Richmond * Virginia 
 
 Colonial * Revolutionary * Confederate 
 and the present *i$9<> 
 
Richmond * Virginia 
 
 C OLONIAL * R EVOLUTIONARY * C ONFEDERATE 
 AND THE P RESENT * 1896 
 
 
 <5 
 
 
 
Text by Watkins Norvell. 
 Designed, Illustrated & Published 
 by Edgar K. Brown. 
 
 
 
 Copyright applied for. 
 
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 ICHMOND, VIRGINIA. Scene of Colonial, Revolutionary, and Confederate Events in War and 
 Peace, abounding in land-marks of these great periods of the Nation's history, invites the close study 
 of those coming from her sister cities who would learn from her record the story of her renown, 
 i If the past of Richmond was great, so also is her present big with promise for a 
 glorious future, under God and His servants, her energetic citizens. Welcome, then, Brethren, 
 to the city built like Rome of old, upon seven hills. One of Richmond's gifted daughters 
 wrote of the city : 
 
 ' ' Oh Richmond ! Richmond ! Richmond ! 
 °" Upon thy seven hills 
 
 Like one of old, we wot of well, 
 Thy fame the wide world fills. ' ' 
 The stranger within her gates will be made to find warmest welcome first, in a magnificent hotel named 
 
 in honor of Virginia's greatest statesman, and her benefactor in various departments of learning — Jefferson and 
 
 second, in the homes of as hospitable and cultured a community as exists on earth. 
 
 Among the celebrated travellers who have visited Richmond, one of them — Charles Dickens — wrote of 
 Richmond-on-the-James, which no doubt reminded him of Richmond-on-the-Thames, after which, by the way it 
 was named, when he visited it in the spring of 1842, thus : 
 
 ' The next day and the next, we rode and walked about the town which is delightfully situated on 
 eight hills overhanging James River, a sparkling stream studded here and there with bright islands or brawling 
 over broken rooks." (The city originally built on seven hills now covers other hills, having largely exceeded the 
 most sanguine expectations of its founder, i " There are pretty villas and cheerful houses on its streets and Xature 
 smiles upon the country 'round." 
 
 To-day the visitor finds a city with substantial buildings, both of a business and residential kind, and a 
 climate dry, temperate, and invigorating, a happy medium between the cold of the North and the heat of the South, 
 Dame Nature's kind provision for the best exercise of powers physical and intellectual, and for recuperation in time 
 of illness or fatigue. 
 
 Nor must be forgotten the wonderful manufacturing advantages in the shape of the great water-power 
 of the James River at this city's door-step, already developed and surely destined to be still further utilized to her 
 future prosperity. 
 
 On May ill, 11507, just after Jamestown was chosen as the new Virginia Colony seat, and thirteen years 
 before the Indians saw the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. Captain John Smith and a party visited " Powhatan." 
 
the ancient place of residence of an Indian king by that name, a short distance below the present city of Richmond. 
 A huge stone now marks his grave there. 
 
 In 1609, under Captain Francis West, sent out by Captain John Smith, then President of the Colony, a 
 settlement was made just below the " Falls " of the James, and in 1645 " Fforte Charles " was built there. 
 
 Colonel William Byrd, of Westover, the second of that name, laid out the plan of a large city at 
 "Shaccos," to lie called Richmond, where he already had tobacco warehouses. The town was laid off in April, 
 1737, and was established by an Act of Assembly in May, 1742, the seat of government being removed hither 
 in 1779 from Williamsburg, Virginia, which had been the capital since 1698. Richmond was incorporated as a 
 city in 17S2. 
 
 The city was invaded in 17< s l by the British forces under Benedict Arnold, who burned many buildings 
 and much tobacco, together with the records of Henrico County, then at Yarina. 
 
 Richmond grew but slowly, chiefly because of emigration to the northward, but there were then 
 developed the conservatism and strength of character that made her people capable for the endurance of trials yet 
 to come, and how well that people bore themselves in the dread days of War is a matter of history. Now, after 
 steps upward and onward, the year of grace, 1896, finds Richmond with a population, including her suburbs, of 
 upwards of 100,(100 people, and increasing in population and industry with her days. 
 
 The Indians called the river on which Richmond is situated Powhatan, or King's River, after their 
 king, Powhatan ; but the English named it James River after the then reigning king, James I, of England. At 
 Powhatan, just below Richmond's harbor, was the seat of the Mayo family since 17'2~>, and one of the Indian king 
 Powhatan's residences was there. A huge stone marks his grave and near by is the old Mayo family burying ground. 
 
 At Varina, or Aiken's Landing, on the James River below Richmond, " Master Rolfe," sometime 
 Secretary of the Colony, resided after his marriage with the Indian princess, Pocahontas, Powhatan's daughter and 
 the savior of Captain John Smith's life. Varina was so called because the tobacco grown there was similar to that 
 produced at Varina in Spain. 
 
 Henrico County Court-House, a long time here, was removed to Richmond after the British burnt the 
 place during the Revolutionary War. Varina was the point at which were exchanged prisoners during the late 
 war, and at Dutch Gap, which is this side of it, General Butler began a canal, completed after the war, near five 
 hundred feet long, across a horse-shoe bend in the James River, saving seven miles in navigation. In this bend 
 was the site of an ancient town, all traces of which has now disappeared, called Henricopolis, founded by the 
 English settlers in 1611, under Sir Thomas Gates and named after " Noble Prince Henrie." 
 
EOLOGY OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. <«,<«,<%, " Richmond is situated at the 
 
 western outcrop of the tertian- and mesozoic, lying upon the archean." — Rogers. 
 
 The tide rises in Richmond three and one-half feet, and at Norfolk it rises two and one-half 
 feet, so that we may say that the lowest part of Richmond is at sea level. The city is built on hills 
 which rise 150 or even 200 feet above the river. 
 
 James River as it passes Richmond runs over a bed of granite or rather gneiss I archean ). The granite 
 or gneiss does not lie in a level plain but is very much dislocated. It underlies the city at varying distances from 
 the surface, none greater than 100 feet. At Hollywood Cemetery the granite comes to the surface high up on the 
 hill overlooking the river. 
 
 Beginning about twelve miles west of Richmond there is a depression in the granite probably 2,000 feet 
 deep and twenty-five miles long and twelve miles broad. In this cavity are found very extensive beds of triassic 
 coal, the quality of which is superior. 
 
 When the water is low the granite rocks in the river for six miles above Richmond exhibit a remarkable 
 appearance, as if they had been torn asunder by a giant force. Across the river at Forest Hill Park, along Reedy 
 Creek, tremendous boulders, or rather fragments of granite as big as a house, appear at the position where the 
 fracture occurred. 
 
 East of Richmond the granite does not come to the surface, but it declines at the rate of twenty feet a 
 mile in a slope to the sea. 
 
 What does all this mean ? It means that there was at a certain time a crack in the granite ( archean |, 
 and the eastern portion was depressed toward the sea. What is the reason that from New York to North Carolina 
 the principal towns are located as Richmond is : that is, on rivers at the supply of water-power and at the head of 
 navigation? It means that Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Fredericksburg, Richmond, Petersburg, and 
 Weldon are built at the edge of this immense crack in the granite. 
 
 If we were to take the mountains of Virginia and put them upon the granite of Richmond and put 
 Richmond upon the top, we would have, with some gaps, something like a regular geological series, but at Rich- 
 mond geology skips from the oldest of all formations to comparatively recent times. Lying on the granite we find 
 what Rogers called the upper mesozoic, and what is now called by the United States Geological Survey the Potomac. 
 It is found at Richmond from ten to thirty feet thick, and consists mainly of gravel, in which we find pebbles of 
 quartzite and of feldspar as the chief ingredients. The pebbles of feldspar are in a soft crumbly condition, and 
 give the mass a somewhat hoary appearance. 
 
On the Potomac formation, about fifteen feet deep is found a bed of brownish, greenish sand, which 
 Rogers simply called Eocene, and which is named Pamunkey by the United States Geological Survey. It contains 
 shark's teeth and is the equivalent of the green sand marl found on the Pamunkey River. 
 
 And now (ascending) we come to the celebrated bed of infusorial earth, full of beautiful forms — the 
 silieious remains of diatoms. This bed is thirty feet thick. Rogers calls it Miocene. The United States Survey 
 classes this and all that lies above it until we come to the quarternary as Chesapeake. It is a pity that the United 
 States ( Geological Survey should have passed by these beds with simply grouping them under the name 
 "Chesapeake." At Richmond is a bed of Miocene lying sharply defined upon the I Hatomaceous stratum. The 
 color is light red at the top and shades to a brownish yellow. It is about ten feet thick and contains casts of pectins, 
 corbulas, and turritellas. This bed is found at about 150 feet above sea level. In consequence of frequent exca- 
 vations for building purposes it has nearly disappeared. These two strata and the Miocene, and as there is no 
 Pliocene this side of City Point, end the tertiary. It should be remarked that there are no pectins nor other cal- 
 careous shells in the infusorial bed already mentioned. 
 
 All these strata now mentioned are of marine origin. About twenty-five or thirty feet of fresh water 
 deposit complete the geology of Richmond. Rogers calls this upper crust Quaternary and speaks of it as Diluvium. 
 The United States Geological Survey divides it into two layers and names the lower one Columbia and the upper 
 one La Fayette. I have never found fossils in this deposit. The Columbia furnishes us with clay for making 
 brick. If I know what the La Fayette is, it is found abundantly at the top of all as a mixture of red sand and 
 gravel . 
 
 In a paper read by Mr. N. H. Darton, of the United States Geological Survey, at a meeting of the 
 American Institute of Mining Engineers, and published by the United States Geological Survey department, it is 
 stated that the deposits — Potomac, Pamunkey, and Chesapeake — which begin here in Richmond, extend in thick- 
 ened beds and in increasing depth all the way to the sea. 
 
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 jHIEFEST in interest of the many venerable buildings in Richmond is old Saint John's Church, built in 
 1740 and situated according- to present streets at the corner of :2">th and Broad Streets, still carefully pre- 
 served, surrounded by its " God's acre," ancient graves and tombstones, the oldest of which bears the 
 date of 1751. 
 
 Divine Service was held here before the Revolution and is still regularly held for a large congregation. 
 its walls have echoed to the tread of great men of old, and here rang out from the statesman, Patrick Henry, in the 
 meeting of the Virginia Convention, March 20, 1775, of Lovers of Liberty, the memorable words : " Give me liberty 
 or give me death. ' ' 
 
 This Convention met in the church because they asked the aid and guidance of Heaven in their work. 
 
VEX AS Free-Masonry in the minds of its devoted adherents follows after religion and serves as her hand- 
 maiden, so, very appropriately may now follow this fact that the first edifice built in America for Masonic 
 uses only, in 1785, is now occupied by Richmond Randolph Lodge, No. 19, Ancient Free and Accepted 
 Maquis. This Masonic Hall is in what is now Franklin Street, between 18th and 19th Streets, and the corner- 
 stone was laid < )ctober 29, 1785, by the Grand Lodge of Virginia. The Lodge now occupying this hall and holding 
 regular monthly meetings therein was named after the Grand Master of Masons and Governor of Virginia at its 
 incorporation in 1787, Edmund Randolph, a distinguished Virginian. Very interesting to Masons is the story of 
 this old building, for around the Lodge Altar therein have sat statesmen, soldiers, and citizens known all over the 
 world. It was the birth-place of Masonry in Virginia. Its records show that on the 22d of February, 1800, the 
 Lodge took part in the funeral obsequies of its late Worshipful Brother, George Washington, Past Master, and the 
 record book of the Lodge shows the signatures of Brothers La Fayette, George Washington La Fayette, and 
 La Vasseur, his secretary, who all three visited the Lodge on October 30, 1824, during their stay in Richmond, and 
 who were then elected honorary members of the Lodge. It also appears that the Lodge on July 25th, 1831, 
 attended funeral obsequies in honor of the memory of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, and 
 joined a procession in memory of their Worthy Brother, General La Fayette, who died May 20, 1834 ; and on July 
 9, 1 835, attended the funeral of Worshipful Brother John Marshall, late Master of the Grand Lodge of Virginia and 
 Chief Justice of the United States, and on October 30, 1849, paid respect to the memory of Worshipful Brother 
 James K. Polk, eleventh President of the United States. The Lodge joined in the ceremony of laying the corner- 
 stone of the Washington Monument, in the Capitol Square, on the 22d of February, 1850, and the laying of the 
 corner-stone of the Yorktown Monument on October 19, 1881, the "Centennial of National Life." The Lodge 
 celebrated its one hundredth anniversary October 2'.), 1887, with suitable ceremony at this old hall. 
 
 An appropriate contrast to this old building is that of the new Masonic Temple, 
 situated on Broad Street corner Adams Street. In this tine edifice meet the Blue Lodges, 
 Royal Arch Chapters, the Commanderies of Knights Templar, and Temples of the 
 Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and in it is to lie found the Grand Secretary's office 
 of the Grand Lodge of Masons of Virginia. 
 
 St. Albans Hall, erected in 1867, a large Masonic building, is at the 
 corner of Main and 3d Streets, and here meet the Scottish Rite bodies ami the 
 Allied Masonic Decrees of the United States of America. 
 
 Another Masonic Hall, Springfield Hall, is in 25th Street near Clay. 
 
HE OLD Stone House in Main Street between 19th and 20th Streets is probably the oldest house 
 in Richmond, having been built by \Jacob Ege in 17-">7. and the statement that Washington 
 had his headquarters here at one time during the Revolution comes down as a tradition. It 
 has also sheltered La Fayette, Monroe, Jefferson, Madison, Patrick Henry, and other great men. Thousands 
 of people froln all parts of the world visit it. It is now filled with relics and curiosities, and is in 
 charge of the city. 
 
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 HE SWAN Tavern, still preserved in Broad near 9th Street, was an ancient place of entertainment kept 
 by Major Moss, ' 'who may or may not have served in the War of the Rev >luti< >n. " To quote Mr. Mordecai, 
 " he was full of good feeding, breeding, and fellowship." "His house might have been called the Lincoln's 
 Inn or Doctor's Commons of Richmond, for there assembled in term time the non-resident judges and lawyers, and 
 though of an unpretending exterior the Swan was a tavern of the highest repute for good fare, »;ood wine, and good 
 company. ' ' 
 
 " An annex to the Swan was a house at the corner of Broad and 9th Streets. Here Aaron Burr, third 
 Vice-President of the United States was kept prisoner during his trial for treason, lasting from May 22 to Septem- 
 ber 15, 1807, the Federal Court having then no prison here under its control." 
 
O POINT in Richmond is more interesting 
 than the beautiful Capitol Square, on whose 
 grounds are the State Capitol, new State 
 Library Building, Governor's Mansion, Old Bell Tower, the 
 equestrian statue of Washington, and the statues of Clay 
 and "Stonewall" Jackson. Tame squirrels frolic in the 
 trees and on the grass in this Square, and come to the 
 visitor in perfect fearlessness. The railing enclosing the 
 Square is of wrought iron representing Roman spears. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson chose the model for the new- 
 Capitol when in Paris in 1 785, selecting an ancient Roman 
 Temple, the Maison Caree, at Nismes, France. The 
 model he sent back is still in the State Library, and of it 
 he wrote: "Here I am, gazing whole hours at the 
 Maison Caree, like a lover at his mistress." Its corner- 
 stone was laid August 18, 1785, and the Legislature met 
 in it October 19, 1789, the anniversary of Cormvallis' 
 surrender at Yorktown, eight years previously. This 
 grand old edifice is filled with memories and relics of 
 the past. Here met the Convention of 1788 and the resolutions of 1798-99, by James Madison, truly inter- 
 preted the Federal compact. The Convention of 1829-'30, including Madison, Monroe, Marshall, and John 
 Randolph, of Roanoke, sat here, and the Universal Suffrage Convention of 1851, and the Secession Convention of 
 1861 also met here. 
 
 The Congress of the Confederate States of America came here in 1862 from Montgomery, Alabama, and 
 sat until the day in April, 1SH5, when Lee was turned back at Petersburg, and " all was lost save honor." 
 
 In 1867, tlie "Re-construction" Convention sat in tins building for the purpose of making a new 
 constitution for Virginia. The Confederate States' Senate Chamber was in the present place of the Governor's 
 Office, in the Capitol, and their House of Representatives met in the present State Senate Chamber, the Virginia 
 House of Delegates then using its own hall, which it has occupied since the Capitol was completed. The State 
 Senate met during the war in the rooms now used by the Secretarv of the Commonwealth. 
 
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'N THE Senate Chamber is to be seen a very large painting by Lami, a French artist, showing the 
 storming of the Yorktown fortifications, October 14, 1781. It was given to Virginia by the late 
 philanthropist, Mr. W. \V. Corcoran. 
 On the right of the entrance to the hall of the House of Delegates, where Aaron Burr was tried for 
 treason before Chief Justice Marshall, is to be seen a life sized portrait of Thomas Jefferson, painted by the artist, 
 Catlin, and on the left side, one of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, painted by Charles Willson Peak-. The Earl of 
 Chatham will be gratefully remembered by Virginia and the whole country for the ardent interest lie took in the 
 affairs of the colonies in their efforts for a just representation in the English Parliament. 
 
 In the Rotunda of the Capitol may be seen the precious statue of Washington, voted to that great man 
 by the General Assembly of Virginia in 1 7*4. Monsieur Houdon, the artist, was engaged in Paris by Mr. Jefferson to 
 come to Virginia to make it. M. Houdon was the most celebrated sculptor of his time. The inscription on the 
 pedestal, from the pen of James Madison, reads thus: "GEORGK Washington. The General Assembly of the 
 Commonwealth of Virginia have caused this statue to be erected as a monument of affection and gratitude to 
 George Washington, who, uniting to the endowments of the hero, the virtues of the Patriot, and exerting both in 
 the establishment of the liberties of his country, has rendered his name dear to his fellow-citizens, and given to the 
 world an immortal example of true glory. Done in the year of Christ one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
 eight, and in the year of the Commonwealth the twelfth." 
 
 This statue, made by Houdon from a cast of the person of the illustrious subject at Mount Vernon, in 
 October, 1785, was completed in 1788, and detained in France because the Capitol was incomplete, was placed in 
 position in May, 1796. La Fayette said of it : " It is a fac-simile of Washington's person." Gilbert Stuart, the 
 eminent artist who painted Washington from life, called the Houdon bust the "true likeness, par excellence." 
 Rembrandt Peale. another great painter very familiar with Washington's appearance said : " That is the man, sir. 
 exactly." This is the only statue of Washington in existence to-day made from life. 
 
 Another work of the great sculptor, Houdon, adorns a niche in the wall of the Rotunda in the shape of 
 a bust of La Fayette. The original was presented to the city of Paris by Virginia, and from it this copy was made. 
 Near to it are marble busts of Chief Justice Marshall and General J. E. B. Stuart. 
 
N OLD and invaluable relic of Colonial days is the Speaker's 
 
 Chair, dating from 1700, when it was first used in the Virginia 
 House of Burgesses, and until lately by the Speaker of the 
 House of Delegates. It is now in the State Capitol. 
 
 Another most interesting relic is the old stove of the ' 'three- 
 story " design, and elaborate figures in relief, to be seen in the same 
 place. It was made in London in 1770, by one Ruzaglo, a renowned 
 artisan of that time, and was ordered by Lord Botetourt, Governor, for 
 the House of Burgesses. To quote a letter from Buzaglo to ' ' My Lord 
 Botetourt," it was then considered " to excel in grandeur," and to be 
 a " master-piece not to be equalled in all Europe." 
 
 The Virginia Court of Appeals formerly met in a court 
 room of the Capitol, just over the Hall of the House of Delegates. 
 Crowded with people assembled to hear the decision in the contested 
 election case of " Ellyson vs. Cahoon," April 27, 1870, the floor broke, 
 precipitating the crowd to the hall below. Sixty-five people were 
 killed, and two hundred or more injured. Amongst the dead and 
 wounded were some of the best known and most celebrated men in 
 Virginia. 
 
 The views of the city and of the surrounding country from the top of the Capitol, and from the windows 
 of the new Library Building, are very fine. 
 
 An old General Court-House, where the general court was held, used to stand on the Capitol Square 
 at the eastern gate, opening on Franklin Street, but it was burned in the great evacuation fire of April 3, 1865, 
 and now no trace even of its foundations remain. 
 
 Some of the most valuable records in the State were destroved in this fire. 
 
 At one time the house was 
 
 used as a museum, called the Richmond Museum. 
 
 
PROMINENT feature in the view from the Capitol south, is the United States Custom-House, in Main 
 Street, running back to Bank Street, between 10th anu - ''th Streets, completed in 185-5, and now filled 
 with the offices of the United States Revenue Department, United States Court Rooms, and the Post- 
 Office, it surviving the conflagration of April, 1S(55. The territory over which that great fire on the evacuation of 
 Richmond extended, stretched from Dr. Hoge's church, on 5th Street near Main, to Rocketts, the lower end of 
 Richmond, and from bank and Main Streets on the north to the river on the south. 
 
 During the late war, while in the possession of the Confederate States, it was used as their Treasury 
 Department, President Davis having his office in it. The War Post-Office of the Confederate States was in the 
 famous Spotswood Hotel, at 8th and Main Streets, destroyed by fire December 25, 1870. 
 
 The new Library Building, a modern and beautiful structure, on the Capitol Square, was finished and 
 occupied in September, 1895. In it will be found the Virginia State Library, containing 50,000 volumes, besides 
 many law books, including standard publications, together with valuable and exceedingly rare manuscripts and 
 books, many "absolutely unique" in truth, as the accomplished librarian, Mr. W. \V. Scott, says. 
 
 The collection of interesting relics in the State Library embraces autograph letters, documents, news- 
 papers, photographs, views, drawings, old coins, flags, muskets, and sabres, all of inestimable value, from the 
 Colonial, Revolutionary, and Confederate days of Richmond and Virginia. 
 
 In the picture gallery of the Library are many portraits of Presidents, Governors, Speakers of the 
 Houses of Burgesses and Delegates, State Officers, soldiers, statesmen, judges, and lawyers. There are besides, 
 many busts and statues of Virginia's great men from the earliest days of the Colonial period to the present time. 
 
 There is to be seen here a portrait, from life, of the renowned Indian Chief, 
 Black Hawk, by Robert Sully. 
 
 The Supreme Court of Appeals and its Law Library are in this building; 
 the other floors are occupied with the offices of the State Treasurer, Auditor, 
 and other State Officers. The United States Weather Bureau Office is also in 
 this building. In the Laud Office of Virginia are volumes and land grants, 
 dating from 1623, including records of Revolutionary land grants and 
 bounties. 
 
 The present Governor's Mansion was first occupied by Governor James 
 Barbour, from 1811 to 1815. The original house was a plain wooden structure, 
 and had onlv two rooms on the first floor. 
 
The 
 
 N THE Capitol Square is to be found a most 
 
 artistic group of statuary, an equestrian statue 
 
 to Washington, who is surrounded by the great 
 
 statesmen of his time, Patrick Henry, Thomas 
 
 Jefferson /[Chief Justice Marshall. Nelson, Mason, and 
 
 Lewis. This is considered to be, in design and execution, 
 
 the peer of any similar statue in this country, if not in 
 
 the world. 
 
 Thomas Crawford, born in New York in 1813, 
 died in London in 1S.")7, was the celebrated artist who 
 designed it. Crawford died after finishing the models of 
 all the statues which surround Washington except Lewis, 
 Marshall, Nelson, and the six allegorical figures. Mr. 
 Randolph Rogers, an eminent sculptor, American born, 
 then living in Rome, modelled the statues of Lewis and 
 statue of Marshall was done by Signor Guissepe Blassetti, 
 The casting of all of them was done at the celebrated 
 
 Nelson and the six allegorical figures 
 
 of Rome, from a three foot statuette left by Crawford. 
 
 Muller Foundry, at Munich. 
 
 The corner-stone was laid February 22, 1850, with Zachary Taylor, President of the United States, and 
 other distinguished men present . 
 
 A bronze statue of the great Confederate General, " Stonewall " Jackson, stands in the Capitol Square 
 and was, as the inscription thereon states, " Presented by English Gentlemen as a tribute of admiration for the 
 soldier and patriot, Thomas J. Jackson, and gratefully accepted by Virginia in the name of the Southern people. 
 Done A. D., 1875, in the one hundredth year of the Commonwealth. 'Look, there is Jackson standing like a 
 stone wall.' " 
 
 The statue is the work of the sculptor Foley, of Dublin, born in 1818 and died in 1S74. The date of its 
 unveiling attracted the survivors of the famous old " Stonewall Brigade," and thousands of soldiers and civilians of 
 the Confederate days. It is thought by his soldiers the best reproduction of the General extant. 
 
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X THE Capitol Square there is a marble statue to Henry Clay, the excellent 
 work of the sculptor, Joel T. Hart, of Kentucky, who died in Florence in 1877, 
 aged sixty-seven. The statue was erected by the Ladies' Clay Association, and 
 dedicated on Clay's eighty-third anniversary, April 12, I860. 
 
 On the same day, another statue was raised to him in New Orleans, and a third 
 in his adopted State, Kentucky, a remarkable coincidence. 
 
 Those cotemporary with the statesman called this an excellent likeness in 
 face and figure. 
 
 THE "OLD BELL HOUSE," in 
 the Capitol Square, was erected in 1824, to 
 accommodate the guard which then protected 
 the Capitol, this guard having previously 
 occupied a house known as " The Barracks," 
 in the southwest corner of the Square. In 1790 
 a bell was purchased and hunt; in front of the 
 Capitol, and afterwards put in this old bell house. During the late 
 war, 1861— '65, it rang out to assemble soldiers and citizens to the 
 defence of Richmond, the Capital of the Confederacy. No one knows 
 where the old bell is now. 
 
HE HOME of that celebrated 
 jurist, John Marshall, Chief 
 Justice of the United States 
 is a large and striking two-story 
 brick house on the northwest corner of 
 9th and Marshall Streets, the latter 
 street being named after him, built in 
 1795, and was occupied by him until 
 his death, which occurred in 1835. 
 
 Judge Marshall is buried in 
 
 the old Shockoe Hill Cemetery, where 
 
 his grave is an object of great interest 
 
 to visitors. Some of his descendents 
 
 still own and occupy his old home. 
 
 This brilliant and wonderful genius and poet, Edgar Allan Poe, the adopted son of John Allan, a rich 
 
 merchant of Scotch descent, made his home at the corner of 5th and Main Streets for some years in the fine old 
 
 mansion of Mr. Allan. This house is now torn down. 
 
 The Richmond " Examiner " of August 21, 1849, said : " Mr. Edgar Allan Poe delivered his lecture 
 on the Poetic Principle in the Exchange Hotel concert-room last Friday night." This beautiful lecture has since 
 been published with the various editions of the poems of this strangely-gifted man, who was a most fascinating 
 writer of prose as well as poetry, and whose works have been widely translated into other languages than 
 English. 
 
»LD MONUMENTAL Church, Broad Street below 12th. 
 
 is most interesting to visitors, for on this spot on the 
 *^<* night after Christmas day, 1811, the then Richmond 
 Theatre was burned during the performance, and seventy-two 
 people lost their lives. Among them were Governor George W. 
 Smith ; United States Senator Venable ; Benjamin Botts, a cele- 
 brated lawyer, and Mrs. Botts, together with many other ladies 
 and gentlemen of old Virginia families. On the front portico of 
 this octagonal religious edifice, which was built after this dreadful 
 calamity as a monument of the event, and dedicated to God in 
 1S14, is a marble cenotaph which bears the names of those who 
 perished and whose remains rest beneath it. 
 The Congress of the United States and the legislative bodies of many of the States passed resolutions of 
 sympathy with Virginia in her great affliction, thus showing the widespread sorrow at this event. La Fayette, 
 America's faithful friend in the Revolution, worshipped in this old church on his visit here in 1824. 
 
 The theatre burned was formerly an " Academy of Fine Arts," established by M. Chevalier Quesday 
 de Beaurepaire in 1788, which failed and was converted into a theatre, the first one in Richmond. 
 
 The square on which are now Monumental Church and the Medical College of Virginia was formerly 
 called " Academy Square. " Here, in 1788, met the convention which ratified the United States Constitution as 
 framed in Philadelphia. Among the delegates to this convention were James Madison, John Marshall, James 
 Monroe, Patrick Henry, Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe. George Nicholas, Edmund Randolph, George Mason, 
 and other great men. 
 
 At the corner of Broad and College Streets is the First Baptist Church, for colored people, with 4,000 
 members, and the largest congregation in the United States. It is on the site of the old " African Church," which 
 was built between the years 1790 and 1800, for whites, and demolished in 1.S7K. When the first congregation built 
 the present First Baptist Church, on the corner of Broad and 12th Streets, this church building was given to their 
 colored brethren. The dead and dying victims of the lamentable burning of the Richmond Theatre, December 26, 
 L811, were brought and laid on the floor of the old church on the night of the fire. Here met the Virginia Con- 
 vention of 1829-30, as for a long time the church was used for the purposes of lectures, concerts, and exhibitions. 
 Madame Patti sang here asa youthful prodigy, and here Edward Everett delivered a celebrated oration on Washington. 
 
RARE and excellent specimen of the 
 Egyptian style of architecture is just 
 around the corner from the old 
 Monumental Church, on College and Marshall 
 Streets, in the Medical College of Virginia, 
 established in 1838, and the Faculty of which 
 has always borne, and still bears, very distin- 
 guished rank in the art of healing. The well- 
 known physiologist, Brown-Sequard, of Paris, 
 was once a professor in this institution. 
 
 Just opposite the western gate of the Capitol Square is the beautiful Saint Paul's Church 
 built in 1845, by the then members of Monumental Church. This church was built after the Corinthian 
 style of architecture, to which was added what was then, and is now, the loftiest and most graceful spire in Rich- 
 mond. It is considered by European visitors to be very like the Church of Saint-Martin-in-the-fields London. 
 Saint Paul's is a most historic structure, for in it are the pews once occupied by President Jefferson Davis and 
 General Robert E. Lee, during the late war. These pews are marked with name plates. Mr. Davis was seated 
 here on that memorable morning, April 2, 1865, when the telegram came from General Lee, telling him of the loss 
 of Petersburg to the Confederacy, and the necessity for the evacuation of Richmond, which took place that night, 
 the Federal troops entering the city the next day. 
 
 There is a handsome memorial window in this church to General Lee, placed there in memory of that 
 great soldier by the Stewart family, and another one has been ordered in memory of President Davis, the work 
 going on upon it at this time. The ^memorial window to General Joseph R. Anderson, also here, is considered an 
 artistic piece of work. Saint Paul's is opsn daily for private prayer and visitors, and has frequent Sunday 
 and Saint's Dav services. 
 
RESIDENT Jefferson Davis, of the late Confed- 
 erate States of America, lived in the imposing building 
 at Clay and 12th Streets during the war. The large 
 grounds attached to the house were beautifully laid out and 
 adorned with statuary, flowers and fountains. 
 
 Mr. Davis, to whom it had been presented by the 
 city of Richmond on the removal of the seat of government 
 here from Montgomery, Alabama, would only occupy it on the 
 condition of its remaining the property of the city. After 
 Richmonds evacuation, it was taken by the Federal troops for 
 use as a residence and headquarters for the military commanders 
 of Virginia until the army was withdrawn, and the State's 
 representation in the Union restored ; the city then received it back and it was used a long time as a public school. 
 Lately it has been renovated and restored to its former condition, to be henceforth devoted to the purposes of a 
 Confederate Museum, without any material change from its appearance during its occupancy by President Davis. 
 
 General Lee's residence, which he occupied with his family 
 while he was General-in-chief of the Confederate Armies, is number 71 '/ 
 Franklin Street, between 7th and Nth Streets. It is now used by the 
 Virginia Historical Society, an organization formed for the purpose of 
 preserving and caring for \ "irginia's valuable historical records. This 
 house is a very interesting place to strangers as well as citizens, there 
 being many portraits and relics of the old days to be seen there, together 
 with an extensive library of books, manuscripts, and the publications ol 
 the Societv. 
 
^^«&HH VALENTINE Museum, at the corner of 11th and Clay Streets, was incorporated by an act of the 
 
 G General Assembly of Virginia, approved January 24, ls!)4. 
 Mann S. Valentine, the founder, a citizen of Richmond, bequeathed this, his residence, together 
 with his library, pictures, curios, and fifty thousand dollars to establish the institution for the purpose of preserving 
 objects of archaeology, anthropology and other kindred arts, and publishing literary, historic and scientific papers. 
 
 In addition to the bequest of the founder, his brother, Mr. Edward V. Valentine, the sculptor, has 
 donated his art collection and a number of his original works, and Messrs. Granville G. Valentine, Benj. B. 
 Valentine, and Edward P. Valentine have added " The Valentine Collection," comprising more than one hundred 
 thousand archaeological specimens, the result of their researches through a number of years. While the compara- 
 tive size of the last named collection has apparently given to the Museum a scientific bias, yet it is not the purpose 
 of the trustees that this should be the case, as may be seen by the following extract from the charter, viz : 
 
 " The said corporation may also accept, take, use, and apply any gifts or donations of any property, 
 either real or personal, made to it by deed, will, or otherwise, for the advancement or promotion of any branch or 
 department of science, art, or literature ; or for the encouragement or diffusion of knowledge or instruction therein 
 under such lawful terms, conditions, and regulations 
 as may be prescribed by the donor, or as ma}- be 
 established by said corporation." 
 
 The building, noted for the beauty of 
 the architecture of its interior, was erected in 1812, 
 and is one of the few ante-bellum residences now 
 remaining in an unaltered condition. 
 
 The construction of cases and classifica- 
 tion of specimens will not be completed before 
 January 1, 1897, at which time the Museum will be 
 open to the public. 
 
 ^P 
 
 wmmMii^t^^ 
 
 
k VISITOR who is a true- lover of art 
 should fail to visit the studio of Vir- 
 ginia's distinguished sculptor, Edward 
 V. Valentine, whose latest work, the marble 
 statue of Thomas Jefferson, adorns the court of 
 the Jefferson Hotel. The studio, which is situated 
 at number SOU East Leigh Street, possesses many 
 attractions for appreciative people. 
 
 Here may be seen, in addition to Mr. 
 Valentine's own fine work, much that is of interest 
 relating to the noble art of sculpture. Models, 
 casts, death-masks, and busts of celebrated people, 
 the famous of Europe and America. 
 
 Of especial note will be found the 
 original in plaster of the recumbent statue of 
 General Robert E. Lee, which has won for the sculptor, not only the applause, but the love of the people of the 
 South. Mr. Valentine had, years ago, sittings from General Lee, and at his death was, most happily, 
 selected to execute this monumental work, which, in marble, is now in the Lee Mausoleum, at 
 Lexington, Virginia. 
 
 Here also are to be found the lovely and appealing figure of the blind girl, and the 
 beautiful Homeric group of Andromache and Astynax. The last named work is, so far, adjudged 
 Mr. Valentine's masterpiece, and upon it much of his fame as a sculptor will undoubtedly rest. 
 The group most ideally illustrates, in marble, the well-known lines from Homer, describing 
 Andromache's premonition of the death of Hector. 
 
 Mr. Valentine studied abroad for years, and was a pupil of Couture and Jouffroy, of 
 Paris, and Kiss, of Berlin. 
 
 On the record of visitors kept at the studio are to be found the signatures of many dis- 
 tinguished persons of both sides of the Atlantic. The two studios are perhaps the largest devoted 
 to the art of sculpture in America. 
 
N THE beautiful court of The Jefferson, fit setting for such an artistic work, stands a marble statue of 
 Thomas Jefferson, by the sculptor, Edward V. Valentine, of Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 From a careful study of the best portraits obtainable, and by the kindness of Mr. Jefferson's 
 descendants, the rare privilege of clothing the figure in the garments actually worn by him, Mr. Val- 
 entine has produced a statue that is instinct with physical and intellectual vigor. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson, who was six feet two and a-half inches tall, is represented in a statute of little more than 
 life size, and at the age, and in the dress of the period, when he wrote the immortal Declaration of Independence. 
 The figure is elegant and impressive, and the posture easy and graceful ; the left foot is slightly advanced and 
 most of the weight of the figure rests on the right foot. His left hand rests on a Doric column, which in itself is 
 typical of Mr. Jefferson's classical nature, and the lines of the column are broken by the graceful contact of the 
 folds of his great coat, which falls naturally against it. The right hand holds the original copy of the wonderful 
 paper which was so mighty in the destiny of this great republic, and bears the faithful reproduction of the endorse- 
 ment on its back, as follows : " The original draft of the Declaration of Independence, passed by the Continental 
 Cpngress of the United States of America, the fourth of July, 177H." 
 
 The drapery, which as before stated, was from Mr. Jefferson's 
 costume, gives a delightful and picturesque effect to the figure, and consists of 
 a long great coat with ornamental cape, covering a lighter dress coat beneath, 
 long waistcoat, knee breeches, top boots, and a many folded neck cloth, with 
 lace ruffles. There is an entire absence of stiffness and conventionality about 
 the figure, and its simplicity and ease make it the more beautiful. When 
 the perfect detail has been studied, it is forgotten in the general effect. The 
 position of the head is slightly bent, and the face is pleasant, yet bears the . 
 lines of intellect, force, and power, and the whole is a grand and noble con- 
 ception of the great statesman. 
 
 The statue is fashioned from the purest Carrara marble, and i> 
 faultless in material. It also has that rare attraction which attaches to all 
 masterpieces, it grows upon the spectator, and the guests of the new hotel 
 will have an ennobling object for their contemplation as they rest in the 
 grand entrance of " The Jefferson." 
 
HE LEE Monument, an equestrian statue by the famous French 
 sculptor, M. Antonin Mercie, is at the head of Franklin Street, in 
 the extreme west end, at what is called Lee Circle. The corner- 
 stone was laid on October 27, 1887, the unveiling taking place May "JK, 1890, 
 in the presence of the military and civilians of the South, Southwest, and North- 
 west. The ceremonies were appropriate, and no such crowd, in point of 
 numbers, has ever been seen in Richmond. 
 
 At the intersection of Grove Avenue, Park Avenue, and Harrison 
 vStreet, in the west end of Richmond, now known as Howitzer Place, is a bronze 
 monument of a cannoneer, known as the Howitzer Monument, the work of 
 W. L. Sheppard, a Richmond artist. It was unveiled December 13, 1892, as a 
 tribute to the Richmond Howitzers from the Howitzer Association and Battery. 
 The position of the figure is " Number one " at the gun. He has just fired 
 from behind breast-works, and from them is observing the enemy, with 
 fragments of exploded shell at his feet, hat in hand. The statue is taken from'life. 
 
 On the Hermitage Road, three miles from the city, is a'heroic bronze statue erected to General A. P. 
 Hill, Confederate States Army, by his late comrades. His remains rest beneath it, having been transferred here 
 from Hollywood. General Hill, who was killed near Petersburg, April •_', 1865, just before the last scene in the 
 war drama, was a picturesque and heroic character, and has been considered to represent in the infantry of the 
 Army of Northern Virginia, what General Stuart did in the cavalry. Almost in sight of the spot where this statue 
 stands, he organized his famous Light Division, which left a record unsurpassed in the annals of war. The statue 
 was designed by Mr. \V. L. Sheppard. 
 
 Seven miles from Richmond, on the Ashland road near a point called Yellow Tavern, on May 11, 1864, 
 was fought a battle taking its name from that place, between the Federal troops under General Sheridan, and the 
 Confederate forces under General J. E. B. Stuart, and on the spot where Stuart fell from wounds which soon proved 
 fatal, there is a monument erected to his valor. The shaft, which is close to the road on the left hand side, is of 
 granite, and twenty feet high. On the east front is a device of two crossed sabres and this inscription : " Upon this 
 field Major-Geueral J. E. B. Stuart, commanding Confederate Cavalry, Army of Northern Virginia, received his 
 mortal wound. May 1 1 , 1864. STUART." On the north front, " He was fearless and faithful, pure and powerful, 
 tender and true." The west front. " He saved Richmond, but he gave his life. Born February 0, 1833, died May 
 12, 1864." South front, " This stune is erected by some of his comrades to commemorate his virtues." 
 
|AY 15, 1862, marked the beginning of hostilities near the City of Richmond at Drewry's Bluff, on the 
 south side of James River, seven miles below the city, where Fort Darling was built. The Union fleet 
 of men-of-war attacked the batteries of the Confederates, but were forced to retire with severe loss of 
 men and their vessels badly damaged. The remains of the batteries may still be seen. On the opposite 
 side of the river is Chaffin's Bluff, where was another Confederate fort. Near this place the Confederate iron-clads 
 were blown up when Richmond was evacuated. 
 
 A grt'at battle was fought at Seven Pines or Fair Oaks, eight miles below Richmond, May 81, 1862, 
 between the Confederate General Johnston's army and the Union General McClellan's left wing, then advancing on 
 Richmond. General Johnston was wounded in this fight, and General Robert E. Fee took command of the army. 
 Ten thousand men were lost on both sides altogether. The line of fortifications is still visible from Fair Oaks to 
 Seven Pines, which has been so called for one hundred and fifty years. A United States National Cemetery is near 
 the battle-field, which, like the other one on the Williamsburg road, nearer Richmond, is carefully kept and tended, 
 and well worth visiting. 
 
 Mechanicsville, five miles northeast of the city, and Ellerson's Mill, close by, are the opening scenes of 
 the famous Seven Days' Battles which commenced June 26, 1862. General McClellan was forced by General Lee 
 to the protection of his vessels in the James River after those conflicts known as Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, Cold 
 Harbor, Savage Station, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill ; the Confederates here received a check, then McClel- 
 lan retired to Harrison's Lauding, closing a campaign in which 30,000 or 40,000 were killed and wounded. It is a 
 pleasant drive to Mechanicsville. 
 
 Cold Harbor, below Mechanicsville, is nine miles from Richmond. Two battles were fought here — one 
 on June 27, 1862, between the Confederates under Generals Hill and Longstreet, and the Federals under Generals 
 McClellan and Fitz John Porter, when the arrival of ' ' Stonewall ' ' Jackson from the Valley settled the victory for the 
 Confederates, and the other on June 3, 1864, between Generals Lee and Grant — with heavy losses to the Union Army. 
 
 Fort Harrison was captured by Butler's men September 2'.», 1864, but they were repulsed at Fort 
 Gilmer, near by. The next day the Confederates lost heavily in trying to recover Fort Harrison. 
 
 Malvern Hill battle-field is fifteen miles from Richmond. These places can be seen from the deck of 
 river steamers. 
 
 At Savage's Station, on the York River Division of the Southern Railway, the Union troops lost heavily 
 June 29, 1862, when attacked by the Confederate forces under General McGruder, the Federals then being in 
 retreat from Cold Harbor to the James River. 
 
The first toll-gate on the Brook road, one mile north of Richmond, was the nearest point at which the 
 Federal troops approached Richmond, and this was in March, 1864, when Kilpatrick was on a raid. General 
 Dahlgren approached within the same distance of the city on the River road on one of his raids. 
 
 The military prisons in the days of war — from 1861 to 1865 — still interest visitors greatly. The first 
 prisoners, taken at the battle of Big Bethel, were confined in a house on Main Street, near 25th Street. 
 
 Libby Prison, at Cary and 20th Streets, became very famous. It was named after Mr. Luther Libby, 
 who used it as a ship chandlery before the war. Thousands of Union prisoners were confined here during the war, 
 and the walls are covered with their names, scratched by themselves. A successful escape was made by Colonel 
 Streight and a party of sixty by tunnelling under the walls, and on a dark, stormy night, eluding the outside sen- 
 tinels. A Chicago syndicate lately purchased it, and took it to Chicago for exhibition purposes, restoring it to its 
 former appearance. The site of Libby Prison is now the Crystal Ice Company's plant, and there a very interesting 
 process of making artificial ice may be seen. 
 
 Castle Thunder, on Cary Street, between 18th and 19th Streets, was another well-known military 
 prison, destroyed by fire after the war. In it were kept those persons whose loyalty to the Confederacy was ques- 
 tioned, together with spies and deserters. 
 
 Hospitals for the Confederate soldiers were located at the .St. Charles Hotel, at Main and loth Streets; 
 the old Goddin Tavern, called St. Francis de Sales Hospital, near Bacon's Quarter Branch ; Seabrook's Tobacco 
 Warehouse, Howard's Grove, and Chimborazo, near Richmond, and the Winder and Jackson Hospitals, in the west 
 end of the city. Several of the States cared for their soldiers in separate hospitals. 
 
 The original Mayo's Bridge, now connecting Manchester with Richmond, was of great antiquity, for 
 Mr. Mordecai says he was told that "at the Richmond end, and as far as the toll-house on the island, it was origi- 
 nally constructed of large logs, raft-like, spiked to the rocks, with a rough floor laid on the logs, and from the 
 island to the Chesterfield side a bridge of boats was thrown." The old bridge was two generations in building, 
 according to Mordecai. Other bridges across the river are those of the Southern Railway Company, Free Bridge, 
 Atlantic Coast Line, Tredegar Company, Nail Works on Belle Isle, and the Belt Line Bridge just above Richmond. 
 
 Belle Isle, in James River, opposite the Tredegar Works, best seen from Gamble's Hill, was the largest 
 prison camp for Federal soldiers in Virginia, they being kept in tents and guarded by infantry and artillery, making 
 their escape extremely difficult. 
 
 The Virginia State Penitentiary, or State Prison, is the oldest of its kind in the United States, and was 
 built in 1796, beginning operation in March, 1800. 
 
 c'P 
 
The Virginia Armory, which stood at the foot of 5th Street, was erected, so says Mr. Mordecai, " soon 
 after the adoption of the celebrated resolutions of 1798-99," when the apprehended encroachment of the Federal 
 Government on the "States' Rights and Strict Construction," induced Virginia to prepare for the worst. Here 
 the manufacture of small arms and artillery, from pistols to " thirty-two pounders," was carried on for many years, 
 though it has now long since ceased. This armory was, except for the arched entrance and part of the west wing, 
 destroyed in the Evacuation fire, April 3, 1865. At the beginning of the war the Confederate States began the 
 manufacture of arms there, continuing it until the evacuation. 
 
 At 7th and Marshall Streets is a massive and military-looking building, the armory of the First Regi- 
 ment Virginia Infantry, and in north 8th Street is the Howitzer Artillery armory, while the armory of the First 
 Regiment Virginia Cavalry is just through the block on 7th Street ; all three of them large and substantial evi- 
 dences of the careful housing and protection afforded the three branches of militia of the State of Virginia by the 
 City of Richmond. The armory of the Richmond Light Infantry Blues, a battalion of infantry, the original com- 
 pany of which was founded in 1793, and the next oldest military organization in point of continuous service in the 
 United States, has its armory on 9th and Can- Streets. The " Blues," as they are popularly called, are a source 
 of pride to every Richmond man. 
 
 Rare and curious sights are to be seen near the southeast corner of Marshall and 7th Streets, now the 
 regimental armory, and once the site of the residence of one of Richmond's prominent citizens, Mr. Henry W. 
 Moncure, in the shape of three cannon balls of 
 wrought granite, nearly three feet in diameter, 
 on stone pedestals, quarried and rounded on the 
 shores of the Bosphorus in Turkey. 
 
 Commodore Elliot, of the United 
 States Navy, brought them to the University of 
 Virginia years ago, but they lay unclaimed at 
 "Rocketts," the then Port of Richmond, until 
 Mr. Moncure moved and mounted them in their 
 present position. 
 
 > 
 
aft HE PUBLIC PARKS of Richmond are very beautiful. The chief and oldest of them is the Capitol 
 Square, laid off by Monsieur Godefroi, of Paris, and Mr. Notman, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Monroe Park, in the western part of the city is another attractive pleasure resort, and there 
 is in it a statue in bronze, by Valentine, of General Williams C. Wickham, a brave Confederate 
 soldier and a well known railroad official. 
 
 Marshall Park, on L,ibby Hill, in the east end of Richmond, affords a magnificent view of the river and 
 surrounding country for many miles. Here was unveiled May 30, 1894, the Confederate Soldiers' and Sailors' 
 Monument, sixty-five feet in height, erected to the memory of the private soldiers and sailors of the late war. The 
 column is a reproduction, excepting dimensions, of the famous Pillar of Pompey, at Alexandria. Egypt, and is 
 surmounted by the bronze figure of a Confederate soldier. 
 
 Chimborazo Park, also in the eastern limits of the city, is noted as an old and favorite place for fighting 
 duels, and several lives have been lost there in the old days, when the code duello was the prevailing mode for 
 settling personal difficulties. 
 
 Gamble's Hill Park, at the south end of 4th Street, is a delightful place of resort for strangers and 
 citizens. A superb view of the Falls of James River, the Tredegar Works, Belle Isle, and the Old Dominion Iron 
 and Nail Works, the bridges across the river, the old armory. State Penitentiary, and the James River Division of 
 the Chesapeake and < )hio Railway, built on the former bed of the canal. Manchester, opposite Richmond, and the 
 country around, can be had from this point. " Pratt's Castle," a very unique house, was built on the edge of this 
 park by a wealthy citizen named Pratt, in or about 185.5. 
 
 At Gamble's Hill is had a fine view of the Tredegar Iron Works, just above the old armory grounds, at 
 the end of 5th Street. They were founded in 1837, and were very extensive in the manufacturing of freight cars, 
 spikes, and railroad iron. Cannon and ammunition were made here during the war by the Confederate States, and 
 also by the United States of America, before the war between the States. Of especial note, was the manufacture 
 here of the armament for the iron-clad, "Merrimack," for the Confederate States Navy, which revolutionized 
 modern naval warfare in the famous engagement in Hampton Roads. 
 
 One of the most picturesque, natural spots for a park will be found at the end of a charming drive 
 across the Free Bridge over the James River, affording beautiful views of the verdure-clad islands of the river. 
 This park, called Forest Hill, on the Manchester or southern side of the James River, is wild and romantic. 
 
containing a lake, while, with its rocky hills and dales, it suggests a bit of mountain glen transported to T-idewater 
 Virginia. A superb view of Richmond is had from the hills of Forest Hill Park, the Jefferson Hotel being a very 
 prominent and striking figure in the scene. 
 
 Reservoir Park, at the western end of Richmond, surrounds the city's chief reservoir, and is attractive 
 with beautiful flowers and trees. It contains a lake, which affords boating and skating in season. 
 
 The new Pump-House for forcing the water used by Richmond's citizens into the Reservoir is close by 
 on the river's bank, and well worth a visit. Richmond's best people may be seen driving in carriages and other 
 vehicles, and riding on horseback, on fine afternoons, among the roads and bridle-paths of the beautiful Reservoir 
 Park. These roads are also favorite resorts for bicyclists. 
 
 Passing out of the Reservoir grounds by the main Boulevard, which extends to Broad Street, there may 
 be seen the L,ee Camp Confederate Soldiers' Home, composed of a large main building and a collection of pretty 
 cottages, set in the midst of a grove of oaks. This Home for the war-worn veterans of the Confederate States was 
 bought and paid for by private citizens, and is now maintained by appropriations from the State of Virginia and 
 City of Richmond, and donations and legacies from other sources. 
 
 Looking in a northeasterly direction from the Soldiers' Home, there may be seen the Exposition build- 
 ings, built on the old Fair Grounds site in 1888. 
 
 In addition to the many beautiful and comfortable residences in the city, Richmond is surrounded by a 
 country affording magnificent sites for lovely villas, and these sites are b^ing rapidly built up. Such charming 
 annexes as Barton Heights, Brookland Park, Chestnut Hill, Highland Park, and Fairmount Park, and many such 
 properties are already large villages in themselves. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, Barton Heights, and the adjacent plats are connected with the city by magnificent via- 
 ducts, over which run electric cars, connecting with the extensive street electric railway system of Richmond. 
 
 Standing on the viaduct crossing the valley at 5th Street, near the Hebrew Cemetery, and connecting 
 the beautiful village of Chestnut Hill with Richmond, may be seen the Richmond Locomotive and Machine Works, 
 an enterprise of vast capacity and extensive fame. Here were lately built the engines and machinery of the United 
 .States Battleship Texas. 
 
HE STRANGER in Richmond will find 
 no more delightful resort on an after- 
 noon or evening than the beautiful 
 Lakeside Park, five miles from Richmond, near 
 the Brook Road, and easily reached by that superb 
 turnpike driving, riding, cycling, or afoot. A 
 new dummy line connect'- with Richmond's electric 
 car system at Sherwood Park Station, and brings 
 private parties to the Park. 
 
 All of the approaches to this beautiful 
 Park are attractive, and its natural situation, 
 aided by the skill of landscape gardeners, architects 
 and judicious management in its planning and 
 care, combine to please the visitor. Here is a 
 large and beautiful lake, fed by neverfailing 
 springs, supplied with a naptha launch, a large 
 boathouse and rowboats, and plentifully stocked 
 with fish. 
 
 The Casino, for dancing parties, is a large building enclosed with glass, steam heated, and finished in 
 the Colonial style, containing a stage for musicians, and ample dressing rooms for ladies and gentlemen. 
 The bowling alley is a completely furnished one of regulation size. 
 
 In Lakeside Park is a deer park with a herd of tame deer, and a picturesque deer-house ; with rare pets 
 in the shape of a pair of raccoons, gentle and playful, and peacocks in variegated plumes strut about the grounds 
 in all their proverbial pride. 
 
 Probably the finest and largest collection of water-fowl, imported and domestic, in this country, is to be 
 seen at Lakeside Park, and also, a fine pair of American eagles. 
 
 A large and elegant club house, built for the occupancy of the Lakeside Wheel Club, 
 an association of gentlemen bicycle riders, has a prominent position at Lakeside Park. Every 
 provision for the comfort and convenience of these wheelmen has been made at this club-house. 
 Frequent concerts will be given at Lakeside Park all the vear. 
 
sites and handsome country residences to be 
 "Hermitage Park," " Bloomingdale Stock 
 " Brook Hill," and the beautiful Emmanuel 
 
 SJHERE IS scarcely a more beautiful and interesting drive than that to be had over the Brook Turnpike, 
 the oldest road out of Richmond. Brook Avenue is named after the Brook Turnpike, into which 
 it merges at Bacon's Quarter Branch, a stream made famous by being the boundary of a large plantation 
 of the "Great Rebel," as he was called, Nathaniel Bacon, in 1676, and now the corporation line of the city 
 of Richmond. 
 
 Just before the " Branch" is crossed, may be seen a quaint, old-fashioned building known as Goddin 
 Tavern, a relic of the old time days of entertainment. This house was used as a hospital for Confederate soldiers 
 during the late war, and was called St. Francis de Sales Hospital. 
 
 Continuing north, there are a number of lovely villa 
 seen, notably : "Sherwood Park," "Westwood," "Laburnum,' 
 Farm," " Westbrook," named for its situation west of the "Brook, 
 Church, near Brook Hill. 
 
 Other interesting points on the Brook Road are the Jefferson Laundry, the remains of fortifications near 
 Laburnum, an old square stone in the same neighborhood, marking the boundary of another plantation of Nathaniel 
 Bacon's, Brook Hill School-House, and Brook Creek, near which lived the negro slave, Gabriel (whose attempt, in 
 the year LSI II), to murder his master and his family, during a contemplated insurrection of slaves, was prevented by 
 a freshet in this stream), Lakeside Park, an attractive resort, " Hollybrook," a pretty country seat just beyond it ; 
 Yellow Tavern, near which place General J. E. B. Stuart was mortally wounded in battle, and where is now a 
 monument to him. Other pleasant drives are the Deep Run, or Broad Street Road, the Grove 
 Road, and the Westham Road, entered at Cary Street, extended. 
 
 Emmanuel Episcopal Church, on the Brook Road adjoining the " Brook Hill " estate, 
 is hidden from view in the summer time by the grove surrounding it. Only its spire, which rises 
 gracefully above the tree-tops, tells of the presence of the sanctuary there. Around it is a church- 
 yard which is well kept and interesting to visit-, containing among others, a handsome monument 
 to Mr. John Stewart, late master of " Brook Hill," who is buried here, and an obelisk of granite 
 in memory of eighty-five Confederate soldiers whose graves are also in this beautiful spot. The 
 shaft is twenty feet high, simple in design, and crowned with a wreath of laurel, and bears the 
 names of those who were known, with numbers only for some whose identity is unascertained. 
 The inscription reads: "1861-65, Confederate Dead." Fifty yards to the northwest of this 
 monument are the remains of a fortification left from the war. 
 
 5 *afiB£ 
 
i ICHMf IND COLLEGE, at the head of Grace Street, originated from a school built for training candidates 
 for the Baptist ministry. In 1832 it was called the Virginia Baptist Seminary, and thrown open to 
 youths of all religious denominations. As Richmond College, it was chartered in 1840, and stands 
 high among the educational institutions of the State. There is an extensive library and a museum connected 
 with it. 
 
 The Woman's College, at 10th and Marshall Streets, is under the auspices of the Baptist Church, and 
 was formerly called the Richmond Female Institute, founded in 1855. 
 
 There is an institution for the education of colored divinity students called the Richmond Theological 
 Seminary, at 19th and Main Streets, formerly the Union Hotel, built in 1817, and for the time, until 1850, one of 
 the leading hotels of the city. 
 
 Richmond's Public School System, begun in 1869 in a small and feeble way against much opposition, 
 has increased in efficiency and popularity until now it ranks with the best in this country. Richmond has always 
 held a high place as an educational centre, having had good schools and cultivated teachers. These taught the 
 elements of knowledge and instilled refinement and strength of character into their pupils at the same time. 
 
 There is in Richmond a large number of excellent private schools for both sexes, notably the Richmond 
 Female Seminary of Mr. John H. Powell, McGuire's School for boys, and the University School for boys and men 
 of Captain W. Gordon McCabe ; the latter institution is well and widely known. 
 
 The University College of Medicine, situated in the commodious buildings at the corner of Clay and 
 12th Streets, offers superior instruction and opportunities for study in its three departments : Medicine, Dentistry, 
 and Pharmacy. The corporators include some of the best known professional and business men of Richmond, and 
 the president of both the Board of Directors and Faculty is Dr. Hunter McGuire, " Stonewall " Jackson's Medical 
 Director, and well known professionally in Europe as well as America. The Faculty, Adjunct Faculty, lecturers, 
 and demonstrators include physicians and surgeons who are eminent for knowledge in the special branches of their 
 profession. The aim of the corporators was the establishment in Richmond of a high grade University to teach the 
 science of Medicine in all its departments. To accomplish this end all available means have been employed, and 
 now this College is fully equipped to give students a thorough and complete course. 
 
 Richmond, by reason of location and surroundings, offers decided advantages to the medical student. 
 Second only to New Orleans in population, among the Southern cities, and by reason of numerous hospitals and 
 dispensaries, eleven in number, and the location in Richmond of State and Municipal Charities, excellent clinical 
 advantages are afforded students. 
 
The College buildings are in a central, elevated, and attractive location, convenient to all parts of the 
 city. These buildings and the adjoining Virginia Hospital occupy a whole square. 
 
 The Virginia Hospital is fully equipped for the best care of patients. vSurgical and obstetrical cases, 
 and all curable and non-contagious diseases are treated in this hospital. Cases of delirium tremens and insanity 
 are not admissible. A training school for nurses is connected with the hospital, which is supplied with 
 professional trained nurses, thus insuring the best care and attention to patients. 
 
 Valuable additions to the educational facilities to be had in Richmond are those of the new vSeminary 
 buildings of the Union Theological Seminary, being built in the northern suburbs of Richmond. The former 
 location of this institution was near Farmville, Virginia, where it was well known in connection with 
 Hampden-Sidney College, as a divinity school of the Presbyterian Church. These buildings, sixteen in number, 
 are being erected upon a tract of nearly twelve acres on the Brook Road, on one of the most elevated and beautiful 
 positions in all the suburbs of Richmond. The view of the city from this point is a very fine one. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association building, at 6th and Main Streets, is not only a spacious and 
 beautiful structure, but it is as thoroughly equipped for its work as any other branch of the Association in the 
 South. 
 
 The Masonic Home of Virginia, an institution for the education and care of the orphans of deceased 
 Master Masons, is situated two and one-half miles from Richmond on what is called the Nine Mile Road, and is 
 reached by electric cars from the city. It was founded largely through the liberality of the late Captain A. G. 
 Babcock, who was its first President. 
 
 The City Almshouse is an imposing building at the north end of 3d Street. This is the City Emergency 
 Hospital, and a prompt and efficient ambulance service is rendered instantly on telephonic call, to the relief of 
 persons suddenly ill, or aecidently injured in the street. 
 
 Henrico County Court-House is at Main and 22d Streets, and the County Records were brought here 
 from Varina, just below Richmond, at the close of the Revolutionary War, Benedict Arnold having burned the old 
 Court-House in 1781. Henrico County, named for Prince Henry, the oldest son of Kin.tr James I, of England, 
 was one of the eight original shires of the Colony, and the records preserved here, which escaped the fire, will be 
 found verv curious and valuable indeed. 
 
BEAUTIFUL spot naturally, and made more beautiful 
 by careful attention, is Hollywood Cemetery, in the 
 western part of the city. " Hollywood," as it is 
 
 generally called, was laid off in 1848 and dedicated June 26, 1849, 
 
 the first interment, however, being made in July, 1848. More 
 
 than one hundred acres in extent, it is shaded with trees of original 
 
 forest growth ; and by the hills and valleys, with the streams that 
 
 ripple through them, we are brought to feel that here, indeed, 
 
 nature makes beautiful even the sad surroundings of the 
 
 dead. 
 
 In the Soldiers' Section there lie 12,000 of Confederate- 
 dead waiting the last trump, and to their memory there has been 
 
 erected by the efforts of Virginia's noble women, a monument 
 
 of rough Virginia granite nearly one hundred feet tall, in the 
 
 shape of a pyramid, covered with Virginia Creeper and ivy. 
 
 There are appropriate inscriptions on it, and once a year, in May, 
 
 on " Memorial Day," the graves of the soldiers are covered with 
 
 flowers by loving hands. 
 
 James Monroe, a native of Virginia, and fifth President of the United States, who died and was buried 
 
 in New York in 1831, but whose body was escorted here in 1858 by the famous Seventh Regiment National Guard 
 of New York, whose grave is covered with an iron tomb of unique and chaste design, is buried in 
 Hollywood. 
 
 His was an eventful history ; a lieutenant of Washington in 177(5, he was soon promoted 
 to be captain and aide-de-camp to Lord Sterling, a volunteer officer like La Fayette in the Conti- 
 nental Army, with the rank of major. Next, he studied law with Thomas Jefferson, and was after- 
 wards member of the Virginia Assembly, Congressman, Delegate to the Convention of 1788, 
 Senator, Minister to France, Governor of Virginia, Minister to England, Envoy to Spain, and 
 Secretary of State of the United States. His administration as President lasted eight years, two terms 
 from 1817 to 1825. He encouraged and increased the Army and Navy, and made this country 
 universally respected by all foreign nations. 
 
 
 
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John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States, is also buried in Hollywood, with such others of 
 name and fame as General J. E. B. Stuart, the great cavalry leader of the South ; General A. P. Hill, Lee's great 
 lieutenant ; General W. H. Stevens, chief engineer of the Army of Northern Virginia ; General John Pegram and 
 his brother, Colonel W. R. J. Pegram ; Captain O. Jennings Wise, of the Richmond Light Infantry Blues, and his 
 father, Governor and General Henry A. Wise; Commodore Matthew F. Maury, the great scientist ; General George 
 E. Pickett, the hero of Gettysburg ; Thomas Ritchie, " The Father of the Democratic Party " ; John M. Daniel, the 
 war editor of the Richmond "Examiner" ; John R. Thompson, the poet ; James A. Seddon, Secretary of War of the 
 Confederacy ; Richard Charming Moore, formerly of New York, second Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 in Virginia; William Meade, third Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia; John Randolph, of Roanoke; 
 Governor William Smith ; General John R. Cooke ; Caroline Richings- Bernard, the opera singer, and many others. 
 
 The last distinguished interment here was that of Jefferson Davis,' Ex -President of the Confederate 
 States, which occurred, with impressive ceremonies, May 30, 1893. 
 
 A recent addition of grounds to Hollywood Cemetery is called "Riverview," lying to the west of 
 Hollywood. 
 
 The National Cemeteries of the United States near Richmond are five in number. The nearest is called 
 Richmond Cemetery, two miles from the city on the Williamsburg road, where are buried sixty-five hundred and 
 forty-seven Union soldiers. The National Government has lately finished a fine road to this cemetery, beginning 
 at Chimborazo Park. 
 
 Seven Pines Cemetery is reached by the Seven Pines Electric Railway, connecling with Richmond's electric 
 ear system, and is seven miles from the city. It contains the remains of thirteen hundred and seventy-six Union soldiers. 
 
 The next nearest cemetery to Richmond is that of Fort Harrison, eight miles from the city on the River 
 road. Eight hundred and seventeen Union soldiers are buried here. 
 
 Glendale Cemetery is near the battlefield of Frazier's Farm, twelve miles below Richmond on the 
 Charles City road, and contains the remains of eleven hundred and ninety-nine Union soldiers. 
 
 Cold Harbor Cemetery is twelve miles from Richmond, and reached most directly by the Mechanicsville 
 turnpike. Nineteen hundred and fifty-one Union soldiers are buried there. 
 
 Oakwood Cemetery, about one mile east of Richmond, embraces seventy-five acres and was purchased 
 and laid off by the city in 1861. Seventeen thousand Confederate soldiers are buried here each grave being care- 
 fully marked with a headboard. A granite shaft has been erected to the memory of these men who died for the 
 "' Lost Cause." Oakwood graves have annual decoration on " Oakwood Memorial Day." 
 
£m*i HOCKOE HILL Cemetery, at the north end of 3d Street, was opened June 1'.), 1815. Here are buried 
 ^ John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States : John Hampden Pleasants, the celebrated editor of the 
 "4 Richmond " Whig," who lost his life in a duel fought with Thomas Ritchie, Jr., son of the editor of the 
 Richmond " Enquirer," February 27, 1846; the great Revolutionary hero and soldier, Peter Francisco, whose 
 astonishing personal strength, bravery, and daring are well known to all students of Revolutionary history : Major 
 James Gibbon, of Richmond, who led the forlorn hope at Stony Point, New York, July 1.5, 1779; Benjamin 
 Watkins Leigh, a renowned lawyer ; Colonel Thomas B. Bigger, a soldier of the war of 1812 and captain of the 
 Richmond Light Infantry Blues: Reverend George Woodbridge, thirty-three years rector of Monumental Church, 
 and many other distinguished and well known citizens. 
 
 The inscription on the tombstone of Chief Justice Marshall, written by himself with the date for his 
 death left blank, reads thus : " John Marshall, son of Thomas and Mary Marshall, was born September 24, 1755, 
 intermarried with Mary Willis Ambler the third of January, 1783, departed this life the sixth of July, 1835." 
 
 The Hebrew Cemetery, close by, contains the graves of many prominent citizens of that ancient faith. 
 A section of it is devoted to the burial of Confederate soldiers who were Hebrews, and is surrounded by a curious 
 and appropriate railing, cast to represent stacked arms, satires, and ammunition. Every year the graves of these 
 heroes are decked with flowers on " Memorial Day." 
 
Iw6h*j HE NEW City Hallon Broad, Capitol, 10th, and 11th Streets, covers 180 by 140 feet of ground and 
 is built of the finest Virginia Granite, four stories high and an attic, besides a basement and sub-base- 
 
 S. 
 
 ment. In this edifice are all the municipal offices and city courts and the cost of it was nearly 
 [.'WC^ $2, 000, DIlO. The architecture is of the German Gothic style and it is considered a magnificent muni- 
 cipal building. The corner-stone was laid April 5, 1887, and the occupancy began February 15, 1894. 
 
 A striking building is that of the new Chamber of Commerce, Main and 9th Streets, six stories above 
 the basement, a monument to the energy, enterprise, and liberality of the business men of Richmond. The style 
 is Romanesque, with a large arched entrance on Main Street and a side entrance on 9th Street. 
 
 Byrd Street Station, the Union Station of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac, Atlantic Coast 
 Line, Seaboard Air Line, and Norfolk and Western Railroads, is in respect of its immense shed, its office accommo- 
 dations and its conveniences for passengers, a model. 
 
 Richmond is assured of the early building of equally as handsome and commodious railway stations in her 
 limits by the systems of the Chesapeake and Ohio and Southern Railway Companies. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
 authorities are now about to begin the building of a grand railway station on lower Main Street near 15th Street, 
 and they propose to spend $2,000,000 on the station and its approaches. An elaborate viaduct scheme is proposed, 
 to embrace three and one-half miles of overhead construction, crossing five bridges and a number of railway tracks. 
 This work will give fine advantages to traffic and save time and labor in handling freight and passengers. 
 
 In Richmond may be found a number of tobacco factories for the extensive manufacture of tobacco in all 
 its forms — smoking and chewing tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, cheroots, and snuff. 
 
 The flour mills of Richmond have been long and well known for the manufacture of the best grades of 
 flour, which are especially appreciated for their keeping qualities in the South American markets. 
 
 The Mozart Academy of Music is now Richmond's largest and principal place of theatrical and musical 
 amusement, on 8th Street, between Grace and Franklin Streets. Among the attractions of this house during late 
 seasons may be named such actors and actresses, singers, and such plays and operas as the following : Frederick 
 Warde, Louis James, Effie Ellsler, Joseph Jefferson, The Bostonians, Otis Skinner, Richard Mansfield. Mrs. Potter, 
 William H. Crane, Nat Goodwin, Marie Waimvright, Sol. Smith Russell, Robert Mantell, E. H. Sothern, Alex- 
 ander Salvini, United States Marine Band, Thomas O. Seabrooke, Trilby, Stuart Robsou, Bob Graham, Gilmore's 
 Band, Thomas Keene, Creston Clarke, James O'Neill, Paderewjjki, Sousa's Baud, Minnie Maddern Fiske, Roland 
 Reed, Lillian Russell, Sir Henry Irving, Miss Ellen Terry, Camille D'Arville, Hermann, Ed. Harrigan, Ada Rehan, 
 Modjeska, Adelina Patti, Christine Nillson, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Theodore Thomas, and others. 
 
f, PLACK of much interest to the stranger is the Second Presbyterian Church at oth and Main Streets, of 
 which the venerable and eloquent Moses D. Hoge, D. I)., has been the esteemed pastor for more than 
 fifty years. He has an extensive reputation in this country and abroad for learning, eloquence, and 
 piety. His afternoon sermons especially are always listened to by crowded congregations. The membership of the 
 church is large and the attendance of those from other city churches and strangers is very regular there. 
 
 The Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church for colored people, of which the Rev. John Jasper is pastor, at 
 Duval and Saint John Streets, has acquired a very wide name and fame by the curious theories of this venerable 
 black preacher, and his belief in the sun's movement around the earth, as opposed to the generally accepted 
 astronomical demonstrations of the earth's revolving around the sun. 
 
 He firmly believes that " De Sun Do Move," and lie cites Scripture plentifully to sustain him in his 
 belief. This sermon, based on what he calls the " rotation of the sun," is something once heard, never to be for- 
 gotten. Thousands of white people have listened to him, going away impressed with his simple, child-like faith in 
 his literal interpretation of Holy Writ. For instance, he believes that because the Bible speaks of the four corners 
 of the earth, and because a round body cannot have corners, therefore the earth cannot be round in shape. 
 
 The principal clubs of Richmond are the " Westmoreland " and " Commonwealth " clubs, the member- 
 ship of both of them being very large, and composed of the influential and prominent citizens of Richmond and the 
 State of Virginia. 
 
 The Westmoreland Club House at f '• 1 1 1 and Grace Streets 
 was formerly a private residence of the olden time, occupied by the 
 Stanard family first, and later by the McFarland and Lyons families. A 
 number of interesting portraits of historical value is on the walls of 
 the Westmoreland. 
 
 Diagonally across the street from the Westmoreland Club 
 ■ ,.„, formerly stood the residence of William Wirt, a prominent Virginian 
 and an attorney at law. He assisted in the prosecution of Aaron Burr 
 in the celebrated trial of Burr for treason. 
 
 The Commonwealth Club House is a new. costly, and 
 beautiful structure of brick and brownstone, one of the most noticeable 
 and pleasing architectural features of the West haul, and is at the cor- 
 ner of Franklin and Monroe Streets. 
 
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HE CITY of Richmond contains no finer monument than the statelv edifice re- 
 cently erected upon one-half of an entire city block, bounded by Franklin, 
 Jefferson, and Main Streets. Its greatness consists in originality of design, 
 beauty of architecture, and magnificent proportions ; and from the day its por- 
 tals were opened for the entertainment of the public it became the pride of every 
 resident of the city. 
 What more fitting tribute could be paid him who will always live in the memory of 
 every Virginian, than to christen this noble structure The Jefferson, standing as did 
 the great Jefferson for nobility of purpose, solidity, and true hospitality. 
 
 From foundation stone to tower cap, from entrance on one street to exit on the other, and on every 
 floor, the completeness of detail, combination of design, color, and good taste challenge admiration. Nothing has 
 been neglected, nothing omitted, nothing forgotten. 
 
 In its construction the prime object has been to break away from conventionalities, to transform the 
 hotel to a sumptuous residence, and its broken facades, stately towers, loggias and shapely tiled roofs are evidence 
 that the conception has never been lost sight of. Particularly has this idea been carried out in the interior, for its 
 numerous chambers and parlors with their beautiful furniture, pictures, bric-a-brac, mantel clocks and faithful 
 attention to details, bespeak the taste, comfort, and luxury of an elegantly appointed home of a private gentleman. 
 Franklin Street being one of the finest residential avenues of the city, it was natural to select it for the 
 social end of the hotel, and on this level are located such rooms as best serve its demands. 
 
 Entering the hotel by three stately oak and glass doors, the first room after passing through the vesti- 
 bule is the grand Marble Hall, spacious and beautiful, the delicate color of the marble walls and columns creating 
 at once an impression of warmth and welcome, the effect being greatly enhanced by the beautiful rugs upon the 
 marble pavement of the floor. At the right is the Blue Reception Parlor, and adjoining is the Library, which is 
 one of the notable rooms of the hotel, being finished in solid, highly polished mahogany, with conveniently arranged 
 book cases which contain a collection of uniformly bound books of reference and information seldom found within 
 the confines of a hotel. Upon its restfully tinted walls hang costly paintings from early English masters to the 
 more modern school, which combine to lend a thoughtful and enchanting effect to this delightful retreat. 
 
 To the left of Marble Hall is the Pink Reception Parlor, with still more beautiful and costly paintings to 
 attract the eye, from which leads the Grand Salon, a magnificent specimen of Louis Sieze architecture and a per- 
 petual delight to the ladies. Here the artist had full sway in delicate green enamel and old ivory, a combination at 
 
once chaste and beautiful. The furniture of this room is faithful to the French architecture, being of gold uphol- 
 tered with French satin damask. 
 
 Rich Leovis vases, beautiful bronzes mounted upon enamel pedestals, gold and plate glass screen of rare 
 workmanship, hand painted lamp shade, wrought hangings, French mantel clock and ornaments make this room a 
 model of good taste and sumptuous in the extreme. 
 
 Passing through Marble Hall directly in line from the Franklin Street entrance is the Pompeiian Court, 
 around which is a broad promenade flanked by imposing columns, known as the Arcade, to the left being a perfectly 
 appointed Ladies' Cafe, and on the opposite side of the Court, three lounging parlors called the Arcade Parlors. 
 
 In the center of the Court upon an appropriately inscribed pedestal stands a noble specimen of Sculptor 
 Valentine's art, the statue of Thomas Jefferson, cut in pure white Carrara marble. Marble walks radiate from the 
 four corners of the monument to the Arcade, the intervening space being covered by lawns, tropical plants, shrubs 
 and flowers. 
 
 To the right of the Court a corridor leads to the great Dining Hall, which is pronounced by many the 
 most perfect room of its class in America. It is divided into three sections by two massive arches and is wainscoted 
 in quartered oak of antique finish. 
 
 The effect of this room with its green carpet of Rococo pattern with a like design on the china and silver, 
 the unique electric fixtures hanging from heavy panels bordered with gold lias relief is very striking. Returning 
 to the Arcade, still in a direct course from the entrance, the Grand Staircase which connects the social floor of the 
 hotel with the business level on Main Street is reached. 
 
 This stairway is a most noticeable feature both in architecture, coloring, and elaboration, and fairly out- 
 ranks the best known of Continental Europe. The treads and risers of this thoroughfare are composed of pinkish 
 gray Nub Argent marble, the walls of Sienna marble, and the arched dome is heavily panelled with gold borders in 
 has relief. 
 
 A comfortable feeling is given to this stairway by three great leather sofas resting upon the landings 
 that break the continuity of the steps. At the base of this work of art is the < )ffiee Rotunda or meeting room, 
 made attractive by comfortable leather sofas, chairs, and rugs. Around this great room vaulted with a glass roof 
 fifty feet high, supported by iron columns cluster the business department, telegraph and telephone stations, rail- 
 road ticket agency, writing room, news depot, cigar and tobacco stand, billiard hall, wine department, grill, apothe- 
 cary store, and smoker's hall, the whole being finished in heavy quartered oak. Two great fire places of elaborate 
 workmanship and design lend to the smoker's hall a solid, distinguished, and inviting appearance. 
 

 
 @§1L 
 
 On this level will also be found the Turk- 
 ish Bath department, where both Turkish, Russian, 
 Roman, Electric, and Tub baths, can be enjoyed. 
 The bath is fitted with every known appliance for 
 comfort and convenience, and have proved their popu- 
 larity by their continued patronage. Two large 
 passenger elevators and another still larger for freight 
 extend from this floor to the top of the hotel, where 
 are two great promenades known as Roof Gardens, 
 one being devoted to plants, shrubs, and climbing 
 vines, and the other to entertainments, for which a 
 most artistic and well appointed stage has been 
 provided. 
 
 The form of the hotel being that of the 
 capital letter !?, light and air have free access to every 
 room, making them equally desirable. 
 
 In fitting the three hundred chambers, 
 the same taste and attention to details that mark the 
 public rooms has been continued, each displaying a 
 tasteful harmony of color in the tinting of the walls, 
 selection of carpets, furniture, pictures, and orna- 
 ments. Among other numerous attractions of this 
 great hotel are a first-class cuisine, a corps of well- 
 trained servants, a fine orchestra, an up-to-date 
 livery, and four-in-hand-break. 
 
 The Jefferson has not in any particular 
 fallen short of its original conception, and stands 
 to-day the peer of any hostelry in the United States, 
 the pride and joy of Richmond. 
 
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