusta ad a w^wsio, through difficulties to 
 grandeur: — annum, by the .\ear: — aspera ad astra, 
 through trials to glory : — capita, bv the head : — centum, 
 by the hundred: — contra, contrariwie; — diem, by the 
 day ; — fas et nefas, through right and wrong ; —interim, 
 in the mesm time ; —pares, by ore's peers ; —saltum, by 
 a leap or jump ; — .se, by itself considered ; — viam , by th» 
 way of. 
 
 Perdu. [Fr.] Lost. 
 
 Petitio principii. [L.] A begging of the question. 
 
 Peu-dpeu. [Fr.] Little by little. 
 
 Pen de chose. [Fr.] A trife. 
 
 Pied d terre. [Fr.] A temporary lodging. 
 
 Pisaller. [Fr.] The last shift. 
 
 Pl-ii. [It] More. 
 
 Plena jure. [L.] With full authority. 
 
QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 955 
 
 Pocodpoco. [It.] Little by ^little. 
 
 Poeta nascttur, nonjit. [L.] Tue poet is born, not made. 
 
 Point cfappui. [b'r.] Point of support ; prop. 
 
 Pons asinorum. [L.] Bridge of asses. 
 
 Populus vuA ifecipi. [L.] People like to be deceived. 
 
 Posse videor. [L.] 1 seem to be ab.e. 
 
 Passu It quia posse videntur. [L.] Ihey are able because 
 they seem to beabic. 
 
 Poste restante. [Fr.J To remain until called for. 
 
 Postmortem. [L.] After dcata ; — o6tiu7n, after death. 
 
 Poiage nu gras. [Fr.] Meat-soup. 
 
 Pour passer Le temps. [Fr.] To pass away the time ; -pren- 
 dre congi, to take leave. 
 
 Preux clievalier. [Fr.] A brave knight. 
 
 Prima facie. [L.] On the first vie.v. 
 
 Primus inter pares. [L.] Chief among equals. 
 
 Principia, non homines. [L.] Principles, not men. 
 
 Principiis ebsta. [L.] Resist the first beginnings. 
 
 Pro aris et focis. [L.] For our altars and iiresidcs ; — bono 
 publico, for the public good ; — confesso,a& ir conceded ; — 
 et con, for and tigainst ; — forma, for the sake of form ; — 
 hac vice, for this turn or occasion ; — patria, for our coun- 
 try; m«3, in proportion; — regp, lege, et grege, for tje 
 king, the law, and the people ; — re nati, for a special 
 emergency; — tanto, for so much; — tempore, for the 
 time. 
 
 Probatum est. [L.] It is proved. 
 
 Prods verbal. [Et.] A \vritten statement. 
 
 Procul, O procul este, profani ! [L.] Far, far hence, ye 
 profane ! 
 
 Profanum vulgus. [L.] The profane vulgar. 
 
 Prok pudor. I L. ] , for shame. 
 
 Propria (juas maribus. [L.] Those things which are appro- 
 priate or peculiar to males or men, or to husbands. 
 
 Pugnis et calcibus. [L.] \Sith fists and heels ; with all the 
 mi!|'at. 
 
 Punicajides. [L.] Punic faith ; treachery. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quxre. [L.] Query ; inquiry. 
 
 Qualis ab inrepto. [L.] The same as from the beginning ; 
 — rex, iaiix grex, like king, like people. 
 
 Quanlui/i libet. [L.] As much as ) ou please ; — meruit, 
 as much as he deserved ; — mulutus ab iUj ! how changed 
 from what he was I ; — sufficit, a sufficient quantity ; — 
 vis, a,s much as you will. 
 
 Quasi. [L.] As if ; in a manner. 
 
 Quelque c.'iose. [Fr.] A tri„e ; something ; any thing. 
 
 Quid facien-Ium? [L.] What is to be done?; — nunc? 
 what now ? a newsmonger ; — pro quo, one thing for an- 
 other; an equivalent;— Wrfes.' why do you laugh? — 
 times? what do you fear? 
 
 Qui docet, discit. [L.] He who teaches, learns. 
 
 Qui farit per alimn, facit per se. [L.] He who does a 
 thing by the agency of another, doci it himself. 
 
 Quis custoiiet ipsos rustodes ? [L.] Wao shall guard the 
 guards themselves ? 
 
 Qui tam ? [L.] Who as well ? 
 
 Qui transtuUt, su.ftinet. [L.] He who transplanted, still 
 sustains ; — the motto of Connecticut. 
 
 Qui vive? [Fr.] Who goes there? — hence, on the qui 
 vive, on the alert. 
 
 Quoal hoc. [li.] To this extent. 
 
 Quo animo ? [ L.] Witu what mind or intention ? — jure ? 
 By what right ? 
 
 Quod nvertat D us I [L.] ^Thich may God avert I ; — bene 
 notanlum, which must be especially noticed ; — era/ 
 demonstrandum, whic.wr^iS to be demonstr.ited ; — em/ 
 faciendum, which was to be done; — vide, which .«ee. 
 
 Quorum pars magna fui. [L.] Of which I was a great or 
 imporfcmt pirt. 
 
 Quos D''us vuUperdere, prius dementat. [L.] Those whom 
 God '.Tithes to destroy, he first malces mad. 
 
 Quot homints, tot sentential. [L.] Many men, many minds. 
 
 u. 
 
 Raison d''etat. [Fr.] A reason of state. 
 Bara avis. [L.] A rare bird. finsipid. 
 
 Ridiaujfi. [Fr.] Warmed over, as food ; hence stale : old. 
 Rectus in curia. [L.] Upright in the court; with clean 
 
 hands. [absurdity. 
 
 Redurtio ad absurdum. [L.] A reducing a position to an 
 Regnant populi. [L.] The people rule; — the motto of 
 
 Arkansas. [Properly, Regnat populus.] 
 Re infect^. [L.] The business being unfini.<ihed. 
 Religio loci. [L.] The religions ."spirit of the placo. 
 Renomm-^e. [Fr.] Itenown ; fame. 
 Requiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in peace. 
 
 Res angusta domi. [L.] Narrow circumstances at home ; 
 
 poverty ; — gestae, exploits. 
 Rtspicejinem. [L.] Look to the end. 
 Resurgam. [L.] 1 shall rise again. 
 Rtvenons d nos moutotis. [hr.] I>et us return to otit 
 
 sheep ; let us return to our subject. 
 Ridt^ntem dicere verum, quid vetut ? [L.] What hindeiS 
 
 one from speaking the truth even while laughing ? 
 Ride, si sapis. [L.J Laugh, if you are wise. 
 Rifacimento. [It.] Renewal ; re-establislimcnt. 
 Risum teneatis, amice ? [L.] Can you, my friend, forbeai 
 
 laughing ? [gown. 
 
 Robe de rliambre. [Fr.] A dressing-gown or morning- 
 Ruatcalum. [L.] Let the heavens lall. 
 liudis indigesta moles. [L.] A rude and undigested vaaaa- 
 Ru^e de guerre. [Fr.] A stratagem of war. 
 Rus in urbe. [L.] The country in town. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sal Atttcum. [L.] Attic salt ; wit. 
 
 Salus populi suprema est lex. [L.] The welfare of the 
 people is the supreme law ; — the motto of Missouri. 
 
 Salvo jure. [L.] Tue right being safe ; — /JuJore, without 
 oITense to u.odesty. 
 
 Sanctum, sanctorum. [L.] Holy of holies. 
 
 Sans cirdmonie. [Fr.] Wituout ceremony; — changer, 
 without changing; — doute, without doubt; — /a;;on., 
 without trouble ; — pareil, without equal ; — peine, with- 
 out diiiiculty ; — peur et sans reproc/ie, without fear and 
 wifhout reproach ; — tache, without spot. 
 
 Sartor resartus. [L.] The cobbler mended. 
 
 Satis, superque. [L.] Enough, and more than enough; — 
 verborum, enough of words. 
 
 Sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Save himself who can. 
 
 Savoir /aire. [Fr.] Ability ; — vivre, good breeding. 
 
 Scandalum magnatum. [L.] Defamatory speech or wil- 
 ting to the injury of persons of dignity. 
 
 Scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be known. [we all write. 
 
 Srribimus indocti doctique. [L.] Learned and unlearned, 
 
 Secundum artem. [Fj.] According to rule; — naturam, 
 according to <he course of nature ; — ordinem, in order. 
 
 Semel et simul. [L.] Once and together , — pro semper, 
 once for all. 
 
 Semper felix. [L.] Always fortunate ; — Jidelis, always 
 faithful; — idem, always the same; — paratus, always 
 ready ; — vivit in armis, he ever lives in arms. 
 
 Senates consultum. [L.] A decree of the Senate. 
 
 iSe non e vero, c ben trovato. [It.] If not true, it is well 
 feigned. [sense. 
 
 Sensu bono. [L.] In a good sense ; — malo, in a bad 
 
 Serus in ccelum redeas. [L.] Late may jou return to 
 heaven ; may you live long. [God. 
 
 Servus servorum Dei. [L.] A servant of the servants of 
 
 Sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a foot and a half long. 
 
 Sic itur ad nslra. [L ] Such is the way to immortality; 
 — passim, so everywhere; — semptr tyrannis, ever so 
 to t> rants ; — the motto of Virginia ; — transit gloria 
 mundi, so passes away earthly glory ; — vos non vohis, 
 thus you do not labor for yourselves. 
 
 Sicut ante. [L.] As before ; — patribus, sit Deus nobis, as 
 God was with our fathers, so may he be with us. 
 
 Silrnt leges inter arma. [L.] The laws are silent amidst 
 arms. [like. 
 
 SimiUa similibus curantur. [L.] Like things are cured by 
 
 Si monumentum (lu^eris, circums]>ice. [L.] If you Beek 
 his monument, look around. 
 
 Simplex 7nunditiis. [L.] Of simple elegance. 
 
 Sine curd. [L.] Without charge or care ; — die, without 
 a day appointed; — '/m6(o, without doubt: — invidid, 
 without envy; — mora, without delay; — ocy/o, without 
 hatred; — qua non, an indispensable condition. 
 
 5* parva licet componere magnis. [L.] If it is allowable 
 to compare -small things with great. 
 
 Si quai^ris peninsulam. ams-nam, cimimspice. [L.] If thou 
 seekest a benutiful peninsula, behold it here ; — the motto 
 of Michigxn. [thee. 
 
 Sit tibi terra levis. [L.] Mav the earth lie lightly upon 
 
 Si vis parem, para bellum. [L.] If 3 on wish for peace, 
 prepare for war. 
 
 So'a nnbilitas virtus. [L.] Virtue, the only nobility. 
 
 Solitudinem farivnt, parem. appellant. [L.] They make 
 a desert, and call it peace. 
 
 Solvuntur tabulae. [L.] The bills are dismissed, — used 
 in legal language. 
 
 Soubrette. [Fr.] An intriguing woman. 
 
 Sponte sua. [L.] Of one's own accord. 
 
 Stans pedf in unn. [L.] Standing on one foot. 
 
 Stat masni nowinis umbra. [L.] He stands the shadow 
 of a mighty name. 
 
956 
 
 •UOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 S«f«i 9Ti an.f .-„«• LI In the sat* which was be- UUimus rtgtan. [L-J Tbelact of ldDg». 
 
 kre tb* *r»r. t^'**'« Ucaum. [L.J Beyond vhat is allovable. 
 
 &a;k<tV>'^ iL] The stAtt in wtiich. I7im re«- [L.] Witih one voice. 
 
 jSkoMi «««< , MM, pa- «af^ M<^<4<>r, .s;4> vw- [It.] I was wdl, Vmo amimo. {L.] Wifli one mmd ; ananimoost}-. 
 
 ;tobebeaar, 1 am here [in the gave]; ktj I7ii9ite(uf oraf. [L.] To the xtrj aMars ; — ad mmtat^it, 
 
 ij to daegast. 
 [L.] LeiitsUad. 1 Usms toqmtmdi, [L.] dsKge in speaking. 
 
 [L.] With an inroted stjlna. ; UiUe duUL [L.j Tbe osdiil with tte pleasuit. 
 
 m OTtftfo./erObr ta w. [L.J Gentle in nanaos, \ Ut imfim. [h.\ A» below : —pmsim^ tliat I may do i 
 Imt rBBolute in deed. 
 a^ jmdiee. [L.] Ka^a ccaaOentitm ; — pama, nnOer Uu p^detts. [Lu] As joa poeeeeg: atale of ptewm t p«w 
 apenaby ; — nua, a 
 in alenee ; — ^peci* 
 
 aaegatie falsi. [L.] Saegntion 
 [L-j Of its own kii 
 
 [L.] The cfairf good ; — jms. 
 
 tberoee: pnvatety; 
 
 ier the appeaaaoe of : — cow. 
 
 Smmt Imduimut raian. [L.] Thoe aie tean for 
 Sm» MarU. By luB own stia^tfa. 
 A^ppresM ceri^ saggatia falsi. [L.] A 
 tfie fnith is the 8i«BB8tian of a ftleehood. 
 £1-1 
 
 T. 
 
 A anoodi or Hank tal^(L 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Tbdtt 
 
 Am Mvte qmmm MiaenA. [L.] Having equally ooonee 
 Ikatasae oaums oBlestAKf nrz .' [L.] 
 
 m heavenly sdnds ? 
 XhiU^u. [Ft.] So 
 ~ Vh 
 
 ^^(tfaat 
 
 Vaatms aaUat conan latnme tiatm: [L.] 
 
 tzavder ai^ befine the highwayman. 
 Yade m pace. [L.] 6o m peace ; — meatm^ gp with 
 
 a, constant eompanim. 
 Vat vietis. [L ] Woe to die Tanonidhed. 
 YaU. [L.] FaiemelL 
 Y^et de dumnbre. [Fr.] An 
 Yariae Uctiomes. [L.] Tanoos 
 YtuiarmmaoUa. [L.J The notes of 
 Ydis et remis. [ll] VHtfa suie and oais ; by eicxy 
 
 Vci prtce^ Tel pretio. [L.] For eiffafer love or money. 
 Fhtt, culf , rt'ei. [Ii>.] I came, 1 saw, I conqnoed. 
 Yertatim et Usemttwu [L.] Woid 
 
 Tarxjatma. [L.] A son of the oath ; that is, a h 
 being; — jEnno, sofid earth ; a afe fiotii^ ; 
 an inAnoan eoontzy [from 
 
 Tkrtims e cado eeddit Oato. [L.] A tfahd Calo has dn^ped 
 
 Tatimmfmid. [L.] A Oird saraedune ; a nondeHsd^t. 
 
 lEaXoRcne. [Rr.j A eonfined noiee ; nd&et; ; dm. 
 
 Tbga wStu. [Eb] The gown of Bmnhflod. 
 
 rkmml>im{Tlaladoa.) [Gr.] Tliebeanfifid; the chief good; 
 — spenr ( 7b jin^pm.), the pxoper o 
 
 TkUkmima^^mmaaUemtiat. [L.] 6o 
 
 Yahmm tat saipieatia. [Lu] A woxd is 
 Yerdad #st rerde. [Sp.J ^uth m gretai. 
 Ytritaa preraltbii. [iL] 
 Yeriteaaaspear. [Fr.] TnUfa without ftar. 
 feriuat j»itper«m<. Ph.] ^ni% does not always 
 
 Yfxtigia maUa T Otmsam . P*] Ko " 
 
 rL.1 TS« l^emte qaaatio. [L.] A 
 __Jm. ! «^ P-] Bydiewayot 
 
 Ene tihe deivmer of an I Viamedia. [L.] A midd 
 tedoufi, the time for nb^. r ^*«^ P-J In dtefiaceaf;— Tcrsft, dieten 
 ofh^pupaee. } Vide at sapm. [L.j See what is staled above. 
 
 IbCKs fawttes. 
 
 [L.] 
 [1-1 
 fL-1 
 Tbioeade. [L.] B^ the whole hesfos , 
 Ibtes feres mlqae retamdas. [L.] Oompleteiy 
 
 Yietarmis. [L.] By force and army ; by ] 
 
 Yiat^ amor patrix. [L.] Love of conntzy fveiaile : — 
 omaia reritaSj truth cfflsquezs aH dm^B ; — 91a patiiww^ 
 he omqnecB whq^endmes; — qai se tiaat, he eonqaen 
 who ovezccmes himedf. 
 
 Fiacaitem nsaaimoaii. [L.] The bond of marriay. 
 
 Yira atqairit eaado. [JL] She aequiics stzoigdi in her 
 
 Ybtas ratradit virea. [L.] fnrtae kindles the 
 
 annper Ttridis^ Tirtoe ever ^voi and ~ 
 Yirtateetfde. [L] By, orwidl,TiItDe»d%ifhi— 
 l»y virtue, not by 
 m n:!en; — egieii, by 
 
 Tlaar d'apnaaiam. [Fr.] An idma or pecafiar finee <a 
 
 Taat-d^Ktt. [Fr.] Entirety ;—-«<CAeare,iBetaattr;—« 
 
 ebatrmre^a a the eontnzy ;— d«oKs, wboDy yonn: — 
 
 eawrt, very Aort : — de mBau. neceidr *e ome ; — de 
 
 ■ eat pna, an u taken, 
 caaaerie. [Fr.] Cfaieanerf : tncfceiy, 
 Tnoa, lynuer, miU aaOe ditmtaiae 
 dirtinttianAan be made by me between 
 die Tynan. 
 Ifc ae cede anafia. [L.] Do mt yieil to e 
 Avte, and l^m too, ~ 
 
 I Yiadvia. [Fr.] Oppoate ; ftemg. 
 Vis a lerjgo. [L1] A propeffii^ lintce fion bdund ; 
 fna, coBHic talmt;;^ — imertiat, the power cf mertia 
 aaee;— f^rrwreecnz, a jatamiu g power; — -ecCz, 
 vigor of Kfe. 
 Vita breria^ an loaga. [L.] life is dmt, and art loaq 
 FibnR iatpeadere ntro. [Lu] To atake ones life fer 
 
 i; — TeXflem^ five 
 
 P-l 
 
 Fieat r^^oM. PL] I<ang five the 
 
 [Lu] By the fivii^ voiee ; by onl testimair 
 [Fr.] Long five the icpubfic ; —la 1^ 
 totdfiii^; — &nH,locg live the king. 
 Frrnte ria aaimi. [L.] The fivety vigor of gadna. 
 Yeleasnpatms. [Lu] WUBng and able. 
 Yaieaie Deo. [L.] God willing. 
 fbfo,»ont«liw. [Lu] Iamwa:&ig,batnnable. 
 Ffnz, et pra ntrm aikiL [L.] Av8iee,andnoaingmaR: 
 pageaXf , ««z i>n. tiie vdkeof the peo|de if the vviee of 6 
 ti. [Lu] The feee is the index of 
 
 ; — safesr.M 
 
 ZaammpetdiOit. fL.] He has lost hi* ] 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 USED IN 
 
 WRITING AND PRINTING 
 
 A., or a. Adjective; After- 
 noon ; Acre ; Alto. In 
 commerce, Accepted. 
 
 ff.,or @. (Ad.) To o/-at. 
 
 a., or aa. (A7ia., Gr. ava.) 
 In med., Of each the same 
 quantity. 
 
 A., or Ans. Answer. 
 
 A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant 
 General. 
 
 A. A. S. (Academiie Amer- 
 icanx Socius.) Fellow of 
 the American Academy. 
 
 „4. B. (Artium Baccalau- 
 reus.) Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Abbr. Abbreviated. 
 
 A. B. C. F. M. American 
 Board of Commissioners 
 for Foreign Missions. 
 
 Abl. Ablative. 
 
 Abp. Archbishop. 
 
 Ace. Accusative. 
 
 Ace. or Acct. Account. 
 
 Ace, or act. Active. 
 
 A. D. {Anno Domini.) In 
 the year of our Lord. 
 
 Ad., or adv. Adverb. 
 
 Ad lib. {Ad libitum.) At 
 pleasure. 
 
 Adm. Admiral; Admiralty. 
 
 Admr. Administrator. 
 
 Admx. Administratrix. 
 
 Adv. Advocate ; Advent. 
 
 ^.,or^.'. {Mtatis.) Of age. 
 aged. 
 
 Ag. {Argentiim.) Silver. 
 
 Alex. Alexander. 
 
 A. M. {Artium Magister.) 
 Master of Art^. — {Ante 
 Meridiem.) Before noon. 
 — {Anno Mundi.) In the 
 year of the world. 
 
 Am. Amos ; American. 
 
 Am,er. American. 
 
 Amt. Amount. 
 
 An. (Anno.) In the year. 
 
 Anon. Anonymous. 
 
 Ans. Answer. 
 
 Ant., or Antiq. Antiquities. 
 
 Ap. Apostle ; April. 
 
 A^o. Apogee. 
 
 Apr. April, [of the reign. 
 
 A. R. (Anao Reg)ii.) Year 
 
 Arith. Arithmetic. 
 
 Ark. Arkansas. 
 
 Agt. Agent. 
 
 A'.., or Ata. Alabama. 
 
 As. Arsenic ; Arkansas ; As- 
 
 Asst. Assistant, [tronomy. 
 
 A. S. S. U. American Sun- 
 day School Union. 
 
 Att.,ov Alty. Attorney. 
 
 Atty Gen. Attorney General. 
 
 A. U. C. (Ab Urbe Condita.) 
 In the year from the build- 
 ing of the city, / . e. , Rome. 
 
 Aug. August. 
 
 Aur. (Aurum.) Gold. 
 
 Avoir. Avoirdupois. 
 
 B. 
 
 b. born. 
 
 B. A British America ; 
 Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Ba. Barium. 
 
 Bal. Balance. 
 
 Bar. Barleycorn; Barrel. 
 
 Bart. , or Bt. Baronet. 
 
 Bbl. Barrel, barrels. 
 
 B. C. Before Cnrist. [Law. 
 
 B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil 
 
 B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 
 
 Bl. Bond: Bound. 
 
 Bds. (Bound in) Boards. 
 
 Bs. (Beryllium.) Gluciuum. 
 
 Benj. Benjamin. 
 
 Bi. Bismuth. 
 
 Bib. Bible, Biblical. 
 
 Biog. Biography. 
 
 Bk. Bank ; book. 
 
 B. L. Bachelor of Laws. 
 
 Bl. Barrel. 
 
 Bor. Boron; Borough. 
 
 Bp. Bishop. 
 
 Br. Brother ; Bromine. 
 
 Brig. Brigade ; Brigadier. 
 
 Bro. Brottier. 
 
 B.V. (Beata Virgo.) Bless- 
 ed Virgin. — (Bene vale.) 
 Farewell. 
 
 C.Carbon. — (Centum.) A 
 hundred ; Cent ; Centime. 
 
 C, or Cap. (Caput.) Chap- 
 
 Ca. Calcium. [ter. 
 
 Cal. California ; Calendar. 
 — (Calendx.) Calends. 
 
 Cant. Canticles. [Chapter. 
 
 Cap. Capital. — (Caput.) 
 
 Capt. Captain. 
 
 C. A. S. ( Connecticuttensis 
 Academise Socix.) Fello.v 
 of the Connecticut Acad- 
 
 Catli. Catholic. [emy. 
 
 C. C. County Commission- 
 er ; County Court ; Con- 
 tra, Credit. [Pleas. 
 
 C. C. P. Court of Comjnon 
 
 Cd. Cadmium. 
 
 C. E. Canada East; Civil 
 
 Ce. Cerium. [Engineer. 
 
 Cent. (Centum.) A hundred. 
 
 Cf. ore/". (Confer.) Com- 
 pare. [tom-House. 
 
 C. H. Court-House ; Cus- 
 
 C'l. Church; Chapter. 
 
 Cm',. Chaldron. 
 
 Ciap. Chapter. 
 
 Ciem. Chemistry. 
 
 Ckr. Christopher ; Chris- 
 tian, [nology. 
 
 C'lron. Chronicles ; Chro- 
 
 Cit. Citation; Citizen. 
 
 C'.v. Civil. 
 
 C. J. Chief Justice, [rine. 
 
 CI Clergy-man ; Clerk ; Chlo- 
 
 C. M. Common Meter. 
 
 Co. Cobalt ; Company ; 
 County. [A spoonful. 
 
 Coch., or Cochl. (Cochleare.) 
 
 C. O. D. Cash (or Collect) 
 on Delivery. 
 
 Col. Colonel ; Colossians. 
 
 Coll. College ; Collector ; 
 Colleague. 
 
 Com. Commissioner ; Com- 
 modore ; Committee ; Com- 
 merce; Commentary; Com- 
 mon. 
 
 Comp. Compare; Compara- 
 tive; Compouud. 
 
 Con. { Contra.) Against ; In 
 opposition. 
 
 Con., or Cr. Contra, Credit. 
 
 Cong. Congress. 
 
 Conj. Conjunction, [ticut. 
 
 Conn., Con., or Ct. Connec- 
 
 Const. Constable ; Consti- 
 
 Cor. Corinthians, [tution. 
 
 Cor. Mem. Corresponding 
 Member. [retary. 
 
 Cor. Sec. Corresponding Sec- 
 
 Cos. Cosine. 
 
 C. P. Court of Probate; 
 Common Pleas. 
 
 C. P. S. { Custos Privati Si- 
 gilli.) Keeper of the Privy 
 Seal. [mium. 
 
 Cr. Credit ; Creditor ; Chro- 
 
 Crim. Con. Criminal Con- 
 versation, or Adultery. 
 
 Cs. Caesium. 
 
 C. S. Court of Sessions ; 
 Clerk to the Signet. — ( Cus- 
 tos Sigilli.) Keeper of the 
 Seal. 
 
 Ct. Connecticut ; Count ; 
 Court. [A hundred. 
 
 Ct.,ovct. Cent. — ( Centum.) 
 
 Cts., or cts. Cents. 
 
 Cu. (Cuprum.) Copper. 
 
 C. W. Canada "West. 
 Cwt., or cwt. (Lat. Cen- 
 
 tum, a hundred, and Eng- 
 lish weight.) A hundred 
 weight. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. DidjTnium. 
 
 D., or d. Day ; Died ; Dime ; 
 Daughter ; Deputy ; De- 
 gree. — Denarius or de- 
 narii.) A penny, or pence. 
 
 Da7i. Danish ; Daniel. 
 
 Dat., or dat. Dative. 
 
 D. C. District of Colum- 
 bia. — (Da Capo.) Again, 
 or From the beginning. 
 
 D. C. L. Doctor of Civil 
 (or Canon) Law. 
 
 D. D. (Divinitatis Doctor.) 
 Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 D. D. S. Doctor of Dental 
 Surgery. 
 
 Dea. Deacon. [Declension. 
 
 Dec. December ; DecUnation ; 
 
 Def. , or def. Definition. 
 
 Deg., or deg. Degree, Degrees. 
 
 Del. Delaware ; Delegate. 
 
 Del., or del. (Delineavit.) 
 He, or she, drew it ; — pre- 
 fixed to the draughtsman's 
 name. 
 
 Dem.. Democrat, Democratic. 
 
 Dep. Deputy ; Department. 
 
 Dept. Department; Depo- 
 
 Deut. Deuteronomy, [nent. 
 
 Dft., or dft. Defendant. 
 
 D. G. (Dei Gratia.) By 
 the grace of God. 
 
 Di. Didymium. 
 
 Diam. , or dinm. Diameter. 
 
 Diet. Dictionary. 
 
 Disct. Discount. 
 
 Dist. District. [ney. 
 
 Dist. Atty. District Attor- 
 
 Div. Dividend ; Division ; 
 1 Divide; Divided: Divisor. | 
 
 D. M. Doctor of Music. 
 
 Do., or do. (Ditto.) Thr 
 same. 
 
 Dols., or dols. Dollars. 
 
 Doz., or doz. Dozen. 
 
 D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. 
 
 Dr. Debtor ; Doctor ; Dram. 
 
 D. S. (Dal Segno.) From 
 the Sign. 
 
 D. T. Dakota Territory.— 
 (Doctor Theologix.) Doc- 
 tor of Divinity, [willing. 
 
 D. V. (Deo volente.) God 
 Dwt. (Lat. Denarius and 
 
 EngUsh weight.) Penny- 
 weight. 
 
 E. 
 
 E. East; Earl; Erbium 
 ea. Each. 
 
 Eb. Erbium. 
 
 E. C. Eastern Central (Pos- 
 tal District, London). 
 
 Eccl., or Eccles. Ecclesias- 
 tes ; Ecclesiastical. 
 
 Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 
 
 Ed. Editor ; Edition. 
 
 E. E. Errors excepted ; Ells 
 EngUsh. [example. 
 
 e. g. (exempli gratia.) For 
 
 E. I. East Indies, or Ea-st 
 
 Elec. Electricity. [India. 
 
 E. Lon. East longitude. 
 
 E. N. E. East-North-East. 
 
 Eng. England; English- 
 
 Engin. Engineering. 
 
 Eph. Ephesians ; Ephraim- 
 
 Esd. Esdras. 
 
 E. S. E. East-South-East. 
 
 Escj., or Esqr. Esquire. 
 
 Esth. Esther. 
 
 et al. (et alibi.) And else- 
 where. — (et alii, or aliae.) 
 And others. 
 
 Etc., etc., or Ifc. (Et cseteri, 
 cseterse, or csetera.) And 
 others ; and so forth. 
 
 et. seq. (et sequentes, or et 
 sequentia.) And the follow- 
 ing. 
 
 Ex. Example ; Exodus. 
 
 Exc. Excellency ; Excep- 
 tion. 
 
 Exc/i .Exchequer ; Exchange. 
 
 Exec, or Exr. Executor- 
 
 Execx. Executrix- 
 
 Exod. Exodus. 
 
 Ez., or Ezr. Ezra. 
 
 Ezek. Ezekiel. 
 
 F. France ; Fellow ; Fri- 
 day ; Fluorine ; Feminine ; 
 Franc ; Florin ; Farthing ; 
 Foot. 
 
 Fa/ir. Fahrenheit. 
 
 Far. Farriery ; Farthing. 
 
 F. A. S. Fellow of the So 
 ciety of Arts ; Fellow of 
 the Antiquarian Society. 
 
 Fcp., or fcp. Foolscap. 
 
 Fe. (Ferrum.) Iron. 
 
 Feb. February. 
 
 Fern . , or fern . Feminine. 
 
 Fig., or fig. Figure, Figures 
 Figuratively. 
 
 (957) 
 
958 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 Fir., or fir. Firkin. 
 
 Flor. Florida. 
 
 Fo., or Fi>i. Folio. 
 
 Fr. Frtuice ; Fr&Qcis ; 
 Freucu. 
 
 F. H. G. V. Fellov? of the 
 Royal UeogTApiiJcal Soci- 
 ety. 
 
 Fri. Friday. iSociety. 
 
 F. K. S. tellowof UieKo\al 
 
 F. K. S. E. Fellow of tlie 
 Royal Society, Ediuburga. 
 
 F. K. S. L. bellow of tue 
 Royal Society of Litera- 
 ture ; Fellow of the Royal 
 Society, London. 
 
 F. S. A. Fellow of the So- 
 ciety of Art-s. 
 
 Ft., or/i. Foot, feet ; Fort. 
 Ftk. Fathom. 
 Fur., OT fur. Furlong. 
 Fut., otfut. Future. 
 
 G. 
 
 G-. Genitive ; Glucinum ; 
 Guide. [Gulf. 
 
 G., or g. Guinea, guineas ; 
 Ga. Georgia. 
 Gai. Galatians. 
 Gal.,OTga!. Gallon, gallons. 
 
 G. B. Great Britain. 
 G. C. Grand Chapter. 
 
 G. C. B. Grand Cro.ss of 
 
 the Bath. 
 Gen. Genesis ; General ; 
 
 Genitive ; Generally. 
 Gtnt. Gentlemen. 
 Geo. George. 
 Geog. Geography. 
 Ger., or Germ. German. 
 Gov. Governor. 
 G. M. Grand Master, [fice. 
 G.P. O. General Post-Of- 
 Gr. Great ; Greek ; Gross. 
 Gr. , or gr. Grain, grains. 
 
 H. 
 
 H. Hydrogen. 
 
 H., or h. ffigh; Height; 
 Harbor ; Huf^band ; Hour, 
 
 Hob. Uabakkuk. [hours. 
 
 Hag. Haggai. [Company. 
 
 H. B. C. Hudson s Bay 
 
 H. B. M. T3i.< (or Her) Bri- 
 tannic Majesty. 
 
 H. C. M. His (or Her) Cath- 
 oUc Majesty. 
 
 HJkf. Handkerchief 
 
 Hebr. Hebrew : Hebrews. 
 
 Hy. (Hydrargyrum.) Mer- 
 
 H. G. Horse Guards, [cury. 
 
 Hkd.^OT lihd. Hogshead. 
 
 H. I. H. His (or Her) Im- 
 perial Highness. 
 
 Hist. History. 
 
 H. M. His (or Her) Majesty. 
 
 H. M. S. His (or Her) Ma- 
 jesty's Steamer, Ship, or 
 Service. 
 
 Hon. Honorable, [ativcs. 
 
 H. R. House of Represent- 
 
 H. R. E. Holy Roman Em- 
 pire, or Emperor. 
 
 H. li. H. ma (or Her) Roy- 
 al Highness. 
 
 Hun/1. Hundred. 
 
 I Iodine : Island. 
 la. Indiana, [same place. 
 lb.. Ibid. (Ibidem.) In the 
 U. (Idem.) The same. [is. 
 L e., or ». e. (Id est.) That 
 f. H. S. (lesus [or Jesus] 
 Hominum Salvalor.) Je- 
 Bxa the Savior of Men. 
 
 ^r~ Originally written IH2, 
 and intended 'a» an abbrevia- 
 
 tion of IHSOYS, the Greek 
 fonn of tlif wtiiil Jr^un. The 
 Urvek H (ttii) having U-eu 
 nIi^Ukell tor the >«atin U 
 (aitc/i), und a l^tin S ^u^>6ti- 
 tuted tor the Greek 2, the 
 thrve U'ttei> weie buppohe<i to 
 be the initialii of tliitje separ- 
 ate words. 
 
 lU. Illinois. 
 
 imp. Imperial ; Emperor. 
 
 In. Inch, inches, [known. 
 
 incog. (incognito.) Un- 
 
 Inf., or inf. Infinitive. 
 
 In Inn. (In limine.) At the 
 outset. 
 
 /. N. R. I. (lesus [oT Jesus] 
 Nazarenus, Rex Judseo- 
 rum.) Jesus of Nazareth, 
 King of the Jews. 
 
 in.n. Instant. 
 
 Int., or int. Interest. 
 
 Interj. Interjection. 
 
 lo. Iowa. 
 
 /. O. O. F. Independent Or- 
 der of Odd Fellows. 
 
 /. O. U. I owe you — an 
 acknowledgment for mon- 
 ey, [as. 
 
 f. q. (idem quod.) The same 
 
 Is., or Isa. Isaiah. 
 
 Isi., ovist. Island. 
 
 It., or Ital. Italian; Italic. 
 
 J. 
 
 J. Judge. 
 
 J. A. Judge Advocate. 
 
 Jan. January. 
 
 Jas. James. 
 
 J. C. Jesus Christ ; Jus- 
 tice Clerk ; JuUus Caesar. 
 
 J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doc- 
 tor.) Doctor of Civil Law. 
 
 J. D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doc- 
 tor of Laws. 
 
 Jer. Jeremiah. [Warden. 
 
 J. G. W. Junior Grand 
 
 Jno. John. 
 
 Jona. Jonathan. 
 
 Jos. Joseph. 
 
 Josh. Joshua. 
 
 J. P. Justice of the Peace. 
 
 J. Prob. Judge of the Pro- 
 
 Jr., or jr. Junior. [bate. 
 
 J. U. D. (Juris Utri usque 
 Doctor. ) Doctor of Both 
 Laws (i. e., the Canon and 
 the Civil Law.) 
 
 Jud. Judith. 
 
 Judg. Judges. 
 
 Jul. July : Julius. 
 
 Jun.. Junr. Junior. 
 
 J. W. Junior Ararden. 
 
 K. King ; Knight. — (Kali- 
 urn.) Potassium. 
 
 Kafi. Kansas. 
 I K. B. Knight of the Bath ; 
 
 King's Bench. 
 j K. C. B. Knight Comman- 
 der of the Bath. 
 
 Ke7i., or Ky. Kentucky. 
 
 K. G. Knight of the Garter. 
 
 K. G. C. Knight of the 
 Grand Cross : Knight of 
 the Golden Circle. 
 
 Ki. Kings. 
 i K. M. Knight of Malta. 
 
 Ent., or Kt. Knight. 
 
 Ky. Ky. 
 
 I L. Lady : Latin : Lord : Low ; 
 I Lithium ; Lake : Line. 
 : L.. lb., or lb. (Libra.) A 
 I pound, iu weight. [ling. 
 •I,., /.,or£. A pound eter- 
 ' Lm. Lanthanum. 
 
 Lam. Lamentations. 
 
 LaX. Latin. 
 
 LeU., or lat. Latitude. 
 
 Lb., lb., or ft. (Libra.) A 
 pound in weight. 
 
 L. C. Lower Canada; Lord 
 Chancellor. 
 
 I. c. Lower case. — (loco cita- 
 to.) In the plate before 
 
 Ld. Lord. [cited. 
 
 Ldp., or Lp. Lordship. 
 
 Lea., or lea. League. 
 
 Leg. , or Lfgis. Legislature. 
 
 Lev. Leviticus. [Infantry. 
 
 L. I. Long Island; Light 
 
 Li., or L. Lithium. 
 
 Lib., or lib. (Liber.) Book. 
 
 Lieut., or U. Lieutenant. 
 
 LL.B. (Legum Barralau- 
 reus.) Bachelor of Laws. 
 
 I»- The initial letter of a 
 word is sometimes doubled, 
 as in the present instance, to 
 signify the plural. 
 
 LL.D. (Legum Doctor.) 
 
 Doctor of Laws. SeeLL..B. 
 Lon., Long. Longitude. 
 Lou., or Lm. Louisiana. 
 Lp., or Ldp. Lordship. 
 L. S. Left side. —(Locus 
 
 Sigilli. ) Place of the Seal. 
 L. S. D., or I. s. d. (Libra, 
 
 Solidi, Denarii.) Pounds, 
 
 Shillings, Pence. 
 Lt. , or Lieut. Lieutenant. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. Marquis ; Monday ; Mon- 
 sieur ; Morning. — (3Ii(le.) 
 Thousand.) — (Mfridies.) 
 Meridian, or noon. 
 
 ill., or 7/2. Masculine ; Moon ; 
 Month, months : Minute, 
 minutes ; Mill, mills ; Mile, 
 miles. 
 
 M. A. Military Academy ; 
 Master of Arts. 
 
 Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. 
 
 Mad., or Madm. Madam. 
 
 3Iag. Magazine. 
 
 Maj. Major. 
 
 Mai. 31alachi. 
 
 Mar. March ; Maritime. 
 
 Mas., Mcwsc. Masculine. 
 
 Mass., or ilJ.<;. Massachu- 
 
 3Iatt. Matthew. [setts. 
 
 M. B. (Medicinx Bacca'.au- 
 reus.) Bachelor of Medi- 
 cine. 
 
 M. C. Member of Congress ; 
 Master of Ceremonies ; 
 Master Commandant. 
 
 M. D. (M'dtcinae Doctor.) 
 Doctor of Medicine. 
 
 Md. Mar\ land . 
 
 Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 
 
 ill. E. Methodist Episcopal ; 
 Military or Mechanical 
 Engineer ; Most Excellent. 
 
 ilfe. Maine. 
 
 M(m. Memorandum. 
 
 Messrs., or illilf. (Mes- 
 sieurs.) Gentlemen; Sirs. 
 See LL. B. 
 
 Meth. Methodist. 
 
 Mg. Magnesium. 
 
 ilf. G. Major General. 
 
 ilf. H. S. Massachusetts 
 Historical Society ; Mem- 
 ber of the Historical So- 
 il!/. Mississippi. [ciety. 
 
 Mr. Micah. [mas. 
 
 j Mich. Michigan : Michael- 
 j Mid. Midshipman. [utes. 
 j Min., or inin. Minute, min- 
 I Minn. Minnesota. 
 
 Miss. Mississippi. 
 
 Mile. Mademoiselle. 
 I MM. Tb^ Majeetiee.-(Jlfu- 
 
 sieurs.) Gentlemen. See 
 
 Mme. Madame. [LL.B 
 
 Mn. Maugauete. 
 
 Mo. Missouri ; Blolybdenum. 
 
 Mo., or mo. Month. 
 
 Mod. Modern. 
 
 Mon., or Mvnd. Monday. 
 
 Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. 
 
 Mos., or 7nos. Months. 
 
 M. P. Men.ler of Parlia- 
 ment ; Member of Police. 
 
 31. P. P. Member of the 
 Provincial Parliamert. 
 
 Mr. Master, or ftlisttr. 
 
 Mrs. Miiitre.=s, or Mii^is. 
 
 MS. Manu.'^ciipt. [LL.R 
 
 MSS. Manuscripts. See 
 
 3It. Mount, or Mountain. 
 
 illu5. D., Mus. Doc, or 
 illM5. Doct. Doctor of 
 Music. 
 
 ilf. W. Most Worthy. 
 
 ill. W. G. M. Most ATor- 
 Ehipful Grand Master. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. Noon ; North ; Note ; 
 Name; New; Nitrogen. 
 
 N., or n. Noun; Neuter; 
 Nail, nails. 
 
 A^. A. North America. 
 
 Na. (Natrium.) Scdicm. 
 
 Nah . Nahrm . 
 
 Nat. Natural : National. 
 
 Nath. Nathaiiiel. 
 
 Naut. Nautical. 
 
 N. B. New Brunswick. — 
 (Nota Bene.) Note well, 
 or take notice, 
 
 N. C. North Carolina. 
 
 N. E. North-East ; North- 
 em Eastern (Postal Dis- 
 trict, London) ; New Erg- 
 
 Neb. Nebraska. [land. 
 
 Neh. Nehemiah. 
 
 Nim. Con. (Nrmine Con- 
 tradicente.) No ore con- 
 tradicting ; unaniniously. 
 
 N(m. Diss. (Nrmine Dissen- 
 tiente.) No one dif sen ting. 
 
 Nevt., or nevt. Ntuter. 
 
 N. F. Newfcundlard. 
 
 A^. H. New Han:pshire. 
 
 Ni. Nickel. 
 
 N. J. New Jersey. 
 
 A'. /., or V. I. (Ncn liquet.) 
 It appears not; the case is 
 not clear. 
 
 A^. Lat. North Latitude. 
 
 N. N. E. North-Ncrth-East. 
 
 A^.A^. Tr. Ncrth-North-AA est. 
 
 A^o. Noricrm. [ber. 
 
 No. or no. (Nvmero.) Num- 
 
 Nom., or 7iojn. Ncninative. 
 
 Kon. Pros., or Ncn.^ros. 
 ( Non Prose t^uitirr). He 
 does not prosecute : — a 
 judgment entered against 
 the plaintiff when lie does 
 not appear to prosecute. 
 
 Non. seq., or ncn srq. (Ncn 
 sequitur. ) It does not fol- 
 low. 
 
 Nos., or nos. Ncmbcrs. 
 
 Nov. November. 
 
 iV^. P. New Providence; No- 
 tary Public. 
 
 A'^. S. Nova Scotia; New 
 Style (since 1762). 
 
 A^. T. New Testament. 
 
 Num. or Nu7>7b. Numbers. 
 
 A". W. North-West : North- 
 em-AVestem (Postal D» 
 trict, London). 
 
 N. Y. New York. 
 
 O. Ohio : Oxvgen ; Old. 
 Ob.,otob:(Obiit.) Die*. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 959 
 
 Obcul. Obadiah. [jection. 
 06/., or ohj. Objective ; Ob- 
 Obs. Observatory. 
 Obt., or Obdt. Obedient. 
 Oct. October. 
 Olym. Olympiad. 
 Ord. Ordinance; Ordinary. 
 O. S. Old St>le (previous 
 Os. Osmium. [to 1752). 
 O. T. Old Testament. 
 Oxon. (Oxvnia.) Oxford. 
 Oz., or oz. Ounce, or 
 
 ounces. 
 j^^The z is here used to 
 
 represent the character 5) 
 
 ancientljr au abbreviation for 
 
 terminatioug. 
 
 P. 
 
 p., orp. Page ; Part ; Phos- 
 phorus ; Pipe. 
 
 Pa. Pennsylvania. 
 
 p. a. Participial adjective. 
 
 Pari. Parliament. 
 
 Part., or part. Participle. 
 
 Pn.'<s.,OT pass. Passive. 
 
 Pb. [Plumbum.) Lead. 
 
 P. B. (Philosophix Bacra- 
 laureus.) Lachelor of 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Pd. Paid; Palladium. 
 
 Pe. Pelopium. [Island. 
 
 P. E. I. Prince Edward 
 
 Penn. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Per an., ar per an. {Per an- 
 num.) By the 3 ear. 
 
 Percent., percent, Per ct., or 
 per ct. ( Per centum. ) By 
 the hundred. 
 
 P. G. Past Grand. 
 
 Bi. D. {Philosophix Doc- 
 tor.) Doctor of Pbilo.sophy. 
 
 P/iil. Philip ; Philippians ; 
 Philosophy ; Philemon. 
 
 Phila. PhUadelphia. 
 
 Philom. {Philomathes.) Lov- 
 er of learning. 
 
 Pinx., pinx., Pxt., or pxt. 
 {Pinxlt.) He, or she, 
 painted it. 
 
 Pk., or pk. Peck. 
 
 PL orp!. PluraL 
 
 Plf. PlaintiX 
 
 Piur., or plur. PluraL 
 
 P. M. Post-Master; Past 
 Master ; Past Midship- 
 man . — ( Post Meridiem . ) 
 Afternoon. [oral. 
 
 P. M. G. Post-Master-Gen- 
 
 P. O. Post-Oflicc. 
 
 Pos., jws., Poss., or poss. 
 Possessive. 
 
 pp. Pages. See LL.B. 
 
 P. P. C. { Pour Prendre Con- 
 gi.) To take leave. 
 
 Pph . , or TPh . Pam pblet. 
 
 Pr.,pr., or p' {Per.) By the. 
 
 P. R. Prize Ring; Porto 
 Rico. 
 
 Prep., or prep. Preposition. 
 
 Pres. Pre ident. 
 
 Pret., or pret. Preterit. 
 
 Prof. Professor. 
 
 Pron. , or pron . Pronoun . 
 
 Pro tern., or pro tern. {Pro 
 tempore.) Por the time 
 being. [Province. 
 
 Prov. Proverbs ; Provost ; 
 
 Prox. ( Proximo.) Next. 
 
 P. iS. (Post script um.) Post- 
 script. 
 
 Ps. Psalm, flr Psalms. 
 
 Pt. Pint; Part: Payment; 
 Platinum; Point: Port. 
 
 Pub. Public ; Publisher. 
 
 Pub. Doc. Puhlic Docu- 
 ments. 
 
 Pwt., or pwt. Pennyweight. 
 
 Pxt. or pxt. (pinxit). lie, or 
 she, painted it. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q. Question. 
 
 Q., or Qu. Query ; Ques- 
 tion; Queen. 
 
 Q. B. Queea's Bench. 
 
 Q. C. Queen's Council. 
 
 Q. d. { Quasi dicat.) As if 
 he should say. 
 
 Q. E. D. {Quod Erat 
 Demonstrandum.) Which 
 was to be demonstrated. 
 
 Q. /. {Quantum libet.) As 
 much as 3 ou please. 
 
 Q. M. Quartermaster. 
 
 Q. M. G. Quartermaster 
 General. 
 
 Qr., or qr. Quarter (28 
 pounds) ; Farthing : Quire. 
 
 Q. .^., or q. s. — ((^lantion 
 sufficit. ) A suflScient quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Qt., or qt. Quart; Quan- 
 tity. [Quarter. 
 
 Qu. Queen ; Question ; 
 
 Q«.,or Qy. ( Qw^re.) Query. 
 
 Ques. Question. 
 
 Q. f. or q. V. ( Quod vide. ) 
 AVhich see. 
 
 JR. Railway ; Rhodium. — 
 {Rex.) King. —{liegina.) 
 Queen. — ( Recipe. ) Take. 
 
 it. A. Royal Academy, or 
 Acadeniician ; Rear Admi- 
 ral ; Right Ascension. 
 
 Rb. Ruhidium. 
 
 Rec. or R. Recipe. [tary. 
 
 Rec. Sec. Recording Secrc- 
 
 Ref. Reformed : Reformer ; 
 Reformation ; Reference. 
 
 Reg. Register ; Regular. 
 
 Rep. Representative ; Re- 
 pubUc ; Reporter. 
 
 Rev. Revelation , Revolu- 
 tion ; Review ; Revenue ; 
 
 Rev. Reverend. [Revise. 
 
 R. I. Rhode Island. 
 
 R. N. Royal Navy. 
 
 Rom. Roman ; Romans. 
 
 Rom. Cat.';. Roman Catholic. 
 
 R. n. Puiilror.d. 
 
 Pvt. Hon. Right Honorable. 
 
 Ut. Rev. Right Reverend. 
 
 Ru. Ruthenium . 
 
 R. W. Right Arorshipful. 
 
 s. 
 
 5. Sign; South; Sulphur; 
 
 Sunday; Saturday; Signor; 
 
 Scribe ; Shiliing. 
 S. A . South America ; South 
 Sam. Samuel. [Africa. 
 
 Sat. Saturday. 
 Sb. { Stibium . ) Antimony. 
 5. C. South Carolina. 
 Sc., or Sculp. (Sculpsit.) 
 
 He, or she, engraved it. 
 Sc.'t., or Scl.r. Schooner. 
 Sr.il., cr Sc. {Scilicet.) To 
 
 wit ; namely. 
 Script. Scripture. 
 Sculp., or S'u'p . { Sculpsit . ) 
 
 He, or she, engraved it. 
 S. E. South-East: South- 
 
 Eastem (Postal District, 
 Se. Selenium. [London). 
 Sec. Secretary. [tion. 
 
 Sec, or sec. Secord ; Scc- 
 Sect., or sect. Section, fior. 
 Sen. Senate; Senator: Sen- 
 Sep., or Sept. Sep*^ember. 
 Serg.. or Serj. Sergeant, or 
 
 Serjeant. 
 Serv ., or Sfrvt . Servant. 
 S. H. S. (Soa'flntis fT.'ifo- 
 
 r>!P Socius. ) Fellow of the 
 
 Histoiical Society. 
 
 Si. SiUcium. 
 
 Sing., or sing. Singular. 
 
 S. J. Society of Jesus. 
 
 S. J. C. Supreme Judicial 
 Court. 
 
 S. Lat. South Latitude. 
 
 Sid., or sld. Sailed. 
 
 .S. M. State MiiitLi ; Short 
 Meter ; Sergeant Major ; 
 Sous of Malta. 
 
 S. M. I. {Sa Majestc Im- 
 psriale. ) His, or Her, Im- 
 perial Majesty. 
 
 Sn. {Stannu?n.) Tin. 
 
 Soc. Society. 
 
 Sol. Solomon; Solution. 
 
 5. P. Q. R. {Senatus Pop- 
 ulusque Romani.) Senate 
 and people of Piome. 
 
 Sq., or sq. Square. 
 
 Sq.ft., or sq.ft. Square feet. 
 
 Sq. in., or sq. in. Square 
 inches. [miles. 
 
 Sq. m., or sq. m. Square 
 
 Sr. Sir, cr Senior. 
 
 "SS". , or 55. ( Scilicet.) 'Saine- 
 ly. — {Semis.) Half. 
 
 5. S. Sunday School ; Saint 
 Simplicius (the mark on 
 the collar of the Chief Jus- 
 tice of England). 
 
 S. S. E. South-South-East 
 
 5. 5. 17. South -South- 
 TTest. 
 
 St. Samt; Street; Strait. 
 
 Stat. Statute; Statuary-. 
 
 S. T. D. {Sacr^ Theolcgix 
 Doctor.) Doctor of Divin- 
 itv. 
 
 -S. T. P. (Sacrcs Theologix 
 Professor.) Professor of 
 Theology. 
 
 SubJ., or siibj. Subjunctive. 
 
 Sufist. Substantive ; Sub- 
 stitute. 
 
 Sun., cr Sund. Sunday. 
 
 Sup. Superior ; Supplement. 
 
 Supt. Superintendent. 
 
 Surg. Surgeon ; Surgerv. 
 
 5. ir. South-West: South- 
 TTestem (Postiil District, 
 London) ; Senior TTarden. 
 
 Syn., or syn. Synonym. 
 
 T. Tenor ; Tuesday ; Town ; 
 Township ; Territory ; Ton. 
 
 Ta. Tantalum. 
 
 Tb. Tcrtium. 
 
 Tc. Tellurium. 
 
 Ten., or Tenn. Tennessee. 
 
 Tex. Texas. [Thorium. 
 
 Th. Thursday ; Thomas ; 
 
 Theo. Theodore. 
 
 Tliess. Thessalonians. 
 
 TLurs. Thursday, 
 
 Ti. Titanium . 
 
 Tier., or tier. Tierce. 
 
 Tim. Tmiothy. 
 
 Tit. Titus. 
 
 Tl. Thallium. 
 
 Tob. Tobit. 
 
 Tr. Translation ; Trans- 
 pose ; Treasurer ; Trustee. 
 
 Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. 
 
 u. 
 
 U. Uranium . 
 
 U. C. Upper Canada. 
 
 Ult., or lilt. { Ultimo.) Last, 
 
 cr of the last month. 
 Univ. Universitv. 
 U. S. United States. 
 U. S. A . United States of 
 
 America ; United States 
 
 Armv. 
 U. S. M. United States Mail; 
 
 United States Marine. 
 
 U. S. M. A. United State* 
 
 MiUtary Academy. 
 U. S. N. United States 
 
 Navy. [untcers. 
 
 U. S. V. United States VoJ- 
 U. T. Utah Territory. 
 
 V, Vanadium ; Victoria : 
 
 Viscount ; A'erb ; Vtrce ; 
 
 Vocative; Volume; VicUn. 
 V. a., cr V. a. Verb active. 
 Va. Virginia. 
 V. C. "\ ice Chancellor. 
 Vcn. Venerable. [Grand. 
 V. G. Vicar General ; Vice 
 V. i. Verb intransitive. 
 Vice Pres. Vice President. 
 Vid.,CTvid. {Vide.) See. 
 Vis., or Vise. Viscount. 
 Viz., or viz. {Videlicet.) 
 
 Namely ; To wit. [See 
 
 Note under Cz.] 
 V. n.,or V. n. Verb neuter 
 Voc, or 'joc. Vocative. 
 Vol., or vol. Volume. 
 F. P. Vice President. 
 V. R. { Victoria Regina.) 
 
 Queen Victoria. 
 Vs.,crvs. ( Ffr*j'5.) Against, 
 
 cr In opposition. 
 Vt. Venrort. 
 V.t.,orv,t. A'erb transitive- 
 
 w. 
 
 W. TVest ; TTilliam ; \\ ed- 
 
 nesday ; TTclsh ; AVarden. 
 
 — ( Wolframium . ) Tungs- 
 
 sten. 
 W.,orw. Week. 
 T7. C. V.'estern Central (Post. 
 
 al District, London). 
 Wed. Wednesday. [Indies- 
 W. I. West India. West 
 TT'. Lon. West Longitude. 
 V'm. William. 
 TF. M. Worshipful Master. 
 T7. N. W. West-North-West. 
 Vp. Worship. 
 W. S. Writer to the Signet. 
 T7. S.W. West-South-Av'est. 
 Wt., or wt. Weight. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. Christ. 
 Xin., cr Xmas. 
 Xt. Christ. 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 Y. Yttrium. 
 Y, or Yr. Year. 
 Y.I., or yd. Yard. 
 Y^, or ye. The- 
 
 T^- The y in this abbrevia- 
 tion, is a corrupt representa- 
 tion of the Anglo-Saxon )j 
 or ih, introduced at the time 
 when the Anglo-Saxon al- 
 phabet was superseded by 
 the Old English or Black 
 Letter, in which p (y) bore 
 a considerable resemblance 
 in form to )?• 
 Yr. Your. 
 
 z. 
 
 Z., or Zr. Zirconium. 
 Zach. Zachary. 
 Zech. Zechariah. 
 Zeph. Zephaniah. 
 Zn. Zinc. 
 Zool. Zoblog}'. 
 Zr. Zirconium. 
 
ARBITRARY SIGNS 
 
 USED IN 
 
 WRITING AND PRINTING 
 
 I. ASTRONOMICAL. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 SUN, GREATER PLANETS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 o 
 
 or0 
 
 The Sun. 
 
 e, e, or 6 
 
 The Earth. 
 
 C. 5 
 
 or d 
 
 The Moon. 
 
 d" 
 
 Mars. 
 
 
 • 
 
 New Moon. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Jupiter. 
 
 
 or D 
 
 First Quarter. 
 
 h 
 
 Saturn. 
 
 o, 
 
 or® 
 
 Full Moon. 
 
 W,or^ 
 
 Uranus. 
 
 Q 
 
 or<l 
 
 Last Quarter. 
 
 W 
 
 Neptune. 
 
 
 $ 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 & 
 
 Comet. 
 
 
 ? 
 
 Tenus. 
 
 ^,or^ 
 
 Fixed Star. 
 
 ' C^p^ The asteroids are now designated by numbers indi- 
 cating the order of their discoTcry, and their symbol is a 
 small circle inclosing this number ; as, 0, Ceres ; (2), Pal- 
 las i <£/, ./uno ; ®, Testa ; and the like. 
 
 2. SIGNS OF THE ZODLiC. 
 
 Spring 
 Signs. 
 
 Summer 
 Signs 
 
 Autumn 
 Signs. 
 
 Winter 
 Signs. 
 
 Aries, the Ram. 
 Taurus, the Bull. 
 Gemini, the Twins. 
 Cancer, th^ Crab. 
 Leo, the Lion. 
 Tirgo, the Virgin. 
 Libra, the Balance. 
 Scorpio, the Scorpion. 
 Sagittarius, the Archer. 
 Capricomus, the Goat. 
 Aquarius, the Waterinan. 
 Pisces, the Fishes. 
 
 3. ASPECTS AND NODES. 
 
 5 Conjunction :— indicating that the bodies have the 
 same longitude, or right ascension. 
 
 J|c Sextile : — indicating a difiference of 60° in longitude, 
 or right ascension. 
 
 D Quadrature ; — inc'icating a difference of 90° in longi- 
 tude, or right ascension. 
 
 A Trine : — indicating a difference of 120° in longitude, 
 or right ascension. 
 
 8 Opposition : — indicating a difference of 180° in longi- 
 tude, or right ascension. 
 
 e Ascending Node ; — called also Dragon''s Head. 
 Descending Node : — called also Dragon's Tail. 
 
 II. CHEmCAL. 
 
 • One equivalent of oxygen ; — written above a symbol 
 representing an element, and repf^ated to indicate two, 
 three, or more equivalents ; thus, Fe denotes a compound 
 of one equivalent of oxygen with one of iron : s' a com- 
 pound of three equivalents of oxygen with one of sulphur. 
 
 ' One equivalent of sulphur ;,— used in the same man- 
 ner a« the preceding : thus, Fe denotes a compound of 
 two equivalents of sulphur and one of iron. 
 
 ijy* A dash drawn across a symbol having either of the 
 foregoing signs above it, denotes that two equivalents of 
 the substance represented by the symbol are joined with 
 the nimiber of equivalents of oxygen or sulphur indicated 
 by the dots or commas ; thus, #e represents a compound 
 of two eqtiivalents of iron and three of oxygen, forming 
 BPijqui-oxide of iron. 
 ^960) 
 
 -}- indicates, in organic chemistry, a base or alkaloid, 
 
 when placed above the initial letter of the name of the 
 
 substance; as, M, morphine : Q quinine. 
 — indicates, in organic chemistry, an acid, when placed 
 
 above the ini'ial letter of the name of the acid; as, 
 
 C, citric acid ; T, tartaric acid. 
 
 jKg=- Every elementary substance is represented, in chem- 
 ical notation, by a symbol consisting of the iuitial or ab- 
 breviation of its Latiu name; as, H for hydrogen, for 
 oxygen. Ag (from Argentum) for silver, and the like, each 
 svniboi, wh^n used .-insly, always indicating a single atom 
 or equivalent of the sub.-^tmce represented by it; thus, 
 stands for one atom or equiv-ilent of ox\gen, C for a single 
 equir lent of carbon, and the others in like manner. A 
 ompound bod\ made up of single equivalents of it« constit- 
 uents is represented by the two symbols of the respective 
 constituents written side by side; as, HO, a compound of 
 one equivalent of hydrogen with one of oxjg n, forming 
 water. To express more than one atom or equivalent of a 
 substance, a number is u-ed. either prefixed to the symbol, 
 or, more commonly, wri'ten after it, below the line; as, 
 20, or O2, two equivaletits of oxygen. 
 
 A secondary compound, as a salt, is indicated by writing 
 the symbols of the constituentcompounds one after another, 
 with the sign + between them, the symbol of the base 
 being always placed first ; thus, CaO + CO2 represents car- 
 bonate of lime. A comma is frequently u-ed instead of the 
 sign -I-, commonly to expres> a more intimate union than 
 would be expressed by that sign. The period is also some- 
 times used to indicate a union more intim;ite than that 
 denoted by the sign -(-, but less so than that implied by a 
 comma. A number written before the svmbol of a com- 
 pound designates a corresponding number of equivalents of 
 that compound; as, 3 SO.3, three equivaetts of sulphuric 
 acid. When the formula of the quantitv contains .'several 
 terms, those to whii^h the figure applies are included ia 
 parentheses or brackets, to which the figure is prefixed ; as, 
 3 (CaO -\- SO3), three equivalents of sulphate ol lime. 
 
 in. MATHEMATICAL. 
 
 THE RELATIONS OF QUANTITIES. 
 
 + 
 
 Plus ; and ; more : — indicating addition ; as a -j- ^ = 
 c ; — used al.<o to indicate that figures have been omitted 
 from the end of a number, or that the latter is approa- 
 mately exact ; as, the square root of 2 is 1.4142186 -j— 
 
 — Minus: less; — indicating subtraction ; a*, a — 6 = c. 
 
 i, or If Plus or minus ; ambiguous ; — indicating that 
 the number or quantity to which it is prefixed may have 
 either of tne signs -|- or — ; as, a -^b. 
 
 X Multiplied by; times; into; as, a X 6 = ab ; 6x4 
 = 24. 
 4S=" Multiplication is also often indicated by placing a 
 
 dot between the factors, or by writing the latter, when not 
 
 numerals, one after another without any sign. 
 
 -=-, or: Divided by ; as, a -^ 6 ; that is, a divided by 6; 
 6-^3 = 2. 
 M^ Division is also very often indicated by writing the 
 
 divisor under the dividend, with a line between them ; as 
 
 that is, a divided by 6/ 4 
 
 = 2. 
 
 = Is equal to ; equals ] as, (a -\- b) X c ■=: ac -\- be ; 6 -f- 
 
 2 =8. 
 > Is greater than ; as, a > &y that is, a is irreater than 
 
 b: 6>5. 
 
ARBITRARY SIGNS. 
 
 961 
 
 < Is less than ; as, a < 6; that is, a is less than b; 3 
 
 =0= Is equivalent to ; — applied to magnitudes or quan- 
 tities which are equal in area or volume, but are not of 
 the same form, or capable of superposition. 
 
 '^ The difference between ; — used to indicate the differ- 
 ence between two quantities without designating which 
 is the greater ; &s, a"^^ b. 
 
 oc Varies as ; is proportional to ; as, a oc 6. 
 
 : Is to ; the ratio of ; I — used to indicate geometrical pro- 
 
 ; ; As ; equals ; ) portion ; as, a : 6 : ; c : d ; that 
 
 is, a is to 6 as c is to d. 
 
 ,', Hence; therefore; on this account. 
 
 •,• Because. 
 
 QO Indefinitely great ; infinite ; infinity. 
 
 Indefinitely small ; infinitesimal ; — used to denote a 
 quantity less than any assignable quantity ; also, as a 
 numeral, naught ; nothing ; zero. 
 
 ^ Angle ; the angle : as, / A B C. 
 
 ^_ Eight angle ; the right angle ; as, L A B C ; that is, 
 the right angle ABC. 
 
 1 The perpendicular : perpendicular to ; as, draw A B X 
 CD. 
 
 II Parallel ; parallel ta; is parallel to ; as, A B || CD. 
 
 O Circle; circumference; 360°. 
 
 A Triangle : the triangle ; as A A B C ; that is, the tri- 
 angle ABC. 
 
 G Square : the square ; as, D A B C D ; that is, the 
 square A B C D. 
 
 □ Rectangle ; the rectangle ; as, □ A B C D ; that is, the 
 rectangle A B C D. 
 
 ^/, or V Root: — indicating, when used without a 
 
 figure placed above it, the square root : as, ^''4 = 2 ; 
 VirtS = 2a. This symbol is called the raitical sign. To 
 denote any other than the square root, a figure (called the 
 index) expressing the degree of therequu-ed root, is placed 
 above the sign : as ^a, ^a, ^a, &c. 
 ^W^ The root of a quantity is also denoted by a fractional 
 
 index at the right hand side of the quantity and above it, 
 
 the denominator of the index expres.sing the degree of the 
 
 root ; as a,2 a^ , a" ; that is, the square, cube, and fifth 
 
 roots of a, respectively. 
 
 indicate that the quantities 
 to which they are applied, or 
 which are inclosed by them, 
 are to be taken together ; as, 
 ■ 2{n+b): aX(^ + 
 
 Vinculum, 
 
 ) Parenthesis, 
 
 ], or I I , Brackets, 
 
 I Bar, 
 t[e-^d]): 
 
 X + .'/" 
 
 I 2. 
 
 /. or F Function ; function of; as y =f (.v) ; that is, y 
 
 is, or equals, a function of .-c. 
 
 U^^^ Various other letters or signs are frequently used 
 by mathematicians to indicate functions : as,/, ^, <^', xf/, w, 
 and the like. 
 
 d Differential : as, dx ; that is, the differential of x. 
 6 Variation ; as 6 .r ; that is. the variation of r. 
 A Finite difference. 
 J) Differential co-efficient ; derivative. 
 
 fj^^ The letters d, 5, A, D, and sometimes others, are 
 variouv-^ly employed by different mathematicians, prefixed 
 to quantities to denote that the differentials, variations, 
 finite differences, or differential co-efficients of these quan- 
 tities are to be taken ; but the ordinary significations are 
 those given above. 
 
 y Integral ; integral of ; — indicating that the expi-ession 
 before which it is placed is to be integrated ; SiS,/2xdx ■=■ 
 X- ; that is, the integral of2xdx is x-. 
 S^^ It is repeated to indicate that the operation of in- 
 tegration is to be performed twice, or three or more times, 
 *s//, fff., &c. For a number of times greater than three, 
 an index is commonly written at the right hand above ; as, 
 f^ xdx"^ ; that is, the mth. integral, or the result of m in- 
 tegrations of xdx"^. 
 
 /^ denotes that the integral is to be taken between the 
 value b of the variable and its value a. J'^ denotes that 
 the integral ends at the value n of the variable, and f. 
 that it begins at the value b. These forms must not be 
 confounded with the similar one indicating repeated in- 
 tegration, or with that indicating the integral with re- 
 spect to a particular variable. 
 
 2 Sum ; algebraic sum ; — commonly used to indicate the 
 sum or summation of finite differences, and in nearly the 
 same manner as the symbol/. 
 
 e Residual. 
 
 61 
 
 n The number 3.14159265 -|- ; the ratio of the circumfisr- 
 enc3 of a circle to its diameter, of a semicircle to its radi- 
 us, and of the area of a circle to the .square of its radius. 
 In a circle whose radius is unity, it is equal to the semi- 
 circumference, and hence is used to designate an arc of 
 180°. 
 
 ° Degrees ; as, 60° ; that is, sixty degrees. 
 
 '' Minutes of arc ; as, 30' ; that is, thirty minutes. 
 
 /' Seconds of arc ; as, 20" ; that is, twenty seconds. 
 
 ', " ., '", &c. Accents used to mark quantities of the same 
 kind which are to be distinguished ; as, a' , a", a"' , &c., 
 which are usually read a prime, a second, a third, etc. ; 
 a bi c" -\- a' b'l c-\- a'l b c' . 
 
 1, 2, 3^ &c. Indices placed above and at the right hand of 
 quantities to denote that they are raised to powers whose 
 degree is indicated by the figure ; as, a^ ; that is, the 
 first power of a; a-., the square or second power of a ; a^, 
 the cube or third power of n ; and the like. 
 
 IV. MEDICAL. 
 
 (Gr. avd), of each. 
 (Lat. Recipe.) Take. 
 
 APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 
 
 lb Pound. 
 
 § Ounce ; as. gi, one 
 
 ounce ; § ss, half an ounce ; 
 
 § iss , one ounce and a half ; 
 
 §ij, two ounces, &c. 
 3 Drachm ; as. 5i> oi^e 
 
 drachm ; 5 ss, half a 
 
 drachm ; 5 iss, one drachm 
 
 and a half ; 5 ij) *w® 
 drachms, &c. 
 9 Scruple; as, 9i, one 
 scruple ; 9ss, half a scru- 
 ple ; 9iss, one scruple and 
 a half ; 9 ij , two scruples, 
 &c. 
 
 APOTHECARIES' MEASURES. 
 
 0,orO (Lat. Of,'rt//».s-.) Pint, j 5 Drachm, or / 5 fluid 
 § Ounce, or /§ fluid i drachm, 
 ounce. |n[ Minim, or drop. 
 
 V. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 &, if, fef And. — &c. {Et extern.) And the rest; and so 
 forth ; and so on ; and the like. 
 
 R Response ; — used in Roman Catholic service-books. 
 
 '^ Versicle : — used in service-books in the Roman Cath- 
 oUc church to denote the part recited or sung by the 
 priest. 
 
 * A character used in Roman Catholic service-books to 
 divide each verse of a psalm int-o two parts, and show 
 where the response begins. 
 
 ►J*! <"■ + A sign of the cross used by the pope, and by 
 Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops, immediately 
 before the subscription of their names. In Roman Cath- 
 olic service-books, it is used in those places of the praj-ers 
 and benediction where the priest is to make the sign of 
 the cross. 
 
 •^ Broad Arrow; a British government mark, stamped, 
 cut, or otherwise fixed on all government property used 
 in the royal ships or dock-yards, in order to prevent em- 
 bezzlement of naval stores. 
 
 X, or -\- A character customarily made by persons unable 
 to write, when they are required to execute instruments 
 of any kind, as deeds, affidavits, &c. 
 The name of the party is added by his 
 
 some one who can write ; as, John X Smith 
 
 4to, or 4°. "/larto ; four leaves, or mark, 
 
 eight pages, to a sheet . 
 
 8vo, or 8°. Octavo ; eight leaves, or sixteen pages, to a 
 sheet. 
 
 12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo ; twelve leaves, or twenty-four 
 pages, to a sheet. 
 
 16mo, or 16°. Sexto-decimo ; sixteen leaves, or thirty -two 
 pages, to a sheet. 
 
 1^0, or 18°. Octo-decimo; eighteen leaves, or thirty-six 
 pages, to a sheet. 
 5^° Other sizes are 24mo, or 24° (Vigesimo-quarto), 
 
 32mo, or 32° (Trigesimo-secundo), 36mo, or 36° (Trigesimo- 
 
 sexto), 48mo, or 48° (Quadrigesimo-sexto), 64mo, or 64** 
 
 (Sexagesimo-quarto), 72mo, or 72° (Septuagesimo-secundo), 
 
 96mo, or 96° (Nonagesimo-sexto), 128mo, or 128° (Centesi- 
 
 mo et vigesimo-octavo). These sizes are of rare occurrence, 
 
 and are not commonly known by their Latin names, but 
 
 are colloquially called twenty-four-mo, thirty-two-mo, &c., 
 
 or twenty-fours, thirty-twos, &c. 
 
 Tber, September ; 8ber, October ; 9bei', November : lOber, 
 December. 
 
902 
 
 ARBITRARY SIGNS. 
 
 VI. MONETARY AND 
 COMMERCIAL. 
 
 $ Dollar, or Dollars ; as, $1 : S200. 
 
 f (."^nt, or cents ; as, 12c ; -iSc:. 
 
 £ Pound, or Pounds (sterling); as, £1 ; £45. 
 
 t> Pound, or Pounds (in weigUt); as, lib; 24fc. 
 
 e At, or to; as, silk 41 i<2 per yd. 
 
 V Per ; as, sheep 5^4 ^ head. 
 
 f}^ Per cent. ; as, discount tSr^ =810.21. 
 
 n^ Account ; as, ,1. Smith in '^^ with J. Jones. 
 
 / Shilling, or Shillings ; as, 1 == Is. 6d. ; '■i/== 2s. 3d. 
 
 A 1 The designation of a first-class vessel, in Llojd's Reg- 
 ister of British and Foreign Shipping ; the letter denoting 
 that tlie hull is well built and sea-worthy, and the figure 
 the erticient stjite of her rigging, anchors, cables, &c. 
 
 XX Ale of double strength. 
 
 XXX Ale of triple strength. 
 
 VII. TYPOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 1. MARKS OF PUNCTUATIOX, Etc. 
 
 
 Comma. 
 
 •• 
 
 Diaeresis. 
 
 
 Semicolon. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cedilla. 
 
 
 Colon. , 
 
 A 
 
 Caret. 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 *t 55 
 
 Quotation Marks. 
 
 — 
 
 Dash. 
 Interrogation. 
 
 ! 
 
 Brace. 
 
 
 Exclamation. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Ellipsis. 
 
 { ) 
 
 Parenthesis. 
 
 . . 
 
 . EUipsis; also, Lea 
 
 1 1 
 
 Brackets, or Crotchets. 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 Apostrophe. 
 
 * 
 
 Asterisk. 
 
 . 
 
 Hyphen. 
 
 t 
 
 Dagger, or Obelisk. 
 
 f 
 
 Acute Accent. 
 
 t 
 
 Double Dagger. 
 
 \ 
 
 Grave Accent. 
 
 «f 
 
 Section. 
 
 " 
 
 Circumflex Accent. 
 
 
 Parallels. 
 
 "■ 
 
 Circumflex, or Tilde. 
 
 IT 
 
 Paragraph. 
 
 ~ 
 
 The Long, or Slacron. 
 
 B^= Index. 
 
 
 The Short, or Dreve. 
 
 ***, 
 
 or^\ Asterism. 
 
 2. CORRECTION OF THE PRESS. 
 
 CT, or ^ (dele) Delete, take out, or expunge. 
 
 ^ Turn a reversed letter. 
 
 •^ A space, or more space between words, letters, or lines. 
 
 ^ Less space, or no space, between words or letters. 
 
 |_ , or _1 Carry a word further to the left or to the right. 
 
 D Indent. 
 
 ' ' Elevate a letter, word, or character that is sunk below 
 
 the proper level. 
 I — I Sink or depress a letter, word, or character raised 
 
 above the proper level. 
 I shows that a portion of a paragraph projects laterally 
 
 beyond the rest. 
 
 X directs attention to a quadrat or space which improp- 
 erly appears. 
 
 X, or + directs attention to a broken or imperfect type. 
 
 [ Bring a word or words to the beginning of a hne ; also, 
 make a new paragraph. 
 
 IT Make a new paragraph. 
 
 — Change from Italic to Roman, or from Roman to Ital- 
 ic, as the case may be. 
 
 =: Put in small capitals. 
 
 = Put in capitals. 
 
 ^W^ The other marks are self-explanatory : but the fol- 
 lowing abbreviations, used in correcting proof-sheets, re- 
 quire explanation : — 
 
 wf. Wrong font ; — used when a character is of a wrong 
 
 size or style. 
 tr. Transpose. 
 I.e. Lower-case; i. e., put in small or common letters a 
 
 word or a letter that has been printed in capitals or 
 
 small capitals, 
 s. caps., or sm. c. Put in small capitals. 
 Qii., Qy.,or? Query. 
 out, s. c. Words are wanting, see copy. 
 
 & 
 
 [ 
 A. 
 
 X 
 
 llAtt^V^A 
 
 ■J 
 
 SPECIMEN OF A CORKECTED PKOOl -SHEET, 
 THE CROWNING OF PETRARCH. 
 
 D *. e«^4. y«,^Nothlng can be conceived more affecting or noble thanA that ceremony. The ^ 
 
 ^ superb palaces and.a»4 porticos by which had rolled the ivory chariots of Marius ^^rLawt. 
 
 «« and Caesar had long momldered into dust. The laureled fasces, the golden eagles, e=^yr. 
 
 the shouting Legions, the captives, and the pictured cities were indeed want^ -/ 
 
 [ ing to his victorious procession. The sceptre had passed away from Rome. 
 
 te^cC. 
 
 But she still oetained the mightier influence of an \empire /intellectual ^ and was 
 
 now to confer the pioud e i reward of an intellectual triumph. To the mmn who Aie.€. a/ 
 
 had ex**'^'^^** *^® dominion of herl_ ancient language — who l_ had erected l_ the ^yj^^^^ /iett^t. 
 
 trophie^ °*^ philosophy and imagination in the | haunts of ignorance^nd J, 
 
 ferocity, whose <taptJon& were the he'^arts of admiring nations/ enchained by the 3 > / 
 
 influence of his ^°°^ — whose spoils were the treasures of ancient genius — the 
 " ' -^ 
 
 ^^n.. 
 
 ti,. 
 
 Eternal City offered the (^oriousNand/jus^i tribute of her gratitude. | 
 
 "v ^ ; ' — ^ ^ _v 
 
 «=/1^ if A-€ f Amid the ruined monuments of ancient, and the infant erectioM^f madern 0/ 
 
 /■ T ^ 
 
 tion was crowned with the wreath which , _ had deseryea from the modems who 
 
 A , /I 
 
 5j art, he who had restored/ the broken link between thetwo ages;OT human civiliza- 
 
 he 
 owed to him their refinement, — from the ancj/ 
 
 who I 
 
 to him their fame 
 A 
 Never was a coronation so august witn^sled by Westminster or Rheims. 
 
 MACAULAY. ^^, ? 
 
 teA4itte€£ jpL.o.'m, at^i^cu.tt^'it a.n-t£ <i«o<»y^ 
 
A CONCISE ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK AND 
 ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. 
 
 A. 
 
 Ab'a-ris. A Scythian priest of Apollo, said to have ridden 
 
 through the air on an arrow. 
 A-9es'te§. A king of Sicily, who entertained .Sneas and 
 
 Auchlses. 
 A-*;liae'vis. Son of Xuthus, firomwhom the Achseans, a 
 
 Grecian tribe, were descended. 
 A-elia'te§. A trusty friend and companion of JEneas. 
 Aclu'e-ron. Son of Sol and Terra, transformed into a 
 
 river in the infernal regions. 
 A-elia'Ie§. A Grecian hero, distinguished for his warlike 
 
 prowess, and invulnerable except in his right heel : but 
 
 at length slain by Paris, in the Trojan war. He was the 
 _son of Peleus and Thetis. 
 A'^is. The son of Faunus, a Sicilian shepherd, who was 
 
 kiUed by Polyphemus, because he had obtained the affec- 
 tions of Galatoea. 
 Ac-tse'on. A celebrated hunter, who, having seen Diana 
 
 bathing, was changed into a stag and hunted down by 
 
 his own hounds. 
 Ad-me'tus. A king of Pherae, in Thessaly, and husband 
 
 of Alcestis. 
 A-do'nis. A Cyprian youth famed for his beauty and be- 
 loved by Yenus, but torn in pieces by a wild boar. 
 ^'a-eiis. Son of Jupiter and Europa, famed for his justice 
 
 and piety. After death he was made one of the judges 
 
 in the infernal regions. 
 .^E^ee'ri-a. See Egeria. 
 ^-gae'us. A king of Athens, who gave his name to the 
 
 ^gean sea, by being drowned in it. [Naiads. 
 
 ^'grle. 1. One of the Hesperides. 2. The fairest of the 
 ^-gyp'tus. A king of Egypt, whose fifty sons, with the 
 
 exception of Lynceus, were slain on their wedding night 
 
 by their wives, the daughters of Danaus. 
 ^-ne'as, A Trojan warrior, son of Yenus and Anchises. 
 
 He is distinguished for his pious care of Ms father at the 
 
 capture of Troy ; and his adventures form the subject of 
 
 TirgiUs ^neid. 
 .^'o-iiis. The god or ruler of the winds, who resided in 
 
 the islands tetween Italy and Sicily. [art. 
 
 .aEs'€ii-la'pi-iis. Son of Apollo, and god of the healing 
 Ag'a-mein'iioii. Brother of Menelans, and commander 
 
 of the Grecian forces against Troy. He was murdered by 
 
 his wife Clytsemnestra, with the aid of -ilgisthus, her 
 _ paramour. ' See Clytjemnestra. 
 Ag'a-nip'pe. A fountain at the foot of Mount HeU- 
 _con, sacred to the Muses. 
 A'jax. 1. A son of Telamon, and one of the bravest of 
 
 the Greeks in the Trojan war. 2. A Greek renowned for 
 
 his bravery in the Trojan war. He was the son of Ofleus, 
 
 and king of the Locri. 
 Al-?es'tis. Wife of Admetus. to preserve whose life she 
 
 resigned her own. She was afterward, however, brought 
 
 back from the lower world by Hercules. 
 AI-^i'dJs._ A name of Hercules. [by Jupiter- 
 
 Al<'*-me'na. Wife of Amphitryon, and mother of Hercules 
 Al-cy'o-iie. A daughter of ^olus, who drowned herself 
 
 in grief for the loss of her husband, and was turned into 
 
 a king-fisher. 
 A-lec'to. One of the Furies. 
 Axn'mon. A title of Jupiter. 
 Am-plii'on. A Theban prince who cultivated the art of 
 
 music with such success that, at the sound of his lyre, 
 ^ stones came together, and formed the walls of Thebes. 
 J-m''phi-trT'te. Daughter of Nereus and Doris, and 
 
 wife of Neptune. 
 An-cae'iis. A king of the Samians, who. leaving a cup of 
 
 wine untasted to pursue a boar by which he was killed, 
 
 gave rise to the proverb, " There 's many a slip -twixt the 
 
 cup and the lip." 
 
 An-elii'seg. The father of .Sneas by Venus. 
 
 An-dromi'a-elie. The wife of Hector, distinguished for 
 her domestic virtues. 
 
 An-droin'e-da. Daughter of the Ethiopian king Ce- 
 pheus. Her mother, Cassiope, having boasted herself 
 fairer than Juno, Andromeda was exposed to a sea- 
 mouster, but was rescued by Peiseus, who married her. 
 
 An-tae'iis. A monarch of Libya, of gigantic size and 
 strength, slain by Hercules. 
 
 Aii'te-ros. The god who avenges si ghted love. 
 ! An-tig'o-ne. A daughter of CEidpus and Jocasta, fa- 
 j mous for her filial piety. 
 
 I A-iiuTbis. An Egyptian god, represented as having the 
 I _ head of a dog. 
 
 Aph'ro-di'te. The Greek name of Yenus. 
 
 A'pis. The Egyptian god of industry, worshiped under 
 the form of an ox. 
 
 A-p61'lo. A deity of the Greeks and Romans, worshiped 
 as the sun-god. He was also god of medicine, divination, 
 archery, and poetry, and presided over the Muses. 
 
 A-ra-eli'ne. A Lydian maiden, who challenged Minerva 
 to a trial of skill in embroidery, and was changed into a 
 ^ spider, as a punishment for ber presumption. 
 
 Ar'e-tliu'sa. Daughter of Nereus. a nymph of great 
 beauty, in the train of Diana, in Elis : — changed into a 
 fountain when pursued by the river-god Alpheus. It was 
 believed that this fountain fiowed under the sea, with the 
 ^Alpheus, and appeared again in Sicily. 
 
 Ar'go-naiits. Companions of ^ason. who went to Col- 
 chis, in the ship Argo, in search o» golden fleece. - 
 
 Ar'gus. The son of Arestor : said to have a hundred 
 eyes. Being sent by Juno to watch lo. he was killed 
 by Mercury, whereupon Juno placed his eyes in the tail 
 
 _of a peacock. 
 
 A'ri-Kd'ne. Daughter of Minos, king of Crete, who, for 
 the love she bore to Theseus, gave him a clew of thread 
 which guided him safely out of the labyrinth of Crete. 
 
 A-ri'on. A famous mu.«ician and lyric poet of Methymna, 
 in Lesbos, rescued from drowning by a dolphin. 
 
 Ar'is-tae'xis. A son of Apollo andCyrene, who discovered 
 the use of honey, oil. &c., and who first taught men the 
 management of bees. 
 
 Ar'te-mis. The Greek name of Diana. 
 
 As-eai'a-pliiis. A son of Acheron, who, having asserted 
 that Proserpine had eaten a pomegranate-seed in the 
 kingdom of Pluto, was turned into an owl, for mischief- 
 making. 
 
 As-trae'a. The goddess of justice. During the Golden 
 Age she lived on earth , but when that passed away she 
 abandoned it, and returned to heaven. 
 
 As-ty'a-nSx. Son of Hector and Andromache, killed by 
 tlysses at the destruction of Troy. 
 
 At'a-ian'ta. A princess of Scyros, who consented to 
 marry any one of her suitors who should outrun her. 
 
 _Hipp"omenes was the successful competitor. 
 
 A'te. The goddess of revenge. 
 
 At'las. A Titan, and king of Mauritania, who is said to 
 have supported the world on his shoulders, and was 
 changed into a mountain. 
 
 At'ro-pois. One of the Parcae. Her duty among the 
 three sisters is to cut the thread of life. 
 
 Aii'ge-as. One of the Argonauts, and afterward king of 
 
 "Elis. His stables were the scene of the fifth labor of Her- 
 cules, who cleansed them from the accumulated filth of 
 thirtv years by turning a river through them. 
 
 Au-r5'ra. The goddess of morning. 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba«-eliaii'tes. Priestesses of Bacchus. 
 Ba-e'€lius. The god of wine. 
 
 a.,e,&.c.,long; h. e. Sec, short : c^re, f ar, ask, all. wliat : ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 
 food, fo^bt : Oru, rifde, pull ; fell, ^liaise, «all, 'e<;lio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link: tnis. 
 
 (963^ 
 
964 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, P:TC. 
 
 Bel-li'r'o-pltoii. Son of Glaucus, and grandson of Sis- 
 yphus. Being falsely accused by the wife of Proetus, king 
 of tlje Anrives, he was sent with a letter from Proetus to 
 his tather-in-law, connuanding him to put the bearer to 
 death. He is noted for having slain the Chimsera. 
 
 Bel-Io'iia. The gvxlde-<s of war, and sister of Mars. 
 
 Bi^r e-m'\»e. Sister and wife of I'tolemy Euergetes. Her 
 beautiful hair was placed in the heavens as a constella- 
 tion . 
 
 Bo'iia De'a. A name given by the Romans to the god- 
 dess of chastity. It wa.* unlawful for any nian to enter 
 her temple. 
 
 Brl-u're-iis, or BrI'a-reus. A famous giant, feigned 
 to have had a hundred hands and fifty heads. 
 
 Bri-se'is. A beautiful slave of Achilles, from whom she 
 w;u! taken by Agamemnon. 
 
 Brftn'teg. One of the Cyclops, who forged Jove's thun- 
 der-bolts. 
 
 15u-si'ris. \ king of Egypt, who, in consequence of an 
 oracle, sacrificed strangers on the altar of Jupiter. He 
 was slain by Hercules. 
 
 Bj-b'lis. The daughter of Miletus, who loved her broth- 
 er, and 1>eing avoided by him, wept herself into a fount- 
 
 Ca-bi'ri. Deities worshiped at Lemnos and Samothrace 
 as tutelary genii. 
 
 €a'€us. A noted giant and robber, fabled to have had i 
 three heads. He stole the oxen of Geryon from Hercu- ! 
 les, and on that account was slain by him. 
 
 Cild'inus. Son of the Phenician king Agenor, and the : 
 inventor of alphabetic writing. 
 
 Ca-dfi'^e-iis. Mercury's winged rod, which had two 
 .serpents twined about it. 
 
 CSl'chas. A famous soothsayer, and prophet of the ' 
 Greeks in the Trojan war. | 
 
 Cal-li'o-pe. Mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine 
 Muses. She presided over epic poetry. | 
 
 Cal-lis'to. Daughter of Lycaon, an Arcadian king. She 
 was changed by Juno, on account of jealousy , into a bear, I 
 and was placed by ^^piter among the stars. j 
 
 Ca-lj'P'so. A nymph who reigned in the island of Ogy- 
 gia. where she entertained Uly.s.ses for eight years. 
 
 Ca-mil'la. A warlike queen of the Volscians, slain in 
 the war with Jlneas. ' 
 
 CSp'a-iieiis. One of seven heroes who led an expedi- 
 tion from Argos against Thebes. He was struck with 
 lightning by Jupiter. 
 
 •eas-sftn'dra. A daughter of Priam and Hecuba, whose 
 prophecies the Trojans refused to believe. 
 
 ■Cas-tali-a. A celebrated fountain on Mount Parnassas, 
 sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 ^e'erops. The founder and first king of Athens, who 
 instituted marriage and the interment of the dead. 
 
 9'6n'taur§. A Thessalian race, fabled to have been half 
 men and half horses. 
 
 9e'plie-us, or ^e'plieii.s. A king of Ethiopia, husband 
 of Cassiope and father of Andromeda. 
 
 ^er'be-rus. The three-headed dog of Pluto, which , 
 guarded the gate of Hades. 
 
 9e're§. The goddess of grain, fruits, and agriculture. She 
 wa.«the daughter of Saturn and Ops, si.ster of Jupiter, 
 Pluto, and Neptune, and mother of Proserpine. 
 
 Cha'ron. The son of Erebu.« and \ox, who ferried the 
 .eouls of the dead over the rivers Acheron and Styx to 
 Hades. 
 
 ■Cha-rj'b'dis. A ravenous woman, turned by Jupiter 
 into a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, oppo- 
 site to the rocks called Scylla. 
 
 Clii-mae'ra. A fabulous monster in Lycia, which vom- 
 ited fire, and was slain by Bellerophon. 
 
 •eiiry-se'is. A daughter of Chryses, a pri&st of Apollo, 
 at 'Chry.«e, in Troas. Having been captured by the 
 Greeks, and given to Agamemnon, Apollo sent a pesti- 
 
 . lence uj>on the Grecian hosts, whereupon she was re- 
 stored to her father. 
 
 <^'ir'ci*. A sea-nymph and sorceress, who, by means of 
 an enchanted cup, turned men into swine. 
 
 Cli'o. The Muse who presided over history : represented 
 with a half-opened roll. [sewers. 
 
 <'lo'a-fi'na. A Roman goddess, who presided over the 
 
 Clo'tho. The youngest of the three Fates. Her office 
 was to spin the thread of life. 
 
 Clyt'aem-nes'tra, ) The faithless wife of Agamemnon, 
 
 C15't'em-ii6s'tra. i whom she, with her paramour 
 
 iEgisthus, murdered on his return from Troy, for which 
 
 crime she was killed by her son Orestes. 
 ■eo-cy'tus. A river inUie lower world. 
 ^oe'lus. One of the earlier deities, the spouse of Terra, 
 
 and father of Saturu. 
 Co^mus. The god of festivals and merriment . 
 Cre'on. A king of Thebes, who promised his sister Jo- 
 
 casta in marriage to any one who would expound the 
 
 riddle of the Sphinx. 
 Croe'sxijs. A king of Lydia, celebrated for his great 
 
 riches 
 Cu'pid. The god of love, son of Mars and Venus. 
 9yb'e-le. The wife of Saturn : called the mother of the 
 
 gods. 
 9y'«lops. Savage giants of enormous strength, who 
 
 worked for Vulcan. They had but one eye, and that was 
 
 in the middle of the forehead. 
 9yn'tlii-a. A surname of Diana, from Mount CynthuC; 
 
 in Delos, where she was born. 
 95'»'tlii-«s. A surname of Apollo. 
 9yp'a-ris'sus. A youth beloved by Apollo. Having b;, 
 
 accident slain a favorite stag belonging to the god. he 
 
 was changed, through grief, into a cypress. 
 
 D. 
 
 Daed'a-lus. A famous Athenian artificer, father of Ica- 
 rus, and builder of the Cretan labyrinth. He is said to 
 have constructed wings with which he fled across the 
 ,3Egean Sea, to avoid the resentment of Minos. 
 
 Daemon. A Pythagorean of Syracuse, celebrated for his 
 friendship for Pythias, or Phintias. 
 
 Dan'a-e. Daughter of Acrisius, and mother of Perseus 
 by Jupiter, who visited her in the form of a shower of 
 gold^her father having shut her up in a tower. 
 
 I>a-na'i-de§. The fifty daughters of Danaus, all of 
 whom with the exception of Hypermnestra, slew their 
 husbands on their wedding night ; for which crime they 
 were doomed eternally to fill with water a tub pierced 
 with holes. 
 
 Dapli'iie. A nymph beloved by Apollo, but who chose 
 rather to be changed into a laurel than yield to his wishes. 
 
 Dar'da-iius. Son of Jupiter and Electra, the Pleiad. 
 Having slain his brother Jasius, he fled into Asia, where 
 he founded the city of Troy. 
 
 De-id'a-mi'a. Daughter of Ljcomedes, king of Scjros, 
 and mother of Pyrrhus by Achilles. * 
 
 Dej'a-ni'ra. The wife of Hercules, who killed hei-self 
 because she had sent to her husband a shirt dipped m the 
 blood of the centaur Nessus, to escape the agony occa- 
 .sioned by which, he burnt himself on Mount (Etsi. 
 
 De'Ii-a and De'li-us. Names of Diana and Apollo, from 
 Delos, where they were born. 
 
 Del'pM. A city of Phocis, on the hill of Parnassus, 
 where was a celebrated oracle of Apollo. 
 
 Deu-ca'li-on. Son of Prometheus, king of Phthia, in 
 Thessaly, who, with his wife Pyrrha, was preserved in a 
 .«mall boat from a flood which drowned the rest of Greece, 
 and, landing on Mount Parnassus , repeopled the country 
 
 Di-an'a {dassical pron. DT-a'na). The daughter of Jupi- 
 ter and Latona, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was 
 regarded as the virgin moon-goddess, the protector of vir- 
 ginity, and of women in labor, the patroness of the chase, 
 and the pre.sider over nocturnal incantations. 
 
 Di'do. The foundress and queen of Carthage, the .«ite of 
 which she obtained by purchasing as much land jls 
 could be encompa-s.sed with a bullock's hide, and then 
 cutting the hide into small shreds. She fell in love with 
 iEneas, and killed herself because he slighted her. 
 
 Di'o-m6d, or Di'o-me'de§. 1. A king of Thrace, who.-^- 
 horses fed on human fle.sh. *i, A famous Grecian hero, 
 who a.sfiisted Ulysses to carry off the Palladium firom IVoy. 
 
 Di-o'ne. A sea-nymph and mother of Venus. 
 
 Dis-eor'di-a. The goddess of di.scord, banished from 
 heaven for exciting divisions among the gods. 
 
 Dry'ads. Nymphs who presided over the woods. 
 
 E. 
 
 £«li'o (classical pron . E'eho). A nymph who fell in love 
 
 with Narcissus, but being slighted by him, pined away 
 
 until nothing was left but her voice. 
 E-ge'ri-a. A nymph of Aricia, in Italy, the spouse and 
 
 instructress of Numa. 
 E-16€'tra. 1. One of the seven Pleiades, daughter r\ 
 
 Atlas and Pleione, and mother of Dardanus by Jupiter. 
 
 i,e,&c.,tong^,ft,6,&c.,aAori/ c&re,far, ask. all, what; 6re,veil. tgrm: pique, firm; sdn, 6r, dft, ivolf , 
 
GREEK A^D R03IAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 
 
 965 
 
 2. A daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, and 
 sister of Orestes. 
 
 P-lyg'i-um (-lizh^-). The place assigned for the resi- 
 dence of good men after death. 
 
 E^n-^el'a-dus. The strongest of the giants who con- I 
 spired against .Jupiter, and attempted to scale heaven. ' 
 Jupiter hurled Mount Etna upon him. 
 
 JEn-djni'i-oii. A beautiful young shepherd of Mount ^ 
 Latmos, in Caria. who was condemned to peri)etual sleep. ! 
 Diana fell in love with him and nightly came down from 
 heaven, to kiss him. i 
 
 E-pe'vLS. Son of Panopeus and fabricator of the wood- j 
 en horse, by means of which Troy was taken. 
 
 fipli'i-ai'teg. A giant, who, with his brother Otus, waged 
 war with heaven, and was killed bj- Apollo. 
 
 i6r'a-to. The Muse of lyric and amatory poetry. 
 
 £r'e-bus. 1. An infernal deity, sou of Chaos, and 
 brother of Nox. 'i. A dark and gloomy cavern through 
 which the shades pa>s ou their way from Earth to Hades. , 
 
 E-rin'nys. A Fury : one of the Furies, {pi. E-RiVxv-E^.) 
 
 Eu-nienL'i-deg. [Lit., the benevolent or gracious ones.] I 
 A euphembtic name of the Furies. i 
 
 Eu-pli6r'lius. A brave Trojan, son of Panthous. or ! 
 Panthus. 
 
 EtL-pliros'y-ne. One of the three Graces. 
 
 Eii-ro'pa. ' Daughter of the Phenician king Agenor,aud 
 mother of Minos and Sarpedon by Jupiter, who, under ; 
 the form of a white bull, carried her off into Crete. \ 
 
 Eii-ry'a-le. Daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and I 
 mother of Orion. [Nisus. ' 
 
 Eu-ry'a-lu.s. A Trojan, famed for his friendship for 
 
 Eii-rj-d'i-^e. Wife of Orpheus, to regain whom he de- 
 scended to the lower world. Pluto yielded to bis prayer 
 on condition that he should not look back at her until 
 they reached the light, which condition he failed to ful- 
 fill, and was obliged to return without her. 
 
 Efi-ryn'o-ine. Daughter of Oceanus and mother of the 
 Graces. 
 
 Eii-rj's'tlie-iis, or Eu-rj's'tlieus. A king of Myce- 
 na;, who, at the commandof Juno, imposed upon Her- 
 «ules, his cousin and junior, twelve difi&cult labors. 
 
 Eii-ter'pe. The Muse who presided over music. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fates. Goddesses who presided over hiunan destiny. 
 Fau'na. A prophetic goddess of the Latins, called also 
 
 Bona Dea. 
 Eaung. Sylvan deities with horns and goats" feet ; the , 
 
 offspring of Faunus. 
 Paii'nus. A mythical king of Latium, worshiped, after 
 
 death, as the god of agricultui-e and of ^epherds. 
 Fe-ro'iii-a. An ItaUan deity, the goddess of plants, 
 
 and the patroness of freeduieu. 
 Flo'ra. The goddess of flowers and gardens. 
 For-tu'iia. The goddess of fortune, from whose hand 
 
 were derived riches and poverty, happiness and misery ; 
 
 represented as blind. 
 Fu'ries. The goddesses who avenge in the next world 
 
 the sins committed in this. They are represented armed 
 
 with snakes and hghted torches. 
 
 G. 
 
 G^'a.-tse'a.. A sea-nymph, passionately loved by Poly 
 
 phemus. [into a cock. 
 
 Okl'Ius. A youth beloved by Mars.and by him changed 
 Gaji'y-mede. [Lat. Gan'v-me'des.] The sonofTros, 
 
 a youth of surpassing beauty, earned off by Jupiter's 
 
 eagle from Mount Ida to heaven, where he became cup- 
 , hearer to the god, in place of Hebe. 
 
 jre-ni'i. Tutelar deities, or guardian spirits of persons, " 
 . or places. i 
 
 Ge'rj-on. A king of Spain, whose oxen Hercules carried \ 
 
 off into Greece, after he had killed their master. | 
 
 66r'di-us. A Phrygian king, who tied in the harness j 
 
 of his chariot an inextricable knot, of which it was fore- ; 
 
 told that whoever untied it should become king of all ; 
 
 Asia. Alexander the Great, being vinable to disentajigle 
 
 it, cut the rope with his sword. I 
 
 Gdr'gou§. Three daughters of Phoreys and Ceto, of 
 
 hideous appearance, who had power to change men into ; 
 
 stone by simply looking at them. 
 fira'^eg. Three beautiful virgin goddesses, daughters of [ 
 
 Jupiter and Eurynome. constantly in attendance on Ye- j 
 
 nus. 
 
 Gy'geg. 1. A king of Lydia, famous for having a ring, 
 by means of which he could make himself invisible. '2. 
 A giant with a hundred arms. 
 
 H. 
 
 Ha'deg. The place of departed spirits, comprehending 
 both Elysium and Tartarus. 
 
 Hanx'a-dry'adg. Nymphs who lived in the woods, 
 and presided over trees. 
 
 Har'pieg. [Lat. H.^.R-PVi-.e.] Rapacious monsters, 
 having the ^ces of women, but the bodies, wings, and 
 claws of birds of prey. 
 
 Har-p6«'ra-te§. The Egyptian god of silence ; repre- 
 sented with his finger on his mouth. 
 
 HeHbe. The goddess of youth, and cup-bearer to the 
 gods, until superseded by Ganymede on account of an 
 unfortujiate fall. 
 
 He-e'a-te. A goddess who pre.sided over enchantments, 
 conjurations. &c. ; the same with Luna in heaven and 
 Diana on earth. 
 
 He«'tor. Son of Priam and Hecuba, and the bravest of 
 the Trojans, but slain at last by Achilles, who dragged 
 his body three times round the walls of Troy. 
 
 He-e'u-ba. The wife of Priam. She tore out her eyes 
 for the loss of her children, and was tamed into a bitch 
 for railing at the Grecians. 
 
 Hel'e-na. [Eng. Hel'en.] Daughter of Tyndarus and 
 Leda, and wife of Menelaus ; the most beautiful woman 
 of her age. By running away with Paris, she occasioned 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Hel'e-neg. The son of Priam and Hecuba, spared by 
 the Greeks on account of his skill in divination. 
 
 Hel'i-eon. A mountain of Bceotia , sacred to Apollo and 
 the 3Iuses. 
 
 Hel'le. Daughter of -\.thamus and Xephele. She fled 
 from her step-mother Ino, and was drowned in the Pon- 
 tic Sea, thence caUed the Hellespont. 
 
 Hera-eli'dae. The descendants of Hercules. 
 
 Her'<;u-les. Son of Jupiter and Alcmena, celebrated 
 for his great strength, and especially for his twelve labors. 
 
 Her'meg. The Greek name of Mercury. 
 
 Her-ini'o-ne'. 1. Daughter of Mars and Tenus, and 
 wife of Cadmus, changed into a serpent. '2. Daughter 
 of Menelaus and Helena, and wife of Orestes. 
 
 He'ro. A beautiful priestess of Tenus at Sestos, in 
 Thrace, beloved by Leander of Abydos, who used to 
 swim over the Hellespont every night to see her. Lean- 
 der being at length unfortunately drowned, she threw 
 herself, in despair, into the sea. ' 
 
 He-?iT'o-iie. Daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, res- 
 cued from a .<ea-monster by Hercules, who gave her in 
 marriage to Telamon. 
 
 Hes-per'i-des. Thi-ee nymphs, daughters of Hesperus, 
 who. iu a garden on an island beyond Mount Atlas, 
 guarded the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter. 
 
 Hes'pe-rus, or Te.s'per. Son of Japetus and Asia, and 
 brother to Atlas ; changed into the evening star. 
 
 Hip-p61'y-tiis. Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, who 
 was torn to pieces by his own horses, but was restored to 
 life by JEsculapius, at the request of Diana. 
 
 Hip-pom'e-don. Son of Xesimachus. and one of the 
 seven Grecian chiefs in the war against Thebes. 
 
 Hip-p6ni'e-ues. A Grecian prince, who beat Atalanta 
 in a race by throwing golden apples before her, and thus 
 obtained her as his wife. They were both changed by 
 Cybele into lions. 
 
 BLy-a-cyn'tlius. A beautiful Spartan youth, beloved by 
 Apollo and Zephyrus. The latter accidentally killed 
 him : but Apollo changed the blood that was spilt into a 
 flower called the hyacinth. 
 
 Hy'a-deg. Nymphs whose parentage, names, and nimi- 
 ber are differently stated ; but the number commonly 
 given is seven. They were placed among the stars, an^l 
 were thought to threaten rain when they rose with the sun . 
 
 Hy'dra. A celebrated water serpent, with seven heads, 
 which infested Lake Lema. As fast as one head was cut 
 off, two sprang up in its stead. Hercules, however, suc- 
 ceeded in killing it. 
 
 Hy-ge'i-a. Daughter of ^sculapius. and the goddess of 
 health. 
 
 Hy'las. A beautiful son of Theodamus, passionately 
 foved by Hercules. He was lose on the coast of Mysia, 
 and was long sought by Hercules, but in vain. 
 
 H>-iii'e-iise'us, and Hy'men. Son of Bacchus and 
 Venus, or, as some say, of Apollo and one of the Muse.-. 
 He was the god of marriage. 
 
 food, fcMJt ; ftrn, riide, pull ; ?ell, ^liaise, call, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, linfe ; tlii.-*. 
 
966 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, P:TC. 
 
 I. 
 
 i-ftc'«*lms. A suruame of Bacchus. 
 
 I<*'a-nls. A son of l>a?daliisi, who, flying •with his father 
 out of Cn?te iuto Sicily, fell iuto theJEgean Sea, — thence 
 calleil the Icariau Sea. 
 
 i-ddm'e-neils. A king of Crete, and the leader of the 
 
 _ Orvtaus against Troy. 
 
 I'lus. A son of Tnis and Callirrhoe, and the founder of 
 
 _ Trt\v, which wa.* called after him Ilium. 
 
 f'o. Daughter of Inachus and Isuiene, beloved by Jupi- 
 ter, whot through fear of Juno, turned her into a cow. 
 She wandered into Kgypt, was restored to her former 
 shajH?, married king Osiris, and after death was woi-shiped 
 by the Egyptians, under the name of Isis. 
 
 Ipii i-ije-iii'a. Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaem- 
 nestra. Her father sought to offer her as a sacriiice to 
 Diana, whose resentment he had incurred, but the god- | 
 dess put a hart in her place, and conveyed her to the 
 Tauric Chersonese, where she became a priestess in the 
 temple of her preserver. 
 
 i'ris. Daughter of Thaumas and Electra, and messenger 
 of Juno, who changed her into a rainbow. 
 
 Ix-i'oii. A king of the Lapithae, in Thessaly, and the 
 father of the Centaurs by an image of cloud which he 
 supposed to be Juno. Having boasted of his intimacy 
 with the goddess, he was punished by being fastened in 
 hell to a fiery wheel perpetually turning rdund. 
 
 Ja'nus. An ancient Italian deity, the sun-god. He en- 
 tertained Saturn on his arrival in Italy, and introduced 
 the use of wines, altars, and temples. He is represented 
 with two faces , looking backward and forward, to denote 
 the past and the future. His temple at Rome was always 
 open in time of war, and closed in time of peace. 
 
 Ja'sou. A prince of Thessaly, who, with the aid of Me- 
 dea, brought away from Colchis a golden fleece which was 
 guarded by a sleepless dragon. 
 
 Jo-c^s'ta. The wife of CEdipus. 
 
 Ju'iio. Daughter of Saturn and Ops, and sister and wife 
 of Jupiter. She was the queen of heaven, the guardian 
 deity of women, and the foundress of marriage. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter. The supreme god of the Romans, and the 
 father of men and gods ; identical with the Grecian Zeu? 
 (Zeus). He was the son of Saturn, brother of Neptune 
 and Pluto, and brother and husband of Juno. 
 
 I.§«li'e-si.s. One of the three Fates. 
 
 I.a'i-us. King of Thebes, and father of CEdipus, who un- 
 wittingly killed him. 
 
 L.a'ixii-se. Female specters who assumed the most seduc- 
 tive forms to insnare young per.sons, whom they devoured. 
 
 L.a-S€'o-oii. Sonof Priam and Hecuba, a Trojan priest, 
 who, having offended Pallas, was destroyed by serpents, 
 together with his two sons. 
 
 L.a-6m'e-d6ii. A king of Troy, and father of Priam and 
 Ganymede : killed by Hercules for refusing to give him 
 Hesione in marriage, after he had delivered her from a 
 sea-jnonster. [families. 
 
 I^a'reg. Tut-elar deities who presided over houses and 
 
 I-;i-ti'nus. A king of the Laurentians, in Italy, who 
 gave j-Eneas his daughter Lavinia in marriage. 
 
 La-to'na. The mother of Apollo and Diana, whom she 
 brought forth on the floating island of Delos. 
 
 La-vin'i-a. A daughter of Latinus, married to ^neas, 
 after his victory over Turnus. [HERO. 
 
 L.e-an'der. A youth of Abydos, the lover of Hero. See 
 
 L,e'da. Daughter of Thestius, and wife of Tyndarus, be- 
 loved by Jupiter ; said to have laid two eggs, from one 
 of which came Pollux and Helena, and from the other, 
 Castor and Clyta^mnestra. [slew the Hydra. 
 
 Ler'na. A famous mar.sh near Argos, where Hercules 
 
 J>e'the. A river of the lower world, whose waters caused 
 a total forgetfulness of the past. 
 
 I>i-ge'i-a. One of the three Sirens. 
 
 Lu-f;I'na. The goddess of childbirth. 
 
 I>u'f;i-f er. The name of the planet Venus when seen in 
 the morning. [Diana's name in Heaven 
 
 Liyc'o-nie'deg. A king of the island of Scyros, among 
 whose daughters Achilles for a time concealed himself, 
 disguised in female attire, to avoid going to the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma-elia'oM. Son of .ffisculapius : a famous surgeon of 
 t^ie Greeks before Troy. 
 
 Ma'i-a. Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and mother of 
 Mercury by Jupiter. 
 
 Marg. The god of war. 
 
 Mar'sy-as. A satyr, who, having challenged Apollo to a 
 trial of skill in music, was defeated and flayed aUve by 
 him. 
 
 Maii-so'lus. A king of Caria, and husband of Artemi- 
 sia, who erected to his memory a magnificent monument, 
 the Mausoleum, which was reckoned one of the seven 
 wonders of the world. 
 
 Me-de'a. A celebrated sorceress, daughter of ^letes, 
 king of Colchis. Through her assistance, Jason secured 
 the golden fleece. 
 
 Me-du'sa. One of the three Gorgons, slain by Perseus. 
 
 Me-le'a-ger. Son of (Eueus, king of Calydon, and Al- 
 thsea. His life depended on the preservation of an ex- 
 tinguished brand, and this his mother burned out of re- 
 venge for the death of her brothers whom he had slain. 
 
 Mel-pom'e-ne. The Muse who presided over tragic and 
 lyric poetry. 
 
 Mem'non. A king of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and 
 Aurora. He went to the aid of the Trojans, and was 
 slain by Achilles. His statue near Thebes gave forth a 
 sound like that of a harp-string whenever the first beams 
 of the i-i^ing sun fell upon it. 
 
 Men'e-la'us. King of Sparta and husband of Helen, 
 whose elopement from him with Paris caused the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 Men'tor. A faithful friend of Ulysses, and left in charge, 
 by him, of his domestic affairs, and particularly of his 
 son Telemachus. He was regarded as the wisest man of 
 his time. 
 
 Mer'-eu-ry. Son of Jupiter and Maia, messenger of the 
 gods, the inventor of letters, and the god of eloquence, 
 merchants and thieves. 
 
 Mi'das. A foolish king of Phrygia who entreated Bac- 
 chus that every thing which he touched might be turned 
 into gold. Apollo changed his ears into those of an ass, 
 because he decided a musical contest in favor of Pan. 
 
 Mi'lo. A celebrated athlete of Crotona. 
 
 Mi-ner'va. The goddess of wisdom, of the liberal arts, 
 and of spinning and weaving. She was not born Uke 
 others, but sprang full-armed from the head of Jove. 
 
 Mi'iio.s. A king and law-giver of Crete, son of Jupiter 
 and Europa, a«d brother of Rhadamanthus. After death 
 he was made a judge in the lower regions. 
 
 Min'o-taur. A famous monster with the head of a bull 
 and the'body of a man. He was kept in the Cretan lab- 
 yrinth, and fed with human flesh. 
 
 Miie-mos'y-iie (ne-mos'-). The mother of the Muses 
 and the goddess of memorj'. 
 
 Mo'mxis. The god of ridicule and satire ; a son of Nox. 
 
 M6r'plie-us, or Mdr'plieiis. The son of sleep and 
 god of dreams. 
 
 M6r§. A deified personification of death. 
 
 Mu'geg. Nine godde-sses who presided over poetry, mu- 
 sic, and the liberal arts and sciences. They were daugh- 
 ters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. Their names were Calli- 
 ope, Clio, EratOy Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, 
 Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania. 
 
 Na'iadg. Nymphs of fountains and streams. 
 
 Nar-pis'sus. A beautiful youth, son of Cephisus and 
 the nymph Liriope. Beholding his own image in r, 
 fountain, he fell so violentlj' in love with it, that he 
 wasted away with desire, and was changed into the flow- 
 er of the same name. 
 
 !N'ein'e-.<*is. The goddess of retributive justice. 
 
 Ne'op-tol'e-mus. Another name of Pyrrhus. See 
 
 PYRRHU.S. 
 
 Ngp'tune. The god of the sea and of other waters ; sou 
 of Saturn and Ops, brother of Jupiter, and husband of 
 Am phi trite. 
 
 I.u na. The moon ; daughter of Hyperion and Terra : Ne're-id§. Nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus. 
 I-y^c-a on. A king of Arcadia, who, having offended Ju- Nc're-u.><, or Ne'reus. A sea-god, son of Oceanus and 
 I.Uer, was struck by lightning and turned into a wolf. , Tethys, husband of Doris, and father of the Nereida. 
 
 ~i..<t'.Scr..ions: &,i^.k<i.,.%hort ; c^re, far, ask.all, wliat ; Sre, veil. tSrm: pique, firm: s6n,dr,do, W9l£ 
 
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 
 
 967 
 
 Nes'sus. A Centaur slain with a poisoned arrow by Her- 
 cules for offering violence to Deganira. See Dejanira. 
 
 Nes'tor. Son of Neleus and Chloris, eminent among the 
 Grecian heroes before Troy for his eloquence and wis- 
 dom. He is said to have outlived three generations of 
 meu. 
 
 Ni'nus. The first king of Assyria, husband of Semira- 
 mis, and founder of Nineveh. 
 
 Ni'o-be. A daughter of Tantalus. She wept herself into 
 a stone through grief at the death of her children, who 
 were slain by Apollo and Diana, because Niobe set her- 
 self above Latona. [dess of night. 
 
 Xdx^ One of the most ancient of the deities, and god 
 
 O. 
 
 '^><pe-aii'i-de§. Sea-nymphs, 300 in number, daughters 
 of Ocean us. 
 
 ' 3-?e'a-iius. Son of Coelus and Terra, the most ancient 
 god of the sea and father of the nymphs presiding over 
 springs and rivers. 
 
 CEd'i-pus. A king of Thebes who solved the riddle of 
 the Sphinx, unwittingly killed his father, Laius, and 
 married his mother, Jocasta, on discovering which he 
 
 ^ ran mad, and tore out his own eyes. 
 
 dm'pha-le. A queen of Lydia, for love of whom Hercu- 
 les became a slave, exchanged his club for a spindle and 
 distaff, and suffered himself to be beaten with her slipper. 
 
 0ps. A name of Cybele. 
 
 O'l'e-adg. Nymphs of the mountains who accompanied 
 Diana in hunting. 
 
 0-res'te§. Son of Agamemnon and Cly taemnestra. broth- 
 er of Electra and Iphigenia, and the tirm friend of Pyla- 
 des. He avenged the death of his father by slaying his 
 mother and her paramour ^gisthus, and was in conse- 
 quence pursued and tormented by the Furies. 
 
 O-ri'oii. A mishty giant who was made a constellation. 
 
 6r'plie-ii*i, or dr'piieus. A poet, musician, and phi- 
 losopher, whose skill in music was such that the very 
 rocks and trees followed him. 
 
 O-si'ris. An Egyptian deity, the husband of Isis, wor- 
 shiped under the foi-ni of an ox. 
 
 6s'sa. A lofty mountain of Thessaly, which the giants, 
 in their war against the gods, piled upon Mount Pelion, 
 in their attempt to scale heaven. 
 
 Pa-e-to'lus. A celebrated river of Lydia, in which Mi- 
 
 was restored to life by Jupiter, who gave him a shoulder 
 of ivory in place of one eaten by Ceres. 
 
 Pe na'te§. Old Latin guardian gods of the household, and 
 of the state_as being formed of a union of households. 
 
 Pe-ngl'o-pe. The wife of Ulysses, who, being pressed 
 by suitors during his absence, made them promise to 
 delay until she finished a web which she was then weaving, 
 and of which she unraveled at night what she wove by 
 day. 
 
 Per'dix. The nephew of Daedalus, thrown .from a tower 
 by his uncle, and changed by Minerva into a partridge. 
 
 Per'se-us, or Per'seiis. Son of Jupiter and Danae, 
 who was made a constellation. He vanquished the Gor- 
 gons and performed many wondrous deeds by means of 
 Medusji's head. 
 
 Piia'e-ton. Son of Phoebus and Clymene, who obtained 
 permission from his father to drive his chariot for a sin- 
 gle day ; but, being unable to manage the fiery steeds, 
 was hurled by Jupiter into the river Eridanus", to pre- 
 vent a general conflagration. 
 
 PIiiFo^-te'teg. Son of Poeas, of Thessaly, and a cele- 
 brated archer. Hercules, at his death gave him some 
 poisoned arrows without which Troy could not be taken. 
 
 Pliil'o-iiie'la. Daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. 
 She was changed into a nightingale. 
 
 Pliin'e-iis, or Plii'neiis. A soothsaying king of 
 Thnice, who, having blinded and imprisoned his chil- 
 dren on a false accusation, was himself struck blind and 
 tomiented by the Harpies. 
 
 Pliin'ti-as. A Pythagorean of Syracuse, noted for his 
 tender friendship for Damon. 
 
 Plileg'e-tlion. A river in Hades which ran with fire 
 instead of water. 
 
 Plile'gy-as. A king of the Lapithae, who, having burnt 
 the temple of Apollo, was placed in hell under a great 
 stone, apparently about to fall at every moment. 
 
 PliCE'be. A name of Diana, as goddess of the moon. 
 
 Phoe'ljxis. A name of Apollo, as god of the sun. 
 
 Phoe'iiix. A fabulous bird, which, according to Herodo- 
 tus, visited Heliopoli.*, in Egypt, once in every five hun- 
 dred years. It had no mate, but when about to die made 
 a nest and burned itself to ashes, from which a joung 
 phoenix arose. 
 
 Pi-er'i-des. 1. A name given to the Muses from Mount 
 Pierius. 2. The daughters of Pierius, whom the Muses 
 changed into magpies for challenging them to sing. 
 
 Pi-ritli'o-iis. Son of Ixion, king of the Lapithae, hua- 
 band of Hippodamia, and intimate fiiend of Theseus. 
 
 Ple'ia-de§. The seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 
 trausfornied into the constellation of the same name. 
 
 das washed himself when his touch turned every thing | Plii'to. The god of Hades, or the lower world ; son of 
 
 to gold, from which cause it ever after rolled golden saud.^ 
 Pal'a-nie'de§. A king of Euboea, and one of the Greeks 
 before Troy, where he lost his life through the machina- 
 tions of Ulysses, whose feigned madness (feigned that he 
 might avoid going to war) he had discovered. 
 Pa'leg. The goddess of husbandi-y and cattle. 
 
 Saturn and Ops, brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and 
 
 husband of Proserpina. 
 Plii'tii.s. The god of wealth, represented as lame in his 
 
 approach, but winged in his departure. 
 Pol'liix. A famous pugilist, twin brother of Castor. See 
 
 Castor. 
 
 Pai'i-iiii'riis. The pilot of iEneas, noted for falling | Po-15'd'a-m.as. A famous athlete. 
 
 asleep at the helm, and tumbling into the sea. 
 
 Pal-lJi'di-iim. A wooden image of Pallas, on the posses- 
 sion of which the seciu-ity of Troy was supposed to de- 
 pend. It was stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes. 
 
 Pai'las. A name of Minerva. 
 
 pan. The god of the woods and of shepherds ; son of 
 Mercury and Penelope. 
 
 Pan-do'ra. The first woman, made by Yulcan at the 
 command of Jupiter, and endowed by Venus with great 
 beauty. Jupiter gave her a box containing all kinds of 
 misfortunes ; curiosity tempted her to open it and they 
 all flew out ; but Hope remained at the bottom. 
 
 Par'^se. The goddesses of fate : the Fates. 
 
 Pa'ris, or Par 'is. Son of Priam, king of Troy, and of 
 Hecuba. He decided a contest of beauty between Juno, 
 Pallas, and Yenus, in favor of the last, who, in return, 
 promised him Helen, the wife of Menelaus, and the most 
 beautiful of women. By carrying her off to Troj-, he 
 brought on the Trojan war. 
 
 Par-tlien'o-pe. One of the three Sirens. She fell in 
 love with Ulysses, and not winning him, cast herself 
 into the sea, and was thrown by the waves on the shore 
 where Naples afterwards stood. 
 
 Pa-tro'dus. One of the Greeks before Troy, the friend 
 of Achilles, slain in single combat by Hector. 
 
 Peg'a-siis. A winged steed, belonging to Apollo and the 
 Muses. He sprang from the blood of Medusa, when she 
 was slain. 
 
 Pol'y-dore, or Pol'y-do'rus. A son of Priam and 
 Hecuba, killed for his riches by the Thracian king Po^ 
 lymnestor. 
 
 Pol'y-liym'm-a, or Po-lym'ni-a. The Muse who 
 
 presided over singing and rhetoric. 
 
 PoPy-plie'mus. A cruel giant who had but one eye, 
 in the middle of his forehead, which Ulysses burnt out 
 with a firebrand, having first made him drunk. He was 
 one of the Cyclops, and a son of Neptune. 
 
 Po-mo'na. The goddess of orchards and fruits. 
 
 Pri'am. Son of Laomedon, husband of Hecuba, and 
 father of Hector, Paris, &c. He was the last king of 
 Troy, the city having been taken by the Greeks during 
 his reign. 
 
 Pri-a'pus. The god of gardens and vineyards, and of 
 procreation. 
 
 Pro-eru..s'te§. A savage highwayman of Attica, who 
 placed his captives on a couch, and, if too short, 
 stretched them out to fit it ; but if they were too long, 
 he cut off their legs. 
 
 Prog'ne. Daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, wife of 
 Tereus, and sister of Philomela. She was changed int« 
 a swallow. 
 
 Pro-me'tlie-iis, or Pro-me'tlievis. Son of lapetus 
 and Clymene, cousin to Epimetheus, and father of Deu- 
 calion. Having stolen fire from heaven, he was bound 
 fast on Mount Caucasus and tormented by a vulture, 
 which fed continually upon his liver. 
 
 Pe'lops. A king of Phrygia, and son of Tantalus. When Pro-ser'pi-na, or Pros'er-pine. Daughter of Jupi- 
 a child he ^as served up to the gods by his father ; but i ter and Ceres, wife of Pluto and queen of Hell. 
 
 food. foV»t :fi.rii, riide, piill : cell, ^liaise, -eall, e<;lio : gem, get : a§ : e^ist : linger . litjlc ; this- 
 
908 
 
 GREEK AND ROiMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 
 
 Pr5'te-«s, or Prii'teus. A sea-god ■who foretold fut- 
 ure oveuts. and jx^ssessed the power of transforming 
 himself into various shapes. 
 
 Psy'clie (si'ke). A uymph beloved by Cupid, and made 
 immortal by Jupiter. 
 
 F>-e'iuie§. ' A nation of dwjirfs, in Africa, only a span 
 high. Every spring they were attacked and defeated by 
 the cranes. 
 
 Pvg-niS'li-on. 1. Son of Belus, king of Tyre, and 
 brother ot^Dido, whose husband, Sich^eus, he slew for his 
 money. "Z. Great-grandsou of Belu.s, who made a stat- 
 ue of which he became so enamored, that Venus on his 
 entreaty, gave it life. 
 
 P5"l'a-<le§. A most constant friend of Orestes. 
 
 P^Tr'a-iims. A Babylonian, the lover of Thisbe. On ac- 
 count of her supposed death he stabbed himself under a 
 xuull>erry tree ; and she, finding his corpse, put an end 
 to her life on the same spot and with the .same weapon. 
 
 PjT'rlia. See Deucalion. 
 
 P^T'rliiis. Son of Achilles and Deidamia. He distin- 
 guished himself at the siege of Troy by his cruelty and 
 vindictiveness as well as bravery. At the request of his 
 wife he was slain by Orestes. 
 
 Pj;th'i-as. [Properly Phmtias.] See Phintias. 
 
 Py'thon. A huge serpent, killed near Delphi, by Apol- 
 lo, who instituted the PytMan games in commemoration 
 of the event. 
 
 Q. 
 
 ^ui-ri'nus. A name given to Romulus after his death 
 and deification. 
 
 R. 
 
 Re'mus. The twin brother of Romulus, slain by him 
 for leaping in scorn over the walls of Rome when they 
 were building. 
 
 ]ib&fl''a-m3,ii'tlius. A law-giver of Crete, son of Jupi- 
 ter, and brother of Minos. He was famous for his jus- i 
 tice and e<iuity, and was, therefore, aft«r death, made 
 one of the judges in the lower world. 
 
 Klie'a. Another name of Cybele. 
 
 Kdm'u-liis. A son of Mars and Rhea Silvia. His uncle 
 threw him as soon as bom into the Tiber, but he was 
 saved and brought up by a shepherd, and finally became 
 the founder and first king of Rome. 
 
 Sal-mo'ne-us, or Sal-mo'iieus. A King ot Elis, 
 struck by lightning for imitating the thunder-bolts of 
 Jove. 
 
 Sar-pe'don. A son of Jupiter and Europa, and king of 
 Lycia, who distinguished himself at the siege of Troy, 
 and was killed by Patroclus. 
 
 Sat'urn. Son of Coelus and Terra, and father of Jupiter. 
 Having been banished from the throne of heaven by his 
 son, he fled for safety into Ital3', and taught the people 
 agriculture and the useful arts. The time in which he 
 _did this is called The Golden Age. [feet. 
 
 Sa't>Tg. Lascivious sylvan deities, with horns and goats' 
 
 S^yl'la. 1. A daughter of Phorcjs, changed by Circe, 
 out of jealousy, into a sea-monster, with dogs about the 
 haunches, and placed on a rock on the Italian coast, op- 
 pc.site Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. 2. A daughter 
 of Nisus of Megara, beloved by Minos, for whom she cut 
 fiflF from her father's head a purple lock, on which his life 
 defxjndefl : for which crime she was changed into a lark. 
 , S€m'e-le. Daughter of Cadmus, and mother of Bacchus 
 by Jupiter. 
 
 8i-le'nus. The fo.ster-father of Bacchus ; lascivious and 
 addicted to drunkenness, but regarded as the god of 
 abstruse mysteries and knowledge. He is represented as 
 bald-headed, with short horns and a flat no.se, and as 
 riding on an ass. 
 
 Hil-va'nug. See Sylvanus. 
 
 Sl'reng. Three birds, with the faces of virgins, on the 
 wiuthern coa.st of Italy, where with their sweet voices 
 they enticed ashore those who were sailing by, and then 
 killed them. They were daughters of Oceanus and Par- 
 thenope, and their names were Leiuasia. Ligein, and 
 Partkenope. 
 
 Sfo'v-phim. Son of iEolus, king of Corinth , and a noted 
 roh)ber killed by Theseus. For his crimes, he was con- 
 
 demned in hell to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone 
 which constantly fell back again to the bottom. ' 
 
 S61. A name of Apollo. [sleep. 
 
 SSm'iius. A son of Erebus and Nox, and the god of 
 
 Spliinx. A fabulous monster near Thebes, with the 
 head of a woman, the body of a lion, and the wings of a 
 bird, which put forth riddles to passers by, and devoured 
 all who were unable to solve them ; (Edipus solved one 
 proposed to him , whereupon she destroyed herself. 
 
 Stgn'tor. One of the Greeks before Troy. His voice is 
 .said to have been as loud as the voices of fifty men to- 
 gether. 
 
 St5''X. A river in the infernal regions, by which the gods 
 swore their most solemn oaths. 
 
 Syl-va'nus. A Roman deity who presided over woodfi 
 and all places planted with trees. 
 
 Tan'ta-lus. A king of Phrygia, son of Jupiter, and 
 father of Niobe and Pelops. For his misdeeds he was 
 placed in a lake of water which receded whenever he at- 
 tempted to drink, and under a tree laden with all man- 
 ner of delicious fruits, which always eluded his grasp. 
 
 Tar'ta-rus. The place of punishment in Hades, or the 
 lower world. 
 
 Tel'a-mon. One of the Argonauts, son of iEacus, broth- 
 er of Peleus, and father of Ajax and Teucer. He was 
 king of Salamis, and first .scaled the walls, when Hercules 
 took the city of Troy in the reign of Laomedon. 
 
 Te-lein'a-<;iius. The only son of Ulysses and Penelope. 
 He went in search of his father after the siege of Troj". 
 
 Tgl'lus. The earth personified ; the most ancient of all 
 the deities after Chaos. She is represented as a woman 
 with many breasts distended with milk. 
 
 Tem'pe. A valley of Thessaly through which ran the 
 river Peneus, between Ossa and Pelion ; described by the 
 poets as the most delightful spot on the earth. 
 
 Ter'mi-ims. A divinity at Rome, who was supposed to 
 preside over bounds and Umits, and to punish all unlaw- 
 ful usurpations of land. 
 
 Terp-sicli'o-re. The Muse who presided over dancing. 
 
 Te'tliys. Wife of Oceanus, and mother of the sea- 
 nymphs and river -gods. 
 
 Tlia-li'a. 1. One of the Muses; the Muse of comedy. 
 2. One of the three Graces. 
 
 The'mis. Daughter of Coelus and Terra, and goddess 
 of justice, who rewarded virtue and punished vice. 
 
 Tlie'se-ns, or Tlie'seus. King of Athens and one of 
 the most famous heroes of antiquity. He was the son of 
 iEgeus (or, as some .say, of Neptune) and ^thra, hus- 
 band of Ariadne and afterward of Phaedra, and father of 
 Hippolytus by the Amazonian Hippolyte. He was espe- 
 cially noted for slaying the Minotaur and conquering the 
 Centaurs, and for his friendship for Pirithous. 
 
 Thig'be. See Pyramus. 
 
 Ti-siph'o-ne. One of the three Furies. 
 
 Ti'tan. 1. Son of Coelus and Ten-a, elder brother of 
 Saturn, and father of a race of giants called Titans, who 
 contended with Saturn for the sovereignty of heaven, 
 until Jupiter (Saturn's son), cast them by his thunder- 
 bolts into Tartarus. 3. A grandson of the above, and 
 son of Hyperion ; the sun-god. 3. A name given to Pro- 
 metheus, as grandson of Titan. 
 
 Ti-tho'nus. Son of Laomedon and father of Memnon. 
 by Aurora, who endowed him with immortality, and 
 when he had become very old and decrepit turned him 
 into a grasshopper. 
 
 Tit'y-iis. A son of Jupiter, slain by Apollo for an at- 
 tempt on the chastity of Latona, and condemned, in the 
 infernal regions, to have a vulture forever feeding on his 
 liver, which was perpetually renewed. He was a giant 
 of size .so huge that his body, when stretched out, cov- 
 ered nine acres of land. 
 
 Trip-tol'e-miis. A king of Eleusis, who was the in- 
 ventor of agriculture, and became a judge in the lowev 
 world. 
 
 Tri'ton. Son of Neptune and the nymph Salacia ; a sea- 
 god, and Neptune's trumpeter. 
 
 Tro'i-lus. Son of Priam and Hecuba, slain -l\v Achilles. 
 
 Tro-pho'iii-us. A deity who imparted oracles in a cave 
 near Lebadia, in Boeotia. He was the builder of Apollo's 
 temple at Delphi. [^neas. 
 
 Tixr'nus. A king of the Rutuli, in Italy, killed by 
 
 Tyd'e-its, or Ty'deu.s. A king of Calydon, son of (Ene- 
 us, and father of Diomedes ; celebrated for his victory 
 over Eteocles, king of Thebes. 
 
 ,long; ft, 6. &c., short; care, far, a^k. all, what; 6re,veil. tSrni; p'ique,flrin: sdn,6r,do,^volf, 
 
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 
 
 969 
 
 Tyi 
 
 ^..»^, I A famous giant, struck 
 
 AV-plio'e-us, or Ty-plio'eus. ) with lightning by 
 Jupiter, and buried under Mount ^tna. 
 
 U. 
 
 U-l^s'seg. Son of Laertes, husband of Penelope, father 
 of Telemachus, and king of Ithaca ; the most eloquent, 
 ■wise, and politic of the Grecian heroes in the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 U-ra'ni-a. The Muse who presided over astronomy. 
 
 O'ra-nus. The most ancient of the gods, husband of 
 Tellus or Terra (the Earth), and father of Saturn. By 
 the Romans, he was called Calus. 
 
 V. 
 
 Ve'nus. The goddess of love, gracefulness, beauty, and 
 pleasure ; wife of Vulcan, mother of Cupid, .^neas, &c. 
 
 Ver-tiim'iius. A Roman deity who presided over the 
 seasons (particularly Spring) and their productions. He 
 was the lover of Pomona. 
 
 V6s'ta. The goddess of flocks and herds, and of the 
 household in general ; daughter of Saturn and sister of 
 Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, and Ceres. Her temple 
 contained a sacred fire, tended by virgins, and never 
 permitted to go out. 
 
 Viil'-ean. Son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband «f 
 Venus. He was the god of fire, and presided over work- 
 ers in metal. His workshop was supposed to be under 
 Mount ^tna, where, assisted by the Cyclops, he forged 
 the thunderbolts of Jove, who is said to have kicked 
 him out of heaven on account of his deformity. 
 
 Zdpli'y-rus. The west wind, son of Molua and Aurora, 
 and the passionate lover of the goddess Flora. 
 
 Ze'teg. One of the Argonauts, son of Boreas and Orith- 
 nia, and brother to Calais, together with whom he pur- 
 sued the Harpies, and drove them from Thrace. He is 
 generally described as a winged being. 
 
 Ze'thus. Son of Jupiter and Antiope, and twin-brother 
 of Amphion , very expert in music. 
 
 Zeus. The Greek name of Jupiter. , 
 
 food, f dbt ; itrn, rude, pull ; fell, ^ liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get * ag ; e^st ; linger, li^k ; tUg. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. WEBSTER. 
 
 [From Barber^s Historical Collections.'] 
 
 NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D. 
 
 Below is a northern view of the house in which NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., the au- 
 Aor of the " American Dictionary of the English Language," was born. This 
 house is situated on an elevated ridge of land, about one mile south of the Congregational 
 Church in West Hartford, and about four miles west from the central part of the city of Hart- 
 
 WEBSTER'S BIRTH-PLACE. 
 
 ford. The prominent buildings in the city are seen from the house ; also AVads worth's tower 
 on Talcott Mountain, about six miles to the northwest. The house is now owned and occu- 
 pied by Mr. Samuel Hurlbut, who has resided on this spot for a long period. Dr. Webster, 
 in after life, cherished a warm affection for the home of his childhood, and on his last visit 
 to the house, about a year before his death, requested Mr. Hurlbut to take good care of a 
 
970 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. WEBSTER. 
 
 iirape-vine. about twenty rods northwest from the house, which was probably planted or 
 cultivated by him in his youthful days. 
 
 Dr. Webster was bornOotobcv l<ith, 1758. His father, Noah Webster, cultivated a small 
 fiirm for his support, and was for many years a Justice of the Peace for the town of Hart- 
 ford, and an officer of the church in the parish of West Hartford- His family consisted of 
 two daughters and three sons, all of whom were brought up to unremitting industry in the 
 emplovments of the farm. His early advantages were limited. Having overcome the objec^ 
 tions of his father, whose means were not ample, he became a member of Yale College in 
 September, 1774. Tlie Revolutionary War broke out the next year, and although exempted 
 from military service, in the autumn of 1777 he volunteered his services, and marched with 
 his father and both his brothers, to stop the progress of General Burgoyne. 
 
 Having finished his education at the age of twenty, after having remained a short time 
 at home, his father put into liis hand an eight-dollar Continental bill, then worth about four 
 dollars, saying, " you must now seek your living, I can do no more for you ! " Being unable 
 to prepare for professional life, he commenced the business of school teaching, which at that 
 period afforded but a scanty support. For a period of ten years from the commencement 
 of his literary course, he struggled through a series of difficulties, and still saw no favorable 
 i-esults. His spirits now failed him, and he gave way to the most gloomy forebodings. As 
 a relief to his mind^, he undertook to prepare a series of books for schools. Tliis may be 
 considered as a providential opening which conducted to a long course of usefulness, and 
 one that enabled him to become an honor to his country, and to the age in which he lived. 
 
 The first draft of his '^ Spelling Booh" was made in the year 1782. Most persons re- 
 garded his design as useless, and many had strong objections to the changes he proposed. 
 Only two of his fi'iends, John Trumbull and Joel Barlow, encouraged him with any hope 
 of success. " Xo printer would undertake the publication on his own responsibility ; and 
 Mr. Webster was at last obliged to incur the w^hole risk, with a certainty, if the book failed, 
 of being made a bankrupt for life. Though the w^ork was on the whole received favorably, 
 yet it made its way slowly into schools for a number of years. As it became more popular, 
 the booksellers were glad to purchase the copyright, by allowing him a few mills on each 
 copy. Though Mr. Webster's share of the profits was small, yet it furnished, at a subse- 
 quent period, nearly all the support of his family during the twenty years wliich he be- 
 stowed on the preparation of the American Dictionary. Over fifty millions of the 
 " Spelling Book " have now been printed, and the present cumulation is about one mil- 
 lion of copies per year. " Without the Spelling Book, the Dictionary could never have ex- 
 isted." 
 
 Mr. Webster was also distinguished as a political writer. In 1785, he published a pam- 
 phlet entitled " Sketches of American Policy." It contained, as Chancellor Kent of New 
 York has frequently declared, the first distinct proposal made through the medium of the 
 press, for the formation of a new Constitution of the United States. The great work, how- 
 ever, which will transmit the name of Dr. Webster to posterity, is his " American Diction- 
 ary of the English Language." This was pubUshed in 1828 in two quarto volumes of more 
 than one thousand pages each. In 1840, he published a revised edition in two volumes, 
 octavo. In 1843, he published a collection of Papers on Political, Literary, and Moral sub- 
 jects, in one volume octavo^ collected from his essays and pamphlets. This was the last 
 volume he committed to the press ; at the expiration of sixty years from the commencement 
 of his literary labors in 1783. During the spring of 1843, Dr. Webster revised the Appen- 
 dix of his Dictionary, and added some hundreds of words. *' He completed the printing of 
 it about the middle of May." It was the closing act of his life. His hand rested in its last 
 labors, on the volume which he had commenced thirty-six years before. After a short ill- 
 ness, he died May 28th, 1843 ; closing a long, useful, and active life, in the full triumph of 
 Christian faith. 
 
A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PHRENOLOGY, &c. 
 h 
 
 Man. Abdominal Region . 
 Above the line h b (1), epigashic region ; below 
 c c, hypogastric region ; space between b b 
 and c c (2). umbilical region ; space outside 
 vertical lines, upper part"(4 4), hypochondri- 
 ac region : right and left of umbilical (2), 
 lumbar regions (.5 5): right and left of hypo- 
 gastric region ((! G), iliac region ; region of 
 the pubis (.'!): 7 7. pelvis. 
 
 Ball and Socket Joint. 
 
 Digestive Apparatus of Man . 
 a, esophngus ; h, pancreas ; c, 
 stomach; (/, spleen; e, colon; ./; 
 lesser intestine ; fir, rectum ; i, 
 appendage to coecum ; i, ccecum ; 
 J, larger intestine ; k, biliary 
 Tesicle; I, liver; m, pylorus. 
 
 Ear. 
 a, helix; b, anti-helix; 
 c, scapha or scaphoid 
 (boat-like) fossa ; a, tra- 
 gus ; e, anti-tragus ; J', 
 the concha ; g, globe or 
 lobulus. 
 
 a, parietal bone; 6, 
 frontal bone ; c, 
 orbit; d, tempor- 
 al bone; c, lower 
 jaw ; /, clavicle; 
 g, cervical verte- 
 bra : h, shoulder- 
 blade; J, humer- 
 us , j, lumbar 
 vertebrae ; fc /, ili- 
 Skeleton of Man. Bony System. um; ni, ulna; n, 
 radius ; o, car- 
 pus; p, metacarpus; (/.phalanges; r, femur; .«, patella: t, 
 tibia; (/. fibula; r, tarsus; tr, metatarsus; x, phalanges. 
 
 a, temporal ar- 
 tery ; b, car- 
 otid artery ; 
 c, vertebral 
 artery ; d e, 
 subclavian 
 artery ; /, 
 aorta, or 
 great artery; 
 g, axillary ar- 
 tery ; h, bra- 
 chial artery; i, celiac artery 
 artery ; m, posterior tibial artery 
 artery; p. pedal artery 
 
 Arterial System. 
 
 renal artery; k, iliac artery; I, femoral 
 anterior tibial artery; o, peroneal 
 
 f971^ 
 
973 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, &c. — Continued. 
 
 Hand. 
 S 1, scaphoides; 2, groove for flexor carpi radialis 
 -, tendon ; 3, cuneiform ; 4, lunare ; 5, trapezi- 
 
 "' um; 6, unciform; 7, trapezoides; 8, magnum; r<„„:„i . i„ 
 
 9, five metacarpal bones; 10, first row of pha- *aciai Angles, 
 
 langes; 11, second row of phalanges ; 12, third European, African, 
 
 row of phalanges. Monkey. 
 
 op, optic nerve; sc, sclerotic or external 
 coat of the eye; ch, choroid coat; r, retina; 
 z, zonule of Zinn ; p, position of the Peti- 
 tian canal ; sch, position of the canal of 
 Schlemm; i, iris, the opening in the cen- 
 ter forming the pupil; c, cornea; 7h, Mei- 
 bomian glands. "^ 
 
 Thorax, 
 c, «, spine ; a, a, a, intercostal muscles; 6, chest muscles; t/, thoracic 
 muscles ; e, clavicle ; /, third rib ; g, sternum, or breast-bone ; A, 
 Nervou.S System. diaphragm; i,y, ribs; Tc, I, false ribs; m, o, base of diaphragm. 
 
 f, brain; b, cerebellum, or lower, or little brain; c, spinal marrow; (/, facial nerve; e, brachial plexus, formed by the union of sev- 
 eral ner\'es proceeding from the spinal marrow ;/, internal cutaneous nerve of the arm; g, mesial nerve of "the arm; /i, cubital 
 or ulnar nerve; ?", sciatic plexus, giving rise to the principal nerve of the inferior members; j, intercostal nerves; k, femoral plexus; 
 I, radial and muscular cutaneous nerve of the arm; m, o, external peroneal nerve; »;, tibial nerve; o, external saphenous nerve. 
 
 Lac teals. 
 a, aorta; b, thoracic canal; c, lym- 
 phatic glands ; d, radicals of the 
 chyliferous vessels; e, intestine; 
 /, mesentery ; g, lacteals. 
 
 Pericardium . 
 «, a, auricles; v, v, ventricleo; 
 b, c, vessels proceeding 
 from the heart; p,p, serous 
 membrane. 
 
 Phrenology. 
 I Amativeness; 2, Philoprogenitiveness; .3, Concentrativenees; 3 
 a, Inhabitiveness ; 4, Adhesiveness ; 5, Combativeness ; 6, De- 
 fctnictiveness; 6«, Alimentiveness; 7, Secretiveness; 8, Acquis- 
 itlreness ; '.), Constructiveness ; 10, Self-esteem ; 11, Love of ap- 
 probation; 12, Cautiousness i 1.3, Benevolence; 14, Veneration; 
 1', Firranesh; 10. Conscientiousness; 17, Hope; 18, Wonder; 19, 
 Ideality; 19 «, (Not determined) ; 20, "Wit ; 21, Imitation ; 22, 
 Individuality; a3. Form; 24. Size; 2.5, Weight; 2f>, Coloring; 27, 
 Locality ; ^, Numljer ; 29, O/der ; :«), Eventuality ; 31, Time ; 
 32, Tune; '-ii. Language; '-'A, Compariwjn; .'i5, Causality. 
 
 Heart and Lungs. 
 Upper P i*, pulmonary arteries; A, aorta; /Tfl, right auricle 
 and ventricle; lower P P, pulnionar\' veins. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 AKCHITECTUKE. 
 
 D78 
 
 1, Gothic; 2, Composite; 3, Tuscan; 4, Ionic; 5, Doric; 
 6, Corinthian. 
 
 Chapfrrel- 
 
974 
 
 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 AKCHITECTURE — Continued. 
 
 Column. 
 
 1, fillet; 2, cyma recta; 3, corona; 4, ovolo; 5, cavefc- 
 
 to ; 6, upper fascia ; 7, lower fascia ; 8, abacus : 9, 
 
 •volo; 10, colareno, orneck; 11, astragal; 12, fillet, 
 
 orreglet; 13, torus; 14, plinth; 15,8urba8e; 16, base. 
 
 Cyma Keversa. 
 
 Corbels. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 ABCHITECTTJKE — Continued. 
 
 975 
 
 Gargoyle. 
 
 Doric Order. 
 
97b A CLASSIFIED SELECTION UF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 ABCHITECTUBE — Continued. 
 
 K, key-stone. 
 
 Lacunars in Ceiling. 
 
 Lozenge Molding. Moresque Architecture. 
 
 Moorish Capital. 
 
 Lancet Window. 
 
 Lattice-work. 
 
 Leasee. Linen-scroll. 
 
 Lotus. Minaret. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY, 
 ABCHITECTUKE — Continued. 
 
 977 
 
 Queen-post Koof. 
 a, a, queen-posts ; 6, tie- 
 beam; c, c, struts or braces; 
 
 d, d, purlins ; e, straining 
 
 beam; 
 
 a, Q-. ■^ 
 
 piece. 
 
 beam ; /,/, common rafters; 
 g, g, wall-plates ; A, ridge- 
 
 Nave. 
 
 Oriel. 
 
 Patera. 
 
 Pavilion. 
 
 Pctico. 
 
 Pendant-post. 
 
 Pentastyle. 
 
 Pent Roof. 
 
 Peristyle. 
 
 Pilaster. 
 
 oooocooooooooo 
 oo 
 o ^o 
 
 Oo ii I ■ o o<^ 
 
 o r a J %m,,m m:A^i o o 
 
 oooooooo oooooo 
 
 '-^2 
 
 Pseudo-dipteral. 
 
 Pinnacle- 
 
 Poppy-head 
 
&78 A CLASSIFIED ^ELiLLlloN OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 AKCHITECnrELE — CoixtinaecL 
 
 t io-aing Tracerv. 
 
 TrigJvp) 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 979 
 
 fitireTViNa.L 
 
 EQUINOX 
 / \ SEP.t^23. 
 
 UcBptic. 
 
 The Ecliptic, Summer and Winter Solstice, Equinoxes, &c. 
 
 i^^^w 
 
 \ 
 
 WIIMTER 
 SOLSTICE. 
 DEC. 2 3. 
 
 SUMMER 
 
 ...SOLSTI.CC 
 
 yUNE 2.\ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 f. 
 
 7^ '-'t^:^ 
 
 >- — 
 
 VERiNAL \ 
 EQUIlNOX % 
 MARQH a.0 *. 
 
 Solstice. 
 
 Spring and Neap Tides. 
 
 A and B, equal day and night; E, longest day, or summer solstice; 7^, shortest day, or winter solstice, 
 
 Zones of the Earth. 
 
dSO A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 BOTANY. 
 PAATS OF PLANTS, FORMS OF ORGANS, AND THE LIKE. - 
 
 ../O 
 
 B^'--^^^^ 
 
 Accumbent Cotyledons. 
 
 Achemum. 
 
 Aciuaciform Leaf. 
 
 Acuminate Leayea. 
 
 Acerose Leares. 
 
 Aculeate Stem. 
 
 Acute Leaves. 
 
 Adelphia. 
 
 Adhesive Leaf. 
 
 A^regate Flower. Air-cells. Alternate 
 
 Ament. Amplexicaul Leaf. Anther. 
 
 a, ovary ; 6, style 
 id,' 
 
 c, stigma ; a, d, 
 filaments; e, e, 
 anthers. 
 
 Axillary Buds. 
 
 Pod of an Angiospermous Bell-shaped 
 
 Plant. Corolla. 
 
 Bilabiate Corolla. 
 
 
 Bilocalar Capsule. Binate Leaves Bipinnate Leaf. Bulb of Meadow Lily. Calcifonu. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 BOTANY— Continued. 
 
 981 
 
 Carpellary Leaf. 
 
 Catkin of Birch. 
 
 OapsuW. 
 
 Cemous Stem. Chafify. Chalaza. Ciliated Leaf. Circinate Leaf. Cirrous Leaf. 
 
 Convolute Leaf. 
 
 Compound Leaf. 
 
 Connate Leaf. Cordate Leaf. 
 
 Cotyledon. 
 
 Doubly, Acutely, and Obtusely Crenate Leaves, Crested Stamen. 
 
982 A CLASSIFIED SELKCTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOK 
 
 BOTANY — Continued. 
 
 h 
 
 Omciate Leaf. 
 
 Cucullate Leaf. Cultrate Leaf Ouneate Leaf Cupule. Cuspidate Leaf 
 
 Cyiii.....v., 
 
 CjTne. Decompovmd Leaf Debifcent Silicula. Diandroiis Flower. Decurrent Leaf 
 
 Deltoid Leaf. Dentate Leaf Diadelphous Dichotomous Stem. Didynamous Stamens. Digitate Leaf 
 Stamens. 
 
 Echinatc. 
 
 Effuse Branch. Ellipsoidal. Elliptic- Emargiiiate 
 
 lanceolate. J>eaf. 
 
 Embo.«sed. 
 
 Eodocarp of a Ensiform Leaf Jlpiphyllospermous Epiphyllous Excentrical. Equitant l.*aves. 
 
 Plmri. Plant. Fruit. 
 
 «, «picarp, or outer ekin; {>, fcurrocarp, or fleshy part; c, endocarp, stone, or putanien; d, «eed, or kernel. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 BOTANY — Continued. 
 
 98^ 
 
 Fastigiate . Favose ( Thrincia ) . 
 
 Fibrillose Mush- Fibrous Root. Filament. Florets, 
 
 room. «♦ filament; 
 
 Lady Fern (Asplenium JUix fxmina). 
 
 Foliaceous Sepals 
 
 Footstalk. Fornicate Leaf. Frond. Funnel-form 
 
 flower. 
 
 Fusiform Root. 
 
 r 
 
 Gemmae. 
 
 Stamens and PistUs of 
 Gynandroiis Flower, &c. 
 
 Heart-shaped Leaf Globose Capsules. Gamopetalous. Gladiate Leaves. Grained Petals. 
 
 Hasfcite Leaf. Hexandroiis Hypogynous Incised Leaf. Induplicate. 
 
 I'loTPr. Stamens. 
 
 Indnsium. 
 
984 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 BOTANY — Contdnued. 
 
 Imparipinnate Incumbent 
 
 Leaf. Cotyledon, 
 
 Section of. 
 
 Involucre, 
 a, involucre ; b, b, involueeU, 
 
 Imbricate Scales. 
 
 Infundibuliform Corolla. 
 
 
 Leaf. 
 
 6, blade; p, petiole, 
 foot-stalk, or leaf- 
 stalk; St, stipules. 
 
 1, spike; 2, raceme; 
 3, fascicle; 4, cyme; 5, 
 capitulum,or head; 6, 
 10. catkins, or aments; 
 7, 8, umbel, or umbel- 
 la: 9, panicle ; 11, co- 
 rymb ; 12, whorl ; 13, 
 thyrse; 14, spadix. 
 
 Lanceolate Leaf. Labiate Corolla 
 
 Leaflets. 
 
 Inflorescence, Various forms of. 
 
 Navicular 
 
 Nodding Flower. 
 
 Oblanceolate Leaf. Moniliform Roots. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 BOTANY— Continued. 
 
 985 
 
 Ubnopetalous, or 
 
 Gamopetalous 
 
 Flower. 
 
 Obcordate Leaf. 
 
 Napiform Root. v lU ll^ /I Obovate Leaf. 
 
 Nodulous Root. 
 
 Ochreate Stem. 
 
 Monosepalous Flower. 
 
 Pistils and Ovary 
 of an Octagynous 
 
 Flower. Operculum, 
 
 Stamens of an Octandrous Flower. Opposite Leaves, 
 
 Orbiculate Leaf. Ovate Leaf 
 
 Palmate Leaf. 
 
 Ovate-acumi- Ovate-cy- 
 nate Capsule, lindraceous 
 Capsule. 
 
 Palmatisected 
 Leaf. 
 
 Panduriform 
 Leaf. 
 
 Panicle. Panicled. Papilionaceous 
 
 Flower. 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 Pappus. Pectinate Leaf. 
 
 Pedate Leaf 
 
 Pedatifid Leaf. 
 
 Pedicel, Peltate Leaf. 
 
 Pentagynous. 
 
 Perfoliate Leaf. Peristome. Penciled Leaf. Pentapetalous 
 
 Pileate. 
 
 Pericarps, 
 e, h, drupe of peach; c, nut, filbert; d, strobile of pine; e,/, capsule of ponpy; g, capsule 
 of Aristolocliia. 
 
986 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 BOTANY — Continued. 
 
 Plicate Leaf. Plimiose Leaf. Plumule. Plurilocular Capsule. Pod. Polyadelphia. Polyandroua 
 
 ^1^*^^ 
 
 Polyspennous Polypetalous Ptemorse Leaf, Pyxidium. Quinquefoliate Leaf. 
 
 Capsule. Flower. 
 
 Radius. 
 
 to 
 
 Ramentaceous Leaf. Ramose Root. Receptacle. Reflected Petals. Reticulate Leat 
 
 Raceme. 
 
 Repand Leaf. Retuse Leaf. Revolute Stigmas. Rhizoma. Ringent Corolla. Rotate Coroliat 
 
 a a, crown, or 
 head of root; 6, 
 6, rootlets ; c, c, 
 fibers. 
 
 J0^ 
 
 Euncinate Leaf. 
 
 Samais- 
 
 Sagittate Leaf. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 CABPENTKY, JOHyTERY, AND MASONRY. 
 
 987 
 
 Bi-acU Bridging joists. 
 
 a, flooring; b, girder; c, c, bridging- 
 joists; a, d, ceiling; e, e, straps. 
 
 Dovetails. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 a b, uprights or posts; ed,ed, 
 
 struts, ties, or braces. 
 
 Dowels. 
 
 Rabbet. 
 
 ^^:iii:i-"'^#.i 
 
 .L,!!,.*#,*' if^«a 
 
 Joggles. 
 
 1 ---^ 1 
 
 ? '' ^ 1 
 
 L^^:-^-., 1 
 
 1 ^r---^ 1 
 
 u 
 
 Mortise and Tenon. Putlog. 
 
 a, putlog; b, b, b, putlog holes; c, ledger. 
 
 Rustic Masonry. 
 
 Scarfing, various modes of. 
 
 K, Keystone, 
 
 Viaduct. 
 
 Timbers in a Roof, 
 ta, wall-plates; 6 b, tie-beams; c, king-post; d d, struts; 
 ee, principal rafters; //, pole-plate; g g, purlin; h h, 
 ridge-piece; it, common rafters. 
 
 Timbers used in Flooring. 
 a a, girder; b b, binding-joists; c c, ceiling- 
 joists ; d d, wall-plates ; e e, bridging- 
 joists. 
 

 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 TERMS EMPLOYED IN, PICTORIALLT ILLUSTRATED OR EXEMPLIFIED. 
 
 -^-^ 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 HYDBAULICS. 
 
 989 
 
 Aqueduct. 
 
 Archimedes' Screw. 
 
 Breast-wheel. 
 
 Barker's Mill. 
 
 Chain Pump. 
 
 Forcing-pump. 
 P, piston; D, delivery tube- 
 
 Hydraulic Ram. 
 a, valve; 6, air chamber; e, de- 
 livery pipe; d, main pipe. 
 
 Noria. 
 
 Overshot Wheel. Pitot's Tube. 
 
 a, bent glass tube; 6, the level of water. 
 
 Rotary Pump. 
 
 Tub-wheel- 
 
 Siphons. 
 
 a, common siphon ; h, improved 
 
 siphon with exhausting tube. 
 
 Sluice. Suction Pump. 
 
 H, handle; AC, cylinder, or barrel, 
 P, piston; It, piston rod ; v, v, valves; 
 ^.B, pipe; C, mouth of pump. 
 
 Turbine Wheel. 
 S,earved partitions: D, working-wheeL 
 
 Undershot Wheat 
 
990 
 
 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 MATHEMATICS, — EXCLUDING ALGEBRA, GEOMETBY, TBIGONOMETRY, 
 
 CONIC SECTIONS, &c. 
 
 Acute Angle. 
 
 Angle. 
 
 ' e- 
 
 Chord. 
 A C, A 6, chords. 
 
 Conic Sections. 
 
 Alternate Angles. 
 
 AOH, GHD, BG n, OH 
 
 alternate angles. 
 
 Curve. 
 
 Dodecahedrons. Equilateral Trian- 
 gle. 
 
 Epicycloid. 
 
 Frustums. 
 
 Gnomon. 
 
 Hexagon. Hyperbola. a b, Hypotenuse. 
 
 T 
 
 Incidence. 
 4 B H. angle of inci- 
 dence ; C B H, an- 
 gle of reflection. 
 
 Interior Angle. 
 agh,b g h, g h c, g h d, interior 
 angles; eg a,eg b,fh c,/h d, 
 exterior angles. 
 
 Lenses, 
 a, plano-concave; b, double concave; 
 c, plano-convex: d, double convex; 
 e, meniscus; /, concavo-convex. 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 e 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 *|.' 
 
 8 
 
 Magic Sqi 
 
 OUlqac Linea. Obtuse Angle 
 
 Octagoa 
 
 Octahedron. 
 
 Oval. 
 
 Ovoid. 
 
 Parallel Lanes. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 MATHEMATICS, QEOMETBY, &c. — Contmued. 
 
 S91 
 
 zz/Vo 
 
 Parallelogram. Pelecoid. Pentagon. Perspective. Perpendicular. 
 
 A D, D C, inverted (^uadrantal Cube seen in Isometrical a d, perpendicular; 
 
 Pyramids. 
 
 arcs; ABC, Bemicircle. 
 
 Perspective. 
 
 b c, horizontal. 
 
 Polygons. 
 
 Quadrangle. Quadrant. Quadrilateral. 
 
 Rectangle. 
 
 Radius. 
 
 f 1 
 
 'a 
 
 R«-entering Angle. Angle of Reflection. Rhomb. 
 
 Ip q, angle of incidence; qp r, angle of reflection. 
 
 Rhomboid. 
 
 Right Angle. Scalene Triangle. 
 
 C, D, Secant. a be, Sector. a be, Segment 
 
 of a Circle. 
 
 ■11 11 
 
 Carpenter's Square. 
 
 Tangent, 
 a o, axc; at, tangent; t c, tangential radius.' 
 
 Stereography. 
 
 a, tetrahedron ; b, 
 
 hexahedron, or cube ; 
 
 c, octahedron ; d, do- curv'e at c ; c d, ordinate 
 to axis from c ; d t, sub- 
 tangent. 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 Sub tangent, 
 c a, part of parabola ; a 
 its axis ; c t, tangent to 
 
 decahedron ; e, icosa- 
 hedron 
 
 Tetragons. 
 
 Tetrahedron. 
 
 Triangles. 
 1, equilateral triangle; 2, isosceles triangle; 3, right-angled tri- 
 angle; 4, obtuse-angled triangle; 5, scalene trian^e. 
 
 Trapezium. 
 
 QIAO 
 
 Truncate. 
 
 a, truncated angles; b, truncated 
 
 cone; e, truncated cube. 
 
 a 
 
 Ungulii 
 
992 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 TVTTT.TTABY TERMS — AKMS, PROJECTILES, WEAPONS, &c. 
 
 Ambulance Cart. 
 
 a a, abatis; b b, banquette; c c, breast-height, or interior slope; c d, interior crest; 
 /■<;, fraise; p p, palisade; a g,g c, parapet; g h, scarp; q q, counterscarp. 
 
 JJH "■# 
 
 Air-gun. 
 
 Armstrong Gun. 
 B. re-inforce; C, trunnion. 
 
 Barrier Gate. - Bastion. Battery Wagon. 
 
 A, bastion, Barcelona ; a, curtain angle; b, shoulder angle; c, salient angle; a a, gorge; a 5, flank; a d, curtain; 6 c, face. 
 
 Bayonets. 
 a, sword bayonet; 6, common bayonet. 
 
 Daggers. 
 
 Caltrop. Cartridge-box. Chain-shot. 
 
 Cheval-de-frise 
 
 Cutlass. Cimetm 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 998 
 
 MILITARY TERMS — WEAPONS, &c. — Continued. 
 
 Section of Field-gun and carriage. 
 A, stock; B, cheeks; C, elevating screw; 2>, trail. 
 
 Fireball. Grape-shot. 
 
 Grenade and Fuse* 
 
 Section of Siege-gun-carriage. 
 A, bolster. 
 
 Sea-coast-carriage, for Casemate or Barbette- 
 A, carriage proper; B, chassis. 
 
 Minie-ball. 
 
 Percussion-lock. 
 
 Pistol. 
 
 Pole-axes. 
 
 ^ > ^ 
 
 Parrott's Projectile. James a ProjectUe. Pritchett BaU. Percussioa-buUet. U. S. Service Ball. 
 
994 
 
 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 •MTT.r TATtV TERMS — V7EAPONS, &c. — Continued. 
 
 
 Oeueral. 
 
 .wm'i^'^^^'W^l^M^ 
 
 \.^^.^J^ 
 
 Brigadier-General . 
 
 
 Captaiu. 
 
 Coionel. 
 
 First Laeutenant. 
 
 lieat.-Oolonei and Major. 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 „__^^ 
 
 % 
 
 Second Lieutenant. 
 Shoulder Straps, as indicating rank in the United States Army. 
 
 i-^^ *#^| 
 
 Admiral. 
 
 ^^•J^ 
 
 Commodore. 
 
 mk^% 
 
 :*^-3?'Ss^^s:5S3?s^s^*? 
 
 Vive- Admiral. 
 
 'm^x^ik 
 
 
 Rear-Admiral. 
 
 
 afe-^^ 
 
 |?5;¥wSr3S5r^^-:rir^Ji? 
 
 Lieutenaut-rommander. Lieutenant, 
 
 Shoulder Straps, as indicating rank in the United ^tes Navy. 
 
 11 
 
 Sbni.p;.cl i.k(c 
 
 \-^J 
 
 Star-fort. 
 
 it 
 
 /It A A ,\ A \ "v •k.ki^ a a a a ^ A, 
 
 .^^ 
 
 Swivel gun. 
 
 Stockade- 
 
 Swords. 
 English hanger, old form; S. rapier, about 33 inch blade: 4, Eastern cimeter: 5, cut ond ihnift sword, v 
 fi. clnymorc. or Scotch broadsword, with basket hilt, 40 inch blade; 7, falchion; 8, V, navy catlasseE. J 
 :i 10, hari-kari, or Japanese disembowelar. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 995 
 
 Tambourine. 
 
 Baas-vioL 
 
896 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 phllosophicaIj and scientific instruments. 
 
 Caaner'g Qu&d- 
 raat 
 
 Opera-glaas. Ha^ Lantern. 
 
 ReceiTere. 
 a, cylindrical plasB reccir- 
 er : ft, p»B receiver ; c, 
 pump r«oelver. 
 
 Hadlev's Qoadraat 
 t, index-glass -. ft, k*- 
 rtxon^Ute; c, ei^bt 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 PTTTTiOSOFHICAIi AIH) SCIENTinC INSTRUMENTS — Continued. 
 
 997 
 
 Telescope at Observatory, Harvard 
 College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 Tachometer, 
 
 Astronomical Telescope. 
 A B, object glass ; C D, converging eve- 
 glass; F I ;, distant object; H K.imageof the 
 glass ; eye at E. 
 
 ^Vhirling-table. 
 , foot-board ; b, wheel ; c, pulley j 
 
 arm ; ef, uprights. 
 
 Telegraph, Morse's. 
 
 Gregorian Telescope. 
 A B C D, section of tube ; E, eye-piece - 
 F, small mirror; G H, large mirror, or object; 
 mirror. 
 
 Surveyor's or Engineer's 
 Trausit Instrument. 
 
 Newtonian Telescope. 
 
 Theodolite. 
 
 Great Kefiracting Tele- 
 scope at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Object-glass, twelve inch- 
 es ; focal distance, seven- 
 teen feet. 
 
 Thermom- 
 eter, Fah- 
 renheit'*. 
 
998 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 
 
 SHIPS AND NAUnCAL AFFATTIS. 
 
 Bell-buoy 
 
 Cutter. 
 
 Figure-head. 
 
 Goodola. 
 
 A A, dead-eves ; £ 
 
 B, futtock pfatea ; C 
 
 C, futtock »hroud«. 
 
 Hammock. 
 
WEBSTER'S NATIONAL PICTORIAL DICTIONARY. 
 SHIPS AND TsTAUTICAIi AFFAIRS — Continued. 
 
 999 
 
 Gimbals. 
 
 Light-house. 
 
 a, single knot ; 
 
 b, double knot ; 
 
 c, tigure-of-8 
 knot ; d, over- 
 hand knot ; e, 
 bowline knot. 
 
 Prow of Ancient Galley. 
 
 Life -boat 
 
 23 s 
 
 Ship, ground plan 
 
 p,prow; I, larboard or port ; s, ^t^^^"^';^.' l\T bf^nacll- 
 2, tifler; 3, grating ; 4, wheel ; 5, ^heel-chains ; G. bi"?^ n' 
 7 mizzen-mast ; I, skylight ; 9, ^^pst^n ' 10 ma n-m|.st , 11, 
 pumps; 12, gallev, caboose ; 13. mam h^^t^hway; 1*' ^/fYg- 
 15, foremast; 16, fore hatchway ; 17, bitts ; 18,_bo.wsprit , l», 
 head-rail; 20, boomkins ; 21, bows : 
 chains; 24, mizzen-chadns. 
 
 fore-chains'; 23, main- 
 
 Sails. 
 1, flying jib ; 2, iib ; 3, foretop-mast-stay sail ; 4, (ore- 
 cwirse; 5, foretop sail ; 6, foretop-gailant sail; 7, fore-royal; 
 8, fore sky -sail; 9, fore-royal studding-sail ; V\ foretop-gai- 
 lant studding-sail! ll.for'etop-mast studding-sail; 12, main- 
 course ; 13, maintopsail ; 14, maintop-gallant sail; 15, mam- 
 royal; 16, main sky-sail; 17, main-royal studding-sail ;_ 18, 
 maintop-gallant studding-sail ; 19, maintop-mast studding- 
 sail ; 20, mizzen-course ; 21, mizzen-top sail ; 22, raizzen- 
 top-gallant sail ; &, mizzen-royal ; 24, mizzen sky-sail ; 
 25, mizzen-spanker. 
 
 Ratlines. 
 
 o a, Samson's Post. 
 
lOOO A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 STATIONARY STEAM ENGINE WITH PARTS NAMED. 
 
 |^~ Any words in the precediug grouping of Illustraticns, not found in the bodv of the work, may be found i 
 pU)rK<] in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 
 
SUPPLEMENT OF 
 
 ADDITIONAL WORDS AND DEFINITIONS. 
 
 V[Add.] A 1, An underwriter's registry mark for 
 • sea-worthy vessels of the highest class. A 2, A 2^, 
 etc., indicate inferior grades. In the U. S. the term is 
 commonly used to signify first-class, prime, first-rate. 
 
 Aai'd'-wolf, n. [D., earth-wolf. J (ZdoL) A digiti- 
 grade carnivorous S.African quadruped {Prote/es La- 
 lan'Jii), resembling a cross between the fox and hyena. 
 
 Ab'di-€a-ble, a. Capable of being abdicated; that 
 may be abdicated. 
 
 Ab'di-cant, a. [Lat. abdicans, p. pr. of abdicate. See 
 Abdicate, v. r.] Abdicating: forsaking; renouncing. 
 
 Ab-d6in.'i-nal, n. AbJominal ring (A7iai.), a fancied 
 ring-like opening on each side of the abdomen, external 
 and superior to the jmbes. 
 
 Ab-d6in.'i-no-th.o-ra9'i€, a. Relating to the abdo- 
 men and to the thorax, or chest. 
 
 Ab-li6i*'rer, n. Specifically (Eng. Hist.), one of the 
 church and court party in the time of Charles II., so 
 called because they declared their abhorrence of those 
 who sought to dictate to him as to the meeting of a new 
 Parliament in 1680. 
 
 A-bi'e-tin, ) n. [Lat. abies, abietis, the fir-tree ; Fr. 
 
 A-bi'e-tine, ) abietine.] (Chem.) A resinous sub- 
 stance obtained from Strasburg or Canadian turpen- 
 tine. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, 
 but soluble in alcohol (especially at the -boiling point), 
 in strong acetic acid, and in ether. 
 
 A-bi'e-tite, n. 1. (Chem.) A substance resembling 
 mannite, discovered by Rochleder in the leaves of the 
 common silver fir of Europe (.-ibies pectinata). 2. (Pa- 
 leon.) A genus of coniferous plants found in the Weal- 
 den and green sand formations. 
 
 Ab'i-o-gen'e-sls, n. [Gr. a priv., /Si'o?, life, and yev- 
 etrts, yeVo?, origin.] The supposed production of living 
 matter from matter not living ; such genesis of living 
 forms as does not involve a portion of living matter 
 given off from another pi-evio'.isly living form ; sponta- 
 neous generation ; — called also abiogeny. 
 
 A.b'i-6g'e-ni'*t, n. One who believes that life can be 
 produced independently of antecedeat life. 
 
 Ab'i-6g'e-iiy, n. Same as Abiogexesis. 
 
 Ab-ir'ri tate. f. f. {Med.) To diminish the sensibil- 
 ity of ; to debilitate. 
 
 Ab-ii-'ri-ta'tive, «. (Med.) Characterized by absence 
 or defect of irritation, or by debility. 
 
 Ab'le-gate, n. [Lat. ab and legatus, from legate, to 
 send with a commission; Fr. nb'.egat.] (Rom. Cath. 
 Churrh.) A legate sent to bring to a newly elected car- 
 dinal his insignia of office. 
 
 Ab'nor-mai'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being ab- 
 normal ; abnormity ; variation. 
 
 A-bdr'ti-^Ide, n. [Lat. abortus, p. p. of aboriri, from 
 ab, from, and oriri, to rise, to be born, and cxdere, to 
 kill.] (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the 
 womb ; feticide. 
 
 A-bra'dant, n. [Lat. abradere, to scrape off. See 
 Abrade.] That which abrades, especially a material, 
 usuallyjn powder, adapted for grinding and polishing. 
 
 db'ro-ga'tive, a. Tending or designed to abrogate ; as, 
 an ab'Ogntive law. 
 
 Ab-sin'thate, n. (Chem.) A combination of absin- 
 thic acid wi^^h a ba.se. 
 
 Ab-sin'thi€, a. (Chem.) Relntiug to absinthium, ot 
 common wormwood, or to an acid obtained from it. 
 
 Ab'S'i-lu.te, a. [Add.] Absolu'e temperature, the tem- 
 perature as measured on a scale determined by certain 
 general thermo-dynamic principles. The zero of ab- 
 
 ACHLAMYDEOUS 
 
 solute temperature may be regarded as equivalent to 
 — 273° centigrade, or — 459.4^ Fahrenheit. 
 
 Ab-*.taiu', V. t. [See Abstain, v. t.j To hinder ; to 
 cause to keep away from. 
 
 Ab-strd-e'tain, n. [Lat.] (Metaph.) An attribute or 
 relation treated as an entity ; an abstract noun. 
 
 A-bu'ti-lon, n. [Arab.] (But.) A genus of malva- 
 ceous shrubs, found in the torrid and temperate zones 
 
 ^ of both continents ; Indian mallow. 
 
 A-e'a-^in, 1 n. [See Acacia.] The inspissated juice of 
 
 Ac'a-^ine, > various species of acacia : gum arable. 
 
 A-«a'ci-o (-shi-o), n. A heavy, durable wood, of the 
 same family ( Cedrelacese) with the red mahogany, but 
 darker_and plainer : called also Acajou. 
 
 A-e'a-na'ceous {-na'shtis;, a. Same as Acanthaceous. 
 
 A-«an''tUo-car'pou.s, a. [Gr. aKavOa, thorn, and Kap- 
 TTo?, fruit.] (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with 
 I spines. 
 
 I A-<;a.n'tlio-9epli'a-lan, n. [Gr. oKavOa, a spine, thorn, 
 
 and Kf^oAij, head.] (Zo'dl.) One of a group of intesti 
 
 ; nal worms, having the .proboscis armed with recurved 
 
 spines. 
 ■ A-«an'th.o-96ph.'a-lou.s. a. Having a spiny head ; 
 I belonging to the acanthocephalaus. 
 ; A-ean'tho-p6d, n. [See infra.] (Zo'dl.) One of a 
 genus of coleopterous insects, including those species 
 [ which have spiny legs. 
 
 A-€an'tbo-po'di-ous, a. [Gr. aKavda, thorn, and 
 I TTOu?, TToSos, foot.] (Bot.) Having spinous petioles. 
 i A<;-<;a'di-aii, a. Pertaining to a race supposed to have 
 lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest (about 
 i 1300 B. cj. 
 
 Ae-^ent'u-a'tioii, n. In ecclesiastical music, the pitch 
 or modulation of the voice used in reciting various por- 
 tions of the liturgy. 
 
 Ac-^ep'tant, n. One who accepts ; an accepter. 
 
 A«-«li^ina-ta'tion, n. [See Accum.ate.] The act or 
 
 ^process of becoming accustomed to a new < Imate. 
 
 A-e'-ere-men-ti'tial (-tish'al), a. [See iiyru."] (Phys- 
 iol.) Developing a new individual by natural increase. 
 
 A-e'-ere-rtien-ti'tioii (-tlsh'un), n. [Lat. accrementum, 
 from accrescfre, to grow larger, to increase.] (Physiol.) 
 A term applied to that process of generation, in which 
 an organic part breaks the bonds which unite it to the 
 individual 63' which it has been formed, and with which 
 it constitutes originally only one being, and develops 
 itself into an individual distinct form, yet in all re- 
 spects like that from which it pi-oceeds. 
 
 ^flrrfSci>n.f?/ifo (ak-kresh'she-men'to), n. [It.] (Mus.\ 
 The increase of a sound by one half its original dura- 
 tion, represented by a dot placed after a note. 
 
 A€-eu'nixi-la'tor, n. 2. That which accumulates; 
 as, a powerful electrical machine, which generates or 
 accumulates electric currents of high tension : a fly- 
 wheel or a spring of Indii rubber which accumulates 
 force; iHydmstat.) a reservoir which accumulates 
 water for the wqfking of machinery. 
 
 A-^hef'n-fUe, n. pi. [Lat., from arhfta, a cricket; Gr. 
 i7Xe'TT7s, shrill, from i^x^j, a sound.] (Entom.) A family 
 of leaping insects : the cricket family. 
 
 A-ehil'leg Ten'don. (Anat.) The strong tendon 
 formed of the united tendons of the l»rge niu.scles in 
 the calf of the leg, smd inserted into the bone of the 
 heel ; — so called from the story of Achilles being held 
 
 ^ by the heel when dipped in the River ."^tyx. 
 
 A«h'la-iiiyd'e-oiis, a. [Gr. a piiv. and xA.aju.us, xAa/u.v- 
 5os, a shoi't cloak.] ( Bot.) Having no calyx or corolla. 
 
 a,e,«&c. ,/on^/ Jt, &, &c. 
 food 
 
 c.,long ; a, 6, &c., short ; care, far, ask, all, wbat : 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 
 , fctbt; ftrn, ru,de, pull; pell, ^haise, «all," echo ; ^em, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link; tliis. 
 
 Copyright by G. & C. Merriam & Co., 1884. 
 
ACHROMATIZATION 
 
 1002 
 
 AFTERGLOW 
 
 A-chro'ma-ti-za'tion, n. [Fr. arhromntisation. See i 
 AouRoMATic] The act of achromatiziug ; depriratiou j 
 of rolor. I 
 
 A-cliro'ma-t6p'sv, »i- [Gr. a priv., xfnofia, color, and ; 
 w/ii9. .-ight.] InaoUity to distinguish colors; color- j 
 blindness ; Daltonism. 
 
 A^' id-if'ic, a. [Lat. aridus, sour, and facere, to make.] 
 
 _ Producing nciditv ; converting into an acid. 
 
 AVier-age, fi. [Fr., from acar, steel.] The process or 
 act of coating a meuil pl«te with iron by means of vol- 
 taic electricity ; — applied especially to stereotypes or 
 engnived copperpl«tes, to render them more durable. 
 
 Jtc'o-15"C'tiiie, H. (Gie7n.) Abase obtained from the 
 roots *of the Aconiium lycoctonum, whence the name. 
 It if! a white powder, of a bitter taste and alkaline re- 
 action, and neutralizes acids. 
 
 A-cSn'fly-lous, a. [Gr. a priv. and kovSvAos, joint.] 
 Beiiig without joints. 
 
 Ac'o-nit'ic, a. Obtained from, or relating to, aconite. 
 
 Ae'o-iiX'tuni, n. The poisonous herb aconite; wolfs- 
 
 _bane : m >nk".<-hood. 
 
 A'corn-shell. «. (Zo'dl.) A balanoid ; one of the ses- 
 sile cirripeds ; a barnicle. 
 
 A-eous'ti€-al-ly (-kow'stik-), adv. In a m-mner adapt- 
 
 _ ed to acoustics ; in relation to sound or hearing. 
 
 Ac'ous-ti'cian (-tish'an), n. [Fr. acousticien.] One 
 Ter.-ed in acoustics. 
 
 A«'ri-to-cliro'ma-^y, n. [Gr. oKpiro?, undistinguish- 
 able, from a priv. and icpiVeiv, to separate, distinguish, 
 and xpiaixa, xP^f^°-'''^^ color.] Inability to discrimi- 
 nnte between colors; color-blindness ; Daltonism. 
 
 Ac'ro-carp';>u.s, a. [Gr. axpos, extreme, highest, and 
 (capTTos, fruit.] (Bot.) Having a terminal fructifica- 
 tion : having the fruit at the end of the stalks. 
 
 Ae'ro-clont, a. [Gr. axpo;, summit, and oSovs, oSoktos, a 
 tooth.] Having the teeth soldered firmly to the salient 
 ^p-irt or ridge of the jaw-bone, as in some of the lacertians. 
 
 A^'ro-tlyn'i-d, n. [Gr. aK(io<;, extreme, highest, and 
 66vv7j, pain; Fr. acrodynie.] (Med.) Acute rheuma- 
 tL«m of the extremities, especially of the feet. 
 
 Ae'ro-nyc'tous, a. [Gr. aicpos, extreme, Hnd vv^, wk- 
 t65, night.] [Axtron.) Appearing at sunset and disap- 
 pearing at sunrise, as stars. 
 
 A«'ro-p61'i-tan, a. Pertaining to an acropolis. 
 
 A^'ro-tigm, n. [Gr. a priv. and jcporo?, the pulse.] 
 {Med.) A defect of pulsation. 
 
 Aefing, p. a. Performing the part or discharging the 
 duties of another ; as, an acting superintendent. 
 
 A-e'ti-iio-zfi'd, n. pi. [Gr. axri's, axTtros, a ray, and ^dov, 
 an animal.] {Zo'dl.) A group of C«/f?jieraia, compris- 
 ing the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea-anemone is 
 a familiar example. 
 
 A«'ti-no-zo'an, n. One of the actinozoa. 
 
 A«'tion(3k'shun), n. [Add.] Q.{ Music.) The mechan- 
 ical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the 
 player's finger is taransmitted to the string? of a piano- 
 forte or to the column of air in an organ-pipe. 
 
 Act'u-al (5kfyH-al), n. (Finance.) Something actu- 
 ally received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts. 
 
 Aet'u-al-ist, n. [See Actu.4L.] One who deals with or 
 considers actually existing facts and conditions, rather 
 than fancies or theories ; opposed to idealist. 
 
 Ae'u-min'u-late, a. (Bot.) Somewhat acuminate or 
 tapering 
 
 A€'u-p-e*i'sipn (-pr6sh'un), ) n. [Lat. acus, a needle, 
 
 A«'u-pr68s'ure (-presh'^r), J and jTemerf, pressum, 
 to press.] (Surg.) A mode of arresting hemorrhage re- 
 sulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing 
 under the divided vessel a needle, the ends of which are 
 left exposed externally on the cutaneous surface. 
 
 A-fld'fji-et'to, a. [It., dim. of adagio, slow movement.] 
 
 {Mus.) Somewhat less slow than adagio. 
 4-fId'{/i ef'to,n. (Mus.) A i^hort adagio. 
 
 Adam's -Apple, 71. {Add.) 3. (Bot.) A perennial her- 
 baceous pla-'t, a species of banana {Musa pnradisiaca). 
 It fittains a height of 20 feet or more. 
 
 Ad'der, n. One wOio, or that which, adds ; an abacus. 
 
 Ad'dl-8»n'g Dig-eage'. [Named from Thomas Addi- 
 son, M. D., of London, who first described it.] A n or- 
 bid condition of the supra-renal capsules (two ductless 
 glands in front of the upper end of each kidney), caus- 
 ing the skin 'O assume a deep bronze color ; it is called 
 also brnnz'd skin dix^w^^, and is usually fatal. 
 
 Ad'e-lo-p6d', n. [Gr. airjAos, invisible, and irows, tto^os, 
 foot.] (Zo'dl.) An animal having feet that are not ap- 
 parent. 
 
 Ad'e-ni'tis, n. [Gr. oiijv, a gland.] (Med.) Inflam- 
 mation of the lymphatic glands. 
 
 A-de'iio-^ele, n. [Gr. ifiiji', a gland, and kijAtj, a tumor.] 
 (Mrd.) A morbid growth iu the female breast, resem- 
 bling in its tissue that of the breast itself. 
 
 Ad'e-no-graph'i«, a. Pertaining to adenography, or 
 the anatomy of the glands. 
 
 Ad'e-no-t6in'i«, I a. Pertaining to adenotomy, or 
 
 Ad'e-no-t6m'i€-al, I dis.»;ection of the glands 
 
 Ad'es-my, n. [Gr. iSeo-MOs, unfettered, from a. priv. and 
 Secr/u-os, a fetter.] (Bid ) The division or splitting of an 
 organ which is usually entire. 
 
 Ad-he'sive-ness, n. [Aid.] 2. (Phren.) An orgaa 
 held to be the seat of that feeling which cau.ses men to 
 a-ssociate with each other, and to take pleasure in be- 
 stowing and receiving friendship ; tendency to social or 
 personal attachment. 
 
 Ad'i-po-^er'i-fonn, a. [N. Lat. adipocera, and Lat. 
 forma., form. See Adipocere.] Having the appearance 
 of adipocere ; as, an adipoceriform tumor. 
 
 A-dip'sous, a. [Gr. a6i\}jO';, from a priv. and 6C\}/a, thirst.] 
 Quenching thirst, as certain fruits. 
 
 Ad-la'ttis, n. [Lat , />. p. from affeire, to bring to, to as- 
 sist.] An attendant: a personal supporter; an aid-de- 
 camp. 
 
 Ad-na'tion, n. [See Adnute.] (Bot) The consolida- 
 tion of different floral verticils or .^ets of organs. 
 
 A-dop'tion, »J. {A'ld.\ 3. (Thiol.) The special act of 
 God's grace by which men are received into his family 
 on justiQcation by faith. 
 
 Ad'u-la'ri-a, n. (Min.) A transparent or translucent 
 variety of feldspar, found esi)ecially at St. Gothard, 
 Switzerland. The finest specimens are from a high peak 
 called Adula, whence the name. 
 
 Ad-van^e', a. [Add.] Advayice sheets (Print.), pages of 
 a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time 
 of publication 
 
 Ad- ranged', p.p. Progressive ; imbued with novel ide&s, 
 as opposed to the traditional o'- commonly received ; as, 
 advanced opinions, advanced thinkers. 
 
 Ad-verl>'i-al-ize, v. t. To give the force or form of an 
 
 _ adverb^ to. 
 
 A'er-liy'drous, a. [Gr. arip, air, and wSujp, water.] A 
 term applied to minerals which contain water in their 
 
 _caTities. 
 
 A'er-5gr'no-sy, n [Gr. a^p, air, and yveScrts, knowing, 
 knowledge, from yiyviltaKeLv , yvwva.i, to know ; Fr. aerog- 
 nosie.] The science which treats of the properties of 
 
 _air, and of the part it plays in nature. 
 
 A'er-o-kli'no-s<;ope, n. [Gr. a7)p, air, KXiveiv, to turn, 
 and (TKOTreiv, to examine.] An apparatus turning on a 
 pivot and showing the direction of the wind, and th« 
 
 _ differences of barometric pressure. 
 
 A'er-o-pho'bi-a, I n. [Gr. aijp, air, and <|>6pos, fear ; 
 
 A'er-6ph'o-by, ) 'Ex. acrophohie.] (Me//.) Dread of 
 a current of air. It is a symptom often accompanying 
 hydrophobia, and sometimes accompanying hysteria and 
 
 _ other nervous affections. 
 
 A'er-o-sid'er-ite, n. [Gr. arjp. air, and (riBripin]^, aii- 
 TjptTts, of iron, from crtSrjpos, iron.] (Meteor.) A masf 
 
 _of meteoric iron. 
 
 A'er-o-sphere', n. [Gr. aTqp. air, and a4>aipa, sphere; 
 Fr. acrosp/iere.] The mass of air which surrounds ths 
 
 _globe; atmosphere. 
 
 A'er-o-stS.t'ic, a. [Add.] Aerostatic press, a kind of 
 air-pump for extracting the coloring matter from dye- 
 woods and the like. 
 
 .(Es'tlie-so'dlc, a. [Fr. esthcsodique, from Gr. alcr&ti- 
 o-is, sensation, from aLcTBd.ve(T6o.i, to perceive, and o&6t, 
 a way.] Conveying sensation ; — a term applied to th« 
 portion of the spinal cord which conveys sensation. 
 
 .^s'tu-ou.8 (6st'y9-us), a. [Lat. aesiuo^u^, from^stus, 
 fire, glow, from, sesuare, to be ag^itated, to bum.] 
 Glowing ; scorching. 
 
 uEtli'o-gen (e-h'o-jen), n. [Gr. alflo?, fire, light, and 
 veVos, birth.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and 
 boron, which, when heated before the blow -pipe, givei 
 a brilliant phosphorescent light ; boric nitride. 
 
 Af-fPi' tii-o' so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a tender manner ; 
 with feeling. 
 
 Af-fil'i-a-ble, o. Capable of being affiliated. 
 
 Af-fin'i-ty, n. [Add.] 5. (Spiritiiali-77i.) A man or 
 woman for whom one of the opposite sex feels a strong 
 attachment, amounting to a passion. 
 
 A-field' (-feld'), adv. [Add] 2. Out of the way. 
 
 Aft'er-d&nip, n. An irre.spirable gas which is some- 
 times found in mines ; choke-damp. Its most impor- 
 tant constituent is carbon-dioxide, or cartonic acid gSi^ 
 produced by the explo.«ion of fire-damp. 
 
 Aft'er-glo-w, n. A kind of second twilight, often eeen 
 
 a, g, &c., loTig ; ft, 6, &c. , short ; c&re, fSr, ask, all, what , 6re, Tgil, tSrm ; pique, firm ; s6n, 6r, dfj, w^U, 
 
AGALACTIA 
 
 1003 
 
 ALLYL 
 
 a short time after sunset. The phenomenon is due, in 
 Sir John Hersetiels opinion, to a second reflection of 
 solar light in the atmosphere. 
 
 /[ff'a-ld-e'ti-d (-shi-a), n. [Gr. a priv. and yoAa, yoAouc- 
 Tos, milk.J (Me'/.) Failure of the due secretion of 
 milk after childbirth. 
 
 Ag'a-mi, n. (Ornilh.) A bird [Psophia crepitans), of 
 the interior of Guiana, called also the gold-breasted 
 trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant, 
 but its legs are much longer. 
 
 Ag'a mo-gen'e-sis, n. [from Gr. aya/Ltos, unmarried, 
 from d priv. and yd/oio?, marriage, and yeVeats, genera- 
 tion, from yi'yveadai, to be born.] [Add.] Reproduc- 
 tion without the union of the whole or parts of two 
 distinct organisms for the formation of offspring. 
 
 Ag'lu-ti'tion, n. [Gr. a priv. and Lilt, glutire, glutitum, 
 to swallow.] {Pathol.) Inability to swallow. 
 
 As'ini-na'ted, a. [From Lat. agmen, agminis, a train, 
 a crowd, fr. ngere, to drive.] Crowded ; closely packed. 
 Agminated glands (Anat.), a collection of follicles in the 
 small intestine. 
 
 Ag-nos'tic, a. [Gr. d priv. and yj/woriKo?, knowing, 
 from yiyvaicTKeiv, to know.] Professing ignorance ; in- 
 volving no dogmatic assertion ; leaving a question or 
 problem still in doubt ; pertaining to, or involving ag- 
 nosticism. 
 
 Ag:-n6s'ti«, n. One who professes ignorance, or re- 
 frains from dogmatic assertion ; one who supports ag- 
 nosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence 
 of a personal Deit}". 
 
 Ag-nos'ti-fism, n. That doctrine which, professing 
 ignorance, neither asserts nor denies ; specifically, in 
 theology, the doctrine that the existence of a personal 
 Deity can be neither asserted nor denied, neither proved 
 nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the 
 human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton 
 and Ma7i.sfl), or because of the insufficiency of the evi- 
 dence furnished by psychii-al and physical data, to war- 
 rant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of 
 Herbert Spf^ncer) ; opposed alike to dogmatic skepticism 
 and to dogmatic theism. 
 
 A-gra'ri-an, a. [Add.] 2. {Bot.) Wild;— said of 
 plants growing in the fields. 
 
 •^g'ryp-nSl'i-e, n. [Gr. dypvn-vos, sleepless, from dypa, 
 a chase, and vn-i/o?, sleep.] Anything which prevents 
 sleep, as strong coffee or tea. 
 
 A^'y-nous, a. [Gr. d priv. and yvirq, woman.] {Bot.) 
 Having fecundating, but not fruit-bearing organs ; male. 
 
 Ai-f/u'ille' (a'gwel'), n. [Fr., Sp. agKJn, It. aguglia, 
 from Lat. acicuta, dim. of aciis, a needle.] A sharp 
 needle-like rock or summit of a mountain. 
 
 Ai'no, n. [Said to be the native word for man.] One of 
 a tribe inhabiting Ye.=so, Saghalien, and the Koorile Isl- 
 ands, and supposed to have been the progenitors of the 
 
 ^original_ inhabitants of Japan. 
 
 Air'-brake, n. (Much.) A contrivance for stopping 
 the motion of a car-wheel, by the use of compressed at- 
 
 ^ mospheric air as a means of applying the brakes. 
 
 4^ir'-cr6ss'ing, n. A passage for air in a mine. 
 
 Air'-flue (flu), n. A tube in which air is conveyed, as 
 
 ^ from a stove to various parts of a building, 
 
 Air'-lSmp, 71. A pneumatic machine, by the operation 
 of which an inflammable gas, being lighted by electrici- 
 ty, produces a flame which may be reduced or contin- 
 ued at_\vill. 
 
 Air'- stove, n. A stove for heating a cuiTcnt of air 
 which is directed against its surface by means of pipes, 
 
 ^and which is then distributed through the building. 
 
 Air'-tiglit (-tit), n. An air-tight stove; a stove for 
 burning wood, so constructed that the draft can be al- 
 
 ^ most entirely shut off. 
 
 Air'-triiiik, n. A ventilating shaft, opened from the 
 
 ^ celling of a room to the roof of the building. 
 
 A-ir'y, a. [Ad/.] 8. Having an artificial or affected 
 manner ; being in the habit of putting on airs. 
 
 il'a-nine, 71. {Chem.) A white crystalline base, de- 
 rived from aldehyde-ammonia and hydrocyanic acid. 
 
 Al'bert-ite, n. (Min.) A bituminous mineral resem- 
 bling asphaltum, found in the county of Albert, New 
 Brunswick. It is regarded as an inspissated and oxy- 
 genated petroleum. 
 
 Al'ber-lype, n. [From the name of the inventor, Albert, 
 of Munich.] ( Phntog.) \. A process in which a photo- 
 graphic picture is taken upon a layer of albumen and 
 ^latine impregnated with bichromate of potash, and, 
 by suitable treatment, becomes capable of taking ink 
 and giving impressions like a lithographic stone. 2. A 
 picture made by this process. 
 
 Al-bes'^en^e, n. [See Albescent.] The act of becom- 
 ing white or whitish. 
 
 Al'bi-eant, a. [Lat. albicans, albicantis, p. pr. of al- 
 bicare, to be white, from albus, white.] Growing or 
 becoming white. 
 
 Al'bi-mgm, n. [Add.] 2. (Bot.) A pale or whitish 
 condition of leaves and other parts of plants, owing tc 
 the ab^^euce or the non-development of chlorophyl. 
 3. An abnormally white condition of the plumage of 
 birds, or the fur or hair of mammals. 
 
 Al'bo-litb, 71 [Lat. a'bus, white, and Gr. Xidos, stone.] 
 A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting 
 chiefly of magnesia. 
 
 Al'bu-min'i-form, a. [Lat. albumen, albuminis, and 
 foTwa, form.] Formed like, or resembling, albumen. 
 
 Al-bu'mi-nim'e-ter, n. [Lat. albumen, cdbuminis, and 
 Gr. fxerpov, measure ; Fr. atbuminiinetre.] An instru- 
 ment for ascertaining the quantity of albumen con- 
 tained in a liquid. 
 
 Al-bu'ini-nine, n. ( Chem.) The substance of the cells 
 which inclose the white of birds" eggs. 
 
 Al'«o-li61-i§m, 71. (Med.) A diseased condition of the 
 system, brought about by use of alcoholic liquors. 
 
 Al'e-thi-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. dA^deia, truth, and Aoyo?, 
 discourse] The science which treats of the nature of 
 truth and evidence. 
 
 A-leth'o-S€ope, n. [From Gr. oXtjO^s, truth, and 
 a-KO-n-eiv, to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures 
 by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natu- 
 ral proportions and relations. 
 
 A-lex'i-py-i'et'i«, a [Gr. dXe'^eiv, to ward off, and 
 irvperos, burning heat, fever, from -rrvp. fire.] (Med.) 
 Serving to drive off fever; febrifuge ; antifebrile. 
 
 Al-fai'fa, 71. [Sp.] (Bot.) A perennial plant, allied to 
 the clover family, which is cultivated in California and 
 ^Texas for fodder. 
 
 AVffn-ro-vtl'tfi, n. The product of a species of acacia 
 (juga MarthcR), found in parts of South America, and 
 valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye. 
 
 Al'goid, a. [Lat. alga, sea- weed, and Gr. etSos, form.] 
 Resembling sea -weed. 
 
 Al-gon'kin, i n. One of a widely spread family of In- 
 
 Al-gon'qiiin, ) dians, which formerly occupied most 
 of the northern and eastern parts of North America. 
 
 Al'kar-sine, 7i. {Chem.) A spontaneously inflamma- 
 ble liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of 
 cacodyle and its oxidation products: — called also Ca- 
 det's fuming liqui'l 
 
 Al'lan-ite, n. [From Thomas Allan, who first distin- 
 guished it as a species.] (Min.) A silicate containing 
 a large amount of cerium, found in Greenland, also in 
 Virginia. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is 
 ^related to epidote in form. 
 
 AVle-tndude', n. [Add.] 2. (Cookery.) The whise 
 sauce known as veloutc, thickened with cream and 
 whites of eggs, and seasoned with nutmeg and lemcm 
 juice. 
 
 All-foblg'-day, n. The first day of April. 
 
 Al-lin'e-ate, I', r. [See Align.] {Surv.) To adjust to 
 a line ; to align. 
 
 Al'lo-ca'tion, n. [Add.] 2. Apportionment ; allot- 
 ment ; assignment to a place or location. 
 
 Al-16€h'rous, a. [Gr. dA\os, other, and xpoa, color.] 
 
 _ Of various colors, as a mineral. 
 
 Allo-pbj'l'i-an, a. [Gr dAAc</>uAos, of another tribe, 
 from dAAo9, other, and (J)v\t), class or tribe.] Pertain- 
 ing to a primitive race or language existing among other 
 races of the same stock ; as, the Basque (race and lan- 
 guage) in the Pyrenees. 
 
 Al'lo-tri-oph'a-gy, n. [Gr. dAAorptos, belonging jfeo 
 another, foreign, sti-ange, from dAAos, other, and 4>o-yelv, 
 to eat; Fr allotriophagie.] {Med.) A depraved appe- 
 tite ; the desire for innutritious or unsuitable food. 
 
 AI-16x'an, n. [From the first syllables of allantoine 
 and oxalic, because it was considered to represent the 
 elements of allantoine combined with those of oxalit 
 acid.] ( Chem.) A product of the oxidation of uric acid. 
 It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or 
 alcohol. 
 
 Al-16x'a-nate, n. {Chem.) A combination of allox- 
 anic acid and a base. 
 
 Ariox Jtn'ic, a Pertaining to alloxan; — applied to 
 an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on al- 
 loxan. 
 
 Al'lox-an'tin, ) 7i. (Chem.) A substance produced 
 
 Ariox-an'tine, J by acting upon uric acid with warm 
 
 _and very dilute nitric acid. 
 
 Al'lyl) «• [Lat. allium, garlic, and Gr. vAtj, wood, mat- 
 
 fcSbd, f obt : ^n, ru,de, pull ; fell, fliaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get j ag ; e3[cist ; linger, link ; tliis. 
 
ALOSE 
 
 1004 
 
 ANHYDRIDE 
 
 ter, element, base.) {Chrm.) Au organic radical, ex- 
 isting e-x^Kx-ially in garlic and uiusUird. It is a very 
 ToUiile liquid, with a peculiar pungent odor, somewhat 
 like that of h^-rse-radLxh. 
 
 i'luse, n. Itr., from Lat. a/osa.] (Ichth.) The Amer- 
 iiau shad (vl o<(i sapid i.^sima). 
 
 A-lou'chi, or A-lu'clii', n. A compound resin ob- 
 taViied from Madagascar. It has an aromatic, peppery, 
 bitter ta,-te. 
 
 Alt-Az'i-uiiitli, «. [From L:it. alius, high, and Eng. 
 azhnuUi ] An iostrument for taking azimuths and alti- 
 tudfs .-imultancously, the form most generally used be- 
 ing that called the theodulile. 
 
 Alter'uate, a. [Add.] Alternate generation {Biology), 
 a form of reproduction in which development from eggs 
 alternates with that from buds, the individuals arising 
 in the two methods differing to a certain extent from 
 one another ; metagenesis. 
 
 Al-tlie'iiie, n. [See .\lthe.\..] (Chem.) An alkaline 
 substance discovered in the marsh-mallow ; asparagine. 
 
 Alt'liorn, n. [See Alt and Horn. J (Mtis.) An instru- 
 ment of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in mili- 
 tary music, often replacing the French horn. 
 
 Al'lru-i§m, n. (Lat. alter, other; Fr. altruisme.] Re- 
 giird'lor others, both natural and moral ; unselfishness ; 
 — opposed to egotism. 
 
 Al'crii-ist'ic, a. Displaying altruism ; showing a re- 
 gard'lor others ; unselfish. 
 
 Al've-61'i-f 6rm, a. [Lat. alveolus, q. v., and forma, 
 form.] Uaviug the form of alveoli, or little sockets, 
 cells, or cavities. 
 
 A-lys'.siini, n. [N. Lat., from d priv. and Xvwa, raging 
 madness; because it was supposed to cure madness.] 
 (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants. 
 
 A-mai'ga-ma'tor, n. A machine for separating pre- 
 cious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in 
 contact with a body of mercury with which they form 
 an amalgam (whence the name). 
 
 A-nidt-'a-eiis, u. [Lat., and Gr. ajudpaKos.] (Bot.) A 
 plant of the genus Origanum ; marjoram. 
 
 Am'a-rine, n. [Lat am arus. hitter.] (Chem.) A crys- 
 talline substance, produced by the action of ammonia 
 on oil of bitter almonds. 
 
 Am'au-rot'ic, a. Pertaining to amaurosis. 
 
 Am'a-zon-ite, 1 n. (Min.) A variety of feldspar, 
 
 Am'a-zon-stone, I having a verdigris-green color, 
 found near the Amazon River, in the Ural mountains, 
 in Siberia, and in Colorado. -It is opaque, and takes a 
 fine polish. 
 
 Am-blyg'o-nite, n. [Gr. anp\v?, blunt, obtuse, and 
 vwi'ia, angle.] (Min.) A phosphate of alumina and 
 lithia, containing fluorine ; usually massive, sometimes 
 imperfectly crystallized : color pale green or white ; 
 fouad at Penig, Saxony; also at Hebron, Maine (He- 
 bronite). 
 
 jL-nien'o-md'ni-d, n. [Lat. amanus, plea^iant, and 
 mania, madness, from Gr. y^avia, from txaiveaOai, to 
 rage.] A kind of in.«anity in which the patient has de- 
 lusions of an agreeable character. 
 
 A-nien'or-rhoa'd (-re'a), n. [Gr. d priv. and /utijv, 
 month, and peii', to flow.] {Pathol.) Absence or stop- 
 page of the menstrual discharge. 
 
 Am'ine, n. [From aminonin] (Chem.) A substance 
 derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more 
 hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical. 
 
 Am-mo'ni-a'ted, n. {Chem.) Noting compounds of 
 metallic salts with ammonia, — usually anhydrous. 
 
 Am'niond, n. pi. {Zool.) That group of vertebrates 
 which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called 
 amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the 
 mammals. 
 
 Ant,i phi-ar-thro'sis, n. [Gr. afKJii, around, and ap- 
 ©poio-i?, a jointing, from ap9pou, a joint.] (Anat.) A 
 form of articulation in whicli contiguous osseous sur- 
 faces are connected by <ii.-ks of flattened cartilage. 
 
 Am'phi-gSr'i-e, a. Nonsensical: absurd; pertaining 
 to an amphigory. 
 
 Am-pliig'o-ry, n. [Fr. amphigouri, of uncertain der- 
 ivation, perhaps'Gr. kp^C, around, and yOpo?, a circle.] 
 Non^ense verses ; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning, 
 which on further attention proves to be meaningless. 
 
 Am'jthi-6jc'iiM, 71. [Gr. a/x<f)t, on both sides, or both 
 ends, and o^v^, sharp.] {Ichth.) A fish (Amphioxus 
 lanceotaiux [or branchioMoma]), two or three inches 
 long, found in temperate seas ; —also called the lance- 
 In. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest 
 and most conservative of the vertebrat<^s. 
 Am-pJhig'to-inofig, o [Gr. ap.<i,i, on both sides or 
 
 both ends, and oTo/na, mouth.] Having a cup at each 
 extremity, as certain eutozoa, by means of which they 
 adhere to the iute.-tines. 
 
 Ain'plii-the'a-ter, n. [Add.] 2. The highest gallery 
 in a th^fer, containing low-priced seats 
 
 A-myg'da-lif'er-ous, a. [Lat. nmi/gdalus, amygda- 
 luin, almond, and ferre, to bear.] Producing almonds; 
 — applied to a geode with a movable kernel. 
 
 Am'y-late, n. [Lat. amylum, starch.] {Chem.) A 
 compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and one or 
 
 ^ more positive atoms or radicals 
 
 Am'y-lene, n. (Cliem.) A hydrocarbon possessing an- 
 sesthetic properties. 
 
 An-d-^lnt'rls, n. [Lat., from Gr. avd, as if for dv priv., 
 and xapi-'s, grace.] {Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the 
 ^frogbit family {Hydrocharidacecp), native to America. 
 
 j/Ln'a-^rii'sis, n. [Gr. avaKpovais , from avaKpoi.eiv, to 
 push up or back, from di^d, up, and Kpoveiv. to strike.] 
 {Pros.) .\ prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to 
 a verse beginning with an accented syllable. 
 
 An-ae'ml-a. n. [Gr. d priv. and aVa, blood.] Defi- 
 ciency of blood in an organ or in the general system. 
 
 Aii''ae-in6i'ro-pliy, ?i. [Gr. av priv , at/xa, blood, and 
 Tpo^jj, nourishment, from Tpe<f>eiv, to nourish.] {Med.) 
 A deficiency of sanguineous nourishment. 
 
 An'aes-tlie'gi-a (-the'zhi-a), n. [See An.ssthesis.] 
 {Med.) Entire or partial loss of feeling or perception ; 
 a state of insensibility produced by disease or by the 
 inhalation of sulphuric ether, nitrous oxide gas, etc. 
 
 An-a-mor'pliism, n. [Gr. dvd, again, and ^op^Tj, 
 form.] A progression from one type to another ; ana- 
 morphosis. 
 
 Aii-aph'ro-clis'i-a (-dIzh'T-a), n. [Gr. av priv. and 
 d(/)po6tcrta, sexual pleasures, from 'A(|)po6tT7j, the god- 
 dess of love.] {Physiol.) Impotence ; inability to have 
 
 _ sexual intercourse ; absence of venereal appetite. 
 
 An'a-pias'ti-e, a. Pertaining to anaplasty. 
 
 An'a-pias'ty, n. [Gr. avd, again, and Tr\daaeiv, to 
 form.] {Surg.) The art of restoring lost parts or the 
 normal shape. 
 
 An'a-po-dei«'ti«, a. [Gr. av priv. and dTroSencTiKos, 
 demonstrable, from aTroSeiKvvvai, to point out, to show 
 by argument, from dTro, from, and ScLKvvvai, to show.] 
 That can not be demonstrated ; undemonstrable. 
 
 An'a-tiiie, a. [Lat. anatinus, from anas, anatis, a duck.] 
 Pertaining to the duck ; duck-like. 
 
 An'eon, n. A breed of sheep descended from an acci- 
 dental variety found in Mas.sachusetts, and having very 
 long bodies and short legs. 
 
 An'de-sTne, In. {Min.) A kind of feldspar found in 
 
 An'de-site, ) the Andes as a constituent of a rock 
 which is also called andesite. It is intermediate be- 
 tween labradorite and oligoclase. 
 ' An'droid, a. [See Android, n.] Resembling man. 
 i An'e-m6pli'i-lou.s. a. [From Gr. av€p.os, wind, and 
 ! (^I'Aos, lover.] {Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of the 
 wind ; said of plants in which the pollen is carried to 
 j the stigma by the wind. 
 
 I An-et'i<;, a. [Gr. dverticds. relaxing, from dj/eais. remis- 
 j sion, relaxation, from avelvai, to send forth, to loosen.] 
 j {]\red.) Soothing; serving to lessen pain ; anodyne. 
 j An-g61'i€, a. Angelic acid, an acid obtained from the 
 root of the archangel {Angelica archangel/ ca). 
 
 An'gi-o-speriii'a-tou.s, a. [Gr. d77erov, vessel, and 
 ' anepp-a, (TTTeppeiTOs, seed, from ameipeiv, to sow.] (Bot.) 
 Having the seeds inclosed in a capsule or pod ; angio- 
 spermous. 
 
 An'gi-os'to-mous, a. [Gr. dyyetoi', vessel, and o-TOjuia, 
 
 mouth.] ( Conch.) With a narrow mouth, as the shell 
 
 of a gasteropod. 
 
 : Ari'gli-can, a. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held 
 
 by, a high-churchman or a ritualistic member of the 
 
 I Church of England 
 
 An'gli-can, n. [Add.] Especially, a member of the 
 high-church party, or of the more advanced ritualistie 
 section, in the Church of England. 
 
 An'gli-«an-isin, n. The doctrines held by high- 
 churchmen or ritualist party in the Church of England. 
 
 An'gu-lose, a. [Lat. angulosus, from angulus, angle.] 
 Full of angles ; angulous. 
 
 An-liis'tous, a. [Gr. dv priv. and icrro?, web, tissue : 
 Yt. anhiste.] Having an indeterminate texture; as, an 
 anhistoHs membrane. 
 
 An-liy'dride, n. [Gr. di/wSpos, waterless, from av pjiv. 
 and 'v6op, water.] (Chem.) An oxide of the non-me- 
 tallic bodies, capable of forming acids by uniting with 
 the elements of water; —so called becau.«e it may be 
 formed from an acid by the abstraction of water. 
 
 a, e, Sic.,long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, or, do, vs'olf. 
 
ANILINE 
 
 1005 
 
 A POSTERIORI 
 
 Anl-line, ) n. [See Anil.] A dyeing material obtained 
 
 An'i-liiie, ) from indigo, also from benzole in coal tar. 
 
 An'i-so-p^t'al-ous, a. [Gr. ai/i<70s, unequal, from ai' 
 priv. and tao?, equal, and niraKov, leaf.] (Bot.) Hav- 
 ing unequal petals. 
 
 An'i-s6pli'.vl-l««s, or An'i-so-phyl'lous, a. [Gr. 
 avicros, unequal, from di/ priv. and itros, equal, and 
 ^uAAoi/, a leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal leaves. 
 
 An'i-so-stetn'u-nous, a. [Gr. ai/icros, unequal, from 
 ap priv. and Itros, equal, and (rnqfjunv, warp, thread, 
 from iardvai, to stand. (Bot.) Having unequal sta- 
 mens ; having stamens different in number from the 
 divisions of the corolla. 
 
 Aii'i-so-trope', I a. [Gr. avttro?, unequal, from av 
 
 An^i-So-tr6p'i€, ) priv. and io-o>, equal, and rpoTr^, a 
 turning, from rpeneiv, to turn.] Not isotropic ; having 
 different properties! in different directions as, unequally 
 elastic in different directions ; thus, crystals of the iso- 
 metric .system are, like glass, optically isotropic, but 
 all other crystals are anisotropp. 
 
 Aii-ni'lu-la'tion-ist. n. (Tkeol.) One who believes 
 that eternal punishment consists in complete annihila- 
 tion ; a destructionist. 
 
 A-n6m'a-li-p6d, ) a. [Lat. anomalus, irregular, and 
 
 A-nSm'a-li-pede, ) pes, pedis, foot ] Having anom- 
 alous feet. 
 
 A-ii6in.'a-lo-flo'rou.s, a. [Lat. anomalus, irregular, 
 and y?o5, y?om, flower. See Anomalous.] {Bot.) Hav- 
 ing anomalous flowers. 
 
 An'j-nyme, n. [See Anonymous.] An assumed name. 
 
 An'te-€oni-inu.n'ion (-yun), n. [From ante, bef -re, 
 and communion.] A name given to that part of the 
 Anglican liturgy for the communion, which precedes 
 the consecration of the elements. 
 
 An-ten'niile, n. [See Antkxna.] {Zobl.) A small 
 antenna; — applied to the smaller pair of antennae or 
 feelers in the Crustacea. 
 
 Ant'epli-i-ai'ti«, a. [Gr. dvTi, against, and ef^iaArrj?, 
 nightmare.] (Mfd.) Of power to prevent nightmare. 
 
 An'fhcm, V. t. To celebrate with anthems. 
 
 Aiit'liem-or-rliag'i« (-raj'ik), a. [Gr. avrC, against, 
 and at/moppaytKO';, hemorrhagic, ai/oioppayia, hemorrhage, 
 from alfjia, blood, and prjyvvvai., to break, burst.] 
 {Med.) Tending to stop hemorrhage. 
 
 An'tlier-o-z^id', I n. [Gr. avO-qpo^, flowery, ^cSov, an- 
 
 Aii'ther-o-zo'oid, ) imal, and elSos, form.] {Bot.) 
 The mobile reproductive male element in a crypto- 
 gam. 
 
 An-tliosr'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. avdog, flower, and ypa<t>-n, 
 description, from ypdi^eiv, to write, describe.] A de- 
 scription of flowers. 
 
 An'tlioid, a. [Gr. avdoiSr)?, like flowers, flowery, from 
 avdo^, flower, and eldos, form.] Resembling a flower ; 
 flower-like. 
 
 An'tho-ky'an, n. [Gr. avflo?, flower, and Kvavoq, blue.] 
 The juice of the purple or sweet violet, expressed and 
 treated with rectified spirit. 
 
 An'tlnjpliore, n. [Gr. a.v96(J)opo<; bearing flowers, 
 from dvfio^, flower, and (jfcopo,-, bearing, from <f)epeLv, to 
 bear.] {Bot.) The pedicel bearing the petals, stamens, 
 and pistils, — as in the soap-wort. 
 
 An'thox-an'thine, n. [Gr. dv9o<;, flower, and ^ai/dos, 
 yellow.] .The yellow coloring principle of plants. 
 
 An'tlira-^ene, ) n. [Gr. avepa^, coal.] {Ciem.) A 
 
 An'»hra-?ine, ) solid hydrocarbon which accompanies 
 naphthaline in the distillation of coal-tar. Formerly 
 called pamnapluknline. 
 
 An-t.lira<;'o-nite, n. [From Anthracite.] (Min.) A 
 term applied to those varieties of marble which have a 
 coal-black luster, when polished. 
 
 An'tliro-po-^en'tri-e, a. [Gr. avepwTros, man, and 
 KevTpov, center.) Assuming man as the center or ulti- 
 mate end: —applied to theories of the universe. 
 
 Aii'tliro-p6g'e-ny, n. [Gr. dvOpoiTroq, man, and veVos, 
 birth.] The development of man 
 
 Ant'hys-ter'i-e, a. See Antihvsteric. 
 
 An'ti-chlor, n. [Gr. avri, against, and x^wpo?i green, 
 whence rhlorine.] { Chem.) Any substance used in re- 
 moving the excess of chlorine left in paper pulp and 
 other goods after bleaching by chloride of lime. 
 
 An'ti-fric'tion, a. Having the quality of lessening 
 fricti >n; tending to le.ssen friction. 
 
 Aii'ti-ga-ia^'ti-e, a. [Gr. dvH, asainst, and ydKa, ydk- 
 a/cTO?, milk.] Causing a diminution or suppression of 
 the sei-retion of milk. 
 
 An'li-liys-t6r'i«, n. [Gr. dvrC, against, and uorepiKo?, 
 hysteric, from va-repa, the womb.] (Med.) Counter- 
 acting hysteria. 
 
 An'ti-lys'9i€, a. [Gr. ami, against, and Kvaaa, mad- 
 ness.] {Med.) Used for counteracting hydrophobia. 
 
 An-tin'i-ai, a. [Gr. olvtC, against, and Iviov, the sinews 
 at the back of the head, from U, strength.] {Med.) 
 Opposite the occiput ; being between the eyebrows. 
 
 An'ti-pliar'mi«, a. [Gr. ai/Tt, against, and ({)dpp.cucoyj 
 drug, pcison.] {Med.) Destroying the effect of poison ; 
 acting as an antidote ; alexipharmic. 
 
 Aii'ti-plitlii§'i« (-t'lz'ik), a. [Gr. dvrC, against, and 
 </)0<,<njf6s, phthisical, from <f)Oiai.<:, consumption.] (Med.) 
 Relieving or curing phthisis, or consumption. 
 
 An'ti-phy§'i<;, a. 1. [Gr. oLvri, against, and <i>vcrt.ie6i, 
 physical, from </)vcns, nature, from (f>veiv, to bring forth, 
 produce.] Contrary to nature; unnatural. 2. [Gr. oi/ri, 
 against, and 4>vadv, to inflate.] (Med.) Relieving flatu- 
 lence; carminative. 
 
 An''ti-plSs'ti-e, «. [Gr. avri, against, and irAaoTt»co«, 
 plastic, from nXdcraeiv, to form, mold.] 1. Diminish- 
 ing plasticity. 2. (Med.) Being unfavorable to he.l- 
 ing ; preventing or checking the pmcess of granulation. 
 
 An'ti-p os'tate, a. [See Anti and Prostate.] (Anat.) 
 PertJiining to the mucous follicles (called also Cowper's 
 glands) situate before the prostate 
 
 An'ti-pro-stS-l'l-e, a. (Med.) Pertaining to the anti- 
 
 _ prostate glands. 
 
 An'ti-py'l-e, a. [Gr. avrC, against, and ttuos, TnJof, 
 beestings, Ijat. PM5.] (Med.) Checking suppuration. 
 
 An'ti-ra-ellit'ic, a. [Gr. avri, against, and paxi's, 
 spine. See Rachitis.] (iVi€cy.)v Good against the rickets. 
 
 An'ti-seol'ic, a. [Gr. avri, against, and o-kuAtj^, a 
 worm.] (Me'/.) Good for destroying or expelling 
 worms : vermifuge ; anthelmintic. 
 
 Ant'o-don-tai'^i-e, a. [Gr. avri, against, and bSovraX- 
 yt'a, from oSoiig, o5 -vto?, tooth, and oA-yos, pain.] (Med.) 
 Efficacious in relieving toothache. 
 
 Ant-o'zone, «. [Gr. dvr., against, and Eng. ozone.] A 
 compound formerly supposed to be a modificatiou of 
 oxygen. It is the peroxide of hydrogen. 
 
 An-tri'tis, n- [Lat. a/i/ruwi, a cave. J (Med.) Inflam- 
 mation of any cavity of 'the body; esp. inflammation 
 of the cavity in the substance of the superior maxillary 
 bone, communicating with the middle meatus of the 
 nose. 
 
 An'ii-re'sis, \ n. [Gr. av privative and oSpoi', urine.] 
 
 An'u-ry, I (Med.) Non-secretion or defective se- 
 cretion of urine. 
 
 A'ny-b6d-y (en'ny ), n. 1. Any one out of an indefi- 
 nite number of persons. 2. A person of consideration. 
 
 _[Colloq.] 
 
 A'or-li'tis, n. [See Aorta.] (Med.) Inflammation of 
 _the aorta, or large artery of the heart. 
 
 A]th'a-iia.n'ie-tyx, n. [Gr. d<f>avT^<;, unseen, from d 
 priv. and ^aivea-QoLL, to appear, ar>(\7rTFpvf. wing.] ( Or- 
 nith.J A wingless, long-billed ralline bir I of Mauritius. 
 
 A-pha'si-a (iif-a'zhi-a), ) n. [Gr. a^acrta, from d^aro^, 
 
 Aph.'a-§y, ) rot spoken, from d priv. and 
 
 <j>dvai, to speak; Fr. aphasie.] (Med.) Lo.'^s of the 
 power of speech, or of the memory or appropriate use 
 of words, the voc^l organs remaining intact, and th« 
 intellieence being preserved. 
 
 A-pha'sic, a. Pertaining to, or affected by, aphasia. 
 
 Apli'rite, n. [Gr. d^pos, foam.] (Min.) A foliated, 
 white, pearly calcite. approaching argentine, and in its 
 softer varieties re.^^embllng chalk. 
 
 Aph'tlioid, a. [Gr. d(^6a, an nlceration in the mouth, 
 from dnreiv, to inflame, and elSo?. form.] Resembling 
 the thrush, or ulcerous affection of the mouth. 
 
 Ap'la-^en'tal, a. [a negative and piartntal.] Belong- 
 Jng to the nplacentata ; without placenta. 
 
 Ap'la-^en'ta-td, n. pi. [From a negative and pla- 
 centa.] (Zo'ol.) Mammals which have no placenta. 
 
 Apdnnh (S'plSng'), n. [Fr., from n, to, and plomh, 
 lead ; Lat. plumhum. The literal nieanir)g is perpendie- 
 ju'ari'y.] Assurance of action ; self-possession. 
 
 Afi'ttoe-d, n. [Gr. d privative and jti/otj, ttvoi^, breath, 
 from TTveZv, to breathe, blow.] (Med.) Partial priva- 
 tion or suspension of breath ; suffocation : also used of 
 the absence of the desire to breathe, induced by oveis 
 charging the blood with oxygen. 
 
 A-po^'y-nine, n. [Gr. dno, from, away from, and 
 Kvoiv, Kvvos, a dog.] (Chem.) A bitter principle ob- 
 tained from the dog's-bane, or Indian hemp 
 
 A-p62:'a-my, n. [Gr. dr-6. from, and yxmos. marriage.] 
 Lo-s of sexual reproductive power, a« in certain plants. 
 
 A-p61'fi-gy. n. [Add.] 3. Anything provided byway 
 _of substitute ; a makeshift. 
 
 A ■po.'t'fp-ri-o'ri,. [I^at. posterior, latter.] 1. (Logic.) 
 Reasoning a posteriori is that which derives propositions 
 
 food, fo^t ; Orn, rude, puU ; ^eU, ^liaise, caU, e<;lio ; gem, get ; as ; ejist ; linger, link ; tJiis. 
 
APOTHEM 
 
 1006 
 
 AUDIPHONE 
 
 from the observation of facts, or by generalizations from 
 facts arrives at principles and definitions, or infers 
 Ciiuses from effects ; — this is tlie reverse of a priori 
 reasoning. 2. (Phihs.) Knowledge a ;>o."!/<?r»on is that 
 wliich is based upon or derived from facts through in- 
 duction or experiment. 
 
 Ap'o-tlidui, »i. (Gr. an-o. away from, and ©e>a, that 
 which is placed, from rt^eVai, to place.] (Math.) The 
 perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a 
 regular polygon. 
 
 Ap'plan-ate, n. [Lat. ad, to, and planatus, p. p. from 
 plannre. to flatten, ivovi planus, flat.] (Bot.) Flattened 
 out horizontally. 
 
 Ap-plitiiie' (-piek') a. [Fr., from appliquer, to put on.] 
 Having a pattern which has been cut out and trans- 
 ferred to another foundation, as in a kind of lace. 
 
 A'qua-piinct'vire (-yijr). "• [Lat. ngiia, water, and 
 
 functura, a puncture, from f'ungerf,pu)ictujn, to prick.] 
 Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for 
 the relief of pain. 
 
 jj^r'ab, M. 2. A homeless street vagabond ; a gamin. 
 
 Ar'bi-trage, n. [Fr., from arbitrer, Lat. arbitrari, to 
 give judgment.] Judgment by an arbiter; specifically, 
 in commerce, a trafiic in stocks which bear differing 
 values at the same time in different markets. 
 
 Ar-eliae'an, a. [Gr. dpxato?, ancient, from apxrii begin- 
 ning.] Ancient ; pertaining to the earliest period in 
 geological history. 
 
 Ar-clise'an, n. ( Geol.) The earliest period in geolog- 
 ical history, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It in- 
 cludes an azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, 
 and an eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life. 
 
 Ar'^i-fdrm, a. [Lat. arcus, a bow, and forma, form.] 
 Ilaving the form of an arch ; ridge-shaped. 
 
 Ar-e'tic, n. 1. The pole ; the polar region. 2. (n. pi.) 
 A kind of warm waterproof over-shoe. 
 
 Ar'e-ta'i-e§, n.^/xg". [Gr. ipe-nj, virtue.] That part of 
 moral philosophy which treats of the virtues ;— con- 
 ^trasted with eudxmonics, or science of happiness. 
 
 Ar'gen-tite, n. [Lat. argentum, silver.] {Min.) Sul- 
 phide of silver; — al.«o called vitreous silver, or silver 
 glance. It has a metallic luster, lead-gray color, and is 
 sectile like lead. 
 
 Ar'gil-loid, a. [Gr. apytAAos or apyiAo?, clay, from ap- 
 yrjs, apytArjs, white, and etSo?, form.] Resembling argil 
 or clay . 
 
 Jir'got' (ar'go'), n. [Fr., probably a corruption of yarg-ow; 
 It. gergo, unintelligible talk.] A secret language pe- 
 culiar to thieves, iramps, etc. ; flash ; cant. 
 
 A-rhytli'moiis (-rith'-), a. [Gr. a priv. and pufl/ixos, 
 rhythm.] (Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity, 
 as the pulse. 
 
 Ar'i-^iiie, n. {Chem.) An alkaloid, discovered in white 
 cinchona bark from Arica. 
 
 Ar'itli-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. dpt0/oio?, number, and /ote- 
 Tpov, mea.sure ; Fr. arit/imo7netre.] An instrument to aid 
 ,_in performing arithmetical calculations. 
 
 Arm 'sweep, n . The sweep or free motion of the arm. 
 
 Ar'niure, n. [Fr. See Armor.] A variety of woolen 
 
 _ fabric, woven so as to produce ribs on the surface. 
 
 Ar'ni-^ine, n. ( Chem.) The active principle of Arnica 
 
 ^ montann. It is a bitter resin. 
 
 Ar'te-ri'a-e-al, a. [Gr. aprripiaKo^ . See Artert.] Per- 
 taining to, contained in, or resembling, an artery, or the 
 arteries ; arterial. 
 
 Ar-te'ri-ole, n. A small artery. 
 
 Ar-thrSff'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ap9pov, joint, and ypd<i)eiv, 
 ^ to de.-cribe.] (Anat.) A description of the joints. 
 
 Ar'ti-ad (-shi-ad), a. [Gr. apnos, even, from apn, ex- 
 actly.] ( Chem.) Even : not odd ; — said of elementary 
 substances and of radicals the equival'^nce of which is 
 divisible by two without a remainder. 
 
 Ar'ti-o-da«;'tyl (-shi-o-), n. ; Lot. p/. aR'TI-O-DaC- 
 TYJL-A. [Gr. dpTios, even, and SciktuAos, finger or foe.] 
 (Zool.) A member of one of the two divi.-^ions of the 
 ungulates or hoofed herbivorous animals, in which tlie 
 functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, 
 and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the 
 middle finger in man) is asymmetrical in it.'^elf, and 
 usually forms a symmetrical pair with the fourth digit 
 (corresponding to the ring finger), as in the hog, the 
 hippopotamus, and the ox. 
 
 Ar'yan, or Ar'y-an, n. [Skr. &ryn, excellent, honora- 
 ble.] One of a primitive people supposed to have lived 
 in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Cas- 
 pian Sea, and north of the Hindu Kush and Paropa- 
 misan Mountains, and to have been the stock from 
 which sprang the Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Sla- 
 
 vonic, Lettish, and other races ; one of that e»anological 
 division of mankind otherwise called Indo-European, or 
 Indo-Ger manic. 
 
 Ar'yaii, or Ar'y-an, a. Pertaining to the people called 
 Aryans ; Indo-European ; ludo-Germanic. 
 
 As'cliam, n A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain 
 bows and other implements of archery. 
 
 As'cript, a. [Lat. ascriptus, p. p. of ascribere, to join to 
 in writing, from ad, to, and scribere, to write.] Writ- 
 ten by the side of another character 
 
 A-side', n. A remark made in an undertone or by w&y 
 of parenthesis, and not intended for the person or au- 
 dience regularly addressed ; as, in the theater,* remark 
 made by a player which the other players are not sup- 
 posed to hear, while the audience hear it. 
 
 As'i-nin'i-ty, n. [Lat a.<!mM.s', an ass.] The quality of 
 being asinine ; stupidity combined with obstinacy. 
 
 A-slant', prep. In a slanting direction to. 
 
 A-sper'ma-tous, a. [Gr. d priv. and crnepfjLa, airepfxaTO^, 
 seed.] {Bot.) Destitute of seeds ; aspermous. 
 
 As'sa-mar, n. [From Lat. a.ssare, to roast, and amarus, 
 bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance pro- 
 duced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the 
 like, are roasted till they turn brown. 
 
 As'tel, n. {Mining.) An arch or ceiling of boards, 
 placed overhead in a mine. 
 
 As-ter'nal, a. [Gr. d priv., and Eng sternum, q. v.] 
 {Ornith.) Noting ribs (called also ^oan'jjg- n6s) which 
 do not join the sternum. 
 
 A-stig'ma-ti§m, n. [Fr. astigmatisme, from Gr. d priv. 
 and ariyixa, o-Tiy/txaTos, a prick or mark of a pointed in- 
 strument, a spot, from crri^eti', to prick.] (Med.) A 
 defect of vision in which the rays are not brought to 
 one focus, but converge at different distances, so as to 
 form two linear images^at right angles to each other. 
 
 A-stir', adv. [Prefix a and stir.] In motion or action. 
 
 A-stom'a-toiis, ) a. [Gr. d priv. and aroju-a, arofxaro?, 
 
 As'to-ntioiis, ) a mouth.] Not possessing a mouth. 
 
 As-tra,a:'a-loid, a. [Gr. aaTpayoKo^, anklebone, and 
 elSos, form.] Resembling the astragalus, or anklebone, 
 ^ in form. 
 
 As-tra-khJin', a. Pertaining to Astrakhan or its prod- 
 ucts ; especially used of the skins of a species of still- 
 born or very young lambs of that region, the curled 
 ^wool of which resembles fur. 
 
 At'e-le-e'ta-sts, n. [Gr dreAj??, not brought to an end, 
 from d priv. and reAos, end. and cKrao-is, extension, 
 from eKTeiVeti', to extend, from e/c, out, and TeiveLV, to 
 stretch.] {Med.) Imperfect extension or dilatation, as 
 of the lungs. 
 
 Atli'er-ine, n. {Ichth.) The sand-smelt (i4<Aerma [cAt- 
 rosloma] notata) ; a small fish found on the Atlantic 
 coast; — called also silver-sides, a.nd friar. 
 
 At'mi-dom'e-ter, n. [Gr. drjai?, dr/xifios, smoke, va- 
 poi-, and fxirpov, a measure.] An instrument for ascer- 
 taining the amount of any fluid evaporated in a given 
 time ; an evaporometer ; an atmometer. 
 
 At-mol'.Y-sis, n. [Gr. dTju,6s, vapor, and Auo-i?, a loos- 
 ing, from Xveiv, to loose.] ( Chem.) The act or process 
 of separating the constituents of gaseous mixtures, by 
 transmission through porous substances. 
 
 At/o-mi^'i-ty, n. {Chem.) The atom-fixing power of 
 the elementary bodies and of radicals, expressed in 
 units of hydrogen atoms ; the capacity of saturation of 
 the elements ; quantivalence ; valency ; also, sometimes 
 used to designate the number of atoms in an elementary 
 molecule. 
 
 At'o-mi-za'tion, n. The act of reducing to atoms, or 
 
 ^ minute particles ; state of being so reduced. 
 
 At'o-iniz''er, n. One who, or that which, atomizes ; 
 especially, an instrument for converting medicated liq- 
 uids into a fine spray, for the purposes of inhalation, 
 local anaesthesia, and the like. 
 
 A-ton'a-ble, a. Admitting an atonement ; capable of 
 _being atoned for ; expiable. 
 
 JL'tri-iim, n. ; pi. A'TRI-A. [Lat., a court or entrance 
 hall.] 1. {Eld. Arch.) The open space before a church, 
 forming part of the narthex or ante-temple. 2. ( Anat.) 
 An auricle of the heart. 
 
 At'ro-pT§m, n. [See Atropine] (Med.) A diseased 
 condition of the system, produced by the long contin- 
 ued use of belladonna, or the leaves of the deadly night- 
 shade {Atropa belladonna). 
 
 At-tJtcli', V. i. To adhere. 
 
 At/tra-e-tiv'i-ty, «. The quality or degree of attrac- 
 tive power. 
 
 Au'di-phone (-fon), n. [Lat. audire, to hear, and Gr. 
 
 " (})oi'^, voice.] An acoustic instrument, to be held be- 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, short ; c&re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, tSrm. ; pique, firm ; g6n, 6r, dft, W9II 
 
AUDITORIUM 
 
 1007 
 
 BANKSIA 
 
 tween the teeth by persons who hear only imperfectly | 
 or not at all through the ears. I 
 
 ^u'di-to'ri-um, n. [Lat.] The portion of a theater, I 
 etc., in which the audience is placed. i 
 
 Au'rin, In. {Chem.) A red coloring matter produced | 
 Au'rine, ) by heating phenol with oxalic acid and j 
 " strong sulphuric acid ; — used as a dye-stuff. _ i 
 
 Au'ri-scope, n.. [Lat. auris, ear, and Gr. a-Ko-nelv, to j 
 "'view, examine.] {Med.) An instrument for facilitating i 
 examinition of the Eustachian tube, and ascertaining I 
 its condition. j 
 
 .^-'n-i'is'co-py, n. Examination of the ear by the aid j 
 of the auri.-cope. 1 
 
 i^u'to-^gpli'a-lous, a. [Gr. avTOKe<t>a\<K , independent, 
 from avTo;, self, and /cec/xxArj, head.] {Eccl. Hint.) Per- 
 taining to certain churches or bishops in the Greek 
 church, independent of patriarchal jurisdiction. 
 Au'to-nom'a-.xy, n. [Gr. avros, self, and bvofiaaCa, a 
 "name, from ovoixd^eiv, to name, from ovo/aa, a name.] 
 (Rhet.) The use of a word of common or general sig- 
 nification for the name of a particular thing; as, "He 
 has gone to town,'' instead of, " He has gone to Lon- 
 don.'' 
 Au'to-pias'ti-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, autoplasty. 
 .^u'to-pias'ty, n. [Gr. auro?, self, and nKda-a-eiv, to 
 mold, Jorm.] {Surg.) The process of artificially re- 
 pairing lesions by taking a piece of healthy flesh from i 
 some neighboring part to supply the deficiency caused 
 by disease or wounds. 
 ^u-t6p's >-rine, n. [Gr. auro?, self, and \}/u>pa, the I 
 "itch.] {Med.) That which is given under the doctrine 
 
 of administering a patient's own virus. 
 Au'to-type, n. [From Gr. auros, self, and twos, a 
 
 blow, an impression, an image ; Fr. autotype.] A pho- 
 tograph formed by the process of autotypy. 
 
 Au-t6i/ypy, or Au'to-ty''py, «. [See supra.] A pro- 
 
 " cess of photography in which, by means of potassium 
 bichromate as a chemical agent, literal and permanent 
 transcripts of pictures may be made. 
 
 Au'tun-ite, n. [From Autun, a city in France, near 
 
 "which place it is found.] {Min.) A phosphate of 
 uranium and lime, of a yellowish color, and micaceous 
 structure ;— also called lime uranile. 
 
 A-ve'iii-otis, a. [Gr. a priv. and Lat. vena, a vein.] 
 (Bot.) Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of 
 certain plants 
 
 A-vi«'u-lar, a. [Lat. avicula, a small bird, from avis, 
 a bird.] Pertaining to a bird or to birds. 
 
 A-wash' (-wosh'), a. [Prefix a and wash.] Washed by 
 the'waves or tide ; — said of a rock or strip of shor« over 
 which waves break. 
 
 A- way', adv. [Add ] 2. In continuance ; without in- 
 termission ; as, sing away, that is, sing on without in- 
 terruption or delay. 
 
 Ax'iinge, n. [Fr. axonge, from Lat. axungia, from 
 axis, wheel, and ungere, to grease.] 1. Wheel-grease. 
 2. {Pharmacy.) Hog's lard prepared for medical use. 
 
 Az'o. [See Azote.] {Chem.) A prefix in the names of 
 certain compounds derived from benzine and its homo- 
 logues by the replacement of hydrogen by nitrogen. 
 
 Az'o-le'i«, a. { Chem. ) Pertaining to an acid producetl 
 by treating oleic with nitric acid. 
 
 A-zii're-ous, a. [See Azure] {Entom.) Of a fine 
 blue color ; azure. 
 
 Az'ii-rite (Szh'-), n. [From AzuEE.] {Min.) Blue car- 
 bonate of copper. 
 
 B, 
 
 BAB'LAH, n. The shell or rind of the fruit of the 
 Mimosa cineraria, an East India plant. It is used 
 for dyeing cotton goods, to which it gives a drab color. 
 
 Ba'by-f ai*m, n. A place where a number of babies are 
 taken to be boarded and cared for as a matter of specu- 
 lation. 
 
 Ba'by-f arm'ing, n. The business of keeping a baby- 
 farm. 
 
 Sd^-ea-rd', or Bd-e-ea-rdt', n. [Fr.] A game of 
 cards, introduced from France. 
 
 Ba.€'?i-f orrn, a. [Lat. bacca, berry, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form of a berry. 
 
 Back-gam'mon, v. t. In the game of backgammon, 
 to win a victory over one's opponent before he can re- 
 move all of his counters from that part of the board in 
 which they are placed at the beginning. 
 
 Back'log, n. [back and log.] A large stick of wood, 
 forming the back of a fire on the hearth. 
 
 Back'war-da'tion, M. [Exova. backward .] {Eng.Com.) 
 A term for the allowance made for carrying over stock, 
 instead of settling and delivering at once. 
 
 Back'fvc»bcl§, n. pi. The forests or partly cleared 
 grounds on the frontiers of a newly settled country. 
 
 B&ck-^vd'bdg'iiiaii, n. One living in the backwoods. 
 
 Ba-e-tCri-^i'dal, a. [From bacterium (see infra), and 
 Lat. cxdere, to kill.] Destructive of bacteria. 
 
 Ba^-te'ri-um, n. ; pi. bag-te'ri-a. [N. Lat., Gr. 
 paKT-qpiov, ^dKTpov, a staff ; Fr. bacterie.] A kind of fila- 
 ment discovered by the microscope, when a fluid con- 
 baining organic substances in solution is allowed to 
 remain in contact with the air. It has been supposed 
 to be an animal organism of the lowest grade. The 
 most common form is that of a jointed staff, about 
 ■g-^^ of an inch in size. 
 
 Bad'nnin-ton, n. [Name of the seat of the Duke of 
 Beaufort in England.] 1. A game, similar to lawn- 
 tennis, played with shuttlecocks and battledores. 2. 
 A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened. 
 
 Baji'-wig:, n. A kind of wig, used in the 18th century. 
 
 Bdiri'-tnd'rie' (b3ng'-ma/ri'), n. [Fr. bain, bath, and 
 Marif, Mary, a woman's name.] ( Cookery.) A kind of 
 kettle containing hot water, in which another vessel 
 can be immersed, the contents of which will be kept 
 hot by the temperature of the surrounding water; a 
 water-bath ; a double saucepan. 
 
 Bake, n. The act, process, or result, of baking. 
 
 BaTcing-povr-'der, n. A powder used for making 
 dough light and porous in baking ; it consists usually 
 of an acid and a carbonate, with a little farinaceous 
 matter ; when mixed with flour and wet, it effervesces, 
 and so diffuses carbonic acid gas through the dough. 
 
 Bai'an^e-wlieel, «. [Horology.) A wheel which reg- 
 ulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chronometer, 
 answering to the pendulum of a clock. See Balance, 
 n, 6. 
 
 Ba,l'a-nif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. balanus, an acorn, and/erre, 
 to bear.] Bearing or producing acorns. 
 
 Bai'a-nigm, n. [From Gr. pa\avis, a pessary.] {Med.) 
 The application of a pessary. 
 
 BaFa-ni'tis, n. [Lat. balanus, Gr. ^oAavos, the glans 
 penis.] {Pathol.) Inflammation of the g^an.s/>e«is. 
 
 BaFa-no-gl6s'sus, n. [Gr. /SaAai/o?, an acorn, the 
 glans penis, smd -yA-oJcra-a, tongue.] {Entom.) A worm 
 which resembles the tunicates and vertebrates, in hav- 
 ing the pharynx pierced with branchial apertures on 
 each side. 
 
 Bai'a-noid, a. [Gr. /3aA.avos, an acorn, and elSo?, 
 form.] Resembling an acorn ; applied to a family of 
 barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. 
 
 Bai'a-jnoid, n. A sessile cirriped or acorn-shell. 
 
 Bal-loon'ing, «. {Stock Exchange ) The process of 
 temporarily raising the value of a stock by fictitious 
 sales, or other means. 
 
 Ballottemfitit (bai'15t/mang'), n. [Fr., from ballolter, 
 to toss. See Ball.] {Med.) The act of introducing 
 the finger into the vagina and suddenly pressing the 
 uterus upwards, which causes the fetus to rise and de- 
 scend so as to be felt by the finger. 
 
 Bai'ne-oFo-gy, n. [Gr. ^aKavelov, Lat. balincum, bal- 
 neum, a bath, and Aoyo?, discourse.] A treatise on 
 baths ; the science of baths and bathing. 
 
 BaFne-o-th6r'a-py, n. [Gr. /3aAai/€toi/, Lat. balineiim, 
 balneum, a bath, and 0epa7reveii', to heal.] The treat- 
 ment of disease by baths. 
 
 Barn-h'i'no, n. [It., a little boy, from bambo, silly, 
 Gr. jSaju./SaA.i^eti', ^afx^aiveLv, to chatter.] An image of 
 the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes, — dis- 
 played in soiie Roman Catholic churches during the 
 season of Christmas. 
 
 Ba^nal'i-ty, n. [Fr. banalite, from banal, common, 
 under a ban, from ban, an ordinance.] Vulgarity or 
 silline.>^s in manner of speech. 
 
 BSiik'si-a, n. [Named for Sir Joseph Banks.] {Bot.) 
 
 food, frfbt; Am, rifde, puU ; yell, ^liaise, «aU, e«bo ; gem, get ; as; ejJst ; linger, link; thia. 
 
BANTINGISM 
 
 1008 
 
 BENZAMIDE 
 
 A penus of umbellated bxishy planu<, found in Australia, 
 and cultivated «s oruuuental shrubs in England. 
 
 BAii'tin^:-i§iii, n. A method of reducing corpulence 
 by avoiding the use of food contAiuing much farina- 
 ceou.s, s-tccharine, or oilv matt«r ; — so called from 
 William F<anttn^ of London. 
 
 Bar-ba'doe§ L^gr. (Meif.) A species of elephantiasis 
 incident to hot climates. 
 
 B:ir-ba'doe§ NutS- The seeds or fruit of the Jairopha 
 cii^ca^f, a phtnt growing in South America and el^e- 
 •where : — used in medicine a^ a purgative. 
 
 BarTijierf, h. (Paikol.) A species of palsy, peculiar to 
 ludia and the Malabar coast. 
 
 Bar-big'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. barba. a beard, and gerere, to 
 bear.] Having a beanl ; bearded ; hairy. 
 
 Bare'back. a^c. On the bare back of a horse, without 
 u.<iug a saddle : as, to ride bojtbatk. 
 
 Bar-gee', »i, A barge-man. 
 
 Bftr'ie. a. ( Chem.) Of, or i>ertaining to, barium. 
 
 Biir'keep-er, n. One who keeps or tends a bar, for the 
 s;i]f of liquors. 
 
 Bark'en-tine. n. [From Bark.] [Haut.) A thxee- 
 majited vessel, having the fore-mast rigged as a ship, 
 and the main and mizzen-mai^t as a schooner. 
 
 Ba-r6m'e-try. »i. [See Barometer.] The art or pro- 
 Cess of making barometrical mea;Surements. 
 
 Bar'rage, n. [Fr., from barrer, to bar, from barre, a 
 bar.] A mound or dyke to raise the waters of a river. 
 
 BJir'rel- vault, n. {Arch.) Tbe simplest kind of vault, 
 consisting of a semi-circular arch. 
 
 Bar'tend-er, n. A barkeeper. 
 
 Bar'y-^en'tri-e, a. [Gr. ^pv?, heavy, and Kevrpov. 
 center'.] Of, or pertaining to, the center of gravity : 
 applied especially to a mode of geonietrical demonstra- 
 tion depending on certiin properties of the center of 
 gravity of a figure or a solid. 
 
 Ba-ryph'o-nyv »•• [Gr. ^opi;?, heavy, and <^v^, a 
 sound, tone.] {Med.} Difficulty of speech. 
 
 Ba-salt'oid, o. [tng. ba^^alt, and Gr. etSos, form.] 
 Formed like or resembling ba.salt. 
 
 Bfts -en-la 'tion, n. [Fr., from basculer, to see-saw. from 
 bascule, poise, balance.] (Med.) In retroversion of the 
 uterus, the act of pressing the fundus upwards and the 
 cervix do\vn wards. 
 
 Ba^e'-bum'er, n. A furnace or stove in which the 
 fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to 
 the fire as the lower stratum is consumed 
 
 Ba'§e-do\v's Dis-eage'. {Pathol.) A disease char- 
 acterized by enlai^ment of the thyroid gland, promi- 
 nence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the 
 heart ; so called from Dr. Lasedow, a German physi- 
 cian ; called also exophthalmic goiter. 
 
 BSshri-ba-zoiik', «. [Turkfsh, light-headed, a fool- 
 ish fellow.] A term applied in the Turkish army to a 
 skirmi.«her or one of the irregular troops. 
 
 Ba si-liy'al, a. [Gr. ^ao-is, step, base, and vtmiri^, 
 shaped* like the letter Y, from Y (the letter " upsilon "'li 
 and € 60s, form. J [Comj-xir. An-at.) Pertaining to the 
 two small subcubital bones, forming the body of the 
 inverted hyoid arch. 
 
 Ba^gi-gphe'uoid. a. [Gr. ^axn^, step, base, a4>vv, tr^rrf 
 !»&?. a we )ge, and et5os, form ] {Anat.) Pertaining to a 
 bone homnlogous with the base of the sphenoid bone. 
 
 Bas'ket-ful, n. As much as a basket will contain. 
 
 Ba-lhdm'e-ter, n. [Gr. ^iBo<;, depth, and firpov, a 
 mea-ure.] \n instrument for determining depths, es- 
 pecially for finding the depth of the sea vinthout a 
 K)unding-line. It is e».^entinily a spring balance of pe- 
 culinr construction and great accuracy. 
 
 Ba-thyb'i-u-s, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. ^0^5, deep, and 
 fiioq, life.] [Zool.) A name given by I rof. Iluxley to 
 a transparent, gelatinous sub>iAnce dredged from the 
 bottom of the Atlantic ocean, lie suggested that it was 
 free and independently living protoplasm, covering a 
 large part of the ocean bed. It is now believed that 
 the Fubstance U not of organic origin. 
 
 Bat'ter-y, n. [Add.] 6. The box in which the stamps 
 for crushing ore play up and down. 
 
 Baun'gcheidt-i§in (bown'.'^hit-), n. [From Baun- 
 sckei'ii, a German.] {Med.) A form of acupuncture, 
 by which needles are thrust into the skin and after- 
 ward.= a i^'imulating fluid is rubbe4 into the j:>art. 
 
 Bauxite. 1 (bok'sit), n. [Fr.. from Btiux or B auv, 
 
 BeauxHlte. ( near Aries.] {M'ti.) .A. ferruginous hy- 
 drate ..f alumina.. It is u«ed in the prep><ration of 
 aiuiDinium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces 
 which have to bear intent heat. 
 
 Bay'-f^e, n. Ice newly formed on the ocean. 
 
 Bay'- leaf, n . The leaf of the bay-tre« ( Lamnu nobiHs). 
 It has a flagrant odor and an aromatic ta^te. 
 
 Be. r. »". [Add.] i.v and tras are used with an infinitiTe, 
 with a future signification, or to express what is de- 
 termined : as, He »> to go. Also, fhey are used with a 
 passive infinitive, to express possibility : as, He is to be 
 seen. He was to be seen, and even, *He friU &e to be 
 seen. 
 
 Bead'ing^, n. [Add.] A preparation for causing liquor 
 to hang in drops about the glass or bottle when poured 
 out. 
 
 Bead'y, a. Resembling a bead or beads : small, round, 
 and glistening. 
 
 Beak, n. A magistrate or policeman. 
 
 Bean, »i. [Add.] iV'dr.v bean, the common dried white 
 bean of commerce ; probabh so called, because an in>- 
 portant article of food in the nary. 
 
 Pea-bean, a very small and highly esteemed raiiety 
 of the edible wL.ite bean ; — so called from its sire. 
 
 Bear (bar), v. t. [Add.] 14. {Swck Exchange.) To 
 endeavor to affect favorably to one's self by depressing 
 the value of stocks ; to depreciate the estimate or value 
 of by sensatii nal reports : as, to bear the market. 
 
 Beard (beerd), f. «. [Add.] 3. To deprive of the gills, 
 used only of oysters and similar shell-fi^h. 
 
 Bear'er, n. [Add.] 4:. [Print.) (a.) A piece of r^let 
 or other furniture, used to prevent the platen of the 
 press from bearing too heavily upon a page or form. 
 (6.) A type used in the more open parts of stereotype 
 pages in order to prevent the plate from giving way at 
 those points when being shavtd in the finishing ro' m. 
 
 Be^r'ing-rem, n. [Harness.) A eheck-rein which 
 passes over~a horse's head between the ears, and is 
 fastened to the saddle. 
 
 Be-bee'rine, Be-bi'rine, or Bi-Wrine, n. ( Oiem.) 
 An alkaloid obtaiDe<i from bebeerv. or bio^ru bark, or the 
 bark of the greenheart tree of Guiana {Nectarutra Ro- 
 diari). It is tonic, anti-periodic, and febrifuge, and is 
 used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. 
 
 Bede, ». (Mining.) A pickax used for separating ores 
 from rocks in which they are imbedded. 
 
 Bed'-sore, n. (Med.) An ulceration of the skin, oc- 
 curring on parts which receive the pressure of the 
 body when lying for a loiig time in bed- 
 
 Beeg'wing, w. The second crust formed in port and 
 some other wines after long keeping. It consists of 
 pure, shining scales of tartar, suppos^ to resemble the 
 wing of a bee. 
 
 Be-fogg^d' (-fogd'). a. [Add.] 2. Figuratively, having 
 the senses obscured, or the judgment confused or un- 
 duly influenced, as by prejudices. 
 
 Be-go'ni-a, «. [From Michel Btgon. a promoter <A 
 botany.] (Bot.) A genus of ornamental hot-hoofle 
 plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided, and oftea 
 exhibit brilliant colors. 
 
 Jiehitiet (ban'ya'), ». [Fr.] A fritter of any kind; 
 fruit, vegetables, meats, etc., dipped in batter or egg, 
 and fried. 
 
 BeU'-fa?fd(-fapd), a. Having the surface which strikes 
 the nail convex : — -said of hammers. 
 
 Bell'g lal'sy. [From the name of Sir Charles Beu,x 
 famous English anatomist.] (Med.) Paralysis of the 
 facial nerve. 
 
 Beneli, n. [Add.] 5. A collection or group of dogs 
 exhibited to the public ; — so named because the ani- 
 mals are usumH^" placed on benches or raised platforans. 
 
 Bencli'-slioTr, H. An exhibition of dogs or other an- 
 imals. 
 
 ^en'f-rir^i-te, n. [Lat., bless, praise.] A canticle (the 
 Latin version of which begins with this word ) which 
 may be used in the order for morning prayer in the 
 Chiirch of England. It is taken frcm an apocryphal 
 addition to the third chapter of Daniel. 
 
 Jieii'f-en^fluK, »t. [Lat., bles.^cd.] The sorg of Zach- 
 arias at the birth of John the Baptist ; — so named from 
 the first word of the Latin version 
 
 Ben-tliam'i-e, a. Pertainirg to Penthamism. 
 
 Ben'11mm-i§m, n. That phise of the doctrine of ntii- 
 itariai)i*iii taught by Jeremy Bentham ; the theory 
 that the pursuit of pleasure and the recoil from pain 
 are the only motives which influence human desires 
 and actions, and th:<t these are the sufficient explanation 
 of ethical and jural com eptions. 
 
 Ben'thani-ite, n. Or e who Wlieves in Benthamism, 
 
 Ben-zjim'id-, n. [¥Tom bet^zoyi *-ad amide .] {Chem.) 
 A tran-parent crystKlline substance obtained by the ac- 
 tion of ammonia upou chloride of bensoyl.as also bj 
 several other reactions with benzoyl compound*. 
 
 a, e, &c., long ; &, 6, short ; c4re. far, ask, aU, vrliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, d^^, ^^5^ 
 
BENZILE 
 
 1009 
 
 BOB 
 
 Bgn'zlle, n. {Chem.} A yellowish crystalline sub- 1 
 stance formed from benzoin by the action of oxidizing ' 
 agents. i 
 
 Bfin'zi-inicle, n. [Vrom benzoyl.] (Chem.) A product , 
 obtained from hydride of benzoyl by the action of hy- 
 drocyanic acid ; found also in the residue left in the 
 rectification of oil of bitter almonds. 
 
 Be-r6t'ta, n. [Ff. beret. It. btrrtUa, N. Lat. bereta, ber- 
 eium, birretum, from birrus, a cloak or tippet of a yel- 
 lowish red color, Gr. jn/ppos, red.] A square cap, worn 
 by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic church. It is 
 usually of black for priests, of violet for bishops, and 
 of scarlet for cardinals. 
 
 Be'ri-be'ri, n. [Singhalese 6eri, weakness,] An acute 
 disease, occurring in India, characterized by great mus- 
 cular debility, a painful rigidity of the limbs, and ca- 
 chexy. 
 
 Ber'lin, n. [Add.] 2. A fine worsted for fancy-work : 
 — called also Berlin Wool. 
 
 Berlin shop, a shop for the sale of fancy-work and 
 the materials for such work. — Berlin loork, worsted 
 embroidery. 
 
 Ber'lin I'ron (-i'um). A very fusible variety of iron, 
 from which figures and other delicate articles are man- 
 ufactured. These are often stained or lacquered in 
 imitation of bronze. 
 
 Ber'tlia. n. [Er. berthe, from Berthe, a woman's name.] 
 A kind of cape worn by ladies. 
 
 Bertli'age, n. A charge for the use, by a vessel, of a 
 position in a dock or harbor. 
 
 Ber'tlii-er-ite, n. [From Berthier, its discoverer, and 
 Gr. At'^o?, stone.] (Min.) A double sulphide of anti- 
 mony and iron found in elongated prisms or lamellar 
 masses, of a dark steel-gray color. 
 
 Bisique (ba'zeek'), n. [Ex.] A game of cards played by 
 two (or sometimes four) persons, with sixty-four cards, 
 or two packs, from which the sixes, fives, fours, threes, 
 and twos have been removed. 
 
 B6s'se-mer Steel, n. Steel made directly from cast- 
 iron, by burning out a portion of the carbon which the 
 latter contains, through the agency of a blast of air 
 which is forced through the molten metal ; — so called 
 from Heary Bessemer, an English engineer, the inven- 
 tor of the process. 
 
 Best, a. [Adrl.] Best man, the only or principal grooms- 
 man in a wedding ceremony. 
 
 Bgt'ty, n. [Add^ 2. A name given to a man who in- 
 terferes with the duties of women in a household or 
 occupies himself with womanish matters. 
 
 Bili'li-61'a-ter, n. [See Bibuolatrt.] One who wor- 
 ships books : a bibliolatrist 
 
 Bi-€ar'bu-r6t-ed, a. ' ( Chem ) Containing two 
 atoms or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. 
 
 Bi-€aii'dal, a. (Anat.) Having two tails; — said of a 
 muscle. , 
 
 Bi'^en-ten'iii-al, a. Happening once in two hundred 
 years. 
 
 Bi-elilo'ride, n. [bi ajid chloride.] (Chem.) A com- 
 pound consisting of two atoms of chlorine with one or 
 more atoms of another element. 
 
 Bichloride of mercury, corrosive sublimate. 
 
 Bi-eon'vex, a. Convex on both sides ; — said of a lens. 
 
 Bi'^y-ele, n. [Lat. 6/, twice, and L. Lat. cijrlus, Gr. 
 kvkXo^, ring or circle.] A two-wheeled velocipede ; es- 
 pecially, one having a very large wheel, above which is 
 the seat for the rider, and one quite small following be- 
 hind. It is propelled by the action of the feet upon 
 cranks attached to the axle of the large wheel, and can 
 be driven with great speed. 
 
 Bi'^y-eling, n. The use of a bicycle. 
 
 Bi'^y-elist, n. The rider of a bicycle. 
 
 Bif'o-roiis, a. [Lat. biforis, having two doors, from bis, 
 twice, two, and /oris, door.] Having two perforations 
 or apertures ; biforate. 
 
 Bi-f ur'«ate, v. i. To divide into two branches. 
 
 Bi'labe, n. [Lat. bi, twice, two, and labium, a lip.] 
 {Surg.) An instrument for extracting from the blad- 
 der through the urethra foreign bodies of a compara- 
 tively small size. 
 
 Bi'la-^in'i-ate, a. [bi and laciniate.] Doubly fringed. 
 
 Bilin, n. [Lat. 6*7/5, bile.] (Ch>^m.) A gummy, pale- 
 yellow mass, considered to be the principal constituent 
 of the bile. It is a mixture of several different chem- 
 ical compounds. 
 
 Bill'- head, n. A printed form, used by merchants in 
 making out their bills or rendering their accounts. 
 
 Bi'ine-tS,l'li<;, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, two 
 metals used as money at a fixed relative value. 
 
 Bi-inet'al-li§iu, n. [bi&wdi metal.] Thelegalizedu.se 
 of two metals in the currency of a country at a fixed 
 relative value. 
 
 Bind'web, /I. [From 6mrf and we6.] (Anat.) The con- 
 nective tissue of the brain and spinal cord ; — called 
 also neuroglia. 
 
 Bi'o-gen'e-sis, ) n. [Gr. ^I'os, life, and -yeVeais, yivo<i, 
 
 Bi-6g'e-ny, ) birth.] The genesis or production 
 of living forms by means of portions of living matter 
 given off from other previously living forms ; — opposed 
 to abiogeny or spontaneous generation. 
 
 Bi-61'o-gy, n. [Add.] The study of living things, both 
 animals and plants. It comprises botany and zoology. 
 
 Bi/o-iiiag-n6t'i<;, a. Relating to biomagnetism. 
 
 Bi'o-mag'net-igin, n. [Gr. ^I'os, life, and Eng. mag- 
 netism.] Animal magnetism. 
 
 Bi'o-pld,§iu, n. [Gr. ^I'os, life, and 7rAa(rp,a, form, 
 mold, from trKaaaeiv, to mold.] (Physiol.) The ger- 
 minal matter which is supposed to be essential to the 
 functions of all living beings ; the material through 
 which every form of life manifests itself ; unaltered 
 protoplasm. 
 
 Bi'pa-ri'e-tal, rt. [Prefix ij and />arie«aZ.] (Anat.) Of 
 or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, from one 
 parietal wall to another. 
 
 Bird'seed, n. Canary-seed, hemp, millet, or other 
 small seeds used for feeding caged birds. 
 
 Bi-ret'ta, n. See Beretta. 
 
 Bi-se'ri-al, a. Arranged in a double series. 
 
 Bisli'op, n. [Add.] A piece used in the game of chess. 
 
 Bisque (bisk), n. [Fr., connected with btset, wood- 
 pigeon, bois, wood, from L. Lat. boscus, wood.] A soup 
 made of crayfish. 
 
 Biv'a-lent, a. [Lat. bi, twice, and valens, p. pr. of 
 ro/ere, to be worth.] (Chem.) Equivalent in combin- 
 ing or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen ; dyad. 
 
 Black, a. [Add.] Black list, a list of persons thought 
 worthy of censure or punishment. — Black Maria, the 
 van in which prisoners are carried to or from jail. 
 
 Biack'-bJind, n. A variety of iron ore, containing 
 carbonaceous matter, and occurring in layers in the 
 upper strata of the coal formation. 
 
 Black'-eap, n. [Add.] 3. (Omith.) An American 
 species of titmouse. ( Parus atricapillus) ; the chickadee. 
 
 Biack'-hole, n. A dungeon or dark cell in a prison ; 
 — so called from the cruel confinement of a party of 
 English prisoners in an apartment called the " Black- 
 hole of Calcutta,"' on the night of June 18, 1756. 
 
 Bl^ncb, V. t. [Add.] 4. To scald in boiling water, as 
 vegetables or meat, in order to tone down too strong a 
 taste or to make soft. 
 
 Blast, n. [Add.] In full blast, in complete operation ; 
 in a state of great activity. 
 
 Blas'to-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. ^Xa.cn6<:, germ, and yiv^- 
 a-19, yeVos, birth.] (Bot.) The multiplication of plants 
 by means of buds. 
 
 Block, n. [Add.] J5/ocA: 5i/5;ew, on railways, a system 
 by which the track is divided into sections of three or 
 four miles, generally between stations, having at the 
 end of each a signal, and a connection with the electric 
 telegraph, so worked that no train can pass into any 
 section till it is wholly clear ; thus not only allotting to 
 any two successive trains an interval of time, but se- 
 curing an absolute interval of space between them. 
 
 BlSnd'-met'al, n. A variety of clay iron-stone, found 
 in Staffordshire, England, and used for making tools. 
 
 Blood, n. [Add.] Q. {Stock-breeding.) Descent from 
 parents of recognized breed ; excellence or purity of 
 breed. 
 
 Blood'ed, a. Having pure blood, or a large admixture 
 of pure blood ; of approved breeds ; of the best stock. 
 
 Blood'-mon'ey (-mQn'y), n. 1. Money paid to the 
 next of kin of a person who has met his death at the 
 hands of another. 2. Money obtained as a reward for 
 supporting a capital charge. 
 
 Blood'- stick, n. {Far.) A piece of hard wood loaded 
 at one end with lead, and used to strike the fleam into 
 the vein. 
 
 Bliie, a. [Add.] 4. Literary; — applied to women, and 
 contracted from blue-stocking. [Colloq.] 
 
 Blue L,a\v§. A name first used in the eighteenth cen- 
 tury to describe certain supposititious laws of extreme 
 rigor reported to have been enacted in New Haven ; 
 hence, any puritanical laws. 
 
 Bliie'-maVi'tle, n. {Her.) One of the four pursui- 
 vants of the English college of arms ; — so called from 
 his oflRcial robe. 
 
 Bob, n. A shilling. [Low. Eng.] 
 
 food, f o^t : 
 
 ilrii, rude, pull; ^ell, (liaise, «all, eelio; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link; Ibis* 
 
 "64 
 
BOCK-BEER 
 
 1010 
 
 BROWNIAN 
 
 156ck'-beer, n. [Ger. bockbfer, froui bock, a buck, ami 
 bier, beer; — said to be so named from its tendency to 
 cause the driukor to caper like a goat.] A strong beer, 
 originally made in Baviu-ia. I Also written burk-beer,] 
 
 Bo'er, »i. [D., a farmer. Sec Boor. J A Dutch colonist 
 of 8outh Africa. 
 
 Bo'gie i,b6'g.> ), n. A four-wheeled truck used to sup- 
 port, in part, a locomotive on a i-ailway track. 
 
 Bdjs'-wobd, /I. The wood of trees dug up from peat 
 bogs. It is largely used for making ornaments. 
 
 Bo-lie'iui-an, a [Vr. bohcmit-n.] Vagabond; — origi- 
 nally applied, in France, to idle strollers or gypsies 
 thought to have come from Bohemia. [Slang.] 
 
 Bo-lie'iiii-aii, n. [See supra.] A restless vagabond; 
 often applied to an adventui-er in art or literature, of 
 irregular habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. 
 
 Bo-lie'iui-an-igm, n. The state or quality of a Bo- 
 hemian. 
 
 Bo'lide, 71. [Fr., from Gr. /3oAi5, /SoAiSos, a missile, from 
 pdXXeiy, to throw.] A kind of meteor ; a fire-ball, or 
 shooting-star. 
 
 Bolt, M. [Add.] 3. A sudden spring or start to one 
 side ; as, the hor.<e made a bole. 4. The desertion of 
 one's political party. [Colloq. U. S.] 
 
 Bolt, V. t. [Add ] 6. To desert or quit suddenly, as a 
 political party or nominee. [U. S.] 
 
 Bo-ii^n'za, n. [Sp., calm, fair weather, prosperity.] In 
 mining, a sudden and extraordinary widening of a vein 
 of silver ; hence, any successful venture, particularly 
 in gold or silver mining. 
 
 Bone, v.i. To t;isk one's self severely; — as, to bone 
 down to work. [Loiv.] 
 
 Bone'>^sh, n. The residue from calcined bones ; — used 
 for making cupels and for cleaning jewelry. 
 
 Bone -Cave. A cave in which are found bones of ex- 
 tinct mammals, mingled sometimes with the works and 
 bones of man. 
 
 Sonne (bon), n. [Fr., good woman.] A female servant 
 charged with the care ot a young child. 
 
 Bcjok'-mak'er, n. [Add.] 2. One who makes up a 
 record of _bets in connection with any event, as a race. 
 
 B<M>k'-iJlate, n. A label denoting ownership or position 
 in a library ; — usually placed upon the inside of the 
 cover of a book. 
 
 Bore'dom, n. The state of being bored, wearied, or 
 vexed ; a state of ennui, caused by idleness or the dull- 
 ness of company. Dirkens. 
 
 Bo^ri-e, o. Pertaining to, or produced from, boron ; 
 boracic. 
 
 Bor'nite, n. [Named from Von Born, a distinguished 
 mineralogist.] {Min.) A valuable ore of copper, con- 
 taining copper, iron, and sulphur; — also called purple 
 copper ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown 
 upon the slightly tarnished surface. 
 
 B9'§r>ni, n. [Add.] 6. That pait of the mill-stone ly- 
 ing next inside the skirt. 
 
 BSs'ton, n. A game at card«, played by four persons, 
 with two packs of fifty-two cards each ; — said to be so 
 called from Boston, Mass., and to have been iuA'ented by 
 officers of the French army in America during the time 
 of the Revolutionary war. 
 
 Both'er-sonie, cr. Inconvenient; causing bother. 
 
 BStli'y, or BootJi'y, n. [Scottish, bothie, boothie.] A 
 rude hut for unniairied farm-servants. [Scottish.] 
 
 Bo'-tree, n. (Bot.) The pippul-tree. 
 
 B6t'tle-li6ad, \ n. (Ihth.) A fish {Hyperoo don Butz- 
 
 B6t'tle-no§e, ) ^o/y/) belonging to the Xipliiidse; it 
 is from twenty to thirty feet in length, and is found in 
 the North Sea and its tributary rivers. It is also called 
 flound n'' s-head , and beaked-whaU. 
 
 JionchieH (boo'sha'), n. pi. (Fr., morsels, mouthfuls, 
 from fcoMcAe, mouth.] (Cookery.) Patties. 
 
 Botiilli (\)0(A'yZ'),n. [Fr., from bnuiller, to boil.] ( Cook- 
 ery.) Beef, thoroughly stewed, and served with sauce. 
 
 Hoiilei'efMenifiiit (bool/vr-rs'niong'), n. [Fr., from 
 bouleverser, to overthrow, from boule, Lat. hidla, a ball, 
 and Lat. versare, to turn.] Complete overthrow ; dis- 
 order. 
 
 Bow (bou), V. «. [Ad'/.] 5. To express by an inclina- 
 tion of the head or body : as, to how one's thanks. 
 
 Bow (bou), n. [Add.] 3, {Naut.) One who rows in 
 the forward part of a boat ; the bow-oar. 
 
 B6x'b6r-ry, n. {Hot.) The winter-green or checker- 
 berry. [ Local, U. S. ] 
 
 Braeli^y-^e-phai'ic, a. [From Gr. ^paxv?, short, 
 and Ke^aKri, head.] {Compar. Annt.) Having the skull 
 broad in proportion to its length ; short-headed ; 
 brachycephalous ; — the opposite of dolichocephalic. 
 
 BrScli'y-pin'a-eoid, n. [Ger. brackypinakoid, from 
 (Jr. /Bpaxv's, short, TrtVa^, a board, and e 60s, form.] 
 ( Cnjstalloic) A name given to each of the two planes in 
 the orthorhombic system which are parallel to the ver- 
 tical and to the shorter lateral (brachy diagonal) axes. 
 
 Bi-iiti'mo Sa-rtiaj'. [Bengalese, a worshiping assem- 
 bly.] A modern theistic sect in llindostan. 
 
 Braid'igm, n. Treatment of disease by inducing hyp- 
 notic sleep ; — named from James Braid. 
 
 Brai§e, v. t. [Kr. bruiser.] {Cookery.) To stew in a 
 close covered kettle ; to stew, or partly stew, and then 
 brown in an oven. 
 
 Brake, v. I. To apply the brake to, as to a carriage, or 
 railway train. 
 
 Bra'ni-al, a. Relating to the brain. 
 
 Bi-^sli, n. [Add.] Weaning brash (Med.), a severe form 
 of diarrhea which sometimes attacks children just 
 \*^eaned. 
 
 Braul, n. A kind of cloth with blue and white stripes, 
 common in the East Indies. 
 
 Braun'ite (brown'-), n. (Min.) A native oxide of 
 manganese, of dark brownish-black color. It was 
 named from a Mr. Braun, of Gotha. 
 
 Bra.z'il-iii, \n. {Chem.) A substance contained in 
 
 Braz'il-ine, I Brazil-wood and Sapan-wood. It is col- 
 ored intensely red by ammonia or the fixed alkalies. 
 
 Break'bone Fie'ver. (Mid.) An acute febrile epi- 
 demic disease prevailing in hot climates, characterized 
 by pains in the joints, and sometimes by an eruption ; 
 — also called dandy fever and dengue. 
 
 Breast'- sum'mer, n. See Brest-summer. 
 
 Breeze, n. [Fr. bris, rubbish, from briser, to break.] 
 Refuse left in the process of making coke or burning- 
 cha'coal. 
 
 Breez'y, a. [Add.] 2. Fresh ; brisk; full of life and 
 motion. [ Colloq.] 
 
 Bret'on (brit'un), n. A native of Brittany, or Bretagne,, 
 in France. 
 
 Bri<5'-a-bra.<;, n. [Fr.] A miscellaneous collection,, 
 particularly of antiquarian or artistic curiosities. 
 
 Brig-ha'mi-a, n. {Bot.) A genus of plants, allied to- 
 the lobelia, discovered in the IIawaii-.n Islands, and 
 named from W. T. Brigham, of Boston, Mass. 
 
 Brill'iant (bril'yant), ». [Add] 2. {Print.) The small- 
 est kind of type ever used in English printing. 
 
 @r This line is printed in the type called Brilliant. 
 
 3. A kind of muslin, figured in the weaving. 
 
 Brit'i-^igm, n. A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar tO' 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Broad, a. [Add.] J5ro««/ arroiw, a symbol [ ^>- ] stamped 
 on various articles belonging to the British government,, 
 and issued for service from the dock-yards, arsenals, 
 and store-houses. 
 
 Bro'ker, n. [Add.] Curb-stone broker, or Street, broker y 
 an operator in stocky (not a member of the Stock Ex- 
 change) who executes orders by running from office ta 
 office, or by transactions in the street. [U. S.] 
 
 Bro'mo-fdrm ("25), n. [From bromine and formyl.] 
 {Chem.) A colorless liquid, compounded of bromine 
 and formic acid, with an agreeable odor and sweetish 
 taste. In composition it is the same as chloroform, 
 with the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It pos- 
 sesses anassthetic properties, and is somewhat analogous 
 to chloroform in its effects. 
 
 Bron'-elii-ole, n. A minute bronchial tube. 
 
 Bron'-elio-pneu-mo'ni-a (brong'ko-nu-), n. [From 
 bronchi st.ndi pneumonia.] {Med.) Inflammation of th& 
 bronchi and lungs. 
 
 Br6ii'«lio-tome, n. ( Surg.) An instrument for divid- 
 ing or cutting into the bronchial tubes. 
 
 Br6n'«o, n. [Sp., rough, wild.] An untamed or half- 
 tamed animal, particularly a horse, and more specific- 
 ally, a cross between a horse and a mustang ; a native 
 California horse. [Local. Western U. S.] 
 
 Bronze (bronz or bronz), a. Made of, resembling, or 
 characterized by, bronze 
 
 Bronze age, a prehistoric age of the world which fol- 
 lowed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of 
 implements and ornaments of copper or brass. 
 
 Bro'bk'ite, n. [Named from the English mineralogist, 
 H. J. Brooke.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of titanic 
 oxide, and hence identical with rutile in composition, 
 but crystallizing in the orthorhombic .system. 
 
 Brown'i-an Move'ment. The molecular movement 
 exhibited by microscopic particles of all substances, 
 when suspended in water or other fluids ; — so named 
 from Dr. Robert Broion, who first demonstrated the 
 universality of the movement. 
 
 &, e, dic.ylong; a, 6, &c., short ; c^re, fa,r, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; p'ique, firm ; son, or, do, wq\£t 
 
BRUIT 
 
 1011 
 
 CAMEL'S-HAIR 
 
 Bruit (bri}t), n. [Add.] 2. (Med.) A sound heard on 
 
 percussion or auscultation. 
 Brus'selg Car'pet. A kind of carpet with a basis 
 
 composed of warp and woof of strong linen thread ; 
 
 colored woolen threads are added, which alone show 
 
 on the upper surface, and are drawn up in loops to 
 
 form the figures. 
 Buck, V. i. To spring forward with quick leaps, de- 
 scending stiff-legged and with violence, with the head 
 
 down as in butting ; — said of a vicious horse or mule. 
 
 [Cotloq. Western U. S.] 
 Buck'>]idt, n. A coarse shot used for large game. 
 Bul'bar, a. Of or pertaining to a bulb ; especially, in 
 
 medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the spinal cord ; as, 
 
 bulbar paraljsis. 
 Bull, V. t. To endeavor to raise the value of stocks in ; 
 
 to elevate the value of : a^, to biiU the market. [Slang.] 
 BuU'doze, V. t. To intimidate ; — used originally of the 
 
 intimidation of negro voters, in Louisi na. 
 Bilin'mer, n. An idle, worthless fellow without any 
 
 visible means of support ; a dissipated fellow who sponges 
 
 upon his acquaintances. 
 Bun'dev, n. A boat or raft used in the East Indies for 
 
 transporting passengers and goods from vessels to the 
 
 land. 
 
 BiirlSp, n. A coarse fabric, marie of jute or hemp, and 
 used for bagging. The name is also given to a finer va- 
 riety of similar material, used for curtains. 
 
 Biirn'er, n. [Add.] Bunsen's burner {Chem.)j a kind 
 of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen, of Heidelberg, 
 for illuminating gas. — Rose-burner, a kind of gai*-bumer 
 in which the gas, issuing radially through numerous 
 small openings, produces a rose-shaped flame. 
 
 Bfii'n'ing-tiu'id, n. A mixture of purified oil of tur- 
 pentine with three times its volume of alcohol, for illu- 
 minating purposes. (CoUog.) 
 
 Bur-sic'u-late, a. [See Bubse.] (JSor.) Shaped like 
 a purse. 
 
 Bui-'si-form, a. [Lat. bursa, a purse, and Jorma, 
 form.] Shaped like a purse ; bursiculate. 
 
 But'ter-fin'gerfd {-fing'gurd), a. Apt to let things 
 fall, as if the fingers were greased with butter. 
 
 But'ter-ine, n. A substitute for butter, made from 
 animal fat : — called also oleomargarine. 
 
 But'ter-man, n. A man who makes or sells butter. 
 
 But'ton-ball, n. {Bat.) A large North American 
 tree, so naihed from- the rough balls which it beara , the 
 Platanus ocndentalis : — called also button-wood. 
 
 Bu'ty-rme, n. A solid fat composed of butyric acid 
 and'glycerine. It occurs in butter. 
 
 c. 
 
 CAB, n. [Add.] 2. The covered part of a locomo- 
 tive, in which the engineer is placed. 
 
 Ca'ble, V. t. [imp. and p. p. cabled : p. pr. and vb. n. 
 CABUSG.] To send by a sub-marine telegraphic cable. 
 
 Ca'ble-gram, 7i. A message sent by a submarine tel- 
 egraphic cable. 
 
 •Ca-ea'ine, n. [See Cacao.] (Chem.) The essential: 
 principle of cacao. 
 
 Ca^Iie'-pot' (kash'p5'), n. [Ft., from cacker, to hide, 
 and pot, a pot.] Paper enveloping a flower-pot, so as to 
 make it more ornamental. \ 
 
 Ca-<;liin'na-to-ry, a. Consisting of or producing cach- 
 innation ; making immoderate laughter. ' 
 
 ■CS.'fliou' (ka'shob'), n. [Fr. See Catechu.] A silvered 
 pill made to correct the odor of the breath in smokers 
 and others. 
 
 cad, n. [Add.] 3. A vulgar, pretentious person. 
 
 Cad'disli, a. Like a cad ; low-bred and pretentious. ; 
 
 Ca'der, I n. [Fr., It. quarlro, from Lat. qundrum, a 
 
 ■Ca'dre, ) square, from quatuor, ionr.] A list of offi- 
 cers and men in military service ; the frame or skeleton 
 of a regiment. 
 
 Cad'mi-um, n. [Add.] Cadmium ye/Zoir, a compound 
 of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow color, 
 used as a pigment. 
 
 Ca-du'^i-braii'chi-ate, a. [Lat. caducus, falling, from 
 cohere, to fall, and Gr. /Spayx'"*') gil^] (Zo'ol.) With' 
 temporary gills: — applied to those amphibia in which 
 the gills do not remain in adult life. 
 
 ^ae-^il'i-an, re. [Lat. cffcws, blind.] {Zo'ol.) One of a 
 group of amphibia, so named from the supposed blind- 
 ness of the species, the eyes being very minute and ' 
 nearly hidden under the skin. i 
 
 ^ae'gar, n. An emperor, especially the emperor of Ger- ' 
 many, as being the successor of Augustus taesar and the | 
 other Roman emperors : kaiser. | 
 
 ^ae'ga-rigm (sez'a-rlzm), re. A policy of government j 
 (in imitation of the methods of Julius Caesar) which i 
 attempts by military force to establish a monarchy on '' 
 the ruins of a republic ; centralized imperial or mon- 
 archical administration. 
 
 Cak'ing-coal, n. {Min.) A biruminous coal, which ' 
 softens and becomes pasty in the fire ; on increa-^ing the 
 heat, the volatile products are driven off, and a coher- : 
 enr, cellular ma-ss of coke is left. ! 
 
 Cai'a-bar-bean', n. The reed of a leguminous plant 
 
 • {Physostigma venenosum), a native of tropical Africa. 
 It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contrac-i I 
 tion of the pupil of the eye, and is also used in tetanus, ! 
 neuralgia,_and rheumatic diseases. I 
 
 €dl'^ti-o-la'ri-d, n. [From Lat. calceolus, a diminutive ' 
 from ra/cfus, a shoe.] {Bnt.) A genus of showy herba- 
 ceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America ; ' 
 slippevwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, the i 
 shape of which suggests its name. ■ 
 
 ■eai'fi-e, a. [Fr. calciqtte, from Lat. catr, calcis, lime.] 
 (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, calcium or 
 lime. 
 
 Cal-^ig'er-oiis, a. [Lat. calx, calcis, lime, and gerere, 
 to bear.] Containing chalk or lime ; calciferous. 
 
 Cai'^i-trJlnt, a. [Lat. calcitrare, calcitrans, to kick, 
 from calx, heel.] Kicking: hence, stubborn; refrac- 
 tory. 
 
 Cal-civ'or-oiis, a. [Lat. calx, calcis, lime, and vorare, 
 to devour.] Eroding or eating into limestone. 
 
 -€al-ed'o-nite, n. [From Caledonia.] (Min.) A hy- 
 drous sulphate of copper and lead, found at the Lead- 
 hills in Scotland. 
 
 -eaT'e-fae'to-ry, n. [See Calefactory, a.] 1. (Eccl.) 
 An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a 
 sitting-room. 2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with 
 hot water, or a chafing-dish, placed on the altar in cold 
 weather for the priest to warm his hands with. 
 
 Calf (kaf ), n. A small island near a larger one, as the 
 Calf of Man. 
 
 Cai'i-eo, a. Made of, or having the appearance of cal- 
 ico : — used of an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose 
 body are large patches of a color strikingly different 
 from its main color. 
 
 -Cit-Wqo, n. [Lat., darkness.] {Pathol.) Dimness or 
 obscurity of sight, dependent upon a speck on the cor- 
 nea ; also, the speck itself. 
 
 Cai'i-sa'ya Bark. A valuable species of Peruvian 
 bark obtained from the Cinchona calisaya. 
 
 -Calls (kawk), v. t. [Add.] 3. To wound with a calk ; - 
 said of a horse, when one foot is injured by the calk oi 
 another foot. 
 
 Call, V, t. [Add.] To call a bond, to give notice that 
 the amount of a bond will be paid. 
 
 Call, n. [Add.] 10. (Stock Exchange.) The privilege 
 to demand the delivery of stock within a certain time 
 agreed upon. 
 
 Caiaa, a. [Gr. koAo^, KoXr), beautiful.] {Bot.) A ge- 
 nus of showy plants, of the order Aracece, one species 
 of which is often cultivated in houses. 
 
 Cai'o-res'^en^e, n. [Lat. ca/or, heat.] (Physics.) The 
 conversion of obscure radiant heat into light ; the 
 transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher re- 
 frangibility. 
 
 Cai'o-rie, n. [Fr., from Lat. calor, heat.] (Physics.) 
 The unit of heat ; the amount of heat required to raise 
 the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) 
 of water one degree centigrade. 
 
 Ca-ly-p'so, re. [The Greek name of a nymph, so called 
 because she hid, e/coAui/^e, Ulysses on his return from 
 Troy.] (Bot.) A small and beautiful species of orchis. 
 It grows in cold and wet localities in the United States. 
 
 Camel's-JiA-ir, a. Made of camel's hair. 
 
 Camel' s-halr pencil, a small brush used by painters in 
 water-colors, made of camel's hair or similar materials. 
 
 food,f<>bt; fii-n, ru,de, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, eeho ; gem, get; a§ ; e^st ; linger, link; ttiis. 
 
CAMISOLE 
 
 1012 
 
 CENTAL 
 
 — QimfVs-hnir shawl, a shawl made from the finest 
 hair of the camel. 
 
 €ftin'l-9ole, n. [Vt. dim. of ca7ntse, chemise. See 
 Chemise.] A wai.sti-cvit ; also a strait-jacket. 
 
 €am-pai.i;n' (kaiu-p.u»'), ;i. [Add.] 3. {U. S.) The 
 seASou of excitcmeut preceding an election ; canvass. 
 
 €am-plir6t'it^ a. [See Camphor.] (C/um.) Pertain- 
 ing to a triL>a.>!ic acid obtained from camphor by the ac- 
 tion of nitric acid. 
 
 Cftn, V. t. [imp. and p. p. canned ; p. pr. and vb. n. 
 CANNING.] To preserve, as fruit, by putting in sealed 
 cans. 
 
 Canned goods, a general name for fruit, vegetables, 
 m«at, or fish, preserved in air-tight cans. 
 
 ■Canada (kan-yii'da), n. [Sp.] A small canon; a nar- 
 row valley or gicn ; also, an open valley, 
 
 C&n'can, n. [Fr.] 1. Scandal ; gossip; tittle-tattle, 
 2. A loose style of dancing with indecent gestures. 
 
 •€ftn'dle-niit, n. The fruit of a shrub (Aleurites triloba) 
 of the euphorbiaceous family, a native of some of the 
 islands of the Pacific ; — so named from its property of 
 taking fire and burning with a bright flame. 
 
 ■€a-n61'la, n. [From Lat. carina, a reed, in allusion to 
 the cylindrical form of the rolls of bark.] {Bat.) A 
 tree of the order Canellacex, growing in the West In- 
 dies ; — also called Wild cinnamon. 
 
 Ca.n'na-bin, I «. [See Cannabine, a.] {Ckem.) A 
 
 Can'na-bine, ) poisonous resin extracted from hemp 
 (Cannabis Indica). The narcotic effects of hasheesh 
 are due to this resin. 
 
 •€lin'ni-kin, n. [Eng. can, and the diminutive termina- 
 tion kin, q. v.] A small can. 
 
 C&n'tor, n. [Lat., singer, from canere, to sing.] The 
 leader of a choir ; the precentor. 
 
 Ca-pit'u-lar, ) »i. [Add.] 3. The head or prominent 
 
 -€a-pit'u-la-ry, ) part. 
 
 •€a,p'o-ral, n. [Fr. See Corporal.] A kind of smok- 
 ing tobacco ; — so called as being fit for corporals and 
 superior to that used by the common soldiers. 
 
 •€a.p're-o-line, a. [From Lat. capreoius, Avild goat, 
 from ca^jier, goat. ) {Zool.) Pertaining to the roebuck. 
 
 CS.p'ro-ate, n. ( Ckem.) A salt formed by the union 
 of caproic acid with a base. 
 
 ■CJlp'ro-ic, a. [Lat. caper, goat.] (Ckem.) Obtained 
 from butter, cocoanut-oil, or similar substances ; as, 
 caproic acid. 
 
 Cap'y-ba'ra, n. (Zool.) The cabiai, or water-hog, 
 {HydrochoBrus capybara), of South America. 
 
 •Ca,r'a-inel, n. [Add.] 2. A kind of confection, made 
 of chocolate, butter, and molasses or sugar. 
 
 ■Car'bide, n. [From carbon and Gr. eI3os, form.] 
 (Chem.) A binary compound of carbon with some 
 other element, in which the carbon plays the part of a 
 negative \_ — formerly termed carburet. 
 
 Car'bo-hy'drate, n. [From carbon and hydrate.] 
 (Chem.) One of a class of substances composed of six 
 or twelve carbon atoms united to hydrogen and oxygen, 
 
 — the two latter being in the exact proportions requi- 
 site to form water. Sugar, starch, gum, cellulose, and 
 the like, are examples of carbohydrates. 
 
 Car'bu-rfit'or, n. An apparatus in which coal-gas, 
 hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile 
 hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illumina- 
 ting power. 
 
 Car'bu-ri-za'tion, n. The act, process, or result of 
 carburizing. 
 
 Car'bu-rize, v. t. To combine with carbon or a carbon 
 compound; — said especially of a process for confer- 
 ring a higher degree of illuminating power on combus- 
 tible ga.«e8 by mingling them with a vapor of volatile 
 hydrocarbons. 
 
 ■Carcl'-€5.t'a-16gue (-log), n, A catalogue, as of the 
 books in a library, not written continuously, but hav- 
 ing each item entered on a separate card. 
 
 ■Car'pet-ba,i?'ger, n. A term of contempt applied to 
 a northern settler in the southern part of the United 
 States, after the close of the civil war (1865), seeking 
 only private gain or political advancement. 
 
 Cir'ry, v. t. [Add.] 8. (Stork Exchange.) To hold, 
 as stocks or gowls, for another jjerson until he makes a 
 sale of them, or can pay for them. 
 
 ■C&r'ry, n. A passage through the wilderness, from one 
 river or lake to another, or around rapids or obstruc- 
 tions in a river, over which it is necessary to transport 
 boats ; a portage. [Amer.] 
 
 Case'-liarcl-en^'cl, a. Impenetrable to all feeling of 
 honor or shame ; — sfiid of persons, after the analogy of 
 iron which has been subjected to cas^e-hardening. 
 
 Cftsli, n. [Add.] Cash balance (Book-keeping), the 
 amount standing on the debtor side of the cash-account. 
 — Cash price, the price at which an article will be sold 
 for immediate payment, as opposed to the price if sold 
 on credit. — Cask sales, sales made for ready money, in 
 distinction from those on which credit is given ; stocks 
 sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction. 
 
 ■e3,sli'-boy, n. In retail stores a messenger who carries 
 the money received by salesmen from customers to a 
 cashier, and returns the change. 
 
 Cash.'me-ret', n. A kind of dress goods for ladies' wear, 
 made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere. 
 
 €ask'et,_n. [Add.] 2. A coflin. [ U. S.] 
 
 Cas'se-role, n. [Fr., a saucepan, dim. from casse, a ba- 
 sin.] {Cookery.) A mold (in the shape of a hollow 
 vessel) of boiled rice, or of mashed potato, baked, and 
 afterwards filled with vegetables. 
 
 Cas'si-«an, n. [N. Lat. cassicus, helmeted, from cassis, 
 a helmet.] (Ornith.) Khivd (Cr act i cits cassicus), sorae- 
 times referred to the shrike family, and sometimes 
 classed with the crows. It is confined to Papua, Aus- 
 tralia, and Tasmania. 
 
 ■Cast, V. t. [Add.] To cast a horse, sheep, or other ani- 
 mal, to throw down v^th the feet upwards, in such a 
 manner as to prevent its rising again. 
 
 Cast, M. [Add.] A'ewai casi.t (Mfrf.), microscopic bodies 
 found in the urine of persons affected with disease of 
 the kidneys. 
 
 €dt>d. [Gr. Kara.] The Latin and English^ form of a 
 Greek preposition, used in composition to signify doivn , 
 against, contrarily, completely, and the like ; as in cata- 
 clysm, catalogue, camract. It sometimes drops the final 
 vowel, as in caroptric ; and is sometimes changed to 
 cath, as in co^Aartic, catholic. 
 
 Cat'ar-rbine (-rin), n. [From Gr. Karappts, Karappivos, 
 with hanging or curved nose, from Kara, down, and 
 pi's, pi»/6s, nose.] {Zool.) One of a group of monkeys, 
 characterized by oblique, flat nostrils. 
 
 ■Ca-tas'tro-pliT$iii, n. [From Catastrophe.] (Geol.) 
 A name given to the theory that the changes on the 
 face of the earth have been caused by sudden catastro- 
 phes. It is opposed to the more modern doctrine of 
 uniformism. 
 
 cat '-boat, n. (Naut.) A small sail-boat carrying a 
 single sail rigged upon a mast placed as far forward as 
 possible. 
 
 Catli'a-ri§m, n [Gr. Ka0api(Tfj.6g, purification, from 
 KaOapC^eiv, /caflaipeiv, to purify, from Kadapo;, pure.] 
 The process of rendering the surface of any substance 
 chemically clean. 
 
 Catb'a-rize, v. t. [Gr. KaOapi^etv, KaOaCpeiv, to purify, 
 from Ka0ap6i, pure.] To clean the surface of. 
 
 Catb'e-tal, a. [See Cathetds.] (Geom.) Pertaining 
 to a cathetus ; perpendicular. 
 
 Cath.'e-ter-i§m, n. (Surg.) The introduction of a 
 catheter. 
 
 Ca.tli'o-li€, n. [Add.] 2. A person who accepts the 
 creeds which are received in common by all parts of 
 the orthodox Christian church. 
 
 Cat'tle-plague (-plag), n. The rinderpest; a highly 
 contagious distemper or murrain, affecting neat cattle 
 and sheep. 
 
 Cau-ga'tion-igm, n . The doctrine that all things are 
 produced through the agency of a causal force, or are 
 the effect of a causation. 
 
 €au-§a'tion-ist, n. [See Causation.] One who be- 
 lieves in causationism. 
 
 Cau.sevse (kd'zuT2'), n. [Fr., from cawser, to talk.] A 
 sofa for two persons, for conversation. 
 
 -€d'vO'7-i'li-e'vo, n. [It.] (Sculp.) Hollow relief; a 
 kind of relief in which no part of the design is higher 
 than the level of the plane of the material. 
 
 9Sl'a-d6n, n. [Fr.] A pale sea-green color. 
 
 Cello (cheKld), n. ; pi. cellos ; It.pl. CELLI. A contrac- 
 tion for Violoncello, q. t. 
 
 961'lu-loid, n. [Eng. cellulose, and Gr. eI8os, form.] 
 A compound manufactured from several ingredients, 
 chief among them gun-cotton and camphor, in imita- 
 tion of coral, ivory, tortoise-shell, amber, malachite, 
 and the like. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry 
 and many small articles. 
 
 9e-16t'o-my, n. [Gr. /cTjAorofiia, from k^At/, hernia, and 
 Te'^i/eiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The act or operation of cut- 
 ting, to relieve strangulated hernia. 
 
 9e-nan'tby, n. [From Gr. kcvos, empty, and av9o<;, a 
 flower.] (Bot.) The absence or suppre.'^sion of the es- 
 sential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower 
 
 96n'tal, n. [Lat. centum, a hundred.] A weight of one 
 
 4 
 
 a, e, &c., long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; c4re, far, ask, g,ll, what , 6re, veil, term ; pi'que, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. 
 
CENTAL 
 
 1013 
 
 CHOGSET 
 
 hundred pounds avoirdupois ; called in many parts of 
 the United States a hundred-weight. 
 
 f fin'tal, a. [See supra.] Relating to a hundred, or to 
 a hundred-weight ; consisting of one hundred. 
 Cental system, the method of buying and selling by the 
 hundred-weight. 
 
 ^en-tare', n. [Fr., from Lat. centum, a hundred, and 
 area, a piece of level ground.] A measure of area or 
 superficies, containing one square meter or about 15o0 
 square inches. 
 
 ^en-ten'ni-al, n. A centennial occasion ; the celebra- 
 tion of the one hundredth anniversary of any event. 
 
 ^en'ter-board, I n. (Naut.) In small cxraft that ply in 
 
 ^en'tre-board, ) shallow waters, a board or plank 
 keel, which may be drawn up or let down through a 
 ca.se ; a sliding keel. 
 
 ^e-pli3,l'i-e, a. [Add.] Cephalic index (Physiol.), the 
 ratio of the breadth to the length of the skull. 
 
 ^eph'a-lo-trip'sy, n. [Gr. (ce</)aATj, head, and rpipeiv, 
 to rub, grind.] (Surg.) The act or operation of crush- 
 ing the head of the fetus in the womb in order to effect 
 delivery. 
 
 ^e-re'a-line, n. [See Cereal.] {Chem.) A nitroge- 
 nous substance closely resembling diastase, obtained 
 from bran, and possessing the power of converting 
 starch into dextrine, sugar, and lactic acid. 
 
 ^gr'e-bral-igm, n. [See cerebral.] (Philos.) The doc- 
 trine or theory that ps3-chical phenomena are functions 
 or products of the brain only. 
 
 ^er'e-bral-ist, n. One who accepts or teaches cere- 
 bra iism. 
 
 96r'e-bri'ti9, n. [Lat. cerebrum, brain, and terminal 
 -itis] {Pathol.) Inflammation of the cerebrum. 
 
 ^fir'e-bvoid, a. [Eng. cerebrum, and Gr. el5os, form.] 
 Resembling or analogous to the cerebrum or brain. 
 
 Ce're-iis, n. [Lat., waxen, pliant like wax, from cera, 
 wax, — referring to the shoots being easily bent.] 
 [Bot.) A genus of plants of the cactus family. They 
 are natives of Central and South America, and some 
 species produce beautiful flowers. 
 
 ^e-rif'er-ou8, a. [Lat. cera, wax, a.nd ferre, to produce.] 
 Producing wax. 
 
 Cerise (se-reez'), a. [Fr., a cherry.] Cherry-colored. 
 
 9er'ti-fy, v. t. [Add.] Certijied check, a bank-check, 
 the validity of which is certified by the bank on which 
 it is drawn. 
 
 ^I'rS-'sSe?' } "• '^^« ^« ^« CERUSE, 2. 
 
 ^es-to'da, ». pZ. [See Cestoid.] (Zool.) The group of 
 tape-worms ; the cestoids. 
 
 Clial-^id'i-an, n. [Lat. chalcis, and Gr. xoAxis, a liz- 
 ard.] (Zool.) One of a tropical family of snake-like 
 lizards ( Gialcidss), having four quite smaU. and rudi- 
 mentary legs. 
 
 diaFco-pyrlte, n. [Gr. x'"^''*! brass, and Eng. 
 pyrite, q. v.] (Min.) Copper pyrites, or yeUow cop- 
 per-ore ; a common ore of copper, containing copper, 
 iron, and sulphur. 
 
 Clian'^el-ler-y, n. The office of a chancellor; chan- 
 cellorship. 
 
 Chan'^er-y, n. [Add.] To get or hold in chancery 
 (Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one's 
 left arm, so that one can pommel his face with the 
 fist of the right arm ; hence, to have wholly in one's 
 power. 
 
 Change, n. [Add.] 8. Any order in which a number 
 of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic 
 scale. 
 
 Change-ringing, the continual production, without 
 repetition, of such changes. 
 
 Cliank, n. [SkT.^ankha. See Conch.] (Conch.) The 
 name of the conch-shell in Ceylon and other places 
 bordering on the Indian Ocean. 
 
 Chdnte'relle' (shSnt'rel'), n. [Fr.] An edible species 
 of mushroom. 
 
 ^liJlp'er-on-age, n. Attendance of a chaperon on a 
 lady in public ; protection afforded by a chaperon. 
 
 ^hassCpot' (shas'po'). n. [From the French inventor, 
 A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) A kind of breech-loading 
 rifle, or improved needle-gun. 
 
 Chat, n. [Add.] 2. (Ornith.) One of the Icteria or 
 warblers, peculiar to North America. The best known 
 species are the yellow-brea.sted chat (I. viridis), and'the 
 long-tailed chat (7. /ong^cawc/a). The name is also ap- 
 plied to other varieties of birds, as the stone-chat. 
 
 Cbat'ti-ness, n. The quality of chatting or convers- 
 ing freely and pleasantly ; readiness for light talk. 
 
 phau'vin-igm. (sho'-), n. [Fr. chauvinisme. from Chau- 
 
 vin, the name of a real or fictitious character, who is 
 said to have made grotesque displays of his attach- 
 ment to his fallen chief, Napoleon 1., in 1815.] A blind 
 adherence to an ob.^olete idea (e.-peciaUy in politics), 
 or to a party leader no longer in repute. 
 
 Check, t\ i.' [Add.] 3. To crack, as articles, made of 
 wood , or, to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, 
 and the like. 
 
 Check.". [Add.] 8. A check-rein. 9. A small chink 
 or cleft. 
 
 Check'rein, n. That strap in a harness which pre- 
 vents a horse from lowering his head. 
 
 Cheek, n. [Add.] 4. Assurance; impudence. 
 
 Cheek'y, a. Impudent ; characterized by effrontery ; 
 brazen-faced. 
 
 Chei'lo-pias-ty, n. [Gr. x^i^o?? * liPi and 7rA.a<rcreiv, 
 to mold, form.'] (Surg.) The process of forming an 
 artificial lip or part of a lip, by appropriating a portion 
 of neighboring flesh for that purpose 
 
 Che-15'ne, n. [Gr. x«At6inrj, x^^^'^i ^ tortoise; so named 
 from the shape of the upper lip of the corolla of the 
 flower.] (Bot.) A genus of hardy plants, of the order 
 Scro/ihulariacex, natives of North America ; — also 
 called snake-head. 
 
 -eheiii'i§in, n. [Fr. rhimisme. See Chemistry.] The 
 force exerted between the atoms of elementary sub- 
 stances whereby they unite to form chemical com- 
 pounds ; chemical attraction ; aCinicy ; — sometimes 
 used as a general expression for chemical activity or 
 relationship. 
 
 Chem'i-type, n. [ Chemical and type.] (Engraving.) 
 One of anumber of processes by which an impression 
 from an engraved plate is obtcined in relief so as to 
 be used for printing on a printing-press. 
 
 Cher'o-gra, I n. [Lat. charogryllus, Gr. xoip«- 
 
 Cher'o-gril'lus, I ypiAXtos, from xoipos, a young 
 swine, and ypvAAo?, a pig.] (Zool.) A gregarious, 
 placental mammal found in Palestine, and inhabiting 
 caves or clefts of the rocks ; Hyrax Syriacus. It is 
 probably the cony of Scripture. 
 
 Cher'ry-bird, n. (Ornith.) The cedar-bird or South- 
 ern wax-wing ( Ampelis Carolinensis) ; — so called from 
 its fondness for cherries. 
 
 Che-vet' (-va'), n. [Fr., bed-head, dim. from chef, head. 
 See Chief.] (Arch ) The apsis of a church : the choir 
 end of a church, which often has a raised floor. 
 
 Chev'i-ot Wool. The wool from a valuable breed of 
 sheep in Scotland, which takes its name from the 
 Cheviot hills. 
 
 ■Chi'agin, n. [Gr. x'ao'M«) t^o lines placed crosswise, 
 from xia^eii/, to mark with a cross.] (Anat.) The union 
 or crossing of parts in the shape of the letter X : as, the 
 optic chiasm, the crucial union of the optic nerves. ^ 
 
 ChilT-chaff, n. [So called from its note.] {Ornith.) 
 A species of warbler (Sylvia hippolais). 
 
 Chignon, (sheen'yong), n. [Fr. chignon, chainon, from 
 chaine, a chain, Lat. catena.] A boss of hair, natural 
 or artificial, worn by a woman at the back of the head. 
 
 Chill, n. [Add.] 3. A mode of treating iron in casting 
 it, by which the surface is quickly cooled. 4. A mold 
 of metal in which to cast iron. 
 
 Chi'na grass. (Bot.) One of several species of net- 
 tles found in southern Asia. It has large and strong 
 fibers, which are used for textile fabrics, rope-making, 
 and other purposes ; — called aL«o Rainee. 
 
 Chlo'ral, n. [From the first syllables of chlorine and 
 alcohol , c^. -v .] [Add.] Chloral hydrate (Chem.), a, cova.- 
 pound of chloral with water. It is a solid, crAStalline 
 substance, which produces sleep when taken internally 
 or by hypodermic injection, and is much used for this 
 purpose in medicine. 
 
 Chlo-rai'um, rt. [¥vova chlorine a^ud. aluminum,] An 
 impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminum, used 
 as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 
 
 -ehlo'ri-na'tion, n. A process for the extraction of 
 gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine 
 gas. _ Knight. 
 
 Chlo'ro-dyne, n. [From chlorine, and Gr. oSvvij, pain. 
 Formed in imitation of anodyne, q. v.] (Me'i.) A 
 patent medicine, invented by Dr. CoUis Browne, of In- 
 dia, and imitated by others. It contains opium, chlo- 
 roform, and probably Indian hemp. It is used in cholera 
 and painful diseases requiring an anodyne. 
 
 Cho-d'nas, n. pi. [From Gr. xoa»^. a funnel. (Anat.) 
 The posterior nares, or openings from the nose into the 
 pharynx. 
 
 Chog'set, n. (Ichth.) A small, edible, salt- water fish, 
 ( Ctenolabru.^ cxruleus), found from Delaware Bay to 
 
 food, f dbt ; fLnx, rude, pull ; (ell, ^haise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^st ; linger, link ; this* 
 
CHOLIC 
 
 1014 
 
 COCKTAIL 
 
 Maine; — called also burgaU, Conner, cunntr, and blue- 
 prrrJi, [U. S.] 
 
 Chdl'ic, I a. [Gr. xo^"tos, from xo^'J. bile.] Per- 
 
 Cho-lin'ic,^ taming to the bile. 
 
 •Clidl'o-fhrome, n. [Gr xoAij, bile, and \pwfMx, color.] 
 Tbe coloriug matter of the bile. 
 
 Cliun-dri'tis, n. [From Gr. x^^'^po^^ cartilage, and the 
 terminal it«.] {Pathol.) An inlbuumation of carti- 
 lage. 
 
 <'lio'roid, a. [See Chokoid. «.] (Anar.) Pertaining to 
 the Taficular portion of the retina of the eye. 
 
 ■eiirist'ianlkrlst'van, 66), 71. [Ad't] 3. (Eul. Hist.) 
 One of a sect of Bapti.^ts : called abo Disciples of 
 Cnn-st. I^P^ In this pense, often pronounced kriBt'yan. 
 
 Clirist'niasi-tree (kris'uiaii-), 7i. A small evergreen 
 tree, brc>ught from the woods and set up indoors, to be 
 decontted with bon-bons, fancy ornaments, presents, 
 etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve. 
 
 €'liro'ina-ti§i», N. [Gr. xpu»fi.aTi<rfios, a coloring. See 
 CUiiOMATic] {I>ot.) An abnormal coloring of plants. 
 
 Cliro-mSt'o-seope, n. [Gr. xpHfjia, \pwMaTos, color, 
 and (TKoirely, to view.] {Astron.) A reflecting tele- 
 scope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so 
 as to produce a ring-like image of a star, instead of a 
 point ; used in studying the scintillation of the stars. 
 
 Cliro'niigin, «. The same as Cheomatism, q. v. 
 
 •Chro'nio, «. ; ;/. eHRO'MOg. [Gr. XP^M^» color.] A 
 colored lithographic print ; a chromo-lithograph. 
 
 Cliro'mo-litlx'o-gTapli, ?? [Gr. xP^t^°^, color, and 
 Kng. lithograph, from Gr. \C9o^, stone, and ypcu^eiv, to 
 write, to engrave] A picture printed in tints and col- 
 ors by repeated impressions from a series of stones pre- 
 pared by the lithographic process ; a lithograph printed 
 in colors. 
 
 Cliro'mo-pho-togr'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xp<2)/uLa, color, 
 <J)a>?, ^ros, light, and -ypo^eti', to write, to engrave.] 
 The art of producing photographs in natural colors. 
 
 €hro'mo-sph.ere, ti. [Gr. xP^t^<^, color, and a<|)arpa, 
 .-phere.] (Astroji .) The layer of red matter surround- 
 ing the sun, enveloping the photosphere, being the first 
 p;irt that is seen in solar eclip.«es. 
 
 Chron'o-grSpli, n. (See Chemkogram.] An instru- 
 ment to record the time in astronomical and other ob- 
 .-orvations. 
 
 Clir6i«'o-plier, »f. [Gr. XP^''°^- time, and ^epeiv, to 
 Ciiny .] An instrument signaling the correct time to 
 distant points by electricity. i 
 
 Clirys-aii'i-liiie, n. [Gr. xpvaS^, gold, and Eng. «»??/, 
 q. v.] {Ciinn.) A by-product in the manufacture of 
 rosaiiiiiue. It dyes silk of a fine golden-yellow color. 
 
 C'hth6n'i« (thon'ik), a. [Gr x^'^*', X^o»">^ the earth.] 
 Pertaining to the earth ; earthly ; as, chthonic religions. 
 
 Cfiurcli'Iy, a Pertaining to the church ; fond of 
 
 ^ church services ; inclined to attach great importance to 
 ecclesia-stical decrees and services. 
 
 ^in'e-rCs'^-ent, a. Somewhat cinereous : having a 
 ( olor pomewhat resembling that of w ood ashes. 
 
 ^'iii'na-iuene, n. [See CinnaMOK] {Chem.) A hy- 
 drocarbon formed by the decomposition of cinnamic 
 a^id. 
 
 ^r'cle (sTr^kl), n. [Add.] Dress circle, the lowest gal- 
 lery in a theater, containing the prominent and more 
 exj»ensive seats. — Family circle, the gallery above the 
 drest circle in a theater. 
 
 ^ir'cum-de'nu-da'tion, n. [From ciVcu??? and denu-\ 
 dation.] {Geol.) Denudation around or in the neigh- i 
 borhood of an object. Hills of circumdeni'dation, j 
 rboM^ which have been produced by surface erosion : ! 
 the elevations which have been left, after the denuda^ ! 
 tii.n of a mass of high ground. I 
 
 C"ir-rh«'slK, n. [Fr. cirrhose, from Gr. Kippo;, orange- j 
 f-olored.] ( Med ) A chronic morbid condition of vari- i 
 ou> organs of the body, especially of the liver, lungs, ! 
 and kidneys, characterized by the formation of new j 
 conije<-tive tissue, and usually by a shrinking in size of i 
 tlie.-ilTected part In cirrhosis of the liver, the organ' 
 often presents reddi-h-yello<i' granulations or nodules I 
 on it^ sujfac* and in it- substance, whe4ice the name 
 
 <.'lAin'-bake, n. The preparation of clams, by baking 
 them on heated stones, between layers of sea-weed : j 
 hence, a picnic party, gathered on such an ocx'.asion. I 
 
 <'laque (kl5k), ?». [Fr., an onomatopoetic word: Ger. [ 
 h'fic.\ A collection of persons hired to clap ihe hands '. 
 or applaud at a theatrical exhibition. | 
 
 ■dAr't-n-d6n, «. A style of type having a narrow and \ 
 iK^avy face. It i< made in all sizes. I 
 
 Clii«'ti«, a. [Gr. Kkwrrcx;, broken, from kKolv, to break.] \ 
 iVrtaining to what may be taken apart, or to pieces. i 
 
 Clastic Anatomy, the construction or dissection of & 
 manikin. 
 
 Claude '-glass, «. [From the name of Claude Lorraine, 
 a" famous French landscape painter, and Eng. glass.] 
 A slightly convex mirror, usually of black glass, used 
 for viewing a landscape while sketching or painting it ; 
 also, an instrument containing a number of pieces of 
 glass difierently colored, used for viewing a landscape. 
 Called also a Ckiude-lorruine glass. 
 
 Cla'w'-liftin'iner, »i. A hammer w-ith one end of the 
 riietallic head cleft for use in extracting nails. 
 
 Cleis to-a:aiii'i-e, la. [From Gr. icXettrros, closed, 
 
 Cleis-tog'a-ruoiis, ) from tc\elv, to shut, and yifioi, 
 marriage.] (Bot.) Having beside the usual flowers, 
 other minute, closed flowers, almost without petal: and 
 stamens ; — said of certain species of plants which pos- 
 sess flowers of two or more kinds, thcclo.-ed ones being 
 so constituted as to insure self-fertilization. 
 
 Cleith'ral, a. [Gr KkelOpov, a bolt, hence an inclosed 
 place, from Kkelv, to shut.] {Arch.) Covered ; — applied 
 to a kind of Greek temple. 
 
 Cli'no-piii'a-eoid , w. [Gr. ickiveiv, to incline, to lean, 
 ttCvo^, a board, and el6os, form.] ( CrystaUog. ) A name 
 given to tlie two planes in the monoclinic system which 
 are parallel to the vertical and to the inclined lateral 
 (clinodiagonal) axes. 
 
 Cli'no-rli6in4>i€ (-rom'-), a. [Fr. clinorhombiqtu, 
 from Gr. KA.iVeij', to incline, to lean, and p6/iPos, a 
 rhomb, from pefifieiv, to turn around.] {CrystaUog.) 
 Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined 
 to a rhombic base. 
 
 Cli'to-ris, n. [Gr. #cA.eiTopis, from tiXelv, to shut up, be- 
 cause concealed by the labia pudetidi.] (Ajiat.) A 
 small organ at the upper part of the Tulva, containing 
 erectile tissue, and homologous in the female to the 
 penis in the male. 
 
 Clock, V. t. To ornament with figured work, as the side 
 of a stocking. 
 
 Clogr'-dan'f-er, n. One who dances upon the stage of 
 a theater in clogs or wooden choes. 
 
 Close (klos), a. [Add.] Close bretd'ng, breeding be- 
 tween animals nearlj^ akin. 
 
 Cloth, n. [Add.] Cloth jiieasure, the measureof length 
 and surfsce by which cloth is measured and sold. For 
 this object the standard yard is usually divided into 
 quarters and nails. 
 
 Coal'-oil, n. Same as fefroieww?. See Petroleum. 
 
 Coast'-i^e, «. A belt of ice separating from a shore in 
 the shape of broken glacier?:, or ice-fields, and posses- 
 sing great transporting pow er when it leaves its bed. 
 
 Co'balt, n. [Add.] Coba'.t yellow, a compound pro- 
 duced by the action of nitrate of potassium on cobalt- 
 ous salts. It forms a yellow pigment, excellent for ar- 
 tistic purposes. 
 
 Co-l)all'ou.s, a. Of, or pertaining to cobalt ; cobaltic. 
 
 C6b'-m6n-ey, n. [From cod, «. 3, and mon-y.] A 
 name applied to a gold and silver coinage of Spanish 
 South America in the eighteenth century. The coin."; 
 are irregular in shape, hammered down sufficiently to 
 receive an abbreviated inscription and date, with an im- 
 perfect representation of the Spanish arms- They are 
 of the exact weight of the piece of eight, or of one of 
 its aliquot parts. 
 
 Cob'-web, V. t. [imp. and pp. cobwebbed : p. pr. and 
 vh. n. COBWEBBING ] To cover with cobwebs ; and 
 hence, metaphorically, to cover with any fine net-work, 
 to mark over with frequent lines. 
 
 Coe'co-Iitli, n. [Gr. kojcjcos, a kernel, and Xidos, a 
 stone.] A minute calcareous body, found in immense 
 quantities at the bottom of the AtUiutic Ocean. Two 
 forms are distinguished, discoliths and cyatholiths. _ 
 
 Coe'e-o-sphere, n. [Gr. kokkos, kernel, and a^aipiL, 
 sphere.] A name given by Professor Wallich to a mi- 
 nute calcareous body, appearing to be an aggregation 
 of coccoliths. Those compact in texture are about i^^ 
 of an inch in diameter ; those loose in texture, -^1^ 
 of an inch. 
 
 Cocked-hat' (kokt-), ». A game similar to nine-pins, 
 in which only three pins are set up, in the form of a 
 triangle. 
 
 Cock'-shy, v. 1, A game in •which trinkets are set upon 
 sticks, to" be thrown at by the players ; — so called from 
 an ancient popular sport which consisted in "shying" 
 or throwing cudgels at live cocks. 2. An object at 
 which stones are flung 
 
 Cock'tail, 7\. 1 A beverage made of brandy, whisky, 
 or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. 2- {Stock-brecd- 
 
 a, e, &r , long ; &, 6, short ; c&re, fSr, ask, all, ^vhat ; ere, veil, term ; pi'que, ftrni ; son, or, dg, 'W9li^ 
 
CODLIVER 
 
 1015 
 
 CONINE 
 
 ing.) A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one 
 eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in his veins. 
 
 C6d'liv-er Oil. A fixed oil obtained from the livers of 
 the cod, and of some other species of fish. It possesses 
 great nutrient properties, and is used medicinally for 
 rheumatic complaints, skin diseases, and especially for 
 pulmonary con.-iumption. 
 
 ^(e-len'tf-rd'td, n. pL. [Gr. koiAo?, hollow, and evrepa, 
 intestines.] {ZooL) A group of Metazoa, almost 
 wholly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa^ 
 and CLenophora. Tne name (more correctly written 
 VcElentera) was given under the erroneous idea that the 
 stomach and body cavities were one. The apphcation 
 of the term is sometimes extended, so as to include the 
 sponges. 
 
 Co'hosh, n. (Bot.) A name applied to several varie- 
 ties of plants of the order Ranunculacea;, or crows-foot. 
 
 Co'-in-ten'sion (-in-ten'shun), n. [From cf» and inten- 
 sion.] Common condition and degree of intension. 
 
 Cold'-blood'ed, a. [Add.] 3. Not thoroughbred : — 
 said of animals, as horses, which are derived from the 
 common stock of a country. 
 
 -Cold'->ore, n. (Pathol.) A herpetic eruption on the 
 lips or about the nostrils, and often accompanying a 
 cold in the head or catarrhal inflammation of the nasal 
 passages and pharyn.x. 
 
 •Co'le-us, n. [Gr. icoAeo?, a sheath, — referring to the 
 manner in which the stamens are united.] (Bot.) A 
 plant of the Labia? x, or mint family, cultivated for its 
 ornamental, variegated leaves. 
 
 -€61'i-f6rm, a. [Lat. colifonnis, from colum, sieve, and 
 forma, iorm] (Anat.) Resembling a strainer or sieve ; 
 cribriform ; —applied to the ethmoid bone. 
 
 Col'lard, 7J. [Corrupted from co'e-ivort.] A kind of 
 cabbage grown in the southeru part of the United States, 
 the leaves of which do not form a close head, and which 
 are much used as " greens." 
 
 -eol-ie-efive, a. [Add.] 5. Expressing plurality in 
 source ; as, in diplomacy, a note signed by several gov- 
 ernments is called a collective note. 
 
 -Col-len'chy-ma, n. [Gr. KoAAa, glue, and eyxv^a, an 
 infusion, from eyx"*'. to pour in, from ev, in, and x^'"' 
 to pour.] (Bot.) The substance lying between and 
 uniting cells. 
 
 Col'li-dine, n. ( Cnfm.) An alkaloid found among the 
 products of the dry distillation of bone-oil, coal-oil, 
 and some bituminous shales. It is a colorless, oily 
 liquid, having au aromatic odor. 
 
 Col'lie, ) n. [Gael, cuf/ean, Ir. cuile ann. a whelp, cii, a 
 
 Col'ly, ) dog.] A Scottish breed of sheep-dog. 
 
 CSl'loid, n. (Physiol.) The name given to a series of 
 combinations, represented by the hydrate of alumina, 
 which are of a gelatinous rather than a crystalline ap- 
 pearance, and which approach the character of an or- 
 ganic, rather than an inorganic compound, — opposed 
 to crystal'oid. 
 
 ■C61'o-€o'lo, H. (Zoo'..) A large wildcat (Felis rolacola), 
 of the size of the ocelot, found in the northern part of 
 South America. 
 
 -€61'oiii-bier, n. [Fr., a dove-cote, hence, that which 
 is high, and hence that which is large ; from Lat. co- 
 lumbarium, from columhn, dove.] A large-sized paper, 
 usually about 2-3^ by 3i inches. 
 
 Co-lo'ni-a Pow'der. A kind of dynamite. See Nitro- 
 
 GLTCEEINE. 
 
 Col'o-ra'do Bee'tle (-be'tl). (Zodl.) A yellow beetle 
 (Doryphora decern -lineata), about three eighths of an 
 inch in length, with ten longitudinal black stripes upon 
 its back. It has moved eastward from its original hab- 
 itat in Colorado, and is very destructive to the potato 
 vine ; — called also potato-bug. 
 
 Coro-rim'e-ter, n. [Fr. colorimetre, from Lat. color, 
 color, and Gr. fjierpov, measure.] An instrument for 
 measuring the depth of the color of anything, espe- 
 cially of a liquid, by comparison with a standard liq- 
 uid. 
 
 Come (kiim), v. t. To attempt ; to cause to come or 
 happen ; to undertake ; to introduce ; to put in action ; 
 — as, come no tricks here. [ Colloq.] 
 To come it, to succeed in a trick of any sort. 
 
 Comedienne (ko-ma'di-en'), ?j. [Fr., fem. of comedien, 
 from, com :d I e, comedy. See Comedy.] A woman who 
 plays in comedy, in a theater. 
 
 Co-me'di-et'ta, n. [It. See Comedy ] A dramatic 
 composition of the same general character as a comedy, 
 but briefer and less elaborate. 
 
 ■€6m'e.-do, n.; pi eoM' E-DO'NE^. [Lat., a glutton.] 
 {Med.) A pimple produced by retention of the secre- 
 
 tion of the sebaceous glands ; — occurring especially in 
 acne on the face. 
 
 -eome'-dowii, n. A downfall ; a sudden descent from 
 a higher position. [Cutlotj.] 
 
 Coni-mand'er-y, n. [Add.] 2. An assembly or lodge 
 of knights templars (so called), among the Freemasons. 
 [ U. S.] 
 
 Coin-mer'cial (kom-mer'shalj, a. [Add.] Commer- 
 cial note-paper, a small size of writing-paper, usually 
 about 5 by 7^ or 8 inches. 
 
 ■€oni-tnl»'siun-nuire', n. [Fr., from Lat. commissio. 
 See Commission.] 1. A factor; a commission mer- 
 chant or agent, who buys and sells goods for others ; 
 one who attends to the transport of goods. 2. A man 
 stationed in public resorts to await commissions, or to 
 serve as a guide to sti-augers. 
 
 •eom'mvLne, n. [Add.] 2. The name of a French rev- 
 olutionary committee, which organized insurrections in 
 Paris in 1792-93. In 1871, the word expressed the revo- 
 lutionary attempt to establish absolute municipal self- 
 government in Paris. 
 
 •€6m'imi-nist, n. [Add.] 2 . One engaged in, or favor- 
 able to, the commune of Paris. 
 
 Com'mu-ta'tor, n. [See Commute.] (Elec.) A piece 
 of apparatus used for making, breaking, or reversing 
 the current of a voltaic battery. 
 
 €6iti'pass-pl3,ut, 7i. (Bot.) Same as Rosix-weed- 
 
 €otn-2jds'i-tie, ii. pi. [Lat. compositiis, from componere, 
 to put or place together, from com, for con, and ponere, 
 to put] (Bot.) A family of dicotyledonous plants, 
 having their flowers arranged in dense heads. The 
 daisy, dandelion, and asters, are examples. 
 
 Com-p6§'ite, a. [Add.] 3. (Bot.) Belonging to the 
 order of the Compositse. 
 
 ■Com'po-gi'tion ( zlsh'un), n. [Add.] Composition 
 face, or composition plane ( Crystallog.), the plane by 
 which the two individuals of a twinned crystal are 
 united in their reversed positions 
 
 Com-p6s'i-tous, a. (^Bot.) Belonging to the Compos- 
 its ; composite. 
 
 C6m'ti§in, n. [Fr. comtisme, from the name of the phi- 
 losopher, Auguste Comte.] That phase of empirical, 
 experiential philosophy, which was presented by Comte. 
 Its distinguishing features are : the doctrine that science 
 concerns itself with phenomena only in the relations 
 of co-existence and succession, — hence called the Pos- 
 itive Philosophy ; also that philosophy has passed and 
 must necessarily pass through three historically suc- 
 cessive stages (^Theological, Metaphysical, and Positive); 
 and the exaltation and deification of humanity. 
 
 Con'cen-tra'tor, n. [From concentrate , q. v.] (Min- 
 ing.) An apparatus for the separation of dry commin- 
 uted ore, according to the specific gravity of its parti- 
 cles, by exposing a falling sheet of ore-dust to inter- 
 mittent puffs of air. 
 
 Con-eliit'i«, a. Composed of shells ; containing shells 
 in abundance. 
 
 Con-di'tion (-dish'un), v. t. [Add.] 3. To make de- 
 pendent or contingent: — followed by on or tipon, 
 4. To assay ; — a trade term for the assaying of silk, 
 to test the proportions of moisture it contains. 
 
 €on-di'tioiif d, a. Circumstanced, especially in respect 
 to physical condition or bodily wants ; as, a tvell-condi- 
 tioned man. 
 
 Coii-dot-ti-e're, n. ,- pi. €ON-dot-ti-5'ri. [It., from 
 Lat. con, and dlicere, to lead.] A brigand. 
 
 Con-fer'ral, »i. The act of conferring, or bestowing. 
 
 Con'fi-den^e-man, n. One who appeals to the confi- 
 dence of another, with the intent of swindling him ; a 
 plausible scoundrel. 
 
 Con-fo'-eal, o. [From Lat. con, andfocvs, fireplace.] 
 Having the_same focus : as, confocal quadrices. 
 
 €6ii'gre-ga'tion(k6ng'gre-ga'shun),«. [Add.] 4. Spe- 
 cifically, t*he assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Ox- 
 ford or Cambridge University, mainly for the granting 
 of degrees. [Eng.] 
 
 5. (Scotch Church Hist.) The name a.'sumed by the 
 Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called 
 themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation. 
 
 Con'gress Wa'ter (kong'gres). The commercial name 
 for a mineral water from one of the springs at Saratoga, 
 in the State of New York. 
 
 Co'iii-a, In. [See m/m.] (Chem.) An alkaloid exist- 
 
 Co'nine, ) ing in conium. It is a colorless, volatile 
 oil. of powerful odor, and acrid taste. It is obtained 
 by distillation of the plant with potash-lye, and is in- 
 tensely poisonous, paralyzing the terminal filaments of 
 the motor nerves. 
 
 food, f (^t ; tLrn, r^ide, pull ; ^11, (baise, -eall, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^dst ; linger, link ; tliia. 
 
CONIUM 
 
 1016 
 
 COYOTE 
 
 Co'iii-iim, ». [N. Lat., from Gr. jcwi/eiof.] (Bot.) An 
 umbelliferous plant ; the leaves and seeds of one vari- 
 ety in the South of Europe (,C. »mculatuin), known as 
 the poijion hemlock, j'ield the active principle coiiia. 
 CSii'quest (_konk'\vest), n. [Aitd.] 5. The Conquest 
 (Hisi.), the subjugation of England by William of Nor- 
 mandy in 1060. 
 Coii-seript', t'. t. To enroll, by compulsion, for military 
 
 service. 
 Co**-Nc'»*'s#»s, »i. [Lat.^from con, with, and sentire, to 
 feel, ptTceive, think.] Agreement ; accord ; as, the con- 
 stnsits of tradition. 
 C6ii'se-queiit, «. [Add.] Consequent points or poles. 
 {Ma^ni-tisin), a number of poles distributed, under cer- 
 tain conditions, along the axis of a magnetized steel bar, 
 which regularly has but the two poles at the extremities. 
 ■Con.soinnni {koug'sQm'mii'), n. [Fr., p. -p. of consom- 
 7;ifr, to consummate. See Consummate.] (Cookery.) A 
 kind of broth which by boiling has become very strong ; 
 — also, used of any broth-like soup. 
 €on-3tab'u-la-ry, n. [See Constabu:.] The body of 
 constables in any town or district ; a constabulary force. 
 Coii-suli'a-to'ry, a. Formed by, or resulting from, 
 
 consultation ; advisory. 
 C6ii'ta-b6s'^eiice, n. [Lat. contabescere, to waste 
 away, from ton and tabescere, to waste away] (Bat.) 
 An abnormal condition of flowers, in which the stamens 
 are defective. 
 Con-tan'go, n. ; pi. €ON-tan'goes. [Probably a cor- 
 ruption of conthigent.] {Stock Exchange.) A term ex- 
 pressing the rate of interest charged for the loan of 
 money upon the security of stock transferred for the 
 period of an account or otherwise ; the rate of interest 
 paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer 
 pay ing for the stock purchased until the next settleme nt 
 day. [E7ig.] 
 Con-ten'tion, n. [Add] 3. A point maintained in an 
 
 argument, or a line of argument taken in its support. 
 CSnt'line, n. The space between the strands on the 
 
 outside of a rope. 
 Con-tract'iire (-yijr), n. [La,t. conlractura.] (Pathol.) 
 A state of permanent rigidity or contraction of the mus- 
 cles, generally of the flexor muscles. 
 Contrecotip (kon'tr-koo'), n. [Fr., from contre, Lat. 
 contra, against, and coup, a blow. See Cope, v. i.] 
 {Surg.) A fracture or injury produced by a blow in a 
 part distant from that which is struck, as a fracture at 
 the base of the skull produced by a fall on the vertex ; 
 contrafissure. 
 -€on-ven'tion-al-ize, v. t. To render conventional ; to 
 
 establish by usage. 
 Con-'ver-tend', n. {Logic.) Any proposition which is 
 submitted to the process of conversion ; — so called in 
 its relation to itself as converted, after which process it 
 is termed the converse. See Converse, n., 3. 
 Con-vert'er, n. [Add.] 2. {Mech.) A retort in which 
 molten iron is decarburized and converted into Bessemer 
 steel. 
 ■€6n'voy, n. [Add.] 4. A drag or brake applied to the 
 wheels of a carriage, to check their velocity in going 
 down a hill. 
 Cobk'-bc>bk, n. A book of directions for cooking. 
 ■(k>-6p'er-a-tive, a. [Add.] Co-operative store, a store 
 established by operatives on the principle of joint-stock 
 associations. The members or stockholders make their 
 family purchases at the store and participate in the 
 profits. 
 €o-qu'i'nd (ko-ke'na), n. [Sp., shell-fish, cockle.] A 
 term applied to a soft, whitish stone, formed of small 
 shells, which is found in the southern part of the United 
 States, and is used for building material, as in the fort 
 at St. Augustine, Florida. [ V. S.] 
 €6r'al, M. [Add.] 3. The spawn of the lobster;— so 
 
 call«d from its color. 
 Cdr'al-line, n. [Add.] 3. A red coloring matter ob- 
 tained by treating phenol with sulphuric and oxalic 
 acids. 
 Cortlonnet (kor'don'na'), n. [Fr., dim. of cordon, from 
 corde See supra.] Double and twisted silk thread, made 
 £rom waste or inferior silk, for tassels, fringes, etc. 
 Core, n, [Lat. coru.'f, Gr. »c6po5, Heb. cor.] An ancient 
 
 Hebrew dry measure, called also homer. 
 Cdrn'-broom, n. A broom made from the tops of the 
 Sorghum vulgmris, or broom-grass, or broom-corn, the 
 stalks of which resemble those of Indian corn. 
 Cdrn'--e6b, n. The cob or spike on which the kernels of 
 
 Indian corn grow. [ U. S.] 
 Cdr'ner, n. [Add.] 6. The result produced by a com- 
 
 bination of persons, who, while secretly holding the 
 whole or the greater part of any stock or species of prop- 
 erty, induce another combination to agree to deliver to 
 them a large further quantity at some future time. 
 When the time arrives, the second combination, if the 
 corner succeeds, suddenly finds itself unable to buy the 
 amount of the stock or property necessary to enable it 
 to fulfill its contr.icts, and the first combination fixes 
 at its own will the price at which differences must be 
 settled. The r(,r?ter "breaks • when those who agree 
 to deliver succeed in procuring the stock or property, 
 and are thus enabled to fulfill their contracts. 
 C6i'n'-f rit'ter, n. A fritter in the batter of which green 
 
 Indian cxrn has been mingled. [U. S.] 
 -eor-nif er-ous, a. [From Lat. cornu, horn, and ferre, 
 to bear.] {Geol.) Pertaining to the lowest period of 
 the Devonian age. This period has received the name 
 comiferous from the numerous seams of hornsione which 
 characterize the limestone beds of the later part of the 
 period as developed in New York State. 
 Corn'-slieirer, 7i. A person who, or a machine which, 
 
 separates the kernels of corn from the cob. 
 ■eorn'-sliuck, n. The husk covering an ear of Indian 
 
 com. 
 £!6rn'- starch, n. A preparation from Indian corn, used 
 
 as a food in puddings, custards, etc. 
 ■€o-ro'nal, a. {Asiron.) Of or pertaining to the corona. 
 ■€o-ro'nis, ri. [Gr. Kopwvts, anything curved.] In Greek 
 
 grammar, a sign of contraction [•] placed over a word. 
 Cor-piis'-eu-loiis, a. Same as Corpuscular. 
 Cor-ra.1', V. t. [Sp.] To surround and inclose ; to coop 
 up ; to put into a close place. To corral cattle is to se- 
 cure them in an inclosure. 
 -edr'ti-fine, n. [Fr., from Lat. cortex, bark.] A ma- 
 terial for carpeting, made of ground cork and caou- 
 tchouc or India rubber. 
 Cor'ti'g Fi'berg. {Anat.) Peculiar fibers which, with 
 cells, compose a remarkable structure, called the organ 
 of Corti, in the cochlea of the internal ear of mammals ; 
 — so called from Corti, an Italian anatomist. 
 ■e6§'mo-p61'i-tan, a. [See Cosmopolitan, n.] Having 
 no fixed residence ; possessing a knowledge of the world ; 
 made up of material from widely different places, — as, 
 a cosmopolitan university. 
 •€o-tar'nine, n. [Fr., by transposition of letters from 
 narcotine.j {Chem ) An alkaloid produced by the ac- 
 tion of sulphuric acid and peroxide of manganese upon 
 narcotine. 
 ■€6t'toid, a. {Ichth.) [L. Lat. cottus, sculpin, and Gr. 
 etSos, form.] Resembling the sculpin {Cottus), or the 
 genus of teleost fishes which it represents. 
 Cot'ton Flan'nel (kot'tn). The manufacti .tjrs' name 
 for a heavy cotton fabric, twilled, and with a long plush 
 nap. In England it is called swansdown cotton, oi Can- 
 ton flannel. 
 Covm'ter-ex-t6n'sion(-eks-ten'shun), n. {Surg.) The 
 fixation of the upper portion of a limb while extension 
 is practiced on the lower portion, as in cases of fracture 
 or luxation. 
 Coun'ter-in/di-ca'tion, n. {Med.) Any circum- 
 stance which forbids the employment of a particular 
 remedy in disease ; as, great impairment of the res- 
 piratory function is a counter-indication to the use of 
 opium. 
 Cour'lan, n. ( Ornitk.) A bird, of the genus Aramus, 
 
 allied to the rails, found in warm parts of America. 
 Cou§'m-ry (kuz'n-ry), n. A body or collection of 
 cousins ; the whole number of persons who stand in a 
 cousinly relation to a given person or persons. 
 Cov'ei- (kuv'er), v. t. [Add.] 8. (Stock Exchange.) 
 To buv stock, as the broker who has sold short does, 
 when the market rises, in order to cover his sales or 
 protect himself on the day of delivery. 
 Co-w'-bird, n. (Omith.) The cow blackbird (MoZofA- 
 rus pecori.'i), one of the American starlings ; like the 
 European cuckoo, it builds no nest, but lays its eggs iu 
 the nests of other birds. 
 •€ow'per'§ Gl%nd§. [From the name of the discoverer, 
 William Coiv/>er, an English surgeon.] {Anat.) Two 
 small racemose glands, situated between the prostate 
 and bulb of the urethra, and discharging their secre- 
 tion by two ducts into the urethra. 
 €ox-argi-a, ) n. [From Lat. coxa, hip, and Gr. oAyo?, 
 Cox-ai'gy, ) pain ; Fr. coxalgie.] {Med.) Pain in 
 
 the hip; hip-joint disease. 
 Coy-ote', n. [Mexican coyotl, Sp. coyote.] {Zo'ol.) A 
 carnivorous animal ( Canis latrans), allied to the dog, 
 found in the western part of North America ; — called 
 
 a, e, &c.,long; a, 6, &c., short ; c4re, far, ask, ^.ll, wliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, vrolf, 
 
CRAB-WOOD 
 
 1017 
 
 CUP 
 
 aiao prairie-wolf. It is a very fleet quadruped, the up- 
 per parts of a dull yellowish-gray color, clouded with 
 black, and the under parts of a dirty white. It stands 
 about 20 to 24 inches in height, and its voice is a snap- 
 ping bark, followed by a prolonged, shrill howl. 
 
 CrSb'-wobd, n. A light cabinet wood obtained in 
 Guiana, which is used in joinery. 
 
 Crack'lin, n. ' A kind of China, the glaze of which is 
 purposely applied over a cracked surface, with the ef- 
 fect of making the glaze or enamel itself appear to be 
 cracked ; — called also crackle, crackle-ware. 
 
 Cra'dle (kra'dl), «. [Add.] 7. (Mining.) A machine 
 on rockers and moved by the hand, used in washing au- 
 riferous earth ; — also called a rocker. 
 
 Cra'dle, v. t. [Add.] To cradle a picture, to put ribs 
 across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from 
 warping. 
 
 Cram'mer, n. One who crams ; especially a teacher 
 vvho prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or 
 a_pupil who is thus prepared. 
 
 Crane, v. i. To stretch out the neck, in order to see 
 better. 
 
 •Cra'ni-ot'o-my, n. [From Lat. cranium, Gr. Kpavtov, 
 the skull, and Te'ju.v6ii/, to cut off.] (Surg.) An opera- 
 tion in obstetrics, which consists in opening the fetal 
 head, when it presents an obstacle to delivery. 
 
 ■CJrS,n'nog, n. [Celt, crann, a tree.] One of the stock- 
 aded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient 
 times were numerous in the lochs of both countries. 
 
 Cray'on-lboard^ n. Thick drawing-paper, or card- 
 board for drawing. 
 
 Craze, v. t. [Add.] Crazed pottery, that which has the 
 glazing covered with irregular cracks. 
 
 Cra'zy, a. [Add.] Crazy bone, the prominent bone of 
 the elbow, or rather the end at the elbow {olecranon) ; 
 — so called on account of the intense pain produced 
 when it receives a blow. 
 
 Cream, n. [Add.] Bavarian cream, a preparation of 
 gelatine, milk, cream, and egg^, flavored, and eaten 
 cold. — Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, 
 almond oil, rose water, and borax. It is largely used 
 as a salve for the lips. 
 
 Cream'er-y, n. A place where butter is made ; also 
 where milk and cream are put up in cans for market. 
 
 Credit fonder (kra'de' f 6ng'se-a'), n. [Pr. credit, credit, 
 from Lat. credere, to believe, and Fr. fonder, pertaining 
 to land, landed, from fond, Lat. fundus, bottom.] A 
 company licensed for the purpose of carrying out city 
 and other improvements, by means of loans and ad- 
 vances upon real securities. 
 
 Cr4<(it mobilier (kra'de' mo-bi'le-a'), n. [Fr. credit, 
 credit, from Lat. credere, to believe, and Fr. mobilier, 
 personal, pertaining to personal property, Lat. mobilis, 
 movable, from movere, to move.] A joint-stock com- 
 pany, formed for general banking business, and for the 
 construction of public works, by means of loans on per- 
 sonal estate, as the credit fonder on real estate. In 
 practice, however, this distinction has not been strictly 
 observed. 
 
 Cre-m^s'ter, n. [Gr. Kpefj-aa-rrip, from Kpefiavvvvai., to 
 hang.] (Anat.) A thin muscular cord which serves to 
 draw up the testicle. 
 
 Crep'i-tant, a. [See Crepitate.] Crackling; rattling. 
 
 Crest'ing, n. (Arch.) An ornamental finish in the wall 
 or ridge of a building. 
 
 Cre-syl'ie, a. [From creosote.] (Chem.) Pertaining to 
 an alcohol obtained by fractional distillation from coal- 
 tar creosote, the tar of fir-wood. 
 
 Cre-tonne' (kre-ton'), n. [From Cretan, the first man- 
 ufacturer.] A strong white fabric, of which the warp 
 is of hemp, and the woof of flax. 
 
 Crimpg, n. pi. Hair which has been crimped. 
 
 Crin^-d. a. [Lat. crinis, hair.] (Her.) Having hair. 
 
 Crink'ly, a. Having crinkles ; wavy. 
 
 Crith, n. [Gr. KpiO-fi, a barley-corn, a small weight.] 
 (Chem.) The unit for estimating the weight of aeri- 
 form substances. It is the weight of one liter of hy- 
 drogen gas at 0° Centigrade, and with a tension of 76 
 centimeters. It is 0.0896 of a gram. 
 
 Crit'i-eal, a. [Add.] 7. (Metaph.) Characterized by 
 analysis or examination for the purpose of testing or 
 confirming certainty or belief. 
 
 Croak'er, n. [Add.] 2. (Ichth.) A small and beau- 
 tiful fish (Micropogon undulatus), found on the Atlantic 
 coast of America. It derives its name from a croaking 
 sound which it utters when taken. 
 
 CrSp'per, n. [Add.] 2. (Mech.) A machine used for 
 facing cloth by means of spiral knives. 3. An injury 
 
 received by being thrown or falling from a horse. 
 [Slang. Eng] 
 
 Cr6p§, n. pi. The region above the shoulder in the ox. 
 
 Cro-quet' (kro-ka'), n. [Fr., from croc, hook, crooked 
 stick.] ~ A game in which two or more players endeavor 
 to drive wooden balls, by means of long-handled mal- 
 lets, through a series of hoops set in the ground accord- 
 ing to some pattern. 
 
 -Cro'qnette' (-kef), n. [Fr., from croquer, to crunch.] 
 ( Cookery.) A ball of minced meat, etc., seasoned, rolled 
 in bread crumbs, and fried. 
 
 Cross'boneg, n. pi. Two of the leg bones or arm bones 
 of a skeleton, laid across each other, and serving as a 
 reminder of death. 
 
 Cross'bred, a. (Stock breeding.) Produced by breeding 
 together distinct breeds. 
 
 Cross'-fer'ti-li-za'tion, n. The fertilization of the 
 female products of one physiological individual by the 
 male products of another, — as, the fertilization of the 
 ovules of one plant by pollen from another. 
 
 Cr6ss'ing> *i- [See Cross.] 1. The act by which any- 
 thing is crossed. 2. The act of interbreeding ; a mixing 
 of breeds. 3. The intersection of two paths or roads. 
 4. A paved walk across a street. 
 
 Cr6ss'-r6f'er-enfe, n. A reference made from one 
 part of a book or register to another part, where the 
 same or an allied subject is treated of. 
 
 Cross'- riiflf, n. (Whist.) The play in whist where 
 partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each 
 other for that purpose. 
 
 Crotch'et-i-ness, n. [See Crotchet.] The state or 
 character of being crotchety ; capriciousness. 
 
 Crouton (kroo'tong'), n. [Fr. , from croute, Lat. crusta, 
 a crust.] (Cookery.) A sippet of bread fried and used 
 to garnish hashes, and the like. 
 
 Cro'ton-bug, n. [From the New York water supply, 
 from the Croton river.] The cockroach. 
 
 Crow'-quill (-kwil), n. A feather of the crow, used 
 for a pen, where very fine writing is desired. 
 
 Cru.'o-rine, n. [From Gr. /cpvos, cold.] (Physiol.) 
 The coloring matter of the blood as it exists in the 
 globule in the living animal. 
 
 Crush.'- liat, n. A soft hat sometimes worn by a gen- 
 tleman, as to a party or a theater. It can be com- 
 pressed, and carried under the arm. 
 
 Cryp'to-«rys'tal-line, a. [From Gr. KpuTrros, hid- 
 den, and Eng. crystalline.] (Geol.) Indistinctly crys- 
 talline ; — applied to rocks and minerals, whose state 
 of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are 
 visible. 
 
 Crys'tal-lite, n. [See Crystal.] (Min.) One of the 
 microscopic semi-crystalline forms observed in glassj' 
 volcanic rocks and in furnace slags. 
 
 Crys'tal-Ioid, n. [Gr. /cpvo-raAAos, ice, crystal, and 
 etSos, form.] (Chem.) That which has the form or 
 likeness of a crystal ; — opposed to colloid. 
 
 Cten-dph'o-rd (ten-of-), n. pi. [Gr. KTeCs, /creros, comb, 
 and <f>opd, a carrying, from <^epeiv, to carry.] (Zo'ol.) 
 A group of Ccelenterata, comxaonlj of a somewhat ellip- 
 soidal shape, propelled through the water by rows of 
 paddles (usually eight in number) passing like meridi- 
 ans over the body . The separate paddles somewhat re- 
 semble combs. 
 
 Cu'eiim-ber, n. [Add.] Cucumber tree, (a.) A large 
 ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. 
 acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its 
 young fruit to a small cucumber, (b.) A species of 
 evergreen (Averrhoa Bilimbi), native to the East Indies, 
 which bears a green, fleshy, oblong fruit, the thick- 
 ness of the finger, filled with a grateful acid juice, — 
 the substance and seeds being not unlike those of the 
 cucumber. 
 
 •€ul'tus, n. [Lat., cultivation, culture, from colere, to 
 cultivate.] Established or accepted religious rites or 
 usages of worship ; a state of religious development ; 
 the moral atmosphere of a certain time or place. 
 
 Cune'ta-tXve, a. [From Lat. cwician, to delay.] Slow; 
 tardy ; causing delay. 
 
 Ciin''du-ran'go, n. [Sp., condor vine.] The wood and 
 bark of a vine which grows in Ecuador, and belongs to 
 the family Asclepiadacex. It has been supposed, but 
 erroneously, to be a cure for cancer. 
 
 Cu-ni-e'ii-late, a. [From Lat. cuniculus, a rabbit, hence 
 a passage under ground, a canal.] (Bot.) Traversed 
 by a long passage or aperture. 
 
 Cup, n. [Add.] 7- A drink compounded of one or 
 more kinds of wine or spirits, flavored, sweetened, and 
 iced; as, claret cup, champagne cup. 
 
 food, f<^t: &rn, rucide, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, e-elio; gem, get; a§; e^st; linger, link; tills. 
 
CUPHEA 
 
 1018 
 
 DEBUSCOPE 
 
 ^ . '"•-«,«. [From Gr. Kv^, beat, curved, — in ref- 
 :o the form of the cjipsule.) (Ru.) A genus of 
 i>;.^ut#. frr^ui Ceutr&I and South America, allied 
 
 < u pi :< : Lat. rH/n-wwi, copper.] Of, pertain- 
 
 -■_ . ; ■- I from, copper. 
 
 iTu-ru'ro, in. A rvsiaou.-i sub>tauce VL<ed by the Indians 
 
 Cu-rJi'ri", ) of South America for poisoning their ar- 
 rows. unJ said to cousi.-;t of the aqueous extract of a 
 .:it beiougiug to the genus iiirychnos. Its 
 lestro/ tue control of the nerres oTer all 
 ry muscles, even those of respiration. 
 _\\ri::ea ui-o woora:i, rrourali.] 
 
 Cfi'ra-rize, v. t. To poison with curare. 
 
 Cti'ri-o, n. : pi. eu'Rl-OS. [AbbreTialion of curiosity.] 
 Any curiosity orarticle'of virtu brought from abroad ; 
 — most frequently used in the plural. 
 
 Cfixt'e-sy, n. LProbably from coui-t, hence attendance 
 upon co-jrt, a vassal, or tenant.] (Lair.) The life 
 estate which a husband has in the lands of his de- 
 ceased wife, which by the common law takes effect 
 where he has had issue by her, bom alive, and capable 
 of inhcri;iag the l^nds. 
 
 Cus'pi-dor, n. [From Sp. txcupldor, a spitter, from 
 escuper^ to spit.] An ornamental spittoon, usually 
 globe-shaped 
 
 •Cus'totn-liouse, «. [Add.] Custom-houst broker, an 
 agent who acts for merchants in the business of enter- 
 ing and clearing goods and v— ;ek, and in the transac- 
 tion of general business at the custom-house. 
 
 Ciit'a-^ray, a. Rounded on the edges: — applied to a 
 
 ^tyle of short coat for men, with rounded skirts. 
 9j'-iin't>-?»ite, n. [lir. icvovo;, a blue substance, and 
 KtifK, stone.] (C/»«/i.) Sulphate of copper or blue 
 vitriol, used as a pigment or dye stuff ; blue-stone; — 
 aLo called cyanose. 
 ^y-ath'o-litJi, n. [From Gr. k. a6<K, cup, and ACflto?, a 
 I stone.] A kind of coccoUth, waich in shape resem- 
 bles a minute shirt-stud or cup widened at the top, and 
 I varies in size from g-oVo" **^ ToW <** ^^ ^^^ 
 I ^yc'a-cla'ceous (-shtl>), a. (Bot.) Belonging to the 
 natural order Cycadacex, of which the cycas is the 
 I chief genus. 
 
 j €j-iii'ri« (kim'rik), a. [W. Ci/mni, Wales.] Welsh. 
 j Cy-in'ry, n. A collective term denoting the Welsh race. 
 ; ^ys'ted, a. Inclosed in a cyst. 
 I 9^>'ti-ele, n. A small cyst. 
 
 ^'tode, H. [From Gr. kvto?, a hollow vessel, from 
 Kveiv, to hold.] (ZooL) The supposed simplest form 
 of independent life; a mass of protoplasm without a 
 nucleus, thus differing from the ama'a, in which nu- 
 clei are present. A fre«»-living cytode is a moner. 
 Cza-rev'na (za-l, n. [Russ. | The wife of the czar- 
 
 owifz, or eldest .«on of the czar of Bussia. 
 Czech (tch'-k), n. (G'og.) One of a large branch of 
 the Slavonic race, which includes the Itohemians, or 
 Czfchs proper (forming about 60 per cent, of the popu- 
 lation of Bohemia), the Hannacks, ox Moravians, and 
 the Slovacks. 
 
 D. 
 
 DAB'EER, n. That with which one dabs: hence, 
 sptcifically, (a.) {Print.) The original inking ap- 
 paratu.-! for a form of type. (6.) {Engraving.) ,\ silk 
 or leather bail stuffed with wool, for spreading the 
 ground upon the hot plates of metal, (c.) {Siereotypii.) 
 In the paper process, the hair brush with which the 
 damp paper is tasinuated into the interstices of the 
 letters by dabbing its back. 
 
 Da'do (di'do or di'do], n. [Add.] 2. An architectural 
 arrangement of moldings, etc., around the lower part 
 of the walls of a room : especially a border of wood or 
 paper rising from the floor, and covering about a fifth or 
 sixth part of the wall, terminating in a distinct edging* 
 
 Daily, n. A publication appearing every day. 
 
 Dai'mi-o, n. [Jap., from Chin, ta ming, great name.] 
 One of the feudal nobles of Japan. 
 
 DSn'gle-ber'ry, n. A dark blue berry with a white 
 bloom, sweet and ediblp ( Gaylussaeia frtmdosa), closely 
 allied to the common huckleberry ( G. rfsinosa). also 
 called blue tang'e, found from the coast of New England 
 to Kentucky, anl southward. 
 
 Da'nite, n. [Named in remembrance of the prophecy 
 in Gen. xlix. 16, " Dan shall be a .serpent in the way,'" 
 etc.] One of a secret association of Mormons, banded 
 together for deeds of violence. 
 
 Tyausf-usf (d'jng'zurz'). n. [Fr., fem. of danseur, from 
 danser, to dance ] A female dancer; especially a wom- 
 an who dances at a public exhibition. 
 
 Dark, a. [Add.] A dark liorxf, in racing, a horse whose 
 chances of success are not known, and whose capabili- 
 ties have not been made the subject of general com- 
 ment or wagers. 
 
 Par-win'i-an, a. [From the name of Charles Darwin, 
 an English scientist.] Pertaining to Dar^vin : as the 
 Danrnian ih'nry, a theor>- of the manner and cause 
 of the .supposed development of living things from cer- 
 tain original elements, which was propounded by Dar- 
 win in 18-59, in the work entitled " Origin of Species.'' 
 It rests upon these assumptions : that the unimpeded 
 reproductive power of any species greatly exceeds its 
 actual rate of increase ; that the members of a species 
 vary in capacity and energy ; that the reduction of 
 
 cies, or their derivation from one or a few early forms, 
 — which ia more correctly associated with the name of 
 Lamarck. 
 
 Dar-win'i-an-ism, «. Belief in the Darwinian theory. 
 
 Dasli,7t. [Add.] Q. {Kaang.) A single trial of speed 
 upon a race-course ; — u.<«d (in distinction from a keat) 
 when a single trial constitutes the race. 
 
 Datli'o-lite, { n. [From Gr. fiareiff^eu, to divide, and 
 
 Dat'o-lite, I \i6<K. stone, in allusion to the granular 
 structure of a massive variety.] {Min.) A silicate of 
 boron and calcium, usually occurring in crystals, hav- 
 ing a pale green color and vitreous luster. 
 
 Dav'en-port, n. A kind of table or desk, having usu- 
 ally a sloping top for writing, and also furnished with 
 drawers and shelves for books. 
 
 Da'v5--uin, n. [^rclm the name of Sir Humphry Davy, 
 a dL=;tingui£hed English chemist.] {Chem.) A silver- 
 white, hard metal, discovered in platiniferous sand, by 
 Sergius Kem, in 1877. 
 
 Day'ak. n. See Dtak. 
 
 Dead' -beat' (dtd'bet'), «. One whose constitution or 
 resources are worn out or exhausted : a woarthless idler 
 who sponges on his friends or neighbors. 
 
 Dead'-bonse, n. A morgue: a place for the tempc 
 rary rect^ption and exposure of dead bodies. 
 
 Dead'-iatcb, n. A l;itch whose bolt may be so locked 
 by a detent that it cannot be opened from the inside by 
 the handle, or from the outside by the latch-key. 
 
 Dead'- line, n. A line drawn within or around a mili- 
 tarv' prison, to cro.«s which involves for a prisoner the 
 penalty of being in.stantly shot. 
 
 Deal'iagr, n. The act of one who deals ; the distribu- 
 tion ofany thing, as of cards : the act of trade or traffic ; 
 method of business : intercourse or trade : as, to have 
 denlinss with a person. 
 
 D£ath'-raie, n. The fixed relation or ratio of the 
 number of deaths to the population. 
 
 De-beige' (-bazh'j, «. [Fr. de, of, and beigt, of the 
 natural color of wool.] A kind of dress-goods, like 
 alpaca, having a cotton warp and a woolen fiiling, which 
 is dyed in the wool, and mixed in the thread; — alBO 
 written dthage 
 
 numljers will, in general, result in the survival of DeTju^-eope, n. [From the name of the inventor. 
 
 th 
 
 b^-t 
 
 adapted to the surroundings ; that the-e 
 
 - their advantages to their offspring : that 
 
 - •voold tend to be**ome better ami berter i 
 *rp jt'elf alive and raise offspring. This . 
 
 ii tiiK : ;iory of nntinal seUctinn. I 
 
 The exprp'ision Darifininn theory i< often used to de- ^ 
 note the general theory of the transmutation of spe- 
 
 Dehus, a French optician, and Gr. <n«>ir«tj', to viev 
 A mo<lificarion of the kaieido*:cope, consisting of two 
 highly polishetl silvered plates, set usually at an angle 
 of 60° with each other. When placed before a picture 
 or design, an assemblage of fl<^wer petals, or other 
 small colored objects, b^utiful designs are formed by 
 their reflected images. 
 
 a, e Ac ., Umg / &, g, &c , short ; ckre, far, ask, aU, what ; fire, veil, term ; pi'qae, firm ; son, dr. d«, wyU, 
 
DECALCOMANIA 
 
 1019 
 
 DICHROMIC 
 
 De-eS.l'€o-injj/ni-a, I n. [Fr. d^calcomanie, from dc- 
 
 I>e-€S,l'-e<>-ina'nie, » calquer, from de, and caiqutr, 
 to tract', to copy, from Lat. calcarr^to tread tinder foot.] 
 The art of permanently translerriug pictures and de- 
 signs to china, glass, marble, and the like. 
 
 De-car'bu-ri-za'tion, n. The act, process, or result 
 of decarburizing. 
 
 De-<Jar'bu-rize, v. t. [de and ca>bvrize.] To deprive 
 of carbon ; to remove the carbon from. 
 
 Dec'as-ter, n. [Fr. dccastire, from dcca, ten, and stere^ 
 a stcre.] ^Metric syr^tem.) A solid measure equal to 
 • ten steres. See Stere. 
 
 D<?9'is-ter, n. [Fr. dicistlre, from dcr.i, a tenth, and 
 sicr", a stere ] {Metric system.) The tenth part of the 
 sttre, or cubic meter. See Stere. 
 
 Deck'liand, n. (Naut.) An iiiferior kind of seaman ; 
 a hand who is only fitted to help on the vessel's deck, 
 and is unable to climb masts, etc. 
 
 D6collet4 (d"'kol-le-t<V). a. [Fr.,;? p. of decoUeter, to 
 bare the neck and shoulders, from de, and coUet, collar, 
 from Lat. coHum, neck.] Leaving the neck and shoul- 
 ders uncovered ; low-necked, as a dress. 
 
 l>6«'o-ra'ti()Ji, ». {Add.] Dfcorntlon day, a day CMay 
 30) for decorating with flower.^ the graves of soldiers and 
 sailors, who fell in the civil war in the United States. 
 
 r>e-du.'pli-<5a'tion, n. [From de and dupUcaiion.] 
 (Bot.) The division of an organ of a plant into a pair, 
 or cluster 
 
 Deer'-grass, n. {Bot.) A plant {Rhexia Virginica) of 
 the family Melastomacese. The flowers are showy, with 
 bright purple petals. It is found in Massachusetts and 
 southwards in the Atlantic f'tates. 
 
 Dfif'al-ca'tor, n. One who defalcates, or embezzles : 
 an officer or agent who abstracts money intrusted to 
 him ; a defaulter. 
 
 £)e-f6ii'soi% n. 1. {Law.) An advocate in court ; a 
 guardian or protector; a defendant. 2. (Ecd.) The 
 patron of a church ; an otficer having charge of the 
 temporal affairs of a church. 
 
 D6k'a -aram, De-kai'i-ter, n. See Decagram, De- 
 caliter, etc. 
 
 De-laine', n. [Fr., from de, of, and laine, wool.] A 
 fabric for ladies' dress-goods. The original French 
 fabric was all wool. The English and American de- 
 laines are cotton and wool, or worsted 
 
 D61'i-gate, V. <. [Lat. deligare, to bind up, from de, 
 and ligare, to bind.] {Surg ) To bind up ; bandage. 
 
 De-liv'er-ance, n. [Add.] 3. {Metaph.) Any fact or 
 truth which is decisively attested or intuitively known 
 as a psychological or philosophical datum ; as, the de- 
 liveranne of consciouness. 
 
 De-meiit'ed, a. Insane ; of unsound mind. 
 
 D6in'i-f,ir''ele (-sTr'kl), n. [From Fr. demi, Lat. di- 
 midius, half, from di for dis, and medius, middle, and 
 Eng. circ'e, q. v.] An instrument for measuring and in- 
 dicating angles. It resembles a protractor, and has 
 sights at each end of its diameter, also sights at each 
 end of a rule or alidade, which has an axis over the cen- 
 ter of the circle. 
 
 D6m'i-m6nde' {-mongd'), M. [Fr., from demi, half, 
 and monde, Lat. mvndus, the world.] The lower half 
 of society ; persons of doubtful reputation ; women 
 kept as mistresses, though not public prostitutes. 
 
 I>e-in6b'i-Ii-za'tion, n. [Fr. demobilisation, from de 
 and mobiliser, to mobilize, from mobile, Lat. mobilis, 
 movable, from movere, to move.] {Mil.) The disorgan- 
 ization of troops previously mobilized or called into ac- 
 tive service ; the change from a war to a peace footing. 
 
 Den sim'e-ter, n. [Fr. densimctre, from Lat. densicas, 
 density, and Gr. joLeVpov, measure.] An instrument for 
 ascertaining the specific gravity of a substance. 
 
 Dgn'tal, n. [From I^at. c/Bn/a'm, a plow-share.] {Conch.) 
 A small gasteropod, with a curved conical shell resem- 
 bling an elephanfs tusk ; — found in the North Atlantic, 
 Mediterranean, and Indian oceans. 
 
 Dgnt'ure (-yijr), n [From Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth.] 
 {RIec/i ) An artificial tooth, block, or set of teeth. 
 
 De-o'dar-ant, n. A substance which deodorizes ; that 
 which destroys or removes odor, especially disagreeable 
 odor resulting from impurities. 
 
 De-pla'uate, a. [From Lat. deplanare, to make level, 
 from de and p'anare, from planus, even, level.] {Bot.) 
 Flattened^; made even. 
 
 Dfip'loi-ta'tion, n. [Fr. deploitation, from diployer, to 
 display.] The same as Exploitation, q. v. 
 
 Dep'o-gi'tion (-ztsh'un), n. [Add.] 5. The act of 
 death, as being the laying down of the body ; burial, 
 as signifying the consignment of the body to the tomb. 
 
 Der-mS,l'gi-a, n. [Gr. Sep^.a, skin, and aAyo?, pain.^ 
 {M''d.) Neuralgia of the skin. 
 
 Der'ma-neu'ral, a. [From Gr. Sepfxa, skin, and I'evpoi', 
 nerve.] {Icluh.) Protecting the nerves ; — a term ap- 
 plied to the upper row of spines on the back of a fish, 
 from their connection with the skin and their protection 
 of the nervous system. 
 
 D6r''o-ga'tion, n. [Add.] 2. {Stock Exchange.) An 
 alteration of, or subtraction from, a contract for a sale 
 of stocks. 
 
 Der'rin-ger. n. A kind of short-barreled pistol, of 
 large caliber. It is very effective at short range. 
 
 Des'moid, a. [From Gr. 8eo-ju.o'<r, a ligament.] Resem- 
 bling a ligament ; as, desmoid tissue. 
 
 Des'pot-ize, v. i. To act the despot. 
 
 Des'qaa-mate, v. i. [From Lat. desquamate, to scale 
 oif , from de and squatna, scale.] ( Med.) To peel off in 
 the form of scales. 
 
 De§-§,ert'-spoon, «. A spoon used in eating dessert ; 
 a spoon intermediate in size between a tea-spoon and a 
 table-spoon. 
 
 DevM-fisli, n. (Ichth.) (a.) One of a genus of rays 
 {Ceratoptera vampirus) found in the Atlantic Ocean. 
 {b.) A cuttle-fish. 
 
 Dew-rei'ting, n. [From dew and ret.] The process of 
 softening and I'emoving the mucilage from the fibrous 
 and cellular jjiortions of the stalks of tlax and hemp, by 
 exposui-e to dew, showers, sun, and air, upon a sward. 
 
 DJiovi' (dow), n. [Ar.] A coasting vessel of Arabia, 
 East Africa, and the Indian Ocean, having a long beak, 
 and a very large stern. [Also written doir.] 
 
 Di'a^-tin'ic, a. [From Gr. 6ta, through, and aicTt?, 
 a/cTii/os, ray.] Capable of transmitting the chemical or 
 actinic rays of light. 
 
 Di'ag-nose, v. i. To discover by diagnosis. 
 
 Di'a-me-sos'a-nnous, a. [From Gr. fita/aecos, midway 
 between, from Sia, through, and m^Vos, middle, and 
 ■yajiios, marriage.] {Bot.) Requiring intermediate 
 agency ; — applied to those lower orders of plants, 
 \\hich require an intermediate agent for the accom- 
 plishment of fertilization. 
 
 Di-Jtm'e-tral, w. [Add.] Diametral planes {Crystallog.), 
 planes in which any two of the crystallographic axes 
 lie. 
 
 Di'^-pe-de'sis, n. [Gr. SiaTr^Sijai?, a leaping or oozing 
 through, from fitaTrTjSaf, to leap through, from Sia, 
 through, and TTTjSai/, to leap.] {Med.) The passage of 
 the corpuscular elements of the blood from the blood- 
 vessels into the surrounding tissues, without rupture of 
 the walls of the blood-vessels. 
 
 Di-aph'a-nie, n. [See Diaphanous.] The art of imi- 
 tating stained glass, by means of transparent pictures 
 fixed upon glass by cement or any adhesive substance. 
 
 Dl-apli'y-sis, n. [Gr. fita^ucri?, a growing through, 
 from 6td, through, and <^veiv, to bring forth.] 1. {Bot.) 
 An abnormal prolongation of the inflorescence. 2. 
 {Anat.) The middle part, or cylindrical shaft, of one 
 of the long bone^. 
 
 Di'ap-no'i-e, a. [Gr. Starri/o^, a blowing through, out- 
 let for the wind, exhalation, from fitaTrvetv, to blow 
 through, from 8ta, through, and nvelv, to blow, to 
 breathe; It. diapnoico, Fr. diapnoique.] {Med.^ 
 Slightly increasing an insensible perspiration; mildly 
 diaphoretic. 
 
 Di'ap-no'ic, n. {Med.) A gentle diaphoretic. 
 
 Di'a-py-6t'i-e, a. [Gr. 8ia7rvTjTi*c6s, from 8i.airvelv, to 
 suppurate, from 5ta, through, and irvelv, to cause to 
 suppurate ; Fr. diapydtique!] {Med.) Promoting sup- 
 puration ; suppurative. 
 
 Di'a-py-^t'i«, n. {Med.) Any substance or prepara- 
 tion which promotes the formation of pus. 
 
 Di/a-ther-mom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. Sia, through, 
 and Oepfx-q, heat, and fxerpov, measure.] An instrument 
 for examining the thermal resistance or heat-conduct- 
 ing power of liquids. 
 
 Di-«li6g'a-inous, a. [See infra.] {Bot.) Not having 
 the male and female organs matured at the same time, 
 so that self fertilization is prevented ; — said of certain 
 plants. 
 
 Di-eJiog'a-my, n. [From Gr. Stxa, in two, asunder, 
 and -ydjiAo?, marriage.] {Bot.) The condition of certain 
 species of plants, in which the stamens and pistil do 
 not mature simultaneously, so that these plants can 
 never fertilize themselves. 
 
 Di-€liro'mi€, a. [From Gr. St, for 5ts, twice, and 
 ^pCiiMa, color.] Furnishing two colors ; — said of defec- 
 tive vision, in which all the compound colors are resolv- 
 able into two elements only, instead of three. 
 
 food,f<^t; tLrn, ru,de, pull; (sell, ^liaise, «all, echo ; srem, get; a§ ; e^ist; linger, link; tbia. 
 
DIETARIAN 
 
 1020 
 
 DROSKY 
 
 IM'e-ta'ri-an. ». One who lives in accordance with 
 proscribt\l rules for diet ; dietor. 
 
 Di-6tli'>l-ftan'ine, n. [From di and ethylaminf.] 
 {Chetn.) A volatile, inflammable liquid, soluble in 
 water, and strongly alkaline. In composition it may 
 be regarded as ammonia in which two of the atoms of 
 hvdroireu are each replaced bv the radical ethyl. 
 
 Dif fe^6n'ii-ate (-shi-at\ i-. t. [Ai/d.] 2. (Lo^ic.) 
 To distinguish or describe, by giring the differentia, or 
 specific difference of a thing ; to specialize. 
 
 Di£'fer-6n'ti-a'tion (-shi-fi'shun), n. [Add.] 4. 
 (Mrtitph.) The supposed act or tendency in being of 
 every kind, whether organic or inorganic, to assume or 
 produce a more complex structure or functions. 
 
 I>ig'i-to'ri-um, n. [From Lat. digitus, a finger.] A 
 small portable dumb instrument, consisting ot a key- 
 board %vith keys : used especially to give strength and 
 flexibility to the fingers of pianists. 
 
 Di-ui6r'plii€, a. Occurring under two distinct forms ; 
 dimorphous. 
 
 Diii'go, n. The native dog of Australia. 
 
 Di'no-saur, I «. [From Gr. Seii/os, terrible, and 
 
 Di'iio-sau'ri-an, j a-aupa, lizard.] {Paleon.) One of 
 a genus of reptiles of gigantic size, now extinct, having 
 some mammalian and many bird-like characteristics. 
 
 Dl'o-me'd, n. [From Gr. Ata)V7j,a name for the goddess 
 Vrtius.] {Bot.) An insectivorous plants of the order 
 Dro!.eracex, also known as Veuus"-fly-trap, inhabiting 
 the savannas of North Carolina. 
 
 Dipli'>--o-d5nt, n. [Gr. 6i, twice, ^ieiv, to produce, 
 and o3ou's, oSoKTos, tooth.] A mammal which has two 
 sets of teeth ; — opposed to monopkyodonl. 
 
 Dip^los-tSin'o-nous, a. [From Gr. SurAoo?, double, 
 and o-nj/jLw*', the warp, from la-Tavai., to stand.] ( Bot.) 
 Possessing exactly twice as many stamens as petals, — 
 as in the geranium. 
 
 DJp'iioi, 71. pi. [Gr. 6is, twice, and utotj, breath.] 
 (Ic/ith.) A group of fishes, including the living genus 
 Lepidosiren, which presents the closest approximation 
 to the amphibia. The air-bladder acts as a lung, and 
 the nostrils open inside the mouth. 
 
 Dip'per, n. [Add.] 4. (Ornith.) A small grebe (Po- 
 dilymbits podiceps), very common in North America : 
 the dabchick. b. {Ornith.) A small dnc'k {Bucep/iala 
 albenla), abundant in North America ; the spirit-duck. 
 
 Dip^so-ma'ni-a, n. [From Gr. 6ii//a, thirst, and ^J.avia, 
 mania, from p-aCvetrdai, to rage.] An inordinate and 
 irrepressible desire for alcoholic liquors ; oenomania. 
 
 Dip'so-ina'ni-a«, n. One who has an irrepressible de- 
 sire for alcoholic drinks. 
 
 Dis'^i-pliiie, n [Add.] &. {Rom. Cath. Church.) A 
 term given to self-inflicted and voluntary corporal 
 punishment, as penance, or otherwise ; specifically, a 
 penitential scourge. 9. (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical sys- 
 tem of essential rites and duties, as the Romi.sh or Ang- 
 lican discipline. 
 
 I>is'€o-litli, n. [From Gr, SiaiccK, a round plate, and 
 Ai0O5, a stone.] A species of coccoliths ; they are oval 
 discoidal bodies, with a thick strongly refracting rim, 
 and a thinner central portion. They are about y^^fQ- 
 of an inch in their longest diameter. 
 
 Di<8'«om-inG'ni-ty, n. [Prefix dis and community.] 
 A lack of common possessions, propertie*, orrelationship. 
 
 I>is'€ount, V. t. [Add.] 4. To anticipate. 
 
 Dis'en-do-w^', r. f. [Prefix rf/5 and en//oz<;.] To deprive 
 of an endowment. 
 
 Dis^es-tib^isli-nient, n. The act or process of break- 
 ing up that which has been established ; specifically, 
 the withdrawal of the support of the state from an es- 
 tablished church. 
 
 Dis-fiTTun'tle (-grQn'tl), v. t. To disappoint; to dis- 
 please : to disconcert. 
 
 DiH'il-lu'gion (-zhun), n. [Prefix dis and illusion.] 
 The act or process of freeing from an illusion. 
 
 Dis-per'sal, n. The act or result of dispersing or scat- 
 tering; dispersion. 
 
 Dis -per'sion, n. [Add.] Dispersion of the optic axes 
 ( CrystaUos.), the separation of the optic axes in biaxial 
 crystal", due to the fact that the axial angle has differ- 
 ent values for the different colors of the spectrum: 
 whether the angle for red rays is greater than that for 
 blue, or the reverse, is indicated by the distribution of 
 the colors in the ordinary interference-figures observed 
 in polarized light. — DL<ip*rsinn of the bisectrices ( C^ys- 
 taling.), the separation of the bisectrices or mean lines, 
 observed in monoclinic or triclinic crystals, which is 
 due to the fact that the position of the three axes of 
 
 I elasticity is not the same for the different colors. In 
 monoclinic crystals, this dispersion may be inclined, 
 ; where the optic axes lie in the plane of symmetry ; 
 horizontal, where the obtuse bisectrix coincides with 
 the orthodiagonal axis ; or crossed, where the acute bi- 
 sectrix is^oincident with the orthodiagonal axis. 
 
 Dis-so'^i-a'tion, >i. [Add.] 2. (Chem.) Decomposi- 
 tion of chemical bodies effected by heat or mechanical 
 I force, without the intervention of chemical attraction. 
 
 Di-sill'pliide, n. {Chem.) A sulphide having two 
 I atoms^of sulphur in each molecule. 
 
 Do (do"o), r. t. [Add.] 7. {Slock Exchange.) To cash 
 or to advance money for, as a bill or note. 
 
 To do lip, to starch and iron ; — a.s, to do up linen. 
 
 DS^^et-igm, n. [From Gr. SoksIv, to appear.] {Eccl. 
 Hist.) The doctrine that Christ acted and suffered only 
 in appearance. 
 
 D6«'tor, v.t. [Add.] 3. To alter for the better, or to 
 relieve from some inconvenience ; to tamper with ; 
 I hence, to arrange for one's own purposes; — as, to 
 1 </ocfor election returns. [Colloq.] 
 
 Dog'roge, «. [Add.] 2 . The eglantine or sweet-brier. 
 
 D61'i-«lio-9e-plia.l'i<;, a. [From Gr. 60X1x69, long, 
 and Ke(f>a\rj, head ] Dolichocephalous ; having the skull 
 long in proportion to its breadth ; long-headed ; — the 
 opposite of brachy cephalic. 
 
 Dol'man, n. A kind of cloak for ladies' wear. 
 
 Uossier (dos'si'a'), n. [Fr., from dos, from Lat. dossum, 
 
 for dorsum, the back.] 1. The back of a chair, or of 
 
 any seat ; the head of a bed. 2. A bundle of papers. 
 
 ' Dou'ar, n. [From Ar. culouar, pi. of dar, habitation.] 
 
 A village composed of Arab tents arranged in streets 
 
 Dotib'le, a. [Add.] Double ivindow, a second or extra 
 window, placed on the outside, or sometimes on the 
 inside, of an ordinary window in a house, for protec- 
 tion in winter weather. 
 
 Dou.'rpu-<;ovi'li, n. (Zobl.) A South American platy- 
 rhine'monkey {Nyctipnhecus trivirgatus). resembling a 
 cat. It sleeps by day, but is active and fierce at night 
 in search of insects and small birds. It is about nine 
 inches long, with a tail of fourteen inches. 
 
 Dove'piant, n. {Bot.) A Central-American orchid 
 {Peristeria elata), which has large green egg-shaped 
 pseudo-bulbs, strongly ribbed leaves, three feet or more 
 long, and a flower stem five or six feet high, with nu- 
 merous nearly globose white fragrant flowers. The 
 column formed by the union of the stamens bears a 
 strong resemblance to a dove, whence the name ; — 
 also called the Holy Spirit plant. 
 
 DrSb'bet, n. A coarse linen fabric, or duck. 
 
 Dra-«o'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Draco, a famous law- 
 giver of Athens, 621 B. e. 
 
 Draconian laics, a code of laws, made by Draco. 
 i Their measures were so severe that they were said to 
 i be written in letters of blood ; hence, any laws of ex- 
 ceeding rigor. 
 
 DragScs {dv3L'zha,'),n, pi. [Fr., N. lAt. tragemata, Gt. 
 rpayriixaTa, dried fruits.] (Pharmacy.) Sugar-coated 
 medicines. 
 
 Dram, n. [Add.] 5. {Numis.) A Persian daric. 
 
 Dra-^-id'i-an, a. [From Dravida, the Sanskrit name 
 of the southern portion of the peninsula of India.] 
 Of or pertaining to the aboriginal races of India, es- 
 pecially those of the southern districts. 
 
 Dravidian languages, a group of languages of South- 
 em India, which seem to have been the idioms of the 
 natives, before the invasion of tribes speaking Sanskrit, 
 Of these languages, the Tamil is the most important. 
 
 Draw'ing'-pa'per, n. A thick-sized paper for draughts- 
 men and for water-color painting. 
 
 Dress'er, n. [Add.] 3. An assistant in a hospital, whose 
 office it is to dress wounds ani treat surgical affections 
 under the direction of the attending surgeon. 
 
 Dress'-g-obdg, n. pi. A term applied to fabrics for the 
 outer garments of women and children, most commonly 
 to those made of mixed materials, though also applica- 
 ble to piece silks, printed linens, and calicoes. 
 
 Drive'- -ivay, «. [From drive and way.] A passage 
 along or through which a carriage maj- be driven. 
 
 Drogue (drog), n. A conical canvas bag, dragged be- 
 I hind a yacht which is running before the wind in a 
 j heavv sea. 
 
 ] DrSn'te, rj. [Fr.] {Omith.) The dodo. 
 I Drop'-li^ht (-lit), n. An apparatus for bringing artifi- 
 
 1 cial light down nearer to a table or desk ; it is often 
 connected with a chandelier by a flexible tube. 
 
 DrSs'ky, n. [Add.] 2- A kind of victoria, drawn by 
 
 I one or two horses, used as a public carriage in cities. 
 
 a, e, Ac., long ; &, £, &c. , short ; c4re, far, ask, all, -vrliat , dre, veil, t§rin ; pique, firm. ; son, dr, do, wolf, 
 
DRUMMING 
 
 1021 
 
 EMPRESS 
 
 Drurn'ming;, n. The act of beating, as upon a drum ; 
 the noise which the partridge makes in spring, by beat- 
 ing bis wings upon his sides. 
 
 Dru.'pel, n. [See Drupe.] {Bot.) Any fleshy or pulpy 
 fruit containing many small stony seeds, as the rasp- 
 berry or blackberry. 
 
 Dry'-bone, n. . {Min.) A miner's term for smithson- 
 it'e, the carbonate of zinc. 
 
 Du'a-lin, n. See Nitro-glycerine. 
 
 I>ub, V. t. [Add.] 4. (</.) To prepare for fighting, a? 
 a game-cock, by trimming the hackles and cutting off 
 ^the comb and gills. 
 
 Dud-eeix', n. A short tobacco-pipe. [Written also 
 dud he en.] [Irish.] 
 
 Du'et-ti'no, n. [It., dim. from duetto, a duet, from 
 duo, two.] A duet of short extent and concise form. 
 
 Diil'cin, In. [Fr. dulcite, from Lat. dulcis, sweet.] 
 
 Diil'^ite, ) ( Chem.) A saccharine substance similar 
 to mannite. 
 
 Durn'my, n. [Add.] 7. A clumsy, awkward fellow ; 
 a dolt ; any person who plays a merely nominal part 
 in any action ; or any article which is not what it pre- 
 tends to be, as a block of wood made to imitate a book. 
 
 Diin'ga-ree', n. A coarse kind of unbleached cloth. 
 
 Dvi'o-clene', n. [From Lat. duodeni, twelve each.] 
 {Music.) A group of twelve tones, arbitrarily used as 
 a unit of construction. 
 
 Du-rom'e-ter, n. [From Lat. durus, hard, and Gr 
 lierpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
 degree of hardness ; especially an instrument designed 
 for testing the hardness of steel rails, etc. 
 
 Du'ty, n. 4. {Com.) [Add.] Specific duty, a duty 
 of a specific fixed amount on certain imports ; — con- 
 trasted with an ad valorem duty, the amount of which 
 is graded according to the actual market value of the 
 article taxed. 
 
 Dwarf, V. i. To become small ; to diminish in size. 
 
 Uy'ad, a. [Lat. dyas, dyudis, Gr. Svds, fiuaSos, the num- 
 ber two, from 6vo, two.] (Chem.) Having an equiva- 
 lence of two ; capable of being substituted for, com- 
 bined with, or replaced by two atoms of hydrogen. 
 
 Dy'ad, 7i. [Fr. dyade. See supra.] 1. Two units treated 
 as one ; a couple : a pair. 2. {Chem.) An atom whose 
 equivalence is two ; or which can be substituted for, 
 combined with, or replaced by two atoms of hydrogen. 
 
 Dy^k, / n. [Malay, savage.] One of a race regarded as 
 
 Day'ak, \ the aboriginal race in the island of Borneo. 
 
 Dy-nam'i«-al-ly, adv. In accordance with the prin- 
 ciples of dynamics or moving forces. 
 
 Dy'na-mite, n. [Gr. 5uva(u,ts, power, and Aiflos, stone.] 
 
 See NiTRO-GLYOERINE. 
 
 Dys'ses-tlie'§i-a (d.s'es-the'zhi-a), n. [Gr. 5us-, ill, 
 and alcr0dve<T0ai, to perceive, to feel.] {Pathol.) Ob- 
 scure or morbid sensation. 
 
 Dys'ep-ii-16t'i€, a. [From dys and epulotic.] {Med.) 
 (•icatrizing with difficulty. 
 
 I>ys'lo-gis'ti«, a. [From Gr. inseparable prefix 6u?-, 
 hard, bad, ill, and Xo-yos, from Kiyetv, to speak.] Un- 
 favorable ; not commendatory •, — opposed to eulogistic. 
 
 Dys-men'or-rlie'a (-re'a), n. [Gr. prefix 6us-, hard, 
 /U.JJV, jOLTji/o?, mouth, pi. M^i'es, menses, and pelv, to flow.] 
 {Med.) Diflicult menstruation. 
 
 E. 
 
 EAR, n. [Add.] Button ear (in dogs), an ear which 
 falls in front, and completely hides the inside. — 
 Rose ear (in dogs), an ear which folds at the back, and 
 shows part of the inside. 
 
 £artli'--elo§''et, n. A privy in which dry earth or the 
 like is used to deodorize the faecal matter, both solid 
 
 _and liquid. 
 
 East'ern-most', a. Most eastern ; situated the far- 
 
 _thest towai-d the east. 
 
 Eaveg'-trougli (-trawf), n. A gutter which runs be- 
 
 _ neath the eaves and conducts water from a roof. 
 
 Eb'on, n. Same as Ebony. [Poet.] 
 
 fib'on-ite, n. [See Ebony.] India rubber rendered 
 hard like horn by the process of vulcanization. It is 
 usually black like ebony, whence the name. It may 
 be cut and polished, and is used for manufacturing 
 buttons, combs, and the like. As it becomes highly 
 electric by friction, and is an excellent insulator, it is 
 much used in the construction of electrical apparatus. 
 
 _It is also called vulcanite, and Aart? rubber. 
 
 E'bur-na'tion, n. [From Lat. eburnus, of ivory, from 
 ebur, ivory.] {Pathol.) A condition of bone or car- 
 tilage occurring in certain diseases of these tissues, in 
 which they acquire an unnatural density, and come to 
 resemble ivory. 
 
 £carte (a^kar'ta'), n. [Fr., p. p. from ecarter, to reject, 
 to discard, from prefix es, Lat. ex, from, and carte, a 
 card, q. v.] A game at cards played usually by two 
 persons with a pack from which the sixes, fives, fours, 
 
 ^ threes, and twos have been removed. 
 
 E-e-erit/i«, n. [Gr. e/cKpin/cos, from e^cKpto-is, selection, 
 separation.] {Med.) A remedy which promotes dis- 
 ^ charge?, as an emetic, or a cathartic. 
 
 E«li'i-no-«6-e'-eiis, n. [From echinus and coccus.] 
 (Zool.) A human and animal parasite forming com- 
 pound cysts or tumors, especially in the liver and 
 lungs. It is the larval stage of the Txnia echinococcus, 
 a tape-worm peculiar to the dog. 
 
 E-e-le<''ti<!, a. [Add.] Eclectic physician, one of a class 
 of practitioners of medicine, outside of the recognized 
 schools, who claim to select their medicines from all ; 
 
 _ often the same as botanic physician. 
 
 E-eos'tate, a [Lat. <?, for ex, from, and costntus, ribbed, 
 ccsJa, a rib.] (Bot.) Having no nerves on the leaf. 
 
 ^crasement (a'kraz'mong'), n. [Fr.] (Surg.) The 
 operation performed with an ecraseur. 
 
 ^craseur(a,'kva.'z\iTf), n. [Fr., from ecraser, to crush.] 
 {Surg.) An instrument intended to replace the knife in 
 many operations, the parts operated on being severed 
 
 by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tighten- 
 ^ing of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows. 
 
 JEcru (a-krij'), n. [Fr., unbleached, from intensive pre- 
 fix es and cru, Lat. crudus, raw.] That which in man- 
 ufacture has not been submitted to water, or is un- 
 
 _ bleached, — as, certain silks. 
 
 E-e'sta-sy, n. [Add.] 4. ( Pathol.) A disease consist- 
 ing in suspension of sensibility, of voluntary motion, 
 and largely of mental power. The body is erect and in- 
 
 ^ flexible ; pulsation and breathing not affected. 
 
 Ed'doeg, n. A plant (Arum or Caladium esculentum), 
 cultivated for food in most tropical climates. 
 
 Ee'rie, Ee'ry, o. [.Sco^.] Awe-inspiring ; weird. 
 
 Eis-tedd'fod (-tetli'fod), n. [\Y., session, from eistedd, 
 to sit.] The national bardic congress of Wales, the ob- 
 jects of which are to encourage skill in bardic poetry 
 and music and the general literature of the Welsh, and 
 to maintain the Welsh language and customs. 
 
 E-jac'u-la'tion, n. [Add.] 2. (Med.) The emission 
 of semen ; the act by which the seminal fluid is expelled 
 through the urethra. 
 
 J^lan (a'liing'), n. [Fr. , from dancer, to dart, from in- 
 tensive prefix e, for e^, and lanrer, to hurl.] Ardor ; 
 zeal, inspired by enthusiasm ; brilliancy and glow re- 
 sulting from imaginative or emotional excitement. 
 
 E-lect'ive, n. In an American college, an optional 
 
 _ study or course of study. 
 
 E'le€-tr6ni'e-try, n. [See Electrometer.] The art or 
 process of making electrical measurements. 
 
 E-le^'tro-mus'cxi-lar, a. Pertaining to the reaction 
 of the muscles under, or their sensibility to, electricity. 
 
 E-le«'tro-plione, n. [From Gr. ri\eKTpov, amber (for 
 electricity), and <|)a)»oj, sound.] An instrument for pro- 
 curing sound by means of electric currents. 
 
 E-le€'ti*o-tlier'a-peii'ti-e§, n. sing. The branch of 
 medical science which treats of the applications of elec- 
 tricity as a curative agent. 
 
 E-Ieu'tlie-ro-ina'ni-a, n. [Gr. eAevflepo?, free, and 
 (lavia, mania.] A fanatic zeal for freedom ; a mania 
 which carries to a dangerous extreme the doctrines of 
 the freedom and equality of all men. 
 
 E-lev'<:'n, n. [Add.] 3. Specifically, the players on one 
 
 ^ side in the game of cricket. 
 
 Elk'wobd, n. [elk and u-ood.] A name given to the 
 soft, spongy wood of the Magnolia umbrella. 
 
 Em-pir'i-^igni, n. [Add.] 3. (Mh ) The doctrine 
 
 ^ that knowledge can only be gained from experience. 
 
 Em'press, n. [Add.'] Empress cloth, a thin cloth for 
 ladies" dresses, of wool or with cotton warp and wool weft. 
 
 food, f <>bt ; tLrn, rude, pull ; ?ell, ^liaise, call, eclio ; gem, get ; a§ , e^ist ; linger, link ; tbis. 
 
ENCEPHALOPATHY 
 
 1022 
 
 EUHEMERIZE 
 
 En-^^ph'a Idp'a thy, n. [Or. fy(ce<i)aAo?, brain, and 
 wo<r\fn-, naOtlr, to sutfer.] {Pa'/id.) Any Jiseaise or 
 s> uiptouis of 'Ij.-ease refenible lo disorders of Hie brain : 
 B{J, ivAd fucr i>haiui>athf/, tbe cerebral symptoms attend- 
 iui; (.'bronic lead poisoning. 
 
 Eii-ild:;'a-in.>u.s,u. [From Gr. ei-Sov, within, and yaftos, 
 niairiage.] Marrying within the limits of the same 
 family or tribe. 
 
 En-€l6s'a-m.v. n. [See.^"pra.] The restriction of mar- 
 riajje to uu-uibers of tbe sjiiue tribe or family. 
 
 Eii-d6g'e-iiite, n. (PaUon.) A fossil stem or frag- 
 ment vxhibiring the endogenous structure. 
 
 £n'tl»-Iyiup]i, n. [Cir. evSov, within, and Lat. lymphn, 
 lymph; b'r. endo'.tpnphe.] The fluid contained in the 
 membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. 
 
 £ji'<lt>-indrpli, w. (From Gr evSoi/, within, and ixofx^ri, 
 form ] {Mill.) A crystal of one species which incloses 
 one of another, as quartz inclosing rutile. 
 
 £:n'<to-fthf<f'uni (Cndo-fle'um), /». |Gr. evSov, within, 
 and ^Aotos, bark.] (Bot.) The inner layer of the bark 
 of tree.-. 
 
 £a'cli>-plilst, H [From Gr. evSov, within, and nKdcrveiv, 
 n form ] ( Pliysiol.) A body, usually spheroidal, in a 
 cell or protozoan, which is distinguished from the sur- 
 rounding protoplasm by a difference in refrangibility ; 
 
 — usually called the nucleus. 
 
 £n'd6r-see', n. The person in whose favor an en- 
 dorsement is made ; an indorsee. See Indorsee. 
 
 £n'do-S€ope, n. [Gr. ev^ov, within, and vKoiTilv, to 
 Tiew.] An apparatus for exploring the urethra and 
 bladder. 
 
 £n'do-spo'roiis. a. [Gr. evhov, within, and trrropd, 
 seed.] (But.) Having the spores contained in a case ; 
 
 — applied to fungi so constituted. 
 £n'do-tlie'ci-uiii (-the'sh.-Qm), n. [Gr. evBov, within, 
 
 and Orjui), a box, from nfleVai, to place.] (Bot.) The 
 inner lining of the anther cells. 
 
 £n'do-tlie'li-al, a. Of or relating to endothelium. 
 
 £u'do-lhe'li-um, 71. .• ///. en^do-thk'li-.\. [Gr. ev- 
 Sov, within, and 0rf\ri, nipple.] (Anat.) A mass of 
 cells re.«embling fiat epithelial cells, arranged in a sin- 
 gle layer and developed from the middle blastodermic 
 layer of the enibr} o. 
 
 Enj?'ligli{ing'glish), 71. [Add.'] 3. A kind of printing 
 type, in size between Pica and Great Primer : — 
 
 The type called English. 
 
 En?:aic|i, f. t. (BiUiards.) To strike, so that the ball 
 struck shall, after the first impact, be deflected by the 
 rotary motion given into anj- desired direction. 
 
 £n'$i-lage, n. [Fr., from ^n, in, and silo, a silo.] 
 (Agric.) The process of preserving fodder crops in a 
 green state, by depositing them in a silo. 
 
 £u'ter-ai'gi-a, n. [Gr. evrepa, intestines, and oAyos, 
 pain; Ft. enteralgie.] (Pathol.) Pain in the intestines. 
 
 £n'ter-o-tome, n. [Fr. See ExTEROTOMr.] {Surg ) 
 .\. kind of scissors for opening the intestinal canal. 
 
 En-th6t'i€, a. [From Gr. ev, in, and TifleVai, to place.] 
 { Pathol.) Pertaining to, or originating in, poisons in 
 the body, whether generated by the body itself, or in- 
 troduced into it by the stings of animals, or by the 
 lancet, as in vaccination. 
 
 fin'to-mSpht'i-loiis, a. [Gr. evronov, insect, and <^tAo?, 
 a lover.] (Bot.) Fecundated by the agency of insects ; 
 
 — said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the 
 stigma by insects. 
 
 En-t6t'i€, a. [Gr. kmoq, within, and o5s, tiro?, the ear.] 
 Pertaining to the interior of the ear. 
 
 Etitr'fift*'. (6ngtr-3ikt'), n. [Fr., from entre, Lat. intra, 
 between, and aclf, Lat. actus, an act, from agfre, to act.] 
 1. The interval of time which occurs between the per- 
 formance of any two acts of a drama. 2. A dance, piece 
 of music, or interlude, performed between two acts of a 
 drama. 
 
 £ii'tro-py, n. [Gr. kvrpoTrfi, a turning in, from kv, in, 
 and TpoTTTj, a turn, from rpcTreti', to turn. [.\ function 
 u>;ed in thermo-dynamics, and sometimes called the 
 thfrmo-tlynamic function, such that the increment of 
 the entropy of any system subjected to any reversible 
 process is equal to the quantity of heat imparted to the 
 system divided by the absolute temperature at which 
 
 _it is supplied. 
 
 E'osine, n. [From Gr. i^w?, dawn.] (Chem.) A dye- 
 stutf, characterized in solution, or upon silk, by a 
 beautiful fiuorescence, combining rose and reddish- 
 brown tints. 
 
 E-pftn'o-dy, n. [Gr. ciracojo;, a rising, return, from 
 
 ewi, on, and a»'o5o?, a way up or back, a return, from 
 it'oi, up, and 66o?, way.] (But.) The name g^iven to an 
 abnormal condition, when an irregular flower reverts to 
 a regular form. 
 
 Ep-eii'dy-ma, n. [Or. inivhv\i.<t, an upper garment, 
 from 67rt, upon, and effiu/ua, a garment, from et'Sueif, to 
 put on, from kv, on, and hvnv, to put on.] (,4/iai.) The 
 lining membrane of the ventricles of the brain. 
 
 £p'i -eal, a. Containing narration ; epic. 
 
 Ep'i-«li'iial, a. [Gr. en-i, upon, and KAiVetf, to bend.] 
 
 ^ ( Bot. I Situated on the receptacle or disk of a flower. 
 
 Ep'i-9y'*;loJd, «. \_Aild.'\ (G^om.) Especially, a cui^e 
 traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which 
 
 _ rolls on tbe convex side of a fixed circle. 
 
 Ep'i-lep-tog'e-nous, a. [Gr. eTrtATjn-roj, epileptic, q. v., 
 and yevo?, birth.] Producii g epilepsy. 
 
 Ep'i-lep'toid, a. [From Gr. ejriATjTrro?, epileptic, and 
 ^eiSos, form.] Related to, or resembling, epilepsy. 
 
 £ft'i-dv'uis, \ n. [From Gr. e;rt, above, in excess, or 
 _or, better, | alirv?, lofty, and opvis, a bird ] ( Or- 
 
 Ep'y-df'nis,) viVi.) One of the gigantic of-trich-like 
 birds only recently extinct, of which the dinornis is the 
 type. It was at least twelve feet high. Its remains 
 _ have been found in Madagascar. 
 
 Ep'i-syl'lo-gi§m, n. [Prefix epi and syllogism.] 
 (Logic.) A syllogism which a-«sumes as one of its 
 premises a proposition which was the conclusion of a 
 preceding .syllogism, called, in relation to this, the 
 pro.'jyllogism. 
 
 E-quiv'a-len^e, 71. (Chem.) The quantity of the com- 
 bining power of an atom, expressed in h\ drogen units ; 
 the number of hydrogen atoms an atom can combine 
 with, or be exchanged for : valency. 
 
 E-rum'pent, a. |Lat. erutnpens, frumpentis, p. pr. 
 from erumperf, to break out, from e, out, and rumpere, 
 to break.] (Bot.) Breaking out. 
 
 E-rj'tli'o-gen, n. [Gr. kpvBpo^, red, and yeVos, birth.] 
 \_Chfm.'\ Carbon disulphide, so called from certain red 
 compounds which it produces in combination with other 
 substances. The name is also applied to a substance 
 reddened by acids, which is supposed to be contained in 
 flowers : also to a crystalline substance obtained from 
 diseased bile, which becomes blood-red when acted on 
 
 _ by nitric acid or ammonia. 
 
 fis'cliar, ^ 71. [Ir.] (Geol.) In Ireland one of the con. 
 
 EsOcar, > tinuous mounds or ridges of gnvelly and 
 
 Es'ker, ) sandy dri It-deposits which extend for many 
 miles over the surface of the country-. Similar ridges 
 are called kames in Scotland. 
 
 Es-cutcli'eon (es-kQtch'un), ti. [^r/^/.] 4. The hair 
 growing upwards and outwards on the perinaeum, be» 
 tween the thighs and above the udder of a cow, which 
 is esteemed as an index of good milking qualities ; — 
 
 _ called also milic-mirri r. 
 
 Es'ter, n. ( CItem ) A compound ether derived from an 
 oxygen acid ; — often ufed as a suffix. 
 
 £st'u.-a-riiie, a. Pertaining to an estuary ; formed in 
 
 ^ an estuary. 
 
 Etlx'i-e-al, a. Ethical dative (Gram.), n use of the da- 
 tive (of a pronoun) to denote that the person referred 
 to is affected in leeling by the action described in the 
 
 _ sentence. 
 
 Etli'yl-am'ine. ti. [From ethyl atJd amine.] {Chem.) 
 A transparent, colorless, inflammable liijuid, having a 
 pungent ammoniacal odor, and a strong alkaline char- 
 acter. It may be regarded as ammonia in which one 
 atom of hydrogen is replaced by ethyl. 
 
 EtJi'yl-ene, 7i. (Chem.) Olefiant gas; bicarbureted 
 hydrogen. _ 
 
 Eii'clire (yoo'ker), v. t. To defeat one who has taken 
 up or made the trump, in the game of euchre ; hence 
 to defeat, outwit, or foil in any scheme. 
 
 Eii'dse-nioii'i-es, n. sing, [r^ee Eudemonism.] That 
 part of moral philosophy which treats of happiness ; 
 the science of happiness. 
 
 Eii-dae'inon-ist, n. One who seeks personal happiness. 
 
 Eu-Ii6m'er-i§in, n. [From Gr. Ev^^epo?, Euhemenis 
 or Evemerus, a philosopher, who held that the gods 
 were deified mortals.] That view of mythology which 
 holds that the gods were originally mere men, and that 
 all the tales about them were human facts amplified by 
 the imagination of devotees. 
 
 Eii-li6m'er-ist, n. One who advocates or believes the 
 doctrine of euhemerism. 
 
 Eii-hem'er-isl'ic, a. Pertaining to, or involving the 
 doctrine of. euhemerism. 
 
 Eii-li6ni'er-ize. v. t. To interpret mythology on the 
 theory of euhemerism. 
 
 a, e. &c., long ; &, fi, short ; c4re, far, ask, all, vrhat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; s6n, dr, A^, -wffli. 
 
EUOSMITE 
 
 1023 
 
 FIAT 
 
 Eu-JSs'ralte, n. [Gr. ev, well, and ocrpij), a smell.] 
 (PaUon.) A fossil lesin, so called from its strong, pe- 
 culiar, plea^saiit odor. 
 
 Eu-pho'iii-uiu, n. [Gr. ev, well, and (^wvry, sound.] 
 (Mils.) A ba>s instrument of the sax-hora family. 
 
 E-vJt€'u-a'tion, n. [Add.] Evacmttion d(ty, the an- 
 niversary of the day on which the British army evacu- 
 ated the city of New York, November 25, 1783. 
 
 E-vJln'gel-ist, ». [Add] 3. in the primitive church, 
 a miniister who assisted the apostles in spreading the 
 gospel, by going from place to place, and thus piepar- 
 ^g the way for resident pastors. 2 Tim. iv. 5. 
 
 4. A preacher whose efforts are chiefly' directed to 
 arouse and excite to immediate repentance and Christian 
 faith : an itinerant and zealous preacher, or laborer. 
 
 £v'o-lu'tioii. ;i. [Add.] 7. {BioloK!/) A general 
 came for the history of the steps by which any living 
 being has acquired the morphological and physiological 
 chai-acters which distinguish it, 8. {Metaph ) That 
 series of changes under natural law which involves con- 
 tinuous progress from the homogeneous to the heteroge- 
 neous in structure, and from the single and simple to 
 the diverse and manifold in quality or function. The 
 process is by some limited to organic beings : by others 
 it is applied to the inorganic and the psychical. It is 
 also applied to explain the existence and growth of in- 
 stitutions, manners, language, civilization, and every 
 product of human activity. 
 
 fiv'o-lw'tioii al, a. Relating to evolution. 
 
 Ewe'-neclced (ytj'nelit), a. With, a slender neck; — 
 said of a horse. 
 
 E3C-a«t'ing-iies«5, n. The state or quality of being ex- 
 acting, or of making opp.essive demands. 
 
 E$-fini''iii-er-sliip, n. The office of an examiner. 
 
 Ex-^ep'tioii-al. a. [Add.] 2. Better th'ua the aver- 
 age . of marked excellence ; eminently superior. 
 
 Ex-^.igt;', V. t. [Add.] 2. To cut off ; to separate and 
 remove. 
 
 E|c-liaust' (egz-hawsf), n. Tho foul air let out of a 
 
 room through a register or pipe provided for the pm 
 pose. 
 
 Ex-6g'a-mou8, a. [From Gr efw, outside, and yx/u.o«, 
 marriage,] Marrying outside of the limits of one's own 
 tribe ; — opposed to endogamous- 
 
 fix'opli-tliJll'Tnic, 'T. Of or pertaining to exophthalmia, 
 
 _ or the protrusion of the eyeball. 
 
 Ex'o-tlie'ci-uui (-the'shi-iim), n. [Gr. e^w, outside, and 
 0ij»cr}; a box, from Ti^eVat, to place] {Bnt.) The outer 
 coat of the anther. 
 
 Ex-pSn'sive-ly, adi: In an expansive manner ; in a 
 manner involving expansion. 
 
 Ex-pe-ri-eii'tial-i§ui, n. The theory that knowledge 
 
 _and ideas are acquiied only by personal experience. 
 
 Ex'stro-pliy, n. [From Gr e(cc7-Tpc<f)eii', to turn inside 
 out; from «, or e^, out, and o-Tp6'<|)etv, to turn.] The 
 eversiou or turning out of any organ ; as, exstrophy of 
 
 _ the eyelid. 
 
 Ex'ten-s6m'e-ter, n. [Lat. extenvo, extension, and 
 Gr. jueVpoi', a measure.] An instrument for measuring 
 the extension of a body, especially for measuring the 
 elongation of bars of iron, steel, or other material, when 
 subjected to a tensile force. 
 
 Ex-ter'nal-i§ni, n. {Mtiaph.) That philosophy or doc- 
 trine which recognizes or deals only with externals, or 
 objects of sense-perception ; positivism ; phenomenal- 
 ism. 
 
 Ex-tra-et'ive, a. [Add.] 3. {Po'it. Econ.) Capable of 
 furnishing extracts or products ; pioductive. " Certain 
 branches of industry are conveniently designated ex- 
 tractive : e. g., agriculture, pastoral and mining pur- 
 suits, cutting of lumber, etc.'' Cairnes. 
 I Ex'tra-dite, v. t. To deliver, under a treaty of extra- 
 dition. 
 
 Ej-u'vi-al, a. Pertaining to exuviae, or any parts of 
 animals whicli are cast off ; as, exuvial scales, scales 
 which are cast off from the skin. 
 
 Eye'-tobtli, n. [Add.] To cut one's eye-ieeth, to be 
 acute or knowing. [CoUoq.] 
 
 FABaJ-IiOtJS, a. [Add.] 2. Extravagant; passing 
 belief; as, a. Jabidoits \>vice. 
 
 Fa?e, I'. «. [Add.] 6. To adulterate (as tea). 
 
 Fa^e'— earrt, n. In a suit of playing-cards, one which 
 bears a representation of a human face, as a king. 
 
 Fiid, n. A hobby ; a tiifling pursuit. 
 
 J'ttin^niit (f I'tta'cng'), a. [Fr., from fait, he does, 
 from /aire, Lat. fuce-e, to do, and nitint, nothing, from 
 Lat. w€ or ner, negative prefix, and ens, ends, p. pr. of 
 es.<:e, to be.] Doing nothing ; idle ; shiftless. 
 
 Faineant {i.Jmi'^n^'), n. One who does nothing ; a 
 loater. 
 
 Fake, v. t. [Probably from Lat. facere, to do ; Gael, 
 fnigh, to get, acquire, reach.] 1. To cheat ; to swindle ; 
 to steal; to rob. 2 To make ; to construct; to do. 
 3. To go on ; to continue. 4 To manipulate fi-audu- 
 lentr. , so as to make an object appear better or other 
 than it really is : as, to fake a bull-dog, by burning his 
 upper lip .and thus aitificially shortening it. 
 
 Fake, n. A trick; a swindle. 
 
 Fake'ment, ». A false begging petition ; any act of 
 robbery, swindling, or deception. 
 
 False, n. [Ad L] Fal-e cant t Whist), a card played con- 
 trary to the established custom and rules of the game, 
 and therefore calculated to deceive one's partner, as 
 well as one"s adversaries. 
 
 Fain'i-list'e-ry,n. [Kr. fnmilistcre, from famile, Lat. 
 familia, family, from /aw;«/,7.s, servant.] A commu- 
 nity in which many persons unite as in one family, 
 and are regulated by reformatory laws. 
 
 Far'ad, n. [From Faraday, the English electrician.] 
 {Elec.) The standard unit of electrical capacity: the 
 capacity of a conlenser whose chaige, produced with 
 an electro-motive fo;ce of one volt, is equal to the cur- 
 rent which, with the same electro-motive force, passes 
 through one ohm in one second. 
 
 FJir-lid'ie, n. Of or pertaining to Faraday, the distin- 
 guished electrician ; — applied especiall)' to induced cur- 
 rents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of in- 
 ductive apparatus, on account of Faraday's important 
 investig.itious of their laws. 
 
 Far'ad-i§m, ) n. (Med.) The treatment with 
 
 Far'ad-i-za'tion, j induced currents of electricity 
 for remedial purposes ; — so called from M, Faraday. 
 
 Fa'ro-e§e, n. sing, and pi. ( Geog.) An inhabitant of 
 the island of _Faroe. 
 
 Fasli'ion-plate (fash'un-), n. A design showing the 
 prevailing style of dress. 
 
 Fat'ty, a. [Add.] Fatly degeneration (Pathol.), a form 
 of structural disease in which the oil globules, natu- 
 rally present in certain organs, are so multiplied and 
 enlarged as gradually to replace and shrivel up the effi- 
 cient parts of these organs. 
 
 Feist, M. See FicE. 
 
 Fel-Iin'ie, a. [Lat. fellem, from ftl, fellis, gall, bile.] 
 Belonging to bile or gall. 
 
 Feliinic arid (Chem.), a substance obtained by digest- 
 ing bilin with dilute hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Fe'ni-an, n. [From the Finians, or Fenii, the old mi- 
 litia of Ireland, who were so called from Fin or Finn, 
 Fionn, or Fingal, a popular hero of Irish traditional 
 history.] A member of an organizjvtion of persons of 
 Irish birth, in the United States, Canada, etc., who seek 
 the overthrow of English rule in Ireland. 
 
 Fe'ral, a. [La.i. ferns.] Wild; —applied to animals or 
 plants running wild, but which are derived from species 
 formerly domesticated, 
 
 Fer'rate, n. [li-^t. ferrum,xvon.'] (Chem.) A salt con- 
 taining iron, in which the iron plays the part of a nega- 
 tive ; a£ompound of ferric acid with a base. 
 
 Fer'ro-type, n. [From Lat ferrum, iron, and Gr. tuito?, 
 a blow, an impression, an image.] A photogitiphic pic- 
 ture taken on an iron plate by a collodion process. 
 
 Fer'roiis, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, 
 iron ; — used of compounds of iron in which the iron 
 has a lower equivalence than in ferric compounds. 
 
 Fet'i-?liis'ti-e, n. Pertaining to, or involving, feti- 
 chism. 
 
 FX'at, n, [Add.'\ Fiat money, irredeemable paper cur- 
 rency, not resting on a specie basis, butdenving its pur- 
 cha.sing power from the declaratory fiat of the persons 
 or government issuing it. 
 
 food, foot; -Q.rn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, «all, e<:li.o; gem, get; a§; e.yist ; linger, link; tbis* 
 
FIBRILLARY 
 
 1024 
 
 FOUR-IN-HAND 
 
 PTb'ril-la-ry, n. Of or pertaining to fibrils. 
 
 Fib'ro-lite,* n. [¥t. fibrolithe. irom fibre. La t. /?frra, 
 tiVr, and dr. ki&oi, stone] (Jf/n.) A silicate of alu- 
 mina, havinga fibrous orcolumnar structui-e. Itscom- 
 posuion is the same as that of anJalusite. 
 
 Fi^e. n. A small dog. The name is Tery commonly used 
 in the southern or western parts of the United States ; 
 — also written feist, ,/isif, and fyst. 
 
 FV'^hu', n. [Ft., neckerchief.] A light pointed cape 
 worn by ladies, to coTer the neck and bosom, and ex- 
 tending to the shoulders ; — usually made of lace. 
 
 Field, «. [Add.] 5. A collective term for all the riders 
 engaged in a hunting party. [Eng.] 
 
 To lay a-gnirifi I he Jield {Racing), to back a horse 
 against all comers. 
 
 Field, f. (■. [Add.] 2. {Oicket or base-ball playing). To 
 stand out in the field, for the purpose of checking the 
 progress of the baLL 3. To lay a wager against faror- 
 ites^in betting. 
 
 Field'-driv'er, n. In New England towns, an officer 
 whose duty it is to drive to the pound cattle found 
 straying in the fields or streets. 
 
 Field'-^lass, n. A small but powerful telescope, or 
 binocle, chiefly used for military and scientific purposes. 
 
 Field'-hJind, »i. A person who works in a field; an 
 agricultural laborer. 
 
 Field'-'*vork (-wurk), n. [Add.] 2. Work done out of 
 doors ; as, in surveying, the work with the chain and 
 compass, theodolite, etc., as distinguished from the 
 subsequent calculations ; in botany, the collection of 
 specimens, for subsequent analysis : in geology, excur- 
 sions for purposes of study and discover}'. 
 
 Fig'u-line, n. [Fr., loit.jigulina, pottery, from figulus, 
 a potter, from fingere, to shape.] A piece of pottery 
 repre.<5enting some natural object. Such wares were in- 
 troduced, and the name first applied, by Palissy, the 
 French potter. 
 
 Fil'a-meut'a-ry, a. Having the character of, or 
 formed by, a filament. 
 
 Firi-bu:»'ter, r. I. [Add.] 2 . To delay legislation , by 
 dilatory motions or other artifices, on the part of the 
 minority. [U. S.] 
 
 Fill'iiig:, n. [Add.] 2. That which is used to fill the 
 external pores of those porous woods which are em- 
 ployed in cabinet-making and house-finishing; — e.g. 
 corn-starch filling. Pine has no visible pores, and needs 
 no filling ; oak, butternut, ash, etc., often take &JiUingS 
 
 Fil'o-plu-ma'ceoiis (-shQs), a. {Orniih.) Having the 
 structure of a filoplume. 
 
 FD'o-plume, n. [Lat. filum, thread, and phtma, 
 plume.] {Orniih.) A thread-like or hair-like feather ; 
 a feather with slender scape and without web in most 
 or all of its length. 
 
 Find, n [Ger. fund.] Anything found : a discovery ; 
 especially a deposit discovered by archaeologists of ob- 
 jects of prehistoric or unknown origin. 
 
 Fi-n6sse', »;. i. [Add.] 2. [Whist -playing.] To at- 
 tempt, when second or third player, to make a lower 
 card answer the purpose of a higher, in the hope that 
 the intermediate card or cards may be with one's right 
 hand adversary, or one's partner. 
 
 Fin'ger-read'ingr, n. Reading, for the blind, by 
 means of letters of which the outline is thown out in 
 relief sufficiently strong to be felt. 
 
 Fin'- ray, n. {fchth.) One of the rods of bone or car- 
 tilas'e, which form the skeleton of the fins of fishes. 
 
 FisliTball, n. A ball, or small cake made from salt cod- 
 fish, chopped fine, and mixed with mashed potatoes, or 
 other vegetables, and then fried. 
 
 Fish'-ero^v, n. A small piscivorous bird(ComM os- 
 sifragus), found on the Atlantic coast of the U. S. 
 
 Fi8h'-€uH'u'-e (-kHlt'yijr), n. The artifical breeding 
 and rearing of fish : pisciculture. 
 
 Fish'-plate, n. The commercial name for one of the 
 small plates of wrought iron u.sed to connect the ends 
 of the iron rails on railroa/is. 
 
 Fish'-skin, n. {Pathol.) A disease whereby the skin 
 becomes thickened, hard, and rough, with a tendency 
 to scaliness ; ichthjosis. 
 
 FI*h'-sto'i-y, n. A story which taxes credulity : an ex- 
 travagant or incredible narration. 
 
 Fi^'si-pftl'mate, a, [Lat. fissus, p. p. oifindere, to 
 split, and ralivatus, palmate, from palma, palm of the 
 hand.] {Omith.) Semipa1mat«, as a grebe's foot. 
 
 FiBte, n._ See FiCE. 
 
 Fiaer'-root, n. The root of the sweet-flag. 
 
 Flake, n. \A>ld.] 4- {Archseology.) A flint instrument 
 of rude make. 
 
 riam'mu-la'ted, a. [Lat. flammuJa, dim. from >Iam- 
 via, flume.] Pervaded with a reddish color. 
 
 -F/« Mt'ur (fla-niir'), n. [Fr., ixomflaner, to stroll.] One 
 who strolls about aimlessly : a lounger ; a loafer. 
 
 Fiap'per, iu [Add.] ^. A half-grown wild duck- 
 
 Flj^sli'-board. n. A board placed upon a mill-dam, 
 when a river is low, in order to throw a larger quantitj 
 of water into the flume or raceway. 
 
 Fiat, adv. (Stock Exchange.) Without allowance for 
 accrued interest. 
 
 Fiat'-eSp, n. Writing paper put up in reams and bun- 
 dles without being folded, mostly used for blank-hooka. 
 Size usually 14 by 17 inches. 
 
 Flea'-bit'len, a. [Add.] 3. White, flecked with mi- 
 nute dots of bay or son-el ; — said of the color of a 
 horse, dog, or cow. 
 
 Flick'er, «. [Add.] 2- {Omith.) The golden-headed 
 woodpecker ( Colaptes auratub), or yellow-hammer ; — 
 so called from his spring note. 
 
 Flint, n. [Add.] Flint Age. The same as Stone. Age. 
 
 Floe'-eu-leut, a. [Add.] 2. {Omith.) Pertaining to 
 the down of newly hatched or unfledged birds. 
 
 Floe'-eu-His. n. [Lat., dim. ot Jioccus, a lock, or flock 
 of wool.] A light mass of a fibrous substance ; a lock 
 or flock; — in the nebular hypothesis, a precipitated 
 mass of the gas or vapor constituting the original neb- 
 ulous matter. 
 
 F16r'i-da-wobd^ n. A hard, close-grained wood, re- 
 sembling dogwood, from a tree of scrub growth, found 
 in Florida : — used for inlaying cabinet work. 
 
 Floss'- thread, n. A kind of soft flaxen yam or thread, 
 used for embroidery. 
 
 Flo-\v'er-er, n. {Bot.) A plant which blossoms. 
 
 Fluke, 71. [Add.] 3. -\n accidental and favorable 
 stroke at billiards ; hence, — any accidental or unex- 
 pected advantage. 
 
 Fly, n. [Adtl.] Q. A piece of canvas, which doubles 
 the thickness of the top of a tent by being drawn over 
 the ridge pole, but is so extended as to touch the roof 
 of the tent at no other place. 9. One of the upper 
 screens of a stage in a theater. 
 
 Fly'-pa'per, n. Paper prepared to catch or to poison 
 flies ; — usually coated with arsenic. 
 
 Flys^li (flish), n. {Geo'.) A name given to the exten- 
 sive series of .sandstone? and schists overlying the true 
 nummulitic formation in the Alps, and probably in- 
 cluded in the eocene tertiarj". 
 
 Fogr'-horn, n. A huge horn blown by steam, used 
 chiefly at sea to warn approaching vessels in a fog ; — 
 also called a siren. 
 
 F6g'-wh.is'tle (-hwls'sl), 71. {Naut.) A whistle blown 
 .J)y steam on board a steam-vessel enveloped in fog and 
 in danger of meeting other vessels. 
 
 Fcjofpath, 71. ,• pi. foot'paths. A narrow path or 
 way for pedestrians onl}- ; a footway. 
 
 Fobt'->vall, 71. {Mining.) The under wall of an in- 
 clined vein. 
 
 F5r'a-lite, n. [From Lat./oror*^, to bore, and Gr. Ai9os, 
 a stone.] {Geol.) A tube-like marking, occurring in 
 sandstone and other strata. 
 
 Fore, adv. [Add.] Fore-and-afl riggfd {Naut.), not 
 carrying square topsail yards on the foremast. 
 
 Fore'fa-tiierg'-day, n. The anniversary of the day, 
 December 21, on which the Pilgrim fathers landed ai 
 Plymouth. Because of a mistake in the reckoning of 
 the change from Old Styl^ to New, it has generally 
 been celebrated on the 22d. 
 
 Fdr'fi-«ate, a. [hut. forfex, forjicis, a pair of scissors.] 
 {Omith.) Deeply forked ; furcate. 
 
 Form, n. [Add.] Good form, or bad form, used to 
 characterize the general appearance, originally of 
 horses, afterwards of persons ; as, the members of a 
 boat-crew are said to be m good form when they pull 
 together uniformly. The phrases are further used col- 
 loquially in description of manners in society : as, it is 
 not good form to smoke in the presence of a lady. 
 
 Farmeret (fSr'me'ra'), ti. [Fr.] {Arch.) One of the 
 half ribs against the walls in a groined ceiling. 
 
 For'mi-ca-ry, n. [hat. formicarium, irova formica, an 
 ant.] .Kn ant-hill. 
 
 For'mn-la'tion, n. The act, process, or result of for- 
 mulating or reducing to a formula. 
 
 Foul. 71. .An entanglement : a collision, as in a boat-race. 
 
 Fourffti (foor'gong'), n. [Fr ] A van for carrying 
 baggage, especially in military service. 
 
 Four'-in-liand, a. Consisting of, or relating to, four 
 objects held or controlled by one hand ; a.«, a four-in.- 
 hand team of horses. 
 
 a, e, &c.,long,' ft, 6, &c., short ; ekre, far, ask, fill, -vrhat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, yr^^ 
 
FOUR-O'CLOCK 
 
 1025 
 
 GALOP 
 
 Four'-o'-el5ck, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus MtVafe- 
 ilts. There are about half a dozen species, natives of 
 the warmer parts of America. The common four-o'' clock 
 is M. Jalapa, the tube of which flower is about two 
 inches long ; the colors are white, yellow, and red ; 
 the flowers open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy 
 weather ; hence the name. It is also termed marvel of 
 Peru, and aftenioon-la'ty. 
 
 Fox, n. [Add.] 4. A fish. See Dragonet. 5. A long- 
 tailed shark {Alopecias vulpes) found in temperate and 
 tropical seas, called also sea-ape, .sea-fox, thrasher. 
 
 Fox and geese, (a) a boys' game, in which one boy 
 tries to catch others as they run from one goal to an- 
 other ; (*) a game with checkers, in which from one 
 end of the board a single checker (the fox) and from 
 the other end, four in line (the geese) advance ; the fox 
 endeavors to break through the line of the geese, and 
 the geese to pen up the fox. 
 
 Fox'i-iiess, n. 1. The state of being foxy, or fox-like ; 
 craftiness ; shrewdness. 2. The state of being foxed 
 or discolored, as books ; decay ; deterioration. 
 
 Fox'-trot, n. A pace of a horse or other quadruped, 
 usually adopted for a few steps when passing from a 
 walk to a trot, or from a trot to a walk ; it is slightly 
 faster than the walk. 
 
 Foyer (fwa-ya'), n. [Fr., Lat. focarium, focus, fire- 
 place.] A public room or hall. 
 
 Frac'tion-al, a. [Add.] Fractional cvrrency, small 
 coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than 
 the monetary unit. — Fractional distillation (Ckem.), 
 & process by which a mixture of liquids, differing con- 
 siderably from each other in their boiling points, can 
 be separated into its constituents. 
 
 Fram-boe'si-d (-be'zhi-a), n. [Fr., from framboise, 
 raspberry.^ {Med.) The same as Yaws, f/. r. 
 
 Frame, n. [Add.] Balloon frame (Carp.), a frame for 
 a building constructed of slender studding mostly se- 
 cured by nails. — Frame house (Carp.), a house, the 
 frame of which is of squared timber. 
 
 Fraii'nu-line, n. {Chem.) A yellow crystallizable 
 coloring matter, contained in the bark of the berry- 
 bearing alder or alder buckthorn (Rhamnus frangu- 
 la). 
 
 Fi-aiik'Hn Stove. A name first applied to a kind of 
 open stove introduced by Benjamin Franklin, the pe- 
 culiar feature of which was that a current of air was 
 directly supplied to the fire. The name is now applied 
 to other varieties of open stoves 
 
 Frax'ine, n. [Lat. fraxinus, the ash-tree.] ( Cliem.) 
 A fluorescent substance existing in the bai-k of the ash 
 and horse-chestnut. 
 
 Free-love', n. The doctrine or practice of consorting 
 with any one of the opposite sex, at pleasure, without 
 forming a matrimonial connection. 
 
 Free-lov'er, n. One who believes in free-love. 
 
 Free-trade', n. Commerce unrestricted by tariff reg- 
 ulations or customs duties ; free interchange of com- 
 modities, or liberty of introducing merchandise into a 
 country from any other country without payment of 
 government duties. 
 
 Free-trad'er, n. One who believes in free-trade. 
 
 Freez'er, n. One who or that which cools or freezes ; 
 as, a refrigerator, or the tub and can used in the pro- 
 cess of freezing ice-cream. 
 
 Frt^' nti-dKau' (frik'an-do'), n. [Add.] A fancy di^h 
 of veal or of boned turkey, served as an entree. 
 
 Frig'ian (friz'yan), a. (Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, 
 Friesland, a district on the northwest coast of Holland ; 
 Friesic. 
 
 Frit'il-la-ry, TC. (Entom.) An individual of either of 
 several species of butterflies, so called from the resem- 
 blance of the coloring of their wings to that of the 
 petals of the covamon frit illaria. 
 
 Fruit'er, n. A vessel for carrying fruit. 
 
 Friist'ule (-yijl), n. [Fr., Lat. frustulum, dim. froni 
 frustum, Si ^iQce.'] (Nat. Hist.) A separate individual 
 in a diatom formed by the union of several similar 
 unicellular diatoms. 
 
 Fueli'siiie (foTik'sin), n. [Named by the French in- 
 ventor, from Fuc/is, a fox, which is the German equiva- 
 lent of his own name, Renard.} (Chem.) A deep red 
 coloring matter, used to color imitations of red wines. 
 It is a salt of rosaniline, generally not quite pure. 
 
 Fii'eou.*, a. [Lat. fucus, seaweed.] Pertaining to, or 
 resembling, seaweed. 
 
 Fiil'gii-ra-ting:, a. {Med.) Resembling lightning ; — 
 used to describe intense lancinating pains accompanying 
 locomotor ataxy. 
 
 Fu'ma-rine, n. [From Lat. fumus, smoke, fume.] 
 {Chem.) An organic base extracted from Fumaria offi- 
 cinalis. See FuMiTER. 
 
 Fiinc'tion, n. [Add.^ Carnofs function, a relation 
 between the amount of heat given off by a source of 
 heat, and the work which can be done by it. 
 
 Fiine'tion, ) (-shun), v. i. To execute or perform 
 
 Fiine'tion-ate, j a function; to transact one's regular 
 or appointed business. 
 
 Fune'tion-al, a. {^Add."] Functional disea.te {Pathol.), 
 a disease of which the symptoms cannot be referred to 
 any appreciable lesion or change of structure ; the de- 
 rangement of an organ arising from a cause external to 
 itself ; — opposed to organic disease, in which the organ 
 itself is affected. 
 
 Fun-e'tion-less, a. Destitute of function, or of an ap- 
 propriate organ. 
 
 Fun'ny, a. lAdd.'\ Funny hone, the internal condyle 
 of the humerus, behind which passes the ulnar nerve, 
 which when struck causes a peculiar thrill or tingling 
 sensation in the arm ; called also Crazy bone. 
 
 Fur'ni-tiire, ?i. [Add.^ 3. {Print.) Pieces of wood 
 or metal of a lesser height than the type, and varying 
 in width from one em pica upwards ; — used to place 
 around the form, the piece at the head and one at the 
 side being straight, and those at the other side and at 
 the bottom of the form being beveled ; designed to se- 
 cure the form in its place in the chase. 
 
 Fyl'fot, n. [A.-S. feower fot, four feet.] A rebated 
 cross, formerly used as a seci'et emblem. It symbolized, 
 by the junction of four Greek capital gammas. Trinity in 
 unity, and by its rectagonal form the chief corner-stone 
 of the church. 
 
 Fyst, n. See Fice. 
 
 G. 
 
 GAB'BKO, n. [It.] {Min.) A name originally given 
 by Italians to a kind of serpentine ; later used by 
 German lithologists for a rock consisting of diallage or 
 smaragdite with labradorite or saussurite. 
 
 Ga,d'u-in, J n. [From Lat. gadus, a cod-fish.] ( Chem.) 
 
 Gad'u-ine, ) A peculiar principle found in the liver 
 of the common cod, and one of the elements in cod-liver 
 oil. 
 
 Gaff, V. t. To strike with a gaff or barbed spear ; to take 
 or secure by means of a gaff. 
 
 Gsig:, n. [Add.] 2. A speech or phrase interpolated off- 
 hand by an actor on the stage in his part as written, 
 usually consisting of some allusion, which challenges 
 the applause of the audience. 
 
 Ga-le'nite, n. {Min.) Galena ; lead ore. 
 
 Ga'le-o-pitli'e-<5us, n. [From Gr, yaAerj, a weasel, and 
 7rt'0rjKos, an ape.] [Zo'ol.) The flying lemur, a genus 
 of nocturnal animals, found in the Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Gai'li-can-igm, n. [See Gallioan.] The name applied 
 
 to a movement of those, within the Roman Catholic 
 church in France, who wish to vindicate the national 
 position of the French church against encroachments 
 of the papal authority. 
 
 Gai'li-um, n. [From Gallia, the Lat. name of France : 
 also from Lat. galltts, a cock, in allusion to the name of 
 the discoverer, Lecoq."] {Chem.) A silver-white, hard 
 metal, discovered in 1875. It is somewhat malleable 
 and capable of receiving a fine polish. It is remarkable 
 for its low melting point (30.1° Centigrade), melting 
 when held in the fingers. 
 
 Gai'li-vant, V. i. [From gallant.'] To play the beau ; 
 to wait upon the ladies. 
 
 Gallize, v. t. [From the name of Dr. Gall, a German.] 
 To increase the quantity of, as wine, by adding sugar 
 and water to a definite proportion of grapes. 
 
 Ga-lobt', n. A noisy or worthless fellow ; a rowdy. 
 
 Gal'op (gSl'o), n. [Fr.] A quick kind of dance, "gener- 
 ally in |- time. 
 
 food, f c»bt : urn, rifde, pull ; 
 
 * 65 
 
 ^ell, (liaise, call, eelio ; gem, g'et; a§; e^ist; linger, link; this. 
 
GALVANOGRAPHY 
 
 1026 
 
 GLASS-SPONGE 
 
 Oftl'van-6jj'ra-ph5% »»• [From galvanism, and Gr. 
 ypa4)ri, description, from ypd<f>tiv, to write.] The art or 
 process of depositiuij metals by electricity ; electrotypy. 
 
 Gal-va'no-pias't>-, «. l¥r. galranoplastie ; see galea - 
 no-pastic.'] The art or process of liepositmg metals by 
 electricity ; electrotypy. 
 
 Gam'iu (gilmMn), »». [Fr.] A neglected street child. 
 
 OdiH'tnd, n. The thini letter (,r, y, -yaft/ia, g) in the 
 Greek alphabet. 
 
 GSiii'o-gSn'e-sis, n. [From Gr. yafio^, marriage, and 
 yeveo-is, yeVo?, birth.] (Biol.) Reproduction from fer- 
 tilized germs ; sexual generation. 
 
 G&mp, »i. [From the name of Mrs. Gamp, a character 
 in " >iartin Chuzzlen it," a novel by Charles Dickens.] 
 A laTjTe umbrella. 
 
 Oftn§:'-plo-*v, I «. A plow arranged to be fitted in a 
 
 GJing^-plougrli^ ) set of two or more, or one designed 
 to make two furrows at the same time. 
 
 Ganjc'-sa^v, n. A saw fitted to be one of a combination 
 of siiws hung together in a frame or sash and set at fixed 
 distance.* apart. 
 
 Gftn'is-ter, ( ti. (Mech.) \ refractory material used 
 
 Gan'nis-ter, t for lining the Bessemer converters. It 
 consists of crushed or ground silicious stone, mixed 
 with fire-clay. The same material is sometimes used for 
 macadamizing roads. 
 
 Gan'o-fepli'a-la, ". pi. [Gr. yavo?, brightness, and 
 Ke<f>a\iq, head.] (Zool.) A name applied to one of the 
 orders of reptiles, living and extinct, having reference 
 to the sculptured and externally polished or ganoid 
 bony plates, with which the head is defended. 
 
 Gar'pike, n. (Ichth.) A genus {Lepidosteus) of ganoid 
 fishes. _See Gar. 
 
 Gas'o-lier', n. A chandelier fitted up for illumination 
 by means of gas. 
 
 GSls'o-line, n, A volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, 
 obtained from petroleum, also by the distillation of bi- 
 tuminous coal ; — also written gasolene. 
 
 G4s'tri-e, o. (Add.) Gastric fever, & form of continued 
 fever, of which diarrhea is a leading symptom, and ul- 
 ceration of the intestines the chief structural lesion ; — 
 called also enteric or typhoid fever. The term is also ap- 
 plied to a simple catarrhal inflammation of the stomach, 
 and to ephemeral fever. 
 
 Gas'tro-eol'i-e, a. [Gr. yaor^p, yaorpos, belly, and 
 (cwAiKos, pertaining to the colon. See Colon.] (Med.) 
 Pi.elating both to the stomach and the colon. 
 
 Gas'tro-el'y-trot'o-my, n. [From Gr. yatm^p, yaorpo?, 
 belly, abdomen, eAvrpov, sheath, and to^'?, a cutting.] 
 (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the upper part 
 of the vagina, through the abdomen (without opening 
 the peritoneum), for the purpo.^e of removing a fetus, 
 when natural delivery is impossible. It is a substitute 
 for the Cesarean operation, and involves much less 
 danger to the patient. 
 
 GSs'tro-en-ter'ic, a. [Gr. ycumqp, yatrrpo^, belly, and 
 evreptKos, intestinal, from evrepof, intestine.] (ATerf.) 
 Pertaining to the stomach and intestines ; as, gastro- 
 enteric inflammation. 
 
 G&s'tro-en'te-ri'tis, n. (Pathol.) Inflammation of the 
 lining membrane of the stomach and the intestines. 
 
 Gas'tro-lie-pat'i«, a. [Gr. yeum'ip, yowrrpos, belly, and 
 ^TTttTiKos. from rinap, the liver.] (Med.) Pertaining 
 both to the stomach and the liver. 
 
 GS.s'tro-li5'S'ter-6t'o-my, n. [Gr. yaxrrftp, yourrpos, 
 belly, v<TTepa.. womb, and rofXTj, a cutting, from Te'/xveii/, 
 to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the 
 womb, through the parietes of the abdomen, for the 
 purpose of removing a fetus, when natural delivery is 
 impracticable ; the Cesarean operation. 
 
 Gis'tro-ma-la'ci-a (-shi-a), n. [Gr. ycurrf)p, yao-rpos, 
 belly, stomach, and ixaKaKia, softness, from fiapoucos, 
 soft.] (Med.) A softening of the coats of the stomach : 
 — usually a post-mortem change. 
 
 Gas-trSs'^eo-py, n [Or. youcrrrip, yowrrpos, belly, and 
 o-KOTTfti', to examine.] (Med.) Examination of the ab- 
 domen to detect disease ; abdominoscopy. 
 
 Gate- saw, n. A long saw, stretched in a frame or sash 
 called a gate, to prevent its bending. 
 
 Gat'ling-sriin, n. [From the name of the American 
 inventor, H. J. Catling.] A mitrailleuse, or machine- 
 gun, invented in 1S61-62. It is composed of six barrels, 
 a handcrank causing them to revolve about a central 
 axis parallel to their bores ; as each barrel comes oppo- 
 site a certain point, a self-primed metal-ca.sed cartridge, 
 falling from a hopper, is pushed into the breech by a 
 plunger, where it is exploded by the firing-pin. It can 
 fire 5KK) shots a minute with great range and precision. 
 
 Gattcherie (gosh're), n. [Fr.] Awkwardness ; clown- 
 
 ishness ; an a^^ iward act. 
 Gauge (gaj), n. [Add.] SIphon-gaugf, a glass siphon, 
 partly filled with mercury, and used to indicate the 
 degree of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an 
 air-pump. 
 Gay, a. [Add.] 3. Loose: dissipated; lewd. 
 Gay'al, «. (Zodl.) A Southern Asiatic species of ox or 
 _ bison, the Bos frontalis. 
 
 Gean (gen), n. [Fr. g\ngne, i:p. guinda, 0. Ger. wihsela.] 
 A species of cherry-tree common in Europe, whose fruit 
 , is purplish black when ripe. 
 
 Ge'an-ti-cli'nal, n. [Gr. yjj, the earth, and Eng. anti- 
 clinal, q. v.] ( Geol.) An upward bend of a consider- 
 able portion of the earth's crust, resulting in the forma 
 tion of a class of mountain elevations called anticlinoria , 
 . — opposed to geosynclinal. 
 
 Ge-lose', «. [See Gellt.] (Chem.) A gelatinous prin- 
 ciple, forming the essential constituent of the vegetable 
 . substance called Chinese moss. 
 
 Gen'er-a'tion, n. Alternate generation, the phenome- 
 non of an animal producing an offspring which at no 
 time resembles its parent, but which, on the other hand, 
 itself brings forth a progeny in which reappear the form 
 , and functions of the parent animal. 
 Gen'i-ti'val, a. Possessing genitive form : pertaining 
 
 to the genitive case. 
 G*nre (zhon-r), n. [F.] A style of art devoted to the 
 . illustration of every -day life. 
 
 Gen'G-fle€t, v. i. [See Genuflection.] To bend the 
 . knee, as in w orship. 
 
 Ge'o-syn-eli'nal, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and Eng. 
 synclinal, q. v.] ( Geol.) The downward bend or subsi- 
 dence of the earth's crust, which allows of the gradual 
 accumulation of sediment, and hence forms the first 
 . step in the making of a mountain range. 
 Ge'o-tlier-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the earth, and 
 Eng. thermometer.] A thermometer specially constructed 
 for measuring temperatures at a depth beiow the surface 
 , of the ground. 
 
 Ge'o-trop'ic, a. Relating to, or affected by, geotropism : 
 , turning towards the earth. 
 
 Ge-6t'ro-pT§m, n. [Gr. ye'a, yij, the earth, and rpinetv, 
 to turn.] (Boi.) The movement of leaves or flowers 
 , toward the earth. 
 
 Ge-ra'ni-iiie, i M. [See Geramtim.] {Ckem.) A valu- 
 Ger'a-niiie, ] able astringent obtained from the root 
 , of one of the geraniums called Crane's-bill. 
 i Ger'nian, n. [Add.} 3. A round dance, ^ith a waltz 
 ; movement, abounding in capriciouslj' involved figures. 
 I 4 A social party at which the dance just described is 
 j _ danced. 
 
 ! Ger'ry-man der, r. t. To divide (a State, etc.) into 
 I local districts, so as to give one political party an unfair 
 I advantage over its opponent. — an expedient once at- 
 _tributed to Elbridge Gerry, Governor of Massachusetts. 
 I Gey'ser-ite (gl'ser-it), n. [From geyser, and Gr. ki&o^. 
 I stone.] (Mm. ) A loose hydrated form of silica, mostly 
 I porous, properly a variety of opal, deposited in concre- 
 tionary cauliflower-like masses, around such hot springs 
 as the geysers. 
 Gha-wa'zi (ga-), n. pi. [Egypt. , said to be derived from 
 ! the fact that they sported before the Ghus, as the old 
 • Mamelukes are called.] Egyptian dancing-girls of a 
 i lower sort than the almeh. 
 i Gi'ant-po-*v'der. /<. See Nitro-gltcerine. 
 Ging'ko (gin^o).' n. [Chin., silver fruit.] (Bot.) A 
 large ornamental tree (Salisburia adiantifolia) from 
 ' China and Japan, belonging to the yew sub-order of 
 
 Conifer se. 
 ^is'mon-dine, ) n. [From the name of the discoverer. 
 ' Gis'mon-dite, ) Gismondi.] (3Iin.) A native hy- 
 drated silicate of alumina, lime, and potash, first no- 
 , ticed near Rome. 
 
 Gla'cial (-shal), a. [Add.] Glacial acid (Chem.), an 
 ! acid of such strength as to crystallize at an ordinary 
 j temperature : as, acetic or carbolic acid. 
 ! Glance'- -wood, n. A hard wood imported from Cuba, 
 and manufactured into gauging instruments, carpen- 
 ter's rules, and the like. 
 ! Glass'-snake. n. A lacertilian reptile (Ophiosavm^ 
 j ventralis), found in the southern part of the United 
 ! States ; — so called on account of its extreme fragility, 
 I the tail easily breaking into small pieces. 
 ! Glass'- sponge, n. A silicious sponge of the genus 
 Hyalonema (J. E. Gray). As usually seen, it consists 
 of a loosely twisted bundle of glass-like threads, di- 
 I verging at one end and converging at the other. 
 
 a,e,&c.,/oni';&,e,&e.,sAon;cftre,far,ask,all,\irtiat; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firmi sou. or, do, wolf , 
 
GLAZE 
 
 1027 
 
 GYRUS 
 
 Glaze, n. [Add.] 2. (Cookery.) Broth reduced by 
 boiling to a gelatinous paste, and, when needed, 
 warmed in the bain-inarie, and put on with a brush to 
 improve the looks of braised dishes. 
 
 Gli-o'ma, n. [From Gr. Y\(:a, glue.] (Pa«/io/.) A tumor 
 of the brain, spinal cord, or retina, developed from neu- 
 roglia, the connective tissue of these parts. 
 
 QlVreq^, n. pL' [Lat.] {Zo'ol.) A group of placental 
 mammals, equivalent to Rodentia. 
 
 GUssdde', n. [Fr., from glisser, to slip.] The state or 
 condition of slipping, or sliding, as on ice. 
 
 Glob'ig-e-ri'na, n. ; pi. gl6b'i&-e-ri'n^. [N. Lat., 
 from globus, a round body, and gerere, to bear, to put 
 forth.] {Zoo I.) A microscopic protozoan animal belong- 
 ing to the Foraminifera. The dead shells abound at 
 the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, contributing very 
 largely to form the ooze found there, which is hence 
 called globigerina ooze. 
 
 GlSb^u-lif' er-ous, a. [From Eng. globule, and Lat. 
 ferre, to bear.] {Geol.) Bearing globules ;— used of 
 rocks, and denoting a variety of concretionary struc- 
 ture, where the concretions are isolated globules and 
 evenly distributed through the texture of the rock. 
 
 Glon'o-in, In. (Chem.) The same as Nitro-glyce- 
 
 Glon'o-ine, ) Rine, q. v. 
 
 Glove'less, a. Being without gloves ; having bare 
 hands ; hence, rough ; harsh. 
 
 Glu'co-side, n. [ Glucose, and the terminal ide.] 
 (Chem.) One of a number of bodies, all of similar con- 
 stitution, which are found ready formed in plants, and 
 less frequently in the bodies of animals. They are all 
 resolvable by boiling with dilute acids into glucose and 
 some other compound, and many of them constitute the 
 bitter principles of plants. * 
 
 Gly'<50-gen, n- [Fr. glycogeiie, from Gr. ykvKvs-, sweet, 
 and yeVos, birth.] ( Chem. ) A substance isomeric with 
 starch, occurring in the human liver and placenta, and 
 entering largely into the constitution of most of the 
 tissues of the embryo. 
 
 Gly'co-gen'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or caused by, glycogen 
 
 Gneis'si-e (nis'sik), a. Relating to, or resembling, gneiss. 
 
 Go, V. i. [Add.] To go back on, to abandon ; to turn 
 against ; to expose ; to retrace. 
 
 Gold'en (gold'n), a. [Add.] Golden age {Kom,an liter- 
 ature), the first and best part (b. c. 81-a. d. 14) of the 
 classical period of Latinity, — followed by the silver age. 
 
 Gold'fmch, n. [Add.] 2. Also, a small bird ( Chry- 
 somitris tristis) with bright yellow plumage, found 
 throughout North America, especially in the Eastern 
 States ; — called also thistlefinch and yelloiv-bird. 
 
 Gobd'y-gdbd'y, a. Affectedly good : exhibiting good- 
 ness with a tincture of silliness or of hypocrisy ; pre- 
 tentiously or effusively virtuous. 
 
 Gobd'y-isli, a. Exhibiting or advocating goodness in a 
 somewhat silly manner. 
 
 Gdbse'-«6rn, n. (Bot.) A coarse kind of rush. 
 
 Gdbse'-fish, n. [Ichth.) One of a genus (Lophius) of 
 teleost fishes ; — called also angler (q. v.), fishing-frog, 
 wide-gab, sea-devil, and bellows-fish. 
 
 Gouache (gw3sh), n. [Fr. , It. gnazzo, from Lat. vadum, 
 a ford.] (Art. ) A method of painting with opaque colors, 
 ground in water and diluted with a preparation of gum. 
 
 Grade, n. [Add.] 3. (Stock-breeding.) The result of 
 crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the 
 cross-breed have more than three-fourths of the better 
 blood, it is called high grade. 
 
 At grade, on the same level, said of the crossing of a 
 railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they 
 are on the same level at the point of crossing. — Down 
 grade, a descent, as on a graded railway. — Up grade, 
 an ascent, as on a graded railway. 
 
 Gra'di-ent, n. [Add.] 3. The rate of increase or de- 
 crease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which rep- 
 resents it ; as, a thermometric gradient. 
 
 Gra'liam Bread. [From name of St/lvester Graham, 
 a lecturer on dietetics.] Bread made of unbolted wheat. 
 It_is more nourishing than common wheaten bread. 
 
 Gra'liam-ite, n. [See supra.] One who follows the 
 system of Graham in his dietetic regimen. 
 
 Grand'aunt (-ant), n. The aunt of one's father or 
 mother. 
 
 GrS-nd'un'cle (-tlnk''l), n. The uncle of one's father 
 or mother. 
 
 Grange, n. [Add.] 2. An association of farmers or- 
 ganized for the purpose of bringing producers and con- 
 sumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct and 
 friendly relations, that they may buy and sell without 
 the aid of middlemen or traders. 
 
 Grft,pli'i€, \ a. [Add.] Graphical statics (Math.), a 
 
 Graph'i-e-al, ) branch of statics, in which the magni- 
 tude, direction, and position of forces are represented 
 by straight^ lines. 
 
 Grkpti'o-type, n. [Gr. ypd</)€ii/, to write, and tvVos, 
 blow, impression, image, from rvnTeiv, to beat, strike.] 
 (Engraving.) A process for producing a design upon a 
 surface in relief so that it can be printed from. Pre- 
 pared chalk or oxide of zinc is pressed upon a smooth 
 plate by a hydraulic press, and the design is drawn upon 
 this in a peculiar ink which hardens the surface wher- 
 ever it is applied. The surface is then carefully rubbed 
 or brushed, leaving the lines in relief. 
 
 Grass'-tree, n. (Bot.) An Australian plant of the 
 genus Xanthorhea, distinguished by its crown of long, 
 pendulous, grass-like leaves, from the center of which 
 arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower- 
 spike, looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. 
 
 Graul, n. Grilse ; immature salmon, in the last stage 
 b'e'fore maturity. 
 
 Grav'en-pie^e, n. [See Grave, v. t.] A term used 
 among the ship-carpenters and sailors, for a piece of 
 wood inserted in a plank or timber, in the place of a de- 
 cayed or otherwise imperfect part. 
 
 Grav'i-met'ri«, a. [Lat. gravis, heavy, and Gr. joterpt- 
 
 k6?, metric, from fjierpov, measure.] Measured by weight. 
 
 Gravimetric analysis (Chem.), analysis in which the 
 
 amounts of the constituents are determined by weight ; 
 
 — in distinction from volumetric analysis. 
 
 Greag'er or Greas'er, n. A term of contempt applied 
 to Mexicans and Spanish Americans. 
 
 Grease'- vi^obd, n. (Bot.) A scraggy, stunted shrub 
 (Obione canescens), abundant in the dry and alkaline 
 valleys of Nevada and Utah, and elsewhere in the West- 
 ern United States. The name is applied to other shrubs 
 of the same family, as the Sarcobatus vermiculatus. 
 
 Green, «. [Add.] Paris green, a poisonous arsenical 
 pigment, of a very vivid green tint. 
 
 Green'back, n. A legal tender note of the United 
 States, first issued on the breaking out of the late civil 
 war. The devices on the backs of notes so issued by 
 the government, and by the national banks, are printed 
 with green ink, mainly for the purpose of preventing 
 alterations and counterfeits. 
 
 Green'baclc, a. Pertaining to the issue of greenbacks. 
 
 Green Tbone, n. (Ichth.) The eelpout ; also the garfish : 
 both so called from the color of the bones when boiled. 
 
 Green'bri-er, n. (Bot.) A thorny climbing shrub, 
 common in the United States. 
 
 Gx'eg'a-rine, n. [From Lat. grex, gregis, a herd.] 
 (Zo'dl.) A small parasitic protozoan, one species of 
 which is often found in the false hair worn by women. 
 
 Grief, n. [Add.] To come to grief, to meet with an ac- 
 cident ; to be ruined, or destroyed. 
 
 Griflfe (grif), n. [Fr.] The offspring of a mulatto 
 woman and a negro man. 
 
 Grif 'fln, n. [Add.] 3- An English early apple. 
 
 Grind'er, n. [Add.] Grinder's asthma, grinder^s 
 phthisis, or grinder''s rot (Pathol.), a lung disease pro- 
 duced by the mechanical irritation of the particles of 
 steel and stone given off in the operation of grinding. 
 
 Gro'^er, n. [Add.] Grocer''s itch (Pathol.), a disease 
 of the skin, caused by handling sugar and molasses. 
 
 Ground, M. [Add.] 8. (Elec.) A conducting connec- 
 tion with the earth, by means of which the earth is 
 made part of an electrical current. 
 
 Ground, t'. «. [Add.] 4. (Elec.) To connect with the 
 ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical 
 current. 
 
 Grue'some, a. Same as Grewsome, q. v. 
 
 Grii'ment, n. [See Grume.] The drops of pitch which 
 exude from the trunks of certain trees, as the white or 
 pitch pine, when wounded. 
 
 Gua'ia€ (gwa'yak), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, 
 guaiacum or guiac. 
 
 Giiiii, V. i. To harden into gum ; to become gummy. 
 
 Giit'ti-f 6rm, a. [Lat. gutta, a drop, and forma, form.] 
 . Drop-shaped. 
 
 Gy-nan'tlier-ous, a. [Gr. yvvr), woman, and ai-flo?, 
 flower.] (Bot.) Pertaining to an abnormal condition 
 of the flower, in Avhich the stamens are converted into 
 , pistils. 
 
 Gy'ral, a. [Add.] 2. Of, or pertaining to, a convolu- 
 , tion of the brain, or gyrus. 
 
 Gy'ro-seop'ie, a. Pertaining to the gyroscope ; resem- 
 .bling the motion of the gyroscope. 
 
 Gy'riis, n.; pi. GV'RI. [Lat., Gr. yvpos, a circle.] 
 (Anat.) A convolution of the brain. 
 
 food,f<$bt: iirn, rude, pnll ; fell, ^liaise, «all, e-elio ; gem, get; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tSiis. 
 
HABITUE 
 
 1028 
 
 HEMOSTATIC 
 
 H, 
 
 HA-BIT-U-]l6Ma-bit'i)-a'), n. [F.] One habituated to 
 a certain place, employment, etc. 
 
 Hwni'at-5x'y-liiie, ti. {Chtm.) The coloring prin- 
 ciple of Iggwood. 
 
 H^r, H. [Add.] African hair, a fiber obtained from 
 the palmetto, and much used for making cordage, sail- 
 cloth, and carpets. 
 
 HAir'-splil'tins?, n. The act or practice of making ex- 
 cessiTely nice divisions, or minute and trivial distinc- 
 tions ; extreme subtlety. 
 
 Hal-loy'site, n. [Named after Omalius d^HaUoy.] 
 (Mm.) A clay-like miueml, occurring in soft, smooth, 
 amorphous masses, of a ^vhiti^h color. It is a hydrous 
 silicate of alumina. 
 
 Hsil'o-pliyte, »i. [Gr. ciA?, oAo?, salt, and <f>vT6v, a plant, 
 from c^ueu', to produce, grow.] {Bo:.) A plant found in 
 .salt marshes, having salts of soda in its composition. 
 
 Ha-16x'y-liiie, n. [From Gr. aAs, oAo?, salt, and 
 ^v\ov, wood.] An explosive compound, consisting of 
 non-resinous sawdust, charcoal, niter, and feiTo-cyanide 
 of potassium, used for blasting and the like, as a sub- 
 stitute for gunpowder. 
 
 Ham'u-late, a. Hooked. 
 
 Ham'u-lus, «. .' pi- ham'O-LT. [Lat., dim. from hamus, 
 hook.] {Ornith.) Hooked fringe of a barbule ; hooked 
 barb ice 1. 
 
 Haiicl'i-«ap, v. t. [imp. and p. p. handicapped; p. pr. 
 and vb. n. HANDic.iPfiNG.] To encumber with a handi- 
 cap in racing : in general, to encumber, to hamper. 
 
 B[and.'-in.6n'ey (-mtin'y)) "• ^loney paid in hand at 
 the closing of a contract ; earnest-money. 
 
 Hand'spring, n. A spring, in making which a gym- 
 nast, placing both hands upon the ground before him, 
 turns a somersault and alights upon his feet. 
 
 Haiig'ing-"*vall, H. {Mining.) The upper wall of an 
 inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner's 
 head when working in the vein. 
 
 Bd'rd'h'i' 1% n. [Jap., stomach-ciitting.] A form of 
 suicide, by cutting open the stomach, practiced in 
 Japan; — also written, incorrectly, hari-kari. 
 
 HarTbin-ger, v. t. [imp. and p. p. harbingered ; p. pr. 
 and vb. n. harbingering.] To usher in ; to introduce 
 as a harbinser. 
 
 Hard'head (-bed), n. [From hard and head.] {Ichth.) 
 The menhaden (Ahsa menhaden). 
 
 Har'eld, «. {Zo'oL) One of a genus of ducks. 
 
 Ha'ri-ka'ri, n. See Hara-kiri. 
 
 Hatclx'-boat, n. {Naitt.) A swift sailing boat, used 
 for fishing, both in rivers and on the coast : it is sim- 
 ilar in appearance to a yacht, has no bowsprit, and is 
 distinguished by a small sail over the stern. 
 
 Hatch 'et-tine, \ n. [Named after the discoverer, 
 
 Hatch'et-tite, I Charles HatchetW] (Min.) Mineral 
 tallow ; a waxy or spermaceti-like substance, commonly 
 of a greenish-yellow color. 
 
 Hatcli'ure (-yiJr), n. [Fr. hachure, from hacher, to 
 hatch, to hack.] ( En^avins;.) A term used to denote 
 the lines made in the process of hatching. 
 
 Hat'-stand, t n. A stand usually consisting of an up- 
 
 Hat'-tree, { right piece of wood or iron, with arms 
 bearing hooks, or pegs, upon which to Ifting hats and 
 outside clothing. 
 
 Hay'-f e'ver, n (Med.) A catarrh accompanied with 
 fever, and sometimes with paroxysms of dyspnoea, to 
 which some persons are subject in the spring and sum- 
 mer seasons. It has been attributed to effluvium from 
 hay, and pollen of plants. It is also called hay-asthma, 
 hay-cold, rose-cold and ros»-fei-er. 
 Hgad (hfed), n. [Add] 14. An ear of wheat, barley, 
 or of one of the other small cereals. In the U. S., ear 
 is used of Indian com alone. 
 H6ad'inff, n. [Add.] 4. (Mining.) A gallery, drift, 
 or adit in a mine ; a horizontal passage between the 
 shifts or turns of the working parties. 5. {Seiring.) 
 The extension of a line of ruffling above the line of 
 stitch. 6. (Masonry.) That end of a stone which is 
 presented outward. 
 H€altli'-lift, n. A machine for exercise in which a 
 weight is bo disposed with handles or straps for the 
 hands, hips, or shoulders, that a person may conven- 
 iently try his strength at lifting gradually increasing 
 weights : — also called li/ting-machine. 
 
 Heat, n. [Add."] 11. Sexual excitement in animals. 
 
 Henbra-igm, n. [Add.} 2- The type of chai-acter sup- 
 posed to distinguish the Hebrews ; servile and severe 
 allegiance to conscience : stoical and ascetic self-con- 
 trol ; painful and uurelaxing industry. 
 
 Hek-tare', n. See Hectare ; for Hektogram, Hekto- 
 LiTER, and IIekto METER, see Hectogram, etc. 
 
 Hel'en-in, l 7i. (Chein.) A crystalline substance exist- 
 
 Hel't-n-ine, i ing in the root of the plant elecampane. 
 
 He'li-o-grapli, n. [See Heliography.] A reflector 
 used to tran.-mit messages by flashes of sunlight ; a 
 message thus sent. 
 
 He'li-o-lite, n. [Gr. ^Ato?, the sun, and Ai^os, a stone.] 
 (Paleon.) One of a genus of anthozoic corals, having 
 twelve-rayed cells, found in the Silurian rocks. 
 
 He'li-o-trop'i«, a. Turning toward the sun. 
 
 He'lJ-6t'ro-pi§TO, n. [Gr. rjAio?, the sun, and rpoTros, 
 turn, from rpenetv, to turn.] (Bot.) The faculty by 
 which certain plants are supposed to turn their leaves 
 or floweijs toward the sun. 
 
 He'li-o-type, n. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and tuttos, a blow, 
 an impression, an image.] A picture obtained by the 
 process of heliotypy. 
 
 HeQi-o-ty'py, «. A method of photography analogous 
 to the process of lithography, in which the printing 
 surface, after exposure to light passing through a pho- 
 tographic negative, acquires power to absorb water in 
 the exact proportion in which it has been protected 
 from the action of light, and also takes ink in the exact 
 ratio that it has, in consequence of the action of light, 
 acquired power to repel water. 
 
 Hel'len-ism, n. [Add.} 2. The type of character 
 charactenstic of the ancient Greeks, which aims at 
 culture, grace, and amenity, as the chief elements in 
 human well-being and perfection. 
 
 Helm'et- shell, n. (Zool.) One of a genus (Cassis) 
 of pectinibranchiate moUusks, found in shallow tropi- 
 cal seas, both Atlantic and Pacific. 
 
 Hel'min-thite, n. [Gr. eX/xiv;, eKuLvOog, a worm.] 
 (^Geol.) One of the sinuous tracks common on the 
 surfaces of many stones, and popularly considered as 
 worm-traUs. 
 
 Hem'a-dy-iiam'j-e, a. Relating to hemadynamics. 
 
 Hem'a-dy-naiii'i<;s, n. sing. [Gr. aVa, blood, and 
 Eng. dytiamics.'] (Physiol.) The principles of dynam- 
 ics in their application to the blood. 
 
 IHem'a-td-e'ry-d, n. pi. [Gr. at/oia, aijaaTO?, blood, and 
 Kpvo?, cold.] (Zool.) The cold-blooded vertebrates, that 
 is, all but the mammals and birds. 
 
 Hem'a-to-crj'S'tal-line. n. [Gr. aIju.a,ai,'|u.aTos, blood, 
 and /cpuo-ToAAoi/, crystal.] That constituent of the 
 blood of animals which assumes the crystalline form, 
 under certain chemical treatment ; — called also hema- 
 to-g'oOiiline, and globuline. 
 
 Hem'a-to-prlob'u-line, n. [Gr. al/uta, atjuaros, blood, 
 and Eng. glohu.Unt.] See Hemato-cbystallixe, supra. 
 
 Hem'a-toi'dTiie, n. [Fr. h'matoidine. from Gr. at|u.a, 
 I aiVaros, blood, and €iSo5. form.] (Physiol.) A crystal- 
 line or amorphous pigment, formed ifrom the normal 
 I coloring matter of the blood corpuscles in old hemor- 
 I rhages in the body. 
 
 Hein'(t-to-ther'7nd, n. pi. [Gr. aXixa., a'lVaTo?, blood, 
 and depfxo?, hot, warm.] ( Zool.) A term ai)plied to the 
 group of warm-blooded vertebrates, comprising mam- 
 mals and birds ; — the antithesis to hernatocrya. 
 
 Hem'i-hoFo-he'dral, a. [Prefix hemi, and holohe- 
 dral.] ( Cn/stallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in 
 which half the sectants have the full number of 
 planes. 
 
 He'min, n. [From Gr. aUa, blood.] (Chem.) A sub- 
 stance which can be formed from blood pigment by the 
 action of stroncr acetic acid and common salt. It sep- 
 arates in the form of microscopic rhombic crjstals, and 
 is a delicate test for the presence of blood. 
 
 Hgm'i-ple'gic. a. Afflicted with hemiplegy, or paral- 
 ysis of one side only. 
 
 Hgm'i-sphe'i'oid, n. A hnlf of a spheroid 
 
 Hgm'o-.arlo'bine, n. [Gr. aT/xa. blood, and Eng. globe.] 
 (Physiol.) The normal coloring matter of the red blood 
 corpuscles. 
 
 H6iTi'o-stat'i«, a. [Gr. aifxa, blood, and trraTiKos, 
 causing to stand, from itrrdvou, to stand.] (Med.) 1- 
 
 a, e, &c., long; &, 6, &c. , short ; c4re, fir, ask, all, what , 6re, veil, term ; pi'que, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. 
 
HEPATICA 
 
 1029 
 
 HOUND 
 
 Relating to stagnation or stoppage of the blood. 2. 
 Serving to arrest hemorrhage ; styptic. 
 
 ffe-pdf.'i-ed, n. [Lat. ; Gr. i^TraxiKos, pertaining to the 
 liver, from rjuap, the liver; Fr. hcpatique.] {Bot.) A. 
 genus of ranunculaceous plants: — so named because 
 of a supposed resemblance between the lobes of the 
 leaves and the lobes of the liver. 
 
 Hep'a-to-gas'tric, a. [Gr. rjirap, ijirarog, the liver, 
 and yaarrip, yaa-rpo^, belly, stomach.] Pertaining to 
 the liver and stomach. 
 
 Hep'tjld, «. [Gr. eTrras, emdSo^, from evrd, seven.] 
 {Cliem.) An atom the equivalence of which is seven 
 atoms of hydrogen, or which can be combined with, 
 substituted for, or replaced by seven atoms of hy- 
 drogen. 
 
 Hep'ta-sti€li (-stik), n. [Gr. etrrd, seven, and o-ti'xo?, 
 line, verse.] {Pros.) A composition consisting of seven 
 verses 
 
 Her'-cu-leg, n. [Add.] Hercules'' club {Bot.), a trivial 
 name for three widely different plants : {a.) An orna- 
 mental West Indian tree {Xamhoxylujn clnva-Herculis), 
 of the same genus with the prickly ash. {b.) A variety 
 of the common gourd {Lagenaria vulgaris), the fruit 
 of which often exceeds five feet in length, (c.) A large 
 shrub {Aralia spinoxn) vvith an exceedingly prickly 
 stem, also called Angelica tree, and cultivated on ac- 
 count of the tropical character of its foliage. 
 
 Hertl'-b<>bk, n. A book containing the pedigrees of 
 one or more herds of cattle of choice breed; — also 
 called herd-record , or herd-rfgister. 
 
 He-recl'i-ty, n. [See IIereditable ] The transmission 
 of ph:'sical and psychical qualities of parents to their 
 offspring ; the biological law by which living beings 
 tend to repeat themselves in their descendants. 
 
 Here'in-aft'er, adc. In the following part of this. 
 
 Her'it-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being heritable. 
 
 Her'ni-ot'o-my, n. [From hernia and Gr. ro^trj, a cut- 
 ting, from Te>i/eti', to cut.] {Surg.) The act or opera- 
 tion of cutting for the cure of hernia or for the relief 
 of sti-angulated hernia. 
 
 Het'er-osi'a-my, n. [See Heterosamous.] {Bot.) The 
 process of fertilization in plants by an indirect or cir- 
 cuitous method ; — opposed to orthogamy. 
 
 Het'er-o-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. eVepos, other, and yeVetris, 
 yeVos, birth.] 1. Spontaneous generation, 2. Descent, 
 m which successive generations differ from each other ; 
 production of a living being, by beings of a species differ- 
 ent from it ; — opposed to iiomogenesis, or gamogenesis. 
 
 Het'er-og'e-nist, n. One who believes in the theory 
 of spontaneous generation or heterogenesis. 
 
 Het'er-6g'e-ny, n. Same as Heterogenesis. 
 
 Het'er-o-irior'phifiii, 7i. [Gr. eVepos, other, and 
 |u.op<|>i7, form.] {Bot.) The possession, in the same 
 species of plants, of flowers differing in the relative 
 position of the stamens and pistil, so as to favor the 
 transference by insects of the pollen from the anther of 
 the one form to the pistil of the other. 
 
 H6t'er-6p'a-tliy, n. [Gr. exepos, other, and irdOog, an 
 affection, from iraOelv, Trdaxetv, to I'eceive an impres- 
 sion, to suffer.] {Med.) That mode of treating dis- 
 eases, by which a morbid condition is removed, by in- 
 ducing a different morbid condition to supplant it ; — a 
 name applied by homoeopathists to the ordinary med- 
 ical practice, or allopathy. 
 
 Hefer-o-tax'y, n. [Gr. erepo?, other, and ra^is, an ar- 
 rangement, from rdaraeiv, to arrange.] (Bot.) A devi- 
 ation of organs from ordiuai-y position. 
 
 Het'e-ro-to'py, n. [From Gr. eVepo?, other, and totto?, 
 place ; Fr. hcterotopie.] (Med.) A deviation from the 
 natural location ; — a term applied in the case of organs 
 or products which are normal in character but abnor- 
 mal in situation. 
 
 Hex'ad, n. [Gr. e|as, e^dSog, the number six, from e|, 
 six.] {C/'ieni.) An atom, the equivalence of which is 
 six, or which can be combined with, substituted for, or 
 replaced by, six atoms of hydrogen. 
 
 Hex'a-tom'i^, a. [Gr. e^, six, and aTo/u,o?, atom, q. v.] 
 {Chem.) Consisting of six atoms; having six atoms in 
 the molecule. 
 
 Hicks'ite, n. A follower of the party headed by Elias 
 Hicks, which seceded from the Society of Friends, in 
 the United States, in 1827. The cause of the separation 
 was mainly theological, Hicks showing a leaning toward 
 Socinian or Rationalistic doctrines. 
 
 Hip-pd'ri-on, n. [Gr. L-mrdpLov, dim. of l'7r7ro<;, ahorse.] 
 {Paleon.) One of the horse family, found fossil in the 
 older pliocene and later miocene. There were three 
 toes in each limb ; the median one strong, with a large 
 
 hoof, while the lateral ones were small, not reaching 
 beyond the fetlock joint. 
 
 Hipped (hipt), ) a. [(Corruption of hypochondriac] 
 
 Hip'pish, ( Somewhat hypochondriac. 
 
 Hip-pi-at'ri€, a. [From Gr. inni.aTp6<;, veterinary sur- 
 geon, from tn-TTos, horse, and larpos, physician.] Relat- 
 ing to a knowledge of the diseases of the horse ; of, or 
 pertaining to, farriery ; veterinary. 
 
 H6dg'kin'§ Di§-ea§e'. {Pathol.) A morbid condi- 
 tion characterized by progressive anaemia and enlarge- 
 ment of the lymphatic glands ; — first described by Dr. 
 Hodgkin, an English physician. 
 
 Hog, n. 3. [Add. ] Hog of ivool, the trade name for 
 the fleece or wool of sheep of the second year. 
 
 Hog'reeve, n. A civil officer charged with the duty of 
 taking up hogs running at large, for the purpose of im- 
 pounding them. [N. Eng,] 
 
 H6g§'-back, re. {Geol.) The ridgy structure of cer- 
 tain districts, consisting of alternate ridges and ravines. 
 
 Hoist'way, n. An opening in the floor of a wareroom 
 for hoisting or lowering merchandise. 
 
 Hol'o-lieui'i-lie'dral, a. [Gr. oAos, whole, 17/011, half, 
 and eSpa, seat, base, from e^ea-dai, to sit.] {Crystallog.) 
 Presenting hemihedral form.*:, in which all the sectants 
 have half the whole number of planes. 
 
 HoFo-pho'tal, a. [Gr. 0A.0?, whole, and <|)a)s, (|)wt6?, 
 light.] Causing no loss of light ; — applied to reflectors 
 which throw back the ra3's of light in one unbroken 
 mass without perceptible loss. 
 
 H61'o-phras'ti€, a. [Fr. holophrastique, from Gr. 6A.0S, 
 whole, and (ppdai-s, phrase, from t^pa^etc, to speak.] 
 Using a word as the equivalent for a phrase or sentence ; 
 — said of certain polysynthetic languages, notably the 
 aboriginal languages of America, in which an entire 
 verbal phrase is incorporated in one compound vocable ; 
 agglutinative. 
 
 Hol'o-ster'ic, a. [Gr. 0A.09, whole, and o-repeos, solid.] 
 Wholly solid; — used of a barometer constructed of 
 solid materials, so as to show the variations of atmos- 
 pheric pressure without employment of liquids. The 
 usual form of such a barometer is the aneroid. 
 
 Ho'ly, a. [Add.] Holy Saturday {EccL), the Saturday 
 immediately preceding the festival of Easter. 
 
 Home, V. i. To tend or proceed toward home; to have 
 the instinct to i-eturn home when at liberty to do so ; 
 as, a homing pigeon. 
 
 Ho-me'ri-d, n. pi. [From the name of Homer, the 
 Greek poet.] {Bot.) A beautiful genus of bulbous 
 plants from the Cape of Good Hope, of the iris family. 
 
 Ho-inod'i'O-moiis, a. [Gr. ofxo?, like, and Spojixo?, a 
 course, running, from Spafielv, to run.] {Bot.) Run- 
 ning in the same direction. 
 
 Ho-iii6g'a-my, n. [Gr. 6ju.6?, like, and ydfio<;, mar- 
 riage.] {Bot.) The process of fertilization in plants, 
 when the stamens and pistil mature in a hermaphro- 
 dite flower at exactly the same period. 
 
 Ho'mo-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. ofto?, like, and yeVecri?, yeVo?, 
 birth.] That method of natural descent in which the 
 successive generations are alike ; gamogenesis ; — op- 
 posed to heterogenesis. 
 
 Ho'mo-mor'pliigm, n. [Gr. oftos, same, and jiiopcfiij, 
 form.] {Bot.) The possession, in one species of plants, 
 of only one kind of flowers. 
 
 Ho'rao-plag'my, n. [Gr. ofios, same, and nXda-fia, 
 anything formed, molded, or imitated, from irKda-aeiv, 
 to form, mold.] {Biol.) Resemblance between differ- 
 ent plants or animals in general habit or in particular 
 organs, not due to descent from a common ancestor, 
 but to similar surrounding circumstances. 
 
 Ho'mo-plas'tic, a. Of, or relating to, homoplasmy. 
 
 Ho'mo-styled, a. [Gr. ofioq, same, and o-rCAos, style.] 
 {Bot.) Having only one form of flowers. 
 
 Hood'lum, n. A j'oung rowdy ; a rough, worthless 
 fellow ; a ragamuffin ; a gamin. 
 
 Hopped, a. A term used by file makers, to describe a 
 very coarse spacing of the teeth of a file. 
 
 Horse'load, n. A load fit for a horse to draw or carry. 
 
 H6rse'-mack'er-el, n. [Add.] {Ichth.) (6.) The 
 American tunny ( Orcynus s''ci(ndi-dorsalis), found on 
 the coast from Newfoundland to Florida, (c.) The 
 name is applied to the blue-fish {Pornatomus saltatrix). 
 
 Hotch'potcli, n. (Add.) 3. A kind of mutton broth 
 peculiar to Scotland, in which green peas are an ingre- 
 dient in place of rice or barley. 
 
 Hound, /I. [Add.] 2. A sidebar u-sed to strengthen 
 the running gear of a vehicle. • In wagons, the hounds 
 of the fore axle pass forward and on each side of the 
 tongue, to which the\' are secured by the tongue bolt. 
 
 rfood, fdt>t ; iirn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tiliis. 
 
HOUR 
 
 1030 
 
 IDE AT 
 
 The hounds of the hind axle unite, and ai-e fastened to 
 the ooupliug pole by the coupling pin. 
 
 Hour (our), ». [Add.] 4. The limit of the time ap- 
 pointed for regular labor ; — a-<, after hours. 
 
 House, >i. [Add.] 9. B^- metonymy, an audience ; an 
 ast^embly of hearers ; — as, a thin or a full house. 
 
 'B.mu.'ins, a. [See Hulk, »«.] Exhibiting bulk ; bulky ; 
 unwieldy. 
 
 Hu-iuiin'i-ta'ri-an, n. [Add.] 2. One who practices 
 humanity or benevolence ; one who.se actions are based 
 upon kindly and sympathetic feelings. 3. (Philos.) 
 One who limits the sphere of duties to human relations 
 and affe.'tious, to the exclusion or disparagement of the 
 religious or spiritual. 
 
 Hu-uiiin^i-ta'ri-an, a. [Add.] 2. Benevolent ; phi- 
 lanthropic. 3. Content with right affections and ac- 
 tions toward man ; ethical, as distinguished from relig- 
 ious. 
 
 Hu-nilin'i-ta'ri-an-i$ui, n. [Add.] 2. The doctrine 
 or practice of systematic benevolence, or philanthropy ; 
 the principles of humane interest in the welfare of the 
 race. 3. (Philos.) The doctrine of the humanitarians, 
 that man's obligations and perfection are limited to 
 man and the human relations. 
 
 Hu'inate, n. [Lat. humus, the earth, ground.] {Chem.) 
 A compound of humic acid with a base. 
 
 Hu'mlte, 71. [From the name of Sir A. Hujne.] (Min.) 
 A mineral of a transparent vitreous brown color, found 
 iu the ejected masses of Vesuvius. It is a silicate of 
 iron and magnesia, containing fluorine. 
 
 Hur'dle-ra^e, n. A i-ace in which artificial barriers in 
 the shape of hurdles must be leaped. 
 
 Hjr'bri-diz'er, or Hyb'rid-iz'er, n. One who hybri- 
 dizes ; one who endeavors to produce hybrids, or mon- 
 grel animals or plants. 
 
 B.y-drae'mi-d, n. [Gr. vbmp, water, and al/u,a, blood.] 
 (Pathol.) An abnormally watery state of the blood. 
 
 Hy'dra-form, a. [hydra, and Lat. forma, shape.] 
 Resembling the hydra or fresh-water polyp in form. 
 
 Hy-drJis'tin, ) n. {Che7n.) A crystallizable alkaloid 
 
 Hy-dras'tine, ) obtained from the root of hydrastis 
 and some other plants growing in wet places ; — used 
 medicinally as a tonic. 
 
 Hy-dras'tis, n. [From Gr. veiv, to rain, and hpav, to 
 do, to be active.] (Bot.) A North American ornamental 
 plant belonging to the crow-foot group. 
 
 Hy'dren-fepli'a-lo-^ele, n. [Gr. iiStup, water, eyKe^a- 
 Aov, brain, from iv, in, and K€<j)a\r!, head, and ktjAtj, 
 tumor.] {Patkol.) The hernial protrusion of a mem- 
 branous sac containing serum, through an opening or 
 between the bones of the skull. 
 
 Hy'dren-ter'o-pele, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, evrepa. in- 
 testines, and KrjKr), tumor.] (Pathol.) Intestinal her- 
 nia, the sac of which incloses fluid. 
 
 Hy'dride, n. (Chevi.) A compound of the binary 
 type, in which hydrogen playing the part of a negative 
 is united with some other element. 
 
 Hy'dro-^*e-plia.l'i«, o. Relating to, or connected 
 with, hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain. 
 
 Hy'dro-^epli'a-loid, a. [Gr. v8po/ce</)aA.os, hydroceph- 
 alus, and elfios, appearance.] Like hydrocephalus. 
 
 Hy'dro-€liem'is-try, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, and Eng. 
 chemistry.] That department of chemistry which re- 
 lates more especially to water and other fluids, or to 
 chemical operations performed in the wet way, that is, 
 by means of substances in solution. 
 
 Hy'dro-ki-n6t'i«, a. [Gr. vSojp, water, and Eng. ki- 
 netic] Of, or pertaining to, the motions of fluids, or 
 the forces which produce or affect such motions ; — op- 
 posed to hydrostatic. 
 
 Hy'dro-niag:'ne-site, n. [Gr. v5wp, water, and Eng. 
 magnesite.] (Mln.) A hydrous carbonate of magnesia 
 occurring in white, earthy, amorphous masses in ser- 
 pentine rocks. 
 
 rty'dro-ine-ehan'ics, n. sing [Gr. ilSwp, water, and 
 Eng, mechanics ; Ft. hydromechanique.] That branch 
 
 of natural philosophy which treats of the mechanic.^ of 
 liquids, or of their laws of equilibrium and of motion. 
 
 Hy'dro-piilt, n. [From Gr. vSup, water, and naWeiv, 
 to swing, to poise, to hurl.] A machine for throwing 
 water by hand power ; — used as a garden engine, or 
 j fire extinguisher, and the like. 
 
 ; Hy'dro-tlier'nial, a. [Gr. vScop, water, and OepfjLt), 
 I heat, flepfxos, hot, from 6epei.v, to warm ; Fr. hydrother- 
 j mique.] Of, or pertaining to, hot water; — applied to 
 I the action of heated waters in dissolving, redepositing, 
 ! and otherwise producing mineral changes within the 
 i crust of the globe. 
 
 Hy-drox'yl, a. [hydrogen and oxygen.] (Chem.) A 
 compound radical, or unsaturated group, consisting of 
 one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. 
 
 Hy 'grille, M. {Chem.) An alkaloid contained in coca 
 leaves. It is a pale yellow oil, having a strongly alka- 
 line reaction and burning taste. 
 
 Hy-gropli'a-nous, a. [From Gr. vypos, wet, and fpai- 
 veLv, to show, to shine.] Diaphanous when moist ; — ap- 
 plied to substances which are opaque when dry. 
 
 Hf/'ld, n. [Gr. vA.ij, a wood.] (Zool.) A genus of Hylidae 
 or tree-toads. 
 
 Hym'nal, n. [Add.] 2. A collection of hymns. 
 
 Hym'nist., w. One who writes hymns. 
 
 Hy'os-^y'a-niiis, n. [Lat., Gr. voaKvap-o^, henbane, 
 from {>?, a sow, hog, and /cva/uto?, a bean, — its seeds, re- 
 sembling beans, being poisonous to swine.] (Bot.) A 
 genus of poisonous plants of the solanaceous or night- 
 shade family ; henbane. 
 
 Hy'per-^y'cloid, n. [Gr. vnep, over, beyond, kv*cA.os, 
 
 circle, and elSo?, form.] { Geom.) A variety of epicy- 
 
 cloidal curve generated by a point in the circumference 
 
 of a movable circle, which rolls on the outside of the 
 
 I circumference of a fixed circle. 
 
 Hy'per-i-no'sis, n. [Gr. virip, over, above, and Is, ivos, 
 strength, fiber.] (Pathol.) A condition of the blood, 
 characterized by an abnormally large amount of fibrine, 
 as in many inflammatory diseases. 
 
 Hy'per-ki ne'sis, n. [Gr. vwep, over, above, and kiVij- 
 o-ts, motion, from klvsIv, to move.] Abnormally in- 
 creased muscular movement ; a spasm. 
 
 Hy'per-k-i-iiet'ic, a. Of, or pertaining to, hyperkinesis. 
 
 My'jter-jyld'si-d (-zhi-a), n. [Gr. virip, over, above, 
 and TrAatrts, conformation, from nkavcreiv, to mold ; Fr. 
 hyperplasia'.] (^Med.) An increase in the normal ele- 
 ments of any part. 
 
 Hy'per-pla.s'tic, a. Pertaining to hyperplasia, 
 
 Myp'i-no'sis, n. [Gr. vwo, under, and Is, lv6%, strength, 
 fiber.] (Pathol.) A diminution in the normal amount 
 of fibrine present in the blood. 
 
 Hyp'no-bate, n. [Fr., from Gr. vtti/os, sleep, and 
 '^aiveiv, to go.] One who walks in his sleep ; a somnam- 
 bulist. 
 
 Hy'po-ear'poge'an, a. [Gr. vn6, under, kopttos, fruit, 
 and yrj, earth.] (Bot.) Pi-oducing fruit below ground. 
 
 Hy'po-^y'-eloid, n. [Fr. hypocyclo'ide, from Gr. vtto, 
 under, (cvkAos, circle, and elSos, form.] (Geom.) A 
 curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle 
 which rolls on the concave side of a fixed circle. 
 
 Hf/p-o-der'nid, n. [Gr. utto, under, and Sepp-a, .<kiu ] 
 (Bot.) A layer of tissue lying beneath the epidermis 
 in plants, and performing the physiological function of 
 strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous 
 plants it is mostly developed as collenchyma. 
 
 Hyp'o-der-mat'o-my. n. [Gr. vno, under, Bepp-a, skin, 
 and rop.ri, a cutting, from rdp-veiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The 
 act or operation of making a subcutaneous incision. 
 
 Hyp'o-der'mic, a. [See Htpoderma.] Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, that which is under the skin. Hypodermic med- 
 ication consists in the application of remedies under the 
 epidermis, usually by means of a small syringe con- 
 structed for th_e purposee. 
 
 Hys-ter'o-pliyte, n. [Gr. varepos, following, im6.<j)VT6v, 
 plant] (Bot ) A plant, like the fungus, which lives 
 on dead or living organic matter. 
 
 T€H'THr-6RfNI8, n. [Gr. I^^'s, fi.sh, and 6pm, : I-de'al-ist, ». [Add.] 2- One who idealizes ; one given 
 
 •* bird] (Paleon.) A fossil bird with teeth, from the to romantic expectations, 
 upper cretaceous formations of Kansas. It has bicon- I-de'at, n. [L Lat. ideainm, from Lat. idea, Gr. idea, 
 cave vertebrae, like those of fishes. I idea.] (Meiaph.) The ontological reality or actual ex- 
 
 a, e, &c.,long ; a, 6, &c., short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term : pique, firm ; son, or, do, wol^ 
 
IDEOGRAM 
 
 1031 
 
 INTERPELLATE 
 
 ietence corresponding with, or supposed to correspond 
 with, an idea ; the correlate in real existence to the idea 
 as a thought existence. 
 
 1-de'o-gra.ui, n. [Fr. idcogramme, from Gr. iSe'a, idea, 
 and ypdnixa, a writing, from ypd(}>€iv, to write.] A pic- 
 torial representation, not only of visible objects but even 
 
 _ of abstract idcjis ; a hieroglyph. 
 
 i-de'o-gra,plJ, n. The same as Ideogram. 
 
 Ig-ni'tor, ti. [See Ignite.] One who, or that which, 
 produces ignition ; e>pe<'ially. a contrivance for inflam- 
 ing the powder in a torpedo or the like. 
 
 Ig'no-rant-igm, m. The political policy of keeping the 
 masses of the people in a state of ignorance ; obscur- 
 antism. 
 
 I-graa'ni-an (-gwa'-), a. Resembling, or pertaining to, 
 the Iguana, a genus of lizards. 
 
 ili'laiig-ili'lang, n. [Malayan, flower of flowers.] A 
 perfume obtained from the volatile oil of the flowers of 
 Unona odorata, an Eist Indian plant. 
 
 I-li^'i-e, a. [From Lat. iUx, ilicis, holly.] Pertaining 
 to the holly (Ilex aqiiifolium) ; — said of an acid con- 
 tained in the leaves of the holly. 
 
 Il'i-cin, \n. A bitter principle extracted from the 
 
 Il'i-|i^e, I holly. 
 
 Il/ix^ln'tliiiie, n. [Lat. ilex, holly, and Gr. ^av96<;, 
 yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow dye obtained from the 
 
 ^ leaves of the holly. 
 
 Il'lu-ta'tion, n. [Fr., from Lat. in, in, and lutum, 
 mud.] The act or operation of smearing the body with 
 mud, especially with the sediment from mineral 
 
 ^springs ; a mud-bath. 
 
 jr»i.'»Mor-/e/^f;.>' (im'mor-tel'), n. pi. [Fr. See Immor- 
 telle.] "Wreaths composed of fadeless flowers, placed 
 usually upon coffins, urns, monuments, and the like, 
 as expre.-sions of undying regard. 
 
 Im-pe'i-i-al, n. [Add.] 5. A large kind of drawing- 
 -paper, 21 by 30 inches. 
 
 Ini'pvf-sci'ri-o, u. [It., from impresa, enterprise.] 
 (Mus.) The conductor of an opera or concert. 
 
 In-bi-eed.', v. t. [Add.] 2. To breed in-and-in. 
 
 In-elu'§ioii, n. [Add.] 2- (Min.) A foreign sub- 
 stance, either liquid or solid, usually of minute size, 
 
 ^ observed to be inclosed in the mass of a mineral. 
 
 lM.'<;o-6r'di-iiate, a. Not coordinate ; not harmoni- 
 
 ^ ous. 
 
 In'«o-6r'di-Ma'tion, n. Absence of coordination : 
 as, incoordination of muscular movement, irregular 
 movements resulting from inharmonious action of the 
 muscles in consequence of loss of voluntary control 
 over them. 
 
 In'de-scrib'a-bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree 
 
 ^ which cannot be "described. 
 
 In'dian (Ind'yan, or in'dl-an), a. [Add.] Indian bean, 
 the catalpa. — Indian club, a wooden club, swung in 
 the hand for gymnastic exercise ; so called from having 
 been fir.--t used by the natives of India. — Indian meal, 
 
 ^ meal made from maize or Indian corn. 
 
 In'dia Pa'per. A delicate absorbent paper, manufac- 
 tured in India or China. The best qualities are made 
 from the inner bark of the bamboo and of the cotton 
 tree. 
 
 £n'dia Proof. {Ens-raving.) An impression from an 
 engraved plate, taken on India paper. 
 
 In'di-ean, n. [See Indigo.] ( Chein). A colorless sub- 
 stance existing in wood and other plants, also in the 
 blood and urine of man, and forming indigo when in a 
 
 ^ state of decomposition. 
 
 In'di-go, n. [Add.] Indigo bird (Ornith.), a finch 
 {Cyanospiza cyanfa), of a small size and showy blue 
 plumage ; — found in the eastern part of the United 
 States, also as far west as the Missouri, and south, to 
 Guatemala, and so named from its color. 
 
 In'di-iiin, n. [See Ixdigo.] {Chem.) A white metal, 
 much resembling lead in appearance, soft, ductile, and 
 compact. 
 
 in'do-Clii-iiege', a. [From Indo, for Indian, andC/i?- 
 nese.] Pertaining to those nations of the Mongolian 
 race which inhabit Indo-China, in the southeastern part 
 of Asia, and speak monosyllabic languages. 
 
 In'do-Eii'ro-pe'aii, a. [From Indo, for Indian, and 
 European.] The same as Aryan. 
 
 Ln'do-Ger-ma.n'i-e, a. [From Indo, for Indian, and 
 Germanic] The same as Aryan. 
 
 In-du'tive, a. [Lat. indutus, p. p. from induere, Gr, 
 iv8vei.v, to put on, from ev, in, and ^veiv, to enter.] 
 {Bot.) Covered; — applied to seeds which have the 
 usual integumentary covering. 
 
 In'fe-ro-bra,n'€lii-ate, a. [Fr. infer obranche, from 
 
 Lat. inferus, lower, and Gr. ^payx'^. Pl- of /Spdyxiov, 
 gill.] {Zo'ol.) Having the gills arranged along the sides 
 of the body under the margin of the mantle ; — applied 
 to an order of ga?teropodous mollusks. 
 
 ln-(/es'td, n. pi. [Lat., p. p. from ingerere, to put into, 
 from /n, in, and gerere, to carry.] That which is put 
 into the body by the alimentary canal, as food, drink, 
 etc. ; and hence, more generally, that which is put into 
 anything ; contents ; — opposed to egesla. 
 
 In-glu'vi-al, a. Pertaining to, or connected with, the 
 
 ^ ingliivies, or crop, in birds. 
 
 in'grow-ing, a. [From in, and growing, p. pr. from 
 to grow.] Growing or appearing to grow into some 
 other substance ; as, an ingrowing nail, one which be- 
 comes imbedded in the adjacent flesh, when this is con- 
 stantly pressed against its edge. 
 
 In-hib'it-o-ry, a. [Add.] Inhibitory paralysis {Med.), 
 paralysis depending on the inhibition of nerve action. 
 
 ink'-ber-ry, n. {Bot.) The Ilex glabra, a slender 
 shrub of the holly family, usually from two to four 
 feet high, sometimes taller. It is found in sandy 
 grounds along the coast from New England to Florida, 
 
 _ and produces a small black berry. 
 
 Iii'o-site, n. [From Gr. c?, ivo's, strength, nerve, mus- 
 cle.] ( Chem.) A saccharine substance, isomeric with 
 glucose, found in the lungs and other organs of men 
 
 ^ and animals, also in several plants. 
 
 in'set, n. [Add.] 2 {Book-binding.) A portion of 
 the printed sheet in cei-tain sizes of books which is cut 
 off before folding, and set into the middle of the folded 
 sheet to complete the succession of paging ; — also 
 called off-cul. 
 
 In sVtH. [Lat.] In its natural position or place; — 
 said of a rock or fossil, when found in the situation in 
 which it was originally formed or deposited. 
 
 In-s6m'ni-a, n. [Lat.] Inability to sleep. 
 
 Insouciance (iing-soo'se-ons'), n. [Fr., fi-om insouciant, 
 heedless, from in, not, and soucier, Lat. sollicitare, to 
 care for.] Carelessness ; heedlessness ; unconcei-n. 
 
 in'te-gra'tion, «. [Add.^ 3. (Metaph.) The process 
 under the natural law of evolution, which is supposed 
 to alternate with differentiation ; by it the manifold is 
 compacted into the relatively simple and permanent, in 
 preparation for a subsequent more complex differentia- 
 
 ^ tiou. 
 
 lu'ter-act', V. i. [Prefix inter and act.] To act upon 
 
 ^ each other. 
 
 In/ter-^on-vert'i-ble, a. [Prefix inter and converti- 
 ble.] Convertible the one into the other, as a proposal 
 
 _ that silver and gold be interconvertible at the treasury. 
 
 in'ter-cross, n. The process or result of pairing be- 
 tween different breeds of animals, or of cross-fertiliza- 
 tion between diiTerent varieties of plants. 
 
 In'ter-est, n. [Add.] 7. The persons interested in 
 any particular business or measure, taken collectively ; 
 
 ^ as, the liquor-selling interest. 
 
 In'ter-fer'en^e,«. [Add.] Interference figures {Optics), 
 the figures observed when certain sections of crystal- 
 lized bodies are viewed in converging polarized light ; 
 thus, a section of a uniaxial crystal, cut normal to the 
 vertical axis, shows a series of concentric colored rings 
 
 ^ with a single black cross. 
 
 in'ter-grave', v. t. [imp. intergraved ; p. p. inter- 
 graved or ixtergraven ; p. pr. and vb. n. intergrav- 
 ING.] To grave or carve between, or in alternate sec- 
 
 ^ tions. 
 
 In'ter-mit'ten^e, n. An interruption ; a partial ces- 
 sation. 
 
 In-tern', v. t. [Fr. interner, from interne, Lat. intemus, 
 internal.] To put for safe keeping in the interior of a 
 
 ^ place or country ; to confine to one locality. 
 
 In'ter-nS,'tion-al (-nash'un-al), n. [Prefix inter and 
 nationaL'] 1. The name of a working-men's associa- 
 tion, especially of one formed in London, which had 
 for its object social and industrial reform, to be pro- 
 moted through political combinations. 2. A member 
 
 ^ of the International association. 
 
 In'ter-na'tion-al-igin, n. 1. The state or condition 
 of the development and recognition of international 
 interests and intercourse. 2. The doctrines or organi- 
 zation of the Intern." tional association. 
 
 In-tern'ment, n. [Fr. internement. See Intern.] Con- 
 
 ^ finement ; restriction to one locality. 
 
 In'ter-peilant, a. Interpelling ; interrupting. 
 
 in'ter-pellant, n. He who, or that which, interpels, 
 
 ^ interrupts, or disturbs. 
 
 in'ter-penate, v. t. [See Interpel.] To question, as 
 a minister, or other executive oflicer, in explanation of 
 
 food, fdbt; &rn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, «aU, e«ho: gem, get: a§ - e:3^ist; linger, link: tliis. 
 
INTERRAMAL 
 
 1032 
 
 JESUIT 
 
 his actions ; — generally on the part of a legislative 
 body. 
 
 Iii'ter-r:i'inal, a. [Lat. inter, between, and ramus, a 
 branch.] (Omit/i.) Between the forks or rami of the 
 lower jaw. 
 
 In'ter-re-la'ted, a. [Prefix inter and related.] Possess- 
 ing a mutual relation or parallelism. 
 
 in'ter-relii'tioii, «. [Prefix inter and relation.] A 
 restricted mutual relation ; correlation. 
 
 in'tcr-view (-vu), v. t. To have an interview with ; to 
 call upon and question or converse with, for the purpose 
 of obtaining information for publication. 
 
 Xn'ter-view-er (vii-cr), n. One who obtains an inter- 
 view with another, for the sake of gaining information 
 for publication. 
 
 hi'tra-ldb'u lar, a. [Prefix t««m and ZobuZar.] {Anat.) 
 Within lobules, or small lobes ; as the intralobular veins 
 of the liver. 
 
 Iii'tra-mer-cu'ri-al, a. [Prefix intra and •ynercurial.] 
 {Asiron.) Between the planet Mercury and the Sun. 
 
 In-tr&ns'i-gent, a. [Fr. intransigeant, Sp. intransi- 
 genie, from in, not, and Lat. iransigere, to come to an 
 agreement, from tranx, across, and agere, to lead, act.] 
 Refusing compromise ; uncompromising. 
 
 in'tra-pa-ri'e-tal, a. [Prefix intra and parietal.] Situ- 
 ated or occurring within an inclosure ; shut off from 
 public sight. 
 
 iii'tra-u'ter-ine, «. [Prefix Vntra and ?^<erme.] Within 
 the uterus or womb : as, inlra-uterine hemorrhage. 
 
 Xn'tin-f/dnte', n. [Fr.] A female intriguer. 
 
 in'tro-spe«'tioii-ist, n. {Metaph.) One who adopts 
 the introspective method of examining the phenomena 
 
 ^ of the soul. 
 
 in'tro-speet'ive, a. [Add.] 2. Involving the act or 
 results of conscious knowledge of physical phenomena ; 
 
 ^ — contrasted with associational. 
 
 in'tu-i'tion-al-ist, n. [See Intuition.] One who holds 
 the doctrine of intuitionalism. 
 
 in'tu-i'tion-igm, n. The doctrine that intuitions are 
 assumed in all scientific knowledge ; intuitionalism ; — 
 opposed to sensationatistn. 
 
 in'tu-i'tioii-jst, n. The same as Intuitionalist, q. v. 
 
 Iii-tu.'i-tiv-i§m, n. ( Moral Philos.) The doctrine that 
 the ideas of right and wrong are intuitive. 
 
 in'tu-mes'pent, a. [See Intdmesce.] Swelling up ; 
 
 _ expanding. 
 
 in'tus-sus-^ept'ed, a. [See Intussusception.] Re- 
 ceived into, as a sword into a sheath. 
 
 In-va'ri-ant, n. [Prefix m, not, and ranant.] (Math.) 
 A term used to express a quantity which does not change 
 _ in certain changes of coordinates. 
 
 i'o-djiin'ide, n. [From iodine and amide, for ammonia.] 
 ( Chem.) One of a number of compounds, usually of an 
 explosive character, produced by the action of iodine on 
 ammonia. 
 
 i'rid, n. (Bot.) One of an order of herbaceous plantM 
 
 _ of which the well-known iris is the type. 
 
 i'risli, a. [Add.] Iri.t/i poplin, a heavy fabric for ladies' 
 dresses, — a mixture of silk warp with worsted weft, 
 woven so as to show only the silk. — Irish potato, the 
 ordinary potato, so called because an especially favorite 
 article of food in Ireland. — Irish stew (Cookery), a 
 white ragout of mutton, thoroughly stewed with an 
 
 _ abundance of potatoes. 
 
 i'ron-ide (i'urn-), n. A composition of gutta-percha 
 and other ingredients, used for making knife handles, 
 
 ___ and for other similar purposes. 
 
 ir're-fraii'gi-ble, a. [Prefix in, not, and refrangible.] 
 Not refrangible ; that cannot be refracted in passing 
 
 _ from ono medium to another. 
 
 ir'viiig-ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of the Rev. 
 Edward Irving (1792-1834), who taught the restoration 
 of the organization, officers, and supernatural gifts pos- 
 
 _ sessed by the Church in apostolic times. 
 
 If'a-bel'line, a. Of isabel-color ; of a brownish yellow ; 
 
 _ sand-colored. 
 
 i'so-bar'i«, a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to isobares, 
 or lines connecting places where the atmosphereji| of 
 
 _ the same weight, as indicated by the barometer. « 
 
 I'so-batli'.v-tlierin, n. [Gr. to-os, equal, /Saflus, TOep, 
 and OepixT], heat.] (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line on 
 the surface of the globe, touching the points where a 
 
 _ certain temperature is found at the same depth. 
 
 I'so-batli'y-ther'mic a. Pertaining to an isobathy- 
 therm ; possessing or indicating the same temperature 
 
 _ at the same depth. 
 
 i'so-di'a-naet'ri«, a. [Gr. laos, eqiial, and SiajLierpos, 
 diameter, q. v.] (CnjstaUog.) Developed alike in the 
 directions of the several lateral axes ; — said of crystals 
 
 _ of both the tetragonal and hexagonal sj'Stems. 
 
 i'so-tlier'ino-batli, n. [Gr. Icxos, equal, Oep/xog, hot, 
 and j8a0os, depth.] (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line 
 drawia through points of equal temperature in a vertical 
 
 _ section of the ocean. 
 
 i'so-tlier'mo-batli'i*, a. Pertaining to an isother- 
 mobath ; possessing or indicating equal temperatures 
 
 ^ in a vertical section, as of the ocean. 
 
 1-ta.l'i*, a. [Add.] Italic Languages, that group or 
 family which includes the languages of ancient Italy. 
 
 _ — Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. 
 
 I'vo-ride, n. A composition made to resemble ivory 
 _ very closely, and used as a substitute for it. 
 
 i'vo-ry-type, n. A kind of photographic picture taken 
 upon a surface glazed or polished so as to resemble 
 ivory. 
 
 I'vy, n. [Add.] American ivy. See A'irginia creeper. 
 
 ix'l-a, n. [Gr. t|is, bird lime ; because of the viscid 
 nature of some of the species.] ( Bot. ) A bulbous plant 
 of the genus Iris, from the Cape of Good Hope, remark- 
 able for the brilliancy of its flowers. 
 
 JAWO-JtAS'DT, n. (Bot.) The native name of a 
 
 *^ South .American plant (Pilocarpua pinnatus), belong- 
 ing to the family of Rutacex. It is used in medicine as 
 an active diaphoretic and sialogngue. 
 
 Jie'ar-Jln'da, n. [Braz.] (Bot.) A lofty tree of the 
 order Bignoniacex, with large, gay, trumpet-shaped 
 flowers, found in Brazil. 
 
 J^ck, n. [Add.] Q. A light used at night for attracting 
 and shining deer, wild fowl, or other game. 
 
 Jiick, '•. i. To hunt by the use ol a jack. 
 
 .ja€'<)-bin, n. [Add.] 2. A fancy pigeon, in which the 
 feathers of the neck form a hood ; the wings and tail 
 are long, and the beak moderately short. 
 
 Ja'*?ob'§ MCm'brane. (Anat.) The exterior layer 
 of the retina ; — first described by Dr. Jacob, of Dublin. 
 
 Jadlte, n. (Min.) The same as Jade or Nephrite. 
 
 Jal(ni'<ic, fzhal'oo-zee'), n. [Fr.] A slatted or Venetian 
 window blind. 
 
 J^m, n. [Add.] 5. Any accumulation of objects 
 crowded together ; as, a jam of logs in a river. 
 
 »Ja-pin', a. [Add.] Japan clover, or Japan pea, a legu- 
 minous plant (Lespedeza striata), indigenous to China 
 and Japan, a few specimens of which were nrtticed by 
 botani«t8 in the United States before 1860, but which 
 has F-pread widely. It is useful for fodder. 
 
 Ja-p6n'i-ea, n. [N. Lat., Japanese, from Japonica, 
 Japan.] (Bot.) A species of camellia (Camellia Ja- 
 ponica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or 
 white flowers. 
 
 (7rt7i/im« (hii'ke-ma), n. [Sp.] A head-stall used for 
 breaking horses. 
 
 Jardiniere (zhar/diu'I-ar'), n. [Fr., fem. of jardinier, 
 gardener, from ja.rdin, garden. See Garden.] An or- 
 namental stand for plants, flowers, and the like, used 
 as decorative furniture in a room. 
 
 Jarl, n. [Icel. & Sw., nobleman, chief. See Earl.] 
 A chief ; in English history, applied to the leaders in 
 the Danish and Norse invasions. 
 
 Ja'va, n. A kind of coffee, brought from Java. 
 
 Jef'fer-so'ni-a, r?. (Bot.) A genus of American plants 
 of the barberry family, bearing a handsome white 
 flower, an inch in diameter ; found in woods from 
 Western New York to Wisconsin, and southwards, and 
 named in honor of Thomas Jefferson ; — also called 
 twin-leaf. 
 
 Je-ru'sa-lem Cher'ry- (Bot.) The name of either 
 of two species of Solanum (S. pseudo-capsicum and &'. 
 capslcastrum), cultivated as house-plants. They bear 
 berries of about the size of cherries. 
 
 .I6.§'u-it, a. [Add.] Jesuits^ drops, the compound tino- 
 
 a, e, &c.,long; a, 6, &c., short ; c^re, far, ask, all, what : 6re, veil, term ', piique, f irna ; son, 6r, do, ■wolf, 
 
JESUS-PAPER 
 
 1033 
 
 KOHL 
 
 ture of benzoin. —Jesuits^ powder, powdered cinchona 
 bark. 
 
 <Je'§us-pa.'per, n. [Fr. papier jisus.] A large sized 
 French printing paper, corresponding in size to im- 
 perial; — so called because formerly marked with the 
 characters I. H. S., meaning Jesus. 
 
 Jig'-sjiw, n. A vertically reciprocating saw, moved by 
 a vibrating lever or crank rod. 
 
 J6b-print'er, n. One who prints cards, bill-heads, 
 posters, and small jobs in general. 
 
 Jdg, n. [Add.] 2. A projection or deviation from a 
 straight line or plane surface, as in the course of a 
 fence, or in the side of a building. 
 
 Jo-lian'iiis-berg'er, n. A celebrated white wine pro- 
 duced on the estate of the Schloss (or Castle) Johannis- 
 berg, on the Rhine. 
 
 JSss'-Iiouse, n. [From joss, the Chinese corruption of 
 Lat. Deus, God, in its Pg. form deos, and house.] A 
 Chinese temple. 
 
 Judge, n. [Add.] Judge Advocate General {United 
 States Army), an officer at the head of the bureau of 
 military justice at Washington, with the rank of briga- 
 dier-general. 
 
 Ju'ger, n. [Lat. jugerum.] A Roman measure of land, 
 measuring 28,800 square feet, or 240 feet in length by 
 120 in breadth. 
 
 JugHan-dine, n. [Fr., from Lat. juglans, a walnut.] 
 ( Ckem.) An extractive matter contained in the juice 
 of the green shell of the walnut {Juglans regia) ; it is 
 used medicinally as an alterative, and also as a black 
 hair-dye. 
 
 Ju'li-gnne', n. [Fr.] A kind of vegetable soup. 
 
 Jump, V. t. \_Add.] To jump one''s bail, to abscond ; 
 to run away. 
 
 Jiin'^ite, n. [Lat. juncus, a rush.] A fossil stem or leaf, 
 apparently related to the Juncacex, or rush family. 
 
 Ju'iii-per-ite, n. One of the fossil Coniferse, evidently 
 allied to the juniper. 
 
 Junk'- wad, n. {Artillery.) A wad made of oakum, 
 bound round with spun yarn, and of similar diameter 
 to the bore of the gun for which it is intended. It is 
 used in firing hot shot, and also occasionally with 
 bronze ordnance, to prevent indentation of the bore 
 near the seat of the shot, being placed between the 
 charge and the projectile. 
 
 Jiite, n. \_Add.'] Juie butts, those parts of the jute plant 
 which are nearest the ground, and are coarser fibered 
 and darker colored than the rest ; they are used to make 
 a poor quality of rope. — Jute rejections, the parts of the 
 jute plant growing above the butts, but rejected in sort- 
 ing jute, as of an inferior quality. 
 
 K. 
 
 KA-IilG'E-NOtJS, a. [Ar. qali, ashes of the plant 
 called glass- wort, soda, and Gr. yeVos, birth. See 
 Alkali ] Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some 
 metals. 
 
 Ka-mee'la, n. The glandular powder and hairs ob- 
 tained from the capsules of Rottlera tinctoria, a small 
 tree of the order Eupfiorbiaceas, growing in the East In- 
 dies. It is used medicinally in the treatment of tape- 
 worm. Also written kamala. 
 
 Kamp-tu'li-eon, n. [Gr. Ka.(jiirrei.v , to bend, to be 
 flexible, and uAi/cds, material, from vKr\, wood, matter.] 
 A kind of elastic floor cloth, made chiefly of India rub- 
 ber, gutta-percha, dried films of linseed oil, and finely 
 divided cork. 
 
 K3,m.'py-lite , n. [Gr. KajonrvAos, bent, curved, from 
 Kd^jLtTTecv, to bend] ( Ckem.) An arseniate of lead, oc- 
 curring in hexagonal prisms of a fine orange yellow. 
 
 Keu'iiing', n. The limit of vision at sea, being a dis- 
 tance of twenty miles. 
 
 Ke'no, 71. [Fr. quine, five winning numbers, from Lat. 
 quini, five each, from guinque, five.] A game of chance 
 played with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, and 
 balls or knobs numbered to correspond. 
 
 Ke-ram'i-e, a. See Cer.'VMIC. 
 
 Ker'a-tiiie, n. [Gr. Kepa?, Keparo?, horn.] {Ckem.) 
 A suppo.-^ed specific substance forming the basis of a 
 large class of animal substances, such as horns, hoofs, 
 nails, wool, hair, feathers, cuticle, and the like ; — also 
 called elastine. 
 
 Ke-rec'to-my, n. [Gr. Kepas, horn, and eicjefiveiv, to 
 cut off, from e(c, out, and refiveiv, to cut.] {Surg.) The 
 operation of excising the outward layers of the cornea, 
 by which a clear aperture may be obtained in the mid- 
 dle of a generally opaque cornea. 
 
 Ke'rite, n. [Gr. Kepas, horn.] A compound in which 
 tar or asphaltum combined with animal or vegetable 
 oils is vulcanized by sulphur, closely resembling rub- 
 ber ; — used as insulating material in telegraphy. 
 
 Ke'tone, n. {Ckem.) An organic compound consist- 
 ing of carbon monoxide united with two monatomic 
 alcohol radicals. 
 
 Ket'tle-drum, n. [Add,] 2. An informal social party 
 at which a light collation is offered, usually held in the 
 afternoon or early eveniog. 
 
 Khe-diive' or Klie'dive, n. [Persian, a prince ] A 
 governor or viceroy ; a title granted in 1866 by the 
 sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt. 
 
 Kid'ney-ore, n. A kidney-shaped variety of iron ore. 
 
 Ki'lo, n. ; pi. Ki'LOs. A contraction of Kilogram. 
 
 Kin'der-gar'ten, n. [Ger , children's garden, from 
 kinder, pi. of kind, child, and garten, garden.] A 
 school for young children in which play or exercise is 
 combined with study, and especial attention paid to 
 
 object-teaching ; — a name given by Froebel, a Qerman 
 educator, who introduced this method of training. 
 
 Kiiie'-pox, n. (Med.) A pustular eruption on the 
 udder of the cow ; cow-pox, q. v. 
 
 Kin'e-si-at'i'i-e§, n. sing, and pi. [Gr. Kii/Tja-is, motion, 
 from KLvelv, to move, and iarpt/co'?, pertaining to medi- 
 cine or surgery, from tarpo's, a physician.] {Med.) A 
 mode of treating disease by appropriate muscular move- 
 ments ; also termed kinesitktrapy, lingism, and the 
 movement-cure. 
 
 Kin'e-so'di«, a. [Gr. kii^o-is, motion, and 68os, way : 
 Fr. kindsodique.l Conveying motion ; — a term applied 
 to that portion of the spinal cord which conveys motor 
 impressions. 
 
 KIng'-bolt, n. An iron bolt, by which the forward 
 axle and wheels of a four-wheeled vehicle are con- 
 nected with the remaining portions. 
 
 King'fisli, n. [_Add.'] 2. A common name for the 
 American whiting {Menticirrus nebulosus). 3. The 
 black-spotted Spanish mackerel ( Cyhium regale). 
 
 K-xng'let, n. ( Ornitk.) A small passerine bird of the 
 family Sylviidas (genus Regulus). It occurs over all 
 North America ; — also called golden-crowned warbler. 
 
 King'ston-met'al, n. An alloy of tin, copper, and 
 mercury, used for the bearings and packings of machin- 
 ery. 
 
 K.i-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. klvsIv, to move, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] The science which treats of the laws of mo- 
 tion, or of moving bodies. 
 
 Kitch'en-er, n. A kind of range to be used in the 
 kitchen. 
 
 Kitcli'eii-niTd''den§ (-mid'dnz), n.pl. [Dan. kjokken- 
 moddings, kitchen-leavings ; Scot, midden, a dung- 
 hill.] The shell mounds of the Danish isles of the 
 Baltic, some of which are ten feet high, one thousand 
 feet long, and two hundred feet wide. They are sup- 
 posed to be relics of neolithic man. 
 
 Klip'spring-er, n. [D., cliff-springer.] (Zool.) A 
 South African field antelope {Oreotragus saUatrix), 
 which like the chamois springs from one precipice to 
 another with great agility. 
 
 Knee'-e^p (nee'-), n. A capping on the knees, as of 
 horses. 
 
 Kn5ck'er-b6ck''er§ (nik'-), n. pi. Trowsers sitting 
 loosely on the thigh, and ending at the knee, as worn 
 in Holland, and now worn by young boys, and also by 
 huntsmen and tourists. 
 
 Knife (nTf), v.t. To cut with a knife ; to stab. 
 
 Knif e'board, n. A board on which knives are cleaned 
 or polished. 
 
 Kolil (kol), n. A mixture of soot and other ingredi- 
 ents, used by Egyptian and Syrian women to darken 
 the edges of the eyelids. 
 
 ibod, frfbt: tirn, rifde, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, -call, e«lio; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; tliis. 
 
KUKLUX 
 
 1034 
 
 LIGHT-SHIP 
 
 Ku'kliix, n. The name adopted in the southern part Kum'mel, n. [Ger. kiitnmel, cumin, caraway -seed.] 
 oi the United States by a secret political organization, A Russian and German liqueur, consisting of a sweet- 
 which often resorted to intimidation and murder to I ened spirit flavored by caraway seeds, 
 carry out its purposes. I 
 
 L. 
 
 L(61) n. L (OF A HOUSE), a wing or part attached 
 to a main building ; properly, a wing joined at 
 right angles to the main building, giving it the shape 
 of the letter L. 
 
 L.a-b<ir'nin, )n. {Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid 
 
 La-b0.r'niiie, I found in the unripe seeds of the la- 
 burnum. 
 
 La-?iii'i-o-late, a. {Bot.) Consisting of, or abound- 
 ing in, very minute lacinix. 
 
 I^ac'quer-er (lak'er-er), n. One who lacquers or var- 
 nishes metals or woods. 
 
 L.a-€r6sse', h. [Fr. la crosse, the cross. See Cross.] 
 An outdoor game, originating among the North Amer- 
 ican Indians. It is played on level ground, or on ice, 
 with balls, and a wicker bat (called a crosse) for propel- 
 ling them. 
 
 Lac-lii'^ine, n. [Fr., from Lat. lactuca, lettuce, from 
 lac, laciis, milk.] ( Chem.) The active principle of the 
 wild lettuce. It has anodyne properties. 
 
 L.a-€us'tral, \ a. lArJd.^ Lacustrine deposits ( Geol.), 
 
 L.a-€u.s'triiie, J the deposits which have been accu- 
 mulated in fresh-water areas. 
 
 La-d'i'no, n. ; pi. la-di'nos. [Sp., from lado, Lat. 
 lat Its, side.] A term applied tn Central America, to the 
 mestizo, or half-breed descendants of whites and In- 
 dians. X 
 
 Lake'-d-ivell'lng, n. One of a class of prehistoric 
 dwellings, found in greatest perfection in Switzerland. 
 They were built either on a foundation of reeds, or on 
 tree stems, woven together in horizontal layers, alter- 
 nated with layers of clay or gravel, or on piles driven 
 deeply into the lake bottom, but projecting above the 
 water. 
 
 L&mb'da (15m'-), n. [Gr. Kifi^Sa, the letter A, X, 1.] 
 (Entom.) A variety of moth, so called from a mark, 
 resembling the Greek letter A, on its wings. 
 
 L,am'i-na-rite, n. [From Lat. lamina, a thin plate.] 
 ( Paieon.) A broad-leaved fossil alga. 
 
 LJimpnisrlit'er (-lit'-), n. One who, or that which, 
 lights a lamp. 
 
 L.amp'sh611, n. {Conch.) A bivalve deep-water shell- 
 fish, so called from its shape. 
 
 li&n'ark-Ite, n. [From Lanarkshire, Scotland.] (Min.) 
 A mineral consisting of sulphate and carbonate of lead, 
 occurring either massive or in long slender prisms, of 
 a greenish white or gray color. 
 
 LAn'cas-te'ri-an, a. Pertaining to Lancaster; — es- 
 pecially used of the method of education advocated by 
 Joseph Lancaster, of England, who made popular the 
 system of instruction, by which advanced pupils in a 
 school instruct pupils below them. 
 
 L£ind, n. [Add.] &. (Naut.) The lap of the strakes 
 in a clincher-built boat. 9. In any surface prepared 
 with indentations, perforations, or grooves, that part 
 not so treated. 
 
 L^ud'sidf^, n. The side of a plow which is opposite to 
 the mold-board and which presses against the unplowed 
 land. 
 
 L.&ii'ter-ldb', n. Same as Loo. 
 
 Lap'a,-r6t'o-iny, n. [Gr. kanipa, flank, loins, and 
 To/Jiij, a cutting, from T€>i'ei»', to cut.] (Surg.) A cut- 
 ting through the walls of the abdomen, in the lumbar 
 region, as in the Cesarean section. 
 
 LJIp'-board, n. A board UFed on the lap, as by tailors. 
 
 Lap'ping^-gn'gine (-en'j n), n. (Mach.) A doubling 
 machine ; an engine for making folds or welds. 
 
 I/Srd'y, a. Containing, or consisting of, lard. 
 
 Ukt'in, a. [Add.] Latin Uniov, a monetary league 
 between the governments of France. Belgium, Italy, 
 Switzerland, and Greece, which provides for an iden- 
 tity in the weight and fineness of the silver and gold 
 coins of those countries, and regulates the amounts 
 and proportions of the coinage of the.se two metals for 
 the pucceeding year. 
 
 L&t'rine, n. [Lat. latrina, Fr. latrines.] A privy, or 
 water-closet. 
 
 L<&t'ten, n. [Add.] White latten. a mixture of brass 
 and tin. 
 
 L.at'ter-day Saint. A Mormon. 
 
 L.aw, n. [Add.] Roman law, the system of principles 
 and laws, found in the codes of the jurists of ancient 
 Rome, and incorporated into the laws of the several 
 European countries, especially on the Continent ; — 
 contrasted with the common law, accepted in England 
 and the most of her colonies and in the United States. 
 
 Lawn'-ten'iiis, n. A game of tennis, played upon an 
 open lawn instead of in a tennis-court. 
 
 Licad'er, n. [Add.] 1. (g.) (Fishing tackle) A piece 
 of fine cord or catgut, on the end of a line, to which 
 the artificial flies are attached. 
 
 liead'liill-ite, n. (Min.) A carbonate of sulphur and 
 lead, of a yellowish or greenish-white color; — first 
 found at Lffidhills, Scotland. 
 
 Lead'-o'clier (led'-o'ker), n. {Min.) A massive sul- 
 phur-yellow oxide of lead. 
 
 L.ea'son, n. [Fr. liaison. See Liaison.] {Cookery.) 
 That which is put into sauces to give them body, as, a 
 mixture of eggs and cream ; a thickening. 
 
 L,eath'er-et' (leth'-), n. An artificial preparation at 
 paper or cloth, made to imitate leather. 
 
 L.e'diiiii, n, [Gr. A.tj^oi', the cistus, which was trans- 
 ferred by Linnaeus to this genus.] {Bat.) A species 
 of low-growing evergreens of the heath family {Ericck- 
 cese). The flowers are white, handsome, and grow in 
 terminal umbel-like clusters. L. latifolium. grows in 
 cold bogs and damp mountain w^oods, from ^ew Eng- 
 land to Pennsylvania, also in Wisconsin and north- 
 ward. 
 
 Leg'ate, n. [Add.] 3. {Rom. Hist.) (a.) An official 
 assistant given to a general or to the governor of a 
 province, {b.) Under the emperors, a governor sent to 
 a province. 
 
 Leii'toid, a. [iens, and Gr. elSos, form.] Having the 
 form of a lens. 
 
 Lep'a-doid, n [Gr. A.e»ras, Aer-dSos. a shell-fish, and 
 etSos, form.] A pedunculated cirri ped. 
 
 L.ep'i-d6in'e-lane, n. [Gr. XeTri's, \eiTCSos. a scale, 
 and ju.eA.as, /xeAatea, black.] (Min.) An iron -potash of 
 mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic 
 veins in small six-sided tables, or an aggregation of 
 minute opaque scales. 
 
 Lrep'to-ineii'iii-gi'tis, n. [Gr. AeTrrds, rmall, fine, and 
 'Eng. meningitis.] {Pat/tol.) Inflammation of the soft 
 membranes of the brains or spinal cord, that is, the pia 
 mater, and the arachnoid membrane. 
 
 !Let'ter-bobk, n. A book in which a person copies 
 business letters. 
 
 I,ev'i-tate, v. i. [Lat. levitas, levitatis, tightness, from 
 levis, light in weight.] To rise, or tend to rise, as if 
 lighter than the surrounding medium ; to obey the 
 laws of repulsion: to tend away from; — opposed to 
 gravitate. 
 
 JJi, n. A Chinese measure of length, averaging a little 
 more than one third of a mile. 
 
 ■Li-a'na, I n. [Fr. liane, lien, JaX. ligamen, a band, 
 
 L.i-ane', ) from ligare, to bind.] A luxuriant woody 
 creeper, growing in tropical forests. Its tendrils grow 
 straight downward to the ground, twisting themselves 
 together in knot.*;. 
 
 liieb'er-kiilin (leb'er-kijn), n. [From the name of the 
 German inventor, Lieherhihn.] A concave metallic 
 mirror attached to the object-glass end of a microscope 
 to throw down light on opaque objects ; a reflector. 
 
 L.ift'iiig-ma--hiiie', n. Same as Health-lift. 
 
 Lii'jsrate, f. t. [Lat. Ugnre, ligatus.] {Surg.) To tie 
 with a ligature ; to bind around ; to bandage. 
 
 liigr'a-ture. v. t. [Lat. Ugatura, ligature, from ligare, 
 to bind.] {Surg.) To ligate : to tie ; to bind. 
 
 L,i)2:ht'-keep'er (lit'-), n. A person appointed to take 
 charge of a light-house, or light-vessel, and to clean 
 and manage the illuminating apparatus. 
 
 T.ight'-sliip (lit'-), «. Same as Light-vessel. 
 
 a, e, <&c., long; &, 6, Sic., short ; c&re, far, ask, all, vrliat ; Sre, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, dr, dQ, ^vqlli, 
 
LIGHT-VESSEL 
 
 1035 
 
 LYGODIUM 
 
 TAsbt'-T&B'sel (lit'-), n. A Teasel anchored or moored 
 and serving as a light-house. 
 
 Mght'wobd (lit'-), n. Pine knots, dry sticks, and the 
 like, for kindling a fire quickly or ma^ng a blaze. 
 
 Lig'iiose, n. An explosive compound of wood fiber 
 and nitro-glycerine. See Nitro-glycerine. 
 
 L,il'y-pS,d, n. The floating leaf of the water-lily. 
 
 Lii'man, n. [Ft. limon, Sp. and It. limo, Lat. limus, 
 slime.] The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river. 
 
 L.ime'-ligh.t (-lit), n. A brilliant light produced by 
 the incandescence of quicklime placed in a flame of 
 oxygen and hydrogen, or oxygen and coal-gas ; — called 
 also calcium light. 
 
 Iliiin.'i-tate, a. Bounded by a distinct line. 
 
 liim'it-ed, a. [Add.] 2- Involving a personal liabil- 
 ity limited by the number of shares taken by each 
 shareholder, so that he cannot be called on to contrib- 
 ute beyond the amount of his shares. 
 
 L,i-inog:es'-ware (ll-mozh'-), n. One of the richly 
 enameled articles of metal, such as caskets, made in 
 the Middle Ages at Limoges, France. 
 
 Line, n. Hard lines, an unfortunate fate or lot ; dis- 
 tressing circumstances. — On the line, at the right 
 height ; on a level with the eye of the spectator ; — said 
 of a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures. 
 
 Liine'-'breed.'ing:, n. (Stock-breeding.) The breeding 
 of animals with reference to securing descent from a 
 particular family, especially in the female line. 
 
 lilng'i§in, n. A mode of treating certain diseases, as 
 obesity, by gymnastics; — so called because proposed 
 by Pehr Henrik Ling, a Swede. 
 
 L.iii'gua Fran'ca, n. The commercial language of the 
 Levant, — a compound of French, Italian, Arabic, etc 
 
 Lii-iio'le-u.m, n. [Lat. linum, flax, and oleum, oil.] A 
 kind of floor-cloth made from or with hardened or ox- 
 idized linseed oil. 
 
 L.ip'i€, a. [Gr. AiVos, fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or 
 derived from, fat; — said of an acid formed by the ac- 
 tion of nitric acid on stearic, oleic, and palmitic acid. 
 
 Li-po'ina, n. [From Gr. kinog, fat.] (Med.) A tumor 
 consisting of fat or adipose tissue. 
 
 Lip'-serv'i^e, n. Labor or action of the lips, which 
 does not convey the sentiments of the heart. 
 
 Li'ra, n. [It., from Lat. libra, the Roman pound.] An 
 Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc. 
 
 Li-ro«'o-nite, n. [Gr. Aeipo?, pale, and novia, powder.] 
 (Min.) A hydrated arseniate of copper, occurring in 
 obtuse pyramidal crystals of a sky-blue or verdigris- 
 green color. 
 
 Lisle'-thread (ITl'-), n. A hard twisted cotton thread, 
 originally produced at Li.fle, France. 
 
 List, n. [Add.] Free list, (a.) List of articles admitted 
 to a country free of duty, (b.) List of persons ad- 
 mitted to any entertainment, as a theater or opera, 
 without payment, or to whom a periodical, etc., is sent 
 without charge. 
 
 Lit'er-a'tion, n. [Lat. litera, a letter.] The act or 
 process of representing by letters. 
 
 Litli'ic, n. [See LiTHic, a.] (Med.) A medicine which 
 tends to prevent stone in the bladder. 
 
 Litli'o-fra,€'teu.r, n. [Fr., from Gr. kiOos, stone, and 
 Lat. fractmn, supine of frangere, to break.] An explo- 
 sive compound of nitro-glycerine. See Nitbo-gltcerine. 
 
 Litll'o-grrapli'i-e, a. [Add.] Lithographic limestone 
 (Min.), a compact, fine-grained limestone, obtained 
 largely from the Lias and Oolite, and extensively em- 
 ployed in lithography. 
 
 Litli''a-a'ni-aii, n. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Lithu- 
 ania, a part of the Russian and Prussian territory bor- 
 dering on the Baltic Sea; — applied especially to the 
 language spoken in Lithuania, one of a group of dia- 
 lects related to the Slavonic languages. 
 
 Lla'no, n. [Sp., plain, even, level.] A prairie. 
 
 Lob'by-ist, n. A member of the lobby ; a person who 
 frequents the lobby of a legislature for the purpose of 
 influencing legislation. 
 
 L6to'u-lar, a. [Fr. lobulaire.] Having the character or 
 nature of a lobule. 
 
 Lo'€al, n. [See Local, a.] 1. An accommodation rail- 
 way train , which receives and deposits passengers and 
 freight along the line of the road. 2. An item of local 
 news for a newspaper. 
 
 L6'«ate, v. i. To take up one's residence in a place ; to 
 settle. 
 
 Ldck'out, n. A suspension of work, on the part of 
 employers ; — corresponding to a strike on the part of 
 the employed. 
 
 Lo'«o-ino'tor, a. [See Locomotion.] Pertaining to 
 movement. 
 
 Progressive locomotor ataxy (Pathol.), a disease char- 
 acterized by incoordination of movement, and depend- 
 ent on degeneration of the posterior columns of the 
 spinal cord. 
 
 Lo'-eust-bean, n. A commercial name for the sweet 
 pod of the carob tree. 
 
 L6d'i-<;ule, n. [Fr., Lat. lodicula, dim. of lodix, lodi- 
 cis, a coverlet.] (Bot.) One of the two or three del- 
 icate membranous scales which form the perianth of 
 grasses. 
 
 L,oir (Iwiir), n. [Fr., Provenfal glire, Sp. liron, Lat. gli.-i, 
 gliris.] (Zo'ol.) A species of dormouse {Myoxus vul- 
 gari.t), found in Europe ; — known also as the fat dor- 
 mouse. 
 
 Lon'don-pride', n. (Bot.) A garden name for iSoxi- 
 fraga iimbrosa, a hardy perennial herbaceous plant, a 
 native of high lands in Great Britain. 
 
 Long, a. [Add.] 9. (Stock Exchange.) Holding a 
 quantity of stock. A man is said to be '•'■long,''' when 
 he has bought stock on time, that is, stock which he 
 can call for at any time he chooses. 
 
 Long price, the full retail price of any article. — 
 Long purchase (Stock Exchange), stock bought to sell 
 on a rise. — To go long, to buy stock in order to selV 
 on a rise. — Long of the market, oi Long side, ha.Tins 
 bought stock to sell on a rise. 
 
 L6ng/-di-vi§'ion (-vizh'un), n. {Arith.) The process 
 of dividing one number by another, — the several steps 
 of the process being given at length, so as to show the 
 successive partial products of the divisor and dividend, 
 and the remainders. 
 
 Ldbp'liglit (-lit), n. A small narrow opening or win- 
 dow in a tower or fortified wall ; a loop-hole. 
 
 L6pli'o-bran«li, n. (Gr. A.o<|)ia, ridge, hill, and Ppdy- 
 Xtoi', gill.] (Ichth.) One of an order of teleosts, whose 
 gills, instead of hanging in regular fringes, are dis- 
 posed in tufts arranged in pairs along the branchial 
 arches. The pipe-fish (Syngnathus) and the sea-horse 
 (Hippocampus) are examples. 
 
 Lot'o, n. [A corruption of It. otto, eight ; — the orig- 
 inal lotteries in which numbers were drawn giving 
 eight modes of staking.] A game of chance, played 
 with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, aud balls 
 or knobs numbered to correspond ; — called also keno. 
 [Sometimes written lotto.] 
 
 L6ve'-po''tion, n. A compounded draught, adminis- 
 tered in the hope of inducing feelings of love. 
 
 Low-mind'ed, a. Base ; groveling : inclined in mind 
 to low or unworthy things ; showing a base mind. 
 
 Low'-necked (-nekt), a. Cut low in the neck ; ds- 
 colletc ; — said of a lady's dress. 
 
 Lox-6t'o-my, n. [Gr. ko^os, slanting, oblique, and 
 Toixrj, a cutting, from re/xveiv, to cut.] (Surg.) An ob- 
 lique section or cutting : — applied to a method of am- 
 putation. 
 
 Lu.'«u.-lent-ly, adv. In a luculent manner ; clearly ; 
 transparently ; lucidly ; brightly. 
 
 Lug, n. [Add.] 4. The ring-shaped piece of leather 
 through which each shaft passes, in a single harness. 
 It holds up the shaft, being itself fastened to the 
 saddle. 
 
 Liim'too-sa'-eral, a. [Lat. lumbu^, loin, and sacrum, 
 sacrum.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the loins and the sa- 
 crum ; — said of a nerve which proceeds from the an- 
 terior branch of the fifth lumbar nerve, descends into 
 the pelvis in front of the sacrum, and unites with the 
 sciatic plexus. 
 
 Lii'ny, a. [Shortened from lunatic] Crazy ; mentally 
 unsound ; — also written loony. 
 
 Ly-eli'niii, n. [Gr. kvxvo<;, a light or lamp.] (Bot.) X 
 genus of old-world plants belonging to the pink family 
 ( Cari/ophyllacese], and so called either on account of the 
 brilliant color of the flowers of most of the species, ot 
 because the cottony leaves anciently answered as wicks 
 for lamps. The botanical name is in common use for 
 the garden species. 
 
 Ly'dine, n. ( Chem.) A violet dye derived from aniline. 
 
 Ijy-go'di-u.m, n. [From Gr kvydi>Br\<;, flexible, from 
 kvyo<;, a willow twig, and etSo?, form.] (Bot.) A ge- 
 nus of ferns with twining or climbing fronds, bearing 
 stalked and variously lobed divisions in pairs, with free 
 veins. L. pnlmatum, much prized for indoors orna- 
 ment, inhabits shaded and moist grassy places, from 
 Massachusetts to Virginia and Kentucky, and sparingly 
 southwards. 
 
 food, f<Jbt ; ftm, rude, pull; ^ell, {^liaise, «all, eelio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link : this. 
 
MACLED 
 
 1036 
 
 MAYONNAISE 
 
 M. 
 
 MACLiJFD, a. [Lat- '"flfM^rti a spot.] (Min.) Char- 
 acterized by having the surface covered with spots 
 of a hue deeper tliau, or different from, the ground 
 color. 
 
 Macreii-^Cpli'a-loiis, o. [Gr. fAaxpos, long, great, 
 and €yKe4)a\ov, the brain.] Having a large brain. 
 
 Mftt"ro-gl6s'si-a, «. [Or. naKpos, long, great, and 
 yAa)(r<ra, tongue.] {Med.) Enlargement or hypertrophy 
 of the tongue. 
 
 Ma-er6pli'yl-lTne, or Ma€'ro-pli5'l'line, a. [See 
 MACKOi'HyLLous.J {Bot.) Consisting of elongated ex- 
 tended leatiets. 
 
 Mftc'ro-piii'a-eoid, n. [Gr. jaaxpos, long, -riva^, a 
 board, aud ei5os, form.] (Crrj^tallog.) The name given 
 to the two planes in the orthorhombic system which 
 are parallel to the vertical and longer lateral (macro- 
 diagonal) axes. 
 
 Ma-crop'ter-ous, a. [Gr. /xaicpo;, long, and irrepov, a 
 wing.] Having long wings. 
 
 Mae'ro-seop'i-e, ) a. [Gr. fiaxpo?, long, large, and 
 
 Mac'ro-scop'ic-al, j aKone^v, to view.] Visible to 
 the unassisted eye ; — as opposed to microscopic, visible 
 only by the aid of the microscope. 
 
 Ma-e'tra, n. [Gr. fioKTpa, kneading-trough, from ju.acro-eti', 
 to knead.] (Zo'dl.) A well-known lamellibranch, in- 
 habiting sandy and muddy shores ; — so called fanci- 
 fully from its shape. The ben-clam, or mongrel-clam 
 (M. soli'Jissima), is found from the Gulf of Mexico to 
 Labrador. 
 
 Mad'der-injj, n. The art or process of dyeing with 
 madder, or of subjecting to the action of madder. 
 
 M3,d're-po'ri-f6rin, a. [Eng. madrepore, and Lat. 
 fonna, form.] Formed like a madrepore ; perforated 
 with small holes like a coral. 
 
 Ma-dro'na, n. [Sp., from madre, Lat. mater, mother.] 
 An evergreen shrub {Arbutus Menziesii), of California. 
 
 Ma-g6n'ta, n. A red or crimson dye or color derived 
 from aniline ; — so called from Magenta, in Italy, where 
 a battle was fought, not far from the time when the 
 color was first brought into use. 
 
 MSg'is-tral, a. (Pharmacy.) Prescribed for the occa- 
 sion : — said of medicines, in distinction from such as 
 are officinal, or kept prepared in the shops. 
 
 Mag-ne'si«, a. ( Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained 
 from, magnesium. 
 
 MasT-ne'si-iim (-zhT-iim), n. [Add.] Magnesium light, 
 a brilliant light, produced by burning metallic magne- 
 sium. 
 
 Magr^ngt'i-e, a. [Add.] Magnetic field, or. Field of mng- 
 nf.tic force, any space through which a magnet exerts 
 its influence. — Magnetic fluid, the hypothetical fluid 
 whose existence was formerly assumed in the explana- 
 tions of the phenomena of magnetism. — Magnetic iron 
 {Min.), a compound of iron and oxygen which is at- 
 tracted by the magnet ; magnetite : loadstone. 
 
 3Id-lifi' vii'jnh, n. [Skr., from maha, great, and raja, 
 king.] A sovereign prince of India. 
 
 Ma-h6g'a-ny, n. [Add.] A table made of the mahogany 
 wood. 
 
 Maid, n. [Add.] Maid of honor, a female attendant or 
 companion of a queen or royal princess ; — usually of 
 Doble^ family, and having only honorary duties. 
 
 Mai-ze'na, n. [From SIaize.] A trade name for fine 
 m<-al or fa'-ina, prepared from Indian corn, for pud- 
 dings and the like. 
 
 Make'-up, n. The whole, as distinguished from the 
 several parts composing it : general composition or 
 structure ; get-up. An actor's make-up means the arti- 
 ficial manner in which he is appareled, painted, and the 
 like, for the stage. 
 
 MJtVa-j?as'y, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to, Mada- 
 gascar or its inhabitants ; Madecassee. 
 
 lUa'ldiHcJ, n. [Fr., from mal, I^at. ma^us, evil, ill, and 
 a»V, ease, 9. r".] (Pathol.) An indefinite feeling of un- 
 easiness, or of being ill at ea«e. 
 
 M&l'as-Him'i-la'tion, n. (Pathol.) (a.) Imperfect di- 
 gestion of the several leading constituents of the food. 
 (h.) An imperfect use by the capillaries of the blood 
 conveyed to them. 
 
 Mal-thu'8lan-T8Tnf-zhan-).n. [See Malthusian.] The 
 systerri of Malthusian doctrines, which advocate the 
 restriction of the natural increase of population. 
 
 Mftm'e-lu'«o, n. [Pg.] A child bom of a white father 
 
 and negro mother. 
 
 Miinri'zer, n. [Heb. mamz6r.] One bom of parents be- 
 tween whom marriage was forbidden by the Mosaic law. 
 
 M^u-a'da, n- [Sp.] A herd of brood-mares, under the 
 lead of a stallion. 
 
 Manchette (mong'shet'), n. [Fr., a cuff, ruflSe, dim. of 
 mancht, sleeve. See Manche.] An ornamental ruffle or 
 cuff. _ 
 
 Man'-eat'er, n. One who, or that which, has an appe- 
 tite for human flesh ; specifically applied to a large shark, 
 and also to a species of tiger. 
 
 Man'-en'gine (-gn^jin), n. A mechanical lift for raisin^ 
 and lowering workmen, as in mines ; an elevator. 
 
 Man'jran-if'er-ous, a. [manganese and Lat. ferre, to 
 bear.] Containing manganese. 
 
 MJln'za-ni'ta, n. [Sp., dim. of manzana, an apple.] 
 (Bot.) A dense mahogany-colored shrub (Arctostaphy- 
 los pungens), growing to the height of ten feet, and 
 spreading to an equal breadth. It is found in the West- 
 ern United States, from Oregon and Utah to New Mexico, 
 and in Mexico. The name is also applied to other Cali- 
 fornian species of Arctostaplnjlos. 
 
 Ma-o'ri, n. (Geog.) 1. One of the primitive inhabit- 
 ants of New Zealand. 2. The original language of New 
 Zealand. 
 
 Ma-o'ri, a. ( Geog.) Of, or pertaining to. New Zealand. 
 
 Mar'a-bou', n. The offspring of a mulatto and a griffe. 
 
 Mar'ginV n. [Add.] 5. (Stock Exchange.) A sum of 
 money deposited with a broker, by a person speculating 
 in stocks, to secure the former against loss on funds ad- 
 vanced by him. 
 
 Mar'i-nade', n. [Fr., from mariner, to prepare food for 
 preservation at sea, from inarin, Lat. marinus, sailor, 
 from mare, sea.] ( Cookery.) A brine or pickle for use 
 in preparing food for being cooked, and for enriching 
 the flavor of meat and fish. 
 
 Mar'i-iiate, v. t. (Cookery.) To lay in vinegar; to 
 prepare by the use of marinade. 
 
 Mar'i-o-nette', n. [Fr.] One of the figures in a puppet- 
 show. 
 
 Mark, n. [ Ger.'] A German silver coin, of the value of 
 one English shilling, or about 24 cents in American cur- 
 rency. It is the equivalent of 100 pfennig. 
 
 Mar-seille§' (mar-salz'), n. A general term for certain 
 kinds" of fabrics, which are formed of two series of 
 threads interlacing each other, thus forming double 
 cloth, quilted in the loom ; — used for vestings ; so 
 named because first made in Marseilles, France. 
 
 Mar sli'- hawk, n. The American harrier or mouse- 
 hawk ( Circus cyaneus), one of the Falconidsp, or falcon 
 family. It breeds from Hudson"s Bay to Texas, and 
 from Nova Scotia to Oregon and California, and is 
 abundant everywhere in the United States, except in 
 the southeastern portion. 
 
 Mar'tin-gale, n. [Add.] 3. (Gambling.) The act of 
 doubling at each stake that which has been lost on the 
 preceding stake ; — metaphorically derived from the bi- 
 furcation of the martingale of a harness. 
 
 Mass'age, n. [Fr.] The act of pressing the muscular 
 parts of the body with the hands, in order to give sup- 
 pleness or to excite vitality ; shampooing. 
 
 Mas'ter, n. A vessel having masts. 
 
 Mas-tod'y-ny, n. [Gr. (xacrros, the female breast, and 
 ofivVrj, pain.] ( Pathol. ) Pain occurring in the mamma, 
 or female breast, — a form of neuralgia. 
 
 Ma-taii'za, n. [Sp., slaughter, from matar, to kill.] A 
 place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and 
 tallow. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. [Add.] 2. Specifically, one who 
 holds to the existence of matter, as distinguished from 
 the idealist who denies it. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-ai-i-za'tion, n. 1. The act or pretense of 
 clothing a spirit in a material form. 2. That which is 
 materialized ; the supposed appearance of a spirit in 
 material form. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ize, v. t. [Add.] 4. (Spiritualism.) To 
 present or to iiretend to present a spirit or departed soul 
 under a material form or body. 
 
 Ma'ySn'ii ai.se', n. [Fr., perhaps from Provenfal met- 
 honner, to mix a salad.] ( Cookery.) A sauce or salad, 
 compounded of oil, vinegar, pepper, and salt, with the 
 
 a, e, &c., long ; &, 6, &c. , short ; c&re, far, ask, all, 'what ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pi'que, firm ; .<«dn, dr, do, ivolf> 
 
MAYORAL 
 
 1037 
 
 MIDDLE 
 
 addition of raw yolks of eggs ; also, any dish of meat 
 furnished with this sauce. 
 
 May'or-al, n. [Sp., from mayor, Lat. major, greater.] 
 The conductor of a mule team ; a head shepherd. 
 
 Mfiad'ow-liay, n. A coarse grass, or true sedge, grow- 
 ing on uncultivated swamp or river meadow ; — u;ied as 
 fodder for cattle, packing for ice, etc. 
 
 Meat, n. [Add.] Dark meat ( Cookery), all the meat of 
 chickens and turkeys, except the breast and wings, 
 these being called light meat. 
 
 Me-<;a'te, n. (Mex^ A rope of hair or of the fiber of 
 the maguey, used for tyiug horses, etc. 
 
 Me-ga^'e-ros, n. [Gr. fjnya^, great, and xepas, horn.] 
 {Paleuti.) The fossil or sub-fossil gigantic deer of the 
 Pleistocene marls and peat-bogs ; often, but erroneously 
 termed the Irish elk. 
 
 Mes'a-far'ad, n. [Gr. jae-yas, great, and Eng. farad.'] 
 ( Elec.) One of the larger measures of capacity, amount- 
 ing to one million farads ; — rarely called macrofarad. 
 
 3I€g'a-letli'o-s«ope, n. [Gr. Meyas, great, and Eng. 
 alethoscope.} An instrument for viewing pictures by 
 means of a lens in which the pictures are magnified. 
 
 Meg'oliin.(-om), n. [Gr. M-eyas, great, and Eng. oh7n.] 
 {Elec.) One of the larger measures of electrical re- 
 sistance, amounting to one million ohms. 
 
 Mei'o-stem'o-nous, a. [Gr. /j-eCoiv, smaller, and o-n?- 
 fjLojv, the warp, from lirrdvai., to stand.] ( Bot.) Having 
 stamens less in number than the parts of the corolla. 
 
 Me-ia^'o-nite, n. [Gr. nxeAa?, black, and Kovts, dust.] 
 {3Iin ) An earthy-black oxide of copper, occurring in 
 Teins in powdery masses, arising from the decomposi- 
 tion of other ores. 
 
 Me-lse'na, n. [Gr. ;aeA.a?, /ne'Aatva, black.] (Pathol.) A 
 discharge of black blood. 
 
 Mel'an-clio'li-a, n. [Lat., Gr. juteXa?, nekaiva, black, 
 and x°^V- bile.] (Pathol.) A kind of mental unsound- 
 ness which often attends disorders of the liver and of 
 the orgms of digestion. It is characterized by extreme 
 depression of spirits, ill-grounded fears, and brooding 
 over one particular subject or train of ideas. 
 
 Mel-o-plas'ti-e, a. Pertaining to meloplasty, or the 
 artificial formation of a new cheek. 
 
 Mel'o-plas^ty, n. [Fr. meloplastie, from Gr. ft.rj\ov, an 
 apple, a cheek, and vKda-a-elv, to mold, form.] (Surg.) 
 The process of restoring a cheek which has been de- 
 stroyed wholly or in part ; the artificial formation of a 
 new cheek. 
 
 Mel'ton--elotli, n. A fine woolen cloth with unfin- 
 ished face and without raised nap ; also a commoner 
 article, with cotton warp and similar finish. 
 
 Men'ta-gra. n. [Fr. menta^re, from Lat. mentitm, 
 chin, and Gr. aypa, a catching, a seizure.] (Pathol.) 
 A herpetic eruption about the chin, and upper lip, 
 forming a tenacious crust ; sycosis. 
 
 Me'ttn',n. [Fr., slender, thin, minute. See Mixute.] 
 The details of a banquet ; a bill of fare. 
 
 Meph'is-to-plie'li-aii, a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
 bling, the devil Mephistopheles ; fiendish ; crafty. 
 
 Mer-€u'ri«, a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, 
 the metal mercury. 
 
 Me-ren'€liy-nia, n. [Gr. jnepos, a part, and eyxv/uLa, an 
 infusion, from ef, in, and xeii-, to pour.] (Bot.) Tissue 
 composed of spheroidal cells. 
 
 Mdrinfjue (miVrang'), «. [Fr.] (Cookery.) A kind 
 of soft frosting composed of the whites of eggs and 
 sugar, and used to garnish some pastry or confection. 
 
 Me.s'd, n. [Sp.] An elevated table-land, especially one 
 lying against the side of a mountain. 
 
 Mes'o-?e-plial'i«, a. [Gr. (aeVo?, middle, and Eng. 
 cephalic] Having the ratio of the breadth to the length 
 of the skuU a medium one. 
 
 Mes'o-pi-tlie'-eixs, n. [Gr. /iteo-o?. middle, and nie-r\Ko<;, 
 ape] (Paleon.) A fossil catarrhine ape found in Greece, 
 bearing resemblance to the existing genus Macacus, 
 and also to the gibbons. 
 
 Mes'o-ster'niini, n. [Gr. jueo-o?, middle, and arepvov, 
 breast.] [Entom.) The ventral piece of the exoskele- 
 ton of the middle segment of the thorax in insects. 
 
 Met'al, n. [Add] 3. -A. metallic alloy or compound, 
 such as brass, steel, bronze, bell-metal, etc. 4. pi. The 
 rails of a railway. [Eng.] 
 
 Muntz's metal, an alloy consisting usually of 60 parts 
 of copper and 40 parts of zinc, used in the form of thin 
 plates for sheathing ships : — named after the inventor. 
 
 Me-talli-e, a. [Add.] Metallic tinkling \ Pathol.), a 
 sound heard in the chest, in cases in which a cavity 
 communicating with the air pa;<sages contains both air 
 and tiuid. 
 
 I M6t'a-mere, n. [Gr. /aera, with, or among, and /sie'po«, 
 
 ! part.] (Zo'61.) Any one of the similar parts that fol- 
 
 I low one another in an animal formed by segmentation ; 
 
 j a segment, as of an articulate or a vertebrate. 
 
 ; Me-tatti'e-sis, n. [Add.] 2. (C/i€?n.) The interchange 
 of two elements in a reaction. 
 
 Met'a-tJiet'i-eal, a. Taking place by metathesis or 
 mutual exchange. 
 
 Met'a-zo'an, n. ; pi. m£t/A-z6'ans ; Lat. pi. MET'A- 
 zo'A. [Gr. fiCTa, after, and ^(ioc, animal.] (Zobl.) An 
 animal in which the protoplasmic mass, constituting 
 the primitive body, is converted into a multitude of 
 cells, which become metamorphosed into the tissues of 
 the body ; a stomach cavity is normally developed, and 
 the cells around it arranged in two sets, the ectoderm 
 and the entoderm. The term comprises all animals, 
 excxjpt the protozoans. 
 
 Me'te-or-old, n. [Eng. meteor, and Gr. ei5o?, form.; 
 (Astron.) A small body revolving in an orbit about 
 the sun. Luminous meteors are produced by the en- 
 trance of meteoroids into the earth's atmosphere. 
 
 3Ietli'y, n. (Ichth.) A fish (Lota vulgaris) oi the cod 
 family, common in fresh waters of temperate regions 
 of the northern hemisphere : — called aLso the burbot. 
 
 ^leth'yl-am'ine, n. [Methyl aud a)iiine.] (Chem.) 
 A colorless gas, having a strong ammoniacal odor, and 
 absorbed by water with great rapidity. In its composi- 
 tion it may be regai-ded as ammonia in which one atom 
 of hydrogen has been replaced by the radical methyl. 
 
 Metli'yl-ate, v. t. To impregnate or mix with methyl 
 or methylic alcohol. 
 
 Methylated spirit, alcohol mixed with one tenth of 
 its volume of impure methyl alcohol or wood-spirit, to 
 prevent its consumption as a beverage. 
 
 M6t'ro-16g'i-eaI, a. [Fr. metrologique.] Pertaining to 
 the science of metrology or of mensuration. 
 
 Met'ro-s-eope, n. [Gr. /otrjTpa, womb, from M.T7njp, 
 mother and a-Korreiv, to view.] A modification of the 
 stethoscope, devised with the view of directly auscul- 
 tating the uterus fiom the vagina. 
 
 Me-trot'o-my, n. [Fr. mctrotomie, from Gr. yJirpa, 
 womb, from fxri-n]p, mother, and ro/u.^, a cutting, from 
 refj-veiv, to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting 
 into rhe uterus ; hysterotomy; the cesarean section. 
 
 3Ii-eras'ter, n. [Gr. /u.t/cp6s, small, and do-TTjp, star ] 
 (Pah on ) A genus of sea-urchins, similar to the sp:i- 
 tangus, abounding in the chalk formation ; — so termed 
 from the star-like arrangement of the small ambulacra! 
 furrows. 
 ■ Mr<;ren-^epIi'a-lous, a. [Gr. fitxpo's, small, and 
 
 eyKe'</)aAov, the brain.] Having a small brain. 
 1 MT'<;ro-e6-e'-eus. n. [Gr. iJUKpo?, small, and kokko?^ 
 I kernel.] A round or spherical bacterium. 
 ] Mi'-ero-far^ad, n. [Gr. ^t/cpo?, small, and 'Eng. farad.] 
 (Elec.) One of the smaller measures of electrical ca- 
 I pacity. amounting to the millionth part of a farad. 
 
 Mic'rolim, n. [From Gr. /uixpo?, small, and Eng. 
 ohm.] (Elec.) One of the smaller measures of electri- 
 cal resistance, amounting to the millionth part of an ohm. 
 
 Mi'«ro-plione, n. [Gr. /xiKpo?, small, and (jxuinri, 
 sound.] (Physics.) An instrument for intensifving 
 and making audible very feeble sounds. It is essen- 
 tially a very sensitive telephone, producing its effects 
 by the changes of intensity in an electric current, oc- 
 casioned by the changes of resistance of imperfect con- 
 ductors under the action of acoustic vibrations. 
 
 Mi'^ro-plio'to-grapli, n. [Gr. /ui/cpos, small, 0w?, 
 <|)coTds, light, and ypd^etv, to write.] An enlarged rep- 
 resentation of a microscopic object, produced by throw- 
 ing upon a sensitive plate the magnified image of an 
 object formed by a microscope or other suitable com- 
 bination of lenses. 
 
 Mi-«r6ph.'y-tal or ]\Ii'€ro-pliy'tal, a. Of or per- 
 taining to microphytes. 
 
 Mi'^ro-phyte, n. [Fr., from Gr. |u.i#cpd?, small, and 
 <I>vt6v, a phxnt, from <^ve(.v, to produce, grow.] (Paleon. 
 A deposit consisting of minute forms of vegetable life. 
 
 3Ii'-ero-spe-e'tro-s-eope, n. [Gr. jutxpr?, small, and 
 Hug. . "Spectroscope.] (Physirs.) A spectroscope arranged 
 for attachment to a microscope, for the observation of 
 minute portions of any substance. 
 
 Mi'-ero-zynie, n. [Gr. |U.t/cpos, small, and C'ti-i}, fer- 
 ment.] A minute living organism which is supposed to 
 act like a ferment in causing or propagating certain in- 
 fectious or contagious diseases. 
 
 Mid'dle. a. [Add.] Middle States, New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware ; which, at the 
 time of the formation of the Dniou, occupied a middle 
 
 food, fo^ot; ^rn, r^de, pull; ?ell, f haise, <!all, e«lio ; gem, get; a§ ; eiist; linger, link; tliig^ 
 
MIDDLINGS 
 
 1038 
 
 MULTIDIGITATE 
 
 poeition between the Eastern States (or New England) , 
 and the Southern States. 
 
 Mid'dliiijjg, n. pi. In the southern and western parts j 
 of the luited States, the portion of the hog between j 
 the ham and the shoulder. Thus, prices are quoted 
 for liams. shoulders, and tnitl'/lings. > 
 
 Mid'dy, n. A colloquial abbreviation of midshipman. 
 
 Mid'ffatii-er, n. {Mining.) That which supports the 
 center of a tunnel. 
 
 Mijrn'"M-6tte' (niIn'von-6t'), n. [Add.] Mignonette 
 P'l'ptr ( Cookery), pepper unground, or ground very | 
 coiirse. j 
 
 M'i-kii'do, ;i. The title of the Emperor of Japan. 
 
 Milk, c. t. [Add.] 4. To obtain anything of value 
 from by unfair means : as, to ntUk a telegram, to make 
 a surreptitious use of the contents of a telegram sent 
 to other parties. i 
 
 Milk, n. [Add.] Milk leg {Pathol.), a swollen condition . 
 of the leg, usually in puerperal women, caused by an } 
 inflammation of veins, and characterized by a white i 
 appearance occasioned by an accumulation of serum . 
 and .sometimes of pus in the cellular tissue. j 
 
 Mil'ler-ite, »i. [From the name of Professor W. H. , 
 Miller, of Cambridge, Eng.] {Min.) A sulphide of j 
 nickel, occurring in delicate capillary crystals, of a ; 
 bronze yellow ; hence sometimes called hair pyrites. 
 
 Millier (^mil-lyii';, n. [Fr., from mille, thousand.] A ! 
 French measure of weight, being one million grams. , 
 It is the weight of one cubic meter of pure water at 
 4° centigrade, and is equal to 2204.62 pounds avoirdu- | 
 pois weight. | 
 
 Mill'ing, n. High viitling, milling in which the grain ; 
 is reduced to flour by a succession of crackings, or of : 
 slight and partial crushings, alternately with sifting and i 
 sorting the product. — Low milling , milVm^ in which' 
 the reduction is effected in a single crushing. j 
 
 Mln'er-al, a. [Add.] Mineral blue, the name usually j 
 given to azurite, when reduced to an impalpable pow- ' 
 der for coloring purposes. — Mineral caoutchouc, an 
 elastic mineral pitch, a variety of bitumen, resembling 
 caoutchouc in elasticity and softness. — Mineral char- 
 coal, a term applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, 
 interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous coal ; — 
 known to miners as mother-of-coal. — Mineral green, a 
 green carbonate of copper. — Mineral talloio, a familiar 
 name for hatchettine , from its fatty or spermaceti-like 
 appearance. 
 
 Min'i-fy, v. t. [Lat. m.inimus, least, smallest, and 
 facere, to make.] 1. To make small, or smaller ; to 
 diminish the apparent dimensions of ; to lessen. 2. 
 To degrade : to treat with contempt : to speak slight- 
 ingly of. 
 
 Min'i-mi-za'tion, n. The act or process of minimiz- 
 ing, or of reducing to the smallest part or proportion 
 possible. 
 
 MXr'a-ele-play', >/. An old dramatic entertainment, 
 the subject of which was taken from the histories in 
 the Bible, or from legends of saints and martyrs. 
 
 mWe-re're, n. [Add.] 4. {Pathol.) The group of 
 symptoms, marked by stercoraceous vomiting, abdom- 
 inal pain, and collapse, which depend upon obstruction 
 in the intestines ; ileac passion. 
 
 Mis'sion-s«tiool (mish'un-), n. A school for children, 
 who do not regularly attend a church, or who are poor 
 and neglected. 
 
 Mis'sy. a. Like a miss, or young girl. 
 
 Mitrailleuae (me'tra'juhz'), n. [Fr., from mitrailler, 
 to fire grape-shot, from mitraiUe, old iron, grape-shot, 
 dim. of 0. Fr. mite, a mite.] A machine-gun, which 
 has thirty-seven barrels fitted and soldered into a 
 wrought-iron tube, with a movable breech-piece 
 worked by a lever, and so arranged that the barrels 
 can be fired simultaneously, or at any interval, re- 
 loading taking five seconds, and ten discharges per 
 minute being maintained if necessary. 
 
 Mo-di'o-la, n. [Lat. modiolus, dim. of modius, the Ro- 
 man corn-measure.] (Zo'ol.) A genus of marine lamel- 
 libranchs, living and fos.sil ; a kind of mussel. 
 
 Mo-diste' (mo-deesf), n. [Fr.] A female dealer in 
 articles of ladies' dress ; a dressmaker. 
 
 Molar, a. [laJL moles, mass.] (Mech.) Of, or pertain- 
 ing to, a mass of matter ; — said of the properties or 
 motions of masses, as distinguished from those of mole- 
 cules or atoms. 
 
 Mol-lfis'-eoid, I a. [Lat. molluscus, soft, and Gr. etfio?, 
 
 Mol'lus-coi'dal, J form.] Similar to the true mol- 
 iuBkB : belonging to the molluscoids. 
 
 Mol-liis'-eoid, n. {Zo'ol.) A name formerly given to a 
 
 heterogeneous group comprising the brachiopodB, poly- 
 zoauR, and tunicates. 
 
 Mdn'ad, »■ [Add.] 3. {Chem.) An atom the equiva- 
 lence of which is, or which can combine with, be ex- 
 changed for, or replaced by, one atom of hydrogen. 
 
 Mo-nJiii'dry, n. [Gr. jioi/os, one, and am^p, dvfipo?, man.] 
 The possession by a woman of only one husband ; — con- 
 trasted with polyandry. 
 
 M6ii'a-t6in'i«, a. [Gr. iJi6vo<;, alone, one, and aro^os, 
 atom, g. f.] {Chtm.) Consisting of one atom ; having 
 one atom in the molecule. _ 
 
 3Io'ner, n. : Lat. pi. MO-NE'RA. [Gr. /xoitjpt;?, single.] 
 ( Zo'dl. ) One of that group of protozoans in which the 
 individuals have been supposed to consist of a simple 
 mass of protoplasm without a nucleus. 
 
 Mon'e-tize, v. t. To convert into money ; to adopt as 
 current money ; — as, to monetize silver. 
 
 Mon'grel (mung'grel), n. [Add.] 2 . An animal of no 
 definite breed and without pedigree. 
 
 3Io'ni§m, n. [Gr. /u.6vos, single.] {Metaph.) That doc- 
 trine which refers all i^henomena to a single ultimate 
 constituent or agent : — the opposite of dualism. 
 
 Mo'nist, n. One who adopts or supports the doctrines of 
 monism. 
 
 Mo-nist'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or involving, monism. 
 
 Mon'i-tor, n. [Add.] 3. [From the name given by 
 Captain Ericsson to the first ship of the kind.] An iron- 
 clad war vessel, having a revolving turret. 
 
 M6nk'ey-p6t, n. {Bot.) The Sapucaya {Lecythis 
 ollaria), a South American tree, the capsule of which is 
 woody, very large and thick, and opens circularly by 
 the raising of its epigj-nous cap-shaped disk. Vases and 
 pots are made of this capsule. 
 
 Mon'o-eli'nal, a. [See Moxocusic] {Geol.) Having 
 one oblique inclination ; — applied to strata that dip in 
 only one direction from the axis of elevation. 
 
 Mo-nog'e-nist, n. {Anthropology.) One who maintains 
 that the human races are all of one species ; — opposed 
 to polygenist. 
 
 Mon'o-mor'plii*, a. Monomorphous ; occurring under 
 only one form ; of the same or of an essentially similar 
 type of structure ; — opposed to dimorphic, tnmorphic, 
 and polymorphic. 
 
 Mon'or-gan'ic, a. [Gr. fiovos, single, and Eng. organic] 
 {Med.) Belonging to. or affecting, a single organ, or set 
 of organs. 
 
 Mon'o-tlxal'mie-, a. [Gr. ^oi/o?, only, and 0a\atio%, 
 chamber.] (Bot.) Fotmed from one pistil ; — said of 
 fruits. 
 
 Mon'o-tlie'cal, a. [Gr. /u.6vos, single, and e^oj, box, 
 chest, from Ttflevat, to place.] {Bot.) Having a single 
 loculament. 
 
 Mo-nox'ide, n. [Gr. n.6vo%, single, and Eng. oxide.] 
 {Chem.) An oxide containing one atom of oxygen in 
 each molecule. 
 
 3I6n'ti-f6rin, a. [Lat. mons, mountain, and forma, 
 form.] Resembling a mountain in form. 
 
 Mo'quette' (mo'kef), n. [Fr.] A velvet stuff, used es- 
 pecially for carpets. Same a.* \yixT0X Carpet. 
 
 Mo'ri-o-pias'ty, n. [Gr. tJ.6pi.ou, dim. of p^6po<;, a part, 
 and TrA.acra-etJ', to mold, form.] ( Surg.) The restoration 
 of lost parts of the body. 
 
 M6rt'u-a-ry, n. [Add.] 3. A morgue. 
 
 Mo'seg, n. A large flat-boat, used in the West Indies 
 for" taking freight from shore to ship. 
 
 Mos-qui'to (mos-ke'to), n. [Add.] Mosquito bar, and 
 mosquito net, a net or curtain set up, as over a bed, or 
 before a window, to keep out mosquitoes. 
 
 Mound'-build'er (-bild'er), n. One of an aboriginal 
 race in North America, which erected mounds and other 
 earthworks, especially in the valleys of the Mississippi 
 and Ohio rivers and their tributaries. 
 
 Mouth'-or'gan, n. A small, flat, wind instrument, in 
 which, when placed between the lips, the breath pro- 
 duces musical notes by causing the vibration of metallic 
 reeds ; — called also a harmonica. 
 
 Mu-ced'i-noiis, a. [Lat. mucedo, mucedinis, from 
 mucus, mucus.] Pertaining to, or resembling, mold : 
 having the character of mold. 
 
 Mule'- twist, n . Cotton yam in cops, as spun on the ma- 
 chine called a mule ; — in distinction from water-tunst. 
 
 Miill, n. [Add.] 2. An inferior kind of madder con- 
 sisting of pieces separated by fanning or sifting and pul- 
 verizing the smaller roots of the other kinds. 
 
 Mul'ti-eos'tate, a. [Multi 2M<X costate .] {Bot.) Having 
 many ribs. 
 
 Mul'ti-dig'i-tate, a. [Multi and digitate.] Haying 
 many fingers, or finger-like processes. 
 
 a, e, &c., long ; &, 6, &c., short : rare, far, ask, all, what : 6re, veil, tSrm ; piqite. ft rin : son, or, dft, •vroll 
 
MULTIVALENT 
 
 1039 
 
 NllTtlDE 
 
 Mul-tiv'a-lent, a. [Lat. multus, many, and valens, p. 
 pr. of valere, to be strong, to be worth.] ( Chem.) Hav- 
 ing many units or degrees of equivalence. 
 
 Mus'-ear-diin', n. [Fr., from muscaoin, a musk -scented 
 lozenge, from muscatle, nutmeg, from Lat. rmiscus, 
 musk.] {Zo'dl.) The European dormouse ( Muscat/ mus 
 avellanarius) ; so named from its odor. 
 
 Miis'^ite, n. ' [Lat. wiMscMS, moss.] (Paleon.) A fossil 
 plant of the moss family. 
 
 Mu'§i-e, n. [Add.] To face the music, to meet, with- 
 out flinching, any disagreeable necessity. 
 
 Mu'§i€-al, n. A social entertainment, the leading fea- 
 ture of which is music ; a musical party. 
 
 Mu.'§i<J-to6x, \n. A case inclosing mechanism so 
 
 Mu'§i€-al-b6x, J constructed as to play tunes auto- 
 matically. 
 
 Mu'§i«-liall', n. 1. A hall constructed or used for 
 
 musical entertainments. 2. A drinking saloon where 
 vocal and instrumental music is a special attraction. 
 
 Mu'ta-^igm, n. [Lat. rnutus, dumb.] Inability to 
 enunciate properly the labial consonants, as b, p, and 
 m, leading to their frequent repetition or the substitu- 
 tion of other letters for them. 
 
 Mut'ism, n. The condition of being mute, or dumb. 
 
 My'e-loid, a. [Gr. ftueAos, max-row, and elSos, form.] 
 Resembling marrow, or medulla, either of the bones or 
 the spinal cord ; marrow-like ; as, a myeloid tumor. 
 
 My-o'pi-a, n. The same as Mvopy. 
 
 My/Q-si'tis, n. [From Gr. ^Os, jutvos, muscle.] {Pathol.) 
 Inflammation of the muscles. 
 
 My-tli61'o-gize, v. i. [Add.] 2. To construct and 
 propagate myths. 
 
 Myt'i-loid, a. [Lat. m.ytilus, sea-mussel, and Gr. etSo^, 
 form.] (Paleon.) Resembling the mussel. 
 
 N. 
 
 NAG, v. t. [imp. !f p. p. NAGGED ; p. pr. ^ vb. n. nag- 
 ging.] To tease in a petty and pertinacious fashion ; 
 to annoy. 
 
 Name'-day, n. ( Stock Exchange.) The day before sell- 
 ing day in stock transactions. 
 
 Na'tive, n. [Add.] 2. (Stock-breeding.) Any of the 
 live stock found in a region, excluding such as belong 
 to pure and distinct breeds ; an animal of common or 
 mongrel blood. 
 
 Na,t'u.-ral, a. [Add.] Natural selection, a^ supposed o]?- 
 eration of natural laws analogous in its method and 
 results to the operation of designed selection in breeding 
 plants and animals, resulting in the survival of the fittest. 
 
 Nau'inan-nite (now'-), n. [From the name of K. F. 
 Naumann, of Saxony.] (Min.) A selenide of silver, 
 found in cubical crystals, in thin plates, and granular. 
 
 Ngu'ti-lus, n. [Add.] 2. A variety of diving bell, the 
 lateral as well as vertical motions of which are controlled 
 by the occupants. 
 
 Na'val, a. [Add.] Naval Stores, turpentine, pitch, tar, 
 and rosin. [ U. S.] 
 
 Na'vy-yard, n. A ship-yard used for the construction, 
 repair, and care of the vessels of war belonging to a 
 national navy. 
 
 Na-wab', «. [Ar. See Nabob.] A deputy ruler or vice- 
 roy in India ; a title given by courtesy to other persons 
 of high rank in the East. 
 
 Ne-ar<!'ti«, a. [Gr. i/e'o?, new, and Eng. arctic] Be- 
 longing to a region of the earth's surface including all 
 of temperate North America and Greenland. In the 
 geographical distribution of animals, this region is 
 marked off as the habitat of certain species. 
 
 Neb'ii-lize, v. t. [See Nebula.] To reduce, as a liquid, 
 to a fine spray ; to atomize. 
 
 N6«'ro-bi-o'sis, n. [From Gr. i/e/cp6s, dead, and /3i<o- 
 ffts, jSi'os, life.] (Med.) Degeneration resulting in com- 
 plete or partial death of the part affected. 
 
 Ne«'ro-bi-ot'i-e, a. Pertaining to destructive degenera- 
 tion. 
 
 N6«'rop-sy, n. [Gr. vsKpog, dead, and oi/<is, sight, from 
 o\l/e(x6at, to see.] (Med.) Autopsy. 
 
 Nee (na), p.p. [Fr.] Born, — used to denote a woman's 
 family name before marriage. 
 
 Ne-g^ri'to, ». ; />^. NE-GRi'TOg. [Fr. negrito.] One of 
 a very low type of negroes, found in the Philippine 
 Islands and vicinity. 
 
 Ne'groid, a. [Negro and Gr. etSos, form.] Character- 
 istic of the negro. 
 
 Ne'o-gene, n. [Gr. veo?, new, and yeVos, yeveos, birth.] 
 (Geol.) A term used to designate the miocene and 
 pliocene tertiary formations. 
 
 Ne'o-litli'i-e, a. [Gr. veos, new, and Ai'flos, stone.] 
 ( Geol. ) Of, or belonging to, an era characterized by 
 late remains in stone. 
 
 Ne'p-pias'ty, n. [Gr. vio^, new, and TrAaero-eii/, to form.] 
 (Physiol.) Restoration of a part by granulation, ad- 
 hesive inflammation, or autoplasty. 
 
 Ne''o-tr6p'i«-al, a. [Gr. veos, new, and Eng. tropical.] 
 Belonging to a region of the earth's surface which 
 comprehends all of South America, the Antilloe, and 
 tropical North America. In the geographical classifica- 
 tion of zoological species, the fauna of this region form 
 a distinct class. 
 
 Nepll'al-i§m, n. [Fr. nephalisme, Gr. i/i7<^aAKrM,ds, so- 
 berness, from vrj^aXto?, sober, from vri<l)etv, to drink no 
 wine.] Total abstinence from spirituous liquor. 
 Nepli'al-ist, n. [Fr. nephaliste.] One who advocates 
 
 or practices nephali.sm. 
 Neph'e-lo-dom'e-ter, n. [Gr. ve4>e\-q, cloud, 6665^ 
 way, and fierpov, measure.] An instrument for reckon- 
 ing the distances or velocities of clouds. 
 Nepli'rel-min'tlii-e, a. [Gr. ved)po's, pi. ve<}>poi, kidneys, 
 and eKfxivs, ekfx.iv9os, worm.] (Pathol.) Pertaining to 
 the presence of worms in the kidneys. 
 Ne-rl'ne,n. [Lat.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, 
 
 of the amaryllis family. 
 Nerv'ine, n. [Add.] 2. Nerve substance. 
 Neii'ri-lem'md, n. [Gr. veOpov, nerve, and keimixa, 
 peel, skin.] (Anat.) The delicate sheath of connect- 
 ive tissue, surrounding the nerve fibers. 
 NeU-rog'U-d, n. [Gr. vevpov, ligament, and ykla., glue.] 
 (Anat.) The finely granular connective tissue of the 
 brainai?'"' spinal cord ; bind web. 
 Neu-ro'md, n. [From Gr. veupoi', nerve.] {Pathol.) A 
 tumor developed on a nerve, especially one consisting 
 of new-formed nerve fibei's. 
 Neu-rop'a-tliy, n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, and 7ra0os, suf- 
 fering, from irdcrxeiv, rraOelv, to suffer.] (Pathol.) An 
 affection of the nervous system. 
 Neii-ro'sis, n. [Gr. vevpoj/, nerve.] (Pathol.) Afunc- 
 tional nervous affection, that is, a disease not accom- 
 panied by appreciable change of structure. 
 Neu'tral-i-za'tion, n. [Add.] 3. (Chem.) The pro- 
 cess by which an acid and a base are combined in such 
 proportions as to counteract the properties of both. 
 New (nu), a. [Add.] New Church, or New Jerusalem 
 Church, the church holding the doctrines taught by 
 Emanuel Swedenborg. 
 Nick, V. i. To fit precisely ; to combine successfully ; — 
 thus, in stock-breeding, animals are said to nick, which 
 pair so that their offspring inherit the good qualities of 
 both parents. 
 Nick'el, n. [Add.] 2. A small coin, of the value of 
 1; 2, or 5 cents, — made in part from the mineral nickel. 
 Ni«'ol, n. [From Wm. Nicol, of Edinburgh, who first 
 proposed it.] A prism prepared from the variety of cal- 
 cite called Iceland spar, and used for producing polar- 
 ized light; — called also Nicol' s prism. 
 Nig'ger, v. t. To burn in two, as logs, by laying 
 them across one another, and kindling a fire between 
 them. 
 
 To nigger off, to finish burning the remains of a for- 
 est, already blackened by previous fires. 
 Ni'liil-igm, n. [Add.] 3. (Russian Politics.) The so- 
 cially destructive principles maintained by nihilists. 
 Ni'hil-ist, n. 1. One who advocates the doctrine of 
 Nihilism ; one who believes or teaches that nothing can 
 be known, or asserted to exist. 2. (Russian Politics.) 
 One who disbelieves in any permanent improvement in 
 the social condition or progress of man ; a member of 
 a secret association devoted to the destruction of the 
 present form of government without any definite theory 
 of a better. 
 Ni'tride, n. [Vrova nitrogen.] (CAcm.) A compound of 
 nitrogen with a more positive element or radical, as 
 with phosphorus, silicon, or one of the metals. 
 
 £ood, f<^t; firii, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, «all, «><>ho; gem, get; a§; e^ist ; linger, link; this. 
 
NITRIFEROUS 
 
 1040 
 
 OLEOMARGARINE 
 
 Nl-trif'er-oiis, a. [Lat. nitrum, niter, and ferre, to 
 produce.] l^oducing niter. 
 
 Ni'tro— eftl'fite, » [Lat. nitrum, niter, and calx, cal- 
 <•«.«, lime.) (Chem.) Nitrate of calcium, a substance 
 having a grayish white color, occurriug in efflorescences 
 on old walls, luid in limestone caves, especially where 
 there exists decaying animal matter. 
 
 Ni'tro-jjlj-f'er-ine, >i. (Cuttn.) A compound pro- 
 duced by the action of a mixture of strong nitric and 
 sulphuric acids on gh ceriue at low temperatures. It 
 is a bright, yellowish, oily liquid, inodorous, but hav- 
 ing a sweet, pungent, aromatic taste. It detonates 
 when struck, and explodes with great violence. 
 
 0&" A great number of explosive compounds have been pro- 
 duced by mixing nitro-glycerine witli ditierent substances : 
 as, Jynumite, or aiant-jiowder, nitro-glycerine mixed with sili- 
 ceous Ciirth ; litho/racteur, nitro-glycerine with gun powder, 
 or with sawdust and nitrate of sodium or barium ; Colonia pow- 
 der, ^wn powder with nitro-glycerine; fZuaZm, nitro-glyceiiue 
 with sawdust, or with sawdust and nitrate of potassium and 
 sonje other substances ; lignose, wood-liber and nitro-glycer- 
 ine. 
 
 Ni-tro'le-iiiii, n. [Lat. nitrinn, niter, and oleum, oil.] 
 ( Cuttn. ) The same as Nitro-glycerine. 
 
 Ni'tro-mag'ne-site, M. (Clie7n.) Nitrate of magnesia, 
 a saline efflorescence resembling nitrate of lime. 
 
 Nix, n.;ftm. mx't.. [Ger., compare Nick.] (Myth.) 
 One of a mythological race of little creatures, not un- 
 like the Scottish brownie, and German kohold. They 
 are believed to inhabit lakes and rivers. 
 
 NSb'by, a. [b'lom nob, for noble.] Stylish; modish: 
 fashionable ; in vogue. 
 
 No«^ti-lu/9ine, n. [Lat. nox, noctis, night, and lux, 
 luas hght.J A peculiar organic substance causing the 
 production of light in the glow-worm and the like It 
 IS a semi-fluid substance containing nitroo-en 
 
 Noc-turne', 71 [Fr.] A piece of music designed to be 
 played at night ;- a serenade. 
 
 Is'on'age, n. [L. Lat. nonagium, from nanus, ninth, 
 from Mot-ew, nine.] (Ecd.) A payment, — the ninth 
 part of movable goods, — formerly made to the clergy, on 
 the death of persons in their parishes 
 
 JSon-e'yo, n. [Lat., not-I.] (Metapk.) Any object 
 
 which is distinguLshed from, or contrasted with, the 
 ob.-ierving or thinking agent ; the entire universe, as 
 distinguished from any thinking subject. 
 
 Non-6n'ti-ty, n. [Add.] 3. A person of little or no 
 account ; a nobody. 
 
 No'ni-tis, n. [The Latinized form of Nunez, the name 
 of a Portuguese mathematician.] {Math.) A device for 
 subdividing the units of a graduated circle, so as to 
 make it possible to read the fractions thereof ; a ver- 
 nier. 
 
 Non-un'ion-ist (-yjjn'ydn-), n. One who does not be- 
 long, or refuses to belong, to a trades-union. 
 
 Noo'dle, n. [Ger. nudtl, vermicelli ; Fr. nouilles.] A 
 thin strip of dough, made with eggs, rolled up, and 
 then cut into small pieces, and used in soup. 
 
 Noge'bit, n. ( Carp.) A bit used in block-making, sim- 
 ilar to a gouge-bit, having a cutting edge on one side of 
 its end. 
 
 Note'-pa'per, n. Fine, fancy, or plain paper, not ex- 
 ceeding in size, when folded as in the quire, five by 
 eight inches. 
 
 No'to-eliord, «. [Gr. vutrov, the back, and x°P^Vi a 
 chord.] {Anal.) A somewhat gelatinous cylindrical 
 column, forming the primary condition of the spine in 
 vertebrates. 
 
 No'to-ehord'al, a. Having a notochord; pertaining 
 to the notochord. 
 
 No-vi'ti-ate (-vish'i-, 95), n. [Add.] 3. The place- 
 where novices live or are trained. 
 
 Nii'-ea-ment, n. [Lat nucanienta, fir cones, from nux, 
 nut.] (Bat.) A catkin or cafs-tail, — the blossom of 
 the hazel-pine, willow, and the like. 
 
 Num'mu-lar, a. {Pathol.) Having the appearance or 
 form of a coin ; —applied to thick roundish sputa. 
 
 Kut'let, n. A small nut ; also, the stone of a drupe. 
 
 A'pm'phas, n. pi. [Gr. vvfx^r), nymph, bride, marriage- 
 able maiden ; vvfi^ai, the labia minora.] {Anat.) Two 
 folds ot the mucous membrane of the vulva. 
 
 N5'm-i>li6t'o-my, n. [Gr. j'um<#»?, bride, marriageable 
 maiden, vvfx^aL, the labia minora, and to/xtj, a cutting, 
 from TefjLveLv, to cut. ] ( Surg. ) Excision of the nym- 
 phs, when they are either too long or too large. 
 
 0. 
 
 OAK'-tfiATH/ER (-leth'er), n. A kind of fungus, 
 found in old oaks, having, when removed, some- 
 
 _ what the appearance of white kid leather. 
 
 Ob'ject-les'son, n. A lesson in which object-teaching 
 is made use of. 
 
 Ob'ject-feach'ing', n. A method of instruction, in 
 which illustrative objects are employed, each new word 
 or idea being accompanied by a representation of that 
 which it signifies ; — used especially in the kindergarten, 
 for small children. 
 
 Ob- scur 'ant-ism, n. The system of those who repress 
 reas^on and incfuiry among the people, and who oppose 
 the progress of knowledge. 
 
 Ob-s«ur'ant-ist, a. Opposed to the progress of knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 0€-€iilt', V. t To eclipse. 
 
 6«'tave, n. [Add.] 3. A small cask of wine, being the 
 eighth part of a pipe. 
 
 Oc'to-pii«, n. [See OCTOPOD.] {Zool.) The eight-armed 
 cuttle-fish. 
 
 CE-de'ma, n. [Gr. otSTj/iia, a swelling, tumor, from 
 olbflv, to swell.] {Pathol.) Dropsy or accumulation 
 of serum in the areolar tissue, as adema of the feet or 
 larynx ; — when it becomes general, it is called anasarca. 
 
 CEn'o-ma'ni-a (5n'o-), n. [Gr. oXvo<;, wine, and fxavia, 
 mania ; from /j-aCvecrOai, to rage.] A.i inoi'dinate craving 
 for alcoholic stimulant : dipsomnnia. 
 
 CEg'tru-al (es'-), a. (Physiol.) Belonging to the oes- 
 trum : — applied to the period during which animals 
 manifest the sexual desire. 
 
 CE«i'tru-a'tion, n. {Physiol.) The state of being un- 
 der restrual influence. 
 
 Of-fiVial-igm (-fsh'al-), n. The characteristic of 
 bf'ing official; a system of offirial government. 
 
 OfT'^it, n. [Add.] Q. (Printing.) A transfer of a 
 printed pnge or picture to the opposite page, when the 
 paees are pressed together before the ink is dry, or 
 when there is an excess of ink. 
 
 Ohm (om), n. [From the name of the Grerman electri- 
 cian, G. S. Ohm.] (Elec.) The standard measure of 
 electrical resistance. It is very nearly equal to the re- 
 sistance of a cylindrical wire of pure copper 250 feet in 
 length, having a diameter of l-2Uth of an inch. 
 Oil'--eoal, n. A coal or shale which yields a large quan> 
 
 titj^ of oil on distillation. 
 Oil'-mill, n. A mill for crushing seeds, in order to ob- 
 ' tain their oil. 
 ! Oil'- spring, n. A spring in which oil rises out of the 
 
 earth as a natural production. 
 '. Oil'- well, n. An artesian well which yields petroleum. 
 i_oil. 
 
 ■Old, a. [Add.] Old Catholics, the name assumed in 
 I 1870 by members of the Roman CaL^'^Hc church, who 
 denied the oecumenical character of the Vatican Coun- 
 cil, and rejected its decrees, especially that concerning 
 the infallibility of the Pope, as contrary to the ancient 
 Catholic faith. 
 I Old world (a), the world in its past ages ; (b), the 
 
 ! _ known world preceding the discovery of America, 
 O'le-an'drine, n. (Chem.) A yellow, amorphous al- 
 I kaloid, obtained from oleander leaves. It is sparingly 
 _ soluble in water, but readily in alcohol and ether. 
 O'le-f ine, n. [Lat. oleum, oil, and facere, to make.] 
 (Chem.) One of a series of hydrocarbons in which 
 there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as there are 
 atoms of carbon ; — so called from their property of 
 _ forming oily compounds with bromine and chlorine. 
 O'le-o-grapli, n. [Lat. oleum, oil, and Gr. ypa^eiv, to 
 write, to describe, to paint.] \. {Chem.) The form or 
 figure assumed by a drop of oil when placed upon some 
 liquid with which it does not mix. 2. (Painting.) A 
 picture produced in oils by a process analogous to thai 
 _ of lithographic printing. 
 
 O'le-o-mar'ga-rine, n. [Lat. oleum, oil, and Etag. 
 margarine.] Artificial butter made from animal fat, 
 with the addition of milk and other substances. 
 
 a, e. Sec., long; &, 6, &c., short ; c4re, far, ask, all, vfrliat ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
OLIGOCENE 
 
 1041 
 
 OVENBIRD 
 
 O-lJg'o-cene, n. [Gr. 6A.tyo«, few^ and Kaivo^, new, re- 
 cent.] ( Geol.) A term employed to designate certain 
 strata, which occupy an intermediate position between 
 the eocene age and the miocene age. 
 
 ^I'i-va-ry, a. [Fr. olivaire, Lat. olivarius, belonging 
 to olives, from oZiro, an olive.] [Anat.) Olive-shaped. 
 The olivary bodies are two oval bodies on either side 
 of the 7neduUa oblongata. 
 
 6l'i-ver, n. A small tilt-hammer, worked by the foot. 
 
 0-m6ii'tal, a. {Atiai.) Pertaining to the omentum; 
 as, omental hernia. 
 
 6m'ni-bu.s-bill, n. A legislative bill which provides 
 for a number of miscellaneous enactments or appropria- 
 
 _tions. 
 
 O'mo-liy'oicl, a. [Gr. w/uos. shoulder, and Eng. hyoid, 
 q. v.] (Anat.) Attached to the hyoid bone and the 
 shoulder ; — said of a certain muscle. 
 
 dm'plia-lo-iiies'en-ter'i*, a. [Gr. ofj.^aXo';, navel, 
 and Eng. mesenteric, q. v.] {Anat.) Relating both to 
 the navel and the mesentery. 
 
 One-self' (wtin-self), pron. A reflexive form of the in- 
 
 ^ definite pronoun one ; — properly, one's self. 
 
 On'to-gen'e-sis, \ n. [Gr. oj^a, things which exist, pi. 
 
 On-tdg'e-ny, ) neut. of wv, ovto?, being, p. pr. of 
 elvai, to be, and yevea-ii, origin, source, from yeVos, 
 birth.] The doctrine of the embryological history of 
 plants or animals. 
 
 O'o-loff'i-e-al, a. Pertaining to oology. 
 
 O'penTo'pn), n. Open country or space. 
 
 ■dp/er-a-toouflfe' (-boof), n. [Fr. opera, opera, and 
 
 _ houffe, It.'huffa, joke, jest.] A grotesque comic opera. 
 
 O'phi-u'ran, n. [Gr. o<^t9, serpent, and ovpd, tail.] 
 
 _(Zodl.) One of the ophiuroida. 
 
 O'phi-ti-roid'd, n, pi. [Gr. 6<^ts, serpent, ovpd, a tail, 
 and elfiof, form.] {Zo'dl.) A group of star-shaped 
 echinoderms, called also serpent-stars, brittle-stars. The 
 arms, long, slender, and sometimes very fragile, are dis- 
 tinct from the disk, and do not contain prolongations of 
 the stomach cavities. 
 
 OpIi-thaFmo-d.jTi'i-a, n. [Gr. Ix^daXp-o^, eye, and oBv- 
 vrj, pain.] {Pathol.) Pain, especially rheumatic pain, 
 in the eye ; also, sometimes used of frontal neuralgia. 
 
 Op^ti-mist'i-e, a. Pertaining to optimism; of, or re- 
 lating to, the opinion that all events are ordered for the 
 best. 
 
 dp'to-gram, n. [Fr. optogramme, from Gr. oxf/eaOaL, to 
 see, and ypdixfia, that which is written, from ypa^etv, to 
 write.] The image in the retina, after death, of the ob- 
 ject last viewed during life. 
 
 Or-ehid'e-an, o. Of, or pertaining to, the orchis : 
 orchideous. 
 
 Or-ehot'o-my, n. [Gr. opxt?, a testicle, and rofj-rj, a 
 cutting, from renvecv, to cut.] (Surg.) The operation 
 
 ^ of removing a testicle by the knife : castration. 
 
 ^r'der-bobk, «. A book in which the orders from 
 buyers of merchandise are entered, or one which con- 
 
 ^ tains copies of orders sent out. 
 
 ■Or'di-na-ry, n. [Add.] Ordinary of the mass {Bed.), 
 all the service of the mass which is not the canon, that 
 is, all before it, and the prayers of the communion of 
 the priest after it. 
 
 0-r6€'ti-e, a. [Gr. opeKxt/co^, from ope|ts, a longing or 
 yearning after, from ope'yetv, to reach after.] Pertaining 
 
 _ to the desires ; impelling to gratification : appetitive. 
 
 O're-o-don, n. [Gr. opo?, mountain, and oSou?, oSov-os, 
 tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct mammal, intermediate 
 between the deer, camel, and hog : its remains are found 
 in the miocene tertiary formations of the Western United 
 
 ^ States. 
 
 Orf, n, {Ichth.) A European semi-domesticated fish 
 {Leunscus idus), of the carp family. 
 
 Or-gan'i-e, a. [Add.] Organic law or laws, a law or 
 system of laws, or declaration of principles fundamental 
 to the existence and organization of any association, 
 
 ^ political or otherwise ; a constitution. 
 
 Or'gan-o-gen'e-sis, ) n. The production or develop- 
 
 Or'gan-og'e-ny, j ment of organs in plants and 
 
 ^ animals. 
 
 Or'gan-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. opyafov, organ, and tojlitj, a 
 cutting, from Te'javeti/, to cut.] {Surg!) The dissection 
 of organs. 
 
 O-rig'i-nal, a. [Add.] 5. Before unused or unknown ; 
 
 ^ new ; as, a book full of original matter. 
 
 -Or1e-an§, n. sing. [From the name of the French city 
 Orleans.] 1. A trade name for a kind of cloth made of 
 worsted and cotton, used for dresses. 2. A common 
 
 _ variety of the plum. [ETig.] 
 
 O'roide, n. [Fr. or, Lat. atirum, gold, and Gr. eifios. 
 
 form.] An alloy, bearing a special resemblance to gold 
 from its brilliancy. [Also written oreide.] 
 
 6r'phan-age, n. [Add.] 2 . An institution or asylum 
 for the care of orphans. 
 
 Or-tli6g'a-my, n. [Gr. opdos, straight, and yd(j.o^, mar- 
 riage.] {Bot.) That process of fertilization in which 
 the pollen falls directly on the stigma, without ioter- 
 
 ^ vention of any mediate agency. 
 
 6r'tlio-pin'a-eoid, n. [Gr. opdo's, straight, trivo^, a 
 board, and elSo;, form.] {Crystallog.) A name given 
 to the two planes in the monoclinic system which are 
 
 ^ parallel to the vertical and orthodiagonal axes. 
 
 Or'tlio-sperin'ous, a. [Gr. hp66^, straight, and trrrep- 
 fia, seed.] {Bot.) Having the seeds straight, as the 
 fruits of some umbelliferous plants. — opposed to ca- 
 
 ^ lospermous. 
 
 Or'5'«-tere, n. [Gr. opv<Tnp, digger.] {Zo'dl.) The 
 aaid-vark ( Orycteropus capensis), an edentate mammal 
 of South Africa. 
 
 O-ry-e'te-rope, n. [Gr. opvKnjp, opv/crjjpos, digger, and 
 
 _nov?, TTOoos, foot.] The same as Ortctere. 
 
 0'sage-6i-'ange (-or'enj), ?i. {Bot.) The name for an 
 ornamental tree of the genus Madura (M. auranticLca), 
 allied to the mulberry [Morus). The tree having been 
 first found in the country of the Osage Indians, this 
 fact, and the orange-Uke appearance of the fruit, are 
 recognized in the name. 
 
 6s'5l-Me§, n. pi. [Lat.] ( Omith.) Singing-birds ; a 
 group of the Passeres, having a complex vocal organ of 
 numerous syringeal muscles conferring musical ability. 
 
 Os'se-ter, n. [From Lat. osseiis, bony, from os, ossis, 
 bone.] (Ichth.) A species of sturgeon. 
 
 6s'te-al, a. [Gr. ooreov. a bone.] Pertaining to bone. 
 
 Os-ten'sion, n. [See Ostend.] {Ecd.) The showing of 
 the sacrament to communicants in order that it may re- 
 ceive their adoration. 
 
 Os'te-o-biast, n. [Gr. ocrreov, bone, and ^A.<wrr6?, germ.] 
 (Physiol.) La the development of bone, a cell which 
 produces the osseous tissue. 
 
 6s'te-o-gen'e-sis, n. [See Osteogent.] The formation 
 
 ^ or growth of bone ; osteogeny. 
 
 6s'te-o-tome, n. [Gr. ocrreov, bone, and rofdj, a cut- 
 tmg, from re/uLvetv, to cut.] {Surg.) Strong nippers 
 used for dividing bone. 
 
 O-tlie'o-s-eope, n. [Gr. oiOelv, to thrust, to repel, and 
 a-Ko-n-elv, to view.] {Physics.) An instrument for ex- 
 hibiting the peculiar repulsive action produced by light 
 
 . or heat ; a radiometer. 
 
 Oth'er (iith'er), a. [Add.] 3. Alternate ; — used only 
 in connection with every, as every other day, each alter- 
 
 _ nate day. 
 
 0'ti«, a. [Gr. wTtxds, from ovs, wtos, the ear ; Fr. otiqu^.] 
 Pertaining to the ear ; of or for the ear ; auricular ; as, 
 
 _ an oticTemedy. 
 
 O'to-erane, «. [Gr. o5s, wto?, ear, and KpavCov, skull.] 
 {Anat.) A cavity in the skull for the reception of the 
 osseous or cartilaginous capsule of the labyrinth of the 
 
 _ ear. »- 
 
 O'to-era'ni-al, a. {Anut.) Belonging to the otocrane. 
 
 O'tor-rlioe'a (-re'a), n. [Gr. o5s, ojtos, the ear, and p€tv, 
 
 _ to flow.] (PathoL) A flow from the ear. 
 
 O'to-scope, or Ot'o-seope, n. [Gr. ovs, wtos, the 
 ear, and a-icoTvelv, to view.] An instrument constructed 
 on the principle of the ophthalmoscope or the stethoscope, 
 
 _ and employed for examining the condition of the ear. 
 
 0'to-s«6p'i«, or dt'o-s-e6p'i«, a. Of, or pertaining 
 
 _ to, the otoscope. 
 
 O'to-zo'um, a. [Gr. 'firo?, a fabled giant, and ^wov, an 
 animal.] (Paleon.) One of a genus of huge labyrinth- 
 odonts found in the triassic formation. 
 
 Out, adv. [Add.] (n.) At the end of a game or of some 
 definite part of it. 
 
 To be out of one's head, to be deUrious. 
 
 Out'«r6ss, n. The process or result of breeding between 
 animals, or of cross-fertilization between plants which 
 are not of near kin. 
 
 Out'piit, n. In the iron or coal trade, the quantity of 
 metal'yearly produced by the furnaces, or the quantity 
 of coal annually produced from one or more pits. 
 
 Out'rig-ger, n. [Add.] 2. A projection at the side of 
 a boat, to sustain a row-lock. 
 
 Oiit'side, a. [Add.] 2. Pertaining to, or denoting, the 
 extreme or furthest limit, as to extent, quantity, and 
 the like ; as, the outside price. 
 
 Out-spok'en (-spok'n, 20), a . Speaking freely or openly ; 
 . free-spoken ; candid ; frank. 
 
 6T'en-l>ird(iiv'n-),n.' (Omith.) (a.) The popular name 
 of a tenuirostral bird of the sub-family Furnarinx, 
 
 food, fdbt; 
 
 tana, rude, pull; 
 
 66 
 
 fell, f liaise, -eall, e«lio; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link; this* 
 
OVERBUILD 
 
 1042 
 
 PARTIAL 
 
 Aod the family of creepers, inhabiting the •warm parts 
 of S. America and the W. Indie* : — 50 called from the 
 shape of if- T>.wr .h.'\ The goldeu-croTmed thrush 
 ( S<iurus a : f N. America. 
 
 ^ ver-buil < ! : . To build bevond the demand. 
 
 O'ver-<TO%\ tl — . r. t. To fill toexcess, especially 
 
 ■with living Wing*. 
 
 (Vver-ero'tTd'ing. h. The act of filling to excess ; the 
 erection of too many buildings upon a given area ; the 
 location of too many individuals in one habitation. 
 
 {W^er-grround, a. Siruated above or along the ground ; 
 as, the overwound portion of a plant. 
 
 O'ver-lftp. »«. ( GeoL) An extension of geological beds 
 above and beyond others : this occurs in a conformable 
 series of beds, when the upper beds extend over a wider 
 space than the lower, either in one or all directions. It 
 is the result of a gradual sinking of the land, and con- 
 sequent extension of the sea, while the deposition of 
 sediments is going on. 
 
 O'ver-sfll', c. t. {Stock ExcMange.) To sell bejrond 
 one's means of delivery. 
 
 Orersold marktt, a market in which stocks hare besQ 
 sold " short " to such an extent that there is great difll> 
 
 _ culty in borrowing them for delivery. 
 
 O'ver-tone, n. [Ger. oherton.'] {^Mus.) In a bodty or 
 instrument employed for producing musical sounds, 
 one of the tones emitted by it (,due"to higher orders of 
 vibration) over and above its fundamental tone. Such 
 tones are also called harmonics. 
 
 6x'-fobt, 71. ; p]. 6x'-FEET. A term applied to the feet 
 of a horse when the horn of the bind foot cleaves, just 
 in the middle of the fore part of the hoof, from the 
 coronet to the shoe. 
 
 dxlieart, n. A large, heart-shaped Tariety of cherry. 
 
 dx'T-g6ii'i€, a. Pertaining to oxygen- 
 
 O ys'ter-l>ed, « . A breeding place for oysters ; an arti- 
 ficial bed or park in a tidal river, or other water on or 
 near the sea, where oysters are fattened for sale. 
 
 PA-CHJi'Si. n. [Hind., from pachis, S. the highest 
 throw in the game.] A game, resembling backgam- 
 mon, originatingln India. [Also written jparc^e^?. J 
 
 Pa-eli6ni'e-ter, n. [Gr. jrixos- thickness, and fie-pov, 
 measure.] [Physics.) An instrument for measuring 
 thickness. 
 
 Pach'y-ear'poiis. a. [Gr. waxvs, thick, and (tapjros, 
 fruit.*] {BoT.) Having the pericarp very thick. 
 
 pa-ell' y-menin-gi'tis, n. [Gr. sraxvs, thick, and Eng. 
 tneningitis.] {Pathol.) Inflammation of the rfitro- 
 mater or outer membrane of the brain. 
 
 Pa-fin'I-aii, a, [From Pacini, an Italian anatomist.] 
 (Anat. ) Noting numerous small pedunculated whitish 
 bodies or corpuscles, in union with the filaments of the 
 cutaneous nerves of the hand, and attached to the 
 cerebral and spinal systems, and to the great sympa- 
 thetic or internal ganglionic nerve. 
 
 Pack'- sheet, n. A strong, coarse material, in which 
 to pack goods ; a cover for goods in a wagon. 
 
 Pad'ding, n. [Add.] 4. In a book or periodical, ma- 
 terial of inferior value, inserted to fill up the space. 
 
 Paint'-box, n. A box containing cakes of colors. 
 
 Pai'a^e-ear', n, A luxurious car, for passage in which 
 an extra fee is charged ; — also called draicing-room car. 
 
 Pale-are'tie, a. [Gr. TraAouJs, ancient, and Eng. arc- 
 tic, q. v.] Belonging to a region of the earth's surface 
 which includes all Europe to the Azores, and Iceland, 
 and all temperate Asia. In the geographical distribu- 
 tion of animal life, the fauna of this region form a 
 distinct class. 
 
 Pale-o-erys'tie, a. [Gr. s-oAoto?, ancient, and xpvcr- 
 ToAXos, ice.] Pertaining to, or derived from, a former 
 glacial formation. 
 
 Pale-o-litli, n. [Gr. roXato?, ancient, and XiBos, stone.] 
 A relic of the f>aleolithic era. 
 
 Paae-o-litli'ie, a. [See supra.] ( Geol.) Of, or belong- 
 ing to, an era containing early stone implements. The 
 Paleolithic era (as proposed by Lubbock) includes the 
 earlier half of the *^ stone age " ; the remains belong- 
 ing to it are for the most part of extinct animals, with 
 relics of human beings. 
 
 Pa-le^ti-o-log'i-eal (-le^shi-o-), a. Connected with or 
 relating to paletiology. 
 
 Pa-le'ti-61'o-|nist, n. One rersed in paletiology. 
 
 Pa-le ti-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. vaXaxo^, ancient, oItvop, a 
 cause, and Xoyo?, discourse.] The science which ex- 
 plains, by the Law of causation, the past condition and 
 changes of the earth. 
 
 Pal 'grave, «. The same as Palsgrave. 
 
 Pali, n. The sacred language of the Buddhist religion 
 in the countries lying eastward and south-eastward 
 from India. It is properly a dialect of Sanskrit. 
 
 panel, n. [Add.] 4. (Mu.f.) In the oi^an . a valve 
 between the wind-chest and the mouth of a pipe or row 
 of pipes. 
 
 Pal-Io'ne, n. [It., a large ball, from paZ^, ball.] An 
 Italian game played with a laige leather ball, which is 
 thrown from the wrist. 
 
 Pai'ma-^ite, n. [See PiUt.] (Paleon.) Any fossil 
 stem, leaf, or fruit, which appears to have ^Inity with 
 the existing palms. 
 
 Palm'-erist (pam-), «. The castor-oil plants or 
 
 Christi. 
 
 i Pa-Ms'tral, a. [Lat paluster, palustris.1 P&tumog 
 to a bog or marsh : paludine. 
 
 Pam'pa-no, «. [Sp] [Ichxh.) Afoodfi^htlViidbyiuirM*^ 
 CaroliMus) of the genus Caranx. It is foimd on. the 
 coast of America from BiaxU to New York, and is Terr 
 highly esteemed. 
 
 Paxil 'pa§, «. pL [Add.] Pampas grass. A taU, hand- 
 some grass which covers the South American pampas. 
 
 PSn, f. t. To make visible, as gold in a miner's pan ; — 
 with oiu. 
 
 pan, r. i. To exhibit itself as gold when made visible 
 
 in a miner's pan ; to appear as a result : to develop ; — 
 
 usually with out : — used literally in mining opcEa- 
 
 tions. and applied to any development of chaiacter or 
 
 ! consequences. 
 
 Pan- Aji'gli-ean, a. [Gr. stof, all, and Eng. Ajigiiceai.] 
 Belonging to, or representing, the entire Rngliiiih 
 church. 
 
 Pan'ere-a-tine, n. ( C3tem .) A substance, or mixtoze 
 of substances, obtained from the pancreatic juiee, and 
 containing its peculiar principle ; — applied also to 
 various preparations intended to represent the activity 
 of the pancreatic fluid. 
 
 Pan-da 'nn&r «. [From MsHaj pandang, caDepicnoas.] 
 (Boi.) The screw-pine. 
 
 Pan-sperm 'a- tist, n. [Gr. sro*', all, and aweppM., 
 oTTep^aros, seed.] One who rejects the theory of qwn- 
 taneous generation. 
 
 Pa'o-lo, n. [It.] An Italian silTcr coin, of abont ten 
 cents in value. 
 
 Pa-pa v' er-ine, «, [Prmn IaL jw^wper, pcq[^y.] (CJfcein.) 
 An alkaloid which forms one of the constitoentB of 
 opium. 
 
 Pa-pyr'o-graph., n. A machine for printing fee-siinile 
 impressions firom manuscript. 
 
 pap'y-ro-grapli'ie, a. Pertaining to, or involTed in, 
 the process of printing by the use of ihe papyrc^iaph- 
 
 Par'a-gen'e-sis, «• [Gr. s-opcL, b^de, and yer-effi?, 
 genesis, from ■yo'os, birth.] (3ft«.) The science of 
 the association of minerals with special reference to 
 their oriein. 
 
 Par'a-sit'i-^ide, n, [Lat. parasttus. Gr. sropwriTiK, a 
 parasite, and cxdere, to kill.] [Med.) Any substance 
 j used to destroy parasites. 
 
 Par-clie'gi, «, See Pachisl 
 
 Par'e-sis, n. [Gr. srd^cns, from TroptCT-ot, to let go, 
 from TTopd, from, and le'mt, to send.] {Paikol,) In- 
 complete jaialysis. 
 
 Pa-ret'ie, a. in the condition of paresis. 
 
 Parkeslne, n. [From the name of the inTOitar, Mr. 
 Parkes.] A compound, originally made from gun- 
 cotton and castor-oil, but later from different mate- 
 rials, and used as a substitute for vnlcaniMd India 
 rubber and for ivory ; — called also xy/o/ifc, 
 
 Par'ky, «. [Buss.] A hooded upper garment, made cf 
 skin or fur, and worn bv Esquimaux. 
 
 Pa-r'tial (-shal). a. [Add.] Partial tcius (Jfiwie), the 
 simple sounds which in combinati<Hi form an ordxoazy 
 sound, and cause its special quality of tone. 
 
 », e,&c., long; Si, 6t&c., short ; ckre,f&T,aksk.,SLil,ivliat; fere, veil, term: p'ique.finn; &6n, or, dg, w^tf , 
 
PARTICULATE 
 
 1043 
 
 PHENYLENE 
 
 Par-ti€'u-late, a. Referring to, or produced by, par- 
 ticles, such as dust, minute germs, and the like. 
 
 I»as'sion-Sun'day (pash'un-sttn'dy), n. (Eccl.) The 
 fifth Sunday in Lent, or the second before Easter. 
 
 Pa.s'sion-tide, n. {Rom. Cath. Church.) The last fort- 
 night of Lent. 
 
 Pa.8'sion-week, n. [Add.] 2. {Rom. Cath. Church.) 
 The last week but one in Lent, or the second week 
 preceding the festival of Easter. 
 
 Pas'tor-al, a. [Add.] Pastoral staff {Eccl.), a staff 
 ending in an ornamented curve or crook ; — carried by 
 bishops and archbishops as an emblem of episcopal au- 
 thority and of pastoral care. 
 
 Pa-trol'man, n. One who patrols ; a watchman ; es- 
 pecially a policeman who patrols a particular precinct 
 of a town or city. 
 
 Pea'-b6r'i'y, n. A highly prized variety of the coffee 
 berry. The two grains in the berry coalesce, producing 
 the appearance of a single elliptical seed, usually of 
 small size, whence the name. 
 
 Pea'-grit, n. {Min.) A coarse pisolitic limestone, 
 composed of concretionary bodies which are round, 
 oval, or flattened like crushed peas. 
 
 Ptibrine (pa'breen'), n. [Fr.] An epidemic disease of 
 the silk-worm, due to the presence of minute organ- 
 isms as parasites. 
 
 Pe-eop'ter-is, n. [Gr. Tre'/ceiv, to comb, and Trrepis, a 
 fern.] {Paleon.) An extensive genus of fossil ferns 
 found in the coal-measures ; — so named from the reg- 
 ular comb-like arrangement of the leaflets. 
 
 P6d.'i-f orm, a. [Lat. pes, pedis, foot, and forma, form.] 
 Resembling the foot or feet. 
 
 P6d'i-grree, n. [Add.] ^.{Stock-breeding.) A record 
 of the lineage of an animal, containing some animals 
 of pure or improved breed. 
 
 Pfid'o-mo'tive, a. [Lat. pes, pedis, foot, and movere, 
 m.otum, to move.] Movable by means of the foot. 
 
 Pe-dre-gal', n. [Sp., a stony pJace, from piedra, Lat. 
 petra~ QiV. irirpa, stone.] A lava field. [Mexico and 
 Western U. S.] 
 
 Peh.-le'vi, n. An ancient dialect of the Persian lan- 
 guage. It is supposed to have been the literary lan- 
 guage of the westernmost provinces of Persia, early 
 in the Christian era. 
 
 Pe-ias'^i-an, ) a. [Gr. neAacryos, a Pelasgian.] Per- 
 
 Pe-13,8'gi-e, ) taining to the Peiasgians, an ancient 
 people of Greece. 
 
 Pe-lo'ri-a, n. [From Gr. neKotp, a monster.] {Bot.) 
 A form assumed by certain flowers, which, being un- 
 symmetrical in their usual state, become symmetrical in 
 what may be considered as a return to their normal type. 
 
 Pe-lor'i-e, a. {Bot.) Abnormally regular or symmet- 
 rical. 
 
 P61t, n. [Add.] 2. A metal toe-piece for a boot or shoe. 
 
 Pend'H-lotis, a. [Add.] 2. {Bot.) Inclined so that 
 the apex is pointed downwards ; — applied to ovules 
 that hang- from the upper part of the ovary. 
 
 Pfin'ny, a. [Perhaps a corruption of pun, for pound.] 
 Denoting pound weight for one thousand ; — used in 
 composition, and with respect to nails ; as, three-penny 
 nails, nails of which one thousand weigh three pounds. 
 
 Pfin'tad, n. [Gr. nevToa, vevTaSos, from irevre, five.] 
 {Chem.) An atom, the equivalence of which is, or 
 which can be combined with, or exchanged for, five 
 hydrogen atoms. 
 
 Pgn'ta-del'plious, a. [Gr. wevTe, five, and a^^Xf^o^, 
 brother.] {Bot.) Having the stamens arranged in bun- 
 dles or divisions of five. 
 
 Pen'-Tvip'er, n. A cloth for cleaning pens. 
 
 Pep'per-diilse, n. (Bot.) A variety of edible sea- 
 weed ( Laurencia pinnatifida) distinguished for its pun- 
 gency. 
 
 Pep'tone, n. [From Gr. TreTrro's, cooked, from n-ecrcretv, 
 to fiook.] (Physiol.) The substance into which the al- 
 buminous elements of the food are transformed by the 
 action of the gastric juice ; albuminose. 
 
 Fer'-edle', n. [Fr.] A fine cotton fabric, closely woven, 
 used for ladies' summer dresses. 
 
 Per'^lie-rSn, n. [Fr.] One of a breed of horses origi- 
 natmg in Perche, an old district of France ; — called also 
 Per c her on- Norman. 
 
 Per-eiir'reiit, a. [Per and current.] Running through 
 the entire length. 
 
 Per'i-derin,n. [Gr. n-ept, about, and Sepjua, skin.] (Bot.) 
 The outer layer of bark. 
 
 P6r'i-en-^epli'a-li'ti8, n, [Gr. irepC, about, and ey/cec/)- 
 aAov, the brain.] {Pathol.) Inflammation of the cor- 
 tical substance of the brain. 
 
 P6r'i-o-d6n'tal, a. [Gr. Trepi, around, and oSoiis, ofioi'- 
 
 To?, tooth.] Surrounding the teeth. 
 P6r'i-6s'te-al, a. {Anat.) Relating to, Or connected 
 
 with, the periosteum. 
 
 P^r'i-spoi'e, n. [Gr. irepC, around, and oTrdpos, seed.] 
 {Bot.) The outer covering of a spore. 
 
 P6r'is-sa.d, a. [Gr. vepiaaog, odd, from Trept, over.] 
 (Chem.) Odd; not even; — said of elementary sub- 
 stances and of radicals whose equivalence is not divis- 
 ible by two without a remainder. 
 
 P6r/is-so-da«'tyl, n. ; Lat.pl. per'IS-so-dA^'t^L-A. 
 [Gr. irepicrcro's, odd, from rrepC, over, and SaKTvAos, fin- 
 ger.] (Zool.) A member of one of the divisions of the 
 ungulates, in which the third digit of each foot is sym- 
 metrical in itself, and the toes of the hind foot are odd 
 in number, — as in the horse, the rhinoceros, and the 
 tapir. 
 
 P6r/i-to-ni'tis, n. [See Peritoneum.] (Pathol.) In- 
 flammation of the peritoneum, or lining membrane of 
 the abdomen. 
 
 Per'i-typli-li'tis, n. [Prefix peri and typhlitis.] (Pa- 
 thol.) Inflammation of the connective tissue behind 
 the caecum and ascending colon. 
 
 Per-pet'ii-an^e, n. The state of being made peiyetual 
 or everlasting ; the result of the act of perpetuating, or 
 of preserving from extinction. 
 
 Per'sian, a. [Add.] Persian powder, a, suhstamce con- 
 si sting wholly or in part of the dried and pulverized 
 flowers of the Pyrethrum carneum and P. roseum, and 
 efficacious in destroying insects ; — largely used in Per- 
 sia, whence the name. 
 
 Per'sul-phate, n. [Per and sulphate.] (Chem.) A 
 sulphate of the peroxide of any base. 
 
 Per-siil'pliu-ret, n. [Per and sulphuret.] {Chem.) 
 That one of the compounds of sulphur with another 
 substance which has the largest proportion of sulphur. 
 
 Pes'si-migm, n. [From Lat. pessimus, worst.] The 
 opinion that everything in nature is ordered for the 
 worst, or that the world is the worst possible. 
 
 Pes'si-rmst'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, 
 pessimism ; gloomy ; croaking. 
 
 Pe-tite', a. [Fr., fem. of petit.] Small in size ; little. 
 
 Pet'ro-16g'i«, a. Pertaining to petrology, or the science 
 or investigation of rocks. 
 
 Pet'ro-log'io-al-ly, adv. In a petrologic manner ; in 
 a manner involving the science or study of rocks. 
 
 Pet'ro-ste'a-rine, n. [Gr. TreVpa, rock, and areap, tal- 
 low.] A solid unctuous material of which certain kinds 
 of candles are made. 
 
 Pe-tii'ni-a, n. (Bot.) A garden plant bearing beautiful 
 flowers. It is a native of South America, and is nearly 
 allied to the tobacco plant. 
 
 Plia'-eo-ehere, a. [Gr. <|)a/«)s, the lentil, a wart re- 
 sembling the lentil, and xoLpoi, a young swine.] (Zool.) 
 The wart-hog, a pachydennatoxis animal, of tropical 
 Africa, akin to the hog. 
 
 Pha'-eoid, a. [Gr. ^a/co?, the lentil, and etfios, form.] 
 Resembling a lentil. 
 
 Phan'e-rite, a. [Gr. <|)avepos, open to sight, visible, 
 from ^cUveiv, to bring to light.] Evident ; visible. 
 
 Phanerite series { Geol.), the uppermost stage of the 
 earth's crust, consisting of deposits produced by causes 
 in obvious operation. 
 
 Plia.n'e-ro-erys'tal-line, a. [Gr. ^avepo^, evident, 
 and Eng. crystalline.] ( Geol.) Distinctly ciystalline ; 
 — used of i-ocks, and opposed to crypto-crystalline. 
 
 Phdn'e-ro-gd'mi-d, n. pi. [See Phaneeogamian.] 
 {Bot.) One of the two primary divisions of the vege- 
 table kingdom, that is, the division which contains the 
 phanerogamic or flowering plants. 
 
 Pha-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <^apo?, a lighthouse, and Xdyos, 
 discourse.] The science of lighthouses. 
 
 Phe-noin'e-nal, a. [Add.] 2. Very extraordinary ; 
 so extraordinary as to attract attention ; especially, of 
 extraordinary and rare excellence. 
 
 Plie-n6m.'e-nal-i§in,M. {Metaph.) That theory which 
 limits positive or scientific knowledge to phenomena 
 only, whether material or spiritual. 
 
 Plie'nyl, n. [Gr. <^atvetv, to bring to light, and vXij, 
 wood ; Fr. p/icny^e.] (Chem.) A radical containing six 
 carbon atoms and five atoms of hydrogen. Phenol is a 
 hydrate of it. 
 
 Plie'iiyl-ain'me, n. [phenyl and amine.] ( Chem.) 
 One of a series of organic bases, as aniline, derived from 
 ammonia by the substitution of the radical phenyl for 
 one or more hydrogen atoms. 
 
 Plie'nyl-ene, n. ( Chem.) A liquid, the composition of 
 which is represented by six carbon and four hydrogen 
 
 food, f cfbt ; iirn, rude, piill; ^ell, ^liaise, -eall, eetio ; gem, get; ag ; ejist ; linger, link; t^iis* 
 
PHENYLIC 
 
 1044 
 
 PLAQUE 
 
 atoms, found among the distillation products of phe- 
 nylic chloride with sodium amalgam. 
 P!'-' "-''•♦' „. Pertaining to, derived from, or combined 
 
 1 <t, «. [See imfixu] One who makes a col- 
 
 ... . . : ---tage stamps. 
 
 Ptu-lAt'e-ly, M. [Gr. <itAd?, dear, and aneXeia, exemp- 
 tion from tax.] A collection of postage stamps of rari- 
 ou? i.->ues. 
 
 Phi-lis'tine, «. [Add.] 2 . One who cannot appreciate, 
 and therefore despises, culture, art, refinement, or re- 
 ligion ; a supercilious and contented antagonist of the 
 learned or cultured classes. 
 
 PW«y/-»n«'*i-« t,-zhi-a), n. [See Pbu-egm.) (Pathol.) 
 Inflammation, accompanied br fever and the formation 
 of pus in the areolar tissue ; phl^mon. 
 
 Phlo-go'siSi n. [6r. 4>\6yto<ng, burning heat, from 
 ^Xeyeiv, to btim.] (Pathol.) Inflammation of ■external 
 part5 of the bo<iv : ervsipelatous inflammation. 
 
 Phlo-got'lc, a. Pertaining to phlogosis ; inflammatory. 
 
 Plxon^au'to-grSpli, n. [Gr. <J«w»^, sound, ayro?, self, 
 and y'pdtf>€iv, to write.] {Physics.) An instrument by 
 means of which a sound can be made to produce a visi- 
 ble trace or record of itself. 
 
 Plio-nei'do-s*ope, «. [Gr. iJwjtj, sound, elSos, form, 
 and oKOTrelv, to look at.] (Physics.) An instrument 
 for studving the motions of sounding bodies by optical 
 
 Pli5n'i-e, a. [Gr. ^vij, sound.] Pertaining to sound : 
 of the nature of sound ; acoustic. 
 
 Plio^no-grSpli. n. [Add.] 2- (Physics.) An instru- 
 ment for the mechanical r^istration and reproduction 
 of audible sounds. 
 
 Plio-nosr'ra-plier. ii. [Add.] 2. One who uses, or is 
 skilIe-1 in the use of, the phonograph. 
 
 Pho no-grapli'ic, ) a, [Add.] 2. InTolving the 
 
 Pho no-gxaph'ic-al, f use of the phonograph ; per- 
 taining to the piionc^raph. 
 
 Pho-nog'ra-phy, n. [Add.] 3. The art of construct- 
 ing, or of using, the phonograph. 
 
 Pli6s'pliid.e, n. [Chem.) A compound of phosphorus 
 with a more positive element or rtuW^ ; — formerly 
 called phosphmet. 
 
 Pli6s-pli6r'o-S€ope, n. [Eng. phospkorus, and Gr. 
 <ntcr!reti', to behold.] An apparatus for observing the 
 phosphoresence produced in different bodies by the ac- 
 tion of light, and for measuring its duration. 
 
 Pho-toeli'ro-inT. n. [Gr. «^s. <btm6s, light, and xP^Mo? 
 color.] The process of reproducing colors by photog- 
 raphy, or of producing photc^raphic picttures in which 
 objects are repre^nted in their natural colors. 
 
 Plio'to-e-lee'tri-e. a. [Gr. ^>»s. 6tiw<k, light, and Eng. 
 eJfdric.] Acting by the operation of both light and 
 electricity : — said of apparatus for taking photographs 
 by elecrric jight. 
 
 Plio'to-gen, n. [Gr. <^tis, <jKi>Tds, light, and yevo?, birth.] 
 (C^ifjn.) A light hydrocarbon oil obtained by distUla- 
 tion of coal, shale, f-eat. etc. : used for burning in lamps. 
 
 Pho'to-erram. n. A picture produced by photography. 
 
 Pho to-lieli-o-grapli. n. [Gr. 6«s, ^wrik, light, ^os, 
 run. an 1 -f^^aiit^a-. to write.] An apparatus employed for 
 taking piiotc-rraphic pictures of the sun. 
 
 Pho to-litli'o-grapli, H. [Gr. ^>ci?, ^motos, light, and 
 Eng. lithograph.] A picture printed from a lithographic 
 stone ^dueh has been prepared by photographic pro- 
 cesses. 
 
 Pho-to-lith'o-^rJiph, r. t. To produee, as a picture, 
 by the prc>cc5s of photolithography. 
 
 Pho-tol'o-gist. n. [See I*hotolo<Jt.] One who studies 
 or_eipounds the laws of light. 
 
 Plio^to-mi'-eTO-grSpli, n. [Gr. ^is, ^mtck, light, 
 ftucpo^, small, and ■ypo^ii', to write.] An enlarged rep- 
 resentation oif a microscopic object. 
 
 Pho'to-phone, n. [Gr. ^i?, 4i«>tos, light, and ^rq, 
 speech.] An apparattis which produces articulate speech 
 > :;_r::i-h:r.i- beiins of light upon a sensitive diaphragm. 
 
 I'lu/to-if lUpt lire, II. [Gr. <ii>s, <^M>xrd9, l%ht.~and 
 i-i.. v>/ ; :ur'. q. v.] A process in which, by means of 
 a number of photographs simultaneously taken from 
 different points of riew on the same level, rough mo-iels 
 of the figure or bust of a person or *Tiiin«l may be made 
 with great expedition. 
 
 Phy-eSl'o-gy, n. [Gr. ^vms, sea-weed, and Aoyos, di*- 
 '^Tire^ 1 The study of algae or sea-weeds. 
 
 I '^ [Gr. ^AAov, leaf, and elAos, foxm.] Be- 
 
 . a-gofis, a. [See PHTUOPoafiAV.] Sobeist- 
 
 - .- ^a i^iTes; leaf-eating. 
 
 Phyllox-e'ra, «, [Gr. tftUKXov, leaf, and ^npof, dry.^ 
 1 (Entom.) A hemipterous insect (Phylloxera casta- 
 irix), alMed to the aphis, or plant-louse. It attacks tiie 
 roots and leaves of the grape vine, doing great damage. 
 2. The diseased condition of a vine, caused by the insect 
 just described. 
 
 Phy'lo-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. <f)wAov, race, tribe, from 
 <l)V€i.v, to produce, and ycvean, yevo?, birth.] The his- 
 tory of genealogical development, or of the lines of de- 
 scent of organic beings. 
 
 Phy'lo-ge-net'ic, a. Pertaining to phylogenesis ; in- 
 volving genealogical development. 
 
 Ph j-16g'e-ny, n. The same as Phtlogexksis. 
 
 Phy'ma. n. [Gr. ^ifia, from<^v€iv, to produce.] {PeUhol.) 
 a" tubercle on any external part of the body. 
 
 Physi-eo-chenilc-al, a. Involving the principles 
 of both physics and chemistry ; dependent on, or pro- 
 duced by, the joint action of physical and chemical 
 agencies. 
 
 Pliys'i-og'no-my, fi. [Add.] 3. (Bot.) The general 
 appearance of a plant, without reference to its botanical 
 characters. 
 
 Phy'toid, a. [Gr. 4nrr6v, a plant, and eiios, form.] Ke- 
 semblins a plant ; plant-like. 
 
 Phy to-pliag'i«, a. [See Phttophagovs.] Eating or 
 feeling on plants ; phytophagous. 
 
 Pi-an-ette', n. A small piano-forte. 
 
 1^'i -ea resque', a. [Ft., from Sp. picaro.] Denoting 
 that class of literature in which the principal personage 
 is the picaro, meaning a rascal, knave, rogue. 
 
 Pick, V. i. [Add.] To pick up, to improve slowly in 
 health. 
 
 Pick'er, n. [Add.] 3. The piece attached to each end 
 of the hand rope, by which the shuttle of a loom is 
 driven back and forth in weaving ; usually made of 
 cow's horn. 
 
 Pig'eon-En'glish ) (pij'un-ing'glish), «. The bar- 
 
 Pidg 'eon-En glish [ barons and childlike dialecr 
 
 Pidj 'in-English ) used between English or Amer- 
 icans and Chinamen, — consisting of English words as 
 pronounced by the Chinese, with an infusion of 
 Chinese, Portuguese, and other words. 
 
 Pig'eon-her'iy tpq'nn-) , n . A \ orth Amftrican plant, 
 called also poke, q. t. 
 
 Pi'ka, J». (Zool.) A small, tailless animal of the genus 
 Lagomys, resembling the hare. It is found in North- 
 em Asia and America. 
 
 Pnio^r-sham, n. A corering, nsoallj of linen, laid 
 
 over the pillow of a bed not in use. 
 
 f PI lo-ear'pine, n. [Fr., from Lat. pOoaajnts, from pi- 
 
 /r«. hair, and Gr. KofKTOs, fruit.] (Chetru) An alkaloid, 
 
 the active principle of jaborandi (Pilocarpus pinnatits). 
 
 Pilot-boat, n. A small, strongly built, fast-sailing 
 vessel, employed in coasting, to carry and receive pilots 
 as they board and leare vessels. 
 
 Pl^ot-jack, H. A flag hoisted by a Tessel when in 
 nee.1 of a pilot. 
 
 Pn'n-lons. a. [Prom Lat. pUula, a pUl, dim. of pilaj 
 ball.' Of the size of a piU ; small ; itisignificant. 
 
 Pin'a-«oid, n. [Gr. viva^, a board, aiid elSo?, form.] 
 ( Crystaliog.) A plane parallel to two of the crystalline 
 axes. 
 
 Ping, «. The sound made by a buUet in striking a solid 
 object or in passing through the air. 
 
 Ting, r. t. [imp. &p. p. prsGKD : p. pr. & cb. n. PDfG- 
 IXG.1 To make the sound of a buUet in hitting a solid 
 obj«:t or in passing through the air. 
 
 Fi'nite, n. [Lat. pinus, the pine tree.] (Palfon.) Any 
 fossil wood which exhibits traces of having belonged 
 to the pine family. 
 
 Pink'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being ^ink; 
 pink color. 
 
 Plpe'-stone, n. A dark kind of clay slate, found in 
 Oregon, and carved by the Indians into bowls and to- 
 baeeo-pipes. 
 
 Piqud (pg'ka'J,". [Fr., p. p. of piquer, to prick.] A 
 figared cotton fabric, used as a dress-goods for women 
 and children, also for vestings. 
 
 Plane-par'al-lel, a. (Optics.) Having both surfaces 
 exactlv parallel ; as, a piece of glass. 
 
 Plank,' n. [Add.] 3. One of the principles included 
 in a declaration of the principles of a convention 
 called in the interest of a party or cause ; — spoken of 
 as a plank in the platform. 
 
 Pla-ndm'e-try, h . ( 3[eck.) The art or process of ihtv 
 I ducing, measiuring, or testing a plane sui^ce. 
 ' Plaq%te (pl5k), n. [Fr.] A decorated plate or saucer, 
 ! to be hung upon a wall, to ornament a room. 
 
 a. e, &c., Umg ; ft, €, &c., short ; c^re, far, ask. all, what : ere, veil, term : pique, firm ; son, or, dg, woli^ 
 
PLAQUE 
 
 1045 
 
 POTTER 
 
 PlJtqiie (pl5k), v. t. To hang, as a plate or saucer, upon 
 a wall, for the purpose of decoration. 
 
 Pias'ti«, a. [Add.] Piastic aperation (Surg.), 8in Ofen,- 
 tiou for the relief of deformity, especially for the resto 
 ration of lost parts of the body, as of the nose or lips. 
 
 Pldt'p-e-ne'tni-d , n. [Fr. platycncmie, from Gr. TrAani? 
 flat, and Kvi^hiv, leg.] (Anat.) A lateral flattening of 
 the tibia ; platycnemism. 
 
 Piat'y-e-iie'niic, a- [Fr. platycnemique .] Having the 
 tibia flattened from side to side ; of, or relating to, 
 platycnemia. 
 
 J^la-ips'nid, n. [Gr. vXaTvoyM., a flat piece, from 
 TrAttTv's, wide, broad.] (Anat.) The broad, thin, sub 
 cutaneous muscle on the side of the neck. 
 
 Play, V. t. [Add.] To be played out, to become ex 
 hausted; to come to an end of strength or of re- 
 sources. 
 
 Blaya (pla'Ja), n. [Sp.] A beach ; a strand ; a shore ; 
 in the plains and deserts of Texas, New Mexico, and 
 Arizona, a broad, level spot, on which water accumu- 
 lates after rains, and which subsequently becomes dry 
 by evaporation. 
 
 Plji'za, n. [Sp.] A public square in a town or city. 
 
 Plebiscite (pla'bls'seet'), n. [Fr.] A vote by universal 
 male suffrage ; especially, in France, a popular vote. 
 
 Pleii-r6ii'«liy-ina, n. [Gr. 7r\evpa, a rib, or side, and 
 eyxvjoio?, moist, juicy, from eyx^lv, to pour in, from ev, 
 and xelv, to pour.] (Bot.) Woody tissue, consisting of 
 tough slender tubes, out of which the woody parts are 
 mainly formed. 
 
 Pleii'ro-earp, n. [Gr. nKevpa, a rib, or side, and 
 icapTTo?, fruit.] (Bot.) A moss, with the fructification 
 proceeding laterally from the axils of the leaves. ^ 
 
 Pleti'ro-dont, a. [Gr. TrXevpa, a rib, side, and 65ous, 
 656kto?, a tooth.] {Zool.) Having the teeth fastened by 
 the side to the ridge of the jaw, as in some lizards. 
 
 Pleu-rog'y-nous, a. [Gr. irKevpa., a rib, side, and yvvq, 
 woman.] {Bot.) Having a glandular or tubercular 
 elevation rising close to and parallel with the ovary. 
 
 PK'o-phylloiis, a. [Gr. irAetos, TrAeos, full, and ^vK- 
 Aov, leaf .] (Bot.) Having no buds on the stems, and 
 consequently no branches developed in the axils of 
 the leaves. 
 
 Plti'ri-par'tite, a. [Lat. plus, pluris, more, and par- 
 titus, divided, p. p. of partire, to divide, from pars, par- 
 tis, apart.] (Bot.) Deeply divided into several nearly 
 distinct portions. 
 
 Pliis, a. [Lat., more.] Full; ample; positive. 
 
 Plu-to-e'ra-^y, n. [Gr. nKovTOKpa.Tia, from ttAovto?, 
 wealth, and Kparslv. to be strong, to rule, from Kparos, 
 strength ; Fr. plutocratie.] A form of government, in 
 which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of the 
 wealthy classes alone : government by the rich ; also, a 
 controlling or influential class of rich men. 
 
 Plu'to-er&'i-e, a. Pertaining to plutocracy, or gov- 
 ernment by the rich ; consisting in, or partaking of, 
 plutocracy. 
 
 Plxx-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. itAovtos, wealth, and A.6yos, dis- 
 course.] (Polit. Econ.) The science which treats of 
 wealth. 
 
 Plym'outli Brgtii'ren. The members of a religious 
 sect, which appeared at Plymouth, England, about 
 1830. They protest against sectarianism, and advocate 
 unity of all Christians, rejection of organization and 
 officers in the church, and of all formal creeds. 
 
 Pneu-mSt'i-e (nu-), a. [Add.] Pneumatic troxigh, a 
 trough, generally made of wood, copper, or japanned 
 tin, having a perforated shelf, and used, when filled 
 with water or mercury, for collecting gases made by 
 chemical operations. 
 
 Pneii lua-to-tlio'rax, n. [Gr. nvevfjia, irvev/LiaTos, air, 
 and eJjpa^, chest.] (Pathol.) Air in the chest. " 
 
 P5ck'et-b<>bk, n. [Add.] 2. Apurse ; aportmonnaie. 
 
 PSd'o-earp, n. [Gr. nov^, iro56s, foot, and Kapiros, 
 fruit.] (Bot.) The stem supporting the fruit. 
 
 Pod^o-fgpli'a-lous, a. [Gr. ttows, voSo?, foot, and /ce<^- 
 oAtj, head.] (Bot.) Having a head of flowers elevated 
 on a long peduncle. 
 
 Pod'o-phyinine, n. [Gr. irovs, iroSos, foot, and <f)v\- 
 Aov, leaf.] (Med.) A cathartic principle obtained from 
 the root of the may-apple (Podophyllum peltatitm). 
 
 Pod^o-pliyl'lous, a. (^Entom.) Having the feet or 
 locomotive organs compressed into the form of leaves. 
 
 Poind'ing, n. [A-S. pyndan, to shut up. See Pound.] 
 (.Scotch laiv.) The legal process by which the property 
 of the debtor is transferred to the creditor. 
 
 Po-lS,r'i-s«6p'i<;, a. Of, or pertaining to, the polari- 
 scope ; obtained by the use of a polariscope. 
 
 Po'lar-is'co-py, n. ( Opt.) The art or process of mak- 
 ing observations with the polariscope. 
 
 Po-li^e' (-les'), V. t. L To apply police regulations to ; 
 to keep in order. 2. To make clean; as, to police a 
 camp. 
 
 P61'i-9y-sli6p, n. An office opened for gambling in con- 
 nection with lotteries. 
 
 P6l-lln'i-fim, n. ; pi. POL-LIN' l-A. [From pollen, 
 q. v.] (Bot.) A cellular mass of pollen-grains, affixed 
 to an elastic foot-stalk or caudicle, in the flowers of 
 orchids. 
 
 Po'lo, n. A game of ball, resembling hockey : originally 
 the players were mounted on ponies. 
 
 Pfil'y-a-tdm'i-e, a. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and arojiios, 
 atom, q. v.] (Chem.) Consisting of more than one 
 atom ; having more than one atom, or many atoms, in 
 the molecule. 
 
 Pol'y-ehrome, n. [Gr. ttoAvs, many, and xP^f^°^i 
 color.] (Chem.) A peculiar substance obtained from 
 the bark of the horse-chestnut, which gives to water 
 the quality of exhibiting a blue fluorescence when ex- 
 posed to light ; esculine. 
 
 P6Py-da,«'tyl-i§m, n. [Fr. polydactylisme, from Gr. 
 iroAvs, many, and 6a'/cTvAos, finger.] (Anat.) The con- 
 dition of having supemiunerary fingers. 
 
 P6ry-ge-net'i-e , a. [Add.] A polygenetic mountain 
 range, one which is composite, or consists of two or 
 more monogenetyj ranges, of which each has had its 
 own history of development. 
 
 Po-lyg'e-nist, n. One who maintains, in anthropology, 
 that the human race sprung from more than one orig- 
 inal pair ; — opposed to monogenist. 
 
 PSl'y-stig'mous, a. [Gr. n-oAvs, many, and oTiy|u.a, a 
 mark.] (Bot.) Applied to plants, where a flower has 
 many carpels, each originating a stigma. 
 
 Pobh-pdoli', V. t. To make light of ; to reject with 
 derision, as if by saying j?ooA, pooh. 
 
 Pool, 71. [Add.] 2. (Stock Exchange.) A combination 
 of persons contributing money to be used for the pur- 
 pose of increasing or depressing the market price of 
 stocks, with a view to the settlement of differences. 
 3. A gambling or conmiercial venture in which several 
 persons unite. 
 
 Pool, V. t. To put together, on the basis of a mutual 
 division of profits or losses. 
 
 Pool, f. i. To contribute with several others for a com- 
 mercial or a gambling transaction. 
 
 P6r'§e-lam-ized, a. ( Geol.) Baked like potter's clay ; 
 — applied to those clay-shales and stratified rocks, that 
 have been converted by subterranean heat into a sub- 
 stance resembling in texture porcelain or kiln-baked 
 clay. 
 
 Porti^e (por'tT'er'), n. [Fr., from parte, gate, door, 
 from Lat. porta, gate.] A curtain, hanging across an 
 opening for a door, or used as a screen. 
 
 Port'land Ce-nient'. A kind of cement, having the 
 color of Portland stone. It is used in facing up brick 
 and rough stone buildings to imitate hewn stone ; — 
 made from common limestone mixed with the muddy 
 deposits of rivers which run over clay and chalk, which 
 mixtiure is afterwards dried and calcined. 
 
 Por'tvi-a-ry, n. [L. Lat. portiforium, from portare, to 
 carry, and foras, out of doors."] (Ecd.) A breviary, — 
 so named from its portability. 
 
 Poge, V. t. [Add.] 3. To place in an attitude or fixed 
 position, for the sake of effect. 
 
 Po§e, V. i. To assume a pose ; to strike an attitude ; to 
 carry one's self affectedly. 
 
 Post'al-«ard, \n. A card sold by the government for 
 
 Post'-«ard, ) transmission through the mails, at a 
 lower rate of postage than a sealed letter. 
 
 Post'-- eom-mvin'ion (-miin'yun), n. {Rom, Cath. 
 Church.) The concluding portion of the communion 
 service. 
 
 Post-lim'i-na-ry, a. [Lat. postliminium, a return to 
 former privileges, from post, after, and limen, thresh- 
 old.] Involving a return to former privileges, as in a 
 country after temporary occupation by an invader. 
 Po-tS,s'si€, a. Of, or pertaining to, potassium ; con- 
 taining potassium. 
 Po-ta'to^n. [Add.] Potato-bug. See CoLORAno-BEETLE. 
 Po'ti-?lxo-ina'ni-a, «. [¥t. potichomanie, irompotichef 
 a porcelain vase, and mariie, mania.] Art of decorating 
 the inside of transparent vessels with colored designs, 
 to imitate painted earthenware. 
 P6t'ter, n. [Add.] Potter's _^field, a public burial-place, 
 especially in a city and for the poor ; — so named from 
 the field south of Jerusalem, mentioned in Matt, xxvii. 7. 
 
 food, fcTot; tkrn, rude, pull; ^ell, ^liaise, call, e-elio ; gem, get; ag; e^ist ; linger, link; tliis* 
 
POTTO 
 
 1046 
 
 PSYCHO-PHYSICS 
 
 Pdt'to, n. 1. (Zodl.) A nocturnal mammal (P«rodj ctt- 
 cus potto), of the lemur family, found iu W. Africa. 
 
 P6tt'f I>i§-ea§e'. {Pathol.) Carlos of the vertebrae, 
 frequentlj- resulting in curvature of the spine and pa- 
 ralysis of the lower extremities ; — so named from 
 Percival Pott, am English surgeon, who was the first to 
 describe it well. 
 
 Po-w'der-piLff, 71. A pad of swan's skin and down, 
 used iu powdering the skin. 
 
 Pi-ai'rie-cliick'en, «. {Ornitk.) A species of grouse 
 ( Titrao cupido), called also prairie-hen. 
 
 Frai'rie-squir'i-el (-skwlr^rel or -skwQr'rel), n. ( Zo'dl.) 
 A kind of squirrel found on the western prairies of the 
 United States, which prefers to remain on the ground 
 nither than to climb trees. 
 
 Pra'krit, «. [Skr. prakriti, original.] One of the an- 
 cient dialects of the Sanskrit language. 
 
 Pre-a.x'i-al, rt. [Prefix jjre and oam/.] {Zo'dl.) Situate 
 on the internal or anterior (radial or tibial) side of a 
 limb. 
 
 Pre-eSn'scioiis (-shus), a. [Prefix pre and conscious.] 
 Involving, or pertaining to, experiences or activities of 
 the soul that precede consciousness. 
 
 Preface, «. [Add.] 2. {Rom. Cat h. Church.) A portion 
 of the form for celebrating the communion, preceding 
 the prayer of consecration. 
 
 Pre-na'tal, a. [Prefix pre and natal.] Before or an- 
 terior to birth. 
 
 Prfiss'-mark, n. A mark placed upon or in a volume, 
 to indicate the press or shelf in a library, where it reg- 
 ularly belongs. 
 
 Prfiss'-yeast, n. The yeasty froth from the surface of 
 a fermenting fluid, washed and pressed into cakes for 
 bakers' use. 
 
 Pr^t'zel, n. (Ger. prezel.) A kind of brittle biscuit or 
 cake, salted on the outside ; a cracknel. 
 
 Pri'an, n. [Cornish, clayey ground, from pri, clay.] 
 (Mining.) A fine, white, somewhat friable, clay ; also 
 the ore contained in a mixture of clay and pebbles. 
 Also written pryan. 
 
 Prick'- eared, a. "VTith ears standing out from the head 
 in consequence of the hair being cropped. 
 
 Pri'ma-ry, a. \_Add.] Primary meeting, a preliminary 
 meeting of the voters belonging to a political party, for 
 nominating candidates to be voted for at an election, or 
 of choo.«ing delegates to a convention ; a caucus. 
 
 I*ri-nilp'a-rd, n. [Lat., from primus, first, and parere, 
 to bring forth.] {Obstetrics.) A female who bears a 
 child for the first time. 
 
 Pri-imp'a-rous, «• Belonging to a first birth. 
 
 Prin'^e's-piiie', n. {Bat.) The pipsissewa or false 
 winter-green ( Chimaphila umbellata), a shrub, common 
 in dry woods, with a fragrant, pinkish flower. 
 
 Prin-^g.sse', a. [Fr., a princess.] A term applied to a 
 ladies' costume, with a train flowing from the shoulders. 
 
 Prize'-ring, n. The ring or inclosure for a prize-fight ; 
 the system and practice of prize-fighting. 
 
 Pro-f es'sal, n. The expenses in a process at law. 
 
 Prof 'es-so'ri-at, n. The body of professors in a college 
 or university. 
 
 Pro-gl6t'ti.s, n. [Gr. irpoyXoirrl?, 7rpoy\<oo-<ris, the tip of 
 the tongue, from 7rp6, forward, and yKotTTts, yXoDcro-t's, 
 ykCiTTa, yXsacTtra., the tongue.] {Entom.) One of the 
 free joints or divisions of a tape-worm. 
 
 Pro'16g-ate (4-5), n. [Lat. prolegatus, from pro, for, and 
 legatus, legate, q. v.] {Rom. Hist.) The deputy or 
 substitute for a legate. 
 
 Pro'ped, n. [Lat. pro, for, and pes, pedis, foot.] 
 {Entom.) One of the soft, foot-like appendages of cer- 
 tain hexapod larvae, placed behind the true feet, and 
 disappearing in the mature insect. 
 
 Pr6p'er-tied, a. Possessing property ; holding real es- 
 tate, or other investments of money. 
 
 ^r6jth'y-lux'is, n. [Gr. frpo^vKa^is, f rom 7rpo<J)vA.aa'<rcii', 
 to guard against, from vp6, before, and (jivX-dcraeiv, to 
 guard.] {Med.) The art of preserving from, or of pre- 
 venting, disease ; the observance of the rules necessary 
 for the preservation of health ; preservative or prevent- 
 ive treatment. 
 
 PrSp'o-^i'tion f-zish'un), n. [Add.] Loaves of propo- 
 sition {Jevjish Antiq.), twelve loaves placed before the 
 Ix)rd every Sabbath, on the golden table in the sanctu- 
 arj' at .Jerusalem : the show-bread. 
 
 Pro'pyl-ene, n. {Chem.) A colorless gas, having a 
 phosphoric odor and sweetish taste, obtained when fusel 
 oil or valerianic acid is passed through a red-hot tube, 
 as also by the destructive distillation of oleic acid or 
 sugar with soda-lime ; — called also tritylene. 
 
 Pro'rate, n. [Lat. pro rata, according to the rate.] 
 ( Com.) A division of rate proportionably. 
 
 Prds'eii-^gpli'a-loii, n. [Gr. Trpo's, toward, near to, and 
 e7'»ce'<|)aAo»', the brain.] {Anat.) The second division of 
 the brain, behind the rhinencephalon, constituted 
 mainly by the cerebral hemispheres. 
 
 Pros-en'«liy-raa, n. [Gr. Trpos, near, and eyxv/xa, an 
 infusion, from iyxelv, to pour in, from ev, in, and x"". 
 to pour.] {Bot.) A general term applied to the tissues 
 formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed 
 or oblique extremities. 
 
 Pr6s'o-pai'gi-a, n. [Gr. TTpoa-tairov, face, and oAyos, 
 pain ; Fr. prosopalgie.] {Pathol.) Facial neuralgia. 
 
 Pros-pe-et'or, n. One who explores or prospects for 
 minerals, especially for precious metals. 
 
 Prot'a-g-on, n. [Gr. Trptoro?, first, and dywv, a contest, 
 from dyeiv, to act.] {Chem.) A colorless, inodorous, 
 albuminous substance, of complex structure, which 
 with water swells up to a gelatinous mass, forming (on 
 further dilution) an opalescent fluid ; — so named by 
 Liebreich, who believed it to be the chief constituent of 
 nervous tissue. 
 
 Pro'te-a'ceoiis (-shils), a. [From Proteus, q. v.] {Bot.) 
 Of or pertaining to the Proteacese, a family of apeta- 
 lous evergreen shrubs, mostly natives of the Cape of 
 Good Hope. 
 
 Pro'te-id, n. [Gr. Trpwros, first, and elSos, form.] 
 {Chem.) One of certain nitrogenous, amorphous prin- 
 ciples, forming the chief solid constituents of the blood, 
 muscles, and other organs of animals, and occurring in 
 small quantities in almost every part of vegetables ; an 
 albuminoid. 
 
 Pro'te-id, a. Of, or pertaining to, proteids. 
 
 Pro'ter-aii'drous, a. [Gr. Trpdrepos, earlier, from irpo, 
 before, and avrjp, dvSpo's, man, male.] {Bot.) Having 
 the stamens come to maturity before the pistil ; — op- 
 posed to proterogynous. 
 
 Pro'ter-og'y-noiis, a. [Gr. Trporepo?, earlier, from -npo, 
 before, and yvvij, woman, female.] {Bot.) Having the 
 pistil come to maturity before the stamens ; opposed to 
 proterandrous. 
 
 Pro-tts'ton, n. ; pi. PR O- TlS' TA. [Gr. TrpwrtoTov, first.] 
 {Zo'dl.) One of those living things which appear to stand 
 between animals and plants, and to belong strictly to 
 neither ; as, a rhizopod. 
 
 Pro'to-pa,tli'i£!, a. [Gr. Trpwros, first, and irdOo^, suffer- 
 ing, fromTraeeiv, TratTxeiv, to suffer; Ft. protopathique.] 
 {Pathol.) Primary; original; appearing first; as, pro- 
 topathic symptoms. 
 
 Pro'to-pia§m, n. [Add.] This term is now chiefly 
 applied to designate the supposed original proteid sub- 
 stance (called also cytoplasm, sarcode, and germinal 
 matter), present in all living things. 
 
 Pro'to-siirpliu-ret, n. [Gr. Trpwros, first, and Eng. 
 sulphuret.] {Chem.) A sulphuret having the lowest 
 proportion of sulphur. 
 
 Pro-tra-et'ile, a. [See Protract.] Susceptible of being 
 thrust forward or out ; protrusile. 
 
 Prov'iiife, n. [Add.] The Provinces, the Dominion of 
 Canada ; the states under the government of Great Brit-, 
 ain, north of the United States. 
 
 Psa,r'o-Kte (sSr'-), n. [From Gr. rf/apo^, speckled, from 
 \j/dp, starling, and A.t0os, stone.] {Paleon.) A silicified 
 stem of tree-fern, found in the new red sandstone. 
 
 Psel'ligm (s61'-)) «• [Gr. \}/eWi^ei.v, to stammer.] Hesi- 
 tation of speech ; stammering. _ 
 
 Pseu'dses-tlie'§i-a (su'des-the'zhi-a), n. [Gr. il'evSijs, 
 false, and aicr^rjcris, sensation, from alaBdveadai, to per- 
 ceive.] ( Physiol.) False or imaginary feeling or sense- 
 perception ; as, in hypochondriasis, or in an organ that 
 has been removed, as an amputated foot. 
 
 JPseu'do-po'di-d (su'do-), n. pi. [Gr. (//evSijs, false, and 
 iTov<;, TToSos, foot.] {Zo'dl.) The filaments or blunter 
 pediform processes of protoplasm, thrown out from the 
 surface of rhizopods. 
 
 Psi-los'o-plier (si-), n. [Gr. >^iA.6?, bare, mere, and 
 (TO(|)os, wi.se.] A narrow pretender to philosophy. 
 
 Pso'ro-sperru (so'ro-), n. [Gr. »/j(«>pds, itching, and 
 anepfxa, seed.] A microscopic parasitic body, immobile, 
 provided with a more or less resisting envelope, fre- 
 quently oval in shape, and without any organs, except 
 sometimes cilia. 
 
 Psy'-eho-pliy§'i€-al (sT'ko-fiz'ik-al), a. Pertaining to 
 psycho-physics ; involving the action or mutual rela- 
 tions of the psychical and physical in man. 
 
 Psy/-eho-pliy§'i«s (si'ko-fiz'iks), n. sing. The science 
 of the connection between nerve action and conscious- 
 ness ; phenomena of consciousness, and its physical con- 
 
 »,e,&c.,long; a, 6,&c.,short ; cS.re, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm. ; son, or, do, ^volf, 
 
PTEROSAUR 
 
 1047 
 
 RADIOMETER 
 
 ditions ; science which treats of the relations of the soul 
 and body, or the nervous system. 
 
 PtSr'o-saur (ter'-) , n. [Gr. Trrepov, wing, and aavpa, 
 lissard.] " {Paleon.) One of a group of fossil flying rep- 
 tiles, including the pterodactyls. 
 
 Pter'y-log'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. TrrepoV, wing, and ypa<^€LV, 
 to describe.] ( Oniith.) A description of the feathered 
 parts of the bodies of birds. 
 
 Pu-eb'lo, n. [Sp., a village.] A village or town, in the 
 parts of America settled by the Spaniards. 
 
 Pu-gree', n. A white cloth or veil worn on men's hats 
 in India, during hot weather. 
 
 Ful'nio-nd'ta, n. pi. [K Lat., from pidmo, pulmonis, 
 lung.] {Zo'ol.) A group of gasteropods, in which the 
 mantle cavity is modified into an air-breathing organ, 
 — as in Helix, or in the garden slug (Limax). 
 
 Piil'sa-til'la, n. {Bot.) The pasque-flower {Anemo7ie 
 Pulsatilla), a European variety of the anemone. 
 
 Pu-mic'i-form, a. [Lat. pumex, pumicis, pumice, and 
 forma, shape.] Resembling or having the form of pum- 
 ice ; — applied to light porous rock-products, seemingly 
 the results of igneous action. 
 
 Pu'pate, V. i. To become a pupa. 
 
 Pii'pil-teacli'er, n. A pupil who assists in teaching. 
 
 Pus'sy-wirioTT, n. {Bot.) A variety of willow ( 5a//z 
 discolor), from 8 to 15 feet in height, bearing large cylin- 
 drical catkins clothed with long glossy hairs ; — called 
 also swamp willow and glaucous willow. 
 
 Ptist'iile (-ynl), n. [Add.\ Malignant pustule^ a pus- 
 
 tule, sometimes resulting in gangrenous inflammation, 
 which is the local product of infection with the poison 
 of splenic fever, a disease attacking animals, especially 
 the cattle of certain regions. The disease is usually fatal. 
 
 Put, n. (Stock Exchange.) The privilege to deliver 
 shares of stock, at a certain price within a certain time 
 agreed upon. 
 
 Put-and-call, authority to buy and sell stocks at a 
 certain price. 
 
 Pu'trid, a. [Add.] Putrid fever {Pathol), typhus fever : 
 — so called from the decomposing and offensive state of 
 the discharges and diseased textures of the body. — Pu- 
 trid sore throat, a gangrenous inflammation of the faucea 
 and pharynx. 
 
 Pyr'eth-rine, n. [Gr. TTvpeOpov, feverfew.] {Chem.) 
 A soft resinous substance, extracted by alcohol and 
 ether from the root of a species of feverfew. 
 
 Pyr'og-iios'ti*, n. [Gr. Trvp, Trupos, fire, and ytyvu)- 
 a-iceiv, to know.] {Min.) The character of a mineral, 
 observed by the use of the blow-pipe ; e. g., the degree 
 of fusibility. 
 
 Pyr'o-plione, n. [Gr. trvp, ■nvp6<;, fire, and <^wnj, sound] 
 A musical instrument in which the tones are produced 
 by flames of hydrogen or illuminating gas, burning in 
 tubes of different sizes and lengths, sometimes arranged 
 similarly to those in the common pneumatic organ. 
 
 Pytli'o-gen'i<?, a. [Gr. irvOeLv, to rot, and "yeVos, ori- 
 gin.] Producing decomposition, as diseases supposed 
 to be accompanied or caused by decomposition. 
 
 Q. 
 
 f)VA, eonj. [Lat.] In so far as; in the capacity, 
 
 N!/ character, or condition of. 
 
 Quad, n. 1. A quadrat. See Quadrat. 2. {Arch.) A 
 quadrangle. 
 
 Quad'ra-ble, a. [See Quadrate.] That may be squared, 
 or* reduced to an equivalent square; — said of a sur- 
 face when the area limited by a curve can be exactly 
 found and expressed in a finite number of algebraic 
 terms. 
 
 Quad-Ten'tii-tim, n. [Lat., from quatuor, four, and 
 annus, year.] A space or period of four years. 
 
 Quad'ri-eos'tate, a. [Lat. quatuor, four, and casta, 
 rilo.] Having four ribs. 
 
 Quad'ri-s6m'i-iiou.s, a. [Lat. quatuor, 4, and gemini, 
 twins.] {Bot.) Fourfold j having 4 similar parts. 
 
 Quad-riv'a-lent, a. [Lat. quatuor, four, and valens, 
 vdlentis, p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] ( Chem.) Hav- 
 ing an equivalence of four ; capable of being combined 
 with, or exchanged for, four hydrogen atoms. 
 
 Quad'ru-plex, a. [Lat., from quatuor, four, and pli- 
 cdre, to'fold.} Fourfold. 
 
 Quan'net, n. A flat file, having the handle at one side, 
 so* as to be used like a plane. 
 
 Quan-tiv'a-len^e, n, [Lat. quantus, how much, and 
 valens, p. pr. of valere, to be strong, to be worth, or of 
 value.] {Chem..) The atom-fixing or saturating power 
 of the elementary bodies and of radicals ; the number 
 of hydrogen atoms which an atom or radical can be 
 combined with or exchanged for ; atomicity. 
 
 Quartz, n. [Add.] Qitarfz rocAr, a stratified rock of the 
 metamorphic series, consisting almost entirely of silica. 
 
 Qua-ter'ni-ty, n. [Lat. quaterni, four together, from 
 q^iatuor, four.] The union of four in one ; an assumed 
 blending of four persons into one ; — analogous to the 
 theological term trinity. 
 
 Queer, n. A cant name given to counterfeit money. 
 
 To shove the queer, to put counterfeit money in cir- 
 culation. 
 
 Quin'i«, a. Having quinine or quinia for the base, as 
 certain salts ; pertaining to, or derived from, quinine. 
 
 Quiu'i-^iae, n. {Chem.) An organic base isomeric 
 with quinine. 
 
 Quia'i-dine, n. {Chem.) A substance isomeric with 
 quinine, obtained from a resinous product contained 
 in the mother-liquors of the quinine preparation, and 
 crystallizing in large prisms. 
 
 Quiu'o-gen, n. [Eng. quinia, and Gr. ye'vos, birth.] 
 {Chem.) A hypothetical radical of the alkaloids of 
 cinchona. 
 
 Qui-nol'o-pist, n. One versed in quinology. 
 
 Qui-nol'o-gy, n. [N. Lat. quinquina, and Gr. A<5yos, 
 discourse.] The science which treats of febrifuge al- 
 kaloids. 
 
 Quin-quiv'a-Ient, a. [Lat. quinque, five, and valens, 
 valentis, p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] {Chem.) Hav- 
 ing an equivalence of five ; capable of being combined 
 with, or exchanged for, five hydrogen atoms. 
 
 Quint'al, n. [Add.] 2. A French measure of weight, 
 being 100,000 grams, equal to 220.46 pounds avoirdupois 
 weight. 
 
 Quod, «. [For quad, abbreviation of quadrangle.] A 
 prison. 
 
 R. 
 
 RAB'BIiE, V. t. [See Rabble, n.] To stir, as molten 
 iron, so as to render uniform. 
 Ka.b-id'i-ty, n. Rabidness ; furiousness ; madness. 
 Ra'bi-e§, n. [L.] Hydrophobia ; madness. 
 Ra^e'-track, n. The track over which a race is run ; 
 
 a race-course. 
 Rafe'-way, n. A canal that conveys the water by 
 
 which a mill-wheel is driven ; a mill-race. 
 Ra-ehid'i-an, a. [From Gr. pax^?, tbe backbone.] 
 
 Pertaining to the backbone ; as, the rachidian nerves, 
 
 those which come from the spinal cord- 
 
 Ra'cial (-shal), a. Pertaining to a race or family of men. 
 
 Ra-e'quet (-ket), n. [See Racket.] A game played 
 with small balls and a kind of bat ending in network. 
 It is akin to tennis. 
 
 Ra'di-o-ear'pal, a. [Lat. radius, staff, rod, exterior 
 bone of the fore-arm, and N. Lat. carpus, Gr. icapnos, 
 wrist.] {Anat.) Relating both to the radius and the 
 carpus ; as, the radio-carpal artic'ilation. 
 
 Ra^di-om'e-ter, Jt. [Add.] 2- (Physics.) An instru- 
 ment designed for measuring the mechanical effect of 
 radiant energy. 
 
 food, fdbt; urn, rude, pull; fell, fliaise, -eall, eelio; geiu, get; a§; e^st ; linger, link; tliis* 
 
RAIN-PRINTS 
 
 1048 
 
 RHEOCHORD 
 
 Rain '-prints, n. pi. ( Geol.) Markings on the surfaces 
 of stratified rocks, presenting an appearance similar to 
 the effect of rain on mud and sand. 
 
 Rai$. n. See Reis. 
 
 Ki^l'line, a {Ornith.) Of, or pertaining to, the rails. 
 
 R&in-bu'tan, «. [From Malay rambut, hair of the 
 hejid, in allusion to its villose covering.] (Bot.) A 
 delicious Asiatic tropical fruit from a tree (Nephelium 
 lappaceum) of the sapindaceous order. 
 
 K&ni'ee, n. [Mala.v.] {Bot.) A plant {Bahtneria ten- 
 acissima and B. nivea) belonging to the hemp and net- 
 tle family, a native of tropical and eastern Asia ; China 
 gra£«. The tough fiber of the inner bark is used for 
 making a kind" of grass-cloth (for wearing apparel), 
 which is a cheaper substitute for cotton. 
 
 RSpli'a-ny, n. (Pathol.) A convulsive disease, not un- 
 common in Sweden and Germany ; — so called because 
 supposed to be caused by eating corn with w hich seeds 
 of the Raphanus raphanistru7n, bastard radish or jointed 
 charlock, have been mixed. 
 
 Ra§, n. See Reis. 
 
 Rat'tle-wort (-wurt), n. (Bot.) An annual, hairy 
 herb ( Crotalaria sagittalis), with racemes of yellow 
 flowers, growing in sandy soil from Massachusetts to 
 Virginia, Illinois, and southward ; — so named because 
 the seeds are in inflated pods, and rattle ^vhen shaken ; 
 — called also rattle-box. 
 
 Re-ic'tion-a-ry, 1 n. One anxious to undo reform, or 
 
 Ke-^c'tion-ist, j to rettirn to an outgrown condition 
 of things. 
 
 Re'al-i§m, n. [Add.] 2. Fidelity to nature or to real 
 life, in matters of art or literature, — as, in the dra- 
 matic art, or in painting. 
 
 Re'al-ist, n. [Add.] 2. An artist or writer who aims 
 to keep close to nattire or real life in his delineations. 
 
 Re'al-ist'i-e, a. [Add.] 2. Faithful to nature or to 
 actual life in artistic or literary productions. 
 
 Rear'most, a. Farthest in the rear ; last of all. 
 
 Re'-ar-range', v. t. [Prefix re and arrange.] To ar- 
 range a second time, or again ; to put in proper order 
 again.. 
 
 Re-a'ta, n. [Sp.] A rawhide rope used for lassoing 
 horses or mules. [Mexico and California.] 
 
 Re-biit'tal, n. [See Rebutter.] {Law.) The giving 
 of eridence on the part of a plaintiff, to destroy the 
 effect of evidence introduced by the defendant in the 
 same suit. 
 
 Rec'ord, 71. [Add.] 2. The list of knovni facts in a 
 person's life, especially in that of a public man ; per- 
 sonal history ; as, a good, or a bad record. 3. {Horse- 
 racing.) The time made by a winning horse in a race 
 or heat. [ U. S.] 
 
 R6-e'ti-ros'tral, a. [Lat. rectus, right, and rostralis, 
 rostral, 9. f.] (Ornith.) Having a straight beak. 
 
 Re-eiir'Ti-ros'tral, a. (Ornith.) Having the beak 
 recurved or bending upwards. 
 
 R^d, n. [Add.] 2. {Europea7i Politics.) A red repub- 
 lican ; a republican of the most violent type. 
 
 Rgd'-fisb, n. (Ichth.) 1, A migratory fish of the 
 Salmonidx {Oncorhynchus lycaodon), which ascends 
 the American and Asiatic rivers flowing into the Pacific 
 Ocean. 2. A fish (Sebastes viviparus), found from the 
 polar regions to Cape Cod on the Atlantic coast ; it is 
 also called red perch, red sea-perch, rose-Jish, and bream. 
 
 Rgd'in-gote, n. [Fr., corruption of Eng. riding-coat.] 
 A long, plain, double-breasted, outside cloak for ladies' 
 ■wear. 
 Be-din'te-gra'tion, 71. [Add.] 2. (Psychology.) The 
 law that objects which have been previously combined 
 as parts of a single mental state, tend to recall or sug- 
 gest one another; — adopted by many philosophers to 
 explain the phenomena of the association of ideas. 
 R£d'-16ad Spar. Chromate of lead ; crocoisite. 
 
 R6d'-oil, 7r. (Soap rnanufacture.) An impure mixture 
 of different oils and fats. 
 
 R£d'8llort-ness, n. The state of being redshort, or 
 brittle when red hot, as steeL 
 
 Reed, 71. [Add.] 6. (.4na(.) The fourth or true digest- 
 ing stomach of a ruminant. 
 Reel, 71. [Add.] 3. A yam measure, which for cot- 
 ton or linen is fifty-four inches in circuit, for worsted 
 thirty inches. 
 Re'flex, o. [Add.] Reflex action (Physiol.), any ac- 
 tion of the body performed involuntarily, in conse- 
 quence of an influence transmitted by sensory nerves 
 to the spinal cord or the parts at the base of the brain 
 with which it is connected, and thence reflected to the 
 muscles, — as in sneezing or coughing. 
 
 Re-£6rni', n. [Add.] Reform school, a school estab- 
 lished by a government for the confinement, instruc- 
 tion, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of 
 young persons of idle and vagrant habits. 
 
 R6g'u-lar, a. [Add.] Regular sales (Stock Exchange), 
 sales of stock deliverable on the day after the transac- 
 tion^ 
 
 Re'liy-p6th'e-eate, or Re'liy-potli'e-eate, v. t. 
 To hypothecate again; as, to lend as security bonds 
 already hypothecated as security by the person with 
 whom they are deposited. 
 
 Reaiy-potVe-ea'tion, or Re/h5'-p6tli'e-«a'tion, 
 n. The act, process, or result of rehypothecating. 
 
 Rei§, ^ 71. [At., head, chief.] A coromon title in the 
 
 Raig, > East for a person in authority, especially the 
 
 Rag, ) captain of a ship, 
 
 Re-iaps'ing, p. a. Marked by a relapse or return to a 
 former worse state. 
 
 Relapsing fever (Pathol.), an acute, epidemic, conta- 
 gious fever, which prevails also endemically in Ireland, 
 Russia, and some other regions. 
 
 Rem'e-dy, 71. [Add.] Remedy of the 77iint (Coinage), 
 a small allowed deviation from the legal standard of 
 weight and fineness ; — called also tolerance. 
 
 Re-mon^e-ti-za'tion, ?i. The act of again making a 
 legal tender of any description of money which has at 
 a previous time been legal tender. 
 
 Re-mon'e-tize, v. t. [Prefix re and mojietize.] To re- 
 store to use as money. 
 
 Re-peat'er, n. [Add.] (d.) A person who votes more 
 than once at an election. 
 
 Re-pel'lent, n. [See Repel.] A kind of water-proof 
 cloth. 
 
 Re'per-cep'tion, n. [Prefix re and perception.] The 
 act of perceiving again ; a second perception of the 
 same object. 
 
 Itepouss^ (riih'poos/sa'), n. [Fr., p. p. of repousser, to 
 thrust back, from prefix re and pousser, to push, Lat. 
 pulsare, intensive form of pellere, to beat, knock, push.] 
 Ornamented metal-work formed in relief by hammer- 
 ing up the metal from the back, until the required 
 forms are roughly produced in relief upon the surface, 
 which is afterwards finished by the process of chasing. 
 
 Rep'tant, a. [Lat. reptans, reptaiitis, p. pr. of reptare, 
 an intensive form of repere, to creep.] (Bot.) Creeping 
 and rooting. 
 
 Xte-se'dd, n. [Lat., from resedare, to heal, from prefix 
 re and sedare, to calm, it being thought useful for 
 healing bruises.] (Bot.) A genus of European plants, 
 comprising the mignonette (R. odorata), and dyer's 
 weed [R. luteola). 
 
 Reg'er-va'tion, 71. [Add.] 5. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
 The portion of the sacramental elements reserved for 
 purposes of devotion, and for the communion of the 
 absent and sick. 
 
 Reg'o-na'tor, n. Anything which resounds ; specifi- 
 cally (Music), a hollow ball of brass, with two aper- 
 tures, so contrived as to intensify greatly, by its reso- 
 nance, a musical tone. 
 
 Re-sp6n'si-ble,a. [Add.] 3. Involving responsibility ; 
 involving a degree of accountability on the part of the 
 person concerned ; as, a responsible ofiB.ce. 
 
 Reg'ixr-re-et', v. t. [See Resurrection.] 1. To take 
 from the grave, as a dead body. 2. To reanimate ; to 
 restore to life ; to bring to public view that which had 
 been forgotten or lost. 
 
 JSe-tl-e'u-lutn, n. [Lat., dim. of rete, a net.] [Camp. 
 Anat.) The second stomach of a ruminant, in which 
 the mucous membrane forms hexagonal cells ; — also 
 called the honey -comb stomach. 
 
 Re'tro-ehioir (-kwlr), or Ret'ro-clioir, n. [Retro 
 and choir.] (Eccl. Arch.) Any extension of a church 
 behind the altar, as a chapel. 
 
 Re-turn', n. [Add.] Return-ball, a ball, used as a 
 plaything, which is held by an elastic string so that it 
 returns to the hand from which it is thrown. 
 
 Re-vamp', V. t. [Prefix re and vamp.] To rehabilitate ; 
 to reconstruct ; to patch up again. 
 
 Re-ver'sion, ?^. [Add.] 4. A return toward some an- 
 cestral type or character ; atavism. 
 
 Rhab'do-litli (rSb'-), n. [Gr. pa/35o5, rod, and Atdos, 
 stone.] A minute, calcareous, short, rod-shaped body, 
 found in the globigerina ooze. 
 
 Rhab'do-spbere, n. [Gr. pd/35os, rod, and tr^alpa, 
 sphere.] A minute spheroidal body, bristling with 
 rods, found in the depths of the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Rhe'o-elidrd, n. [Gr. pelv, to flow, and xop^-q, chord.] 
 (Physics.) A metallic wire used in measuring the re- 
 
 a, e, &c.,long; a, 6, &c., short ; c&re, far, ask, jill, -wliat ; 6re, veil, term ; p'ique, fxrm ; son, or, do, wolf, 
 
RHEOMOTOR 
 
 1049 
 
 RYSIMETER 
 
 sistance, or varying the strength, of an electric current, 
 according as a greater or less length of it is inserted in 
 the circuit. 
 
 Rlie'o-ino''tor, n. [Gr. pelv, to flow, and Eng. motor.] 
 Any apparatus by which an electrical current is origi- 
 nated. 
 
 Rhe'o-pliore, n. [Gr. pelv, to flow, and ^opd, a car- 
 rying.] {Physics.) A connecting wire of an electric 
 or voltaic apparatus, traversed by a current. 
 
 RMg'o-lene (rig'-), n. [From Gr. pi-yos, cold.] Alight 
 coal-oil, of low boiling point ; — used in surgical opera- 
 tions to render the skin insensible to pain. 
 
 RM'nen-^e-pliai'i-e, a. [Gr, pi's, pivos, the nose, and 
 €v*c€<^<iAov, the brain, from kv, in, ani kcc^oAtj, the head.] 
 {Anat.) Belonging to the rhinencepbalon. 
 
 Rhi'nen-fepli'a-lon, n. [See supra.] (Anat.) The 
 anterior division of the brain in front of the prosen- 
 cephalon, or cerebral hemispheres ; from this nerves 
 are given off to the olfactory organs. 
 
 Rlii'no-scope, n. [Gr. pis, pivos, nose, and (TKonelv, 
 to view.] A mirror of small size, used for inspecting 
 the nasal passages. 
 
 Rhi-iios'-eo-py, a. Inspection of the nasal passages 
 by means of a rhinoscope. 
 
 Rlii'zo-«ar'pou.s, a. [Gr. pi'^a, root, and Kapn-ds, fruit.] 
 {Bot.) Applied to plants whose roots last for many 
 years, but whose stems perish annually. 
 
 Rliiz'o-geii, a. [Gr. pi^a, root, and yeVos, birth ; Fr. 
 rhizogene.] Producing roots. 
 
 Rliiz'o-gen, n. [See supra.] (Bot.) One of a class of 
 flowering plants, with scales for leaves, growing on the 
 roots of other plants. 
 
 Rliiz'oltl, 71. [Gr. pifa, root, and elSos, form.] (Bot.) 
 A root-like appendage. 
 
 Rlii-zome', n. {Bot.) A root-stock ; a rhizoma. 
 
 RM-zopli'o-rous, a. [Gr. pifa, a root, and <^epeiv, to 
 bear.] {Bot.) Bearing roots. 
 
 KhFzo-tax'is, 71. [Gr. pt^a, a root, and Ta|is, arrange- 
 ment, from rao-creiv, to arrange.] {Bot.) The arrange- 
 ment of the roots of plants. 
 
 R]io-d3,n'tlie, n. [Gr. ooSov, a rose, and avflos, flower, 
 in allusion to the color of the flower heads.] (Bot.) 
 A beautiful Australian annual plant, of the aster fam- 
 ily. Its bright-colored flowers are classed with the 
 "everlastings." 
 
 Itho-do'rd, n. [Lat.] {Bot.) A genus of shrubs of 
 the heath family. R. Canadensis, bearing clusters of 
 purple flowers, is found in damp woods and swamps in 
 the northern and eastern United States. 
 
 Rhy'pa-rog'ra-phy (rl'-), n. [Gr. pvirapoypa^ia., for 
 ptairoypcL^ia., a painting of petty objects, from poJTros, 
 any small wares, and ypd^eiv, to write, paint.] {Art.) 
 The painting of genre or still-life pictures. 
 
 Rib^bon-fisli, n. (Ichth.) An elongated, compressed, 
 ribbon-shaped British fish {Regalecus Banksii), also 
 called oar-fish, which reaches a length of 12 feet or 
 more. The name is applied to others of the same fam- 
 ily {Trachypteridai), and to the scabbard -fish. 
 
 Ri^'i-nine, n. [Lat. ricinus, castor-oil plant.] ( Chem.) 
 An alkaloid contained in the seeds of the castor-oil 
 plant. 
 
 Riffle, 71. [Ger. riffeln, to groove.] (Mining.) (a.) 
 A trough or sluice, fitted with depressions in the bot- 
 tom, or some other contrivance to facilitate the settling 
 of particles of gold, when auriferous dirt is washed in 
 it. (6.) {Mining.) The process of washing out gold 
 from auriferous dirt in a sluice. 
 
 Rif'fler, n. A kind of file with a bent or curved ex- 
 tremity, so as to be used in operating in shallow de- 
 pressions. 
 
 Rig, n. [Add.] 4. The act of adapting the market to 
 the sale of a certain stock. 
 
 Ri-ges'^ent, a. [Lat. rigescens, p. pr. from rigescere, 
 to grow stiff, from rigere, to be stiff.] Growing stiff or 
 numb. 
 
 Kin'd.er-p6st, n. [Ger. rind, rinder, cattle, and pest, 
 pest, plague.] A highly contagious distemper or mur- 
 rain, affecting neat cattle and sheep ; — called also 
 cattle-plague, Russian cattle-plague, and steppe-murrain. 
 
 Ring, 71. [Add.] 2. A clique ; a combination of per- 
 sons for a selfish end, as for controlling the market in 
 stocks, or for effecting some political purpose. 3. A 
 number of bells hung together so as to be rung in 
 changes. 
 
 Ring'-mas'ter, n. One who has charge of the per- 
 formances (as of horses), within the ring in a circus ; 
 and in general, colloquially, any manager. 
 
 Rink, 71. [Scot, renk, rink, rynk, a course, a race ; per- 
 haps from A.-S. hring, a ring.] 1. An artificial body 
 of water, under cover, prepared for skating when 
 frozen. 2. A smooth flooring on which one can skate 
 with roller-skates. 
 
 Rip, n. [Add.] 2. A rough body of water, affected by 
 the meeting of opposing tides or currents. 
 
 Rise (rls), n. [Add.] 8. The spring of a fish after an 
 artificial fly. 
 
 Rock'-ean'dy, n. A form of candy, consisting of 
 crystals of pure sugar, which are very hard, whence 
 the name. 
 
 Rock'er, n. [Add.] 4. A skate with a curved edge, 
 resembling, in shape, the rocker of a cradle. 
 
 Ro-eo'co, n. A florid style of ornamentation in archi- 
 tecture, landscape gardening, furniture, etc., in imita- 
 tion of French art under Louis XIV. and XV. 
 
 Ro-de'o, n. [Sp., a going round.] A collection of all 
 the cattle belonging to a rancho or stock farm, in order 
 to separate, count, or brand them. 
 
 R6g'a-to-ry, a. [See Rogatiox.] Seeking information ; 
 authorized to examine witnesses, or otherwise ascertain 
 facts ; as, a rogatory commission. 
 
 Rogue (rog), n. [Add.] 4. A vagrant; especially, 
 an elephant which has separated from a herd and 
 roams about alone, in which state it is usually very 
 ferocious. 
 
 Roll'er- skate', Jt. A skate which has small wheels in 
 the place of the metallic runner ; — designed for use in 
 skating upon asphalt, or smooth flooring. 
 
 Rom, 71. [A gypsy word.] The name of the gypsies for 
 one of themselves. 
 
 Ro'ri«, a. [Lat. ros, roris, dew.] Pertaining to, or re- 
 sembling, dew ; dewy. 
 
 Ro-ga9'i€, a. [See Rosaceous.] {Chem.) Of a brick- 
 like, rose, or red color ; — said of an acid deposited by 
 the urine in cases of gout and inflammatory fevers. 
 
 Ro§-aii'i-line, )n. {Chem.} A dye-stuff obtained 
 
 Roge-an'i-line, ) from aniline, having a verj bril- 
 liant red color ; — called also aniline red. 
 
 Rog'in-weed, 71. {Bot.) The compass-plant ( iSiZpAzu?7i 
 laciniatum), a perennial herb with a resinous juice, 
 found on the prairies of Michigan and Wisconsin, and 
 thence South and West. Its lower leaves are vertical, 
 and disposed to present their edges north and south. 
 
 Mgu-lette', n. [Add.] 3. ( Geom.) The curve traced 
 by any point in the plane of a given curve, when the 
 latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. 
 See Cycloid and Epicycloid. 
 
 Roxind^Iiouse, n. [Add.] 3. A building in connec- 
 tion with a railway station, in which locomotive en- 
 gines are housed. 
 
 Round§'nian, n. A policeman whose duties do not con- 
 fine him to a particular precinct, but who acts as an in- 
 spector over the rounds of the patrolmen. 
 
 Roust'a-bout, n. A laborer on a river steamboat, who 
 moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, etc. ; — in 
 general, a shiftless vagrant. 
 
 Row (rou), V. i. [See Row, n.] To be riotous or noisy. 
 
 Runbi-a-^ine, 7i. [From Lat. rubia, madder, from rubere, 
 to be red.] {Chem.) A yellow crystallizable coloring 
 matter obtained from madder. 
 
 Ru'bi-Jtn'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, an acid obtained 
 from madder, and crystallizing in lemon-yellow, silky 
 needles. 
 
 Ruff, n. [Add.] 4. ( Ornith.) A set of lengthened or 
 otherwise modified or peculiarly colored feathers round 
 the throat or neck. 
 
 Rule, n. [Add.] Rule of thumb, any rude process or 
 operation, like that of using the thumb (the longer 
 joint of which is nearly equal to two inches) as a 
 standard of measurement. 
 
 Run'-round, n. (Med.) A felon or whitlow. 
 
 Run'-way, n. 1. The channel of a stream. 2. The 
 beaten path made by deer or other animals in passing to 
 and from their feeding-grounds. 
 
 Rn'ti-e, a. [Gr. pur^, Lat. r«fa, rue.] Of, or pertaining 
 to, an acid, also called capric acid, found in butter, etc. 
 
 Ry-sim'e-tei', n. [Gr. pvo-is, a streaming or flowing, 
 from pelv, to flow, and nerpov, measure.] (Naut.) An 
 instrument for determining the speed of ships. 
 
 food, fo"bt; Orn, rude, pull; peU, ^liaise, <!aD, e«lio; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; tiiis. 
 
SACCHARIMETER 
 
 1050 
 
 SCRIPTORIUM 
 
 s. 
 
 QA€'€HA-RI>I'E-TER, n. The same as Saccha- 
 
 Sac-fif er-oiis, a. [Lat. sacctts, a sac, and ferre, to 
 
 bear.] {Bot.) Bearing a sac. 
 Sftd'dle (-dl). n. [Add.] 3. {Harness.) A padded piece 
 of leather, placed on the back of a horse ; — the check- 
 rein is usually fastened to it, the reins pass through 
 rings placed upon it, and the lugs, supporting the 
 shafts, are attached to it. 
 Saf'ra-iiine, n. 1. {Chem.) A yellow coloring matter 
 obtained from saflfron. 2. {Cliem.) A red dye prepared 
 from aniline by treating it successively with nitrous 
 acid and arsenic acid. 
 
 Sage'-brush, n. [Bot.) A low, irregular shrub {Ar- 
 temisia Ludoviciana), of the order Compositx, growing 
 in dry, alkaline soils of the American plains. 
 
 Sage'-cock, ?i. {Omith.) One of the tetraonids ( Ce«- 
 trocercus urophasianu.'i), resembling the prairie-fowl, but 
 much larger. It is found in the Rocky Mountain region, 
 and feeds on the leaves of the sage-brush. 
 
 SaU'-boat,7«. A boat propelled by or fitted for sails. 
 
 Sal-im'e-ter, ;i. [Lat. sal, salis, salt, q. v., and Gr. 
 fji€Tpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
 amount of salt present in any given solution. 
 
 Snl-mon'i-dae, n. pi. [Lat.] (Ichth.) The salmon 
 family, including the salmon, trout, smelt, etc. 
 
 Sdl'piijx, n. [Gr. o-aA-n-tyl, a trumpet.] {Anat.) The 
 Eustachian tube, or channel of communication between 
 the mouth and the tympanum. 
 
 Sdnt'o-vdr, n. [Russ.] A copper um, used in Russia 
 for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated 
 by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, 
 which passes through the um. 
 
 San-a-to'ri-um, n. [See Saxatoet and Sanity.] A 
 place of residence for invalids, for the improvement of 
 their health ; a sanitarium. 
 
 SSnd'-grass, n. {Bot.) Any species of grass which 
 grows in sand ; especially, on the Atlantic coast from 
 5lassachusetts southwards, the Tricuspis purpvrea. 
 
 S&nd'-liil'ler, n. One of a class of miserable people liv- 
 ing in the pine woods that cover the sandy hills in 
 Georgia and South Carolina. 
 
 S&nd'-iigck''er, n. (Ichth.) A fish {Hippoglossoides 
 limandoides) found in the British Channel and along 
 the shores of Northern Europe; — called also, rough 
 dab, long fluke, sand-fluke, and sand-sucker. 
 
 Sand'-paaar, n. A sand-storm in desert tracts, like 
 those of the Sahara and Mongolia ; — in allusion to its 
 pillar- like form in its whirling march. 
 
 SSnd'-pipe, n. ( Geol.) A cylindrical or pipe-like hol- 
 low, often of considerable depth, occurring in chalk- 
 rocks, and usually filled up with sand, gravel, and clay, 
 from above ; — called also sand-gall. 
 
 Sind'stone, n. [Add.] Flexible sandstone {Min.), the 
 finer-grained variety of the rock named itacolumite, 
 which on account of the scales of mica in the lamina- 
 tion i3_quite flexible. 
 
 San'i-ta'tion, n. [See Samtart.] The preservation of 
 health : hygiene. 
 
 Sap'o-nite, ?i. [Lat. sapo, saponis, soap.] (ilfm.) A 
 hydrous silicate of magnesia and alumina. It occurs 
 in soft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling veins in ser- 
 pentine and cavities in trap-rock. 
 
 Sar'€oid, n. [Gr. aapl, flesh, and elSos, form.] One of 
 the amoebiform particles which make up the flesh of a 
 sponge. 
 
 S^sli, n. [Add.] 2. ( Carp.) The frame in which a saw 
 is put to prevent its bending or buckling v, hen crowded 
 into the cut. 
 
 Sa-teen', n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of glossy dress-goods 
 resembling satin, but having a worsted instead of a 
 silken face. 
 
 Sax-i-e'o-loiis, a. [Lat. saxum, rock, and colere, to cul- 
 tivate, till.] (Bot.) Growing on rocks. 
 
 S«ab'bard-fi8li, n. (Ichth.) A ribbon-shaped, scale- 
 less fish ( Lep/idopus caudatus), found in the Mediterra- 
 nean and in the Eastern Atlantic. 
 
 Scale, r. f. [Add.] 2. To scale or scale doion a debt , to 
 reduce a debt according to a fixed scale. 
 
 S«aip'-16ck, n. A long tuft of hair left on the crown 
 of the head by the warriors of some tribes of American 
 Indian-s. 
 
 Scftinp, V. t. [See Scamp, n.] To perform dishonestly 
 
 or in an unworkmanlike manner. 
 S-ea-pliJin'der, n. [Gr. o-Ka<^o?, anything hollowed, 
 from (TKaTrreiv, to dig, and av^p, avSpos, a man.] The 
 case in which a diver is inclosed in descending into 
 water. 
 S«are, v. t. [Add.] To scare up, to discover ; to find by 
 
 diligent search. ^ 
 Scar'y, a 1. Subject to sudden alarm ; somewhat scared. 
 
 2. Provoking or suggesting a scare ; alarming. . 
 S^av'eii-ger, n. [Add.] 2. Hence, one engaged in any 
 
 mean or dirty occupation. 
 S-ea'zon, n. [Lat., Gr. aKa^wv, from aica^etv, to limp.] 
 {Lat. Prosody.) An iambic trimeter, with a spondee or 
 trochee in the last foot. 
 
 S^.hloss, n. [Ger.] A castle. 
 
 School'-board, n. A corporation established by law 
 in every borough or parish in England, and elected by 
 the burgesses or rate-payers, with the duty of providing 
 public school accommodation for all children in their 
 district. 
 
 School'- sliip, n. A ship on board of which a nautical 
 reform-school or training-school is kept, in which boys 
 receive their education, at the expense of the state, and 
 are trained for service as sailors. 
 
 S-ehobn'er, n. [D.] A tall glass, used for lager-beer 
 or ale, and containing about double the quantity of an 
 ordinary tumbler. 
 
 Scll'ld, n. [See Squill.] {Bot.) A genus of the lily 
 'family ; the squill. The eastern quamash or wild hya- 
 cinth {S. Fraseri), is found from Ohio to Wisconsin, and 
 south\\estwards ; it bears blue flowers in a simple ra- 
 ceme. The onion-like bulb is eaten by the Indians. 
 
 Spi-op'ti-con, n. [See SciOPTlc] A kind of magic 
 lantern. 
 
 S?i-6p'ti-e§, n. sing. [See Scioptic] The art or process 
 of exhibiting luminous Images, especially those of ex- 
 ternal objects, in a darkened room, by certain arrange- 
 ments of lenses or mirrors. 
 
 Sgl-u'ri-das, n. pi. [N. Lat., from sciurus, Gr, a/ciowpos, 
 squirrel.] {Zool.) A family of sdwro?/? orpAa, contain- 
 ing the squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmuiik, and wood- 
 chuck or marmot. 
 
 S^T'U-ro-tndr'phd, n. pi. [N. Lat. , from sciurus, squir- 
 rel, and Gr. fj-op^v^ form.] {Zool.) A group of glires, 
 containing the squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmunk, wood- 
 chuck, beaver, and others. 
 
 S-elave, n. 1. One belonging to the Sclavonic race ; a 
 slave. 2. The Sclavonic language. 
 
 S-ela-von'ifj, a. Pertaining to Sclavonia, its people, or 
 its language ; Sclavonian. 
 
 S-elgr'o-der'mic, ) a. Having a hard skin ; pertain- 
 
 Scler'o-derm'ous, j ing to the scleroderms. 
 
 Scle-rom'e-ter, n. [Gr. a-nKripos, hard, and fierpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for determining with accu- 
 racy the degree of hardness of a mineral. 
 
 S-ele-ro'sis, n. [From Gr. ctkAijpos, hard.] {3Ied.) In- 
 duration ; hardening. 
 
 S^ler'o-tVtis, n. {Pathol.) Inflammation of the scle- 
 rotic coat. 
 
 Scon, n. [Scotch, skon, scone."] A kind of common 
 bread ; a thin cake, made of wheat or barley-meal. 
 
 Scoop, n. lAdd."] 5. {Stock Exchange.) A sudden 
 breaking down of prices for the purpose of buying 
 stocks at cheaper rates, followed by a rise. 
 
 Scobp'er, n. A tool used by engravers. 
 
 Sc6r'i-fi-er, 71. {Metal.) A vessel, shaped much like a 
 cupel, but made of crucible earth, used for the process 
 of scorification in assays of silver. 
 
 Scotch, ». [See Scotch, v. t.'] A brake applied to the 
 wheel of a carriage in descending a declivity. 
 
 Scour, n. A kind of diarrhoea in cattle. 
 
 Scraggy, a. The same as Scraggy. 
 
 Scratch, n. lAdd.] 5. {Billiards.) An accidental 
 carom. 
 
 Scream'ingr, «• Causing a scream, as of delight ; as, a 
 .screaming farce, one which makes an audience scream 
 with amusement. 
 
 Scrip-to'ri-um, n. [Lat., from scriptor, a writer, from 
 scribere, scripttnn, to write.] {Eccl. Hist.) In an abbey 
 or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copy- 
 ing manuscripts. 
 
 a, e, &c., long , a, 6, &c., short / care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, 
 
SCRIVENER 
 
 1051 
 
 SHOTGUN 
 
 ScrSve'ner (skriv'ner), n. lAdd.l Scrivener''s palsy, a 
 spasmodic affection of the muscles employed in writing, 
 sometimes observed in those who write much ; called 
 also ivriter-s cramp, writer'' s palsy, or writer's spasm. 
 
 Scrub, n. [Add.'] 5. {Stock-breeding.) One of the 
 common live-stock of a region, of no particular breed ; 
 
 S-euU'ion (skai'yun), n. [Add.] 2. A kind of imper- 
 fect onion. 
 
 Sea'-a'«orn, n. A balanoid. 
 
 Sea'-bass, n. (Ic/ith.) A fish of a blue-black color 
 ( Centropristis atrarius) which abounds on the Atlantic 
 coasts of the United States ; also called, in various 
 localities, blue bass, black bass, black-Jish, blue-fish, and 
 black perch. 
 
 Sea'--eat, n. {Ichth. ) The salt-water cat-fish (Anarrhi- 
 chas lupus), also called sea-wolf and wolf-fish ; it is 
 found off the temperate coasts of the northern parts of 
 Europe and North America. 
 
 Sea'-f a.n, n. (Zool.) One of the genus Gorg-on/a. 
 
 Sea'-giid'geon (-giid'jiin), n. (Ichth.) The black 
 goby or rock-fish {Gobius niger), found in the German 
 Ocean and on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of 
 Europe. 
 
 Sea'-jgl'ly, «. (Zool.) One of the jelly-like animals, 
 belonging to the hydrozoa, and of the medusa form. 
 
 Seal, V. t. [Add.] 5. (Mormon.) To take to one's 
 - self, or to assign to another, as a second or additional 
 wife. [ Utah, U. S.] 
 
 Sea'-iav/en-der, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
 Statice ; — called also marsh-rosemary. 
 
 Sea'-16v'el, n. The level of the surface of the sea ; 
 any surface of land on the same level with the sea. 
 
 Seal'-lock, n. A lock, in which the key-hole is cov- 
 ered by a seal, which can be so arranged that the lock 
 cannot be opened without rupturing the seal. 
 
 Stance (sa'ons'), n. [Add.] 2. More particularly, a 
 meeting in which the so-called spiritualistic manifesta- 
 tions or communications are made. 
 
 Sea'-ra'ven, n. (Ichth.) An acanthopterous fish of 
 the bullhead or sculpin family and genus Hemitripte- 
 rus. The common species {H. Acadianus), also called 
 yellow sculpin and Acadian bullhead, is found on the 
 Atlantic shores of North America. 
 
 Sfic'ond, a. [Add.] Second distance (Art), that part 
 of a picture between the foreground and the back- 
 ground ; — called also m,iddle ground or middle distance. 
 
 Se-e'ond-a-ry, a. [Add.] Secondary color, the color 
 formed by mixing the pigments of any two primai-y 
 colors of equal proportions. — Secondary tint, any sub- 
 dued tint, as gray. 
 
 Se-eret'ive-ness, n. [Add.] 2. (Phren.) The sup- 
 posed organ in the brain, which is held to impel the in- 
 dividual towards concealment. 
 
 Se«'u-lar-ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every 
 form of religious faith, and every kind of religious 
 worship, and accepts only the facts and influences 
 which are derived from the present life ; also, one who 
 believes that education and other matters of civil policy 
 should be managed without the introduction of a re- 
 ligious element. 
 
 Se-eun^do-gen'i-ture, n. [Lat. secundus, second, 
 and genittcra, a begetting, birth, generation.] A right 
 of inheritance belonging to a second son ; the posses- 
 sions so inherited. 
 
 Seed'i-ness, n. The state or quality of being seedy, 
 shabbily clothed, or miserable looking; a state of 
 wretchedness or exhaustion. 
 
 Seek'-no-fu.r'tlier, n. An early red-streaked apple, 
 with a subacid flavor. 
 
 Se-le<;'tion, n. [Add.] Natural selection, the survival 
 of the fittest ; the supposed law by which the progeny 
 which is best fitted to survive is conceived to be selected 
 by nature. 
 
 Self-fer'ti-li-za'tion, n. (Bot.) The fertilization of 
 a flower by pollen from the same flower and without 
 outer aid. 
 
 Sell, V. i. [Add.] To sell out, to dispose of one's stock 
 of goods, or other property, for a pecuniary equivalent. 
 
 Sem'i-S,9'id, a. llalf-acid; subacid. 
 
 Sem'i-S-n'gle (-Sng'gl), n. The half of a given, or 
 measuring, angle. 
 
 Sem'i-fir'ole (-sTr'kl), n. [Add.] 3. An instrument 
 for measuring angles ; a graphometer. 
 
 S6m'o-lii'iia, n. That portion of the central part of 
 the grain of wheat, which is produced from the grains 
 of very sunny climates, where the grain becomes very 
 dry and hard, and is not reduced to powder in the pro- 
 
 cess of grinding by stones. It is used for bread and 
 puddings. 
 
 Sen-sa'tion-al, a. [Add.] 3. Melodramatic ; done for 
 effect ; trashy ; — applied to that kind of literature or 
 oratory, whose object is to interest by furnishing tem- 
 porary excitement to the feelings. 
 
 S6p'a-ra'trix, n. [Lat. See Separate.] (Arith.) The 
 decimal point ; the dot placed at the left of a decimal 
 fraction, to separate it from the whole number which 
 it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other 
 marks of separation. 
 
 Se'pic, n. Pertaining to sepia ; done in sepia, as a draw- 
 ing. 
 
 Se-quoi'a, n. {Bot.) A Calif omian species of conifer, 
 which produces some of the largest trees now known. 
 
 (Serein (sQh'rang'), n. [Fr.] (Meteorol.) A mist or ex- 
 cessively fine rain which sometimes falls, in a clear sky, 
 a few moments after sunset. 
 
 S6t'-line, w. {Fishing.) A line to which baited hooks 
 are attached, and which supported by buoys is ex- 
 tended on the surface of the water and may be left 
 during the absence of the fisherman. 
 
 Sev'en-tMr'ty, n. A United States Government bond, 
 bearing seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per 
 cent, interest annually. 
 
 SeVen-ty-four' (-for'), n. {Naut.) A naval vessel, 
 carrying seventy-four guns. 
 
 Sev'en-up', n. A game of cards, also called All fours. 
 
 Se-wel'lel, n. (Zool.) An Indian name for a small 
 rodent {Haplodon leporinus), one of the Sciuromorpha. 
 It is rat-like, resembling the beaver and prairie-dog, 
 and is found on the northwest coast of America. 
 
 Sex-iv'a-lent, a. [Lat. sex, six, and valens, valentis, 
 p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] (Chem.) Having an 
 equivalence of six ; capable of combining with, or be- 
 ing exchanged for, six hydrogen atoms. 
 
 S6xt, n. [Lat. sextus, sixth, from sex, six.] {Rom. 
 Cath. Church.) One of the canonical hours of prayer, 
 usually recited at noon (the sixth hour of the day. ) 
 
 Sham-pob', n. The act of shampooing ; the washing, 
 rubbing, and cleansing the head by the use of soap or 
 a soapy preparation. 
 
 Sliark'-ray, «. (Ichth.) A species of shark ( Sywaiwa 
 DMwmZt), having broad lateral fins like a ray, found 
 in temperate and tropical seas all over the world ; — 
 also called angel-fish and kingston. 
 
 Sheep'- dog, n. A dog for tending sheep ;— in Amer- 
 ica, a common name for the colly. 
 
 Sliell'road (-rod), n. A road, the upper stratum of 
 which is a layer of broken shells. 
 
 Sli6p'h.erd (shep'erd), n. [Add.] Shepherd kings^ a 
 race of rulers who invaded Egypt from the East in the 
 traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. 
 They were expelled after about five hundred years, and 
 attempts have been made to connect their expulsion 
 with the narrative in the book of Exodus. 
 
 Sher'bet, n. [Add.] 2. Water-ice. 
 
 Shield, n. [Add.] 7. An irregularly curved sarfaoe- 
 layer of bran, covering the embryo in the grain of wheat. 
 
 ShinL'gling-hain.'iner, n. A ponderous hammer, 
 moved by machinery, used in a shingling-mill. 
 
 Shin'gling-mill, n. A rolling mill or forge, where 
 cast iron or pig iron is converted into malleable iron, 
 
 Shin'to, ) n. [Chin, shin, god, and tao, way, doc- 
 
 Shin'to-igra, ) trine.] One of the two great religions 
 of Japan. Its essence is ancestral worship, and sacri- 
 fice to departed heroes. 
 
 Sho'gtin, n. [From Chin, tsiang kiiin, commander-in- 
 chief."] A title originally conferred by the Mikado on 
 the military governor of the Eastern provinces of Japan. 
 By gradual usurpation of power the Shoguns (known to 
 foreigners, by a corruption of the name, as Tycoons) 
 became finally the virtual rulers of Japan. The title 
 was abolished in 1867. 
 
 Sho-gun'ate, n. The ofiSce of a Shogun. [Written 
 also Siogoonate.] 
 
 Shop'-worii, a. Somewhat worn or damaged, by hav- 
 ing been kept for a time in a shop. 
 
 Short'-hand'ed, a. Short of, or in want of, servants 
 or helpers_^ 
 
 Sh6rt'--elothe§ (-klothz), n. Coverings for the legs of 
 men or boys, consisting of long stockings and short 
 trowsers, the trowsers coming to the knees. 
 
 Short'hdrn, n. [From short and horn.] One of a 
 particular breed of cattle originating in northeastern 
 England. 
 
 Shot'gun, n. A light, smooth-bored gun, especially de- 
 signed for firing shot at short range. 
 
 food, foot ; iii'n, rude, pull; ^ell, fhaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this* 
 
SHRINKAGE 
 
 1052 
 
 SPERMATORRHEA 
 
 Shrink'a^e, n. [Add.] 3. Diminution in value ; — as, 
 shrinkage of real estate. 
 
 Sliiick, r. t. [See Shuck, «.] To shell, as walnuts. 
 
 ShAnt. r. t. [Add.] 4. {Elec.) To shift to another 
 circuit ; to switch ; — said of an electric current. 
 
 SliAut, H, [Add.] 2. A contrivauce for shifting an 
 electric current to another circuit; a switch. 
 
 Sliy'ster, n. [From Ger. scheiss, excremeut.] A trick- 
 ish knave ; one who carries on any business, especially 
 legal business, in a dishonest way. 
 
 Sib'i-lan-^y, n. [See Sibilant.] The characteristic of 
 being uttered with a hissing sound, as that of s. 
 
 Sid'e-ro-stat, n. [Lat. sidus, sideris, a constellation, 
 a star, and Gr. oraTos, standing, fixed, from loravai, 
 to place.] (Astron.) An appai-atus consisting essen- 
 tially of a mirror moved by clockwork so as to throw 
 the rays of the sun or a star in a fixed direction ; — a 
 more general term for heliosiat. 
 
 Sitl'mg, >i. [Add.] 3. {Carp.) A board used to cover 
 the side of a house. 
 
 Siege'- gun, n. A heavy gun for siege operations. 
 
 Sig:lit '-draft (sit-), n. An order or bill of exchange, 
 directing the payment of money at sight. 
 
 Sn'ver, a. [Add.] Silver age'{Ronian I,?i.), the latter 
 part (a. d. 14-180) of the classical period of Latinity, 
 the time of writers of inferior purity of language, as 
 compared with those of the golden age. — Silver paper, 
 a very delicate paper, washed on one side with a metal- 
 lic solution resembling silver. 
 
 i£'1-oSs,}«- Pertaining to apes. 
 
 Sim-u-la'crum, n. [Lat.] A semblance ; an image, as 
 
 distinguished from the reality. 
 Sm'gle-ton, n. A single card, being the only card of 
 
 a suit originally held in a hand at wfist. 
 Sm''o-16g'i€-al, a. [From Sinologtie, q. v.] Relating 
 
 to the Chinese lauguage or literature. 
 Sio-goon' (sho-goon'), n. See Shogun. 
 Sio-gobn'ate, n. See Shogdnate. 
 Si'plion-age, n. The operation of a siphon. 
 Si-re'don, n. [Gr. o-etprjScoi', o-etpijv, a siren.] (Zool.) 
 
 The axolotl, the larval form of Amhlystoma Mexicana, 
 
 which normally reproduces and dies in the larval state, 
 
 but in exceptional circumstances may undergo meta- 
 morphosis. See also Axolotl. 
 Si'ren, n. [Add.] 4. A fog-horn. 
 Sitz'-batli, n. [Ger. sitzbad.] A tub in which one 
 
 may bathe in a sitting position ; a bath so taken. 
 Six-teen'mo, n. ; pi. sIx-teen'mos. The same as 
 
 Sextodecimo. Usually written 16mo. " 
 Sk61'e-ton-probf, n. {Engraving.) A proof of a print 
 
 or engraving, with the inscription outlined in hair 
 
 strokes only. 
 Skid, V. t. To place on skids, or pieces of timber, as logs. 
 Skimp, V. t. 1. To slight; to do carelessly. 2. To 
 
 make insufficient provision for. 
 Skimp, V. i. To save ; to be niggardly. 
 Skincli, V. t. [Cf. Scant, a.] To give a scant measure 
 
 or allowance to, in order to effect a saving. 
 Skip'-j&ck, n. [Add.] 3. {Ichth.) A name given to 
 
 several kinds of fish, especially to the common blue- 
 fish. [Local. U. S.] 
 Skirt, n. [Add.] 5. The grinding surface on a mill- 
 stone, bounded by the circumference and by a smaller 
 
 concentric circle. 
 Slate, n. [Add.] 4. (Politics.) A list of candidates, 
 
 prepared for nomination or for election ; a preliminary 
 
 list of candidates, liable to revision. 
 Sleep'ing--ear', n. A railway car or carriage, arranged 
 
 with apartments and berths for sleeping. 
 Sleeve'-links, n. pi. Buttons connected by means of 
 
 links, and used to fasten a sleeve or wristband. 
 Slide'- rail, n. A contrivance for connecting a siding 
 
 with the main line of a railway. 
 Slime, n. [Add.] 2. Any mucilaginous or ropy sub- 
 
 Bcance : any substance of a dirty nature, that is moist, 
 
 soft, and lubricous. 3. {Script.) Bitumen. 
 Slip'per-vi^ort(-wurt), n. [In allusion to the form of 
 
 the corolla.] {Bot.) The vulgar name of plants of the 
 
 genus Calceolaria. 
 Sliii^e'-way, n. An artificial channel into which water 
 
 is let by a sluice ; a trough constructed over the bed of 
 
 a Btream, so that logs, lumber, or rubbish can be floated 
 
 down to some place of delivery. 
 Sm^ll, a, [Add.] Small hours, the time from midnight 
 
 till three or four o'clock in the morning. 
 
 Small fruits, fruits raised in market-gardens, — such 
 
 as raspberries, strawberries, and the like. 
 
 Smal'to, n. [It. See Smalt.] A minute regular square 
 of'enameled glass, of all colors, used in modern Roman 
 mosaic work ; — called also a tessera. 
 
 Smok'ing-«ar', n. A railway car or carriage, reserved 
 for passengers who smoke tobacco. 
 
 Snilp, n. [Add.] 7- Briskness ; vigor ; energy. 
 
 Top-snap action, in breech-loading shot-guns, a term 
 applied when the lever which disengages the breech-end 
 of the barrels is on the top of the barrels. The term 
 side-snap action is applied when the lever is on the side. 
 
 Snip'pet-y, a. Ridiculously small ; insignificant. 
 
 So, adv. [Add.] So far forth, as far ; to such a degree. 
 So-a7id-so, a certain person, not mentioned by name ; 
 an indefinite person. 
 
 Soap'- fat, 71. The refuse of kitchens, used in making 
 _soap ; —called also kitchen stiiff. 
 
 So'cia-ble (so'sha-bl), n. A gathering of people, for 
 social purposes ; an informal party. 
 
 So'cial (so'shal), a. [Add.] Social science, the science 
 of all that relates to the social condition, the relations 
 and institutions involved in man"s existence and his 
 well-being as a member of an organized community ; 
 sociology. It concerns itself with questions of the pub- 
 lic health, education,, labor, punishment of crime, ref- 
 ormation of criminals, and the like. 
 
 So'cial-ist, a. Pertaining to, or involving, socialism ; 
 socialistic. 
 
 So-^i'e-ty, n. [Add.] Society verses (Fr. vers de societe), 
 the lightestJkind of lyrical poetry ; verses for the amuse- 
 ment of polite society. 
 
 So'fi-ol'o-gist (so'shi-), n. One who treats of, or de- 
 votes himself to, the study of sociology. 
 
 So'di-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, sodium ; containing, or 
 derived from, sodium. 
 
 Sof'ta, n. [Corruption of Per. sokhtah, one who burns, 
 is ardent or zealous.] A Turkish student who has taken 
 a degree in a medrissa or public college. 
 
 Soil'- pipe, n. A pipe or drain for carrying off nigLt- 
 soiL 
 
 So-la'tiriim (-la'shi-fim), n. [Lat. from solari, to com- 
 fort.] Anything which alleviates or compensates in 
 suffering or loss ; a compensation ; a bribe. 
 
 Sol'dier (sol'jer, vulg. so'jer), v. i. To make a pretense, 
 only, of performing any task. 
 
 Sol'do, n. [It.] A small Italian coin ; the twentieth 
 part of a lira. 
 
 So'lo-ist, n. {Mus.) One who sings a solo, or plays 
 alone upon a musical instrument. 
 
 So'mite, n. [Gr. crco/oia, body.] One of the individual 
 segments of an articulate animal. 
 
 Sor'toite, n. [Lat. sorbus, service-tree, the generic name 
 of the mountain-ash.] {Chem.) An unfermentable 
 sugar, existing in the ripe juice of the mountain-ash 
 berries. 
 
 Sou-brette', n. [Fr.] On the stage a servant girl, in 
 comedies, who acts the part of an intrigante ; a med- 
 dlesome female servant. 
 
 Soup-pon (soo-son), Ji. [Fr.] A very little ; a taste. 
 
 Souffle (soo'fl), 71. [Fr., from soiiffler, to breathe, Lat. 
 "sufflare, to blow forth, from sub, under, and flare, to 
 blow.] {Med.) A murmuring ; as, the uterine aoMj^e, 
 a sound heard over the pregnant uterus. 
 
 Souud'er, n. An instrument used in telegraphy in 
 place of a register, the communications being read by 
 sound alone. 
 
 Spadassin (spa'das'siing'), n. [Fr., It. spadacctno, a 
 swordsman, from spada, a sword.] A bravo ; a bully ; 
 a duelist. 
 
 Sp3.n'isli, a. [Add.] Spanish grass {Bot.), the esparto 
 or Stipa tenacissima, a plant found in Spain and North 
 Africa, largely used for paper making. 
 
 Spe-fif'i-e, a. [Add.] 4. {Med.) Dependent on con- 
 tagion ; — said of a disease, as syphilis. 
 
 Spe-e-trom'e-ter, n. [Eng. spectrum, and Gr. /aeVpov, 
 measure.] {Physics.) A spectroscope fitted for meas- 
 urements of the luminous spectra observed with it. 
 
 Sp6-e'tro-s-e5p'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or produced by, 
 a spectroscope. _ 
 
 Spe«-tr6s'«o-pist, or Sp6«'tro-S€o'pist, n. One 
 skilled in the use of the spectroscope. 
 
 Spe€-tr6s'-eo-py, n. The use of the spectroscope ; in- 
 vestigations made with the spectroscope. 
 
 Spgll'ing-matcli, n. A contest of skill in spelling 
 words, between two persons or groups of persons. 
 
 Spgnd'iiig-mon'ey (-mQn/y), n. A sum of money al- 
 lowed for extra personal expenses, and of which no ac- 
 count is requiredj pocket-money. 
 
 Sperm'a-tor-rlie'a (-re'a), n. [Gr. oTrep/xa, awfpit.ar<K, 
 
 ii,e, Sic., long; &, 6, See., short ; c&re,fttr, ask, all, what; 6re, vgil, term ; pique, firm; son, or, dft, wolf, 
 
SPIRANTHY 
 
 1053 
 
 SULCUS 
 
 seed, and peii/, to flow.] (Pathol.) Involuatary emissioir 
 of the semen without copulation. 
 
 Spi-r3.n'tliy, n. [Gr. o-n-eipa, a spire, and avSos, flower.] 
 (Bot.) The occasional twisted growth of the parts of a 
 flower. 
 
 Spitz DSg. A small yariety of the Pomeranian dog, 
 
 with silky hair and erect ears. 
 Split, V. t. [Add.] To split hairs, to make minute and 
 unnecessary or frivolous discriminations. 
 
 Spdn'ta-ne'i-ty, n. [Add.] 2. (Biology.) The ten- 
 dency to change, in animals and plants, which is not 
 repressed by environment. 
 
 Spread, n. [Add.'] 4. (Stock Exchange.) The priv- 
 ilege of demanding shares of stock at a certain price, 
 or of delivering shares of stock at another price, within 
 a_certain time agreed upon. 
 
 Spy'-'Wednes'day (-wgnz'dj-), n. (Eccl.) The Wednes- 
 day preceding Easter ; — so called in allusion to the be- 
 trayal of Christ by Judas Iscariot. 
 
 Sqiiail§ (skwalz), n. sing. A parlor game, played with 
 small disks of wood, upon the surface of a table. 
 
 Squawk (skwawk), v. i. [imp. ^ p. p. squawked ; p. pr. 
 4" vb. n. SQU-iWEiNG.] To utter a shrill, abrupt scream 
 or noise ; to speak harshly. 
 
 Squeeze (skweez), n. [Add.] 2. A fac-simile impres- 
 sion, taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an in- 
 scription on stone. 
 
 Squincli(skwmch), n. [Corrupted from sconce.] (Arch.) 
 A small arch thrown across the comer of a square room, 
 as a tower, to support a superimposed mass ; — also called 
 sconce and sconcheon. 
 
 Sta.'di-urn,n. [Add.] 2. A race-course. 
 
 Stage'- struck, a. Fascinated by the stage ; seized by 
 a_passionate desire to become an actor. 
 
 Stage- wliis'per, n. A loiid whisper, as by an actor in 
 a theater, supposed, for dramatic effect, to be unheard 
 by one or more of his fellow actors, yet perfectly audible 
 to the audience ; an aside. 
 
 Stall, n. [Add.] 5. A reserved seat in a theater. 
 
 Sta'tist, n._ [Add.] 2. A statistician. 
 
 Stau'ro-s«ope, n. [Gr. trraupo?, a cross, and (ncoirelv, 
 to view.] {Crystallog.) An optical instrument used in 
 determining the position of the planes of vibration in 
 sections of crystals. 
 
 Stem, n, [Add.] 8. {Gram.) That part of an inflected 
 word which remains unchanged (except by euphonic 
 variations) throughout a given inflection. 
 
 Steni'-wind'er, n. A watch which is wound up or 
 regulated by means of mechanism connected with the 
 stem or handle, and not by a key. 
 
 Stgn'o-grapli, n. A production of stenography ; any- 
 thing written in short-hand. 
 
 Ste-noph'yl-lous, or Sten'o-pliyl'lous, a. [Gr. 
 arevos, narrow, and (^vAAov, leaf.] (Bot.) Having nar- 
 row leaves. 
 
 Ste're-o-gram, n. [Gr. o~repe6?, firm, and ypd<t>eiv, to 
 write.] A diagram or picture which represents objects 
 in such a way as to give the impression of relief or 
 soUdity ; a stereograph. 
 
 Stin'ga-ree', n. (Ichth.) The sting-ray (Trygon cen- 
 trura), found on the United States coast'from Cape Cod 
 to Florida. 
 
 Sting'-ray, n. See Stingaree. 
 
 Stir'pi-€ult'u.re (-kult'yijr, 53), n. [Lat. 5^/7775, stirpis, 
 stem, stock, race, and cidtiira, culture, q. v.] The breed- 
 ing of special stocks or races. 
 
 Stock, 71. [Add.] 15. (Cookery.) The essence extracted 
 from meat ; broth. 
 
 J^^ Soup stock is the broth in which beef, veal, 
 chicken, or other meat, has been simmered. After the 
 strong extract is cooled, the fat is skimmed ofl:, and the 
 residue forms the foundation for soups and sauces. 
 
 To take stock in, to accept as a fact or truth ; to feel 
 c^onfidence in. [Slang. U.S.] 
 
 St6ck'-a<;-eouiit, n. An account on a merchant's 
 ledger, one side of which shows the original capital or 
 stock, and the additions thereto by accumulation or 
 contribution, the other side showing the amounts with- 
 drawn. 
 
 Stock'ing-er, n. A manufacturer of stockings. 
 
 Stock'-train, n. A train of railroad cars loaded with 
 c_attle ; a cattle-train. 
 
 Stone, n. [Add.] Sfone ag-e, a supposed prehistoric age 
 of the world when stone and bone were used as the ma- 
 terials for weapons and tools ; — called also the^mr age ; 
 the bronze age succeeded to this. 
 
 Storm'-dobr, n. An outer or extra door, for protec- 
 tion against storms and cold. 
 
 Stdrm'-^eiid, n. A shapeless mass of cloud, lying 
 quite low, and driven rapidly with the wind. 
 
 Stow'a-'way, n. [From stow and away.] A person 
 who conceals himself on board of a vessel, when leav- 
 ing port, so as to avoid discovery before the vessel de- 
 parts, and thus obtain a free passage. 
 
 Strad'dle (strM'dl), n. [Add.} 3. {Stock Exchange.) 
 A contract which gives the holder the privilege of call- 
 ing for stock at a fixed price, or of delivering it at the 
 same price to the party who signs the contract. 
 
 Straight (strat), a. [Ac?rf.] 4. Even or uniform in 
 quality; as, "a thousand barrels of flour, straight.''^ 
 5. {Politics.) Without exception; unmixed; without 
 reservation ; as, to be a straight Republican or Demo- 
 crat, to advocate the whole platform and policy of the 
 Republican or Democratic party ; to vote the straight 
 ticket, to vote for all the candidates nominated by one's 
 party, -without "scratching."' 
 
 Strain, n. [Add."] 7. Family ; family blood. 
 
 Straw, n. [_Add.] Strata bid, a bid for a contract, 
 which the bidder is unable to fulfill. 
 
 Strep' to-ba^-te'ri-um, n. [Gr. o-TpeTrro?, twisted, from 
 aTpe(l)eLv, to twist, and bacterium.'] A variety of bacte- 
 rium, consisting of several bacteria, -linked together in 
 the form of a chain. 
 
 Stretcli'er, n. [Add.] 6. An instrument for stretch- 
 ing boots or gloves, to make them easier. 
 
 Strid'u-late, v. i. [Lat. stridulus, stridulous.] To 
 make a shrill, creaking noise, as some insects do. 
 
 String, n. [Add.] 8. The number of points made, in 
 a game of billiards. 
 
 Stroke, n. [Add.] 12. (Rowing.) The strokesman; 
 one who rows the aftermost oar, and whose motion is 
 followed by the rest. 
 
 Stro'ma-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. (rrpiaixa, a couch, bed, and 
 A.6yo^, discourse.] (Geol.) The history of the forma- 
 tion of stratified rocks. 
 
 Strong, a. [Add.] 21. (Stock Exchange.) Tending to 
 higher prices ; as, a strong market. 
 
 Strong verbs (G-ram.), verbs which form their past 
 tenses and passive participles, not by adding -ed and -t, 
 but by vowel changes ; as, break, imperfect broke, pas- 
 sive participle broken. 
 
 Stru-mat'i-e, a. Scrofulous ; strumous. 
 
 Stry<;li'ni«, a. Of, pertaining to, or including, strych- 
 nine. 
 
 Stub, n. [Add.] 3. The part of a leaf left in a check- 
 book, after a check is torn out ; the number and desti- 
 nation of the check are usually recorded on it. 
 
 Stud'-bcTbk, M. (Stock breeding.) A published register 
 of pure-bred horses of any one breed. 
 
 Stuff'y, a. ['Evom stuff, n.] Ill-ventilated ; close. 
 
 Stylo-naax'il-la-ry, a. [From styloid and maxillary.] 
 (Anat.) Of, or pertaining to, the styloid process and 
 the maxilla ; as, the stylomaxillanj ligament. 
 
 Siib, n. [Lat. sub, under.] A subordinate ; one lower 
 in rank. 
 
 Sub-ar-e'ti-e, a. [Prefix siib and arctic] Nearly arctic. 
 
 SubHbreed, n. A distinctly marked subdivision of a 
 breed. 
 
 Sub'-elass, n. A subdivision of a class, consisting of 
 orders allied to a certain extent. 
 
 Siib-con'-eave, a. [Prefix sub and concave.] Slightly 
 concave. 
 
 Sub-eon'scioiis (-kon'shus, 63), a. [sub and conscious.] 
 
 1. Occurring without the possibility or the fact of an 
 attendant consciousness ; — said of states of the soul. 
 
 2. Partially conscious ; feebly conscious. 
 Sub-diied', p. p. [See Subdue.] 1. Conquered ; over- 
 powered ; crushed. 2. Not glaring in color or tone. 
 
 Sub'group (-groop), n. [Prefix sub and group.] A sub- 
 division of a group, — as of animals. 
 
 Sub'pe-duii'«u-late, a. [Prefix sub a,nd pedunculate.] 
 (Bot.) Supported upon a very short stem. 
 
 Sub-typ'i-e-al, a. [Pi-efix sub and typical.] Not quite 
 true to the type ; slightly aberrant ; — expressing a con- 
 dition between typical and aberrant. 
 
 Su«-9es'sion (-sCsh'un), n. [Add.] Succession duty, a 
 tax imposed on every succession to property, according 
 to its value, and the relation of the person who suc- 
 ceeds to the previous owner. [Great Brit.] 
 
 Su-e-ci§e', a. (Bot.) Appearing as if a part were cut off 
 at the extremity. 
 
 Sug'ar (shoog'ar), v. i. In making maple sugar, to boil 
 do\\-n the sap till it is thick enough to crystallize ; — 
 with the preposition off. 
 
 Stil'^us,n.; pl.sULrpT. [Lat, furrow.] (Anat.) A fis- 
 sure of the brain, separating two convolutions or gyri. 
 
 food, fdt>t; dm, rude, pull; (ell, chaise, «all, e«lio ; gem, get; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; tiiis. 
 
SULPHATO-CARBONATE 1054 
 
 TELESCOPIST 
 
 Siil'plia-to-ejir'bou-ate, n, {Chtm.) A compound 
 
 of a sulphate and a carbonate ; — applied to some com- 
 plex salts. 
 Sttl'pliu-ra-tor, n. An apparatus for impregnating 
 
 with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur ; especially, 
 
 an apparatus for fumigatiog or bleaching bj- means of 
 
 the fumes of burning sulphur. 
 Surtan-r6d', a. Of a deep red color. 
 Silm'bul, H. [Pers.] The root of an umbelliferous 
 
 plant [Euryangium sumbiil) from Persia and Central 
 
 Asia, used in medicine as a stimulant. 
 Siliii'mer, n. lAdd.'\ Saint Marlines summer, a period 
 
 of warm weather, near the time of St. Martin's Day, 
 
 November 11. 
 Suii'bfirn, n. [From sun and burn.'] The discoloration 
 
 produced by the heat of the sun. 
 Sun'glass, n. ; pi. sON'GLASS-Eg. A convex lens of 
 
 glass, for producing- heat by converging the sun's rays 
 
 into a focus. 
 Siin'sliade, n. A small umbrella used by ladies to 
 
 protect their faces from the sun's rays ; a parasol. 
 Sfi'per-co-lum'nar, a. [Prefix super and columnar,'] 
 
 {Arch.) Put one above another ; as, an order. 
 Su'per-eo-liim'ni-a'tion, Ji. (Arch.) The putting of 
 
 one order above another. 
 Su'per-frSnt'al, n. [FTetx super a-nd frontal.] {Eccl.) 
 
 A fringed cloth which is placed over the top of an altar 
 
 and hangs down in front. 
 Su'per-tii'ber-a'tioii, n. [Prefix super and tuber.] 
 
 (Bat.) The production of young tubers, as potatoes, 
 
 from the old ones, while still growing. 
 Su'pra-oc-^ip'i-tal, a. [Prefix supra and occipital.] 
 
 Above the occiput. 
 Su'rd,n. [At., a step, a degree.] One of the chapters 
 
 of the Koran, which are 114 in number. 
 Sfl.r£'-bird, n. {Ornith.) A migratory bird {Apkriza 
 
 virgata), of the plover family, found on the western 
 
 coast of America. 
 Sur-viT'al, 71. [Add.] 2. [Archxology.) Any habit 
 
 or belief, remaining from ancient times, the origin of 
 
 which is unknown, or imperfectly known. 
 
 Survival of the Attest. See Natdral Selection and 
 Darwinian. 
 
 Sus-p6nse', n. [Add.] Suspense account (Book-keep- 
 ing), an account in which receipts or disbursements are 
 temporarily entered, until their proper position on the 
 books is determined. 
 
 Sweep, n. [Add.] Q. (Card -playing.) In the game 
 of cassino, a pairing or combining all the cards on the 
 board, and so removing them all ; in whist, the win- 
 ning of all the tricks (thirteen) in a hand. 
 
 Swiin'mer-et, n. [Dim. from sunm.] In a crusta- 
 cean, a limb which is adapted for swimming. 
 
 Swin'ney, n. A disease in the shoulder of a horse. 
 
 Switcli, n. [Add.] 3. A cue of false hair, or of some 
 substance (as jute) made to resemble hair.' 4. (Elec.) 
 A mechanical device for shifting an electric current to 
 another circuit ; a shunt. 
 
 Switcli, f. J. [Add.] 3. (Elec.) To shift to anoth€r 
 circuit ; to shunt. 
 
 Syle, n. [Sw. sill, Dan. and Icel. sild.] A young her- 
 ring ( Clupea harengus) ; — also written Sile. 
 
 Spl'vl-eoVi-dee, n. pi. [Lat. , from sylva, silva, a wood, 
 and colere, to cultivate.] (Ornith.) The warblers, a 
 family of Oscines. 
 
 po'si-utn, n. [Add.] 2. A collection of short 
 essays by different authors on a common topic ; — from 
 the philosophical dialogues of the Greeks. 
 
 S5"n-eli'ro-ny, n. The concurrence of two or more 
 events in time ; synchronism. 
 
 Syn'-eli-nc'ri-um, n. ; pi. s^n'cli-no'ri-a. [Gr. 
 ovyKXiveiv, to lay* together, and opos, mountain.] 
 ( Geol. ) A mountain range owing its origin to the 
 progress of a geosynclinal, and ending in a catastrophe 
 of displacement and upturning. 
 
 Syn'di-e-ate, n. An association of persons oflBcially au- 
 thorized to tmdertake some duty or to negotiate some 
 business. 
 
 Sypli'i-lide, n. [Fr.] (Med.) Any one of the various 
 forms of the cutaneous eruptions of syphilis. 
 
 Sys'tem-a-ti-za'tion, n. The act or operation of sys- 
 tematizing. 
 
 T. 
 
 T'-CIidTH, n. A cotton fabric, manufactured in 
 England for the China and India market ; — named 
 from the letter T being stamped on each piece. 
 
 Tari-pat, n. (Bot.) A tropical tree ( Cort/pAa wmftra- 
 cidiferal belonging to the order of palms. It has a tall, 
 straight trunk, crowned with a bunch of enormous, 
 fan-like leaves. Called also, fan-palm. 
 
 Tam'a-ri-e, n. [Lat. tamarice, tamaricum. See Tam- 
 arisk.] 1. The tamarisk. 2. A shrub or tree, sup- 
 posed to be the savin, or some other species of juniper. 
 
 Ta'mi-as, n. [Gr. ra/aias, a distributer, allied to rifx.- 
 veiv, to cut.] (Zool.) A genus of squirrel-like animals 
 (Sciurinse),a, common example of which is the chip- 
 munk ( T. striatus). 
 
 Ta'inU, n. The language of the Camatic and of most 
 of Ceylon ; it belongs to the Dravidian family. 
 
 Tar'an-tass', n. [Russ.] A low, four-wheeled car- 
 riage used in Russia. It is without springs, the car- 
 riage box resting on two long, springy poles which run 
 from the fore to the hind axle-tree. When snow falls, 
 the wheels are taken off, and the equipage is mounted 
 on a sledge. 
 
 Tar-bog'in, n. & v. See Toboggan. 
 
 Tar-bobsli', n. [Corrupted from Pers. sar-posh, head- 
 dress.] A red cap worn by Turks and other Eastern 
 nations ; a fez. 
 
 Ta-rbe'-eo, n. A game played with six packs of mixed 
 cards. 
 
 Ta-sim'e-ter, n. [Gr. raat?, stretching, extension, 
 from reiueiv, to stretch, and fxeTpov, measure.] (Phys- 
 ics.) An instrument for detecting or measuring minute 
 extensions or movements of solid bodies ; also em- 
 ployed for measuring minute changes of temperature. 
 
 lat'tler, n. [Add.] 2- (Ornith.) A bird of the genus 
 Tetanus, belonging to the snipe family. 
 
 Taxlne, n. A resinous substance obtained from the 
 leaves of the yew-tree ( Taxus baccata). 
 
 Tax'o-nom'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or involving, taxon- 
 omy, or the laws and principles of classification ; clas- 
 sificatory. 
 
 Tax'-pay'er, n. One who is assessed and pays a tax. 
 
 Team, n. [Add.] 3. A number of persons who are 
 associated, as in the performance of a definite piece of 
 work or a contest for some prize. 
 
 Tea'-ro§e, n. (Bot.) A delicate and graceful variety 
 of the rose (R. odorata), introduced from China, and 
 so called from the scent. 
 
 Teag'er, n. [Add.] 2. An inferior kind of stallion 
 led up to a mare, in order to ascertain whether she is 
 in heat. 
 
 Teat'ed, a. (Bot.) Having protuberances resembling 
 the teats of animals. 
 
 Te-eli'iii<5, n. [See Technic, a.] The method of per- 
 formance in any art ; execution. 
 
 Te-eh'riique' (tek'nek'), n. [Fr.] Same as Technic. 
 
 Ted'der, n. [See ted.] A machine for stirring and 
 spreading hay, to expedite its being dried. 
 
 Tel-an'gi-ec'ta-sy, n. [Gr. reAos, end, ayyelov, vessel, 
 and e/cTtto-is, extension, q. v.] (Med.) Dilatation of the 
 capillary vessels. 
 
 Te-lgg'ra-pher, n. One who sends telegraphic mes- 
 sages : a telegraphic operator ; a telegraphist. 
 
 Te-lem'e-ter, n. [Gr. TTJAe, far, and ixerpov, measure.] 
 An instrument used for measuring distances. 
 
 T6I'e-plione, n. [Gr. TrjAe, far, and </)wj/tj, sound.] 
 (Physics.) An instrument for reproducing sounds, es- 
 pecially articulate speech, at a distance, by the aid of 
 electricity or electro-magnetism. 
 
 Te-16ph'o-ny, n. The art or process of reproducing 
 sounds at a distance by the aid of electricity, as with 
 the telephone. 
 
 T6re-po-iar'i-S€ope, n. [Gr. r^Xe, far, and Eng. po- 
 lariscope.] (Opt.) A polariscope arranged to be at- 
 tached to a telescope for observation of distant objects. 
 
 T61'e-s«ope, v. i. To come into collision, as railway 
 cars, in such a manner that one runs into another, like 
 slides of a pocket telescope, as the result of the arrest 
 of a train in a rapid motion. 
 
 Te-les'«o-pi8t, or Tgres-eo'pist, n. One who uses 
 a telescope. 
 
 5, e . &c., long ; &, g, «Sfcc. , short ; cAre, far, ask, all, wb^t ; 6re, veil, tSrm ; pique, timet , 86n, 6r, do, W9lf, 
 
TELESCOPY 
 
 1055 
 
 TRAGOPAN 
 
 Te-lS8'€o-py, n. The art or practice of using or of 
 
 making telescopes. 
 T61'e-sp6«'tro-s€ope, n. [Gr. -njA-e, far, and Eng. 
 
 spectroscope, q.y.] {Astron.) A spectroscope arranged 
 
 to be attached to a telescope for observation of distant 
 
 objects, as. the sun and stars. 
 Xel-liii'i-e, a. Of, or pertaining to, bile or bilin. 
 
 Tellinie acid ( Chem. ), a distinct substance obtained 
 
 by digesting bilin with dilute hydrochloric acid. 
 Tfil'son, n. [Gr. Te\<TOv, poet, form of reAos, end.] 
 
 The last joint in the abdomen of Crustacea ; the tail- 
 
 Tin^e-brx, n. [Lat., darkness.] {Rom. Cath. Church.) 
 An office for the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of 
 Holy Week, commemorating the sufferings and death 
 of Christ. ^ , 
 
 Ten'sioncd (-shllnd), a. Extended or drawn out ; sub- 
 ject to tension. 
 Tfin'sion-rocl, n. An iron rod used to strengthen tim- 
 ber or metal frame-work, roofs, and the like. 
 T6n'-strike, n. 1. {Ten-pins.) A knocking down of 
 ail ten pins, at one throw of the ball. 2. Any quick 
 and decisive work. 
 Terlbi-um, n. [Chem.) A very rare metal , found as- 
 sociated with yttrium and erbium, 
 Tgr'^et, n. 2. [Fr., It. terzetto, dim. of terzo, Lat. 
 tertiits, third, from tres, three.] {Poet.) A triplet ; a 
 group of three lines. 
 Ter'ry, n. 1. A kind of heavy silk and worsted mate- 
 rial used in upholstery. 2. Heavy red poplin for ladies' 
 dresses. 
 TeV'Sdn^'ttis, n. [Lat. ter, thrice, from tres, three, 
 and sanctus, holy.] {Eccl.) An ancient ascription of 
 praise (containing the word "Holy'" — in its Latin 
 form " sanc^MS " — thrice repeated), used in the com- 
 munion-service of the Roman Catholic and English 
 churches before the prayer of consecration. 
 Tet'rad, n. [Add.} 2. {Chem.) An atom, the equiv- 
 alence of which is four ; or which can combine with 
 cr be exchanged for four hydrogen atoms. 
 Tet'ra-lie'drite, n. [From tetrahedron, the common 
 form of the crystals of the species.] {Min.) A sulph- 
 antimonite of copper, with small quantities of other 
 metals. It is a common ore of copper< and some varie- 
 ties yield_a considerable percentage of silver. 
 Tet'ra-tlie'^al, a. [Gr. reVpa, four, and ^tjkk), a box, 
 from Tt^eVai, to put, set.] (Bot.) Having four locula- 
 ments or thecx. 
 Tet'ra-tom'i-e, a. [Gr. rerpa, four, and aro/xos, atom, 
 q. v.] { Chem.) Consisting of four atoms ; having four 
 atoms in the molecule. 
 Tgt'ter-oiis, a. Having the character of, or pertaining 
 
 to, tetter. 
 Thelba-ine, n. [From Gr. €>TJ/3ai, Thebes, one variety 
 of opium being named from Thebes in Egypt.] ( Chem.) 
 One of the constituents of opium. 
 Tlie-eas'po-roiis, a. [Gr. 6rj<ri, a case, a box, from 
 Ti^eVai, to put, set, and o-jropos, seed.] {Bot.) Having 
 the spores in thecas or cases, as fungi. 
 The-niafi-e, a. [Fr. thematiqite.] 1. ( Gram.) Per- 
 taining to the theme of a word. 2. {Mus.) Pertaining 
 to a theme, or subject in musical composition. 
 Tlie'o-ri-za'tion, n. The act or the product of theo- 
 rizing ; formation of a theory or theories ; speculation. 
 Ther'mal, a. [Add.] Thermal unit (Physics), & unit 
 chosen for the comparison or calculation of the quan- 
 tity of heat. That most commonly employed is the 
 amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 
 one pound of water one degree Centigrade. In France 
 the ther7}ial unit is the calorie. 
 Tlier'3mLO-«hein'is-try, n. [Gr. 0epju.6s, warm, and 
 Eng. chemistry, q. v.] That branch of chemical sci- 
 ence which includes the various relations existing be- 
 tween chemical action and the manifestation of the 
 force termed heat. 
 Ther'mo-e'Ie-e-trom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 0epju,6s, warm, 
 and Eng. electrometer, q. v.] An instrument for meas- 
 uring the strength of an electric current by the heat 
 ■which it produces, or for determining the heat devel- 
 oped by a current. 
 Tlier-mSg'e-noiis, a. [Gr. flepjotds, warm, and yei/os, 
 
 birth.] Producing heat. 
 Tiler 'lUQ-pile, n. [Gr. ^epjud?, warm, and ttiXo?, ball, 
 globe.] {Physics.) An instrument for measuring mi- 
 nute differences or degrees of heat. 
 TMn'-se-e'tion, «. {Min.) A section of a mineral or 
 rock, so thin as to be transparent, and used for study 
 under the microscope. 
 
 Throw, n. [Add.] 4. {Geol. and Mining.) The 
 amount of dislocation in a vertical direction produced 
 in rock strata by a fault. It may be an upthrow or 
 downthrow, according as the strata have been elevated 
 or depressed, this being dependent on the side from 
 which the fault is viewed. 
 Tliumb'-iwark, n. 1. The mark left by the impres- 
 sion of a thumb, as on the leaves of a book. 2. The 
 dark spot over each foot in finely bred black and tan 
 terriers. , , ^ . 
 
 Thym'ol (tim'61), n. ( Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon in 
 volatile oil of thyme. It has a mild odor and peppery 
 taste, and possesses antiseptic properties. 
 
 Tick'et, «. [Add.] {d.) {Politics.) A list of candidates 
 used at an election ; the names on a list of candidates ; 
 a set of nominations for election. 
 
 Straight ticket, a ticket containing the regular nom- 
 inations of a party, without change. — -ScmJcAed ticket, 
 a ticket from which the names of one or more of the 
 candidates are scratched out. — Split ticket, a ticket 
 representing different divisions of a party, or contain- 
 ing candidates selected from two or more parties. 
 
 Tier^e-robii', n. The offspring of a mulatto and a 
 white. 
 
 Tiff, V. t. To lunch ; to take tiffin, 
 
 Ti'ger-toee'tle (-bg'tl), n. {Entom.) A vaBiety of 
 beetle, of the family Cicindelidas, with large head, 
 long curved jaws, long slender legs, and antennae with 
 eleven joints. , , 
 
 Time'-lock, n. A lock having clock-work attached, 
 which, when wound up, prevents the bolt, once locked, 
 from being withdrawn, until a certain interval of time 
 has elapsed. 
 
 Tln'e-d, n. [Lat., a moth.] {Entom.) A genus of lep- 
 idoptera, to which the common clothes' moth belongs. 
 
 Tip'-eart, n. A two-wheeled cart, so constructed that 
 the body can be easily tipped backward, in order to 
 dump the load. 
 
 Ti-saiie', n. [Fr., from Gr. TrTto-avrj, barley-water.] A 
 decoction of medicinal substances, to be used as a drink. 
 
 To-bog'gan, n. [Corruption of Amer, Indian odabagan, 
 a sled.] A kind of sled made of a pliable board, turned 
 up at both ends, used for coasting down hills ; also a 
 sleigh, to be drawn by dogs over deep snow ; —written 
 also tarbogin. 
 
 To-bog'gan, v. i. To slide down hill over the snow, on 
 a toboggan. 
 
 Tom'-ariey, M. The liver of the lobster ; when boiled 
 it is of a green color. 
 
 To-men'tum, n. ; pi. TO-3IEN'ta. [Lat., a stuffing of 
 wool, hair, or feathers.] 1. {Bot.) The closely matted 
 hair or downy nap covering the leaves or stems of some 
 plants. 2. {Anat.) The minutely-divided vessels on 
 the surface of the brain, projecting into the cortex from 
 the pia mater, and presenting a woolly appearance. 
 
 Ton'ite, n. An explosive compound. 
 
 Tonneau (ton-no'), n. [Fr., dim. of tonne, ton.] Same 
 
 as MiLLIER. 
 
 Top'-saw'yer, n. 1. The man at the upper end of a 
 whip-saw. 2. A man of great consequence. 
 
 Tor, n. [A.-S. torr. Cf. Tower.] A tower ; a high-pointed 
 hill ; a rock pinnacle. 
 
 Tor'toise-plant (t6r'tis-), n. {Bot.) A plant {Tes- 
 tudinaria elephantipes) of the yam family, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope ; —called also elephant's foot. The 
 names are owing to shape of the roots above ground. 
 
 Tour'na-ineiit, n. [Add.] 2. Any contest of skill, as, 
 a chess tournament. 
 
 Tout'er, n. [Add.] 2. One who watches race-horses 
 in course of training, to secure information about their 
 capabilities, available in betting. 
 
 Tow'-liead, n. 1. A white-headed urchin. 2. A 
 white ripple or foam in a river, produced by snags, or 
 other obstructions. 
 
 Tra-ehen'^hy-md, n. [Eng. trachea, and Gr. eyxvuay 
 an infusion, from iyxelv, to pour in, from ev, in, and 
 Xeiv, to pour.] {Bot.) The vascular tissue of plants, 
 consisting of spiral vessels. 
 
 Track'er, n, {Mus.) In the organ, a light strip of 
 wood, connecting (in part) a key and a pallet, to com- 
 municate motion by pulling. 
 
 Trade'-doFlar, n. A silver dollar coined by act of 
 Congress, in 1873, containing 420 grains Troy, and made, 
 until 1878, a legal tender at its nominal value for any 
 amount no» exceeding five dollars ; — so called because 
 coined for use in trade with Asia. 
 
 Tra,g'o-pan, n. [Gr. rpayonav, a fabulous Ethiopian 
 bird.] {Ornith.) A genus of birds of the pheasant 
 
 food, fc^t : ^rn, rude, pull ; (ell, ^liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, li^k ; tiiie. 
 
TRANSATLANTIC 
 
 1056 
 
 UNATTACHED 
 
 family inhabiting the pine forests of high mountains i 
 in Central Asia. They are di^itinguished by their shrill | 
 whistle and brilliant plumage. | 
 
 Traus'at-iaii'ti«, a. [Add.] 2- Crossing the Atlantic 
 Ocean : as, the transatlantic cable. 
 
 Trftiis'lit-er-rt'tioii, ». The act or product of trans- 
 literating, or of expressing by means of different and 
 usually s-iuipler alphabetic characters. 
 
 Trans pi-ra'tion, n. [Add.] 2. [Phys.) The passage 
 of gases or vapors through long, fine tubes. 
 
 Trans-port 'a 1, >». Transportation ; the act of removal 
 from one locality to another. 
 
 Tra-peze', n. [Add.] 2. A single rod, or a frame of 
 rods, suspended by cords, for use in performing gym- 
 nastic exercises. 
 
 Tr«5acl, n. [Add.] 7. (Physiol.) The cicatricle or ger- 
 minatiTe layer on the yelk of an egg. 
 
 Tr6as'iir-y (trezh'ijr-y), «. [Add.] Treasury note {U. 
 S. Finance), a circulating note or bill issued by govern- 
 ment authority from the Treasury Department, and re- 
 ceivable in payment of dues to the government. 
 
 Tree'- ■wool, n. A fiber obtained from the leaves of the 
 Pinus sylvestris, and spun into yarn, or woven or knit- 
 ted into textile or hosiei-y goods. 
 
 Trencli'er-«ap, n. A square cap worn by students at 
 Oxford and Cambridge Universities. 
 
 Tri'a-toni'i-e, a. [Gr. rpeU, rpia, three, and aroiiAOs, 
 atom, g. v.] ( Che?}!.) Consisting of three atoms ; hav- 
 ing three atoms in the molecule. 
 
 Tri'ad, n. [Add.] 3. (Chem.) An atom, the equiva- 
 lence of which is three, or which can combine with or 
 be exchanged for three hydrogen atoms. 
 
 Tribe, 71. [Add.] 5. (Stock-breeding.) A family of ani- 
 mals, descended from some particular female progenitor 
 through the female line; — as, the Duchess tribe of 
 shorthorns. 
 
 Tri'^eps, n. [Lat., having three heads, from tres, tria, 
 three, and caput, head.] (Anat.) The great extensor 
 muscle of the forearm, arising by three heads, two 
 from the humerus and one from the scapula, and in- 
 serted into the olecranon process. 
 
 Trl^h'i-m'a-sls^n. (Pathol.) The disease produced by 
 the presence of trichina in the muscles. It is marked 
 by fever, muscular pains, and typhoid symptoms. 
 
 Trieh'i-noiis. a. Relating to trichiniasis or to trichina. 
 
 Tri-eos'tate, a. [Prefix tri and cosiare.] (Bot.) Three- 
 ribbed ; having ribs from the base. 
 
 Tricot (tre'ko'), n. [Fr.] A fabric of cloth, silk, or 
 cotton, so woven as to present an appearance somewhat 
 like knit-work. 
 
 Tri'^y-ele, n. [Lat. tres, tria, three, and L. Lat. cyclus, 
 Gr. kv'kA.os, ring, or circle.] A three-wheeled veloci- 
 pede. 
 
 Tri-eth'yl-am'ine, n. [Prefix tri and ethylamine.] 
 ( Chem.) A colorless, powerfully alkaline liquid, form- 
 ing salts remarkable for the beauty of their crystalliza- 
 tion. It may be regarded as ammonia in which each 
 of the three hydrogen atoms has been replaced by the 
 radical ethyL 
 
 TriTitli, n. An obelisk or monument of any kind, con- 
 sisting of three stones. 
 
 Tri-mSrpli'i-e, a. (Biology.) Having individuals of 
 three forms in a single compound organism or stock ; 
 trimorphous. 
 
 Tri-m6rpli'ism, H. (Biology.) The existence of indi- 
 viduals of three forms in a single compound organism 
 or stock. 
 
 Trip'li-eos'tate, a. [Lat, triplex, three-fold, from tres, 
 tria, three, aniplicare, to fold, and costa, rib.] (Bot.) 
 Having three ribs proceeding from above the base of 
 the leaf. 
 
 Triv'a-lent, a. [Lat. tres, tria, three, and valens^ va- 
 lentis, p. pr. of valere, to be strong, to be worth 1 
 ( Chem.) Having an equivalence of 3 ; capable of being 
 combined with, or exchanged for, 3 hydrogen atoms. 
 
 Troop'i-al, w. [Yx.troupiale.] (Ornith.) A. hird (Icterus 
 vulgaris) of the oriole family, found in northern South 
 America and the AVest Indies. 
 
 Troop'- ship, n. A vessel for the conveyance of troops • 
 a transport. 
 
 Tro'plii-e, a. [See Trophi.] Pertaining to nutrition; 
 as, trophic nerves, the nerves concerned in nutrition. 
 
 Trot'toir (-twor), n. [Fr., from trotter, to trot. See 
 Trot.] Footpath ; pavement ; sidewalk. 
 
 Trout'Iet, n. A little trout ; a troutling. 
 
 Trou-veur' (troo-ver'), n. [Fr. trouveur, trouvere. See 
 TROUBADO0R.] One of a school of poets who flourished 
 in France from the 11th to the 14th century. 
 
 Trust-ee', v. t. 1. To commit propertv to the care of a 
 trustee. 2. (Law.) To attach a debtor's wages, credits, 
 or property in the hands of a third party, in the interest 
 of the creditor. 
 
 Tget'ge (z6t'ze), n. See Tzetze. 
 
 Tule, n. [Mex.] (Bot.) A variety of bulrush (Scirpiw 
 lacustns), found in the western part of the United 
 States. 
 
 Tiin'di'd, n. [Russian, from the Turkish of Siberia.] 
 A rolling, marshy, mossy plain ; — applied to the steppes 
 of Northern Siberia. 
 
 Tu'ni~€d'td,n. pi. [Lat., p. p. of tunicare, to clothe 
 with a tunic, from tunica, tunic] (Zool.) A group of 
 metazoa, formerly classed with the moUusks ; tunicates ; 
 ascidians. 
 
 Tu'ni-eate, n. (Zool.) One of the tunicata. 
 
 Tu-ra'ni-an, a. [From Tur, the name, in Persian legen- 
 dary history, of one of the three brothers from whom 
 sprang the races of mankind.] Used by some writers to 
 describe a family (also called Altaic and Scythian) of 
 languages spoken in the northern parts of Europe and 
 Asia and Central Asia. 
 
 Tiirf' man, n. A turfite ; a votary of the turf or race^ 
 course. 
 
 Tiir 'ret- ship, n. An iron-clad war-vessel, with low 
 sides, on which heavy guns are mounted within one or 
 more iron turrets, which may be rotated, so that the 
 guns may be made to bear in any required direction. 
 
 Twin'ning-ax'is, n. (Vrysta'liog.) xne line about 
 which one of the halves of a twin crystal must be re- 
 volved in order to bring it into a position parallel to 
 the other half. 
 
 T-win'ning- plane, n. (Crystallog.) The plane to 
 which the twinning-axis is normal. 
 
 Type'-vvrit'er (-rlt'-), n. An instrument for writing 
 by means of type, in which the operator makes use of 
 asort of key-board, in order to obtain the impressions 
 of the tvpe upon paper. 
 
 Ty'phd,' n. [Lat., Gr. tu^ij.] (Bot.) A genus of the 
 cat-tail family (Typhaceas) ; T. latifolia is the common 
 cat-tail or mace-reed ; T. Angustifolia is the small cat- 
 tail. 
 
 Typh-Wtis, n. [Gr. tv^K&;, blmd, the caecum.] (Pa- 
 thol.) Inflammation of the caecum. 
 
 T5'ph-161'o-gy, n. [Gr. tu<^A.6s, blind, and A.oyo5, dis- 
 course.] Discourse about blindness ; the scientific 
 knowledge or treatment of blindness. 
 
 Ty/pho-ma-la'ri-al, a. Pertaining to typhus and 
 malaria : as, typko-malarial fever, a form of fever hav- 
 ing symptoms both of malarial and of typhoid fever. 
 
 Tzet'ze (zet'ze), n. (Entom.) An African fly ( Glossina 
 morsi tans), which, kills animals by its painful bite; — 
 also written tsetse. 
 
 u. 
 
 UGH (66), interj. [Ger. Am.] A word representing a 
 .=ound uttered as an expression of horror or recoil, 
 — usually accompanied by a shudder. 
 iJl'ster, n. A long loose overcoat, originally made of 
 
 frieze from Ulster, Ireland. 
 Um-birie-ate, a. (Bot.) Fixed to a stalk by a point 
 
 in the center. 
 TTm/laut (oom'lowt), n. [Ger., from um, about, and 
 laut, sound.] (Gram..) The modification of a vowel 
 
 sound, peculiar to the Germanic languages ; — as in 
 
 German, Mann, man. Manner or Maenner, men. 
 tJn'ae-eiis'tomed (-kQs'tQmd), a. 1. Not used: not 
 
 habituated : — with to. 2- New ; strange ; not usual. 
 Un-armed' (-armd'), a. 1. Not armed ; having no arms. 
 
 2. (Bot.) Not furnished with scales or prickles. 
 tJn'at-tached' (-tachf), a. 1. Not attached ; not closely 
 
 adhering : having no ties of affection, duty, or interest. 
 
 2. (Mil.) Not assigned to any organization or donucil. 
 
 a. e, &c., long ; a, 6, &c., short ; c^re, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do,, -wolf. 
 
UNCOVENANTED 
 
 1057 
 
 VENOUS 
 
 Un-eov'e-nant-ed, a. 1. Not having joined in a 
 league, or assented to a covenant or agreement, as the 
 Solemn League and Covenant of the Scottish- people in 
 the times of the Stuarts. 2. {Theol.) Not having en- 
 tered into relationship with God, through the appointed 
 means of grace ; not promised or assured by the divine 
 promises or conditions. 
 
 t5'n'der-gi'6und, a. [Add.] Under-ground railroad, Su 
 name applied in the United States before the late civil 
 war to the organized arrangements for aiding negro 
 slaves escaping from their masters in their passage 
 through the free States. 
 
 tJu'der-play', v. t. {Whist.) To play a low card in 
 place of a high one, thereby losing a trick which 
 might have been won, in the hope of subsequent ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 tJn'der-sliirt, n. A shirt worn next the skin, under 
 another shirt ; — also called tendervest and wrapper. 
 
 ■Cn-eii'glisli (-Ing'glish), a. Not according to English 
 manners in speech or action ; different from, or con- 
 trary to, English characteristics. 
 
 Un-flgdged' (-flejd'), a. Not fledged; not furnished 
 with feathers necessary for flight ; . hence, not fully de- 
 veloped ; immature. 
 
 tJii'gn-lous, a. [See Ungulate.] Pertaining to, or re- 
 _sembling, a hoof. 
 
 U'nt, prefix. [Lat. unus., one.] Used in composition, to 
 
 _ signify only one, or producing one. 
 
 U'ni-ate, n. A member of the Greek Church in Bulga- 
 ria, who nevertheless acknowledges the supremacy of 
 the Pope of Rome. 
 
 Cii'i-tle'aed, a. Without ideas ; frivolous. 
 
 U'ni-form'igm, n. [From uniform.] {Geol.) The 
 doctrine that the changes on the face of the earth are 
 due, not to sudden catastrophes, but, with the excep- 
 tion of the variations in intensity, to forces still active 
 
 _in our day. 
 
 U'ni-form'i-ta'ri-an-igm, »i. {Geol.) The uniformi- 
 tarian doctrine ; uniformism. 
 
 ITn'ion-igm, n. The system of combination among 
 
 _ workmen engaged in the same occupation or trade. 
 
 Un'ion-ist, n. [Add.] 2. A member of a trades- 
 
 _ union. 
 
 Un'ion-jaclc, n. lAdd.] 2. The national flag of 
 Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 IJ-niT'a-lent, a. [Ijat> uuus, on», ecnd salens, valentis, 
 p. pr. of valere, to be worth.] {Chem.) Having an 
 equivalence of one ; capable of being combined with, 
 
 _or exchanged for, one hydrogen atom. 
 
 U'iii-ver-s61'o-gy, n. [From Lat. vniversum, the uni- 
 
 verse, and Gr. A6yos, discourse.] The science of the 
 universe, or the whole system of created things. 
 
 Uii-know'a-ble {-no'-), a. Not to be known •, beyond 
 the reach of the human mind ; unintelligible from the 
 nature of things. 
 
 Uii-load', t^. r [Add.] 2. {Stock Exchange.) To sell 
 out, as stock. [Cant.] 
 
 XJn-load', v. i. 1. To take off the load. 2. (Stock Ex- 
 change.) To sell out stock. [Cant.] 
 
 Un-mer'chant-a-ble, a. Not fit for market ; that can- 
 not be sold ; — said of goods, wares, or merchandise, 
 which are damaged, or imperfect, or offered in too large 
 a bulk, or in too small a quantity, or unfinished, or 
 superseded by some other article. 
 
 tJn'So-pliist'i-«a'ted, a. 1. Not adulterated ; genu- 
 ine ; pure ; simple. 2. Guileless ; vincontaminated ; 
 ignorant of the ways of the world. 
 
 Un-s6rt'ed, a. 1. Not distributed by proper separa- 
 tion; not sorted. 2. Not suitable; poorly adapted; 
 ill-choseu. 
 
 Un-sta'ble, a. Easily moved ; not firmly established ; 
 wavering ; fickle ; changeable. 
 
 Un-sti-at'i-fied (-fid), a. {Geol.) Not stratified; — 
 applied to rocks, and also to deposits of loose material, 
 which do not occur in layers or strata. 
 
 Up-h.ol'ster, v. t. [See Upholsterer.] To furnish 
 houses with furniture, beds, curtains, and the like; 
 to fit with hangings and coverings of cloth. 
 
 U-rae'ini€, a. Pertaining to uraemia ; as, urs&mic con- 
 
 _ vulsions. 
 
 U/ra-nis'-eo-pia.s'ty, n. [Gr. ovpavio-Kos, the top of a 
 tent, the palate, from ovpavo?, sky, and TrAdcraetv, to 
 mold, form.] {Surg.) The process of forming an arti- 
 ficial palate. 
 
 t^'ra-nis-eor'a-pliy, n. [Gr. ovpavCcrKo?, the top of a 
 tent, the palate, from ovpavog, sky, and pcujy-q, a seam.] 
 
 _{Surg.) Suture of the palate. 
 
 U'ra-no-pias'ty, n. [See Uraniscoplasty.] {Surg.) 
 The plastic operation for closing the fissure in a cleft 
 
 _ palate ; staphyloraphy. 
 
 U're-tlirot'o-my, n. [Gr. ovp-qOpa, urethra, and toju-tj, 
 a cutting, from Tifivetv, to cut.] {Surg.) The division, 
 
 _ by a cutting instrument, of urethral stricture. 
 
 U'rox, »i. {Zo'dl.) The aurochs or bison ( .Bos t«rM5). 
 
 tir'tie-al, a. [Lat. urtica, a nettle.] Pertaining to, or 
 allied to, the nettles. 
 
 Ur'ti-^d'ri-d, n. [See supra."] {Pathol.) The nettle- 
 rash, a disease characterized by a transient eruption of 
 red pimples and of wheals, accompanied with a burn- 
 ing sensation and wirli itching. 
 
 V. 
 
 VAcU-tJM, n. [Add.] Vacuiim-punip, a pump con- 
 nected with the boiler of a marine engine for charg- 
 ing the boiler with water from the sea, by discharging 
 the air. 
 
 Vai'en-5y, n. [From Lat. valens, p. pr. of valere, to be 
 worth.] {Chem.) The degree of combining power of 
 an atom or radical as expressed in units of hydrogen 
 atoms ; equivalence ; atomicity ; — sometimes written 
 valence. 
 
 V^aiv'ate, a. [Add.] Valvate estivation {Bat.), develop- 
 ment in which the leaves in the flower-bud and leaf- 
 bud are applied to each other by their margins only ; — 
 called also vernation. 
 
 Va-p6r'i-fdrm, a. [Lat. vapor, vaporis, vapor, and 
 forma, form.] Existing in the state of vapor. 
 
 Va-que'ro (va-ka'ro), n. [Sp., cowherd, from vaca, Lat. 
 vacca, a cow.] A man who has charge of cattle, horses, 
 or mules ; a herdsman. 
 
 Va-ri'e-tal, a. Pertaining to, characterizing, or con- 
 stituting, a variety. 
 
 Va/ri-o-lit'i-e, a. Thickly marked with small round 
 specks ; spotted. 
 
 V5.s'o-den'tine, n. [Lat. vas, vasis, vessel, and dens, 
 dentis, tooth.] {Anat.) That modification of dentine 
 in which capillary tubes of the primitive vascular pulp 
 remain uncalcified and carry red blood into the sub- 
 stance of the tissue. 
 
 Va,s'o-mo'tor, a. [Lat. vas, vasis, a ve.ssel, and motor. 
 that which moves, from movere, to move.] Able to 
 cause a movement in the walls of vessels. 
 
 Vaso-motor nerves, the system of nerves distributed 
 over the muscular coats of the blood-vessels. 
 
 Vat'i-ean-igm, n. [See Vatican.] The doctrine of 
 papal supremacy ; adhesion or devotion to the authority 
 of the pope. 
 
 Veal, n. [Add.] Veal skin {Pathol.), a cutaneous disease 
 characterized by white, smooth, glistening tubercles 
 about the ears, neck, face, and sometimes the whole 
 body, and usually mingled with shining papulse. 
 
 Ve'ber, n. See Weber. 
 
 Ve-e'tor, n. lAdd.] 2. {Quaternions.) A directive 
 quantity ; as, a straight line, a force, or a velocity. 
 Vectors are said to be equal Avhen their directions are 
 the same and their magnitudes are equal. 
 
 Veer'y, n. {Ornith.) A species of thrush ( Turdus fus- 
 cescens), called also Wilson''s thrush, found in the eastern 
 part of North America. 
 
 Yeg'e-ta-ble, a. {Add.) Vegetable flannel, a textile 
 material, manufactured in Germany from a down or 
 fiber obtained from the leaves of the Pinus sylvestris. — 
 Vegetable sulphur, the fine and highly inflammable pow- 
 der from the thecfe of the club-moss {Lycopodium da- 
 vatum) ; witch-meal. 
 
 Vei'lum-elotli, n, A fine kind of cotton fabric, used 
 as a tracing cloth. 
 
 Vgl'vet, n. [Add.] 2. The soft and highly vascular 
 deciduous skin which envelops and nourishes the ant- 
 lers of deer during the rapid growth of those append- 
 ages. 
 
 Ve'noiis, a. [Add.] Venous hum {Med.), a humming 
 
 food, fdbt; ftrn, rude, pull; <!ell, <;haise, «all, e«lio; gem, get; a§; ejist ; linger, liek; tills. 
 
 67 
 
venturp: 
 
 1058 
 
 WATER-SOUCHY 
 
 ^und, or bruit, heard during auscultation of the veins , 
 of the neck in anjvmia. ! 
 
 Vent'ure (Y^nt'vyr), n. [Add."] ^^ The phrase at a i 
 Vftiture was originally at aventitre, that is, at adventure, i 
 
 VCii'ule (-vijl), n. [Lat. venula, dim. from i-««a, vein.] \ 
 A small vein. I 
 
 Ver-bji'ri-ilin, n. [Lat. verbum, word.] A game in I 
 which the detached letters vrhich spell some word are ' 
 mixeil together, and from them the attempt is made to , 
 discover the word. 
 
 Verge, n. [Add.^ 2. (Arch.) The edge of the tiling 
 projecting over the gable of a roof. 
 
 Ver'sa-tne, a. [Add.] 4. (Bot.) Attached by one 
 point to the filament, and hence very easily turned 
 around ; as, an anther. 
 
 Ver'so, n. [Lat. versus, p. p. of vertere, to turn.] (Print.) 
 The reverse or left-hand page of a book or folded sheet 
 of paper. 
 
 Vgrs'u-al^a. Pertaining to a verse. 
 
 Ver'te-hra'td,n.pl. (Zo'ol.) Vertebrates. 
 
 Verve (verv or verv), n. [B'r.] Heat of imagination, as 
 in a poet, artist, musician, etc. ; fervor : spirit. 
 
 ■\ i9e'-€6n'sul, »j. A subordinate officer, authorized to 
 e.xercise consular functions in some particular part of a 
 district, controlled by a consul. | 
 
 Vi'^li'y-wa'ter, 7i. Mineral water from Vichy, France. ! 
 
 Vig'or-iteVn. [Lat. ^•/o•or, strength.] A preparation of 
 nitro-glycerine used in blasting. 
 
 Vim, n. [Lat., accusative of vis, strength.] Spirit ; ac- 
 tivity ; energy. 
 
 Vinfft-et-un (vSngfa'Sng'), >i. [Fr., 21.] A game at 
 cards, played by any number of persons. The object of ! 
 each player is to obtain cards that make up, when added 
 together, 21, or a number near to it. I 
 
 Vin-om'e-ter, ji. [Lat. vinum, wine, and Gr. fieVpov, 
 measure.] An instrument for determining the purity 
 of wine by measuring its density. 
 
 Vin-oi'dinaire (vang'or-de-nar'), h. [Fr.] A kind of 
 claret, commonly used in France ; a cheap claret. | 
 
 Ylr'e-o, n. [Lat., a species of bird.] ( Ornith.) A genus '■ 
 of singing birds, of the family Vireonidse, containing ' 
 nearly thirty species, mostly confined to North America, 
 though a few occTzr in Central America and the West ' 
 Indies. i 
 
 Vir-gin'i-a Creep'er. {Bot.) A common ornamental 
 woody vine {Ampelopsis quinquefolia), climbing exten- 
 sively by means of tendrils: — also called icoodbine, 
 and American ivy. 
 
 Vir-gin'i-a Fen^e. A rail fence laid in a zigzag 
 manner. 
 
 Vig'it-ing-bffbk, ji. A book in which the names of 
 persons to be visited are recorded. 
 
 Vi§'it-ing-«ard, n. A card containing the name ol one 
 who makes a short visit, or calls on another. 
 
 Vi'tal, a. [Add.] Vital principle, an immaterial force 
 to which the functions peculiar to living beings are 
 ascribed. 
 
 Vi'tal-isfic, a. Pertaining to, or involving, the theorv 
 of vitalism, or of a special vital principle. 
 
 V6d'ka, n. A Russian drink, distilled from rye. 
 
 yol-a%i-vent{yo\'o'ybiig'),v.' [Fr.] {Cookery.) Alight 
 puff paste, filled after baking with a ragout of minced 
 sweet-breads, chicken, game, or fish. 
 
 Vol-ean'ic, a. [Add.] Volcanic cone, a volcanic hill 
 of active or recent eruption. — 7o/con?c mud, fetid, sul- 
 phureous mud discharged by a volcano; 
 
 Volt, n. [From the name of Volt a, a celebrated Italian 
 electrician,] {Elec.) The standard unit of electrical 
 tension, or electro-motive force. It is very nearly equal 
 to the electro-motive force of a Daniell's sulphate of 
 copper cell. 
 
 Vol'u-me-Tiom'e-ter, n. [Lat. volumen, volume, and 
 Gr. fxeTpov. measure.] {Physics.) An instrument for 
 measuring the volume of a body, especially a solid, by 
 means of the difference in tension of a confined portion 
 of air caused by its presence and absence. 
 
 Vo-lu.'me-s<!ope, n. [Eng. volume and Gr. aKonelv, to 
 view.] {Physics.) An instrument consisting essentially 
 of a glass tube provided with a graduated scale, for ex- 
 hibiting to the eye the changes of volume of a gas or 
 gaseous mixture resulting from chemical action, and 
 the like. 
 
 Vo-lu'me-ter, n. [Fr. volumetre. See Volumetric] 
 (Physics.) An instrument for measuring the volumes 
 of gases or liquids by introducing them into a vessel of 
 known capacity. 
 
 Vol'vil-lus, n. [From Lat. volvere, to turn about, to 
 roll.] (Pathol.) A disease produced by the passing of 
 one portion of an intestine into another, commonly the 
 upper into the lower part ; invagination of the intes- 
 tines. 
 
 Vou'dob (voo'doo), n. The object worshiped by the 
 devotees of Voudooism ; a votary of Voudooism. 
 
 Vou'ddb-i§ra, n. An African superstition involving 
 witchcraft, prevailing among negroes of the West Indies 
 and some of the Southern United States. 
 
 Vraisemblance (vra-song-blongss'), n. [Fr.] The ap- 
 pearance of truth. 
 
 VuVva, n. [Lat., for volva, from volvere, to roll.] 
 {Anat.) The fissure in the external parts of generation 
 in the female ; sometimes, all the external parts of the 
 genital organs of the female. 
 
 Viil'vo-ii'ter-ine, a. Pertaining both to the vulva and 
 the uterus. 
 
 w. 
 
 WAG'ON-^EIL'ING (-seel'-), n. {Arch.) A semi- 
 circular or wagon-headed arch or ceiling ; some- 
 times used also of a ceiling whose section is polygonal 
 
 instead of .-emicircular. 
 Walk'injr-gen'tle-man, n. (Theater.) An actor who 
 
 visually fills subordinate parts which require a gentle- 
 
 manlj' appearance but few words. 
 Walk'ing-la'dy, n. ( Theater. ) An actress who usually 
 
 fi'ils such parts as require only a ladylike appearance on 
 
 the stage. 
 Wall'-flow'er, n. \Add.] 2. A lady who, at a ball, 
 
 for lack of invitations to dance, remains unoccupied at 
 
 the .'■ide of the room. 
 "Wall'-tgnt, n. A tent with upright cloth sides, corre- 
 
 f^ponding to the walls of a house. 
 "Ware'robm, n. A room in which goods are stored or 
 
 exhibited for sale. 
 Wash'-lioixse, n. An outbuilding for washing clothes ; 
 
 a'laundry. 
 Wash'out, n. The washing out or away of a portion of 
 
 tiie bfsd of a road or of a railway by a fall of rain or a 
 
 freshet ; also, the part of the road or railway where a 
 
 fall of rain has produced such an effect. 
 Waste'-pa'per, n. Spoiled paper, or paper of no fur- 
 ther UM: for the purpose for which it was designed. 
 Wagte'-steam'plpe, n. (Steam-engine.) The pipe 
 
 leading from the safety valve to the atmospuere. 
 
 W^atcli'-fire, n. A fire lighted ar night, as a signal, or 
 
 for the use of a watch or guard. 
 
 "Watcli'- night (-nit), n. The last night of the year ; — 
 so called by the Wesley ans and Moravians, who observe 
 it by holding religious meetings to watch till the end of 
 the old year. 
 
 Wa'ter, v. t. [Add.] 4. To increase in apparent bulk, 
 without adding to the real value ; as, to water stock, to 
 increase the capital stock of a company, by issuing new 
 stock, on the pretense that accumulated or anticipated 
 profits warrant such increase. 
 
 T^'a'ter-back, n. An iron chamber at the back of a 
 cooking range, in which water is heated, for use in the 
 house. 
 
 "Wa'ter-batli, n. A device for regulating the tempera- 
 ture of anything subjected to heat, by placing it upon 
 or inclo.-ing it in a vessel filled with water. 
 
 Wa'ter-i^e, n. A preparation of water and sugar, fla- 
 vored and frozen ; the same as ice-cream, with the omis- 
 sion of milk, cream, or eggs ; a sherbet ; —often written 
 simpl}^ ice. 
 
 T\'a'ter-o-p6s'8um, >i. See Y.tPOCK. 
 
 AVa'ter-shed, n. [Add.] 2. The country or basin 
 drained by any stream of water and its tributaries. 
 
 Wa'ter- sou'cby, n. [B. tcaterzootje.] {Cookery.) A 
 dYsh consisting of any kind of fish of delicate flavor, 
 boiled and eaten in its own liquor. See also ZOCTCH. 
 
 a, e, &c., 'oTig; a, 6, &c., short ; c&re, far, agk, fjU, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; 96n, 6r, dg, wolf, 
 
WAX 
 
 1059 
 
 XYLOPYROGRAPHY 
 
 Wftx, w- lA'M.'l 2. (/.) An extemporized confection, 
 prepared by suddenly cooling thick, hot, maple syrup in 
 a dish of snow. 
 
 WJix'- plant, n. (Bot.) A white, fleshy plant (Mono- 
 tropa xtnifora), growing parasitica lly on the roots of 
 beech and pine trees, in shady moist places, and look- 
 ing as if made of wax ; — called also Indian-pipe. 
 
 Weak, a. \_Add.'\ 2. («.) (Stock Exchange.) Tend- 
 ing towards lower prices ; as, a weak market. 
 
 Weak verbx {Gram.), verbs which form their past 
 tenses and passive participles by adding ed or t, and not 
 by a change of vowel in the stem. Cf. Strong verbs. 
 
 Wea'ry, v. i. To grow tired ; to become exhausted or 
 impatient. 
 
 T\^e'ber (va'ber), n. [From the name of Professor 
 Weber, a German electrician.] (Elec.) The standard 
 unit of electrical current ; the same as a farad charged 
 to a volt, but applied to the current rather than to the 
 electro-static charge. It is the quantity of electricity 
 which flows through one ohm under the electro-motive 
 force of one volt during one second; — sometimes, but 
 incorrectly, written veber. 
 
 TVgd'ding, n. [Add.] Wooden tvedding, the fifth an- 
 niversary of a marriage, on which occasion presents of 
 wooden ware are, in some places, made to the husband 
 and wife. — Tin wedding, the tenth anniversary, when 
 gifts of tin are made. — Crystal wedding, the fifteenth 
 anniversary, when the gifts are of glass. — China wed- 
 ding, the twentieth anniversary, when the gifts are of 
 china ware. — Silver wedding, the twenty-fifth anni- 
 versary, when the gifts are of silver. — Golden loed- 
 ding, the fiftieth anniversary, when the gifts are of 
 gold. — Diamond wedding, the sixtieth anniversary. 
 
 "Weed, f. i. [Add.] 4. (Stock-breeding.) To pass over 
 as unfit for breeding from. 
 
 Weed'y, a. [Add.] 3. Scraggy ; ill-shaped ; ungainly ; 
 — said of colts or horses, and also of persons. 
 
 Wei'gel-a, ) n. [From the name of C. E. Weigel, a 
 
 Wei-ge'li-a, ) Grermau naturalist.] (Bot.) A hardy 
 garden shrub, belonging to the honeysuckle family, 
 with white or red flowers ; — introduced from China. 
 
 Wfilsli'er, n. One who cheats at a horse-race; one 
 who bets, without the remotest chance of being able to 
 pay ; — written also welcher. 
 
 Wlieel'-plow ) (-plou), n. A plow having one or 
 
 Wheel'-plovigh J two wheels attached, to render it 
 more steady, and to regulate the depth of the furrow. 
 
 Wheel-win'dow, n. (Arch.) A circular window, 
 with mullions radiating like the spokes of a wheel. 
 
 Wliip (hwip), n. \_Add.-] 5. {English politics.) A 
 member of Parliament who acts for a political party as 
 
 its executive secretary in looking after the attendance 
 of its members, especially on occasions when their 
 votes are needed ; a whipper-in. 
 
 Wig'au, n. A kind of stiff cotton goods, used to give 
 stiffening to the skirts of ladies' dresses, and the like ; 
 — from Wigan, the name of a town in Lancashire, 
 England. 
 
 Wild'- fire, n. [Add.] 2- A sort of lightning un- 
 accompanied by thunder. 
 
 Wil'low-tea, n. The prepared leaves of a species of 
 willow, grown in the neighborhood of Shanghai, and 
 used by the poorer classes of Chinese as a substitute 
 for tea. 
 
 WlU'-Tvor'sliip (-wflr''-), n. Self-chosen, unauthorized 
 worship. 
 
 Wiiie'-bibljing, n. The practice of drinking much 
 wine ; tippling. 
 
 Wire, V. t. [Add.] 4- To send by telegraph. 
 
 Wis-ta'ri-a, n. [From the name of the American s.n&t- 
 omist, Caspar Wistar.] (Bot.) A hardy climbing vine, 
 bearing long, pendulous clusters of pale blue flowers. 
 
 Witcli'-meal, n. An almost impalpable powder ^om 
 the thecae of the club-moss ; — called also vegnable 
 sulphur. 
 
 Wolf's'-f<Jt>t (waifs'-), n. {Bot.) Club-moss ; lyco- 
 podium. 
 
 W^obd'bur-y-type' (-ber-rj-), n. [From the name of 
 the inventor, W. Woodbury.] 1. A process in photo- 
 graphic printing, in which a gelatine film on which a 
 picture has been taken, and which has been hardened 
 after certain operations, is pressed upon a plate of lead 
 or other soft metal. An intaglio impression is thus 
 produced, from which pictures may be directly printed 
 by a peculiar process. 2. A picture produced by the 
 process invented by Mr. Woodbury. 
 
 W^obd'-eixt'ting, n. [Add.] 2. Wood-engraving. 
 
 Wobd'en (wood'n), a. [Add.] Wooden ware, a gen- 
 eral name for buckets, bowls, and other articles of do- 
 mestic use made of wood. — Wooden wedding. See 
 Wedding. 
 
 Wobd'tick, n. {Entom.) A kind of mite of the genus 
 Ixodes. HEART 
 
 Word'-square (-sviird'-), n. A series of EMBER 
 words so arranged that they can be read ABUSE 
 vertically and horizontally with the like RESIN 
 results. As TRENT 
 
 Work'iiig-inaii (wurk'-), n. A laboring man ; a man 
 ^vho earns his daily support by manual labor. 
 
 Wove'-pa'per, n. A writing-paper with a uniform 
 surface, not ribbed like laid-paper. 
 
 Wrist'er (rist'er), n. A covering for the wrist. 
 
 X. 
 
 XAX'THATE (zart'-), n. [See Xanthic] (Chem.) 
 A combination of xanthic acid with a base. 
 
 Xaii'tho-ear'poiis (zSn'-), a. [Gr. ^av06g, yellow, 
 and (capTTos. fruit.] (Bot.) Having yellow fruit. 
 
 Xan'tiio-don'tous (ztin'-), a. [Gr. ^avd6<;, yellow, and 
 h^ovs, oSotTo?, tooth.] Having yellow teeth. 
 
 Xan'tlio-pous (zan'-), a. [Gr. ^avQo^, yellow, and 
 jrovs, TToSos, foot.] {Bot.) Having a yellow stipe or 
 stem. 
 
 Xan'tlio-rliJim'nine (z5n'tho-rSm'nin),n. [Gr. I'avdos, 
 yellow, and pa/avo?, a pricky shrub.] ( Chem.) A yel- 
 low coloring matter obtained from Persian or Turkish 
 berries^the seeds of Rhamnus amijgdalinus. 
 
 Xan-tbo'sisCzan-), ;i. [Gr. ^ai/^c)?, yellow.] (Pathol.) 
 The yellow discoloration often observed in cancerous 
 tumors. 
 
 Xan'tbo-sperin'oiis (zan'-), a. [Gr. |av06s, yellow, 
 and oTrepjxa, sperm.] (Bot.) Having yellow seeds. 
 
 Xen'o-gen'e-sis (zen'-), n. [Gr. ^evo?, guest, stranger, 
 and -yeVecris, yeVos, birth.] (Biol.) The genesis of an 
 organism of one kind by an organism of another, as of 
 parasitic worms by their hosts, as was once mistakenly 
 believed. 
 
 Xen'o-ge-nefi^ (zen'-), a. Pertaining to xenogenesis. 
 
 Xe'ro-derm'n (ze'-), n. [Gr. ^rjpo?, dt^-, and fie'pMa, 
 
 skin.] (Pathol.) An unnatural dryness and harshness 
 
 of the skin, the consequence of a diminution in the 
 
 secretion of the sebaceous glands. 
 Xiph-oid'i-an (zif), a. (Anal.) Pertaining to the 
 
 xiphoid cartilage. 
 Xipb/o-pbyl'loiis (zif-), a. [Gr. fi<^o?, sword, and 
 
 0v\Aov, leaf .] (Bot.) Having sword-shaped leaves. 
 Xy'lene I (zi'-), n. [Gr. ^vKov, wood.] (Chem.) A 
 Xylole j hydrocarbon, homologous with benzine, 
 
 prepared from coal naphtha. 
 Xyao-ear'poiis (zT'-), a. [Gr. ^vkov, wood, and Kapiros, 
 
 fruit.] {Bot.) Bearing fruit which becomes hard or 
 
 woody. 
 Xy'loid (zI'-), o. [Gr. ^v\ov, wood, and elfios, form.] 
 
 Resembling wood. 
 Xy-lopli'i-loiis (zl-lof-), a. [Gr. ^vX.ov, wood, and 
 
 (f>L\eiv, to love.] Growing upon, or living in, decayed 
 
 wood. 
 Xyao-pbone (zl'lo-fon), n. [Gr. ^vKov, wood, and 
 
 (i>ovy}, tone.] A musical instrument consisting of pieces 
 
 of wood, placed in the order of their notes, and made 
 
 to vibrate by blows from wooden mallets. 
 Xyao-py-rog'ra-pliy (zT'-), n. [Gr. ^vKov, wood, irvp, 
 
 TTvpo?, fire, and ypac^etf, to write.] The art or practice 
 
 of engraving on charred wood. 
 
 fobd.fcTot; ftra, r^de, puU; ?ell, ^haise, <:all, e<;lio ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; lifiger, link ; tliis. 
 
YACHT 
 
 1060 
 
 ZYMIC 
 
 ACHT (Tot\ 
 * a v:)cht. 
 
 To sail in a yacht ; to navig|ite 
 
 Yacht'-- t'lub (y^it'-)> "• A" association of owners of 
 yachts, formed for the purpose of encoui-aging yacht- 
 ing and regattas. 
 
 Yftiig:, n. The cry of the wild-goose. 
 
 YSng, V. i. To make the cry of the wild-goose. 
 
 Y'Jip. n. [See Y.ap, v. i.] The cry of a dog. 
 
 Y'a'pSclt, M. (Zo'dl.) A rare marsupial animal ( CAiVo- 
 tudes vulgaris), found in Guiana and Bi-azil, and re- 
 sembling the otter in its habits; — called also water- 
 opossum. 
 
 Y'j^up, or Y'a'tvp, n. [See Yacp, v. i.] A' cry of dis- 
 tress, rage, or the like ; as, the cry of a sickly bird, or 
 of a child in pain. 
 
 Y'east'- plant, n. (Bot.) .The vegetable organism or 
 fungus of which beer-yeast consists ; it is composed of 
 simple cells, often united into filaments which repro- 
 duce by budding, and under certain circumstances by 
 the formation of .<pores. The name is extended to other 
 ferments of the same genus. 
 
 Yeast'-pow'der, n. A preparation of soda, phosphat€s, 
 
 and other substances, in the form of a powder ; — used 
 as a substitut* for yeast in leaTening bread. 
 
 Y'61'low, a. [Add.] Yelloiv bark, the calisaya bark 
 {q. v.), one of the most valuable kinds of cinchona. — 
 Yellow jacket {Entoni.), a small wasp, well known for 
 its terrible sting. — Yellow ocher {Min.), an impure, 
 earthy variety of brown iron ore, which, being pre- 
 pared by grinding and washing, is used as a yellow pig- 
 ment. — Patent yellow, a pigment, composed of oxide 
 and chloride of lead. 
 
 Yel1ow-«dv'ered (-kfiv'erd), a. Covered or bound in 
 yellow paper. 
 
 Yellovj-covered literature, cheap sensational novels 
 
 _and trashy magazines. 
 
 Y'-lev'el, «. (Surveying.) An instrument for measur- 
 ing altitude and distance. 
 
 Yo'del, I V. t. or i. To sing in the manner of the Swiss 
 
 Yo'dle, i mountaineers by sudden changes between 
 
 ^ the head voice and the chest voice. 
 
 Yt'tri-e, a. {Chem.) Of , or pertaining to, yttrium. 
 
 Yt-trif'er-ou.s, a. [Eng. yttria, and laX.ferre, to bear.] 
 Containing or producing yttrium. 
 
 z. 
 
 Zfl.XA, >?. {Bot.) A small thorny shrub, of the 
 mustard family, common in the Egyptian deserts. 
 
 Zinc, f. t. [imp. and p. p. ZINCK£D (zinkt), p. pr. and 
 vh. n. ziNCK'i>'G.] To cover or coat with zinc. 
 
 Zui'^i*, a. Of, or pertaining to, zinc. 
 
 Zin'gar-i, n. pi. [A Gipsy word.] The Gipsies. 
 
 Zin'ni-a, n. [From the name of Professor Zinn, of Got- 
 tingen.] (Bot.) A hardy annual plant, bearing a pro- 
 fusion of showy flowers. The species are mainly from 
 Mexico. 
 
 Zir-con'i-e, a. { Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or contain- 
 ing, zirconium. 
 
 Zo'e-trope, n. [Gr. ^ojtj, life, and rpoiros, a turning, 
 from rpeneiv, to turn.] An optical toy, in which strips 
 
 of figured paper within a revolving cylinder appear as 
 animals, etc., in natural action. 
 
 Zo'o-pa-tli61'o-gy, w. [Gr. ^ioov, an animal, irdBo^, 
 suffering, and Aoyos, discourse.] Animal pathology. 
 
 Zo'o-psy-eli61'o-gy (-sl-kol'-), n. [Gr. ^wov, an ani- 
 mal, ^jfuxn, soul, and Aoyos, discourse.] Animal psy- 
 chology. 
 
 Zo-6t'i€, a. [Gr. foiov, an animal.] Containing the 
 remains of organized bodies ; — used of rock or soil. 
 
 Zo'ro-as'tri-an, a. Involving Zoroastrianism ; per- 
 taining to Zoroaster, or liis religious system. 
 
 Zo'ro-as'tri-an-igm, n. The system of Zoroaster, the 
 legislator and prophet of the ancient Bactrians, whose 
 system of religion was the national faith of Persia. 
 
 Zy'mi-e, a. [Gr. ^u>7j, ferment.] (Chem.) Procured 
 from a fermented substance ; — said of an acid. 
 
 a, e, &c., loitg : a, e, &c. , short : can 
 food, f<>bt ; firn, rifde, pyll ; 
 
 e, far, ask , all, wliat ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, 
 ?eU, ^liaise, call, 'eeho ; gem, get; a§;e$Ut; linger, link; tiiis. 
 

 UBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 003 132 458 
 
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