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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
 
 JAMES J. DAVIS. Secretary 
 
 U. S, CHILDREN'S BUREAU 
 
 JULIA C. LATHROP. Chief 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN 
 UNDER SIX YEARS OF AGE 
 
 By 
 
 ROBERT MORSE WOODBURY, Ph. D. 
 
 <fc 
 
 COMMUNITY CHILD-WELFARE SERIES No. 3 
 
 Bureau Publication No. 87 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 19£1 
 
 . 
 
Owing to limited appropriations for printing, it is not possible to dis- 
 tribute this bulletin in large quantities. Additional copies may be procured 
 from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash- 
 ington, D. O, at 15 cents per copy. 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 DEC 221921 
 
 Dd&UMfctVf't» ki.*.olON 
 

 I. 
 ONTENTS. 
 
 Letter of transmittal 7 
 
 Introduction 9-14 
 
 Basis of selection 11 
 
 Accuracy of measurement 13 
 
 Units of measurement 14 
 
 Statures and weights 15-64 
 
 Size of selected group 15 
 
 White children 15-61 
 
 Average statures and weights 15 
 
 Variability 21 
 
 Growth 23 
 
 Weight for stature 27 
 
 Weight for stature and age : 30 
 
 Comparison with other series 36 
 
 Composition of selected group 42 
 
 Comparative stature and weight in different sections 51 
 
 Comparative stature and weight, of city and country children 53 
 
 Comparative stature and weight of children of native parentage 55 
 
 Comparative stature and weight of children of Italian, Scandinavian, 
 
 and German parentage 56-61 
 
 Children of Italian parentage 58 
 
 Children of Scandinavian parentage 61 
 
 Children of German parentage 61 
 
 Negro children 62 
 
 Comparative stature and weight of children with certain defects 65-76 
 
 Proportion of children with each defect 65 
 
 Relation of defect to stature and weight 67-73 
 
 Rachitis 69 
 
 "Malnutrition 69 
 
 Heart abnormality 70 
 
 Carious teeth .' 71 
 
 Diseased or enlarged tonsils 71 
 
 Adenoids 73 
 
 Effect of inclusion of children with certain defects upon general averages . . 74 
 
 Corrected and smoothed averages of stature and weight 75 
 
 Appendix A .-. 77 
 
 Extract from "Suggestions to Examiners " 77 
 
 Weighing 77 
 
 Measuring 77 
 
 Appendix B 78-80 
 
 Accuracy of material 78 
 
 Appendix C 81-82 
 
 Probable errors of averages 81 
 
 Index 115 
 
 3 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 Page. 
 Table 1. Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms, by sex, 
 
 from birth to 6 years; smoothed figures; white children 85 
 
 2. Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms, by sex, 
 
 from birth to 6 years; after original data; white children 86 
 
 3. Stature and age; white boys 87-91 
 
 4. Stature and age ; white girls 92-96 
 
 5. Weight and age: white boys facing p. 96 
 
 6. Weight and age ; white girls facing p. 96 
 
 7. Weight and stature; white boys facing p. 96 
 
 8. Weight and stature; white girls facing p. 96 
 
 9. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 
 
 children; Iowa 97 
 
 10. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 
 
 children ; California 98 
 
 11. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 
 
 children; New York City 99 
 
 12. Country of birth of parents, by section; white children included in 
 
 height and weight tabulation 100 
 
 13. Country of birth of parents; white children included in height and 
 
 weight table, New York City 101 
 
 14. Comparative standard deviations in stature; white boys 3 years but 
 
 less than 4 years of age, in Iowa and in all States 101 
 
 15. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 
 
 children of mothers born in Italy 102 
 
 16. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 
 
 children of mothers born in Germany 102-103 
 
 17. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 
 
 children of mothers born in Denmark, Sweden, or Norway 103 
 
 18. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; Negro 
 
 children 104 
 
 19. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed 
 
 figures, exact ages; white children 105 
 
 20. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed 
 
 figures, exact ages; white children 106 
 
 21. Average weight for height, by sex; white children 107 
 
 22. Weight and age; white boys of specified statures 108-113 
 
 23. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 3 to 6 years; smoothed 
 
 and corrected figures ; in centimeters and kilograms; white children . 114 
 
CHARTS. 
 
 Chart I. Stature and age, by sex 16 
 
 II. Weight and age, by sex : 16 
 
 III. Monthly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age 25 
 
 IV. Yearly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age 26 
 
 V. Weight for stature, by sex 26 
 
 VI. Weight for stature and age; boys 30 
 
 VII. Weight for stature and age; girls 31 
 
 VIII. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 
 
 Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; boys' statures 36 
 
 IX. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 
 
 Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; girls' statures. 37 
 
 X. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 
 
 Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; boys' weights 38 
 
 XI. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 
 
 Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; girls' weights 39 
 
 XII. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. 
 
 Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; boys' weight for height 40 
 
 XIII. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. 
 
 Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; girls' weight for height 41 
 
 XIV. Distribution of statures of white boys aged 36 months in all 
 
 States and in Iowa 42 
 
 XV. Distribution of weights of white boys aged 36 months in all 
 
 States and in Iowa 43 
 
 XVI. Distribution of weights of white boys 37 inches in stature 44 
 
 XVII. Comparative statures of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and 
 
 German parentage, and of boys in all States 56 
 
 XVIII. Comparative statures of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and 
 
 German parentage, and of girls in all States 57 
 
 XIX. Comparative weights of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and 
 
 German parentage, and of boys in all States 58 
 
 XX. Comparative weights of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and 
 
 German parentage, and of girls in all States 59 
 
 XXI. Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro boys 62 
 
 XXII. Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro girls 63 
 
 XXIII. Distribution of Weights of boys with diseased or enlarged 
 
 tonsils, 3 but under 4 years of age 72 
 
 5 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 United States Department of Labor, 
 
 Children's Bureau, 
 Washington, May 11, 1921. 
 
 Str: I transmit herewith a report on Statures and Weights of 
 Children Under Six Years of Age. 
 
 The material for this report was secured in 1918-19 in the course 
 of the weighing and measuring test of "Children's Year." The plan 
 for the test was drawn up by Dr. Grace L. Meigs (Crowder). The 
 work of tabulation was under the direction of Dr. Robert M. Wood- 
 bury, who has written the report. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgments are due to the members of the two 
 advisory committees who gave generously of their time and whose 
 recommendations as to the use of material guided the preparation 
 of this report. These committees were : 
 
 Committee of the Pediatric Section of the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation: Dr. J. P. Sedgwick, Dr. Richard M. Smith, Dr. William Wes- 
 ton, Dr. Herman Schwartz, Dr. E. C. Fleischmer. 
 
 Statistical Advisory Committee: Prof. Walter F. Willcox, Prof. 
 Irving Fisher, Prof. Thomas S. Adams, Prof. Robert E. Chaddock, 
 Prof. J. W. Glover, Miss Edith Abbott. 
 
 To other authorities consulted grateful acknowledgments are also 
 made for valuable suggestions and criticisms. These other authori- 
 ties included: Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, Dr. Bird T. Baldwin, Dr. Clark 
 Wissler, Dr. Charles R. Bardeen, Dr. Charles B. Davenport, Dr. Louis 
 I. Dublin, Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman, Dr. F. S. Crum, and Dr. Fritz 
 B. Talbot. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 Julia C. Lathrop, 
 
 Chief. 
 
 Hon. James J. Davis, 
 
 Secretary of Labor. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN UNDER SIX YEARS 
 
 OF AGE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 During children's year, the second year of this country's participa- 
 tion in the World War, a series of campaigns was undertaken to 
 focus public attention upon infant and child welfare. Experience 
 in other countries had shown the special need of protective measures 
 for children during war time. This need was recognized by President 
 Wilson in his letter to the Secretary of Labor: 
 
 Next to the duty of doing everything possible for the soldiers at the front, there 
 could be, it seems to me, no more patriotic duty than that of protecting the children, 
 who constitute one-third of our population * * * I heartily approve the plan of 
 the Children's Bureau and the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense 
 for making the second year of the war one of united activity on behalf of children, 
 and in that sense a children's year. 
 
 A full description of the children's year campaigns is contained in 
 Children'^ Year, 1 a publication of the Children's Bureau, and in an 
 address by Dr. Anna E. Rude at a meeting of the American Public 
 Health Association in December, 19 IS. 2 
 
 The present bulletin is concerned solely with the first of these cam- 
 paigns, that for the weighing and measuring of children. A record 
 blank in two parts was prepared, one for the parents to keep and the 
 other for return to the Children's Bureau. The parents' half of the 
 card contained spaces for the child's stature, weight, and age and for 
 the date of examination, together with spaces for later measurements, 
 to form a continuous record of the child's growth. It contained also 
 a table of average heights and weights with which the child's actual 
 height and weight could be compared. 
 
 Though based on the best available data, it was realized that the 
 averages given in the table on the parents' half of the card were far 
 from satisfactory. No complete series covering all ages was available. 
 Three different sources were used — Dr. Holt's averages, based upon 
 about 2,000 measurements made in private practice, for boys and 
 girls at birth and for boys at 3 months; 3 Dr. Crum's figures, based 
 
 1 Children's Year, a brief summary of work done and suggestions for follow-up work. Children's Bureau 
 publication No. 67. 
 
 2 Anna E. Rude, M. D.: "The children's year campaign," in American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 
 IX, No. 5 (May, 1919), pp. 346-351. 
 
 8 L. Emmett Holt, Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, 1916, p. 20. Figures for 3 months given in a 
 personal communication. 
 
 9 
 
10 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 upon 10,423 "normal babies in 31 States" for the period from 6 to 
 48 months, inclusive; 4 and Bowditch's averages, based upon nearly 
 24,000 Boston school children of native and foreign parentage, 5 for the 
 period from 5 to 16 years of age. The first two sources named gave 
 weights without clothing, while the last gave weights in ordinary 
 clothing but without shoes. The series from 6 to 48 months had 
 been criticised on the ground that the competitive element present 
 in baby shows, at which the bulk of these measurements were secured, 
 was likely to have produced too high averages. On account of lack 
 of material, gaps in the table were left between birth and 6 months 
 for girls and, except for the figure at 3 months, for boys; and also 
 between 48 months and 66 months, the age to which the first of 
 Bowditch's averages (5 years) corresponds. The continuity of the 
 series was broken in passing from weights without clothing at 48 
 months to weights in ordinary clothing but without shoes at 5 years. 
 It might be mentioned, further, that the averages from 36 to 48 months 
 were based on relatively few cases (from 9 to 90) , while the average for 
 5 years, the lowest of Bowditch's figures, was probably less reliable 
 than his averages for later years. Yet, as explained on the record 
 blank, the averages presented were not far different from averages 
 drawn from other sources. 6 
 
 The bureau's half of the card contained spaces for the child's stature, 
 weight, sex, and date of birth, for the country of birth of father and 
 mother, and for a statement of whether or not the child was in good 
 health or had physical defects. Spaces were also provided for the 
 date and place of examination and for the signature of the examiner. 
 
 As the campaign progressed calls for record blanks quickly ex- 
 ceeded the 500,000 originally printed, and before the campaign was 
 finished over 7,000,000 blanks had been distributed. From these the 
 bureau eventually received over 2,000,000 records. In view of the 
 large demand for cards it was found necessary to concentrate upon 
 children under 6 years of age, and accordingly the great majority 
 of records received were for children under 6. 
 
 The bureau was thus put in possession of a far larger mass of data 
 upon heights and weights than was ever before available for children 
 of these ages. In view of the gaps in and the unsatisfactory character 
 of the material previously available for these ages, it seemed a duty 
 to utilize and make available the information contained in these 
 
 * Anthropometric Statistics of Children— Ages 6 to 48 months. Frederick S. Crum, Publications of the 
 American Statistical Association, Vol. XV, 1916-17, pp. 332-336. 
 
 s Eighth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, 1877, p. 275. 
 
 8 B owditch' s averages are in substantial agreement with the table of statures based on over 88,000 children 
 in Boston, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Worcester, Toronto, and Oakland, and the table of weights calculated 
 from the data of 68,000 children in Boston, St. Louis, and Milwaukee. See B. T. Baldwin, Physical Growth 
 and School Progress, U. S. Bureau of Education, Bulletin 1914, No. 10, whole No. 581, p. 150. The weights 
 based upon "10,423 normal babies" were, however, somewhat higher than those given by Dr. Holt for 
 children under 2 years. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 records. The analysis would serve to establish upon adequate 
 material drawn from all parts of the country a complete series of 
 average statures and weights for young children. It might also 
 serve, if another similar mass of material were to be accumulated 
 after an interval of time, as a basic series from which changes in 
 average statures and weights could be measured. 
 
 The total number of records received was so great that it was 
 impossible, in view of the limited resources of the bureau, to tabulate 
 the entire mass of material. A smaller number would afford a basis 
 large enough for accurate results, and would permit of a selection 
 of the most reliable part of the data. 
 
 Consultations were held with anthropological, statistical, and 
 medical authorities in regard to the subjects and methods of investi- 
 gation. These conferences were held before the commencement of 
 tabulation, and during the progress of the work as questions arose. 
 Questions of a statistical nature were referred to the statistical 
 advisory committee of the bureau. A special committee of the 
 pediatric section of the American Medical Association cooperated in 
 connection with the medical questions. 
 
 In the final tabulation about one-twelfth of the total number of 
 
 cards was included. 
 
 BASIS OF SELECTION. 
 
 The basis of selection was fourfold. In the first place only cards 
 signed by physicians were included. If a physician signed the card 
 it might be assumed that he was the examiner or that he exercised 
 supervision over the taking of measurements. Since the main 
 tabulations were to be based on children who were without serious 
 physical defects, it was desirable to select those who had been ex- 
 amined or at least passed under review by physicians. A further 
 discussion of this point is given below. 
 
 In the second place, cards were not included in the tables unless 
 a definite statement was received from the examining physician that 
 the children were weighed and measured without clothing. The 
 directions for weighing specified that children under 5 years of age 
 were to be weighed and measured without clothing. A thousand 
 questionnaires sent to physicians selected at random throughout the 
 country showed, however, that many had not followed this direc- 
 tion exactly; some had weighed children in underclothing, others 
 reported weighing with clothing and making deductions before 
 entering weights, still others had measured the children with their 
 shoes on, etc. It was decided, therefore, to send a questionnaire 
 to every physician who had signed a card and to include only cards 
 signed by those who reported weighing and measuring without cloth- 
 ing. The physicians were asked to specify separately the method 
 of weighing children under 1 year of age, from 1 to 5 years, and 5 
 
12 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 years of age and over. It frequently happened that physicians 
 reported that children under 1 year of age had been weighed and 
 measured without clothing, while those over 1 year or over 5 years 
 had been weighed differently; in these cases only the cards of children 
 who were weighed without clothing were included. The rule that 
 only children weighed without clothing should be included in the 
 tables was applied to children 5 years of age and over, evefn though 
 the directions on the record blank had not specified this method of 
 weighing at these ages, since only thus could the series of heights 
 and weights be placed on a uniform basis. 7 
 
 The third basis of selection, as already mentioned, was the absence 
 of physical defects which might affect stature or weight. The defects 
 and diseases which were the basis of exclusion from the tabulation 
 included arthritis, cretinism, curvature of the spine, dwarfism, heart 
 disease, hydrocephalus, idiocy, imbecility, joint disease, marasmus, 
 malnutrition, paralysis, Pott's disease, rachitis, spina bifida, syphilis, 
 and tuberculosis; and any children who were noted as sick at the 
 time of examination were excluded. In general any defect or disease 
 which necessarily interferes with the growth and nutrition of a child 
 excluded the card from tabulation. 
 
 In this connection it should be remembered that all children who 
 were included in the tabulation were weighed and measured, exam- 
 ined or reviewed, by physicians. It is probable, therefore, that all 
 cases of the more serious defects included in the list were noted upon 
 the card. The reporting of defects and diseases the diagnosis of which 
 is at all difficult was probably far less uniform. Nevertheless, the 
 group selected for tabulation represents, so far as the physicians' 
 records permitted, children without prrysical defects which might 
 affect stature or weight. 8 
 
 The fourth basis of selection was the completeness and accuracy of 
 the record. All cards were excluded upon which any one or more 
 
 ' A small number of cards signed by physicians in California was included even though replies had not 
 been received as to methods used in weighing and measuring. In this State a State-wide campaign was 
 carried on by physicians working under detailed instructions. Answers to the questionnaires were re- 
 ceived from about three-fifths of the physicians who had signed record cards; their cards were accepted 
 or rejected in accordance with the general rule stated above. The replies showed, however, that practi- 
 cally all the children were weighed and measured without clothing. The cards of physicians from whom 
 no replies were received were therefore included. The possible error arising from including these cards 
 is small, since it is estimated that of all the California children included, 95 per cent of those under 1 year, 
 87 per cent of those froml to 5 years, and 82 per cent of those 5 years of age were weighed without clothing, 
 and in a large number of the remaining cases the weights were entered after making deductions to allow 
 for the weight of clothing. In the averages for the entire country the possible error arising from this source 
 is negligible, since these children form such a small fraction of the general total. 
 
 s The list of defects causing exclusion did not include carious teeth, diseased or enlarged tonsils, or ade- 
 noids. In order to learn whether the inclusion of children with these defects affected the general average 
 stature and weight, a tabulation was made of 10,276 California and New York City children with definite 
 diagnoses of diseased or enlarged tonsils, 3,728 children with definite diagnoses of adenoids, and 2,093 chil- 
 dren with carious teeth. The results are presented on pp. 74-76, together with an estimate of the effect 
 on the general average of including such children. The effect under 3 years of age is negligible; over 3, the 
 elimination of children with these defects would have raised the general average stature not more than one- 
 twentieth of an inch and the average weight only from 1 to 3 ounces, pp. 74-75. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 of the following was not reported: Sex, age, height, weight, or color. 
 Furthermore, cards were excluded upon which obviously impossible 
 errors due to clerical inaccuracies appeared. 9 
 
 ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT. 
 
 The accuracy of the figures depends on three different items. In 
 the first place, as already pointed out, it is obvious that whether the 
 children were weighed and measured with or without clothing is of 
 fundamental importance. Obviously all the children included had 
 to be weighed according to a uniform rule as to clothing, if the results 
 were to be of value. Since weighing without clothing avoids diffi- 
 culties resulting from variations in the weight of clothing worn in the 
 different seasons, in the North, and in the South, and by the different 
 elements of the population, this method was adopted and specified 
 in the instructions for weighing. If, then, children weighed with 
 clothing were included, the averages would be too high. Error from 
 this source, as already stated, was practically eliminated by the 
 method of selection of the records. 
 
 In the second place the technique of weighing and measuring and 
 the type and accuracy of the scales used would affect the result. 
 Whether, for example, the weighing scales were properly balanced, 
 whether in measuring children the best methods were followed to 
 insure that the stature should be accurately secured, all such points 
 are important; but they can not be determined from the records 
 themselves. In connection with the weighing and measuring cam- 
 paign a leaflet, " Suggestions to Examiners," 10 was drawn up and 
 distributed. In this leaflet recommendations as to the most satis- 
 factory methods of weighing and measuring were given, and refer- 
 ences were made to a previous bulletin of the bureau, How to Conduct 
 a Children's Health Conference. While it is impossible to determine 
 to what extent these suggestions were followed, errors in weighing 
 and measuring would tend in general to overstate and to understate 
 the truth in an approximately equal number of cases and to approxi- 
 mately equal degrees. In other words, in a large number of measure- 
 ments errors from this source would tend to offset one another. 
 Though such errors would increase slightly the standard deviation 
 and the variability of the measurements, the averages themselves 
 would remain practically unaffected. 
 
 In the third place, the accuracy with which results were recorded 
 must be considered. Clerical errors or omissions may, of course, 
 have occurred. In some cases these may have been such as to cause 
 
 9 Such, for example, as a card which gave a stature of 36 inches "at birth." This error was doubtless due 
 to entering the date of examination both for the date of examination and the date of birth. In sub- 
 tracting the date of birth from the date of examinatiori to find the age, it appears— erroneously — that 
 the child was examined on the same day he was born. 
 
 10 Extracts containing the recommendations for weighing and measuring are given in the appendix. 
 
14 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN". 
 
 the rejection of the card; the others would probably tend to offset 
 one another in a large number of measurements. Measurements, 
 furthermore, may not have been recorded with as great accuracy as 
 they were secured; or vice versa, they may have been stated on the 
 card with greater precision than the methods of securing them 
 actually warranted. Stature, for example, may have been accu- 
 rately secured to the nearest eighth of an inch and have been stated 
 only to the nearest inch; or it may have been secured and stated 
 accurately to the nearest half, quarter, or eighth of an inch; or it 
 may have been stated in eighths without having been so accurately 
 secured. The records themselves, obviously, do not show the accuracy 
 with which the measurements were actually made, but they do show 
 the fineness of the classification used in entering the measurements. 
 Although this information does not furnish any basis for determining 
 the absolute accuracy of the averages, it does throw light upon the 
 relative accuracy and care in measurements made in the different 
 sections of the country and for the white and Negro children included 
 in their respective tables. These comparisons are discussed in the 
 appendix, p. 78. 
 
 Except for the possibility of biased errors the precision of an 
 average depends upon the variability, and upon the number of 
 measurements. 11 This subject is discussed later in connection with 
 
 the tables 
 
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 
 
 In the tabulations height is stated to the nearest inch, weight to 
 the nearest half pound; age is given in completed months, and the 
 upper and lower limits of the ages included are stated in the tables. 
 Cases in which the stated height fell on the even half inch, or on the 
 dividing line between two groups, were divided equally, and half 
 were included in the group below and half in the group above the 
 dividing line. Similarly for weights; cases in which the weight was 
 stated with a fraction of one-fourth or three-fourths of a pound were 
 divided equally, and half were included with the unit next below 
 and half with the unit next above. Thus, half the cases of children 
 whose weights were stated as 15£ pounds, for example, were arbi- 
 trarily classed in the group weighing 14f to 15^ and half in the group 
 weighing 15£ to 15f pounds. The age was in every case computed 
 from the dates of examination and of birth and classified by months. 
 The average age of the children in each group, therefore, is approxi- 
 mately halfway between the upper and lower limits of age given. 
 In comparing these figures with other series of measurements, the 
 definition of the units, as just stated, must always be borne in mind. 
 
 11 The precision of an average in the technical sense varies directly with the square root of the number 
 of measurements and inversely with the square root of the sum of the mean squared deviation from the 
 
 average. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 SIZE OF SELECTED GROUP. 
 
 Records for 172,000 children met the tests of selection described, 
 and were tabulated for the general tables of stature and weight. 
 These records included all those among the 2,000,000 cards received 
 which fulfilled every requirement. All but a small number, 1,612, of 
 these children were under 6 years of age. The number of records 
 received for children under 6 years of age represented, therefore, 
 about one-seventh, and the number tabulated about 1.2 per cent, of 
 the total number of children of this age in the country. 
 
 The records were divided at the outset into two parts, and those 
 for white and for colored children were tabulated separately. Since 
 the group of white children was large, comprising 167,024, while that 
 for colored children was comparatively small, comprising only 4,976 
 records, the main discussion is of the group of white children. 
 
 WHITE CHILDREN. 
 
 Average statures and weights. 
 
 Table I gives average statures and weights for white boys and girls 
 for each age up to 72 months. 1 The figures shown in this table have 
 been smoothed to eliminate slight irregularities in the progression of 
 statures and weights. 2 Charts I and II show in graphic form the 
 increase in stature and weight during the first six years of life. 
 
 Boys under 6 years of age are found to be slightly taller and heavier 
 than girls of the same ages. The averages for boys increase from 
 21.16 inches and 9.11 pounds at under 1 month to 43.87 inches and 
 41.40 pounds at 71 months. At the same time those for girls increase 
 from 20.89 inches and 8.65 pounds at under 1 month to 43.52 inches 
 and 40.36 pounds at 71 months. The boys average from one-third 
 to one-half inch taller and weigh about a pound more than the girls 
 of the same ages. 
 
 1 Figures in units of the metric system are given in General Table 1, p. 85. 
 
 2 The. method of smoothing is as follows: The differences between the successive averages, indicating 
 monthly growth, are first smoothed by substituting for each figure a new one equal to the average of five 
 values, the figure itself and the two preceding and the two following figures. The process is then repeated 
 a second time upon this first smoothed series. These figures are then adjusted so that the sum of the 
 smoothed is equal to the sum of the original figures indicating growth. These final smoothed growth figures 
 are then used to construct the smoothed series of averages. The first two and the last two averages have 
 been kept unchanged. 
 
 15 
 
Chart I. — Stature and age, by sex. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s* 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 on 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^j^* 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boyj- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r~ 
 
 T 
 
 0MONTHS5 (O IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 loO <o5 JO 75 
 
 Chart II. — Weight and age, by sex. 
 
 POUNDS 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^>r , 
 
 --'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 .'-'"' 
 
 ''' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ .'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 P>n\r,s , , 
 
 
 
 
 -Jf- — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gir 
 
 Ij" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 17 
 
 Table I. — Average statures and weights, from birth to 6 years, by ages, smoothed 
 
 figures; white children. 1 
 
 Under 1 month... 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3 
 
 3 months 
 
 , under 4. . 
 , under 5. . 
 , under 6. . 
 , under 7. . 
 , under 8. . 
 , under 9. . 
 , under 10- 
 , under 11. 
 , under 12. 
 , under 13. 
 , under 14. 
 , under 15. 
 , under 16. 
 , under 17- 
 , under 18. 
 , under 19. 
 , under 20. 
 , under 21. 
 , under 22. 
 , under 23. 
 , under 24. 
 , under 25. 
 , under 26. 
 , under 27. 
 , under 28. 
 , under 29- 
 , under 30. 
 , under 31. 
 , under 32- 
 , under 33- 
 , under 34. 
 , under 35. 
 , under 36. 
 , under 37. . 
 , under 38- . 
 , under 39. . 
 , under 40. . 
 , under 41.. 
 , under 42. . 
 , under 43. . 
 , under 44. . 
 , under 45. . 
 , under 46. . 
 , under 47. . 
 , under 48. . 
 , under 49. . 
 , under 50. . 
 , under 51.. 
 , under 52. . 
 , under 53.. 
 , under 54. . 
 , under 55. . 
 , under 56. . 
 , under 57- . 
 , under 58. . 
 , under 59.. 
 , under 60. . 
 , under 61.. 
 , under 62. . 
 , under 63. . 
 , under 64. . 
 , under 65. . 
 , under 66. . 
 , under 67. . 
 , under 68. . 
 , under 69. . 
 , under 70. . 
 , under 71.. 
 , under 72. . 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Ayerage 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 21.16 
 22.47 
 23.58 
 24.55 
 25.38 
 26.10 
 26.72 
 27.27 
 27.76 
 28.21 
 28.64 
 29.06 
 29.47 
 29.87 
 30.26 
 30.64 
 31.02 
 31.39 
 31.76 
 32.11 
 32.44 
 32.76 
 33.06 
 33.34 
 33.62 
 33.89 
 34.16 
 34.43 
 34.71 
 34.99 
 35.27 
 35.54 
 35.79 
 36.02 
 36.24 
 36.46 
 36.67 
 36.89 
 37.11 
 37.34 
 37.57 
 37.81 
 38.05 
 38.29 
 38.51 
 38.72 
 38.91 
 39.09 
 39.25 
 39.42 
 39.59 
 39.77 
 39.96 
 40.18 
 40.40 
 40.62 
 40.83 
 41.03 
 41.22 
 41.40 
 41.57 
 41.75 
 41.93 
 42.11 
 42.31 
 42.51 
 42.71 
 42.91 
 43.10 
 43.32 
 43.48 
 43.87 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds) 
 
 9.11 
 10.88 
 12.61 
 14.07 
 15.37 
 16.50 
 17.47 
 18.31 
 19.04 
 19.68 
 20.27 
 20.81 
 21.32 
 21.82 
 22.31 
 22.78 
 23.25 
 23.72 
 24.18 
 24.62 
 25.04 
 25.45 
 25.84 
 26.21 
 26.58 
 26.95 
 27.31 
 27.68 
 28.06 
 28.45 
 28.83 
 29.20 
 29.56 
 29.88 
 30.18 
 30.47 
 30.75 
 31.04 
 31.34 
 31.67 
 32.01 
 32.36 
 32.71 
 33.05 
 33.36 
 33.65 
 33.91 
 34.14 
 34.36 
 34.59 
 34.82 
 35.06 
 35.33 
 35.63 
 35.94 
 36.27 
 36.61 
 36.94 
 37.28 
 37.60 
 37.91 
 38.20 
 38.48 
 38.75 
 39.05 
 39.36 
 39.69 
 40.03 
 40.39 
 40.72 
 41.17 
 41.40 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 20.89 
 21.92 
 23.09 
 24.00 
 24.83 
 25.53 
 26.15 
 26.70 
 27.20 
 27.66 
 28.10 
 28.51 
 28.91 
 29.30 
 29.69 
 30.08 
 30.47 
 30.86 
 31.24 
 31.60 
 31.93 
 32.24 
 32.53 
 32.81 
 33.09 
 33.37 
 33.66 
 33.95 
 34.24 
 34.53 
 34.82 
 35.09 
 35.34 
 35.58 
 35.81 
 36.03 
 36.25 
 36.48 
 36.72 
 36.96 
 37.21 
 37.46 
 37.70 
 37.92 
 38.13 
 38.33 
 38.52 
 38.70 
 38.89 
 39. OS 
 39.27 
 39.47 
 39.69 
 39.91 
 40.14 
 40.36 
 40.58 
 40.79 
 40.98 
 41.16 
 41.34 
 41.52 
 41.69 
 41.86 
 42.03 
 42.20 
 42.38 
 42.58 
 42.81 
 43.03 
 43.39 
 43.52 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 8.65 
 10.14 
 11.71 
 13.03 
 14.25 
 15.32 
 16.26 
 17.09 
 17.81 
 18.45 
 19.03 
 19.56 
 20.04 
 20.51 
 20.96 
 21.42 
 21.88 
 22.35 
 22.81 
 23.26 
 23.68 
 24.07 
 24.45 
 24.81 
 25.17 
 25.54 
 25.92 
 26.31 
 26.70 
 27.09 
 27.48 
 27.85 
 28.20 
 28.54 
 28.88 
 29.20 
 29.51 
 29.82 
 30.13 
 30.46 
 30.79 
 31.12 
 31.44 
 31.73 
 32.00 
 32.27 
 32.53 
 32.78 
 33.05 
 33.31 
 33.57 
 33.85 
 34.17 
 34.48 
 34.81 
 35.14 
 35.45 
 35.75 
 36.05 
 36.35 
 36.65 
 36.94 
 37.23 
 37.52 
 37.80 
 38.09 
 38.42 
 38.74 
 39.14 
 39.53 
 40.17 
 40.36 
 
 1 The figures have been smoothed by using the smoothed figures of monthly growth. For the method 
 of smoothing see p. 15. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 1, p. 85. For 
 averages at exact ages, 1 month, etc., see General Tables 19 and 20, pp. 105,106. 
 
 49079°— 21 2 
 
18 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Averages from the original data are shown in Tables II and III, 
 together with measures of variability and the numbers of cases upon 
 which the averages are based. The number of cases upon which the 
 various averages are based rises to a maximum at about 6 months 
 when over 1,900 boys and 1,800 girls were examined. For all ages 
 except under 1 month and at 60 months and over for boys, and under 
 1 month and at 56, 57, and 60 months and over for girls, at least 
 1,000 records were included, a number sufficiently large to insure that 
 the averages are not seriously affected by chance irregularities in the 
 selection of cases. 
 
 Table II. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white boys. 1 
 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number. 
 
 595 
 1,431 
 1,754 
 1,826 
 1,863 
 1,809 
 1,912 
 1,851 
 1,746 
 1,860 
 1,814 
 1,838 
 1,575 
 1,364 
 1,281 
 1,328 
 1,216 
 1,278 
 1,289 
 1,206 
 1,171 
 1,242 
 1,300 
 1,281 
 1,354 
 1,272 
 1,253 
 1,269 
 1,321 
 1,240 
 1,205 
 1,201 
 1,217 
 1,241 
 1,311 
 1.283 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Average 
 
 stature 
 
 (inches). 2 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (inches). 3 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 
 variation 
 
 (per 
 
 cent). < 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 2 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (pounds). 8 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 variation 
 (per 
 
 cent).« 
 
 
 21.16 
 
 22.47 
 23.58 
 24.53 
 25.35 
 26.08 
 26.68 
 27.21 
 27.59 
 28.02 
 28.47 
 28.91 
 29.36 
 29.73 
 30.15 
 30.42 
 30.89 
 31.26 
 31.77 
 32.12 
 32.34 
 32.64 
 33.05 
 33.23 
 33.60 
 33. 90 
 34.08 
 34.35 
 34.55 
 34.95 
 35.31 
 35.60 
 35. 85 
 36.03 
 36.16 
 36.48 
 
 1.43 
 1.29 
 1.25 
 1.30 
 1.30 
 1.45 
 1.49 
 1.57 
 1.50 
 1.47 
 1.49 
 1.42 
 1.43 
 1.42 
 1.39 
 1.38 
 1.56 
 1.59 
 1.74 
 1.70 
 1.68 
 1.67 
 1.69 
 1.62 
 1.65 
 1.58 
 1.66 
 1.63 
 1.63 
 1.75 
 1.79 
 1.84 
 1.80 
 1.72 
 1.72 
 1.73 
 
 6.7 
 5.8 
 5.3 
 5.3 
 5.1 
 5.6 
 5.6 
 5.8 
 5.4 
 5.2 
 5.2 
 4.9 
 4.9 
 4.8 
 4.6 
 4.5 
 5.0 
 5.1 
 5.5 
 5.3 
 5.2 
 5.1 
 5.1 
 4.9 
 4.9 
 4.7 
 4.9 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 5.0 
 5.1 
 5.2 
 5.0 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 4.8 
 
 9.11 
 10.88 
 12.61 
 14.12 
 15.32 
 16.58 
 17.52 
 18.31 
 18.96 
 19.44 
 20.13 
 20.67 
 21.19 
 21.67 
 22.22 
 22.45 
 23.05 
 23.61 
 24.15 
 24.67 
 24.78 
 25.28 
 25.85 
 26.02 
 26.47 
 27.02 
 27.16 
 27.53 
 27.84 
 28.40 
 28.92 
 29.17 
 29.67 
 29.86 
 30.14 
 30.49 
 
 1.77 
 1.89 
 2.04 
 2.19 
 2.28 
 2.53 
 2.59 
 2.68 
 2.57 
 2.57 
 2.64 
 2.44 
 2.58 
 2.58 
 2.53 
 2.59 
 2.74 
 2.75 
 2.93 
 2.94 
 2.91 
 2.95 
 2.98 
 2.81 
 3.06 
 3.06 
 3.30 
 3.27 
 3.17 
 3.29 
 3.47 
 3.48 
 3.50 
 3.43 
 3.45 
 3.50 
 
 19.4 
 
 
 17.4 
 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 15.4 
 
 
 14.9 
 
 
 15.3 
 
 
 14.8 
 
 
 14.6 
 
 
 13.5 
 
 
 13.2 
 
 10 months, under 11 
 
 13.1 
 
 
 11.8 
 
 
 12.2 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 
 11.7 
 
 18 months, under 19 
 
 12.1 
 
 19 months, under 20 
 
 11.9 
 
 20 months, under 21 
 
 11.7 
 
 21 months, under 22 
 
 11.7 
 
 22 months, under 23 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 26 months, under 27 . . . 
 
 12.2 
 
 27 months, under 28 
 
 11.9 
 
 28 months, under 29 . . . . 
 
 11.4 
 
 29 months, under 30 
 
 11.6 
 
 30 months, under 31 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 
 11. S 
 
 33 months, under 34 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 35 months, under 36 
 
 11.5 
 
 1 Averages are not shown for 729 boys measured at ages of 72 to S3 months, since the numbers at each 
 age were too small to yield satisfactory averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see 
 General Table 2, p. 86. The distribution of heights is given in General Table 3 and of weights in 
 General Table 5. 
 
 2 The "probable errors" of these averages are small. At under 1 month the probable error of average 
 stature is 0.04 inch; from 1 to 12 months, 0.02: from 13 to 41 months, 0.03, except at 14 months, 0.02; from 
 42 to 59 months, 0.04: and from 60 to 71 months it ranges from 0.05 to 0.08 inch. At imder 1 month the 
 "probable error" of the average weight is 0.05 pound: from 1 month to 59 months it ranges from 0.03 to 
 0.09; and from 60 months to 71 it ranges from 0.11 to 0.18 pound. For an explanation of the significance 
 of this term, see Appendix C, pp. 81-82. 
 
 a The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average. 
 
 * The coefficient of variation is found by dividing the standard deviation by the average and expressing 
 the result as a percentage. V=—— 
 
STATURES AND "WEIGHTS. 
 
 19 
 
 Table II. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white boys — 
 
 Concluded. 
 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (inches). 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 variation 
 (per 
 
 cent). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (pounds). 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 variation 
 (per 
 
 cent). 
 
 
 1,258 
 
 1,176 
 
 1,171 
 
 1,177 
 
 1,167 
 
 1,188 
 
 1,126 
 
 1,198 
 
 1,164 
 
 1,205 
 
 1,203 
 
 1,236 
 
 1,171 
 
 1, 104 
 
 1,127 
 
 1,075 
 
 1,171 
 
 1,068 
 
 1,040 
 
 1,025 
 
 1,028 
 
 1,081 
 
 1,052 
 
 1,028 
 
 624 
 
 582 
 
 527 
 
 499 
 
 508 
 
 492 
 
 405 
 
 404 
 
 433 
 
 385 
 
 380 
 
 368 
 
 36.67 
 36.90 
 37.09 
 37.31 
 37.54 
 37.83 
 38. 09 
 38.38 
 38.61 
 38.87 
 38.98 
 39.19 
 39.21 
 39.51 
 39.69 
 39.81 
 39.91 
 40.25 
 40.47 
 40.76 
 40.97 
 41.21 
 41.27 
 41.49 
 41.60 
 41.96 
 42.10 
 42.05 
 42.34 
 42.59 
 42.93 
 43.22 
 43.20 
 43.32 
 43.48 
 48.87 
 
 1.74 
 1.68 
 1.71 
 1.74 
 1.70 
 1.74 
 1.88 
 1.90 
 1.82 
 1.92 
 1.86 
 1.85 
 1.85 
 1.85 
 1.89 
 1.89 
 1.94 
 1.96 
 1.99 
 1.98 
 1.96 
 1.97 
 1.95 
 1.99 
 1.98 
 1.81 
 2.11 
 2.05 
 2.01 
 2.10 
 2.11 
 1.90 
 1.95 
 1.93 
 2.35 
 1.97 
 
 4.7 
 4.6 
 4.6 
 4.7 
 4.5 
 4.6 
 4.9 
 5.0 
 4.7 
 4.9 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 4.7 
 4.7 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 4.9 
 4.9 
 4.9 
 4.9 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.3 
 5.0 
 4.9 
 4.8 
 4.9 
 4.9 
 4.4 
 4.5 
 4.5 
 5.4 
 4.5 
 
 30.78 
 30.98 
 31.21 
 31.64 
 31.95 
 32.45 
 32.77 
 33.20 
 33.34 
 33.87 
 34.11 
 34.22 
 34.37 
 34.64 
 34.98 
 35.09 
 35.26 
 35.78 
 36.02 
 36.37 
 36.87 
 37.04 
 37.45 
 37.77 
 37.98 
 38.51 
 39.07 
 38.62 
 39.12 
 39.32 
 39.90 
 40.68 
 40.71 
 40.72 
 41.17 
 41.40 
 
 3.49 
 3.46 
 3.53 
 3.57 
 3.47 
 3.63 
 3.79 
 3.86 
 3.66 
 3.83 
 3.83 
 3.78 
 3.87 
 3.75 
 3.87 
 3.83 
 3.58 
 4.01 
 4.16 
 4.18 
 4.21 
 4.08 
 4.18 
 4.29 
 4.26 
 4.05 
 4.65 
 4.34 
 4.32 
 4.70 
 4.73 
 4.63 
 4.41 
 4.38 
 5.24 
 4.78 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 10.9 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 11.1 
 
 
 10.9 
 
 
 10.1 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 10.5 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 11 1 
 
 
 12.0 
 
 66 months, under 67 
 
 11.8 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 12.7 
 
 71 months, under 72 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 
 Table III. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white girls. 
 
 
 White girls. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 
 A verage 
 stature 
 (inches). 2 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (inches) .s 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 variation 
 (per 
 
 cent). 4 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 2 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (pounds). 3 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 variation 
 
 (per 
 cent). 4 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 543 20.89 
 1,360 21.92 
 1,631 23.09 
 1, 835 23. 96 
 1,791 1 24.72 
 
 1.39 
 1.30 
 1.24 
 1.27 
 1.35 
 
 6.6 
 5.9 
 5.4 
 5.3 
 5.5 
 
 8.65 
 10.14 
 11.71 
 13.05 
 14.28 
 
 1.72 
 1.84 
 1.92 
 2.05 
 2.25 
 
 19.9 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 18.2 
 
 2 months, under 3 i 
 
 16 4 
 
 3 months, under 4 
 
 15.7 
 
 4 months, under 5 
 
 15.8 
 
 1 Averages are not shown for 798 girls measured at ages 72 to 83 months, since the numbers at each age 
 were too small to yield satisfactory averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General 
 Table 2, p. 86. The distribution of heights is given in General Table 4 and of weights in General 
 Table 6. 
 
 2 The "probable errors" of these averages are small. At under 1 month the probable error of average 
 stature is 0.04 inch; from 1 to 11 months, 0.02, except at 7 months, 0.03; from 12 to 39 months, 0.03, except 
 at 29, 31, 32 months, 0.04; from 40 to 59 months, 0.04; and from 60 to 71 months it ranges from 0.05 to 0.07 
 inch. At under 1 month the "probable error" of average weight is 0.05 pound; from 1 to 59 months it 
 ranges from 0.03 to 0.09; and from 60 to 71 months it ranges from 0.11 to 0.17 pound. For an explanation 
 of the significance of this term see Appendix C, pp. 81-82. 
 
 s See note 3, Table II, p. 18. 
 4 See note 4, Table II, p. 18, 
 
20 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table III. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white girls- 
 
 Concluded. 
 
 
 
 White girls. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 
 Weight. 
 
 
 Age. 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (inches). 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 variation 
 (per 
 
 cent). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Standard 
 deviation 
 (pounds). 
 
 Coeffi- 
 cient of 
 variation 
 (per 
 
 cent). 
 
 5 months, 
 
 6 months, 
 
 7 months, 
 
 8 months, 
 
 9 months, 
 
 
 1,701 
 
 1,816 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,773 
 
 1,773 
 
 1,814 
 
 1,656 
 
 1,407 
 
 1,293 
 
 1,285 
 
 1,275 
 
 1,295 
 
 1,179 
 
 1,268 
 
 1,266 
 
 1,156 
 
 1,192 
 
 1, 163 
 
 1,208 
 
 1,276 
 
 1,192 
 
 1,249 
 
 1,182 
 
 1,232 
 
 1,184 
 
 1,167 
 
 1,210 
 
 1,142 
 
 1,264 
 
 1,219 
 
 1,188 
 
 1,204 
 
 1,133 
 
 1,124 
 
 1,164 
 
 1,152 
 
 1,201 
 
 1,103 
 
 1,116 
 
 1,167 
 
 1,195 
 
 1,236 
 
 1,193 
 
 1,269 
 
 1,088 
 
 1,137 
 
 1,114 
 
 1,154 
 
 1,161 
 
 1,048 
 
 1,010 
 
 995 
 
 984 
 
 1,016 
 
 1,045 
 
 634 
 
 540 
 
 572 
 
 513 
 
 478 
 
 480 
 
 471 
 
 415 
 
 402 
 
 379 
 
 409 
 
 366 
 
 25.40 
 26.06 
 26.57 
 27.01 
 27.45 
 27.91 
 28.33 
 28. 70 
 29.16 
 29.50 
 29.88 
 30.22 
 30.71 
 31.20 
 31.55 
 31.88 
 32.12 
 32.36 
 32.68 
 32.99 
 33.22 
 33.57 
 33.78 
 34.06 
 34.48 
 34.79 
 35.15 
 35.23 
 35.48 
 35.80 
 35.92 
 36.21 
 36.40 
 36.63 
 36.89 
 37.05 
 37.45 
 37. 80 
 37.93 
 38.12 
 38.29 
 38.52 
 38.58 
 38.96 
 39.12 
 39.28 
 39.32 
 39.59 
 39.92 
 40.21 
 40.40 
 40.66 
 40.76 
 41.06 
 41.11 
 41.36 
 41.71 
 41.65 
 41.91 
 41.97 
 42.27 
 42.46 
 42.61 
 42.70 
 43.03 
 43. 39 
 43.52 
 
 1.4S 
 1.54 
 1.60 
 1.53 
 1.43 
 1.50 
 1.48 
 1.42 
 1.43 
 1.43 
 1.42 
 1.49 
 1.58 
 1.71 
 1.74 
 1.72 
 1.65 
 1.63 
 1.61 
 1.57 
 1.55 
 1.51 
 1.61 
 1.68 
 1.80 
 1.74 
 1.83 
 1.81 
 1.75 
 1.72 
 1.74 
 1.72 
 1.74 
 1.71 
 1.75 
 1.81 
 1.95 
 1.85 
 1.90 
 1.85 
 1.98 
 1.86 
 1.81 
 1.89 
 1.84 
 1.83 
 1.96 
 1.88 
 1.99 
 1.95 
 2.01 
 2.09 
 1.92 
 1.95 
 1.97 
 1.97 
 2.00 
 2.06 
 1.82 
 2.13 
 2.05 
 2.16 
 1.98 
 1.97 
 1.94 
 2.07 
 2.03 
 
 5.8 
 5.9 
 5.9 
 5.7 
 5.2 
 5.4 
 5.2 
 5.0 
 4.9 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.9 
 5.1 
 5.5 
 5.5 
 5.4 
 5.1 
 5.0 
 4.9 
 4. S 
 4.7 
 4.5 
 4.8 
 4.9 
 5.2 
 5.0 
 5.2 
 5.1 
 4.9 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 4.7 
 4.9 
 5.2 
 4.9 
 5.0 
 4.9 
 5.2 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 4.9 
 4.7 
 4.7 
 5.0 
 4.8 
 5.0 
 4.9 
 5.0 
 5.1 
 4.7 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 5.0 
 4.3 
 5.1 
 4.8 
 5.1 
 4.6 
 4.6 
 4.5 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 
 15.39 
 16.25 
 17.11 
 17.75 
 18.33 
 18.94 
 19.48 
 19.87 
 20.42 
 20.72 
 21.22 
 21.59 
 22.22 
 22.77 
 23.22 
 23.63 
 23.92 
 24.34 
 24.66 
 25.08 
 25. 39 
 25.78 
 26.13 
 26.59 
 26.99 
 27.44 
 27.94 
 28. 07 
 28.37 
 28.93 
 29.09 
 29.54 
 29.75 
 29.97 
 30. 39 
 30.62 
 31.14 
 31.54 
 31.91 
 31.82 
 32.24 
 32.52 
 32.64 
 33.20 
 33. 31 
 33.54 
 33.68 
 34.12 
 34.43 
 34.79 
 35.39 
 35.65 
 35.53 
 36.11 
 36.33 
 36.75 
 37.32 
 36.99 
 37.59 
 37.84 
 37. 94 
 38. 68 
 38.32 
 38.81 
 39.53 
 40.17 
 40.36 
 
 2.36 
 
 2.40 
 2.59 
 2.47 
 2.42 
 ■ 2.51 
 2.55 
 2.47 
 2.41 
 2.51 
 2.47 
 2.64 
 2.71 
 2.74 
 2.94 
 2.90 
 2.83 
 2.84 
 2.88 
 3.03 
 2.90 
 2.95 
 2.98 
 3.27 
 3.27 
 3.39 
 3.31 
 3.49 
 3.35 
 3.42 
 3.37 
 3.49 
 3.62 
 3.50 
 3.69 
 3.67 
 3.66 
 3.80 
 3.90 
 3.62 
 3.94 
 3.76 
 3.78 
 3.97 
 3.82 
 3.84 
 3.88 
 4.16 
 4.09 
 4.12 
 4.22 
 4.31 
 4.08 
 4.21 
 4.20 
 4.21 
 4.49 
 4.39 
 4.25 
 4.58 
 4.25 
 4.81 
 4.24 
 4.37 
 4.67 
 5.03 
 4.80 
 
 15 4 
 
 
 14 8 
 
 
 15 1 
 
 under 9 
 
 13 9 
 
 
 13 2 
 
 
 13 3 
 
 
 
 13 1 
 
 12 months 
 
 
 12 4 
 
 13 months 
 
 
 11 8 
 
 14 months 
 
 
 12 1 
 
 15 months 
 
 
 11 7 
 
 16 months 
 
 under 17 
 
 12 2 
 
 17 months 
 
 under 18 
 
 12 2 
 
 18 months 
 
 under 19 
 
 12 
 
 19 months 
 
 under 20 
 
 12 6 
 
 
 
 12 3 
 
 21 months 
 
 under 22 
 
 11 9 
 
 22 months 
 
 under 23 
 
 11 7 
 
 23 months 
 
 
 11 7 
 
 24 months 
 
 
 12 1 
 
 25 months 
 
 
 11 4 
 
 26 months 
 
 under 27 
 
 11 4 
 
 27 months 
 
 
 11 4 
 
 28 months 
 
 under 29 
 
 12 3 
 
 29 months 
 
 
 12 1 
 
 30 months 
 
 under 31 
 
 12 4 
 
 
 under 32 
 
 11 9 
 
 32 months 
 
 
 12 4 
 
 
 
 11 8 
 
 34 months 
 
 under 35 
 
 11 8 
 
 35 months 
 
 under 36 
 
 11 6 
 
 36 months 
 
 under 37 
 
 11 8 
 
 37 months 
 
 under 38 
 
 12 2 
 
 38 months 
 
 under 39 
 
 11.7 
 
 39 months 
 
 under 40 
 
 12.2 
 
 40 months 
 
 under 41 
 
 12 
 
 41 months 
 
 
 11.8 
 
 42 months 
 
 under 43 
 
 12.0 
 
 43 months 
 
 
 12.2 
 
 44 months 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 45 months 
 
 
 12.2 
 
 46 months 
 
 under 47 
 
 11.6 
 
 47 months 
 
 under 4S , , 
 
 11.6 
 
 48 months 
 
 
 11.9 
 
 49 months 
 
 under 50 
 
 11.5 
 
 50 months 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 51 months 
 
 under 52 
 
 11.5 
 
 52 months 
 
 under 53 
 
 12.2 
 
 53 months 
 
 under 54 
 
 11.9 
 
 54 months 
 
 under 55 
 
 11.8 
 
 55 months 
 
 under 56 
 
 11.9 
 
 56 months 
 
 under 57 
 
 12.1 
 
 57 months 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 58 months 
 
 
 11.6 
 
 59 monthSj 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 60 months 
 
 under 61 
 
 11.4 
 
 61 months 
 
 under 62 
 
 12.0 
 
 62 months 
 
 under 63 
 
 11.9 
 
 63 months 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 64 months 
 
 
 12.1 
 
 65 months 
 
 
 11.2 
 
 66 months 
 
 under 67 
 
 12.4 
 
 
 
 11.1 
 
 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 
 11.8 
 
 
 
 12 5 
 
 
 under 72 
 
 11 9 
 
 
 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 21 
 
 Variability. 
 
 Two measures of variability, one an absolute — the standard devia- 
 tion — and the other a relative — the coefficient of variation — are pre- 
 sented in Tables II and III. 
 
 The standard deviation is a measure of how closely the figures for 
 individual cases are grouped about the average. It gives a statement 
 of the number of inches or pounds above and below the average 
 within which roughly two-thirds of the measurements will be found 
 to lie. 3 In general, a single measurement rarely varies from the 
 average by more than three or four times the standard deviation. 
 This deviation affords, then, a criterion for testing an individual case 
 in comparison with the average. Other things being equal, a large 
 standard deviation means that the individuals in the group differ 
 more from one another than if the standard deviation were small. 
 These deviations, calculated separately for the two sexes and for 
 each age, show how the variability of the measurements changes with 
 sex and age. 
 
 The standard deviation, in general, increases with age; or, in non- 
 technical language, the number of inches and pounds, as the case 
 may be, within which the bulk of the individual measurements fall 
 increases slightly as the age increases. For stature of boys the 
 standard deviation, after an initial fall from 1.43 inches at under 1 
 month to 1.25 at 2 months, rises to 1.97 inches at 71 months. A 
 similar trend can be observed for girls; an initial fall from 1.39 inches 
 at under 1 month to 1.24 at 2 months, and then a steady rise to 2.03 
 inches at 71 months. For weight, the increase is from 1.77 pounds at 
 under 1 month to 4.78 at 71 months for boys, and from 1.72 pounds 
 at under 1 month to 4.80 pounds at 71 months for girls. The dif- 
 ference in the standard deviations for boys and girls is probably not 
 significant. Charts XIV and XV illustrate the variabilities of stat- 
 ures and weights for boys aged 36 months. 
 
 The relative measure of variability, the coefficient of variation, is 
 also shown in Tables II and III. The standard deviation of stature 
 or weight is an absolute measure of variability and is expressed in 
 inches or pounds; the coefficient of variation is a relative measure, 
 found by dividing the standard deviation by the average height or 
 weight, and expressing the result as a percentage. For the age 
 group studied, the standard deviations increase with age, but the 
 coefficients of variation found by dividing them by the greater 
 average statures and weights decrease with age. 
 
 The coefficient of variation for stature decreases from 6.7 per cent 
 at under 1 month to 4.5 at 71 months for boys, and from 6.6 per cent 
 
 3 The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average. 
 
22 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 at under 1 month to 4.7 at 71 months for girls. The decrease is most 
 marked in the early months after birth. 
 
 For weight the coefficient of variation decreases from 19.4 per cent 
 at under 1 month to 11.6 at 71 months for boys, and from 19.9 per 
 cent at under 1 month to 11.9 at 71 months for girls. Again the 
 principal decrease appears in the first 12 months of life. 
 
 In part explanation of these changes in variability the following 
 points may be mentioned. The decrease in the coefficient of varia- 
 tion is largely the result merely of the fact that growth proceeds at a 
 faster rate than increase in absolute variability. The decrease in 
 absolute variability in stature which is suggested by the figures dur- 
 ing the first two months may be explained, perhaps, by the elimina- 
 tion of children at the lowest extreme of variation; as, for example, 
 by the deaths of infants prematurely born. It is well known that 
 the mortality in the first month of life is exceptionally heavy as 
 compared with that in subsequent months, and the mortality of 
 infants prematurely born is much greater than of infants born at 
 full term. No data are available, unfortunately, to show to what 
 •extent these considerations apply to the children selected for 
 tabulation. 4 
 
 After the first two months in case of stature, as already stated, 
 and from the first month in case of weight variability as measured 
 in absolute terms increases. The explanation of this tendency is 
 probably to be found in individual differences in growth, some 
 individuals growing rapidly and others being retarded in growth. 
 One important factor in causing retardation in growth is sickness. 
 Charts of the growth of individuals show clearly the marked influence 
 of serious illness upon weight, and to a less extent upon stature. It 
 is impossible to determine to what extent sickness as a factor applies 
 to the groups selected for tabulation. No children who were noted as 
 sick at the time of measurement were included in the tabulation; 
 but, on the other hand, no specific questions as to recent illnesses were 
 asked. In this connection the presence of defects or abnormal con- 
 ditions as a factor influencing growth should be mentioned, and for 
 further discussion of this point the reader is referred to page 67. 
 Other factors, however, are doubtless of very great importance in 
 influencing growth, such as favorable or unfavorable environment, 
 fresh air, wholesome food, rest, and play — to mention only a few — 
 and obviously differences in these conditions may produce differ- 
 ences in rates of growth. Finally, heredity or racial influences play 
 an- important part. 
 
 < If mortality exercises a definite selective influence upon the group from which children of the older 
 ages are drawn, obviously differences in the averages at different ages represent the combined result of 
 growth plus selection. This is a defect in the method of comparing averages based upon single measure- 
 ments of children at different ages, which has been pointed out by Boas, Westergaard, and others. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 23 
 
 Growth. 
 
 In" Tables IV and V the average growth in a month and the aver- 
 age growth in a year are shown. These figures were found by sub- 
 tracting the statures and weights of the given month, in the one case, 
 from the statures and weights of the succeeding month, and in the 
 other from those of 12 months later. The figures showing the monthly 
 growth have been smoothed to eliminate fluctuations due to chance 
 variations. 5 Charts III and IV show the information graphically. 
 
 The average monthly growth in stature decreases rapidly. For 
 boys it drops from 1.31 inches of growth between the first and second 
 months to 0.40 inch between the twelfth and thirteenth months and 
 0.18 inch between the sixtieth and sixty-first months, and for girls 
 from 1.03 inches of growth between the first and second months to 
 0.39 inch between the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.18 inch 
 between the sixtieth and sixty-first months. Very little difference 
 appears between the sexes. . 
 
 The average monthly growth in weight also decreases rapidly, 
 especially during the first year of life. For boys it falls from 1.77 
 pounds growth between the first and second months to 0.50 pound 
 between the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.29 pound between 
 the sixtieth and sixty-first months, and for girls from 1.49 pounds 
 growth between the first and second months to 0.47 pound between 
 the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.29 pound between the 
 sixtieth and sixty-first months. Throughout the period there appears 
 to be a gradual slowing down in the rate of growth both in stature 
 and in weight. 
 
 When the averages for each month are compared with those 12 
 months later, the difference measures the yearly growth. This 
 method has the advantage that in taking the growth over a longer 
 period the irregularities that appear in comparing the averages with 
 those of next succeeding months are automatically smoothed. The 
 figures show the same general trend as those based on monthly 
 changes — a decrease in the growth most marked during the months 
 immediately following birth. 
 
 The average annual growth in stature decreases for boys from 8.2 
 inches during the first year of life to 4.2 inches during the second and 
 to 2.4 inches during the sixth. The figures for girls are substantially 
 the same except for the early months. Thus the yearly growth of 
 girls falls from 7.9 inches during the first to 4.3 inches during the 
 second and 2.4 inches during the sixth year of life. 
 
 6 As explained previously, the method of smoothing was to replace each figure by a new one derived by 
 taking one-fifth the sum of the figure itself, the two preceding, and the two following. This process was 
 repeated upon the figures secured from the first smoothing; then the final smoothed figures were reduced 
 proportionally so that the sum of the smoothed figures should equal the sum of the original figures. 
 The first two and the last two figures were kept unchanged. 
 
24 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table IV. — Monthly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age; white children. 
 
 
 
 Difference in 
 
 average 
 
 at specified and at succeeding month. 
 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 ■6 
 s 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 co 
 
 •a 
 
 3 
 
 -3" 
 
 OS 
 
 a 
 P 
 
 i 
 
 "o 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 co 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 C3 
 
 a 
 P 
 
 -3 
 S 
 
 .4 
 o 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 to 
 
 T3 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 -5" 
 
 C3 
 3 
 P 
 
 ■6 
 
 JS 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 ■d 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 0) 
 
 a 
 P 
 
 Under 1 m 
 
 1 month, u 
 
 2 months, 
 
 3 months, 
 
 4 months, 
 
 5 months, 
 
 6 months, 
 
 7 months, 
 
 8 months, 
 
 9 months, 
 
 
 (1.31) 
 (1.11) 
 .97 
 .83 
 .72 
 .62 
 .55 
 .49 
 .45 
 .43 
 .42 
 .41 
 .40 
 .39 
 .38 
 .38 
 .37 
 .37 
 .35 
 .33 
 .32 
 .30 
 .28 
 .28 
 .27 
 .27 
 .27 
 .28 
 .28 
 .28 
 v. .27 
 .25 
 .23 
 .22 
 .22 
 .21 
 .22 
 .22 
 .23 
 .23 
 .24 
 .24 
 .24 
 .22 
 .21 
 .19 
 .18 
 .16 
 .17 
 .17 
 .18 
 .19 
 .22 
 .22 
 .22 
 .21 
 .20 
 .19 
 .18 
 .17 
 .18 
 .18 
 .18 
 .20 
 .20 
 .20 
 .20 
 .19 
 .22 
 (.16) 
 (.39) 
 
 1.31 
 1.11 
 .95 
 .82 
 .73 
 .60 
 .53 
 .38 
 .43 
 .45 
 .44 
 .45 
 .37 
 .42 
 .27 
 .47 
 .37 
 .51 
 .35 
 .22 
 .30 
 .41 
 .18 
 .37 
 .30 
 .18 
 .27 
 .20 
 .40 
 .36 
 .29 
 .25 
 .18 
 .13 
 .32 
 .19 
 .23 
 .19 
 .22 
 .23 
 .29 
 .26 
 .29 
 .23 
 .26 
 .11 
 .21 
 .02 
 .30 
 .18 
 .12 
 .10 
 .34 
 .22 
 .29 
 .21 
 .24 
 .06 
 .22 
 .11 
 .36 
 .14 
 
 -.05 
 .29 
 .25 
 .34 
 .29 
 
 -.02 
 .12 
 .16 
 .39 
 
 (1.77) 
 (1.73) 
 1.46 
 1.30 
 1.13 
 .97 
 .84 
 .73 
 .64 
 .59 
 .54 
 .51 
 .50 
 .49 
 .47 
 .47 
 .47 
 .46 
 .44 
 .42 
 .41 
 .39 
 .37 
 .37 
 .37 
 .36 
 .37 
 .38 
 .39 
 .38 
 .37 
 .36 
 .32 
 .30 
 .29 
 .28 
 .29 
 .30 
 .33 
 .34 
 .35 
 .35 
 .34 
 .31 
 .29 
 .26 
 .23 
 .22 
 .23 
 .23 
 .24 
 .27 
 .30 
 .31 
 .33 
 .34 
 .33 
 .34 
 .32 
 .31 
 .29 
 .28 
 .27 
 .30 
 .31 
 .33 
 .34 
 .36 
 .33 
 .45 
 .23 
 
 1.77 
 1.73 
 1.51 
 1.20 
 1.26 
 .94 
 .79 
 .65 
 .48 
 .69 
 .54 
 .52 
 .48 
 .55 
 .23 
 .60 
 .56 
 .54 
 .53 
 .11 
 .50 
 .57 
 .17 
 .45 
 .55 
 .14 
 .37 
 .31 
 .56 
 .52 
 .25 
 .50 
 .19 
 .28 
 .35 
 .29 
 .20 
 .23 
 .43 
 .31 
 .50 
 .32 
 .43 
 .14 
 .53 
 .24 
 .11 
 .15 
 .27 
 .34 
 .11 
 .17 
 .52 
 .24 
 .35 
 .50 
 .17 
 .41 
 .32 
 .21 
 .53 
 .56 
 -.45 
 .50 
 .20 
 .57 
 .78 
 .03 
 .01 
 .45 
 .23 
 
 (1.03) 
 (1.17) 
 .91 
 .S3 
 .70 
 .62 
 .55 
 .50 
 .46 
 .44 
 .41 
 .40 
 .39 
 .39 
 .39 
 .39 
 .39 
 .38 
 .36 
 .33 
 .31 
 .29 
 .28 
 .28 
 .28 
 .29 
 .29 
 .29 
 .29 
 .29 
 .27 
 .25 
 .24 
 .23 
 .22 
 .22 
 .23 
 .24 
 .24 
 .25 
 .25 
 .24 
 .22 
 .21 
 .20 
 .19 
 .18 
 .19 
 .19 
 .19 
 .20 
 .22 
 .22 
 .23 
 .22 
 .22 
 .21 
 .19 
 .18 
 .18 
 .18 
 .17 
 .17 
 .17 
 .17 
 .18 
 .20 
 .23 
 .22 
 (-36) 
 (.13) 
 
 1.03 
 1.17 
 .87 
 .76 
 .68 
 .66 
 .51 
 .44 
 .44 
 .46 
 .42 
 .37 
 .46 
 .34 
 .38 
 .34 
 .49 
 .49 
 .35 
 .33 
 .24 
 .24 
 .32 
 .31 
 .23 
 .35 
 .21 
 .28 
 .42 
 .31 
 .36 
 .08 
 .25 
 .32 
 .12 
 .29 
 .19 
 .23 
 .26 
 .16 
 .40 
 .35 
 .13 
 .19 
 .17 
 .23 
 .06 
 .38 
 .16 
 .16 
 .04 
 .27 
 .33 
 .29 
 .19 
 .26 
 .10 
 .30 
 .05 
 .25 
 .35 
 -.06 
 .26 
 .06 
 .30 
 .19 
 .15 
 .09 
 .33 
 .36 
 .13 
 
 (1.49) 
 (1.57) 
 1.32 
 1.22 
 1.07 
 .94 
 .83 
 .72 
 .64 
 .58 
 .53 
 .48 
 .47 
 .45 
 .46 
 .46 
 .47 
 .46 
 .45 
 .42 
 .39 
 .38 
 .36 
 .36 
 .37 
 .38 
 .39 
 .39 
 .39 
 .39 
 .37 
 .35 
 .34 
 .34 
 .32 
 .31 
 .31 
 .31 
 .33 
 .33 
 .33 
 .32 
 .29 
 .27 
 .27 
 .26 
 .25 
 .27 
 .26 
 .26 
 .28 
 .32 
 .31 
 .33 
 .33 
 .31 
 .30 
 .30 
 .30 
 .30 
 .29 
 .29 
 .29 
 .28 
 .29 
 .33 
 .32 
 .40 
 .39 
 (.64) 
 (.19) 
 
 1.49 
 
 nder2 
 
 1.57 
 
 
 1.34 
 
 
 1.23 
 
 under 5 
 
 1.11 
 
 
 .86 
 
 
 .86 
 
 under 8 
 
 .64 
 
 
 .58 
 
 
 .61 
 
 
 .54 
 
 11 months 
 
 under 12 
 
 .39 
 
 
 
 .55 
 
 13 months 
 
 
 .30 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 
 under 16 
 
 .37 
 
 
 
 .63 
 
 
 
 .55 
 
 
 
 .45 
 
 
 
 .41 
 
 20 months 
 
 
 .29 
 
 21 months 
 
 under 22 
 
 .42 
 
 
 
 .32 
 
 23 months 
 
 under 24 
 
 .42 
 
 
 
 .31 
 
 
 
 .39 
 
 
 
 .35 
 
 27 months 
 
 under 28 
 
 .46 
 
 28 months 
 
 
 .40 
 
 29 months 
 
 under 30 
 
 .45 
 
 30 months 
 
 under 31 
 
 .50 
 
 
 under 32 
 
 .13 
 
 
 
 .30 
 
 33 months 
 
 
 .56 
 
 
 
 .16 
 
 
 
 .45 
 
 
 under 37 
 
 .21 
 
 37 months 
 
 
 .22 
 
 38 months 
 
 under 39 
 
 .42 
 
 
 
 .23 
 
 
 
 .52 
 
 
 
 .40 
 
 42 months 
 
 
 .37 
 
 
 
 —.09 
 
 
 
 .42 
 
 
 
 .28 
 
 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 .56 
 
 48 months 
 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 .23 
 
 
 
 .14 
 
 
 
 .44 
 
 
 
 .31 
 
 
 
 .36 
 
 
 
 .60 
 
 55 months 
 
 under 56 
 
 .26 
 
 —.12 
 
 
 
 .58 
 
 
 
 .22 
 
 
 
 .42 
 
 
 
 .57 
 
 
 
 —.33 
 
 
 
 .60 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 . 10 
 
 
 
 .74 
 
 
 under 67 
 
 — 36 
 
 
 
 .49 
 
 
 
 .72 
 
 
 
 .64 
 
 
 
 .19 
 
 
 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 25 
 
 The average annual growth in weight decreases for boys from 12.1 
 pounds during the first year of life to 5.3 pounds during the second 
 and to a minimum of about 3.2 pounds during the year following the 
 forty-third month of life. For girls the growth falls from 11.3 pounds 
 during the first year to 5.2 pounds during the second and to a low 
 
 point of about 3.3 pounds during the year following the forty- third 
 month. After this point the average yearly growth for both sexes 
 appears to rise slightly, reaching nearly 4 pounds at 5 years of age, 
 though the figures for the last year shown are more subject to fluctua- 
 tions on account of the relatively smaller numbers upon which the 
 averages are based. The tendency for the rate of growth in weight 
 
26 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Inches or pounds Chart IV. — Yearly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age. 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i V 
 
 
 < ^!^- 
 
 ^-V 
 
 /N 
 
 " N ">C'\_^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - V\ 
 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 v X?Vi 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Months 5 10 15 
 Boys' statures 
 
 20 25 30 35 40 
 
 Boys' weights 
 
 Girls' statures — x — -Xr x Girls' weights - 
 
 45 50 55 60 
 
 Pounds 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 Chart V. — Weight for stature, by sex. 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 Inches 20 
 
 
 24 
 
 28 32 
 
 Boys 
 
 Girls 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 48 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 27 
 
 to increase toward the close of the age period studied is shown more 
 clearly in the graphs. 
 
 Table V. — Twelvemonths' groivih in stature and weight, by sex and age; white children. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Difference in average at specified age and 
 12 months older. 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds) . 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds) . 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3. . . 
 
 3 months, under 4. . . 
 
 4 months, under 5. . . 
 
 5 months, under 6. . . 
 
 6 months, under 7. . . 
 
 7 months, under 8. . . 
 
 8 months, under 9. . . 
 
 9 months, under 10. . 
 
 10 months, under 11, 
 11 7 aonths, under 12 
 12 months, under 13 
 1? months, under 14 
 
 14 months, under 15 
 
 15 months, under 16 
 
 16 months, under 17 
 
 17 months, under 18 
 
 18 months, under 19 
 
 19 months, under 20 
 
 20 months, under 21. 
 
 21 months, under 22 
 
 22 months, under 23 
 
 23 months, under 24 
 
 24 months, under 25 
 
 25 months, under 26 
 
 26 months, under 27 
 
 27 months, under 28 
 
 28 months, under 29 
 
 29 months, under 30 
 
 30 months, under 31 
 
 31 months, under 32 
 
 32 months, under 33 
 
 33 months, under 34 
 
 34 months, under 35 
 
 35 months, under 36 
 
 36 months, under 37 
 
 37 months, under 38 
 
 38 months, under 39 
 
 39 months, under 40 
 
 40 months, under 41 
 
 41 months, under 42 
 
 42 months, under 43 
 
 43 months, under 44 
 
 44 months, under 45 
 
 45 months, under 46 
 
 46 months, under 47 
 
 47 months, under 48 
 
 48 months, under 49 
 
 49 months, under 50 
 
 50 months, under 51 
 
 51 months, under 52 
 
 52 months, under 53 
 
 53 months, under 54 
 
 54 months, under 55 
 
 55 months, under 56 
 
 56 months, under 57. 
 
 57 months, under 58 
 
 58 months, under 59 
 
 59 months, under 60 
 
 8.2 
 7.3 
 6.6 
 5.9 
 5.5 
 5.2 
 5.1 
 4.9 
 4.7 
 4.6 
 4.6 
 4.3 
 4.2 
 4.2 
 3.9 
 3.9 
 3.7 
 3.7 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.5 
 3.4 
 3.1 
 3.3 
 3.1 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 2.9 
 2.8 
 2.8 
 2.8 
 2.8 
 2.8 
 2.7 
 2.5 
 2.6 
 2.6 
 2.5 
 2.4 
 2.4 
 2.4 
 2.4 
 2.4 
 2.2 
 2.3 
 2.3 
 2.4 
 2.4 
 2.4 
 2.2 
 2.4 
 2.3 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.2 
 2.1 
 2.2 
 2.4 
 
 12.1 
 10.8 
 9.6 
 8.3 
 7.7 
 7.0 
 6.6 
 6.4 
 5.8 
 5.8 
 5.7 
 5.3 
 5.3 
 5.4 
 4.9 
 5.1 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 4.5 
 4.9 
 4.6 
 4.3 
 4.5 
 4.3 
 4.0 
 4.1 
 4.1 
 4.1 
 4.1 
 3.9 
 4.0 
 3.7 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 3.7 
 3.6 
 3.7 
 3.8 
 3.5 
 3.3 
 3.3 
 3.3 
 3.2 
 3.5 
 3.2 
 
 3.3 
 3.5 
 3.6 
 3.9 
 4.1 
 3.5 
 3.9 
 3.5 
 3.9 
 4.3 
 3.8 
 3.7 
 3.7 
 3.6 
 
 7.9 
 7.2 
 6.4 
 5.9 
 5.5 
 5.3 
 5.1 
 5.0 
 4.9 
 4.7 
 4.5 
 4.3 
 4.3 
 4.1 
 4.1 
 3.9 
 3.8 
 3.8 
 3.6 
 3.6 
 3.3 
 3.4 
 3.4 
 3.2 
 3.2 
 3.2 
 3.1 
 3.1 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 3.0 
 2.8 
 2.9 
 2.8 
 2.7 
 2.7 
 2.8 
 2.7 
 2.7 
 2.4 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.4 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.5 
 2.4 
 2.6 
 2.4 
 2.6 
 2.4 
 2.4 
 2.2 
 2.2 
 2.0 
 2.3 
 2.3 
 2.4 
 
 11.3 
 10.3 
 9.0 
 8.2 
 7.3 
 6.8 
 6.5 
 6.1 
 5.9 
 5.6 
 5.4 
 5.2 
 5.2 
 5.0 
 5.1 
 4.9 
 5.0 
 4.8 
 4.7 
 4.7 
 4.4 
 4.4 
 4.6 
 4.4 
 4.5 
 4.4 
 4.2 
 4.3 
 4.0 
 4.1 
 4.1 
 4.0 
 3.8 
 3.9 
 3.6 
 3.5 
 3.7 
 3.6 
 3.6 
 3.3 
 3.5 
 3.3 
 3.3 
 3.5 
 3.8 
 3.3 
 3.6 
 3.7 
 3.6 
 4.0 
 3.4 
 3.9 
 3.7 
 3.5 
 3.9 
 2.9 
 3.2 
 4.0 
 4.1 
 4.0 
 
 Weight for stature. 
 
 In Table VI average weights are shown for boys and girls of dif- 
 ferent statures. The previous tables have shown that boys were not 
 only taller on the average, but that they weighed more than girls of 
 
28 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 the same ages. In this table it appears that boys are not only- 
 heavier than girls of the same ages, but are also heavier than girls of 
 the same statures. These facts are shown graphically in Chart V. 
 
 Of special interest is the fact that the standard deviations of weight 
 are much smaller when the weights are classified by inches of stature 
 than when they are classified by ages. The coefficients of variation 
 are also markedly less. Thus, from 29 to 47 inches, including roughly 
 children aged from 12 to 71 months, the variability of the weights for 
 boys decreases from about 10 per cent to 7 per cent, while that for girls 
 decreases from about 10 per cent to between 8 and 9 per cent. When 
 classified by age, on the other hand, the variabilities of the weights 
 of these children were around 10 and 12 per cent. It follows that 
 for the range of ages and statures included in the group studied, the 
 weights of children, or the average weight of a group can be more accu- 
 rately predicted if their statures are known than if only their ages 
 are known. The relative variabilities of weights when classified by 
 age and by stature are shown in Charts XV and XVI for boys 36 
 months of age and for boys 37 inches in stature. 
 
 The coefficients of variation given in Table VI can be used to 
 illumine the meaning of such a statement as that an individual 
 child is, for example, 10 per cent below average weight for height. 
 At 28 inches the standard deviation — or the number of pounds 
 above or below the average within which roughly two-thirds of the 
 measurements fall — is 10 per cent for girls and approximately the 
 same for boys. At this stature about one-sixth, then, of all the 
 cases will fall 10 per cent or more below average weight for height. 
 It is clear, however, from the way in which the coefficient of varia- 
 tion increases below this stature and decreases above it, that at 
 other heights the proportion falling below a dividing line so defined 
 will vary considerably from this percentage. A much larger pro- 
 portion of children whose statures are under 28 inches, and a much 
 smaller proportion of those whose statures are over 28 inches, will 
 be more than 10 per cent below average weight for height. In other 
 words, the statistical significance of being 10 per cent below average 
 weight for height differs considerably with the stature, depending 
 at each inch of stature upon the distribution of cases about the 
 average. 
 
 The standard deviation offers, in a sense, a convenient standard 
 by which to define a zone of ordinary variation. Such zones might 
 be variously defined; the distance of the boundary lines from the 
 average might, for example, be equal to, or it might be some multiple 
 or some fractional part of the standard deviation. The lines in 
 Charts XII and XIII show zones whose boundaries are distant from 
 the average by an amount equal to the standard deviation. The 
 material available on the records throws no light on the question 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 29 
 
 whether a zone so denned, as applied to children of different ages, 
 has a uniform significance in terms of nutrition or physical condition. 
 
 Table VI. — Average weights, by stature and sex; white children under 7 years of age. 1 
 
 
 White boys. 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Stature (inches) . 2 
 
 oj 
 
 id 
 
 60 
 
 <S o 
 hoX. 
 
 0J 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 d i 
 
 o> 55 
 o> > 
 
 d «is 
 Q 
 
 d 
 
 03„ 
 
 t* i 
 
 u o 
 <S ft 
 
 d 
 
 03 
 
 3a 
 
 'C • 
 >t 
 o o 
 
 P rv 
 
 S d 
 fc ° 
 o 
 a 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 t. GO 
 
 p. a 
 o 
 
 ss 
 
 '53 
 
 0J 
 
 ,0 
 
 +3 
 d 
 
 fed 
 OJ^, 
 
 o § 
 o3°» 
 0J 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 So3 
 
 ^ 03 --^ 
 03 T3 
 •Cffid 
 
 ®.£; o 
 
 d^S 
 
 £§« 
 55 o y 
 
 *%%% 
 
 d 
 _o 
 '■+j 
 
 a3„ 
 •&& 
 
 -a 3 
 
 f-i o 
 
 03 ft 
 
 TJ — ' 
 
 d 
 
 03 
 
 5a 
 
 03 -TJ 
 
 >x 
 
 vh © 
 O © 
 
 gft 
 
 11 
 
 OJtJ 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 0JT3 
 
 1 
 
 ss 
 
 '55 
 
 20 
 
 206 
 486 
 905 
 1,352 
 1,994 
 2,496 
 3,068 
 3,525 
 3, 775 
 3,605 
 3,671 
 3,834 
 3,803 
 4,075 
 4,533 
 4,698 
 5,159 
 5,074 
 5,265 
 5,133 
 4,769 
 4,181 
 3,393 
 2,312 
 1,598 
 857 
 423 
 193 
 
 8.19 
 9.47 
 10.55 
 11.94 
 13.47 
 15.01 
 16.60 
 18.03 
 19.39 
 20.68 
 21.98 
 23.24 
 24.56 
 25.80 
 27.12 
 28.41 
 29.72 
 31.09 
 32.44 
 33.84 
 35.28 
 36.83 
 38.38 
 40.13 
 41.73 
 43.50 
 45.41 
 47.29 
 
 1.28 
 1.08 
 1.39 
 1.53 
 1.54 
 1.59 
 1.43 
 1.36 
 1.29 
 1.30 
 1.26 
 1.32 
 1.24 
 1.32 
 1.29 
 1.31 
 1.37 
 1.35 
 1.40 
 1.44 
 1.55 
 1.55 
 1.75 
 1.60 
 1.77 
 1.91 
 1.88 
 
 1.36 
 1.61 
 1.58 
 1.73 
 1.81 
 1.93 
 1.93 
 1.94 
 1.99 
 2.00 
 2.03 
 2.11 
 2.22 
 2.29 
 2.46 
 2.55 
 2.69 
 2.65 
 2.66 
 2.73 
 2.83 
 2.88 
 2.94 
 3.05 
 3.16 
 3.22 
 3.32 
 3.35 
 
 16.7 
 17.0 
 14.9 
 14.5 
 13.5 
 12.9 
 11.6 
 10.7 
 10.3 
 9.7 
 9.2 
 9.1 
 9.0 
 8.9 
 9.1 
 9.0 
 9.1 
 8.5 
 8.2 
 8.1 
 8.0 
 • 7.8 
 7.7 
 7.6 
 7.6 
 7.4 
 7.3 
 7.1 
 
 0.41 
 .45 
 .48 
 .52 
 .56 
 .60 
 .64 
 .67 
 .69 
 .71 
 .73 
 .75 
 .77 
 .78 
 .80 
 .81 
 .83 
 .84 
 .85 
 .87 
 .88 
 .90 
 .91 
 .93 
 .95 
 .97 
 .99 
 
 1.01 
 
 310 
 654 
 1,121 
 1,635 
 2,318 
 2,866 
 3,179 
 3,561 
 3,471 
 3,425 
 3,563 
 3,750 
 3,805 
 3,951 
 4,405 
 4,596 
 4,919 
 4,974 
 4,973 
 4,823 
 4,505 
 3,894 
 3,002 
 2,020 
 1,341 
 703 
 349 
 143 
 
 8.13 
 9.28 
 10.53 
 11.88 
 13.33 
 14.82 
 16.35 
 17.66 
 19.01 
 20.20 
 21.30 
 22.60 
 23.81 
 25.06 
 26.41 
 27.75 
 29.13 
 30.37 
 31.71 
 32.99 
 34.49 
 36.02 
 37.49 
 39.23 
 40.94 
 42.79 
 45.00 
 46.85 
 
 1.15 
 1.25 
 1.35 
 1.45 
 1.49 
 1.53 
 1.31 
 1.35 
 1.19 
 1.10 
 1.30 
 1.21 
 1.25 
 1.35 
 1.34 
 1.38 
 1.24 
 1.34 
 1.28 
 1.50 
 1.53 
 1.47 
 1.74 
 1.71 
 1.85 
 2.21 
 1.85 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.49 
 1.82 
 1.65 
 1.74 
 1.82 
 1.88 
 1.92 
 1.92 
 2.01 
 2.03 
 2.11 
 2.23 
 2.28 
 2.45 
 2.54 
 2.67 
 2.67 
 2.75 
 2.81 
 2.87 
 3.04 
 3.06 
 3.29 
 3.24 
 3.40 
 3.70 
 4.16 
 
 16.4 
 16.0 
 17.2 
 13.9 
 13.1 
 12.3 
 11.5 
 10.9 
 10.1 
 9.9 
 9.5 
 9.4 
 9.4 
 9.1 
 9.3 
 9.1 
 9.2 
 8.8 
 8.7 
 8.5 
 8.3 
 8.4 
 8.2 
 8.4 
 7.9 
 8.0 
 8.2 
 8.9 
 
 0.41 
 
 21 
 
 .44 
 
 22 
 
 .48 
 
 23 
 
 .52 
 
 24 
 
 .56 
 
 25 
 
 .59 
 
 26 
 
 .63 
 
 27 
 
 .65 
 
 28 
 
 .68 
 
 29 
 
 .70 
 
 30 
 
 .71 
 
 31 
 
 .73 
 
 32 
 
 .74 
 
 33 
 
 .76 
 
 34 
 
 .78 
 
 35 
 
 .79 
 
 36 
 
 .81 
 
 37 
 
 .83 
 
 38 
 
 .83 
 
 39 
 
 .85 
 
 40 
 
 .86 
 
 41 
 
 .88 
 
 42 
 
 .89 
 
 43 
 
 .91 
 
 44 
 
 .98 
 
 45 
 
 .95 
 
 46 
 
 .98 
 
 47 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 
 1 Averages are not shown for 83 boys and 121 girls who were under 20 inches high, or for 109 boys and 
 72 girls who were 48 inches and over, since the numbers at each stature are too small to give satisfactory 
 averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 21, p. 107. The distribution 
 of weights for each inch in stature is shown in General Table 7 for boys and in General Table 8 for girls. 
 
 2 Thestatures are classified to the nearest inch; casesfalling on the" dividing line between classes were 
 divided equally and half were classed with the unit above and half with the unit below— "20 inches" 
 means 19.5 to 20.5; " 21 inches," 20.5 to 21 .5, etc. 
 
 3 The "probable errors" of these average weights are small. For boys at 20 inches the probable error 
 was 0.06 pound; at 21 inches, 0.05; at 22 inches, 0.04; from 23 to 25 inches, 0.03; from 26 to 34 
 inches, 0.02; from 35 to 42 inches, 0.03, except at 38 inches, 0.02; at 43 inches, 0.04; at 44, 0.05; at 45, 
 0.07; at 46,0.11; and at 47 inches, 0.16 pound. For girls, at 20 inches the probable error was 0.05 pound; 
 at 21 and 22incb.es, 0.04; at23inches,0.03; from 24 to 33 inches, 0.02; from 34 to 41 inches, 0.03; at42inches, 
 0.04; at 43, 0.05; at 44, 0.06; at 45, 0.09; at 46, 0.13; and at 47 inches, 0.23 pound. For the explanation of 
 thisterm see appendix, pp. 81-82. 
 
 4 The jstandard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average. 
 
 5 The coefficient of variation is found by dividing the standard deviation by the average and expressing 
 the result as a percentage. F=100— 
 
 Table VI shows also the increase in weight for each inch of stature. 
 Between 20 and 21 inches the increase in weight for an inch of stature 
 is 1.28 pounds for boys and 1.15 pounds for girls; it rises to 1.88 
 pounds for boys and 1.85 pounds for girls between 46 and 47 inches. 
 The weight per inch columns state this tendency in another way. 
 The gain in pounds is proportionately greater than the gain in 
 inches, and the weight per inch rises from 0.41 pound per inch for 
 both boys and girls at 20 inches to 1.01 pounds per inch for boys 
 
30 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 and 1 pound per inch for girls at 47 inches. The gain is proportion- 
 ately greater below 26 inches than at higher statures. 
 
 Weight for stature and age. 
 
 In Tables VII and VIII the relation between weight, stature, and age 
 is shown for boys and girls separately. Under 1 year of age the older 
 
 Pounds. 
 50 
 
 Chart VI. — Weight for stature and age; boys. 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 
 22- 
 
 aal 
 
 10 
 
 children appear to weigh slightly more than the younger children 
 of the same stature. After the first year of life is passed, however, 
 and within the limits of the ages included in the study, practically 
 no difference in weight for height appears between the older and the 
 younger children of the same statures. Only at the extremes is a 
 slight variation noticeable; the children who are exceptionally tall 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 31 
 
 for their ages appear to weigh very slightly less, and the children 
 who are exceptionally short for their ages appear to weigh somewhat 
 more, than average children of the same heights. It should be noted, 
 however, that the groups which show this tendency are usually much 
 smaller than the others, and it may well be that with a larger number 
 
 Chart VII. — Weight for stature and age; girls. 
 
 Years 
 
 of cases the differences between the average weights of the children 
 who are exceptionally advanced or exceptionally retarded in growth 
 and those of average children would be lessened or even disappear. 
 Charts VI and VII show in graphic form the relation of average 
 weights to height and age. 
 
32 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (38. 51) 
 (89) 
 
 40.05 
 (97) 
 
 42.07 
 (137) 
 
 44.21 
 (135) 
 
 (45. 47) 
 (78) 
 
 (47.25) 
 (59) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (33. 33) 
 (98) 
 
 33.90 
 (200) 
 
 35.29 
 
 (477) 
 
 36.96 
 (809) 
 
 38.34 
 (998) 
 
 40.18 
 (1,073) 
 
 41.67 
 (911) 
 
 43. 43 
 (518) 
 
 45.48 
 (287) 
 
 47.27 
 (114) 
 
 
 (29. 65) 
 (81) 
 
 30.51 
 (247) 
 
 31.22 
 
 (592) 
 
 32.38 
 (1,256) 
 
 33.70 
 (2,044) 
 
 35.19 
 (2,519) 
 
 36.74 
 
 (2,478) 
 
 38.37 
 (1,902) 
 
 40.06 
 (1,008) 
 
 41. 59 
 
 (507) 
 
 43.28 
 091) 
 
 (45. 09) 
 (53) 
 
 
 
 (27. 25) 
 (98) 
 
 27.62 
 (349) 
 
 28.52 
 (841) 
 
 29.77 
 (1,884) 
 
 31.03 
 (2,633) 
 
 32.44 
 (2,965) 
 
 33.99 
 (2, 494) 
 
 35.44 
 (1,606) 
 
 36.98 
 (787) 
 
 38.54 
 (372) 
 
 40.36 
 (125) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26.36 
 (1,811) 
 
 27.14 
 (2,881) 
 
 28.38 
 (3,239) 
 
 29.65 
 (2, 756) 
 
 31.15 
 (1,715) 
 
 32.43 
 (908) 
 
 33.51 
 (375) 
 
 35.23 
 (136) 
 
 (36. 33) 
 (55) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25.69 
 (2,057) 
 
 26.84 
 (1,245) 
 
 28.24 
 (524) 
 
 29.29 
 
 (258) 
 
 (30. 52) 
 (86) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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34 
 
 STATUSES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 13 C 
 
 pa 
 
 ■* O Os cO CO •— i 
 
 oo r— ico os oo cm »o in co 
 
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37.53 
 (102) 
 
 39.37 
 (137) 
 
 41.01 
 (162) 
 
 42.94 
 (126) 
 
 O^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31.76 
 
 (111) 
 
 33.32 
 (291) 
 
 34.61 
 (576) 
 
 35.91 
 (907) 
 
 37.34 
 (1,111) 
 
 39.17 
 (1,034) 
 
 40.92 
 (769) 
 
 42.53 
 (436) 
 
 45. 08 
 (224) 
 
 (46. 67) 
 (87) 
 
 
 
 (28. 59) 
 (52) 
 
 28.42 
 (132) 
 
 29.00 
 (364) 
 
 30.52 
 
 (783) 
 
 31.65 
 
 (1,555) 
 
 32.82 
 (2, 230) 
 
 34.42 
 (2,615) 
 
 35.96 
 (2,393) 
 
 37.62 
 (1,519) 
 
 39.22 
 (769) 
 
 40.94 
 (376) 
 
 42.60 
 (134) 
 
 
 
 
 
 25.98 
 (183) 
 
 26.47 
 (507) 
 
 27.93 
 (1,214) 
 
 29.09 
 (2,191) 
 
 30.34 
 
 (2, 893) 
 
 31.76 
 
 (2,758) 
 
 33.14 
 (2,053) 
 
 34.61 
 (1,190) 
 
 36.46 
 (514) 
 
 37.43 
 
 (254) 
 
 (38. 48) 
 (72) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25.04 
 (2, 260) 
 
 26.39 
 (3,059) 
 
 27.62 
 (2,907) 
 
 29.08 
 (2,181) 
 
 29.49 
 (1,211) 
 
 31.63 
 
 (522) 
 
 32.86 
 (226) 
 
 (34. 19) 
 (80) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24.95 
 (1,415) 
 
 26.07 
 (758) 
 
 27.45 
 (332) 
 
 29.24 
 (150) 
 
 (29. 83) 
 (57) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3 
 
 
 
 
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36 
 
 STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Comparison with other series. 
 
 For the ages included in this study the series of average statures 
 and weights which, excepting the present, is based upon the largest 
 numbers is that prepared by Dr. F. S. Crum for the American Medical 
 Association. 6 As already stated, these measurements were printed 
 on the children's year card to furnish a standard for the ages from 
 6 to 48 months, with which parents could compare the actual statures 
 and weights of their children. The series was based on a much 
 smaller number of children, 10,423, than are included in the children's 
 
 Chart VIII. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 
 
 averages; boys' statures. 
 
 year tables. When Dr. Crum's figures are subdivided by sex and by 
 age in months,' therefore, they give relatively small numbers in each 
 group. This is especially true of ages over 3 years; at these ages the 
 numbers for each sex and age group range from 9 to 90, averaging 
 about 28. The children were selected from 31 different States. 
 
 A summary statement of the differences between Dr. Crum's 
 figures and those compiled from the children's year material is given 
 in Table IX, and the differences are shown graphically in Charts 
 
 6 Anthropometric Statistics of Children— Ages 6 to 4S months. Frederick S. Crum, Publications of 
 the American Statistical Association, Vol. XV, 1916-1917, pp. 332-336. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 37 
 
 VIII to XIII. In Dr. Cram's table the statures are slightly above 
 those in the children's year tables, the excess averaging nearly a 
 quarter of an inch for. boys and a fifth of an inch for girls. The 
 difference is greatest at from 3 to 4 years of age, but even here it is 
 only two-fifths of an inch for boys and three-tenths of an inch for 
 girls. Dr. Crum's averages at these ages, it may be pointed out, 
 are based on relatively few cases. The percentage excess is only 
 0.7 for boys and 0.6 for girls. 
 
 Chart IX. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 
 
 averages; girls' statures. 
 Inches 
 
 Months 6 
 
 The excess in weight is somewhat greater, averaging about 15 
 ounces for boys and 12 ounces for girls. These average excesses 
 amount to about 3.5 per cent of the weights. The average excess 
 in weight is much smaller for the age groups from 6 to 12 months, 
 only 6 and 4 ounces for boys and girls, respectively, and increases 
 with age to slightly over a pound. The percentage excess, however, 
 is fairly constant, ranging from 3 to 4 per cent. 
 
 The explanation of these differences probably lies in differences in 
 the method of selection of the cases which formed the basis of the 
 two series. The smaller series is based upon infants who were 
 brought for baby health conferences, or "baby shows," in many of 
 
38 
 
 STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDKEN. 
 
 which prizes were given the most perfectly developed children, and 
 there may well have been a tendency to bring only the more well- 
 developed babies. The children's year campaign was conducted 
 without any such element of competition, and mothers of all classes 
 in all States brought their children to be weighed and measured. 
 
 Another series of statures and weights of American children up to 
 4 years of age is that given by Dr. L. Emmett Holt in Diseases of 
 
 Chart X. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 
 
 averages; boys' weights. 
 Pounds 
 
 * 50 
 
 30 
 
 II ^^ , 
 
 A r 
 
 Months 6 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 Children's year — 
 Crura — 
 
 Holt (1916).... # 
 
 Holt (1919) © 
 
 Holt (1916 and 1919) * 
 Bowditch ■ 
 
 Infancy and Childhood. Two series of averages between 6 months 
 and 4 years of age have been published; the earlier one is contained 
 in the editions of 1916 and preceding years and the later one in the 
 edition of 1919. Both series are based upon children weighed and 
 measured in private practice. The number of children upon which 
 the later series was based was about 2,000. A comparison between 
 the children's year figures and these two series is shown in Charts 
 VIII to XIII. 
 
STATURES AND "WEIGHTS. 
 
 39 
 
 Chart XI. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 
 
 averages; girls' weights. 
 Pounds 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 ^^^^^ ^_____ _____ ______ ______ „_____ -_. 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 Months 6 
 
 12 
 
 1« 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 Children's year — 
 
 Crum — 
 
 Holt (1916) ... © 
 
 Holt (1919) O 
 
 Holt (1916 and 1919) * 
 Bowditch B 
 
 Table IX.— Comparison of average stature and iveight of "10,423 normal babies in SI 
 States" with averages for all white children included in stature and weight tabulation. 
 
 
 White boys. 
 
 White giil". 
 
 Age. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 "Weight. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (inches). 1 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 ex- 
 cess. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (pounds).i 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 ex- 
 cess. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (inches). 1 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 ex- 
 cess. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (pounds). 1 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 ex- 
 cess. 
 
 
 +0.23 
 
 +0.7 
 
 +0.94 
 
 +3.6 
 
 +0.19 
 
 +0.6 
 
 +0.78 
 
 +3.5 
 
 
 
 6 months, under 12 
 
 + .01 
 + .18 
 + .21 
 + .39 
 
 + .1 
 + .6 
 + .6 
 
 + 1.1 
 
 + .37 
 + .88 
 + 1.02 
 + 1.03 
 
 +3.9 
 +3.7 
 +3.6 
 +3.4 
 
 - .01 
 + .04 
 + .31 
 + .31 
 
 - .0 
 + .1 
 + .9 
 + .9 
 
 + .27 
 + .75 
 +1.08 
 + .96 
 
 +3.0 
 
 12 months, under 24 
 
 +3.4 
 
 24 months, under 36 
 
 +4.0 
 
 36 months, under 49 
 
 +3.4 
 
 
 
 1 Excess of averages based on "10,423 normal babies in 31 States" over averages based on children 
 weighed and measured during children's year. Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative, 
 excess is the unweighted average difference between the two series of averages. 
 
40 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Considerable difference in stature appears between Dr. Holt's 
 earlier and his later series. The average statures of the children 
 examined during children's year fall between the two series of measure- 
 chart XII. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 
 
 averages; boys' weight for height. 
 Pounds 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 Inches 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 1 
 
 *' / 
 / / 
 
 / / 
 / / 
 
 / / 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 >' */ / 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 *' •' 
 
 >' /y^ •'' 
 
 
 
 
 / / / 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Children's year 
 
 Crum 
 
 Standard deviation 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 -X X X- 
 
 44 
 
 Holt (1916) • 
 Holt (1919) © 
 Bowditch ■ 
 
 50 
 
 ments given by Dr. Holt, being relatively closer to the later than to 
 the earlier figures. 
 
 In weight comparatively little difference appears between Dr. 
 Holt's earlier and his later series. At 6 months and at 1 year the 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 41 
 
 two series are identical, but at 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years the 
 children in the later series averaged about half a pound heavier. 
 A comparison of the average weights of the children examined during 
 
 Chart XIII. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's' 
 
 averages; girls' weight for height. 
 Pounds 
 48 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 Inches 20 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 / m 
 
 / 
 / i 
 
 i 
 
 i 1 
 1 / 
 / / 
 
 '' / ' 
 / / 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 f / 
 
 / / 
 f / / 
 
 // / 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 V // 
 
 ' J / 
 / f/ 
 / jf/ 
 
 i r / 
 ' i / / 
 
 * // ' 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 i' / / 
 / // 
 
 / & / 
 
 
 
 
 7 / / 
 
 / / / 
 
 i /' 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Children's year 
 
 Crum 
 
 Standard deviation 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 44 
 
 Holt (1916) ® 
 Holt (1919) O 
 Bowditch H 
 
 50 
 
 children's year with those examined by Dr. Holt shows that Dr. 
 Holt's figures at 6 months for both boys and girls are somewhat 
 lower, at 12 months practically identical for boys but somewhat 
 higher for girls, and at older ages for both boys and girls somewhat 
 
42 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 higher than the children's year figures. In regard to weight for age, 
 the children's year figures are somewhat closer to Dr. Holt's earlier 
 than to his later averages. 
 
 A third point of comparison is in regard to weight for height. 
 The relationship of the children's year averages to Dr. Crum's and 
 Dr. Holt's figures is indicated in Charts XII and XIII. In weight 
 for height, the children's year figures are somewhat below Dr. Crum's, 
 but are practically identical with those of Dr. Holt's later series. 
 
 Chart XIV. — Distribution of statures of white boys aged 36 Months in all States and in Iowa. 
 
 Per cent 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pi 
 
 -i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■— 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 
 
 
 n f 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 30 33 36 39 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 31 33 36 
 
 39 42 
 
 Standard Standard 
 
 deviation Av. deviation 
 1.74 in. 36.67 in. 1.74 in. 
 All States, 1,2.58 cases. 
 
 Standard Standard 
 
 deviation Av. deviation 
 1.57 in. 36.90 in. 1.57 in. 
 Iowa, 301 cases. 
 
 The charts give also a comparison with Bowditch's averages for 
 children at 5J years, weighed in ordinary clothing. In stature the 
 children's year series is slightly above Bowditch's averages; in 
 weight, when allowance is made for the weight of clothing, the 
 children's year series appears to agree fairly well with Bowditch at 
 the point of juncture. 
 
 Composition of selected group. 
 
 An important question in regard to any table of average statures 
 and weights based upon a sample is whether the sample is typical 
 of the whole. Are these figures typical of American children? 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 43 
 
44 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Would averages based upon all the white children under 6 years of 
 age in the United States be substantially different from these, which 
 are based upon 1.2 per cent of them? 
 
 So far as distribution by States is concerned, the selection of children, 
 as shown in Table X, is very unequal. Iowa, the East-North-Central 
 group of States, and California are more fully represented than any 
 others. Whether these irregularities affect the averages depends upon 
 the amount of the differences between the average statures and weights 
 of children in the States fully represented and in those not so well 
 represented. Averages for three areas where large numbers of 
 children were examined were calculated, and are discussed below, 
 
 Per cent 
 30 
 
 Chart XVI. — Distribution of weights of white boys 37 inches in stature. 
 
 Pounds 21 22 
 
 25£ 28£ 29 32 
 
 35£ 
 
 All States 
 
 Standard 
 
 Standard 
 
 1,176 cases. 
 
 deviation, Average, 
 
 deviation 
 
 
 2.65 lbs. 30.98 lbs. 
 
 2.65 lbs. 
 
 38J39 
 
 but it was not found possible to make similar calculations for each 
 State. One possible cause of differences in average statures and 
 weights is the nationality composition of the population of the 
 different States; differences due to this cause are discussed in the 
 succeeding paragraphs. In California some other factor — perhaps 
 selection of taller and heavier population, perhaps climate — appears to 
 play a part, since children in that State were found to be taller and 
 heavier than in other States — a difference which the nationality com- 
 position of the population alone does not explain. So far, there- 
 fore, as these tall and heavy children are represented in an undue 
 proportion in the sample selected for tabulation, the averages may 
 be slightly higher than averages for typical American children. 
 
 Table XI shows whether or not the parents of the children tabu- 
 lated were born in the United States. Of the white children tabu- 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 45 
 
 lated, 69.3 per cent had both parents born in the United States, 10.4 
 per cent had one parent who was born in the United States and one 
 parent who was born in some foreign country, and- 19.5 per cent had 
 parents who were foreign born. The nativity of the parents of 0.8 
 per cent was not reported. 
 
 Table X. — Section of country; white children included in stature and weight tables. 1 
 
 Section of country. 
 
 White 
 children. 
 
 All sections 
 
 New England and Middle Atlantic . 
 
 Southern 
 
 East North-Central 
 
 Iowa , 
 
 Western 
 
 California 
 
 167,024 
 
 23, 729 
 9,044 
 54, 779 
 37, 033 
 23, 170 
 19, 269 
 
 1 The grouping of States into sections follows the grouping of States into divisions in the census of 
 1910, except that the southern section includes the South Atlantic, East South Central and West 
 South Central, and the western section includes the West North-Central, Mountain, and Pacific divi- 
 sions, except Iowa and California, which are shown separately. 
 
 Comparing the proportion of children with both parents born in 
 the United States in the group tabulated with the proportion in the 
 United States as a whole, it appears that the percentages are almost 
 identical, 69.3 per cent of the children tabulated as compared with 
 70.2 per cent of white children under 5 years of age in the whole 
 country in 1910. 7 In this respect, therefore, the children tabulated 
 are very closely typical of all white children in the United States. 
 
 The native white children of native parentage, however, include 
 children of different racial stocks. But, on the one hand, it is im- 
 possible to ascertain what stocks are represented among the children 
 tabulated since information on this point was not obtained, and, on 
 the other hand, it is difficult to determine the racial stocks repre- 
 sented among the children of corresponding ages in the United States, 
 since precise information is available only in regard to parental 
 nativity and not to racial stock. The principal racial stock in America, 
 however, is the British, and of the different British stocks the Eng- 
 lish is probably most largely represented. Next in importance to 
 the British is probably the German stock, as there was a considerable 
 immigration of Germans into Pennsylvania and elsewhere during the 
 Revolutionary War, and a second wave of immigration of Germans 
 commencing about 1848. Irish immigration was very large in the 
 two or three decades following 1840. Scandinavian immigration has 
 formed somewhat more recently a considerable, though minor, ele- 
 ment of population. All these stocks, which make up the great ma- 
 jority of the population classified as "native American," are racially 
 
 i If the not- reported cases among the children tabulated are included with the native born of native 
 parentage, as is the case with the census figure, the percentages are 70.1 and 70.2, respectively. See Thir- 
 teenth Census, Vol. I, pp. 322-326, also p. 125. 
 
46 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN . 
 
 closely related, though the Scandinavians in particular are consid- 
 erably taller and heavier than the English. 
 
 Table XI. — -Parental nativity, by sections; white children included in stature and iveight 
 
 tables. 
 
 
 White children. 
 
 Nativity of parents. 
 
 All sections. 
 
 New England and 
 Middle Atlantic. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 East North- 
 Central. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distri- 
 bution. 1 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distri- 
 bution. 1 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distri- 
 bution. ! 
 
 Number 
 
 Per cent 
 distri- 
 bution. 1 
 
 Total 
 
 167,024 
 
 100.0 
 
 23,729 
 
 100.0 
 
 9,044 
 
 100.0 
 
 54,779 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 115,818 
 32,511 
 
 69.3 
 19.5 
 
 9,560 
 10, 322 
 
 40.3 
 43.5 
 
 8,264 
 408 
 
 91.4 
 4.5 
 
 38,992 
 10,977 
 
 71.2 
 
 Both parents foreign born 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 29,577 
 
 2,907 
 
 27 
 
 17.7 
 1.7 
 
 9,534 
 
 783 
 
 5 
 
 40.2 
 3.3 
 
 360 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 4.0 
 .5 
 
 10,181 
 
 '788 
 8 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 One native, one foreign born. 
 One or both not reported. . 
 
 17, 441 
 1,254 
 
 10.4 
 .8 
 
 3,538 
 309 
 
 14.9 
 1.3 
 
 325 
 
 47 
 
 3.6 
 .5 
 
 4,446 
 364 
 
 8.1 
 .7 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 White children. 
 
 Nativity of parent 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Western. 
 
 California. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distri- 
 bution. 1 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distri- 
 bution. 1 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distri- 
 bution. 1 
 
 Total 
 
 37,033 
 
 100.0 
 
 23,170 
 
 100.0 
 
 19, 269 
 
 100. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30,458 
 2,922 
 
 82.2 
 7.9 
 
 16,512 
 3,276 
 
 71.3 
 14.1 
 
 12,032 
 4,606 
 
 62.4 
 
 
 23.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,653 
 
 258 
 
 11 
 
 7.2 
 
 .7 
 
 2,855 
 
 419 
 
 2 
 
 12.3 
 
 1.8 
 
 3,994 
 612 
 
 20.7 
 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,539 
 114 
 
 9.6 
 .3 
 
 3,206 
 176 
 
 13.8 
 
 .8 
 
 2,387 
 244 
 
 12.4 
 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Per cent not shown if less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Since the native-born parents of children under 6 years of age in 
 1918 were for the most part born in this country before 1895, some 
 light can be thrown upon the racial stocks represented among the 
 grandparents of the children by a study of the nationality composi- 
 tion of the population at the census of 1890. Since such a study, 
 however, shows only the more recent additions to the population, 
 and since no account is taken of differing birth rates, the conclusions 
 that can be drawn as to the racial stocks of the children of the 1890 
 population are necessarily somewhat uncertain. In 1 890 the foreign- 
 born white population represented 16.6 per cent of the total white 
 population. The principal elements were the British and Irish, in- 
 cluding British Canadian, with 6.9 per cent; the German, with 5.1 
 per cent; and the Scandinavian with 1.7 per cent of the total white 
 population. The remainder included French Canadians, Austro- 
 Hungarians, Russians, Italian, French, Swiss, etc. It is worthy of 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 47 
 
 especial note that all foreign-born Italians, Russians, and Austro- 
 Hungarians together constituted only 1.2 per cent of the total white 
 population. 
 
 The nationality or racial composition of the children of native 
 parentage included in the group selected for tabulation may have 
 been somewhat affected by the unequal weighting of the different 
 sections of the country. An examination of the proportions of for- 
 eign-born white in the different sections in 1890 indicates, however, 
 the extent of bias from this cause. Thus Iowa, the State with the 
 largest proportion of children included in the tabulation, had in 1890 
 a somewhat larger proportion of foreign-born Germans and Scandi- 
 navians than the country as a whole, respectively 6.7 per cent and 
 3.8 per cent of the total white population. Likewise in the East 
 North-Central States, also somewhat overweighted in the tabulation, 
 the foreign-born Germans constituted 8 per cent, and the foreign- 
 born Scandinavians 2.1 per cent of the total white population. In 
 California the foreign-born Germans constituted only 5.5 per cent 
 and the foreign-born Scandinavians 2 per cent, while the group of 
 foreign-born Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese together con- 
 stituted 2.6 per cent of the total white population. In the New 
 England and Middle Atlantic States, which in proportion to popu- 
 lation were somewhat underweighted in the tabulation, the propor- 
 tion of foreign-born Germans was not far from that in the country 
 as a whole, 5.2 per cent, while the proportion of Scandinavian was 
 considerably less, only 0.7 per cent. In the Western group of States 
 the percentage of foreign-born Germans was 5.3 per cent, while that 
 of foreign-born Scandinavians was 5. In the Southern States the 
 foreign-born Germans constituted only 1.5 per cent, and the foreign- 
 born Scandinavians a negligible proportion of the total white 
 population. 
 
 Though these figures are only the percentages of the foreign born 
 and do not, therefore, show the true proportions of the different 
 racial stocks, yet they do give a clear indication of the bias caused 
 by the unequal weighing of States in the group of children selected 
 for tabulation. Thus, if a sample of the population of 1890 were 
 drawn from the several States and sections in the same proportions 
 as the children selected for tabulation, the foreign-born Germans 
 would represent 6.3 per cent and the foreign-born Scandinavians 2.4 
 per cent of such a sample, instead of 5.1 and 1.7 per cent, respectively, 
 as in the entire country. It is clear, therefore, that in the group of 
 children of native parentage the German and the Scandinavian racial 
 stocks were probably somewhat more liberally represented than in 
 the whole population. 
 
 Table XII, which shows the countries of birth of the mothers of 
 the children included in the tabulation, throws light upon the racial 
 stocks represented among the children of foreign parentage. As 
 
48 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 already stated, practically seven-tenths of the children had both 
 parents born in the United States; 6.2 per cent more had mothers 
 who were native, but fathers foreign born. This table shows further 
 that, of those whose mothers were foreign born, a considerable pro- 
 portion were of racial stocks similar to the native American. Thus, 
 4.2 per cent had mothers born in the United Kingdom and British 
 possessions, that is, who were English, Scotch, Irish, or Welsh. 
 
 On the other hand, 2.3 per cent had mothers born in Denmark, 
 Sweden, or Norway, 2 in Germany, 4.1 in Italy, 2.9 per cent in Rus- 
 sia, 1.3 per cent in Poland, and 4 per cent in Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Table XII. — Country of birth of parents; white children included in stature and weight 
 
 tables. 
 
 
 AVhite children included in stature and 
 weight tables. 
 
 Country of birth of mother. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Parents 
 
 born in 
 
 same 
 
 country. 
 
 Parents 
 
 born in 
 
 different 
 
 countries. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distribu- 
 tion. 
 
 
 i 167, 024 
 
 100.0 
 
 145,395 
 
 20,348 
 
 
 
 127,212 
 7,030 
 
 76.2 
 4.2 
 
 115, 839 
 3,675 
 
 11 373 
 
 
 3 355 
 
 
 
 
 1, 755 
 
 714 
 
 44 
 
 1,702 
 
 2,815 
 
 1.1 
 
 .4 
 
 913 
 
 389 
 
 16 
 
 1,030 
 
 1,327 
 
 842 
 
 
 325 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 1.0 
 1.7 
 
 672 
 
 
 1 488 
 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 6, 817 
 6,743 
 
 4.1 
 4.0 
 
 6,618 
 5,975 
 
 199 
 
 
 768 
 
 
 
 
 4,211 
 
 487 
 
 1,012 
 
 48 
 
 5 
 
 980 
 
 2.5 
 .3 
 .6 
 
 3,701 
 
 382 
 
 942 
 
 48 
 
 5 
 
 897 
 
 510 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .6 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 4,886 
 3, 764 
 
 2.9 
 2.3 
 
 4,501 
 2, 354 
 
 385 
 
 
 1,410 
 
 
 
 
 697 
 1,644 
 1,423 
 
 .4 
 1.0 
 .9 
 
 471 
 
 1,095 
 
 788 
 
 226 
 
 
 549 
 
 
 635 
 
 
 
 
 3, 370 
 2,231 
 3,690 
 
 2.0 
 1.3 
 2.2 
 
 1,625 
 1,990 
 
 2,818 
 
 1, 745 
 
 Poland 3 
 
 241 
 
 All other * 
 
 872 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 1,271 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 
 2 As constituted before the war, except Austrian Poland, which is included with Poland. 
 
 3 Includes Russian, German, and Austrian Poland as constituted before the war. 
 
 1 Including West Indies, Cuba, Central and South America, Luxemberg, Holland, Belgium, Switzer- 
 land, France, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic 
 and Pacific islands, Africa, Japan, China, India, Asia n. o. s., Europe n. o. s. 
 
 Of these races the German is slightly and the Scandinavian con- 
 siderably taller and heavier, while the Italian and the Jewish are 
 considerably shorter and lighter than the native American stock. 
 A considerable proportion of the mothers who reported their country 
 of birth as Russia or Poland was probably of Jewish race. The 
 mothers who reported Austria-Hungary as their country of birth 
 probably include a number of races, some Germans, some Czechs, 
 some Magyars, and others. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 49 
 
 Of the white children, then, who formed the basis of the stature and 
 weight tables, 76 per cent had mothers born in the United States, 
 4 per cent had mothers born in Great Britain or Ireland ; and the 
 remainder — about one-fifth — were of stocks of taller or of shorter 
 stature. 
 
 Comparison of the figures showing countries of birth of the foreign- 
 born mothers of the children included in the tabulation with similar 
 data for the United States as a whole is rendered difficult because no 
 census figures are available showing country of birth of parents of 
 young children. An approximation can be reached by comparing 
 the countries of birth of the mothers of children included in the 
 tables with the countries of birth of the foreign-born population of 
 both sexes in 1910, as in Table XIII. It may be pointed out that, 
 while the foreign-born mothers of the children weighed and measured 
 were for the most part in the United States in 1910, the represen- 
 tation of the different nationalities among children under 6 years 
 of age in 1918 depends upon the proportion of women in the 1910 
 population and also upon the relative birth rates. 
 
 Table XIII. — Comparison of the distribution by mothers 1 country of birth of children of 
 foreign-born mothers included in main tabulation with the distribution by country of 
 birth of the foreign-born population in the United States in 1910. 
 
 Country of birth. 1 
 
 Per cent distri- 
 bution. 
 
 Children 
 of foreign- 
 born 
 mothers 
 included 
 in tabula- 
 tion. 1 
 
 Foreign- 
 born 
 popula- 
 tion 
 1910.1 a 
 
 All foreign countries 
 
 United Kingdom and British possessions 
 
 England 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Wales 
 
 Ireland 
 
 British possessions 
 
 Italy 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 Russia , 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Norway 
 
 Germany 
 
 Poland 
 
 All others 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 17.7 
 
 28.1 
 
 4.4 
 
 6.5 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.9 
 
 .1 
 
 .6 
 
 4.3 
 
 10.0 
 
 7.1 
 
 3 9.1 
 
 17.1 
 
 9.9 
 
 <16. 9 
 
 12.4 
 
 <12. 3 
 
 12.8 
 
 9.5 
 
 9.3 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 4.1 
 
 4.9 
 
 3.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 * 8.5 
 5.6 
 9.3 
 
 ( 5 ) 
 
 18.5 
 ) 
 18.1 
 
 1 Children included in the tabulation are classified by country of birth of mother. 
 
 2 Thirteenth Census, Vol. I, Population from p. 791. The foreign born used as the basis of these per- 
 centages include about 1.3 per cent colored. 
 
 3 Includes Canada and Newfoundland, and Australia. 
 
 * As constituted before the war, except that if the mother's country of birth is stated as Poland it is classed 
 as Poland. 
 6 Not shown separately. 
 
 49079°— 21 4 
 
50 STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 This comparison indicates that among the children selected for 
 tabulation Italy and Austria-Hungary and perhaps Poland were 
 represented in somewhat larger, and Germany, Great Britain, and 
 Ireland in somewhat smaller, proportions than among the foreign- 
 born population of 1910. These differences, however, may merely 
 reflect the effect of differences in birth rates. The greatest differ- 
 ences, it may be pointed out, are in the large proportion of Italian, 
 on the one hand, and in the small proportion of German, on the 
 other — differences which suggest that even allowing for differences 
 in birth rates perhaps an undue proportion of children of Italian 
 mothers and too small a proportion of children of German mothers 
 were included in the tabulation. 
 
 The effect of bias in selection of racial stocks may now be summed 
 up. The average statures and weights of children of German par- 
 entage are very slightly above, those of Scandinavian parentage con- 
 siderably above, and those for children of Italian parentage con- 
 siderably below, the averages for all white children. 8 The analysis 
 has indicated that probably the German, and especially the Scan- 
 dinavian, stocks are somewhat overweighted in the group of children 
 of native parentage, while the German may be slightly underweighted 
 and the Italian overweighted in the group of children of foreign-born 
 parentage. The amount of error in the general averages from each 
 of these elements is small, since even with overstatement the various 
 groups form comparatively small proportions of the total numbers. 
 Furthermore, the errors tend to offset one another, since the bias 
 toward overstatement of the averages due to overweighting the 
 Scandinavian stock among the children of native parentage tends 
 to be offset by the bias toward understatement of the averages due 
 to overweighting the Italian stock among the children of foreign 
 parentage, and the overweighting of German stock among the 
 children of native parentage tends to be offset by the underweighting 
 of German stock among the children of foreign parentage. Though 
 the analysis is suggestive only rather than conclusive, it does indi- 
 cate that so far as racial stocks are concerned the averages may be 
 considered fairly typical of all white children under 6 years of age 
 in the United States. 
 
 The averages might have been affected, however, not only by a bias 
 in racial stocks represented among the children selected but by a 
 method of selection tending to secure an unduly large proportion of 
 measurements for children who were taller and heavier than the 
 average. So far as the general conditions connected with the con- 
 duct of the weighing and measuring test are concerned, it was sought 
 to reach children of all classes equally. Though the methods of 
 organization were different in different States, and perhaps achieved 
 
 8 See pp. 56-61. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 51 
 
 different degrees of success in reaching all classes, probably on the 
 whole the use of local organizations already established and the wide 
 publicity given to the weighing and measuring test served to secure 
 a representative group of children. The fact already discussed that 
 a fairly representative sample of the children of the different nation- 
 ality groups was secured would tend to indicate that the sample was 
 also typical in other respects. 
 
 Furthermore, if there had been a tendency for the tallest and 
 heaviest children to be brought to the weighing and measuring cen- 
 ters, then, other things being equal, the larger the proportion of 
 children included in the tabulation the more children of only average 
 and of less than average stature and weight would have been in- 
 cluded; and hence the larger the proportion of children included in 
 any given area the lower would be the averages for that area. The 
 proportion of children included in the tabulation varied consider- 
 ably in the different States. Thus, in Iowa approximately 13 per 
 cent of the children under 6 years of age were included, and in Cali- 
 fornia about 6.6 per cent; in other areas the proportions were much 
 smaller. If, then, there was a definite tendency to bring the tallest 
 and heaviest children to be weighed and measured, it would be 
 expected that the averages in California, and especially in Iowa, 
 would be lower than the averages in all States. As will be shown, 
 however, the averages in Iowa are substantially the same as the 
 general averages, while those in California are markedly higher than 
 in the country as a whole. Though this evidence is far from con- 
 clusive, it tends to suggest that the averages may be considered as 
 free from any bias toward selecting only the tallest and heaviest 
 children. 
 
 Comparative stature and weight in different sections. 
 
 To determine whether in different sections of the country there 
 are significant differences in stature and weight, analysis has been 
 made of three groups of children. The children of Iowa formed 
 one group with a high percentage of children of native parentage; 
 the children of California showing a smaller proportion with native 
 parentage than those of Iowa, but living under exceptionally favor- 
 able climatic conditions, formed a second group; and the children 
 of New York City, who were largely of foreign parentage and who 
 included a considerable proportion of children of short-statured 
 races, formed a third group. The New York City children, though 
 not included in the general averages on account of having been 
 weighed with underclothing, are presented in this connection to 
 indicate the effect of the nationality composition of the group upon 
 average stature. In all three areas the size of the sample was fairly 
 large. These comparisons show roughly the range of sectional 
 variations in average stature and weight. 
 
52 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table XIV, which gives the information in summary form, shows 
 that measurements of the Iowa children approximate those of chil- 
 dren in the country as a whole, with a slight excess — a fifth of an inch — 
 in stature. The children under 1 year of age are nearly 3 ounces 
 heavier, but those from 1 to 6 years are from 1 to 3 ounces lighter 
 than the average in the country as a whole. The California children, 
 on the other hand, average two-fifths of an inch taller than all chil- 
 dren included in the general table, and exceed the general average 
 weight by approximately three-fourths of a pound. The New York 
 City children, on the other hand, show a marked deficiency in stature 
 amounting to as much as half an inch. 
 
 Table XIV. — Comparative stature and weight, by age; comparison of white children under 
 6 years of age, Iowa, California, and New York City, with averages for all white 
 children. 
 
 Age and section. 
 
 California . 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 . . 
 
 2 years, under 3 . 
 
 3 years, under 4 . 
 
 4 years, under 5 . 
 
 5 years, under 6 . 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 . . 
 
 2 years, under 3 . 
 
 3 years, under 4 . 
 
 4 years, under 5 . 
 
 5 years, under 6 . 
 
 New York City . 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2.. 
 
 2 years, under 3 . 
 
 3 years, under 4 . 
 
 4 years, under 5 . 
 
 5 years, under 6 . 
 
 White children. 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Average excess. 1 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 +0.40 
 
 + .23 
 + .33 
 + .39 
 + .36 
 + .44 
 + .64 
 
 +0.20 
 
 +0.20 
 + .14 
 + .13 
 + .21 
 + .23 
 + .31 
 
 -0.52 
 
 -0.45 
 
 - .56 
 
 - .52 
 
 - .55 
 
 - .45 
 
 - .56 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 2 +0. 75 
 
 + .22 
 + .75 
 + .87 
 + 1.01 
 + .92 
 +1.11 
 
 -0.04 
 
 +0.18 
 
 - .21 
 
 - .17 
 
 - .06 
 
 - .04 
 
 - .16 
 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 < 3 ) 
 ( 3 ) 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 (3) 
 ( 3 ) 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Average excess. 1 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 +0.36 
 
 + .26 
 + .26 
 + .34 
 + .48 
 + .38 
 + .43 
 
 +0. 14 
 
 +0.19 
 + .15 
 + .15 
 + .17 
 + .23 
 + .03 
 
 -0.49 
 
 -0.35 
 
 - .45 
 
 - .45 
 
 - .54 
 
 - .52 
 
 - .62 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 +0.75 
 
 + .17 
 + .74 
 + .82 
 + 1.01 
 + 1.00 
 + 1.09 
 
 -0.05 
 
 +0.17 
 
 - .13 
 
 - .12 
 
 - .23 
 
 - .19 
 
 - .16 
 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 (3) 
 ( 3 ) 
 («) 
 
 1 Average excess is the unweighted average difference between the averages for the section specified at 
 the different months in the years specified, with the corresponding averages for all white children. 
 
 2 Figures for California based only upon children reported weighed and measured without clothing. 
 
 3 Weights not comparable since children in New York City were weighed in underclothing. 
 
 The proportion of children whose parents were born in the United 
 States was highest in Iowa, 82.2 per cent; next in California, 62.4 
 per cent; and very low in New York City, only 22.7 per cent. So 
 far as the racial stocks represented in the children of native parentage 
 can be inferred from the nativity of their parents, Iowa and Cali- 
 fornia are not far different; Iowa has slightly larger proportions 
 of the German and the Scandinavian and California of the 
 southern European races — but in both States the main racial 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 53 
 
 stock is the British. The nationalities represented among the chil- 
 dren of foreign-born mothers included in Iowa the Scandinavian 
 with 2.8 per cent of the total, the German with 2.6 per cent, and 
 the British and Irish with 1.1 per cent; the Italian was represented 
 by only 0.8 per cent. In California, however, the Italian had the 
 largest proportion of any of the foreign nationalities with 8 per cent, 
 the British and Irish came second with 5.2 per cent, while the Scan- 
 dinavian nationalities had 2 per cent, the Russian 1.7 per cent, and 
 the German only 1.6 per cent of the total number. In New York 
 City Italy was most largely represented with 20.7 per cent, followed 
 by Russia, with 17.7 per cent, Austria-Hungary with 13.2 per cent, 
 Great Britain, Ireland and British possessions with 9.5 per cent 
 (Ireland alone, 7.5 per cent), Germany with 1.9 per cent, and Poland 
 with 1.7 per cent. 
 
 It is clear from these figures that the excess stature and weight 
 in California, as compared with Iowa and other States, is not due to 
 the racial stocks represented in her population. It must be due, 
 therefore, to some other factor — selection of the tallest and heaviest 
 in the process of migration, or favorable environmental conditions 
 such as climate. The deficiency in stature in New York City, on 
 the other hand, is probably to be accounted for by the large pro- 
 portion of children of short-statured races, such as the Italian and 
 the Jewish. 
 
 Comparative stature and weight of city and country children. 
 
 In order to determine whether there is any significant difference 
 in stature and weight between city and country* children, the children 
 of native parentage in Iowa and in the East North-Central section 
 were tabulated by the size of the communities in which they were 
 examined, whether "rural," which was defined as places under 10,000 
 population, or "urban," which was divided into places of from 
 10,000 to 25,000 population and places of 25,000 and over. The 
 results are shown in Table XV. 
 
 In this table the statures and weights of the children in each group 
 are compared with those of children in all States. The difference 
 between urban and rural children is therefore shown in the relative 
 difference. The probable errors of the figures are also shown in the 
 table. 
 
 Both in stature and weight the averages for children in rural areas 
 are above those for children in urban areas. This difference appears 
 for both boys and girls. So far as stature is concerned, no signifi- 
 cant difference appears between the smaller and the larger urban 
 communities, and the slight difference which occurs between the 
 averages for children in the smaller and in the larger urban com- 
 munities of both sections is seen on analysis to be due solely to a 
 difference in the East North-Central section. 
 
54 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 55 
 
 Only children whose parents were native born were included in 
 this table, and the effect of differences in racial composition between 
 rural and urban areas is therefore eliminated so far as the material 
 at hand permits. The children are the offspring of parents born in 
 this country for the most part before 1895, and include no appreciable 
 proportion of the short-statured races, such as the Italian and the 
 Jewish. The States chosen contain, it is true, many persons of Scandi- 
 navian descent, but so far as the evidence indicates this element is 
 found more largely in cities than in country districts, and therefore 
 would not explain the difference in average stature and weight in 
 favor of the country. 9 
 
 Comparative stature and weight of children of native parentage. 
 
 The inclusion in the group selected for study of a considerable 
 number of children whose parents were not born in the United 
 States raises the question whether the averages secured are fairly 
 typical of children of- native parentage. To throw light upon this 
 question a special tabulation was made of children of native parent- 
 age in Iowa and in the East North-Central section. The tabulation 
 included 68,946 boys and girls under 6 years of age, both of whose 
 parents were reported born in the United States, Table XVI. 
 
 Table XVI. — Comparison of stature and weight of children of native parentage with 
 general averages; white children under 6 years of age; Iowa and East North-Central 
 sections. 
 
 Age and section. 
 
 
 White boyf 
 
 
 
 White girl. 
 
 . 
 
 Number. 
 
 Average excess." 
 
 Number. 
 
 Average excess, a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stature 
 
 Weight 
 
 
 Stature 
 
 Weight 
 
 
 (inches). 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 
 (inches). 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 34, 878 
 
 +0.05 
 
 -0.05 
 
 34, 068 
 
 +0.05 
 
 -0.08 
 
 8,358 
 
 + .06 
 
 + .03 
 
 8,054 
 
 + .07 
 
 + .04 
 
 6,456 
 
 + .02 
 
 - .17 
 
 6,189 
 
 + .02 
 
 - .14 
 
 6,413 
 
 + .02 
 
 - .10 
 
 6,292 
 
 + .03 
 
 - .09 
 
 6,012 
 
 + .04 
 
 - .05 
 
 5,89.4 
 
 + .02 
 
 - .16 
 
 5,374 
 
 + .13 
 
 + .06 
 
 5,407 
 
 + .11 
 
 - .05 
 
 2,265 
 
 - .00 
 
 - .15 
 
 2,232 
 
 + .05 
 
 - .12 
 
 15,398 
 
 + .18 
 
 - .05 
 
 14, 956 
 
 + .17 
 
 - .11 
 
 3 
 
 ,567 
 
 + .17 
 
 + .16 
 
 3,413 
 
 + .22 
 
 + .16 
 
 3 
 
 ,010 
 
 + .13 
 
 - .17 
 
 2,920 
 
 + .12 
 
 - .20 
 
 a 
 
 ,002 
 
 + .13 
 
 - .19 
 
 2,944 
 
 + .15 
 
 - .12 
 
 2 
 
 ,883 
 
 + .21 
 
 - .03 
 
 2,773 
 
 + .15 
 
 - .26 
 
 2 
 
 ,395 
 
 + .26 
 
 - .08 
 
 2,359 
 
 + .26 
 
 - .16 
 
 '541 
 
 + .25 
 
 - .06 
 
 547 
 
 + .03 
 
 - .24 
 
 19, 480 
 
 - .05 
 
 - .05 
 
 19, 112 
 
 - .05 
 
 - .05 
 
 4,791 
 
 - .03 
 
 - .07 
 
 4,641 
 
 - .03 
 
 - .05 
 
 3,446 
 
 - .07 
 
 - .17 
 
 3,269 
 
 - .08 
 
 - .09 
 
 3,411 
 
 - .07 
 
 - .03 
 
 3,348 
 
 - .07 
 
 - .07 
 
 3,129 
 
 - .12 
 
 - .08 
 
 3,121 
 
 - .10 
 
 - .08 
 
 2,979 
 
 + .03 
 
 + .17 
 
 3,048 
 
 - .01 
 
 + .04 
 
 1 
 
 ,724 
 
 - .09 
 
 - .18 
 
 1,685 
 
 - .06 
 
 - .09 
 
 Both sections. 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 lyear, under 2.. 
 
 2 years, under 3 . 
 
 3 years, under 4 . 
 
 4 years, under 5 . 
 
 5 years, under 6. 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 lyear, under 2.. 
 
 2 years, under 3. 
 
 3 years, under 4 . 
 
 4 years, under 5 . 
 
 5 years, under 6. 
 
 East North-Central. 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 lyear, under 2.. 
 
 2 years, under 3 . 
 
 3 years, under 4 . 
 
 4 years, under 5. 
 
 5 years, under 6. 
 
 a Excess is stated as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
 difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
 of white children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in all States. 
 
 9 Figures for 1890 show that in the East North-Central States 1 .9 per cent of the population of rural dis- 
 tricts and cities under 25,000 population, while 2.9 per cent of the population of cities of 25,000 and over, 
 were born in one of the Scandinavian countries. Thirteenth Census, Vol. I, Population. Compiled from 
 p. 847. 
 
56 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 The results in general show a close agreement with the aver- 
 ages already presented. The children of native parentage in 
 the selected States were very slightly lighter in weight, but the 
 amount is so slight as to be negligible for comparative purposes. 
 Thus the weight of these children averaged only about an ounce 
 less than that of all those included in "this study. Figures for Iowa 
 are in substantial agreement with those for the East North-Central 
 
 Chart XVII. — Comparative statures of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 
 
 of boys in all States. 
 Inches 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 *\__y^-*^ 
 
 >nths 12 
 
 Italian 
 
 Scandinavian 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 German.. 
 All States 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 group, except that at under 1 year the Iowa figures show a slight 
 excess in weight. The amount of variation from the average is so 
 slight that in many cases the differences are negligible. 
 
 Comparative stature and weight of children of Italian, Scandinavian, 
 and German parentage. 
 
 Three nationality groups were tabulated separately to show dif- 
 ferences in average statures and weights from the averages for all 
 white children included in the general tables. Since the informa- 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 57 
 
 tion on the record blank gave only the country of birth of father 
 and mother, but not the racial stock, the choice of nationalities 
 in which racial stock could reasonably be inferred from the 
 country of birth was limited. The nationalities selected for tabu- 
 lation were the Italian, the Scandinavian, and the German, and 
 the children from all parts of the country whose mothers were 
 reported born in Italy, in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, or Nor- 
 
 Chart XVIII. — Comparative statures of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 
 
 of girls in all States. 
 Inches 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^y 
 
 40- 
 
 
 
 S^S^ 
 
 &^^~~^ 
 
 
 
 £r 
 
 H^"**^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Months 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 Italian 
 
 Scandinavian 
 
 48 
 
 German.. 
 All States 
 
 72 
 
 way), and in Germany were included in the respective nationality 
 tables. 
 
 Table XVII shows the distribution of the children of these different 
 nationalities by sections. In the tables for these selected nationali- 
 ties a certain number of children in New York City were included 
 who had been excluded from the main tables on account of having 
 been weighed in underclothing. This fact would not affect materially 
 the conclusions as to relative weight and stature of children of 
 
58 
 
 STATUSES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 these nationalities, since few children of the taller and heavier groups 
 were from New York City, while nearly half the group of Italian 
 children, who were shorter and lighter than average, were from 
 New York. The inclusion of the New York City children would 
 tend, therefore, to understate the difference between the Italian 
 children and the general average. 
 
 Chart XIX. 
 
 -Comparative weights of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 
 of boys in all States. 
 
 40 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r-gSS 
 
 -'J^S^-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' v^"* 
 
 v^V"*"*^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 //t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F2 
 
 ■ s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 /*-?, 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i/f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Months 12 
 
 Italian 
 
 Scandinavian 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 72 
 
 German.. 
 All States 
 
 Children of Italian parentage. — Comparing the figures for children 
 of mothers born in Italy with those for all children, it appears (Table 
 XVIII) that Italian children are shorter and lighter than the average. 
 The average deficiency in stature is slightly over an inch for both 
 boys and girls, and that in weight is 15 ounces for boys and 14 for 
 girls. The absolute deficiencies are smaller for the younger children 
 and increase with age. The percentage of deficiency, however, is 
 more nearly uniform. The averages themselves and the number of 
 cases upon which they are based are shown in general Table 15. 
 
statue.es and weights. 
 
 59 
 
 Table XVII. — Parental nativity and section, white children included in special nation- 
 ality tables. 
 
 Section. 
 
 White children. 
 
 Italian 
 parent- 
 
 Scandi- 
 navian 
 parent- 
 
 German 
 parent- 
 
 Total 
 
 New England and Middle Atlantic 
 
 New York City 
 
 Southern 
 
 East North-Central 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Western 
 
 California 
 
 14,246 
 
 3,501 
 
 7,429 
 74 
 
 1,265 
 296 
 131 
 
 1,550 
 
 4,164 
 
 313 
 
 400 
 22 
 
 684 
 1,017 
 1,319 
 
 379 
 
 4,066 
 
 255 
 696 
 57 
 1,186 
 975 
 596 
 301 
 
 Chart XX. — Comparative weights of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 
 
 of girls in all States. 
 Pounds 
 50 
 
 Months 12 
 
 Italian ■ 
 
 Scandinavian 
 
 German.. 
 All States 
 
 The curve of average growth of children of Italian parentage is 
 shown in Charts XVII to XX in comparison with that of all children 
 and of children of Scandinavian and children of German parentage. 
 
60 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table XVIII. — Comparison of stature and weight of children of Italian parentage 
 with averages for all white children; white children under 6 years of age. 
 
 Age and sex. 
 
 White children of mothers born in Italy. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (inches).' 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 All ages under 6 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 
 
 2 years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 
 
 GIKLS. 
 
 All ages under 6 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 
 
 2 years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 -1.05 
 
 - .73 
 
 - .91 
 -1.01 
 -1.05 
 -1.30 
 -1.29 
 
 -1.03 
 
 - .58 
 
 - .S3 
 -1.06 
 -1.05 
 -1.32 
 -1.48 
 
 -2.9 
 -2.8 
 -2.9 
 -2.9 
 -2.8 
 -3.2 
 -3.0 
 
 -2.9 
 -2.3 
 -2.7 
 -3.1 
 -2.8 
 -3.3 
 -3.5 
 
 -0.94 
 
 - .76 
 
 - .67 
 
 - .83 
 
 - .82 
 
 - .97 
 -1.61 
 
 -0.88 
 
 - .58 
 
 - .70 
 
 - .71 
 
 - .67 
 -1.15 
 -1.49 
 
 -3.3 
 -4.7 
 -2.8 
 -2.9 
 -2.5 
 -2.7 
 -4.0 
 
 -3.1 
 -3.8 
 -3.1 
 -2.6 
 -2.1 
 -3.3 
 -3.9 
 
 1 Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average diflerence 
 between the averages for children of mothers born in Italy and the general averages for all white children. 
 See general Table 15. 
 
 Table XIX. — Comparison of stature and weight of children of Scandinavian parentage 
 with averages for all white children; white children under 6 years of age. 
 
 Age and sex. 
 
 White children of mothers born in 
 Scandinavia. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (inches)/ 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (pounds;. 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 All ages under 6 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 
 
 2 years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 GIRLS. 
 
 All ages under 6 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 ' 
 
 2 years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 +0.42 
 + .40 
 + .46 
 + .31 
 + .46 
 + .40 
 + .51 
 
 + .31 
 + .16 
 + .40 
 + .20 
 + .39 
 + .13 
 + .56 
 
 + 1.2 
 + 1.5 
 +1.5 
 + -9 
 + 1.2 
 + 1.0 
 + 1.2 
 
 + .9 
 + .6 
 + 1.3 
 + .6 
 + 1.0 
 + .3 
 + 1.3 
 
 +0.71 
 + .66 
 + .92 
 + .43 
 + .67 
 + .71 
 + .90 
 
 + .56 
 + .42 
 + .68 
 + .55 
 + .73 
 + .23 
 + .74 
 
 +2.7 
 +4.1 
 +3.9 
 + 1.5 
 +2.1 
 +2.0 
 +2.3 
 
 +2.1 
 +2.8 
 +3.1 
 +2.0 
 +2.3 
 + .7 
 + 1.9 
 
 i Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference 
 between the average for children of mothers born in Scandinavia and the general averages for all white 
 children. See general Table 17. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 61 
 
 Children of Scandinavian 'parentage. — In Table XIX a similar 
 comparison is made for children of mothers born in Denmark, Sweden, 
 or Norway. These children are taller and heavier than the average ; 
 the average excess in stature is four-tenths of an inch for boys and 
 three-tenths for girls, while that in weight is 11 ounces for boys and 
 9 ounces for girls. The percentage excess is about 1 per cent of the 
 stature and 2.4 per cent of the weight. The averages themselves 
 and the number of cases upon which they are based are shown in 
 General Table 17. 
 
 Children of German parentage. — Table XX shows the average 
 statures and weights of children of mothers born in Germany in 
 comparison with the general averages. These children are slightly 
 taller and heavier than the average but not so much so as the children 
 of some Scandinavian parentage. The average excess in stature is 
 only an eighth of an inch for boys and a sixth of an inch for girls; the 
 average excess in weight is about 5 ounces for boys and 4 ounces for 
 girls. The percentage of excess is less than one-half of 1 per cent in 
 stature and about 1 per cent in weight. The averages and the 
 number of cases upon which they are based are given in general 
 Table 16. 
 
 Table XX.— Comparison of stature and weight of children of German parentage with 
 averages for all white children; white children under 6 years of age. 
 
 Age and sex. 
 
 White children of mothers born in 
 Germany. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (inches).i 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (pounds.y 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 All ages under 6. 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 . . 
 
 2 years, under 3. 
 
 3 years, under i. 
 
 4 years, under 5. 
 
 5 years, under 6. 
 
 All ages under 6. 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2.. 
 
 2 years, under 3 . 
 
 3 years, under 4. 
 
 4 years, under 5. 
 5years,under6. 
 
 +0.12 
 
 + .03 
 
 + .10 
 
 + .20 
 
 + .14 
 
 + .09 
 
 + .13 
 
 + -17 
 + .09 
 + .16 
 + .21 
 + .19 
 + .25 
 + .11 
 
 + 0.3 
 + .1 
 + .3 
 + .6 
 + .4 
 + .2 
 + .3 
 
 + .5 
 + .4 
 + .5 
 + .6 
 + -5 
 + .6 
 + -3 
 
 + 0.32 
 
 - .03 
 
 + .33 
 
 + .47 
 
 + .34 
 
 + .37 
 
 + .45 
 
 + .25 
 + .05 
 + .30 
 + .38 
 + .27 
 + .14 
 + .37 
 
 + 1.0 
 - .2 
 + 1.4 
 + 1.7 
 + 1.1 
 + 1.0 
 + 1.1 
 
 + .9 
 + -3 
 
 + 1.3 
 
 + 1.4 
 + .9 
 + .4 
 + 1.0 
 
 'Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference 
 between the averages for children of mothers born in Germany and the general averages for all white 
 children. See general Table 16. 
 
62 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 NEGRO CHILDREN. 
 
 In addition to the records of white children, a comparatively small 
 number of records, 4,976, of Negro children were tabulated. Of 
 these, 224 were weighed and measured in the New England and 
 Middle Atlantic States, 2,567 in the Southern States, 564 in the 
 East North-Central group of States, 217 in Iowa, 106 in the Western 
 group, and 126 in California; besides those who were reported weighed 
 
 Chart XXI. — Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro boys. 
 
 Inches or pounds 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^e^^ 
 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 „-^r 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 y'j 
 
 '-y 
 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Months 12 
 
 Statures, white boys 
 Statures, Negro boys 
 
 24 
 
 Weights, white boys 
 Weights, Negro boys ■ 
 
 and measured without clothing 1,172 who were weighed and measured 
 in New York City (in underclothing) were included to make a group 
 large enough to be tabulated. As previously explained in connection 
 with the Italian group, the inclusion of these children weighed in 
 underclothing tends to understate the differences between the 
 averages of the white and the Negro children. The average statures 
 and weights of these Negro children are given in general Table 18. 
 
STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 
 
 63 
 
 For convenience in comparison, the average and percentage ex- 
 cesses or deficiencies, as compared with the averages of white children, 
 are shown in Table XXI. The average deficiency in stature is 
 about two-fifths of an inch, or 1.3 per cent, for boys, and one-fifth of 
 an inch, or 0.8 per cent, for girls. In weight the average deficiency 
 is nearly 11 ounces for boys and 9 ounces for girls, 3 per cent and 
 2.5 per cent, respectively. The deficiency in both stature and weight 
 
 Chart XXII. — Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro girls. 
 
 Inches or pounds 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „-*- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 -■' 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^- — " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^__^^ 
 
 ''J**^ 
 
 -'- 
 
 
 
 ^-jK/ 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 „.*~y* 
 
 
 
 
 
 S/^S 
 
 
 --C 
 
 
 
 
 
 /--'' 
 
 
 sfr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yf' 
 
 ''"A/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / „ s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / jr' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Months 12 
 
 Statures, wMte girls 
 Statures, Negro girls 
 
 24 
 
 !6 48 
 
 Weights, white girls 
 "Weights, Negro girls ■ 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 is much greater at under 1 year and at 1 year of age than at other 
 ages ; in fact after 4 years this deficiency is either converted into an 
 excess or is very small. 
 
 To explain this change is difficult. The great deficiency at the 
 younger ages may be connected in some way with poor nutrition and 
 with bad social and economic conditions, which result in the well- 
 known high mortality among colored infants ; and this high mortality 
 
64 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 may itself result in a surviving group with less variation from the 
 normal. It may, on the other hand, be connected with some racial 
 difference in the rate of growth, with relative retardation in the early 
 years followed by an acceleration. In Charts XXI and XXII the 
 growth of Negro children is compared with that of white children. 
 
 Table XXI. — Comparison of stature and weight of Negro children with averages for white 
 children; children under 6 years of age. 
 
 Age and sex. 
 
 Negro children. 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Average 
 excess 
 
 (inches).' 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Average 
 
 excess 
 
 (pounds). 1 
 
 Per cent 
 excess. 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 All ages under 6 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 
 
 2 years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 GIRLS. 
 
 All ages under 6 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 
 
 2 years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 -0.40 
 
 - .76 
 
 - .81 
 
 - .48 
 
 - .38 
 + .09 
 
 - .06 
 
 - .22 
 
 - .55 
 
 - .64 
 
 - .36 
 
 - .15 
 + .23 
 + .14 
 
 -1.3 
 -2.9 
 -2.6 
 -1.4 
 -1.0 
 + .2 
 - .1 
 
 - .8 
 -2.2 
 -2.1 
 -1.0 
 
 — .4 
 + .6 
 + .3 
 
 -0.69 
 -1.14 
 -1.46 
 
 - .71 
 
 - .83 
 + .16 
 
 - .13 
 
 -1.03 
 - .52 
 
 - .07 
 
 - .12 
 
 -3.0 
 -7.0 
 -6.1 
 -2.5 
 -2.6 
 + ..4 
 - .3 
 
 -2.5 
 -5.8 
 -4.6 
 -1.9 
 -2.1 
 
 - .2 
 
 - .3 
 
 i Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference 
 between the averages for Negro children and the general averages for all white children. See general 
 Table 18. 
 
COMPARATIVE STATURE AND WEIGHT OF CHILDREN WITH 
 CERTAIN DEFECTS. 
 
 In addition to data on stature and weight, the record blanks con- 
 tained spaces for notes of defects and diseases. In California and 
 New York City, on account of the detailed instructions given phy- 
 sicians in charge of examinations, such defects were doubtless much 
 more completely recorded than elsewhere. These two areas, con- 
 taining a comparatively large number of cases, were therefore selected 
 as the basis for a special study of the influence of defects on height 
 and weight. For this part of the study all the cards which had been 
 rejected for the main stature and weight tables because the children 
 had serious defects — rachitis, malnutrition, heart disease, etc. — as 
 given on page 12, were included along with the cards for normal 
 children and those with minor defects only. 
 
 PROPORTION OF CHILDREN WITH EACH DEFECT. 
 
 The proportion of children with each main kind of defect — defects 
 which did not as well as those which did cause exclusion from the 
 general stature and weight tables — are shown in Tables XXII and 
 XXIII. It should be emphasized that these figures have a consid- 
 erable margin of error, which varies with the different defects accord- 
 ing both to difficulties in diagnosis and to differences in the degrees 
 of defect used as standards by the various physicians reporting. 
 
 The defect most often reported was diseased or enlarged tonsils, 
 17.7 per cent of the children under 7 years of age who were examined 
 being reported as having abnormal tonsils. It is obvious that in case 
 of a* defect like diseased or enlarged tonsils the degree of abnormality 
 is of considerable importance. In the tabulation no distinction could 
 be made, however, between serious and slight degrees of defect, nor 
 was it possible even to show the proportion of serious or slight defects 
 in the group. Probably most of the cases of serious abnormality 
 among the children brought for examination were reported. 
 
 The proportion of children with diseased or enlarged tonsils increased 
 rapidly during the first three years; only 3.7 per cent of those under 
 1 year, as compared with 27 per cent of those from 3 to 7 years of 
 age, were reported as having diseased or enlarged tonsils. 
 
 Adenoids were less frequently reported. Six and four-tenths per 
 cent of the children examined were reported as having adenoids. 
 The percentages increase from 1.7 for children under 1 year to 11.6 
 for children 6 years of age. In regard to uniform diagnosis the com- 
 ment made on the figures for abnormal tonsils applies with equal 
 force to adenoids. 
 
 49079°— 21 5 65 
 
66 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table XXII. — Number and per cent of children with each specified defect; white children 
 under 7 years of age examined by physicians, California and New York City. 
 
 Defect. 
 
 Tonsils enlarged or diseased . 
 Tonsils removed 
 
 Adenoids present 
 
 Adenoids removed 
 
 Carious teeth 
 
 Enlarged neck glands 
 
 Rupture 
 
 Rachitis 
 
 Malnutrition 
 
 Heart abnormality 
 
 Bowlegs, knockknees, or both. . . 
 Strabismus 
 
 Children with 
 specified defect. 
 
 Number. 
 
 10,276 
 133 
 
 3,728 
 
 86 
 
 2,093 
 
 1,230 
 
 793 
 
 683 
 
 591 
 
 444 
 
 375 
 
 272 
 
 Per cent 
 of total 
 
 children 
 exam- 
 ined. 1 
 
 17.7 
 .2 
 
 6.4 
 .1 
 3.6 
 2.1 
 1.4 
 1.2 
 1.0 
 
 Defect. 
 
 Crippled 
 
 Infantile paralysis 
 
 Injury at birth 
 
 Accident 
 
 Resulting from tuberculosis 
 
 Mental deficiency 
 
 Discharging ears 
 
 Deaf 
 
 Enlarged thyroid 
 
 Blind, one or both eyes. 
 
 Spina bifida 
 
 Pott's disease 
 
 Children with 
 specified defect. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total 
 children 
 exam- 
 ined. 1 
 
 0.1 
 .1 
 
 1 Not shown if less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Note. — The total number of children examined in California and New York City — the base upon 
 which the percentages are calculated— was 57,977. 
 
 Table XXIII. — Per cent of children with each specified defect, by age; white children 
 under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 
 
 Age. 
 
 All ages un- 
 der? 
 
 Under 
 
 1 year, 
 
 2 years 
 
 3 years 
 
 4 years 
 
 5 years 
 
 6 years 
 
 
 17,897 
 
 under 2 
 
 10, 605 
 
 , under 3 
 
 8,379 
 
 , under 4 
 
 8,087 
 
 , under 5 
 
 7,556 
 
 , under 6 
 
 4,813 
 
 , under 7 
 
 640 
 
 White children examined by physicians. 
 
 Total. 
 
 With 
 rachitis. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 683 
 
 139 
 205 
 129 
 92 
 75 
 36 
 7 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.9 
 1.5 
 1.1 
 
 l.n 
 .7 
 l.i 
 
 With mal- I Heart ab- 
 nutrition. ' normality. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 591 
 
 311 
 96 
 41 
 51 
 
 46 
 38 
 
 8 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 .9 
 .5 
 .6 
 .6 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 34 
 39 
 39 
 90 
 113 
 
 ION 
 21 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 .2 
 .4 
 .5 
 1.1 
 1.5 
 2.2 
 3.3 
 
 Carious 
 teeth. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 2,093 
 
 5 
 43 
 176 
 450 
 714 
 611 
 94 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 3.6 
 
 (') 
 .4 
 2.1 
 5.6 
 9.4 
 12.7 
 14.7 
 
 Diseased 
 or enlarged Adenoids, 
 tonsils. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 10, 276 
 
 662 
 1,648 
 2,153 
 2,203 
 2,002 
 1,430 
 
 178 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 17.7 
 
 3.7 
 15.5 
 25.7 
 27.3 
 26.5 
 29.7 
 27.8 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 3,728 
 
 304 
 617 
 
 744 
 765 
 695 
 529 
 74 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 6.4 
 
 1.7 
 5.8 
 8.9 
 9.5 
 9.2 
 11.0 
 11.6 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 The figures for carious teeth are particularly unsatisfactory. No 
 account could be taken of the number of teeth that were decayed, 
 nor of the seriousness of the defect, whether the teeth were in ad- 
 vanced stages of decay or whether decay had just commenced. 
 Though doubtless most of the worst cases were reported, great 
 differences probably existed also in the care with which physicians 
 examined the teeth. The true proportions of children with this 
 defect are probably, therefore, greatly understated. 
 
 The percentages of children with carious teeth show an increase 
 with age, similar to that in the percentages with adenoids and abnor- 
 mal tonsils. While the percentage at 2 years of age is only 2.1, at 
 6 years of age it is 14.7. 
 
CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 67 
 
 A small proportion, 1.2 per cent, of the children brought for 
 examination were diagnosed as having rachitis, and their records 
 were therefore excluded from the main stature and weight tables. 
 The proportion appears largest at 1 year of age, when 1.9 per cent 
 were found with rachitis. It should perhaps be emphasized that 
 these percentages are based on the children brought for examination, 
 who may have included a smaller proportion with this defect than 
 would be found among the entire number of children in the areas 
 studied. Even of the children brought for examination, the pro- 
 portion reported as having rachitis is doubtless less than the true 
 proportion. 
 
 A somewhat smaller percentage, 1, were reported as malnour- 
 ished — another cause of exclusion from the main tables. The largest 
 percentage of malnourished children, 1.7, ^as found among those 
 under 1 year of age. Probably only the more obvious cases of 
 malnutrition were noted. The proportion of malnourished children 
 is probably therefore much less than the true proportion among all 
 children in the areas studied. 
 
 A few of the children, 0.8 per cent, had heart abnormalities. The 
 percentages increase from 0.2 at under 1 year to 3.3 at 6 years of age. 
 
 For the other defects listed, as well as for those already mentioned, 
 the percentages of children with each stated defect doubtless under- 
 states the true proportion among all the children of these ages, either 
 because the children with the defect — especially the more serious 
 ones — were not brought for examination, or because the diagnosis 
 was not made and noted uniformly, or for both reasons. 
 
 RELATION OF DEFECT TO STATURE AND WEIGHT. 
 
 The data secured were analyzed to determine the correlation, if 
 any, between certain of the defects and deficiency in stature and 
 weight. In considering this comparison the points already noted in 
 regard to the definition and diagnosis of the different defects must 
 be borne in mind. In determining, for example, the relation between 
 defective tonsils and deficiency in weight, it must be remembered 
 that the differences in degrees of defect are not known. If in a large 
 proportion of cases the defect was present only in a slight degree, this 
 fact would obviously reduce the amount of the deficiency in weight 
 associated with the presence of abnormal tonsils. At the same time 
 it should be borne in mind that, to show whether or not a given 
 defect influences stature and weight, it is not essential that the group 
 of children with the particular defect should include all those exam- 
 ined who had the defect. Nor would even the inclusion in the group 
 with the defect of a considerable number of normal children make a 
 material difference. Such errors in general would merely lessen the 
 amount of the differences between the average statures or weights 
 
68 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 of the two groups compared; in other words, it would reduce the 
 size of the deficiency associated with the defect studied. 
 
 In interpreting the amount of deficiency found, it should be remem- 
 bered that the average heights and weights, to which those of the chil- 
 dren with defects are compared, are for a group which includes some 
 children with adenoids, diseased or enlarged tonsils, and carious teeth, 
 and probably other children whose defects were not noted. The 
 amount of error due to this inclusion of children with adenoids, dis- 
 eased or enlarged tonsils, and carious teeth is estimated below as 
 about 0.02 inch and 0.07 pound at 3 years, and 0.05 inch and 0.20 
 pound at 4 and 5 years of age. 10 To correct the figures for this 
 source of error, therefore, these amounts should be added to the 
 deficiencies shown in Tables XXIV to XXIX. 
 
 Table XXIV. — -Comparative stature and weight of children ivith rachitis; white children 
 under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 
 
 < 
 
 White children with rachitis. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Stature (inches). 
 
 Weight (pounds). 
 
 
 Average 
 excess. 1 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 Average 
 excess. 1 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 
 683 
 
 -1.12 
 
 ±0.04 
 
 -3.4 
 
 -1.90 
 
 ±0.08 
 
 - 7.2 
 
 
 
 
 139 
 205 
 129 
 92 
 75 
 36 
 7 
 
 - .64 
 -1.07 
 -1.42 
 -1.27 
 -1.29 
 -1.41 
 
 - .64 
 
 .08 
 .07 
 .10 
 .13 
 .15 
 .23 
 .53 
 
 -2.4 
 -3.6 
 -4.1 
 -3.4 
 -3.2 
 -3.4 
 -1.5 
 
 -1.80 
 -1.79 
 -2.18 
 -1.90 
 -1.69 
 -2.24 
 -2.14 
 
 .13 
 .13 
 .20 
 .26 
 .32 
 .51 
 1.26 
 
 -10.4 
 
 
 - 7.8 
 
 
 - 7.8 
 
 
 - 5.9 
 
 
 - 4.7 
 
 
 - 5.7 
 
 
 - 5.2 
 
 
 
 
 1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average dif- 
 ference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
 of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 
 
 Table XXV. — Comparative stature and weight of children with malnutrition; white 
 children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 
 
 
 White children with malnutrition. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Stature (inches). 
 
 Weight (pounds). 
 
 
 Average 
 excess.** 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 Average 
 excess, o 
 
 Probable 
 error o f 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 
 591 
 
 -1.32 
 
 ±0.04 
 
 -4.4 
 
 -3.41 ±0.08 
 
 -15.7 
 
 
 
 
 311 
 96 
 41 
 51 
 46 
 38 
 8 
 
 -1.63 
 
 - .78 
 -1.17 
 
 - .90 
 -1.13 
 -1.12 
 -1.45 
 
 .05 
 .11 
 .18 
 .17 
 .19 
 .22 
 .50 
 
 -6.6 
 -2.6 
 -3.4 
 -3.4 
 -2.9 
 -3.7 
 -3.3 
 
 -3.57 
 -3.02 
 -4.37 
 -3.52 
 -3.23 
 -1.93 
 -5.75 
 
 .09 1 -24.8 
 
 
 .19 
 .35 
 .35 
 .40 
 .50 
 1.18 
 
 -13.5 
 
 
 -15.5 
 
 
 -10.9 
 
 
 - 9.2 
 
 
 - 5.0 
 
 
 -13.7 
 
 
 
 
 a Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
 difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and stat- 
 ures of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 
 
 »° See Table XXX, p. 74. 
 
CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 69 
 
 The figures showing deficiencies are valuable so far as they show 
 existence of a definite correlation between a defect and deficiency in 
 stature or weight, even though they are not conclusive as to the 
 amount of such correlation. 
 
 Rachitis. 
 
 In California and New York City 683 children under 7 years of age 
 were diagnosed as having rachitis. Table XXIV shows that these 
 children, in comparison with average children of the same sexes 
 and ages, showed a deficiency in stature of 1J inches, or 3.4 per 
 cent. A tendency appears for this deficiency in stature to increase 
 with age. Thus among children 2 years of age the deficiency is 
 over twice as great as among those less than 1 year of age. The 
 percentage of deficiency in stature increases at the same time from 
 2.4 under 1 year to 4.1 at 2 years of age. 
 
 The deficiency in weight is even more marked. Thus the average 
 deficiency for all children under 7 was nearly 2 pounds, or 7.2 per 
 cent. The deficiency in weight appears to increase somewhat with 
 age in absolute amount, though the percentage diminishes from 
 slightly over 10 at less than 1 year of age to about 5 at from 4 to 6 
 years of age. 
 
 The average deficiencies are in most cases well over five times 
 the probable error, and are, therefore, well outside the range of 
 probable chance variation. 
 
 Malnutrition. 
 
 In all 591 children were diagnosed as being malnourished. Table 
 XXV shows that the average deficiency of these children in stature 
 was nearly 1 f inches, and in weight nearly 3^ pounds. The percentage 
 deficiency in stature was 4.4, while the percentage deficiency in 
 weight was 15.7. The largest proportion of cases found was under 
 1 year of age, and this age group shows the largest percentage of 
 deficiency both in height and weight. These children were almost 
 25 per cent deficient in weight. This result is to be expected, since 
 most of the physicians probably used marked deficiency of weight 
 for height as a chief criterion for malnutrition. 
 
 In these comparisons deficiency in weight is measured in respect 
 to average weight for age. Since the deficiency in height is much 
 less than that in weight, the malnourished and the rachitic children are 
 also markedly deficient in weight for height. In general, however, 
 the percentage of deficiency in weight for height is less than in weight 
 for age. 
 
 A rough approximation to the deficiency in weight for height of 
 the malnourished children under 1 year of age can be found by the 
 following computation : For ages under 1 year the average deficiency 
 in stature is 1.63 inches. Tables II and III, pages 18-20, show that 
 the range of height for ages under 1 year is, roughly, from 20 to 29 
 
70 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 inches. Table VI, page 29, shows that at these statures a difference 
 of approximately 1.3 pounds of weight corresponds to each inch gain 
 in stature, and hence the average deficiency of 1.63 inches in stature 
 would correspond to approximately 2.1 pounds in weight. The 
 actual deficiency in weight of 25 per cent, or 3.57 pounds, is nearly 1^ 
 pounds more than would correspond to the deficiency in stature. 
 Reference to Table VI, page 29, shows that the average weight for 
 the different statures up to 28 inches is, roughly, about 15 pounds. 
 Hence with a deficiency of 1.5 pounds, corresponding to an average 
 weight of about 15 pounds, there would be an average deficiency in 
 weight for height of 10 per cent. The deficiency in weight for height 
 is evidently less than the deficiency in weight for age. 
 
 Heart abnormality. 
 
 The number of children diagnosed as having heart abnormality 
 was comparatively small, only 444. Table XXVI shows that the 
 average deficiency of these children in stature is only one-seventh 
 of an inch, while the deficiency in weight is slightly over half a pound. 
 The deficiencies are much greater under 1 year of age than at older 
 ages. Thus the deficiency in stature under 1 year was about three- 
 fourths inch and that in weight over 1£ pounds. The number of 
 cases, however, is small and except for the group as a whole and for 
 the first year the deficiencies are small in comparison with the 
 probable errors, and a considerable play is therefore given to varia- 
 tions due to chance. 
 
 Table XXVI. — Comparative stature and weight of children with heart abnormality; 
 white children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 
 
 Age. 
 
 White children with heart abnormality. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Stature (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 
 of 
 excess. 
 
 Weight (pounds). 
 
 Average 
 excess. 1 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 
 of 
 excess. 
 
 All ages under 7 . 
 
 Under lyear... 
 
 1 year, under 2. . 
 
 2 years, under 3. 
 
 3 years, under 4. 
 
 4 years, under 5. 
 
 5 years, under 6. 
 
 6 years, under 7. 
 
 -0.15 
 
 ±0.05 
 
 -0.4 
 
 -0.57 
 
 ±0.11 
 
 - 1.7 
 
 34 
 39 
 39 
 90 
 113 
 10S 
 21 
 
 - .73 
 
 - .35 
 + .30 
 
 - .05 
 
 + .04 
 
 - .31 
 
 - .04 
 
 .16 
 .17 
 .18 
 .13 
 .12 
 .13 
 .31 
 
 -2.9 
 -1.1 
 + .9 
 
 - .1 
 + -1 
 
 - .7 
 
 - .9 
 
 -1.63 
 
 - .75 
 
 - .45 
 
 - .65 
 
 - .07 
 -1.05 
 
 - .33 
 
 .26 
 .29 
 .35 
 .27 
 .26 
 .30 
 .73 
 
 -10.4 
 
 - 2.9 
 + 1.6 
 
 - 2.0 
 
 - .2 
 
 - 2.7 
 
 - .7 
 
 1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
 difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
 of children of the same sexes and ages (in months.) in California and New York City. 
 
CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 
 
 71 
 
 Carious teeth. 
 
 The children reported as having carious teeth numbered 2,093, 
 Table XXVII, and the comparison of the stature and weight of these 
 children with those of average children of the same sexes and ages 
 shows comparatively little difference when all ages are taken into 
 consideration. For the entire group of children the average defi- 
 ciency in stature is negligible, while the deficiency in weight averages 
 only 2 ounces, but slightly over twice -the probable error. 
 
 Table XXVII. — -Comparative stature and weight of children with carious teeth; white 
 children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 
 
 Age. 
 
 All ages under 7. 
 
 Under 3 years. .. 
 
 3 years, under 4- 
 
 4 years, under 5 . 
 
 5 years, under 6- 
 
 6 years, under 7- 
 
 Wliite children with carious teeth. 
 
 Number. 
 
 2,093 
 
 224 
 450 
 714 
 611 
 94 
 
 Stature (inches). 
 
 Average 
 excess. l 
 
 -0.01 
 
 + .30 
 + .11 
 
 - .13 
 
 - .08 
 
 - .06 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 ±0.03 
 
 .07 
 .06 
 .05 
 .06 
 .16 
 
 Per cent 
 
 of 
 excess. 
 
 -0.0 
 
 + .9 
 + .3 
 
 - .3 
 -1.9 
 
 - .1 
 
 Weight (pounds). 
 
 Average 
 excess. l 
 
 -0.14 
 
 + .19 
 + .09 
 
 - .28 
 
 - .20 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 ±0.06 
 
 .15 
 .12 
 .11 
 .13 
 .37 
 
 Per cent 
 of 
 
 excess. 
 
 + .7 
 + .3 
 
 - .5 
 -1.1 
 
 1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
 difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
 of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 
 
 Diseased or enlarged tonsils, 
 
 A comparatively large number of children, 10,276, were diagnosed 
 as having either diseased or enlarged tonsils. An examination of 
 Table XXVIII shows that for all ages together these children show 
 no special deficiency in height, but that a deficiency in weight of one- 
 eighth of a pound appears to be definitely established. The classifica- 
 tion by age groups reveals a tendency among children over 2 years of 
 age with these defects to be shorter and lighter than the averages for 
 their ages, and for the deficiency to increase in amount as they grow 
 older. Thus the children at 4 years of age diagnosed as having 
 diseased or enlarged tonsils were slightly over a sixth of an inch 
 shorter than average children of the same age. They were also 
 almost half a pound below average weight for their ages, and were 
 somewhat below average weight for their heights. The figures for 
 6 years of age are not significant on account of the small numbers 
 and the large probable error. 
 
72 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 
 
 
 
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CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 
 
 73 
 
 Table XXVIII. — Comparative stature and weight of children with enlarged or diseased 
 tonsils; white children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 
 
 Age. 
 
 All ages under 7 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 
 
 2 years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 6 years, under 7 
 
 White children with enlarged or diseased tonsils. 
 
 Number. 
 
 10,276 
 
 662 
 1,648 
 2, 153 
 2,203 
 2,002 
 1,430 
 
 178 
 
 Stature (inches). 
 
 Average 
 excess. 1 
 
 -0.02 
 
 + 
 
 54 
 10 
 02 
 
 — .06 
 
 - .15 
 
 — .13 
 
 - .13 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 
 ±0.01 
 
 .04 
 .03 
 .03 
 .03 
 .03 
 .04 
 .11 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 -0.0 
 
 +2.0 
 + .3 
 
 - .1 
 
 - .2 
 
 - .4 
 
 - .3 
 
 - .3 
 
 Weight (pounds). 
 
 Average 
 excess. 1 
 
 -0.12 
 
 + .93 
 + .06 
 
 - .02 
 
 - .17 
 
 - .46 
 
 - .37 
 
 - .01 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 ±0.02 
 
 .06 
 .05 
 .05 
 .06 
 .07 
 .09 
 .28 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 —0.4 
 
 +5.3 
 + .1 
 
 - .1 
 
 - .5 
 -1.3 
 
 - .9 
 
 - .0 
 
 1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
 difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the weights and statures of 
 average children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 
 
 Adenoids. 
 
 In the two areas studied there was a total of 3,728 children who 
 were diagnosed as having adenoids, as shown in Table XXIX. 
 When the group as a whole is considered, these children show no 
 significant difference from the average in stature; but a deficiency of 
 one-fifth of a pound in weight, which, in comparison with the probable 
 error, appears to be significant. When the figures are analyzed by 
 age the same tendency appears as in the case of children with enlarged 
 or diseased tonsils. Children over 1 year of age with adenoids appear 
 to be deficient in weight as compared with average children. The 
 children 4 years of age were slightly more than half a pound below 
 the average weight for all children, and the deficiency at this age was 
 larger than for younger ages. The figures for 5 and 6 years of age 
 are not particularly significant on account of the small number of 
 cases and the wide play given to chance variations. 
 
 Table XXIX. — Comparative stature and weight of children with adenoids; white 
 children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 
 
 Age. 
 
 White children with adenoids. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Stature (inches). 
 
 Average 
 excess. 1 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 Weight (pounds). 
 
 Probable 
 error of 
 average 
 excess. 
 
 Per cent 
 of excess. 
 
 All ages under 7 
 
 Under 1 year 
 
 1 year, under 2 
 
 2years, under 3 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 6 years, under 7 
 
 3,728 
 
 +0.025 
 
 ±0.02 
 
 +0.1 
 
 -0.21 
 
 ±0.04 
 
 -0.7 
 
 304 
 617 
 744 
 765 
 695 
 529 
 74 
 
 + .48 
 + .12 
 
 - .00 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .01 
 
 - .00 
 + .29 
 
 .05 
 .04 
 .04 
 .05 
 .05 
 .06 
 .17 
 
 +1.8 
 + .4 
 
 - .2 
 
 - .2 
 
 - .1 
 
 + .7 
 
 + .53 
 
 - .09 
 
 - .03 
 
 - .47 
 
 - .62 
 
 - .27 
 + .77 
 
 .09 
 .08 
 .08 
 .10 
 .10 
 .14 
 .41 
 
 +3.2 
 
 - .4 
 
 - .1 
 -1.5 
 -1.7 
 
 - .7 
 +1.9 
 
 1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
 difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
 of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 
 
74 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 EFFECT OF INCLUSION OF CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS UPON 
 GENERAL AVERAGES. 
 
 Of the defects and diseases the influence of which upon stature and 
 weight are here specially analyzed, carious teeth, enlarged or diseased 
 tonsils, and adenoids were not given in the list on page 12 of defects 
 and diseases which caused exclusion from the main tables of stature 
 and weight. It would not have been possible to exclude uniformly 
 in all States children with these defects, since there was no uniformity 
 in reporting them. In many cases, children with adenoids or with 
 diseased tonsils may not have had the fact noted on their record 
 cards. The effect of including children with these three defects in 
 the general tables is shown by the analyses given above, however, 
 to be relatively slight, since for the ages considered the correlation 
 between such defects and deficiency in stature and weight is slight. 
 
 Nevertheless, if children with carious teeth, adenoids, and diseased 
 or enlarged tonsils had been excluded — and if it had been possible to 
 exclude them all uniformly — the average heights and weights found 
 for all children would have been very slightly increased. And the 
 amount of such increase can be estimated from the figures for average 
 deficiencies in stature and weight and from the percentages of children 
 with the different defects. 11 
 
 Table XXX. — Approximate correction of general averages if children with specified 
 defects had been uniformly excluded. 
 
 
 Approximate correction of general averages. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Children with en- 
 larged or diseased 
 tonsils, adenoids, 
 and carious teeth 
 excluded. 
 
 Children with dis- 
 eased or enlarged 
 tonsilsexcluded. 
 
 Children with ade- 
 noids excluded. 
 
 Children with cari- 
 ous teeth ex- 
 cluded. 
 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Weight 
 (pounds). 
 
 3 years, under 4 
 
 4 years, under 5 
 
 5 years, under 6 
 
 +0.02 
 + .05 
 + .05 
 
 +0.07 
 + .20 
 + .18 
 
 +0.02 
 + .05 
 + .05 
 
 +0.06 
 + .17 
 + .16 
 
 
 +0.05 
 + .06 
 
 + .03 
 
 -0.01 
 + .01 
 + .01 
 
 -0.01 
 
 
 + .03 
 
 
 + .03 
 
 
 
 11 The method of making such an estimate is easily stated in algebraic terms. If m is the average stature 
 or weight, ma the average for children with a given defect, and m the average for children without the 
 defects, and if n is the total number, p the proportion with the defect, and q the proportion without it, then 
 
 mn= mdnp+monq 
 or, m=mdp+m q 
 
 If e is the average excess (or deficiency) of the defective children over the average for all children, or, in 
 symbols, 
 
 TOd=m+e 
 Then, m=mp+pe+moC 
 mq—wioq=pe 
 pe 
 
CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 75 
 
 Such estimates, of course, have to be made on the assumption 
 that the average deficiencies indicated in the tables are correct, 
 even though the size of the probable errors shows that their amounts 
 are subject to considerable doubt. They have also to be based 
 on the assumption that the proportions of children with the given 
 defects of the same degrees of seriousness are the same in the country 
 as a whole as in the two areas specially studied. 
 
 This process of correction makes no significant change in the 
 averages for children under 3 years of age, since in these early years 
 either the deficiency (or excess) in stature and weight is negligible 
 or the proportion of cases is small. If, however, children with 
 diseased or enlarged tonsils had been excluded in making up the 
 general averages of stature and weight, the average statures at 3, 4, 
 and 5 years would have been increased 0.02, 0.05, and 0.05 inch, 
 respectively; and the average weights would have been increased 
 0.06, 0.17, and 0.16 pound. Similar figures for adenoids and carious 
 teeth are also given in Table XXX. 
 
 The total correction for all three defects results in raising the 
 average statures 0.02, 0.05, and 0.05 inch and the average weights 
 0.07, 0.20, and 0.18 pound at 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. In 
 other words, the correction in stature is not over one-twentieth of an 
 inch, while the correction in weight varies up to one-fifth of a pound 
 for the ages included in the tabulations. 
 
 In combining the figures for the three defects account is taken 
 of the proportion of cases in which children with adenoids were 
 reported as having also diseased or enlarged tonsils and the propor- 
 tion in which children with carious teeth had one or both of the 
 other defects. Only one-fifth of the children with adenoids were 
 reported as not having diseased or enlarged tonsils, while one-half of 
 those with carious teeth were reported as having neither adenoids 
 nor diseased or enlarged tonsils. The children who had adenoids or 
 carious teeth in addition to enlarged or diseased tonsils are already 
 included in the group with diseased or enlarged tonsils, and the cor- 
 rection made for defective tonsils necessarily includes the correc- 
 tion for cases of combination with the other defects mentioned. 
 The correction for adenoids only and that for carious teeth only need, 
 therefore, to be added. 
 
 CORRECTED AND SMOOTHED AVERAGES OF STATURE AND WEIGHT. 
 
 In Table XXXI corrected and smoothed averages for stature 
 and weight are given. To the smoothed averages already presented 
 a correction is added to eliminate the effect of the inclusion in the 
 basic tables of children with the three defects mentioned. This 
 table, then, represents average statures and weights of boys and 
 girls under 6 years of age based, as nearly as possible, upon children 
 with no defects or diseases. 
 
76 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table XXXI. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years, smoothed 
 and corrected figures; white children. 1 
 
 Age. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Stature Weight 
 (inches), (pounds) 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3. . . 
 
 3 months, under 4. . 
 
 4 months, under 5. . . 
 
 5 months, under 6. . . 
 
 6 months, under 7. . . 
 
 7 months, under 8. . 
 
 8 months, under 9. . . 
 
 9 months, under 10. 
 
 10 months, under 11. 
 
 11 months, under 12. 
 
 12 months, under 13. 
 
 13 months, under 14 
 
 14 months, under 15 
 
 15 months, under 16. 
 
 16 months, under 17 
 
 17 months, under 18 
 
 18 months, under 19. 
 
 19 months, under 20. 
 
 20 months, under 21. 
 
 21 months, under 22. 
 
 22 months, under 23. 
 
 23 months, under 24. 
 
 24 months, under 25. 
 
 25 months, under 26. 
 
 26 months, under 27. 
 
 27 months, under 28. 
 
 28 months, under 29 
 
 29 months, under 30 
 
 30 months, under 31. 
 
 31 months, under 32. 
 
 32 months, under 33. 
 
 33 months, under 34. 
 
 34 months, under 35. 
 
 35 months, under 36. 
 
 36 months, under 37. 
 
 37 months, under 38. 
 
 38 months, under 39. 
 
 39 months, under 40. 
 
 40 months, under 41. 
 
 41 months, under 42. 
 
 42 months, under 43. 
 
 43 months, under 44. 
 
 44 months, under 45. 
 
 45 months, under 46. 
 
 46 months, under 47, 
 
 47 months, under 48. 
 
 48 months, under 49. 
 
 49 months, under 50. 
 
 50 months, under 51. 
 
 51 months, under 52 
 
 52 months, under 53 
 
 53 months, under 54 
 
 54 months, under 55 
 
 55 months, under 56 
 
 56 months, under 57 
 
 57 months, under 58 
 
 58 months, under 59 
 
 59 months, under 60 
 
 60 months, under 61 
 
 61 months, under 62 
 
 62 months, under 63 
 
 63 months, under 64 
 
 64 months, under 65 
 
 65 months, under 66 
 
 66 months, under 67 
 
 67 months, under 68 
 
 68 months, under 69 
 
 69 months, under 70 
 
 70 months, under 71. 
 
 71 months, under 72 
 
 21.16 
 22.47 
 23.58 
 24.55 
 25.38 
 26.10 
 26.72 
 27.27 
 27.76 
 28.21 
 28.64 
 29.06 
 29.47 
 29.87 
 30.26 
 30.64 
 31.02 
 31.39 
 31.76 
 32.11 
 32.44 
 32.76 
 33.06 
 33.34 
 33.62 
 33.89 
 34.16 
 34.43 
 34.71 
 34.99 
 35.27 
 35.54 
 35.79 
 36.02 
 36.24 
 36.46 
 36.67 
 36.89 
 37.11 
 37.35 
 37.58 
 37.82 
 38.07 
 38.31 
 38.53 
 38.75 
 38.94 
 39.12 
 39.29 
 39.46 
 39.63 
 39.82 
 40.01 
 40.23 
 40.45 
 40.67 
 40.88 
 41.08 
 41.27 
 41.45 
 41.62 
 41.80 
 41.98 
 42.16 
 42.36 
 42.56 
 42.76 
 42.96 
 43.15 
 43.37 
 43.53 
 43.92 
 
 9.11 
 
 10.88 
 12.61 
 14.07 
 15.37 
 16.50 
 17.47 
 18.31 
 19.04 
 19.68 
 20.27 
 20.81 
 21.32 
 21.82 
 22.31 
 22.78 
 23.25 
 23.72 
 24.18 
 24.62 
 25.04 
 25.45 
 25.84 
 26.21 
 26.58 
 26.95 
 27.31 
 27.68 
 28.06 
 28.45 
 28.83 
 29.20 
 29.56 
 29.88 
 30.18 
 30.47 
 30. 75 
 31.05 
 31.36 
 31.70 
 32.05 
 32.41 
 32.79 
 33.13 
 33.45 
 33. 75 
 34.02 
 34.26 
 34.49 
 34.74 
 34. 9S 
 35.23 
 35.52 
 35.83 
 36.14 
 36.47 
 36.81 
 37.14 
 37.48 
 37.80 
 38.11 
 38.40 
 38.68 
 38.95 
 39.25 
 39.56 
 39.89 
 40.23 
 40.59 
 40.82 
 40.37 
 41.60 
 
 20.89 
 21.92 
 23.09 
 24.00 
 24.83 
 25.53 
 26.15 
 26.70 
 27.20 
 27.66 
 28.10 
 28.51 
 28.91 
 29.30 
 29.69 
 30.08 
 30.47 
 30.86 
 31.24 
 31.60 
 31.93 
 32.24 
 32.53 
 32.81 
 33.09 
 33.37 
 33.66 
 33.95 
 34.24 
 34.53 
 34.82 
 35.09 
 35.34 
 35.58 
 35.81 
 36.03 
 36.25 
 36.48 
 36.72 
 36.97 
 37.22 
 37.47 
 37.72 
 37.94 
 38.15 
 38.36 
 38.55 
 38.73 
 38.93 
 39.12 
 39.31 
 39.52 
 39.74 
 39.96 
 40.19 
 40.41 
 40.63 
 40.84 
 41.03 
 41.21 
 41.39 
 41.57 
 41.74 
 41.91 
 42.08 
 42.25 
 42.43 
 42.63 
 42.86 
 43.08 
 43.44 
 43.57 
 
 1 Figures for the first 36 months are the same as in Table I. The figuresf or ages over 36 months are cor- 
 rected to show statures and weights of healthy children without defects by using the corrections given in 
 preceding section. The corrections, beginning with 36 months under 37, are for statures +0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 
 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.04, 0.04, 0.04, and then 0.05 uniformly to 71 months; for weight, 
 +0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.19, and then 0.20 uni- 
 formly to 71 months. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 23, p. 114. 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM "SUGGESTIONS TO EXAMINERS." 1 
 
 Weighing. 
 
 Children under 5 years should be undressed and weighed without 
 clothing, or wrapped in a thin sheet or towel, the weight of which is 
 deducted. Children over 5 years should be weighed in their ordi- 
 nary indoor clothing-. Young babies, unable to stand, should be 
 weighed, if possible, on scales equipped with a scale pan. A fresh 
 paper towel should be laid in the pan and changed after each child is 
 weighed. Where only large platform scales are available, a baby old 
 enough to sit or stand may be set on the platform of the scale, on 
 which is spread a fresh paper towel. If the baby is not old enough 
 to sit alone, an adult holding the baby may be weighed and the 
 weight of the adult deducted. 
 
 Measuring. 
 
 All children should be measured without shoes. 
 
 To measure children able to stand : If the scales used are equipped 
 with a measuring apparatus it should be used. Where this is not 
 available, the child should be asked to stand against the wall with the 
 heels and the back of the head touching the wall. His height is 
 obtained by holding a book or small box horizontally on top of his 
 head against the wall and measuring the space between the bottom 
 of the book or the box and the floor. A convenient method is to tack 
 a tape measure perpendicularly on the wall, beginning at the floor, 
 and to measure by this. 
 
 To measure babies unable to stand: An apparatus for measuring 
 babies and young children may be made by nailing a headboard 
 firmly across one end of the examination table. To this board 
 attach one end of a linen tape measure and secure the other end 
 firmly across the sheet which covers the table. Provide also a book 
 end — one of the cheap, enameled kind sold for office use. The length 
 of the baby may be quickly and accurately found by laying him upon 
 the examination table, directly over the tape measure, with his head 
 resting firmly against the headboard. Be sure that the baby is lying 
 flat on the table, completely relaxed. The legs must not be bent at 
 the hips or knees. Press the enameled book end squarely against 
 the feet and read his length as indicated upon the tape measure. 
 More elaborate types of apparatus on the same principle have been 
 devised and are used in the same way. A baby may also be measured 
 by laying him on a table and measuring between two books held one 
 at the head and the other at the feet. 
 
 i April and May Weighing and Measuring Test. Part 2, Suggestions to Examiners, Children's Bureau 
 Leaflet No. 2, Part 2. Bureau Publication No. 38. 
 
 77 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 ACCURACY OF MATERIAL. 
 
 The subject of the accuracy of the material is important. With 
 material collected from many physicians all over the country, and 
 with probably considerable variation in the methods of weighing and 
 measuring employed, it is necessary to know within what limits the 
 material may be considered as accurate. 
 
 Some light can be thrown upon the accuracy of the material by an 
 analysis of the units in which heights and weights were reported. 
 In Appendix Tables 1 and 2 the different sections of the country and 
 the white and Negro races are compared, in regard to the units of 
 heights and weights used, on the basis of samples of at least 4,000 
 measurements for each section or race group considered. It appears 
 that height was reported for about one-twelfth of the total white 
 children in eighths of inches; for about two-fifths either in quarters 
 or in eighths of inches, for two-fifths more in half inches only, and 
 for about one-sixth to the nearest inch. 
 
 The white children were measured with a considerably greater 
 degree of accuracy than the Negro children. The heights of only 
 one-twentieth of the Negro children were reported in eighths of 
 inches, and those of only about one- third in either quarters or eighths 
 of inches. Between one-fourth and one-fifth of the records of heights 
 of Negro children were made to the nearest inch. 
 
 The different sections show approximately the same degree of 
 accuracy in reports of the heights of white children. California has 
 the largest proportion of cases reported in eighths of inches, followed 
 by the East North-Central division. The Western section has the 
 smallest proportion reported in even inches, again followed by the 
 East North-Central division. 
 
 In regard to weights, approximately one-fifth of the white children 
 had their weights reported in ounces, nearly one-half either in ounces 
 or quarter pounds, somewhat less than one-third in half pounds, and 
 nearly one-fourth in even pounds. The reporting of weights for 
 Negro children appears to have been somewhat more carefully done 
 than for white children. 
 
 As in the case of height, there is comparatively little difference in 
 the accuracy with which the weights of white children were reported 
 in the different sections. The New England and Middle Atlantic 
 States show the highest proportion reported in ounces, followed 
 closely by the Western section. The Southern section had the 
 highest proportion reported in even pounds, followed closely by 
 California. 
 78 
 
APPENDIXES. 79 
 
 It should be borne in mind, however, in interpreting these figures, that 
 the use of a comparatively coarse instead of a fine unit in entering the 
 measurements may not affect the accuracy of the final results. Thus, 
 if the heights of 1,000 children were reported in eighths of inches, and 
 tabulated first in eighths of inches, as reported, and then tabulated a 
 second time, grouping heights to the nearest inch, the resulting aver- 
 ages would be substantially the same. The only difference in the 
 results would be due to an unequal distribution of the occurrence 
 of fractional eighths of inches. If the fractional eighths of inches 
 were distributed uniformly above and below the even inches, the 
 resulting averages would be identical. The figures, however, do 
 give an indication of the general care with which heights and 
 weights were secured; and, other things being equal, a measurement 
 that permits of a statement in eighths of inches is more likely to be 
 accurate and carefully made than a measurement which is roughly 
 entered in inches or pounds. 
 
 Besides the fineness of the unit used in reporting heights and weights 
 another factor which affects the accuracy of the material is the re- 
 porting of age. Obviously errors in age would affect the accuracy 
 of both heights and weights in relation to age. The age was secured 
 in all cases by subtracting the date of birth, as entered on the 
 children's year cards, from the date of examination, as reported by 
 the examining physician. There were, therefore, no chances of error 
 through reporting age in even years, except that in cases where a 
 rough statement of age was given by the mother the date of birth 
 might have been estimated from the date of examination. Such 
 statements of age, if inexact, would ordinarily be concentrated on 
 even years. In these cases where the date of birth was estimated 
 by subtracting even years from the date of examination, the month 
 and day of the birth date would be identical with the month and day 
 of the examination date. A study was therefore made of a sample 
 of 608 records selected at random in which the age was 12, 24, 36, 
 48, or 60 months to determine the proportion of cases where the day 
 of the month was identical in the two dates. It was found that 
 instead of the 20 expected on the basis of chance, there were actually 
 43 cases where the month and the day of the month were identical. 
 There appears, therefore, to be a tendency toward concentration, 
 but the tendency is slight, the excess concentration constituting 
 perhaps 4 per cent of the total number reported at these ages. 
 
 A result of a tendency toward concentration would be that the 
 groups of children whose ages were classified under the months cor- 
 responding to even years would contain some who were actually a few 
 months older and others who were a few months younger than stated. 
 As a result the heights and weights of these children would vary 
 more than the heights and weights of children whose ages were exactly 
 
80 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 stated. Such a tendency, therefore, in reporting of age would appear 
 in the measures of variability of children at exactly even years of age. 
 The tables, however, show that the standard deviation does not 
 exhibit any marked tendency for the variability to increase at 12 
 months, 24 months, 36 months, 48 months, or 60 months. It may 
 fairly be inferred, therefore, that the reporting of age was on the whole 
 accurate. It may be pointed out, moreover, that even if a concentra- 
 tion at the even years appeared, if it was due to overstatement and 
 to understatement of age in equal proportions, it would probably not 
 affect materially the average heights and weights. 
 
 Table I.— Accuracy of reporting of heights, by sections, and by race. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Children whose heights were reported 
 
 in>— 
 
 
 Section. 
 
 Eighth inches. 
 
 Quarter inches. 
 
 Half inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 White 
 
 26,273 
 
 2,198 
 
 8.4 
 
 9,035 
 
 34.4 
 
 10, 599 
 
 40.3 
 
 4,441 
 
 16.9 
 
 
 
 New England and Mid- 
 
 4.505 
 4,568 
 4, 302 
 4,335 
 4,252 
 4,311 
 
 238 
 312 
 440 
 360 
 370 
 478 
 
 5.3 
 6.8" 
 
 10.2 
 8.3 
 8.7 
 
 11.1 
 
 1, 657 
 1,486 
 1,404 
 1,610 
 1,497 
 1,381 
 
 36.8 
 32.5 
 32.6 
 37.1 
 35.2 
 32.0 
 
 1,720 
 1,955 
 1,804 
 1,691 
 1,749 
 1,680 
 
 38.2 
 42.8 
 41.9 
 39.0 
 41.1 
 39.0 
 
 890 
 815 
 654 
 674 
 636 
 772 
 
 19.8 
 
 
 17.8 
 
 East North-Central 
 
 15.2 
 15.5 
 
 
 15.0 
 
 
 17.9 
 
 
 
 
 4,976 
 
 270 
 
 5.4 
 
 1,273 
 
 25.6 
 
 2,286 
 
 45.9 
 
 1,147 
 
 23.1 
 
 
 
 i Estimated from distribution measurements according to fractional parts of inches. 
 Table 2. — Accuracy of reporting of weights, by sections, and by race. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Children whose weights were reported in>— 
 
 Section. 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Quarter pounds. 
 
 Half pounds. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 White 
 
 26,273 
 
 5,016 
 
 19.1 
 
 7,473 
 
 28.4 
 
 7,692 
 
 29.3 
 
 6,092 
 
 23.2 
 
 
 
 New England and Mid- 
 
 4,505 
 4,568 
 4,302 
 4,335 
 4,252 
 4,311 
 
 937 
 716 
 852 
 818 
 880 
 813 
 
 20.8 
 15.7 
 19.8 
 18.9 
 20.7 
 18.9 
 
 1,326 
 1,175 
 1,185 
 1,433 
 1,314 
 1,040 
 
 29.4 
 25.7 
 27.5 
 33.1 
 30.9 
 24.1 
 
 1,320 
 1,493 
 1,297 
 1,213 
 1,007 
 1,362 
 
 29.3 
 32.7 
 30.1 
 28.0 
 23.7 
 31.6 
 
 922 
 
 1,184 
 
 968 
 
 871 
 
 1,051 
 
 1,096 
 
 20.5 
 
 
 25.9 
 
 East Ncrth-Central 
 
 22.5 
 20.1 
 
 
 24.7 
 
 
 25.4 
 
 
 
 
 4,976 
 
 1,547 
 
 31.1 
 
 1,073 
 
 21.6 
 
 1,146 
 
 23.0 
 
 1,210 
 
 24.3 
 
 
 
 1 Estimated from distribution of weights according to ounces. 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 PROBABLE ERRORS OF AVERAGES. 
 
 It is a well-known fact that averages for different groups of children 
 aged 6 months, for example, are not always exactly the same, but 
 vary slightly because of the inclusion of particular individuals in 
 the different groups. This variation between averages occurs with- 
 out any conscious or biased selection, and even where there is only 
 a chance selection of cases. Obviously, other things being equal, 
 the larger the number of children in a group the less influence upon 
 the average will be exerted by the chance inclusion of a child of 
 extreme stature or weight. 
 
 The meaning of the term "probable error of an average" may best 
 be explained in terms of the standard deviation. As explained in 
 the text, the standard deviation shows the variability of the measure- 
 ments about an average. Similarly, the standard deviation of an 
 average shows the variability of a number of averages about a 
 central average. The standard deviation of an average can be cal- 
 culated directly from the standard deviation of the individual 
 measurements by dividing it by the square root of the number of 
 measurements upon which the average is based. 
 
 The interpretation of the standard deviation of the average follows 
 the same terms as the interpretation of the standard deviation of the 
 individual measurements. As the standard deviation of statures or 
 weights gives a statement of the number of inches or pounds above 
 or below the average within which roughly two-thirds of the measure- 
 ments will be found to lie, so the standard deviation of an average 
 of stature or weight gives a statement of the number of inches or 
 pounds above or below a central average within which roughly two- 
 thirds of a series of averages, each based upon the same number of 
 cases, would be found to lie. 
 
 The "probable error/' or, perhaps better, the probable deviation, 
 is a technical term with a special meaning. The probable error is 
 equal to the standard deviation times 0.6745. The word "probable" 
 is used to mean that it is equally probable that a measurement will 
 fall inside or outside the limits of the probable error from the average. 
 "Error" is a term borrowed from the early application of the normal 
 or Gaussian curve to a study of the distribution of errors of measure- 
 ment. 
 
 The probable error, then, affords a measure of the influence of 
 chance errors, or of a chance selection of cases upon the average. Since 
 49079°— 21 6 81 
 
82 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 variations due to chance errors or to a chance selection of cases rarely 
 exceed five or six times the probable error, it affords a measure also 
 of the extreme range of error in an average due to chance. Five or 
 six times the probable error may, therefore, be taken as the extreme 
 range of error in an average which may be due to chance or random 
 sampling from a large group. 
 
 The larger the group in the sample the smaller the probable error. 
 At 6 months of age, for example, the probable error of the average 
 weight for the group of 1912 boys included in the table is found to be 
 plus or minus 0.04 pounds. The maximum error in this average due 
 to chance would, therefore, probably not exceed six times this figure, 
 or a quarter of a pound. If the group had included only one-fourth 
 this number of cases, the probable error of the average would have 
 been twice as large or, in other words, the maximum error in the 
 average due to chance would probably not have exceeded half a 
 pound. 
 
 It should be specially emphasized that, as the standard deviation 
 of the individual measurements does not reflect errors of measure- 
 ment but merely variations in individuals, so the " probable error of 
 an average" — 0.6745 times the standard deviation of the average — 
 does not afford any indication of errors in an average due to a definite 
 bias. It merely measures variability in an average due to chance 
 selection of cases. Errors due to the inclusion of weights of clothing 
 to a biased selection of nationalities characterized by short or tall 
 stature, or to fundamental biased errors in measurement are not 
 indicated in the " probable error." 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 83 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 Table 1. — Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms by sex, from birth 
 to 6 years; smoothed figures; white children. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3 
 
 3 months, under 4 
 
 4 months, under 5 
 
 5 months, under 6 
 
 6 months, under 7 
 
 7 months, under 8 
 
 8 months, under 9 
 
 9 months, under 10. . . 
 
 10 months, under 11. . 
 
 11 months, under 12. . 
 
 12 months, under 13. . 
 
 13 months, under 14. . 
 
 14 months, under 15. . 
 
 15 months, under 16. . 
 
 16 months, under 17. . 
 
 17 months, under 18. . 
 
 18 months, under 19. . 
 
 19 months, under 20. . 
 
 20 months, under 21. . 
 
 21 months, under 22. . 
 
 22 months, under 23. . 
 
 23 months, under 24. . 
 
 24 months, under 25. . 
 
 25 months, under 26. . 
 
 26 months, under 27. . 
 
 27 months, under 28. . 
 
 28 months, under 29. . 
 
 29 months, under 30. . 
 
 30 months, under 31. . 
 
 31 months, under 32. . 
 
 32 months, under 33. . 
 
 33 months, under 34. . 
 
 34 months, under 35. . 
 
 35 months, under 36. . 
 
 36 months, under 37. 
 
 37 months, under 38. . 
 
 38 months, under 39. . 
 
 39 months, under 40. . 
 
 40 months, under 41. . 
 
 41 months, under 42. . 
 
 42 months, under 43. . 
 
 43 months, under 44. 
 
 44 months, under 45. , 
 
 45 months, under 46. 
 
 46 months, under 47. . 
 
 47 months, under 48. 
 
 48 months, under 49. 
 
 49 months, under 50. . 
 
 50 months, under 51. . 
 
 51 months, under 52. . 
 
 52 months, under 53. . 
 
 53 months, under 54. 
 
 54 months, under 55. 
 
 55 months, under 56. 
 
 56 months, under 57. 
 
 57 months, under 58. 
 
 58 months, under 59. 
 
 59 months, under 60. 
 
 60 months, under 61. 
 
 61 months, under 62. 
 
 62 months, under 63. 
 
 63 months, under 64. 
 
 64 months, under 65. 
 
 65 months, under 66. 
 
 66 months, under 67. 
 
 67 months, under 68. 
 
 68 months, under 69. 
 
 69 months, under 70. 
 
 70 months, under 71. 
 
 71 months, under 72. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Average 
 
 Average 
 
 Average 
 
 Average 
 
 stature 
 
 weight 
 (kilo- 
 
 stature 
 
 weight 
 
 (centi- 
 
 (centi- 
 
 (kilo- 
 
 meters). 
 
 grams). 
 
 meters). 
 
 grams). 
 
 53.7 
 
 4.13 
 
 53.1 
 
 3.92 
 
 57.1 
 
 4.94 
 
 55.7 
 
 4.60 
 
 59.9 
 
 5.72 
 
 58.6 
 
 5.31 
 
 62.4 
 
 6.38 
 
 61.0 
 
 5.91 
 
 64.5 
 
 6.97 
 
 63.1 
 
 6.46 
 
 66.3 
 
 7.39 
 
 64.8 
 
 6.95 
 
 67.9 
 
 7.92 
 
 66.4 
 
 7.38 
 
 69.3 
 
 8.31 
 
 67.8 
 
 7.75 
 
 70.5 
 
 8.64 
 
 69.1 
 
 8.08 
 
 71.7 
 
 8.93 
 
 70.3 
 
 8.37 
 
 72.8 
 
 9.19 
 
 71.4 
 
 8.63 
 
 73.8 
 
 9.44 
 
 72.4 
 
 8.87 
 
 74.9 
 
 9.67 
 
 73.4 
 
 9.09 
 
 75.9 
 
 9.90 
 
 74.4 
 
 9.30 
 
 76.9 
 
 10.12 
 
 75.4 
 
 9.51 
 
 77.8 
 
 10.33 
 
 76.4 
 
 9.72 
 
 78.8 
 
 10.55 
 
 77.4 
 
 9.92 
 
 79.7 
 
 10.76 
 
 78.4 
 
 10.14 
 
 80.7 
 
 10.97 
 
 79.3 
 
 10.35 
 
 81.6 
 
 11.17 
 
 80.3 
 
 10.55 
 
 82.4 
 
 11.36 
 
 81.1 
 
 10.74 
 
 83.2 
 
 11.54 
 
 81.9 
 
 10.92 
 
 84.0 
 
 11.72 
 
 82.6 
 
 11.09 
 
 84.7 
 
 11.89 
 
 83.3 
 
 11.25 
 
 85.4 
 
 12.06 
 
 84.0 
 
 11.42 
 
 86.1 
 
 12.22 
 
 84.8 
 
 11.58 
 
 86.8 
 
 12.39 
 
 85.5 
 
 11.76 
 
 87.5 
 
 12.56 
 
 86.2 
 
 11.93 
 
 88.2 
 
 12.73 
 
 87.0 
 
 12.11 
 
 88.9 
 
 12.90 
 
 87.7 
 
 12.29 
 
 89.6 
 
 13.08 
 
 88.4 
 
 12.46 
 
 90.3 
 
 13.24 
 
 89.1 
 
 12.63 
 
 90.9 
 
 13.41 
 
 89.8 
 
 12.79 
 
 91.5 
 
 13.55 
 
 90.4 
 
 12.95 
 
 92.0 
 
 13.69 
 
 91.0 
 
 13.10 
 
 92.6 
 
 13.82 
 
 91.5 
 
 13.24 
 
 93.2 
 
 13.95 
 
 92.1 
 
 13.39 
 
 93.7 
 
 14.08 
 
 92.7 
 
 13.53 
 
 94.3 
 
 14.22 
 
 93.3 
 
 13.67 
 
 94.8 
 
 14.37 
 
 93.9 
 
 13.82 
 
 95.4 
 
 14.52 
 
 94.5 
 
 13.97 
 
 96.0 
 
 14.68 
 
 95.1 
 
 14.12 
 
 96.6 
 
 14.84 
 
 95.8 
 
 14.26 
 
 97.3 
 
 14.99 
 
 96.3 
 
 14.39 
 
 97.8 
 
 15.13 
 
 96.9 
 
 14.51 
 
 98.3 
 
 15.26 
 
 97.4 
 
 14.64 
 
 98.8 
 
 15.38 
 
 97.8 
 
 14.76 
 
 99.3 
 
 15.49 
 
 98.3 
 
 14.87 
 
 99.7 
 
 15.59 
 
 98.8 
 
 14.99 
 
 100.1 
 
 15.69 
 
 99.3 
 
 15.11 
 
 100.6 
 
 15.79 
 
 99.7 
 
 15.23 
 
 101.0 
 
 15.90 
 
 100.3 
 
 15.35 
 
 101.5 
 
 16.03 
 
 100.8 
 
 15.50 
 
 102.1 
 
 16.16 
 
 101.4 
 
 15.64 
 
 102.6 
 
 16.30 
 
 102.0 
 
 15.79 
 
 103.2 
 
 16.45 
 
 102.5 
 
 15.94 
 
 103.7 
 
 16.61 
 
 103.1 
 
 16.08 
 
 104.2 
 
 16.76 
 
 103.6 
 
 16.22 
 
 104.7 
 
 16.91 
 
 104.1 
 
 16.35 
 
 105.2 
 
 17.05 
 
 104.5 
 
 16.49 
 
 105.6 
 
 17.20 
 
 105.0 
 
 16.62 
 
 106.0 
 
 17.33 
 
 105.5 
 
 16.76 
 
 106.5 
 
 17.45 
 
 105.9 
 
 16.89 
 
 107.0 
 
 17.58 
 
 106.3 
 
 17.02 
 
 107.5 
 
 17.71 
 
 106.8 
 
 17.15 
 
 108.0 
 
 17.85 
 
 107.2 
 
 17.28 
 
 108.5 
 
 18.00 
 
 107.6 
 
 17.43 
 
 109.0 
 
 18.16 
 
 108.2 
 
 17.57 
 
 109.5 
 
 18.32 
 
 108.7 
 
 17.75 
 
 110.0 
 
 18.47 
 
 109.3 
 
 17.93 
 
 110.4 
 
 18.67 
 
 110.2 
 
 18.22 
 
 111.4 
 
 18.78 
 
 110.5 
 
 18.31 
 
 85 
 
86 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Tab^e 2. — Average statures and weights, in centimeters and kilograms, by sex, from birth 
 to 6 years; after original data; white children. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Under 1 month , 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3 
 
 3 months, under 4 
 
 4 months, under 5 
 
 5 months, under 6 
 
 6 months, under 7 
 
 7 months, under 8 
 
 8 months, under 9 
 
 9 months, under 10 
 
 10 months, under 11. . 
 
 11 months, under 12. . 
 
 12 months, under 13. . 
 
 13 months, under 14. . 
 
 14 months, under 15. . 
 
 15 months, under 16. . 
 
 16 months, under 17. . 
 
 17 months, under 18. . 
 
 18 months, under 19. . 
 
 19 months, under 20. . 
 
 20 months, under 21. . 
 
 21 months, under 22. . 
 
 22 months, under 23. . 
 
 23 months, under 24. . 
 
 24 months, under 25. . 
 
 25 months, under 26. . 
 
 26 months, under 27. . 
 
 27 months, under 28. . 
 
 28 months, under 29. . 
 
 29 months, under 30. . 
 
 30 months, under 31. . 
 
 31 months, under 32. . 
 
 32 months, under 33. . 
 
 33 months, under 34. . 
 
 34 months, under 35. . 
 
 35 months, under 36. . 
 
 36 months, under 37. . 
 
 37 months, under 38. . 
 
 38 months, under 39. . 
 
 39 months, under 40. . 
 
 40 months, under 41. . 
 
 41 months, under 42. . 
 
 42 months, under 43. . 
 
 43 months, under 44. . 
 
 44 months, under 45. . 
 
 45 months, under 46. . 
 
 46 months, under 47. . 
 
 47 months, under 48. . 
 
 48 months, under 49. 
 
 49 months, under 50. 
 
 50 months, under 51. 
 
 51 months, under 52. 
 
 52 months, under 53. 
 
 53 months, under 54. 
 
 54 months, under 55. 
 
 55 months, under 56. 
 
 56 months, under 57. 
 
 57 months, under 58. 
 
 58 months, under 59. 
 
 59 months, under 60. 
 
 60 months, under 61. 
 
 61 months, under 62. 
 
 62 months, under 63. 
 
 63 months, under 64. 
 
 64 months, under 65. 
 
 65 months, under 66. 
 
 66 months, under 67. 
 
 67 months, under 68. 
 
 68 months, under 69. 
 
 69 months, under 70. 
 
 70 months, under 71. 
 
 71 months, under 72. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (centi- 
 meters). 
 
 595 
 1,431 
 1,754 
 1,826 
 1,863 
 1,809 
 1,912 
 1,851 
 1,746 
 1,860 
 1,814 
 1,838 
 1,575 
 1,364 
 1,281 
 1,328 
 1,216 
 1,278 
 1,289 
 1,206 
 1,171 
 1,242 
 1,300 
 1,284 
 1,354 
 1,272 
 1,253 
 1,269 
 1,321 
 1,240 
 1,205 
 1,201 
 1,217 
 1,241 
 1,311 
 1,283 
 1,258 
 1,176 
 1,171 
 1,177 
 1,167 
 1,188 
 1,126 
 1,198 
 1,164 
 1,205 
 1,203 
 1,236 
 1,171 
 1,104 
 1,127 
 1,075 
 1,171 
 1,068 
 1,040 
 1,025 
 1,028 
 1,081 
 1,052 
 1,028 
 624 
 582 
 527 
 499 
 508 
 492 
 405 
 404 
 433 
 385 
 380 
 368 
 
 Average 
 weight 
 (kilo- 
 grams). 
 
 53.7 
 57.1 
 59.9 
 62.3 
 64.4 
 66.2 
 67.8 
 69.1 
 70.1 
 71.2 
 72.3 
 73.4 
 74.6 
 75.5 
 76.6 
 77.3 
 78.5 
 79.4 
 80.7 
 81.6 
 82.1 
 82.9 
 83.9 
 84.4 
 85.4 
 86.1 
 95.6 
 87.2 
 87.7 
 88.8 
 89.7 
 90.4 
 91.1 
 91.5 
 91.8 
 92.7 
 93.1 
 93.7 
 94.2 
 94.8 
 95.4 
 96.1 
 96.7 
 97.5 
 98.1 
 98.7 
 99.0 
 99.6 
 99.6 
 100.4 
 100.8 
 101.1 
 101.4 
 102.2 
 102.8 
 103.5 
 104.1 
 104.7 
 104.8 
 105.4 
 105.7 
 106.6 
 106.9 
 106.8 
 107.5 
 108.2 
 109.0 
 109.8 
 109.7 
 110.0 
 110.4 
 111.4 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Number. 
 
 4.13 
 4.93 
 5.72 
 6.40 
 6.95 
 7.52 
 7.95 
 8.30 
 8.60 
 8.82 
 9.13 
 9.38 
 9.61 
 9.83 
 10.08 
 10.18 
 10.45 
 10.71 
 10.95 
 11.19 
 11.24 
 11.47 
 11.73 
 11.80 
 12.01 
 12.26 
 12.32 
 12.49 
 12.63 
 12.88 
 13.12 
 13.23 
 13.46 
 13.55 
 13.67 
 13.83 
 13.96 
 14.05 
 14.16 
 14.35 
 14.49 
 14.72 
 14.86 
 15.06 
 15.12 
 15.36 
 15.47 
 15.52 
 15.59 
 15.71 
 15.86 
 15.92 
 16.00 
 16.23 
 16.34 
 16.50 
 16.72 
 16.80 
 16.99 
 17.13 
 17.23 
 17.47 
 17.72 
 17.52 
 17.74 
 17.81 
 18.10 
 18.45 
 18.47 
 18.47 
 18.67 
 18.78 
 
 stature 
 (centi- 
 meters). 
 
 543 
 1,360 
 1,631 
 1,835 
 1,791 
 1,701 
 1,816 
 1,800 
 1,773 
 1,773 
 1,814 
 1,656 
 1,407 
 1,293 
 1,285 
 1,275 
 1,295 
 1,179 
 1,268 
 1,266 
 1,156 
 1,192 
 1,163 
 1,208 
 1,276 
 1,192 
 1,249 
 1,182 
 1,232 
 1,184 
 1,167 
 1,210 
 1,142 
 1,264 
 1,219 
 1,188 
 1,204 
 1,133 
 1,124 
 1,164 
 1,152 
 1,201 
 1,103 
 1,116 
 1,167 
 1,195 
 1,236 
 1,193 
 1,269 
 1,088 
 1,137 
 1,114 
 1,154 
 1,161 
 1,048 
 1,010 
 995 
 984 
 1,016 
 1,045 
 634 
 540 
 572 
 513 
 478 
 480 
 471 
 415 
 402 
 379 
 409 
 366 
 
 Average 
 weight 
 (kilo- 
 grams). 
 
 53.1 
 
 55.7 
 58.0 
 60.9 
 62.8 
 64.5 
 66.2 
 67.5 
 68.6 
 69.7 
 70.9 
 72.0 
 72.9 
 74.1 
 74.9 
 75.9 
 76.8 
 78.0 
 79.3 
 80.1 
 81.0 
 81.6 
 82.2 
 83.0 
 83.8 
 84.4 
 85.3 
 85.8 
 86.5 
 87.6 
 88.4 
 89.3 
 89.5 
 90.1 
 90.9 
 91.2 
 92.0 
 92.4 
 93.0 
 93.7 
 94.1 
 95.1 
 96.0 
 96.3 
 96.8 
 97.3 
 97.8 
 98.0 
 99.0 
 99.4 
 99.8 
 99.9 
 100.6 
 101.4 
 102.1 
 102.6 
 103.3 
 103.5 
 104.3 
 104.4 
 105.1 
 105.9 
 105.8 
 106.5 
 106.6 
 107.4 
 107.8 
 108.2 
 108.5 
 109.3 
 110.2 
 110.5 
 
 3.92 
 4.60 
 5.31 
 5.92 
 6.48 
 6.98 
 7.37 
 7.76 
 8.05 
 8.31 
 8.59 
 8.84 
 9.01 
 9.26 
 9.40 
 9.62 
 9.79 
 10.08 
 10.33 
 10.53 
 10.72 
 10.85 
 11.04 
 11.19 
 11.38 
 11.52 
 11.69 
 11.85 
 12.06 
 12.24 
 12.45 
 12.67 
 12.73 
 12.87 
 13.10 
 13.22 
 13.40 
 13.50 
 13.59 
 13.79 
 13.89 
 14.12 
 14.31 
 14.47 
 14.43 
 14.62 
 14.75 
 14.81 
 15.06 
 15.11 
 15.21 
 15.28 
 15.48 
 15.62 
 15.78 
 16.05 
 16.17 
 16.11 
 16.38 
 16.48 
 16.67 
 16.93 
 16.78 
 17.05 
 17.16 
 17.21 
 17.54 
 17.38 
 17.60 
 17.93 
 18.22 
 18.31 
 
GENEKAL TABLES. 
 
 87 
 
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GENERAL. TABLES. 97 
 
 Table 9. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children, Iowa. 
 
 
 "White hoys. 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number. 1 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Number. 2 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 
 153 
 307 
 341 
 408 
 364 
 393 
 399 
 413 
 368 
 370 
 394 
 376 
 396 
 285 
 306 
 301 
 310 
 307 
 307 
 292 
 284 
 278 
 293 
 327 
 316 
 302 
 305 
 287 
 312 
 339 
 305 
 273 
 270 
 321 
 300 
 307 
 301 
 293 
 283 
 296 
 292 
 304 
 285 
 284 
 285 
 295 
 285 
 324 
 266 
 248 
 229 
 238 
 267 
 252 
 248 
 247 
 232 
 246 
 253 
 248 
 100 
 79 
 61 
 57 
 60 
 76 
 46 
 46 
 40 
 37 
 29 
 29 
 
 21.08 
 22.80 
 23.82 
 24.73 
 25.50 
 26.21 
 26.92 
 27.26 
 27.80 
 28.32 
 28.58 
 29.06 
 29.41 
 29.91 
 30.14 
 30.59 
 31.14 
 31.26 
 31.64 
 32.30 
 32.63 
 32.96 
 33.28 
 33.41 
 33.80 
 34.12 
 34.25 
 34.55 
 34. 74 
 34.88 
 35.18 
 35.90 
 35.96 
 36.16 
 36.40 
 36.52 
 36.90 
 37.05 
 37.34 
 37.59 
 37.71 
 37.92 
 38.43 
 38.-57 
 38.91 
 39.09 
 39.09 
 39.43 
 39.34 
 39.67 
 40.02 
 40.04 
 40.19 
 40.45 
 40.61 
 40.95 
 41.34 
 41.45 
 41.54 
 41.65 
 41.87 
 41.99 
 42.41 
 42.11 
 42.22 
 42.84 
 43.13 
 43.24 
 43.45 
 43.89 
 44.14 
 44.10 
 
 9.09 
 11.35 
 13.06 
 14.31 
 15.64 
 16.54 
 17.69 
 18.44 
 19.13 
 19.73 
 20.09 
 20.72 
 21.03 
 21.60 
 22.06 
 22.24 
 22.98 
 23.39 
 23.71 
 24.51 
 24.81 
 25.40 
 25.84 
 25.83 
 26.27 
 26.97 
 27.06 
 27.21 
 27.69 
 28.12 
 28.38 
 29.24 
 29.72 
 29.64 
 30.13 
 30.22 
 30.82 
 30.78 
 31.29 
 31.58 
 31.79 
 32.22 
 32.94 
 33.09 
 33.15 
 34.04 
 33.84 
 34.21 
 34.96 
 34.38 
 34.87 
 35.14 
 35.49 
 35.87 
 35.75 
 36.03 
 36.88 
 37.14 
 37.36 
 37.34 
 37.90 
 38.07 
 38.60 
 38.06 
 38.59 
 39.11 
 40.17 
 40.41 
 40.94 
 41.55 
 41.07 
 40.95 
 
 119 
 278 
 345 
 392 
 *■ 380 
 355 
 363 
 351 
 378 
 321 
 393 
 369 
 348 
 300 
 281 
 308 
 286 
 302 
 297 
 298 
 280 
 261 
 279 
 264 
 306 
 281 
 315 
 310 
 295 
 310 
 315 
 291 
 267 
 321 
 276 
 293 
 305 
 274 
 264 
 280 
 308 
 297 
 300 
 262 
 282 
 277 
 292 
 307 
 265 
 273 
 262 
 258 
 263 
 277 
 244 
 196 
 229 
 202 
 232 
 248 
 98 
 56 
 64 
 70 
 64 
 62 
 50 
 47 
 42 
 36 
 33 
 41 
 
 21.04 
 22.13 
 23.18 
 24.11 
 24.94 
 25.35 
 26.42 
 27.00 
 27.30 
 27.65 
 28.11 
 28.36 
 28.80 
 29.20 
 29.61 
 30.01 
 30.40 
 30.74 
 31.21 
 31.81 
 32.00 
 32.45 
 32.63 
 32.86 
 33.05 
 33. 34 
 33.82 
 34.04 
 34.19 
 34.59 
 34.89 
 35.32 
 35.48 
 35.63 
 35.93 
 36.02 
 36.36 
 36.58 
 36.99 
 37.10 
 37.23 
 37.53 
 37.86 
 37.96 
 38.30 
 38.49 
 38.71 
 38.75 
 39.33 
 39.32 
 39.55 
 39.74 
 39.79 
 40.04 
 40.20 
 40.53 
 40.86 
 41.04 
 41.39 
 41.39 
 41.45 
 41.71 
 41.53 
 41.89 
 42.19 
 42.27 
 42.12 
 42.64 
 42.81 
 43.64 
 43.42 
 43.20 
 
 8 89 
 
 
 10 20 
 
 
 11 88 
 
 
 13.32 
 
 
 14 50 
 
 
 15.42 
 
 
 16.63 
 
 
 17.57 
 
 
 18 06 
 
 
 18 38 
 
 
 18.97 
 
 
 19.33 
 
 
 20.21 
 
 
 20.19 
 
 
 20.55 
 
 
 21.04 
 
 
 21.34 
 
 
 21 89 
 
 
 22 48 
 
 
 23 27 
 
 20 months^ under 21 
 
 23.38 
 
 21 months, under 22 
 
 23.81 
 
 
 24 37 
 
 
 24 55 
 
 
 25 16 
 
 25 months^ under 26 
 
 25.21 
 
 26 months , under 27 
 
 25.83 
 
 
 26.22 
 
 28 months, under 29 
 
 26.39 
 
 29 months, under 30 
 
 26.92 
 
 
 27.35 
 
 
 27.76 
 
 
 27.92 
 
 
 28.14 
 
 
 28 65 
 
 
 28 80 
 
 3fi mnnths, under 37. 
 
 29.40 
 
 
 29 66 
 
 
 30.18 
 
 
 29.92 
 
 
 30.31 
 
 
 31.00 
 
 
 31.20 
 
 
 31.40 
 
 
 31.53 
 
 
 32.02 
 
 
 32.48 
 
 
 32.24 
 
 
 33.07 
 
 
 33.27 
 
 
 33 62 
 
 
 33.71 
 
 
 33 92 
 
 
 34 01 
 
 
 34.34 
 
 
 34 76 
 
 
 35 38 
 
 
 35 30 
 
 
 36 32 
 
 
 36 08 
 
 
 36 47 
 
 
 37 35 
 
 
 36.70 
 
 
 36.61 
 
 
 37 65 
 
 
 37.63 
 
 
 38.54 
 
 
 38.67 
 
 
 40.04 
 
 
 40.28 
 
 
 39.48 
 
 
 40.00 
 
 
 
 1 40 boys (6 years, under 7) omitted. 
 49079°— 21 7 
 
 2 35 girls (6 years, under 7) omitted. 
 
98 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table 10. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children; 
 
 California. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3. . . 
 
 3 months, under 4. . . 
 
 4 months, under 5. . . 
 
 5 months, under 6. . . 
 
 6 months, under 7. . . 
 
 7 months, under 8 . . . 
 
 8 months, under 9. . . 
 
 9 months, under 10. . 
 
 10 months, under 11. 
 
 11 months, under 12. 
 
 12 months, under 13. 
 
 13 months, under 14. 
 
 14 months, under 15. 
 
 15 months, under 16. 
 
 16 months, under 17. 
 
 17 months, under 18. 
 
 18 months, under 19. 
 
 19 months, under 20. 
 
 20 months, under 21. 
 
 21 months, under 22. 
 
 22 months, under 23. 
 
 23 months, under 24. 
 
 24 months, under 25. 
 
 25 months, under 26 
 
 26 months, under 27. 
 
 27 months, under 28. 
 
 28 months, under 29. 
 
 29 months, under 30. 
 
 30 months, under 31. 
 
 31 months, under 32. 
 
 32 months, under 33. 
 
 33 months, under 34. 
 
 34 months, under 35. 
 
 35 months, under 36. 
 
 36 months, under 37. 
 
 37 months, under 38. 
 
 38 mon ths, under 39. 
 
 39 months, under 40. 
 
 40 months, under 41. 
 
 41 months, under 42. 
 
 42 months, under 43. 
 
 43 months, under 44. 
 
 44 months, under 45. 
 
 45 months, under 46. 
 
 46 months, under 47. 
 
 47 months, under 48. 
 
 48 months, under 49. 
 
 49 months, under 50. 
 
 50 months, under 51. 
 
 51 months, under 52. 
 
 52 months, under 53. 
 
 53 months, under 54. 
 
 54 months, under 55. 
 
 55 months, under 56. 
 
 56 months, under 57. 
 
 57 months, under 58. 
 
 58 months, under 59. 
 
 59 months, under 60. 
 
 60 months, under 61. 
 
 61 months, under 62. 
 
 62 months, under 63. 
 
 63 months, under 64. 
 
 64 months, under 65. 
 
 65 months, under 66. 
 
 66 months, under 67. 
 
 67 months, under 68. 
 
 68 months, under 69. 
 
 69 months, under 70. 
 
 70 months, under 71. 
 
 71 months, under 72. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Number.' 
 
 52 
 120 
 182 
 169 
 187 
 2O0 
 206 
 201 
 199 
 196 
 179 
 203 
 198 
 159 
 136 
 129 
 122 
 150 
 147 
 139 
 120 
 125 
 182 
 118 
 142 
 136 
 134 
 138 
 161 
 135 
 133 
 125 
 145 
 145 
 138 
 142 
 120 
 139 
 124 
 137 
 132 
 138 
 106 
 139 
 126 
 137 
 139 
 133 
 133 
 108 
 133 
 117 
 129 
 146 
 101 
 127 
 103 
 122 
 127 
 126 
 99 
 123 
 97 
 85 
 96 
 102 
 75 
 75 
 86 
 78 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 21.50 
 22.50 
 23.57 
 24.81 
 25.58 
 26.39 
 26.80 
 27. 63 
 27.83 
 28.37 
 28.71 
 29.18 
 29. 48 
 30.09 
 30.26 
 30.69 
 31.06 
 31.73 
 31.93 
 32.20 
 32.73 
 32.97 
 33.42 
 33.48 
 34.04 
 34.28 
 34.41 
 34.70 
 34.91 
 35.27 
 36.02 
 36.14 
 36.01 
 36.30 
 36.57 
 36.88 
 37.08 
 37.25 
 37.50 
 37.72 
 37.84 
 38.14 
 38.40 
 38.88 
 38.87 
 39.18 
 39.42 
 39.57 
 39.55 
 40.07 
 40.02 
 40.09 
 40.50 
 40.61 
 40.83 
 41.31 
 41.24 
 41.82 
 41.69 
 42.04 
 42.18 
 42.46 
 42.77 
 42.80 
 42.86 
 43.24 
 43.63 
 43.85 
 43.58 
 43.60 
 44.09 
 44.22 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds) 
 
 9.76 
 11.01 
 12.66 
 14.53 
 15.52 
 17.27 
 17.67 
 IS. 88 
 19.64 
 19.89 
 20.73 
 21.15 
 21.66 
 22.42 
 23.11 
 23.66 
 23. 41 
 24.73 
 24.86 
 25. 75 
 25.68 
 26.27 
 26.79 
 27 08 
 27.90 
 28.09 
 28.40 
 28.86 
 28.52 
 29.24 
 30.35 
 30.40 
 29.99 
 30.68 
 30.95 
 31.43 
 31.58 
 32.07 
 32.56 
 33.00 
 32.69 
 33.81 
 33. 75 
 34.50 
 34.54 
 34.54 
 35.31 
 34.95 
 35.58 
 36.28 
 35.70 
 35.61 
 36.75 
 36.52 
 36.58 
 37.94 
 37.27 
 38. 00 
 38.94 
 38. 92 
 39.49 
 39.70 
 40.22 
 39.92 
 40.43 
 41.02 
 41.34 
 42.22 
 41.90 
 41. 65 
 42.66 
 42.19 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Number.* 
 
 44 
 118 
 154 
 169 
 166 
 174 
 202 
 193 
 180 
 180 
 173 
 162 
 177 
 143 
 173 
 142 
 140 
 119 
 132 
 151 
 116 
 126 
 136 
 127 
 151 
 147 
 128 
 126 
 136 
 134 
 119 
 136 
 125 
 115 
 137 
 143 
 131 
 109 
 134 
 125 
 115 
 137 
 118 
 147 
 139 
 146 
 132 
 120 
 157 
 126 
 120 
 120 
 117 
 118 
 124 
 131 
 112 
 115 
 112 
 107 
 134 
 112 
 109 
 
 97 
 104 
 
 86 
 100 
 
 80 
 100 
 
 91 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 21.09 
 21.86 
 23.03 
 24.15 
 24.84 
 25.52 
 26.30 
 26.67 
 27.18 
 28.16 
 28.27 
 28.78 
 28.96 
 29.29 
 29.84 
 30. 19 
 30.30 
 30.92 
 31.39 
 31.96 
 32.25 
 32.20 
 32.83 
 32.97 
 32.28 
 33.52 
 33.68 
 34.13 
 34.09 
 34.62 
 35.30 
 35.57 
 35. 57 
 36.17 
 36.31 
 36.36 
 36.79 
 36.72 
 37.18 
 37.41 
 37.63 
 37.76 
 38.26 
 38.54 
 38.77 
 38.70 
 39.16 
 38.73 
 39.34 
 39.70 
 39.67 
 39.58 
 40.12 
 40.36 
 40.56 
 40.90 
 41.05 
 40.83 
 41.38 
 41.42 
 41.86 
 42.40 
 42.40 
 42.39 
 42.59 
 42.58 
 42.72 
 42.75 
 42.71 
 43.36 
 44.04 
 43.88 
 
 1 118 boys (6 years, under 7), omitted. 
 
 • 126 girls (6 years, under 7), omitted. 
 
GENERAL, TABLES. 
 
 99 
 
 Table 11. 
 
 -Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children; 
 New York City. 
 
 Age. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Number.' 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 weight 
 (pounds), 
 
 Number. 2 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 — 
 
 2 months, under 3... 
 
 3 months, under 4. . . 
 
 4 months, under 5. . . 
 
 5 months, under 6. . . 
 
 6 months, under 7. . . 
 
 7 months, under 8. . . 
 
 8 months, under 9. . . 
 
 9 months, under 10. . 
 
 10 months, under 11. 
 
 11 months, under 12. 
 
 12 months, under 13 . 
 
 13 months, under 14. 
 
 14 months, under 15. 
 
 15 months, under 16. 
 
 16 months, under 17. 
 
 17 months, under 18. 
 
 18 months, under 19. 
 
 19 months, under 20. 
 
 20 months, under 21 . 
 
 21 months, under 22. 
 
 22 months, under 23. 
 
 23 months, under 24. 
 
 24 months, under 25. 
 
 25 months, under 26. 
 
 26 months, under 27. 
 
 27 months, under 28. 
 
 28 months, under 29. 
 
 29 months, under 30. 
 
 30 months, under 31. 
 
 31 months, under 32. 
 
 32 months, under 33. 
 
 33 months, under 34. 
 
 34 months, under 35. 
 
 35 months, under 38. 
 
 36 months, under 37. 
 
 37 months, under 38. 
 
 38 months, under 39. 
 
 39 months, under 40. 
 
 40 months, under 41 . 
 
 41 months, under 42. 
 
 42 months, under 43. 
 
 43 months, under 44. 
 
 44 months, under 45. 
 
 45 months, under 46. 
 
 46 months, under 47. 
 
 47 months, under 48. 
 
 48 months, under 49. 
 
 49 months, under 50. 
 
 50 months, under 51. 
 
 51 months, under 52. 
 
 52 months, under 53 
 
 53 months, under 54 
 
 54 months, under 55 
 
 55 months, under 56 
 
 56 months, under 57 
 
 57 months, under 58 
 
 58 months, under 59 
 
 59 months, under 60 
 
 60 months, under 61. 
 
 61 months, under 62 
 
 62 months, under 63 
 
 63 months, under 64 
 
 64 months, under 65 
 
 65 months, under 66 
 
 66 months, under 67 
 
 67 months, under 68 
 
 68 months, under 69 
 
 69 months, under 70 
 
 70 months, under 71 
 
 71 months, under 72. 
 
 318 
 780 
 728 
 715 
 655 
 657 
 604 
 508 
 488 
 442 
 430 
 401 
 396 
 352 
 315 
 278 
 297 
 281 
 267 
 224 
 238 
 211 
 216 
 237 
 243 
 170 
 177 
 190 
 205 
 176 
 203 
 174 
 178 
 181 
 185 
 199 
 212 
 170 
 183 
 197 
 177 
 177 
 210 
 184 
 173 
 176 
 191 
 190 
 232 
 169 
 180 
 158 
 197 
 169 
 183 
 154 
 151 
 137 
 171 
 135 
 132 
 112 
 106 
 102 
 87 
 81 
 92 
 84 
 76 
 72 
 68 
 49 
 
 21.14 
 21.97 
 23.09 
 24.03 
 24.10 
 25.68 
 26.23 
 26.84 
 27.45 
 27.78 
 28.13 
 28.35 
 28.74 
 29.28 
 29.59 
 30.10 
 30.40 
 30.51 
 31.09 
 31.63 
 31.84 
 31.94 
 32.62 
 32.60 
 33.10 
 33.22 
 33.70 
 34.14 
 34.19 
 34.34 
 34.53 
 34.78 
 35.^1 
 35.68 
 35.79 
 35.91 
 36.09 
 36.45 
 36.74 
 37.01 
 37.16 
 36.90 
 37.68 
 38.08 
 37.82 
 38.30 
 38.09 
 38.54 
 38.88 
 39.02 
 39.24 
 39.56 
 39.64 
 39.77 
 39.72 
 40.29 
 40.59 
 40.69 
 40.95 
 40.79 
 41.20 
 41.00 
 41.67 
 41.70 
 41.40 
 42.21 
 41.62 
 42.20 
 42.72 
 42.54 
 43.28 
 43.45 
 
 10.08 
 11.86 
 13.26 
 14.63 
 15.92 
 16.78 
 17.81 
 18.73 
 19.10 
 19.62 
 20.26 
 20.59 
 21.35 
 21.87 
 22.65 
 22.89 
 23.17 
 23.91 
 24.34 
 24.51 
 25.19 
 25.91 
 26.01 
 26.70 
 26.97 
 27.05 
 28.09 
 28.56 
 28.14 
 28.63 
 28.82 
 29.76 
 30.19 
 30.04 
 30.62 
 30.60 
 30.92 
 31.28 
 32.25 
 31.89 
 31.89 
 32. 75 
 33.36 
 33.60 
 34.01 
 33.63 
 33.94 
 34.45 
 35.25 
 35.19 
 35.81 
 35.79 
 35.66 
 35.89 
 36.87 
 37.50 
 37.19 
 38.08 
 37.69 
 38.39 
 37.82 
 38.46 
 38.63 
 38.73 
 39.46 
 38.82 
 39.68 
 40.93 
 39.99 
 41.60 
 41.15 
 
 313 
 
 763 
 647 
 619 
 674 
 644 
 549 
 485 
 461 
 439 
 431 
 381 
 381 
 375 
 319 
 292 
 283 
 230 
 266 
 247 
 206 
 220 
 223 
 251 
 263 
 165 
 189 
 205 
 210 
 209 
 212 
 201 
 176 
 176 
 227 
 214 
 207 
 179 
 184 
 234 
 182 
 183 
 191 
 186 
 186 
 199 
 169 
 205 
 224 
 185 
 170 
 171 
 172 
 185 
 194 
 187 
 159 
 179 
 176 
 186 
 168 
 108 
 112 
 116 
 103 
 112 
 103 
 78 
 70 
 75 
 71 
 64 
 
 20.91 
 21.56 
 22.60 
 23.63 
 24.46 
 24.93 
 25.55 
 26.35 
 26.78 
 27.06 
 27.39 
 27.93 
 28.25 
 28.73 
 29.18 
 29.49 
 29.73 
 30.33 
 30.64 
 30.99 
 31.32 
 31.84 
 31.95 
 32.17 
 32.62 
 32.85 
 33.11 
 33.37 
 33.59 
 33.70 
 34.03 
 34.66 
 34.93 
 35.18 
 35.40 
 35.63 
 35.69 
 36.25 
 36.16 
 36.40 
 35. 56 
 36.66 
 37.08 
 37.50 
 37.77 
 38.03 
 38.04 
 38.21 
 38.25 
 38.58 
 39.08 
 39.06 
 39.28 
 39. 52 
 39.40 
 39.46 
 39.84 
 40.33 
 40.60 
 40.75 
 40.86 
 40.55 
 41.06 
 41.13 
 41.43 
 41.55 
 42.00 
 42.09 
 42.37 
 42.55 
 42.44 
 43.14 
 
 9.44 
 10.99 
 12.41 
 13.81 
 14.59 
 15.67 
 16.84 
 17.40 
 17.93 
 18.46 
 19.14 
 19.56 
 20.02 
 20.76 
 21.24 
 21.45 
 22.13 
 22.73 
 23.22 
 23.50 
 24.13 
 24.36 
 24.66 
 25.28 
 25.30 
 25.75 
 26.43 
 26.48 
 26.65 
 26.84 
 28.13 
 28.75 
 28.63 
 28.96 
 29.49 
 29.31 
 30.23 
 30.10 
 30.44 
 30.77 
 30.81 
 31.48 
 32.16 
 32.04 
 33.07 
 32.50 
 33.29 
 32.88 
 33.08 
 34.04 
 34.17 
 34.26 
 34.64 
 34.54 
 34.69 
 35.12 
 36.44 
 36.65 
 36.22 
 36.36 
 36.24 
 37.18 
 36.85 
 36.56 
 37.51 
 38.24 
 39.69 
 39.06 
 39.26 
 40.28 
 40.61 
 
 1 170 boys (6 years, under 7) omitted. 
 
 2 174 girls (6 years, under 7) omitted. 
 
100 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table 12. — Country of birth of parents, by section; white children included in height and 
 
 weight tabulation. 
 
 
 Southern. 
 
 New England and Middle 
 Atlantic. 
 
 East North-Central. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Bf L 
 
 S* 
 
 O 3 
 
 A a 
 
 a 
 
 +3 CO 
 
 §1 
 
 (2 
 
 H 
 
 3 O 
 
 °2 
 
 mi 
 
 as* 
 
 Oh 
 
 Total. 
 
 o 3 
 
 A o 
 in u 
 
 ■w CD 
 
 c a 
 
 Ph 
 
 3 a 
 eg 
 o£ 
 Q 3 
 
 CO ® 
 
 S 0) to 
 
 g«.2 
 
 a =3 is 
 
 Ph 
 
 Total. 
 
 ^0 
 
 
 
 ■w CD 
 
 ga 
 
 s_ 03 
 03 CO 
 
 Ph 
 
 21 
 
 Country of birth 
 of mother. 
 
 a> 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 
 id 
 
 t3 o 
 If 
 
 Ph 
 
 s 
 A 
 
 2 
 
 •do 
 
 flfl 
 a> o 
 o:tn 
 
 Ph 
 
 u 
 
 CD 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 ■A O 
 
 t- "-. 
 Ph 
 
 CO CD 
 
 £3 © 58 
 
 §g.2 
 
 a*s*» 
 
 0h 
 
 All countries 
 
 19,044 
 
 8,477 
 
 74 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 100.0 
 
 8,624 
 
 372 
 
 2 23,729 
 
 100.0 
 
 19,094 
 
 4,321 
 
 3 54,779 
 
 100.0 
 
 49, 173 
 
 5,234 
 
 United States 
 
 Italy 
 
 93.7 
 .8 
 .2 
 
 8,264 
 
 72 
 
 8 
 
 213 
 2 
 14 
 
 11,536 
 
 3,501 
 
 313 
 
 48.6 
 
 14.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 9,560 
 
 3,435 
 
 194 
 
 1,976 
 66 
 119 
 
 42,001 
 
 1,265 
 
 684 
 
 76.7 
 2.3 
 1.2 
 
 38,992 
 
 1,232 
 
 427 
 
 3,009 
 33 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 257 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Norway 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 36 
 240 
 37 
 
 .2 
 
 1.0 
 
 .2 
 
 22 
 
 160 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 80 
 25 
 
 74 
 414 
 196 
 
 .1 
 
 .8 
 .4 
 
 36 
 298 
 93 
 
 38 
 116 
 103 
 
 
 57 
 3 
 
 93 
 34 
 
 .6 
 
 1.0 
 .4 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 2 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 255 
 
 9 
 
 1,349 
 
 1,153 
 
 1.1 
 
 5.7 
 4.9 
 
 123 
 
 4 
 
 1,254 
 
 955 
 
 132 
 5 
 95 
 
 198 
 
 1,186 
 
 89 
 
 1,852 
 
 4,384 
 
 2.2 
 
 .2 
 
 3.4 
 
 8.0 
 
 563 
 
 55 
 
 1,731 
 
 4,071 
 
 623 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 121 
 
 Austria-Hungary . 
 
 313 
 
 Austria 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Hungary 
 
 19 
 1 
 9 
 
 .2 
 
 10 
 1 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 991 
 
 7 
 
 94 
 
 4.2 
 .4 
 
 809 
 4 
 
 87 
 
 182 
 3 
 7 
 
 2,427 
 
 227 
 
 820 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 869 
 
 4.4 
 .4 
 1.5 
 
 i.6 
 
 2,239 
 194 
 787 
 36 
 5 
 810 
 
 188 
 33 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not specified. . 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 61 
 
 .2 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 59 
 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 114 
 
 .6 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 687 
 
 305 
 3 
 
 995 
 1,844 
 1,041 
 
 724 
 
 2.9 
 1.3 
 
 382 
 170 
 
 305 
 135 
 3 
 362 
 776 
 37 
 112 
 
 328 
 150 
 12 
 238 
 317 
 1,361 
 540 
 
 .6 
 .3 
 
 180 
 89 
 
 148 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 .3 
 .3 
 
 1.3 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 
 4.2 
 7.8 
 4.4 
 3.1 
 
 633 
 
 1,068 
 
 704 
 
 612 
 
 .4 
 
 .6 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 147 
 
 93 
 
 1,188 
 
 405 
 
 91 
 
 British possessions 
 Poland 
 
 224 
 173 
 
 Allother 1 
 
 135 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Western. 
 
 California. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 g 3 
 
 A o 
 
 m ° 
 
 -w CD 
 
 c3 to 
 Ph 
 
 -9 El 
 
 a o 
 
 °2 
 
 ■°rt 
 
 en ° 
 ™ © m 
 
 Sw.S 
 til 
 
 Total. 
 
 •a>, 
 
 *-* 3 
 
 A § 
 
 ga 
 
 k. S3 
 03 "= 
 
 Ph 
 
 §1 
 
 03^-^ 
 Ph 
 
 Total. 
 
 •9* 
 
 el 
 
 A$ 
 CO ° 
 -u CD 
 
 a co 
 
 Ph 
 
 ul 
 
 Country of birth 
 of mother. 
 
 u 
 3 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 nS o 
 
 2.1 
 
 t- <- 
 CD-M 
 
 Ph 
 
 CD 
 
 A 
 
 ■B. o 
 
 •V O 
 
 t. >- 
 
 Ph 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 A 
 
 ■do 
 
 CD £ 
 
 US 
 k. ■- 
 
 CD -k> 
 
 Ph 
 
 Aa 
 »2 . 
 
 gwJ 
 
 l*'A ** 
 
 03 '^■* J 
 Ph 
 
 All countries 
 
 « 37. 033 
 
 100.0 
 
 33,111 
 
 3,797 
 
 5 23,170 
 
 100.0 
 
 19, 367 
 
 3,625 
 
 619,269 
 
 100.0 
 
 16, 026 
 
 2,999 
 
 United States 
 
 Italy 
 
 32, 828 
 
 296 
 
 1,047 
 
 88.6 
 .8 
 2.8 
 
 30, 458 
 288 
 699 
 
 2,370 
 
 8 
 
 348 
 
 18, 653 
 
 131 
 
 1,319 
 
 80.5 
 .6 
 5.7 
 
 16, 512 
 126 
 
 783 
 
 2,141 
 
 5 
 
 536 
 
 13, 717 
 
 1,550 
 
 379 
 
 71.2 
 8.0 
 2.0 
 
 12,053 
 
 1,465 
 
 243 
 
 1,664 
 85 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 136 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Norway 
 
 321 
 363 
 363 
 
 .9 
 1.0 
 1.0 
 
 244 
 238 
 
 217 
 
 77 
 125 
 146 
 
 138 
 441 
 740 
 
 .6 
 1.9 
 3.2 
 
 84 
 268 
 431 
 
 54 
 173 
 309 
 
 124 
 188 
 67 
 
 .6 
 1.0 
 .3 
 
 84 
 126 
 33 
 
 40 
 62 
 34 
 
 
 975 
 394 
 302 
 401 
 194 
 158 
 16 
 10 
 
 2.6 
 1.1 
 .8 
 1.0 
 
 454 
 274 
 281 
 314 
 
 521 
 120 
 21 
 
 87 
 
 596 
 
 29 
 
 961 
 
 436 
 
 2.6 
 
 .1 
 
 4.1 
 
 1.9 
 
 305 
 
 16 
 
 867 
 
 348 
 
 291 
 13 
 94 
 
 88 
 
 301 
 
 26 
 
 331 
 
 335 
 
 1.6 
 .1 
 1.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 145 
 
 16 
 
 284 
 
 264 
 
 156 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 47 
 
 Austria-Hungary. . 
 
 71 
 
 Austria 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Croatia 
 
 .5 
 .4 
 
 157 
 
 120 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 38 
 6 
 
 308 
 
 76 
 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 .3 
 .2 
 
 262 
 52 
 26 
 2 
 
 46 
 24 
 9 
 
 272 
 18 
 38 
 
 1.4 
 .2 
 
 224 
 11 
 23 
 
 48 
 7 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not specified. 
 
 23 
 
 .1 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 190 
 68 
 11 
 76 
 77 
 28 
 
 215 
 
 .5 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 .2 
 .1 
 .6 
 
 92 
 44 
 5 
 32 
 10 
 21 
 139 
 
 98 
 24 
 6 
 
 44 
 
 67 
 
 7 
 
 76 
 
 174 
 
 72 
 
 7 
 
 65 
 
 278 
 61 
 
 210 
 
 .8 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 1.2 
 .3 
 .9 
 
 65 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 85 
 47 
 151 
 
 109 
 44 
 3 
 35 
 
 193 
 14 
 59 
 
 325 
 111 
 
 10 
 298 
 274 
 
 31 
 1,337 
 
 1.7 
 .5 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 .2 
 
 6.9 
 
 171 
 58 
 6 
 173 
 68 
 23 
 1,057 
 
 154 
 
 
 53 
 
 Wales 
 
 4 
 
 
 125 
 
 British possessions 
 
 206 
 8 
 
 Allother' 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 48 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 » Includes 314 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 
 * Includes 372 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 
 * Includes 125 children the nativitv of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 6 Includes 178 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 « Includes 244 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 
 » Includos West Indies, Cuba, Central and South America, Luxemburg, Belgium, France, Spain , 
 Portugal, Rumania, Greece, Serbia, Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic 
 and Pacific islands, Africa, Asia not specified, China, Japan, and India. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 101 
 
 Table 13. — Country of birth of 'parents; white children included in height and weight table, 
 
 New York City. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Parents 
 
 born in 
 
 same 
 
 country. 
 
 Parents 
 
 Country of birth of mother. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 distribu- 
 tion. 
 
 born in 
 different 
 countries. 
 
 
 1 35, 819 
 
 100.0 
 
 29, 112 
 
 6,443 
 
 
 
 United States 
 
 10,676 
 
 7,429 
 
 400 
 
 29.8 
 
 20.7 
 
 1.1 
 
 8,137 
 
 7,228 
 
 268 
 
 2,539 
 
 Italy 
 
 201 
 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 T)p.riTnn,rlr 
 
 31 
 167 
 202 
 
 
 16 
 104 
 148 
 
 15 
 
 Sweden 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 63 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 696 
 
 20 
 
 6,342 
 
 4,731 
 
 1.9 
 
 424 
 
 16 
 
 5,728 
 
 3,538 
 
 272 
 
 Holland 
 
 4 
 
 
 17.7 
 13.2 
 
 614 
 
 
 1,193 
 
 
 
 Austria 
 
 3,041 
 517 
 999 
 174 
 
 8.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.8 
 
 .5 
 
 2,131 
 444 
 832 
 131 
 
 910 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 167 
 
 Not specified 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 England 
 
 478 
 
 161 
 
 3 
 
 2,693 
 
 98 
 
 618 
 
 2 1,200 
 
 1.3 
 
 .4 
 
 179 
 76 
 
 299 
 
 Scotland 
 
 85 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 7.5 
 
 .3 
 
 1.7 
 
 3.4 
 
 2,068 
 25 
 565 
 860 
 
 625 
 
 British possessions 
 
 73 
 
 Poland 
 
 63 
 
 All other a 
 
 340 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 264 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
 
 * Includes Central America, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Spain, Rumania, Greece, Portugal, Serbia, 
 Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic islands, Pacific islands, Africa, Japan, 
 Asia, and China. 
 
 Table 14. — Comparative standard deviations in stature; white boys 3 years but less than 
 4 years of age, in Iowa and in all States. 
 
 
 Age. 
 
 Standard 
 
 deviation, 
 
 boys' stature 
 
 (inches). 
 
 
 All 
 States. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 36 months, under 37 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.57 
 
 37 months, under 38 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 68 
 71 
 
 74 
 70 
 74 
 
 88 
 90 
 
 82 
 92 
 
 86 
 
 S5 
 
 1.58 
 
 
 1.57 
 
 39 months, under 40 
 
 1.60 
 
 40 months, under 41 
 
 1.59 
 
 41 months, under 42 
 
 1.61 
 
 42 months, under 43 
 
 1.69 
 
 43 months, under 44 
 
 1.88 
 
 
 1.81 
 
 
 1.83 
 
 
 1.74 
 
 
 1.74 
 
 
 
 
 
102 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table 15. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 
 
 mothers born in Italy. 
 
 Age. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Number 
 0). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Number 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 . . . 
 
 2 months, under 3. . , 
 
 3 months, under 4. . . 
 
 4 months, under 5. . 
 
 5 months, under 6. . , 
 
 6 months, under 7. . . 
 
 7 months, under 8. . . 
 
 8 months, under 9. . 
 
 9 months, under 10. 
 
 10 months, under 11 
 
 11 months, under 12 
 
 12 months, under 13 
 
 13 months, under 14 
 
 14 months, under 15 
 
 15 months, under 16 
 
 16 months, under 17 
 
 17 months, under 18 
 
 18 months, under 19 
 
 19 months, under 20 
 
 20 months, under 2] 
 
 21 months, under 22 
 
 22 months, under 23 
 
 23 months, under 24 
 
 24 months) under 27. 
 27 months, under 30 
 30 months, under 33 
 33 months, under 36 
 36 months, under 39 
 39 months, under 42 
 42 months, under 45 
 45 months, under 48 
 48 months, under 51 
 51 months, under 54 
 5-1 months, under 57 
 57 months, under 60 
 60 months, under 63 
 63 months, imder 66 
 66 months, under 69 
 69 months, under 72 
 
 113 
 238 
 247 
 222 
 212 
 189 
 205 
 170 
 171 
 174 
 171 
 145 
 131 
 125 
 107 
 114 
 102 
 
 98 
 119 
 
 87 
 112 
 106 
 
 94 
 114 
 268 
 281 
 251 
 314 
 275 
 2.54 
 259 
 286 
 258 
 231 
 197 
 208 
 147 
 107 
 
 87 
 
 69 
 
 21.00 
 21.76 
 22.99 
 23.76 
 24.61 
 25.55 
 25.71 
 26.31 
 27.04 
 27.51 
 27.83 
 28.25 
 28. 42 
 28.94 
 29.36 
 29.74 
 29.66 
 30.40 
 31.12 
 31.00 
 31.51 
 31.68 
 32.05 
 32.17 
 32.73 
 33.71 
 34.54 
 35.25 
 35.94 
 36.70 
 37.18 
 37.80 
 38.24 
 38.83 
 39.28 
 39.95 
 40.66 
 40.96 
 41.37 
 42.42 
 
 8.92 
 10.10 
 11.77 
 13.27 
 14.49 
 15. 76 
 16.48 
 17.49 
 18.17 
 18.84 
 19.26 
 20.14 
 20.15 
 21.14 
 21.84 
 21.93 
 22.04 
 22.66 
 24.16 
 23.98 
 23. 88 
 24.42 
 25.14 
 25. 55 
 25.75 
 27.36 
 28.34 
 29.46 
 30.36 
 31.52 
 32.07 
 32.96 
 34. 05 
 34.48 
 35. 37 
 36.12 
 37.05 
 36.93 
 38.77 
 39.90 
 
 98 
 214 
 208 
 198 
 226 
 245 
 181 
 167 
 151 
 172 
 173 
 151 
 132 
 143 
 113 
 112 
 101 
 85 
 106 
 94 
 87 
 87 
 
 273 
 255 
 267 
 281 
 255 
 278 
 246 
 275 
 272 
 276 
 235 
 216 
 153 
 143 
 108 
 
 a5 
 
 20.82 
 21.51 
 22.39 
 23. 50 
 24.21 
 24.64 
 25.45 
 25. S7 
 26.45 
 26.80 
 26.85 
 27.78 
 28.02 
 28.55 
 28. 73 
 29.18 
 29.31 
 29.84 
 30.29 
 30.65 
 30.99 
 31.18 
 31.65 
 31.65 
 32.14 
 32.93 
 34.16 
 34.68 
 35.54 
 35.93 
 36.95 
 37.32 
 37.90 
 38.47 
 38.71 
 39.77 
 40.03 
 40.61 
 41.11 
 41.87 
 
 8.77 
 9.74 
 10.99 
 12.42 
 13.78 
 14.63 
 15.83 
 16.31 
 17.12 
 17.57 
 17.84 
 19.10 
 19.20 
 19.80 
 20.03 
 20.78 
 20.75 
 21.66 
 22.06 
 22.53 
 22.71 
 23.18 
 23.95 
 23.47 
 24.46 
 25.84 
 27.37 
 28.07 
 29.38 
 29.81 
 31.22 
 31.60 
 32.08 
 33.33 
 33.47 
 35.22 
 35.61 
 35.57 
 37.56 
 38.75 
 
 i 52 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
 2 77 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
 Table 16. — Average statures and iveights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 
 
 mothers born in Germany. 
 
 
 White boys. 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number 
 O). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Number 
 ( 2 ). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 20 
 36 
 36 
 45 
 24 
 35 
 39 
 35 
 32 
 36 
 34 
 37 
 47 
 39 
 27 
 31 
 31 
 28 
 32 
 36 
 
 20.85 
 23.00 
 23.39 
 24.40 
 25.46 
 25.86 
 27.00 
 27.74 
 27.97 
 27.78 
 28.03 
 28.81 
 29.26 
 29.87 
 30.11 
 30. 6S 
 31.32 
 31.00 
 31.94 
 32.33 
 
 8.80 
 10.83 
 12. 35 
 13.42 
 15.63 
 16.11 
 18.04 
 19.20 
 19.33 
 19.00 
 20.13 
 20.32 
 21.67 
 22.15 
 21.63 
 22.97 
 23.63 
 23. 63 
 24.05 
 25.67 
 
 7 
 32 
 31 
 46 
 32 
 26 
 34 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 49 
 32 
 31 
 22 
 27 
 32 
 29 
 20 
 31 
 31 
 
 21.50 
 22.03 
 23.06 
 24.37 
 24.69 
 25.19 
 26. 24 
 27.00 
 26.77 
 27. 23 
 28. 14 
 28.09 
 28.77 
 29.09 
 29.85 
 30.22 
 30.66. 
 30.70 
 30.97 
 31.71 
 
 8.64 
 
 
 10.20 
 
 
 11.55 
 
 
 13.33 
 
 
 13.75 
 
 
 14.79 
 
 
 16.51 
 
 7 months, liniiAr 8 
 
 18.69 
 
 
 17.40 
 
 
 17.93 
 
 
 19.43 
 
 
 19.36 
 
 
 19.98 
 
 
 20.95 
 
 
 20.80 
 
 
 21.48 
 
 16 months, under 17 
 
 21.69 
 
 17 months, under 18 
 
 22.45 
 
 
 22.23 
 
 19 months, under 20 
 
 23.68 
 
 1 25 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
 2 29 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 103 
 
 Table 16. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 
 mothers born in Germany — Concluded. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Number 
 C 1 )- 
 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Number 
 <■)■ 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds) 
 
 20 months, under 21. 
 
 21 months, under 22. 
 
 22 months, under 23. 
 
 23 months, under 24. 
 
 24 months, under 27. 
 27 months, under 30. 
 30 months, under 33. 
 33 months, under 36. 
 36 months, under 39. 
 39 months, under 42. 
 42 months, under 45. 
 45 months, under 48. 
 4S months, under 51. 
 51 months, under 54. 
 54 months, under 57. 
 57 months, under 60. 
 60 months, under 63. 
 63 months, under 66. 
 66 months, under 69. 
 69 months, under 72 
 
 15 
 29 
 21 
 30 
 90 
 80 
 85 
 97 
 
 107 
 87 
 
 100 
 97 
 95 
 
 114 
 90 
 84 
 45 
 47 
 41 
 42 
 
 33.00 
 32. 48 
 32.86 
 33.30 
 34.07 
 35.03 
 35.76 
 36.24 
 37.26 
 37.71 
 38.26 
 39.16 
 39.61 
 40.19 
 40.81 
 41.26 
 41.62 
 42.70 
 42.85 
 43.90 
 
 25. 77 
 25.10 
 26.05 
 26.60 
 27.24 
 28. 70 
 29.68 
 30.48 
 31.45 
 32.11 
 33.31 
 34.68 
 35.22 
 35.89 
 36.25 
 38.00 
 38.57 
 39.79 
 40.16 
 42.35 
 
 31. 97 
 32.15 
 33.24 
 32.60 
 33.62 
 34.54 
 35.11 
 35.73 
 36.47 
 37.33 
 38.09 
 38.82 
 39.19 
 39.67 
 40.99 
 41. 30 
 41.73 
 42.16 
 42.38 
 43.68 
 
 24.21 
 23.81 
 26.06 
 24.80 
 26.01 
 27.20 
 28.09 
 28.83 
 29.37 
 31.32 
 32. 11 
 32.99 
 33.19 
 33.15 
 36.89 
 36.01 
 36.85 
 38.07 
 39.15 
 40.85 
 
 1 25 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
 2 29 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
 Table 17.- 
 
 -Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 
 mothers born in Denmark, Sweden, or Norway. 
 
 Age. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Number 
 ( ] ). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 
 (inches). 
 
 7 
 
 21.71 
 
 26 
 
 22.35 
 
 39 
 
 24.10 
 
 43 
 
 25.70 
 
 38 
 
 25.47 
 
 54 
 
 26.52 
 
 46 
 
 26.80 
 
 42 
 
 28.87 
 
 39 
 
 28.23 
 
 37 
 
 28.16 
 
 49 
 
 28.80 
 
 34 
 
 29.00 
 
 46 
 
 29.46 
 
 53 
 
 30.47 
 
 29 
 
 30.34 
 
 26 
 
 30.62 
 
 32 
 
 31.13 
 
 23 
 
 31.35 
 
 38 
 
 32.47 
 
 27 
 
 33.15 
 
 36 
 
 32.72 
 
 32 
 
 33.22 
 
 35 
 
 33.71 
 
 31 
 
 33.81 
 
 91 
 
 34.24 
 
 104 
 
 34.86 
 
 89 
 
 35.70 
 
 91 
 
 36.73 
 
 100 
 
 37.48 
 
 93 
 
 37.82 
 
 92 
 
 38.89 
 
 90 
 
 39.48 
 
 83 
 
 39.72 
 
 104 
 
 40.67 
 
 82 
 
 41.04 
 
 81 
 
 41.67 
 
 47 
 
 42.11 
 
 45 
 
 43.11 
 
 34 
 
 43.56 
 
 33 
 
 43.82 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds) 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Number 
 ( 2 ). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches) . 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3. . . 
 
 3 months, under 4. . . 
 
 4 months, under 5. . . 
 
 5 months, under 6. . . 
 
 6 months, under 7. . . 
 
 7 months, under 8. . . 
 
 8 months, under 9. . . 
 
 9 months, under 10. . 
 
 10 months, under 11. 
 
 11 months, under 12. 
 
 12 months, under 13. 
 
 13 months, under 14. 
 
 14 months, under 15. 
 
 15 months, under 16. 
 
 16 months, under 17. 
 
 17 months, under 18. 
 
 18 months, under 19. 
 
 19 months, under 20. 
 
 20 months, under 21. 
 
 21 months, under 22. 
 
 22 months, under 23. 
 
 23 months, under 24. 
 
 24 months, under 27. 
 27 months, under 30. 
 30 months, under 33. 
 33 months, under 36. 
 36 months, under 39. 
 39 months, under 42. 
 42 months, under 45. 
 45 months, under 48. 
 48 months, under 51. 
 51 months, under 54. 
 54 months, under 57. 
 57 months, under 60. 
 60 months, under 63 
 63 months, under 66 
 66 months, under 69 
 69 months, under 72 
 
 10.00 
 10.10 
 13.50 
 14.33 
 15.53 
 17.53 
 18.29 
 18.88 
 20.36 
 20.73 
 20.69 
 20.91 
 21.72 
 22.78 
 22.55 
 22.77 
 23.67 
 24.35 
 25.97 
 26.93 
 25.14 
 26.00 
 27.40 
 27.71 
 27.21 
 28.56 
 29.22 
 30.95 
 32.27 
 32.23 
 33.54 
 34.83 
 34.89 
 36.67 
 36.99 
 38.20 
 38.98 
 40.49 
 41.44 
 41.74 
 
 11 
 31 
 36 
 36 
 41 
 31 
 42 
 46 
 36 
 43 
 36 
 39 
 36 
 29 
 28 
 26 
 33 
 28 
 31 
 35 
 24 
 31 
 19 
 32 
 89 
 82 
 90 
 
 102 
 98 
 
 102 
 97 
 85 
 82 
 85 
 78 
 87 
 44 
 41 
 32 
 32 
 
 22.00 
 22.32 
 23.22 
 23.75 
 24.41 
 25.61 
 26.07 
 26.87 
 27.56 
 27.67 
 27.92 
 28.51 
 28.83 
 29.79 
 29.86 
 30.23 
 30.88 
 30.36 
 31.61 
 31.77 
 32.63 
 33.00 
 32.95 
 32.91 
 33.48 
 34.13 
 35.50 
 35.82 
 36.97 
 37.49 
 38.20 
 38.86 
 39.43 
 39.59 
 40.69 
 40.92 
 42.45 
 42.39 
 42.75 
 44.16 
 
 9.64 
 10.56 
 12.25 
 13.32 
 14.45 
 15.89 
 16.62 
 17.84 
 18.47 
 18.59 
 19.28 
 20.14 
 20.54 
 21.41 
 21.61 
 21.88 
 22.12 
 21.71 
 23.27 
 24.37 
 24.58 
 24.79 
 25.13 
 25.36 
 26.23 
 26.82 
 28.47 
 29.28 
 30.61 
 31.83 
 32.29 
 32.88 
 33.98 
 34.00 
 36.06 
 35.59 
 37.98 
 38.26 
 38.78 
 41.38 
 
 1 13 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
 2 24 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
104 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table 18. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; Negro children. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Under 1 month 
 
 1 month, under 2 
 
 2 months, under 3 
 
 3 months, under 4 
 
 4 months, under 5 
 
 5 months, under 6 
 
 6 months, under 7 
 
 7 months, under 8 
 
 8 months, under 9 
 
 9 months, under 10. . 
 
 10 months, under 11. . 
 
 11 months, under 12. 
 
 12 months, under 13. 
 
 13 months, under 14. . 
 
 14 months, under 15. 
 
 15 months, under 16. 
 
 16 months, under 17. 
 
 17 months, under 18. 
 
 18 months, under 19. 
 
 19 months, under 20. 
 
 20 months, under 21. 
 
 21 months, under 22. 
 
 22 months, under 23. 
 
 23 months, under 24. 
 
 24 months, under 27. 
 27 months, under 30. 
 30 months, under 33. 
 33 months, under 36. 
 36 months, under 39. 
 39 months, under 42. 
 42 months, under 45. 
 45 months, under 48. 
 48 months, under 51. 
 51 months, under 54. 
 54 months, under 57. 
 57 months, under 60. 
 60 months, under 63. 
 63 months, under 66. 
 66 months, under 69. 
 69 months, under 72. 
 
 Negro boys. 
 
 Number 
 
 40 
 92 
 71 
 SI 
 76 
 74 
 5G 
 54 
 63 
 47 
 56 
 43 
 42 
 38 
 21 
 32 
 26 
 35 
 36 
 44 
 28 
 32 
 32 
 38 
 82 
 91 
 7(> 
 68 
 90 
 87 
 89 
 
 104 
 100 
 79 
 54 
 82 
 73 
 57 
 41 
 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 20.73 
 21.71 
 22.87 
 24.07 
 24.75 
 25.42 
 25.91 
 26.28 
 26.35 
 27.51 
 27.66 
 27.77 
 28.48 
 29.21 
 29.05 
 30.16 
 29.77 
 30.51 
 31.00 
 31.59 
 31.18 
 31.84 
 32.16 
 32.34 
 33.18 
 34.03 
 35.24 
 35.91 
 36.58 
 37.40 
 37.70 
 38.62 
 39.52 
 40.33 
 40.78 
 41.27 
 41.88 
 41.95 
 42.98 
 43.31 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds) 
 
 8.14 
 9.99 
 11.99 
 13.33 
 14.60 
 15.81 
 16.26 
 17.18 
 16.86 
 18.38 
 18.90 
 18.74 
 20.21 
 19.91 
 19.60 
 21.59 
 21.29 
 22.57 
 22.38 
 23.36 
 23.30 
 23.98 
 24.06 
 25.20 
 25.55 
 27.30 
 28.72 
 29.82 
 29.50 
 31.30 
 32.43 
 33.61 
 34.90 
 35.77 
 36.37 
 37.46 
 38.47 
 38.97 
 40.28 
 40.82 
 
 Negro girls. 
 
 Number 
 
 (*)■ 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 
 (inches). 
 
 48 
 
 20.42 
 
 82 
 
 21.38 
 
 71 
 
 22.56 
 
 78 
 
 23.47 
 
 92 
 
 24.40 
 
 84 
 
 24.67 
 
 65 
 
 25.77 
 
 49 
 
 26.00 
 
 65 
 
 26.32 
 
 70 
 
 26.57 
 
 44 
 
 27.11 
 
 53 
 
 27.96 
 
 44 
 
 28.18 
 
 ■ 38 
 
 28.16 
 
 40 
 
 29.00 
 
 38 
 
 29.97 
 
 44 
 
 29.30 
 
 41 
 
 29.88 
 
 34 
 
 30.53 
 
 33 
 
 31.21 
 
 41 
 
 30.71 
 
 31 
 
 31.32 
 
 31 
 
 31.68 
 
 30 
 
 32.30 
 
 97 
 
 32.62 
 
 72 
 
 33.88 
 
 89 
 
 34.82 
 
 103 
 
 35.41 
 
 106 
 
 35.91 
 
 80 
 
 36.95 
 
 85 
 
 37.65 
 
 108 
 
 38.84 
 
 73 
 
 39.47 
 
 95 
 
 40.03 
 
 90 
 
 40.31 
 
 79 
 
 41.24 
 
 46 
 
 40.96 
 
 58 
 
 42.17 
 
 39 
 
 43.08 
 
 44 
 
 43.89 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 8.02 
 9.14 
 11.04 
 12.48 
 13.97 
 14.33 
 15.90 
 15.94 
 16.67 
 17.18 
 17.39 
 18.34 
 18.60 
 19.01 
 20.25 
 20.99 
 19.84 
 20.77 
 21.35 
 22.38 
 21.71 
 23.55 
 23.94 
 23.87 
 24.38 
 26.44 
 27.73 
 27.97 
 28.48 
 30.08 
 31.08 
 32.43 
 33.63 
 34.03 
 34.52 
 36.24 
 35.21 
 37.86 
 39.23 
 40.66 
 
 1 47 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
 2 40 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 105 
 
 Table 19. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed figures, 
 
 exact ages; white children. 1 
 
 
 White boys. 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Exact age (months). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (inches). 
 
 Average 
 
 weight 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 1. 
 
 21.85 
 23.04 
 24.08 
 24.98 
 25.75 
 26.42 
 27.00 
 27.52 
 27.99 
 28.43 
 28.85 
 29.27 
 29.67 
 30.07 
 30.45 
 30.83 
 31.20 
 31.58 
 31.94 
 32.28 
 32.60 
 32.91 
 33.20 
 33.48 
 33.76 
 34.02 
 34.29 
 34.57 
 34.85 
 35.13 
 35.41 
 35.67 
 35.91 
 36.13 
 36.35 
 36.56 
 36.78 
 37.00 
 37.22 
 37.45 
 37.69 
 37.93 
 38.17 
 38.40 
 38.62 
 38.82 
 39.00 
 39.17 
 39.34 
 39.50 
 39.68 
 39.86 
 40.07 
 40.29 
 40.51 
 40.73 
 40.93 
 41.13 
 41.31 
 41.48 
 41.66 
 41.84 
 42.02 
 42.21 
 42.41 
 42.61 
 42.81 
 43.00 
 43.21 
 43.45 
 43.73 
 
 9.98 
 11.79 
 13.36 
 14.74 
 15.96 
 17.00 
 17.91 
 18.69 
 19.37 
 19.98 
 20.54 
 "21.07 
 21.57 
 22.07 
 22.55 
 23.02 
 23.49 
 23.95 
 24.40 
 24.83 
 25.25 
 25.65 
 26.03 
 26.38 
 26.77 
 27.13 
 27.49 
 27.87 
 28.26 
 28.64 
 29.02 
 29.38 
 29.72 
 30.03 
 30.33 
 30.61 
 30.89 
 31.19 
 31.50 
 31.84 
 32.18 
 32.54 
 32.88 
 33.21 
 33.51 
 33.78 
 34.03 
 34.25 
 34.48 
 34.78 
 34.94 
 35.19 
 35.48 
 35.78 
 36.10 
 36.44 
 36.77 
 37.11 
 37.44 
 37.76 
 38.06 
 38.34 
 38.61 
 38.90 
 39.20 
 39.53 
 39.86 
 40.21 
 40.56 
 40.89 
 41.23 
 
 21.43 
 22.56 
 23.55 
 24.43 
 25.19 
 25.85 
 26.43 
 26.95 
 27.43 
 27.88 
 28.31 
 28.71 
 29.11 
 29.50 
 29.88 
 30.27 
 30.67 
 31.05 
 31.42 
 31.77 
 32.09 
 32.39 
 32.67 
 32.95 
 33.23 
 33.51 
 33.80 
 34.09 
 34.39 
 34.68 
 34. 96 
 35.22 
 35.46 
 35.70 
 35.92 
 36.14 
 36.37 
 36.60 
 36.84 
 37.08 
 37.33 
 37.58 
 37.81 
 38.03 
 38.23 
 38.43 
 38.61 
 38.80 
 38.98 
 39.18 
 39.37 
 39.58 
 39.80 
 40.02 
 40.25 
 40.47 
 40.68 
 40.88 
 41.07 
 41.25 
 41.43 
 41.60 
 41.78 
 41.94 
 42.11 
 42.29 
 42.48 
 42.70 
 42.92 
 43.16 
 43.40 
 
 9.42 
 
 2 
 
 10.98 
 
 3 .. 
 
 12.38 
 
 4 
 
 13.66 
 
 5 
 
 14.80 
 
 6 
 
 15.80 
 
 7 
 
 16.69 
 
 8 
 
 17.46 
 
 
 18.14 
 
 10 
 
 18.74 
 
 11 
 
 19.30 
 
 12 
 
 19.80 
 
 13 
 
 20.28 
 
 14 
 
 20.73 
 
 15 
 
 21.19 
 
 16 
 
 21.65 
 
 17 
 
 22.12 
 
 18 
 
 22.58 
 
 19 
 
 23.04 
 
 20 
 
 23.47 
 
 21 
 
 23.88 
 
 22 
 
 24.26 
 
 23 
 
 24.63 
 
 24 
 
 24.99 
 
 25 
 
 25.35 
 
 26 
 
 25.73 
 
 27 
 
 26.11 
 
 28 -' 
 
 26.51 
 
 29 
 
 26.89 
 
 30 
 
 27.29 
 
 31 
 
 27.67 
 
 32 
 
 28.03 
 
 33 . 
 
 28.37 
 
 34 
 
 28.71 
 
 35 
 
 29.04 
 
 36 
 
 29.36 
 
 37 
 
 29.67 
 
 38 -. 
 
 29.97 
 
 39 
 
 30.30 
 
 40 
 
 30.62 
 
 41 
 
 30.95 
 
 42 
 
 31.28 
 
 43 
 
 31.59 
 
 44 
 
 31.86 
 
 45 
 
 32.14 
 
 46 
 
 32,40 
 
 47 
 
 32.65 
 
 48 
 
 32.92 
 
 49 
 
 33.18 
 
 50 
 
 33.44 
 
 51 
 
 33.71 
 
 52 
 
 33.01 
 
 53 
 
 34.32 
 
 54 . 
 
 34.64 
 
 55 
 
 34.98 
 
 56 
 
 35.30 
 
 57 
 
 35.60 
 
 58 
 
 35.90 
 
 59 
 
 36.20 
 
 60 
 
 36.50 
 
 61 
 
 36.78 
 
 62 
 
 37.08 
 
 63 
 
 37.38 
 
 64 
 
 37.66 
 
 65 
 
 37.94 
 
 66 
 
 38.26 
 
 67 
 
 38.57 
 
 68 
 
 38.94 
 
 69 
 
 39.33 
 
 70 
 
 39.74 
 
 71 
 
 40.16 
 
 
 
 » Calculated from averages of Table I, p. 17, with the use of third differences. 
 
106 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table 20. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed figures, 
 exact ages; white children. 
 
 
 White boys. 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Exact age (months). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (centi- 
 meters). 
 
 Average 
 weight 
 (kilo- 
 grams). 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (centi- 
 meters). 
 
 Average 
 weight 
 (kilo- 
 grams). 
 
 1 
 
 55.5 
 58.5 
 61.2 
 63.4 
 65.4 
 67.1 
 68.6 
 69.9 
 71.1 
 72.2 
 73.3 
 74.3 
 75.4 
 76.4 
 77.3 
 78.3 
 79.2 
 80.2 
 81.1 
 82.0 
 82.8 
 83.6 
 84.3 
 85.0 
 85.8 
 86.4 
 87.1 
 87.8 
 88.5 
 89.2 
 89.9 
 90.6 
 91.2 
 91.8 
 92.3 
 92.9 
 93.4 
 94.0 
 94.5 
 95.1 
 95.7 
 96.3 
 97.0 
 97.5 
 98.1 
 98.6 
 99.1 
 99.5 
 99.9 
 100.3 
 100.8 
 101.2 
 101.8 
 102.3 
 102.9 
 103.5 
 104.0 
 104.5 
 104.9 
 105.4 
 105.8 
 106.3 
 106.7 
 107.2 
 107.7 
 108.2 
 108.7 
 109.2 
 109.8 
 110.4 
 111.1 
 
 4.53 
 
 5.35 
 6.06 
 6.69 
 7.24 
 7.71 
 8.12 
 8.48 
 8.79 
 9.06 
 9.32 
 9.56 
 9.78 
 10.01 
 10.23 
 10.44 
 10.65 
 10.86 
 11.07 
 11.26 
 11.45 
 11.63 
 11.81 
 11.97 
 12.14 
 12.31 
 12.47 
 12.64 
 12.82 
 12.99 
 13.16 
 13.33 
 13.48 
 13.62 
 13.76 
 13.88 
 14.01 
 14.15 
 14.29 
 14.44 
 14.60 
 14.76 
 14.91 
 15.06 
 15.20 
 15.32 
 15.44 
 15.54 
 15.64 
 15.78 
 15.85 
 15.% 
 16.09 
 16.23 
 16.37 
 16.53 
 16.68 
 16.83 
 16.98 
 17.13 
 17.26 
 17.39 
 17.51 
 17.64 
 17.78 
 17.93 
 18.08 
 18.24 
 18.40 
 18.55 
 18.70 
 
 54.4 
 57.3 
 59.8 
 62.1 
 64.0 
 65.7 
 67.1 
 68.5 
 69.7 
 70.8 
 71.9 
 72.9 
 73.9 
 74.9 
 75.9 
 76.9 
 77.9 
 78.9 
 79.8 
 80.7 
 81.5 
 82.3 
 83.0 
 83.7 
 84.4 
 85.1 
 85.9 
 86.6 
 87.4 
 88.1 
 88.8 
 89.5 
 90.1 
 90.7 
 91.2 
 91.8 
 92.4 
 93.0 
 93.6 
 94.2 
 94.8 
 95.5 
 96.0 
 96.6 
 97.1 
 97.6 
 98.1 
 98.6 
 99.0 
 99.5 
 100.0 
 100.5 
 101.1 
 101.7 
 102.2 
 102.8 
 103.3 
 103.8 
 104.3 
 104.8 
 105.2 
 105.7 
 106.1 
 106.5 
 107.0 
 107.4 
 107.9 
 108.5 
 109.0 
 109.6 
 110.2 
 
 4.27 
 
 2 
 
 4.98 
 
 3 
 
 5.62 
 
 4 
 
 6.20 
 
 5 
 
 6.71 
 
 6... 
 
 7.17 
 
 7 
 
 7.57 
 
 8 
 
 7.92 
 
 9 
 
 8.23 
 
 10 
 
 8.50 
 
 11 ' 
 
 8.75 
 
 12 
 
 8.98 
 
 13 
 
 9.20 
 
 14 
 
 9.40 
 
 15 
 
 9.61 
 
 16 
 
 9.82 
 
 17 
 
 10.03 
 
 18 
 
 10.24 
 
 19 
 
 10.45 
 
 20 
 
 10.65 
 
 21 
 
 10.83 
 
 22 
 
 11.00 
 
 23 
 
 11.17 
 
 24 
 
 11.34 
 
 25 
 
 11.50 
 
 26 
 
 11.67 
 
 27 : 
 
 11.84 
 
 28 
 
 12.02 
 
 29 
 
 12.20 
 
 30 
 
 12.38 
 
 31 
 
 12.55 
 
 32 
 
 12.71 
 
 33 
 
 12.87 
 
 34 
 
 13.02 
 
 35 
 
 13.17 
 
 36 
 
 13.32 
 
 37 
 
 13.46 
 
 38 
 
 13.59 
 
 39 
 
 13.74 
 
 40 
 
 13.89 
 
 41 
 
 14.04 
 
 42 
 
 14.19 
 
 43 
 
 14.33 
 
 44 
 
 14.45 
 
 45 
 
 14.58 
 
 46 
 
 14.70 
 
 47 
 
 14.81 
 
 48 
 
 14.93 
 
 49 
 
 15.05 
 
 50 
 
 15.17 
 
 51 
 
 15.29 
 
 52 
 
 14.97 
 
 53 
 
 15.57 
 
 54 ; 
 
 15.71 
 
 55 
 
 15.87 
 
 56 
 
 16.01 
 
 57 
 
 16.15 
 
 58 
 
 16.28 
 
 59 
 
 16.42 
 
 60 
 
 16.56 
 
 61 
 
 16.68 
 
 62 
 
 16.82 
 
 63 
 
 16.96 
 
 64 
 
 17.08 
 
 65 
 
 17.21 
 
 66 
 
 17.35 
 
 67 
 
 17.49 
 
 68 
 
 17.66 
 
 69 
 
 17.84 
 
 70 
 
 18.03 
 
 71 
 
 18.22 
 
 
 
GENERAL, TABLES. 
 Table 21. — Average weight for height, by sex; white children. 1 
 
 107 
 
 Stature. 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Girls. 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 
 Average 
 
 Centi- 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Num- 
 
 weight 
 
 Num- 
 
 weight 
 
 meters. 
 
 ber. 
 
 (kilo- 
 
 ber. 
 
 (kilo- 
 
 
 
 
 grams). 
 
 
 grams). 
 
 50.8 
 
 20 
 
 206 
 
 3.71 
 
 310 
 
 3.69 
 
 53.3 
 
 21 
 
 486 
 
 4.30 
 
 654 
 
 4.21 
 
 55.9 
 
 22 
 
 905 
 
 4.79 
 
 1,121 
 
 4.78 
 
 58.4 
 
 23 
 
 1,352 
 
 5.42 
 
 1,635 
 
 5.39 
 
 61.0 
 
 24 
 
 1,994 
 
 6.11 
 
 2,318 
 
 6.05 
 
 63.5 
 
 25 
 
 2,496 
 
 6.81 
 
 2,866 
 
 6.72 
 
 66.0 
 
 26 
 
 3,068 
 
 7.53 
 
 3,179 
 
 7.42 
 
 68.6 
 
 27 
 
 3,525 
 
 8.18 
 
 3,561 
 
 8.01 
 
 71.1 
 
 28 
 
 3,775 
 
 8.80 
 
 3,471 
 
 8.62 
 
 73.7 
 
 29 
 
 3,605 
 
 9.38 
 
 3,425 
 
 9.16 
 
 76.2 
 
 30 
 
 3,671 
 
 9.97 
 
 3,563 
 
 9.66 
 
 78.7 
 
 31 
 
 3,834 
 
 10.54 
 
 3,750 
 
 10.25 
 
 81.3 
 
 32 
 
 3,803 
 
 11.14 
 
 3,805 
 
 10.80 
 
 83.8 
 
 33 
 
 4,075 
 
 11.70 
 
 3,951 
 
 11.37 
 
 86.4 
 
 34 
 
 4,533 
 
 12.30 
 
 4,405 
 
 11.98 
 
 88.9 
 
 35 
 
 4,698 
 
 12.89 
 
 4,596 
 
 12.59 
 
 91.4 
 
 36 
 
 5,159 
 
 13.48 
 
 4,919 
 
 13.21 
 
 94.0 
 
 37 
 
 5,074 
 
 14.10 
 
 4,971 
 
 13.78 
 
 96.5 
 
 38 
 
 5,265 
 
 14.71 
 
 4,973 
 
 14.38 
 
 99.1 
 
 39 
 
 5,133 
 
 15.35 
 
 4,823 
 
 14.96 
 
 101.6 
 
 40 
 
 4,769 
 
 16.00 
 
 4,505 
 
 15.64 
 
 104.1 
 
 41 
 
 4,181 
 
 16.71 
 
 3,894 
 
 16.34 
 
 106.7 
 
 42 
 
 3,393 
 
 17.41 
 
 3,002 
 
 17.01 
 
 109.2 
 
 43 
 
 2,312 
 
 18.20 
 
 2,020 
 
 17.79 
 
 111.8 
 
 44 
 
 1,598 
 
 18.93 
 
 1,341 
 
 18.57 
 
 114.3 
 
 45 
 
 857 
 
 19.73 
 
 703 
 
 19.41 
 
 116.8 
 
 46 
 
 423 
 
 20.60 
 
 349 
 
 20.41 
 
 119.4 
 
 47 
 
 193 
 
 21.45 
 
 143 
 
 21.25 
 
 i The unit of grouping was the inch; the centimeters and inches show the midpoints of the groups. 
 Averages are not shown for statures under 20 inches nor for statures 48 inches or over, since the numbers 
 of children of these statures were too small to afford satisfactory averages. 
 
108 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
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 109 
 
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 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
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114 
 
 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Table 23. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from 3 to 6 years of age; smoothed and 
 corrected figures; l in centimeters and kilograms; white children. 
 
 Age. 
 
 White boys. 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (centi- 
 meters) . 
 
 weight 
 (kilo- 
 grams). 
 
 White girls. 
 
 Average 
 stature 
 (centi- 
 meters) . 
 
 Average 
 weight 
 (kilo- 
 grams). 
 
 36 months, under 37. 
 
 37 months, under 38. 
 
 38 months, under 39. 
 
 39 months, under 40. 
 
 40 months, under 41. 
 
 41 months, under 42. 
 
 42 months, under 43. 
 
 43 months, under 44. 
 
 44 months, under 45. 
 
 45 months, under 46. 
 
 46 months, under 47. 
 
 47 months, under 48. 
 
 48 months, under 49. 
 
 49 months, under 50 
 
 50 months, under 51 
 
 51 months, under 52 
 
 52 months, under 53 
 
 53 months, under 54 
 
 54 months, under 55 
 
 55 months, under 56 
 
 56 months, under 57 
 
 57 months, under 58 
 
 58 months, under 59 
 
 59 months, under 60 
 
 60 months, under 61 
 
 61 months, under 62 
 
 62 months, under 63 
 
 63 months, under 64 
 
 64 months, under 65 
 
 65 months, under 66 
 
 66 months, under 67 
 
 67 months, under 68 
 
 68 months, under 69 
 
 69 months, under 70 
 
 70 months, under 71 
 
 71 months, under 72 
 
 93.1 
 93.7 
 94.3 
 94.9 
 95.5 
 96.1 
 96.7 
 97.3 
 97.9 
 98.4 
 98.9 
 99.4 
 99.8 
 100.2 
 100.7 
 101.1 
 101.6 
 102.2 
 102.7 
 103.3 
 103.8 
 104.3 
 104.8 
 105.3 
 105.7 
 106.2 
 106.6 
 107.1 
 107.6 
 108.1 
 108.6 
 109 1 
 109.6 
 110.2 
 110.6 
 111.6 
 
 13.95 
 14.08 
 14.22 
 14.38 
 14.53 
 14.70 
 14.87 
 15.02 
 15.17 
 15.31 
 15.43 
 15.54 
 15.64 
 15.75 
 15.86 
 15.98 
 16.11 
 16.25 
 16.39 
 16.54 
 16.69 
 16.84 
 17.00 
 17.14 
 17.28 
 17.41 
 17.54 
 17.66 
 17.80 
 17.94 
 18.09 
 18.24 
 18.41 
 18.56 
 18.31 
 18.87 
 
 92.1 
 92.7 
 93.3 
 96.4 
 94.5 
 95.2 
 95.8 
 96.4 
 96.9 
 97.4 
 97.9 
 98.4 
 
 100.4 
 100.9 
 101.5 
 102.1 
 102.6 
 103.2 
 103.7 
 104.2 
 102.1 
 105.1 
 105.6 
 106.0 
 106.5 
 106.9 
 107.3 
 107.8 
 108.3 
 108.9 
 109.4 
 110.3 
 110.7 
 
 13.38 
 13.53 
 13.67 
 13.83 
 13.98 
 14.14 
 14.29 
 14.43 
 14.55 
 14.68 
 14.80 
 14.92 
 15.05 
 15.17 
 15.30 
 15.43 
 15.58 
 15.73 
 15.88 
 16.03 
 16.17 
 16.30 
 16.44 
 16.58 
 16.71 
 16.84 
 16.97 
 17.11 
 17.23 
 17.36 
 17.51 
 17.66 
 17.84 
 18.02 
 18.31 
 18.39 
 
 i For the first 36 months, see Table 1, p. 85. 
 p. 76. 
 
 For equivalents in inches and pounds, see Table XXXI, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Absolute measure of variability. See Varia- 
 bility, measures of. 
 
 Accuracy in reporting. See Reporting, 
 accuracy in. 
 
 Accuracy of measurement. See Measurement, 
 » accuracy of. 
 
 Adenoids. See Defects and diseases; influ- 
 ence of, upon height and weight. 
 
 Anthropometric statistics of children— ages 
 6 to 48 months. See Publications 
 cited; Cram, Dr. F. S. 
 
 April and May Weighing and Measuring 
 Test (Pt. 2). See Publications 
 cited; Children's Bureau, U. S.; 
 Suggestions to Examiners. 
 
 Arthritis. See Defects and diseases; exclu- 
 sion from tabulation due to. 
 
 Authorities cited. See Publications cited. 
 
 Average stature and weight 15-20, 27-35 
 
 Averages: 
 
 corrected and smoothed 75-76 
 
 See also Bowditch, Dr. H. P.; Children's 
 year; Cram, Dr. F. S.; Holt, Dr. 
 L. E. 
 
 Baldwin, Dr. Bird T., publications of. See 
 
 Publications cited. 
 Basis of selection of record blanks. See Rec- 
 ord blanks; Children's Bureau. 
 Bowditch, Dr. Henry P.: 
 averages of— 
 
 comparison of children's year figures 
 
 with 36-42 
 
 used on parents' records 10 
 
 Cards, weighing and measuring. See Record 
 
 blanks. 
 Children's Bureau, publications of. See Pub- 
 lications cited, 
 record blanks of. See Record blanks. 
 Children's year. See Publications cited; 
 
 Children's Bureau, U. S. 
 Children's year averages, comparison with 
 Dr. Cram's, Dr. Holt's, and Dr. 
 
 Bowditch's averages 36-42 
 
 "Children's year campaign." See Publica- 
 tions cited; Rude, Dr. A. E. 
 Coefficient of variation. See Variability, 
 
 measures of. 
 Comparison of stature and weight of children: 
 
 according to racial stock 45-46, 48, 49, 50 
 
 in city and country 53.55 
 
 in different sections 51-53 
 
 Comparison of stature and weight of ehil- Page, 
 dren— Continued. 
 
 of foreign parentage 56-61 
 
 German 61 
 
 Italian 58-60 
 
 Scandinavian 60-61 
 
 (Denmark, Sweden, or Norway.) 
 
 of native parentage 55-56 
 
 with certain defects 65-76 
 
 Composition of selected groups. See Selected 
 groups, composition of. See also 
 Racial stock. 
 Corrected and smoothed averages. See Aver- 
 ages. 
 Cretinism. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
 sion from tabulation due to. 
 Crum, Dr. Frederick S.: 
 averages of— 
 
 compared with children's year fig- 
 ures 36-42 
 
 used on parents' records 9-10,36 
 
 publications of. See Publications cited. 
 Curvature "of the spine. See Defects and dis- 
 eases, exclusion from tabulation 
 due to. 
 
 Defects and diseases (specified): 
 
 deviation from general averages due to 
 
 inclusion of 74-75 
 
 exclusion from tabulation due to 12 
 
 influence of, upon height and weight 65-76 
 
 proportion of children with 65-67 
 
 sections of country studied in relation to. 65 
 Diseases. See Defects and diseases. 
 Diseases of infancy and childhood, 1916. See 
 Publications cited; Holt, Dr. L. E. 
 Dwarfism. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
 sion from tabulation due to. 
 
 "Error, probable," technical meaning of 81 
 
 Examiners, suggestions to. See Publica- 
 tions cited, Children's Bureau, U. S. 
 
 Figures, method of smoothing 15,23 
 
 Foreign-born mothers, percentage of, in se- 
 lected group 48,53 
 
 Foreign-born parents, comparative stature 
 
 and weight of children of 56-61 
 
 German parentage 61 
 
 Italian parentage 58-60 
 
 Scandinavian parentage 60-61 
 
 (Denmark, Sweden, or Norway. ) 
 Foreign-born population, proportion of, by 
 
 sections (in 1890) 47 
 
 115 
 
116 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 German parentage. See Foreign-born parents. 
 
 Growth: 
 
 by sex and age 15, 16, 23-27 
 
 factors influencing 22 
 
 Heart abnormality . See Defects and diseases; 
 influence of, upon height and 
 weight. 
 Heart disease. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
 clusion from tabulation due to. 
 Holt, Dr. L. Emmett: 
 averages of— 
 
 compared with children's year fig- 
 ures 36-42 
 
 used on parents' records 9, 36 
 
 publications of. See Publications cited. 
 How to conduct a children's health confer- 
 ence. See Publications cited, Chil- 
 dren's Bureau, U. S. 
 Hydrocephalus. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
 clusion from tabulation due to. 
 
 Idiocy. See Defects and diseases, exclusion 
 from tabulation due to. 
 
 Imbecility. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
 sion from tabulation due to. 
 
 Italian parentage. See Foreign-born parents. 
 
 Joint disease. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
 clusion from tabulation due to. 
 
 Malnutrition. See Defects and diseases. 
 Marasmus. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
 sion from tabulation due to. 
 Measurement: 
 
 accuracy of 13-14, 78-80 
 
 as compared with Negro children — 14, 80 
 
 units of 14 
 
 Measurements, variability of 21-22, 28, 81 
 
 Measuring: 
 
 correct method of 13, 77 
 
 variation in methods of 78 
 
 Nativity of parents. See Selected group, 
 
 composition of. 
 Negro children: 
 
 Records tabulated for— 
 
 accuracy in reporting 14, 78, 80 
 
 number of 62 
 
 Sections of country studied 62, 78 
 
 Statures and weights, average, as com- 
 pared with white children 63-64 
 
 Statures and weights, average, from birth 
 
 to 6 years, by sex 104 
 
 Paralysis. Sec Defects and diseases; exclusion 
 
 from tabulation, due to. 
 Parents, record blanks for. See Record 
 
 blanks. 
 "Physical Growth and School Progress." 
 
 See Publications cited; Baldwin, 
 
 Dr. B. T. 
 Pott's disease. Sec Defects and diseases, 
 
 exclusion from tabulation, due to. 
 
 " Probable error," technical meaning of 81 
 
 Publications cited: 
 
 Baldwin, Dr. B.T.— 
 
 "Physical Growth and School 
 
 Progress" 10 
 
 Publications cited— Continued. Page. 
 
 Children's Bureau, TJ. S.— 
 
 Children's Year 9 
 
 How to Conduct Children's Health 
 
 Conference 13 
 
 Suggestions to Examiners 13 
 
 extracts from 77 
 
 Crum, Dr. F. S.— 
 
 Anthropometric statistics of children 
 
 ages 6 to 48 months 10, 36 
 
 Holt, Dr. L. E.— 
 
 Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, 
 
 1916 9 
 
 Rude, Dr. A. E.— 
 
 The Children's year campaign 9 
 
 Rachitis. See Defects and diseases. 
 Racial stock: 
 
 effect of bias in, in selected group 47-50 
 
 of children of foreign parentage, by select- 
 ed sections 53 
 
 of children of native parentage by 
 
 selected sections 52-53 
 
 variation in statures and weights accord- 
 ing to 44-46, 48, 49, 50 
 
 Record, physician's. See Record blanks, 
 
 Children's Bureau. 
 Record blanks: 
 
 Children's Bureau- 
 basis of selection 11-13 
 
 data required 10, 65 
 
 number distributed 10 
 
 number returned 10, 15 
 
 parents' — 
 
 averages used on 9-10, 36 
 
 References. See Publications cited. 
 Relative measure of variability. See Varia- 
 bility, coefficient of variation. 
 
 Reporting, accuracy in 13-14, 78-80 
 
 Rude, Dr. Anna E., publications of. See 
 Publications cited. 
 
 Scandinavian parentage. See Foreign-born 
 
 parents. 
 Sections of country studied to determine — 
 comparative stature and weight of 
 children — 
 
 in city and country 53-55 
 
 in different sections 44, 47, 51-53 
 
 of foreign parentage 56-61 
 
 German 61 
 
 Italian 58-60 
 
 Scandinavian 61 
 
 of native parentage 55-56 
 
 influence of defects on height and weight . 65 
 percentage of children of foreign-born 
 
 mothers 48, 53 
 
 percentage of children of native-born 
 
 mothers 52 
 
 Selected group: 
 
 composition of 42-51 
 
 by nativity of parents 44-50 
 
 by nativity of parents, and sec- 
 tions 46,52-53 
 
 by sections 44-45, 47 
 
 effect of bias of racial stocks in 47-50 
 
 size of 15 
 
INDEX. 
 
 117 
 
 Page. 
 
 Sick or defective children (specified): 
 
 effect of inclusion of, upon general 
 
 averages 74-75 
 
 exclusion of, from tabulation 12, 22 
 
 Smoothed and corrected averages. See 
 Averages. 
 
 Spina bifida. See Defects and diseases; 
 exclusion from tabulation due to. 
 
 Standard deviation. See Variability, meas- 
 ures of. 
 
 Suggestions to Examiners. See Publications 
 cited; Children's Bureau, U. S. 
 
 Syphilis. See Defects and diseases, exclusion 
 from tabulation due to. 
 
 Teeth, carious. See Defects and diseases, in- 
 fluence of, upon height and weight. 
 
 Tonsils, diseased or enlarged. See Defects 
 and diseases, influence of, upon 
 height and weight. 
 
 Tuberculosis. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
 clusion from tabulation due to. 
 
 Units of measurement. See Measurement, 
 units of. 
 
 Variability, measures of: 
 
 coefficient of variation 21-22, 28 
 
 standard deviation 21, 28, 81 
 
 Variation in methods of weighing. See 
 Weighing, variation in methods of. 
 Weighing: 
 
 correct method of 77 
 
 variation in methods of 78 
 
 Weighing and measuring cards. See Record 
 
 blanks. 
 Weighing and measuring test, April and 
 May (Pt. 2). See Publications 
 cited; Children's Bureau, U. S.; 
 Suggestions to Examiners. 
 Weight (average): 
 
 for age 42 
 
 for stature 27-30, 42 
 
 for stature and age 30-35 
 
 White children. . (Unless otherwise specified, 
 all children referred to are white.) 
 
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